,,l9coln ,,lapaz ,,& ,,jean ,,lapaz ,,space ,,nomads ,,meteorites ,,9 ,,sky1 ,,field1 ,,laboratory ,,holiday ,,h\se1 ,,new ,,york ,,copyright1 #aifa1 ,,by ,,l9coln ,la,p,a,z ,,jean ,la,p,a,z ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,u4,s4,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,,am]ican ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,fireball spe$+ across field ( cam]a dur+ ! photograph+ ( ! ,great ,spiral ,nebula 9 ,&rom$a1 by ,josef ,klepe/a1 at ! ,prague ,obs]vatory1 ,cze*oslovakia1 ,septemb] #ab1 #aibc4 ,,preface ,meteoritics is ! /udy ( ! only tangible entities t rea* u f out] space4 ,except = ! meteorites1 sci5ti/s h to dep5d entirely on /udies ( "s =m ( radiation = all _! k ( ! wid] cosmos ly+ outside ( ! atmosph]e ( ! e>?4 ,& none ( ! radiations rea*+ u f v>i\s s\rces af> c be held 9 ! h& = exam9ation4 ,ea* type ( radiant en]gy incid5t ^u our e>?--:e!r t en]gy be light f ! sun or f ! m di/ant />s or ! galaxies1 or ! reflect$ light f ! planets & moons ( our ,sol> ,sy/em1 or ! less famili> =ms ( radiation1 su* z radio waves & cosmic rays--mu/ be measur$ & p]man5tly record$ by complicat$ in/rum5ts4 ,(t5 ! results giv5 by ev5 ! mo/ s5sitive & tractable ( ^! sci5tific robots turn out to be exce$+ly difficult = man1 _! ma/]1 to int]pret4 ,b ! meteorites require no su* temp]am5tal in/rum5ts = _! measurem5t4 ,!y are !mselves a p]man5t record4 ,!y c be weigh$1 section$1 & poli%$4 ,!y c be /udi$ *emically1 microscopically1 & radiometrically4 ,9 fact1 !y c be inve/igat$ directly1 j z !y are !mselves1 9 our h&s1 by any me?od mod]n sci5ce may be clev] en\gh to devise4 ,?is is :y1 n[ ) ! _w's att5tion drawn to ambiti\s plans = ! exploration ( ! cosmos1 meteors & meteorites are ( increas+ int]e/ & importance4 ,we h plann$ & writt5 ?is book to be a s\nd & yet l>gely nonte*nical introduction to ! sci5ce ( meteoritics4 ,our daily exp]i5ces 9 ! ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics h af=d$ u a =tunate advantage 9 mak+ su* a pres5tation4 ,=1 9 addition to our "w 9 ! field1 laboratory1 & classrooms1 we h frequ5tly conduct$ "y p ?r\gh ! museum & workrooms ( ! ,in/itute & s h _h ! opportunity ( le>n+ _! po9t ( view at ! same "t !y 7 v5tur+ into ours4 ,we hope our book w in/ill 9 ! read] an abid+ int]e/ 9 ! location & protection1 ! recov]y & pres]vation & especially 9 ! /udy ( ^? cosmic missiles ( iron1 iron-/one1 or /ony composition t repres5t mank9d's only pond]able l9ks ) ! va/ univ]se ly+ beyond ! limits ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,al?\gh all photographs & special depictions n made by our /aff are individually cr$it$1 we wi% to express our p]sonal ?anks = ! privilege ( repr9t+ !m "h4 ,all photographs t are )\t a cr$it l9e h be5 made by memb]s ( our /aff4 ,l9coln ,la,paz ,jean ,la,paz,univ]sity ( ,new ,mexico1 ,albuqu]que1 ,m>* #bj1 #aifa ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,preface #e #a4 ,a ,,meteorite ,,falls ,,9 ,,! ,,taiga1 ,u4,s4,s4,r4 #aa #b4 ,a ,,meteorite ,,falls ,,9 ,,! ,,:eatl&1 ,u4,s4,a4 #bc #c4 ,,f\nd ,,& ,,lo/ ,,giants #cf #d4 ,,:5 ,,is ,a ,,crat] ,a ,,meteorite ,,crat]8 #db #e4 ,,heav5 ,,kn[s ,,:]e ,,or ,,:5 #ff #f4 ,,f9d]s ,,fooli%1 ,,f9d]s ,,wise #ge #g4 ,,l&m>ks1 ,,skym>ks1 ,,detectors #hd #h4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,meteors #aja #i4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,meteorites #aah #aj4 ,,tektites1 ,,impactites1 8,,fossil0 ,,meteorites #acd #aa4 ,,om5s ,,& ,,fantasies #adg #ab4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,view #aeh #ac4 ,,pres5t ,,& ,,future ,,applications #aff ,,= ,,fur!r ,,read+ #agg ,,index #aha ,,space ,,nomads ,,meteorites ,,9 ,,sky1 ,,field1 ,,laboratory ,illu/ration3 ,pa9t+ ( ! ,ussuri fireball by ! ,iman arti/1 ,p4 ,i4 ,m$v$ev4 #a4 ,a ,,meteorite ,,falls ,,9 ,,! ,,taiga1 ,u4,s4,s4,r4 ,! morn+ ( ,febru>y #ab1 #aidg1 dawn$ cold b bright & sunny 9 ! wide ,ussuri valley ( ,ea/]n ,sib]ia4 ,dur+ ! e>ly morn+ h\rs ! p 9 ! villages w5t ab\t _! ev]yday *ores z usual4 ,f>m]s f$ & wat]$ _! live/ock1 :ile h\sewives tidi$ rooms & fir$ up /oves = heat+ & bak+4 ,m9]s w5t to "w deep und]gr\nd4 ,an arti/ seat$ himself outdoors ne> 8 home to make ex]cise sket*es4 ,9 a d5sely wood$ area on ! slopes ( a ne>by m\nta9 range1 a logg+ crew began a day's timb]-cutt+4 ,sudd5ly1 at #aj3ce a4m41 an extraord9>ily l>ge & brilliant fireball fla%$ above ! c5tral "p ( ! m\nta9 range4 ,x /reak$ across ! sky 9 less ?an #e seconds & disappe>$ beyond ! we/]n foo?ills ( ! range4 ,!n ! inhabitants ( a wide area he>d :at seem$ to !m a mighty ?und]clap foll[$ by a p[]ful ro> l an artill]y cannonade4 ,_m p felt a /rong airwave4 7,field p>ties lat] f\nd t ^? :o notic$ ?is effect 7 q close to ! place :]e ! meteorite fell47 ,= sev]al h\rs aft]w>d1 a l>ge black column ( smoke t+$ ) a r$di%-rose color /ood above ! place ( fall4 ,gradually1 ?is cl\d spread outw>d1 became curv$ & !n zigzag 9 =m1 & f9ally vani%$ t[>d ! end ( ! day4 ,! fla% ( ! fireball & ! l\d noises t foll[$ x caus$ panic among ! f>m animals4 ,c[s l[$ m\rnfully & h]ds ( goats scatt]$ 9 e direction1 *ick5s & o!r f[l squawk$ 9 al>m1 & dogs ran :9+ = %elt] or cr\*$ aga9/ ! legs ( _! ma/]s4 ,9 ! villages1 ! airwave blew sn[ (f ! ro(s ( h\ses & o!r build+s1 :ile ! /rong e>?-%ocks op5$ w9d[s & made doors sw+ aj>4 ,h\sewives 7 dismay$ to see glass w9d[panes %att]$ 9 _! frames & burn+ coals & firebr&s jolt$ out ( ! wood-burn+ /oves4 ,ev5 deep 9 ! m9e%aft1 ! vibrations 9 ! air 7 /rong en\gh to snuff out ! m9]s' lamps1 leav+ ! m5 9 d>kness4 ,on see+ ! huge fireball /reak across ! sky1 ! arti/ put aside 8 practice sket* & began a picture ( ! display be=e 8 impressions ( x c\ld fade4 ,8 pa9t+ ( ?is natural ev5t is n[ fam\s4 ,n only is x on display 9 sci5tific museums all ar\nd ! _w1 b a color reproduction ( x has be5 issu$ 9 ,russia z a po/age /amp4 ,! =e/] sup]vis+ ! logg+ crew report$ t 8 att5tion 0 fir/ attract$ to ! sky :5 he notic$ a /range 8second0 %ad[ rotat+ rapidly ab\t ! tree t ca/ x4 ,on look+ up1 he saw a bl9d+ly bright fireball1 twice z l>ge z ! sun1 a fi]y globe t ?rew (f multicolor$ sp>ks z x pass$4 ,n long aft] ! fireball disappe>$ beh9d ! trees1 ! =e/] he>d a l\d noise l ne>by cannonad+ & saw a l>ge d>k-color$ cl\d--lat] t+$ ) r$--bill[ up ov] ! impact po9t4 7,! memb]s ( ! logg+ crew 7 among ! v few p]sons actually abroad ne> ! place ( fall4 ,x turn$ out t !y 7 only ab\t #i miles f x47 ,z soon z ! _m eyewitnesses ( ! fireball _h recov]$ f _! fright1 ! que/ions almo/ ev]yone ask$ 7 8,:at c\ld x h be580 & 8,:]e did x come d[n80 ,to answ] ! fir/ "q 0 n z difficult z to answ] ! second4 ,local sci5ti/s 9 ,vladivo/ok & ,khab>ovsk1 ! ne>e/ cities ( "s size1 suspect$ f ! fir/ t a v l>ge meteorite fall _h occurr$4 ,b exactly :]e8 ,all !y c\ld be c]ta9 ( 0 t ! impact po9t lay 9 ! ,ussuri taiga1 a =midable wild]ness4 ,! ,sikhote-,al9 m\nta9s lie along ! ,sib]ian coa/ betwe5 ! ,sea ( ,japan & ! ,tat> ,/rait4 ,! ,ussuri taiga is a va/1 l[-ly+1 m>%y1 d5sely =e/$ region front+ ! we/]n flanks ( ^! m\nta9s4 ,ord9>y c$>s1 p9es1 oaks1 & asp5 gr[ 9 ! taiga1 b ! region is also not$ = su* r>e plants & trees z ! celebrat$ g9s5g1 ! cork tree1 ! ,greek nut tree1 & ! black bir*4 ,wild grape & ivy v9es int]tw9e ! upp] bran*es ( ! ?ick =e/1 & ! trunks ( ! trees !mselves rise f an almo/ imp5etrable maze ( bru% & d[n$ timb]4 ,s d5se is ! =e/ t 9 summ]1 a man c see no m ?an #aj or #ab feet 9 any direction4 ,yet 9 w9t]1 ! explor]'s lot is no easi]2 =1 al?\gh ! decidu\s trees !n /& leafless1 ! gr\nd is cov]$ by ?ree feet or m ( sn[4 ,& 9 ! e>ly fall1 viol5t cl\dbur/s (t5 flood ! taiga1 mak+ travel impossible4 ,su* 0 ! inhospitable region 9 :i* ! ,ussuri1 or 7z x is n[ kn[n 9 ! ,u4,s4,s4,r47 ,sikhote-,al9 meteorite1 _h *anc$ to fall4 ,= any se>* p>ties travel+ on ! gr\nd1 ! likelihood t !y c\ld f9d ! fall5 meteorite 9 t wild]ness w\ld h be5 v small4 ,! impact po9t ( ! ,ussuri meteorite 0 discov]$ 9 ! only way really practical3 f ! air4 ,=tunately1 ! c5t] ( impact lay almo/ directly bel[ ! airlane connect+ ! t[ns ( ,iman & ,ulunga1 s t ! deva/ation produc$ by ! meteorite fall 9 ! taiga 0 cle>ly visible to aviators foll[+ ?is active air r\te4 ,! acc\nts sev]al fli]s gave conc]n+ ! widespread crat]+ & de/ruction !y _h se5 f ! air 9 ! impact area l$ to ! organization ( two sep>ate gr\nd-se>* p>ties1 "o at ,khab>ovsk1 ! o!r at ,vladivo/ok4 ,! ,khab>ovsk gr\p1 made up ( f\r memb]s ( ! ,geological ,society1 flew to ! village ( ,kh>kovo1 ! inhabit$ po9t ne>e/ ! site ( fall4 ,aft] a r\gh & dang]\s l&+ on ! small1 sn[-cov]$ airfield at ,kh>kovo1 ! geologi/s began _! trek into ! taiga on foot4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire trip1 ! m51 burd5$ ) supplies & equipm5t1 wad$ ?r\gh wai/-deep sn[ & camp$ 9 ! op5 despite ! arctic cold4 ,at almo/ ! same "t1 a geologi/ f ,vladivo/ok set out f ! railway l9e up ! ,ussuri valley to track d[n ! fall5 meteorite4 ,8 progress 0 ev5 m difficult ?an t ( ! ,khab>ovsk p>ty4 ,9 addition to foll[+ a mu* long] r\te1 he did n h ! invaluable in=mation t ! fir/ p>ty _h got f ! aviators4 ,he _h to make 8 way sl[ly f village to village1 que/ion+ eyewitnesses z he w5t & gradually det]m9+ ! probable end-po9t ( ! meteorite fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,e4 ,l4 ,,kr9ov ,spl9t]$ & brok5 trees at ! site ( ! ,ussuri fall4 ,! r\te foll[$ by ! ,vladivo/ok geologi/ lay ?r\gh ! he>t ( ! trackless sn[-cov]$ taiga4 ,=tunately1 he _h ) him two hunt]s :o 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! rigors ( travel ?r\gh ! taiga & knew h[ to live (f ! l&4 ,!y slept 9 hunt]s' huts or "u ov]hang+ trees1 drank melt$ sn[ wat]1 & ate fri$ quail4 ,b !y _h n gone f> :5 !y f\nd t _! footwe> 0 completely useless = a trek ?r\gh ! wet1 sn[y taiga1 because _! felt hik+ boots quickly soak$ up wat] & became v heavy4 ,s !y swa!d _! feet 9 w>m dry grass ov] :i* !y ti$ l>ge pieces ( untann$ lea!r4 ,aft] t1 ! walk+ 0 mu* easi]4 ,!y 7 able to cov] ! gr\nd s rapidly t !y rea*$ ,kh>kovo only a day aft] ! ,khab>ovsk geologi/s _h l&$ !re at ! small airfield4 ,at ,kh>kovo1 ! ?ree fea/$ on pork1 milk1 & honey4 ,!n load+ a few provisions on a borr[$ horse1 !y />t$ out to ov]take ! ,khab>ovsk p>ty4 ,!y made su* good "t t ! two gr\ps 7 able to jo9 =ces & to ent] ! impact area z "o exp$ition1 on ,febru>y #bd1 #aidg4 ,a sc5e ( great desolation await$ !m 9 ! c5tral region ( ! meteorite fall4 ,masses ( cru%$ /one _h be5 hurl$ hundr$s ( feet by ! viol5t impact4 ,d5ud$1 uproot$ trees lay ab\t--"s cut 9 two z neatly z if by a saw4 ,l>ge c$>s _h be5 spl9t]$ :]e !y /ood or _h be5 torn up by ! roots & ?r[n "s scores ( y>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,e4 ,l4 ,,kr9ov ,workm5 excavat+ "o ( ! l>ge crat]s =m$ by ! impact ( ! ,ussuri meteorites4 ,mo/ impressive ( all1 ?\gh1 7 ! num]\s meteorite crat]s rang+ 9 size f small b[l-l features to a bas9 m ?an #bh y>ds across & ov] #f y>ds deep--a depression l>ge en\gh to hold a two-/ory h\se4 ,! inve/igators recov]$ _m fragm5ts ( ! iron meteorite t _h brok5 to pieces n f> above ! e>?'s surface & _h pepp]$ ! area ( fall ) high-spe$ meteoritic 8%rapnel40 ,) _! meteorite recov]ies & photographs ( ! crat]$ area1 ! memb]s ( ?is fir/ exp$ition return$ to _! respective t[ns & began a campaign by lett] & wire to int]e/ ! ,mosc[ (fice ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ! ,u4,s4,s4,r4 9 mak+ a full-scale inve/igation ( ! ,ussuri fall4 ,! (ficials ( ! ,academy decid$ at once to s5d a special sci5tific exp$ition to ! site ( ! meteorite fall4 ,a memb] ( ?is lat] & bett]-equipp$ exp$ition comp>$ ! ,ussuri crat] field to a bomb$-out area4 ,9 fact1 "s ( ! meteorite specim5s 7 fragm5ts t closely resembl$ pieces ( %att]$ %ell-cas+4 ,! edges ( ^! fragm5ts 7 jagg$ & b5t1 & _! surfaces1 :i* (t5 display$ a ra9b[-color$ %e51 7 groov$ & sc>r$ by impact aga9/ ! h>d rock und]ly+ ! region 9 :i* ! crat] field _h be5 =m$4 ,9 r>e in/ances1 ! inve/igators not$ spiral twi/+ ( ! fragm5ts1 an indication ( ! unusually viol5t disruptive =ces to :i* !y _h be5 subject$ at impact4 ,! sci5ti/s f\nd sev]al in/ances 9 :i* fi/-siz$ meteorite fragm5ts _h actually p5etrat$ into or ?r\gh /&+ tree trunks1 ei!r becom+ imb$d$ 9 ! wood or driv+ a hole "r ?r\gh ! trunk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,e4 ,l4 ,,kr9ov ,a nickel-iron meteorite f ! ,ussuri fall imb$d$ 9 ! trunk ( a c$> tree4 ,_m :ole individual meteorites also 7 recov]$4 ,^! 7 almo/ always cov]$ by a ?91 smoo? 8glaze0 kn[n z fusion cru/4 ,?is cru/ =ms on ! surface ( a meteorite z x plunges rapidly ?r\gh ! air4 ,! heat g5]at$ dur+ its flight causes ! out] 8sk90 ( ! meteorite to melt4 ,lat]1 :5 ! mass has cool$ (f1 ! ?9 coat+ ( melt$ mat]ial h>d5s1 =m+ a r9d or cru/4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( #aiea1 ! ,russians _h s5t ?ree m exp$itions to ! site ( ! ,ussuri fall4 ,_! sci5ti/s f\nd1 9 all1 #abb crat]s 7! l>ge/ m ?an #hj feet 9 diamet]7 z well z num]\s funnels result+ f ! p5etration ( small] meteorites into ! e>?4 ,by means ( bo? visual & in/rum5tal se>*es1 !y also recov]$ #bj1jjj meteoritic fragm5ts & individual meteorites4 ,! smalle/ ,ussuri specim5s weigh$ no m ?an ! ?\s&? "p ( a gram4 7,!re are #dec4ei grams 9 a p\nd47 ,"s ( ^! t9y masses 7 f\nd ly+ cupp$ 9 leaves4 ,! l>ge/ individual meteorite recov]$ weigh$ ab\t #c1hci p\nds4 ,altoge!r1 approximately #bc tons ( meteoritic mat]ial f ! ,ussuri fall are n[ 9 ! collection ( ! ,meteorite ,committee ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,mosc[1 :ile ano!r #dg tons are believ$ to /ill be buri$ 9 ! ,ussuri crat] field4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,e4 ,l4 ,,kr9ov ,an individual ,ussuri meteorite ) fusion cru/ & *>act]i/ic surface sculptur+ produc$ dur+ high-spe$ flight ?r\gh ! resi/+ atmosph]e4 ,! ,russian sci5ti/s c>efully mapp$ ! locations ( ! individual crat]s1 p5etration funnels1 & meteorite recov]ies4 ,!y made geologic & magnetometric surveys ( ! crat] field1 took a]ial photographs ( ! entire area ( fall1 & prep>$ a docum5t>y motion-picture cov]+ ! activities ( ! v>i\s exp$itions4 ,! area ( ! crat] field has be5 set aside by ! ,russian gov]nm5t z a sort ( sci5tific pres]ve1 & is be+ made into ! equival5t ( :at is t]m$ a ,national ,monum5t 9 ! ,u4,s4,a4 ,sev]al ( ! typical crat]s are protect$ by ov]ro($ %elt]s to pres]ve ^! features = g5]ations yet to come4 #b4 ,a ,,meteorite ,,falls ,,9 ,,! ,,:eatl&1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,febru>y #ah1 #aidh1 _h be5 a pleasant day 9 nor?we/]n ,kansas & z ! supp] h\r approa*$1 ! sky rema9$ blue & cl\dless4 ,%ortly be=e #e3jj p4m41 a few p 7 /ill out ( doors4 ,an elev5-ye> old girl 0 hang+ up ! la/ ( ! family wa% on a high clo!sl9e4 ,9 ! late aft]noon sun%9e1 a woman & h] son 7 enjoy+ a walk ar\nd ! back y>d ( _! home on a l>ge ,kansas ran*4 ,outside 8 h\se1 a t5-ye> old boy 0 play+ basketball ) fri5ds4 ,a vet]an ( ,_w ,w> ,,ii 0 load+ fodd] 9 a silo4 ,9 ! fe$lot ( 8 ran*1 a f>m] 0 /ack+ hay4 ,a fill+ /ation att5dant 0 work+ outside at ! pumps1 grateful = a spell ( mild] w9t] wea!r4 ,)\t w>n+1 a l>ge & v bright fireball /reak$ across ! cle> sky f s\?we/ to nor!a/4 ,om9\s-look+ :ite smoke-cl\ds mu%room$ up f po9ts 9 ! fireball's pa?4 ,%ortly aft] ! fireball disappe>$1 l\d explosions & rumbl+ s\nds drove ?\s&s ( p out into ! op54 ,! :ole a/oni%+ lum9\s display 0 ov] 9 a few seconds1 b ! /range cl\ds & ! fright5+ s\nds t foll[$ ! fireball's passage cont9u$ mu* long]4 ,al?\gh />tl$ by ! brilliant fireball & ! /range ?und]+ noises1 ! "y girl1 ^: face _h be5 turn$ skyw>d z %e hung up ! clo!s1 not$ v c>efully :]e %e _h se5 ! fireball disappe> beh9d ! talle/ build+ 9 h] home t[n4 7,h] sight+ 0 lat] ( great value to field p>ties f ! ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,mexico47 ,! woman & h] son 7 amaz$ to see an angry1 boil+ :ite cl\d t+$ ) r$ develop+ ov]head 9 ! blue sky & to he> /range :izz+ noises 9 ! air ar\nd !m4 ,! boy play+ basketball he>d a peculi> :i/l+ or hiss+ noise j z he 0 ready to %oot a basket &1 on look+ up1 saw ! ball ( fire slant+ e>?w>d4 7,?is boy's report 0 ( p>ticul> int]e/1 s9ce x relat$ to an unusual type ( 8s\nd0 t travels at ! spe$ ( light r ?an at ! velocity ( ord9>y s\ndwaves47 ,z a cannonad+ l\d] ?an any ! vet]an _h he>d on ! battlefields ( ,europe e*o$ ov] ! roll+ c\ntryside1 he w5t tempor>ily into a /ate ( %ock4 ,! f>m] /ack+ hay he>d sev]al explosions1 felt a viol5t air bla/1 & f9ally he>d a solid object /rike ! gr\nd 8) a smack10 z he put x1 8l a clod hitt+ ! e>?40 7,lat]1 field se>*]s f\nd t ?is man liv$ only ab\t two & a half miles s\? ( ! po9t :]e ! l>ge/ fragm5t ( ! meteorite fell47 ,%ortly aft] ! passage ( ! fireball1 ! fill+ /ation att5dant felt ! legs ( 8 tr\s]s flap z if he 7 /&+ 9 a high w9d1 al?\gh he 0 m ?an #aa miles di/ant f ! actual pa? along :i* ! fireball mov$ on its way to ! e>?4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,ussuri fall1 :i* _h occurr$ ab\t a ye> e>li]1 f>m animals1 *ick5s1 & dogs 7 t]rifi$ by ! /range & noisy ev5t4 ,cattle tri$ to run ?r\gh a f5ce to escape ! deaf5+ racket4 ,a f9e pair ( horses panick$ & ran headlong into a n>r[ gully1 ! walls ( :i* collaps$ on !m dur+ _! /ruggles4 ,*ick5s da%$ = ! h5h\se1 scree*+ & cackl+ all ! way4 ,a dog t fe>$ lightn+ jump$ beh9d a hay/ack & f9ally ran to 8 ma/] 9 al>m4 ,al?\gh ! majority ( ! p did n see ! fireball itself1 !y 7 driv5 out-(-doors by ! viol5t concussions t foll[$ its passage1 & ?us got out "u ! op5 sky 9 ample "t to see sev]al l>ge1 turbul5t :ite cl\ds mu%room+ f> ov]head4 ,f ^! cl\ds1 a ?ick p[d] or du/ filt]$ d[n ?r\gh ! air & collect$ on ! surfaces ( /ock ponds & wat] tanks4 ,"s p ?\ght ! peculi> cl\ds 7 simil> to ^? produc$ by atom bomb explosions4 ,_m suspect$ t a ,v-#b rocket _h 8run away0 f ! prov+ gr\nd at ,:ite ,s&s1 ,new ,mexico4 ,"o man disagre$ ) ! op9ion ( 8 fri5ds t ! milit>y _h be5 exp]im5t+ & decl>$ t x 0 8! ,"l :o 0 exp]im5t+60 ,! ,febru>y #ah meteorite fall caus$ great excitem5t ?r\gh\t ,kansas & ,nebraska1 & x 0 ! *ief topic ( conv]sation = days among ! resid5ts ( ! _m small f>m+ communities along ! we/]n half ( ! ,kansas-,nebraska /ate l9e4 ,! ,ussuri fall 0 /udi$ by ,russian sci5ti/s exclusively1 & we h ( necessity giv51 9 ,*apt] #a1 a secondh& acc\nt ( ! fall & surveys ! ,russians made2 b field p>ties f ! ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics conduct$ on-!-spot inve/igations ( ! ,norton1 ,kansas fall4 ,z we 7 memb]s ( sev]al ( ^! field p>ties1 ! /ory to foll[ is a fir/h& report4 ,a little be=e #f3jj p4m4 on ,febru>y #ah1 ^w ( ! my/]i\s explosion c5t]+ ne> ,norton1 ,kansas rea*$ ! ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics1 9 ,albuqu]que1 ,n4 ,m41 ?r\gh ! k9d (fices ( ,civil ,air ,patrol p]sonnel4 ,s9ce a numb] ( e>ly reports _h describ$ ! incid5t z an airplane fall+ 9 flames1 x 0 only natural t ! ,civil ,air ,patrol & simil> gr\ps w\ld take an int]e/ 9 ! occurr5ce4 ,at once1 ! /aff ( ! ,in/itute began to int]view eyewitnesses ( ! ev5t ?r\gh ,civil ,air ,patrol *annels & by long di/ance telephone1 telegram1 & lett]4 ,soon we _h collect$ en\gh in=mation to %[ cle>ly t a l>ge meteorite fall _h be5 responsible = ! unusual light & s\nd effects t _h />tl$ ! inhabitants ( ,kansas1 ,nebraska1 & adjo9+ /ates4 ,by ,m>* #c1 ! ,in/itute /aff _h made a fir/ det]m9ation ( ! probable area ( fall4 ,! c5t] ( ?is oval-%ap$1 #h by #d mile area lay ab\t #ae miles nor?-nor?we/ ( ,norton1 ,kansas & ne>ly on ! ,kansas-,nebraska /ate l9e4 ,! meteorite _h fall5 9 a region ( :eat fields1 pa/ure l&s1 & widely scatt]$ f>m h\ses4 ,! c\ntryside !re is op5 & g5tly roll+4 ,! small creeks w9d+ ?r\gh %all[ valleys are m>k$ 9 spr+ & summ] by n>r[ b&s ( l[ gre5 trees & bu%es4 ,_m ( ! hillsides are cov]$ ) unpl[$ buffalo sod4 ,illu/ration3 ,a fragm5t ( ! ,norton fall is remov$ /ill imb$d$ 9 ! t\gh buffalo grass sod into :i* x p5etrat$4 ,on ,m>* #bd1 a field p>ty left ! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,mexico to make a survey ( ?is area4 ,un=tunately1 ,kansas blizz>ds c be z sev]e z any 9 ,sib]ia1 & al?\gh ! sci5ti/s ga!r$ _m helpful reports f eyewitnesses ( ! fall1 heavy sn[ & high w9ds s]i\sly hamp]$ ! "w4 ,! in=mation !y collect$1 h[ev]1 confirm$ ! accuracy ( ! ,in/itute /aff's fir/ det]m9ation ( ! probable area ( fall4 ,late 9 ! spr+1 a f>m] 9 ?is area f\nd a 8/range /one0 on 8 l& & held x = id5tification by ! second ,in/itute p>ty4 ,?is /range /one--:i* smell$ l sulfur & _h metallic specks 9 x--0 ! fir/ piece ( ! fall5 meteorite to be recov]$4 ,sci5ti/s & f>m]s soon f\nd _m o!r fragm5ts dur+ sy/ematic se>*es ( ! roll+ f>m & pa/ure l&s4 ,! f\rte5-ye>-old boy :o _h be5 walk+ ) 8 "m at ! "t ( ! fall discov]$ a #acj-p\nd fragm5t ( ! meteorite 9 a pa/ure t _h already be5 c>efully se>*$ by gr[n-up meteorite hunt]s6 ,?is f9d 0 "o ( ! two l>ge/ fragm5ts recov]$ f ! entire fall4 ,! l&+ place ( ?is l>ge piece 0 m>k$ only by a small hole 9 ! sod1 b1 on prodd+ into ?is hole1 ! boy /ruck some?+ r solid4 ,he ran at once to tell ! lady :o own$ ! pa/urel&1 & toge!r !y dug out ! f9e meteorite4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,furnas ,c\nty1 ,nebraska1 /ony meteorite 9 place at ! bottom ( its #aj-;foot 8p5etration funnel40 ,?is discov]y br\ght int]e/ 9 f9d+ meteorites to a fev] pit*1 & x 0 soon possible to look 9 almo/ any direction & see f>m]s1 or _! wives & *ildr51 walk+ sl[ly across ! fields & look+ = meteorites4 ,f9ally1 9 ,augu/1 two f>m]s cutt+ :eat 9 a field j a %ort di/ance nor? ( ! ,kansas-,nebraska /ate l9e f\nd a deep hole :5 _! tractor almo/ fell into x4 ,!y inve/igat$ & discov]$ t a v l>ge fragm5t ( ! meteorite _h buri$ itself deep 9 ! gr\nd4 ,sci5ti/s f ! ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska & ! ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics c>efully excavat$ ?is huge meteorite4 ,!y f\nd t ! mass _h plung$ m ?an #aj feet into ! e>?4 ,q by *ance1 its l[] surface _h come to re/ 9 ! a%es ( a long-buri$ primitive cook+ site4 ,! excavat$ meteorite look$ & felt l a huge /one4 ,actually1 x 0 /ony 9 nature1 b ( a texture s fragile t x _h to be wrapp$ 9 tissue pap]1 !n 9 burlap1 & f9ally cov]$ ) a ?ick coat+ ( pla/] ( ,p>is be=e x c\ld be lift$ out ( ! gr\nd4 ,^? 9 *>ge ( ! removal ( ! meteorite borr[$ ?is proc$ure f ! paleontologi/s1 :o use x 9 ! removal ( fossil tusks & bones t o!rwise w\ld crumble away4 ,aft] ! great meteorite _h be5 rais$ out ( ! excavation1 x 0 tak5 by truck to ! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,mexico1 9 ,albuqu]que4 ,!re x 0 put on display beside ! small] #acj-p\nd fragm5t f\nd 9 ,may4 ,by c>eful measurem5ts1 sci5ti/s det]m9$ ! weight ( ! ma9 mass to be approximately #b1cfj p\nds--a record weight = /ony meteorites4#a ,?is rem>kable meteorite1 kn[n z ! ,furnas ,c\nty1 ,nebraska1 /one1 is n[ a priz$ item 9 ! collection ( ! ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics4 ,illu/ration3 ,field p>ty pr\dly surr\nds ! ,furnas /one 9 its protective 8armor40 ,z m & m f9ds 7 made 9 ! area ( fall1 we accurately record$ _! weights & mapp$ _! locations4 ,9 ?is way1 we c\ld tell h[ ! pieces ( ! meteorite _h di/ribut$ !mselves accord+ to size & weight ov] ! oval-%ap$ area4 ,! small] & light] fragm5ts 7 sl[$ d[n by air resi/ance & fell fir/1 :ile ! #b1cfj-p\nd mass c>ri$ on beyond !m & came to e>? at ! f>!