,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is project uses utf-#h encod$ *>act]s4 ,if "s *>act]s are n readable1 *eck y\r sett+s ( y\r read] & t y h a font in/all$ t c display utf-#h *>act]s4 ,,geology ,,& ,,revelation4 ,sicut ,augu/9us docet1 9 hujusmodi qu/ionibus duo sunt obs]v&a4 ,primo quidem ut ,v]itas ,scriptur inconcusse t5eatur4 ,secundo1 cum ,scriptura ,div9a multiplicit] exponi possit1 quod nulli expositioni aliquis ita prcise inhreat1 ut si c]ta ratione con/it]it hoc esse falsum quod aliquis s5sum ,scriptur esse cr$ebat1 id nihilom9us ass]]e prsumat2 ne ,scriptura ex hoc ab infidelibus d]ideatur1 et ne eis via cr$5di prcludatur4 ,s4 ,,?omas1 ,de ,op]e ,secund ,diei2 ,summa1 ,p>s #a1 ,qu/4 #fh1 ,art4 #a4 ,z ,augu/9e tea*e?1 !re are two ?+s to be obs]v$ 9 que/ions ( ?is k9d4 ,fir/1 t ! tru? ( ,scripture be inviolably ma9ta9$4 ,secondly1 s9ce ,div9e ,scripture may be expla9$ 9 _m ways1 t no "o cl+ to any p>ticul> exposition ) su* p]t9acity t1 if :at he suppos$ to be ! tea*+ ( ,scripture %\ld turn out to be pla9ly false1 he w\ld nev]!less presume to put x =w>d2 le/ !reby ,sacr$ ,scripture %\ld be expos$ to ! d]ision ( unbeliev]s1 & ! way ( salvation %\ld be clos$ to !m4 ,,sa9t ,,?omas1 ,on ! ,"w ( ! ,second ,day4 ,,geology ,,& ,,revelation3 ,,or ,,! ,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?1 ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,! ,,light ,,( ,,geological ,,facts ,,& ,,reveal$ ,,religion4 ,,) ,,illu/rations4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,g]ald ,,molloy1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,!ology ,,9 ,,! ,,royal ,,college ,,( ,,/4 ,,patrick1 ,,maynoo?4 ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,to ! ,am]ican edition2 & a *apt] on ,,cosmogony1 by p]mission f ! ,manual ( ,geology1 by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,dana4 ,,new ,,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam ,,sons1 #ahgj4 ,/]eotyp$ by ,,little1 ,,r5nie ,,co41 #fde & #fdg ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,press ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,pr9t+ ,,company1 #ha1 #hc1 & #he ,c5tre ,/41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,to ,,! ,,v ,,rev]5d ,,*>les ,,william ,,russell1 ,d4 ,d4 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,sa9t ,,patrick',s ,,college1 ,,maynoo?1 ,?is ,volume is ,inscrib$1 ,,) ,,e ,,s5tim5t ,,( ,,affection ,,& ,,respect4 ,,preface4 ,! progress ( mod]n ,sci5ce has giv5 rise to n a few objections aga9/ ! tru?s ( ,revelation4 ,& ( ^! !re is none :i* seems to h tak5 su* a firm hold ( ! public m9d 9 ,engl&1 &1 inde$1 ?r\gh\t ,europe g5]ally1 z t :i* is d]iv$ f ! int]e/+ & />tl+ discov]ies ( ,geology4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ,i 0 engag$1 "s ye>s ago1 9 expla9+ & def5d+ ! ,evid5ces ( ,reveal$ ,religion1 ,i f\nd myself br\ght face to face ) ,geological ph5om5a & ,geological speculations4 ,x 0 pla9ly impossible to consid]1 9 a c&id & philosophical _s1 ! argum5t ) :i* ,i _h to deal1 s long z ,i rema9$ ignorant ( ! evid5ce on :i* x 0 bas$4 ,i resolv$1 !re=e1 to make myself famili> ) ! lead+ pr9ciples & ! lead+ facts ( ,geology4 ,& ?us ,i 0 drawn ins5sibly into ! /udy ( ?is sci5ce2 to :i* ,i h devot$1 = "s ye>s1 ! great] "p ( my leisure h\rs4 ,impress$ ) ! conviction t no fact c be really at v>iance ) ,reveal$ ,tru?1 ,i det]m9$1 9 ! fir/ place1 to asc]ta9 ! facts :i* h be5 br\ght to light by ! rese>*es ( ,geologi/s4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples1 :i* might aft]w>d appe> to be cle>ly involv$ 9 ^! facts :5 duly classifi$ & arrang$1 ,i 0 fully prep>$ to admit4 ,& ,i hop$1 9 ! end1 to se>* out & discov] ! h>mony :i*1 ,i 0 satisfi$1 mu/ exi/ betwe5 conclusions ?us e/abli%$ & ! ,inspir$ ,^w ( ,god4 ,:ile occupi$ 9 work+ out ?is problem = myself1 x 0 sugge/$ to me t o!rs1 :o _h n "t or opportunity to pursue ! same l9e ( inquiry1 w\ld1 p]haps1 be glad to %>e 9 ! fruits ( my /udies4 ,9 def]5ce to ?is sugge/ion ,i cons5t$1 n )\t misgiv+s1 to write a s]ies ( pap]s on ,geology 9 its relations ) ,reveal$ ,religion1 :i* h appe>$1 f "t to "t1 9 ! ,iri% ,ecclesia/ical ,record4 ,f ! att5tion ^! pap]s attract$1 crude & fragm5t>y z !y 71 x soon became evid5t t ! "q 0 n )\t int]e/ = a l>ge class ( read]s4 ,& ,i h be5 l$ to believe t a m full & mature1 b at ! same "t a popul>1 ,treatise on ! subject w\ld be a welcome accession to ecclesia/ical lit]ature1 & w\ld supply a want t has long be5 felt4 ,su* a ,treatise ,i h propos$ to myself 9 ! pres5t ,volume4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,geology ,i wi% to disclaim at ! outset1 all pret5sion to orig9al rese>*es2 :i* my opportunities did n p]mit1 nor ! scope ( my ,"w dem&4 ,x 0 n my object to enl>ge ! b\nds ( ,geological k2 b r to asc]ta9 :at t k is1 & to set x be=e my read]s 9 pla9 & simple words4 ,= ?is purpose ,i h _h rec\rse to ! great ma/]s ( ! sci5ce3 & h endeavor$ to ga!r into a sy/ematic =m ! ph5om5a ^u :i* !y are all agre$2 to sket* 9 outl9e ! g5]al !ory ab\t :i* !re is practically no dispute2 & to draw out ! l9e ( reason+ by :i*1 z x seems to me1 ?is !ory may be mo/ effectively demon/rat$4 ,exact ref]5ces are giv5 to ! orig9al au?orities on all que/ions ( importance1 & on _m po9ts ev5 ( m9or detail3 p>tly t ,i might n seem to claim z my own :at belongs to o!rs2 p>tly t ,i might consult = ! conv5i5ce ( ^? :o %\ld wi% to inve/igate m m9utely :at ,i h b lightly t\*$4 ,& "h x may be well to obs]ve1 ) reg>d to ! two classic works ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 8 ,elem5ts & 8 ,pr9ciples1 :i* h be5 reproduc$ s _m times & 9 s _m =ms1 t ,i h uni=mly ref]r$ to ! late/ edition ( ea*4 ,! ,woodcuts :i* illu/rate ! ,volume w1 ,i v5ture to hope1 help to convey a cle> & di/9ct impression ( _m natural objects :i* c be repres5t$ b imp]fectly 9 words4 ,"s ( ! mo/ /rik+ & effective are tak5 f ! admirable ,manual ( ,geology br\ght out "s ye>s ago by ! ,rev]5d ,doctor ,haughton1 ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 ,my be/ ?anks are due to ! le>n$ au?or = ! k9dness ) :i* he plac$ 8 ,woodblocks at my disposal4 ,i h also to express my ackn[l$gm5ts to ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 :o has all[$ me to reproduce "s ( ! draw+s t embelli% 8 works2 & to ! em95t publi%]s1 ,messrs4 ,bell & ,daldy ( ,london1 & ,mr4 ,nimmo ( ,ed9burgh1 :o h1 ) great c\rtesy1 furni%$ me ) electrotypes ( sev]al figures f ! works ( ,doctor ,mantell & ,mr4 ,hugh ,mill]4 ,to my colleagues 9 ,maynoo? ,i am mu* indebt$ = _! judici\s sugge/ions & fri5dly assi/ance dur+ ! progress ( ! ,"w4 ,9 p>ticul> ,i desire to te/ify my obligations to our di/+ui%$ ,pr(essor ( ,scripture1 ! ,rev]5d ,doctor ,m',c>?y1 = ! unwe>i$ k9dness ) :i* he has all[$ me to draw at pleasure on 8 pr(\nd & ext5sive k ( ! ,sacr$ ,text4 ,g4 ,m4 ,,sa9t ,,patrick',s ,,college1 ,,maynoo?1 ,decemb] #a/1 #ahfi4 ,illu/ration ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,am]ican ,,edition4 ,dr4 ,molloy has1 9 ! pres5t "w1 made an important contribution to a dep>tm5t ( sci5tific & !ologic lit]ature1 :i* has already be5 enri*$ by ! labors ( sev]al o!r ,ca?olic ,fa!rs1 among :om mu/ be m5tion$ ,,c>d9al ,,wiseman1#a ,,fa!r ,,p]rone1#b & ,,fa!r ,,pianciani1#c :o1 9 ,italy1 ma9ta9 sub/antially1 ! same gr\nd :i*1 9 ,engl&1 has be5 su/a9$ by ,,dr4 ,,*alm]s1 ,,dr4 ,,buckl&1 ,,pye ,,smi?1 & ,,hugh ,,mill]1 & we may n[ add ) pleasure1 by ,,dr4 ,,molloy4 ,names :i*1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f9d _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ,,dr4 ,,hit*cock1 ,,pr(4 ,,silliman1 ,,pr(4 ,a4 ,,guyot1 ,,dr4 ,,?ompson1 & ,j4 ,d4 ,,dana4 ,review+ ! progress ( op9ion t\*+ ! relations ( ,sci5ce to ,reveal$ ,religion1 x is notewor?y t :ile _m ,prote/ant !ologians & writ]s on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic h1 until a rec5t p]iod1 treat$ ! discov]ies ( sci5ce1 & especially ( ,geology1 s f> z !y affect !ological dogmas1 9 a mann]1 if n ( contempt1 at lea/ ( di/ru/ or unfairness3 on ! contr>y1 ! ,romani/ writ]s :o h discuss$ ^! !mes1 h done s1 g5]ally1 9 a _s ( broad ca?olicity well calculat$ to comm& ! respect x m]its4 ,!y h %[n no s5sitiv5ess or timidity le/1 p]*ance1 _! exegesis might be di/urb$ by c&idly admitt+ ! *anges dem&$ by ! discov]ies ( ,sci5ce4 ,! au?or's discussion ( ! pr9ciples ( ,geology ev9ces mu* famili>ity bo? ) ! sci5ce & :at is equally important1 ! necessities ( ! unsci5tific read]4 ,he has pres5t$1 9 ! second "p ( 8 book1 an int]e/+ review1 infus$ by copi\s quotations f ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 f ! "t ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 %[+ t long be=e ,geology _h any exi/5ce z a sci5ce1 & ( c\rse1 :5 ! discussions & d\bts x has excit$ 7 unkn[n1 ! ess5tial po9ts respect+ ,"t & ! ord] ( ,creation _h receiv$ c>eful att5tion f dev\t ?9k]s1 & t ! conclusions at :i* !y arriv$1 on purely !ological gr\nds1 71 9 mo/ cases1 mu* ! same z ^? :i* ! be/ writ]s ( our "t d$uce f ,geological evid5ce4 ,x is n[ ?irty-five ye>s s9ce 7#ahce7 ,,c>d9al1 !n ,,dr4 ,,wiseman1 deliv]$ 9 ,rome1 be=e ! ,engli% ,college1 ( :i* he 0 ! head1 8 ,lectures1 already ref]r$ to1 on ! connection betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,religion1 9 ! fif? & six? ( :i* he consid]s m p>ticul>ly ! ,geological argum5t4 ,! _s ( ^! lectures 0 a j rebuke to ! n>r[ bigotry ( su* writ]s z ,,mr4 ,,croly1 ,,fairholm1 & ,,granville ,,p5n1 z well z c]ta9 ,am]ican !ologians1 :o1 by means ( arrogance & d5unciation1 s\ght to sil5ce ! voice ( tru?1 z proclaim$ 9 ! language ( discov]y1 ann\nc+ ! nature & ! ext5t ( ^? *anges 9 life & 9 physical developm5t :i* are record$ 9 ! ,g5esis ( ! ,rocks1 because !y conceiv$ ^! immutable tru?s mu/ ( necessity conflict ) ! ,g5esis ( ,moses2 ! real conflict be+ only ) _! n>r[ int]pretations4 ,) r>e moral c\rage ,,dr4 ,,wiseman grappl$ ) ! great que/ions discuss$ s well 9 8 lectures1 at a "t :5 !re prevail$1 ) ref]5ce to su* !mes1 a v wide-spread di/ru/1 ev5 among m5 ( mod]ate op9ions4 ,9 fact1 ! c&or & c\rtesy display$ by ,,dr4 ,,wiseman 9 8 lectures1 pres5ts an enviable contra/ to ! acrimony ( _m !ologians1 & wor?y ( all praise1 & 9 h>mony ) ! le>n+ & good ta/e :i* *>act]ize 8 writ+s4 ,,dr4 ,,molloy is a wor?y disciple ( ! same s*ool1 & we are glad to f9d 9 him ! same c&or & lib]ality :i* x is c]ta9ly to be hop$ he w receive at ! h&s ( ^? :o may diff] f him4 ,8 geological argum5ts & illu/rations are v naturally drawn1 *iefly f ,briti% au?orities4 ,x is evid5t t ! condition ( op9ion ^u ^! matt]s among religi\s tea*]s & read]s 9 ,great ,brita9 is less advanc$ ?an x is 9 ?is c\ntry or 9 cont95tal ,europe4 ,our au?or has obvi\sly b little famili>ity ) ! ,am]ican lit]ature ( ?is subject4 ,! simil>ity 9 "s p>ts ( 8 book bo? 9 ?\ght & /yle ) ! writ+s on ?is subject ( ! late ,,pr(essor ,,silliman1 ( ,yale ,college1 is q noticeable4 ,he has obvi\sly n se5 ! writ+s ( ,,dr4 ,,hit*cock1 ( ,,guyot1 ( ,,dana1 & ( o!r ,am]ican writ]s4 ,we h !re=e by ! k9d p]mission ( ! au?or reproduc$ 9 ?is edition ! *apt] on ,,cosmogony f ,,pr(essor ,,dana',s ,manual ( ,geology4#d ,! views set =?1 9 a v cond5s$ =m1 9 ?is *apt]1 embrace also ! ideas ( ,,pr(essor ,,arnold ,,guyot1 ( ,pr9ceton1 z pres5t$ by him 9 8 unpubli%$ lecture ^u ! same subject4 ,am]ican read]s w rememb] also t ,,pr(essor ,,dana has discuss$ ?is subject mu* m at l5g? 9 a s]ies ( pap]s publi%$ 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,sacra1#e 9 a review ( ,,dr4 ,,tayl] ,,lewis',s ,six ,days ( ,creation4#f ,x is greatly to be desir$ t ,,pr(essor ,,dana %\ld soon make a revis$ edition ( 8 v>i\s writ+s ^u ?is subject1 a "w :i* w\ld be receiv$ ) int]e/ on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,we d n propose "h to pres5t ! bibliography ( ?is subject ) any complet5ess1 b we desire to m5tion1 to ^? :o h n se5 x1 a little volume ( excell5t _s by ,,dr4 ,,jos4 ,p4 ,,?ompson1 ( ,new ,york1 entitl$ ,man 9 ,g5esis & ,geology1#g :i* discusses *iefly ! relations ( man to creation1 9 sev5 lectures1 ! fir/ ( :i* is an 8,outl9e ( ,creation 9 ,g5esis40 ,ev5 z we write ano!r small volume on ?is subject comes to h& "u ! title ( ,*emical ,hi/ory ( ! ,six ,days ( ,creation1#h by ,,mr4 ,,john ,,ph91 :i* also conta9s ! sub/ance ( a s]ies ( lectures deliv]$ by ! au?or1 :o h&les 8 !me 9 a _s equally rev]5tial & sci5tific1 & well calculat$ to d good4 ,^? :o desire to "k ! be/ exposition ( ?is subject at ! h&s ( a mod]n !ologian w read ! fir/ "p ( ,,dr4 ,,lange',s ,g5esis1 or ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,moses1#i 9 ,,dr4 ,,tayl] ,,lewis',s translation1 pp4 #aei-agg4 ,! c&id & s*ol>ly _s ( ! le>n$ au?ors ( ?is "w indicates a m>k$ *ange 9 discussions ( ?is nature :5 comp>$ ) simil> lit]ature ( ! la/ g5]ation4 ,^! few sugge/ions1 *iefly on ! ,am]ican lit]ature ( ?is subject1 are (f]$ 9 ! belief t "s read]s may be glad to "k :]e to turn = simil> discussions1 :ile ,,dr4 ,,molloy w c]ta9ly n mis9t]pret our k9dly int5tions 9 sugge/+ to him "s contempor>y s\rces ( in=mation to mo/ ( :i* he v probably _h no means ( access :5 8 excell5t "w 0 prep>$4 ,,july1 #ahgj4 ,illu/ration ,,cont5ts4 ,,introductory ,,*apt]4 ,,page4 ,scope ( ! ,"w expla9$--,geology look$ on ) ,suspicion by ,*ri/ians--hail$ ) ,triumph by ,unbeliev]s--no ,contradiction possible betwe5 ! ,works ( ,nature & ! ,^w ( ,god--,au?or n jeal\s ( ,progress 9 ,geological ,discov]ies--,po9ts ( ,contact betwe5 ,geology & ,revelation--! ,"q /at$--! ,answ]--,division ( ! ,"w1 #be ,,"p ,i4 ,,geological ,,!ory ,,& ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,by ,,:i* ,,x ,,is ,,support$4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,geologi/s4 ,geology def9$--,facts & ,!ories--,rec5t ,progress ( ,geology --,/ratification ( ,rocks--,aque\s ,rocks2 ( ,me*anical ,orig9--( ,*emical ,orig9--( ,organic ,orig9--,igne\s ,rocks1 ,plutonic & ,volcanic--,metamorphic ,rocks--,summ>y ( ! ,rocks t compose ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?--,relative ,ord] ( ,position--,int]nal ,condition ( ! ,globe--,movem5ts ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/--,subt]ranean ,di/urb+ ,=ce--,uplift+ & ,b5d+ ( ,/rata--,d5udation & its ,causes--,fossil ,rema9s--_! ,value 9 ,geological ,!ory1 #cj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,d5udation ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,facts4 ,pr9ciple ( ,reason+ common to all ! ,physical ,sci5ces--,?is ,pr9ciple applicable to ,geology--,c>bonic ,acid an ,ag5t ( ,d5udation--,va/ ,quantity ( ,lime dissolv$ by ! ,wat]s ( ! ,rh9e & borne away to ! ,g]man ,ocean--,dis9tegration ( ,rocks by ,fro/--,pr(essor ,tyndall on ! ,matt]horn--,runn+ ,wat]--its ,erosive ,p[]--an active & unceas+ ,ag5t ( ,d5udation--,m9]al ,s$im5t c>ri$ out to ,sea by ! ,ganges & o!r great ,riv]s--,solid ,rocks und]m9$ & worn away--,falls ( ! ,clyde at ,lan>k--,excavat+ ,p[] ( ,riv]s 9 ,auv]gne & ,sicily--,falls ( ,niag>a--,transport+ ,p[] ( ,runn+ ,wat]--,floods 9 ,scotl&--,inundation 9 ! ,valley ( ,bagnes 9 ,switz]l&1 #dg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,d5udation--,,fur!r ,,illu/rations4 ,! ,break]s ( ! ,ocean--,cav]ns & ,fairy ,bridges ( ,kilkee--,italy & ,sicily--,! ,%etl& ,isl&s--,ea/ & ,s\? ,coa/ ( ,brita9--,tracts ( ,l& swall[$ up by ! ,sea--,isl& ( ,heligol&--,nor?/r&--,tides & ,curr5ts--,s\? ,atlantic ,curr5t--,equatorial ,curr5t--,! ,gulf ,/ream--its ,c\rse describ$--,examples ( its ,p[] z an ,ag5t ( ,transport1 #fa ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,d5udation--,,conclud$4 ,glaci]s--_! ,nature & ,composition--_! unceas+ ,motion --,p[]ful ,ag5ts ( ,d5udation--,iceb]gs--_! ,numb] & ,size--,erratic ,blocks & loose ,gravel spread out ov] ,m\nta9s1 ,pla9s1 & ,valleys1 at ! ,bottom ( ! ,sea --,*>act]i/ic ,m>ks ( mov+ ,ice--,evid5ce ( anci5t ,glacial ,action--,illu/rations f ! ,alps--f ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,jura--,!ory appli$ to ,nor!rn ,europe--to ,scotl&1 ,wales1 & ,irel&--,! ,fact ( ,d5udation e/abli%$--,summ>y ( ! ,evid5ce--,?is ,fact ! fir/ ,/ep 9 ,geological ,!ory1 #ga ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,/ratifi$ ,,rocks ,,( ,,me*anical ,,orig9--,,!ory ,,develop$ ,,& ,,illu/rat$4 ,=mation ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks ascrib$ to ! ,ag5cy ( ,natural ,causes--,?is ,!ory support$ by ,facts--,! ,argum5t /at$--,examples ( ,me*anical ,rocks--,mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$--,orig9 & ,hi/ory ( ^! ,mat]ials trac$ out--,process ( ,deposition--,process ( ,consolidation --,in/ances ( ,consolidation by ,pressure--,consolidation p]fect$ by ,natural ,cem5ts--,curi\s ,illu/rations--,consolidation ( ,s&/one 9 ,cornwall--,arrangem5t ( ,/rata expla9$ by int]mitt5t ,action ( ! ,ag5ts ( ,d5udation1 #hg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,/ratifi$ ,,rocks ,,( ,,me*anical ,,orig9--,,fur!r ,,illu/rations4 ,impossible to witness ! ,=mation ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks 9 ! ,dep?s ( ! ,ocean--,on a small scale ,examples are exhibit$ by ,riv]s & ,lakes--,alluvial ,pla9s--_! extraord9>y ,f]tility --,great ,bas9 ( ! ,nile--,exp]im5ts ( ! ,royal ,society--,! ,mississippi & ! ,or9oco--,"s ,riv]s fill up _! own ,*annels--,case ( ! ,riv] ,po--,artificial ,embankm5ts--,l>ge ,tract ( ,alluvial ,soil deposit$ by ! ,rhone 9 ! ,lake ( ,g5eva--,deltas--,! ,delta ( ! ,ganges & ,brahmapootra--,delta ( ! ,nile1 #ajj ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,/ratifi$ ,,rocks ,,( ,,*emical ,,orig94 ,*emical ,ag5cy employ$ 9 ! ,=mation ( ,me*anical ,rocks--,b "s ,rocks produc$ almo/ exclusively by ! ,action ( ,*emical ,laws--,diff]5ce betwe5 a ,mixture & a ,solution--a ,saturat$ ,solution--,/alactites & ,/alagmites--,fanta/ic ,columns 9 ,lime/one ,cav]ns--,! ,grotto ( ,antip>os 9 ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago--,wy]'s ,cave 9 ! ,blue ,m\nta9s ( ,am]ica--,trav]t9e ,rock 9 ,italy--,gr[? ( ,lime/one 9 ! ,solfat>a ,lake ne> ,tivoli--,incru/ations ( ! ,anio --,=mation ( ,trav]t9e at ! ,ba?s ( ,san ,filippo & ,san ,vignone1 #aji ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,/ratifi$ ,,rocks ,,( ,,organic ,,orig9--,,illu/rations ,,f ,,animal ,,life4 ,nature ( ,organic ,rocks--,c>bonate ( ,lime extract$ f ! ,sea by ! ,int]v5tion ( m9ute ,animalcules--,*alk ,rock--its va/ ,ext5t--suppos$ to be ( ,organic ,orig9--,a ,/ratum ( ! same k9d n[ gr[+ up on ! ,floor ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean--,coral ,reefs & ,isl&s--_! g5]al ,appe>ance--_! ,geographical ,di/ribution--_! ,organic ,orig9--,/ructure ( ! ,zoophyte--,v>i\s ,illu/rations--,ag5cy ( ! ,zoophyte 9 ! ,con/ruction ( ,coral ,rock--,h[ ! sunk5 ,reef is conv]t$ into an ,isl&--& peopl$ ) ,plants & ,animals--,difficulty propos$ & consid]$--,hypo!sis ( ,mr4 ,d>w9--,coral ,lime/one 9 ! solid ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 #aah ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,/ratifi$ ,,rocks ,,( ,,organic ,,orig9--,,illu/rations ,,f ,,vegetable ,,life4 ,orig9 ( ,coal--,evid5t ,traces ( ,plants & ,trees 9 ,coal ,m9es--,coal made up ( ! same ,elem5ts z ,wood--,b$s ( ,coal f\nd re/+ ^u ,clay 9 :i* are pres]v$ ! ,roots ( ,trees--,ins5sible ,transition f ,wood to ,coal--,=e/-cov]$ ,swamps--,accumulations ( ,drift ,wood 9 ,lakes & ,e/u>ies--,peat ,bogs--,b$s ( ,lignite--,seams ( pure ,coal ) half ,c>boniz$ ,trees1 "s ly+ pro/rate1 "s /&+ erect--,summ>y ( ! ,argum5t hi!rto pursu$--,objection to ?is ,argum5t f ! ,omnipot5ce ( ,god--,answ] to ! ,objection1 #ada ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,fossil ,,rema9s--,,! ,,museum4 ,recapitulation--,scope ( our ,argum5t--,!ory ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks ! ,framework ( ,geological ,sci5ce--,?is ,!ory br+s ,geology into ,contact ) ,revelation--,! ,l9e ( ,reason+ hi!rto pursu$ confirm$ by ! ,te/imony ( ,fossil ,rema9s--,mean+ ( ! ,^w ,fossil--,inexhau/ible ,abundance ( ,fossils--,v>i\s ,/ates ( ,pres]vation--,petrifaction--,exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,gpp]t--,organic ,rocks af=d "s ,insight into ! ,fossil ,_w--,! ,reality & ,significance ( ,fossil ,rema9s mu/ be le>n$ f ,obs]vation--,! ,briti% ,museum--,colossal ,skeletons--,bones & ,%ells ( ,animals--,fossil ,plants & ,trees1 #aef ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,fossil ,,rema9s--,,! ,,exploration4 ,f ! ,museum to ! ,qu>ry--,fossil ,fi% 9 ! ,lime/one ,rocks ( ,monte ,bolca--9 ! ,qu>ries ( ,aix--9 ! ,*alk ( ,sussex--,! ,i*?yosaurus or ,fi%-l ,liz>d--,gigantic ,dim5sions ( ?is ,anci5t ,mon/]--its ,pr$atory ,habits--,! ,plesiosaurus--,! ,mega!rium or great ,wild ,bea/--,hi/ory ( its ,discov]y--! ,mylodon--,pr(usion ( ,fossil ,%ells--,petrifi$ ,trees erect 9 ! ,lime/one ,rock ( ,portl&--,fossil ,plants ( ! ,coal ,measures--,! ,sigill>ia--,! ,f]n--,! ,calamite--,! ,lepidod5dron--,coal ,m9e ( ,treuil--,fossil ,rema9s af=d und5iable ,evid5ce ( =m] ,animal & ,vegetable ,life--,_! ,exi/5ce _c be acc\nt$ = by ! ,pla/ic ,p[] ( ,nature--nor c x reasonably be ascrib$ to a ,special ,act ( ,creation1 #agb ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,geological ,,*ronology--,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em ,,expla9$ ,,& ,,develop$4 ,significance ( ,fossil ,rema9s--,sci5ce ( ,palontology--,classification ( exi/+ ,animal ,life--,fossil ,rema9s are f\nd to fit 9 ) ?is ,classification--,succession ( ,organic ,life--,"t 9 ,geology n measur$ by ,ye>s & ,c5turies--,successive ,p]iods m>k$ by ,successive ,=ms ( ,life--,! ,geologi/ aims at arrang+ ^! ,p]iods 9 ,*ronological ,ord]--,position ( ! v>i\s ,gr\ps ( ,/rata n suffici5t = ?is purpose--,x is accompli%$ *iefly ?r\gh ! aid ( ,fossil ,rema9s--,mode ( proce$+ practically expla9$--,*ronological ,table1 #aih ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,geological ,,*ronology--,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,succession ,,( ,,organic ,,life4 ,summ>y ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks--,/rik+ ,*>act]i/ics ( c]ta9 ,=mations--,human ,rema9s f\nd only 9 sup]ficial ,deposits--,gradual ,transition f ! ,organic ,life ( "o ,p]iod to t ( ! next--,evid5ce 9 favor ( ?is ,op9ion--,advance f ,l[] to ,high] ,types ( ,organic ,life z we asc5d f ! ,old] to ! m ,rec5t ,=mations --,economic ,value ( ,geological ,*ronology--,illu/ration--,se>* = ,coal--! ,practical ,man at ,fault--! ,geologi/ comes to 8 aid1 & saves him f useless ,exp5se1 #bag ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,subt]ranean ,,heat--,,its ,,exi/5ce ,,demon/rat$ ,,by ,,facts4 ,!ory ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks supposes ,di/urbances ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/--,^! ,di/urbances ascrib$ by ,geologi/s to ! ,action ( subt]ranean ,heat--,! ,exi/5ce ( ,subt]ranean ,heat1 & its ,p[] to move ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 prov$ by direct ,evid5ce--,suppos$ ,igne\s ,orig9 ( our ,globe--,rem>kable ,increase ( ,temp]ature z we desc5d into ! ,e>?'s ,cru/--,hot ,spr+s--,artesian ,wells--,/eam issu+ f ,crevices 9 ! ,e>?--,! ,geys]s ( ,icel&--,a ,glimpse ( ! subt]ranean ,fires--,m\nt ,vesuvius 9 #aggi--,va/ ,ext5t ( ,volcanic ,action--,exi/5ce ( subt]ranean ,heat an e/abli%$ fact1 #bcc ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,subt]ranean ,,heat--,,its ,,p[]s ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,volcanos4 ,effects ( subt]ranean ,heat 9 ! pres5t ,age ( ! ,_w--,va/ ,accumulations ( solid ,matt] f ! ,eruptions ( ,volcanos--,buri$ ,cities ( ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum--,curi\s ,relics ( ,roman ,life--,monte ,nuovo--,eruption ( ,jorullo 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,mexico--,sumbawa 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago--,volcanos 9 ,icel&--,m\nta9 ,mass ( ,etna ! ,product ( ,volcanic ,eruptions--,volcanic ,isl&s--,9 ! ,atlantic--9 ! ,m$it]ranean--,santor9 9 ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago1 #bdd ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,subt]ranean ,,heat--,,its ,,p[]s ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,e>?quakes4 ,e>?quakes & ,volcanos proce$ f ! same common ,cause--,rec5t ,e>?quakes 9 ,new ,zeal&--,va/ ,tracts ( ,l& p]man5tly uprais$--,e>?quakes ( ,*ili 9 ! pres5t ,c5tury --,cru/ ( ! ,e>? elevat$--,e>?quake ( ,cut* 9 ,india1 #ahai--,rem>kable ,in/ance ( ,subsid5ce & ,upheaval--,e>?quake ( ,calabria1 #aghc--;,e>?quake ( ,lisbon1 #agee--;,great ,de/ruction ( ,life & ,prop]ty--,e>?quake ( ,p]u1 ,augu/1 #ahfh--;,g5]al ,sc5e ( ,ru9 & ,deva/ation--,great ,sea ,wave--,a ,%ip ) all h] ,crew c>ri$ a ,qu>t] ( a ,mile inl&--,frequ5cy ( ,e>?quakes1 #beh ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,subt]ranean ,,heat--,,its ,,p[]s ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,undulations ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,cru/4 ,g5tle ,movem5ts ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ )9 ,hi/oric ,times--,roman ,roads & ,temples subm]g$ 9 ! ,bay ( ,bai--,temple ( ,jupit] ,s]apis--,s+ul> ,condition ( its ,columns--,pro( ( ,subsid5ce & subsequ5t ,upheaval--,indications ( a second ,subsid5ce n[ actually tak+ place--,gradual ,upheaval ( ! ,coa/ ( ,sw$5--,summ>y ( ! ,evid5ce adduc$ to e/abli% ?is ,fact--,subsid5ce ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ on ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,gre5l&--,recapitulation1 #bga ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,antiquity ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,g5esis4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,"q ,,& ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,view4 ,! ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,geological ,!ory accept$ by ! ,au?or --,^! ,pr9ciples pla9ly import ! extreme ,antiquity ( ! ,e>?--,illu/ration f ! ,coal1 ! ,*alk1 & ! ,b\ld] ,clay--,?is ,conclusion n at ,v>iance ) ! ,inspir$ ,hi/ory ( ! ,creation--,*ronology ( ! ,bible--,g5ealogies ( ,g5esis--,date ( ! ,creation n fix$ by ,moses--,progress ( ,op9ion on ?is ,po9t--,c>d9al ,wiseman1 ,fa!r ,p]onne1 ,fa!r ,pianciani--,doctor ,buckl&1 ,doctor ,*alm]s1 ,doctor ,pye ,smi?1 ,hugh ,mill]--,au?or's ,view expla9$--,*>ge ( ,ra%ness & ,irrev]5ce answ]$--,admonitions ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e & ,sa9t ,?omas1 #bhj ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,fir/ ,,hypo!sis2--,,an ,,int]val ,,( ,,indef9ite ,,duration ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,creation ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,& ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mosaic ,,day4 ,! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? 7 creat$ be=e ! ,fir/ ,mosaic ,day--,objection f ,exodus1 xx4 #i-aa--;,answ]--,int]pretation ( ! ,au?or support$ by ! be/ ,comm5tators--,confirm$ by ! ,hebrew ,text--,! ,e>ly ,fa!rs commonly held ! ,exi/5ce ( creat$ ,matt] prior to ! ,"w ( ! ,six ,days--,sa9t ,basil1 ,sa9t ,*ryso/om1 ,sa9t ,ambrose1 ,v5]able ,b$e--,! mo/ em95t ,doctors 9 ! ,s*ools concurr$ 9 ?is ,op9ion--,pet] ,lomb>d1 ,hugh ( ,sa9t ,victor1 ,sa9t ,?omas--,also ,comm5tators & ,!ologians--,p]r]ius1 ,petavius--,di/+ui%$ ,names on ! o!r side1 ,a ,lapide1 ,to/atus1 ,sa9t ,augu/9e--,! ,op9ion is at lea/ n at ,v>iance ) ! ,voice ( ,tradition--,?is ,p]iod ( creat$ ,exi/5ce may h be5 ( indef9ite ,l5g?--,& ! ,e>? may h be5 furni%$ !n z n[ ) c\ntless ,tribes ( ,plants & ,animals--,objections to ?is ,hypo!sis propos$ & expla9$1 #cjj ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,second ,,hypo!sis2--,,! ,,days ,,( ,,creation ,,long ,,p]iods ,,( ,,"t4 ,div]sity ( ,op9ion among ! ,e>ly ,fa!rs reg>d+ ! ,days ( ,creation--,sa9t ,augu/9e1 ,philo ,judu1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,orig51 ,sa9t ,a?anasius1 ,sa9t ,eu*]ius1 ,procopius--,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,sa9t ,?omas1 ,c>d9al ,cajetan--,inf]5ce f ^! ,te/imonies--,fir/ ,argum5t 9 favor ( ! popul> ,int]pretation2 a ,day1 9 ! lit]al ,s5se1 means a ,p]iod ( ,tw5ty-f\r ,h\rs--,answ]--,?is ,^w (t5 us$ 9 ,scripture = an indef9ite ,p]iod--,examples f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t--,second ,argum5t2 ! ,days ( ,creation h an ,ev5+ & a ,morn+--,answ]--,int]pretation ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 ,v5]able ,b$e1 & o!r ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*--,?ird ,argum5t2 ! ,reason alleg$ = ! ,in/itution ( ! ,sabba? ,day--,answ]--,! ,law ( ! ,sabba? ext5d$ to e ,sev5? ,ye> z well z to e ,sev5? ,day--,! ,sev5? ,day ( ,god's ,re/ a long ,p]iod ( indef9ite ,duration1 #cah ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,hypo!sis ,,to ,,! ,,mosaic ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,creation--,,conclusion4 ,summ>y ( ! ,argum5t--,/rik+ ,co9cid5ce betwe5 ! ,ord] ( ,creation z set =? 9 ! ,n>rative ( ,moses & 9 ! ,records ( ,geology--,comp>ison illu/rat$ & develop$--,s*eme ( ,adju/m5t betwe5 ! ,p]iods ( ,geology & ! ,days ( ,g5esis--,tabul> ,view ( ?is ,s*eme--,objections consid]$--,x is n to be reg>d$ z an e/abli%$ ,!ory1 b z an admissible ,hypo!sis--,ei!r ! fir/ ,hypo!sis or ! second is suffici5t to meet ! dem&s ( ,geology z reg>ds ! ,antiquity ( ! ,e>?--,n necess>y to suppose t ! ,sacr$ ,writ] 0 made acqua9t$ ) ! long ,ages ( ,geological ,"t--,he simply records fai?fully t :i* 0 committ$ to 8 *>ge--,! ,mosaic ,hi/ory ( ,creation /&s alone1 )\t ,rivals or ,competitors1 #cdc ,illu/ration ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page #a4 ,granitic ,rocks (f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 #fc #b4 ,iceb]g se5 9 mid ocean1 #adjj miles f l&1 #ge #c4 ,block ( ,lime/one ,rock ) ,glacial-m>k+s1 #gh #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,examples ( liv+ ,zoophytes3 ,campanul>ia ,gelat9osa2 ,gorgonia ,patula1 #aca ,fru/ra ,pilosa2 ,madrepora ,plantag9ea1 #acb ,corallium ,rubrum1 #acc #i1 #aj4 ,fossil ,f]ns f ! ,coal ,measures1 #adc #aa4 ,trunk & roots ( a =e/ tree2 f\nd erect 9 a ,coal ,m9e1 ne> ,liv]pool1 #aeb #ab4 ,fossil ,iri% ,de]1 #afc #ac4 ,fossil ,wood1 %[+ ! r+s ( annual gr[?1 #aga #ad1 #ae4 ,fossil ,fi% f ,monte ,bolea 9 ,italy1 #agc1 #agd #af4 ,gr\p ( sev]al ,fossil ,fi% 9 "o block ( ,lime/one1 #agf #ag4 ,fossil ,fi% f ! ,*alk ,rock ( ,sussex1 #agg #ah1 #ai4 ,two ,skeletons ( ! ,i*?yosaurus1 f ! ,lias ( ,dorset%ire1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 #agi #bj4 ,plesiosaurus ,cramptonii1 f ! ,lias ( ,york%ire1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society1 #ahb #ba4 ,! ,mega!rium1 or ,great ,wild ,bea/1 #ahe #bb4 ,! ,mylodon ,robu/us1 #ahf #bc4 ,section ( a ,qu>ry 9 ! ,isl& ( ,portl&1 %[+ ! /umps ( an anci5t =e/ /&+ erect 9 ! solid rock1 #ahi #bd4 ,calamite f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,newca/le1 #aia #be4 ,lepidod5dron ,/]nb]gii2 a =e/ tree erect 9 a ,coal ,m9e1 #aib #bf4 ,lepidod5dron ,elegans2 ,/em & bran*es1 f a ,coal ,m9e1 ne> ,newca/le1 #aic #bg4 ,section ( a ,coal ,m9e ne> ,lyons1 %[+ an anci5t =e/ envelop$ 9 ,s&/one1 #aid #bh4 ,bird's-eye ,view ( ,santor9 dur+ ! volcanic eruption ( #ahff1 #bee ,,li/ ,,( ,,tables4 ,table ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks ,*ronologically arrang$1 #baa ,table ( ,geological ,=mations1 %[+ ! fir/ appe>ance on ! ,e>? ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ,animal ,life1 #bbf ,table exhibit+ ! ,g5ealogies ( ,g5esis accord+ to ! v>i\s ,read+s ( ! ?ree mo/ anci5t ,v]sions1 ! ,hebrew1 ! ,sam>itan1 & ! ,septuag9t1 #bia ,table repres5t+ a possible ,adju/m5t ( ! ,mosaic ,days ) ! ,p]iods ( ,geology1 #bea ,illu/ration ,,geology ,,& ,,revelation4 ,,introductory ,,*apt]4 ,scope ( ! "w expla9$--,geology look$ on ) suspicion by ,*ri/ians--,hail$ ) triumph by ,unbeliev]s--,no contradiction possible betwe5 ! works ( ,nature & ! ,^w ( ,god--,au?or n jeal\s ( progress 9 ,geological ,discov]ies--,po9ts ( contact betwe5 ,geology & ,revelation--,! "q /at$--,! answ]--,division ( ! "w4 ,among ! v>i\s pursuits t engage ! human m9d1 !re are few s attractive z ,geology1 none s important z ,revelation4 ,ea* ( ^! two /udies has an int]e/ peculi> to itself4 ,! "o is *iefly conc]n$ ab\t ! _w 9 :i* we are liv+3 ! o!r ab\t ! _w to :i* we are ha/5+4 ,geology leads u d[n into ! dep?s ( ! ,e>?1 & !re1 unfold+ to our view a long s]ies ( /range unwritt5 records impress$ on la/+ monum5ts by ! h& ( ,nature1 x proce$s to trace back ! hi/ory ( our ,globe ?r\gh myriads ( ages into ! di/ant pa/4 ,revelation1 on ! o!r h&1 comes to u f above2 & sett+ =? ! f> m wond]ful records ( ,god's deal+s ) man1 holds out ! hope ( ano!r _w 8ev]la/+ 9 ! heav5s0#aj :i* %all /ill rema9 :5 ?is e>? & all ! works t are !re9 %all h melt$ away ) f]v5t heat4#aa ,b1 x may be ask$1 :y %\ld two su* incongru\s topics be set d[n = discussion side by side8 ,to answ] ?is "q is to expla9 ! scope & design ( ! pres5t "w4 ,we are n go+ to write a ,manual ( ,geology2 nor yet a ,treatise on ,revelation4 ,tak5 sep>ately1 ^! two subjects h be5 h&l$ ) em95t skill & ability2 ! "o by ! vot>ies ( ,sci5ce1 ! o!r by ! fri5ds ( ,!ology4 ,x is our purpose to consid] !m n s mu* 9 !mselves z 9 _! mutual relations3 to comp>e ! conclusions ( ,geology ) ! tru?s ( ,revelation2 & to inquire if x be possible to accept ! "o & yet n to ab&on ! o!r4 ,an uneasy appreh5sion has long prevail$ among dev\t ,*ri/ians1 & a decl>$ conviction among a l>ge class ( unbeliev]s1 t ! discov]ies ( ,geology are at v>iance ) ! facts record$ 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis4 ,n[1 ! hi/orical n>rative ( ,g5esis lies at ! v f\ndation ( all ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,h5ce ! sci5ce ( ,geology1 has come to be look$ on ) suspicion by ! simple-m9d$ fai?ful1 & to be hail$ ) joy1 z a new & p[]ful auxili>y1 by t infidel p>ty :i*1 9 ^! latt] days1 has assum$ a position s bold & defiant4 ,x is n[ confid5tly ass]t$ t we _c uphold ! tea*+ ( ,revelation1 unless we %ut our eyes to ! evid5ce ( ,geology2 & t we _c pursue ! /udy ( ,geology1 if we are n prep>$ to r5\nce our belief 9 ! doctr9es ( ,revelation4 ,vet surely ?is _c be4 ,tru? _c be at v>iance ) tru?4 ,if ,god has record$ ! hi/ory ( our ,globe1 z ,geologi/s ma9ta91 on imp]i%able monum5ts )9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 we may be q sure ,he has n contradict$ t ,record 9 ,8 ,writt5 ,^w4 ,!re may be = a "t1 inde$1 a conflict betwe5 ! /ud5t ( ,nature & ! /ud5t ( ,revelation4 ,ea* is liable to error :5 he und]takes to int]pret ! record t is plac$ 9 8 h&s4 ,_m a brilliant ,geological !ory1 receiv$ at fir/ ) unb\nd$ applause1 has be5 dissipat$ by ! progress ( discov]y ev5 )9 ! lifetime ( its au?or4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x _c be d5i$ t ,!ologians h sometimes imput$ to ! ,bible t :i* ! ,bible does n tea*4 ,le>n$ & pi\s m5--,prote/ants & ,ca?olics alike--once believ$ t ! ,book ( ,jo%ua repres5ts ! succession ( day & night z produc$ by ! revolution ( ! ,sun ar\nd ! ,e>?3 :]eas x is n[ consid]$ q pla9 t ! ,book ( ,jo%ua1 prop]ly und]/ood1 tea*es no?+ ( ! k9d2 b t ! ,inspir$ ,writ]1 9 describ+ a wond]ful ph5om5on ( ,nature1 simply employs ! language ( m5 accord+ to ! e/abli%$ usage ( 8 "t4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !re=e1 t a conflict ( op9ion %\ld sometimes arise betwe5 ! ,geologi/ & ! ,!ologian2 b a conflict !re _c be betwe5 ! /ory :i* ,god has describ$ on ,8 works & ! /ory ,he has record$ 9 ,8 ,writt5 ,^w4 ,?\gh we come =w>d1 !re=e1 among ^? ^: duty & ^: glory x is to uphold ,revelation1 we are by no means jeal\s ( ! wond]ful ardor1 & we may add1 ! wond]ful success1 ) :i* ! /udy ( ,geology has be5 lately pursu$4 ,we h too mu* confid5ce 9 ! tru? ( our cause to appreh5d t x c suff] 9 any way f ! progress ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,x is our conviction1 r1 t ! m ?or\ghly ! works ( ,nature are und]/ood1 ! m p]fectly !y w be f\nd to h>monize ) ! tru?s ( ,revelation4 ,we are n afraid1 !re=e1 to v5ture into ! realms ( ,geology & to come face to face ) its discov]ies4 ,too long1 p]haps1 has ?is int]e/+ & popul> sci5ce be5 neglect$ by ^? :o are rang$ "u ! bann] ( ,religion4 ,let x be ours to %[ t ! /udy ( ,god's works is n incompatible ) ! belief 9 ,god's ,^w2 & t x is q possible to inve/igate ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! _w we inhabit )\t =feit+ our "r to a bett]4 ,! po9ts ( contact betwe5 ,geology & ,revelation are *iefly ^! two3--,fir/1 ! ,antiquity ( ! ,e>?2 ,secondly1 ! ,antiquity ( ! ,human ,race4 ,9 ! pres5t ,volume we %all conf9e our att5tion to ! ,antiquity ( ! ,e>?4 ,! subject t (f]s itself = discussion may be /at$ 9 a few words4 ,geologi/s ma9ta9 t ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? has be5 sl[ly built up by means ( a long s]ies ( op]ations :i* w\ld require hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 p]haps millions ( ye>s = _! accompli%m5t3 :]eas ! ,bible n>rative1 x is alleg$1 all[s b ! %ort lapse ( six or eight ?\s& ye>s f ! creation ( ! _w to ! pres5t "t4 ,! ,geological record1 !n1 seems to contradict ! ,mosaic2 & ! "q is1 h[ ?is app>5t contradiction is to be expla9$4 ,"s h v5tur$ to solve ! problem by reject+ ! hi/orical n>rative ( ! ,bible3 o!rs by ignor+ ! pla9 facts ( ,geology4 ,b !re is a ?ird class ( writ]s1 includ+ _m names ( ! highe/ em95ce & au?ority1 :o cont5d t we may admit ! extreme ,antiquity ( our ,globe1 :i* ,geology s imp]atively dem&s1 )\t compromis+ 9 ! smalle/ degree ! tru?fulness ( ! ,mosaic /ory4 ,!y say t ! ,*ronology ( ! ,bible /ops %ort ) ,adam1 & does n g back to ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,by means ( ! data :i* ! ,bible supplies we may calculate1 at lea/ r\ghly1 ! lapse ( "t f ! ,creation ( ,adam to ! ,bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,b f ! fir/ beg9n+ ( all creat$ ?+s1 :5 ,god made ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 to ! close ( ! ,six? ,day :5 ,adam 0 introduc$ ^u ! sc5e1 t is an int]val :i*1 9 ! ,bible n>rative1 is left altoge!r undef9$ & unc]ta94 ,?is is ! view :i* we hope to develop & to illu/rate 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ pages4 ,our task naturally divides itself into two p>ts4 ,fir/1 x w be our duty to consid] ! receiv$ !ory ( ,geology1 & to exam9e 9 detail "s ( ! int]e/+ & wond]ful ph5om5a on :i* x is f\nd$4 ,?is c\rse ( inve/igation1 :ile x is pla9ly indisp5sable = ! intellig5t appreciation ( our subject1 _c fail at ! same "t to unfold _m new & /rik+ views ( ! ,p[]1 & ! ,goodness1 & ! ,provid5ce ( ,god4 8,= ! invisible ?+s ( ,him f ! creation ( ! _w are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made2 ev5 ,8 et]nal ,p[] & ,godhead40#ab ,9 ! ,second ,"p we %all consid] ! ,antiquity ( ! ,e>? 9 ref]5ce to ! ,hi/ory ( ,g5esis4 ,x w be our purpose to %[ t1 z f> z ! ,bible n>rative is conc]n$1 an int]val ( c\ntless ages may h elaps$ betwe5 ! fir/ creation ( ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,six ,mosaic ,days4 ,fur!rmore1 we %all cont5d t1 )\t any prejudice to ! ,sacr$ ,hi/ory1 we may suppose ^! ,days !mselves to h be51 n days 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 b long & indef9ite ,p]iods ( ,"t4 ,if we succe$ 9 e/abli%+ ^! views1 x w be obvi\s to inf] t1 :ile ! ,bible enables u to det]m9e1 at lea/ by approximation1 ! ,age ( ! ,human ,race1 x all[s "t )\t limit = ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,illu/ration ,,"p ,i4 ,,geological ,,!ory ,,& ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,by ,,:i* ,,x ,,is ,,support$4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,geologi/s4 ,geology def9$--,facts & ,!ories--,rec5t progress ( ,geology--,/ratification ( ,rocks--,aque\s ,rocks2 ( ,me*anical ,orig9--( ,*emical ,orig9--( ,organic ,orig9--,igne\s ,rocks1 ,plutonic & ,volcanic--,metamorphic ,rocks--,summ>y ( ! ,rocks t compose ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?--,relative ord] ( position--,int]nal condition ( ! ,globe--,movem5ts ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/--,subt]ranean di/urb+ =ce--,uplift+ & b5d+ ( ,/rata--,d5udation & its ,causes--,fossil ,rema9s--,_! ,value 9 ,geological ,!ory4 ,! object ( ,geology is to exam9e & record ! appe>ances pres5t$ by ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?2 & by ! aid ( ^! appe>ances1 to trace out ! long s]ies ( ev5ts by :i* x has be5 br\ght into its pres5t condition4 ,geology1 !re=e1 l all o!r natural sci5ces1 is made up p>tly ( fact1 & p>tly ( !ory4 ,x belongs to ! ,geologi/ fir/ to inve/igate ! ph5om5a :i* ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? exhibits to ! eye4 ,= ?is purpose he desc5ds into ! m9e & ! qu>ry2 he visits ! l(ty cliff by ! sea-%ore1 ! deep rav9e on ! m\nta9 side1 ! cutt+ ( a railway2 9 a ^w1 e spot :]e a section ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ is expos$ to view1 ei!r by ! action ( ,nature or by ! h& ( man4 ,he !n retires into ! sil5ce ( 8 closet1 ) 8 note-book & 8 specim5s2 & !re1 hav+ arrang$ & classifi$ ! v>i\s ph5om5a :i* he has already exam9$ ) 8 eyes 9 ! out] _w1 he proce$s to make 8 d$uctions1 & to build up 8 !ory4 ,he seeks to expla9 h[ mat]ials1 s div]se 9 _! composition1 h come to be pil$ up toge!r1 ) su* admirable ord]1 & yet ) su* endless v>iety2 & h[ ! solid rocks h come to be ! repository ( petrifi$ trees & plants & bones & %ells1 :i* seem1 z x 71 to />t up f _! graves1 & to tell /range /ories ( a bygone _w4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,geology !re 7 comp>atively few :o devot$ !mselves ) pati5t indu/ry to ! collection & classification ( facts3 :ile ! numb] 0 legion ( ^? :o1 ) a v meagre k ( facts1 set !mselves to build up sy/ems4 ,a va/ multitude ( diff]5t & conflict+ !ories 71 9 ?is way1 br\ght into exi/5ce1 & attract$ = a "t mu* public att5tion1 ea* "o be+ vehem5tly def5d$ by its fri5ds & z vehem5tly assail$ by its enemies4 ,^! !ories re/+ on no solid f\ndation1 c\ld n hold _! gr\nd aga9/ ! advanc+ tide ( new discov]ies4 ,!y fl\ri%$ = a brief space1 & !n gave way to o!rs sc>cely m sub/antial1 :i* 7 de/9$ 9 _! turn to be likewise reject$ & =gott54 ,?us x came to pass1 f ! manife/ in/ability ( its pr9ciples1 t ,geology 0 long held 9 light repute1 & practical m5 set little /ore by its boa/$ discov]ies & />tl+ revelations4 ,b x w\ld be unju/ & unphilosophical to condemn ! mod]n !ory ( ,geologi/s because ( _! pa/ errors4 ,we mu/ judge ( ?is sci5ce1 n accord+ to :at x once 0 9 ! feebl5ess ( its infancy1 b accord+ to :at x n[ is 9 ! gr[+ /r5g? ( its mature ye>s4 ,x seems to be 9 ! nature ( ?+s t gr\ndless speculations & wild conjectures g be=e1 & sob] ,sci5ce foll[s 9 _! wake4 ,! vision>y dreams ( ! ,al*emi/ l$ ! way to ! sci5ce ( ,*emi/ry1 & ! idle fancies ( ! ,a/rologi/ h giv5 place to ! m>vell\s discov]ies ( ,a/ronomy4 ,s1 too1 amid/ ! confus$ mass ( conflict+ argum5ts & op9ions1 by :i* ! ph5om5a ( ,geology 7 = a long "t envelop$ & obscur$1 ! se$s ( a new sci5ce 7 sl[ly g]m9at+4 ,new facts 7 eag]ly s\ght aft] to support or to impugn ! favorite !ory ( ! h\r2 & ?\gh !ory aft] !ory pass$ away1 yet ! facts rema9$4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ?is accumulation ( facts became broad & deep & solid en\gh to =m a s\nd basis = inductive reason+2 & ?us almo/ )9 our own days ,geology may be fairly said to h assum$ ! rank & dignity ( a sci5ce4 ,dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury x has be5 /udi$ ) a m ard5t en?usiasm ?an1 p]haps1 any o!r sci5ce 9 ,engl&1 9 ,france1 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ,am]ica4 ,x has be5 /udi$1 too1 ^u bett] pr9ciples ?an be=e3 less att5tion has be5 paid to ! build+ up ( !ories1 & f> m pa9s & labor h be5 exp5d$ on ! c>eful inve/igation ( natural ph5om5a4 ,!re are /ill1 no d\bt1 diff]5t s*ools ( ,geologi/s :i* are divid$ among !mselves z reg>ds _m important details ( !ory2 b !re are "s g5]al conclusions ^u :i* all ,geologi/s are sub/antially agre$1 & :i*1 !y assure u1 are e/abli%$ by evid5ce t is absolutely irresi/ible4 ,x is to ^! conclusions we wi% to invite ! att5tion ( our read]s2 = !y be> v closely on ! "q ( ! ,antiquity ( ! ,e>?4 ,geologi/s tell u1 !n1 t ! mat]ials ( :i* ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ is compos$1 are n heap$ toge!r 9 a confus$ mass1 b are dispos$ ) evid5t m>ks ( def9ite & sy/ematic arrangem5t4 ,?is is an important tru?1 ( :i* _m examples are famili> to u all1 ?\gh p]haps we d n all att5d to _! significance4 ,?us 9 a qu>ry1 we see commonly en\gh fir/ a b$ ( lime/one1 !n above t a b$ ( gravel1 & high] /ill a b$ ( clay3 & ev5 ! lime/one itself is n usually a compact mass1 b is arrang$ 9 successive lay]s1 some?+ l ! successive c\rses ( masonry 9 a build+4 ,n[ x appe>s t a v l>ge proportion ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ is made up 9 ?is way ( successive lay]s1 or /rata1 z !y are call$ by ,geologi/s4 ,^! /rata are compos$ ( v>i\s sub/ances1 su* z clay1 *alk1 s&1 lime1 & coal2 & !y pres5t ev]y:]e ! same g5]al appe>ances4 ,!y are kn[n "u ! common "n ( ,aque\s ,rocks1#ac because x is believ$ t !y 7 orig9ally =m$ "u wat]2 & "h x is t ! pr(essors ( ,geology fir/ come into collision ) ! popul> notions t =m]ly prevail$4 ,!y hold t ^! /ratifi$ rocks 7 n arrang$ z we see !m n[1 :5 ! ,e>? fir/ came f ! h&s ( its ,creator1 b h be5 =m$1 dur+ ! lapse ( unnumb]$ ages1 by ! op]ation ( natural causes4 ,nay m1 !y h divid$ ! rocks into sundry classes1 & !y und]take to expla9 ! p>ticul> process by :i* ea* sev]al v>iety has be5 produc$4 ,fir/ 9 ord] & importance are ^? :i* d]ive _! exi/5ce f ! me*anical =ce ( mov+ wat]4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$ fir/ exi/$ 9 ! =m ( m9ute p>ticles1 :i* 7 transport$ by ! action ( wat] f "o place to ano!r2 !n !y 7 spread out ov] a giv5 surface1 j z we n[ see lay]s ( s&1 or mud1 or gravel deposit$ ne> ! m\?s ( riv]s1 or 9 ! e/u>ies ( ! sea1 or ev5 ^u ! l& itself dur+ tempor>y inundations4 ,la/ly1 aft] a long int]val came ! sl[ b c]ta9 process ( consolidation4 ,! f9e s& 0 cem5t$ toge!r & became s&/one2 ! loose gravel by a simil> process 0 trans=m$ into a solid mass1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,conglom]ate or ,pudd+-/one2 :ile ! s(t mud by simple pressure 0 conv]t$ into a k9d ( slaty clay1 call$ ,%ale4 ,?us f age to age ,nature 0 ev] build+ up new /rata1 & consolidat+ ! old4 ,next 9 ord] are ! ,aque\s ,rocks1 :i* owe _! orig9 to ! ag5cy ( *emical laws4 ,to ?is class belong _m ( our lime/one =mations4 ,l>ge quantities ( c>bonate ( lime are held 9 solution by wat] *>g$ ) c>bonic acid gas3 :5 ! c>bonic acid1 9 c\rse ( "t1 passes (f1 ! c>bonate ( lime c no long] be held 9 solution1 & x is accord+ly precipitat$ 9 a solid =m to ! bottom4 ,9 ?is mann] 0 =m$ t peculi> k9d ( lime/one call$ ,trav]t9e1 :i* ab\nds 9 ,italy1 & :i* is well kn[n to all :o h visit$ ,rome1 z ! /one ( :i* ! ,coliseum 0 built4 ,a /ill m famili> example1 on a small scale1 is se5 9 ! case ( ,/alactites & ,/alagmites4 ,wat] saturat$ ) c>bonic acid trickles d[n ! sides1 or drops f ! ro( ( a lime/one cav]n4 ,9 its c\rse x dissolves c>bonate ( lime1 & holds x 9 solution2 aft]w>d1 rea*+ ! floor ( ! cav]n1 x sl[ly evaporates & leaves beh9d x a ?9 %eet ( lime/one :i* is call$ a ,/alagmite2 :ile ! icicle-l p5dants t are =m$ by a simil> process1 on ! ro( ( ! cav]n1 are call$ ,/alactites4 ,!re is a ?ird class ( ,aque\s ,rocks :i* are suppos$ to be made up almo/ exclusively ( ! fragm5t>y rema9s ( plants & animals1 & are !re=e call$ ,organic4 ,! well-kn[n coral reefs1 s dread$ by ! sailor 9 tropical seas1 are believ$ to be no?+ m ?an a mass ( /ony skeletons belong+ to ! m9ute m>9e animalcules kn[n among zoologi/s z ,polyps or ,zoophytes4 ,^! little creatures1 exi/+ toge!r 9 c\ntless multitudes1 extract c>bonate ( lime f ! wat]s ( ! ocean 9 :i* !y dwell1 & by ! action ( _! liv+ organs1 conv]t x into a solid frame or skeleton1 :i* is call$ coral4 ,f g5]ation to g5]ation ! same process has be5 go+ on dur+ ! long succession ( ,geological ages2 & huge masses ( coral rock1 hundr$s ( miles 9 l5g?1 h ?us be5 sl[ly built up f fa?omless dep?s ( ! ocean to )9 a few feet ( its surface4 ,our va/ coal =mations1 on ! o!r h&1 af=d a ready example ( rocks :i* are *iefly compos$ ( vegetable rema9s4 ,s mu* = ! ,aque\s or ,/ratifi$ ,rocks4 ,geology next br+s be=e u ano!r & a v diff]5t gr\p1 ( :i* ! orig9 is ascrib$ to fire1 & :i* are consequ5tly designat$ by ! title ( ,igne\s ,rocks4 ,9 _! g5]al appe>ance !y are *iefly di/+ui%$ f ! =m] by ! abs5ce ( regul> /ratification2 b !y are1 nev]!less1 int]sect$ by num]\s planes ( division1 or jo9ts1 z !y are call$1 & ?us divid$ into blocks ( v>i\s size & =m4 ,geologi/s believe t ^! rocks 7 at "o "t r$uc$ to a molt5 /ate by ! action ( int5se heat1 & aft]w>d all[$ sl[ly to cool & to cry/allize4 ,!y are divid$ into two classes1 ! ,plutonic & ! ,volcanic4 ,! ,plutonic ,rocks are *iefly granite ( "s k9d or ano!r2 & ?\gh !y n[ (t5 appe> at ! surface1 !y are suppos$ to h be5 produc$ orig9ally at a consid]able dep? )9 ! cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 8or sometimes1 p]haps1 "u a c]ta9 weight ( incumb5t ocean40#ad ,! ,volcanic ,rocks h be5 =m$ at or ne> ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 &1 z ! "n implies1 !y are usually eject$1 9 a /ate ( fusion1 f ! fissures ( an active volcano2 ?\gh n unfrequ5tly !y assume ! m impos+ =m ( basaltic columns1 z at ! ,giant's ,causeway 9 ,irel&1 or on ! isl& ( ,/affa ne> ! coa/ ( ,argyle%ire 9 ,scotl&4 ,"o gr\p ( rocks yet rema9s to be notic$4 ,!y h be5 call$ by v>i\s names at diff]5t times1 b are n[ g5]ally designat$ by ! t]m ,metamorphic4 ,9 "s respects !y resemble ! ,aque\s ,rocks1 :ile1 9 o!rs1 !y are m ne>ly alli$ to ! ,igne\s4 ,l ! =m]1 !y are /ratifi$ 9 _! outw>d arrangem5t2 l ! latt]1 !y are m or less cry/all9e 9 _! int]nal texture4 ,z to _! orig91 we are told t !y 7 fir/ deposit$ "u wat]1 l ! ,aque\s ,rocks1 & t aft]w>d _! int]nal /ructure 0 alt]$ by ! ag5cy ( subt]ranean heat4 ,h5ce ! "n ,metamorphic1 fir/ sugge/$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 :i* conveys ! idea t ^! rocks h und]gone a *ange ( =m4 ,to ?is gr\p belong _m v>ieties ( slate1 & also ! f>-fam$ /atu>y m>ble ( ,italy4 ,our read]s w p]ceive f ?is brief outl9e t1 if we foll[ ! !ory ( ,geologi/s1 ! rocks :i* compose ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? may be conv5i5tly divid$1 accord+ to _! orig91 into ?ree lead+ gr\ps1 ! ,aque\s1 ! ,igne\s1 & ! ,metamorphic4 ,! ,aque\s are =m$ "u wat]1 ei!r by ! me*anical =ce ( ! wat] itself :5 9 motion1 or by ! ag5cy ( *emical laws1 or by ! int]v5tion ( organic life4 ,h5ce !y are naturally subdivid$ into ?ree classes1 ! ,me*anical1 ! ,*emical1 ! ,organic4 ,! ,igne\s ,rocks are produc$ by heat1 be+ fir/ melt$ & !n all[$ to cool4 ,:5 ?is process takes place "u great pressure 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,e>?1 ! result is granite2 & ! granite ,rocks are call$ ,plutonic3 :5 ne> ! surface1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a volcano1 ! ,rocks s =m$ are call$ ,volcanic4 ,la/ly1 ! ,metamorphic ,rocks are no?+ else ?an ,aque\s ,rocks1 ( :i* ! texture has be5 alt]$ by ! action ( int5se heat4 ,z reg>ds ! relative ord] ( position among/ ^! v>i\s classes ( rocks1 ! l[e/ place seems uni=mly to belong to ! granitic or ,plutonic gr\p4 ,x is true t ! granite w (t5 appe> at ! surface ( ! ,e>?2 b :]ev] !re is a s]ies ( rocks pil$ "o above ! o!r1 ! granite w always be ! l[e/4 ,?is ass]tion is bas$ on two broad facts2 fir/1 :5ev] we get to ! bottom ( ! o!r rocks1 !y are always f\nd to re/ on granite2 & secondly1 no o!r rock has ev] yet be5 f\nd b5ea? x4 ,f ?is circum/ance granite is conceiv$ to be ! solid f\ndation ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/1 & s is (t5 call$ fundam5tal granite4 ,above ! granite ! ,aque\s ,rocks h be5 sl[ly spread out lay] by lay] dur+ ! long lapse ( ages1 n[ 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 n[ 9 t1 accord+ z ea* 9 its turn 0 expos$ to ! action ( wat]4 ,! ,volcanic ,rocks d n occur 9 any fix$ ord] ( succession4 ,!y are di/ribut$ irregul>ly ov] almo/ e c\ntry ( ! globe1 occurr+ sometimes 9 ! =m ( cone-%ap$ m\nta9s1 sometimes 9 ! =m ( /ately pill>s1 & sometimes 9 ! =m ( massive solid walls1 call$ ,dykes1 =c$ "r ?r\gh ! s(t] ,aque\s ,rocks1 :i* 7 deposit$ on ! surface ( ! ,e>? be=e ! eruption4 ,z to ! ,metamorphic ,rocks1 :i* are suppos$ to owe _! peculi> "* to ! contact ( molt5 m9]al matt]1 :]ev] !y occur1 !y are f\nd 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( "s ,igne\s ,rock4 ,! condition ( ! ,e>? b5ea? its ?9 ext]nal cru/ has nev] be5 ! subject ( direct obs]vation2 = ,geologi/s h nev] yet be5 able to p5etrate bel[ ! granite rocks4 ,nev]!less1 ?is subject has be5 (t5 discuss$1 & has (f]$ a wide field = philosophical speculation4 ,^u "o po9t all are agre$1 t )9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? an int5se heat v g5]ally prevails2--a heat s int5se t x w\ld be q suffici5t1 act+ "u ord9>y circum/ances1 to r$uce all kn[n rocks to a /ate ( igne\s fusion4 ,h5ce x 0 a common op9ion among ! old] ,geologi/s t ! condition ( our globe is t ( a va/ c5tral nucleus compos$ ( molt5 m9]al1 & cov]$ ov] ) a comp>atively ?9 ext]nal %ell ( solid rock4 ,! mo/ em95t ,geologi/s1 h[ev]1 ( ! pres5t day1 hesitate to accept ?is op9ion4 ,!y obs]ve3 7#a7 ,t we h n yet le>n$ :at ! mat]ial is ( :i* ! int]ior ( ! ,e>? is compos$2 !re=e we _c tell = c]ta9 :at degree ( heat is suffici5t to r$uce t mat]ial to a liquid /ate4 7#b7 ,x is unc]ta9 h[ f> ! imm5se pressure at great dep?s may op]ate to keep matt] 9 a solid /ate1 ev5 :5 rais$ to a v high degree ( temp]ature4 7#c7 ,!re are c]ta9 a/ronomical & physical difficulties involv$ 9 ?is !ory1 :i* h n yet be5 fully cle>$ up4 ,mod]n ,geologi/s1 !re=e1 proce$+ ) m caution ?an _! pr$ecessors1 :ile !y reg>d ! op9ion z probable1 refuse to set x d[n z conclusively demon/rat$4 ,b1 t a v high temp]ature prevails 9 ! int]ior ( our globe1 is a conclusion1 !y say1 :i* is e/abli%$ by abundant evid5ce1 & :i* may be reg>d$ z morally c]ta94 ,x may be ask$ h[ ! v>i\s /rata ( ,aque\s ,rocks1 :i* con/itute ! *ief portion ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/1 h be5 lift$ up above ! level ( ! sea2 =1 accord+ to our !ory1 !y 7 all fir/ deposit$ "u wat]4 ,?is is a "q t mu/ inevitably occur to ! m9d ( e read]1 & ,geologi/s are ready ) an answ]4 ,!y tell u t f ! e>lie/ ages ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? has be5 subject to di/urbance & dislocation4 ,at v>i\s times & 9 v>i\s places x 0 upheav$1 & :at _h be5 be=e ! b$ ( ! ocean became dry l&2 aga9 x sunk bel[ its =m] level1 & :at _h be5 be=e dry l& became ! b$ ( ! ocean4 ,?us1 9 ! =m] case a new /ratum :i* _h be5 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 ) all its v>i$ rema9s ( a bygone age1 0 conv]t$ = a season into ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 & became ! !atre ( animal & vegetable life3 :ile 9 ! latt] case1 ! old surface ( ! ,e>? ) its c\ntless tribes ( animals & plants1--its fauna & flora z !y are call$1--0 subm]g$ b5ea? ! wat]s1 !re to receive 9 its turn ! brok5 up fragm5ts ( a =m] _w1 deposit$ 9 ! =m ( mud1 or s&1 or pebbles1 or m9ute p>ticles ( lime4 ,nor is ?is all2 x is b a s+le l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ,geological *ronology4 ,we are ask$ to believe t1 9 _m p>ts ( ! globe1 ?is upw>d & d[nw>d movem5t has be5 go+ on alt]nately = unnumb]$ ages2 s t ! v same spot :i* 0 fir/ ! b$ ( ! ocean1 0 aft]w>d dry l&1 !n ! bottom ( an e/u>y or inl& lake1 !n p]haps once m ! floor ( ! sea1 & !n dry l& aga93 & fur!rmore we are assur$ t1 :ile x rema9$ 9 ea* "o ( ^! v>i\s conditions1 ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s may h roll$ away4 ,b f :at s\rce does t mighty p[] come :i* c ?us upheave ! solid ,e>?1 & bani% ! ocean f its b$8 ,we are told 9 reply t ?is giant p[] dwells 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,e>? itself1 & is no o!r ?an ! subt]ranean heat ( :i* we h already spok54 ,?is va/ int]nal fire acts ) unequal =ce ^u diff]5t p>ts ( ! %ell or ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 uplift+ x 9 "o place1 & 9 ano!r all[+ x to subside4 ,n[ x is viol5t & convulsive1 bur/+ asund] ! solid rocks1 & %ak+ ! f\ndations ( ! hills3 aga9 x is g5tle & h>mless1 upheav+ va/ cont95ts ) a sc>cely p]ceptible undulation1 n unlike ! long1 sil5t swell ( ! ocean4 ,s x has be5 f ! beg9n+1 & s x is f\nd to be ev5 n[1 9 ?is la/ age ( ! ,geological ,cal5d>4 ,= ev5 )9 hi/oric times m\nta9s h be5 sudd5ly upheav$ f ! level pla92 & _m p>ts ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ h be5 subject to a sl[1 wave-l movem5t1 ris+ "h & subsid+ !re1 at ! rate ( p]haps a few feet 9 a c5tury4 ,sometimes1 too1 ! fi]y liquid itself has bur/ its b>ri]s1 & p\r$ its de/ructive /reams ( molt5 rock f> d[n into ! peaceful1 smil+ valleys4 ,?is !ory ( an int]nal di/urb+ =ce1 :i* f "t to "t produces elevations & depressions ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/1 s]ves to expla9 ano!r ph5om5on1 t _c fail to h /ruck ev5 ! lea/ obs]vant eye4 ,! ,aque\s ,rocks ( me*anical =mation are said to h be5 compos$ ( m9ute fragm5ts1 :i* 7 fir/ held susp5d$ 9 wat]1 & aft]w>d fell to ! bottom4 ,if ?is be true1 x foll[s t ^! rocks1 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( _! exi/5ce1 mu/ h be5 arrang$ 9 b$s p>allel to ! horizon1 or ne>ly s4 ,b we n[ f9d !m1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 9 a great v>iety ( positions3 sometimes !y are p>allel to ! horizon1 sometimes incl9$ to x1 sometimes at "r angles to x2 sometimes1 too1 !y are brok5 "r across1 sometimes curv$ & twi/$ aft] a v fanta/ic fa%ion4 ,n[1 all ^! appe>ances are ! natural results ( an upheav+ =ce act+ irregul>ly f bel[ on ! solid %ell ( ! ,e>?4 ,:5 ! subt]ranean fire is br\ght to be> equally at ! same "t on a broad ext5t ( surface1 !n ! ov]ly+ /rata are bodily lift$ up1 & pres]ve _! horizontal position4 ,b :5 ! :ole =ce acts ) local int5sity on a v contract$ area1 !n1 at t p>ticul> spot1 ! rocks above w be tilt$ up1 & _! position entirely *ang$4 ,sometimes !y w be only b5t & cru%$ toge!r1 sometimes dislocat$ & turn$ ov]2 sometimes1 p]haps1 a m\nta9 w be =m$1 & ! rocks be=e p>allel to ! horizon1 w aft]w>d rema9 p>allel to ! slopes ( ! m\nta94 ,!re is ano!r process kn[n by ! "n ( ,d5udation1 :i* we _c pass ov] 9 sil5ce1 = x occupies a v important place 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( our globe4 ,s9ce "t fir/ began ,d5udation has be5 ev] go+ on at ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 & x has left its m>k m or less di/9ctly ^u e gr\p ( rocks1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/4 ,x includes all ! v>i\s op]ations by :i* ! old exi/+ rocks are brok5 up into fragm5ts1 or gr\nd into p[d]1 or worn away by friction1 or dissolv$ by *emical action1 & !n transport$ f _! =m] site to become ! elem5ts ( new /rata4 ,h5ce ! "n ,d5udation2 s9ce by ^! op]ations ! =m] surface ( ! ,e>? is c>ri$ away & a surface be=e cov]$ is laid b>e4 ,! am\nt ( de/ruction effect$ by ?is process 9 ea* successive age is always equal to ! bulk ( ,aque\s ,rocks =m$ )9 ! same "t4 ,?is w be at once und]/ood :5 we rememb] t ! ,aque\s ,rocks are produc$1 = ! mo/ "p1 by ! deposition ( s$im5t2 & s$im5t is no?+ else ?an ! fragm5ts1 m or less m9ute1 ( pre-exi/+ rocks4 ,:at is deposit$ on ! b$ ( ! ocean has be5 tak5 f ! surface ( ! l&2 & ! new /rata are built up f ! ru9s ( ! old4 ,:5 we see a great build+ ( /one t[]+ al(t to ! sky1 we are c]ta9 t some:]e else on ! ,e>? a qu>ry has be5 op5$1 & t ! am\nt ( excavation 9 ! qu>ry is exactly repres5t$ by ! bulk ( solid masonry 9 ! build+4 ,j 9 ! same way1 ! mass ( ,aque\s ,rocks is at once ! monum5t & ! measure ( previ\s ,d5udation4 ,! process ( ,d5udation is ! "w ( _m & v>i\s natural causes4 ,heat & cold1 ra91 hail1 & sn[1 *emical aff9ities1 ! atmosph]e itself1 all h a %>e 9 x2 b ! l>ge/ %>e belongs to ! me*anical action ( mov+ wat]4 ,e little rill t fl[s d[n ! m\nta9 side is *>g$ ) f9ely-p[d]$ s$im5t :i* x is ev] we>+ away f ! surface ( its own b$4 ,e great /ream1 besides ! imm5se quantities ( mud & s& :i* 9 times ( flood x c>ries along 9 its turbul5t c\rse1 has its *annel /rewn ov] ) pebbles at :i* x nev] ceases to "w1 r\nd+ (f ! angles & poli%+ ! surfaces2 & ^! pebbles1 :at are !y b ! fragm5ts ( old rocks & ! elem5ts ( new1--! rubble-/one ( ,nature's edifice on its way f ! qu>ry to ! build+8 ,!n !re are ^? mighty riv]s1 su* z ! ,amazon1 ! ,or9oco1 ! ,mississippi1 ! ,nile1 ! ,ganges1 dis*>g+ into ! sea day by day _! va/ freight ( m9]al matt]1 millions ( cubic feet 9 bulk1 & ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( tons 9 weight4 ,(t5 ?is pond]\s volume ( mud or s& is c>ri$ f> out to sea by ! action ( curr5ts1 b sometimes x is deposit$ ne> ! %ore1 =m+ :at is call$ a ,delta1 & exhibit+ an admirable example ( /ratifi$ rock 9 ! e>lie/ /age ( its exi/5ce4 ,la/ly1 we h to notice ! giant p[] ( ! great ocean itself1 act+ ) untir+ en]gies on ! coa/s ( cont95ts & isl&s all ov] ! _w1 excavat+ & und]m9+ cliffs1 roll+ huge rocks hi!r & ?i!r1 & spread+ out ! divid$ fragm5ts 9 a new ord] at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,to appreh5d fully ! magnitude ( ! effects :i* may fairly be ascrib$ to ?is la/-m5tion$ p[]1 we mu/ rememb] t1 accord+ to ,geological !ory1 almo/ e portion ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ has be5 m ?an once lift$ up above ! surface ( ! ocean1 & aft]w>d depress$ bel[ x4 ,x is believ$ t ?is alt]nate ris+ & s9k+ 0 effect$ v (t51 p]haps mo/ commonly1 n by sudd5 convulsions1 b r by sl[ or gradual movem5ts4 ,n[1 dur+ ?is process1 z ! l& 0 em]g+ f ! wat]s or s9k+ b5ea? !m1 new surfaces w\ld be pres5t$ 9 ea* succe$+ c5tury to ! =ce ( ! ocean curr5ts & ! erosive action ( ! break]s2 & x is n difficult to conceive t ! accumulat$ ru9s produc$1 9 a long lapse ( "t1 by de/ructive ag5ts s p[]ful1 s untir+1 s univ]sal1 may h readily furni%$ ! mat]ials = a v l>ge proportion ( ! ,aque\s ,rocks n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,hi!rto we h consid]$ ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? z a great /ructure sl[ly re>$ up by ! h& ( ,nature2 we h spok5 ( ! ,rocks t compose x1 ( _! orig9 & hi/ory1 ( ! ord] 9 :i* !y are dispos$1 & ( ! v>i\s ag5cies t h be5 at "w to m\ld !m into _! pres5t =m & feature4 ,we h n[ to contemplate ?is m>vell\s /ructure "u a new aspect2 = we are told by ,geologi/s t x is a va/ sepul*re1 )9 :i* lie entomb$ ! rema9s ( life t has long s9ce pass$ away4 ,ea* s]ies ( /rata is b a new range ( tombs2 & ea* tomb has a /ory ( its own4 ,"h a gigantic mon/] is disclos$ to view1 comp>$ to :i* ! l>ge/ bea/ t n[ roams ?r\gh ! =e/ is puny 9 =m & contemptible 9 /r5g?3 !re1 )9 a n>r[ space1 millions ( m9ute animal frames are f\nd closely compact$ toge!r1 ea* s small t its exi/5ce c be detect$ only by ! aid ( a p[]ful microscope4 ,9 "o place :ole skeletons are f\nd almo/ entire1 emb$d$ 9 ! bosom ( ! solid rock2 9 ano!r1 we h a b\ndless pr(usion ( bones & %ells2 & aga9 9 ano!r1 nei!r ! skeleton itself appe>s1 nor yet its scatt]$ bones1 b simply ! impr9t ( foot/eps once left ^u ! s&y bea*1 & /ill rema9+ engrav$ on ! /one into :i* ! f9e s& has be5 conv]t$ *iefly by ! ag5cy ( pressure4 ,!re is no sc>city ( relics 9 ?is wond]ful *>nel-h\se ( ,nature4 ,= half a c5tury ! "w ( plund] has be5 go+ on )\t relaxation or remorse2 ! tombs h be5 yield+ up _! dead2 e city 9 ! civiliz$ _w has fill$ its museums1 & ! cab9ets ( private collectors are ov]fl[+3 b ! spoils t h hi!rto be5 c>ri$ away seem to be> a v small proportion to ^? :i* yet rema9 beh9d4 ,^! rema9s ( animals & plants emb$d$ 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? are call$ ,fossils2 & ,geologi/s ma9ta9 t ! ,fossils pres]v$ 9 ea* gr\p ( /rata repres5t ! animals & plants t fl\ri%$ on ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 or 9 ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 :5 t gr\p ( /rata 0 9 process ( =mation4 ,!re !y liv$1 & !re !y di$1 & !re !y 7 buri$1 9 ! s&1 or ! %+le1 or ! mud t came d[n f ! wat]s above4 ,_! desc5dants1 h[ev]1 /ill liv$ on1 & new =ms ( life 7 call$ into be+ by ! voice ( ! ,omnipot5t ,creator1 mak+1 z x 71 a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! new age ( ! _w t 0 com+ 9 & ! old "o t 0 pass+ away4 ,b !y1 too1 di$ & f\nd a tomb b5ea? ! wat]s2 = ,nature1 ) unexhau/$ en]gies1 0 /ill busy collect+ mat]ials f ! old rocks1 & build+ up ! new4 ,& s t age pass$ away l ! =m]1 & ano!r came2 & e age 0 repres5t$ by its own gr\p ( /rata2 & ea* gr\p ( /rata 01 9 its turn1 cov]$ ov] ) a new deposit2 & ! tombs 7 all seal$ up1 ) _! c\ntless legions ( dead1 _! massive monum5ts ( /one1 _! /range hi]oglyphic inscriptions4 ,at l5g? came ! la/ /age ( ! _w's hi/ory1 & man appe>$ ^u ! sc5e2 & x is 8 privilege to desc5d into ?is wond]ful sepul*re1 & to w&] ab\t amid/ ! monum5ts1 & to /rive to read ! inscriptions4 ,9 our own days m especially1 eag] & en?usia/ic /ud5ts are abroad ov] ! :ole face ( ! globe1 & are ga!r+ toge!r f e c\ntry ! ,fossil ,rema9s ( ext9ct worlds4 ,by ! aid ( ,natural ,hi/ory !y seek to assign to ea* its own prop] place 9 ! ranks ( creation2 to trace ! rise1 ! progress1 & ! ext9ction ( e species 9 its turn2 & ev5 to describe ! nature & ! "* ( all ! v>i\s =ms ( life t h dwelt ^u ! ,e>? f ! beg9n+4 ,su* is ! !ory ( ,geology z exp\nd$ at ! pres5t day by its mo/ able & popul> advocates4 ,we h pass$ ov] a multitude ( m9or details t we might n we>y our read]s1 & we h kept alo( f disput$ po9ts t we might n get entangl$ 9 a purely sci5tific controv]sy4 ,our object has simply be5 to ga!r toge!r into a sy/ematic =m ^? m g5]al conclusions :i*1 h[ev] />tl+ !y may seem to practical m5 ( ! _w1 & ev5 to _m ( ^? ^: m9ds h be5 accu/om$ to ! pursuit ( sci5ce 9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 are nev]!less reg>d$ z c]ta9 by all :o h devot$ _! lives to ! /udy ( ,geology4 ,x n[ rema9s to inve/igate ! facts on :i* ^! conclusions are bas$1 & to consid] ! l9e ( argum5t by :i* s _m able & e>ne/ m5 h be5 l$ to accept !m4 ,9 ?is va/ field ( inquiry we %all *iefly direct our att5tion to ^? po9ts t be> ^u ! ,antiquity ( ! ,e>?2 & 9 attempt+ to br+ home to our read]s ! nature & ! =ce ( ,geological reason+1 we %all conf9e ourselves altoge!r to simple & famili> illu/rations4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,d5udation ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,facts4 ,pr9ciple ( reason+ common to all ! physical sci5ces--,?is pr9ciple applicable to ,geology--,c>bonic acid an ag5t ( d5udation--,va/ quantity ( lime dissolv$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,rh9e & borne away to ! ,g]man ocean--,dis9tegration ( rocks by fro/--,pr(essor ,tyndall on ! ,matt]horn--,runn+ wat]--,its erosive p[]--,an active & unceas+ ag5t ( d5udation--,m9]al s$im5t c>ri$ out to sea by ! ,ganges & o!r great riv]s--,solid rocks und]m9$ & worn away--,falls ( ! ,clyde at ,lan>k--,excavat+ p[] ( riv]s 9 ,auv]gne & ,sicily--,falls ( ,niag>a--,transport+ p[] ( runn+ wat]--,floods 9 ,scotl&--,inundation 9 ! valley ( ,bagnes 9 ,switz]l&4 ,9 ! physical sci5ces x is a common pr9ciple ( reason+ to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a t come be=e u 9 nature1 by ! op]ation ( natural causes :i* we "k to exi/4 ,nay1 ?is pr9ciple seems to be almo/ an in/9ct ( our nature1 :i* guides ev5 ! lea/ philosophical amid/ u1 9 ! common affairs ( life4 ,:5 we /& among/ ! ru9s ( an anci5t ca/le1 we feel q c]ta9 t we h be=e u1 n alone ! monum5t ( ,"t's de/roy+ p[]1 b also ! monum5t ( human skill & labor 9 days gone by4 ,we ent]ta9 no d\bt t ages ago ! s\nd ( ! mason's hamm] 0 he>d ^u ^! walls1 n[ cr[n$ ) ivy2 t ^! moss-gr[n /ones 7 once hewn fre% 9 ! qu>ry1 & pil$ up "o ^u ano!r by human h&s2 & t ! build+ itself 0 design$ by human skill1 & int5d$ = ! purposes ( human habitation & def5ce4 ,or1 if we see a footpr9t 9 ! s&1 we conclude t a liv+ foot has be5 !re2 & f ! "* ( ! traces x has left1 we judge :at 0 ! species ( animal to :i* x belong$1 :e!r man1 or bird1 or bea/4 ,x is true t ,god is ,omnipot5t4 ,he might1 if x _h s pleas$ ,him1 h built ! old ca/le at ! creation ( ! _w1 & all[$ x to crumble sl[ly into ru9s3 or he might h built x ye/]day1 & made a ru9 beg9 to be :]e no ca/le _h /ood be=e2 & cov]$ ! /ones ) moss1 & mantl$ ! walls 9 ivy4 ,& z to ! footpr9t 9 ! s&1 x 7 z easy = ,him to make ! impress !re1 z to make ! foot t left ! impress4 ,all ?is is true3 b yet if any "o 7 to argue 9 ?is /yle aga9/ u1 he w\ld fail to %ake our convictions2 we %\ld /ill unhesitat+ly believe t human h&s once built ! ca/le1 & t a liv+ foot once trod ! %ore4 ,n[1 ?is pr9ciple ( reason+ is ! f\ndation on :i* ! able/ mod]n ,geologi/s claim to build _! sci5ce4 ,! untir+ h& ( ,nature is ev] busy ar\nd u3 !y ask u to come & look at h] works1 & to judge ( :at %e has done 9 pa/ ages1 by t :i* %e is n[ do+ be=e our eyes4 ,%e is /ill1 !y say1 build+ up h] /rata all ov] ! globe1 ( lime/one1 & s&/one1 & clay2 %e is /ill lift+ up 9 "o place ! b$ ( ! ocean1 & 9 ano!r subm]g+ ! dry l&2 %e is /ill bur/+ op5 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? by ! action ( int]nal fire1 di/urb+ & tilt+ up ! horizontal /rata2 %e is /ill upheav+ h] m\nta9s & scoop+ out h] valleys4 ,all ^! op]ations are op5 to our inspection2 we may g =? & /udy !m = ourselves2 we may exam9e ! works t are wr\ght1 & we may discov]1 too1 ! causes by :i* !y are produc$4 ,& if x %\ld appe> t a v close analogy exi/s betwe5 ^! works t are n[ com+ into exi/5ce1 & ! long s]ies ( works t are pil$ up 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 x is surely n unreasonable to ref] ! latt] class ( ph5om5a to ! action ( ! same natural causes :i* we "k to h produc$ ! =m]4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ?is argum5t is des]v+ ( a fair & c&id consid]ation4 ,let u proce$1 !n1 to exam9e h[ f> x is f\nd$ on fact1 & h[ f> x c be ju/ly appli$ to ! v>i\s heads ( ,geological !ory4 ,we w comm5ce ) ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks2 = ?is con/itutes1 9 a mann]1 ! framework on :i* ! :ole sy/em ( ,geology is support$ & held toge!r4 ,x is alleg$ t ! elem5ts ( :i* ,/ratifi$ ,rocks are compos$ are b ! brok5 fragm5ts & m9ute atoms ( pre-exi/+ rocks1 c>ri$ (f by ! ag5ts ( ,d5udation1 & spread out ov] "s di/ant area 9 regul> b$s or lay]s2 :i*1 9 progress ( ages1 7 sl[ly consolidat$ into rocks ( v>i\s quality & texture4 ,) ! view ( te/+ ?is !ory by ! light ( ! pr9ciple j expla9$1 we purpose1 9 ! fir/ place1 to exhibit "s examples ( ! _m =ms 9 :i* ! process ( ,d5udation is go+ on at ! pres5t day all ov] ! _w2 & aft]w>d1 to %[ t out ( ! mat]ials ?us obta9$ ,/ratifi$ ,rocks ( e description--,me*anical1 ,*emical1 ,organic--are be+ regul>ly built up 9 sundry places2 & t ^! correspond 9 e ess5tial feature ) ! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?4 ,among ! *emical ag5ts ( ,d5udation1 !re is none m widely diffus$ ?an ,c>bonic acid gas4 ,x is ev]y:]e giv5 out by dead animal & vegetable matt] dur+ ! process ( putrefaction2 x is pl5tifully evolv$ f spr+s 9 e c\ntry2 & x is emitt$ 9 enorm\s quantities f ! e>? 9 all volcanic di/ricts1 z well ^? 9 :i* ! volcanoes are n[ ext9ct z ^? 9 :i* !y are active4 ,n[1 x is well kn[n f obs]vation1 t c>bonic acid has ! prop]ty ( decompos+ _m ( ! h>de/ rocks1 especially ^? 9 :i* felsp> is an +r$i5t4 ,?is ph5om5on is exhibit$ on a l>ge scale 9 ! anci5t volcanic di/rict ( ,auv]gne1 9 c5tral ,france4 ,! c>bonic acid1 :i* is abundantly evolv$ f ! e>?1 p5etrates ! crevices & pores ( ! solid granite1 :i* be+ unable to resi/ its decompos+ action1 is rapidly crumbl+ to pieces4 ,?is my/]i\s decay ( h>d rock has be5 happily call$ by ,dolomieu1 8la maladie du granite40#ae ,aga91 all ! wat] :i* fl[s ov] ! surface ( ! l& is highly *>g$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,! ra9 imbibes x 9 fall+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e2 & ! riv]s receive /ill fur!r accessions f ! e>? z !y pursue _! c\rse to ! sea4 ,9 ?is comb9ation we discov] a p[]ful ag5t ( ,d5udation2 = lime/one rock w be dissolv$ by wat] :i* is impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,?us all ! riv]s & /reams 9 ! _w1 :5 !y fl[ ?r\gh a lime/one *annel1 are con/antly dissolv+ ! solid rock & be>+ away ! elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$4 ,a s+le example w be suffici5t to %[ ! magnitude ( ! results :i* are ?us produc$4 ,x has be5 calculat$ by ,bis*(1 a celebrat$ ,g]man *emi/1 t ! c>bonate ( lime :i* is c>ri$ ea* ye> to ! sea by ! wat]s ( ! ,rh9e1 is suffici5t = ! =mation ( #cb1jjj1jjj1jjj ( oy/] %ells2 or1 to view ! matt] 9 ano!r light1 x w\ld be suffici5t to produce a /ratum ( lime/one "o foot ?ick1 & f\r squ>e miles 9 ext5t4#af ,if su* be ! ye>ly produce ( "o riv]1 h[ great mu/ be ! accumulat$ effects ( all ! riv]s 9 ! _w s9ce our planet fir/ came f ! h& ( its ,creator6 ,pass+ f ! *emical to ! me*anical ag5ts ( ,d5udation1 x is wor? :ile to notice ! imm5se p[] :i* is (t5 g5]at$ by ! ag5cy ( fro/1 especially 9 ^? c\ntries t are subject to great vicissitudes ( heat & cold4 ,dur+ a ?aw1 wat] f9ds its way into ! clefts & jo9ts by :i* all rocks are trav]s$1 & :5 x is aft]w>d conv]t$ into ice1 x exp&s ) a me*anical =ce t is almo/ irresi/ible4 ,! h>de/ rocks are bur/ asund]1 great blocks are deta*$ f ! m\nta9 side1 & s5t roll+ d[n its slopes1 or tumbl+ ov] crags & precipices1 until at l5g? !y come to re/ 9 %att]$ fragm5ts at ! bottom ( ! valley4 ,9 ?is condition !y await b ! com+ ( ! w9t]'s torr5t to be borne /ill fur!r on _! long j\rney to ! sea4 ,! fe>ful havoc done 9 ?is way by ! alt]nate action ( sun & fro/ contributes 9 no small degree to ! fanta/ic & picturesque =ms assum$ by ! m\nta9 peaks ( ,switz]l&4 ,huge masses ( rock h be5 lit]ally hewn away1 until no?+ has rema9$ beh9d b ^? spl9t]$ obelisks & tap]+ p9nacles s famili> to ! eye amid/ ! sublime sc5]y ( ! ,alps4 ,inde$ "o ( ! greate/ p]ils enc\nt]$ by ! adv5tur\s spirits ^: ambition x is to rival "o ano!r 9 ! dang] ( _! exploits1 & to climb :atev] 0 be=e reg>d$ z inaccessible1 arises f ! enorm\s fragm5ts ( rock :i* are r5t almo/ unceas+ly f ! ov]hang+ crags & hurl$ into ! abysses bel[ !m4 ,! foll[+ incid5t relat$ by ,pr(essor ,tyndall is v mu* to ! po9t4 8,we _h ga!r$ up our ?