,,names3 ,,and ,,their ,,meaning4 ,illustration ,,names3 ,,and ,,their ,,meaning ,a ,,book ,,for ,,the ,,curious ,,by ,,leopold ,,wagner ,,third ,,and ,,revised ,,edition4 ,london ,t4 ,,fisher ,,unwin ,,paternoster ,,square ,,mdcccxciii ,,introduction4 ,not the least difficult matter in connection with the present work has been the choice of a title4 ,the one finally determined upon is far from satisfactory1 because it scarcely suggests the scope of the subject treated4 ,true enough1 the single word ,,nomenclature offered itself as a suitable title2 but this is really a ,french word1 derived1 of course1 from the ,latin1 and although it has been admitted into our vocabulary simply owing to the lack of an ,english equivalent1 its use is properly restricted to the classification of technical terms in relation to a particular branch of science4 ,in a scientific sense1 then1 the word ,nomenclature finds a ready acceptance2 but for the classification of the names of persons1 of places1 and of things1 it is altogether too pedantic4 ,a young friend of the author the other day1 on being informed1 in answer to his inquiry1 that this work would probably be entitled 8,the ,curiosities of ,nomenclature10 promptly asked whether it might not be as well to explain1 first of all1 what the word ,nomenclature meant4 ,now1 the author does not believe for one moment that any intelligent person who took up this volume would be at a loss to judge of its contents from the title1 that is1 supposing the word ,nomenclature appeared on the page2 nevertheless1 his young friend's suggestion reminded him that a book intended not for the scientific and learned1 but for general reference1 should bear a title easily comprehended by all classes of the community4 ,the title originally chosen has1 therefore1 been rejected in favour of one less pretentious and more matter-of-fact3 if it is not sufficiently expressive1 the fault must be attributed to the poverty of the ,english language4 ,of all the 8,ologies10 ,,philology1 or the science of language1 is the most seductive2 and that branch of it known as ,,etymology1 which traces the derivation and combination of the words of a language from its primary roots1 possesses an interest--one might almost say a fascination--for all1 when once the attention has been arrested by it4 ,this fact is proved by the popularity of ,archbishop ,trench's published lectures on 8,the ,study of ,words10 which have now reached a nineteenth edition4 ,but it is not to an examination of the dictionary words of the ,english language that the present volume is devoted4 ,bearing in mind that several excellent works already exist on this subject1 the author has occupied himself in the following pages exclusively with the etymology1 and significance of ,,names--of personal names1 comprising ,surnames1 ,sobriquets1 ,pseudonyms1 ,nicknames1 ,class ,names1 and ,professional ,designations2 of names of places1 including the ,countries of the ,world1 with the principal ,seas1 ,islands1 ,gulfs1 ,straits1 c41 the ,united ,states of ,north ,america1 the ,counties of ,england and ,wales1 and particularly the ,districts1 ,streets1 ,squares1 ,churches1 and ,public ,buildings of ,london2 of the names of ,religious ,sects and ,political ,factions2 of the names of ,inns and ,taverns2 in addition to the names of an infinite number of objects with which everyone is familiar1 but whose actual significance is comprehended only by a few4 ,as to the utility of such a work1 a brief glance into these pages may convince the reader that the subject of ,,names is fraught with much popular interest4 ,take the names of ,london streets4 ,how many among the thousands who follow their daily occupations within sight of the gilt cross of ,st4 ,paul's1 ever reflect that the name of each street they frequent and pass by the way1 points to the origin of the street itself2 and that1 were they to cultivate a practical acquaintance with those names1 their knowledge of ,english ,history and ,sociology might be considerably enlarged1 with a result that they would be brought to ask themselves at length how they could have been possessed of 8souls so dead0 as never to have entered upon such a profitable field of inquiry before8 ,whitefriars1 ,blackfriars1 and ,austin ,friars1 carry us back in imagination to the days of yore2 the friars have long returned to the dust1 but the localities they inhabited are still identified with their existence by the names they bear4 ,yet these are possibly the only thoroughfares in the ,city--with the exception of such as have derived their names from a neighbouring church1 public building1 or private mansion--concerning which the average ,londoner can express himself with any degree of certainty3 if he venture a guess at the rest1 it is safe to assert that he will be open to correction4 ,the like observation applies to public buildings4 ,if the question were asked1 for example1 why the well-known ,ships' ,registry ,offices over the ,royal ,exchange are universally referred to as 8,lloyd's10 ninety-nine out of every hundred ,city men would avail themselves of the very plausible suggestion that the system of ,marine ,insurance was first established1 either there or elsewhere1 by some person named ,lloyd4 ,true1 a certain ,edward ,lloyd had a remote connection with the enterprise2 but he was a coffee-house keeper1 who probably knew no more about ships and their tonnage than 8,jonathan10 another noted ,london coffee-house keeper1 after whom the ,stock ,exchange was formerly designated1 knew about 8bulls0 and 8bears40 ,again1 it is not every one who could account1 off hand1 for such familiar names as ,scotland ,yard1 ,bedlam1 ,doctors' ,commons1 the ,charterhouse1 the churches of ,st4 ,mary-,axe1 ,st4 ,clement-,danes1 ,st4 ,hallow's-,barking1 or ,st4 ,catherine ,cree4 ,a few barristers would1 doubtless1 be in a position to inform us wherefore our seminaries for the study of the law were originally styled 8,inns of ,court02 but the ordinary inquirer1 left to his own resources1 might find the problem somewhat difficult to solve4 ,surely they were not at one time inns8 and if so1 whence came the designation ,inns of ,court8 ,did the ,court flunkeys patronize them1 perhaps8 ,or1 more likely1 did the sovereign1 attended by the ,court1 take a fancy to sleeping beneath the roof of each for once in a way1 after the manner of ,queen ,elizabeth8 ,and1 speaking about inns1 every ,londoner is1 of course1 aware of the one-time existence of 8,la ,belle ,sauvage0 on the north side of ,ludgate ,hill1 albeit the origin of this sign has generally been ascribed to ,pocahontas1 of ,virginia1 who accompanied her husband1 ,john ,rolfe1 back to ,england in the year #afaf1 and1 as tradition has it1 put up at this famous old coaching-house4 ,moreover1 ,messrs4 ,cassell and ,co41 whose premises occupy the site1 and are approached from ,la ,belle ,sauvage ,yard1 have profited by the popular misconception to the extent of adopting the figure of a female partly clad in skins as their trade-mark4 ,then1 again1 who has not heard of 8,the ,tabard08 and whence did that derive its sign8 ,among other celebrated inns still preserved to us1 we have 8,jack ,straw's ,castle0 on ,hampstead ,heath4 ,but who was ,jack ,straw8 and had he ever a castle thereabouts8 ,as will be shown in these pages1 the answer to these questions is associated with a very stirring moment in ,english ,history4 ,a great deal of the early history of ,england can be gleaned from the names of the counties into which this country is divided4 ,the terms ,shire and ,county are so far synonymous in that they indicate a portion of land distinguished by a particular name2 yet1 etymologically considered1 they are widely different4 ,although every shire is a county1 it is not every county to whose individual name the word 8shire0 may be added4 ,the latter is essentially ,anglo-,saxon1 denoting a division of land possessed by an earl1 and wherever it occurs it points conclusively to the ,saxon occupation of ,england4 ,certainly1 we do not speak of ,essex-shire1 ,middle-sex-shire1 or ,sussex-shire1 because the ,saxon territories referred to1 as well as their relative positions1 are fully indicated in the names themselves4 ,neither are we accustomed to allude to ,surrey-shire1 for the reason that the word ,surrey expressed the ,anglo-,saxon for the land south of the rey1 or river1 comprising1 as it did1 that large tract of land described as ,wessex1 or the land of the ,west ,saxons1 now divided into six southern shires4 ,the fact is1 ,wessex was the great kingdom of the ,saxons in this country1 whereas ,essex1 ,middlesex1 and ,sussex were but petty kingdoms4 ,consequently1 in the kingdom of ,wessex it was that earldoms were first created1 and lands appertaining thereto were literally scired1 or sheared off4 ,on the other hand1 it would be ridiculous in the extreme1 quite apart from the unfamiliarity of such an expression1 to speak of ,kent-shire1 because there is nothing in the name that invests it with a ,saxon interest4 ,the same remark is applicable to ,cornwall4 ,it is only from habit1 too1 or because the name lends itself to the euphony1 that ,devon is denominated a shire2 for not only is this a ,celtic name1 but the ,saxons scarcely penetrated into1 and certainly never occupied any considerable portion of1 the county4 ,the ,england of the ,saxons1 therefore1 is to be distinguished wherever the word 8shire0 appears as part of the name of a county4 ,if the foregoing paragraph be deemed interesting to the general inquirer1 a careful digest of the chapter on 8,the ,countries of the ,world0 should prove most instructive4 ,with a few exceptions only1 the names of the different countries of the ,old ,world afford us an indication of their original inhabitants1 or the rude tribes that overran them4 ,in regard to the ,new ,world1 such names of countries as are not of native origin invariably point to the nationality of the navigators who discovered them or of the adventurers who explored and colonized them4 ,the maritime enterprise of the ,spanish and ,portuguese is in nothing so evident as in the territories named in accordance with their respective languages in ,south and ,central ,america1 to say nothing of the islands discovered by them in the ,atlantic and ,pacific ,oceans4 ,and1 as a set-off against the shameful treatment by the ,spaniards of ,christopher ,columbus1 it must not be forgotten that the whole of the ,north ,american territory now embraced in the ,united ,states was originally designated ,columbia in his honour1 which name has been preserved in the ,western portion of the continent known as ,british ,columbia4 ,a few ,spanish names still linger in ,north ,america1 notably ,california1 ,labrador1 ,florida1 ,nevada1 ,oregon1 and ,colorado4 ,but the ,spaniards were rovers rather than settlers2 wherefore they contented themselves with maintaining their national reputation as successful navigators by giving names to the countries they discovered1 and establishing a lucrative trading monopoly in that portion of the ,caribbean ,sea which formerly bore the name of the ,spanish ,main4 ,on the contrary1 the ,english and ,french have distinguished themselves always1 and all the world over1 as colonists2 so that1 saving those ,states of ,north ,america which have received the native names of the great lakes and rivers1 we can discover exactly which were colonized by the one nation and which by the other4 ,moreover1 the ,english and ,french have generally exercised the common trait of honouring the mother country by naming a new colony or a newly-discovered island after the reigning monarch or a distinguished countryman4 ,a similar trait in the ,dutch character presents itself in the repetition of the names of the native places of their navigators and colonists2 while the ,spaniards and ,portuguese have displayed a tendency for naming an island discovered or a river explored by them in a manner commemorative of the day that witnessed the event4 ,at the same time1 it would not be wise to conjecture1 merely from the name1 that ,columbus discovered the island of ,trinidad on the ,feast of the ,holy ,trinity1 because he did nothing of the kind4 ,therefore1 it behoves the curious inquirer to make himself acquainted with the circumstances under which our geographical names have arisen1 so as to avoid falling into error4 ,as well might he maintain1 without the requisite knowledge1 that the ,canary ,islands owed their designation to the birds that have so long been exported thence2 for although such a conclusion were extremely plausible1 he would still be at a loss to know how the canaries came by their name in the first place4 ,a like difficulty is liable to be encountered relative to the ,sandwich ,islands4 ,a particularly smart boy might1 indeed1 be expected to inform us1 as the outcome of a hastily-formed opinion1 that the ,sandwich ,islands were so called because a shipwrecked crew who once found a refuge thereon continued to support themselves until such time as they were rescued by a passing vessel upon sandwiches4 ,the bare idea may be laughed at2 but it is no more preposterous than that the ,canary ,islands received their name from the birds that are found there in such plenty4 ,the question at issue furnishes an example as to how a name may be perpetuated in different ways4 ,thus1 ,captain ,cook named the ,sandwich ,islands in compliment to ,john ,montague1 fourth ,earl of ,sandwich and ,first ,lord of the ,admiralty1 who took his title from ,sandwich1 or1 as the etymology of this place implies1 the 8sand town10 one of the ancient ,cinque ,ports in ,kent4 ,an inveterate gamester was this ,lord ,sandwich2 so much so that he would sit at the gaming-table for thirty hours and more at a stretch1 never desisting from the game to partake of a meal1 but from time to time ordering the waiter to bring him some slices of meat placed between two slices of thin bread1 from which circumstance this convenient form of refreshment received the name of ,sandwiches4 ,mention of sandwiches reminds us that very few tradesmen possess the remotest idea of the significance of the names of the various commodities in which they deal4 ,ask a purveyor of ham and beef to explain the origin of the word ,sandwich1 and he will be quite unable to furnish an answer4 ,put a similar question to a ,tobacconist1 and it will be found that he has never interested himself to the extent of inquiring what the word ,tobacco means1 not to speak of the names of the different kinds of tobacco4 ,a ,haberdasher1 again1 would be sorely perplexed to account for his individual trade-name2 so would a ,milliner1 so would a ,grocer1 so would a ,tailor2 and so would almost every one who passes for an intelligent citizen1 yet whose reflections have never been directed toward those trifling concerns which1 as one might be led to suppose1 are most immediately interesting to him4 ,and so we might go on multiplying examples until this ,introduction reached an altogether inordinate length1 with no other object than to arouse the reader's interest in the pages that follow4 ,but the necessity for a more extended ,introduction does not arise4 ,the scope of this work will be sufficiently indicated by the ,analytical ,table of ,contents2 but even there a very large number of names incidentally referred to in the text have not been included4 ,the ,index may be somewhat more to the purpose1 inasmuch as every item set forth therein will be found not merely alluded to but discussed in the book2 and to the book itself the reader is now referred4 ,l4 ,w4 ,,london4 ,,contents4 ,,the ,,countries ,,of ,,the ,,world4 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,europe1 ,america2 ,palestine1 ,asia ,minor2 ,persia1 ,arabia1 ,india1 ,hindustan1 ,turkestan1 ,afghanistan1 ,beloochistan1 ,kurdestan2 ,china1 ,siberia1 ,russia1 ,circassia1 ,crimea1 ,finland1 ,sweden1 ,norway2 ,britain1 ,england1 ,scotland1 ,caledonia1 ,ireland1 ,the ,emerald ,isle1 ,cambria1 ,wales2 ,saxony1 ,gaul1 ,france1 ,normandy1 ,brittany2 ,germany1 ,holland1 ,belgium1 ,denmark1 ,jutland1 ,prussia1 ,bohemia1 ,hungary1 ,poland1 ,servia1 ,montenegro1 ,bosnia1 ,moldavia1 ,moravia1 ,bulgaria1 ,roumania1 ,turkey1 ,ottoman ,empire1 ,greece2 ,austria1 ,italy1 ,switzerland1 ,spain1 ,portugal2 ,algiers1 ,morocco1 ,barbary1 ,sahara1 ,soudan1 ,egypt1 ,senegambia1 ,gold ,coast1 ,guinea1 ,zanzibar1 ,zululand1 ,transvaal1 ,natal1 ,orange ,free ,states1 ,cape ,colony1 ,cape of ,good ,hope2 ,cape ,horn1 ,patagonia1 ,chili1 ,argentine ,republic1 ,brazil1 ,bolivia1 ,uraguay1 ,paraguay1 ,peru1 ,pernambuco1 ,ecuador1 ,columbia1 ,venezuela2 ,panama1 ,costa ,rica1 ,honduras1 ,nicaragua1 ,mosquito ,coast1 ,yutacan1 ,quatemala1 ,mexico1 ,california1 ,british ,columbia2 ,canada1 ,manitoba1 ,ontario1 ,quebec1 ,labrador1 ,greenland1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,florida2 ,virginia1 ,maryland1 ,baltimore1 ,pennsylvania1 ,georgia1 ,carolina1 ,louisiana1 ,maine1 ,new ,orleans1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,new ,jersey1 ,new ,york1 ,michigan1 ,indiana1 ,alabama1 ,nebraska1 ,ohio1 ,massachusetts1 ,wisconsin1 ,kansas1 ,tennessee1 ,kentucky1 ,mississippi1 ,missouri1 ,minnesota1 ,arkansas1 ,illinois1 ,oregon1 ,texas1 ,vermont1 ,colorado1 ,nevada1 ,connecticut1 ,iowa1 ,astoria1 ,delaware2 ,lake ,superior1 ,lake ,erie1 ,lake ,huron1 ,lake ,ontario1 ,niagara1 ,lake ,michigan1 ,lake ,winnipeg1 ,great ,bear ,lake1 ,great ,salt ,lake2 ,the ,arctic ,ocean1 ,antarctic ,ocean1 ,atlantic ,ocean1 ,pacific ,ocean1 ,caribbean ,sea1 ,mediterranean ,sea1 ,adriatic ,sea1 ,baltic ,sea2 ,german ,ocean1 ,indian ,ocean1 ,irish ,sea2 ,white ,sea1 ,black ,sea1 ,red ,sea1 ,green ,sea1 ,yellow ,sea1 ,dead ,sea1 ,caspian ,sea1 ,sea of ,marmora2 ,the ,gulf ,stream1 ,the ,horse ,latitudes1 ,the ,spanish ,main2 ,hudson's ,bay1 ,james' ,bay1 ,barrow's ,strait1 ,all ,saints' ,bay1 ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence1 ,gulf of ,carpentaria1 ,torres ,strait1 ,botany ,bay2 ,st4 ,george's ,channel1 ,the ,skagerrack1 ,zuyder ,zee2 ,bay of ,biscay2 ,strait of ,gibraltar1 ,the ,bosphorus1 ,the ,dardanelles2 ,australia1 ,new ,holland1 ,new ,zealand1 ,tasmania1 ,van ,dieman's ,land1 ,society ,islands1 ,friendly ,islands1 ,christmas ,island1 ,sandwich ,islands1 ,philippine ,islands1 ,caroline ,islands2 ,papua1 ,java1 ,sumatra1 ,borneo1 ,japan1 ,formosa1 ,ceylon1 ,mauritius1 ,isle of ,bourbon1 ,madagascar2 ,tierra del ,fuego1 ,island of ,desolation1 ,hanover ,island1 ,adelaide ,island1 ,juan ,fernandez1 ,ladrone ,islands1 ,pitcairn's ,island1 ,easter ,island1 ,vancouver ,island1 ,queen ,charlotte ,island1 ,prince of ,wales ,island1 ,aleutian ,islands2 ,barrow ,island1 ,baring ,island1 ,parry ,island1 ,baffin ,land1 ,banks ,land1 ,newfoundland1 ,rhode ,island1 ,long ,island1 ,bermuda ,islands1 ,san ,salvador1 ,jamaica1 ,cuba1 ,hayti1 ,barbadoes1 ,dominica1 ,porto ,rico1 ,trinidad1 ,tobago ,island1 ,st4 ,kitt's ,island2 ,ascension ,island1 ,st4 ,helena1 ,tristan d',acunha1 ,madeira1 ,majorca1 ,minorca1 ,balearic ,islands1 ,corsica1 ,sardinia1 ,capri1 ,sicily1 ,malta1 ,candia1 ,cyprus1 ,rhodes2 ,belleisle1 ,jersey1 ,isle of ,wight1 ,gothland1 ,heligoland1 ,anglesea1 ,isle of ,man1 ,hebrides1 ,orkney ,isles1 ,shetland ,isles1 ,iceland1 ,spitzbergen1 ,nova ,zembla #ce ,,the ,,months ,,and ,,days ,,of ,,the ,,week4 ,january1 ,february1 ,march1 ,april1 ,may1 ,june1 ,july1 ,august1 ,september1 ,october1 ,november1 ,december2 ,sunday1 ,monday1 ,tuesday1 ,wednesday1 ,thursday1 ,friday1 ,saturday #ei ,,creeds1 ,,sects1 ,,and ,,denominations4 ,theism1 ,deism1 ,atheism1 ,pantheism1 ,agnosticism1 ,secularism1 ,utilitarianism1 ,materialism1 ,rationalism2 ,monotheism1 ,mosaism1 ,judaism1 ,paganism1 ,polytheism2 ,zoroastrians1 ,brahmins1 ,buddhists1 ,mahommedans1 ,mussulmans1 ,islam2 ,christians1 ,pharisees1 ,nazarenes1 ,gnostics1 ,aquarians1 ,arians1 ,luciferians1 ,donatists1 ,macedonians1 ,apollinarians2 ,catholics2 ,greek ,church1 ,roman ,catholic ,church1 ,church of ,england1 ,gallican ,church1 ,lutheran ,church2 ,protestants1 ,calvinists1 ,huguenots1 ,wycliffites1 ,gospellers1 ,lollards1 ,albigenses1 ,waldenses1 ,camisards1 ,hussites1 ,bedlamites1 ,moravians2 ,adamites1 ,libertines1 ,jansenists1 ,jesuists1 ,gabrielites1 ,labadists1 ,socinians1 ,arminians1 ,new ,christians1 ,old ,catholics2 ,scotists1 ,thomists1 ,sabbatarians1 ,fifth ,monarchy ,men1 ,muggletonians2 ,seekers1 ,quakers1 ,shakers1 ,mormons1 ,peculiar ,people1 ,faith ,healers1 ,irvingites1 ,humanitarians1 ,sacramentarians1 ,plymouth ,brethren1 ,perfectionists1 ,hopkinsians2 ,scottish ,covenanters1 ,presbyterians1 ,cameronians1 ,macmillanites1 ,morisonians1 ,free ,church of ,scotland2 ,puritans1 ,nonconformists1 ,conformists1 ,dissenters1 ,sectarians1 ,independents1 ,congregationalists1 ,unitarians1 ,trinitarians1 ,baptists1 ,anabaptists1 ,methodists1 ,wesleyan ,methodists1 ,primitive ,methodists2 ,high ,church1 ,low ,church1 ,broad ,church1 ,latitudinarism1 ,ritualists1 ,puseyites1 ,tractarians #fa ,,tavern ,,signs4 ,the ,green ,man1 ,the ,green ,man and ,still1 ,the ,red ,lion1 ,the ,bear and ,ragged ,staff1 ,the ,boar's ,head1 ,the ,black ,bull1 ,the ,talbot1 ,the ,chequers2 ,the ,white ,rose1 ,the ,red ,rose1 ,the ,star2 ,the ,white ,swan1 ,the ,white ,swan and ,antelope1 ,the ,white ,hart1 ,the ,sun1 ,the ,three ,suns1 ,the ,white ,lion1 ,the ,eagle1 ,the ,blue ,boar1 ,the ,red ,dragon1 ,the ,greyhound1 ,the ,rose1 ,the ,thistle1 ,the ,shamrock2 ,the ,crown1 ,the ,rose and ,crown1 ,the ,crown and ,sceptre1 ,the ,crown and ,anchor2 ,the ,earl of ,march2 ,the ,hare and ,hounds1 ,the ,tally ,ho6 ,the ,fox in the ,hole2 ,the ,angel1 ,the ,salutation1 ,the ,three ,kings1 ,the ,cross ,keys1 ,the ,mitre2 ,the ,turk's ,head1 ,the ,saracen's ,head1 ,the ,golden ,cross1 ,the ,half ,moon2 ,the ,swan1 ,the ,pheasant1 ,the ,peacock2 ,the ,st4 ,george1 ,the ,george and ,dragon1 ,the ,green ,dragon1 ,the ,george1 ,the ,king's ,arms1 ,the ,queen's ,arms1 ,the ,freemasons' ,arms1 ,the ,coachmakers' ,arms1 ,the ,saddlers' ,arms1 ,the ,carpenters' ,arms2 ,the ,garter1 ,the ,star and ,garter2 ,the ,leg and ,star1 ,the ,cat and ,fiddle1 ,the ,bag o' ,nails1 ,the ,goat and ,compass1 ,the ,iron ,devil1 ,the ,bull and ,mouth1 ,the ,bull and ,gate1 ,the ,lion and ,key1 ,the ,catherine ,wheel1 ,the ,plume and ,feathers1 ,the ,bully ,ruffian1 ,the ,blue ,pig1 ,the ,pig and ,whistle2 ,the ,coach and ,horses1 ,the ,pack ,horse2 ,the ,bear1 ,the ,dog and ,duck1 ,the ,bowling ,green2 ,the ,grapes1 ,the ,castle1 ,the ,globe1 ,the ,spread ,eagle1 ,the ,yorkshire ,stingo2 ,the ,bell1 ,the ,barley-mow1 ,the ,old ,hat1 ,the ,ram and ,teazle1 ,the ,bricklayers' ,arms1 ,the ,cricketers' ,arms1 ,the ,black ,jack2 ,the ,royal ,oak1 ,the ,boscobel1 ,the ,palmerston1 ,the ,marquis of ,granby1 ,the ,portobello ,arms1 ,the ,nelson1 ,the ,wellington1 ,the ,trafalgar1 ,the ,waterloo1 ,the ,ship1 ,the ,king's ,head1 ,the ,queen's ,head1 ,the ,victoria1 ,the ,prince ,albert1 ,the ,prince of ,wales' ,feathers #gg ,,royal ,,surnames4 ,alfred the ,great1 ,edward the ,martyr1 ,ethelred the ,unready1 ,edmund ,ironsides1 ,edgar ,atheling1 ,harold ,harefoot1 ,edward the ,confessor2 ,william the ,conqueror1 ,william ,rufus1 ,henry ,beauclerc1 ,richard ,cur de ,lion1 ,william the ,lion1 ,john ,lackland1 ,edward ,longshanks1 ,edward the ,black ,prince1 ,john of ,gaunt1 ,henry ,bolingbroke2 ,bluff ,king ,hal1 ,defender of the ,faith1 ,the ,white ,queen1 ,bloody ,mary1 ,good ,queen ,bess2 ,the ,lord ,protector1 ,the ,merry ,monarch1 ,the ,sailor ,king2 ,plantagenet1 ,tudor1 ,stuart2 ,charlemagne1 ,the ,she-,wolf of ,france1 ,pedro the ,cruel1 ,ivan the ,terrible1 ,frederick ,barbarossa1 ,ferdinand ,bomba1 ,egalit ,philippe #hg ,,national ,,nicknames4 ,brother ,jonathan1 ,uncle ,sam1 ,yankee2 ,john ,bull1 ,mrs4 ,grundy1 ,the ,british ,matron2 ,tommy ,atkins2 ,pat1 ,sandie1 ,taffy2 ,john ,chinaman1 ,pigtails1 ,pale ,faces1 ,redskins2 ,nigger1 ,sambo1 ,mulatto #ic ,,birds4 ,cuckoo1 ,pewit1 ,curlew1 ,chickadee1 ,whip-poor-will2 ,trumpeter1 ,nightingale1 ,night-jar1 ,mocking-bird1 ,humming-bird1 ,greenfinch1 ,goldfinch1 ,greenlet1 ,jay1 ,blue-bird1 ,blackbird1 ,starling1 ,flamingo1 ,oriole1 ,lyre-bird2 ,red-poll1 ,secretary-bird2 ,birds of ,paradise1 ,love-birds2 ,kingfisher2 ,lapwing2 ,wagtail1 ,scissors-bird1 ,hangbird1 ,weaver-bird1 ,tailor-bird2 ,widow-bird1 ,martin1 ,muscovy ,duck2 ,swift1 ,passenger-pigeon2 ,skylark1 ,chaffinch1 ,diver1 ,sandpiper1 ,chimney-swallow2 ,horn-bill1 ,boat-bill1 ,spoon-bill1 ,duck-bill1 ,cross-bill2 ,pouter-pigeon1 ,ring-dove1 ,wryneck1 ,woodcock1 ,woodpecker2 ,guinea-fowl1 ,brahma-fowl1 ,bantam1 ,barb1 ,turkey1 ,baltimore-bird1 ,canary1 ,petrel #if ,,religious ,,orders4 ,monastery1 ,convent1 ,abbey1 ,priory2 ,monk1 ,nun1 ,friar2 ,dominicans or ,black ,friars1 ,franciscans or ,grey ,friars2 ,carmelites or ,white ,friars1 ,augustines or ,austin ,friars1 ,trinitarians or ,crutched ,friars2 ,observant ,friars1 ,conventional ,friars2 ,capuchin ,friars1 ,cordeliers2 ,benedictines1 ,carthusians1 ,cistercians1 ,cluniacs1 ,bernardines1 ,basilians1 ,trappists2 ,jesuists1 ,servites1 ,passionists1 ,redemptorists #ajj ,,paper ,,and ,,printing4 ,paper1 ,parchment2 ,hand-paper1 ,pot-paper1 ,post-paper1 ,crown-paper1 ,foolscap2 ,nepaul-paper1 ,india-paper1 ,cap-paper1 ,elephant1 ,cartridge-paper1 ,bristol-board2 ,folio1 ,quarto1 ,octavo1 ,duodecimo2 ,printer's ,devil2 ,hansard1 ,blue ,book1 ,yellow ,book2 ,book1 ,leaf1 ,volume1 ,library2 ,pamphlet1 ,brochure1 ,chart1 ,map1 ,atlas1 ,cartoon1 ,broadside1 ,poster1 ,stationery #ajd ,,political ,,nicknames4 ,whigs1 ,tories1 ,liberals1 ,conservatives1 ,radicals1 ,socialists1 ,levellers1 ,democrats2 ,royalists1 ,parliamentarians1 ,cavaliers1 ,roundheads2 ,orangemen1 ,jacobites1 ,peep-o'-day ,boys1 ,white ,boys1 ,fenians1 ,irish ,invincibles1 ,ribbonmen1 ,emergency ,men2 ,separists1 ,nationalists1 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,bartholomew ,close1 ,cloth ,fair1 ,little ,britain1 ,duke ,street1 ,newgate ,street1 ,bath ,street1 ,king ,edward ,street1 ,giltspur ,street1 ,knightrider ,street1 ,pie ,corner1 ,farringdon ,road1 ,saffron ,hill1 ,ely ,place1 ,hatton ,garden1 ,holborn1 ,holborn ,bars1 ,leather ,lane1 ,fetter ,lane1 ,brooke ,street1 ,greville ,street1 ,gray's ,inn ,road1 ,furnival ,street1 ,dyer's ,buildings1 ,cursitor ,street1 ,chancery ,lane2 ,southampton ,buildings1 ,verulam ,buildings2 ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields1 ,great ,queen ,street1 ,long ,acre2 ,drury ,lane1 ,denzil ,street1 ,holles ,street1 ,clare ,market1 ,white ,hart ,street1 ,catherine ,street1 ,portugal ,street1 ,serle ,street1 ,wych ,street1 ,holywell ,street1 ,strand2 ,essex ,street1 ,milford ,lane1 ,arundel ,street1 ,norfolk ,street1 ,surrey ,street1 ,howard ,street1 ,savoy ,street1 ,wellington ,street1 ,bow ,street1 ,covent ,garden1 ,york ,street1 ,king ,street1 ,henrietta ,street1 ,tavistock ,street1 ,bedford ,street1 ,southampton ,street1 ,bedfordbury1 ,maiden ,lane1 ,chandos ,street1 ,exeter ,street1 ,burleigh ,street1 ,cecil ,street1 ,salisbury ,street1 ,adelphi ,terrace1 ,adam ,street1 ,john ,street1 ,robert ,street1 ,james ,street2 ,george ,street1 ,duke ,street1 ,buckingham ,street1 ,villiers ,street2 ,charing ,cross1 ,craven ,street1 ,northumberland ,avenue2 ,trafalgar ,square1 ,st4 ,martin's ,lane1 ,king ,william ,street1 ,seven ,dials1 ,cranbourne ,street1 ,leicester ,square1 ,coventry ,street1 ,windmill ,street1 ,haymarket1 ,jermyn ,street1 ,arundel ,street1 ,orange ,street1 ,panton ,street1 ,suffolk ,street2 ,spring ,gardens1 ,pall ,mall1 ,king ,street1 ,st4 ,james's ,square1 ,bury ,street2 ,green ,park1 ,hyde ,park1 ,rotten ,row1 ,albert ,gate1 ,marble ,arch1 ,rutland ,gate1 ,cumberland ,gate1 ,grosvenor ,gate1 ,stanhope ,gate1 ,park ,lane1 ,portugal ,street1 ,chapel ,street1 ,chesterfield ,street1 ,grosvenor ,square1 ,hamilton ,place2 ,piccadilly2 ,curzon ,street1 ,charles ,street1 ,queen ,street1 ,shepherd's ,market1 ,hay ,hill1 ,farm ,street1 ,berkeley ,square1 ,stratton ,street1 ,bruton ,street1 ,mount ,street1 ,clarges ,street1 ,half ,moon ,street1 ,arlington ,street1 ,bennett ,street1 ,dover ,street1 ,albemarle ,street1 ,bond ,street1 ,clifford ,street1 ,burlington ,street1 ,cork ,street1 ,savile ,row1 ,vigo ,street1 ,sackville ,street1 ,ayr ,street1 ,swallow ,street1 ,vine ,street2 ,regent ,street2 ,conduit ,street1 ,maddox ,street1 ,brook ,street1 ,mill ,street1 ,george ,street1 ,hanover ,square1 ,davies ,street2 ,argyll ,street1 ,great ,marlborough ,street1 ,blenheim ,street1 ,wardour ,street1 ,nassau ,street1 ,golden ,square1 ,shaftesbury ,avenue2 ,old ,compton ,street1 ,new ,compton ,street1 ,dean ,street1 ,gerrard ,street1 ,macclesfield ,street1 ,greek ,street1 ,carlisle ,street2 ,hanway ,street1 ,rathbone ,place1 ,newman ,street1 ,goodge ,street1 ,castle ,street1 ,wells ,street1 ,berners ,street1 ,foley ,street1 ,charlotte ,street1 ,great ,titchfield ,street1 ,grafton ,street1 ,fitzroy ,square1 ,euston ,square1 ,southampton ,street1 ,tottenham ,court ,road2 ,oxford ,street1 ,harley ,street1 ,wigmore ,street1 ,cavendish ,square1 ,holles ,street1 ,henrietta ,street1 ,bentinck ,street1 ,margaret ,street1 ,duchess ,street1 ,portland ,place1 ,welbeck ,street1 ,wimpole ,street1 ,stratford ,place1 ,langham ,place1 ,mansfield ,street1 ,vere ,street1 ,manchester ,square1 ,spanish ,place1 ,chandos ,street1 ,hinde ,street1 ,audley ,street1 ,old ,quebec ,street1 ,seymour ,street1 ,montague ,square1 ,berkeley ,square1 ,portman ,square1 ,bryanstone ,square1 ,blandford ,square1 ,dorset ,square1 ,baker ,street1 ,harewood ,square1 ,lisson ,grove1 ,ossulton ,square2 ,regent's ,park1 ,albany ,street1 ,osnaburg ,street1 ,munster ,square1 ,park ,street1 ,brecknock ,road1 ,great ,college ,street1 ,oakley ,square1 ,ampthill ,square1 ,harrington ,square1 ,mornington ,crescent1 ,granby ,street1 ,skinner ,street2 ,pancras ,road1 ,battle ,bridge ,road1 ,york ,road1 ,caledonian ,road1 ,liverpool ,street1 ,sidmouth ,street1 ,burton ,crescent1 ,judd ,street1 ,great ,coram ,street1 ,lamb's ,conduit ,street1 ,harpur ,street1 ,bedford ,row1 ,southampton ,row1 ,russell ,square1 ,tavistock ,square1 ,gordon ,square1 ,torrington ,square1 ,montague ,street1 ,brunswick ,square1 ,mecklenburgh ,square2 ,thurlow ,place1 ,great ,ormond ,street1 ,bloomsbury ,square2 ,queen's ,square1 ,red ,lion ,square1 ,kingsgate ,street1 ,theobald's ,road2 ,coldbath ,square1 ,ray ,street1 ,rosoman ,street1 ,berkeley ,street1 ,hockley-in-the-,hole2 ,myddleton ,square1 ,pentonville ,road2 ,st4 ,john ,street ,road1 ,city ,road1 ,shepherdess ,walk1 ,curtain ,road1 ,holywell ,lane2 ,nichols ,square1 ,sutton ,place1 ,queen ,elizabeth's ,walk1 ,fleetwood ,road2 ,seven ,sisters ,road1 ,archway ,road1 ,flask ,walk2 ,judges' ,walk2 ,fleet ,road1 ,dale ,road1 ,barrow ,hill ,place1 ,abbey ,road2 ,desborough ,place1 ,church ,street1 ,nottingham ,place1 ,paddington ,street2 ,craven ,hill ,gardens2 ,southwick ,crescent1 ,orme ,square1 ,ladbroke ,grove1 ,norland ,square1 ,kensington ,gore1 ,ennismore ,place1 ,cromwell ,road1 ,gloucester ,road2 ,campden ,hill1 ,warwick ,road1 ,holland ,road1 ,earl's ,court ,road1 ,addison ,road2 ,cromwell ,place1 ,king's ,road1 ,cheyne ,walk1 ,justice ,walk1 ,marlborough ,road1 ,keppel ,street1 ,cadogan ,square1 ,sloane ,street1 ,hans ,place1 ,danvers ,street2 ,grosvenor ,place1 ,eccleston ,square1 ,belgrave ,square1 ,ebury ,square1 ,chester ,square1 ,eaton ,square1 ,lupus ,street1 ,st4 ,george's ,square1 ,lowndes ,square1 ,chesham ,street2 ,vauxhall ,bridge ,road1 ,victoria ,street2 ,birdcage ,walk1 ,storey's ,gate1 ,queen ,anne's ,gate1 ,delahay ,street1 ,rochester ,row1 ,bridge ,street1 ,cannon ,street1 ,king ,street1 ,princes ,street1 ,parker ,street1 ,great ,george ,street1 ,abingdon ,street1 ,holywell ,street1 ,barton ,street1 ,cowley ,street1 ,marsham ,street1 ,earl ,street1 ,romney ,street1 ,pye ,street1 ,great ,peter ,street1 ,vine ,street1 ,orchard ,street1 ,tothill ,street1 ,horseferry ,road2 ,newington ,butts1 ,great ,suffolk ,street1 ,mint ,street1 ,old ,kent ,road1 ,grange ,road1 ,spa ,road1 ,russell ,street1 ,tooley ,street1 ,jamaica ,road1 ,cherry ,gardens ,pier1 ,evelyn ,street #bei ,,the ,,countries ,,of ,,the ,,world4 ,the oldest of the four great divisions of the world received its modern designation ,asia from the ,sanskrit ,ushas1 signifying 8land of the dawn40 ,africa traces its origin to the ,phnician afer1 a black man1 and the ,sanskrit ac1 the earth1 a country4 ,europe owes its name to the ,greek eurus1 broad1 and op1 to see1 or ops1 the face1 in allusion to 8the broad face of the earth40 ,america honours the memory of ,amerigo ,vespucci1 the ,florentine navigator1 who landed on the ,new ,continent south of the ,equator1 the year after ,columbus discovered the northern mainland in #adih4 ,the name of ,america first appeared in a work published by ,waldsemller at ,st4 ,die1 in ,lorraine1 in the year #aejg4 ,it is worthy of note that when ,columbus landed in ,america he imagined he had set foot on part of that vast territory east of the ,ganges vaguely known as ,india2 therefore he gave the name of ,indians to the aborigines4 ,this also accounts for the islands in the ,caribbean ,sea being styled the ,west ,indies4 ,the cradle of the human race bears the name of ,palestine1 or in ,hebrew ,palestina1 meaning 8the land of strangers10 agreeably to the native word palash1 to wander4 ,palestine is usually denominated the ,holy ,land1 because it was the scene of the birth1 life1 and death of the ,redeemer4 ,asia ,minor is1 of course1 ,lesser ,asia4 ,for the title of ,persia we are indebted to the ,greeks1 who gave the name of ,persis to the region 7of which the capital was ,persipolis7 originally overrun by a wild branch of the ,ayrian race called the ,parsa1 meaning1 in the native tongue1 8the ,tigers0 see ,,parsees4 ,the suffix ia1 wherever it occurs in a geographical sense1 expresses the ,celtic for land or territory4 ,hence1 ,persia signifies the territory of the ,parsa or ,parsees2 ,arabia1 the country of the ,arabs1 8men of the desert02 ,abyssinia1 that of the ,abassins1 or 8mixed races02 ,kaffraria1 that of the ,kaffirs1 or 8unbelievers02 and ,ethiopia1 the 8land of the blacks10 according to the two ,greek words aithein1 to burn1 and ops1 the face4 ,india denotes the country traversed by the ,indus1 or rather the ,hindu1 which name is a ,persicized form of the ,sanskrit ,sindhu1 8a great river10 rendered ,hindus in the ,greek4 ,synonymous with the ,celtic suffix just discussed is the ,persian stan3 consequently ,hindustan signifies the territory traversed by the river ,hindu1 and peopled by the ,hindoos2 ,turkestan1 the country of the ,turks2 ,afghanistan1 that of the ,afghans2 ,beloochistan1 that of the ,belooches2 and ,kurdestan1 properly ,koordistan1 that of the ,koords4 ,the term ,china is a western corruption of ,tsina1 so called in honour of ,tsin1 the founder of the great dynasty which commenced in the third century ,b4,c41 when a knowledge of this country was first conveyed to the ,western nations4 ,it was this ,tsin who built the ,great ,wall of ,china 7or ,tsin7 to keep out the ,barbarians4 ,the ,chinese ,empire bears the description of the ,celestial ,empire because its early rulers were all celestial deities4 ,siberia is a term indicative of ,siber1 the residence of ,kutsheen ,khan1 the celebrated ,tartar prince1 recognized as the ancient capital of the ,tartars1 the ruins of which may still be seen4 ,here again the ,celtic suffix ia has reference to the surrounding territory4 ,russia constituted the country of the ,russ1 a tribe who overran it at a very early period4 ,the ,russian ,empire was founded by ,ruric1 or ,rourik1 a ,scandinavian chief whose death took place in the year ,a4,d41 #hgi4 ,circassia denotes the country of the ,tcherkes1 a ,tartar tribe who settled in the neighbourhood of the river ,terck4 ,the ,crimea received its name from a small town established in the peninsula by the ,kimri1 or ,cymri1 and known to the ,greeks as ,kimmerikon4 ,finland is properly ,fenland1 8the land of marshes40 ,sweden is a modern term made up of the ,latin ,suedia1 signifying the land of the ,suevi1 a warlike tribe of the ,goths1 and the ,anglo-,saxon den1 testifying to its occupation by the ,danes4 ,norway shows the result of a gradual modification of the ,anglo-,saxon ,norea1 and the original ,nordoe1 being the ,scandinavian for 8north island40 ,it is easy to understand in this connection how the old ,norsemen1 deterred by the intense cold of the ,arctic ,sea1 took it for granted that the great northern peninsula was surrounded by water1 without actually determining the fact4 ,the native name of this country in modern times is ,nordrike1 i4e41 the north kingdom4 ,britain was known to the ,phnicians as ,barat-,anac1 or 8the land of tin10 as far back as the year #ajcg ,b4,c4 ,some five hundred years afterwards the ,island was alluded to by the ,romans under the name of ,britannia1 which subsequently became shortened into ,britain4 ,england was originally ,engaland1 the land of the ,engles1 or ,angles1 who came over from ,sleswick1 a province of ,jutland4 ,prior to the year #beh1 which witnessed its invasion by the ,scoti1 a tribe who inhabited the northern portions of the country now known as ,ireland1 ,scotland bore the name of ,caledonia1 literally the hilly country of the ,caels1 or ,gaels4 ,the word ,cael1 or ,gael1 is a corruption of ,gadhel1 signifying in the native tongue 8a hidden rover02 while ,scot1 derived from the native scuite1 means practically the same thing1 i4e41 a wanderer4 ,the ,caledonians were the inhabitants of the ,highlands1 the termination dun expressing the ,celtic for a hill1 fort1 stronghold2 the ,scots were the invaders from ,scotia1 who appropriated the ,hebrides and the ,western ,islands2 whereas the ,lowlanders were the ,picts1 so called from their description by the ,romans1 picti1 painted men4 ,these ,picts were eventually subdued by the ,caledonians and ,britons from their respective sides4 ,the ,gaelic designation of what is now ,ireland was ,ierne1 indicative of the 8western isle40 ,ireland is commonly styled ,the ,emerald ,isle owing to its fresh verdure4 ,wales was originally ,cambria1 so called on account of the ,cymri1 or ,kimri1 who peopled it4 ,the modern title of ,wales was given to this province by the ,anglo-,saxons1 because they regarded it1 in common with ,cornwall1 as the land of foreigners4 ,traces of the ,wahl or ,welsh still present themselves in such names as ,wallachia1 ,walcheren1 ,walloon1 ,wallingford1 ,welshpool1 c4 ,thus we see that the prenomen ,wahl1 subject to slight modifications in the spelling1 denotes any foreign settlement from the ,saxon point of view4 ,the ,saxons1 by the way1 whose original settlement is determined by the little kingdom of ,saxony1 derived their name from the seax1 or short crooked knife with which they armed themselves4 ,france was known to the ,greeks as ,gallatia1 and to the ,romans as ,gallia1 afterwards modified into ,gaul1 because it was the territory of the ,celti1 or ,celts4 ,the modern settlers of the country were the ,franks1 so called from the franca1 a kind of javelin which they carried1 who in the fifth century inhabited the ,german province of ,franconia1 and1 travelling westwards1 gradually accomplished the conquest of ,gaul4 ,france1 therefore1 signifies the country of the ,franks1 or1 as the ,germans call it1 ,frankreich1 i4e41 the ,kingdom of the ,franks4 ,all the western nations were styled ,franks by the ,turks and ,orientals1 and anything brought to them from the west invariably merited a prenomen descriptive of its origin1 as1 for example1 ,,frankincense1 by which was meant incense brought from the country of the ,franks4 ,normandy indicates the coast settlement of the ,northmen1 or ,danes2 while ,brittany comprised the land appropriated by the kings of ,britain4 ,germany was in ancient times known as ,tronges1 or the country of the ,tungri1 a ,latin word signifying 8speakers02 but the ,romans afterwards gave it the name of ,germanus1 which was a ,latinized ,celtic term meaning 8neighbours10 originally bestowed by the ,gauls upon the warlike people beyond the ,rhine4 ,holland is the modern acceptation of ,ollant1 the ,danish for 8marshy ground02 whereas ,belgium denotes the land of the ,belgi4 ,the fact that the term ,netherlands is expressive of the low countries need scarcely detain us4 ,denmark is properly ,danmark1 i4e41 the territory comprised within the marc1 or boundary established by ,dan1 the ,scandinavian chieftain4 ,jutland means the land of the ,jutes1 a family of the ,goths who settled in this portion of ,denmark4 ,prussia is a corruption of ,borussia1 the country of the ,borussi2 and ,bohemia1 the country of the ,boii1 just as ,hungary was originally inhabited by the ,huns1 a warlike ,asiatic family1 who expelled the ,goths from this territory in the year #cgf4 ,these ,huns were first heard of in ,china in the third century ,b4,c4 under the name of ,hiong-nu1 meaning 8giants40 ,poland is an inversion of ,land-,pole1 the ,slavonic for 8men of the plains10 who first overran this territory4 ,servia was styled by the ,romans ,suedia1 the district peopled by the ,suevi before they were driven northwards to their final settlement in the territory now called ,sweden4 ,montenegro literally indicates 8black mountain40 ,bosnia is the country traversed by the river ,bosna2 ,moldavia1 that traversed by the ,moldau2 and ,moravia1 that traversed by the ,morava4 ,bulgaria is a modern corruption of ,volgaria1 meaning the country peopled by the ,volsci2 while ,roumania was anciently a ,roman province4 ,turkey is more correctly written ,turkia1 the country of the ,turks4 ,this country also bears the style of the ,ottoman ,empire1 in honour of ,othman ,i41 who assumed the government of the empire about the year #acjj4 ,greece is the modern form of the ,latin ,grcia1 from the ,greek ,graikoi1 a name originally bestowed upon the inhabitants of ,hellas4 ,austria is our mode of describing the ,oesterreich1 literally the ,eastern ,empire1 in contradistinction to the ,western ,empire founded by ,charlemagne4 ,italy was so called after ,italus1 one of the early kings of that country4 ,switzerland is an ,anglicized form of the native ,schweitz1 the name of the three forest cantons whose people asserted their independence of ,austria1 afterwards applied to the whole country4 ,spain expresses the ,english of ,hispania1 a designation founded upon the ,punic span1 a rabbit1 owing to the number of wild rabbits found in this peninsula by the ,carthaginians4 ,the ancient name of the country was ,iberia1 so styled from the ,iberi1 a tribe who settled in the vicinity of the river ,ebro ,portugal was the ,portus ,cale1 literally 8the port ,cale0 of the ,romans1 the ancient name of the city of ,oporto4 ,algiers is a modified spelling of the ,arabic ,al ,jezair1 meaning 8the peninsula40 ,tunis was anciently known as ,tunentum1 the land of the ,tunes2 ,morocco signifies the territory of the ,moors2 and ,barbary that of the ,berbers4 ,the term ,sahara is ,arabic for 8desert02 while the ,soudan denotes1 according to the ,arabic ,belad-ez-,suden1 the 8district of the blacks40 ,egypt expresses the ,hebrew for 8the land of oppression10 alluding to the bondage of the ,israelites4 ,senegambia was originally so named owing to its situation between the ,senegal and ,gambia rivers4 ,the ,gold ,coast is that portion of ,guinea on the ,west ,coast of ,africa where gold is found4 ,guinea is a native ,west ,african term meaning 8abounding in gold40 ,in ,zanzibar1 properly written ,zanguebar1 we have an inversion of the ,arabic ,ber-ez-,zing1 the 8coast of the negroes40 ,zululand is the country of the ,zulus4 ,by the ,transvaal is meant the territory beyond the river ,vaal2 just as in ,europe the ,hungarians call a portion of their country ,,transylvania1 from its situation 8beyond the wood40 ,natal received its name from ,vasco di ,gama because he discovered it on the ,feast of the ,nativity4 ,the settlements of the ,dutch ,boers in ,south ,africa are designated the ,orange ,free ,states from the circumstance that their original settlers were emigrants from the ,principality of ,orange1 in ,holland4 ,cape ,colony is the ,british colony in ,south ,africa1 so called after the ,dutch settlement at ,cape ,town1 which dates from the year #afeb4 ,the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 discovered by ,bartholomew de ,diaz in #adhg1 was so named 7,cabo de ,bon ,esperance7 by ,john ,,ii41 ,king of ,portugal1 who1 finding that ,diaz had reached the extremity of ,africa1 regarded it as a favourable augury for future maritime enterprises4 ,the most southern point of ,south ,america was called ,cape ,hoorn 7or1 according to the ,english1 ,cape ,horn7 by ,schonten1 who first rounded it in #afaf1 after ,hoorn1 his native place in ,north ,holland4 ,patagonia was so styled by ,magellan in accordance with the ,spanish word patagon1 meaning a large1 clumsy foot4 ,it was from the fact of seeing the impressions of the large shoes 7not1 as he imagined1 the feet7 of the aborigines that he at once concluded the country must be inhabited by giants4 ,chili is a ,peruvian word denoting the 8land of snow40 ,argentina1 now the ,argentine ,republic1 owes its name to the silvery reflection of its rivers4 ,brazil is a ,portuguese term derived from braza1 8a live coal10 relative to the red dye-wood with which the country abounds4 ,bolivia perpetuates the memory of ,general ,simon ,bolivar1 8the ,liberator of ,peru40 ,uraguay and ,paraguay are both names of rivers2 the former meaning 8the golden water10 and the latter 8the river of waters10 referring to its numerous tributaries4 ,peru likewise received its name from its principal river1 the ,rio ,paro1 upon which stands the ancient city of ,paruru4 ,the ,brazilian term ,para1 however modified1 is at all times suggestive of a river4 ,pernambuco means 8the mouth of hell10 in allusion to the violent surf always distinguished at the mouth of its chief river4 ,ecuador is ,spanish for ,equator1 so called by virtue of its geographical position4 ,columbia was named in honour of ,christopher ,columbus4 ,venezuela expresses the ,spanish for 8,little ,venice10 which designation was given to this country owing to the discovery of some ,indian villages built upon piles after the manner of the 8,silent ,city0 on the ,adriatic ,sea4 ,the term ,panama is ,caribbean1 indicative of the mud fish that abound in the waters on both sides of the isthmus4 ,costa ,rica is literal ,spanish for 8rich coast02 while ,honduras signifies1 in the same tongue1 8deep water40 ,the name of ,nicaragua was first given by ,gil ,gonzales de ,arila in #aeba to the great lake situated in the region now called after it1 in consequence of his friendly reception by the ,cacique1 a ,haytian term for a chief1 whose own name was ,nicaro1 of a tribe of ,west ,indians1 with whom he fell in on the borders of the lake referred to4 ,the ,mosquito ,coast owes its name to the troublesome insects 7,spanish mosca1 from the ,latin musca1 a fly7 which infest this neighbourhood4 ,yutacan is a compound ,indian word meaning 8,what do you say80 which was the only answer the ,spaniards could obtain from the natives to their inquiries concerning a description of the country4 ,quatemala is a ,european rendering of the ,mexican quahtemali1 signifying 8a decayed log of wood02 so called by the ,mexican ,indians who accompanied ,alvarado into this region1 because they found an old worm-eaten tree near the ancient palace of the ,kings1 or ,kachiquel1 which was thought to be the centre of the country4 ,mexico denotes the place or seat of ,mexitli1 the ,aztec ,god of ,war4 ,the name of ,california1 derived from the two ,spanish words1 ,caliente ,fornalla1 i4e41 8hot furnace10 was given by ,cortez in the year #aece to the peninsula now known as ,old or ,lower ,california1 of which he was the discoverer1 on account of its hot climate4 ,british ,columbia is the only portion of ,north ,america that retains the name of the discoverer of the ,new ,world2 but originally the whole of the territory now comprised in the ,united ,states bore the designation of ,columbia in honour of ,christopher ,columbus4 ,the term ,canada is ,indian1 indicative of a 8collection of huts02 ,manitoba traces its origin from ,manitou1 the ,indian appellation of 8,the ,great ,spirit40 ,ontario comes from the native ,onontac1 8the village on the mountain10 and chief seat of the ,onondagas2 while ,quebec is an ,algonquin term signifying 8take care of the rock40 ,labrador was originally denominated ,tierra ,labrador1 the ,spanish for 8cultivated land10 as distinguished from the non-fertile though moss-covered ,greenland4 ,new ,brunswick1 colonized in #aghe1 received its name in compliment to the ,house of ,brunswick4 ,nova ,scotia1 otherwise ,new ,scotland1 was so called by ,sir ,william ,alexander1 a ,scotsman who obtained a grant of this colony from ,james ,i4 in #afba4 ,florida was named by ,ponce de ,leon in accordance with the day of its discovery1 to wit1 ,easter ,sunday1 which in the ,spanish language is styled ,pascua ,florida4 ,the first ,british settlement in ,north ,america was claimed by ,sir ,walter ,raleigh on the #acth of ,july1 #aehd1 in the name of ,queen ,elizabeth1 and called ,virginia in her honour4 ,maryland was so denominated by ,lord ,baltimore 7who gave the name of ,baltimore to a neighbouring ,state71 in honour of ,henrietta ,maria1 ,queen of ,charles ,i4 ,pennsylvania denotes the colony founded 8in the wood0 by ,william ,penn1 the son of ,admiral ,penn1 in #afha4 ,this is usually alluded to as the ,,keystone ,,state1 from its relative position to the other ,states4 ,georgia was named after ,george ,,ii41 in whose reign this state was colonized2 and ,carolina 7,north and ,south7 after ,carolus ,,ii41 the ,latinized style of ,charles ,,ii41 by whom this state was granted to eight of his favourites4 ,louisiana was so called by ,m4 de la ,sale in the year #afhb1 in honour of ,louis ,,xiv4 of ,france2 while ,maine and ,new ,orleans received the names of existing ,french provinces4 ,the title of ,new ,hampshire was given to the state granted to him in #afbi by ,john ,mason1 in compliment to his native county in ,england2 ,new ,jersey complimented the scene of action whereon ,sir ,george ,carterat distinguished himself in the defence of ,jersey ,island against the ,parliamentary forces in #affd2 and ,new ,york 7,state7 was denominated in honour of ,james1 ,duke of ,york1 afterwards ,james ,,ii4 ,for ,michigan see the great lake of the same name4 ,indiana derived its name from the great number of ,indians found here4 ,alabama in the native tongue1 signifies 8,here we rest02 ,nebraska means 8water valley02 ,ohio is 8beautiful02 ,massachusetts1 8about the great hills02 ,wisconsin1 8wild rushing channel02 ,kansas1 8smoky water02 ,tennessee1 8river of the great bend02 ,kentucky1 8at the head of a river02 ,mississippi1 8great and long river02 ,missouri1 8muddy river02 and ,minnesota1 8white water40 ,arkansas conveys the same meaning as ,kansas1 with the addition of the ,french prefix arc1 a bow4 ,illinois is a compound of the ,indian illum1 men1 and the ,french suffix oix1 a tribe4 ,oregon received its name from the ,spanish oregano1 wild majoram1 which grows in abundance on this portion of the ,pacific shore4 ,texas means 8the place of protection10 in reference to the fact that a colony of ,french refugees were afforded protection here by ,general ,lallemont in #ahag2 ,vermont is1 more correctly1 ,verd ,mont1 so called in testimony to the verdure-clad mountains which traverse this state2 ,colorado expresses the ,spanish for 8coloured10 alluding to its coloured ranges2 while ,nevada is ,spanish for 8snowy10 indicative of the character of its mountain ridges1 the ,sierra ,nevada4 ,connecticut presents itself in the native ,indian form ,quinnitukut1 meaning 8the country of the long river02 ,iowa is a ,french corruption of a ,sioux term1 signifying 8drowsy10 or 8the sleepy ones10 applied to the ,pahoja1 or ,gray-snow tribe2 ,astoria was founded by ,john ,jacob ,astor1 of ,new ,york1 as a fur-trading station in the year #ahaa2 and ,delaware received its name from ,thomas ,west1 ,lord de ,la ,warre1 ,governor of ,virginia1 who visited the bay in #afaj1 and died on board his vessel at its mouth4 ,lake ,superior denotes the uppermost and chief of the five great lakes of ,north ,america4 ,lake ,erie is the ,lake of the 8,wild ,cat10 the name given to a fierce tribe of ,indians exterminated by the ,iroquois4 ,lake ,huron owes its name to the ,french word hure1 a head of hair2 in reference to the ,wyandots1 whom the ,french settlers designated ,hurons owing to their profusion of hair4 ,lake ,ontario bears the denomination of the ,canadian territory already discussed4 ,niagara1 or rather1 to give it its full name1 ,oni-aw-garah1 expresses the ,west ,indian for 8the