/ po9t along ! direction ( flight4 ,! /aff ( ! ,in/itute took _m photographs ( ! meteorites t 7 f\nd1 ( ! impact funnel made by ! l>ge/ mass1 & ( ! excavation & removal ( t giant /one4 ,"s ( ^! pictures 7 publi%$ 9 sci5tific j\rnals1 o!rs 9 magaz9e & newspap] articles4 ,a few ( our be/ photographs are includ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,al?\gh ! light & s\nd effects t accompani$ ! ,ussuri & ,norton falls 7 simil>1 ! meteorites recov]$ f !m 7 n at all alike4 ,! ,ussuri specim5s 7 masses ( nickel-iron s malleable t on high-spe$ impact ) h>d rock !y _h held toge!r & tak5 twi/$ & ragg$ %apes4 ,b ! ,norton meteorites 7 v fragile /ony masses1 _m ( :i* w5t to pieces ei!r 9 ! air or :5 !y /ruck ! gr\nd4 ,almo/ all ( ! recov]ies made ( ?is v r>e type ( /ony meteorite 7 fragm5ts1 n :ole specim5s4 ,!y some:at resembl$ pieces ( a /range :iti% mixture ( *alk & cry/all9e lime/one conta9+ t9y specks & lumps ( nickel-iron4 ,_m specim5s 7 cov]$ :olly or 9 "p by a %9y v>ni%-l fusion cru/1 v>y+ 9 color f jet black ?r\gh yell[ to almo/ pure :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,furnas /one1 protect$ by its 8armor10 hangs susp5d$ f ! truck crane t rais$ x out ( its deep 8p5etration funnel0 9 ! e>?4 ,! l>ge/ meteorite recov]$ f ! ,norton fall 0 ! #b1cfj-p\nd mass t =m$ ! deep impact funnel4 ,! smalle/ ,norton specim5s1 l _! ,ussuri c\nt]p>ts1 weigh$ no m ?an ! ?\s&? "p ( a gram4 ,altoge!r1 ne>ly a ton & a half ( meteoritic mat]ial f ! ,norton fall 0 collect$ by ! ,in/itute4 ,o!r small fragm5ts may rema9 undiscov]$ 9 ! ,kansas & ,nebraska :eatl&s1 b1 un=tunately1 because ( ! s(t & fragile nature ( ! mat]ial !y are compos$ (1 x is likely t !y h n[ wea!r$ away s completely t !y are no long] recognizable z meteorites4 ,our /ories ( ! ,ussuri & ,norton meteorite falls %[ h[ h>d sci5ti/s "w !mselves 7& o!rs67 to f9d meteorites4 ,!re=e meteorites mu/ be important4 ,! two acc\nts giv5 also make cle> t inve/igators ( meteorite falls are almo/ entirely dep5d5t ^u obs]vations made by nonsci5ti/s4 ,sci5ti/s inve/igat+ meteorite falls greatly appreciate ! help giv5 !m by *ildr5 & adults alike4 ,field p>ties are p[]less )\t x1 & we %\ld l to enc\rage p ( all ages to cont9ue ?is type ( valuable coop]ation4 ,9 ,*apt] #g1 we %all tell m ab\t h[ ! individual obs]v] ( a meteorite fall c make 8 report really c\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,a close-up ( ! ,furnas ,c\nty /one1 ! l>ge/ /ony meteorite ev] recov]$4 #c4 ,,f\nd ,,& ,,lo/ ,,giants ,all meteorites are important f ! /&po9t ( sci5ce1 b a few des]ve special m5tion because ( ! human-int]e/ /ories connect$ ) !m4 ,fir/ place among fam\s f9ds %\ld no d\bt g to ! massive ,cape ,york1 ,gre5l&1 iron1 ! l>ge/ recov]$ meteorite actually to h be5 weigh$4 ,! ,eskimos call$ ?is enorm\s object 8,ahnighito10 :i* means 8,! ,t5t40 ,rob]t ,e4 ,pe>y1 ! discov]] ( ! ,nor? ,pole1 br\ght x to ,new ,york ,city by %ip 9 #ahig4 ,8 p>ty _h great difficulty hoi/+ ! #cd-ton mass abo>d4 ,lat]1 :5 ! %ip _h put to sea1 %e enc\nt]$ a s]i\s navigational haz>d4 ,to ! amazem5t & al>m ( ! crew1 ! huge nickel-iron meteorite caus$ magnetic di/urbances t sev]ely affect$ ! %ip's compass4 ,ano!r ( ! giant meteorites1 ! #ad-ton ,willamette1 ,oregon1 iron1 became ! c5t] ( a long legal battle 9 ! e>ly #aijj's4 ,! man :o orig9ally f\nd ! meteorite & recogniz$ its true nature felt t because ! iron 0 on ! surface ( ! gr\nd & n buri$ b5ea? x 7z ! ore ( a metal w\ld h be571 !re 0 no reason :y he %\ld n move ! mass f ! place ( f9d to 8 own prop]ty1 ?ree-f\r?s ( a mile away4 ,he did ?is v labori\sly by means ( a log-timb] c>1 a cap/an ) wire rope1 & a small horse4 ,on le>n+ :at ! f9d] _h done1 ! company t own$ ! l& f :i* ! meteorite _h be5 remov$ put its attorneys on ! job ( recov]+ ! 8purlo9$0 meteorite4 ,! ,oregon c\rts1 b[+ to decisions made 9 previ\s cases involv+ own]%ip ( meteorites1 br\ght 9 a v]dict favor+ ! own]s ( ! l&4 ,al?\gh ! f9d] ( ! ,willamette meteorite lo/ ! decision1 he nev]!less won ! di/9ction ( be+ ! only man to h successfully made (f ) a treasure weigh+ #ad tons6 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,,am]ican ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,pe>y's photograph ( ! ,cape ,york meteorite z x 0 be+ mov$ = load+ abo>d 8 %ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,,am]ican ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,arrival ( ! #cd-ton iron mass at ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! bigge/ meteorite ( all1 ( c\rse1 is ! "o t 8got away40 ,9 #aiaf1 a capta9 9 ! ,mauritanian army 0 tak5 by a native guide1 secretly & at night1 to ! site ( a colossal iron meteorite locat$ 9 ! dunes ( ! ,adr> des]t1 9 ! f> we/]n rea*es ( ! va/ ,sah>a4 ,! (fic] describ$ ! mass z measur+ #ajj met]s 7ov] #cjj feet7 by #dj met]s 7ov] #abj feet71 ) ! ?ird dim5sion hidd5 by ! s& dunes4 ,accord+ to him1 ! mass 8444 jutt$ up 9 ! mid/ ( s& dunes t 7 cov]$ by a des]t plant1 ! sba1 & x _h ! =m ( a compact1 unfissur$ p>allelopip$4 ,! visible portion ( ! surface 0 v]tical1 dom9at+ 9 ! mann] ( a cliff1 ! w9d-bl[n s& t 0 scoop$ away f ! base ( ! mass s t ! summit ov]hung2 & t portion expos$ to eolian w9d erosion 0 poli%$ l a mirror40 ,! capta91 at ! reque/ ( 8 uneasy guide1 return$ f 8 hurri$ excursion )\t tak+ notes or mak+ a map4 ,b he did br+ back a small #aj-p\nd fragm5t ( iron :i* he _h f\nd ly+ on top ( ! giant mass4 ,?is small fragm5t lat] prov$ to be a g5u9e meteorite1 & is ! only kn[n specim5 ( ! fam\s ,adr> mass4 ,x is pres]v$ at pres5t 9 ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,,otis ,,:eelock ,,photo ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,,am]ican ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,man & boy c>ry+ (f ! fam\s 8purlo9$0 ,willamette meteorite on a homemade dolly c> ) :eels ( tree-trunk sections4 ,note hole pi]c+ ?is #ad-ton *unk ( iron4 ,:at has be5 call$ a conspiracy ( sil5ce among ! natives ( ! ,adr> area & ! inhospitable nature ( ! region itself h successfully pres]v$ ! secret ( ! location ( ! enorm\s metallic mass describ$ by ! capta94 ,! native guide di$1 app>5tly ( poison1 & al?\gh _m inhabitants ( ! region are no d\bt famili> ) ! :]eab\ts ( ! mass 7:atev] x is671 ^? que/ion$ h consi/5tly d5i$ k ( its v exi/5ce4 ,all rec5t attempts1 n only by milit>y b ev5 by sci5tific exp$itions1 to relocate ! gigantic metallic mass h fail$4 ,! :ole ,adr> case rema9s an intrigu+ puzzle to be unravel$1 x is hop$1 by future g5]ations ( meteorite hunt]s4 ,ano!r 8lo/0 meteorite is "o compos$ ( /one & iron4 ,! ,port ,or=d1 ,oregon1 /ony-iron 7z x is n[ nam$7 0 orig9ally f\nd 9 #ahei by a ,u4,s4 geologi/ :o 0 engag$ 9 a survey ( :at 7 !n ! ,oregon & ,wa%+ton ,t]ritories4 ,accord+ to him1 ! mass 0 q irregul> 9 %ape & 8#d or #e feet ( x project$ f ! surface ( ! m\nta910 :ile x 0 8ab\t ! same numb] ( feet 9 wid? & p]haps #c or #d feet 9 ?ickness40 ,he broke (f a small fragm5t ( x 7f> small] ?an ! "o tak5 f ,adr>7 & pack$ ?is specim5 away ) 8 collection ( rock & m9]al samples4 ,ye>s lat]1 ! geological collection 0 catalog$ & analyz$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,at t "t1 ! fragm5t collect$ 9 #ahei 0 f\nd to be a piece ( a /ony-iron meteorite4 ,aft] t1 sci5ti/s & o!rs made _m attempts to r$iscov] ! ma9 mass ( ! l>ge ,port ,or=d meteorite1 all ( !m unsuccessful4 ,today ! sum total ( mat]ial recov]$ f ?is /ony-iron am\nts to #be grams 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum1 ab\t #d grams 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum ( ,vi5na1 & a few t9y specks 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,india4 ,! ,r$ ,riv]1 ,texas1 iron is /ill ano!r fam\s meteorite4 ,x 0 orig9ally discov]$ by ,pawnee & ,hietan ,indians1 & a gr\p ( !m took a p>ty ( trad]s1 9 #ahjh1 to ! site4 ,two ye>s lat]1 two rival p>ties1 ea* l$ by a man :o _h be5 a memb] ( ! #ahjh trad+ exp$ition1 began a se>* = ! meteorite4 ,! memb]s ( "o ( ! two p>ties 7 f ,nacogodo*es1 ,texas4 ,!y rea*$ ! meteorite fir/ b _h left home s hurri$ly on _! eag] hunt t !y 7 n prop]ly prep>$ to move s l>ge a mass4 ,!y w5t away f ! site to get horses & a wagon1 aft] !y _h labori\sly hidd5 ! meteorite "u a huge flat /one1 to prev5t ! o!r p>ty f f9d+ x4 ,! memb]s ( ! o!r p>ty1 hail+ f ,nat*ito*es1 ,l\isiana1 set out bett] prep>$4 ,aft] a l5g?y hunt1 !y f9ally f\nd ! hidd5 meteorite4 ,us+ tools !y _h ! =esight to br+1 !y built a truck wagon & drove away ) _! prize4 ,ev5tually1 ! ,r$ ,riv] meteorite1 weigh+ #a1fce p\nds1 became a "p ( ! collection at ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,b two o!r1 small]1 masses ( ! same metal1 kn[n 9 ! e>ly days to ! ,pawnees & a few trad]s1 rema9 /ill undiscov]$ 9 ! ,r$ ,riv] area4 #d4 ,,:5 ,,is ,a ,,crat] ,a ,,meteorite ,,crat]8 ,n all meteorites =m crat]s at impact1 z ! l>g] ,ussuri fragm5ts did4 ,ev5 ! l>ge/ mass ( ! ,norton meteorite m]ely buri$ itself 9 a funnel-l hole only ab\t #aj feet deep4 ,& ! ,russian inve/igators f\nd a numb] ( ! light] ,ussuri fragm5ts at ! bottom ( small p5etration funnels4 ,cosmic missiles t are l>ge en\gh to bla/ out crat]s 9 ! gr\nd are ( p>ticul> int]e/ to sci5ce1 h[ev]1 n only because ( ! extraord9>ily int5se light1 s\nd1 & o!r effects t accompany _! fall1 b also because !y produce *>act]i/ic & long-la/+ bas9-l features 9 ! out] %ell ( ! e>?4 ,natural processes t *ange ! surface features ( ! e>? h long be5 ! subjects ( field /udies by sci5ti/s4 ,geologi/s h c>efully inve/igat$ ! major folds =m$ 9 ! e>?'s cru/ by m\nta9-build+ =ces1 ! clefts & depressions result+ f e>?quake activity & erosion1 & ! va/ pla9s level$ (f by ! sc\r+ action ( great ice-%eets4 ,all ( ^! diff]5t natural processes1 ?\gh1 h "o ?+ 9 common3 _! s\rce is ! e>?-body itself4 ,!y take place ei!r )9 ! e>?'s cru/ z a result ( local %ifts or *anges 9 pressure 7l e>?quakes & volcanic eruptions71 or on ! surface ( ! e>? z a result ( ! action ( wat] or ( *anges 9 temp]ature 7l erosion & glaciation74 ,on ! o!r h&1 meteorite impact crat]s are n =m$ by e>?-processes at all4 ,z we h se51 !y result :5 l>ge bodies ( matt] f ! regions ( space outside ! e>? *ance to /rike ! surface ( our planet at high spe$4 ,! /udy ( meteorite crat]s is !re=e a special field4 ,x is also "o ( q rec5t developm5t2 n until #aije 0 ! fir/ meteorite crat] recogniz$ z su*4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be said on ?is subject is1 ( c\rse1 t n all holes 9 ! gr\nd1 h[ev] l>ge & impressive1 7 necess>ily =m$ by ! impact ( meteorites4 ,features t resemble meteorite crat]s may result f c]ta9 ord9>y e>?-processes4 ,= example1 ! rock lay]s und]ly+ a p>ticul> area may be dissolv$ away by wat]s circulat+ b5ea? ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! ov]ly+ cru/ w ev5tually collapse into ! empty space1 & :at geologi/s call a 8s9k hole0 or a 8s9k0 is =m$4 ,_m su* s9ks surr\nd ! g5u9e meteorite crat] ne> ,odessa1 ,texas1 & at times h be5 mi/ak5 = ! real ?+4 ,s9ce !re is "s possibility ( confusion ab\t :e!r or n a hole 9 ! gr\nd is a meteorite crat]1 x is com=t+ to "k t sci5ti/s h come up ) a h&y set ( rules = rea*+ a decision on ?is po9t4 ,^! rules c be /at$ 9 ! =m ( sev]al que/ions t crat]-inve/igators %\ld ask !mselves3 ,h y f\nd meteorites 9 or ne> ! crat]-l feature8 ,9 its vic9ity1 h y f\nd pieces ( c\ntry rock t %[ ! effects ( high temp]ature & pressure 7melt+ or cru%+78 ,did p actually see a meteorite come to e>? at ! po9t :]e ! crat] is locat$ & :]e1 to _! c]ta9 k1 no crat] exi/$ be=e8 ,if ! answ] to all--or ev5 "o--( ^! que/ions is yes1 !n x is q likely t ! crat]-l feature is actually a meteorite crat]4 ,naturally1 if ! answ] to ! fir/ "q is yes1 ! matt] is practically settl$ 9 favor ( ! meteoritic orig9 ( ! feature4 ,if ! impact has tak5 place 9 horizontally b$d$ rock /rata--t is1 9 flat b$s ( rock ly+ "o on top ( ano!r l ! lay]s 9 a /ack ( griddle cakes--a meteorite crat] w h a *>act]i/ic rim ( upturn$ or ev5 ov]turn$ rock lay]s4 7,none ( ! ord9>y s9k holes ne> ! ,odessa crat] %[ su* rims47 ,9 addition1 pieces ( rock %att]$ & ?r[n out by ! impact w be f\nd 9 all directions ar\nd ! crat]4 ,! am\nt & size ( ?is fragm5t$ mat]ial w decrease ) di/ance outw>d f ! crat]4 ,a li/ ( ! recogniz$ 7or g5u9e7 meteorite crat]s ( ! _w is giv5 9 ! table on page #fe4 ,all ( ^! crat]s except ! two ,russian ones 7 =m$ _m ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 &1 9 mo/ cases1 ! e>? processes ( erosion & wea!r+ h by n[ dimm$ ! %>p outl9es ( _! rims & silt$ up _! deep int]ior funnels until only bas9-l b[ls rema94 ,illu/ration3 ,cross-section %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* horizontally b$d$ rock /rata may be brok5 & tilt$ upw>d by ! impact ( a crat]-=m+ meteorite4 ,?is s*ematic diagram is bas$ on excavations at sev]al meteorite crat]s4 ,y may h visit$ ! v fir/ crat] 9 ! _w to be recogniz$ by sci5ti/s z a meteorite crat]4 ,?is huge bas91 n[ kn[n z ! ,canyon ,diablo meteorite crat] 7al?\gh (t5 ref]r$ to incorrectly z 8,meteor ,crat]071 lies ab\t #bj miles we/ ( ,w9sl[1 ,arizona4 ,x is ! be/ kn[n ( all ! crat]s li/$ 9 ! table because 9 rec5t ye>s x has be5 develop$ "u private own]%ip z "o ( ! lead+ t\ri/ attractions on ,u4,s4 ,highway #ff4 ,f ! pav$ road t turns (f ,highway #ff t[>d ! crat]1 ! visitor sees ! rim z a *a9 ( l[1 hummocky1 tan-color$ hills :i* contra/ %>ply ) ! grayi% or r$di% hue ( ! des]t pla94 ,! out] slopes ( ! crat] rim rise v g5tly f ! level pla9 9 :i* ! crat] 0 =m$1 & !y are cov]$ ) rock fragm5ts ( v>i\s sizes ?r[n out at ! "t ! meteorite /ruck ! e>?4 ,?is fragm5t$ mat]ial ranges 9 size f t9y p>ticles ( 8rock-fl\r0 z s(t z face-p[d] to gigantic solid masses l ,monum5t ,rock1 :i* is e/imat$ to weigh #d1jjj tons4 ,field p>ties h f\nd #ej- to #ajj-p\nd fragm5ts ( ! lime/one lay] und]ly+ ! ,canyon ,diablo area at di/ances ( #a to #b miles f ! crat]4 ,sizable rock & meteorite fragm5ts out to di/ances ( #f miles f ! rim h turn$ up1 & small] fragm5ts ( bo? mat]ials at ev5 great] di/ances4 ,on _! fir/ visit to ! ,canyon ,diablo crat]1 p are always a/oni%$ at ! /eepness ( ! inn] walls ( ! crat] & at ! v great size ( its b[l4 ,?is crat] is m ?an #d1jjj feet across & #egj feet deep4 ,x is ! l>ge/ recogniz$ meteorite crat] s f> discov]$ 9 ! _w1 al?\gh o!r l>g]1 bas9-l features else:]e on ! surface ( ! e>? h be5 suspect$ b n prov$ to h a simil> orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,,trans-,,_w ,,airl9es ,a]ial view ( ! ,canyon ,diablo1 ,arizona1 meteorite crat]4 ,:5 ! ,canyon ,diablo meteorite plung$ into ! horizontally b$d$ rock lay]s und]ly+ ! area ( fall1 ! =ce ( ! explosion foll[+ ! impact actually b5t ^! lay]s upw>d4 ,all ar\nd ! inside ( ! crat]1 ! rock /rata tilt away f ! c5t] at /eep angles4 ,c[boys1 ran*]s1 & sci5ti/s h f\nd ?\s&s ( solid nickel-iron meteorite fragm5ts ar\nd ! crat]4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! weighs #a1djf p\nds4 ,! smalle/ sph]ules & gra9s are almo/ or q microscopic 9 size4 7,^! t9y granules h be5 well kn[n to sci5ti/s s9ce #aije 9 spite ( curr5t fables claim+ t !y are a rec5t discov]y47 ,9 ! rim & on ! pla9 outside ! crat]1 l>ge & small %ale balls1 compos$ ( wea!r$ meteoritic mat]ial1 7 f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ! e>ly days4 ,along ) _m solid iron meteorites1 %ale balls h also be5 f\nd at v>i\s dep?s 9 rec5t times by field p>ties f ! ,in/itute employ+ specially design$ meteorite detectors4 ,9 ! fir/ two decades ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 inve/igators sank 7at great exp5se67 a numb] ( %afts & drill holes 9 ! int]ior & on ! s\? rim ( ! crat]1 9 unsuccessful attempts to locate ! suppos$ 8ma9 mass0 ( ! ,canyon ,diablo meteorite4 ,mo/ au?orities n[ believe1 h[ev]1 t ! extremely high temp]atures1 develop$ at ! "t ! ,canyon ,diablo meteorite p5etrat$ into ! e>?1 *ang$ almo/ all ( ! gigantic cosmic missile into vapor4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ! int]ior ( ! ,canyon ,diablo crat] %[+ ! /eep inn] slopes ( ! huge bas94 ,no bett] example ( an anci5t meteorite crat] has be5 f\nd ?an ?is "o ne> ,canyon ,diablo4 ,! o!r crat]s li/$ 9 ! table 7ev5 ! two rec5tly =m$ ones71 :ile be>+ resemblances to x1 also %[ individual diff]5ces f x4 ,"s1 l ,h5bury1 ,campo del ,cielo1 & ,havil&1 are n s+le crat]s b r consi/ ( fields ( crat]s4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! e>? 0 /ruck n by a s+le l>ge meteoritic body t held toge!r "r d[n to impact1 b ei!r by a 8sw>m0 ( meteorites travel+ toge!r ?r\gh space or by ! fragm5ts ( a l>ge meteorite t sep>at$ into pieces %ortly be=e x /ruck ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,aga91 ! type ( gr\nd into :i* ! meteorite /rikes affects ! "* ( ! crat]s =m$4 ,z an illu/ration1 ! ,wab>1 ,arabia1 crat]s 7 n sma%$ out ( s$im5t>y1 horizontally b$d$ rock lay]s 7z 0 ! ,canyon ,diablo crat]7 b 7 =m$ 9 clean des]t s& dunes4 ,9 ?is case1 ! crat] rims are compos$ prim>ily ( almo/ pure silica-glass =m$ by ! fusion ( ! s& at ! "t ( impact4 ,x is n h>d to imag9e ! t]rific boil+ & fro?+ up ( melt$ s& & meteoritic mat]ial t mu/ h accompani$ ! =mation ( ! ,wab> crat]s4 ,except = ,podkam5naya ,tunguska & ,ussuri1 ! crat]s li/$ 9 ! table 7 =m$1 z we h m5tion$1 a great _m ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ! pa/4 ,j h[ _m ?\s&s is a difficult "q to answ]1 = all ( our e/imates mu/ necess>ily be made on ! basis ( indirect evid5ce r ?an on direct obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,be=e impact ( ,canyon ,diablo meteorite1 ^! rock lay]s 7 horizontal4 ,paleontologi/s1 geologi/s1 & o!r sci5ti/s give u an age ( f #bj1jjj to #gj1jjj ye>s = ! ,canyon ,diablo crat]4 ,! discov]y ( ! fossil rema9s ( a prehi/oric horse buri$ 9 ! ,odessa1 ,texas1 crat] fill has %[n t ! age ( t crat] is n less ?an #bjj1jjj ye>s4 ,! olde/ crat]s kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! ,havil& gr\p produc$ by ! ,br5ham1 ,kansas1 meteorites4 ,long-cont9u$ wea!r+ has almo/ completely worn d[n ! rims & cov]$ up ! crat]s ( ?is gr\p4 ,on ! basis ( ! rate at :i* nickel-oxide has spread out into ! soil ab\t a l>ge deeply buri$ ,br5ham meteorite1 calculations c>ri$ out at ! ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics h l$ to a t5tative age ( m ?an #fjj1jjj ye>s = ! ,kansas crat]s4 ,p]haps ! olde/ meteorite crat] ( all is ! "o bla/$ into :at ! geologi/s id5tify z pre-,cambrian qu>tzite at ,wolf ,creek1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,ev5 ! highly resi/ant iron meteorites f\nd ar\nd ?is crat] h almo/ completely wea!r$ away4 ,only t9y specks & ?9 ve9lets ( metal are n[ visible on ! cut surfaces ( meteorites t1 untold hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 7 solid masses ( nickel-iron4 ,y may h notic$ t ! widely publiciz$ circul>1 wat]-fill$ ,*ubb crat] 9 ! ,quebec ,prov9ce ( ,canada 0 n includ$ 9 ! table4 ,?is ,canadian feature 0 left out because ! answ] to ea* ( ! ?ree que/ions li/$ e>li] 9 ?is *apt] is no4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,,william ,a4 ,,cassidy ,two ( ! deeply wea!r$ meteorites f\nd at ,wolf ,creek crat] 9 we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,! field p>ties t h c>efully se>*$ ! ,*ubb crat] & its surr\nd+s1 ev5 :5 !y us$ "o ( ! ,in/itute's p[]ful drag magnets1 7 unable to f9d any trace :atev] ei!r ( meteorites or ( su* wea!r$ rema9s ( meteorites z %[ ! true nature ( ! ,wolf ,creek crat]4 ,fur!rmore1 no se>*] has discov]$ any fragm5ts ( ord9>y rock %[+ ! effects ( ! extreme heat & pressure t accompany l>ge-scale meteoritic impact4 ,f9ally1 ! meteorite suppos$ by "s to h produc$ ! ,*ubb crat] 0 n a record$ witness$ fall1 = ! crat] is ( v anci5t orig9 inde$4 ,p]haps fur!r se>* ( ! ,*ubb crat] site & especially ( ! debris 9 its deep1 wat]-fill$ int]ior w succe$ 9 br++ to light ei!r specim5s ( meteorites or ( silica-glass or o!r products ( meteoritic impact4 ,if s1 !n & only !n w id5tification ( ! ,canadian crat] z a meteorite crat] be ju/ifi$4 ,up to ?is po9t1 we h talk$ only ( v old meteorite crat]s4 ,b two crat]-produc+ meteorite falls h occurr$ )9 ?is c5tury1 bo? 9 ,sib]ia4 ,! ,ussuri fall 0 "o ( ^! & ! m rec5t ( ! two4 ,! e>li] & m unusual fall took place on ,june #cj1 #aijh1 at ab\t #h3jj a4m41 approximately #dj miles nor?we/ ( ! trad+ po/ ( ,vanov>a4 ,a fireball exce$+ ! sun 9 brilliance fla%$ across ! sky & 0 foll[$ by extremely viol5t airwaves & e>?-tremors4 ,! pressure wave 9 ! atmosph]e set up by ?is meteorite fall 0 /rong en\gh to damage ro(s & doors ( h\ses ne> ! po9t ( impact1 z = example1 9 ! village ( ,vanov>a4 ,on bo? riv]s & lakes 9 ! area ( fall1 ! pressure wave 9 ! air pil$ up high1 %>p-front$ wat] waves t resembl$ ! bores on ! ,se9e & ,sev]n & t upset fi%+ craft & swamp$ o!r small boats4 ,?r\gh\t a wide region at some:at great] di/ances f ! impact po9t1 tidal-l bores 7 rais$ on riv]s & lakes4 ,s gigantic 0 ! atmosph]ic di/urbance1 t x 0 detect$ at almo/ e /ation 9 ! _w :]e suffici5tly s5sitive b>omet]s 7 9 op]ation4 ,eyewitnesses ( ?is meteorite fall said t at ! "t ! fireball pass$ ne> !m1 !y felt almo/ unbe>able heat4 ,a huge 8fi]y pill>0 rose above ! po9t ( impact1 :i* by good =tune 0 9 a desolate & almo/ un9habit$ swampy bas9 betwe5 ! ,*unya & ! ,podkam5naya 7i4e41 8,/ony07 ,tunguska riv]s4 ,! meteorite fall takes its "n f ! latt] /ream4 ,! c5tral portion ( ! region ( impact is m>k$ n only by a numb] ( crat]s 9 ! swampy t]ra91 b also by mute evid5ce ( ! extraord9>y de/ructive p[] ( ! ,podkam5naya ,tunguska meteorite4 ,ov] an area ( _m squ>e miles1 ! explosion blew d[n ! /&+ =e/ s t ! tops ( ! ov]?r[n trees 7e/imat$ by ! ,russians to numb] m ?an #hj1jjj1jjj67 all po9t away f ! impact c5t]4 ,! int5se heat *>r$ ! trunks & bran*es ( ! trees 9 ?is area 9 mu* ! same way z ! heat f ! fir/ ( all atomic bomb explosions scor*$ ! des]t %rubs ar\nd ! te/ site 9 s\?-c5tral ,new ,mexico4 ,)9 ! area ( fall1 c\ntless re9de] belong+ to ! native ,tunguse h]dsm5 7 kill$1 only _! *>r$ c>casses rema9+4 ,h[ great ! heat releas$ at impact 0 may be judg$ by ! well-e/abli%$ fact t ! priz$ silv] samov>s ( ! nomads 7 f\nd melt$ amid ! debris ( _! flatt5$ camps4 ,9 at lea/ "o in/ance1 a ,tunguse 0 s ov]come by ! t]rible ev5t he _h witness$ t he 0 8sick = a long "t40 ,! :ole impact-region came to be consid]$ z accurs$ by ! natives1 :o ab&on$ ! use ( all trails cross+ x4 ,= _m ye>s ! ,podkam5naya ,tunguska fall 0 neglect$1 p>tly because ( ! remot5ess ( ! area 9 :i* x occurr$1 p>tly because ( unsettl$ conditions 9 ,russia2 b *iefly because1 9 g5]al1 ! ,russian sci5tific & gov]nm5tal (ficials simply did n believe ! 8fanta/ic0 tales conc]n+ ! fall told by ! native ,tunguses1 f :i* we h giv5 a few details above4 ,belat$ /udy e/abli%$1 h[ev]1 bo? ! tru?fulness ( ! ,tunguse reports & ! exce$+ly unusual "* ( ! meteorite fall itself4 ,9 spite ( ! ov]:elm+ &1 9 fact1 worldwide evid5ce t ! ,podkam5naya ,tunguska fall 0 "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ viol5t 9 hi/ory1 no meteorites h ev] be5 recov]$ f any "p ( ! region deva/at$ by its impact4 ,x is ! "o & only true meteorite crat] t is meteoriteless6 ,?is /range circum/ance l$ ! s5ior au?or to sugge/1 9 #aida1 t ! almo/ incr$ible ,podkam5naya ,tunguska incid5t _h result$ f ! infall ( a meteorite t1 toge!r ) an equival5t mass ( ! e>?