+s1 & b5t to ! "w be=e u1 :5 sudd5ly an explosion occurr$ ov]head4 ,look+ al(t1 9 mid-air 0 se5 a solid %ot f ! ,matt]horn describ+ its prop] p>abola ?r\gh ! air4 ,x split to pieces z x hit "o ( ! rock-t[]s bel[1 & its fragm5ts came d[n 9 a k9d ( spray1 :i* fell wide ( u1 b /ill ne> en\gh to compel a %>p look out4 ,two or ?ree su* explosions occurr$ aft]w>d1 b we crept along ! back f9 ( ! m\nta91 f :i* ! fall+ b\ld]s 7 spe$ily deflect$ "r & left40 ,?is occurr$ 9 #ahfb1 on ! occasion ( an unsuccessful attempt to rea* ! highe/ peak ( ! ,matt]horn4 ,six ye>s lat]1 :5 ,pr(essor ,tyndall at l5g? actually accompli%$ ! object on :i* he seems to h set 8 he>t1 he f\nd ! "w ( de/ruction /ill go+ on4 8,we 7 n[10 he says 9 8 n>rative1 8beside a sn[-gully1 :i* 0 cut by a deep furr[ along its c5tre1 & o!rwise sc>r$ by ! desc5t ( /ones4 ,"h ea* man arrang$ 8 bundle & himself s z to cross ! gully 9 ! m9imum ( "t4 ,! passage 0 safely made1 a few fly+ %+le only com+ d[n ^u u4 ,b dang] decl>$ itself :]e x 0 n expect$4 ,joseph ,maquignas l$ ! way up ! rocks4 ,i 0 next1 ,pi]re ,maquignas next1 & la/ ( all ! port]s4 ,sudd5ly a yell issu$ f ! lead]3 #8,ca*ez v\s6' ,i cr\*$ in/9ctively aga9/ ! rock1 :i* =m$ a by no means p]fect %elt]1 :5 a b\ld] buzz$ pa/ me ?r\gh ! air1 smote ! rocks bel[ me1 & ) a savage hum flew d[n to ! l[] glaci]40#ag ,ev5 9 our own c\ntry1 e "o is famili> ) ! efficacy ( froz5 wat] 9 produc+ l&slips4 ,! ra9 :i* soaks into ! gr\nd 9 w9t]1 is conv]t$ into ice :5 fro/ sets 92 & ^u /eep slopes or precipices1 its expansive p[] bur/s op5 ! e>?1 & causes l>ge masses ( /ones & clay to tumble headlong to ! bottom4 ,b mov+ wat] con/itutes ! mo/ p[]ful1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! mo/ univ]sal ag5t ( ,d5udation4 ,& x is *iefly to ! effects ( mov+ wat] t we mean to direct att5tion2 because its action is m /rik+ to ! eye1 & m easily und]/ood by ! g5]al read]4 ,e "o is aw>e t ! wat]s ( ! ocean are con/antly pass+ (f by evaporation into ! high] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 & are !re cond5s$ into cl\ds4 ,^! cl\ds 9 c\rse ( "t desc5d ^u all p>ts ( ! e>?1 b especially on ! high & m\nta9\s di/ricts4 ,!n rivulets are =m$ :i* fl[ smoo?ly d[n ! g5tle slopes ( ! undulat+ c\ntry1 or plunge headlong ov] ! rocky m\nta9 cliffs2 & ! rivulets unit+ =m /reams1 & ! /reams1 receiv+ new tribut>ies z !y advance1 become riv]s2 & ! riv]s fl[ on to ! sea1 & dis*>ge ea* day & ea* h\r _! enorm\s volumes ( wat] back aga9 into ! ocean f :i* !y came4 ,?us all ! wat] ( ! _w is con/antly 9 motion1 ev] hurry+ on1 z x 71 9 "o un5d+ r\nd ( duty4 ,?is is ! tea*+ ( daily exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,& we may add1 x is ! tea*+ ( ,sacr$ ,scripture z well4 ,! ,wise ,man said long ago3 8,all ! riv]s run into ! sea1 yet ! sea do? n ov]fl[3 unto ! place f :5ce ! riv]s come1 ?i!r !y return to fl[ aga940#ah ,n[1 ! p[] ( ?is mov+ wat] is a mighty wide-spread ag5t ( *ange 9 ! physical condition ( ! globe4 ,= :]ev] wat] is 9 motion ov] ! surface ( ! l&1 :e!r x be a rippl+ /ream1 or a m\nta9 torr5t1 or a maje/ic riv]1 x is surely we>+ away ! *annel ?r\gh :i* x fl[s1 & c>ry+ along 9 its c\rse p>ticles ( clay1 or s&1 or gravel4 ,?is subject is illu/rat$ ) great =ce & great simplicity by ,mr4 ,page4 8,e p]son10 he says1 8mu/ h obs]v$ ! riv]s 9 8 own di/rict1 h[ !y become muddy & turbid dur+ floods ( ra91 & h[ _! swoll5 curr5ts eat away ! banks1 deep5 ! *annels1 & sweep away ! s& & gravel d[n to "s l[] level4 ,& if1 dur+ ?is turbid /ate1 he w h ! curiosity to lift a gallon ( ! wat]1 & all[ x to settle1 he w be a/oni%$ at ! am\nt ( s$im5t or solid matt] t falls to ! bottom4 ,n[1 let him multiply ?is gallon by ! numb] ( gallons daily c>ri$ d[n by ! riv]1 & ?is day by ye>s & c5turies1 & he w arrive at "s fa9t idea ( ! quantity ( matt] worn f ! l& by riv]s1 & deposit$ by !m 9 ! ocean4 ,9 ! same way z "o riv] gr9ds & cuts = itself a *annel1 s does e /ream & rill & curr5t ( wat]4 ,! ra9 z x falls wa%es away :at ! w9ds & fro/s h loos5$2 ! rill takes x up1 &1 m+l+ x ) its own burd51 gives x to ! /ream2 ! /ream takes x up & c>ries x to ! riv]1 & ! riv] be>s x to ! ocean40#ai ,:5 ! curr5t is feeble1 ! great] "p ( ?is e>?y mat]ial is ?r[n d[n ^u ! way1 & =ms a /ratum ( alluvial soil 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]1 & also 9 ! adjo9+ l[l&s1 dur+ ! "t ( tempor>y floods4 ,b :5 sev]al /reams unite1 !n ! c>ry+ p[] ( ! curr5t is enorm\sly increas$3 huge /ones are roll$ along1 & da%$ "o aga9/ ano!r1 & brok5 into fragm5ts1 & ! fragm5ts are r\nd$ by friction1 & become pebbles1 & ! pebbles become gravel1 & ! gravel1 mud2 & ! mud is c>ri$ on to ! m\? ( ! riv]1 & !re fall+ to ! bottom1 x =ms a tongue ( l& :i* is call$ a delta2 or else p]haps x *ances to meet ) "s great ocean curr5t1 & !n x beg9s a new j\rney1 & is borne f> away to be deposit$ 9 ! pr(\nd & tranquil dep?s ( ! sea4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 m9]al matt] alone t is transport$ by ! action ( riv]s4 ,trees t once 7 gr[+ on ! banks ( ! /ream1 & ! bones ( animals1 & human rema9s1 & works ( art1 are se5 float+ d[n ) ! curr5t1 & are f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! s& & mud ( ! delta at ! riv]'s m\?4 ,^! are "s ( ! actual realities :i* all may witness1 :o w g & /udy = !mselves ! hi/ory ( ?is wond]ful elem5t1 f ! "t :5 x fir/ so>s al(t z vapor to ! sky1 until x returns to ! bosom ( its p>5t ocean lad5 ) ! spoils ( ! l&4 ,to "s ( our read]s1 p]haps1 results ( ?is k9d may appe> insignificant1 :5 consid]$ 9 relation to ! enorm\s bulk ( ! /ratifi$ rocks4 ,b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! =ce ( :i* we speak is unceas+ 9 its op]ation ov] ! :ole surface ( ! e>?2 & ev5 ?\gh ! "w 7 small :i* is accompli%$ 9 ea* successive ye>1 ! accumulat$ effects produc$ 9 a l5g!n$ p]iod ( "t mu/ be imm5sely great4 ,besides1 x w\ld be a v s]i\s error to =m our ideas on ?is subject1 z _m w\ld seem to d1 f ! examples :i* are to be f\nd )9 ! n>r[ limits ( our own isl&4 ,we %\ld r seek = our illu/rations among ^? mighty riv]s t dra9 ! va/ cont95ts ( ! _w1 & exhibit ! erosive & transport+ p[] ( runn+ wat] on ! gr&e/ scale4 ,x happ5s1 =tunately = our purpose1 t an attempt has be5 made by sci5tific m5 to compute ! am\nt ( matt] dis*>g$ into ! sea1 by "s p>ticul> riv]s )9 a giv5 "t4 ,= su* a computation x is necess>y1 9 ! fir/ place1 to calculate ! volume ( wat] t passes d[n ! *annel dur+ t "t2 & !n1 by repeat$ exp]im5ts1 to asc]ta9 ! av]age proportion ( e>?y matt] :i* is held susp5d$ 9 ! wat]4 ,?is has be5 done ) ! greate/ c>e by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,ev]e/1 9 ! case ( ! riv] ,ganges2 & x appe>s t dur+ ! ra9y season1 :i* la/s f\r mon?s e ye>1 f ,june to ,septemb]1 ab\t #f1jjj1jjj1jjj cubic feet ( mud are c>ri$ along by ! /ream pa/ ! t[n ( ,ghazepoor1 ne> :i* ! obs]vations 7 made4 ,n[ ?is enorm\s bulk ( m9]al matt] w\ld be suffici5t to =m a /ratum ( rock "o foot 9 height1 & two hundr$ & eighte5 squ>e miles 9 ext5t4 ,or1 to adopt ! computation ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ! am\nt :i* passes by e day is equal to t :i* might be transport$ by #bjjj ,indiam51 ea* freight$ ) a c>go ( mud #adjj tons 9 weight4 ,& x is important to rememb] t ?is e/imate repres5ts b a portion ( ! s$im5t :i* passes into ! sea ?r\gh ! *annel ( ! ,ganges2 = ! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,ev]e/ 7 tak5 at a po9t :i* is #ejj miles f ! sea1 & at :i* ! riv] has n yet receiv$ ! contributions ( its l>ge/ tribut>ies4 ,we are able1 !re=e1 ) "s degree ( confid5ce1 to e/imate ! am\nt ( ,d5udation :i* is e ye> effect$ by ! ,ganges4 ,&1 al?\gh ! same calculations h n yet be5 appli$ ) equal c>e to o!r great riv]s1 !re is no reason to suppose t ! ,ganges is an exception4 ,x is ass]t$ on good gr\nds t ! ,brahmapootra1 :i* unites ) ! ,ganges close to ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 c>ries ) x an equal am\nt ( e>?y s$im5t4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ! quantity ( solid matt] br\ght d[n ea* ye> by ! ,mississippi am\nts to #c1gjb1geh1djj cubic feet4 ,& x is said t #dh1jjj1jjj cubic feet ( e>? are daily dis*>g$ into ! sea by ! ,yell[ ,riv] 9 ,*9a1 call$ by ! natives ! ,hoang ,ho4#bj ,?us ye> aft] ye> ! wa/e ( ! l& is c>ri$ away by riv]s1 to be spread out ov] wide areas ( ! ocean1 & p]haps to furni% ! mat]ials ( future cont95ts4 ,! effects ( runn+ wat] 9 we>+ away & transport+ masses ( solid rock are n less des]v+ ( our notice4 ,e "o :o has foll[$ ! c\rse ( a great riv] :5 x fl[s ?r\gh a rocky *annel1 mu/ h obs]v$ l>ge blocks project+ f ! cliffs above1 :i*1 hav+ be5 und]m9$ by ! action ( ! wat]1 seem ready to tumble headlong into ! /ream2 & o!rs ly+ bel[1 :i* _h fall5 be=e2 & o!rs aga9 :i* _h be5 already c>ri$ a consid]able di/ance by ! w9t]'s torr5t4 ,ev5 :]e ! rocks are n displac$1 !y are gradually be+ worn away1 p>tly by ! friction ( ! wat]1 b mu* m by ! gr9d+ action ( ! gravel :i* ! wat] holds 9 susp5sion4 ,n only is ! surface ( ! rocks ?us r\nd$ & poli%$1 b l>ge circul> pits1 call$ pot-holes1 are =m$ by ! :irl+ wat]s ( an eddy c>ry+ r\nd & r\nd a few gra9s ( h>d s&4 ,at ! falls ( ! ,clyde ne> ,lan>k 9 ,scotl&1 ^! v>i\s ph5om5a may be se5 to great advantage4 ,good illu/rations are to be f\nd also 9 _m volcanic regions4 ,"s ( ! l>g] /reams 9 ,auv]gne h 9 c\rse ( "t =c$ _! way ?r\gh ! solid lava rock1 cutt+ out = !mselves *annels broad & deep4 ,9 ,sicily too1 we are told1 ! riv] ,simeto1 ^: c\rse 0 block$ up by a curr5t ( lava ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 has s9ce t "t eat5 its way ?r\gh ?is compact & h>d5$ mass1 & n[ fl[s on to ! sea ?r\gh a rocky passage =ty feet 9 dep? & f fifty to sev]al hundr$ feet 9 wid?4#ba ,b !re is no "p ( ! _w yet explor$ :]e ^! effects are exhibit$ on ! same gigantic scale z at ! f>-fam$ ,falls ( ,niag>a4 ,! massive lime/one rock f :i* ! wat]s are precipitat$ is sl[ly b c]ta9ly disappe>+4 ,an enorm\s volume ( wat]1 m ?an a ?ird ( a mile 9 bread?1 plunges 9 a s+le b\nd ov] a %e] precipice ( "o hundr$ & sixty-five feet4 ,! s(t slaty rocks ^u :i* ! lime/one re/s are soon eat5 away by ! action ( ! spray :i* rises f ! pool bel[2 & !n ! ov]hang+ cliffs1 left )\t any support1 topple ov]1 & are c>ri$ (f by ! torr5t4 ,! position ( ! ,falls1 !re=e1 is n /ation>y1 b is rec$+ by v s5sible degrees 9 ! direction ( ,lake ,erie1 f :i* ! riv] fl[s4 ,speak+ ( ?is ph5om5on1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell obs]ves ) mu* %[ ( reason3 8,! idea ( p]petual & progressive wa/e is con/antly pres5t to ! m9d ( e behold]3 & z t "p ( ! *asm :i* has be5 ! "w ( ! la/ hundr$ & fifty ye>s resembles precisely 9 dep?1 wid?1 & "* ! re/ ( ! gorge1 :i* ext5ds sev5 miles bel[1 x is mo/ natural to inf]1 t ! entire rav9e has be5 holl[$ out 9 ! same mann]1 by ! recession ( ! cat>act4 ,x mu/ at lea/ be conc$$1 t ! riv] supplies an adequate cause = execut+ ! :ole task ?us assign$ to x1 provid$ we grant suffici5t "t = its completion40#bb ,) a view to enable our read]s to und]/& m fully ! prodigi\s =ce :i* riv]s h be5 kn[n to ex]t 9 ! transportation ( rocks1 x may be useful to draw att5tion to "o or two pr9ciples ( physical sci5ce4 ,fir/1 we h ! well-kn[n law ( ,ar*im$es1 t a solid body imm]s$ 9 a liquid loses a "p ( its weight equal to ! weight ( ! liquid displac$4 ,n[ solid rock z comp>$ ) wat]1 bulk = bulk1 is r>ely m ?an ?ree times1 & (t5 n m ?an twice z heavy4 ,consequ5tly1 accord+ to ?is law1 almo/ all rocks w lose a ?ird ( _! weight1 & _m w lose "o-half1 :5 imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,aga91 x has be5 e/abli%$ t ! p[] ( wat] to move bodies t are 9 x increases z ! six? p[] ( ! velocity ( ! curr5t4 ,h5ce1 if ! velocity ( a curr5t is increas$ two-fold1 its mov+ p[] w be increas$ sixty-f\r fold2 if ! velocity is increas$ ?ree-fold1 ! mov+ p[] w be increas$ sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty fold2 & s on4 ,f ^! pr9ciples x foll[s1 fir/1 t a mu* small] p[] is requir$ to move a block ( /one ly+ 9 ! b$ ( a riv]1 ?an if x 7 ly+ on ! surface ( ! l&2 & secondly1 t a v slight increase 9 ! velocity ( a curr5t effects a v great increase 9 its mov+ p[]4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !n1 :5 we he> ( ! enorm\s masses ( rocks & trees & mason-"w :i* are c>ri$ away ev5 by small riv]s 9 times ( flood4#bc ,"h are a few examples4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahbi1 a fragm5t ( s&/one1 f\rte5 feet long1 ?ree feet wide1 & "o foot ?ick1 0 c>ri$ by ! riv] ,nairn1 9 ,scotl&1 a di/ance ( two hundr$ y>ds4 ,on ! same occasion ! riv] ,dee swept away a bridge ( five ar*es1 built ( solid granite1 :i* _h /ood un9jur$ = tw5ty ye>s2 ! :ole mass ( masonry sunk into ! b$ ( ! /ream & 0 se5 no m4 ,& ! riv] ,don1 z we are assur$ on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,f>quh>son1 =c$ a mass ( /ones f\r or five hundr$ tons 9 weight up a /eep incl9$ plane1 leav+ !m 9 a great rectangul> heap on ! summit4 ,a small rivulet call$ ! ,college1 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 :5 swoll5 by a flood 9 ,augu/1 #ahbg1 8tore away f ! abutm5t ( a mill-dam a l>ge block ( gre5/one-porphyry weigh+ ne>ly two tons1 & transport$ x to ! di/ance ( a qu>t] ( a mile40#bd ,b x is ne$less to multiply examples ( ph5om5a :i* are occurr+ e day ar\nd u1 & ( :i* _m among our read]s h probably be5 eye-witnesses4 ,! transport+ p[] ( riv]s mu/ n always be e/imat$ by ! bulk & velocity ( ! curr5t2 = x is (t5 greatly increas$ by "s accid5tal ob/ruction1 :i* = a "t blocks up ! *annel ?r\gh :i* ! riv] fl[s4 ,an in/ructive illu/ration is af=d$ by ! riv] ,dranse1 :i* fl[s ?r\gh ! valley ( ,bagnes1 9 ,switz]l&1 & empties itself into ! ,rhone above ! lake ( ,g5eva4 ,9 ! ye> #ahah ! avalan*es :i* fell d[n f ! m\nta9 side =m$ a b>ri] across ! valley1 & ?us effectually block$ up ! c\rse ( ! /ream4 ,! upp] "p ( ! valley 01 9 consequ5ce1 soon conv]t$ into a lake :i* gradually increas$ 9 size z ! season advanc$4 ,:5 summ] came1 & ! melt+ ( ! sn[s began1 ! ice b>ri] sudd5ly gave way ) a trem5d\s cra%1 & ! lake 0 empti$ 9 half an h\r4 ,! mass ( wat]1 ?us 9 a mom5t dis5gag$1 bur/ ) de/ructive viol5ce ov] ! l[] valley1 sweep+ away rocks1 =e/s1 h\ses1 bridges1 & cultivat$ l&s4 ,?\s&s ( trees 7 torn up by ! roots1 fragm5ts ( granite z l>ge z h\ses 7 roll$ along1 & ! :ole flood pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a mov+ mass ( ru9s4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,d5udation--,,fur!r ,,illu/rations4 ,! break]s ( ! ocean--,cav]ns & fairy bridges ( ,kilkee--,italy & ,sicily--,! ,%etl& ,isl&s--,ea/ & s\? coa/ ( ,brita9--,tracts ( l& swall[$ up by ! sea--,isl& ( ,heligol&--,nor?/r&--,tides & curr5ts--,s\? ,atlantic curr5t--,equatorial curr5t--,! ,gulf ,/ream--,its c\rse describ$--,examples ( its p[] z an ag5t ( transport4 ,:ile ! ra91 ! riv]s1 & ! /reams1 are ?us wa/+ away ! m\nta9s & pla9s ( ! int]ior c\ntry1 ! waves ( ! sea are ex]t+ a p[] no less de/ructive on ! coa/s ( isl&s & ( cont95ts4 ,! break]s da%+ aga9/ ! foot ( a l(ty cliff1 dissolve & decompose & we> away ! l[] /rata2 & ! ov]hang+ rocks1 ?us und]m9$1 fall d[n 9 c\rse ( "t by _! own weight4 ,) ! next return+ wave ^! rocks are !mselves hurl$ back aga9/ ! cliff2 & s1 z "s "o has happily rem>k$1 ! l& w\ld seem to supply a p[]ful artill]y = its own de/ruction4 ,! effects ( ! break]s are (t5 v unequal1 ev5 on ! same l9e ( cliffs4 ,"s p>ts ( ! rock are m yield+ ?an o!rs1 or p]haps !y are m expos$ to ! action ( ! waves1 or p]haps !y are divid$ by l>g] jo9ts & m freely admit ! de/ructive elem5t4 ,^! p>ts w be ! fir/ to give way1 :ile ! h>d] & less expos$ rock w be left /&+3 & 9 ?is way =ms ! mo/ caprici\s & fanta/ic are produc$4 ,no f9] examples c\ld be wi%$ = ?an ^? :i* are se5 9 ! neighborhood ( ,kilkee1 & along ! promontory ( ,loop ,head1 9 ! c\nty ( ,cl>e4 ,sometimes ! gr\nd is und]m9$ ) cav]ns1 into :i*1 :5 ! tide is com+ 91 ! waves ( ! ,atlantic ru% ) resi/less =ce1 mak+ new additions ea* day to ! accumulat$ ru9s ( ages4 ,sometimes l(ty p9nacles ( rock are left /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s1 l giant s5t9els /ation$ !re by ,nature to gu>d ! coa/4 ,9 "o or two in/ances ^! isolat$ fragm5ts are connect$ ) ! ma9 l& by natural ar*es ( rock1 :i* are call$ fairy bridges by ! p2 b m commonly !y appe> z rocky islets1 & answ] exactly to ! poet's description-- 8,! ro>+ tides ,! passage broke t l& f l& divides2 ,& :]e ! l&s retir$ ! ru%+ ocean rides40 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve 9 pass+1 t1 9 ! orig9al v]ses ( ! neid1 ( :i* ^! l9es are ,dryd5's translation1 ,virgil has record$ a belief :i* prevail$ 9 8 "t1 & :i*1 ^u sci5tific gr\nds1 is n[ reg>d$ z highly probable by ,geologi/s1 t ! isl& ( ,sicily _h be5 once connect$ by l& ) ,italy1 & 0 sep>at$ f x by ! action ( ! waves3 8,hc loca1 vi quondam et va/a convulsa ru9a1 ,tantum vi long9qua valet mut>e vetu/as6 ,dissiluisse f]unt1 quum prot5us utraque tellus ,una =et2 v5it m$io vi pontus et undis ,hesp]ium ,siculo latus abscidit1 arvaque et urbes ,litore d$uctas angu/o int]luit /a40 neid1 iii41 #dad-ai4 ,b :atev] may be ?\ght ( ?is op9ion ?us r5d]$ immortal by ! g5ius ( ! poet1 we %all n /op to discuss its m]its4 ,= 9 ! pres5t /age ( our argum5t1 x is our object to deal1 n ) vague & unc]ta9 traditions1 nor ev5 ) philosophical speculations1 b r ) ! facts :i* are actually go+ on 9 nature1 & :i* any "o ( our read]s may exam9e = himself4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 we %all take a few examples f ! ,ea/]n & ,s\!rn coa/s ( ,great ,brita91 :i* h be5 c>efully explor$ by sci5tific m5 = ! purpose ( obs]v+ & record+ ! am\nt ( de/ruction accompli%$ by ! waves )9 rec5t times4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,granitic rocks to ! s\? ( ,hillswick ,ness1 ,%etl&4 ,f ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 expos$ to ! :ole fury ( ! ,atlantic1 pres5t _m ph5om5a n unlike ^? ( ,kilkee & ,loop ,head1 b ^u a f> gr&] scale4 ,:ole isl&s h be5 swept away by ! resi/less p[] ( ! wat]s1 & ( o!rs no?+ rema9s b massive pill>s ( h>d rock1 :i* h be5 well describ$ z ris+ up 8l ! ru9s ( ,palmyra 9 ! des]t ( ! ocean40 ,pass+ to ! ma9l&1 x is record$ t 9 ! ye> #agie a village 9 ,k9c>d9e%ire 0 c>ri$ away 9 a s+le night1 & ! sea advanc$ a hundr$ & fifty y>ds inl&1 :]e x has ev] s9ce ma9ta9$ its gr\nd4 ,9 ,engl&1 almo/ ! :ole coa/ ( ,york%ire is und]go+ con/ant dilapidation4 ,on ! s\? side ( ,flambor\gh ,head ! cliffs are rec$+ at an av]age rate ( two y>ds & a qu>t] 9 ! ye>1 = a di/ance ( ?irty-six miles along ! coa/4 ,?is w\ld am\nt to a mile s9ce ! ,norman ,conque/1 & to m ?an two miles s9ce ! occupation ( ,york by ! ,romans4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 to le>n t _m spots m>k$ 9 ! old maps ( ! c\ntry z ! sites ( t[ns or villages1 are n[ s&banks 9 ! sea4 ,ev5 places ( hi/oric "n h n be5 sp>$4 ,! t[n ( ,rav5spur1 f :i*1 9 #accb1 ,edw>d ,baliol sail$ = ! invasion ( ,scotl&1 & at :i* ,h5ry ! ,f\r? l&$ 9 #acii1 to claim ! ?rone ( ,engl&1 has long s9ce be5 swall[$ up by ! dev\r+ elem5t4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,norfolk x 0 calculat$1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 t ! mean loss ( ! l& 0 some?+ less ?an "o y>d 9 ! ye>4 ,! inn at ,%]r+ham 0 built on ?is calculation 9 #ahje1 & x 0 expect$ to /& = sev5ty ye>s4 ,b un=tunately ! actual advance ( ! sea exce$$ ! calculation4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 :o visit$ ?is spot 9 #ahbi1 relates t dur+ ! five prec$+ ye>s sev5te5 y>ds ( ! cliff _h be5 swept away1 & no?+ b a small g>d5 0 !n left betwe5 ! build+ & ! sea4 ,! same di/+ui%$ writ] tells u t 9 ! h>bor ( ?is t[n !re 0 at t "t wat] suffici5t to float a frigate :]e =ty-eight ye>s be=e _h /ood a cliff fifty feet 9 height ) h\ses built ^u x4 ,& rem>k+ ^u ^! facts1 he says1 t 8if once 9 half a c5tury an equal am\nt ( *ange 7 produc$ sudd5ly by ! mom5t>y %ock ( an e>?quake1 hi/ory w\ld be fill$ ) records ( su* wond]ful revolutions ( ! e>?'s surface2 b if ! conv]sion ( high l& into deep sea be gradual1 x excites only local att5tion40 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ,dunwi*1 once ! mo/ consid]able seaport on ! coa/ ( ,suffolk1 ! cliffs h be5 wa/+ away f an e>ly p]iod ( hi/ory4 8,two tracts ( l& :i* _h be5 tax$ 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 are m5tion$ 9 ! ,conqu]or's survey1 made b a few ye>s aft]w>d1 z hav+ be5 dev\r$ by ! sea40 ,& ! memory ( o!r losses 9 ! t[n itself--includ+ a mona/]y1 sev]al *ur*es1 ! t[n-hall1 ! jail1 & _m hundr$ h\ses--toge!r ) ! dates ( _! occurr5ce1 is fai?fully pres]v$ 9 au!ntic records4 ,9 #agdj ! sea rea*$ ! *ur*y>d ( ,sa9t ,ni*olas & ,sa9t ,francis1 s t ! graves1 ! c(f9s1 & ! skeletons1 7 expos$ to view on ! face ( ! cliffs4 ,s9ce t "t ! c(f9s1 & ! tomb/ones1 & ! *ur*y>d itself1 h disappe>$ b5ea? ! waves4 ,no?+ n[ rema9s ( ?is once fl\ri%+ & popul\s city b ! "n alone1 :i* is /ill atta*$ to a little village ( ab\t tw5ty h\ses4 ,! spot on :i* ! ,*ur* ( ,reculv] /&s1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,?ames1 0 a mile inl& 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,eigh?2 9 ! ye> #ahcd x 0 ov]hang+ ! sea2 & x w\ld long ago h be5 demoli%$1 b = an artificial causeway ( /ones con/ruct$ ) a view to break ! =ce ( ! waves4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! l& on ! nor!a/ coa/ ( ,k5t is rec$+ at ! rate ( ab\t two feet 9 ! ye>4 ,! promontory ( ,bea*y ,head 9 ,sussex is also rapidly fall+ away4 ,9 ! ye> #ahac an enorm\s mass ( *alk1 ?ree hundr$ feet 9 l5g? & eighty 9 bread?1 came d[n ) a trem5d\s cra%2 & slips ( ! same k9d h (t5 occurr$1 bo? be=e & s9ce4 ,to ^! examples f ,great ,brita9 we may add "o or two f ! ,g]man ,ocean4 ,sev5 isl&s h completely disappe>$ )9 a v n>r[ area s9ce ! "t ( ,pl9y2 = he c\nt$ tw5ty-?ree betwe5 ,texel & ! m\? ( ! ,eid]1 :]eas n[ !re are b sixte54 ,! isl& ( ,heligol&1 at ! m\? ( ! ,elbe1 has be5 = ages subject to great dilapidation4 ,)9 ! la/ five hundr$ ye>s ?ree-f\r?s ( x h be5 c>ri$ away2 & s9ce #aggj ! fragm5t t rema9s has be5 divid$ into two p>ts by a *annel :i* is at pres5t navigable = l>ge %ips4 ,a /ill m rem>kable in/ance ( de/ruction effect$ by ! waves ( ! sea occurr$ 9 ! isl& ( ,nor?/r&1 on ! coa/ ( ,s*leswig4 ,previ\s to ! ?irte5? c5tury x 0 atta*$ to ! ma9l&1 =m+ a "p ( ! cont95t ( ,europe1 & 0 a highly cultivat$ & popul\s di/rict ab\t t5 miles long1 & f six to eight broad4 ,9 ! ye> #abdj x 0 cut (f f ! coa/ ( ,s*leswig by an inroad ( ! sea1 & x gradually wa/$ away up to ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 its entire circumf]5ce 0 sixte5 geographical miles4 ,ev5 !n ! indu/ri\s inhabitants1--ab\t n9e ?\s& 9 numb]1--endeavor$ to save :at rema9$ ( _! t]ritory by ! erection ( l(ty dykes2 b on ! elev5? ( ,octob]1 #afcd1 ! :ole isl& 0 ov]:elm$ by ano!r invasion ( ! sea1 9 :i* #fjjj p p]i%$1 & #ej1jjj head ( cattle4 ,?ree small islets are all t n[ rema9 ( ?is once f]tile di/rict4#be ,! break]s ( ! ocean receive no small aid 9 _! "w ( de/ruction f ! action ( tides & curr5ts :i* co-op]ate ) ! w9ds to keep ! wat]s ( ! sea 9 con/ant motion4 ,& ?\gh ! w9ds may sleep = a "t1 ! tides & curr5ts are always actively at "w1 & nev] = a mom5t cease to we> away ! l&4 ,b !y are ev5 m p[]ful auxili>ies z ag5ts ( transport4 ,if x 7 n = !m1 ! ru9s :i* fall f ! rocks to-day w\ld to-morr[ =m a b>ri] aga9/ ! waves1 & ! "w ( de/ruction w\ld cease4 ,b ,nature has orda9$ x o!rwise4 ,:5 ! tide advances1 x rolls ! brok5 fragm5ts t[>d ! l&1 & :5 x rec$es1 x c>ries !m back to ! deep2 & s by unceas+ friction ^! fragm5ts are worn away to pebbles1 & !n1 be+ m easily transport$1 !y are c>ri$ (f to sea & deposit$ 9 ! b$ ( ! ocean3 or else1 p]haps1 !y are ca/ up on ! slop+ %ore1 to =m :at is s famili> to u all "u ! "n ( a %+le-bea*4 ,?is is a subject on :i* x is ne$less to enl>ge4 ,e "o kn[s t ! tides h ! p[] ( transport+ solid matt]2 ?\gh mo/ ( u1 p]haps1 d n fully appreciate ! magnitude ( _! accumulat$ effects1 work+ z !y d ) untir+ en]gies ^u ! coa/s ( isl&s & cont95ts all ov] ! _w4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 s g5]ally kn[n t ! ocean is trav]s$ 9 all directions by p[]ful curr5ts1 :i*1 f _! regul>ity1 _! p]man5ce1 & _! ext5t1 h be5 aptly call$ ! riv]s ( ! ocean4 ,we d n mean "h to inquire into ! causes ( ^! curr5ts1 ^u :i* ! progress ( physical sci5ce has ?r[n consid]able light3 nei!r c we hope to describe ev5 ! pr9cipal curr5ts t prevail ov] ! va/ tracts ( wat] :i* con/itute ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! entire surface ( our globe4 ,we %all cont5t ourselves ) trac+ ! c\rse ( "o great sy/em1 :i* may s]ve to give "s idea ( _! g5]al "* & enorm\s p[]4 ,?is sy/em w\ld seem to h its orig9 ) a /ream t fl[s f ! ,indian ,ocean t[>d ! s\?we/1 & !n d\bl+ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 turns nor?w>d along ! ,african coa/4 ,x is "h call$ ! ,s\? ,atlantic ,curr5t4 ,:5 x enc\nt]s ! %ores ( ,gu9ea1 x is div]t$ to ! we/1 & /ret*es across ! ,atlantic1 trav]s+ =ty degrees ( longitude until x rea*es ! project+ promontory ( ,brazil 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 ?is "p ( its c\rse x is kn[n z ! ,equatorial ,curr5t1 because x foll[s pretty ne>ly ! l9e ( ! ,equator3 x v>ies 9 bread? f two hundr$ to five hundr$ miles1 & x travels at ! mean rate ( ?irty miles a day1 ?\gh sometimes its velocity is increas$ to sev5ty or eighty4 ,next1 "u ! "n ( ! ,guyana ,curr5t1 x pursues a nor?we/]ly direction1 foll[+ ! l9e ( ! coa/2 & pass+ close to ! isl& ( ,tr9idad1 becomes diffus$1 & almo/ seems to be lo/1 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,nev]!less1 x aga9 issues ) r5ew$ en]gy f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & ru%+ ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,florida at ! rate ( f\r & five miles an h\r1 x issues once m into ! broad wat]s ( ! ,atlantic4 ,f ?is out x is call$ ! ,gulf ,/ream1 & is well kn[n to all :o are conc]n$ 9 ,transatlantic navigation2 = x s5sibly accel]ates ! spe$ ( vessels :i* are b\nd f ,am]ica to ,europe1 & s5sibly ret>ds ^? sail+ f ,europe to ,am]ica4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream1 h[ev]1 does n set out on its ,transatlantic voyage directly t x issues f ! ,/raits ( ,florida4 ,x keeps at fir/ a nor!a/]ly c\rse1 foll[+ ! outl9e ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 pass+ by ,new ,york & ,nova ,scotia1 & bru%+ ! s\!rn extremity ( ! great ,newf\ndl& ,bank4 ,!n tak+ leave ( ! l&1 x sweeps "r across ! ,atlantic4 ,aft] a "t x seems to divide into two bran*es1 "o incl9+ to ! s\?1 & los+ itself among ! ,azores1 ! o!r b5d+ t[>d ! nor?1 wa%+ ! %ores ( ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 ,norway1 & rea*+ ev5 to ! froz5 regions ( ,spitzb]g54 ,! bread? ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 :5 x issues f ! ,/raits ( ,florida1 is ab\t fifty miles1 b x aft]w>d increases to ?ree hundr$4 ,its color is a d>k indigo blue1 :i*1 contra/+ %>ply ) ! gre5 wat]s ( ! ,atlantic1 =ms a l9e ( junction di/9ctly visible = "s hundr$s ( miles3 aft]w>d1 :5 ?is b\nd>y l9e is no long] s5sible to ! eye1 x is easily asc]ta9$ by ! !rmomet]2 = ! temp]ature ( ! ,gulf ,/ream is ev]y:]e f eight to t5 degrees high] ?an t ( ! surr\nd+ ocean4#bf ,we leave our read]s to inf] f ?is brief description h[ imm5se mu/ be ! p[] ( transport :i* belongs to su* curr5ts z ^!4 ,!y sweep along ! %ores ( cont95ts1 & c>ry away ! accumulat$ fragm5ts ( rock1 :i* _h fir/ be5 r5t f ! cliffs by ! waves ( ! sea1 & !n borne out to a little di/ance by ! tides3 !y pass by ! m\?s ( great riv]s1 & receiv+ ! spoils ( _m a f]tile & popul\s c\ntry1 & ! ru9s ( _m an inaccessible m\nta9 ridge1 !y hurry (f to deposit ?is va/ & v>i$ freight 9 ! deep abysses ( ! ocean4 ,!re is "o circum/ance1 h[ev]1 :i* we ought n to pass ov] 9 sil5ce2 = x is ( especial importance to ! ,geologi/1 & might easily escape ! notice ( ! g5]al read]4 ,x is a well asc]ta9$ fact t plants & fruits & o!r objects f ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s are annually wa%$ a%ore by ! ,gulf ,/ream on ! nor?we/]n coa/s ( ,europe4 ,! ma/ ( a man-(-w> burnt at ,jamaica 0 aft] "s mon?s f\nd /r&$ on "o ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl&2#bg & ,g5]al ,sab9e tells u t :5 he 0 9 ,norway1 9 ! ye> #ahbc1 casks ( palm-oil 7 pick$ up on ! %ore ne> ! ,nor? ,cape1 :i* belong$ to a vessel t _h be5 wreck$ ! previ\s ye> at ,cape ,lopez on ! ,african coa/4#bh ,x seems mo/ probable t ^! casks ( oil mu/ fir/ h cross$ ! ,atlantic f ea/ to we/ 9 ! ,equatorial ,curr5t1 !n describ$ ! circuit ( ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s1 & f9ally com+ 9 ) ! ,gulf ,/ream1 recross$ ! ,atlantic1 p]=m+ altoge!r a j\rney ( m ?an eight ?\s& miles4 ,f ^! facts x is cle> t1 by ! ag5cy ( ocean curr5ts1 ! productions ( "o c\ntry may be c>ri$ to ano!r t is f> di/ant4 ,& ,geologi/s d n fail to make use ( ?is important conclusion :5 !y f9d ! animal & vegetable rema9s ( diff]5t climates associat$ toge!r 9 ! same /rata ( ! ,e>?4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,d5udation--,,conclud$4 ,glaci]s--,_! nature & composition--,_! unceas+ motion--,p[]ful ag5ts ( d5udation--,iceb]gs--,_! numb] & size--,erratic blocks & loose gravel spread out ov] m\nta9s1 pla9s1 & valleys1 at ! bottom ( ! sea--,*>act]i/ic m>ks ( mov+ ice--,evid5ce ( anci5t glacial action--,illu/rations f ! ,alps--,f ! m\nta9s ( ! ,jura--,!ory appli$ to nor!rn ,europe--,to ,scotl&1 ,wales1 & ,irel&--,! fact ( d5udation e/abli%$--,summ>y ( ! evid5ce--,?is fact ! fir/ /ep 9 geological !ory4 ,! next ag5t ( ,d5udation to :i* we invite ! att5tion ( our read]s1 is "o ( :i* our own c\ntry af=ds u no example1 b :i* may be se5 9 full op]ation amid/ ! wild & impressive sc5]y ( ,switz]l&4 ,& we "k n h[ we c bett] introduce ! subject ?an by ! solemn address ( a great poet1 9 :om an ard5t love ( nature 0 bl5d$ ) a deep s5se ( religion4 ,z he /ood 9 ! mid/ ( ! sn[-clad m\nta9s t %ut 9 ! valley ( ,*am\ni1 8 _s1 8exp&$ by ! g5ius ( ! spot10 so>$ away f ! sc5es be=e him to ! ,great ,invisible ,au?or ( all t is beautiful & sublime 9 nature1 & he p\r$ =? t well-kn[n hymn ( praise & wor%ip 9 :i* he ?us apo/rophizes ! massive glaci]s ( ,mont ,blanc3-- 8,ye ice-falls6 ye t f ! m\nta9's br[ ,ad[n enorm\s rav9es slope ama9-- ,torr5ts1 me?9ks1 t he>d a mighty voice1 ,& /opp$ at once amid _! madde/ plunge6 ,motionless torr5ts6 sil5t cat>acts6 ,:o made y glori\s z ! gates ( ,heav5 ,b5ea? ! ke5 full moon8 ,:o bade ! sun ,clo! y ) ra9b[s8 ,:o ) liv+ fl[]s ,( lovelie/ blue1 spread g>l&s at y\r feet8 ,god6 let ! torr5ts1 l a %\t ( nations1 ,answ]6 & let ! ice-pla9s e*o1 ,god6 ,god6 s+ ye mead[-/reams ) gladsome voice6 ,ye p9e-groves1 ) y\r s(t & s\l-l s\nds6 ,& !y too h a voice1 yon piles ( sn[1 ,& 9 _! p]il\s fall %all ?und]1 ,god60#bi ,a ,glaci] is an enorm\s mass ( solid ice fill+ up a valley1 & /ret*+ f ! et]nal sn[s :i* cr[n ! summits ( ! m\nta9s1 d[n to ! smil+ cornfields & ri* pa/ures ( ! pla9s4 ,x is con/antly f$ by ! accumulat$ sn[s ( w9t]1 :i*1 slipp+ & roll+ d[n ! slopes ( ! m\nta9s1 lodge 9 ! valleys bel[1 & are !re conv]t$ into ice4 ,= x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,glaci] prop]ly s call$ does n commonly ext5d mu* high] ?an #ijjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,beyond t elevation ! compact & massive ice gradually passes into froz5 sn[1 call$ by ! ,fr5* ,nev1 & by ! ,g]mans ,firn4 ,! *ange :i* takes place 9 ! condition ( ! sn[ z x desc5ds into ! valley is *iefly ow+ to ^! two circum/ances3 fir/1 x is closely compact$ toge!r by ! weight ( ! sn[y masses press+ d[n ^u x f above2 & secondly1 9 ! summ] mon?s x is ?aw$ ^u ! surface dur+ ! day by ! heat ( ! sun1 & froz5 aga9 at night4 ,on a small scale ?is process is practically famili> to e s*ool-boy4 ,:5 he makes a sn[-ball he is practically conv]t+ a mass ( sn[ into ice1 & t by a s]ies ( op]ations v closely resembl+ ^? :i* ,nature employs 9 ! manufacture ( a ,glaci]4 ,9 ,switz]l& ! ,glaci] is (t5 two or ?ree miles 9 bread?1 f tw5ty to ?irty miles 9 l5g?1 & five or six hundr$ feet 9 dep?4 ,?\gh s va/ 9 its bulk & s solid 9 its "*1 x is n1 z might be suppos$1 a fix$1 immovable mass4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is mov+ incessantly1 b sl[ly1 d[n ! valley :i* x occupies1 at ! rate ( sev]al in*es--sometimes "o or two feet1 & ev5 m--9 ! day4 ,9 ,gre5l& a ,glaci] explor$ by ,doctor ,hayes1 9 8 exp$ition to ! ,nor? ,pole1 0 f\nd to move = a :ole ye> at ! av]age rate ( a hundr$ feet a day4 ,x may be ?\ght1 p]haps1 t ?is fact requires fur!r confirmation2 b at all ev5ts x is c]ta9 t ! language ( ! poet1 :5 he addresses ! ,glaci]s z 8motionless torr5ts10 ?\gh x conveys an accurate & beautiful idea ( ! appe>ance !y pres5t to ! eye1 is n rigor\sly true 9 a sci5tific s5se4 ,inde$1 x is j because ! ,glaci]s are n motionless t !y s]ve z in/rum5ts ( ,d5udation4 ,_! ag5cy 9 ?is respect 8consi/s p>tly 9 _! p[] ( transport+ gravel1 s&1 & huge /ones1 to great di/ances1 & p>tly 9 ! smoo?+1 poli%+1 & scor+ ( _! rocky *annels1 & ! b\nd>y walls ( ! valleys ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,at ! foot ( e /eep cliff or precipice 9 high ,alp9e regions1 a slop+ heap is se5 ( rocky fragm5ts deta*$ by ! alt]nate action ( fro/ & ?aw4 ,if ^! loose masses1 in/ead ( accumulat+ on a /ation>y base1 happ5 to fall ^u a ,glaci]1 !y w move along ) x1 &1 9 place ( a s+le heap1 !y w =m 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s a long /ream ( blocks4 ,if a ,glaci] be tw5ty miles long1 & its annual progression ab\t five hundr$ feet1 x w require ab\t two c5turies = a block ?us lodg$ ^u its surface to travel d[n f ! high] to ! l[] regions1 or to ! extremity ( ! icy mass4 ,?is t]m9al po9t usually rema9s un*ang$ f ye> to ye>1 al?\gh e "p ( ! ice is 9 motion1 because ! liquefaction by heat is j suffici5t to balance ! onw>d movem5t ( ! ,glaci]1 :i* may be comp>$ to an endless file ( soldi]s1 p\r+ into a brea*1 & %ot d[n z fa/ z !y advance4 8,! /ones c>ri$ along on ! ice are call$ 9 ,switz]l& ! mora9es ( ! ,glaci]4 ,!re is always "o l9e ( blocks on ea* side or edge ( ! icy /ream1 & (t5 sev]al 9 ! middle1 :]e !y are arrang$ 9 long ridges or m\nds ( sn[ & ice1 (t5 sev]al y>ds high4 ,! reason ( _! project+ above ! g5]al level1 is ! non-liquefaction ( ! ice 9 ^? p>ts ( ! surface ( ! ,glaci] :i* are protect$ f ! rays ( ! sun1 or ! action ( ! w9d1 by ! cov]+ ( ! e>?1 s&1 & /ones4 ,! cause ( m$ial mora9es 0 fir/ expla9$ by ,agassiz1 :o ref]r$ !m to ! conflu5ce ( tribut>y ,glaci]s4 ,^u ! union ( two /reams ( ice1 ! "r lat]al mora9e ( "o ( ! /reams comes 9 contact ) ! left lat]al mora9e ( ! o!r1 & !y aft]w>d move on toge!r1 9 ! c5tre1 if ! conflu5t ,glaci]s are equal 9 size1 or ne>] to "o side if unequal4 8,fragm5ts ( /one & s& :i* fall ?r\gh crevasses 9 ! ice1 & get int]pos$ betwe5 ! mov+ ,glaci] & ! fundam5tal rock1 are pu%$ along s z to h _! angles m or less worn (f1 & _m ( !m are entirely gr\nd d[n into mud4 ,"s blocks are pu%$ along betwe5 ! ice & ! /eep b\nd>y rocks ( ! valley1 & ^!1 l ! rocky *annel at ! bottom ( ! valley1 (t5 become smoo!d & poli%$1 & scor$ ) p>allel furr[s1 or ) l9es & scrat*es produc$ by h>d m9]als1 su* z cry/als ( qu>tz1 :i* act l ! diamond ^u glass4 ,! effect is p]fectly diff]5t f t caus$ by ! action ( wat]1 or a muddy torr5t =c+ along heavy /ones2 = ^! n be+ held l fragm5ts ( rock 9 ice1 & n be+ pu%$ along "u great pressure1 _c scoop out long rectil9e> furr[s or grooves p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,! discov]y ( su* m>k+s at v>i\s heights f> above ! surface ( exi/+ ,glaci]s1 & = miles beyond _! pres5t t]m9ations1 af=ds geological evid5ce ( ! =m] ext5sion ( ! ice beyond its pres5t limits 9 ,switz]l& & o!r c\ntries40#cj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,iceb]g se5 9 mid-ocean #adjj miles f any kn[n l&4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x happ5s1 especially 9 extreme nor!rn & s\!rn latitudes1 t ! glaci] valley leads d[n to ! sea4 ,9 su* cases1 huge masses ( ice are float$ (f1 &1 ) _! pond]\s burd5 ( gravel1 mud1 & rocks1 are c>ri$ away by curr5ts t[>d ! equator4 ,imm5se numb]s ( ^! float+ isl&s ( ice1 or ,iceb]gs1 z !y are call$1 are se5 by m>9]s drift+ along 9 ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn oceans4 ,9 #ahbb ,scoresby c\nt$ five hundr$ betwe5 ! latitudes #fi & #gj ,n41 _m ( :i* measur$ a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 & rose two hundr$ feet above ! surface ( ! sea4#ca ,! annex$ draw+1 copi$ by k9d p]mission ( ! au?or f ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 af=ds a good idea ( ! appe>ance t su* ,iceb]gs pres5t to ! eye4 ,! "o repres5t$ 9 ! =e-gr\nd 0 suppos$ to rea* a height ( ne>ly ?ree hundr$ feet1 & 0 obs]v$ ) _m o!rs float+ ab\t 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ocean at a di/ance ( #adjj miles f any kn[n l&4 ,an angul> mass ( rock 0 visible on ! surface4 ,! "p expos$ 0 twelve feet high & f five to six broad3 b x 0 conjectur$1 f ! color ( ! surr\nd+ ice1 t ! great] "p ( ! /one 0 conceal$ f view4 ,h[ enorm\s mu/ be ! magnitude ( ^? pond]\s masses may be le>n$ f ! fact t ! bulk ( ice bel[ ! level ( ! wat] is ab\t eight times z great z t above3 & 9 po9t ( fact1 ,capta9 ,sir ,john ,ross saw sev]al ( !m agr\nd 9 ,baff9's ,bay1 :]e ! wat] 0 #aejj feet deep4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! b$s ( e>? & /ones :i* !y c>ry along _c be less ?an f #ej1jjj to #ajj1jjj tons 9 weight4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 writ+ 9 #ahfe f ! results ( ! late/ inve/igations on ?is subject1 says3 8,_m _h suppos$ t ! magnitude commonly attribut$ to iceb]gs by unsci5tific navigators 0 exagg]at$2 b n[ x appe>s t ! popul> e/imate ( _! dim5sions has r fall5 )9 ?an beyond ! tru?4 ,_m ( !m1 c>efully measur$ by ! (fic]s ( ! ,fr5* explor+ exp$ition ( ! ,a/rolabe1 7 betwe5 #ajj & #bbe feet high above wat]1 & f two to five miles 9 l5g?4 ,capta9 d',urville asc]ta9$ "o ( !m1 :i* he saw float+1 to be ?irte5 miles long1 & a hundr$ feet high1 ) walls p]fectly v]tical40#cb ,!y h be5 kn[n to drift f ,baff9's ,bay to ! ,azores1 & f ! ,s\? ,pole to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4#cc ,z !y approa* ! mild] climate ( ! temp]ate zones1 ! ice gradually melts away1 & ?us ! mora9es ( arctic & ant>ctic glaci]s are deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! deep sea4 ,9 ?is way1 subm>9e m\nta9s & valleys & table-l&s are /rewn ov] ) scatt]$ blocks ( =eign rocks1 & gravel1 & mud1 :i* h be5 transport$ hundr$s ( miles across ! unfa?omable abysses ( ! ocean4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?\gh we are *iefly conc]n$ ) ,glaci]s & ,iceb]gs z ag5ts ( ,d5udation1 yet we _c pass away f ! subject )\t ref]r+ to ! ,geological !ory ( an anci5t ,glacial ,p]iod4 ,?is little digression f ! ma9 purport ( our pres5t argum5t w n be unacceptable1 we hope1 to our read]s4 ,! !ory is 9 itself int]e/+ & +5i\s2 & x (f]s an admirable illu/ration ( ! k9d ( reason+ by :i* ,geologi/s are guid$ 9 _! speculations4 ,x is well kn[n t ! action ( mov+ ice leaves a v peculi> & *>act]i/ic impress on ! surface ( ! rocks1 & ev5 on ! g5]al aspect ( ! c\ntry ov] :i* x passes4 ,?is is no my/]y ( sci5ce1 b a pla9 fact :i* any "o t *ooses may obs]ve = himself4 ,e ,glaci] c>ries along 9 its c\rse a va/ quantity ( loose gravel1 h>d s&1 & l>ge angul> /ones4 ,a consid]able proportion ( ^! mat]ials 9 c\rse ( "t fall ?r\gh crevasses 9 ! ice1 & become firmly emb$d$ 9 ! "u surface ( ! ,glaci]4 ,!n1 z ! mov+ mass sl[ly desc5ds ! valley1 !y are %ov$ along "u enorm\s pressure1 & ! surface ( ! rocks b5ea? is furr[$1 scrat*$1 & poli%$1 9 a rem>kable & unmi/akable mann]4 ,! furr[s & scrat*es are rectil9e> & p>allel to an ext5t nev] se5 9 ! m>ks produc$ by any o!r natural ag5cy3 & !y always co9cide m or less 9 _! direction ) ! g5]al c\rse ( ! valley4 ,a reciprocal action (t5 takes place3 ! l>ge blocks ( /one1 froz5 into ! "u surface ( ! ,glaci]1 are !mselves scor$ & poli%$ by friction aga9/ ! floor & sides ( ! valley4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,block ( ,lime/one furr[$1 scrat*$1 & poli%$1 f ! ,glaci] ( ,ros5laui1 ,switz]l&4 7,lyell47 aa1 ,:ite /reaks or scrat*es4 bb1 ,furr[s4 ,simil> effects are produc$ by ,iceb]gs2 n ( c\rse :5 drift+ ab\t 9 ! deep sea1 b :5 !y come into contact ) a g5tly-%elv+ coa/ & grate along ! bottom4 ,^! m\nta9s ( ice1 lad5 ) ! dbris ( ! l&1 are (t5 c>ri$ along ) ! velocity ( f two to ?ree miles an h\r2 & be=e _! enorm\s mom5tum c be entirely de/roy$1 an ext5sive surface ( rock mu/ h be5 r\nd$1 groov$1 & sc>r$1 pretty mu* 9 ! same way z by ! action ( a ,glaci]4 ,!re c be no failure ( ! gr9d+ mat]ials4 ,dur+ ! process ( melt+1 ! ,iceb]g is con/antly turn+ ov] accord+ z ! c5tre ( gravity %ifts its position2 & ?us a new "p ( its surface1 ) fre% angul> blocks ( /one1 toge!r ) fre% masses ( s& & gravel1 is con/antly br\ght into contact ) ! floor ( ! ocean4 ,& ?is is n m]e !ory4 ,all ^! ph5om5a may be witness$ any day on ! %ores ( ,baff9's ,bay & ,hudson's ,bay1 & along ! coa/ ( ,labrador4 ,aga91 ! evid5ce ( glacial action may be discov]$ 9 ! mat]ials !mselves :i* h be5 transport$ by ice4 ,_m ( ! l>ge erratic blocks1 aft] hav+ travell$ imm5se di/ances1 exhibit ! same %>p angul> appe>ance z if !y _h only j fall5 d[n f ! cliff on ! m\nta9 side4 ,by ?is circum/ance !y are at once di/+ui%$ f blocks ( /one transport$ by runn+ wat]2 = 9 ^! ! angles are sure to be r\nd$ (f by friction4 ,sometimes1 too1 !y are deposit$ n only f> away f ! same rock1 b 9 regions :]e no rock ( ! same k9d exi/s4 ,9 ! case ( ,iceb]gs1 !y are n unfrequ5tly c>ri$ _m hundr$s ( miles be=e be+ dropp$ into ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( _! long j\rney1 borne ov] ! l(ty ridges ( subm>9e m\nta9 *a9s4 ,fur!rmore1 x (t5 happ5s t a ,glaci] %r9ks backw>d up ! valley1 & sometimes ev5 disappe>s altoge!r4 ,:5 ! melt+ ( ! ice at ! l[] extremity exactly balances its onw>d progress1 !n ! ,glaci] seems /ation>y to ! eye1 & occupies f ye> to ye> ! same position4 ,b1 :5 a numb] ( hot seasons foll[ "o ano!r 9 imm$iate succession1 ! ice is melt$ m rapidly ?an ! ,glaci] advances1 & 9 consequ5ce x gradually becomes %ort]1 & seems to ! eye to rec$e t[>d ! upp] p>ts ( ! valley4 ,9 ?is case ! long l9es ( mora9es1 :i* be=e _h re/$ on ! ice1 are left spread out on ! pla9s or deposit$ on ! slopes ( ! m\nta94 ,imm5se blocks ( /one are by ?is means frequ5tly set d[n on ! summits ( l(ty crags1 & 9 su* l positions to :i* !y c\ld n be br\ght by any o!r natural ag5cy4 ,^! ,p]*$ ,blocks1 z !y are call$1 & also ^? long regul> m\nds ( e>? & /ones ab\nd 9 sev]al ( ! ,swiss valleys1 & con/itute a v /rik+ feature ( ,alp9e sc5]y4 ,n[1 x appe>s t all ^! v>i\s *>act]i/ic m>ks ( glacial op]ations c be di/9ctly trac$ 9 _m c\ntries :]e ! action ( mov+ ice has be5 unkn[n )9 ! p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,& on ?is fact is f\nd$ ! ,geological !ory ( an anci5t ,glacial ,p]iod4 ,we are confid5tly assur$ t a great "p ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 includ+ ev5 our own isl&s1 n to speak ( ,am]ica & o!r c\ntries z well 9 ! nor!rn z 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 71 9 "s f> di/ant age1 ! sc5e ( ^? same ph5om5a :i* are witness$ at ! pres5t day amid ! solemn gr&eur ( ! ,alps1 & 9 ! froz5 wa/es ( ! ,arctic regions4 ,9 t age enorm\s ,glaci]s mov$ sl[ly d[nw>d f ! sn[-clad heights ov] innum]able valleys n[ ri* ) ! fruits ( ! e>?2 pond]\s ,iceb]gs float$ ov] wide areas ( ! ocean1 :]e n[ ! dry l& appe>s2 & va/ piles ( promiscu\s rubbi%1 ) great angul> blocks ( /one1 7 deposit$ on ! slopes & cre/s ( subm>9e m\nta9s t n[ t[] hundr$s ( feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,to illu/rate ?is !ory1 we w\ld beg9 ) a c\ntry :]e ! ve/iges ( glacial op]ations 9 pa/ times may be /udi$ side by side ) ! glacial ph5om5a ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 ,switz]l& x ne$s b little skill to disc]n _m m>ks & tok5s ( mov+ ice :]e mov+ ice is no long] f\nd4 ,9 desc5d+1 = example1 ! valley ( ! ,hasli or ! valley ( ! ,rhone1 ! intellig5t travell] c h>dly fail to obs]ve h[ ! rocks all ar\nd are sc>r$ & furr[$1 precisely aft] ! same fa%ion z ! rocks 9 ! high] p>ts ( ! same valleys are n[ be+ sc>r$ & furr[$ by ! ,glaci] ( ! ,a> & ! ,glaci] ( ! ,rhone4 ,at int]vals1 too1 may be se5 long m\nds ( un/ratifi$ gravel & mud1 ) l>ge fragm5ts ( rock1 9 e way resembl+ ! t]m9al mora9es n[ daily accumulat+ at ! extremities ( exi/+ ,glaci]s4 ,:5 ^! facts are once di/9ctly br\ght home to ! m9d1 x is impossible to resi/ ! conclusion t sev]al ( ! ,alp9e ,glaci]s once ext5d$ f> beyond _! pres5t limits d[n ! valleys ( ,switz]l&4 ,if we proce$ a little di/ance to ! m\nta9s ( ! ,jura1 n[ :olly devoid ( ,glaci]s1 we %all f9d t ! same glacial ph5om5a ) :i* we h become s famili> 9 ! ,alps1 are /ill ev]y:]e pres5t$ to ! eye4 ,& we feel in/9ctively impell$ to pursue ! same l9e ( inductive reason+4 ,mov+ ice1 we "k f abundant obs]vation1 is capable ( produc+ ^! effects3 nor h we ev] se5 effects ( ?is k9d produc$ by any o!r cause3 nay1 !re is no o!r natural ag5t kn[n t is capable ( produc+ su* effects3 x is !re=e reasonable to inf] t mov+ ice 0 ! cause ( ^! effects2 & t1 9 "s bygone age1 great masses ( ice mov$ sl[ly ov] ! valleys ( ! ,jura z !y n[ move sl[ly ov] ! valleys ( ! ,alps4 ,ano!r circum/ance may "h be notic$ :i* is well wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,! ,alps are compos$ ( granite1 gneiss1 & su* l cry/all9e rocks3 ! ,jura1 ( lime/one & v>i\s o!r =mations1 altoge!r diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,alps4 ,n[1 scatt]$ loosely ov] ! valleys ( ! ,jura1 & p]*$ ^u its l(ty cre/s1 we f9d imm5se angul> blocks--"s ( !m z l>ge z cottages--( ! ,alp9e rocks4 ,! "q naturally arises1 h[ h !y be5 transport$ to _! pres5t site4 ,c]ta9ly n by ! action ( wat]2 = 9 t case ! project+ angles w\ld h be5 r\nd$ (f1 & ! %>p edges worn away4 ,b ! "w might h be5 easily accompli%$ by ! p[] ( mov+ ice1 & c\ld n h be5 accompli%$ by any o!r natural ag5cy ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,?us we are l$ to conclude t ! ,glaci]s ( ! ,alps mu/1 by "s means or ano!r1 h once made _! way nor?w>d across ! great valley ( ,switz]l&1 fifty miles wide1 & deposit$ _! pond]\s burd5s ( gravel1 s&1 & erratic blocks on ! m\nta9s ( ! ,jura4 ,x w\ld c>ry u too f> f our pres5t purpose to draw out ?is !ory 9 all its details4 ,b we _c =-be> briefly to t\* ^u "s ( ! bold & />tl+ conclusions to :i* x has l$4 ,! ,geologi/ hav+1 by pati5t & v>i$ ex]cise1 9 ! regions ( exi/+ ,glaci]s1 tra9$ 8 eye & 8 judgm5t 9 ! obs]vation ( ^? ph5om5a t m>k ! action ( mov+ ice1 soon beg9s to discov] t !y are n want+ 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,!y are n to be f\nd1 inde$1 b5ea? ! burn+ sun ( ,africa1 nor on ! bord]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,b z he travels nor?w>d !y beg9 by degrees to appe>2 & :5 at l5g? he rea*es ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1 !y are spread out pr(usely be=e him z !y 7 9 ! bosom ( ! ,alps4 ,all ?is _h puzzl$ ,geologi/s = ye>s2 b ! clue has be5 f\nd at la/4 ,:at is go+ on to-day 9 ,switz]l&1 & 9 ,gre5l&1 & on ! %ores ( ,labrador1 mu/ h be5 go+ on1 ages ago1 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ,d5m>k1 & on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic4 ,we may argue f ! effect to ! cause4 ,"h are ! mora9es1 ! erratics1 ! p]*$ blocks1 & ! surfaces ( rock furr[$ & scrat*$ ) ice3 at "s pa/ "t !re mu/ h be5 ! mov+ ,glaci]s & ! float+ ,iceb]gs4 ,foll[+ out ?is l9e ( argum5t1 & apply+ x to c\ntries ne>] home1 ,geologi/s h come to ! conclusion t ! ,grampian ,hills 9 ,scotl&1 ! m\nta9s ( ,k]ry 9 ,irel&1 ! ,sn[donian heights 9 ,wales1 & _m o!r ranges ( hills 9 ^! isl&s1 7 9 =m] times subject$ to ! action ( mov+ ice4 ,nay1 x is cont5d$1 ) mu* %[ ( reason1 t ^! isl&s mu/ h be51 = a consid]able "t1 9 great "p subm]g$ b5ea? ! sea1 & trav]s$ by float+ ,iceb]gs4 ,:5 l>ge erratic blocks are f\nd 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! =mation f :i* !y h be5 d]iv$1 !n x is easy to expla9 _! orig9 & to trace _! c\rse4 ,b x (t5 happ5s t ! ne>e/ rock ( ! same m9]al composition1 & !re=e1 ! ne>e/ rock f :i* !y c possibly h be5 d]iv$1 is sep>at$ f ! site :i* !y n[ occupy by a l(ty *a9 ( m\nta9s4 ,by :at means1 !n1 h !y be5 transport$ hi!r8 ,n by mov+ wat]1 = _! %>p edges & project+ angles are /ill pres]v$4 ,n by ,glaci]s2 = a ,glaci] _c climb a /eep m\nta9 ridge4 ,x w\ld seem1 inde$1 t 9 ! pres5t geographical di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 !re is no natural cause :i* c\ld c>ry !m f ! p>5t rocks to _! pres5t position4 ,b if we suppose t 9 "s long pa/ age ( ! _w1 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& 7 subm]g$ b5ea? ! sea1 & t ,iceb]gs float$ 9 ! wat]s above1 ! problem is solv$ at once4 ,! fragm5ts ( f> di/ant rocks froz5 into ! ,iceb]gs might !n h be5 c>ri$ ov] ! summits ( :at are n[ l(ty m\nta9s1 & z ! ice melt$ away1 might h be5 deposit$ all along _! slopes & ev5 on _! highe/ cre/s4 ,! pres5ce ( m>9e %ells1 belong+ *iefly to species :i* n[ exi/ only 9 ! arctic seas1 af=ds a /rong confirmation ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,= !y are f\nd intimately associat$ ) ! erratic blocks1 n m]ely 9 valleys1 to :i* ! sea might be suppos$ to h _h access 9 times ( extraord9>y flood1 b ^u l(ty m\nta9s at a height ( five hundr$1 six hundr$1 & ev5 ?irte5 hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = ?is ph5om5on if we suppose ! c\ntry to h be5 at "o "t subm]g$1 & ! glacial drift 9 :i* ! %ells are f\nd emb$d$ to h be5 deposit$ by ,iceb]gs on ! floor ( ! ocean4 ,if we refuse to make ?is supposition ! difficulty is simply insurm\ntable4#cd 99 99 99 99 99 ,b x is some:at beside our purpose to w&] s f> into ! region ( !ory & speculation4 ,our ma9 object 9 ^! *apt]s has be5 to e/abli% ! fact t ,d5udation is actually tak+ place to an almo/ incr$ible ext5t1 9 ! pres5t age ( ! _w4 ,= ?is purpose we h enum]at$ ! pr9cipal ag5ts by :i* ?is process is c>ri$ on2 & we h endeavor$ to %[ f ! au!nticat$ rese>*es ( travell]s & sci5tific m5 t !y h be5 at "w )9 ! p]iod ( hi/ory1 & are /ill at "w ar\nd u4 ,our summ>y is1 inde$1 brief2 b x is /ill suffici5t to demon/rate t1 ev5 dur+ ! pres5t age1 ! :ole surface ( ! ,globe has be5 ev] 9 a con/ant /ate ( *ange2 t m\nta9 heights h be5 worn away1 & valleys h be5 scoop$ out1 & l(ty cliffs h disappe>$1 & bold headl&s h be5 r5t 9 twa91 & rocks & e>?s h day by day be5 brok5 up & dissolv$ & decompos$1 by ! nev] ceas+ op]ation ( natural causes2 & t ! brok5 fragm5ts are at e mom5t mov+ along ov] ! surface ( ! l& or ?r\gh ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,n[ ,geologi/s tell u t ^! are ! raw mat]ials ( a new build+ :i* is go+ on 9 ^! latt] times "u ! guid+ h& ( ,nature4 ,inde$1 !y say x is n s mu* a new build+ z ! upp]mo/ /ory ( an old build+4 ,if we desc5d into ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? we may trace ?is build+ ev5 f ! f\ndations1 :i* are laid ^u ! solid granite1 up ?r\gh ea* successive /age ( lime/one1 & s&/one1 slate1 conglom]ate1 & clay1 until we come to ! surface1 :]e new /rata1 compos$ ( ! same elem5ts1 & exhibit+ ! same g5]al *>act]i/ics1 are sl[ly gr[+ up be=e our eyes4 ,?us w ! idea gradually /eal ^u ! m9d1 t ! works ( ages long gone by are reproduc$ once aga9 9 our own days1 & t we may /udy ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ 9 ! mirror ( ! pres5t :i* nature holds up to our view4 ,?is is ! bran* ( ,geological argum5t ^u :i* we are n[ ab\t to ent]4 ,we h visit$ ,nature1 z x 71 9 h] qu>ry1 & we h se5 h[ %e collects h] mat]ials1 h[ %e fa%ions !m to h] purpose1 h[ %e transports !m to ! place = :i* !y are design$4 ,if x be true1 z alleg$1 t ) ^! mat]ials %e is actually engag$1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 9 build+ ^u ! exi/+ surface ( our ,globe a new s]ies ( /ratifi$ rocks1 :i* are ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ^? b5ea?1 ?is fact af=ds at lea/ a v /rong presumption 9 favor ( "o v important pr9ciple 9 ! !ory ( ,geologi/s4 ,let u1 !n1 foll[ ! c\rse ( h] op]ations & judge = ourselves4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,/ratifi$ ,,rocks ,,( ,,me*anical ,,orig9--,,!ory ,,develop$ ,,& ,,illu/rat$4 ,=mation ( /ratifi$ rocks ascrib$ to ! ag5cy ( natural causes--,?is !ory support$ by facts--,! argum5t /at$--,examples ( me*anical rocks--,mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$--,orig9 & hi/ory ( ^! mat]ials trac$ out--,process ( deposition--,process ( consolidation--,in/ances ( consolidation by pressure--,consolidation p]fect$ by natural cem5ts--,curi\s illu/rations--,consolidation ( s&/one 9 ,cornwall--,arrangem5t ( /rata expla9$ by int]mitt5t action ( ! ag5ts ( ,d5udation4 ,! ,/ratification ( ,rocks is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features :i* ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? pres5ts to our notice2 & ! pr9ciples by :i* ?is ph5om5on is expla9$ belong to ! v f\ndation ( ,geological !ory4 ,x is n[ univ]sally agre$ t ! successive lay]s or /rata1 :i* con/itute su* a v l>ge proportion ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/1 & :i* _c fail to attract ! notice ev5 ( ! mo/ c>eless obs]v]1 h be5 sl[ly built up dur+ a long s]ies ( ages by ! action ( natural causes4 ,9 support ( ?is bold & compreh5sive !ory1 geologi/s appeal to ! op]ations :i* are go+ on 9 nature at ! pres5t day1 or :i* h be5 obs]v$ & record$ )9 hi/oric times4 ,!re is a va/ ma*9]y1 !y say1 ev5 n[ at "w all ov] ! _w1 break+ up ! rocks t appe> at ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 transport+ ! mat]ials to diff]5t sites1 & !re con/ruct+ new /rata1 j ! c\nt]p>t ( ^? :i* we see pil$ up "o above ! o!r1 :]ev] a section ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ is expos$ to view4 ,x is giv5 to u1 !re=e1 on ! "o h& to contemplate ! f9i%$ "w z x exi/s 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 & on ! o!r1 to exam9e ! "w /ill 9 progress ^u its surface2 & if bo? are f\nd to agree 9 all _! mo/ rem>kable *>act]i/ics1 x is n unreasonable to inf] t ! "o 0 produc$ 9 bygone ages by ! v same causes t are n[ busy 9 ! production ( ! o!r4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( ?is argum5t we fir/ turn$ our att5tion to ! num]\s & p[]ful ag5ts t are n[ employ$ 9 ! break+ up & transport+ ( exi/+ rocks4 ,x 0 impossible )9 our n>r[ limits to enum]ate !m all4 ,b we select$ ^? :i* are at ! same "t ! mo/ famili> 9 _! op]ations1 & ! mo/ /rik+ 9 _! results3--mighty riv]s dis*>g+ daily & h\rly into ! sea ! accumulat$ spoils ( va/ cont95ts2 ! break]s ( ! ocean da%+ ) unceas+ en]gy aga9/ all ! cliffs & coa/s ( ! _w2 ! tides & curr5ts ( ! sea tak+ up ! ru9s :i* ! break]s h made1 & c>ry+ !m f> away to ! lonely dep?s ( ! ocean2 ! froz5 ra9 bur/+ massive rocks asund] ) its expansive =ce1 & s5d+ ! fragm5ts ov] l(ty cliffs & /eep precipices to become ! prey ( ro>+ m\nta9 torr5ts1 or p]haps1 m =tunate1 to f9d a place ( tranquil re/ on ! bosom ( ! glitt]+ ,glaci]2 !n ?is wondr\s ,glaci] itself1 a mov+ sea ( ice1 be>+ along its pond]\s burd5 f ! summits ( l(ty m\nta9s f> d[n into ! smil+ pla9s1 & mean:ile1 ) trem5d\s p[]1 gr9d+1 & furr[+1 & we>+ away ! floor ( ! valley1 & leav+ beh9d x an impress :i* ev5 "t _c efface2 & la/ly1 ! massive ,iceb]gs :i* /ud ! nor!rn & s\!rn seas1 drift+ along l float+ isl&s above ! fa?omless abysses ( ! ocean1 & scatt]+ _! huge b\ld]s ov] ! surface ( subm>9e m\nta9s & valleys4 ,all ^! ph5om5a h be5 le>n$ f actual & repeat$ obs]vation4 ,!y are n philosophical speculations1 b asc]ta9$ facts4 ,we _c d\bt1 !re=e1 t ! "w ( demolition is go+ on2 x rema9s = u n[ to inquire ab\t ! "w ( recon/ruction4 ,! read] w rememb] t ,geologi/s divide ! /ratifi$ rocks into ?ree di/9ct classes1 ,me*anical1 ,*emical1 & ,organic4 ,?is di/9ction1 !y say1 is f\nd$ on ! actual op]ations ( ,nature4 ,f a close exam9ation ( ! natural ag5ts n[ at "w 9 ! _w1 x appe>s t "s /rata are be+ =m$ *iefly by ! action ( me*anical =ce2 o!rs *iefly by ! influ5ce ( *emical laws2 & o!rs aga9 *iefly by ! int]v5tion ( organic life4 ,?us we h ?ree di/9ct classes ( rock at pres5t com+ into exi/5ce1 ea* exhibit+ its own peculi> *>act]i/ics1 & ea*1 moreov]1 hav+ its c\nt]p>t among ! /rata t compose ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to set =? "s ( ! evid5ce t may be advanc$ 9 favor ( ^! important conclusions1 beg9n+ ) ^? rocks t are call$ ,me*anical4 ,& fir/ x is important to h1 at lea/1 a g5]al idea ( ! appe>ance :i* ,me*anical ,rocks pres5t to ! eye4 ,we %all take ?ree famili> examples1 ,conglom]ate1 ,s&/one1 & ,clay4 ,conglom]ate1 or ,pudd+-/one z x is sometimes call$1 is compos$ ( pebbles1 gravel1 & s&1 m or less compact$ toge!r1 & g5]ally =m+ a h>d & solid mass4 ,! v>i\s mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$1 ?\gh unit$ 9 ! "o rock1 nev]!less rema9 _! own ext]nal =ms1 & may be di/9ctly recogniz$ ev5 by ! unpractis$ eye4 ,s&/one1 z ! "n implies1 is made up ( gra9s ( s& closely compress$ & cem5t$ toge!r4 ,! quality & appe>ance ( ?is rock v>y v mu* accord+ to ! size & "* ( its con/itu5t p>ticles4 ,(t5 ! gra9s ( s& are z l>ge z peas1 or ev5 l>g]2 sometimes !y are s m9ute t !y _c be di/+ui%$ )\t ! aid ( a l5s4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y consi/ ( qu>tz1 ) gra9s ( lime/one int]mix$2 & !y are usually r\nd$1 z if by ! action ( runn+ wat]4 ,clay is a r vague & g5]al t]m1 n[ commonly employ$ to d5ote any f9ely-divid$ m9]al matt] :i* conta9s f t5 to ?irty p] c5t4 ( ,alum9a1 & is !reby r5d]$ pla/ic1 & capable1 :5 s(t5$ ) wat]1 ( be+ m\ld$ l pa/e ) ! h&4 ,x occurs 9 _m diff]5t =ms among ! /rata ( ! ,e>?1 accord+ to ! diff]5t m9]als t ent] into its composition & ! diff]5t influ5ces to :i* x has be5 subject$4 ,m>l & ,loam may be tak5 z well-kn[n illu/rations3 ! =m] is a clay 9 :i* !re is a l>ge proportion ( calc>e\s matt]2 ! latt] is a mixture ( clay & s&4 ,sometimes by pressure clay is cond5s$ into a k9d ( slaty rock call$ ,%ale1 :i* has ! prop]ty ( be+ easily split up into an imm5se numb] ( ?9 plates or lam94 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t !re is n always a p]fect uni=mity 9 ! /ructure ( ^! rocks4 ,9 ,conglom]ate1 = example1 ! pebbles may be z l>ge z cannon balls1 or !y may be only ! size ( walnuts4 ,s1 too1 we h e v>iety ( f95ess & co>s5ess 9 ! quality ( ,s&/one4 ,aga91 bo? ,conglom]ate & ,s&/one are (t5 l>gely adult]at$ ) clay1 & on ! o!r h&1 clay w sometimes conta9 m ?an its usual proportion ( s& or lime4 ,la/ly1 ^! mat]ials are 9 "o place compact$ into h>d & solid rock1 9 ano!r !y are f\nd 9 a loose & incoh]5t condition4 ,b amid/ all ^! v>ieties ( =m & texture1 ! rocks we h be5 describ+ g5]ally pres]ve _! peculi> *>act]i/ics1 & ) a little exp]i5ce c be easily recogniz$4 ,!y are f\nd to con/itute a v l>ge "p1 p]haps we might say ! l>g] "p1 ( ! /ratifi$ rocks 9 e c\ntry t has hi!rto be5 explor$ by ,geologi/s4 ,:]ev] we g we are met by ! same famili> appe>ances2--b$s ( ,conglom]ate1 ,s&/one1 ,clay1 ,m>l1 ,%ale1 recurr+ aga9 & aga9 ?r\gh a s]ies ( _m hundr$ /rata1 sometimes 9 "o ord]1 & sometimes 9 ano!r2 sometimes )\t any =mation ( a diff]5t k9d int]v5+1 & sometimes alt]nat+ ) lime/one or o!r rocks ( :i* we %all speak h]eaft]4 ,su* is ! g5]al "* & appe>ance ( ^? /rata :i* are kn[n among ,geologi/s z ,aque\s ,rocks ( ,me*anical orig94 ,n[1 x mu/ at once /rike ! read]1 t ^! rocks are made up ( j ^? v mat]ials--! same bo? 9 k9d & 9 =m--t we h already %[n to be daily prep>$ & fa%ion$ by a va/ & complex ma*9]y 9 ! great work%op ( ,nature4 ,he w rememb] h[ enorm\s blocks are deta*$ f ! m\nta9 side1 or f ! cliffs on ! sea%ore1 & brok5 up into fragm5ts2 h[ ! fragm5ts 9 "t become pebbles1 s&1 & mud2 & h[ ^! are caught up by riv]s1 tides1 & curr5ts1 & c>ri$ f> away to sea4 ,"h we h c]ta9ly all ! mat]ials t are necess>y = ! build+ up ( ,conglom]ate1 ,s&/one1 & ,%ale4 ,we h se5 h[ !y are prep>$ by ! h& ( ,nature1 h[ !y are m\ld$ into %ape1 h[ !y are transport$ f place to place4 ,let u n[ pursue ! sequel ( _! hi/ory1 & foll[ !m on to ! end4 ,x is pla9 !y _c rema9 =ev] susp5d$ 9 wat]2 soon] or lat] !y mu/ fall to ! bottom4 ,yet !y w n all fall toge!r4 ,= ?\gh all are c>ri$ d[nw>d by ! "o =ce ( gravity1 ^? mat]ials t are small] & light] w be m imp$$ by ! resi/ance ( ! wat]4 ,! pebbles & co>se gravel w be ! fir/ to rea* ! bottom1 !n ! s&1 & la/ ( all ! f9e1 impalpable mud4 ,?us1 z ! curr5t sweeps along 9 its c\rse1 ! s$im5t :i* x be>s away f ! l& w be 9 a mann] sort$1 & ?ree di/9ct lay]s ( diff]5t mat]ials w be deposit$ 9 ! b$ ( ! ocean2--fir/1 ne>e/ to ! %ore1 a lay] ( pebbles & co>se gravel1 !n a lay] ( s&1 & la/ ( all a lay] ( f9e mud or clay4 ,?is is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! con/ruction ( /ratifi$ rock4 ,to complete ! "w no?+ m is necess>y ?an ! consolidation ( ^! loose & incoh]5t mat]ials4 ,if ?is c\ld be accompli%$1 !n we %\ld h a solid /ratum ( ,conglom]ate1 a solid /ratum ( ,s&/one1 & a solid /ratum ( ,%ale =m$ 9 ! b$ ( ! ocean4 ,) reg>d to ?is op]ation1 h[ev]1 we _c hope = ! advantage we h hi!rto enjoy$1 ( actual obs]vation4 ,! process ( consolidation1 if x take place at all1 is go+ on 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,sea4 ,b ?\gh x is ?us remov$ beyond ! rea* ( our s5ses1 x is n beyond ! rea* ( our intellig5ce4 ,we may borr[ ! tor* ( ,sci5ce1 & se>* ev5 into ! hidd5 recesses ( ,nature's secret laboratory4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a p>tial consolidation ( clay & s&1 & ev5 ( gravel1 may take place "u ! influ5ce ( pressure alone4 ,_m ( u are famili> ) ?is tru?1 b few1 p]haps1 are aw>e h[ ext5sively x is illu/rat$ 9 ! practical arts ( life4 ,"h are "s curi\s & int]e/+ examples4 ,! m9ute fragm5ts ( coal :i* are produc$ by ! friction ( l>g] blocks aga9/ "o ano!r1 & :i* may be obta9$ abundantly 9 ! neighborhood ( e coal m9e1 are n[ manufactur$ into a solid pat5t fuel by ! simple process ( =cible compression4 ,aga91 ! du/ & rubble ( black lead1 =m]ly ca/ aside z useless1 are n[ c>efully collect$1 & by no o!r =ce ?an pressure are conv]t$ into a solid mass1 fit to be employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( lead-p5cils4 8,! graphite or black lead ( comm]ce10 says ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 8hav+ become v sc>ce1 ,mr4 ,brock$on contriv$ a me?od by :i* ! du/ ( ! pur] portions ( ! m9]al f\nd 9 ,borr[dale might be recompos$ into a mass z d5se & z compact z native graphite4 ,! p[d] ( graphite is fir/ c>efully prep>$ & fre$ f air1 & plac$ "u a p[]ful press on a /rong /eel die1 ) air-tight fitt+s4 ,x is !n /ruck sev]al bl[s1 ea* ( a p[] ( a ?\s& tons2 aft] :i* op]ation ! p[d] is s p]fectly solidifi$ t x c be cut = p5cils1 & exhibits1 :5 brok51 ! same texture z native graphite40#ce ,an in/ance yet m to our purpose occurs 9 ! exp]im5ts made to try ! =ce ( gunp[d]4 ,lea!rn bags fill$ ) s& are put into ! mort> t is to receive ! cannon-ball at a di/ance ( fifty feet f ! m\? ( ! gun2 & ! s& is (t5 compress$ by ! p]cussion ( ! ball into a solid mass ( ,s&/one4#cf ,n[ ! deposits ( :i* we are speak+ _c fail to be subject$ to a v p[]ful & a v con/ant compress+ =ce4 ,=1 s9ce ! process ( deposition is always go+ on1 ! matt] :i* is deposit$ to-day w to-morr[ be cov]$ ) a new lay]1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ages x may lie b5ea? an imm5se pile ( m9]al matt]1 hundr$s or ev5 ?\s&s ( feet 9 ?ickness4 ,b 9 fact !re is ano!r & m important ag5t at "w4 ,:5 ! h>d] & m compact blocks ( ,conglom]ate & ,s&/one are subject$ to a close analysis 9 ! laboratory ( ! *emi/1 x is f\nd t !y are /rongly cem5t$ toge!r1 sometimes by a solution ( lime fill+ up ! int]/ices betwe5 ! gra9s or pebbles1 sometimes by a solution ( silica1 sometimes by a solution ( iron4 ,n[ ?is discov]y af=ds a useful clue :5 we come to /udy ! pres5t op]ations ( ,nature4 ,x is to ! ag5cy ( a m9]al cem5t we mu/ look = ! p]fect consolidation ( ,me*anical ,rocks4 ,let u see if su* a cem5t c be f\nd4 ,x is well kn[n t ! wat] ( riv]s1 lakes1 & spr+s1 is m or less *>g$ ) c>bonic acid gas2 & !re=e1 :5 x comes 9 contact ) lime/one1 x dissolves a portion ( ! lime & holds x 9 solution4 ,h5ce x foll[s t 9 e "p ( ! _w !re exi/s an abundant /ore ( calc>e\s cem5t4 ,aga91 our read]s mu/ h obs]v$ ! br[ni%1 ru/y color sometimes produc$ by /reams on ! surface ( rocks & h]bage4 ,?is is ! result ( ! iron ) :i* ! /reams are impregnat$3 & we are in=m$ by sci5tific inquir]s t wat] conta9+ a solution ( iron prevails v g5]ally 9 almo/ all c\ntries4 ,! solution ( silica 9 wat] is n s common2 because pure silica _c be dissolv$ by wat] except at a v high temp]ature4 ,nev]!less1 x has be5 cle>ly demon/rat$ by obs]vation1 t silica1 :]e x occurs 9 c]ta9 comb9ations ) o!r m9]al sub/ances1 may be dissolv$ readily en\gh3 = in/ance1 9 ! decomposition ( felsp>1 & ( all rocks 9 :i* felsp> is an +r$i5t1 silica is c>ri$ (f 9 a /ate ( solution4#cg ,& s9ce ^! rocks are v num]\s1 & di/ribut$ ov] e "p ( ! e>?1 we may fairly conclude t a solution ( silica exi/s v abundantly 9 nature4 ,n[ :5 we be> 9 m9d t we h on ! "o h& 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 solid /rata ( ,conglom]ate & ,s&/one1 exhibit+ ! evid5t op]ation ( ^! m9]al cem5ts2 & on ! o!r h&1 ne> ! surface1 ! loose mat]ials ( ,conglom]ate & ,s&/one z if ready to be cem5t$1 & close at h& ! cem5t+ m9]al itself 9 a conv5i5t =m1 x is n unreasonable to assume t ! process %\ld actually take place2--t wat] highly *>g$ ) iron1 or lime1 or silica1 %\ld filt] ?r\gh ! loose gravel & s&1 deposit+ its m9]al cem5t z x passes along1 & conv]t+ ! newly-=m$ /rata into compact & solid rock4 ,b ?is conclusion does n re/ ^u antec$5t probability alone4 ,we h pro( unque/ionable t a process su* z we h describ$ is actually go+ on4 ,9 ! dr$g+ ( ! riv] ,?ames l>ge masses ( solid ,conglom]ate are f\nd f "t to "t1 firmly compact$ toge!r by a f]rug9\s cem5t4 ,& !re is int]nal evid5ce t ! process ( solidification has be5 effect$ by natural causes )9 hi/oric times2 = x happ5s n unfrequ5tly t ,roman co9s & fragm5ts ( pott]y are f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! solid block ( /one4 ,simil> discov]ies 7 made 9 deep5+ ! b$ ( ! riv] ,dove 9 ,d]by%ire1 ab\t ! ye> #ahcb4 ,?\s&s ( silv] co9s 7 f\nd ab\t t5 feet "u ! surface1 firmly cem5t$ into a h>d ,conglom]ate4 ,sev]al ( ^! co9s be> dates ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies2 & !re=e ! pebbles :i* =m ! rock mu/ h be5 deposit$ & conv]t$ into a solid mass s9ce t "t4 ,b we mu/ n suppose t s long an int]val is necess>y = ! consolidation ( rocks4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury a vessel call$ ! ,!tis 0 wreck$ (f cape ,frio on ! coa/ ( ,brazil4 ,a few mon?s aft]w>d1 :5 an attempt 0 successfully made to recov] ! doll>s & o!r treasures :i* _h gone to ! bottom ) ! wreck1 !y 7 f\nd completely envelop$ 9 solid masses ( qu>tzose ,s&/one4 ,! mat]ials ( ! newly-=m$ /one 7 9 ?is case manife/ly d]iv$ f ! granite rocks ( ! ,brazilian coa/4#ch ,9 _m p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & along its %ores1 ?is process is kn[n to be go+ on ) equal rapidity4 8,! new-=m$ /rata ( ,asia ,m9or10 writes ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 8consi/s ( /one1 n ( loose1 incoh]5t mat]ials4 ,almo/ all ! /reamlets & riv]s1 l _m ( ^? 9 ,tuscany & ! s\? ( ,italy1 hold abundance ( c>bonate ( lime 9 solution1 & precipitate ,trav]t9e1 or sometimes b9d toge!r ! s& & gravel into solid ,s&/ones & ,conglom]ates2 e delta & s&b> ?us acquires solidity1 :i* (t5 prev5ts /reams f =c+ _! way ?r\gh !m1 s t _! m\?s are con/antly *ang+ _! position40#ci ,9 ! ,museum at ,montpeli] is exhibit$ a cannon emb$d$ 9 a cry/all9e calc>e\s rock :i* 0 tak5 up f ! b$ ( ! ,m$it]ranean ne> ! m\? ( ! ,rhone4#dj ,to ^! examples ( ! solidification ( rock )9 rec5t times we are tempt$ to add "o m1 tak5 f a ,memoir publi%$ by ! late ,dr4 ,p>is 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,geological ,society ( ,cornwall4 8,a s&/one occurs 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,cornwall1 :i* af=ds a mo/ in/ructive example ( a rec5t =mation1 s9ce we "h actually detect ,nature at "w 9 conv]t+ loose s& into solid rock4 ,a v consid]able portion ( ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,cornwall is cov]$ ) calc>e\s s&1 consi/+ ( m9ute p>ticles ( comm9ut$ %ells1 :i* 9 "s places has accumulat$ 9 quantities s great1 z to h =m$ hills ( f =ty to fifty feet 9 elevation4 ,9 digg+ into ^! s&-hills1 or ^u ! occasional removal ( "s "p ( !m by ! w9ds1 ! rema9s ( h\ses may be se52 & 9 places :]e ! *ur*y>ds h be5 ov]:elm$1 a great numb] ( human bones may be f\nd4 ,! s& is suppos$ to h be5 orig9ally br\ght f ! sea by hurricanes1 probably at a remote p]iod4 ,x fir/ appe>s 9 a /ate ( slight b increas+ aggregation on sev]al p>ts ( ! %ore 9 ! ,bay ( ,/4 ,ives2 b on approa*+ ! ,gwy?ian ,riv] x becomes m ext5sive & indurat$4444 ,x is ar\nd ! promontory ( ,new ,kaye t ! mo/ ext5sive =mation ( ,s&/one takes place4 ,"h x may be se5 9 diff]5t /ages ( induration1 f a /ate 9 :i* x is too friable to be deta*$ f ! rock on :i* x reposes1 to a h>dness s consid]able t x requires a v viol5t bl[ f a sl$ge to break x4 ,build+s are con/ruct$ ( x2 ! *ur* ( ,cran/ock is entirely built ) x2 & x is also employ$ = v>i\s articles ( dome/ic & agricultural uses40 ,no reasonable d\bt c !re=e rema9 t ! loose b$s ( gravel1 s&1 & clay1 :i*1 z we h already se51 are deposit$ f day to day1 & f ye> to ye>1 & f c5tury to c5tury1 b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 may be conv]t$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t by natural ag5ts into solid rocks ( ,conglom]ate1 ( ,s&/one1 & ( ,%ale4 ,b ?is is n en\gh4 ,x yet rema9s = u to expla9 h[ ^! solid rocks come to be arrang$ 9 a s]ies ( di/9ct lay]s or /rata4 ,! read] w rememb] t ! supply ( mat]ials 9 any giv5 area ( ! ocean is n fix$ & cont9u\s1 b1 on ! contr>y1 v>iable & int]mitt5t4 ,dur+ ! p]iodical ra9s )9 ! tropics1 & dur+ ! melt+ ( ! sn[s 9 high latitudes or 9 m\nta9 regions1 ! riv]s become enorm\sly swoll51 & c>ry d[n a f> great] quantity ( s$im5t ?an at o!r seasons4 ,! wa/e ( cliffs1 too1 by ! action ( ! waves1 is mu* great] 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,?us1 :ile at "o season a p>ticul> riv] or curr5t may be comp>atively free f s$im5t1 at ano!r x w c>ry along 9 its turbid c\rse an almo/ incr$ible freight ( m9]al matt]4 ,we h a notable example 9 ! case ( ! ,ganges4 ,! bulk ( e>?y matt] :i* ?is riv] dis*>ges into ! sea dur+ ! f\r mon?s ( ra91 av]ages ab\t #ej1jjj1jjj ( cubic feet p] day2 :]eas ! daily dis*>ge dur+ ! ?ree mon?s ( hot wea!r is consid]ably less ?an "o hundr$? "p ( t am\nt4#da ,besides ?is v>iety 9 ! quantity ( mat]ials c>ri$1 !re is also a great v>iety 9 ! velocity bo? ( riv]s & ( curr5ts2 & !re=e !y w n always c>ry ! same mat]ials to ! same di/ance2 = ! less rapid ! /ream1 ! soon] w ! s$im5t fall to ! bottom4 ,we may add t curr5ts1 z is well kn[n1 (t5 *ange _! direction f v>i\s causes1 & ?us at diff]5t times !y w c>ry ! wa/e ( ! l& to diff]5t p>ts ( ! ocean4 ,f ^! consid]ations two conclusions may be fairly d$uc$3 ,fir/1 t ! process ( deposition may (t5 g on v rapidly = a "t ov] a giv5 area1 & !n altoge!r cease1 & aft] an int]val beg9 aga94 ,9 ?is way "t may be all[$ = "o deposit to acquire m or less consi/5cy be=e ! next is sup]impos$2 & ?us a succession ( di/9ct b$s w be produc$4 ,secondly1 we may inf] t ! same precise mat]ials w n always be deposit$ ov] ! same area2 at "o "t x w be s&1 at ano!r gravel1 at ano!r clay1 at ano!r "s comb9ation ( ^! or o!r m9]al sub/ances4 ,& ?us x may happ5 t ! /rata deposit$ 9 successive p]iods ( "t %all n only be di/9ct "o f ! o!r1 b compos$ ( diff]5t mat]ials2--t !re %all be1 9 fact1 z we s (t5 see t !re are1 b$s ( ,conglom]ate1 ,s&/one1 ,clay1 ,m>l1 & o!r rocks1 succe$+ "o ano!r 9 e v>iety ( ord]4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,/ratifi$ ,,rocks ,,( ,,me*anical ,,orig9--,,fur!r ,,illu/rations4 ,impossible to witness ! =mation ( /ratifi$ rocks 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean--,on a small scale examples are exhibit$ by riv]s & lakes--,alluvial pla9s--,_! extraord9>y f]tility--,great bas9 ( ! ,nile--,exp]im5ts ( ! ,royal ,society--,! ,mississippi & ! ,or9oco--,"s riv]s fill up _! own *annels--,case ( ! riv] ,po--,artificial embankm5ts--,l>ge tract ( alluvial soil deposit$ by ! ,rhone 9 ! ,lake ( ,g5eva--,deltas--,! delta ( ! ,ganges & ,brahmapootra--,delta ( ! ,nile4 ,! argum5t set =? 9 ! la/ *apt] is simple1 +5i\s1 & p]suasive4 ,nay1 we mu/ fairly confess t to u x seems conclusive4 ,we d n mean to say t x am\nts to a rigor\s demon/ration4 ,b x af=ds at lea/ a /rong presumption t ! process ( deposition1 ! process ( consolidation1 & ! process ( /ratification1 are go+ on to a va/ ext5t b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! ocean2 & t1 9 ^! latt] ages ( ! _w's hi/ory1 ,aque\s ,rocks are sl[ly gr[+ up "u ! influ5ce ( natural causes1 :i* resemble 9 e important feature ^? t are n[ attract+ s mu* att5tion )9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?4 ,we are !re=e prep>$ to accept ?is conclusion1 if x be n f\nd at v>iance ) any well-e/abli%$ fact1 or ) any kn[n & c]ta9 tru?4 ,b 9 matt]s ( physical sci5ce ! evid5ce ( our s5ses is1 aft] all1 ! mo/ satisfactory argum5t4 ,& our read]s1 no d\bt1 w\ld l to witness1 if possible1 ) _! eyes1 ! build+ up ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks4 ,n[1 ?\gh x is n giv5 to u to see ?is process 9 all its colossal magnitude z x goes on )9 ! dep?s ( ! mighty ocean1 x is yet possible to behold x exhibit$1 z x 71 9 m9iature1 9 c]ta9 cases :]e ! s$im5t ( riv]s is deposit$ )9 rea* ( obs]vation4 ,e "o is famili> ) ! fact t _m riv]s ov]fl[ _! banks at c]ta9 seasons1 & spread !mselves out ov] a wide area1 sometimes rea*+ to ! foot ( ! hills t b\nd ! valleys ?r\gh :i* !y fl[4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ^? ,alluvial ,pla9s s rem>kable = _! surpass+ ri*ness & f]tility4 ,9 ea* successive ye> a ?9 film ( s$im5t is deposit$ on ! surface ( ! l&2 & ?us 9 ! c\rse ( ages a soil is =m$ capable ( produc+1 season aft] season1 ! mo/ luxuriant crops )\t manife/+ any symptoms ( exhau/ion4 ,! soil ( ! ,alluvial ,pla9 ne> ,/4 ,l\is1 on ! ,mississippi1 is ?us spok5 ( by a mod]n travell]3 8,z to ! quality ( ! l&1 any giv5 numb] ( crops might be gr[n (f x4 ,corn has be5 rais$ on x = a hundr$ ye>s toge!r--z f> back z ! settlem5t is kn[n4 ,to inquire ab\t ! sy/em ( f>m+ 9 ! ,we/ is n productive ( in=mation :i* w\ld be ( s]vice on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,!re is no sy/em3 ! f>m] scrat*es ! gr\nd & ?r[s 9 ! se$1 & 8 b\ntiful h>ve/s come up ye> aft] ye> )\t fur!r ?\ght or tr\ble4 ,?\s&s ( c5turies h made ! soil = him1 & x defies him to make too heavy dem&s ^u x4 ,x gives him all he asks1 & is nev] kn[n to disappo9t or fail40#db ,! great bas9 ( ! ,nile (f]s an admirable example ( an ,alluvial ,pla9 on a scale ( consid]able magnitude4 ,ev5 9 ! days ( ,h]odotus1 ,egypt 0 reg>d$ z ! 8gift ( ! ,nile30 & ! correctness ( ?is op9ion has be5 plac$ beyond all reasonable d\bt by ! inve/igations ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,! riv] be>s along 9 its curr5t1 especially dur+ ! flood season1 a l>ge quantity ( f9e e>?y s$im5t obta9$ by ! process ( ,d5udation f ! m\nta9s ( c5tral ,africa4 ,once a ye>1 betwe5 ! mon?s ( ,july & ,novemb]1 x ov]fl[s its banks1 & ?is s$im5t is deposit$ on ! adjo9+ pla9s4 ,?us a new lay] ( ri* soil is spread out e ye> ov] ! exi/+ surface2 & ! :ole c\ntry is1 9 a mann]1 gr[+ upw>d at ! av]age rate1 accord+ to a r\gh e/imate1 ( ab\t six in*es 9 ! c5tury4 ,ne> ,cairo1 :]e excavations h be5 made1 ! successive lay]s ( annual deposit are di/9ctly visible to ! eye4 ,& x is wor?y ( rem>k t1 al?\gh ea* "o ( ^! is no ?ick] ?an a %eet ( pa/e-bo>d1 ! /ratum ( alluvial soil :i* ov]lies ! s&s ( ! des]t1 & :i* to all appe>ance has come into exi/5ce by ! v same process1 is (t5 =ty1 fifty1 & ev5 sixty feet 9 dep?4 ,a s]ies ( int]e/+ obs]vations & exp]im5ts h be5 rec5tly made "u ! auspices ( ! ,royal ,society1 :i* af=d "s useful in=mation on ?is subject4 ,! colossal /atue ( ,rameses1 ne> ,memphis1 0 f\nd to be p>tly emb$d$ 9 a /ratum ( mud :i* _h gradually accumulat$ ar\nd x4 ,^u s9k+ a %aft1 x 0 discov]$ t f ! pres5t surface ( ! pla9 to ! base ( ! p$e/al is a di/ance ( ne>ly t5 feet4 ,n[1 ,rameses fl\ri%$1 accord+ to ,lepsius1 ab\t "o ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & sixty ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian ,era2 & !re=e1 s9ce t "t1 or )9 a space ( #cbjj ye>s1 x is pretty cle> t a ?ickness ( t5 feet has be5 add$ at ?is spot to ! ,alluvial ,pla9 ( ! ,nile4 ,x is h>d to resi/ ! conclusion t ! next /ratum ( t5 feet z we proce$ d[nw>d1 :i*1 9 e respect1 resembles ! fir/1 mu/ h be5 produc$ 9 ! same way by natural causes2 & s on till we rea* ! b>r5 s& ( ! des]t1 :i* is "h j =ty-two feet bel[ ! pres5t level ( ! pla94#dc ,x %\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ,egypt is no?+ m ?an a great ,alluvial ,pla91 sl[ly built up 9 ! long lapse ( ages1 by ! annual inundations ( ! ,nile4 ,va/ tracts ( ! same k9d are to be f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! ,mississippi1 :i* dra9s ab\t "o-sev5? ( ! :ole ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 has =m$ an ,alluvial ,pla9 m ?an a ?