,! ,art ( ,lead ,burn+ ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,expla9+ ,,! ,,app>atus ,,& ,,processes4 #eb ,,illu/rations4 ,by ,c4 ,h4 ,,fay ,repr9t$ f ,! ,metal ,work]1 ,plumb] & ,/eam ,fitt]4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,david ,,williams ,,company1 #bcb-bch ,william ,/41 ,new ,york1 #aije4 ,copyright$1 #aije4 ,by ,david ,williams ,company4 ,,preface4 ,! my/]y :i* has always surr\nd$ ! "w ( ! lead burn]1 l t ( all o!r h&icrafts outside ( ord9>y occupations1 dissolves "u ! light ( a full k ( ! causes & effects t h a be>+ ^u x4 ,:ile diff]5t works h treat$ on lead burn+1 x is ! object ( ?is special treatise to expla9 fully 9 detail e "p ( ! app>atus & fixtures 9 common use1 z well z _! application1 s t ! c>eful read] may und]/& & acquire ! art ( lead burn+ by obs]v+ scrupul\sly ! rules laid d[n & devot+ suffici5t "t to practice to ma/] x4 ,?is in/ruction1 giv5 by text & illu/ration1 is only pres5t$ aft] ! dang]\s p[] ( hydrog5 gas :5 misus$ is ?or\ghly impress$ on ! read]4 ,x w\ld be well = all :o hope to become lead burn]s to devote sev]al ev5+s1 ) an int]val betwe51 to a ?or\gh /udy ( ! *apt]s on hydrog5 gas & its prop]ties be=e tak+ any fur!r /eps4 ,to ^? :o h n _h previ\s exp]i5ce ) *emicals & gases ?is prelim9>y /udy is indisp5sable = _! own safety1 = ! successful op]ation ( ! app>atus & to insure satisfactory "w4 ,:5 fully famili> ) ! prop]ties ( hydrog5 gas & ! necessity ( be+ c>eful :5 x is us$ little difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 acquir+ a full k ( ! app>atus & fixtures4 ,! art ( burn+ ! lead c only be acquir$ by practice1 & ei!r quickly or sl[ly1 z ! op]ator may be quick & skillful 9 acquir+ any h&icraft4 ,9 addition to describ+ :at has be5 common practice = _m ye>s1 ! treatise conta9s a description ( a new ma*9e & burn] :i* has only rec5tly become available to lead burn]s4 ,x also describes ! me?od ( lead burn+ ) ! use ( illum9at+ gas & a sold]+ flux4 ,a *apt] is devot$ to s(t sold]+ & ,britannia metal "w1 :i* is l>gely us$ 9 ! equipm5t ( b>s & re/aurants1 ! v>i\s jo9ts be+ m easily made ) a bl[ pipe ?an by any o!r me?od4 ,z ! workman :o hopes to pr(it by read+ ?is book c by a little neglig5ce make a great deal ( tr\ble = himself & o!rs1 caution & great c>e are advis$ :5ev] he is at "w4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt]4 ,,page4 ,i4 ,introduction #i ,,ii4 ,! ,app>atus #ae ,,iii4 ,hydrog5 ,gas #ah ,,iv4 ,! ,con/ruction ( ! ,g5]ator #bf ,v4 ,mak+ ! ,gas to ,burn ! ,g5]ator #ci ,,vi4 ,connect+ ! ,app>atus #ee ,,vii4 ,*>g+ ! ,g5]ator #fd ,,viii4 ,! ,flame & ,its ,managem5t #gc ,,ix4 ,! ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,seams #hj ,x4 ,pipe ,seams #ajj ,,xi4 ,acid ,*amb] ,"w #ajh ,,xii4 ,special ,hydrog5 ,app>atus & ,burn] #aai ,,xiii4 ,s(t ,sold]+ ) ! ,m\? ,bl[ ,pipe #abg ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,9 compil+ a treatise on ! subject ( lead burn+ too mu* /ress _c be laid ^u ! fact t ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to obs]ve ! smalle/ details & to foll[ c>efully e sugge/ion 9 reg>d to safety4 ,i am aw>e ( ! responsibility re/+ ^u me 9 plac+ ?is article into hundr$s ( h&s1 comp>atively ignorant ( ! dang] involv$ 9 h&l+ s mu* hydrog51 )\t ?or\ghly in/ruct+ !m 9 detail z to its use4 ,i may be excus$1 !re=e1 if1 = t reason1 "s ( ! explanations are s simple z to seem ridicul\s2 b my aim is to pres5t to ! trade a treatise t c be reli$ ^u to be free f !ory t has n be5 ?or\ghly tri$ & te/$1 s t ! beg9n] c be sure t1 if he foll[s directions z pr9t$1 no?+ b satisfaction to him c result4 ,/udy ! ,*apt] on ,hydrog5 ,gas4 ,i _c too /rongly recomm5d t ! beg9n] /udy ! *apt] on hydrog5 gas until ! ma9 po9ts are memoriz$ & cle>ly und]/ood4 ,! exp]im5ts %\ld be p]=m$ & ! result c>efully not$ = future ref]5ce be=e attempt+ to use ! g5]ator4 ,x is "t well sp5t to ma/] ! te*nical p>ts ?or\ghly be=e attempt+ ! me*anical "p4 ,!n :5 a man takes up ! me*anical he w d s ) an intellig5t und]/&+ ( :at he is do+1 & any little tr\ble :i* may !n arise c be quickly ov]come4 ,ano!r ?+ to be obs]v$ is to avoid n]v\sness4 ,a n]v\s p]son _c d ?is "w ) any degree ( satisfaction1 z x requires a cool head & a /eady h& & a va/ am\nt ( pati5ce to burn ! upright & inv]t$ seams4 ,lead ,burn+ ,expla9$4 ,lead burn+ is ! process ( fus+ two pieces ( lead toge!r )\t ! use ( sold]4 ,! process consi/s 9 melt+ ! edges toge!r1 a drop at a "t1 & :5 done ) hydrog5 gas & ! bl[ pipe is call$ ! 8autog5\s process40 ,lead c be fus$ ) gasol9e or illum9at+ gas by ! use ( ! comp\nd bl[ pipe2 b1 z ord9>y gases give an oxidiz+ flame & require a flux1 x is n consid]$ a practical me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,lead ,burn+ ,app>atus4 ,lead is us$ ext5sively 9 l9+ tanks made to conta9 pickle dips1 hot cyanide solution1 /orage batt]ies1 acid tanks = manufactur+ jewelry & wat] closet tanks1 z wat] 9 _m cases conta9s l>ge quantities ( lime & o!r deposits :i* rapidly de/roy ! sold] us$ on copp] l9+s4 ,tanks us$ = ! above purposes mu/ be l9$ ) lead & ! seams burn$1 z acids attack ! t9 9 sold]s & de/roy !m4 ,! dem& = ! "w is rapidly increas+ :]e x is introduc$4 ,i h demon/rat$ to _m manufactur]s t ?is is ! *eape/ me?od kn[n1 z x gives a p]man5t solution ( ! problem h[ to keep a *emical tank tight4 ,me?od ( ,mak+ ,lead ,l9$ ,tanks4 ,! mo/ common me?od resort$ to 9 _m l>ge factories is to make ! tanks out ( v heavy cypress lumb]1 free f any knots or blemi%es4 ,! jo9ts are c>efully dovetail$ & fitt$ toge!r1 & long bolts are us$ to draw ! jo9ts & keep !m f leak+4 ,usually x takes f ?ree to f\r days to complete "o small tank1 only to h x leak 9 a few mon?s2 :]eas ! same tank c be built 9 a few h\rs ( any *eap lumb]1 & !n1 :5 x is l9$ ) lead ( a prop] ?ickness & ! seams burn$ x w usually la/ = an indef9ite p]iod1 !reby sav+ floors &1 _m times1 co/ly plat+ solutions4 ,! mo/ common argum5t put =? by manufactur]s is t ! bottoms ( lead l9$ tanks are soon cut out1 ow+ to dropp+ %>p pieces ( metal into !m4 ,?is difficulty c be be/ ov]come by plac+ a slatt$ bottom ( wood 9 ! tank1 hold+ ! same 9 place ) /rips ( %eet lead1 "o end ( :i* has be5 previ\sly burn$ to ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,^! /rips are to be br\ght up ?r\gh ! slats & !n b5t ov] ! top ( !m4 ,?is w keep ! wood f float+1 & is ! only practical way to d x1 z ! false bottoms soon decay1 & c be easily remov$ & replac$ by simply b5d+ back ! /rips ( lead4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4 ,s(t sold]1 z ref]r$ to "h1 means sold] t melts at a temp]ature ( #cjj degrees or less1 & is s call$ because ( ! l[ heat requir$ to fuse ! sold]4 ,x is us$ almo/ exclusively on ! quick melt+ metals & compositions1 su* z block t9 pipes & ,britannia metal4 ,x is also us$ by patt]n mak]s 9 sold]+ :ite metal1 z x requires b v little heat to sweat x ?r\gh heavy articles4 ,x %\ld n be us$ to jo9 any pipes :i* convey hot wat] or o!r hot liquids1 z x is readily act$ ^u & de/roy$4 7,! composition ( ^! sold]s is expla9$ 9 a special *apt]47 ,! *apt]s on bl[ pipe "w1 also on b> "w1 w alone turn _m doll>s into ! pockets ( ! plumb]s :o h c\rage & ambition to acquire ?is l9e ( "w4 ,_m times small leaks occur 9 difficult places t c be readily repair$ by ! use ( ! bl[ pipe & a common c&le4 ,! l9+ ( b>s ) ,britannia metal is com+ m & m into g5]al practice1 & x usually requires a speciali/ 9 ?is l9e to d ! "w4 ,! sold]+ ( ?is metal ) a bl[ pipe & an alcohol tor* is an easy matt]1 & is describ$ 9 a special *apt]4 ,!re is no reason :y ?is "w %\ld n be done by a plumb]1 p>ticul>ly 9 small cities & t[ns1 & to aid su* z h n _h ! opportunity to famili>ize !mselves ) su* "w ,i app5d su* diagrams z may seem useful & necess>y4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,app>atus4 ,! app>atus us$ = lead burn+ is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,x consi/s ( a gas g5]ator1 ,a2 an air hold]1 ,b1 & pump1 ,c2 mix+ =k1 e1 & necess>y cocks1 f & g2 comb9$ scrubb+ cup & fire trap1 h2 bl[ pipe & tips1 i4 ,! g5]ator consi/s ( an acid *amb]1 j1 & a gas *amb]1 k4 ,^! are connect$ ) an acid supply pipe1 l1 :i* conducts ! acid f ! acid *amb] to ! gas *amb]1 & also s]ves z a balance pipe4 ,?is feature makes ! g5]ator automatic 9 its action1 = z soon z ! gas 9 ! gas *amb] gets up suffici5t pressure1 ! acid 9 ! gas *amb] k is driv5 sl[ly back ?r\gh ! acid supply pipe l & up into ! acid *amb] j1 :]e x is held until gas is us$4 ,:5 ! acid desc5ds & subm]ges ! z9c m gas is g5]at$1 replac+ t :i* has be5 us$4 ,?is =m ( g5]ator w nev] bl[ acid l ! float+ g5]ator4 ,! requirem5ts ( a hydrog5 g5]ator = lead burn+ are t x %\ld be safe1 economical & automatic 9 its action4 ,x mu/ be s con/ruct$ t x w g5]ate gas en\gh to keep ! supply con/ant1 & deliv] x at suffici5t pressure to keep ! flame /eady4 ,x mu/ also be provid$ ) a comb9ation fire trap & scrubb+ cup4 ,?is w prev5t ! explosion ( ! g5]ator by fir+ ! gas 9 ! hose4 ,?is trap mu/ be p>tly fill$ ) a solution ( blue vitriol to act z a precipitation cup4 7,?is is treat$ "u ! head ( 8,scrubb+ ,cup407 ,! *ief dang] ) an app>atus ( ?is sort is its liability to accid5t by ! c>eless use ( ! gas1 &1 z a mixture ( hydrog5 & air is v explosive1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to exhau/ all ! air 9 ! g5]ator & tubes be=e attempt+ to light ! gas at ! bl[ pipe4 ,! only way to make sure t ! air is exhau/$ is to te/ ! gas1 z describ$ "u ! head ( 8,! ,flame & ,its ,managem5t40 ,a ,few ,cautions4 ,x is a v s5sible idea to keep spectators away f ! g5]ator1 z !y are v apt to /rike mat*es or tread on ! tubes1 9 spite ( w>n+s to be cauti\s1 = if !re %\ld be a leak1 ev5 s slight z to be h>dly detect$1 x w\ld cause a viol5t explosion1 & z hydrog5 is bo? odorless & colorless1 ?is c\ld easily happ5 )\t be+ notic$4 ,?is is probably ! orig9 ( ! app>5t secrecy ) :i* a lead burn] usually surr\nds himself4 ,if an explosion %\ld occur 9 ! tubes & !y %\ld cat* fire1 ! op]ator mu/ h pres5ce ( m9d en\gh to rea* ! gas cock on ! g5]ator & close x4 ,if gas explodes 9 ! g5]ator1 all t c be done is to dodge ! fly+ pieces & make a new g5]ator4 ,if su* an incid5t %\ld occur & vitriol %\ld spatt] on ! p]son do+ ! "w1 or 8 assi/ant1 a solution ( bic>bonate ( soda or common wa%+ soda %\ld be at once appli$ to ! w\nds4 ,if t _c be procur$1 grease or oil ( "s k9d %\ld be us$ )\t delay1 rubb+ x on ! spots :]e ! acid burns1 & ?is w neutralize ! acid & s prev5t x do+ fur!r damage4 ,!re %\ld be no tr\ble ( ?is sort 9 ! h&s ( a c>eful workman4 ,! wat*word %\ld be1 8,te/ ! gas be=e us+40 ,if ?is is done1 explosions w nev] occur4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,hydrog5 ,,gas4 ,?is elem5t 0 discov]$ by ,cav5di% 9 #agff1 & 0 call$ by him inflammable air4 ,! "n hydrog5 is d]iv$ f two ,greek words1 "o signify+ 8wat]0 & ! o!r 8to g5]ate10 on acc\nt ( its =m+ wat] :5 burnt4 ,x occurs 9 its free /ate 9 ! bases ( volcanoes1 & by ! aid ( ! spectroscope has be5 detect$ 9 ! sun & />s4 ,x *iefly exi/s 9 comb9ation ) oxyg5 z wat]1 & is an important con/itu5t ( all vegetable & animal sub/ances4 ,hydrog5 is obta9$ by ! decomposition ( wat] 9 v>i\s ways4 ,on a l>ge scale1 ne>ly pure hydrog5 may be prep>$ by pass+ /eam ov] *>coal1 or coke1 heat$ to a dull r$ness4 ,if ! temp]ature be kept suffici5tly l[ hydrog5 & c>bon dioxide w be ! sole products1 & ! latt] may be remov$ by caus+ x to trav]se a vessel fill$ ) slak$ lime1 b if ! temp]ature be all[$ to rise too high1 or an excess ( air be admitt$1 c>bon monoxide is also produc$1 & _c be remov$ f ! mixture4 ,pure hydrog5 is a colorless1 odorless1 transp>5t & ta/eless gas1 & has nev] be5 liquefi$4 ,x is v slightly soluble 9 wat]4 ,x is ! lighte/ ( all kn[n bodies & is n poison\s1 al?