-t>get1 0 trans=m$ into en]gy ^u contact ) our planet4 ,h[ c su* extraord9>y behavior be acc\nt$ =8 ,illu/ration3 ,,leonid ,a4 ,,kulik ,,photo4 ,,sovfoto ,infall ( meteorite1 ,june #cj1 #aijh1 _h ?is effect on a ,sib]ian =e/4 ,see p4 #ee4 ,! mo/ obvi\s explanation involves a new & wid] concept ( matt]4 ,ord9>y t]re/rial matt] is reg>d$ z compos$ ( atoms hav+ positively *>g$ nuclei ar\nd :i* negatively *>g$ electrons revolve4 ,suppose t ! situation %[n 9 ! fir/ diagram 7 rev]s$ s t ! nucleus ( ! atom 7 negatively *>g$ & ! *>ges ( ! p>ticles revolv+ ab\t x 7 positive1 z 9 ! second diagram4 ,matt] built up f atoms l ^? 9 ?is diagram w\ld be> some:at ! same relation to ord9>y matt] t -#b does to #b4 ,su* matt] is n[ kn[n v>i\sly z rev]s$ matt]1 anti-matt]1 or1 z x 0 fir/ call$ by ,v4 ,rojansky1 contrat]r5e matt]4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 sci5ti/s at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,radiation ,laboratory h produc$ exp]im5tally all ! fundam5tal p>ticles necess>y = ! creation ( contrat]r5e matt]4 ,:at w\ld happ5 n[ if a contrat]r5e meteorite p5etrat$ into ! ord9>y matt] ( ! e>?8 ,! answ] is t j z an electron & a positron mutually annihilate ea* o!r :5 !y collide1 s ! meteorite & an equal mass ( ! e>?-t>get itself w\ld vani% at ! in/ant ( impact4 ,! ne>e/ simple analogy to ! actual complex physical situation is repres5t$ by ! famili> equation -#b #b #j4 ,unlike 8summ+ to z]o0 9 simple ari?metic1 h[ev]1 ! disappe>ance ( mass1 te*nically call$ its annihilation1 results 9 a release ( en]gy1 z 0 long ago obs]v$ 9 ! case ( electron-positron annihilation4 ,:]e consid]able masses are annihilat$1 z 9 an ,a-bomb explosion1 ! am\nt ( en]gy releas$ is trem5d\s1 z is n[ well kn[n to ev]yone4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,repres5tation ( ! /ructure ( an atom ( ord9>y t]re/rial matt]4 ,! nucleus is positively *>g$ & ar\nd x circle negatively *>g$ electrons4 ,b4 ,repres5tation ( ! /ructure ( an atom ( contrat]r5e matt]4 ,?is is ! rev]se ( ! situation 9 7,a74 ,! nucleus "h is negatively *>g$1 & ar\nd x revolve positively *>g$ electrons1 also call$ positrons4 ,! effect ( su* an en]gy release z w\ld accompany ! infall ( a contrat]r5e meteorite w\ld be a natural nucle> explosion ( va/ p[]4 ,su* an explosion w\ld acc\nt = all ! s5sational ph5om5a obs]v$ at ! "t ( ! ,podkam5naya ,tunguska incid5t2 &1 fur!rmore1 w\ld expla9 :y ! ,russian inve/igators h nev] succe$$ 9 recov]+ meteorites f ?is fall4 7,fur!r details1 p4 #ajb47 ,if ! ,podkam5naya ,tunguska meteorite 0 contrat]r5e1 !n ! soil 9 ! impact area mu/ h be5 made radioactive 9 ! same way t ! e>? ar\nd ! 8gr\nd z]o0 ( a nucle> explosion is contam9at$ by radioactivity4 ,aft] ! s5ior au?or _h repeat$ly urg$ ,russian sci5ti/s 7:o are ! only ones t h be5 p]mitt$ to visit ! site ( ! ,podkam5naya ,tunguska fall7 to try to detect any long-la/+ radioactivities t might /ill be pres5t 9 ! gr\nd at ,podkam5naya ,tunguska1 su* a radioactivity survey 0 f9ally c>ri$ out 9 ! summ] ( #aifj4 ,accord+ to an (ficial report ( ! ,soviet news ag5cy ,,tass1 ! inve/igators obta9$ 8abnormally high radioactivity read+s0 :i* ! ,russians t5tatively consid]$ to be ! result ( 8a natural nucle> explosion0 occurr+ 9 ! ,podkam5naya ,tunguska area on ,june #cj1 #aijh4 ,sci5ce-fiction fans 9 ! ,u4,s4,s4,r4 w\ld l to believe t ?is 8nucle> explosion0 result$ f ! impact ( a ,m>tian space%ip r ?an a contrat]r5e meteorite4 ,reputable ,russian sci5ti/s1 h[ev]1 h %[n h[ completely absurd ?is 8fable0 ( a ,m>tian l&+ really is4 ,:5 & :]e w ! next crat]-produc+ fall occur8 ,p]haps on ! e>?1 p]haps on ! moon1 = our ne>e/ neighbor 9 space has also be5 ! t>get ( meteorites ( huge size4 ,! effects ( ?is meteoritic bomb>dm5t are %[n by ! r>e/ & mo/ /rik+ type ( lun> crat]3 t :i* exhibits long1 bright rays ext5d+ outw>d f ! crat] itself z ! spokes ( a :eel radiate f its hub4 ,^! s-call$ ray-crat]s %[ to be/ advantage at or ne> ! "t ( full moon1 :5 !y become "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features visible on our satellite4 ,illu/ration3 ,g4 ,w4 ,,ri*ey ,,photo4 ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,,y]kes ,,obs]vatory ,! lun> ray-crat] ,ty*o4 ,9 e>li] days1 mo/ sci5ti/s believ$ t ! crat]s on ! moon _h all be5 =m$ by volcanic action4 ,n[ ! p5dulum ( sci5tific op9ion seems to h swung t[>d ! view t all ! ?\s&s ( lun> crat]s are ! result ( meteorite impacts t took place 9 ! long di/ant pa/4 ,bo? views are bett] examples ( h[ sci5tific 8fa%ions0 control m5's m9ds ?an !y are ( explanations t really acc\nt = all ( ! obs]v$ facts--z any acceptable explanation mu/ d4 ,^? :o h /udi$ ! moon mo/ c>efully f an uncom=table seat 9 a cold obs]vatory r ?an f a w>m1 com=table arm*air are well aw>e t in/ead ( j "o type ( lun> crat]1 !re are really two q di/9ct types4 ,no s+le 8explanation0 c be expect$ to expla9 satisfactorily lun> features z /rik+ly diff]5t z3 ,fir/1 ! r>e & di/9ctive ray-crat]s describ$ above1 :i* are scatt]$ at r&om ov] ! moon1 j z ! po9ts ( impact ( meteorites are ^u our own globe4 7,r\ghly def9$1 a r&om di/ribution is "o %[+ no app>5t patt]n4 ,= example1 if y 7 to ?r[ a h&ful ( rice up 9 ! air1 ! po9ts :]e ! gra9s ( rice f9ally came to re/ on ! floor w\ld be r&omly di/ribut$ or v ne>ly s47 ,second1 ! ord9>y or 8run-(-!-mill0 crat]s spr9kl$ 9 pr(use b non-r&om fa%ion ov] ! visible face ( our satellite4 ,! ray-crat]s on ! moon are ! c\nt]p>ts ( ! meteorite crat]s on ! e>?4 ,?is fact is %[n n only by _! r&om di/ribution1 b by ! long1 bright rays :i* gave !m _! "n4 ,on ! e>?1 rays ( simil> appe>ance1 compos$ ( ?r[n-out mat]ial1 are "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( explosion crat]s1 :e!r ! cause ( ! explosion is ! high-spe$ impact ( a great meteorite or ! detonation ( a *>ge ( high explosive 7ei!r conv5tional or nucle>74 ,! hypo!sis t meteorite crat]s d exi/ on ! moon is !re=e ju/ifi$ ev5 ?\gh x applies to f> few] crat]s ?an its support]s believe4 ,z = ! ord9>y1 non-ray lun> crat]s1 ^! features are n at all volcanic crat]s 9 ! usual s5se4 ,"o ( ! few good ?+s to come out ( ,_w ,w> ,,ii 0 ! fir/ satisfactory explanation ( ! 8run-(-!-mill0 crat]s on ! moon4 ,j]emi ,wasiutynski1 a brilliant ,poli% sci5ti/ =c$ to take refuge 9 ,norway1 s\ght to expla9 ^! crat]s z orig9at+ 9 convection processes4 ,:ile ! t]m 8convection0 may n be famili>1 ! role convection plays 9 fill+ ! sky ) beautiful cl\ds on a hot summ]'s day is well kn[n4 ,su* cl\d =mation results f convection 9 ! gase\s free atmosph]e4 ,mu* m rem>kable & regul> are ! results ( controll$ convection 9 lay]s ( liquids r ?an gases4 ,laboratory inve/igation ( ! effects produc$ by convection processes 9 heat$ liquids =m$ ! basis = ,wasiutynski's new !ory4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 convection processes 9 ! only p>tially solidifi$ out] %ell ( ! y\?ful moon c\ld h giv5 rise to great numb]s ( surface features hav+ ! size1 %ape1 & di/ribution ( ! common lun> crat]s4 ,9 f> m satisfactory fa%ion ?an any o!r !ory s f> propos$1 ! convection-curr5t hypo!sis ( ,wasiutynski expla9s ! _m & di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ! non-ray crat]s on ! moon4 ,,recogniz$ ,,meteorite ,,crat]s ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,"n ,,location ,,date ,,( ,,recognition ,canyon ,diablo ,cocon9o ,c\nty1 ,arizona #aije ,odessa ,ector ,c\nty1 ,texas #aibi ,h5bury ,mc,donnell ,ranges1 ,c5tral #aicb ,au/ralia ,wab> ,rub' al ,khali1 ,arabia #aicb ,campo del ,cielo ,gran ,*aco1 ,arg5t9a #aicc #b;,havil& 7,br5ham7 ,ki[a ,c\nty1 ,kansas #aicc ,m\nt ,d>w9 ,tasmania #aicc #c,podkam5naya ,tunguska ,y5iseisk ,di/rict1 ,sib]ia #aicc ,box ,hole ,/ation ,pl5ty ,riv]1 ,c5tral #aicg ,au/ralia ,kaalij>v ,oesel1 ,e/onia #aicg ,dalg>anga ,we/]n ,au/ralia #aich ,ussuri 7,sikhote-,al97 ,ea/]n ,sib]ia #aidg ,wolf ,creek ,wyndham1 ,kimb]ley1 #aidh ,we/]n ,au/ralia ,a\ell\l ,adr>1 ,we/]n ,sah>a #aieb #e4 ,,heav5 ,,kn[s ,,:]e ,,or ,,:5 ,meteorites h be5 fall+ ^u our planet = a long "t--h[ long1 x is h>d to say ) accuracy4 ,up to n[1 no specim5s c]ta9ly id5tifi$ z meteorites h be5 f\nd 9 anci5t rock lay]s4 ,sci5ti/s h be5 able1 h[ev]1 to e/imate ! age ( sev]al meteorite crat]s on ! basis ( ! degree ( wea!r+ n only ( ! crat] rims1 b also ( ! meteorites f\nd ar\nd ! crat]s4 ,age e/imates h also be5 bas$ on ! ages ( fossils f\nd 9 silt$-up crat] int]iors & on o!r relat$ indirect evid5ce4 ,z we h already not$1 ! ,canyon ,diablo1 ,arizona1 crat] is ?\ght to be #bj1jjj to #gj1jjj ye>s old4 ,! ,odessa1 ,texas1 crat] is at lea/ #bjj1jjj ye>s old2 & ! ,havil& 7,br5ham71 ,kansas1 crat]s m ?an #fjj1jjj ye>s old4 ,cle>ly1 meteorite falls h be5 occurr+ ov] a v long p]iod ( e>? hi/ory4 ,= _m ye>s1 sci5ti/s h /udi$ ! di/ribution ( recov]$ meteorites ar\nd ! _w 9 an ef=t to f9d out :e!r !re are any places on ! l& surface ( our globe :]e meteorites h fall5 9 unusually l>ge numb]s4 ,! idea t any p>ticul> spot on ! l& surface ( ! e>? might 9 "s way attract m meteorites to x ?an o!r locations seems unreasonable because ( ! v nature ( ! t>get pres5t$ by our planet to ! meteorites w&]+ ?r\gh space4 ,n only is ! e>? 9 motion1 b x is 9 v complicat$ motion4 ,our e>? revolves ab\t a sun :i* is also 9 motion ?r\gh space4 ,at ! same "t1 ! e>? is rotat+ on its axis4 ,a s+le po9t on ! surface ( ! e>? !re=e traces a v erratic pa? 9 space ) ! passage ( ! ye>s1 & ! likelihood t ?is p>ticul> po9t w\ld be /ruck by m ?an "o meteorite 7if inde$ by "o67 mu/ be v small4 ,/udies h %[n t ! p ( ! e>? h a great deal m to d ) 8conc5trations0 ( meteorite recov]ies ?an any?+ else4 ,population d5sity is ! fir/ important factor4 ,cle>ly1 ! m p liv+ 9 a giv5 area1 ! high] ! probability t a meteorite fall w be se5 & report$ & t ! fall5 mass itself w be recov]$4 ,a prime example is ,india1 "o ( ! mo/ d5sely populat$ regions ( ! _w4 ,( ! #ajb meteorites recov]$ 9 t c\ntry up to #aiec1 #ig 7 ( witness$ fall4 ,?is extremely high proportion ( falls is und\bt$ly due to ! fact t = c5turies su* an ev5t c\ld h>dly h tak5 place 9 t c\ntry )\t attract+ ! att5tion ( l>ge numb]s ( p4 ,app>5tly1 ! majority ( ,indian meteorites h be5 recov]$ z !y fell1 = only #e unwitness$ falls are record$ = t c\ntry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f ,fr5* ,we/ ,africa only #e falls & #c f9ds h be5 report$ ?r\gh\t an area slightly l>g] ev5 ?an ,india's4 ,?is c\ntry ?us provides an example ( a sp>sely populat$ region1 9 _m prov9ces ( :i* a meteorite fall might pass unobs]v$1 & a fall5 meteorite might rema9 undiscov]$4 ,a second factor is ! degree ( civilization rea*$ by ! inhabitants ( a p>ticul> area4 ,^? regions ( ! _w :i* h be5 settl$ ! longe/ & :i* h se5 ! developm5t ( ! high] cultures w be ! mo/ likely to support a populace t w take an int]e/ 9 & report ! occurr5ces ( natural ev5ts l meteorite falls4 ,su* a populace w also be m likely to br+ suspect$ meteorites to ! att5tion ( exp]ts4 ,= example1 up to #aiec1 #ee witness$ falls & #c unwitness$ falls 7 kn[n f ,france1 a c\ntry ( relatively small area1 b ) a high population d5sity & an advanc$ degree ( civilization4 ,f ! :ole va/ area ( ,sib]ia1 on ! o!r h&1 only #bj meteorite falls & #bc f9ds h be5 report$ dur+ ! same int]val4 ,9 ! pa/1 sci5ti/s h sugge/$ t v>i\s natural =ces1 su* z ! magnetic field ( ! e>? or ! attraction ( high & massive m\nta9 ranges1 might cause m meteorites to fall 9 "o place ?an ano!r4 ,b all available evid5ce indicates t ?is is n ! case4 ,! fall ( meteorites ^u ! e>? has be5 & is a process t %[s no app>5t patt]n4 ,only 8human0 factors 7l population d5sity & sci5tific int]e/ 9 meteorites7 c be consid]$ z acc\nt+ = any conc5trations ( meteorite falls 9 p>ticul> regions or c\ntries4 ,9 hi/oric times1 ! numb] ( man-built /ructures 7h\ses1 b>ns1 hotels1 (fice build+s1 etc47 has increas$ trem5d\sly4 ,su* /ructures h pres5t$ an ev]-exp&+ t>get to hits by fall+ meteorites4 ,on pages #gc1 #gd is a li/+ ( "s ( ! meteorites t h /ruck & damag$ build+s dur+ ! la/ #aej ye>s or s4 ,! items includ$ 9 ?is li/ 7 *os5 on ! basis ( int]e/1 au!nticity1 & concret5ess ( detail4 ,! /ories ( all ^! meteorite falls are excit+1 b none m s1 p]haps1 ?an t ( ! ,b$dgel]t1 ,nor? ,wales1 /one4 ,?is meteorite fell 9 ! small h\rs ( ! morn+ on ,septemb] #ba1 #aidi4 ,n _m p saw ! fireball t accompani$ its desc5t because ( ! e>ly h\r 7#a3de a4m471 b "o ( ! few p]sons :o happ5$ to be outside said t x resembl$ a huge rocket z x fla%$ across ! sky4 ,he also report$ t ! appe>ance ( ! fireball ne>ly fright5$ ! swans 9 ! local p>k to dea?1 ! birds flee+ 9 all directions4 ,! manag] ( "o ( ! hotels 9 ,b$dgel]t simultane\sly 0 awak5$ f a s\nd sleep by ! b>k+ ( 8 dog4 ,?is 0 an unusual occurr5ce1 & ! man 0 surpris$ by x4 ,:ile he 0 try+ to acc\nt = ! dog's peculi> behavior1 he sudd5ly realiz$ t some?+ q out ( ! ord9>y 0 happ5+ outside4 ,he he>d a s]ies ( unev5ly spac$ bangs t he lat] comp>$ to 8a naval broadside40 ,b z ! noise di$ away & no?+ fur!r happ5$1 he w5t back to sleep4 ,ab\t noon on ! next day1 ! manag]'s wife w5t into ! up/airs l\nge ( ! hotel1 a room "r "u a "p ( ! ro(4 ,%e 0 a/oni%$ to f9d pla/] du/ all ov] ! floor4 ,x _h obvi\sly come f a jagg$ hole 9 ! ceil+4 ,&1 on ! floor1 %e f\nd an odd-look+ d>k /one4 ,inve/igation %[$ t ?is /one _h inde$ fall5 ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,x _h made a neat r\nd hole 9 f\r ov]lapp+ ?icknesses ( slate1 %att]$ ! und]ly+ la?1 made a d5t 9 ! l[] edge ( an ,h-section iron gird]1 & _h f9ally brok5 ?r\gh ! pla/] ceil+ into ! hotel's up/airs l\nge4 ,al?\gh x 0 cle> t ! /one _h come ?r\gh ! ro(1 ! hotel manag] did n connect ! ev5t 9 any way ) ! peculi> noises he _h he>d dur+ ! prec$+ night4 ,he tri$ to cut ! /one on an em]y :eel1 b x 0 too h>d4 ,t ev5+1 an old m9] 9 ! hotel re/aurant recogniz$ ! /one z a meteorite4 ,_m ye>s be=e1 he _h visit$ a museum & _h se5 specim5s ( meteorites on display !re4 ,! slabs ( slate p5etrat$ by ! meteorite w\ld h provid$ good evid5ce z to ! spe$ ( ! cosmic missile at ! "t x /ruck ! ro(4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ^! appe> to h be5 ?r[n away at ! "t ! ro( 0 repair$4 ,?is fact is m5tion$ to %[ t important sci5tific evid5ce is sometimes unwitt+ly de/roy$ be=e inve/igators c get a *ance to exam9e x4 ,along ) ! rapid increase 9 ! numb] ( man-made build+s has1 ( c\rse1 gone a simultane\s increase 9 ! _w's population itself4 ,a p]son does n pres5t z l>ge a t>get to a fall+ meteorite z a h\se or b>n1 b ev5 s1 if !re 7 en\gh p on ! e>?1 x w\ld seem t someone 0 b\nd to be hit soon] or lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,g4 ,w4 ,,sw9del1 ,,jr4 ,,photo ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,,alabama ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,! ,sylacauga1 ,alabama1 /one meteorite & ! ro( 7note circle7 ?r\gh :i* x plung$ & /ruck a p]son4 ,actually1 ! fir/ au!ntic case ( a p]son be+ /ruck by a meteorite did n occur until ,novemb] #cj1 #aied4 ,ev5 !n1 ! hit 0 an indirect "o4 ,at ,sylacauga1 ,alabama1 a meteorite fell ?r\gh ! ro( ( a h\se1 w5t ?r\gh ! ceil+ ( ! liv+ room1 /ruck ! top ( a radio1 &--b\nc+ 9 a #f-;foot arc--hit ! lady ( ! h\se1 :o 0 tak+ a nap on ! c\*4 ,=tunately1 ne>ly all ( ! en]gy ( ! meteorite 0 sp5t by ! "t x /ruck ! woman1 &1 moreov]1 %e 0 cov]$ ) two heavy quilts s t %e 0 n critically injur$4 ,b %e did receive bruises s]i\s en\gh to s5d h] to ! hospital4 ,! in/ances j giv5 %[ t a numb] ( meteorites h /ruck build+s &1 9 "o case1 a cosmic missile has hit a human be+4 ,nev]!less1 su* ev5ts are really q r>e4 ,9 fact1 ma!matical calculations indicate t1 on ! av]age1 we c expect "o meteorite to fall p] t[n%ip 7#cf squ>e miles7 p] #ajjj ye>s4 ,a rate l ?is does n ju/ify ! loss ( any sleep ov] ! possibility t y might "s "t be hit by a fall+ meteorite6 ,,select$ ,,li/ ,,( ,,meteorites ,,t ,,h ,,/ruck ,,& ,,damag$ ,,build+s ,,"n ,,& ,,location ,,type ,,approximate ,,weight ,,ye> ,baxt]1 ,miss\ri /one #faa gm4#d #aiaf ,meteorite p5etrat$ ro( & /ruck a log joi/1 :i* *eck$ ! fall4 ,! /one lodg$ 9 ! attic4 ,b$dgel]t1 ,nor? ,wales /one #gid gm4 #aidi ,meteorite made a clean hole ?r\gh #d ?icknesses ( slate ro(4 ,x !n %att]$ und]ly+ wood1 made t9y d5t 9 bottom edge ( ,h-section iron gird]1 & broke ?r\gh pla/] ceil+ into hotel l\nge bel[4 ,b5ld1 ,ill9ois /one #aggj gm4 #aich ,meteorite p5etrat$ g>age ro(1 top ( c>1 & seat cu%ion4 ,x /ruck & put #a-;in* d5t 9 muffl]1 !n b\nd$ back up & became entangl$ 9 seat cu%ion spr+s4 ,be?lehem1 ,new ,york /one #aa gm4 #ahei ,meteorite /ruck ! side ( wagon h\se1 b\nd$ (f1 hit log ^u gr\nd1 b\nd$ aga91 & roll$ into ! grass4 7,a dog ly+ 9 ! doorway ( ! wagon h\se jump$ up1 ran out & seiz$ ! meteorite1 b dropp$ x "r away1 probably because ( ! w>m? & sulfur\s odor ( ! /one47 ,branau1 ,bohemia iron #ai1jjj gm4 #ahdg ,meteorite p5etrat$ into room :]e #c *ildr5 7 sleep+ & cov]$ !m ) pla/] & debris4 ,!y 7 unh>m$4 ,con/antia1 ,s\? ,africa /one #iii gm4 #aijf ,meteorite p5etrat$ #b ?icknesses ( corrugat$ iron ro(+ & sma%$ ceil+4 ,kasamatsu1 ,japan /one #gba gm4 #aich ,meteorite p5etrat$ ro( ( h\se & /opp$ on floor4 ,x w5t ?r\gh ro( tile1 -in* wood5 ro(-panel1 & lay] ( clay #a in* ?ick betwe5 !m4 ,kilb\rn1 ,wiscons9 /one #ggb gm4 #aiaa ,meteorite w5t ?r\gh #c ?icknesses ( %+les1 a #a-;in* hemlock ro( bo>d1 & a -in* hemlock floor bo>d4 ,x !n glanc$ 9 turn aga9/ ! side ( a mang] & ! /one f\ndation ( ! b>n & f9ally p5etrat$ #b in*es into ! clay floor ( ! b>n4 ,pant>1 ,philipp9e ,is4 /one %[] #aich ,sixte5 /ones 7 recov]$2 ?\s&s 8z big z corn & rice gra9s0 fell on ro(s4 ,sylacauga1 ,alabama /one #chfc gm4 #aied ,meteorite p5etrat$ composition ro( mat]ial1 -in* wood5 deck+1 -in* wood5 ceil+1 & int]ior wallbo>d4 ,x !n hit a radio1 pun*+ a #a-;in* hole 9 plywood top1 & b\nc$ #ij t[>ds ! ea/1 /rik+ woman ly+ on c\*4 #f4 ,,f9d]s ,,fooli%1 ,,f9d]s ,,wise ,p f9d a great _m meteorites t 7 n se5 to fall4 ,mo/ ( ^! l&$ on ! surface ( ! e>? at "s "t 9 ! remote pa/ or happ5$ to fall 9 an orig9ally unpopulat$ portion ( ! l& area ( ! globe4 ,g5]ally1 su* meteorites are discov]$ entirely by accid5t1 al?\gh 9 rec5t ye>s q a few recov]ies ( unwitness$ falls h be5 made by design4 ,?is has be5 ! case dur+ ! sy/ematic surveys ) meteorite detectors conduct$ ar\nd su* recogniz$ meteorite crat] areas z ,canyon ,diablo1 ,arizona2 ,odessa1 ,texas2 & ,wolf ,creek1 ,au/ralia4 ,! diff]5t modes ( discov]y ( meteorites n se5 to fall are int]e/+ 9 !mselves4 ,! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( f9ds has unque/ionably be5 made by f>m]s4 ,! ,plym\?1 ,indiana1 meteorite1 = example1 0 pl[$ up or1 z ! f>m] nurs+ ! rib bruis$ by 8 buck+ pl[ w\ld probably pref] to say1 8pl[$ into40 ,s 7 su* meteorites z ! ,algoma1 ,wiscons92 ! ,bridgewat]1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a2 ! ,c>lton1 ,texas2 & ! ,*e/]field1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 to "n only a few4 ,a f>m] f\nd ! ,k5ton1 ,k5tucky1 iron :ile he 0 clean+ out a spr+4 ,ano!r f>m] 0 remov+ debris f an ab&on$ wat] well 9 an attempt to revive x :5 he discov]$ ! ,ri*l&1 ,texas1 iron4 ,a field dra9age project br\ght ! ,seelsg51 ,pol&1 iron to light4 ,a man plant+ an apple tree ne> 8 h\se dug out ! ,m\nt ,joy1 ,p5nsylvania1 iron1 & a f>m] hoe+ tobacco turn$ up ! ,scottsville1 ,k5tucky1 iron4 ,! second l>ge/ p]c5tage ( f9ds probably has be5 made by m9]s4 ,prospectors & plac] m9]s h mi/ak5 num]\s iron meteorites = lumps ( silv] ore4 ,among ^! are ! ,murfreesboro1 ,t5nessee2 ,lick ,creek1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a2 & ,ill9ois ,gul*1 ,montana1 irons4 ,! ,aggie ,creek1 ,alaska1 iron 0 rais$ by a gold dr$ge4 ,! gold m9]s recogniz$ ?is meteorite z an unusual 8haul0 :5 x ann\nc$ its pres5ce by clang+ l\dly on ! metallic scre5 ( ! dr$ge4 ,m5 at "w on road con/ruction are also to be ?ank$ = *anc+ ^u meteorites ( unwitness$ fall1 = example1 ! irons f\nd by road crews at ,be> ,lodge1 ,wyom+1 & at ,bald ,eagle1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,"s meteorites h be5 8f\nd twice40 ,at ,opava1 ,cze*oslovakia1 ar*eologi/s discov]$ sev5 pieces ( meteoritic iron 9 a buri$ ,/one ,age campsite--! olde/ meteorite collection s f> on record6 ,app>5tly ! paleoli?ic inhabitants ( ! ,opava region _h ga!r$ ! heavy masses toge!r & us$ !m to bol/] ! fireplaces 9 _! rude encampm5t4 ,inve/igators discov]$ ! ,mesav]de1 ,colorado1 iron 9 ! ,sun ,%r9e on ! nor? side ( ! ,pipe ,%r9e ,h\se1 & ! ,casas ,gr&es1 ,mexico1 iron 9 ! middle ( a l>ge room ( ! ,montezuma temple ru9s1 c>efully wrapp$ 9 l95 clo? l a mummy4 ,memb]s ( an e>ly ar*eological survey f\nd ! small ,&]son ,t[n%ip1 ,ohio1 meteoritic specim5s on alt>s 9 m\nds ( ! ,little ,miami ,valley gr\p ( prehi/oric e>?works4 ,"s sci5ti/s believe t ! ,am]ican ,indians transport$ ^! specim5s to ,ohio f ! site ( ! ,br5ham meteorites 9 ,ki[a ,c\nty1 ,kansas4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,lake ,murray1 ,oklahoma1 iron meteorite 9 place1 j z x 0 f\nd4 ,see p4 #hj4 ,o!r modes ( discov]y fall into no patt]n & mu/ be reg>d$ z m]ely curi\s4 ,a f>m] pl[+ 8 field ne> ,pittsburgh1 ,p5nsylvania1 came across a snake4 ,9 look+ = a suitable /one ) :i* to kill x1 he fir/ seiz$ ^u a mass ( iron too heavy to lift4 ,aft] he _h kill$ ! snake ) a h&y rock1 ! f>m]'s att5tion 0 drawn back to ! small b rem>kably heavy mass he _h fir/ tri$ to pick up4 ,he c>t$ x (f to ! city1 :]e ev5tually x 0 recogniz$ z a meteorite4 ,9 ano!r unusual recov]y1 fi%]m5 br\ght ! ,lake ,okee*obee1 ,florida1 /one up f ! wat]s ( ! lake 9 a net--! only su* recov]y record$ 9 ! :ole lit]ature ( meteoritics1 al?\gh ?ree-f\r?s ( all meteorites mu/ necess>ily fall into wat] on our ocean-cov]$ globe4 ,aga91 ! memb]s ( ! ,au/ralasian ,ant>ctic ,exp$ition ( #aiaa-aiad 7 surpris$ to f9d ! ,adelie ,l&1 ,ant>ctica1 /one ly+ on ! sn[ "s #bj miles we/ ( ,cape ,d5ison4 ,because ! true nature ( meteorite f9ds has (t5 be5 unrecogniz$--sometimes = _m ye>s--^! masses h be5 put to "s r l[ly uses4 ,! f9d] ( ! ,rafrti1 ,switz]l&1 iron meteorite us$ x z a footw>m]1 & _m ( ! heavy irons h be5 employ$ z hay/ack1 f5ce1 & b>rel-cov] weights1 or z anvils1 nutcrack]s1 & door/ops4 ,illu/ration3 ,x's a :opp]6 ,see p4 #hj4 ,"s h f>$ bett]1 z did ! #a1cge-p\nd ,la ,caille1 ,france1 meteorite1 :i* ! p ( ! village us$ = two c5turies z a seat 9 front ( _! *ur*4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 h f>$ ev5 worse4 ,blacksmi?s & assay]s h smelt$ up & de/roy$ a numb] ( iron meteorites ei!r 9 ! mak+ ( tools 7l pl[%>es1 axe-heads1 & knife-blades7 or 9 ! que/ = preci\s metals4 ,ne>ly all ( ! iron meteorite t 0 f\nd by ! f>m] ne> ,pittsburgh 0 work$ up by a blacksmi? & lo/ to sci5ce4 ,ev5 ! /one meteorites h occasionally fall5 victims to man's gre$ = gold4 ,m9]s :o believ$ t ! #hj-p\nd ,san ,emigdio1 ,cali=nia1 /ony meteorite 0 gold-be>+ ma%$ x to p[d] 9 an ore-cru%]4 ,on ! contr>y1 p :o1 9 "o way or ano!r1 h become acqua9t$ ) ! *>act]i/ics ( meteorites h br\ght a numb] ( ^! objects to ! att5tion ( sci5ti/s4 ,= example1 "o ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska m5 :o work$ on ! excavation & removal ( ! l>ge ,furnas ,c\nty /one meteorite 7see ,*apt] #b7 became ke5ly int]e/$ at t "t 9 meteorites 9 g5]al1 & took ! tr\ble to le>n z mu* z he c\ld ab\t !m4 ,sev]al ye>s lat]1 aft] he _h become director ( a /ate p>k museum 9 s\!rn ,oklahoma1 a l>ge metallic mass 0 report$ to him4 ,! f9d] ( ?is mass ( metal _h kn[n ( its exi/5ce = "s #bj ye>s1 b _h nev] succe$$ 9 gett+ anyone to exam9e x c>efully4 ,! =m] field work] took "o look at ! object &1 on ! basis ( 8 k ( meteorites1 conclud$ t x probably 0 a huge iron meteorite4 ,he imm$iately call$ ! ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics by long di/ance & 0 able to give su* a weal? ( significant details t a field p>ty left at once = ! site4 ,9 ?is way1 ! ,lake ,murray1 ,oklahoma1 meteorite 0 id5tifi$ & recov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,lake ,murray core m\nt$ on ! meteorite saw :i* cut x 9 half4 ,"o ( ! worn s(t iron saw-blades is held above ! meteorite by ! saw guides4 ,see pp4 #afg1 #afh4 ,! unoxidiz$ c5tral core ( ?is iron weigh$ m ?an #fjj p\nds4 ,be=e excavation ?is core 0 surr\nd$ by a 8%ell0 ( oxidiz$ meteoritic mat]ial sev]al in*es ?ick1 z %[n on page #gg4 ,su* a %ell ( oxide cle>ly indicat$ t ! meteorite _h be5 subject$ to wea!r+ 9 ! gr\nd = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,9 g5]al1 meteorites se5 to fall--possibly because ( ! magnitude & impressiv5ess ( ! light & s\nd effects connect$ ) _! desc5t--h receiv$ respectful treatm5t aft] recov]y4 ,mo/ ( !m h be5 pres5t$ to m5 ( sci5ce = /udy & ev5tual display 9 "s museum collection4 ,ev5 :5 kept by _! f9d]s1 ! specim5s usually h be5 well c>$ =4 ,aft] ! fall ( ! ,fl[s1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 meteorite 9 #ahdi1 ! own] ( ! l& on :i* x came d[n set ! /one 9 a place ( honor on top ( a b>rel fix$ to a po/4 ,on ! po/ he put up ! notice3 8,g5tlem51 sirs--please n to break ?is rock1 :i* fell f ! skies & weighs #ai4e p\nds40 ,?is l&[n] obvi\sly realiz$ t ne>ly ev]yone has ! un=tunate urge to hamm] on /range rocks4 ,( c\rse1 !re h be5 exceptions to ! respectful treatm5t ( meteorites se5 to fall4 ,! f9d] ( "o fragm5t ( ! ,zhovtnevy ,hutor1 ,russia1 fall toss$ x into ! /ove1 & a f>m woman lo/ ano!r by ?r[+ x at an unruly horse4 ,a peasant :o ?\ght meteorites possess$ miracul\s p[]s p[d]$ up a piece ( ! diamond-be>+ ,novo-,urei1 ,russia1 /one & ate x6 ,illu/ration3 ,a poli%$ & et*$ face ( ! ,lake ,murray meteorite4 ,! l5g? ( ! cut is a good #bc in*es4 #g4 ,,l&m>ks1 ,,skym>ks ,,detectors ,! *emi/ c easily obta9 mat]ials = 8 rese>* "w f reliable supply h\ses4 ,! meteoritici/ 7z a sci5ti/ :o /udies meteors & meteorites is kn[n71 is n ?is lucky4 ,he mu/ se>* = ! specim5s he wi%es to inve/igate :]ev] !y may h l&$ on ! wide1 wide e>?4 ,?is 8ne$le-9-a-hay/ack0 problem c\ld r>ely be solv$ if x 7 n = c]ta9 ma!matical & in/rum5tal aids t sw+ ! balance 9 favor ( ! meteorite hunt]4 ,:5 meteorites are se5 to fall1 ^! aids c be br\ght into play only if c]ta9 in=mation is suppli$ by eyewitnesses ( ! falls4 ,= ?is reason1 ev]yone ought to be acqua9t$ ) ! facts ab\t meteorite falls t sci5ti/s w ne$ to "k 9 ord] to make f9ds1 & %\ld und]/& h[ ^! facts mu/ be report$ 9 ord] to be ( maximum use to field p>ties4#e ,! problem ( work+ out ! pa? a fireball has foll[$ 9 ! sky boils d[n to ?is4 ,! inve/igat+ sci5ti/s mu/ be able to fix ! position 9 space ( c]ta9 important po9ts on ! fireball's pa?4 ,?is idea ( fix+ po9ts is n really difficult at all4 ,suppose1 to take an analogy f baseball1 we h base runn]s on fir/ & ?ird4 ,^! two play]s are int5tly wat*+ _! team's clean-up hitt]1 :o is 8cr[d+ ! plate40 ,consequ5tly _! l9es ( sight int]sect at home plate & give a v good 8fix on0 its position1 z navigators say4 ,?is is ! way a fix c be obta9$ 9 two dim5sions2 t is1 ess5tially1 9 ! plane ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,a fix det]m9$ 9 two dim5sions4 ,! l9es ( sight ( ! runn]s on fir/ & ?ird int]sect at x4 ,b4 ,a fix det]m9$ 9 ?ree dim5sions4 ,! l9es ( sight ( ! runn]s on ! fir/ & ?ird int]sect at x4 ,n[1 let u move into ! ?ird dim5sion1 s9ce a fireball's pa? ?r\gh ! atmosph]e lies 9 space1 n 9 ! 8flat0 plane ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,return+ to our baseball diamond1 let u suppose t a helicopt] ) an ent]pris+ photograph] abo>d hov]s ov] ! c5t]field blea*]s s t he c take pictures ( ! record cr[d4 ,:ile ! umpire is du/+ (f home plate1 ! two runn]s on fir/ & ?ird simultane\sly sneak a look to see :at ! helicopt] is do+4 ,_! l9es ( sight n[ int]sect at ! helicopt] & fix its position 9 space4 ,simil>ly1 ! location ( a fireball pa? 9 space is det]m9$ by ! fix+ ( c]ta9 po9ts on ! lum9\s /reak se5 9 ! sky4 ,in/ead ( us+ only two int]sect+ l9es ( sight 7^? ( ! runn]s on fir/ & ?ird 9 our analogy71 sci5ti/s inve/igat+ a meteorite fall try to collect z _m diff]5t l9es ( sight z possible f p 9 ! region above :i* ! fireball /reak$4 ,! m commonly det]m9$ po9ts are ^? ( ! fireball's appe>ance & disappe>ance & ^? :]e 8explosions0 took place4 ,^! po9ts are g5]ally locat$ by use ( ! me?od we h describ$ 9 "s detail above1 ! s-call$ int]sect+-l9es-(-sight me?od4 ,! mo/ important po9t on a fireball pa? is ! po9t ( disappe>ance4 ,! mo/ valuable s+le piece ( in=mation y c supply ab\t a meteorite fall is z accurate an answ] z possible to ! "q3 ,9 :at compass direction 7 y look+ :5 y la/ saw ! fireball8 ,?is "q has (t5 be5 twi/$ ar\nd 9 newspap] & radio acc\nts into ! mean+less "q3 ,9 :at direction 0 ! fireball go+ :5 y saw x8 ,"o p]son _c give ! answ] to ! second "q because f a s+le /ation x is impossible to det]m9e ! true direction ( motion ( an object se5 9 ! sky4 ,"o p]son c report only an app>5t direction ( motion1 :i* is ( little or no value 9 locat+ ! la/ po9t on ! lum9\s pa?1 g5]ally ref]r$ to z ! 8end-po9t40 ,!re=e1 ?\gh y _c by y\rself det]m9e ! actual direction 9 :i* a fireball is mov+1 y c report ! direction 9 :i* y 7 look+ :5 y la/ saw ! fireball1 t is1 due s\?1 s\?we/1 nor!a/1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,o is an obs]v] squ9t+ along ! top ( a p+-pong table4 ,a p+-pong ball rolls along ! top ( ! table f ,b 7beg9n+7 to ,e 7end74 ,to ! obs]v] at ,o1 h[ev]1 ! ball w\ld appe> to />t at ,b & end at ,e if x roll$ along any "o ( ! da%$ l9es lead+ f ,,ob to ,,oe4 ,by means ( a simil> space-figure1 x c be %[n t a s+le obs]v] at ,o _c det]m9e ! true direction ( motion ( a lum9\s object 9 ! sky1 l a meteor4 ,sci5ti/s are eag] to obta9 reliable reports on ! compass direction to ! fireball's po9t ( disappe>ance f z _m widely sep>at$ eyewitnesses z possible4 ,!y !n c plot ! individual l9es ( sight on a good map1 m>k+ exactly :]e ^! l9es int]sect4 ,9 ?is way1 ! inve/igators c make reasonably accurate fixes ( ! position ( ! po9t on ! e>?'s surface t is situat$ directly bel[ ! end-po9t ( ! fireball pa?1 z ?is end-po9t 0 se5 9 ! sky by ea* pair ( eyewitnesses4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! ord9>y compass direction to a fireball's po9t ( disappe>ance1 y may pref]1 z d a/ronom]s1 to use ! azimu?4 ,:at we h be5 call+ a 8compass direction0 is "o t is express$ 9 t]ms ( ! c>d9al po9ts3 nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 we/4 ,an azimu? is a direction /at$ 9 degrees4 ,r\gh azimu?s c be tak5 ) a compass1 b = accurate "w1 a graduat$ circle1 l t on a transit or !odolite1 mu/ be us$4 ,a/ronomical azimu?s beg9 at ! s\? po9t & cont9ue clockwise full circle to #cfj4 ,= example1 ! l9es ( sight 9 ! diagram1 p4 #hg1 c\ld v well h be5 giv5 z a/ronomical azimu?s4 ,&1 9 ! diagram1 p4 #ia1 ! l9e ( sight ,c c\ld h _h ! precise designation #aah & ,c t ( #bbb4 ,e fix s]ves to guide field p>ties to areas t are to be c>efully se>*$ = fall5 meteorites4 ,extra-?or\gh se>*es are made if ! p liv+ 9 a p>ticul> area report$ t !y he>d meteorite fragm5ts hiss+ & :9+ on _! way to e>? or he>d ! ?umps ( _! impacts on ! gr\nd4 ,y w notice t s f> we h be5 treat+ our problem z a two-dim5sional "o4 ,we h be5 work+ ) directions only & h plott$ out direction indicators on a map repres5t+ ! plane ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,n[1 z we did 9 our baseball analogy1 let u move into ! ?ird dim5sion4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram 7n drawn to scale7 %[+ plott$ compass directions to ! la/ visible po9t on a fireball pa?4 7,! po9t d5ot$ by ,l 9 next diagram47 ,black dots repres5t positions ( v>i\s obs]v]s4 ,ea* arr[$ l9e is direct$ t[>d ! la/ visible po9t z x 0 e/imat$ by ! individual obs]v]4 ,! oval area1 :i* includes po9ts ( int]section ( all obs]v$ l9es ( sight tak5 9 pairs1 m>ks out region 9 :i* meteorites h probably fall54 ,if1 9 addition to compass directions to ! obs]v$ endpo9t1 sci5ti/s c also obta9 ! app>5t elevation1 9 degrees1 ( ?is po9t z se5 by ! v>i\s eyewitnesses1 !n ) ! help ( a little trigonometry1 !y c fix ! position 9 space ( ! end-po9t itself r ?an ! position ( its projection on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,?is same proc$ure c be foll[$ 9 fix+ ! space-position ( any well-obs]v$ po9t on ! fireball pa?4 ,x !re=e becomes possible :5 bo? elevations & compass directions are report$ = sev]al po9ts on ! fireball pa? to det]m9e ! flight-pa? or1 z x is te*nically call$1 ! trajectory1 ( ! fall+ meteorite ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,trajectory det]m9ations are ( great sci5tific value4 ,y c e/imate ! compass directions & elevations to ! important po9ts on a meteorite trajectory at ! actual "t ( fall4 ,or y c h ! sci5tific field p>ty make or *eck y\r measurem5t at "s lat] "t by sett+ up a survey+ in/rum5t at ! v po9t f :i* y saw ! fireball4 ,! accuracy ( y\r measurem5ts c be improv$ if y h be5 able to 8l9e up0 ! po9t1 ,l1 at :i* y saw ! fireball disappe>1 ) "s famili> object on ! horizon1 su* z a *ur* /eeple1 a tall tree1 a telephone pole1 or a lightn+ rod on a f>m build+4 ,y w recall t an elev5-ye> old girl provid$ "o ( ! field p>ties f ! ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics ) an excell5t obs]vation ( ! po9t ( disappe>ance ( ! ,norton fireball4 ,%e 0 able to d ?is because %e rememb]$ j :]e x w5t out ( sight beh9d a famili> l&m>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,me?od = locat+ a po9t on a fireball pa?4 7,9 ?is case ! po9t ( disappe>ance1 ,l47 ,o ,fir/ obs]v]4 ,a ,app>5t height ( po9t ( disappe>ance 7#ej74 ,c ,compass direction ( po9t ( disappe>ance 7,n #fb ,w74 ,o ,second obs]v]4 ,a ,app>5t height ( po9t ( disappe>ance 7#de74 ,c ,compass direction ( po9t ( disappe>ance 7,n #db ,e74 ,if ! fall occurs at night1 y c help inve/igators greatly if y are famili> en\gh ) ! bright] />s to use !m z 8skym>ks40 ,y simply note z quickly & %>ply z y c j :]e ! fireball pa? 0 9 ref]5ce to ^? prom95t />s4 ,?is al]t obs]vation ( y\rs w at lea/ be a great aid to inve/igators :o are se>*+ = meteorites t may h fall5 f ! fireball2 &1 moreov]1 !re is no tell+ :at else y\r quick eye might h captur$ = sci5ce4 ,:ile look+ ?r\gh a w9d[1 ,kays]1 ! ,poli% a/ronom]1 saw a fireball appe> at ,rigel & move to ,sirius1 :]e x disappe>$4 ,?is obs]vation ( 8 prov$ to be "o ( ! mo/ accurate & significant ev] made ( ! fall ( a meteorite4 ,= x enabl$ ! ,g]man ma!matician1 ,galle1 to %[ t ! ,pultusk meteorite1 :i* produc$ ! fireball ,kays] saw1 came into ! ,sol> ,sy/em f int]/ell> space6 ,x is v ess5tial to c>efully notice & m>k ! exact spot f :i* y\r obs]vation 0 made s t y c return to x if sci5ti/s wi% to set up survey+ in/rum5ts !re4 ,! map & side view ( ! ,norton ,c\nty1 ,kansas1 meteorite trajectory %[ ! practical results t ! ,in/itute obta9$ by use ( ! int]sect+-l9es-(-sight me?od4 ,! fireball accompany+ ! ,norton meteorite fall appe>$ at ,a4 ,! fir/ 8explosion0 took place at ,e1 ! second at ,e1 & ! fireball disappe>$ at ,l4 ,if m>k]s 7 dropp$ /raight d[n to e>? f ea* po9t along ! trajectory or flight-pa? ( a meteorite ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 ! l9e jo9+ ! po9ts :]e ! m>k]s fell w\ld be ! e>?-trace ( ?is trajectory4 ,! directions ( sight to ^! v>i\s po9ts are indicat$ = p liv+ 9 ! t[ns along & ne> ! e>?-trace ( ! ,norton meteorite fall4 ,! solid-l9e arr[s repres5t ! direction ( ! po9t ( disappe>ance2 ! dott$-l9e arr[s1 ! po9t ( appe>ance2 ! da%-dot arr[s1 ,e2 & ! da%$ arr[s1 ,e4 ,! probable area ( fall is %[n z an oval-%ap$ area1 ! long] axis ( :i* is id5tical ) ! direction ( motion ( ! meteorite4 ,illu/ration3 ,pa? ( ! ,norton meteorite4 ,! _m fragm5ts ( all sizes recov]$ f ! ,norton fall 7 all f\nd )9 ! b\nds ( ?is oval-%ap$ area1 al?\gh unavoidable errors ( obs]vation plac$ ! c5t] ( ! oval ab\t #d miles too f> to ! nor?4 ,9 addition to ! que/ions ab\t direction & elevation1 !re are a few m t inve/igators ( meteorite falls w\ld l to h obs]v]s answ]4 ,at :at "t 7det]m9$ z accurately z possible7 did ! fall occur8 ,k ( ?is "t is necess>y if ! pa? 9 :i* ! meteorite 0 mov+ ab\t ! sun is to be calculat$ by sci5ti/s4 ,did y he> any s\nds1 ei!r :ile y 7 wat*+ ! fireball or aft] x disappe>$8 ,if y he>d su* s\nds z ! :9+ or hiss+ ( meteorite fragm5ts fly+ ?r\gh ! air or ! heavy ?umps ( _! impacts on ! e>?1 !n y 7 v close to :]e ! meteorite came d[n6 ,h[ _m m9utes & seconds 7aga9 det]m9$ z accurately z y c7 pass$ betwe5 ! "t :5 y saw ! fireball vani% & ! in/ant :5 y fir/ he>d s\nds f x8 ,su* s\nd data p]mit r\gh det]m9ation ( ! di/ance f ! obs]v] to ! po9t :]e ! meteorite fell4 ,h[ long did ! s\nds set up by ! meteorite la/1 & 9 :at direction did ^! s\nds seem to die out8 ,if y or y\r neighbors f9d fragm5ts t y suspect are pieces ( ! meteorite1 ^! specim5s %\ld be %[n to ! inve/igat+ field p>ties at once--pref]ably undi/urb$ & 9 ! v places :]e !y fell4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! suspect masses %\ld n be hamm]$ on & brok5 up6 ,ev5 z late z #aieh 9 a c\ntry z sci5ce-consci\s z ,g]many1 a beautiful /ony meteorite1 se5 to fall & spe$ily f\nd by an al]t gr\p ( *ildr5 play+ out ( doors1 0 delib]ately brok5 up into #e pieces 9 ord] t ea* ( ! *ildr5 7ag$ #i ye>s & up7 might take home a 8s\v5ir0 ( ! ev5t4 ,lat]1 ^! pieces _h to be labori\sly reassembl$ by sci5ti/s be=e any idea c\ld be ga9$ ( ! orig9al %ape & surface features ( ! meteorite4 ,ev5 :5 ?or\gh se>*es are made1 n all ! meteorite fragm5ts 9 ! area ( fall may be f\nd = _m mon?s4 ,b if ! p liv+ 9 ! region h be5 al]t$ & are on ! look\t = unusual specim5s or signs ( meteoritic impact 7su* z fre%ly made holes or 8crat]s0 9 ! gr\nd1 %att]$ tree limbs1 & s =?71 ! *ances ( ultimately f9d+ _m or mo/ ( ! fall5 masses are good4 ,z we h already m5tion$1 num]\s fragm5ts ( ! ,norton meteorite 7includ+ "o weigh+ #acj p\nds7 7 f\nd )9 two to ?ree mon?s aft] its fall on ,febru>y #ah1 #aidh4 ,b ! ma9 mass 0 n discov]$ until ! foll[+ ,augu/1 :5 a cat]pill> tractor ne>ly tipp$ ov] into ! l>ge impact funnel t ?is huge /one _h made 9 ! e>?4 ,=tunately1 field se>*]s f ! ,in/itute _h already talk$ to "o ( ! f>m]s us+ ! tractor & _h told him t j su* a 8crat]0 might be f\nd 9 ! v area "u cultivation4 ,consequ5tly1 ! crat] 0 promptly report$4 ,9 surveys conc]n$ ) ! location & recov]y ( meteorites n se5 to fall1 we f9d t sometimes meteorite fragm5ts1 p>ticul>ly ! small] ones1 lie on ! surface ( ! gr\nd or at %all[ dep?4 ,su* fragm5ts 7 probably too light to p5etrate deep into ! gr\nd or1 9 ! ye>s s9ce _! fall1 ! action ( ra91 w9d1 & fro/ has uncov]$ !m4 ,9 su* cases1 a p>ty ( se>*]s g5]ally spreads out 9 ord] to get ov] z mu* gr\nd z possible & ea* memb] ( ! gr\p looks = meteorite specim5s )\t us+ in/rum5tal aids4 ,visual se>*es ( ?is type h be5 v successful1 = example1 ar\nd ! ,canyon ,diablo crat]1 :]e almo/ ! entire pla9 out to sev]al miles f ! rim once 0 spr9kl$ ) l>ge & small fragm5ts ( meteoritic nickel-iron4 ,?is type ( meteorite hunt is ( only limit$ effectiv5ess because ! specim5s 7or at lea/ a "p ( ea* "o7 mu/ be visible to ! se>*]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,collect+ small surface specim5s ( meteorites ) portable detect+ devices3 a p[]ful alnico magnet m\nt$ on a light wood5 sl$1 & a horse%oe magnet at ! end ( a cane4 ,see p4 #ih4 ,to increase recov]ies1 se>*]s h employ$1 9 addition to _! eyes1 v>i\s types ( p]man5t magnets1 ei!r m\nt$ on ! end ( a cane & us$ to probe ! upp] few in*es ( loose soil1 or dragg$ beh9d ! se>*] on a small1 light sl$4 ,meteorite hunt]s h also us$ m p[]ful portable electromagnets to collect l>ge am\nts ( meteoritic mat]ial 7bo? solid iron & iron-%ale7 n only f ! surface b also f %all[ dep?s4 ,ev5 ! be/ ( ^! simple magnetic devices1 h[ev]1 are useless 9 ! detection ( really deeply buri$ meteoritic mat]ial4 ,meteorites d n m]ely fall ^u ! e>? 7z mo/ a/ronomical textbooks /ill insi/71 b usually p5etrate into x--(t5 q deeply4 ,9 fact1 "o ( our ma!matical inve/igations %[$ t p]haps #ajj1jjj times z mu* meteoritic nickel-iron is conc5trat$ bel[ maximum pl[-dep? 7approximately "o foot7 z lies above t dep?4 ,cle>ly1 "s =m ( in/rum5t capable ( detect+ deeply buri$ meteorites ne$$ to be devis$ if ?is weal? ( buri$ mat]ial 0 n to be lo/ to sci5ce4 ,?is ne$ 0 answ]$ by ! developm5t ( special meteorite detectors4 ,al?\gh meteorite detectors work+ on sev]al diff]5t pr9ciples h be5 con/ruct$1 we %all limit att5tion "h to ! simple/ & mo/ field-wor?y design4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciple on :i* x op]ates is "o famili> to any ,boy or ,girl ,sc\t :o has us$ a magnetic compass4 ,! fir/ lesson ,sc\tma/]s tea* is n to read compass directions f su* an in/rum5t :5 x is held ne> a mass ( iron ( consid]able size1 su* z an automobile4 ,su* a l>ge iron mass alt]s or di/orts ! local magnetic field ( ! e>? on :i* ! direction-f9d+ ability ( ! ord9>y compass dep5ds4 ,x is ?is v *>act]i/ic1 s bo!rsome to ! us] ( a compass1 t is ! pr9ciple on :i* meteorite detectors "w4 ,= if an electrically driv5 meteorite detector capable ( g5]at+ its own magnetic field is c>ri$ ov] a deeply buri$ iron meteorite1 ! in/rum5t's magnetic field w be di/ort$ by ! pres5ce ( ! metal mass1 j z ! local magnetic field ( ! e>? 0 di/ort$ by ! metal ( ! automobile4 ,illu/ration3 ,a #adf-p\nd iron1 f\nd by ?is girl )\t ! use ( in/rum5ts al?\gh only a small corn] ( ! meteorite 0 visible above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,a comm]cially built meteorite detector 9 op]ation4 ,! op]ator ( su* a meteorite detector we>s e>phones & wat*es a signal ne$le 9 pla9 sight on ! top panel ( ! detector4 ,s9ce ! phone & signal-ne$le circuits ( ! meteorite detector are 9 balance only :5 ! magnetic field g5]at$ by ! detector is undi/ort$1 ! di/urb+ pres5ce ( a deeply buri$ meteorite is at once reveal$ by a %rill note s\nd+ 9 ! e>phones & simultane\s motion ( ! signal ne$le4 ,if1 z 9 all buri$ treasure /ories1 we use 8,x0 to /& = ! spot :]e ! signals f ! detector are /ronge/1 !n ! meteorite-hunt] has only to dig deep en\gh at 8,x0 to recov] ! cele/ial treasure-trove he is aft]4 #h4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,meteors ,9 answ] to an exam "q1 a fre%man a/ronomy /ud5t wrote3 ,a meteor is ! fla% ( light ,made by a fall+ meteorite ,z x ru%es ?r\gh ! air 9 flight-- ,i hope to go% ?is answ]'s "r6 ,dogg]el or n1 ! /ud5t's def9ition correctly /at$ ! true di/9ction betwe5 ! two t]ms1 & ! tea*] m>k$ 8 (f-beat answ] correct4 ,def9$ 9 m sci5tific t]ms1 a meteor is ! /reak ( light 7usually ( brief duration7 t accompanies ! flight ( a p>ticle ( matt] f out] space ?r\gh our atmosph]e4 ,?is p>ticle may be z small z a t9y du/ gra9 or z l>ge z "o ( ! m9or planets :i* are call$ a/]oids4 ,=tunately = ! inhabitants ( ! e>?1 mo/ ( ! meteor-=m+ masses enc\nt]$ by our globe are ( ! 8small-fry0 v>iety6 ,z ! rapidly mov+ p>ticle plunges e>?w>d ?r\gh d5s] & d5s] lay]s ( atmosph]e1 ! air molecules (f] ev]-increas+ resi/ance to its passage4 ,?is resi/ance heats up ! meteorite body until x gl[s4 ,te*nically speak+1 x becomes inc&esc5t4 ,! meteor is ?is inc&esc5ce4 ,we see x z a d>t+ po9t4 ,or z a ball ( :ite1 orange1 blui%1 or r$di% light4 ,b ! mat]ial object t produc$ ?is light is ! meteorite4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two t]ms--meteor & meteorite--we mu/ emphasize aga9 & aga9 because p cont9ue to use !m incorrectly1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 !y keep say+ 8meteor crat]0 in/ead ( 8meteorite crat]40 ,! majority ( ! meteors we obs]ve repres5t ! heat-induc$ 8evaporation0 ( exce$+ly small fragm5ts ( cosmic matt]4 ,! smalle/ meteor-=m+ bodies rea* ! surface ( ! e>? only z ! f9e/ ( du/ p>ticles or z microscopic droplets ( solidifi$ meteorite melt4 ,^! residues desc5d sl[ly ?r\gh ! atmosph]e & may be c>ri$ = great di/ances4 ,aft]w>ds1 !y may be f\nd scatt]$ s widely & uni=mly on ! gr\nd t _! pres5ce 9 any giv5 locality _c be acc\nt$ = by ! fall ( any specific meteorite4 ,?is is a fact t1 = example1 "o s*ool ( mod]n ,russian meteoritici/s ov]look$ :5 !y 7 deal+ ) t9y granules ( meteoritic du/ t _h be5 rec5tly f\nd at ,podkam5naya ,tunguska4 ,^! sci5ti/s tri$ to id5tify ! t9y granules ) ! meteorite t _h fall5 !re1 ,june #cj1 #aijh4 ,b ! memb]s ( ! late/ 7#aieh7 ,russian exp$ition to t region ab\t ! impact po9t ( #aijh cle>ly recognize ! widespread "* ( meteoritic du/4 ,s !y reject ! !ory t su* du/ f\nd 9 ! ,podkam5naya ,tunguska area is specifically connect$ ) ! meteorite t fell !re a half c5tury ago4 ,if sizable *unks ( meteoritic mat]ial ent] ! atmosph]e1 !y may produce exceptionally l>ge & brilliant meteors4 ,a spectacul> meteor is g5]ally kn[n z a 8fireball0 if x is z bright z ,v5us or ,jupit]4 ,x receives ! ,fr5* t]m bolide if1 9 addition to %[+ great brilliance1 its flight is accompani$ by detonations l ! al>m+ s\nds he>d at ! "t ( ! ,ussuri & ,norton meteorite falls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,new ,,mexico ,,press ,a bright ,giacob9id meteor1 photograph$ f a ,b-#bi dur+ ! %[] ( ,octob] #i1 #aidf4 ,see p4 #aae4 ,! t]m 8%oot+ />10 :i* is (t5 appli$ to meteors1 9 newspap]s & magaz9e articles1 is a misnom]4 ,a meteor is n a di/ant sun 7t is1 a />7 9 rapid motion1 = ! :ole pa? ( ! meteor lies close at h& )9 a re/rict$ zone ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,! ^w 8meteor0 comes f ! ,greek ^w metera1 :i* once appli$ to any natural occurr5ce 9 ! atmosph]e--= example1 ra9b[s1 halos1 auroras1 & s =?4 ,n[adays1 ! ^w 8meteor0 is us$ 9 a mu* m specializ$ s5se ?an x 0 by ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,we h a specializ$ ^w1 meteoritics1 = ! /udy ( meteors & meteorites4 ,no "o %\ld confuse meteoritics ) meteorology1 :i* is ! sci5ce ( ?+s o!r ?an meteors & meteorites1 9 ! atmosph]e--= example1 cl\ds1 /orms1 air curr5ts4 ,! region 9 :i* meteoric ph5om5a take place 0 long ! subject ( controv]sy4 ,"s p]sons felt t meteors 7 ne>by1 l lightn+4 ,o!rs said t !y mov$ at ! di/ances ( ! remote fix$ />s4 ,?is controv]sy on ! :]eab\ts ( meteors became heat$1 al?\gh x c\ld h be5 settl$ quickly by a simple exp]im5t y c try out = y\rself4 ,hold a p5cil aga9/ ! tip ( y\r nose & look at x fir/ ) y\r "r eye clos$ & !n ) y\r left eye clos$4 ,repeat ?is exp]im5t ) ! p5cil held at arm's l5g?4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! p5cil w seem to %ift position v greatly2 9 ! second1 al?