,view we/ t[>d ,gr& ,teton on skyl9e4 ,h$rick's ,pond surr\nd$ by 8knob & kettle0 topography is 9 =egr\nd1 tree-cov]$ ,burn$ ,ridge mora9e is 9 middle di/ance1 & ext5d+ f x to foot ( m\nta9s is gray flat treeless glacial outwa% pla94 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice photo by ,w4 ,e4 ,dilley4 ,illu/ration3 ,view we/ up ,cascade ,canyon1 ) nor? face ( ,mt4 ,ow5 9 c5t]4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice photo by ,h4 ,d4 ,p[nall4 ,to ,friti( ,m4 ,fryxell1 geologi/1 tea*]1 writ]1 m\nta9e]1 & ! fir/ rang]-naturali/ 9 ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k4 ,all :o love & /rive to und]/& ! ,teton l&scape foll[ 9 8 foot/eps4 ,,creation ,,( ,,! ,,teton ,,l&scape ,! ,geologic ,/ory ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k ,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,love ,,& ,,john ,c4 ,,re$1 ,,jr4 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey ,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalogue ,c>d ,no43 #fh-bjfbh ,,isbn ,o-#icahie-jh-a #a/ ,edition #aifh #a/ ,revis$ ,edition #aiga ,repr9t$ #aigi ,repr9t$ #aihd ,repr9t$ #aihi ,gr& ,teton ,natural ,hi/ory ,association ,moose1 ,wyom+ #hcjab ,,cont5ts ,=eword #f ,,! ,,/ory ,,beg9s #h ,fir/ que/ions1 brief answ]s #i ,an extraord9>y /ory #aj ,an a/ronaut's view #ab ,a pilot's view #ad ,a motori/'s view #ae ,view nor? #ae ,view we/ #ah ,view s\? #ai ,a m\nta9e]'s view #bj ,,c>v+ ,,! ,,rugg$ ,,peaks #bd ,/eep m\nta9 slopes--! p]petual battlegr\nd #bd ,rock dis9tegration & gravitational movem5t #bd ,runn+ wat] cuts & c>ries #bf ,glaci]s sc\r & transport #bh ,effects on ,jackson ,hole #cj ,,m\nta9 ,,uplift #cf ,k9ds ( m\nta9s #cf ,anatomy ( faults #ch ,"t & rate ( uplift #dj ,:y are m\nta9s "h8 #da ,! re/less l& #dc ,,enorm\s ,,"t ,,& ,,dynamic ,,e>? #de ,framework ( "t #de ,rocks & relative age #de ,fossils & geologic "t #df ,radioactive clocks #dg ,! y>d/ick ( geologic "t #dh ,,precambrian ,,rocks--,,! ,,core ,,( ,,! ,,tetons #ea ,anci5t gneisses & s*i/s #ea ,granite & pegmatite #ee ,black dikes #eh ,qu>tzite #fc ,a backw>d glance #fd ,! close ( ! ,precambrian--end ( ! beg9n+ #fd ,,! ,,paleozoic ,,era--,,"t ,,( ,,long-,,vani%$ ,,seas ,,& ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,life #ff ,! ,paleozoic sequ5ce #ff ,alaska ,bas9--site ( an out/&+ rock & fossil record #ff ,advance & retreat ( ,cambrian seas2 an example #fi ,y\ng] ,paleozoic =mations #gd ,,! ,,mesozoic--,,era ,,( ,,transition #gi ,colorful fir/ ,mesozoic /rata #gi ,drab ,cretace\s /rata #ha ,bir? ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s #hb ,,t]ti>y--,,"t ,,( ,,mammals1 ,,m\nta9s1 ,,lakes1 ,,& ,,volcanoes #hf ,rise & burial ( m\nta9s #hh ,! fir/ big lake #ib ,developm5t ( mammals #ie ,volcanoes #ih ,,quat]n>y--,,"t ,,( ,,ice1 ,,m ,,lakes1 ,,& ,,cont9u$ ,,cru/al ,,di/urbance #ajb ,hoback normal fault #ajc ,volcanic activity #ajc ,preglacial lakes #ajd ,! ,ice ,age #aje ,mod]n glaci]s #aab ,,! ,,pres5t ,,& ,,! ,,future #aac ,,app5dix #aae ,ackn[l$gem5ts #aae ,select$ ref]5ces--if y wi% to read fur!r #aaf ,ab\t ! au?ors #aag ,index ( select$ t]ms & features #aah ,,=eword ,geology is ! sci5ce ( ! ,e>?--! /udy ( ! =ces1 processes1 & pa/ life t n only %ape our l& b influ5ce our daily lives & our ,nation's welf>e4 ,?is booklet1 prep>$ by two memb]s ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 discusses h[ geologic ph5om5a are responsible = ! magnific5t sc5]y ( ! ,teton region4 ,recognition ( ! complex geologic hi/ory ( our ,e>? is vital to ! enjoym5t & appreciation ( beautiful l&scapes & o!r natural wond]s1 to ! plann+ ( our cities & highway sy/ems1 to ! wise use ( our wat] supplies1 to ! /udy ( e>?quake & l&slide areas1 to ! nev]-end+ se>* = new m9]al deposits1 & to ! cons]vation & developm5t ( our kn[n natural res\rces4 ,:o c say1 9 ! long run1 :i* ( ! _m uses ( ?is k is ! mo/ compell+ reason to seek an und]/&+ ( ! ,e>?8 ,illu/ration3 ,signature ,w4 ,t4 ,pecora1 ,director ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey ,?is booklet is bas$ on geologic inve/igations by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey 9 coop]ation ) ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,int]ior4 8,some?+ hidd54 ,g & f9d x4 ,g & look beh9d ! ,ranges-- ,some?+ lo/ beh9d ! ,ranges4 ,lo/ & wait+ = y4 ,g40 ,,kipl+--,,! ,,explor] ,,! ,,/ory ,,beg9s ,! ,teton ,range is "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t m\nta9 ranges on ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,cont95t4 ,o!rs are long]1 wid]1 & high]1 b few c rival ! brea?-tak+ alp9e gr&eur ( ! ea/]n front ( ! ,tetons4 ,ridge aft] jagg$ ridge ( nak$ rock so> upw>d into ! we/]n sky1 culm9at+ 9 ! t[]+ clu/] ( peaks to :i* ! e>ly ,fr5* voyageurs gave ! "n 8les ,trois ,tetons0 7! ?ree brea/s74 ,! range hangs l a great /one wave pois$ to break across ! valley at its base4 ,to ! s\? & ea/ are less] m\nta9s1 int]e/+ & sc5ic b lack+ ! magic appeal ( ! ,tetons4 ,?is is a range ( _m moods & colors3 />k & au/]e 9 morn+ sun1 b gold & purple & black 9 ! s(tly l5g!n+ %ad[s ( aft]noon2 somb] & =ebod+ :5 ! peaks wrap !mselves 9 ! tatt]$ cl\ds ( an approa*+ /orm1 b tranquil & e!real blue & silv] b5ea? a full moon4 ,^! great peaks & mu* ( ! floor ( ! valley to ! ea/1 ,jackson ,hole 7a hole 0 ! t]m us$ by pione] explor]s & m\nta9 m5 to describe any op5 valley encircl$ by m\nta9s71 lie )9 ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k1 protect$ & pres]v$ = ! enjoym5t ( pres5t & future g5]ations4 ,ea* ye> m ?an #c million visitors come to ! p>k4 ,_m pause briefly & pass on4 ,o!rs /ay to explore its trails1 fi% its /reams1 /udy ! plants & wildlife t ab\nd )9 its bord]s1 or to savor ! colorful human hi/ory ( ?is area4 ,mo/ visitors1 :atev] _! int]e/s & activities1 are probably fir/ attract$ to ! p>k by its unsurpass$ m\nta9 sc5]y4 ,! jagg$ panorama ( ! ,tetons is ! backdrop to :i* !y may turn aga9 & aga91 ask+ que/ions1 seek+ answ]s4 ,h[ did ! m\nta9s =m8 ,h[ long h !y t[]$ into ! cl\ds1 wa%$ by ra91 riv5 by fro/1 swept by w9d & sn[8 ,:at enorm\s =ces br\ght !m =? & rais$ !m skyw>d8 ,:at /ories are *ronicl$ 9 _! rocks1 :at epics *isel$ 9 ! craggy visage ( ?is m\nta9 l&scape8 ,:y are ! ,tetons diff]5t f o!r m\nta9s8 ,fir/ que/ions1 brief answ]s ,h[ did ! ,tetons & ,jackson ,hole =m8 ,!y are bo? tilt$ blocks ( ! e>?'s cru/ t behav$ l two adjo9+ giant trapdoors h+$ s t !y w\ld sw+ 9 opposite directions4 ,! block on ! we/1 :i* =ms ! ,teton ,range1 0 h+$ along ! ,idaho-,wyom+ ,/ate l9e2 ! ea/]n edge 0 uplift$ along a fault 7a fracture along :i* displacem5t has occurr$74 ,?is is :y ! highe/ peaks & /eepe/ faces are ne> ! ea/ m>g9 ( ! range4 ,! h+e l9e ( ! ea/]n block1 :i* =ms ,jackson ,hole1 0 9 ! highl&s to ! ea/4 ,! we/]n edge ( ! block is d[ndropp$ along ! fault at ! base ( ! ,teton ,range4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole tilts we/w>d t[>d ! ,tetons 7see cross section inside back cov]74 ,:5 did ! ,tetons & ,jackson ,hole develop ! spectacul> sc5]y we see today8 ,! ,tetons are ! y\nge/ ( all ! m\nta9 ranges 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 *a94 ,mo/ o!r m\nta9s 9 ! region are at lea/ #ej million ye>s old b ! ,tetons are less ?an #aj million & are /ill ris+4 ,jackson ,hole is ( ! same age & is /ill s9k+4 ,! ,teton l&scape is ! product ( _m e>? processes1 ! mo/ rec5t ( :i* is cutt+ by wat] & ice4 ,)9 ! la/ #ae1jjj ye>s1 ice sculptur+ ( peaks & canyons & imp\nd+ ( glacial lakes h add$ f9i%+ t\*es to ! sc5ic beauty4 ,:y did ! ,tetons rise & ,jackson ,hole s9k8 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s m5 h wond]$ ab\t ! orig9 ( m\nta9s & _! speculations h fill$ _m books4 ,two ( ! m popul> !ories are3 7#a7 cont95tal drift 7su* z ,s\? ,am]ica mov+ away f ,africa71 ) ! upp] light] lay] ( ! e>?'s cru/ mov+ ov] ! l[] d5s] lay] & wr9kl+ along belts ( weakness2 & 7#b7 convection curr5ts )9 ! e>?1 caus$ by heat transf]1 result+ 9 l9e> zones ( wr9kl+1 uplift1 & collapse4 ,^! concepts 7 develop$ to expla9 ! orig9 ( m\nta9\s areas hundr$s or ?\s&s ( miles long b !y d n answ] directly ! "q ( :y ! ,tetons rose & ,jackson ,hole sank4 ,z is discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on m\nta9s1 x is probable t semifluid rock f> bel[ ! surface ( ,jackson ,hole fl[$ nor? into ! ,yell[/one ,volcanic ,plateau-,abs>oka ,range volcanic area1 p]haps tak+ ! place ( ! enorm\s am\nt ( a% & lava bl[n out ( volcanoes dur+ ! la/ #ej million ye>s4 ,! orig9 ( ! l9e ( weakness t m>ks ! ,teton fault along ! ea/ face ( ! ,teton ,range may g back to "s unkn[n inequality 9 ! e>?'s composition sev]al billion ye>s ago4 ,:y x sudd5ly became active late 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory is an unansw]$ "q4 ,! ultimate s\rce ( heat & en]gy t caus$ ! m\nta9s & bas9s to =m probably is dis9tegration ( radioactive mat]ials deep )9 ! e>?4 ,! ,tetons are a spectacul> demon/ration t ! enorm\s en]gy necess>y to create m\nta9s is n decl9+1 ev5 ?\gh our planet is sev]al billion ye>s old4 ,an extraord9>y /ory ,visitors ^: curiosity is :ett$ by ?is unusual & v>i$ panorama are n satisfi$ ) only a few que/ions & answ]s4 ,!y s5se t "h = ! ask+ is an extraord9>y geologic 7geo--e>?2 logic--sci5ce7 /ory4 ,) a little direction1 _m subtle features become evid5t--features t o!rwise might escape notice4 ,"h1 = example1 is a valley ) an odd ,u-%ape4 ,!re is a %e] face crisscross$ ) light- & d>k-color$ rocks4 ,on ! valley floor is a tuft ( p9e trees t seem to be conf9$ to "o p>ticul> k9d ( rock4 ,on ! roll+ hills is a lay] ( peculi> :ite soil--! only soil 9 :i* coyote d5s are common4 ,all ^! are geologically controll$ ph5om5a4 ,9 %ort1 ) a bit ( initial guidance1 ! view] ga9s an ability to obs]ve & to und]/& s mu* t ! panorama takes on new dep?1 vividness1 & excitem5t4 ,x *anges f a flat1 two-dim5sional picture to a colorful multi-dim5sional exhibit ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,! ,tetons f af>--an a/ronaut's view ( ! range & adjac5t m\nta9s1 bas9s1 & plateaus4 ,wid? ( area %[n 9 photo is ab\t #ajj miles4 ,/ippl$ patt]n m>ks b\nd>y ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,sket* ( ! ,teton ,range & ,jackson ,hole1 s\?we/ view4 ,draw+ by ,j4 ,r4 ,/acy4 ,,block ,,diagram ,,view ,,s\?we/ ,,%[+ ,,! ,,teton ,,range ,,& ,,jackson ,,hole ,an a/ronaut's view ,! ,tetons are a %ort1 n>r[1 & high m\nta9 range1 di/9ctive 9 ! mid/ ( ! great *a9 ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ! backbone ( we/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,figure #a %[s h[ ! ,tetons & _! surr\nd+s might appe> if y view$ !m f a satellite at an altitude ( p]haps a hundr$ miles4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey topographic map ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k %[s ! names ( _m features n indicat$ on figure #a or on ! geologic map inside ! back cov]4 ,! ,teton ,range is a rectangul> m\nta9 block ab\t #dj miles long & #aj-ae miles wide4 ,x is flank$ on ! ea/ & we/ by flat-floor$ valleys4 ,jackson ,hole is ! ea/]n "o & ,teton ,bas9 7call$ ,pi]re's ,hole by ! e>ly trapp]s7 is ! we/]n4 ,! ,teton ,range is n symmetrical4 ,! highe/ peaks lie ne> ! ea/]n edge ( ! m\nta9 block1 r ?an along its c5t]1 z is true 9 conv5tional m\nta9s1 & ! we/]n slopes are broad & g5tle 9 contra/ to ! precipit\s ea/]n slopes4 ,! nor!rn end ( ! range disappe>s "u enorm\s lava fl[s t =m ! ,yell[/one ,volcanic ,plateau4 ,ev5 f ?is altitude ! outl9es ( "s ( ^! fl[s c be se54 ,on ! s\? ! ,teton ,range abuts almo/ at "r angles aga9/ a nor?we/-tr5d+ area ( l[] & less rugg$ m\nta9s 7! ,snake ,riv]1 ,wyom+1 & ,hoback ,ranges74 ,^! m\nta9s appe> altoge!r diff]5t f ! ,tetons4 ,!y consi/ ( a s]ies ( long p>allel ridges cut or sep>at$ by valleys & canyons4 ,?is patt]n is *>act]i/ic ( m\nta9s compos$ ( crumpl$1 /eeply tilt$ rock lay]s--erosion we>s away ! s(t] lay]s1 leav+ ! h>d] ones /&+ z ridges4 ,on ! ea/ & nor!a/1 ,jackson ,hole is b\nd$ by ! ,gros ,v5tre & ,wa%akie ,ranges1 :i* are compos$ *iefly ( fold$ h>d & s(t s$im5t>y rocks4 ,9 contra/1 betwe5 ^! m\nta9s & ! deepe/ "p ( ,jackson ,hole to ! we/1 ?ick lay]s ( s(t ne>ly flat-ly+ s$im5t>y rocks h be5 sculptur$ by /reams & ice into r&omly ori5t$ knife-edge ridges & roll+ hills sep>at$ by broad valleys4 ,! hills ea/ ( ! p>k are call$ ! ,m\nt ,leidy ,highl&s & ^? nor!a/ are ! ,p9yon ,peak ,highl&s4 ,a pilot's view ,if y desc5d f #ajj miles to ab\t #e miles above ! ,teton region1 ! asymmetry ( ! range1 ! extraord9>y v>iety ( l&scapes1 & ! vivid colors ( rocks become m pron\nc$4 ,figure #b %[s a panorama ( ! ,teton ,range & ,jackson ,hole f a vantage po9t ov] ! ,p9yon ,peak ,highl&s4 ,! r\gh /eep slopes & jagg$ ridges along ! ea/ front ( ! range contra/ ) smoo!r slopes & m r\nd$ ridges on ! we/]n side4 ,ne/l$ at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s & ext5d+ out onto ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole are tree-rimm$ sp>kl+ lakes ( _m sizes & %apes4 ,/ill o!rs lie 9 /eep-sid$ rocky amphi!at]s ne> ! m\nta9 cre/s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ colorful flight r\tes into ,jackson ,hole is f ! ea/1 along ! nor? flank ( ! ,gros ,v5tre ,m\nta9s4 ,= #dj miles ?is m\nta9 range is b\nd$ by broad p>allel /ripes ( bright-r$1 p9k1 purple1 gray1 & br[n rocks4 ,"s crop out z cliffs or ridges1 & o!rs are badl&s 7b>e unvegetat$ hills & valleys ) /eep slopes & abundant dry /ream *annels74 ,9 places ! s(t b$s h brok5 loose & fl[$ d[n slopes l giant v>icolor$ masses ( taffy4 ,^! are mudfl[s & l&slides4 ,! colorful rocks are b\nd$ on ! s\? by gray & yell[ tilt$ lay]s =m+ sn[capp$ peaks ( ! ,gros ,v5tre ,m\nta9s4 ,^! l&scapes are ! product ( _m natural =ces act+ on a v>iety ( rock types dur+ long or %ort int]vals ( geologic "t4 ,ea* gr\p ( rocks records a *apt] 9 ! geologic /ory ( ! region4 ,o!r *apt]s c be read f ! tilt+1 fold+1 & break+ ( ! rocks4 ,! late/ episodes are writt5 on ! face ( ! l& itself4 ,a motori/'s view ,mo/ p>k visitors fir/ see ! ,teton peaks f ! highway4 ,:e!r !y drive 9 f ! s\?1 ea/1 or nor?1 !re is "o po9t on ! r\te at :i* a spectacul> panorama ( ! ,tetons & ,jackson ,hole sudd5ly appe>s4 ,"p ( ! ?rill ( ^! ?ree views is t !y are s unexpect$ & s diff]5t4 ,! geologic hi/ory is responsible = ^! diff]5ces4 ,view nor?4-- ,?r\gh\t ! fir/ #d miles nor? ( ! t[n ( ,jackson1 ! view ( ! ,tetons f ,u4 ,s4 #bf-hi is block$ by ,ea/ ,gros ,v5tre ,butte4 ,at ! nor? end ( ! butte1 ! highway climbs onto a flat upl& at ! s\? b\nd>y ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k4 ,)\t any advance w>n+1 ! motori/ sees ! :ole ea/ front ( ! ,teton ,range ris+ /eeply f ! amaz+ly flat floor ( ,jackson ,hole4 ,f ! p>k b\nd>y turn\t no lakes or riv]s are visible to ! nor? b ! ne>e/ l9e ( trees 9 ! direction ( ! highe/ ,teton peaks m>ks ! approximate position ( ! ,gros ,v5tre ,riv]4 ,! elevation ( ?is riv] is surpris+1 = ! r\te has j come up a #aej-;foot hill1 out ( ! flat valley ( a mu* small] /ream1 yet "h at eye-level is a major riv] p]*$ on an upl& pla94 ,! reason = ^! /range relations is t ! hill is a fault sc>p 7see fig4 #af;,a = a diagram7 & ! valley 9 :i* ! t[n ( ,jackson is locat$ 0 dropp$ #aej feet or m 9 ! la/ #ae1jjj ye>s4 ,on ! skyl9e directly we/ ( ! turn\t are horizontal & incl9$ lay]s ( rocks4 ,^! once ext5d$ ov] ! tops ( ! highe/ peaks b 7 worn away f "s p>ts z ! m\nta9s rose4 ,all along ! range1 trees gr[ only up to treel9e 7also call$ timb]l9e--a g5]al elevation above :i* trees d n gr[7 :i* "h is ab\t #aj1ejj feet above ! sea4 ,to ! s\!a/ & ea/1 beyond ! sage-cov]$ floor ( ,jackson ,hole1 are roll+ p>tly =e/$ slopes m>k+ ! we/ end ( ! ,gros ,v5tre ,m\nta9s4 ,!y d n look at all l ! ,tetons because !y 7 =m$ 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 ,! ,gros ,v5tres are fold$ m\nta9s t h foo?ills2 ! ,tetons are fault$ m\nta9s t d n4 ,figure #c4 ,! ,teton l&scape z se5 f ,signal ,m\nta94 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,view we/ across ,jackson ,lake4 ,major peaks1 canyons1 & outcrops ( s$im5t>y rocks are indicat$ by 8s40 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 ,view nor!a/2 a /udy 9 contra/ ) ! panorama above4 ,?ree /eepsid$ hills call$ buttes rise out ( ! flat floor ( ,jackson ,hole4 ,!y are tilt$ & fault$ masses ( h>d1 lay]$ rock t h be5 %ap$ by s\?w>d-mov+ glaci]s4 ,six miles nor? ( ! b\nd>y turn\t is ,blacktail ,butte1 on ! flanks ( :i* are we/-dipp+ :ite b$s4 ,s\?we/ ( ! turn\t is ,ea/ ,gros ,v5tre ,butte1 compos$ l>gely ( lay]$ rocks t are expos$ along ! road f ,jackson almo/ to ! turn\t4 ,^! are capp$ by v "y lava t =ms ! br[n cliff ov]look+ ! highway at ! nor? end ( ! butte4 ,to ! s\?we/ is ,we/ ,gros ,v5tre ,butte1 compos$ ( simil> rocks4 ,view we/4-- ,! motori/ travel+ we/ along ,u4 ,s4 #bf-bhg is treat$ to two magnific5t views ( ! ,teton ,range4 ,! fir/ is #h miles & ! second #ac miles we/ ( ,togwotee ,pass4 ,at ^! vantage po9ts1 betwe5 #bj & #cj miles f ! m\nta9s1 ! great peaks seem half susp5d$ betwe5 e>? & sky--too close1 almo/1 to believe1 b too di/ant to compreh5d4 ,only f clos] range c ! motori/ beg9 to appreciate ! size & /eepness ( ! m\nta9s & to disc]n ! details ( _! ar*itecture4 ,! _m roads on ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole furni% ev]-*ang+ vi/as1 & signs provid$ by ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice at num]\s turn\ts & sc5ic ov]looks help ! visitor to id5tify quickly ! major peaks & canyons & ! pr9cipal features ( ! valley floor4 ,( all ^! roadside vantage po9ts1 ! top ( ,signal ,m\nta91 an isolat$ hill ris+ ne>ly #a1jjj feet out ( ! ea/ m>g9 ( ,jackson ,lake1 probably (f]s ! be/ ov]all p]spective 7fig4 #c74 ,to ! we/1 across ! %imm]+ blue wat]s ( ,jackson ,lake1 ! :ole long p>ade ( rugg$ peaks /ret*es f ! nor? horizon to ! s\?1 _m ( ! high] ones we>+ ! tatt]$ remnants ( w9t] sn[4 ,f "h1 only #h miles away1 ! t[]+ p9nacles1 saw-too!d ridges1 & deep ,u-%ap$ canyons are cle>ly visible4 ,unlike mo/ o!r great m\nta9 ranges1 ! ,tetons rise /eeply f ! flat valley floor 9 a /raight unbrok5 l9e4 ,! high c5tral peaks t[] m ?an a mile above ! valley1 b nor?w>d & s\?w>d ! peaks dim9i% 9 height & lose _! jagg$ "*1 gradually giv+ way to l[] ridges & r\nd$ hills4 ,"s ( ! details ( ! m\nta9 rock c be se5--gn>l$ gray rocks ( ! high peaks ?read$ by a f9e :ite lacework ( dikes1 ! d>k b& t cleaves ?r\gh ,m\nt ,moran f base to summit1 & ! light br[n & gray lay]s on ! nor!rn & s\!rn p>ts ( ! range4 ,at fir/ glance ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole s\? ( ,signal ,m\nta9 seems flat1 smoo?1 & featureless1 except = ! ,snake ,riv] t cuts diagonally across x4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 ! flats %[ a v>iety ( l& =ms4 ,! broad sage-cov]$ areas1 l[ isolat$ hills1 & hummocky tree-/udd$ ridges t =m ! =egr\nd are all p>ts ( ! ,teton l&scape1 & give u clues to ! natural processes t %ap$ x4 ,a critical look to ! s\? discloses m /range ?