thunder of waters40 ,lake ,michigan signifies in the native tongue 8a weir for fish02 and ,lake ,winnipeg1 8lake of the turbid water40 ,the ,great ,bear ,lake is indebted for its name to its northern situation see ,,arctic ,,ocean2 and the ,great ,salt ,lake1 to the saline character of its waters4 ,having disposed of the different countries1 let us now consider the nomenclature of the principal seas and islands4 ,the ,arctic ,ocean received its name pursuant to the ,greek arktos1 a bear1 on account of the northern constellations of the ,great and ,little ,bear4 ,the ,antarctic ,ocean denotes the ocean anti1 against1 or opposite to1 the ,arctic ,ocean4 ,the ,atlantic ,ocean1 known to the ,greeks by the name of ,atlantikos pelagos1 was originally so called from the ,isle of ,atlantes1 which both ,plato and ,homer imagined to be situated beyond the ,straits of ,gibraltar4 ,the ,pacific ,ocean was so named by ,magellan1 owing to its calm and pacific character1 in striking contrast to his tempestuous passage through the ,straits of ,magellan1 from which he emerged ,november #bg1 #aebj4 ,the ,caribbean ,sea washes the territory of the ,caribbs1 whose name means 8cruel men40 ,the ,mediterranean ,sea expresses the ,latin 7medius1 middle1 and terra1 earth7 for the sea between two continents1 viz41 ,europe and ,africa4 ,the ,adriatic ,sea indicates the ,sea of ,adrian or ,hadrian4 ,the ,baltic ,sea denotes1 in accordance with the ,swedish blt1 a strait1 a sea full of belts1 or straits4 ,the ,north ,sea1 the ,german ,ocean1 the ,indian ,ocean1 and the ,irish ,sea1 are names indicative of the positions of these respective seas4 ,the ,white ,sea is so called from its proximity to sterile regions of snow and ice2 the ,black ,sea1 because it abounds with black rocks2 the ,red ,sea1 on account of the red soil which forms its bottom2 the ,green ,sea1 owing to a strip of green always discernible along the ,arabian shore2 the ,yellow ,sea1 from the immense quantity of alluvial soil continually poured into it by the ,yang-tse-,kiang river2 and the ,dead ,sea1 because no fish of any kind has ever been found in its waters4 ,the ,caspian ,sea preserves the name of the ,caspii1 a tribe who originally formed a settlement on its shores4 ,the ,sea of ,marmora owes its designation to a small island at its western extremity which has long been famous for its marble 7,latin marmor7 quarries4 ,the ,gulf ,stream is a warm current of water that issues from the mouth of the ,amazon1 immediately under the ,equator1 and after traversing the coast of ,south ,america1 the ,caribbean ,sea1 the ,gulf of ,mexico1 and the coast of the ,united ,states1 makes its way across the ,atlantic directly for the ,british ,isles1 raising the temperature of the water through which it passes4 ,the ,horse ,latitudes1 situated between the trade winds and the westerly winds of higher latitudes1 and distinguished for tedious calms1 received this name because it was in this portion of the ,atlantic the old navigators often threw overboard the horses which they had undertaken to transport to the ,west ,indies4 ,the southern banks of the ,west ,india ,islands1 and the water extending for some distance into the ,caribbean ,sea1 were formerly known as the ,spanish ,main1 from the fact that the ,spaniards confined their buccaneering enterprises to this locality4 ,hudson's ,bay and ,hudson's ,strait were named after their re-discovery by ,captain ,henry ,hudson while searching for the north-west passage in #afaj4 ,prior to this date the ,bay and the ,strait had not been navigated since their original discovery by ,cabot in #aeab4 ,james' ,bay honours the memory of ,james ,i41 in whose reign it was completely explored4 ,quite a number of straits1 gulfs1 and bays bear the names of their respective navigators2 therefore these need not detain us here4 ,an exception exists in the case of ,barrow's ,strait1 which was so called by ,captain ,penny in compliment to ,john ,barrow1 the son of ,sir ,john ,barrow the traveller and statesman1 in #ahej4 ,all ,saints' ,bay was discovered by ,vespucci on the ,feast of ,all ,saints in the year #aejc4 ,the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence was first explored1 and the navigation of the long river of the same name commenced1 on the ,feast of ,st4 ,lawrence1 #aejj4 ,the ,gulf of ,carpentaria preserves the memory of a ,dutch captain named ,carpenter who discovered it in #afjf4 ,torres ,strait received the name of the ,spanish navigator1 ,l4 ,v4 de ,torres1 to whom its discovery was due1 in the year #afjf4 ,botany ,bay was so called by ,captain ,cook from the great variety of plants which he found growing on its shores when exploring it in the year #aggj4 ,the ,st4 ,george's ,channel was named after the patron saint of ,england4 ,the ,skagerrack denotes the 8crooked strait between the ,skagen0 7so called from the ,gothic skaga1 a promontory71 which forms the northern extremity of ,jutland and ,norway4 ,zuyder ,zee expresses the ,dutch for the 8south sea10 in relation to the ,north ,sea or ,german ,ocean4 ,the ,bay of ,biscay takes its name from the ,basque or ,basquan1 i4e41 mountainous provinces1 whose shores are washed by its waters4 ,the ,strait of ,gibraltar honours the reputation of ,ben ,zeyad ,tarik1 a ,moorish general who effected the invasion of ,spain in the year #gab by obtaining possession of the apparently impregnable rock which has ever since borne the name1 in consequence1 of ,jebel al tarik1 the ,mountain of ,tarik4 ,the ,bosphorus is a ,greek term composed of bous1 an ox1 and porus1 a ford1 alluding to the legend that when ,io was transformed into a cow she forded this strait4 ,the ,dardanelles derive their name from the ancient city of ,dardanus1 founded by ,dardanus1 the ancestor of ,priam1 where the castle now stands on the ,asiatic side4 ,by the term ,australia is meant 8the ,south10 and by ,australasia 8,southern ,asia10 agreeably to the ,latin australis1 southern4 ,previous to its settlement by the ,british1 ,australia was known as ,new ,holland owing to its discovery by the ,dutch in the year #afjf4 ,the existing name of ,new ,zealand likewise bears testimony to the deep-rooted affection of the ,dutch navigators1 and indeed of the ,dutch people generally1 for their native country--the word ,zeeland1 denoting sea-land1 being significant of the low countries4 ,tasmania was originally known as ,van ,dieman's ,land1 the name bestowed upon it by ,abel ,jansen ,tasman1 who discovered it in #afdb1 in compliment to the daughter of the ,dutch governor of ,batavia4 ,the change of title was effected in #ahec4 ,the ,society ,islands received their name from ,captain ,cook in honour of the ,royal ,society2 the ,friendly ,islands1 on account of the friendly disposition of the natives2 and ,christmas ,island1 because he set foot upon it on ,christmas ,day1 #aggg4 ,the naming of the ,sandwich ,islands by ,cook conveyed a graceful compliment to ,lord ,sandwich1 ,first ,lord of the ,admiralty4 ,the ,philippine ,islands1 discovered by ,magellan in #aeba1 were named after ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain2 and the ,caroline ,islands discovered by ,lopez de ,villalobos in #aedc1 after ,charles ,v41 ,emperor of ,germany and first ,king of ,spain4 ,papua is a ,portuguese term for 8frizzled10 in allusion to the enormous frizzled heads of hair worn by the natives2 ,java is a native ,malay word signifying 8the land of nutmegs20 ,sumatra1 a corruption of ,trimatara1 means 8the happy land02 while ,borneo comes from the ,sanskrit bhurni1 8land40 ,japan is a ,european modification1 brought about through the ,portuguese ,gepuen1 of the native ,niphon1 compounded of ni1 sun1 fire1 and pon1 land1 literally sun-land1 or 8land of the rising sun10 and signifying 8the fountain of light40 ,formosa is ,portuguese for 8beautiful02 whereas ,ceylon1 rendered in the ,portuguese tongue ,selen1 is but part of the original ,sanskrit ,sinhala-dwipa1 8the ,island of ,lions40 ,the ,mauritius1 when colonized by the ,dutch1 received the name of ,maurice1 ,prince of ,orange2 and the ,isle of ,bourbon1 when settled by the ,french1 that of the ,bourbon family4 ,madagascar is properly ,malagasy1 the ,island of the ,malagese1 because the natives belong to the ,malay race4 ,tierra del ,fuego expresses the ,spanish for 8land of fire40 ,the ,island of ,desolation was so designated by ,captain ,cook owing to the absence of all signs of life4 ,hanover ,island honours the ,house of ,hanover2 and ,adelaide ,island1 the queen of ,william ,,iv42 while ,juan ,fernandez 7also known as ,selkirk's ,island1 after ,alexander ,selkirk1 its solitary inhabitant from ,september1 #agjd1 to ,february1 #agjg71 perpetuates the name of its discoverer in the year #aefg4 ,the ,ladrone ,islands merited this designation from the circumstance that when ,magellan touched upon one of the lesser isles of the group in #aebj the natives stole some of his goods2 whereupon he called the ,islands the ,ladrones1 which is the ,spanish for thieves4 ,pitcairn's ,island was discovered by ,pitcairn in #agfh4 ,easter ,island was so denominated by ,jacob ,roggevin in consequence of his visit to its fertile shores on ,easter ,sunday1 #agbb2 the island having previously been discovered by ,captain ,davis in #afhf4 ,vancouver ,island preserves the memory of ,captain ,vancouver1 a midshipman under ,captain ,cook1 who discovered it in #agib1 while cruising about in search of a river on the west coast of ,north ,america4 ,the ,aleutian ,islands expresses the ,russian for 8bald rocks40 ,queen ,charlotte ,island was named in compliment to the queen of ,george ,,iii42 and ,prince of ,wales ,island1 after the ,prince ,regent1 afterwards ,george ,,iv4 ,barrow ,island1 discovered by ,captain ,penny in #ahej1 received the name of ,john ,barrow1 son of ,sir ,john ,barrow1 the eminent statesman2 while ,baring ,island1 also discovered by ,penny in the course of the same voyage1 received the name of ,sir ,francis ,baring1 ,first ,lord of the ,admiralty4 ,the ,parry ,islands and ,baffin ,land indicate the names of the famous ,arctic navigators to whom their discovery was due4 ,banks ,land was so called in compliment to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 the eminent naturalist and ,president of the ,royal ,society4 ,newfoundland is the only territory discovered by ,cabot which has been allowed to retain its original name4 ,rhode ,island1 a corruption of the ,danish rood1 red1 signifies ,red ,island1 in allusion to its reddish appearance2 whereas ,long ,island has reference to its long and narrow conformation4 ,the ,bermuda ,islands were discovered by ,juan ,bermudez in #aebb4 ,san ,salvador means 8,holy ,saviour40 ,this was the first land sighted by ,columbus 7,october #aa1 #adib72 he therefore gave it this name1 as a token of thanksgiving4 ,jamaica is a corruption of ,xaymaco1 a native ,west ,indian name signifying 8the country abounding in springs40 ,cuba and ,hayti are also native names1 the latter meaning 8mountainous country40 ,the ,island of ,barbadoes derived its name from the ,latin barba1 a beard1 in allusion to the beard-like streamers of moss always hanging from the branches of the trees4 ,dominica is indicative of the day of its discovery by ,columbus1 namely1 ,sunday1 ,november #b1 #adic2 and ,porto ,rico is likewise ,spanish for 8rich port40 ,when ,columbus first sighted the ,isle of ,trinidad he discerned three mountain peaks rising from the sea1 thus conveying the impression of three distinct islands2 but on approaching nearer he discovered that they formed one piece of land only2 wherefore he gave the island the name of the ,trinity1 of which it was so eminently an emblem4 ,but perhaps the most interesting of the ,west ,indies in connection with the subject we are now discussing is ,tobago ,island1 so called by ,columbus from its fancied resemblance to the ,tobaco1 or inhaling tube of the aborigines1 whence the word ,,tobacco has been derived4 ,st4 ,kitt's ,island is an abbreviation of ,st4 ,christopher's ,island1 so called by ,columbus in #adic after his patron saint4 ,ascension ,island was discovered by the ,portuguese on ,ascension ,day1 #aeja2 and the ,isle of ,st4 ,helena on the ,feast of ,st4 ,helena1 #aejb4 ,tristan d',acunha received the name of the ,portuguese navigator who discovered it in #afea4 ,the ,canary ,islands were originally so called on account of the numerous dogs1 as well as of their unusual size 7,latin canis1 a dog71 bred here4 ,madeira is a ,portuguese term signifying timber2 the inference being that this island was formerly covered by an immense forest4 ,majorca and ,minorca1 literally in accordance with the ,latin major and minor1 the ,greater and ,lesser ,island1 are denominated also the ,balearic ,islands from the ,greek ballein1 to throw1 because their inhabitants were anciently noted slingers4 ,corsica is a ,phnician word denoting 8the wooded island02 ,sardinia expresses the 8land of the ,sardonion10 a ,greek term for a plant indigenous to this island2 ,capri signifies the 8island of goats10 agreeably to the ,latin caper1 a he-goat2 ,sicily received its name from the ,siculi1 a tribe who settled upon it in early times2 ,malta was anciently ,melita1 8the place of refuge02 ,candia comes from the ,arabic ,khand1 8the island of trenches02 and ,cyprus from the ,greek ,kupros1 the name of a herb with which the island abounded2 while ,rhodes indicates an 8island of roses10 in conformity with the ,greek rhodon1 a rose4 ,belleisle is ,french for 8beautiful island02 ,jersey was originally ,czar's-ey1 meaning 8,csar's ,island10 so called by the ,romans in honour of ,julius ,csar2 the ,isle of ,wight denoted in the long1 long ago the ,island of the ,wyts1 or ,jutes2 just as ,gothland indicated a settlement of the ,goths4 ,heligoland expresses the ,danish for 8holy island settlement40 ,anglesea is really a corruption of ,anglesey1 signifying1 in accordance with the suffix ey1 the ,isle of the ,angles see ,,chelsea4 ,the ,isle of ,man is the modern designation of ,mona ,island1 by which was meant1 agreeably to the ,celtic mn1 a stone 8rocky island40 ,the ,hebrides were anciently referred to by ,ptolemy as the ,ebud1 and by ,pliny as the ,hebudes1 denoting the 8,western ,isles02 the ,orkney ,isles expresses the ,gaelic for the 8,isles of ,whales10 alluding to their situation2 and the ,shetland ,isles1 the ,norse for the 8,viking ,island10 conformably with their native prenomen ,hyalti1 a ,viking4 ,the term ,,viking1 by the way1 meaning a pirate1 was derived from the ,vik1 or creek1 in which he lay concealed4 ,the name of ,iceland needs no comment1 further than that1 perhaps1 the north and west coasts of the island are frequently blockaded with ice1 which has drifted before the wind from ,greenland4 ,spitzbergen is literal ,dutch for 8sharp-pointed mountains10 referring to the granite peaks of the mountains1 which are so characteristic of this group of islands2 while ,nova ,zembla presents a strange mixture of the ,latin and ,slavonic1 literally 8new land40 ,,the ,,months1 ,,and ,,days ,,of ,,the ,,week4 ,the titles of the months are modernized forms of those in use among the ,romans1 namely3--,january1 in honour of ,janus1 a deity who presided over the beginning of everything2 ,february1 from the ,latin word febru1 to purify1 because the purification of women took place in this month2 ,march1 after ,mars1 the ,god of ,war2 ,april1 from aperio1 to open1 this being the month in which the buds shoot forth2 ,may1 after ,maia1 the mother of ,mercury1 to whom sacrifices were offered on the first day of this month2 ,june1 from ,juno1 the queen goddess2 ,july1 the name given to this month by ,marc ,antony in honour of ,julius ,csar1 who was born in it2 ,august1 named by ,augustus ,csar after himself1 because in this month he celebrated three distinct triumphs1 reduced ,egypt to subjection1 and put an end to the civil wars2 while ,september1 ,october1 ,november1 and ,december literally express the seventh1 eighth1 ninth1 and tenth months of the old ,roman ,calendar1 counted from ,march1 which commenced the year previous to the addition of ,january and ,february by ,numa in the year #gac ,b4,c4 ,the ,egyptian astronomers were the first to distinguish the days by names1 when1 as might have been expected1 they called them after the ,sun1 the ,moon1 and the five planets1 viz41 ,mars1 ,mercury1 ,jupiter1 ,venus1 and ,saturn4 ,of these the two first and the last survive1 but for the rest the names of as many gods of the ,scandinavian mythology have been substituted4 ,nowadays1 then1 we have the following3--,sunday1 originally signifying the day upon which the sun was worshipped2 ,monday1 the day of the moon2 ,tuesday devoted to ,tiw1 the ,god of ,war2 ,wednesday1 set apart for the worship of ,odin1 or ,wodin1 the ,god of ,magic and the ,inventor of the ,arts2 ,thursday1 the day of ,thor1 the son of ,odin 7or ,wodin71 and the ,god of ,thunder2 ,friday1 allotted to ,frigga1 the wife of ,odin1 and the ,goddess of ,marriage2 and ,saturday1 the day of ,saturn1 one of the planets of the solar system4 ,,creeds1 ,,sects1 ,,and ,,denominations4 ,theism and ,deism both express a belief in ,god2 the former term being derived from the ,greek ,theos1 ,god1 and the latter from the ,latin1 ,deus1 ,god4 ,the ,theist1 however1 admits the ,theocracy or ,government of ,god 7,greek ,theos1 ,god1 and kratein1 to govern72 the ,deist1 on the contrary1 maintains that ,god in the beginning implanted in all ,his works certain immutable laws1 comprehended by mankind under the name of the 8,laws of ,nature10 which act of themselves1 and are no longer subject to the supervision of the ,creator4 ,pantheism 7from the ,greek pan1 all1 everything1 and ,theos1 ,god7 is the religion which rejects a belief in a personal ,god1 but recognizes ,him in all the processes1 and works1 and glories1 and beauties of ,nature1 and animated creation4 ,briefly1 the ,pantheist holds the doctrine that 8,god is everything1 and everything is ,god40 ,the word ,atheism comes from the ,greek ,theos1 ,god1 and the prefix a1 without4 ,an ,atheist1 therefore1 practically answers to the description given by ,david in the opening line of ,psalm xiv41 8,the fool hath said in his heart1 ,there is no ,god40 ,agnosticism is also ,greek1 in accordance with the prefix a1 without1 and gnomi1 to know4 ,an ,agnostic is one whose belief is confined to that which he knows and sees1 and who rejects everything at all beyond his understanding4 ,secularism1 derived from the ,latin seculum1 an age1 a generation1 is the term given to the principles advocated by ,messrs4 ,holyoake in #ahdf1 which professed an entire independence of religion1 except so far as it pertains to this life4 ,the ,secularist aims at promoting the happiness of the community during the present life4 ,his religion is that of this world1 without troubling himself about possibilities concerning a life hereafter4 ,such views are closely allied to those set forth by ,john ,stuart ,mill 7born #ahjf1 died #ahgc7 under the name of ,utilitarianism1 by which was meant1 8the happiness of the greatest number40 ,this term was based upon the ,latin utilitas1 usefulness4 ,spiritualism expresses a belief in the soul's immortality1 as opposed to the doctrine of ,materialism1 which contends that the soul1 or thinking part of man1 is the result of some peculiar organization of matter in the body1 with which it must necessarily die4 ,rationalism constitutes the doctrine which accepts the test of ,reason and ,experience in the pursuit of knowledge1 particularly in regard to religious truth1 rejecting the gift of ,faith1 ,revelation1 and everything connected with the supernatural or miraculous4 ,this was the religion 767 of the ,french ,revolutionists1 who set up an actress to be publicly honoured as the 8,goddess of ,reason0 in the ,cathedral of ,ntre ,dame on the #ajth of ,november1 #agic4 ,the earliest form of religion on the face of the earth was ,monotheism1 so called from the ,greek monos1 alone1 only1 and ,theos1 ,god2 therefore signifying a belief in1 and the worship of1 one ,only ,god4 ,the word ,religion is derived from the ,latin religare1 to bind4 ,hence1 ,religion implies obedience1 submission1 and an acknowledgment of certain orthodox doctrines regarding our duty to a ,supreme ,power4 ,mosaism1 otherwise ,judaism1 denotes the religion of the ,jews as enjoined in the laws of ,moses4 ,but even during that favoured period when ,god manifested ,himself in various ways to the children of ,israel1 ,idolatry prevailed4 ,let us consider what this word ,idolatry really means4 ,idol is a contraction of the ,greek eidolon1 the diminutive of eidos1 a figure1 an image1 or that which is seen1 derived from the verb eidein1 to see2 while ,idolater is made up of the two ,greek words1 eidolon1 and latres1 one who pays homage1 a worshipper4 ,an ,idolater1 therefore1 is a worshipper of images1 or that which he sees4 ,the ,israelites1 who prostrated themselves before the ,golden ,calf1 were strictly ,idolaters2 so were the ,egyptians1 who worshipped the sun1 the moon1 the ox1 the dog1 the cat1 the ibis1 and the ichneumon2 but the ,greeks and ,romans were scarcely ,idolaters1 because the mythological deities they worshipped were unseen--as unseen as is the ,true ,god ,himself4 ,neither were they ,pagans1 which term1 from the ,latin paganus1 a countryman1 a peasant1 based upon pagus1 a country1 a district1 has nothing whatever to do with religion4 ,the ,greeks and ,romans were1 in fact1 ,polytheists1 and their religion was ,polytheism1 signifying1 in accordance with the ,greek polus1 many1 and ,theos1 ,god1 a belief in more gods than one4 ,the more general description of the religion of the ancients is comprised in the term ,mythology1 written in the ,greek muthologia1 from muthos1 a fable1 and logos1 a discourse4 ,alluding to the ,fire ,worshippers of the ,east1 who fall prostrate in adoration of the sun1 it should be noted that these do not actually worship the sun1 but ,god1 whom they believe to reside in it4 ,this ,sun or ,fire ,worship1 the religion of the ,parsees1 otherwise denominated ,zoroastrianism1 was introduced into ,persia by ,zoroaster about five hundred years before the ,christian era4 ,in short1 the ,parsees are the descendants of those who1 in ,persia1 adhered to the ,zoroastrian religion after the ,moslem or ,mahommedan conquest of their country1 whence they were at length driven by ,moslem persecution to migrate to ,india4 ,the ,brahmins are the priests or higher caste of the ,hindoos1 who1 like the ,burmese1 the inhabitants of the adjacent country1 ,burmah1 claim to be descended from ,brahma1 the supreme deity of the ,hindoo religion4 ,the ,buddhists are the followers of ,buddha1 a ,hindoo sage who founded the doctrine of ,buddhism in the sixth century ,b4,c4 ,mahommedanism is the religion founded by ,mahommed1 or ,mahomet 7born #ega1 died #fcb74 ,the term ,koran1 or more properly ,al ,koran1 8,the ,koran10 which constitutes the ,bible of the ,mahommedans1 is ,arabic for a 8,reading10 a 8thing to be read40 ,the native name of the ,mahommedan religion is ,islam1 resignation and obedience to ,god1 founded upon the verb aslama1 to bend1 to submit1 to surrender4 ,the ,mahommedans of ,turkey and ,persia usually bear the style of ,mussulmans1 a corruption and the plural of the ,arabic muslim1 rendered into ,english as ,moslem1 and meaning a true believer1 or one who holds the faith of ,islam4 ,our reference to ,mahommedanism having carried us some six hundred years beyond the foundation of ,christianity by ,christ1 we must of necessity retrace our steps4 ,reverting to the ,jewish people contemporary with ,jesus ,christ and ,his disciples1 a certain portion of these styled themselves ,pharisees because they affected a greater degree of holiness than their neighbours4 ,the name was derived from the ,hebrew word pharash1 separated4 ,the ,nazarenes1 so called after 8,jesus of ,nazareth10 were a sect of semi-converted ,jews1 who1 while believing ,christ to be the long-promised ,messiah1 and that ,his nature was ,divine as well as human1 nevertheless continued the rites and ceremonies peculiar to ,judaism4 ,the ,gnostics1 otherwise the 8,knowers10 pursuant to the ,greek gnomi1 to know1 were those who tried to accommodate the ,scriptures to the speculations of ,plato1 ,pythagoras1 and other ancient philosophers2 having done which to their own satisfaction they refused all further knowledge on the subject4 ,the ,aquarians 7,latin aqua1 water7 insisted upon the use of water in the place of wine in the ,communion4 ,the ,arians were the followers of ,arius1 a presbyter in the ,church of ,alexandria1 universally regarded as the first heretic4 ,soon after his death 7in #ccf71 which was ignominious in the extreme1 the ,arians renounced their errors1 and were readmitted into the ,church2 but this gave offence to another section of the ,christians under ,lucifer1 ,bishop of ,cagliari1 styling themselves the ,luciferians1 who refused all communication with the reconverted heretics4 ,the ,donatists were the followers of ,donatus1 ,bishop of ,numidia2 the ,macedonians1 of ,macedonius1 ,patriarch of ,constantinople2 the ,apollinarians1 of ,apollinarius1 ,bishop of ,laodicea and ,greek ,christian philosopher4 ,these various sects arose in the fourth century of the ,church4 ,the term ,catholic1 derived from the ,greek ,katholos1 compounded out of ,kata1 throughout1 and olos1 whole1 signifies ,one1 ,universal4 ,during the first nine centuries of ,christianity the ,catholic ,church was indeed universal2 but at that epoch it became necessary to distinguish between the ,eastern or ,greek ,church1 and the ,western or ,church of ,rome1 by adding the word 8,roman0 to the original ,church founded by ,st4 ,peter and perpetuated by his successors the ,popes4 ,the ,greek ,church1 which constitutes the orthodox religion of ,greece1 ,moldavia1 and ,russia1 differs principally from the ,roman ,catholic in regard to the ,papal supremacy1 and the doctrine of ,holy ,ghost proceeding from the ,father and the ,son4 ,the employment of the full title of ,roman ,catholic ,church is at all times necessary in ,england when alluding to ,christian doctrine in order to avoid probable confusion with the ,established ,church of this country which retains in its ,creed the designation of 8,the ,holy ,catholic ,church40 ,this is because at the ,reformation the ,church of ,england1 then styled the ,anglican ,church1 professed to be the ,catholic ,church governed by the reigning monarch instead of the ,pope of ,rome4 ,the ,gallican ,church is the so-called ,church of ,france or ,gaul1 the ancient name of the country4 ,pre ,hyacinth1 its founder1 whose church was opened in ,paris ,february #g1 #ahgj1 originally separated from the ,church of ,rome owing to his disapproval of the enforced celibacy of the clergy4 ,the ,lutheran ,church of ,germany took its name from ,martin ,luther 7born #adhc1 died #aedf71 the monk who became the pioneer of ,protestantism4 ,in the year #aebi the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 summoned a ,diet at ,spiers for the avowed object of enlisting the aid of the ,german ,princes against the ,turks1 but really to devise some means of tranquillizing the disturbances which had grown out of ,luther's opposition to the ,church of ,rome1 and restoring the national religion4 ,against a decree drawn up at this ,diet six princes and the deputies of thirteen imperial towns offered a vehement protest1 and ever afterwards the ,lutherans were in consequence styled ,protestants4 ,the first ,standard of ,faith1 according to the doctrines of ,luther1 is known as ,the ,augsburg ,confession1 because it was presented by ,luther and ,melancthon to ,charles ,v41 during the sitting of the ,imperial ,diet at ,augsburg in the year #aecj4 ,the ,calvinists were the followers of ,john ,calvin 7born #aeji1 died #afjd71 the zealous reformer of ,switzerland4 ,in due time these also styled themselves ,protestants4 ,from ,switzerland ,protestantism spread into ,france through the energy of a ,genevese ,calvinist named ,hugh or ,hugue1 after whom the ,french ,protestants adopted the name of ,huguenots4 ,but ,luther and ,calvin were by no means the earliest of the reformers4 ,in ,england the ,wycliffites1 or followers of ,john ,wycliffe 7born #acbd1 died #achg71 became known as ,gospellers1 after their leader had completed the translation of the ,bible in #acgg4 ,eventually they adopted the title of ,lollards1 in imitation of a sect of ,german reformers headed by ,walter ,lollard1 a dissolute priest1 who turned theologian and was publicly burned for heresy at ,cologne in #acbb4 ,in ,france the precursors of the ,huguenots were the ,albigenses of ,languedoc1 so called because their capital was ,albi1 and its people were called the ,albigeois1 early in the twelfth century2 and in #aagj1 the ,waldenses1 inhabiting the wooded districts of ,valdois and ,piedmont4 ,the latter received their designation in accordance with the ,german walden1 forests4 ,the ,camisards1 or wearers of the ,camis1 a peasant's smock1 to conceal their armour1 comprised a body of ,protestant insurgents who took up arms in the district of the ,cevennes after the revocation of the ,edict of ,nantes by ,louis ,,xiv41 ,october #bb1 #afhe4 ,as these always conducted their attacks upon the soldiery under cover of the darkness the term 8,camisard0 in military parlance soon came to imply a night attack4 ,the ,protestants of ,bohemia were styled ,hussites1 after ,john ,huss 7born #acgc1 burned #adae72 they were also known as ,bethlemites from the ,church of ,bethlehem in ,prague1 in which ,huss used to hurl forth his denunciations against the ,church of ,rome4 ,the ,moravians1 otherwise ,the ,united ,brethren1 who were driven by persecutions from ,moravia and ,bohemia in the last century1 claimed to be descendants of the original ,hussites4 ,having now traced the rise of ,protestantism generally1 let us at once dispose of the various sects and denominations before confining ourselves to the ,established ,church and its offshoots4 ,the ,adamites were the fanatical followers of one ,picard1 in ,bohemia1 self-styled 8,adam1 ,son of ,god10 who1 about the year #adjj1 proposed to reduce mankind to a state of primitive innocence and enjoyment4 ,no clothes were worn1 wives were held in common1 and many other violations of ,nature were committed ere they finally disappeared from the face of the earth4 ,a similar sect were the ,libertines1 in ,holland1 ,these contended that nothing could be regarded as sinful in a community where each was at full liberty to act up to his natural dictates and passions4 ,the ,jansenists favoured the doctrines of ,jansenius1 ,bishop of ,ypres1 in ,france 7born #aehe1 died #afch74 ,for a long period these maintained an open warfare with the ,jesuists1 properly1 soldiers of the 8,society of ,jesus0 see ,,religious ,,orders1 until they were finally put down by ,pope ,clement in #agje4 ,the ,gabrielites were a sect of ,anabaptists of ,germany in the sixteenth century1 named after ,gabriel ,scherling1 their founder4 ,the ,labadists were a sect of ,protestant ascetics of the seventeenth century who conformed to the rules laid down by ,jean ,labadie1 of ,bourg1 in ,germany4 ,the ,socinians1 a sect corresponding to the modern ,unitarians1 owed their existence to ,llius ,socinus1 an ,italian theologian in #aedf4 ,the anti-,calvinists of ,holland were styled ,arminians1 after the ,latinized name 7,jacobus ,arminius7 of their leader1 ,james ,harmensen 7born #aefj1 died #afji74 ,the ,new ,christians comprised a number of ,portuguese ,jews in the fifteenth century1 who1 although they consented to be baptized under compulsion1 still practised the ,mosaic rites and ceremonies in secret4 ,the ,old ,catholics of ,germany are the followers of the late ,dr4 ,dllinger1 of ,munich 7born #agii1 died #ahij71 who refused to accept the dogma of the infallibility of the ,pope promulgated ,july #ah1 #ahgj4 ,in our own country the ,scotists were those who adopted the opinions of ,john ,duns ,scotus 7born #abgb1 died #acjh71 concerning the doctrines of the ,immaculate ,conception1 in opposition to the ,thomists1 or followers of ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas 7born #abbg1 died #abgd71 who denied that the ,virgin was conceived without sin4 ,the ,sabbatarians1 known also as the ,seventh ,day ,baptists1 founded by ,brabourne1 a clergyman who1 about the year #afbh1 maintained that the seventh day was the real ,sabbath as ordained at the beginning4 ,the ,fifth ,monarchy ,men1 who came into existence during the reign of ,charles ,i41 believed in the early coming of ,jesus ,christ to re-establish the four great monarchies of the ancient world1 viz41 the ,assyrian1 ,persian1 ,macedonian1 and ,roman1 contemporaneously with the fifth1 the ,millennium4 ,the ,muggletonians were the followers of one ,ludovic ,muggleton1 a journeyman tailor1 who set himself up as a prophet in #afea4 ,the ,society of ,friends originally styled themselves ,seekers1 because they sought the truth after the manner of ,nicodemus1 the ,jewish ruler1 as narrated in ,st4 ,john iii4 #a-ba4 ,they were first designated ,quakers by ,justice ,bennet of ,derby1 in #afej1 in consequence of ,george ,fox1 the founder1 having admonished him and all present to quake on hearing the ,word of the ,lord4 ,the ,seekers came into existence in #afdf4 ,the ,white ,quakers1 who seceded from the main body about #ahdj1 are distinguished by their white clothing4 ,the original sect of the ,shakers1 first heard of in the time of ,charles ,i41 received its name from the convulsive movements indulged in by its members as part of their peculiar form of worship4 ,the modern sect sprang from a body of expelled ,quakers1 headed by ,james ,wardley1 in #agdg4 ,they emigrated to ,america in ,may1 #aggb1 and formed a permanent settlement near ,albany1 ,new ,york1 two years afterwards4 ,the ,mormons derived their designation from 8,the ,book of ,mormon10 claimed to be a lost portion of the ,bible written by the angel ,mormon1 the last of the ,hebrew line of prophets1 and found inscribed in ,egyptian characters upon plates of gold by ,joseph ,smith1 the founder of the sect1 in the year #ahbg4 ,this work was really written by the ,rev4 ,solomon ,spalding1 who died in #ahaf4 ,joseph ,smith died in #ahdd4 ,the ,peculiar ,people are so styled because they believe in the efficacy of prayer on the part of their elders1 and the anointing with oil in the name of the ,lord for the cure of sickness as set forth in ,james v4 #ad4 ,this sect was first heard of in ,london in #ahch4 ,the ,faith ,healers1 or those who uphold the doctrine of ,healing by ,faith1 lately sprung up in our midst1 may be regarded as an offshoot of the ,peculiar ,people4 ,the ,irvingites are the followers of ,edward ,irving1 a ,scottish divine 7born #agib1 died #ahcd71 who maintained that ,christ was liable to commit sin in common with the rest of mankind4 ,the ,humanitarians incline to the same belief4 ,the ,sacramentarians are those who deny the ,real ,presence in the ,holy ,eucharist3 the ,calvinists were originally known by this title4 ,the ,plymouth ,brethren first appeared at ,plymouth about the year #ahcj2 they so style themselves because they confess ,christ as a fraternal community and do not recognize any order of priesthood4 ,the ,perfectionists of ,north ,america are so called owing to their rejection of civil laws1 on the plea that the guidance of the ,holy ,spirit suffices for all earthly as well as spiritual affairs4 ,another body of co-coreligionists peculiar to ,north ,america are the ,hopkinsians1 named after ,samuel ,hopkins1 of ,connecticut1 their founder4 ,the doctrines which they hold are mainly ,calvinistic4 ,the ,scottish ,covenanters were those who subscribed to a solemn league or covenant to stand by each other in opposition to the religious and political measures of ,charles ,i4 ,this occurred in #afch4 ,in less than ten years afterwards the ,covenanters1 having increased in numbers and power1 assumed the entire direction of their own ecclesiastical affairs and styled themselves ,presbyterians1 a term derived from the ,greek presbuteros1 an elder1 because they contended that the government of the ,church as set forth in the ,new ,testament was by presbyters1 equal in office1 power1 and order4 ,the national ,church of ,scotland1 therefore1 when at length it was recognized by the ,english ,parliament1 bore the title of the ,scottish ,presbyterian ,church4 ,it was1 however1 not long before dissensions became rife4 ,the strictest body of the ,presbyterians adopted the style of ,cameronians1 after the name of their leader1 ,archibald ,cameron1 who was executed in #afhh on account of his religious opinions2 while an equally numerous body1 headed by ,john ,macmillan1 became known as ,macmillanites1 and also as ,the ,reformed ,presbytery4 ,a much later sect was that founded in #ahda by ,james ,morison1 under the designation of the ,morisonians4 ,but the most alarming split in the ,presbyterian ,church took place ,may #ah1 #ahdc1 when ,dr4 ,chalmers1 with a large following1 established a separate community1 entitled ,the ,free ,church of ,scotland4 ,the ,puritans of ,england were to the ,established ,church what the ,pharisees were to the ,jews4 ,and not only did these ,puritans profess a greater purity of doctrine1 of morals1 and of living1 than their neighbours1 but they embraced the earliest opportunity of separating themselves from the ,church of ,england altogether4 ,they were1 in fact1 the first of the ,dissenters4 ,on ,august #bd1 #affb1 which date witnessed the secession of nearly two thousand ministers from the ,church of ,england through their non-compliance with the 8,act of ,uniformity10 the ,puritans joined forces with the latter1 and the combined body assumed the name of ,nonconformists4 ,the ,protestants were1 consequently1 divided into two great parties--the ,conformists1 or those who conformed to the requirements laid down in the 8,act of ,conformity10 and the ,nonconformists4 ,the latter have in more recent times borne the name of ,dissenters1 because they dissent from the ,established ,church4 ,the ,sectarians are ,dissenters who attach themselves to one or other of the numerous sects and denominations which exist outside the ,church of ,england4 ,the ,congregationalists and the ,independents are one and the same4 ,they maintain that each congregation is an independent religious community entitled to exercise the right of appointing its own ministers and managing its own affairs4 ,these tenets were first publicly advanced by ,robert ,brown1 a violent opponent of the ,established ,church1 in ,rutlandshire1 as early as the year #aehe4 ,the ,unitarians are the modern ,socinians already alluded to4 ,they are opposed to the doctrine of the ,trinity2 and1 consequently1 to the ,trinitarians4 ,the ,baptists not only reject infant baptism1 but hold that the adult subject should be baptized after the manner in which ,christ was baptized by ,st4 ,john4 ,on this account the original ,baptists1 who arose about #aeba1 received the name of ,anabaptists1 because1 having been already baptized during infancy1 they of necessity went through the ceremony a second time on arriving at full age4 ,the prefix ana is ,greek1 signifying twice4 ,the followers of ,john ,wesley 7born #agjc1 died #agia7 and his brother1 ,charles ,wesley 7born #agjh1 died #aghh71 were styled ,methodists1 owing to the methodical strictness of their lives and religious exercises4 ,they were also denominated ,wesleyans1 or ,wesleyan ,methodists1 in contradistinction to the ,primitive ,methodists1 or ,ranters1 who separated from the original sect under ,hugh ,bourne1 in #ahaj1 and retained the style of open-air preaching peculiar to ,john ,wesley in his early itinerant days4 ,the terms 8,high ,church0 and 8,low ,church0 first came into prominence during the reign of ,queen ,anne4 ,nowadays1 as then1 that section is styled ,high ,church which regards the ,church of ,england as the only ark of salvation1 while the less apprehensive and more moderate section is called ,low ,church4 ,those who take a still more liberal and comprehensive view of orthodox doctrine belong to what is known as the ,broad ,church1 which is but another name for ,latitudinarianism1 as originally professed by a number of divines opposed alike to the ,puritans and the ,high ,church party in the time of ,charles ,i4 ,on the other hand1 the ,ritualists comprise the extreme ,high ,church party who are anxious to return to the ritual of public worship in vogue during the reign of ,edward ,,vi4 ,prior to #ahff1 in which year the term arose1 these ,high ,churchmen bore the name of ,puseyites1 because they agreed with the views set forth by ,dr4 ,pusey in his celebrated 8,tracts for the ,times10 published at ,oxford between #ahcc and #ahda4 ,those scholars who assisted ,dr4 ,pusey in the composition of these ,oxford ,tracts1 as they were called1 as well as the public at large who believed in their teaching1 were styled ,tractarians2 while the great ,roman ,catholic revival that took place in the ,church of ,england at this period universally bore1 and still bears1 the name of the ,oxford ,movement4 ,,tavern ,,signs4 ,hotel is a ,french term1 derived from hostil1 a lordly house1 a palace4 ,the designation ,public ,house1 signifying a house of public resort for refreshment and conviviality1 is a modern substitute for ,tavern1 derived from the ,latin taberna1 a hut1 a wooden booth2 frequently also for ,inn1 or rather1 as originally written1 ,inne1 which expressed the ,anglo-,saxon for a mansion4 ,and here we may at once observe that by far the majority of our medival inns and ,hostelries see ,,hotel grew out of the mansions of the nobility during the prolonged absence of their owners4 ,at such times the privilege of utilizing the mansion for his own profit naturally fell to the family's most trustworthy dependent1 viz41 the head gamekeeper1 whose green costume gave existence to the sign of ,the ,green ,man1 when1 after quitting the family's service1 he set up an inn on his own account either in connection with his own cottage or abutting on the public highway4 ,nevertheless1 this sign had nothing in common with that of ,the ,green ,man and ,still1 expressive of a herbalist bringing his herbs to a distillery1 and which was doubtless the sign of a herbalist turned innkeeper4 ,as the family arms always occupied a prominent position on the front of the mansion these soon became known far and wide1 though scarcely in accordance with their full heraldic significance4 ,briefly1 the most conspicuous object in them sufficed to impress itself upon the minds of travellers as the distinguishing sign of the establishment2 so that1 instead of speaking of lions gules and lions azure1 c41 they simplified matters by referring to red and blue lions1 c4 ,such was the origin1 then1 of ,the ,red ,lion1 ,the ,blue ,lion1 and many another familiar sign of this character4 ,moreover1 as a variation of the same device entered into the arms of different families1 it happened that the most conspicuous object in them became popular in different parts of the country at the same time4 ,another fruitful source of the rapid multiplication of a particular sign throughout the same county1 and even upon the same estate1 was the fact that as often as a retired dependent of a nobleman's family turned innkeeper1 he was pretty certain to name his establishment in accordance with the popular description of the original inn or mansion4 ,if it chanced1 however1 that that sign had already been appropriated by another innkeeper in the immediate vicinity1 the full cognizance of the ground landlord was adopted4 ,thus1 in the ,midland ,counties there is no sign so common as ,the ,bear and ,ragged ,staff1 which was the cognizance of the ,earl of ,warwick1 the ,king ,maker4 ,similarly1 ,the ,boar's ,head was the cognizance of the ,gordons2 ,the ,black ,bull1 that of the ,house of ,clare2 and ,the ,talbot1 that of the ,house of ,shrewsbury4 ,another oft-to-be-met-with sign is ,the ,chequers1 which comprised the arms of the ,earls of ,fitzwarren who1 in the time of the ,plantagenets1 held the right of granting the vintners their licences4 ,later in our history the same cognizance was adopted by the ,stuarts4 ,as every one is aware1 ,the ,red ,rose was the recognized badge of the ,lancastrians1 and ,the ,white ,rose that of the ,yorkists4 ,it may be assumed that these two signs were naturally more popular throughout the country at large during the ,wars of the ,roses than at any subsequent period4 ,during that turbulent period of ,english history1 too1 the devices of the several adherents of the rival houses were not unfrequently chosen in commemoration of a particular event2 as1 for example1 after the ,battle of ,barnet1 when ,the ,star1 the badge of the ,earl of ,oxford who decided the fate of that day1 sprang up as an inn-sign in all directions1 except1 of course1 upon ,yorkist ground4 ,where the innkeeper was not bound by any ties of gratitude or regard to the ground landlord he evinced his loyalty to the reigning monarch by adopting a portion of the royal arms4 ,as examples of this class3--,the ,white ,swan was the badge of ,edward ,,iii4 and of ,henry ,,iv42 ,the ,white ,swan and ,antelope1 of ,henry ,v42 ,the ,white ,hart1 and ,the ,sun1 both of ,richard ,,ii42 ,the ,white ,lion1 of ,edward ,,iv4 as ,earl of ,march1 and ,the ,three ,suns1 of ,edward ,,iv4 as ,king of ,england2 ,the ,eagle1 of ,queen ,mary2 ,the ,blue ,boar1 of ,richard ,,iii42 ,the ,red ,dragon1 that of ,henry ,,vii41 chosen for his standard after the ,battle of ,bosworth ,field1 and ,the ,greyhound1 his original badge as ,king4 ,the ,rose is the symbol of ,england1 just as ,the ,thistle stands for ,scotland1 ,the ,shamrock for ,ireland1 and ,the ,leek for ,wales4 ,a very general expression of loyalty1 again1 was conveyed in the sign of ,the ,crown1 which1 by the way1 was shrewdly complimentary to the reigning house without offering offence to the partisans of a rival claimant to the throne4 ,the ,rose and ,crown had reference originally to the union of the red and white roses in the ,house of ,tudor by the marriage of ,henry ,,vii4 with ,elizabeth1 the daughter of ,edward ,,iv41 in the year #adhf2 ,the ,crown and ,sceptre must have originated in the mind of one who had been witness to the elaborate ceremonial peculiar to a coronation2 while ,the ,crown and ,anchor signified the reliance which was placed in the exalted person that wore the crown4 ,if1 on the other hand1 our medival innkeeper chose to flatter the ground landlord without actually adopting his cognizance1 he invariably named his establishment after his lordship's family title1 e4g41 ,the ,earl of ,march1 in compliment to the ,duke of ,richmond1 or else set up some such sign as ,the ,hare and ,hounds1 ,the ,tally ,ho61 ,the ,fox in the ,hole1 c41 in allusion to the sporting tastes of his patron4 ,at times he even went so far as to enter into the religious enthusiasm of the latter by exhibiting a preference for ,the ,angel or ,the ,salutation1 both referring to the ,annunciation of the ,virgin2 ,the ,three ,kings1 meaning the ,magi who presented themselves to the ,infant at ,bethlehem2 or ,the ,cross ,keys1 the symbol of ,st4 ,peter1 and the badge of the ,archbishop of ,york4 ,the sign of ,the ,mitre was generally adopted by an innkeeper whose establishment stood in the vicinity of a cathedral2 consequently1 this particular sign abounds in cities1 but is rarely to be met with in the rural districts4 ,during the period of the ,holy ,wars1 if the innkeeper did not content himself with the sign of ,the ,turk's ,head or ,the ,saracen's ,head1 that of ,the ,golden ,cross1 which was the ensign carried by the ,crusaders1 was usually chosen4 ,the modern sign of ,the ,half-,moon originated in the crescent1 the ensign of the ,infidel4 ,the signs of ,the ,swan1 ,the ,pheasant1 and ,the ,peacock arose in the days of knight-errantry1 when every knight selected one of these birds as an emblem of chivalry1 and exerted a pride in the association4 ,for example1 one of the principal characters in the 8,niebelungen ,lied0 is called 8,the ,knight of the ,swan40 ,then1 again1 many innkeepers assumed a sign in honour of the patron saint of ,england1 or in commemoration of his combat with the dragon1 viz41 ,the ,st4 ,george1 ,the ,st4 ,george and ,dragon1 ,the ,george and ,dragon1 ,the ,green ,dragon1 c4 ,the ,george1 a common sign enough in our own day--it would be difficult to name a town that has not its 8,george0 in the ,high ,street--was originally connected with the dragon too2 but at the commencement of the ,hanoverian succession the heraldic device was painted out altogether1 and the words ,,the ,,george were put up in its place4 ,the like observation applies to all such signs as ,the ,king's ,arms1 ,the ,queen's ,arms1 ,the ,freemasons' ,arms1 ,the ,coachmakers' ,arms1 ,the ,saddlers' ,arms1 ,the ,carpenters' ,arms1 c41 nowadays identified by name only1 instead of their distinctive badge or crest4 ,we must not omit to mention also that1 since the especial function of tavern and other signs was to call attention to the character of an establishment in days when the people were unable to read1 and when1 therefore1 the display of the owner's name or of the name of the house would have been useless1 the misapprehension of the painted device was of common occurrence4 ,hence the corruption of many signs from their original meaning4 ,perhaps the most glaring instance of this kind originated in the sign of ,the ,garter1 or the insignia of the ,order of the ,garter represented in its proper position on a leg 7whence we have the intelligible sign of ,the ,star and ,garter72 yet the vulgar mind quite failed to grasp the idea1 with a result that a house exhibiting this sign was invariably referred to as ,the ,leg and ,star4 ,corruptions of a different character are of later date1 when the name of the house instead of the device began to make its appearance on an innkeeper's signboard4 ,chief among these are3--,the ,cat and ,fiddle1 a perversion of 8,caton le ,fidele10 in honour of ,caton1 the faithful ,governor of ,calais2 ,the ,bag o' ,nails1 of 8,the ,bacchanals10 in reference to ,pan and the ,satyrs2 ,the ,goat and ,compasses1 of the ,puritan motto 8,god encompass us02 ,the ,iron ,devil1 of 8,the ,hirondelle10 or swallow2 ,the ,bull and ,mouth1 and ,the ,bull and ,gate1 of 8,the ,boulogne ,mouth0 and 8,the ,boulogne ,gate10 in compliment to ,henry ,,viii41 who effected the siege of ,boulogne and its harbour in #aedd2 ,the ,lion and ,key1 of 8,the ,lion on the ,quay10 meaning a house bearing the sign of ,the ,lion1 and situated by the water-side1 in order to distinguish it from other ,lions in the same port2 ,the ,cat and ,wheel1 of 8,the ,catherine ,wheel10 the instrument of ,st4 ,catherine's martyrdom2 ,the ,plume and ,feathers1 of 8,the ,plume of ,feathers10 in allusion to the ,prince of ,wales2 ,the ,bully ,ruffian1 of 8,the ,bellerophon10 the vessel on board of which ,napoleon surrendered his sword to ,captain ,maitland after his defeat at ,waterloo2 and ,the ,blue ,pig1 a mere modification of 8,the ,blue ,boar40 ,the ,pig and ,whistle is a very old sign1 the term whistle being a corruption of 8wassail10 and pig1 the ,old ,english for a bowl or cup4 ,surely there could be no more fitting sign for a tavern than that which suggested the drinking of healths6 ,the original character of many of our country inns is at once indicated by their signs4 ,thus1 ,the ,coach and ,horses was clearly1 before the introduction of railways1 a coaching establishment2 while ,the ,pack ,horse announced the fact that pack-horses were let out on hire4 ,again1 ,the ,bear--subject to sundry modifications1 such as ,the ,brown ,bear1 ,the ,black ,bear1 ,the ,grizzly ,bear--informed the frequenters of such resorts that bear-baiting might be witnessed on the premises2 exactly as1 nearer to our own day1 ,the ,dog and ,duck called attention to the popular diversion of duck-hunting by spaniels in a pond4 ,the ,skittles and ,the ,bowling ,green indicated a more rational kind of sport4 ,once more1 ,the ,grapes conveyed the intelligence that a vinery existed in connection with the establishment2 whereas ,the ,castle1 which constitutes the arms of ,spain1 ,the ,globe1 the arms of the ,king of ,portugal1 and ,the ,spread ,eagle1 the arms of ,germany1 told that the wines of those respective countries were to be had there4 ,in the north of ,england the sign of ,the ,yorkshire ,stingo is very common1 the allusion being to an old beer of particular strength and sharpness for which the county of ,york has won considerable celebrity4 ,among other familiar country inn and tavern signs may be mentioned ,the ,bell1 referring to the silver bell that formed the prize at races previous to the ,restoration2 ,the ,barley ,mow1 denoting the