\gh ! same base l9e 7! di/ance betwe5 y\r eyes7 is us$1 ! p5cil w seem to %ift position only slightly4 ,su* an app>5t %ift 9 position is call$ a p>allactic displacem5t1 or1 simply1 p>allax4 ,! notion ( p>allax is ( ! greate/ importance 9 mo/ bran*es ( a/ronomy1 & x leads 7) prop] in/rum5ts & a little ma!matics7 to exact det]m9ations ( ! di/ances ( remote objects4 ,= our purpose1 we ne$ n g into all ! int]e/+ b complicat$ details4 ,our exp]im5t ) ! p5cil %[s t if a meteor 0 close by1 l a bl9d+ bolt ( lightn+1 !n1 z se5 by a pair ( obs]v]s sep>at$ by only a few blocks1 ! meteor w\ld %[ a l>ge p>allax4 ,b if ?is meteor 0 z f> away z ! />s1 x w\ld %[ no p>allax at all1 no matt] h[ widely ! pair ( obs]v]s 7 sep>at$ on ! e>?4 ,!re 7 _m clev] sci5ti/s among ! ,greeks1 & x is q possible t a pair ( !m actually tri$ out ?is simple p>allax exp]im5t on ! meteors & s 7 able to prove t ^! beautiful light effects occurr$ 9 ! high b n too di/ant lay]s ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! e>lie/ calculations ( meteor heights t are s f> kn[n1 h[ev]1 7 made 9 ,bologna1 ,italy1 9 #agai & #agde--long aft] ! heyday ( ,greek sci5ce4 ,! meteor heights f\nd by ! ,italians 7 q l[ 9 ! atmosph]e1 probably = two reasons4 ,fir/1 ! visual 7unaid$-eye7 obs]vations !y _h to use 7 made by eyewitnesses /ation$ s close toge!r t accurate fixes 7 impossible4 ,secondly1 ^! visual obs]vations mu/ h relat$ only to ! v brighte/ & !re=e l[e/ portions ( ! lum9\s pa?s ( ! meteors ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,9 #agih1 two ,g]man /ud5ts op]at+ f c>efully *os5 & widely sep>at$ /ations began ! sy/ematic obs]vation ( meteors = p>allax4 ,!y f\nd t ! height ( appe>ance ( mo/ meteors lay betwe5 #dh & #fj miles above ! e>?'s surface4 ,x is n[ kn[n t mo/ meteors1 z obs]v$ ) ! nak$ eye1 appe> at ab\t #gj miles & disappe> at ab\t #ej miles above ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,^! figures1 obta9$ f visual "w1 /ill /& 9 spite ( ! developm5t ( su* mod]n te*niques z photographic & rad> record+ ( meteor pa?s4 ,r>ely1 meteors may appe> at heights ( #aej or m miles & fireballs may p5etrate to )9 a few miles ( ! e>?4 ,! av]age meteors1 h[ev]1 appe> & disappe> )9 a well-def9$1 high-altitude zone 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,=tunately1 ?is atmosph]ic zone s]ves u z an effective %ield aga9/ ! con/ant bomb>dm5t ( ! small] & mu* m num]\s p>ticles f out] space4 ,9 e>li] times1 sci5ti/s ?\ght t ! p>ticles becom+ visible z meteors mu/ be t9y d5se masses ( iron or /one l ! mat]ial compos+ ! recov]$ meteorites4 ,mo/ mod]n inve/igators1 h[ev]1 believe t ! typical meteor-=m+ p>ticles may be small loosely b\nd-toge!r 8du/-balls02 t is1 fluffy clu/]s ( matt] held toge!r by froz5 cosmic vapors1 g5]ally ref]r$ to simply z 8ices40 ,9 any ev5t1 ^! masses are usually v small1 rang+ p]haps f ! size ( a p9head to t ( a m>ble4 ,because we _c collect ! t9y masses t are se5 only z meteors1 x is impossible to det]m9e _! composition by ord9>y laboratory me?ods4 ,! be/ we c d is to obs]ve & record c>efully ! light ^! masses give (f :5 !y become inc&esc5t 9 _! plunge ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,we c exam9e ?is meteor light by us+ ! spectroscope & spectrograph4 ,?r\gh ^! specially design$ in/rum5ts we c make ! meteor light reveal ! *emical elem5ts pres5t 9 ! inc&esc5t masses4 ,ea* su* elem5t s5ds out light rays z *>act]i/ic ( its nature z f+]pr9ts are ( ! individual :o made !m4 ,photographs tak5 ( ^! *>act]i/ic light rays are call$ spectrograms1 & :at might be t]m$ ! 8f+]pr9ts ( light0 record$ on ^! spectrograms are kn[n z spectra--:i* is ! plural ( ! ^w spectrum4 ,if ! s\rce ( light is a meteor1 ! photograph %[s a meteor spectrum4 ,f a /udy ( a consid]able numb] ( good quality meteor spectra1 sci5ti/s h f\nd t ! pr9cipal elem5ts 9 ! masses responsible = meteors are iron1 calcium1 manganese1 magnesium1 *romium1 silicon1 nickel1 alum9um1 & sodium4 ,z we h already not$1 ! resi/ance enc\nt]$ by meteor-=m+ p>ticles z !y da% ?r\gh our atmosph]e is s great t !y become inc&esc5t & vaporize4 ,^! small bodies mu/ !re=e be 9 v rapid motion4 ,be=e we attempt to f9d out ! nature ( ! pa?s 9 space foll[$ by meteorites1 we mu/ take into acc\nt ! fact t ^! bodies are obs]v$ f a /ation--! e>?--:i* is itself 9 rapid motion4 ,y may h notic$ t on a /ill day1 :5 ra9 drops fall v]tically d[nw>d1 ! /reaks !y leave on ! w9d[s ( a swiftly mov+ c> are n v]tical b almo/ horizontal4 ,obvi\sly1 x w\ld be wrong to say ! ra9 drops are fall+ f left to "r or f "r to left :5 !y are actually fall+ almo/ /raight d[n1 & x is only ! =w>d motion ( ! c> t makes !m leave horizontal /reaks4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram %[+ meteorite mov+ along a 8clos$0 7elliptic7 orbit1 e1 :i* int]sects ! e>?'s orbit1 ,e4 ,held by ! gravitational attraction ( ! sun1 ! meteorite is a p]man5t memb] ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,simil>ly1 nei!r ! app>5t spe$ nor ! app>5t direction ( motion ( a meteorite ) respect to ! mov+ e>? is significant4 ,! important factor is ! meteorite's velocity ) respect to ! sun at ! "t ! meteorite is pick$ up by ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram %[+ meteorite mov+ across ! e>?'s orbit1 ,e1 along an 8op50 7hyp]bolic7 orbit1 h4 ,! meteorite is travel+ at su* high velocity t x w pass "r ?r\gh ! ,sol> ,sy/em & back out into space unless x %\ld *ance to collide ) ! e>? or ano!r planet4 ,! sun1 h[ev]1 9 any case is able to *ange mat]ially ! direction ( motion ( ! transi5t visitor to our ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,?is factor enables u to det]m9e 9 :i* ( two possible k9ds ( pa? ! meteorite 0 mov+ be=e x 0 8field$10 z we might say 9 baseball1 by ! e>?4 ,?is factor tells u :e!r ! meteorite 0 mov+ ab\t ! sun 9 a relatively %ort1 clos$1 oval-%ap$ pa? or1 in/ead1 0 foll[+ an indef9itely long1 op5 pa? :i* began 9 ! dep?s ( space & w\ld h return$ !re if ! collision ) ! e>? _h n prev5t$4 ,ei!r type ( pa? is te*nically call$ an orbit4 ,! clos$ orbits are :at ! ma!maticians t]m ellipses2 ! op5 orbits1 hyp]bolas4 ,to sci5ti/s1 ! nature ( ! orbits foll[$ by meteorites is mo/ important1 especially 9 ef=ts to det]m9e ! mode & place ( orig9 ( ^! bodies4 ,to rocket eng9e]s & a/ronauts1 x also matt]s a good deal :e!r ! meteorites enc\nt]$ on flights ?r\gh space are travel+ s$ately along clos$ orbits ab\t ! sun or are zipp+ swiftly along op5 orbits4 ,! great] ! spe$ ( ^! cosmic 8hot-rods10 ! m dang]\s !y are to space travel]s4 ,= example1 a m]e gra9 ( nickel-iron mov+ at #dj miles p] second is q z le?al z a 4#ej-;calib] ma*9e-gun slug1 :i*1 relatively speak+1 is travel+ at only a snail's pace4 ,z our e>? moves along its orbit ab\t ! sun1 meteoritic bodies c run into x f any direction4 ,! direction f :i* !y d approa* /rongly influ5ces ! spe$ ( ^! bodies z !y plunge ?r\gh ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,a meteorite mov+ sl[ly ab\t ! sun 9 ! same direction z ! e>? & *anc+ to cat* up ) our globe m or less f beh9d w h an obs]v$ spe$ ( only a few miles a second4 ,= example1 ! spe$ calculat$ f ,h>v>d meteor-photographs ( "o su* n-too-spectacul> 8re>-end0 collision am\nt$ to no m ?an #g4c miles p] second1 j ab\t ! spe$ a rocket mu/ acquire to escape f ! apron /r+s ( ,"m ,e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,meteor %[]4 ,e>? & p>ticle-sw>m pass+ ?r\gh ! int]section ( _! orbits at ne>ly ! same mom5t4 ,9 contra/ to su* a 8re>-end0 collision1 ! spe$ obs]v$ w\ld be f> great] if ! meteorite happ5$ to collide exactly 8head-on0 ) ! e>?4 ,=1 9 ?is case1 ! orbital spe$ ( our planet w\ld be add$ to t ( ! meteorite ab\t ! sun4 ,z an example1 suppose t at ! e>?'s av]age di/ance f ! c5t] ( our ,sol> ,sy/em1 ! spe$ ( a meteorite ) respect to ! sun 7 #cb4bc miles p] second4 7,?is spe$ 0 actually f\nd = ! mass t produc$ "o ( ! fir/ meteors photograph$ simultane\sly by ! ,h>v>d /ations at ,cambridge & ,oak ,ridge1 ,massa*usetts47 ,!n if su* a meteorite ran 8head-on0 into ! e>?1 ! spe$ obs]v$ = x 9 ! atmosph]e w\ld be ov] #ea miles p] second4 ,& ma!matics w\ld %[ t ! orbit ( ?is meteorite ) respect to ! sun 0 a wide op5 hyp]bola4 ,if ! orbit ( ! e>? & ! orbit ( a sw>m ( p>ticles ( cosmic matt] int]sect1 & if ! e>? & ! sw>m pass ?r\gh ?is int]section 9 space at ne>ly ! same mom5t1 multitudes ( meteors appe>4 ,we !n say t a meteor %[] takes place4 ,! position ( ! po9t at :i* ! p>ticle-sw>m crosses ! e>?'s orbit ab\t ! sun fixes ! date ( ! meteor %[]4 ,because ! p>ticles t make a meteor %[] are mov+ ?r\gh space along p>allel pa?s z !y come into ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 ! meteors all seem to %oot out f a s+le small area 9 ! sky4 ,y may h se5 some?+ l ?is 9 ! case ( ! sunrise or sunset effect kn[n z 8! sun draw+ wat]40 ,9 ?is m famili> ph5om5on1 ! sun's disk is ! area f :i* %afts ( sunlight radiate out 9 a beautiful1 if some:at irregul>1 fan-l patt]n4 ,! area f :i* ! meteors ( a giv5 %[] seem to come is ! radiant ( t %[]4 ,meteor %[]s are nam$ = ! con/ellation 9 :i* _! radiant lies4 ,! suffix 8-id0 7,greek = 8daught]s (071 or "s modification ( ?is suffix1 is add$ to ! "n ( ! con/ellation f :i* ! meteors seem to radiate4 ,! ,orionid radiant1 = example1 is 9 ,orion1 ! ,hunt]2 ! ,leonid radiant is 9 ,leo1 ! ,lion2 & ! ,lyrid radiant is 9 ,lyra1 ! ,h>p4 ,exceptions to ?is rule d occur1 h[ev]4 ,a/ronom]s may ref] to a %[] sometimes appe>+ on ! night ( ,octob] #i z ! 8,giacob9id0 %[] 9 honor ( ! comet ,giacob9i-,z9n]1 :i* is associat$ ) ?is p>ticle-sw>m4 ,illu/ration3 ,radiant ( a meteor %[]4 ,g5]ally n a po9t b a small area1 "h int5tionally exagg]at$ 9 size4 ,solid arr[s repres5t plott$ pa?s ( obs]v$ meteors4 ,by ext5d+ ^! pa?s backw>ds1 obs]v] c det]m9e ! radiant4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ea* ye>1 ! e>? passes ?r\gh a numb] ( p>ticle-sw>ms ( v>y+ d5sities4 ,"s ( ! result+ meteor %[]s1 l ! ,leonids & ,giacob9ids1 are v feeble 9 mo/ ye>s1 b sometimes produce spectacul> displays4 ,! m important recogniz$ meteor %[]s are3 ,,"n ,,( ,,%[] ,,date ,,( ,,maximum ,quadrantids ,janu>y #a-c ,lyrids ,april #ba ,eta-,aqu>ids ,may #d-f ,p]seids ,augu/ #aj-ad ,giacob9ids 7,nu-,draconids7 ,octob] #i ,orionids ,octob] #bj-bc ,leonids ,novemb] #af-ag ,gem9ids ,decemb] #ab-ac ,c]ta9 daytime /reams are also kn[n to be active dur+ ,june & ,july4 ,^! daytime %[]s are1 ( c\rse1 invisible 9 ! gl>e ( sunlight1 b !y c be pick$ up by rad> devices l ^? us$ 9 ,_w ,w> ,,ii to spot enemy airplanes4 ,"s meteor %[]s h be5 spl5did en\gh to make a place = !mselves 9 ! hi/orical record4 ,examples are ! ,leonid returns ( #ahcc & #ahff1 & ! ,giacob9id %[]s ( #aicc & #aidf4 ,dur+ ^! displays1 meteors fell 9 a v]itable fi]y sn[/orm1 sev]al hundr$ meteors sometimes appe>+ )9 a m9ute4 ,n e annual return ( a meteor %[] is spectacul>1 h[ev]1 s9ce conditions may n be favorable ea* ye> = a brilliant display4 ,aft] all1 bo? p>ties to a traffic collision at an int]section mu/ try to pass ?r\gh ! int]section at ! same "t4 ,our e>?1 l a well-manag$ tra91 always goes ?r\gh ! int]section on s*$ule1 b ! p>ticles responsible = meteor %[]s are mu* m erratic4 ,!y may be e>ly or late--or !y may n %[ up at all4 ,( ! meteor %[]s se5 annually1 ! ,p]seids are ! mo/ dep5dable4 ,! ,leonids put on _! be/ %[s at int]vals ( #cc ye>s 7#agii-ahjj1 #ahcb-cc1 #ahff1 etc474 ,! ,giacob9ids at int]vals ( #f ye>s 7#aicc1 /rong2 #aici-dj1 poor2 #aidf1 magnific5t74 ,if y plan to obs]ve a meteor %[]1 "h are "s sugge/ions4 ,y w ne$3 ,acqua9tance ) ! />s1 bo? fa9t & bright1 9 ! region conta9+ ! radiant ( ! %[]4 ,com=table recl9+ lawn-*air4 ,w>m clo?+ 7includ+ blankets7 = w9t] %[]s or summ] ones at high elevations4 ,a pati5t family t w n only approve ( y\r obs]v+ b w help y get up to wat* aft] midnight1 :5 mo/ %[]s are at _! be/4 ,a corn] ( y\r back y>d 7or sun ro(7 :]e y c %ade y\r eyes f /reet lights & o!r illum9ation4 ,timepiece1 pref]ably ) radiant dial4 ,sit back & wat* ,nature put on h] %[4 ,any records y make may h "s sci5tific value ev5 if y note only ^! two ?+s3 ,h\rly numb] ( meteors se54 ,condition ( ! sky 7cle>1 hazy1 cl\dy1 etc47 dur+ ea* h\r ( y\r wat*4#f ,at pres5t1 we "k ( only "o in/ance 9 :i* x seems probable t a meteorite came to e>? dur+ a meteor %[]4 ,! ,mazapil1 ,mexico1 iron meteorite fell at #i3jj p4m4 on ,novemb] #bg1 #ahhe1 dur+ a return ( ! n[ v weak ,bielid meteor %[]4 ,sci5ti/s /ill _c decide :e!r or n a m]e co9cid5ce 0 involv$ 9 ?is case4 ,z we h already m5tion$1 mo/ ( ! cosmic p>ticles ru%+ into our atmosph]e evaporate & d n rea* ! e>? at all except z ! t9y congeal$ droplets & sph]ules ( _! own melt4 ,"s cosmic p>ticles1 ! micro-meteorites1 are s t9y t !y 8/all0 r ?an fall d[n4 ,^! m9ute objects d n melt or dis9tegrate & s pres]ve _! orig9al cosmic =m un*ang$4 ,sci5ti/s h develop$ v>i\s me?ods = ! collection ( bo? ( ^! types ( mat]ial 9 ord] t at lea/ r\gh e/imates ( _! rate ( accumulation on ! e>? c be made4 ,"o ( ! simple/ me?ods ( collect+ ?is s-call$ 8meteoritic du/0 is to expose a /icky glyc]9e-coat$ glass microscope slide = at lea/ a #bd-;h\r p]iod 9 a protect$ spot well away f locations :]e any indu/rial contam9ation is 9 ! air4 ,at ! end ( ! p]iod ( exposure1 ! 8cat*0 on ! slide is exam9$ microscopically1 & ! individual trapp$ p>ticles are c\nt$ & classifi$4 ,meteoritic du/ is also c>ri$ d[n to ! gr\nd by ra91 sn[1 & hail & c !re=e be obta9$ by filt]+ ra9wat] or melt$ glaci]-ice1 sn[1 & hail4 ,su* collection ef=ts h be5 plagu$ by ! difficulty ( id5tify+ ! p>ticles4 ,h[ c a collector be sure t ! du/ he has trapp$1 ev5 ?\gh magnetic & possibly ev5 9 "p metallic1 does n come f "s smelt] or o!r indu/rial plant8 ,because ( su* unc]ta9ties1 ! curr5t e/imates ( ! annual deposit ( meteoritic du/ = ! _w range f approximately #bj tons to sev]al million tons4 ,we ne$ improv$ collection & id5tification te*niques if we are to obta9 tru/wor?y figures4 ,rec5t analyses ( ra9fall records indicate t ! infall ( meteoritic du/ produces at lea/ "o int]e/+ wea!r-effect4 ,^! analyses %[ t ra9fall peaks (t5 occur "s #cj days aft] ! appe>ance ( important meteor %[]s4 ,app>5tly1 z meteoritic du/ p>ticles f ! meteor %[]s filt] d[n ?r\gh ! cl\d sy/ems 9 ! l[] lay]s ( ! atmosph]e1 ! individual p>ticles s]ve z c5t]s ab\t :i* atmosph]ic moi/ure cond5ses to =m ra9drops4 ,! "t lag ( approximately a mon? is consid]$ to be due to ! v sl[ rate ( fall ( su* t9y p>ticles4 ,x looks v mu* z if ,"m ,nature _h beat5 man to ! idea ( 8se$+0 ! cl\ds to produce ra9fall6 #i4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,meteorites ,s f> 9 ?is book we h dealt ) meteorites indirectly1 *iefly 9 connection ) _! fall1 di/ribution1 & recov]y4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 h[ev]1 we are %ift+ our att5tion to ! meteorites !mselves1 & w tell :at ! ma9 types ( meteorites are1 :at meteorites are made (1 :at !y look l1 & h[ to tell !m f ord9>y rocks4 ,fir/ ( all1 meteorites nei!r all look alike nor h ! same composition4 ,! g5]al t]m 8meteorite0 applies to any mass t rea*es ! e>? f space4 ,su* masses are made up ( metals & m9]als 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,! t]m 8meteorite0 is ne>ly z g5]al 9 mean+ z ! ^w 8rock10 :i* geologi/s apply to bodies1 l>ge & small1 t are =m$ by e>? processes & are compos$ ( v>i\s k9ds ( m9]als4 ,actually1 !re are almo/ z _m diff]5t k9ds ( meteorites z !re are k9ds ( rocks2 s y c see t 9 meteorites a wide range ( composition & appe>ance is possible4 ,all recogniz$ meteorites belong to "o ( ?ree ma9 divisions1#g irons1 /ones1 & /ony-irons4 ,! irons are compos$ ( an alloy ( iron & nickel :i* may conta9 small inclusions ( nonmetallic m9]als4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]nal /ructure reveal$ :5 ! 8et*+0 process is appli$ to t type ( meteorite kn[n z a 8granul> hexah$rite40 ,see p4 #abj4 ,aft] a cut section ( an iron meteorite has be5 poli%$1 ! flat surface1 except = possible inclusions1 is mirror-l & resembles /a9less /eel4 ,x appe>s to be rem>kably uni=m & un9t]e/+1 b ?is appe>ance is mislead+4 ,a *>act]i/ic & beautiful /ructural patt]n develops :5 su* a poli%$ nickel-iron surface is treat$ )1 = example1 a special mixture ( nitric acid1 alcohol1 & ,arabol glue4 ,?is process ( treatm5t is kn[n z 8et*+40 ,! diff]5t /ructural patt]ns br\ght out by su* et*+ give u ! basis = classify+ ! iron meteorites4 ,if ! et*+ process reveals c]ta9 features f :i* we c inf] a cubic1 or #f-;fac$1 cry/all9e /ructure1 we classify ! iron meteorite z a hexah$rite4 ,if et*+ produces a c]ta9 special patt]n f :i* we c inf] an #h-;fac$1 or octah$ral1 cry/all9e /ructure1 we recognize ! second subdivision ( iron meteorites3 ! octah$rites4 ,?is rem>kable patt]n 0 discov]$ & fir/ describ$ by ,alois von ,widman/tt51 ( ,vi5na1 9 #ahjh4 ,! ?ird subdivision ( iron meteorites consi/s ( ! 8/ructureless0 ataxites4 7,f ! ,greek = 8)\t arrangem5t407 ,on an ataxite1 et*+ br+s out only a f9ely granul> patt]n ) a /ippl$ appe>ance4 ,! /ones are compos$ *iefly ( m9]als t are comb9ations ( v>i\s elem5ts ) silicon & oxyg5--= example1 oliv9e 7,mg1 ,fe7,si,o4 ,meteorites belong+ to ?is division also conta9 comb9ations ( elem5ts ) oxyg5--su* z magnesium oxide 7,mg,o7 & alum9um oxide 7,al,o74 ,usually1 ! /ony gr\ndmass conta9s scatt]$ specks1 gra9s1 & ?9 ve9s ( ! same %9y nickel-iron alloy t makes up ! iron meteorites almo/ 9 _! entirety4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,,brez9a ,e4 ,,coh5 ,,photo ,widman/tt5 patt]n :i* em]ges :5 ! c>efully poli%$ surface ( t type ( iron meteorite te*nically kn[n z a 8f9e octah$rite0 is 8et*$40 ,! /ony-irons1 z ! "n indicates1 are an 89-betwe50 division4 ,"s ( ! /ony-irons1 call$ pallasites1 are sponge-l b rigid networks ( nickel-iron alloy 9 :i* ! smoo?ly r\nd$ op5+s 9 ! sponge enclose small gemlike masses ( oliv9e4 ,a cut & poli%$ section ( a pallasite %[+ r\nd & oval gems ( yell[-gre5 oliv9e set 9 a silv]y me% ( nickel-iron is a beautiful museum specim5 inde$6 ,9 ! silicate-sid]ites1 ano!r type ( /ony-iron1 a nickel-iron matrix is /udd$ ) angul> fragm5ts1 %r$s1 & spl9t]s ( silicate m9]als ( all sizes4 ,9 ! photograph1 we c see t ea* ( ! v>i\s areas ( ! nickel-iron matrix 7light] 9 color7 exhibits its own di/9ct cry/allographic ori5tation1 z is cle>ly indicat$ by ! diff]5t ,widman/tt5 patt]ns4 ,ev5 a ha/y comp>ison ( poli%$ sections ( silicate-sid]ites & pallasites w leave no d\bt t two q di/9ct modes ( =mation 7 requir$ to produce /ony-irons ( su* diff]5t types4 ,meteoritic nickel-iron has ! foll[+ av]age *emical composition4 ,to ! ne>e/ t5?1 ?is alloy conta9s3 ,iron 7,fe71 #ij4i2 nickel 7,ni71 #h4e2 cobalt 7,co71 #j4f4 ,?is alloy gave sci5ti/s ! key to ! developm5t ( comm]cial /a9less /eels4 ,x may also conta9 small am\nts ( phosphor\s1 sulfur1 copp]1 *romium1 & c>bon4 ,! av]age *emical composition ( /ony meteoritic mat]ial is some:at m complicat$4 ,to ! ne>e/ t5?1 ! 8/ones0 conta93 oxyg5 7,o71 #da4j2 silicon 7,si71 #ba4j2 iron 7,fe71 #ae4e2 magnesium 7,mg71 #ad4c2 alum9um 7,al71 #a4f2 calcium 7,ca71 #a4h2 sulfur 7,s71 #a4h4 ,! /ony mat]ial may also conta9 small] p]c5tages ( nickel1 cobalt1 copp]1 c>bon1 *romium1 & titanium4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,,brez9a ,e4 ,,coh5 ,,photo ,enl>g$ section ( a /ony-iron meteorite %[+ r\nd$ oliv9e gra9s 7d>k 9 color7 set 9 a network ( nickel-iron alloy 7light 9 color74 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,,brez9a ,e4 ,,coh5 ,,photo ,poli%$ & et*$ section ( a silicate-sid]ite %[+ angul> fragm5ts ( silicate m9]als 7d>k 9 color7 imb$d$ 9 a metallic matrix4 ,9 ! /ony-iron meteorites1 we analyze ! nickel-iron & /ony portions sep>ately4 ,on ! av]age1 ea* ( ^! portions has ab\t ! *emical composition t is giv5 = x above4 ,m9]alogi/s h id5tifi$ a v>iety ( famili> m9]als 9 meteorites4 ,^! include oliv9e1 ! plagioclase feldsp>s1 magnetite1 qu>tz1 *romite1 &1 r>ely1 microscopic diamonds4 ,all ( ^! m9]als are f\nd "h on e>? 9 su* igne\s rocks z basalts & p]idotites4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! meteoritic nickel-iron alloys 7kamacite1 ta5ite1 & plessite1 = example7 & su* meteoritic m9]als z s*reib]site 7nickel-iron phosphide7 & daubreelite 7iron *romium sulfide7 d n occur naturally on ! e>?4 ,we %\ld /ress "h t al?\gh unusual comb9ations ( kn[n elem5ts are pres5t 9 meteorites1 no new elem5ts h be5 discov]$ dur+ ! increas+ly int5sive /udy ( ^! masses dur+ ! la/ #aej ye>s4 ,! majority ( /ony meteorites %[ a /ructure n f\nd 9 t]re/rial rocks4 ,^! meteorites are made up ( r\nd$1 %ot-l bodies call$ *ondrules 7f ! ,greek ^w = 8gra9074 ,! individual *ondrules may v>y 9 size f ^? z l>ge or ev5 l>g] ?an a walnut d[n to du/-siz$ gra9s4 ,! mo/ common size is ab\t t ( pepp]corns4 ,! *ondrules are (t5 compos$ ( ! same mat]ial z ! gr\ndmass 9 :i* !y are imb$d$ & unless ! meteorite conta9+ !m is a v fragile "o1 !y w break ) ! re/ ( ! mass1 z w s& gra9s 9 a qu>tzite4 ,if ! meteorite is fragile1 h[ev]1 ! individual *ondrules c g5]ally be brok5 out :ole4 ,meteorites conta9+ *ondrules are call$ *ondrites4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,,am]ican ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,microphotograph ( a ?9 section ( a *ondrite1 %[+ ! circul>1 or ne>ly circul>1 cross sections ( a numb] ( *ondrules1 includ+ "o ( l>ge size at ! upp] edge ( ! section4 ,a small p]c5tage ( /ony meteorites h no *ondrules4 ,^! meteorites are kn[n z a*ondrites 7mean+ 8n *ondrites07 & !y resemble t]re/rial rocks m closely ?an ! *ondrites d4 ,"s a*ondrites conta9 almo/ no trace :atev] ( metal1 al?\gh 9 o!rs 7= example1 ! ,norton ,c\nty meteorite1 ( ,*apt] #b7 small lumps & specks ( nickel-iron are sp>sely di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! /ony gr\ndmass4 ,meteorites are z v>iable 9 %ape z !y are 9 composition & /ructure4 ,_m are cone-%ap$2 o!rs %ield-1 bell-1 or r+-%ap$2 /ill o!rs pe>-%ap$4 ,"o iron fragm5t rec5tly recov]$ f ! ,glorieta1 ,new ,mexico1 fall has be5 describ$ z 8macro-spicul>10 mean+ ne$le-%ap$ on a v l>ge scale4 ,! photographs opposite illu/rate a numb] ( ! common] =ms kn[n4 ,! ,glorieta specim5 has be5 nicknam$ 8,alley ,oop's %illelagh10 = only a p]son ( great /r5g? c\ld wield ?is #ac-p\nd] ) ease6 ,9 g5]al1 ! %ape ( meteorites dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( mass lo/ by 8evaporation0 dur+ passage ?r\gh ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,?is factor1 9 turn1 dep5ds n only ^u ! spe$ ( transit1 b also on su* physical *>act]i/ics ( ! meteorite z its t5sile /r5g? & :e!r or n x conta9s c]ta9 alloys & m9]als t vaporize m easily ?an ! re/ ( ! meteorite4 ,! r+-%ape ( ! ,tucson1 ,arizona1 iron is believ$ to h result$ f ! 8melt+ away0 ( a huge inclusion ( /ony mat]ial dur+ ! desc5t ( ! meteorite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*icago ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,photos 7,,bottom ,,"r7 ,,in/itute ,,( ,,meteoritics ,,photo ,a few ( ! _m %apes exhibit$ by meteorites3 r+-%ap$1 p]=at$ & highly irregul>1 pe>-%ap$1 jaw %ap$1 ne$le-%ap$4 ,:5 meteorites are recov]$ & tak5 to ! laboratory = /udy1 "o ( ! fir/ ?