\s& miles 9 l5g?1 & f ?irty to eighty 9 bread?4 ,& 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,or9oco once a ye> spreads out its swoll5 & turbid wat]s ov] an area n unfrequ5tly sev5ty miles broad2 leav+ beh9d1 :5 x subsides1 a sub/antial lay] ( muddy s$im5t to enri* ! soil4#dd ,x w\ld be easy to accumulate examples4 ,b we %all be cont5t ) hav+ ref]r$ ! read] to ! ,great ,bas9 ( ! ,nile1 :i* af=ds special opportunities = ! /udy ( alluvial ph5om5a2 be+ illu/rat$ at once by ! hi/orical monum5ts ( remote antiquity & ! sci5tific rese>*es ( rec5t times4 ,!re is ano!r process by :i* ,alluvial ,pla9s are =m$4 ,x (t5 happ5s t a riv] fills up ! *annel 9 :i* x has be5 mov+ = ye>s1 & is =c$ to %ift its c\rse & seek a new passage to ! sea4 ,9 progress ( "t ?is *annel is fill$ up l ! =m] & des]t$1 & !n a ?ird1 & !n a f\r?4 ,at ea* *ange a new /ratum is =m$1 almo/ always di/+ui%$ = its extraord9>y f]tility4 ,?is ph5om5on is *iefly to be look$ = :5 an ext5sive & almo/ level pla9 lies betwe5 "s l(ty range ( m\nta9s & ! sea4 ,9 su* a case1 ! riv] :i* be>s away ! wa/e ( ! m\nta9s1 w move onw>d 9 its c\rse ) a sluggi% curr5t1 & w1 ( necessity1 deposit ! great] "p ( its burd5 on ! way4 ,!re is sc>cely a c\ntry 9 ! _w t does n ab\nd 9 =mations ( ?is k9d2 & we c\ld po9t to _m notable in/ances 9 :i* h]ds ( cattle are n[ graz+ on ! v spot :]e1 )9 q rec5t times1 ! turbid wat]s ( "s great /ream fl[$ sull5ly along4 ,! riv] ,po1 :i* receives ?r\gh a ?\s& m\nta9 torr5ts an enorm\s quantity ( m9]al s$im5t f ! ,alps1 af=ds an in/ructive example4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury x has _m times *ang$ its c\rse1 (t5 committ+ great deva/ations1 & always leav+ beh9d unmi/akable traces ( its movem5ts4 ,sev]al t[ns t once /ood on ! left bank ( ! riv] are n[ on ! "r4 ,9 "s in/ances p>i% *ur*es & religi\s h\ses 7 pull$ d[n :5 ! dev\r+ /ream 0 se5 sl[ly to approa*1 & !n rebuilt ) ! same mat]ials at a great] di/ance4 ,an old *annel may be easily recogniz$ at ! pres5t day ne> ,cremona1 :i* be>s ! "n ( ,po ,morto1 & ano!r call$ ,po ,vec*io1 9 ! t]ritory ( ,p>ma4 ,x may be int]e/+ to our read]s to le>n t ^! movem5ts h be5 *eck$ 9 mod]n times4 ,by a sy/em ( artificial embankm5t ! wat]s ( ! riv] are n[ conf9$ )9 def9ite & n>r[ limits3 ?us ! velocity ( ! curr5t is increas$ & a v consid]able portion ( ! s$im5t is c>ri$ on to ! sea4 ,nev]!less1 mu* is /ill deposit$ 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]1 :i* is1 9 consequ5ce1 rais$ high] & high] ea* successive ye>4 ,h5ce x has become necess>y1 9 ord] to prev5t inundations1 to add e season to ! height ( ! embankm5ts1 s t ! riv] n[ pres5ts ! appe>ance ( an enorm\s aqu$uct1 ( :i* "s idea may be =m$ f ! fact t1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,f]r>a1 ! surface ( ! /ream is high] ?an ! ro(s ( ! h\ses4 ,?is sy/em ( embankm5t is c>ri$ on v ext5sively 9 ,nor!rn ,italy to *eck ! ov]fl[+ ( riv]s1 & to prev5t !m f *ang+ _! c\rses4 ,x is z old z ! "t ( ,dante1 :o tells u t ! inhabitants ( ,padua erect$ b>ri]s along ! ,br5ta :5 ! sn[s began to melt & ! season ( ! floods 0 approa*+1 8,p] dif5d] lor ville e lor ca/elli1 ,anzi *e ,*i>5tana il caldo s5ta40 ,inf]no1 ,canto xv4 ,z a riv] sometimes fills up its own *annel1 s too may x fill up a lake ?r\gh :i* x fl[s1 & conv]t x likewise into a great ,alluvial ,pla94 ,?us x is said sev]al ext5sive lakes h be5 trans=m$ into dry l& 9 mod]n times ne> ,p>ma1 ,piac5za1 & ,cremona4 ,else:]e ! process may be se5 9 actual op]ation4 ,! ,rhone :5 x ent]s ! lake ( ,g5eva is a turbid discolor$ /ream2 ! natural consequ5ce ( ! imm5se quantity ( e>?y s$im5t ) :i* x is *>g$4 ,b z x sl[ly moves along1 ! s$im5t falls to ! bottom1 & :51 at l5g?1 8by ,leman's wat]s wa%$10 x em]ges at ! t[n ( ,g5eva1 & %oots b5ea? ! magnific5t bridge t jo9s ! opposite %ores1 x has already assum$ t beautiful azure blue :i* travell]s love to gaze on1 & poets love to s+4 ,! s$im5t left beh9d goes to =m a great alluvial tract :i* is sl[ly b /eadily advanc+ into ! lake4 ,an anci5t t[n call$ ,port ,vallais1 :i*1 eight c5turies ago1 /ood at ! wat]'s edge1 is n[ a mile & a half inl&4 ,& if ! _w 7 to la/ long en\gh1 & ! natural ag5ts at pres5t 9 op]ation 7 to rema9 un*ang$1 ! "t w\ld come1 we c sc>cely d\bt1 :5 ! :ole lake ( ,g5eva w\ld h be5 conv]t$ into an ,alluvial ,pla9 ( va/ ext5t & inexhau/ible f]tility4 ,?is la/ example leads u on to ! ph5om5on ( ,deltas1 :i* af=d1 p]haps1 ! be/ opportunity ( obs]v+ ! actual =mation ( /ratifi$ rocks4 ,"s l>ge riv]s1 z we h already se51 ent] ! sea ) su* extreme velocity z to be> away _! s$im5t to a di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ miles f ! l&4 ,b 9 o!r cases ! onw>d ru% ( ! /ream is mu* soon] arre/$1 & ! s$im5t1 if x be n caught up by ocean curr5ts1 is deposit$ ne> ! m\? ( ! riv]1 & =ms a triangul> tract ( alluvial l&4 ,?is k9d ( deposit is call$ a ,delta1 f ! resemblance x be>s to ! lett] 77 ( t "n 9 ! ,greek ,alphabet4 ,! apex ( ! triangle po9ts up ! /ream1 ! base is t[>d ! sea4 ,h5ce1 :5 a ,delta is =m$ ! riv] naturally divides into two bran*es1 "o fl[+ to ! "r1 ! o!r to ! left4 ,9 progress ( "t new *annels are almo/ always made1 & ! great /ream empties itself into ! sea by _m m\?s4 ,! ,delta =m$ 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal by ! two great riv]s ( ,india1 ! ,ganges & ! ,brahmapootra1 (f]s an illu/ration ( ?is ph5om5on on a scale ( unusual magnitude4 ,inde$1 /rictly speak+1 x is n "o ,delta only1 b r two ,deltas ly+ side by side2 ! "o d]iv+ its orig9 f ! ,ganges1 ! o!r f ! ,brahmapootra4 ,?is d\ble ,delta ext5ds its base = two hundr$ & fifty miles along ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 & /ret*es inw>d into ! cont95t ( ,india to an almo/ equal di/ance4 ,"h1 !n1 is a va/ tract ( c\ntry manife/ly compos$ ( e>?y s$im5t1 obta9$ by ! process ( ,d5udation f ! ,himalayan m\nta9s1 & aft]w>d transport$ to its pres5t site by ! ag5cy ( mov+ wat]4 ,b ! deposition ( e>?y matt] does n sudd5ly come to an end :5 we rea* ! pres5t l9e ( ! coa/4 ,! sea is visibly discolor$ by ! s$im5t f> beyond ! actual base ( ! ,delta2 & a slop+ bank ( mud is f\nd to /ret* b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! ,bay to a di/ance ( a hundr$ miles4 ,ev5 )9 ! %ort p]iod ( a man's life ! doma9 ( dry l& is (t5 visibly enl>g$4 ,s&banks are fir/ =m$ 9 "s ( ^? num]\s w9d+ *annels ?r\gh :i* ! two riv]s f9d _! way to ! sea4 ,! s&banks1 receiv+ fre% accessions dur+ ea* succe$+ flood1 9 a %ort "t become isl&s2 & ! isl&s h be5 kn[n1 9 a few ye>s1 to atta9 a sup]ficial ext5t ( _m squ>e miles4 ,!n beg9s to appe> a wild & luxuriant vegetation--re$s1 long grass1 %rubs1 & trees2 & ^? imp5etrable ?ickets are =m$1 to :i* ! buffalo1 ! rh9oc]os1 & ! tig] soon resort = %elt]4 ,a v ext5sive tract ( ?is k9d1 adjo9+ ! sea-coa/1 & kn[n z ! ,sund]bunds1 is said to be z l>ge z ! pr9cipality ( ,wales4 ,! ,delta ( ! ,nile1 ?\gh n q "o-half z l>ge z ! ,delta ( ! ,ganges1 pres5ts nev]!less "s features ( peculi> int]e/4 ,9 _m places :]e a v]tical section is expos$ to view1 ! ph5om5on ( /ratification may be di/9ctly recogniz$4 ,! upp] "p ( ! deposit belong+ to ea* ye> is compos$ ( e>? ( a light] color ?an ! l[] "p2 & ! :ole =ms a di/9ct lay] ( h>d5$ clay1 :i* may be easily sep>at$ f ^? above & bel[4 ,?is =mation1 !re=e1 corresponds exactly ) ^? /rata ( %ale :i* we s (t5 meet ) 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?4 ,aga91 _m ( ! old *annels ?r\gh :i* ! ,nile made its way to ! sea 9 anci5t times1 h be5 s9ce fill$ up & conv]t$ into solid l&4 ,! two extreme arms ( ! riv]1 :i* =m]ly enclos$ ! ,delta1 7 two hundr$ miles ap>t :]e !y ent]$ ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,b ^! *annels are n[ ,alluvial ,pla9s1 & ! base ( ! ,delta is b n9ety miles 9 l5g?4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ! quantity ( l& :i* has be5 =m$ by ! s$im5t ( ! ,nile is mu* great] n[ ?an x =m]ly 01 ! size ( ! ,delta prop]ly s call$ has n be5 increas$ b dim9i%$4 ,if we turn to ! great cont95t ( ,am]ica1 we are met by results n less /rik+ & important4 ,! ,delta ( ! ,mississippi is two hundr$ miles 9 l5g?1 & "o hundr$ & =ty 9 bread?4 ,?is va/ /ratum ( mud is betwe5 five & six hundr$ feet ?ick1 & cov]s an area twelve ?\s& squ>e miles 9 ext5t4 ,ea* ye> x receives f ! great ,fa!r ( ,riv]s a new accession ( s$im5t :i* is comput$ at #c1gjj1jjj1jjj ( cubic feet4 ,& besides ?is annual deposit ( inorganic matt]1 we mu/ n omit f our e/imate ! c\ntless trees ( v>i\s species & ( gigantic size1 :i* are torn up by ! floods1 c>ri$ along by ! impetu\s /ream1 & buri$ at la/ ) ! bones ( animals1 & works ( human art1 & o!r spoils ( ! l&1 9 ! mud ( ! ,delta at ! riv]'s m\?4#de ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,/ratifi$ ,,rocks ,,( ,,*emical ,,orig94 ,*emical ag5cy employ$ 9 ! =mation ( me*anical rock--,b "s rocks produc$ almo/ exclusively by ! action ( *emical laws--,diff]5ce betwe5 a mixture & a solution--,a saturat$ solution--,/alactites & ,/alagmites--,fanta/ic columns 9 lime/one cav]ns--,! grotto ( ,antip>os 9 ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago--,wy]'s cave 9 ! ,blue ,m\nta9s ( ,am]ica--,trav]t9e rock 9 ,italy--,gr[? ( lime/one 9 ! ,solfat>a ,lake ne> ,tivoli--,incru/ations ( ! ,anio--,=mation ( trav]t9e at ! ba?s ( ,san ,filippo & ,san ,vignone4 ,! ,aque\s ,rocks ( :i* we h spok5 9 ! la/ two *apt]s are call$ by ,geologi/s ,me*anical2 inasmu* z !y owe _! exi/5ce *iefly to ! ag5cy ( ,me*anical =ce4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t a v consid]able %>e 9 ! production ( ^! rocks mu/ be ascrib$1 n unfrequ5tly1 to ,*emical influ5ce4 ,*emical action helps to prep>e ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$2 & ,*emical action likewise furni%es ! calc>e\s1 silice\s1 & o!r m9]al cem5ts by :i* !y are1 9 a great measure1 consolidat$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a second class ( ,aque\s ,rocks :i* are produc$ almo/ exclusively by ! op]ation ( ,*emical laws1 & :i* we h accord+ly d5om9at$ ,/ratifi$ ,rocks ( ,*emical ,orig94 ,x is ( ^! t we purpose to speak 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,!y con/itute a mu* small] proportion ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ ?an ei!r ! ,me*anical or ! ,organic ,rocks4 ,b ! hi/ory ( _! =mation is curi\s & in/ructive4 ,we %all conf9e ourselves to "o or two simple & famili> illu/rations4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! illu/rations we %all h a good deal to say ab\t ,c>bonate ( ,lime 9 a /ate ( solution2 & x may p]haps be useful to expla91 fir/ ( all1 :at is meant by a solution1 9 ! te*nical language ( ,*emi/ry4 ,if a spoonful ( salt is put into a tumbl] ( wat]1 ! p>ticles ( salt1 aft] a little "t1 cease to coh]e toge!r1 & become s diffus$ ?r\gh ! wat] z to be no long] visible to ! eye1 al?\gh _! pres5ce 9 e "p may be easily disc]n$ by ! ta/e4 ,! salt is !n said to be dissolv$1 & ! wat] 9 :i* x is dissolv$ is call$ a solution ( salt4 ,x is important to di/+ui% ! case ( a solution f ! case ( a m]e me*anical mixture4 ,if1 in/ead ( ! salt1 we 7 to put into ! tumbl] ( wat] a spoonful ( v f9e s&1 !n we %\ld h a mixture b n a solution4 ,by /irr+ briskly ! cont5ts ( ! tumbl] we might1 inde$1 effect a v close union betwe5 ! p>ticles ( wat] & ! p>ticles ( s&3 b ?is union w\ld be altoge!r diff]5t 9 k9d f ! union t 0 obs]v$ 9 ! =m] case betwe5 ! p>ticles ( wat] & ! p>ticles ( salt4 ,fir/1 ! s& w\ld rema9 visible to ! eye1 mak+ ! wat] turbid & discolor$2 :]eas ! salt entirely disappe>$1 leav+ ! wat] limpid & transp>5t z be=e4 ,aga91 if ! wat] be all[$ to re/1 ! s& w 9 "t fall to ! bottom1 :]eas ! salt w n4 ,b !re is a limit to ! capacity ( wat] = hold+ salt 9 solution4 ,if spoonful aft] spoonful be add$1 x w be f\nd1 :5 a c]ta9 po9t has be5 rea*$1 t ! wat] c at l5g? dissolve no m4 ,x is !n call$ a saturat$ solution ( salt4 ,if1 9 ?is case1 a portion ( ! wat] 7 to pass away by evaporation1 x is cle>1 we %\ld h ! same quantity ( salt z be=e1 9 a small] quantity ( wat]4 ,! consequ5ce w\ld be t all ! salt c\ld n !n be held 9 solution1 & "s ( x w\ld fall to ! bottom2 or1 9 *emical language1 a precipitate ( salt w\ld be =m$ on ! bottom ( ! tumbl]4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,geologi/s1 _m rocks1 hundr$s ( feet ?ick1 & solid en\gh to =m ! walls ( our palaces1 our *ur*es1 & our ca/les1 h be5 produc$ 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? by j su* a process z ?is4 ,9 support ( _! !ory we are ab\t to %[ t ! process is actually go+ on 9 our own "t1 & is op5 to ! exam9ation ( all :o may desire to /udy x = !mselves4 ,we %all beg9 ) ! =mation ( ,/alactites & ,/alagmites4 ,! mode 9 :i* ^! s+ul> masses ( rock are br\ght into exi/5ce is v cle>ly expla9$1 & ! picturesque appe>ance !y s (t5 pres5t to ! eye is v graphically describ$1 by ,dr4 ,mantell1 9 8 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 f :i* ! foll[+ passages are tak53--8,"o ( ! mo/ common appe>ances 9 lime/one cav]ns is ! =mation ( :at are call$ ,/alactites1 f a ,greek ^w signify+ di/illation or dropp+4 ,:5ev] wat] filt]s ?r\gh a lime/one rock x dissolves a portion ( x2 & on rea*+ any op5+1 su* z a cav]n1 oozes f ! sides or ro(1 & =ms a drop1 ! moi/ure ( :i* is soon evaporat$ by ! air1 & a small circul> plate or r+ ( calc>e\s matt] rema9s2 ano!r drop succe$s 9 ! same place1 & adds1 f ! same cause1 a fre% coat ( incru/ation4 ,9 "t1 ^! successive additions produce a long1 irregul>1 conical projection f ! ro(1 :i* is g5]ally holl[1 & is cont9ually be+ increas$ by ! fre% accession ( wat]1 load$ ) calc>e\s or *alky matt]3 ?is is deposit$ on ! outside ( ! ,/alactite already =m$1 &1 trickl+ d[n1 adds to its l5g? by subsid+ to ! po9t1 & evaporat+ z be=e2 precisely 9 ! same mann] z1 dur+ fro/y wea!r1 icicles are =m$ on ! edges ( ! eaves ( a ro(4 ,:5 ! supply ( wat] hold+ lime 9 solution is too rapid to all[ ( its evaporation at ! bottom ( ! ,/alactite1 x drops on ! floor ( ! cave1 & dry+ up gradually1 =ms 9 l mann] a ,/alactite ris+ upw>d f ! gr\nd1 in/ead ( hang+ f ! ro(2 ?is is call$ = ! sake ( di/9ction ,/alagmite4 8,x frequ5tly happ5s1 :]e ^! processes are un9t]rupt$1 t a ,/alactite hang+ f ! ro(1 & a ,/alagmite =m$ imm$iately "u x f ! sup]-abundant wat]1 increase until !y unite1 & ?us con/itute a natural pill>1 app>5tly support+ ! ro( ( ! grotto4 ,x is to ! grotesque =ms assum$ by ,/alactites & ^! natural columns1 t cav]ns owe ! int]e/+ appe>ances describ$ 9 su* gl[+ t]ms by ^? :o witness !m = ! fir/ "t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful /alactitic cav]ns 9 ,engl& is at ,clapham1 ne> ,+lebor\gh4 ,9 ! ,*$d> ,cliffs1 ,som]set%ire1 !re has be5 discov]$ a simil> cave ri*ly incru/$ ) sp>ry concretions4 ,!re are o!rs 9 ,d]by%ire4 8,! grotto ( ,antip>os 9 ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago1 n f> f ,p>os1 has long be5 celebrat$4 ,! sides & ro( ( its pr9cipal cavity are cov]$ ) imm5se incru/ations ( calc>e\s sp>1 :i* =m ei!r ,/alactites dep5d+ f above or irregul> pill>s ris+ f ! floor4 ,sev]al p]fect columns rea*+ to ! ceil+ h be5 =m$ & o!rs are /ill 9 progress1 by ! union ( ! ,/alactite f above ) ! ,/alagmite bel[4 ,^!1 be+ compos$ ( matt] sl[ly deposit$1 h assum$ ! mo/ fanta/ic %apes2 :ile ! pure1 :ite1 & glitt]+ sp> beautifully cat*es & reflects ! light ( ! tor*es ( ! visitors to ?is subt]ranean palace1 9 a mann] :i* causes all a/oni%m5t to cease at ! romantic tales told ( ! place--( its caves ( diamonds & ( its ruby walls2 ! simple tru?1 :5 depriv$ ( all exagg]ation1 be+ suffici5t to excite admiration & awe4 8,sometimes a l9e> fissure 9 ! ro(1 by ! direction x gives to ! dropp+ ( ! lapidify+ wat]1 =ms a p]fectly transp>5t curta9 or p>tition4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is k9d occurs 9 a cav]n 9 ,nor? ,am]ica call$ ,wy]'s ,cave4 ,?is cave is situat$ 9 a ridge ( lime/one hills runn+ p>allel to ! ,blue ,m\nta9s4 ,a n>r[ & rugg$ fissure leads to a l>ge cav]n1 :]e ! mo/ grotesque figures1 =m$ by ! p]colation ( wat] ?r\gh b$s ( lime/one1 pres5t !mselves1 :ile ! eye1 glanc+ onw>d1 wat*es ! dim & di/ant glimm]s ( ! lights ( ! guides--"s 9 ! recess bel[1 & o!rs 9 ! gall]ies above4 ,pass+ f ^! recesses1 ! passage conducts to a flight ( /eps t leads into a l>ge cav]n ( irregul> =m & ( great beauty4 ,its dim5sions are ab\t ?irty feet by fifty4 ,"h ! incru/ations hang j l a %eet ( wat] t 0 froz5 z x fell2 !re !y rise into a beautiful /alactite pill>2 & yond] compose an elevat$ seat1 surr\nd$ by sp>ry p9nacles4 ,beyond ?is room is ano!r m irregul>1 b m beautiful2 = besides hav+ sp>ry ornam5ts 9 common ) ! o!rs1 ! ro( ov]head is ( ! mo/ admirable & s+ul> =mation4 ,x is entirely cov]$ ) ,/alactites1 :i* are susp5d$ f x l inv]t$ p9nacles2 & !y are ( ! f9e/ mat]ial1 & mo/ beautifully %ap$ & emboss$4 ,9 ano!r ap>tm5t an imm5se %eet ( transp>5t ,/alactite1 :i* ext5ds f ! floor to ! ro(1 emits1 :5 /ruck1 deep & mell[ s\nds l ^? ( a muffl$ drum4 8,f>!r on is ano!r vault$ *amb]1 :i* is "o hundr$ feet long1 ?irty-six wide1 & tw5ty-six high4 ,its walls are fill$ ) grotesque concretions4 ,! effect ( ! lights plac$ by ! guides at v>i\s elevations1 & leav+ hidd5 m ?an !y reveal1 is extremely f9e4 ,at ! extremity ( ano!r range ( ap>tm5ts1 a magnific5t hall1 two hundr$ & fifty feet long1 & ?irty-?ree feet high1 sudd5ly appe>s4 ,"h is a spl5did %eet ( rock-"w runn+ up ! c5tre ( ! room1 & giv+ x ! aspect ( two sep>ate & noble gall]ies4 ,?is p>tition rises tw5ty feet above ! floor1 & leaves ! f9e span ( ! ar*$ ro( unt\*$4 ,!re is "h a beautiful concretion1 :i* has ! =m & drap]y ( a gigantic /atue2 & ! :ole place is fill$ ) /alagmitical masses ( ! mo/ v>i$ & grotesque "*4 ,! f9e p]spective ( ?is room1 f\r times ! l5g? ( an ord9>y *ur*1 & ! amaz+ vault$ ro( spread+ ov]head1 )\t any support ( pill> or column1 produce a mo/ /rik+ effect4 ,9 ano!r ap>tm5t1 :i* has an altitude ( fifty feet1 !re is at "o end an elevat$ recess ornam5t$ ) a gr\p ( p5dant ,/alactites ( unusual size & s+ul> beauty4 ,!y are z l>ge z ! pipes ( a full-siz$ organ1 & rang$ ) great regul>ity3 :5 /ruck !y emit mell[ s\nds ( v>i\s keys1 n unlike ! tones ( musical glasses4 ,! l5g? ( ?is extraord9>y gr\p ( cav]ns is n less ?an "o ?\s& six hundr$ feet40 ,9 ! case ( ,/alactites & ,/alagmites ! actual =mation ( lime/one by ! influ5ce ( ,*emical action is br\ght home =cibly to ! m9d1 &1 9 a mann]1 made palpable to ! s5ses4 ,we %all n[ pass to o!r examples 9 :i* ! process is sc>cely less op5 to obs]vation1 & 9 :i* ! lime/one assumes a some:at m massive & rock-l =m4 ,e "o :o has be5 9 ,italy is famili> ) ! lime/one rock call$ ,trav]t9e4 ,x is se5 9 ! anci5t walls & ! v5]able temples ( ,p/um1 :i* h )/ood unh>m$ ! wa/+ h& ( "t = upw>d ( tw5ty c5turies4 ,9 ,rome1 too1 ?is /one is associat$ 9 our m9ds z well ) ! endur+ monum5ts ( antiquity1 z ) ! impos+ spl5dor ( ,*ri/ian art4 ,! ,coliseum1 ! mo/ /up5d\s ( ru9s1 & ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ! mo/ sublime ( temples1 are built ( ,trav]t9e4 ,9 fact x seems to h be51 9 e age1 ! *ief build+ /one employ$ 9 ! ar*itecture ( ! ,et]nal ,city2 & ! qu>ries f :i* x 0 tak5 9 anci5t times may /ill be se5 at ,ponte ,lucano1 ne> ,tivoli4 ,n[ x is an int]e/+ fact1 t close to ?is v spot1 at ! ,solfat>a lake on ! "o side1 & at ,tivoli itself on ! o!r1 ! =mation ( ,trav]t9e is go+ on 9 our own "t1 by ! precipitation ( lime f a /ate ( solution4 ,! ,solfat>a lake1 situat$ ab\t f\rte5 miles f ,rome1 on ! road to ,tivoli1 is suppli$ ) an unfail+ /ream ( tepid wat]1 impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid gas & saturat$ ) c>bonate ( lime4 ,! am\nt ( c>bonate ( lime :i* ! wat] is capable ( hold+ 9 solution dep5ds *iefly on ?ree ?+s3 fir/1 on ! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid2 secondly1 on ! high temp]ature ( ! wat]2 & ?irdly1 on its quantity4 ,n[ ! c>bonic acid is ev] ris+ 9 bubbles to ! surface & pass+ away2 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is l[]$ by contact ) ! cool] atmosph]e2 & its quantity is dim9i%$ by evaporation4 ,?us ! capacity :i* ! wat] at fir/ _h = hold+ ! c>bonate ( lime 9 solution is notably dim9i%$1 & a "p ( ! lime is precipitat$ to ! bottom 9 a solid =m1 or cl+s to ! vegetable matt] ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,a v simple & int]e/+ exp]im5t1 made 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury by ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 w illu/rate ! rapidity ) :i* ! =mation ( solid /one is ev5 n[ tak+ place4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,may he fix$ a /ick 9 ! b$ ( ! lake1 & left x /&+ until ! foll[+ ,april1 :5 he f\nd t x 0 cov]$ ) an incru/ation ( lime/one sev]al in*es ?ick4#df ,9 precisely ! same way new lay]s ( ,trav]t9e are annually deposit$ 9 ! b$ ( ! lake1 & incru/$ on its rocky m>g92 & s ! lake itself is becom+ small] & small] f ye> to ye>4 ,we are told t 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury x 0 a mile 9 circuit1 & n[ x is a little m ?an a qu>t] ( a mile4#dg ,"h1 !re=e1 we h an imm5se mass ( compact lime/one rock1 built up by natural ag5ts )9 ! la/ two c5turies4 ,at ,tivoli1 ab\t f\r miles beyond ! ,solfat>a1 & two miles f ! qu>ries ( ,ponte ,lucano1 ph5om5a ( ! same k9d are exhibit$4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,anio1 :i* are saturat$ ) c>bonate ( lime1 =m incru/ations ( ,trav]t9e on ! banks ( ! riv]2 & at ! celebrat$ falls1 :]e ! :ole volume ( ! /ream leaps at a b\nd f a height ( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty feet1 ! mo/ beautiful /alactites are =m$ by ! foam4 ,! =mation ( ,trav]t9e is go+ on ) no less activity 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,italian ,p59sula4 ,at ! ba?s ( ,san ,filippo1 9 ,tuscany1 !re are ?ree w>m spr+s :i* conta9 a v l>ge am\nt ( m9]al matt] 9 solution4 ,! wat] :i* supplies ! ba?s falls into a pond1 :]e x has be5 kn[n to deposit a solid /ratum ( rock ?irty feet ?ick 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,9 ! same neighborhood are ! m9]al ba?s ( ,san ,vignone4 ,! s\rce f :i* ! wat] fl[s is situat$ on ! summit ( a hill n m ?an a few hundr$ y>ds f ! high road betwe5 ,si5na & ,rome2 & s rapid is ! =mation ( /one1 t half a foot ( solid ,trav]t9e is deposit$ e ye> 9 ! pipe t conducts ! wat] to ! ba?s4 ,at ?is spot we h a v good illu/ration ( ! argum5t we are n[ consid]+4 ,z ! /ream ( wat] fl[s d[n ! slopes ( ! hill1 a ?9 lay] ( ,trav]t9e rock is produc$ on ! surface ( ! e>?1 almo/ be=e our eyes2 & s x 0 previ\s to our own "t1 & s x has be5 = ages1 z hi/ory & tradition te/ify4 ,! quantity produc$ 9 ea* ye> & 9 ea* c5tury is comp>atively small1 b we c h no d\bt t x has be5 produc$ by ! means describ$4 ,n[1 b5ea? ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 imm$iately bel[ ^! mod]n =mations1 ( :i* we h s cle>ly asc]ta9$ ! orig91 we f9d /rata ( ! same k9d1 compos$ ( ! same mat]ials1 & arrang$ 9 ! same way1 lay] re/+ ^u lay]1 d[n to a dep? ( two hundr$ feet3 & ! ,geologi/ acc\nts = ! =mation ( ! "o accord+ to ! same laws :i* he has se5 at "w 9 ! production ( ! o!r4#dh ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,/ratifi$ ,,rocks ,,( ,,organic ,,orig9--,,illu/rations ,,f ,,animal ,,life4 ,nature ( organic rocks--,c>bonate ( lime extract$ f ! sea by ! int]v5tion ( m9ute animalcules--,*alk rock--,its va/ ext5t--,suppos$ to be ( organic orig9--,a /ratum ( ! same k9d n[ gr[+ up on ! floor ( ! ,atlantic ocean--,coral reefs & isl&s--,_! g5]al appe>ance--,_! geographical di/ribution--,_! organic orig9--,/ructure ( ! zoophyte--,v>i\s illu/rations--,ag5cy ( ! zoophyte 9 ! con/ruction ( coral rock--,h[ ! sunk5 reef is conv]t$ into an isl& & peopl$ ) plants & animals--,difficulty propos$ & consid]$--,hypo!sis ( ,mr4 ,d>w9--,coral lime/one 9 ! solid cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,we n[ pass to ! ?ird division ( ,aque\s ,rocks1 ^?1 namely1 :i* are believ$ to h come into exi/5ce *iefly ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( animal & vegetable life1 & are !re=e call$ ,organic4 ,! /udy ( ^! rocks has be5 prosecut$ ) no inconsid]able ardor dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s2 & ! facts :i* h be5 br\ght to light are c]ta9ly among/ ! mo/ curi\s & int]e/+ 9 ! :ole range ( physical sci5ce4 ,inde$ we are conv9c$ t a simple n>rative ( ! rese>*es :i* h rec5tly be5 made ^u ?is subject1 & ! discov]ies to :i* ^! rese>*es h l$1 w\ld be no less attractive1 & sc>cely less wond]ful1 ?an a fairy tale4 ,b x is n = u to w&] at l>ge ov] ?is va/ & tempt+ field ( inquiry4 ,we mu/ be cont5t ) "o or two examples1 :i* may help to illu/rate ! process ( inductive reason+ ^u :i* ! g5]al pr9ciples ( geological sci5ce are f\nd$4 ,x is argu$1 !n1 t ! pres5t op]ations ( ,nature af=d ! be/ key = ! int]pretation ( h] works 9 bygone times4 ,we obs]ve v>i\s b$s ( rocks n[ 9 c\rse ( =mation on ! surface ( ! ,e>?2 & )9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? we discov] correspond+ /rata ( ! self-same rock already complete1 & laid by1 z x 71 9 ,nature's /oreh\se4 ,side by side1 !re=e1 we may /udy & comp>e ! f9i%$ "w & ! "w t is yet 9 progress2 & if1 on a close exam9ation1 !y are f\nd to agree 9 all ess5tial *>act]s1 we h d\btless a /rong presumption1 t ! same causes :i* are n[ produc+ ! "o1 mu/ 9 =m] times h produc$ ! o!r4 ,?is l9e ( argum5t we h already consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ^? two classes ( ,aque\s ,rocks1 :i* are said to be respectively ( ,me*anical & ( ,*emical orig94 ,we n[ proce$ to %[ t x is no less applicable to ^? :i* are call$ ,organic4 ,& al?\gh we may n hope to unfold all ! secret wond]s ( ,nature's laboratory1 t h come to light 9 rec5t times1 yet we may af=d a pass+ glimpse at h] op]ations1 :i* c sc>cely fail to be int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,we h %[n h[ /rata ( solid rock are sometimes =m$ 9 lakes by ! precipitation ( lime f a /ate ( solution4 ,n[ ?is process _c take place 9 ! sea2 = ?\gh lime is pres5t 9 ! sea1 ! quantity ( c>bonic acid ) :i* x is !re associat$1 is f> m ?an suffici5t to r5d] its precipitation impossible4#di ,b ,nature has ano!r contrivance = ga!r+ toge!r ! solid elem5ts ( h] build+4 ,! dep?s ( ! ocean are teem+ ) life2 & c\ntless tribes ( m9ute animals are furni%$ ) ! p[] ( extract+ ! lime f ! wat]s !y inhabit1 & ( reproduc+ x "u a new =m4 ,sometimes1 ?r\gh ?is my/]i\s op]ation ( organic life1 ! lime is conv]t$ into a calc>e\s %ell1 l t ( ! oy/]2 sometimes into a /ony skeleton1 z 9 ! case ( ! num]\s families ( coral-produc+ animalcules4 ,aft] dea? ! s(t1 fle%y sub/ance ( ^! animals melts away & disappe>s2 b ! lime/one %ells & skeletons rema91 accumulat+ dur+ ! long c\rse ( ages to an almo/ incr$ible ext5t4 ,&1 if we are to believe ,geologi/s1 out ( ^! accumulat$ mat]ials1 sometimes pres]v+ _! orig9al =m & /ructure1 sometimes alt]$ m or less by *emical action1 sometimes brok5 up into fragm5ts by me*anical =ce1 has be5 produc$ a v l>ge proportion ( ! lime/one rocks :i* occur s abundantly 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?4 ,no bett] illu/ration c be f\nd ?an ! :ite e>?y lime/one1 famili> to e "o "u ! "n ( *alk4 ,an undulat+ /ratum ( ,*alk ,rock1 atta9+ n unfrequ5tly a ?ickness ( "o ?\s& feet1 may be said1 speak+ r\ghly1 to und]lie ! s\!a/]n half ( ,engl&4 ,sometimes x appe>s at ! surface3 sometimes x dips d[nw>d1 & =ms a k9d ( great bas91 ov] :i* are regul>ly spread out v>i\s o!r gr\ps ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks4 ,on ! s\!rn coa/ x rises to a height ( sev]al hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! sea 9 a l9e ( p]p5dicul> cliffs1 conspicu\s f a di/ance by _! dazzl+ :it5ess4 ,b ! ,:ite ,*alk ( ,engl& is only an insignificant "p ( a great rock-=mation1 :i* may be trac$ ov] ext5sive areas ?r\gh\t all ,europe1 f ,irel& to ! ,crimea1 f ! ,baltic ,sea to ! ,bay ( ,biscay2 & :i* ev]y:]e pres]ves 9 a rem>kable degree ! same m9]al "*1 & pres5ts to ! eye ! same g5]al appe>ance4 ,n[ x _h (t5 be5 sugge/$ by ,geologi/s t ?is wide-spread =mation d]iv$ its exi/5ce *iefly f ! accumulat$ rema9s ( organic life4 ,= 9 _m in/ances ! brok5 %ells ( m9ute animalcules c\ld be di/9ctly obs]v$ to con/itute a "p ( ! rock4 ,& ev5 :]e ! organic /ructure c\ld n be s cle>ly trac$1 ! c>bonate ( lime compos+ ! ,*alk pres5t$ j t appe>ance :i* w\ld naturally result f ! decomposition ( su* %ells4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 0 long put =w>d ) diffid5ce & receiv$ ) incr$ulity4 ,ev5 sci5tific m5 f\nd x h>d to p]suade !mselves t a solid rock ( su* great ext5t & ?ickness c\ld h be5 ! "w ( ag5ts app>5tly s insignificant4 ,b x has be5 confirm$ & illu/rat$ 9 a v int]e/+ & unexpect$ mann] )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,:5 ! project ( connect+ ,europe & ,am]ica by a telegraph cable 0 fir/ set on foot1 x became necess>y to asc]ta91 z f> z possible1 ! g5]al configuration ( ! ocean bottom & ! exact nature ( ! b$ on :i* ! cable 0 to lie4 ,accord+ly 9 ! ye> #aheg an exp$ition 0 fitt$ out = ?is purpose "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,dayman2 & a c>eful s]ies ( s\nd+s 0 tak5 betwe5 ,val5tia1 on ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,k]ry1 & ,tr9ity ,bay on ! %ores ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! floor ( ! ocean betwe5 ,irel& & ,am]ica is a va/ irregul> pla91 & t by f> ! great] "p is cov]$ ov] ) a k9d ( s(t mud or ooze4 ,samples ( ?is ooze 7 scoop$ up1 ev5 at ! mo/ pr(\nd dep?s1 by means ( an +5i\s app>atus atta*$ to ! s\nd+-l9es1 & br\ght undi/urb$ to ! surface4 ,aft]w>d !y 7 c>ri$ home to ,engl& & submitt$ = exam9ation to ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,! result has be5 to %[ t ! mat]ials ( a lime/one rock1 resembl+ 9 e ess5tial feature ! ,:ite ,*alk ( ,europe1 are be+ spread out at ! pres5t day ov] an area ( imm5se ext5t on ! floor ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,) ! p]mission ( our read]s we %all all[ ,pr(essor ,huxley1 z f> z may be1 to tell 8 own /ory4#ej ,z to ! ocean floor itself1 8,x is10 he says1 8a prodigi\s pla9--"o ( ! wide/ & mo/ ev5 pla9s 9 ! _w4 ,if ! sea 7 dra9$ (f1 y might drive a wagon all ! way f ,val5tia to ,tr9ity ,bay4 ,&1 except ^u "o %>p incl9e ab\t two hundr$ miles f ,val5tia1 ,i am n q sure t x w\ld ev5 be necess>y to put ! skid on1 s g5tle are ! asc5ts & desc5ts ^u t long r\te4 ,f ,val5tia ! road w\ld lie d[n hill = ab\t two hundr$ miles to ! po9t at :i* ! bottom is n[ cov]$ by #agjj fa?oms ( sea-wat]4 ,!n w\ld come ! c5tral pla91 m ?an a ?\s& miles wide1 ! inequalities ( ! surface ( :i* w\ld be h>dly p]ceptible1 ?\gh ! dep? ( wat] ^u x n[ v>ies f #aj1jjj to #ae1jjj feet2 & !re are places 9 :i* ,mont ,blanc might be sunk )\t %[+ its peak above wat]4 ,beyond ?is ! asc5t on ! ,am]ican side comm5ces1 & gradually leads = ab\t ?ree hundr$ miles1 to ! ,newf\ndl& %ore40 ,! c5tral pla9 "h describ$1 :i* has be5 s9ce f\nd to ext5d _m hundr$ miles nor? & s\? ( ! cable l9e1 is cov]$ almo/ ev]y:]e by t s(t1 mealy sort ( mud ( :i* we h already spok52 & ?is1 x is n[ confid5tly believ$1 is no?+ else ?an a /ratum ( ,*alk ,rock 9 an e>ly /age ( =mation4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dri$ x assumes a :iti% color1 & exhibits a texture :i* ev5 to ! sup]ficial obs]v] appe>s closely to resemble f9e *alk4 ,nay1 we are told t if s dispos$1 "o may take a bit ( x 9 8 f+]s & write ) x ^u a blackbo>d4 ,l *alk1 too1 :5 *emically analyz$ x is f\nd to be almo/ pure c>bonate ( lime4 ,b !re is a yet m /rik+ analogy betwe5 ! mud ( ! ,atlantic & ! ,:ite ,*alk ( ,europe4 ,bo? h be5 submitt$ to ! magnify+ p[] ( ! ,microscope2 &1 aft] an exam9ation conduct$ ) scrupul\s c>e1 a wond]ful & almo/ />tl+ id5tity ( m9]al1 or r we %\ld say ( organic1 composition has be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 !m4 ,to ! nak$ eye ,*alk is simply a s(t1 e>?y sort ( /one4 ,b :5 a ?9 transp>5t slice is plac$ "u ! ,microscope1 ! g5]al mass is f\nd to be made up ( v m9ute p>ticles1 9 :i* are emb$d$ a va/ numb] ( o!r bodies possess+ a well-def9$ =m & /ructure4 ,^! are ( v>i\s sizes1 b on a r\gh av]age may be said n to exce$ a hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( !m are sometimes conta9$ 9 a cubic in* ( ,*alk1 toge!r ) c\ntless millions ( ! m m9ute granules4 ,pr(essor ,huxley succe$$ 9 sep>at+ ^! bodies f ! mass ( granules 9 :i* !y 7 emb$d$1 & by exam9+ !m ap>t1 he has asc]ta9$ /ill m fully _! exact /ructure & composition4 8,ea* "o ( !m10 he says1 8is a beautifully con/ruct$ calc>e\s fabric1 made up ( a numb] ( *amb]s communicat+ freely ) "o ano!r4 ,!y are ( v>i\s =ms4 ,"o ( ! commone/ is some?+ l a badly-gr[n raspb]ry1 be+ =m$ ( a numb] ( ne>ly globul> *amb]s ( diff]5t sizes congregat$ toge!r4 ,x is call$ ,globig]9a2 & "s specim5s ( ,*alk consi/ ( little else ?an ,globig]9 & granules40 ,previ\s to #aheg ! ,globig]9 ( ! ,*alk 7 a matt] ( no small controv]sy among ,geologi/s & ,naturali/s4 ,"s cont5d$ t !y 7 ! organic rema9s--! %ells or skeletons--( anci5t animalcules4 ,o!rs 7 dispos$ to reg>d !m simply z aggregations ( lime1 :i*1 s to speak1 *anc$ to assume ! =m ( ^! little *amb]$ bodies2 ?\gh x 0 n easy to expla91 on ?is hypo!sis1 h[ ^! *ance concretions1 h[ev] mu* !y v>i$ 9 size1 pres]v$ ov] ! :ole ( ,europe ! same exact =m & /ructure4 ,b ! controv]sy is n[ at an end4 ,! specim5s ( ! ,atlantic ooze br\ght home by ,capta9 ,dayman1 :5 exam9$ "u ! high] p[]s ( ! ,microscope1 are f\nd1 l ,*alk1 to be compos$ almo/ entirely ( ,globig]94 ,& t no d\bt may rema9 z to _! organic orig91 a portion ( ! fle%y integum5t ( ! little animalcules is se51 9 _m cases1 /ill adh]+ to ! calc>e\s skeleton4 8,globig]9 ( e size10 we are told1 8f ! smalle/ to ! l>ge/1 are associat$ toge!r 9 ! ,atlantic mud1 & ! *amb]s ( _m are fill$ by a s(t animal matt]4 ,?is s(t sub/ance is1 9 fact1 ! rema9s ( ! creature to :i* ! ,globig]9a %ell1 or r skeleton1 owes its exi/5ce--& :i* is an animal ( ! simple/ imag9able description4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a m]e p>ticle ( liv+ jelly1 )\t def9$ p>ts ( any k9d--)\t a m\?1 n]ves1 muscles1 or di/9ct organs2 & only manife/+ its vitality to ord9>y obs]vation by ?ru/+ out & retract+1 f all p>ts ( its surface1 long filam5t\s processes :i* s]ve = arms & legs4 ,yet ?is amorph\s p>ticle1 devoid ( ev]y?+ :i*1 9 ! high] animals we call organs1 is capable ( fe$+1 gr[+1 & multiply+2 ( sep>at+ f ! ocean ! small proportion ( c>bonate ( lime :i* is dissolv$ 9 sea-wat]2 & ( build+ up t sub/ance into a skeleton = itself1 accord+ to a patt]n :i* c be imitat$ by no o!r kn[n ag5cy40 ,t ! same process is go+ on 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ocean appe>s by obs]vations made by ,sir ,leopold ,m',cl9tock dur+ ! cruise ( ! ,bulldog 9 #ahfj4 ,he discov]$ t a calc>e\s ooze hav+ ! consi/5cy ( putty is spread out ov] ext5sive areas betwe5 ! ,f>oe ,isl&s & ,icel&1 & also betwe5 ,icel& & ,gre5l&4 ,( ?is mud ab\t n9ety-five p] c5t4 is compos$ ( ,globig]91 :i* 9 "s in/ances 7 br\ght up actually liv+ to ! surface1 & busily engag$ 9 secret+1 by _! vital p[]s1 c>bonate ( lime f ! wat]s ( ! sea4#ea ,pr(essor ,huxley goes yet "o /ep fur!r 9 foll[+ out ! resemblance betwe5 ! ,*alk ,rock t exi/s 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? & ! /ratum ( ,*alk t is n[ gr[+ up 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,atlantic4 ,n only are ! ,globig]91 ( :i* ! "o is 9 great "p compos$1 id5tical ) ! animalcules t make up ab\t n9e-t5?s ( ! o!r1 b ev5 ! m9ute granules t con/itute ! residue ( ea* =mation1 correspond 9 a v rem>kable mann]4 8,9 work+ ov] ! s\nd+s collect$ by ,capta9 ,dayman1 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d t _m ( :at ,i h call$ ! ,granules ( t mud 7 n1 z "o might h be5 tempt$ to ?9k at fir/1 ! m]e p[d] & wa/e ( ,globig]91 b !y _h a def9ite =m & size4 ,i t]m$ ^! bodies ,coccoli?s1 & d\bt$ _! organic nature4 ,doctor ,walli* v]ifi$ my obs]vation1 & add$ ! int]e/+ discov]y t1 n unfrequ5tly1 bodies simil> to ^! ,coccoli?s 7 aggregat$ toge!r into sph]oids1 :i* he t]m$ ,coccosph]es4 ,s f> z we knew1 ^! bodies1 ! nature ( :i* is extremely puzzl+ & problematical1 7 peculi> to ! ,atlantic s\nd+s4 8,b a few ye>s ago ,mr4 ,sorby1 9 mak+ a c>eful exam9ation ( ! ,*alk by means ( ?9 sections & o!rwise1 obs]v$1 z ,ehr5b]g _h done be=e him1 t mu* ( its granul> basis possesses a def9ite =m4 ,comp>+ ^! =m$ p>ticles ) ^? 9 ! ,atlantic s\nd+s1 he f\nd ! two to be id5tical2 & ?us prov$ t ! ,*alk1 l ! s\nd+s1 conta9s ^! my/]i\s ,coccoli?s & ,coccosph]es4 ,"h 0 a fur!r & a mo/ int]e/+ confirmation1 f int]nal evid5ce1 ( ! ess5tial id5tity ( ! ,*alk ) mod]n deep-sea mud40 ,we may1 !re=e1 set x d[n z c]ta91 fir/1 t ! =mation ( ,*alk ,rock is go+ on v ext5sively at ! pres5t day2 & secondly1 t ! *ief ag5cy employ$ 9 its production is no o!r ?an ! vital action ( m9ute animalcules4 ,?is is no long] m]ely a plausible !ory or an +5i\s hypo!sis3 x is simply a matt] ( fact asc]ta9$ by direct obs]vation4 ,if !n x is j & philosophical to ascribe l effects to l causes1 ! conclusion is pla9 t ! ,:ite ,*alk ( ,europe came into exi/5ce 9 "s f> di/ant age by j su* a process z t :i* is n[ 9 op]ation on ! b$ ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,f ! ,*alk mud ( ! ,atlantic we w n[ pass to ! ,coral ,reefs t are gr[+ up b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! ,pacific & ! ,indian ,oceans4 ,e "o has he>d ( ,coral ,reefs & ,coral ,isl&s2 yet we fancy _m p]sons h b vague & indef9ite notions ab\t !m4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 9 ! fir/ place1 give a brief acc\nt ( _! g5]al appe>ance1 _! ext5t1 & _! geographical di/ribution4 ,aft]w>d we %all give "s ( ! evid5ce :i* goes to %[ t ^! huge masses ( rock owe _! exi/5ce to ! organic p[]s ( m9ute liv+ animalcules4 ,! ,coral ,reef is famili> to ! navigator ( tropical seas "u a great v>iety ( =ms1 & 9 _m diff]5t /ages ( developm5t4 ,9 "o case x is a *a9 ( hidd5 rocks ris+ n q to ! level ( ! sea2 9 ano!r x appe>s j above ! wat]s1 b is wa%$ ov] by ea* return+ tide2 :ile 9 ano!r x rises up beyond ! rea* ( ! waves1 is clo!d ) luxuriant vegetation1 & inhabit$ by v>i\s species ( animals1 ev5 by man himself4 ,aga9 !re is great div]sity ( outl9e among ^! rocks1 :e!r !y are sunk b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat]s or lift$ above !m4 ,b all may be r$uc$ to f\r classes1 ( :i* we propose to give a %ort description4 ,fir/ is ! ,atoll1 or lagoon isl&4 ,x is a circul> /rip ( lime/one rock enclos+ a %all[ lake )91 & surr\nd$ by a deep & (t5 unfa?omable ocean )\t4 ,! sc5e pres5t$ by "s ( ^! circul> reefs is describ$ by travell]s z equally /rik+ = its s+ul>ity & its beauty4 8,a /rip ( l& a few hundr$ y>ds wide is cov]$ by l(ty cocoa-nut trees1 above :i* is ! blue vault ( heav54 ,?is b& ( v]dure is b\nd$ by a bea* ( glitt]+ :ite s&1 ! out] m>g9 ( :i* is encircl$ ) a r+ ( sn[-:ite break]s1 beyond :i* are ! d>k heav+ wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,! inn] bea* encloses ! /ill cle> wat] ( ! lagoon1 re/+ 9 its great] "p on :ite s&1 &1 :5 illum9at$ by a v]tical sun1 ( a mo/ vivid gre540 ,^! lagoon isl&s are (t5 f\nd 9 gr\ps /ret*+1 ) little int]ruption1 = _m hundr$ miles across ! ocean4 ,! ,maldives1 = example1 :i* lie a little di/ance to ! s\?we/ ( ,h9do/an1 =m a cont9u\s *a91 runn+ due nor? & s\?1 f\r hundr$ & sev5ty miles 9 l5g? & fifty miles 9 bread?4 ,ea* successive l9k 9 ?is *a9 does n consi/1 z might be suppos$1 ( a s+le circul> reef1 b x is r a r+ ( small coral islets1 sometimes m ?an a hundr$ 9 numb]1 ea* ( :i* is itself a p]fect ,atoll or lagoon isl& su* z we h j describ$4 ,( ^! m9iature islets _m are f ?ree to five miles 9 diamet]2 :ile ! l>g] r+s ( :i* !y =m a "p are f ?irty to fifty4 ,! ,laccadive isl&s1 a little m to ! nor?1 exhibit a simil> arrangem5t1 & inde$ w\ld seem to be a cont9uation ( ! same gr\p4 ,9 ! ,pacific are f\nd "s *a9s ( coral isl&s yet m ext5sive2 z = in/ance ! ,dang]\s ,ar*ipelago1 :i* is upw>d ( elev5 hundr$ miles 9 l5g?1 & f ?ree to f\r hundr$ 9 bread?2 b ! isl&s )9 ^! spaces are ?9ly scatt]$1 & insignificant 9 size4 ,sometimes ! annul> /rip ( coral rock encloses )9 itself a l(ty isl&1 :i* rises up f ! c5tre ( ! lagoon4 ,9 ?is case x is call$ an ,encircl+ ,reef2 ! lagoon be+ simply a broad *annel surr\nd+ ! isl& 9 ! c5tre1 & encompass$ itself by ! coral rock4 ,an example occurs 9 ! isl& ( ,vanikoro1 celebrat$ = ! %ipwreck ( ,la ,peyr\se1 :]e ! ,encircl+ ,reef runs at a di/ance ( two or ?ree miles f ! %ore1 ! *annel betwe5 x & ! l& hav+ a g5]al dep? ( betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,! well-kn[n m\nta9\s isl& ( ,tahiti 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean is also encompass$ by an ,encircl+ ,reef1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by a broad belt ( tranquil wat]4 ,a ?ird class ( ,coral ,reefs consi/s ( ^? :i* run p>allel to ! %ores ( cont95ts or great isl&s1 f :i* !y are cut (f by a broad *annel1 to :i* ! sea has free access ?r\gh c]ta9 op5 passages 9 ! rock4 ,!y are call$ ,b>ri] ,reefs2 & diff] f ! =m] only 9 ?is1 t !y d n surr\nd ! l&1 b run p>allel to x at a di/ance ( "s miles4 ,! ,great ,b>ri] ,reef ( ,au/ralia (f]s a noble example4 ,x has be5 describ$ z a huge1 massive1 subm>9e wall or t]race1 front+ ! nor!a/]n coa/ ( t cont95t1 v>y+ f t5 to n9ety miles 9 bread?1 & ext5d+1 ) "s trifl+ int]ruptions1 to a l5g? ( #abej miles4 ,ano!r reef ( ! same k9d1 #djj miles 9 l5g?1 faces ! we/]n coa/ ( ! long n>r[ isl& ( ,new ,cal$onia4 ,:5 a *a9 ( ,coral rocks approa*es close to ! %ore1 s z to leave no int]v5+ *annel ( deep wat]1 !y are call$ ,fr++ ,reefs2 & ^! con/itute ! f\r? & la/ class ( ! ,coral =mation4 ,!y prevail ev]y:]e 9 tropical regions1 & appe> z banks ( ,coral encru/+ ! rocky %ores ( isl&s & cont95ts4 ,z reg>ds ! geographical di/ribution ( ,coral ,reefs1 ! fir/ circum/ance t claims our notice1 is t !y are exclusively conf9$ to ! w>m] regions ( ! globe4 ,!y exi/ 9 great pr(usion )9 ! tropics1 & are r>ely to be f\nd beyond ! ?irtie? p>allels ( latitude on ea* side ( ! ,equator4 ,! only rem>kable exception is 9 ! case ( ! ,b]muda ,isl&s 9 #cb nor? latitude2 b "h1 x is to be obs]v$1 ! ocean is w>m$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,ano!r s+ul> fact is ! almo/ total abs5ce ( ,coral ,reefs f ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,9 fact1 ! ,b]mudas1 we believe1 con/itute "h aga9 ! only exception4 ,! ,pacific1 on ! contr>y1 is wond]fully productive ( coral2 also ! ,indian ,ocean1 ! ,p]sian & ,arabian ,gulfs1 & ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,x may gratify1 p]haps1 ! curiosity ( "s read]s1 if we add a ^w on ! ,r$ ,coral :i* is n[ s favorite an ornam5t 9 ! fa%ionable _w4 ,?\gh x nev] atta9s to ! magnitude ( ^? reefs & isl&s we h be5 describ+1 x p>takes nev]!less ( ! same peculi> /ructure2 & no d\bt is ent]ta9$ t1 l !m1 x d]ives its exi/5ce f animal life1 9 ! mann] we %all pres5tly expla94 ,x is produc$ *iefly 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf2 & is br\ght up f ! great dep?s by means ( a grappl+ app>atus atta*$ to boats4 ,! l>ge/ pieces h a %rub-l bran*+ =m1 & are suppos$ to gr[ to ! height ( "o foot 9 ab\t eight ye>s4#eb ,s mu* = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,coral ,=mation4 ,next comes ! "q ( its orig91 ) :i*1 ( c\rse1 we are *iefly conc]n$4 ,x is n[ ! receiv$ belief ( all di/+ui%$ ,naturali/s1 t ^! huge & wide-spread masses ( lime/one rock1 aga9/ :i* ! break]s ( ! ocean are ev] ?und]+ 9 va91 are ! "w ( t9y m>9e animalcules1 & *iefly ( ^? seem+ly insignificant creatures kn[n by ! "n ( ,polyps or ,zoophytes4 ,! ,zoophyte1 !y tell u1 is a mason :o himself produces ! /ones t he employs 9 8 build+4 8,he has nei!r plane1 nor *isel1 nor tr[el2 !re is no s\nd ( hamm] 9 8 city4 ,he erects mighty & endur+ edifices1 yet has no me*anical p[] by :i* to raise 8 rocks to _! summits4 ,he c answ] !e no?+--no tongue1 no eyes1 no h&s1 no bra9s has he--yet f ! caves ( old ocean has he rais$ t :i* fills y ) admiration40#ec ,surely if all ?is be true1 ^! c\ntless myriads ( animalcules call al\d to u f ! dep?s ( ! ocean 9 language t _c be mi/ak53 8,"k ye t ! ,"l ,he is ,god2 x is ,he t ha? made u1 & n we ourselves40#ed ,! ,zoophyte belongs to ! simple/ =m ( ! animal creation4 ,its body consi/s m]ely ( a p\* or /oma*1 ) t5tacles arrang$ r\nd ! m>g91 :i* x c ext5d at pleasure to supply itself ) food4 ,9 _m species ! individuals gr[ toge!r on a common /em1 f :i* new memb]s are con/antly %oot+ =? l buds f ! bran*es ( a tree4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ! "n ,zoophyte1 :i* lit]ally means a plant-l animal4 ,! common /em on :i* !y gr[ is sometimes compos$ ( a horny sub/ance1 b m g5]ally x is pure c>bonate ( lime1 :i* !y secrete by ! p[]s ( organic action f ! wat]s ( ! sea4 ,x =ms1 !re=e1 a k9d ( int]nal skeleton or framework1 to :i* ! s(t1 gelat9\s p>ts ( ! animal adh]e1 pretty mu* z1 9 ! case ( o!r animals1 ! fle% adh]es to ! bones4 ,?us we h1 z x 71 a community ( liv+ creatures1 gr[+ toge!r ^u "o common /ony framework1 call$ a ,polypidom or ,polyp edifice1 :i* !y !mselves build by ! v fact ( liv+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,campanul>ia ,gelat9osa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,gorgonia ,patula4 ,! peculi> /ructure ( ^! wond]ful little communities may p]haps be made m intelligible by ! aid ( a few illu/rations4 ,figure #d exhibits ! bran*+ skeleton &1 at ! extremities ( ! bran*es1 ! sev]al ,polyps by ^: vital action ! skeleton has be5 con/ruct$4 ,"s ( ! animalcules are %[n 9 a /ate ( activity1 ) _! t9y arms spread out 9 se>* ( food3 o!rs are )drawn )9 _! cells1 & appe> 9 a /ate ( repose4 ,?is species ( ,zoophyte1 :i* is highly magnifi$ 9 ! figure1 fl\ri%es abundantly on ! %ores ( ,irel& & ,engl&4 ,x has receiv$ ! "n ( ,campanul>ia1 f ! bell-l =m ( its cells4 ,our next cut repres5ts a ,gorgonia f ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* is also consid]ably magnifi$4 ,! fle%y integum5t ( ?is specim5 is ( a brilliant r$ color3 ! ,polyps are arrang$ 9 r[s on ea* side ( ! /em1 & are %[n 9 a /ate ( expansion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,fru/ra ,pilosa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,madrepora ,plantag9ea4 ,a mass ( ,coral animalcules1 :i* are kn[n by ! "n ( ,fru/ra ,pilosa1 is repres5t$ ( ! natural size 9 ,figure #f4 ,to ! nak$ eye x seems l a piece ( f9e net-"w1 dispos$ ar\nd a fragm5t ( sea-we$1 :i* may be obs]v$ protrud+ 9 ! upp] "p ( our illu/ration4 ,) ! aid ( an ord9>y magnifi] ! net-l surface is se5 to ab\nd 9 m9ute pores arrang$ ) mu* regul>ity4 ,ea* ( ^! pores is ! cell ( a ,zoophyte4 ,& if a fragm5t ( ,fru/ra be exam9$ ) a p[]ful microscope1 :5 imm]s$ 9 sea-wat]1 ! curi\s little inhabitants !mselves may be se5 d>t+ 9 & out ( _! cells1 exp&+ & contract+ _! long feel]s1 & exhibit+ altoge!r a wond]ful activity4 ,9 ! adjo9+ woodcut1 ,figure #g1 is %[n ano!r int]e/+ species ( ! arboresc5t ,zoophyte4 ,x belongs to ! family ( ,madrepores1 & ab\nds 9 almo/ all ,coral ,reefs4 ,alive "u wat] x appe>s clo!d 9 a gelat9\s coat+ ( ri* & v>i$ hues4 ,b :5 remov$ f its native elem5t ?is gelat9\s coat+1 :i* is ! liv+ animal sub/ance1 quickly melts away2 &1 9 "s in/ances1 runs (f f ! calc>e\s skeleton 9 a k9d ( wat]y slime4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,corallium ,rubrum4 ,a good idea ( ! celebrat$ r$ & p9k ,coral ( comm]ce1 s mu* admir$ = its brilliant color1 & ! high poli% ( :i* x is susceptible1 may be ga!r$ f our next illu/ration4 ,z 9 ! o!r species to :i* we h ref]r$1 ! calc>e\s skeleton is envelop$ 9 a liv+ gelat9\s sub/ance1 f :i* ! ,zoophytes seem to %oot out l buds f ! b>k ( a tree4 ,sev]al ( ^! animalcules are exhibit$ 9 our figure1 9 ! active enjoym5t ( life2 ga!r+ 91 ) _! exp&$ t5tacles1 ! elem5ts ( _! /ony edifice f ! surr\nd+ wat]s4 ,aft] dea? ! fle%y integum5t is wa/$ away by ! action ( ! sea2 & ! framework t rema9s beh9d1 wa%$ a%ore by ! waves1 or hook$ up by ! coral fi%]man1 is wr\ght into broo*es1 bracelets1 necklaces1 & o!r ornam5ts ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,n a few v>ieties ( ! ,coral-produc+ ,zoophytes are to be f\nd 9 actual liv+ reality on our own coa/s1 :]e ! curi\s /ud5t may exam9e = himself _! habits & g5]al /ructure4 ,b x is 9 ! w>m] regions ( ! ,e>? t !y are develop$ 9 ! greate/ numb]s1 & deck$ 9 ! brighte/ hues4 ,^? :o h se5 !m ?r\gh ! cry/al wat]s ( tropical seas1 sw>m+ 9 c\ntless multitudes on ! cle> :ite s& bel[1 speak ) en?usiasm ( _! luxuriant pr(usion & ( _! /rik+ beauty4 ,comb9+ to a picturesque elegance ( =m a ri* v>iety & pleas+ h>mony ( colors1 !y pres5t to ! eye a sc5e :i* has be5 comp>$ to a magnific5t g>d51 laid out 9 div]se b$s ( r>e & spl5did fl[]s4 ,s f> we h spok5 only ( ! ,polypidom1 t is to say1 ! community ( ,polyps liv+ toge!r on a common /em ( _! own con/ruction4 ,n[ ?is ,polypidom is ! fir/ elem5t ( ! ,coral ,reef4 ,9 "s species ( ,zoophytes1 ! ,r$ ,coral = in/ance1 ! calc>e\s /em nev] atta9s a size great] ?an t ( a dim9utive %rub4 ,b 9 o!rs1 & !y are v num]\s1 especially 9 tropical seas1 !re seems to be no limit to ! gr[? ( ! solid /ony framework4 ,z ! exi/+ g5]ation ( ,zoophytes is dy+ out1 new individuals are ev] budd+ =?1 :i* cont9ue unceas+ly to secrete c>bonate ( lime1 z _! pr$ecessors _h done be=e !m1 f ! wat]s ( ! ocean2 & ?us ! tree-l =m spreads its bran*+ arms on e side1 gr[+ upw>d & outw>d day by day4 ,! s(t gelat9\s p>ts ( ^? g5]ations t h pass$ away are1 9 a %ort "t1 dissolv$1 & ! /ony skeleton alone rema9s beh9d4 ,ages roll on3 ! calc>e\s framework1 ev] increas+ 9 size1 becomes at l5g? a =midable rock2 & ?is rock is ! ,coral ,reef4 ,let x n be suppos$ we are "h advanc+ a !ory3 we are only /at+ a fact t has be5 e/abli%$ by close & repeat$ obs]vations4 ,all ! ph5om5a exhibit$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,polypidom1 are exhibit$ no less pla9ly 9 e ,coral ,reef t has yet be5 exam9$4 ,on ! surface ( ! ,reef are ! liv+ ,zoophytes1 cl++ to ! calc>e\s skeleton :i* is ev] gr[+ l>g] ?r\gh ! unconsci\s action ( _! vital functions2 :ile imm$iately b5ea? may be se5 ! same /ony skeleton1 already dive/$ ( its fle%y integum5t1 & beg9n+ to assume ! appe>ance ( compact & massive rock4 ,we c behold1 !re=e1 ! mason at "w on ! upp] /ory ( 8 build+1 & ! /ructure already f9i%$ bel[4 ,& s we h little less ?an ocul> demon/ration t ! ,coral ,reef is ! "w ( ! ,zoophyte4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t 9 e "p ( ! ,coral ,reef1 ! =m & outl9e ( ! /ony skeleton are exactly pres]v$4 ,fragm5ts ( ! rock are brok5 (f by ! =ce ( ! waves1 & mix$ up ) ! comm9ut$ %ells ( oy/]s1 mussels1 & o!r cru/ace\s animals inhabit+ ! same wat]s4 ,9 ?is way a sort ( calc>e\s gravel1 sometimes a calc>e\s pa/e1 is =m$1 :i* fills up ! int]/ices1 & connects ! tree-l coral into a compact rock4 ,we h yet to expla9 h[ ! ,coral ,reefs come1 9 _m cases1 to rise above ! surface ( ! ocean1 & to =m dry l&3 = x has be5 f\nd t ! reef-build+ ,zoophytes require to be cont9ually imm]s$ 9 salt wat]1 & !re=e1 by _! own ef=ts1 !y _c raise _! /ructure above ! ord9>y level ( ! sea4 ,?is "q 0 = a long "t involv$ 9 obscurity2 b x has be5 cle>$ up by ! actual obs]vations ( ,naturali/s 9 mod]n times4 ,! foll[+ description1 :i* is giv5 to u by ,*amisso1 ! companion ( ,kotzebue on 8 voyages1 w convey a good idea ( ! process by :i* a sunk5 reef is (t5 conv]t$ into a smil+1 fruitful isl&4 8,:5 ! reef is ( su* a height t x rema9s almo/ dry at l[ wat]1 ! corals leave (f build+4 ,above ?is l9e a cont9u\s mass ( solid /one is se51 compos$ ( ! %ells ( mollusks & e*9i1 ) _! brok5-(f prickles & fragm5ts ( coral1 unit$ by calc>e\s s&1 produc$ by ! pulv]ization ( %ells4 ,! heat ( ! sun (t5 p5etrates ! mass ( /one :5 x is dry1 s t x splits 9 _m places1 & ! =ce ( ! waves is !reby enabl$ to sep>ate & lift blocks ( coral1 frequ5tly six feet long & ?ree or f\r 9 ?ickness1 & ?r[ !m ^u ! reef1 by :i* means ! ridge becomes at l5g? s high t x is cov]$ only dur+ "s seasons ( ! ye> by spr+ tides4 ,aft] ?is ! calc>e\s s& lies undi/urb$1 & (f]s to ! se$s ( trees & plants ca/ ^u x by ! waves1 a soil ^u :i* !y rapidly gr[1 to ov]%ad[ its dazzl+ :ite surface4 ,entire trunks ( trees1 :i* are c>ri$ by ! riv]s f o!r c\ntries & isl&s1 f9d "h at l5g? a re/+ place aft] _! long w&]+s3 ) ^! come "s small animals1 su* z insects & liz>ds1 z ! fir/ inhabitants4 ,ev5 be=e ! trees =m a wood1 ! sea-birds ne/le "h2 /ray l&-birds take refuge 9 ! bu%es2 &1 at a mu* lat] p]iod1 :5 ! "w has be5 long s9ce complet$1 man appe>s & builds 8 hut on ! fruitful soil40#ee ,ano!r "q t seems to call = "s explanation is sugge/$ by ! well-kn[n habits ( ! ,zoophytes !mselves4 ,f ! obs]vations ( ,kotzebue & ,d>w9 x appe>s t ^? species :i* are mo/ effective 9 ! con/ruction ( ,reefs _c fl\ri% at a great] dep? ?an tw5ty or ?irty fa?oms2 :]eas ! coral rocks rise up 9 _m cases f ! bottom ( an unfa?omable ocean4 ,h[1 !n1 x may be ask$1 h ! f\ndations ( ^! wond]ful /ructures be5 laid8 ,?is "q op5s a wide field = philosophical speculation2 & we freely admit t no !ory ( ,coral ,reefs c be reg>d$ z complete & satisfactory1 :i* does n furni% a reasonable answ]4 ,b s f> z ! purpose ( our argum5t is conc]n$1 x is q suffici5t if a /ratum ( solid lime/one1 tw5ty fa?oms ?ick1 has be5 =m$ ma9ly ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ^! m9ute animalcules4 ,& ?is conclusion1 s abundantly demon/rat$ by facts1 is left q unt\*$ by ! difficulty to :i* we n[ ref]4 ,x w be int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to notice 9 pass+ ! explanation ( ?is ph5om5on fir/ sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 & n[ v g5]ally accept$4 ,he ma9ta9s t ! :ole ,coral ,reef--f\ndations & sup]/ructure alike--is1 9 mo/ cases1 ! result entirely ( organic ag5cy4 ,! reef-build+ ,zoophyte always beg9s 8 labors 9 wat] t is comp>atively %all[4 ,b z he is build+ upw>d1 x (t5 happ5s t ! b$ ( ! sea is s9k+ d[nw>d 9 pretty ne>ly ! same proportion2 & ?us ! reef is ev] increas+ 9 height f its orig9al base1 :ile ! liv+ mass ( ,zoophytes on its upp] surface rema9s 9 ab\t ! same dep? ( wat] z :5 ! build+ fir/ began4 ,?is !ory is support$ by a va/ am\nt ( curi\s & +5i\s reason+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no?+ m rem>kable 9 ! physical con=mation ( ! ,globe1 ?an ! imm5se pr$om9ance ( wat] ov] l& ?r\gh\t ^? ext5sive tracts ( ocean :]e ,coral ,reefs ab\nd4 ,n[ ?is is j :at we %\ld naturally expect if ! hypo!sis ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 7 admitt$2 = :]ev] ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? has be5 subsid+ = _m ages on a l>ge scale1 ! doma9 ( ! sea mu/ ( necessity h be5 consid]ably enl>g$1 & t ( ! l& contract$ 9 proportion4 ,aga91 ?is hypo!sis w be f\nd to h>monize mo/ p]fectly ) all ! ph5om5a ( ,fr++ ,reefs1 ,b>ri] ,reefs1 ,encircl+ ,reefs1 & ,lagoon ,isl&s4 ,! ,fr++ ,reef repres5ts1 z x 71 ! fir/ /age ( progress4 ,! build+ op]ations h j comm5c$ ne> ! %ore ( "s isl& or cont95t1 & b little space int]v5es betwe5 ! l& & ! incru/+ wall ( coral4 ,!n1 z ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? gradually subsides1 ! wat] encroa*es on ! l&1 & =ms a *annel betwe5 x & ! reef4 ,mean:ile ! ,zoophytes are at "w1 & ! coral rock is gr[+ upw>d z ! f\ndation on :i* x re/s is s9k+ d[nw>d3 ea* ye> x is high] f ! b$ ( ! sea1 & yet no ne>] to ! surface ( ! wat]s4 ,& :5 at l5g? ! *annel1 :i* is ev] gr[+ wid] & wid]1 has rea*$ a c]ta9 limit1 ! ,fr++ ,reef becomes a ,b>ri] ,reef1 or if x encompasses an isl&1 an ,encircl+ ,reef4 ,la/ly1 ! ,encircl+ ,reef w f9ally become a ,lagoon ,isl&1 :5 ! highe/ peaks ( ! l& x encloses h sl[ly disappe>$ b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat]s4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is reason+ ,mr4 ,d>w9 has po9t$ out num]\s examples to illu/rate ea* int]m$iate /age ?r\gh :i*1 accord+ to 8 hypo!sis1 ! ,coral ,reef mu/ pass 9 ! progress ( its con/ruction4 ,he traces ! gradual transition f ! l[ bank ( coral incru/+ a rocky %ore to ! ,encircl+ ,reef t compasses r\nd a l(ty isl&1 l ,tahiti1 ) a broad *annel betwe54 ,!n he %[s h[ ?is *annel ins5sibly becomes wid] & wid]1 encroa*+ m & m ^u ! l&1 until at l5g? only a few high peaks rema9 above wat]4 ,f9ally he leads u on to ! case ( a p]fect ,atoll1 )9 :i* no trace ( l& rema9s to be se52 & ! *annel1 n[ become a lagoon1 is encompass$ by a ,reef ( ,coral ,rock t rises /eeply f an unfa?om$ ocean4 ,we d n mean to dwell ^u ?is +5i\s speculation1 :i* w\ld c>ry u too f> f ! object at :i* we are aim+4 ,x seems to u1 h[ev]1 t ! argum5ts 9 its favor are at lea/ des]v+ ( c>eful consid]ation2 & we may add t !y receive new /r5g? f ! facts we %all h occasion h]eaft] to br+ =w>d1 :5 we come to speak ( ! undulat+ movem5ts to :i* ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? has be5 subject at _m diff]5t times1 & 9 _m diff]5t localities1 ev5 )9 ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,! =mation & /ructure ( exi/+ ,coral ,reefs be+ once fairly e/abli%$1 ,geologi/s h little difficulty 9 ascrib+ a simil> orig9 to _m ( ! lime/one /rata t are f\nd 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?4 ,= ?\gh ! int]nal texture has be5 consid]ably modifi$ 9 ! long c\rse ( ages1 by *emical & o!r influ5ces1 nev]!less ! /ony skeletons ( ! reef-build+ ,zoophytes c be di/9ctly recogniz$ 9 great abundance4 ,inde$ x is n an uncommon ?+ to meet ) lime/one rock exhibit+ pla9ly to ! eye all ! appe>ance ( ,coral ,reefs lift$ up f ! b$ ( ! ocean4 8,! ,oolite10 says ,doctor ,mantell1 8ab\nds 9 corals1 & conta9s b$s ( lime/one :i* are m]ely coral reefs t h und]gone no *ange b t ( elevation f ! bottom ( ! deep1 & ! consolidation ( _! mat]ials4 ,! ,coral-rag ( ,wilts pres5ts 9 fact all ! *>act]s ( mod]n reefs3 ! polypif]a belong *iefly to ! ,a/rid1 ! g5]a ( :i* family pr9cipally contribute to ! =mations n[ go+ on 9 ! ,pacific4 ,%ells1 e*9od]ms1 tee?1 & bones ( fi%es1 & o!r m>9e exuvi1 occupy ! int]/ices betwe5 ! corals1 & ! :ole is consolidat$ by s& & gravel1 held toge!r 9 "s in/ances by calc>e\s1 9 o!rs by silice\s infiltrations4 ,^? :o h visit$ di/ricts :]e ! ,coral-rag =ms ! imm$iate subsoil1 & is expos$ to view 9 ! qu>ries or 9 natural sections1 mu/ h be5 /ruck ) ! resemblance ( ^! rocks to mod]n coral banks40#ef ,ev5 9 _m ( our f9e/ m>bles ! coral skeletons may be trac$ di/9ctly en\gh1 & contribute n a little to t v>iegat$ color :i* is s mu* admir$4 ,nay1 x is record$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son t he discov]$ 9 a piece ( solid m>ble1 ! animal membrane itself by :i* ! lime 0 orig9ally ab/ract$ f ! sea4 ,he imm]s$ ! m>ble 9 dilute muriatic acid2 & he relates ) delight h[1 z ! calc>e\s e>? dissolv$1 & ! c>bonic acid gas escap$1 he obs]v$ ! animal tissue beg9 di/9ctly to appe> 9 ! =m ( light1 ela/ic membranes4#eg ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,/ratifi$ ,,rocks ,,( ,,organic ,,orig9--,,illu/rations ,,f ,,vegetable ,,life4 ,orig9 ( coal--,evid5t traces ( plants & trees 9 coal-m9es--,coal made up ( ! same elem5ts z wood--,b$s ( coal f\nd re/+ ^u clay 9 :i* are pres]v$ ! roots ( trees--,ins5sible transition f wood to coal--,=e/-cov]$ swamps--,accumulations ( drift-wood 9 lakes & e/u>ies--,peat bogs--,b$s ( ,lignite--,seams ( pure coal ) half-c>boniz$ trees1 "s ly+ pro/rate1 "s /&+ erect--,summ>y ( ! argum5t hi!rto pursu$--,objection to ?is argum5t f ! ,omnipot5ce ( ,god--,answ] to ! objection4 ,z animals1 by organic action1 extract lime f ! wat]s ( ! ocean !y inhabit1 :i*1 be+ conv]t$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance into m9ute %ells1 or /ony skeletons1 aft]w>d passes into a compact & solid rock1 s 9 l mann] d plants & trees extract c>bon f ! atmosph]e 9 :i* !y vegetate1 & conv]t x into coal4 ,no reasonable d\bt c n[ be ent]ta9$ t coal d]ives its exi/5ce1 almo/ entirely1 f ! woody tissue ( sunk5 swamps & =e/s4 ,?\gh ! nature ( ! process by :i* ?is trans=mation takes place1 is yet b imp]fectly und]/ood1 & is1 inde$1 at ! pres5t mom5t a subject ( mu* discussion & controv]sy1 nev]!less ! fact t ! *ange has tak5 place is fully accept$ by all z an e/abli%$ tru?1 & is support$ by an accumulation ( evid5ce :i* x is n easy to resi/4 ,! fir/ circum/ance to :i* we %all call att5tion1 is ! wond]ful pr(usion ( vegetable life t is always associat$ ) coal4 ,e "o :o has desc5d$ at any "t into a coal m9e1 or :o has exam9$ ! specim5s usually exhibit$ 9 a well-furni%$ museum1 mu/ h be5 /ruck by ! c\ntless =ms ( trees & plants1 :i* /ill rema9 vividly impress$ on ?is black & unsightly m9]al4 ,dr4 ,buckl& has describ$ ?is ph5om5on ) mu* vigor & beauty 9 8 celebrat$ ,bridgewat] ,treatise3 8,! f9e/ example ,i h ev] witness$ is t ( ! coal m9es ( ,bohemia j m5tion$4 ,! mo/ elaborate imitations ( liv+ foliage ^u ! pa9t$ ceil+s ( ,italian palaces1 be> no comp>ison ) ! beaute\s pr(usion ( ext9ct vegetable =ms ) :i* ! gall]ies ( ^! in/ructive coal m9es are ov]hung4 ,! ro( is cov]$ z ) a canopy ( gorge\s tape/ry1 enri*$ ) fe/oons ( mo/ graceful foliage1 flung 9 wild irregul> pr(usion ov] e portion ( its surface4 ,! effect is height5$ by ! contra/ ( ! coal-black color ( ^! vegetables ) ! light gr\nd-"w ( ! rock to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,! spectator feels himself transport$1 z if by en*antm5t1 into ! =e/s ( ano!r _w2 he beholds trees ( =ms & *>act]s n[ unkn[n ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 pres5t$ to 8 s5ses almo/ 9 ! beauty & vigor ( _! primeval life2 _! scaly /ems & b5d+ bran*es1 ) _! delicate app>atus ( foliage1 are all spread =? be=e him1 little impair$ by ! lapse ( c\ntless ages1 & be>+ fai?ful records ( ext9ct sy/ems ( vegetation1 :i* began & t]m9at$ 9 times ( :i* ^! relics are ! infallible hi/orians40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,pecopt]is ,adiantoides4 ,fig4 #aj4--,sph5opt]is ,aff9is4 ,fossil ,f]ns f\nd 9 ! ,coal ,measures ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! next important fact t po9ts to ! vegetable orig9 ( ,coal is1 t wood & ,coal are bo? compos$ ( ! same ultimate elem5ts--c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,?is analogy is ! m rem>kable :5 we are told t no o!r rock except ,coal exhibits any?+ approa*+ to ?is composition4 ,x is true t ! elem5ts j enum]at$ d n exi/ 9 ! same proportions 9 wood & 9 ,coal4 ,b ! diff]5ce1 :5 rightly und]/ood1 r t5ds to confirm our !ory t ! "o is d]iv$ f ! o!r4 ,!re is m ,c>bon 9 ,coal ?an 9 wood2 :ile !re is less oxyg5 & less hydrog54 ,to expla9 h[ ?is may h come to pass dur+ ! process ( transition1 we mu/ call 9 ! assi/ance ( ! *emi/4 ,x appe>s f ! rese>*es ( ,liebig t1 :5 vegetable matt] is buri$ 9 ! e>?1 expos$ to moi/ure1 & p>tially or entirely exclud$ f ! air1 ! process ( decomposition sets 91 & t "u ?is process c>bonic acid gas & c>burett$ hydrog5 gas are sl[ly evolv$4 ,at ! same "t a portion ( ! oxyg5 :5 set free w\ld naturally ent] into a new comb9ation ) a portion ( ! hydrog51 & =m wat]4 ,! result ( ^! sev]al *anges w\ld necess>ily be1 t ! accumulation ( vegetable matt] buri$ 9 ! e>? w\ld "p1 9 c\rse ( "t1 ) no small %>e ( its c>bon1 its hydrog51 & its oxyg51 b n ) all 9 ! same proportions3 = ! new comb9ations w\ld use up m ( ! oxyg5 ?an ( ! hydrog51 & m ( ! hydrog5 ?an ( ! c>bon4#eh ,9 o!r words1 if ! process %\ld h gone on = a suffici5t lapse ( ages1 ^! elem5ts w\ld no long] exi/ toge!r 9 ! proportions :i* are necess>y to con/itute wood1 b w\ld r exi/ 9 ! proportions :i* are f\nd to con/itute coal4#ei ,?is explanation is confirm$ by a fact ) :i* our read]s are no d\bt famili>4 ,accord+ to ! explanation1 c>bonic acid & c>burett$ hydrog5 are evolv$ dur+ ! process by :i* coal is produc$ f wood4 ,we %\ld !re=e expect to f9d ^! gases closely associat$ ) ,coal4 ,if !y are n s associat$1 _! abs5ce is a s]i\s objection aga9/ our !ory2 b if !y are s associat$1 _! pres5ce is a /rong evid5ce 9 its favor4 ,n[ on ?is po9t1 z e "o kn[s1 practical m9]s be> te/imony t ! fact corresponds exactly ) our !ory4 ,!y tell u t res]voirs ( ,*oke-damp1 :i* is c>bonic acid1 & ( ,fire-damp1 :i* is c>burett$ hydrog51 are f\nd v commonly p5t up 9 ! crevices & cavities ( coal b$s1 & are ! cause1 :5 tapp$1 ( _m ( ! accid5ts :i* take place4 ,!y ev5 assure u t "s b$s ( coal are s saturat$ ) gas t1 :5 cut into1 x may be he>d ooz+ f e pore ( ! rock1 & ! coal is call$ s++ coal by ! colli]s4#fj ,to sum up1 !n1 :at we h said on ?is po9t3 x appe>s1 fir/1 t ! same con/itu5t elem5ts are f\nd 9 wood & ,coal2 secondly1 ?\gh !y d n exi/ 9 ! same proportions 9 ! two sub/ances1 ! diff]5ce is fully acc\nt$ = by ! *anges :i* we %\ld naturally expect to take place :5 l>ge accumulations ( vegetable matt] are buri$ 9 ! e>?2 ?irdly1 9 ! hypo!sis ( ^! *anges1 c>bonic acid & c>burett$ hydrog5 w\ld c]ta9ly be develop$2 & 9 po9t ( fact1 ^! gases are f\nd intimately associat$ ) ,coal all ov] ! _w4 ,!re is ano!r rem>kable fact :i* fits 9 mo/ admirably ) our !ory4 ,coal is f\nd at ! pres5t day 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 dispos$ 9 ?9 seams or b$s1 & ea* b$ is almo/ uni=mly f\nd to re/ ^u a /ratum ( f9e clay1 sometimes sev]al feet 9 ?ickness4 ,?is is j :at our !ory w\ld lead u to expect4 ,if coal is produc$ f plants & trees1 ^! plants & trees mu/ h gr[n ^u "s suitable soil2 &1 !re=e1 9 ?is hypo!sis we %\ld expect1 ord9>ily speak+ at lea/1 to f9d a b$ ( clay b5ea? e b$ ( coal4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,:5 we exam9e m closely ! /ratum on :i* ! coal reposes1 we f9d ! roots & /ems ( trees m+l$ ) ! clay 9 ! greate/ pr(usion4 ,9 ! ,wel% coal field1 9 a dep? ( twelve ?\s& feet1 !re are f fifty to a hundr$ b$s ( coal1 ea* ly+ on a /ratum ( clay ab\nd+ 9 ^! rema9s4#fa ,we n[ come to an argum5t ( a practical k9d :i* appeals to common s5se & common exp]i5ce4 ,let u suppose t a p]son :olly unacqua9t$ ) ! art ( manufactur+ pap]1 7 to ent] a pap]-mill :5 ! workm5 are away1 & ! process ( manufacture = a "t susp5d$4 ,at fir/ sight he w\ld probably f9d x difficult to p]suade himself1 t ! piles ( clean :ite pap]1 :i* attract 8 notice at "o end ( ! build+1 are produc$ f ! heaps ( fil?y rags :i* he sees accumulat$ at ! o!r4 ,b if he be a sagaci\s obs]v]1 he w soon f9d evid5ce to conv9ce him t ?is is really ! case4 ,= he w p]ceive1 ^u close exam9ation1 t ! self-same mat]ial is exhibit$ 9 e int]m$iate /ate ( progress f "o extreme to ! o!r4 ,fir/1 !re is ! great *e/ ) its num]\s comp>tm5ts1 9 :i* ! rags are se5 c>efully sort$1 accord+ to _! v>i\s degrees ( quality & texture4 ,next comes ! full+-mill1 :]e !y are wa%$ & blea*$4 ,!n ! revolv+ cyl9d]1 furni%$ on ! ext]ior surface ) %>p blades or cutt]s2 & ! vat 9 :i* x moves is fill$ ) ! rags1 :i* n[ assume ! =m ( a ?9 liquid pulp4 ,advanc+ /ill fur!r he w see ?is pulp ev5ly spread out ^u a wire-gauze frame1 & n[ at la/ x is beg9n+ to exhibit "s lik5ess to ! =m & sub/ance ( pap]4 ,fur!r on x is se5 press$ & dri$2 & la/ ( all cut into %eets & laid aside 9 l(ty piles4 ,n[ x seems to u t we are plac$ 9 some:at ( ! same position1 z reg>ds ! manufacture ( ,coal4 ,we _c obs]ve ! process actually go+ on2 = ?\gh1 9 ?is process1 ! "w is nev] susp5d$1 ! workm5 nev] at re/1 yet ext5d+ z x does ov] a space ( _m c5turies1 x is too sl[ to be s5sible2 & besides x is conduct$ 9 great "p b5ea? ! surface ( ! ,e>?4 ,nev]!less1 we c trace ! progress ( *ange ?r\gh ea* int]m$iate /age ( ! transition1 f "o extreme to ! o!r1--f ! primeval swamps & =e/s ?r\gh ! num]\s v>ieties ( ! ,peat & ,lignite to ! ri*e/ b$s ( pure ,coal4 ,fir/1 !n1 we h ! great =e/-cov]$ swamps1 l ^? :i* n[ occupy ! valley & delta ( ! ,mississippi4 ,!y are compos$ 9 _m cases ( pure vegetable matt] )\t any int]mixture ( e>?y s$im5t4 ,a d5se gr[? ( re$s1 & %rubs1 & h]bage ( e k9d1 cov]s ! :ole surface ( ! l&1 mix$ up ) ! decay+ leaves & pro/rate trunks ( =e/-trees4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell m5tions a v rem>kable fact obs]v$ 9 ! swamps ( ,l\isiana4 ,dur+ an unusually hot season1 :5 any "p ( a swamp is dri$ up1 if ! surface be set on fire1 a pit is burn$ into ! gr\nd _m feet deep1 9 fact1 z f> d[n z ! fire c desc5d )\t meet+ wat]2 & x is !n f\nd t sc>cely any residuum or e>?y matt] is left4#fb ,vegetable /rata ( ?is k9d are produc$1 n only ^u dry l& by ! gr[? & decay ( =e/s1 b also b5ea? ! wat]s ( lakes & e/u>ies1 by ! accumulation ( ,drift-timb] borne along 9 ! curr5t ( swoll5 riv]s4 ,! ,mack5zie ,riv]1 :i* dra9s a great "p ( ,nor?we/]n ,am]ica1 af=ds _m admirable illu/rations4 ,fl[+ z x does f s\? to nor?1 x is subject to annual inundations :5 ! sn[s beg9 to melt 9 ! high] p>ts ( its c\rse1 :ile ! *annel l[] d[n1 situat$ 9 cold] latitudes1 is /ill block$ up ) ice4 ,at ?is season !n x ov]fl[s its banks1 & sweep+ ?r\gh va/ =e/s1 c>ries away ?\s&s ( uproot$ trees 9 its impetu\s torr5t4 8,z ! trees10 says ,dr4 ,ri*>dson1 8reta9 _! roots1 :i* are (t5 load$ ) e>? & /ones1 !y readily s9k1 especially :5 wat]-soak$2 & accumulat+ 9 ! eddies1 =m %oals1 :i* ultimately augm5t into isl&s4 ,a ?icket ( small will[s cov]s ! new-=m$ isl& z soon z x appe>s above wat]1 & _! fibr\s roots s]ve to b9d ! :ole firmly toge!r4 ,sections ( ^! isl&s are annually made by ! riv]2 & x is int]e/+ to /udy ! div]sities ( appe>ances !y pres5t accord+ to _! diff]5t ages4 ,! trunks ( ! trees gradually decay until !y are conv]t$ into a blacki%-br[n sub/ance resembl+ peat1 b /ill reta9+ m or less ( ! fibr\s /ructure ( ! wood2 & lay]s ( ?is (t5 alt]nate ) lay]s ( clay & s&1 ! :ole be+ p5etrat$1 to a dep? ( f\r or five y>ds or m1 by ! long fibr\s roots ( ! will[s4 ,a deposition ( ?is k9d1 ) ! aid ( a little infiltration ( bitum9\s matt]1 w\ld produce an excell5t imitation ( ,coal1 ) vegetable impressions ( ! will[ roots4 8,x 0 9 ! riv]s only t we c\ld obs]ve sections ( ^! deposits2 b ! same op]ation goes on1 on a mu* m magnific5t scale1 9 ! lakes4 ,a %oal ( _m miles 9 ext5t is =m$ on ! s\? side ( ,a?abasca ,lake by ! ,drift-timb] & vegetable dbris br\ght d[n by ! ,elk ,riv]2 & ! ,slave ,lake itself mu/ 9 process ( "t be fill$ up by ! matt]s daily convey$ into x f ,slave ,riv]4 ,va/ quantities ( ,drift-timb] are buri$ "u ! s& at ! m\? ( ! riv]1 & enorm\s piles ( x are accumulat$ on ! %ores ( e "p ( ! lake40 ,n unfrequ5tly x happ5s t ^! /rata ( vegetable matt]1 ) ! roots & trunks ( trees1 _! bran*es1 fruits1 & leaves1 m or less p]fectly pres]v$1 are cov]$ ov] by subsequ5t deposits4 ,su* accumulations1 we are assur$ by ,doctor ,mantell1 h be5 f\nd deep 9 ! soil on ! coa/ ( ,engl&1 9 places t are /ill subject to p]iodical inundations4 8,! trees are *iefly ( ! oak1 hazel1 fir1 bir*1 yew1 will[1 & a%2 9 %ort1 almo/ e k9d t is indig5\s to ?is isl& occasionally occurs4 ,! trunks & bran*es are dy$ ?r\gh\t ( a deep ebony color by iron2 & ! wood is firm & heavy1 & occasionally fit = dome/ic use2 9 ,york%ire & else:]e1 timb] ( ?is k9d is sometimes employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( h\ses40#fc ,"h1 !n1 is ! fir/ /age ( ! conv]sion ( wood into ,coal1--a /ratum m or less compact$ toge!r ( vegetable matt]1 spread out sometimes ov] ! surface ( ! dry l&1 sometimes on ! floor ( lakes & e/u>ies1 & (t5 buri$ b5ea? an accumulation ( subsequ5t deposits4 ,! next /age 9 ! process ( trans=mation may be repres5t$ by ^? ,peat ,bogs :i* con/itute "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable physical *>act]i/ics ( ,irel&1 cov]+ z !y d an area equal to "o-t5? ( ! :ole isl&4 ,9 ^! ! vegetable matt] is m closely cond5s$1 b ! /ructure ( ! plants f :i* ! ,peat is d]iv$ is /ill pres]v$1 & may be di/9ctly recogniz$ by ! nak$ eye4 ,nay1 we h /ill ! pro/rate trunks ( trees ly+ ar\nd on e side z !y fell to ! gr\nd 9 _! anci5t =e/s4 ,! rese>*es rec5tly pursu$ ^u ?is subject h br\ght to light a fact :i* is v mu* to our pres5t purpose2 = x seems to prove our !sis by direct evid5ce4 8,9 ,lim]ick1 9 ! di/rict ( ,ma9e1 "o ( ! ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 !re are ,peat ,bogs ( consid]able ext5t1 9 :i* a sub/ance exactly simil> to cannel coal is f\nd at ! dep? ( ?ree or f\r feet f ! surface amid/ ! rema9s ( rott5 logs ( wood & beav] /icks3 ! peat is tw5ty feet ?ick1 & re/s ^u :ite s&4 ,?is coal 0 discov]$ on digg+ a dit* to dra9 a portion ( ! bog1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ peat = manure4 ,! sub/ance is a true bitum9\s coal1 conta9+ m bitum5 ?an is f\nd 9 any o!r v>iety4 ,poli%$ sections ( ! compact masses exhibit ! peculi> /ructure ( conif]\s trees1 & prove t ! coal 0 d]iv$ f a species alli$ to ! ,am]ican ,fir40#fd ,a simil> ph5om5on 0 obs]v$ by ,doctor ,dieff5ba* 9 ! ,*a?a9 ,isl&s4 ,9 ! same b$ ( peat he 0 able di/9ctly to trace a gradual transition f pure vegetable matt] to a m9]al sub/antially id5tical ) common coal4#fe ,b ?