premises where the barley was housed1 mowe being the ,saxon term for 8a heap02 and ,the ,old ,hat1 which in the olden time may have been the shop of a hatter rejoicing in the sign of 8,the ,hat10 and subsequently converted into a place of refreshment4 ,another distinctly tradesmanlike sign is ,the ,ram and ,teazle1 which was originally chosen in compliment to the ,clothiers' ,company2 the lamb with the golden fleece being emblematical of wool1 and the teazle1 a tool used for raising the nap of the wool when woven into cloth4 ,the ,bricklayers' ,arms merely indicate a house of call for bricklayers2 while ,the ,cricketers' ,arms derives its title from a neighbouring cricket-ground4 ,the significance of ,the ,tankard1 ,the ,bottle1 and similar signs1 need not detain us4 ,we may1 however1 state that ,the ,black ,jack refers to a leathern pitcher for holding beer1 which took its name from the defensive breastplate of strong leather formerly worn by horsemen1 and known as a ,jacque1 whence the term ,,jacket has been derived4 ,signs that betray a political bias1 such as ,the ,royal ,oak1 ,the ,boscobel1 ,the ,jacobite1 ,the ,hanover1 c41 are altogether too numerous to mention4 ,in the early part of the present century1 too1 the names of political leaders were largely drawn upon as an attraction for tavern signs1 as were those also of distinguished naval and military commanders1 and of the battles won by them4 ,the ,canning1 ,the ,palmerston1 ,the ,nelson1 ,the ,wellington1 ,the ,marquis of ,granby1 ,the ,portobello ,arms1 ,the ,trafalgar1 ,the ,waterloo1 and a host of others of the like character1 are everywhere to be encountered2 while the old sign of ,the ,ship carries us back to the days of ,elizabeth1 when the circumnavigation of the globe by ,sir ,francis ,drake was regarded as an exploit that could scarcely be too highly honoured4 ,before concluding1 let us add a few words of comment upon the signal loyalty of the ,english people in the times we live in2 for whereas our forefathers were for the most part content to express their loyalty to the throne by the choice of such vague tavern signs as ,the ,king's ,head1 or ,the ,queen's ,head1 we of the nineteenth century are not nearly so half-hearted4 ,not only are ,the ,victoria1 ,the ,prince ,albert1 ,the ,prince of ,wales1 and ,the ,prince of ,wales' ,feathers honoured on every hand in the course of a day's perambulation1 but ,the ,duke of ,edinburgh1 ,the ,duke of ,cambridge1 ,the ,duke of ,connaught1 and other members of the ,royal ,family1 are similarly memorialized4 ,perhaps in the future1 when the ,prince of ,wales shall occupy the ,british ,throne1 his descendants may also in their turn form the subject of many a tavern sign in our midst4 ,,royal ,,surnames4 ,alfred the ,great 7reigned #hga to #ija7 fully merited his surname because he expelled the ,danes1 established a navy1 founded schools1 and effected the restoration of law and order during one of the most critical periods of early ,british history4 ,taking the remainder of the ,saxon monarchs in chronological order1 we have3--,edward the ,martyr 7#ige to #igh71 treacherously murdered at ,corfe ,castle2 ,ethelred the ,unready 7#igh to #ajaf71 who1 lacking rede1 or council1 fled to ,normandy to escape the consequences of a threatened invasion by the ,danes2 ,edmund ,ironsides 7reigned #ajaf71 whose habitual precaution of wearing a complete suit of mail availed him nothing against the fatality of assassination2 ,edgar ,atheling 7born #ajag1 died #aabj71 otherwise 8,edgar of ,royal ,descent02 ,harold ,harefoot 7#ajce to #ajci71 swift of foot as a hare2 and ,edward the ,confessor 7#ajdb to #ajff71 so called on account of his holy life4 ,the distinction between a ,,confessor and a ,,martyr in the early days of ,christianity was simply this3 both made an open confession of their faith1 and expressed their readiness to die for it2 the former1 however1 was never called upon to do so1 whereas the latter actually suffered martyrdom4 ,william ,i4 7reigned #ajff to #ajhg71 was styled ,the ,conqueror because he defeated the ,saxons at the ,battle of ,hastings1 and founded the ,norman ,dynasty in ,england4 ,william ,,ii4 7#ajhg to #aajj71 received the name of ,rufus from his florid complexion2 rufus being ,latin for ruddy4 ,henry ,i4 7#aajj to #aace71 was surnamed ,beauclerc1 or good clerk1 in recognition of his scholarly attainments4 ,richard ,i4 7#aahi to #aaii71 styled ,cur de ,leon1 otherwise 8,the ,lion ,hearted10 is traditionally said to have torn the living heart out of the mouth of a lion to whose fury he was exposed by the ,duke of ,austria for having killed his son in battle4 ,this extraordinary exploit surpasses the bounds of reason2 still there is no doubt that he performed prodigies of valour during the ,wars of the ,crusades4 ,another ,british monarch who rejoiced in a surname of the leonine order was ,william the ,lion1 ,king of the ,scots 7#aafe to #abad71 so called because he chose a red lion rampant for his crest4 ,it is from this king that the lions distinguished in the ,royal ,arms of ,scotland trace their origin4 ,king ,john 7reigned #aaii to #abaf7 received the surname of ,lackland on account of his improvidence1 which at the time of the death of his father 7,henry ,,ii47 left him entirely without provision4 ,edward ,i4 7#abgb to #acjg7 was styled ,longshanks from his spindle legs4 ,the eldest son of ,edward ,,iii41 known as ,the ,black ,prince 7born #accj1 died #acgf71 was not exclusively addicted to the wearing of black armour1 as he is usually represented in waxwork shows and picture toy-books2 consequently he did not derive his surname from such an association2 but1 as the historian ,froissart informs us1 8he received his name by terror of his arms40 ,seeing that at the age of sixteen he won his knightly spurs at ,crecy1 and ten years later took the ,french king prisoner at ,poictiers and brought him in triumph to ,london1 the military renown of this young warrior must have been sufficient to command respect from his enemies4 ,john of ,gaunt1 ,duke of ,lancaster 7born #acdj1 died #acii71 took his title from the town of ,ghent1 in ,flanders1 where he was born4 ,in like manner his son1 ,henry ,,iv4 7#acii to #adac71 was styled ,bolingbroke1 after his native place4 ,henry ,,viii4 7reigned #aeji to #aedg7 was surnamed ,bluff ,king ,hal on account of his bluff manners2 he also received the title of ,defender of the ,faith from ,pope ,leo ,x41 in recognition of the tract he published against the heresy of ,martin ,luther4 ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots 7born #aedb1 died #aehg71 was known as ,the ,white ,queen because she adopted white mourning for her husband1 ,lord ,darnley4 ,our own ,queen ,mary 7#aedg to #aeeh7 has been handed down to posterity under the opprobrious title of ,bloody ,mary1 in consequence of the wholesale burnings of the ,protestants under her reign4 ,the religious persecutions of her time admit of no denial1 yet they were fully equalled by those brought to light during the reign of her successor1 ,elizabeth1 while they fell infinitely short of those characterized by the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 ,in one sense ,elizabeth 7#aeeh to #afjc7 was appropriately styled ,good ,queen ,bess1 inasmuch as she exercised due regard to the interests of the realm and the welfare of her people4 ,her enemies she speedily removed1 but she was just as ready to bestow honours and rewards upon her nation's worthies4 ,oliver ,cromwell was called ,the ,lord ,protector 7born #aeii1 died #afeh7 because he protected the interests of the ,commonwealth4 ,the reason why ,charles ,,ii4 7#affj to #afhe7 was dubbed ,the ,merry ,monarch must be sought in the licentiousness of the times in which he lived4 ,much nearer to our own day1 ,william ,,iv4 7#ahcj to #ahcg7 was distinguished by the title of ,the ,sailor ,king1 from the circumstance of his having entered the navy as a midshipman and worked his way upwards until he attained the rank of ,lord ,high ,admiral4 ,the family name of ,plantagenet1 derived from the ,latin planta1 a plant1 and genista1 broom1 was originally assumed by ,fulke ,martel1 ,earl of ,anjou1 the great grandfather of ,henry ,,ii41 in commemoration of the incident1 while on his pilgrimage to the ,holy ,sepulchre1 of having offered himself to be scourged with the stems of the broom plant by his two attendants as an atonement for the murder of the ,earl of ,brittany4 ,the ,tudor ,dynasty was founded by ,owen ,tudor1 a ,welsh soldier stationed at ,windsor1 who contracted a secret marriage with ,catherine1 the widowed queen of ,henry ,v4 ,the first of the long line of the ,stuart sovereigns 7,scottish and ,english7 was ,walter1 the ,lord ,high ,steward of ,scotland1 whose wife was the daughter of ,king ,robert the ,bruce4 ,as this ,walter was the sixth member of his family that had held the post of ,lord ,high ,steward1 he was popularly said to belong to the ,stewards1 until in course of time this word became corrupted into ,stuarts1 and was adopted as a family name4 ,charles ,i41 ,emperor of ,germany 7born #gdb1 died #had71 was surnamed ,charlemagne1 otherwise ,charles the ,great4 ,the ,she-,wolf of ,france was ,isabella 7born #abij1 died #aceg71 daughter of ,philip ,,iv4 of ,france1 and queen of ,edward ,,ii4 of ,england1 whom she1 in concert with the ,earl of ,mortimer1 her paramour1 murdered by thrusting a red-hot iron into his bowels4 ,pedro the ,cruel1 ,king of ,castille and ,leon in #acej1 merited his surname owing to his cruel treatment of his two brothers1 whom he murdered1 and his queen1 whom he poisoned4 ,ivan ,,ii41 ,czar of ,russia 7reigned #aecc to #aehd71 was styled ,the ,terrible on account of the cruelties he inflicted upon all who offended his autocracy4 ,frederick ,i41 of ,germany 7reigned #aaeb to #aaij71 was surnamed ,barbarossa from his red beard1 barba being ,latin for beard2 while for his bombardment of ,messina in #ahdh ,ferdinand1 ,king of ,naples1 was nicknamed ,bomba4 ,philippe1 ,duc d',orleans1 the father of ,louis ,philippe1 ,king of ,france1 assumed the name of ,egalit when he joined the ,republican party in #aghi4 ,of a truth1 if 8,equality0 was what this not unworthy ,prince aspired to1 he enjoyed it to the full1 for he lost his head under the guillotine in common with more than twenty thousand of his fellow-citizens4 ,,national ,,nicknames4 ,brother ,jonathan1 the popular nickname of the ,united ,states1 arose out of the person of ,jonathan ,trumbull1 the ,governor of ,connecticut1 whom ,general ,washington never failed to consult in cases of emergency4 8,we must refer the matter to ,brother ,jonathan60 he was wont to exclaim when no other officer could offer any practical suggestion to aid him out of a difficulty2 and true enough1 8,brother ,jonathan0 proved himself in every instance equal to the confidence reposed in him4 ,another stock nickname for the ,united ,states is ,uncle ,sam4 ,this originated from a vulgar misconception of the initial letters 8,u4 ,s40 7,united ,states7 for those of the well-known sobriquet of an official whose business it was to mark them on all ,government property4 ,the numerous acquaintances of this person understood that the goods so marked had passed through the hands of 8,uncle ,sam10 and the joke becoming public it spread far and wide1 until in the end it was considered far too good to be allowed to drop4 ,the term ,yankee finds its origin in the native attempt to pronounce the word 8,english10 but approaching no nearer to the sound than ,yengees1 the name bestowed upon the ,english colonists by the ,indians of ,massachusetts1 and afterwards given to the ,new ,englanders by the ,british soldiers during the ,american ,war4 ,the nickname of the typical ,englishman1 ,john ,bull1 was derived from ,dr4 ,arbuthnot's satire of this title published in #agba4 ,there was also a real person of the name of ,john ,bull1 well known as the composer of 8,god ,save the ,king02 but he died just a hundred years before ,dr4 ,arbuthnot's performance was heard of4 ,of a still later date is the national ,english nickname1 ,mrs4 ,grundy1 which arose out of the passage1 8,what will ,mrs4 ,grundy say80 from ,thomas ,morton's drama1 8,speed the ,plough10 produced in #agih4 ,the proverbial prudishness of the ,english people in matters affecting art1 could scarcely be better expressed than under the style of ,the ,british ,matron4 ,the ,british soldier is popularly referred to under the general designation of ,tommy ,atkins1 because 8,thomas ,atkins0 was a fictitious name that figured in the soldiers' monthly statement of accounts4 ,the ,irish as a nation are invariably alluded to as ,pat or ,paddy1 being short for ,patrick1 their most common ,christian name1 selected in honour of ,st4 ,padhrig1 or ,patrick 7born #cgc1 died #dff72 the ,scots as ,sandie or ,sawney1 a contraction of ,alexander1 their most popular ,christian name2 and the ,welsh as ,taffy1 a corruption of ,davy1 and short for ,david1 the name of their ,archbishop and ,saint 7born #dij1 died #eed74 ,the national nickname of the ,chinese is ,john ,chinaman1 in imitation of our own characteristic 8,john ,bull40 ,even now a ,chinaman addresses every ,englishman he meets as 8,john10 which is his idea of our most popular name4 ,hence1 ,british sailors in the ,chinese waters from the first returned the compliment1 so to speak1 by alluding to each ,celestial with whom they came in contact as 8,john ,chinaman40 ,the ,chinese are also called ,pigtails1 on account of their ,tartar tonsure and braided queue4 ,by the ,indians of ,north ,america ,europeans are styled ,pale ,faces2 while the ,europeans designate the ,indians ,red ,skins1 both terms having reference to the complexion4 ,the word ,nigger is a corruption of ,negro1 derived from niger1 the ,latin for black4 ,the reason why a negro generally bears the name of ,sambo is because ,zambo is the native term used to designate the offspring of a black person and a mulatto4 ,the word ,mulatto is ,spanish1 derived from the ,latin mulus1 a mule1 and signifying a mixed breed4 ,a ,mulatto may be either the offspring of a negress by a white man1 or of a white woman by a negro4 ,,birds4 ,the following owe their names to their characteristic note3--the ,cuck-oo1 the ,pee-wit1 the ,cur-lew1 the ,chick-a-dee1 and the ,whip-poor-will4 ,the ,trumpeter of ,south ,america is so called on account of its loud1 clear1 and trumpet-like cry4 ,the word ,nightingale is a modern form of the ,anglo-,saxon nihtegale1 indicative of a bird that sings by night1 agreeably to its component parts1 niht1 night1 and gale1 a songster4 ,the ,night-,jar bears its name because the sound it emits resembles the whirring of a spinning-wheel4 ,the ,mocking-bird possesses the power of imitating the notes of other birds2 while the ,humming-bird is remarkable for the humming sound that proceeds from its wings as it speeds through the air4 ,several birds are named after the colour or some other characteristic of their plumage4 ,among these we have the ,greenfinch and the ,goldfinch1 the term ,finch from the ,anglo-,saxon finc1 denoting a small singing bird2 the ,greenlet expressing a tiny green bird peculiar to ,south ,america2 the ,jay1 a corruption of gai1 its ,french name1 alluding to its gay or showy appearance2 the ,blue-bird1 common in the ,united ,states1 the upper half of which is blue2 the ,blackbird1 so called from its sable aspect2 the ,starling1 owing to the specks at the extremities of its feathers2 the ,flamingo1 of ,south ,america and ,africa1 from its flaming colour2 the ,oriole1 an ,australian bird of golden-yellow plumage1 agreeably to the ,latin aureolus1 golden2 and the ,lyre-bird1 also a native of ,australia1 so denominated on account of the sixteen feathers of the tail which when folded form in appearance a perfect lyre4 ,the ,british song-bird known as the ,red-poll receives its name from the tuft of red feathers upon its head2 whereas the ,south ,african ,secretary-bird is so called because a tuft of feathers on each side of its head are supposed to resemble quill pens stuck behind the ear4 ,the ,south ,american ,birds of ,paradise are indeed a beautiful species1 all the colours of the rainbow being represented in their plumage2 and the same may be said of the ,love-birds1 so designated from the extraordinary affection which they exhibit towards one another4 ,the ,kingfisher is regarded as the king of fisher-birds1 or those that dive for fish as their prey1 by reason of his gay plumage4 ,the ,lapwing derives its name from the loud flapping noise made by its wings during flight2 the ,wagtail1 from the incessant wagging of its tail2 and the ,scissors-tail--found only in ,south ,america--from the peculiar nature of its tail1 which1 like a pair of scissors1 opens and shuts in the course of its rapid passage through the air and so entraps the flies upon which it preys4 ,the ,hangbird is so called from its habit of suspending its nest from the limb of a tree2 the ,weaver-bird1 from the wonderful intertwining of twigs and grass displayed in the construction of its nest2 and the ,tailor-bird1 from the skill it displays in constructing its nest by stitching together the leaves of plants4 ,among corruptions of the names of birds it will be sufficient to mention the ,widow-bird1 properly the ,whydaw-bird1 after the territory in ,africa of which it is a native2 the ,martin1 from the ,latin murustenco1 or wall-swallow1 shortened into murten1 and mispronounced marten2 and the ,muscovy ,duck1 which1 so far from claiming a ,muscovite origin1 is merely a musk duck1 a species somewhat larger than our common duck4 ,the ,swift derives its name from its rapid flight2 the ,passenger-pigeon1 from its migratory habits2 the ,skylark1 from mounting to the sky and singing as it flies2 and the ,chaffinch1 from its preference for chaff above every other kind of food4 ,the ,diver is remarkable for its habit of diving2 the ,sandpiper inhabits the sea-beach2 and the ,chimney-swallow builds his nest in an ordinary house chimney4 ,the ,horn-bill1 the ,boat-bill1 the ,spoon-bill1 and the ,duck-bill are respectively so named on account of the resemblance of their bills to the articles1 and in the last-mentioned case to the bird1 indicated2 while the ,cross-bill has its mandibles crossed in opposite directions4 ,the ,pouter-pigeon is so called from the pouting1 or bulging out1 of its breast2 the ,ring-dove1 from the white ring around its neck2 and the ,wryneck1 from the curious manner in which it turns its neck over its shoulder when surprised4 ,the ,woodcock is found in the underwood of a forest1 while the ,woodpecker pecks holes in the bark of trees in search for insects4 ,chief among the birds which derive their names from the countries to which they originally belonged are the ,guinea-fowl1 brought from ,guinea1 ,west ,africa2 the ,brahma-fowl1 from the neighbourhood of the ,brahmapootra ,river in ,india2 the ,bantam1 from ,bantam in ,java2 the ,barb1 from ,barbary1 and the ,turkey1 which1 although an ,american bird1 was long believed to have been imported from ,european ,turkey4 ,another native of ,north ,america received its name of the ,baltimore-bird from the fact that its colours corresponded with those which occurred in the arms of ,lord ,baltimore1 the ,governor of ,maryland1 in which ,state it principally abounds4 ,the ,canary was first brought from the ,canary ,islands in #aejj4 ,the ,petrel1 a sea-bird usually associated with storms1 expresses the ,anglicized form of the ,italian petrillo1 a diminutive of ,peter1 in allusion to ,st4 ,peter walking on the sea1 and the frequent appearance of this bird standing as it were on the surface of the water4 ,,religious ,,orders4 ,strictly speaking1 the members of the various ,religious ,orders1 in this country at least1 are not ,monks1 but ,friars4 ,only those who live completely isolated from the rest of mankind1 as did ,st4 ,anthony1 are entitled to the former designation1 which1 in common with the term ,monastery1 comes from the ,greek monos1 alone4 ,consequently1 a ,religious ,house is incorrectly described as a ,monastery unless each individual within its walls occupies a separate cell1 both by night and by day1 and never suffers himself to have the least communion with his neighbour4 ,failing compliance with such a rule1 the term ,convent1 derived from the ,latin con1 together1 and venire1 to come1 is more fittingly applicable4 ,this designation1 however1 is now borne by an institution reserved for a community of ,nuns1 so called from the ,italian nonna1 a grandmother1 because they originally comprised only very aged women2 albeit it was formerly the custom to speak of ,monasteries and ,convents without discrimination4 ,an ,abbey always indicated a ,religious ,house in connection with a ,church1 as1 for example1 ,westminster ,abbey1 the abode of the community attached to the ,west ,minster1 presided over by an ,abbot1 so styled in accordance with the ,syriac and ,latin abba1 a father1 or1 in the case of a female community1 by an ,abbess2 whereas a ,priory denoted a lesser or branch establishment placed at some distance from the ,abbey1 and controlled by a ,prior 7or ,prioress71 signifying one who had a prior claim over the rest to the office of ,abbot 7or ,abbess7 in the original community4 ,a ,friar1 on the other hand1 is--conformably to the ,latin fratre and the ,french frre1 a brother--what the term implies1 viz41 one of a brotherhood4 ,in olden times there existed four distinct and powerful ,orders of ,friars4 ,these were the ,dominicans1 founded by ,st4 ,dominic to preach away the ,albigensian heresies1 also known as the ,black ,friars1 on account of their black habits1 and in ,france as the ,jacobins1 because their first convent was situated in the ,rue ,st4 ,jacques1 ,paris2 the ,franciscans1 or ,grey ,friars1 named after ,st4 ,francis d',assissi2 the ,carmelites1 or ,white ,friars of ,mount ,carmel2 and the ,augustines1 or ,austin ,friars1 whose origin is ascribed to ,st4 ,augustin or ,austin1 the first ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 who died in #fje4 ,eventually a fifth ,order1 styled the ,trinitarians1 or ,friars of the ,holy ,trinity1 otherwise the ,crutched ,friars1 so called from the cross 7,latin cruciati1 crossed7 embroidered on their habit1 came into existence4 ,referring to the ,franciscans1 those who conformed to the austere rules laid down by their founder were denominated ,observant ,friars1 while those who1 as time wore on1 began to live in convents and coveted lands1 chapels1 and books1 received the name of ,conventional ,friars4 ,out of the ,franciscans there have sprung two lesser ,orders1 so to speak1 chiefly distinguished by a slight change in the details appertaining to the habit worn by them4 ,these are the ,capuchins1 so called from the capuce1 or pointed cowl1 that they wear1 and the ,cordeliers1 from the knotted cord which encircles their waist in place of a girdle4 ,in effect1 however1 these two offshoots of the ,franciscans are the same1 and subject to the like rules1 as the parent institution4 ,having disposed of the ,friars1 let us now turn to the ,monks properly so called4 ,originally the sole existing order of monks was that of the ,benedictines as established by ,st4 ,benedict1 who introduced the monastic system into ,western ,europe in the year #ebi4 ,no less than twelve large ,monasteries were raised by him before he died2 but notwithstanding the austere rules which obtained among the ,benedictines1 these were yet considered too lax by some individual members of the ,order1 with the result that first one and then another 8,reformed ,order0 sprang into existence1 the latest being in each case distinguished for a still more rigorous rule than that of its immediate predecessor4 ,thus1 we now have the ,carthusians1 our ,english designation for the monks of ,la ,chartreuse near ,grenoble1 by whom the celebrated liqueur known as ,chartreuse is prepared2 the ,cistercians1 or monks of ,citeau2 and the ,cluniacs1 or monks of ,cluny1 respectively named after the vicinity of their original monastery in ,france2 while the ,bernardines received their title from ,st4 ,bernard1 who founded the famous ,hospice of ,mont ,st4 ,bernard in the year #ifb4 ,from the ,carthusians1 also1 there have sprung the ,basilians founded by ,st4 ,basil1 and from the ,cistercians1 the ,trappists1 or monks of ,la ,trappe1 originally established in the ,french district so denominated4 ,foremost among the ,religious ,orders not comprised in any of the brotherhoods cited above are the ,jesuists1 properly styled 8,the ,society of ,jesus10 an organization founded upon a military basis by ,st4 ,ignatius ,loyola in #aecd1 which extends its influence all over the globe4 ,next in point of importance come the ,servites1 otherwise 8,the ,religious ,servants of the ,holy ,virgin10 established by seven ,florentine merchants in #abhc2 the ,passionists1 a community of priests solemnly agreed to preach 8,jesus ,christ and ,him crucified10 founded by ,paul ,francis1 better known as ,st4 ,paul of the ,cross1 in #agcg2 and the ,redemptorists1 or preachers of the ,redemption1 also styled the ,liguorians1 after ,st4 ,francis ,liguori1 who originated this ,order in #agcb4 ,each of these1 except1 of course1 the lay members of the ,jesuists1 are professedly ,monks2 and yet these are not really ,monks1 but ,friars1 because they live in community1 and at times mingle freely with the people4 ,in short1 they are ,missionary ,friars4 ,,paper ,,and ,,printing4 ,the word ,paper comes from the ,latin papyrus1 and ,greek papyros1 the designation of an ,egyptian plant from whose reeds the earliest kind of writing material was obtained4 ,parchment is an ,anglicized form of the ,french parchemin1 from the ,greek pergamenos1 named after the ancient city of ,pergamos1 in ,asia ,minor1 where the skins of goats were first prepared for writing upon at a time when ,ptolemy prohibited the exportation of the papyrus from ,egypt4 ,hand-paper was originally so called from its watermark1 which was that of a hand2 ,pot-,paper1 of a pot2 ,post-paper1 of a post-horn2 ,crown-paper1 of a crown2 and ,foolscap1 of a fool's head with the cap and bells4 ,india-paper formerly came from the ,far ,east1 whereas ,nepaul-paper is made in the district of ,nepaul1 ,northern ,india4 ,cap-paper is so designated because1 prior to being used by grocers for wrapping up sugar and other commodities sold by weight1 it is folded into a cap-like form4 ,among papers of a stiffer kind1 that are chiefly intended for drawing upon1 we have ,elephant1 so called from its large size 7#bh inches by #bc71 ,cartridge-paper1 originally manufactured for soldiers' cartridges1 and ,bristol-board1 formerly made only at ,bristol4 ,by the term ,folio1 derived from the ,latin folium1 a leaf1 is meant a sheet of paper folded but once1 thus making two leaves or four pages2 a ,quarto 7written #dto71 is a sheet folded into quarters or four leaves1 making eight pages2 an ,octavo 7#hvo71 so styled in accordance with the ,latin octa1 eight1 one folded into eight leaves or sixteen pages2 a ,duodecimo 7#abmo71 the ,latin for 8two and ten10 one making twelve leaves or twenty-four pages1 and so forth4 ,when ,caxton set up the first printing press in this country1 in the year #adgf1 there were many among the vulgar who regarded it as an invention of the devil2 and the clergy1 no doubt1 fostered this idea1 foreseeing that in the event of the ,bible being distributed to the masses by this means1 the way would be thrown open to the production of spurious editions of ,sacred ,writ1 and the perversion of religious doctrine1 which up to that period had been free to all who chose to attend daily instruction in the monasteries4 ,hence1 printing was popularly described as 8,the ,black ,art10 while the boys who took the sheets off the press1 from the fact of generally smearing their faces with ink1 came to be known as ,imps or ,devils4 ,this will explain why a printer's errand-boy still bears the nickname of a ,printer's ,devil4 ,our ,parliamentary ,records1 ,debates1 ,reports of ,meetings1 and ,accounts1 have received the name of ,hansards because they are printed by the large printing firm established by ,luke ,hansard in #ageb2 whereas a ,blue ,book is so called on account of its stiff cover of blue paper4 ,the ,french ,government reports are styled ,yellow ,books for a similar reason4 ,the term ,book comes from the ,danish bog1 a beech-tree1 which abounds in ,denmark and whose wood is much used for engraving-blocks4 ,the ,leaf of a book is in allusion to the ancient custom of writing on the bark of trees2 while ,volume is derived from the ,latin volvo1 ,i roll1 relative to the ,egyptian papyri1 each one of which when rolled up formed a document or volume complete in itself4 ,a storehouse for books is styled a ,library1 in accordance with the ,latin librarium1 a book-case1 derived in the first instance from liber1 a book4 ,a ,pamphlet owes its description to ,pamphila1 a ,greek lady who left behind her a kind of commonplace book containing notes1 epitomes1 and anecdotes4 ,the ,french equivalent for a pamphlet is a ,brochure1 so called from the verb brocher1 to stitch1 because such a book consists only of a few pages stitched together4 ,the word ,chart comes from the ,latin charta1 a leaf of paper2 a chart1 therefore1 is not printed on canvas like a map1 but on a single sheet of paper4 ,map traces its origin from mappa1 a ,punic word which signified a signal-cloth1 also a napkin1 because in ancient times military and other landmarks were sketched upon a cloth in the absence of parchment and paper4 ,nowadays1 a book of maps designed for school use is called an ,atlas1 after the fabled ,king of ,mauritania of this name1 who was believed by the ancients to support the world on his shoulders4 ,the figure of ,atlas with the globe first appeared as a frontispiece to 8,mercator's ,projections10 published about the year #aefj4 ,a ,cartoon1 as we understand the term1 is a representation of political significance1 usually coloured and printed on stiff paper4 ,to some extent this kind of publication owes its origin to the celebrated #8,cartoons' of ,raffaelle1 now in the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 so called because they were drawn upon cartone1 the ,italian for pasteboard4 ,a ,broadside consists of a large sheet of paper having the matter printed straight across1 instead of in columns1 so as to admit of being read at one broad view4 ,the reverse side of the sheet is left blank4 ,a ,poster bears its name from the fact that formerly the sidewalks of ,london streets1 instead of being paved as now1 were distinguished from the centre1 or sedan-chair and riding way1 by a series of posts2 and upon these1 theatrical and other announcements were posted4 ,in ,france1 the theatre bills are exhibited upon the lamp-posts on the ,boulevards in a similar manner4 ,in conclusion1 the distinction between ,,booksellers and ,,stationers was originally this3 the former were itinerant sellers of books1 like hawkers1 and pedlars1 whereas the latter had stalls at the corners of streets or in open market2 and as the stationarii1 or stationary booksellers1 were enabled to display a more varied stock than the itinerants who carried books only1 such articles as writing-paper1 pens1 ink1 and other materials in course of time received the name of ,stationery4 ,,political ,,nicknames4 ,the utmost difficulty exists in reconciling the various opinions expressed by different authors concerning the origin of the terms ,whig and ,tory4 ,and yet1 if we but consider the reasons why these nicknames were first bestowed upon the two great political factions of this country during the reign of ,charles ,,ii41 we may possibly attain a much-desired end4 ,in the year #afdh 7temp4 ,charles ,i47 there occurred a rising1 or sally1 of the peasantry inhabiting the south-western districts of ,scotland against the ,royalists4 ,this was known as the ,whigamore ,raid1 the term whigamore being applied to the teamsters and ploughmen of those parts because they used the twin-syllabic cry of 8,whi-gam60 to drive their horses4 ,when1 therefore1 in the early days of the ,restoration1 the ultra-,protestant party opposed certain measures of the ,government1 the ,catholics reproached them with favouring the fanatical opinions of the ,scottish ,covenanters and ,whigamores1 and styled them ,whigs4 ,in return the ,protestants bestowed upon their opponents the nickname of ,tories1 the familiar designation of a band of ,irish outlaws who sought refuge in the bog districts of ,ireland4 ,the word ,tory1 or rather ,toree1 is ,irish1 signifying a robber4 ,from that time down to the present ,toryism has been considered to denote a steadfast adherence to constitutional principles and the maintenance of royalty and the peerage1 as opposed to the progressive and more liberal views appertaining to ,whiggism1 which advocates constitutional reform and a moderate extension of democratical powers4 ,the word ,liberal was first employed by ,lord ,byron and his friends as the title of a periodical intended to set forth the political aims of the advanced ,whig party in #ahbh4 ,the term ,conservative 7derived from the ,latin con1 together1 and servare1 to keep1 to preserve7 first appeared in an article in ,the ,quarterly ,review1 ,january1 #ahcj1 and was permanently adopted by the ,tory party on the passing of the ,reform ,bill two years afterwards4 ,the still more advanced section of the ,whig party which came into prominence in #ahaf were styled ,radicals1 or ,radical ,reformers1 from their desire to institute a thorough reformation in the national policy4 ,in our own day the ,radicals and the ,democrats may be set down as one and the same party2 while the ,socialists eminently carry out the principles of the primitive ,radicals of the time of ,charles ,i41 who styled themselves ,levellers because they strove to reduce society to a common level4 ,the word ,democrat is derived from the ,greek demos1 people1 and kratein1 to govern2 therefore denoting one who upholds the principle of government by the people themselves1 and diametrically opposed to an ,aristocracy 7,greek1 aristos1 best1 and kratein1 to govern71 or government by the bravest and best4 ,these terms were first brought into notice by the ,french ,revolutionists of #agij4 ,adverting to the protracted struggle between the ,royalists under ,charles ,i4 and the ,parliamentarians under the ,cromwellian ,parliament1 no two nicknames could have been more suggestive of their origin than those respectively of the ,cavaliers and the ,roundheads4 ,the latter arose out of the ,puritan fashion of cropping the hair close round the head1 the former from the cavalier manner in which a number of gentlemen offered themselves as a permanent escort to the ,king after he had been subjected to insult in ,december1 #afda4 ,the word ,cavalier is synonymous with the ,french chevalier1 a mounted knight1 from cheval1 a horse1 derived from the ,latin caballus1 and the ,greek kaballes1 an inferior horse4 ,the ,protestants in ,ireland received the name of ,orangemen owing to their adherence to ,william ,,iii41 ,prince of ,orange1 while the ,roman ,catholics were styled ,jacobites from their adhesion to ,james ,,ii41 ,jacobus being the ,latin form of the ,king's name4 ,the ,peep o' ,day ,boys were so called because they broke into the houses of the people at dawn of day in quest of arms2 and the ,white ,boys1 from the white smocks they wore over their clothing4 ,the depredations of both these insurgents were finally put an end to by the ,insurrection ,acts1 passed in #aghf-g4 ,the secret brotherhood of the ,fenians1 organized for the overthrow of the ,english rule in ,ireland1 derived its name from ,fiona ,mac ,cumhal1 better known as ,fingal1 after whom ,,fingal',s ,,cave is designated4 ,the correct interpretation of the ,gaelic word ,fenian is 8a hunter40 ,another secret society of quite recent origin is that of the ,irish ,invincibles1 established1 as was publicly stated by ,carey the ,informer1 for the 8making of history by killing tyrants40 ,their title is due to the boast that they defy extermination4 ,the ,ribbonmen take their name from the distinctive badge which they wear4 ,emergency ,men are the more active members of the ,irish ,defence ,association4 ,the ,separists and the ,parnellites are one and the same1 sworn to support the measures of ,mr4 ,parnell and the ,irish ,national ,party in promoting ,home ,rule for ,ireland4 ,the now familiar word ,boycotting1 in connection with ,irish affairs1 arose out of the troubles experienced by ,captain ,boycott1 of ,lough ,mask ,farm1 near ,ballinrobe1 ,county ,mayo1 the land agent of ,lord ,erne4 ,his house was besieged1 his labourers were threatened1 his crops remained ungathered1 and tradesmen refused to supply him with goods4 ,this occurred on the #aath and #abth of ,november1 #ahhj1 after which the military was despatched to his aid1 and a 8,boycott ,fund0 subscribed for his benefit4 ,the expression 8to boycott0 a man practically means to place him beyond the pale of civilization4 ,the lowest order of the ,french ,revolutionists were denominated ,sansculottes1 literally1 8without breeches10 because they rejected those very serviceable articles of attire as being emblematical of the aristocracy4 ,the same term was also applied to the ,republican leaders as a reproach for the negligence of their dress2 but after a time they themselves adopted the title with pride4 ,the ,red ,republicans were so called for a two-fold reason4 ,in the first place1 they did not hesitate to steep their hands in human blood to accomplish their political aims2 and1 secondly1 they wore the red cap1 symbolical of ,liberty from the days of the ,romans downwards4 ,the two antagonistic parties of the ,revolution were styled ,the ,mountain and ,the ,plain for the reason that the former sat upon the most elevated benches in the ,hall of ,assembly1 while the latter occupied the ground floor4 ,the ,plain was for the most part composed of the ,girondists1 or deputies from the ,department of the ,gironde4 ,the ,hats and the ,caps were the two great political factions in ,sweden1 so called on account of the ,french chapeaux worn by the partisans of the ,french interest on the one side1 and the ,russian caps worn by the partisans of the ,russian interest on the other4 ,apropos of ,russia1 the word ,nihilist 7derived from the ,latin nihil1 nothing71 originally denoted a social rather than a political party opposed to the tyranny of custom4 ,its significance is well expressed by ,turgeneff1 who first introduced it in his novel 8,fathers and ,sons10 published in #ahfb3--8;,a ,nihilist is a man who bows before no authority1 who accepts no principle without examination1 no matter what credit the principle has40 ,at the present day a ,nihilist is a revolutionary ,socialist of the most pronounced degree4 ,the ,italian ,carbonari1 being the plural of carbonaro1 a coal-man1 a charcoal-burner1 who first came into notice in #ahbj1 assumed their designation from the fact of their meetings being originally held in the huts of the charcoal-burners1 and because they held charcoal to be the symbol of purification4 ,the ,black ,cloaks were the upper classes of ,naples1 distinguished by the colour and quality of their cloaks from the ,lazzari1 or beggars4 ,regarded as a political party1 the ,neapolitan ,black ,cloaks no longer exist2 but the ,lazzaroni1 so called from the ,hospital of ,st4 ,lazarus1 which serves for their refuge1 are still to be met with in all quarters of the city4 ,then1 again1 we must not omit mention of the ,guelphs and the ,ghibellines1 names of two powerful families whose rival partisanship of the ,papal and the ,imperial supremacy in ,italy threatened the peace of ,europe during the long period embraced between the years #abej and #aejj4 ,the word ,federal comes from the ,latin fdus1 a league or compact4 ,a federal form of government is one under which a number of ,states1 while retaining their individual institutions and autonomy1 unite together for purposes of defence and for a larger national existence1 delegating to a representative national government certain specified powers4 ,the most noteworthy examples in history of this form of government are the ,achaean ,league1 the ,swiss ,republic1 and the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,in the early history of the ,united ,states the term 8,federal0 was applied to that one of the two great political parties which was supposed to be more particularly in sympathy with ,english standards and to favour an ,english alliance1 and which desired a strong central government4 ,their opponents1 who preferred a ,french alliance1 and who opposed a strong central government1 were then termed 8,republicans40 ,about #ahcj the 8,federals0 became ,whigs1 and in #ahef they assumed the name of ,republicans 7from res publica1 the ,state71 the ,states-rights party having in the meantime taken the name of 8,democrats0 7from demos1 the people74 ,during the civil war of #ahfa-ahfe the ,northerners were all termed 8,federals0 7or by their opponents 8,yankees0 or 8,yanks071 while the ,southerners had taken the name of ,confederates1 because their ,constitution instituted a weaker central government and favoured the independent action of the several ,states4 ,the ,southerners were also given the nickname of 8,corn-feds10 in allusion to the chief article of their diet4 ,the term ,yankee above alluded to dates back to the seventeenth century1 and is a modification of the name 8,yengees10 an attempt by the ,massachusetts ,indians to pronounce the name 8,english40 ,by the residents of the ,northern ,states1 the term is limited to the inhabitants of the six ,states of ,new ,england4 ,during the civil war of #ahfa-ahfe1 the members of a political faction in the ,north received the name of ,copperheads1 because they were regarded as secret foes to the national cause4 ,the allusion was to the poisonous copperhead serpent1 which gives no warning of its approach4 ,the ,know-nothings were a secret political party in the ,united ,states 7#ahdh-ahfj71 whose chief aim was the checking of foreign immigration and the political influence of foreigners by the repeal of the ,naturalization ,laws1 and the reserving of public appointments for native-born ,americans4 ,the answer given by its members to all questions about the party organization was1 8,i don't know40 ,the ,tammany ,ring was the name used to designate an organization among certain officials and their backers in the city of ,new ,york in #ahgj-ahga1 who succeeded for a time in enriching themselves at the expense of the city4 ,the ring was overthrown in #ahga1 and its leaders imprisoned or banished4 ,the name of the ring arose from ,tammany ,hall1 the headquarters of a society originally founded 7in #ahje7 for benevolent purposes1 but which had become a political power1 and which is again 7#ahib7 controlling the government of ,new ,york4 ,the term ,mugwump first came into political use in #ahhd4 ,it was then applied to voters who had been 8,republicans10 but who1 on various grounds1 preferred the ,democratic candidate ,cleveland to the ,republican ,blaine1 and who succeeded in electing the former4 ,it has since been given generally to citizens1 who1 while actively interested in politics1 refuse to be bound closely by party ties1 considering causes such as free trade1 civil service reform1 honest money1 c41 as more important than party labels or party success4 ,the name 8,mugwump0 is said to be derived from an ,indian word signifying 8wise chief40 ,the ,chartists constituted an enormous body of the people of this country who1 soon after the passing of the ,reform ,bill in #ahcb1 loudly clamoured for 8,the ,people's ,charter10 of which the six principal points were these3--,universal ,suffrage1 ,vote by ,ballot1 ,annual ,parliaments1 ,payment of the ,members1 ,abolition of the ,property ,qualification1 and the ,equalization of ,electorial ,rights4 ,william ,lovett1 the author of this document1 died in ,august1 #ahgg4 ,the ,english war party1 who sided with the ,turks in the ,russo-,turkish struggle of #ahgh received the nickname of ,jingoes1 or ,the ,jingo ,party1 from the chorus of ,macdermott's famous music-hall song1 commencing-- 8,we don't want to fight1 but1 by ,jingo1 if we do60 8,jingo0 is a corruption of ,jainko1 the ,basque term for ,god4 ,hence the expression1 8,by ,jingo60 is properly a direct appeal to the ,deity4 ,a ,protectionist is one who advocates the protection of home-produce and manufactures against foreign competition by the imposition of import duties4 ,,flowers4 ,the name of ,forget-me-not originated in the following legend3--,a ,german knight and his lady were walking on the bank of the ,danube1 when the fair one saw a beautiful tuft of ,myosotis palustris growing in the water1 and expressed a wish to have it4 ,with chivalrous alacrity the knight at once plunged into the river and gathered his prize2 but before he could regain the steep and slippery bank1 encumbered as he was by his heavy armour1 he was drawn by the treacherous eddy into a deep pool4 ,finding he could not save himself1 he threw the flowers ashore to his mistress as he sank1 and uttered with his last breath the words 8,vergess mein nicht60 78,forget-me-not607 ,hence this flower has come to be universally regarded as the emblem of fidelity4 ,mignonette1 the diminutive of ,mignon1 the ,french for 8darling10 is so called on account of its delicate fragrance4 ,the ,carnation owes its name to the ,latin caro1 flesh1 in relation to its colour4 ,geranium comes from the ,greek and ,latin geranos1 a crane2 this genus of plants having a beak-like torus1 or receptacle4 ,it is also known as ,crane's-bill for the same reason4 ,pansy is an ,anglicized form of the ,french pense1 8thoughts10 this being the sentiment expressed by the flower4 ,the ,camellia was named after ,g4 ,j4 ,camelli1 the ,german botanist and missionary 7died #afij71 by whom it was introduced into ,europe from the ,east2 the ,dahlia1 after ,andrew ,dahl1 the ,swedish botanist1 who discovered it in ,mexico in #aghd2 and the ,fuchsia1 after ,leonard ,fuchs1 who brought it from ,mexico about the year #aedb4 ,the ,victoria ,regia was so called because it was introduced into this country from ,british ,guiana soon after the accession of ,queen ,victoria4 ,the ,adonis is said to have sprung out of the blood of ,adonis1 the beautiful youth who was gored to death by a boar2 and the ,hyacinth is supposed to have originated in a similar manner after ,hyacinth had fallen a victim to the jealousy of ,zephyr4 ,the ,aspasia bears the name of ,aspasia of ,miletus1 the mistress of ,pericles4 ,the term ,orchid comes from the ,greek orchis1 a testicle1 all plants of this family being distinguished by double testicles4 ,the ,sweetbriar is literally a 8fragrant thorn02 the ,lilac betrays its ,eastern origin in the ,turkish leilak1 and ,persian lilaj2 while the term ,lavender is derived from the ,latin lavere1 to wash1 because the essential oil obtained from this shrub enters into the composition of a favourite scent4 ,the ,dog-rose was so called by the ,greeks from the belief that the root of this particular rose-tree was efficacious in curing the bite of a mad dog4 ,the ,damask-rose was brought to ,england from ,damascus by ,dr4 ,linacre in #aedj4 ,the ,cabbage-rose is thick and compact like a cabbage4 ,the ,christmas-rose makes its appearance about ,christmas-time4 ,the word ,primrose1 agreeably to the ,latin prima rosa1 signifies the first rose1 or flower1 of spring4 ,the ,mayflower1 otherwise the ,hawthorn1 the ,anglo-,saxon for 8hedge-thorn10 appears in flower in the month of ,may1 while ,gilly-flower is merely a corruption of 8,july flower40 ,the ,tiger-flower is streaked like a tiger4 ,daffodil is a corruption of 8d',asphodele10 the ,french name of this flower4 ,hollyhock is not 8,holy ,oak10 but the ,anglo-,saxon holi-hoc1 or marsh mallow4 ,the ,noon-tide1 or ,noon-flower1 closes its petals at noon2 the ,convolvulus1 so called from the ,latin con1 together1 and volvere1 to roll1 does the like at sunset1 in common with the ordinary field ,daisy1 which owes its name1 a corruption of the ,anglo-,saxon doeges-eaye1 literally 8the day's eye10 to this circumstance4 ,the ,buttercup was originally so designated in accordance with an old-established idea that the yellow hue of butter was attributable to the fact of these flowers being eaten by cattle4 ,however1 as the buttercups are invariably avoided by the cattle1 the proverbial wisdom of our forefathers must for once in a way be discredited4 ,cowslip is a corruption of 8cows' leek40 ,the very common supposition that the ,sunflower inclines towards the sun is entirely erroneous1 as has been proved by observation4 ,this flower merely takes its name from its form and colour4 ,on the other hand1 if its etymology be correct1 the ,heliotrope does actually turn towards the sun1 the word helios being ,greek for sun1 and tropos1 to turn4 ,the ,goldylocks is so called on account of its tufts of yellow flowers2 whereas the ,marigold1 which bears yellow flowers1 was named in honour of ,queen ,mary4 ,both these1 with the ,sunflower1 belong to the ,chrysanthemum 7,greek chrusos1 gold1 and anthemos1 flower7 family4 ,the word ,rhododendron1 we may add1 comes from the ,greek rhodon1 rose1 and dendron1 tree4 ,the ,passion-flower symbolizes in its tints and several parts the various attributes of ,christ's ,passion1 as follows3--,the white tint1 purity2 the blue tint1 heaven2 the leaf1 the spear2 the five anthers1 the five wounds2 the tendrils1 the whips and cords2 the column of the ovary1 the pillar of the cross2 the stamens1 the hammers2 the three styles1 the nails2 the fleshy thorns within the flowers1 the crown of thorns2 the calyx1 the nimbus1 or glory4 ,in addition to the foregoing the passion-flower remains open for three days1 and this is supposed to correspond with the three years' ministry of the ,redeemer4 ,lastly1 the flower known as the ,stock received its name from the fact that it was principally sold in the old ,,stocks ,,market displaced by the building of the present ,mansion ,house in the year #agcg2 the market itself having derived its title from a pair of stocks that stood there4 ,,the ,,bible4 ,in the estimation of many millions of human beings the ,bible is very properly regarded as the 8,book of ,books40 ,and a ,book of ,books it truly is2 not only ,,the ,book above all others1 but comprising a number of distinct works from the pens of various ,inspired ,writers according to the ,old ,law and the ,new4 ,for this reason precisely the earliest ,saxon version of the ,sacred ,volume was called the ,bible in accordance with the ,greek and ,latin word biblia1 the plural of biblion1 a book1 derived from biblos1 the inner bark of the papyrus1 which was the first kind of writing material known4 8,bible10 therefore1 is a collective term for the ,scriptures1 which designation comes from the ,latin scriptura1 a writing1 based upon the verb scribere1 to write4 ,here1 again1 note the correct use of the plural4 ,the original translation of the ,hebrew ,testament into ,greek1 about the year #bfj ,b4,c41 bore the title of the ,septuagint because it employed the labours of seventy1 or rather of seventy-two1 translators4 ,more than six hundred years afterwards1 viz41 in the ,year of ,our ,lord #dje1 when ,st4 ,jerome 7born #cdf1 died #dbj7 rendered the whole of the ,scriptures--to be sure the ,new ,testament had not an existence at the time of the ,greek translation--into the ,latin tongue1 his performance was styled the ,vulgatus1 or ,vulgate1 from vulgare1 to make known to the vulgus1 the multitude4 ,this ,latin ,vulgate constitutes the ,bible of the ,roman ,catholics as authorized by the ,council of ,trent in the year #aedf4 ,it was first printed for the use of the ,christian world generally in #adfb4 ,the ,english translation of the ,old ,testament portion of the ,vulgate bears the title of the ,douay ,bible because it was first printed and published at the ,english ,college at ,douay1 in ,france1 in #afji4 ,the ,new ,testament portion1 known as the ,rheims ,bible1 was issued at ,rheims twenty-seven years earlier1 viz41 in #aehb4 ,the ,authorized ,version of the ,bible appointed to be read in the ,church of ,england is called ,king ,james's ,bible1 after ,james ,i41 who ordered it to be prepared1 and in whose reign 7in the year #afaa7 it was first given to the people4 ,the ,bishops' ,bible1 published in parts between #aefh and #aegb1 derived its name from the seven bishops that assisted ,archbishop ,parker with his revision of ,cranmer's ,bible1 otherwise ,the ,great ,bible1 so called because ,archbishop ,cranmer's version of the text1 published in #aeci1 was of large size1 specially printed for the purpose of being displayed and read by the people in the churches4 ,to the #aedj