+s4 ,we take = grant$ ! fact t ! sides ( normal valleys slope inw>d t[>d a c5tral major /ream4 ,s\? ( ,signal ,m\nta91 h[ev]1 ! visitor c see t ! ,snake ,riv] ,valley does n fit ?is description4 ,! broad flat we/ ( ! riv] %\ld slope ea/ b x does n4 ,in/ead1 x has be5 tilt$ we/w>d by d[nw>d movem5t along ! ,teton fault at ! base ( ! m\nta9s4 ,view s\?4-- ,ab\t a million motori/s drive s\? f ,yell[/one to ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k ea* ye>4 ,z !y w9d along ! crook$ highway on ! we/ br9k ( ,lewis ,riv] ,canyon 7fig4 #a71 ! view s\? is ev]y:]e block$ by d5se =e/4 ,!n1 abruptly ! road leaves ! canyon1 /raight5s out1 & "o c look s\? d[n a #c-mile slop+ av5ue cut ?r\gh ! trees4 ,!re1 #bj to #cj miles away1 fram$ by ! roadway1 are ! sn[-capp$ ,tetons1 ) ,jackson ,lake1 lum9\s 9 reflect$ light1 ne/l$ aga9/ ! ea/ face4 ,?is is "o ( ! lovelie/ & mo/ unusual views ( ! m\nta9s t is available to ! motori/1 p>tly because he is #hjj feet above ! level ( ,jackson ,lake & p>tly because ?is is ! only place on a ma9 highway :]e he c see cle>ly ! ?ird dim5sion 7wid?7 ( ! ,tetons4 ,! high peaks are on ! ea/ edge2 !y rise #g1jjj feet above ! lake b o!r peaks & precipit\s ridges1 progressively dim9i%+ 9 height1 ext5d on to ! we/ = a doz5 miles 7fig4 #ad74 ,giant1 relatively "y lava fl[s1 into :i* ! ,lewis ,riv] ,canyon 0 cut1 p\r$ s\?w>d all ! way to ! %ore ( ,jackson ,lake & buri$ ! nor? end ( ! ,teton ,range 7figs4 #ac & #ec74 ,s\? ( ,yell[/one ,p>k ^! fl[s 7 lat] tilt$ & brok5 by ! dropp+ ( ,jackson ,hole & ! rise ( ! m\nta9s4 ,a m\nta9e]'s view ,z 9 _m pursuits 9 life1 ! greate/ rew>ds ( a visit to ! ,tetons come to ^? :o exp5d a real ef=t to e>n !m4 ,only by leav+ ! teem+ valley & go+ up into ! m\nta9s to hike ! trails & climb ! peaks c ! visitor come to "k ! ,tetons 9 all _! moods & *anges & view close at h& ! details ( ?is magnific5t m\nta9 edifice4 ,ev5 a %ort hike to ,hidd5 ,falls & ,inspiration ,po9t af=ds an opportunity = a m intimate view ( ! m\nta9s4 ,along ! trail ! hik] c exam9e outcrops ( sug>y :ite granite1 glitt]+ mica-/udd$ dikes1 & d>k intricately lay]$ rocks4 ,ne>by are great piles ( brok5 fragm5ts t h fall5 f ! cliffs above1 & ! visitor c beg9 to appreciate h[ vuln]able are ! t[]+ crags to ! rel5tless onslaught ( fro/ & sn[4 ,! ro> ( ! foam+ /ream & ! ?und] ( ! falls are con/ant rem9d]s ( ! pati5t "w ( runn+ wat] 9 we>+ away ! 8ev]la/+ hills40 ,runn+ 8 h& across "o ( ! smoo?ly poli%$ rock faces bel[ ,inspiration ,po9t1 ! hik] ga9s an un=gettable concept ( ! p[] ( glacial ice & its importance 9 %ap+ ?is maje/ic l&scape4 ,look+ back across ,j5ny ,lake at ! encircl+ ridge ( glacial debris1 he c easily compreh5d ! size ( ! anci5t glaci] t once fl[$ d[n ,cascade ,canyon & em]g$ onto ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole4 ,! m ambiti\s hik] or m\nta9e] c seek out ! inn] recesses ( ! range & explore o!r facets ( its geology4 ,he c visit ! jewel-l m\nta9 lakes--,solitude1 ,holly1 & ,amphi!at] are j a few--cradl$ 9 high remote bas9s left by ! ,ice ,age glaci]s4 ,he c get a closeup view ( ! ,teton ,glaci] above ,amphi!at] ,lake1 or explore ! ,s*oolroom ,glaci]1 ! t9y ice body bel[ ,hurricane ,pass4 ,he may foll[ ! trail into ,g>net ,canyon to see ! cry/als f :i* ! canyon takes its "n & to exam9e ! so>+ ribbonlike black dike ne> ! end ( ! trail4 ,9 ,alaska ,bas9 he c /udy ! g5tly tilt$ lay]s ( s&/one1 lime/one1 & %ale t once blanket$ ! entire ,teton ,range & c se>* = ! fossils t help det]m9e _! age & deciph] _! hi/ory4 ,f ,hurricane ,pass he c see h[ ^! ev5 lay]s ( s$im5t>y rock h be5 brok5 & displac$ & h[ ! old] h>d] rocks t =m ! highe/ ,teton peaks h be5 rais$ f> above !m along ! ,buck ,m\nta9 fault4 ,( all ^? :o explore ! high c\ntry1 x is ! m\nta9e] :o has p]haps ! greate/ opportunity to appreciate its geologic /ory4 ,inde$1 ! success ( 8 climb & 8 v life may dep5d on an intuitive grasp ( ! m\nta9 geology & ! processes t %ap$ ! peaks4 ,he obs]ves ! mo/ intimate details--! incl9ation ( ! jo9ts & fractures1 :i* gullies are swept by fall+ rocks1 :i* project+ knobs are firm1 & :i* cracks w safely take a piton4 ,to _m climb]s ! asc5t ( a peak is a *all5ge to te*nical compet5ce1 endurance1 & c\rage1 b to ^? end[$ ) curiosity & a %>p eye x c be mu* m4 ,z he /&s %\ld] to %\ld] ) ! cl\ds on "s w9dswept peak1 su* z ! ,gr& ,teton1 ) ! awesome panorama dropp+ away on all sides1 he c h>dly avoid ask+ h[ ?is came to be4 ,:at does ! m\nta9e] see t inspires ?is curiosity8 ,f ! v fir/ glance1 x is app>5t t ! sc5es to ! nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/ are />tl+ly diff]5t4 ,look+ we/ f ! r\gh1 n>r[1 wea!r-ravag$ granite summit ( ! ,gr& ,teton1 "o sees f> bel[ him ! lay]$ gray cliffs ( m>9e s$im5t>y rocks 7solidifi$ s$im5t orig9ally deposit$ 9 a %all[ arm ( ! ocean7 ov]lapp+ ! granite & dipp+ g5tly we/1 f9ally disappe>+ "u ! *eck]bo>d f>ml& ( ,teton ,bas94 ,/ill f>!r we/ are ! roll+ timb]$ slopes ( ! ,big ,hole ,range 9 ,idaho4 ,a glance at ! =egr\nd1 #c1jjj feet bel[1 %[s "s unusual relations ( ! /reams to ! m\nta9s4 ,! wat]%$ divide ( ! ,teton ,range is n m>k$ by ! highe/ peaks z "o w\ld expect4 ,/reams 9 ,cascade ,canyon & 9 o!r canyons to ! nor? & s\? beg9 we/ ( ! peaks1 b5d ar\nd !m1 !n fl[ ea/w>d 9 deep n>r[ gorges cut ?r\gh ! highe/ "p ( ! range1 & em]ge onto ! flat floor ( ,jackson ,hole4 ,9 ! view nor? along ! cre/ ( ! ,teton ,range1 ! asymmetry ( ! m\nta9s is mo/ app>5t4 ,! /eep ea/ face culm9at+ 9 ! highe/ peaks contra/s ) ! l[] m g5tle we/ flank ( ! uplift4 ,f ! ,gr& ,teton x is n possible to see ! actual place :]e ! m\nta9s disappe> "u ! lavas ( ,yell[/one ,p>k1 b ! heavily timb]$ broad g5tle surface ( ! lava pla9 is visible beyond ! peaks & ext5ds across ! entire nor? panorama4 ,/ill f>!r nor?1 #ge to #ajj miles away1 rise ! sn[capp$ peaks 7f nor?we/ to nor!a/7 ( ! ,madison1 ,gallat91 & ,be>too? ,m\nta9s4 ,! view ea/ pres5ts ! greate/ contra/s 9 ! %orte/ di/ances--! flat floor ( ,jackson ,hole is #c miles away & #g1jjj feet bel[ ! top ( ! ,gr& ,teton4 ,along ! junction ( ! m\nta9s & valley floor are blue glacial lakes /rung out l irregul> beads 9 a necklace4 ,!y are conspicu\sly rimm$ by black-appe>+ m>g9s ( p9e trees t gr[ only on ! surr\nd+ glacial mora9es4 ,beyond ^! are ! broad treeless b\ld]-/rewn pla9s ( ,jackson ,hole4 ,fifty miles to ! ea/ & nor!a/1 on ! horizon beyond ! roll+ hills ( ! ,p9yon ,peak ,highl&s1 are ! horizontally lay]$ volcanic rocks ( ! ,abs>oka ,range4 ,s\!a/ is ! colorful r$1 purple1 gre51 & gray ,gros ,v5tre ,riv] ,valley1 ) ! fre% giant sc> ( ! ,l[] ,gros ,v5tre ,slide ne> its m\?4 ,b\nd+ ! s\? side ( ?is valley are ! peaks ( ! ,gros ,v5tre ,m\nta9s1 ^: tilt$ slabby gray cliff-=m+ lay]s resemble 7& are ! same z7 ^? on ! we/ flank ( ! ,teton ,range4 ,sev5ty miles away1 9 ! s\!a/ di/ance1 beyond ! ,gros ,v5tre ,m\nta9s are ! %9+ sn[capp$ peaks ( ! ,w9d ,riv] ,range1 ! highe/ peak ( :i* 7,gannett ,peak7 is ab\t #bj feet high] ?an ! ,gr& ,teton4 ,conspicu\s on ! ea/]n & s\!a/]n skyl9e are high-level 7#aa1jjj-ab1jjj feet7 flat-topp$ surfaces on bo? ! ,w9d ,riv] & ,abs>oka ,ranges4 ,^! are remnants t m>k ! upp] limit ( s$im5t>y fill ( ! bas9s adjac5t to ! m\nta9s4 ,a pla9 once connect$ ^! surfaces & ext5d$ we/w>d at lea/ z f> z ! conspicu\s flat on ! m\nta9 s\? ( ,l[] ,gros ,v5tre ,slide4 ,x is difficult to imag9e ! am\nt ( rock t has be5 wa%$ away f betwe5 ^! remnants 9 comp>atively rec5t geologic "t1 dur+ & aft] ! rise ( ! ,teton ,range4 ,f ?is vantage po9t ! m\nta9e] also gets a concept ( ! magnitude ( ! fir/ & l>ge/ glaci]s t sc\r$ ! l&scape4 ,ice fl[$ s\?we/w>d 9 an ess5tially unbrok5 /ream f ! ,be>too? ,m\nta9s1 #ajj miles away1 we/w>d f ! ,abs>oka ,range1 & nor?we/w>d f ! ,w9d ,riv] ,range 7fig4 #eg74 ,ice lapp$ up to treel9e on ! ,teton ,range & ext5d$ across ,jackson ,hole ne>ly to ! top ( ! ,l[] ,gros ,v5tre ,slide4 ,! ,p9yon ,peak & ,m\nt ,leidy ,highl&s 7 almo/ buri$4 ,all ^! glaci]s came toge!r 9 ,jackson ,hole & fl[$ s\? )9 ! ev]-n>r[+ ,snake ,riv] ,valley4 ,! view s\? pres5ts a great v>iety ( contra/s4 ,conspicu\s1 z 9 ! view nor?1 is ! asymmetry ( ! range4 ,s\? ( ! high peaks ( cry/all9e rocks1 gray lay]$ cliffs ( lime/one ext5d 9 places all ! way to ! /eep ea/ face ( ! ,teton ,range :]e !y are abruptly cut (f by ! great ,teton fault4 ,! flat treeless floor ( ,jackson ,hole n>r[s s\?w>d4 ,ris+ out ( ! middle are ! previ\sly describ$ /eepsid$ ice-sc\r$ rocky buttes4 ,beg9n+ ne> ! t[n ( ,jackson1 "p ( :i* is visible1 & ext5d+ z f> s\? z ! eye c see are r[ ^u r[ ( %>p ridges & sn[capp$ peaks t conv]ge at v>i\s angles4 ,^! are ! ,hoback1 ,wyom+1 ,salt ,riv]1 & ,snake ,riv] ,ranges4 ,,c>v+ ,,! ,,rugg$ ,,peaks ,! rugg$ gr&eur ( ! ,tetons is a product ( f\r geologic factors3 ! t\gh h>d rocks 9 ! core1 ! am\nt ( v]tical uplift1 ! rec5cy ( ! m\nta9-mak+ movem5t1 & ! dynamic =ces ( de/ruction4 ,_m o!r m\nta9s 9 ,wyom+ h j z h>d rocks 9 _! cores & an equally great am\nt ( v]tical uplift1 b !y rose #ej to #fj million ye>s ago & h be5 worn d[n by erosion f t "t on4 ,! ,tetons1 on ! o!r h&1 are ! y\nge/ range 9 ,wyom+1 less ?an #aj million ye>s old1 & h n _h "t to be s deeply erod$4 ,/eep m\nta9 slopes--! p]petual battlegr\nd ,any /eep slope or cliff is especially vuln]able to nature's me?ods ( de/ruction4 ,9 ! ,tetons we see ! nev]-end+ /ruggle betwe5 two conflict+ factors4 ,! fir/ is ! extreme t\ghness ( ! rocks & _! consequ5t resi/ance to erosion4 ,! second is ! pres5ce ( effici5t transport+ ag5cies t move out & away f ! m\nta9s all rock debris t might o!rwise bury ! l[] slopes4 ,! rocks mak+ up mo/ ( ! ,teton ,range are among ! h>de/1 t\ghe/1 & lea/ por\s kn[n4 ,!re=e1 !y resi/ me*anical dis9tegration by temp]ature *anges1 ice1 & wat]4 ,!y consi/ pr$om9antly ( m9]als t are subject to v little *emical decay 9 ! cold climate ( ! ,tetons4 ,abs5ce ( weak lay]s prev5ts break+ ( ! t\gh rock masses "u _! own weight4 ,all ^! conditions1 !n1 are favorable = pres]vation ( /eep walls & high rock p9nacles4 ,nev]!less1 !y d break d[n4 ,great piles ( brok5 rock 7talus7 t fe/oon ! slopes ( all ! high] peaks be> witness to ! unrel5t+ assault by ! process ( erosion ^u ! m\nta9 citadels 7figs4 #d & #ca74 ,rock dis9tegration & gravitational movem5t ,a great v>iation 9 bo? daily & annual temp]atures results 9 m9ute am\nts ( contraction & expansion ( rock p>ticles4 ,repeat$ *anges 9 volume produce /ress & /ra94 ,al?\gh ! rocks 9 ! ,tetons are v d5se1 !y ev5tually yield2 a crack =ms4 ,wat] :i* seeps 9 along ?is surface ( weakness freezes1 ei!r ov]night or dur+ long cold spells1 & exp&s1 !reby pry+ a slab ( rock away f ! m\nta9 wall4 ,repeat$ fro/ w$g+1 z ! process is call$1 results ev5tually 9 tipp+ ! slab s t x falls4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4 ,talus at ! foot ( ! jagg$ fro/-riv5 peaks ar\nd ,ice ,floe ,lake 9 ! s\? =k ( ,cascade ,canyon4 ,photo by ,philip ,hyde4 ,:at happ5s to ! rock slab8 ,x may fall & roll sev]al hundr$ or ?\s& feet1 dep5d+ on ! /eepness ( ! m\nta9 surface4 ,pieces are brok5 (f z x enc\nt]s ob/acles4 ,all ! fragm5ts f9d _! way to a valley floor or slope1 :]e !y mom5t>ily come to re/4 ,?us1 rock debris is mov$ significant & easily obs]v$ di/ances by gravity4 ,none ( ?is debris is /ation>y4 ,if x is mix$ ) sn[ or saturat$ ) wat]1 ! :ole mass may sl[ly fl[ 9 ! same mann] z a glaci]4 ,^! are call$ rock glaci]s2 "s c be se5 on ! s\? side ( ,granite ,canyon & "o1 ne>ly a mile long1 is 9 ! valley nor? ( ,eagles ,re/ ,peak4 ,! c\ntless sn[ avalan*es t ?und] d[n ! m\nta9 flanks aft] heavy w9t] sn[falls play _! "p1 too1 9 gravitational transport4 ,loose rocks & debris are incorporat$ ) ! mov+ sn[ & borne d[n ! m\nta9sides to ! talus piles bel[4 ,trees1 bu%es1 & soil are swept f ! sites ( ! slides1 leav+ conspicu\s sc>s d[n ! slopes & expos+ new rock surfaces to ! attack ( wat] & fro/4 ,batt]$1 brok51 & uproot$ trees along _m ( ! canyon trails be> sil5t witness to ! awesome p[] ( sn[slides4 ,^! are "s ( ! me?ods us$ by ,nature 9 mak+ debris & !n1 by means ( gravity1 cle>+ x f ! m\nta9 slopes4 ,!re are o!r ways1 too4 ,a weak lay] ( rock 7usually "o ) a lot ( clay 9 x71 p>allel to & und]ly+ a m\nta9 slope1 may occur betwe5 two h>d lay]s4 ,an ext5d$ ra9y spell may result 9 saturation ( ! weak zone s t x is well lubricat$2 !n an e>?quake or p]haps m]ely ! weight ( ! ov]ly+ rock s5ds ! n[ un/able mass cascad+ d[n ! slope to ! valley bel[4 ,! fam\s ,l[] ,gros ,v5tre ,slide 7fig4 #e7 0 =m$ 9 ?is way on ,june #bc1 #aibe4 ,runn+ wat] cuts & c>ries ,runn+ wat] is ano!r effective ag5t t transports rock debris & has help$ dissect ! ,teton ,range4 ,! damage a brok5 wat] ma9 c wreak on a roadb$ is well kn[n1 z is ! havoc ( de/ructive floods4 ,! spr+ floods ( /reams 9 ! ,tetons1 swoll5 by melt+ sn[ & ice 7annual precipitation1 mo/ly sn[1 9 ! high p>ts w\ld av]age a lay] ( wat] #e feet ?ick71 move "s rock debris onto ! adjo9+ floor ( ,jackson ,hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4 ,! ,l[] ,gros ,v5tre slide1 air oblique view s\?4 ,! top ( ! sc> is #b1jjj feet above ! riv]2 ! slide is m ?an a mile long & "o-half mile wide4 ,x damm$ ! ,gros ,v5tre ,riv] 9 ! =egr\nd1 imp\nd+ a lake ab\t #bjj feet deep & #e miles long4 ,gros ,v5tre ,m\nta9s are 9 ! di/ance4 ,photo by ,p4 ,e4 ,millw>d4 ,n[ & !n ! range is delug$ by summ] cl\dbur/s4 ,wat] funnels d[n ! maze ( gullies on ! m\nta9sides1 quickly ga!r+ volume & p[]1 & plunges on to ! talus slopes bel[1 z if f gigantic hoses4 ,! sudd5 onslaught ( ^! torr5ts ( wat] on ! saturat$ un/able talus may trigg] enorm\s rock & mudfl[s t c>ry va/ quantities ( mat]ial d[n into ! canyons4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aida m ?an #ajj ( ^! fl[s occurr$ 9 ! p>k4 ,:]ev] wat] moves1 x c>ries rock fragm5ts v>y+ 9 size f b\ld]s to s& gra9s & on d[n to m9ute clay p>ticles4 ,erosion 7we>+ away7 by /reams is conspicu\s :]ev] ! wat] is muddy1 z x always is ea* spr+ 9 ! ,snake1 ,buffalo ,=k1 & ,gros ,v5tre ,riv]s4 ,cle> m\nta9 /reams likewise c erode4 ,al?\gh ! volume ( mat]ial mov$ & ! am\nt ( d[ncutt+ ( ! /ream bottom may n seem great 9 a s+le /ream1 ! cumulative effect ( _m /reams 9 an area1 ye> aft] ye> & c5tury aft] c5tury1 is enorm\s4 ,/reams n only transport rocks br\ght to !m by gravitational movem5t b also cont9ually wid5 & deep5 _! valleys1 !reby increas+ ! volume ( transport$ debris4 ,! effectiv5ess ( /reams z transport+ ag5ts 9 ! ,tetons is enhanc$ by /eep gradi5ts 7slopes72 ^! increase wat] velocity :i* 9 turn exp&s ! capability ( ! /reams to c>ry l>g] & l>g] rock fragm5ts4 ,glaci]s sc\r & transport ,m\nta9 l&scapes %ap$ by fro/ action1 gravitational transport1 & /ream erosion alone g5]ally h r\nd$ summits1 smoo? slopes1 & ,v-%ap$ valleys4 ,! jagg$ ridges1 %>ply po9t$ peaks1 & deep ,u-%ap$ valleys ( ! ,tetons %[ t glaci]s h play$ an important role 9 _! sculpture4 ,! small pres5t-day glaci]s /ill cradl$ 9 %ad$ recesses among ! high] peaks 7fig4 #f7 are b m9iature replicas ( great ice /reams t occupi$ ! region dur+ ! ,ice ,age4 ,evid5ce bo? "h & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w confirms t glaci]s 7 once f> m ext5sive ?an !y are today4 ,glaci]s =m :]ev] m sn[ accumulates dur+ ! w9t] ?an is melt$ dur+ ! summ]4 ,gradually ! piles ( sn[ solidify to =m ice1 :i* beg9s to fl[ "u its own weight4 ,rocks t h fall5 f ! surr\nd+ ridges or h be5 pick$ up f ! und]ly+ b$rock are incorporat$ 9 ! mov+ ice mass & c>ri$ along4 ,! ability ( ice to transport huge volumes ( rock is easily obs]v$ ev5 9 ! small pres5t-day glaci]s 9 ! ,tetons1 all ( :i* c>ry abundant rock fragm5ts bo? on & )9 ! ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4 ,! ,teton ,glaci] on ! nor? side ( ,gr& ,teton1 air oblique view we/4 ,photo by ,a4 ,s4 ,po/1 ,augu/ #ai1 #aifc4 ,rec5t measurem5ts %[ t ! ice 9 ! pres5t ,teton ,glaci] 7fig4 #f7 moves ne>ly #cj feet p] ye>4 ,! anci5t glaci]s1 :i* 7 mu* wid] & deep]1 may h mov$ z mu* z sev]al hundr$ feet a ye>1 l "s ( ! l>ge glaci]s 9 ,alaska4 ,z ! glaci] moves d[n a valley1 x sc\rs ! valley bottom & walls4 ,! effici5cy ( ice 9 ?is process is greatly increas$ by ! pres5ce ( rock fragm5ts :i* act z abrasives4 ,! valley bottom is pl[$1 qu>ri$1 & swept clean ( soil & loose rocks4 ,fragm5ts ( _m sizes & %apes are dragg$ along ! bottom ( ! mov+ ice & ! h>d ones scrat* long p>allel grooves 9 ! und]ly+ t\gh b$rock 7fig4 #g74 ,su* grooves 7glacial /riae7 record ! direction ( ice movem5t4 ,! effectiv5ess ( glaci]s 9 cutt+ a ,u-%ap$ valley is p>ticul>ly /rik+ 9 ,glaci] ,gul* & ,cascade ,canyon 7figs4 #b & #h74 ,! rock-wall$ amphi!at] at ! head ( a glaciat$ valley is call$ a cirque 7a good example is at ! upp] edge ( ! ,teton ,glaci]1 fig4 #f74 ,! /eep cirque walls develop by fro/ action & by qu>ry+ & abrasive action ( ! glaci] ice :]e x is ne> its maximum ?ickness4 ,commonly ! glaci] scoops out a %all[ bas9 9 ! floor ( ! cirque4 ,amphi!at] ,lake1 ,lake ,solitude1 ,holly ,lake1 & _m ( ! o!r small lakes high 9 ! ,teton ,range are locat$ 9 su* bas9s4 ,! %>p peaks & ! jagg$ knife-edge ridges s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,tetons are divides left betwe5 cirques & valleys c>v$ by ! anci5t glaci]s4 ,effects on ,jackson ,hole ,rock debris is c>ri$ t[>d ! end ( ! glaci] or along ! m>g9s :]e x is releas$ z ! ice melts4 ,! semicircul> ridge ( rock fragm5ts t m>ks ! d[nhill m>g9 ( ! glaci] is call$ a t]m9al mora9e2 t along ! sides is a lat]al mora9e 7figs4 #i & #aj74 ,^! are =m$ by ! sl[ accumulation ( mat]ial 9 ! same mann] z t at ! end ( a conveyor belt4 ,!y are n built by mat]ial pu%$ up ahead ( ! ice z if by a bulldoz]4 ,l>ge b\ld]s c>ri$ by ice are call$ erratics2 _m ( ^! are scatt]$ on ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole & on ! flanks ( ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s 7fig4 #aa74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4 ,rock surface poli%$ & groov$ by ice on ! floor ( ,glaci] ,gul*4 ,great volumes ( wat] p\r f melt+ ice ne> ! l[] end ( a glaci]4 ,^! /reams1 heavily lad5 ) rock fl\r produc$ by ! gr9d+ action ( ! glaci] & ) debris lib]at$ f ! melt+ ice1 cut *annels ?r\gh ! t]m9al mora9e & spread a broad apron ( gravel1 s&1 & silt d[n-valley f ! glaci] t]m9us 7end74 ,mat]ial deposit$ by /reams issu+ f a glaci] is call$ outwa%2 ! %eet ( outwa% 9 front ( ! glaci] is call$ an outwa% pla94 ,if ! t]m9us is retreat+1 masses ( old /agnant ice commonly are buri$ b5ea? ! outwa%2 :5 ^! melt1 ! space !y once occupi$ becomes a deep circul> or irregul> depression call$ a kettle 7fig4 #ab72 _m ( ^! n[ conta9 small lakes or swamps4 ,z a glaci] retreats1 x may build a s]ies ( t]m9al mora9es1 m>k+ pauses 9 ! recession ( ! ice front4 ,/reams issu+ f ! ice beh9d ea* new t]m9al mora9e are incis$ m & m deeply into ! old] mora9es & _! outwa% pla9s4 ,?us1 new & y\ng] lay]s ( b\ld]y debris are spread at successively l[] & l[] levels4 ,^! surfaces are call$ outwa% t]races4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4 ,ea/ face ( ! ,teton ,range %[+ "s ( ! glacial features1 air oblique view4 ,cascade ,canyon1 ! ,u-%ap$ valley1 0 cut by ice4 ,! glaci] fl[$ t[>d ! flats1 occupi$ ! area ( ,j5ny ,lake 7=egr\nd71 & left an encircl+ r+ ( mora9al debris1 n[ cov]$ ) trees4 ,! flat b>e outwa% pla9 9 =egr\nd 0 deposit$ by meltwat] f ! glaci]4 ,! lake occupies a depression t 0 left :5 ! ice melt$ away4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice photo by ,bryan ,h>ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4 ,cutaway view ( a typical valley glaci]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4 ,rec5tly-built t]m9al mora9e ( ! ,s*oolroom ,glaci]1 a small ice mass ne> ! head ( ! s\? =k ( ,cascade ,canyon4 ,! pres5t glaci] lies to ! "r j out ( ! field ( view4 ,! mora9e m>ks a =m] position ( ! ice t]m9us2 ! lake 7froz5 ov] 9 ?is picture7 occupies ! depression left :5 ! glaci] wa/$ back f ! mora9e to its pres5t position4 ,cre/ ( ! mora9e /&s ab\t #ej feet above ! lake level4 ,_m ( ! lakes along ! foot ( ! ,teton ,range occupy simil> depressions beh9d old] mora9es4 ,photo by ,philip ,hyde4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4 ,l>ge ice-transport$ b\ld] ( co>se-gra9$ pegmatite & granite re/+ on ,cretace\s %ale ne> ,mosquito ,creek1 on ! s\?we/ m>g9 ( ,jackson ,hole4 ,_m b\ld]s at ?is locality are compos$ ( pegmatite rock *>act]i/ic ( ! middle "p ( ! ,teton ,range4 ,?is occurr5ce demon/rates t b\ld]s #dj feet 9 diamet] 7 c>ri$ s\?w>d #be miles & left along ! we/ edge ( ! ice /ream1 #a1ejj feet above ! base ( ! glaci] on ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole4 ,j z ! jagg$ ridges1 ,u-%ap$ valleys1 & ice-poli%$ rocks ( ! ,teton ,range atte/ ! importance ( glaci]s 9 c>v+ ! m\nta9 l&scape1 ! flat gravel outwa% pla9s & hummocky mora9es on ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole demon/rate _! effici5cy 9 transport+ debris f ! m\nta9s & %ap+ ! sc5]y ( ! valley4 ,glaci]s sculptur$ all sides ( ,jackson ,hole & fill$ x ) ice to an elevation betwe5 #a1jjj & #b1jjj feet above ! pres5t valley floor4 ,! visitor :o looks ea/w>d f ! s\? entrance to ! p>k c see cle>ly glacial sc\r l9es t sup]ficially resemble a s]ies ( t]races on ! b>e l[] slopes ( ! ,gros ,v5tre ,m\nta9s4 ,s\?w>d-mov+ ice cut ^! features 9 h>d rocks4 ,else:]e ar\nd ! m>g9s ( ,jackson ,hole1 especially :]e ! rocks are s(t1 evid5ce t ! l&scape 0 %ap$ by ice has be5 p>tly or completely oblit]at$ by lat] ev5ts4 ,ris+ #a1jjj feet above ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole are sev]al /eepsid$ buttes 7figs4 #ac & #ee7 describ$ previ\sly1 t repres5t 8isl&s0 ( h>d rock ov]ridd5 & abrad$ by ! ice4 ,aft] ! ice melt$1 ^! buttes 7 surr\nd$ & p>tly buri$ by outwa% debris4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4 8,! ,po?oles10 knob & kettle topography caus$ by melt+ ( /agnant ice p>tly buri$ by outwa% gravel4 ,air oblique view nor? f ov] ,burn$ ,ridge mora9e 7see fig4 #fa = ori5tation74 ,photo by ,w4 ,b4 ,hall & ,j4 ,m4 ,hill4 ,! /ory ( ! glaci]s & _! place 9 ! geologic hi/ory ( ! ,teton region is discuss$ 9 m detail lat] 9 ?is booklet4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4 ,rad> image ( "p ( ,tetons & ,jackson ,hole4 ,di/ance %[n betwe5 left & "r m>g9s is #ce miles4 ,lakes f left to "r3 ,phelps1 ,tagg>t1 ,bradley1 ,j5ny1 ,leigh1 ,jackson4 ,blacktail ,butte is at l[] left4 ,*annel ( ,snake ,riv] & outwa% t]races are at l[] left4 ,burn$ ,ridge & ,jackson ,lake mora9es are 9 c5t]4 ,lava fl[s at upp] "r engulf nor? end ( ,tetons4 ,/riat$ surfaces at l[] "r are glacial sc\r l9es made by ice mov+ s\? f ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k4 ,image c\rtesy ( ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,,m\nta9 ,,uplift ,m\nta9s appe> ageless1 b z ) p1 !y pass ?r\gh ! /ages ( bir?1 y\?1 maturity1 & old age1 & ev5tually disappe>4 ,! ,tetons are y\?ful & /eep & are1 !re=e1 extremely vuln]able to de/ructive processes t are con/antly sculptur+ ! rugg$ features & c>ry+ away ! debris4 ,! m\nta9s are be+ de/roy$4 ,al?