\gh x _c support life1 & if mix$ ) a c]ta9 proportion ( oxyg5 x c be brea!d = a consid]able l5g? ( "t )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,x is highly inflammable1 & burns 9 ! air ) an almo/ colorless1 nonlum9\s flame1 =m+ wat]4 ,a burn+ tap] is ext+ui%$ :5 plung$ into hydrog51 & all bodies :i* burn 9 ! air are incapable ( burn+ 9 hydrog54 ,hydrog5 does n spontane\sly ent] into reaction ) any ( ! elem5ts1 al?\gh x has a p[]ful aff9ity = sev]al ( !m4 ,?us1 :5 hydrog5 & oxyg5 are mix$ no?+ occurs1 b if a light$ spl9t is introduc$ a viol5t explosion ensues1 wat] be+ produc$4 ,simil>ly *lor9e & hydrog5 are )\t action ^u ea* o!r 9 ! d>k1 b if ! mixture is expos$ to a bright light1 or if heat$ by ! passage ( an electric sp>k1 ! gases are at once comb9$ ) explosive viol5ce1 =m+ hydro*loric acid4 ,hydrog5 is usually prep>$ by ! action ( z9c or iron on a solution ( hydro*loric or sulphuric acid4 ,all metals :i* decompose wat] :5 heat$ readily furni% hydrog51 on treatm5t ) hydro*loric or sulphuric acid4 ,_m o!r metals ent] m or less readily 7al?\gh none s readily7 into reaction ) ^! acids4 ,also1 _m o!r acids ?an sulphuric or hydro*loric acids may be us$1 b none acts s quickly4 ,9 all cases ! action consi/s ( ! displacem5t ( ! hydrog5 ( ! acid by ! metal employ$1 & if ! acid is n "o :i* c ent] into reaction ) ! displac$ hydrog51 ! latt] is also evolv$ z gas4 ,if pure gas is requir$ x is necess>y to employ pure z9c or iron1 z ! impurities 9 ! ord9>y metal communicate an extremely disagreeable odor to ! gas4 ,! pure gas is n absolutely ess5tial = lead burn+1 & ow+ to _! be+ mu* *eap]1 & also on acc\nt ( _! increas$ quickness ( action1 ! comm]cial qualities ( sulphuric acid & z9c are employ$ 9 ! g5]ator describ$4 ,! comm]cial z9c is kn[n z spelt] & is sold 9 pigs or blocks1 :i* are easily brok5 into fragm5ts1 l /ove coal1 ) a heavy hamm]4 ,! comm]cial sulphuric acid is kn[n z oil ( vitriol & is sold by ! p\nd4 ,! acid _c be employ$ 9 its pure /ate1 b mu/ be r$uc$ ) wat] 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( acid to sev5 p>ts ( w>m wat]4 ,!y mu/ be mix$ by add+ ! acid sl[ly to ! wat]2 nev] ! wat] to ! acid4 ,! comb9ation ( acid & wat] ent]s at once into reaction & always g5]ates heat1 & ! result ( add+ wat] to acid w\ld be small explosions4 ,!re w\ld be dang] ( ! acid fly+ on "o's clo!s or into ! eyes4 ,! mixture %\ld nev] be /rong] ?an six p>ts ( wat] to "o ( acid4 ,! beg9n] w obs]ve f ! above t ! g5]ator _c be cr[d$ by mak+ ! acid solution /rong4 ,hydrog5 is a peculi> gas & also a dang]\s "o = "o ignorant ( its peculi>ities to exp]im5t )1 & 9 ord] to ?or\ghly und]/& x ! foll[+ exp]im5ts %\ld be demon/rat$1 :i* c be done ) little exp5se4 ,! beg9n] %\ld note ! result ( ea* exp]im5t z demon/rat$1 & c>efully commit ! same to memory = future ref]5ce4 ,exp]im5t #a4 ,te/ = ,hydrog54--,fill a small j> or wide m\!d bottle ) hydrog54 ,?is is done by fir/ fill+ ! bottle ) wat]1 ins]t+ ! end ( ! tube f ! hydrog5 g5]ator1 hav+ fir/ exhau/$ ! air 9 ! tube1 !n quickly inv]t+ ! bottle & plac+ ! neck1 ,fig4 #b1 9 a pan ( wat] 7,a72 ! wat] w /ay 9 ! bottle4 ,n[ turn on ! hydrog54 ,! gas1 be+ light] ?an wat]1 w rise to ! top ( ! bottle 7,b71 drive out ! wat]1 & replace x ) pure hydrog51 :i* %\ld be free f air4 ,remove ! bottle f ! pan ( wat]1 keep+ x inv]t$4 ,?ru/ a light$ spl9t into ! bottle4 ,! gas w light & burn at ! m\? ( ! bottle4 ,if ! spl9t is ?ru/ f> into ! bottle x w g out4 ,drops ( wat] collect 9 ! bottle4 ,burn+ is a union ) oxyg52 !re=e1 ! burn+ ( ! hydrog5 %[s t x has an aff9ity = oxyg54 ,! spl9t goes out because ! hydrog5 does n support combu/ion4 ,if no air is all[$ to get into x ! gas _c burn or explode4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,exp]im5t ,no4 #a4 ,exp]im5t #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,exp]im5t ,no4 #b4 ,prov+ ,t ,hydrog5 is ,light] ,?an ,air4--,br+ an inv]t$ bottle ( hydrog5 close to an empty bottle1 also inv]t$1 ,fig4 #b4 ,gradually tip ! bottle conta9+ hydrog5 7,a7 until x is br\ght to an upright position b5ea? ! empty bottle4 ,te/ ! bottles = hydrog54 ,! hydrog5 w be f\nd 9 ! bottle 7,b7 t 0 at fir/ empty1 prov+ t hydrog5 is light] ?an air1 z x has ris5 9 ! empty bottle1 displac+ ! air t 0 9 x4 ,if ! bottle ( hydrog5 is left 9 an upright position )\t a cov] = a few mom5ts ! gas w entirely disappe>4 ,exp]im5t #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,exp]im5t ,no4 #c4 ,! ,effect ( ,mix+ ,hydrog5 & ,air4--,half fill a bottle ) wat] & inv]t x 9 a pan ( wat]1 ,fig4 #c1 leav+ ! upp] half fill$ ) air4 ,displace ! air 9 ! bottle ) hydrog51 !n ?ru/ a light$ spl9t into ! bottle1 & ! gas w light ) an explosion4 ,:5 ! bottle 0 half fill$ ) wat] ! o!r half 0 air4 ,! hydrog5 took ! place ( ! wat]1 s t ! bottle conta9$ equal quantities ( hydrog5 & air4 ,:5 ! hydrog5 0 light$ x comb9$ ) ! oxyg5 9 ! air4 ,! union ( ! two gases caus$ ! explosion1 prov+ t ! comb9$ gases are v explosive4 ,exp]im5t #d4 ,to ,make ,hydrog5 ,f ,wat]4--,drop a piece ( potassium into a little wat] & cov] x4 ,! potassium floats on ! wat] & soon burns4 ,potassium acts vigor\sly on cold wat]1 sett+ free hydrog51 & unites ) p>ts ( x to =m 8cau/ic pota%40 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,g5]ator4 ,! con/ruction ( ! g5]ator is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! me*anical "p ( ! bus9ess1 & to simplify ?is a complete set ( ref]5ce draw+s has be5 con/ruct$ & is h]e) giv54 ,! assembl+ ( ! p>ts %\ld be cle>1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! p]spective draw+ ( ! complet$ app>atus1 & any me*anic ( ord9>y ability %\ld be able to con/ruct ?is g5]ator )\t any tr\ble4 ,! foll[+ bill ( mat]ial %\ld fir/ be pur*as$3 ,"o -in* :itewood bo>d #aj in*es wide & #h feet #f in*es long4 ,"o -in* :itewood bo>d #ab in*es wide & #d feet #f in*es long4 ,"o piece ( #f-p\nd %eet lead #c feet wide & #f feet #f in*es long4 ,?ree -in* female hose end gas cocks4 ,"o piece ( -in* brass tub+ #b feet long4 ,"o foot ( -in* lead pipe4 ,"o #d-;in* *>g+ screw4 ,"o #a-;in* clean+ screw4 ,mak+ ! ,*>g+ & ,clean+ ,screws4 ,^! goods c be readily pur*as$ f deal]s1 ) ! exception ( ! *>g+ & clean+ screws4 ,!y c be made 9 any brass f\ndry4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! *>g+ & clean+ screws is ! size4 ,! *>g+ screw1 ,fig4 #e1 %\ld be at lea/ #d in*es 9 diamet]1 or l>ge en\gh to pass ! h& ?r\gh1 :ile ! clean+ screw %\ld be #a in*es 9 diamet]1 or l>ge en\gh to pass ov] a #a-;in* pipe4 ,a piece ( %eet lead is fitt$ into ! cov]1 z %[n at a1 to protect ! metal f ! acid4 ,s(t putty is us$ = a pack+1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,! ,*>g+ ,screw4 ,! be/1 al?\gh a m exp5sive1 *>g+ screw is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,z w be se5 f ! cut1 x consi/s ( a base1 k2 cov]1 d2 clamp1 e1 & screw1 f4 ,! base is simply a pla9 iron or brass r+1 #d in*es 9 diamet]1 in* ?ick & #a in* high4 ,! bottom is to be fac$ smoo?1 :ile ! top is recess$ #c-af in* deep to receive ! %eet lead & pack+ ( putty1 z at a4 ,two nubs1 b & b1 are ca/ on opposite sides1 z %[n1 to act z grips = ! clamp c4 ,^! nubs are in* long & project out f ! body ( ! base in*1 & are made suffici5tly /rong to /& ! /ra9 ( ! screw4 ,! cov] d is made ( ! same mat]ial z ! base1 ! c5t] be+ rais$1 z %[n1 to give x /r5g?4 ,ca/ directly 9 ! c5t] & on ! top is ! nub e1 in* high & in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is is drill$ to receive ! -in* screw f4 ,a groove #a-af in* wide & #a-af in* deep is cut all ar\nd ! bottom ( ! screw1 z %[n at i4 ,a hole is !n drill$ ?r\gh ! side ( ! nub e1 & 9 l9e ) ! slot i4 ,a p9 c !n be driv5 ?r\gh ! hole & w pass ?r\gh ! slot i1 mak+ a swivel jo9t t w connect ! cov] & screw toge!r4 ,! screw f is made ( -in* r\nd iron suffici5tly long to give an action ( ab\t #a in*4 ,! top at n is fil$ squ>e to receive a :eel su* z is us$ on a common gate valve4 ,a long ?read %\ld !n be cut on ?is screw4 ,! clamp c is made a half circle 9 %ape1 s z to cle> ! cov] ) ease4 ,x %\ld be in* wide1 flat on ! "u side1 :ile ! top side %\ld h a rib ca/ on x to prev5t spr++4 ,! top at g %\ld be re9=c$ ) metal & made heavy en\gh to /& drill+ & tapp+ to receive ! screw f4 ,a wood patt]n c be made = ^! p>ts1 & !y c !n be mold$ 9 any brass or iron f\ndry4 ,9 mak+ ! patt]ns !y %\ld be cut d[n z mu* z possible1 s z to make ! f9i%$ article z light z is consi/5t ) ! /r5g? requir$4 ,! same directions w answ] = ! clean+ screw4 ,! hole to receive ! %eet lead ov] ! clean+ screw %\ld n be ov] #a in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! re/ ( ! screw %\ld be made 9 proportion to ?is hole4 ,! advantage ( ?is screw ov] o!rs is t x does n wr5* ! %eet lead 9 mak+ x up1 &1 ow+ to its con/ruction1 x is always sure to make a tight jo9t )\t /ra9+ ! g5]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,! ,be/ ,*>g+ ,screw4 ,build+ ! ,frame4 ,! frame c be made ( galvaniz$ iron1 b wood is mu* sup]ior1 z x reta9s ! heat g5]at$ 9 ! gas *amb] mu* bett]4 ,to make ! frame take ! -in* bo>d & cut (f two pieces1 #aj in*es squ>e1 ,a & ,b 9 ,fig4 #h2 #e in*es f "o side & #b in*es f ! back ( "o ( ^! pieces bore a #a-;in* hole1 ,c1 & c\nt]s9k x4 ,?is is = ! acid supply pipe to pass ?r\gh4 ,^! pieces are int5d$ = %elves ^u :i* to re/ ! acid & gas *amb]s4 ,cut ! rema9+ bo>d into two pieces #ch in*es long4 ,lay ^! two bo>ds toge!r4 ,five in*es f ! side & #c in*es f ! bottom bore a #a-;in* hole1 d4 ,!n saw out a ,v-%ap$ piece1 ,fig4 #g4 ,?is w =m ! legs ( ! g5]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,mak+ ! ,acid ,*amb]4 ,take a squ>e1 & #ab in*es f ! top ( ^! bo>ds draw ! l9es e & e4 ,tw5ty-two in*es bel[ ^! l9es draw ! l9es