edition of this version ,cranmer prefixed a lengthy ,introduction4 ,one of the earliest ,latin ,bibles1 printed by ,gutenberg between the years #adej and #adee1 and1 indeed1 one of the earliest perfect printed books from separate types1 is known as the ,mazarin ,bible1 from a copy being discovered in ,cardinal ,mazarin's library4 ,the ,pearl ,bible was so called because it was printed in pearl type by ,field in #afec4 ,the ,geneva ,bible1 printed at ,geneva in #aefj1 also bears the singular title of the ,breeches ,bible1 owing to the substitution of the word 8breeches0 for 8aprons0 in ,genesis iii4 #g4 ,similarly1 the ,vinegar ,bible is indebted for its title to the misprinting of the word 8vineyard0 in the running headline to ,luke xx4 at the ,clarendon ,press in #agag2 the ,beer ,bible1 to the substitution of the words 8the beer0 for 8strong drink0 in the twenty-fourth chapter of ,isaiah1 ninth verse2 the ,treacle ,bible1 to the rendering of the passage1 8,is there no balm in ,gilead80 into 8,there is no more triacle at ,gilaad0 7,jeremiah viii4 #bb72 the ,whig ,bible1 to the misprinting of the word 8peacemakers10 so that the sentence reads1 8,blessed are the placemakers02 the ,wicked ,bible1 from the omission of a word in ,exodus xx4 #ad1 which caused the verse to read1 8,thou shalt commit adultery02 and the ,bug ,bible1 printed by ,john ,daye in #aeea1 from the peculiar rendering of the fifth verse in ,psalm xci41 which reads1 8,so thou shalt not need to be afraid for any bugs by night1 nor for the arrow that flieth by day40 ,the first edition of the ,authorized ,version is called the 8,he0 ,bible1 because it contains a misprint in ,ruth iii4 #ae1 the passage reading1 8,and he went into the city40 ,a subsequent issue published in the same year1 in which the mistake is rectified1 is known as the 8,she0 ,bible4 ,the ,virginia ,bible is a rare version of the ,scriptures translated into the native language of the ,north ,american ,indians of ,virginia4 ,the first edition of this ,bible was printed in #affa-c1 copies of which are said to be worth #bjj4 ,the first five books of the ,old ,testament written by ,moses bear the collective title of the ,pentateuch on account of the two ,greek words penta1 five1 and teuchos1 an implement1 a tool1 alluding to the ,books being the direct instrument of communication between ,god and ,his people4 ,the titles of these five ,books themselves are as follows3--,genesis1 which expresses the ,greek for origin or production1 describes the history of the world from its beginning2 ,exodus1 derived from ex1 out1 and odus1 a way1 narrates the departure of the ,israelites out of ,egypt2 ,leviticus sets forth the regulations affecting the priests and ,levites2 ,numbers contains the census of the ,israelites2 and ,deuteronomy1 from the ,greek deuteros1 second1 and nomos1 law1 comprises the second giving of the ,law by ,moses4 ,the designation ,apocrypha1 signifying hidden or spurious1 is applied to those ,books whose authenticity as ,inspired ,writings is not admitted2 in other words1 to those portions of the ,scriptures which1 inasmuch as they do not establish any doctrine1 are not held to be canonical1 yet are such as1 in the words of the ,prayer ,book1 8the ,church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners40 ,on the other hand1 the ,apocalypse1 signifying disclosure1 is synonymous with the 8,book of ,revelation10 and specifically applies to the concluding ,book of the ,bible4 ,,wines4 ,with one or two exceptions only1 the different kinds of wines owe their names to the places where they are produced4 ,thus1 ,burgundy and ,champagne respectively come from the ,french provinces1 ,pontac from the town1 and ,moselle from the vineyards extensively cultivated on the banks of the river1 so designated4 ,rhenish wines are popular all over ,europe2 yet none are probably more celebrated than the ,johannisberg1 produced at the ,castle of ,johannisberg 7literally1 ,john's ,rock71 near ,wiesbaden1 and ,hock1 produced at ,hockheim4 ,among ,italian wines1 ,florence comes from the historic 8,city of ,flowers10 whereas ,falernian1 celebrated by ,martial1 ,horace1 and other ,latin authors1 was made from grapes grown in the district around the ancient city of ,falernum4 ,a justly celebrated ,tuscan wine is the ,montepulciano1 produced at the old city so denominated4 ,as its name implies1 ,malaga is imported from ,malaga1 in ,spain2 ,sherry is our ,english rendering of the place-name ,xeres1 near ,cadiz2 while ,port constitutes the native wine of ,oporto1 the capital of ,portugal4 ,of ,mediterranean wines1 ,cyprus1 brought from the now ,british island of that name1 and ,malmsey1 an ,english corruption of ,malvasia1 so termed after the district in the island of ,candia1 where it is produced1 are the chief4 ,madeira and ,canary are imported from the islands so called1 situated on the great ocean highway to the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,an excellent wine greatly sought after on the ,continent1 though somewhat unknown in this country1 is ,tokay1 produced from white grapes cultivated in the district of ,tokay1 ,upper ,hungary4 ,claret owes its designation to the ,french clair1 clear1 because it is a clarified wine2 whereas ,tent ,wine is a mere corruption of the ,spanish vino tinto1 signifying a white wine coloured4 ,the sparkling champagne known as ,sillery popularizes the name of the ,marquis de ,sillery1 the proprietor of the vineyards where this particular species is produced2 just as ,pommery is destined to perpetuate the memory of ,madame ,pommery1 mother to the ,duchess de ,polignac1 and sole proprietress of the vineyards and subterranean ,pommery vaults near ,rheims4 ,moet and ,chandon similarly denotes the champagne brewed by the well-known ,french firm trading under the style of 8,moet et ,chandon40 ,among concoctions of the vinous order we have ,hippocras1 so called because it is said to have been first made according to the recipe of ,hippocrates1 the ,father of ,medicine2 ,badminton1 originally prepared at ,badminton1 the seat of the ,duke of ,beaufort2 and ,negus1 named after ,colonel ,francis ,negus1 who invented it4 ,formerly1 our countrymen set great store by ,sack1 which was simply the designation of a dry wine1 derived from the ,french word sec1 dry4 ,wine is said to be a ,dry ,wine when it is neither sweet nor sparkling4 ,it cannot be sweet because1 the fermentation being complete1 the sugar contained in it is fully decomposed2 moreover1 it is dry because the carbonic acid has escaped4 ,for the like reason1 a certain evidence that port wine has completed the process of fermentation is the collection of tartar in the interior of the bottle1 forming a crust2 hence the term ,crusted ,port4 ,a very bad wine of whatever kind usually bears the name of ,three ,men ,wine1 owing to the idea that it requires one man to hold the drinker1 and another to pour it down his throat1 while the third is the unfortunate individual himself4 ,the derivation of the term ,wine is the ,anglo-,saxon vin from the ,latin vinum1 allied to vinea1 a vine4 ,,literary ,,sobriquets4 ,gildas1 the earliest chronicler of ,british history 7born #eaa1 died #egj71 was surnamed ,the ,wise on account of his learning1 which must have excited the wonder of the semi-barbarian inhabitants of these islands in the sixth century4 ,later1 the ,saxon historian ,beda1 incorrectly called ,bede 7born #fgc1 died #gce71 was surnamed ,the ,venerable because he was also an ecclesiastic4 ,approaching more modern times1 we meet with ,john ,white1 a ,nonconformist lawyer1 who1 in consequence of being the author of a work entitled 8,the ,first ,century of ,scandalous1 ,malignant ,priests1 made and admitted into ,benefices by the ,prelates1 c410 merited the popular description of ,century ,white4 ,still nearer our own day1 ,matthew ,gregory ,lewis 7born #agge1 died #ahah7 became the recipient of the name of ,monk ,lewis1 after the publication of his famous novel1 8,the ,monk02 just as ,john ,thomas ,smith1 the antiquary 7born #agff1 died #ahcc71 was indebted to his chatty1 albeit valuable work1 8,a ,book for a ,rainy ,day10 for his sobriquet of ,rainy-,day ,smith4 ,turning to the poets1 ,john ,sylvester1 the translator of ,du ,barta's 8,divine ,weeks and ,works0 7born #aefc1 died #afac71 is popularly referred to as ,silver-tongued ,sylvester on account of the sweet melody of his verse4 ,john ,taylor1 ,the ,water ,poet 7born #aehj1 died #afed71 was a ,thames waterman2 ,james ,hogg1 ,the ,ettrick ,shepherd 7born #aggb1 died #ahce71 followed the employment of a shepherd in the forest of ,ettrick1 ,selkirkshire2 and ,edward ,capern1 ,the ,bidford ,postman 7born #ahai71 was for several years a letter-carrier in the little town of ,bidford1 ,devonshire4 ,nathaniel ,lee 7born #afee1 died #afia7 received the name of ,the ,mad ,poet from the fact of his four years' confinement in a mad-house4 ,the ,quaker ,poet was ,bernard ,barton1 the friend of ,charles ,lamb 7born #aghd1 died #ahdi72 while ,samuel ,rogers1 ,the ,banker ,poet 7born #agfc1 died #ahee71 divided his time pleasantly between the counting-house and the study4 ,thomas ,moore 7born #aggi1 died #aheb7 merited the style of ,anacreon ,moore by his translations from the ,greek poet ,anacreon1 and the circumstance that his own original verses were constructed upon the same classic model4 ,richard ,horne1 the poet and critic 7born #ahjb1 died #ahhd71 was known as ,orion ,horne1 and also as ,the ,farthing ,poet1 on account of his principal work 8,orion10 published at one farthing1 as a satire on the poverty of the book-buying public4 ,sir ,walter ,scott 7born #agga1 died #ahcb7 was surnamed ,the ,wizard of the ,north owing to the magic influence which he exerted over all classes of the people1 and the widespread fascination of his novels2 while ,henry ,mackenzie1 the author of 8,the ,man of ,feeling0 7born #agde1 died #ahca71 enjoyed the signal honour of being designated ,the ,addison of the ,north1 owing to the purity and excellence of his style4 ,no more flattering recognition of the genius of ,william ,wordsworth 7born #aggj1 died #ahej7 could ever have been desired than the title of ,the ,minstrel of the ,border1 bestowed upon him by ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,the ,corn ,law ,rhymer was ,ebenezer ,elliott 7born #agha1 died #ahdi7 who1 by the dedication of his numerous versified philippics to the opponents of ,free ,trade1 indirectly1 if not directly1 prepared the way for the repeal of the obnoxious ,corn ,laws in the year #ahdf4 ,reference to the word 8,philippics0 carries us back in imagination to ,demosthenes1 who directed one of his most famous orations against ,philip1 ,king of ,macedon2 hence1 any indignant invective or vehement denunciation is characteristically styled a ,,philippic4 ,,the ,,counties ,,of ,,england ,,and ,,wales4 ,northumberland originally denoted the land north of the ,humber2 ,cumberland1 the land occupied by the ,cymri2 and ,westmoreland1 the land of the ,westmorings1 or people of the ,western moors4 ,durham is a corruption of ,dunholm1 signifying a hill-fort on an island in the river2 dun being ,celtic for a hill1 or fort on a hill1 and holm the ,scandinavian for an island4 ,the ,shire1 or ,county1 of ,york1 in common with the majority of the ,midland and ,welsh counties1 is named after its chief town2 or rather1 in this case1 the ancient city described in documents as ,eurewic1 but pronounced ,yorric1 from its position on the river ,eure1 now known as the ,ouse4 ,lancashire indicates the ,shire of ,lancaster1 the caester1 or camp-town1 on the ,lune4 ,this ,anglo-,saxon word ,caester1 derived from the ,latin castra1 a camp1 fortress1 appears also in the names of ,cheshire1 a contraction of ,caestershire1 the ,shire of ,chester1 the town built on the site of the old ,roman castra1 or camp2 in ,leicestershire1 the ,shire of the camp-town on the river ,leire1 now called the ,soar2 in ,worcestershire1 the ,shire of ,hwic-ware-shire1 or fortress-town1 of the ,huiccii2 and in ,gloucestershire1 the ,shire of the camp-town in which ,gloi1 a son of the ,emperor ,claudius1 was born during the ,roman occupation of ,britain4 ,lincoln is a contraction of the ,latin ,lindumcolonia1 signifying the colony formed by the ,romans on the ,llyn-dun1 literally 8the fortified hill by the pool10 originally occupied and so called by the ancient ,britons see ,,london4 ,the names ,norfolk and ,suffolk respectively indicate those portions of the eastern coast settled by the ,angles1 who separated into two distinct tribes1 viz41 the north folk and the south folk4 ,essex is a contraction of ,east-seaxe1 denoting the territory occupied by the ,east ,saxons2 ,sussex1 of ,suth-seaxe1 or ,south ,saxons2 and ,middlesex1 of ,middle-seaxe1 or the inhabitants of the district between ,essex and ,wessex1 the land of the ,west ,saxons1 which1 under the ,heptarchy1 extended to the westward as far as ,devon4 ,surrey is a modification of the ,anglo-,saxon ,suth-rey1 south of the river1 i4e41 the ,thames4 ,kent was formerly ,cantium1 indicating the land bestowed upon ,canute1 one of the companions of ,brute1 an early ,king of ,britain1 who1 according to ,geoffrey of ,monmouth1 settled in ,england and eventually founded the ,danish dynasty4 ,hampshire1 also written ,hants1 expresses the ,shire of ,hantone1 or ,hantune1 now known as ,southampton1 the south town on the river ,ant1 or ,southampton ,water4 ,dorset was originally ,dwrset1 a compound of the ,celtic dwr1 water1 and the ,anglo-,saxon set1 a settlement1 alluding to the early settlement of this district by a tribe of ,britons who styled themselves ,dwr-trigs1 or 8water-dwellers40 ,somerset is a corruption of the ,anglo-,saxon ,suthmorset1 literally 8the south-moor-settlement40 ,devon is a modified form of ,dwfuient1 the ,celtic for 8the deep valleys40 ,an earlier name for this portion of ,britain was ,damnonia1 the territory of the ,damnonii1 a ,celtic tribe4 ,cornwall denotes the territory of the 8foreigners in the horn10 agreeably to the ,latin cornu1 a horn1 referring to its numerous promontories1 and its inhabitants the ,wahl1 the ,saxon term for 8foreigners40 ,like ,wales1 this portion of our island was never invaded by the ,anglo-,saxons2 consequently its people1 the ,cymri1 a branch of the ,celts1 were left in undisturbed possession see ,,wales4 ,the ,duchy of ,cornwall is still included in the ,principality of ,wales4 ,wiltshire only partly expresses the ,shire of ,wilton1 a contraction of ,willy-town1 or the town on the river ,willy4 ,berkshire is a modern spelling of the ,anglo-,saxon ,bearoc-scire1 8forest shire10 in allusion to the forest districts of ,bagshot and ,windsor2 while ,buckingham was originally described as ,boccenham1 the ,anglo-,saxon for 8beech-tree-home10 this county being especially noted for its beeches4 ,oxford derived its name from the ,ox-ford over the ,isis2 ,hertford1 from the ford crossed by harts2 ,hereford1 from the army ford2 and ,stafford1 from the ford crossed by means of staves or stilts4 ,bedford is a contraction of ,bedican ford1 the ,anglo-,saxon for 8the protected ford40 ,cambridge owes its name to the ,university town by the bridge over the ,cam1 or crooked river see ,,camberwell4 ,huntingdon was anciently a great deer forest1 and therefore much resorted to for hunting4 ,northampton is a corruption of ,north-avon-town1 alluding to its position north of the river ,neu1 in olden times known as the ,avon4 ,rutland expresses the ,anglo-,saxon for 8red land10 referring to the colour of its soil4 ,warwick is the modern description of the ,anglo-,saxon ,waer-wic1 signifying the garrison1 or war town4 ,nottingham is a corruption of ,snotingaham1 8the place of caves10 so called on account of the soft sandstone which so greatly facilitated the formation of caverns during the early history of our country2 as e4g41 8,mortimer's hole10 and the subterranean passage that led thereto from ,nottingham ,castle in the reign of ,edward ,,iii4 ,derby is a contraction of the ,saxon ,deer-by1 or 8wild-beast village10 doubtless so designated from its frequent invasion by strange animals from the mountainous district of 8,the ,peak0 in search of prey4 ,shropshire denotes the ,shire of ,scrobbesburgh1 the ,anglo-,saxon for 8shrub-town10 modified by the ,normans into ,sloppesburie 7from which the present town of ,salop derived its name71 and corrupted in modern times into ,shrewsbury4 ,monmouth indicates the county that includes the mouth of the ,mon1 originally described as the ,mynwy1 8the border river40 ,anglesea1 properly ,anglesey see ,,chelsea1 c41 is one of the three counties of ,wales whose names are not essentially ,welsh4 ,thus1 ,glamorgan signifies the ,gwlad-,morgan1 or territory of ,morgan1 a chieftain who lived in the tenth century2 ,brecknock is the hill of ,brecon1 or ,brychan1 a ,welsh prince2 ,radnor is a modern spelling of ,rhiadnwr-,gwy1 meaning 8the ,cataract of the ,wye02 ,montgomery refers to the fortress built on the mont1 or height1 by ,roger de ,montgomerie1 in #ajic2 ,denbigh was originally ,dinbach1 the ,celtic and ,cymric for 8a little fort02 ,flint was so called from the quantity of quartz found in this county2 ,carnarvon owes its origin to ,cr-yu-ar-,fon1 the cr1 or fortress1 on the arfon1 or water2 ,carmarthen denotes the fortress erected by ,merlin2 ,merioneth was named after ,merion1 an early ,british saint2 ,cardigan indicates the territory of ,ceredig1 a ,welsh chieftain2 while ,pembroke signifies the pen1 or head of the broc1 the ,celtic and ,cymric for a district1 so called because this promontory was virtually the ,land's ,end4 ,,carriages4 ,the ,phaeton owes its designation to the mythological personage of that name who received permission to drive the sun-car of ,helios1 his father1 for one day1 with the result that1 being overthrown1 he nearly set the world on fire4 ,the ,victoria was introduced in the year that witnessed the coronation of ,her ,majesty ,queen ,victoria4 ,the ,clarence was the favourite conveyance of the ,duke of ,clarence1 afterwards ,william ,,iv4 ,the ,brougham1 invented in #ahci1 received its name from ,lord ,brougham1 who was the first to permanently adopt it2 and the same may be said of the ,stanhope1 so called in compliment to ,lord ,stanhope4 ,the ,sociable is an appropriate name enough for an open carriage of which the facing seats afford opportunity for pleasant conversation4 ,the ,landau was first made at ,landau in ,germany2 whereas the ,tilbury perpetuates the name of a celebrated ,london sportsman who introduced this particular species of carriage during the early part of the present century4 ,the small1 light1 one-horse vehicle known as a ,dog-cart is so called because such a one was originally constructed for sportsmen to drive their pointers and setters 7which they kept in a box under the seat7 to the scene of the sport4 ,the term ,buggy is a corruption of ,bourgeois1 a ,french name indicating a vehicle intended for the middle classes so denominated2 while ,gig is a contraction of the ,italian giga1 a romp1 and the ,french gigue1 a lively dance1 a jig1 in allusion to its jumping and rocking motion4 ,the like derivation applies to the long1 light ship's wherry which passes under the same name4 ,the term ,sulky1 as applied to a light two-wheeled conveyance1 owed its origin to the fact that1 when it was introduced1 people hazarded the opinion that none but sulky1 morose1 and selfish people would ride in such a carriage1 because it had only accommodation for one person4 ,the ,noddy1 peculiar to ,dublin1 derives its title from the jolting motion which keeps its riders continually nodding2 and the ,jaunting ,car1 from the jaunts and country outings for which1 on the other side of the ,irish ,sea1 these vehicles are largely employed4 ,the ,english ,break bears its name because it partakes of the character of the four-wheel vehicle used by horse-breakers2 indeed1 it differs from the latter only in the addition of the upper portion containing the seats4 ,stage-coaches were originally so called on account of the different stages at which they stopped to change horses and refresh the passengers4 ',bus is short for ,omnibus1 a ,latin word signifying 8for all40 ,the step at the back of an omnibus is facetiously styled the ,monkey-board1 in consequence of the capers usually executed thereon by the conductor4 ,the board on either side of the roof of the vehicle1 upon which theatrical and other advertisements are exhibited is known as the ,knife-board1 from its fancied resemblance to that article of domestic utility4 ,so far from having derived its name from one of the northern suburbs of ,london1 a ,hackney-coach is simply an ,english rendering of coche-a-haquence1 the literal ,french for a coach drawn by a hired horse4 ,the word ,coach 7,french1 coche1 the diminutive of the ,italian conchula1 a shell7 really means a shell-like contrivance upon wheels4 ,cab is a contraction of the ,cabriolet1 from cabriole1 a goat's leap1 in allusion to its lightness and springiness1 first introduced in ,paris4 ,this vehicle1 after undergoing sundry changes and improvements1 was patented in the year #ahhc as the 8,safety ,cab0 by ,joseph ,aloysius ,hansom1 from which circumstance it has in more recent times come to be generally designated the ,hansom ,cab4 ,the term ,hearse traces its origin through the ,german hirsch from the ,gothic hersa1 a sepulchral mound4 ,at a later date it implied a temporary monument1 but nowadays it denotes the funeral car4 ,the word ,funeral1 by the way1 is a contraction of the ,latin funeralis1 signifying a torchlight procession1 from funis1 a torch1 because interments among the ,romans always took place by night4 ,pantechnicon is a ,greek word1 composed of pan1 all1 and techne1 art1 indicative of the place where every kind of industrial art was exhibited or exposed for sale4 ,in modern days the term has come to be exclusively applied to a vehicle constructed for the removal of household furniture4 ,lastly1 the cloth that covers the box-seat of a carriage of any kind is called the ,hammer-cloth1 because in the old coaching days it concealed the box which contained a hammer1 nails1 and other implements useful for repairs in the event of a breakdown on the journey4 ,,dances4 ,dancing is styled the ,terpsichorean ,art in honour of ,terpsichore1 the daughter of ,jupiter and ,mnemosyne1 whom the ancients regarded as its inventress4 ,the ,morris ,dance1 from which our 8,jack in the ,green0 and his fellow ,may-day revellers trace their origin1 was the military dance of the ,moors1 or ,moriscoes1 introduced into this country by ,john of ,gaunt on his return from ,spain in the reign of ,edward ,,iii4 ,five men and a boy took part in it1 and from the fact of the boy wearing an ill-fitting helmet called a morione1 he received the name of 8,mad ,morion10 which was subsequently corrupted into ,maid ,marian4 ,the ,saraband was invented by ,zarabanda1 a famous dancer of ,seville in the sixteenth century4 ,the ,gavotte arose among the ,gavots1 a people who inhabited the department of the ,upper ,alps and the province of ,dauphiny1 in ,france4 ,quadrille is the literal ,french for 8a little square10 so called from the position taken up by the dancers2 while the ,lancers derived their name from a company of ,lancers who originally improvised this variation of the ,quadrille for their own amusement while seated in their saddles4 ,the ,polka1 of ,polish origin1 is so designated on account of the ,bohemian word pulka1 a half1 in allusion to the half step occurring in it2 the ,schottische is a variation of the ,polka2 the ,mazourka is the national dance of ,poland--all of which1 with the addition of the ,redowa1 are native terms4 ,the ,waltz is a contraction of the ,german ,waltzer1 derived from the verb waltzen1 to roll1 to revolve1 alluding to the revolutions made by the pairs of dancers placed vis--vis4 ,the ,country ,dance1 so far from being a peasants' dance1 is nothing more than a corruption of the ,french contre-danse1 signifying that the parties place themselves opposite to each other during the dance4 ,strictly speaking1 the ,contre-danse and the ,quadrille are one and the same4 ,the ,roger de ,coverley derived its name from the great-grandfather of ,roger de ,coverley1 or rather1 to be precise1 of ,roger of ,cowley1 near ,oxford1 who invented it4 ,the ,minuet 7,latin minutus1 small7 is so called wholly on account of the short steps peculiar to this dance4 ,the ,tarantella was invented in ,italy out of the supposition that the profuse perspiration which it induced was a certain cure for the poisonous bite of the ,,tarantula ,,spider1 named after the city of ,taranto1 where its baneful presence was first manifested4 ,cinderella ,dances are those which terminate before midnight1 in allusion to ,cinderella of nursery renown4 ,the origin of the word ,ball1 in its application to a dancing-party1 is somewhat singular4 ,centuries ago there was in vogue on the ,continent a three-fold game1 in which the players danced to the sound of their own voices while they threw to one another a ball4 ,in all probability this arose out of the curious 8,ball-,play in ,church0 by the ,neapolitans during the ,saturnalia1 or 8,feast of ,fools10 corresponding to our ,easter-tide4 ,there is even now a statute in existence which regulated the size and character of the ball to be used on such occasions4 ,in opening the ceremony1 the ,dean took the ball in his left hand1 and commenced an antiphon1 which the organ took up2 whereupon he tossed the ball to first one and then another of the choir-boys1 as they joined hands1 sang1 and danced around him4 ,when1 therefore1 the three-fold game alluded to above divided and its three sets of dancers became independent of each other1 the dance itself took the name of the article that was1 as if by common consent1 discarded--to wit1 the ball2 and the song was styled the ,ballata1 or1 according to the modern ,english1 a ,,ballad indicative of a dancing-song2 while the verb ballare1 to dance1 gave existence to the ,french ,ballet1 signifying a dance tune4 ,apropos of the ,ballet1 the term ,coryphe1 as applied to a ballet-dancer1 traces its origin from the ,greek coryphus1 the designation of one who danced to the lute in the theatres of the ancients4 ,en passant1 the famous war dance of the ,greeks1 executed in very quick time and known as the ,phyrric ,dance1 was so denominated after ,pyrrichos1 a celebrated ,dorian flautist4 ,the ,hornpipe is an inversion of pib-gorn1 the name of the old ,welsh instrument consisting of a pib1 or pipe1 with a gorn1 or horn1 at each end1 to which this dance was originally stepped2 the ,reel has reference to the whirling evolutions performed by the dancer1 as of winding cotton on a reel2 whereas the ,jig comes from the ,french gigue1 a lively dance1 and gige1 a stringed instrument1 the usual accompaniment to this rough-and-ready style of pedal exhilaration4 ,the term ,breakdown is an ,americanism1 denoting the last boisterous dance before the breaking up of a dancing-party towards early morning4 ,appropriately enough1 such a dance invariably constitutes the final item of a negro-minstrel entertainment4 ,,pigments ,,and ,,dyes4 ,the word ,pigment is a contraction of the ,latin pigmentum1 based upon the verb pingere1 to paint4 ,dye traces its origin to the ,anglo-,saxon deag1 a colour1 remotely derived from the ,latin tingere1 to stain4 ,several of the pigments most generally used owe their names to the places whence they are1 or were originally1 brought4 ,as examples3 ,umber was first obtained in the district of ,umbria1 in ,italy1 and ,sienna1 properly called ,terra di ,sienna1 or ,sienna ,earth1 from ,sienna2 ,gamboge comes from ,cambodia1 formerly known as ,gambogia1 in ,siam2 ,indigo1 from ,indicus1 the ancient description of ,india2 and ,krems ,white1 from the city of ,krems1 in ,austria1 where it is exclusively manufactured4 ,prussian ,red1 ,brunswick ,green1 ,brunswick ,black1 ,frankfort ,black1 ,hamburg ,lake1 ,venetian ,red1 and ,chinese ,yellow1 speak for themselves4 ,prussian ,blue1 also called ,berlin ,blue1 was first made by a native colourman of ,berlin in the year #agaj2 whereas ,saunders ,blue is merely a corruption of cendres-bleus1 the ,french for blue ashes1 this pigment being obtained from calcined bluestone4 ,another name for the latter is ,ultramarine1 because it was originally brought from ultra1 beyond1 and marinus1 the sea4 ,the deep blue known as ,mazarine was named after ,cardinal ,mazarin1 the ,prime ,minister of ,france 7born #afjb1 died #affa71 in whose time it was first prepared2 while the puce colour known as ,pompadour received its designation from ,madame le ,pompadour1 the mistress of ,louis ,,xv4 7born #agba1 died #agfd71 who popularized it4 ,cardinal is so called because it expresses the exact shade of the red habit worn by the cardinals of the ,church2 the term ,carmine owes its origin to the ,italian carminio1 purple2 while ,carnation denotes a flesh tint1 in accordance with the ,latin caro1 flesh4 ,the colour which results from the combination of a vivid red with more or less white is styled ,pink1 owing to its resemblance to the flower so designated4 ,the origin of the word ,purple must be sought in connection with the circumstance in which this dye1 or colour1 was discovered4 ,it appears that one day a favourite dog belonging to ,hercules of ,tyre chanced to eat a species of fish known to the ancients as the purpura2 and upon returning to his master1 the latter found the lips of the animal tinged with the colour that was shortly afterwards imitated and denominated purple4 ,the term ,scarlet is a modification of sakarlat1 the ,persian description of a bright red colour2 while ,crimson traces its existence through the ,old ,english crimosyn to garmaz1 the ,arabic term for the cochineal insect1 from whose dried body1 found upon a species of cactus1 this vivid dye-stuff is obtained4 ,the beautiful purple obtained from chloride of gold bears the name of ,cassius after its inventor4 ,magenta was named in commemoration of the ,battle of ,magenta1 fought in #ahei2 and ,vandyke ,brown1 from its having been so frequently used by ,vandyk 7born #aeii1 died #afda7 that it forms a characteristic colour in all his portraits4 ,sepia is the ,greek designation of the cuttle-fish1 and the pigment so called is obtained from the dark juice secreted by the glands of the ,indian species of this fish4 ,sap-,green is prepared from the juice of the ripe berries of the buckthorn2 whereas ,emerald ,green denotes the particular shade of green that characterizes the emerald4 ,lamp ,black is so called because it was originally obtained from the burning of resinous matter over a lamp4 ,ivory ,black is a pigment formerly obtained from charred ivory1 but nowadays from bones4 ,the origin of ,isabel1 a dull brownish-yellow1 with a mixture of red and grey1 is as follows3--,when the ,duke of ,austria was besieging ,ostend in #afja1 ,isabella1 his wife1 the daughter of ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain1 vowed that she would not change her linen until the town had been taken4 ,unfortunately for her personal comfort1 the town held out for two years1 at the end of which period her linen assumed the characteristic hue that was afterwards imitated by the ingenious colourman who sought to honour her by perpetuating the incident4 ,,london ,,districts ,,and ,,suburbs4 ,at that remote period when the first rude huts were established on the banks of the ,thames1 the surrounding scene could have presented nothing more inviting to the eye than an extensive marsh or morass4 ,that such was undoubtedly the case the existing names of ,,fenchurch ,street and ,,finsbury1 furnish ample evidence4 ,the former marks the site of an ancient church situated among the fens1 while the latter is an easy corruption of ,fensbury1 the ,anglo-,saxon designation for 8a town among the fens40 ,therefore it was not surprising that the barbaric ,britons1 who founded what we now call ,london1 should have given the name of ,llyn-dun see ,,lincoln to their colony beside the ,thames4 ,apropos of the ,thames1 the name of our noble river is merely a slight contraction of the ,latin ,thamesis1 signifying 8the broad ,isis40 ,isis is the ,celtic for water4 ,westminster was denominated after the ,abbey see ,,westminster ,,abbey4 ,belgravia is the name given to the fashionable district of which ,belgrave ,square is the common centre4 ,pimlico owed its designation to an attempt on the part of the tavern-keepers of this neighbourhood to rival the celebrated nut-brown ales of one ,ben ,pimlico1 who kept a pleasure-garden near ,hoxton1 the road to which was known as ,pimlico ,walk 7still in existence71 and the garden itself1 first as 8,pimlico's10 and subsequently as 8,pimlico40 ,the name of ,knightsbridge carries us back to the time when two knights1 on their way to receive a blessing from the ,bishop of ,london at ,fulham1 engaged in a deadly combat on the bridge that spanned the ,westbourne1 exactly on the spot where ,albert ,gate now stands4 ,prior to this incident the bridge had borne the name of ,fulham ,bridge4 ,mayfair occupies the site of an annual six days' fair held in ,may1 originally at the instance of ,edward ,i41 for the benefit of the leper hospital of ,st4 ,james the ,less1 ,bishop of ,jerusalem1 now ,st4 ,james's ,palace4 ,the district of ,soho was known by its present name as long ago as the sixteenth century2 8,so ho60 being the cry of the huntsmen when calling off their harriers in the days when the whole of ,london west of ,drury ,lane was open country4 ,bloomsbury is a corruption of 8,lomesbury ,village10 of which the ,manor ,house stood on the site of ,bloomsbury ,square4 ,smithfield is a modern perversion of 8,smoothfield10 an extensive tract of meadow land where horses were sold and tournaments were held as far back as the twelfth century4 ,the first recorded ,english horse-race was witnessed in ,smoothfield in the year #aaed4 ,clerkenwell derived its name from an ancient well 7now marked by an iron pump let into the wall at the south-east end of ,ray ,street7 beside which the parish clerks performed their ,miracle ,plays4 ,spa ,fields1 now built over1 owed their designation to a medicinal well1 or ,spa1 discovered in #abjf1 and subsequently known as 8,the ,london ,spa40 ,the proper description of ,bunhill ,fields is ,bonhill1 i4e41 8good hill0 ,fields1 so styled because the victims of the ,great ,plague were buried here in #affe4 ,moorfields was formerly a bleak moor skirting the northern portion of the marshy land known as ,fensbury1 now ,finsbury1 already referred to4 ,shoreditch did not receive its name from ,jane ,shore1 neither is the word a corruption of 8,sewer ,ditch10 as some writers have suggested4 ,this district really comprised the manor of ,sir ,john ,soerditch1 a wealthy ,london citizen and a valiant knight who fought by the side of ,edward the ,black ,prince at ,crecy and ,poictiers4 ,whitechapel was designated after the ,white ,chapel of ,st4 ,mary1 built in #afgc4 ,goodman's ,fields perpetuated the name of the owner of the land now known as the ,minories1 upon which a ,priory of the ,nuns of ,st4 ,clare was afterwards built4 ,shadwell is a corruption of ,st4 ,chad's ,well1 discovered in this neighbourhood in ancient times4 ,the once-notorious ,ratcliffe ,highway derived its name from the ,manor of ,ratcliffe1 belonging to the adjoining parish of ,stepney4 ,the title has now been changed to ,st4 ,george's ,street4 ,stepney was anciently described as ,stebenhithe1 signifying that it contained a wharf or haven belonging to one ,steben or ,steven4 ,spitalfields marks the site of the ancient ,priory of ,st4 ,mary of the ,spittle1 dissolved in #aecd4 ,the ,french refugees established the silk manufacture here in #afhe4 ,bethnal ,green recalls the existence of the old family of the ,bathons1 whose history is first recorded in connection with their property situated in this neighbourhood during the reign of ,edward ,i4 ,hoxton is a corruption of ,hogsdon1 meaning hog's town4 ,in proof of this statement we may add that ,,hog ,,lane still exists in the vicinity4 ,de ,beauvoir ,town preserves the family name of the ,de ,beauvoirs1 whose original ancestor1 ,richard de ,beauvoir1 of ,guernsey1 resided here in princely style4 ,copenhagen ,fields were so called after a tea-house opened by a ,dane1 about the time when the ,king of ,denmark paid a visit to ,james ,i4 ,haggerstone is a corruption of 8,hergotestan10 the literal ,saxon for 8,our ,god's ,town40 ,hackney was originally described as ,hackoneye1 signifying an ey1 or portion of well-watered pasture land1 appropriated by a ,danish chief named ,hacon see ,,chelsea1 c44 ,dalston is properly ,daleston1 or ,vale-town4 ,this was a quiet suburban village situated in a valley during the days when the northern districts of the ,metropolis were more or less wooded--as witness ,stoke ,newington1 or the new town in the meadow by the wood4 ,the word ,stoke comes from the ,anglo-,saxon stoc1 a wood or stockade2 ton is the ,old ,english for town1 and ing the ,anglo-,saxon for a meadow1 also a family settlement4 ,southgate is expressive of the southern entrance to the enclosure1 anciently known as ,enfield ,chase2 and ,kingsland the royal domain adjacent to it4 ,abney ,park owes its name to ,,abney ,,house1 recently converted into a ,conservative ,club1 but originally the residence of ,sir ,thomas ,abney 7born #afci1 died #agbb71 ,lord ,mayor and a distinguished ,nonconformist1 knighted by ,william ,,iii4 ,dr4 ,isaac ,watts died at ,abney ,house in #agdh4 ,green ,lanes indicates the rural character of this neighbourhood in bygone times4 ,edmonton is properly ,edmond's-town4 ,the name of ,ball's ,pond is all that remains to remind us of the one-time existence of 8,the ,salutation0 house of call which had a pond for dog and duck sports1 kept by ,john ,ball4 ,mildmay ,park is so called after ,,mildmay ,,house1 the family seat of ,sir ,henry ,mildmay1 who came into possession of the estate by his marriage with the daughter of ,william ,halliday1 an ,alderman of the ,city in the time of ,charles ,i4 ,muswell ,hill is a slight corruption of ,mustwell ,hill1 derived from the ,latin mustus1 new1 fresh2 because on this hill there was anciently discovered a well of clear1 fresh water by the friars of ,st4 ,john's ,priory1 ,clerkenwell1 who had a dairy hereabouts4 ,that portion of the hill which has been cut through for the construction of the line of railway to ,enfield1 ,barnet1 and the north1 bears the name of ,the ,hog's ,back1 in allusion to its shape4 ,the name of ,wood ,green is self-explanatory4 ,hornsey is a corruption of 8,harringe10 or meadow of hares4 ,canonbury received its title from the residence of the ,prior of the ,canons of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 built in this neighbourhood soon after the ,conquest4 ,bury is ,saxon for a town or enclosed habitation1 equivalent to the ,celtic don1 and ,old ,english ton4 ,in days of old1 ,highbury contained a ,priory of the ,knights of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem1 built in #abga4 ,the establishment was called ,high-bury1 because it stood upon higher ground than their previous residence which had borne the name of ,tolentone1 or lower town4 ,holloway reminds us that this was once a miry hollow between ,highgate and ,islington4 ,barnsbury is a corruption of ,berners-bury1 originally a manor belonging to ,lady ,juliana ,berners1 ,abbess of ,st4 ,albans4 ,islington has always been a favourite suburb in modern times1 and even our medival ancestors must have been delighted with its situation1 lying high and dry beyond the fens and the sloughy neighbourhood of the 8old bourne40 ,its name signifies 8the settlement of the ,islings40 ,king's ,cross derived its name from a wretched statue of ,george ,,iv41 set up in honour of his accession in #ahbj1 and demolished to make way for the ,london terminus of the ,great ,northern ,railway in #ahdb4 ,the parish of ,st4 ,pancras is so called after the church dedicated to the boy-saint who was martyred by ,diocletian in the early days of ,christianity4 ,agar ,town1 now entirely swept away by modern improvements1 was designated after ,william ,agar1 a miserly lawyer who acquired the lease of the land for building purposes in #ahdj4 ,somers ,town is the property of ,lord ,somers1 and ,camden ,town1 of the ,earl of ,camden4 ,kentish ,town was formerly written 8,kestestown02 but even that was a corruption of 8,kantelowes ,town10 erected upon the ,manor of ,kantelowes4 ,the modern spelling of this family name is ,cantlowes4 ,primrose ,hill is still a pleasant eminence whereon primroses grow1 despite the encroachments of bricks and mortar all around4 ,highgate is a title expressive of the elevated situation of the village that sprang up around the toll-gate established on the common highway from ,barnet to ,gray's ,inn ,road about the year #adjj4 ,holly ,village1 ,highgate1 was so called by its foundress1 the ,baroness ,burdett-,coutts-,bartlett1 after her residence1 ,holly ,lodge1 hard by4 ,hampstead signifies a farmhouse or homestead4 ,the word is ,saxon3 ham1 a home1 and stede1 a place4 ,in its wider sense1 ham denotes a town4 ,the western slope of ,hampstead bears the name of ,frognal1 after ,frognal ,priory1 an ambitious edifice built here by ,memory-,corner ,thompson 7born #ageg1 died #ahdc71 in imitation of ,horace ,walpole's toy village on ,strawberry ,hill4 ,bishop's ,wood1 ,hampstead1 comprised the private estate of the ,bishop of ,london1 at the time when that ecclesiastic resided at ,highgate4 ,gospel ,oak received its designation from the oak that marked the boundaries of ,hampstead and ,st4 ,pancras1 and under which1 in accordance with an ancient custom1 the ,gospel was read once a year4 ,john ,whitfield is said to have preached under this oak4 ,chalk ,farm is a corruption of 8,chalcot ,farm10 a picturesque farmhouse in whose vicinity duels were usually fought during the century gone by4 ,st4 ,john's ,wood was anciently a thickly wooded district sheltering an 8,abbey of the ,holy ,virgins of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist40 ,kilburn owes its name to the ,kil1 the ,celtic word for a cell1 occupied by 8one ,godwyne1 a holy hermit10 beside the bourne1 or brook4 ,maida ,vale was so called in commemoration of the ,battle of ,maida1 in which the ,english defeated the ,french1 ,july #d1 #ahjf4 ,marylebone does not signify 8,mary the ,good10 as the majority of ,londoners imagine1 but 8,st4 ,mary of the ,bourne10 alluding to the church of ,st4 ,mary within sight of the bourne that ran from the hermit's cell at ,kilbourne down to ,tyburn1 or rather ,twa-burne2 so called because two different bournes1 or streams1 met in the neighbourhood where the ,marble ,arch now stands4 ,the name of ,bayswater has undergone considerable change from the original4 ,not so very long ago the whole of this district was known as ,bayswater ,fields2 during the last century it bore the name of 8,bear's ,watering10 and previously that of ,baynard's ,watering4 ,by the last was meant the land dotted with pools held from the ,manor of ,westminster1 by ,ralph ,baynard1 the favourite of ,william the ,conqueror1 who resided at ,,baynard',s ,,castle1 at ,blackfriars1 on the north bank of the ,thames4 ,these pools1 together with the ,tyburn were converted into what is now styled the ,,serpentine1 owing to its form1 in #agcc4 ,paddington1 originally written ,padynton1 was the settlement or town of the ,pdings1 a branch of the family who originally established themselves at1 and gave their name to1 ,padendene1 in ,surrey4 ,westbourne ,park derived its name from the west bourne1 or stream1 that wended its way from the hermit's cell at 8,kilbourne10 in the direction of the 8,baynard's ,watering10 and thence1 after passing under ,fulham 7or ,knights'7 ,bridge1 emptied itself into the ,thames4 ,notting ,hill is a corruption of ,knolton ,barn 7,hill71 a manor held by the ,de ,veres1 and subsequently by ,robert ,fenroper1 an ,alderman of the ,city1 in the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 ,the name of ,shepherd's ,bush once more puts us in mind of the pastoral character of the environs of ,london in the days gone by4 ,acton is an ,anglo-,saxon name for 8,oak town10 signifying the town built in the vicinity of the large ,oak ,forest4 ,gunnersbury denotes the town1 or enclosed habitation1 named after ,gunylda1 the niece of ,king ,canute1 who resided here during the ,danish occupation of ,england4 ,kew was anciently described in documents as ,kay-hoo1 meaning a quay situated on a hoo1 or hoe1 the ,scandinavian for a spit of land4 ,brentford signifies the ford over the ,brent1 a tributary of the ,thames that takes its rise near ,hendon4 ,isleworth means a manor beside the water4 ,the first portion of the word comes from the ,celtic1 ,isis1 water2 the second is ,anglo-,saxon for a manor4 ,staines owes its name to the boundary stone 7,saxon stane1 a stone7 by the river1 which displays the words 8,god preserve the ,city of ,london40 ,the date of this stone is #abhj4 ,kingston was designated after the ,king's stone1 now preserved within railings near the ,town ,hall1 upon which the ,saxon monarchs sat to be anointed4 ,shepperton is ,old ,english for ,shepherd's ,town1 or the abode of shepherds4 ,the name of ,twickenham denotes a hamlet situated between two tributaries of the ,thames4 ,richmond was anciently known as ,sheen1 a ,saxon term for 8resplendent10 in allusion to the palace erected by ,edward ,i4 ,when ,henry ,,vii4 rebuilt the palace1 after its destruction by fire in #adgi1 he changed the name of the village to ,richmond1 in perpetuation of his title of ,earl of ,richmond prior to ascending the throne4 ,this king died here in #aeji4 ,chiswick is a corruption of 8,cheoselwick10 derived from the ,anglo-,saxon ceosel1 sand1 gravel1 and the ,teutonic wick1 a reach1 from the root waes1 a moist meadow4 ,hammersmith was originally ,hammersmeide1 a ,saxon village distinguished for the number of its smithies4 ,the forename1 ,hammer1 is ,scandinavian for a village or small town4 ,kensington derived its name1 or rather that of ,kynsington1 the ,saxon for ,king's meadow1 with the ,old ,english suffix ton1 a town1 from a royal residence erected here in very early times4 ,brompton was so called from the broom-trees that grew in the neighbourhood of this healthy ton or town4 ,chelsea is described in old documents as 8,chevelsey10 meaning shingle island4 ,the first portion of the word claims the same etymology as ,chiswick1 viz41 ceosel1 sand1 gravel2 while the suffix ey1 or ea1 is also ,anglo-,saxon1 derived from oe1 the ,scandinavian for running water4 ,these terminals always indicate water1 and not unfrequently an island1 properly so called2 as1 for example1 ,anglesey1 the ,isle of the ,angles4 ,in the case of ,hackney the terminal is expressive of a well-watered pasture1 as has already been seen2 whereas in the cases of ,chelsea and ,battersea the allusion is not merely to their proximity to the ,thames1 but to their partial isolation in ancient times from the adjacent land on account of the creeks and inlets of the river4 ,battersea1 we may here remark1 is described in ,domesday ,book as 8the ,manor of ,patricesy02 but even this early name was a corruption of ,petersey1 or ,st4 ,peter's-ey1 because it had belonged to the ,abbey of ,st4 ,peter's1 ,westminster1 from time out of mind4 ,to return3 ,walham ,green denotes a settlement of foreigners2 wal1 being a modification of wahl1 the ,celtic for foreign1 and ham1 the ,old ,english for a home4 ,fulham was formerly written 8,fullenhame10 the ,anglo-,saxon for a habitation of water-fowl4 ,parson's ,green received its name from the parsonage in connection with ,fulham ,church that stood here previous to #agdj4 ,percy ,cross1 ,fulham1 is a corruption of 8,parson's ,cross10 referring to a cross on the roof of the parsonage on ,parson's ,green4 ,putney was originally 8,puttaney10 the ,saxon for ,putta's ,isle2 whereas ,wimbledon was ,wibbandun1 a ,celtic term signifying the dun1 or hill-fort1 belonging to one ,wibba4 ,the name of ,wandsworth denotes a manor watered by the ,wandle4 ,lambeth is a corruption of 8,loamhithe10 the ,anglo-,saxon for haven of the loamy soil4 ,vauxhall is described in a document dated #abhb as the ,manor of ,faukeshall4 ,as1 however1 this manor was originally held by ,fulke de ,breante soon after the ,conquest1 it is highly probable that the designation was more correctly ,fulke's ,hall1 afterwards corrupted into ,faukeshall4 ,the present spelling of the name may be traced back to the year #afae1 when the ,hall1 or ,manor ,house1 was occupied by ,jane ,vaux4 ,southwark is a modification of the ,anglo-,saxon 8,suthwerk10 and the ,danish ,sydrike1 literally the south fortification4 ,during the ,danish occupation of ,england this was a very strong position4 ,bermondsey was anciently written ,beormundsey1 signifying that the ey1 or strip of land intersected by creeks see ,,chelsea1 c41 belonged to ,beormund1 a prominent ,anglo-,saxon lord4 ,horselydown is properly ,horsadown1 so called because this district was originally a down used for grazing horses4 ,walworth was named in honour of ,sir ,william ,walworth1 ,lord ,mayor in #achj1 who resided here4 ,the ,borough recalls the fact that the inhabitants of ,london south of the ,thames were ,burghers1 and1 therefore1 entitled to the rights and privileges of ,corporation4 ,rotherhithe is ,saxon for red haven1 alluding to the colour of the soil4 ,the name of ,deptford indicates the deep ford over the ,ravensbourne1 which is now spanned by a bridge4 ,greenwich means the green town1 or1 more precisely1 the verdant settlement beside the wick1 or reach of the river see ,,chiswick2 whereas ,woolwich was originally ,hylwich1 i4e41 hill town4 ,the ,isle of ,dogs is a corruption of 8,isle of ,ducks10 so described in ancient documents on account of the number of wild-fowl always to be found there4 ,new ,cross derived its name from 8,the ,golden ,cross10 a famous old coaching-house1 rebuilt and renamed 8,the ,new ,cross40 ,lewisham is properly ,leawreham1 or meadow-home4 ,blackheath is a corruption of ,bleakheath4 ,eltham was formerly written 8,ealdham10 the ,anglo-,saxon for the old home or dwelling1 referring to the palace occupied by the ,english kings down to the time of ,james ,i4 ,catford is a contraction of ,cattleford1 signifying a shallow portion of the ,ravensbourne easily forded by cattle4 ,the ,university town on the ,isis received its present name of ,,oxford for a similar reason4 ,beckenham denotes a home beside the beck or brook4 ,here again the ,ravensbourne comes into notice4 ,sydenham means the home or habitation in the south4 ,the names of ,forest ,hill1 ,norwood1 a contraction of ,northwood1 and ,westwood remind us that the whole of this district was formerly a large tract of wooded land4 ,dulwich is a corruption of ,dalewich1 the town in the dale4 ,honor ,oak owes its designation to the boundary oak1 under whose umbrageous shade ,queen ,elizabeth is said to have dined4 ,nunhead derived its name from 8,the ,nuns' ,head10 a place of holiday resort for ,londoners1 dating back more than two hundred years4 ,peckham was originally ,beckham1 a home distinguished for its becks or brooks4 ,brixton is a corruption of the ,anglo-,saxon 8,brigestan10 the bridge of stone4 ,camberwell derived its name from a miraculous well discovered close by the parish church dedicated to ,st4 ,giles1 the patron of cripples4 ,cam is ,celtic for crooked4 ,in this instance the word applies to the cripples1 or rather to their patron saint4 ,on the other hand1 the ,university town of ,,cambridge was so called from the bridge over the ,,cam1 a river distinguished for its winding course4 ,stockwell is in allusion to the well found in the stoc1 or wooded place1 in ,anglo-,saxon times4 ,kennington means a settlement in the ,king's meadow4 ,one of the palaces of ,henry ,,viii4 stood here4 ,newington denotes the new town in the meadow4 ,finally1 the name of ,st4 ,george's ,fields was derived from the neighbouring church of ,st4 ,george the ,martyr4 ,,battles4 ,the ,tearless ,victory was the name given by ,plutarch to the victory won by ,archimadus1 ,king of ,sparta1 over the ,argives and ,arcadians in the year #cfg ,b4,c4 without the loss of a single ,spartan soldier4 ,the ,thundering ,legion is the historical designation given to the ,roman legion that overthrew the ,alemanni in the year #agi ,a4,d41 during a thunderstorm1 which was supposed to have been sent in answer to the prayers offered up by the ,christians4 ,not only did the storm strike terror into the minds of their enemies1 but it also enabled the ,romans to relieve their long-protracted thirst4 ,the ,hallelujah ,victory received its name from the battle-cry of the newly-baptized ,bretons1 who were led to the