\gh ! processes ( de/ruction may seem sl[ to u1 we "k !y h be5 op]at+ = millions ( ye>s--s :y h ! m\nta9s n be5 level$8 ,h[ did !y =m 9 ! fir/ place8 ,k9ds ( m\nta9s ,!re are _m k9ds ( m\nta9s4 ,"s are piles ( lava & debris erupt$ f a volcano4 ,o!rs are =m$ by ! b[+ up ( ! e>?'s cru/ 9 ! %ape ( a giant dome or elongat$ ar*4 ,/ill o!rs are remnants ( accumulat$ s$im5t>y rocks t once fill$ a bas9 betwe5 preexi/+ m\nta9s & :i* are n[ p>tially worn away4 ,an example ( ?is type is ! ,abs>oka ,range #dj miles nor!a/ ( ! ,tetons 7figs4 #a & #eb74 ,! ,tetons are a /ill diff]5t k9d--a fault block m\nta9 range c>v$ f a segm5t ( ! e>?'s cru/ t has be5 uplift$ along a fault4 ,! ,teton fault is approximately at ! break 9 slope :]e ! ea/]n foot ( ! range jo9s ! flats at ! we/ edge ( ,jackson ,hole 7see map inside back cov]71 b 9 mo/ places is conceal$ b5ea? glacial deposits & debris %$ f ! adjac5t /eep slopes4 ,! %ape ( ! range & its relation to ,jackson ,hole h already be5 describ$4 ,clues z to ! pres5ce ( ! fault are3 7#a7 ! /raight & deep ea/ face ( ! ,teton ,range1 7#b7 abs5ce ( foo?ills1 7#c7 asymmetry ( ! range 7fig4 #ad71 & 7#d7 small fault sc>ps 7cliffs or /eep slopes =m$ by fault+7 along ! m\nta9 front 7fig4 #ae74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4 ,air oblique view s\? %[+ ! wid? & asymmetry ( ,teton ,range4 ,gr& ,teton is left ( c5t] & ,mt4 ,moran is ! broad humpy peak /ill f>!r left4 ,photo tak5 ,octob] #a1 #aife4 ,rec5t geophysical surveys ( ,jackson ,hole comb9$ ) data f deep wells drill$ 9 se>* ( oil & gas ea/ ( ! p>k also yield valuable clues4 ,by measur+ v>iations 9 ! e>?'s magnetic field & 9 ! pull ( gravity & by /udy+ ! spe$ ( %ock waves g5]at$ by small dynamite explosions1 ,dr4 ,john ,c4 ,behr5dt ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey has det]m9$ ! dep? & tilt ( rock lay]s buri$ b5ea? ! v5e] ( glacial debris & /ream-laid s& & gravel on ! valley floor4 ,?is in=mation 0 us$ 9 con/ruct+ ! geologic cross section 9 ! back ( ! booklet4 ,! same rock lay]s t cap ! summit ( ,m\nt ,moran 7fig4 #bg7 are buri$ at dep?s ( ne>ly #bd1jjj feet b5ea? ! ne>by floor ( ,jackson ,hole b are cut (f by ! ,teton fault at ! we/ edge ( ! valley4 ,?us ! approximate am\nt ( movem5t along ! fault "h w\ld be ab\t #cj1jjj feet4 ,anatomy ( faults ,! prec$+ discussion %[s t ! ,tetons are an upfault$ m\nta9 block4 ,:y is ?is significant8 ,! extreme y\? ( ! ,teton fault1 its l>ge am\nt ( displacem5t1 & ! fact t ! newly upfault$ angul> m\nta9 block 0 subject$ to int5se glaciation are among ! prime factors responsible = ! developm5t ( ! magnific5t alp9e sc5]y ( ! ,teton ,range4 ,an und]/&+ ( ! anatomy ( faults is1 !re=e1 p]t95t4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae4 ,rec5t fault sc>p 7arr[s indicate base7 (fsett+ alluvial fan at foot ( ,rock*uck ,peak4 ,view we/ f ,ca!dral ,gr\p sc5ic turn\t4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice photo by ,w4 ,e4 ,dilley & ,r4 ,a4 ,mebane4 ,a fault is a plane or zone 9 ! e>?'s cru/ along :i* ! rocks on "o side h mov$ 9 relation to ! rocks on ! o!r4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( faults j z !re are v>i\s types ( m\nta9s4 ,?ree pr9cipal types ( faults are pres5t 9 ! ,teton region3 normal faults1 rev]se faults1 & ?ru/ faults4 ,a normal fault 7fig4 #af;,a7 is a /eeply dipp+ 7/eeply incl9$7 fault along :i* rocks above ! fault h mov$ d[n relative to ^? b5ea? x4 ,a rev]se fault 7fig4 #af;,b7 is a /eeply incl9$ fault along :i* ! rocks above ! fault h mov$ up relative to ^? bel[ x4 ,a ?ru/ fault 7fig4 #af;,c7 is a g5tly incl9$ fault along :i* ! pr9cipal movem5t has be5 m ne>ly horizontal ?an v]tical4 ,normal faults may be ! result ( t5sion or pull+ ap>t ( ! e>?'s cru/ or !y may be caus$ by adju/m5t ( ! rigid cru/ to ! fl[ ( semi-fluid mat]ial bel[4 ,! cru/ sags or collapses 9 areas f :i* ! subcru/al mat]ial has fl[$ & is b[$ up & /ret*$ 9 areas :]e excess subcru/al mat]ial has accumulat$4 ,9 bo? areas ! adju/m5ts may result 9 normal faults4 ,rev]se faults are g5]ally caus$ by compression ( a rigid block ( ! cru/1 b "s may also be due to lat]al fl[ ( subcru/al mat]ial4 ,?ru/ faults are commonly associat$ ) tightly b5t or fold$ rocks4 ,_m ( !m are app>5tly caus$ by sev]e compression ( "p ( ! cru/1 b "s are ?\ght to h =m$ at ! base ( slides ( l>ge rock masses t mov$ f high areas into adjac5t l[ areas "u ! influ5ce ( gravity4 ,! ,teton fault 7see cross section inside back cov]7 is a normal fault2 ! ,buck ,m\nta9 fault1 :i* lies we/ ( ! ma9 peaks ( ! ,teton ,range1 is a rev]se fault4 ,no ?ru/ faults h be5 recogniz$ 9 ! ,teton ,range1 b ! m\nta9s s\? & s\?we/ ( ! ,tetons 7fig4 #a7 display sev]al enorm\s ?ru/ faults along :i* masses ( rocks _m miles 9 ext5t h mov$ t5s ( miles ea/w>d & nor!a/w>d4 ,"t & rate ( uplift ,:5 did ! ,tetons rise8 ,a /udy ( ! y\nge/ s$im5t>y rocks on ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole %[s t ! ,teton ,range began to rise rapidly & take its pres5t %ape less ?an #i million ye>s ago4 ,! t[]+ peaks !mselves are direct evid5ce t ! rate ( uplift f> exce$$ ! rate at :i* ! ris+ block 0 worn away by erosion4 ,! m\nta9s are /ill ris+1 & comp>atively rapidly1 z is indicat$ by small faults cutt+ ! y\nge/ deposits 7fig4 #ae74 ,h[ rapidly8 ,c ! rate be measur$8 ,we "k t 9 less ?an #i million ye>s 7& probably 9 less ?an #g million ye>s7 !re has be5 #be1jjj to #cj1jjj feet ( displacem5t on ! ,teton fault4 ,?is is an av]age ( ab\t #a foot 9 #cjj-djj ye>s4 ,! movem5t probably 0 n cont9u\s b came z a s]ies ( j]ks accompani$ by viol5t e>?quakes4 ,"o fault on ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole ne> ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! p>k mov$ #aej feet 9 ! la/ #ae1jjj ye>s1 an av]age ( #a foot p] #ajj ye>s4 ,9 view ( ?is evid5ce ( rec5t cru/al unre/1 x is n surpris+ t small e>?quakes are frequ5t 9 ! ,teton region4 ,m viol5t ones c probably be expect$ f "t to "t4 ,figure #af4 ,types ( faults4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4--,normal fault 7t5sional7 ,illu/ration3 ,b4--,rev]se fault 7compressional7 ,illu/ration3 ,c4--,?ru/ fault 7compressional7 ,:y are m\nta9s "h8 ,:y did ! ,tetons =m :]e !y are8 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is booklet we discuss$ briefly ! two mo/ common !ories ( orig9 ( m\nta9s3 cont95tal drift & convection curr5ts4 ,! "q ( :y m\nta9s are :]e !y are & m specifically :y ! ,tetons are "h rema9s a cont9u+ sci5tific *all5ge reg>dless ( ! weal? ( data already accumulat$ 9 our /oreh\se ( k4 ,! mobility ( ! e>?'s cru/ is an e/abli%$ fact4 ,despite its app>5t rigidity1 laboratory exp]im5ts demon/rate t rocks fl[ :5 subject$ to extremely high pressures & temp]atures4 ,if ! /ress exce$s ! /r5g? at a giv5 pressure & temp]ature1 ! rock breaks4 ,fl[+ & fractur+ are two ( ! ways by :i* rocks adju/ to ! *ang+ environm5ts at v>i\s levels 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,^! acquir$ *>act]i/ics1 "s ( :i* c be duplicat$ 9 ! laboratory1 are guides by :i* we int]pret ! geologic hi/ory ( rocks t once 7 deep )9 ! e>?4 ,! site ( ! ,teton block no d\bt reflects hidd5 inequalities at dep?4 ,we _c see ^!1 nor 9 ?is area c we drill bel[ ! out] lay] ( ! e>?2 nev]!less1 measurem5ts ( gravity & ( ! e>?'s magnetic field cle>ly %[ t !y exi/4 ,we "k t ! ,tetons rose at ! "t ,jackson ,hole collaps$ b ! volume ( ! uplift$ block is consid]ably less ?an t ( ! d[ndropp$ block4 ,?is1 !n1 0 n j a simple case 9 :i* all ! subcru/al mat]ial displac$ by ! s9k+ block 0 squeez$ "u ! ris+ block 7! way a hydraulic jack works74 ,:at happ5$ to ! re/ ( ! mat]ial t once 0 "u ,jackson ,hole8 ,x c\ld n be compress$ s x _h to g some:]e4 ,z y look nor?w>d f ! top ( ! ,gr& ,teton or ,m\nt ,moran1 or f ! ma9 highway at ! nor? edge ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k1 y see ! great smoo? sweep ( ! volcanic plateau 9 ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k4 ,f>!r (f to ! nor!a/ are ! /rik+ly lay]$ volcanic rocks ( ! ,abs>oka ,range 7fig4 #eb74 ,= ^! two areas1 an e/imate ( ! volume ( volcanic rock t rea*$ ! surface & fl[$ out1 or 0 bl[n out & spread f> & wide by w9d & wat]1 is consid]ably 9 excess ( #aj1jjj cubic miles4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is volume is _m times m ?an t displac$ by ! sagg+ & d[nfault+ ( ,jackson ,hole4 ,:]e did ! re/ ( ! volcanic mat]ial come f8 ,is x p]t95t to our /ory8 ,teton ,bas91 on ! we/ side ( ! ,teton ,range1 & ! broad ,snake ,riv] d[nw>p f>!r to ! nor?we/ 7fig4 #a7 are suffici5tly l>ge to h furni%$ ! rema9d] ( ! volcanic debris4 ,z x 0 bl[n out ( v5ts 9 ! ,yell[/one-,abs>oka area1 its place c\ld h be5 tak5 deep und]gr\nd by mat]ial t mov$ lat]ally f bel[ all ?ree d[ndropp$ areas4 ,! movem5t may h be5 caus$ by sl[ convection curr5ts )9 ! e>?1 or p]haps by "s o!r1 z yet unkn[n1 =ce4 ,! sagg+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ on bo? sides ( ! ,teton ,range z well z ! long-cont9u$ volcanism are c]ta9ly directly relat$ to ! geologic hi/ory ( ! p>k4 ,9 summ>y1 we !orize z to h[ ! ,tetons rose & ,jackson ,hole sank b are n sure :y ! range is locat$ at ?is p>ticul> place1 :y x tr5ds nor?1 :y x rose s high1 or :y ?is "o1 ( all ! m\nta9 ranges surr\nd+ ! ,yell[/one-,abs>oka volcanic area1 _h su* a unique hi/ory ( uplift4 ,^! are problems to *all5ge ! m9ds ( g5]ations ( e>? sci5ti/s yet to come4 ,! re/less l& ,among ! greate/ ( ! p>k's _m attractions is ! solitude "o c savor 9 ! mid/ ( magnific5t sc5]y4 ,only a %ort walk sep>ates u f ! highway1 torr5ts ( c>s1 noise1 & t5sion4 ,away f ^!1 ev]y?+ seems re/ful4 ,quiesc5t x may seem1 yet ! l&scape is n /atic b dynamic4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m excit+ ideas t geology has contribut$ to society4 ,! concept ( ! 8ev]la/+ hills0 is a my?4 ,all ! features ar\nd u are actually r %ort-liv$ 9 t]ms ( geologic "t4 ,! disc]n+ eye detects aga9 & aga9 ! re/lessness ( ! l&4 ,we h discuss$ _m bits ( evid5ce t %[ h[ ! l&scape & ! e>?'s cru/ b5ea? x are con/antly be+ c>v$1 pu%$ up1 dropp$ d[n1 fold$1 tilt$1 & fault$4 ,! ,teton l&scape is a battlegr\nd1 ! sc5e ( a cont9u+ unresolv$ /ruggle betwe5 ! =ces t de=m ! e>?'s cru/ & raise ! m\nta9s & ! sl[ processes ( erosion t /rive to level ! upl&s1 fill ! holl[s1 & r$uce ! l&scape to an ultimate featureless pla94 ,! rema9d] ( ?is booklet is devot$ to trac+ ! seesaw conflict betwe5 ^! inexorable antagoni/s ?r\gh m ?an #b4e billion ye>s z !y %ap$ ! pres5t l&scape--& ! battle /ill goes on4 ,evid5ce ( ! /ruggle is all ar\nd u4 ,ev5 ?\gh to "s obs]v]s x may detract f ! re/fulness ( ! sc5e1 p]haps x conveys to all ( u a new appreciation ( ! trem5d\s dynamic =ces responsible = ! magnific5ce ( ! ,teton ,range4 ,! battle is indicat$ by ! small faults t displace bo? ! l& surface & "y deposits at ! ea/ base ( ,m\nt ,teew9ot1 ,rock*uck ,peak 7fig4 #ae71 & o!r places along ! foot ( ! ,tetons4 ,jackson ,hole cont9ues to drop & tilt4 ,! gravel-cov]$ surfaces t orig9ally slop$ s\?w>d are n[ tilt$ we/w>d t[>d ! m\nta9s4 ,! ,snake ,riv]1 al?\gh ! major /ream1 is n 9 ! l[e/ "p ( ,jackson ,hole2 ,fi% ,creek1 a less] tribut>y ne> ! t[n ( ,wilson1 is #ae feet l[]4 ,= #aj miles ?is creek fl[s s\?w>d p>allel to ! ,snake ,riv] b ) a g5tl] gradi5t1 ?us p]mitt+ ! two /reams to jo9 ne> ! s\? end ( ,jackson ,hole4 ,z tilt+ cont9ues1 ! ,snake ,riv] we/ ( ,jackson tries to move we/w>d b is prev5t$ f do+ s by long flood-control levees built s\? ( ! p>k4 ,rec5t faults also break ! valley floor betwe5 ! ,gros ,v5tre ,riv] & ! t[n ( ,jackson4 ,! ev]-*ang+ piles ( rock debris t mantle ! slopes adjac5t to ! high] peaks1 ! creep+ advance ( rock glaci]s1 ! deva/at+ sn[ avalan*es1 & ! ?und]+ rockfalls are specific rem9d]s t ! l& surface is re/less4 ,jackson ,hole conta9s m l&slides & rock mudfl[s ?an almo/ any o!r "p ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region4 ,!y con/antly plague road build]s 7fig4 #ag7 & add to ! co/ ( o!r types ( con/ruction4 ,all ( ^! examples ( ! rel5tless battle betwe5 con/ructive & de/ructive processes modify+ ! ,teton l&scape are b m9or skirmi%es4 ,! b5d+ & break+ ( rocks at ! surface are small reflections ( enorm\s /resses & /ra9s deep )9 ! e>? :]e ! major conflict is be+ wag$4 ,x is reveal$ e n[ & !n by a convulsion su* z ! #aiei e>?quake 9 & we/ ( ,yell[/one ,p>k4 ,ev5ts ( ?is type release mu* m en]gy ?an all ! nucle> devices ?us f> explod$ by man4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag4 ,slide block+ ma9 highway 9 nor!rn "p ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice photo by ,eliot ,davis1 ,may #aieb4 ,,enorm\s ,,"t ,,& ,,dynamic ,,e>? ,framework ( "t ,"o ( geology's greate/ philosophical contributions has be5 ! demon/ration ( ! enormity ( geologic "t4 ,a/ronom]s deal ) di/ances s great t !y are almo/ beyond und]/&+2 nucle> physici/s /udy objects s small t we c h>dly imag9e !m4 ,simil>ly1 ! geologi/ is conc]n$ ) spans ( "t s imm5se t !y are sc>cely compreh5sible4 ,geology is a sci5ce ( "t z well z rocks1 & 9 our geologic /ory ( ! ,teton region we mu/ ref] frequ5tly to ! geologic "t scale1 ! y>d/ick by :i* we measure ! va/ rea*es ( "t 9 e>? hi/ory4 ,rocks & relative age ,v e>ly 9 ! sci5ce ( geology x 0 recogniz$ t 9 _m places "o c tell ! comp>ative ages ( rocks by _! relations to "o ano!r4 ,= example1 mo/ s$im5t>y rocks are consolidat$ accumulations ( l>ge or small rock fragm5ts & 7 deposit$ z ne>ly horizontal lay]s ( gravel1 s&1 or mud4 ,9 an undi/urb$ sequ5ce ( s$im5t>y rocks1 ! lay] on ! bottom 0 deposit$ fir/ & ! lay] on top 0 deposit$ la/4 ,all ( ^! mu/1 ( c\rse1 be y\ng] ?an any previ\sly =m$ rock fragm5ts incorporat$ 9 !m4 ,igne\s rocks are ^? =m$ by solidification ( molt5 mat]ial1 ei!r z lava fl[s on ! e>?'s surface 7extrusive igne\s rocks7 or at dep? )9 ! e>? 7intrusive igne\s rocks74 ,! relative ages ( extrusive igne\s rocks c (t5 be det]m9$ 9 mu* ! same way z ^? ( s$im5t>y /rata4 ,a lava fl[ is y\ng] ?an ! rocks on :i* x re/s1 b old] ?an ^? t re/ on top ( x4 ,an intrusive igne\s rock mu/ be y\ng] ?an ! rocks t enclos$ x at ! "t x solidifi$4 ,x may conta9 pieces ( ! enclos+ rocks t broke (f ! walls & fell into ! liquid4 ,pebbles ( ! igne\s rock t are incorporat$ 9 ne>by s$im5t>y lay]s indicate t ! s$im5ts mu/ be some:at y\ng]4 ,all ( ^! crit]ia tell u only t "o rock is old] or y\ng] ?an ano!r4 ,!y tell u little ab\t ! absolute age ( ! rocks or ab\t h[ mu* old] "o is ?an ! o!r4 ,fossils & geologic "t ,fossils provide important clues to ! ages ( ! rocks 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,! sl[ evolution ( liv+ ?+s ?r\gh geologic "t c be trac$ by a sy/ematic /udy ( fossils4 ,! fossils are !n us$ to det]m9e ! relative ages ( ! rocks t conta9 !m & to e/abli% a geologic "t scale t c be appli$ to fossil-be>+ rocks ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,figure #ah %[s ! major subdivisions ( ! la/ #fjj million ye>s ( geologic "t & "s =ms ( life t dom9at$ ! sc5e dur+ ea* ( ^! int]vals4 ,/rata conta9+ closely relat$ fossils are gr\p$ into sy/ems2 ! "t int]val dur+ :i* ! /rata compris+ a p>ticul> sy/em 7 deposit$ is t]m$ a p]iod4 ,! p]iods are subdivisions ( l>g] "t units call$ eras & "s are split into small] "t units call$ epo*s4 ,/rata deposit$ dur+ an epo* comprise a s]ies4 ,s]ies are 9 turn subdivid$ into rock units call$ gr\ps & =mations4 ,express$ 9 tabul> =m ^! divisions are3 ,subdivisions ( ,"t-rock units ,rock units geologic "t ,era ,p]iod ,sy/em ,epo* ,s]ies ,gr\p ,=mation ,! "t scale bas$ on ! /udy ( fossil-be>+ s$im5t>y rocks is call$ ! /ratigraphic "t scale2 x is giv5 9 table #a4 ,! subdivisions are arrang$ 9 ! same ord] 9 :i* !y 7 deposit$1 ) ! olde/ at ! bottom & ! y\nge/ at ! top4 ,all rocks old] ?an ,cambrian 7! fir/ p]iod 9 ! ,paleozoic ,era7 are class$ z ,precambrian4 ,^! rocks are s old t fossils are r>e & !re=e _c be conv5i5tly us$ z a basis = subdivision4 ,! /ratigraphic "t scale is extremely useful1 b x has s]i\s drawbacks4 ,x c be appli$ only to fossil-be>+ /rata or to rocks ^: ages are det]m9$ by _! relation to ^? conta9+ fossils4 ,x _c be us$ directly = rocks t lack fossils1 su* z igne\s rocks1 or metamorphic rocks 9 :i* fossils h be5 de/roy$ by heat or pressure4 ,x is us$ to e/abli% ! relative ages ( s$im5t>y /rata ?r\gh\t ! _w1 b x gives no in=mation z to h[ long ago a p>ticul> lay] 0 deposit$ or h[ _m ye>s a giv5 p]iod or era la/$4 ,radioactive clocks ,! measurem5t ( geologic "t 9 t]ms ( ye>s 0 n possible until ! discov]y ( natural radioactivity4 ,x 0 f\nd t c]ta9 atoms ( a few elem5ts spontane\sly ?r[ (f p>ticles f _! nuclei & break d[n to =m atoms ( o!r elem5ts4 ,^! decay processes take place at con/ant rates1 unaffect$ by heat1 pressure1 or *emical conditions4 ,if we "k ! rate at :i* a p>ticul> radioactive elem5t decays1 ! l5g? ( "t t has pass$ s9ce a m9]al cry/al conta9+ ! elem5ts =m$ c be calculat$ by comp>+ ! am\nt ( ! radioactive elem5t rema9+ 9 ! cry/al ) ! am\nt ( dis9tegration products pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah4 ,major subdivisions ( ! la/ #fjj million ye>s ( geologic "t & "s ( ! dom9ant =ms ( life4 ,,millions ,,( ,,ye>s ,,ago #j ,man #j-fj ,,c5ozoic ,,quat]n>y & ,,t]ti>y ,mammals #fj-acj ,,mesozoic ,,cretace\s #acj-ahj ,,jurassic ,d9osaurs #ahj-bbj ,,triassic #bbj-bfj ,,paleozoic ,,p]mian ,reptiles #bfj-cej ,,p5nsylvanian1 ,amphibians ,,mississippian #cej-djj ,,devonian ,fi%es #djj-ddj ,,silurian ,sea scorpions #ddj-ejj ,,ordovician ,nautiloids #ejj-ecj ,,cambrian ,trilobites #ecj- ,,precambrian ,s(t-bodi$ creatures ,?ree pr9cipal radioactive clocks n[ 9 use are bas$ on ! decay ( uranium to lead1 rubidium to /rontium1 & potassium to argon4 ,!y are effective 9 dat+ m9]als millions or billions ( ye>s old4 ,ano!r clock1 bas$ on ! decay ( "o type ( c>bon 7,c>bon-#ad7 to nitrog51 dates organic mat]ial1 b only if x is less ?an ab\t #dj1jjj ye>s old4 ,! uranium1 rubidium1 & potassium clocks are especially useful 9 dat+ igne\s rocks4 ,by det]m9+ ! absolute ages ( igne\s rocks ^: /ratigraphic relations to fossil-be>+ /rata are kn[n1 x is possible to e/imate ! numb] ( ye>s repres5t$ by ! v>i\s subdivisions ( ! /ratigraphic "t scale4 ,! y>d/ick ( geologic "t ,rec5t e/imates sugge/ t ! e>? 