f & f4 ,^! l9es repres5t ! tops ( ! %elves4 ,! %elves %\ld be nail$ or screw$ into place4 ,! %elf ,b %\ld be plac$ on ! top1 keep+ ! hole ,c to ! back4 ,take ! -in* bo>d & cut two pieces to measure #ab #ac in*es & two pieces #aa #ab in*es4 ,^! =m ! sides ( ! acid & gas *amb]s4 ,! two #ab #ac in* bo>ds =m ! sides ( ! acid *amb] & ! #aa #ab in* bo>ds ! sides ( ! gas *amb]4 ,directly 9 ! c5t] & #a in*es f ! bottom ( "o ( ! #aa #ab in* bo>ds bore a #a-;in* hole4 ,! rema9+ piece %\ld be saw$ out1 leav+ a hole at g4 ,?is is s t ! bo>d c be remov$ 9 case ( a leak )\t di/urb+ ! clean+ screw4 ,^! pieces %\ld be fitt$ to _! places ) r\nd head screws1 & if prop]ly done w =m an acid *amb] :i* w measure #aj #aj #ab in*es1 & ! gas *amb] w measure #aj #aj #aj in*es4 ,! acid *amb] mu/ be l>g] ?an ! gas *amb]1 to all[ ! full *>ge ( acid to be us$ )\t ov]fl[+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,mak+ ! ,%elves & ! ,p]=at$ ,bottom4 ,n[ fit ! %eet lead4 ,six-p\nd is pl5ty heavy = ?is g5]ator & w la/ a lifetime4 ,cut x z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 ,a & ,b4 ,=m ! lead s t ! seams :5 f9i%$ w come on ! outside1 z 9 case ( a leak 9 a seam x c !n be easily repair$ by remov+ "o ( ! bo>ds4 ,! project+ edges ( lead %\ld be dress$ ov] ! edges ( ! top to protect ! wood f ! acid1 b d n fa/5 !m1 z ! tanks w h to be remov$ & ! seams burn$4 ,n[ cut ! piece ( lead ,c to =m ! top ( ! gas *amb]4 ,none is ne$$ = ! acid *amb]1 z x mu/ be left op5 s t no resi/ance w be (f]$ to ! action ( ! gas on ! acid4 ,five in*es f ! side & #b in*es f ! back ( ?is piece cut a hole1 d1 ,fig4 #h1 #a in*es 9 diamet]1 & dress x up ) ! b5d+ iron to #a in*es 9 diamet]1 tak+ c>e to pres]ve ! ?ickness ( ! metal4 ,?is is = ! acid supply pipe to pass ?r\gh4 ,?ree in*es f ! side & #c in*es f ! front cut a -in* hole1 e4 ,?is is ! gas outlet4 ,?ree & "o-half in*es f ! opposite side & #d in*es f ! front cut ! hole f1 #b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,dress ?is up & ov] ! flange ( ! *>g+ screw a1 ,fig4 #f4 ,?is may seem a difficult ?+ to d1 b lead mu/ be work$ sl[ly4 ,heat+ ! lead :ile dress+ x w help wond]fully4 ,if x is n possible to make a good job 9 ?is mann]1 !n cut ! hole #d in*es 9 diamet] & burn 9 a coll> suffici5tly big to dress ov] & cov] ! flange ( ! screw4 ,?is is to prev5t acid f com+ into contact ) ! screw & de/roy+ x4 ,treat ! clean+ screw 9 ! same mann]4 ,! location ( ?is screw is 9 ! c5t] & z close z possible to ! bottom ( ! gas *amb]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h at j4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,%[+ ! ,p]=at$ ,spelt] ,%elf 9 ,place 9 ! ,g5]ator4 ,x is necess>y to h a false p]=at$ bottom 9 ! gas *amb] to re/ ! z9c ^u & also to keep x above ! solution4 ,to make & support ?is bottom take a piece ( %eet lead #ad in*es squ>e1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 & =m x 9 ! %ape ( a pan1 :i* w drop easily into ! gas *amb] k1 ,fig4 #h4 ,a piece ( #a or #b in* lead pipe1 #b in*es long1 n1 %\ld be burn$ on ! c5t] ( ! false bottom1 to prev5t ! c5t] f sagg+ ) ! weight ( z9c4 ,!n pun* ! bottom ,o1 ,fig4 #h1 full ( -in* holes4 ,a #a-;in* hole1 y1 %\ld also be cut 9 l9e ) ! holes = ! acid supply pipe4 ,remove ! tanks & burn ! seams4 ,place ! tanks back 9 place4 ,!n take a piece ( ! -in* brass pipe1 #a in*es long4 ,cut a ?read on "o end1 t9 ! o!r end1 & burn x to ! top ( ! gas *amb] at e2 also ! coll> = ! *>g+ screw4 ,!n place ! p]=at$ bottom 9 ! gas *amb]1 tak+ c>e to keep ! holes = ! acid supply pipe 9 l9e4 ,d n make any mi/ake 9 putt+ 9 ?is bottom4 ,its use is to act z a %elf to hold ! z9c1 & if put 9 prop]ly x w hold ! z9c ab\t #b in*es above ! real bottom4 ,! top ( ! gas *amb] c %\ld !n be burn$ 94 ,n[ by measur+ f9d ! exact l5g? ( ! acid supply pipe1 ,fig4 #g1 i4 ,?is pipe %\ld ext5d f ! bottom ( ! acid *amb] o to ! bottom ( ! gas *amb] p1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,f "o end ( ?is pipe sev]al ,v-%ap$ pieces %\ld be cut1 p1 ab\t #a in* deep4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ p>ticul> p>ts ( ! app>atus1 z ?is is :]e ! automatic action comes 91 & great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 cutt+ ^! holes n to h any ( !m come clos] to ! p]=at$ bottom ?an #a in*4 ,if ?is 7 n obs]v$ ! acid w\ld be con/antly 9 contact ) ! z9c1 & w\ld rapidly get up pressure ( gas suffici5t to bl[ acid out ( ! upp] tank1 & ! extra gas w\ld escape ?r\gh ! acid supply pipe 9 bl[s4 ,9 fact1 x w\ld make ! g5]ator useless4 ,?is is ! tr\ble ) ! ,fr5* app>atus4 ,! acid1 hav+ no place to exp& 91 is con/antly com+ into contact ) ! z9c1 & unless ! gas is be+ us$ z fa/ z g5]at$ x w bl[ acid out ( ! acid hold]1 mak+ a bad mess1 besides be+ v wa/eful4 ,n[ flange ! o!r end ( ?is pipe to fit ! c\nt]sunk bottom ( ! acid *amb]4 ,place ! pipe 9 position & burn x to ! bottom ( ! acid *amb] & to ! top ( ! gas *amb] n1 ,fig4 #g4 ,"o ( ! -in* gas cocks %\ld be screw$ on ! brass nipple on top ( ! gas *amb]4 ,?is w complete ! gas g5]ator4 ,x w make a bett] job if ! back ( ! g5]ator be bo>d$ tight & a door made to fit ! space betwe5 ! bottom ( ! acid *amb] & ! top ( ! gas *amb] 9 front4 ,x is v conv5i5t to h x fix$ 9 ?is mann]1 z 9 %ipp+ x f "o po9t to ano!r ! tubes & o!r incid5tals c be plac$ 9 ! space s made & %ipp$ ) safety4 ,!re is no objection to ! acid & gas *amb]s be+ made 9 ! %ape ( cyl9d]s1 in/ead ( squ>e1 if s desir$1 b if made circul> !y %\ld be made to fit ! frame tightly to prev5t j>r+ & ev5tually break+ ! seams4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,gas ,,to ,,burn ,,! ,,g5]ator4 ,9 t[ns suppli$ ) illum9at+ gas x is a comp>atively simple op]ation to burn ! lead l9+ = ! g5]ator1 b = ! conv5i5ce ( ^? :o _c obta9 gas x is necess>y to give "s me?od by :i* ! g5]ator c be burn$4 ,! me?od describ$ w answ] = illum9at+ gas z well z = gasol9e4 ,to g5]ate gas f gasol9e is a simple op]ation4 ,to d ?is1 take a common #a-;gallon oil c1 remove ! top ( c screw & pun* a -in* hole 9 ! c5t] ( x4 ,!n make a tube ( t9 t w pass ?r\gh ?is hole1 suffici5tly long to ext5d half way to ! bottom & project #b in*es outside ( c screw1 & sold] ?is tube 9 place4 ,?is project+ tube is = ! purpose ( connect+ to ! air hold]4 ,remove ! sp\t ( ! c & replace x ) "o to :i* ! hose c be connect$4 ,n[ fill ! c two-?irds full ( gasol9e1 b n full en\gh to cov] ! gas outlet1 else x w\ld be likely to =ce gasol9e out in/ead ( gas4 ,aft] ?is is done1 screw ! c screw 9 place1 ! long end ( ! tube ext5d+ into ! gasol9e1 z %[n 9 j1 ,fig4 #i4 ,a hose connection is n[ to be made ) an air hold]4 ,z x is necess>y to h an air hold] bo? = ?is process & ! hydrog5 gas process1 me?ods w be describ$ = mak+ air hold]s :i* c be us$ = ei!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,gas ,app>atus = ,burn+ ! ,g5]ator4 ,air ,hold]s4 ,diff]5t lead burn]s h diff]5t views on ?is subject4 ,"s pref] ! bell[s1 ) a conta9$ air hold]2 "s ! air hold] built l a gasomet]1 :ile o!rs use an air hold] simil> to ! g5]ator 9 con/ruction4 ,^! all h _! advantages4 ,= my "p1 ,i own & use all ?ree4 ,! advantage ( ! bell[s is t x c be easily transport$ & does ! "w p]fectly1 b x requires con/ant pump+1 :i* soon tires ! help]1 & = t reason c\ld n be us$ on jobs requir+ m ?an f\r or five h\rs' labor4 ,! gasomet] /yle ( air hold] is ! easie/ to use1 if "o does n employ a help] & has a l>ge am\nt ( "w to d4 ,! pressure c be regulat$ to suit ! "w by plac+ "o or m weights ^u x until ! desir$ pressure is obta9$4 ,x does n require pump+ up m ?an ?ree or f\r times a day1 :i* is its pr9cipal virtue4 ,x is a p]fect %op app>atus4 ,its disadvantage is t x requires a l>ge quantity ( wat] to fill x1 :i* is n always available1 & :5 full x is s heavy t x requires a truck to move x ar\nd4 ,by f> ! be/ air hold] is ! "o %[n z "p ( ! app>atus 9 ,fig4 #i1 & illu/rat$ sep>ately 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,?is only requires a few pails ( wat] to fill x1 & ! exact pressure ( ! gas c be _h by build+ x ! same hight z ! hydrog5 gas g5]ator4 ,x does n require con/ant pump+1 & ,i recomm5d ?is air hold] = g5]al use1 z possess+ m advantages1 ) less tr\ble1 ?an any o!r air hold] 9 use4 ,h[ev]1 all ?ree w be describ$1 & ! beg9n] c make ! "o mo/ suit$ to ! mat]ial available4 ,air ,hold] ,no4 #a4 ,! beg9n] w notice 9 ,fig4 #aj t ?is air hold] is s con/ruct$ t x gets its air pressure direct f ! head ( wat]1 & also t ?is pressure c be v>i$ by mak+ ! connect+ piece ( pipe long] or %ort]1 z may be desir$4 ,( c\rse1 ! pressure w v>y slightly z ! wat] desc5ds into ! air *amb]1 b n en\gh to make x objectionable1 z x w be ! help]'s duty to wat* ! wat] l9e & r5ew pump+ z (t5 z ! wat] falls bel[ a c]ta9 po9t4 ,to make ?is hold]1 a tank1 a1 ,fig4 #aj1 #ab in*es high & #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 %\ld be con/ruct$ ( galvaniz$ %eet iron4 ,on ?is tank d\ble seam a flat bottom4 ,! top mu/ be rais$ slightly1 z %[n1 to give x /r5g?4 ,?is c be done ) ! rais+ hamm]1 or x c be done by mak+ ! circle = ! top in* l>g] ?an ! bottom1 !n mak+ a cut to ! c5t]4 ,x c !n be drawn toge!r & rivet$ 9 any desir$ pit*4 ,a hole mu/ be pun*$ 9 ! c5t] ( ?is top l>ge en\gh to receive a #a-;in* galvaniz$ pipe1 b4 ,six in*es ap>t & #b in*es f ! edge pun* two holes1 c & d1 l>ge en\gh to receive pieces ( -in* galvaniz$ pipe4 ,?is top %\ld !n be fitt$ & plac$ on ! body ( ! tank4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,air ,hold] ,no4 #a4 ,take a piece ( #a-;in* galvaniz$ pipe1 e1 suffici5tly long to t\* ! bottom & project+ #a in* out ( ! top ( ! tank1 cut a ?read on ! project+ end & drill ! o!r end full ( -in* holes1 f1 to ! hight ( #a in*1 to all[ ! wat] to fl[ freely4 ,?is pipe re/s on ! bottom ( ! l[] tank & c>ries ! weight ( ! upp] tank4 ,sold] ?is pipe 9 place4 ,!n take two -in* nipples1 #a in* long1 & sold] !m into _! places1 & on ^! nipples screw two -in* hose end gas cocks1 c & d4 ,"o ( ^! cocks is = ! purpose ( connect+ to ! air pump1 & ! o!r to ! mix+ cock4 ,z close z possible to ! bottom ( ! tank sold] 9 a -in* c\pl+1 g4 ,into ?is c\pl+ screw a plug4 ,?is is = ! purpose ( dra9+ ! tank :5 out ( use4 ,n[ make ano!r tank1 h1 #ai in*es 9 diamet] & #aa in*es deep1 ! top to be left op5 & wir$ ) a heavy wire4 ,d\ble seam a flat bottom on ?is tank4 ,directly 9 ! c5t] ( ?is bottom pun* a hole l>ge en\gh to receive a #a-;in* c\pl+4 ,!n cut a #a-;in* c\pl+ 9 half & sold] x into ?is hole1 putt+ ! ?read side d[n & leav+ x z ne> flu% ) ! outside ( ! tank z possible1 s t if x is desir$ to move ! air hold] to & f a job x c be tak5 ap>t & ! l[] tank ne/$ 9 ! upp] tank1 mak+ a compact bundle & r$uc+ ! dang] ( damage by c>eless h&l+4 ,to connect ^! tanks1 all t is requir$ is a piece ( #a-;in* iron pipe1 h1 #ab in*es long1 ) a c\pl+ on "o end4 ,to op]ate ?is air hold]1 close ! two air cocks on ! l[]1 or air1 tank2 !n fill ! upp] tank ne>ly full ( wat]1 tak+ c>e n to put too mu* 9 x1 or x w ov]fl[ ! l[] tank & get into ! tubes1 & if ?is happ5s ! tubes w h to be remov$ & hung up to dry1 or drops ( wat] w be bl[n into ! bl[ pipe & ext+ui% ! flame4 ,x is !n ready = use4 ,! air 9 ! air *amb] is compress$ by ! weight ( ! wat] 9 ! upp] tank1 & if ! wat] l9e is at ! same hight z ! acid l9e 9 ! hydrog5 gas g5]ator ! pressure ( air mu/ be ! same z ! pressure ( gas4 ,z air is us$ ! wat] desc5ds ?r\gh ! pipe & w gradually fill ! l[] *amb]4 ,x c !n be =c$ back into ! wat] *amb] by atta*+ ! air pump to ! cock h 9 ,fig4 #i1 or d 9 ,fig4 #aj1 )\t di/urb+ ! gas or 9 any way int]f]+ ) ! op]ator4 ,to connect ) ! cock h 9 ,fig4 #i x is only necess>y to disconnect "o l9e ( hose & connect ! pump2 !n close ! o!r cock & "w ! pump until air bubbles up 9 ! upp] tank2 !n %ut ! cock1 remove ! pump & connect ! hose to ! gasol9e c1 op5 ! cocks & ! app>atus is ready = use4 ,air ,hold] ,no4 #b4 ,to make ! air hold] %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa1 take a %eet ( ,no4 #bf gauge galvaniz$ iron #cj in*es wide4 ,make x into a cyl9d] #bf in*es 9 diamet]1 d\ble seam a flat bottom on x1 & wire ! top ) -in* iron rod1 :i* w make x /iff en\gh to )/& ! pressure ( wat]4 ,close to ! bottom & #c in*es ap>t pun* two holes1 a & b1 l>ge en\gh to receive -in* galvaniz$ pipe c\pl+s4 ,sold] ^! c\pl+s 9 place4 ,on ! inside ( ?is tank & into ^! c\pl+s screw two pieces ( -in* pipe #d in*es long ) elb[s po9t+ /raight up4 ,into ^! elb[s screw two pieces ( -in* pipe long en\gh to come flu% ) ! top ( ! tank ,f4 ,on ! outside ( ! tank & into ! -in* c\pl+s screw two -in* nipples #b in*es long1 & on ^! nipples screw two -in* hose end gas cocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,air ,hold] ,no4 #b4 ,n[1 ) ! same siz$ %eet iron1 make ano!r tank #b in*es small] 9 diamet] ?an ! fir/ tank4 ,?is %\ld h a flat bottom1 & be wir$ z previ\sly describ$4 ,!n take f\r /rips ( %eet iron #cj in*es long & #b in*es wide1 & =m ea* into ,v %ape l5g?wise4 ,lay (f ! circumf]5ce ( ?is tank 9 f\r equal spaces4 ,"o side ( ! ,v-%ap$ pieces %\ld !n be sold]$ on at ea* space4 ,! o!r side %\ld be left loose to all[ = adju/m5t4 ,^! pieces =m ! guides to ! upp] tank & prev5t x f tipp+ sideways & b9d+4 ,two ( ! guides are %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! l[] tank %\ld n[ be fill$ ab\t "o-?ird full ( wat]4 ,! upp] tank %\ld !n be inv]t$ & plac$ 9 x4 ,! air pump mu/ !n be connect$ to "o ( ! -in* cocks ) a %ort piece ( hose1 & ! air %\ld be pump$ into x until ! upp] tank rises to its highe/ level4 ,! pressure 9 ?is =m ( air hold] mu/ be regulat$ by weights1 & to secure #a p\nd ( pressure x is necess>y to place weights equal to #a p\nd = e in* 9 area conta9$ 9 ! op5+ 9 ! upp] tank4 ,two drop h&les1 su* z are us$ on heavy milk cans1 %\ld be rivet$ & sold]$ on ! sides ( ! tank to facilitate mov+ x ab\t4 ,air ,hold] ,no4 #c4 ,fig4 #ab is a cut ( a bell[s ) a conta9$ air hold]4 ,x is n practical to try to make ?is article1 z x c be pur*as$ f any plumb+ supply h\se & is n exp5sive4 ,x is us$ pr9cipally by d5ti/s1 b x is also us$ 9 laboratories to supply air to ! comp\nd bl[ pipe4 ,x consi/s ( a small bell[s held f ! floor on iron legs1 ) a spr+ inside ! bell[s to hold !m op51 & has a rubb] bag fa/5$ to ! "u side to hold a small supply ( air4 ,! rubb] bag is incas$ 9 a /r+ net to prev5t x f becom+ inflat$ too mu* & bur/+4 ,?is bag s]ves to equalize ! pressure4 ,! size kn[n z ,no4 #aj ,a w supply #ge cubic feet p] h\r at a pressure ( #a p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 :i* is suffici5t = lead z heavy z #bd p\nds4 ,= ! light weight leads ! pressure c be r$uc$ by pump+ lightly & n fill+ ! bag m ?an half full4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,air ,hold] ,no4 #c1 ,comb9$ ) ,bell[s4 ,any ( ! ?ree describ$ air bla/ arrangem5ts w answ] ! purpose1 s x is immat]ial :i* is us$1 & x is left to ! discretion ( ! beg9n] to obta9 :i*ev] is ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,! ,bl[ ,pipe4 ,next comes ! bl[ pipe4 ,! only practical comp\nd bl[ pipe on ! m>ket is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 & is kn[n z ,walmsley's4 ,?is is a modification ( ! ,buns5 burn]1 & consi/s ( a b5t bl[ pipe ) ! air tube 9 ! c5t]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,x is a p]fect work+ bl[ pipe 9 e respect1 & ,i %\ld advise e "o int]e/$ 9 ! "w to pur*ase "o4 ,= :ile seams _c be burn$ ) x 9 any o!r position ?an horizontal1 x w be f\nd useful 9 l5g!n+ traps or lead b5ds1 = :i* purpose x is well adapt$ & c be put into in/ant use1 !reby sav+ its co/ _m times ov] 9 wip+ sold]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,! ,walmsley ,comp\nd ,bl[ ,pipe4 ,burn+ ) ,illum9at+ ,gas4 ,) illum9at+ gas x is only necess>y to connect ! gas jet to ! comp\nd bl[ pipe ) ! hose & regulate ! supply ( gas ) ! gas cock4 ,! air inlet is !n connect$ to ! air hold]1 or air may be suppli$ ) ! m\?1 b good results are n obta9$ ) ! m\?1 z only a good bl[ pipe sold]] c keep up ! bla/ necess>y4 ,to burn ! seams use ! same flux & foll[ directions giv5 = gasol9e gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,sectional ,view ( ,walmsley's ,bl[ ,pipe4 ,mak+ ! ,gasol9e ,gas = ,burn+ ! ,g5]ator4 ,) a piece ( -in* hose connect ! top ( ! c ,c1 ,fig4 #i1 ) ! air hold] ,d1 !n connect ! sp\t or gas outlet e ( ! c to ! gas end f ( ! comp\nd bl[ pipe4 ,! air outlet g ( ! comp\nd bl[ pipe %\ld !n be connect$ to ! rema9+ cock h1 9 ! air hold]4 ,if ! bell[s is us$1 x w be necess>y to connect ! air ) -in* tee1 m1 9 :i* ?ree %ort nipples h previ\sly be5 screw$4 ,! app>atus is n[ ready = use4 ,gasol9e be+ really a liquid gas1 x takes its fir/ opportunity to assume its natural %ape4 ,! natural way to conv]t gasol9e into gas is by simple evaporation4 ,s tak+ advantage ( ?is fact1 ! action w be ?us3 ,by =c+ air into & ?r\gh a body ( gasol9e suffici5t ( ! gasol9e is tak5 up to =m a d5se vapor1 :i* w light & burn at ! jet1 simil> to illum9at+ gas4 ,) ! admixture ( air 9 ! comp\nd bl[ pipe1 x gives a flame ( v int5se heat4 ,b1 9 common ) illum9at+ gas1 x is s ri* 9 c>bon t x gives an oxidiz+ flame1 & makes x necess>y to use a flux1 :i* %\ld be ,yag]'s sold]+ salts mix$ z p] ! directions on ! bottle4 ,if ?is is difficult to procure1 a good sub/itute c be made by mix+ equal p>ts ( p[d]$ borax & sal ammoniac 9 a little wat]4 ,to op]ate ?is device ! air %\ld be turn$ on ! gasol9e & light$ at ! jet4 ,! air %\ld !n be admitt$ gradually until ! flame is br\ght to ! prop] size & condition1 indicat$ by its be+ blue & po9t$4 ,if too mu* gas is admitt$ ! flame w be yell[ & w black5 ! "w by deposit+ a coat ( soot on x4 ,if too mu* air is admitt$ ! flame w be ragg$ & noisy1 & ! temp]ature w be too l[ to heat ! metal4 ,! flame is at its be/ heat :5 x burns ) a pale blue color :i* does n %[ any yell[ /reaks4 ,be=e attempt+ to burn ! g5]ator ! beg9n] %\ld practice on pieces ( %eet lead4 ,x is next to impossible to burn seams 9 any o!r position ?an horizontal ) ?is flame1 z x rapidly oxidizes ! lead1 & 9 spite ( all precaution ! lead w become unmanageable 9 upright seams1 s t ! beg9n] w\ld wa/e "t 9 practic+ on seams 9 any o!r position ?an horizontal4 ,if directions h be5 foll[$ 9 cutt+ ! lead = ! g5]ator ! seams w occur only 9 t position4 ,to burn ! g5]ator ! seams %\ld be %av$ clean1 bo? on ! "u & upp] sides1 = a di/ance ( in*1 mak+ a seam in* wide1 tak+ c>e to h ! lead seams lie close to ea* o!r1 =1 if !y d n1 ?is flame w cause ! edges ( ! lead to spread away f ea* o!r & leave a hole t is difficult to pat*4 ,n[ apply ! flux ) a small bru%4 ,:5 ! flame is 9 work+ ord] br+ x quickly to be> on ! end ( ! seam ne>e/ y to be burn$4 ,:5 x />ts to fuse draw ! flame z quickly away1 always draw+ x to "o side1 & f ! upp] to ! l[] %eet4 ,! melt$ drop w foll[ ! flame & unite ) ! melt$ drop on ! l[] %eet4 ,x is necess>y to h ! %ave hook ne> at h&1 s t1 9 case ( oxidiz+ :5 fus+1 ! melt$ drop c be brok5 up & all[$ to fl[ 9 place4 ,) a little practice & pati5ce ! g5]ator c be burn$ all "r 9 ?is mann]4 ,?is gas is p]fectly safe & c be h&l$ ) impunity4 ,?is me?od w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be impracticable to use on a job ( any size1 b ,i h us$ x sev]al times :]e no?+ else c\ld be obta9$1 & h always _h v good success ) x4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,connect+ ,,! ,,app>atus4 ,we n[ assume t ! g5]ator is *>g$ & ! re/ ( ! app>atus is f9i%$ & ready = use1 s we w proce$ to connect x up ready = a trial4 ,ab\t #cj feet ( -in* heavy rubb] tub+ %\ld be procur$4 ,?is hose %\ld be heavy en\gh to all[ ( its be+ pull$ ar\nd )\t k9k+ & %utt+ (f ! supply ( gas4 ,a piece ( ?is hose #e feet long %\ld be slipp$ on ! gas cock ,m on ! g5]ator1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 & !n slipp$ ov] ! gas inlet tube ( ! scrubb+ cup n4 ,"o mu/ be sure t ?is is connect$ to ! gas inlet tube1 :i* is ! tube t dips "u ! wat] 9 ! scrubb+ cup4 ,) ano!r #e-;foot piece ( hose connect ! gas outlet ( scrubb+ cup o to ! "r h& cock on ! mix+ =k f4 ,always connect ! gas on ! same side s z to avoid confusion ( cocks4 ,!n ) a #aj-;foot piece ( hose connect ! air cock on ! air hold] p or bell[s to ! rema9+ cock on ! mix+ =k g4 ,an #h-;foot piece %\ld be connect$ f ! gas outlet on mix+ =k e to ! bl[ pipe i4 ,^! tubes mu/ fit tight to prev5t any possible leak ( gas1 & if !y d n !y %\ld be tight5$ on ) pieces ( wire4 ,! rema9+ piece ( hose c be us$ to connect ! air pump ,c to ! air inlet cock s on ! air hold]1 b if ! bell[s are us$ ?is w n be ne$$4 ,n[ place 9 ! scrubb+ cup a half doz5 pieces ( blue vitriol1 or copp]as1 z x is commonly call$4 ,!n p\r 9 cle> wat] until x fl[s out ( ! trap screw z4 ,?is screw c be made tight by us+ = pack+ a piece ( wick+ :i* has be5 saturat$ ) tall[4 ,aft] prep>+ ! app>atus z above1 ref] to ! cut ( ! complete app>atus & comp>e ! connections on ! cut ) ^? made f ! above directions1 to make positive t !y are "r4 ,if !y agree1 ! app>atus is n[ ready = use4 ,te/+ ! ,app>atus4 ,x is necess>y to te/ ! g5]ator = leaks1 z a small bl[ hole may sometimes be left 9 "s ( ! seams or ! cocks or clean+ screws become defective4 ,to d ?is1 fir/ close ! gas cock on ! top ( ! gas *amb] & make up ! clean+ & *>g+ screws1 :i* mu/ be set on a b$ ( s(t putty4 ,!n fill ! acid *amb] full ( hot wat]1 fir/ measur+ ! wat] s z to asc]ta9 j h[ mu* solution is requir$ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( wat]1 z x takes ! same quantity at all times4 ,all[ x to /& = a few mom5ts1 !n m>k ! wat] l9e ) a p5cil or nail1 :5 x %\ld be left /&+ = an h\r4 ,! wat] %\ld /ay at ! m>k indicat$ = an indef9ite "t4 ,if x s9ks dur+ ?is te/ x %[s t !re is a leak 9 ! g5]ator & x mu/ be locat$ & repair$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,mix+ ,=k4 ,to locate ! leak ! gas cock %\ld be op5$ & ! wat] all[$ to run into ! gas *amb]4 ,if ?is does n %[ ! leak1 =ce ! wat] back into ! acid *amb]1 :i* is done by atta*+ ! air pump to ! gas cock4 ,!n tak+ a piece ( soap & mak+ a /iff la!r1 daub x ov] ! cocks & clean+ & *>g+ screw4 ,:5 ! leak is f\nd ! escap+ air w cause bubbles to be bl[n4 ,if ! leak does n become app>5t aft] ! above process1 ! side bo>ds ( ! g5]ator %\ld be tak5 (f & ! op]ation repeat$ on ! seams4 ,"u no circum/ances mu/ ! app>atus be left until !re is absolutely no d\bt z to its be+ p]fectly tight1 z a slight leak w\ld be likely to cause a disa/r\s explosion & injure or probably bl9d ! op]ator4 ,fly+ vitriol is n a v pleasant ?