attack by ,germanus1 ,bishop of ,auxerre1 in the year #dbi4 ,the ,battle of the ,standard1 fought between the ,english and the ,scots at ,northallerton1 ,august #bi1 #aach1 was so called because the standard of the former consisted of a tall crucifix borne upon a wagon4 ,from the crucifix itself there was suspended the ,consecrated ,host enclosed in a pyx1 while floating beneath were the bannerets of ,,ss4 ,peter1 ,wilfrid1 and ,john of ,beverley4 ,the ,battle of the ,herrings 7,february #ab1 #adbi7 obtained its title from the defeat suffered by the ,duc de ,bourbon when attempting to intercept a convoy of salted herrings on their way to the ,english besieging ,orleans4 ,the ,battle of ,spurs is the more familiar designation of the ,battle of ,guinnegate1 in which ,henry ,,viii4 defeated the ,duc de ,longueville 7,august #af1 #aeac71 because the ,french were said to have used their spurs more than their swords4 ,this event1 however1 must not be confounded with ,the ,battle of the ,spurs of ,gold1 which took place between the ,french and the ,flemish at ,courtray1 in ,belgium1 ,july #aa1 #acjb4 ,in this engagement the ,french were completely routed1 and the spurs of upwards of eight thousand of the vanquished knights were left upon the field4 ,these were collected and preserved as trophies of war in the ,church of ,notre ,dame de ,courtray4 ,the ,battle of ,marignano 7,september #ac1 #aeae7 also bears the name of ,the ,battle of the ,giants1 owing to the defeat by ,francis ,i41 ,king of ,france1 of #a1bjj ,swiss ,guards1 the allies of the ,milanese4 ,the ,battle of ,leipsic 7,october #af-ah1 #ahac7 is known as ,the ,battle of ,all the ,nations1 because1 in addition to signalizing the overthrow of ,napoleon and the deliverance of ,germany1 it was the champion battle of the nations of ,europe4 ,,notable ,,days ,,and ,,festivals4 ,that ,new ,year's ,day is the first day of the recurring year goes without saying4 ,previous to #ageb1 when the year commenced on the #beth of ,march1 its four recognized quarters were ,whitsuntide1 ,lammastide1 ,martinmastide1 and ,candlemastide2 at the present time they are ,lady ,day1 ,midsummer1 ,michaelmas1 and ,christmas4 ,let us at once consider the meaning of these terms4 ,whitsuntide is the season ushered in by ,whit ,sunday1 a corruption of ,white ,sunday1 because1 during the primitive ages of the ,church1 all newly-baptized persons were required to attend ,mass in white garments on this day4 ,as every one knows1 ,whit ,sunday commemorates the descent of the ,holy ,spirit upon the ,apostles in the form of fiery tongues4 ,it is highly probable1 therefore1 that the true meaning of ,whit1 or ,white1 ,sunday remains to be sought in connection with the wisdom symbolized by these fiery tongues4 ,after all1 the original spelling of this festival-name may have been ,witan ,sunday1 the ,anglo-,saxon for ,wisdom ,sunday2 just as the earliest ,english parliaments were styled ,,witanagemotes1 or 8meetings of the wise men40 ,but to proceed4 ,lammastide literally signified the season of ,first ,fruits2 since on ,lammas ,day1 a term compounded out of the ,anglo-,saxon hlaf1 a loaf1 and msse1 a feast1 7,aug4 #ast71 it was formerly the custom to offer bread made of new wheat in the churches4 ,martinmas ,day 7,nov4 #dth71 latterly corrupted into ,martlemas ,day1 denotes the ,feast of ,st4 ,martin1 ,bishop of ,tours in the fourth century4 ,candlemas ,day1 or the ,feast of the ,purification 7,feb4 #bnd71 which commemorates the presentation of the ,infant in the ,temple in accordance with the ,jewish ,law instituted #adij ,b4,c41 because the early ,christians walked in procession to ,mass with lighted candles in their hands on this day4 ,this religious observance was introduced by ,pope ,gelasius in the fifth century1 as a literal bearing out of the words spoken by ,holy ,simeon when he took the child ,jesus in his arms3 8,lord1 now lettest ,thou ,thy servant depart in peace1 according to ,thy word2 ,for mine eyes have seen ,thy salvation1 which ,thou hast prepared before the face of all people3 ,a light to lighten the ,gentiles1 and the glory of ,thy people ,israel0 7,luke ii4 #bi-cb74 ,it is still the practice in the ,roman ,catholic ,church to make offerings of candles for the use of the altar on this day4 ,lady ,day 7,mar4 #beth7 is but another name for the ,feast of the ,annunciation1 or the day upon which 8the angel of the ,lord appeared unto ,mary10 and announced that she was to become the ,mother of the ,son of ,god4 ,midsummer ,day 7,june #bdth7 expresses the midday of the year2 while ,michaelmas ,day 7,sept4 #bith7 is the ,feast of ,st4 ,michael1 the patron saint of the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,as the latter feast falls upon the first day of autumn1 the hiring of labourers and domestics in the rural districts takes place at this time4 ,christmas ,day is1 to put it literally1 the ,feast ,day of ,christ1 being the anniversary of the ,nativity of the ,blessed ,redeemer4 ,innocents' ,day1 formerly known as ,childermas ,day 7,dec4 #bhth71 commemorates the ,massacre of the ,innocents by ,herod4 ,twelfth ,day 7,jan4 #fth71 signifying the twelfth day after ,christmas ,day1 bears the ecclesiastical name of the ,epiphany1 from the ,greek ,epiphaneia1 a showing or appearance1 because on this day the ,infant manifested ,himself to the ,three ,wise ,men from the ,east who came to adore ,him4 ,in olden times the ,feast of the ,epiphany was kept with great solemnity in the churches during the day1 followed by a festival of a more social character in the evening1 thus accounting for the old-fashioned appellation of ,twelfth ,night4 ,the #gth of ,january was formerly called ,distaff's ,day1 because the ,christmas festivities having come to an end with ,twelfth ,night1 the women were expected to return to their distaffs and other regular occupations on this day4 ,another name for the same occasion was ,rock ,day1 rock being the ,anglo-,saxon term for a distaff4 ,similarly1 the first ,monday after the ,epiphany bore the designation of ,plough ,monday1 on account of the men returning to the plough and the ordinary labours of the field on this day4 ,handsel ,monday1 the first ,monday in the ,new ,year1 was so called by the ,anglo-,saxons because then it was that handsels1 or presents1 were bestowed upon domestics and children4 ,to the best of our knowledge the custom no longer exists in any portion of this country2 or perhaps it may be more correct to say that its observance has been universally transferred to ,boxing ,day 7,dec4 #bfth71 originally so styled from the opening of the various alms-boxes in the churches1 and the distribution of their contents1 which bore the name of a ,christmas ,dole1 to the poor by the clergy on this day4 ,moreover1 since heads of families usually gave their children and domestics small sums of money to drop into the boxes for the latter purpose on ,christmas morning1 we here trace the origin of the term ,christmas ,box1 which nowadays applies to a present received by servants and others during the ,christmas season4 ,the word ,lent is a contraction of the ,old ,english lenten1 and the ,anglo-,saxon lencten1 the spring1 both derived from lencgan1 to lengthen1 because the long fast of the ,christian ,church occurs when the days begin to lengthen4 ,shrove ,tuesday1 also known as ,pancake ,tuesday1 derived its name from the shriving or confessing imposed upon the faithful on this day4 ,the custom of eating pancakes originated from the fact that this species of food afforded a stay to the appetite during the long hours of waiting in church to be shrived4 ,the distribution of ashes on ,ash ,wednesday commemorates the passage in the third chapter of ,genesis1 where the ,lord curses ,adam in these words3 8,in the sweat of thy face thou shalt eat bread till thou return to the ground2 for dust thou art1 and unto dust thou shalt return40 ,passion ,sunday1 which precedes ,palm ,sunday1 is devoted to a general commemoration of the subject of ,christ's ,passion4 ,palm ,sunday owes its name to the distribution of palms in the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 in allusion to the palms borne by the populace who accompanied the ,redeemer into ,jerusalem shortly before ,his betrayal by ,judas4 ,the week following ,palm ,sunday is called ,passion ,week1 and also ,holy ,week1 because it contains the days upon which the incidents of ,christ's ,passion are particularly commemorated4 ,maunday ,thursday is the first1 not at all on account of the maund1 the ,saxon term for an alms-basket1 formerly presented to the poor by the ,lord 7or rather by the ,lady1 8the loaf-giver07 of the ,manor1 but from the ancient ceremony of washing the feet of poor persons1 in imitation of ,christ at the ,last ,supper1 when ,he said1 8,mandatum novum do vobis10 c41 the ,french for ,mandatum being ,maund4 ,the ecclesiastical designation of this day is ,holy ,thursday1 in commemoration of the ,agony and ,bloody ,sweat of the ,saviour in the ,garden of ,gethsemane4 ,good ,friday1 the anniversary of the ,crucifixion1 was originally known as 8,god's ,friday40 ,the ,anglo-,saxons usually called this day ,long ,friday1 in consequence of the length of the ,church service4 ,holy ,saturday is the day upon which the ,church commemorates the ,burial of ,christ4 ,the word ,easter bears in itself no ,christian significance whatever1 having been derived from ,eoster1 the goddess of light1 or spring1 in whose honour a festival was anciently held in the month of ,april4 ,the ,jewish festival corresponding to our ,easter is called the ,passover1 in commemoration of the ,destroying ,angel having passed over the houses of the ,israelites whose door-posts were marked with the blood of a lamb killed the previous night in accordance with the ,divine command1 when ,he smote the firstborn of the ,egyptians in the year #adia ,b4,c4 ,returning to the ,christian ,church1 the ,sunday after ,easter is called ,low ,sunday1 because it stands at the bottom of the ,lenten ,calendar2 being the last day upon which ,roman ,catholics may fulfil their ,easter obligation of receiving the ,holy ,communion4 ,sexagesima ,sunday1 ,quinquagesima ,sunday1 and ,quadragesima ,sunday are situated in the ,calendar respectively sixty1 fifty1 and forty days before ,easter2 the terms expressing the ,latin for those round numbers4 ,the ,feast of ,whitsuntide1 which we have already discussed1 also bears the name of ,pentecost1 from the ,greek pentekoste1 the fiftieth day1 in commemoration of the gift of the ,law to the ,israelites fifty days after their deliverance out of ,egypt4 ,trinity ,sunday1 so called from the ,latin trinitas1 three1 is the ,festival of the ,holy ,trinity1 i4e41 the unity of the three persons1 the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost1 under one ,godhead4 ,corpus ,christi expresses the ,latin for the ,body of ,christ1 especially alluding to the ,last ,supper4 ,as the ,church considered it out of keeping with the solemnity peculiar to ,holy ,week1 the celebration of this ,high ,festival has been transferred to the ,thursday after ,trinity ,sunday4 ,the ,sunday preceding ,ascension ,day is called ,rogation ,sunday because it ushers in the three ,rogation ,days1 or days of preparation1 conformably to the ,latin rogare1 to beseech1 for the ,feast of the ,ascension4 ,we may conveniently add here that ,ember ,days are those days of especial fasting and prayers that occur in each of the four seasons of the year1 viz41 the ,wednesday1 ,thursday1 and ,saturday after the first ,sunday in ,lent1 and the corresponding three days after the ,feast of ,whitsuntide1 the #adth of ,september1 and the #acth of ,december4 ,the weeks in which these days occur are styled ,ember ,weeks2 the allusion to embers 7,anglo-,saxon1 myrie1 hot ashes7 being commemorative of the ancient custom of doing penance by the wearing of sackcloth and ashes4 ,on ,ascension ,day the ,church celebrates the ,ascension of our ,saviour2 while the ,feast of the ,assumption similarly reminds ,roman ,catholics of the consummation of the ,virgin's mission upon earth by being assumed into ,heaven4 ,holy ,cross ,day1 ,holy ,rood ,day1 and the ,feast of the ,exaltation of the ,cross are one and the same1 the term ,rood being ,old ,english1 derived from the ,anglo-,saxon rd1 for cross4 ,this festival1 which occurs on the #adth of ,september1 celebrates the restoration of the ,holy ,cross of ,calvary to ,jerusalem in the year #fbh4 ,all ,saints' ,day 7,nov4 #ast71 is the day dedicated to those whose sanctification during life merited their canonization by the ,church after death2 while ,all ,souls' ,day 7,nov4 #bnd7 is the day set apart for special prayers1 having for their object the liberation of the suffering souls in ,purgatory4 ,the older designation of the first-named was ,allhallowes ,day1 in accordance with the ,anglo-,saxon word haligan1 holy4 ,allhallowe'en denoted the evening before1 generally attended with sundry amusements in the social circle2 conspicuous among which was the cracking of nuts in large quantities in the fire1 whence it received the name of ,cracknut ,night4 ,st4 ,valentine's ,day 7,feb4 #adth7 is sacred to the memory of ,bishop ,valentine1 a ,christian martyr beheaded at ,rome on this day in the year #bgh4 ,the custom among young people of sending poetical souvenirs to their sweethearts on the birthday of ,st4 ,valentine originated from the old notion that birds commenced to couple on this day3 hence1 a sweetheart chosen on the #adth of ,february anciently bore the name of a ,,valentine4 ,nowadays1 alas6 the paper ,,valentines are all that remain to remind us of the fact4 ,st4 ,swithin's ,day 7,july #aeth7 perpetuates the memory of ,st4 ,swithin1 the preceptor of ,king ,ethelwulf and ,bishop of ,winchester1 who died ,july #b1 #hfb4 ,the vulgar belief that if it rains on this day it will continue to rain for forty successive days is attributed to the tradition that when1 despite the saint's dying request to be buried in the churchyard1 the clergy took steps to disinter his body in order to remove it within the cathedral1 a heavy downpour of rain necessitated a postponement of their efforts on thirty-nine successive days1 whereupon1 after the fortieth attempt1 they determined to allow the saint to remain where he lay4 ,st4 ,david's ,day 7,mar4 #ast7 commemorates the victory won by the ,welsh over the ,saxons on the birthday of their ,archbishop 7born #dij1 died #eed71 in the year #edj4 ,it was in consequence of the ,archbishop having ordered them on this occasion to place a leek in their caps1 so as to distinguish one another from the invaders1 that the ,welsh afterwards adopted the leek as their national emblem in his honour4 ,comb's ,mass1 which in the north of ,scotland1 and ,caithness more particularly1 takes the place of our ,whitsuntide1 is the colloquial term for the ,feast of ,st4 ,columba1 ,abbot of ,iona 7born #eba1 died #eig74 ,primrose ,day 7,april #aith7 is the anniversary of the death of ,lord ,beaconsfield 7born #ahjd1 died #ahha74 ,the abundant display of primroses on this day1 particularly on the part of the members of the ,primrose ,league1 established in #ahhd in his honour1 originated in the ,queen's primrose wreath sent to the funeral of the great statesman1 thus inscribed--8,his favourite flower40 ,the custom of displaying a sprig of oak on ,royal ,oak ,day 7,may #bith7 perpetuates the manner in which the ,royalists welcomed the return to ,england of ,charles ,,ii4 on his birthday1 ,may #bi1 #afea1 in allusion to his concealment in the oak at ,boscobel1 after the ,battle of ,worcester1 on the #crd of ,september previous4 ,guy ,fawkes' ,day keeps alive the incident of the ,gunpowder ,plot1 by the timely discovery of which1 ,november #e1 #afje1 the wholesale destruction of ,king ,james's ,parliament was averted4 ,the name of the chief conspirator was not ,guy1 but ,guido ,fawkes2 his execution took place ,january #ac1 #afjf4 ,arbor ,day is an expression scarcely understood in this country1 except1 perhaps1 at ,newcastle-upon-,tyne1 where the ,transatlantic ceremony of planting trees1 shrubs1 and flowers within the school precincts1 was publicly performed for the first time by the ,mayor1 ,june #aa1 #ahhh4 ,this annual observance prevails not only throughout the ,united ,states and ,canada1 but also in certain portions of ,british ,columbia1 where the trees have to be coaxed into growing4 ,forefathers' ,day 7,dec4 #bjth7 is kept as a high holiday in ,new ,england1 commemorative of the landing of the ,pilgrim ,fathers at ,new ,plymouth in the year #afbj4 ,independence ,day 7,july #dth71 perpetuates the memory of the ,american ,declaration of ,independence1 #aggf2 and ,evacuation ,day 7,nov4 #beth71 the date of the evacuation of ,new ,york ,city by the ,british army1 at the conclusion of the ,american ,war of ,independence1 #aghc4 ,the ,sunday in ,mid-,lent when the ,pope blesses the ,golden ,rose1 and children and domestics out at service visit their mothers to feast upon ,,mothering ,,cakes1 really owes its name of ,mothering ,sunday to the ancient custom of making offerings to 8,mother ,church0 on the afternoon of this day4 ,st4 ,grouse's ,day is a popular nickname given to the #abth of ,august 7,grouse ,day71 when grouse shooting commences2 and ,st4 ,partridge's ,day1 to the #ast of ,september 7,partridge ,day71 which opens the season for partridge shooting2 while ,sprat ,day 7,nov4 #ith7 is the first day for selling sprats in ,london4 ,the expression ,red ,letter ,day1 signifying a past event generally referred to with pleasure1 found its origin in the old almanacks1 where the ,festivals and ,saints' ,days were printed in red ink and the rest in black4 ,this arrangement still obtains in ,roman ,catholic countries4 ,holiday is a corruption of ,holy ,day1 or a day originally set apart by the ,roman ,catholic ,church for the celebration of some feast in commemoration of an important event1 or in honour of a particular saint4 ,the word ,almanac1 also written ,almanack1 is derived from the ,arabic al manah1 to count2 whereas ,calendar is a contraction of the ,latin calendarium1 an account-book4 ,,textiles1 ,,embroideries1 ,,and ,,lace4 ,several of our textile fabrics are indebted for their names to the places where they were first manufactured4 ,as examples3 ,damask ,linens and ,silks originally came from ,damascus2 ,muslin from ,moosul1 in ,mesopotamia2 ,nankeen from ,nankin1 in ,china2 ,calico from ,calicut1 on the ,malabar ,coast2 ,cashmere from the valley of ,cashmere1 in ,india2 ,dimity from ,damietta1 in ,egypt2 ,valence from ,valencia1 in ,spain2 and ,holland from the ,netherlands4 ,cambric was first made at ,cambray2 ,shalloon at ,chalons2 and ,tarlatan at ,tarare3 each of these towns being situated in ,france4 ,worsted formerly comprised the staple industry of a town of that name in ,norfolk2 ,cobourg is brought from ,cobourg1 in ,germany2 while ,angola comes from the ,portuguese territory so called on the ,west ,coast of ,africa4 ,the coarse woollen cloth known as ,frieze was originally imported from ,friesland4 ,the name of ,cotton is a modification of the ,arabic qoton2 ,silk is derived from the ,latin sericus1 soft2 and ,satin from the ,italian seta1 a species of silk distinguished for its gloss and close texture4 ,variegated silk or other stuff bears the name of ,brocade in accordance with the ,italian verb broccare1 to prick1 to stitch1 to figure2 ,damassin is a damask cloth interwoven with flowers1 or silver1 or gold2 ,sarsanet is a fine silk1 originally made by the ,saracens2 ,mohair is properly ,moorhair1 or the hair of the ,angola goat introduced into ,spain by the ,moors2 whereas ,moire ,antique is the ,french description of a watered silk worked up in the manner of that worn in the olden time4 ,chintz is a ,persian word signifying spotted or stained2 ,taffety1 or ,taffeta1 is a modification of the ,persian tftah1 derived from taftan1 to spin2 ,linen is an ,anglo-,saxon rendering of the ,latin linum1 flax2 and ,lawn is simply fine linen bleached upon a lawn instead of the customary drying-ground4 ,pompadour received its name from ,madame le ,pompadour1 the mistress of ,louis ,,xv4 of ,france 7born #agba1 died #agfd71 who was the first to introduce it4 ,swansdown is1 of course1 made from the down of swans2 ,moleskin is not the skin of the mole1 but a strong cotton fabric or fustain having a smooth surface like the mole-skin2 ,merino is manufactured from the wool of the ,merino sheep2 and ,alpaca from that of the alpaca1 a species of llama found in ,peru4 ,kersey is a corruption of ,jersey1 indicative of the place where this favourite woollen material was first produced4 ,the dyed cotton stuff known as ,gingham1 out of which umbrellas were formerly made--hence the slang term for those articles--is so called after the native ,javanese name pronounced ginggang4 ,we may also conveniently add here that ,blankets received their designation from ,thomas ,blanket1 who first made them at ,bristol as long ago as the year #acdj4 ,the name of ,velvet traces its origin from the ,latin villus1 shaggy hair2 and ,plush from pilus1 a hair4 ,velveteen is a cotton velvet or a cloth in imitation of velvet4 ,fustian1 derived from the ,spanish fustan1 is a generic term for the twilled cotton stuffs of which velvet1 corduroy1 c41 are the chief4 ,grogram is a corruption of the ,french gros-grain1 meaning coarse-grained2 whereas ,corduroy is properly ,cord du roy1 ,king's ,cord1 so called because1 owing to its ribbed or corded surface1 it was at one time considered superior to any other kind of cloth intended for masculine wear4 ,pina-cloth1 a material much used for ladies' dresses1 is manufactured from the fibres of the pine-apple leaf2 just as ,grass-cloth is extensively worked up into light jackets for ,indian wear from the ,grass ,cloth plant which abounds in ,china1 ,assam1 and ,sumatra4 ,t-cloth comprises a special kind of cloth expressly manufactured in this country for exportation to ,india1 and distinguished by a ,t marked upon it2 while ,broadcloth simply bears its name on account of its unusual width4 ,the name of ,twill is a modification of the ,german ,zwillich1 signifying trellis-work1 and founded upon twillen1 to separate in two1 since this cloth presents the appearance of diagonal lines or ribs upon its surface4 ,tweed is a cloth made in the neighbourhood of the river ,tweed2 but it did not always bear this name4 ,the cloth is really twill1 and the altered designation arose out of the word being blotted in an invoice sent to ,james ,locke1 of ,london1 who1 conceiving it to look like 8,tweed10 suggested that it might as well stand for the name of the cloth as any other4 ,plaid owes its name to the ,gaelic peallaid1 a sheepskin out of which the over-garments of the ,highlanders were originally made4 ,check is but another name for ,plaid1 meaning checkered1 i4e41 marked with variegated or crossed lines2 as1 for example1 a draught-board1 of which the counters are1 on account of their cross movements1 called ,,checkers or ,,chequers4 ,the word ,embroidery is a modern substantive evolved out of the old verb 8,embordering10 by which was meant the adornment of any material with a border4 ,tapestry is derived1 through the ,french tapisserie1 from the ,latin tapes1 a carpet4 ,the celebrated ,bayeaux ,tapestry1 supposed to have been the work of ,matilda1 queen of ,william the ,conqueror1 and her maidens1 took its name from the ,norman town where it was discovered in #agbh4 ,gobelin ,tapestry preserves the memory of the ,brothers ,gobelin1 the great ,french dyers 7flourished #adgj7 whose house in ,paris was acquired in #affb by ,louis ,,xiv4 for the production of tapestry and other works of ornamental design suitable for the adornment of palaces under the direction of ,m4 ,colbert4 ,the more ancient name for ,tapestry was that of ,arras1 in allusion to the town situated in the ,french ,netherlands whence it chiefly came4 ,having regard to ,lace1 it will suffice to observe that ,lisle1 ,chantilly1 ,brussells1 ,honiton1 c41 severally identify the ,lace with the local centres where its manufacture is principally carried on2 that ,valenciennes is made at ,valenciennes1 in ,france2 and that ,colbertine derives its name from ,m4 ,colbert1 the superintendent of the ,french ,royal ,lace ,factories established by ,louis ,,xiv4 in the seventeenth century4 ,lace is styled ,point-lace when it is worked with the point of a needle2 and ,pillow-lace when produced by twisted threads around a series of pins arranged on a cushion4 ,the latter1 which has so greatly superseded the more costly point-lace1 is said to have been the invention of ,barbara ,uttmann1 of ,st4 ,annaberg1 in the year #aefa4 ,the word ,lace itself comes from the ,latin laques1 a noose or snare4 ,tulle1 a species of network or lace1 is indebted for its designation to the ,french town of that name where it was first made4 ,,literary ,,pseudonyms4 ,so far from being chosen at random these are frequently the result of much premeditation4 ,voltaire 7born #afid1 died #aggh71 whose proper name was ,arovet1 composed out of this and the initials ,l4 ,i4 7le jeune7 the anagram by which all his writings are identified4 ,again1 ,barry ,cornwall is an imperfect anagram founded upon ,bryan ,waller ,procter 7born #agij1 died #ahgd71 the poet's real name2 whereas ,yendys1 the signature of ,sydney ,dobell 7born #ahbd1 died #ahgd71 was merely the ,christian name reversed4 ,to cite an instance of another class3 ,charles ,james ,apperley1 of ,denbighshire1 author of 8,the ,chase1 the ,turf1 and the ,road10 and a regular contributor to ,the ,quarterly ,review could scarcely have hit upon a more fitting pseudonym than that of ,nimrod1 who 8was a mighty hunter before the ,lord10 alluded to in ,genesis x4 #i4 ,such a choice will be the better understood1 perhaps1 when it is mentioned that out of regard for the sporting tastes of his esteemed contributor1 ,mr4 ,pittman1 the proprietor of the ,quarterly kept a stud of hunters for his especial use4 ,equally appropriate was the pseudonym ,zadkiel1 denoting the angel of the planet ,jupiter1 adopted by ,lieutenant ,richard ,james ,morrison1 author of 8,the ,prophetic ,almanack10 which still survives as an annual publication4 ,washington ,irving selected the nom de plume of ,knickerbocker for his 8,history of ,new ,york10 in allusion to the wide breeches worn by the original settlers of that city4 ,the true account of how ,charles ,lamb 7born #agge1 died #ahcd7 adopted the name of ,elia for his 8,essays0 is as follows3--,his first contribution to the 8,london ,magazine0 being a description of the ,old ,south ,sea ,house1 in which he had spent several months of his noviciate as a clerk1 he at the very moment of appending his signature1 bethought himself of a gay1 light-hearted foreigner who used to flutter about there2 and1 as a mere matter of whim1 he wrote down the name of that individual instead of his own4 ,boz1 the early nom de plume of ,charles ,dickens 7born #ahab1 died #ahgj71 arose out of the nickname of ,moses conferred by him upon a younger pet brother in honour of ,moses ,primrose in the 8,vicar of ,wakefield40 ,the other children of the family1 however1 found it impossible to utter a nearer pronunciation to the name than 8,bozes10 which presently became shortened in 8,boz02 and the latter hit the fancy of our young author sufficiently to lead him to its adoption at that period of his literary career when he lacked the confidence to appear before the world under his own name4 ,out of an analogous incident sprang ,ouida1 the pseudonym of one of the most widely-read lady novelists of the present day4 ,her actual name is ,louise de la ,rame 7born in #ahdj72 but remarking the infantile conversion of ,louise into 8,ouida10 she was struck by the novelty of such a nom de plume1 and immediately adopted it4 ,another lady novelist of probably higher attainments assumed the name of ,george ,sand 7born #ahjd1 died #ahgf7 as the outcome of her attachment to a young student named ,jules ,sand1 or rather ,sandeau1 with whom she collaborated in the production of 8,rose et ,blanche10 her first novel4 ,the real name of this lady was ,mdlle4 ,dupin1 afterwards changed by marriage to ,madame ,dudevant4 ,it may be deemed interesting to learn also that ,artemus ,ward was an actual name borne by an eccentric showman with whom ,charles ,farrar ,browne1 the ,american humorist 7born #ahcd1 died #ahfg7 often came into personal contact2 and1 further1 that ,samuel ,langhorne ,clemens 7born in #ahce7 owes his singular pseudonym to the fact of having been employed in early life as a pilot on one of the ,mississippi ,river steamboats4 ,the nautical phrase for taking soundings1 ,mark ,twain1 or1 in other words1 8mark two fathoms10 suggested the name under which the works of the latter have become widely popular on both sides of the ,atlantic4 ,finally1 not every one is aware that ,f4 ,m4 ,allen1 the pseudonym of ,mr4 ,edmund ,downey1 author of 8,the ,voyage of the ,ark10 8,through ,green ,glasses10 and some other books of ,irish humour1 was his wife's maiden name4 ,,counterfeit ,,presentments4 ,a ,portrait1 so called from the ,latin protrahere1 to draw forth1 is produced by the individual skill of an artist2 whereas a ,photograph1 conformably to the two ,greek words photos1 light1 and graphein1 to write1 is obtained by the action of sunlight upon a chemically prepared surface1 such as silver1 zinc1 copper1 glass1 or paper4 ,the earliest examples of portraiture were styled ,miniatures because they originated from the head of the ,virgin or of some well-known saint introduced into the initial letters of illuminated rubics by the ,miniatori1 a number of monks noted for their skill in painting with minium1 or red lead4 ,the reason why the portraits of monarchs are represented on coins and medals in ,profile dates back to ,antigonus1 one of the generals of ,alexander the ,great1 who1 having lost one eye1 ordered his likeness to be drawn from a side view4 ,this occurred in the year #ccj ,b4,c4 ,the term is a corruption1 by way of the ,french profil1 of the ,latin perfilum1 compounded out of per1 through1 by1 and filum1 a line1 a thread4 ,a profile cut out of black paper bears the name of a ,silhouette in honour of ,etienne de ,silhouette1 the ,french ,comptroller of ,finance under ,louis ,,xv4 7born #agji1 died #agfg71 who was the first to have his features outlined in this manner4 ,the earlier descriptions of photographs were respectively styled ,talbotypes1 ,daguerreotypes1 and ,ferriertypes1 after the names of their inventors4 ,the smaller-sized photographs at present in use were originally described as ,cartes-de-,visite from the practice of the ,duc de ,parma1 who1 while staying at ,nice in the year #aheg1 had his photograph produced on the back of his visiting cards4 ,the designation ,vignette1 which expresses the ,french diminutive of vine or tendril1 owes its origin to the vine-leaves or branches that properly surround the photographs produced in this style4 ,a photograph of the larger size is called a ,cabinet because it forms a picture suited to the walls of a cabinet or very small room4 ,a three-quarter-length photograph or portrait is styled among artists a ,kit-,kat1 in allusion to the portraits of the original members of the 8,kit-,kat ,club10 which were painted by ,sir ,godfrey ,kneller for ,jacob ,tonson1 the secretary1 to suit the dimensions of the room in which the ,club was latterly held at his villa at ,barn ,elms4 ,similarly1 a canvas measuring #bh inches by #cf inches is styled a ,kit-,kat ,canvas because this was the uniform size of the famous 8,kit-,kat ,club portraits40 ,we may as well add here that the ,,kit-,,kat ,,club derived its name from ,christopher ,kat1 a pastrycook of ,king ,street1 ,westminster1 in whose house the thirty noblemen and gentlemen who formed themselves into a ,club for the purpose of promoting the ,protestant ,succession in the year #agjc held their first meetings4 ,,london ,,inns ,,and ,,gardens4 ,in our article on ,,tavern ,,signs we confined ourselves to a general survey of the subject2 we now purpose to consider the significance of a few ,inn ,signs that are1 or were once1 peculiar to ,london4 ,commencing with the celebrated ,tabard1 in ,southwark1 so dear to the memory of ,chaucer and his ,canterbury ,pilgrims1 that sign was derived from the rich tunic or mantle of the same name worn by military nobles over their armour and emblazoned with heraldic devices4 ,the ,tabard still forms part of the costume of the heralds4 ,la ,belle ,sauvage1 on ,ludgate ,hill1 was1 as is evident from a legal document dated the thirty-first year of the reign of ,henry ,,vi41 known both as 8,savage's ,inn0 and 8,the ,bell and the ,hoop40 ,the latter was the actual sign1 representing a bell within a hoop1 of the ,inn which was kept by ,isabelle ,savage2 and the combination of these two names resulted in the punning title of 8,la ,belle ,sauvage40 ,the ,swan with ,two ,necks1 in ,lad ,lane1 was a corruption of 8,the ,swan with ,two ,nicks40 ,as most ,londoners are aware1 it has long been the custom of the ,vintners' ,company1 in their annual 8swan-upping0 expeditions on the ,thames1 to mark their swans with a couple of nicks or notches in the bill1 so as to distinguish them from the royal swans1 whose nicks are five in number1 viz41 two lengthways and three across on the bill4 ,that this characteristic mark of the ,vintners' ,company should have been chosen for a ,london ,inn ,sign is scarcely extraordinary4 ,the sign of ,the ,elephant and ,castle1 on the south side of the river1 was adopted from the crest of the ,cutlers' ,company1 into whose trade ivory1 and consequently elephants' tusks1 enters very considerably4 ,with regard to the 8,castle10 this was in medival times inseparable from the idea of an elephant1 owing to the part which these huge animals anciently took in the ,punic wars4 ,another 8,elephant and ,castle0 exists in the parish of ,st4 ,pancras1 near ,king's ,cross2 but this sign originated from the discovery1 in #agad1 of the skeleton of an elephant in the neighbourhood of ,battle ,bridge4 ,a flint-headed spear lay beside the remains1 and from this it is reasonable to conjecture that the animal must have been killed by the ,britons who were led by ,queen ,boadicea against the ,romans in the year #fa ,a4,d4 ,the ,horse ,shoe1 ,tottenham ,court ,road1 came into existence as a sign from the large horse-shoes nailed up at the entrance of ,messrs4 ,meux's brewery adjoining4 ,the shoes are also conspicuous on the trappings of the dray-horses belonging to that establishment2 in short1 they comprise the trade-mark of the firm4 ,the ,blue ,posts1 at the corner of ,hanway ,street1 nearly opposite the 8,horse ,shoe10 arose out of the fancy of an old innkeeper to distinguish his hostelry from all others by causing the chain-posts abutting on the road to be painted blue instead of white1 which eccentricity fully served the purpose of a sign4 ,there is another 8,blue ,posts0 in ,cork ,street1 ,piccadilly1 and yet another in ,southampton ,buildings1 ,holborn2 but the first-named is the oldest of the three1 and therefore the original4 ,the ,black ,posts1 ,bond ,street1 may also be regarded as a modified imitation of the example set by the original 8,blue ,posts40 ,the ,three ,chairmen1 at the foot of ,hay ,hill1 ,berkeley ,square1 and ,the ,running ,footman1 in ,hayes' ,mews1 close by1 were so denominated from being the resort of gentlemen's servants in the days when ,,sedan ,,chairs 7these chairs were first made at ,sedan1 in ,france1 which accounts for their name1 exactly as ,,bath ,,chairs were originally introduced at ,bath during the last century1 when fashionable invalids flocked to the ,west of ,england to drink the ,bath and ,cheltenham waters7 and ,running ,footmen preceded the use of private carriages by the wealthy4 ,the ,mother ,red ,cap1 ,camden ,town1 perpetuates the memory of a notorious poisoner known as 8,mother ,damnable1 the ,consort of the ,devil10 who lived at ,hungerford ,stairs during the period of the ,commonwealth4 ,the ,mother ,shipton1 ,haverstock ,hill1 was built at the time when the prophecies of ,mrs4 ,evan ,preece1 of ,glamorganshire1 ,south ,wales1 were in everybody's mouth4 ,this old woman was said to have had a son by the devil1 whereupon1 in return for the sacrifice of her honour1 she was accorded the gift of prophecy4 ,when we state that she correctly predicted the deaths of ,lord ,percy1 ,wolsey1 and other historical personages1 the existence of ,mother ,shipton in this country must be regarded as a time-honoured if not exactly as a well-founded institution4 ,the ,adelaide1 ,haverstock ,hill1 was named in honour of the consort of ,william ,,iv41 and ,the ,york and ,albany after the title of ,frederick1 the second son of ,george ,,iii4 ,jack ,straw's ,castle1 ,highbury1 as also the celebrated hostelry of the same name on ,hampstead ,heath1 was so called after ,jack ,straw1 one of the leaders in ,wat ,tyler's insurrection1 who pulled down the ,priory of the ,knights of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem at the former place1 and whose habitation was a hole formed out of the hill-side on the site of the present ,inn at the latter place4 ,the ,spaniards1 ,highgate1 was originally the private residence of the ,spanish ,ambassador to ,james ,i4 ,the ,whittington ,stone1 ,highgate ,hill1 took its sign from the stone upon which the world-famous ,dick ,whittington sat down to rest the while he listened to the bells of ,bow ,church pleasantly chiming across the open fields4 ,the stone is still to be seen on the edge of the pavement exactly opposite the public-house4 ,the sign of ,the ,thirteen ,cantons1 ,king ,street1 ,golden ,square1 was adopted in compliment to the thirteen ,protestant cantons of ,switzerland1 and to the numerous natives of that country who at one time took up their residence in the parish of ,soho4 ,during the last decade or two the ,swiss population has given way in a large degree to ,french immigrants4 ,the ,north ,pole1 ,wardour ,street1 dates back to the time when our national interest in ,arctic discovery was at its height2 exactly in the same manner as ,the ,south ,australian1 ,hans ,place1 ,chelsea1 was established in the year that first witnessed the colonization of ,southern ,australia4 ,the ,world's ,end1 in the ,king's ,road1 ,chelsea1 a favourite house of entertainment during the ,restoration period1 received its name on account of its distance from town4 ,the ,fulham ,bridge1 at ,knightsbridge1 recalls the original name of the structure which crossed the ,westbourne in this neighbourhood 7see ,,knightsbridge74 ,the ,devil1 ,fleet ,street1 received its name from its situation1 nearly opposite the ,church of ,st4 ,dunstan1 and the traditional account of that saint having seized the ,evil ,one by the nose with a pair of hot pincers4 ,the ,three ,nuns1 ,aldgate1 well serves the purpose of reminding us of the existence of an ancient priory inhabited by the nuns of ,st4 ,clare in this neighbourhood 7see ,,minories74 ,the ,white ,conduit ,tavern1 ,islington1 occupies the site of the famous old ,white ,conduit ,house1 a popular place of resort previous to its demolition in #ahdi4 ,this was the ,conduit which had served the ,carthusian ,friars with water from ancient times4 ,the prenomen 8white0 applied to the house and was derived from the appearance of its exterior4 ,the ,belvedere1 ,pentonville ,hill1 originally contained a small structure on the roof known by this name for sitting under and enjoying the prospect across the fields4 ,the term ,belvidere is ,italian1 signifying 8a fine prospect10 and is equally applicable to a summer arbour and the flat roof of a house4 ,the ,clown ,tavern1 ,st4 ,john ,street ,road1 ,clerkenwell1 owes its sign to the fact that it was formerly kept by a clown engaged at ,sadler's ,wells ,theatre1 in its immediate vicinity4 ,the well-known ,hummuns's ,hotel1 generally alluded to as ,hummuns's1 ,covent ,garden1 derived this title from its erection on the site of a ,hummuns1 the ,arabic name for a sweating bath1 kept by a ,mr4 ,small some time during the seventeenth century4 ,reference to the above ,inns and ,taverns peculiar to ,london compels us almost to say a few words concerning those popular places of outdoor resort of which we have all read and heard so much4 ,sadler's ,wells marks the position of an ancient holy well whose waters were famous for working extraordinary cures4 ,in the year #afhc1 after having been stopped up since the ,reformation1 a ,mr4 ,sadler1 while digging for gravel in his garden1 discovered this well1 and thereafter it bore his name4 ,in order to profit by the re-established fame of this well1 ,sadler converted his residence into a house of entertainment under the title of 8,sadler's ,musick ,house40 ,here were provided tight-rope dancing1 conjuring1 tumbling1 and a variety of other diversions1 always accompanied by music4 ,sixty years later1 probably after the death of ,mr4 ,sadler1 the property passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,rosoman1 who turned it into a theatre1 but retained the name of the old proprietor4 ,the present theatre was built by ,mrs4 ,bateman in #ahgi4 ,highbury ,barn1 first a small ale and cake house1 and afterwards a place of public entertainment1 including a theatre1 was so called from its occupying the site of a barn-like structure originally belonging to the ancient ,priory of the ,knights of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem1 and left standing after the incursion of ,jack ,straw and his rebellious companions see ante1 ,,jack ,,straw',s ,,castle4 ,vauxhall ,gardens derived their title from the ,hall1 or ,manor-house1 of ,jane ,vaux1 which they displaced see ,,vauxhall2 ,ranelagh ,gardens occupied the site of ,ranelagh ,house1 the seat of an ,irish nobleman of that title2 while ,cremorne ,gardens were named after ,thomas ,dawson1 ,lord ,cremorne1 whose town house and grounds they covered4 ,whatever may have been the moral character of these places1 their removal has had the effect of effacing one phase of ,metropolitan amusement entirely2 but it has also been instrumental in introducing another--namely1 the ,music-,halls4 ,the first ,london music-hall was 8,the ,canterbury10 ,westminster ,bridge ,road1 which grew out of ,the ,canterbury ,arms1 displaying the arms of the city of ,canterbury in the year #ahdh4 ,,sobriquets ,,and ,,nicknames4 ,the list of historical personages whose sobriquets and nicknames are even better known than their proper names is very large2 we must1 therefore1 content ourselves with a random selection of the principal4 ,commencing with the ladies3 ,ayesha 7born #faj1 died #fgg71 the second and favourite wife of ,mahomet1 was called ,the ,mother of ,believers because the prophet styled himself 8,the ,father of ,believers40 ,fair ,helen was the wife of ,menelaos1 ,king of ,sparta1 by whose guest1 ,paris1 the ,trojan prince1 she was carried off4 ,this incident was the immediate cause of the famous siege of ,troy which lasted ten years4 ,fair ,rosamond 7died #aaed7 was the mistress of ,henry ,,ii41 who kept her in a secluded bower that could be approached only by a labyrinth or maze in the neighbourhood of the royal palace at ,woodstock4 ,one day1 however1 the queen artfully discovered her way thereto by means of a silken thread attached to the garment of the faithless husband1 after which she soon procured the removal of her rival by poison4 ,joan1 the wife of ,edward the ,black ,prince1 was styled ,the ,fair ,maid of ,kent 7died #ache7 on account of her beauty and being the only daughter of the ,earl of ,kent4 ,the ,holy ,maid of ,kent was ,elizabeth ,barton1 a religious enthusiast1 hanged at ,tyburn in #aecd4 ,a brave1 if not a beautiful1 woman of historic renown was the ,countess of ,dunbar and ,march1 who1 in the year #accg1 completely defied the attempt of the ,earl of ,salisbury to capture ,dunbar ,castle during a siege of nineteen weeks1 at the end of which the latter was forced to retire with ignominy4 ,this warlike heroine is generally alluded to under the name of ,black ,agnes1 in consequence of her swarthy complexion4 ,a less fortunate ,scottish heroine who fell at the ,battle of ,ancrum ,moor beside her ,english adversary1 ,general ,evers1 whom she had killed1 was ,fair ,maiden ,lilliard4 ,she was buried on the site of the conflict2 and her epitaph1 as follows1 is known to every man1 woman1 and child in that part of the country3-- 8,fair ,maiden ,lilliard lies under this stene1 ,little was her stature1 but great was her fame2 ,upon the ,english loons she laid many thumps1 ,and when her legs were cutted off1 she fought upon her stumps40 ,the spot where she fell still bears the name of 8,lilliard's ,edge40 ,then1 of course1 we have the celebrated ,joan of ,arc1 ,the ,maid of ,orleans 7born #adab1 burnt at the stake #adca71 who placed herself at the head of the attacking party and effected the capture of the city of ,orleans from the ,english4 ,neither must we omit a passing allusion to ,augustine ,zaragossa1 better known as ,the ,maid of ,saragossa1 owing to the signal heroism which she displayed during the siege of her native city in #ahjh-i4 ,the ,honourable ,elizabeth ,st4 ,leger1 the niece of ,colonel ,anthony ,st4 ,leger1 who founded the ,stakes named after him in connection with ,doncaster races1 is known to posterity as ,the ,lady ,freemason1 because on one occasion she overheard the proceedings of an assembly of ,freemasons1 and1 being discovered1 was1 as the only way of meeting an unprecedented difficulty1 duly elected a member of the craft and initiated into its peculiar rites and ceremonies4 ,madame ,jenny ,lind ,goldschmidt 7born #ahba1 died #ahhg7 was styled ,the ,swedish ,nightingale on account of her vocal genius and her birth in the city of ,stockholm4 ,the now popular society actress1 ,mrs4 ,langtry1 bears the somewhat punning though highly complimentary sobriquet of ,the ,jersey ,lily1 because she was born in ,jersey and her ,christian name is ,lillie4 ,heraclitus of ,ephesus 7flourished #ejj ,b4,c47 was known as ,the ,weeping ,philosopher1 because he spent the latter years of his life in grieving over the folly of men2 on the other hand1 ,democritus of ,abdera 7born #dfj ,b4,c41 died #ceg ,b4,c47 merited the surname of ,the ,laughing ,philosopher1 because he jeered at the feeble powers of man1 whose every act was in the hands of fate4 ,duns ,scotus1 the ,scottish schoolman 7born #abgb1 died #acjh71 was styled ,the ,subtle ,doctor by reason of his learning2 while ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas 7born #abbg1 died #abgd7 was denominated ,the ,angelic ,doctor because he belonged to the priesthood4 ,st4 ,paul of the ,cross is the name by which ,paul ,francis 7born #afid1 died #agge71 founder of the religious ,order of the ,passionists1 is best known4 ,the famous ,english outlaw who flourished between the years #aahj and #abdg1 and whose real name was ,robert ,fitz-ooth1 ,earl of ,huntingdon1 adopted the style of ,robin ,hood1 in deference to the example set by the people of ,nottinghamshire1 who1 while dropping the ,fitz1 corrupted the ,robert into ,robin and the ooth into ,hood4 ,little ,john was properly called ,john ,little1 but being a great1 stalwart fellow1 the outlaw chief took a fancy to invert his name for the sake of the contrast4 ,we can quite understand 8the merry men of ,sherwood ,forest0 cultivating an objection to hard-sounding words2 therefore it could not have been long before ,william ,scathelocke1 another prominent member of ,robin ,hood's band1 found his name reduced to the more euphonious form of ,will ,scarlet4 ,friar ,tuck was so called because his habit was tucked in around the waist by a girdle4 ,sixteen-string ,jack was the name popularly bestowed upon ,jack ,rann1 a notorious highwayman hanged in #agia1 owing to the sixteen tags he wore on his breeches1 eight at each knee4 ,another notorious representative of the great family of ,jacks1 good1 bad1 and otherwise1 was the ,marquis of ,waterford1 commonly known as ,spring-heel ,jack1 from his habit of frightening people by springing upon them out of obscure corners after nightfall during the early part of the present century4 ,gentleman ,jack and ,gentleman ,smith were the titles respectively borne by ,john ,bannister and ,william ,smith1 both actors of the century gone by4 ,the former was noted for his straightforward dealings with his fellow-men in private life1 the latter for his gentlemanly deportment on the stage4 ,who has not heard of ,admirable ,crichton8 ,this extraordinary ,scottish prodigy1 ,james ,crichton 7born #aefj1 died #aehc71 is said to have given such early proofs of his learning that the degree of ,master of ,arts was conferred upon him at the age of fourteen4 ,in addition to his classical knowledge1 he was a poet1 a musician1 a sculptor1 an artist1 an actor1 a brilliant conversationalist1 a good horseman1 and an excellent fencer4 ,surely the possessor of such varied accomplishments deserved a better fate than that which befell him in the very prime of his life6 ,he was stabbed by a band of masked desperadoes led by his own pupil1 ,vincenzo ,gonzaga1 the son of the ,duke of ,mantua4 ,a genius of a totally different stamp was ,george ,robert ,fitzgerald1 better known1 owing to his duelling proclivities1 as ,fighting ,fitzgerald4 ,this individual was one of the most infamous characters of the last century4 ,no enemy ever escaped him with life2 being a sure shot and an expert swordsman1 his intense love of gambling and duelling1 united to a haughty and overbearing disposition1 habitually prompted him to shed the blood of his fellow-men without the least compunction4 ,a celebrated leader of fashion during the early part of this century was ,robert ,coates1 popularly styled ,romeo ,coates in consequence of his fondness for playing the part of ,romeo at amateur theatricals4 ,among other past notabilities of fashion we may mention ,beau ,fielding1 ,beau ,brummell1 and ,beau ,nash1 severally so styled from the foppishness of their attire4 ,the last-named 7born #afgd1 died #agfa7 was a notorious diner-out1 and for some time ,master of the ,ceremonies at the fashionable ,assembly ,rooms at ,bath1 where he provided a series of entertainments the like of which had never been known4 ,on this account he was surnamed ,king of ,bath4 ,alas6 though literally the 8monarch of all he surveyed0 during the brief period of his popularity1 when at length ,death claimed him for his own he was as poor as the meanest of ,king ,george's subjects4 ,but ,richard 8,beau0 ,nash was not the only ,british subject who has rejoiced in the erstwhile title of ,king4 ,as examples3 ,richard ,oastler1 of ,bradford 7born #aghi1 died #ahfa71 merited the style of ,the ,factory ,king1 in recognition of his success in promoting the 8,ten ,hours' ,bill02 ,george ,hudson1 of ,yorkshire 7born #ahjj1 died #ahga71 chairman of the ,midland ,railway ,company1 was denominated ,the ,railway ,king1 because in one day he cleared the large sum of #ajj1jjj by fortunate railway speculations2 ,john ,law1 the projector of the ,mississippi ,scheme 7born #afga1 died #agbi71 bore the name of ,the ,paper ,king1 than which1 by the way1 nothing could have been more appropriate4 ,the huge fortunes anticipated by the subscribers to this wholesale fraud appeared promising enough upon paper1 or1 to put it more precisely1 in the prospectus2 but hard cash there was none1 saving such as passed into the pockets of the wily promoter4 ,in our own decade we have ,the ,nitrate ,king1 the sobriquet of ,colonel ,j4 ,t4 ,north1 of ,eltham1 consequent upon his successful speculations in the commodity with which his name has become associated4 ,john ,kyrle1 of ,ross1 ,herefordshire 7born #afcg1 died #aged71 well known for his artistic tastes and acts of benevolence1 was styled by ,pope ,the ,man of ,ross1 because he was constantly effecting improvements for the public good in the neighbourhood of his estate4 ,another local philanthropist was ,dr4 ,william ,gordon1 of ,hull 7born #ahja1 died #ahdi71 whose surname1 ,the ,people's ,friend1 so well merited during life1 literally followed him to the grave1 where it appears chiselled on his tombstone4 ,perhaps the greatest benefactor of the human race with whom we have become practically acquainted in modern times1 was ,father ,mathew 7born #agij1 died #ahef71 universally styled ,the ,apostle of ,temperance1 beside whom1 judging from results1 all our latter-day temperance advocates sink into insignificance4 ,he was also made the recipient of the sobriquet ,the ,sinner's ,friend1 on account of the special interest he took in the fallen and the outcast2 even the most degraded always met with a welcome at his hands4 ,the ,musical ,small-coal ,man was the popular designation of ,thomas ,britton 7born #afej1 died #agad71 a vendor of small coals1 which