,issu$ ,janu>y #i1 #aiji4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,bureau ,,( ,,*emi/ry--,,bullet9 ,no4 #aai4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,wiley1 ,*ief ( ,bureau4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,! ,,spoilage ,,( ,,tomato ,,ket*up4 ,,by ,a4 ,w4 ,,bitt+1 ,,inspector1 ,,bureau ,,( ,,*emi/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,%ield ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,,wa%+ton3 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice4 #aiji4 ,,lett] ,,( ,,transmittal4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,july #ae1 #aijh4 ,sir3 ,i h ! honor to submit = y\r approval a report made by ,inspector ,bitt+ ( exp]im5tal "w on ! spoilage ( tomato ket*up1 ! conditions contribut+ !reto1 me?ods ( prev5tion1 ! action ( pres]vatives1 & ! l5g? ( "t t ! product w keep "u v>y+ conditions ( manufacture & temp]ature1 bo? be=e & aft] op5+4 ,e ef=t has be5 made to conduct ! "w 9 a practical way1 & ! results obta9$ c n fail to be ( int]e/ & pr(it bo? to ! manufactur] & consum]4 ,i recomm5d t ?is report be publi%$ z ,bullet9 ,no4 #aai ( ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry4 ,respectfully1 ,h4 ,w4 ,wiley1 ,*ief4 ,hon4 ,james ,wilson1 ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,introduction #g ,process ( manufacture #h ,selection & prep>ation ( /ock #i ,pulp+ #i ,cook+ & season+ #aj ,evaporation & f9i%+ #aa ,bottl+ #aa ,process+ #aa ,"* ( products #ab ,fir/-class products #ab ,inf]ior products f 8trimm+ /ock0 #ac ,labels #ad ,manufactur+ exp]im5ts )\t ! use ( pres]vatives #ae ,outl9e ( exp]im5ts #ae ,discussion ( results #ag ,spoilage ( ket*up aft] op5+ #ag ,spoilage ( unop5$ ket*up #bj ,spoilage ( m>ket br&s #bj ,/]ility ( ket*up #ba ,exp]im5ts ) pres]vatives #bb ,sodium b5zoate #bb ,salt #bc ,sug> #bc ,spices #bd ,wat] infusions #bd ,acetic acid extracts #be ,oil extracts #be ,v9eg> & acetic acid #bf ,oil #bg ,/udy ( ,p5icillium 9 ket*up #bh ,developm5t #bi ,reproduction #bi ,gr[? 9 ket*up #cj ,temp]ature te/s #ca ,hi/ological /ructure ( ket*up #cc ,microscopical exam9ation ( "s comm]cial br&s #cd ,summ>y #ce ,,illu/rations4 ,,plates4 ,page4 ,,plate ,i4 ,p5icillium4 ,fig4 #a4--;,conidia1 normal gr[? & 9 v>i\s /ages ( g]m9ation1 "s ) bran*+ hyph4 ,fig4 #b4--;,conidiophore1 %[+ unusually l>ge developm5t ( conidia2 f culture 9 moi/ *amb] #bh ,,ii4 ,cultures f ket*up pres]v$ ) sodium b5zoate4 ,fig4 #a4--;,conidia & hyph f culture 9 exp]im5tal ket*up conta9+ "o-sixte5? ( #a p] c5t ( sodium b5zoate4 ,fig4 #b4--;,conidia & hyph f culture 9 exp]im5tal ket*up conta9+ "o-t5? ( #a p] c5t ( sodium b5zoate #bh ,,text ,,figures4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a model receiv+ plat=m #h #b4 ,l>ge receiv+ room %[+ ! sort+ belt #i #c4 ,a section ( a kit*5 %[+ ! copp] cook]s #aj #d4 ,an example ( factory practice #ab #e4 ,ano!r factory int]ior #ad ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,! ,,spoilage ,,( ,,tomato ,,ket*up4 ,,introduction4 ,! tomato1 ,lycop]sicum escul5tum1 is suppos$ to be native to ,s\? or ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! l>ge fruits commonly us$ gr[ only "u cultivation1 b ! v>iety ) small1 sph]ical fruits1 kn[n z ,l4 c]asi=me1 has be5 f\nd on ! %ore ( ,p]u & is consid]$ by ,de ,c&olle,a z belong+ to ! same species z ,l4 escul5tum4 ,?\gh gr[n ext5sively 9 ,europe1 !re is no?+ to indicate t x 0 kn[n !re be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,! tomato 0 introduc$ into ,*9a & ,japan at a comp>atively rec5t date4 ,de ,c&olle is ( ! op9ion t ! tomato 0 tak5 to ,europe by ! ,spani>ds f ,p]u & 0 lat] introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,europeans4 ,tomatoes 7 br\ght to ,salem1 ,mass41 by an ,italian pa9t] 9 #ahjb1;,b :o is said to h _h difficulty 9 conv9c+ ! p t !y 7 edible4 ,!y 7 us$ 9 ,new ,orleans 9 #ahab1 ?\gh z late z #ahce !y 7 sold by ! doz5 9 ,bo/on4 ,aft] #ahdj !y came into g5]al use 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 b x 0 lat] ?an ?is be=e tomatoes 7 us$ freely 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 _m p]sons hav+ ! impression t1 s9ce !y belong$ to ! night%ade family1 !y mu/ be un:olesome4 ,! ext5t to :i* tomatoes are us$ at ! pres5t "t %[s h[ completely ?is prejudice has be5 ov]come4 ,a ,orig9 ( ,cultivat$ ,plants1 #ahij4 ,b ,webb]1 ,h4 ,j41 ,ye>book1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #ahii4 ,! "n ,lycop]sicum is f two ,greek words1 mean+ a wolf1 & a pea*1 ! application ( ^! t]ms n be+ app>5t2 ! "n ( ! species1 escul5tum1 is f ! ,lat91 mean+ eatable4 ,! common "n 8tomato0 is ( ,s\? or ,c5tral ,am]ican orig91 & is believ$ to be ! t]m us$ 9 an anci5t ,am]ican dialect to designate ! plant1,c b its mean+ is unkn[n4 ,! ,engli% call ! tomato 8love apple10 :i* 9 ,fr5* is 8pomme d'am\r40 ,c ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,exp]4 ,/a4 ,record1 #ahii-aijj1 #aa3 #bej4 ,! tomato is consid]$ a typical b]ry1 ! ov>y wall1 free f ! calyx1 =m+ ! fle%y p]ic>p1 :i* incloses *amb]s fill$ ) a cle> matrix conta9+ ! se$s4 ,! fruit measures f #a to #e in*es 9 diamet]1 & is r$1 p9k1 or yell[ :5 mature4 ,! plant sports freely1 produc+ _m v>ieties1 :i* diff] ma9ly 9 ! size1 %ape1 & quality ( ! fruit4 ,! v>ieties be>+ small fruits are ,l4 c]asi=me & ,l4 pyri=me1 ea* be>+ a two-cell$ fruit1 ! =m] be+ r\nd1 & some:at l>g] ?an a *]ry1 & ! latt] pe>-%ap$4 ,^! small tomatoes are us$ ord9>ily = pres]ves & pickles4 ,! ^w 8ket*up0 is adopt$ 9 ?is bullet9 z ! =m :i* ought to be giv5 pref]5ce4 ,! d]ivation ( ! t]m is n def9itely kn[n4 ,! spell+ 8cat*up0 giv5 9 "s ( ! lead+ diction>ies appe>s to be bas$ on ! errone\s idea t ! fir/ syllable 8ket*0 is a colloquial =m ( 8cat*40 ,sev]al au?orities d]ive ! ^w f ! ,ea/ ,indian or ,malayan 8kitjap10 because 8ket*up0 0 orig9ally a k9d ( ,ea/ ,indian pickles4 ,"s give ! ^w a ,*9ese orig91 :ile o!rs ass]t t x comes f ! ,japanese4 ,a majority ( ! manufactur]s employ ! ^w 8catsup10 a spell+ = :i* !re does n appe> to be any w>rant4 ,,process ,,( ,,manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,a model receiv+ plat=m4 ,! mak+ ( tomato ket*up consi/s ess5tially 9 r$uc+ tomatoes to pulp1 remov+ ! sk9s1 se$s1 h>d p>ts1 & /ems1 add+ salt1 sug>1 condim5ts1 & v9eg> to suit ! ta/e1 & cook+ to a prop] consi/5cy4 ,! me?ods & practices ( ! v>i\s manufactur]s diff]1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! be/ & ! poore/ proc$ure corresponds to t betwe5 ! be/ & ! wor/ ket*up4 ,no s+le factory has all ( ! be/ me?ods at e /ep ( manufacture4 ,"s p]=m c]ta9 details well & are neglig5t 9 o!rs4 ,9 "s1 l>ge am\nts ( money are sp5t on equipm5t to improve a p>ticul> po9t consid]$ advantage\s by ! trade1 :ile o!r details ess5tial to ! mak+ ( a good-keep+ ket*up are disreg>d$4 ,a /atem5t ( ! be/ practice z obs]v$ at a numb] ( factories1 toge!r ) "s facts obta9$ f exp]im5ts1 w be giv54 ,,selection ,,& ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,/ock4 ,! tomatoes %\ld be home-gr[n1 ( a r$ v>iety hav+ ! m9imum ( yell[ & purple color1 be pick$ :5 ripe1 & deliv]$ to ! factory promptly )\t ma%+4 ,all tomatoes %\ld pass ov] an inspection table1 ! rott5 & o!rwise unfit fruit %\ld be disc>d$1 & ! gre5 tomatoes %\ld be return$ to crates to rip54 ,! /ems %\ld be remov$ :5 ! be/ color is desir$1 & ! tomatoes %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ to remove dirt & mold4 ,dump+ a crate ( tomatoes into a hopp] ( dirty wat] & play+ a g5tle spray ( wat] on "p ( !m m]ely wets ! sk9 & makes !m appe> bright4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,l>ge receiv+ room %[+ ! sort+ belt4 ,,pulp+4 ,! clean tomatoes %\ld be convey$ to ! /eam+ tanks & subject$ to /eam heat until ! sk9s bur/ & ! meat s(t5s4 ,aft] a %ort heat+ ! tomatoes %\ld be run ?r\gh a 8cyclone0 :]e ! sk9s1 se$s1 etc41 are remov$ & !y are rubb$ to a pulp4 ,to remove v small p>ticles & fib]1 ! pulp may be run ?r\gh a siev+ ma*9e at once2 or1 if ket*up ( ! smoo!/ possible k9d is to be made1 ?is proc$ure %\ld be delay$ until aft] ! cook+4 ,! pulp is collect$ 9 a receiv+ vat1 & only su* an am\nt %\ld be provid$ 9 advance z w keep ! kettles full1 z x is bett] to /op ! tomatoes be=e go+ to ! wa%] ?an to h ! pulp /& = "s h\rs4 ,9 common practice1 h[ev]1 ! pulp is ei!r s5t to ! cook] at once1 or x is all[$ to /& & p>tially sep>ate4 ,if tall casks are us$ = ?is sep>ation ! solids w rise to ! top & ! cle> wat]y portion is drawn (f at ! bottom1 or ! pulp may be /ra9$ ?r\gh clo? bags4 ,! object ( ?is sep>ation is to secure great] conc5tration ( ! solids1 reta9 a bright] color1 & %ort5 ! "t ( cook+4 ,,cook+ ,,& ,,season+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,a section ( a kit*5 %[+ ! copp] cook]s4 ,! cook+ may be done 9 copp] kettles1 z %[n 9 figure #c1 ?