+ to get 9 "o's eyes4 ,! app>atus %\ld be frequ5tly te/$ 9 ?is mann]3 ,be=e draw+ (f ! wat] x is desirable to le>n :at am\nt ( gas pressure !re w be :5 ! g5]ator is *>g$1 s t ! pressure ( air & gas c be equaliz$4 ,! ma!matical rule = ?is is to multiply ! head 9 feet by #j4dcd1 & ! result w be ! pressure 9 p\nds2 or an approximate way ( det]m9+ ! pressure is to all[ p\nd pressure = e foot ( head4 ,= example3 ,! hight ( liquid 9 ! g5]ator measur$ f ! bottom ( ! acid supply pipe to ! top ( ! wat] or acid l9e1 :5 at its highe/ level1 w\ld be #c feet4 ,all[+ p\nd = e foot 9 hight w\ld give a pressure ( #a p\nds1 :i* is slightly 9 excess ( ! ma!matical rule1 :i* is #c #j4dcd #a4cjb1 or #a p\nd #d ounces1 b to be accurate x is well to atta* a m]cury gauge to ! gas cock4 ,note ! hight ( ! column ( m]cury4 ,!n atta* ! gauge to ! bla/ app>atus1 & if ! float+ air hold] is us$1 suffici5t weight mu/ be put on ! top ( air hold] to raise ! column ( m]cury to a po9t n q z high z is indicat$ by ! g5]ator4 ,^! weights c !n be weigh$ & a simil> weight made ( lead to correspond1 :i* c be kept = p]man5t use4 ,if ! bell[s are us$1 ! size specifi$ %\ld be obta9$1 & ! pressure w be all "r = ?is size g5]ator )\t fur!r tr\ble4 ,if ! air hold] indicat$ by ,fig4 #h is us$1 all t is necess>y is to make ! hights ( ! wat] l9e 9 bo? g5]ator & air hold] equal1 & ! pressure mu/ be ! same4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #af4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,mix+ ,=ks4 ,! reason t ! air pressure %\ld n be heavi] ?an ! gas pressure is t if ! air 7 ! /rong] !re w\ld be dang] ( ! air work+ back into ! gas tube & caus+ an explosion 9 ! tubes2 consequ5tly x is well to note ?is po9t c>efully4 ,_m lead burn]s w say t ! pressure ( air is ( no consequ5ce1 & all t is requir$ is a suffici5t supply2 b my exp]i5ce & exp]im5ts h conv9c$ me t :5 ! pressures ( air & gas are ne>ly equal ! be/ results are obta9$4 ,! ,mix+ ,=k & ,bl[ ,pipe4 ,! mix+ =k & bl[ pipe c be made 9 any plumb+ %op & %\ld be made ( ! smalle/ size pipe available4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,bl[ ,pipe & ,tip4 ,to make ! mix+ =k1 pur*ase two -in* female hose end gas cocks & #b feet ( -in* iron pipe size brass tub+4 ,take a piece ( ! tub+ #ab in*es long1 cut a regul> iron pipe ?read on ea* end1 !n b5d x ov] a m&rel /ake or a piece ( #d-;in* soil pipe into a half circle1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae1 s t ! ends w come ab\t #d in*es ap>t4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ?is piece drill a -in* hole1 a4 ,!n cut f ! rema9+ piece ( tub+ a piece #c in*es long4 ,sold]1 or1 bett] yet1 h ?is piece braz$ on to ! b5t piece at a1 tak+ c>e t no sold] c run 9 & p>tially /op ! hole a4 ,!n screw ! two -in* gas cocks on ! ends b & c4 ,?is w complete ! mix+ =k2 or ?is =k c be made by b5d+ a piece ( pipe at an angle1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af2 !n cut ano!r piece equal 9 l5g? to ! b5t piece f ! angle e to ! end4 ,"o end ( ?is piece mu/ be fil$ to fit ! piece d4 ,a hole c !n be drill$ at e4 ,?reads mu/ be cut on ^! ends1 aft] :i* !y c be braz$ toge!r4 ,or a good =k c be _h by us+ a special ca/+4 ,?is ca/+ is us$ = & is kn[n z a be] swit*1 & c be pur*as$ ( any deal] 9 b> supplies1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! same patt]n & size ( cocks c be us$ = ?is =k z previ\sly describ$4 ,nei!r ( ^! mix+ =ks has any advantage ov] ! o!r1 b ?ree /yles are giv51 z possibly "o may be easi] to make ?an ! o!r4 ,iron pipe may be us$ in/ead ( brass if desir$4 ,to make ! bl[ pipe1 take ! rema9+ piece ( tub+ & cut a ?read on "o end4 ,z ! o!r end slips into ! hose1 x does n ne$ a ?read4 ,! ?read end mu/ !n be b5t at "r angles to ! tub+1 z c1 ,fig4 #af4 ,?is c be done by bor+ a hole 9 a block ( h>d wood j l>ge en\gh = ! tub+ to ent]1 & #a in*es deep4 ,trim (f ! %>p edge ( ?is hole s z n to k9k ! pipe 9 b5d+4 ,! end ( ! tube c !n be ins]t$ 9 ?is hole & b5t to ! desir$ %ape1 z %[n4 ,?is completes ! bl[ pipes ) ! exception ( ! tips1 ( :i* y %\ld h ?ree sizes1 drill$ z foll[s3 ,"o = heavy lead1 #c-cb2 "o = m$ium weight1 #b-cb1 & "o = v light %eets1 #a-cb4 ,^! tips are made ( small pieces ( ca/ or turn$ brass1 pref]ably ) a mill$ %\ld]1 s z to facilitate remov+ ) ! f+]s4 ,probably ! easie/ way to get ^! tips is to make a patt]n out ( wood & h sev]al ( !m ca/4 ,!y c !n be drill$ & tapp$ to any desir$ size1 or !y c be cut f a r\nd b> ( brass or copp]1 fil$ or turn$ to a po9t1 !n drill$ & tapp$4 ,! dim5sions & p>ticul>s c be _h f ,b 9 ,fig4 #ah )\t fur!r description be+ necess>y4 ,a common bl[ pipe1 su* z is us$ ) ! alcohol tor*1 c be us$ = practic+ on light %eets4 ,b ! beg9n] is advis$ to procure ! bl[ pipe & a set ( tips describ$ 9 ,fig4 #ah be=e attempt+ to burn any heavy lead4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,*>g+ ,,! ,,g5]ator4 ,aft] mak+ sure t ! g5]ator is p]fectly tight we w proce$ to *>ge x4 ,aft] remov+ ! #d-;in* *>g+ screw take #ae p\nds ( comm]cial spelt]1 :i* has be5 brok5 up ) a hamm] into pieces ab\t #b in*es squ>e1 & place ?is 9 ! gas *amb]1 di/ribut+ x z ev5ly z possible ov] ! p]=at$ bottom4 ,?is is done s t ! z9c w expose all ! surface possible to ! action ( ! acid1 & mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ results4 ,d n put any pieces ( spelt] into ! g5]ator t are small en\gh to drop ?r\gh ! p]=at$ bottom1 = if !y d !y w be likely to g5]ate gas1 :i* w give ov]pressure & bl[ gas out ?r\gh ! acid *amb]4 ,?is c d no h>m unless close to a light1 b x is v annoy+ to h acid bl[n all ov] ! g5]ator4 ,! *>g+ & clean+ screws mu/ be screw$ up tight4 ,aft] clos+ ! gas cock on ! g5]ator take ! quantity ( wat] 7less "o-sev5?7 t 0 f\nd to be necess>y :5 te/+ ! app>atus1 & p\r ?is into ! acid *amb]4 ,m>k ! wat] l9e & wat* x = a few mom5ts to make sure t ev]y?+ is tight4 ,!n take ( sulphuric acid a quantity equal to "o-sev5? ( ! wat] us$1 & p\r t into ! wat] 9 ! acid *amb]4 ,x w diffuse itself ?r\gh ! wat] & ?or\ghly mix4 ,exp]i5ce has taught me t acid mix$ 9 any proportion /rong] ?an sev5 p>ts ( wat] to "o "p ( acid does n act z quickly z :5 mix$ 9 ! proportion m5tion$4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! /rong acid simply coats ! z9c ) a deposit or scum ( sulphate ( z9c1 :i* is soluble 9 wat]1 b is n soluble 9 acid4 ,!re=e1 if ! acid is dilut$ ) wat] to ! above m5tion$ proportion ! wat] readily dissolves ! sulphate & all[s ! acid to act freely on ! z9c4 ,?is sulphate falls to ! bottom ( ! gas *amb] & if all[$ to accumulate causes ! clogg+ m5tion$ lat]4 ,! beg9n] w obs]ve f ! explanation t ! g5]ator _c be cr[d$ by mak+ ! solution /rong4 ,x sometimes occurs t ! vitriol seems to be /rong] ?an usual1 & !n aga9 ! rev]se is also true4 ,good vitriol %\ld be almo/ z ?ick z cutt+ oil1 & w "w v quickly4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 p\r+ x into ! g5]ator to prev5t spatt]+4 ,?is is be/ avoid$ by hav+ a qu>t measure made ( lead = ?is purpose4 ,x %\ld also be borne 9 m9d t ! acid %\ld always be add$ to ! wat]1 nev] ! wat] to ! acid1 z ?is mixture always g5]ates heat1 & ! result w\ld be simil> to add+ wat] to hot lead4 ,automatic ,action ( ! ,g5]ator4 ,! g5]ator works be/ :ile hot4 ,! gas cock on ! g5]ator %\ld n[ be op5$ & ! mixture all[$ to fl[ into ! gas *amb] until x spurts out ( ! gas cock1 :i* mu/ !n be clos$4 ,by ?is action all ! air 9 ! gas *amb] is expell$1 leav+ x free to g5]ate pure gas at once4 ,?is is a sure me?od ( exhau/+ ! air 9 ! gas *amb]4 ,! acid !n attacks ! z9c1 caus+ x to decompose ! wat] & free ! hydrog5 conta9$ 9 ! acid4 ,?is gas1 by reason ( its lightness1 w rise to ! surface ( ! acid1 & z pressure increases x w =ce ! acid back up ?r\gh ! acid supply pipe into ! acid *amb]1 until ! acid falls bel[ ! p]=at$ bottom4 ,:5 ! acid & z9c cease to come 9 contact ) ea* o!r ! g5]ation ( gas /ops until gas is us$1 :i* relieves ! pressure2 !n m acid desc5ds1 & z x comes 9 contact ) ! z9c m gas is g5]at$1 replac+ t :i* has be5 us$4 ,?is action makes ! g5]ator automatic1 unless clogg+ ) sulphate ( z9c takes place4 ,?is may happ5 at any "t if ! app>atus is n clean$ aft] ea* day's use4 ,clean+ ! ,g5]ator4 ,to clean ! g5]ator 9 ?is case atta* ! air pump to ! gas cock on ! g5]ator & =ce ! acid up into ! acid *amb] by pump+ air sl[ly into ! gas *amb] until ! acid rises to ! prop] hight 9 ! acid *amb]1 :]e x c be held by =c+ a long wood5 plug into ! acid supply pipe4 ,! pump+ mu/ cease :5 ! acid rises to ! prop] level1 or ! excess pressure ( air w "w up ?r\gh ! supply pipe & cause a bl[ ( acid4 ,! *>g+ screw c !n be remov$ & ! z9c tak5 out & wa%$ 9 hot wat]4 ,remove ! clean out screw & run "o or two pails ( hot wat] ?r\gh ! gas *amb]4 ,?is w remove ! deposits ( sulphate pa/e4 ,! z9c c !n be replac$1 ! screws tight5$ & ! acid releas$ aga94 ,be sure & exhau/ ! air 9 ! gas *amb]1 z previ\sly describ$1 by lett+ ! air spurt out ( ! gas cock be=e connect+ x to ! scrubb+ cup4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to h any lights ne> ! g5]ator :5 bl[+ out ?is mixture ( gas & air1 z x is v explosive4 ,! app>atus w nev] clog if clean$ aft] ea* day's "w1 :i* %\ld always be done4 ,! tubes %\ld be remov$ & hung up ov] night to dry4 ,! acid1 if n sp5t1 c be dipp$ out ( ! acid *amb] & plac$ 9 jugs4 ,! g5]ator c !n be c>ri$ to a dra9 & fill$ ) hot wat]1 :i* %\ld be all[$ to fl[ out ?r\gh ! clean+ screw4 ,?is w clean ! z9c & wa% out all ! sulphate deposit4 ,! screws may !n be tight5$ & ! app>atus left ready = ! next day's use4 ,fire ,trap & ,scrubb+ ,cup4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ess5tial p>ts ( a lead burn+ app>atus is a reliable fire trap & scrubb+ cup4 ,?is trap r$uces to a m9imum ! dang] f explosion caus$ by neglect+ to free ! gas f air4 ,its use z a