+s sci5ti/s d is to weigh !m4 ,if a meteorite is v l>ge1 special scales sometimes h to be con/ruct$ = ?is purpose4 ,su* 0 ! case = ! l>ge/ meteorite s f> weigh$3 ! giant ,ahnighito1 ,gre5l&1 meteorite1 :i* ,pe>y br\ght to ,new ,york ,city by %ip4 7,see ,*apt] #c47 ,a specially con/ruct$ scale on :i* ?is huge mass is n[ m\nt$ gives = its weight ab\t #fh1jjj p\nds4 ,o!r meteorites fam\s = _! great size are3 ! ,bacubirito1 ,mexico1 #bg tons2 ,willamette1 ,oregon1 #ad tons2 ,morito1 ,mexico1 #aa tons2 & ! ,b5dego1 ,brazil1 #e tons4 ,all ( ^! are irons4 ,! l>ge/ /one meteorite s f> recov]$ z "o mass is ! s-call$ ,furnas ,c\nty1 ,nebraska1 /one1 :i* is ! pr9cipal fragm5t ( ! ,norton1 ,kansas1 fall1 & weighs ab\t #b1cfj p\nds4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! size-range1 inve/igators h recov]$ meteoritic masses weigh+ no m ?an a small fraction ( a gram4 ,f a /one %[] t occurr$ at ,holbrook1 ,arizona1 field se>*]s h f\nd "s ( ! v smalle/ specim5s 9 an?ills4 ,! insects _h c>ri$ ^! t9y meteorites along ) s& & g>net gra9s 9 build+ _! hills6 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,,am]ican ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,! ,willamette iron1 fam\s = its great size & weight 7#ad tons71 on exhibit at ! ,hayd5 ,planet>ium1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,see pp4 #cf1 #ci4 ,! only sure way to det]m9e :e!r or n an object is a meteorite is to h a small piece ( x 7say1 a fragm5t ! size ( an egg7 te/$ *emically & microscopically by an exp]t on meteorites4 ,nev]!less1 !re are sev]al que/ions ^: answ]s w help y to decide :e!r or n y are on ! "r track 9 suspect+ t a 8rock0 y h f\nd may be a meteorite3 ,is y\r specim5 especially heavy8 ,does y\r specim5 %[ a ?9 blacki% or br[ni% cru/ on its out] surface8 ,does y\r 8rock0 h %all[1 oval pits on its out] surface8 ,if ! specim5 has a corn] knock$ (f1 d y see specks & gra9s ( metal on ! brok5 surface8 ,is y\r specim5 especially heavy8 ,! iron & /ony-iron meteorites are v heavy4 ,a #a-;in* cube ( iron meteorite weighs approximately #h times z mu* z a #a-;in* cube ( ice4 ,ev5 ! /ones1 :i* are only ab\t half z d5se z ! irons1 are mu* heavi] ?an ord9>y rocks4 ,does y\r specim5 %[ a ?9 blacki% or br[ni% cru/ on its out] surfaces8 ,y w recall t specim5s ( bo? ! ,ussuri & ,norton meteorites %[$ a 8glaze0 ( fus$ mat]ial :i* we call fusion cru/4 ,mo/ fre%ly-fall5 meteorites are cov]$ ) su* a cru/4 ,to illu/rate h[ ?is cru/ =ms1 consid] a sn[ball t y bravely hold 9 y\r freez+ h& until ! out] surface melts4 ,if y !n 7 to leave ! sn[ball outside ov]night1 ! melt$ out] surface w\ld freeze into a h>d cru/4 ,illu/ration3 ,piezoglyphs 7oval pits resembl+ ?umb-pr9ts7 9 a /one meteorite1 f\nd at ,belly ,riv]1 ,canada4 ,see p4 #acb4 ,9 simil> fa%ion1 ! surface ( a meteorite melts dur+ ! blaz+-hot "p ( its flight ?r\gh ! air1 only to 8freeze0 into a h>d1 firm coat+ 9 ! l[]1 cool] portions ( its pa?4 ,?is h>d5$ coat+1 ! fusion cru/1 is ( mu* importance4 ,its pres5ce is "o ( ! be/ indications t a 8rock0 is really a meteorite4 ,f ! "* ( ! fusion cru/1 exp]ts c piece toge!r a good deal ab\t :at happ5$ to a meteorite on its way d[n to e>?4 ,if y %\ld be lucky en\gh to f9d a meteorite1 don't break (f ! fusion cru/4 ,a :ole encru/$ specim5 9 ! h& is wor? #bjj cru/less fragm5ts scatt]$ at y\r feet6 ,does y\r 8rock0 h %all[1 oval pits or depressions on its out] surface8 ,su* features are kn[n te*nically z piezoglyphs 7,greek pieze91 to press glyph1 to c>ve7 & popul>ly z 8?umb-pr9ts40 ,!y 7 =m$ dur+ ! meteorite's flight ?r\gh ! atmosph]e :5 ! s(t] portions ( its out] %ell 7 8erod$0 away1 leav+ small scoop$-out places4 ,^! pitt+s are v simil> to ! pr9ts t w\ld be made by ! human h& 9 a lump ( model+ clay or bread d\gh4 ,9 "o case1 !y gave rise to ! false idea t ! meteorite _h fall5 9 a pla/ic /ate & t ! impr9ts _h be5 =m$ :5 its f9d]s fir/ pull$ ! mass out ( ! gr\nd by h&4 ,if ! specim5 y h f\nd already has a corn] knock$ (f1 d y see specks & gra9s ( metal on ! brok5 surface8 ,su* scatt]$ bits ( nickel-iron 7n to be confus$ ) ! %9y mica flakes (t5 se5 9 igne\s rocks7 *>act]i/ically occur 9 ! grayi% or br[ni% gr\ndmass ( /ony meteorites4 ,if y\r specim5 is unbrok51 hold x lightly aga9/ a sp9n+ c>borundum :eel or use a file to gr9d a small flat surface ^u x1 & !n exam9e ?is surface = specks ( metal4 ,if ! answ]s to ^! que/ions are yes1 !n !re is a good possibility t y h f\nd a g5u9e meteorite4 ,if meteorites rema9 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd = a long p]iod ( "t1 _! *>act]i/ic surface-features may wea!r away4 ,"u su* conditions1 iron meteorites develop heavy-lay]$ coat+s ( ru/ 7iron oxide7 z mu* z sev]al in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,if irons /ay 9 ! gr\nd long en\gh1 !y may ru/ away almo/ completely & turn into %ale balls1 l ^? f\nd ne> ! anci5t ,wolf ,creek1 ,au/ralia meteorite crat]4 7,see ,*apt] #d47 ,/one meteorites buri$ 9 ! gr\nd = any great l5g? ( "t may dis9tegrate & become completely unrecognizable z meteorites4 ,! fact t meteorites ( all k9ds are attack$ by wea!r+ has always argu$ /rongly 9 favor ( _! prompt recov]y4 ,9 ! case ( witness$ falls1 prompt recov]y is ev5 m important1 = only ?us c specim5s /ill reta9+ measurable am\nts ( v>i\s %ort-liv$ radioactivities be made available to physici/s eag] to inve/igate !m ) ! mo/ mod]n radiometric equipm5t4 #aj4 ,,tektites1 ,,impactites 8,,fossil0 ,,meteorites ,be=e s\!rn ,au/ralia 0 occupi$ by ! :ite man1 ! native tribesm5 ( t region treasur$ c]ta9 small r\nd$ pieces ( black glass z m$ic9e /ones1 ra9mak+ /ones1 & message /ones4 ,! ,wadikali tribe ref]r$ to ^! objects z m9djim9djilp>a1 a ^w mean+ 8eyes t look at y l a man />+ h>d40 ,! e>ly ,european settl]s ( ! area call$ ! same black glassy masses 8blackfell[s' buttons40 ,bo? phrases appli$ to objects t mod]n sci5ti/s call 8au/ralites10 :i* are n[ "o ( ! be/ kn[n types ( tektites 7,greek3 tktos1 molt574 ,^! ,au/ralian tektites & ! tektites f _m o!r c\ntries ar\nd ! _w are a problem to meteoritici/s4 ,! "q is1 are !y really meteorites8 ,_m inve/igators believe t ! answ] is yes1 & !y are incl9$ to add to ! ?ree ma9 divisions ( true meteorites li/$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 a f\r?3 ! tektites4 ,^! my/]i\s glassy objects occur 9 su* widely sep>at$ localities z ,cze*oslovakia1 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,borneo1 ! ,ivory ,coa/ ( ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 ,indo-,*9a1 ,texas1 ,malaya1 & ,java4 ,9 ^! & /ill o!r areas1 !y h be5 f\nd by ! ?\s&s 9 surface deposits ( s&1 clay1 & gravel4 ,illu/ration3 7left7 8,flang$ buttons0 f ,au/ralia4 7"r7 ,sev]al sizes ( 8dumbbells0 f ,au/ralia4 ,see p4 #acf4 ,tektites h nev] be5 se5 to fall4 ,9 spite ( ?is fact1 z we not$ above1 a numb] ( sci5ti/s believe t1 l ! meteorites1 ! tektites really did come f out] space b1 t !y fell to e>? be=e man 0 "h to see !m come d[n--or at lea/ be=e he _h acquir$ ! means & skill to make la/+ records ( su* an occurr5ce4 ,tektites are usually q small1 weigh+ betwe5 #a & #ajj grams1 al?\gh a few ( mu* l>g] size h be5 f\nd4 ,"o l>ge specim5 f ! ,philipp9es weigh$ ab\t p\nd4 ,two giant tektites1 "o weigh+ p\nd & ! o!r ov] #a p\nd1 are 9 ! collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 composition1 tektites are an impure silica-glass conta9+ l[ p]c5tages ( ! oxides ( su* elem5ts z iron1 magnesium1 calcium1 & titanium4 ,if tektite fragm5ts are held "u a lamp & obs]v$ by reflect$ light1 _! ?ick] p>ts g5]ally appe> to be jet-black4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^! same specim5s are held up betwe5 ! obs]v] & ! light1 !n _! ?9 razor-%>p edges are se5 to be bottle-gre51 yell[-gre51 br[ni%1 or ev5 colorless4 ,9 %ape1 _m tektites are r\ndi% or oval4 ,o!rs are %ap$ l dumbbells1 ladles1 canoes1 & te>drops4 ,s !y are kn[n by ^? descriptive t]ms4 ,"o p>ticul>ly int]e/+ example is ! unusual 8flang$ button0 ( ,au/ralia4 ,tektites ( ?is type look l m9iature ,s\? ,am]ican gold-pans1 ! bateas1 heap$ high ) pay dirt4 ,au/ralian gold-field work]s reg>d$ ^! tektites z magical1 & us$ !m z good-luck *>ms4 ,sup]/iti\s ,am]ican gold-seek]s br\ght !m into ! ,unit$ ,/ates all ! way f ,au/ralia6 ,illu/ration3 7above7 ,r\nd$ tektite f ,texas4 7bel[7 ,deeply groov$ b$iasite f ,texas4 ,"s tektites 7= example1 _m ( ! 8b$iasites0 f ,texas7 are deeply groov$ & *annel$1 & h a v jagg$ & irregul> appe>ance4 ,ev5 ! smoo!r tektite surfaces are *>act]iz$ by fl[ l9es1 fl[ ridges1 & bubble pits4 ,_m wea!r$ pebbles & fragm5ts ( obsidian some:at resemble ! tektites sup]ficially4 ,!re is a v simple te/ by :i* y c di/+ui% true tektites f obsidian4 ,if y hold a ?9 spl9t] ( tektite glass 9 a bl[pipe flame1 ! glass melts quietly b only ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 y te/ 9 ! same flame ! t]re/rial glass1 obsidian1 x fro?s up mu* m easily1 into a bubbly1 :iti% mass4 ,al?\gh ! "q ( :]e ! tektites came f is /ill n entirely settl$1 mo/ sci5ti/s agree t all tektites did h a common orig94 ,= example1 tektites f widely scatt]$ localities on ! e>?'s surface %[ n only simil> que] %apes & surface m>k+s 7te*nically kn[n z 8sculptur+071 b also h v mu* ! same *emical composition &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! same cont5t ( radioactive elem5ts4 ,because ! tektites *emically resemble c]ta9 t]re/rial rocks1 sci5ti/s at fir/ believ$ t "s k9d ( e>? process mu/ h creat$ !m4 ,"o sugge/ion 0 t lightn+ _h fus$ du/ p>ticles susp5d$ 9 ! air to =m !m2 ano!r1 t !y _h come f volcanoes2 /ill ano!r1 t ! tektites 7 simply inclusions t _h wea!r$ out ( t]re/rial rocks4 ,a few sci5ti/s once took s]i\sly ! possibility t tektites 7 refuse f primitive glass factories6 ,illu/ration3 ,tektite vs4 obsidian1 aft] bl[pipe te/4 ,:ile su* !ories h n yet be5 completely disc>d$1 mo/ sci5ti/s n[ feel t ! tektites _h _! orig9 some:]e outside ! e>?4 ,!re are sev]al reasons = ?is belief4 ,fir/1 ! %ape ( su* unusually symmetrical =ms z are f\nd1 = example1 among ! au/ralites1 indicates t ^! small bodies at "o "t 7 memb]s ( a sw>m ( freely-sp9n+ liquid masses4 ,aga91 fl[ features obs]v$ on ! surfaces ( c]ta9 tektites 7& ! fusion cru/ def9itely id5tifi$ on "o specim57 %[ t ^! bodies at "s "t mu/ h travel$ ?r\gh ! e>?'s atmosph]e at high velocity4 ,if1 !n1 ! tektites 7 n produc$ by e>? processes1 :]e did !y come f8 ,accord+ to primitive leg5ds1 !y 7 8rocks0 or 8pebbles0 f ! moon4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! e>lie/ sci5tific !ories z to _! orig9 7propos$ by ! ,dut* au?ority ,v]beek 9 #ahig7 likewise attributes !m to debris jett$ out f ! moon4 ,ano!r holds t tektites are fragm5ts ( ! out]mo/ glassy lay]s ( "s s-call$ 8meteorite-planet10 or planets4#h ,/ill ano!r idea is t tektites are :at is left ( a comet :5 x passes s close to ! blaz+-hot sun t ! 8ices0 :i* make up mo/ ( ! comet>y nucleus 7head7 are all di/ill$ away4 ,^! !ories ( ! orig9 ( ! tektites are bas$ prim>ily on _! obs]v$ %apes1 surface features1 & compositions4 ,! s5ior au?or ( ?is book has sugge/$ /ill ano!r possible !ory bas$ on ! v unusual nature ( ! obs]v$ di/ribution ( ! tektites on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,to expla9 ?is !ory1 we fir/ recall t ! planet on :i* we live is m ne>ly a true sph]e ?an are su* famili> 8sph]ical0 objects z baseballs or basketballs4 ,consequ5tly1 any plane ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! e>? cuts its surface 9 a curve t to all int5ts & purposes is :at geomet]s ref] to z a great circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,e plane pass+ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( a sph]e int]sects ! surface 9 a great circle4 ,9 ?is figure1 only ! front half ( ! great circle cut out by ! plane is %[n4 ,n[ ! significant fact is t all ! tektite deposits kn[n at pres5t are locat$ on or v ne> to ?ree great circles on ! e>?'s surface4 ,ma!matics %[s t if "s e>? process _h creat$ ! tektites at r&om ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 !n ! odds w\ld be v /rongly aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ?is peculi> 8great-circle di/ribution40 ,b su* di/ribution along great circles w\ld be expect$ if ! tektites _h result$ f :at might be lik5$ to 8*a9-falls0 ^u ! e>? ( objects l ne>by satellites mov+ 9 orbits encircl+ our globe4 ,?is notion br+s up ! int]e/+ possibility t at "s "t 9 ! remote pa/1 ! e>? may h be5 ! pr\d possessor ( a set ( equatorial r+s4 ,^! r+s w\ld h be5 simil> to ^? at pres5t circl+ 9 ! plane ( ,saturn's equator4 7,jupit]1 too1 may once h _h its own set ( equatorial r+s47 ,! r+s ( ,saturn are kn[n to be made up ( c\ntless v small meteorites4 ,9 ! same way1 ! 8e>? r+s0 ( prehi/ory c\ld h consi/$ ( sw>ms ( t9y ne>by meteoritic satellites--! tektites--mov+ ab\t ! e>? 9 ! plane ( its !n-exi/+ equator4 ,ev5tually1 ! inn]mo/ ( ^! small natural satellites collaps$ onto ! e>?'s surface1 fall+ along ! old equator4 ,at lea/ twice !reaft]1 ?is process 0 repeat$1 ! po9ts ( impact ( ! lat] tektite falls aga9 l9+ up along :atev] great circle ( ! e>? happ5$ to be ! equator at ! "t ( fall4 ,z ! geologi/s & o!r inve/igators h %[n1 major %ifts h occurr$ 9 ! position ( ! e>?'s equator dur+ pa/ geologic ages4 ,?is fact is well-sub/antiat$ by discov]ies ( fossil %ells & plants on ! cold ,ant>ctic cont95t & ( glacial deposits 9 hot ,s\? ,africa4 ,!re=e1 we c\ld h>dly expect ! tektite deposits1 :i* are believ$ to h fall5 at widely sep>at$ int]vals ( "t1 to h all occurr$ along a s+le great circle on ! e>?'s surface4 ,z y c see1 ! s-call$ 8tektite-puzzle0 is a complex "o4 ,z if ?is 7 n bad en\gh1 ,"m ,nature has add$ to ! confusion by creat+ 9 addition to ! tektites ano!r type ( silica-glass n only f\nd along ! v same ?ree great circles spr9kl$ ) true tektites1 b also hav+ o!r features 9 common ) ! tektite glasses4 ,at ,m\nt ,d>w9 9 ,tasmania & at ,wab> 9 ! ,rub' al ,khali des]t ( ,arabia1 l>ge & small fragm5ts ( ?is curi\s silica-glass h be5 collect$4 ,at ,wab> ! masses ( silica-glass 7 f\nd 9 & ab\t ! rims ( a s]ies ( meteorite crat]s =m$ 9 ne>ly pure s&1 z we po9t$ out 9 ,*apt] #d4 ,^! meteorite crat]s are kn[n to h result$ f ! high-spe$ impact ( iron meteorites ^u ! s& dunes ( ! ,wab> site4 ,s9ce ! silica-glasses ( ,wab> h be5 f\nd to conta9 c\ntless sph]ules ( nickel-iron ( ! same composition z ! iron meteorites discov]$ ab\t ! ,wab> meteorite crat]s1 x seems q c]ta9 t bo? ! s& ( ! e>? t>get & ! nickel-iron ( ! fall+ meteorites 7 vaporiz$ by ! int5se heat g5]at$ at impact4 ,consequ5tly1 x is natural t ^! ,wab> masses ( congeal$ silica-glass & nickel-iron be call$ impactites4 ,!y are silica-glasses1 creat$ *iefly f t]re/rial mat]ials by ! impact ( l>ge crat]-=m+ meteorites4 ,?is same "n is n[ appli$ to all silica-glasses believ$ to h ! same orig9 z ^? at ,wab>4 ,z reg>ds size if n composition1 ! crat]-=m+ meteorites responsible = ! ,wab> & o!r impactites may h be5 big bro!rs ( ! small-fry responsible = ! %[]s ( true tektites4 ,or ^! big ones may h mov$ ab\t ! e>? 9 orbits di/9ct f ^? foll[$ by ! tektite sw>ms b ly+ 9 ! same plane z "o ( ^! sw>ms4 ,9 addition to ! curi\s puzzle ( ! tektites1 meteoritici/s h also run up aga9/ ! problem ( 8fossil0 meteorites or1 m exactly1 ! problem ( ! lack ( 8fossil0 meteorites4 ,z we h already m5tion$1 no positively id5tifi$ meteorite has ev] be5 f\nd 9 o!r ?an ! mo/ rec5t rock lay]s4 ,) all ! m9+--p>ticul>ly coal m9+--t has gone on ?r\gh\t ! _w 9 hi/oric times1 ?is fact does seem a/oni%+4 ,a numb] ( explanations c be sugge/$ = ?is abs5ce ( anci5t meteorites4 ,9 ! geologic pa/1 meteorite falls may n h occurr$ z (t5 z !y d today4 ,= example1 ! primeval atmosph]e ( ! e>? may h be5 s mu* d5s] ?an at pres5t t ev5 q l>ge meteorites 7 totally vaporiz$ z !y pass$ ?r\gh x & !re=e nev] rea*$ ! gr\nd4 ,aga91 ev5 if ! rate ( infall ( meteorites 0 ! same 9 ! remote pa/ z n[1 /ill v>i\s wea!r+ processes active ev] s9ce ! e>lie/ meteorites fell may h s *ang$ !m 9 appe>ance & composition t !y are no long] recognizable = :at !y are4 ,sev]al unusual lumps ( rock f ,engl& & a mass ( iron f ,au/ria1 all f\nd at "s dep? by coal m9]s1 h be5 t5tatively put =w>d z 8fossil0 meteorites4 ,b /udies ( ^! masses h s f> produc$ no conclusive results4 ,/ill1 we %\ld n ignore ! possibility t som$ay meteorites may be f\nd & id5tifi$ 9 rocks ( consid]able age4 ,illu/ration3 ,l4 ,j4 ,,sp5c] ,,photo ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,,am]ican ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,my/]i\s glass objects f\nd 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t4 7"r7 ,cut & poli%$ specim5s4 ,does x seem z if we h pos$ m problems ?an we h solv$ 9 ?is *apt]8 ,x is v true t we h done j t4 ,9 speak+ briefly ab\t ! tektites1 ! impactites1 & ! abs5ce ( 8fossil0 meteorites1 we h by no means tri$ to pres5t ! la/ ^w on ! tr\blesome b highly int]e/+ problems connect$ ) ^! objects--problems t admitt$ly may take sci5ti/s ye>s or ev5 decades ( fur!r rese>* to solve4 ,p]haps y w f9d "h ! k9d ( unusual & ?\ght-provok+ problems t make ! /udy ( meteorites a r special *all5ge4 ,if s1 y may wi% to take an active "p som$ay 9 unravel+ ^! puzzles4 #aa4 ,,om5s ,,& ,,fantasies ,m5 seem to h always tak5 an int]e/ 9 meteorites1 b n until ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury 7 ^! objects consid]$ to be wor? pres]v+ = sci5tific /udy4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 p believ$ t because meteorites fell f ! heav5s1 !y 7 ei!r gods !mselves or mess5g]s f ! gods4 ,! m civiliz$ ( e>ly m5 !re=e c>efully kept ! fall5 meteorites4 ,!y drap$ !m 9 co/ly l95s & ano9t$ !m ) oil4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ! p built special temples 9 :i* meteorites 7 actually wor%ipp$4 ,"s ( ! holy /ones ( ! anci5ts1 su* z ! ,diana ( ! ,ephesians1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible z 8! image :i* fell d[n f ,jupit]10#i are n[ ?\ght to h be5 meteorites4 ,meteorite wor%ip 0 common long ago 9 ! ,m$it]ranean area & 9 ,africa1 ,india1 ,japan1 & ,mexico4 ,?is practice /ill p]si/s 9 "s regions ev5 9 mod]n times4 ,! ,black ,/one ( ! ,kaaba1 = example1 has be5 sacr$ to all ,mohamm$ans f ab\t #gjj ,a4,d4 "r up to ! pres5t4 ,x is said to be a meteorite al?\gh ?is fact has nev] be5 v]ifi$1 because /rict religi\s taboos connect$ ) ! /one prev5t any sci5tific exam9ation or /udy ( x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,&hra1 ,india1 meteorite is kn[n to be a g5u9e "o4 ,! /ory ( ! fall & pres]vation ( ?is meteorite provides a fairly mod]n example ( practices root$ 9 ! ritual & cu/om ( f> m anci5t times4 ,at ab\t #d3jj 9 ! aft]noon ( ,decemb] #b1 #ahhj1 ! p ( ,&hra he>d a noise l t made by a gun4 ,"s ( ! villag]s saw a 8d>k ball0 come to e>? 9 a field ne> !m4 ,?is fall+ object s5t up a small cl\d ( du/ z x /ruck ! gr\nd4 ,aft] ! /one _h be5 recov]$ f ! field & ! du/ _h be5 wa%$ f its surface1 two ,brahm9 prie/s took *>ge ( x & began to collect money = ! erection ( a temple 9 :i* ! holy object c\ld be prop]ly display$4 ,! sci5ti/ :o promptly inve/igat$ ! ,&hra fall report$ t ?rongs ( wor%ipp]s 7 cr[d+ into ! z yet unf9i%$ brick temple to make (f]+s ( fl[]s1 sweetmeats1 milk1 rice1 wat]1 bel leaves1 & ( c\rse money4 ,! /one _h be5 nam$ ,adbhuta-,n?1 8! miracul\s god40 ,x 0 %ap$ l a r\nd loaf ( blacki% bread & weigh$ an e/imat$ #f p\nds4 ,! sci5ti/ 0 n all[$ to t\* x1 b he got close en\gh to v]ify t ! /one 0 a meteorite cov]$ ) a typical blacki% fusion cru/4 ,n only has man wor%ipp$ meteorites1 b dur+ a p]iod ext5d+ f approximately #cjj ,b4,c4 to #cjj ,a4,d41 emp]ors & self-gov]n+ cities frequ5tly m>k$ ! fall ( meteorites by m9t+ special co9s or m$als kn[n z betyls4#aj ,"o ( ^! is ! betyl ( ,emisa1 ,syria1 made by ,antonius ,pius 7#ach-afa ,a4,d474 ,! hi/orian1 ,h]odotus1 accurately describ$ ! object honor$ by ?is betyl z3 8,a l>ge /one1 :i* on ! l[] side is r\nd1 & above runs gradually to a po9t4 ,x has ne>ly ! =m ( a cone1 & is ( a black color4 ,p say ( x 9 e>ne/ t x fell f ,heav540 ,! /one is %[n on ! co9 z c>ri$ on a quadriga 7a c>riage drawn by f\r horses7 "u a canopy ( f\r sun%ades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,,am]ican ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,draw+ ( multiple fireball1 ov] ,a!ns1 ,octob] #ah1 #ahfc4 ,j4 ,f4 ,j4 ,s*midt1 ! celebrat$ pione] fireball obs]v]1 describ$ x z a mass ( dazzl+ light 8br++ into view l& & sea1 ) ! ,acropolis & ! ,p>!non a mile away across ! city40 ,_m anci5t peoples held meteorites 9 great rev]5ce1 p>ticul>ly if !y 7 se5 to fall4 ,b at ! same "t1 o!r m practical-m9d$ individuals made good use ( ! durable & easily work$ alloy provid$ by nature 9 ! nickel-iron meteorites4 ,?is alloy 0 frequ5tly us$ to make ax-heads1 spe> & h>poon po9ts1 knives1 f>m+ tools1 /irrups & spurs1 & ev5 pots & o!r ut5sils4 ,ar*eologi/s h f\nd e>r+s & simil> ornam5ts ov]laid ) ?9 %eets ( hamm]$ meteoritic iron 9 ,indian m\nds ( ! ,ohio ,valley4 ,!y h also discov]$ r\nd beads made ( nickel-iron 9 ,indian m\nds ( ! ,havana1 ,ill9ois1 area & 9 ! /ill m anci5t ,egyptian ru9s at ,g]zah4 ,meteoritic iron has (t5 be5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( special swords1 dagg]s1 & knives = memb]s ( ! royalty4 ,atilla & o!r e>ly conqu]ors ( ,europe boa/$ ( 8swords f heav540 ,emp]or ,jehangir 7#afje-afbg7 ord]$ two sword blades1 a knife1 & a dagg] to be smelt$ f ! ,jal&h>1 ,india1 meteorite1 :i* fell on ,april #aj1 #afba4 ,9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 a sword 0 manufactur$ f a portion ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope meteorite = pres5tation to ,alex&]1 ! ,emp]or ( ,russia4 ,ev5 z late z ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 sev]al swords 7 made f a "p ( ! ,%irihagi1 ,japan1 iron meteorite at ! comm& ( a memb] ( ! ,japanese c\rt4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,russian arti/'s p5-&-ink draw+ ( an extremely brilliant detonat+ fire ball or bolide4 ,see page #ajb4 ,9 ! ,europe ( ! ,middle ,ages1 meteorite falls & meteor %[]s1 z well z o!r 8unnatural0 ev5ts l comets1 eclipses1 & displays ( ! aurora borealis1 7 reg>d$ ) sup]/iti\s awe by common] & k+ alike4 ,! m$ieval m9d always s\ght to int]pret ev5ts connect$ 9 any way ) ! heav5s z someh[ influ5c+ ! affairs ( m54 ,a bi%op expla9$ t ! great meteor %[] ( ,april #d1 #ajie1 =eca/ 8! *anges & w&]+s ( nations f k+dom to k+dom40 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t ! ,fir/ ,crusade began )9 a ye>1 is m]e co9cid5ce4 ,9 ref]r+ to cele/ial ev5ts1 ,%akespe>e (t5 express$ ! view t 0 common 9 ! ,middle ,ages & ! ,r5aissance4 ,an example is3 ,! bay-trees 9 our c\ntry are all )]'d ,& meteors fright ! fix$ />s ( heav52 ,! pale-fac$ moon looks bloody on ! e>? ,& lean-look'd prophets :isp] fe>ful *ange1 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,^! signs =]un ! dea? or fall ( k+s4 7,ri*>d ,,ii1 ,,ii1 iv1 #h-aa1 #ae7 ,yet ! desc5t ( meteorites f ! heav5s 0 n always reg>d$ z a =ew>n+ ( bad =tune4 ,on ,novemb] #af1 #adib1 a #bgi-p\nd meteorite fell at ,ensi%eim 9 ,alsace1 n f> f ! battle l9e sep>at+ ! armies ( ,france & ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,emp]or ,maximilian1 ! lead] ( ! ,empire's =ces1 comm&$ t ! fall5 /one be c>ri$ to 8 ca/le4 ,!re a =mal w>-c\ncil 0 held to det]m9e :at ! /range ev5t c\ld mean4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,,am]ican ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,draw+ ( ,&rom$id meteor %[]1 ,novemb] #bg1 #ahgb4 ,! ,emp]or & 8 c\ncillors decid$ t ! fall ( ! meteorite at su* a "t & place 0 an om5 ( div9e favor :i* meant good =tune to ! cause ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,aft] break+ (f two small pieces ( ! /one1 "o = ! ,duke ( ,au/ria & "o = himself1 ! ,emp]or =bade fur!r damage to x4 ,he also gave ord]s t ! /one be hung 9 ! p>i% *ur* 9 ,ensi%eim = all to see4 ,9 ?is way1 ! ,ensi%eim /one became ! v fir/ meteorite ( witness$ fall to be pres]v$ d[n to ! pres5t day--& all because ( ! sup]/ition ( a fam\s milit>y lead]4 ,! discussion to ?is po9t makes cle> t 9 anci5t1 m$ieval1 & ,r5aissance times1 meteorite falls 7 consid]$ z />tl+ & di/urb+ ev5ts1 :i* frequ5tly 7 int]pret$ 9 /range & mi/ak5 ways4 ,b ! fact t meteorites actually did fall f ! heav5s 0 n que/ion$4 ,z ! s-call$ 8,age ( ,reason0 op5$1 a curi\s *ange 9 attitude t[>d meteorite falls took place4 ,at ! v "t t k 9 g5]al increas$1 m5 ( le>n+ began to d5y t meteorite falls occurr$ at all6 ,! sci5ti/s ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 9 p>ticul>1 7 v positive on ?is po9t4 ,s9ce ! era 0 "o 9 :i* all ,europe sneez$ if 8la belle ,france0 _h a cold 9 ! head1 x 0 a try+ "t n only = ! e>ly meteoritici/s1 b = all :o _h ! n]ve to insi/ !y _h se5 rocks fall f ! sky4 ,by ! end ( ! #agjj's1 ! au?orities _h /udi$ ! evid5ce relat+ to meteorite falls & _h completely reject$ x4 ,!y said t !re 0 no 8pro(0 :atev] t 8/ones fell f ! heav5s40 ,^! e>ly sci5ti/s op5ly sne]$ at p :o claim$ t !y _h se5 meteorites fall4 ,x 0 felt t ! spectators ( su* ev5ts ei!r _h m]ely be5 8see+ ?