\gh ^! are be+ sup]s$$ by enamel tanks conta9+ silv]-plat$ coils 9 ord] to secure ! brighte/ color4 ,by us+ ! latt] ! discoloration due to ! spla%+ ( ! cont5ts aga9/ ! walls ( ! copp] vessel is avoid$1 & economy ( space is secur$4 ,:ole or gr\nd spices1 or acetic acid or oil extracts ( ! spices may be add$ to ! pulp 9 su* proportion z ! p>ticul> br& dem&s4 ,! spices mo/ us$ are cloves1 c9namon1 mace1 & cay5ne pepp]2 b paprika1 pepp]1 mu/>d1 c>damon1 cori&]1 g+]1 cel]y1 & allspice are us$ by "s manufactur]s4 ,:5 :ole spices are us$1 x is ! practice to susp5d !m 9 a clo? bag or a wire basket & to take !m out aft] boil+4 ,!y t5d to d>k5 ! color ( ! ket*up1 a result consid]$ undesirable by "s4 ,! gr\nd spices are us$ sp>+ly1 ) ! exception ( cay5ne pepp]4 ,! acetic acid extracts ( spices are us$ because !y are economical & give a bright] r$ color ?an is obta9$ ) ! :ole spice4 ,! oil extracts produce no discoloration1 b !y are ! mo/ exp5sive & give an objectionable flavor4 ,hung>ian sweet paprika is n[ q l>gely us$ & adds to ! color z well z to ! flavor4 ,sug>1 salt1 & v9eg> are add$ 9 su* proportion z may be desir$1 & 9 "s br&s onions & g>lic are us$4 ,,evaporation ,,& ,,f9i%+4 ,! pulp is evaporat$ rapidly to su* consi/5cy z ! grade & price w w>rant1 ! r$uction 9 volume be+ f #dj to #fj p] c5t4 ,?is is accompli%$ 9 ab\t =ty-five m9utes4 ,! cook+ is n cont9u$ long] ?an is necess>y1 z ea* m9ute add$ to ! cook+ d>k5s ! f9i%$ product4 ,if ! pulp has be5 run ?r\gh ! siev+ ma*9e be=e cook+1 ! bat* may be drawn (f into ! receiv+ tank = bottl+4 ,if ! f9i%+ be done aft] cook+1 ! pulp is run into a receiv+ vat1 f9i%$ z quickly z possible1 & drawn into ! tank = bottl+4 ,! ket*up may be kept at a high temp]ature--#bjj to #bjf ,f4--9 ! receiv+ tank by means ( a small /eam coil1 or x may be drawn to ! bottl+ ma*9e ?r\gh a /eam-jacket$ tube4 ,f9i%+ aft] cook+ yields a slightly smoo!r ket*up ?an siev+ be=e cook+2 b x necessitates h&l+1 r$uces ! temp]ature1 & increases ! *ances ( infection4 ,,bottl+4 ,! bottles %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ z ket*up w n keep if plac$ 9 bottles :i* h be5 m]ely r9s$ to remove ! /raw2 if ! ket*up is n to be giv5 an aft] process ! conta9]s %\ld be /]iliz$4 ,9 ! exp]im5tal "w cork /opp]s gave ! be/ results & ^! %\ld be /]iliz$ 9 a p>aff9 ba? at #bej ,f4 ,,process+4 ,an aft] treatm5t or process is giv5 to bottl$ goods ei!r 9 a wat] or /eam ba?1 ! important po9t be+ t ! c5t] ( ! bottle be rais$ to ! desir$ degree ( heat4 ,if ! ket*up is ?9 ?is c be effect$ quickly1 b if x is ?ick & heavy ! heat p5etrates ! ket*up ) surpris+ sl[ness4 ,9 a ?9 ket*up ! temp]ature may be rais$ f #adj to #aij ,f4 9 eighte5 m9utes or less :5 ! surr\nd+ heat is #aie ,f2 b 9 a heavy ket*up x may take an h\r or m to accompli% ! same result4 ,x is !re=e v important t ! ket*up be process$ imm$iately aft] x is cork$1 be=e x has "t to cool4 ,! rate at :i* ! heat+ is effect$ = diff]5t goods c be det]m9$ by seal+ a !rmomet] 9 ! cork & record+ ! read+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,an example ( factory practice %[+ ! top r[ ( tanks f :i* pulp passes by gravity into ! cook]s1 !n into ! receiv]1 siev+ ma*9e1 & f9al tub ready = ! bottl+ ma*9e or jug fill]4 ,,"* ,,( ,,products4 ,,fir/-,,class ,,products4 ,! factory at :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ has sanit>y build+s & surr\nd+s1 ! floors are ( concrete = flu%+1 & ! pipes us$ 9 conduct+ ! pulp to ! kit*5s are porcela9-l9$ to prev5t discoloration f ! iron & to insure cleanl9ess4 ,! tubes :i* c>ry ! ket*up f ! kettles to ! receiv+ tank1 f9i%+ ma*9e1 & bottl] are silv]-plat$4 ,n all ( ^! measures are necess>y to make a good ket*up1 b !y %[ ! c>e ex]cis$ 9 mak+ an article ( good appe>ance & ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,! conditions "u :i* ket*up is made & ! c>e ) :i* ! "w is done at "s ( ! bett] factories is equal to t us$ 9 ! manufacture ( any food product4 ,:ole select$ fruit is us$1 cleanl9ess is ma9ta9$ at e po9t1 ! be/ grades ( spices1 v9eg>1 granulat$ sug>1 & salt are add$ = flavor+1 & ! bottles are c>efully wa%$4 ,! ket*up put up "u su* conditions w h a bright natural color1 w rema9 good z long z ! conta9] is unbrok51 & w cont9ue 9 t condition = "s "t aft] op5+ if kept at a fairly cool temp]ature4 ,,inf]ior ,,products ,,f 8,,trimm+ ,,/ock40 ,9 contra/ ) ! /rictly high-grade product is ! great bulk ( ! ket*up f\nd on ! m>ket4 ,! mat]ial is n :ole ripe tomatoes1 b consi/s ( ! wa/e ( ! cann+ factory1 commonly designat$ z 8trimm+ /ock10 includ+ ! gre51 moldy1 brok51 rott51 & g5]ally unusable tomatoes1 ! sk9s1 cores1 & /ems f ! peel+ tables1 & ! surplus juice f ! fill+ ma*9es1 all ( :i* may be all[$ to /& dur+ ! day & be run ?r\gh ! cyclone 9 ! ev5+4 ,at ! end ( ! season1 ! fro/$ & half-ripe fruits may be us$4 ,"p ( ?is mat]ial c n be consid]$ 8s\nd fruit0 z contemplat$ by ! food & drugs act4 ,! pulp is put up 9 b>rels1 pres]v$1 & all[$ to /&1 possibly 9 ! sun1 until a suffici5t quantity has accumulat$ = %ipm5t4 ,old ket*up b>rels may be us$ & be none too clean4 ,z a result1 x is n uncommon to see an in* or m ( pulp 9 ! bottom ( a c> at ! end ( %ipm5t1 caus$ by ! bl[+ out ( ! b>rel heads f f]m5tation4 ,! sanit>y condition ( ! factory may be poor1 ! h&l+ ( ! goods be unclean1 ! spices be ! refuse f ! spice h\ses1 ! sug> be ( ! *eape/ grade1 & ! bottles be only r9s$ or be us$ )\t ev5 t precaution4 ,! ket*up is a concoction s heavily spic$ ) hot spices t ! tomato flavor is lo/ & might z well be any?+ else4 ,! color is normally dirty br[n4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes are all grades1 ^? = :i* :ole tomatoes1 unsort$1 are us$1 ^? = :i* trimm+ /ock is work$ up promptly dur+ ! cann+ season1 & ^? made f /ock ( unkn[n hi/ory4 ,"s manufactur]s "w "u good & "s "u poor sanit>y conditions4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ) prop] selection & precaution mu* ( ! by-product ( ! cann+ factory & l>ge quantities ( tomatoes :i* are unsuitable = cann+ might be us$ to advantage 9 ! manufacture ( ket*up2 b x requires a nicety ( practice n g5]ally f\nd at ?is "t4 ,! practice sometimes foll[$ ( mak+ "s ket*up f :ole /ock & a l>ge quantity f refuse & us+ ! =m] = adv]tis+ purposes1 only s]ves to emphasize ! fact t ! goods belong to two di/9ct classes4 ,"o ( ! uses = a v consid]able am\nt ( pulp f refuse /ock is ! mak+ ( sauce = bak$ beans & o!r cann$ goods :]e ! true "* c n be obs]v$ by ! consum]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,ano!r factory int]ior1 %[+ l>ge pulp tanks 9 ! re>1 cook+ tanks on ! "r1 & process tanks 9 front conta9+ ?\s&s ( bottles ( ket*up4 ,dur+ ! season tomatoes come 9 at times 9 l>g] quantities ?an c be made into ket*up promptly4 ,! surplus mu/ be work$ up into pulp = /orage & may be /or$ 9 b>rels or 9 t9 cans4 ,! pulp /or$ 9 b>rels w n h z good a color z t put into cans1 & ! ket*up made f ei!r w n be z bright z t made f :ole1 fre% /ock4 ,! pulp put up 9 b>rels is m liable to spoilage ?an t put up 9 cans4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( /orage by ! two me?ods is n v great1 & "s l>ge conc]ns are us+ ! c exclusively in/ead ( ! b>rel4 ,,labels4 ,! labels on ! ket*up bottles h be5 improv$ some:at 9 ! la/ ye> z reg>ds exactness 9 describ+ ! cont5ts4 ,=m]ly1 accord+ to ! labels1 mu* ( ! ket*up 0 made f :ole ripe tomatoes4 ,! "q 01 ,:at became ( ! enorm\s am\nt ( ket*up :i* x 0 kn[n _h be5 made f 8trimm+s80 ,on ?is ye>'s ket*up ! labels make few] claims1 g5]ally m]ely /at+ t x is 8tomato ket*up10 :i* is true :e!r made f :ole tomatoes or refuse4 ,! br& is 9 mo/ cases ! gu>anty = good quality4 ,x is n safe to judge ! quality by ! price1 =1 ?\gh usually good quality c n be expect$ unless ! high] price is paid1 "s ( ! high-pric$ ket*up :5 plac$ "u ! microscope has prov5 to be a v inf]ior product4 ,! wide labels on ! neck ( ! bottle are objectionable4 ,"s ( ^! are #b in*es 9 height1 & s]ve to cov] ! discolor$ & spoil$ ket*up4 ,z spoilage beg9s usually 9 ! neck ( ! bottle1 x is difficult to see x :5 ! neck is wrapp$ ) a label1 & ?us x might easily be ov]look$ until ! ma9 body ( ! ket*up is affect$4 ,! bottles :i* h ! wide/ labels ar\nd ! neck are usually ! ones provid$ ) "o or two l>ge labels on ! l[] "p ( ! bottle1 ?