scrubb+ cup is also ( inf9ite value4 ,! action ( ! vitriol on ! z9c produces a viol5t ebullition1 & a small quantity ( ! acid is c>ri$ 9 ! =m ( spray f ! g5]ator to ! tubes1 &1 unless caught & remov$1 w frequ5tly get into ! bl[ pipe tip & ext+ui% ! flame1 mak+ x necess>y to remove ! hose & hang x up to dra9 & dry1 :i* (t5times causes wa/e ( "t & annoyance4 ,almo/ all spelt] or z9c conta9s m or less ars5ic 9 a metallic /ate4 ,x is also f\nd 9 sulphuric acid4 ,?is ars5ic is releas$ f ! acid or z9c z !y decompose & is c>ri$ by ! =ce ( ! volume ( gas to ! bl[ pipe tip1 :]e1 ow+ to x be+ necess>y = ! op]ator to get 8 eyes close to ! flames 9 ord] to see ! r$uc+ flame1 ?is poison\s gas w be brea!d into ! lungs & (t5times cause a fatal illness4 ,?is fact has be5 disput$ by _m1 :o say t x is impossible = ! unit ( lightness--i4 e41 hydrog5 gas--to pick up & c>ry a heavy metal su* z ars5ic4 ,ars5ic does n =m a *emical comb9ation ) hydrog51 hav+ a v slight aff9ity = x1 b is c>ri$ to ! bl[ pipe solely by ! =ce ( ! volume ( gas4 ,to prove ! above ass]tion we w ref] to ,pr(essor ,m>%1 :o demon/rat$ ! ability ( hydrog5 to c>ry ars5ic 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,if a solution conta9+ ars5ic be add$ to a solution ( sulphuric acid & z9c1 ! result+ hydrog5 w1 ^u ignition1 deposit a r+ ( metallic ars5ic ^u any cold surface t ! flame be direct$ ^u4 7,pr(essor ,m>%'s exp]im5t47 ,x w be se5 f ! above t x is imp]ative t ! op]ator use a scrubb+ cup & see t x is prop]ly fill$ ) a solution ( blue vitriol4 ,! ord9>y impurities ( hydrog5 g5]at$ 9 ?is mann] are sulphur & c>bon1 :i* %\ld be remov$ if possible4 ,! actual use ( ! scrubb+ cup is to cat* ! above m5tion$ spray & precipitate to "s ext5t all o!r impurities conta9$ 9 ! gas1 & produce gas suffici5tly pure = lead burn+4 ,directions = ,mak+ ! ,cup4 ,to make ?is cup take a piece ( #d-;in* lead pipe #g in*es long 7an ord9>y piece ( #d-;in* lead soil pipe w d72 flange out "o end & burn 9 a flat bottom4 ,?ree in*es f ! bottom1 & 9 ! side ( ?is #d-;in* pipe1 burn 9 a trap screw1 a1 ,fig4 #ai1 a screw tak5 f an old lead trap be+ j ! ?+4 ,?is is to regulate ! hight ( ! solution 9 ! cup4 ,n[ make a top by tak+ a piece ( lead & rais+ x ab\t in*2 pun* two holes 9 ?is top1 b & c1 l>ge en\gh to let a -in* lead pipe pass ?r\gh2 flange out ! top ( ! cup & fit & burn ?is top 9 place4 ,take two pieces ( -in* lead pipe1 "o to be #c in*es long & ! o!r to be #aj in*es long1 & ) ! dress] draw "o end ( ea* to ne>ly a po9t1 s t ! hose c be slipp$ on tight4 ,! long piece c %\ld n[ be slipp$ ?r\gh "o ( ! holes 9 ! top ( ! cup1 hold+ x in* f ! bottom d & burn+ x 94 ,?is is ! gas inlet & %\ld be m>k$ z su*4 ,! %ort piece is !n plac$ 9 ! rema9+ hole & burnt 9 place4 ,! action w be ?us3 ,! gas ent]+ ! gas inlet pipe is caus$ to pass ?r\gh a solution ( blue vitriol #b in*es deep1 :5 ! acid is caught & ! gas is scrubb$ & r5d]$ z ne>ly pure z possible4 ,x !n ent]s ! outlet pipe & is ready = use4 ,if ! directions h be5 foll[$ ! cup w resemble ! illu/ration ,fig4 #ag4 ,no tr\ble w be exp]i5c$ ) ?is cup4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,fire ,trap & ,scrubb+ ,cup4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,flame ,,& ,,its ,,managem5t4 ,be=e attempt+ to light ! gas ! op]ator mu/ be sure t all ! air is exhau/$ f ! tubes4 ,o!rwise ! flame w g back & explode 9 ! tubes or fire trap4 ,to be sure ( ?is ! beg9n] mu/ te/ ! gas4 ,a h&y te/ tube c be made by capp+ "o end ( a piece ( -in* pipe1 :i* %\ld be ab\t #f in*es long4 ,to te/ ! gas1 fir/ op5 wide ! gas cock ,m on ! g5]ator1 ,fig4 #a4 ,!n op5 ! gas cock f on ! mix+ =k & let ! gas displace ! air 9 ! tubes1 :i* x w d 9 ab\t "o m9ute4 ,!n inv]t ! te/ tube1 ,fig4 #bj1 & hold x ov] ! bl[ pipe tip = a mom5t until ! gas has displac$ ! air 9 ! tube4 ,!n quickly place y\r ?umb ov] ! op5+ ( ! te/ tube1 :i* w keep ! gas f escap+4 ,close ! gas cock f on ! mix+ =k1 !n take ! te/ tube to "o side away f ! g5]ator1 /ill keep+ x inv]t$1 & br+ x close to a light$ mat* or c&le4 ,x w light ) a pop1 & if x is free f air x w burn quietly d[n 9 ! tube until ! gas is exhau/$4 ,cont9ue to te/ ! gas 9 ?is mann] until x burns z describ$1 :5 x may be safely lit at ! jet )\t fe> ( its burn+ back4 ,?is precaution is necess>y only aft] op5+ ! g5]ator = "s purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,me?od ( ,te/+ ,gas4 ,regulat+ ,volume & ,pressure4 ,?is g5]ator evolves gas "u a great] pressure ?an c be us$ on mo/ "w1 & = ?is reason ! flame w at fir/ be long1 noisy & un/eady1 z %[n 9 ,a1 ,fig4 #ba1 b1 z !re are two cocks1 ! volume & pressure c be regulat$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! "w at h&4 ,n[1 to note ! peculi>ities ( ?is flame1 we w close ! gas cock f on ! mix+ =k until ! flame is ab\t #c in*es long4 ,x w be ( a pale r$di% color & w burn /eadily4 ,! inn] flame is n z yet v well def9$4 ,!n op5 ! air cock g sl[ly1 & :5 suffici5t air has be5 admitt$ ! flame w be se5 to %oot out sudd5ly & !n %ort5 to ab\t #a or #b in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x w be smoo?1 compact1 & w h ! appe>ance ( d>t+ rapidly4 ,if ! correct quantity ( air has be5 admitt$ ! inn] flame1 z %[n 9 ,b1 ,fig4 #ba1 w !n be pla9ly se51 & its apex1 :i* is ! po9t ( greate/ heat1 w be blue4 ,?is inn] flame is kn[n z ! nonoxidiz+ flame1 & is ! flame ) :i* ! fus+ is done4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,flames ,"u ,diff]5t ,pressures4 ,! out] flame w *ange to a blui% color4 ,its temp]ature is l[1 & its effect on ! lead is to coat ! metal ) a heavy blue oxide1 "u :i* ! lead runs b does n unite4 ,to demon/rate ?is1 br+ ! po9t ( ! inn] or nonoxidiz+ flame to be> on a piece ( %eet lead4 ,x w fuse bright & clean & w h a circle ( gray oxide ar\nd x4 ,!n quickly remove ! flame & ! spot w rema9 bright4 ,n[1 aga9 br+ ! flame to be> on ! same piece ( lead1 keep+ ! po9t ( ! inn] flame at lea/ in* away f ! lead4 ,x w melt & fl[ toge!r1 b w be cov]$ ) a coat ( gray oxide & ! union w n be p]fect4 ,sl[ly )draw ! flame1 & be=e ! flame is entirely remov$ ! spot w be heavily coat$ ) a ?ick blue oxide1 "u :i* ! lead w n unite4 ,c1 9 ,fig4 #ba1 %[s ! appe>ance ( ! flame :5 too mu* air has be5 admitt$ & x is on ! po9t ( go+ out f lack ( gas4 ,! prop] way to use ! gas is to op5 wide ! gas cock ,m on ! g5]ator1 & d any regulat+ ( ! flame ) ! gas cock f on ! mix+ =k4 ,^! cocks %\ld h pieces ( heavy wire braz$ or sold]$ l5g?wise ( ! h&les1 ,fig4 #af1 h & i1 s z to =m lev] h&les4 ,?is w all[ ! gas & air cocks to be clos$ or op5$ by g5tly tapp+ ! lev]s h & i1 :i* is ! only way t a slight v>iation c be _h1 = if y try to regulate !m ) ! f+] y w con/antly op5 or close !m too mu*1 & ! result is t 9 add+ air too mu* is always admitt$1 :i* w bl[ out ! flame1 mak+ x necess>y to turn (f ! air & light ! jet aga91 & _m times ?is op]ation w h to be repeat$ be=e ! flame is correctly adju/$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ to always turn on & light ! gas be=e admitt+ any air1 & :5 ?r\gh ) ! flame ! air mu/ be turn$ (f fir/1 !n ! gas4 ,if ?is op]ation is rev]s$ an explosive mixture ( gas & air w\ld =m 9 ! tube & w\ld spoil ! tube1 if no?+ worse4 ,/udy ! ,flame ,well4 ,! beg9n] %\ld /udy ! flame until p]fectly famili> ) ! color & =m ( ! prop] flame4 ,"o ( ! greate/ tr\bles t ! beg9n] w h ) ! bl[ pipe is ! inability to regulate ! flame to ! requirem5ts ( ! "w4 ,= in/ance3 ,a flame t w\ld "w nicely on #ab-p\nd %eets w\ld burn holes 9 #d-p\nd %eets be=e y _h "t to t\* ! lead ) ! inn] flame4 ,= t reason ?ree diff]5t sizes ( tips %\ld be us$4 ,on a #b-p\nd %eet ! smalle/1 or #a-cb1 tip %\ld be us$1 & ! flame be=e r$uc+ %\ld n be long] ?an in*1 & :5 r$uc$ ! inn] flame c h>dly be di/+ui%$1 b y c easily tell :5 x t\*es ! lead by ! metal fus+ bright4 ,if x is desir$ to fuse #ab-p\nd %eets ! #b-cb-;in* tip %\ld be sub/itut$1 & x w\ld be f\nd necess>y to h ! jet ( gas ab\t #c in*es long1 :i*1 :5 r$uc$1 w\ld be ab\t #b in*es long & w\ld %[ ! inn] flame v di/9ctly4 ,! only way to det]m9e ! size ( ! flame necess>y is by exp]im5t+ ) x4 ,x w also come ) exp]i5ce4 ,! flame %\ld be r$uc$ to a size t w n melt ! lead z soon z x t\*es x4 ,r1 x %\ld be 9 su* condition t ! lead w\ld h to be heat$ fir/ & let ! fus+ come gradually4 ,9 t way x c be det]m9$ j :at siz$ drop is requir$1 & also pl5ty ( "t is all[$ to place x j :]e x is want$--p>ticul>ly on upright seams & imp]atively on inv]t$ seams4 ,x is n necess>y to be s p>ticul> on horizontal seams1 z on seams 9 t position y are assi/$ by gravity4 ,! lead drop t is melt$ f ! upp] lap _c d o!rwise ?an unite ) ! "u lap4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 />t+ a seam y h cold lead to fuse1 & aft] ! fir/ drop is />t$ ! lead 9 its vic9ity w be heat$ almo/ to ! melt+ po9t1 & y w probably be surpris$ to see ! lead run at ! approa* ( ! flame = ! next application4 ,d ,n ,hurry4 ,! po9t to be taught "h is t y mu/ n attempt to hurry ?is "w or holes w surely be burn$ 9 ! %eets1 :i* (t5times makes difficult "w to pat*4 ,! old adage1 8ha/e makes wa/e10 c well be appli$ to lead burn+4 ,suffici5t "t mu/ be all[$ = "o drop to set be=e attempt+ to place ! next drop4 ,"t sp5t on practic+ at ! b5* is "t well sp5t1 z _m little details t _c be br\ght to ! beg9n]'s att5tion "h w be le>n$ 9 t way & /or$ 9 8 m9d = future application4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,seams4 ,!re are two k9ds ( seams prop]1 viz43 ,! butt seam & ! lap seam4 ,! butt seam is us$ pr9cipally = jo9+ horizontal wa/e pipes & 9 l5g!n+ traps1 or = any purpose :]e x is desir$ n to h ! po9t ( junction %[4 ,?is =m ( seam c be burn$ cle> ?r\gh--t is1 ! lead c be heat$ until fusion takes place ne>ly ?r\gh ! entire %eet4 ,x is g5]ally necess>y to add lead to ! seam if x is desir$ to make ! seam z /rong z ! %eet x jo9s1 unless ! article to be burn$ is ( su* a size z to be possible to all[ ( its be+ burn$ on bo? sides1 :i* makes ! /ronge/ ( seams4 ,! lead = ! butt seams is prep>$ by rasp+ ! edges ( ! lead %eet to be jo9$ /raight & true1 ,fig4 #bb1 s t :5 ! edges ( ! lead are br\ght toge!r !y w fit close its entire l5g?4 ,! edges are !n %av$ = a di/ance ( in* ea* side ( ! edge1 mak+ a seam in* wide4 ,on /ock heavi] ?an #ab-p\nd %eets ! edge %\ld be %av$ (f1 mak+ a deep ,v-%ap$ groove1 & ! seams mu/ be made by add+ lead4 ,?is all[s ! fusion to take place ne>ly ?r\gh ! %eet4 ,! butt seam is ! simple/ =m to burn1 no matt] 9 :at position x is plac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,rasp+ ! ,edges ( ! ,lead ,%eet ,/raight & ,true4 ,! lap seam is ! seam commonly us$1 & z betwe5 ! butt seam & ! lap seam ! latt] is g5]ally to be pref]r$4 ,z x is n necess>y to cut & trim ! edges true1 x disp5ses ) any