he carried in a sack over his shoulder and cried in the streets1 who on ,thursday evenings gave a series of high-class instrumental concerts in the room over his shed in ,clerkenwell1 assisted by the best talent he could procure1 that attracted all fashionable ,london4 ,this gifted person was actually frightened to death by the freak of a ventriloquist4 ,thomas ,rawlinson1 the bibliopolist 7born #afha1 died #agbe71 was appropriately enough styled ,tom ,folio4 ,the ,infant ,roscius 7born #agia1 died #ahgd7 was ,william ,henry ,betty1 a histrionic prodigy named after the greatest actor of antiquity4 ,his dbut took place at ,belfast1 ,august #ai1 #ahjc2 and three months later he appeared at ,covent ,garden 7then under the management of the elder ,macready7 for twelve nights at a salary of fifty guineas a night and a clear benefit4 ,during this brief season the public excitement was so great that the military had to be called out every night to preserve order4 ,his last appearance as a boy-actor occurred at ,bath in the year #ahjh4 ,william ,gerard ,hamilton1 the ,irish ,chancellor of the ,exchequer 7born #agbi1 died #agef71 has been handed down to posterity under the name of ,single-speech ,hamilton1 because he delivered but one speech in the ,house1 and that was such a marvellous outburst of rhetoric that it electrified all who heard it4 ,this memorable incident took place ,november #ac1 #agee4 ,henry ,dundas1 afterwards ,lord ,melville 7born #agdj1 died #ahaa71 merited the sobriquet of ,starvation ,dundas in consequence of his repeated use of the word 8starvation0 in the course of a debate on ,american affairs in the year #agge4 ,sir ,robert ,peel 7born #agej1 died #ahcj71 during the time he was ,chief ,secretary for ,ireland 7#ahab to #ahaf71 was popularly denominated ,orange ,peel1 on account of his strong anti-,catholic spirit see ,,orangemen4 ,william ,pitt1 ,earl of ,chatham 7born #agjh1 died #aggh71 was styled ,the ,heaven-sent ,minister because the most splendid triumphs of ,british arms were achieved during his administration4 ,john ,russell1 afterwards created ,earl ,russell 7born #agib1 died #ahgh71 received the nickname of ,finality ,john from the fact of his maintaining that the ,reform ,bill of #ahcb was a finality4 ,the late ,earl of ,beaconsfield 7born #ahjd1 died #ahha7 owed his popular name of ,dizzy to his own habit of setting forth his early novels during the lifetime of his father under the authorship of 8,d',israeli the ,younger40 ,in course of time this became shortened into 8,dizzy10 and it clung to him ever afterwards4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,gladstone 7born #ahji7 first received the nickname of ,the ,grand ,old ,man on the occasion of the unseating in the ,house of ,commons of ,mr4 ,charles ,bradlaugh 7,june #ahhj71 through his refusal to take the oath after his election as member for ,northampton4 ,at this time ,mr4 ,bradlaugh found a strong champion in ,mr4 ,labouchere2 and the nickname arose out of the latter's conversation in the tea-room of the ,house 8,i told some friends10 said ,mr4 ,labouchere1 referring to the incident of ,mr4 ,bradlaugh's expulsion1 8that before ,i left ,mr4 ,gladstone came to me1 and that grand old man1 with tears in his eyes1 took me by the hands and said1 #8,mr4 ,labouchere1 bring me ,mr4 ,bradlaugh back again4'0 ,mr4 ,william ,henry ,smith1 ,m4,p41 the present ,first ,lord of the ,treasury 7born #ahbe71 is popularly known by the name of ,bookstall ,smith because he originated the idea of railway bookstalls1 and founded the now widely-popular firm of 8,w4 ,h4 ,smith and ,sons40 ,sir ,christopher ,hatton 7born #aedj1 died #aeia7 was styled ,the ,dancing ,chancellor because he first attracted the notice of ,queen ,elizabeth by his graceful dancing at one of the ,court masques4 ,in recognition of this accomplishment he was created a ,knight of the ,garter and subsequently made ,chancellor of ,england4 ,praise-,god ,barebones1 or1 rather1 ,barebon1 who died in #afhj1 was a leather-seller and the leader of the celebrated 8,barebones ,parliament40 ,it was a common custom among the ,puritans to nickname people in accordance with their habits and peculiarities2 consequently this individual must have been addicted to praising ,god in the hearing of his neighbours4 ,william ,huntingdon1 the preacher and theologian 7born #agdd1 died #ahac71 called himself ,sinner-saved ,huntingdon for reasons doubtless best known to himself4 ,orator ,henley1 otherwise ,john ,henley 7born #afib1 died #agef71 was an ,english divine who in #agbf delivered a course of lectures on theological subjects on ,sundays1 and on secular subjects on ,wednesdays1 in a kind of 8oratory0 or chapel in ,newport ,market1 which attracted large congregations4 ,memory ,woodfall was the sobriquet of ,william ,woodfall 7born #agde1 died #ahjc71 brother to the reputed author of the famous 8,letters of ,junius40 ,this person's memory was so perfect that he was able1 after listening to a ,parliamentary debate1 to report it the next morning word for word without the assistance of any notes whatever4 ,of another kind was the memory possessed by ,john ,thompson1 the son of a greengrocer in the parish of ,st4 ,giles1 popularly known as ,memory-corner ,thompson 7born #ageg1 died #ahdc7 on account of his astounding local knowledge4 ,within twenty-four hours1 and at two sittings1 he drew entirely from memory a correct plan of the parish of ,st4 ,james's4 ,this plan contained all the squares1 streets1 lanes1 courts1 passages1 markets1 churches1 chapels1 houses1 stables1 and angles of houses1 in addition to a number of minor objects1 such as walls1 trees1 c41 and including an exact plan of ,carlton ,house and ,st4 ,james's ,palace4 ,he also1 on another occasion1 made a correct plan of ,st4 ,andrew's parish1 and offered to do the same with the parishes of ,st4 ,giles1 ,st4 ,paul's1 ,covent ,garden1 and ,st4 ,clement-,danes4 ,if a particular house in any given street were named1 he would tell at once what trade was carried on in it1 the appearance and position of the shop1 and its contents4 ,in going through a large hotel completely furnished1 he was able to retain a recollection of everything he saw1 and afterwards make an inventory of the whole4 ,but1 perhaps more wonderful than all1 he could1 after having read a newspaper overnight1 repeat any desired portion of its contents verbatim the next morning4 ,nowadays such a one would be exhibited at the ,royal ,aquarium as a natural curiosity4 ,another well-known ,london character was ,dirty ,dick1 otherwise ,nathaniel ,bentley1 the miser1 who never washed himself4 ,this extraordinary individual died in the odour of dirt in the year #ahji1 leaving an ample fortune to console his heirs for his loss 7874 ,the house which he inhabited in ,bishopsgate ,street ,without has now been converted into a modern wine and spirit establishment1 under the style of ,,the ,d4,d4 ,,cellars4 ,laurence ,brown1 the ,english landscape gardener 7born #agae1 died #aghc7 was nicknamed ,capability ,brown owing to his habitual use of the word capability4 ,at the present day the ,duke of ,cambridge 7born #ahai7 is usually denominated ,george ,ranger in allusion to his appointment as ,ranger of the ,royal ,parks4 ,ernest ,benzon1 author of 8,how ,i ,lost #bej1jjj in ,two ,years10 rejoiced in the title of ,the ,jubilee ,plunger because he entered upon his gambling career in #ahhg1 the ,jubilee year of ,queen ,victoria see ,,plunger4 ,a few of the more celebrated painters may now detain us4 ,peter ,aartsen1 the ,flemish painter 7born #aejg1 died #aegc71 bore the name of ,long ,peter on account of his extraordinary height2 while ,gaspar ,smitz1 the ,dutch portrait painter 7died #afhi71 was styled ,magdalen ,smith because his pictures comprised mostly 8,magdalens40 ,the real name of the ,french landscape painter1 ,claude ,lorraine 7born #afjj1 died #afhb71 was ,claude ,gele of ,lorraine2 that of ,paolo ,veronese1 or ,paul ,veronese 7born #aebh1 died #aehh71 was ,paolo ,cagliari1 his birth having taken place in ,verona2 and that of ,jacopa da ,bassano1 called ,il ,bassano 7born #aeaj1 died #aeib71 was ,jacopa da ,ponte1 whose native place was ,bassano1 in the ,venetian ,state4 ,pietro ,vanucci 7born #addf1 died #aebd71 though recognizing ,citt della ,pieve as his birthplace1 was all his life established in the neighbouring city of ,perugia1 where he claimed the right of citizenship2 hence the origin of his more common name ,il ,perugino4 ,francesco ,rossi 7born #aeaj1 died #aefc71 adopted the name of ,del ,salviati1 in honour of his patron1 ,cardinal ,salviati1 who was his own age exactly1 and1 strangely enough1 died in the same year as himself4 ,giuseppe ,ribera 7born #aehh1 died #afef71 was popularly surnamed ,lo ,spagnoletto 78the ,little ,spaniard071 from the shortness of his stature and his birth at ,xativa1 in ,spain2 while ,tommaso ,guidi 7born #adjb1 died #adbh71 merited his better-known name of ,masaccio1 owing to the slovenliness of his habits1 the direct consequence of an all-absorbing attention to his studies4 ,jacopo ,robusti 7born #aeab1 died #aeid7 received his now far more popular name of ,tintoretto because his father followed the occupation of a tintore1 or dyer4 ,during his lifetime1 this celebrated ,italian painter merited the additional sobriquet of ,il ,furioso owing to the rapidity with which he produced his work4 ,quintin ,matsys 7born #adff1 died #aecj71 whose masterpiece1 8,the ,taking ,down from the ,cross10 has achieved a world-wide reputation1 is equally known to fame by the name of ,the ,smith of ,antwerp1 owing to the circumstance of having followed for a time1 and with great distinction1 his father's occupation of a blacksmith4 ,his attachment to the pretty daughter of a painter1 however1 caused him eventually to forsake the anvil for the palette4 ,nearer home the historical portrait painter1 ,david ,allan 7born #agdd1 died #agif7 was surnamed ,the ,scottish ,hogarth in compliment to his excellence2 and ,william ,huggins 7born #ahba1 died #ahhd71 ,the ,liverpool ,landseer1 in favourable comparison with the celebrated ,english animal painter of that name4 ,simon ,bolivar1 the ,south ,american hero 7born #aghc1 died #ahcj71 justly merited the dignified title of ,the ,liberator2 while ,general ,john ,charles ,fremont 7born #ahac1 died #ahij7 won the surname of ,the ,pathfinder after his fourth successful exploring expedition across the ,rocky ,mountains in #ahdb4 ,lastly1 ,jonathan ,hastings1 a farmer of ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1 ,u4,s41 was styled ,yankee ,jonathan in consequence of his addiction to the word ,yankee in the place of 8excellent40 ,thus he would say1 8,a ,yankee good horse10 8,a ,yankee good cider10 c4 ,this individual1 however1 must not be confounded with 8,brother ,jonathan10 the nickname of the typical ,american1 to which reference is made in another portion of this work4 ,,the ,,inns ,,of ,,court4 ,as by reference to our article on ,,tavern ,,signs it will be seen how the word ,inn originally denoted a private mansion1 it will suffice to state here that the various colleges of the law students in ,london are styled ,inns because the chief of them were at one time the residences of the nobility whose family names they still bear4 ,thus1 ,lincoln's ,inn was the town mansion of the ,earls of ,lincoln1 ,gray's ,inn1 of the ,earls ,gray1 ,furnival's ,inn1 of the ,lords ,furnival1 and ,clifford's ,inn1 of the ,lords ,clifford4 ,the two first-named1 together with the ,inner and ,middle ,temple1 are the principal ,inns of ,court1 so called because the earliest seminaries for the study of the law were established in one of the courts of the ,king's palace4 ,the ,inns of lesser import are3--,serjeants' ,inn1 originally the establishment of the 8,frres ,serjens10 or ,serving ,brothers to the ,knights ,templars who occupied ,the ,temple close by2 ,barnard's ,inn--sold and abolished in #ahha--named after its ancient owner2 ,staple ,inn1 formerly the ,hall of the ,merchants of the ,staple1 i4e41 wool2 ,clement's ,inn and ,dane's ,inn1 so designated from their proximity to the ,church of ,st4 ,clement-,danes2 and ,new ,inn1 the latest of all the ,inns erected in the early part of the last century4 ,thavie's ,inn no longer exists1 but the title still adheres to a range of modern buildings erected upon its site4 ,no person of the name of ,thavie ever owned or occupied the original premises2 nevertheless1 when the ,inn was established as an appendage to ,lincoln's ,inn1 about the middle of the fourteenth century1 the ,benchers unanimously agreed to perpetuate the memory of one ,john ,thavie1 an armourer who1 dying in the year #acdh1 bequeathed a number of houses in ,holborn1 representing considerable rentals1 to the neighbouring church of ,st4 ,andrew1 and named it 8,thavie's ,inn0 accordingly4 ,the senior members of the ,inns of ,court are styled ,benchers by reason of the benches on which they formerly sat4 ,,races4 ,goodwood ,races are held once a year in ,goodwood ,park1 the property of the ,duke of ,richmond2 ,ascot ,races1 on ,ascot ,heath1 in ,berkshire1 and ,epsom ,races1 on ,epsom ,downs1 near ,london4 ,the ,derby ,stakes1 at ,epsom1 were named after ,edward ,smith ,stanley1 twelfth ,earl of ,derby1 who founded them in #aghj1 the year after he established the ,oaks ,stakes2 so called from an inn known as 8,lamberts' ,oaks10 originally erected by the ,hunters' ,club and rented by a family named ,lambert upon land which subsequently passed into the possession of the ,derby family4 ,the ,st4 ,leger ,stakes1 otherwise the ,doncaster ,st4 ,leger1 annually run for at ,doncaster1 were established by ,colonel ,anthony ,st4 ,leger in #aggf4 ,a ,hurdle ,race is one in which hurdles are placed at different points along the course4 ,a ,steeplechase is confined to thoroughbred hunters whose riders are bound to make for the winning-post straight across the country1 guided by flags displayed on the highest points along the line1 and to clear whatever ditches1 fences1 walls1 or other obstacles that may lie in their course4 ,the term originated from the incident of an unsuccessful hunting-party agreeing to race to the village church1 of which the steeple was just in sight2 and he who touched the building first with his whip was to be declared the winner4 ,a ,scratched ,horse is one whose name has been struck out of the final list of runners in a particular race4 ,a ,sweepstake is a term used to denote the whole amount staked by different persons upon one race1 and cleared literally 8at one sweep0 by the fortunate individual who has backed the winner4 ,,london ,,churches ,,and ,,buildings4 ,in all probability the name of ,westminster ,abbey would never have come into existence had it not been necessary to distinguish the ,abbey ,church lying to the west of ,st4 ,paul's 7founded by ,ethelbert in #faj7 from another ,abbey ,church that stood upon the rising ground now known as ,tower ,hill4 ,consequently1 the one was described as the ,west ,minster1 the other the ,east ,minster2 and when1 in course of time1 the latter was swept away1 the western edifice not only retained the description of 8,the ,west ,minster10 but gave its name also to the district around4 ,the earliest mention of ,west ,minster occurs in a ,saxon charter dated #ghe4 ,the ,temple comprised the chief seat in this country of the ,knights ,templars after their return from the ,holy ,land4 ,the ,savoy ,chapel is a modern edifice built by the ,queen to replace the original1 destroyed by fire ,july1 #g1 #ahfd1 which formed the only remaining portion of the old ,savoy ,palace erected by ,peter of ,savoy1 the uncle of ,eleanor1 queen of ,henry ,,iii41 in #abdi1 on land granted to him by that monarch4 ,the ,church of ,st4 ,clement-,danes owes its compound title to the fact of being dedicated to ,st4 ,clement1 and of ,harold1 a ,danish king1 together with several other ,danes lying buried within its walls4 ,the ,church of ,st4 ,mary-le-,bow1 ,cheapside1 otherwise ,bow ,church1 was so denominated because it was the first church ever built upon bows or arches4 ,the ,church of ,st4 ,mary ,woolnoth1 at the corner of ,lombard ,street and ,king ,william ,street1 is supposed to be a corruption of ,st4 ,mary ,woolnough1 so called by way of distinction from a neighbouring church of 8,st4 ,mary of the ,wool10 that stood beside the beam or wool-staple4 ,the ,church of ,st4 ,mary-,axe1 now vanished1 received this name from its situation opposite to a shop that displayed an axe for its sign4 ,the ,church of ,st4 ,catherine ,cree1 ,leadenhall ,street1 is properly ,st4 ,catherine and ,trinity1 being originally a chapel dedicated to ,st4 ,catherine in the churchyard of the priory church of ,holy ,trinity1 afterwards merged into the parishes of ,christ ,church1 ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen1 and ,st4 ,michael4 ,the ,church of ,st4 ,catherine ,coleman1 ,fenchurch ,street1 dedicated to ,st4 ,catherine1 is so designated because it was built in a large garden belonging to a person named ,coleman4 ,the ,church of ,st4 ,margaret ,pattens1 ,rood ,lane1 did not receive its denomination from the patten-makers who congregated in this neighbourhood1 but because its roof was formerly decorated with gilt spots or patines2 a patine being the name of a small circular dish of gold used to cover the chalice at the altar4 ,lovers of ,shakespeare may recollect the passage in the ,merchant of ,venice where ,lorenzo1 referring to the stars1 says3-- 8,sit1 ,jessica3 ,look how the floor of heaven ,is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold2 ,there's not the smallest orb which thou behold'st1 ,but in his motion like an angel sings1 ,still quiring to the young-ey'd cherubins2 ,such harmony is in immortal souls1 ,but whilst this muddy vesture of decay ,doth grossly close it in1 we cannot hear it40 ,the original ,church of ,st4 ,sepulchre1 founded during the time of the ,crusades1 was so denominated in honour of the ,holy ,sepulchre at ,jerusalem4 ,the name of ,st4 ,bride's ,church1 ,fleet ,street1 is a contraction of ,st4 ,bridget's ,church4 ,the ,church of ,st4 ,andrew ,undershaft1 ,leadenhall ,street1 dedicated to ,st4 ,andrew1 was originally so called because its steeple was of lesser altitude than the tall shaft or maypole which stood opposite the south door4 ,hence1 the church was literally 8under the shaft40 ,the parish of ,st4 ,mary-,axe is now united to that of ,st4 ,andrew ,undershaft4 ,the ,church of ,st4 ,helen's1 ,bishopsgate1 was built and dedicated to ,st4 ,helena1 the mother of ,constantine1 in #aahj1 just thirty years before ,william ,fitzwilliam1 a rich goldsmith1 founded in connection therewith a priory of ,benedictine nuns1 dedicated to the ,holy ,cross and ,st4 ,helena4 ,the neighbouring ,church of ,st4 ,ethelburga was so named in honour of the daughter of ,king ,ethelbert4 ,the ,church of ,allhallowes ,barking1 at the bottom of ,mark ,lane1 derived the second portion of its title from the fact that it belonged to the ancient abbey and convent at ,barking1 in ,essex4 ,st4 ,olave's ,church1 ,tooley ,street1 is properly described as ,st4 ,olaf's ,church1 being dedicated to ,olaf1 a ,norwegian prince of great renown1 who came over to this country at the invitation of the ,king ,ethelred1 and rendered good service in expelling the ,danes4 ,the central portion of the ,tower of ,london1 supposed to have been built by ,julius ,csar1 is known as the ,white ,tower on account of the white stone employed in its construction4 ,in the ,bloody ,tower the ,infant ,princes were murdered by order of their uncle1 ,richard ,,iii42 and in the ,beauchamp ,tower1 ,thomas de ,beauchamp1 ,earl of ,warwick1 was imprisoned by ,richard ,,ii4 for leading the conspiracy of the ,barons for the removal of ,sir ,simon de ,burley1 the young ,king's favourite4 ,at the accession of ,henry ,,iv4 the ,earl obtained his liberty4 ,traitors' ,gate denotes the river gate by which all ,state prisoners convicted of high treason were admitted into the ,tower4 ,newgate ,prison derived its name from its original situation next to the newest of the five principal gates of the ,city4 ,the prison is first mentioned in history under date #abjg4 ,the present gloomy edifice was built in #aghb4 ,the open space between the prison and the ,old ,bailey was formerly known as the ,press ,yard1 because here it was that prisoners who refused to plead upon trial were barbarously pressed to death4 ,the ,old ,bailey ,sessions ,house received its name from the street in which it stands see ,,old ,,bailey in the article 8,,london ,,streets ,,and ,,squares40 ,the old ,marshalsea ,prison1 ,southwark1 abolished and pulled down in #ahdb1 was so called because it contained the ,court of the ,knight-,marshal1 whose duty it was to settle disputes occurring between the members of the ,royal ,household4 ,this office now belongs to the ,steward of the ,royal ,household4 ,bridewell was a corruption of 8,st4 ,bridget's ,well10 discovered in the grounds attached to an ancient hospital1 afterwards converted into a house of correction for females4 ,an iron pump let into the wall of the churchyard at the upper end of ,bride ,lane indicates the exact spot where the dames of old were wont to drink the virtuous waters4 ,the ,fleet ,prison took its name from the river1 now a common sewer1 near which it stood4 ,the northern boundary of the prison is now defined by ,fleet ,lane1 which runs from ,farringdon ,street to the ,old ,bailey4 ,st4 ,john's ,gate1 ,clerkenwell1 is the sole remaining portion of the priory of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem1 the seat in this country of the ,knights ,hospitallers1 instituted by ,godfrey de ,boulogne4 ,the ,gate now forms the headquarters of the ,st4 ,john's ,ambulance ,association4 ,temple ,bar was not one of the ,city fortifications1 but the ordinary gateway of the ,temple4 ,it was popularly known as ,the ,city ,golgotha1 owing to the spiked heads of traitors exposed thereon--,golgotha being ,hebrew for 8the place of skulls40 ,the ,bar was taken down in #ahgh4 ,london ,bridge--that is to say1 the original structure--was the first bridge over the ,thames4 ,the present structure was thrown open ,august #a1 #ahca4 ,billingsgate traces its origin to ,belin1 one of the early kings of ,britain1 who built a gate on the site of the present market and gave it his name4 ,st4 ,katherine's ,docks received their title from an ancient hospital dedicated to ,st4 ,katherine1 swept away by their construction in the year #ahbh4 ,the ,mint is so called in accordance with the ,anglo-,saxon mynet1 coin see ,,money4 ,the ,trinity ,house1 the seat of the ,trinity ,corporation1 which controls the pilotage of the ,thames and the various lighthouses1 buoys1 harbour-dues1 c41 around our coast1 owed its foundation to ,sir ,thomas ,spert1 ,comptroller of the ,navy of ,henry ,,viii41 and commander of the ,harry ,grace de ,dieu1 originally situated at ,deptford2 it was incorporated in #aebi under the style of 8,the ,master-,wardens and ,assistants of the ,guild1 or ,fraternity1 or ,brotherhood1 of the most glorious and undivisible ,trinity1 and ,st4 ,clement1 in the parish of ,deptford1 ,stroud1 in the ,county of ,kent40 ,the present edifice was built in #agie4 ,crosby ,hall1 ,bishopsgate1 at one time a palace1 but now converted into a restaurant1 was built by ,sir ,john ,crosby about the middle of the fifteenth century4 ,the ,congregational ,memorial ,hall1 ,farringdon ,road1 which occupies part of the site of the old ,fleet ,prison1 was built in #ahgb to memorate the ejection of more than two thousand ,church of ,england ministers from their charges1 ,august #bd1 #affb1 consequent upon their refusal to subscribe to the 8,act of ,uniformity0 see ,,nonconformists4 ,the ,guildhall is the hall of the ,city guilds2 the word ,,guild being derived from the ,anglo-,saxon gildan1 to pay1 alluding to the fee paid for membership4 ,doctors' ,commons1 originally established as a college for the ,professors of ,canon and ,civil ,law1 received its name from the rule which required the ,doctors to dine at a common table4 ,that sombre-looking structure1 the ,college of ,arms1 otherwise ,heralds' ,college1 is the office where the records of the genealogical descent of all our noble families are preserved1 and where searches for coats-of-arms may be instituted4 ,the ,corporation of the ,college dates back to the year #adhd4 ,the ,general ,post ,office is officially denominated ,st4 ,martin's-le-,grand because it occupies the site of a collegiate church and sanctuary of that name founded by ,within1 ,king of ,kent in #gej1 and chartered by ,william the ,conqueror in #ajfh4 ,the ,charterhouse1 originally a monastery of the ,carthusians1 is a corruption of ,la ,chartreuse1 the name of the district in ,france where this religious ,order first came into existence4 ,christ's ,hospital1 also known as the ,blue ,coat ,school1 from the colour of the coats worn by the boys1 retains the ancient designation of a church and school belonging to the ,grey ,friars4 ,it is only in modern times1 by the way1 that the term ,hospital has come to be exclusively applied in this country to a refuge for the sick4 ,properly understood1 a hospital denotes a house intended for the reception and accommodation of travellers2 the source of the word being the ,latin hospitalis1 pertaining to a guest1 based upon hospes1 a stranger1 a guest1 and from which we derive the word ,,hospitality4 ,the great ,bernardine monastery on the summit of the ,alps1 devoted to the good work of rescuing snow-bound travellers1 is appropriately denominated a ,hospice1 which answers to our ,hospital4 ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,hospital was founded by ,rahare1 a monk attached to the neighbouring ,priory of ,st4 ,bartholomew in #aabc2 whereas ,guy's ,hospital arose out of the bequest of #bch1bib1 by the will of ,thomas ,guy1 a benevolent bookseller of ,lombard ,street1 who died in #agbb4 ,bedlam is a contraction of ,bethlehem ,hospital1 a lazar-house named after the ,hospital of ,st4 ,mary at ,bethlehem1 and converted into a lunatic asylum in #ahae4 ,this was the common designation in ancient times for a refuge for the poor1 the word ,bethlehem expressing the ,hebrew for 8a house of bread02 but in more modern times the synonym ,lazar-house was substituted in allusion to ,lazarus1 who picked up the crumbs under the table of ,dives4 ,a refuge for fallen women has always borne the name of a ,magdalen ,hospital in honour of ,mary ,magdalen4 ,st4 ,james's ,palace marks the site of an ancient leper hospital dedicated to ,st4 ,james the ,less1 ,bishop of ,jerusalem4 ,the present edifice was built by ,henry ,,viii4 in #aecj4 ,buckingham ,palace displaced old ,buckingham ,house1 the town mansion of ,john ,sheffield1 ,duke of ,buckingham1 in the year #ahbe4 ,the total cost to the nation of this 8desirable residence0 was #a1jjj1jjj4 ,marlborough ,house was originally the town residence of ,john1 ,duke of ,marlborough1 erected by ,sir ,christopher ,wren in #agji4 ,somerset ,house reverted to the ,crown by the attainder of its owner1 ,edward ,seymour1 ,duke of ,somerset1 the ,lord ,protector of ,edward ,,vi41 executed ,january #bb1 #aeeb4 ,whitehall received its name from the fresh appearance of its exterior as contrasted with the ancient buildings on the opposite side of the way4 ,the present fabric1 viz41 ,the ,banquetting ,hall1 is merely a vestige of the palace originally set apart by ,cardinal ,wolsey for the ,london ,see of ,york3 whence he gave it the name of 8,york ,house40 ,the ,horse ,guards is so called because a troop of ,horse ,guards are regularly quartered here4 ,dover ,house was named after its owner1 the ,hon4 ,george ,agar ,ellis1 afterwards created ,lord ,dover2 and ,york ,house1 after the ,duke of ,york and ,albany who bought it in #aghi4 ,devonshire ,house1 ,piccadilly1 is the town residence of the ,duke of ,devonshire4 ,apsley ,house1 ,hyde ,park ,corner1 well known as the residence of the ,duke of ,wellington1 received its name from ,henry ,apsley1 ,lord ,chancellor1 afterwards created ,lord ,bathurst1 who built it in #aghd4 ,chandos ,house1 ,cavendish ,square1 was the residence of ,james ,brydges1 8the ,princely ,duke of ,chandos40 ,the ,albany1 ,piccadilly1 perpetuates the memory of the ,duke of ,york and ,albany1 who acquired it from ,lord ,melbourne in exchange for his older residence1 ,york ,house1 in ,whitehall4 ,burlington ,house1 the home of the ,royal ,academy of ,arts and quite a number of learned societies1 was built by ,sir ,john ,denham1 the poet and judge1 in #agah1 and refronted by the celebrated amateur architect1 ,richard ,boyle1 ,earl of ,burlington and ,cork1 in #agca4 ,this palatial edifice was purchased by the ,state in #ahed4 ,the ,soane ,museum1 ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields1 was the private collection of ,sir ,john ,soane1 the architect and antiquary1 who died in #ahcg4 ,the ,rolls ,chapel1 ,chancery ,lane1 bears this name because it was annexed by patent to the office of the ,master of the ,rolls of ,chancery after the banishment of the ,jews from ,england in the year #abij4 ,the history of the chapel dates from #abhc1 when ,henry ,,iii4 founded it for the reception of the ,jewish rabbis converted to ,christianity4 ,the ,painted ,hall1 ,greenwich ,hospital1 owes its name to its magnificently decorated ceiling4 ,vanburgh ,castle1 ,blackheath1 was built in the castellated style by ,sir ,john ,vanburgh1 in #agag4 ,rye ,house1 famous for being the scene of the conspiracy to assassinate ,charles ,,ii41 which was discovered ,june #ab1 #afhc1 is so called from the rye on which it stands2 ,,rye being an ,old ,english term for a common1 derived from ree1 a watercourse3 hence ,,peckham ,,rye4 ,bruce ,castle1 ,tottenham1 has a history all its own4 ,the present structure dates back to the latter part of the seventeenth century2 but the original building was erected by ,earl ,waltheof1 whose marriage with ,judith1 the niece of ,william the ,conqueror1 brought him portions of the earldoms of ,northumberland and ,huntingdon4 ,their only daughter1 ,maud1 on becoming the wife of ,david ,i41 ,king of ,scotland1 placed him in possession of the ,huntingdon estates1 and1 as appended to that property1 the manor of ,tottenham1 in ,middlesex4 ,ultimately these possessions descended to ,robert ,bruce1 the brother of ,william ,,iii41 ,king of ,scotland4 ,the contention between ,robert ,bruce and ,john ,baliol for the ,scottish throne being decided in favour of the latter1 the former retired to ,england1 and settling on his grandfather's estate at ,tottenham1 repaired the castle to which he gave the name of 8,the ,castle ,bruce40 ,lincoln ,house1 ,enfield1 was the residence of the second and third ,earls of ,lincoln in the seventeenth century4 ,sandford ,house1 ,stoke ,newington1 is interesting as having been the residence of ,thomas ,day1 the author of 8,sandford and ,merton0 7born #agdh1 died #aghi74 ,cromwell ,house1 ,highgate1 now a ,convalescent ,hospital for sick children1 was occupied for some time by ,oliver ,cromwell1 who built ,ireton ,house1 close by1 for ,henry ,ireton1 his son-in-law1 in #afcj2 while ,lauderdale ,house1 lately a ,convalescent ,home in connection with ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,hospital1 was the residence of the ,earls of ,lauderdale during the seventeenth century4 ,,waterlow ,,park1 in this neighbourhood--in fact1 comprising among other valuable property the grounds appertaining to ,lauderdale ,house--was generously presented to the ,london public by ,sir ,sydney ,waterlow1 in ,november1 #ahij4 ,the ,clock ,house1 ,hampstead1 originally displayed a clock in place of the present sun-dial4 ,rosslyn ,house1 ,hampstead1 which gives the name to ,,rosslyn ,,hill ,,park1 was erected by ,alexander ,wedderburn1 first ,earl of ,rosslyn and ,lord ,chancellor of ,england1 in #agie4 ,erskine ,house1 ,hampstead1 adjoining 8,the ,spaniards10 was the residence of ,lord ,erskine1 ,lord ,chancellor of ,england1 who died here in #ahbc4 ,strawberry ,hill1 the celebrated palace of curiosities built by ,horace ,walpole in #agej1 received its name from the rising ground upon which it stood4 ,the building was sold by public auction1 and purchased by ,baron ,h4 de ,stein1 in ,july1 #ahhc4 ,orleans ,house1 ,twickenham1 now a club1 was named after ,louis ,philippe of ,france1 who resided in it when he was simply ,duc d',orleans4 ,essex ,house1 ,putney1 was one of the many residences of ,robert ,devereaux1 ,earl of ,essex1 the favourite of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,bristol ,house1 ,putney1 was1 until recently1 the property of the ,bristol family4 ,craven ,cottage1 ,fulham1 was built by the ,countess of ,craven1 afterwards created ,margravine of ,anspach4 ,munster ,house1 ,fulham1 derived its title from its one-time resident1 ,melesina ,schulenberg1 created ,duchess of ,munster in #agaf4 ,peterborough ,house1 ,parson's ,green1 was formerly the mansion of the ,mordaunts1 ,earls of ,peterborough4 ,sussex ,house1 ,hammersmith1 was the favourite residence of the late ,duke of ,sussex4 ,holland ,house1 ,kensington1 owes its name to ,henry ,rich1 ,earl of ,holland1 by whose father-in-law1 ,sir ,william ,cope1 it was built in #afjg4 ,here ,charles ,james ,fox1 the eminent orator and statesman 7born #agdi1 died #ahjf71 passed many of his earlier years2 here also ,joseph ,addison1 the poet and essayist1 died in the year #agai4 ,the ,albert ,hall1 ,albert ,memorial1 ,albert ,bridge1 and ,albert ,palace1 each preserve the memory of the ,prince ,consort1 whose death took place in #ahfa4 ,the ,crystal ,palace1 opened by the ,queen1 ,june #aj1 #ahed1 derived its title from its glass structure1 which1 when the sun shines upon it1 glistens like crystal4 ,the ,alexandra ,palace was named after the ,princess of ,wales1 who was to have opened the original building1 ,may #bd1 #ahgc2 but1 for some unexplained reason1 she did not perform that ceremony4 ,olympia1 opened ,december1 #ahhf1 is an appropriate designation for a huge edifice eminently adapted for every variety of popular amusement4 ,the allusion is to ,olympia1 in ,greece1 where the celebrated 8,olympian ,games0 were anciently held every fourth year4 ,the ,polytechnic ,institution1 ,regent ,street 7now the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a471 was designated in strict conformity with its set purpose as an educational establishment1 viz41 from the two ,greek words polus1 many1 and techne1 an art4 ,st4 ,george's ,hall was originally1 when opened in #ahfg1 ,st4 ,george's ,opera ,house1 so styled because situated in the fashionable parish of ,st4 ,george's1 ,hanover ,square4 ,the ,egyptian ,hall1 built in #ahab1 is a particularly well-chosen title2 at least1 it appears so at the present day1 since the regular performances of those modern magicians1 ,messrs4 ,maskelyne and ,cooke1 have long ago become one of the institutions1 if not actually one of the sights1 of the ,metropolis4 ,st4 ,james's ,hall was named after the parish church just opposite4 ,willis's ,rooms1 so called after their late proprietor1 were originally opened by a ,scotsman named ,almack1 under the style of ,almack's ,assembly ,rooms1 ,february #ab1 #agfe4 ,exeter ,hall was built in the year #ahcj in the grounds of ,exeter ,house1 which also gave the name to ,exeter ',change1 erected in #afhj and pulled down in #ahbi see ,,exeter ,,street4 ,the world-famous waxworks exhibition known as ,madame ,tussaud's retains the name of its foundress 7born #agfj1 died #ahej7 who first set up her figures at the old ,lyceum ,theatre in #ahjb1 and after undergoing a variety of misfortunes settled down permanently in ,baker ,street in the year #ahcc4 ,scotland ,yard1 the headquarters of the ,metropolitan ,police1 received its name from an ancient palace erected on this spot for the accommodation of the ,scottish kings in the days when they were annually required to pay homage to the ,crown of ,england at ,westminster4 ,the first monarch so accommodated was ,kenneth ,,ii4 7died #hed72 the last was ,margaret1 ,queen of ,scots1 the sister of ,henry ,,viii4 ,lord's ,cricket ,ground1 familiarly styled ,lord's1 owes its existence to ,thomas ,lord1 who established1 upon land of his own1 first on the site of ,dorset ,square in #aghj1 and subsequently on its present site1 the only cricketing ground where genteel players could meet to enjoy this game without fear of rubbing shoulders with the ,city apprentices4 ,previous to his enterprise the formation of a private ,cricket ,club had never been thought of4 ,tattersall's1 the well-known rendezvous for the sale of horses1 was opened by ,richard ,tattersall near ,hyde ,park ,corner in #agff1 and removed to ,knightsbridge ,april #aj1 #ahfe4 ,lloyd's ,rooms1 better known as ,lloyd's1 derived this title from ,edward ,lloyd1 a coffee-house keeper in ,abchurch ,lane1 whose premises became the regular resort of merchants and others interested in shipping4 ,the original location of a special office for the transaction of mercantile business over the ,royal ,exchange took place in #agge2 but the name of the genial coffee-house keeper was by common consent transferred with it4 ,on the destruction by fire of the first ,royal ,exchange1 in #ahch1 8,lloyd's0 was temporarily removed until the completion of the present building in #ahdd4 ,the entrance to the privileged precincts of the ,stock ,exchange is called ,capel ,court1 because it marks the residence of ,sir ,william ,capel1 ,lord ,mayor of ,london in the year #aejd4 ,the term ,exchange owes its origin to the ,french echanger1 to trade1 to barter4 ,the object of the original ,royal ,exchange1 founded by ,sir ,thomas ,gresham in #aejf and opened by ,queen ,elizabeth amid sundry public rejoicings over the event 7which accounts for the prenomen 8,royal071 ,january #ca1 #aega1 was to provide a convenient place where the merchants1 bankers1 and brokers of the ,city could meet throughout the day for the transaction of business4 ,the ,stock ,exchange is the great money mart of the world see ,,stock in the article 8,,money04 ,the ,bankers' ,clearing ,house1 in ,lombard ,street1 is the establishment where all cheques1 drafts1 and bills drawn upon the various bankers are sorted1 distributed1 and balanced up4 ,the ,railway ,clearing ,house1 adjoining ,euston ,railway ,station1 is a similar establishment devoted to the adjustment of the value represented by the tickets issued by the different ,railway ,companies4 ,in conclusion1 the title of ,mansion ,house1 though somewhat suggestive of tautology1 may be accepted as denoting the house of all other houses1 since it is the official residence of the ,lord ,mayor4 ,,class ,,names ,,and ,,nicknames4 ,an unmarried female originally received the designation of ,spinster from her employment at the distaff or spindle4 ,according to the practical notions of our ,anglo-,saxon forefathers1 a female was not considered fit to enter the married state until she had made for herself a complete set of body1 bed1 and table-linen4 ,hence the significance of the term ,wife1 derived from the ,anglo-,saxon wif1 by virtue of the verb wyfan1 to weave4 ,the designation ,widow is an ,indo-,european importation1 derived from the ,sanskrit vid-hava1 without husband4 ,grass ,widow1 denoting a woman temporarily separated from her husband1 is a corruption of 8,grace ,widow0--in other words1 a widow by grace1 or courtesy4 ,the word ,chaperon is ,french1 derived from the chapeau1 or cap1 worn by the duennas of ,spain4 ,duenna1 signifying a guardian1 is ,spanish1 founded upon the ,latin domina1 a mistress4 ,the title of ,dowager1 which distinguishes a widow left with a jointure from the wife of her late husband's heir1 comes from the ,french douairire1 built upon the verb douaire1 to dower4 ,the name of ,blue ,stocking arose from the colour of the stockings worn by the members of the lady clubs in ,england during the days of ,boswell4 ,gentlemen were not excluded from these assemblies1 but the wearing of blue stockings was a sine qu non of admittance4 ,the last surviving member of the original ,,blue ,,stocking ,,club1 founded by ,mrs4 ,montague in #aghj1 died in #ahdj4 ,the earliest ,blue ,stocking assembly came into existence at ,venice1 under the title of ,della ,calza in the year #adjj4 ,a lady's-maid is familiarly styled an ,abigail1 in allusion to the handmaid who introduced herself to ,david 7#a ,samuel xxv4 #bc74 ,this class-name came into particular prominence during the early part of the eighteenth century1 in compliment to ,abigail ,hill1 the maiden name of ,mrs4 ,mashem1 the waiting-woman of ,queen ,anne4 ,a ,parisian shop or work-girl is known as a ,grisette on account of the grey cloth of which her dress is made4 ,in olden times all inferior classes in ,france were expected to be clad in gris1 i4e41 grey4 ,colleen is the native ,irish for girl2 and ,colleen ,bawn for a blonde girl4 ,how little the latter expression is understood by actresses is shown by the way in which some of them essay to impersonate 787 the heroine of ,dion ,boucicault's well-known drama whilst wearing their own dark hair or a dark wig4 ,truly1 a little knowledge is a useful thing6 ,as nowadays comprehended1 a ,milliner is one who retails hats1 feathers1 bonnets1 ribbons1 and similar appurtenances to female costume4 ,the name is really a corruption of ,milaner1 alluding to the city of ,milan1 which at one time set the fashion to the north of ,europe in all matters of taste and elegance4 ,haberdasher is a modern form of the ,old ,english word ,hapertaser1 or a retailer of hapertas cloth1 the width of which was settled by ,magna ,charta4 ,grocer is a contraction and modified spelling of ,engrosser1 the denomination of a tradesman who1 in the ,middle ,ages1 claimed a monopoly for the supply of provisions4 ,a vendor of vegetables is appropriately called a ,greengrocer4 ,an innkeeper is facetiously styled a ,boniface in honour of a devout and hospitable man whom ,st4 ,augustine caused to be canonized1 and who subsequently became the patron saint of ,germany4 ,shakespeare1 ,dante1 ,bacon1 and ,lamb never tired of referring to ,boniface4 ,ostler is a corruption of the ,french hostelier1 an innkeeper2 hence we sometimes speak of an inn as a ,,hostelry4 ,the term ,carpenter1 from the ,latin carpentum1 a waggon1 originally denoted a mechanic who constructed the wooden body of a vehicle of any kind1 as distinguished from the ,wheelwright2 but in process of time the same term came to be applied to artificers in timber generally4 ,the provincial name for such a one is a ,joiner1 literally a joiner of wooden building materials4 ,in some districts of ,england a shoemaker still bears the name of ,cordwainer4 ,formerly all shoemakers were styled ,cordwainers1 because they were workers in ,,cordwain1 a corruption of ,,cordovan1 which was the name of a particular kind of leather brought from ,cordova4 ,the designation ,tailor is an ,anglicized form of the ,french ,tailleur1 derived from the verb tailler1 to cut4 ,for ,tallyman see ,,tally1 in the article 8,,money40 ,a ,pawnbroker is familiarly called ,uncle1 in perpetuation of an ancient pun on the ,latin word uncus1 a hook4 ,for1 whereas in modern times the spout is employed as a means of communication between the pawnshop and the store-rooms overhead1 the ,roman pawnbrokers used a large hook2 and accordingly1 the expression 8,gone to the uncus10 was equivalent to our slang phrase 8,up the spout40 ,a ,barber derives his class-title from the ,latin barba1 a beard4 ,rude and semi-civilized tribes were anciently called ,barbarians1 because they belonged to no order of society4 ,between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries the hairdressers of this country combined the practice of surgery1 and were accordingly styled ,barber-,surgeons4 ,the surviving 8,barber's ,pole0 attests this fact4 ,the separation of the two professions took place in #aedj4 ,a shepherd or an ideal farmer bears the poetical description of an ,arcadian1 in allusion to the ,arcadians1 who were a pastoral people4 ,a friendly adviser is designated a ,mentor1 in memory of the wise and faithful counsellor of ,telemachus so named4 ,the word ,usher signifies a doorkeeper1 agreeably to the ,old ,french huisher1 a door4 ,bachelor comes from the ,welsh bach1 small1 young4 ,this name originally meant one inexperienced in anything4 ,the title of ,bachelor of ,arts denotes a degree next below that of ,master of ,arts4 ,beefeaters is a vulgar perversion of ,buffetiers1 as the ,yeoman of the ,guard were styled during the reign of ,henry ,,viii41 on account of their attendance upon the ,king's ,buffet1 or side-table4 ,the word ,,buffet is ,french1 derived from the ,spanish bfia1 a wineskin4 ,the civic guardians of law and order are denominated ,police in accordance with the ,greek polis1 the city4 ,for many years after the establishment of the ,police through the measures of ,sir ,robert ,peel 7in ,ireland1 as the national constabulary in #ahad2 in ,london as a regular force in #ahbi71 all ,policemen were nicknamed ,bobbies and ,peelers1 in allusion to their founder4 ,bow ,street ,runners were the original ,london detective force2 so called because their headquarters was ,bow ,street1 whence they were despatched to any part of the country in quest of the perpetrator of a particular crime4 ,the predecessors of the ,police were a set of decrepit old watchmen whose regular habit was to fall asleep in their boxes with their lanthorns beside them4 ,these were derisively nicknamed ,old ,charlies2 while their natural enemies1 who loved nothing so much as to turn their boxes upon them1 to molest defenceless females1 mutilate males1 and in many other ways to terrorize the peaceable inhabitants of the ,metropolis1 styled themselves first of all ,scourers1 and at a later date ,mohocks1 after the ,north ,american ,indian tribe of that name4 ,during the years #ahei and #ahfj an even more grievous terror haunted the streets of ,london in the persons of ,the ,garrotters1 so called from the ,garrotte1 the instrument with which condemned malefactors are strangled in ,spain4 ,the punishment of the 8cat o' nine tails0 for 8,garrotting10 which came into operation ,july #ac1 #ahfa1 gradually put an end to the practice4 ,the latest terror of the streets which1 unhappily1 abounds in ,american cities1 are the ,sandbaggers1 so called because they stun their victims with an ordinary sand-bag1 such as is used to keep the draught from penetrating between a pair of window-sashes2 after which robbery becomes an easy matter4 ,pleasanter it is to turn from the birds of night to the fops and dandies by day4 ,the word ,fop comes from the ,german foppen1 to make a fool of2 and ,dandy from the ,french dandin1 a ninny4 ,between these two poor specimens of humanity there is no perceptible difference4 ,the ,macaronies of the last century derived their designation from the fashionable 8,macaroni ,clubs0 to which they belonged4 ,the modern class-title of ,masher finds its origin in the ,romany or gipsy word msha1 signifying 8to fascinate the eye40 ,en passant1 the term ,gipsy is a corruption of ,egyptian1 so called because the original family or tribe of low caste ,hindoos expelled by ,timour about the year #acii eventually travelled into ,europe by way of ,egypt4 ,the ,gipsies were also in former times known as ,bohemians1 from the district in which they first attracted popular attention before they scattered themselves over ,western ,europe4 ,hence1 any individual whose habits are unconventual1 and to a certain extent nomadic1 is styled a ,bohemian4 ,the name of ,the ,upper ,ten applied to the aristocracy1 is short for 8,the ,upper ,ten ,thousand10 a term originally applied by ,n4 ,p4 ,willis1 the ,american poet 7born #ahjg1 died #ahfg71 to the fashionables of ,new ,york who1 at the time he introduced it1 numbered about ten thousand4 ,a distinctly latter-day expression conveying much the same signification is ,the ,four ,hundred1 by which we are left to conclude that the 8select0 society of ,new ,york must have undergone a considerable weeding-out during the last twenty years4 ,the temperance terms ,teetotal and ,teetotaler originated in the stuttering exhortation of one ,richard ,turner1 an artizan of ,preston1 who1 while addressing a meeting of abstainers in ,september1 #ahcc1 observed that 8,nothing but t-t-t-total abstinence will do60 ,several bodies of total abstainers from alcoholic beverages in ,england and ,america style themselves ,rechabites1 after the descendants of ,jonadab1 the son of ,rechab1 who lived in tents and foreswore wine4 ,others rejoice in the name of ,good ,templars1 after the ,templars of old4 ,the ,good ,templar ,movement cannot be accurately described as a crusade against drink2 but the ,league of the ,cross1 established by the ,roman ,catholics for the total suppression of drunkenness1 is1 in title and in fact1 one of the most powerful crusades ever distinguished in modern times4 ,a sailor is called a ,jack ,tar because he puts on tarpaulin 8overalls0 in 8dirty weather40 ,longshoreman is a corruption of alongshoreman1 i4e41 a wharfinger1 c4 ,navvy is a contraction of ,navigator1 which name was first given to the labourers employed in the construction of canals for inland navigation4 ,a cabman is popularly styled a ,jehu in allusion to one of the kings of ,israel noted for his furious driving4 ,a ,jerry ,builder is so called after one ,jeremiah1 a ,london builder who amassed a fortune by putting up houses with inferior materials in order to sell them at a large profit4 ,a ,journeyman is properly one who hires himself out to work by the day1 agreeably to the first portion of the word ,jour1 the ,french for day4 ,a debt-collector is known as a ,dun1 and his persistence is styled 8,dunning10 in memory of ,joe ,dun1 a famous bailiff of ,lincoln1 who was so successful in the discharge of his duties that it became quite customary when an individual refused to pay his debts to exclaim1 8,why don't you ,dun him for it80 which was tantamount to saying1 8,why don't you send ,dun to arrest him80 ,whilst on the subject of law1 we may here add that the expression ,a ,man of ,straw1 employed to denote a person without capital or means1 originated in the days when a certain class of men1 chiefly ruined tradesmen1 found it a profitable occupation to hire themselves out as witnesses in the law courts4 ,the recognized mark of these persons was a wisp of straw protruding from their shoes2 and as often as a lawyer stood in need of a convenient witness to prove his case1 he knew by the presence of 8a pair of straw shoes0 in court that the owner of the said shoes would recollect and swear to any incident in consideration of a fee4 ,costermonger is a corruption of ,costardmonger1 a seller of the famous costard apple introduced into this country by the ,dutch in #agcf4 ,both these terms are used by ,shakespeare2 nevertheless1 they bore a totally different signification in his time4 ,the word ,monger comes from the ,anglo-,saxon mongere1 one who trades4 ,an itinerant salesman in the olden time was styled a ,pedlar1 in accordance with the ,latin pedes1 the feet1 because he travelled on foot2 whereas ,hawker comes from the ,german hoken1 to carry on the back1 to retail4 ,hawkers and ,pedlars were first licensed in ,england in #afih4 ,an itinerant salesman of another kind is known as a ,cheap ,jack on account of the word 8cheap0 which is ,saxon for market1 derived from ceapan1 to buy4 ,a travelling medicine-vendor originally received the nickname of ,quack-doctor1 or ,quack1 from ,quacksalber1 the ,german term for quicksilver1 because1 differing from the regular practitioners1 he resorted to mercury and other dangerous ingredients4 ,at times a ,quack1 or any other individual gifted with humorous colloquial powers1 is dubbed a ,merry ,andrew1 in allusion to ,andrew ,borde1 a physician of the time of ,henry ,,viii41 noted for his facetious manners and sayings4 ,juggler is a corruption of jongleur1 the ,french designation of one of the companions of the troubadours1 whose business it was to supplement the lyrical accomplishments of the latter with feats of sleight-of-hand and other tricks for the amusement of the company4 ,a ,stump ,orator is properly one who delivers a speech from the stump of a tree2 the literal meaning of a ,,stump ,,speech being thus explained4 ,the now approbrious name of ,blackguard was formerly given to the scullions or dirty dependants of the ,english ,court who washed out the saucepans1 carried coals up to the kitchens1 and performed other menial duties4 ,as the 8,guards of ,honour0 in the ,royal ,household were distinguished by their fine appearance1 so these kitchen-men were equally distinguished by their grimy appearance2 consequently the latter were styled 8,black ,guards40 ,the origin of the word ,scullion was the ,norman-,french esculle1 