\gh ,peat may ?us1 z x %\ld seem1 pass directly into pure ,coal1 !re are _m cases 9 :i* x fir/ assumes a m imp]fect =m1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ,lignite4 ,?is sub/ance is describ$ z ( a br[ni% color1 8s(t & mell[ 9 consi/5ce :5 fre%ly qu>ri$1 b becom+ brittle by exposure1 ! fracture foll[+ ! direction ( ! fibre ( ! wood40#ff ,x cle>ly occupies an int]m$iate position betwe5 ,peat & ,coal4 ,l ! =m]1 x /ill exhibits ! /ems & woody fibre ( ! plants f :i* x is d]iv$1 v little alt]$ 9 _! /ructure2 :ile on ! o!r h& x is already beg9n+ to acquire "s ( ! consi/5cy & d5sity ( ,coal2 to :i* also x approa*es mu* m closely 9 its *emical composition4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 moreov]1 t ,lignite does n designate a sub/ance ( a fix$1 inv>iable "*4 ,on ! contr>y1 "u ! "o g5]al "n are compris$ a def9ite numb] ( v>ieties1 lead+ f "o extreme to ! o!r by a s]ies ( almo/ ins5sible gradations2 ! extreme v>iety on "o side be+ sc>cely di/+ui%able f ,peat1 :ile ! extreme v>iety on ! o!r is practically id5tical ) ord9>y ,coal4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$1 !re=e1 t ,coal mu/ h ! same orig9 z ,lignite1 :ile x is at lea/ equally c]ta9 t ,lignite has be5 d]iv$ f ,peat2 & we h already se5 :at ov]:elm+ evid5ce may be adduc$ to %[ t ! orig9 ( ,peat is to be s\ght = 9 ! sunk5 swamps & =e/s ( a long pa/ age4 ,la/ly1 :5 we come to exam9e ! texture ( ,coal itself1 we f9d mu* to confirm ! conclusion at :i* we h ?us arriv$4 ,9 b$s ( pure ,coal ! rema9s ( _m species ( plants h be5 detect$1 & sometimes 9 su* abundance z to con/itute visibly ! bulk ( ! ,coal4 ,ev5 l>ge trees are sometimes f\nd /&+ erect 9 ! ,coal fields1 ) _! b>k actually conv]t$ into ?is m9]al4 ,! annex$ ,figure repres5ts a portion ( ! /em1 toge!r ) ! roots ( a tall =e/ tree1 ,sigill>ia1 discov]$ n long ago 9 a ,coal m9e at ,sa9t ,hel5s1 ne> ,liv]pool4 ,! /em1 :i* 0 n9e feet high1 0 f\nd erect 9 ! seam ( ,coal1 :ile ! roots1 t5 9 numb]1 /ret*$ away into ! vegetable soil b5ea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,/em & roots ( a ,=e/ ,tree1 ,sigill>ia4 ,f a ,coal-m9e1 ne> ,liv]pool4 a1 ,! trunk trav]s+ a b$ ( ,coal4 b1 ,! roots spread+ out 9 ! und]clay4 ,n less ?an ?irty su* trees1 "s ( !m f\r or five feet 9 diamet]1 & all incru/$ ) ,coal1 7 laid b>e a %ort "t s9ce1 9 a ,colli]y ne> ,newca/le1 )9 an area ( fifty y>ds squ>e4 8,9 #ahcj10 writes ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 8a slant+ trunk 0 expos$ 9 ,craiglei? qu>ry1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 ! total l5g? ( :i* exce$$ sixty feet4 ,its diamet] at ! top 0 ab\t sev5 in*es1 & ne> ! base1 x measur$ five feet 9 its great]1 & two feet 9 its less]1 wid?4 ,! b>k 0 conv]t$ into a ?9 coat+ ( ! pure/ & f9e/ ,coal40 ,aga91 89 ,s\? ,/af=d%ire1 a seam ( ,coal 0 laid b>e 9 ! ye> #ahdd1 9 :at is call$ an op5 "w at ,p>kfield ,colli]y1 ne> ,wolv]hampton4 ,9 ! space ( ab\t a qu>t] ( an acre1 ! /umps ( no less ?an sev5ty-?ree trees1 ) _! roots atta*$1 appe>$1 "s ( !m m ?an eight feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! trunks1 brok5 (f close to ! root1 7 ly+ pro/rate 9 e direction1 (t5 cross+ ea* o!r4 ,"o ( !m measur$ fifte51 ano!r ?irty feet 9 l5g?1 & o!rs less4 ,!y 7 inv>iably flatt5$ to ! ?ickness ( "o or two in*es1 & conv]t$ into ,coal4 ,_! roots =m$ "p ( a /ratum ( ,coal t5 in*es ?ick1 :i* re/$ on a lay] ( clay two in*es ?ick1 bel[ :i* 0 a second =e/ re/+ on a two-foot seam ( ,coal4 ,five feet bel[ ?is aga9 0 a ?ird =e/1 ) l>ge /umps ( ,lepidod5dra1 ,calamites1 & o!r trees40#fg 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h n[ br\ght to a close a v important l9e ( argum5t 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,geology4 ,we h po9t$ out t1 9 ! /rata :i* compose ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 !re are rocks ( v>i\s k9ds1 di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r z well by ! nature ( ! mat]ials :i* compose !m1 z by ! mann] 9 :i* ^! mat]ials are arrang$ toge!r2 & we h %[n t rocks pres5t+ ! same g5]al appe>ances1 & compos$ ( exactly ! same mat]ials1 are be+ produc$ 9 ! pres5t age ^u ! ,surface ( ! ,e>?1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( natural causes4 ,moreov]1 we h closely exam9$1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ! nature ( ! process by :i* ! =mation ( ^! rocks is accompli%$ at ! pres5t day2 & we h se5 h[ difficult x is1 :5 ! facts ( ! case are once cle>ly be=e u1 to resi/ ! conclusion t ! rocks :i* we n[ f9d buri$ 9 ! ,e>?1 7 produc$ 9 "s =m] age1 by ! same causes :i* are /ill at "w4 ,we %all next proce$ to inquire h[ f> ?is conclusion is confirm$ by ! indep5d5t evid5ce ( ,fossil ,rema9s4 ,b be=e ent]+ on a new l9e ( argum5t1 x is fit we %\ld take notice ( an objection :i* has sometimes be5 urg$ aga9/ ! reason+ we h hi!rto pursu$1 & :i* has done mu* to create & to keep alive a prejudice unfavorable to ! ,sci5ce ( ,geology4 ,religi\s writ]s h n unfrequ5tly ins9uat$1 & sometimes h pla9ly ass]t$1 t1 9 ascrib+ ! pres5t /ructure ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ to ! op]ation ( natural causes1 ,geologi/s w\ld seem to make no acc\nt ( ,god's ,omnipot5ce4 ,a mom5t's reflection w conv9ce ! read] t ?is *>ge is utt]ly unphilosophical4 ,is x n pla9 t ! m fully we appreciate & ackn[l$ge ! wond]ful works ( ,nature1 ! m deeply mu/ we become impress$ ) ! p[] & wisdom ( ,him :o is ! ,au?or & ,rul] ( ,nature8 ,to say t second>y causes exi/1 & to po9t out ! monum5ts t be> witness to _! op]ation 9 long pass$ ages1 is n to d5y1 b r to affirm ! exi/5ce ( a ,great ,fir/ ,cause1 ^u :om !y all dep5d = _! exi/5ce1 _! pres]vation1 & _! guidance4 ,we are ev]y:]e rem9d$ by abundant evid5ce1 t x has pleas$ ! ,great ,creator to employ ! ag5cy ( ,8 creatures 9 ! fa%ion+ & ! adorn+ ( ?is mat]ial univ]se4 ,he does n create at once1 z ,he well might d1 ! great oak ( ! =e/2 b ,he all[s ! se$ to s9k into ! e>?1 :]e x is wat]$ by ! g5tle dews ( ,heav51 & fructifi$ by ! g5ial w>m? ( ! sun2 soon x puts =? a t5d] g]m2 ! g]m1 9 "t1 imbib+ ! elem5ts ( its support f ! air & ! e>?1 becomes a sappl+1 & ! sappl+ a tree1 :i* spreads its huge bran*es on e side1 & s]ves = _m purposes ( ornam5t & ( use4 ,or let u take ! case ( ! honeycomb1 t mo/ curi\s & +5i\s "w1 at once ! palace & ! /oreh\se ( a va/ & busy community4 ,x is n produc$ 9 a mom5t by a simple act ( creation4 ,god has n made x ,himself1 b ,he has taught ! bee to make x4 ,9 l mann] ,he has provid$ = ! little birds1 n by build+ _! ne/s1 b by infus+ into _! nature t my/]i\s in/9ct :i* prompts !m to build1 & guides !m 9 _! "w4 ,geologi/s1 !re=e1 :5 !y und]take to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks1 n by ! imm$iate action ( ! ,creator1 b by ! int]v5tion ( natural causes1 are n on t acc\nt to be accus$ ( impiety4 ,!y d n disp>age1 b r magnify ,8 glory1 :5 !y expatiate ^u ! endless v>iety ( ag5ts :i*1 accord+ to _! !ory1 ,he has employ$ 9 ! /ructure ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,if ! honeycomb1 z a "w ( contrivance & design1 excites ! wond] & admiration ( ! philosoph]1 :at mu/ we ?9k ( ! contrivance & design exhibit$ by ,him :o has made1 n ! honeycomb only1 b ! bee t builds ! honeycomb8 ,& s1 too1 we get novel & unexpect$ views ( ,god's ,omnipot5ce1 :51 ?r\gh ! sci5ce ( ,geology1 we come to und]/& ! va/ & h>moni\s s]ies ( second>y causes by :i* he has br\ght ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? into its pres5t =m & %ape4 ,! impress ( ,8 h& is /amp$ ^u ,8 works2 & all t is wond]ful & attractive 9 ,nature is b ! tok5 ( ,8 p[] & ! %ad[ ( ,8 beauty4 ,& s our national poet has sung3 8,?\ art1 ,o ,,god1 ! life & light ,( all ?is wondr\s _w we see2 ,its gl[ by day1 its smile by night1 ,are b reflections caught f ,!e4 ,:]e'er we turn1 ,?y glories %9e1 ,& all ?+s fair & bright are ,?9e40 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,fossil ,,rema9s--,,! ,,museum4 ,recapitulation--,scope ( our argum5t--,!ory ( /ratifi$ rocks ! framework ( geological sci5ce--,! !ory br+s geology into contact ) revelation--! l9e ( reason+ hi!rto pursu$ confirm$ by ! te/imony ( fossil rema9s--,mean+ ( ! ^w fossil--,inexhau/ible abundance ( fossils--,v>i\s /ates ( pres]vation--,petrifaction--,exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,gpp]t--,organic rocks af=d "s insight into ! fossil _w--,! reality & significance ( fossil rema9s mu/ be le>n$ f obs]vation--,! ,briti% ,museum--,colossal skeletons--,bones & %ells ( animals--,fossil plants & trees4 ,read]1 y are beg9n+ to suspect u4 #8,h[ long d we propose to deta9 p8' ,= any?+ t appe>s we may be design+ to write on to ! tw5tie? c5tury4 #8,& :i!r are we go+8' ,t[>d :at object8 :i* is z urg5t a qure z1 h[ f>8 ,p]haps we may be lead+ y into treason4 ,y feel symptoms ( d\bt & re/iv5ess2 & l ,hamlet ) 8 fa!r's gho/1 8y w foll[ u no fur!r unless we expla9 :at x is t we are 9 que/ (40 ,^! words ( ,?omas ,de ,qu9cey to 8 read]s1 9 ! middle ( "o ( 8 discursive essays1 :i*1 int]e/+ z !y c]ta9ly are 9 all _! p>ts1 yet sometimes beget a feel+ ( we>9ess f ! uncom=table appreh5sion t !y w n come to an end1 are1 p]haps1 sc>cely less appropriate 9 our own case4 ,x may be t our read]s h be5 left too long 9 ! uneasy /ate ( susp5se & hope def]r$4 ,!y came to our pages to look = a practical solution ( ! "q1 ,is ,geology at v>iance ) ! ,bible8 ,& :at avails x1 !y may ask1 to disc\rse to !m ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 & ,riv]s1 & ,glaci]s1 & ,alluvial ,pla9s1 & ,coral ,rocks1 & ,coal ,m9es8 ,) pa9ful /eps !y h be5 toil+ aft] u ?r\gh t$i\s disquisitions1 /ra9+ _! eyes to see ! end1 b ! end is n yet 9 sight4 ,well1 !n1 if !y w re/ = a few m9utes by ! way1 we w pause1 too1 & tell !m :at we are ab\t1 & try to br+ out m cle>ly ! object at :i* we are aim+4 ,our design f ! beg9n+ 0 to consid] ! po9ts ( contact betwe5 ,geology & ,revelation2 to exam9e ! relations t exi/ betwe5 ^! two dep>tm5ts ( k1--"o re/+ ^u reason & obs]vation1 ! o!r giv5 to u f ,heav52 & to inquire h[ f> x may be possible to adopt ! conclusions ( ! =m]1 :ile we adh]e1 at ! same "t1 ) unsw]v+ fidelity1 to ! un*angeable tru?s ( ! latt]4 ,) ?is end 9 view1 we proce$$ at once to sket* out ! m prom95t features ( ,geological !ory2 n ! p>ticul> !ory ( "o writ]1 or ( "o s*ool1 b t m g5]al !ory :i* is adopt$ by all writ]s1 & prevails 9 e s*ool4 ,?is !ory1 we 7 all well aw>e1 is 9 _m po9ts widely at v>iance ) ! common notions ( s5sible & ev5 well-in=m$ m5 :o h n devot$ mu* att5tion to ! /udy ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,& x occurr$ to u t1 possibly1 _m ( our read]s might be dispos$ to cut ! controv]sy %ort by reject+1 9 a summ>y way1 ! :ole sy/em ( ,geology1 & treat+ x z an empty %ad[ or an idle dream4 ,?is1 we 7 conv9c$1 w\ld be a mi/ak5 & mis*iev\s c\rse4 ,geology is n a h\se ( c>ds t x may be bl[n d[n by a brea?4 ,x is a hypo!sis1 a !ory1 if y w2 b no "o c 9 fairness d5y t beh9d ?is !ory !re are facts1--unexpect$1 />tl+1 significant facts2 t ^! facts1 :5 consid]$ 9 _! relation to "o ano!r1 :5 illu/rat$ by ! pres5t ph5om5a ( ,nature1 & skilfully gr\p$ toge!r1 z !y h be5 by able m51 disclose c]ta9 g5]al tru?s1 & sugge/ c]ta9 argum5ts1 :i* d seem to po9t 9 ! direction ( ^? conclusions at :i* ,geologi/s h arriv$4 ,x foll[s t he :o w\ld inve/igate fairly ! claims ( ,geology1 mu/ fir/ le>n to appreciate ! significance ( ^! facts1 & to e/imate ! value ( ^! argum5ts4 ,& ?is is precisely :at we h be5 try+ to d4 ,we are n writ+ a treatise on ,geology4 ,c]ta9ly n3 x w\ld be presumptu\s 9 u1 ) our scanty k1 to attempt x4 ,besides1 ,geology has x own pr(essors1 & its lecture-halls1 & its manuals4 ,nei!r d we mean to assume ! "* ( ! advocates or *ampions ( ,geology4 ,x does n ask our s]vices2 9 its cause are enroll$ no small proportion ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s names :i* = ! la/ fifty ye>s h adorn$ ! annals ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,nor d we want ev5 to en=ce ^u our read]s t m g5]al !ory ( ,geology :i* we are endeavor+ to expla9 & illu/rate4 ,our purpose is m]ely to collect f v>i\s s\rces1 & to /r+ toge!r1 ! evid5ce t may be adduc$ 9 its favor2 t s1 :5 we come h]eaft] to consid] ?is !ory 9 its relation ) ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,bible1 we may n incur ! risk ( discomfiture by d5y+ t :i* has be5 prov$ by facts1 b r approa* ! subject ) su* k z may help u to discov] ! real h>mony t we "k to exi/ betwe5 ! tru?s inscrib$ on ! works ( ,god1 & ^? :i* are record$ 9 ,8 ,writt5 ,^w4 ,9 ! accompli%m5t ( ?is task we h devot$ ourselves *iefly to ! /udy ( ! ,aque\s or ,/ratifi$ ,rocks4 ,accord+ to ,geologi/s1 ^! rocks1 su* z we f9d !m n[1 7 n ! imm$iate "w ( creation1 b 7 sl[ly produc$ 9 ! long lapse ( ages1 & laid out "o above ano!r1 by a va/ & complex ma*9]y ( second>y causes4 ,! elem5ts ( :i* !y are compos$ 7 ga!r$ toge!r f _m & v>i\s s\rces2 f ! ocean1 f ! air1 f o!r pre-exi/+ rocks2 &1 = aught we "k1 may h _h a long & ev5tful hi/ory be=e !y came to assume _! pres5t /ructure & arrangem5t4 ,?us1 = example1 ! ,conglom]ates1 & ,s&/ones1 ) :i* we are s famili>1 are made up ( brok5 fragm5ts d]iv$ f e>li] rocks1 & !n transport$ to di/ant sites by ! m\nta9 torr5ts1 or ! /ately riv]s ( va/ cont95ts1 or ! sil5t curr5ts ( ! sea2 ! ,lime/one ) :i* we build our h\ses is ! "w ( liv+ animals t once sw>m$ 9 c\ntless myriads b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! ocean2 & ! ,coal :i* supplies ! motive p[] to our manufactories1 our railways1 our %ips ( w> & comm]ce1 is b ! mod]n repres5tative ( anci5t swamps & =e/s1 :i*1 hav+ be5 buri$ 9 ! e>?1 & !re1 by ! action ( *emical laws1 end[$ ) new prop]ties1 7 laid by = ! future use ( man 9 ! great /oreh\se ( ,nature4 ,?is mode ( acc\nt+ = ! orig9 & =mation ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks con/itutes 9 a mann] ! framework t supports & b9ds toge!r ! :ole sy/em ( ,geology4 ,if x be once fairly e/abli%$1 ,geology is entitl$ to take high rank z a ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,if on ! contr>y x %\ld prove to be )\t f\ndation1 !n ,geology is no long] a sci5ce1 b a dream4 ,moreov]1 x is ?is !ory ( /ratification :i*1 f ! fir/1 has br\ght ,geology into contact ) ,revelation4 ,= ,geologi/s h be5 l$ to inf] ! extreme ,antiquity ( ! ,e>?1 f ! imm5se ?ickness ( ! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! v sl[ & gradual process by :i* ea* /ratum 9 ! s]ies has be51 9 its turn1 spread out & consolidat$4 ,^? likewise :o claim = ! ,human ,race a great] ,antiquity ?an ! ,bible all[s1 seek = _! pro(s 9 ! suppos$ orig9 & antiquity ( ^? sup]ficial deposits1 9 :i* ! rema9s ( ,man or ( 8 works are sometimes f\nd entomb$4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at1 !re=e1 t ! !ory ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks %\ld engage ! l>ge/ %>e ( our att5tion :5 we und]take to discuss ! relation 9 :i* ,geology /&s to ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,= ! pres5t we say no?+ ab\t ! conclusions t fl[ f ?is !ory1 or ! errors to :i* x has l$ :5 ha/ily or ignorantly appli$3 we are only inve/igat+ ! evid5ce by :i* x is support$4 ,9 our =m] *apt]s we h drawn out at "s l5g? ! l9e ( reason+ :i* is d]iv$ f ! "* ( ! ,aque\s ,rocks !mselves :5 consid]$ 9 ! light ( ,nature's pres5t op]ations4 ,we h %[n t ,/ratifi$ ,rocks ( _m diff]5t k9ds1 j su* z ^? :i* compose ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 h be5 produc$ by natural causes )9 hi/oric times2 & we h expla9$ "s ( ! m simple & intelligible p>ts ( t complex ma*9]y1 :i*1 ev5 n[1 is busily at "w ga!r+1 sort+1 di/ribut+1 pil+ up toge!r1 & consolidat+ ! mat]ials ( new /rata all ov] ! _w4 ,^! consid]ations1 z we took occasion to po9t out1 beget a /rong presumption 9 favor ( ,geological !ory4 ,"h we h ,nature at "w1 actually br++ into exi/5ce a /ratum ( rock be=e our eyes4 ,& !re1 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 we f9d ano!r /ratum ( precisely ! same k9d already f9i%$4 ,:at c be m reasonable ?an to ascribe ! "o to ! action ( ! same causes :i* we see at "w ^u ! o!r8 ,& ?us1 by ext5d+ ! area ( our obs]vations f "o class ( ,aque\s ,rocks to ano!r1 ! idea gradually gr[s ^u u t ^! rocks h be5 spread out1 /ratum ^u /ratum1 dur+ _m successive ages1 by ! ag5cy ( second>y causes simil> to ^? :i* are /ill 9 op]ation2 & t ea* /ratum1 9 its turn1 z x fir/ came into exi/5ce1 0 = a "t ! upp]mo/ ( ! s]ies4 ,9 support ( ?is conclusion we are n[ ab\t to br+ =w>d a new & indep5d5t argum5t f\nd$ on ! te/imony ( ,fossil ,rema9s4 ,an em95t writ] has summ$ up 9 a few words ! value & importance ( ,fossil ,rema9s 9 ref]5ce to ,geological !ory4 8,at pres5t10 he says1 8%ells1 fi%es1 & o!r animals are buri$ 9 ! mud or silt ( lakes & e/u>ies2 riv]s also c>ry d[n ! c>cases ( l& animals1 ! trunks ( trees1 & o!r vegetable drift2 & e>?quakes subm]ge pla9s & isl&s1 ) all _! vegetable & animal inhabitants4 ,^! rema9s become envelop$ 9 ! lay]s ( mud & s& & gravel =m$ by ! wat]s1 & 9 process ( "t are petrifi$1 t is1 are conv]t$ into /ony matt] l ! %ells & bones f\nd 9 ! olde/ /rata4 ,n[1 z at pres5t1 s 9 all =m] "t mu/ ! rema9s ( plants & animals h be5 simil>ly pres]v$2 &1 z "o tribe ( plant is peculi> to ! dry pla91 ano!r to ! swampy morass2 z "o family belongs to a temp]ate1 ano!r to a tropical region1 s1 f ! "* ( ! emb$d$ plants1 we are enabl$ to arrive at "s k ( ! conditions "u :i* !y fl\ri%$4 ,9 ! same mann] ) animals3 ea* tribe has its locality assign$ x by peculi>ities ( food1 climate1 & ! l2 ea* family has its own peculi> /ructure = runn+1 fly+1 swimm+1 plant-eat+1 or fle%-eat+1 z ! case may be2 & by comp>+ ,fossil ,rema9s ) exi/+ races1 we are enabl$ to det]m9e _m ( ! pa/ conditions ( ! _w ) consid]able c]ta9ty40#fh ,on ?is bran* ( our subject we d n mean to (f] mu* 9 ! way ( argum5t /rictly s call$4 ,we %all cont5t ourselves ) a simple /atem5t ( facts1 & leave !m to produce _! own impression4 ,x w be necess>y at ! outset to expla9 "s te*nical matt]s1 t :at we h to say h]eaft] may be ! bett] und]/ood3 & if 9 ?is we are some:at dry & tiresome1 we w try to make am5ds by ! curi\s & int]e/+ /ory ( ,nature's long buri$ works1 :i* we hope 9 ! sequel to unfold4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ! ^w ,fossil 0 fir/ introduc$ into ! ,engli% language1 x 0 employ$ to designate1 z ! etymology sugge/s1 :atev] is dug out ( ! e>?4#fi ,b x is n[ g5]ally us$ 9 a mu* m re/rict$ s5se1 be+ appli$ only to ! rema9s ( plants & animals emb$d$ 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? & !re pres]v$ by natural causes4 ,:5 we speak ( rema9s1 we mu/ be und]/ood to include ev5 ^? seem+ly transi5t impressions1 su* z foot-pr9ts 9 ! s&1 :i* hav+ be5 made p]man5t by accid5tal circum/ances1 & ?us engrav$1 z x 71 on ! ar*ives ( ,nature1 n[ be> witness to ! =m] exi/5ce ( organic life4 ,n[ 9 e "p ( ! _w :]e ! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks h be5 laid op5 to view1 rema9s ( ?is k9d are f\nd scatt]$ on all sides 9 ! mo/ pr(use abundance4 ,9 ,europe1 9 ,am]ica1 9 ,au/ralia1 9 ! froz5 wa/es ( ,sib]ia1 9 ! c\ntless isl&s scatt]$ ov] ! wat]s ( ! ,pacific1 !re is sc>cely a s+le =mation1 f ! l[e/ 9 ! s]ies to ! highe/1 t1 :5 x is fairly explor$1 does n yield up va/ /ores ( %ells1 toge!r ) bones & tee?1 nay1 sometimes :ole skeletons ( animals2 also fragm5ts ( wood1 impressions ( leaves1 & o!r organic sub/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,fossil ,iri% ,de] 7,c\nty ,f]managh74 ,9 ! ,museum ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 ,f ,haughton's ,manual ( ,geology ,^! ,fossil ,rema9s d n always occur 9 ! same /ate ( pres]vation4 ,sometimes we h ! bone1 or plant1 or %ell1 9 its natural condition2 /ill reta9+ n only its own peculi> =m & /ructure1 b likewise ! v same organic sub/ance ( :i* x 0 orig9ally compos$4 ,examples innum]able may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 or1 inde$1 9 almo/ any ,geological collection3 ! f9e skeletons ( anci5t ,iri% ,de]1 :i* are exhibit$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 & ( :i* all ! bones are 9 excell5t pres]vation1 mu/ be famili> to _m ( our read]s4 ,x happ5s1 h[ev]1 m frequ5tly t ! organic sub/ance itself has disappe>$1 b has left an impression on ! rock1 t n[ be>s witness to its =m] pres5ce4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 :5 a %ell has be5 dissolv$ & c>ri$ away by wat] p]colat+ ! rock1 x has v (t5 left aft] x1 on ! h>d /one1 a m\ld ( its out] surface & a ca/ ( its inn] surface1 ) a cavity betwe5 correspond+ to ! ?ickness ( ! %ell4 ,9 su* cases we h ! =m1 ! size1 & ! sup]ficial m>k+s ( ! organic body1 b we h no "p ( its orig9al sub/ance1 & no traces ( its int]nal /ructure4 ,?is =m ( fossilization1 z ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has well put x1 8may be easily und]/ood if we exam9e ! mud rec5tly ?r[n out f a pond or canal 9 :i* !re are %ells4 ,if ! mud be argillace\s1 x acquires consi/5cy 9 dry+1 & on break+ op5 a portion ( x1 we f9d t ea* %ell has left impressions ( its ext]nal =m4 ,if we !n remove ! %ell itself1 we f9d )9 a solid nucleus ( clay1 hav+ ! =m ( ! int]ior ( ! %ell40#gj ,9 _m cases ! space fir/ occupi$ by ! %ell is n left empty :5 ! %ell has be5 remov$1 b is fill$ up ) "s m9]al sub/ance1 su* z lime or fl9t4 ,! m9]al ?us introduc$ becomes ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! organic body :i* has disappe>$2 & has be5 ju/ly comp>$ to a bronze /atue1 :i* exhibits ! ext]ior =m & l9eam5ts1 b n ! int]nal organization nor ! sub/ance ( ! object x repres5ts4 ,!re is a ?ird =m m wond]ful /ill1 9 :i* ,fossil ,rema9s are n uncommonly f\nd4 ,! orig9al body has pass$ away z 9 ! =m] case1 & yet n only does its outw>d %ape rema91 b ev5 its int]nal texture is p]fectly pres]v$ 9 ! solid /one :i* has tak5 its place4 ,?is k9d ( *ange is exhibit$ mo/ rem>kably 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 ,fossil trees ( great size h be5 discov]$ ( :i* ! :ole sub/ance has be5 *ang$ f wood to /one3 yet ) su* exquisite skill has ! *ange be5 effect$ t ! m9ute cells & fibres1 & ! r+s ( annual gr[?1 may /ill be cle>ly trac$2 nay1 ev5 ^? delicate spiral vessels :i*1 f _! extreme m9ut5ess1 c be disc]n$ only by ! aid ( ! microscope4 ,?us ! tree rema9s complete 9 all its p>ts2 b x is no long] a tree ( wood2 x is1 s to speak1 a tree ( /one4 ,! my/]y ( ?is extraord9>y trans=mation has n yet be5 fully cle>$ up by sci5tific m52 b ! g5]al pr9ciple1 at lea/1 is suffici5tly und]/ood4 ,x is ?us briefly expla9$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell3 8,if an organic sub/ance is expos$ 9 ! op5 air to ! action ( ! sun & ra91 x w 9 "t putrefy1 or be dissolv$ into its compon5t elem5ts1 consi/+ usually ( oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 & c>bon4 ,^! w readily be absorb$ by ! atmosph]e or be wa%$ away by ra91 s t all ve/iges ( ! dead animal or plant disappe>4 ,b if ! same sub/ances be subm]g$ 9 wat]1 !y decompose m gradually2 & if buri$ 9 ! e>?1 /ill m sl[ly1 z 9 ! famili> example ( wood5 piles or o!r buri$ timb]4 ,n[1 if z fa/ z ea* p>ticle is set free by putrefaction 9 a fluid or gase\s /ate1 a p>ticle equally m9ute ( c>bonate ( lime1 fl9t1 or o!r m9]al is at h& & ready to be precipitat$1 we may imag9e ?is inorganic matt] to take ! place j be=e left unoccupi$ by ! organic molecule4 ,9 ?is mann] a ca/ ( ! int]ior ( c]ta9 vessels may fir/ be tak51 & aft]w>d ! m solid walls ( ! same may decay & suff] a l transmutation40#ga ,?is exposition1 s simple & lum9\s 9 itself1 may1 p]haps1 be r5d]$ /ill m intelligible to ! g5]al read] by an +5i\s illu/ration ( ,mr4 ,jukes4 8,x is10 he says1 8z if a h\se 7 gradually rebuilt1 brick by brick1 or /one by /one1 a brick or a /one ( a diff]5t k9d hav+ be5 sub/itut$ = ea* ( ! =m] ones1 ! %ape & size ( ! h\se1 ! =ms & arrangem5ts ( its rooms1 passages1 & closets1 & ev5 ! numb] & %ape ( ! bricks & /ones1 rema9+ unalt]$40#gb ,?is s+ul> k9d ( petrifaction1 by :i* n only ! ext]nal =m1 b ev5 ! organic tissue itself1 is conv]t$ into /one1 has be5 illu/rat$1 9 a v int]e/+ way1 by ,pr(essor ,gpp]t ( ,breslau4 ,) a view to imitate z ne>ly z he c\ld ! process ( ,nature1 8he /eep$ a v>iety ( animal & vegetable sub/ances 9 wat]s1 "s hold+ silice\s1 o!rs calc>e\s1 o!rs metallic matt] 9 solution4 ,he f\nd t 9 ! p]iod ( a few weeks1 or ev5 days1 ! organic bodies ?us imm]s$ 7 m9]aliz$ to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,?us1 = example1 ?9 v]tical slices ( deal1 tak5 f ! ,scot* fir1 7 imm]s$ 9 a mod]ately /rong solution ( sulphate ( iron4 ,:5 !y _h be5 ?or\ghly soak$ 9 ! liquid = sev]al days1 !y 7 dri$ & expos$ to a r$ heat until ! vegetable matt] 0 burnt up & no?+ rema9$ b an oxide ( iron1 :i* 0 f\nd to h tak5 ! =m ( ! deal s exactly t ca/s ev5 ( ! dott$ vessels peculi> to ?is family ( plants 7 di/9ctly visible "u ! microscope40#gc 99 99 99 99 99 ,if we h succe$$ 9 mak+ ourselves und]/ood1 ! read] w n[ h a pretty accurate notion ( :at is meant1 9 mod]n ,geology1 by ,fossil ,rema9s4 ,!y are ! rema9s or impressions ( plants & animals1 buri$ 9 ! e>? by natural causes1 & pres]v$ to our "t 9 any "o ( ! ?ree =ms we h j describ$4 ,ei!r ! body itself rema9s1 /ill reta9+ its own natural sub/ance1 toge!r ) its ext]nal =m & its int]nal /ructure4 ,or secondly1 ! organic sub/ance & ! organic /ructure h bo? disappe>$1 b ! outw>d =m & ! sup]ficial m>k+s h be5 left impress$ on ! solid rock4 ,or ?irdly1 ! sub/ance ( ! body has be5 conv]t$ into /one1 b ) su* a delicate art1 t x is 9 all respects1 outw>dly & inw>dly1 /ill ! same body1 ) a new sub/ance4 ,we %\ld obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ^! ?ree diff]5t =ms ( fossilization1 :i* we h successively describ$1 are n always cle>ly di/9ct 9 actual fossil specim5s1 b are (t5 curi\sly bl5d$ toge!r accord+ z ! orig9al organic sub/ance has be5 m or less completely displac$1 or ! process ( petrifaction has be5 m or less p]fectly accompli%$4 ,x w probably h occurr$ to ! intellig5t read] t we h already _h "s insight into ! ,fossil _w1 :5 inve/igat+ ! orig9 ( ,organic ,rocks4 ,we h se51 = in/ance1 t ,coal is ! repres5tative to our age ( swamps & =e/s :i* once cov]$ ! e>? ) vegetation2 t ,m\nta9 ,lime/one is 9 great "p =m$ f ! skeletons ( reef-build+ corals2 t ! ,:ite ,*alk ( ,europe is almo/ entirely d]iv$ f ! rema9s ( m>9e %ells4 ,b x %\ld be obs]v$ t ^! & su* l rocks1 :ile !y af=d u mu* valuable in=mation ab\t ! anci5t organic condition ( our planet1 are n1 /rictly speak+1 ,fossil ,rema9s4 ,=1 n only does ! sub/ance ( ! organic bodies !y repres5t exhibit an alt]$ "*1 b ! int]nal /ructure has be5 9 great "p effac$1 & ev5 ! outw>d =ms & sup]ficial m>k+s h disappe>$4 ,!y conta91 x is true1 great multitudes ( ,fossils4 ,9 ! ,coal1 = example1 are f\nd1 z we h se51 trunks ( trees1 toge!r ) ! impressions ( plants & leaves3 9 ! ,*alk & ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 fragm5ts ( %ells & corals are (t5 discov]$ 9 a /ate ( p]fect pres]vation4 ,b ! bulk ( ^! =mations is made up n s mu* ( ,fossil ,rema9s1 z ( t into :i* ,fossil ,rema9s h be5 conv]t$4 ,coal1 = in/ance1 is some?+ m ?an ,fossil wood2 ,*alk1 & ,lime/one1 & ,m>ble1 are some?+ m ?an ,fossil %ells & corals4 ,fossil ,rema9s prop]ly s call$ pres5t a v mu* m lively picture ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( our ,globe4 ,b x is a picture t c b fa9tly be convey$ to ! m9d by ! way ( m]e v]bal description4 ,he :o w\ld appreciate aright ! reality & ! significance ( ,fossil ,rema9s mu/ ga!r 8 impressions f actual obs]vation4 ,let him g1 = in/ance1 to ! ,briti% ,museum1 & walk sl[ly ?r\gh ! long suite ( noble gall]ies :i* are !re exclusively devot$ to ?is bran* ( sci5ce4 ,he w feel z if transport$ into ano!r _w1 ! reality ( :i* he c\ld sc>cely h believ$ if he _h n se5 x ) 8 own eyes4 ,be=e him1 & beh9d him1 & on ea* side ( him1 z he moves along1 are spread out 9 long array =ms ( bea/s1 & birds1 & fi%1 & amphibi\s animals1 su* z he has nev] se5 be=e1 nor dreamt ( 9 8 wilde/ dreams4 ,yet mu* z he may wond] at ^! /range figures1 he nev] = a mom5t d\bts t !y 7 once indu$ ) life1 & mov$ ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 or disport$ 9 ! wat]s ( ! deep4 ,nay m1 ?\gh ! =ms are new to him1 he w be at no loss1 h[ev] inexp]i5c$ 9 ,natural ,hi/ory1 to f9d _m analogies betwe5 ! creation 9 ! mid/ ( :i* he /&s1 & ! creation ) :i* he has be5 hi!rto famili>4 ,!re are quadrup$s1 & bip$s1 & reptiles4 ,"s ( ! animals 7 manife/ly design$ to walk on dry l&1 "s to swim 9 ! sea1 & "s to fly 9 ! air4 ,"s are arm$ ) claws l ! lion or ! tig]1 o!rs h ! paddles ( a turtle1 & o!rs aga9 h ! f9s ( a fi%4 ,"h is an enorm\s bea/ t might almo/ pass = an elephant1 ?\gh an exp]i5c$ eye w n fail to detect an important diff]5ce2 & !re is an amphibi\s mon/] t sugge/s ! idea ( a crocodile2 & aga9 a little fur!r on is an unsightly creature :i* unites ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! dim9utive slo? ) ! colossal proportions ( ! l>ge/ rh9oc]os4 ,if left to m]e conjecture1 ! visitor w\ld p]haps suppose t ^! unc\? mon/]s _h be5 br\ght toge!r by "s adv5tur\s travell] f ! remote regions ( ! _w4 ,b no3 he w f9d on inquiry t ! va/ majority belong to species :i* = c5turies h n be5 kn[n to fl\ri% on ! ,e>?2 & t _m ( ! /range/ =ms be=e him h be5 dug up almo/ f b5ea? ! v soil on :i* he /&s1--f ! qu>ries ( ,surrey1 ( ,sussex1 & ( ,k5t1 & f ! deep cutt+s on ! _m l9es ( railway t div]ge f ! great metropolis ( ,london4 ,! life !y repres5t s vividly is1 inde$1 widely diff]5t f t :i* fl\ri%es ar\nd u2 b x is ! life n s mu* ( a f> di/ant c\ntry z ( a f> di/ant age4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t su* skeletons z ^? :i* fir/ arre/ ! eye 9 ! gall]ies ( ! ,briti% ,museum--s colossal 9 _! proportions & s complete 9 all _! details--fairly exhibit ! g5]al "* ( ,fossil ,rema9s4 ,p]fect skeletons ( gigantic animals are r>ely to be f\nd4 ,!y are ! exception & n ! g5]al rule1--! magnific5t rew>d ( long & toilsome exploration1 or1 x may be1 ! *ance discov]y t br+s weal? to ! humble home ( "s ru/ic labor]4 ,v diff]5t are ! common e day discov]ies ( ! work+ ,geologi/4 ,disjo9t$ bones & skulls1 scatt]$ tee?1 fragm5ts ( %ells1 ! eggs ( birds1 ! impressions ( leaves1--^! are ! ord9>y relics t ,nature has /or$ up = our in/ruction 9 ! v>i\s /rata ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/3 & ^! likewise con/itute by f> ! great] "p ( ! treasures :i* are ga!r$ toge!r 9 our ,geological ,museums4 ,we w suppose1 !n1 t ! visitor has gratifi$ 8 s5se ( wond] 9 gaz+ at ! l>g] & m /rik+ =ms1 few 9 numb]1 t rise up prom95tly be=e him1 & seem to />e at him 9 return f _! holl[ sockets3 he mu/ next turn 8 att5tion to ! cases t /& aga9/ ! walls1 & to ! cab9ets t /ret* along ! gall]ies 9 di/ant p]spective4 ,let him survey t multitude ( bones ( e %ape & size1 & ^? c\ntless legions ( %ells1 & !n try to realize to 8 m9d :at a pr(usion & v>iety ( animal life are "h repres5t$4 ,& yet he mu/ rememb] t ?is is b a s+le collection4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( o!rs1 public & private1 scatt]$ ov] ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & beyond ! ,atlantic1 on ! cont95t ( ,am]ica1 & ev5 9 ,au/ralia2 all ( :i* h be5 furni%$ f a few isolat$ spots1--sc>cely m ?an specks on ! surface ( ! ,globe1--:]e ! int]ior ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ has *anc$ to be laid op5 to ! explorations ( ! ,geologi/4 ,la/ly1 be=e he leaves ?is spl5did gall]y1 let him take a pass+ glance at ! ,organic ,rema9s ( ! vegetable _w4 ,!re is no mi/ak+ ! =ms "h pres5t$ to 8 view4 ,he w recognize at once ! massive & l(ty trunks ( =e/ trees ) _! spread+ bran*es2 ! t5d] foliage ( ! less] plants2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! graceful f]n1 :i* _c fail to attract 8 eye by its unrivall$ luxuriance4 ,b if ! =ms are famili>1 h[ /range is ! sub/ance1 ( ?is anci5t vegetation6 ,! =e/ tree has be5 turn$ into s&/one2 _m ( ! plants are ( ! h>de/ fl9t2 & ! ri* gre5 ( ! f]n has giv5 place to ! jet black color ( coal4 ,let him take a magnify+ glass & scrut9ize ! int]nal /ructure ( ^! m9]aliz$ rema9s2 = ! m closely !y are exam9$ ! m wond]ful d !y appe>4 ,he c obs]ve )\t difficulty _! m9ute cells & fibres1 ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ^? :i* may be se5 9 ! plants t are n[ gr[+ ^u ! e>?2 he may detect ! little se$-vessels on ! "u surface ( ! coaly f]n2 nay1 if he gets a poli%$ transv]se section ( ! s&/one tree1 he may c\nt ! r+s t m>k its annual gr[?1 & tell ! age x atta9$ 9 its primeval =e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,fossil ,wood1 f ! ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one ( ,mayo1 %[+ ! r+s ( ,annual ,gr[?4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,fossil ,,rema9s--,,! ,,exploration4 ,f ! museum to ! qu>ry--,fossil fi% 9 ! lime/one rocks ( ,monte ,bolca--,9 ! qu>ries ( ,aix--,9 ! *alk ( ,sussex--,! i*?yosaurus or fi%-l liz>d--,gigantic dim5sions ( ?is anci5t mon/]--,its pr$atory habits--,! plesiosaurus--,! mega!rium or great wild bea/--,hi/ory ( its discov]y--,! mylodon--,pr(usion ( fossil %ells--,petrifi$ trees erect 9 ! lime/one rock ( ,portl&--,fossil plants ( ! coal measures--,! sigill>ia--,! f]n--,! calamite--,! lepidod5dron--,coal m9e ( ,treuil--,fossil rema9s af=d und5iable evid5ce ( =m] animal & vegetable life--,_! exi/5ce _c be acc\nt$ = by ! pla/ic p[] ( nature--,nor c x reasonably be ascrib$ to a special act ( creation4 ,f ! gall]ies ( ! ,museum we mu/ n[ desc5d into ! subt]ranean recesses ( ! m9e & ! qu>ry4 ,= x is n en\gh to be famili> ) ! appe>ance ( ,fossil ,rema9s1 z !y are laid out = %[ by human h&s3 we mu/ see !m also z !y lie emb$d$ 9 ! successive /rata ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/1 :i* are ! %elves ( ,nature's cab9et4 ,we %all beg9 ) ! celebrat$ qu>ries ( ,monte ,bolca1 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 n f> f ,v]ona4 ,"h1 9 ! h>d lime/one rock1 fifty miles f ! ne>e/ sea1 entire skeletons ( _m diff]5t species ( fi% are f\nd emb$d$ 9 pr(use abundance1 & 9 a wond]ful /ate ( pres]vation4 ,!y lie p>allel to ! lay]s ( ! rock2 &1 ?\gh flatt5$ by pressure1 /ill reta9 _! scales1 bones1 f9s1 nay1 ev5 _! muscul> tissue1 undi/urb$ & unh>m$4 ,_! color is a deep br[n1 :i* =ms a rem>kable contra/ ) ! creamy hue ( ! lime/one 9 :i* !y are envelop$4 ,! qu>ries h be5 work$ only by /ud5ts ( ,natural ,hi/ory = ! sake ( ,organic rema9s1 & are1 !re=e1 ( v limit$ ext5t2 yet s abundant are ^! fossil treasures t upw>d ( a hundr$ diff]5t species h be5 discov]$1 & ?\s&s ( specim5s h be5 disp]s$ ov] ! cab9ets ( ,europe4 ,s closely are !y sometimes pack$ toge!r t _m individuals are conta9$ 9 a s+le block4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,platax ,papilio4 ,f ! lime/one ( ,monte ,bolca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,semiophorus ,velicans4 ,f ! lime/one ( ,monte ,bolca4 ,f ^! facts ,geologi/s h be5 l$ to conclude3--t ! /rata 9 "q 7 deposit$ on ! b$ ( an anci5t sea 9 :i* ^! fi%es swam2 t ! wat]s ( ! sea 7 sudd5ly r5d]$ noxi\s1 probably by ! eruption ( volcanic matt]2 t ! fi%es 9 consequ5ce p]i%$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 & 7 !n almo/ imm$iately emb$d$ 9 ! calc>e\s deposits ( :i* ! /rata are compos$4 ,^! views receive no small confirmation f a v rem>kable ph5om5on to :i* we may be all[$1 9 pass+1 to call att5tion4 ,9 ! ye> #ahca a volcanic isl& 0 sudd5ly ?r[n up 9 ! ,m$it]ranean betwe5 ,sicily & ! ,african coa/2 & ! wat]s ( ! sea 7 at ! same "t obs]v$ to be *>g$ ) a r$ mud ov] a v wide area1 :ile hundr$s ( dead fi% 7 se5 float+ on ! surface4 ,is x n pretty pla9 t :5 ! mud subsid$ _m ( ! fi% 7 envelop$ 9 ! deposit1 & ?us pres]v$ to future times8 ,if s1 !n1 we %\ld h an exact mod]n p>allel to ! fossil fi%es ( ,monte ,bolca4 ,b = ! pres5t x is our purpose r to describe facts ?an to develop !ories4#gd ,ne> ! t[n ( ,aix1 ! anci5t capital ( ,prov5ce1 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 is a gr\p ( /rata1 consi/+ *iefly ( ,conglom]ate1 ,m>l1 ,gypsum1 & ,lime/one1 :i* has e>n$ = itself no small fame 9 ! annals ( ,geology4 ,besides _m curi\s relics ( an ext9ct vegetation1 ^! /rata yield also an abundance ( ,fossil ,insects1 :i* em]ge f ! rocky b$ 9 :i* !y h slept = ages1 ) a surpris+ fre%ness & a life-l reality4 ,b ! qu>ries ( ,aix1 l ^? ( ,monte ,bolca1 are *iefly fam\s = _! ,fossil ,fi%4 ,& 9 ?is case1 too1 z 9 ! =m]1 x w\ld seem z if va/ multitudes _h sudd5ly p]i%$ toge!r f "s my/]i\s cause1 & 7 !n z sudd5ly entomb$4 ,!y exhibit no m>k ( me*anical viol5ce3 & yet !y are f\nd1 n unfrequ5tly1 cr[d$ toge!r z closely z !y c fit1 9 e v>iety ( position1 on ! same slab ( lime/one4 ,a good example ( su* a block is repres5t$ 9 our woodcut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,fossil ,fi% f ,aix4 ,! ,:ite ,*alk ,rock ( ,sussex has be5 r5d]$ classical to ! /ud5ts ( ,geology by ! skilful & labori\s rese>*es ( ! late ,doctor ,mantell4 ,previ\s to 8 "t ! ,fi% ( ! ,*alk 7 kn[n only by _! tee? & bones1 :i* ab\nd$ 9 e qu>ry4 ,b he succe$$ 9 br++ to light _m :ole skeletons1 & dis5gag+ !m )\t injury f _! *alky envelopm5t4 ,9 _m cases ^! ,fossil ,fi% appe> to h suff]$ little f compression3 ! body /ill reta9s its r\nd$ =m2 & ev5 ! mo/ delicate scales & f9s are z little di/urb$ or di/ort$ z if ! orig9al _h be5 surr\nd$ by s(t ,pla/] ( ,p>is :ile float+ 9 ! wat]4 ,= _m ye>s ,doctor ,mantell devot$ himself1 ) indefatigable zeal1 to ! ga!r+ ( ^! int]e/+ rema9s2 & 8 magnific5t collection n[ adorns ! ,gall]ies ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 ! annex$ illu/ration is figur$ a specim5 belong+ to "o ( ! mo/ abundant species4 ,x is closely alli$ to ! common p]*2 & is popul>ly call$ ,johnny ,dory by ! qu>rym5 ( ,sussex1 b is entitl$ ,b]yx ,lewesi5sis by ! le>n$4#ge ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,b]yx ,lewesi5sis1 f ! ,*alk1 ne> ,lewes4 ,f ,fossil ,fi% we n[ turn to ,fossil ,reptiles4 ,_m ( our read]s h1 p]haps1 he>d or read some?+ ab\t an important gr\p ( rocks kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,lias4 ,?is =mation is well develop$ 9 ,engl&1 & has receiv$ mu* att5tion f ,geologi/s4 ,x /ret*es 9 a belt ( v>y+ wid? f ,:itby on ! coa/ ( ,york%ire to ,lyme ,regis on ! coa/ ( ,dorset%ire2 pass+ 9 its c\rse ?r\gh ! c\nties ( ,leice/]1 ,w>wick1 ,gl\ce/]1 & ,som]set4 ,x is compos$ *iefly ( ,lime/one1 ,m>l1 & ,clay2 & is celebrat$ = ! numb] & size ( its great ,fossil ,reptiles4 ,( ^! ! mo/ rem>kable is ! ,i*?yosaurus or ,fi%-l ,liz>d4 ,?is mon/] ( ! anci5t seas comb9$1 z its "n d5otes1 ! ess5tial *>act]s ( a reptile ) ! =m & habits ( a fi%4 ,no su* creature has be5 kn[n to exi/ )9 hi/oric times2 nev]!less1 all ! v>i\s p>ts ( its complicat$ /ructure h _! analogies1 m or less p]fect1 9 ! pres5t creation4 ,x _h ! head ( a ,liz>d1 ! beak ( a ,porpoise1 ! tee? ( a ,crocodile1 ! back bone ( a ,fi%1 & ! paddles ( a ,:ale4 ,9 l5g? x sometimes exce$$ ?irty feet2 x _h a %ort ?ick neck1 an enorm\s /oma*1 a long & p[]ful tail4 ,?is la/ app5dage1 toge!r ) f\r great paddles or f9s1 con/itut$ ! *ief organs ( motion4 ,b ( all its p>ts ! head 0 p]haps ! mo/ wond]ful & *>act]i/ic4 ,9 ! l>g] species ! jaws 7 six feet long1 & 7 arm$ ) two r[s ( conical %>p-po9t$ tee?1--a hundr$ bel[1 a hundr$ & t5 above4 ,! cavities 9 :i* ! eyes 7 set measur$ (t5 f\rte5 in*es across1 & ! eyeballs !mselves mu/ h be5 l>g] ?an a man's head4 ,n[ :at we want p>ticul>ly to impress ^u our read]s is1 t ! rema9s ( ?is s+ul> aquatic reptile ab\nd ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,lias ,=mation 9 ,engl&4 ,f> d[n bel[ ! surface ( ! e>? !y are f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! m>ls1 & clays1 & lime/ones ( ,dorset%ire1 & ,gl\ce/]1 & ,w>wick1 & ,leice/]1 & ,york%ire4 ,sometimes :ole skeletons are f\nd entire1 ) sc>cely a s+le bone remov$ f ! place x occupi$ dur+ life2 b m frequ5tly ! scatt]$ fragm5ts are f\nd ly+ ab\t 9 a /ate ( confus$ disord]2 skulls1 & jaw-bones1 & tee?1 & paddles1 & ! jo9ts ( ! v]tebral column & ( ! tail4 ,! neighborhood ( ,lyme ,regis is a p]fect cab9et ( ^! curi\s treasures4 ,9 "s ( ! specim5s !re exhum$1 a s+ul> circum/ance has be5 obs]v$1 :i* is des]v+ ( special notice4 ,we %\ld naturally h expect$1 f ! prodigi\s p[] ( ?is animal1 f ! expansion ( 8 jaws & ! imm5se size ( 8 /oma*1 t he prey$ ^u ! o!r fi% & reptiles t _h ! mis=tune to inhabit ! wat]s 9 :i* he liv$4 ,& s inde$ x 04 ,= "h enclos$ )9 8 va/ ribs1 9 ! place t once 0 8 /oma*1 are /ill pres]v$ ! rema9s ( 8 half-dige/$ food2 & amid/ ! dbris we c di/+ui% ! bones & scales ( 8 victims4 ,nay1 9 "s ( ! m colossal specim5s ( ?is anci5t mon/]1 we c di/9ctly recognize ! rema9s ( 8 own small] bre?r52 :i*1 ?\gh less frequ5t ?an ! bones ( fi%es1 are /ill suffici5tly num]\s to prove t1 :5 he want$ to appease 8 hung]1 he did n ev5 sp>e ! less p[]ful memb]s ( 8 own species4#gf ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,i*?yosaurus ,platyodon4 ,museum ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 ,f\nd 9 ! ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 ,dorset%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,i*?yosaurus ,communis4 ,museum ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 ,f\nd 9 ! ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 ,dorset%ire4 ,x is ) facts l ^!1 :i* are reveal$ by ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? all ov] ! _w1 t ,geologi/s are call$ ^u to deal4 ,:5 !y meet ) skeletons & bones su* z we h be5 describ+1 buri$ deep 9 ! h>d rock1 hundr$s ( feet b5ea? ! gre5 grass1 & ! wav+ corn1 !y _c help b ask ! "q3 ,:]e did ^! creatures come f8 ,:5 did !y live8 ,& by :at revolutions 7 !y emb$d$ "h1 & lift$ up f b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! deep8 ,9 ! same =mation are f\nd ! rema9s ( ano!r anci5t reptile1 call$ ! ,plesiosaurus1 t is to say1 ne>ly alli$ to ! ,liz>d4 ,( ?is extraord9>y mon/] ,cuvi] obs]v$ t its /ructure 0 ! mo/ s+ul> & anomal\s t1 up to 8 "t1 _h be5 discov]$ amid ! ru9s ( ! anci5t _w4 ,x is *iefly di/+ui%$ f ! ,i*?yosaurus1 to :i* x has no small aff9ity1 by ! enorm\s l5g? ( its neck1 :i*1 9 "s species1 resembles ! body ( a s]p5t4 ,dr4 ,buckl& tells u t 9 ! ,plesiosaurus ,doli*odeirus ! neck is long] ?an ! trunk2 ! "o be+ five times1 ! o!r only f\r times1 z long z ! head4 ,our illu/ration1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,doctor ,haughton1 repres5ts a f9e specim5 ( ,plesiosaurus ,cramptonii1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! ,lias ,b$s ( ,kettl5ess1 ne> ,:itby1 9 ,york%ire1 & :i* is n[ a prom95t object 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society4 ,! habits & "* ( ! ,plesiosaurus h be5 ?us sket*$ out by ,mr4 ,conybe>e3--8,t x 0 aquatic is evid5t1 f ! =m ( its paddles2 t x 0 m>9e is almo/ equally s1 f ! rema9s ) :i* x is univ]sally associat$2 t x may h occasionally visit$ ! %ore1 ! resemblance ( its extremities to ^? ( ! turtle may lead u to conjecture4 ,its motion1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 v awkw>d on l&2 its long neck mu/ h imp$$ its progress ?r\gh ! wat]2 pres5t+ a /rik+ contra/ to ! organization :i* s admirably fits ! ,i*?yosaurus to cut ?r\gh ! waves4 ,may x n !re=e be conclud$ 7s9ce1 9 addition to ^! circum/ances1 its respiration mu/ h requir$ frequ5t access ( air71 t x swam ^u or ne> ! surface2 ar*+ back its long neck l ! swan1 & occasionally d>t+ x d[n at ! fi% :i* happ5$ to float )9 its rea*4 ,x may p]haps h lurk$ 9 %oal wat] along ! coa/ conceal$ among ! sea-we$1 & rais+ its no/rils to a level ) ! surface f a consid]able dep?1 may h f\nd a secure retreat f ! assaults ( dang]\s enemies2 :ile ! l5g? & flexibility ( its neck may h comp5sat$ = ! want ( /r5g? 9 its jaws1 & its incapacity = swift motion ?r\gh ! wat]1 by ! sudd5ness & agility ( ! attack :i* !y enabl$ x to make on e animal fitt$ = its prey1 :i* came )9 its rea*40#gg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,plesiosaurus ,cramptonii4 ,museum ( ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society4 ,! ,pampas ( ,s\? ,am]ica are n less fam\s 9 ,geology = ! rema9s ( ,gigantic quadrup$s1 ?an ! ,lias ( ,engl& = its colossal m>9e reptiles4 ,^! va/ undulat+ pla9s1 :i* pres5t to ! eye = n9e hundr$ miles a wav+ sea ( grass1 consi/ *iefly ( /ratifi$ b$s ( gravel & r$di% mud2 & x is 9 ^! b$s t ! rema9s ( _m un%apely b p[]ful t]re/rial animals h be5 f\nd emb$d$4 ,s abundant are !y1 t x is said a l9e drawn 9 any direction ?r\gh ! c\ntry w\ld cut ?r\gh "s skeleton or bones4 ,inde$1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 is ( op9ion t ! :ole area ( ! ,pampas is "o wide sepul*re ( ^! ext9ct animals4 ,x w be en\gh = our purpose to describe "o 9 p>ticul>1 :i*1 f its prodigi\s bulk1 has receiv$ ! appropriate "n ( ,mega!rium1 or ! ,great ,wild ,bea/4 ,! ,mega!rium1 l ! ,i*?yosaurus & ! ,plesiosaurus1 _h _m aff9ities ) ! exi/+ creation4 ,9 its head & %\ld]s x resembl$ ! slo? :i* /ill br[ses on ! gre5 foliage ( ! trees 9 ! d5se =e/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 :ile 9 its legs & feet x comb9$ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,ant-,eat] & ! ,armadillo4 ,b x 0 em95tly di/+ui%$ f ^! & all ! o!r mod]n repres5tatives ( ! family to :i* x belong$ by its colossal proportions4 ,x 0 (t5 twelve feet long & eight feet high2 its =e-feet 7 a y>d 9 l5g? & twelve in*es 9 bread?1 t]m9at+ 9 gigantic claws2 its haun*es 7 five feet wide1 & its ?igh bone 0 ?ree times z big z t ( ! l>ge/ elephant4 8,8 entire frame10 z ,dr4 ,buckl& has admirably obs]v$ & c>efully demon/rat$1 80 an app>atus ( colossal me*anism1 adapt$ exactly to ! "w x _h to d2 /rong & pond]\s1 9 proportion z ?is "w 0 heavy1 & calculat$ to be ! vehicle ( life & enjoym5t to a gigantic race ( quadrup$s1 :i*1 ?\gh !y h ceas$ to be c\nt$ among ! liv+ inhabitants ( our planet1 h1 9 _! fossil bones1 left beh9d !m imp]i%able monum5ts ( ! consummate skill ) :i* !y 7 con/ruct$1--ea* limb1 & fragm5t ( a limb1 =m+ co-ord9ate p>ts ( a well adju/$ & p]fect :ole2 & ?r\gh all _! deviations f ! =m & proportions ( ! limbs ( o!r quadrup$s1 af=d+ fre% pro(s ( ! inf9itely v>i$ & inexhau/ible contrivances ( ,creative ,wisdom40 8,?is ,levia?an ( ! ,pampas1 z x has be5 ju/ly call$1 became fir/ kn[n 9 ,europe t[>d ! close ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,9 ! ye> #aghi a skeleton 0 dug up1 almo/ entire1 ab\t ?ree miles s\?we/ ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 & 0 pres5t$ by ! ,m>quis ( ,loreto to ! ,royal ,museum at ,madrid1 :]e x /ill rema9s4 ,s9ce t "t o!r specim5s1 besides num]\s fragm5ts1 h be5 discov]$1 *iefly ?r\gh ! zeal & en]gy ( ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i%2 by ! aid ( :i* ! =m1 /ructure1 & consequ5tly ! habits ( ?is clumsy & pond]\s animal h be5 fully asc]ta9$4 ,! complete skeleton :i* =ms s prom95t an object ( attraction 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! woodcut on ! adjo9+ page1 is only a model2 b x has be5 con/ruct$ ) great c>e f ! orig9al bones1 "s ( :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! wall-cases ( ! same room1 & o!rs 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons40#gh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,! ,mega!rium4 ,f ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,l5g? #ab feet2 ,height #h feet4 ,closely alli$ to ! ,mega!rium1 b some:at less colossal 9 its dim5sions1 is ! ,mylodon4 ,its rema9s are f\nd associat$ ) ^? ( ! ,mega!rium & o!r great animals ( ! same family1 9 ! sup]ficial gravels ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,a spl5did specim51 :i* measures elev5 feet f ! =e "p ( ! skull to ! end ( ! tail1 0 dug up1 9 ! ye> #ahda1 a few miles nor? ( ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,x is well figur$ 9 ! adjo9+ woodcut1 :i* we reproduce1 by k9d p]mission ( ! ,au?or1 f ,dr4 ,haughton's admirable ,manual ( ,geology4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,mylodon ,robu/us1 f ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,pass+ f ! petrifi$ fi%1 & ! reptiles1 & ! quadrup$s1 t ?us come =?1 z x 71 f _! graves to br+ u tid+s ( an ext9ct creation1 we mu/ next turn our att5tion = a mom5t to ,fossil ,%ells4 ,^! relics ( ! anci5t _w1 :i* are scatt]$ ) pr(use abundance ?r\gh all ! /rata ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/1 may seem1 inde$1 ( little value to ! c>eless obs]v]2 b to ! practis$ eye ( sci5ce !y are full ( in/ruction4 ,!y h be5 aptly call$ ! ,m$als ( ,creation2 =1 /amp$ ^u _! surface !y be> ! impress ( ! age to :i* !y belong2 & !y con/itute ! l>ge/1 we may say1 p]haps1 ! mo/ valuable "p ( ^? unwritt5 records f :i* ! ,geologi/ seeks to ga!r ! anci5t hi/ory ( our ,globe4 ,z reg>ds ! prodigi\s abundance ( ,fossil ,%ells pres]v$ 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 x is unnecess>y = u "h to speak4 ,we h already se5 t ! great mass ( _m lime/one =mations is compos$ almo/ exclusively ( su* rema9s1 brok5 up into m9ute fragm5ts1 & m or less alt]$ by *emical ag5cy2 & besides1 !re are qu>ries )9 ! rea* ( all1 :]e !y may collect at pleasure ^! int]e/+ relics ( ! old5 "t4 ,b !re are "o or two facts ( peculi> significance connect$ ) ,fossil ,%ells1 :i* x may be useful briefly to set d[n4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we w\ld rem9d our read]s t !re is a m>k$ & well-kn[n diff]5ce betwe5 ! %ells ( ^? animals t c live only 9 ! sea1 ( ^? t inhabit riv]s1 & ( ^?1 f9ally1 t frequ5t ! bracki% wat]s ( e/u>ies4 ,n[ x has be5 made cle> beyond all reasonable d\bt1 by ! explorations ( ,geologi/s1 t sea-%ells ab\nd 9 great numb]s f> away f ! pres5t l9e ( coa/1 9 ! he>t ( va/ cont95ts4 ,& !y are f\nd1 n m]ely on ! surface1 b buri$ deep 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 & ov]laid1 9 _m cases1 by num]\s /rata ( solid rock1 ?\s&s ( feet 9 ?ickness4 ,x is also to be obs]v$ t !y occur at all heights above ! level ( ! ocean2 hav+ be5 discov]$ at an elevation ( eight ?\s& feet 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 t5 ?\s& 9 ! ,alps1 ?irte5 ?\s& 9 ! ,&es1 & above eighte5 ?\s& 9 ! ,himalaya4#gi ,su* are ! ph5om5a :i* are con/antly =c+ !mselves on ! att5tion ( ! ,geologi/1 & :i* involve a numb] ( problems t he _c help attempt+ to inve/igate & expla94 ,he is in/9ctively impell$ to ask himself1 h[ c ! %ells ( m>9e animals h come to exi/ s f> away f ! sea8 h[ h !y be5 buri$ 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?8 h[ h !y be5 lift$ up to ! highe/ p9nacles ( l(ty m\nta9s8 ,our subt]ranean exploration w\ld be incomplete if x did n illu/rate ! ,vegetable z well z ! ,animal ,life ( ! anci5t _w4 ,let ! read] !n desc5d 9 fancy into ! celebrat$ qu>ries ( ,portl& on ! s\? coa/ ( ,engl&1 & he w see ! fossiliz$ rema9s ( a long pa/ vegetation exhibit$ 9 a v /rik+ mann]4 ,9 "o1 ( ^! qu>ries a v]tical section1 ext5d+ f ! surface d[nw>d to ! dep? ( ab\t ?irty feet1 pres5ts ! foll[+ succession ( /rata arrang$ 9 horizontal lay]s3--fir/1 a light cov]+ ( vegetable soil1 b5ea? :i* are ?9 b$s ( cream-color$ lime/one1 =m+ a /ratum ( solid rock t5 feet ?ick2 !n a b$ ( d>k-br[n loam1 mix$ ) r\nd$ fragm5ts ( /one1 & v>y+ 9 ?ickness f twelve to eighte5 in*es4 ,?is is kn[n to ! qu>rym5 by ! "n ( ,dirt-b$1 & seems1 9 =m] ages1 to h support$ a luxuriant vegetation2 = all ar\nd are scatt]$ ! petrifi$ fragm5ts ( an anci5t =e/4 ,! pro/rate /ems & %att]$ bran*es ( great trees are met at e /ep2 b :at is mo/ /rik+ & peculi> is1 t1 9 _m cases1 ! petrifi$ /umps are /ill /&+ erect1 ) _! roots fix$ 9 ! ?9 /ratum ( loam1 & _! trunks /ret*+ upw>d into ! h>d lime/one rock4 ,imm$iately bel[ ! ,dirt-b$ is ano!r ?ick /ratum ( lime/one1 & bel[ ?is aga9 is a /ratum ( ! fam\s ,portl& /one1 s highly priz$ = build+ purposes4 ,z ! qu>ries ( ,portl& are work$ *iefly = ! sake ( ?is build+ /one1 little att5tion is paid to ! ,dirt-b$ & its cont5ts1 :i* are commonly ?r[n aside by ! qu>rym5 z rubbi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,vegetable soil4 ,fre%-wat] ,lime/one4 ,clay4 ,lam9at$ fre%-wat] ,lime/one4 ,dirt-b$ ) fossil trees & plants4 ,fre%-wat] ,lime/one4 ,b$ ( ,clay4 ,portl& build+-/one full ( m>9e %ells4 ,fig4 #bc4--,section ( a ,qu>ry 9 ! ,isl& ( ,portl&4 ,total ?ickness ab\t ?irty feet4 ,! sc5e ( ?is petrifi$ =e/ is ?us describ$ by ,doctor ,mantell3--8,on "o ( my visits to ! isl& ! surface ( a l>ge area ( ! ,dirt-b$ 0 cle>$ prep>atory to its removal1 & ! appe>ance pres5t$ 0 mo/ /rik+4 ,! floor ( ! qu>ry 0 lit]ally /rewn ) fossil wood1 & be=e me 0 a petrifi$ =e/1 ! trees & plants1 l ! inhabitants ( ! city 9 ,arabian /ory1 be+ conv]t$ into /one1 yet /ill rema9+ 9 ! places :i* !y occupi$ :5 alive6 ,"s ( ! trunks 7 surr\nd$ by a conical m\nd ( calc>e\s e>?1 :i* _h1 evid5tly1 :5 9 ! /ate ( mud1 accumulat$ r\nd ! roots4 ,! upright trunks 7 g5]ally a few feet ap>t1 & b ?ree or f\r feet high2 _! summits 7 brok5 & spl9t]$1 z if !y _h be5 snapp$ or wr5*$ (f by a hurricane at a %ort di/ance f ! gr\nd4 ,"s 7 two feet 9 diamet]1 & ! unit$ fragm5ts ( "o ( ! pro/rate trunks indicat$ a total l5g? ( f ?irty to =ty feet2 9 _m specim5s portions ( ! bran*es rema9$ atta*$ to ! /em40#hj ,! ,coal ,measures ( ,europe & ,am]ica (f] to ! /ud5t ( ,geology a b\ndless field = ! inve/igation ( ,fossil ,plants & ,trees4 ,we h already _h occasion to notice ! ,sigill>ia4 ,?is anci5t tree1 rem>kable = its beautiful sculptur$ /em1 has no exact repres5tative 9 ! vegetable k+dom ( ! pres5t day4 ,b x ab\nds ev]y:]e 9 ! ,coal ,measures2 & !re seems little d\bt t sev]al great seams ( ,coal are compos$ almo/ entirely ( its c>boniz$ rema9s4 ,inde$ ! anci5t soil1 :i* commonly con/itutes ! floor on :i* ! b$ ( ,coal reposes1 is (t5 z ?ickly cr[d$ ) ! bran*+ roots ( ! ,sigill>ia1 z ! soil ( a d5se =e/ ) ! roots ( ! trees by :i* x is cov]$4 ,! /em itself1 :5 conv]t$ into ,coal1 g5]ally assumes ! =m ( long n>r[ slabs2 hav+ be5 flatt5$ by pressure dur+ ! process ( m9]alization4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is f\nd uncompress$ & erect4 ,9 ?is case ! int]ior ( ! trunk is usually obs]v$ to h be5 fill$ up ) s& or clay3 & ?us ! =e/ tree1 /ill reta9+ its ext]nal %ape & "*1 is trans=m$ into a cyl9drical %ell ( c>boniz$ b>k )\t1 & a solid cyl9d] ( s&/one or %ale )94 ,an int]e/+ example is exhibit$ 9 our illu/ration1 ,figure #aa4 ,e ,coal m9e1 too1 is adorn$ ) ! impr9t ( ! graceful ,f]n1 :i* con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ attractive features 9 ! ,flora ( ! anci5t _w4 ,n unfrequ5tly x assumes a tree-l "*1 z x (t5 does ev5 n[ 9 tropical c\ntries2 & !n1 inde$1 x is an object ( /rik+ beauty1 rea*+ to a height ( =ty or fifty feet1 & exp&+ at ! summit into an elegant canopy ( foliage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,calamites ,nodosus4 ,f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,newca/le4 ,! ,calamite is ano!r plant 9 :i* ! ,coal ab\nds4 ,its true botanical "* is n yet cle>ly asc]ta9$2 b x be>s a g5]al resemblance1 except = its gigantic dim5sions1 to ! common ,horse-tail ( our swamps & m>%y gr\nds4 ,x is a re$-l1 jo9t$ /em1 sometimes ?irty feet 9 l5g?1 holl[ )91 & curi\sly jo9t$ )\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,lepidod5dron ,/]nb]gii2 a ,fossil ,tree1 #ci feet high4 ,f a ,coal ,m9e ne> ,newca/le4 ,sc>cely less conspicu\s ?an ! ,sigill>ia1 ! ,f]n1 & ! ,calamite1 is ! ,lepidod5dron or ,scaly ,tree1 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s & int]e/+ among ! plants ( ! ,coal-be>+ p]iod4 ,l ! ,sigill>ia & ! ,calamite1 x has be51 & /ill is1 a puzzle to ! /ud5t ( ,botany4 ,b x ne$s n ! eye ( sci5ce to see t x is unmi/akably a /ately =e/ tree1 %ut up 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 encas$ 9 a solid framework ( indurat$ ,%ale1 or ,s&/one1 or ,coal1 z ! case may be1 & ov]laid ) massive /rata ( rock hundr$s ( feet 9 ?ickness4 ,su* a specim5 z t repres5t$ 9 our woodcut 0 laid b>e "s ye>s ago 9 ,y>r[ ,colli]y1 ne> ,newca/le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf ,lepidod5dron ,elegans4 ,portion ( ,/em & bran*es2 ,coal ,m9e1 ,newca/le4 ,9 ! same neighborhood 0 f\nd a portion ( ! /em & bran*es ( ano!r v>iety1 ,lepidod5dron ,elegans1 :i* w enable ! read] to =m a m complete idea ( ! appe>ance pres5t$ by ?is anci5t tree z x /ood 9 its primeval =e/4 ,an unusually favorable illu/ration ( our pres5t subject may be se5 at ! colli]y ( ,treuil1 9 ,france1 n f> f ! city ( ,lyons4 ,! b$s ( ,coal are ov]laid by a k9d ( slaty s&/one1 t5 feet ?ick2 & ?is s&/one is trav]s$ by ! v]tical /ems ( enorm\s petrifi$ plants1 *iefly ,calamites4 ,"h1 !n1 to all appe>ance1 we h an anci5t =e/ envelop$ 9 s&/one4 ,we mu/ suppose t ! =e/ 0 subm]g$ :ile ! trees 7 /ill erect2 t 9 ?is condition x receiv$ ! s$im5t>y deposits c>ri$ d[n by ! curr5t ( "s great riv]2 & f9ally1 t ^! deposits 71 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 compact$ into s&/one by a process already expla9$4 ,x w\ld seem t aft] ! s&/one _h be5 p>tially1 at lea/1 consolidat$1 x 0 subject$ to a slid+ movem5t "h & !re1 by :i* ! cont9uity ( ! /ems 0 brok52 ! upp] "p be+ pu%$ on "o side1 z %[n 9 our ,figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,section ( a ,coal s&/one at ,treuil1 ne> ,lyons4 ,%[+ ! erect position ( ,fossil ,trees4 7,alex4 ,brongni>t47 ,x is "t we %\ld br+ to a close our survey1 meagre & imp]fect z x is1 ( ,fossil ,rema9s4 ,^? :o desire to pursue ! inquiry = !mselves w easily f9d an opportunity ( do+ s4 ,!re are few1 we %\ld suppose1 :o may n1 occasionally1 h access to "o or o!r ( ^? spl5did ,museums ( ,geology1 :i* h be5 set up 9 all ! great t[ns ( ,europe4 ,& ! /ill m ext5sive cab9ets ( ,nature's ,museum1 spread out b5ea? our feet1 are )9 ! rea* ( all4 ,b ev5 ! scanty facts :i* h be5 set =? fai?fully1 we tru/1 ?\gh p]haps feebly1 9 ^! pages1 are suffici5t to satisfy all reasonable m9ds t ! bones1 ! skeletons1 ! trunks & bran*es ( trees1 :i* h be5 exhum$ f ! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks are really ! rema9s ( ,organic ,life t once fl\ri%$ on ! e>?1 or 9 ! wat]s ( ! anci5t seas4 ,obvi\s1 h[ev]1 z ?is fact mu/ appe> to all :o h fully realiz$ ! "* & appe>ance ( ,fossil ,rema9s1 x has be5 (t5 vigor\sly assail$ & vehem5tly d5\nc$4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,geology ph5om5a ( ?is k9d 7 ascrib$1 n uncommonly1 to ! 8pla/ic p[] ( ,nature10 or to ! influ5ce ( ! />s4 ,su* notions1 h[ev]1 meet ) little support among mod]n writ]s4 ,!y 7 no?+ m ?an wild fancies1 )\t any f\ndation ei!r 9 ! evid5ce ( facts or 9 ! analogy ( ,nature4 ,! 8pla/ic p[] ( ,nature0 0 a phrase t s\nd$ well1 p]haps1 9 ! e>s ( unreflect+ p2 b no "o ev] und]took to %[ t ,nature really possesses t 8pla/ic p[]0 :i* 0 s readily imput$ to h]4 ,no "o ev] und]took to %[ t x is ! way ( ,nature to make ! /ems1 & bran*es1 & leaves ( trees1 )\t ! previ\s process ( vegetation2 or to make bones & skeletons :i* h nev] be5 inve/$ ) ! ord9>y app5dages ( fle% & blood4 ,yet surely ?is is a !ory t requires pro(2 = all our exp]i5ce ( ! laws ( ,nature po9ts directly to ! opposite conclusion4 ,& z = ! influ5ce ( ! />s1 we may be cont5t to adopt ! language ( ! celebrat$ pa9t] ,leon>do da ,v9ci3--8,!y tell u t ^! %ells 7 =m$ 9 ! hills by ! influ5ce ( ! />s2 b ,i ask :]e 9 ! hills are ! />s n[ =m+ %ells ( di/9ct ages & species8 & h[ c ! />s expla9 ! orig9 ( gravel occurr+ at diff]5t heights & compos$ ( pebbles r\nd$ z if by ! action ( runn+ wat]8 or 9 :at mann] c su* a cause acc\nt = ! petrifaction 9 ! same places ( v>i\s leaves1 sea-we$s1 & m>9e crabs80#ha ,9 mod]n times ! =m ( objection has be5 some:at *ang$4 ,we are told by "s writ]s t1 :5 we seek to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( ,fossil ,rema9s by ! action ( natural laws1 we seem to =get ! ,omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,!y urge ^u u1 ) mu* solemnity1 t ,he c\ld h made bones1 & %ells1 & skeletons1 & petrifi$ wood1 ?\gh !re _h be5 no liv+ animal to :i* ^! bones belong$1 & no liv+ tree t _h be5 *ang$ into /one4 ,& if ,he made !m1 might ,he n disp]se !m up & d[n ?r\gh ,8 creation1 on ! l(ty m\nta9s1 9 ! hidd5 valleys1 & 9 ! pr(\nd dep?s ( ! sea8 & buri$ !m 9 lime/one rocks & 9 ! s(t clay8 & arrang$ !m 9 gr\ps1 or scatt]$ !m 9 wild confusion z ,he be/ pleas$8 ,to ?is l9e ( argum5t we mu/ be cont5t to reply1 t we h no wi% to limit ! p[] ( ,god4 ,b we h le>n$ f our daily exp]i5ce t 9 ! physical _w ,he is pleas$ to employ ! ag5cy ( second>y causes2 & :5 we "k t = _m ages a c]ta9 effect has be5 uni=mly produc$ by a c]ta9 cause1 & n o!rwise1 !n if we aga9 see ! effect1 we inf] ! cause4 ,:5 a travell] 9 ! untrodd5 wilds ( ,we/]n ,am]ica1 comes ^u a =e/ ( great trees1 or a h]d ( unkn[n animals1 surely he nev] ?9ks ( suppos+ t ! wild bea/s & ! =e/ trees came directly f ! h& ( ! ,creator1 9 t /ate ( maturity 9 :i* he beholds !m4 ,& :y8 = x might be argu$ t ! p[] ( ,god is unb\nd$1 & he might h creat$ !m z !y n[ are if ,he _h s pleas$4 ,is x n t ! travell] is impell$1 by an in/9ct ( 8 nature1 to int]pret ! works ( ,god :i* he n[ sees = ! fir/ "t1 accord+ to ! analogy ( ^? ) :i* he has be5 long famili>8 ,n[ ?is is j ! pr9ciple = :i* we are cont5d+4 ,accord+ to all our exp]i5ce ( ! works ( ,god 9 ! physical _w1 ! liv+ body comes fir/1 & ! skeleton aft]w>d2 ! liv+ tree comes fir/1 & aft]w>d ! pro/rate trunk & ! spl9t]$ bran*es4 ,!re=e :5 we meet ) a skeleton1 we conclude t x 0 once a liv+ body2 & :5 we f9d ! petrifi$ /ems1 & bran*es1 & leaves ( trees1 we h no d\bt t !y are ! rema9s ( an anci5t vegetation4 ,b1 9 tru?1 if any "o1 ) all ! facts ( ! case fully be=e 8 m9d1 7 delib]ately to adopt ?is !ory1 t ,fossils1 z we f9d !m n[1 7 creat$ by ,god 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 we c&idly confess we h no argum5t t we %\ld ?9k likely to %ake 8 conviction2 j z we %\ld be utt]ly at a loss if he 7 to say t ! ,pyramids ( ,egypt1 or ! colossal sculptures ( ,n9eveh1 or ! ru9s ( ,baalbec1 7 creat$ by ,god f ! beg9n+4 ,! evid5ce ( human workman%ip is c]ta9ly n m cle> 9 ! "o case ?an is ! evid5ce ( animal & vegetable life 9 ! o!r4 ,we believe1 h[ev]1 t no su* p]sons are to be f\nd2 t !ories ( ?is k9d h _! orig91 n s mu* 9 false reason+1 z 9 imp]fect k ( facts2 & we h1 !re=e1 judg$ x mo/ exp$i5t n to sp5d our "t 9 a discussion ( philosophical axioms1 b to set =? ! facts1 & leave !m to speak = !mselves4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,geological ,,*ronology--,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em ,,expla9$ ,,& ,,develop$4 ,significance ( fossil rema9s--,sci5ce ( ,palontology--,classification ( exi/+ animal life--,fossil rema9s are f\nd to fit 9 ) ?is classification--,succession ( organic life--,"t 9 ,geology n measur$ by ye>s & c5turies--,successive p]iods m>k$ by successive =ms ( life--,! ,geologi/ aims at arrang+ ^! p]iods 9 *ronological ord]--,position ( ! v>i\s gr\ps ( /rata n suffici5t = ?is purpose--,x is accompli%$ *iefly ?r\gh ! aid ( fossil rema9s--,mode ( proce$+ practically expla9$--,*ronological table4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,fossil ,rema9s is1 !n1 a fact4 ,g :]e y w ?r\gh ! civiliz$ _w1 & e *ief t[n has its ,museum1 into :i* !y h be5 ga!r$ by ! zeal & indu/ry ( man2 desc5d :]e y c into ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1--! qu>ry1 ! m9e1 ! railway cutt+1--& !re1 not)/&+ ! plund] :i* has be5 go+ on = two c5turies or m1 y w f9d t ! inexhau/ible cab9ets ( ,nature are /ill teem+ ) ^! rema9s ( anci5t life4 ,:5 we are br\ght1 = ! fir/ "t1 face to face ) ^! c\ntless relics ( a =m] _w1 we are impress$ ) a s5se ( wond] & bewild]m5t4 ,t ! skeletons be=e u1 ?\gh n[ dry & )]$1 7 once animat$ ) ! brea? ( life2 t ! trees n[ ly+ %att]$ & pro/rate1 & %orn ( _! bran*es1 once fl\ri%$ on ! e>?1 we _c = a mom5t hesitate to believe4 ,b beyond ?is "o fact1 all is d>kness & my/]y4 ,^! gaunt skeletons1 ^! unc\? mon/]s1 ^! petrifi$ =e/s1 are sil5t1 lifeless1 z ! rocks )9 ^: /ony bosoms !y h la9 s long entomb$4 ,_h !y spee* & memory1 !y c\ld tell u mu*1 no d\bt1 ( t anci5t _w 9 :i* !y bore a "p1 ( its cont95ts1 & seas1 & riv]s1 & m\nta9s2 ( ! v>i\s tribes ( animals & plants by :i* x 0 peopl$2 ( _! habits & dome/ic economy2 h[ !y liv$1 h[ !y di$1 & h[ !y 7 buri$ 9 ^? graves f :i*1 aft] ! lapse ( we "k n h[ _m ages1 !y n[ come =? into ! light ( day4 ,z x is1 h[ev]1 we c b gaze & wond]4 ,we h no?+ "h b ! relics ( dea? & de/ruction3 !re is no feel+1 no memory1 no voice1 9 ^! dry bones2 no liv+ t5ant 9 ^! holl[ skulls1 to rec\nt to u ! hi/ory ( =m] times4 ,s ?9ks & reasons ! ord9>y obs]v]4 ,b f> diff]5t is ! language ( ! ,geologi/4 ,^! dry & )]$ bones1 he tells u1 are gift$ ) memory & spee*2 &1 ?\gh ! language !y speak may seem at fir/ unfamili> & obscure1 x is n1 on t acc\nt1 beyond our compreh5sion4 ,l ! birds1 reptiles1 fi%1 & o!r symbols1 inscrib$ on ! obelisks ( anci5t ,egypt1 ^! bones & %ells /or$ up 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 h a hidd5 mean+ :i* x is ! bus9ess ( ,sci5ce to se>* out & expla94 ,!y are ,nature's hi]oglyphics1 :i* %e has impress$ ^u h] works to c>ry d[n to remote ages ! memory ( ! revolutions ?r\gh :i* our ,globe has pass$2 & :5 we come to und]/& !m aright1 !y d unfold to u ! /ory ( t anci5t _w to :i* !y belong$4 ,! int]pretation ( ,fossil ,rema9s is1 !n1 an important dep>tm5t ( ,geology4 ,( late ye>s x has be5 admitt$ to ! rank ( a special sci5ce1 "u ! "n ( ,palontology1 :i* means1 z ! ^w d5otes-- --! sci5ce :i* is conc]n$ ab\t ! organic rema9s ( anci5t life4 ,! honor ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to place ?is sci5ce on a solid basis1 9 fact we may say ! honor ( hav+ br\ght x into exi/5ce1 is ju/ly accord$ to ! di/+ui%$ ,cuvi]1 ^: "n %$ a lu/re ^u ,france dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,x is !re=e /ill 9 its infancy2 b x has already rew>d$ ! zeal ( its /ud5ts by _m wond]ful & unexpect$ revelations4 ,we purpose 9 ! fir/ place to exam9e ! pr9ciples on :i* x is f\nd$1 & !n to take a rapid glance at ! conclusions to :i* x has l$4 ,at ! outset x is wor?y ( notice t ! v exi/5ce ( ,fossil ,rema9s1 buri$ deep 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 =cibly confirms ! ,geological !ory ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks4 ,^! rocks1 z ! read] w rememb]1 are said to h be5 sl[ly spread out1 "o above ano!r1 dur+ ! lapse ( _m ages1 by ! op]ation ( natural causes2 & we h se5 h[ ?is doctr9e is support$ by argum5ts f\nd$ on an exam9ation ( ! rocks !mselves1--( ! mat]ials t compose !m1 & ( ! way 9 :i* ^! mat]ials are pil$ toge!r4 ,n[ let u obs]ve h[ cle>ly ! te/imony ( ,fossil ,rema9s seems to po9t 9 ! same direction4 ,fir/1 ! bones & %ells :i* we n[ f9d 9 su* pr(usion1 f> d[n b5ea? ! sup]ficial cov]+ ( ! ,e>?1 mu/ h belong$ to animals :i*1 :5 liv+1 fl\ri%$ on :at 0 !n ! surface4 ,yet n[ !y are buri$ 9 ! bosom ( ! h>d rock1 & cov]$ ov] ) b$s ( solid lime/one1 & s&/one1 & conglom]ate1 hundr$s & ?\s&s ( feet 9 ?ickness4 ,h[ c we expla9 ?is fact1 unless we suppose t ^! animals1 :5 !y p]i%$1 7 emb$d$ 9 "s s(t mat]ials1 :i* aft]w>d became consolidat$1 & above :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 m & m matt] 0 deposit$1 until at l5g? t l(ty pile ( /rata 0 produc$1 b5ea? :i* ! rema9s are n[ f\nd buri$8 ,aga91 x is "p ( our !ory t ! =mation ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks took place1 = ! mo/ "p1 "u wat]4 ,! ,organic ,rema9s1 !re=e1 :i* we %\ld naturally expect to f9d pres]v$ 9 ! /rata ( ! e>?1 w\ld be ^? ( aquatic animals2 or1 if ! rema9s ( l& animals 7 to be look$ =1 x %\ld be ( ^? *iefly :i* live ne> ! banks ( riv]s & e/u>ies1 & :i*1 aft] dea?1 might h be5 c>ri$ d[n by ! curr5t & buri$ 9 ! silt & mud ) :i* almo/ all riv]s are *>g$ at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>4 ,we "k z a fact t su* animals are buri$ at ! pres5t day 9 ! ,deltas ( ! ,ganges & ! ,mississippi2 & x w\ld be reasonable to suppose t ! same %\ld h occurr$ 9 =m] ages4 ,n[ "h aga9 ! evid5ce ( ,fossil ,rema9s exactly fits 9 ) our !ory4 ,= ! va/ bulk ( !m are manife/ly ! rema9s ( animals t liv$ 9 wat]3 & ! t]re/rial animals1 comp>atively few1 ^: bones are pres]v$ 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 are su* z frequ5t ! banks ( great riv]s or ! m>%y swamps ( e/u>ies4 ,?us mu* we may le>n ev5 f a cursory glance at ,fossil ,rema9s4 ,b ^! curi\s monum5ts ( anci5t times h a deep] mean+1 :i* _c be unfold$ )\t a m m9ute & labori\s inve/igation4 ,our read]s are aw>e t all ! animals at pres5t exi/+ on ! face ( ! ,e>? h be5 sci5tifically gr\p$ toge!r1 accord+ to c]ta9 well-m>k$ *>act]i/ics1 into v>i\s ,k+doms1 ,classes1 ,g5]a1 & ,species4 ,?us1 = example1 ! horse & ! dog are two diff]5t ,species1 belong+ to ! same ,class ( ,mammalia2 ! eagle & ! sp>r[ are two diff]5t ,species ( ! same ,class call$ ,birds4 ,!n aga9 ! ,class ( ,mammalia & ! ,class ( ,birds bo? belong to ! "o common ,k+dom ( ,v]tebrata2 because1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 _m o!r respects1 !y agree 9 ?is1 t all ! memb]s ( bo? ,classes h a v]tebral or sp9al column1 to :i* ! o!r p>ts ( ! int]nal skeleton are atta*$4 ,n[ :5 ,cuvi] began to exam9e closely ! ,organic ,rema9s ( =m] times1 to :i* 8 att5tion 0 call$ by ! bones dug up 9 ! gypsum qu>ries ( ,montm>tre1 ne> ,p>is1 ab\t ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 he br\ght ) him to ! task a v l>ge acqua9tance ) ! v>i\s =ms ( life t1 9 ! pres5t age1 prevail ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,& he 0 greatly /ruck ) ! m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ^? liv+ animals ) :i* he _h be5 long famili>1 & ^? ) :i* he n[ became acqua9t$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,! m he ext5d$ 8 rese>*es1 ! m manife/ did ?is diff]5ce appe>2 until at la/ x became q cle> t ! great bulk ( ! animals ^: rema9s are pres]v$ 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 h no repres5tatives n[ liv+ on its surface4 ,nev]!less1 he obs]v$ t1 ?\gh ! ,species no long] exi/s1 x (t5 happ5s t we h /ill o!r ,species ( ! same ,g5us2 or if ! ,g5us1 too1 be ext9ct1 we h o!r ,g5]a ( ! same ,class4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! fir/ great tru? at :i* ,cuvi] arriv$1 & :i* has be5 s9ce confirm$ by ext5sive obs]vations3--t ! animals :i* =m]ly dwelt on ?is ,e>? ( ours1 71 = ! mo/ "p1 widely diff]5t f ^? by :i* x is n[ inhabit$3 & yet !re is a well-def9$ lik5ess betwe5 !m2 t bo? h be5 creat$ on a plan s /rictly uni=m1 t ! "o & ! o!r naturally f9d _! place 9 ! same sy/em ( classification4 ,z ! sci5ce ( ,palontology progress$1 & new facts 7 day by day accumulat$1 ano!r tru?1 n less important1 0 gradually b c]ta9ly develop$4 ,9 ! di/ribution ( ,fossil ,rema9s ?r\gh ! v>i\s /rata ( ! ,e>?1 !re is a c]ta9 ord] obs]v$1 a c]ta9 regul> law ( succession1 :i* _c h be5 ! m]e result ( *ance1 & :i* x is ! bus9ess ( sci5ce to unravel & expla94 ,! facts are ^!4 ,if we foll[ a p>ticul> set ( /rata 9 a horizontal direction1 we f9d t ! same fossils cont9ue to prevail ov] hundr$s ( squ>e miles1 nay1 (t5 ov] a space z l>ge z ,europe1 ?\gh beyond c]ta9 limits ?is uni=mity ( ,fossil ,rema9s w gradually be obs]v$ to disappe>4 ,b :5 we p5etrate 9 a v]tical direction ?r\gh ! /rata1 ! =ms ( animal & vegetable life t we meet ) are con/antly *ang+4 ,aft] a few hundr$ y>ds at ! mo/1 we f9d ourselves 9 ! mid/ ( a gr\p ( fossils1 altoge!r diff]5t f ^? :i* we h pass$ 9 ! b$s above3 & s on1 z we proce$ d[nw>d1 ea* p>ticul> set ( /rata is f\nd to h an assemblage ( fossils peculi> to itself4#hb ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt z to ! tru? ( ^! facts4 ,!y h be5 e/abli%$ & confirm$ by ! positive te/imony ( a :ole ho/ ( ,geologi/s1 ^: rese>*es h ext5d$ to all p>ts ( ! globe4 ,& we h besides a k9d ( negative evid5ce on ! subject :i* is sc>cely less conv9c+ ?an ! positive4 ,no?+ is m easy ?an to refute a univ]sal proposition if x is false4 ,if x is n a fact t ea* gr\p ( /rata1 z we proce$ d[nw>d1 exhibits a collection ( ,fossils peculi> to itself1 ! ass]tion may be at once disprov$ by po9t+ out two or ?ree diff]5t gr\ps ) ! same ,fossils4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( practical ,geologi/s at "w all ov] ! _w1 eag] = fame2 & any "o ( !m w\ld make 8 "n illu/ri\s if he c\ld ov]turn a !ory s g5]ally receiv$4 ,n[1 :5 a /atem5t ( facts c be easily disprov$ if untrue2 & :51 at ! same "t1 !re is a l>ge numb] ( m5 ^: int]e/ x w\ld be to disprove ! /atem5t if possible2 & :5 x is nev]!less n disprov$2 ?is circum/ance1 we cont5d1 is a conv9c+ argum5t t ! alleg$ facts are true4 ,& su* precisely is ! case be=e u4 ,we !re=e ?9k x w\ld be unreasonable n to accept ! facts4 ,let u next exam9e :at is _! significance4 ,ea* gr\p ( /rata1 be x rememb]$1 repres5ts to u ! animal life t fl\ri%$ on ! ,e>? dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* t p>ticul> gr\p 0 9 progress ( =mation4 ,x is1 z x 71 a cab9et 9 :i* are pres]v$ = our in/ruction c]ta9 relics or memorials ( t age 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,( c\rse x is n a p]fect collection2 b only a collection ( ^? rema9s t *anc$ to escape de/ruction1 & by "s natural embalm+ process to be sav$ f dissolution4 ,:5 we le>n1 !n1 t !re is a m>k$ uni=mity 9 ! assemblage ( ,fossils t are spread ov] a l>ge horizontal area1 9 any gr\p ( /rata1 we conclude t1 :5 t gr\p 0 9 c\rse ( =mation1 !re 0 a c]ta9 uni=mity 9 ! animal life t ext5d$ ov] ! correspond+ area ( ! globe2 j z1 at ! pres5t day1 ! same species ( animals are f\nd to fl\ri% ov] a great "p ( ,europe1 or ,am]ica4 ,& if ?is uni=mity ( ,fossil ,rema9s does n ext5d horizontally to an indef9ite di/ance1 ?is is precisely :at we %\ld h expect$ f ! analogy ( ! exi/+ creation3 =1 :5 we exam9e ! pres5t di/ribution ( animal life ov] ! e>?1 we f9d a m>k$ div]sity to exi/ betwe5 c\ntries t are remov$ f "o ano!r2 z1 = in/ance1 betwe5 ,europe & ,au/ralia4 ,9 ! next place1 we are told t1 z we proce$ d[nw>d into ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 ea* successive gr\p ( /rata has an assemblage ( ,fossils cle>ly di/9ct 9 "* f ^? ( ! gr\p above & ( ! gr\p bel[4 ,! conclusion to :i* ?is fact po9ts is obvi\s en\gh4 ,if1 9 ! =m] case1 we inf]r$ t ! animal life ( any "o p]iod1 consid]$ 9 itself1 0 ! same ov] ext5sive areas1 9 ?is case we mu/ inf] t ! animal life ( ea* successive p]iod 0 peculi> to t p>ticul> age2 be+ altoge!r di/9ct 9 its "* f ! animal life ( ! p]iod t w5t be=e & ( ! p]iod t foll[$4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 z ,sir ,*>les ,lyell puts x1 8t f ! remote/ p]iod !re has be5 ev] a com+ 9 ( new organic =ms1 & an ext9ction ( ^? :i* pre-exi/$ on ! e>?2 "s species hav+ endur$ = a long]1 o!rs = a %ort] "t2 :ile none h ev] reappe>$ aft] once dy+ out40#hc ,n[1 f ^! pr9ciples1 ,geologi/s h be5 gradually l$ to build up a sy/em ( ,geological ,*ronology2 9 o!r words1 to det]m9e ! ord] ( "t 9 :i* ! num]\s gr\ps ( /rata t make up ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? h be5 =m$1 & ?us to fix ! age ( ea* gr\p 9 ref]5ce to ! re/4 ,?is ,*ronology is n reckon$ by ! common measures ( "t :i* are us$ 9 hi/ory1 b r by ! successive p]iods dur+ :i* ea* gr\p ( rocks 0 9 its turn sl[ly deposit$ on ! exi/+ surface ( ! globe4 ,= example1 ! ,coal-measures t s ab\nd 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& are v mu* old] ?an ! blui% clay ( :i* ,london is built4 ,b if we ask :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! age ( ! "o & ( ! o!r1 ! answ] is giv5 n 9 days & ye>s & c5turies1 b 9 ! numb] ( diff]5t ,=mations t int]v5$ betwe5 ! two4 ,we are told t ! ,coal-measures belong to ! ,c>bonif]\s ,=mation2 t ?is ,=mation 0 foll[$ by ! ,p]mian1 & t aga9 9 succession by ! ,triassic1 ! ,jurassic1 & ! ,cretace\s2 & t1 ^u ?is la/ 0 spread out ! ,eoc5e1 to :i* ! ,london clay belongs4 ,inde$1 z reg>ds ! precise l5g? ( any giv5 p]iod1 ,geologi/s c (f] no?+ b ! wilde/ conjectures4 ,"s =m _! e/imates 9 ?\s&s ( ye>s2 o!rs 9 millions4 ,& ! wise/ among/ !m fairly confess !y h no suffici5t data to make an accurate computation4 ,nev]!less1 !y are all agre$ 9 ?is1 t ! ages ( :i* ! memory is pres]v$ 9 hi/ory1 t is to say1 ! la/ six ?\s& ye>s1 are b a small "p ( "o ,geological p]iod4 ,comp>$ to ! volum9\s *ronicles laid up 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 ! records inscrib$ by human h&s con/itute b an insignificant fraction ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,our read]s w be glad to le>n some?+ ( ! way 9 :i* ?is />tl+ sy/em ( ,geological ,*ronology is con/ruct$ & develop$4 ,at fir/ sight1 p]haps1 x might be imag9$ t ! ord] ( "t 9 :i* ! v>i\s /rata 7 deposit$1 c be easily le>n$ f ! relative position 9 :i* !y lie4 ,s9ce ea* /ratum1 :5 fir/ produc$1 0 spread out on ! exi/+ surface ( ! globe1 x is cle> t ! "o :i* lies upp]mo/ 9 ! s]ies mu/ be ! newe/1 !n t :i* lies next bel[1 & s on till we rea* ! l[e/ ( ! pile1 :i* mu/ be ! olde/ ( all4 ,no?+ c\ld be m satisfactory ?an ?is reason+1 if ea* /ratum 0 spread out ov] ! :ole ,e>?1 & if1 aft] hav+ be5 once deposit$1 x 0 nev] aft]w>d remov$4 ,we might !n reg>d ea* /ratum z a volume 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,globe1 :i*1 :5 x 0 f9i%$1 0 laid d[n ^u t :i* conta9$ ! *ronicles ( ! prec$+ age2 & ?us ! position ( e /ratum w\ld be 9 itself a suffici5t evid5ce ( ! age to :i* x belong$4 ,b su* is n ! case4 ,n[h]e does ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? exhibit a complete s]ies ( ! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks laid out "o above ano!r4 ,9 any giv5 section we c f9d b a few only ( ! long s]ies ( gr\ps t are famili> to ,geologi/s4 ,& if we foll[ !m on1 9 a horizontal direction1 we %all inv>iably f9d t "s ( ! /rata w ?9 out & disappe>1 :ile new /rata w gradually be develop$ betwe5 two gr\ps t 7 be=e 9 imm$iate contact4 ,let x be obs]v$1 9 pass+1 t ?is fact fits 9 mo/ p]fectly ) ! !ory we h be5 all along def5d+4 ,! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks 7 deposit$ "u wat]2 !re=e1 ! /rata ( any giv5 p]iod 7 n spread out ov] ! :ole ,globe1 b at mo/ ov] ^? p>ts only :i*1 = ! "t1 7 subm]g$4 ,) ! next p]iod came a *ange 9 ! b\nd>ies ( l& & wat]2 & ! =mation ( /rata ceas$ 9 "s localities & began 9 o!rs3 & s on f epo* to epo*4 ,?us ! areas ov] :i* ! process has be5 go+ on1 h be51 9 e age1 ( limit$ ext5t1 & h be5 ev] %ift+ f place to place ov] ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,moreov]1 !re is ! opposite process ( ,d5udation4 ,_m ( ! /rata deposit$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean mu/ h be5 aft]w>d swept away by ! break]s1 z !y sl[ly em]g$ f ! wat]s2 or at a lat] "t1 r$uc$ to _! orig9al elem5ts1 & c>ri$ back to ! sea1 by ! action ( riv]s1 ra91 & fro/4 ,x %\ld seem1 !re=e1 z well f ! fact1 :i* is obvi\s to any "o :o w exam9e x1 z f our !ory1 :i* h>monizes s completely ) ! fact1 t ! /rata :i* we meet ) 9 any giv5 section ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ pres5t to u b a v brok5 & imp]fect s]ies ( monum5ts4 ,!y are1 z x 71 b odd volumes ( a long s]ies1 & ?