additions ( lead1 except at r>e int]vals2 x leaves ! left h& free to h&le ! %ave hook1 & ! lap c be dress$ to fit any unev5 spots4 ,x also makes ! next be/ seam to ?r\gh fus+4 ,by lap seam+ a tank c be l9$ 9 ab\t half ! "t requir$ to butt seam ! same article1 :i* is an important item to ! cu/om]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,burn+ a ,lap ,seam4 ,! lead = ?is =m ( seam is prep>$1 z its "n indicates1 by lapp+ "o %eet to in* ov] ! o!r %eet4 ,! "u edges are to be %av$ clean1 z also ! upp] edge4 ,! lead requir$ to make ! seam is melt$ f ! upp] lap & is fus$ on ! l[] %eet4 ,!re is no reason :y ! lead at ! po9t ( juncture _c be made z ?ick z ! orig9al lead4 ,?is is ! po9t aim$ at 9 practic+1 & ! only accurate way to det]m9e ! relative /r5g? ( ! seams is to cut squ>ely across a f9i%$ seam1 !n b5d ! beam slightly4 ,! ?ickness c !n be not$4 ,a cross section ( a p]fect lap seam is %[n at a 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! beg9n] %\ld practice ! diff]5t seams until ! ?ickness ( ! jo9t c be told by ! looks ( ! lead4 ,a few days' dilig5t practice at ! b5* w soon tra9 ! eye to note any imp]fection t may arise4 ,! diff]5t seams w be tak5 up s]ially4 ,a description ( h[ ! seams are prep>$ & ! sev]al positions ( ! bl[ pipe1 z well z ! little difficulties t may arise1 is ! ext5t ( ! in/ruction t c be giv54 ,! re/ mu/ come ) practice & ! application ( a little common s5se4 ,!re is no royal road to ?is bus9ess2 b practice1 & practice h>d1 is ! only way to satisfactorily ma/] ! bl[ pipe & flame1 & 9 practic+ rememb] t all ?is "w has be5 done be=e1 & c be easily done aga91 & by y4 ,d n get disc\rag$ by failure to make a p]fect seam at ! fir/ application1 b /ick to x = a %ort "t & x w be f\nd to be a mo/ fasc9at+ pa/ime1 = :i* ! p]si/5t /ud5t w ev5tually be well repaid4 ,flat ,butt ,seam4 ,= practic+ ,i w\ld recomm5d ! beg9n] to use pieces ( %eet lead ab\t #ab in*es long1 z /rips ( t l5g? are mu* easi] to prep>e4 ,! edges are /raight5$ ) a f9e rasp :i* is held l5g?wise ( & p>allel to ! edge to be tru$1 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! rasp mu/ be us$ lightly1 or x w be apt to te> ! lead & s leave x 9 worse condition ?an be=e us+ x4 ,! edge %\ld !n be gone ov] ) ! %ave hook & clean$4 ,!n %ave ! top surface a di/ance ( in* ea* way f ! edge1 :i* w make a seam in* wide :5 f9i%$4 ,!n butt ! edges toge!r & secure ! %eets firmly to a bo>d ) a few tacks4 ,! extra lead t is necess>y to add to make a butt jo9t full mu/ be obta9$ f a /rip ( lead1 :i* %\ld be ab\t in* squ>e & %av$ clean4 ,aft] regulat+ ! flame to ! prop] size & %ape ! burn+ %\ld be begun at ! end ( ! seam ne>e/ ! op]ator4 ,) ! po9t ( ! inn] flame melt (f a drop f ! lead /rip & h x fall squ>ely on ! seam j slightly 9 advance ( ! po9t ( fusion4 ,foll[ x up ) ! flame1 plac+ ! po9t ( ! inn] flame directly ov] ! edges ( ! seam1 :i* is almo/ "u ! lead drop4 ,z soon z fusion comm5ces on ! lead seam ! melt$ drop w fl[ to ! bright spot & imm$iately unite ) x4 ,! flame mu/ !n be quickly remov$ & ! drop be all[$ to set4 ,9 ord] to avoid any misund]/&+ reg>d+ ! "t requir$ = ! lead drop to set ,i w\ld say t ! drop w cool imm$iately ^u ! flame be+ remov$ f contact ) x4 ,x is n necess>y to wait = any specifi$ "t1 b if ! flame is all[$ to play con/antly on ! %eet x is apt to get ov]heat$1 & :5 9 t condition x takes v little heat to set ! lead runn+ l wat]4 ,to avoid ?is ! flame %\ld be lift$ cle> ( ! seam = an in/ant aft] ea* drop has be5 fus$ into place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,burn+ a ,flat ,butt ,seam4 ,^! rem>ks apply to all seams t are made by ! bl[ pipe process & %\ld be not$1 z ?is p>ticul> po9t w n be ref]r$ to aga94 ,n[ melt (f ano!r drop & let x fall z be=e1 only x %\ld lap on ! previ\s drop ab\t "o-half its diamet]4 ,secure x to ! seam z be=e4 ,?is op]ation %\ld be repeat$ until ! seam is complet$1 & if ! seam is correctly done a section w appe> z a 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,?is =m ( flat seam %\ld be practic$ until p]fectly famili> ) ! bl[ pipe flame & until ! beg9n] c approa* ! lead ) ! flame )\t burn+ holes ?r\gh x1 :i* w probably be ! fir/ ?+ to happ54 ,upright ,butt ,seam4 ,! upright butt seam is seldom us$ on l>ge "w1 z x is a difficult matt] to make an upright butt seam t w /& ! te/1 z1 if a f9i%$ seam is cut into %ort pieces1 an exam9ation ( ! sev]$ ends w %[ _m weak places t 7 previ\sly ?\ght to be v /rong4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! heat necess>y to fuse ?r\gh ! lead w cause ! lead to run f ! seam & leave a hole4 ,! %eets = practice are prep>$ z describ$ = flat butt seams1 & mu/ be securely tack$ to a bo>d :i* c be support$ 9 an upright position4 ,! burn+ is begun at ! bottom ( ! seam4 ,! flame mu/ be %ort5$ consid]ably1 z ! fus+ mu/ take place some:at sl[] ?an 9 flat seams1 z 9 upright or inv]t$ seams ! attraction ( gravity rema9s to be ov]come1 & ! op]ator mu/ h pl5ty ( "t betwe5 ! comm5cem5t ( bright5+ & ! actual fus+ to drive ! melt+ drop to ! exact position desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,burn+ an ,upright ,butt ,seam4 ,! bl[ pipe is held s t ! flame /rikes ! seam squ>ely & at ab\t a "r angle ) ! %eet1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,:5 fusion />ts ! flame %\ld be drawn quickly to "o side1 & if ! lead is at ! prop] temp]ature ! melt$ drop w foll[ ! po9t ( flame1 & z x comes 9 contact ) ! adjo9+ edge x w prop]ly unite4 ,x is n necess>y to add lead to ^! seams (t5] ?an at int]vals ( #e or #f in*es1 or z (t5 z ! lead %[s signs ( weak5+1 :5 x may be add$ by hold+ ! lead /rip aga9/ ! lead %eet & slightly above ! flame4 ,! melt$ drop w unite ) ! %eet & c !n be driv5 to any desir$ position4 ,?is seam w %[ ! *>act]i/ic beads1 b !y w lie ne>ly level ) ! lead %eets1 & if a scrat* clo? be rubb$ ov] ! seam all traces ( ! position ( ! seam w be remov$4 ,to make a really /rong seam x mu/ be gone ov] ) ! flame at lea/ twice1 z aft] fusion ( ! edges takes place ! flame c be us$ q /rong )\t fe> ( ! lead runn+ f ! seam4 ,d n leave ?is seam until y are satisfi$ t x is ne>ly p]fect4 ,x is good practice1 & e h\r sp5t only makes ! ma/]y ( ! next seam come s mu* m quickly4 ,horizontal ,butt ,seam4 ,?is =m ( seam _c be us$ to any advantage on g5]al "w1 b1 l seams 9 o!r positions1 x _c always be avoid$4 ,! practice %eets are prep>$ & tack$ securely to ! bo>d1 z previ\sly describ$1 & are !n plac$ 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,! position ( ! bl[ pipe is z %[n at a4 ,! flame %\ld /rike ! %eet ne>ly squ>e4 ,! edge ( ! upp] %eet %\ld be heat$ fir/1 & z x bright5s ! flame %\ld be direct$ onto ! edge ( ! l[] %eet4 ,if prop]ly done1 fusion w at once take place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,burn+ a ,horizontal ,butt ,seam4 ,! object s\ght is to get a light fusion betwe5 ! two %eets be=e attempt+ to burn ! lead cle> ?r\gh ! seam4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! lead w run f ! upp] %eet & cause holes1 or at lea/ w s]i\sly weak5 ! upp] %eet1 z %[n 9 cross section at b4 ,aft] fusion is once obta9$ x is a simple matt] to g ov] ! seam a second "t1 :i* c !n be fus$ cle> ?r\gh )\t mu* dang] ( burn+ holes ?r\gh ! %eet4 ,lead c be add$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 upright seams if necess>y4 ,inv]t$ ,butt ,seam4 ,?is seam is us$ ext5sively 9 jo9+ wa/e pipes :i* conduct ! acid f tanks to ! dra94 ,^! pipes are usually 9 a horizontal position & ! seams mu/ be burn$ 9 place4 ,! mo/ difficult "p ( ! seam is 9 />t+ x4 ,:5 fusion has once tak5 place ! balance ( ! seam is easy4 ,! seam is prep>$ ! same z describ$ = o!r butt seams4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ! edges butt close4 ,! bo>d c !n be support$ 9 ! requir$ position by any conv5i5t device4 ,! bl[ pipe flame mu/ be made z %ort z possible & /ill melt ! lead4 ,! po9t ( ! inn] flame is !n plac$ squ>ely on ! seam4 ,bo? edges mu/ be heat$ at once4 ,if ! edges beg9 to bright5 & d n %[ an incl9ation to fuse1 ! flame %\ld be drawn quickly to "o side1 & ! melt$ drop w foll[ ! po9t ( flame & unite ) ! adjo9+ edge4 ,?is seam1 9 common ) ! o!r butt seams1 %\ld be gone ov] ! second "t to assure a p]fect seam4 ,x is difficult "w to add lead to ! flat inv]t$ seam4 ,:5 necess>y to d s1 h[ev]1 x c be add$ by burn+ ! end ( ! lead /rip to ! seam4 ,! /rip is !n melt$ (f1 leav+ a drop ( lead affix$ to ! seam1 :i* c !n be drawn to ! requir$ spot ) ! flame4 ,! *>act]i/ic inv]t$ seam %[s pits ^u exam9ation ( ! rev]se side ( ! %eets4 ,^! are caus$ by ov]heat+4 ,! op]ator w (t5 be surpris$ at ! inv]t$ butt seam %[+ a rem>kable fullness4 ,?is is acc\nt$ = ^u ! exam9ation above ref]r$ to4 ,! lead1 ^u ! application ( ! heat1 runs f ! upp] or back side ( ! %eet & =ms a v full seam4 ,= t reason ! inv]t$ butt seams always appe> /rong] ?an !y really are4 ,see inv]t$ lap seam1 ,fig4 #bg4 ,lap ,seams4 ,! lap seams are ! seams commonly us$ on all classes ( "w4 ,:5 ! beg9n] becomes pr(ici5t ) ! bl[ pipe no tr\ble w be exp]i5c$ 9 mak+ lap seams t w %[ :5 cut a jo9t equal 9 ?ickness to ! %eets t are jo9$4 ,! lead %eets = ! flat lap seam are prep>$ by %av+ clean ! expos$ edge2 also1 %ave ! %eets :]e !y t\* ea* o!r4 ,! upp] edges c !n be %av$ = a di/ance ( in* ea* side ( ! lap1 :i* w make ! f9i%$ seam in* wide1 z %[n at a 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! %eets %\ld be lapp$ to in*1 accord+ to ! weight ( ! /ock4 ,x is v evid5t t light weights w\ld n require z l>ge a lap z w\ld heavi] %eets1 z ! object ( lapp+ ! %eets is to leave ! %eets practically z "o piece1 & ! lead1 to accompli% ?is object1 is to be melt$ f ! upp] %eet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,burn+ an ,inv]t$ ,lap ,seam4 ,f ! =ego+ x w be se5 :y a #ab-p\nd %eet requires a -in* lap1 :ile a #bd-p\nd %eet w\ld require a -in* lap4 ,! flame1 :5 regulat$ to ! "w1 is br\ght to be> squ>ely on ! edge ( ! upp] %eet1 slant+ slightly 9 ! direction ( ! l[] %eet1 z %[n4 ,:5 ! edge has bright5$ almo/ to ! fus+ po9t ! bl[ pipe %\ld be drawn quickly to "o side & f ! upp] %eet to ! l[] %eet4 ,if ! metal is suffici5tly hot ! melt$ drop w foll[ ! po9t ( ! flame & in/antly fuse ) ! l[] %eet1 & if prop]ly done ! seam w resemble b 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,?is process is repeat$1 advanc+ ab\t to in* ea* "t4 ,d n attempt to fuse a l>ge surface at a "t4 ,exp]ts _c d su* a ?