a porringer or dish4 ,the place where the dishes are cleansed is still called a ,,scullery1 while the domestic who performs such work bears the name of ,scullery ,maid4 ,a rascal or sharper is designated a ,blackleg1 because such a one was generally to be found among the lower orders of turf and sporting men at the time these were especially characterized by the wearing of black top-boots4 ,a ,plunger is one who bets heavily either on the turf or at the gaming-table1 without consideration for the risks he incurs4 ,a ,bookmaker is so called because he arranges his book1 i4e41 his bets1 in such a manner that his losses and gains upon each day's racing must balance themselves4 ,the ,bookmaker who absconds after a race in order to avoid paying those who have entered bets with him and won is styled a ,welsher1 in allusion to the thieving propensities of a certain race of people1 as set forth in the old song1 which begins1 8,taffy was a ,welshman1 ,taffy was a thief10 c4 ,the word ,burglar is made up of the ,old ,english burgh1 a borough1 derived from the ,german burg1 a fortified place1 and the ,french lair1 a thief2 the allusion being that such a one breaks into a private dwelling for purposes of theft4 ,down to a comparatively recent date the common hangman in this country bore the nickname of ,jack ,ketch1 really a corruption of ,richard ,jacquett1 to whom the manor of ,tyburn1 where our malefactors were executed prior to the year #aghc1 belonged4 ,a native of ,london is popularly styled a ,cockney1 pursuant to the ,old ,english cockeney1 an effeminate person1 or rather one who has been rendered effeminate by the luxuries of the table2 this term tracing its origin directly from the ,latin verb coquere1 to cook1 whence we have the ,italian cuchina1 the ,french cuisine1 the ,german kche1 and the ,english kitchen4 ,a popular satiric poem of the thirteenth century1 entitled 8,the ,land of ,cockaygne10--i4e41 ,kitchen ,land1 draws a picture of an imaginary ,fool's ,paradise1 where there is nothing but eating and drinking1 where care1 trouble1 and toil find no place--a desirable country for those monks of the ,church who delight in the pleasures of the table rather than the observance of their spiritual exercises4 ,after this performance the term ,cockaigne or ,cockaygne gradually came to be applied to our capital city1 where cockenies1 or kitchen-servants1 abounded1 and where the luxury of good living was supposed to attain its highest development4 ,a raw youth1 or a countryman new to the ways of the world1 is dubbed a ,greenhorn1 in reference to the undeveloped horns of a young ox2 the word 8,green0 being derived from the ,anglo-,saxon grne1 that which is in process of growing4 ,nincompoop is a corruption of the ,latin phrase non compos mentis1 not in sound mind4 ,a person of defective mind is called a ,lunatic1 from the ,latin luna1 the moon1 in accordance with the ,roman idea that the mind was affected by the changes of the moon4 ,a person addicted to making foolish mistakes is styled a ,dutchman1 in allusion to the dull comprehensions supposed to be possessed by the inhabitants of the ,low ,countries4 ,the term first came into use as an epithet of derision during the wars with ,holland4 ,a ,humbug is one whose representations1 though sounding plausible enough1 are not to be relied upon4 ,the origin of this word is as follows3 ,in olden times there resided in the neighbourhood of the ,mearns1 in ,scotland1 a gentleman of landed property whose name was ,hume1 and whose estate was known as 8,the ,bogue40 ,owing to the great falsehoods which this 8,hume of the ,bogue0 was in the habit of relating about himself1 his family1 and everything connected with his affairs1 it became customary1 as often as the people of that district heard anything at all remarkable or absurd to exclaim1 8,that is a ,hume of the ,bogue40 ,the word spelt in its present form first appeared on the title-page of 8,the ,universal ,jester3 a choice collection of bonmots and humbugs10 published by ,fernando ,killigrew about the year #agcf4 ,the assurance that ,humbug is of such old date can scarcely tend to our satisfaction4 ,,malt ,,liquors4 ,at the present day the terms ,ale and ,beer are used somewhat confusedly4 ,the former1 derived from the ,gaelic and ,irish l1 drink1 is the real name of our national beverage1 which1 to judge from its intoxicating effects1 must1 in the days of our forefathers1 have been a very strong drink indeed4 ,the latter1 on the other hand1 is essentially a ,saxon word1 from the same root as barm1 signifying 8fermented drink10 and used to denominate the lighter kinds of fermented liquors generally1 as well as other drinks obtained from the roots or leaves of plants1 such as ,,ginger-,,beer1 ,,spruce-,,beer1 c4 ,we still speak of ,old ,ales2 whereas ,small ,beer indicates a liquor of very poor quality4 ,in former times the only varieties of malt liquor in this country were ,ale and ,beer1 the one strong1 the other comparatively weak4 ,to these a third1 popularly described as ,twopenny1 was eventually added4 ,however1 it was rare that any one of these three was demanded singly2 it being the custom1 particularly in ,london1 for the working-classes to call either for ,half-and-,half or ,three ,thirds1 meaning a tankard filled with equal portions of ale and beer1 or of ale1 beer1 and twopenny4 ,this custom remained in vogue until the year #agcj1 when it occurred to ,mr4 ,harwood1 a brewer of ,east ,london1 to prepare a liquor analogous to the mixture of ale1 beer1 and twopenny2 and thus save the time of the tavern-keepers1 who were compelled to serve each customer from three different casks4 ,almost immediately1 therefore1 he introduced the malt liquor known as ,entire1 because it was drawn entire from one cask4 ,it was first retailed at the sign of 8,the ,blue ,last10 in ,curtain ,road1 ,shoreditch1 where it soon came to be in active demand by the ,city porters1 who made this house their regular resort1 whereupon the enterprising publican adroitly called it ,porter4 ,the word 8,entire0 still appears upon the facia-boards of numerous taverns throughout the ,metropolis2 but who thinks of calling for ,entire at the present day8 ,by the term ,stout is implied a malt liquor of the stoutest quality1 i4e41 having the most body in it4 ,stingo expresses an old beer of particular sharpness1 in allusion to its stinging properties2 while ,yorkshire ,stingo is1 of course1 peculiar to the county of ,york4 ,originally the single ,x displayed on beer-barrels denoted that the liquor had paid a ten shillings' duty4 ,the additional ,x's are merely brewers' trade-marks1 indicating various degrees of strength over and above that of the single ,x ale4 ,concerning ,german beers1 we need only allude to ,mum1 or ,mumm1 which is peculiar to ,brunswick1 and named after ,christoph ,mumme1 who first brewed it in #adib2 ,lager-,bier1 so called because it is kept in a lager or cellar2 and ,bock-bier1 a liquor which causes the inconsiderate tippler to caper about like a bock1 or goat4 ,,diamonds ,,and ,,precious ,,stones4 ,the word ,diamond is a corruption of1 and synonymous with1 ,adamant1 derived from the ,greek adamas1 untamable1 infrangible1 not to be subdued1 in accordance with the prefix a1 without1 and damas1 to tame1 to subdue4 ,as every one must be aware1 the diamond is capable of resisting fire4 ,the great diamonds of the world are the following3--,the ,kohinoor1 or 8,mountain of ,light10 weighing #ajf carats1 came into the possession of ,queen ,victoria on the annexation of the ,punjaub in #ahdi2 the ,mattan 7#cfg carats7 belongs to the ,rajah of ,mattan2 the ,orloff 7#aid carats7 preserves the family name of ,catherine ,,ii4 of ,russia1 who purchased it in #agge2 the ,shah 7#hf carats71 presented by ,chosroes ,i41 ,shah of ,persia1 who died in the year #egi1 to the ,czar of ,russia2 the ,star of the ,south 7#bed carats71 discovered in ,brazil by a poor negress in #ahec2 the ,sauci 7#ajf carats71 originally the property of a ,french gentleman of this name1 and bought by the ,russian ,czar for half a million roubles in #ahce2 the ,regent1 also known as the ,pitt 7#acg carats71 first acquired by ,mr4 ,pitt1 the grandfather of the ,earl of ,chatham1 and subsequently sold to the ,duc d',orleans1 ,regent of ,france1 for #ace1jjj2 the ,pigott 7#hb carats71 brought from ,india by ,lord ,pigott sometime previous to #ahah1 when it came into the possession of ,messrs4 ,rundell and ,bridge2 the ,dudley 7#dd carats71 found at the ,cape by a black shepherd in #ahfh1 and1 after various changes of ownership1 bought by the ,earl of ,dudley for #cj1jjj2 and the ,twin ,diamonds1 both found in the bed of the river ,vaal at the ,cape in #ahgb4 ,with regard to precious stones3--the ,turquois derived its name from ,turkey1 where it was first found2 the ,topaz1 from ,topazos1 an island in the ,red ,sea2 and the ,agate1 from the ,greek ,achates1 a river in ,sicily1 in the bed of which it was anciently discovered4 ,the term ,amethyst comes from the ,greek amethustos1 a precious stone1 and ,opal1 through the ,latin opalus1 from the ,sanskrit opula1 a precious stone4 ,emerald traces its origin through the ,french emerande to the ,latin and ,greek omaragdus2 ,garnet1 through the ,french grenat1 from the ,latin granatus2 and ,ruby1 from the ,latin ruber1 red4 ,pearl is an ,anglo-,saxon word derived from the ,latin pirula1 a diminutive of pear4 ,we may conveniently add that the weight of precious stones1 as well as that of gold1 is regulated by ,carats1 because formerly carat seeds1 or the seed of the ,abyssinian coral flower were employed for this purpose4 ,,naval ,,and ,,military ,,sobriquets4 ,the ,roman ,manlius 7appointed ,consul in the year #bbd ,b4,c47 received the name of ,torquatus from the incident of having torn the golden torque or collar from the neck of his adversary in the field4 ,charles1 the son of ,pepin d',heristal1 was surnamed ,martel in recognition of his victory over the ,saracens1 who attempted the invasion of ,france in the year #gcb4 ,according to the chronicler1 8he knocked down the foe and crushed them between his axe1 as a martel or hammer crushes what it strikes40 ,robert1 ,duke of ,normandy1 the father of ,william the ,conqueror 7died #ajce71 bore the name of ,robert le ,diable1 or ,robert the ,devil1 on account of his courageous cruelty in war4 ,the ,scottish outlaw1 ,sir ,william ,wallace 7born #abgj1 beheaded #acje71 was styled ,the ,hammer and ,scourge of ,england by reason of his patriotism4 ,william ,douglas1 ,lord of ,nithsdale 7died #acij71 was known as ,black ,douglas because his frame was tall1 strong1 and well-built1 while his hair was dark and his complexion swarthy4 ,archibald ,douglas1 ,earl of ,angus 7died #aead71 merited the sobriquet of ,bell the ,cat for having put to death the upstart favourites of ,james ,,iii41 and so prevented the creation of nobles out of architects and masons whom the king particularly patronized4 ,at a meeting convened in the ,church of ,lauder by the ,scottish nobles for the purpose of taking measures to obtain the removal of these persons1 ,lord ,gray had put the question1 8,but who will bell the cat80 8,that will ,i60 answered ,douglas on the instant2 and he kept his word1 for in the very presence of the king he slew the obnoxious minions with his own hand4 ,richard ,nevil1 ,earl of ,warwick 7born #adbj1 died #adga71 was surnamed ,the ,king ,maker for the reason that while he espoused the cause of the ,yorkists1 ,edward ,,iv4 succeeded in his efforts to gain the ,english ,crown2 and when1 subsequently1 he transferred his influence to the ,lancastrians1 ,henry ,,vi4 was restored and the usurper deposed4 ,harry ,percy 7born #acfd1 died #adjc7 was styled ,hotspur1 and ,prince ,rupert 7born #afai1 died #afhb7 ,the ,mad ,cavalier because they found it impossible to restrain their rash courage in time of war4 ,the soldiers of ,cromwell1 after the ,battle of ,marston ,moor1 received the popular name of ,ironsides on account of their armour and their iron resolution4 ,the sobriquet of ,the ,almighty ,nose was bestowed upon ,oliver ,cromwell 7born #aeii1 died #afeh71 in allusion to his nasal enormity4 ,strange1 indeed1 that he who had attained to the highest position in the land by the sheer force of arms should have been so continually taunted with the length and colour of his nose6 ,yet so it was4 ,nevertheless1 there have been others whose peace of mind was daily threatened by popular malice in this selfsame respect4 ,even the great ,roman poet ,ovid suffered a lifelong martyrdom1 and became the recipient of the sobriquet of ,naso1 owing to the possession of an unusually large nose2 just as in modern times ,wilson1 the painter1 and ,cervetto1 the violincellist of ,drury ,lane ,theatre1 never succeeded in putting their heads out of their own doors without being greeted with shouts of 8,nosey60 from the mob4 ,the ,duke of ,cumberland 7born #agba1 died #agfe7 rightly deserved the opprobrious surname of ,the ,bloody ,butcher on account of his merciless slaughter of the vanquished adherents of the ,young ,pretender after the ,battle of ,culloden4 ,the soldiers of the ,duke of ,marlborough 7born #afej1 died #agbb7 familiarly styled their leader ,corporal ,john because he had risen from the rank of ,corporal2 while ,general ,bonaparte1 afterwards ,emperor of the ,french 7born #agfi1 died #ahba71 bore the name of ,the ,little ,corporal1 in allusion to his original rank1 his low stature1 youthful appearance1 and extraordinary courage4 ,as most readers are aware1 ,wellington 7born #agfi1 died #aheb7 earned the name of ,the ,iron ,duke by his iron will and resolution2 and ,blucher 7born #agdb1 died #ahai7 that of ,marshal ,forward1 by his dash and readiness to attack the enemy in the campaign which terminated in the ,battle of ,waterloo4 ,prince ,bismarck1 the late ,chancellor of the ,german ,empire 7born #ahae7 owed his surname of ,the ,iron ,chancellor to his extraordinary vigour and indomitable will4 ,helmuth1 ,count von ,moltke1 ,field-,marshal of the ,german armies 7born #ahjj1 died #ahia71 was popularly surnamed ,helmuth the ,taciturn1 because though a master of half a dozen languages1 he was never known to betray himself in one of them4 ,the sobriquet of ,stonewall ,jackson1 possessed by ,thomas ,jonathan ,jackson1 the ,confederate ,general in the ,american ,war of #ahfa to #ahfe1 originated with ,general ,lee1 who1 after rallying his troops at the ,battle of ,bull ,run1 exclaimed1 8,there is ,jackson1 standing like a stone wall60 ,a less complimentary sobriquet bestowed upon ,general ,andrew ,jackson1 ,president of the ,united ,states 7born #agfg1 died #ahde71 by his own soldiers1 was that of ,old ,hickory1 in allusion to his tough1 unyielding disposition4 ,the circumstance is thus commented upon by ,parton1 the author of ,jackson's ,life3--8,the name of ,old ,hickory was not an instantaneous inspiration1 but a growth4 ,first of all1 the remark was made by some soldier1 who was struck with his commander's pedestrian powers1 that the ,general was tough4 ,next1 it was observed that he was as tough as hickory4 ,then he was called ,hickory4 ,lastly1 the affectionate adjective #8old' was prefixed1 and the ,general thenceforth rejoiced in the completed nickname1 usually the first-won honour of a great commander40 ,of naval sobriquets we shall mention only three4 ,commodore ,john ,byron1 the circumnavigator 7born #agbc1 died #aghf71 was popularly known as ,foul ,weather ,jack because1 it was said1 he never enjoyed a fine passage throughout the whole of his experience4 ,admiral ,edward ,vernon 7born #afhd1 died #ageg71 to whom reference is made in our article on 8,spirits10 was called ,old ,grog1 because he wore a 8,grogram0 coat in 8dirty weather0 see ,,grogram4 ,admiral ,sir ,henry ,digby received his well-known sobriquet of ,the ,silver ,captain under the following interesting circumstances3--,on the ,october #ad1 #agii1 when commanding the frigate ,alcmene1 on a cruise off the ,spanish coast1 he shaped his course for ,cape ,st4 ,vincent1 and was running to the southward1 in the latitude of ,cape ,finisterre4 ,twice during the night he rang his bell to summon the officer on the watch1 and asked him if any person had been in the cabin4 8,no1 sir2 nobody10 was the answer4 8,very odd10 rejoined ,sir ,henry4 8,every time ,i dropped asleep ,i heard somebody shouting in my ear1 #8,digby6 ,digby6 go to the northward2 ,digby6 ,digby6 go to the northward6' ,i shall certainly do so4 ,take another reef in your topsails1 haul your wind1 tack every hour till daybreak1 and then call me40 ,these orders were strictly carried out1 and the frigate was tacked at four1 at five1 at six1 and at seven o'clock4 ,she had just come round for the last time when the man at the masthead called out1 8,large ship on the weather-bow1 sir60 ,on nearing her a musket was discharged to bring her to4 ,she was quickly boarded1 when she proved to be a ,spanish vessel laden with dollars1 in addition to a large cargo of cochineal and spices4 ,by this capture therefore1 the fortunate dreamer secured1 as his 7,captain's7 share of the prize-money1 the sum of #dj1gcj #ahs42 the lieutenants each #e1jia #gs4 #c;d42 the warrant officers each #b1dfh #ajs4 #i;d42 the midshipmen each #gia #ags4 #j;d42 and the seamen and marines each #ahb #ads4 #i;d4 ,the captured treasure was said to have been so weighty that sixty-three artillery tumbrils had to be requisitioned for the purpose of transporting it from the vessel to ,plymouth ,citadel4 ,,money4 ,the word ,money owes its existence to ,moneta1 one of the surnames of ,juno1 in whose temple the first coinage of the ,romans took place4 ,mint claims the same etymology1 being a contraction of the ,latin moneta1 brought about through the ,anglo-,saxon mynet4 ,by ,sterling ,money is meant the standard coin of ,great ,britain1 and for this reason3--,during the reign of ,king ,john the merchants of the ,hansa ,towns1 of which the inhabitants were commonly described as ,esterlings1 because they resided in the eastern portions of ,germany1 having long been noted for the purity of their coinage1 the king invited a number of them over to this country for the purpose of reforming and perfecting our coinage4 ,the invitation was accepted2 and ever afterwards good ,english money received the name of ,esterling or sterling money4 ,a ,guinea was an ,english gold piece first struck in #affc out of gold brought from the coast of ,guinea1 ,west ,africa4 ,its value has been subject to fluctuations at different periods4 ,thus1 in #affc it was worth #bjs42 in #afie1 #cjs42 in #agag1 #bas42 in #ahaj1 #bbs4 #f;d42 and in #ahaf1 #bfs4 ,the coinage of guineas was discontinued ,july #a1 #ahag4 ,a ,sovereign is so called because when originally coined1 during the reign of ,henry ,,viii41 it bore a representation of that sovereign in his royal robes4 ,a ,crown-piece when first introduced displayed a crown on its reverse side4 ,the ,florin took its name from ,florence1 in which city it was struck as long ago as the thirteenth century4 ,its reverse side has always borne a representation of a lily1 emblematical of 8,the ,city of ,flowers40 ,the term ,shilling traces its origin in the ,anglo-,saxon scilling1 the ,icelandic skillinge1 and the ,gothic skilliggs1 in each case denoting the twentieth part of a pound1 as at present4 ,a ,penny1 so called from the ,anglo-,saxon penig1 and ,danish pennig 7whence the modern ,german ,pfennig has been derived71 originally denoted a copper coin of full value2 a ,halfpenny1 the half of a penny2 and a ,farthing1 a corruption of the ,old ,english fourthling1 denotes a penny divided into four parts4 ,we must not omit to mention that in olden times only penny-pieces were struck2 and these were deeply indented in the form of a cross--exactly1 in fact1 after the manner of our ,good ,friday buns2 so that when half-pennies or farthings were required the pennies could be broken into two or four portions without difficulty4 ,among coins other than those now current in this country we may mention the ,ducat1 or ,duke's ,money1 specially struck for circulation in the ,duchy of ,apulia in the year #aadj1 and which bore this beautiful inscription3 8,sit tibi ,christi1 datus1 quem tu regis1 iste ducatus0 78,may this duchy which ,you rule be devoted to ,you1 ,o ,christ072 and the ,noble1 so called on account of the superiority of its gold4 ,during the reign of ,henry ,,iii4 this gold piece found its way into ,england under the name of ,rose-,noble1 owing to the impression of a rose on its reverse side2 but in the reign of ,henry ,,viii41 simultaneous with the substitution of the figure of ,st4 ,george1 it was designated a ,george-,noble4 ,the value of this coin at both periods was six-and-eightpence4 ,the current value of an ,angel1 so styled from the angel on its reverse side1 was1 when introduced in the reign of ,henry ,,vi41 six-and-eightpence2 but at the accession of ,elizabeth it had increased to ten shillings4 ,the ,thistle-crown of ,james ,,vi4 of ,scotland 7,james ,i4 of ,england71 value four shillings1 was so called because it had a rose on one side and a thistle on the other2 both surmounted by a crown4 ,the ,scottish sovereign of this period was styled a ,jacobus1 the ,latinized form of the ,king's name4 ,after the union of the two countries it became1 of course1 current in ,england also2 but in the two succeeding reigns it was denominated a ,carolus1 the ,latin for the name of ,charles4 ,a ,french gold coin long current in ,scotland was the ,dolphin1 which derived its name from the fact of its introduction by ,charles ,v41 who was also ,dauphin of ,vienne4 ,the ,french ,louis d'or 7a louis of gold7 was first struck in the reign of ,louis ,,xiii42 this was superseded by the ,napoleon1 during the consulate of ,napoleon ,bonaparte4 ,the ,franc originally denoted the silver coin of the ,franks4 ,the term ,dollar is a ,british modification of the ,german ,thaler1 an abbreviation of ,joachim's-,thaler2 by which was implied a piece of money struck out of the silver discovered in the ,thal1 or ,valley1 of ,st4 ,joachim1 ,france1 about the year #aeah4 ,the silver drawn from this valley being of superior quality1 it was coined into ounce pieces1 which received the name of ,joachims-,thalers2 but all other ounce pieces subsequently struck from silver obtained elsewhere were simply called ,thalers4 ,the ,kreuzer1 now superseded1 owed its name to the cross on its reverse side4 ,wood's ,halfpence was the designation of an inferior copper coinage circulated in ,ireland by a certain ,william ,wood1 under a patent granted to him by ,george ,i4 ,the withdrawal of the patent was eventually procured owing to the denunciations of ,dean ,swift in the mysterious 8,drapier's ,letters40 ,the legal tender notes of the ,united ,states are commonly styled ,greenbacks1 from the colour of the device imprinted on the back of them4 ,bank of ,england notes formerly bore the name of ,abraham ,newlands from the signature of the chief cashier4 ,by the term ,bullion1 remotely derived from the ,low ,latin bulla1 a seal1 and1 more directly1 from the ,old ,french bullione1 the ,mint1 is meant the stock of the precious metals formed into bars and stored in the strong rooms of the ,bank of ,england in readiness for coinage4 ,money vested in ,government securities is known as ,stock1 or ,government ,stock1 in allusion to the origin of the term1 viz41 the ,anglo-,saxon stocc1 a trunk1 a stick2 because prior to the year #aghb1 when the practice was abolished1 the official acknowledgment of money received on behalf of the ,government was written on both sides of a broad piece of wood1 which was then cut in two2 and the one portion1 called the ,stock1 was delivered to the person lending the money1 the ,counterstock being retained at the ,tally ,office4 ,the instrument of reckoning in this manner was styled the ,tally1 in accordance with the ,french verb tailler1 to cut2 while the correspondence of the ,stock and ,counterstock1 or1 in other words1 the two portions of the ,tally1 furnished the origin of the modern phrase 8to tally10 as well as the designation ,,tallyman1 or a trader who lets out goods1 principally clothing1 on the system of payment by weekly instalments4 ,the word ,consols is a contraction of 8,consolidated ,annuities10 or the funded portion of the ,national ,debt4 ,the fund which provides for the annual reduction of the latter is styled the ,sinking ,fund4 ,the ,french ,state ,loans known as ,tontines perpetuate the name of ,lawrence ,tonti1 a ,neapolitan protg of ,cardinal ,mazarine1 who projected the scheme in #afec4 ,the annual statement by the ,chancellor of the ,exchequer of the finances of this country is called the ,budget1 agreeably to the ,french bougetta1 a little bag2 because formerly the various documents were presented to ,parliament in a leathern bag4 ,,spirits4 ,rum is a native ,west ,indian term for a spirit distilled from cane-juice2 ,whisky is an ,english rendering of the ,irish ,uisquebaugh1 derived from the two ,gaelic words uisge1 water1 and beatha1 life2 ,brandy is a corruption of the ,old ,english brandwine1 literally burnt wine2 while ,gin is short for ,geneva1 where this spirit was first distilled4 ,hollands is the popular ,english name for ,dutch gin4 ,cognac1 a ,french brandy of the best quality1 owes its designation to the town of which it forms the staple industry2 and ,nantes to the port where it is shipped4 ,old ,tom was named after ,tom ,chamberlain1 the senior partner in ,messrs4 ,hodges' well-known distillery4 ,the term ,punch traces its origin to the ,hindoo pantsch1 signifying five1 because this favourite concoction originally consisted of five ingredients1 viz41 arrack1 sugar1 tea1 lemons1 and water2 whereas ,toddy is a western corruption of taudi1 the native ,hindoo name for palm-juice4 ,the word ,grog perpetuates the memory of 8,old ,grog10 the nickname of ,admiral ,edward ,vernon1 who first ordered his sailors to dilute their rum with water see ,,old ,,grog4 ,scotch whisky is usually styled ,mountain ,dew1 from the fact that in former times it was often distilled in the mountains in order to escape the watchfulness of the excise officers4 ,the superior ,scotch whisky known as ,glenlivet derives its name from the district in which it is distilled4 ,the popular ,,ll ,whisky originated under the following circumstances3 ,when the ,duke of ,richmond was ,lord ,lieutenant of ,ireland1 he one day1 in the year #ahjg1 sent to various ,dublin distilleries for samples of their best whisky2 and preferring that furnished by ,messrs4 ,kinahan1 his ,grace ordered a large vat in which this particular quality of the spirit was kept to be reserved for his own use4 ,accordingly1 the letters 8,,ll10 signifying ,lord ,lieutenant1 were painted on the vat2 and ever since ,messrs4 ,kinahan's whisky of the same quality has borne the name of 8,,ll ,whisky40 ,,london ,,streets ,,and ,,squares4 ,fleet ,street received its name from the ,fleet1 once a swift-flowing stream1 now converted into a sewer4 ,mitre ,court1 ,falcon ,court1 and ,red ,lion ,court were designated after old taverns respectively bearing these signs4 ,bolt ,court was so called from the 8,bolt-in-,tun10 an ancient coaching-house1 transformed into a railway goods receiving office standing on the opposite side of the way4 ,johnson's ,court did not receive its title from ,dr4 ,johnson1 who lived in it for some time1 but from the owner of the property4 ,wine ,office ,court originally contained an office where wine licences were issued4 ,shoe ,lane received this designation from the traditional account that when the ,devil ran away with ,lady ,hatton see ,,hatton ,,garden he dropped one of her shoes in ,shoe ,lane and her cloak in ,cloak ,lane1 near ,cannon ,street4 ,st4 ,bride ,street and ,bride ,lane owe their names to the ,church of ,st4 ,bride close by4 ,salisbury ,court occupies the site of an ancient palace of the ,bishops of ,salisbury4 ,dorset ,street and ,dorset ,buildings carry us back in fancy to the ,dorset ,gardens ,theatre1 erected in the grounds attached to the residence of the ,earl of ,dorset in the early days of the ,restoration4 ,whitefriars ,street marks the western boundary of the monastery of the ,carmelites1 or ,white ,friars1 built in #abde4 ,the whole district of ,whitefriars formerly comprised a ,sanctuary infested by debtors and lawbreakers2 on which account it bore the name of ,alsatia1 in allusion to the ,french province of ,alsace1 long notorious for its intestine strife and political disaffection4 ,bridge ,street is a modern thoroughfare leading to ,blackfriars ,bridge and ,blackfriars ,road1 so called from the monastery of the ,dominicans or ,black ,friars established on the site of ,printing ,house ,square and the ,times office1 about the year #abgf4 ,water ,lane was originally a narrow lane winding down to the ,thames4 ,ludgate ,hill derived its name from the old ,lud ,gate1 built by ,king ,lud in the year #ff ,b4,c4 on the spot where the ,london1 ,chatham1 and ,dover ,railway now crosses this busy thoroughfare4 ,the gate was removed in #agfj4 ,la ,belle ,sauvage ,yard was formerly the coachyard of the celebrated ,inn of this name4 ,the ,old ,bailey is a corruption of ,bail ,hill1 which contained the residence and court of the ,bail1 or ,bailiff1 from very early times4 ,the ,broadway was doubtless considered a fine thoroughfare in the days when ,london streets generally were so narrow that opposite neighbours could shake hands out of their top-story windows4 ,friar ,street was designated after the ,black ,friars' ,monastery4 ,sermon ,lane is a corruption of 8,shere-moniers' ,lane10 in which stood the office of the money-shearers or clippers at the time when the ,mint was in this neighbourhood4 ,paul's ,chain owed its name to a chain formerly drawn across its northern extremity the while service was held in ,st4 ,paul's4 ,old ,change was originally known as 8,the ,king's ,exchange0 on account of the building where the bullion was stored convenient to the ,money-shearers' ,office and the ,mint4 ,paternoster ,row received its name from the stationers who sold religious texts1 prayer-books1 and rosary beads1 formerly called ,paternosters in this street4 ,ave ,maria ,lane1 ,creed ,lane1 and ,amen ,corner1 being of later date1 their designation to complete the religious metaphor was perhaps natural4 ,warwick ,lane stands on the site of a magnificent palace owned by the ,beauchamps1 ,earls of ,warwick4 ,ivy ,lane contained the ivy-clad houses of the prebendaries attached to ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral4 ,in ,panyer ,alley may be seen a curious stone let into the wall of the middle house on the east side1 upon which are chiselled the rude figure of a boy seated on a pannier or basket1 and a distich reminding the pedestrian that this is the highest ground in the ,city4 ,the alley was a standing-place for bakers with their panniers at the time when a corn market was held at the western extremity of ,cheapside4 ,cheapside properly denotes that side of the ,cheap where the rich goldsmiths had their shops4 ,the term cheap is ,saxon for a market1 derived from ceapan1 to buy4 ,the ,old ,english spelling of the name of this locality was ,chepe4 ,ironmonger ,lane was the regular habitation of the artificers in iron in the reign of ,edward ,i42 ,bread ,street of the bakers2 and ,friday ,street of the fishmongers who supplied the fast-day markets4 ,milk ,street was the ancient milk market4 ,gutter ,lane is a corruption of 8,guthurun ,lane10 so called after a wealthy ,danish burgher4 ,foster ,lane contains the ,church of ,st4 ,vedast 7otherwise ,st4 ,foster71 ,bishop of ,arras in the ,french province of ,artois1 in the time of ,clovis4 ,wood ,street was anciently inhabited by turners and makers of wooden cups and dishes and measures4 ,lawrence ,lane received its name from the ,church of ,st4 ,lawrence in ,gresham ,street1 which perpetuates the memory of ,sir ,thomas ,gresham1 merchant and founder of the ,royal ,exchange 7born #aeai1 died #aegi71 because ,gresham ,college1 established by him in his own mansion1 on the site of the present ,gresham ,house1 ,old ,broad ,street1 was removed here in #ahdc4 ,lad ,lane1 now absorbed in ,gresham ,street1 was a corruption of 8,our ,lady ,lane10 so called from a statue of the ,virgin4 ,aldermanbury was so called from the original ,guildhall that stood on its east side4 ,the approach to the present ,guildhall received the name of ,king ,street in honour of ,henry ,,iv41 in whose reign the edifice was opened4 ,in ,basinghall ,street stood the mansion of ,solomon ,basing1 ,lord ,mayor in #abaf4 ,coleman ,street preserves the memory of the first builder upon the land4 ,the ,old ,jewry was the privileged quarter of the ,jews1 whose first synagogue was erected here in #abfb4 ,the ,poultry comprised the shops of the scorchers and stuffers1 who afterwards settled down in the ,stocks ,market 7so called from the old stocks for public offenders that stood there71 displaced by the building of the ,mansion ,house in #agci4 ,bucklersbury was originally the property of a wealthy grocer named ,buckle who owned a manor-house here2 the ,anglo-,saxon word bury being applicable either to a town or to an inhabited enclosure4 ,king ,william ,street was named soon after ,william ,,iv4 opened the present ,london ,bridge1 on ,august #a1 #ahca4 ,queen ,victoria ,street was cut through in the reign of her present ,majesty4 ,cannon ,street is a corruption of ,candlewick ,street1 colloquially styled 8,can'lwick ,street10 from the candlemakers who congregated in it4 ,budge ,row received its name from the sellers of budge1 or lambskin-fur1 which at one time was greatly used as an ornamentation to their attire by scholars and civic dignitaries4 ,london ,stone marked the centre of the ,city during its occupation by the ,romans in the year #ae ,b4,c4 ,watling ,street is a mispronunciation of 8,vitellina strata10 meaning the street of ,vitellius1 who at the time it was constructed occupied the ,imperial throne4 ,this was the great highway of the ,romans1 running from ,dover1 through ,canterbury and ,london1 direct to ,cardigan in ,wales4 ,walbrook1 formerly written 8,wall-brook10 reminds us of the pleasant stream of clear water that once ran along the west side of this street and emptied itself into the ,thames4 ,crooked ,lane was so called from its winding character4 ,swan ,alley1 in ,upper ,thames ,street1 derived its title from an ancient mansion of the ,beauchamps whose crest was a swan4 ,boss ,alley calls attention to the fact that the executors of ,sir ,richard ,whittington erected a boss1 or conduit1 hereabouts in the long1 long ago4 ,college ,hill is all that remains to remind us of the ,college of ,st4 ,spirit and ,st4 ,mary founded on its site by the same generous ,lord ,mayor and benefactor of the public4 ,fye ,foot ,lane is properly 8five-foot lane10 the actual width of this thoroughfare at one end2 while ,duck's ,foot ,lane is a corruption of 8,duke's ,foot ,lane10 signifying the private path leading from the manor-house of the ,dukes of ,suffolk in what is now ,suffolk ,lane down to the water-side4 ,queenhithe was so called because the tolls collected at this hithe1 or wharf1 were claimed as pin-money by ,eleanor1 queen of ,henry ,,ii4 ,dowgate is a modern spelling of 8,dwrgate0 7dwr being ,celtic for water71 where1 in the absence of bridges1 the ,romans had a ferry across the river to the continuation of ,watling ,street towards ,dover4 ,the ,steelyard was the place where the ,king's beam1 or ,steel yard1 for weighing merchandise was set up4 ,foreigners who landed goods here were1 between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries1 known as ,,the ,,steelyard ,,merchants4 ,gracechurch ,street1 formerly corrupted into 8,gracious ,street10 received its name from an old church standing in a grass market hereabouts4 ,fenchurch ,street recalls the church in the fens1 or marshy land1 on the north bank of the ,thames4 ,eastcheap was the eastern cheap or market1 as distinguished from ,chepe or ,cheapside4 ,mincing ,lane is a corruption of 8,mynchen ,lane10 denoting the tenements held by the minichery1 a ,saxon name for a nunnery1 of ,st4 ,helen's1 ,bishopsgate ,street4 ,mark ,lane was originally styled 8,mart ,lane10 from a fair held here from the earliest times4 ,blind ,chapel ,court1 situated at the north-east corner of ,mark ,lane1 carries the imagination back to 8,blanch ,appleton10 the documentary description of a white stone manor belonging to a knight named ,appleton1 in the reign of ,richard ,,ii4 ,in ,rood ,lane stood an ancient rood1 or cross1 representing the dying ,saviour4 ,seething ,lane is a corruption of ,sidon ,lane2 and ,billiter ,street of ,belzetti ,street1 commemorating the names of the original owners of1 and builders upon1 the land4 ,the ,minories marks the site of the ,priory of the ,,minoresses1 or ,,nuns ,,of ,,st4 ,,clare 7the ,order founded in ,italy1 by ,st4 ,clare in #abab72 corresponding to the ,minims1 or ,lesser ,friars1 founded by ,st4 ,francis de ,paula in #adec4 ,crutched ,friars was the ,priory of the ,crutched1 or ,crossed1 ,friars of the ,holy ,trinity see ,,religious ,,orders4 ,aldgate received its name from the ,ald ,gate1 the oldest of the ,city gates1 taken down in #agfj4 ,aldgate ,pump1 which stood beside the gate1 still remains4 ,george ,yard was formerly the inn yard of 8,the ,george40 ,duke's ,place preserves the memory of ,thomas ,howard1 ,duke of ,norfolk1 beheaded in #aegb1 who had inherited the property of the ,crutched ,friars by marriage4 ,leadenhall ,street derived its title from the ,leadenhall ,market1 a corruption of 8,leather ,hall10 the leather-sellers' market of olden times4 ,st4 ,mary-,axe owes its name to the ,church of ,st4 ,mary-,axe which stood in it see the article 8,,london ,,churches ,,and ,,buildings04 ,throgmorton ,street and ,nicholas ,lane were both named after ,sir ,nicholas ,throgmorton1 a wealthy ,london banker1 and the head of an ancient ,warwickshire family1 said to have been poisoned by ,robert ,dudley1 ,earl of ,leicester1 in #aega4 ,threadneedle ,street is a corruption of 8,three-,needle-,street10 so called from the arms of the ,needle ,makers' ,company4 ,bartholomew ,lane was designated after the ,church of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 at the back of the ,royal ,exchange4 ,lothbury was originally 8,lattenbury10 inhabited by the workers in latten1 a fine kind of brass or bronze1 which formed an important industry in the ,middle ,ages4 ,cornhill was the ancient corn market4 ,st4 ,michael's ,alley1 where the first ,english coffee-house was opened1 took its name from the neighbouring church4 ,finch ,lane is properly 8,finke ,lane10 in honour of ,sir ,robert ,finke1 who built the ,church of ,st4 ,bennet ,finke1 pulled down to enlarge ,gresham's ,royal ,exchange4 ,change ,alley1 a contraction of 8,exchange ,alley10 was in the year #agbj the busy centre of the ,south ,sea ,bubble4 ,birchin ,lane is a corruption of 8,birchover ,lane10 named after the builder4 ,lombard ,street constituted the colony of the ,jews of ,lombardy sent over to ,england by ,pope ,gregory ,,ix4 for the purpose of advancing money to those who were unable to pay the taxes so rigorously demanded throughout the country in #abbi4 ,austin ,friars contained the ,priory of the ,austin1 or ,augustin ,friars4 ,bishopsgate ,street was designated after the strong gate built by the good ,bishop ,erkenwald1 son of ,offa1 ,king of the ,saxons2 and repaired by ,bishop ,william in the reign of ,william ,i4 ,great ,st4 ,helen's comprises the ground anciently held by the ,nuns of the ,order of ,st4 ,helen4 ,devonshire ,square1 in this neighbourhood1 marks the situation of the mansion of ,william ,cavendish1 second ,earl of ,devonshire1 who died under its roof in #afbh4 ,artillery ,lane stands upon the old practising ground of the ,tower ,gunners prior to the seventeenth century4 ,houndsditch was the old ditch beyond the city wall1 anciently considered by the inhabitants to be the proper depository for dead dogs4 ,bevis ,marks is a corruption of 8,bury's ,marks10 where stood the mansion and grounds of the ,abbots of ,bury4 ,petticoat ,lane1 also known as ,rag ,fair1 is the central old clothes mart of the ,jewish inhabitants of the metropolis4 ,wormwood ,street and ,camomile ,street were so called on account of the herbs found growing among the ,roman stones4 ,london ,wall defines the ancient boundary of ,roman ,london4 ,barbican1 a continuation of the old ,roman ,wall1 is an ,english form of the ,saxon burgh kennin1 or postern tower4 ,here it was that the ,romans placed sentinels by night and day to give notice of conflagrations in the ,city or of dangers from outside quarters4 ,in ,great ,winchester ,street stood the original ,winchester ,house1 built by the first ,marquis of ,winchester4 ,old ,broad ,street was in ,elizabeth's reign the most fashionable thoroughfare in ,london1 containing the mansions of the wealthiest city merchants4 ,moorgate ,street was so called from the gate that divided the ,city from the moor1 comprising the borough of ,finsbury4 ,beech ,lane was designated after ,nicholas de la ,beech1 ,lieutenant of the ,tower during the reign of ,edward ,,iii4 ,cripplegate is the narrow thoroughfare anciently graced 7or disgraced7 by a stone gate which received its name from the beggars and cripples who congregated around it4 ,this affection for the old gate on the part of the cripples may be explained by the circumstance that the neighbouring church was dedicated to ,st4 ,giles1 the patron of cripples4 ,whitecross ,street and ,red ,cross ,street were respectively denominated from a white and a red cross of stone1 which defined the boundaries of the land belonging to the ,knights ,templars and the ,knights ,hospitallers4 ,playhouse ,yard reminds us that the old 8,fortune ,theatre0 stood here4 ,jewin ,street was for centuries the only burying-ground permitted to the ,jews of ,london4 ,aldersgate ,street took its name from the old ,city gate1 distinguished for several alder-trees that grew beside it4 ,in ,bridgewater ,square stood the mansion1 destroyed by fire in #afhg1 of the ,egertons1 ,earls of ,bridgewater4 ,bartholomew ,close marks the situation of the cloisters of ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,priory1 of which the church still remains4 ,cloth ,fair comprised the ancient rendezvous of the ,flemish and ,italian merchants for the annual sale of cloths4 ,this was the real ,fair1 to which 8,bartholomew ,fair0 was merely an adjunct designed for the amusement of the populace who came from all accessible parts of the country4 ,duke ,street and ,little ,britain were so called because in olden times the ,dukes of ,brittany resided here4 ,newgate ,street received its name from the latest of the ,city gates1 which also lent its title to the gloomy prison hard by4 ,bath ,street contained one of the ,turkish ,bagnios1 or ,baths1 introduced in ,london as early as the year #afgi4 ,king ,edward ,street serves to remind us that the neighbouring ,grammar ,school known as ,christ's ,hospital was established by ,edward ,,vi4 ,giltspur ,street1 formerly styled ,knightrider ,street1 was so called from the ,knights1 distinguished by their gilt spurs1 who passed through it on their way to the tournaments in ,smithfield4 ,pie ,corner1 where the great ,fire of ,london ceased its ravages in #afff1 derived its name from an eating-house that rejoiced in the sign of 8,the ,magpie40 ,farringdon ,street and ,farringdon ,road perpetuate the memory of ,william ,farrindon1 citizen and goldsmith1 who purchased the ,aldermanry of the ,ward still known by his name for twenty marks in #abgi1 and became ,sheriff two years later4 ,saffron ,hill owes its designation to the rich crops of saffron that grew on its site at the time when it formed the eastern portion of the grounds attached to ,ely ,house1 the ,london residence of the ,bishops of ,ely1 which stood on the spot now marked by ,ely ,place1 and bounded on the west by ,hatton ,garden2 so called because1 when the property became demised to the ,crown1 it was presented by ,queen ,elizabeth to ,sir ,christopher ,hatton1 who literally danced himself into ,her ,majesty's favour4 ,snow ,hill was formerly described as 8,snore ,hill10 from the fact that the stage-coach passengers intended for 8,the ,saracen's ,head0 were generally fast asleep when they arrived at their destination4 ,holborn is a contraction of 8,the ,hollow ,bourne10 indicative of a stream in a hollow4 ,in ,domesday ,book the name appears as 8,holebourne40 ,holborn ,bars marks the ,city boundary on its western side4 ,leather ,lane was the recognized colony of the leather-sellers4 ,fetter ,lane is a perversion of 8,fewtor's ,lane0--in other words1 a lane infested by vagabonds in the days when it led to some pleasure gardens4 ,the term was derived from the ,norman-,french faitour1 signifying an evil-doer4 ,brooke ,street 7in which ,chatterton1 the boy-poet1 ended his life by poison71 and ,greville ,street preserve the name of ,fulke ,greville1 ,lord ,brooke1 ,councillor to ,james ,i41 whose house stood in the latter thoroughfare4 ,gray's ,inn ,road forms the eastern boundary of ,gray's ,inn4 ,verulam ,buildings1 ,gray's ,inn1 facing ,gray's ,inn ,road1 received this title in honour of ,lord ,bacon1 who was created ,baron ,verulam and ,viscount ,st4 ,albans4 ,furnival ,street1 on the east side of ,holborn ,bars1 owes its name to ,furnival's ,inn1 which it faces4 ,until quite recently this street was designated ,castle ,street1 from the old 8,castle ,inn10 whose site it covers4 ,the name of ,dyers' ,buildings memorializes the one-time existence of some almshouse erected hereabouts by the ,dyers' ,company4 ,cursitor ,street received its title from the ,cursitors' ,office founded in this vicinity by the father of the great ,lord ,bacon4 ,the ,cursitors were those who issued writs in the name of the ,court of ,chancery4 ,the word cursitor is a corruption of chorister4 ,anciently all the officers of the ,court of ,chancery were divines2 and the ,lord ,high ,chancellor himself was the ,ecclesiastical ,keeper of the ,king's ,conscience4 ,chancery ,lane is a corruption of 8,chancellor's ,lane10 originally containing the court and official residence of the ,lord ,high ,chancellor4 ,southampton ,buildings occupy the site of ,southampton ,house1 which witnessed the death of ,thomas1 the last ,earl of ,southampton1 ,lord ,treasurer of ,charles ,,ii4 ,those sorry tenements1 ,chichester ,rents supply the place of the old town mansion of the ,bishops of ,chichester4 ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields are situated on the east side of the ,inn1 or mansion1 of ,henry de ,lacey1 ,earl of ,lincoln1 in the fourteenth century see ,,inns ,,of ,,court4 ,sardinia ,street takes its name from the ,sardinian ,chapel1 the oldest ,roman ,catholic chapel in ,london1 dating back to the year #afdh1 and originally the residence of the ,sardinian ambassador4 ,great ,turnstile and ,little ,turnstile are pleasant-sounding names1 eminently suggestive of the rural character of this neighbourhood in bygone days4 ,the turnstiles were set up to prevent sheep and cattle from straying out of ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields into the public highway4 ,great ,queen ,street was so called in compliment to ,queen ,elizabeth1 in whose reign it was first formed into a footway for pedestrians plodding westwards from ,lincoln's ,inn towards the narrow path1 anciently designated1 as the modern street still is1 ,long ,acre4 ,the word ,acre1 derived from the ,greek agros1 ,latin ager1 and ,anglo-,saxon acer1 means a ploughed or sown field4 ,drury ,lane derived its name from ,drury ,house1 the town residence of ,sir ,william ,drury1 ,k4,g41 one of our most able commanders in quelling the wars with ,ireland4 ,the house was situated where the ,olympic ,theatre now stands4 ,denzil ,street and ,holles ,street were so designated by ,gilbert1 ,earl of ,clare1 whose house occupied the site of ,clare ,market1 in memory of his uncle ,denzil1 ,lord ,holles1 one of the five members of the ,house of ,commons whose persons ,charles ,i4 made an ineffectual attempt to seize4 ,hart ,street and ,white ,hart ,street both owe their titles to 8,the ,white ,hart0 ,inn1 demolished in the time of ,george ,i4 ,catherine ,street1 ,strand1 and ,portugal ,street1 ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields1 were designated in honour of ,catherine of ,braganza1 queen of ,charles ,,ii4 ,serle ,street received its name from ,henry ,serle1 a bencher of ,lincoln's ,inn1 who left considerable property in the parish of ,st4 ,clement-,danes when he died in #afij4 ,wych ,street was known in early times as ,aldwyche1 denoting the road leading directly from the ,strand and the church just mentioned to the 8,old town10 now known as ,broad ,street1 ,st4 ,giles's parish4 ,holywell ,street took its title from the ,holy ,well discovered on the eastern side of ,st4 ,clement-,danes4 ,the ,strand literally means the strand of the ,thames4 ,at one time ,somerset ,house and a few other princely mansions only occupied its southern side4 ,thanet ,place1 a secluded cul de sac comprising ten houses1 opposite the ,law ,courts1 was named after the ,earl of ,thanet1 to whom1 previous to #aghj1 the property belonged4 ,palsgrave ,place was so called in compliment to the ,palsgrave ,frederick1 ,king of ,bohemia1 who married the ,princess ,elizabeth1 daughter of ,james ,i41 in #afab4 ,devereaux ,court received its title from ,essex ,house1 which also gave its name to ,essex ,street1 the residence of ,robert ,devereaux1 ,earl of ,essex1 the ,parliamentary ,general4 ,milford ,lane was in olden times characterized by a rustic mill2 and the lane itself led down to a ford across the river4 ,arundel ,street1 ,norfolk ,street1 ,surrey ,street1 and ,howard ,street1 stand upon the site of the town house and grounds of the ,howards1 ,dukes of ,norfolk1 and ,earls of ,arundel and ,surrey4 ,savoy ,street leads to the ,chapel ,royal1 the only remaining portion of the ancient ,savoy ,palace see ,,savoy ,,chapel4 ,wellington ,street1 constructed in #ahbi-cj1 was named to complete the compliment partially bestowed upon the ,duke of ,wellington by the designation of ,waterloo ,bridge1 opened ,june #ah1 #ahag1 or two years after the famous victory4 ,bow ,street was so called on account of its bent shape when it was first laid out to connect the ,strand with ,oxford ,street in #afcg4 ,covent ,garden is a corruption of ,convent ,garden1 or the garden belonging to ,st4 ,paul's ,convent4 ,york ,street and ,james ,street were both named in honour of the ,duke of ,york1 afterwards ,james ,,ii4 ,king ,street1 constructed in his reign1 was designated after ,charles ,i41 and ,henrietta ,street after his queen1 ,henrietta ,maria4 ,in ,tavistock ,street1 ,russell ,street1 ,bedford ,street1 and ,southampton ,street1 we trace some of the family titles of one of the ancestors of the present ground landlord1 viz41 ,thomas ,wriothesley1 ,earl of ,southampton1 ,marquis of ,tavistock1 ,duke of ,bedford1 whose daughter is known in history as the celebrated ,rachel1 the wife of ,lord ,william ,russell1 the patriot1 beheaded in #afhc4 ,southampton ,house1 in which ,lady ,russell was born1 stood in the street named after it4 ,bedfordbury originally denoted the enclosed property of the ,bedford family4 ,maiden ,lane was so styled on account of a statue of the ,virgin that stood at the corner of this thoroughfare at the time when it skirted the south wall of the ,convent ,garden4 ,chandos ,street received its name from ,james ,bridges1 ,lord ,chandos1 the ancestor of the 8,princely ,duke of ,chandos40 ,exeter ,street marks the situation of ,exeter ,house and its grounds1 the property of a lineal descendant of the great ,lord ,burleigh1 after whom ,burleigh ,street was designated4 ,cecil ,street and ,salisbury ,street1 on the opposite side of the ,strand1 remind us that here stood ,salisbury ,house1 the residence of ,robert ,cecil1 first ,earl of ,salisbury1 one of the sons of ,lord ,burleigh just alluded to4 ,adelphi is the ,greek word for brothers4 ,this collective title was chosen for the pleasantly situated little district which comprises ,adelphi ,terrace1 ,adam ,street1 ,john ,street1 ,robert ,street1 and ,james ,street1 the work of the brothers ,adam1 after whose ,christian names three of the streets were designated4 ,similarly1 ,george ,street1 ,villiers ,street1 ,duke ,street1 and ,buckingham ,street preserve the memory of ,george ,villiers1 second ,duke of ,buckingham1 of whose mansion the old gate built by ,inigo ,jones may still be seen4 ,charing ,cross is a perversion of 8,chre ,reine ,cross10 so named from the memorial cross erected upon the spot where the body of ,eleanor1 the dear queen of ,edward ,i41 was last set down while on its way to ,westminster ,abbey4 ,the present cross is merely a model of the original demolished by the ,puritans in #afdg4 ,craven ,street is the property of ,lord ,craven4 ,northumberland ,street and ,northumberland ,avenue owe their names to ,northumberland ,house1 the town mansion of the ,dukes of ,northumberland1 taken down in #ahgd4 ,trafalgar ,square received its title from the ,nelson ,column1 set up in #ahdc1 two years before the ,square itself was completed4 ,st4 ,martin's ,lane was named after the parish church of ,st4 ,martin's-in-the-,fields4 ,king ,william ,street was built upon in the reign of ,william ,,iv4 ,the name of ,seven ,dials arose from a column set up at the diverging point of seven streets1 and displaying as many clock faces4 ,its object was to mark the limits of ,st4 ,giles's and ,st4 ,martin's parishes4 ,cranbourne ,street marks the course of a long1 narrow bourne1 or stream1 that formerly ran from ,tyburn by way of ,brook ,street1 ,grosvenor ,square1 and across ,leicester ,fields into ,long ,acre1 and thence emptied itself into the ,thames at the bottom of ,milford ,lane4 ,the first portion of the name was in allusion to the long1 slender neck and legs of the crane4 ,leicester ,square 7formerly denominated ,leicester ,fields7 derived its name from ,leicester ,house1 the noble mansion built on its east side by ,robert ,sidney1 ,earl of ,leicester1 in #afcf4 ,on the site of ,coventry ,street stood the mansion of ,henry ,coventry1 ,secretary of ,state in the reign of ,charles ,,ii4 ,great ,windmill ,street reminds us of the old windmill that stood hereabouts a couple of centuries ago4 ,it was not until ,january1 #ahca1 that the hay market1 properly so called1 was removed from the spacious thoroughfare still known as the ,haymarket4 ,jermyn ,street was named after ,henry ,jermyn1 ,earl of ,st4 ,albans1 whose residence1 ,st4 ,alban's ,house1 stood on its north side4 ,in ,arundel ,street we have one of the family titles of the ground landlord1 ,lord ,arundel of ,wardour4 ,orange ,street was designated in honour of the ,prince of ,orange1 afterwards ,william ,,iii4 ,panton ,street perpetuates the memory of ,colonel ,thomas ,panton1 a notorious gamester1 whose daughter married into the ,arundel family4 ,suffolk ,street marks the situation of the old town mansion of the ,earl of ,suffolk4 ,spring ,gardens1 during the days of the ,stuarts1 contained an ingenious contrivance by which any person stepping upon a hidden spring was suddenly immersed in a shower of water4 ,pall ,mall is a modern spelling of paille maille1 the title of a ,french game at ball1 somewhat similar to our croquet1 first played in this thoroughfare--then open to ,st4 ,james's ,park--about the year #afba4 ,carlton ,house ,terrace stands on the site of ,carlton ,house1 the palace of ,frederick1 ,prince of ,wales1 the father of ,george ,,iii4 ,king ,street1 ,st4 ,james's ,street1 and ,st4 ,james's ,square were designated in honour of ,james ,i4 ,bury ,street is properly 8,berry ,street10 after the name of its builder4 ,the ,green ,park deserves its title on account of its verdure1 so refreshing to the eye4 ,hyde ,park anciently comprised the manor of ,hyde held by the ,abbots of ,st4 ,peter's1 ,westminster1 but claimed by the ,crown on the dissolution of the monasteries4 ,hyde ,park ,corner defines the position of the old toll-gate at the western extremity of ,london4 ,rotten ,row is a corruption of route du roi1 the ,french for 8route of the ,king10 to the historic royal residence at ,kensington4 ,albert ,gate1 ,queen's ,gate1 and ,prince's ,gate are of modern date1 named in honour of the royal personages indicated4 ,the ,marble ,arch is an imposing structure of white marble originally erected in front of ,buckingham ,palace in #ahcj1 and removed to its present position in #ahea4 ,rutland ,gate was designated after the mansion of the ,dukes of ,rutland hard by4 ,cumberland ,gate and ,duke ,street1 ,grosvenor ,square1 were both named after the ,duke of ,cumberland1 brother to ,george ,,iii4 ,grosvenor ,gate1 ,grosvenor ,street1 and ,grosvenor ,square preserve the memory of ,sir ,richard ,grosvenor1 ,grand ,cup-bearer to ,george ,,ii41 who died in #agcb4 ,the ancestral line of the ,grosvenors may be traced back to ,le ,gros ,veneur1 8the chief hunter10 to the ,dukes of ,normandy prior to the ,conquest4 ,stanhope ,gate1 ,great ,stanhope ,street1 and ,chesterfield ,street received their names from ,chesterfield ,house1 the residence of ,philip ,stanhope1 ,earl of ,chesterfield1 of epistolary fame4 ,park ,lane was formerly a narrow lane skirting the east side of the ,park4 ,portugal ,street was named in honour of the queen of ,charles ,,ii4 ,chapel ,street owes its designation to its proximity to ,grosvenor ,chapel4 ,hamilton ,place perpetuates the name of ,colonel ,james ,hamilton1 ,ranger of ,hyde ,park1 and boon companion of ,charles ,,ii4 ,that fine thoroughfare known as ,piccadilly was designated after 8,piccadilla ,hall10 its most westerly building during the reign of ,elizabeth1 and utilized as a dept for the sale of the then fashionable ,,piccadilly ,,lace1 so called on account of its little spearlike points1 piccadilly being the diminutive of pica1 a pike1 a spear4 ,in the succeeding reign of ,james ,i41 the high ruff worn by males was styled a piccadilly1 though the lace had disappeared from its edge4 ,curzon ,street was named after ,george ,augustus ,curzon1 third ,viscount ,howe1 the ground landlord4 ,charles ,street and ,queen ,street were first built upon in the reign of ,charles ,,ii41 in honour of whom and his queen they were designated4 ,shepherd ,street1 ,shepherd's ,market1 and ,market ,street faithfully preserve the memory of the owner of the land upon which the ancient 8,may ,fair0 was held4 ,hay ,hill1 ,hill ,street1 and ,farm ,street mark the situation of an old farm that stood upon the lands of ,john1 ,lord ,berkeley of ,stratton1 an able officer in the army of ,charles ,i41 whose titles are perpetuated in ,john ,street1 ,berkeley ,square1 ,berkeley ,street1 and ,stratton ,street2 while ,bruton ,street refers to the family seat of the ,berkeleys1 situated at ,bruton1 ,somersetshire4 ,mount ,street marks the site of one of the western forts or bastions hastily formed by the ,parliamentarians in #afdc to resist an expected attack upon the ,metropolis from this side by the ,royalists4 ,clarges ,street derived its name from the residence of ,sir ,walter ,clarges built in #agag1 and afterwards occupied by the ,venetian ,ambassador4 ,in ,half-,moon ,street stood an old tavern bearing the sign of 8,the ,half-,moon40 ,arlington ,street and ,bennett ,street were named after ,henry ,bennett1 ,earl of ,arlington1 whose town house was situated on the site of the former thoroughfare4 ,dover ,street was so called in memory of ,henry ,jermyn1 ,lord ,dover1 who died in it in #aghb4 ,albemarle ,street contained the residence of ,christopher ,monk1 second ,duke of ,albemarle1 acquired from the ,earls of ,clarendon4 ,old ,bond ,street1 of which ,new ,bond ,street is a modern continuation1 received its name from the ,bond family1 now extinct4 ,the land upon which it stands was the property of ,sir ,thomas ,bond1 ,comptroller of the ,household of ,henrietta ,maria1 queen of ,charles ,i4 ,clifford ,street preserves the memory of ,elizabeth ,clifford1 who became the wife of ,richard ,boyle1 ,earl of ,burlington 7died #agec71 after whom ,old ,burlington ,street1 and subsequently1 ,new ,burlington ,street were designated4 ,in ,cork ,street resided ,lord ,cork1 one of the four brothers of the ,boyle family advanced to the peerage at the same time4 ,savile ,row was named after ,dorothy ,savile1 who became ,countess of ,burlington and ,cork1 and inherited the property4 ,vigo ,street commemorates the capture of ,vigo1 in ,spain1 by the ,british on several occasions in the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries4 ,the street dates back to the year #agbj4 ,sackville ,street1 built in #afgi1 serves its purpose as perpetuating the memory of the witty ,charles ,sackville1 ,earl of ,dorset1 whose friends were unwilling that his fame should be allowed to die4 ,air ,street1 ,piccadilly ,circus1 was at the time of its erection in the year #afei one of the most westerly1 and consequently1 open streets of the town4 ,swallow ,street is a corruption of 8,slough ,street10 at one time a miry thoroughfare much infested by footpads4 ,vine ,street recalls the ancient vineyard belonging to the ,abbey at ,westminster1 situated here4 ,regent ,street was named by ,john ,nash1 the architect1 after his royal patron1 the ,prince ,regent4 ,it was commenced in #ahac4 ,conduit ,street received its name from the conduit or spring-head set up in the meadow formerly known as 8,conduit ,mead10 now swallowed up by ,old ,bond ,street4 ,maddox ,street was built by one ,maddox in #agbj4 ,brook ,street reminds us of the pleasant stream that wound its way from ,tyburn down to ,leicester ,fields1 where it was designated the ,cranbourne1 and ultimately spent itself in the ,thames4 ,mill ,street affords us an additional memory of the rurality of ,london in bygone times4 ,george ,street 7also ,st4 ,george's ,church71 ,hanover ,street1 and ,hanover ,square were designations in honour of the ,hanoverian succession in the person of ,george ,i4 ,davies ,street1 connecting ,berkeley ,square with ,oxford ,street1 received its name in compliment to ,miss ,mary ,davies1 the heiress of ,ebury ,manor1 ,belgravia1 who carried that estate by her marriage into the possession of the ,grosvenors4 ,crossing ,regent ,street1 ,argyll ,street marks the situation of the old town mansion of the ,dukes of ,argyll4 ,marlborough ,street1 ,great ,marlborough ,street1 and ,blenheim ,street were so called in honour of the ,duke of ,marlborough1 the victor of ,blenheim4 ,wardour ,street is in allusion to the family seat of the ground landlord1 ,lord ,arundel of ,wardour4 ,nassau ,street was named in compliment to the royal ,house of ,nassau1 from which the ,prince of ,orange claimed his descent4 ,golden ,square is a corruption of ,gelding ,square1 derived from an adjacent inn sign1 8,the ,gelding40 ,shaftesbury ,avenue is a modern thoroughfare named after ,anthony ,ashley ,cooper1 seventh ,earl of ,shaftesbury1 who performed the opening ceremony but a short time before his death1 which occurred in #ahhe4 ,windmill ,street furnishes another pleasant reminder of green pastures and rural delights4 ,old ,compton ,street was built in the reign of ,charles ,,ii4 by ,sir ,francis ,compton4 ,new ,compton ,street and ,dean ,street derived their names from ,bishop ,compton1 ,dean of the ,chapel ,royal1 ,savoy1 who originally possessed the living of ,st4 ,anne's1 ,soho4 ,gerrard ,street and ,macclesfield ,street perpetuate the memory of ,gerard1 ,earl of ,macclesfield1 the owner of the site at the time when buildings were first put up hereabouts in #afig4 ,greek ,street was so called from the ,greek merchants who colonized this neighbourhood1 and for whose spiritual benefit a ,greek church was erected hard by4 ,carlisle ,street was designated after the ,howards1 ,earls of ,carlisle1 a branch of the ducal house of ,norfolk1 whose family mansion stood on the east side of what is now ,soho ,square about the middle of the last century4 ,hanway ,street1 situated on the north side of ,oxford ,street1 received its name from ,jonas ,hanway1 who was the first to carry an umbrella through the ,london streets4 ,this occurred in the year #agej4 ,rathbone ,place1 a somewhat exclusive thoroughfare1 supporting its own police1 was built by a ,captain ,rathbone in #agah4 ,newman ,street and ,goodge ,street retain the names of their speculative builders4 ,castle ,street took its title from an inn sign at the corner of ,oxford ,market4 ,wells ,street is properly 8,well ,street10 so called after ,well in ,yorkshire1 the seat of the ,strangeways family1 from whom ,lady ,berners1 the original ground landlady of ,berners ,street1 descended4 ,in ,foley ,street stood ,foley ,house1 the town-mansion of ,lord ,foley4 ,charlotte ,street received its name in honour of the queen of ,george ,,iii4 ,bolsover ,street1 ,great ,titchfield ,street1 ,titchfield ,street1 ,grafton ,street1 ,cleveland ,street1 ,fitzroy ,square1 ,euston ,square1 ,euston ,road1 and ,southampton ,street1 are all designated after family names of the ,fitzroys1 ,dukes of ,grafton1 ,earls and ,lords of ,southampton1 the ground landlords4 ,euston is the seat of the ,earl of ,euston1 son of the ,duke of ,grafton and ,marquis of ,titchfield1 situated at ,thetford1 in the county of ,norfolk2 while ,bolsover is the ,derbyshire seat of the ,graftons4 ,tottenham ,court ,road anciently comprised the manor of ,totten1 or ,totham1 held by ,william de ,tottenhall in the reign of ,henry ,,iii4 ,in ,elizabeth's time the manor was described as 8,tottenham ,court40 ,the lease fell into the possession of ,charles ,fitzroy1 second ,duke of ,grafton1 by right of his mother1 ,lady ,isabella ,bennett1 who inherited it4 ,oxford ,street1 formerly styled ,oxford ,road1 ,oxford ,market1 ,mortimer ,street1 ,harley ,street1 ,edward ,street1 and ,wigmore ,street1 derived their names from ,edward ,harley1 ,earl of ,oxford and ,mortimer1 created ,baron ,harley of ,wigmore ,castle in ,herefordshire in #agag1 the owner of the estate4 ,cavendish ,square1 ,old ,cavendish ,street1 ,new ,cavendish ,street1 ,holles ,street1 and ,henrietta ,street1 preserve the memory of ,henrietta ,cavendish1 wife of the second ,lord ,harley1 and only daughter and heiress of ,john ,holles1 the last ,duke of ,newcastle1 who by her marriage carried all this property into the family of the ,harleys4 ,her daughter1 ,lady ,margaret ,cavendish1 became in her turn the wife of ,william ,bentinck1 second ,duke of ,portland2 in honour of which connection there have been designated the various thoroughfares known as ,bentinck ,street1 ,margaret ,street1 ,duke ,street1 ,duchess ,street1 ,portland ,place1 and ,great ,portland ,street4 ,welbeck ,street was named after ,welbeck ,abbey1 in ,northamptonshire1 the seat of the ,portland family2 while ,clipstone ,street and ,carburton ,street were respectively designated after villages1 the one in ,nottinghamshire1 the other in ,northamptonshire1 included in the ducal estate4 ,wimpole ,street repeats the name of the seat of the ,harleys situated on the borders of ,herefordshire and ,cambridgeshire1 and purchased by ,lord ,chancellor ,hardwicke in the last century4 ,stratford ,place was built in #agge by ,edward ,stratford1 second ,lord ,aldborough1 on ground leased from the ,corporation of ,london for the purpose4 ,the erection of ,queen ,anne ,street dates from the reign indicated by its name4 ,mansfield ,street is all that is left to remind us of the town residence of the ,earl of ,mansfield4 ,langham ,place and ,langham ,street were named after ,sir ,james ,langham1 whose mansion and grounds occupied the site of the latter4 ,vere ,street recalls the existence of the ,de ,veres1 who for centuries held the ,earldom of ,oxford previous to the ,harleys4 ,duke ,street1 ,manchester ,street1 and ,manchester ,square1 comprise the property of the ,duke of ,manchester4 ,spanish ,place was originally so called from the residence of the ,spanish ,ambassador during the last century4 ,chandos ,street derived its name from the mansion built by ,james ,bridges1 ,duke of ,chandos4 ,hinde ,street perpetuates the memory of ,james ,hinde1 a speculative builder and one of the lessees of ,marylebone ,park more than a hundred years ago4 ,north ,audley ,street and ,south ,audley ,street point to the existence of ,hugh ,audley1 a barrister of the ,middle ,temple and owner of a landed estate hereabouts worth a million of money2 which1 at his death1 in #affb1 fell to ,sir ,william ,davies1 ,lord ,mayor of ,london1 the father of ,miss ,mary ,davies already alluded to in connection with ,davies ,street and ,ebury ,manor1 ,belgravia4 ,old ,quebec ,street commemorates the capture of ,quebec by ,general ,wolfe in #agei1 about which period this street was first built upon4 ,seymour ,place and ,upper ,seymour ,street were designated after the ,seymours1 from whom the ,portmans are descended4 ,montague ,street and ,montague ,square were so called in compliment to ,mrs4 ,montague of ,blue ,stocking fame1 who1 on becoming a widow1 took up her residence in ,portman ,square close by4 ,orchard ,street was designated in allusion to ,orchard-,portman1 one of the seats of the ,portmans1 in ,somersetshire4 ,portman ,square1 ,portman ,street1 ,berkeley ,place1 ,upper ,berkeley ,street1 ,lower ,berkeley ,street1 ,bryanstone ,square1 ,bryanstone ,street1 ,wyndham ,place1 ,wyndham ,street1 ,blandford ,square1 ,blandford ,street1 ,dorset ,square1 and ,dorset ,street1 all have reference to the titles and estate of the sole landlord of this neighbourhood1 viz41 ,edward ,berkeley ,portman1 ,viscount ,portman of ,bryanstone1 near ,blandford1 ,dorsetshire1 many years ,m4,p4 for ,dorset1 and some time ,m4,p4 for ,marylebone4 ,baker ,street received its name in compliment to ,sir ,edward ,baker of ,ranston1 a valued neighbour of the ,portmans in ,dorsetshire4 ,harewood ,square and ,harewood ,street mark the position of the town mansion of the ,earls of ,harewood4 ,lisson ,grove stands on part of the land formerly known as ,lideston ,green1 really a corruption of ,ossulton ,green4 ,ossulton is the name of a ,hundred mentioned in ,domesday ,book1 and preserved in ,ossulton ,square1 close at hand1 and also in ,ossulton ,street1 ,euston ,road4 ,regent's ,park was named in honour of the ,prince ,regent1 for whom it was originally intended to build a palace on the ground now utilized as the ,botanic ,gardens4 ,albany ,street and ,osnaburgh ,street perpetuate the memory of ,frederick1 second son of ,george ,,iii41 nominally styled ,prince-,bishop of ,osnaburgh in ,hanover1 and created ,duke of ,york and ,albany1 and ,earl of ,ulster4 ,cumberland ,market1 whither the hay-market was removed from what still bears the description of the ,haymarket in #ahca1 received its name in honour of ,ernest ,augustus1 ,duke of ,cumberland1 one of the sons of ,george ,,iii41 who subsequently became ,king of ,hanover4 ,munster ,square was so called in compliment to the eldest son of ,william ,,iv41 created ,earl of ,munster4 ,park ,street is the direct approach from ,high ,street1 ,camden ,town1 to the ,regent's ,park4 ,brecknock ,road1 ,brecknock ,crescent1 ,bayham ,street1 ,pratt ,street1 ,jeffreys ,street1 ,henry ,street1 ,charles ,street1 ,frederick ,street1 ,edward ,street1 ,william ,street1 and ,robert ,street1 repeat the titles1 family and ,christian names occurring in the family of the ,earl of ,brecknock1 ,marquis of ,camden1 the owner of the estate1 who died in #ahdj4 ,great ,college ,street1 ,college ,place1 and ,college ,street1 are situated within a stone's throw of the ,royal ,veterinary ,college4 ,oakley ,square owes its title to ,oakley ,house1 near ,bedford2 and ,ampthill ,square to ,ampthill ,park1 in ,bedfordshire1 the names of two seats of the ,bedfords2 while ,harrington ,square was denominated after the ,earl of ,harrington1 one of whose daughters became the wife of the seventh ,duke of ,bedford4 ,mornington ,crescent and ,mornington ,place were named in honour of the ,earl of ,mornington1 ,governor-,general of ,india1 the brother of the ,duke of ,wellington2 and ,granby ,street after ,john ,manners1 the popular ,marquis of ,granby4 ,eden ,street covers the site of the old 8,adam and ,eve0 ,tea ,gardens4 ,skinner ,street1 ,somers ,town1 was built1 and is still owned by1 the ,skinners' ,company4 ,pancras ,road received its name from the parish church of ,st4 ,pancras4 ,battle ,bridge ,road marks the spot where the ,romans defeated the ,iceni1 under ,queen ,boadicea1 in the year #fa4 ,york ,road owes its designation to the fact that the ,great ,northern ,railway was originally styled 8,the ,london and ,york ,railway40 ,caledonian ,road1 which extends northwards to ,caledonian ,market1 was so called after the ,royal ,caledonian ,asylum1 founded for ,scottish orphans in #ahca4 ,liverpool ,street and ,sidmouth ,street recall the names of two popular ,lords of the ,ministry1 at the accession of ,george ,,iv4 ,burton ,crescent memorializes its builder4 ,judd ,street comprises the property bequeathed by ,sir ,andrew ,judd1 ,lord ,mayor in #aeea1 to the endowment of a school at ,tunbridge1 ,kent1 his native place4 ,great ,coram ,street affords us a pleasant reminder that the ,foundling ,hospital owes its existence to the benevolence of ,captain ,thomas ,coram in the year #agci4 ,lamb's ,conduit ,street preserves the name of ,william ,lamb1 a clothworker to whose enterprise 8a faire conduit and standard10 constructed in #aegg1 was due4 ,harpur ,street received its title in honour of ,sir ,william ,harpur1 ,lord ,mayor in #aefb1 whose property hereabouts1 together with that now known as ,bedford ,row1 ,high ,holborn1 was devoted at his death to the foundation of a school and other charitable purposes at ,bedford1 his native place4 ,southampton ,row and ,southampton ,street1 ,great ,russell ,street1 ,russell ,square1 ,bedford ,square1 ,tavistock ,square1 and ,tavistock ,place1 were named after ,thomas ,wriothlesley1 ,earl of ,southampton1 ,marquis of ,tavistock1 and ,duke of ,bedford1 father of ,rachel1 who became the wife of ,lord ,william ,russell1 the patriot1 already alluded to in connection with ,southampton ,street1 ,strand4 ,gordon ,square perpetuates the memory of ,lady ,georgina ,gordon1 daughter of ,alexander1 fourth ,duke of ,gordon1 and wife of ,john1 sixth ,duke of ,bedford1 who had had for his first wife a daughter of the noble house of ,torrington1 memorialized by ,torrington ,square4 ,montague ,street and ,montague ,place occupy two sides of the site of ,old ,montague ,house1 the nucleus of the ,british ,museum4 ,brunswick ,square and ,mecklenburgh ,square were built and designated at the time when it was considered the correct thing to honour the ,hanoverian succession in every possible way4 ,thurlow ,place was named in compliment to ,lord ,chancellor ,thurlow1 whose house was situated in ,great ,ormond ,street1 so called after the ,british general and duke of that title4 ,powis ,place covers the ground formerly occupied by ,powis ,house1 the town mansion of ,william ,herbert1 ,marquis of ,powis1 whose father was outlawed by ,james ,i4 ,bloomsbury ,square is properly 8,lomesbury ,square10 marking the site of the manor-house described in olden times as 8,lomesbury ,village40 ,hart ,street received its name from 8,the ,white ,hart0 ,inn2 and ,red ,lion ,square and ,red ,lion ,street1 from 8,the ,red ,lion10 both hostelries of some importance in the coaching days4 ,queen's ,square was designated in honour of ,queen ,anne1 in whose reign it was laid out4 ,kingsgate ,street was so styled because the ,king used it on his way to ,newmarket2 while ,theobalds ,road led to ,theobalds1 in ,herefordshire1 the favourite hunting seat of ,james ,i4 ,coldbath ,square1 ,clerkenwell1 marks the situation of the celebrated ,cold ,bath1 fed by a spring discovered by ,mr4 ,baynes in #afig4 ,the surrounding district before it was built over formerly bore the name of ,coldbath ,fields4 ,vinegar ,yard is a corruption of the vineyard anciently belonging to the ,priory of the ,knights of ,st4 ,john4 ,ray ,street preserves the memory of ,miss ,ray1 the mistress of ,lord ,sandwich1 shot by her lover ,hackman4 ,rosoman ,street was designated after the enterprising ,mr4 ,rosoman1 who converted ,sadler's ,musick ,house into a theatre in #agfe4 ,aylesbury ,street in olden times skirted the wall of the garden attached to the town mansion of the ,earls of ,aylesbury4 ,berkeley ,street derived its name from ,berkeley ,house1 the residence of ,sir ,maurice ,berkeley1 standard-bearer to ,henry ,,viii41 ,edward ,,vi41 and ,elizabeth4 ,albemarle ,street was built during the period that witnessed the popularity of ,general ,monk1 ,duke of ,albemarle4 ,in bygone times the whole of ,clerkenwell received the opprobrious title of ,hockley-in-the-,hole1 the name of a place in ,bedfordshire noted far and wide for its impassable and sloughy character4 ,hockley is an ,anglo-,saxon term1 denoting a muddy field4 ,myddleton ,square and ,myddleton ,street perpetuate the memory of ,sir ,hugh ,myddleton1 the founder of the ,new ,river ,waterworks1 opened ,september #af1 #afac4 ,pentonville ,road owes its title to the ville1 or rural mansion1 occupied by ,henry ,penton1 ,esq41 ,lord of the ,admiralty and ,m4,p4 for ,winchester1 on the spot where ,penton ,street now stands4 ,mr4 ,penton died in #ahab4 ,st4 ,john ,street ,road took its name from the ,priory of the ,knights of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem1 of which ,st4 ,john's ,gate is an interesting relic4 ,windmill ,street marks the site of three large windmills erected in ,finsbury ,fields1 on the mound formed by a thousand cartloads of human bones deposited there from the ,charnel ,house1 ,st4 ,paul's1 by order of the ,lord ,protector ,somerset1 in #aedi4 ,city ,road was the regular highway from the ,city to the 8,angel0 at ,islington1 and thence to the north of ,england1 vi ,highbury and ,highgate4 ,shepherdess ,walk was originally a pleasant path leading through the open fields direct from ,finsbury to ,st4 ,mary's parish church1 ,islington4 ,golden ,lane1 ,st4 ,luke's1 received its name from the number of goldsmiths who formerly made this neighbourhood their residence4 ,in ,curtain ,road1 ,shoreditch1 stood the ,curtain ,theatre1 opened in #aega1 so called because it was the first playhouse to make use of a drop-curtain4 ,ben ,jonson's 8,every ,man in his ,humour0 was produced here in #aeif4 ,by ,norton ,folgate is meant 8the northern ,falgate10 the latter word being the old ,english description of a four-barred gate4 ,,the ,,falgate is a common inn sign in the rural districts4 ,holywell ,lane1 near ,shoreditch ,church1 was so called on account of a miraculous well discovered here in ancient times4 ,in ,nichols ,square1 ,haggerstone1 lived ,john ,nichols1 the antiquary2 and in ,sutton ,place1 ,hackney1 ,thomas ,sutton1 the founder of the ,charterhouse4 ,queen ,elizabeth's ,walk1 ,stoke ,newington1 marks the position of a house and grounds occupied by the ,earl of ,leicester1 and often visited by ,her ,majesty4 ,fleetwood ,road covers the site of ,fleetwood ,house1 the residence of ,charles ,fleetwood1 the ,parliamentary general1 and ,deputy-,governor of ,ireland4 ,seven ,sisters' ,road1 ,holloway1 received its name from seven trees1 said to have been planted by seven sisters1 near ,tottenham1 six of which grew erect2 but the seventh presented a deformed appearance1 because the sister who had planted it was a cripple4 ,archway ,road1 ,highgate1 is spanned by the wonderful high arch completed in #ahac4 ,flask ,walk1 ,hampstead1 derived its name from 8,the ,flask10 a picturesque old inn close by4 ,judges' ,walk1 known also as ,king's ,bench ,avenue1 was originally so called from a colony of judges and gownsmen of the ,city1 who sought refuge here in tents during the ,great ,plague in #affe4 ,fleet ,road1 ,haverstock ,hill1 affords us a pleasing remembrance of that little river1 the ,fleet1 meandering through the fields in this neighbourhood1 and eventually behind the older houses1 on its way towards ,battle ,bridge1 the ,city1 and the ,thames4 ,dale ,road preserves the memory of ,canon ,dale1 poet1 and vicar of ,st4 ,pancras4 ,barrow ,road and ,barrow ,hill ,place commemorate the site of a battle between the ,britons and ,romans1 and the sepulchre of the slain4 ,the spot was formerly defined by a farmhouse that stood upon the actual barrow known as 8,barrow ,hill40 ,abbey ,road1 ,st4 ,john's ,wood1 points to the existence of the ancient ,abbey of the ,holy ,virgins of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist 7see ,,st4 ,,john',s ,,wood74 ,desborough ,place1 ,harrow ,road1 received its name from ,desborough ,house1 the site of which it adjoins1 and where lived ,john ,dessborough 7or ,desbrowe71 the brother-in-law of ,oliver ,cromwell4 ,church ,street1 ,paddington1 was so called from the parish church of ,st4 ,mary1 situated on the open space still known as ,paddington ,green4 ,nottingham ,place was designated after the county in which the chief landed estates of the ,duke of ,portland are situated2 and ,weymouth ,street1 in compliment to ,lord ,weymouth1 son-in-law of the same nobleman4 ,paddington ,street was formerly a narrow lane leading northwards into ,paddington ,fields4 ,craven ,hill ,gardens and ,craven ,road1 ,bayswater1 occupy the site of the mansion and grounds of the ,lords ,craven previous to the year #agjj1 when they migrated to ,craven ,house1 ,drury ,lane4 ,southwick ,crescent and ,southwick ,place received their names from ,southwick ,park1 the seat of the ,thistlewayte family1 formerly the joint lessees of ,paddington ,manor4 ,orme ,square perpetuates the memory of ,mr4 ,orme1 a print-seller1 of ,bond ,street1 who bought the ground and commenced the building of the ,square in question4 ,ladbroke ,grove and ,ladbroke ,square likewise bear the name of the ,ladbroke family1 who built upon the land leased to them for the purpose4 ,norland ,square1 ,notting ,hill1 covers the site of ,norland ,house1 a small1 wooded estate1 owned by one of the ,drummonds1 the bankers1 of ,charing ,cross1 in the reign of ,william ,,iv4 ,kensington ,gore took its name from ,gore ,house1 the residence of the ,countess of ,blessington1 long the central literary and social attraction in the ,metropolis4 ,in ,ennismore ,place1 the second title of the ,earl of ,listowel1 the ground landlord1 is repeated4 ,on part of the site of ,cromwell ,road stood the house and grounds owned by ,richard ,cromwell1 the son of ,oliver ,cromwell4 ,gloucester ,road derived its title from ,oxford ,lodge1 the residence of the late ,duchess of ,gloucester1 in the immediate vicinity4 ,campden ,hill defines the estate belonging to ,campden ,house1 still standing in ,campden ,square1 and originally occupied by ,sir ,baptist ,hicks1 who built ,hicks' ,hall1 ,clerkenwell1 in #afab1 afterwards created ,viscount ,campden4 ,warwick ,road1 ,warwick ,gardens1 ,holland ,road1 and ,earl's ,court ,road are spacious modern thoroughfares1 designated after the ,earls of ,warwick1 the original owners of the estate known as ,earl's ,court1 now in the possession of the ,holland family4 ,addison ,road reminds us that ,joseph ,addison1 the poet1 essayist1 and dramatist1 married the ,dowager ,countess of ,warwick1 and died in ,holland ,house4 ,cromwell ,place1 ,putney1 stands upon the site of ,mr4 ,champion's house1 the lodging of ,general ,ireton1 ,oliver ,cromwell's son-in-law1 in #afdf4 ,king's ,road1 ,chelsea1 was named in honour of ,charles ,,ii41 who caused it to be made passable1 chiefly for the benefit of the frequenters of 8,the ,world's ,end10 then a popular house of entertainment4 ,cheyne ,row and ,cheyne ,walk perpetuate the memory of ,lord ,cheyne1 who held the ,manor of ,chelsea in the seventeenth century4 ,justice ,walk formerly contained the residence of a magistrate4 ,marlborough ,square and ,marlborough ,road derived their names from a neighbouring tavern displaying the sign of 8,the ,duke of ,marlborough02 and ,keppel ,street1 from 8,the ,admiral ,keppel10 situated at the corner of ,fulham ,road4 ,cadogan ,street and ,cadogan ,square remind us that the manor of ,chelsea came into the possession of the first ,earl of ,cadogan by right of his marriage with the heiress of ,sir ,hans ,sloane1 after whom ,sloane ,square1 ,sloane ,street1 and ,hans ,place were named4 ,danvers ,street was so called after ,sir ,john ,danvers1 who introduced the ,italian style of horticulture into ,england during the reign of ,elizabeth4 ,the street covers the site of ,danvers ,house in which he lived4 ,grosvenor ,place and ,grosvenor ,street received their names from ,sir ,thomas ,grosvenor1 the ancestor of the ,duke of ,westminster1 the ground landlord of the district collectively known as ,belgravia2 ,eccleston ,street and ,eccleston ,square from ,eccleston1 in ,cheshire1 the county in which the landed property of the ,grosvenors chiefly lies2 and ,belgrave ,square and ,belgrave ,street from the ,viscountcy of ,belgravia1 the second title of the ,duke of ,westminster before he was raised to his superior titles4 ,ebury ,street and ,ebury ,square mark the site of ,ebury or ,eabury ,farm1 an ancient manor inherited by ,miss ,mary ,davies1 already referred to when speaking of ,davies ,street1 ,oxford ,street1 and carried into the family of the ,grosvenors by her marriage4 ,chester ,square reproduces the name of the city near which ,eaton ,hall1 which gives its title to ,eaton ,square1 the principal seat of the ,duke of ,westminster1 is situated4 ,lupus ,street perpetuates a favourite ,christian name in the ,grosvenor family1 retained in honour of ,henry ,lupus1 created ,earl of ,chester soon after the ,conquest4 ,st4 ,george's ,square was designated after the adjacent church dedicated to ,st4 ,george4 ,lowndes ,street1 ,lowndes ,square1 and ,chesham ,street1 ,pimlico1 are indebted for their title to ,lowndes of the ,bury1 near ,chesham1 ,buckinghamshire1 the ground landlord1 a descendant of ,william ,lowndes1 secretary to the ,treasury during the reign of ,queen ,anne4 ,vauxhall ,bridge ,road forms a connecting link between ,vauxhall ,bridge and ,victoria ,street1 a gloomy modern thoroughfare named in honour of our present sovereign4 ,birdcage ,walk comprised the place where the aviary of ,charles ,,ii4 was permanently located1 under the superintendence of ,master ,edward ,storey1 the royal keeper1 whose house covered the spot now styled ,storey's ,gate in his memory4 ,queen ,anne's ,gate derived its name from ,queen ,anne's ,square1 in whose reign this characteristic enclosure was built4 ,york ,street was designated in honour of ,frederick1 ,duke of ,york1 son of ,george ,,iii41 who lived in it for a short time4 ,delahay ,street compliments a family of this name long resident in ,st4 ,margaret's parish4 ,rochester ,row was denominated after the ,bishopric of ,rochester1 anciently combined with the ,deanery of ,westminster1 but separated in the reign of ,george ,,iii4 ,new ,bridge ,street leads to the handsome bridge over the ,thames1 opened ,may #bd1 #ahfb4 ,cannon ,row is properly 8,canon ,row10 formerly the residence of the ,canons of ,st4 ,stephen's ,chapel4 ,king ,street received its title because it was the direct road between the ,court and the ,abbey4 ,princes ,street1 a modern thoroughfare1 occupying the site of ,old ,westminster ,mews1 was so called on account of its proximity to ,king ,street4 ,parker ,street perpetuates the memory of ,archbishop ,parker1 one of the principal benefactors of ,corpus ,christi ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,this street was formerly known as ,bennet ,street1 the old name of the ,college4 ,great ,george ,street covers the ground originally occupied by the stable-yard of 8,the ,george and the ,dragon10 a well-known coaching house in bygone days4 ,the name of ,broad ,sanctuary1 ,westminster1 reminds us of the protection which in olden times was afforded to criminals of all degrees so long as they remained beneath the shadow of a monastery or cathedral4 ,abingdon ,street contained the mansion of the ,earls of ,abingdon4 ,holywell ,street owes its title to the name of an estate of the ,grosvenors in ,flintshire1 whose town residence was displaced by the formation of this street4 ,barton ,street and ,cowley ,street were both built by ,barton ,booth1 the actor2 to the former he gave his ,christian name1 to the latter the name of his favourite poet4 ,marsham ,street1 ,earl ,street1 and ,romney ,street comprise the property of ,charles ,marsham1 ,earl of ,romney2 while ,old ,pye ,street and ,new ,pye ,street commemorate the existence of ,sir ,robert ,pye1 who lived in the more modern portion of this neighbourhood known as ,the ,new ,way4 ,great ,peter ,street recalls the fact that the ,abbey of ,westminster was dedicated to ,st4 ,peter4 ,vine ,street marks the situation of the vineyard1 and ,orchard ,street the orchard1 anciently possessed by the ,abbots4 ,tothill ,street received its name from ,tothill ,fields1 comprising the old manor of ,tothill1 a corruption of ,toothill1 or beacon hill2 toot being derived from the ,welsh twt1 a rising4 ,horseferry ,road needs no comment4 ,millbank derived its name from an old mansion belonging to the ,grosvenor family1 that stood on the site of an old mill which alone graced this portion of the ,thames bank4 ,on the site of ,carlisle ,lane1 ,lambeth1 stood ,carlisle ,house1 the residence of the ,bishops of ,rochester from the thirteenth century downwards4 ,marlborough ,road1 ,peckham1 covers the ground plot of a ,marlborough ,house1 the residence of ,john ,churchill1 ,duke of ,marlborough4 ,hanover ,street was named in compliment to the accession of ,george ,i4 ,basing ,yard1 at the rear of ,hanover ,street1 occupies the site of ,basing ,house1 well known during the ,restoration4 ,rye ,lane leads to the ,rye1 or ,common4 ,friern ,place and ,friern ,road define the locality of ,friern ,manor2 while ,lordship ,lane owes its designation to the lordship of the manor4 ,effra ,road1 ,camberwell1 marks the course of the little river ,effra1 now hidden1 like the ,fleet1 from public view4 ,newington ,butts denotes the archery grounds1 formerly situated in the new town in the meadow4 ,holland ,street1 ,southwark1 preserves the name1 at least in part1 of an old manor1 described as 8,holland's ,leaguer40 ,great ,suffolk ,street recalls the existence of ,suffolk ,house1 the residence of ,george ,brandon1 ,duke of ,suffolk2 ,winchester ,yard1 of ,winchester ,house1 the habitation of the ,bishops of ,winchester2 and ,sumner ,street1 of ,dr4 ,sumner1 ,bishop of ,winchester1 one of the last occupants of the house just referred to4 ,mill ,lane reminds us of an old windmill that stood here in less prosaic times2 and ,mint ,street1 of the ,mint established by ,henry ,,viii4 in ,suffolk ,house1 when that property became demised to the ,crown4 ,stony ,street and ,stones ,end received their names from the stony nature of the ground2 the former having been the ,roman continuation of ,watling ,street1 south of the ,thames1 in a direct line to ,dover4 ,bear ,garden1 situated at the corner of ,sumner ,street1 marks the exact position of the old ,paris ,garden1 a bear-baiting establishment1 opened by ,robert de ,paris in the time of ,richard ,i4 ,bankside1 or the south strand of the ,thames1 is historically interesting on account of its theatrical associations4 ,old ,kent ,road1 which branches off at 8,the ,bricklayers' ,arms0 into ,great ,dover ,street and ,kent ,street1 forms the great ,kentish highway into ,london4 ,thomas ,street perpetuates the christian name of the philanthropic founder of ,guy's ,hospital hard by4 ,grange ,road and ,grange ,walk occupy the site of an old mansion known as 8,the ,grange40 ,spa ,road derived its name from a spa1 or mineral well1 discovered here in the long1 long ago4 ,russell ,street preserves the memory of ,richard ,russell1 who1 dying here in #aghd1 left the whole of his estate to neighbouring charities4 ,in ,tooley ,street lived the three tailors who1 according to tradition1 presented a petition to the ,house of ,commons that began with the words1 8,we1 the people of ,england1 c40 ,during the ,commonwealth this street figured in documents as ,st4 ,tulie ,street1 but it is properly designated ,st4 ,olaff ,street1 after the neighbouring church dedicated to ,st4 ,olaff or ,olave1 the ,scandinavian hero-prince4 ,blue ,anchor ,road and ,blue ,anchor ,lane received their names from 8,the ,blue ,anchor10 an old tavern that stood in the latter thoroughfare2 while ,jamaica ,road recalls a similar establishment1 formerly situated on the site of ,cherry ,gardens1 a popular place of resort in bygone times1 known as 8,the ,jamaica10 after the ,west ,indian ,island whence rum was shipped and disembarked on the exact spot where the penny steamboats now land and take up their passengers at ,cherry ,gardens ,pier4 ,lastly1 ,evelyn ,street1 ,deptford1 was designated in honour of the present head of the ,evelyn family1 descendants of ,john ,evelyn1 the diarist1 viz41 ,william ,j4 ,evelyn1 of ,wotton1 who built the adjacent ,church of ,st4 ,luke1 in the year #ahgb4 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,great1 #hg ,algiers1 #db ,allhallows ,barking1 ,church of1 #bad ,allhallowes ,day1 #agb ,allhallowe'en1 #agb ,all ,saints' ,bay1 #ea ,all ,saints' ,day1 #aga ,all ,souls' ,day1 #agb ,all the ,nations1 ,battle of1 #afd ,almanac1 #age ,almack's ,assembly ,rooms1 #bbe ,almighty ,nose1 ,the1 #bdg ,alpaca1 #agg ,alsatia1 #bfj ,amen ,corner1 ,e4,c41 #bfa ,america1 #ce ,american ,indians1 #ce ,amethyst1 #bde ,ampthill ,square1 ,n4,w41 #bhh ,anabaptist1 #ge ,anacreon ,moore1 #aca ,angel1 #bed ,angel1 ,the1 #ha ,angelic ,doctor1 ,the1 #aig ,anglesea1 #eg1 #acg ,anglican ,church1 #fg ,angola1 #agf ,annunciation1 ,feast of the1 #aff ,antarctic ,ocean1 #di ,apocalypse1 #abf ,apocrypha1 #abe ,apollinarians1 #ff ,apostle of ,temperance1 ,the1 #bjj ,april1 #ei ,apsley ,house1 #bbj ,aquarians1 #ff ,arabia1 #cf ,arbor ,day1 #agd ,arcadian1 #bca ,archway ,road1 ,n41 #bic ,arctic ,ocean1 #dh ,argentina1 #dc ,argyll ,street1 ,w41 #bhb ,arians1 #ff ,aristocracy1 #aaa ,arkansas1 #dg ,arlington ,street1 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,york ,house1 #bbj ,york ,road1 ,n41 #bhh ,yorkshire1 #acc ,yorkshire ,stingo1 #bdb ,yorkshire ,stingo1 ,the1 #hd ,york ,street1 ,s4,w41 #big ,york ,street1 ,w4,c41 #bgd ,yutacan1 #dd ,z4 ,zadkiel1 #aha ,zanzibar1 #db ,zealand1 ,new1 #eb ,zeeland1 #eb ,zoroastrianism1 #fd ,zululand1 #db ,zuyder ,zee1 #ea ,,unwin ,,brothers1 ,,the ,,gresham ,,press1 ,,chilworth ,,and ,,london4 ,illustration3 ,select ,books ,,published ,,by ,mr4 ,t4 ,,fisher ,,unwin ,london3 ,,paternoster ,,square4 ,,mdcccxcii4 ,catalogue of ,select ,books in ,belles ,lettres1 ,history1 ,biography1 ,theology1 ,travel1 ,miscellaneous1 and ,books for ,children4 ,belles ,lettres4 ,pablo de ,sgovie4 ,by ,,francesco ,,de ,,quevedo4 ,illustrated with ,sixty ,drawings by ,,daniel ,,vierge4 ,with an ,introduction on ,,vierge and his ,art by ,,joseph ,,pennell1 and a ,critical ,essay on ,,quevedo and his ,writings by ,w4 ,e4 ,,watts4 ,limited ,edition only4 ,three ,guineas nett4 #ahib4 ,a ,french ,ambassador at the ,court of ,charles ,,ii4 7,,le ,,comte ,,de ,,cominges1 #affb-affe74 ,with many ,portraits4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,,jusserand4 ,demy #hvo41 cloth gilt4 #ahib4 ,jules ,bastien ,lepage and his ,art4 ,a ,memoir1 by ,,andr ,,theuriet4 ,with which is included ,bastien ,lepage as ,artist1 by ,,george ,,clausen1 ,a4,r4,w4,s42 ,an ,essay on ,modern ,realism in ,painting1 by ,,walter ,,sickert1 ,n4,e4,a4,c42 and a ,study of ,marie ,bashkirtseff1 by ,,mathilde ,,blind4 ,illustrated by ,reproductions of ,bastien ,lepage's ,works4 ,royal #hvo41 cloth1 gilt tops1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,the ,women of the ,french ,salons4 ,a ,series of ,articles on the ,french ,salons of the ,seventeenth and ,eighteenth ,centuries4 ,by ,,amelia ,g4 ,,mason4 ,profusely ,illustrated4 ,foolscap folio1 cloth1 #bes4 ,these papers treat of the literary1 political1 and social influence of the women in ,france1 during the two centuries following the foundation of the salons2 including pen-portraits of many noted leaders of famous coteries1 and giving numerous glimpses of the ,society of this brilliant period4 ,the ,real ,japan4 ,studies of ,contemporary ,japanese ,manners1 ,morals1 ,administrations1 and ,politics4 ,by ,,henry ,,norman4 ,illustrated with about #ej ,photographs taken by the ,author4 ,crown #hvo41 cloth1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,extract ,,from ,,preface4--,these essays constitute an attempt1 faute de mieux1 to place before the readers of the countries whence ,japan is deriving her incentives and her ideas1 an account of some of the chief aspects and institutions of ,japanese life as it really is to-day4 ,the ,stream of ,pleasure4 ,a ,narrative of a ,journey on the ,thames from ,oxford to ,london4 ,by ,,joseph and ,,elizabeth ,,robins ,,pennell4 ,profusely ,illustrated by ,,joseph ,,pennell4 ,small ,crown #dto41 cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4 8,mrs4 ,pennell is bright and amusing4 ,mr4 ,pennell's sketches of river-side bits and nooks are charming2 and a useful practical chapter has been written by ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,legge4 ,the book is an artistic treat40--,scotsman4 ,gypsy ,sorcery and ,fortune ,telling4 ,illustrated by numerous ,incantations1 ,specimens of ,medical ,magic1 ,anecdotes and ,tales1 by ,,charles ,,godfrey ,,leland 78,hans ,breitmann074 ,illustrations by the ,author4 ,small #dto41 cloth1 #afs4 ,limited ,edition of #aej ,copies1 price #a #aas4 #f;d4 nett4 8,the student of folk-lore will welcome it as one of the most valuable additions recently made to the literature of popular beliefs40--,scotsman4 ,esther ,pentreath1 the ,miller's ,daughter3 ,a ,cornish ,romance4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,pearce1 ,author of 8,bernice10 c4 #fs4 ,mr4 ,,leonard ,,courtney1 ,m4,p41 in the ,nineteenth ,century for ,may1 says it is 8an idyll that captivates us by its tenderness1 its grace1 and its beauty ''' ,in truth1 the special distinction of #8,esther ,pentreath' may be said to lie in the poetic gift of its author40 ,main-travelled ,roads4 ,six ,mississippi-,valley ,stories4 ,by ,,hamlin ,,garland4 ,crown #hvo41 cloth1 #cs4 #f;d4 8,main-travelled ,roads0 depicts the hard life of the average ,american ,farmer and the farm hands4 ,the author has lived the life he tells of1 and he may be called a true realist in his art4 ,the ,english ,novel in the ,time of ,shakespeare4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,,jusserand1 ,author of 8,english ,wayfaring ,life40 ,translated by ,,elizabeth ,,lee1 ,revised and ,enlarged by the ,author4 ,illustrated4 ,demy #hvo41 cloth1 #bas4 8,m4 ,jusserand's fascinating volume40--,quarterly ,review4 ,english ,wayfaring ,life in the ,middle ,ages 7,x,i,vth ,century74 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,,jusserand4 ,translated from the ,french by ,,lucy ,a4 ,,toulmin ,,smith4 ,illustrated4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo41 cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4 8,this is an extremely fascinating book1 and it is surprising that several years should have elapsed before it was brought out in an ,english dress4 ,however1 we have lost nothing by waiting40--,times4 ,dreams4 ,by ,,olive ,,schreiner1 ,author of 8,the ,story of an ,african ,farm40 ,with ,portrait4 ,third ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo41 buckram1 gilt1 #fs4 8,they can be compared only with the painted allegories of ,mr4 ,watts ''' ,the book is like nothing else in ,english4 ,probably it will have no successors as it has had no forerunners40--,athenum4 ,gottfried ,keller3 ,a ,selection of his ,tales4 ,translated1 with a ,memoir1 by ,,kate ,,freiligrath ,,kroeker1 ,translator of 8,brentano's ,fairy ,tales40 ,with ,portrait4 ,crown #hvo41 cloth1 #fs4 8,the ,english reader could not have a more representative collection of ,keller's admirable stories40--,saturday ,review4 ,the ,trials of a ,country ,parson3 ,some ,fugitive ,papers by ,rev4 ,a4 ,,jessopp1 ,d4,d41 ,author of 8,arcady10 8,the ,coming of the ,friars10 c4 ,crown #hvo41 cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4 8,sparkles with fresh and unforced humour1 and abounds in genial common-sense40--,scotsman4 ,the ,coming of the ,friars1 ,and other ,medival ,sketches4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,augustus ,,jessopp1 ,d4,d41 ,author of 8,arcady3 ,for ,better1 ,for ,worse10 c4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo41 cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4 8,always interesting and frequently fascinating40--,st4 ,james's ,gazette4 ,arcady3 ,for ,better1 ,for ,worse4 ,by ,,augustus ,,jessopp1 ,d4,d41 ,author of 8,one ,generation of a ,norfolk ,house40 ,portrait4 ,popular ,edition4 ,crown #hvo41 cloth1 #cs4 #f;d4 8,a volume which is1 to our minds1 one of the most delightful ever published in ,english40--,spectator4 ,robert ,browning3 ,personal ,notes4 ,frontispiece4 ,small crown #hvo41 parchment1 #ds4 #f;d4 8,every lover of ,browning will wish to possess this exquisitely-printed and as exquisitely-bound little volume40--,yorkshire ,daily ,post4 ,old ,chelsea4 ,a ,summer-,day's ,stroll4 ,by ,dr4 ,,benjamin ,,ellis ,,martin4 ,illustrated by ,,joseph ,,pennell4 ,third and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,square imperial #afmo41 cloth1 #cs4 #f;d4 8,dr4 ,martin has produced an interesting account of old ,chelsea1 and he has been well seconded by his coadjutor40--,athenum4 ,euphorion3 ,studies of the ,antique and the ,medival in the ,renaissance4 ,by ,,vernon ,,lee4 ,cheap ,edition1 in one volume4 ,demy #hvo41 cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4 8,it is the fruit1 as every page testifies1 of singularly wide reading and independent thought1 and the style combines with much picturesqueness a certain largeness of volume1 that reminds us more of our earlier writers than those of our own time40--,contemporary ,review4 ,studies of the ,eighteenth ,century in ,italy4 ,by ,,vernon ,,lee4 ,demy #hvo41 cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4 8,these studies show a wide range of knowledge of the subject1 precise investigation1 abundant power of illustration1 and hearty enthusiasm ''' ,the style of writing is cultivated1 neatly adjusted1 and markedly clever40--,saturday ,review4 ,belcaro3 ,being ,essays on ,sundry sthetical ,questions4 ,by ,,vernon ,,lee4 ,crown #hvo41 cloth1 #es4 ,juvenilia3 ,a ,second ,series of ,essays on ,sundry sthetical ,questions4 ,by ,,vernon ,,lee4 ,two vols4 ,small crown #hvo41 cloth1 #abs4 8,to discuss it properly would require more space than a single number of #8,the ,academy' could afford40--,academy4 ,baldwin3 ,dialogues on ,views and ,aspirations4 ,by ,,vernon ,,lee4 ,demy #hvo41 cloth1 #abs4 8,the dialogues are written with ''' an intellectual courage which shrinks from no logical conclusion40--,scotsman4 ,ottilie3 ,an ,eighteenth ,century ,idyl4 ,by ,,vernon ,,lee4 ,square #hvo41 cloth extra1 #cs4 #f;d4 8,a graceful little sketch ''' ,drawn with full insight into the period described40--,spectator4 ,introductory ,studies in ,greek ,art4 ,delivered in the ,british ,museum by ,,jane ,e4 ,,harrison4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,second ,edition4 ,square imperial #afmo41 #gs4 #f;d4 8,the best work of its kind in ,english40--,oxford ,magazine4 ,the ,fleet3 ,its ,river1 ,prison1 and ,marriages4 ,by ,,john ,,ashton1 ,author of 8,social ,life in the ,reign of ,queen ,anne10 c4 ,with #gj ,drawings by the ,author from ,original ,pictures4 ,second and ,cheaper ,edition1 cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,romances of ,chivalry3 ,told and ,illustrated in ,fac-simile by ,,john ,,ashton4 ,forty-six ,illustrations4 ,new and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,crown #hvo41 cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4 8,the result 7of the reproduction of the wood blocks7 is as creditable to his artistic1 as the text is to his literary1 ability40--,guardian4 ,the ,dawn of the ,nineteenth ,century in ,england3 ,a ,social ,sketch of the ,times4 ,by ,,john ,,ashton4 ,cheaper ,edition1 in one vol4 ,illustrated4 ,large crown #hvo41 #ajs4 #f;d4 8,the book is one continued source of pleasure and interest1 and opens up a wide field for speculation and comment1 and many of us will look upon it as an important contribution to contemporary history1 not easily available to others than close students40--,antiquary4 ,the ,temple3 ,sacred ,poems and ,private ,ejaculations4 ,by ,mr4 ,,george ,,herbert4 ,new and ,fourth ,edition1 with ,introductory ,essay by ,j4 ,,henry ,,shorthouse4 ,small crown1 sheep1 #es4 ,a fac-simile reprint of the ,original ,edition of #afcc4 8,this charming reprint has a fresh value added to it by the ,introductory ,essay of the ,author of #8,john ,inglesant4'0--,academy4 ,songs1 ,ballads1 and ,a ,garden ,play4 ,by ,a4 ,,mary ,f4 ,,robinson1 ,author of 8,an ,italian ,garden40 ,with ,frontispiece of ,drer's 8,melancholia40 ,small crown #hvo41 half bound1 vellum1 #es4 8,the romantic ballads have grace1 movement1 passion and strength40--,spectator4 8,marked by sweetness of melody and truth of colour40--,academy4 ,the ,lazy ,minstrel4 ,by ,j4 ,,ashby-,,sterry1 ,author of 8,boudoir ,ballads40 ,fourth and ,popular ,edition4 ,frontispiece by ,e4 ,a4 ,,abbey4 ,fcap4 #hvo41 cloth1 #bs4 #f;d4 8,one of the lightest and brightest writers of vers de socit0--,st4 ,james's ,gazette4