+s10 or _h surely be5 report+ light & s\nd effects connect$ ) no?+ b ord9>y ?und]/orms4 ,:5 confront$ ) ! 8fall50 masses !mselves1 ! au?orities (t5 refus$ to exam9e !m1 or if !y did1 insi/$ t ^! masses 7 only rocks t _h be5 /ruck by lightn+4 ,su* 7 ! op9ions ( le>n$ m5 ar\nd ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,=tunately1 sci5tific facts h a /ubborn way ( w9n+ out 9 ! long run4 ,a major "p ( ! cr$it = see+ t ! tru? reg>d+ meteorite falls 0 at la/ recogniz$ mu/ g to ,e4 ,f4 ,f4 ,*ladni1 a ,g]man physici/1 & to ,edw>d ,h[>d1 an ,engli% *emi/4 ,9 #agid1 ,*ladni publi%$ an extremely important pap] conc]n+ a l>ge spongelike mass ( 8native iron0 f\nd ne> ,krasnoy>sk1 ,russia4 ,?is object _h be5 discov]$ 9 #agdi by a ,russian blacksmi?1 & x 0 /udi$ 9 #aggb by ,p4 ,s4 ,pallas1 an e>ly travel]4 ,*ladni conclud$ t ! mass ( iron#aa mu/ h fall5 f ! heav5s1 because x _h be5 8fus$0 7b n by man1 electricity1 or fire7 & also because !re 7 no volcanoes any:]e ar\nd its place ( f9d4 ,*ladni support$ 8 !ory by li/+ num]\s reports ( meteorite falls dat+ f anci5t & m$ieval times4 ,b ,*ladni's fell[ sci5ti/s flatly reject$ 8 !ory z clev] b n satisfactory4 ,) ! fall ( ! ,si5a meteorites 9 ,italy on ,june #af1 #agid1 ! controv]sy reg>d+ ! possibility t /ones actually fell f ! sky became p>ticul>ly heat$1 & rema9$ s = ne>ly t5 ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is int]val1 two o!r important meteorite falls occurr$3 ,wold ,cottage1 ,engl&1 on ,decemb] #ac1 #agie1 & ,b5>es1 ,india1 on ,decemb] #ai1 #agih4 ,sci5ti/s _h a h>d "t f9d+ explanations = ^! well-obs]v$ ev5ts1 & "s ( ! !ories put =w>d to acc\nt = !m f> outdid ,*ladni's 9 8clev]ness10 if t be ! correct ^w4 ,"o s*ol>1 writ+ 9 #agif1 sugge/$ t ! masses :i* fell at ,si5a result$ f ! solidification at great height ( volcanic a%es f ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 ,^! a%es _h suppos$ly be5 c>ri$ nor?w>d beyond ,si5a & !n be5 8br\ght back by a nor!rly w9d1 congeal+ f ! air44440 ,=tunately1 9 #ahjc ,edw>d ,h[>d's *emical "w on meteorites came to a successful conclusion4 ,?is pati5t *emi/ made analyses ( samples f ! ,si5a1 ,wold ,cottage1 & ,b5>es falls & f an old] ,bohemian fall4 ,he also _h ! samples /udi$ m9]alogically by a fell[ sci5ti/4 ,f ! results ( ^! inve/igations1 he drew ! foll[+ conclusions1 :i* admirably support$ ,*ladni's well-reason$ & ?or\ghly docum5t$ !ory reg>d+ meteorite falls3 ,all f\r ( ! /ones /udi$ _h v ne>ly ! same composition4 ,despite ! fact t ! /ones conta9$ no new elem5ts1 _! m9]alogical "* diff]$ 9 sev]al important respects f t ( any rocks f\nd naturally on ! e>?4 ,! f\r masses mu/ h _h a common orig9 al?\gh _! report$ falls _h be5 widely sep>at$ bo? 9 "t & 9 space4 ,f9ally1 said ,h[>d1 x 0 q possible t ! /ones _h really fall5 f ! sky4 ,h[>d's views 7 soon put to ! te/4 ,%ortly aft] ! publication ( 8 important pap]1 a %[] ( /ony meteorites fell ne> ,l',aigle1 ,france1 on ,april #bf1 #ahjc4 ,?is ev5t 0 c>efully inve/igat$ by ,fr5* sci5ti/s1 & !y reluctantly admitt$ t ab\t #c1jjj /ones actually _h fall5 )9 an oval-%ap$ area ab\t #f miles long by #b miles wide4 ,?is %[] ( meteorites _h be5 accompani$ by ! same light & s\nd effects m5tion$ 9 _m ( ! old meteorite-fall reports collect$ by ,*ladni1 effects n[ recogniz$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! infall ( meteorites ^u ! e>?4 ,! evid5ce 0 ov]:elm+--/ones really did fall f ! sky4 ,9 ! camp ( ! enemy1 s to speak1 ! reality ( meteorite falls 0 e/abli%$ once & = all6 #ab4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,view ,aft] ! ,l',aigle %[] ( #ahjc1 a :ole new era op5$ 9 ! /udy ( meteorites4 ,no long] did sci5ti/s hold ^! objects up to ridicule & scorn4 ,in/ead1 !y came to reg>d meteorites z well wor? collection & c>eful /udy4 ,! ,vi5na ,museum1 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,p>is ,museum1 ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg 7n[ ,l5+rad71 & ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum began to build up spl5did meteorite collections4 ,sci5ti/s 9 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,russia engag$ 9 ! pa9/ak+ m9]alogical /udy & classification ( individual meteorite specim5s4 ,! mod]n sci5ce ( meteoritics is root$ deep 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,_m special fields ( inve/igation _h _! beg9n+s !n4 ,sci5ti/s became int]e/$ 9 ! *emi/ry1 ! m9]alogy1 & ! metallurgy ( meteorites2 9 ! orbits ( meteorites & ! trajectories !y foll[ ?r\gh ! e>?'s atmosph]e d[n to impact ) ! gr\nd2 & 9 ! di/ribution ( meteorite falls 9 space & "t4 ,f ?is p]iod we c date su* mile/ones ( progress 9 meteoritics z3 ,! discov]y ( ! beautiful & significant ,widman/tt5 patt]ns *>act]i/ic ( ! majority ( ! irons1 & ! less spectacul> b equally important l9es nam$ = ,j4 ,g4 ,neumann1 ! ,g]man meteoritici/ :o discov]$ !m1 9 #ahdh1 9 ! ,braunau meteorite4 ,! realization t !re 7 _m diff]5t k9ds ( meteorites & t ^! div]se objects 7 v important to an und]/&+ ( ! int]nal /ructure & orig9 ( ! e>?1 & p]haps ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em & ! wid] cosmos z well4 ,t5tative explanations ( ! viol5t & t]rify+ light & s\nd effects connect$ ) meteorite falls4 ,t5tative explanations ( su* oval-%ap$ areas z %[n above4 ,illu/ration3 ,typical di/ribution ( meteorite fragm5ts accord+ to size1 )9 oval-%ap$ area ( fall4 ,! l>g] masses ( ! %[] c>ry f>!r on1 9 ! direction ( ! motion ( ! meteorite4 ,z e>ly z #ahad1 inve/igators _h not$ ?is peculi>ity ( meteorite-%[] di/ributions4 ,see pp4 #cb1 #hi1 #id4 ,by #ahej1 ,a4 ,boisse1 an e>ly ,fr5* geologi/ & meteoritici/1 _h put =? ! basic meteorite-planet hypo!sis4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory ( 81 meteorites are ! fragm5ts ( a planet#ab t =m]ly orbit$ betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] 9 :at is n[ call$ ! 8a/]oid belt40 ,& untold millions ( ye>s ago1 ?is planet 0 %att]$ by "s unkn[n b v great =ce1 possibly collision ) ano!r cele/ial body4 ,! /ructure ( ! meteorite-planet 0 consid]$ to h be5 v mu* l t ( ! e>?4 ,! v>i\s divisions ( recogniz$ meteorites 7 believ$ to be repres5tatives ( ! sev]al conc5tric1 or ne/$1 %ells ( mat]ial orig9ally mak+ up ! de/roy$ planet4 ,^! %ells 7 progressively less d5se ) increas+ di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! planet4 ,today ,boisse's !ory is "o ( ! mo/ widely accept$ z an explanation ( at lea/ "o major category ( ! meteorites4 ,"s mod]n inve/igators w\ld insi/ t ! meteorite-planet _h a ?9 out] glassy %ell f :i* ! tektites came4 ,mo/ ( ! l>g] fragm5ts ( ! meteorite-planet1 n[ call$ ! a/]oids1 move s t ! av]age a/]oidal orbit v closely approximates ! orbit ( ! orig9al planet4 ,b _m ( ! small] fragm5ts foll[ pa?s 9 space t diff] consid]ably f ! orig9al meteorite-planet's orbit4 ,ev5 "s ( ! a/]oids behave ?is way1 ei!r because ( ! high spe$s !y acquir$ at ! "t ( disruption ( ! meteorite-planet1 or because ( ! lat] influ5ce ( ! major planets & p>ticul>ly ( ! giant planet1 ,jupit]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a diagram 7n drawn to scale7 %[+ position ( a/]oid-belt ) respect to ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,! a/]oids ) av]age orbits move )9 ?is belt4 ,! non-typical a/]oid indicat$ foll[s an orbit t br+s x well inside t ( ! e>?4 ,!re are a numb] ( a/]oids ) su* peculi> orbits4 ,x is possible t 9 ! pa/ a nickel-iron a/]oid 9 "o ( ^! orbits collid$ ) ! e>? & produc$ ! ,canyon ,diablo meteorite crat]4 ,9 fact1 at ! pres5t "t1 sev]al a/]oids move well )9 ! orbits ( ! e>? & ,v5us4 ,x is q possible !re=e t su* a l>ge meteorite crat] z ! "o at ,canyon ,diablo1 0 produc$ by ! prehi/oric fall ( "o ( ^! small memb]s ( our ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,if s1 we h reason to believe t a core-fragm5t ( ! meteorite-planet came to e>? at ,canyon ,diablo4 ,= ! ext5sive m9+ op]ations c>ri$ out !re dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury h %[n t ! projectile responsible = ?is greate/ ( all meteoritic %ell-holes 9 ! face ( ,"m ,e>? 0 a mass ( solid nickel-iron1 :i* 9 all likelihood 0 core mat]ial4 ,! l5g?y & co/ly s]ies ( m9+ op]ations at ,canyon ,diablo 7 all und]tak5 9 ! hope ( locat+ ! 8ma9 mass0 ( ?is huge projectile & ?us ( op5+ up :at might be call$ a cosmic-lode ( q valuable metals4 ,un=tunately1 ! m9]s ov]look$ ! fact t impacts at meteoritic spe$s produc$ almo/ incr$ible am\nts ( heat4 ,ev5 ! solid iron meteorites are vaporiz$ & widely disp]s$ at ! temp]atures result+ f su* impacts1 z we h se5 0 ! case at ,wab> 7see ,*apt] #d74 ,s x 0 at ,canyon ,diablo4 ,! idea ( a cosmic-metal m9e might at fir/ /rike "s read]s z too futuri/ic to take s]i\sly4 ,b ! necessity = cat*+ a core-fragm5t be=e x ent]s ! consum+ atmosph]e ( our planet is really no?+ new4 ,z f> back z #aici1 ! s5ior au?or _h occasion to po9t out t if we wi% to />t a successful cosmic-metal m9e1 we mu/ cat* our core-fragm5t be=e x is turn$ into unm9able vapor4 ,?is po9t w come up aga9 9 ! next *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,cross-section ( ,boisse's hypo!tical meteorite-planet4 ,fragm5tation ( ?is sph]e 0 believ$ to h giv5 rise to ! foll[+ divisions ( meteorites3 ,! iron meteorites came f ,a1 ! d5se nickel-iron core4 ,! /ony-iron meteorites came f ,b1 ! int]m$iate zone ( cellul> nickel-iron & silicate m9]als4 ,! /ony meteorites came f ,c1 ! out] zone ( silicate m9]als 9 :i* relatively little or no nickel-iron is pres5t4 ,! *ondrites 7 believ$ to come f ! inn] portion ( ?is zone2 ! a*ondrites1 f ! out] portion4 ,!re are sev]al o!r !ories ( ! orig9 ( meteorites int]e/+ en\gh to m5tion4 ,! e>ly view t ! meteorites 7 debris ?r[n out by anci5t volcanoes on ! moon or rec5t ones on ! e>? came to be discr$it$ l>gely on physical gr\nds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 extremely viol5t primordial volcanoes on ! e>? 7n ! weak ones ( hi/oric times1 l ,aetna or ,vesuvius7 c\ld h eject$ mat]ial t 9 mu* lat] times fell1 & cont9ues to fall back on our globe4 ,?is !ory has n be5 rul$ out & x /ill receives support1 = example1 f "s au?orities 9 ! ,u4,s4,s4,r4 ,^! same ,russian sci5ti/s take mo/ s]i\sly a sugge/ion t ! meteorites 7& comets z well7 7 ?r[n out by volcanoes believ$ to exi/ on ! planet1 ,jupit]--a !ory dat+ back almo/ a c5tury to ! ,engli% a/ronom]1 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor4 ,"s sci5ti/s believe t meteorites repres5t ! congeal$ rema9s ( gase\s bolts ( matt] eject$ by ! sun4 ,o!rs int]pret !m z fragm5ts ( comets t h be5 torn ap>t by pass+ too close to ! sun1 :i* is ! mo/ p[]ful gravitational c5t] 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,*emi/s1 geologi/s1 a/ronom]s1 & physici/s--z well z ! meteoritici/s !mselves--are con/antly work+ t[>d a solution ( ! problem ( ! meteorites4 ,:]e d ^! bodies come f8 ,:at c we le>n f !m ab\t _! age & orig9 & ab\t ! age & orig9 ( our ,sol> ,sy/em8 ,ye>s may be requir$1 b ev5tually ! riddle ( ! meteorites w be solv$ by ! pati5t1 conc]t$ ef=ts ( m5 & wom5 ( sci5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,collaps$ m9e build+s 9 ! bottom ( ! ,canyon ,diablo meteorite crat]4 ,a %aft 0 put d[n "h 9 "o ( sev]al unsuccessful attempts to locate ! ma9 mass ( ! meteorite4 ,see pp4 #dd-eb4 #ac4 ,,pres5t ,,& ,,future ,,applications ,s f> we h consid]$ :at might be call$ ! 8pure0 r ?an ! 8appli$0 side ( ! /udy ( meteorites4 ,! inve/igator 9 any pure sci5ce asks ( a new discov]y1 8,:at does ?is tell me ab\t ! univ]se8 ,h[ does x bett] help me to und]/& ! laws ( nature80 ,( ! same discov]y1 h[ev]1 ! work] 9 an appli$ sci5ce w ask1 8,:at practical use c be made ( ?is ga9 9 k8 ,:at c x be made to d = mank9d 9 g5]al80 ,^! que/ions reveal a decid$ diff]5ce 9 viewpo9t1 b ?is diff]5ce does n reflect unfavorably on ei!r class ( sci5ti/s4 ,9 fact1 !re is a great deal ( tru? 9 ! say+ 8,today's pure sci5ce is tomorr['s appli$40 ,actually1 ways & means ( tak+ advantage ( seem+ly useless sci5tific discov]ies are con/antly be+ f\nd4 ,! mo/ fam\s example ( ?is pr9ciple is ! developm5t ( ! atomic bomb f ! results ( ,e9/e9's rese>*es 9 ! ab/ract field ( relativity4 ,"h ! seem+ly my/ic =mula ,e mc came to h f>-rea*+ practical applications inde$6 ,meteoritics has "s exce$+ly practical applications4 ,f> f be+ completely 8out ( ?is _w0--z ! recov]$ meteorites !mselves orig9ally 7--?is sci5ce has be5 & c be made to s]ve mank9d 9 a numb] ( r unexpect$ ways4 ,meteoritics1 ! onetime 8/ep*ild ( a/ronomy10 is curr5tly be+ reg>d$ ) ev]-increas+ respect by sci5ti/s & eng9e]s work+ 9 _m diff]5t fields4 ,consid]1 fir/ ( all1 ! /a9less /eels t are s widely us$ 9 mod]n indu/ry1 & ev5 ! f9e sat9-%e5 /a9less 8silv]w>e0 t graces our d9+ tables4 ,^! h wisely be5 patt]n$ aft] a natural alloy ) la/+ qualities ( /r5g?1 t5acity1 & resi/ance to corrosion4 ,?is natural alloy is ! "o mak+ up ! iron meteorites4 ,its t\ghness & durability became well kn[n :]ev] attempts 7 made to section ^! metallic meteorites4 ,specially design$ & extra-p[]ful saw+ equipm5t is requir$ to slice meteoritic iron1 & ev5 ) x1 progress is pa9fully sl[4 ,s a/\nd$ 7 ^? :o fir/ tri$ to cut iron meteorites ) ord9>y metal saws t "o ( ! e>lie/ practical results 0 ! developm5t ( battle%ip armor plate compos$ ( a comm]cial alloy call$ 8meteor /eel10 :i* mimick$ ! composition ( ! iron meteorites4 ,( c\rse1 a good deal ( ! difficulty ( section+ meteorites arises f ! fact t ^? do+ ! cutt+ are try+ h>d n to wa/e valuable meteoritic mat]ial4 ,e precaution is tak5 to keep ! am\nt ( 8sawdu/0 to a m9imum1 = su* f9ely gr\nd up & contam9at$ meteoritic mat]ial is ( little sci5tific use4 ,&1 9 addition1 sci5ti/s mu/ gu>d aga9/ heat+ meteorites to high temp]atures because su* heat+ de/roys ! delicate int]nal /ructure ( ! masses4 ,if ^! two consid]ations 7loss ( mat]ial & ov]heat+7 7 unimportant1 ev5 a l>ge meteorite c\ld easily be divid$ up by use ( su* high-p[]$ oxyacetyl5e tor*es z are us$ to dissect huge obsolete battle%ips4 ,at ! ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics1 a ?91 wat]-cool$ blade ( s(t iron is driv5 sl[ly back & =? by an electric motor4 ,c>borundum grit 9 wat] susp5sion is f$ ev5ly into ! n>r[ cut ov] its entire l5g?4 ,?is grit becomes imb$d$ 9 ! l[] edge ( ! s(t iron blade1 :i* !n acts z a 8_m-too!d0 metal saw4 ,sev]al meteorites c be section$ simultane\sly by ?is multiblade saw4 ,9 ! future1 su* newly develop$ me?ods z high-spe$ p>ticle jet /reams or ultrasonic devices may be us$ to section meteorites bo? rapidly & economically4 ,9 ! field ( cosmic ray /udies1 p>ticul>ly ^? conc]n$ ) ! protection ( space travel]s f h>mful radiation1 meteoritics c be ( help4 ,! recov]$ meteorites h already come ?r\gh ^? regions t w\ld be cross$ by ev5 ! f>!/-rang+ space%ips4 ,consequ5tly1 a great deal c be le>n$ f ! /udy ( meteorites ab\t ! int5sity ( ! cosmic radiation t ! crews ( su* %ips mu/ face once !y get outside ! e>?'s protective air-%ield4 ,! fir/ /udy ( ?is type 0 made 9 ,may1 #aidh1 at ! ,in/itute = ,nucle> ,/udies ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago 7n[ ! ,enrico ,f]mi ,in/itute74 ,sci5ti/s made radioactivity te/s on samples ( ! ,norton ,c\nty meteorite donat$ = ?is purpose by ! ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics & air-express$ to ,*icago because ( ! int5se int]e/ 9 ! radioactivity "q4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aidi1 ,engli% inve/igators ran simil> te/s at ! ,londond]ry ,laboratory = ,radio*emi/ry1 ,durham1 ,engl&1 on samples ( ! fre%ly fall5 ,b$dgel]t1 ,nor? ,wales1 meteorite discuss$ on pp4 #fi-gj4 ,! results ( ^! two pione] /udies 7 negative because ! 8,model-,t0 in/rum5ts available 9 #aidh & #aidi 7 n s5sitive en\gh to detect ! relatively l[ radioactivities pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,! #f-;blade meteorite gang-saw 9 ! ma*9e %op at ! ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics4 ,9 #aiee1 h[ev]1 sci5ti/s at ,purdue ,univ]sity1 us+ m ref9$ c\nt]s1 /udi$ small nuggets ( nickel-iron1 also f ! ,norton meteorite4 ,?is "t1 ! results ( ! radioactivity te/s 7 positive4 ,! inve/igators detect$ tritium 7an isotope ( hydrog5 produc$ by cosmic-ray bomb>dm5t7 9 ! samples4 ,fur!rmore1 ! am\nt ( ?is r>e isotope pres5t indicat$ t ! int5sity ( cosmic radiation outside ! e>?'s atmosph]e may be v mu* high] ?an _h previ\sly be5 ?\ght possible4 8,=ew>n$ is =e>m$10 & f ! /&po9t ( future a/ronauts1 ?is is z practical a result z "o c\ld wi% =6 ,9 ! relatively ne> future1 m5 w c]ta9ly l& on ! surface ( ! moon4 ,we "k f radiometric /udies t "s degree ( radioactivity is induc$ 9 meteorites by ! full-int5sity cosmic radiation to :i* !y h be5 expos$ dur+ _! motion ?r\gh space4 ,! ne>ly airless moon1 l ! meteorites1 has also be5 expos$ to v int5se cosmic radiation = a long "t4 ,s ^? :o are plann+ to l& on our satellite are conc]n$ ab\t ! radioactivities !y w enc\nt] :5 !y beg9 _! explorations ( ! lun> surface4 ,suppose t extra-s5sitive in/rum5ts 7 design$ to pick up & measure ! radioactivities4 ,suppose fur!r t ^! in/rum5ts 7 m\nt$ 9 a space-probe put 9 an orbit circl+ closely ab\t ! moon4 ,plans = su* a project are n[ "u way4 ,:at types & int5sities ( lun> radioactivities might su* probe-m\nt$ in/rum5ts record8 ,until su* a space-probe becomes available1 e>?-b\nd space-sci5ti/s are seek+ at lea/ a prelim9>y answ] to ?is "q4 ,!y are do+ ?is by inve/igat+ ! natural 8probes0 t h come to u f space--! meteorites4 ,inve/igators h und]tak5 su* /udies v rec5tly by employ+ a new radiometric me?od te*nically call$ gamma-ray spectroscopy4 ,"w ( ?is sort has be5 & is be+ done at ! ,los ,alamos1 ,new ,mexico1 ,sci5tific ,laboratory on scores ( meteorite & tektite specim5s loan$ to ! ,laboratory by ! ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics4 ,"s ( ! individual meteorite specim5s te/$ weigh$ z mu* z #cg p\nds1 & are probably ! l>ge/ s+le extra-t]re/rial masses yet te/$ = cosmic ray-induc$ radioactivities4 ,let u turn n[ to ano!r important application ( meteoritics4 ,any body 9 motion ?r\gh ! air or 9 space has a 8/rik+ p[]0 ( sorts4 ,= "s objects1 ?is /rik+ p[]1 :i* is te*nically kn[n z balli/ic pot5tial1 is v weak1 z 9 ! case ( silky milkwe$-d[n drift+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,hail/ones h a good deal m /rik+ p[]1 z may h be5 pa9fully demon/rat$ on y\r own head4 ,&1 f9ally1 su* masses z fall+ meteorites 7& especially ^? orbit+ 9 space1 unret>d$ by atmosph]ic resi/ance7 h an extraord9>ily =midable balli/ic pot5tial4 ,?is is because meteorites are n only t\gh & d5se1 z good projectiles mu/ be1 b are also mov+ at high velocities--p>ticul>ly high if ! meteorites come into ! ,sol> ,sy/em f int]/ell> space4 ,= ?is reason1 ! spe$s ( meteorites are v important to sci5ti/s responsible = rocket flights & = keep+ satellites al(t ov] long p]iods ( "t4 ,cle>ly1 ^! m5 mu/ h z accurate in=mation z possible on :]e & h[ fa/ meteoritic p>ticles are mov+1 s z to *>t ! safe/ r\tes = space%ips1 & to develop satisfactory means ( protect+ rockets & satellites aga9/ ! effects ( bomb>dm5t by ! small] meteorites4 ,= ^! 8small-fry0 cosmic missiles are s num]\s t _m ( !m are sure to be enc\nt]$ ev5 9 brief flights outside ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,su* in=mation might also prove valuable 9 ! future to ! crews ( space%ips on long flights into deep space4 ,su* m5 may face ! life or dea? problem ( tak+ successful 8evasive action0 aga9/ giant meteorites t w seem l fly+ hills & m\nta9s4 ,a /rong p>allelism exi/s betwe5 a meteorite fall & ! re-entry ( a nose-cone or data-capsule into ! atmosph]e4 ,to a consid]able ext5t1 ! difficult problems connect$ ) ! latt] are be+ attack$ at pres5t ?r\gh c>eful /udies ( meteorites4 ,f ! air-sculptur$ %apes ( meteorites1 _! cru/al fl[ patt]ns1 & ! ?icknesses & types ( fusion cru/s !y %[1 sci5ti/s are le>n+ a great deal ab\t c]ta9 factors connect$ ) ! re-entry problem4 ,^! factors include rate ( vaporization1 effects ( extreme temp]atures1 & types ( sculptur+ to be expect$ z a result ( enc\nt]+ ! resi/+ molecules ( ! atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,relation%ip betwe5 7,a7 ! trajectory ( a fall+ meteorite1 & 7,b7 ! re-entry /age ( a ,v-#b rocket4 ,! solid l9es indicate ! simil> portions ( ! two trajectories4 ,a4 ,a ,,meteorite ,,fall ,b4 ,a ,v-#b ,,re-,,entry ,"o ( ! mo/ obvi\s applications ( meteoritics 9 ! future w gr[ out ( ! well-kn[n fact t our e>?ly res\rces ( _m /rategic mat]ials--especially metals l iron & nickel--are fa/ becom+ exhau/$4 ,! population ( ! e>? is increas+ at a mad pace1 & an end to metal-consum+ w>s is /ill n 9 sight4 ,! ne$ = su* metals c only become m & m acute4 ,accord+ to "o ( ! curr5tly favor$ explanations ( ! orig9 ( ! meteorites1 ! core-fragm5ts ( ! p>5t meteorite-planet are solid masses ( nickel-iron alloy--l ! mass t bla/$ out ! ,canyon ,diablo meteorite crat]4 ,if ?is meteorite-planet hypo!sis f9ally w9s g5]al acceptance1 ! meteoritici/ ( ! future is almo/ sure to be set ! task ( p9-po9t+ z exactly z possible ! :]eab\ts 9 space & "t ( ! mo/ easily accessible cosmic nickel-iron lodes ( ?is sort4 ,once he has giv5 an answ]1 ! space eng9e]s w take ov]1 & m9+ op]ations w be />t$ on ! unlimit$ s\rces ( ess5tial metals to be f\nd 9 out] space4 ,initially1 no d\bt1 metal recov]ies w be freight$ back to e>? 9 rocket-load lots4 ,b z ! ne$ = iron & nickel increases on a metal-hungry e>?1 va/ eng9e]+ projects may well be und]tak5 to 8sn>e0 ! l>g] metal meteorites & equip !m ) rocket motors4 ,?is w be done s t by use ( rocket p[]1 ! natural orbits ( ! meteorites c be *ang$ into orbits br++ !m back to e>?4 ,unlike ! natural1 uncontroll$ ,canyon ,diablo meteorite fall t vaporiz$ :at w\ld h be5 a ri* nickel-iron deposit1 ! rocket-controll$ meteoritic 8metal m9es0 w be eas$ d[n to e>? all 9 "o piece4 ,read+ ( ! possibility ( s5d+ out exp$itions to f9d l>ge iron meteorites 9 ! dep?s ( space may br+ to y\r m9d an image ( ! fe>less m>9]s ( old :o sail$ _! /\t %ips ov] dang]\s1 (t5 un*>t$ seas 9 se>* ( ! great :ales4 ,! rocket crews ( day-aft]-tomorr[ w no d\bt be equally fe>less & res\rceful z !y navigate ! sea ( space1 int5t on captur+ ! great 8metal m9es0 ( ! future4 ,! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 su* space-m9+ v5tures w !n be c>ri$ ov] into exp$itions to ensn>e ! l>g] /ony-iron meteorites4 ,^! masses ( iron & /one w (f] less favorable m9+ possibilities1 b !y c be turn$ into rocket-propell$ & guid$ de luxe space-cruis]s4 ,by ?is t]m1 we d n mean t ^! natural space-%ips w h\se all ! luxuries ( ! ocean-l9]s adv]tis$ 9 ! travel magaz9es4 ,r1 we see !m z provid+ roomy1 com=table 8und]gr\nd0 liv+ qu>t]s4 ,fur!rmore1 _! occupants w be adequately protect$ by great ?icknesses ( metal & rock f ! injuri\s radiations ( empty space1 & ! meteorites t make ! t]m 8empty space0 some?