\gh "s bottles h no o!r label b ! "o ar\nd ! neck4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ^! are n>r[1 close to ! /opp]1 & unobjectionable4 ,9 buy+ ket*up = exp]im5tal purposes x 0 difficult & sometimes impossible to le>n its age1 z (t5 ! groc] does n "k x1 & at o!r times he w n tell4 ,x appe>$1 h[ev]1 t (t5 ! ket*up _h be5 on ! groc]'s %elf or 9 ! w>eh\se f "o to f\r ye>s4 ,,manufactur+ ,,exp]im5ts ,,)\t ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,pres]vatives4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,exp]im5ts4 ,dur+ ,septemb]1 #aijg1 ket*up 0 made 9 exp]im5tal bat*es to det]m9e :e!r x c\ld be manufactur$ on a comm]cial scale )\t ! use ( pres]vatives4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made to det]m9e 7#a7 ! keep+ quality be=e op5+ ! conta9] & 7#b7 ! l5g? ( "t ! product w keep )\t spoilage aft] ! bottle is op5$4 ,! ket*up 0 made 9 a factory 9 :i* ! conditions ( manufacture & all ! surr\nd+s 7 sanit>y2 :ole1 ripe tomatoes1 ! same z us$ 9 ! regul> grade ( cann$ goods1 7 us$ & ! =mula & process 7 = a mild ket*up giv+ ! maximum ( tomato flavor4 ,ea* bat* consi/$ ( #ej gallons ( f9i%$ goods1 f :i* #a gross ( p9t bottles 0 reta9$ = obs]vation4 ,! t]m 8regul> ket*up0 z us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts means ! pulp ( fully ripe tomatoes1 to :i* 0 add$ granulat$ sug>1 #hj-;gra91 di/ill$ v9eg>1 table salt1 onions1 g>lic1 :ole c9namon1 cloves1 mace1 & gr\nd cay5ne pepp]4 ,! pulp 0 cook$ 9 a /eam-jacket$ copp] kettle = =ty m9utes & r$uc$ ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ,! f9i%+ 0 done aft] cook+4 ,! regul> bottles are p9t sizes1 wa%$ 9 hot wat]1 r9s$1 & !n heat$ to a temp]ature ( #aij ,f4 = ?irty m9utes or m4 ,! /]ile bottles ref]r$ to 9 ! exp]im5ts 7 plac$ 9 a /eam *amb] = tw5ty m9utes at #bcj ,f4 ,! corks 7 /]iliz$ by a ba? 9 p>aff9 at ab\t #bgj ,f4 ,all ( ! "w 0 accompli%$ quickly to insure a smoo?1 ev5 product ) a bright1 clean color4 ,acetic acid extracts & oil extracts ( spices 7 us$ 9 su* quantities z w\ld give ! same am\nt ( spic+ z :5 ! :ole spices 7 employ$4 ,9 all ( ! foll[+ exp]im5ts ! ket*ups discuss$ 7 made 9 ,septemb]1 #aijg1 & ! la/ exam9ation report$ 0 made t5 mon?s lat]1 9 ,july1 #aijh3 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #a4--,regul> ket*up 0 made1 b x 0 reheat$ aft] f9i%+ & bottl$ 9 /]ile bottles at a temp]ature ( #bje ,f4 ,no spoilage has occurr$ at ! end ( t5 mon?s4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #b4--,regul> ket*up 0 made1 & x 0 bottl$ imm$iately aft] f9i%+ 9 regul> bottles at a temp]ature ( #afe ,f4 ,an aft] process 0 giv5 at #aij ,f4 = tw5ty m9utes4 ,no spoilage has occurr$ aft] t5 mon?s4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #c4--,regul> ket*up 0 made1 & 0 bottl$ 9 regul> bottles at #afe ,f41 & giv5 a subsequ5t process at #aij ,f4 = =ty m9utes4 ,no spoilage has occurr$4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #d4--,regul> ket*up 0 made1 0 bottl$ 9 regul> bottles at a temp]ature ( #afe ,f41 & giv5 an aft] process at #bab ,f4 = tw5ty m9utes4 ,no spoilage has occurr$4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #e4--,regul> ket*up 0 made1 ! same be+ put up 9 regul> bottles at a temp]ature ( #afe ,f4 & giv5 an aft] process at #bab ,f4 = =ty m9utes4 ,no spoilage has occurr$4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #f4--,ket*up 0 made 9 :i* ! acetic acid extracts took ! place ( :ole spices1 & ! bottl+ 0 done at a temp]ature ( #afe ,f41 no aft] treatm5t be+ giv54 ,no spoilage has occurr$4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #g4--,ket*up 0 made 9 :i* acetic acid extracts 7 us$1 & ! bottl+ 0 done at a temp]ature ( #afe ,f4 9 /]ile bottles4 ,no aft] treatm5t 0 giv5 & no spoilage has occurr$4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #h4--,ket*up 0 made 9 :i* ! oil extracts 7 us$ in/ead ( regul> spices4 ,! bottl+ 0 done 9 regul> bottles at a temp]ature ( #afe ,f41 no aft] treatm5t be+ giv54 ,no spoilage has occurr$4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #i4--,ket*up 0 made 9 :i* oil extracts 7 us$ in/ead ( :ole spices4 ,! bottl+ 0 done at #afe ,f4 9 /]ile bottles1 no aft] treatm5t be+ giv54 ,no spoilage has occurr$4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #aj4--,regul> ket*up 0 made1 b ! pulp 0 run ?r\gh ! siev+ or f9i%+ ma*9e be=e in/ead ( aft] cook+1 ! object be+ to det]m9e ! effect ^u ! "* ( ! goods r ?an ^u ! spoilage4 ,?is practice c\ld be foll[$ to advantage 9 mak+ all except ! v f9e/ goods1 & w\ld give ! same condition = bottl+ z 9 exp]im5t ,no4 #a4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #aa4--,pulp 0 made 9 ! usual mann] & run into b>rels :ile j bel[ ! boil+ po9t4 ,! b>rels _h be5 ?or\ghly wa%$ & !n /eam$ = tw5ty m9utes4 ,z soon z ! pulp _h cool$ slightly ! bung 0 driv5 9 tightly & ! b>rel 0 roll$ into /orage4 ,at ! end ( sixty days ! b>rels 7 op5$ & ! pulp 0 f\nd to be 9 good condition4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #ab4--,regul> ket*up 0 drawn into #e-;gallon jugs :i* _h be5 /]iliz$ 9 ! same mann] z ! bottles4 ,^! 7 kept = sixty days & no spoilage occurr$4 ,,discussion ,,( ,,results4 ,twelve hundr$ & n9ety-six bottles 7 %ipp$ f ,t]re ,haute to ,lafayette1 ,ind41 & "s 7 re%ipp$ 9 ord] to duplicate ! conditions 9 trade4 ,"s 7 kept 9 a w>m temp]ature & 9 /rong light1 o!rs 9 a comp>atively cool place & 9 ! orig9al %ipp+ cases1 9 ord] to duplicate ! conditions 9 ! w>eh\se & groc]y /ore4 ,!re has be5 no spoilage aft] t5 mon?s o!r ?an t result+ f f\r or five cork leaks & neck cracks4 ,^! exp]im5ts h %[n conclusively t ket*up c be put up on a comm]cial scale & deliv]$ to ! consum] 9 p]fect condition )\t ! use ( a pres]vative4 ,x 0 demon/rat$ by ! fir/ exp]im5t t ! goods c\ld be bottl$ at a high temp]ature )\t difficulty1 & t subsequ5t treatm5t 0 unnecess>y4 ,! aft] treatm5t at #aij 0 tri$ because x _h be5 f\nd 9 small exp]im5ts t1 9 giv+ a high] temp]ature1 ! int]nal pressure w\ld cause m or less breakage ( bottles or loos5+ ( corks4 ,aft] treatm5t is practic$ by "s :o also use a small quantity ( pres]vative z a fur!r precaution4 ,?is treatm5t is cont9u$ f two to ?ree h\rs at ! temp]ature ( high pa/eurization4 ,! process at #bab 0 giv5 ) little breakage1 z ! bottles us$ 7 ( good quality4 ,at & above ?is temp]ature ! breakage may be r$uc$ by ei!r rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! ket*up be=e bottl+ or apply+ pressure ^u ! outside :ile giv+ ! process4 ,nei!r ! acetic acid nor ! oil extracts %[$ any advantage ov] :ole spices 9 _! pres]vative effects1 z all kept4 ,! color 0 slightly improv$1 b ! flavor 0 impair$1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! oil extracts 7 us$4 ,,spoilage ,,( ,,ket*up ,,aft] ,,op5+4 ,! "q ( h[ long ! ket*up %\ld keep aft] op5+ ! conta9] 9 ord] to satisfy ! ord9>y requirem5ts ( consumption 0 also /udi$4 ,a local re/aurant1 s]v+ ab\t two hundr$ meals & us+ f "o-half to a gallon ( ket*up daily1 0 suppli$ ) ! same k9d ( ket*up us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts1 z 7 also "s families4 ,in/ructions 7 giv5 to use ! ket*up z !y w\ld ord9>ily1 ) ! result t none report$ any loss f spoilage4 ,to det]m9e h[ long ! ket*up w\ld keep aft] op5+1 #h bottles f ea* ( ! fir/ #i exp]im5ts 7 kept 9 ! kit*5 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #gb ,f41 #e 7 kept 9 an incubator at a temp]ature ( #ie ,f41 #e 7 kept 9 ! laboratory at a temp]ature ( ab\t #fg ,f41 & #d 7 kept 9 an inclos$ por* :]e ! temp]ature rang$ f #cj to #fj ,f4 ,?is made a total ( #aih bottles4 ,no precautions1 o!r ?an ^? ( ord9>y cleanl9ess1 7 tak5 9 op5+ ! bottles1 z x 0 desir$ to det]m9e ! keep+ prop]ties "u conditions ( g5]al usage4 ,! fir/ set ( bottles 0 op5$ ,novemb] #e1 imm$iately on be+ receiv$ at ! laboratory1 all ( ! ket*up hav+ be5 kept at ! factory until ! exp]im5t begun 9 ,septemb] 0 complet$4 ,! bottles 7 cov]$ loosely ) a metal cap & obs]v$ daily1 a record be+ kept ( ! date & "* ( spoilage4 ,! results %[$ t ! diff]5ces 9 ! "t & temp]ature ( process+ _h little1 if any1 effect 9 *eck+ ! spoilage2 nei!r did ! use ( acetic acid or oil extracts4 ,! mo/ important precaution 9 *eck+ ! spoilage aft] op5+ seems to be to keep ! ket*up cool4 ,?is is %[n by ! av]age numb] ( days :i* elaps$ be=e spoilage occurr$ 9 ! sets kept "u diff]5t temp]ature conditions4 ,= ^? kept 9 ! kit*5 ! av]age numb] ( days 0 six1 ! m9imum ?ree1 & ! maximum elev54 ,^? 9 ! incubator kept = an av]age ( five days1 ) a m9imum ( two days1 & a maximum ( eight4 ,^? 