\gh !y lie 9 juxtaposition1 !y may belong1 nev]!less1 to ,geological epo*s widely remov$ f ea* o!r4 ,h5ce1 9 ord] to con/ruct a complete sy/em ( ,geological ,*ronology x is necess>y to collect toge!r ^! odd volumes1 z !y may be call$1 ( ! ,great ,geological ,cal5d>1 & to assign to ea* "o its prop] place 9 ! s]ies4 ,?is difficult & complicat$ task is accompli%$ *iefly by ! aid ( ,fossil ,rema9s4 ,we h already %[n t ! ,fossil ,rema9s :i* are f\nd emb$d$ 9 ea* gr\p ( /rata1 repres5t ! organic life ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* t gr\p ( /rata 0 9 progress ( =mation4 ,moreov]1 we h se5 t ea* p]iod 0 m>k$ by ! exi/5ce ( an animal & vegetable creation peculi> to itself4 ,if1 !re=e1 we f9d t ! ,fossils ( two diff]5t di/ricts exhibit ! same g5]al "*1 we may conclude t ! b$s 9 :i* !y are pres]v$ 7 deposit$ ab\t ! same age1 & consequ5tly belong to ! same ,geological ,p]iod4 ,:]eas1 on ! o!r h&1 if1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 we discov] two gr\ps ( /rata1 ea* ( :i* has a collection ( ,fossils totally diff]5t f ! o!r1 x is a pro( t ^! two gr\ps 7 n deposit$ 9 ! same age1 & mu/1 consequ5tly1 be ref]r$ to diff]5t ,epo*s ( ! ,geological ,cal5d>4 ,let u n[ see 9 :at mann] ! practical ,geologi/ proce$s to apply ^! g5]al pr9ciples4 ,he takes fir/ "s "o c\ntry1 say ,engl&1 & 9 t c\ntry he selects "s "o p>ticul> di/rict to beg9 )4 ,"h he exam9es a numb] ( diff]5t sections1 & makes himself famili> ) all ! /rata ( ! neighborhood1 & ) ! ord] 9 :i* !y lie4 ,let u suppose t he f9ds ?ree diff]5t gr\ps spread out "o above ano!r1 & let u call ^! gr\ps ,a1 ,b1 & ,c2 ,a be+ ! l[e/1 ,b imm$iately above ,a1 & ,c above ,b4 ,! *ronological ord] ( ^! /rata w be1 !re=e1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,he w /udy next ! ,fossil ,rema9s :i* he f9ds emb$d$ 9 ea* gr\p4 ,= conv5i5ce we may designate ! ,fossils ( ,a by ! lett] a1 ^? ( ,b by b1 & ^? ( ,c by c4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples above expla9$1 ^! ?ree collections ( ,fossils w be specifically di/9ct f "o ano!r1 ea* collection be+ *>act]i/ic ( "o p>ticul> set ( /rata4 ,our ,geologi/ next goes into a neighbor+ di/rict1 & !re exam9es a numb] ( sections z be=e4 ,let u suppose t he enc\nt]s aga9 ! gr\ps ,a & ,b4 ,he may1 p]haps1 h be5 able to trace ! b$s f "o di/rict to ! o!r1 by obs]vations made ^u 8 l9e ( r\te3 or x may be t ! nature ( ! c\ntry has r5d]$ su* obs]vations impossible2 or ! obs]vations may h be5 s imp]fect t f !m he c\ld arrive at no c]ta9 conclusion reg>d+ ! id5tity ( ! /rata4 ,b1 at all ev5ts1 if ! new di/rict yield an abundant supply ( ,fossils1 he _c long be at a loss4 ,he w recognize ! gr\p ,a by ! ,fossils a1 & ! gr\p ,b by ! ,fossils b4 ,an important fact1 h[ev]1 soon attracts 8 att5tion4 ,gr\p ,c has entirely disappe>$1 & is n to be f\nd 9 ?is di/rict2 :ile betwe5 ,a & ,b !re is a new gr\p ( rocks t he has n se5 be=e1 ) a collection ( ,fossils diff]5t f a1 b1 & c4 ,we w call ?is new gr\p ,x1 & its ,fossils x4 ,x is cle> t ! =mation ( ,x mu/ h int]v5$ betwe5 ! =mation ( ,a & ,b2 & ! *ronological ord] n[ /&s ,a1 ,x1 ,b1 ,c4 ,9 l mann] ano!r di/rict may disclose a f\r? gr\p ( /rata1 say ,y1 int]v5+ betwe5 ,b & ,c4 ,! *ronological ord] w !n /& ,a1 ,x1 ,b1 ,y1 ,c4 ,& ?us ! ,geologi/ pursues 8 explorations until he has gone ?r\gh ! :ole c\ntry1 & arrang$ ! pr9cipal gr\ps ( /rata accord+ to ! ord] ( "t 9 :i* !y 7 deposit$4 ,9 ?is way ! :ole ( ,engl& has be5 m9utely explor$ dur+ ! la/ half c5tury4 ,! task 0 fir/ und]tak5 by ,william ,smi?1 :o is ju/ly call$ ! ,fa!r ( ,engli% ,geology4 ,aft] multipli$ rese>*es1 ext5d+ ov] a space ( _m ye>s1 dur+ :i* he travell$ ! :ole c\ntry on foot1 ?is em95t man publi%$ 9 #ahae 8 ,geological ,map ( ,engl& & ,wales ) "p ( ,scotl&2 a "w :i* is describ$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell z 8a la/+ monum5t ( orig9al tal5t & extraord9>y p]sev]ance40 ,hundr$s foll[$ 9 ! same c\rse1 explor+ e day new di/ricts1 &1 by ! new facts :i* !y br\ght to light1 supply+ :at 0 want+ 9 ! "w ( ,smi?1 correct+ :at 0 faulty1 & confirm+ :at 0 true2 until at l5g?1 9 our day1 x may be said t ! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks ( ,engl& are almo/ z well kn[n & z completely mapp$ out z are its c\nties & its t[ns1 its riv]s1 lakes1 & m\nta9s4 ,mean:ile1 ,geologi/s 7 n idle 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,italy1 ev5 _m di/ricts ( ,am]ica & ,au/ralia1 h be5 dilig5tly explor$ accord+ to ! same pr9ciples z ,engl&4 ,& by a comp>ison ( ! obs]vations made1 ! ,*ronological ord] ( /rata ov] a consid]able "p ( ! ,e>?1 b m p>ticul>ly ( ,europe1 has be5 n[ pretty fairly asc]ta9$4 ,?is ord] we h attempt$ to set =? 9 an intelligible & s5sible =m by means ( ! table "h annex$4 ,9 ! ,woodcut are repres5t$ ! /rata hi!rto exam9$ by ,geologi/s1 laid out "o above ano!r1 accord+ to ! ord] ( "t 9 :i* !y are suppos$ to h be5 produc$4 ,! :ole s]ies is divid$ into a numb] ( ,=mations1 ! names ( :i* are giv5 9 ! fir/ column1 toge!r ) an approximate e/imate ( _! ?ickness1 9 feet4 ,^! ,=mations are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r 9 ! draw+ by a diff]5ce ( %ad+4 ,ea* ( !m1 accord+ to ,geological !ory1 is believ$ to h come into exi/5ce by ! accumulation ( solid matt] at ! bottom ( ! sea2 & ! ,p]iod ( "t occupi$ 9 its production is usually designat$ by ! same "n z ! ,=mation itself4 ,?us we read ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,=mation & ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod3 by ! =m] phrase is meant c]ta9 gr\ps ( /rata contemporane\sly deposit$ ov] v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,e>?'s surface2 & by ! latt]1 ! ,p]iod ( "t dur+ :i* ^! gr\ps ( /rata 7 spread out4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 we he> ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,fauna & ,flora1 we are to und]/& ! animal & vegetable life t fl\ri%$ dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod4 ,& aga91 :5 ,geologi/s talk ( ! ,cretace\s sea1 & tell u t x roll$ ov] a great "p ( :at is n[ call$ ,europe1 !y mean to speak ( t sea on ! bottom ( :i* ! ,cretace\s rocks 7 deposit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,table ,,( ,,/ratifi$ ,,rocks1 ,,*ronologically ,,arrang$4 ,mo/ ( ! ,=mations comprise v>i\s gr\ps ( /rata2 & ^! gr\ps are made up ( diff]5t v>ieties ( rocks1 :i* are aga9 divid$ into lay]s or b$s ( v>y+ ?ickness4 ,ev5 9 ^! b$s !mselves we c (t5 di/+ui% an indef9ite numb] ( lam9 or plates1 sc>cely ?ick] ?an a %eet ( pap]1 :i* correspond to ! p]iodical depositions ( matt] by :i* ! rock 0 orig9ally =m$4 ,^! num]\s subdivisions may be conv5i5tly illu/rat$ f ! ,c>bonif]\s ,=mation4 ,x is divid$ into two lead+ gr\ps ( /rata2 ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one bel[1 ! ,coal ,measures above4 ,! upp] gr\p is ! l>g] z well z ! m important4 ,x atta9s a maximum ?ickness 9 ,s\? ,wales ( #ab1jjj feet2 & consi/s ( num]\s /rata ( ,s&/one & ,%ale1 ) ?9 seams ( ,coal occasionally int]pos$4 ,9 "o rem>kable in/ance a hundr$ di/9ct lay]s ( ,coal1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f six in*es to t5 feet1 h be5 c\nt$ 9 "o ,coal-field1 ea* re/+ on a b$ ( ,%ale1 call$ 9 m9+ phraseology ! ,und]clay4 ,?is ,%ale itself naturally divides into an indef9ite numb] ( ?9 plates1 j l ! /ratum ( mud accumulat$ by ! annual inundations ( ! riv] ,nile1 & con/itut+ ! pres5t soil ( ,egypt4 ,we h n attempt$ to repres5t 9 our ,woodcut ^! v>i\s divisions & subdivisions ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks4 ,b ! names ( "s important & well-kn[n gr\ps we h _h engrav$1 to impress m vividly on ! m9d ! place to :i* !y are to be ref]r$ 9 ! ,geological ,cal5d>4 ,?us ! read] may see at a glance ! respective ages ( ! ,coal & ! ,*alk2 ( ! ,lias1 9 :i* are pres]v$ ! rema9s ( ext9ct gigantic reptiles1 & ! ,glacial ,drift1 9 :i* ! elephant1 ! rh9oc]os1 & ! hippopotamus are f\nd entomb$2 ( ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 :i* is (t5 no?+ else ?an va/ b$s ( ,coral uplift$ f b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 & ! ,oolite1 :i* includes ! ,portl& qu>ries1 :]e ! petrifi$ /ems ( anci5t =e/ trees are f\nd /&+ erect 9 ! solid rock4 ,z ! s]ies ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks is divid$ by ,geologi/s into a c]ta9 numb] or sy/ems or ,=mations1 s ^! are aga9 gr\p$ into /ill l>g] classes1 call$ ,prim>y1 ,second>y1 & ,t]ti>y2 t is to say1 fir/1 second1 & ?ird1 9 ! ord] ( =mation4 ,^! l>g] classes correspond to ! ,great ,epo*s or ,ages ( ,geological "t1 ea* compris+ )9 itself _m di/9ct ,p]iods4 ,! ,prim>y rocks are also call$ ,palozoic--1 anci5t1 & 1 an organic be+--because !y conta9 ! olde/ =ms ( organic life3 9 l mann] ! t]m ,mesozoic--1 middle1 & --is appli$ to ! ,second>y /rata1 inasmu* z !y conta9 ! middle or int]m$iate =ms ( organic life3 & ! "n ,ka9ozoic--1 new1 & --is giv5 to ! ,t]ti>y1 :i* conta9 ! newe/ =ms ( organic life4 ,! t]m ,po/-,t]ti>y has rec5tly be5 adopt$ to designate ^? sup]ficial deposits :i* are subsequ5t to ! ,t]ti>y ,age4 ,!y are divid$ into two gr\ps2 ! ,rec5t1 :i* corresponds ) ! p]iod ( hi/ory1 & ! ,po/-,plioc5e :i* prec$es x4 ,"s writ]s seem to ?9k t ^! deposits1 be+ s v insignificant & s v mod]n :5 comp>$ ) ! long s]ies ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks1 are n truly ,geological4 ,b ?is1 we %\ld say1 is a mi/ak5 view ( ! "q4 ,x seems to u t ev5 ! m9ute lay] ( mud t is deposit$ e day at ! m\? ( ! ,ganges or ! ,mississippi1 is l9k$ on to ! long *a9 ( ev5ts :i* h br\ght ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? into its pres5t condition2 &1 !re=e1 truly belongs to ! sci5ce ( ,geology1 & is des]v+ ( its prop] place 9 ,geological classification4 ,we may "h obs]ve t ! names ( ! great ,geological ,epo*s are descriptive names2 t is to say1 ! obvi\s mean+ ( ! words corresponds to ! "* ( ! /rata !y are us$ to repres5t4 ,prim>y1 ,second>y1 ,t]ti>y1 mean ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,?ird1 9 ! ord] ( =mation3 ,palozoic1 ,mesozoic1 & ,ka9ozoic1 signify t ! /rata s call$ are *>act]iz$ by ,anci5t1 ,middle1 & ,mod]n1 =ms ( organic life4 ,b x is v (t5 q o!rwise ) ! names ( ! sev]al ,=mations3 & ?is is a po9t ( no small importance to ! /ud5t ( ,geology4 ,^! names mu/ be reg>d$ simply z names employ$ to designate ! /rata =m$ 9 ea* successive p]iod1 & n exactly to describe _! "*4 ,!y g5]ally _h _! orig9 9 "s accid5tal circum/ance1 or 7 d]iv$ f "s p>ticul> locality2 & aft]w>d1 be+ p]petuat$1 gradually came to receive a mu* m ext5d$ application ?an t :i* ! words !mselves w\ld seem to sugge/4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! ,cretace\s ,=mation is s call$ f ! rem>kable /ratum ( :ite *alk 7creta7 :i* 0 deposit$ dur+ t p]iod ov] a great "p ( ,europe2 b x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t ! :ole ,=mation is made up ( *alk4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 diff]5t localities x is compos$ ( v diff]5t mat]ials2 ne> ,dresd51 = example1 x is a gray qu>tzose s&/one1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,alps x is h>d compact lime/one4#hd ,aga91 ! ,devonian ,=mation d]ives its "n f ,devon%ire1 :]e ! rocks ( ! ,devonian p]iod 7 fir/ m9utely exam9$2 b we mu/ n !re=e inf] t ?is ,=mation is peculi> to ! c\nty ( ,devon2 x is to be f\nd 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ,engl&1 also 9 ,irel&1 & on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,s1 too1 ano!r ,=mation has receiv$ ! "n ( ,c>bonif]\s1 :i* lit]ally means ,coal-be>+ 7c>bo f]o7 because ( ! b$s ( ,coal :i* are sometimes associat$ ) its /rata2 yet ?is ,=mation is (t5 f\nd q de/itute ( ,coal ov] a v ext5sive area4 ,9 look+ ov] our ,table ( /rata ! read] mu/ h notic$ t ! successive spaces 9 ! ,woodcut are n proportion$ to ! actual ?ickness ( ! successive ,=mations = :i* !y /&4 ,! ,second>y & ,t]ti>y ,rocks tak5 toge!r are sc>cely "o-?ird z ?ick1 9 reality1 z ! ,prim>y2 yet !y occupy an equal space 9 ! engrav+3 &1 m rem>kable /ill1 ! ,cretace\s sy/em is all[$ d\ble ! space ( ! ,laur5tian1 ?\gh less ?an half z ?ick4 ,?is circum/ance calls = a pass+ ^w ( explanation4 ,9 ! e>ly annals ( a c\ntry !re is g5]ally a great sc>city ( au!ntic records2 &1 f a simple de>? ( facts1 ! hi/ory ( a :ole c5tury is compress$1 n unfrequ5tly1 into a few pages3 :]eas1 9 lat] times1 :5 docum5t>y evid5ce beg9s to accumulate1 ! hi/orians w (t5 spread out ! ev5ts ( two or ?ree ye>s ov] sev]al *apt]s4 ,some?+ ( ! same k9d takes place 9 ,geology4 ,! ,fossil ,rema9s1 f :i*1 z f au!ntic docum5ts1 ! ,geologi/ *iefly d]ives 8 in=mation reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/1 are scanty 9 ! e>li] ,=mations1 & abundant 9 ! m rec5t4 ,& ?us x happ5s t ! old] ,geological ,p]iods1 not)/&+ ! va/ ?ickness ( ! rocks by :i* !y are repres5t$1 d n occupy a v prom95t position 9 ! annals ( ,geology1 & are compress$ into a comp>atively insignificant space 9 its ,tables4 ,nev]!less1 ! imm5se dep? ( ! e>lie/ ,/ratifi$ ,rocks mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 any attempt to e/imate ! comp>ative duration ( ! sev]al ,geological ,p]iods4 ,we h1 !re=e1 set d[n1 "u ! "n ( ea* ,=mation1 an approximate e/imate ( its actual ?ickness1 tak5 *iefly f ! works ( ,doctor ,haughton & ,sir ,*>les ,lyell4 ,be=e br++ ?is *apt] to an end we w\ld obs]ve t ! sy/em ( classification we h "h endeavor$ to expla9 does n pret5d to be f9al & complete4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 little m ?an a tempor>y exp$i5t to r5d] intelligible ! results at :i* ,geologi/s h hi!rto arriv$2 & is liable to manifold modifications 9 proportion z _! acqua9tance ) ! records !y h und]tak5 to int]pret becomes m ext5sive & m m9ute4 ,all t !y n[ cont5d = is ?is3 t ! successive ,=mations repres5t successive ,p]iods ( "t1 :i* foll[$ "o ano!r 9 ! ord] "h set =?1 & dur+ :i* ! ,e>? 0 peopl$ ) c]ta9 species ( ,plants & ,animals1 = ! mo/ "p peculi> to _! respective eras4#he ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,geological ,,*ronology--,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,succession ,,( ,,organic ,,life4 ,summ>y ( ! hi/ory ( /ratifi$ rocks--,/rik+ *>act]i/ics ( c]ta9 =mations--,human rema9s f\nd only 9 sup]ficial deposits--,gradual transition f ! organic life ( "o p]iod to t ( ! next--,evid5ce 9 favor ( ?is op9ion--,advance f l[] to high] types ( organic life z we asc5d f ! old] to ! m rec5t =mations--,economic value ( geological *ronology--,illu/ration--,se>* = coal--,! practical man at fault--,! geologi/ comes to 8 aid1 & saves him f useless exp5se4 ,) ?is sket* ( ,geological ,*ronology be=e u1 we c n[ m fully realize to our m9ds ! /ory we are told ab\t ! =mation ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/4 ,9 ! e>lie/ age to :i* ,geologi/s c trace back ! hi/ory ( ! ,aque\s ,rocks--= !y d n pr(ess to trace x back to ! beg9n+--?is ,globe ( ours 01 z x is n[1 p>tly cov]$ ) wat]1 & p>tly dry l&4 ,! =mation ( /ratifi$ rocks w5t on 9 t age1 z x is /ill go+ on1 *iefly ov] ^? areas t 7 "u wat]--n inde$ ?r\gh\t ! entire ext5t ( su* areas1 b ov] c]ta9 portions ( !m to :i* m9]al matt] happ5$ to be c>ri$ by ! action ( natural causes4 ,& ! ,e>? 0 peopl$ !n z n[1 ?\gh ) animals & plants v diff]5t f ^? by :i* we are surr\nd$ at ! pres5t day4 ,"s ( ^! happ5$ to escape de/ruction1 & to be emb$d$ 9 ! deposits ( t f> di/ant age1 & h ?us be5 pres]v$ ev5 to our "t4 ,& ^! /rata ) _! ,fossils are ! same t we n[ gr\p toge!r "u ! title ( ! ,laur5tian ,=mation3 :i* be+ ! olde/ gr\p ( /ratifi$ rocks we c recognize 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/1 occupies ! l[e/ position 9 our table ( ,*ronology4 ,ages roll$ on2 & ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? 0 mov$ f )9 by "s giant =ce1 ! b$ ( ! ocean 0 lift$ up 9 "o place1 isl&s & cont95ts 7 subm]g$ 9 ano!r1 & s ! outl9es ( l& & wat] 7 *ang$4 ,) ?is *ange ! old =ms ( life pass$ away2 a new creation came 92 & ! ,laur5tian p]iod gave place to ! ,cambrian4 ,b ! ord] ( nature 0 /ill ! same z be=e4 ,! deposition ( /ratifi$ rocks /ill cont9u$1 ?\gh ! areas ( deposition 71 9 _m cases1 %ift$ f "o locality to ano!r4 ,& ! organic life t fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,cambrian times left its memorials beh9d x buri$ 9 ! ,cambrian rocks4 ,!n t age1 too1 came to an end1 & gave place 9 its turn to ! ,silurian3 & ?is 01 aga91 foll[$ by ! ,devonian4 ,?us "o p]iod succe$$ to ano!r 9 ! ord] set =? 9 our table2 & e "p ( ! globe 01 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 m ?an once subm]g$1 & cov]$ ) ! deposits ( m ?an "o age1 & enri*$ ) ! ,organic ,rema9s ( m ?an "o creation4 ,z we advance upw>d 9 ! s]ies ( ,=mations we soon p]ceive t ! ,fossil ,rema9s1 :i*1 9 ! e>li] gr\ps 7 scanty en\gh1 become pr(usely abundant1 until ev5 ! unpractis$ eye _c fail to m>k ! peculi> "* ( ea* successive p]iod2--! exub]ant vegetation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ) its luxuriant h]bage & its tangl$ =e/s1 its huge p9es1 its tall tree-f]ns1 & its /ately arauc>ias3 ! enorm\s creep+ mon/]s ( ! ,jurassic1 ! i*?yosaurs1 ! megalosaurs1 ! iguanodons1 :i* fill$ its seas1 or cr[d$ its pla9s1 or haunt$ its riv]s2 & high] up 9 ! scale1 ! colossal quadrup$s ( ! ,mioc5e & ! ,plioc5e1 ! mammo?s1 ! ma/odons1 ! mega!riums1 :i* beg9 to approximate m closely to ! organic types ( our own age4 ,b amid/ ^! v>i\s =ms ( life1 ! eye looks 9 va9 = any relic ( human k9d4 ,no bone ( man1 no trace ( human intellig5ce1 is to be f\nd 9 any b$ ( rock t belongs to ! ,prim>y1 ,second>y1 or ,t]ti>y ,=mations4 ,x is only :5 we h pass$ all ^!1 & come to ! late/ =mation ( ! :ole s]ies1 nay1 x is only 9 ! upp]mo/ b$s ( ?is ,=mation1 t we meet1 = ! fir/ "t1 ) human bones1 & ! works ( human art4 ,?us x appe>s pretty pla91 ev5 f ! te/imony ( ,geology1 t man 0 ! la/ "w ( ! creation2 & t1 if ! _w is old1 ! human race is comp>atively "y4 ,^! brok5 & imp]fect records1 :i* h be5 s curi\sly pres]v$ 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 c>ry u back to an antiquity :i* may n be measur$ by ye>s & c5turies1 & !n set be=e u1 z 9 a palpable =m1 h[ ! t5d] h]bage appe>$1 & ! fruit-tree yield+ fruit accord+ to its k9d2 & h[ ! ,e>? 0 aft]w>d peopl$ ) great creep+ ?+s1 & w+$ f[l1 & ! cattle1 & ! bea/s ( ! field2 & !n1 at l5g?1 !y disclose to u h[1 la/ ( all1 man appe>$1 to :om all ^! ?+s seem to t5d1 & :o 0 to h dom9ion ov] ! fi% ( ! sea1 & ! f[l ( ! air1 & e liv+ ?+ t move? ^u ! e>?4 ,we d n mean to dwell j n[ ^u ?is view ( ! hi/ory ( creation s cle>ly display$ 9 ! records ( ,geology4 ,b we %all return to x h]eaft] :5 we come 9 ! sequel to consid] h[ admirably ! g5u9e tru?s ( ?is sci5ce fit 9 ) ! inspir$ n>rative ( ,moses4 ,x may "h1 v naturally1 be ask$1 if ! records ( ,geology give u any in=mation z to ! mann] 9 :i* ea* p]iod ( animal & vegetable life 0 br\ght to an end8 ,did ! old organic =ms gradually die out1 & ! new gradually come 9 to take _! places8 or 7 ! "o sudd5ly ext+ui%$ & ! o!rs z sudd5ly produc$8 ,?is "q has be5 a subject ( controv]sy among ,geologi/s !mselves2 & !re=e x is some:at outside our scope1 s9ce we propose to exhibit only t m g5]al outl9e ( ,geological !ory :i* is accept$ by all4 ,nev]!less1 z x is a "q t mu/ ne$s occur to ! m9d ( e read]1 x seems to call = a few words ( explanation z we pass along4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,geology1 x 0 commonly held t ea* great p]iod 0 br\ght to an end by a sudd5 & viol5t convulsion ( ,nature4 ,! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? 0 bur/ op5 9 _m places all at once2 ! bottom ( ! ocean 0 upheav$ ) a trem5d\s %ock2 ! wat]s1 driv5 f _! accu/om$ b$1 ru%$ ) furi\s impetuosity ov] isl&s & cont95ts2 & ! :ole exi/+ creation p]i%$ 9 a univ]sal deluge4 ,!n succe$$ an int]val ( *aotic confusion1 & :5 at l5g? ! wat]s subsid$1 & dry l& aga9 appe>$1 a new age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,globe 0 u%]$ 91 & ! ,e>? 0 aga9 peopl$ by a new creation4 ,b ?is old !ory has gradually giv5 way z ! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks h be5 m & m fully exam9$1 & at ! pres5t day x is almo/ univ]sally ab&on$4 ,geologi/s h obs]v$ t ! same species ( ,fossil ,rema9s :i* prevail 9 ! upp] b$s ( "o ,=mation1 are met ) also 9 ! l[] b$s ( ! next1 ?\gh 9 less numb]s & mix$ up ) new species2 & t1 z we asc5d high] & high] into ! lat] ,=mation1 ! old species gradually become m & m sc>ce1 :ile ! new gradually become m & m num]\s2 until at l5g? ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( "o age h disappe>$ altoge!r1 & ^? ( ! succe$+ age h atta9$ _! full developm5t4 ,= ?is important fact1 :i* 0 br\ght to light )9 ! la/ half c5tury1 we are ma9ly indebt$ to ! unwe>i$ rese>*es & great ability ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell4 ,speak+ ( ! ,=mations ( ! ,t]ti>y ,epo*1 to :i*1 z is well kn[n1 he has pr9cipally devot$ himself1 ?is di/+ui%$ writ] ?us sums up ! result ( 8 long inve/igation3--8,9 pass+ f ! old] to ! new] memb]s ( ! ,t]ti>y sy/em we meet ) _m *asms1 b none :i* sep>ate entirely1 by a broad l9e ( dem>kation1 "o /ate ( ! organic _w f ano!r4 ,!re are no signs ( an abrupt t]m9ation ( "o fauna & flora1 & ! />t+ into life ( new & :olly di/9ct =ms4 ,al?\gh we are f> f be+ able to demon/rate geologically an ins5sible transition f ! ,eoc5e to ! ,mioc5e1 or ev5 f ! latt] to ! rec5t fauna1 yet ! m we enl>ge & p]fect our g5]al survey1 ! m ne>ly d we approximate to su* a cont9u\s s]ies1 & ! m gradually are we conduct$ f times :5 _m ( ! g5]a & ne>ly all ! species 7 ext9ct1 to ^? 9 :i* sc>cely a s+le species fl\ri%$ :i* we d n "k to exi/ at pres5t40#hf ,h5ce he concludes1 & 8 conclusion is n[ ! common doctr9e ( ,geologi/s1 t ! ext9ction & creation ( species has be5 8! result ( a sl[ & gradual *ange 9 ! organic _w40#hg ,x 0 long argu$ aga9/ ?is view1 t we (t5 meet1 especially 9 ! ,prim>y & ,second>y ,=mations1 two gr\ps ( /rata 9 imm$iate contact1 9 :i* !re is a p]fectly sudd5 transition f "o set ( ,fossil ,rema9s to ano!r altoge!r diff]5t4 ,ea* gr\p conta9s a c\ntless v>iety ( species1 & yet !re is n a s+le species common to ! two4 ,does x n appe> t 9 su* a case ! organic life ( "o p]iod 0 sudd5ly de/roy$1 & t ( ! next z sudd5ly introduc$8 ,n s2 !re is "o l9k want+ 9 ! argum5t4 ,x mu/ be %[n t ^! two /rata :i* are n[ 9 imm$iate contact 7 orig9ally deposit$ 9 imm$iate succession4 ,b ?is x is impossible to prove3 nay1 x mu/ ne$s be v (t5 false4 ,we h be=e obs]v$ t ! areas ( deposition 7 limit$ 9 e age1 & 7 ev] %ift+ f "o locality to ano!r4 ,!re=e x mu/ h be5 a frequ5t occurr5ce t1 aft] "o b$ ( rock 0 =m$1 ! process ( deposition ceas$ altoge!r 9 t locality1 & did n beg9 aga9 = _m ages4 ,?us a long lapse ( "t (t5 int]v5$ betwe5 ! deposition ( two /rata1 :i* 7 laid out "o imm$iately above ! o!r4 ,fur!rmore1 we h also se5 t :ole gr\ps ( /rata may 9 any age be swept away by ,d5udation2 & !n ! rocks :i* are next deposit$ 9 t locality1 w be 9 imm$iate contact ) /rata indef9itely m anci5t ?an !mselves4 ,f ^! consid]ations x is pla9 t two gr\ps ( /rata :i* are n[ f\nd 9 juxtaposition1 may h be5 deposit$ 9 two ,geological ages widely remote f ea* o!r4 ,& consequ5tly a sudd5 transition f ! ,organic ,life ( "o gr\p to ! ,organic ,life ( ! o!r af=ds no pro( ( a sudd5 transition f ! ,organic ,life ( "o ,geological ,p]iod to ! ,organic ,life ( t :i* next succe$$4 ,we may obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ! rec5t rese>*es1 :i* h contribut$ s mu* to fill up ! int]/ices ( ! ,geological ,cal5d>1 h conduc$ 9 no small degree to fill up likewise "s ( ! m rem>kable gaps or *asms 9 ! succession ( ,organic ,life4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n unreasonable to suppose t1 z our k ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ becomes m & m m9ute1 ! sudd5 breaks 9 ! cont9uity ( ! scale w be /ill fur!r dim9i%$ & ! successive /ages ( gradual transition w be made m cle>ly app>5t4 ,?is subject has be5 v happily illu/rat$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell3--8,to make /ill m cle> ! suppos$ work+ ( ?is ma*9]y = ! deposition ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks & ! pres]vation ( ,organic ,rema9s1 ,i %all comp>e x to a some:at analog\s case t might be imag9$ to occur 9 ! hi/ory ( human affairs4 ,let ! mortality ( ! population ( a l>ge c\ntry repres5t ! successive ext9ction ( species1 & ! bir? ( new individuals1 ! introduction ( new species4 ,:ile ^! fluctuations are gradually tak+ place ev]y:]e1 suppose commission]s to be appo9t$ to visit ea* prov9ce ( ! c\ntry 9 succession1 tak+ an exact acc\nt ( ! numb]1 names1 & individual peculi>ities ( all ! inhabitants1 & leav+ 9 ea* di/rict a regi/] conta9+ a record ( ?is in=mation4 ,if1 aft] ! completion ( "o c5sus1 ano!r is imm$iately made on ! same plan1 & !n ano!r1 !re w1 at la/1 be a s]ies ( /ati/ical docum5ts 9 ea* prov9ce4 ,:5 ^! belong+ to any "o prov9ce are arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]1 ! cont5ts ( su* z /& next to ea* o!r w diff] accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t betwe5 ! tak+ ( ea* c5sus4 ,if1 = example1 !re are sixty prov9ces1 & all ! regi/]s are made 9 a s+le ye>1 & r5ew$ annually1 ! numb] ( bir?s & dea?s w be s small 9 proportion to ! :ole ( ! inhabitants1 dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! compil+ ( two consecutive docum5ts1 t ! individuals describ$ 9 su* docum5ts w be ne>ly id5tical2 :]eas1 if ! survey ( ea* ( ! sixty prov9ces occupies all ! commission]s = a :ole ye>1 s t !y are unable to revisit ! same place until ! expiration ( sixty ye>s1 !re w !n be an almo/ entire discordance betwe5 ! p]sons enum]at$ 9 two consecutive regi/]s 9 ! same prov9ce4 8,b ,i mu/ rem9d ! read] t ! case above propos$ has no pret5tions to be reg>d$ z an exact p>allel to ! ,geological ph5om5a :i* ,i desire to illu/rate2 = ! commission]s are suppos$ to visit ! diff]5t prov9ces 9 rotation2 :]eas ! commemorat+ processes by :i* organic rema9s become fossiliz$1 al?\gh !y are always %ift+ f "o area to ! o!r1 are yet v irregul> 9 _! movem5ts4 ,!y may ab&on & revisit _m spaces aga9 & aga91 be=e !y once approa* ano!r di/rict2 & besides ?is s\rce ( irregul>ity1 x may (t5 happ5 t1 :ile ! deposit+ process is susp5d$1 ,d5udation may take place1 :i* may be comp>$ to ! occasional de/ruction by fire or o!r causes ( "s ( ! /ati/ical docum5ts be=e m5tion$4 ,x is evid5t t :]e su* accid5ts occur1 ! want ( cont9uity 9 ! s]ies may become indef9itely great1 & t ! monum5ts :i* foll[ next 9 succession w by no means be equi-di/ant f ea* o!r 9 po9t ( "t4 8,if ?is tra9 ( reason+ be admitt$1 ! occasional di/9ctness ( ! fossil rema9s1 9 =mations imm$iately 9 contact1 w\ld be a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! exi/+ laws ( s$im5t>y deposition & subt]ranean movem5t1 accompani$ by a con/ant mortality & r5ovation or species40#hh ,!re is ano!r & a v /rik+ fact 9 ! succession ( anci5t organic life1 :i* claims f u a mom5t's notice4 ,z we proce$ upw>d ?r\gh ! s]ies ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks1 f ! olde/ to ! newe/1 we f9d a gradual advance 9 ! types ( animal organization !re9 pres]v$1 f ! humbl] & m simple =ms ( /ructure to ^? ( a high] & m p]fect "*4 ,t =m ( organization is reg>d$ among ,zoologi/s z ! m p]fect 9 :i* !re is 8a great] numb] ( organs specially devot$ to p>ticul> functions40 ,n[ all ! =ms ( animal life ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 may be r$uc$ to two great divisions1 ! ,v]tebrate & ! ,inv]tebrate1--! =m] hav+ a v]tebral or sp9al column1 ! latt] hav+ none3 & x is agre$ 9 con=mity ) ! notion set =? above1 t ! ,v]tebrate animals z a class exhibit a m p]fect organization ?an ! ,inv]tebrate4 ,aga91 among ! ,v]tebrate !mselves !re is a gradation2 ! ,reptiles are rank$ high] ?an ! ,fi%1 ! ,birds high] ?an ! ,reptiles1 & ! ,mammalia high] aga9 ?an ! ,birds4 ,all ?is we le>n f ,zoologi/s1 :o h pursu$ _! inve/igations )\t any ref]5ce :atev] to ! sci5ce ( ,geology4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n a little rem>kable t we %\ld discov] ?is v ord] & gradation ( animal life 9 ! successive gr\ps ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks4 ,all ! ,rema9s hi!rto discov]$ 9 ! e>lie/ ,geological ,=mations belong to ,inv]tebrate animals1 :ile ! ,v]tebrate1 :i* appe> = ! fir/ "t 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,silurian ,p]iod1 are1 f t age on1 m & m fully develop$ d[n to ! pres5t day1 & n[ con/itute1 if n ! mo/ num]\s1 at lea/ ! mo/ important "p ( ! animal creation4 ,moreov]1 x is to be obs]v$ t ! ,v]tebrate animals d n all make _! appe>ance at once1 b come 9 successively accord+ to ! same scale ( organic p]fection1--! ,fi% appe>+ fir/1 !n ! ,reptiles1 !n ! ,birds1 & la/ly ! ,mammalia4 ,ev5 among ! ,mammalia a well-def9$ ord] ( progressive succession has be5 obs]v$1 :i* f9ally culm9ates 9 ! appe>ance ( ,man1 ! la/ creat$ & ! mo/ p]fect ( animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,table ,,( ,,geological ,,=mations1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,fir/ ,,appe>ance ,,on ,,! ,,e>? ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,( ,,animal ,,life4 ,?is rem>kable succession ( animal life 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ w be m readily und]/ood by means ( ! annex$ ,table4 ,! rema9s ( ,inv]tebrate animals h be5 trac$ z f> back z ! ,l[] ,laur5tian ,rocks4 ,! ,v]tebrate fir/ become manife/ 9 ! ,ludl[ b$s ( ! ,upp] ,silurian2 :]e !y are repres5t$ by ! bones ( ,fi%1 ! l[e/ class belong+ to ! ,prov9ce ( ,v]tebrates4 ,next 9 ord] come ! ,reptiles3 ! olde/ kn[n ,reptile hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! ,coal ,measures ( ,sa>brck betwe5 ,/rasburg & ,treves4 ,! skeletons ( ,birds are r>e 9 ! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks4 ,x is suppos$ t _! p[]s ( flight h 9 all ages secur$ !m1 to great a ext5t1 f be+ c>ri$ away by floods1 l o!r l& animals1 & buri$ 9 ! s$im5t>y deposits ( riv]s & e/u>ies4 ,nev]!less _! pres5ce 9 ! anci5t _w is frequ5tly atte/$ by _! foot/eps1 impress$ orig9ally on ! s&y bea*1 & /ill pres]v$ n[ t ! s(t s& has be5 conv]t$ into solid rock4 ,su* traces h be5 discov]$ 9 great abundance on ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one ( ! ,connecticut ,riv] 9 ,am]ica2 & af=d ! e>lie/ evid5ce we possess 9 ! records ( ,geology reg>d+ ! exi/5ce ( ! fea!r$ tribe4 ,?is gr\p ( /rata belongs to ! l[] ,trias4 ,9 ! high] b$s ( ! same ,=mation we meet ) ! fir/ relic ( anci5t ,mammals4 ,x 0 f\nd ne> ,/uttg>dt1 9 #ahdg1 & belongs to ! m imp]fect =m ( ,mammalian life1 ! ,non-,plac5tal4 ,simil> rema9s h be5 s9ce discov]$ 9 ! ,upp] ,trias ( ,som]set%ire4 ,! ,plac5tal1 or m p]fect =m ( animal life 9 ! same class1 fir/ appe>s 9 ! ,eoc5e ,=mation3 & ! bones ( ,man1 ! highe/ ( ! ,plac5tal1 are f\nd = ! fir/ "t 9 ! upp] deposits ( ! ,po/-,t]ti>y ,age4 ,let x be rememb]$ t we are "h b /at+ ! facts :i* h be5 hi!rto br\ght to light by ! rese>*es ( ,geologi/s4 ,x may be1 x is inde$ mo/ probable1 t new discov]ies w lead to num]\s modifications 9 our ,table4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ,geologi/s h yet exhum$ ! e>lie/ rema9s ( ,v]tebrates or ,inv]tebrates pres]v$ 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?3 t ,fi% may n h]eaft] be trac$ back beyond ! ,silurian1 or ,reptiles beyond ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod3 t ,birds may n be f\nd among ! ,prim>y ,rocks1 & ,plac5tals among ! ,second>y4 ,b 9 a sci5ce :i* dep5ds ma9ly ^u obs]vation1 x is bett] to regi/] ! facts we h ?an to speculate idly ab\t ^? we h n4 ,&1 hav+ regi/]$ !m1 we _c fail to be /ruck ) ! succession ( animal life on ! ,e>?1 to :i* !y seem to po9t4 ,x is c]ta9ly des]v+ ( notice t1 z f> z ! ,organic ,rema9s hi!rto discov]$ may be tak5 z a guide1 ,inv]tebrates & ,v]tebrates1 ,fi%1 ,reptiles1 ,birds1 & ,mammals1 ,non-,plac5tals & ,plac5tals1 foll[ "o ano!r 9 ! asc5d+ s]ies ( ,geological ,=mations exactly 9 ! same ord] z !y foll[ "o ano!r 9 ! asc5d+ scale ( ,zoological ,classification4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& s ,geologi/s g on ev] se>*+ out new ph5om5a1 & gr\p+ !m toge!r into classes1 until f p>ticul> facts !y lead u to g5]al tru?s4 ,!n />t+ ) ^! g5]al tru?s z ! gr\ndwork ( _! sci5ce1 !y proce$ to sket* out ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( our ,globe f ! remote/ ages ( ! pa/ d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,!y fir/ /udy ! /ratifi$ deposits ( ea* succe$+ age1 & analyze ! ,fossil ,rema9s emb$d$ !re92 aft]w>d !y make _! inf]5ces1 & !y compile _! hi/ory4 ,!y describe ! =ms1 ! "*1 ! habits1 ( ! plants & animals t fl\ri%$ ( old 9 ?is _w ( ours2 !y tell u :]e ! deep sea roll$ its waves 9 ea* succe$+ age1 & :]e ! dry l& appe>$2 !y po9t out ! ,deltas ( its anci5t riv]s1 !y measure ! bread? ( its ,e/u>ies1 !y trace ! c\rse ( its ,glaci]s1 !y m>k ! outl9es ( its ,m\nta9 *a9s4 ,b ) ^! & su* l speculations we are n "h conc]n$4 ,_m ( !m are op5 to controv]sy1 & n a few are at ?is mom5t w>mly disput$ among ,geologi/s !mselves3 besides1 :e!r true or false1 !y d n 9 any way affect ! relations betwe5 ,geology & ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,we %all be q cont5t1 & x is all t our pres5t scope dem&s1 if we h made intelligible ! g5]al !ory ( ,geological ,*ronology1 & ! k9d ( evid5ce on :i* x re/s4 ,be=e tak+ leave ( ?is subject1 h[ev]1 we w v5ture to (f] :at seems to u an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! pr9ciples we h be5 expla9+ 9 ! la/ two *apt]s2--"o t w help to confirm ! conclusions = :i* we h be5 cont5d+1 & t w also br+ home to _m m9ds ! practical advantage to be d]iv$ f a ?or\gh k & j application ( ,geological sci5ce4 ,p]haps1 too1 x may help to revive ! flagg+ att5tion ( our read]s2 = ! subject ( our illu/ration is ,coal1 & ! way to f9d x4 ,9 ?is age ( manufactories & /eam-eng9es1--:5 ! atmosph]e ( great t[ns is heavy ) smoke1 & ! quiet solitude ( ! c\ntry is s rudely di/urb$ by ! %riek+ ( ! railway-:i/le & ! snort+ ( ! sooty locomotive1--?is black1 dirty m9]al has acquir$ a value & importance1 :i* may succe$ 9 r\s+ ev5 ! practical money-mak+ man to pay "s he$ to ! lessons ( sci5ce4 ,coal might h be5 produc$ 9 any ,geological ,p]iod2 & 9 po9t ( fact1 b$s ( coal h be5 discov]$ 9 _m diff]5t ,=mations4 ,b 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ,we/]n ,europe g5]ally1 x has be5 f\nd by long exp]i5ce t ! ,coal-b$s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,=mation are m abundant1 & ( bett] quality1 ?an ^? ( any o!r4 ,inde$ ! b$s ( ,coal t occur 9 o!r ,=mations are s ?91 & ( su* inf]ior quality1 t !y _c be work$ ) pr(it4 ,x is !re=e ( ! highe/ importance 9 ! se>* = ,coal1 be=e go+ to ! enorm\s exp5se ( s9k+ deep %afts1 to discov] :e!r or no ! rocks 9 :i* ! se>* is to be made belong to ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod4 ,9 ?is matt] ! m practical man is (t5 s]i\sly at fault4 ,coal-be>+ /rata g5]ally consi/ pretty l>gely ( d>k-color$ clay1 black %ales1 & simil> deposits4 ,?is is a fact :i*1 z x /rikes ! eye1 is p]fectly famili> to all :o are engag$ 9 ! work+ ( ,coal m9es4 ,h5ce x happ5s1 n unfrequ5tly1 t ! practical man1 :5 he meets ) /rata ( ?is k9d1 is apt at once to inf] t ,coal is ne> at h&4 ,! ,geologi/1 on ! contr>y1 kn[s well t su* /rata are n peculi> to ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks1 b are (t5 f\nd 9 o!r ,=mations 9 :i* !re is no ,coal at all1 or at lea/ no ,coal t w repay ! exp5se ( work+2 & !re=e he w pron\nce x mo/ ra% to und]take co/ly works on ! /r5g? ( ^! appe>ances4 ,he has le>n$1 h[ev]1 t !re are c]ta9 species ( animals & plants :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks & 9 !m alone2 he w se>* = ^! 9 ! /rata :i* x is propos$ to explore1 & by _! pres5ce or _! abs5ce he w "k :e!r ! /rata 9 "q belong to ! ,c>bonif]\s ,=mation or n4 ,aga91 x w (t5 happ5 t1 9 ! mid/ ( an ext5sive region well kn[n to ab\nd 9 ,coal1 ! rocks :i* appe> at ! surface 9 "o p>ticul> locality1 are n :olly devoid ( ,coal1 b exhibit no resemblance ei!r 9 m9]al "* or 9 ,fossil ,rema9s to ! ,coal-be>+ /rata4 ,a "q !n arises ( ! highe/ practical importance4 ,may x be t ! ,coal-be>+ /rata are spread out b5ea? ?is upp]mo/ b$ ( rocks8 & is x wor? ! exp5se to s9k a %aft ?r\gh ! "o 9 ! hope ( rea*+ ! o!r8 ,! practical m9] has no v cle> or c]ta9 pr9ciples to help him 9 ! solution ( ?is problem2 & ?us x has (t5 happ5$ t ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( p\nds h be5 exp5d$ 9 s9k+ %afts to look = ,coal1 :]e1 z x aft]w>d prov$1 !re 0 n ! slighte/ *ance ( f9d+ x4 ,n[1 ?\gh ,geology _c tell if we %all succe$ 9 f9d+ ,coal b5ea? ^! rocks1 x c tell if !re is a good *ance ( succe$+4 ,x c tell :e!r !re is a reasonable hope1 by p5etrat+ into ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? at ?is p>ticul> spot1 ( rea*+ ! ,c>bonif]\s ,=mation2 & if we c rea* ! ,c>bonif]\s ,=mation 9 ! mid/ ( a ,coal di/rict1 x is v likely we %all meet ) b$s ( ,coal4 ,8 fir/ object w be to asc]ta9 :at is ! ,=mation to :i* ! sup]ficial rocks belong4 ,if x be a ,=mation e>li] 9 date ?an ! ,c>bonif]\s1--! ,silurian1 = in/ance1 or ! ,devonian1--he kn[s t x w\ld be simply wa/e ( money to look = ,coal b5ea? !m2 because ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks _c possibly be f\nd und]nea? ! rocks ( an e>li] age4 ,& s ! ,geologi/ c tell be=eh& :at ! m]e practical man w\ld f9d out only :5 he _h sp5t 8 money4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! rocks :i* appe> at ! surface belong to a p]iod lat] ?an ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ! ,geologi/ w n always conclude t x is exp$i5t to s9k a %aft 9 se>* ( ,coal4 ,= ?\gh ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks may1 9 ?is case1 be und]nea?1 !y may be s f> d[n 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? t we %\ld h no *ance ( ev] rea*+ !m4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ! /rata :i* appe> at ! surface belong to ! ,cretace\s ,=mation4 ,he kn[s f 8 ,*ronological table t ! ,c>bonif]\s age is sep>at$ f ! ,cretace\s by ?ree int]m$iate ,p]iods1--! ,p]mian1 ! ,triassic1 ! ,jurassic4 ,!re=e1 :5 he f9ds ! ,cretace\s rocks at ! surface 9 any locality1 x is q possible1 ?\gh ( c\rse n c]ta91 t be=e ! ,c>bonif]\s ,=mation c\ld be rea*$ x w\ld be necess>y to bore ?r\gh ?\s&s ( feet ( ,jurassic1 ,triassic1 & ,p]mian rocks4 ,& ev5 !n !re w\ld be no c]ta9ty ( meet+ ) ! ,coal-be>+ /rata4 ,p]haps !y 7 nev] deposit$ ov] ?is area ( ! e>?'s surface2 or1 if deposit$1 p]haps !y 7 subsequ5tly swept away by ,d5udation4 ,h5ce our ,geologi/ w\ld reasonably conclude t1 ! probable exp5se ( ! se>* be+ s enorm\s1 & ! *ance ( success s remote1 x w\ld be mu* wis] n to make ! attempt4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,subt]ranean ,,heat--,,its ,,exi/5ce ,,demon/rat$ ,,by ,,facts4 ,!ory ( /ratifi$ rocks supposes di/urbances ( ! e>?'s cru/--,^! di/urbances ascrib$ by geologi/s to ! action ( subt]ranean heat--,! exi/5ce ( subt]ranean heat1 & its p[] to move ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 prov$ by direct evid5ce--,suppos$ igne\s orig9 ( our globe--,rem>kable increase ( temp]ature z we desc5d into ! e>?'s cru/--,hot spr+s--,artesian wells--,/eam issu+ f crevices 9 ! e>?--,! geys]s ( ,icel&--,a glimpse at ! subt]ranean fires--,m\nt ,vesuvius 9 #aggi--,va/ ext5t ( volcanic action--,exi/5ce ( subt]ranean heat an e/abli%$ fact4 ,9 develop+ ! mod]n !ory ( ,geology1 we h all along assum$ t ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? has be5 subject to frequ5t di/urbances f ! e>lie/ ages ( ! _w4 ,aga9 & aga91 9 ! c\rse ( our argum5t1 we h talk$ ( ! b$ ( ! sea be+ lift$ up1 & conv]t$ into dry l&2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! dry l& be+ subm]g$ b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! sea4 ,we h n ev5 hesitat$ to suppose t ^! two opposite movem5ts ( upheaval & subm]sion (t5 took place by turns ov] ! same area2 nay1 t !re is sc>cely a region on ! surface ( ! ,globe :i* has n be5 sev]al times subm]g$1 & sev]al times aga9 upheav$4 ,yet all ?is has n be5 tak5 = grant$ )\t pro(4 ,our read]s h se5 :at a long array ( sob] reason+ may be drawn out to %[ t ! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks h be51 = ! mo/ "p1 deposit$ "u wat]3--fir/1 f ! nature & arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials :i* compose !m2 secondly1 f ! "* ( ! ,organic ,rema9s !y conta94 ,& s9ce !y are n[ above wat]1 x is pla9 t ei!r !y h be5 lift$ or ! ocean has subsid$4 ,fur!rmore1 if we f9d1 z we (t5 d1 two /rata 9 imm$iate succession1 ! "o und]nea?1 exhibit+ ! trees ( an anci5t =e/ /ill /&+ erect ) _! roots atta*$1 ! o!r above1 ab\nd+ 9 ! rema9s ( aquatic animals2 we mu/ conclude t :5 ! anci5t =e/ fl\ri%$ ?is portion ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ 0 above ! level ( ! sea2 t aft]w>d x 0 subm]g$1 & a new deposit1 9 :i* ! m>9e rema9s 7 emb$d$1 0 spread out above ! e>li] vegetation2 & t1 la/ ( all x aga9 em]g$ f ! wat]s1 & became once m dry l&4 ,f9ally1 :5 a v]tical section ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ exhibits a cont9u$ s]ies ( su* /rata alt]nat+ ) ea* o!r1 x af=ds a pro( t ?is p>ticul> area mu/ h be5 sev]al times "u wat]1 & sev]al times aga9 dry l&1 9 ! long c\rse ( ages4 ,^! conclusions are n[ all b univ]sally receiv$ among ,geologi/s4 ,! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 we are assur$1 is n t unyield+ & immovable mass :i* m5 commonly take x to be4 ,on ! contr>y1 x has be5 f ! beg9n+ ev] re/less & 9 motion1 ris+ "h & subsid+ !re1 sometimes ) a convulsive %ock capable ( upturn+1 twi/+1 di/ort+ h>d & /ubborn rocks z if !y 7 b flimsy lay]s ( pliant clay2 sometimes ) a g5tle1 undulat+ movem5t1 :i*1 :ile x uplifts isl&s & cont95ts1 leaves ! g5]al aspect ( ! surface un*ang$1 ! arrangem5t ( ! /rata undi/urb$1 & ev5 ! mo/ t5d] ,fossils unh>m$4 ,di/urbances ( ?is k9d h be5 go+ on 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w ev5 )9 ! p]iod ( hi/ory2 & !y may be di/9ctly trac$ to ! action ( subt]ranean ,heat4 ,9 support ( a !ory s />tl+ & unexpect$1 ,geologi/s appeal to ! direct evid5ce ( facts3 & we n[ propose to br+ "s ( ^! facts "u ! notice ( our read]s4 ,at ! outset1 h[ev]1 x is important to set =? cle>ly ! doctr9e we hope to illu/rate & confirm4 ,) ! orig9 ( ! int]nal heat t prevails )9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? we h no conc]n4 ,?is is /ill an unsettl$ po9t among ,geologi/s !mselves4 ,"s conjecture t our ,globe1 :5 fir/ laun*$ into space1 0 9 a /ate ( igne\s fusion2 t is to say1 t all ! solid matt] ( :i* x is compos$ 0 held 9 a molt5 condition by ! action ( int5se heat2 t1 9 c\rse ( "t1 z ?is heat pass$ (f by radiation1 ! surface gradually cool$ & grew h>d2 t an ext]nal %ell ( solid rock 0 ?us =m$1 :i* has be5 ev] gr[+ ?ick] 9 proportion z ! ,e>? has be5 gr[+ cool]2 & t ! actual condition ( our planet is ! result ( ?is process cont9u$ d[n to ! pres5t day1--a fi]y mass ( see?+ m9]al )91 & a comp>atively ?9 cru/ ( consolidat$ rock )\t4 ,o!rs suppose t ! int]nal heat ( ! ,globe is develop$ by ! ag5cy ( *emical *anges con/antly go+ on 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,e>?2 & o!rs1 aga91 look = a cause to ! action ( electricity & magnetism4 ,b ^! & su* l speculations are /ill "u discussion1 & n "o ( !m c be reg>d$ z any?+ m1 at be/1 ?an a satisfactory hypo!sis4 ,anyh[1 x is n ab\t ! causes ( int]nal heat t we are j n[ int]e/$1 b ab\t ! fact ( its exi/5ce1 & ! nature ( its effects4 ,is x true t an int5se heat prevails v g5]ally b5ea? ! sup]ficial cov]+ ( ! ,globe8 & is t heat capable ( produc+ ^? /up5d\s *anges :i* are ascrib$ to x 9 our !ory ( ,geology8 ,^! are ! que/ions to :i* we mean to devote our *ief att5tion4 ,x is a v significant fact1 t ! deep] we p5etrate into ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 ! hott] x is4 ,at fir/1 no d\bt1 = a %ort di/ance1 ! rev]se is ! case4 ,:5 we beg9 to desc5d we f9d x cool] bel[ ?an above1 because ! fur!r we dep>t f ! surface ! m we are remov$ f ! influ5ce ( ! ,sun4 ,b at a c]ta9 po9t--9 our climate at ab\t fifty feet bel[ ! surface--! influ5ce ( ! ,sun's heat ceases to be s5sibly felt4 ,:5 ?is limit is pass$1 ! temp]ature beg9s to rise1 & !nce=? ! deep] we g ! hott] ! e>? becomes4 ,?is broad & g5]al fact has be5 te/$ by exp]im5ts 9 e "p ( ! _w1 & has be5 f\nd true 9 all c\ntries1 9 all climates1 9 all latitudes1 :e!r 9 coal-pits1 or m9es1 or deep subt]ranean caves4 8,9 "o & ! same m9e10 says ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1#hi 8ea* p>ticul> dep? has its own p>ticul> degree ( heat1 :i* nev] v>ies3 b ! l[] always ! hott]2 & t n by a trifl+1 b :at may well be call$ an a/oni%+ly rapid rate ( increase1--ab\t a degree ( ! !rmomet] additional w>m? = e n9ety feet ( additional dep?1#ij :i* is ab\t #eh p] mile6--s t1 if we _h a %aft sunk a mile deep1 we %\ld f9d 9 ! rock a heat ( #aje1 :i* is mu* hott] ?an ! hotte/ summ] day ev] exp]i5c$ 9 ,engl&40 ,n[ if ! temp]ature cont9ue to increase at ?is rate t[>d ! c5tre ( ! ,e>?1 x is q c]ta9 t1 at no v great di/ance f ! surface1 ! heat w\ld be suffici5tly int5se to r$uce ! h>de/ granite & ! mo/ refractory metals to a /ate ( igne\s fusion4 ,aga91 e "o is famili> ) ! exi/5ce ( hot spr+s1 :i* come up f unkn[n dep?s 9 ! ,e>?'s ,cru/1 & :i*1 appe>+ z !y d 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ! _w1 te/ify 9 unmi/akable language to ! exi/5ce ( int]nal heat4 ,at ,ba?1 = in/ance1 9 ,engl&1 ! wat] comes up f ! b[els ( ! ,e>?1 at a temp]ature ( #aag ,fahr5heit2 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ! ,arkansas ,riv]1 !re is a spr+ at #ahj--n mu* bel[ ! boil+ po9t4 ,?is rem>kable ph5om5on1 h[ev]1 may be m closely inve/igat$ 9 ! case ( ,artesian ,wells1 s call$ f ! prov9ce ( ,artois1 9 ,france1 :]e !y fir/ came into use4 ,^! wells are =m$ artificially1 by bor+ d[n ?r\gh ! sup]ficial /rata ( ! ,e>?1 sometimes to enorm\s dep?s1 until wat] is rea*$4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 e case t ! wat] com+ up f ^! great dep?s is always hot2 &1 fur!rmore1 t ! deep] ! bor+ ! hott] ! wat]4 ,a well ( ?is k9d 0 sunk 9 #ahcd at ,gr5elle1 9 ! suburbs ( ,p>is1 to a dep? ( m ?an #ahjj ,engli% feet1 & ! wat]1 :i* ru%$ up ) surpris+ =ce1 _h a temp]ature ( #hb ,fahr5heit2 :]eas ! mean temp]ature ( ! air 9 ! cell>s ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory is only #ec4 ,! wat] has ev] s9ce cont9u$ to fl[1 & ! temp]ature has nev] v>i$4 ,at ,salzw]?1 9 ,g]many1 :]e ! bor+ is /ill deep]1 be+ #b1add feet1 ! wat] :i* rises to ! surface is #ia ( our scale4 ,!n we h1 9 _m c\ntries1 jets ( /eam :i* issue at a high temp]ature f crevices 9 ! ,e>?1 & :i* tell ( ! exi/5ce ( heat$ wat] bel[1 z pla9ly z ! /eam t escapes f ! funnel ( a locomotive or f ! sp\t ( a tea-kettle4 ,ph5om5a ( ?is k9d are v common 9 ,italy1 :]e !y are sometimes exhibit$ at int]vals along a l9e ( c\ntry tw5ty miles 9 l5g?4 ,b 9 ,icel& x is t !y are display$ 9 ! highe/ degree ( spl5dor & p[]4 ,on ! s\?we/ side ( t isl&1 )9 a circuit ( two miles1 !re are ne>ly a hundr$ hot spr+s call$ ,geys]s1 f "s ( :i*1 at int]vals1 imm5se volumes ( /eam & boil+ wat] are viol5tly project$ into ! air4 ,! ,great ,geys] is a natural tube1 t5 feet wide1 desc5d+ into ! ,e>? to a dep? ( sev5ty feet1 & op5+ out above into a broad bas91 f fifty to sixty feet 9 diamet]4 ,?is bas91 z well z ! tube :i* connects x ) ! int]ior ( ! ,e>?1 is l9$ ) a beautifully smoo? & h>d pla/] ( silice\s cem5t1 & is g5]ally fill$ to ! brim ) wat] ( a cle> azure color1 & a temp]ature little bel[ boil+ po9t4 ,! ord9>y condition ( ! spr+ is "o ( comp>ative repose1 ! wat] ris+ sl[ly 9 ! tube & trickl+ ov] ! edge ( ! /ony bas94 ,b e few h\rs an eruption takes place4 ,subt]ranean explosions are fir/ he>d1 l ! fir+ ( di/ant cannon2 !n a viol5t ebullition foll[s1 cl\ds ( /eam are giv5 out1 & jets ( boil+ wat] are ca/ up into ! air4 ,aft] a little ! di/urbance ceases1 & all is quiet aga94 ,once a day1 or !reab\ts1 ^! ph5om5a are exhibit$ on a scale ( extraord9>y gr&eur3 ! explosions :i* ann\nce be=eh& ! approa*+ display are m num]\s & viol5t ?an usual2 !n su* volumes ( /eam ru% =? z to obscure ! atmosph]e = half a mile ar\nd2 &1 f9ally1 a va/ column ( wat] is project$ to a height ( f "o to two hundr$ feet1 & cont9ues = a qu>t] ( an h\r to play l an artificial f\nta94 ,geys]s sc>cely less gr& & /rik+ are to be se5 9 ,new ,zeal&1 f :i* ! wat] is ?r[n up at a temp]ature #bad ,fahr5heit1 or two degrees above boil+ po9t4 ,su* are ! evid5t symptoms ( subt]ranean heat1--hot spr+s1 jets ( /eam1 f\nta9s ( boil+ wat]1--:i* are manife/$ unceas+ly at ! surface ( ! ,e>? 9 e qu>t] ( ! ,globe4 ,b x is sometimes giv5 u to behold1 z x 71 ! subt]ranean fire itself1 & to contemplate its p[] "u a m /rik+ & awful =m4 ,f "t to "t1 9 ! fury ( its rage1 ! fi]y elem5t bur/s asund] ! prison-h\se 9 :i* x is conf9$1 & ru%es =? into ! light ( day2 !n flames are se5 to issue f ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 yawn+ *asms beg9 to appe> on e side1 ! ro>+ ( ! furnaces is he>d 9 ! dep?s bel[1 cl\ds ( r$-hot c9d]s are eject$ high into ! air1 & /reams ( inc&esc5t liquid rock are p\r$ =? f e crevice1 :i*1 roll+ f> away ?r\gh smil+ fields & peaceful villages1 c>ry de/ruction & desolation 9 _! track4 ,^! are ! ord9>y ph5om5a ( an active volcano dur+ ! p]iod ( eruption2 & ev5 :ile we write1 mo/ ( !m may be witness$ actually tak+ place = ! hundr$? "t1 on ! hi/oric gr\nd ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 ,our typical example1 h[ev]1 we %all take f ! eruption ( t m\nta9 9 ! ye> #aggi4 ,x 0 n1 inde$1 especially rem>kable = its viol5ce or = ! cata/rophes by :i* x 0 att5d$2 b x _h ! good =tune to be accurately record$ by an eye-witness1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 :o1 at t "t1 repres5t$ ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t at ! ,c\rt ( ,naples2 & we are ?us m m9utely acqua9t$ ) all its v>i\s circum/ances ?an ) ^? ( any o!r eruption ( equal importance4 ,= two ye>s be=e1 ! m\nta9 _h be5 9 a /ate ( excitem5t & di/urbance4 ,f "t to "t rumbl+ noises 7 he>d und]gr\nd1 d5se masses ( smoke 7 emitt$ f ! crat]1 liquid lava at a :ite heat bubbl$ up f crevices on ! slopes ( ! m\nta91 & ?r\gh ^! crevices a glimpse c\ld be _h "h & !re ( ! rocky cav]ns )91 all 8r$-hot l a heat$ ov540 ,b 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 #aggi1 ! eruption rea*$ its climax4 ,ab\t n9e o'clock 9 ! ev5+ ( ,sunday ! eigh?1 accord+ to ! graphic description ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 8!re 0 a l\d report1 :i* %ook ! h\ses at ,portici & its neighborhood to su* a degree z to al>m ! inhabitants & drive !m out into ! /reets4 ,_m w9d[s 7 brok51 &1 z ,i h s9ce se51 walls crack$1 f ! concussion ( ! air f t explosion4 ,9 "o in/ant1 a f\nta9 ( liquid transp>5t fire began to rise1 &1 gradually increas+1 arriv$ at s amaz+ a height1 z to /rike e "o :o beheld x ) ! mo/ awful a/oni%m5t4 ,i %all sc>cely be cr$it$ :5 ,i assure y t1 to ! be/ ( my judgm5t1 ! height ( ?is /up5d\s column ( fire c\ld n be less ?an ?ree times t ( ,vesuvius itself1 :i*1 y "k1 rises p]p5dicul>ly ne> #c1gjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,puffs ( smoke1 z black z c possibly be imag9$1 succe$$ "o ano!r ha/ily1 & accompani$ ! r$-hot1 transp>5t1 & liquid lava1 int]rupt+ its spl5did brightness "h & !re by pat*es ( ! d>ke/ hue4 ,)9 ^! puffs ( smoke1 at ! v mom5t ( _! emission f ! crat]1 ,i c\ld p]ceive a bright b pale electrical light play+ ab\t 9 zigzag l9es4 ,! liquid lava1 mix$ ) scoriae & /ones1 aft] hav+ m\nt$1 ,i v]ily believe1 at lea/ #aj1jjj feet1 fall+ p]p5dicul>ly on ,vesuvius1 cov]$ its :ole cone1 & "p ( t ( ,somma1 & ! valley betwe5 !m4 ,! fall+ matt] be+ ne>ly z vivid & inflam$ z t :i* 0 cont9ually issu+ fre% f ! crat]1 =m$ ) x a complete body ( fire1 :i* c\ld n be less ?an two miles & a half 9 bread?1 & ( ! extraord9>y height above m5tion$1 ca/+ a heat to ! di/ance ( at lea/ six miles ar\nd x4 ,! bru%wood ( ! m\nta9 ( ,somma 0 soon 9 a flame1 :i*1 be+ ( a diff]5t t9t f ! deep r$ ( ! matt] ?r[n out f ! ,volcano1 & f ! silv]y blue ( ! electrical fire1 /ill add$ to ! contra/ ( ?is mo/ extraord9>y sc5e4 ,aft] ! column ( fire cont9u$ 9 full =ce = ne>ly half an h\r ! eruption ceas$ at once1 & ,vesuvius rema9$ sull5 & sil5t40#ia ,! exi/5ce1 !n1 ( int5se heat )9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? may be reg>d$ z an e/abli%$ fact :]e-ev] an active ,volcano appe>s at ! surface4 ,n[ let u consid] = a mom5t1 ! v ext5sive scale on :i* ^! fi]y eng9es ( ,nature are di/ribut$ ov] ! face ( ! ,globe4 ,fir/1 on ! great cont95t ( ,am]ica4 ,! :ole *a9 ( ! ,&es--t /up5d\s ridge ( m\nta9s :i* /ret*es along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 f ,ti]ra del ,fuego on ! s\? to ! i/hmus ( ,panama on ! nor?--is /udd$ ov] ) ,volcanos1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 se5 9 active eruption )9 ! la/ #cjj ye>s4 ,pass+ ! n>r[ i/hmus ( ,panama1 ?is l9e ( ,volcanos may /ill be trac$ ?r\gh ,guatemala to ,mexico1 & !nce nor?w>d ev5 z f> z ! m\? ( ! ,columbia ,riv]4 ,"h is a va/ volcanic region ext5d+ fully #f1jjj miles 9 l5g?1 & spread+ out its fi]y arms1 we "k n h[ f>1 to ! "r & to ! left4 ,at ,quito1 j on ! ,equator1 a bran* %oots (f t[>d ! nor!a/1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh ,new ,granada & ,v5ezuela1 /ret*es away across ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 tak+ 9 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,dom9ica1 ,guadal\pe1 & _m o!rs2 :ile1 9 ! opposite direction1 x is c]ta9 t ! volcanic action ext5ds we/w>d1 f> away b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! ,pacific1 ?\gh we h no def9ite means ( asc]ta9+ :]e its influ5ce ceases to be felt4 ,ano!r va/ tra9 ( active ,volcanos is t :i* skirts ! ea/]n & s\!rn coa/s ( ,asia4 ,comm5c+ on ! %ores ( ,nor?we/]n ,am]ica1 x passes ?r\gh ! ,aleutian ,isl&s to ,kamts*atka2 !n1 9 a sort ( undulat+ curve1 x w9ds its c\rse by ! ,kurile ,isl&s1 ! ,japanese gr\p1 ! ,philipp9es1 & ! nor!a/]n extremity ( ! ,celebes1 to ! ,moluccas4 ,at ?is po9t x divides into two bran*es2 "o go+ 9 a s\!a/]ly direction to ,new ,gu9ea1 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 ! ,fri5dly ,isl&s1 & ,new ,zeal&2 ! o!r pursu+ a nor?we/]ly c\rse ?r\gh ,java & ,sumatra into ! ,bay ( ,b5gal4 ,!re is a ?ird great l9e ( volcanic fires :i* has be5 pretty well trac$ out by mod]n travell]s1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ,*9a & ,t>t>y to ! ,caucasus2 !nce ov] ! c\ntries bord]+ ! ,black ,sea to ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago2 !n on to ,naples1 ,sicily1 ! ,lip>i ,isl&s1 ! s\!rn "p ( ,spa9 & ,portugal1 & ! ,azores4 ,besides ^! !re are num]\s gr\ps ( ,volcanos n app>5tly l9k$ on to any regul> volcanic *a91 nor r$uc$ z yet by sci5tific m5 to any g5]al sy/em2 ,m\nt ,hecla1 = in/ance1 9 ,icel&1 ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 ,o:yhee 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 & _m o!rs ris+ up irregul>ly f ! broad wat]s ( ! ,pacific4 ,f ?is brief outl9e "s idea may be =m$ ( ! magnific5t scale on :i* volcanic ag5cy is develop$ )9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t any e/imate bas$ ^u ! enum]ation we h giv51 w\ld be1 9 all probability1 f> bel[ ! tru?2 = we h m5tion$ ^? ,volcanos only :i* h attract$ ! notice ( sci5tific m51 or :i* h *anc$ to fall "u ! obs]vation ( travell]s4 ,_m o!rs1 d\btless1 mu/ exi/ 9 regions n yet explor$1 & 9 ! pr(\nd dep?s ( ! seas & oceans1 :i* cov] ne>ly two-?irds ( ! area ( our planet4 ,moreov]1 we h said no?+ at all ( ext9ct ,volcanos--su* z ^? ( ,auv]gne 9 ,france1 & ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 ,am]ica--:i* h n be5 9 active op]ation )9 hi/orical times2 b 9 :i*1 nev]!less1 ! h>d5$ /reams ( lava1 ! volcanic a%es1 & ! cone-%ap$ m\nta9s t]m9at+ 9 holl[ crat]s1 tell ! /ory ( eruptions 9 bygone ages1 n less cle>ly ?an ! black5$ walls & *>r$ timb]s ( "s /ately build+ be> witness to ! pass+ wayf>] ( a long ext+ui%$ conflagration4 ,we cont5d1 !re=e1 t ! doctr9e ( int5se subt]ranean heat is n a wild conjecture1 b is bas$ on a solid gr\ndwork ( facts4 ,fir/1 !re is presumptive evid5ce4 ,9 e deep m9e1 9 e deep s9k+ ( :atev] k9d1 ! heat ( ! e>? increases rapidly z we desc5d4 ,hot wat] comes f great dep?s1 & nev] cold4 ,sometimes x is boil+3 sometimes x has be5 conv]t$ into /eam4 ,all ?is is f\nd to be ! case univ]sally1 :5ev] an opportunity has occurr$ = mak+ ! trial2 & x seems to af=d a /rong presumption t if "o c\ld g /ill deep]1 ! heat w\ld be f\nd yet m int5se1 & w\ld at l5g? be capable ( r$uc+ to a liquid /ate ! solid mat]ials ( :i* ! e>? is compos$4 ,next1 !re is ! direct te/imony ( our s5ses4 ,a *annel is op5$ f ! dep?s bel[1 flames are se51 r$-hot c9d]s are ca/ up1 & molt5 rock is p\r$ out ov] ! surface ( ! ,e>? 9 a liquid /ream ( fire4 ,?is evid5ce1 h[ev]1 ?\gh direct & conclusive z f> z x goes1 is n univ]sal4 ,x proves t an int5se :ite heat prevails )9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 n ev]y:]e1 b at lea/ 9 ^? num]\s & ext5sive regions :]e active ,volcanos exi/4 ,s /&s ! case1 z x seems to u1 = ! doctr9e ( subt]ranean heat z f> z reg>ds ! fact ( its exi/5ce4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,subt]ranean ,,heat--,,its ,,p[]s ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,volcanos4 ,effects ( subt]ranean heat 9 ! pres5t age ( ! _w--,va/ accumulations ( solid matt] f ! eruptions ( volcanos--,buri$ cities ( ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum--,curi\s relics ( ,roman life--,monte ,nuovo--,eruption ( ,jorullo 9 ! prov9ce ( ,mexico--,sumbawa 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago--,volcanos ( ,icel&--,m\nta9 mass ( ,etna ! product ( volcanic eruptions--,volcanic isl&s--,9 ! ,atlantic--,9 ! ,m$it]ranean--,santor9 9 ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago4 ,hav+ n[ suffici5tly demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( int5se subt]ranean heat1 diffus$1 if n univ]sally1 at lea/ v g5]ally1 b5ea? ! sup]ficial %ell ( ! ,e>?1 we %all next proce$ to inquire if x is capable ( effect+ ^? physical *anges :i* are ascrib$ to x 9 ,geology2--( produc+ l& :]e none be=e exi/$1 ( upheav+ ! solid ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 ( driv+ ! ocean f its b$1 ( dislocat+ & contort+ solid masses ( rock4 ,! argum5t is /ill an appeal to facts4 ,su* effects z ^! h be5 produc$ by ! ag5cy ( int]nal heat1 "u actual obs]vation1 9 ! pres5t age ( ! _w2 & x is n unreasonable to attribute to ! same cause simil> ph5om5a 9 ages gone by4 ,we w n run ! risk ( dissipat+ ! =ce ( ?is reason+ by attempt+ to exp& x4 ,x w be en\gh = u to /ate ! facts3 we %all leave x to our read]s to e/imate = !mselves ! value ( ! argum5t4 ,!re are ?ree =ms1 m or less di/9ct1 ?\gh closely associat$1 "u :i* ! subt]ranean fires h ex]t$ _! p[] 9 mod]n times to di/urb & modify ! ,physical ,geography ( ! ,globe2--7#a7 ! ,volcano1 7#b7 ! ,e>?quake1 7#c7 ! g5tle ,undulation ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/4 ,( ^! we %all speak 9 ord]4 ,9 ! case ( ,volcanos1 z we h already suffici5tly convey$1 ! hidd5 furnaces ( ! ,e>? f9d a v5t = _! surplus en]gies2 & :5 ?is v5t is once e/abli%$1 t is to say1 :5 ! active ,volcano has begun to exi/1 x seems probable t !re is little fur!r upheaval1 prop]ly s call$1 ( ! surface4 ,nev]!less1 ,volcanos contribute l>gely to ! =mation ( l& by ! va/ accumulation ( a%es1 mud1 & lava1 :i* !y vomit =?4 ,! de/ruction ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii is a case 9 po9t4 ,= eight days successively1 9 ! ye> #gi1 ! a%es & pumice /one ca/ up f ! crat] ( ,vesuvius1 fell d[n 9 "o unceas+ %[] ^u ^! devot$ cities2 :ile at ! same "t floods ( wat]1 c>ry+ along ! f9e du/ & light c9d]s1 swept d[n ! sides ( ! m\nta9 9 resi/less torr5ts ( mud1 ent]+ ! h\ses1 p5etrat+ into e nook & crevice1 & fill+ ev5 ! v w9e j>s 9 ! und]gr\nd cell>s4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! lay]s ( volcanic matt] b5ea? :i* ,pompeii has be5 slumb]+ = c5turies1 are f twelve to f\rte5 feet ov] ! tops ( ! h\ses4 ,l(ti] /ill is ! pile t ov]lies ! buri$ ,h]culaneum4 ,?is city1 situat$ ne>] to ! base ( ! ,volcano1 has be5 expos$ to ! effects ( _m successive eruptions2 & accord+ly1 spread out ov] ! mass ( a%es & pumice by :i* x 0 fir/ ov]:elm$1 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y1 we n[ f9d alt]nate lay]s ( lava & volcanic mud1 toge!r ) fre% accumulations ( a%es1 to a height1 9 _m places1 ( #aab feet1 & n[h]e less ?an #gj4 ,nor 0 ?is eject$ matt] conf9$ to ^! two popul\s t[ns4 ,x 0 scatt]$ f> & wide ov] ! c\ntry ar\nd1 & has contribut$ 9 no small degree to t extraord9>y ri*ness & f]tility = :i* ! soil ( ,naples is s ju/ly fam$4 ,z reg>ds ! production ( l& :]e none be=e exi/$1 "h is "o fact ( s+ul> significance4 ,at ! "t ( ! eruption1 9 #gi1 ,pompeii 0 a seaport t[n to :i* m]*antm5 7 wont to resort1 & a flight ( /eps1 :i* /ill rema9s1 l$ d[n to ! wat]'s edge3 x is n[ m ?an a mile di/ant f ! coa/1 & ! tract ( l& :i* int]v5es is compos$ entirely ( volcanic tuff & a%es4 ,gladly w\ld we l+] ov] ! rem9isc5ces ( ^! luxuri\s & ill-fat$ cities4 ,by ! removal ( ! a%es1 ,pompeii is n[ laid op5 to view = at lea/ "o-?ird ( its ext5t2 & a /range sight x is1 ?is anci5t ,roman city ?us ris5 z x 7 f ! grave1--ris51 b yet lifeless1--) its sil5t /reets1 & its t5antless h\ses1 & its empty ,=um4 ,:]ev] we turn we h be=e u a curi\s & int]e/+ picture1 gha/ly ?\gh x is1 ( ! social1 political1 & dome/ic life ( ^? anci5t times1 ( ! glory & ! %ame t hung ar\nd ! la/ days ( ,pagan ,rome2--9 ! !atres & ! temples1 9 ! %ops & ! private h\ses1 9 ! graceful frescoes1 9 ! elaborate mosaics1 &1 n lea/1 9 ! idle scribbl+s on ! walls1 :i*1 ) a sort ( :imsical rev]5ce1 h be5 sp>$ by ! de/roy+ h& ( ,"t4 ,!n aga91 :at a ho/ ( s+ul> relics are !re to be wond]$ at3--articles ( dome/ic use & luxury1 kit*5 ut5sils & surgical in/rum5ts2 female skeletons ) ! ornam5ts & vanities ( ! _w1 r+s & bracelets & necklaces1 /ill cl++ to _! *>r$ rema9s2 & /range/ p]haps ( all1 eighty-f\r loaves ( bread1 :i* 7 put into ! ov5 to bake #ahjj ye>s ago1 & 7 tak5 out only ye/]day1 ) ! bak]'s br& ^u !m1 & ! /amp ( ! bak]'s elb[ /ill fre%ly pres]v$ 9 ! c5tre ( ea*4 ,no subject c\ld be m tempt+ to a writ]1 none m attractive to a read]4 ,b our pres5t purpose is to %[ ! effects ( ,volcanos 9 elevat+ ! level ( ! l&2 & s we mu/ turn our back on ! buri$ cities1 & cross+ ! ,bay ( ,naples1 seek = a new illu/ration 9 ! =mation ( ,monte ,nuovo1 a l(ty hill ov]look+ ! anci5t t[n ( ,pozzuoli4 ,ab\t "o o'clock at night1 on ,sunday1 ! tw5ty-n9? ( ,septemb]1 #aech1 flames 7 se5 to issue f ! gr\nd close to ! wat]s ( ! beautiful bay ( ,baiae4 ,aft] a little1 a s\nd l ?und] 0 he>d1 ! e>? 0 r5t asund]1 & ?r\gh ! r5t l>ge /ones1 r$-hot c9d]s1 volcanic mud & volumes ( wat]1 7 furi\sly vomit$ =?1 :i* cov]$ ! :ole c\ntry ar\nd1 rea*+ ev5 z f> z ,naples1 & disfigur+ its palaces & public build+s4 ,! next morn+ x 0 f\nd t a new m\nta9 _h be5 =m$ by ! accumulation ( eject$ matt] ar\nd ! c5tral op5+4 ,?is m\nta9 rema9s to ! pres5t day1 & is call$ ! ,monte ,nuovo4 ,9 =m x is a regul> volcanic cone1 f\r hundr$ & =ty feet high1 & a mile & a half 9 circumf]5ce at its base1 ) an op5 crat] 9 ! c5tre1 :i* desc5ds ne>ly to ! level ( ! sea4 ,an eye-witness :o has left u a m9ute acc\nt ( ?is eruption1 relates t on ! ?ird day he w5t up ) _m p to ! top ( ! new hill1 & look+ d[n into ! crat]1 saw ! /ones t _h fall5 to ! bottom1 8boil+ up j z a caldron ( wat] boils on ! fire40 ,! same writ] in=ms u--& x is v mu* to our pres5t purpose to note ! fact--t imm$iately be=e ! eruption began1 ! relative position ( l& & sea 0 mat]ially *ang$1 ! coa/ 0 s5sibly uprais$1 ! wat]s retir$ ab\t two hundr$ paces1 & multitudes ( fi% 7 rais$ high & dry ^u ! s&1 a prey to ! inhabitants ( ,pozzuoli4#ib ,! ,monte ,nuovo is b a type ( its class4 ,if we travel we/w>d #h1jjj miles f ,naples to ! m /up5d\s ,volcanos ( ! ,new ,_w1 we may witness ! same ph5om5a on a /ill gr&] scale4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,mexico1 !re is an elevat$ & ext5sive pla9 call$ ,malpais1 :]e = _m g5]ations ! cotton plant1 ! indigo1 & ! sug>-cane1 fl\ri%$ luxuriantly 9 a soil ri*ly end[$ ) natural gifts1 & c>efully cultivat$ by its indu/ri\s inhabitants4 ,ev]y?+ 0 go+ on z usual 9 ?is smil+ & prosp]\s region1 & no "o dream$ ( dang]1 :5 sudd5ly1 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 #agei1 subt]ranean s\nds 7 he>d1 att5d$ ) slight convulsions ( ! e>?4 ,^! symptoms ( int]nal commotion cont9u$ until ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 :5 !y gradually di$ away1 & tranquillity seem$ to be re/or$4 ,b x 0 only ! delusive lull t prec$es ! fury ( ! /orm4 ,on ! night ( ! tw5ty-eigh? ( ,septemb] ! rumbl+ s\nds 7 he>d aga9 m viol5t ?an be=e4 ,! inhabitants fl$ 9 con/]nation to a neighbor+ m\nta91 f ! summit ( :i* !y look$ back ) wond] & dismay ^u ! utt] annihilation ( _! home/eads & _! f>ms4 ,flames broke out ov] an area half a squ>e league 9 ext5t1 ! e>? 0 bur/ op5 9 _m places1 fragm5ts ( burn+ rock 7 ?r[n to prodigi\s heights 9 ! air1 torr5ts ( boil+ mud fl[$ ov] ! pla91 & ?\s&s ( little conical hills1 call$ by ! natives ,hornitos or ,ov5s1 rose up f ! surface ( ! l&4 ,f9ally a va/ *asm 0 op5$1 & su* quantities ( a%es & fragm5t>y lava 7 eject$ z to raise up six great m\nta9 masses1 :i* cont9u$ to increase dur+ ! five mon?s t ! eruption la/$4 ,! lea/ ( ^! is #cjj feet high1 & ! c5tral "o1 n[ call$ ,jorullo1 :i* is /ill burn+1 is #afjj feet above ! level ( ! pla94 ,:5 ,b>on ,humboldt visit$ ?is region j =ty ye>s aft] ! eruption _h ceas$1 ! gr\nd 0 /ill int5sely hot1 & 8! ,hornitos 7 p\r+ =? columns ( /eam tw5ty or ?irty feet high1 ) a rumbl+ noise l t ( a /eam boil]40#ic ,s9ce t "t1 h[ev]1 ! face ( ! c\ntry has become once m smil+ & prosp]\s2 ! slopes ( ! newly-=m$ hills are n[ clo!d ) vegetation1 & ! sug>-cane & ! indigo aga9 fl\ri% luxuriantly 9 ! f]tile pla9s bel[4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! ,globe1 #aj1jjj miles f ,mexico1 we h _h1 almo/ 9 our own "t1 an exhibition ( volcanic ph5om5a n less wond]ful ?an ^? we h be5 describ+4 ,! isl& ( ,sumbawa lies ab\t two hundr$ miles to ! ea/ ( ,java 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago2 & x belongs to t rem>kable *a9 ( ,volcanos :i* we h already describ$ z /ret*+1 ) little int]ruption1 along ! coa/ ( ,asia f ,russian ,am]ica to ! ,bay ( ,b5gal4 ,9 ! ye> #ahae1 ?is isl& 0 ! sc5e ( a calamit\s eruption1 ! effects ( :i* 7 felt ov] ! :ole ( ! ,molucca ,isl&s & ,java1 z well z ov] a consid]able portion ( ,celebes1 ,sumatra1 & ,borneo4 ,inde$1 s extraord9>y are ! incid5ts ( ?is eruption1 t we might well hesitate to believe !m if !y _h n be5 collect$ on ! spot ) m ?an ord9>y dilig5ce1 & record$ ) an almo/ scrupul\s c>e4 ,sir ,/am=d ,raffles1 :o 0 at ! "t gov]nor ( ,java1 !n a ,briti% possession1 requir$ all ! resid5ts 9 ! v>i\s di/ricts "u 8 au?ority to s5d 9 a /atem5t ( ! circum/ances :i* occurr$ )9 _! own k2 & f ! acc\nts he receiv$ 9 ?is way1 comb9$ ) o!r evid5ce1 *iefly obta9$ f eye-witnesses1 he drew up ! n>rative to :i* we are ma9ly indebt$ = ! foll[+ facts4 ,! explosions :i* accompani$ ?is eruption 7 he>d 9 ,sumatra1 at a di/ance ( #igj geographical miles2 & 9 ! opposite direction at ,t]nate1 a di/ance ( #gbj miles4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,volcano itself1 imm5se tracts ( l& 7 cov]$ ) burn+ lava1 t[ns & villages 7 ov]:elm$1 all k9ds ( vegetation completely de/roy$1 & ( #ab1jjj inhabitants 9 ! prov9ce ( ,tomboro1 only tw5ty-six surviv$4 ,! a%es1 :i* 7 eject$ 9 great quantities1 7 c>ri$ l a va/ cl\d ?r\gh ! air1 by ! s\!a/ monsoon1 = #cjj miles 9 ! direction ( ,java2 &1 /ill f>!r to ! we/1 we are told t !y =m$ a float+ mass 9 ! ocean two feet ?ick & sev]al miles 9 ext5t1 ?r\gh :i* %ips ) difficulty =c$ _! way4 ,x is record$1 too1 t !y fell s ?ick on ! isl& ( ,tombock1 #ajj miles away1 z to cov] all ! l& two feet deep1 de/roy+ e p>ticle ( vegetation1 insomu* t #dd1jjj p p]i%$ ( ! fam9e t ensu$4 8,i h se5 x comput$10 writes ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 8t ! quantity ( a%es & lava vomit$ =? 9 ?is awful eruption w\ld h =m$ ?ree m\nta9s ! size ( ,mont ,blanc1 ! highe/ ( ! ,alps2 & if spread ov] ! surface ( ,g]many1 w\ld h cov]$ ! :ole ( x two feet deep40 ,f9ally1 x appe>s t ?is eruption 0 accompani$1 l t ( ,monte ,nuovo1 by a p]man5t *ange 9 ! level ( ! adjo9+ coa/2 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 x 0 a movem5t1 n ( upheaval1 b ( subsid5ce3 ! t[n ( ,tomboro sunk b5ea? ! ocean1 :i* is n[ eighte5 feet deep :]e !re 0 dry l& be=e4#id ,once m we w ask our read]s to take a rapid flight ov] ! map ( ! _w1 pass+1 ?is "t1 f ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago to ! isl& ( ,icel&1--t 8wond]ful l& ( fro/ & fire40 ,besides ! fam\s ,volcano ( ,hecla1 !re are five o!rs sc>cely less =midable1 all ( :i* h be5 9 active eruption )9 mod]n times4 ,( ^! ! mo/ celebrat$ is t ( ,skapt> ,jokul4 ,9 ! ye> #aghc1 ?is ,volcano p\r$ =? two /reams ( lava1 :i*1 :5 h>d5$1 =m$ toge!r "o cont9u\s lay] ( igne\s rock1 n9ety miles 9 l5g?1 a hundr$ feet 9 height1 & f sev5 to fifte5 miles 9 bread?4 ,! ph5om5a :i* accompani$ ! eruption are ?us vividly describ$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el3--8,on ! t5? ( ,may innum]able f\nta9s ( fire 7 se5 %oot+ up ?r\gh ! ice & sn[ :i* cov]$ ! m\nta92 & ! pr9cipal riv]1 call$ ! ,skapta1 aft] roll+ d[n a flood ( f\l & poison\s wat]1 disappe>$4 ,two days aft]1 a torr5t ( lava p\r$ d[n into ! b$ :i* ! riv] _h des]t$4 ,! riv] _h run 9 a rav9e #fjj feet deep & #bjj broad4 ,?is ! lava entirely fill$2 & n only s1 b x ov]fl[$ ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & ran into a great lake1 f :i* x in/antly expell$ ! wat] 9 an explosion ( /eam4 ,:5 ! lake 0 fairly fill$1 ! lava aga9 ov]fl[$ & divid$ into two /reams1 "o ( :i* cov]$ "s anci5t lava fields2 ! o!r re-ent]$ ! b$ ( ! ,skapta l[] d[n1 & pres5t$ ! a/\nd+ sight ( a cat>act ( liquid fire p\r+ ov] :at 0 =m]ly ! wat]fall ( ,/apafoss4 ,?is 0 ! greate/ eruption on record 9 ,europe4 ,x la/$ 9 its viol5ce till ! end ( ,augu/1 & clos$ ) a viol5t e>?quake2 b = ne>ly ! :ole ye> a canopy ( c9d]-lad5 cl\d hung ov] ! isl&3 ! ,f>oe ,isl&s1 nay1 ev5 ,%etl& & ! ,orkneys1 7 delug$ ) a%es2 & volcanic du/ & a pret]natural smoke :i* obscur$ ! sun1 cov]$ all ,europe z f> z ! ,alps1 ov] :i* x c\ld n rise4 ,! de/ruction ( life 9 ,icel& 0 frightful3 #i1jjj m51 #aa1jjj cattle1 #bh1jjj horses1 & #aij1jjj %eep p]i%$2 mo/ly by suffocation4 ,! lava eject$ has be5 comput$ to am\nt 9 volume to m ?an tw5ty cubic miles40#ie ,) ^! v significant facts be=e u1 x is h>d to resi/ ! conclusion t ! great m\nta9 mass ( ,etna1 #aa1jjj feet high & n9ety miles 9 circumf]5ce1 is =m$ entirely ( volcanic matt] eject$ dur+ successive eruptions4 ,= ! :ole m\nta9 is no?+ else ?an a s]ies ( conc5tric conical lay]s ( a%es & lava1 su* z h be5 p\r$ out m ?an once ^u its exi/+ surface 9 mod]n times4 ,j1 !n1 z ,monte ,nuovo 0 produc$ by an outbur/ ( volcanic p[] 9 a s+le night1 & ! f> l>g] m\nta9 ( ,jorullo 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s1 s may we believe t ! m /up5d\s ,etna is ! "w ( ! same p[] op]at+ ?r\gh a p]iod ( _m c5turies4 ,& apply+ ?is conclusion to _m o!r m\nta9s ?r\gh\t ! _w ( exactly ! same /ructure1 we come to =m no v mean e/imate ( ! p]man5t *anges wr\ght on ! physical geography ( our ,globe by ! op]ations ( volcanic ag5cy4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 too1 t volcanic eruptions are n conf9$ to ! l&2 !y (t5 break out 9 ! b$ ( ! sea4 ,9 su* cases ! wat]s are obs]v$ 9 a /ate ( viol5t commotion1 jets ( /eam & sulphur\s vapor are emitt$1 light scoriace\s matt] appe>s float+ on ! surface1 & n unfrequ5tly ! volcanic cone itself sl[ly rises f ! dep?s bel[1 & cont9ues to gr[ f day to day1 until at l5g? x becomes an isl& ( no inconsid]able magnitude4 ,sometimes :5 ! viol5ce ( ! eruption has subsid$1 ! new isl&1 consi/+ *iefly ( a%es & pumice-/one1 is gradually wa%$ away by ! action ( ! waves2 b 9 ! o!r cases1 ^! light] sub/ances are compact$ toge!r by ! injection ( liquid lava1 & be+ ?us able to )/& ! erosive p[] ( ! ocean1 assume ! importance ( p]man5t volcanic isl&s4 ,_m examples ( ! =m] k9d are record$ )9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 #aghc an isl& 0 ?r[n up 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean1 ab\t ?irty miles to ! s\?we/ ( ,icel&4 ,x 0 claim$ by ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 & call$ by him ,nye or ,new ,isl&2 b be=e a ye> _h elaps$1 ?is portion ( 8 ,maje/y's dom9ion disappe>$ aga9 b5ea? ! waves1 & ! sea resum$ its anci5t doma94 ,a cone-%ap$ isl& ( ! same k9d1 call$ ,sabr9a1 ?ree hundr$ feet high1 ) a crat] 9 ! c5tre1 appe>$ among/ ! ,azores 9 #ahaa1 b 0 quickly wa%$ away aga94 ,a m int]e/+ example1 because ! circum/ances are m m9utely record$1 is ! isl& :i* made its appe>ance 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 (f ! s\?we/ coa/ ( ,sicily1 9 ! ye> #ahca4 ,dur+ its brief exi/5ce ( ?ree mon?s1 x receiv$ f contempor>y writ]s sev5 diff]5t names2 b ! "n ( ,graham ,isl& seems to be ! "o by :i* x is mo/ likely to be kn[n to po/]ity4 8,ab\t ! t5? ( ,july10 writes ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 8,john ,corrao1 ! capta9 ( a ,sicilian vessel1 report$ t1 z he pass$ ne> ! place1 he saw a column ( wat] l a wat]sp\t1 sixty feet high1 & eight hundr$ y>ds 9 circumf]5ce1 ris+ f ! sea1 & soon aft]w>d a d5se /eam 9 its place1 :i* asc5d$ to ! height ( #ahjj feet4 ,! same ,corrao1 on 8 return f ,girg5ti1 on ! eighte5? ( ,july1 f\nd a small isl&1 twelve feet high1 ) a crat] 9 ! c5tre1 eject+ volcanic matt] & imm5se columns ( vapor2 ! sea ar\nd be+ cov]$ ) float+ c9d]s & dead fi%4 ,! scoriae 7 ( a *ocolate color1 & ! wat]1 :i* boil$ 9 ! circul> bas91 0 ( a d+y r$4 ,! eruption cont9u$ ) great viol5ce to ! end ( ! same mon?1 at :i* "t ! isl& 0 visit$ by sev]al p]sons1 & among/ o!rs by ,capta9 ,sw9burne1 ,r4 ,n41 & ,m4 ,h(fman1 ! ,prussian ,geologi/40#if ,by ! f\r? ( ,augu/ ! new isl& is said to h atta9$ a height ( #bjj feet1 & to h be5 ?ree miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,yet ?is 0 no?+ m ?an ! top ( ! volcanic cone2 =1 a few ye>s be=e1 ,capta9 ,w4 ,h4 ,smy?1 9 8 survey1 _h f\nd a dep? ( #fjj feet at ?is v spot2 & !re=e ! total height f ! base ( ! m\nta9 mu/ h be5 #hjj feet4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/ x began to melt away2 & at ! comm5cem5t ( ! foll[+ ye>1 no?+ rema9$ ( ,graham ,isl& b a dang]\s %oal4 ,b ev5 ( ! isl&s t occupy a prom95t place on ! map ( ! _w1 !re is n want+ evid5ce to %[ t a l>ge numb] d]ive _! orig9 f ! action ( volcanic p[]4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ _m ( ! ,molucca & ,philipp9e gr\ps1 also sev]al 9 ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago1 & n a few ( ! ,azores & ! ,can>ies1--9 p>ticul> ! l(ty peak ( ,t5]iffe1 ris+ #ab1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 "s cases1 inde$1 ! actual process ( _! bir?1 & ( _! subsequ5t gr[? & developm5t1 has be5 m9utely obs]v$4 ,a rem>kable example occurs among ! ,aleutian ,isl&s already ref]r$ to4 ,9 ! ye> #agif a column ( smoke 0 se5 to issue f ! sea2 !n a small black po9t appe>$ at ! surface ( ! wat]2 !n flames broke out1 & o!r volcanic ph5om5a 7 exhibit$2 !n ! small black po9t grew into an isl&1 & ! isl& increas$ 9 size until x 0 at la/ sev]al ?