0 =m$ at lea/ #d4e billion ye>s ago4 ,to visualize ! l5g? ( geologic "t & ! relations betwe5 ! /ratigraphic & absolute "t scales1 let u imag9e a y>d/ick z repres5t+ ! l5g? ( "t f ! orig9 ( ! e>? to ! pres5t 7fig4 #ai74 ,on "o side ( ! y>d/ick we plot "t 9 ye>s2 on ! o!r1 we plot ! divisions ( ! /ratigraphic "t scale accord+ to ! mo/ reliable absolute age det]m9ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,table #a4 ,! /ratigraphic "t scale4 ,era ,sy/em or p]iod ,s]ies or epo* ,c5ozoic ,quat]n>y ,rec5t ,plei/oc5e ,t]ti>y ,plioc5e ,mioc5e ,oligoc5e ,eoc5e ,paleoc5e ,mesozoic ,cretace\s ,jurassic ,triassic ,paleozoic ,p]mian ,p5nsylvanian ,mississippian ,devonian ,silurian#a ,ordovician ,cambrian -- ,precambrian #a,! ,silurian is ! only major subdivision ( ! /ratigraphic "t scale n repres5t$ 9 ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k4 ,we are imm$iately /ruck by ! fact t all ( ! subdivisions ( ! /ratigraphic "t scale s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,paleozoic are compress$ into ! la/ #e in*es ( our y>d/ick6 ,all ( ! o!r #ca in*es repres5t ,precambrian "t4 ,we also see t subdivisions ( ! /ratigraphic "t scale d n repres5t equal numb]s ( ye>s4 ,we use small] & small] subdivisions z we approa* ! pres5t4 7,notice ! subdivisions ( ! ,t]ti>y & ,quat]n>y 9 table #a t are too small to %[ ev5 9 ! enl>g$ "p ( figure #ai74 ,?is is because ! record ( e>? hi/ory is m vague & incomplete ! f>!r back 9 "t we g4 ,9 effect1 we are v ne>sight$ 9 our view ( "t4 ,?is 8geological myopia0 becomes increas+ly evid5t ?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( ?is booklet4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ai4 ,! geologic "t scale--our y>d/ick 9 "t4 ,,absolute ,,"t 7,ye>s ago7 ,,in*es ,,/ratigraphic ,,"t ,,scale ,fir/ man #j ,,c5ozoic #a ,,mesozoic ,fir/ d9osaurs #b ,,paleozoic #c #ejj million #d ,fir/ abundant fossils #e ,,precambrian #f #g #a billion #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad ,olde/ kn[n fossils #ae #b billion #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #c billion #bd #be #bf #bg ,olde/ dat$ rocks #bh #bi #cj #ca #d billion #cb #cc #cd #ce ,m9imum age ( ! e>? #cf ,,enl>gem5t ,,( ,,! ,,la/ ,,six ,,in*es ,,absolute ,,"t ,,in*es ,,/ratigraphic ,,"t ,,scale 7,ye>s ,ago7 #j #j ,,c5ozoic ,,quat]n>y ,,t]ti>y ,,mesozoic ,,cretace\s #a ,,jurassic ,,triassic #b ,,paleozoic ,,p]mian ,,p5nsylvanian ,,mississippian #c ,,devonian ,,silurian ,,ordovician #ejj million #d ,,cambrian #e ,,precambrian #f ,,precambrian ,,rocks--,,! ,,core ,,( ,,! ,,tetons ,! visitor :o looks at ! high1 rugg$ peaks ( ! ,teton ,range is see+ rocks t record ab\t sev5-eigh?s ( all geologic "t4 ,^! ,precambrian rocks are "p ( ! v f\ndation ( ! cont95t & are !re=e commonly ref]r$ to by geologi/s z basem5t rocks4 ,9 attempt+ to deciph] _! orig9 & hi/ory we pe] backw>d ?r\gh ! dim mi/s ( "t1 piec+ toge!r scatt]$ clues to ev5ts t occurr$ billions ( ye>s ago1 p]haps dur+ ! v bir? ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,cont95t4 ,to cite an (t-quot$ example1 x is z ?\gh we 7 attempt+ to read ! hi/ory ( an anci5t & long-=gott5 civilization f ! scatt]$ unnumb]$ pages ( a torn manuscript1 writt5 9 a language t we only p>tially und]/&4 ,anci5t gneisses & s*i/s ,! olde/ ,precambrian rocks 9 ! ,teton ,range are lay]$ gneisses & s*i/s expos$ ov] wide areas 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn p>ts ( ! range & z scatt]$ isolat$ masses 9 ! y\ng] granite t =ms ! high peaks 9 ! c5tral p>ts4 ,! lay]$ gneisses may be se5 easily along ! trails 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ,indian ,pa9tbru% & ,dea? ,canyons1 & ne> ,/atic ,peak4 ,! lay]$ gneisses are compos$ pr9cipally ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 biotite 7black mica71 & hornbl5de 7a v d>k-gre5 or black m9]al commonly =m+ rodlike cry/als74 ,di/9ct lay]s1 a few in*es to sev]al feet ?ick1 conta9 diff]5t proportions ( ^! m9]als & acc\nt = ! b&$ appe>ance4 ,lay]s compos$ almo/ entirely ( qu>tz & feldsp> are light-gray or :ite1 :]eas d>k] gray lay]s conta9 high] proportions ( biotite & hornbl5de4 ,"s lay]s are d>k-gre5 to black amphibolite1 compos$ pr9cipally ( hornbl5de b ) a little feldsp> & qu>tz4 ,9 _m places ! gneisses include lay]s ( s*i/1 a flaky rock1 mu* ( :i* is mica4 ,at sev]al places on ! ea/ slopes ( ,m\nt ,moran ?9 lay]s ( impure gray m>ble are f\nd int]leav$ ) ! gneisses4 ,we/ ( ,/atic ,peak along ! ,alaska ,bas9 ,trail a heavy d>k rock ) l>ge am\nts ( magnetite 7/rongly magnetic black iron oxide7 occurs z lay]s 9 ! gneiss4 ,9 "s places ! gneiss conta9s d>k-r$di% cry/als ( g>net z mu* z an in* 9 diamet]4 ,commonly ! g>net cry/als are surr\nd$ by :ite 8halos0 :i* lack biotite or hornbl5de1 probably because ! con/itu5ts necess>y to =m ^! m9]als 7 absorb$ by ! g>net cry/als4 ,9 ,dea? ,canyon & on ! slopes ( ,/atic ,peak "s lay]s ( gray gneiss conta9 egg-%ap$ masses ( magnetite z mu* z "o-half in* 9 diamet] 7fig4 #bj74 ,^! masses are likewise surr\nd$ by elliptical :ite halos & h ! />tl+ appe>ance ( small eyes pe]+ f ! rock4 ,appropriately1 ?is rock has be5 call$ ! 8bright-ey$0 gneiss by ,pr(4 ,*>les ,c4 ,bradley 9 8 publi%$ /udy 7,wyom+ ,geological ,association1 #aief7 ( ?is area4 ,:at 7 ! anci5t rocks f :i* ! gneisses ( ! ,teton ,range 7 =m$8 ,mo/ ( ! evid5ce has be5 oblit]at$ b a few rema9+ clues enable u to draw "s g5]al conclusions4 ,! b&$ appe>ance ( _m ( ! gneisses sugge/s t !y 7 =m$ f s$im5t>y & volcanic rocks t accumulat$ on ! sea floor ne> a *a9 ( volcanic isl&s--p]haps some:at simil> to ! mod]n ,aleutians or ! isl&s ( ,indonesia4 ,:5 ^! deposits 7 buri$ deep 9 ! e>?'s cru/ ! *emical composition ( "s lay]s may h und]gone radical *anges4 ,o!r lay]s1 h[ev]1 /ill h compositions resembl+ ^? ( y\ng] rocks else:]e ^: orig9s are bett] kn[n4 ,= example1 ! lay]s ( impure m>ble 7 probably once b$s ( s&y lime/one1 & ! light] color$ gneiss may h be5 muddy s&/one1 possibly conta9+ volcanic a%4 ,"s d>k amphibolite lay]s c\ld repres5t alt]$ lava fl[s or b$s ( volcanic a%2 o!rs may h result$ f ! addition ( silica to muddy magnesium-ri* lime/one dur+ metamorphism4 ,! magnetite-ri* gneiss probably 0 orig9ally a s$im5t>y iron ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bj4 8,bright-ey$0 gneiss f ,dea? ,canyon4 ,! d>k magnetite spots are ab\t in* 9 diamet]4 ,! surr\nd+ gneiss is compos$ ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & biotite1 b biotite is miss+ 9 ! :ite halos ar\nd ! magnetite4 ,m9]als t 7 mo/ easily alt]$ at dep? react$ ) "o ano!r to =m new m9]als m 8at home0 "u ! high temp]ature & pressure 9 ?is environm5t j z ! +r$i5ts 9 a cake react :5 heat$ 9 an ov54 ,rocks =m$ by su* processes are call$ metamorphic rocks2 c>eful /udies ( ! m9]als t !y conta9 sugge/ t ! lay]$ gneisses develop$ at temp]atures z high z #ajjj;,f at dep?s ( #e to #aj miles4 ,"u ^! conditions ! rocks mu/ h behav$ some:at l s(t taffy z is %[n by lay]s t h be5 fold$ ne>ly d\ble )\t be+ brok5 7fig4 #ba74 ,folds su* z ^! range f fractions ( an in* to ?\s&s ( feet across & are f\nd 9 gneisses ?r\gh\t ! ,teton ,range4 ,9 a few places folds are sup]impos$ 9 su* a way z to indicate t ! rocks 7 involv$ 9 sev]al episodes ( de=mation 9 response to diff]5t sets ( /ress dur+ metamorphism4 ,:5 did ^! gneisses =m8 ,age det]m9ations ( m9]als conta9+ radioactive elem5ts %[ t granite :i* 0 intrud$ into !m aft] !y 7 metamorphos$ & fold$ is m ?an #b4e billion ye>s old4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 be old] ?an t4 ,?us1 !y probably are at lea/ a billion ye>s old] ?an rocks conta9+ ! fir/ fa9t traces ( life on e>? & #b billion ye>s old] ?an ! olde/ rocks conta9+ abundant fossils4 ,h[ mu* old] is n kn[n1 b ! gneisses are c]ta9ly among ! olde/ rocks 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & record "s ( ! e>lie/ ev5ts 9 ! build+ ( ?is cont95t4 ,figure #ba4 ,folds 9 lay]$ gneisses4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,nor? face ( ! ridge we/ ( ,eagles ,re/ ,peak4 ,! face is ab\t #gjj feet high4 ,notice ! extreme contortion ( ! gneiss lay]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 ,closeup view ( "s ( ! folds ne> ! bottom ( ! face 9 figure ,a4 ,! light-color$ lay]s are compos$ pr9cipally ( qu>tz & feldsp>4 ,! d>k] lay]s are ri* 9 hornbl5de4 ,irregul> bodies ( granite gneiss are int]leav$ ) ! lay]$ gneisses 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,teton ,range4 ,! granite gneiss is relatively co>se gra9$1 /reaky gray or p9k1 & compos$ pr9cipally ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 biotite1 & hornbl5de4 ,x diff]s f enclos+ lay]$ gneisses 9 its co>s] texture1 lack ( lay]+1 & m uni=m appe>ance4 ,! d>k m9]als 7biotite & hornbl5de7 are conc5trat$ 9 ?9 discont9u\s wisps t give ! rock its /reaky appe>ance4 ,! l>ge/ body ( granite gneiss is expos$ 9 a belt #a to #b miles wide & #aj miles long ext5d+ nor!a/w>d f ne> ! head ( ,moran ,canyon1 across ! upp] "p ( ,moose ,bas91 & into ! l[] rea*es ( ,webb ,canyon4 ,?is gneiss may h be5 =m$ f granite t invad$ ! anci5t s$im5t>y & volcanic rocks be=e !y 7 metamorphos$1 or x may h be5 =m$ dur+ metamorphism f "s ( ! s$im5ts & volcanics !mselves4 ,at sev]al places 9 ,sn[%oe1 ,wat]falls1 & ,colt] ,canyons ! lay]$ gneisses conta9 discont9u\s masses a few t5s or hundr$s ( feet 9 diamet] ( heavy d>k-gre5 or black s]p5t9e4 ,?is rock is frequ5tly call$ 8soap/one0 because ! surface feels smoo? & soapy to ! t\*4 ,indians c>v$ b[ls 7fig4 #bb7 f simil> mat]ial obta9$ f ! we/ side ( ! ,tetons & f ! ,gros ,v5tre ,m\nta9s to ! s\!a/4 ,pebbles ( s]p5t9e along /reams dra9+ ! we/ side ( ! ,tetons h be5 cut & poli%$ = jewelry & sold z 8,teton jade02 x is mu* s(t] & less lu/r\s ?an real jade4 ,! s]p5t9e 0 =m$ by metamorphism ( d>k-color$ igne\s rocks lack+ qu>tz & feldsp>4 ,granite & pegmatite ,contr>y to popul> belief1 granite 7cry/all9e igne\s rock compos$ pr9cipally ( qu>tz & feldsp>7 =ms only a "p ( ! ,teton ,range4 ,! ,gr& ,teton 7fig4 #f7 & mo/ surr\nd+ subsidi>y peaks are sculptur$ f an irregul> mass ( granite expos$ cont9u\sly along ! backbone ( ! range f ,buck ,m\nta9 nor?w>d t[>d upp] ,leigh ,canyon4 ,! rock is commonly f9e gra9$1 :ite or light-gray1 & is l>gely compos$ ( cry/als ( gray qu>tz & :ite feldsp> ab\t ! size & texture ( ! gra9s 9 v co>se lump sug>4 ,flakes ( black or d>k-br[n mica 7biotite7 & silv]y :ite mica 7muscovite7 ab\t ! size ( gra9s ( pepp] are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! rock4 ,f ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole ! granite cliffs & buttresses ( ! high peaks appe> ne>ly :ite 9 contra/ to ! m somb] grays & br[ns ( surr\nd+ gneisses & s*i/s4 ,^! d>k rocks are lac$ by a network ( irregul> light-color$ granite dikes rang+ 9 ?ickness f fractions ( an in* to t5s ( feet 7fig4 #bc74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bb4 ,indian b[ls c>v$ f soap/one1 probably f ! ,teton ,range4 ,m\? ( ! unbrok5 b[l is ab\t #d in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! l>ge/ masses ( granite conta9 abundant unori5t$ angul> blocks & slabs ( ! old] gneisses4 ,^! inclusions range f a few in*es 9 diamet] 7fig4 #bd7 to slabs hundr$s ( feet ?ick & ?\s&s ( feet long4 ,dikes or irregul> intrusions ( pegmatite are f\nd 9 almo/ e exposure ( granite4 ,pegmatite conta9s ! same m9]als z granite b ! individual m9]al cry/als are sev]al in*es or ev5 z mu* z a foot 9 diamet]4 ,"s pegmatites conta9 silv]y plates or tabul> cry/als ( muscovite mica z mu* z #f in*es across t c be split into transp>5t %eets ) a pocket knife4 ,o!rs h d>k-br[n biotite mica 9 cry/als ab\t ! size & %ape ( ! blade ( a table knife4 ,a few pegmatites conta9 scatt]$ r$-br[n cry/als ( g>net rang+ 9 size f t ( a ,,bb %ot to a small m>ble2 a few 9 ,g>net ,canyon & ,glaci] ,gul* are l>g] ?an baseballs 7fig4 #be74 ,! g>nets are fractur$ & _m are p>tly alt]$ to *lorite 7a dull-gre5 micace\s m9]al7 s !y are ( no value z gems4 ,figure #bc4 ,dikes ( granite & pegmatite4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,network ( light-color$ granite dikes on ! nor!a/ face ( ! ,we/ ,horn on ,mt4 ,moran4 ,! dikes cut ?r\gh gneiss 9 :i* ! lay]s slant /eeply d[nw>d to ! left4 ,! face is ab\t #gjj feet high4 ,sn[field 9 ! =egr\nd is at ! edge ( ! ,fall+ ,ice ,glaci]4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 ,irregul> dike ( granite & pegmatite cutt+ ?r\gh d>k lay]$ gneisses ne> ,wild]ness ,falls 9 ,wat]falls ,canyon4 ,! cliff face is ab\t #hj feet high4 ,contacts ( ! dike are %>p & angul> & cut across ! lay]s 9 ! enclos+ gneiss4 ,pegmatite dikes 7tabul> bodies ( rock t1 :ile /ill molt51 7 =c$ along fractures 9 old] rocks7 commonly cut across granite dikes1 b 9 _m places ! rev]se is true4 ,"s dikes are compos$ ( lay]s ( pegmatite alt]nat+ ) lay]s ( granite 7fig4 #bf71 %[+ t ! pegmatite & granite are ne>ly contemporane\s4 ,pr(4 ,bruno ,giletti & 8 c[ork]s at ,br[n ,univ]sity1 us+ ! rubidium-/rontium radioactive clock1 det]m9$ t ! granite & pegmatite 9 ! ,teton ,range are ab\t #b4e billion ye>s old4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bd4 ,angul> blocks ( old /reaky granite gneiss 9 f9e-gra9$ granite nor?we/ ( ,lake ,solitude4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ori5tation ( ! /reaks 9 ! gneiss blocks indicates t ! blocks h be5 rotat$ ) respect to "o ano!r & t ! f9e-gra9$ granite mu/ !re=e h be5 liquid at ! "t ( intrusion4 ,a small light-color$ dike 9 ! upp] left-h& block ( gneiss ends at ! edge ( ! block2 x intrud$ ! gneiss be=e ! block 0 brok5 (f & incorporat$ 9 ! granite4 ,a small dike ( pegmatite cuts diagonally ?r\gh ! granite j to ! left ( ! hamm] & ext5ds into ! blocks ( gneiss at bo? ends4 ,?is dike 0 intrud$ aft] ! granite _h solidifi$4 ,?us1 9 ?is "o small exposure we c recognize f\r ages ( rocks3 ! /reaky granite gneiss1 ! light-color$ dike1 ! f9e-gra9$ granite1 & ! small pegmatite dike4 ,black dikes ,ev5 ! mo/ casual visitor to ! ,teton ,range notices ! rem>kable black b& t ext5ds d[n ! ea/ face ( ,m\nt ,moran 7figs4 #bg & #bh7 f ! summit & disappe>s into ! trees nor? ( ,leigh ,lake4 ,?is is ! outcropp+ edge ( a /eeply incl9$ dike compos$ ( diabase1 a ne>ly black igne\s rock v simil> to basalt4 ,?9n] diabase dikes are visible on ! ea/ face ( ,middle ,teton1 on ! s\? side ( ! ,gr& ,teton1 & 9 sev]al o!r places 9 ! range 7see geologic map inside back cov]74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #be4 ,g>net cry/al 9 pegmatite4 ,! cry/al is ab\t #f in*es 9 diamet]4 ,o!r m9]als are feldsp> 7:ite7 & clu/]s ( :ite mica flakes4 ,! mica cry/als appe> d>k 9 ! photograph because !y are wet4 ,! diabase is a heavy d>k-gre5i%-gray to black rock t turns ru/ br[n on faces t h be5 expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,x is /udd$ ) small la?-%ap$ cry/als ( feldsp> t are gre5i% gray 9 ! fre% rock & milk :ite on wea!r$ surfaces4 ,! black dikes =m$ f molt5 rock t well$ up into ne>ly v]tical fissures 9 ! old] ,precambrian rocks4 ,t[>d ! edges ( ! dikes ! feldsp> la?s 9 ! diabase become small] & small] 7fig4 #bi71 indicat+ t ! wall rocks 7 relatively cool :5 ! magma or melt$ rock 0 intrud$4 ,rapid *ill+ at ! edges prev5t$ gr[? ( l>ge cry/als4 ,9 _m places hot solutions f ! dike p]meat$ ! wall rocks1 /a9+ !m rosy r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bf4 ,a small dike ( pegmatite & granite cutt+ ?r\gh fold$ lay]$ gneiss 9 ,dea? ,canyon4 ,co>se-gra9$ pegmatite =ms mo/ ( ! dike1 b f9e-gra9$ granite is f\nd ne> ! c5t]4 ,small (f%oots ( ! dike p5etrate into ! wall rocks4 ,! dike cuts /raight across folds 9 ! enclos+ gneisses & mu/ !re=e h be5 intrud$ aft] developm5t ( ! folds4 ,! :ite rul] is ab\t #f in*es long4 ,! black dike on ,m\nt ,moran is ab\t #aej feet ?ick ne> ! summit ( ! peak4 ,?is dike has be5 trac$ we/w>d = m ?an #g miles4 ,:]e x passes out ( ! p>k s\? ( ,gre5 ,lakes ,m\nta9 x is #ajj feet ?ick4 ,! am\nt ( molt5 mat]ial ne$$ to =m ! expos$ segm5t ( ?is s+le dike c\ld fill ,j5ny ,lake ?ree times ov]4 ,! o!r dikes are ?9n] & n z long3 ! dike on ,middle ,teton is #bj to #dj feet ?ick1 & ! dike on ,gr& ,teton is #dj to #fj feet ?ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bg4 ,air oblique view ( ! ea/ face ( ,mt4 ,moran1 %[+ ! great black dike4 ,ma9 mass ( ! m\nta9 is lay]$ gneiss & /reaky granite gneiss4 ,:ite l9es are dikes ( granite & pegmatite2 light-gray m\nd on ! summit is ab\t #ej feet ( ,cambrian s$im5t>y rock 7,fla!ad ,s&/one74 ,notice t ! black dike cuts across ! dikes ( granite & pegmatite b t its upp] edge is cov]$ by ! mu* y\ng] lay] ( s&/one4 ,fall+ ,ice ,glaci] is 9 ! left c5t]2 ,skillet ,glaci] is 9 ! l[] "r c5t]4 ,photo by ,a4 ,s4 ,po/4 ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton1 ,augu/ #ai1 #aifc4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bh4 ,! great black dike on ! ea/ face ( ,mt4 ,moran4 ,! dike is ab\t #aej feet ?ick & its v]tical ext5t 9 ! picture is ab\t #c1jjj feet4 ,! fractures 9 ! dike p]p5dicul> to its walls are cracks =m$ z ! liquifi$ rock cool$ & cry/alliz$4 ,fall+ ,ice ,glaci] is 9 ! c5t]4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice photo by ,h4 ,d4 ,p[nall4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bi4 ,closeup view ( ! edge ( ! ,middle ,teton black dike expos$ on ! nor? wall ( ,g>net ,canyon ne> ! we/ end ( ! trail4 ,dike rock 7diabase7 is on ! "r2 wall rock 7gneiss7 is on ! left4 ,mat* %[s scale4 ,! black dikes mu/ be ! y\nge/ ( ! ,precambrian units because !y cut across all o!r ,precambrian rocks4 ,! dikes mu/ h be5 intrud$ be=e ! beg9n+ ( ,cambrian deposition inasmu* z !y d n cut ! olde/ ,cambrian b$s4 ,gneiss adjac5t to ! dike on ,m\nt ,moran conta9s biotite t 0 heat$ & alt]$ ab\t #a4c billion ye>s ago accord+ to ,pr(essor ,giletti4 ,! alt]ation is believ$ to h occurr$ :5 ! dike 0 emplac$2 !re=e ?is & simil> dikes else:]e 9 ! range are probably ab\t #a4c billion ye>s old4 ,qu>tzite ,at ab\t ! same "t z ! dikes 7 be+ intrud$ 9 ! ,tetons1 _m ?\s&s ( feet ( s$im5t>y rocks1 *iefly s&/one1 7 deposit$ 9 we/]n ,montana1 #bjj miles nor?we/ ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k4 ,! s&/one 0 lat] recry/alliz$ & recem5t$ & became a v d5se h>d rock call$ qu>tzite4 ,simil> qu>tzite1 possibly "p ( ! same deposit1 0 laid d[n we/ ( ! nor? end ( ! ,teton ,range1 )9 ! area n[ call$ ! ,snake ,riv] d[nw>p 7fig4 #a74 ,! visitor :o hikes or camps any:]e on ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole becomes pa9fully aw>e ( ! ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( rem>kably r\nd$ h>d qu>tzite b\ld]s4 ,he wond]s :]e !y came f because n[h]e 9 ! adjac5t m\nta9s is ?is rock type expos$4 ,! answ] is t ! qu>tzites 7 d]iv$ f a long-vani%$ uplift 7figs4 #db & #df71 c>ri$ ea/w>d by p[]ful riv]s pa/ ! nor? end ( ! ,teton ,range1 & !n 7 deposit$ 9 a va/ %eet ( gravel t cov]$ mu* ( ,jackson ,hole #fj to #hj million ye>s ago4 ,s9ce !n1 ^! virtually inde/ructible b\ld]s h be5 re-work$ _m times by /reams & ice1 yet /ill reta9 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! orig9al anci5t s$im5ts4 ,a backw>d glance ,s f> we h se5 t ! ,precambrian basem5t expos$ 9 ! ,teton ,range conta9s a complex array ( rocks ( div]se orig9s & v>i\s ages4 ,be=e pass+ on to ! y\ng] rocks1 ref]5ce to our y>d/ick may help to place ! ,precambrian ev5ts 9 _! prop] p]spective4 ,9 all ( ,precambrian "t1 :i* encompasses m ?an #he p]c5t ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>? 7#ca ( ! #cf in*es ( our y>d/ick71 only two ev5ts are dat$ 9 ! ,teton ,range3 ! intrusion ( granite & pegmatite ab\t #b4e billion ye>s ago1 & ! emplacem5t ( ! black dikes ab\t #a4c billion ye>s ago4 ,^! dates are indicat$ by heavy arr[s on ! "t scale 7fig4 #cj74 ,! anci5t gneisses & s*i/s 7 =m$ sometime be=e #b4e billion ye>s ago1 & probably are no old] ?an #c4e billion ye>s1 ! age ( ! olde/ rocks dat$ any:]e 9 ! _w4 ,! close ( ! ,precambrian--end ( ! beg9n+ ,m ?an #gjj million ye>s elaps$ betwe5 intrusion ( ! black dikes & deposition ( ! fir/ ,paleozic s$im5t>y rocks--a long] p]iod ( "t ?an has elaps$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,paleozic ,era4 ,dur+ ?is enorm\s int]val ! ,precambrian rocks 7 uplift$1 expos$ to erosion1 & gradually worn to a ne>ly featureless pla91 p]haps some:at resembl+ ! va/ flat areas 9 :i* simil> ,precambrian rocks are n[ expos$ 9 c5tral & ea/]n ,canada4 ,at ! close ( ,precambrian "t1 ab\t #fjj million ye>s ago1 ! pla9 sl[ly fl\nd]$ & ! site ( ! future ,teton ,range disappe>$ b5ea? %all[ seas t 7 to wa% across x int]mitt5tly = ! next #ejj million ye>s4 ,x is to ! s$im5ts deposit$ 9 ^! seas t we turn to read ! next *apt] 9 ! geologic /ory ( ! ,teton ,range4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cj4 ,a glance at ! y>d/ick4 ,! geologic "t scale %[s positions ( pr9cipal ev5ts record$ 9 ! ,precambrian rocks ( ! ,tetons4 ,,absolute ,,"t 7,ye>s ago7 ,,in*es ,beg9n+ ( ! ,paleozoic4 ,fir/ abundant fossils #d #a billion #h ,maximum age ( black dikes #aj ,olde/ kn[n fossils #ae #b billion #af ,old granite & pegmatite #bj #c billion #bd ,gneisses & s*i/s =m$ sometime 9 ?is int]val #bj-bg ,olde/ dat$ rocks #bh #d billion #cb ,m9imum age ( ! e>? #cf ,,! ,,paleozoic ,,era--,,"t ,,( ,,long-,,vani%$ ,,seas ,,& ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,life ,! ,paleozoic sequ5ce ,nor?1 we/1 & s\? ( ! highe/ ,teton peaks ! so>+ spires & knife-edge ridges ( ,precambrian rock give way to r\nd$ spurs & l[] flat-topp$ summits1 ^: slopes are palisad$ by cont9u\s gray cliffs t resemble ! battlem5ts ( "s anci5t & long-ab&on$ =tress 7fig4 #ca74 ,z m5tion$ previ\sly1 ! cliffs are ! project+ edges ( lay]s ( s$im5t>y rocks ( ,paleozoic age t accumulat$ 9 or along ! m>g9s ( %all[ seas4 ,at "o "t ! lay]s =m$ a ?ick unbrok51 ne>ly horizontal blanket across ! ,precambrian basem5t rocks1 b subsequ5t uplift ( ! ea/]n edge ( ! ,teton fault block tilt$ !m we/w>d4 ,!y 7 !n /ripp$ f ! highe/ peaks4 ,! ,paleozoic & y\ng] s$im5t>y rocks 9 ! ,teton region are subdivid$ into =mations1 ea* ( :i* is nam$4 ,a =mation is compos$ ( rock lay]s :i*1 because ( _! simil> physical *>act]i/ics1 c be di/+ui%$ f ov]ly+ & und]ly+ lay]s4 ,!y mu/ be ?ick en\gh to be %[n on a geologic map4 ,table #b li/s ! v>i\s ,paleozoic =mations pres5t 9 & adjac5t to ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k & gives _! ?icknesses & *>act]i/ics4 ,^! s$im5t>y rocks are ( special int]e/1 = !y n only record an important *apt] ( geologic hi/ory b else:]e 9 ! region !y conta9 petroleum & o!r m9]al deposits4 ,! ,paleozoic rocks c be view$ close at h& f ! top ( ! ,teton ,village tram 7fig4 #cb7 on ! s\? b\nd>y ( ! p>k4 ,a less accessible b equally spectacul> exposure ( ,paleozoic rocks is 9 ,alaska ,bas91 along ! we/ m>g9 ( ! p>k1 :]e !y are /ack$ l ev5 lay]s 9 a gigantic cake 7fig4 #cc74 ,alaska ,bas9--site ( an out/&+ rock & fossil record ,/rata 9 ,alaska ,bas9 record ) unusual cl>ity ! op5+ *apt]s 9 ! *ronicle ( seas t fl[$ & ebb$ across ! future site ( ! ,teton ,range dur+ mo/ ( ! ,paleozoic ,era4 ,9 ! v>i\s rock lay]s are inscrib$ /ories ( ! sl[ advance & retreat ( anci5t %orel9es1 ( ! /orm waves break+ on long-vani%$ bea*es1 & ( ! sl[ & intricate evolution ( ! myriads ( sea creatures t inhabit$ ^! re/less wat]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ca4 ,paleozoic rocks on ! we/ flank ( ! ,teton ,range1 air oblique view we/4 ,ragg$ peaks 9 ! =egr\nd 7,buck ,m\nta9 on ! left c5t]1 ,mt4 ,wi/]1 ) top outl9$ by sn[ pat* on ! extreme "r71 are c>v$ 9 ,precambrian rocks4 ,b&$ cliffs 9 ! backgr\nd are s$im5t>y rocks4 ,alaska ,bas9 is at upp] "r4 ,teton ,bas91 a broad1 ext5sively f>m$ valley 9 ea/]n ,idaho1 is at top4 ,photo by ,a4 ,s4 ,po/1 ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton1 #aifc4 ,c>eful /udy ( ! fossils all[s u to det]m9e ! age ( ea* =mation 7table #c74 ,ev5 m reveal+1 ! fossils !mselves are tangible evid5ce ( ! ord]ly p>ade ( life t cross$ ! ,teton l&scape dur+ m ?an #bej million ye>s4 ,"h is a record ( ,nature's exp]im5ts ) life1 ! triumphs1 failures1 ! biz>re1 ! beautiful4 ,illu/ration3 ,table #b4--,paleozoic s$im5t>y rocks expos$ 9 ! ,teton region4 ,age ,=mation ,?ickness ,description ,:]e expos$ 7feet7 ,p]mian ,phosphoria #aej-bej ,dolomite1 gray1 ,nor? & we/ ,=mation *]ty1 s&y1 flanks ( ,teton black %ale & ,range1 nor? phosphate b$s2 flank ( ,gros m>9e4 ,v5tre ,m\nta9s1 s\!rn ,jackson ,hole4 ,p5nsylvanian ,t5sleep #fjj-a1ejj ,t5sleep ,s&/one1 ,nor? & we/ & ,amsd5 light-gray1 h>d1 flanks ( ,teton ,=mations und]la9 by ,range1 nor? ,amsd5 ,=mation1 flank ( ,gros a domolite & r$ ,v5tre ,m\nta9s1 %ale ) a basal s\!rn ,jackson r$ s&/one2 ,hole4 m>9e4 ,mississippian ,madison #a1jjj-a1bjj ,lime/one1 ,nor? & we/ ,lime/one blue-gray1 h>d1 flanks ( ,teton fossilif]\s2 ,range1 nor? ?9 r$ %ale 9 flank ( ,gros places ne> top2 ,v5tre ,m\nta9s1 m>9e4 s\!rn ,jackson ,hole4 ,devonian ,d>by #bjj-ejj ,dolomite1 d>k-gray ,nor? & we/ ,=mation to br[n1 fetid1 flanks ( ,teton h>d1 & br[n1 ,range1 nor? black1 & yell[ flank ( ,gros %ale2 m>9e4 ,v5tre ,m\nta9s1 s\!rn ,jackson ,hole4 ,ordovician ,bighorn #cjj-ejj ,dolomite1 ,nor? & we/ ,dolomite light-gray1 flanks ( ,teton silice\s1 v ,range1 nor? & h>d2 :ite d5se we/ flanks ( v f9e-gra9$ ,gros ,v5tre dolomite at top2 ,m\nta9s1 m>9e4 s\!rn ,jackson ,hole4 ,cambrian ,gallat9 #ahj-cjj ,lime/one1 blue ,nor? & we/ ,lime/one gray1 h>d1 flanks ( ,teton ?9-b$d$2 ,range & ,gros m>9e4 ,v5tre ,m\nta9s4 ,gros ,v5tre #fjj-hjj ,%ale1 gre51 ,nor? & we/ ,=mation flaky1 ) ,dea? flanks ( ,teton ,canyon ,lime/one ,range & ,gros ,memb] compos$ ( ,v5tre ,m\nta9s4 ab\t #cjj feet ( h>d cliff-=m+ lime/one 9 middle2 m>9e4 ,fla!ad #age-bjj ,s&/one1 ,nor? & we/ ,s&/one r$di%-br[n1 flanks ( ,teton v h>d1 ,range & ,gros brittle2 p>tly ,v5tre ,m\nta9s4 m>9e4 ,! regul>ity & p>allel relations ( ! lay]s 9 well-expos$ sections su* z ! "o 9 ,alaska ,bas9 sugge/ t all ^! rocks 7 deposit$ 9 a s+le un9t]rupt$ sequ5ce4 ,h[ev]1 ! fossils & regional di/ribution ( ! rock units %[ t ?is is n really ! case4 ,! incomplete nature ( ?is record becomes app>5t if we plot ! ages ( ! v>i\s =mations on ! absolute geologic "t scale 7fig4 #cd74 ,! l5g? ( "t f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,cambrian ,p]iod to ! end ( ! ,mississippian ,p]iod is ab\t #bhe million ye>s4 ,! /rata 9 ,alaska ,bas9 are a record ( approximately #abj million ye>s4 ,m ?an half ( ! pages 9 ! geologic /ory are miss+ ev5 ?\gh1 comp>$ ) mo/ o!r areas1 ! book z a :ole is rem>kably complete6 ,dur+ ^! unrecord$ int]vals ( "t ei!r no s$im5ts 7 deposit$ 9 ! area ( ! ,teton ,range or1 if deposit$1 !y 7 remov$ by erosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cb4 ,paleozoic m>9e s$im5t>y rocks ne> s\? b\nd>y ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k4 ,view is s\? f top ( ,teton ,village tram4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice photo by ,w4 ,e4 ,dilley & ,r4 ,a4 ,mebane4 ,madison ,lime/one ,d>by ,=mation ,bighorn ,dolomite ,gallat9 ,lime/one ,advance & retreat ( ,cambrian seas3 an example ,! fir/ invasion & retreat ( ! ,paleozoic sea are sket*$ on figure #ce4 ,e>ly 9 ,cambrian "t a %all[ seaway1 call$ ! ,cordill]an tr\gh1 ext5d$ f s\!rn ,cali=nia nor!a/w>d across ,nevada into ,utah & ,idaho 7fig4 #ce;,a74 ,! va/ g5tly roll+ pla9 on ,precambrian rocks to ! ea/ 0 dra9$ by sluggi% we/w>d-fl[+ riv]s t c>ri$ s& & mud into ! sea4 ,sl[ subsid5ce ( ! l& caus$ ! sea to spread gradually ea/w>d4 ,s& accumulat$ along ! bea*es j z x does today4 ,z ! sea mov$ /ill f>!r ea/1 mud 0 deposit$ on ! n[-subm]g$ bea* s&4 ,9 ! ,teton area1 ! olde/ s& deposit is call$ ! ,fla!ad ,s&/one 7fig4 #cf74 ,! mud laid d[n on top ( ! ,fla!ad ,s&/one z ! %orel9e advanc$ ea/w>d across ! ,teton area is n[ call$ ! ,wolsey ,%ale ,memb] ( ! ,gros ,v5tre ,=mation4 ,"s %ale %[s patt]ns ( cracks t =m$ :5 ! accumulat+ mud 0 briefly expos$ to ! air along tidal flats4 ,small phosphatic-%ell$ animals call$ bra*iopods inhabit$ ^! lonely tidal flats 7fig4 #cg;,a & #cg;,b7 b z f> z is kn[n1 no?+ liv$ on l&4 ,_m %ale b$s are m>k$ ) fa9t trails & bor+s ( wormlike creatures1 & a few conta9 ! rema9s ( t9y v intricately develop$ creatures ) head1 eyes1 segm5t$ body1 & tail4 ,^! are kn[n z trilobites 7fig4 #cg;,c & #cg;,d74 ,desc5dants ( ^! liv$ 9 v>i\s seas t cross$ ! site ( ! dormant ,teton ,range = ! next #bej million ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cc4 ,view s\?we/ across ,alaska ,bas91 %[+ tilt$ lay]s ( ,paleozoic s$im5t>y rocks on ! we/ flank ( ! ,teton ,range4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice photo4 ,m\nt ,meek ,madison ,lime/one ,bighorn ,dolomite ,dea? ,canyon ,lime/one ,memb] ,fla!ad ,s&/one ,precambrian ,rock ,z ! %orel9e mov$ ea/w>d1 ! ,dea? ,canyon ,lime/one ,memb] ( ! ,gros ,v5tre ,=mation 7fig4 #cc7 0 deposit$ 9 cle> wat] f>!r f %ore4 ,foll[+ ?is ! sea retreat$ to ! we/ = a %ort "t4 ,9 ! %all[ muddy wat] result+ f ?is retreat ! ,p>k ,%ale ,memb] ( ! ,gros ,v5tre ,=mation 0 deposit$4 ,9 places und]wat] 8mead[s0 ( algae fl\ri%$ on ! sea bottom & built ext5sive reefs 7fig4 #ch;,a74 ,f "t to "t %oal areas 7 hit by viol5t /orm waves t tore loose platy fragm5ts ( rec5tly solidifi$ lime/one & swept !m into ne>by *annels :]e !y 7 buri$ & cem5t$ into ?9 b$s ( jumbl$ fragm5ts 7fig4 #ch;,b7 call$ 8edgewise0 conglom]ate4 ,^! are widespread 9 ! %ale & 9 ov]ly+ & und]ly+ lime/ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,table #c4 ,=mations expos$ 9 ,alaska ,bas94 ,,age 7,numb]s ,,=mation 7,?ickness7 ,,rocks ,,& ,,fossils %[ age 9 millions ( ye>s7 7#caj7 ,,mississippian ,,madison ,,lime/one ,uni=m ?9 b$s ( 7,total ab\t #a1ajj blue-gray lime/one & feet1 b only l[] sp>se v ?9 lay]s ( #cjj feet pres]v$ 9 %ale4 ,bra*iopods1 corals1 ?is section7 & o!r fossils abundant4 7#cde7 ,,late ,,& ,,d>by ,,=mation 7,ab\t ,?9 b$s ( gray & buff ,,middle ,,devonian #cej feet7 dolomite int]b$d$ ) lay]s ( gray1 yell[1 & black %ale4 ,a few fossil bra*iopods1 corals1 & bryozoans4 7#cij7 7#dbe7 ,,late ,,& ,,bighorn ,,dolomite 7,ab\t ,?ick to v ?9 b$s ( ,,middle #dej feet2 ,leigh blue-gray or br[n dolomite1 ,,ordovician ,dolomite ,memb] ab\t :ite on wea!r$ surfaces4 #dj feet ?ick at top7 ,a few brok5 fossil bra*iopods1 bryozoans1 & horn corals4 ,?9 b$s ( :ite f9e-gra9$ dolomite at top are ! ,leigh ,memb]4 7#ddj7 7#ejj7 ,,late ,,cambrian ,,gallat9 ,,lime/one 7#ahj ,blue-gray lime/one mottl$ feet7 ) irregul> ru/y or yell[ pat*es4 ,trilobites & bra*iopods4 7#ecj7 ,,middle ,,cambrian ,,gros ,,v5tre ,,=mation ,,p>k ,,%ale ,,memb] ,gray-gre5 %ale conta9+ 7#bbj feet7 b$s ( platy lime/one conglom]ate4 ,trilobites1 bra*iopods1 & fossil algal heads4 ,,dea? ,,canyon ,two ?ick b$s ( ,,lime/one ,,memb] d>k-blue-gray lime/one 7#bhe feet7 sep>at$ by #ae to #bj feet ( %ale t locally conta9s abundant fossil bra*iopods & trilobites4 ,,wolsey ,,%ale ,,memb] ,s(t gre5i%-gray %ale 7#ajj feet7 conta9+ b$s ( purple & gre5 s&/one ne> base4 ,a few fossil bra*iopods4 ,,fla!ad ,,lime/one 7#age ,br[n1 m>oon1 & :ite feet7 s&/one1 locally conta9+ _m r\nd$ pebbles ( qu>tz & feldsp>4 ,"s b$s ( gre5 %ale at top4 7#egj7 ,,precambrian ,granite1 gneiss1 & pegmatite4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cd4 ,absolute ages ( ! =mations 9 ,alaska ,bas94 ,%ad$ p>ts ( ! scale %[ int]vals = :i* !re is no record4 ,,/ratigraphic ,,scale ,,absolute ,,enl>g$ ,,piece ,,( ,,"t 7,ye>s ,,y>d/ick ,,%[n ,,on ago7 ,,figure #ai #b ,,palezoic ,,p5nsylvanian 8 #cjj million ,,mississippian ,,madison ,,devonian ,,d>by #c #djj million ,,silurian ,,ordovician ,,bighorn #ejj million #d ,,cambrian ,,gallat9 ,,gros ,,v5tre ,,fla!ad #fjj million ,,precambrian #e ,figure #ce4 ,! fir/ invasions ( ! ,paleozoic sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,9 ,e>ly ,cambrian "t an arm ( ! ,pacific ,ocean occupi$ a deep tr\gh 9 ,idaho1 ,nevada1 & "p ( ,utah4 ,! l& to ! ea/ 0 a broad g5tly roll+ pla9 ( ,precambrian rocks dra9$ by sluggi% we/w>d-fl[+ /reams4 ,! site ( ! ,teton ,range 0 "p ( ?is pla94 ,sl[ subsid5ce ( ! l& caus$ ! sea to move ea/w>d dur+ ,middle ,cambrian "t flood+ ! ,precambrian pla94 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 ,by ,late ,cambrian "t ! sea _h dr[n$ all ( ,montana & mo/ ( ,wyom+4 ,! ,fla!ad ,s&/one & ,gros ,v5tre ,=mation 7 deposit$ z ! sea advanc$4 ,! ,gallat9 ,lime/one 0 be+ deposit$ :5 ! %orel9e 0 9 ab\t ! position %[n 9 ?is draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,9 ,e>ly ,ordovician "t uplift ( ! l& caus$ ! sea to retreat back into ! tr\gh1 expos+ ! ,cambrian deposits to erosion4 ,cambrian deposits 7 p>tly /ripp$ (f ( "s areas4 ,! ,bighorn ,dolomite 0 deposit$ dur+ ! next advance ( ! sea 9 ,middle & ,late ,ordovician "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cf4 ,conglom]atic basal b$ ( ,fla!ad ,s&/one & und]ly+ ,precambrian granite gneiss2 contact is indicat$ by a d>k horizontal l9e ab\t #a foot bel[ hamm]4 ,?is contact is all t is left to m>k a #b-;billion ye> gap 9 ! rock record ( e>? hi/ory4 ,! locality is on ! cre/ ( ! ,teton ,range #a mile nor?we/ ( ,lake ,solitude4 ,once aga9 ! %orel9e crept ea/w>d1 ! seas cle>$1 & ! ,gallat9 ,lime/one 0 deposit$4 ,! ,gallat91 l ! ,dea? ,canyon ,lime/one ,memb]1 0 laid d[n = ! mo/ "p 9 quiet1 cle> wat]1 probably at dep?s ( #ajj to #bjj feet4 ,h[ev]1 a few b$s ( 8edgewise0 conglom]ate indicate ! occurr5ce ( sporadic /orms4 ,at ?is "t1 ! sea cov]$ all ( ,idaho & ,montana & mo/ ( ,wyom+ 7fig4 #ce;,b7 & ext5d$ ea/w>d across ! ,dakotas to connect ) %all[ seas t cov]$ ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,soon aft] ?is maximum /age 0 rea*$ sl[ uplift caus$ ! sea to retreat gradually we/w>d4 ,! site ( ! ,teton ,range em]g$ above ! waves1 :]e1 z f> z is n[ kn[n1 x may h be5 expos$ to erosion = ne>ly #gj million ye>s 7fig4 #ce;,c74 ,! above hi/orical summ>y ( geologic ev5ts 9 ,cambrian "t is record$ 9 ! ,cambrian =mations4 ,?is is an example ( ! recon/ructions1 bas$ on ! s$im5t>y rock record1 t h be5 made ( ! ,paleozoic sy/ems 9 ?is area4 ,figure #cg4 ,cambrian fossils 9 ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k4 ,a-,b4 ,phosphatic-%ell$ bra*iopods1 ! olde/ fossils f\nd 9 ! p>k4 ,actual wid? ( specim5s is ab\t in*4 ,c-,d4 ,trilobites4 ,wid? ( ,c is in*1 ,d is in*4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice photos by ,w4 ,e4 ,dilley & ,r4 ,a4 ,mebane4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,d4 ,y\ng] ,paleozoic =mations ,=mations ( ! rema9+ ,paleozoic sy/ems are likewise ( int]e/ because ( ! ways 9 :i* !y diff] f ^? already describ$4 ,figure #ch4 ,di/9ctive features ( ,cambrian rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,algal heads 9 ! ,p>k ,%ale ,memb] ( ! ,gros ,v5tre ,=mation4 ,^! calc>e\s m\nds 7 built by algae gr[+ 9 a %all[ sea 9 ,cambrian "t4 ,!y are n[ expos$ on ! divide betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\? ,leigh ,creeks1 ne>ly #b miles above sea level6 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 ,b$ ( 8edgewise0 conglom]ate 9 ! ,gallat9 ,lime/one4 ,angul> plates ( solidifi$ lime-ooze 7 torn f ! sea bottom by /orm waves1 swept into depressions1 & !n buri$ 9 lime mud4 ,^! fragm5ts1 se5 9 cross section1 make ! /range design on ! rock4 ,?9 lime/one b$s bel[ are undi/urb$4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice photo by ,w4 ,e4 ,dilley4 ,! ,bighorn ,dolomite ( ,ordovician age =ms ragg$ h>d massive light-gray to :ite cliffs #ajj to #bjj feet high 7figs4 #cb & #cc74 ,dolomite is a calcium-magnesium c>bonate1 b ! orig9al s$im5t probably 0 a calcium c>bonate mud t 0 alt]$ by magnesium-ri* sea wat] %ortly aft] deposition4 ,corals & o!r m>9e animals 7 abundant 9 ! cle> w>m seas at ?is "t4 ,dolomite 9 ! ,d>by ,=mation ( ,devonian age diff]s greatly f ! ,bighorn ,dolomite2 t 9 ! ,d>by is d>k-br[n to almo/ black1 has an oily smell1 & conta9s lay]s ( black1 p9k1 & yell[ mud/one & ?9 s&/one4 ,! sea bottom dur+ deposition ( ^! rocks 0 f\l & frequ5tly ! wat] 0 turbid4 ,abundant fossil fragm5ts indicate fi%es 7 common = ! fir/ "t4 ,exposures ( ! ,d>by ,=mation are recognizable by _! di/9ctive dull-yell[ ?9-lay]$ slopes betwe5 ! prom95t gray massive cliffs ( =mations bel[ & above4 ,! ,madison ,lime/one ( ,mississippian age is #a1jjj feet ?ick & is expos$ 9 spectacul> v]tical cliffs along canyons 9 ! nor?1 we/1 & s\? p>ts ( ! ,tetons4 ,x is not$ = ! abundant rema9s ( beautifully pres]v$ m>9e organisms 7fig4 #ci74 ,! fossils & ! relatively pure blue-gray lime/one 9 :i* !y are emb$d$ indicate deposition 9 w>m tranquil seas4 ,! beautiful ,ice ,cave on ! we/ side ( ! ,tetons & all o!r major caves 9 ! region 7 dissolv$ out ( ?is rock by und]gr\nd wat]4 ,! ,p5nsylvanian ,sy/em is repres5t$ by ! ,amsd5 ,=mation & ! ,t5sleep ,s&/one4 ,cliffs ( ! ,t5sleep ,s&/one c be se5 along ! ,gros ,v5tre ,riv] at ! ea/ edge ( ! p>k4 ,! ,amsd51 bel[ ! ,t5sleep1 consi/s ( r$ & gre5 %ale1 s&/one1 & ?9 lime/one4 ,! %ale is especially weak & slipp]y :5 expos$ to wea!r+ & saturat$ ) wat]4 ,^! are ! /rata t make up ! glide plane ( ! ,l[] ,gros ,v5tre ,slide 7fig4 #e7 ea/ ( ! p>k4 ,! ,phosphoria ,=mation & its equival5ts ( ,p]mian age are unlike any o!r ,paleozoic rocks because ( _! extraord9>y cont5t ( uncommon elem5ts4 ,! =mation consi/s ( s&y dolomite1 widespread black phosphate b$s & black %ale t is unusually ri* n only 9 phosphorus1 b also 9 vanadium1 uranium1 *romium1 z9c1 sel5ium1 molybd5um1 cobalt1 & silv]4 ,! =mation is m9$ ext5sively 9 ne>by p>ts ( ,idaho & 9 ,wyom+ = phosphatic f]tiliz]1 = ! *emical elem5t phosphorus1 & = "s ( ! metals t c be d]iv$ f ! rocks z byproducts4 ,^! elem5ts & comp\nds are n ev]y:]e conc5trat$ en\gh to be ( economic int]e/1 b _! doll> value is1 9 a regional s5se1 comp>able to t ( "s ( ! _w's greate/ m9]al deposits4 ,figure #ci4 ,a glimpse ( ! sea floor dur+ deposition ( ! ,madison ,lime/one #ccj million ye>s ago1 %[+ ! rema9s ( bra*iopods1 corals1 & o!r =ms ( life t inhabit$ ! %all[ w>m wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,slab 9 :i* fossils are some:at brok5 & scatt]$4 ,scale slightly r$uc$4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice photo by ,w4 ,e4 ,dilley & ,r4 ,a4 ,mebane4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 ,slab 9 :i* fossils are rem>kably complete4 ,silv] doll> gives scale4 ,specim5 is 9 ,univ]sity ( ,wyom+ ,geological ,museum4 ,,! ,,mesozoic--,,era ,,( ,,transition ,! ,mesozoic ,era 9 ! ,teton region 0 a "t ( alt]nat+ m>9e1 transitional1 & cont95tal environm5ts4 ,moreov]1 ! highly div]sifi$ =ms ( life1 rang+ f m>9e mollusks to trem5d\s1 l&-liv+ d9osaurs1 confirm & re9=ce ! /ory ( ! rocks4 ,liv+ ?