9 ! laboratory _h an av]age ( eight days1 ! m9imum be+ f\r days & ! maximum tw5ty-two4 ,^? kept 9 ! por* la/$ on an av]age tw5ty-sev5 days1 a m9imum ( twelve days1 & a maximum ( fifty-eight4 ,^! figures %[ ! def9ite relation ( temp]ature to spoilage "u ! conditions ( ord9>y use4 ,9 mak+ ! obs]vations1 ! metal cap 0 remov$ ea* day1 b no ket*up 0 p\r$ (f4 ,! spoilage 9 all cases 0 due to mold1 & usually ?is =m$ 9 ! neck ( ! bottle :]e ! ket*up _h spla%$1 or at ! junction ( ! ket*up ) ! bottle4 ,! spoilage 0 record$ z soon z ! slighte/ gr[? appe>$4 ,9 actual use if ! neck 7 wip$ out :5 ! ket*up _h be5 us$ & a gr[? ( mold remov$ on its fir/ appe>ance ) "s ( ! proximate ket*up ! "t be=e spoilage occurr$ c\ld be prolong$4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! attempt 0 made to det]m9e h[ soon gr[? appe>$ "u ! v>i\s conditions ( temp]ature nam$4 ,! unop5$ bottles ( ket*up 7 kept 9 a basem5t room1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is fairly con/ant1 be+ ab\t #gj ,f4 ,?is is approximately ! condition 9 a groc]y :]e ! ket*up is kept on ! %elves4 ,ano!r set ( samples f ! run ( ,septemb]1 #aijg1 0 op5$ ,febru>y #aa1 #aijh1 to det]m9e if /or+ 9 a w>m room be=e op5+ _h any effect on ! l5g? ( "t prec$+ spoilage4 ,f\r bottles 7 tak5 f ea* ( ! fir/ #i exp]im5ts to make up ea* ( ?ree sets1 "o ( :i* 0 kept 9 ! kit*51 "o 9 ! incubator1 & "o 9 ! por*1 mak+ a total ( #ajh bottles4 ,! av]age numb] ( days = ^? kept 9 ! incubator 0 f\r1 ! m9imum two1 & ! maximum six4 ,! av]age numb] ( days be=e spoilage 9 ! kit*5 0 five1 ! m9imum be+ ?ree & ! maximum n9e4 ,^? kept 9 ! por* gave an av]age ( tw5ty-?ree days1 ! m9imum numb] be+ eighte5 days & ! maximum sev5ty-?ree days4 ,?us x is se5 t ! ket*up la/$ ne>ly five times z long at a temp]ature ( #cj to #fj ,f4 z x did at #gb2 & also t :5 ket*up is kept 9 a w>m place be=e op5+1 spoilage occurs some:at soon]1 ! av]age = ! fre% samples op5$ "u ! same conditions be+ "o day m ) ! incubator & kit*5 samples & f\r days m ) ! por* samples4 ,a ?ird set ( bottles ( ! ket*up 0 op5$ on ,june #f1 #aijh1 or two hundr$ & sixty-five days aft] manufacture4 ,!y _h be5 kept 9 a basem5t at a temp]ature ( ab\t #gj ,f4 ,"o set 0 plac$ 9 ! incubator at a temp]ature ( #ie ,f41 "o set 9 ! kit*5 at ab\t #hb ,f41 & "o set 9 ! refrig]ator at #df ,f4 ,! wea!r 0 w>m & ! conditions favorable to ! spoilage ( fre% foods4 ,! m9imum "t = spoilage 9 ! incubator 0 two days1 ! maximum "t f\r days1 & ! av]age "t ?ree & two-t5?s days4 ,! m9imum "t 9 ! kit*5 0 two days1 ! maximum "t six days1 & ! av]age "t f\r & f\r-t5?s days4 ,! m9imum "t 9 ! refrig]ator 0 n9e days1 ! maximum "t n9ete5 days1 & ! av]age "t ?irte5 & sixty-six "o-hundr$?s days4 ,^! data are gr\p$ 9 ! foll[+ table = easi] comp>ison3 ,"t ( spoilage ( ket*up at diff]5t temp]atures aft] op5+4 ,,op5$ ,,on ,,novemb] #e1 #aijg1 ,,imm$iately ,,^u ,,receipt ,,f ,,factory2 ,,maximum ,,age1 ,,five ,,weeks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,place ( /orage4 ,temp]ature4 ,lapse ( "t be=e spoilage4 ------------------------------- ,av]age4 ,m9imum4 ,maximum4 ------------------ ----------------------------- ,f4 ,days4 ,days4 ,days4 ,incubator #ie #e #b #h ,kit*5 #gb #f #c #aa ,laboratory #fg #h #d #bb ,por* #cj-fj #bg #ab #eh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,kept ,,at #gj ,f4 ,,= ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,fifty ,,days ,,be=e ,,op5+ ,,on ,,febru>y #aa4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,incubator #ie #d #b #f ,kit*5 #gb #e #c #i ,por* #cj-fj #bc #ah #gc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,kept ,,at #gj ,f4 ,,= ,,two ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,sixty-,,five ,,days ,,be=e ,,op5+ ,,on ,,june #f4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,incubator #ie #c4b #b #d ,kit*5 #hb #d4d #b #f ,refrig]ator #df #ac4ff #i #ai ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,spoilage ,,( ,,unop5$ ,,ket*up4 ,ano!r te/ 0 made to det]m9e :e!r ! ket*up w\ld spoil :5 kept 9 a w>m place1 b n op5$4 ,?ree bottles f ea* exp]im5tal bat* 7 plac$ 9 ! incubator ,novemb] #g1 #aijg1 & 7 kept !re until ,decemb] #bc1 #aijg--;=ty-six days--& 9 t "t !re 0 no sign ( spoilage4 ,!y 7 !n op5$ & kept 9 ! laboratory2 ! av]age numb] ( days be=e spoilage occurr$ is indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,av]age numb] ( days be=e spoilage ( ket*up aft] op5+ 7kept #df days at #ie be=e op5+74 --------------------------------------- ,exp]im5t ,no4 ,days be=e spoilage4 -------------------------------------- #a #b #b #d #c #c #d #e #e #e #f #d #g #d #h #d #i #c --------------------------------------- ,x w be obs]v$ t ^! samples spoil$ 9 ab\t ! same l5g? ( "t z ! bottles op5$ 9 ,febru>y & te/$ 9 ! incubator1 s t simil> results 7 obta9$ by keep+ unop5$ ket*up "o & "o-half mon?s at #ie ,f4 & keep+ x five mon?s at #gj ,f4 ,f ! results ( ! exp]im5ts x is evid5t t ! +r$i5ts ( ! ket*up 9 ! proportions us$ are n antiseptic1 & x is also app>5t f ! numb] ( organisms f\nd & ! rapidity ( _! multiplication t ket*up is a good1 nutritive m$ium4 ,yea/s & molds are ! pr$om9at+ organisms1 &1 z ! ket*up is acid & also conta9s sug>1 & ^! organisms are f\nd on tomatoes 9 ! field1 _! pr$om9ance 9 ! ket*up is expla9$4 ,,spoilage ,,( ,,m>ket ,,br&s4 ,to det]m9e ! keep+ prop]ties ( ! ket*up on ! m>ket1 v>i\s br&s 7 obta9$ f ! groc]y /ores4 ,9 ! majority ( cases no?+ 0 kn[n ( ! +r$i5ts or me?ods ( manufacture1 except :at appe>$ on ! labels4 ,no date ( manufacture 0 giv51 & 9 "s cases ! deal]s did n "k ! age ( ! product4 ,!re 7 #ajd bottles ( ket*up op5$ to f9d out h[ long !y w\ld rema9 9 good condition4 ,^! 7 kept 9 ! laboratory1 ?\gh ! temp]ature 0 high] ?an t at :i* ket*up %\ld be held4 ,( ! #ajd bottles !re 7 #ff )\t pres]vative1 accord+ to ! labels1 #df ( :i* spoil$4 ,( ! #bj :i* did n spoil1 #b =m$ cry/als ( b5zoic acid on ! cov]s ( glass di%es dur+ evaporation4 ,( ! #ci :i*1 accord+ to ! labels1 conta9$ sodium b5zoate1 #ae spoil$4 ,! bottles ( unspoil$ ket*up aft] rema9+ 9 ! laboratory = ab\t a mon? 7 plac$ 9 ! incubator at #ie ,f4 = ?ree weeks1 & 7 !n tak5 out1 & h be5 left 9 ! laboratory s9ce4 ,! metal cap _h be5 tak5 (f frequ5tly = obs]vation1 & ! ket*up expos$1 b ! treatm5t did n cause !m to spoil4 ,! av]age numb] ( days aft] :i* spoilage occurr$ = ! #df bottles )\t pres]vative 0 ab\t fifte51 ! m9imum numb] be+ f\r days1 ! maximum numb] n9ety-f\r days4 ,! av]age numb] ( days prec$+ spoilage 9 ! case ( #ae bottles ) pres]vative 0 tw5ty-f\r days1 ! m9imum numb] be+ ?ree & ! maximum sixty days4 ,! majority ( ^! _h #j4a p] c5t ( sodium b5zoate pres5t2 ! o!rs _h a small] am\nt1 accord+ to ! manufactur]'s label4 ,^! data are n at all conclusive & fur!r "w on mat]ial ( kn[n hi/ory w be necess>y4 ,,/]ility ,,( ,,ket*up4 ,to det]m9e ! /]ility ( ket*up1 cultures 7 made f #gg ( ! bottles4 ,! me?od us$ 0 to wipe ! bottles & cork /opp]s ) a damp t[el & !n remove ! cork4 ,! cork pull] :i* 0 us$ grasps ! neck ( ! bottle 9 su* a way z to cov] ! op5+ & remove ! cork )\t ! inru% ( air t occurs :5 ! ord9>y corkscrew is us$4 ,a flame 0 !n pass$ ov] ! m\? ( ! bottle1 aft] :i* ! upp] lay] ( ket*up 0 p\r$ out1 s z to disc>d any mat]ial :i* might h be5 contam9at$ 9 h&l+4 ,tomato gelat9 0 us$ z a m$ium & cultures 7 made 9 petri di%es4 ,!re 7 #ag plates on :i* no organisms develop$1 indicat+ t ! ket*up 0 /]ile4 ,( ! #fj plates hav+ organisms1 #ed _h molds1 #bb ( ^! hav+ molds alone2 #ba plates _h yea/-l organisms1 #c plates hav+ ^! only2 #bi plates _h bact]ia1 #d hav+ bact]ia alone4 ,sometimes a plate w\ld h only "o =m ( organism1 b m (t5 !re 0 a mixture pres5t4 ,( #ae plates hav+ only "o =m ( organism1 #c _h yea/ alone1 #b bact]ia alone1 & #aj _h mold alone4 ,( ! #gg bottles ( ket*up f :i* ! inoculations 7 made1 #da 7 )\t & #cf ) pres]vative1 & ( ! #ag /]ile ket*ups1 #h conta9$ sodium b5zoate & #i 7 )\t pres]vative4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! exp]im5tal ket*up prov$ n to be /]ile4 ,! organisms pres5t 7 ( ! class :i* require oxyg5 = _! gr[? & !re=e !y _h only be5 arre/$ 9 _! activity4 ,no gr[? c\ld take place s long z ! air 0 exclud$ & !re=e no spoilage c\ld occur4 ,:5 ! cork 0 drawn1 ! organisms c\ld gr[ & cause spoilage1 & ?is is a mu* m pot5t factor ?an ! entrance ( g]ms f )\t4 ,bottl+ & seal+ ! ket*up quickly :ile hot s completely excludes ! air t only a few colonies ( yea/ or mold may be f\nd on subsequ5t microscopical exam9ation4 ,fill+ at a l[ temp]ature & cork+ :ile cool all[s suffici5t air to rema9 incorporat$ 9 ! ket*up & neck ( ! bottle to p]mit a consid]able gr[? ( ! organisms & a product d]iv$ f good /ock may ?us acquire ! appe>ance ( ket*up d]iv$ f p>tially decay$ mat]ial4 ,a ket*up 9 :i* bubbles ( air are incorporat$ 9 fill+ may %[ a gr[? ( mold at ea* bubble ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,! =ego+ /atem5ts apply to ket*up conta9+ sodium b5zoate z well z to ! non-pres]vative goods ( ! "* us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,pres]vatives4 ,,sodium ,,b5zoate4 ,! pres]vative 9 g5]al use 9 ket*up is sodium b5zoate4 ,salicylic acid is us$1 b only to a limit$ ext5t4 ,! am\nt ( sodium b5zoate us$1 accord+ to ! labels1 v>ies f "o-sixte5? to "o-t5? ( #a p] c5t2 b on "s labels ! am\nt is n /at$4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made to det]m9e ! am\nt necess>y to *eck ! spoilage ( ket*up4 ,two organisms1 a mold & a yea/1 7 select$ on :i* to make ! te/s4 ,! mold 0 ! ord9>y blue mold1 ,p5icillium1 :i* 0 pres5t 9 _m ( ! br&s ( ket*up & is f\nd commonly on acid foods4 ,x 0 select$ on acc\nt ( its preval5ce & resi/ive p[]4 ,! yea/ 0 obta9$ f ket*up & 0 also a vigor\s gr[]1 =m+ a ?ick1 wr9kl$ film on v>i\s m$ia4 ,any effect on ! gr[? ( ! yea/ c\ld be se5 readily 9 its mann] ( =m+ ! film4 ,portions ( tomato gelat9 to :i* #j4a1 #j4e1 #a1 & #b p] c5t1 respectively1 ( sodium b5zoate 7 add$1 7 fir/ inoculat$ ) ! mold4 ,!re 0 no developm5t 9 ^? conta9+ #a & #b p] c5t2 a ret>d$ developm5t result$ 9 t conta9+ #j4e p] c5t1 & ! gr[? :5 #j4a p] c5t 0 us$ 0 ne>ly normal1 %[+ v little diff]5ce f t 9 ! gelat9 )\t sodium b5zoate4 ,ket*up 0 next tri$ z a m$ium1 b ! am\nt ( b5zoate 0 r$uc$ to "o-sixte5?1 "o-twelf?1 & "o-t5? ( #a p] c5t1 z x 0 ?