\s& feet high1 & two or ?ree miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,& su* x rema9s to ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,bird's-eye view ( ,santor9 dur+ ! volcanic eruption ( ,febru>y1 #ahff4 7,lyell47 a4 ,!rasia4 b4 ,! nor!rn entrance1 #ajfh feet deep4 c4 ,!ra4 d4 ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 ris+ #ahhg feet above ! sea4 e4 ,aspronisi4 f4 ,little ,kaim5i4 g4 ,new ,kaim5i4 h4 ,old ,kaim5i4 i4 ,aphroessa4 k4 ,george4 ,! neighborhood ( ,santor9 9 ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago has be5 not$ f v remote times z ! !atre ( subm>9e eruptions4 ,?is isl&1 :i* is itself to all appe>ance ! crat] ( a va/ volcano1 has ! =m ( a cresc5t1 &1 ) ! aid ( two small] isl&s :i* /ret* across betwe5 ! horns ( ! cresc5t1 encloses an almo/ circul> bay4 ,we le>n f ,pl9y t 9 ! ye> #ahf be=e ,*ri/1 )9 ?is bay an isl& rose up :i* 0 call$ ,hi]a or ! ,sacr$ isl&4 ,x 0 twice enl>g$ dur+ ! ,*ri/ian era1 once 9 #gbf1 & aga9 9 #adbg1 & /ill exi/s "u ! "n ( ,palaia ,kaim5i1 t is to say1 ! ,old ,burnt ,isl&4 ,9 #aegc a second isl& made its appe>ance1 & receiv$ ! "n ( ! ,little ,burnt ,isl&1 ,mikra ,kaim5i4 ,9 #agjg & #agji1 a ?ird isl& 0 ?r[n up1 & 0 di/+ui%$ f ! o!r two z ,nea ,kaim5i1 ! ,new ,burnt ,isl&4 ,la/ly1 9 #ahff ! hidd5 volcanic p[] aga9 became active1 & two new v5ts 7 =m$1 call$ respectively ,aphroessa & ,george4 8,at ! end ( ,janu>y10 writes ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 8! sea _h be5 obs]v$ 9 a /ate ( ebullition (f ! s\?we/ coa/1 & "p ( ! ,*annel betwe5 ,new & ,old ,kaim5i1 m>k$ sev5ty fa?oms 9 ! ,admiralty *>t1 _h become1 on ,febru>y ! elev5?1 only twelve fa?oms deep4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,julius ,s*midt1 a gradual ris+ ( ! bottom w5t on until a small isl& made its appe>ance call$ aft]w>d ,aphroessa4 ,x seems to h consi/$ ( lava press$ upw>d & outw>d almo/ imp]ceptibly by /eam1 :i* 0 escap+ at e pore ?r\gh ! hiss+ scoriace\s cru/4 #8,x c\ld be se51' says ,comm&] ,l9desay ,br9e1 ,r4 ,n41 #8?r\gh ! fissures 9 ! cone t ! rocks )9 7 r$ hot1 b x 0 n till lat] t an eruption began4' ,on ,febru>y ! elev5? ! village ( ,vulcano on ! s\!a/ coa/1 :]e !re _h be5 a p>tial s9k+ ( ! gr\nd1 0 9 great "p ov]:elm$ by ! mat]ials ca/ out f a new v5t :i* op5$ 9 t neighborhood1 & to :i* ! "n ( ,george 0 giv51 :i* f9ally1 accord+ to ,s*midt1 became ab\t two hundr$ feet high4 8,comm&] ,br9e hav+ asc5d$ on ,febru>y ! tw5ty-eigh?1 #ahff1 to ! top ( ! crat] ( ,nea ,kaim5i1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet high1 look$ d[n ^u ! new v5t !n 9 full activity4 ,! :ole ( ! cone 0 sway+ ) an undulat+ motion to ! "r & left1 & appe>$ sometimes to swell to ne>ly d\ble its size & height1 to ?r[ out ridges l m\nta9 spurs1 till at la/ a broad *asm appe>$ across ! top ( ! cone1 accompani$ by a trem5d\s ro> ( /eam & ! %oot+ up f ! new crat]1 to ! height ( f fifty to a hundr$ feet1 ( tons ( rock & a% mix$ ) smoke & /eam4 ,"s ( ^! :i* fell on ,mikra ,kaim5i1 at a di/ance ( six hundr$ y>ds f ! crat]1 measur$ ?irty cubic feet4 ,?is ef=t ov]1 ! ridges sl[ly subsid$1 ! cone l[]$ & clos$ 91 & !n1 aft] a few m9utes ( comp>ative sil5ce1 ! /ruggle w\ld beg9 aga9 ) precisely simil> s\nds1 action1 & result4 ,?reads ( vapor escap+ f ! old crat] ( ,nea ,kaim5i prov$ t !re 0 a subt]ranean connection betwe5 ! new & ! old v5ts4 ,aphroessa1 ( :i* ! cone 0 at l5g? rais$ to a height ( m ?an sixty feet1 0 unit$ 9 ,augu/ ) ! ma9 isl&4 ,?is 0 due 9 "p at lea/ to ! upheaval ( ! bottom ( ! sea1 :i* is n[ only sev5 fa?oms deep 9 ! *annel divid+ ! ,new & ,old ,kaim5is1 :]eas 9 ! ,admiralty *>t ! s\nd+s gave a hundr$ fa?oms40#ig ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,subt]ranean ,,heat--,,its ,,p[]s ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,e>?quakes4 ,e>?quakes & volcanos proce$ f ! same common cause--,rec5t e>?quakes 9 ,new ,zeal&--,va/ tracts ( l& p]man5tly uprais$--,e>?quakes ( ,*ili 9 ! pres5t c5tury--,cru/ ( ! ,e>? elevat$--,e>?quake ( ,cut* 9 ,india1 #ahai--,rem>kable in/ance ( subsid5ce & upheaval--,e>?quake ( ,calabria1 #aghc--;,e>?quake ( ,lisbon1 #agee--;,great de/ruction ( life & prop]ty--,e>?quake ( ,p]u1 ,augu/1 #ahfh--;,g5]al sc5e ( ru9 & deva/ation--,great sea wave--,a %ip ) all h] crew c>ri$ a qu>t] ( a mile inl&--,frequ5cy ( e>?quakes4 ,! *ief effect ( volcanic eruptions on ! ,geological /ructure ( our ,globe consi/s 9 ! accumulation ( c9d]s & molt5 rock1 ei!r ^u ! ,surface ( ! ,e>?1 or 9 ! crevices & cav]ns t ab\nd )9 its solid ,cru/4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 ! op]ations ( an active ,volcano are accompani$ by a movem5t ( upheaval or ( subsid5ce4 ,?us = in/ance1 we h se5 t a portion ( ! ,italian coa/ 0 elevat$ :5 ,monte ,nuovo 0 ?r[n up1 t ! t[n ( ,tomboro 0 subm]g$ on ! occasion ( ! eruption ( ,sumbawa1 & t ! bottom ( ! sea 0 notably upheav$ by ! la/ outbreak ( ! volcanic fires ( ,santor9i4 ,nev]!less x appe>s to be g5]ally ! case t :5 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? is once bur/ op51 & a means ( escape ?us af=d$ to ! fi]y ag5t bel[1--9 o!r words1 :5 ! active volcano is e/abli%$1--! process ( upheaval gives place to t ( eruption4 ,b :51 z is (t5 ! case1 no su* safety-valve is (f]$ to ! surplus en]gies ( ! subt]ranean fires1 !n ! giant p[] ( heat1 9 its /ruggle to escape1 %akes ! f\ndation ( ! hills1 & uplifts ! sup]9cumb5t mass ( solid rocks4 ,?is !ory :i* ascribes ! ph5om5a ( ,e>?quakes & ,volcanos to ! same common cause1 act+ "u diff]5t circum/ances1 is n[ almo/ univ]sally adopt$ by ,geologi/s2 & x may be briefly en=c$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,fir/1 ?\gh ,e>?quakes h sometimes occurr$ f> away f any kn[n volcanic region1 yet !y are m frequ5t 9 ! neighborhood ( active or ext9ct ,volcanos4 ,secondly1 almo/ all volcanic eruptions are prec$$ by ,e>?quakes2 & ! ,e>?quakes g5]ally cease1 or1 at lea/ become less viol5t1 :5 ! subt]ranean fire breaks out 9 ! =m ( a ,volcano4 ,&1 ,?irdly1 x is pla9 t ! cond5s$ /eam :i* is g5]at$ by int]nal heat1 & ! expansive p[] ( ! heat itself1 mu/1 ( necessity1 :5 p5t up 9 ! cav]ns ( ! ,e>?1 t5d to produce ^? v ph5om5a by :i* ,e>?quakes are di/+ui%$4 ,let x be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t :ile we expla9 ! ph5om5a 9 "q by ! ag5cy ( subt]ranean heat1 ?is doctr9e is by no means necess>y = ! ma9 purpose ( our pres5t argum5t4 ,:atev] may be ! cause f :i* ! ,e>?quake %ock proce$s1 x is en\gh = u to %[ t ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? has be5 f "t to "t uprais$1 & dislocat$1 & r5t asund] 9 mod]n times1 j z x is suppos$ 9 ,geological !ory1 to h be5 uprais$1 & dislocat$1 & r5t asund] f "t to "t 9 by-gone ages4 ,we w set d[n a few out ( ! _m examples obs]v$ & record$ dur+ ! la/ hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s4 ,:5 ! ,engli% coloni/s settl$ 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ab\t fifty ye>s ago1 !y 7 told by ! natives t !y might expect a great ,e>?quake e sev5 ye>s4 ,?is al>m+ pr$iction has n be5 lit]ally fulfill$2 b x is fully admitt$ t ! total numb] ( su* di/urbances )9 ! la/ half c5tury has n fall5 %ort ( :at x %\ld h be5 accord+ to ! above e/imate4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahbf & #ahbg sev]al %ocks 7 felt 9 ! neighborhood ( ,cook ,/rait1 aft] :i* x 0 obs]v$ t ! sea-%ore _h be5 uplift$ on ! nor? side ( ,dusky ,bay4 ,s trans=m$ 0 ! outl9e ( ! coa/ t its =m] features c\ld no long] be recogniz$2 & a small cove call$ ! ,jail1 :i* _h previ\sly af=d$ a commodi\s h>bor to vessels1 engag$ 9 seal fi%+1 0 completely dri$ up4 ,b ! mo/ memorable convulsion took place on ! night ( ,janu>y ! tw5ty-?ird1 #ahee4 ,a tract ( l&1 ab\t z l>ge z ,york%ire1 on ! s\?we/ coa/ ( ! ,nor? ,isl&1 0 p]man5tly uprais$ f "o to n9e feet4 ,! h>bor ( ,port ,ni*olson1 toge!r ) ! valley ( ! ,hutt1 0 elevat$ f\r to five feet2 & a sunk5 rock1 reg>d$ be=e z dang]\s to navigators1 has rema9$ s9ce ! ,e>?quake ?ree feet above ! level ( ! wat]4 ,! %ock 0 felt by %ips at sea a hundr$ & fifty miles f ! coa/2 & x is e/imat$ t ! :ole area affect$ 0 n less ?an ?ree times ! ext5t ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,! :ole coa/ ( ,*ili has be5 subject to great di/urbances & *anges ( level dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahcg1 ! t[n ( ,valdivia 0 de/roy$ by an ,e>?quake1 & at ! same mom5t1 a :al+ vessel1 a %ort di/ance out at sea1 0 viol5tly %ak51 & lo/ h] ma/s4 ,! bottom ( ! sea 0 aft]w>d f\nd to h be5 rais$ 9 "s places m ?an eight feet2 & sev]al rocks appe>$ high above ! wat] :i* _h previ\sly be5 cov]$ at all times by ! sea4 ,two ye>s be=e1 9 #ahce1 ! t[n ( ,conception & sev]al o!rs 7 r$uc$ to ru9s by a l visitation4 ,aft] ! fir/ great convulsion ! ,e>? rema9$ = _m days 9 a /ate ( commotion4 ,m ?an ?ree hundr$ less] %ocks 7 c\nt$ f ! tw5tie? ( ,febru>y to ! f\r? ( ,m>*4 ,on ?is occasion1 too1 ! b$ ( ! sea 0 upheav$2 & ! :ole isl& ( ,santa ,m>ia1 sev5 miles 9 l5g?1 0 lift$ up f eight to t5 feet above its =m] level4 ,! ,e>?quake ( #ahbb 0 m viol5t1 p]haps1 & m /rik+ 9 its effects1 ?an ei!r ( ^? j m5tion$4 ,on ! n9ete5? ( ,novemb] 9 t ye> a sudd5 convulsive %ock 0 simultane\sly felt ov] a space #abjj miles 9 l5g?4 ,at ,valp>aiso1 & on ei!r side = a consid]able di/ance1 ! coa/ 0 p]man5tly upheav$4 ,:5 ,mrs4 ,graham1 :o 0 !n liv+ on ! spot1 & :o has left u an acc\nt ( ! ,e>?quake1 w5t d[n to ! %ore on ! foll[+ day1 %e 8f\nd ! anci5t b$ ( ! sea laid b>e & dry1 ) b$s ( oy/]s1 mussels1 & o!r %ells adh]+ to ! rocks on :i* !y grew1 ! fi% be+ all dead1 & exhal+ mo/ (f5sive effluvia40 ,"s idea may be =m$ ( ! gigantic p[] "h 9 op]ation1 :5 x is rememb]$ t to uplift ! coa/ ( ,*ili1 x 0 necess>y to move ! mighty *a9 ( ! ,&es1 &1 among/ ! re/1 ! colossal mass ( ,aconcagua1 #bd1jjj feet 9 height4 ,h[ f> ?is process ( upheaval ext5d$ out to sea1 b5ea? ! b$ ( ! ocean1 has n be5 accurately asc]ta9$3 b c]ta9 x is t1 = a consid]able di/ance1 ! s\nd+s 7 f\nd to be %all[] ?an be=e ! ,e>?quake4 ,x is r\ghly e/imat$ t ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? 0 elevat$ ov] an ext5t ( #ajj1jjj squ>e miles1 or ab\t half ! area ( ,france4 ,on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,india1 ne> ! m\? ( ! riv] ,indus1 is ! well-kn[n di/rict ( ,cut*4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,june1 #ahai1 ?is ext5sive t]ritory1 n less ?an half ! size ( ,irel&1 0 viol5tly %ak5 by an ,e>?quake1 sev]al hundr$ p 7 kill$1 & _m t[ns & villages 7 laid 9 ru9s4 ,! %ocks cont9u$ = "s days1 & ceas$ only :5 ! outbur/ ( a ,volcano seem$ to op5 a v5t = ! tr\bl$ _s )94 ,b :at is p>ticul>ly wor?y ( note is t :5 ! ,e>?quake _h pass$ away1 a p]man5t *ange 0 f\nd to h be5 effect$ 9 ! level ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! t[n & =t ( ,s9dree1 situat$ on ! ea/]n arm ( ! ,indus1 toge!r ) a tract ( l& #b1jjj squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 7 subm]g$ b5ea? ! wat]s4 ,! pr9cipal build+s1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9$ /&+1 ) _! upp] p>ts above ! surface2 & _m ( ! inhabitants1 :o _h tak5 refuge 9 "o ( ! t[]s atta*$ to ! =t1 7 sav$ 9 boats :5 ! ,e>?quake _h ceas$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 )9 five miles & a half ( ?is v spot1 ! level surface ( ! ,e>? 0 upheav$1 s z to =m a long elevat$ bank1 fifty miles 9 l5g? & sixte5 9 bread?1 :i* has be5 call$ ! ,ullah ,bund1 or ! ,m\nd ( ,god4 ,n9e ye>s aft] ?is ev5t1 ,sir ,alex&] ,burnes w5t out 9 a boat to ! ru9s ( ,s9dree1 & /&+ on ! summit ( ! t[]1 :i* /ill rose two or ?ree feet above ! surface ( ! wat]1 he c\ld see no?+ ar\nd him b a wide expanse ( sea1 save :]e a blue /reak ( l& on ! edge ( ! horizon m>k$ ! outl9e ( ! ,ullah ,bund4 ,"h 0 a /rik+ illu/ration1 on a small scale1 ( ^? *anges :i* ,geologi/s suppose to h be5 go+ on s9ce ! _w fir/ began2 ! dry l& _h be5 conv]t$ into ! b$ ( ! sea1 & ! level pla9 _h be5 elevat$ into a m\nta9 ridge4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! la/ c5tury ! prov9ce ( ,calabria1 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 0 ! sc5e ( an ,e>?quake :i* (f]s a v apposite illu/ration ( our pres5t argum5t4 ,?is celebrat$ convulsion is n1 h[ev]1 *iefly rem>kable = its viol5ce1 or = its duration1 or = ! ext5t ( ! t]ritory mov$4 ,9 all ^! respects x has be5 surpass$ by _m ,e>?quakes1 exp]i5c$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 )9 ! la/ hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,b ! ,calabrian ,e>?quake has an especial claim on our att5tion1 ma9ly f ?is unusual circum/ance1 t ! region ( di/urbance 0 visit$1 z ,sir ,*>les ,lyell tells u1 8bo? dur+ & aft] ! convulsions1 by m5 possess+ suffici5t leisure1 zeal1 & sci5tific in=mation1 to enable !m to collect & describe ) accuracy su* physical facts z ?r[ light on geological que/ions40 ,! %ocks 7 fir/ felt 9 ,febru>y1 #aghc1 & cont9u$ = ne>ly f\r ye>s4 ,ov] a v consid]able area ( c\ntry all ! common l&m>ks 7 remov$1 l>ge tracts ( l& 7 =c$ bodily d[n ! slopes ( m\nta9s2 & v9ey>ds1 or*>ds1 & cornfields 7 transport$ f "o site to ano!r2 insomu* t disputes aft]w>d arose z to :o 0 ! rightful own] ( ! prop]ty t _h ?us %ift$ its position4 ,two f>ms ne> ,mileto1 occupy+ an ext5t ( c\ntry a mile long & half a mile broad1 7 actually remov$ = a mile d[n ! valley2 & 8a ?at*$ cottage1 toge!r ) l>ge olive & mulb]ry trees1 mo/ ( :i* rema9$ erect1 0 c>ri$ un9jur$ to ?is extraord9>y di/ance40 ,9 o!r places ! surface ( ! ,e>? heav$ l ! bill[s ( a tr\bl$ sea2 _m h\ses 7 lift$ up above ! common level1 :ile o!rs subsid$ bel[ x4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! solid ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? 0 r5t asund]1 & *asms1 gorges1 rav9es1 ( v>i\s dep?s1 7 sudd5ly produc$1 9 less "t ?an x takes to tell x4 ,sometimes :5 ! /ra9 0 remov$1 ! yawn+ gulf z quickly clos$ aga91 & !n h\ses1 cattle1 & m5 7 swall[$ up 9 ! abyss1 leav+ n a trace beh9d4 ,x has ev5 be5 record$--/range ?\gh x may seem--t :5 two %ocks rapidly foll[$ "o ano!r at ! same spot1 ! p engulph$ by ! fir/1 7 aga9 ca/ =? by ! second1 be+ lit]ally disgorg$ alive f ! jaws ( dea?4 ,ab\t #dj1jjj p]sons p]i%$ 9 ?is dreadful visitation1 ! great] numb] be+ cru%$ to dea? b5ea? ! ru9s ( ! t[ns & villages1 o!rs swall[$ up 9 ! yawn+ fissures z !y fl$ across ! op5 c\ntry1 & o!rs aga9 burn$ 9 ! conflagrations :i* almo/ always foll[$ ! %ocks ( ,e>?quake4 ,ev]yone has he>d ( ! fam\s ,e>?quake ( ,lisbon4 ,x is *iefly memorable = ! extreme sudd5ness ( ! %ock1 = ! imm5se ext5t ( ! area affect$1 & = ! am\nt ( havoc & de/ruction done4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! fatal day--x 0 ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 #agee--! sun rose bright & *e]ful ov] ! devot$ city1 no symptom ( imp5d+ dang] 0 visible 9 ! sky above or on ! ,e>? bel[1 & ! gay-he>t$ p 7 pursu+ _! accu/om$ r\nds ( pleasure or bus9ess1 :51 sudd5ly1 at tw5ty m9utes be=e t5 o'clock1 a s\nd l ?und] 0 he>d und]gr\nd1 ! ,e>? 0 viol5tly %ak51 & 9 ano!r mom5t1 ! great] "p ( ! city 0 ly+ 9 ru9s4 ,)9 ! brief space ( six m9utes1 #fj1jjj p 7 cru%$ to dea?4 ,! m\nta9s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! t[n 7 cleft asund]4 ,! wat]s ( ! sea fir/ retir$ f ! l&1 & !n roll$ back 9 a huge m\nta9-l wave fifty feet above ! level ( ! highe/ tide4 ,a new quay1 built entirely ( m>ble1 _h (f]$ a tempor>y place ( refuge to ! t]rifi$ inhabitants z !y fl$ f ! tumbl+ ru9s ( ! city4 ,?ree ?\s& p are said to h be5 collect$ ^u x1 :51 all at once1 x sunk b5ea? ! waves1 & n a fragm5t ( ! solid masonry1 n a ve/ige ( its liv+ freight1 0 ev] se5 aga94 ,! bottom ( ! sea :]e ! quay !n /ood is n[ a hundr$ fa?oms deep4 ,f ,lisbon z a c5tre ! %ock ( ?is ,e>?quake radiat$ ov] an area n less ?an f\r times ! ext5t ( ,europe4 ,l a great wave x roll$ nor?w>d1 at ! rate ( tw5ty miles a m9ute1 upheav+ ! ,e>? z x mov$ along1 to ! coa/s ( ! ,baltic ,sea & ! ,g]man ,ocean4 ,! wat]s ( ,lo* ,lomond1 9 ,scotl&1 7 viol5tly di/urb$ f b5ea?1 & at ,k9sale1 9 ,irel&1 ! sea ru%$ impetu\sly into ! h>bor )\t a brea? ( w9d1 & m\nt+ ov] ! quay1 flood$ ! m>ket-place4 ,ea/w>d ! convulsion 0 felt z f> z ! ,alps1 & we/w>d x ext5d$ to ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 & ev5 to ! great lakes ( ,canada4 ,on ! nor? coa/ ( ,africa ! di/urbance 0 z viol5t z 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal2 & x is record$ t at a di/ance ( eight leagues f ,morocco1 ! e>? op5$ & swall[$ up a consid]able t[n ) its inhabitants1 to ! numb] ( eight or t5 ?\s& p4 ,ev5 on ! high seas ! %ock 0 felt no less di/9ctly ?an on dry l&4 8,(f ,/4 ,luc>10 says ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 8! capta9 ( ! %ip ,nancy felt 8 vessel s viol5tly %ak51 t he ?\ght %e _h /ruck ! gr\nd1 b1 on heav+ ! lead1 f\nd a great dep? ( wat]4 ,capta9 ,cl>k1 f ,d5ia1 9 latitude #cf #bd ,n41 betwe5 n9e & t5 9 ! morn+1 _h 8 %ip %ak5 & /ra9$ z if %e _h /ruck ^u a rock1 s t ! seams ( ! deck op5$1 & ! compass 0 ov]turn$ 9 ! b9nacle4 ,ano!r %ip1 =ty leagues we/ ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 exp]i5c$ s viol5t a concussion1 t ! m5 7 ?r[n a foot & a half p]p5dicul>ly up f ! deck40 ,x is wor?y ( note t ?is1 ! mo/ de/ructive ,e>?quake record$ 9 hi/ory1 0 n att5d$ ) any volcanic eruption2 :i* goes to confirm our !ory t ! active ,volcano s]ves z a k9d ( safety-valve = ! escape ( ! /ruggl+ p[]s conf9$ )9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?4#ih ,we mu/ n br+ our notice ( ,e>?quakes to an end )\t at lea/ "s brief acc\nt ( "o :i* has />tl$ ! _w ev5 s9ce we began to put toge!r ! mat]ials ( ?is ,volume4 ,on ! ,we/]n ,coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica !re is a long1 n>r[ /rip ( l&1 ly+ betwe5 ! l(ty cre/s ( ! ,&es & ! %ores ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 :i* f ! e>lie/ times has be5 ! famili> home ( ,e>?quakes4 ,t[>d ev5+ on ! ?irte5? ( ,augu/1 #ahfh1 ?is fat$ region 0 ! sc5e ( a convulsion ! mo/ appall+ & de/ructive t has be5 record$ )9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! di/urbance 0 felt 9 its extreme viol5ce = a di/ance ( #aejj miles along ! coa/2 f ,ib>ra "o degree nor? ( ! ,equator to ,iquique m ?an tw5ty degrees s\?4 ,9 t5 m9utes f ! fir/ %ock1 #bj1jjj p p]i%$1 & a va/ am\nt ( prop]ty1 r\ghly e/imat$ at sixty millions /]l+1 0 utt]ly de/roy$4 ,_m ?riv+ t[ns--,iquique1 ,mexillones1 ,pisagua1 ,arica1 ,ylo1 ,*ala1 & o!rs--7 levell$ to ! gr\nd4 ,ev5 ! v ru9s 7 n sp>$4 ,! sea ru%$ 9 :5 ! ,e>?quake %ock _h ceas$1 & c>ri$ ev]y?+ be=e x 9 "o univ]sal wreck3 s t 9 "s cases n a ve/ige rema9$ beh9d to tell ! dismay$ survivors :]e _! home/eads once _h /ood4 ,x might be fanci$ p]haps t ! cities seat$ al(t 9 ! security ( ! ,et]nal ,hills 7 beyond ! rea* ( ! convulsion t %ook ! pla9 bel[4 ,b no3 ,arequipa1 f> up on ! slopes ( ! we/]n ,cordill]a1 & ,pasco1 ! highe/ city 9 ! _w1 situat$ on a level ) ! sn[y summit ( ! ,jungfrau1 7 %att]$ into fragm5ts ) ! same viol5ce z ! cities ( ! coa/4 ,! v>i\s incid5ts record$ by ! survivors are full ( fe>ful int]e/4 ,at ,iquique1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 ab\t five o'clock 9 ! ev5+ ( ! ?irte5? ( ,augu/1 a rumbl+ noise 0 he>d1 !n ! e>? %ook viol5tly = "s m9utes1 !n ! sea1 ) a great moan1 retir$ f ! %ore1 & re>+ itself up into a trem5d\s wave1 ru%$ back ^u ! l& & swept away ! t[n4 8,i saw10 says "o writ]1 8! :ole surface ( ! sea rise z if a m\nta9 side1 actually /&+ up4 ,ano!r %ock1 accompani$ ) a fe>ful ro>1 n[ took place4 ,i call$ to my companions to run = _! lives on to ! ,pampa4 ,too late6 ,) a horrid cra% ! sea 0 on u1 & at "o sweep--"o t]rible sweep--da%$ :at 0 ,iquique on to ! ,pampa4 ,i lo/ my companions1 & 9 an in/ant 0 fight+ ) ! d>k wat]4 ,! mighty wave surg$ & ro>$ & leap$4 ,! cries ( human be+s & animals 7 dreadful4 ,a mass ( wreck cov]$ me & kept me d[n1 & ,i 0 fa/ dr[n+ :5 ! sea ?rew me on to a beam1 b a nail pi]c+ my coat1 ! timb] roll$ me aga9 "u1 & ,i lo/ all s5se4 ,i suppose1 z 9 all su* cases1 ,i mu/ h /ruggl$ aft] s5sation _h left me1 = :5 return+ consci\sness came ,i 0 grasp+ "u "o arm a l>ge plank4 ,look+ r\nd1 all 0 wreck & desolation4 ,9 a mom5t ,i 0 by a return+ wave swept into ! bay1 & meet+ a mass ( brok5 timb]1 ,i 0 /ruck a fe>ful bl[ on ! *91 & ! brok5 end ( ! plank pass$ ?r\gh my ?igh4 ,i knew no m until ,i f\nd myself on ! ,pampa1 & all d>k ar\nd me4 ,i 0 )\t tr\s]s1 coat1 %oes1 or hat4 ,try+ to collect myself1 ,i ?\ght ( ano!r wave1 & crawl$ away to ! m\nta9 side1 scoop$ a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 & got 92 "h1 wet & %iv]+1 ,i sp5t ! night4 ,my w\nd bl$ freely4 ,9 ! morn+ ,i look$ out & f\nd ,iquique gone1 all b a few h\ses r\nd ! *ur*40 ,a good deal ( %ipp+ 0 ly+ 9 ! bay ( ,arica4 ,:5 ! wat]s fir/ rec$$ ! vessels 7 all c>ri$ out to sea1 *a9s1 cables1 & an*ors snapp+ asund] l pack?read4 ,a mom5t1 aft]w>d !y 7 borne back irresi/ibly by ! return+ wave1 & da%$ to pieces on ! coa/4 ,"o m =tunate ?an ! re/1 ! ,wat]ee1 a vessel ( w> belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 0 caught up on ! cre/ ( ! wave1 & ) ! loss ( only "o man1 0 l&$ high & dry among ! s&-hills a qu>t] ( a mile f ! %ore4 ,be=e ! ,e>?quake1 ,arequipa 0 a prosp]\s t[n ( #cj1jjj inhabitants4 ,x enjoy$ a consid]able trade1 &1 9 importance z well z size1 x 0 reg>d$ z ! ?ird city ( ,p]u1 be+ inf]ior only to ,lima & ,cuzco4 ,! h\ses 7 con/ruct$ ) especial reg>d to security aga9/ ! %ock ( ,e>?quakes4 ,!y 7 b "o /ory high1 built ( solid /one1 & massive to an extraord9>y degree4 ,b ^! precautions1 ?\gh ! fruit ( long exp]i5ce1 7 all ( no avail4 ,at ,sunset on ! fatal ?irte5? ( ,augu/ ! popul\s & ?riv+ city ( ,arequipa 0 little bett] ?an a heap ( ru9s4 8,n a *ur* is left /&+10 writes an eye-witness1 8n a h\se habitable4 ,! %ock comm5c$ at tw5ty m9utes pa/ five 9 ! aft]noon1 & la/$ six or sev5 m9utes4 ,! h\ses be+ solidly built & ( "o /ory1 resi/$ = "o m9ute1 :i* gave ! p "t to ru% into ! middle ( ! /reets1 s t ! mortality1 al?\gh consid]able1 is n s great z might h be5 expect$4 ,if ! ,e>?quake _h occurr$ at night1 few inde$ w\ld h be5 left to tell ! /ory4 ,z x is1 ! prison]s 9 ! public prison1 & ! sick 9 ! hospital1 h p]i%$4 ,! ,e>?quake comm5c$ ) an undulat+ movem5t1 & z ! %ock culm9at$1 no "o c\ld keep 8 feet3 ! h\ses rock$ z a %ip 9 ! tr\gh ( ! sea1 & came crumbl+ d[n4 ,! %rieks ( ! wom51 ! cra% ( fall+ masonry1 ! upheav+ ( ! e>?1 & ! cl\ds ( bl9d+ du/1 made up a sc5e t _c be describ$4 ,we _h n9ete5 m9or %ocks ! same night1 & ! e>? /ill cont9ues 9 motion4 ,no?+ has z yet be5 done t[>d dis9t]r+ ! dead2 b ,i d n ?9k any are buri$ alive1 z c]ta9 dea? mu/ h be5 ! fate ( all ^? :o 7 n able to get into ! /reet4 ,! e>? has op5$ 9 all ! pla9s ar\nd1 & wat] has appe>$ 9 v>i\s places40#ii ,^! are a few typical examples ( ! m viol5t convulsions by :i* ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? has be5 di/urb$ )9 little m ?an a c5tury2 & !y leave no d\bt z to ! k9d ( *anges :i* may fairly be ascrib$ to simil> ag5cy 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,globe4 ,nor mu/ x be suppos$ t1 because our examples are few 9 numb]1 ! ,e>?quake is itself a r>e & exceptional ev5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! /ate ( p>tial di/urbance & convulsion w\ld seem to be ! natural & ord9>y condition ( our planet4 ,f ! int]e/+ ,catalogue drawn up by ,mr4 ,mallet1 x appe>s t1 9 our own times1 ! numb] ( ,e>?quakes actually obs]v$ & record$ is1 on an av]age1 n less ?an f two to ?ree e week4 ,n[ ?is catalogue _c repres5t m ?an "o-?ird ( ! ,globe3 = ! di/urbances :i* take place 9 ! pr(\nd dep?s ( ! ocean mu/ = ! mo/ "p escape obs]vation1 & _m p>ts ev5 ( ! inhabit$ ,e>? are /ill beyond ! rea* ( sci5tific rese>*es4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q a reasonable speculation ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 t 8sc>cely a day passes )\t "o or m %ocks be+ exp]i5c$ 9 "s "p ( ! ,globe40 ,moreov]1 9 ,mr4 ,mallet's ,catalogue no acc\nt is tak5 ( ^? m9or vibrations or trembl+s ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/1 :i* are n att5d$ by any /rik+ or notewor?y ev5t4 ,& yet su* ph5om5a1 :5 (t5 repeat$1 may produce a v important *ange ( level1 & are f> m frequ5t ?an mo/ p]sons w\ld be likely to suppose4 ,9 our quiet region ( ! ,globe p are too apt to take = grant$ ! g5]al /ability ( ! ,e>?3 b 9 o!r c\ntries ! inhabitants1 w>n$ by long exp]i5ce1 are no less deeply impress$ ) a conviction ( its in/ability4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el says t1 9 ! volcanic regions ( ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,am]ica1 8! inhabitants no m ?9k ( c\nt+ ,e>?quake %ocks1 ?an we d ( c\nt+ %[]s ( ra930 nay1 he adds t1 89 "s places along ! coa/ a %[] is a great] v>iety40 ,& 9 ,sicily1 we are told !y make provision aga9/ movem5ts ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/1 j z we make provision aga9/ lightn+ & /orms2 s mu* s t x is q a common ?+ = ar*itects to adv]tise _! h\ses z ,e>?-quake-pro(4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,subt]ranean ,,heat--,,its ,,p[]s ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,undulations ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,cru/4 ,g5tle movem5ts ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ )9 hi/oric times--,roman roads & temples subm]g$ 9 ! bay ( ,bai--,temple ( ,jupit] ,s]apis--,s+ul> condition ( its columns--,pro( ( subsid5ce & subsequ5t upheaval--,indications ( a second subsid5ce n[ actually tak+ place--,gradual upheaval ( ! coa/ ( ,sw$5--,summ>y ( ! evid5ce adduc$ to e/abli% ?is fact--,subsid5ce ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ on ! we/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&--,recapitulation4 ,,s f> we h spok5 ( ! di/urbance ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ 9 mod]n times by sudd5 & viol5t convulsions4 ,b !re are _m ph5om5a ) :i* ! ,geologi/ is famili>1 t _c be fairly acc\nt$ = unless by suppos+ t ! surface ( ! ,e>? 0 (t5 elevat$ & depress$ 9 anci5t times1 )\t any sudd5 %ock1 by a sl[ & almo/ ins5sible movem5t4 ,&1 accord+ly1 g5tle undulations ( ?is k9d ent] l>gely into t g5]al !ory ( ,geology :i* we h be5 attempt+ to draw out & illu/rate4 ,x may be ask$1 !re=e1 if we are able to support ?is "p ( our sy/em by examples ( simil> ph5om5a occurr+ )9 ! p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,9 reply1 we %all endeavor to set =?1 z briefly z we c1 "s ( ! evid5ce :i* has rec5tly come to light on ?is subject1 & :i* seems to u n less conclusive ?an x is int]e/+ & unexpect$4 ,9 ! bay ( ,bai1 to ! we/ ( ,naples1 two anci5t ,roman roads may be di/9ctly trac$1 at ! pres5t day1 = a consid]able di/ance1 p]man5tly subm]g$ b5ea? ! wat]s4 ,!re are1 also1 9 ! same neighborhood1 ! ru9s ( ! temple ( ,neptune & ( ! temple ( ! ,nymphs1 bo? likewise subm]g$4 8,! columns ( ! =m] edifice /& erect 9 five feet ( wat]1 ! upp] portions j ris+ to ! surface2#ajj ! p$e/als are suppos$ to be buri$ 9 ! mud bel[40 ,aga91 on ! opposite side ( ,naples1 ne> ,sorr5to1 8a road ) fragm5ts ( ,roman build+s1 is cov]$ to "s dep? by ! sea20#aja & 9 ! isl& ( ,capri1 at ! op5+ ( ! bay ( ,naples1 "o ( ! palaces ( ,tib]ius is also "u wat]4 ,"h1 !re=e1 x is cle> t ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? has subsid$ ov] a v consid]able area2 s9ce :at is n[ ! b$ ( ! sea1 0 9 ! days ( ! ,romans dry l&1 trav]s$ by roads1 & dott$ ov] ) build+s4 ,t ! subsid5ce 0 sl[ & gradual may be inf]r$1 p>tly f ! abs5ce ( any record or tradition ( a sudd5 convulsion produc+ su* a *ange1 & p>tly1 too1 f ! un%ak5 & undi/urb$ condition ( ! monum5ts !mselves4 ,b :ile ?is conclusion falls 9 mo/ happily ) our pres5t argum5t1 x w\ld seem on fur!r exam9ation to br+ ) x a v s]i\s difficulty4 ,=1 :ile ^? anci5t monum5ts te/ify t ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? 9 ?is locality has subsid$1 ! /ructure ( ! sea-coa/1 int]pret$ accord+ to ,geological pr9ciples1 w\ld indicate1 on ! contr>y1 t ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? has be5 upheav$4 ,close to ! sea1 at ! pres5t day1 on ! bay ( ,bai1 !re is a l[1 level tract ( f]tile l&1 & at a little di/ance inl&1 a l(ty range ( precipit\s cliffs1 eighty feet high1 p>allel to ! l9e ( ! coa/4 ,?is f]tile tract1 ly+ betwe5 ! sea-bea* & ! p]p5dicul> cliffs1 is ab\t tw5ty feet above ! sea level1 & is compos$ ( regul>ly /ratifi$ deposits ab\nd+ 9 m>9e %ells ( rec5t species1 toge!r ) works ( human art1 su* z tiles1 squ>es ( mosaic pavem5t1 fragm5ts ( bricks1 & sculptur$ ornam5ts4 ,^u ^! facts a ,geologi/ w\ld pron\nce )\t hesitation3--,fir/1 t at "s p]iod s9ce ! di/rict ar\nd ,naples 0 fir/ inhabit$ by man1 ! wat]s ( ! sea wa%$ ! base ( ! p]p5dicul> cliffs2 secondly1 t ! /rata 9 :i* we n[ f9d ! rec5t m>9e %ells1 & ! rema9s ( man's workman%ip1 7 =m$ dur+ t p]iod by ! process ( deposition at ! bottom ( ! sea2 & ?irdly1 t at "s subsequ5t "t1 by an upheaval ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/1 ^! /rata 7 lift$ up s z to =m a pretty consid]able area ( dry l&1 fit = agriculture & ! arts ( life4 ,does x n seem1 !re=e1 t we h "h a direct contradiction betwe5 ! evid5ce ( anci5t ,roman build+s & ! inf]5ces ( mod]n ,geology8 ,d\btless1 !y bo? agree 9 ! ma9 po9t ab\t :i* we are conc]n$ j n[1 t ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? has be5 mov$ 9 rec5t times on ! %ores ( ! bay ( ,naples2 b accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! ,roman temples1 n[ cov]$ by wat]1 ?is movem5t has be5 "o ( subsid5ce1 :ile1 accord+ to ! inf]5ces ( ,geological !ory1 x has be5 "o ( upheaval4 ,?is app>5t contradiction seems to call = "s elucidation4 ,if we 7 left 9 ?is matt] to m]e conjecture1 we might (f] ! foll[+ hypo!sis z a fair & reasonable solution4 ,we might suppose t s9ce ! days ( ! ,roman ,empire1 !re h be5 two successive movem5ts ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,naples2 fir/1 a movem5t ( subsid5ce1 by :i* ! anci5t temples & roads 7 subm]g$ to a consid]able dep? b5ea? ! sea2 aft]w>d1 a movem5t ( upheaval1 by :i* ! m>9e /rata 7 lift$ up4 ,if ?is second movem5t 7 exactly equal to ! fir/1 x is pla9 t ! anci5t roads & build+s w\ld h be5 j re/or$ to _! =m] level4 ,b let u suppose t ! am\nt ( upheaval 0 some?+ less ?an ! am\nt ( previ\s subsid5ce1 & we %\ld h ^! roads & build+s /ill subm]g$1 z !y are 9 po9t ( fact1 9 a few feet ( wat]4 ,by su* an hypo!sis1 !re=e1 ! two classes ( ph5om5a might be br\ght into p]fect h>mony4 ,b we are n oblig$ to take refuge 9 hypo!sis3 = x is n[ di/9ctly prov$ by a v curi\s k9d ( evid5ce1 t ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? 9 & ab\t ! bay ( ,bai1 has be5 successively depress$ & uprais$ s9ce ! ?ird c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 nay m1 t ! subsid5ce 9 ! fir/ case 0 great] ?an ! subsequ5t upheaval4 ,ne> ,pozzuoli1 on ! level tract ( l& :i*1 z we h said1 int]v5es betwe5 ! sea & ! l(ty range ( inl& cliffs1 are to be se5 at ! pres5t day ! ru9s ( a spl5did ,roman edifice1 usually call$ ! temple ( ,jupit] ,s]apis1 ?\gh1 accord+ to "s writ]s1 x 0 n a temple at all1 b a public e/abli%m5t = ba?s4 ,^! ru9s fir/ attract$ att5tion ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,?ree magnific5t m>ble columns 7 /ill /&+ erect1 ) _! l[] p>ts buri$ 9 ! /ratifi$ deposits already describ$1 & _! upp] portions1 :i* project$ above ! surface ( ! l&1 p>tly conceal$ by bu%es4 ,:5 ! soil 0 remov$ ! orig9al plan ( ! build+ c\ld be di/9ctly trac$4 8,x 0 ( a quadrangul> =m1 sev5ty feet 9 diamet]1 & ! ro( _h be5 support$ by =ty-six noble columns1 tw5ty-f\r ( granite & ! re/ ( m>ble40 ,_m ( ! pill>s h be5 %att]$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & lie /rewn 9 fragm5ts on ! pavem5ts4 ,! ?ree :i* are /ill /&+ erect1 are upw>d ( =ty feet 9 height1 ea* c>v$ out ( a solid block ( m>ble2 &1 :at is *iefly to our purpose1 !y exhibit1 curi\sly inscrib$ on _! surface1 memorials ( ! physical *anges 9 :i* !y h borne a "p4 ,! base ( ^! l(ty columns is1 at pres5t1 slightly bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,_! out] surface is smoo? = ab\t twelve feet above ! p$e/als2 !n1 = ! next n9e feet ! m>ble is ev]y:]e bor$ by a well-kn[n species ( mussel1 :i* x is c]ta9 c live only 9 ! sea4 ,above ?is b& ( p]=ations ! pill>s aga9 pres5t a smoo? surface1 & cont9ue smoo? to ! top4 ,! fir/ inf]5ce f ^! facts is1 t ! columns 9 "q mu/ h be5 at "o "t subm]g$ to a height ( tw5ty-"o feet above ! p$e/als2 o!rwise !y c\ld n h be5 bor$ at t height by a species ( animal t c only exi/ 9 sea-wat]4 ,s9ce t "t1 !re=e1 ! l& at ?is spot mu/ h be5 uprais$ tw5ty-"o feet4 ,fur!rmore1 ! temple ( ,jupit] 0 c]ta9ly n built at ! bottom ( ! sea1 b ^u dry l&2 !re=e1 aft] ! temple _h be5 built1 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? mu/ h subsid$ at lea/ tw5ty-"o feet4 ,once m3 z ! floor ( ! temple is n[ some:at bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 & z x is n v likely x 0 at fir/ s built1 we may fairly inf] t x is n[ l[] ?an x orig9ally /ood2 & consequ5tly1 t ! total am\nt ( upheaval has n be5 equal to ! total am\nt ( subsid5ce4 ,?\gh we _c fix ! exact date at :i* ! subsid5ce began1 x 0 probably n e>li] ?an ! ?ird c5tury2 = 9 ! atrium ( ! temple is an inscription record+ t x 0 adorn$ ) preci\s m>bles by ! emp]or ,septimus ,sev]us4 ,x _c be suppos$ = a mom5t t ^! *anges 7 effect$ by a rise & fall 9 ! level ( ! sea r ?an by a movem5t ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/4 ,a p]man5t *ange 9 ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 any giv5 locality1 w\ld1 ( necessity1 imply a *ange ( level ov] its entire ext5t2 & !re=e1 if ! ph5om5a exhibit$ 9 ! bay ( ,bai arose f su* a cause1 we %\ld meet ) ph5om5a ( ! same k9d along ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,italian coa/4 ,n[1 9 po9t ( fact1 no su* *anges ( level are else:]e app>5t2 & consequ5tly1 !y mu/ be ascrib$ 9 ! bay ( ,bai1 n to an upw>d & d[nw>d movem5t ( ! sea1 b to an upw>d & d[nw>d movem5t ( ! l&4 ,we mu/ n omit to /ate1 be=e leav+ ! subject1 t x is n[ asc]ta9$1 by a s]ies ( accurate obs]vations1 t ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? 9 ?is int]e/+ locality is once aga9 sl[ly & gradually subsid+4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ! plat=m ( ! temple /ood at ab\t ! level ( ! sea2 x is n[ m ?an a foot bel[ x4 ,nay1 ?is second subsid5ce appe>s to h begun ev5 be=e ! pres5t c5tury4 8,9 ! ye> #ahac10 writes a mod]n travell]1 8,i resid$ = f\r mon?s 9 ! ,capu*9 conv5t ( ,pozzuoli1 :i* is situat$ betwe5 ! road f ,naples & ! sea1 at ! entrance ( ! t[n ( ,pozzuoli4 ,9 ! ,capu*9 conv5ts ! olde/ fri> is call$ #8il molto rev]5de1' & ! "o :o !n enjoy$ ! title 9 ?is conv5t 0 n9ety-?ree ye>s old4 ,he in=m$ me t1 :5 he 0 a "y man1 ! road f ,naples pass$ on ! seaw>d side ( ! conv5t2 b t1 f ! gradual s9k+ ( ! soil1 ! road 0 oblig$ to be alt]$ to its pres5t c\rse4 ,:ile ,i 0 /ay+ at ! conv5t1 ! refectory z well z ! entrance gate1 7 f six in*es to a foot "u wat] :5ev] /rong we/]ly w9ds prevail$1 s z to cause ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean to rise4 ,?irty ye>s previ\sly1 my old in=mant /at$1 su* an occurr5ce nev] took place4 ,9 fact1 x is n probable t ! build] ( ! conv5t w\ld h plac$ ! gr\nd-floor s l[ z to expose to inundation z x n[ is40#ajb ,on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic ,sea we f9d ano!r illu/ration ( our !ory ^u a m ext5d$ scale4 ,ab\t a c5tury & a half ago ! ,sw$i% naturali/1 ,celsius1 express$ a belief t a rem>kable *ange ( level 0 tak+ place along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,sc&9avia2 & he ascrib$ ! *ange to a subsid5ce ( ! wat]s ( ! ,baltic ,sea4 ,?is op9ion 0 receiv$ at fir/ ) no small am\nt ( incr$ulity2 b ! argum5ts ( ,celsius 7 plausible & attractive en\gh to excite a controv]sy1 & ! controv]sy once ar\s$ 0 n easily set at re/4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce 8 "t ! facts ^u :i* he reli$ h be5 m /rictly exam9$1 difficulties h be5 />t$ & inve/igat$1 _m new facts1 at fir/ unkn[n or unnotic$1 h be5 br\ght to light1 & ! :ole "q has be5 rigor\sly discuss$ by sci5tific m54 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to g ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ! discussion1 or to develop at any l5g? ! argum5ts :i* 9 ! end h prov$ successful1 involv+ z !y d a multitude ( m9ute obs]vations & nice measurem5ts1 made at a great v>iety ( diff]5t places ) h>d-s\nd+ names4 ,b ! g5]al result may be readily /at$ & z readily und]/ood4 ,x appe>s t num]\s sunk5 reefs1 well kn[n to navigators1 h1 )9 ! la/ two c5turies1 become visible above wat]2 t _m anci5t ports h become inl& t[ns2 t _m small isl&s h become unit$ to "o ano!r & to ! ma9l& by grassy pla9s2 t rocky po9ts :i* 9 =m] times j peep$ above ! wat]1 & af=d$ refuge only to a solit>y sea-bird1 are n[ gr[n into little islets2 & t sev]al ( ! old fi%+ gr\nds are n[ des]t$ = _! %all[ness1 nay1 9 "s cases1 altoge!r dri$ up4 ,f ^! facts ! inf]5ce is pla92 ei!r ! solid ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? has be5 uplift$1 or ! wat]s ( ! sea h subsid$4 ,n[ x is c]ta9 !re has be5 no subsid5ce ( ! sea2 = su* a subsid5ce1 z we be=e obs]v$1 if x took place at all1 %\ld h be5 g5]al2 :]eas !re are _m po9ts on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1 especially along ! coa/s ( ,d5m>k & ,prussia1 :]e x c be prov$ t no *ange ( level has tak5 place = c5turies4 ,& !re=e ! ph5om5a above describ$ we mu/ attribute to an upheaval ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/4#ajc ,su* is ! k9d ( reason+ ) :i* ?is inquiry has be5 pursu$2 & x may n[ be set d[n z a receiv$ & e/abli%$ fact1 t a sl[ & gradual process ( upheaval is go+ on1 at ! pres5t day1 on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic ,sea1 at ! rate ( f two to f\r feet 9 a c5tury2 & ?is is ov] an area ( unkn[n bread?1 & n less ?an #ajjj miles 9 l5g?4 ,evid5ce ( a simil> k9d has lately be5 adduc$ to prove t ! we/ coa/ ( ,gre5l& is j n[ gradually subsid+ = a space ( m ?an #fjj miles f nor? to s\?4 8,anci5t build+s on l[1 rocky isl&s1 & on ! %ore ( ! ma9l&1 h be5 gradually subm]g$1 & exp]i5ce has taught ! aborig9al ,gre5l&] nev] to build 8 hut ne> ! wat]'s edge4 ,9 "o case ! ,moravian settl]s h be5 oblig$ m ?an once to move ! poles ^u :i* _! l>ge boats 7 set1 & ! old poles /ill rema9 b5ea? ! wat] z sil5t witnesses ( ! *ange40#ajd ,x %\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? is n t fix$ & immovable mass ( unyield+ rock :i* x is (t5 suppos$ to be4 ,:atev] ! gigantic p[] is :i* lies %ut up )9 x1 & :i* seems1 cle>ly en\gh1 to be develop$ 9 "s way or ano!r--p]haps 9 _m ways at once--f int]nal heat1 t p[] ex]cises a mighty influ5ce f age to age on ! outw>d =m ( our planet4 ,l ! w9d1 inde$1 x bl[e? :]e x li/e?1 & we _c tell :5ce x come? or :i!r x goe?2 b we c he> ! s\nd !re(1 & witness its effects :5 x breaks out n[ 9 ?is qu>t] ( ! _w1 & n[ 9 t1 bur/+ op5 ! massive rocks1 & furi\sly vomit+ =? :ole m\nta9s ( sm\ld]+ a%es & molt5 m9]al2 or aga91 :51 fail+ to f9d a v5t1 x %akes ! f\ndations ( ! hills1 & %iv]s into fragm5ts ! mo/ endur+ works ( man--ca/les1 temples1 palaces1--fill+ e he>t ) t]ror & dismay2 or1 9 f9e1 :5 x g5tly upheaves ! bottom ( ! ocean1 or by )draw+ ! /ra91 all[s ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? to subside1 ) a movem5t s gradual & ins5sible z to escape ! notice ( ! multitudes :o are toil+ 9 ! busy cities on its ,surface4 ,t ph5om5a ( ?is k9d h be5 go+ on 9 all pa/ ages1 is n[ univ]sally assum$ 9 ! speculations ( ,geology3 t !y are go+ on 9 ! pres5t age1 we h "h endeavor$ to prove by ! evid5ce ( facts4 ,if we h succe$$ accord+ to our expectations1 ! read] w be prep>$ to admit t1 on ?is po9t at lea/1 x is n ! ,geologi/ :o may fairly be *>g$ ) hav+ rec\rse to ! inv5tions ( 8 fancy1 b r ^? :o1 assum+ z a fir/ pr9ciple t ,geology is false1 p]sev]+ly %ut _! eyes to ! physical *anges t are go+ on ar\nd !m4 ,illu/ration ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,antiquity ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,g5esis4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,"q ,,& ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,au?ors ,,view4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( geological !ory accept$ by ! au?or--,^! pr9ciples pla9ly import ! extreme antiquity ( ! e>?--,illu/ration f ! coal1 ! *alk1 & ! b\ld] clay--,?is conclusion n at v>iance ) ! inspir$ hi/ory ( creation--,*ronology ( ! ,bible--,g5ealogies ( ,g5esis--,date ( ! creation n fix$ by ,moses--,progress ( op9ion on ?is po9t--,c>d9al ,wiseman1 ,fa!r ,p]rone1 ,fa!r ,pianciani--,doctor ,buckl&--,doctor ,*alm]s1 ,doctor ,pye ,smi?1 ,hugh ,mill]--,au?or's view expla9$--,*>ge ( ra%ness & irrev]5ce answ]$--,admonitions ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e & ,sa9t ,?omas4 ,! read] has n[ be=e him a g5]al outl9e ( ,geological !ory1 toge!r ) "s famili> illu/rations ( ! evid5ce by :i* x is support$4 ,we %all n attempt to en=ce ?is evid5ce by any rem>ks ( our own4 ,inde$ x is ( a k9d t c d]ive b little aid f ! arts ( logic or rhetoric4 ,x ne$s b to be fairly und]/ood1 & if x does n altoge!r compel our ass5t1 x begets at lea/ a presumption s /rong z to leave little room = d\bt or hesitation4 ,nobody1 s f> z we "k1 has ev] hesitat$ to believe t ! ,r\nd ,t[]s ( ,irel& are ! "w ( human h&s4 ,& yet if "s incr$ul\s skeptic 7 to raise ! cry aga9/ ?is common op9ion1 7 to argue t x is a m]e hypo!sis1 & call = pro(1 we %\ld be emb>rass$ h[ to answ] him4 ,we c\ld only say t ^! monum5ts h all ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( man's h&iwork2 & t build+s ( ?is k9d h nev] be5 kn[n to come into exi/5ce except ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,man4 ,b %\ld our vexati\s skeptic cont5d t !y 7 possibly produc$ by a freak ( ,nature2 or t !y 7 built 9 ! beg9n+ by ! ,creator ( ! ,_w1 :o c]ta9ly might h made !m _h ,he be5 s m9d$1 we %\ld ?9k him v unreasonable1 & probably n feel mu* dispos$ to prolong ! discussion4 ,9 l mann] ! !ory ( ,geology :i* we are def5d+1 _c be e/abli%$ by a rigid demon/ration2 b we believe !re is n "o man ( s5se & judgm5t1 :o1 be+ fully ma/] ( ! evid5ce on :i* x re/s1 hesitates to accept t !ory1 at lea/ 9 its m g5]al outl9es4 ,no d\bt _m able & em95t m5 are to be f\nd array$ aga9/ ,geology2 b x w\ld be easy to %[ f _! writ+s t !y h nev] ?or\ghly exam9$ ! facts ab\t :i* !y talk s flippantly1 & :i* !y (t5 set aside s lightly4 ,= ourselves1 !re=e1 we frankly av[ t :ile we atta* b little importance to ! m]e conjectures & speculations ( ,geological writ]s2 :ile we look ) d\bt & suspicion on _m plausible !ories commonly en\gh adopt$ at ! pres5t day2 & :ile we consid] t ! discov]ies ( mod]n times1 wond]ful ?\gh !y are1 h giv5 rise to f> m problems ?an !y are yet able to solve2 yet we d fully ass5t to ^? g5]al pr9ciples :i* we h be5 attempt+ to develop & to illu/rate 9 ?is ,volume4 ,absolutely metaphysical c]ta9ty we h n2 b we h a firm & rational conviction4 ,we feel q satisfi$ t ! great ,creator ( ! ,univ]se did n br+ sudd5ly into exi/5ce ! )]$ rema9s & brok5 fragm5ts ( animals :i* _h nev] liv$2 t ,he did n /amp ^u ! massive rocks1 buri$ 9 ! pr(\nd recesses ( ! e>?1 ! impress ( a luxuriant vegetation :i* _h nev] fl\ri%$2 t ,he did n1 9 %ort1 create "u millions ( =ms1 ! delusive appe>ances ( ?+s :i* _h nev] be51 & scatt] !m ?r\gh ?is _w ( ours 9 wild pr(usion1 well kn[+ t aft] _m c5turies !y w\ld come to light to bewild] human reason1 & to lead x into error4 ,?is conclusion1 ( c\rse1 we are prep>$ to ab&on if x %\ld be f\nd to cla% ) any c]ta9 tru? or ) any demon/rat$ fact4 ,b1 9 ! mean lime1 x seems to u z well gr\nd$ & z fairly e/abli%$ z ! conclusions we are accu/om$ to accept )\t hesitation 9 ! matt] ( o!r sci5ces1 & 9 ! common bus9ess ( life4 ,x is argu$1 h[ev]1 t ,geological !ory is1 9 fact1 at v>iance ) ! v highe/ ord] ( tru?2 ) t tru? :i* comes to u on ! au?ority ( ,god ,himself4 ,! ,bible tells u t ! _w fir/ came into exi/5ce ab\t six or eight ?\s& ye>s ago3 ,geology1 on ! contr>y1 tells u t six or eight ?\s& ye>s are b z ye/]day 9 ! hi/ory ( ! revolutions ?r\gh :i* our ,globe has pass$4 ,?is is ! argum5t to :i* we are n[ ab\t to address ourselves2 & x well des]ves our be/ att5tion1 n only f its intr9sic importance1 b also f ! int]e/+ nature ( ! discussion to :i* x has giv5 rise4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we fully admit t ! extreme ,antiquity ( ! ,e>? is a necess>y consequ5ce ( our !ory4 ,sett+ out f ! pres5t /age ( ! _w's exi/5ce1 ,geology c>ries u back f epo* to epo*1 ?r\gh a long succession ( ages1 ea* ext5d+ ov] _m ?\s& ye>s1 until ! m9d is lo/ 9 ! seem+ inf9ity ( ! pa/4 ,x may be ask$1 p]haps1 9 :at way ,geology c te/ify to ! great l5g? ( ea* successive p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,globe4 ,a famili> example w furni% ! mo/ conv5i5t reply to su* a "q4 ,let ! read] call to m9d :at we h already expla9$ ab\t ! orig9 & =mation ( ,coal2 & !n let him exam9e ! /ructure ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,rocks4 ,9 ! great ,coal-fields ( ,wales1 = in/ance1 he w f9d1 9 a dep? ( #ab1jjj feet1 f fifty to a hundr$ di/9ct b$s ( coals1 spread out "o above ano!r1 ) int]v5+ /rata ( clay sev]al feet ?ick4 ,n[ ea* "o ( ^! b$s repres5ts an anci5t =e/ :i* mu/ h gr[n up & fl\ri%$ & decay$2 or else an imm5se & v>i$ mass ( ,drift-wood1 transport$ f a di/ance by ! action ( mov+ wat]1 & deposit$ ne> ! m\? ( "s great riv]4 ,9 ei!r case a consid]able lapse ( "t w\ld h be5 necess>y = su* an accumulation ( vegetable matt] z w\ld furni% ! elem5ts ev5 ( a s+le seam ( ,coal4 ,&1 :5 t p]iod came to an end1 only "o little /age 9 ! long s]ies _h be5 accompli%$3 "o /ratum ( a few feet _h be5 laid d[n 9 t great ,=mation :i* 0 to rea* at l5g? a height ( m ?an two miles4 ,a new condition ( ?+s !n ensu$4 ,?is lay] ( vegetable matt]1 sunk bel[ ! wat]s1 0 gradually cov]$ ov] ) a ?ick deposit ( clay1 :i*1 9 c\rse ( "t1 0 to em]ge1 & become dry l&1 & give bir? to a second =e/1 de/9$ 9 its turn to )] & decay4 ,or1 at lea/1 :5 ! /ratum ( clay _h be5 deposit$1 x 0 to be ov]laid1 9 "s way or ano!r1 ) a second lay] ( vegetable matt] suffici5t = ! production ( a second b$ ( coal4 ,& s ?is process mu/ h gone on1 d\btless ) _m & long int]ruptions1 = a hundr$ times 9 succession4 ,!n x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,coal-be>+ /rata repres5t b "o ( _m p]iods1 & t n ! longe/ 9 ! ,geological ,cal5d>4 ,be=e ! age ( ! ,coal1 ,engl& 0 = c5turies at ! bottom ( ! sea1 :ile ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 0 sl[ly spread out ov] its exi/+ surface4 ,& aft] ! age ( ! ,coal1 ,engl& 0 aga9 subm]g$1 & gigantic ,i*?yosaurs ) _! companions ( ! deep1 sport$ 9 ! wat]s t roll$ ov] h] pla9s & cov]$ ! tops ( h] m\nta9s2 &1 :5 !y _h run _! c\rse1 left _! rema9s buri$ 9 ! clays ( ,ox=d%ire & ,w>wick%ire & ,dorset%ire4 ,fur!rmore1 ! b$s 9 :i* ^! mon/r\s reptiles are entomb$ 7 ov]laid by a /ratum ( calc>e\s ooze1 n[ =m+ a solid mass ( ,*alk ,rock1 (t5 a ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness4 ,?is ,*alk1 z we h se51 is no?+ else ?an a va/ accumulation ( %ells1 s m9ute t millions ( !m w\ld fit toge!r on ! blade ( a small p5-knife1 & hundr$s ( millions are c>ri$ ab\t by e c>p5t] 9 8 wai/coat pocket4 ,h[ _m g5]ations ( animalcules x took to pile up su* an imm5se ?ickness ( rock1 by ! action ( _! vital p[]s1 & h[ _m ages 7 consum$ 9 ! process x is beyond ! rea* ( sci5ce to calculate1 almo/ beyond ! p[] ( imag9ation to conceive4 ,& yet ! ,*alk itself 0 foll[$ by ! v>i\s ,=mations ( ! ,t]ti>y ,age2 :ile ! la/ ( ^! is sep>at$ by ! ,drift & ,b\ld] ,clay f ! sup]ficial deposits :i* correspond ) ! p]iod ( hi/ory1 & :i* g by ! "n ( ,rec5t4 ,?is topic has be5 illu/rat$ 9 a lively & /rik+ mann] by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 9 a ,lecture deliv]$ n long ago be=e ! work+-m5 ( ,norwi*4 8,at ,crom]10 he says1 8"o ( ! mo/ *>m+ spots on ! coa/ ( ,norfolk1 y w see ! ,b\ld] ,clay =m+ a va/ mass1 :i* lies ^u ! ,*alk1 & mu/ consequ5tly h come into exi/5ce aft] x4 ,huge b\ld]s ( *alk are1 9 fact1 includ$ 9 ! clay1 & h evid5tly be5 br\ght to ! position !y n[ occupy by ! same ag5cy z t :i* has plant$ blocks ( sy5ite f ,norway side by side ) !m4 8,! ,*alk1 !n1 is c]ta9ly old] ?an ! ,b\ld] ,clay4 ,if y ask h[ mu*1 ,i w aga9 take y no fur!r ?an ! same spot ^u y\r own coa/s = evid5ce4 ,i h spok5 ( ! ,b\ld] ,clay & ,drift z re/+ ^u ! ,*alk4 ,t is n /rictly true4 ,int]pos$ betwe5 ! ,*alk & ! ,drift is a comp>atively insignificant lay]1 conta9+ vegetable matt]4 ,b t lay] tells a wond]ful hi/ory4 ,x is full ( /umps ( trees /&+ z !y grew4 ,fir-trees are !re ) _! cones1 & hazel-bu%es ) _! nuts2 !re /& ! /ools ( oak & yew trees1 bee*es & ald]s4 ,h5ce ?is /ratum is appropriately call$ ! ,=e/-b$4 8,x is obvi\s t ! ,*alk mu/ h be5 upheav$ & conv]t$ into dry l& be=e ! timb] trees c\ld gr[ ^u x4 ,z ! trunks ( "s ( ^! trees are f two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 x is no less cle> t ! dry l& ?us =m$ rema9$ 9 ! same condition = long ages4 ,& n only d ! rema9s ( /ately oaks & well-gr[n firs te/ify to ! duration ( ?is condition ( ?+s1 b additional evid5ce to ! same effect is af=d$ by ! abundant rema9s ( elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 hippopotamuses1 & o!r great wild bea/s1 :i* x has yield$ to ! zeal\s se>* ( su* m5 z ! ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,gunn4 8,:5 y look at su* a collection z he has =m$1 & be?9k y t ^! elephant9e bones did v]itably c>ry _! own]s ab\t1 & ^! great gr9d]s crun* 9 ! d>k woods ( :i* ! ,=e/-b$ is n[ ! only trace1 x is impossible n to feel t !y are z good evid5ce ( ! lapse ( "t z ! annual r+s ( ! tree-/umps4 8,?us !re is a writ+ ^u ! wall ( cliffs at ,crom]1 & :oso runs may read x4 ,x tells u ) an au?ority :i* _c be impea*$1 t ! anci5t b$ ( ! ,*alk sea 0 rais$ up & rema9$ dry l& until x 0 cov]$ ) =e/1 /ock$ ) ! great game ^: spoils h rejoic$ y\r ,geologi/s4 ,h[ long x rema9$ 9 t condition _c be said2 b ! #8:irligig ( "t br\ght its rev5ges' 9 ^? days z 9 ^!4 ,t dry l&1 ) ! bones & tee? ( g5]ations ( long-liv$ elephants hidd5 away among ! gn>l$ roots & dry leaves ( its anci5t trees1 sank gradually to ! bottom ( ! icy sea1 :i* cov]$ x ) huge masses ( ,drift & ,b\ld] ,clay4 ,sea-bea/s1 su* z ! walrus1 n[ re/rict$ to ! extreme nor?1 paddl$ ab\t :]e birds _h twitt]$ among ! topmo/ twigs ( ! fir-trees4 ,h[ long ?is /ate ( ?+s endur$ we "k n1 b at l5g? x came to an end4 ,! upheav$ glacial mud h>d5$ into ! soil ( mod]n ,norfolk4 ,=e/s grew once m1 ! wolf & ! beav] replac$ ! re9de] & ! elephant2 & at l5g? :at we call$ ! hi/ory ( ,engl&1 dawn$4 8,?us evid5ce :i* _c be rebutt$1 & :i* ne$ n be /r5g!n$1 ?\gh1 if "t p]mitt$1 ,i might indef9itely increase its quantity1 compels y to believe t ! ,e>? f ! "t ( ! ,*alk to ! pres5t day1 has be5 ! !atre ( a s]ies ( *anges z va/ 9 _! am\nt z !y 7 sl[ 9 _! progress4 ,! area on :i* we /& has be5 fir/ sea & !n l& = at lea/ f\r alt]nations1 & has rema9$ 9 ea* ( ^! conditions = a p]iod ( great l5g?4 8,nor h ^! wond]ful metamorphoses ( ! sea into l&1 & ( l& into sea1 be5 conf9$ to "o corn] ( ,engl&4 ,dur+ ! ,*alk ,p]iod n "o ( ! pres5t great physical features ( ! ,globe 0 9 exi/5ce4 ,our great m\nta9 ranges1 ,pyr5ees1 ,alps1 ,himalayas1 ,&es1 h all be5 upheav$ s9ce ! ,*alk 0 deposit$1 & ! ,cretace\s sea fl[$ ov] ! sites ( ,s9ai & ,ar>at4 8,all ?is is c]ta91 because rocks ( ,cretace\s or /ill lat] date h %>$ 9 ! elevatory movem5ts :i* gave rise to ^! m\nta9 *a9s1 & may be f\nd p]*$ up1 9 "s cases1 _m ?\s& feet high ^u _! flanks4 ,& evid5ce ( equal cog5cy demon/rates t1 ?\gh 9 ,norfolk ! ,=e/-b$ re/s directly ^u ! ,*alk1 yet x does s1 n because ! p]iod at :i* ! =e/ grew imm$iately foll[$ t at :i* ! ,*alk 0 =m$1 b because an imm5se lapse ( "t1 repres5t$ else:]e by ?\s&s ( feet ( rock1 is n indicat$ at ,crom]4 8,i mu/ ask y to believe t !re is no less conclusive pro( t a /ill m prolong$ succession ( simil> *anges occurr$ be=e ! ,*alk 0 deposit$4 ,nor h we any reason to ?9k t ! fir/ t]m 9 ! s]ies ( ^! *anges is kn[n4 ,! olde/ sea-b$s pres]v$ to u are s&s & mud & pebbles1 ! we> & te> ( rocks :i* 7 =m$ 9 /ill old] oceans40#aje ,x is ne$less to pursue ?is subject fur!r1 or to seek = o!r illu/rations4 ,we may reject ,geology if we w3 b if we put any fai? ev5 9 its ma9 pr9ciples1 we mu/ believe t ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>? has pass$ ?r\gh an indef9ite s]ies ( revolutions1 dur+ :i* ! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks 7 sl[ly built up by ! action ( natural causes4 ,& x w\ld be utt]ly ridicul\s to suppose t ! hi/ory ( ^! revolutions c be compress$ into ! n>r[ compass ( six ?\s& ye>s4 ,turn+ n[ to ! o!r side ( ! "q1 we ma9ta9 t ?is extreme ,antiquity ( ! ,e>?1 :i* we h le>n$ f ,geology1 is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! hi/orical n>rative ( ! ,bible4 ,! ,bible1 inde$1 does fix ! ,*ronology ( ! ,human ,race at a comp>atively rec5t p]iod2 b z = ! ,*ronology ( ! ,_w itself1 ! ,bible simply tells u t1 8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?40 ,= all t appe>s to ! contr>y1 ?is ,e>? ( ours may h be5 9 exi/5ce = millions ( ye>s be=e man 0 introduc$ ^u ! sc5e2 & dur+ t "t may h be5 peopl$ ) ^? c\ntless tribes ( plants & animals :i* play s important a "p 9 ! records ( ,geology4 ,?is view1 :i* is n only fully tol]at$ by ! ,*ur*1 b n[ l>gely support$ by h] ,div9es & ,comm5tators1 we hope to br+ home cle>ly to our read]s 9 ! foll[+ pages2 & ?us to satisfy !m t1 z reg>ds ! ,antiquity ( ! ,e>?1 ! discov]ies ( ,geology c (f] no prejudice to our religi\s belief4 ,at ! outset x is ( "s importance to und]/& cle>ly ! nature ( t sy/em ( ,*ronology :i* is ga!r$ f ! ,bible4 ,n[h]e 9 ! ,sacr$ ,text is ! age ( ! human race explicitly set =?4 ,b v>i\s data are f\nd scatt]$ "h & !re ?r\gh ! hi/orical n>rative1 :i* af=d u suffici5t mat]ials to compute ! ye>s t elaps$ f ! ,creation ( ,adam to ! ,bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ^! data are 9 "s respects obscure1 & 9 "s respects unc]ta94 ,& ?us x has come to pass t _m diff]5t sy/ems ( ,*ronology h come into vogue1 ev5 among/ ^? :o pr(ess to be guid$ entirely by ! au?ority ( ! ,bible4 ,! :ole p]iod may be conv5i5tly divid$ into two p>ts2--f ! ,creation ( ,adam to ! ,call ( ,abraham2 & f ! call ( ,abraham to ! ,bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,z reg>ds ! latt] int]val1 ! diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ,*ronologi/s is n v sub/antial2 ! l5g? ( ! p]iod may be r\ghly set d[n at ab\t #b1jjj ye>s4 ,b 9 ! computation ( ! =m] int]val a v wide diff]5ce prevails1 aris+ f a div]sity ( read+ 9 ! e>lie/ v]sions ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,! mat]ials = ! computation are d]iv$ f two g5ealogical li/s1 "o ext5d+ f ,adam to ,noah1#ajf ! o!r f ,noah to ,abraham4#ajg ,9 ^! li/s we h n only ! direct l9e ( desc5t f fa!r to son1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod 9 "q1 b1 moreov]1 we h ! age ( ea* individual memb] ( ! g5ealogy at ! "t :5 ! next 9 succession 0 born4 ,z1 = example3--8,adam liv$ a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s1 & begot a son to 8 own image & lik5ess1 & call$ 8 "n ,se?4 ,& ! days ( ,adam1 aft] he _h begot ,se?1 7 eight hundr$ ye>s3 & he begot sons & daught]s4 ,& all ! "t t ,adam liv$ came to n9e hundr$ & ?irty ye>s1 & he di$4 ,se? also liv$ a hundr$ & five ye>s1 & begot ,enos4 ,& ,se? liv$1 aft] he begot ,enos1 eight hundr$ & sev5 ye>s1 & begot sons & daught]s4 ,& all ! days ( ,se? 7 n9e hundr$ & twelve ye>s1 & he di$4 ,& ,enos liv$ n9ety ye>s1 & begot ,ca9an30#ajh & s on4 ,n[ x is pla91 accord+ to ?is /atem5t1 t f ! ,creation ( ,adam to ! bir? ( ,se? 0 a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s2 to ! bir? ( ,enos1 a hundr$ & ?irty1 m a hundr$ & five ye>s2 to ! bir? ( ,ca9an1 a hundr$ & ?irty1 m a hundr$ & five1 m n9ety ye>s4 ,& 9 ?is way1 foll[+ ! g5ealogies ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 we may easily compute ! "t f ! ,creation ( ,adam to ! ,bir? ( ,abraham4 ,add+ sev5ty-five ye>s to ?is p]iod1 we rea* ! epo* kn[n z ! ,call ( ,abraham2 = we are told t 8,abraham 0 sev5ty & five ye>s old :5 he w5t =? f ,h>an40#aji ,n[ e "o kn[s t :5 a long catalogue ( names & numb]s is copi$ & recopi$ f age to age1 errors are v likely to creep 9 & be p]petuat$4 ,& s x has be5 9 ! pres5t case4 ,! ?ree e>lie/ v]sions ( ! ,p5tateu* are ! ,hebrew1 ! ,sam>itan1 & ! ,septuag9t3 & betwe5 ^! ?ree v]sions !re is a v great discrepancy ) reg>d to ! figures 9 "q2 s great1 inde$1 z to make up1 on ! :ole1 a diff]5ce ( #aejj ye>s1 or m1 9 ! age ( ! human race4 ,9 ! table t appe>s on ! foll[+ page1 = :i* we are ma9ly indebt$ to ! "w ( a mod]n writ]1#aaj ?is div]sity ( read+ is set =? 9 a v simple & intelligible =m4 ,x is pla9 t ( ^! ?ree diff]5t v]sions1 "o only c repres5t ! true age ( ! human race :5 ,abraham w5t =?1 at ! comm& ( ,god1 f 8 c\ntry & 8 k9dr$ & 8 fa!r's h\se1 to g into ! l& ( ,canaan3 & at ?is di/ance ( "t1 x is impossible to det]m9e ) any?+ l c]ta9ty1 :i* ( ! ?ree has ! greate/ claim on our acceptance4 ,! ,*ur* has n pron\nc$ ^u ! subject2 & ! "q is freely discuss$ among ,biblical s*ol>s4 ,b ! details ( ?is controv]sy h little to d ) our pres5t argum5t4 ,en\gh x is = u to "k t1 f ! ,creation ( ,adam to ! ,bir? ( ,*ri/1 _c h be5 m ?an six ?\s& ye>s at ! highe/ computation1 nor mu* less ?an f\r ?\s& at ! l[e/4 ,add+ #ahfi ye>s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 ! pres5t age ( ! ,human ,race accord+ to ! data ( ! ,bible w\ld seem to lie betwe5 six & eight ?\s& ye>s4 ,,g5ealogies ,,( ,,g5esis4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,age ,,( ,,ea* ,,:5 ,,! ,,next ,,patri>*s4 ,,0 ,,born4 ,,accord+ ,,to ,septuag9t4 ,hebrew4 ,sam>itan4 ,adam1 #bcj #acj #acj ,se?1 #bje #aje #aje ,enos1 #aij #ij #ij ,ca9an1 #agj #gj #gj ,malaleel1 #afe #fe #fe ,j>$1 #afb #afb #fb ,h5o*1 #afe #fe #fe ,ma?usala1 #afg #ahg #fg ,lame*1 #ahh #ahb #ec ,noe1 #ejj #ejj #ejj ,sem1 #ajj #ajj #ajj ,f ! creation ( ,adam to ! ---- ---- ---- bir? ( ,arphaxad1 two ye>s aft] #bbdb #afef #acjg ! ,flood1#aaa ---- ---- ---- ,arphaxad1 #ace #ce #ace ,ca9an1#aab #acj -- -- ,sale1 #acj #cj #acj ,heb]1 #acd #cd #acd ,phaleg1 #acj #cj #acj ,reu1 #acb #cb #acb ,s>ug1 #acj #cj #acj ,na*or1 #gi #bi #gi ,?>e1 #gj #gj #gj ,abraham call$ by ,god1 #ge #ge #ge ---- ---- ---- ,f ! ,flood to ! ,call ( #aade #cfe #ajae ,abraham1 ---- ---- ---- ,f ! ,creation ( ,adam to ! ,call ( ,abraham1 #cchg #bjba #bcbb ,! ,bible1 !n1 does det]m9e1 ?\gh ) "s vagu5ess & unc]ta9ty1 ! age ( ! ,human ,race4 ,we h n[ to consid] :e!r1 9 fix+ ! age ( ! ,human ,race1 x fixes likewise ! age ( ! ,_w itself4 ,= ?is purpose we mu/ turn our att5tion to ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 9 :i* is briefly set =? ! orig9 & e>ly hi/ory ( our ,globe f ! ,creation ( ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? 9 ! beg9n+ to ! ,creation ( ,man at ! close ( ! ,six? ,day4 ,if x %\ld appe> t ^! two ev5ts 7 compris$ )9 a v n>r[ limit ( "t1 z is n unfrequ5tly suppos$1 !n inde$ ! age ( ! _w mu/ agree pretty ne>ly ) ! age ( ! ,human ,race4 ,b if on ! o!r h&1 betwe5 ^! two ev5ts ! ,sacr$ ,record all[s u to suppose an int]val ( indef9ite l5g?1 !n x pla9ly foll[s t ! age ( ! ,human ,race1 z set =? 9 ! ,bible ,g5ealogies1 c af=d no evid5ce aga9/ ! ,antiquity ( ! ,e>?4 ,! "q is ?us br\ght )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,we h simply to take up ! ,fir/ ,*apt] ( ,g5esis1 & inquire :e!r or no x is !re convey$ t ! ,creation ( ,man1 :i* is describ$ t[>d ! close ( ! *apt]1 foll[$ aft] ! lapse ( only a few days ^u ! ,creation ( ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 :i* is record$ 9 ! fir/ v]se4 ,= _m c5turies ?is "q receiv$ b little att5tion f ! read]s ( ! ,bible4 ,x 0 commonly assum$ t1 z ! v>i\s ev5ts ( ! ,creation are trac$ out 9 rapid succession by ! ,inspir$ ,writ]1 & /rung toge!r into "o cont9u\s n>rative1 s did !y foll[ "o ano!r1 9 reality1 ) a correspond+ rapidity1 & 9 ! same unbrok5 cont9uity4 ,! progress ( ,physical ,sci5ce _h n yet %[n any necessity = suppos+ a l5g!n$ p]iod ( "t to h elaps$ betwe5 ! ,creation ( ! ,_w & ! ,creation ( ,man3 nor 0 !re any?+ 9 ! n>rative itself to sugge/ su* an idea4 ,?us x 0 g5]ally tak5 = grant$1 almo/ )\t discussion1 t :5 ,god _h creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? 9 ! beg9n+1 ,he at once set ab\t ! "w ( arrang+ & furni%+ ! univ]se1 & fitt+ x up = ! use ( man2 t ,he di/ribut$ ?is "w ov] a p]iod ( six ord9>y days1 & at ! close ( ! six? day1 introduc$ our ,fir/ ,p>5ts ^u ! sc5e3 & t1 !re=e1 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,human ,race 0 b six days lat] ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! ,_w4 ,^! notions ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! ,creation cont9u$ to prevail almo/ d[n to our own "t4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 n f\nd$ on a close & sci5tific exam9ation ( ! ,sacr$ ,text4 ,! hypo!sis ( a long & ev5tful /ate ( exi/5ce prior to ! ,creation ( ,man may be said r to h be5 ov]look$1 ?an to h be5 reject$1 by our ,comm5tators4 ,!re 0 no good reasons = ent]ta9+ su* a speculation1 & s !y said no?+ ab\t x4 ,b n[ t ! _w is r++ ) ! wond]ful discov]ies ( ,geology1 :i* seem to po9t m & m cle>ly e day to ! extreme ,antiquity ( ! ,e>?1 x becomes an imp]ative duty to exam9e once aga9 ) all dilig5ce & c>e ! ,inspir$ n>rative ( ! ,creation1 & to consid] well ! relation 9 :i* x /&s ) ?is new dogma ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,we are n ! fir/ to ent] ^u ! inquiry4 ,already x has engag$ ! att5tion & /imulat$ ! indu/ry ( ,!ological writ]s = m ?an half a c5tury4 ,_m em95t m51 di/+ui%$ alike = _! ext5sive acquirem5ts & = _! religi\s zeal1 h prote/$ w>mly aga9/ ! op9ion ( ,geologi/s1 conc]n+ ! ,antiquity ( ! ,e>?1 z "o t _c be reconcil$ ) ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! ,bible4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are writ]s no less illu/ri\s1 & no less s9c]ely atta*$ to ! cause ( religion1 :o cont5d t !re is no?+ 9 ! ,sacr$ ,text to exclude ! supposition ( a long & indef9ite int]val--an int]val if necess>y ( _m millions ( ye>s--betwe5 ! fir/ creation ( matt] & ! creation ( man4 ,?irty ye>s ago ?is op9ion 0 def5d$ by ,c>d9al ,wiseman ) great le>n+1 & ) great felicity ( illu/ration1 9 8 fam\s ,lectures on ! ,connection betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,! em95t ,roman ,jesuit1 ,fa!r ,p]rone1 has foll[$ ! same l9e ( argum5t 9 8 ,prlectiones ,!ologic1 :i*1 z e "o kn[s1 has long s9ce become a classic "w 9 s*ools ( ,!ology4 ,x has be5 yet m fully discuss$1 & support$ by m elaborate reason+1 9 a "w entitl$ ,cosmogonia ,naturale ,comp>ata col ,g5esi1 lately publi%$ 9 ,rome at ! press ( ! ,civilt ,cattolica1 by ano!r di/+ui%$ ,jesuit1 ,john ,bapti/ ,pianciani4 ,among/ ,prote/ant writ]s1 too1 ?is view ( ! ,mosaic n>rative has f\nd no inconsid]able numb] ( able advocates4 ,x is def5d$ by ,doctor ,buckl&1 ! em95t ,geologi/1 9 8 celebrat$ ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 by ,doctor ,*alm]s 9 8 ,evid5ces ( ! ,*ri/ian ,revelation1 by ,doctor ,pye ,smi? 9 8 diss]tations on ,geology & ,scripture1 by ! eloqu5t & orig9al ,hugh ,mill] 9 8 int]e/+ "w on ! ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks2 & by a ho/ ( o!rs sc>cely less di/+ui%$ ?an ^!4 ,b ^! le>n$ writ]s are n altoge!r ( "o accord z to ! precise po9t 9 ! ,fir/ ,*apt] ( ,g5esis1 at :i* we may suppose a long int]val ( "t to h int]v5$4 ,"s1 ) ,doctor ,buckl&1 ,doctor ,pye ,smi?1 & ,doctor ,*alm]s1 consid] t ?is int]val may be/ be introduc$ betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( all "t1 :5 ,god creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fir/ ,day1 :5 ,he set ab\t prep>+ ! _w z a dwell+-place = man4 ,sacr$ ,scripture1 !y say1 simply records ^! two ev5ts1 7#a7 t 8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?10 & 7#b7 t1 at "s subsequ5t "t1 8,god said3 ,let !re be light3 & light 0 made40 ,b ,sacr$ ,scripture does n tell u :at l5g? ( "t elaps$ betwe5 ^! two great acts ( ,div9e ,omnipot5ce4 ,= aught we "k f ,revelation1 x may h be5 b a s+le day1 or x may h be5 a million ( ye>s4 ,o!rs aga91 z = in/ance ,pianciani1 pref] to suppose t ea* "o ( ! ,six ,days may h be5 itself a p]iod ( indef9ite1 nay ( almo/ inconceivable duration4 ,s t1 betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! _w & ! creation ( man six great ages ( ! ,e>?'s hi/ory may h roll$ by1 ea* "o di/+ui%$ by a new manife/ation ( ,god's p[]1 & ! introduction ( new =ms ( life4 ,^! writ]s ev5 fancy t !y c discov] a close analogy betwe5 ! successive acts ( creation record$ 9 ,g5esis1 & ! gradual developm5t ( organic life exhibit$ 9 ! great ,epo*s ( ,geology4 ,to u x seems t ei!r "o or ! o!r ( ^! two sy/ems1 or bo? toge!r1 may be fairly admitt$ )\t any undue viol5ce to ! text ( ! ,inspir$ n>rative3 & ?is1 we w\ld obs]ve 9 pass+1 is ! op9ion to :i* ,c>d9al ,wiseman appe>s to h incl9$1 ?irty ye>s ago1 9 8 ,lectures on ! ,connection betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,religion4 ,we ma9ta91 !n1 9 ! fir/ place1 t !re is no?+ 9 ! ,mosaic n>rative1 :5 c>efully exam9$1 at v>iance ) ! hypo!sis ( an indef9ite int]val betwe5 ! creation ( ! _w & ! "w ( ! ,six ,days4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 we cont5d t x is q consi/5t ) ! usage ( ,sacr$ ,scripture to expla9 ^! ,days ( ,creation z long p]iods ( "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x may appe>1 p]haps1 to "s ( our read]s t ?is is dang]\s gr\nd on :i* we are ab\t to v5ture4 ,!y may h be5 accu/om$ all _! lives to view ! hi/ory ( ,creation ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ^? notions t commonly prevail$ be=e ! discov]ies ( ,geology3 & f ! influ5ce ( long association !y may h come1 9 ! end1 to reg>d _! own int]pretation ) sc>cely less v5]ation ?an ! ,inspir$ ,text itself4 ,su* p]sons w naturally be dispos$ to look ^u our und]tak+ ) disfavor & suspicion4 ,!y w ?9k u guilty ( irrev]5ce t[>d ,holy ,scripture :5 we seek to modify our views ab\t its mean+1 9 def]5ce to ! conclusions ( ,physical ,sci5ce2 & !y may be tempt$ ev5 to *>ge u ) putt+ ! idle int]pretations ( m5 into ! balance aga9/ ! ,inspir$ ,^w ( ,god4 ,to ?is l9e ( objection we w\ld answ]1 t we _c be guilty ( irrev]5ce to ! ,holy ,scripture1 :5 we are only /riv+1 ) due submission to ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 to discov] ! true mean+ ( an obscure & difficult passage1 on :i* ! ,*ur* has pron\nc$ no def9ite judgm5t4 ,nor c we be said to make light ( ! ,^w ( ,god1 :5 we are b attempt+ to def5d its un]r+ v]acity f ! assaults ( infidel writ]s4 ,fur!rmore we w\ld add1 t1 if x is a dang]\s ?+ to modify ! receiv$ int]pretation ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ,scripture1 :5 ! progress ( sci5ce enables u to see physical ph5om5a "u a new light1 x is a f> m dang]\s ?+ to p]si/ 9 imput+ to ,scripture a doctr9e t1 9 a v %ort "t1 may be prov$ to be false1 beyond ! possibility ( contradiction4 ,^! s5tim5ts are n altoge!r our own4 ,!y h come to u1 9 great "p1 f an illu/ri\s ,doctor ( ! ,*ur*2 & we are glad1 at ?is e>ly /age ( our discussion1 to be able to %elt] our humble ef=ts "u ! au?ority ( 8 v5]able "n4 ,x is n[ m ?an f\rte5 c5turies & a half s9ce ,sa9t ,augu/9e set ab\t ! lit]al int]pretation ( ,g5esis1 :i* he accompli%$ 9 a ,treatise ( twelve books4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! fir/ book he expatiates at "s l5g? on ! difficulty ( 8 und]tak+1 & on ! v>iety ( div]se int]pretations1 :i* prevail$ ev5 9 8 "t4 ,f ?is he takes occasion to w>n 8 read]s t1 8if we f9d any?+ 9 ,div9e ,scripture t may be v>i\sly expla9$ )\t any injury to fai?1 we %\ld n ru% headlong by positive ass]tion ei!r to "o op9ion or ! o!r2 le/1 if p]*ance ! op9ion we h adopt$ %\ld aft]w>d turn out to be false1 our fai? %\ld fall ) x2 & we %\ld be f\nd cont5d+1 n s mu* = ! doctr9e ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures z = our own2 endeavor+ to make our doctr9e to be t ( ! ,scriptures1 in/ead ( tak+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,scriptures to be ours40#aac ,& a little fur!r on he aga9 exposes ! imprud5ce ( su* a proce$+1 9 words t _c b be consid]$ peculi>ly applicable to our pres5t subject3-- 8,x (t5 happ5s t "o :o is n a ,*ri/ian ha? "s k d]iv$ f ! cle>e/ argum5ts or f ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses ab\t ! e>?1 ab\t ! heav5s1 ab\t ! o!r elem5ts ( ?is _w1 ab\t ! movem5ts & revolutions1 or ab\t ! size & di/ances ( ! />s1 ab\t c]ta9 eclipses ( ! sun & moon1 ab\t ! c\rse ( ! ye>s & ! seasons1 ab\t ! nature ( animals1 plants1 & m9]als1 & ab\t o!r ?+s ( a l k9d4 ,n[ x is an unseemly & mis*iev\s ?+1 & greatly to be avoid$1 t a ,*ri/ian man speak+ on su* matt]s1 z if accord+ to ! au?ority ( ,*ri/ian ,scripture1 %\ld talk s fooli%ly t ! unbeliev]1 on he>+ him1 & obs]v+ ! extravagance ( 8 error1 %\ld h>dly be able to refra9 f laugh+4 ,& ! great mis*ief is1 n s mu* t ! man himself is laugh$ at = 8 errors1 b t our au?ors are believ$ by p )\t ! ,*ur* to h taught su* ?+s1 & s are condemn$ z unle>n$1 & ca/ aside1 to ! great loss ( ^? = ^: salvation we are s mu* conc]n$4 ,=1 :5 !y f9d "o belong+ to ! ,*ri/ian body fall+ into error on a subject ) :i* !y !mselves are ?or\ghly conv]sant1 & :5 !y see him1 moreov]1 en=c+ 8 gr\ndless op9ion by ! au?ority ( our ,sacr$ ,books1 h[ are !y likely to put tru/ 9 ^! ,books ab\t ! resurrection ( ! dead1 & ! hope ( et]nal life1 & ! k+dom ( heav51 hav+ already come to reg>d !m z fallaci\s ab\t ^? ?+s !y _h !mselves le>n$ f obs]vation or f unque/ionable evid5ce8 ,&1 inde$1 x 7 n easy to tell :at tr\ble & sorr[ "s ra% & presumptu\s m5 br+ ^u _! prud5t bre?r51 :o1 :5 !y are *>g$ ) a p]v]se & false op9ion by ^? :o d n accept ! au?ority ( our ,books1 attempt to put =w>d ^! same ,holy ,books 9 def5ce ( t :i* !y h lightly & falsely ass]t$2 sometimes ev5 quot+ f memory :at !y ?9k w suit _! purpose1 & putt+ =? _m words1 )\t well und]/&+ ei!r :at !y say1 or :at !y are talk+ ab\t40#aad ,& _m ages aft]1 ,sa9t ,?omas1 ! great lum9>y ( ! s*ools1 appeals to ?is wise admonition ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 & applies x to ! circum/ances ( 8 own times4 ,writ+ ab\t ! "w ( ! ,second ,day1 he says t 89 que/ions ( ?is sort !re are two ?+s to be obs]v$4 ,fir/1 t ! tru? ( ,scripture be inviolably ma9ta9$4 ,secondly1 s9ce ,scripture do? admit ( div]se int]pretations1 t we mu/ n cl+ to any p>ticul> exposition ) su* p]t9acity1 t if :at we suppos$ to be ! tea*+ ( ,scripture %\ld aft]w>d turn out to be cle>ly false1 we %\ld nev]!less /ill presume to put x =w>d2 le/ !reby we %\ld expose ! ,inspir$ ,^w ( ,god to ! d]ision ( unbeliev]s1 & %ut !m out f ! way ( salvation40#aae ,"u ! sanction ( two su* illu/ri\s ,sa9ts & ,doctors we ne$ n hesitate to proce$ 9 our attempt to reconcile ! ,inspir$ n>rative ( ! ,creation ) ! doctr9e ( ! ,antiquity ( ! ,e>?1 z set =? by ! advocates ( ,geology4 ,let x be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t we d n und]take to prove ! extreme ,antiquity ( ! ,e>? f ! language ( ,scripture2 b simply to %[ t ! language ( ,scripture leaves ! ,antiquity ( ! ,e>? an op5 "q4 ,! ,geologi/ holds t ?is ,globe ( ours has be5 9 exi/5ce = hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 p]haps = millions ( ye>s2 & our object is to %[ t1 :ile ma9ta9+ ?is op9ion1 he may1 nev]!less1 accept ! hi/orical tru? ( ! ,bible n>rative4 ,z be=e expla9$1 two po9ts arise = discussion3 fir/1 c we suppose an int]val ( indef9ite l5g? to h elaps$ betwe5 ! ,creation ( ! ,_w1 & ! "w ( ! ,six ,days8 & secondly1 is x lawful to expla9 ^! ,days 9 ! s5se ( long p]iods8 ,we %all take ^! two que/ions 9 succession1 deal+ ) ea* ^u its own m]its2 & if we fail to en=ce conviction1 we hope1 at lea/1 to v9dicate our "r to tol]ation4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,fir/ ,,hypo!sis2--,,an ,,int]val ,,( ,,indef9ite ,,duration ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,creation ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,& ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mosaic ,,day4 ,! heav5s & ! e>? 7 creat$ be=e ! fir/ ,mosaic day--,objection f ,exodus1 xx4 #i-aa--;,answ]--,int]pretation ( ! au?or support$ by ! be/ comm5tators--,confirm$ by ! ,hebrew text--,! e>ly fa!rs commonly held ! exi/5ce ( creat$ matt] prior to ! "w ( ! ,six ,days--,sa9t ,basil1 ,sa9t ,*ryso/om1 ,sa9t ,ambrose1 ,v5]able ,b$e--,! mo/ em95t doctors 9 ! s*ools concurr$ 9 ?is op9ion--,pet] ,lomb>d1 ,hugh ( ,sa9t ,victor1 ,sa9t ,?omas--,also comm5tators & !ologians--,p]r]ius1 ,petavius--,di/+ui%$ names on ! o!r side1 ,a ,lapide1 ,to/atus1 ,sa9t ,augu/9e--,! op9ion is at lea/ n at v>iance ) ! voice ( tradition--,?is p]iod ( creat$ exi/5ce may h be5 ( indef9ite l5g?--,& ! e>? may h be5 furni%$ !n z n[ ) c\ntless tribes ( plants & animals--,objections to ?is hypo!sis propos$ & expla9$4 ,! op5+ v]ses ( ! ,mosaic hi/ory may be r5d]$ ?us lit]ally f ! ,hebrew ,text3-- 7#a7 8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?4 7#b7 8,& ! ,e>? 0 wa/e & empty2 & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep2 & ! _s ( ,god mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s4 7#c7 8,& ,god said1 ,let !re be light2 & !re 0 light4 7#d7 8,& ,god saw ! light t x 0 good2 & ,god divid$ ! light f ! d>kness4 7#e7 8,& ,god call$ ! light ,day1 & ! d>kness he call$ ,night4 ,& ! ev5+ 01 & ! morn+ 01 ! fir/ day40 ,n[ x appe>s to u t ! great ev5t ) :i* ?is n>rative beg9s1 ! creation ( ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 is n repres5t$ z a "p ( ! "w t 0 accompli%$ )9 ! ,six ,days4 ,x is n said t on ! fir/ day ,god creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 b 9 ! beg9n+4 ,besides1 ! ,sacr$ writ]1 uni=mly ?r\gh\t ! *apt]1 employs "o & ! same peculi> phrase to introduce ! "w ( ea* successive day4 ,9 describ+ ! op]ations ( ,god on ! second day1 he beg9s3 8,& ,god said1 ,let !re be a firmam5t 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s30 on ! ?ird day1 8,& ,god said1 ,let ! wat]s t are "u ! ,heav5s be ga!r$ toge!r into "o place30 on ! f\r?1 8,& ,god said1 ,let !re be lights 9 ! firmam5t ( ! ,heav5s to divide ! day f ! night30 on ! fif?1 8,& ,god said1 ,let ! wat]s br+ =? ! creep+ ?+ hav+ life30 on ! six?1 8,& ,god said1 ,let ! e>? br+ =? ! liv+ creature aft] its k9d40 ,h5ce1 :5 we meet ?is same phrase = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ?ird v]se1 8,& ,god said1 ,let !re be light10 we may reasonably suppose t ! "w ( ! fir/ day began ) ! decree :i* is set =? 9 ^! words4 ,if s x pla9ly foll[s t we may all[ ! exi/5ce ( creat$ matt] be=e t p>ticul> epo* ( "t :i*1 9 ! language ( ,moses1 is /yl$ ! ,fir/ ,day3 =1 be=e ! creation ( light1 ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? 7 already 9 exi/5ce1 & ! ,e>? 0 wa/e & empty1 & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep1 & ! _s ( ,god mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s4 ,an objection is sometimes rais$ f ! words ( ,god 9 ! promulgation ( ! ?ird comm&m5t3--8,six days %alt ?\ labor & d all ?y "w4 ,b ! sev5? day is ! sabba? ( ! ,"l ?y ,god2 ?\ %alt d no "w on x4444 ,= 9 six days ! ,"l made ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? & ! sea1 & all t is 9 !m1 & re/e? ! sev5? day40#aaf ,x is argu$ t ! creation ( ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? is "h set =? z a "p ( ! "w accompli%$ )9 ! ,six ,days2 :i* is directly aga9/ our op9ion4 ,?is difficulty w\ld be simply insurm\ntable1 if x c\ld be prov$ t ! text ref]s to t fir/ act ( creation by :i* ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? 7 br\ght into exi/5ce out ( no?+4 ,we ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! phrase may fairly be und]/ood to mean1 9 six days ! ,"l fa%ion$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?2 t is to say1 gave to !m t =m & %ape & outw>d "* :i* !y n[ possess4 ,9 ?is s5se ! words w\ld apply1 n to ! fir/ act ( creation out ( no?+1 b r to t subsequ5t s]ies ( op]ations by :i* ! ,e>? 0 fitt$ up & furni%$ = ! use ( man4 ,& ?is int]pretation is support$ by ! au?ority ( our be/ ,comm5tators4 ,p]r]ius =mally discusses ! po9t1 & ma9ta9s t ,god may truly be said to h made ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? 