+s1 too1 7 9 transition1 = z environm5t *ang$1 _m =ms mov$ f ! sea to l& 9 ord] to survive4 ,x 0 ! "t :5 "s ( ! mo/ spectacul>ly color$ rock /rata ( ! region 7 deposit$4 ,colorful fir/ ,mesozoic /rata ,bright-r$ s(t ,triassic rocks m ?an #a1jjj feet ?ick1 kn[n z ! ,*ugwat] ,=mation1 comprise mo/ ( ! basal "p ( ! ,mesozoic sequ5ce 7table #d74 ,!y =m colorful hills ea/ & s\? ( ! p>k4 ,! r$ color is caus$ by a m9or am\nt ( iron oxide4 ,mud cracks & ! pres5ce ( fossil reptiles & amphibians indicate deposition 9 a tidal flat environm5t1 ) ! sea ly+ sev]al miles s\?we/ ( ,jackson ,hole4 ,a few b$s ( :ite gypsum 7calcium sulfate7 are pres5t2 !y 7 app>5tly deposit$ dur+ evaporation ( %all[ bodies ( salt wat] cut (f f ! op5 sea4 ,z ! ,triassic ,p]iod gave way to ! ,jurassic1 salmon-r$ w9dbl[n s& 7,nugget ,s&/one7 spread across ! old] r$ b$s & 9 turn 0 buri$ by ?9 r$ %ale & ?ick gypsum deposits ( ! ,gypsum ,spr+ ,=mation4 ,!n d[n f ,alaska & spread+ across mo/ ( ,wyom+ came ! ,sundance ,sea1 a w>m1 muddy1 %all[ body ( wat] t teem$ ) m>9e mollusks4 ,9 x m ?an #ejj feet ( highly fossilif]\s s(t gray %ale & ?9 lime/ones & s&/ones 7 deposit$4 ,! sea )drew & ! ,morrison & ,clov]ly ,=mations 7,jurassic & ,l[] ,cretace\s7 7 deposit$ on l[-ly+ tropical humid flood pla9s4 ,^! rocks are colorful1 consi/+ ( r$1 p9k1 purple1 & gre5 badl&-=m+ clay/ones & mud/ones1 & yell[ to buff s&/ones4 ,vegetation 0 abundant & l>ge & small d9osaurs roam$ ! c\ntryside or inhabit$ ! swamps4 ,illu/ration3 ,table #d4--,mesozoic s$im5t>y rocks expos$ 9 ! ,teton region4 ,age ,=mation ,?ickness ,description ,:]e expos$ 7feet7 ,,cretace\s ,h>ebell #j-e1jjj ,s&/one1 olive ,ea/]n & ,=mation drab1 silty1 drab nor!a/]n p>ts silt/one1 & ( ,jackson ,hole4 d>k-gray %ale2 ?ick b$s ( qu>tzite pebble conglom]ate 9 upp] "p4 ,meeteetse #j-gjj ,s&/one1 gray to ,spread ,creek area4 ,=mation *alky :ite1 blue-gre5 to gray silt/one1 ?9 coal1 & gre5 to yell[ b5tonite4 ,mesav]de #j-a1jjj ,s&/one1 :ite1 ,ea/]n ,jackson ,=mation massive1 s(t1 ?9 ,hole4 gray %ale1 sp>se coal4 ,unnam$ #c1ejj ,s&/one & ,ea/]n ,jackson sequ5ce ( %ale1 gray to ,hole & ea/]n l5ticul> br[n2 abundant m>g9 ( ! p>k4 s&/one1 coal 9 l[] #b1jjj %ale1 & feet4 coal4 ,bacon ,ridge #ijj-a1bjj ,s&/one1 light ,ea/]n ,jackson ,s&/one gray1 massive1 ,hole & ea/]n m>9e1 gray %ale1 m>g9 ( ! p>k4 _m coal b$s4 ,cody ,%ale #a1cjj-b1bjj ,%ale1 gray1 s(t2 ,ea/]n & ?9 gre5 nor!rn p>ts ( s&/one1 "s ,jackson ,hole4 b5tonite2 m>9e4 ,fronti] #a1jjj ,s&/one1 gray1 ,ea/]n & ,=mation & black to gray nor!rn p>ts & %ale1 m>9e2 _m s\?-we/]n p]si/5t :ite m>g9 ( ,jackson b5tonite b$s 9 ,hole4 l[] "p4 ,m[ry ,%ale #gjj ,%ale1 ,gros ,v5tre ,riv] silv]y-gray1 h>d1 ,valley1 nor!rn silice\s1 ) m>g9 ( ! p>k1 _m fi% scales2 & s\!rn "p ?9 b5tonite ( ,jackson ,hole4 b$s2 m>9e4 ,!rmopolis #aej-bjj ,%ale1 black1 s(t1 ,gros ,v5tre ,riv] ,%ale fissile1 ) ,valley1 nor!rn p]si/5t m>g9 ( ! p>k1 s&/one at top2 & s\!rn "p m>9e4 ( ,jackson ,hole4 ,clov]ly & #fej ,s&/one1 light ,nor? end ( ,teton ,morrison787 gray1 sp>kly1 ,range & ,gros ,=mations ru/y ne> top1 ,v5tre ,riv] ,valley4 und]la9 by v>iegat$ s(t clay/one2 basal "p is silty dully-v>iegat$ s&/one & clay/one4 ,,jurassic ,sundance #ejj-gjj ,s&/one1 gre51 ,nor? end ( ,teton ,=mation und]la9 by s(t ,range1 ,blacktail gray %ale & ?9 ,butte1 ,gros ,v5tre highly ,riv] ,valley4 fossilif]\s lime/ones2 m>9e4 ,gypsum ,spr+ #ge-ajj ,gypsum1 :ite1 ,nor? end ( ,teton ,=mation int]b$d$ ) ,range1 ,blacktail r$ %ale & gray ,butte1 ,gros ,v5tre dolomite2 p>tly ,riv] ,valley4 m>9e4 ,nugget #j-cej ,s&/one1 ,nor? flank ( ,gros ,s&/one salmon-r$1 h>d4 ,v5tre ,m\nta9s1 s\!rn ,jackson ,hole4 ,,triassic ,*ugwat] #a1jjj-a1ejj ,silt/one & ,nor? flank ( ,gros ,=mation %ale1 r$1 ,v5tre ,m\nta9s1 ?9-b$d$2 "o nor? end ( ,teton ?9 m>9e ,range1 s\!rnmo/ lime/one 9 upp] ,jackson ,hole4 ?ird4 ,d9woody #bjj-djj ,silt/one1 br[n1 ,nor? flank ( ,gros ,=mation h>d1 ?9-b$d$2 ,v5tre ,m\nta9s1 m>9e4 nor? end ( ,teton ,range1 s\!rnmo/ ,jackson ,hole4 ,drab ,cretace\s /rata ,! y\nge/ division ( ! ,mesozoic ,era is ! ,cretace\s ,p]iod4 ,ne> ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod1 brightly color$ rocks cont9u$ to be deposit$4 ,!n1 ! ,teton region1 z well z mo/ ( ,wyom+1 0 p>tly1 & at times completely1 subm]g$ by %all[ muddy seas4 ,z a result1 ! brightly v>iegat$ /rata 7 cov]$ by #aj1jjj feet ( g5]ally drab-color$ s&1 silt1 & clay conta9+ "s coal b$s1 volcanic a% lay]s1 & m9or am\nts ( gravel4 ,! ,cretace\s sea f9ally retreat$ ea/w>d f ! ,teton region ab\t #he million ye>s ago1 foll[+ ! deposition ( ! ,bacon ,ridge ,s&/one 7fig4 #dj74 ,z x )drew1 ext5sive coal swamps develop$ along ! sea coa/4 ,! record ( ^! swamps is pres]v$ 9 coal b$s #e to #aj feet ?ick 9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s deposits4 ,! coal b$s are n[ visible 9 ab&on$ m9es along ! ea/ m>g9 ( ! p>k4 ,coal is =m$ f compact$ plant debris2 ab\t #e feet ( ?is mat]ial is ne$$ to =m #a in* ( coal4 ,?us1 lu% vegetation mu/ h fl\ri%$ = long p]iods ( "t1 probably 9 a hot wet climate simil> to t n[ prevail+ 9 ! ,florida ,ev]glades4 ,sporadically ?r\gh\t ,cretace\s "t f9e-gra9$ a% 0 bl[n out ( volcanoes to ! we/ & nor?we/ & deposit$ 9 quiet %all[ wat]4 ,subsequ5tly ! a% 0 alt]$ to a type ( clay call$ b5tonite t is us$ 9 ! f\ndry indu/ry & 9 oil well drill+ muds4 ,9 ,jackson ,hole1 ! elk & de] lick b5tonite exposures to get a bitt] salt &1 :]e ! b$s are wat]-saturat$1 enjoy 8/omp+0 on !m4 ,b5tonite swells :5 wet & causes _m l&slides along access roads into ,jackson ,hole 7fig4 #ag74 ,! ,cretace\s rocks 9 ! ,teton region are "p ( an enorm\s ea/-?9n+ w$ge t "h is ne>ly #b miles ?ick4 ,mo/ ( ! debris 0 d]iv$ f sl[ly ris+ m\nta9s to ! we/4 ,cretace\s s$im5t>y rocks are mu* m ?an ( j sci5tific int]e/2 !y conta9 m9]al deposits important to ! economy ( ,wyom+ & ( ! nation4 ,wyom+ leads ! ,/ates 9 production ( b5tonite1 all ( x f ,cretace\s rocks4 ,^! /rata h yield$ f> m oil & gas ?an any o!r geologic sy/em 9 ! ,/ate & ! production is geographically widespread4 ,!y also conta9 enorm\s coal res]ves1 "s 9 b$s betwe5 #ej & #ajj feet ?ick4 ,! en]gy res\rces alone ( ! ,cretace\s ,sy/em 9 ,wyom+ make x invaluable to our indu/rializ$ society4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dj4 ,! y>d/ick & ! sea4 ,! %ad$ "p ( ! y>d/ick %[s ! #ejj-million-ye> int]val dur+ :i* ,paleozoic & ,mesozoic seas swept int]mitt5tly across ! future site ( ! ,tetons4 ,:5 !y f9ally )drew ab\t #he million ye>s ago1 a little m ?an #e_/h ( an in* ( ! y>d/ick rema9$ to be acc\nt$ =4 ,,absolute ,,"t 7,millions ( ye>s ago7 ,,in*es subm]g$ #he-ehe -#d ,,c5ozoic #j-hj #j- ,,mesozoic #hj-ahj - ,,paleozoic #ahj-egj -#d ,,precambrian #egj- #d- ,z ! end ( ! ,cretace\s ,p]iod approa*$1 slightly m ?an #hj million ye>s ago1 ! flat monoton\s l&scape 7fig4 #da7 :i* _h prevail$ dur+ mo/ ( ,late ,cretace\s "t gave little h9t t ! /age 0 set = "o ( ! mo/ excit+ & important *apt]s 9 ! geologic hi/ory ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,bir? ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ,! episode ( m\nta9 build+ t result$ 9 =mation ( ! ance/ral ,rocky ,m\nta9s has long be5 kn[n z ! ,l>amide ,revolution4 ,we/ & s\?we/ ( ,wyom+1 m\nta9s _h already =m$1 ! old] ones z f> away z ,nevada & z f> back 9 "t z ,jurassic1 ! y\ng] ones ris+ progressively f>!r ea/1 l giant waves mov+ t[>d a coa/4 ,! fir/ cru/al movem5t 9 ! ,teton area began 9 late/ ,cretace\s "t :5 a broad l[ nor?we/-tr5d+ ar* develop$ 9 ! approximate area ( ! pres5t ,teton ,range & ,gros ,v5tre ,m\nta9s4 ,h[ev]1 ?is uplift bore no resemblance to ! ,tetons z we "k !m today = ! pres5t range =m$ #gj million ye>s lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #da4 ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k region slightly m ?an #hj million ye>s ago1 j be=e onset ( ,l>amide ,revolution4 ,! la/ ,cretace\s sea /ill l+]$ 9 c5tral ,wyom+4 ,"o bit ( evid5ce 7!re are o!rs7 ( ! fir/ ,l>amide m\nta9 build+ we/ ( ! ,tetons is a trem5d\s deposit ( qu>tzite b\ld] debris 7sev]al hundr$ cubic miles 9 volume7 d]iv$ f ! ,t>ghee uplift 7fig4 #db74 ,n[h]e is ! uplift n[ expos$1 b f ! size1 composition1 & di/ribution ( rock fragm5ts t came f x1 we "k t x 0 nor? & we/ ( ! nor!rn end ( ! pres5t-day ,teton ,range4 ,p[]ful /reams c>ri$ b\ld]s1 s&1 & clay ea/w>d & s\!a/w>d across ! future site ( ,jackson ,hole & deposit$ !m 9 ! ,h>ebell ,=mation 7table #d74 ,m+l$ ) ?is s$im5t 7 t9y flakes ( gold & a small am\nt ( m]cury4 ,f9e-gra9$ debris 0 c>ri$ /ill f>!r ea/ & s\!a/ into two enorm\s depositional tr\ghs 9 c5tral & s\!rn ,wyom+4 ,mo/ ( ! l>ge rock fragm5ts 7 d]iv$ f ,precambrian & possibly l[] ,paleozoic qu>tzites4 ,?is means t at lea/ #ae1jjj feet ( ov]ly+ ,paleozoic & ,mesozoic /rata mu/ fir/ h be5 /ripp$ away f ! ,t>ghee uplift be=e ! qu>tzites 7 expos$ to erosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #db4 ,teton region at ! end ( ,cretace\s "t ab\t #fe million ye>s ago4 ,! ance/ral ,teton-,gros ,v5tre uplift _h ris5 & prom95t s\!a/w>d dra9age f ! ,t>ghee uplift 0 well e/abli%$4 ,see figure #da = ,/ate l9es & location map4 ,rema9s ( f\r-legg$ horn$ c]atopsian d9osaurs1 possibly ,tric]atops 7fig4 #dc71 reflect+ ! la/ population explosion ( ^! reptiles1 h be5 f\nd 9 pebbly s&/one ( ! ,h>ebell ,=mation 9 highway cuts on ! ,togwotee ,pass road #h miles ea/ ( ! p>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dc4 ,tric]atops1 a horn$ d9osaur ( ! type t inhabit$ ,jackson ,hole ab\t #fe million ye>s ago4 ,sket* by ,s4 ,h4 ,knight4 ,ne> ! end ( ,cretace\s "t1 broad g5tle uplifts also began to /ir at ! sites ( future m\nta9 ranges 9 _m p>ts ( ,wyom+4 ,! ance/ral ,teton-,gros ,v5tre ar* cont9u$ to gr[4 ,associat$ ) & p>allel to x 0 a s]ies ( %>p /eepsid$ elongat$ nor?we/-tr5d+ upfolds 7anticl9es74 ,"o ( ^! c be se5 :]e x crosses ! highway at ! ,lava ,creek ,campgr\nd ne> ! ea/]n m>g9 ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k4 ,dur+ ^! episodes ( m\nta9 build+1 erosion1 & deposition1 ! d9osaurs became ext9ct all ov] ! _w4 ,! 8,age ( ,mammals0 0 ab\t to beg94 ,,t]ti>y--,,"t ,,( ,,mammals1 ,,m\nta9s1 ,,lakes1 ,,& ,,volcanoes ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dd4 ,! la/ in* ( ! y>d/ick1 enl>g$ to %[ subdivisions ( ! ,c5ozoic ,era4 ,,/ratigraphic ,,scale ,,! ,,la/ ,,in* ,,( ,,absolute ,,"t 7million ,,! ,,y>d/ick ye>s ago7 ,,c5ozoic ,,quat]n>y ,rec5t & #j #j ,plei/oc5e ,,t]ti>y ,plioc5e #j #j ,mioc5e #ab ,oligoc5e #be ,eoc5e #dj ,paleoc5e _/ #ee ,,mesozoic ,,cretace\s #fe ,! ,c5ozoic 7table #a71 la/ & %orte/ ( ! geologic eras1 comprises ! ,t]ti>y & ,quat]n>y ,p]iods4 ,x began ab\t #fe million ye>s ago & is repres5t$ by only ! f9al "o-half in* ( our imag9>y y>d/ick ( "t 7fig4 #ai74 ,nev]!less1 x is ! era dur+ :i* ! ,tetons rose 9 _! pres5t =m & ! l&scape 0 sculptur$ into ! panorama ( beauty t we n[ see4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! _m ,t]ti>y & ,quat]n>y ev5ts 9 ! ,teton region1 x is necess>y to enl>ge greatly ! la/ "p ( ! y>d/ick 7fig4 #dd74 ,!re are two reasons = ! extraord9>ily cle> & complete record4 ,fir/1 ! ,teton region 0 a relatively active "p ( ! e>?'s cru/1 *>act]iz$ by _m d[ndropp$ blocks4 ,! numb] ( ev5ts is great & _! records are pres]v$ 9 s$im5ts trapp$ 9 ! subsid+ bas9s4 ,second1 ! geologically rec5t pa/ is mu* easi] to see ?an ! f> dimm]1 di/ant pa/2 ! rocks t record lat] ev5ts are fre%]1 less alt]$1 m complete1 & m easily int]pret$ ?an are ^? t tell u ( old] ev5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,table #e4--;,c5ozoic s$im5t>y rocks & unconsolidat$ deposits 9 ! ,teton region4 ,age ,=mation ,?ickness ,description ,:]e expos$ 7feet7 ,,quat]n>y ,rec5t ,mod]n #j-bjj ,s&1 gravel1 & ,floor ( ,jackson /ream1 silt along pres5t ,hole & 9 canyons l&slide1 /reams2 jumbl$ & on glacial & brok5 rock 9 m\nta9sides talus deposits l&slides & on ?r\gh\t ! talus slopes2 region4 debris ar\nd exi/+ glaci]s4 ,plei/oc5e ,glacial #j-bjj ,gravel1 s&1 silt1 ,floor ( ,jackson deposits & & glacial debris4 ,hole4 loess ,unnam$ upp] #j-ejj ,%ale1 br[n-gray1 ,gros ,v5tre ,riv] lake sequ5ce s&/one1 & ,valley4 conglom]ate4 ,unnam$ l[] #j-bjj ,%ale1 silt/one1 ,national ,elk ,refuge4 lake sequ5ce & s&/one1 gray1 gre51 & r$4 8 ,plei/oc5e or ,plioc5e ,biv\ac #j-a1jjj ,conglom]ate1 ) ,signal ,m\nta9 & ,=mation purpli%-gray ,we/ ,gros ,v5tre weld$ tuff 9 ,butte4 upp] "p4 ,,t]ti>y ,plioc5e ,teew9ot #j-f1jjj ,lime/one1 tuff1 ,national ,elk ,=mation & clay/one1 ,refuge1 ,blacktail :ite1 s(t4 ,butte1 & ea/]n m>g9 ( ,antelope ,flat4 ,camp ,davis #j-e1ejj ,conglom]ate1 r$ ,s\!rnmo/ tip ( ,=mation & gray1 ) ,jackson ,hole4 :ite tuff1 diatomite1 & r$ & :ite clay/one4 ,mioc5e ,colt] #j-g1jjj ,volcanic ,pilgrim & ,dit* ,=mation conglom]ate1 tuff1 ,creeks1 & nor? & s&/one1 end ( ,teton ,range4 :ite to gre5-br[n1 ) locally-d]iv$ basalt & &esite rock fragm5ts4 ,oligoc5e ,wigg9s #j-c1jjj ,volcanic ,ea/]n m>g9 ( ,=mation conglom]ate1 gray ,jackson ,hole4 to br[n1 ) :ite tuff lay]s4 ,eoc5e ,unnam$ upp] #j-a1jjj ,tuff1 conglom]ate1 ,ea/]n m>g9 ( & middle s&/one1 & ,jackson ,hole4 ,eoc5e clay/one1 gre51 sequ5ce und]la9 by v>iegat$ clay/one & qu>tzite pebble conglom]ate4 ,w9d ,riv] #b1jjj-c1jjj ,clay/one & ,ea/]n m>g9 ( & ,indian s&/one1 ,jackson ,hole4 ,mead[s v>iegat$1 & ,=mations locally-d]iv$ conglom]ate2 p]si/5t coal & gray %ale zone 9 middle4 ,paleoc5e ,unnam$ #a1jjj-b1jjj ,s&/one & ,ea/]n m>g9 ( gre5i%-gray clay/one1 ,jackson ,hole4 & br[n gre5i%-gray & s&/one & br[n1 clay/one int]tongu+ at sequ5ce base ) qu>tzite pebble conglom]ate4 ,p9yon #ejj-e1jjj ,conglom]ate1 ,ea/]n "p ( ,conglom]ate br[n1 *iefly ( ,jackson ,hole1 ,mt4 r\nd$ qu>tzite2 ,leidy & ,p9yon coal & clay/one ,peak ,highl&s1 & locally at base4 nor? end ( ,teton ,range4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #de4 ,p9yon ,conglom]ate ( ,paleoc5e age1 along ! nor?we/ m>g9 ( ! ,teton ,range4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod1 m\nta9 build+ & bas9 subsid5ce 7 ! dom9ant types ( cru/al movem5t4 ,seas retreat$ s\?w>d d[n ! ,mississippi ,valley & nev] aga9 invad$ ! ,teton area4 ,environm5ts on ! rec5tly uplift$ l& 7 div]se & favorable = ! developm5t ( new =ms ( plants & animals4 ,rise & burial ( m\nta9s ,! enorm\s section ( ,t]ti>y s$im5t>y rocks 9 ! ,jackson ,hole area 7table #e7 is "o ( ! mo/ impressive 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,if ! maximum ?icknesses ( all =mations 7 add$1 !y w\ld total m ?an #f miles1 b n[h]e did ?is am\nt ( rock accumulate 9 a s+le unbrok5 sequ5ce4 ,no o!r region 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates conta9s a ?ick] or m complete nonm>9e ,t]ti>y record2 _m areas h little or none4 ,! accumulation 9 ,jackson ,hole reflects active uplifts ( ne>by m\nta9s t suppli$ abundant rock debris1 concurr5t s9k+ ( ne>by bas9s 9 :i* ! s$im5ts c\ld be pres]v$1 & proximity to ! great ,yell[/one-,abs>oka volcanic area1 "o ( ! mo/ active cont95tal volcanic fields 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! volume & composition ( ! ,t]ti>y /rata are1 !re=e1 cle> evid5ce ( cru/al & subcru/al in/ability4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #df4 ,teton region ne> end ( deposition ( ,paleoc5e rocks1 slightly less ?an #fj million ye>s ago4 ,! ance/ral ,teton-,gros ,v5tre uplift =m$ a p>tial b>ri] betwe5 ! ,jackson ,hole & ,gre5 ,riv] depositional bas9s2 major dra9ages f ! ,t>ghee uplift spread an enorm\s %eet ( gravel = #ajj miles to ! ea/4 ,see figure #da = ,/ate l9es & location map4 ,! _m ?ick lay]s ( conglom]ate are evid5ce ( rapid erosion ( ne>by highl&s4 ,! ,p9yon ,conglom]ate 7fig4 #de71 = example1 conta9s zones z mu* z #b1ejj feet ?ick ( rem>kably well-r\nd$ pebbles1 cobbles1 & b\ld]s1 *iefly ( qu>tzite id5tical ) t 9 ! und]ly+ ,h>ebell ,=mation & d]iv$ f ! same s\rce1 ! ,t>ghee uplift4 ,l ! ,h>ebell ! matrix conta9s small am\nts ( gold & m]cury4 ,rock fragm5ts increase 9 size nor?we/w>d t[>d ! s\rce area 7fig4 #df7 & mo/ %[ p]cussion sc>s1 evid5ce ( f]oci\s p\nd+ t occurr$ dur+ transport by p[]ful1 swift riv]s & /eep gradi5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dg4 ,teton region at climax ( ,l>amide ,revolution1 betwe5 #ej & #ee million ye>s ago4 ,see figure #da = ,/ate l9es & location map4 ,conglom]ates su* z ! ,p9yon are n ! only clue to ! "t ( m\nta9 build+4 ,ano!r type ( evid5ce--faults--is demon/rat$ 9 figure #af4 ,! y\nge/ rocks cut by a fault are always old] ?an ! fault4 ,_m faults & ! rocks on ea* side are cov]$ by /ill y\ng] unbrok5 s$im5ts4 ,^! mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 deposit$ aft] fault movem5t ceas$4 ,by dat+ bo? ! fault$ & ! ov]ly+ unbrok5 s$im5ts1 ! "t ( fault movem5t c be bracket$4 ,obs]vations ( ?is type 9 we/]n ,wyom+ indicate t ! ,l>amide ,revolution rea*$ a climax dur+ e>lie/ ,eoc5e "t1 #ej to #ee million ye>s ago4 ,m\nta9-produc+ upw>ps =m$ dur+ ?is episode 7 commonly b\nd$ on "o side by ei!r rev]se or ?ru/ faults 7fig4 #af;,b & #af;,c7 & int]v5+ blocks 7 d[nfold$ into l>ge1 v deep bas9s4 ,! am\nt ( movem5t ( ! m\nta9 blocks ov] ! bas9s rang$ f t5s ( miles 9 ! ,snake ,riv]1 ,salt ,riv]1 ,wyom+1 & ,hoback ,ranges directly s\? ( ! ,tetons to less ?an #e miles on ! ea/ m>g9 ( ,jackson ,hole 7! we/ flank ( ! ,wa%akie ,range %[n 9 figure #a74 ,! ance/ral ,teton-,gros ,v5tre uplift cont9u$ to rise b rema9$ "o ( ! less conspicu\s m\nta9 ranges 9 ! region 7fig4 #dg74 ,! ,buck ,m\nta9 fault1 ! great rev]se fault :i* lies j we/ ( ! highe/ ,teton peaks 7see geologic map & cross section71 0 =m$ ei!r at ?is "t or dur+ a lat] episode ( movem5t t also involv$ ! s\?we/ m>g9 ( ! ,gros ,v5tre ,m\nta9s4 ,! ,buck ,m\nta9 fault is ( special importance because x rais$ a segm5t ( ,precambrian rocks sev]al ?\s& feet4 ,lat]1 :5 ! entire range z we n[ "k x 0 uplift$ by movem5t along ! ,teton fault1 ! h>d basem5t rocks 9 ?is previ\sly upfault$ segm5t cont9u$ to /& mu* high] ?an ^? 