\ght t "s ( ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! ket*up 7 antiseptic to a slight degree4 ,! gr[? 9 ! ket*up 0 irregul>1 ?\gh ! b5zoate *eck$ developm5t 9 all4 ,equal am\nts ( b5zoate 7 us$ 9 tomato b\illon1 ) practically ! same results z 9 ! ket*up4 ,! developm5t 0 *eck$ 9 all1 & 9 "s plates "o-sixte5? ( #a p] c5t seem$ to be fully z efficaci\s z "o-t5? ( #a p] c5t4 ,:5 ! mold 0 exam9$ "u ! microscope1 ! filam5ts 7 f\nd to be mu* swoll5 & di/ort$ 9 %ape1 & fill$ ) a co>sely granul> protoplasm1 conta9+ mu* fat1 z indicat$ by ! black5+ ) osmic acid4 ,! culture conta9+ ! mold :i* gave ! lea/ developm5t seem$ to %[ ! lea/ di/ortion & swell+ ( ! filam5ts4 ,! results indicat$ t 9 us+ sodium b5zoate z a pres]vative !re is unc]ta9ty z to results1 ev5 :5 us+ ! maximum am\nt all[$--"o-t5? ( #a p] c5t4 ,!y also indicat$ t ?is pres]vative _h an injuri\s effect on ! liv+ matt] ( ! mold4 7,see ,pl4 ,,ii2 comp>e ) normal gr[?1 ,pl4 ,i47 ,,salt4 ,! effect ( salt 9 *eck+ developm5t 0 te/$ by us+ tomato b\illon z a m$ium & add+ #e1 #aj1 #ae1 #bj1 #be1 & #cj grams ( salt1 respectively1 to #ajj cc4 ,^! 7 inoculat$ ) ! mold4 ,! #e-;gram solution seem$ to h no effect on developm5t4 ,:5 #aj grams 7 us$ gr[? appe>$ z soon z 9 ! b\illon )\t salt1 b 0 n s ext5sive4 ,9 ! #ae-;gram solution gr[? 0 ret>d$ f\r days1 & mo/ ( t :i* did develop rema9$ subm]g$1 ! mold gr[+ normally on ! surface4 ,) #bj grams ! gr[? 0 five days sl[] ?an ! normal 9 />t+1 & aft] t !re 0 only a slight developm5t4 ,9 ! #be-;gram solution1 ! gr[? />t$ at ! same "t z :5 #bj grams 7 employ$1 b rema9$ /ation>y1 :ile ) ! #cj-;gram solution1 no developm5t occurr$4 ,! yea/ 0 *eck$ slightly by #e grams1 & v mat]ially by ! #aj-;gram solution1 z x requir$ two days = a ?91 delicate film to =m1 :]eas 9 ord9>y solutions a r ?ick film is =m$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs or ev5 9 less "t4 ,!re 0 no developm5t 9 ! #ae-;gram solution4 ,,sug>4 ,! effect ( sug> 0 te/$ on bo? ! mold & ! yea/ by add+ x to tomato b\illon4 ,x 0 suppos$ t a l[ p]c5tage ( sug> l ! salt w\ld plasmolyze ! cells1 & 9 ?is way *eck gr[?1 b x seem$ to h no effect until ! am\nt 0 increas$ to #be grams p] #ajj cc ( b\illon4 ,9 ?is solution gr[? appe>$ z soon z ) ! weak] solutions1 b !re 0 a small] am\nt4 ,9 ! #be to #dj gram solutions !re 0 less developm5t z ! am\nt ( sug> increas$4 ,9 ! #gj & #ge gram solutions gr[? 0 delay$ "o day 9 its appe>ance4 ,9 ! #hj1 #he1 & #ij gram solutions gr[? 0 delay$ two days1 ! colonies gr[+ subm]g$ at fir/1 b aft] a "t =m+ on ! surface4 ,! mycelium rema9$ v ?91 b a ?ick lay] ( spores =m$4 ,f ?is po9t on ! am\nts 7 increas$ by #aj grams up to #bjj4 ,! developm5t became sl[] & less successively until #agj grams 7 add$4 ,9 ?is case a small colony appe>$ on ! surface 9 sev5 days1 b seem$ to gr[ less aft] t4 ,! solutions 7 held1 & 9 "t cry/als sep>at$ f ! ?ick sirups4 ,aft] two mon?s dry-look+ colonies develop$ along ! edges1 =m+ a r+1 & "s =m$ on ! surface1 ^! occurr+ also 9 ! flasks conta9+ #agj1 #ahj1 #aij1 & #bjj grams ( sug> p] #ajj cc4 ,! colonies 7 a dull gre5i% drab 9 spots1 ! rema9d] be+ :ite4 ,= ! yea/ ! #hj-;gram solution ( sug> 0 ! /ronge/ 9 :i* any developm5t took place4 ,,spices4 ,exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! value ( ! spices z antiseptics 7 made1 us+ wat] infusions1 acetic-acid extracts1 & oil extracts4 ,,wat] ,,infusions4 ,9 mak+ ! wat] infusions #bj grams ( ! :ole spices1 ) #bjj cc ( wat]1 7 boil$ = =ty-five m9utes4 ,?is is approximately ! l5g? ( "t t ! spices are cook$ 9 ! ket*up 9 ! factory4 ,! liquid 0 !n filt]$ & f #j4a to #e cc ( ! filtrate 0 us$ 9 #aj cc ( tomato b\illon4 ,! same organisms 7 us$ z 9 ! =m] exp]im5ts4 ,! te/s %[$ t c9namon & cloves 7 ! /ronge/ antiseptically4 ,^! *eck$ gr[? :5 us$ 9 small am\nts1 b x requir$ #c cc ( ! c9namon & #a cc ( ! cloves to inhibit ! gr[? ( ! mold4 ,mu/>d1 paprika1 & cay5ne pepp] *eck$ gr[? also1 b #e cc1 ! highe/ /r5g? us$1 did n inhibit gr[?4 ,! g+]1 mace1 & black pepp] _h no app>5t effect 9 ! quantities us$4 ,! effect ( ! spices on ! developm5t ( ! yea/ 0 some:at diff]5t f _! effect on ,p5icillium4 ,! c9namon %[$ ! /ronge/ action1 #c cc be+ effective1 :]eas #e cc ( ! cloves 0 requir$4 ,! cay5ne pepp] came next 9 effectiv5ess1 & aft] t ! black pepp]4 ,! g+]1 mace1 & mu/>d solutions _h no effect 9 ! /r5g?s us$4 ,! rema9d] ( ! spice infusions 7 kept 9 glass-/opp]$ bottles 9 ! laboratory1 & 9 a few weeks' "t !re 0 a coat+ ( mold =m$ ov] ! surface ( ! mace1 ! mu/>d1 & ! black & cay5ne pepp]s4 ,! paprika _h small1 /unt$ colonies dott+ ! surface4 ,at ! "t t ^! exp]im5ts 7 made a quantity ( ! gr\nd spices 7 plac$ 9 l>ge petri di%es & wat] 0 add$ to make a heavy pa/e4 ,"o set ( ^! 0 inoculat$ ) ! mold1 & ano!r set ) ! yea/1 & all 7 kept 9 a w>m place4 ,no developm5t ( ei!r organism appe>$ on ! c9namon1 cloves1 or mu/>d2 on ! o!rs a gr[? fir/ %[$ 9 ?ree days4 ,on a normal m$ium gr[? appe>s 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,on ! mace1 paprika1 & cay5ne pepp] ! ,p5icillium & yea/ ) :i* ! pa/es 7 inoculat$ 7 ov]gr[n 9 a few days ) black mold 7,rhizopus nigricans74 ,,acetic-,,acid ,,extracts4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ket*up acetic-acid extracts ( ! spices are sometimes us$ in/ead ( ! :ole spices1 on acc\nt ( _! suppos$ antiseptic prop]ties z well z _! great] /r5g? & conv5i5ce 9 h&l+4 ,"o m9im ( ! /&>d acetic-acid extracts is equal 9 /r5g? to #a gra9 ( ! :ole spices4 ,! acid extracts obta9$ includ$ allspice1 cel]y1 cloves1 cori&]1 g>lic1 & black pepp]4 ,9 ! te/s #j4a1 #j4b1 #j4c1 #j4d1 #j4e1 & #a cc1 respectively1 ( ! extract 0 add$ to #aj cc ( tomato b\illon4 ,"o set 0 inoculat$ ) ! mold & ano!r set ) ! yea/4 ,9 ! case ( ! mold1 no gr[? occurr$ ) ! allspice & cloves2 ! cel]y *eck$ ! gr[? mat]ially1 !re be+ no indication ( mold until ! six? day4 ,normally a fairly /rong gr[? occurs 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 ! solution conta9+ #j4c cc !re 0 only "o small colony 9 ?irte5 days1 & no fur!r developm5t4 ,9 ! solution conta9+ ! cori&]1 ! gr[? 9 ! #j4e cc solution did n appe> = ?ree days1 ! #a cc solution %[+ no gr[?4 ,! g>lic _h practically ! same effect z ! cori&]1 :ile ! black pepp] 0 /rong]1 no gr[? appe>+ 9 ! solution conta9+ #j4e cc4 ,! yea/ 0 slightly /rong] 9 resi/+ ! effect ( ! extracts4 ,no gr[? appe>$ ) ! allspice & cloves2 #j4e cc ( ! cel]y & #a cc ( ! cori&] 7 requir$ to inhibit gr[?1 & ! g>lic & black pepp] gave simil> results1 a weak developm5t occurr+ 9 ! solutions conta9+ #a cc4 ,,oil ,,extracts4 ,oil extracts ( ! spices 7 te/$ 9 ! same mann] z ! wat] infusions & ! acetic-acid extracts4 ,! oils 7 s /rong t 9 ord] to h&le !m easily !y 7 mix$ ) equal volumes ( alcohol1 except t ! mace1 :i* 0 9 ! =m ( a pa/e1 0 mix$ ) two-?irds its volume ( alcohol4 ,to #aj cc ( tomato b\illon 7 add$ #j4a1 #j4b1 #j4c1 #j4d1 & #j4e cc1 respectively1 ( ! oils ( c9namon1 cloves1 mace1 mu/>d1 & black pepp]4 ,9 ! case ( ! mold1 !re 0 no developm5t 9 ! solutions conta9+ c9namon1 cloves1 & mu/>d2 9 ^? conta9+ mace & black pepp] ! developm5t 0 sl[] ?an ! normal1 t 9 ! black pepp] be+ m pron\nc$4 ,on ! yea/ ! effect 0 simil>1 no developm5t occurr+ 9 ! c9namon1 cloves1 & mu/>d1 & a ret>d$ developm5t tak+ place 9 ! mace & black pepp]1 t 9 ! black pepp] be+ ! m pron\nc$4 ,! exp]im5ts %[ t "s ( ! spices1 notably allspice1 c9namon1 & cloves h decid$ antiseptic value1 b t ! pepp]s are n z valuable z is g5]ally suppos$4 ,! oil extracts h be5 advocat$ = use 9 ket*up in/ead ( ! :ole spices1 b 9 quantities :i* w\ld be useful antiseptically _! use w\ld be objectionable1 = :5 pres5t 9 approximately ! same proportions z are ! :ole-spice infusions1 ! flavor is too /rong & masks ! m delicate flavor ( ! tomato4 ,! acetic-acid extracts are m effective ?an are ! wat] infusions1 & !y are n objectionable 9 ! ket*up4 ,,v9eg> ,,& ,,acetic ,,acid4 ,an exp]im5t 0 made to det]m9e ! antiseptic value ( v9eg> & acetic acid4 ,comm]cial #ej-;gra9 di/ill$ v9eg> 0 us$4 ,x 0 f\nd t :5 #cj p] c5t ( ?is v9eg> 0 add$ to ! tomato b\illon ! developm5t ( mold 0 *eck$ & ! ext5t to :i* x 0 *eck$ increas$ ) ! increas$ am\nts ( v9eg>4 ,! developm5t 9 ! solution conta9+ #cj p] c5t ( ! v9eg> 0 two days lat] ?an ! normal 9 />t+1 :ile ! solution conta9+ #ajj p] c5t 0 elev5 days delay$ & %[$ b little gr[?4 ,an #hj p] c5t solution ( glacial acetic acid 0 us$4 ,"o-half ( #a p] c5t add$ to ! tomato b\illon *eck$ gr[? to ! same ext5t z #cj p] c5t ( v9eg>1 & no developm5t occurr$ :5 ! quantity 0 increas$ to #b p] c5t4 ,exp]im5ts 7 !n made 9 :i* v9eg> 0 add$ to ! ket*up 9 proportions v>y+ f #a "p 9 #cb to #a "p 9 #h1 ) ! result ( greatly delay+ ! appe>ance ( ! mold z ! proportion increas$4 ,) ! increase 9 v9eg> x 0 necess>y to add sug> & slightly m spices to ov]come ! pung5cy ( ! acid & ?us insure good flavor4 ,! addition ( ! v9eg> to ! pulp _h ! effect ( arre/+ ! action ( ! oxidase & ?us ! bright color 0 ma9ta9$4 ,! usual cu/om 9 factory practice is to add ! v9eg> ne> ! close ( ! cook+ process o!rwise a consid]able portion ( ! acid w be driv5 (f4 ,?is practice 0 foll[$ 9 ! exp]im5tal "w1 b x has s9ce be5 f\nd t cont9u$ heat+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! acid has "s effect ^u /]ilization1 & !re=e ! increas$ am\nt ( v9eg> is effective n only because ( ! additional acid pres5t1 b also because ! heat+ 9 ! aft] process is !reby r5d]$ m efficaci\s4 ,?is l9e ( exp]im5ts gives promise ( practical results 9 produc+ a ket*up :i* w n only keep :ile 9 ! bottle1 b w also keep long] aft] x is op5$4 ,ea* manufactur] mu/ "w out ! quantities t c\ld be us$ ) 8 =mula & /ill reta9 ! "* ( 8 goods4 ,,oil4 ,9 ket*up manufactur+ x is cu/om>y1 if an agitator is n us$1 to put a small am\nt ( fat 9 ! kettle to *eck ! ebullition dur+ ! r$uction ( ! pulp4 ,! am\nt us$ 9 ?is mann] is n suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to be app>5t 9 ! ket*up4 ,brannt,d /ates t 9 "s factories1 :]e ! trimm+s are all[$ to accumulate = ! season1 !y are giv5 lib]al doses ( oils & condim5ts :5 cook$1 9 ord] to disguise _! defects1 s t ! product c be plac$ on ! m>ket z 8fre% tomato cat*up40 ,t ! use ( oils is increas+ is evid5t f ! comp>ison ( ! ket*up ( ! pa/ season ) t ( =m] ye>s4 ,d ,brannt1 ,w4 ,l41 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,manufacture ( ,v9eg>1 #aijj1 p4 #dee4 ,:5 oil is us$ 9 ket*up1 x is easily detect$ "u ! microscope1 z x appe>s 9 ! =m ( %9+1 yell[ globules :i* black5 gradually :5 treat$ ) osmic acid4 ,besides ?is1 ! oil comes to ! surface ( ! ket*up1 :]e x c be se5 readily1 & if consid]able oil has be5 us$ a di/9ct lay] is =m$4 ,:5 ! ket*up has be5 made = "s "t1 ! oil *anges s t ! ket*up has a peculi> 8greasy0 odor1 or ! oil may be s *ang$ z to give a decid$ly rancid smell to ! ket*up4 ,oil usually causes a det]ioration 9 flavor & odor1 ?\gh "s ( ! ket*ups to :i* x has be5 add$ d n spoil readily4 ,olive oil1 cottonse$ oil1 & oleom>g>9e are us$4 ,t ! oil is n consid]$ "o ( ! regul> kn[n +r$i5ts ( ! ket*up is %[n by ! failure to decl>e its pres5ce on ! label4 ,to te/ ! antiseptic value ( oils 9 ket*up1 exp]im5ts 7 made1 us+ olive oil1 cottonse$ oil1 & oleom>g>9e 9 ! proportions ( #a "p ( oil to #a1jjj1 #gej1 & #ejj p>ts ( ket*up1 respectively4 ,! ket*up 0 made 9 small quantities1 #b gallons = ea* exp]im5t4 ,aft] bottl+1 all except ! *eck bottles 7 inoculat$ ) ,p5icillium & kept at kit*5 temp]ature4 ,all spoil$1 & nei!r ! quantity nor k9d ( oil us$ _h any m>k$ effect 9 prev5t+ spoilage4 ,t ! oils affect$ ! developm5t ( ! mold 0 evid5t4 ,! mold develop$ fir/ at ! junction ( ! ket*up ) ! bottle =m+ a r+ :i* spread gradually ov] ! surface develop+ a some:at heavy mycelium4 ,?is rema9$ :ite long] ?an usual1 spores =m+ v gradually1 z indicat$ by ! *ange 9 color f :ite to a delicate blue4 ,at ! end ( ?ree weeks only spots ( color appe>$ on ! surface & ^! 7 /ill blue1 ?\gh 9 ord9>y developm5t ! blue color *anges to gre5 9 two or ?ree days4 ,ano!r te/ 0 made1 us+ olive oil only1 & 9 ! proportions ( #a "p ( oil to #ejj1 #djj1 & #cjj p>ts1 respectively1 ( ! ket*up4 ,r$uction 0 made 9 a /eam-jacket$ kettle1 ! oil be+ add$ :5 ! ebullition ( ! ket*up 0 ! /ronge/1 aft] :i* ! boil+ 0 cont9u$ = fifte5 m9utes4 ,! ket*up 0 bottl$1 un/]iliz$ bottles be+ us$1 !n cov]$ loosely ) ! metal caps4 ,! "t requir$ = ! ket*up to spoil 0 long] ?an 9 ! fir/ set1 b !re 0 n suffici5t diff]5ce nor en\gh uni=mity 9 ! "t to indicate t ! use ( oil 9 ket*up is desirable1 ev5 if ! *ange ( flavor & odor be n tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! av]age numb] ( days be=e spoilage = ^? conta9+ #a "p ( oil to #ejj p>ts ( ket*up1 0 ?irte5 & two-?irds days2 "o has n yet spoil$ 7a p]iod ( =ty-five days71 :ile ! fir/ bottle spoil$ 9 f\r days4 ,^? hav+ #a "p ( oil to #djj p>ts ( ket*up _h an av]age life ( n9e & ?ree-f\r?s days1 ! m9imum be+ ?ree days1 & ! maximum tw5ty-six days4 ,^? hav+ #a "p to #cjj p>ts ( ket*up on an av]age did n spoil = six & ?ree-f\r?s days1 ! m9imum be+ f\r days1 & ! maximum elev5 days4 ,! failure ( "s ( ! bottles to spoil1 ?\gh simil> 9 e kn[n respect to ^? :i* did spoil1 is a feature peculi> to ket*up & is famili> to manufactur]s :o make c>eful te/s be=e putt+ _! product on ! m>ket4 ,= ?is reason a r l>ge numb] ( bottles %\ld be us$ 9 a te/ 9 ord] t ! results may be approximately accurate & repres5t g5]al conditions4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,p5icillium ,,9 ,,ket*up4 ,p5icillium is a plant :i* is di/ribut$ widely & app>5tly is able to gr[ :]ev] organic matt] is f\nd1 ?\gh fl\ri%+ be/ :5 ! mat]ial conta9s acid4 ,x causes loss 9 cann]ies1 brew]ies1 di/ill]ies1 etc41 ! only use made ( x be+ 9 ! manufacture ( ,roque=t *eese1 ! immature *eese be+ inoculat$ ) ! conidia = ! effect ! mold produces 9 ! matur+ process4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,conidia1 ,normal ,size & 9 ,v>i\s ,/ages ( ,g]m9ation1 ,"s ) ,bran*+ ,hyph 7 #cbe74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,conidiophore1 ,%[+ ,unusually ,l>ge ,developm5t ( ,conidia1 f ,culture 9 ,moi/ ,*amb] 7 #cbe74 ,,p5icillium4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,conidia & ,hyph f ,culture 9 ,exp]im5tal ,ket*up ,conta9+ ,"o-sixte5? ( ,"o ,p] ,c5t ( ,sodium ,b5zoate 7,x #cbe74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,conidia & ,hyph f ,cultures 9 ,exp]im5tal ,ket*up ,conta9+ ,"o-t5? ( ,"o ,p] ,c5t ( ,sodium ,b5zoate 7,x #cbe74 ,,cultures ,,f ,,ket*up ,,pres]v$ ,,) ,,sodium ,,b5zoate4 ,,developm5t4 ,9 develop+1 ! mold =ms a :ite felt-l mass1 cov]+ ! m$ium on :i* x is gr[+2 !n z developm5t proce$s1 x *anges to blui%-gre51 & f9ally to a d>k]1 dull] color4 ,! *ange 9 color is accompani$ by a *ange 9 /ructure1 ! surface becom+ p[d]y 9 appe>ance1 a slight curr5t ( air be+ suffici5t to dislodge a cl\d ( f9e du/4 ,?is f9e du/ is =m$ ( small1 sph]ical bodies1 ! spores or conidia 7f ! ,greek mean+ du/74 ,^! ne$ no re/+ p]iod1 b are able to develop at once4 ,:5 ! conidia lodge on a moi/ sub/ance !y swell to a mu* great] size & !n s5d out a tube f "s "p ( _! surface4 ,! tube l5g!ns & septa =m1 divid+ ! tube into sections1 or cells4 ,at ! same "t bran*es are s5t out1 :i* aga9 =m o!r bran*es4 ,! orig9al conidium s5ds out a second bran* %ortly aft] ! fir/ "o1 & usually f ! opposite side1 & may ev5 s5d out a ?ird "o4 ,! =mation ( ! septa & ! subbran*+ goes on 9 all1 s t 9 a %ort "t ! bran*es mat toge!r & =m a felt-l cov]4 ,,reproduction4 ,aft] a %ort] or long] p]iod ( developm5t1 dep5d5t on ! conditions1 bran*es are s5t p]p5dicul>ly f ! sub/ratum1 & into ! air4 ,^! bran*es cease _! gr[? 9 l5g?1 s5d+ out bran*es ne> ! tip1 :i* take ! same g5]al direction z ! orig9al bran*4 ,ea* ( ^! subbran*es is call$ a /]igma 7f ! ,greek ^w mean+ support74 ,9 vigor\s developm5t ! /]igmata may =m second>y bran*es1 ! :ole =m+ a tassel-l arrangem5t4 ,! tip ( a /]igma enl>ges1 a septum =ms ar\nd ! enl>gem5t1 cutt+ x (f f ! /]igma1 & =m+ a conidium4 ,! /]igma develops to ! orig9al l5g? & ano!r conidium is =m$1 ! op]ation be+ repeat$ _m times1 ?us =m+ a *a9 ( spores4 ,z ! o!r /]igmata are also =m+ conidia 9 ! same mann]1 a s]ies ( ^! *a9s is =m$ close toge!r4 ,aft] ! cessation ( conidial developm5t1 ! filam5t bel[ ! /]igmata is disorganiz$1 sett+ free ! conidia4 ,! filam5t & head toge!r are call$ ! conidiophore 7,greek1 du/-be>]74 ,p5icillium =ms spores sexually1 b ! conditions = _! =mation are unkn[n4 ,brefeld obta9$ !m by gr[+ ! mold on damp bread plac$ betwe5 two glass plates1 & exclud+ ! air4 ,l9dn] obta9$ c>pospores on a wort gelat9 culture 9 a petri di%1 f :i* ! air 0 exclud$4 ,! writ] has tri$ v>i\s me?ods = obta9+ c>pospores1 b s f> )\t success4 ,moi/ *amb]s 7 us$ ) v>i\s m$ia1 exclud+ ! air4 ,! developm5t ( ! mold is seem+ly dep5d5t on ! am\nt ( air 9 ! *amb] at ! "t ( seal+4 ,aft] ! air is exhau/$1 ! conidiophores assume fanta/ic =ms1 develop+ only "o or a few /]igmata1 & on ^! "o or few conidia4 ,9 o!r cases ! conidiophores are fascicl$1 9 no cases1 h[ev]1 =m+ ! conidia z luxuriantly z :5 air is suppli$4 ,! hyph become cle>1 mu* vacuolat$1 & develop m septa1 & "s ( ! cells become mu* enl>g$4 ,an enl>g$ cell w (t5 conta9 two or ?ree septa1 ?us =m+ cells t are n l>g] ?an disks4 ,9 cultures f :i* ! air 0 exclud$ f ! />t1 no developm5t took place4 ,9 te/-tube cultures seal$ ) p>aff9 aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! mold develop$ on ! surface ( ! gelat91 =m+ a felt$ :ite mass1 b no conidia nor c>pospores 7 =m$4 ,,gr[? ,,9 ,,ket*up4 ,! =m ( ,p5icillium :i* 0 us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts 0 isolat$ f ket*up 9 :i* x grew luxuriantly4 ,:5 conidia are fir/ =m$ on ! ket*up1 !y are a delicate blue 9 color2 !y !n become blui% gre51 !n gre51 & f9ally olive4 ,! developm5t ( ! color ( mold gr[+ on ket*up is practically ! same z :5 gr[n 9 wort1 tomato b\illon1 pea b\illon1 or gelat9 made ) ^! solutions z a basis4 ,9 ket*up conta9+ sodium b5zoate1 ! blue color appe>+ fir/ rema9s = a long "t1 & 9 old cultures ! mold is a dull drab1 n olive1 z 9 normal developm5t4 ,9 ord9>y ket*up made )\t a pres]vative1 ! mold =ms a heavy1 wr9kl$ mycelium1 %[+ a l>ge developm5t ( conidia4 ,9 ! bottles ( ket*up1 ! mold pu%es d[n into ! ket*up1 becom+ entirely subm]g$1 a cle> liquid cov]+ ! mold & sep>at+ x f ! ket*up4 ,?is occurr$ 9 m ?an "o hundr$ bottles4 ,no second>y mycelium =m$ on ! surface ( ! liquid1 a me?od ( developm5t :i* frequ5tly occurs 9 ord9>y m$ia :5 a mass ( mold is subm]g$4 ,an exception to ?is 0 %[n 9 ket*up :i* _h develop$ ! mold 9 ! laboratory4 ,! bottles 7 !n put 9 ! refrig]ator = two weeks4 ,dur+ ?is "t sc>cely any developm5t took place2 b aft] !y 7 aga9 plac$ 9 ! laboratory1 ! mycelium pu%$ d[n into ! ket*up & a new1 v ?9 mycelium develop$ on ! surface4 ,! filam5ts :5 se5 "u ! microscope 7 swoll51 _h irregul> outl9es1 & a comp>atively small] numb] ( septa1 & 7 fill$ ) a co>sely granul> protoplasm4 ,! ends 7 blunt & mis%ap5 & ! /]igmata 7 irregul>1 t5d+ m t[>d a fasciculat$ arrangem5t1 & =m+ few] conidia4 ,! filam5ts f ! v9eg> & acetic acid m$ia _h ! same appe>ance z ^? develop$ on ket*up1 b _h a smoo!r outl9e4 ,,temp]ature ,,te/s4 ,! limits = ! g]m9ation ( ,p5icillium1 z giv5 by ,w4 ,j4 ,sykes1,e are #b to #dc ,c4 7#ce to #aaj ,f471 & ! mo/ favorable temp]ature #bb to #bf ,c4 7#gb to #gi ,f474 ,?is au?or /ates also t accord+ to ,pa/eur ! dry spores reta9$ _! vitality at #ajh ,c4 7#bbf ,f471 b t !y 7 soon kill$ :5 imm]s$ 9 boil+ wat]4 ,klck],f quotes ,pa/eur z say+ t ! conidia are kill$ if expos$ to a temp]ature ( #abg to #acb ,c4 = half an h\r1 b t !y reta9 life at #aai to #aba ,c4 ,e ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,brew+1 #aijg1 p4 #bhd4 ,f ,ibid41 p4 #bha4 ,a s]ies ( te/s 0 made to det]m9e ! !rmal dea? po9t ( ! moi/ & dry conidia ( ! ,p5icillium us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts1 a "y1 vigor\s developm5t on ket*up be+ us$4 ,! flasks 7 kept "u obs]vation = a mon? aft] ! te/s 7 made1 z 9 _m cases a developm5t does n occur 9 ! usual "t4 ,! high temp]atures appli$ = long] p]iods ( "t 7 tri$ fir/1 b bo? temp]ature & "t 7 r$uc$ z results f ! s]ies 7 obta9$4 ,only ! conditions obta9+ 9 ! f9al te/s are giv5 9 ! table4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! ,p5icillium us$ did n h ! high resi/ance suppos$4 ,! te/s 7 made 9 small flat-bottom$ #aj-;cc flasks1 tomato b\illon be+ us$ = ! te/s on moi/ conidia4 ,! b\illon 0 us$ s z to h ! conidia 9 a nutritive m$ium aft] ! te/ 0 made1 )\t transf]r+4 ,! "t = ^? at #ajj ,c4 0 e/imat$ f ! "t ( ebullition4 ,at ! end ( ! specifi$ "t1 ! flasks 7 cool$ promptly "u runn+ wat]4 ,z ! flat bottoms gave comp>atively l>ge surface1 ! heat+ & ! cool+ c\ld be effect$ 9 a %ort "t4 ,= ! te/s bel[ #ajj ,c4 a vessel ( wat] 0 heat$ to ! desir$ temp]ature1 & ! flasks 7 imm]s$ 9 x & %ak5 con/antly4 ,! dry conidia 7 plac$ 9 te/ tubes :i* 7 imm]s$ 9 boil+ wat] = ! desir$ "t & cool$ "u runn+ wat]1 aft] :i* #aj cc ( /]iliz$ tomato b\illon 0 add$4 ,aft] det]m9+ ! dea? po9t 9 ?is mann] & f9d+ x to be mu* l[] ?an _h be5 suppos$1 x 0 decid$ to make ! te/ aga91 b us+ ket*up z ! m$ium4 ,t5 grams ( ket*up 7 /]iliz$1 !n inoculat$ f a vigor\s gr[? ( mold1 & te/$ ) a set 9 :i* ! tomato b\illon 0 us$4 ,= ^? bel[ #ajj ,c4 ! two flasks :i* 7 to receive ! same temp]ature 7 held 9 ! vessel ( wat] at ! same "t1 s t z ne>ly z possible ! treatm5t w\ld be id5tical4 ,! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3 ,!rmal dea? po9t ( moi/ & dry conidia ( ,p5icillium4 ,,p5icillium ,,9 #aj ,,cc ,,( ,,tomato ,,b\illon4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,no4 ( ,temp]ature4 ,"t ( ,"t be=e ,p]iod ( obs]vation exp]im5t4 heat+4 g]m9ation4 & developm5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,c4 ,m9utes4 ,days4 #a #he #c ,d>k /r+s f spores2 #i days2 no developm5t4 #b #hj #a #c #ge #a #d #gj #e #e #fe #e #c ,d>k /r+s runn+ f spores2 #i days2 gr[? normal1 spots on surface4 #f #fj #e #c ,d4 #g #ee #e #c ,d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,p5icillium ,,9 #aj ,,cc ,,( ,,ket*up4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a #ajj #c #b #ajj #b #c #ajj #a #d #ajj #e #ajj ,in/ant4 #f #he #b ,colonies on sides2 #h days2 surface cov]$1 gre54 #g #hj #a #b ,d4 #h #ge #a #b ,d4 #i #gj #e #h ,colony on surface4 #aj #fe #e #i ,d4 #aa #fj #e #c ,colonies on sides2 #h days2 surface cov]$1 gre54 #ab #ee #e #d ,d4 #ac #b ,r+ ar\nd sides2 #c days2 surface ne>ly cov]$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,dry ,,conidia4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a #ajj #aj #d ,r\gh appe>ance1 l t 9 ket*up4 #b #ajj #ae #d ,d4 #c #ajj #bj #g ,slight gr[?4 #d #ajj #be #aj ,gr[? b>ely p]ceptible4 #e #ajj #cj #aj ,d4 #f #ajj #ce ,conidia /a9$ readily1 %[+ !y 7 dead4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,yea/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a #ee #e #b ,wr9kl$ film2 liquid turbid4 #b #fj #e #b ,d4 #c #fe #e #b ,?91 smoo? film2 liquid cle>4 #d #gj #e #e #ge #e #f #ajj ,in/ant4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! moi/ heat 0 v effective 9 de/roy+ ! vitality ( ! conidia ( ,p5icillium1 ! dea? po9t be+ #bg ,c4 high] ?an ! maximum temp]ature = g]m9ation z giv5 by ,sykes4 ,! heat+ 0 m effective 9 de/roy+ g]ms :5 appli$ to b\illon ?an to ket*up1 no developm5t tak+ place = any temp]ature above #fe ,c41 ev5 :5 appli$ = a %ort "t4 ,9 ! ket*up ! l[] temp]atures = ! long] p]iods ( "t 7 m effective 9 *eck+ ! developm5t1 ev5 ?\gh !y did n de/roy ! vitality4 ,9 ! ket*up1 ) ! exception ( ,nos4 #i & #aj1 ! colonies />t$ inv>iably along ! sides ( ! flasks4 ,! great] access ( air to ^? on ! sides w\ld acc\nt = ?is4 ,! conidia on ! sides ( flasks ,nos4 #i & #aj mu/ h be5 de/roy$1 z no developm5t took place 9 ei!r case except 9 ! c5t] ( ! surface4 ,! dry conidia 7 de/roy$ at #ajj ,c4 :5 heat$ = ?irty-five m9utes2 !y did n rea* a normal developm5t 9 any case1 ev5 :5 heat$ = only t5 m9utes1 _m ( ! conidia be+ de/roy$ by ?is treatm5t4 ,:]e developm5t fail$ to take place1 ! conidia 7 /a9$ ) a wat] solution ( eos91 s z to be sure t ! effect 0 dea?1 & n an arre/$ developm5t4 ,! results ( ! te/s d n agree ) ^? obta9$ 9 factory practice1 :]e ! ket*up is cook$ at #ajj ,c4 = at lea/ =ty m9utes & sometimes = fifty or fifty-five m9utes1 dep5d+ on ! consi/5cy ( ! pulp4 ,,hi/ological ,,/ructure ,,( ,,ket*up4 ,9 ket*up are f\nd p>ts ( all ! v>i\s tissues ( ! tomato brok5 into f9e pieces by ! action ( ! cyclone4 ,al?\gh ! sieves take out ! se$s1 sk9s1 & any l>ge pieces1 p>ticles ( ! v>i\s tissues are pres5t 9 size suffici5t = id5tification4 ,among ! di/9ctive features are ! r$ cry/all9e bodies 9 ! p>5*yma1 :i* s]ve to a c]ta9 ext5t to di/+ui% ! p>5*yma f t ( o!r plants :i* might be us$ = adult]ation1 & s]ve also to diff]5tiate ! natural f ! artificially color$ ket*up4 ,"s ( ! r$ dye us$ colors all protoplasm indiscrim9ately1 ev5 t ( ! fungi pres5t1 & z a color$ ket*up is usually poor /uff1 conta9+ _m fungi1 ! mold filam5ts1 yea/ cells1 & bact]ia receive _! %>e ( ! color4 ,o!r r$ dye us$ is 9 ! =m ( f9e p[d]1 :i* does n g into solution1 b is di/ribut$ z irregul> p>ticles :i* are di/9ct f ! r$ cry/all9e bodies4 ,good ket*up made f :ole tomatoes has a clean appe>ance readily di/+ui%able "u ! microscope2 b ! poor ket*up has usually a sup]abundance ( fungi pres5t1 fully develop$ colonies ( mold1 _m =ms ( conidia1 besides yea/-l cells1 & diff]5t =ms ( bact]ia4 ,all ( ^! may be dead1 b nei!r pres]vatives nor dosage ( odor\s spices c disguise _! pres5ce4 ,9 "s ( ! ket*up exam9$1 :i* 0 put up 9 attractive =m & label$ z be+ made f ! :ole tomatoes1 & :i* _h ! appe>ance & odor ( good ket*up1 ! microscope %[$ ! pres5ce ( su* quantities ( fungi z to leave no d\bt t ! tomatoes 7 spoil$ :5 cook$4 ,x is presumable t "s ( ! deal]s plac+ ?is sort ( /uff on ! m>ket d n "k its condition !mselves1 & ei!r buy _! pulp f o!r factories or tru/ its manufacture to employees ^: only c>e is t ! ket*up %all h a bright color & %all 8keep40 ,"s ( ! m\ld filam5ts & conidia are di/ort$ 9 ! same way z ^? ( ! ,p5icillium are :5 gr[n 9 ket*up to :i* sodium b5zoate has be5 add$4 ,! ket*up made f s\nd tomatoes & manufactur$ 9 a cleanly mann] has practically no fungi pres5t4 ,! ket*up t 0 us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts 0 made at diff]5t times dur+ ! season & 0 ( ?is "*1 no bottle exam9$ %[+ mold filam5ts :5 fir/ op5$4 ,,microscopic ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,"s ,,comm]cial ,,br&s4 ,9 exam9+ ket*up ! color1 odor1 am\nt ( discoloration1 pres5ce ( =eign tissue1 =eign color+ matt]1 oil1 & fungi 7 det]m9$4 ,if no pres]vative 0 m5tion$1 "s ( ! ket*up 0 put 9 petri di%es & inoculat$ ) ,p5icillium to det]m9e :e!r gr[? c\ld take place4 ,! foll[+ exam9ations are report$1 z !y repres5t "s ( ! be/ kn[n br&s on ! m>ket3 ,no4 #i4--,op5$ ,septemb] #b1 #aijg2 age unkn[n2 p9t bottle2 no pres]vative m5tion$2 n spoil$ ,july #f ( foll[+ ye>4 ,?is ket*up 0 gu>ante$ to be made f fre%1 ripe1 tomatoes by a new process4 ,! color is an unnatural r$1 has n fad$1 & ! odor is good4 ,! microscope %[$ ! pres5ce ( mu* refuse1 & l>ge quantities ( fungi1 :ole colonies ( molds1 ! filam5ts di/ort$1 _m yea/ cells1 & bact]ia4 ,! r$ color 0 n conf9$ to ! r$ cry/all9e bodies1 z is ! case 9 ripe tomatoes1 b ! :ole ( ! protoplasm ( ! cells1 includ+ ! nucleus & nucleolus 0 r$1 z 7 also mo/ ( ! mold filam5ts & yea/1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( consid]able artificial color+ matt]4 ,! /ructure indicat$ t ! /ock _h be5 manufactur$ f 8trimm+s10 & fur!r1 t !y 7 n fre% :5 us$1 b _h f]m5t$4 ,!re 0 no oil pres5t4 ,! 