9 ,six ,days1 al?\gh ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 z f> z reg>ds _! sub/antial matt]1 _h be5 creat$ be=e ! ,fir/ ,day3 = x 0 only )9 ! ,six ,days t !y 7 adorn$ & complet$ & p]fect$4 ,to/atus is n less explicit4 ,9 ?is passage1 he says1 ! ^w made is v prop]ly employ$2 = ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? :i* are "h ref]r$ to1 & ! o!r ?+s t are includ$ "u ?is g5]al designation1 7 all made f matt] already exi/+1 b ?is matt] itself 0 n made1 x 0 creat$4 ,petavius also adopts ?is view 9 8 rem>ks ^u ! f\r? v]se ( ! second *apt] ( ,g5esis4#aag ,we may add t ?is mode ( expla9+ ! passage receives no small support f ! ,hebrew text4 ,:5 x is said1 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 t 8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?10 ! ^w us$ by ! ,sacr$ writ] is 7,b>a71 :i* /rictly means to create out ( no?+2 :]eas1 9 describ+ ! op]ations ( ! ,six ,days1 he commonly uses ! ^w 7,hasah71 :i* means to =m & fa%ion1 or to produce some?+ out ( pre-exi/+ mat]ials4#aah ,n[1 9 ! text ( ,exodus we f9d ! ^w 7,hasah71 to fa%ion or produce1 & n ! ^w 7,b>a71 to create4 ,we d n want to insi/ v rigor\sly ^u ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! two words 7,b>a7 & 7,hasah71 nor w\ld we d5y t !y are sometimes int]*ang$ z reg>ds _! mean+4 ,we ?9k !y are relat$ to "o ano!r pretty ne>ly z ! correspond+ words to create & to make 9 ,engli%1 & we "k t ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two words is n always /rictly obs]v$4 ,?us1 we sometimes say t ,god made ! _w1 mean+ t he br\ght x =? f no?+1 & we speak ( ! creation ( pe]s2 & ,%akspe>e says3-- 8,n[ is ! "t ( help2 y\r eye 9 ,scotl& ,w\ld create soldi]s1 make our wom5 fight ,to d(f _! dire di/resses40--,macbe?1 ,act iv41 ,sc4 iii4 ,nev]!less1 :5 we comp>e two su* passages z ^!3--8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?10 & 8,9 ,six ,days ! ,"l made ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? & ! sea1 & all t 9 !m is10 we ?9k ! /udi$ contra/ ( expression is a fair gr\nd = suppos+ t1 :ile ! "o ref]s to ! ,div9e decree by :i* matt] 0 fir/ br\ght into exi/5ce out ( no?+1 ! o!r may be und]/ood ( ^? subsequ5t op]ations by :i* x receiv$ its pres5t =m & %ape4 ,we see no difficulty1 !n1 z f> z ! ,sacr$ ,text is conc]n$1 9 suppos+ a condition ( creat$ exi/5ce prior to ! p]iod ( ! ,six ,days4 ,b s9ce ?is op9ion is ! f\ndation on :i* our :ole argum5t re/s1 we %\ld wi% to %[1 moreov]1 ev5 at ! risk ( be+ t$i\s1 t x has be5 put =w>d & def5d$ by ! mo/ em95t writ]s 9 e age ( ! ,*ur*4 ,among/ ! e>ly ,fa!rs1 ,sa9t ,basil reasons aft] ?is mann] :5 comm5t+ ^u ! passage1 8,!re 0 ev5+ & !re 0 morn+ ! fir/ day30--8,! ev5+ is ! common t]m ( day & night2 &1 9 l mann]1 ! morn+ is ! po9t ( union betwe5 night & day4 ,:]e=e1 9 ord] to signify t to ! day belong$ ! pr]ogative ( be+ ! fir/ begott51 ! sacr$ writ] fir/ commemorates ! close ( day1 & aft]w>d ! close ( night2 imply+ !reby t ! day 0 foll[$ by ! night4 ,z to ! condition ( ! _w be=e ! =mation ( light1 t is n call$ ,night1 b simply ,d>kness2 :]eas t p]iod :i* is di/+ui%$ f day & oppos$ to x1 is call$ night40#aai ,?is great ,doctor1 !re=e1 tea*es t ! ,fir/ ,day began ) a p]iod ( light :i* is call$ day1 & end$ ) a p]iod ( d>kness :i* is call$ night2 & he recognizes a previ\s /ate ( exi/5ce :i* 0 no "p ( ! ,fir/ ,day4 ,s1 too1 ,sa9t ,*ryso/om1 9 8 ?ird ,homily ^u ,g5esis1 lays d[n t ! ,e>? 0 fir/ creat$ a rude & %apeless mass1 )\t =m or ornam5t2 t aft]w>d light 0 made1 & t1 ) ! creation ( light1 ! ,fir/ ,day began4#abj ,9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 ,sa9t ,ambrose adopts ! same l9e ( int]pretation4 ,he sets =? t ,god fir/ creat$ ! _w1 9 ! beg9n+2 & aft]w>d dur+ ! ,six ,days furni%$ & adorn$ x2 j z a skilful workman fir/ lays ! f\ndation ( a build+1 & aft]w>d raises ! sup]/ructure1 & sup]adds ! ornam5t4 ,& else:]e1 he says t1 :5 ! voice ( ,god w5t =?1 8,let light be made10 9 ! same mom5t ! ,fir/ ,day began4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! _w exi/$ be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fir/ ,day4 ,9 ano!r place he gives a new turn to ! same idea1 tell+ u t 9 ! beg9n+ ,god made ! _w2 & ) ! _w1 "t began4 ,b n ) "t did ! ,fir/ ,day beg93 = ! ,fir/ ,day is n ! beg9n+ ( "t1 x is r an epo* ( "t4#aba ,pass+ on to ! middle ages1 we f9d our view support$ by ! au?ority ( ,v5]able ,b$e1 9 sev]al p>ts ( 8 writ+s4 ,8 notion is t1 dur+ ! ,six ,days1 ,god =m$ & fa%ion$ ! _w out ( %apeless matt]2 b1 be=e ! ,six ,days began1 ,he _h made ?is %apeless matt] itself out ( no?+4 8,two ?+s10 he says1 8did ,god make be=e all days1 ! angelical nature1 & %apeless matt]40 ,& aga91 he dresses up ?is op9ion 9 ! =m ( a dialogue3--8,disciple4 ,tell me ! ord] 9 :i* ?+s 7 made ?r\gh\t ! ,six ,days8 ,ma/]4 ,fir/1 9 ! v beg9n+ ( creat$ exi/5ce1 7 made heav5 & e>?1 ! angels1 air1 & wat]4 ,disciple4 ,cont9ue ! ord] ( creation8 ,ma/]4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fir/ ,day light 0 made2 on ! second 0 made ! firmam5t10 etc4#abb ,no?+ c be m pla9 ?an ! di/9ction "h set up betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( all "t1 :5 ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? 7 made1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fir/ ,day1 :5 light 0 made4 ,& :5 we come to /ill m rec5t times1 we f9d ?is int]pretation 0 tak5 up & def5d$ by ! great ma/]s 9 ! s*ools ( ,!ology4 ,pet] ,lomb>d1 ! fam\s ,magi/] ,s5t5ti>um1 ref]r+ to ! fir/ v]se ( ,g5esis1 says t 89 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ,heav51 :i* means ! ,angels1 & ! ,e>?1 :i* means confus$ & un%apely matt]1 ! same t is call$ ,*aos by ! ,greeks2 & ?is 0 be=e any day40 ,n less cle>ly speaks out ,hugh ( ,sa9t ,victor1 :o = 8 pr(\nd & v>i$ erudition1 0 call$ ! second ,augu/9e4 ,9 expla9+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,six ,days1 he says3 8,! fir/ ( ! ,div9e op]ations 0 ! creation ( light4 ,b ! light 0 n !n creat$ f no?+1 x 0 =m$ f pre-exi/+ matt]4 ,?is 0 ! "w t 0 accompli%$ on ! ,fir/ ,day3 b ! mat]ial ( ?is "w _h be5 creat$ be=e ! ,fir/ ,day4 ,directly ) ! light ! day began2 = be=e ! light x 0 nei!r night or day1 ?\gh "t already exi/$40#abc ,lat] /ill1 ,/4 ,?omas himself cle>ly leans to ?is view :5 he says3 8,x is bett] to ma9ta9 t ! creation 0 be=e any day40 ,& ,p]r]ius1 ! mo/ le>n$1 p]haps1 ( all our comm5tators on ,g5esis1 argues ) u t ! _w 0 creat$ be=e ! production ( light1 & be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,fir/ ,day4 ,nay1 he adds t he _c tell h[ long t primeval /ate ( exi/5ce may h endur$ be=e ! ,six ,days began2 nor does he ?9k x c be kn[n except by a special revelation4 ,petavius1 too1 is ) u4 ,he does n inde$ accept our int]pretation ( ! fir/ v]se4 ,:5 x is said1 8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?10 he holds t ^! words d n describe any "o p>ticul> act ( ,god1 b repres5t1 z x 7 9 a brief summ>y1 ! :ole "w ( creation4 ,?us we are in=m$1 at ! outset1 t ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? z we see !m n[ are ! "w ( ,god2 & aft]w>d1 ! v>i\s p>ts t make up ?is great :ole are describ$1 & ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 accompli%$ is set =?4 ,accord+ to ,petavius1 !n1 ! creation ( ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 record$ 9 ! fir/ v]se1 0 n a di/9ct act f ! op]ations ( ! ,six ,days1 b r includes !m all4 ,nev]!less1 he ma9ta9s1 z we d1 t ! e>?1 at lea/1 & wat]1 7 9 exi/5ce be=e ! creation ( light2 & t1 !re=e1 "s p]iod ( "t mu/ h elaps$ be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,six ,days4 ,fur!rmore1 he says 9 ! same _s z ,p]r]ius1 t x is beyond our p[] to conjecture h[ long t p]iod may h la/$4#abd ,our op9ion1 !n1 is n op51 9 ! slighte/ degree1 to ! imputation ( novelty or s+ul>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld seem r to reflect ! prevail+ tradition ( ! ,*ur*4 ,we ?9k x "r1 h[ev]1 to add t !re are great names aga9/ u4 ,a ,lapide1 = in/ance1 :o consid]s t ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? 7 creat$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fir/ ,day4#abe ,& ,to/atus1 :o incid5tally notices our view1 & cont5ts himself ) say+ t x is unreasonable4 ,= himself he seems to wav] betwe5 two op9ions4 ,he ?9ks ! primeval d>kness1 describ$ 9 ! second v]se1 may h be5 ! night belong+ to ! ,fir/ ,day2 & t dur+ t night1 :i* probably la/$ ab\t twelve h\rs1 we may suppose ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? to h be5 creat$4 ,or else1 he says1 we may all[ t ! ,fir/ ,day ( ! ,mosaic n>rative began ) ! creation ( light2 b 9 t case we mu/ hold t ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? 7 creat$ at ! same "t ) light4#abf ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 too1 we mu/ reluctantly give up2 or1 at lea/1 we mu/ be cont5t to reg>d him z neutral4 ,if he is n a decid$ oppon5t1 he is c]ta9ly n a consi/5t advocate1 ( our op9ion4 ,no d\bt he is (t5 quot$ 9 its favor2 & x w\ld be easy to select passages f 8 works :i* seem to en=ce x 9 ! pla9e/ t]ms4 ,z = example3 8,9 ! beg9n+1 ,o my ,god1 be=e any day1 ,?\ did/ make ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?40#abg ,b1 9 tru?1 ?is op9ion is utt]ly irreconcilable ) ! well kn[n & v s+ul> tea*+ ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e conc]n+ ! creation ( ! _w4 ,he held t all ! great works rec\nt$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis 71 9 fact1 accompli%$ 9 a s+le in/ant4 ,!re 0 no real succession1 accord+ to him1 9 ! ord] ( "t1 betwe5 ! production ( ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 ( light & ! firmam5t1 ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 ( plants1 trees1 & animals4 ,9 "o & ! same in/ant ( "t all ^! came into exi/5ce toge!r4 ,z to ! description giv5 by ,moses1 x is accommodat$ to ! capacity ( a rude p2 & ! succession !re set =? is int5d$ only to exhibit ! sev]al p>ts ( a great :ole1 9 ! mann] be/ suit$ to ! conceptions ( human intellig5ce4#abh ,?is view ( ! creation is repeat$ aga9 & aga9 by ,sa9t ,augu/9e 9 8 num]\s works ^u ,g5esis1 & illu/rat$ 9 div]se ways1 s z to leave no d\bt t he held x delib]ately & p]si/5tly4 ,) reg>d to su* passages z t quot$ above1 9 :i* he says t ,god creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? be=e any day1 x may be ma9ta9$ t ,sa9t ,augu/9e 0 n always consi/5t ) himself1 & t he held diff]5t op9ions at diff]5t times2 or ev5 t he put =w>d opposite op9ions at ! same "t1 n sett+ !m =? z true1 b only z possible & legitimate4#abi ,we ?9k1 h[ev]1 t 8 consi/5cy1 9 ?is case at lea/1 c be def5d$1 & t he has himself suffici5tly expla9$ 9 :at s5se he wi%$ ^! passages to be und]/ood4 ,he tells u t we mu/ di/+ui% two k9ds ( succession3 succession 9 ! ord] ( "t1 & succession 9 ! ord] ( our conceptions4 ,?us1 = example1 9 ! ord] ( "t !re is no succession betwe5 ! s\nd ( ! voice 9 s++ & ! musical note t is sung3 ! s\nd is1 9 fact1 ! note1 & ! note is ! s\nd4 ,b 9 ! ord] ( our conceptions we fir/ appreh5d a ?+ accord+ to its sub/ance1 & !n accord+ to its qualities4 ,we fir/ conceive ! s\nd itself1 z a s\nd1 & !n we conceive x z hav+ t peculi> quality :i* makes x a musical note4 ,su* z ?is is ! succession ,sa9t ,augu/9e seems to admit 9 ! ord] ( ! creation4 ,he tells u1 no d\bt1 t ,god fir/ creat$ %apeless matt]1 & aft]w>d gave to x =m & beauty3 & c]ta9ly ?is /atem5t1 if /&+ alone1 w\ld1 accord+ to ! ord9>y use ( language1 imply a real succession 9 ! ord] ( "t4 ,b !n1 a little fur!r on1 he expressly repudiates ! idea ( a succession 9 po9t ( "t1 & says t ! priority he ascribes to %apeless matt] is only a priority 9 ! ord] ( our conceptions4 ,we mu/ fir/ conceive matt] to exi/ be=e we c conceive x to h ?is or t p>ticul> =m2 & ! ,inspir$ ,writ] foll[s ! ord] ( our conceptions1 9 ord] to adapt 8 n>rative to ! m5tal feebl5ess ( our pres5t condition4#acj ,) ! tru? or falsehood ( ^! views we are n conc]n$ j n[4 ,we h dwelt ^u !m r f an hone/ desire ( %[+ t ,sa9t ,augu/9e is n s cle>ly on our side 9 ?is "q1 z might be suppos$ f "s isolat$ passages ( 8 writ+s4 ,he says inde$ t ! _w 0 creat$ be=e light1 & be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fir/ ,day2 b !n aga9 he tells u t ?is is only a way ( speak+1 & t1 9 reality1 all ?+s 7 creat$ toge!r4 ,b al?\gh ^! high au?orities--,a ,lapide1 ,to/atus1 ,sa9t ,augu/9e--& "s o!rs less illu/ri\s ?an ^!1 are unfavorable to our int]pretation1 we ?9k x is support$ by a prepond]ance ( ! be/ int]pret]s1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,at all ev5ts1 ) su* an array ( v5]able names z we h be5 able to br+ =w>d 9 its behalf1--& !y are b a few *os5 out ( _m1--no "o c d5y t we are fairly entitl$ to hold x )\t any note ( c5sure1 )\t any suspicion ( ,!ological error4 ,sett+ out1 !n1 f ?is po9t1 t !re 0 a /ate ( creat$ exi/5ce prior to ! ,six ,days ( ! ,mosaic hi/ory1 ! "q naturally arises1 h[ long did t /ate ( exi/5ce endure8 ,0 x = an h\r8 a day8 a week8 a mon?8 a c5tury8 a million ( ye>s8 ,we _c tell4 ,to ^! que/ions ! ,sacr$ ,text gives no reply4 ,x simply records t 9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 & t1 at "s subsequ5t epo* ( "t1 ,8 decree aga9 w5t =?1 ,let !re be light1 & light !re 04 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 is pla91 t1 if ?is p]iod exi/$ at all1 x might j z well h la/$ a hundr$ millions ( ye>s z a hundr$ seconds4 ,x w\ld be folly to attempt to measure ! succession ( ,god's acts1 :5 he does please to produce effects 9 succession1 accord+ to our petty /&>ds ( "t4 8,"o day ) ! ,"l is z a ?\s& ye>s1 & a ?\s& ye>s z "o day40#aca ,& x is n a little rem>kable t1 long be=e ! discov]ies ( ,geology _h sugge/$ any necessity = all[+ ! lapse ( _m ages betwe5 ! fir/ creation ( ! _w & ! creation ( man1 ! sagacity ( our comm5tators l$ !m to obs]ve t ! duration ( ?is int]val is left undef9$ 9 ! ,sacr$ ,record4 8,h[ long t int]val may h la/$10 says ,petavius1 8x is absolutely impossible to conjecture40 ,& ,p]r]ius1 z we h se51 decl>$ t x c\ld n be kn[n except by a special revelation4 ,& five c5turies e>li]1 at ! v dawn ( ,s*ola/ic ,!ology1 ,hugh ( ,sa9t ,victor rais$ ! same "q1 & express$ 8 op9ion t x c\ld n be solv$ f ,scripture4 ,cit+ ! passage1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 he says1 8,f ^! words x is pla9 t 9 ! beg9n+ ( "t1 or r ) "t itself1 ! orig9al matt] ( all ?+s came into exi/5ce4 ,b h[ long x rema9$ 9 ?is confus$ & un%apely condition ! ,scripture cle>ly does n tell u40#acb ,we may g fur!r /ill4 ,if we are at lib]ty to admit an int]val ( indef9ite l5g? betwe5 ! creation ( ! _w & ! "w ( ! ,six ,days1 !re is c]ta9ly no?+ :i* =bids u to suppose t1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! e>? %\ld h und]gone _m revolutions1 & h be5 peopl$ by c\ntless tribes ( plants & animals1 :i*1 z age roll$ on aft] age1 came into exi/5ce1 & di$ out1 & 7 succe$$ by new creations4 ,we _c1 p]haps1 see ! use ( all ?is1 nor c we p5etrate ! motives ! ,great ,creator might h _h 9 br++ into exi/5ce su* a b\ndless pr(usion ( organic life4 ,grant$3 b !n we h /udi$ ! ,sacr$ ,text to little purpose if we h n yet realiz$ ! solemn tru? t1 to our poor & feeble intellects1 ,8 judgm5ts are incompreh5sible1 & 8 ways unse>*able4 ,did ,he n set ,8 />s 9 ! remote/ regions ( space1 f> beyond ! rea* ( unaid$ human vision1 & did !y n %9e !re = ages1 ?\gh man c\ld see !m n8 ,& = ages1 too1 did n ! wild fl[]s spr+ up1 & bloom1 & decay1 9 _m a fair & favor$ spot ( ?is beautiful ,e>?1 :]e !re 0 none to admire _! spl5dor1 none to inhale _! sweetness8 ,!n aga91 look at t m>vell\s k+dom ( m9ute animalcules1 9 numb] almo/ inf9ite1 :i* only )9 ! la/ few ye>s ! microscope has reveal$ to our wond]+ eyes4 ,!y sw>m ar\nd u 9 ! air1 9 ! e>?1 9 ! wat]4 ,millions ( !m w\ld fit 9 ! holl[ ( y\r h&2 _m hundr$s might swim side by side1 )\t cr[d+1 ?r\gh ! eye ( a cambric ne$le4 ,& !y too1 we c h>dly d\bt1 mu/ h fl\ri%$ = c5turies 9 c\ntless myriads1 unse5 & unkn[n by man4 ,x is impossible = u1 9 our pres5t imp]fect /ate1 to und]/& ! motives ( an ,all-wise ,creator 9 ?is pr(use exp5diture ( 8 goodness1 ?is lavi% display ( ,8 p[]4 ,h[ !n c we presume to say t ,he may n h good reasons1 ?\gh inscrutable to u1 = peopl+ ?is ,e>? ) _m tribes ( plants & animals1 ?r\gh a long cycle ( ages1 be=e x pleas$ ,him to fit x up = ! habitation ( man8 8,:o is he among m5 t c "k ! c\nsel ( ,god8 or :o c f9d out ,8 designs8 ,= ! judgm5ts ( mortal m5 are hesitat+1 & unc]ta9 are our ?\ghts4 ,= ! corruptible body is a load ^u ! s\l1 & ! e>?ly dwell+ presse? d[n ! m9d t muse? ^u _m ?+s4 ,& h>dly d we guess aright at ?+s t are ^u e>?3 & ) labor d we f9d ! ?+s t are be=e u4 ,b ! ?+s t are 9 heav5 :o %all se>* out80#acc ,we h he>d x sometimes object$ t plants & animals c\ld n h exi/$ )\t light2 & t light 0 n creat$ until ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fir/ ,mosaic ,day4 ,_m curi\s & int]e/+ facts are adduc$ 9 support ( ?is argum5t4 ,= example1 we are rem9d$ t c]ta9 ,fossil animals belong+ to ! e>lie/ ,geological ,p]iods1 are %[n by ! cle>e/ evid5ce1 to h _h eyes con/ruct$ on ! same optical pr9ciples1 & accommodat$ to ! same optical conditions1 z ! eyes ( ^? animals t h fl\ri%$ on ! ,e>? dur+ ! p]iod ( hi/ory3 & su* eyes1 x is cont5d$1 pla9ly import ! exi/5ce ( light4 ,! answ] to ?is objection may be /at$ 9 a v few words4 ,we freely admit t ! hypo!sis we h be5 def5d+ w\ld be ( little use to acc\nt = ,geological ph5om5a1 if x did n include ! exi/5ce ( light1 dur+ t ,p]iod ( indef9ite duration :i* we suppose to h elaps$ betwe5 ! fir/ creation ( ! _w & ! "w ( ! ,six ,days4 ,b 9 tru? !re is no difficulty 9 suppos+ t1 dur+ su* an int]val1 light may h prevail$ ^u ! e>?1 & air1 & all ! o!r conditions ( organic life1 pretty mu* z !y d at ! pres5t day4 ,aft]w>d1 at ! close ( ! p]iod1 :51 p]haps1 ages innum]able _h roll$ by1 ?is planet ( ours w\ld h appe>$ 9 t condition :i* is describ$ 9 ! second v]se ( ,g5esis3 8,& ! e>? 0 wa/e & empty1 & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep40 ,!n ! comm& ( ,god w\ld h gone =?1 8,let !re be light30 & at once ! d>kness w\ld h be5 dispell$1 a new era ( exi/5ce w\ld h comm5c$1 & ! ,e>? w\ld =?) h be5 set 9 ord] & furni%$1 9 a special mann]1 = ! habitation ( man4 ,ev5 z reg>ds ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s1 !y too may h exi/$ be=e ! "w ( ! ,six ,days began4 ,we read1 no d\bt1 t on ! ,f\r? ,day1 ,god said1 8,let !re be lights 9 ! firmam5t ( ! heav5s to divide ! day f ! night30 & a little f>!r on x is add$ t 8,god made two great lights2 ! great] light to rule ! day1 & ! less] light to rule ! night2 & ! />s40 ,b !n x mu/ be rememb]$ t "s ( our be/ ,comm5tators1 )\t any ref]5ce to ,geology1 h taught t1 be=e ?is comm& 0 giv51 ! heav5ly bodies 7 already 9 exi/5ce = ?ree days1 & 7 already dis*>g+ ! (fice ( divid+ day & night4 ,!y expla9 ! passage by say+ t ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s1 are repres5t$ z hav+ be5 made on ! ,f\r? ,day1 n because !y 7 !n produc$ = ! fir/ "t out ( no?+1 b because ! vapors by :i* !y _h be5 obscur$ 71 on t ,day1 dissipat$1 & !y began to %9e visibly 9 ! ,firmam5t ( ,heav54 ,if ?is l9e ( int]pretation is admissible1 & x seems to u n unreasonable1 !n we are c]ta9ly at lib]ty to hold1 consi/5tly ) ! ,mosaic n>rative1 t ! ,heav5ly bodies may h be5 creat$ ) ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? 9 ! beg9n+ ( all "t2 & t on ! ,f\r? ,day !y 7 made manife/ 9 ! ,firmam5t to rule ov] ! day & ! night1 & to regulate ! c\rse ( ! ye>s & ! seasons4#acd ,aga9 x is urg$ aga9/ our hypo!sis t ,moses c\ld n h pass$ ov] 9 complete sil5ce su* a long & ev5tful era 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,c]ta9ly n1 we admit1 if he pr(ess$ to write a complete hi/ory ( ! ,e>? & all its revolutions4 ,b ?is 0 n 8 purpose4 ,e book1 :e!r sacr$ or pr(ane1 mu/ be exam9$ & int]pret$ accord+ to ! end = :i* x 0 design$4 ,n[ ! end & scope ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis 0 n to in/ruct mank9d ab\t ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 or ! physical *anges ( ! ,e>?'s surface1 or ! laws :i* gov]n ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,x 01 fir/ ( all1 to impress on ! m9ds ( ! ,jewi% p t ?is _w ( ours is ! "w ( "o only ,god1 di/9ct f all creatures1 & ,himself ! ,creator ( sun1 moon1 & />s1 & ( e o!r object :i* pagan nations 7 wont to wor%ip3 & 9 ! next place1 to set =?1 briefly & simply1 ! /ory ( ,god's deal+s ) man 9 ! fir/ ages ( ! human race4 ,:atev] we may hold1 !re=e1 ab\t ! revolutions & *anges ( ! ,e>?'s surface previ\s to ! "w ( ! ,six ,days1 x is pla9 t ! hi/ory ( ^! ph5om5a did n app]ta9 to ! object :i* ! ,sacr$ writ] _h 9 view4 ,consequ5tly he _c be said1 by ! omission ( ^! ev5ts1 to lead 8 read]s into error2 he simply all[s !m to rema9 9 ignorance4 ,:at x 0 8 purpose to tell1 he tells truly3 :at did n belong to 8 purpose1 he passes by 9 sil5ce4 ,b x is fur!r argu$ t ?is long int]val ( "t we h be5 cont5d+ =1 is incompatible ) ! use ( ! copulative conjunction1 by :i* ! sev]al clauses ( ! n>rative are connect$ toge!r4 ,! ,sacr$ text runs ?us3--8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?4 ,& ! ,e>? 0 wa/e & empty3 & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep2 & ! _s ( ,god mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s4 ,& ,god said1 ,let !re be light2 & !re 0 light40 ,is x possible1 we are ask$1 to admit a p]iod ( indef9ite l5g? betwe5 ev5ts ?us closely l9k$ toge!r8 ,our answ] is t1 accord+ to ! idiom ( ! ,hebrew language1 ! conjunction or 7ve or va71 :i* is "h employ$1 :ile x s]ves to connect toge!r ! clauses ( a n>rative1 does n ( necessity imply ! imm$iate succession ( ! ev5ts record$4 ,! v wide & indef9ite signification :i* belongs to ?is little p>ticle is well kn[n to all :o are famili> ) ! ,hebrew text4 ,x is sometimes copulative1 sometimes adv]sative1 sometimes disjunctive1 sometimes causal4 ,v frequ5tly x is us$ simply = ! purpose ( cont9u+ ! disc\rse2#ace & ?is we believe is ! true =ce ( ! ^w 9 ! passage "u discussion4 ,an example v mu* to ! po9t occurs 9 ! ,book ( ,numb]s1 tw5tie? *apt] & fir/ v]se3--8,& ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ! :ole congregation came into ! des]t ( ,s940 ,"h ! n>rative op5s ) ! connect+ p>ticle --34 ,& yet ! read] w f9d1 if he c>efully exam9e ! passage1 t ! ev5t ?us introduc$ by ! sacr$ writ] 0 sep>at$ by a p]iod ( eight-&-?irty ye>s f ^? :i* _h be5 relat$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,?is conjunction1 !re=e1 does n exclude an int]val ( eight-&-?irty ye>s betwe5 ! ev5ts :i* x l9ks toge!r 9 hi/ory4 ,& t be+ s1 !re is no good reason = suppos+ t x %\ld1 ( necessity1 exclude an int]val ( indef9ite l5g?4 ,! ,weakness ( ?is objection may be made ev5 m /rik+ly manife/ by an inspection ( ! op5+ words 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,eze*iel3-- 4 ,s little did ! notion prevail t ! conjunction 7ve7 c\ld be us$ only to connect toge!r ev5ts closely associat$ 9 po9t ( "t1 t "h x actually beg9s ! n>rative1 & is1 9 fact1 ! fir/ ^w ( ! :ole book4 ,9 ! ,d\ay v]sion ! passage is n inaptly r5d]$ aft] ?is mann]3 8,n[ x came to pass 9 ! ?irtie? ye>1 9 ! f\r? mon?1 on ! fif? day ( ! mon?1 :5 ,i 0 9 ! mid/ ( ! captives by ! ,riv] ,*ob>1 ! heav5s 7 op5$1 & ,i saw ! visions ( ,god40 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h n[ br\ght to a conclusion ! fir/ "p ( our inquiry4 ,we h endeavor$ to %[ t !re is no?+ 9 ,scripture or ,tradition :i* =bids u to admit a long int]val ( "t betwe5 ! ,creation ( ! _w & ! "w ( ! ,six ,days4 ,x rema9s to exam9e :at 0 ! nature ( ^! ,six ,days !mselves4 ,7 !y1 z ,sa9t ,augu/9e ma9ta9$1 "o s+le indivisible in/ant ( "t8 or 7 !y days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 z is m commonly suppos$8 or 7 !y simply p]iods ( "t ( :i* ! duration is left :olly undet]m9$ 9 ! ,sacr$ ,text8 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,second ,,hypo!sis2--,,! ,,days ,,( ,,creation ,,long ,,p]iods ,,( ,,"t4 ,div]sity ( op9ion among ! e>ly fa!rs reg>d+ ! days ( creation--,sa9t ,augu/9e1 ,philo ,judu1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,orig51 ,sa9t ,a?anasius1 ,sa9t ,eu*]ius1 ,procopius--,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,sa9t ,?omas1 ,c>d9al ,cajetan--,inf]5ce f ^! te/imonies--,fir/ argum5t 9 favor ( ! popul> int]pretation2 a day1 9 ! lit]al s5se1 means a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs--,answ]--,?is ^w (t5 us$ 9 ,scripture = an indef9ite p]iod--,examples f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t--,second argum5t2 ! days ( creation h an ev5+ & a morn+--,answ]--,int]pretation ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 ,v5]able ,b$e1 & o!r fa!rs ( ! *ur*--,?ird argum5t2 ! reason alleg$ = ! in/itution ( ! ,sabba?-day--,answ]--,! law ( ! ,sabba? ext5d$ to e sev5? ye> z well z to e sev5? day--,! sev5? day ( ,god's re/ a long p]iod ( indef9ite duration4 ,no "o :o w take ! tr\ble to inve/igate1 ) any reasonable dilig5ce & rese>*1 ! nature ( ! ,mosaic ,days1 c fail to be /ruck ) ! rem>kable div]sity ( op9ion t exi/$ on ! subject among ! e>ly ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,yet ?is div]sity ( op9ion is (t5 ov]look$ by mod]n writ]s4 ,!y fancy t ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,day is s pla9 z to leave no room = d\bt or controv]sy2 t a day c be no?+ else ?an a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 m>k$ by ! succession ( light & d>kness2 & t 9 ?is s5se ! ,mosaic n>rative 0 univ]sally und]/ood until q rec5tly1 :5 a new explanation 0 inv5t$1 to meet ! requirem5ts ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,all ?is is f> f true4 ,! mean+ ( ! ,mosaic ,days has be51 9 po9t ( fact1 a subject ( controv]sy f ! e>lie/ times4 ,& ,sa9t ,augu/9e tells u t ! "q appe>$ to him s difficult t he c\ld pron\nce no decisive judgm5t ^u x4 8,z to ^! ,days10 he says1 8:at k9d !y 71 x is v difficult1 nay1 x is impossible to imag9e1 & mu* m s to expla940#acf ,nev]!less1 ?is great ,doctor1 hav+ long pond]$ ov] ! subject1 & consid]$ x on _m sides1 does n hesitate to express 8 own op9ion4 ,& he dep>ts v widely1 inde$1 f ! lit]al & obvi\s int]pretation4 ,he ma9ta9s1 at great l5g?1#acg z we _h be=e occasion to obs]ve1 t ,god creat$ all ?+s 9 a s+le in/ant ( "t1 accord+ to ! words ( ,ecclesia/icus1 8,he :o live? =ev] creat$ all ?+s at once40#ach ,?us he is l$ to inf] t ! ,six ,days commemorat$ by ,moses 71 9 reality1 b "o day2 & ?is n su* a day z ^? :i* are n[ measur$ by ! revolution ( ! sun1 = we f9d ?ree successive days record$ by ,moses be=e ! sun appe>$ 9 ! ,heav5s4 ,x 01 9 fact1 no?+ else ?an t "o s+le in/ant ( "t 9 :i* all ?+s 7 creat$ toge!r4#aci ,nor 0 ?is op9ion peculi> to ,sa9t ,augu/9e4 ,at ! v dawn ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era x 0 set =? by ,philo ! ,jew2 & aft]w>d x 0 ma9ta9$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & by ,orig54 ,! great ,sa9t ,a?anasius seems to ?r[ ! weight ( 8 au?ority 9 ! same direction1 :5 he says1 speak+ ( ! ,creation1 t 8no "o ?+ 0 made be=e ano!r1 b all ?+s 7 produc$ at once toge!r by ! self-same comm&40 ,& aft] ! "t ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e ?is figurative int]pretation 0 def5d$ by ,sa9t ,eu*]ius1 ,bi%op ( ,lyons1 9 ! c\rse ( ! fif? c5tury1 & by ,procopius ( ,gaza 9 ! six?4 ,9 ! days ( ! s*ools we f9d x approv$ by ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & treat$ respectfully by ,sa9t ,?omas2 & lat] /ill1 adopt$ by ,c>d9al ,cajetan1 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,book ( ,g5esis4#adj ,x w be said1 p]haps1 t we are "h argu+ aga9/ ourselves3 ^! em95t writ]s are 9 favor ( r$uc+ ! days ( ,creation to "o s+le po9t ( "t2 :]eas x is our purpose to /ret* !m out to p]iods ( indef9ite l5g?4 ,b no3 our object j n[ is n precisely to e/abli% our own hypo!sis1 b r to prep>e ! way = its discussion4 ,we want to %[ t we are q free to ab&on ! popul> view ( ! ,mosaic ,days if !re be good reason = our do+ s4 ,& x seems to u t we h abundantly e/abli%$ ?is po9t by a long li/ ( em95t ecclesia/ical writ]s1 :o1 )\t any note ( c5sure1 h div]g$ v widely f ! common int]pretation4 ,no d\bt !y h %ort5$ ! "t1 & we want to l5g!n x4 ,b 9 ?is !y agree ) u1 t ! days ( ,creation are n ( necessity days 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,nay1 ,sa9t ,augu/9e goes f>!r1 & ma9ta9s1 f ! evid5ce ( ! ,sacr$ ,text itself1 t !y _c be und]/ood 9 ?is s5se4#ada ,hav+ ?us cle>$ away a s]i\s difficulty t seem$ to ob/ruct our pa?1 we may proce$ )\t hesitation to ! direct object ( our inquiry4 ,! burd5 ( pro(1 let x be rememb]$1 is n ) u1 b r ) ^? :o cont5d = ,days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!y mu/ prove t ?is ^w ,day 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis means a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & c mean no?+ else4 ,if x may be und]/ood 9 a wid] s5se1 consi/5tly ) ! usage ( ,scripture1 t is q en\gh = u4 ,we are p]fectly at lib]ty to adopt an int]pretation :i*1 on ! "o h&1 ! ,sacr$ ,text fairly admits1 & on ! o!r1 ! discov]ies ( ,natural ,sci5ce w\ld seem to dem&4 ,let u exam9e1 !n1 ! argum5ts t are usually adduc$ 9 favor ( ! popul> int]pretation4 ,?r\gh\t ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis ! ,hebrew ^w 7yom7 is ev]y:]e employ$ by ,moses to designate ! ,days ( ,creation4 ,& _m writ]s cont5d t ! use ( ?is ^w is1 9 itself1 evid5ce en\gh t he spoke ( days 9 ! common s5se ( ! t]m4 ,x is pla91 !y say1 f ! usage ( ,scripture1 t ! ^w 7yom7 _h a fix$ & c]ta9 mean+ 9 ! ,hebrew language2 ! same precisely z t :i* we n[ atta* to ! ,engli% ^w ,day4 ,sometimes1 :5 contra-di/+ui%$ f night1 x 0 appli$ to ! p]iod ( light1 f sunrise to sunset2 o!rwise1 x meant ! civil day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 measur$ by ! revolution ( ! ,sun4 ,moreov]1 x _h unque/ionably atta9$ ?is mean+ at ! "t :5 ,moses wrote1 & !re=e x c\ld n h be5 employ$ by him 9 any o!r s5se4 ,?is argum5t re/s ^u a false f\ndation4 ,x is true1 no d\bt1 t ! ^w 7yom7 0 m usually employ$ 9 "o or o!r ( ! two s5ses j expla9$2--t is to say1 7#a7 = ! p]iod ( light f sunrise to sunset1 or 7#b7 = ! p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs correspond+ to a complete revolution ( ! ,sun4 ,b1 = ! validity ( ! argum5t1 x w\ld be necess>y to %[ t1 beside ^! two s5ses1 !re is no o!r 9 :i* ! ^w may be fairly und]/ood1 con=mably to ! usage ( ! ,hebrew language4 ,n[ ?is has nev] yet be5 prov$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,scripture af=ds abundant evid5ce t ! ^w 7yom7 _h a ?ird mean+ q diff]5t f ! o!r two2 t x 0 freely us$ to designate a p]iod ( "t mu* long] ?an a common day1 & g5]ally ( unc]ta9 & indef9ite duration4 ,a few examples w be int]e/+1 we hope1 to our read]s4 ,9 ! second *apt] ( ,g5esis1 ,moses1 hav+ complet$ 8 acc\nt ( ! ,creation1 says 7v4 #d73 8,^! are ! g5]ations ( ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? :5 !y 7 creat$1 9 ! ,day 1 7yom7 t ! ,"l ,god creat$ ! ,e>? & ! ,heav5s3 7v4 #e71 & e plant ( ! field be=e x 0 9 ! e>?1 & e h]b ( ! field be=e x grew40 ,!re is a good deal ( controv]sy ab\t ! precise mean+ ( ?is passage4 ,b "o ?+ at lea/ appe>s to be pla91 t ! ^w 7yom71 is n us$ to designate a day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 nor yet ! p]iod ( light f sunrise to sunset2 b r ! :ole p]iod ( ! ,creation4 ,on ?is po9t almo/ all our be/ comm5tators are agre$4 8,x is manife/10 says ,v5]able ,b$e1 8t 9 ?is place ! sacr$ writ] has put ! ^w ,day = all t "t dur+ :i* ! primeval creation 0 br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,= x 0 n ^u any "o ( ! ,six ,days t ! sky 0 made & adorn$ ) />s1 & ! dry l& 0 sep>at$ f ! wat]s1 & furni%$ ) trees & plants4 ,b1 accord+ to its accu/om$ practice1 ,scripture "h uses ! ^w day 9 ! s5se ( "t40 ,sa9t ,augu/9e gives ev5 a wid] expansion to ! ^w :5 he writes3 8,sev5 ,days are enum]at$ above1 & n[ t is call$ "o ,day 9 :i* ,god made ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 & e gre5 ?+ ( ! field2 by :i* t]m we may well suppose t all "t is meant4 ,= ,god !n made all "t :5 ,he made creatures t live 9 "t2 & ^! creatures are "h signifi$ by ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?40 ,mol9a on ! same passage says3 8,le>n$ writ]s tell u commonly t ,moses 9 ?is place puts ! ^w ,day 9 ! s5se ( ,"t1 j z 9 ! passage ( ,deut]onomy1 #8,! day ( p]dition is at h&4'444 ,& else:]e 9 ,scripture ,day is (t5 us$ = ,"t40 ,bannez1 too1 concurs 9 ?is op9ion4 8,! ^w ,day10 he says1 8c be und]/ood = any duration :atsoev]40 ,p]r]ius1 answ]+ an objection tak5 f ?is text1 says t 8,day is put = ,"t1 z is frequ5tly done 9 ,scripture40 ,& ,petavius n only adopts ?is int]pretation1 b cont5ds t x is con=mable to ! usage ev5 ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 writ]s4 ,he gives an example f ,cic]o aga9/ ,v]res3 8,itaque cum ego diem 9 ,siciliam p]exiguam po/ulavissem1 inv5it i/e qui sibi 9 ,a*aiam biduo breviorem diem po/ul>et40#adb ,"h1 !n1 is an in/ance 9 :i* ,moses himself uses ! ^w ,day 71 yom7 n 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 b = a long p]iod ( "t2--= all t "t1 :atev] x may h be51 :i* elaps$ f ! fir/ act ( creation to ! close ( ! ,six ,days4 ,ano!r /rik+ example occurs 9 ! prophet ,amos4 8,behold1 ! days are com+1 sai? ! ,"l ,god1 & ,i w s5d =? a fam9e into ! l&3 n a fam9e ( bread1 nor a ?ir/ ( wat]1 b ( he>+ ! ^w ( ! ,"l4 ,& !y %all w&] f sea to sea & f ! nor? to ! ea/2 !y %all g ab\t seek+ ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 & %all n f9d x4 ,9 t day 71 yom7 %all ! fair virg9s & ! "y m5 fa9t = ?ir/40#adc ,e "o w see at a glance t ! ^w ,day 9 ! latt] "p ( ?is passage does n mean a day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x evid5tly ref]s to ! :ole p]iod dur+ :i* ! calamities "h =etold 7 to be inflict$ on ! ,jewi% p4 ,:at t p]iod 0 may be a "q ( dispute4 ,by "s x is tak5 = ! "t ( ! ,babylonian captivity2 by o!rs1 = ! pres5t age ( ! _w1 9 :i* ! ,jews are w&]]s on ! face ( ! e>?1 )\t a prophet & )\t a pa/or1 ?ir/+ = ! ^w ( ,god1 & seek+ x 9 va94 ,b1 9 any case1 x is cle> f ! op5+ words3 8,behold1 ! days are com+10 t x 0 a p]iod n ( "o day only1 b ( _m4 ,!n we h ^? well kn[n words address$ by ,god ! ,fa!r to ,8 ,et]nal ,son3 8,?\ art my ,son1 ?is day 71 yom7 h ,i begott5 !e40#add ,! ,son ( ,god 0 begott5 ( ! ,fa!r be=e all ages2 & ! day1 !re=e1 on :i* he 0 begott51 _c be a common day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b mu/ r be ! long day ( ,et]nity1 )\t beg9n+ & )\t end4 ,?is text1 we "k1 is sometimes appli$ to ! day ( our ,"l's ,resurrection2 & sometimes1 too1 to ! day ( ,8 ,inc>nation3 nor d we want to d5y t x may be ?us rightly expla9$ 9 a second>y & my/ical s5se4 ,b 9 its lit]al s5se we ?9k x pla9ly ref]s to ! ,et]nal ,g5]ation ( ! ,son4 ,?is mean+ is suffici5tly impli$ by ! ^w begott51 :i* _c be und]/ood ) propriety1 except ( t ,g5]ation by virtue ( :i* our ,div9e ,"l 0 f ,et]nity ! natural ,son ( ,god4 ,moreov]1 ?is is ! s5se 9 :i* ! passage is adopt$ by ,sa9t ,paul 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,wi%+ to %[ t ,our ,"l has receiv$ by inh]itance a "n m excell5t ?an any giv5 to ! ,angels1 he argues ?us3 8,= to :i* ( ! ,angels ha? he said at any "t1 ,?\ art my ,son1 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e80#ade ,n[ x seems to u t1 unless we und]/& ^! words ( ! ,et]nal ,g5]ation1 ! po9t ( ! ,apo/le's argum5t is completely lo/4 ,! ,angels are sometimes call$ 9 ,scripture ! sons ( ,god2 b !y 7 only ! adopt$ sons1 :]eas ,our ,"l 0 ! natural ,son 9 virtue ( ,8 ,et]nal ,g5]ation4 ,consequ5tly x 0 no o!r ?an ! ,et]nal ,g5]ation :i* made ! "n ( ,son m excell5t :5 appli$ to ,*ri/ ?an ! same "n :5 appli$ to ! angels4 ,aga91 x is q a common ?+1 ) ! prophets g5]ally1 to use ! ^w 71 yom7 = ! season ( tribulation & affliction1 ?\gh ! same may h ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( _m days or ev5 _m ye>s4 ,j]emias employs x 9 ?is s5se :5 he describes s vividly ! manifold calamities t 7 imp5d+ ov] ! ill-fat$ ,babylon4 8,i h caus$ !e to fall into a sn>e1 & ?\ art tak51 ,o ,babylon1 & ?\ wa/ n aw>e ( x3 ?\ art f\nd & caught because ?\ ha/ provok$ ! ,"l4 ,! ,"l ha? op5$ ,8 armory1 & ha? br\ght =? ! weapons ( 8 wra?3 = ! ,"l ! ,god ( ho/s ha? a "w to be done 9 ! l& ( ! ,*aldeans4 ,come ye aga9/ h] f ! utt]mo/ bord]s3 op51 t !y may g =? t %all tread h] d[n3 take ! /ones out ( ! way1 & make heaps1 & de/roy h]3 & let no?+ ( h] be left4 ,de/roy all h] valiant m51 let !m g d[n to ! slaught]3 woe to !m1 = _! day 71 yom7 is come1 ! "t ( _! visitation4 ,! voice ( !m t flee1 & ( !m t h escap$ out ( ! l& ( ,babylon3 to decl>e 9 ,sion ! rev5ge ( ! ,"l our ,god1 ! rev5ge ( ,8 temple4 ,decl>e to _m aga9/ ,babylon1 to all t b5d ! b[3 /& toge!r aga9/ h] r\nd ab\t1 & let none escape2 pay h] accord+ to h] "w3 accord+ to all t %e ha? done1 d ye to h]3 = %e ha? lift$ up h]self aga9/ ! ,"l1 aga9/ ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel4 ,!re=e %all h] "y m5 fall 9 h] /reets3 & all h] m5 ( w> %all hold _! peace 9 t day 71 yom71 sai? ! ,"l4 ,behold ,i come aga9/ !e1 ,o pr\d "o1 sai? ! ,"l ! ,god ( ho/s3 = ! day 71 yom7 is come1 ! "t ( ?y visitation4 ,& ! pr\d "o %all fall1 he %all fall d[n1 & !re %all be none to lift him up3 & ,i w k9dle afire 9 8 cities1 & x %all dev\r all r\nd ab\t him40#adf ,& 9 ! foll[+ *apt]3--8,?us sai? ! ,"l3 ,behold1 ,i w raise up z x 7 a pe/il5tial w9d aga9/ ,babylon1 & aga9/ ! inhabitants !re( :o h lift$ up _! he>t aga9/ me4 ,& ,i w s5d to ,babylon fann]s1 & !y %all fan h]1 & %all de/roy h] l&3 = !y are come ^u h] on e side 9 ! day 71 yom7 ( h] affliction40#adg ,9 ano!r place ! same prophet applies ! ^w 7yom7 to ! :ole duration ( a long campaign c>ri$ on by ,nabu*odonosor aga9/ ,ph>ao ,ne*ao1 k+ ( ,egypt4 8,prep>e ye ! %ield & buckl]1 & g =? to battle4 ,h>ness ! horses1 & get up1 ye horsem53 /& =? ) helmets1 furbi% ! spe>s1 put on coats ( mail4 ,:at !n8 ,i h se5 !m dismay$1 & turn+ _! backs1 _! valiant ones sla93 !y fl$ apace1 !y look$ n back3 t]ror 0 r\nd ab\t1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,let n ! swift flee away1 nor ! /rong ?9k to escape3 !y are ov]?r[n & fall5 d[n1 t[>d ! nor? by ! riv] ,euphrates4 ,:o is ?is t come? up z a flood3 & 8 /reams swell l ^? ( riv]s8 ,egypt rise? up l a flood1 & ! waves !re( %all be mov$ z riv]s1 & he %all say3 ,i w g up & w cov] ! e>?3 ,i w de/roy ! city & its inhabitants4 ,get ye up on horses1 & glory 9 *>iots1 & let ! valiant m5 come =?1 ! ,e?iopians & ! ,lybians1 t h&le ! %ield1 & ! ,lydians t h&le & b5d ! b[4 ,= ?is is ! day 71 yom7 ( ! ,"l ! ,god ( ho/s1 a day ( v5geance t ,he may rev5ge ,himself ( ,8 enemies3 ! sword %all dev\r1 & %all be fill$1 & %all be drunk ) _! blood3 = !re is a sacrifice ( ! ,"l ,god ( ho/s 9 ! nor? c\ntry1 by ! riv] ,euphrates4444 ,furni% ?yself to g into captivity1 ?\ daught] inhabitant ( ,egypt3 = ,memphis %all be made desolate1 & %all be =sak5 & un9habit$4 ,egypt is l a fair & beautiful heif]3 !re %all come f ! nor? "o t %all goad h]4 ,h] hirel+s also t liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( h]1 l fatt$ calves are turn$ back1 & are fl$ away toge!r1 & !y c\ld n /&3 = ! day71 yom7 ( _! slaught] is come ^u !m1 ! "t ( _! visitation40#adh ,! prophet ,eze*iel1 too1 furni%es a =cible illu/ration :5 he ?us =e%ad[s ! c\rse ( a second exp$ition aga9/ ,egypt und]tak5 by ! same pr9ce3-- 8,!re=e ?us sai? ! ,"l ,god3 ,behold ,i w set ,nabu*odonosor ! k+ ( ,babylon 9 ! l& ( ,egypt3 & he %all take h] multitude1 & take ! booty !re( = a prey1 & rifle ! spoils !re(3 & x %all be wages = 8 army2 & = ! s]vice he ha? done me aga9/ x3 ,i h giv5 him ! l& ( ,egypt1 because he ha? labor$ = me1 sai? ! ,"l ,god4 ,9 t day 71 yom7 a horn %all bud =? = ! h\se ( ,israel1 & ,i w give !e an op5 m\? 9 ! mid/ ( !m3 & !y %all "k t ,i am ! ,"l40#adi ,& a little fur!r on3--8,= ! day 71 yom7 is ne>1 yea ! day ( ! ,"l is ne>3 a cl\dy day1 x %all be ! "t ( ! nations4 ,& ! sword %all come ^u ,egypt3 & !re %all be dread 9 ,e?iopia1 :5 ! w\nd$ %all fall 9 ,egypt1 & ! multitude !re( %all be tak5 away1 & ! f\ndations !re( %all be de/roy$4 ,e?iopia & ,lybia1 & ,lydia1 & all ! re/ ( ! cr[d1 & ,*ub1 & ! *ildr5 ( ! l& ( ! cov5ant1 %all fall ) !m by ! sword4444 ,& !y %all "k t ,i am ! ,"l3 :5 ,i %all h set a fire 9 ,egypt1 & all ! help]s !re( %all be de/roy$4 ,9 t day 71 yom71 %all mess5g]s g =? f my face 9 %ips to de/roy ! confid5ce ( ,e?iopia1 & !re %all be dread among !m 9 t day 71 yom7 ( ,egypt3 because x %all c]ta9ly come40#aej ,once m1 ?is ^w is appli$ to ! p]iod ( ,our ,"l's life ^u e>?1 & ev5 to ! :ole duration ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,sophonias1 = example1 ?us =etells ! com+ ( ! k+dom ( ,*ri/4 8,:]e=e expect me1 sai? ! ,"l1 9 ! day ( my resurrection t is to come1 = my judgm5t is to assemble ! ,g5tiles1 & to ga!r ! k+doms4444 ,f beyond ! riv]s ( ,e?iopia %all my suppliants1 ! *ildr5 ( my disp]s$ p1 br+ me an (f]+4 ,9 t day 71 yom7 ?\ %alt n be a%am$ = all ?y do+s1 :]e9 ?\ ha/ transgress$ aga9/ me3 = !n ,i w take away out ( ! mid/ ( !e ?y pr\d boa/]s1 & ?\ %alt no m be lift$ up because ( my holy m\nta94444 ,give praise1 ,o daught] ( ,sion3 %\t1 ,o ,israel3 be glad & rejoice ) all ?y he>t1 ,o daught] ( ,j]usalem4 ,! ,"l ha? tak5 away ?y judgm5t1 he ha? turn$ away ?y enemies3 ! ,k+ ( ,israel ! ,"l is 9 ! mid/ ( !e1 ?\ %alt fe> evil no m4 ,9 t day 71 yom7 x %all be said to ,j]usalem3 ,fe> n2 to ,sion3 ,let n ?y h&s be weak5$4 ,! ,"l ?y ,god 9 ! mid/ ( !e is mighty1 ,he w save3 ,he w rejoice ov] !e ) gladness1 ,he w be sil5t 9 ,8 love1 ,he w be joyful ov] !e 9 praise40#aea ,& ,isaias3 8,is x n yet a v little :ile1 & ,libanon %all be turn$ into a *>mel1 & *>mel %all be e/eem$ z a =e/8 ,& 9 t day 71 yom7 ! deaf %all he> ! words ( ! book1 & out ( d>kness & obscurity ! eyes ( ! bl9d %all see4 ,& ! meek %all increase _! joy 9 ! ,"l1 & ! poor m5 %all rejoice 9 ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel40#aeb ,t ?is passage ref]s to ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* !re c be no d\bt2 = our ,"l himself appeals to x 9 pro( ( ,8 div9e mission3 8,g & relate to ,john :at y h he>d & se54 ,! bl9d see1 ! lame walk1 ! lep]s are cleans$1 ! deaf he>1 ! dead rise aga91 ! poor h ! ,gospel prea*$ to !m40#aec ,we may trace ?is use ( ! ^w ev5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,our ,"l says1 argu+ ) ! ,jews3 8,abraham y\r fa!r rejoic$ t he might see my day3 he saw x & 0 glad40#aed ,sa9t ,paul1 too1 ?\gh writ+ 9 ! ,greek language to ! ,cor9?ians1 does n hesitate to adopt a passage f ,isaias1 9 :i* ! same mean+ is conspicu\sly br\ght out3 8,& we help+ d exhort y1 t y receive n ! grace ( ,god 9 va94 ,= he sai?3 ,9 an accept$ "t h ,i he>d !e1 & 9 ! day ( salvation h ,i help$ !e4 ,behold1 n[ is ! acceptable "t3 behold1 n[ is ! day ( salvation40#aee ,& f9ally1 ,our ,div9e ,"l1 9 ,8 la/ t\*+ address to ! city ( ,j]usalem1 applies ! ^w day to ! season ( grace & m]cy3 8,:5 he drew ne>1 see+ ! city1 ,he wept ov] x1 say+3 ,if ?\ also had/ kn[n1 & t 9 ?is ?y day1 ! ?+s t are to ?y peace3 b n[ !y are hidd5 f ?y eyes4 ,= ! days %all come ^u !e2 & ?y enemies %all ca/ a tr5* ab\t !e1 & compass !e r\nd1 & /rait5 !e on e side40#aef ,s mu*1 !n1 = ! fir/ argum5t4 ,f ! num]\s examples we h giv5 x is pla9 en\gh t ! ^w ^w 7yom71 9 ,scripture language1 0 (t5 us$ = a p]iod ( _m days1 & ev5 _m ye>s2 nay sometimes = a p]iod ( _m c5turies4 ,if s1 ,moses 0 free to use x 9 ?is s5se4 ,& consequ5tly1 z f> z ! ^w itself is conc]n$1 x af=ds no conclusive pro( t ! ,days ( ,creation 7 days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs only3 we may hold !m to belong & indef9ite p]iods ( "t1 )\t dep>t+ 9 any degree f ! e/abli%$ usage ( ,scripture4 ,b x is urg$--& ?is is ! second argum5t1--t1 :atev] may be ! mean+ ( ! ^w ^w 7yom7 else:]e1 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis x mu/ mean a day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,= we are n m]ely told t !re 0 a ,fir/ ,day1 & a ,second ,day1 & a ,?ird ,day2 b ea* day is 9 a mann] analyz$ by ! sacr$ writ]1 & its compon5t p>ts set =? = our in/ruction4 ,!re 0 ev5+ & !re 0 morn+1 he says1 ! ,fir/ ,day2 !re 0 ev5+ & !re 0 morn+ ! ,second ,day2 !re 0 ev5+ & !re 0 morn+ ! ,?ird ,day2 & s on4 ,n[ if ! ^w 7 und]/ood ( ^? indef9ite p]iods we h be5 speak+ ab\t1 !re w\ld be no mean+ 9 ?is analysis3 = x c\ld h>dly be ma9ta9$ t ea* ( ^? p]iods _h b "o ev5+ & "o morn+ l an ord9>y day4 ,fur!rmore1 x is argu$ t !re is a peculi> appropriat5ess 9 ?is phrase1 :i* goes f> to confirm ! common int]pretation4 ,among/ ! ,jews x 0 usual to compute ! civil day f sunset to sunset4 ,! civil day began !n ) ! ev5+4 ,& accord+ly ,moses1 9 describ+ ! ,days ( ,creation1 puts ! ev5+ fir/1 & says3 ,!re 0 ev5+ & !re 0 morn+ ! ,fir/ ,day2 !re 0 ev5+ & !re 0 morn+ ! ,second ,day2 & s = ! re/4 ,all ?is reason+ seems to u unsatisfactory & inconclusive4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is n a fact1 z w\ld seem to be suppos$1 t ! civil day is made up ( ev5+ & morn+4 ,! ev5+ & ! morn+ d n make ! :ole day2 !y are only c]ta9 p]iods ( ! day4 ,nei!r d !y m>k ! limits ( ! day3 =1 ?\gh x is q true t1 9 ! computation ( ! ,jews1 ! civil day began ) ! ev5+1 x c]ta9ly did n end ) ! morn+4 ,if1 !n1 by ! ^w ,day1 ,moses "h meant ! civil day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 h[ is ?is clause to be und]/ood1 ,!re 0 ev5+ & !re 0 morn+ ! ,fir/ ,day8 ,x _c mean t ! ev5+ & ! morn+ put toge!r made up ! ,fir/ ,day3 = ?is is n a fact4 ,x _c mean t ! ev5+ m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! day1 & ! morn+ m>k$ its close3 = ! p]iod includ$ betwe5 ! ev5+ & ! morn+ is n ! day b ! night4 ,:at does x mean1 !n8 ,_m writ]s seem to suppose t ! ev5+ & ! morn+ are int5d$ by ,moses to designate ! night & ! day2--t is to say1 ! :ole p]iod ( d>kness & ! :ole p]iod ( light1 :i* put toge!r make up ! civil day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,if ! text c\ld be expla9$ 9 ?is way1 x w\ld fit 91 no d\bt1 mu* m appropriately ) ! !ory ( ord9>y days ?an ) ! !ory ( indef9ite p]iods4 ,b ! text _c be expla9$ 9 ?is way4 ,! ev5+ is n ! :ole p]iod ( d>kness1 & ! morn+ is n ! :ole p]iod ( light4 ,no ,engli% writ] c\ld say1 ) propriety1 t ! ,day is made up ( ! ev5+ & ! morn+4 ,nei!r c\ld ,moses h meant to say ?is 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis3 = ! ,hebrew words 7,gh]eb7 & 7,bok]7 :i* are f\nd 9 ! orig9al text1 h a mean+ n less fix$ & def9ite ?an ! correspond+ words ,ev5+ & ! ,morn+ 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,to prove ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion by an inve/igation ( all ! passages 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible1 9 :i* ^! words are f\nd1 w\ld be a t$i\s & un9t]e/+ task4 ,b x may be easily te/$ 9 ano!r way4 ,if ! words 7,gh]eb7 & 7,bok]7 7 ev] us$ to mean1 n /rictly ! ev5+ & morn+1 b ! :ole p]iod ( night & ! :ole p]iod ( day1 ?is fact w\ld surely h become kn[n 9 ! c\rse ( "t to "s ( ! _m em95t & accompli%$ ,hebrew lexicograph]s4 ,we ask1 !n1 is !re "o ,hebrew lexicon ( note :i* assigns ! s5se ( night to ! ^w 7,gh]eb7 & ! s5se ( day to ! ^w 7,bok]74 ,= ourselves1 we h se>*$ sev]al ( ! be/ ( !m1 & we h n f\nd a s+le "o t ev5 h9ts at su* an explanation4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 "s ( our read]s might be unwill+ to accept ! au?ority ( lexicons z conclusive on a po9t ( ?is k9d2 see+ t lexicons v (t5 repres5t b imp]fectly ! full p[] ( a language4 ,well1 !n1 !re is ano!r process1 & a simple "o en\gh1 by :i* !y may demon/rate ! inaccuracy ( our /atem5t1 if inaccurate x be4 ,let !m produce any passage f ! ,hebrew ,bible 9 :i* ! words 7,gh]eb7 & 7,bok]7 are employ$ to designate ! :ole night & ! :ole day4 ,if !y fail to d s1--& z f> z we are aw>e1 no su* passage has yet be5 discov]$1--!n surely we may fairly cont5d t ! int]pretation :i* ?us expla9s ! words 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis _c be reg>d$ z c]ta93 nor c ! argum5t f\nd$ on t int]pretation be receiv$ z conclusive4 ,!re is a text 9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ! prophet ,daniel :i* might1 p]haps1 appe> at fir/ sight to militate aga9/ our op9ion4 ,! prophet _h a vision 9 :i* x 0 =e%ad[$ t ,antio*us ,epiphanes %\ld come & prevail aga9/ ! ,jews1 & %\ld pr(ane ! temple ( ,god1 & %\ld aboli% ! daily sacrifice4 ,"o ( ! ,angels 9 ! vision is he>d ask+ ( ano!r1 = h[ long %\ld ! daily sacrifice cease1 & ! sanctu>y rema9 desolate4 ,& ! answ] is giv5 9 ^! words3 8,unto ev5+-morn+ 7 1 ghad gh]eb bok]7 two ?\s& ?ree hundr$2 !n %all ! sanctu>y be cleans$40#aeg ,n[1 ?is is commonly und]/ood to mean t ! daily sacrifice %\ld be aboli%$ = two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ days4 ,& !re=e1 x w\ld seem t1 9 ?is passage1 ! ev5+ & morn+ are us$ to signify ! :ole civil day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,we w n dispute ! correctness ( ! int]pretation :i* is "h set =?1 al?\gh ! words ( ! ,angel are expla9$ 9 a v diff]5t s5se by _m em95t comm5tators4 ,b we ?9k t ! passage1 ev5 :5 und]/ood accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 _c fairly be br\ght 9 evid5ce aga9/ u4 ,! ev5+ & ! morn+ d n make up ! :ole day3 b !y occur once1 & only once1 9 ea* day4 ,!re=e a p]iod ( _m days may be prop]ly signifi$ by not+ ! recurr5ce ( ! ev5+ & morn+ a c]ta9 numb] ( times4 ,& 9 po9t ( fact1 a usage ( ?is k9d seems to prevail 9 mo/ languages4 ,! common ^w =tnight1 9 ,engli%1 af=ds a good illu/ration4 ,x signifies a p]iod ( f\rte5 nights & days3 yet x does n specify ! recurr5ce ( f\rte5 days1 b only ! recurr5ce ( f\rte5 nights4 ,aga91 ! poet says3 8,fair 0 %e to behold1 t maid5 ( sev5te5 summ]s40 ,nobody w\ld argue f ^! examples t ! ^w summ] means a p]iod ( twelve mon?s2 or t ! ^w night means a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,& s1 9 ! case be=e u1 ! recurr5ce ( ! ev5+ & morn+ two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ times may be po9t$ out to m>k a p]iod ( two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ days1 al?\gh ! ev5+ & morn+ are n ! :ole day1 b only c]ta9 p>ts ( ! day4 ,nay1 m2 we fancy we c see a good reason :y ! ,angel 9 ! vision %\ld s+le out ! ev5+ & ! morn+ = special notice4 ,he _h be5 ask$ ab\t ! pr(anation ( ! sanctu>y1 & ! abolition ( ! daily sacrifice4 ,n[ x 0 9 ! ev5+ & ! morn+ t ! daily sacrifice 0 wont to be (f]$4 ,& ! ,angel seems to answ]3 ,! ev5+ & ! morn+ %all return two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ times2 & !re %all be no ev5+ & morn+ sacrifice3 b1 aft] t "t1 ! sanctu>y %all be cleans$ & sacrifice re/or$4 ,s f> we h be5 argu+ f ! common usage ( ,scripture t ! ev5+ & ! morn+ m5tion$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,creation _c mean ! :ole night & ! :ole day4 ,b !re is a special objection aga9/ ?is int]pretation f ! hi/ory ( ! ,creation itself4 ,! fif? v]se 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis runs ?us3 8,& ,god call$ ! light ,day1 & ! d>kness he call$ ,night4 ,& !re 0 ev5+ & !re 0 morn+ ! ,fir/ ,day40 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce x is record$ t ,god1 hav+ divid$ ! light f ! d>kness1 gave to ea* its prop] "n3 ,he call$ ! light1 ,day2 & ! d>kness1 ,night4 ,is x n highly improbable t1 aft] ?is ann\ncem5t1 ! sacr$ writ] w\ld himself1 9 ! v next s5t5ce1 employ names altoge!r diff]5t1 if he wi%$ to designate ! p]iod ( light & ! p]iod ( d>kness8 ,we are n ma9ta9+ t ! phrase "u consid]ation--8!re 0 ev5+ & !re 0 morn+ ! ,fir/ ,day0--_c be expla9$ on ! hypo!sis t ! ,days ( ,creation 7 days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,b we d cont5d t x af=ds no conclusive pro( 9 favor ( t hypo!sis2 because ev5 9 t hypo!sis ! mean+ ( ! phrase is /ill d\btful & obscure4 ,= ourselves1 we c&idly confess we c (f] no explanation t seems to u1 9 any sy/em ( int]pretation1 altoge!r satisfactory4 ,we may be all[$1 h[ev]1 to call att5tion to an op9ion put =w>d by ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 :i* fits 9 v appropriately ) ! doctr9e t ! ,days ( ,creation 7 long p]iods ( "t4 ,! di/9ctions ( ev5+ & morn+1 he says1 are n to be und]/ood 9 ref]5ce to ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! ,sun1 :i*1 9 po9t ( fact1 0 n creat$ until ! ,f\r? ,day2 b r 9 ref]5ce to ! works !mselves t are record$ to h be5 produc$4 ,9 ?is way ! ev5+ w naturally repres5t ! br++ to an end ( ! "w t _h be5 accompli%$2 & ! morn+1 on ! o!r h&1 ! com+ 9 ( ! "w t 0 to be4 ,?is op9ion 0 aft]w>d adopt$ by ,sa9t ,eu*]ius1 ,bi%op ( ,lyons1 :o seems almo/ to borr[ ! v words ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e2 & also by ,v5]able ,b$e1 :o says3 8,:at is ! ev5+1 b ! completion ( ea* "w8 & ! morn+1 b ! beg9n+ ( ! next80 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury we f9d x aga9 set =? by ,sa9t ,hildeg>de1 :o 0 consid]$ by ,sa9t ,b]n>d1 z well z by ,pope ,eug5ius ! ,?ird1 to h be5 gift$ ) ! _s ( prophecy4#aeh ,?is int]pretation1 x is true1 does n expla9 ! words ev5+ & morn+ accord+ to _! lit]al signification3 b !n ! metaphorical s5se x ascribes to !m is bo? simple & appropriate2 m especially if we und]/& ! ^w ,day 9 ! s5se ( a long & indef9ite p]iod4 ,z ! morn+ lit]ally means ! break ( day1 & ! ev5+ its decl9e1 ! ,sacr$ ,writ] might1 n inaptly1 h employ$ ^! words to repres5t metaphorically ! op5+ & ! close ( ! v>i\s works :i* are ascrib$ to ea* successive p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,creation4 ,x may be obs]v$1 moreov]1 t ?is explanation seems q 9 accord ) ! etymology ( ! ,hebrew words 7,gh]eb71 & 7,bok]74 ,! latt] is =m$ f ! root 7,bak>71 to lay op51 & us$ to signify ! morn+1 because 9 ! morn+ ! light ( ! sun is1 z x 71 unveil$1 & laid op5 to ! e>?4 ,h5ce1 ! ^w might be appli$ ) mu* propriety1 9 a metaphorical s5se1 to ! unfold+ ( ! v>i\s works ( ,god1 z ea* new p]iod 01 9 its turn1 u%]$ 9 ) a new act ( ,creation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 7,gh]eb7 seems to be d]iv$ f 7,gh>ab71 to m+le1 & has probably come to signify ! ev5+1 z ! fam\s ,hebrew s*ol>1 ,ab5 ,ezra1 sugge/s1 because1 9 ! unc]ta9 light ( ev5+1 ! =ms ( ext]nal objects lose _! di/9ctness ( outl9e1 & become1 9 a mann]1 bl5d$ toge!r4 ,& s ?is ^w might h be5 employ$1 n unfitly1 to repres5t ! close ( ea* p]iod 9 ! creation1 :i* 0 m>k$1 z ,geologi/s tell u1 by ! gradual dy+ out or ext9ction ( ! v>i\s =ms ( life peculi> to t p]iod4 ,anyh[1 9 foll[+ ! op9ion ( s anci5t & s v5]able an au?ority z ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 we _c be *>g$ ) unduly /ra9+ ! ,sacr$ ,text to meet ! exig5cies ( mod]n sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! next argum5t is f\nd$ on a passage 9 ,exodus1 to :i* we h already _h occasion to ref]3 8,six days %alt ?\ labor1 & d all ?y "w4 ,b ! sev5? day is ! ,sabba? ( ! ,"l ?y ,god3 ?\ %alt d no "w on x1 ?\1 nor ?y son1 nor ?y daught]1 nor ?y man-s]vant1 nor ?y maid-s]vant1 nor ?y bea/1 nor ! /rang] t is )9 ?y gates4 ,= 9 six days ! ,"l made ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 & ! sea1 & all t 9 !m is1 & re/$ ! sev5? day2 !re=e ! ,"l bless$ ! sev5? day & sanctifi$ x40#aei ,we are to "w ^u six days1 & to re/ ^u ! sev5?2 because 9 six days ,god accompli%$ all ! works ( ! creation1 & re/$ on ! sev5?4 ,!re c be no mi/ake z to ! mean+ ( ?is comm&m5t4 ,! six days on :i* x is lawful to labor are1 beyond all d\bt1 six days 9 ! common s5se ( ! ^w2 six days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ea*3 & ! sev5? day1 on :i* x is =bidd5 to "w1 is a day ( ! same k9d4 ,b ! example ( ,god's labor & ,god's re/ is set =?1 9 ! text1 z ! patt]n aft] :i* ?is law ( ! ,sabba? 0 fram$4 ,& !re=e1 ! six days 9 :i* ,god furni%$ & embelli%$ ! e>? mu/ h be5 likewise six days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ea*4 ,?is argum5t is reg>d$ by _m writ]s z decisive4 ,to u1 on ! contr>y1 x seems by no means necess>y to und]/& ! days on :i* ,god labor$ & re/$1 9 precisely ! same s5se z ! days on :i* x is enjo9$ t we %\ld labor & re/4 ,! examples ( ,god is1 no d\bt1 repres5t$ 9 ! ,sacr$ ,text z ! reason = ! ,jewi% ,sabba?3 8,six days %alt ?\ labor1 & re/ ^u ! sev5?2 = 9 six days ! ,"l made ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 & re/$ on ! sev5?40 ,b1 suppose = a mom5t t ! days ( creation 7 long p]iods ( "t1 w n ! significance ( ?is reason rema9 un*ang$8 ,z ,god1 9 ! great "w ( ! creation1 labor$ = six successive p]iods1 & !n re/$ = a sev5?1 s %all y likewise d all y\r "w dur+ six ( ^? successive p]iods into :i* y\r "t is divid$1 & re/ ^u ! sev5?4 ,9 support ( ?is view1 we may obs]ve t ! ,jews 7 comm&$ to ab/a9 f "w1 n only e sev5? day1 b also e sev5? ye>4 8,six ye>s ?\ %alt s[ ?y gr\nd1 & %alt ga!r ! corn !re(2 b ! sev5? ye> ?\ %alt let x alone1 & suff] x to re/1 t ! poor ( ?y p may eat1 & :atsoev] %all be left1 let ! bea/s ( ! field eat x3 9 l mann] %alt ?\ d ) ?y v9ey>d & ?y olivey>d4 ,six days %alt ?\ "w3 ! sev5? day ?\ %alt cease1 t ?y ox & ?y ass may re/2 & ! son ( ?y h&maid & ! /rang] may be refre%$40#afj ,& 9 ano!r place we read3 8,:5 y %all h ent]$ into ! l& :i* ,i w give y1 obs]ve ! re/ ( ! ,sabba? to ! ,"l4 ,six ye>s ?\ %alt s[ ?y field1 & six ye>s ?\ %alt prune ?y v9ey>d1 & %alt ga!r ! fruits !re(2 b 9 ! sev5? ye> !re %all be a ,sabba? to ! l&1 ( ! re/+ ( ! ,"l2 ?\ %alt n s[ ?y field1 nor prune ?y v9ey>d4 ,:at ! gr\nd %all br+ =? ( itself ?\ %alt n reap3 nei!r %alt ?\ ga!r ! grapes ( ! fir/ fruits z a v9tage2 = x is a ye> ( re/ to ! l&3 ,b !y %all be unto y = meat2 to !e1 & to ?y man-s]vant1 & to ?y maid-s]vant1 & to ?y hirel+1 & to ! /rang]s t soj\rn ) !e1 to ?y bea/s ( burd51 & to ?y cattle1 all ?+s t gr[ %all be = meat40#afa ,! sev5? ye>1 !n1 accord+ to ,div9e comm&1 0 a ye> ( re/ among ! ,jews1 j z ! sev5? day 0 a day ( re/2 & x is evid5t t ! "o precept1 no less ?an ! o!r1 0 f\nd$ on ! great example ( ,god's re/ :5 ,he _h f9i%$ ! "w ( ,creation4 ,we are satisfi$1 !re=e1 t :atev] may h be5 ! l5g? ( ^? six days 9 :i* ,god labor$1 & ( ! sev5? day on :i* ,he re/$1 ,8 example might /ill be prop]ly set =? z ! model on :i* ! law ( ! ,sabba? 0 f\nd$4 ,x is urg$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is passage ( ,exodus1 we h ! same ^w 7yom7 appli$ 9 ! v same context to ! six days ( ! ,creation & to ! six days ( ! week2 & x c h>dly be suppos$ t ! inspir$ writ] w\ld pass ?us sudd5ly f "o mean+ ( ! ^w to ano!r1 & a v diff]5t mean+1 )\t giv+ any intimation to 8 read]s ( su* a transition4 ,if ?is argum5t is a good "o1 we c only say t x completely ov]sets ! op9ion ( ^? aga9/ :om we are cont5d+4 ,9 ! fif? v]se ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis we read3 8,& ,god call$ ! light ,day1 & ! d>kness he call$ ,night4 ,& !re 0 ev5+ & !re 0 morn+ ! fir/ ,day40 ,n[1 ^? :o reject ! !ory ( long p]iods1 ma9ta9 t by ! ^w ,day 9 ! latt] "p ( ?is v]se1 is meant ! :ole civil day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 :ile x is pla9 t1 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! v]se1 ! same ^w ,day is emphatically appli$ to only a "p ( t p]iod--t is1 to ! "t ( light z di/+ui%$ f ! "t ( d>kness4 ,!re=e1 !y are !mselves1 9 fact1 uphold+ an int]pretation :i* supposes ! inspir$ writ] to pass f "o mean+ ( ! ^w ,day to ano!r1 )\t any intimation ( a *ange ( mean+4 ,b we d n want to %r9k f deal+ ) ?is argum5t on its m]its4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* x is f\nd$ seems to u uns\nd & inconsi/5t ) ! evid5ce ( ! ,sacr$ ,books !mselves4 ,x is q a common ?+1 we cont5d1 9 ,scripture1 = ! writ] to pass f "o mean+ ( a ^w to ano!r )\t any explicit indication ( su* a transition1 :51 z 9 ! case be=e u1 ! two s5ses1 ?\gh diff]5t1 are analog\s3 ! "o be+1 z x 71 ! figure1 or ! symbol1 or ! patt]n1 ( ! o!r4 ,a few examples w make ?is cle>4 ,9 ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,paul to ! ,cor9?ians1 we read z foll[s3 8,= ! *>ity ( ,*ri/ presse? u3 judg+ ?is1 t if "o di$ = all1 !n all 7 dead2 & ,*ri/ di$ = all40#afb ,"h1 :5 x is said t 8all 7 dead10 ! mean+ is1 t all m5 7 dead spiritually by s92 :]eas1 9 ! clause imm$iately prec$+1 & 9 ! clause imm$iately foll[+1 ! same ^w is us$ 9 its lit]al s5se = ! dea? ( ,*ri/ ^u ! cross4 ,& yet ! ,apo/le1 ?\gh he ?us pass$ f ! lit]al to ! metaphorical s5se ( ! ^w1 & !n back aga9 f ! metaphorical s5se to ! lit]al1 gives no express indication ( ^! transitions4 ,aga91 9 ! ,gospel1 :5 a c]ta9 man1 be+ call$ by our ,"l1 said3 8,"l1 suff] me fir/ to g & bury my fa!r10 ,jesus reprov$ him 9 ^! words3 8,let ! dead bury _! dead2 b g ?\ & prea* ! k+dom ( ,god40#afc ,!re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion among/ comm5tators z to ! exact mean+ ( ?is phrase4 ,b :atev] int]pretation be adopt$1 x seems evid5t f ! context t ! dead to be buri$ 7 ^? :o 7 lit]ally dead2 :]eas1 ! dead :o 7 to bury !m 7 manife/ly n ^? :o 7 lit]ally dead1 b ^? :o 7 dead 9 "s analog\s or metaphorical s5se4 ,ano!r example occurs 9 ! tw5tie? *apt] ( ,sa9t ,john4 ,*ri/ says to ,8 ,apo/les3 8,i asc5d to my ,fa!r & y\r ,fa!r1 to my ,god & y\r ,god40#afd ,:5 ,he says1 8,i asc5d to my ,fa!r10 ! mean+ is1 8to ,him :o has begott5 me f all et]nity40 ,:5 ,he adds1 8& y\r ,fa!r10 ! mean+ is1 8to ,him :o has adopt$ y = ,8 *ildr540 ,"h1 !n1 ! ^w ,fa!r is fir/ us$ 9 ! s5se ( a natural fa!r1 & imm$iately aft] 9 ! s5se ( a fa!r by adoption1 )\t any explicit decl>ation ( a *ange 9 mean+4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,sa9t ,paul to ! ,romans furni%es an in/ance 9 :i* ! transition f "o mean+ to ano!r occurs 9 ! case ( ! ^w ,day itself3 8,! night is pass$1 & ! day is at h&4 ,let u1 !re=e1 ca/ (f ! works ( d>kness1 & put on ! armor ( light4 ,let u walk hone/ly z 9 ! day40#afe ,! ^w ,day1 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is passage1 is us$ by ,sa9t ,paul = ! ,day ( ,et]nity :i* is to foll[ ! d>kness ( ?is life2 :ile1 9 ! next s5t5ce1 x means cle>ly ! p]iod ( light betwe5 sunrise & sunset4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ! same k9d occurs 9 ! fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians4 8,b y1 bre?r51 are n 9 d>kness t t day %\ld ov]take y z a ?ief2 = y are all ! *ildr5 ( light & ! *ildr5 ( ! day40#aff ,no "o famili> ) ! language ( ,scripture c d\bt t ! fir/ day "h is ! ,day ( ,judgm5t2 & x is q pla9 t ! second day is n ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,our next example1 & "o mo/ appropriate to our purpose1 is tak5 f ! prophet ,amos3 8,& x %all come to pass 9 t day1 sai? ! ,"l ,god1 t ,i w make ! sun g d[n at noon1 & ,i w d>k5 ! e>? 9 ! cle> day40#afg ,?is prophecy is commonly ref]r$ by ! ,fa!rs to ! "t ( our ,"l1 :5 ! e>? 0 d>k5$ 9 ! cle> day on ! occasion ( ,8 crucifixion2 b "s em95t au?orities1 ) ,sa9t ,j]ome at _! head1 expla9 x ( ! ,captivity 9 ,babylon4 ,ei!r int]pretation w suit our argum5t4 ,! sacr$ writ] fir/ employs ! ^w ,day = a long p]iod ( "t1 & aft]w>d proce$s to use x 9 its m ord9>y s5se1 )\t giv+ 8 read]s any express intimation ( su* a transition4 ,we hope x is n[ pretty cle> t nei!r ! reason assign$ = ! in/itution ( ! ,sabba? ,day1 nor ! p>ticul> =m ( words 9 :i* t ord9ance is set =?1 (f]s any insurm\ntable ob/acle to ! op9ion we are def5d+4 ,& ?is is q en\gh = our purpose4 ,= we w\ld aga9 rem9d our read]s t we are n attempt+ to prove f ! ,sacr$ ,text t ?is op9ion mu/ be true1 b only t x may be true4 ,our object has be5 suffici5tly atta9$ if we h succe$$ 9 %[+ t ! hypo!sis :i* makes ! ,days ( ,creation long p]iods1 is n inconsi/5t ) ! language ( ,scripture4 ,we are tempt$1 h[ev]1 9 ! case ( ?is objection1 to g some:at fur!r ?an ! scope ( our argum5t /rictly dem&s4 ,! text we h j be5 discuss+ br+s be=e u1 9 fact1 a consid]ation ( great weight 9 favor ( ! sy/em ( long p]iods4 8,9 six days ! ,"l made ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? & ! sea1 & all t 9 !m is1 & re/$ on ! sev5? day40 ,n[1 :at 0 ?is ,sev5? ,day on :i* ,god re/$8 ,0 x a common day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs8 or 0 x n r a long & undef9$ p]iod ( "t8 ,sa9t ,augu/9e answ]s pla9ly en\gh3 8,! sev5? day10 he says1 8is )\t an ev5+1 & has no sett+40 ,& ,v5]able ,b$e1 ask+ :y ! sacr$ writ] _h assign$ no ev5+ to ! sev5? day1 gives ?is answ]3 8,because x has no end1 & is %ut 9 by no limit40#afh ,! common s5tim5t ( ,!ologians1 z f> z we "k1 seems to po9t 9 ! same direction4 ,!y tell u t ,god is said to h re/$1 inasmu* z ,he ceas$ f ! creation ( new species2 & !y hold t s9ce ! close ( ! ,six? ,day no new species h be5 br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,b :e!r ?is be true or n1 x w\ld be v difficult1 we ?9k1 to po9t out any s5se 9 :i* ,god c be said to h re/$ aft] ! "w ( ! ,six ,days1 & 9 :i* ,he is n re/+ at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,if s1 ! day ( ,8 re/ is /ill go+ on2 & x is n a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs only1 b a p]iod ( _m ?\s& ye>s4 ,n[1 if ! ,sev5? ,day on :i* ,god re/$ is a p]iod ( _m ?\s& ye>s1 are we n fully ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ t ! ,six ,days on :i* ,he =m$ & furni%$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? 7 likewise p]iods ( _m ages8 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,hypo!sis ,,to ,,! ,,mosaic ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,creation--,,conclusion4 ,summ>y ( ! argum5t--,/rik+ co9cid5ce betwe5 ! ord] ( creation z set =? 9 ! n>rative ( ,moses & 9 ! records ( ,geology--,comp>ison illu/rat$ & develop$--,s*eme ( adju/m5t betwe5 ! p]iods ( ,geology & ! days ( ,g5esis--,tabul> view ( ?is s*eme--,objections consid]$--,x is n to be reg>d$ z an e/abli%$ !ory1 b z an admissible hypo!sis--,ei!r ! fir/ hypo!sis or ! second is suffici5t to meet ! dem&s ( ,geology z reg>ds ! antiquity ( ! e>?--,n necess>y to suppose t ! sacr$ writ] 0 made acqua9t$ ) ! long ages ( geological "t--,he simply records fai?fully t :i* 0 committ$ to 8 *>ge--,! ,mosaic hi/ory ( creation /&s alone1 )\t rivals or competitors4 ,! results at :i* we h arriv$ by ! long1 & we fe> t$i\s1 l9e ( argum5t pursu$ 9 ! la/ ,*apt]1 may be briefly summ$ up4 ,fir/1 _m illu/ri\s ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*--,sa9t ,augu/9e1 ,orig51 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,sa9t ,a?anasius1 & o!rs--pla9ly decl>$ aga9/ ! op9ion t ! ,days ( ,creation 7 days 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w2 &1 !re=e1 x is a mi/ake to suppose t ?is op9ion is support$ by ! unanim\s voice ( ,*ri/ian tradition4 ,secondly1 ! ^w ,day is frequ5tly us$ 9 ,scripture = a long p]iod ( "t1 & sometimes = a p]iod ( indef9ite duration4 ,?irdly1 !re is no?+ 9 ! language ( ,moses t =bids u to expla9 ! ^w accord+ to ?is s5se1 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,& f\r?ly1 !re is1 at lea/1 "o grave consid]ation1 d]iv$ f ,holy ,scripture itself1 :i* di/9ctly po9ts to su* an int]pretation4 ,! ,six ,days ( ,creation are contra/$ ) ! ,sev5? ,day ( ,god's re/2 & ?is ,sev5? ,day ( ,god's re/ is unque/ionably a long p]iod ( undef9$ duration4 ,f all ?is x is obvi\s to conclude1 t we may fairly adopt ?is mode ( int]pret+ ! ,mosaic ,days1 if x w assi/ u 9 reconcil+ ! receiv$ conclusions ( sci5ce ) ! tru?s ( ,revelation4 ,n[1 !re is a /rik+ resemblance1 9 "s important respects1 betwe5 ! ord] ( ,creation z exhibit$ 9 ! successive days ( ! ,sacr$ ,record1 & ! ord] ( ,creation z manife/$ 9 ! successive p]iods ( ,geological "t4 ,?ree days are specially m>k$ out by ! ,inspir$ ,hi/orian z di/+ui%$ by ! creation ( vegetable & animal life--! ,?ird1 ! ,fif?1 & ! ,six?4 ,on ! ,?ird ,day 7 creat$ plants & trees2 on ! ,fif?1 reptiles1 fi%1 & birds2 on ! ,six?1 cattle1 & ! bea/s ( ! e>?1 &1 t[>d ! end1 man himself4 ,geologi/s1 on ! o!r h&1 n influ5c$ 9 ! lea/ degree by ! ,scripture n>rative1 b guid$ *iefly by ! rema9s ( animal & vegetable life :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 h e/abli%$ ?ree lead+ divisions ( ,geological "t2 ! ,palozoic1 or fir/ age ( organic life1 ! ,mesozoic1 or second great age ( organic life1 & ! ,ka9ozoic1 or ?ird great age ( organic life4 ,"h1 no d\bt1 is a rem>kable co9cid5ce4 ,b x w\ld be /ill m rem>kable if we c\ld recognize1 9 ! ?ree epo*s ( ,geology1 ! same g5]al *>act]i/ics ( organic life z we f9d ascrib$ by ,moses to ! ?ree successive days ( ! ,bible n>rative4 ,& s we may1 x is said1 if we w only take ! pa9s to exam9e = ourselves ! organic rema9s ( ^! geological epo*s z !y lie disp]s$ ?r\gh ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 or ev5 z !y are to be f\nd collect$ & arrang$ = exhibition 9 our museums4 ,! fir/ great age ( ,geology is em95tly di/+ui%$ = its plants & trees2 ! second1 = its huge reptiles & great sea-mon/]s2 ! ?ird1 = its va/ h]ds ( noble quadrup$s4 ,nay1 to complete ! h>mony betwe5 ! two ,records1 z man is repres5t$ by ! ,inspir$ ,writ] to h be5 creat$ t[>d ! close ( ! la/ day1 s1 t[>d ! close ( ! la/ ,geological age1 ! rema9s ( man & ( 8 works are f\nd1 = ! fir/ "t1 laid by 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,e>?4 ,su* is ! co9cid5ce :i* "s +5i\s writ]s fancy !y c trace betwe5 ! hi/ory t is set =? 9 ! writt5 ,^w ( ,god1 & ! hi/ory t is s curi\sly inscrib$ ^u ,8 works4 ,our read]s1 p]haps1 w n be unwill+ to consid] x a little m 9 detail4 ,we read 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 t on ! ,?ird ,day ,god said3 8,let ! e>? br+ =? ! gre5 h]b1 & su* z may se$1 & ! fruit-tree yield+ fruit aft] its k9d1 :i* may h se$ 9 itself ^u ! e>?4 ,& x 0 s done4 ,& ! e>? br\ght =? ! gre5 h]b1 & su* z yielde? se$ accord+ to its k9d1 & ! tree t be>e? fruit1 hav+ se$ ea* "o accord+ to its k9d4 ,& ,god saw t x 0 good40#afi ,let u n[ turn to ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod ( ,geology1 :i* occupies a l>ge space 9 ! great ,palozoic age4 ,all writ]s agree t x 0 specially m>k$ by a gorge\s & luxuriant vegetation3 & z we contemplate ! multitud9\s rema9s ( plants & trees :i* h be5 ga!r$ s abundantly 9 our coal measures1 & rang$ ) su* /rik+ effect along ! walls ( our museums1 we c sc>cely help ?9k+ t we h be=e u a practical comm5t>y on ! text ( ,moses4 ,! gift$ ,hugh ,mill]1 :o is univ]sally all[$ to h be5 "o ( ! mo/ practical & exp]i5c$ ,geologi/s ( ! mod]n s*ool1 gives a v picturesque & graphic sket* ( ! ,c>bonif]\s flora4 8,9 no o!r age10 he says1 8did ! _w ev] witness su* a flora3 ! y\? ( ! e>? 0 peculi>ly a gre5 & umbrage\s y\?1--a y\? ( dusk & tangl$ =e/s1--( huge p9es & /ately arauc>ians1--( ! re$-l calamite1 ! tall tree-f]n1 ! sculptur$ sigill>ia1 & ! hirsute lepidod5dron4 ,:]ev] dry l&1 or %all[ lake or runn+ /ream appe>$1 f :]e ,melville ,isl& n[ spreads out its ice-wa/es "u ! /> ( ! pole1 to :]e ! arid pla9s ( ,au/ralia lie solit>y b5ea? ! bright cross ( ! s\?1 a rank & luxuriant h]bage cumb]$ e footbread? ( ! dank & /eam+ soil2 & ev5 to di/ant planets our e>? mu/ h %[n1 ?r\gh ! envelop+ cl\d1 ) a gre5 & delicate ray40#agj ,su* an age z ?is might well be describ$ 9 hi/ory z ! age 9 :i* ! e>? br\ght =? ! gre5 h]b1 & ! fruit-tree yield+ se$ accord+ to its k9d4 ,aga91 ! "w ( ! ,fif? ,day is ?us describ$ 9 ! ,sacr$ ,n>rative3--8,god also said3 ,let ! wat]s br+ =? ! creep+ creature hav+ life1 & ! f[l t may fly ov] ! e>? "u ! firmam5t ( ,heav54 ,& ,god creat$ ! great :ales1 & e liv+ & mov+ creature :i* ! wat]s br\ght =?1 accord+ to _! k9ds1 & e w+$ f[l accord+ to its k9d4 ,& ,god saw t x 0 good40#aga ,& 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! =m]1 we may f9d ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,bible /ory 9 ! records ( ,geology4 8,! second>y age ( ! geologi/10 says ! em95t writ] f :om we h already quot$1 8possess$1 l ! e>li] "o1 its h]bs & plants1 b !y 7 ( a greatly less luxuriant & conspicu\s "* ?an _! pr$ecessors1 & no long] =m$ ! prom95t trait or feature ( ! creation to :i* !y belong4 ,! p]iod _h also its corals1 its cru/aceans1 its molluscs1 its fi%es1 &1 9 "s "o or two exceptional in/ances1 its dw>f mammals4 ,b ! gr& exi/5ces ( ! age1--! exi/5ces 9 :i* x excell$ e o!r creation1 e>li] or lat]1--7 its huge creep+ ?+s1--its enorm\s mon/]s ( ! deep1--&1 z %[n by ! impressions ( _! footpr9ts /amp$ ^u ! rocks1 its gigantic birds4 ,x 0 peculi>ly ! age ( egg-be>+ animals1 w+$ & w+less4 ,its wond]ful :ales1 n h[ev] z n[1 ( ! mammalian1 b ( ! reptilian class--i*?yosaurs1 plesiosaurs1 & cetiosaurs--mu/ h tempe/$ ! deep2 its creep+ liz>ds & crocodiles1 su* z ! teleosaurus megalosaurus1 & iguanodon1--creatures "s ( :i* m ?an rival ! exi/+ elephant 9 height1 & greatly m ?an rivall$ him 9 bulk1--mu/ h cr[d$ ! pla9s1 or haunt$ by myriads ! riv]s ( ! p]iod2 & we "k t ! foot-pr9ts (1 at lea/1 "o ( its _m birds1 are fully twice ! size ( ^? made by ! horse or camel4 ,we are ?us prep>$ to demon/rate t ! second p]iod ( ! geologi/ 0 peculi>ly & *>act]i/ically a p]iod ( :ale-l reptiles ( ! sea1 ( enorm\s creep+ reptiles ( ! l&1 & ( num]\s birds1 "s ( !m ( gigantic size40#agb ,once m1 x is writt5 t1 on ! ,six? ,day1 8,god said3 ,let ! e>? br+ =? ! liv+ creature 9 its k9d1 cattle & creep+ ?+s1 & bea/s ( ! e>?1 accord+ to _! k9ds4 ,& x 0 s done4 ,& ,god made ! bea/s ( ! e>? accord+ to _! k9ds1 & cattle & e ?+ t creepe? on ! e>? aft] its k9d4 ,& ,god saw t x 0 good40#agc ,& aga9 ,geology seems to confirm ! tru? ( ! ,inspir$ n>rative1 & to fill up ! details ( ! picture4 8,! ,t]ti>y p]iod10 cont9ues ,hugh ,mill]1 8_h also its prom95t class ( exi/5ces4 ,its flora seems to h be5 no m conspicu\s ?an t ( ! pres5t "t2 its reptiles occupy a v subord9ate place2 b its bea/s ( ! field 7 by f> ! mo/ wond]fully develop$1 bo? 9 size & numb]s1 t ev] appe>$ ^u ! e>?4 ,its mammo?s & its ma/odons1 its rh9oc]i & its hippopotami1 its enorm\s dimo!rium & colossal mega!rium1 greatly m ?an equall$ 9 bulk ! greate/ mammals ( ! pres5t "t1 & va/ly exce$$ !m 9 numb]4 ,! rema9s ( "o ( its elephants 7,elephas primig5ius7 are /ill s abundant amid ! froz5 wa/es ( ,sib]ia1 t :at h be5 n inappropriately t]m$ #8ivory qu>ries' h be5 wr\ght among _! bones = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,ev5 9 our own c\ntry1 ( :i*1 z ,i h already %[n1 ?is elephant 0 = long ages a native1 s abundant are ! skeletons & tusks1 t !re is sc>cely a local museum 9 ! k+dom t has n its specim5s1 dug out ( ! ,plei/oc5e deposits ( ! neighborhood4 ,& ) ?is anci5t elephant !re 7 meetly associat$ 9 ,brita91 z on ! nor!rn cont95ts g5]ally all ar\nd ! globe1 _m o!r mammals ( correspond+ magnitude4 #8,gr& inde$1' says an ,engli% naturali/1 #80 ! fauna ( ! ,briti% isl&s 9 ^? e>ly days4 ,tig]s z l>ge aga9 z ! bigge/ ,asiatic species lurk$ 9 ! anci5t ?ickets2 elephants ne>ly twice ! size ( ! l>ge/ individuals t n[ exi/ 9 ,africa or ,ceylon roam$ 9 h]ds3 at lea/ two species ( ! rh9oc]os =c$ _! way ?r\gh ! primeval =e/s2 & ! lakes & riv]s 7 t5ant$ by hippopotami z bulky1 & ) z great tusks1 z ^? ( ,africa4' ,! massive cave-be> & l>ge cave-hyna belong to ! same =midable gr\p1 ) at lea/ two species ( great ox51 ) a horse ( small] size1 & an elk t /ood t5 feet f\r in*es 9 height4 ,truly ?is ,t]ti>y age--?is ?ird & la/ ( ! geologic p]iods--0 peculi>ly ! age ( great #8bea/s ( ! e>? aft] _! k9d1 & ( cattle aft] _! k9d4'0#agd ,we %all be told1 p]haps1 t !re are ,six ,days assign$ to ! "w ( creation 9 ! ,mosaic n>rative1 & t we h acc\nt$ b = ?ree4 ,let x be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ,geology does n pr(ess to give a complete hi/ory ( our ,globe4 ,x c set be=e u ^? ev5ts only :i* h left _! impress indelibly /amp$ ^u ! rocks t compose ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?4 ,^! ev5ts ,geologi/s h attempt$ to r$uce to ! ord] ( a *ronological sy/em2 & 9 prosecut+ ?is task !y h be5 guid$ almo/ exclusively by ! evid5ce ( ,organic ,rema9s4 ,h5ce x 0 n to be expect$ t1 9 ,geological ,*ronology1 we %\ld f9d a ,p]iod specially set ap>t z ! ,p]iod 9 :i* ,light 0 made2 or ano!r z ! ,p]iod 9 :i* ! ,firmam5t 0 spread out ov] ! ,e>?2 or a ,?ird z ! ,p]iod 9 :i* ! sun & moon & />s %one =? 