9 adjac5t p>ts ( ! range4 ,all ( ! major peaks 9 ! ,tetons are c>v$ f ?is d\bly uplift$ block4 ,! brightly color$ s&/one1 mud/one1 & clay/one 9 ! ,indian ,mead[s & ,w9d ,riv] ,=mations 7l[] ,eoc5e7 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,jackson ,hole 7 d]iv$ f v>iegat$ ,triassic1 ,jurassic1 & ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks expos$ on ! adjac5t m\nta9 flanks4 ,fossils 9 ^! ,eoc5e ,=mations %[ t x took less ?an #aj million ye>s = ! uplifts to be deeply erod$ & p>tially buri$ 9 _! own debris4 ,! ,l>amide ,revolution 9 ! area ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k end$ dur+ ,eoc5e "t betwe5 #de & #ej million ye>s ago1 & z ! m\nta9s & bas9s became /abiliz$ a new elem5t 0 add$4 ,volcanoes broke ?r\gh to ! surface 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,yell[/one-,abs>oka area & ! con/antly increas+ volume ( _! eruptive debris 0 a major factor 9 ! spe$ ( fill+ ( bas9s & burial ( m\nta9s ?r\gh\t ,wyom+4 ,?is entire process only took ab\t #bj million ye>s1 & along ! ea/ m>g9 ( ,jackson ,hole x 0 l>gely complet$ dur+ ,oligoc5e "t 7fig4 #dh74 ,h[ev]1 ea/ & nor!a/ ( ,jackson ,lake a ,mioc5e d[nw>p subsequ5tly =m$ & 9 x accumulat$ at lea/ #g1jjj feet ( locally d]iv$ s$im5ts ( volcanic orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dh4 ,teton region ne> ! close ( ,oligoc5e deposition1 betwe5 #be & #cj million ye>s ago1 %[+ areas ( major volcanoes & lava fl[s4 ,see figure #da = ,/ate l9es & location map4 ,! ,fir/ ,big ,lake ,teew9ot ,lake 7fig4 #di71 ! fir/ big fre%wat] lake 9 ,jackson ,hole1 0 =m$ dur+ ,plioc5e "t1 ab\t #aj million ye>s ago1 & 9 x ! ,teew9ot ,=mation 0 deposit$4 ,^! lake /rata consi/ ( m ?an #e1jjj feet ( :ite lime/one1 ?9-b$d$ clay/one1 & tuff 7solidifi$ a% made up ( t9y fragm5ts ( volcanic rock & spl9t]s ( volcanic glass74 ,! clay/ones conta9 fossil snails1 clams1 beav] bones & tee?1 aquatic mice1 suck]s1 & o!r fossils t indicate deposition 9 a %all[ fre%wat] lake environm5t4 ,^! b$s und]lie ,jackson ,lake ,lodge1 ! ,national ,elk ,refuge1 "p ( ,blacktail ,butte1 & are conspicu\sly expos$ 9 :ite outcrops t look l sn[banks on ! upp] slopes along ! ea/ m>g9 ( ! p>k across ! valley f ! ,gr& ,teton4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #di4 ,teton region ne> close ( middle ,plioc5e "t1 ab\t #e million ye>s ago1 %[+ areas ( major volcanoes & lava fl[s4 ,see figure #da = ,/ate l9es & location map4 ,teew9ot ,lake 0 =m$ on a d[n-fault$ block & 0 damm$ beh9d 7nor? (7 a fault t tr5ds ea/ across ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole at ! s\? b\nd>y ( ! p>k4 ,lakes are among ! mo/ %ort-liv$ ( e>? features because ! =ces ( nature soon conspire to fill !m up or empty !m4 ,?is lake exi/$ = p]haps #e million ye>s dur+ middle ,plioc5e "t2 x 0 %all[1 & rema9$ s despite ! p\r+ 9 ( a mile-?ick lay] ( s$im5t4 ,?is indicates t d[ndropp+ ( ! lake floor j ab\t kept pace ) deposition4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ej4 ,re/oration ( a middle ,eoc5e l&scape %[+ "s ( ! m abundant types ( mammals4 ,mural pa9t+ by ,jay ,h4 ,matt]ness2 photo c\rtesy ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,u9ta!rium #f-;horn$1 sab]-too!d plant eat] ,/yl9odon gnaw+-too!d mammal ,palaeosyops e>ly titano!re ,helaletes primitive tapir ,sciuravus squirrel-l rod5t ,smilodectes lemurlike monkey ,trogosus gnaw+-too!d mammal ,hyra*yus fleet-foot$ rh9oc]os ,is*yrotomus m>motlike rod5t ,homacodon ev5-to$ ho($ animal ,orohippus ance/ral horse ,patri(elis l>ge fle% eat] ,mesonyx hy5alike mammal ,helohyus ev5-to$ ho($ mammal ,meta*eiromys armadillolike ed5tate ,ma*a]oides sab]-too!d mammal ,hyopsodus claw$1 plant-eat+ mammal ,saniwa monitorlike liz>d ,crocodilus crocodile ,e*matemys turtle ,o!r lakes =m$ 9 response to simil> cru/al movem5ts 9 ne>by places4 ,"o su* lake1 ,gr& ,valley ,lake 7fig4 #di71 =m$ ab\t #be miles s\?we/ ( ,teew9ot ,lake2 bo? conta9$ s$im5ts ) ne>ly ! same ?ickness1 composition1 appe>ance1 age1 & fossils4 ,al?\gh ^! two lakes are on opposite sides ( ! ,snake ,riv] ,range1 ! ance/ral ,snake ,riv] app>5tly fl[$ ?r\gh a canyon previ\sly cut across ! range & provid$ a direct connection betwe5 !m4 ,developm5t ( mammals ,! ,c5ozoic ,era is kn[n z ! 8,age ( ,mammals40 ,small mammals _h already exi/$1 ?\gh q inconspicu\sly1 9 ,wyom+ = ab\t #ij million ye>s be=e ,paleoc5e "t4 ,!n ab\t #fe million ye>s ago _! prolif]ation began z a result ( ! ext9ction ( d9osaurs1 oblit]ation ( seaways t 7 b>ri]s to di/ribution1 & ! developm5t ( new & v>i$ types ( environm5t4 ,^! new environm5ts includ$ savannah pla9s1 l[ hills & high m\nta9s1 fre%wat] lakes & swamps1 & ext5sive riv] sy/ems4 ,! mammals increas$ 9 size &1 = ! fir/ "t1 became abundant 9 numb]s ( bo? species & individuals4 ,! developm5t & widespread di/ribution ( grasses & o!r =age on :i* _m ( ! animals dep5d$ 7 highly significant4 ,successful adaptation ( h]bivores 7vegetation-eat+ animals7 l$1 9 turn1 to increas$ v>ieties & numb]s ( pr$atory c>nivores 7meat-eat+ animals74 ,dur+ e>ly ,eoc5e "t1 coal swamps =m$ 9 ea/]n ,jackson ,hole & p]si/$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 z is %[n by #fj feet ( coal 9 a s+le b$ at "o locality4 ,cont9u+ on into middle ,eoc5e "t1 ! climate 0 subtropical & humid1 & ! t]ra9 0 ne> sea level4 ,tropical breadfruits1 figs1 & magnolias fl\ri%$ along ) a m temp]ate flora ( r$wood1 hickory1 maple1 & oak4 ,horses ! size ( a dog & _m o!r small mammals 7 abundant4 ,primates1 ?riv+ 9 an ideal =e/ habitat1 7 num]\s4 ,/reams conta9$ g> fi% & crocodiles 7fig4 #ej74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ea4 ,a typical ,oligoc5e l&scape %[+ "s ( ! m abundant types ( mammals4 ,mural pa9t+ by ,jay ,h4 ,matt]ness2 photo c\rtesy ( ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,trigonias e>ly rh9oc]os ,p]*o]us e>ly pecc>y ,mesohippus #c-to$ horse ,aep9acodon remote relative ( hippopotamus ,ar*aeo!rium giant piglike mammal ,protoc]as biz>re horn$ rum9ant ,hesp]ocyon ance/ral dog ,hyracodon small fleet-foot$ rh9oc]os ,pobro!rium ance/ral camel ,hypisodus v small *evrota9like rum9ant ,ictops small insect-eat+ mammal ,bronto!rium titano!re ,protapirus ance/ral tapir ,glyptosaurus ext9ct liz>d ,hoplophoneus sab]-too!d cat ,subhyracodon e>ly rh9oc]os ,m]ycoidodon %eeplike graz+ mammal ,hya5odon ar*aic hy5alike mammal ,hyp]tragulus *evrota9like rum9ant ,e>ly 9 ! ,oligoc5e ,epo*1 betwe5 #cj & #ce million ye>s ago1 ! climate 9 ,jackson ,hole became cool] & dri]1 & ! subtropical plants gave way to ! w>m temp]ate flora ( oak1 bee*1 maple1 ald]1 & a%4 ,! g5]al l& surface rose high] above sea level1 p]haps by accumulation ( sev]al ?\s& feet ( ,oligoc5e volcanic rocks 7fig4 #eb7 r ?an by cont95tal uplift4 ,titano!res 7l>ge f\r-legg$ mammals ) ! g5]al size & %ape ( a rh9oc]os7 fl\ri%$ 9 great numb]s = a few million ye>s & !n abruptly vani%$4 ,horses by n[ 7 ab\t ! size ( a v small mod]n colt4 ,rabbits1 rod5ts1 c>nivores1 t9y camels1 & o!r mammals 7 abundant 9 ,jackson ,hole1 & ! fauna1 surpris+ly1 0 ess5tially ! same z t #ejj miles to ! ea/1 at a mu* l[] elevation1 on ! pla9s ( ,nebraska & ,s\? ,dakota 7fig4 #ea74 ,! ,mioc5e ,epo* 7#ae to #be million ye>s ago7 0 ! "t ( su* int5se volcanic activity 9 ! ,teton region t animals mu/ h f\nd survival v difficult4 ,a few skeletons & fragm5t>y p>ts ( camels ab\t ! size ( a small horse & o!r piglike animals call$ oreodonts comprise our only record ( mammals2 no?+ is kn[n ( ! plants4 ,f>!r ea/ ! climate fluctuat$ f subtropical to w>m temp]ate1 gradually becom+ cool] t[>d ! end ( ! epo*4 ,fossils 9 ! ,plioc5e lake deposits 7#h to #aj million ye>s old2 see description ( ,teew9ot ,=mation7 include %all[-wat] types ( snails1 clams1 diatoms1 & o/racodes1 z well z beav]s1 mice1 suck]s1 & frogs4 ,poll5 9 ^! b$s %[ t adjac5t upl& areas support$ fir1 spruce1 p9e1 junip]1 sage1 & o!r trees & %rubs common to ! area today4 ,!re=e1 ! climate mu/ h be5 mu* cool] ?an 9 ,mioc5e "t4 ,no l>ge mammals ( ,plioc5e age h be5 f\nd 9 ,jackson ,hole4 ,! record ( life dur+ ,quat]n>y "t is discuss$ lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #eb4 ,lay]s ( volcanic conglom]ate sep>at$ by ?9 :ite tuff b$s 9 ,wigg9s ,=mation4 ,^! cliffs1 on ! nor? side ( ,togwotee ,pass1 are ab\t #a1ajj feet high & repres5t a cross section ( "p ( ! enorm\s blanket ( wat]laid debris t spread s\? & ea/ f ! ,yell[/one-,abs>oka volcanic area4 ,^! & y\ng] deposits f ! same g5]al s\rce fill$ ! bas9s & almo/ completely buri$ ! m\nta9s 9 ?is "p ( ,wyom+4 ,volcanoes ,volcanoes are "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ p>ts ( ! geologic /ory ( ! ,teton region4 ,al?\gh a% f di/ant volcanoes _h settl$ 9 nor?we/]n ,wyom+ at lea/ z f> back 9 "t z ,jurassic1 ! fir/ ne>by active volcanoes 7s9ce ! ,precambrian7 erupt$ 9 ! ,yell[/one-,abs>oka region dur+ ! e>ly ,eoc5e1 ab\t #ej million ye>s ago4 ,f !n on1 ! volcanic area grew 9 size & ! viol5ce ( eruptions & volume ( debris increas$ until ,plioc5e "t4 ,?is debris _h a pr(\nd influ5ce on ! color & composition ( ! s$im5ts & on ! environm5t & types ( plants & animals4 ,! color ( ! volcanic rocks & ! s$im5ts d]iv$ f !m v>ies significantly f "o epo* to ano!r4 ,= example1 ! middle ,eoc5e rocks are :ite to light-gre51 r$1 & purple1 upp] ,eoc5e are d>k-gre51 ,oligoc5e are light-gray1 :ite1 & br[n1 ,mioc5e are d>k-gre51 br[n1 & gray1 & ,plioc5e are :ite to r$-br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ec4 ,air oblique view s\?1 %[+ ! nor? end ( ! ,teton ,range disappe>+ b5ea? ,plei/oc5e lava fl[s4 ,light-color$ b>e area at l[] left is v]tical ,paleozoic lime/one surr\nd$ on ?ree sides by ne>ly horizontal rhyolite lava fl[s4 ,b>e slope at l[] "r is we/-dipp+ ,p9yon ,conglom]ate1 also ov]lapp$ by lava4 ,gr& ,teton is on "r skyl9e & ,mt4 ,moran is r\nd$ summit on middle skyl9e4 ,z m5tion$ e>li]1 x is probable t ! va/ outp\r+ ( volcanic rocks dur+ late ,t]ti>y "t 9 ! ,teton region & to ! nor? & nor!a/ is directly relat$ to ! subsid5ce ( ,jackson ,hole & ! rise ( ! ,tetons4 ,! spectacul> b&$ cliffs ( ! ,wigg9s ,=mation on bo? sides ( ,togwotee ,pass 7fig4 #eb7 & f>!r nor? 9 ! ,abs>oka ,range are remnants ( ,oligoc5e volcanic conglom]ate & tuff t once spread z a blanket sev]al ?\s& feet ?ick across ea/]n ,jackson ,hole & p>tially or completely buri$ ! ne>by old] fold$ m\nta9 ranges4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ed4 ,obsidian1 a volcanic glass less ?an #aj million ye>s old1 especially priz$ by ,indians :o us$ x = spe> & arr[ po9ts & = tools4 ,ab\t #be million ye>s ago1 ) ! />t ( ! ,mioc5e ,epo*1 volcanic v5ts op5$ up )91 & along ! bord]s (1 ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k4 ,major c5t]s ( eruption 7 at ! nor? end ( ! ,teton ,range1 ea/ ( ,jackson ,lake1 & s\? ( ,spread ,creek4 ,!y emitt$ a prodigi\s am\nt ( volcanic a% & fragm5ts ( congeal$ lava4 ,= example1 adjac5t to "o v5t a mile 9 diamet]1 ab\t #d miles nor?-nor!a/ ( ,jackson ,lake ,lodge1 is a cont9u\s section1 #g1jjj feet ?ick1 ( wat]laid /rata d]iv$ 9 l>ge "p f ?is volcanic s\rce4 ,^! s$im5t>y rocks comprise ! ,colt] ,=mation :i* is d>k] color$ & conta9s m iron & magnesium ?an ! ,wigg9s ,=mation4 ,! site ( deposition at ?is locality 0 a nor?-tr5d+ tr\gh t repres5t$ an e>ly /age 9 ! d[nw>p+ ( ,jackson ,hole4 ,plioc5e volcanoes erupt$ 9 s\!rn & c5tral ,yell[/one ,p>k4 ,! volcanoes emitt$ visc\s1 fro?y1 p9ki%-gray & br[n lava call$ rhyolite4 ,?is is an extrusive igne\s rock t has ! same composition z granite1 b is mu* f9] gra9$4 ,9 sev]al places1 lava app>5tly fl[$ into ! nor? end ( ,teew9ot ,lake1 *ill$ sudd5ly1 & solidifi$ into a black volcanic glass call$ obsidian4 ,because x *ips easily into ?9 flakes hav+ a smoo? surface1 obsidian 0 priz$ by ! ,indians1 :o us$ x = spe> & arr[ po9ts 7fig4 #ed74 ,"s ( ?is obsidian has a potassium-argon date ( #i million ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ee4 ,ea/ face ( ,signal ,m\nta9 %[+ ,biv\ac ,=mation 7upp] ,plioc5e or ,plei/oc5e74 ,tilt$ l$ge is rhyolitic weld$ tuff #b4e million ye>s old1 & slopes above & bel[ x are conglom]ate4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice photo by ,w4 ,e4 ,dilley4 ,aft] ,teew9ot ,lake 0 fill$ ) s$im5t1 ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole became a flat b\ld]-cov]$ surface4 ,ne>by v5ts erupt$ heavy fi]y cl\ds ( gase\s molt5 rock t roll$ across ?is pla9 & !n congeal$ into h>d lay]s ) ! g5]al appe>ance ( lava fl[s4 ,"u a microscope1 h[ev]1 ! rock is se5 to be made up ( compress$ fragm5ts ( glass t matt$ d[n & solidifi$ :5 ! cl\ds /opp$ mov+4 ,?is k9d ( rock is call$ a weld$ tuff4 ,"o ( ^! =ms ! conspicu\s l$ge 9 ! ,biv\ac ,=mation on ! nor? & ea/ sides ( ,signal ,m\nta9 7fig4 #ee71 & is especially important because x has a potassium-argon date ( #b4e million ye>s4 ,m ( ?is weld$ tuff fl[$ s\?w>d f ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k1 engulf$ ! nor? end ( ! ,teton ,range 7fig4 #ec71 & cont9u$ s\?w>d along ! we/ side ( ! m\nta9s = #ce miles & along ! ea/ side = #be miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ef4 ,! f9al #c million ye>s on our y>d/ick ( "t1 enl>g$ to %[ approximate dates ( major ev5ts4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,hundr$?s ,,absolute ,,"t ,,important ,,ev5ts ,,( ,,an ,,in* ,,( ,,! 7,ye>s ago7 ,,y>d/ick #j #j ,la/ glaciation foll[$ by fault+ _/ #ejjjj ,second glaciation _/ #ajjjjj 8--,fir/ glaciation _/ #gjjjjj 8--,second ,quat]n>y lake _/ #a million 8--,tilt+ & fault+ ( s\!rn "p ( ,jackson ,hole _/ #a4c million 8--,fir/ ,quat]n>y lake _/ #a4e million ,complex s]ies ( volcanic eruptions 9 s\!rn ,jackson ,hole _/ #a4i million _/ #b million 8--,developm5t ( ,hoback normal fault _/ #b4e million ,eruption ( weld$ tuff 9 ,biv\ac ,=mation _/ #c million ,,quat]n>y--,,"t ,,( ,,ice1 ,,m ,,lakes1 ,,& ,,cont9u$ ,,cru/al ,,di/urbance ,! ,quat]n>y ,p]iod is repres5t$ by less ?an #ae-?\s&?s ( ! la/ in* on our y>d/ick ( "t 7fig4 #ef7 & ! entire ,ice ,age takes up less ?an #b-?\s&?s ( an in* 7less ?an ! ?ickness ( ?is page74 ,nev]!less1 ! spectacul> effects ( v>i\s =ces ( nature on ! ,teton l&scape dur+ ?is %ort int]val ( "t are ( su* significance t !y w>rant a sep>ate discussion4 ,! role ( glaci]s 9 c>v+ ! rugg$ ,teton peaks & %ap+ ! adjac5t valleys 0 m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is booklet1 b is discuss$ 9 m detail "h4 ,! magnitude & complexity ( cru/al movem5ts increas$ dur+ ! f9al #b million ye>s ( "t--s mu* s t ! beg9n+ ( ,quat]n>y "t has n yet be5 id5tifi$ ) any s+le ev5t4 ,figure #ef %[s ! major ev5ts describ$ bel[4 ,hoback normal fault ,! ,hoback normal fault1 #cj miles long1 ) a mile or m displacem5t1 develop$ 9 ! s\!rnmo/ "p ( ,jackson ,hole ab\t #b million ye>s ago4 ,?is fault is on ! ea/ side ( ! valley4 ,?us1 ! valley block 0 d[ndropp$ betwe5 ?is fault & ! ,teton fault t bord]s ! we/ side4 ,volcanic activity ,dur+ or %ortly aft] major movem5t on ! ,hoback fault1 & p]haps relat$ to x1 !re 0 a complex s]ies ( volcanic eruptions we/ & nor? ( ! t[n ( ,jackson1 along ! s\? b\nd>y ( ! p>k4 ,9 rapid succession1 lavas ( _m types1 ) a comb9$ ?ickness ( m ?an #a1jjj feet1 7 extrud$ & volcanic plugs intrud$ into ! ne>-surface s$im5t>y rocks4 ,^! volcanic rocks c be se5 on ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,gros ,v5tre ,buttes4 ,!re are no active volcanoes 9 ! ,teton region today & no po/glacial lava fl[s or c9d] cones4 ,five miles nor? ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k are boil+ spr+s 7,flagg ,ran* hot spr+s7 t are associat$ ) ! y\nge/ 7late ,quat]n>y7 lavas 9 s\!rn ,yell[/one ,p>k4 ,else:]e 9 ,jackson ,hole are a numb] ( lukew>m spr+s b _! relation to volcanic rocks has n be5 det]m9$4 ,:at happ5$ to ! va/ ?icknesses ( volcanic debris8 ,we "k !y exi/$ because sections ( !m h be5 measur$ on ! erod$ edges ( uptilt$ folds & fault blocks4 ,_m cubic miles ( ^! rocks are n[ buri$ b5ea? ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole1 b a mu* great] volume 0 c>ri$ completely out ( ! region by wat]1 ice1 & w9d dur+ ! f9al *apt] ( geologic hi/ory4 ,preglacial lakes ,remnants ( two sets ( lake deposits 9 ,jackson ,hole record preglacial ev5ts 9 ,quat]n>y "t4 ,d[ndropp+ ( s\!rn ,jackson ,hole along ! ,hoback & ,teton faults block$ ! s\?we/w>d dra9age ( ! ,snake ,riv]1 & a new lake =m$ ov]lapp+ & ext5d+ s\? ( ! site ( ! long-vani%$ ,teew9ot ,lake4 ,incorporat$ 9 ! lake s$im5ts are fragm5ts ( lava l t 9 ne>by ,quat]n>y fl[s4 ,f ?is we "k t ! lake =m$ aft] at lea/ "s ( ! lava 0 emplac$4 ,app>5tly subsid5ce 0 m rapid ?an fill+1 = a "t1 at lea/1 because ?is new lake 0 deep4 ,fossil snails pres]v$ 9 olive-drab to gray f9e-gra9$ clay/one ov]ly+ lava fl[s at ! nor? end ( ,ea/ ,gros ,v5tre ,butte are ! k9d n[ liv+ at dep?s ( #abj to #cjj feet 9 ,lake ,tahoe1 ,cali=nia-,nevada4 ,ne> ! m>g9s ( ! lake1 p9k & gre5 clay/one & s(t s&/one 7 deposit$4 ,! duration ( ?is lake is n kn[n b x la/$ long en\gh = #bjj feet ( b$s to accumulate4 ,subsequ5t fault+ & w>p+ de/roy$ ! lake1 left tilt$ remnants ( ! b$s p]*$ #a1jjj feet up on ! ea/ side ( ,jackson ,hole1 & p]mitt$ ! ,snake ,riv] to ree/abli% its c\rse across ! m\nta9s to ! s\?we/4 ,lat] d[ndropp+ ( ,jackson ,hole imp\nd$ a second preglacial lake4 ,little is kn[n ab\t its ext5t because ne>ly ev]y:]e ! s(t br[n & gray %ale1 clay/one1 & s&/one deposit$ 9 x 7 scoop$ out & wa%$ away dur+ subsequ5t glaciations4 ,a few remnants ( ! lake deposits are pres]v$ 9 protect$ places1 h[ev]2 two are )9 ! ,gros ,v5tre ,riv] ,valley--"o d[n/ream f ,l[] ,slide ,lake ab\t a mile ea/ ( ! p>k & ! o!r #d miles f>!r ea/4 ,! latt] remnant is ne>ly #ejj feet ?ick & ! upp] half is l>gely v f9e gra9$ %ale & clay/one4 ,?is f9e texture sugge/s t ! lake exi/$ = a good _m ?\s& ye>s1 = su* deposits commonly accumulate m sl[ly ?an co>s] gra9$ debris4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #eg4 ,map %[+ ext5t & direction ( movem5t ( fir/ & l>ge/ ice %eet4 ,see figure #da = ,/ate l9es & location map4 ,! ,ice ,age ,) ! uplift ( ! ,teton ,range & ! =mation ( ,jackson ,hole late 9 ,c5ozoic "t ! l&scape gradually began to assume ! g5]al outl9es t we see today4 ,ra91 w9d1 sn[1 & fro/ %ap$ ! fir/ crude approximations ( ! pres5t ridges & peaks4 ,/reams cut into ! ris+ ,teton fault block1 erod+ ! ance/ral canyons deep] & deep] z ! uplift cont9u$4 ,! mo/ rec5t great *apt] 9 ! /ory ( ! ,teton l&scape1 h[ev]1 rema9$ to be writt5 by ! glaci]s ( ! ,ice ,age4 ,! reasons = ! climatic *anges t caus$ ! ,ice ,age are /ill a matt] ( mu* sci5tific debate4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 advanc$ t attribute !m to *anges 9 sol> radiation1 *anges 9 ! e>?'s orbit & incl9ation to ! sun1 v>iations 9 ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxide 9 ! atmosph]e1 %ifts 9 ! positions ( ! cont95ts or ! poles1 & to _m o!r factors1 b none has met ) univ]sal acceptance4 ,no d\bt ! explanation lies 9 "s unusual comb9ation ( circum/ances1 = widespread glaciation occurr$ only twice be=e 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory--once 9 ! late ,precambrian & once dur+ ! ,p]mian4 ,x is q cle>1 h[ev]1 t ! glaci]s did n =m 9 response to any local cause su* z ! uplift ( ! ,teton ,range1 = concurr5t climatic *anges & ice advance took place ?r\gh\t _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,at lea/ ?ree times 9 ! la/ #bej1jjj ye>s glaci]s f ! surr\nd+ highl&s invad$ ,jackson ,hole4 ,! olde/ & mo/ widespread glaciation probably took place ab\t #bjj1jjj ye>s ago2 x 0 call$ ! ,buffalo ,glaciation by ,pr(4 ,eliot ,blackweld] 9 #aiae 7see select$ ref]5ces74 ,! age e/imate is bas$ on measurem5ts ( ! ?ickness ( ! decompos$ lay] on ! surface ( obsidian pebbles 9 ! glacial debris4 ,major s\rces ( ice 7 ! ,be>too? ,m\nta9s 7fig4 #a71 ! ,abs>oka ,range1 & ! ,w9d ,riv] ,range4 ,! ,gros ,v5tre ,m\nta9s & ,teton ,range furni%$ less] am\nts ( ice4 ,! ice f ! ,be>too? & ,abs>oka c5t]s ( ice accumulation conv]g$ 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k & fl[$ s\? along ! face ( ! ,teton ,range 9 a giant /ream t 9 _m places 0 #b1jjj feet ?ick 7fig4 #eg74 ,all b ! highe/ p>ts ( ! ,p9yon ,peak & ,m\nt ,leidy ,highl&s 7 buri$ & sc\r$4 ,signal ,m\nta91 ,blacktail ,butte1 & ! ,gros ,v5tres ,buttes 7 ov]ridd5 & %ap$ by ice at ?is "t4 ,ano!r glaci]1 ?is "o f ! ,w9d ,riv] ,range1 fl[$ nor?we/ along ! ,cont95tal ,divide1 !n d[n ! ,gros ,v5tre ,riv] ,valley1 & m]g$ ) ! s\?w>d-mov+ ma9 ice /ream we/ ( ,l[] ,slide ,lake4 ,:]e ,jackson ,hole n>r[s s\?w>d1 ! glaci] became m & m conf9$1 b nev]!less fl[$ all ! way ?r\gh ! ,snake ,riv] ,canyon & on into ,idaho4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #eh4 ,glacial deposits1 outwa%1 & loess expos$ along ,boyle ,dit* 9 ,jackson ,hole ,national ,elk ,refuge4 ,indicat$ are middle ,plioc5e ,teew9ot =mation 7,a71 olde/ till 7,b71 ,bull ,lake outwa% gravel 7,c71 & po/-,bull ,lake loess 7,d71 :i* "h conta9s snail %ells dat$ by ,c>bon-#ad z #ae1jjj ye>s old4 ,height ( cliff is ab\t #cj feet4 ,! volume ( ?is great ice mass 0 probably consid]ably m ?an #a1jjj cubic miles4 ,:5 x melt$1 ne>ly all ! previ\sly accumulat$ soil 9 ,jackson ,hole 0 wa%$ away & a pavem5t ( qu>tzite b\ld]s mantl$ mu* ( ! glaciat$ surface4 ,9 areas n subsequ5tly glaciat$1 ! lack ( soil & abundance ( qu>tzite b\ld]s dra/ically influ5c$ ! topography1 lat] dra9age1 di/ribution ( all types ( vegetation1 especially conif]s & grass1 & ! patt]n ( human settlem5t & indu/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ei4 ,view we/ f ! ,snake ,riv] ov]look %[+ at upp] "r ! ,burn$ ,ridge mora9e 7) trees7 m]g+ s\?w>d ) ! highe/ 7olde/7 ,p9$ale outwa% pla94 ,! next l[] surface is compos$ ( outwa% f ! ,jackson ,lake mora9e :i* lies to ! "r1 out ( ! picture4 ,at ! bottom is ,deadman's ,b>1 a gravel deposit at ! pres5t riv] level4 ,photo by ,h4 ,d4 ,p[nall4 ,! second glaciation1 nam$ ,bull ,lake1 0 less ?an half z ext5sive z ! fir/4 ,a l>ge tongue ( ice f ! ,abs>oka c5t] ( accumulation fl[$ d[n ! ,buffalo ,riv] ,valley & jo9$ ice f ! ,tetons on ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole4 ,an enorm\s outwa% fan ( qu>tzite b\ld]s ext5d$ f ne> ,blacktail ,butte s\?w>d ?r\gh\t mo/ ( s\!rn ,jackson ,hole4 ,glaci]s 9 ! ,gros ,v5tre ,m\nta9s did n advance beyond ! ea/ m>g9 ( ! valley floor4 ,c>bon-#ad ages & data f wea!r$ obsidian pebbles sugge/ t ?is glaciation took place betwe5 #ce1jjj & #hj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,bull ,lake mora9es & outwa% deposits are ov]la9 directly 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,jackson ,hole by f9e silt1 r ?an by deposits ( ! ?ird glaciation 7fig4 #eh74 ,?is silt1 ( w9dbl[n orig91 is call$ loess & conta9s fossil %ells dat$ by ,c>bon-#ad z betwe5 #ac1jjj & #ai1jjj ye>s old4 ,:]ev] ! loess occurs1 x is m>k$ by abundant mod]n coyote d5s & badg] burr[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fj4 ,air oblique view we/ t[>d ! ,teton ,range1 %[+ effects ( ,p9$ale ,glaciation on ! l&scape4 ,mt4 ,moran is at top left2 ! m\nta9 front is brok5 by ,u-%ap$ valleys f :i* ice em]g$ into ! area n[ occupi$ by ,jackson ,lake4 ,! timb]$ area bord]+ ,jackson ,lake is ! ,jackson ,lake mora9e4 ,"o ( ! braid$ outlet *annels brea*+ ! ,jackson ,lake mora9e c be se5 cross+ ! outwa% pla9 at ! left c5t]4 ,lakes at l[] "r occupy 8po?oles0 ne> :]e ! #i1jjj-ye>-old snail %ells occur4 ,snake ,riv] is 9 =egr\nd4 ,photo by ,r4 ,l4 ,casebe]4 ,! ?ird & la/ glaciation1 nam$ ! ,p9$ale1 0 ev5 less ext5sive ?an ! o!rs4 ,nev]!less x 0 ( great importance = x add$ ! f9al t\*es to ! pres5t l&scape4 ,! jagg$ intricately ice-c>v$ peaks 7fig4 #d7 & ! glitt]+ lakes & broad gravelly pla9s are vivid rem9d]s ( ?is rec5t *apt] 9 geologic hi/ory4 ,p9$ale glaci]s advanc$ d[n ,cascade1 ,g>net1 ,avalan*e1 & ,dea? ,canyons & spill$ out onto ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole1 :]e !y built ! out]mo/ loops ( ! conspicu\s t]m9al mora9es t n[ encircle ,j5ny1 ,bradley1 ,tagg>t1 & ,phelps ,lakes 7fig4 #ac74 ,ice /reams f ,glaci] ,gul* & ,op5 ,canyon also left prom95t mora9es on ! valley floor1 b ^! d n conta9 lakes4 ,ice f ,leigh ,canyon & all ( ! ea/w>d-dra9+ valleys to ! nor? comb9$ to =m a l>ge glaci] 9 r\ghly ! pres5t position ( ,jackson ,lake4 ,?is ice entirely surr\nd$ ,signal ,m\nta91 leav+ only ! upp] few hundr$ feet project+ z an isl& or nunatak4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fa4 ,! ,p9$ale ,glaci]s 9 ! c5tral "p ( ,jackson ,hole z !y might h appe>$ at ! "t ! ,jackson ,lake mora9e 0 built4 ,solid color areas are lakes2 d>k irregul> patt]n %[s areas ( mora9e deposit$ dur+ ! maximum advance ( ! ,p9$ale ,glaci]s4 ,patt]n ( op5 circles %[s old] ,p9$ale outwa% pla9s2 patt]n ( f9e dots %[s outwa% pla9s built at ! "t ! glaci]s 7 9 ! positions %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,co>s] dots ne> ! m>g9s ( ! glaci]s repres5t conc5trations ( rock debris 9 ! ice4 ,! s\!rnmo/ major advance ( ,p9$ale ice f ,jackson ,lake is m>k$ by a s]ies ( d5sely timb]$ mora9es t cross ! ,snake ,riv] ,valley4 ,?is s]ies is collectively nam$ ! ,burn$ ,ridge mora9e 7fig4 #fa74 ,ext5d+ s\?w>d = #aj miles f ?is mora9e is a rem>kably flat surfac$ gravelly outwa% deposit4 ,x 0 spread by /reams t p\r$ f ! glaci] at ! "t ! mora9e 0 be+ built 7fig4 #ei74 ,ea/ ( ! ,snake ,riv]1 ! ma9 highway f a po9t j nor? ( ,blacktail ,butte to ! ,snake ,riv] ov]look is built on ?is flat untimb]$ surface4 ,we assume t ! outwa% is y\ng] ?an #ae1jjj ye>s because x app>5tly ov]lies loess ( t age4 ,! glaci] )drew rapidly nor?w>d f ! ,burn$ ,ridge mora9e1 leav+ beh9d _m l>ge irregul> masses ( /agnant1 debris-cov]$ ice4 ,! sites ( ^! became kettles1 locally kn[n z 8,! ,po?oles0 7fig4 #ab74 ,! ma9 glaci] retreat$ to a position m>k$ by ! loop ( mora9es j s\? ( ,jackson ,lake 7fig4 #fj74 ,figure #fa is a sket* map %[+ h[ ! glaci]s 9 ?is "p ( ,jackson ,hole might h appe>$ at ! "t ! ,jackson ,lake mora9e 0 built4 ,abundant snail %ells h be5 f\nd 9 lake s$im5ts 9 ! bottoms ( ! kettles nor? ( ! ,burn$ ,ridge mora9e 7fig4 #fj7 z well z on l[ ridges betwe5 !m4 ,c>bon-#ad age det]m9ations indicate t ! snails liv$ ab\t #i1jjj ye>s ago1 ei!r 9 a lake already pres5t be=e ! ,p9$ale ice advanc$ & =m$ ! ,burn$ ,ridge mora9e or 9 ponds t fill$ kettles left z ! ice melt$ beh9d ?is mora9e4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! %ells indicate t ! ,p9$ale glaci]s probably exi/$ on ! floor ( ,jackson ,hole z rec5tly z #i1jjj ye>s ago1 at a "t :5 ,indians 7 already liv+ 9 ! area4 ,we c easily imag9e ! fasc9ation ) :i* ^! primitive peoples may h wat*$ z ye> aft] ye> ! glaci]s wa/$ away1 sl[ly retreat+ back into ! canyons1 !n )draw+ into ! %elt]$ recesses ( ! high m\nta9s1 ev5tually to dw9dle & disappe>4 ,_m bits ( evid5ce1 bo? f ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe1 indicate t !re 0 a p]iod call$ ! climatic optimum ab\t #f1jjj ye>s ago :5 ! climate 0 significantly w>m] & dri] ?an at pres5t4 ,we suspect1 ?\gh !re is z yet no direct pro(1 t ! ,p9$ale glaci]s wa/$ away entirely dur+ ?is int]val4 ,! mod]n patt]n ( vegetation 9 ,jackson ,hole is /rongly influ5c$ by ! di/ribution ( ,p9$ale glacial mora9es & outwa% deposits4 ,almo/ )\t exception ! mora9es are heavily =e/$1 :]eas ! ne>by outwa% deposits are cov]$ only by a sp>se gr[? ( sagebru%4 ,?is is probably because ! mora9es conta9 l>ge am\nts ( clay & silt produc$ by ! gr9d+ action ( ! glaci]s4 ,mat]ial ( ?is type reta9s wat] mu* bett] &1 because ( ! great] v>iety ( *emical elem5ts1 is m f]tile ?an ! por\s qu>tzite gravel & s& on ! outwa% pla9s4 ,mod]n glaci]s ,ab\t a doz5 small rapidly dw9dl+ glaci]s exi/ today 9 %ad$ re5trants high 9 ! ,teton ,range4 ,!y are probably ve/iges ( ice masses built up s9ce ! climatic optimum1 dur+ ! s-call$ 8,little ,ice ,age40 ,^! glaci]s1 :ile insignificant comp>$ to ^? /ill pres5t 9 _m o!r m\nta9 ranges1 are fasc9at+ work+ models ( ! great ice /reams t %ap$ ! ,tetons dur+ ,plei/oc5e "t4 ,! ,teton ,glaci] 7fig4 #f7 is "o ( ! be/ kn[n4 ,x is an ice body ab\t #c1ejj feet long & #a1ajj feet wide t lies at ! head ( ,glaci] ,gul*1 %ad$ by ! encircl+ ridges ( ! ,gr& ,teton1 ,m\nt ,ow51 & ,m\nt ,teew9ot4 ,ice 9 ! c5tral "p is mov+ at a rate ( m ?an #cj feet a ye>4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,& ,,! ,,future ,! geologic /ory ( ! ,teton c\ntry f ! "t ! e>? 0 new to ! pres5t day has be5 summ>iz$4 ,:at c we le>n f x8 ,we become aw>e t ev5ts record$ 9 ! rocks are n a *aotic jumble ( r&om accid5ts b came 9 an ord]ly1 logical succession4 ,we see ! maje/ic p>ade ( life evolv+ f simple to complex types1 ov]com+ all natural disa/]s1 & adapt+ to ev]-*ang+ environm5ts4 ,we c only speculate z to ! motivat+ =ce t laun*$ ?is fasc9at+ geologic & biologic v5ture & :at ! ultimate goal may be4 ,new facts & new ideas are add$ to ! /ory ea* ye>1 b _m unkn[n *apt]s rema9 to be /udi$2 ^! (f] an irresi/ible1 cont9u+ *all5ge to inquisitive m9ds1 /rong bodies1 & re/less1 adv5tur\s spirits4 ,mo/ geologic processes t develop$ ! ,teton l&scape h be5 b5eficial to man2 a few h int]f]$ ) 8 activities1 co/ him money1 "t1 ef=t1 & on occasion1 8 life4 ,po/glacial fault+ & tilt+ along ! s\!rn m>g9 ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k div]t$ dra9age sy/ems 7su* z ,flat ,creek1 s\?we/ ( ! ,flat ,creek fault on ! s\? edge ( ! geologic map71 rais$ hills1 dropp$ valleys1 & made /eep slopes un/able4 ,flood-control eng9e]s wage a nev]-end+ /ruggle to keep ! ,snake ,riv] f %ift+ to ! we/ side ( ,jackson ,hole z ! valley tilts we/w>d 9 response to movem5t along ! ,teton fault4 ,ea* highway into ,jackson ,hole has be5 block$ by a l&slide at "o "t or ano!r & ma9t5ance ( roads across slide areas requires mu* +5uity4 ,we see "o slide 7! ,gros ,v5tre7 t block$ a riv]2 l>g] slides h occurr$ 9 ! pa/1 & m c be expect$4 ,abundant fre% fault sc>ps are a con/ant rem9d] t public build+s1 campgr\nds1 dams1 & roads ne$ to be design$ to )/& ! effects ( e>?quakes4 ,"s ( ^! problems h geologic solutions2 o!rs c be avoid$ or m9imiz$ z fur!r /udy increases our und]/&+ ( ?is region4 ,man appe>$ dur+ ! la/ "o-fiftie? ( an in* on our y>d/ick ( "t gone by4 ,9 ?is %ort span he has _h m impact on ! e>? & its inhabitants ?an any o!r =m ( life4 ,w he use wisely ! lessons ( ! pa/ z a guide :ile he writes 8 record on ! y>d/ick ( ! future8 ,,app5dix ,ackn[l$gem5ts ,?is booklet c\ld n h be5 prep>$ )\t ! coop]ation & assi/ance ( _m individuals & organizations4 ,we are indebt$ to ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice = ! use ( facilities1 equipm5t1 & photographs1 & = ! en?usiasm & int]e/ ( all ( ! p>k /aff4 ,we especially appreciate ! coop]ation1 advice1 & assi/ance r5d]$ by ! late ,fr$ ,c4 ,fag]gr51 =m] sup]9t5d5t ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k2 ,will>d ,e4 ,dilley1 =m] *ief p>k naturali/2 & ,r4 ,alan ,mebane1 =m] assi/ant *ief p>k naturali/4 ,pr(s4 ,*>les ,c4 ,bradley & ,john ,montagne ( ,montana ,/ate ,univ]sity & ,bruno ,j4 ,giletti ( ,br[n ,univ]sity g5]\sly provid$ u ) unpubli%$ data4 ,coop]ators dur+ ! ye>s ( backgr\nd rese>* 7 ! late ,dr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,?omas1 ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,wyom+1 & ,dr4 ,d4 ,l4 ,black/one1 ,jr41 ,*airman1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,geology1 ,univ]sity ( ,wyom+4 ,helpful sugge/ions 7 made by _m ( our colleagues ) ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey2 ,s4 ,s4 ,oriel1 9 p>ticul>1 gave un/9t+ly ( 8 "t & tal5ts 9 ! review & revision ( an e>ly v]sion ( ! manuscript4 ,a lat] v]sion _h ! fur!r b5efit ( critical review by ?ree o!r p1 all exp]i5c$ 9 pres5t+ v>i\s types ( sci5tific data to public gr\ps3 ,john ,m4 ,good1 =m] *ief p>k naturali/ ( ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k2 ,bryan ,h>ry1 =m] assi/ant *ief p>k naturali/ ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k2 & ,ri*>d ,kl9ck1 8#aife ,national ,tea*] ( ! ,ye>40 ,we are indebt$ to ,ann ,c4 ,*ri/ians51 ,geologic ,map ,editor1 = advice & guidance on ! illu/rations & to ,r4 ,c4 ,fuhrmann & 8 /aff = prep>ation ( _m ( ! l9e draw+s4 ,block diagrams & photo artwork 7 prep>$ by ,j4 ,r4 ,/acy & ,r4 ,a4 ,reilly4 ,all photographs )\t specific cr$it l9es are by ! au?ors4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,teton field /udy to edit+ & pro(+ ( ! f9al manuscript1 our wives1 ,jane ,m4 ,love & ,l9da ,h4 ,re$1 h be5 en?usia/ic & indisp5sable p>ticipants4 ,select$ ref]5ces--if y wi% to read fur!r ,blackweld]1 ,eliot1 #aiae1 ,po/-,cretace\s hi/ory ( ! m\nta9s ( c5tral we/]n ,wyom+3 ,j\r4 ,geology1 v4 #bc1 p4 #ig-aag1 #aic-bag1 #cjg-cdj4 ,bradley1 ,f4 ,h41 #ahgc1 ,report on ! geology ( ! ,snake ,riv] di/rict3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,t]r4 #f? ,ann4 ,rept4 7,hayd571 p4 #aij-bga4 ,edmund1 ,r4 ,w41 #aiea1 ,/ructural geology & physiography ( ! nor!rn end ( ! ,teton ,range1 ,wyom+3 ,augu/ana ,libr>y ,pub4 #bc1 #hb p4 ,fryxell1 ,f4 ,m41 #aicj1 ,glacial features ( ,jackson ,hole1 ,wyom+3 ,augu/ana ,libr>y ,pub4 #ac1 #abi p4 ----1 #aich1 ,! ,tetons1 int]pretations ( a m\nta9 l&scape3 ,univ4 ,cali=nia ,press1 ,b]keley1 ,calif41 #gg p4 ,hague1 ,arnold1 #aijd1 ,atlas to accompany ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,monograph #cb on ! geology ( ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k4 ----1 ,idd+s1 ,j4 ,p41 ,we$1 ,w4 ,h41 & o!rs1 #ahii1 ,geology ( ! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,monograph #cb1 ,pt4 #b1 #hic p4 ,h>ry1 ,bryan1 #aifc1 ,teton trails1 a guide to ! trails ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k3 ,gr& ,teton ,natural ,hi/ory ,association1 ,moose1 ,wyo41 #ef p4 ,horb]g1 ,lel&1 #aich1 ,! /ructural geology & physiography ( ! ,teton ,pass area1 ,wyom+3 ,augu/ana ,libr>y ,pub4 #af1 #hf p4 ,hurley1 ,p4 ,m41 #aiei1 ,h[ old is ! e>?83 ,an*or ,books1 ,g>d5 ,city1 ,n4 ,y41 #afj p4 ,ort5burg]1 ,leigh1 #aife1 ,a climb]'s guide to ! ,teton ,range3 ,si]ra ,club1 ,san ,francisco1 #ccf p4 ,/4 ,john1 ,o4 ,h41 #ahhc1 ,report on ! geology ( ! ,w9d ,riv] di/rict3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,geog4 ,survey ,t]r4 #ab? ,ann4 ,rept4 7,hayd571 ,pt4 #a1 p4 #agc-bgj4 ,wyom+ ,geological ,association1 #aief1 ,guidebook1 #aa? annual field conf41 ,jackson ,hole1 ,wyom+1 #aief1 ,casp]1 ,wyo41 #bef p41 incl4 sket* maps1 diagrams1 tables1 & illus41 also geol4 map1 sections1 & *>ts4 ,compos$ ( a s]ies ( individual pap]s by v>i\s au?ors4 ,ab\t ! au?ors ,j4 ,d4 ,love1 a native ( ,wyom+1 receiv$ 8 ba*elor & ma/] ( arts degrees f ! ,univ]sity ( ,wyom+ & 8 doctor ( philosophy degree f ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,8 fir/ field season 9 ! ,teton c\ntry1 9 #aicc1 0 f9anc$ by ! ,geological ,survey ( ,wyom+4 ,aft] #ab ye>s ( geologic "w rang+ f ,new ,engl& to ,utah & ,mi*igan to ,mississippi1 he return$ to ! ,teton region4 ,beg9n+ 9 #aide1 he sp5t p>ts or all ( #bj field seasons 9 & ne> ! ,tetons4 ,he compil$ ! fir/ geologic map ( ,teton ,c\nty4 ,he is ! s5ior au?or ( ! geologic map ( ,wyom+1 & au?or or co-au?or ( m ?an #gj o!r publi%$ maps & pap]s on ! geology ( ,wyom+4 ,9 #aifa1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,wyom+ aw>d$ him an honor>y doctor ( laws degree = 8 "w on uranium deposits t 8l$ to ! developm5t ( ! uranium indu/ry 9 ,wyom+40 ,! ,wyom+ ,geological ,association made him an honor>y life memb] & gave him a special aw>d = 8 geologic /udies ( ! ,teton area4 ,he is a ,fell[ ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica & is active 9 v>i\s o!r geological organizations1 z well z hav+ be5 presid5t ( ! ,wyom+ ,*apt]s ( ,sigma ,xi 7sci5tific honor>y7 & ,phi ,beta ,kappa 7s*ola/ic honor>y7 societies4 ,john ,c4 ,re$1 ,jr41 jo9$ ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey 9 #aiec aft] receiv+ 8 doctor ( philosophy degree f ! ,john ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,8 pr9cipal geologic "w be=e com+ to ! ,teton region 0 9 ,alaska & 9 ! s\!rn ,appala*ians4 ,beg9n+ 9 #aifa1 he sp5t five field seasons /udy+ & mapp+ ! ,precambrian rocks 9 ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k1 includ+ all ! high peaks 9 ! ,teton ,range4 ,he is a not$ m\nta9e]1 a ,fell[ ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 a memb] ( ! ,arctic ,in/itute ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! ,am]ican ,alp9e ,club4 ,8 num]\s publications1 9 addition to ^? on ! ,tetons1 describe ! geology ( m\nta9\s areas 9 ,alaska1 ! ,appala*ians1 & ,utah4 ,index ( select$ t]ms & features ,t]m ,def9$ or describ$ on page ,a amphibolite #ea anticl9es #he ,b badl&s #ad b5tonite #ha biotite #ea bra*iopods #gj ,buffalo ,glaciation #ajf ,bull ,lake ,glaciation #ajh ,burn$ ,ridge mora9e #aaa buttes #ah ,c ,c>bon-#ad #dh c>nivores #ie *lorite #ef cirque #cj climatic optimum #aab ,cordill]an tr\gh #fi ,d diabase #ei dikes #ef dipp+ #ci dolomite #ge ,e 8edgewise0 conglom]ate #gc epo*s #df eras #df erosion #bg erratics #ca extrusive igne\s rocks #df ,f fault #i fault block m\nta9 range #cg fault sc>ps #cg =mations #ff fro/ w$g+ #be ,g geologic #aj glacial /riae #cj gradi5ts #bh ,gr& ,valley ,lake #ie granite #ee granite gneiss #ed gr\ps #dg gypsum #gi ,h h]bivores #ie ,hoback normal fault #ajc hole #h hornbl5de #ea ,i ,ice ,age #aje igne\s rocks #df intrusive igne\s rocks #df ,j ,jackson ,hole #h jade #ee ,k kettle #ca ,l ,l>amide ,revolution #hb lat]al mora9e #cj lay]$ gneisses #ea ,little ,ice ,age #aab loess #ajh ,m magma #fj magnetite #eb m>9e s$im5t>y rocks #ba metamorphic rocks #ec muscovite #ee ,n normal fault #ci nunatak #aaa ,o obsidian #aja oreodonts #ig outwa% #ca outwa% pla9 #ca outwa% t]races #cd ,p pegmatite #ef p]iod #df ,p9$ale ,glaciation #aji ,q qu>tzite #fc ,r rev]se fault #ci rhyolite #ajj rock glaci]s #bf ,s s*i/ #ea s$im5t>y rocks #de s]ies #dg s]p5t9e #ee 8soap/one0 #ee ,sundance ,sea #gi sy/ems #df ,t talus #bd ,t>ghee uplift #hc ,teew9ot ,lake #ib t]m9al mora9e #cj ,tetons #h ,teton fault #cg ?ru/ fault #ci timb]l9e #ae titano!re #ig treel9e #ae ,tric]atops #he trilobites #gj tuff #ib ,w weld$ tuff #aja ,! ,,gr& ,,teton ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,association ,! ,gr& ,teton ,natural ,hi/ory ,association assi/s ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice 9 ! developm5t ( a broad public und]/&+ ( ! geology1 plant & animal life1 hi/ory1 & relat$ subjects p]ta9+ to ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k4 ,x aids 9 ! developm5t ( museums & wayside exhibits1 (f]s = sale publications on natural & human hi/ory1 & coop]ates ) ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ! int]e/ ( ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k4 ,mail ord]s3 ,= a publication li/1 write ! ,gr& ,teton ,natural ,hi/ory ,association1 ,moose1 ,wyom+ #hcjab4 ,creative ,director3 ,c5tury ,,iii ,adv]tis+4 ,inc4 ,design]3 ,les ,hays ,/udios1 ,inc4 ,color ,sep>ations--,assembly--,plates3 ,or5t ,graphic ,arts1 ,inc4 ,type3 ,bodoni & ,go?ic ,pr9t]3 ,omaha ,pr9t+ ,co4 ,pr9t+3 ,(fset ,li?ography4 ,six ,colors on ,cov]s ,two ,colors on ,body ,illu/ration3 ,,geologic ,,map ,,( ,,gr& ,,teton ,,national ,,p>k ,illu/ration3 ,,explanation ,,c5ozoic ,,quat]n>y ,s&1 gravel1 & talus ,includes glacial outwa% & mat]ials deposit$ by pres5t /reams ,l&slide deposits ,mora9e deposits ( ,p9$ale glaci]s ,mora9e deposits ( ,bull ,lake & old] glaci]s ,,t]ti>y ,volcanic rocks ,lava fl[s & volcanic a% ,conglom]ate1 s&/one1 %ale1 clay/one1 m>l1 & pumice ,deposit$ on l& or 9 %all[ lakes ,,mesozoic ,conglom]ate1 s&/one1 %ale1 & coal ,deposit$ on l& ,%ale1 s&/one1 & lime/one ,mo/ly deposit$ 9 %all[ seas ,,paleozoic ,lime/one1 %ale1 & s&/one ,deposit$ 9 %all[ seas ,,precambrian ,diabase dikes ,granite1 gneiss1 & s*i/ ,fault ,da%$ :]e approximately locat$2 dott$ :]e conceal$ b5ea? unfault$ y\ng] deposits4 ,u is on ! side t mov$ up2 ,d1 on ! side t mov$ d[n ,geologic contact ,illu/ration3 ,view s\?we/ f ,lake ,solitude t[>d ! ,gr& ,teton 7"r71 ,mt4 ,ow51 & ,mt4 ,teew9ot4 ,wyom+ ,travel ,commission photo by ,j4 ,r4 ,simon4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr& ,teton1 ,mt4 ,ow51 & ,mt4 ,teew9ot f ,j5ny ,lake ,flat4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice photo by ,w4 ,e4 ,dilley4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,re-arrang$ text 9 captions clos] to ! correspond+ image4 --,exp&$ ambigu\s ref]5ces to illu/rations1 e4g4 8,figure ,d0 to 8,figure #af;,d0 --,add$ "o section head+1 8,! ,fir/ ,big ,lake0 to mat* ! table ( cont5ts4 --,includ$ a transcription ( ! text )9 "s images1 ) e/imat$ scale read+s f *>ts4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4