8new process0 is a success 9 keep+ ket*up1 z no pres]vative is m5tion$4 ,! price 0 #bj c5ts4 ,no4 #aab4--;,ano!r bottle ( ! same br& ( ket*up2 exam9$ 9 ,april1 #aijh2 presumably manufactur$ 9 #aijg2 "o-twelf? ( #a p] c5t ( sodium b5zoate decl>$ on label2 a bright r$2 gu>ante$ to be f fre% ripe tomatoes & uncolor$4 ,! microscope %[$ no dye+ ( ! tissues1 few fungi1 & no extrane\s matt]4 ,! price 0 #bj c5ts4 ,no4 #ag4--,op5$ ,septemb] #bh1 #aijg2 age unkn[n2 a p9t bottle2 sodium b5zoate decl>$ on supplem5tal label1 no am\nt be+ /at$2 r$di% br[n color1 badly discolor$ on top2 greasy odor2 n spoil$ ,july #f1 #aijh2 refuse pres5t2 l>ge am\nt ( oil2 _m fungi2 ! mold filam5ts enl>g$ & di/ort$4 ,! price 0 #ae c5ts4 ,no4 #aji4--;,ano!r bottle ( ! same br& exam9$ 9 ,april1 #aijh2 presumably manufactur$ ! prec$+ ye>2 _h "o-t5? ( #a p] c5t ( sodium b5zoate2 n spoil$ ,july #f1 #aijh2 r$di% br[n color1 discolor$ ne> top2 greasy odor4 ,?is 0 practically ! same z ! fir/ bottle exam9$1 _h few] mold filam5ts1 b _m bact]ia4 ,no4 #ah4--,op5$ ,septemb] #bh1 #aijg2 age unkn[n2 p9t bottle2 no pres]vative m5tion$2 n spoil$ ,july #f1 #aijh4 ,a neck label /at$ t x is made f s\nd ripe tomatoes & uncolor$4 ,color r$di% br[n2 greasy odor2 _m oil globules2 too _m mold filam5ts & bact]ia = s\nd tomatoes4 ,price #bj c5ts4 ,no4 #aac4--;,ano!r bottle ( ! same br& exam9$ 9 ,april1 #aijh2 said to h be5 manufactur$ 9 #aijh2 no pres]vative m5tion$2 n spoil$ aft] /&+ op5 = sev5ty days2 same z ,no4 #ah 9 color & odor2 oil & _m fungi aga9 pres5t4 ,no4 #aj4--,op5$ ,septemb] #b1 #aijg2 age unkn[n2 half-p9t bottle2 no pres]vative m5tion$2 n spoil$ ,july #f1 #aijh4 ,a neck label #b in*es 9 height gu>ante$ ! highe/ quality2 an extra label l[] d[n on ! neck /at$ ! product to be ! natural color1 & made f fre%1 ripe tomatoes2 ! regul> label c>ri$ ! br&1 manufactur]'s "n1 etc4 ,color br[n2 sweeti% odor2 colonies ( mold2 di/ort$ filam5ts2 _m bact]ia2 a few small oil globules4 ,price #be c5ts4 ,no4 #ajf4--,same br&2 p9t bottle2 exam9$ 9 ,april1 #aijh2 said to be manufactur$ 9 #aijg2 color r$1 discolor$ ne> surface2 #b-;in* neck label 9 addition to regul> label2 no pres]vative m5tion$2 did n spoil 9 sev5ty days2 oil globules2 p>ticles ( r$1 amorph\s matt]2 :ole colonies ( mold1 z well z fragm5ts ( filam5ts2 teem+ ) bact]ia4 ,no4 #gg4--;,diff]5t br&1 b same manufactur] z ,nos4 #aj & #ajf2 age unkn[n2 p9t bottle2 "o-twelf? ( #a p] c5t ( sodium b5zoate decl>$2 op5$ ,decemb] #a2 plac$ 9 incubator at #ie ,f4 = a mon?2 n spoil$ ,july #f2 color r$di% br[n2 greasy odor2 oil globules1 _m mold filam5ts1 & bact]ia pres5t4 ,price #bj c5ts4 ,no4 #ajg4--,?ird br& f same manufactur] z prec$+2 said to be manufactur$ 9 #aijg2 half-p9t bottle2 "o-twelf? ( #a p] c5t ( b5zoate ( soda decl>$2 lay] ( oil on surface2 sweet odor2 r$di%-br[n color4 ,oil globules prom95t feature microscopically1 :ole colonies ( di/ort$ mold 7 pres5t1 & sample conta9$ _m diff]5t =ms ( bact]ia4 ,price #aj c5ts4 ,no4 #ad4--,op5$ ,septemb] #b1 #aijg2 age unkn[n2 no pres]vative m5tion$2 n spoil$ ,july #f1 #aijh2 half-p9t bottle2 color r$2 good odor2 few bact]ia2 free f refuse4 ,price #be c5ts4 ,no4 #ajh4--,same br& z ,no4 #ad2 said to be manufactur$ 9 #aijg2 p9t bottle2 "o-t5? ( #a p] c5t ( b5zoate ( soda decl>$2 color r$2 good odor2 few fungi2 clean & free f refuse4 ,no4 #cc4--,op5$ ,octob] #bd1 #aijg2 age unkn[n2 "o-t5? ( #a p] c5t ( b5zoate ( soda decl>$2 spoil$ ,novemb] #a2 p9t bottle 7#ad ounces72 sweeti% odor2 br[n color2 _m molds1 yea/ & bact]ia4 ,price #aj c5ts4 ,no4 #aad4--,same br& z ,no4 #cc2 said to be manufactur$ 9 #aijg2 op5$ 9 ,april2 n spoil$ 9 sev5ty days2 _m molds1 yea/s1 & bact]ia2 "s gre5 tissue1 & filam5ts ( alg4 ,! price 0 #aj c5ts4 ,,summ>y4 #a4 ,! exp]im5ts made dur+ ! season ( #aijg on ! manufacture ( tomato ket*up )\t *emical pres]vatives 7 conduct$ "u factory conditions & ^u a comm]cial scale4 ,! results prove t su* a ket*up c be made & deliv]$ to ! consum] 9 p]fect condition2 ! product 9 "q hav+ already /ood t5 mon?s1 unop5$1 )\t %[+ ! slighte/ indication ( spoilage4 #b4 ,! product is ( excell5t consi/5cy1 flavor1 & color4 ,! =mula employ$ regul>ly 9 ! factory :]e ! exp]im5t 0 conduct$ 0 us$1 b o!r recipes c\ld be adapt$ )\t *ang+ ! "* ( special br&s4 ,9 ! manufacture ( su* a product ! foll[+ precautions 7 obs]v$3 7a7 ,:ole1 s\nd1 ripe tomatoes & high-grade salt1 sug>1 v9eg>1 & spices 7 us$2 c>e & cleanl9ess 7 obs]v$ at e /ep ( ! prep>ation1 & ! pres]vation accompli%$ by heat 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! pulp 0 cook$ 9 a /eam kettle = ab\t =ty m9utes1 until ! mass 0 r$uc$ to ab\t "o-half its volume4 ,additional process+ aft] bottl+ did n appe> to be necess>y to keep ! ket*up be=e op5+1 & _h no effect 9 ^! exp]im5ts 9 delay+ spoilage aft] op5+4 7b7 ,ket*up 0 bottl$ directly f ! cook] at a temp]ature ( #bje ,f4 9 bottles prep>$ 9 two ways3 7#a7 ,/]iliz$ 9 a /eam *amb] at #bcj ,f42 7#b7 ,wa%$ 9 hot wat]1 r9s$1 & heat$ to #aij ,f4 9 a dry heat = at lea/ ?irty m9utes4 ,ket*up 0 also bottl$ aft] ! usual process ( siev+ at #afe ,f4 9 bottles prep>$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! corks = all bottles 7 /]iliz$ 9 a p>aff9 ba? at #bgj ,f4 ,! same ket*up :i* 0 bottl$ at #afe ,f4 0 also giv5 subsequ5t process+ at #aij ,f4 & #bab ,f4 = tw5ty & =ty m9utes4 ,all h kept )\t spoilage4 #c4 ,"s ( ! condim5ts h a limit$ antiseptic value1 b c n be dep5d$ ^u to prev5t spoilage 9 ! quantities us$ = flavor+4 ,:ile sug> & v9eg> c be add$ 9 su* am\nts z to delay ! appe>ance ( molds1 & c9namon & cloves c be dep5d$ ^u to *eck det]ioration to "s ext5t1 ^! condim5tal sub/ances h only an incid5tal value = ?is purpose4 #d4 ,! spoilage ( ket*up aft] op5+ dep5ds m ^u ! temp]ature ( ! place 9 :i* x is kept ?an on any v>iation 9 ! mann] ( process+4 ,fre% ket*up held1 aft] op5+1 at a temp]ature ( #ie ,f4 kept = five days on an av]age )\t any trace ( mold appe>+2 at #gb x kept = six days2 at #fg = eight days2 ab\t #df 7refrig]ator71 f\rte5 days2 & at f #cj to #fj = tw5ty-sev5 days4 ,^! figures repres5t ! "t at :i* ! fir/ trace ( spoilage occurr$ 9 ! neck ( ! bottle--_h ?is be5 remov$ ! figures w\ld be mu* increas$--& by no means repres5t ! maximum "t dur+ :i* ! ket*up c\ld h be5 us$1 ! maximum figures1 ev5 "u ^! conditions ( obs]vation1 v>y+ f eight to fifty-eight days4 ,! keep+ ( ! ket*up 9 w>m /orage at #gj = "o hundr$ & fifty days be=e op5+ ha/5$ ! av]age "t ( spoilage aft] op5+ ab\t "o day4 ,! advisability ( us+ small conta9]s1 to get ! be/ results ) a fir/-class ket*up1 is app>5t4 #e4 ,sodium b5zoate1 ev5 :5 us$ 9 ! proportion ( #j4a p] c5t1 is n always effective1 & has an injuri\s effect ^u ! liv+ matt] ( ! molds1 %[n by ! di/ortion & swell+ ( ! filam5ts1 :i* are fill$ ) a co>se granul> protoplasm conta9+ mu* fat4 #f4 ,artificially color$ ket*up c be detect$ "u ! microscope by ! fact t c]ta9 tissues1 normally colorless1 are dy$ r$1 or by ! pres5ce ( f9e1 r$1 amorph\s p>ticles :i* d n g into solution4 #g4 ,ket*up made f :ole ripe /ock 9 a cleanly mann] gives a clean appe>ance "u ! microscope1 b few molds1 yea/s1 & bact]ia be+ pres5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ket*up made f trimm+ /ock1 or f tomatoes t h be5 all[$ to spoil1 conta9s imm5se quantities ( ^! gr[+ organisms :i* may be kill$ 9 ! process ( manufacture1 b /ill give pro( ( ! "* ( ! mat]ial us$4 ,ket*up z ord9>ily made f trimm+ /ock %\ld1 !re=e1 be designat$1 s z to diff]5tiate x f t made f s\nd fre% tomatoes1 z ! two products are radically diff]5t4 ,?is exactness 9 label+ is due no less to ! manufactur] ?an to ! consum]1 z x is impossible to make ! sup]ior product 9 fair competition ) ! inf]ior "o1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 unless ! two are prop]ly designat$1 !re be+ naturally "s diff]5ce 9 ! price4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,9 ! text v]sion1 italics are repres5t$ by und]scores4 ,miss+ or incorrect punctuation has be5 repair$4 ,! foll[+ corrections h be5 made to ! text3-- p4#h4 ,a majority ( ! manufactur]s employ ^w1 has be5 *ang$ to ,a majority ( ! manufactur]s employ ! ^w4 p4#bh4 "o has has1 ! duplicate has be5 remov$4