9 ! expanse ( ,heav54 ,su* ph5om5a _h1 inde$1 a v important influ5ce on ! physical condition ( our globe4 ,b !y mu/ occupy a v second>y place1 if inde$ !y are di/9ctly *ronicl$ at all 9 ! records ( ,geology4 ,x is ! =mation ( rocks & ! emb$d+ !re9 ( ,fossil ,rema9s t con/itute ! ma9 /udy ( ! ,geologi/1 & t guide him 9 ! di/ribution ( ,geological "t4 ,fur!rmore1 we w\ld obs]ve t ! s*eme ( ,*ronology :i* ,geologi/s put be=e u1 af=ds abundant room = ea* & all ( ! ,mosaic ,days4 ,let x be assum$ = a mom5t t ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod corresponds ) ! ,?ird ,day ( ! ,sacr$ n>rative4 ,! e>li] ,p]iods ( ! ,palozoic ,age w !n fit 9 ) ! ,fir/ & ,second ,days ( ,scripture2 & ! ,p]mian1 :i* int]v5es betwe5 ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod & ! ,second>y ,age1 may be suppos$ to correspond ) ! ,f\r? ,day ( ,scripture4 ,?is adju/m5t betwe5 ! ,mosaic ,days & ! ,p]iods ( ,geology w probably be made m intelligible to ! g5]al read] by ! ,table t appe>s on ! foll[+ page4 ,! read] mu/ n ?9k x amiss1 9 ?is di/ribution ( ! ,mosaic ,days1 t f\r out ( six are cr[d$ toge!r into "o ,geological ,age1 :ile ea* ( ! o!r two has an entire ,age assign$ to itself4 ,if ! ,days ( ,creation 7 indef9ite p]iods1 !re is no incongruity 9 suppos+ t "o may h correspond$ to a long]1 ano!r to a %ort] int]val 9 ! hi/ory ( our planet4 ,b1 9 tru?1 our s*eme ( di/ribution does n ( necessity imply t ! ,mosaic ,days 7 p]iods ( unequal l5g?4 ,geologi/s d n pret5d t !re is ev5 a remote approximation to equality betwe5 ! sev]al divisions ( ,geological "t4 ,! ?ree great ,epo*s are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by reason ( ! v m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( _! ,fossil ,rema9s4 ,& ! multiplication ( ,p]iods 9 ea* ,epo* seems to dep5d r ^u ! degree ( complet5ess ) :i* ! /rata ( t ,age h be5 exam9$1 ?an ^u any conjecture z to ! probable l5g? ( its duration4 ,?us1 = example1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell ?9ks t1 z f> z ! pres5t condition ( ,sci5ce af=ds ! means ( =m+ an op9ion1 almo/ any "o ( ! ,p]iods 9 ! ,palozoic ,age 0 z long z all ! ,p]iods ( ! ,t]ti>y ,age tak5 toge!r4#age ,b !re is ano!r & a m s]i\s objection aga9/ our hypo!sis4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ m ?an once t ! p]iods ( ,geology are out ( h>mony ) ! ,days ( ,g5esis1 ev5 z reg>ds ! hi/ory ( ,organic life4 ,accord+ to ! ,scripture n>rative no ,organic life appe>$ ^u ! ,e>? previ\s to ! ,?ird ,day4 ,n[ ! ,?ird ,day ( ,scripture corresponds1 9 our s*eme1 ) ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod ( ,geology4 ,& yet !re is abundant evid5ce 9 ! ,fossil ,rema9s ( ! ,devonian1 ! ,silurian1 & ! ,cambrian ,=mations1 t ,organic life--bo? plants & animals--prevail$ ^u ! ,e>? = _m ages be=e ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod began4 ,nay1 x is n[ commonly held1 s9ce ! discov]y ( ! fam\s ,eozoon ,canad5se1 ! olde/ kn[n ,fossil1 t life already exi/$ dur+ ! deposition ( ! ,laur5tian ,rocks1 ! e>lie/ ( all ! ,/ratifi$ ,=mations4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ! ,mosaic acc\nt1 ,fi% are repres5t$ z hav+ be5 creat$ only on ! ,fif? ,day1 :i* we h fitt$ 9 ) ! ,second>y ,age ( ,geology3 :]eas 9 ! ,geological ,record we f9d ,fi% z e>ly z ! ,silurian ,p]iod1 :i* is f> back 9 ! ,prim>y ,age4 ,^! consid]ations1 & div]s o!rs ( a l nature1 h be5 reg>d$ by "s em95t writ]s z altoge!r fatal to ! hypo!sis = :i* we are cont5d+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,days4 ,,p]iods4 ,,epo*s4 ,,day ,,( ,,god',s ,,re/4 ,,rec5t4 ,,hi/oric ,,age4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,po/-,,plioc5e4 ,,six? ,,mosaic ,,day4 ,,plioc5e4 ,,t]ti>y ,,mioc5e4 ,,or ,,eoc5e4 ,,ka9ozoic ,,age4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,cretace\s4 ,,second>y ,,fif? ,,mosaic ,,day4 ,,jurassic4 ,,or ,,triassic4 ,,mesozoic ,,age4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,f\r? ,,mosaic ,,day4 ,,p]mian4 ,,?ird ,,mosaic ,,day4 ,,c>bonif]\s4 ,,prim>y ,,devonian4 ,,or ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,silurian4 ,,pal,,ozoic ,,age4 ,,mosaic ,,days4 ,,cambrian4 ,,laur5tian4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,to u1 h[ev]1 x appe>s t su* po9ts ( discrepancy involve no contradiction betwe5 ! two ,records4 ,! ,sacr$ ,writ] tells u1 no d\bt1 t on ! ,?ird ,day ,god creat$ plants & trees3 b he does n say1 ei!r expressly or o!rwise1 t previ\s to ! ,?ird ,day ! ,e>? 0 devoid ( vegetation4 ,aga91 we read t reptiles1 fi%1 & birds 7 creat$ on ! ,fif? ,day4 ,b !re is no?+ 9 ! language ( ! ,inspir$ n>rative f :i* x c be inf]r$ t ^! sev]al classes ( animal life may n h be5 repres5t$ be=e t "t1 by _m & v>i\s species3 ?\gh probably1 x 0 only on ! ,fif? ,day t !y 7 develop$ 9 su* va/ numb]s1 & assum$ su* gigantic proportions1 z to become ! mo/ conspicu\s objects ( creation4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis is b a brief summ>y ( an inconceivably va/ s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,x is no?+ m ?an a rapid sket*1 exhibit+1 z x 71 to ! eye ! prom95t features 9 ! hi/ory ( ,creation4 ,moreov]1 we %\ld rememb] t x 0 writt5 ) a specific end 9 view4 ,! purpose ( ! ,sacr$ ,writ] 0 pla9ly to impress ^u ! ,hebrew p1 naturally prone to idolatry1 ! exi/5ce ( ,"o ,supreme ,be+1 :o has made all ?+s4 ,h5ce we %\ld naturally expect t1 amid ! b\ndless v>iety ( ,god's works1 he w\ld make *oice ( ^? t 7 mo/ calculat$ to /rike ! m9d ) wond] & awe1 & to br+ home to a rude & uncultivat$ race ( m5 ! ,almighty ,p[] & ,supreme ,dom9ion ( ! ,great ,creator4 ,n[ ! ,zoophytes1 & ,graptolites1 & ,trilobites1 ( ! ,devonian & ,silurian ,p]iods1 h[ev] curi\s & int]e/+ !y may be to m5 ( sci5ce1 w\ld h _h b little significance = ! ,jewi% p4 ,let u suppose t ^! m humble =ms ( animal life _h1 9 fact1 exi/$ dur+ ! ,fir/ & ,second ,days ( ! ,mosaic n>rative1 & :]e is ! wond] t ! ,inspir$ ,hi/orian1 "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s1 %\ld pass !m by 9 sil5ce1 & *oose r to commemorate ! m /rik+ & impressive facts1 t1 at ! bidd+ ( ,god1 ,light %one =? f ! mid/ ( d>kness1 & ! blue firmam5t ( ,heav5 0 exp&$ above ! wa/e ( wat]s8 ,we say1 !n1 t ev5ts :i* are simply left unrecord$ by ! ,sacr$ ,writ] are n1 on t acc\nt1 untrue3#agf t he describes to u1 n all ! works ( ,creation1 :i* w\ld h be5 an endless task1 b only ! m conspicu\s objects 9 ea* successive /age2 & t he sket*es !m1 mo/ probably1 z !y w\ld h appe>$ to ! eye ( a human obs]v]1 if a human obs]v] at ! "t _h exi/$ on ! ,e>?4 ,if ?is view be admitt$1 !n x is n inconsi/5t ) ! ,scripture n>rative to suppose t plants may h exi/$ be=e ! ,?ird ,day1 & fi% be=e ! ,fif?4 ,ea* ,day 9 its turn w\ld h be5 r5d]$ conspicu\s to an obs]v+ spectator by ^? ev5ts :i* are record$ by ,moses4 ,b ea* ,day1 too1 w\ld h witness$ _m o!r ev5ts1 unnotic$ by ,moses1 ( :i* ! memorials h be5 pres]v$1 ev5 to our "t1 9 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?4 ,we %\ld obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh ?is s*eme ( adapt+ ! ,p]iods ( ,geology to ! ,days ( ,moses1 may be def5d$ z a legitimate hypo!sis1 x _c be upheld z an e/abli%$ tru?4 ,! geological records t h hi!rto be5 br\ght to light repres5t b ! m]e/ fragm5t ( ! ,e>?'s pa/ hi/ory4 ,ea* ye> t passes ov] our heads is add+ l>gely to ! /ore ( facts already accumulat$4 ,& x ne$s b little reflection to p]ceive t an hypo!sis may be q consi/5t ) ! k we possess to-day1 & yet may be f\nd altoge!r inconsi/5t ) ! k we %all possess to-morr[4 ,we mu/ be cont5t1 !re=e1 to susp5d our judgm5t1 & to await ! progress ( ev5ts4 ,x may be t future discov]ies %all br+ to light new po9ts ( h>mony betwe5 ! ,days ( ,g5esis & ! ,p]iods ( ,geology2 x may be !y %all demon/rate t no su* h>mony exi/s4 ,= u x is en\gh to h %[n t ?is hypo!sis is consi/5t1 on ! "o h&1 ) ! /ory ( ,g5esis--on ! o!r1 ) ! actual discov]ies ( ,geology2 &1 !re=e1 t x may be adopt$1 9 ! pres5t condition ( our k1 z a legitimate means ( reconcil+ ! e/abli%$ conclusions ( t sci5ce ) ! tru?s ( ,revelation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,conclusion4--,we h1 !n1 two di/9ct sy/ems ( int]pretation1 accord+ to :i* ! va/ ,antiquity ( ! ,e>?1 ass]t$ by ,geology1 may be fairly br\ght into h>mony ) ! hi/ory ( creation1 record$ 9 ,scripture4 ,! "o all[s an int]val ( incalculable duration betwe5 ! creation ( ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 & ! "w ( ! ,six ,days3 ! o!r supposes ea* "o ( ^! ,six ,days to h be5 itself an indef9ite p]iod ( "t4 ,we _c1 inde$1 prove t ei!r ( ^! two sy/ems is true 9 po9t ( fact2 b we h attempt$ to %[ t nei!r is at v>iance ) ! language ( ! ,sacr$ ,text4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we look to ! evid5ce ( geological facts1 we see no decisive reason = pref]r+ "o to ! o!r4 ,ei!r mode ( int]pretation seems 9 itself q suffici5t to meet all ! pres5t requirem5ts ( ,geology2 =1 accord+ to ei!r int]pretation1 ! ,bible n>rative w\ld all[ "t )\t limit = ! pa/ hi/ory ( our ,globe2 & "t )\t limit is j :at ,geology dem&s4 ,we may say1 !n1 on ?is po9t1 :at ,sa9t ,augu/9e said long ago1 9 speak+ ( ! div]se int]pretations :i* ! text ( ,g5esis admits3 8,let ea* "o *oose accord+ to ! be/ ( 8 p[]3 only let him n ra%ly put =w>d z kn[n t :i* is unkn[n2 & let him n fail to rememb] t he is b a man se>*+1 z f> z may be1 into ! works ( ,god40#agg ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t1 accord+ to our view1 ! ,sacr$ ,writ]1 9 compos+ 8 acc\nt ( ! ,creation1 _h be=e 8 m9d ^? va/ ,geological ,p]iods ab\t :i* we h said s mu* 9 ! c\rse ( ?is volume4 ,su* an op9ion is no "p ( our sy/em4 ,we see no good reason = believ+ t ! au?or ( ,g5esis 0 specially enlight5$ f ,heav5 on ! subject ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks & ,fossil ,rema9s1 ( ,upheaval & ,d5udation1 ( ,volcanic ,action & ,subt]ranean ,heat4 ,^! are matt]s ( ,physical1 n ( ,religi\s ,sci5ce4 ,& x seems to be ! ord] ( ,provid5ce to leave ! discov]y ( su* ?+s to ! indu/ry & +5uity ( man3 8,cuncta fecit bona 9 tempore suo1 et mundum tradidit disputationi eorum40#agh ,:at we ma9ta91 !n1 is simply ?is3 t ! ,sacr$ ,writ] record$ fai?fully1 9 language fitt$ to ! ideas ( 8 "t1 t portion ( ,revelation :i* 0 committ$ to him2 &1 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ?is task1 made su* a *oice ( words & phrases1 "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s1 to :om all tru? is pres5t1 z to set =? pla9ly ^? facts t 7 unfold$ to him1 )\t introduc+ any error ab\t ^? facts ( :i* he 0 ignorant4 ,! language is ! language ( m51 b ! voice t speaks !re9 is ! voice ( ,god4 ,& ?us x comes to pass t ?is ,mosaic /ory1 :5 fairly exam9$ accord+ to ! ord9>y laws ( human spee*1 is f\nd 9 e age to accommodate itself1 ) q an unexpect$ simplicity1 to ^? new & wond]ful views ( ,god's manifold p[] :i* ea* human sci5ce 9 its turn br+s to light4 ,be=e tak+ leave ( ! subject1 we w\ld v5ture to br+ "u ! notice ( our read]s "o v obvi\s reflection1 :i* is sometimes lo/ sight ( 9 ! heat ( controv]sy4 ,! ,mosaic hi/ory ( ! ,creation absolutely /&s alone4 ,x has no rivals1 no competitors4 ,e o!r attempt t has be5 made to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! _w1 & ( ! human race1 is refut$ by its own intr9sic extravagance & absurdity4 ,! wise/ nations ( antiquity fail$ to discov] t great fundam5tal tru?1 :i* /&s out s boldly on ! fir/ page ( ,g5esis1 t !re is ,"o ,god :o ha? made all ?+s4 ,! philosoph]s ( ,*alda 7 famili> ) ! c\rse ( ! ,heav5s1 & c\ld pr$ict ! eclipses ( ! sun & moon4 ,b ! philosoph]s ( ,*alda c\ld n rise f ! contemplation ( creatures to ! k ( ! ,creator3 ! creatures !mselves 7 ! gods t ,*alda wor%ipp$4 ,egypt _h greatness ( m9d to conceive ! idea ( ! ,pyramids1 & skill to devise ! plan ( _! con/ruction1 & /r5g? ( arms to lift up ! huge /ones on ^! /up5d\s piles4 ,b ,egypt rais$ up temples to ! riv] t wat]s its pla91 & (f]$ sacrifice to ! reptile t crawls ^u ! e>?1 & ! bea/ t grazes 9 ! field4 ,9 ,greece ! human m9d so>$ to its highe/ flight1 & rang$ ov] ! wide/ & mo/ beautiful fields ( ?\ght4 ,pe]less is %e among ! nations1 ! mi/ress ( ! arts1 ! f\nta9 s\rce ( ref9$ ta/e1 ! /oreh\se ( intellectual p[]1 ! great nurse ( human g5ius4 ,h] s*ools ( philosophy h influ5c$ & guid$ to a m>vell\s ext5t ! ?\ghts & speculations ( all subsequ5t times4 ,! song ( h] immortal b>d has k9dl$ ! imag9ation ( ! poet 9 e g5]ation1 & enri*$ 8 m9d ) gl[+ images4 ,orators & /atesm5 /ill love to copy ! l(ty s5tim5ts1 ! graceful diction1 ! fl[+ p]iods1 ( h] gold5 eloqu5ce4 ,& /ud5ts f e clime /& enraptur$ be=e ! beauty & ! maje/y ( h] sculptur$ m>ble4 ,b ,greece1 ,imp]ial ,greece1 knew n ! ,"o ,god1 ! giv] ( all good gifts1 by :om %e 0 s highly end[$4 ,%e fa%ion$ = h]self gods & goddesses aft] h] own fancy1 & portion$ out ! univ]se betwe5 !m4 ,jupit] hurl$ 8 ?und]bolts f ! cl\ds3 ,neptune rul$ ! sea3 ,pluto sway$ ! sceptre ( ! inf]nal regions3 ,m9]va 0 ! goddess ( wisdom3 ,vulcan ! god ( fire3 ,apollo ! god ( music4 ,nay1 ! v infirmities & vices ( human nature 7 p]sonifi$ "u ! names ( div9ities1 & wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,pan!on ( ! gods4 ,rome1 too1 ! conqu]or ( ! _w1 _h its philosoph]s & its orators1 its poets & its sculptors1 ^: productions /ill *>m & in/ruct mank9d4 ,yet 0 ,rome no exception to ! common lot ( ! g5tile _w4 ,= ,rome1 l ,greece1 _h its long array ( gods & goddesses1 ) _! petty jeal\sies1 _! v9dictive malice1 _! %ameless passions4 ,alone1 amid/ all ! ,my?ologies & ,cosmogonies ( anci5t nations1 ! /ory ( ! ,hebrew ,legislator rises sup]ior to ! gross & silly speculations ( mortal m54 ,x alone proclaims to mank9d :at ,philosophy & ,sci5ce1 :5 left to !mselves1 h nev] be5 able to tea*1 t1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?2 t ! plants & ! animals1 ! ocean & ! elem5ts1 ! sun & moon & />s1 man himself1 & all t delights ! eye & *>ms ! e> & fills ! m9d1 are ,8 creatures2 & t besides ,him !re is no o!r ,god4 ,away1 !n1 ) ! idea t ?is ,sacr$ ,n>rative1 /amp$ z x pla9ly is ) ! impr9t ( its ,div9e ,au?or1 %\ld ev] be f\nd at v>iance ) ! tru?s ( sci5ce1--or r1 we %\ld say1 ) ^? scanty fragm5ts ( tru?1 ^? crumbs ( k1 fall+ f ! table ( our ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 :i* x is giv5 to man "h bel[ to ga!r up ) labori\s c>e1 & :i*1 h[ev] !y may excite 8 long+s1 _c satisfy 8 hung]4 ,"h1 = ! pres5t1 we mu/ /op4 ,at "s future "t1 p]haps1 if our opportunities p]mit1 we %all return to ?is subject1 &1 tak+ up ! second bran* ( ! controv]sy1 inve/igate ! rec5t discov]ies ( ,geology 9 ref]5ce to ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible z reg>ds ! ,antiquity ( ! ,human ,race4 ,illu/ration ,,app5dix4 ,,extracts ,,f ,,! ,,fa!rs ,,& ,,!ologians4 ,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,9 ,,?is ,,volume4 7#a47 ,,sa9t ,,augu/9e4--,p4 #big4 8,et 9 rebus obscuris atque a no/ris oculis remotissimis1 si qua inde scripta etiam div9a leg]imus1 quae possunt salva fida qua imbuimur1 alias atque alias p>]e s5t5tias2 9 nullam e>um nos praecipiti affirmatione ita projiciamus1 ut si =te dilig5tius discussa v]itas eam recte labefactav]it1 corruamus3 non pro s5t5tia div9>um ,scriptur>um1 s$ pro no/ra ita dimicantes1 ut eam velimus ,scriptur>um esse1 quae no/ra e/2 cum potius eam quae ,scriptur>um e/1 no/ram esse velle debeamus40--,de ,g5esi ad ,litt]am1 lib4 i4 cap4 #ah1 n4 #cg4 7#b47 ,,idem4--,p4 #bih4 8,pl]umque enim accidit ut aliquid de t]ra1 de coelo1 de caet]is hujus mundi elem5tis1 de motu et conv]sione vel etiam de magnitud9e et int]vallis sid]um1 de c]tis defectibus solis ac lunae1 de circuitibus annorum et temporum1 de naturis animalium1 fruticum1 lapidum atque hujusmodi caet]is1 etiam non *ri/ianus ita nov]it1 ut c]tissima ratione vel exp]i5tia t5eat4 ,turpe e/ autem nimis et p]niciosum ac maxime cav5dum1 ut *ri/ianum de 8 rebus quasi secundum *ri/ianas ,litt]as loqu5tem1 ita delir>e quilibet infidelis audiat1 ut1 quemadmodum dicitur1 toto coelo err>e conspici5s1 risum t5]e vix possit4 ,et non tam mole/um e/1 quod errans homo d]idetur1 s$ quod auctores no/ri ab eis qui =is sunt1 talia s5sisse cr$untur1 et cum magno eorum exitio de quorum salute satagimus1 tanquam indocti repreh5duntur atque respuuntur4 ,cum enim quemquam de num]o *ri/ianorum 9 ea re quam optime norunt1 err>e depreh5d]9t1 et vanam s5t5tiam suam de no/ris ,libris ass]]e2 quo pacto illis ,libris cr$ituri sunt1 de resurrectione mortuorum1 et de spe vitae aet]nae1 regnoque coelorum1 qu&o de 8 rebus quas jam exp]iri1 vel indubitatis num]is p]cip]e potu]unt1 fallacit] putav]9t esse conscriptos8 ,quid enim mole/iae tri/itiaeque +]ant prud5tibus fratribus tem]>ii praesumptores1 satis dici non pote/1 cum si qu&o de prava et falsa op9ione sua repreh5di1 et conv9ci coep]9t ab eis qui no/rorum ,librorum auctoritate non t55tur1 ad def5d5dum id quod levissima tem]itate et ap]tissima falsitate dix]unt1 eosdem ,libros sanctos1 unde id prob5t1 pr(]re conantur1 vel etiam memorit]1 quae ad te/imonium val]e arbitrantur1 multa inde v]ba pronuntiant1 #8non intellig5tes neque quae loquuntur1 neque de quibus affirmant' 7#a4 ,tim41 i4 #g740--;,ibid41 cap4 #ai1 n4 #ci4 7#c47 ,,sa9t ,,?omas4--,p4 #bih4 8,dic5dum quod1 sicut ,augu/9us docet1 9 hujusmodi quae/ionibus duo sunt obs]v&a4 ,primo quidem1 ut v]itas ,scripturae inconcusse t5eatur4 ,secundo1 cum ,scriptura div9a multiplicit] exponi possit1 quod nulli expositioni aliquis ita praecise inha]eat1 ut si c]ta ratione con/it]it hoc esse falsum quod aliquis s5sum ,scripturae esse cr$ebat id nihilom9us ass]]e praesumat2 ne ,scriptura ex hoc ab infidelibus d]ideatur1 et ne eis via cr$5di praecludatur40--,summa ,!ologica1 ,p>s ,prima1 ,quae/4 lxviii4 art4 primus4 7#d47 ,,p]r]ius4--,p4 #cjb4 8,quod autem 9 xx4 et xxxi4 cap4 ,exod4 dictum e/1 ,deum sex diebus fecisse coelum et t]ram1 et omnia quae 9 eis sunt1 non e/ huic op9ioni contr>ium3 illud enim spatium temporis ante primum diem annum]atur sex diebus1 quia fuit quam brevissimum1 et fuit cont9uata ,dei op]atio3 nec sane plures dies naturales consumpti sunt quam sex3 ac licet ante primum diem1 coelum et elem5ta facta s9t secundum sub/antiam1 tam5 non fu]unt p]fecta et omn9o consummata1 nisi spatio illorum sex di]um2 tunc enim datus e/ illis ornatus1 complem5tum1 et p]fectio40--,comm5t4 9 ,g5es41 cap4 #a1 v4 #d1 n4 #hj4 7#e47 ,,to/atus4--,p4 #cjb4 8,sex diebus fecit ,dom9us coelum et t]ram4 ,recte dicitur 8 fac]e1 quia coelum et t]ra1 quae hic nom9antur1 et omnia alia1 quae nom9e eorum sub9telliguntur1 i/a quidem omnia de mat]ia prima facta sunt3 mat]ia autem non facta s$ creata e/40--,comm5t4 9 ,exod41 cap4 #bj1 quae/4 #ae4 7#f47 ,,petavius4--,p4 #cjb4 ,writ+ on ! phrase ,9 die quo fecit ,dom9us ,deus coelum et t]ram1 he says1 8hoc e/1 p]politum et elaboratum esse sex cont9uis diebus1 id enim face9di vox ,hebraeis ipsis int]pretibus signific>e videtur40--,de ,opificio ,sex ,di]um1 lib4 cap4 #ad1 sect4 #a4 7#g47 ,,sa9t ,,basil4--,p4 #cjd4 8,et facta e/ vesp]a1 et factum e/ mane1 dies unus4 ,vesp]a igitur diei ac noctis e/ communis t]m9us3 et similit] mane1 e/ noctis cum die vic9itas4 ,itaque ut prioris g5]ationis pra]ogativam diei tribu]et1 prius commemoravit f9em diei1 de9de noctis1 velut insequ5te diem nocte4 ,nam qui /atus 9 mundo fuit ante lucis g5]ationem1 is non erat nox1 s$ t5ebrae3 quod autem a die di/+uebatur1 eique opponebatur1 id nox appellatum e/40--,homilia ii4 9 ,hexaem]on2 ,edit4 ,b5$4 p4 #bj2 ,edit4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,graec4 ,cursus ,completus1 tom4 #bi1 p4 #dg4 7#h47 ,,sa9t ,,*ryso/om4--,p4 #cjd4 8,o/5dimus enim h]i1 ut mem9i/is1 quomodo beatus ,moses en>rans nobis horum visibilium elem5torum creationem et opificium1 dix]it3 ,9 pr9cipio fecit ,deus coelum et t]ram3 t]ra autem erat invisibilis et incomposita3 et vos causam docuimus1 qu>e ,deus t]ram in=m5 et nullis figuris expolitam creav]it2 quae1 op9or1 omnia m5te t5etis2 necess>ium e/ igitur nos ad ea quae sequuntur hodie progr$i4 ,nam po/quam dixit1 ,t]ra autem erat invisibilis et incomposita1 nos accurate docet1 unde invisibilis erat et inculta1 dic5s3 ,et t5ebrae erant sup] abyssum1 et ,spiritus ,dei sup]f]ebatur sup] aquam4444 ,qu&oquidem igitur diffusa erat magna univ]si visibilis in=mitas1 praecepto suo ,deus1 optimus ille artifex1 de=mitatem illam depulit1 et imm5sa lucis visibilis pul*ritudo producta t5ebras fugavit s5sibiles1 illu/ravitque omnia40--,9 ,cap4 i4 ,g5es4 ,homil4 iii42 ,edit4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,graec4 ,cursus ,completus1 tom4 #ec1 p4 #cc4 ,"h ,sa9t ,*ryso/om pla9ly tea*es t ! _w exi/$ be=e ! creation ( light4 ,9 8 ,fif? ,homily he is equally cle> t ! ,fir/ ,day ( ! ,mosaic n>rative began ) a p]iod ( light1 & n ) a p]iod ( d>kness3 8,vide quomodo de s+ulis diebus sic dicat3 ,et factum e/ vesp]e1 et factum e/ mane1 dies t]tius3 non simplicit] nec absque causa3 s$ ne ord9em confundamus neque putemus vesp]a +ru5te f9em accepisse diem2 s$ sciamus vesp]am f9em esse lucis1 et pr9cipium noctis3 mane autem f9em noctis1 et complem5tum dici4 ,hoc enim nos doc]e vult beatus ,moses1 dic5s3 ,et factum e/ vesp]e1 et factum e/ mane1 dies t]tius40--,edit4 ,migne1 p4 #eb4 7#i47 ,,sa9t ,,ambrose4--,p4 #cje4 8,t]ra autem erat invisibilis et incomposita4 ,bonus artifex prius fundam5tum ponit3 po/ea1 fundam5to posito1 a$ificationis membra di/+uit1 et adjungit ornatum4 ,posito igitur fundam5to t]rae1 et confirmata coeli sub/antia1 duo enim i/a sunt velut c>d9es r]um1 subtexuit3 ,t]ra autem erat inanis et incomposita40--,hexaem]on1 ,lib4 i4 cap4 #g2 ,edit4 ,b5$4 p4 #ac2 ,edit4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat4 ,cursus ,completus1 tom4 #ad1 p4 #ace4 8,pr9cipium ergo diei1 vox ,dei e/3 fiat lux2 et facta e/ lux40--,lib4 i4 cap4 #aj2 ,edit4 ,b5$4 p #ba2 ,edit4 ,migne1 p4 #add4 8,9 pr9cipio itaque temporis coelum et t]ram ,deus fecit4 ,tempus enim ab hoc mundo1 non ante mundum3 dies autem temporis portio e/1 non pr9cipium40--,lib4 i4 cap4 #f2 ,edit4 ,b5$4 p4 #aj2 ,edit4 ,migne1 p4 #acb4 7#aj47 ,,v5]able ,,b$e4--,p4 #cje4 8,scriptura ait3 ,qui feci/i mundum de mat]ia in=mi4 ,s$ mat]ia facta e/ de nihilo1 mundi v]o species de in=mi mat]ia4 ,pro9de duas res ante omnem diem et ante omne tempus condidit ,deus angelicam videlicet creaturam et in=mem mat]iam40--,9 ,p5tateu*4 ,comm5t42 sub4 cap4 #a3 ,edit ,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat4 ,cursus ,completus1 tom4 #ia1 p4 #aia4 ,9 ano!r place1 cit+ ! words ( ,ecclesia/icus1 ,qui vivit 9 aet]num creavit omnia simul1 he says1 8hoc utique ante omnem diem hujus saeculi fecit1 cum 9 pr9cipio coelum creavit et t]ram40--,hexaem]on1 ,lib4 i4 9 ,g5es1 ii4 #d2 ,edit4 ,migne1 tom4 #ia1 p4 #ci4 8,discipulus4 ,da ord9em p] sex dies fact>um r]um8 ,magi/]4 ,9 ipso quidem pr9cipio conditionis facta sunt coelum1 t]ra1 a]1 et aqua4444 ,discipulus4 ,sequ]e ord9em g5]ationis8 ,magi/]4 ,9 pr9cipio diei primae lux facta e/2 secunda v]o factum firmam5tum20 etc4--,quae/iones sup] ,g5esim2 ,edit4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat4 tom4 #ic1 p4 #bcf4 ,?is "w is class$ by ,migne among ! ,dubia et ,spuria ( ,b$e4 ,! critics1 h[ev]1 seem to be agre$ t x belongs to a p]iod n lat] ?an ! t5? c5tury4 ,if x is n ! g5u9e composition ( ,b$e1 :i* is consid]$ m probable1 !n x only foll[s t we h1 besides ,b$e1 ano!r anci5t au?ority 9 favor ( our op9ion4 7#aa47 ,,pet] ,,lomb>d4--,p4 #cjf4 8,cum ,deus 9 sapi5tia sua angelicos condidit spiritus1 alia etiam creavit1 sicut o/5dit supradicta ,scriptura1 quae dicit 9 pr9cipio ,deum creasse coelum1 id e/1 angelos1 et t]ram scilicet1 mat]iam quatuor elem5torum adhuc confusam et in=mem1 quae a ,graecis dicta e/ *aos1 et hoc fuit ante omnem diem4 ,de9de elem5ta di/+uit ,deus1 et species proprias atque di/9ctas s+ulis rebus secundum g5us suum d$it2 quae non simul1 ut quibusdam sanctorum ,patrum placuit1 s$ p] int]valla temporum ac sex volum9a di]um1 ut aliis visum e/ =mavit40--,s5t5t4 ,lib4 ii4 ,di/9ct4 #ab2 ,edit4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat94 ,cursus ,completus1 tom4 #aib1 p4 #fge4 7#ab47 ,,hugh ,,( ,,sa9t ,,victor4--,p4 #cjf4 8,pr9cipium ergo div9orum op]um fuit creatio lucis1 qu&o ipsa lux non mat]ialit] de nihilo creata e/2 s$ de praejac5ti illa univ]sitatis mat]ia =malit] facta e/ ut lux esset1 et vim ac proprietatem luc5di hab]et4 ,hoc opus prima die factum e/2 s$ hujus op]is mat]ia ante primam diem creata4 ,moxque cum ipsa luce dies cpit2 quia ante lucem nec nox fuit nec dies1 etiamsi tempus fuit40--,de ,sacram4 ,lib4 i4 ,p>s i4 cap4 #i3 ,edit4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat4 tom4 #agf1 p4 #aic4 7#ac47 ,,sa9t ,,?omas4--,p4 #cjg4 8,s$ melius videtur dic5dum quod creatio fu]it ante omnem diem40 ,9 ,,ii4 ,s5t5t4 ,di/9ct4 xiii4 ,art4 #c1 ad t]tium3 see also ibidem ad primum1 & ad secundum4 ,& aga9 9 ! ,summa he says3 8,coelum et t]ram fecit 9 prima die1 potius ante omnem diem40--,p>s i4 ,quae/4 lxxxiv4 ,art4 #b4 7#ad47 ,,p]r]ius4--,p4 #cjg4 8,licet ante primum diem1 coelum et elem5ta facta s9t secundum sub/antiam1 tam5 non fu]9t p]fecta et omn9o consummata1 nisi spatio illorum sex di]um3 tunc enim datus e/ illis ornatus1 complem5tum1 et p]fectio4 ,quanto autem tempore /atus ille mundi t5ebrosus durav]it1 hoc e/1 utrum plus an m9us quam unus dies cont9]e solet1 nec m9i comp]tum e/1 nec op9or cuiquam mortalium nisi cui div9itus id esset patefactum40--,comm5t4 9 ,g5esim1 cap4 #a1 v4 #d1 n4 #hj4 7#ae47 ,,petavius4--,p4 #cjg4 8,no/ra itaque s5t5tia haec e/2 prima ilia ,g5eseos v]ba3 ,9 pr9cipio creavit ,deus coelum et t]ram2 non peculi>e opus aliquod cont9]e1 quod initio1 et ante dies sex molitus sit ,deus3 quasi ante lucem1 ac reliquas de9ceps opificii p>tes1 qualecumque coelum ac t]ram creav]it4 ,s$ esse g5]ale quoddam effatum1 quo omnia1 quae sunt a ,deo facta1 complexus e/4 ,et5im ,moses1 ut initio dicebam1 ,judaeos /atim edoc]e voluit2 totam illam aspectabilem r]um univ]sitatem a ,deo conditore pr(ectam esse4 ,qu>e ita pronuntiavit1 tanquam dic]et3 ,quidquid videtis et quodcumque coeli ac t]rae compreh5dit ambitus1 una cum coelo ipso1 t]rque1 id omne fabricatus e/ initio ,deus4 ,po/ea v]o p] p>tes1 ac s+illatim1 ut quaeque e/ elaborata1 decripsit40--,de ,opificio ,sex ,di]um1 ,lib4 i4 cap4 #b1 sect4 #aj4 8,imprimis ante di]um sex initium solam cum aqua t]ram extitisse cr$imus34444 ,habet haec op9io fidem ex ,mosis n>ratione2 qui ante coelum id e/ firmam5tum1 t]ram1 et aqu>um abyssum extitisse ref]t4444 ,nam illud ,sev]iani valde probatur1 prima die ,deum omnia creasse3 reliquis autem diebus1 ex jam extantibus3 ,ubi primam diem non lucis tantum creatione circumscribit3 s$ quod ante illam factum e/1 id eidem tribuit4 ,quod int]vallum quantum fu]it1 nulla div9atio posset assequi4 ,neque v]o mundi corpora illa1 quae prima omnium extitisse docui1 aquam et t]ram1 arbitror eodem1 9 quem lucis ortus incidit1 fabricata esse die2 ut quibusdam placet1 haud satis firma ratione40--,ibid41 cap4 #aj1 sect4 #f4 7#af47 ,a ,,lapide4--,p4 #cjg4 8,s4 ,basilius et ,b$a putant coelum et t]ram non primo die1 s$ paulo ante primum diem1 utpote ante lucem1 create esse4 ,v]um haec non ante1 s$ ipso primo die1 puta initio primae diei1 antequam lux produc]etur1 creata esse1 patet ,exodi xx4 v4 #aa40--;,comm5t4 9 ,g5es41 cap4 #a1 v4 #a4 7#ag47 ,,sa9t ,,augu/9e4--,p4 #cjh4 8,feci/i ante omnem diem 9 pr9cipio coelum et t]ram40--,confess4 ,lib4 xii4 cap4 #ab3 see also ,lib4 xii4 cap4 #h4 ,& aga91 ,de ,g5esi ad ,litt]am1 ,lib4 i4 cap4 #i1 he writes3--8,atque illud ante omnem diem fecisse intelligitur1 quod dictum e/1 ,9 pr9cipio fecit ,deus coelum et t]ram2 444 ,t]rae autem nom9e invisibilis et incompositae1 ac t5ebrosa abysso1 imp]fectio corporalis sub/antiae significata e/1 unde temporalia illa fi]5t1 quorum prima esset lux40 7#ah47 ,,petavius4--,p4 #caa4 8,quod int]vallum quantum fu]it1 nulla div9atio posset assequi40--,de ,opific4 ,sex ,di]um1 ,lib4 i4 cap4 #aj1 sec4 #f4 7#ai47 ,,p]r]ius4--,p4 #caa4 8,quanto autem tempore /atus ille mundi t5ebrosus durav]it1 hoc e/1 utrum plus an m9us quam unus dies cont9]e solet1 nec mihi comp]tum e/1 nec op9or cuiquam mortalium1 nisi cui div9itus id esset patefactum40--,comm5t4 9 ,g5es41 cap4 #a1 v4 #d4 7#bj47 ,,hugh ,,( ,,sa9t ,,victor4--,p4 #caa4 8,=tassis jam satis e/ de 8 hact5us disputasse1 si hoc solum adjec]imus quanto tempore mundus 9 hac confusione1 prius quam ejus dispositio in*o>etur1 p]/it]it4 ,nam quod illa prima r]um omnium mat]ia1 9 pr9cipio temporis1 vel potius cum ipso tempore exorta sit1 son/at ex eo quod dictum e/3 9 pr9cipio creavit ,deus coelum et t]ram4 ,quamdiu autem 9 hac in=mitate sive confusione p]mans]it1 ,scriptura manife/e non o/5dit40--,de ,sacram41 ,lib4 i41 p>s i4 cap4 #f4 7#ba47 ,,sa9t ,,augu/9e4--,p4 #cai4 8,qui dies cujusmodi s9t1 aut p]difficile nobis1 aut etiam impossibile e/ cogit>e2 quanto magis dic]e40--,de ,civitate ,dei1 ,lib4 xi4 cap4 #f4 ,aga93 8,arduum quidem et difficillimum e/ viribus int5tionis no/rae1 voluntatem scriptoris 9 i/is sex diebus m5tis vivacitate p5etr>e40--,de ,g5esi ad ,litt]am1 ,lib4 iv4 cap4 #a4 7#bb47 ,,idem4--,p4 #cai4 8,ac sic p] omnes illos dies units e/ dies1 non i/orum di]um consuetud9e intellig5dus1 quos videmus solis circuitu det]m9>i atque num]>i2 s$ alio quodam modo1 a quo et illi tres dies1 qui ante conditionem i/orum lum9>ium commemorati sunt1 ali5i esse non possunt4 ,is enim modus non usque ad diem qu>tum1 ut inde jam i/os usitatos cogit>emus1 s$ usque ad sextum septimumque p]ductus e/2 ut longe alit] accipi5dus sit dies et nox1 int] quae duo divisit ,deus1 et alit] i/e dies et nox1 int] quae dixit ut dividant lum9>ia quae creavit1 cum ait1 #8,et dividant int] diem et noctem4' ,tunc enim hunc diem condidit1 cum condidit solem1 cujus praes5tia eumdem exhibet diem3 ille autem dies primitus conditus jam triduum p]eg]at cum haec lum9>ia illius diei qu>ta repetitione creata sunt40--,de ,g5esi ad ,litt]am1 ,lib4 iv4 cap4 #bf4 8,de quo enim ,creatore ,scriptura i/a n>ravit1 quod sex diebus consummav]it omnia op]a sua1 de illo alibi non utique dissonant] scriptum e/1 quod creav]it omnia simul 7,eccles4 xviii4 #a74 ,ac p] hoc et i/os dies sex vel septem vel potius unum sexies septiesve repetitum simul fecit qui fecit omnia simul4 ,quid ergo opus erat sex dies tam di/9cte dispositeque n>r>i8 ,quia scilicet ii qui non possunt vid]e quod dictum e/1 #8,creavit omnia simul2' nisi cum eis s]mo t>dius inc$at ad id quo eos ducit1 p]v5ire non possunt40--,ib4 cap4 #cc4 7#bc74 ,,philo ,,jud,,u4--,p4 #cbj4 8,tum igitur omnia simul sunt condita4 ,9 quo quidem univ]sali opificio necesse erat s]v>i ord9em40--,de ,mundi ,opificio2 ,edit4 ,franc(urti1 p4 #ad4 ,?is passage may1 at fir/ sight1 appe> some:at obscure2 b ! mean+ ( x is made cle> en\gh1 :5 we read else:]e 9 ! same writ]3 8,ru/icanae simplicilatis e/ put>e1 sex diebus1 aut utique c]to tempore mundum conditum4444 ,ergo cum audis3 #8,complevit sexto die op]a1 intellig]e non debes de diebus aliquot1 s$ de s5>io p]fecto num]o4'0--,de ,legis ,allegor42 ,edit4 ,franc(urti1 p4 #da4 7#bd74 ,,clem5t ,,( ,,alex&ria4--,p4 #cbj4 ,/romatum1 ,lib4 vi4 ,edit4 ,b5id4 p4 #bia2 ,edit4 ,migne1 ,patrum ,graec4 ,cursus ,completus1 vol4 #i1 pp4 #cgj-e4 ,see also ,diss]tatio de ,libris ,/romatum1 by ! le>n$ ,b5$ict9e1 ,ni*olas le ,n\rry1 cap4 viii4 artic4 #a4 7#be74 ,,orig54--,p4 #cbj4 8,quod autem prima die lucem1 secunda firmam5tum creav]it1 t]tia aquae quae sub coelo erant1 9 suis fu]9t collectae receptaculis1 atque ita t]ra solius naturae adm9i/ratione suos fructus protul]it2 quod qu>ta creata fu]9t lum9>ia et /ellae1 qu9ta v]o natatilia1 sexta demum t]re/ria et homo1 haec omnia1 pr\t facultas tulit1 9 no/ris 9 ,g5esim comm5t>iis explicavimus4 ,qu9 et supra contra eos qui obvio s5su ,scripturam int]pretantes ass]unt sex dies ad creationem mundi insumptos fuisse1 adduximus hunc locum3 #8,i/e e/ lib] g5]ationis coeli et t]rae qu&o creata sunt1 9 die quo fecit ,deus coelum et t]ram1'0--,contra ,celsum1 ,lib4 vi4 ,edit4 ,b5$4 pp4 #fgh1 #fgi2 ,edit4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,graecor4 ,cursus ,completus1 vol4 #aa1 p4 #acij3 = ! passage ref]r$ to at ! close ( ! extract see p4 #acgh4 ,! ,comm5t>y ^u ,g5esis ( :i* ,orig5 "h speaks no long] exi/s1 b ! foll[+ passage has be5 pres]v$4 8,aliqui jam absurdum exi/imantes ,deum ar*itecti m non alit]1 quam plurium di]um1 labore1 fabricam val5tis absolv]e1 intra multos dies mundum p]fecisse uno cuncta mom5to ac simul extitisse aiunt1 et h9c illud ad/ruunt2 ord9is autem causa1 et ut s]ies con/et1 di]um et r]um quae 9 illis factae sunt1 num]um dictum putant4 ,hi probabilit] s5t5tiam /abiliunt ea auctoritate qua dictum e/3 #8,ipse dixit et facta sunt2 ipse m&avit1 et creata sunt4'0--,selecta 9 ,g5esim1 ,edit4 ,b5$4 p4 #bg2 ,edit4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,graec4 ,cursus ,completus1 vol4 #ab1 p4 #ih4 ,aga91 9 8 ,treatise ,de ,pr9cipiis1 ,lib4 iv41 he says3 8,quis igitur sanae m5tis exi/imav]it primam et secundam et t]tiam diem1 et vesp]am1 et mane1 s9e sole1 luna1 et /ellis1 et eam quae veluti prima erat1 diem s9e coelo fuisse80 ,edit4 ,b5$4 p4 #age2 ,edit4 ,migne1 vol4 #aa1 p4 #cgh4 ,see also ,p4 ,danielis ,huetii ,orig5iana1 ,lib4 ii4 cap4 #b1 ,quae/4 #h1 #f2 ,edit4 ,migne1 vol4 #ag1 p4 #igi4 7#bf47 ,,sa9t ,,a?anasius4--,p4 #cbj4 8,cum ex supra dictis con/et1 nullam e rebus creatis prius alt]a factam esse1 s$ res omnes factas uno eodemque m&ato simul extitisse40--,oratio ii4 ,contra ,arianos1 n4 #fc4 ,edit4 ,b5$4 p4 #dah4 ,new ,edition1 p4 #ebh4 ,edit4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,graecor4 ,cursus ,completus1 p4 #bge4 7#bg47 ,,sa9t ,,eu*]ius4--,p4 #cbj4 ,speak+ /rictly we %\ld r say ! au?or ( a ,comm5t>y ^u ,g5esis belong+ to a v e>ly p]iod ( ! ,*ur*1 ascrib$ by "s to ,sa9t ,eu*]ius1 & usually publi%$ ) 8 works4 ,?is au?or says1 no d\bt1 t ,god fir/1 9 ! beg9n+1 creat$ ! sub/ance ( all ?+s1 & aft]w>d develop$ ! v>i\s =ms on successive days 7,g54 ii4 #d73 b !n he tells u expressly t ! sub/ance did n prec$e ! =ms by any priority ( "t1 b only by priority ( orig9 7,g54 i4 #b74 ,?us 8 view co9cides pretty ne>ly ) t ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 ^: words1 inde$1 he seems to borr[4 8#8,t]ra autem erat inanis et vacua4' ,id e/1 adhuc in=mis erat ipsa mat]ia3 quia necdum ex ea coelum et t]ra1 necdum omnia =mata erant1 quae =m>i re/abant3 haec enim mat]ia1 ex nihilo facta1 praecessit tam5 res ex se factas1 non quidem aet]nitate vel tempore1 sicut praec$it lignum arcam2 s$ sola orig9e1 sicut praec$it vox v]bum1 vel sonus cantum3 nam #8qui vivit 9 aet]num creavit omnia simul4'0--,edit4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat9 ,cursus ,completus1 vol4 #ej1 p4 #hid4 7#bh47 ,,procopius ,,( ,,gaza4--,p4 #cbj4 ,we quote ?is writ] on ! au?ority ( ,p]r]ius1 f :om ! foll[+ passage is tak54 8,idem c5set hoc loco ,procopius ,gazu3 ,moz5 enim1 inquit1 9 describ5do mundi opificium1 sex di]um di/9ctione usum esse doc5di gratia ob t>ditatem1 videlicet1 ruditatemque ,judorum1 quibus hc scribebat3 qui qu ,deus simul fec]at1 ob tantam eorum multitud9em atque v>ietatem simul et indiscrete cap]e et compreh5d]e1 ut erant angu/issimis +5iis nequaquam potuiss5t40--,9 ,g5es41 cap4 #b1 v]s4 #d1 #e1 #f1 n4 #agi4 7#bi47 ,,alb]tus ,,magnus4--,p4 #cbj4 8,videtur mihi ,augu/9o cons5ti5dum40--,summa ,p4 #a1 ,qu/4 #ab1 art4 #f4 ,see ,pianciani1 ,cosmogonia ,naturale1 p4 #bc4 7#cj47 ,,sa9t ,,?omas4--,p4 #cbj4 ,summa ,p>s4 #a4 ,qu/4 #gd1 art4 ii42 also 9 an e>li] "w1 ,sup] ,libros ,s5t5ti>um ,petri ,lomb>di ,comm5t>ius1 ,di/9ct4 xii4 art4 i4 & iii4 ,hav+ expla9$ ! op9ion ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e t !re 0 no real succession 9 ! ord] ( "t betwe5 ! v>i\s works ( ! creation1 b t all 7 creat$ toge!r2 & also ! op9ion ( o!r ,holy ,fa!rs1 t !re 0 a real succession1 he cont9ues ?us3 8,prima ergo op9io ,sancti ,augu/9i magis conv5it rationi1 nec e/ contra ,scripturam2 quia ea quae 9 ,scriptura ord9em temporis import>e vid5tur1 ad ord9em naturae ,augu/9us ref]t3 secunda v]o magis conv5it ,scripturae secundum suam sup]ficiem4 ,quia ergo utraque a ,sanctis patroc9ium habet1 utramque su/95do1 objectionibus h9c inde factis respond5dum e/40--,loco citato1 art4 i4 ,solutio4 7#ca47 ,,c>d9al ,,cajetan4--,p4 #cbj4 ,we are aga9 indebt$ to ,p]r]ius = ! views ( ,c>d9al ,cajetan4 ,he writes ?us3 8,acc$it huic s5t5ti ,cajet4 9 ,comm5t4 sup] i4 cap4 ,g5es41 et di/9ctionem sex di]um putat 9 id positam a ,mose1 quo facilius decl>>et naturalem r]um ord9em1 consequ5tiam et dep5d5tiam4 ,sic enim res suapt natura int] se apt et connex sunt1 ut si mundum successiv voluisset ,deus fac]e1 non alio ord9e vel successione1 qum ut hic n>ratur1 facturus eum fuisset40--,9 ,g5es41 cap4 ii4 v]s4 #d1 #e1 #f1 n4 #agi4 7#cb47 ,,v5]able ,,b$e4--,p4 #cbc4 8,ap]te intelligi quia diem hoc loco ,scriptura pro omni illo tempore ponit quo primordialis natura =mata e/4 ,neque enim 9 unoquolibet sex di]um coelum factum e/ et sid]ibus illu/ratum1 et t]ra e/ sep>ata ab aquis1 atque arboribus et h]bis consita2 s$ m sibi solito ,scriptura diem pro tempore ponit2 quomodo ,apo/olus1 cum ait1 #8,ecce nunc dies salutis1' non unum specialit] diem1 s$ totum significat tempus hoc quo 9 praes5ti vita pro aet]na salute laboramus40--,hexaem]on1 ,lib4 i4 9 ,g54 ii4 #d2 ,edit4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat4 ,cursus ,completus1 vol4 #ia1 p4 #ci4 7#cc47 ,,sa9t ,,augu/9e4--,p4 #cbc4 8,sup]ius septem dies num]antur1 nunc unus dicitur dies1 quo die fecit ,deus coelum et t]ram1 et omne viride agri1 et omne pabulum1 cujus diei nom9e omne tempus signific>i b5e intelligitur4 ,fecit enim ,deus omne tempus simul cum omnibus creaturis temporalibus1 quae creaturae visibiles coeli et t]rae nom9e significantur40--,de ,g5esi contra ,mani*aeos1 ,lib4 ii4 cap4 #c1 n4 #d4 7#cd47 ,,mol9a4--,p4 #cbc4 8,dicunt ,doctores communit]1 ,moysem eo loco sumpsisse diem pro tempore juxta illud ,deut]onomii xxxii41 juxta e/ dies p]ditionis1 444 et alibi saepe1 9 ,scriptura sumitur dies pro tempore40--,9 primam p>tem1 ,de op]e sex di]um1 ,d4 ,i4 ,see ,pianciani1 ,cosmogonia ,naturale1 p4 #bg4 7#ce47 ,,bannez4--,p4 #cbc4 8,dies pote/ accipi pro quacumque duratione et m5sura40--,9 ,summa1 ,p>s #a4 ,qu/4 #gc4 7#cf47 ,,p]r]ius4--,p4 #cbc4 8,nec (ficit huic s5t5tiae1 quod paullo sup]ius ex cap4 ii4 ,g5eseos prolatum e/1 #8,9 die quo fecit ,dom9us ,deus coelum et t]ram4' ,ibi enim dies pro tempore1 sicut crebro fit 9 ,scriptura1 positus e/40--,9 ,g54 cap4 i4 v4 #d1 n4 #hj2 see also cap4 ii41 n4 #ahf4 7#cg47 ,,petavius4--,p4 #cbc4 8,po/quam ,moyses sex di]um opificium toto primo capite descripsit1 mox 9 sequ5ti summatim univ]seque collig5s1 #8,i/ae sunt1' inquit1 #8g5]ationes coeli et t]rae1 qu&o creata sunt1 9 die quo fecit ,dom9us ,deus coelum et t]ram4' ,quae v]ba non unius diei m5tionem faciunt1 ut quibusdam videtur2 qui primum diem design>i putant1 9 quo factum illud e/1 praet] lucem1 quod initio libri ,moyses explicat1 #8,9 pr9cipio creavit ,deus coelum et t]ram4' ,s$ eam nos op9ionem m9ime probamus1 ac supra docuimus1 diei nom5 i/ic usurp>i pro tempore3 quod apud ,graecos ,lat9osque1 non m9us quam ,hebraeos1 usitatem e/4 ,exemplo sit ,cic]onis illud ex libro secundo 9 ,v]rem3 #8,itaque cum ego diem 9 ,siciliam inquir5di prexiguam po/ulavissem1 inv5it i/e1 qui sibi 9 ,a*aiam biduo breviorem diem po/ul>et4' ,igitur cum dixisset1 9 die1 id e/ tempore illo1 factum esse coelum et t]ram1 hoc e/ p]politum et elaboratum esse sex cont9uis diebus10 etc4--,de ,opificio ,sex ,di]um1 ,lib4 i4 cap4 #ad1 sect4 #a4 7#ch47 ,,sa9t ,,augu/9e4--,p4 #cce4 8,tres enim dies sup]iores quomodo esse s9e sole potu]unt1 cum videamus nunc solis ortu et occasu diem transigi1 noctem v]o fi]i solis abs5tia1 cum ab alia p>te mundi ad ori5tem r$it8 ,quibus respondemus1 potuisse fi]i ut tres sup]iores dies s+uli p] tantam moram temporis comput>5tur1 p] quantam moram circumit sol1 ex quo proc$it ab ori5te qu\sque rursus ad ori5tem rev]titur4 ,hanc enim moram et longitud9em temporis poss5t s5tire hom9es etiamsi 9 speluncis habit>5t1 ubi ori5tem et occid5tem solem vid]e non poss5t4 ,atque ita s5titur potuisse i/am moram fi]i etiam s9e sole antequam sol factus esset1 atque ipsam moram 9 illo triduo p] dies s+ulos computatam4 ,hoc ergo respond]emus1 nisi nos revoc>et1 quod ibi dicitur1 #8,et facta e/ vesp]a et factum e/ mane1' quod nunc s9e solis cursu videmus fi]i non posse4 ,re/at ergo ut intelligamus1 9 ipsa quidem mora temporis ipsas di/9ctiones op]um sic appellatas1 vesp]am propt] transactionem consummati op]is1 et mane propt] in*oationem futuri op]is2 de similitud9e scilicet humanorum op]um1 quia pl]umque a mane incipiunt1 et ad vesp]am des9unt4 ,hab5t enim consuetud9em ,div9ae ,scripturae de rebus humanis ad div9as res v]ba transf]re40--,de ,g5esi contra ,mani*aeos1 ,lib4 i4 cap4 #ad1 n4 #bj4 7#ci47 ,,sa9t ,,eu*]ius4--,p4 #cce4 ,x is unc]ta91 z we be=e obs]v$1 if ?is comm5t>y is ! g5u9e "w ( ,sa9t ,eu*]ius2 at all ev5ts x is ! production ( "s le>n$ & ,ca?olic writ] ( ! fif? or six? c5tury4 ,8 words run ?us3 8,vesp]e conditae creaturae t]m9us2 mane initium cond5dae creaturae alt]ius40--,comm5t4 9 ,g5es4 cap4 i4 v4 #d2 ,edit4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat94 ,cursus ,completus1 vol4 #ej1 p4 #hig4 ,& aga9 9 v4 #aj et seqq43--8,si qu>to die facta sunt lum9>ia1 quomodo tres dies jam ante fu]unt8 nisi ut intelligamus1 9 ipsa hora temporis ipsas op]um di/9ctiones ita appellatas2 vesp]am propt] transactionem consummati op]is2 mane propt] in*oationem futuri diei2 9 similitud9em humanorum op]um quod pl]ique mane incipiunt et 9 vesp]am des9unt40--,ib4 p4 #hii4 7#dj47 ,,v5]able ,,b$e4--,p4 #cce4 8,quid e/ vesp]e nisi ipsa p]fectio s+ulorum op]um8 et mane1 id e/ in*oatio sequ5tium80--,de ,sex ,di]um ,creatione1 ,de ,prima ,die2 ,edit4 ,migne1 ,patrum ,lat4 ,cursus ,completus1 vol4 #ic1 p4 #baj4 ,9 ano!r place he says3 8,vesp]e autem 9 toto illo triduo1 antequam lum9>ia ess5t1 consummati op]is t]m9us non absurde =tasse intelligitur2 ,mane autem futur op]ationis significatio40--,9 ,p5tateu*um ,comm5t4 ,g54 cap4 i42 ,edit4 ,migne1 vol4 #ia1 p4 #aid4 7#da47 ,,sa9t ,,hildeg>de4--,p4 #cce4 8,sex enim dies1 sex op]a sunt2 quia inceptio et completio s+uli cujusque op]is dies dicitur40--,epi/4 ad ,coloni5ses4 ,see ,pianciani1 ,cosmogonia1 p4 #cd4 7#db47 ,,sa9t ,,augu/9e4--,p4 #cdb4 8,dies autem septimus s9e vesp]e e/ nec habet occasum40--,confess4 ,lib4 xiii4 cap4 xxxvi4 7#dc47 ,,v5]able ,,b$e4--,p4 #cdb4 8,quia f9em non habet1 neque ullo t]m9o clauditur40--,de ,sex ,di]um ,creatione1 ,de ,die ,septima2 ,edit4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat4 ,cursus ,completus1 vol4 #ic1 p4 #bah4 ,& else:]e he says3 8,septimus dies coepit a mane et 9 nullo vesp]e t]m9atur40--,9 ,p5tateu* ,comm5t41 ,g54 ii42 ,edit4 ,migne1 vol4 #ia1 p4 #bjc4 7#dd47 ,,sa9t ,,augu/9e4--,p4 #cee4 8,eligat quis quod pote/3 tantum ne aliquid tem]e atque incognitum pro cognito ass]at2 mem9]itque se hom9em de div9is op]ibus quantum p]mittitur qur]e40--,de ,g5esi ,lib] ,imp]fectus1 cap4 ix41 n4 #hj4 ,illu/ration ,,app5dix ,,to ,,! ,,am]ican ,,edition4 ,f ,pr(4 ,j4 ,d4 ,dana's ,manual ( ,geology4 #hvo4 ,philadelphia3 ,t4 ,bliss ,co4 ,by p]mission ( ! au?or4 ,,cosmogony4 ,! sci5ce ( cosmogony treats ( ! hi/ory ( creation4 ,geology comprises t lat] portion ( ! hi/ory :i* is )9 ! range ( direct inve/igation1 beg9n+ ) ! rock-cov]$ globe1 & ga!r+ only a few h9ts z to a previ\s /ate ( igne\s fluidity4 ,?r\gh ,a/ronomy our k ( ?is e>li] /ate becomes less d\btful1 & we ev5 discov] evid5ce ( a p]iod /ill m remote4 ,asc]ta9+ !nce t ! sun ( our sy/em is 9 int5se ignition1 t ! moon1 ! e>?'s satellite1 0 once a globe ( fire1 b is n[ cool$ & cov]$ ) ext9ct crat]s1 & t space is fill$ ) burn+ suns1--& le>n+ also f physical sci5ce t all heat$ bodies 9 space mu/ h be5 los+ heat ?r\gh pa/ "t1 ! smalle/ mo/ rapidly1--we safely conclude t ! e>? has pass$ ?r\gh a /age ( igne\s fluidity4 ,aga91 z to ! remot] p]iod3 ! =ms ( ! nebul & ( o!r />ry sy/ems 9 ! heav5s1 & ! relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 ! sph]es 9 our own sy/em1 h be5 f\nd to be su* z w\ld h result$ if ! :ole univ]se _h be5 evolv$ f an orig9al nebula or gase\s fluid4 ,x is n necess>y = ! /r5g? ( ?is argum5t t any portion ( ! primal nebula %\ld exi/ n[ at ?is late p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se3 x is only :at might h be5 expect$ t ! nebul ( ! pres5t heav5s %\ld be turn+ out to be clu/]s ( />s4 ,if1 !n1 ?is nebul> !ory be true1 ! univ]se has be5 develop$ f a primal unit1 & ! e>? is "o ( ! individual orbs produc$ 9 ! c\rse ( its evolution4 ,its hi/ory is 9 k9d l t :i* has be5 deciph]$ ) reg>d to ! e>?3 x only c>ries ! action ( physical =ces1 "u a su/a9+ & direct+ h&1 fur!r back 9 "t4 ,! sci5ce also ( ,*emi/ry is aid+ 9 ! /udy ( ! e>?'s e>lie/ developm5t1 & is prep>+ itself to write a hi/ory ( ! v>i\s *anges :i* %\ld h tak5 place among ! elem5ts f ! fir/ comm5cem5t ( comb9ation to ! =mation ( ! solid cru/ ( our globe4 ,x is n propos$ to ent] ei!r into *emical or a/ronomical details 9 ?is place1 b1 suppos+ ! nebul> !ory to be true1 briefly to m5tion ! great /ages ( progress 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 or ^? successive p]iods :i* /& out prom95tly 9 "t ?r\gh ! exhibition ( "s new idea 9 ! gr& sy/em ( progress4 ,! views "h (f]$1 & ! foll[+ on ! cosmogony ( ! ,bible1 are ess5tially ^? br\ght out by ,pr(essor ,guyot 9 8 lectures4 ,/ages ( progress4--,^! /ages ( progress are z foll[3-- 7#a47 ,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,activity ,,9 ,,matt]4--,9 su* a beg9n+ f matt] 9 ! /ate ( a gase\s fluid ! activity w\ld be int5se1 & x w\ld %[ itself at once by a manife/ation ( light1 s9ce light is a resultant ( molecul> activity4 ,a fla% ( light ?r\gh ! univ]se w\ld !re=e be ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( ! "w begun4 7#b47 ,! developm5t ( ! ,,e>?4--,a divid+ & sub-divid+ ( ! orig9al fluid go+ on w\ld h evolv$ sy/ems ( v>i\s grades1 & ultimately ! orbs ( space1 among ^! ! e>?1 an igne\s sph]e envelop$ 9 vapors4 7#c47 ,! production ( ! ,,e>?',s ,,physical ,,features1--by ! outl9+ ( ! cont95ts & oceans4 ,! cond5sible vapors w\ld h gradually settl$ ^u ! e>? z cool+ progress$4 7#d47 ,! introduction ( ,,life "u its simple/ =ms1--z 9 ! l[e/ ( plants1 & p]haps1 also ( animals4 ,z %[n on page #cif1 ! sy/ems ( /ructure *>act]iz+ ! two k+doms ( nature1 ! ,radiate ( ! ,vegetable k+dom1 & ! ,radiate1 ,molluscan1 ,articulate1 & ,v]tebrate ( ! ,animal1 are n br\ght out 9 ! simple/ =ms ( life4 ,! true ,zoic era 9 hi/ory began lat]4 ,z plants are prim>ily ! food ( animals1 !re is reason = believ+ t ! idea ( life 0 fir/ express$ 9 a plant4 7#e47 ,! display ( ! ,,sy/ems 9 ! ,k+doms ( ,life1--! exhibition ( ! f\r gr& types "u ! ,animal k+dom1 be+ ! pr$om9ant idea 9 ?is phase ( progress4 7#f47 ,! introduction ( ! highe/ class ( ,v]tebrates--t ( ! ,,mammals 7! class to :i* ,,man belongs71 vivip>\s species1 :i* are em95t above all o!r ,v]tebrates = a quality prophetic ( a high moral purpose1--t ( suckl+ _! "y4 7#g47 ,! introduction ( ,,man1--! fir/ be+ ( moral & intellectual qualities1 & "o 9 :om ! unity ( nature has its full expression4 ,!re is ano!r great ev5t 9 ! ,e>?'s hi/ory :i* has n yet be5 m5tion$1 because ( a little unc]ta9ty ) reg>d to its exact place among ! o!rs4 ,! ev5t ref]r$ to is ! fir/ %9+ ( ! sun ^u ! e>?1 aft] ! vapors :i* till !n _h %r\d$ ! sph]e 7 mo/ly cond5s$4 ,?is mu/ h prec$$ ! introduction ( ! ,animal sy/em1 s9ce ! sun is ! gr& s\rce ( activity ?r\gh\t nature on ! e>?1 & is ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( life1 except+ its l[e/ =ms4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! globe :i* has be5 giv5 on page #aif1 x has be5 %[n t ! outl9+ ( ! cont95ts 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ ev5ts1 dat+ ev5 f ! ,azoic age2 & x is probable1 f ! facts /at$1 t x prec$$ t cle>+ ( ! atmosph]e :i* op5$ ! sky to ! e>?4 ,?is w\ld place ! ev5t betwe5 numb]s #c & #e1 & z ! sun's light 0 n ess5tial to ! e>lie/ ( organisms1 probably aft] numb] #d4 ,! ord] w1 !n1 be-- 7#a47 ,activity begun1--light an imm$iate result4 7#b47 ,! e>? made an indep5d5t sph]e4 7#c47 ,outl9+ ( ! l& & wat]1 det]m9+ ! e>?'s g5]al configuration4 7#d47 ,! idea ( life express$ 9 ! l[e/ plants1 & aft]w>d1 if n contemporane\sly1 9 ! l[e/ or sy/emless animals1 or ,protozoans4 7#e47 ,! en]giz+ light ( ! sun %9+ on ! e>?1--an ess5tial prelim9>y to ! display ( ! sy/ems ( life4 7#f47 ,introduction ( ! sy/em ( life4 7#g47 ,introduction ( ,mammals1 ! highe/ ord] ( ,v]tebrates1--! class aft]w>d to be dignifi$ by includ+ a be+ ( moral & intellectual nature4 7#h47 ,introduction ( ,man4 ,cosmogony ( ! ,bible4--,!re is "o anci5t docum5t on cosmogony--t ( ! op5+ page ( ! ,bible--:i* is n only admir$ = its sublimity1 b is v g5]ally believ$ to be ( div9e orig91 & :i*1 !re=e1 dem&s at lea/ a brief consid]ation 9 ?is place4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x may be obs]v$ t ?is docum5t if true1 is ( div9e orig94 ,= no human m9d 0 witness ( ! ev5ts2 & no su* m9d 9 ! e>ly age ( ! _w1 unless gift$ ) sup]human intellig5ce1 c\ld h contriv$ su* a s*eme2--w\ld h plac$ ! creation ( ! sun1 ! s\rce ( light to ! e>?1 s long aft] ! creation ( light1 ev5 on ! f\r? day1 &1 :at is equally s+ul>1 betwe5 ! creation ( plants & t ( animals1 :5 s important to bo?2 & none c\ld h rea*$ to ! dep?s ( philosophy exhibit$ 9 ! :ole plan4 ,aga91 ,if div9e1 ! acc\nt mu/ be> m>ks ( human imp]fection1 s9ce x 0 communicat$ ?r\gh man4 ,ideas sugge/$ to a human m9d by ! ,deity w\ld take %ape 9 t m9d accord+ to its range ( k1 modes ( ?\ght1 & use ( language1 unless x 7 at ! same "t sup]naturally gift$ ) ! pr(\nd k & wisdom adequate to _! conception2 & ev5 !n !y c\ld n be intelligibly express$1 = want ( words to repres5t !m4 ,! c5tral ?\ght ( ea* /ep 9 ! ,scripture cosmogony--= example1 ,light1--! divid+ ( ! fluid e>? f ! fluid ar\nd x1 individualiz+ ! e>?1--! arrangem5t ( its l& & wat]1--vegetation1--& s on--is br\ght out 9 ! simple & natural /yle ( a sublime intellect1 wise = its times1 b unv]s$ 9 ! dep?s ( sci5ce :i* ! future 0 to reveal4 ,! idea ( vegetation to su* a "o w\ld be vegetation z he knew x2 & s x is describ$4 ,! idea ( divid+ ! e>? f ! fluid ar\nd x w\ld take ! =m ( a divid+ f ! fluid above1 9 ! imp]fect conceptions ( a m9d unacqua9t$ ) ! e>?'s sph]icity & ! true nature ( ! firmam5t1--especially z ! ev5t 0 beyond ! rea* ( all ord9>y ?\ght4 ,objections are (t5 made to ! ^w 8day10--z if its use limit$ ! "t ( ea* ( ! six p]iods to a day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( ! docum5t ?is ^w 8day0 has v>i\s significations1 &1 among !m1 all t are common to x 9 ord9>y language4 ,^! are--7#a7 ,! light1--8,god call$ ! light day10 v4 #e2 7#b7 ! 8ev5+ & ! morn+0 be=e ! appe>ance ( ! sun2 7#c7 ! 8ev5+ & ! morn+0 aft] ! appe>ance ( ! sun2 7#d7 ! h\rs ( light 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs 7z well z ! :ole tw5ty-f\r h\rs71 9 v]se #ad2 & 7#e7 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ano!r record ( creation1 ! :ole p]iod ( creation is call$ a 8day40 ,! prop] mean+ ( 8ev5+ & morn+10 9 a hi/ory ( creation1 is beg9n+ & completion2 &1 9 ?is s5se1 d>kness be=e light is b a common metaphor4 ,a ,deity work+ 9 creation l a day-labor] by e>?-days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 re/+ at night1 is a belittl+ conception1 & "o probably nev] 9 ! m9d ( ! sacr$ p5man4 ,9 ! plan ( an inf9ite ,god1 c5turies are requir$ = ! matur+ ( "s ( ! plants ) :i* ! e>? is adorn$4 ,! ord] ( ev5ts 9 ! ,scripture cosmogony corresponds ess5tially ) t :i* has be5 giv54 ,!re 0 fir/ a void & =mless e>?3 ?is 0 lit]ally true ( ! 8heav5s & ! e>?10 if !y 7 9 a condition ( a gase\s fluid4 ,! succession is z foll[s3 7#a47 ,light4 7#b47 ,! divid+ ( ! wat]s bel[ f ! wat]s above ! e>?1 7! ^w translat$ wat]s may mean fluid47 7#c47 ,! divid+ ( ! l& & wat] on ! e>?4 7#d47 ,vegetation2 :i* ,moses1 appreciat+ ! philosophical *>act]i/ic ( ! new creation di/+ui%+ x f previ\s inorganic sub/ances1 def9es z t 8:i* has se$ 9 itself40 7#e47 ,! sun1 moon1 & />s4 7#f47 ,! l[] animals1 ^? t sw>m 9 ! wat]s1 & ! creep+ & fly+ species ( ! l&4 7#g47 ,bea/s ( prey 78creep+0 "h mean+ 8pr[l+07-- 7#h47 ,man4 ,9 ?is succession1 we obs]ve n m]ely an ord] ( ev5ts1 l t d$uc$ f sci5ce2 !re is a sy/em 9 ! arrangem5t1 & a f>-rea*+ prophecy1 to :i* philosophy c\ld n h atta9$1 h[ev] in/ruct$4 ,! acc\nt recognizes 9 creation two great eras ( ?ree days ea*1--an ,inorganic & an ,organic4 ,ea* ( ^! eras op5s ) ! appe>ance ( light3 ! fir/1 light cosmical2 ! second1 light f ! sun = ! special uses ( ! e>?4 ,ea* are ends 9 a 8day0 ( two great works1--! two %[n to be di/9ct by be+ sev]ally pron\nc$ 8good40 ,on ! ?ird 8day10 t clos+ ! ,inorganic era1 !re 0 fir/ ! divid+ ( ! l& f ! wat]s1 & aft]w>d ! creation ( vegetation1 or ! in/itution ( a k+dom ( life1--a "w widely div]se f all prec$+ x 9 ! era4 ,soon ! six? 8day10 t]m9at+ ! ,organic era1 !re 0 fir/ ! creation ( ,mammals1 & !n a second f> great] "w1 totally new 9 its gr&e/ elem5t1 ! creation ( ,man4 ,! arrangem5t is1 !n1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! ,inorganic ,era4 #a/ ,day4--,,light cosmical4 #b;d ,day4--,! e>? divid$ f ! fluid ar\nd x1 or individualiz$4 #a4 ,outl9+ ( ! l& & wat]4 #c;d ,day4-- #b4 ,creation ( vegetation4 #b4 ,! ,organic ,era4 #d? ,day4--,,light f ! sun4 #e? ,day4--,creation ( ! l[] ord]s ( animals4 #f? ,day4-- #a4 ,creation ( ,mammals4 #b4 ,creation ( ,man4 ,9 addition1 ! la/ day ( ea* era includ$ "o "w typical ( ! era1 & ano!r relat$ to x 9 ess5tial po9ts1 b also prophetic ( ! future4 ,vegetation1 :ile1 = physical reasons1 a "p ( ! creation ( ! ?ird day1 0 also prophetic ( ! future ,organic era1 9 :i* ! progress ( life 0 ! gr& *>act]i/ic4 ,! record ?us accords ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 hi/ory t ! *>act]i/ic ( an age has its beg9n+s )9 ! age prec$+4 ,s1 aga91 ,man1 :ile l o!r ,mammals 9 /ructure1 ev5 to ! homologies ( e bone & muscle1 0 end[$ ) a spiritual nature1 :i* look$ =w>d to ano!r era1 t ( spiritual exi/5ce4--,! sev5? 8day10 ! day ( re/ f ! "w ( creation1 is man's p]iod ( prep>ation = t new exi/5ce2 & x is to promote ?is special end t--9 /rict p>allelism--! ,sabba? foll[s man's six days ( "w4 ,! record 9 ! ,bible is1 !re=e1 pr(\ndly philosophical 9 ! s*eme ( creation :i* x pres5ts4 ,x is bo? true & div9e4 ,x is a decl>ation ( au?or%ip1 bo? ( ,creation & ! ,bible1 on ! fir/ page ( ! sacr$ volume4 ,!re c be no real conflict betwe5 ! two ,books ( ! ,,great ,,au?or4 ,bo? are revelations made by ,him to man1--! e>li] tell+ ( ,god-made h>monies com+ up f ! deep pa/1 & ris+ to _! height :5 man appe>$1 ! lat] tea*+ man's relations to 8 ,mak]1 & speak+ ( l(ti] h>monies 9 ! et]nal future4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,twelve ,lectures on ! ,connection betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,reveal$ ,religion1 by ,,ni*olas ,,wiseman1 ,d4,d41 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,engli% ,college1 & ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,rome4 ,&ov]3 ,g\ld ,newman1 #ahcg4 ,footnote #b3 ,prelectiones ,!ologic4 ,footnote #c3 ,cosmogonia ,naturale comp>ata ,col ,g5esi4 ,footnote #d3 ,a ,manual ( ,geology2 treat+ ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce ) special ref]5ce to ,am]ican ,geological ,hi/ory1 etc41 by ,,james ,d4 ,,dana1 ,m4 ,a41 ,,ll4 ,d41 etc41 #hvo1 pp4 #iih4 ,philadelphia3 ,?os4 ,bliss ,co4 ,footnote #e3 ,janu>y & ,july1 #ahef1 & ,april & ,july1 #aheg1 cov]+ 9 all #bai pages1 #hvo4 ,footnote #f3 ,! ,six ,days ( ,creation1 or ! ,scriptural ,cosmology2 ) ! ,anci5t ,idea ( ,"t ,worlds 9 ,di/9ction f ,worlds 9 ,space1 by ,,tayl] ,,lewis1 ,pr(essor ( ,greek 9 ,union ,college4 #abmo1 pp4 #djg4 ,s*5ectady1 #ahee4 ,footnote #g3 ,man 9 ,g5esis & ,geology2 or1 ! ,bible acc\nt ( ,man's ,creation te/$ by ,sci5tific ,!ories ( 8 ,orig9 & ,antiquity1 by ,,joseph ,p4 ,,?ompson1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,new ,york1 #abmo1 pp4 #adi4 #ahgj4 ,footnote #h3 ,! ,*emical ,hi/ory ( ! ,six ,days ( ,creation1 by ,,john ,,ph91 editor ( ! ,te*nologi/4 ,am]ican ,news ,company1 ,new ,york1 pp4 #ie1 #abmo1 #ahgj4 ,footnote #i3 ,g5esis1 or ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,moses1 toge!r ) a ,g5]al ,!ological & ,homitetical ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 by ,,john ,,pet] ,,lange1 ,d4 ,d41 ,pr(essor 9 ,ord9>y ( ,!ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bonn4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man1 ) additions by ,pr(essor ,,tayl] ,,lewis1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,s*5ectady1 ,new ,york1 & ,a4 ,,gosman1 ,d4 ,d41 ,lawr5ceville1 ,n4 ,j4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn] ,co41 #fed ,broadway4 #ahfh4 #hvo1 pp4 #ffe4 ,footnote #aj3 #b ,cor4 vi4 #a4 ,footnote #aa3 #b ,pet4 iii4 #aj4 ,footnote #ab3 ,rom4 i4 #ah4 ,footnote #ac3 ,x may be useful once = all to in=m ! read] t ! t]m ,rock is employ$ by ,geologi/s 9 a te*nical s5se4 ,x is appli$ to e l>ge mass ( m9]al matt] t goes to =m ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 :e!r x be h>d & /rong1 or s(t & pla/ic4 ,?us1 = example1 gravel & clay1 coal & slate1 are call$ ,rocks1 j z well z lime/one & granite4 8,our old] writ]s endeavor$ to avoid (f]+ su* viol5ce to our language1 by speak+ ( ! compon5t mat]ials ( ! ,e>? z consi/+ ( rocks & soils4 ,b !re is (t5 s ins5sible a passage f a s(t & incoh]5t /ate to t ( /one1 t ,geologi/s ( all c\ntries h f\nd x indisp5sable to h "o te*nical t]m to include bo?1 & 9 ?is s5se we f9d ro*e appli$ 9 ,fr5*1 rocca 9 ,italian1 & fels>t 9 ,g]man4 ,! beg9n]1 h[ev]1 mu/ con/antly be> 9 m9d1 t ! t]m rock by no means implies t a m9]al mass is 9 an indurat$ or /ony condition40--,lyell's ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #ad3 ,lyell's ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #ae3 ,see ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 pp4 #daa-dac4 ,footnote #af3 ,see ,jukes1 ,! ,/ud5t's ,manual ( ,geology1 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #ag3 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 ,odds & ,ends ( ,alp9e ,life4 ,footnote #ah3 ,ecclesia/es1 i4 #g4 ,footnote #ai3 ,page1 ,advanc$ ,text-,book ( ,geology1 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #bj3 ,see on ?is subject1 ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 p4 #deh1 & pp4 #dhj-c2 ,jukes1 ,manual ( ,geology1 pp4 #aje-aa2 ,page1 ,advanc$ ,text-,book ( ,geology1 pp4 #eb-ef4 ,footnote #ba3 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 pp4 #cef-g4 ,footnote #bb3 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 p4 #cfj4 ,footnote #bc3 ,see ,jukes1 ,manual ( ,geology1 pp4 #ajh-aj2 ,hopk9s1 ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 #aheb1 p4 xxvii4 ,footnote #bd3 ,= ^! facts see ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 pp4 #cdi1 #cej2 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,no4 xiii41 ,new ,s]ies2 ,! ,engli% ,cyclopdia1 ,natural ,hi/ory ,division1 ,alluvium4 ,footnote #be3 ,= ^! facts illu/rat+ ! de/ructive action ( ! waves ( ! sea we are *iefly indebt$ to ! foll[+ au?orities3 ,hibb]t1 ,description ( ! ,%etl& ,isles2 ,phillips1 ,riv]s1 ,m\nta9s1 & ,sea-coa/ ( ,york%ire2 ,geology ( ,york%ire1 by ! same au?or2 ,p5nant's ,arctic ,zoology1 vol4 i42 ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 *apt]s xx4 & xxi42 ,g>dn]'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,bor\gh ( ,dunwi*2 ! ,engli% ,cyclopdia1 ,alluvium4 ,footnote #bf3 ,r5nell's ,inve/igation ( ! ,curr5ts 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean2 ,maury's ,physical ,geography ( ! ,sea1 *apt]s ii4 & iii42 ,humboldt's ,cosmos2 ,! ,engli% ,cyclopdia1 ,atlantic ,ocean2 ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 *apt] xx4 ,footnote #bg3 ,mantell's ,wond]s ( ,geology1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #bh3 ,9 8 notes to ! translation ( ,humboldt's ,cosmos1 p4 xcvii4 ,footnote #bi3 ,a ,hymn be=e ,sunrise 9 ! ,vale ( ,*am\ni1 by ,samuel ,taylor ,col]idge4 ,footnote #cj3 ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 pp4 #cgd-e4 ,footnote #ca3 ,voyage 9 #ahbb1 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #cb3 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 pp4 #ade1 #adf4 ,footnote #cc3 ,capta9 ,horsburg1 ,on ,iceb]gs 9 ,l[ ,latitudes4 ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahcj4 ,footnote #cd3 ,agassiz1 ,etudes sur les ,glaci]s2 ,tyndall1 ,glaci]s ( ! ,alps2 also ,heat z a mode ( ,motion1 by ! same ,au?or2 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 *apt] xvi42 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 *apt]s xi41 xii42 ,wallace1 ,ice ,m>ks 9 ,nor? ,wales1 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,no4 xiii4 ,footnote #ce3 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #cf3 ,mantell1 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #cg3 ,lyell1 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4 #db2 also ,pr9ciples1 vol4 i41 p4 #daj4 ,footnote #ch3 ,mantell's ,wond]s ( ,geology1 pp4 #gj1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc4 ,footnote #ci3 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 p4 #dca4 ,footnote #dj3 ,id4 ib41 p4 #dbi4 ,footnote #da3 ,! figures giv5 by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 & d]iv$ f ! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,ev]e/1 are ^!3 total dis*>ge dur+ ! f\r mon?s ( ra91 #f1jhb1jda1fjj cubic feet2 total dis*>ge dur+ ! ?ree mon?s ( hot wea!r1 #ch1aed1bdj cubic feet4--,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 p4 #dha4 ,footnote #db3 ,f a ,special ,correspond5t1 9 ! ,times ,newspap]1 ,decemb] #g1 #ahff4 ,footnote #dc3 ,horn]1 ,alluvial ,l& ( ,egypt1 ,phil4 ,trans41 "p ,i41 = #ahee2 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 pp4 #dca-i4 ,footnote #dd3 ,! ,engli% ,cyclopdia1 ,alluvium4 ,footnote #de3 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 *apt]s ,,xviii41 ,,xix4 ,footnote #df3 ,consolations 9 ,travel1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #dg3 ,h&book ( ,rome & its ,environs3 ,murray1 #aheh1 p4 #cbe4 ,footnote #dh3 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 #djj-c4 ,footnote #di3 ,jukes1 ,manual ( ,geology1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #ej3 ,see 8 ,lecture ,on a ,piece ( ,*alk1 deliv]$ dur+ ! ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,norwi*1 #ahfh4 ,footnote #ea3 ,lyell1 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4 #cah4 ,footnote #eb3 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 ii41 *ap4 xlix42 ,mantell1 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 ,lecture vi42 ,jukes1 ,manual ( ,geology1 pp4 #acj-c4 ,footnote #ec3 ,sacr$ ,philosophy ( ! ,seasons1 by ! ,rev4 ,h5ry ,duncan1 ,d4,d42 ,summ]1 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #ed3 ,ps4 xcix4 #c4 ,footnote #ee3 ,kotzebue's ,voyages1 #ahae-ah1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #cca-cc4 ,footnote #ef3 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 p4 #fdh4 ,footnote #eg3 ,organic ,rema9s ( a ,=m] ,_w1 vol4 ii41 p4 #af4 ,footnote #eh3 ,c>bonic acid gas conta9s two equival5ts ( oxyg5 to "o ( c>bon1 ! *emical expression = ! comp\nd be+ ,,co#b2 c>burett$ hydrog51 :i* is ! gas we employ 9 illum9at+ our /reets & h\ses1 conta9s f\r equival5ts ( hydrog5 to two ( c>bon1 & is *emically express$ by ! symbols ,c#b;,h#d2 wat] is compos$ ( "o equival5t ( oxyg51 & "o ( hydrog51 ! symbolic =m be+ ,,ho4 ,footnote #ei3 ,see ,jukes1 ,manual ( ,geology1 pp4 #ach-ada2 ,lyell1 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4 #ejj4 ,footnote #fj3 ,jukes1 ,manual ( ,geology1 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #fa3 ,see ,mantell1 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 pp4 #fhj-b2 also #gfj2 ,lyell1 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 #dfd1 #dfe4 ,footnote #fb3 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4 #dhh4 ,footnote #fc3 ,mantell1 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #fd3 ,mantell1 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #fe3 ,id4 ,ib4 ,footnote #ff3 ,*emical ,te*nology1 ,ronalds & ,ri*>dson1 vol4 i41 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #fg3 ,see ,lyell1 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 #dgg-ha2 ,jukes1 ,manual ( ,geology1 #ach1 #adi-ec2 ,! ,engli% ,cyclopdia1 ,natural ,hi/ory ,dep>tm5t1 ,article1 ,coal2 ,mantell1 ,fossils ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,*apt] i41 ,"p ,i4 ,footnote #fh3 ,page1 ,advanc$ ,text-,book ( ,geology1 n4 #g1 pp4 #bj1 #ba4 ,footnote #fi3 ,f ! ,lat9 ,fossilis1 dug up4 ,footnote #gj3 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #ga3 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #gb3 ,manual ( ,geology1 p4 #cge4 ,footnote #gc3 ,lyell1 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 pp4 #dj-da4 ,! read] w f9d a s+ul>ly cle> & simple exposition ( ?is subject 9 ,doctor ,haughton's ,manual ( ,geology1 ,lecture ,,iii42 an exposition :i* x 0 n our good =tune to h read until our own brief summ>y 0 already 9 type4 ,footnote #gd3 ,buckl&1 ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 vol4 i41 p4 #abc2 ,mantell1 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 p4 #bfi2 ,lyell1 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4 #fhg4 ,footnote #ge3 ,mantell1 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 ,lecture ,,iv41 ,fossils ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 *apt] ,v42 see1 also1 ,m$als ( ,creation1 & ,fossils ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 by ! same ,au?or4 ,footnote #gf3 ,ow5's ,palontology1 pp4 #bjj-i2 ,buckl&1 ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 vol4 i41 pp4 #afh-ahf2 ,mantell1 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 pp4 #egf-eha2 ,lyell1 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 pp4 #dbj-dbe2 ,jukes1 ,manual ( ,geology1 pp4 #eih-eii4 ,footnote #gg3 ,buckl&'s ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 vol4 i41 pp4 #bjb-ad2 ,ow5's ,palontology1 #bbc-bcb4 ,footnote #gh3 ,buckl&1 ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 vol4 i41 pp4 #aci-afd2 ,ow5's ,palontology1 pp4 #cij-b2 ,mantell1 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 pp4 #aff-i2 ,fossils ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 pp4 #dfe-dhj2 ,! ,engli% ,cyclopdia1 ,natural ,hi/ory ,division1 ,article1 ,mega!rid4 ,footnote #gi3 ,lyell1 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #hj3 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 p4 #djj4 ,footnote #ha3 ,see ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 p4 #ca1 :o ref]s to ,da ,v9ci's ,,mss4 n[ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,footnote #hb3 ,see ,lyell1 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 pp4 #id-if2 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 p4 #aaf2 ,jukes1 ,manual ( ,geology1 pp4 #daj1 #daa4 ,footnote #hc3 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #hd3 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #he3 ,lyell1 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #hf3 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 p4 #cab4 ,footnote #hg3 ,ib4 #cac4 ,footnote #hh3 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 pp4 #cba1 #cbb4 ,footnote #hi3 ,famili> ,lectures on ,sci5tific ,subjects3 ,london1 #ahfg2 pp4 #i1 #aj4 ,footnote #ij3 ,x w\ld be m /rictly correct to say t ! rate ( increase v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t places1 ?\gh ! ma9 fact is ev]y:]e palpably app>5t t ! deep] we desc5d into ! ,e>? ! high] ! temp]ature becomes4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell records a numb] ( c>eful exp]im5ts made 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,italy1 :i* seem to %[ t an increase ( "o degree ,fahr5heit = e sixty-five feet ( desc5t w\ld repres5t pretty correctly ! g5]al av]age4 ,see 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bje1 #bjf4 ,footnote #ia3 ,see ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,famili> ,lectures on ,sci5tific ,subjects1 pp4 #bf1 #bg4 ,footnote #ib3 ,see ! elaborate "w ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 entitl$ ,campi ,phlegraei1 9 :i* he gives a full acc\nt ( ! =mation ( ,monte ,nuovo1 accompani$ ) color$ plates4 ,he has pres]v$ two int]e/+ n>ratives ( ! eruption writt5 at ! "t by eye-witnesses4 ,see also ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i41 pp4 #fjf-faf4 ,footnote #ic3 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,famili> ,lectures on ,sci5tific ,subjects1 p4 #cd2 see also ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 *ap4 xxvii42 ,mantell1 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 pp4 #hgb-d4 ,footnote #id3 ,see ,h]s*el1 ,famili> ,lectures on ,sci5tific ,subjects1 pp4 #cd-f4 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ajd-f4 ,footnote #ie3 ,famili> ,lectures on ,sci5tific ,subjects1 pp4 #ca1 #cb4 ,footnote #if3 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ei1 #fj4 ,footnote #ig3 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #fi1 #gj4 ,footnote #ih3 ,= ! acc\nt ( ^! v>i\s ,e>?quakes we are ma9ly indebt$ to ! indefatigable indu/ry ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 :o has collect$ ! facts ) great c>e p>tly f ! descriptions ( eye-witnesses1 & p>tly f au!ntic docum5ts writt5 ^u ! spot4 ,see 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 ii41 *ap1 xxviii41 xxix41 xxx4 ,see also ,mr4 ,mallet's ,e>?quake ,catalogue2 & ! fir/ ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,lectures on ,famili> ,subjects4 ,footnote #ii3 ,! foll[+ are ! s\rces f :i* we h *iefly d]iv$ our in=mation reg>d+ ! ,p]uvian ,e>?quake ( #ahfh3 7#a7 a s]ies ( lett]s writt5 ^u ! sc5e ( ! cata/rophe1 & publi%$ 9 ,! ,times ( ,septemb] #bf1 #ahfh2 among/ !m is "o f ! ,briti% ,vice-consul1 & "o f ! ag5t ( ! ,pacific ,/eam ,navigation ,company1 :o 7 bo? at ! "t resid5ts ( ,arica3 7#b7 a lett] ( ,mr4 ,clem5ts ,m>kham 9 ,! ,times ( ,septemb] #ae1 #ahfh3 7#c7 ,capta9 ,p[ell's ,report to ! ,admiralty1 dat$ ,septemb] #ad1 #ahfh4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 ii41 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #aja3 ,id4 ib4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,lett] f ,c4 ,hullm&el1 ,esq42 see ,mantell1 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 ,app5dix ,g41 p4 #dgj4 ,= a full & elaborate disquisition on ! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,s]apis1 see also ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 ii41 *ap4 xxv4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 ii41 *ap4 xxxi4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #aje3 ,on a ,piece ( ,*alk3 ,a ,lecture to ,work+ ,m54 ,footnote #ajf3 ,g5esis1 v4 #c-cb4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,ib41 xi4 #aj-bf4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,ib41 v4 #c-i4 ,footnote #aji3 ,g5esis1 xii4 #d4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,! ,g5esis ( ! ,e>? & ,man1 ,edit$ by ,reg9ald ,/u>t ,poole3 ,london2 ,williams & ,norgate2 #ahfj4 ,footnote #aaa3 8,sem 0 a hundr$ ye>s old :5 he begot ,arphaxad1 two ye>s aft] ! flood40--,g5esis1 xi4 #aj4 ,footnote #aab3 ,?is second ,ca9an does n appe> 9 ! ,hebrew or ! ,sam>itan v]sion4 ,footnote #aac3 ,app5dix 7#a74 ,footnote #aad3 ,app5dix 7#b74 ,footnote #aae3 ,app5dix 7#c74 ,footnote #aaf3 ,exodus1 xx4 #i-aa4 ,footnote #aag3 ,app5dix 7#d71 7#e71 7#f74 ,footnote #aah3 ,see ,ges5ius1 sub vocibus4 ,footnote #aai3 ,app5dix 7#g74 ,footnote #abj3 ,app5dix 7#h74 ,footnote #aba3 ,app5dix 7#i74 ,footnote #abb3 ,app5dix 7#aj74 ,footnote #abc3 ,app5dix 7#aa7 7#ab74 ,footnote #abd3 ,app5dix 7#ac7 7#ad7 7#ae74 ,footnote #abe3 ,app5dix 7#af74 ,footnote #abf3 ,9 ,g5es4 cap4 i4 ,qu/4 xiv4 ,footnote #abg3 ,app5dix 7#ag74 ,footnote #abh3 ,see 8 v>i\s works ^u ,g5esis1 passim2 9 p>ticul> de ,g5esi ad ,lit]am1 ,lib4 i4 cap4 xv41 ,lib4 iv4 cap4 xxxiii42 ,de ,g5esi ,lib] ,imp]fectus1 cap4 vii4 & cap4 ix4 ,footnote #abi3 ,?is latt] view might be fairly ma9ta9$ 9 con=mity ) ! pr9ciples :i* ,sa9t ,augu/9e pr(esses to foll[ 9 ! int]pretation ( ,g5esis4 ,see ,de ,g5esi ad ,lit]am1 ,lib4 i4 cap4 xxi4 & cap4 xxii4 ,footnote #acj3 ,see ,de ,g5esi ad ,lit]am1 ,lib4 i4 cap4 xv42 ,de ,g5esi ,lib] ,imp]fectus1 cap4 vii42 ,confess41 ,lib4 xii4 cap4 xxix4 ,footnote #aca3 #b ,pet]1 iii4 #h4 ,footnote #acb3 ,app5dix 7#ah7 7#ai7 7#bj74 ,footnote #acc3 ,wisdom1 ix4 #ac-af4 ,footnote #acd3 ,see ,pianciani1 ,cosmogonia1 pp4 #chd-ij4 ,footnote #ace3 ,see ,ges5ius1 ,hebrew & ,*aldee ,lexicon to ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures2 9 voce4 ,he ?us expla9s ! fir/ mean+ ( ?is ^w3 8copulative1 & s]ves to connect bo? words & s5t5ces1 especially 9 cont9u+ a disc\rse40 ,footnote #acf3 ,app5dix 7#ba74 ,footnote #acg3 ,see ,de ,g5esi ad ,lit]am1 ,lib4 iv4 capp4 xxvi4-xxxv41 ,lib4 v4 cap4 i4 n4 #c1 & cap4 iii4 n4 #f4 ,footnote #ach3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xviii4 #a4 ,footnote #aci3 ,app5dix 7#bb74 ,footnote #adj3 ,app5dix 7#bc7 7#bd7 7#be7 7#bf7 7#bg7 7#bh7 7#bi7 7#cj7 7#ca74 ,footnote #ada3 ,see ,de ,g5esi ad ,lit]am1 ,lib4 iv4 capp4 xxvi41 xxvii42 also ,lib4 i4 capp4 x41 xi41 xii4 ,footnote #adb3 ,app5dix 7#cb7 7#cc7 7#cd7 7#ce7 7#cf7 7#cg74 ,footnote #adc3 ,amos1 viii4 #aa1 #ab4 ,footnote #add3 ,psalm ii4 #g4 ,footnote #ade3 ,heb4 i4 #e4 ,footnote #adf3 ,j]emias1 cap4 l4 vv4 #bd-cb4 ,footnote #adg3 ,j]emias1 li4 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #adh3 ,j]emias1 xlvi4 #c-aj1 #ai-ba4 ,footnote #adi3 ,eze*iel1 xxix4 #ai-ba4 ,footnote #aej3 ,eze*iel1 xxx4 #c-i4 ,footnote #aea3 ,sophonias1 v4 #h-aa1 #ad-ag4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,isaias1 xxix4 #ag-ai4 ,footnote #aec3 ,mat?4 xi4 #d1 #e4 ,footnote #aed3 ,john1 viii4 #ef4 ,footnote #aee3 #b ,cor4 vii4 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #aef3 ,luke1 xix4 #da-dc4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,dan4 viii4 #ad4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,app5dix 7#ch7 7#ci7 7#dj7 7#da74 ,footnote #aei3 ,exodus1 xx4 #i-aa4 ,footnote #afj3 ,exodus1 xxiii4 #aj-ab4 ,footnote #afa3 ,leviticus1 xxv4 #b-g4 ,footnote #afb3 #b ,cor4 v4 #ad1 #ae4 ,footnote #afc3 ,matt4 viii4 #bb2 ,luke1 ix4 #fj4 ,footnote #afd3 ,john1 xx4 #ag4 ,footnote #afe3 ,rom4 xiii4 #ab1 #ac4 ,footnote #aff3 ,i4 ,!ssal4 v4 #d1 #e4 ,footnote #afg3 ,amos1 viii4 #i4 ,footnote #afh3 ,app5dix 7#db7 7#dc74 ,footnote #afi3 ,g54 i4 #aa1 #ab4 ,footnote #agj3 ,! ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks1 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #aga3 ,g5esis1 i4 #bj1 #ba4 ,footnote #agb3 ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks1 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #agc3 ,g5esis1 i4 #bd1 #be4 ,footnote #agd3 ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks1 pp4 #abg1 #abh4 ,footnote #age3 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #agf3 8,aliquid esse a ,deo conditum1 de quo sileat lib] ,g5esis1 nihil repugnat40 ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 ,confess4 ,lib4 xii41 cap4 xxii4 ,footnote #agg3 ,app5dix 7#dd74 ,footnote #agh3 ,ecclesia/es1 iii4 #b4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation are z 9 ! orig9al4