+ ( a misnom]4 ,initially1 su* worlds-9-m9iature w be mu* s\ght aft] z laboratory sites :]e ! m viol5t & dang]\s ( ! _m exp]im5tal te/s :i* v5turesome man w wi% to conduct c be c>ri$ on )\t dang] to ! close-pack$ billions populat+ ! !n-cr[d$ e>?4 ,lat] on1 ^! meteorites-turn$-into-space-%ips may be us$ to explore ! dang]\s & f>away corn]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 s9ce ! v sub/ance ( ea* massive meteoritic rocket-body w s]ve z an adequate & h&y s\rce ( fuel supply4 ,:5 m5 h le>n$ to live on su* 8homes away f home10 x is q possible t ! l>g] ( ^! modifi$ meteorites1 aft] _! int]iors h be5 op5$ up = occupancy by ! inroads ( ! fuel-hungry rocket-motors1 may be /e]$ into neighborly orbits ab\t old ,"m ,e>?4 ,"h1 ^! 8natural0 satellites w assume ! unexcit+ b necess>y roles ( ! extra liv+ qu>t]s t by !n w be s urg5tly ne$$ to accommodate ! mu%room+ population ( ! _w ( ! future4 ,p :o live 9 ^! sup]-urban outli]s ( ,"m ,e>? may take ! same pride 9 _! natural1 if conv]t$1 homes z _m =m] city dwell]s n[ take 9 ! old-fa%ion$ sprawl+ f>mh\ses !y h rebuilt & occupi$4 ,p]haps "o ( y\r desc5dants w live 9 su* a meteorite-orb1 & occasionally po9t ! f+] ( scorn at ! m elegant b unpleasantly ov]cr[d$ artificial satellites pref]r$ by ^? migrants f teem+ e>? :o lack ! true pione]+ in/9ct4 ,:o kn[s6 ,,= ,,fur!r ,,read+ ,if y are especially int]e/$ 9 meteoritics1 y already may h read "s good books on g5]al a/ronomy4 ,!re are _m & mo/ ( !m are n too advanc$ = ! beg9n]4 ,un=tunately1 ^! books devote b little space to meteoritics1 ! 8,johnny-come-lately0 ( a/ronomy4 ,almo/ all ( ! writ+s on meteors & meteorites y w f9d l>gely pr(itable to read are 9 pr(essional meteoritical publications4 ,a select$ li/ ( su* publications1 conta9+ mu* or at lea/ a wor?:ile am\nt ( mat]ial y w n[ be able to und]/&1 is giv5 bel[4 ,y\r *ief difficulty 9 us+ ?is li/ w be 9 f9d+ "s ( ! m important items 9 ! hold+s ( y\r public libr>y1 unless x is a l>ge & well-/ock$ "o4 ,y\r libr>ian1 h[ev]1 may be able to help y get ! item f "s o!r libr>y--p]haps f t ( a ne>by univ]sity or college4 ,,meteoric ,,a/ronomy ,,mebane1 ,a4 ,d4 8,! ,canadian ,fireball ,procession ( #aiac1 ,febru>y #i10 ,meteoritics1 ,vol4 #a1 ,no4 #d 7#aief71 pp4 #dje-dba4 ,eyewitness acc\nts ( ! mo/ fam\s fireball procession on record4 ,,olivi]1 ,c4 ,p4 ,meteors1 ,williams & ,wilk9s1 ,baltimore1 #aibe4 ,an exhau/ive survey ( "w done by visual meteor-obs]v]s4 ,,s*iap>elli1 ,g4 ,v4 ,%oot+ ,/>s1 a translation by ,c4 ,c4 ,wylie & ,j4 ,r4 ,naid51 publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s1 ,i[a ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #ej 7#aidc71 pp4 #dh-aec4 ,a pione] treatise1 dat$ #ahfg1 :i* is basic to lat] "w 9 ?is field4 ,,:ipple1 ,f4 ,l4 8,photographic ,meteor ,/udies1 ,i10 ,proce$+s1 ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ,vol4 #gi1 ,no4 #d 7#aich71 pp4 #dii-edh4 ,fundam5tal pap] on ! subject4 ,( ! six meteors analyz$1 five foll[$ elliptical orbits & "o1 a /rongly hyp]bolic orbit4 ,,meteorites ,,f>r+ton1 ,o4 ,c4 8,a ,catalogue ( ! ,meteorites ( ,nor? ,am]ica to ,janu>y #a1 #aiji10 ,memoirs1 ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 #ac 7#aiae74 ,conta9s fasc9at+ acc\nts ( ! ph5om5a connect$ ) meteorite falls1 int]sp]s$ ) l5g?y te*nical *emical & microscopic /udies ( meteorites4 ,,f>r+ton1 ,o4 ,c4 ,meteorites publi%$ by ! au?or1 ,*icago1 #aiae4 ,! classic ,am]ican "w on meteorites4 ,! fir/ half ( ! book is popul>2 ! la/ half is te*nical4 ,,hey1 ,m4 ,h4 & ,,prior1 ,g4 ,t4 ,catalogue ( ,meteorites1 ,william ,cl[es ,sons1 ,london1 #aiec4 ,an exhau/ive catalog ( all recogniz$ & also1 un=tunately1 ( _m d\btful meteorite falls & f9ds1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/orical record up to ,decemb] #aieb4 ,,lapaz1 ,,l9coln4 8,! ,a*ondritic ,%[] ( ,febru>y #ah1 #aidh10 ,publications1 ,a/ronomical ,society ( ! ,pacific1 ,vol4 #fa 7#aidi71 pp4 #fc-gc4 ,,lapaz1 ,,l9coln4 8,! ,effects ( ,meteorites ^u ! ,e>?10 ,advances 9 ,geophysics1 ,vol4 #d1 edit$ by ,h4 ,e4 ,l&sb]g1 ,academic ,press1 ,new ,york1 #aieh1 pp4 #bag-cej4 ,a monograph cov]+ su* topics z meteorite hits ^u build+s & p1 meteorite detectors1 & ! nature & age ( meteorite crat]s4 ,,leon>d1 ,f4 ,c4 8,! ,furnas ,c\nty1 ,kansas1 ,a*ondritic ,fall 7#ajjj1djj710 ,contributions1 ,meteoritical ,society1 ,vol4 #d 7#aidh71 pp4 #ach-ada4 ,?is pap] & ! eigh? item1 above1 discuss ! ph5om5a ( ! fall ( ! l>ge/ a]olite s f> recov]$ any:]e 9 ! _w4 ,,m]rill1 ,g4 ,p4 8,! ,/ory ( ,meteorites10 ,m9]als f ,e>? & ,sky1 ,vol4 #c1 ,"p ,i1 ,smi?sonian ,sci5tific ,s]ies1 #aibi1 pp4 #a-afc4 ,a *iefly popul> survey ( ! subject by a ma/] meteoritici/4 ,,p]ry1 ,s4 ,h4 ,! ,metallography ( ,meteoric meteoritic ,iron1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum ,bullet9 ,no4 #ahd 7#aidd74 ,a summ>y ( k on ! subject1 supplem5t$ by exceptionally f9e photographs ( et*$ meteorite sections4 ,,sw9del1 ,g4 ,w41 ,,jr41 & ,,jones1 ,,walt] ,b4 8,! ,sylacauga1 ,talladega ,c\nty1 ,alabama1 ,a]olite3 ,a ,rec5t ,meteoritic ,fall t ,injur$ a ,human ,be+10 ,meteoritics1 ,vol4 #a1 ,no4 #b 7#aied71 pp4 #abe-acb4 ,,:ite1 ,c4 ,s4 & ,,b5son1 ,,otis ,o4 7editors7 ,physics & ,m$ic9e ( ! ,upp] ,atmosph]e1 ,univ]sity ( ,new ,mexico ,press1 ,albuqu]que1 #aieb4 ,see ,*apt] ,x1 8,meteoritic ,ph5om5a & ,meteorites10 by ,f4 ,l4 ,:ipple1 pp4 #acg-agj2 & ,*apt] ,,xix1 8,meteoroids1 ,meteorites1 & ,hyp]bolic ,meteoritic ,velocities10 by ,l9coln ,la,paz1 pp4 #ceb-cic4 ,mod]n views on ! meteorite velocity controv]sy4 ,,meteorite ,,crat]s ,,lapaz1 ,,l9coln4 8,! ,crat]s on ! ,moon10 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,vol4 #aha1 ,no4 #d 7#aidi71 pp4 #b-c4 ,a popul> exposition ( ! ,bn>d-,wasiutynski !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! ord9>y 7nonray$7 crat]s on ! moon4 ,,sp5c]1 ,l4 ,j4 8,meteorite ,crat]s z ,topographical ,features on ! ,e>?'s ,surface10 ,geographical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #ha 7#aicc71 pp4 #bbg-bdh4 ,! classic pap] on t]re/rial meteorite crat]s4 ,,meteoritic ,,du/ ,,buddhue1 ,j4 ,d4 ,meteoritic ,du/1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,mexico ,press1 ,albuqu]que1 #aiej4 ,an acc\nt ( ! v>i\s te*niques us$ 9 collect+ & /udy+ meteoritic du/2 & also ( ! conclusions drawn f ! /udy ( su* du/4 ,,index ,a a*ondrites1 #abf1 #afc1 #agh ,adelie ,l& /one1 #gh ,adr> iron1 #ch1 #dj a]olites1 #agh1 #agi see also1 /ones1 meteoritic age ( meteorites &_/or crat]s1 #ej1 #eb ,aggie ,creek iron1 #gf ,ahnighito iron1 #cf1 #abh ,algoma meteorite1 #ge 8,alley ,oop's %illelagh10 #abf altitude1 #hh1 #ij1 #aje1 #ajf ,am]ican ,meteor ,society1 #aaf ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #cg ,&]son ,t[n%ip meteorites1 #gf ,&hra /one1 #adg-h ,&rom$a1 ,great ,spiral ,nebula 91 #b ,&rom$id %[]1 #aec an?ills1 meteorites 91 #abh anti-matt]1 #eh-fj ,a\ell\l crat]1 #fe appe>ance & disappe>ance ( meteors1 #hf1 #id1 #ajf appli$ sci5ce1 #aff ar*eologi/s1 #gf1 #aej areas ( fall1 #ac-d1 #bd1 #bf1 #cb1 #hi1 #id1 #aei armor plate1 #afg a/]oid belt & orbits1 #afj-a a/ronautics1 #aaj1 #afh1 #agj-f ataxites1 #abj ,a!ns1 multiple fireball ov]1 #adi au/ralites1 #acd1 #adj azimu?1 a/ronomical1 #hh ,b ,bacubirito iron1 #abh ,bald ,eagle iron1 #gf balli/ic pot5tial1 #aga ,baxt] /one1 #gc ,be> ,lodge iron1 #gf ,b$dgel]t /one1 #fi-gj1 #gc1 #afh b$iasites1 #acf1 #acg ,belly ,riv] /one1 #aca ,b5>es meteorite1 #aef ,b5dego iron1 #abh ,b5ld /one1 #gc ,b5son1 ,o4 ,o41 #agi ,be?lehem /one1 #gc betyls1 #adh1 #aej ,bible1 meteorite m5tion$ 91 #adg ,bielid %[]1 #aaf 8blackfell[s' buttons10 #acd ,black ,/one ( ! ,kaaba1 #adg ,boisse1 ,a41 #afj1 #afc bolides1 #ajb1 #aea ,braunau iron1 #gc ,br5ham crat]s & meteorites1 #eb1 #fe1 #ff1 #gh ,box ,hole ,/ation crat]1 #fe ,bridgewat] meteorite1 #ge ,briti% ,museum1 #acf1 #aeh ,buddhue1 ,j4 ,d41 #agi ,c ,campo del ,cielo crat]s1 #ej1 #fe ,canyon ,diablo crat]1 #dd-eb1 #fe1 #ff1 #ge1 #if1 #afa1 #afb1 #afe1 #agd ,cape ( ,good ,hope iron1 #aej ,cape ,york iron1 #cf1 #cg ,c>lton meteorite1 #ge ,casas ,gr&es iron1 #gf *>ms1 meteorites us$ z1 #acd1 #acf see also sacr$ meteorites2 sup]/itions ,*e/]field meteorite1 #ge ,*ladni1 ,e4 ,f4 ,f41 #aee-g *ondrules & *ondrites1 #abd-f1 #afc ,*ubb crat]1 #eb-d co9s depict+ meteorites1 #adh1 #aej collection ( meteorites 9 in/itutions1 #bj1 #cb1 #cd1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj-a1 #ij1 #acf1 #aeh comets1 #aad1 #adj1 #afd composition ( meteor-=m+ p>ticles1 #afj-g composition ( meteorites1 #aah-bf1 #afc1 #agi composition ( tektites1 #acf-h ,con/antia /one1 #gd contrat]r5e matt]1 #ef1 #eh-fj convection-curr5t hypo!sis1 #fc-d cosmic metal m9e1 #afb1 #agd-f cosmic rays1 #afh-ga crat]s1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #db-fe1 #ff1 #if1 #adc1 #agh1 #agi ,d ,dalg>anga crat]1 #fe daubreelite1 #abd de/ruction by meteorites1 #aa1 #ae1 #af-ai1 #ed-g1 #fh-gj1 #gc-d1 #agh diamond-be>+ meteorite1 #hb direction measures1 #bc1 #bd1 #hf-i1 #aaj di/ribution ( meteorites1 #ff-fh1 #gb1 #adj-c1 #aei dog & meteorite1 #gc d\bt]s ( meteorites1 #aed-g 8dumbbells10 #ace1 #acf 8du/ balls10 #ajf du/1 meteoritic1 #ajb1 #aaf-g1 #agi ,e 8e>?-r+s10 #adb e>?-trace1 #ib eat+ a meteorite1 #hb ,e9/e91 ,a41 #aff elem5ts 9 meteorites1 #aah-bd elem5ts 9 meteor-=m+ p>ticles1 #ajg elevation1 app>5t1 #hh1 #ij see also altitude 8end-po9t10 #af1 #hf-ia ,enrico ,f]mi ,in/itute1 #afh ,ensi%eim /one1 #aeb1 #aed ,eta-,aqu>id %[]1 #aad et*+ meteorites1 #aai-abc evaporation1 see vaporization 8explosions0 ( meteors &_/or meteorites1 #ah1 #bc1 #be1 #ee1 #ef-fj1 #fc1 #hf1 #ib ,f fall1 det]m9+ area (1 #ac-ad1 #bd1 #bf see also oval-%ap$ areas ( fall falls1 witness$1 #aa-bb1 #bc-cd1 #fg1 #fh-gb1 #hb1 #hd-ie ,f>r+ton1 ,o4 ,c41 #agh f>m]s z meteorite f9d]s1 #bh1 #cj1 #ge-f ,f]mi 7,enrico7 ,in/itute1 #afh fireballs1 #b1 #aj1 #aa-ac1 #bc-e1 #ed1 #fi1 #hd-ib1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #adi1 #aea fi%]m5 net meteorite1 #gh fixes1 #hd-ij 8flang$ buttons10 #ace1 #acf flight-pa?1 see trajectory ,fl[s meteorite1 #hb footw>m]1 meteorite us$ z1 #gh 8fossil0 meteorites1 #add-f funnels1 impact & p5etration1 #bj1 #bi1 #cb1 #cc1 #db1 #dd ,furnas ,c\nty /one1 #bi1 #ca1 #cb-d1 #abh1 #agh see also ,norton ,c\nty fall fusion cru/1 #bj1 #ba1 #acj1 #acb1 #adj1 #adh1 #agb ,g ,galle1 ,j4 ,g41 #ib gamma-ray spectroscopy1 #aga ,gem9id %[]1 #aad ,giacob9id %[]1 #ajc1 #aad1 #aae ,giacob9i-,z9n] comet1 #aad glass1 #ach1 #ade see also silica-glass2 tektites ,glorieta iron1 #abf great-circle di/ributions1 #adj-c ,h ,h>v>d meteor-photographs1 #aaj-a ,havil& crat]s1 #ej1 #eb1 #fe1 #ff ,hayd5 ,planet>ium1 #abi height1 #hh1 #ij1 #aje1 #ajf ,h5bury crat]s1 #ej1 #fe ,hey1 ,m4 ,h41 #agh hexah$rites1 #aai1 #abj ,holbrook /one %[]1 #abh ,h[>d1 ,e41 #aee-g hunt+ meteorites1 me?ods (1 #hd-ajj ,i 8ices10 #ajf ,ill9ois ,gul* iron1 #gf impactites1 #adc-e ,india1 ,museum ( ! ,geological ,survey (1 #da ,indians1 #da1 #gf1 #aej ,in/itute = ,nucle> ,/udies1 #afh ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics1 #e1 #bd1 #bf-cb1 #hj1 #hd1 #if1 #afh1 #afi1 #aga int]sect+ l9es ( sight1 #hd-ij int]/ell> space1 #ib1 #aga irons1 #ai1 #cf1 #cg1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #dh1 #gc1 #ge1 #gf1 #gh1 #hb1 #ii1 #aaf1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba1 #abh1 #abi1 #acc1 #adc1 #aej1 #aee1 #afc1 #afg1 #agd-e1 #agi ,j ,jones1 ,w4 ,b41 #agi ,jupit]1 #ajb1 #adb1 #afj1 #afa1 #afd ,k ,kaalij>v crat]1 #fe kamacite1 #abd ,kasamatsu /one1 #gd ,kays]1 ,e41 #ib ,k5ton iron1 #ge ,kilb\rn /one1 #gd ,klepe/a1 ,j41 #b ,krasnoy>sk iron1 #aee ,l laboratory proc$ures1 #e1 #ha1 #hc1 #aah1 #abj1 #abh1 #afg-ga ,la ,caille meteorite1 #gh ,l',aigle /one %[]1 #aeg1 #aeh ,lake ,murray iron1 #gg1 #gi1 #hj-c ,lake ,okee*obee /one1 #gh ,la,paz1 ,l41 #agh1 #agi l>ge/ meteorites1 see weights & weigh+ ( meteorites ,l5+rad 7,/4 ,pet]sburg71 ,academy ( ,sci5ce (1 #aeh ,leon>d1 ,f4 ,c41 #agh ,leonid %[]1 #aad1 #aae ,lick ,creek iron1 #gf ,londond]ry ,laboratory = ,radio*emi/ry1 #afh ,los ,alamos ,sci5tific ,laboratory1 #aga 8lo/0 meteorites1 #ch1 #dj1 #da1 #hj1 #hb1 #ie lun> crat]s1 #fj-d1 #agi see also moon1 crat]s on ,lyrid %[]1 #aab1 #aad ,m magic attribut$ to meteorites1 see sup]/itions ,m>s1 #afj1 #afa 8,m>tian space%ip10 #fj ,maximilian ,i1 #aeb-d ,mazapil iron1 #aaf ,mebane1 ,a4 ,d41 #agg ,m$v$ev1 ,p4 ,i41 #aj ,m]rill1 ,g4 ,p41 #agh ,mesav]de iron1 #gf metals1 meteorites z s\rces (1 #agd-e meteorite detectors1 #dh1 #eb1 #if-ajj1 #agh meteoriteless meteorite crat]1 #ef meteorite-planet hypo!sis1 #adj1 #afj1 #afc1 #agd meteorite %[]s1 #gc-d1 #abh1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei meteorites1 true or false1 #acj-c meteoritics1 #e1 #ajd1 #aff-g meteors1 #aja-ag meteor %[]s1 #ajc1 #aaa1 #aab-aaf1 #aag1 #aeb1 #aec meteor /eel1 #afg micro-meteorites1 see du/1 meteoritic m9]als 9 meteorites1 #abj-f1 #aef1 #afc m9]s z meteorite f9d]s1 #gj1 #gf1 #add m9+ 9 space1 #afb1 #agd-f ,montezuma temple iron1 #gf moon1 #fj-d1 #adj1 #agj moon1 crat]s on1 #fj-d1 #agi ,morito iron1 #abh ,mosc[1 ,academy ( ,sci5ces at1 #bj ,m\nt ,d>w91 ,tasmania1 crat]1 #fe2 silica-glass1 #adc ,m\nt ,joy iron1 #ge-f ,murfreesboro iron1 #gf ,n 8natural nucle> explosion10 #fj ,neumann1 ,j41 #aeh nickel-iron1 #ai1 #cb1 #if1 #ih1 #aah1 #abj1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #abf1 #acb1 #adc1 #aej1 #afa1 #afc1 #agj1 #agd ,norton ,c\nty fall1 #bc-cd1 #ij1 #ic1 #id1 #if1 #abf1 #abh1 #acj1 #afh ,novo-,urei /one1 #hb ,o obsidian mi/ak5 = tektite1 #ach-i octah$rites1 #abj1 #aba ,odessa crat]1 #dc1 #dd1 #eb1 #fe1 #ff1 #ge olde/ collection ( meteorites1 #gf olde/ crat]1 #eb ,olivi]1 ,c4 ,p41 #aaf1 #agg ,opava irons1 #gf orbits1 #ajh-aab1 #afj1 #afa orig9 ( meteorites1 #afj1 #afc1 #afd1 #agd ,orionid %[]1 #aab1 #aad oval-%ap$ areas ( fall1 #cb1 #hi1 #id1 #aei own]%ip ( meteorites1 #cf1 #ch ,p ,pallas1 ,p4 ,s41 #aee pallasites1 #abb1 #aee ,pant> /one %[]1 #gd p>allax & p>allactic displacem5t1 #aje1 #ajf ,p>is1 ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at1 #ch1 #aeh pa?s ( meteors1 #hd-id1 #aaf see also e>?-trace2 orbits2 spe$s2 trajectory2 velocity patt]ns1 /ructural1 #abj1 #aba1 #agb ,pawnee ,indians1 #da ,pe>y1 ,r4 ,e41 #cf1 #cg1 #abh ,p]ry1 ,s4 ,h41 #agi ,p]seid %[]1 #aad1 #aae p]son /ruck by meteorite1 #gj-b1 #agh1 #agi piezoglyphs1 #aca1 #acb ,pittsburgh iron1 #gh1 #hj plessite1 #abd plott+ meteor pa?s1 #aaf ,plym\? meteorite1 #ge ,podkam5naya ,tunguska fall1 #ej1 #ed-fj1 #fe1 #ajb poli%+ meteorites1 #e1 #aah1 #abj1 #abc ,port ,or=d /ony-iron1 #dj ,prague ,obs]vatory1 #b ,prior1 ,g4 ,t41 #agh ,proctor1 ,r4 ,a41 #afd ,pultusk fireball1 #ib ,purdue ,univ]sity1 #agj pure sci5ce1 #aff 8purlo9$0 meteorite1 #cf1 #ci ,q ,quadrantid %[]1 #aad ,r radiant ( meteor %[]1 #aab1 #aac radioactivities1 #e1 #fj1 #acc1 #ach1 #afh1 #agj-a ,rafrti iron1 #gh ra9fall1 connect$ ) meteor %[]s1 #aag r&om di/ribution1 #fb ray-crat]s1 #fj-d recov]ies ( meteorites1 #ad-bb1 #bd1 #bf-h1 #ca1 #cc1 #ce1 #ge-hb1 #hd-ajj ,r$ ,riv] iron1 #da re-entry1 #agb1 #agc reports1 eyewitness1 #bc1 #bd1 #hd1 #hf1 #ij1 #ib1 #id-e rev]s$ matt]1 #ef1 #eh-fj ,ri*l& iron1 #ge ,rigel1 #ib rocketry1 #aaj1 #agd-f ,rojansky1 ,v41 #eh ,s sacr$ meteorites1 #adg-ej see also sup]/itions ,san ,emigdio /one1 #hj satellites1 man-made1 #agb ,saturn's r+s1 #adb saw+ meteorites1 #ha1 #afg-i ,s*iap>elli1 ,g4 ,v41 #agg ,s*midt1 ,j4 ,f4 ,j41 #adi s*reib]site1 #abd ,scottsville iron1 #gf ,seelsg5 iron1 #ge ,%akespe>e1 meteors m5tion$ by1 #aeb %ale balls1 #dh1 #acc %apes ( meteorites1 #ah1 #cb1 #abf-h1 #acd-g1 #adj1 #agb ,%irihagi iron1 #aej 8%oot+ />s10 #ajd %[]s1 meteor1 #ajc1 #aaa1 #aab-aaf1 #aag1 #aeb1 #aec %[]s1 meteorite1 #gc1 #gd1 #abh1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei ,si5a fall1 #aef ,sikhote-,al9 fall1 see ,ussuri silica-glass1 #ej1 #ed1 #adc see also glass2 tektites silicate-sid]ites1 #abb1 #abc ,sirius1 #ib 8skym>ks10 #ib smalle/ meteorites1 #dh1 #abh see also du/1 meteoritic ,sol> ,sy/em1 #e1 #aaa1 #afd1 #age-f s\nds made by fall+ meteorites1 #aa1 #ab1 #bd1 #be1bf1 #id-e1 #adh1 #aei space exploration & %ips1 #e1 #afh1 #agj-f space-probes1 #agj-a space m9+1 #afb1 #agd-f spectra & spectrograms1 meteor1 #ajg spectroscopy1 gamma-ray1 #aga spe$s1 #ba1 #cb1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaj-ab1 #abf1 #agb ,sp5c]1 ,l4 ,j41 #agi /a9less /eel1 #abj1 #abb1 #afg /ones1 meteoritic1 #bh-cd1 #ce1 #gj1 #ga-b1 #gc-d1 #gh1 #hj1 #hb1 #aah1 #abj-d1 #abh1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 #adh1 #aef-g1 #afc /ony-irons1 #dj-a1 #aah1 #abb1 #abd1 #afc /rata1 effect ( impact on1 #dc1 #dd-e1 #dh-ea sup]/itions ab\t meteors & meteorites1 #be1 #ef1 #hb1 #acd1 #acf1 #adg-eb1 #aed sw>ms1 meteorite1 #ej sw>ms1 meteor-p>ticle1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aad ,sw9del1 ,g4 ,w41 ,jr41 #agi 8swords f heav510 #aej ,sylacauga /one1 #ga-b1 #gd1 #agi ,t ta5ite1 #abd tektite-obsidian te/1 #ach-i tektites1 #acd-adf1 #afj te/s = true meteorites1 #acj-c 8?umb-pr9ts10 #aca1 #acb trajectory1 #ij1 #ib1 #agc tritium1 #agj ,tucson iron1 #abh ,tungus1 see ,podkam5naya ,tunguska twice-f\nd meteorites1 #gf ,ty*o1 lun> ray-crat]1 #fa ,u ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,radiation ,laboratory1 #eh ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 #afh ,univ]sity ( ,new ,mexico1 #bd1 #cj see also ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska1 #cj1 #hj ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 #dj1 #aeh ,ussuri fall1 #aj1 #aa-cd1 #db1 #ej1 #ed1 #fe1 #acj ,v vaporization1 #ajb1 #ajg1 #aaf1 #abf1 #abh1 #adc1 #ade1 #afb1 #agb1 #agd velocity1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aga1 #agi ,v5us1 #ajb1 #afb ,v]beek1 ,r4 ,d4 ,m41 #adj ,vi5na1 ,national ,hi/ory ,museum (1 #da1 #aeh volcanic !ories1 #ach1 #aee1 #aef1 #afd ,w ,wab> crat]s1 #ej1 #fe1 #adc1 #afb ,wasiutynski1 ,j41 #fc-d1 #agi wat]1 meteorites "u1 #gh waves1 air & wat]1 #ab1 #ed-e wea!r1 effect ( meteoritic du/ on1 #aag wea!r+ ( meteorites1 #ch1 #dh1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 #ff1 #acc1 #add weights & weigh+ ( meteorites1 #ce1 #cf1 #abh1 #acj ,:ite1 ,c4 ,s41 #agi ,widman/tt5 patt]n1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #aeh ,:ipple1 ,f4 ,l41 #agg1 #agi ,willamette iron1 #cf1 #abh1 #abi ,wold ,cottage meteorite1 #aef ,wolf ,creek crat]1 #eb1 #ec1 #fe1 #ge1 #acc ,y ,yale ,univ]sity1 #da "y p & meteoritics1 #bc1 #bd1 #bh1 #cd1 #ci1 #ij1 #ih1 #ii1 #aaf see also reports1 eyewitness ,z ,zhovtnevy ,hutor fall1 #hb ,,footnotes #a;,also call$ a]olites4 #b,! meteorites f ?is crat]-produc+ fall h be5 f\nd 9 bo? ,havil& & ,br5ham ,t[n%ips1 ,ki[a ,c\nty1 ,kansas4 ,ei!r ( ^! names may !re=e appe> 9 ! lit]ature4 #c,! meteorites f ?is crat]-produc+ fall h be5 f\nd 9 bo? ,havil& & ,br5ham ,t[n%ips1 ,ki[a ,c\nty1 ,kansas4 ,ei!r ( ^! names may !re=e appe> 9 ! lit]ature4 #ddec4ei grams #a p\nd4 #e;,a que/ionnaire = mak+ an adequate report is obta9able by reque/ f ! ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,mexico1 ,albuqu]que4 #f,read]s :o are advanc$ en\gh 9 a/ronomy to attempt plott+ ! meteor pa?s c get ! prop] />-maps & record %eets = ?is purpose by jo9+ ! ,am]ican ,meteor ,society4 ,memb]s mu/ be at lea/ #ah ye>s old1 b applicants betwe5 #ad & #ah c become probational memb]s4 ,= details write to ,dr4 ,c4 ,p4 ,olivi]1 ,presid5t1 ,am]ican ,meteor ,society1 #eba ,nor? ,wynnewood ,av5ue1 ,n>b]?1 ,p5nsylvania4 #g,q rec5tly1 a f\r? division1 ! tektites 7discuss$ 9 ! next *apt]71 has be5 recogniz$ by "s au?orities4 #h;,discuss$ 9 ,*apt] #ab4 #i,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 #ai3ce4 #aj;,also baetyl & baetulus1 f ! ,greek ^w baitylos1 a t]m us$ = sacr$ meteorites & /ones4 #aa,?is metallic mass 0 ! fir/ /ony-iron meteorite to be id5tifi$ z su*4 ,! pallasites1 :i* make up an important subdivision ( ! /ony-iron meteorites1 7 nam$ 9 honor ( ,pallas4 #ab,v rec5tly1 "s au?orities h conclud$ t !re mu/ h be5 n "o b sev]al meteorite-planets4 ,space ,nomads ,meteorites 9 ,sky1 ,field1 & ,laboratory ,by ,l9coln ,la,paz & ,jean ,la,paz ,meteorites are ! real tok5s ( space6 ,!y are samples ( cosmic matt] we c actually take 9 our h&s4 ,sci5ce values !m greatly z specim5s ( ! only tangible sub/ances we h f remote & inaccessible regions ( ! univ]se4 ,^! my/]i\s 8space nomads0 are reveal+ to today's sci5ti/s _m amaz+ & usable facts ab\t conditions 9 out] space1 ab\t ! age ( our ,sol> ,sy/em1 & ev5 ab\t ! probable con/itution ( our own home planet4 ,?is is an ess5tial book = ev]ybody :o is keep+ up ) space sci5ce & wi%es to be well po/$ on ^! int]e/+ b pot5tially dang]\s co-voyag]s t ! a/ronauts may enc\nt]4 ,y w also see 9 ,,space ,,nomads3 ,! awesome ev5t a meteorite-fall c be1 ) its viol5t s\nd & light effects1 & its t]rific impact4 ,! excitem5t & ! "k-h[ ( ! hunt = ^! cosmic missiles4 ,h[ to tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 a true meteorite & a mi/ak5 "o4 ,ditto1 meteorite crat]s4 ,h[ to make y\r own contribution to sci5ce by kn[+ ! "r way to obs]ve & report meteors & meteorites4 ,:at is inside !m1 & h[ !y v>y 9 cont5t & /ructure4 ,! moon z a meteorite t>get4 ,! /range hi/ory ( ! subject--! amus+ sup]/itions & fanta/ic notions believ$ until rec5tly ab\t 8%oot+ />s0 & 8/ones fall+ f ! sky40 ,& m4 ,"h is an easy b s\nd introduction to ! rapidly develop+ sci5ce ( meteoritics4 ,all ( ! in=mation is up-to-date1 mu* ( x fir/h&1 = ! au?ors are !mselves pr(essional meteoritici/s4 ,daily !y are engag$ 9 fieldwork1 laboratory analysis1 & advanc$ rese>* at "o ( ! _w's *ief c5t]s = ?is /udy4 7,see back ( jacket47 ,a ,,holiday ,,h\se ,,book #ab ,,up #c4ie ,jacket by ,leo ,manso ,illu/ration3 ,,h>vey ,,capl9 ,,photo ,l9coln ,la,paz ,on ! moon is a ray-crat] nam$ ,la,paz 9 honor ( ! man :o has _h a major "p 9 e/abli%+ ! highly significant !ory t ! lun> ray-crat]s 7 made by ! impact ( meteorites4 ,l9coln ,la,paz is a lead+ pione] z well z a widely recogniz$ au?ority 9 meteoritics1 an important bran* ( a/ronomy4 ,he 0 born on ,l9coln's bir?day1 9 ,wi*ita1 ,kansas1 :]e he grew up4 ,al?\gh bo? 8 ma/]'s degree1 at ,h>v>d1 & 8 doctorate1 at ,*icago1 7 9 ma!matics1 8 *ief int]e/ s9ce boyhood has be5 9 meteorites & meteors4 ,today he is ,director ( ! ,in/itute ( ,meteoritics at ! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,mexico1 :]e he also heads ! ,division ( ,a/ronomy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rav9i ,,photo ,jean ,la,paz ,jean ,la,paz 0 born 9 ,hanov]1 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,s9ce girlhood %e has be5 close to h] fa!r 9 8 fasc9at+ "w4 ,:5 %e 0 a high-s*ool /ud5t 9 ,ohio1 %e did "s s]i\s fieldwork z a memb] ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity ,meteorite ,exp$itions4 ,lat]1 %e receiv$ bo? a ,ba*elor ( ,sci5ce degree 9 geology & a ,ma/] ( ,arts 9 ,engli% f ! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,mexico4 ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature cont9ue to be h] mutually favor+ int]e/s4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,sil5tly correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4