+ satisfactorily1 s :y %\ld a beg9n] try to8 ,r1 try to fuse small surfaces quickly & /rongly1 z bett] "w & m ( x c be accompli%$ 9 t mann]4 ,horizontal ,lap ,seams4 ,?is seam is prep>$ precisely z describ$ = flat lap seams4 ,! /rips c be fa/5$ to a bo>d ) a few tacks4 ,! /rips c !n be support$ 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! burn+ is comm5c$1 z be=e1 at ! side ne>e/ ! op]ator4 ,! flame mu/ be made z %ort z is consi/5t ) ! weight ( ! /ock4 ,x w be f\nd to ! beg9n]'s advantage to h fusion take place sl[ly4 ,! po9t ( ! inn] flame is br\ght to be> on ! out] edge ( ! lapp$ %eet & at an angle ( #de degrees4 ,bo? %eets %\ld beg9 to bright5 at ab\t ! same "t4 ,! melt$ drop mu/ be driv5 aga9/ ! back %eet by ! =ce ( ! jet ( flame1 & if ! %eets are clean fusion w take place quickly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,burn+ a ,horizontal ,lap ,seam4 ,! drops or beads ( lead w appe> v small on ?is =m ( seam1 ow+ to t great ob/acle1 gravity1 :i* causes ! drop :5 melt$ to fl[ d[nw>d & s swell ! seam4 ,! drops1 9 common ) o!r =ms ( lap seams1 %\ld be made %ort1 lett+ ea* drop ov]lap ! previ\s drop z mu* z possible4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to weak5 ! seam1 z %[n at a4 ,! beg9n] %\ld /rive to get ! seams s t :5 cut into small sections ea* section w resemble ! result %[n at b4 ,upright ,lap ,seams4 ,prep>e ! %eets z = flat lap seams1 fa/5+ ! %eets securely to a bo>d1 z previ\sly describ$4 ,! burn+ %\ld be begun at ! l[e/ po9t ( ! seam4 ,aft] regulat+ ! flame1 ! po9t ( ! inn] flame is appli$ to ! edge ( ! out] %eet slightly above ! po9t decid$ ^u z ! />t+ po9t1 & at an angle ( ab\t #cj degrees1 z %[n at a 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,z ! drop beg9s to melt x w h a t5d5cy to fl[ d[nw>d4 ,by a quick turn ( ! wri/ ! flame mu/ !n be direct$ aga9/ ! back %eet & slightly "u ! melt+ drop4 ,! "u %eet %\ld bright5 at once1 & ! =ce ( ! flame1 be+ p>tially direct$ aga9/ ! melt$ drop1 t5ds to =ce x aga9/ ! bright spot on ! back %eet1 ) :i* x in/antly unites4 ,! flame mu/ !n be )drawn = an in/ant1 to give ! fus$ drop "t to set4 ,! op]ation mu/ be repeat$ until ! seam is f9i%$4 ,us+ ord9>y language1 x may be said t ! drop is cut f ! upp] %eet1 c>ri$ slightly d[nw>d & !n /uck aga9/ ! back %eet by ! =ce ( ! flame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,burn+ an ,upright ,lap ,seam4 ,?is seam is ! "o mo/ us$1 & ! beg9n] %\ld practice x dilig5tly4 ,aft] ma/]+ x 9 ! position %[n 9 ! cut1 ! bo>d %\ld be fa/5$ to ! floor & ! beg9n] %\ld practice burn+ ! upright seam f above ! "w4 ,?is position occurs _m times 9 l9+ tanks1 & ! beg9n] :o conqu]s ! upright seam 9 t position c consid] himself suffici5tly pr(ici5t to att5d to any job ( lead burn+ t may arise4 ,! beads ( lead w appe> m compact & regul> ?an 9 ! flat seam1 & if prop]ly done w ^u cutt+ ! sample %[ a v /rong jo9t4 ,inv]t$ ,lap ,seam4 ,?is seam %\ld be attempt$ only aft] becom+ v pr(ici5t ) ! bl[ pipe & flame1 aft] :i* x becomes z easy to burn z 9 any o!r position4 ,9 ord] to get ! range ( ! seam ! %eets %\ld be arrang$ 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! burn+ is begun on ! upright seam1 & cont9u$ up & ov] ! curv$ portion & on to ! inv]t$ seam4 ,! graduation f ! upright seam to ! inv]t$ seam is simple & gradual1 & is h>dly noticeable4 ,aft] accompli%+ ! inv]t$ seam 9 ?is mann]1 /rips ( lead %\ld be prep>$ & fa/5$ to ! bo>d z describ$ = upright seams4 ,! bo>d %\ld be support$ 9 an inv]t$ position at a conv5i5t hight ov] ! op]ator's head4 ,! flame %\ld be %ort5$ z mu* z possible4 ,! burn+ may be />t$ at any conv5i5t po9t & cont9ue 9 ea* direction4 ,! po9t ( ! inn] flame is appli$ to ! seam at a slight angle1 z a4 ,! object is to obta9 a fusion betwe5 ! back %eet & ! upp] edge ( ! lap4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$ fusion proce$s easily4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,burn+ an ,inv]t$ ,corn] ,seam4 ,! h>de/ "p ( ?is seam is 9 />t+ x1 & :5 once />t$1 ) a little pati5ce & c>e1 ! balance ( ! seam c be fus$ )\t any tr\ble4 ,fig4 #cj %[s an ex]cise :i* ! beg9n] %\ld practice aft] hav+ conqu]$ ,fig4 #bg1 z x tea*es ! mak+ ( an inv]t$ corn] seam4 ,( c\rse1 ?is position seldom occurs 9 small "w1 b if ! burn+ ( x is once accompli%$ x w give ! op]ator consid]able confid5ce 9 8 own ability4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,pipe ,,seams4 ,! ,butt ,seam on ,r\nd ,pipe4 ,pipes t are plac$ 9 a horizontal position are usually butt seam$1 z a /rong] seam c be made 9 t mann]4 ,?is =m ( seam is also us$ 9 l5g!n+ traps1 b5ds1 etc4 ,to prep>e a r\nd pipe = butt seam+1 ! ends ( ! pipe %\ld fir/ be made p]fectly r\nd by ins]t+ a drift plug & dress+ ! lead up close to x4 ,! ends ( ! pipe %\ld be rasp$ true & !n %av$ clean4 ,also %ave ! pipe = a di/ance ( in* ea* side ( ! edge4 ,a piece ( /iff writ+ pap] %\ld !n be roll$ up ! size ( ! pipe & ins]t$ 9 ! ends4 ,?is pap] w prev5t any lead f runn+ into ! pipe & leav+ r\gh edges1 z ^! aft]w>d =m an ob/ruction4 ,! burn+ %\ld be comm5c$ at ! "u side ( ! pipe1 ,fig4 #ca1 & proce$ bo? ways f ! />t+ po9t & f9i% at ! top4 ,if ! beg9n] has successfully ov]come ! difficulties ( ! seams prec$+ ?is he w f9d no tr\ble 9 mak+ a /rong & workmanlike seam on ?is pipe4 ,pipes are seldom us$ heavi] ?an ! grade kn[n z ,d = ?is class ( "w1 & = t reason x is seldom necess>y to add lead to ^! seams4 ,b if a hole %\ld be burn$ 9 ! pipe on ! "u side1 lead %\ld be add$ to ! top side ( ! pipe & !n made to foll[ ! flame to ! desir$ spot4 ,?is w be f\nd a quick] & m c]ta9 me?od ?an attempt+ to add lead directly to ! hole4 ,a prop]ly burn$ pipe %\ld %[ ! full ?ickness ( ! pipe :5 cut ) a saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,burn+ a ,butt ,seam on ,r\nd ,pipe4 ,?r\gh ,seam on ,r\nd ,pipe4 ,:]e heavy pipe t is to be us$ "u pressure is to be jo9$ x mu/ be burn$ ?r\gh to provide /r5g?1 & ! ends prep>$ 9 ! same way z j describ$1 b ! ends mu/ also be trimm$ (f all ! way ar\nd ) a slight bevel rea*+ f ! outside almo/ to ! inside bore ( ! pipe4 ,! bevel mu/ /op s z to all[ a n>r[ squ>e butt end on ea* pipe4 ,!n :5 a piece ( pap] has be5 plac$ on ! inside to prev5t lead runn+ into ! pipe1 ! two ends :5 butt$ w pres5t a ,v-%ap$ groove1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb1 rea*+ all ar\nd ! pipe4 ,! burn+ is comm5c$ at ! bottom1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca1 & ! two ends securely unit$4 ,! groove is !n fill$ by burn+ on additional lead f a ?9 clean$ /rip until ! groove is fill$ & ! pipe made z heavy & /rong at ?is po9t z any:]e on its entire l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,jo9t ,prep>$ = ,?r\gh ,burn+4 ,! ,lap ,seam on ,r\nd ,pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,prep>+ = a ,lap ,seam4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--;,burn+ a ,lap ,seam on ,r\nd ,pipe4 ,?is seam is us$ almo/ exclusively on pipe 9 a v]tical position1 & is simil> to ! horizontal lap seam4 ,! pipe is prep>$ by spread+ ! l[] piece ( pipe ) a drift plug "o size l>g] ?an ! size ( ! pipe us$4 ,! end ( ! pipe int5d$ to ent] ?is socket is rasp$ to a bevel edge1 z %[n at a1 ,fig4 #cc4 ,?is end is !n %av$ clean1 z is also ! inside ( ! socket4 ,! pipe is !n plac$ into ! socket1 :i* is !n dress$ up tight aga9/ ! ins]t$ pipe1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd4 ,! expos$ edge is !n clean$ & burn$1 z describ$ = horizontal lap seams4 ,! ,tee ,jo9t on ,r\nd ,pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,mak+ a ,tee ,jo9t on ,r\nd ,pipe4 ,) a pair ( compasses set ! diamet] ( ! pipe t x is desir$ to ins]t1 & /rike a circle on ! pipe :i* is to receive ! tee4 ,) a tap bor]1 or any o!r device1 cut out a circle ( lead1 leav+ ab\t in* to turn up4 ,!n draw ?is rema9+ lead up by means ( a b5d+ iron & a heavy piece ( iron1 su* z a *isel1 z %[n at ,b 9 ,fig4 #ce1 until ! hole is l>ge en\gh to receive ! piece int5d$ = x1 ! end ( :i* %\ld be bevel$ ) a f9e rasp1 z %[n at a4 ,! lead %\ld !n be dress$ back aga9/ ! pipe1 aft] :i* remove ! piece & %ave clean1 & proce$ to burn z describ$ = ! lap seam on r\nd pipe1 & z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 dress+ up ! lead flange to dress x sl[ly s z to avoid weak5+ ! lead4 ,l9+ ,tanks4 ,! l9+ ( *emical tanks be+ ! pr9cipal "w ( ! *emical plumb]1 a description ( h[ ?is "w is done w probably be ( "s use to ! beg9n]4 ,9 prep>+ lead %eets = a tank ! %eets %\ld be cut s z to give ! mo/ seams on ! bottom1 because ( ! great] ease 9 mak+ !m4 ,9 l>ge tanks ,i f9d x conv5i5t to put ! bottom 9 fir/1 cutt+ x to make an easy fit1 & !n ! sides are put 94 ,^! are cut to all[ -in* lap on ! bottom4 ,! lead %eets are laid on ! floor1 or "s o!r smoo? place1 :i* has previ\sly be5 swept clean1 & !n dress$ out smoo?4 ,?is c be/ be done by us+ ! wood5 dress] to take out ! l>ge wr9kles & !n smoo?+ ) a lead flap4 ,?is flap is simply a piece ( %eet lead ab\t #c in*es wide & #ab in*es long1 "o end ( :i* is drawn into a roll to fit ! h&4 ,!n m>k ! laps & b5d !m to ! desir$ position4 ,! "u side ( ! lap %\ld be %av$ clean1 z also ! lead "u ! lap1 to facilitate fusion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--;,burn+ 9 ! ,tee ,jo9t4 ,if ! tank is ov] #ah in*es high ! lead mu/ be fa/5$ to ! sides ) bullseyes4 ,^! are made by c\nt]s9k+ places 9 ! sides ( ! tank4 ,! lead is !n dress$ into ^! holes & x is held 9 place ) l>ge head$ brass screws1 :i* are cov]$ by burn+ ov] ! heads4 ,lead = ! purpose is tak5 f lead /rips4 ,! build+ up process is resort$ to 9 cov]+ ^! screw heads4 ,! lead %\ld be arrang$ s z to avoid corn] seams z mu* z possible1 z x is q a difficult job to get ! prop] ?ickness ( lead 9 su* seams4 ,no rule c be giv5 = cutt+ lead to fit a tank1 z tanks are ( su* a v>iety ( sizes & %apes1 & ! lead is ( s _m wid?s1 t ! me*anic mu/ /udy h[ to cut ! /ock )\t wa/e & h z few seams z possible4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,acid ,,*amb] ,,"w4 ,x is n my int5tion to give an elaborate description ( h[ acids are made or to attempt to describe all ( ! diff]5t fitt+s employ$ 9 t "w1 because :ile all plants are simil> 9 con/ruction no two are alike4 ,= t reason ,i w conf9e myself to ! me?ods employ$ 9 h&l+ lead 9 l>ge quantities1 z ! lead us$ 9 ?is "w ranges 9 weight f #ah to #bd p\nds to ! foot & is !re=e v heavy to h&le4 ,^! *amb]s are kn[n z cond5s+ *amb]s1 & _! use is to cat* & cond5se a mixture ( sulphur & /eam :i* is bl[n into !m ?r\gh a l>ge lead pipe4 ,= t reason !y are usually built out ( doors1 & sometimes h a sort ( tempor>y ro( built ov] !m4 ,consequ5tly 9 repair+ !y are easily gott5 at1 :i*1 by ! way1 is seldom necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,me?od ( ,fram+ ,*amb]4 ,to beg9 )1 ! %eet lead %\ld be pur*as$ ( su* a wid? z to make z few seams z possible4 ,! bottom ( ! *amb] = ?is lead to lie ^u %\ld be made ( #b-;in* cypress plank1 ! same to be tongu$ & groov$ z = floors1 & %\ld be plan$ d[n1 if necess>y1 s t x w pres5t a p]fectly smoo? surface = ! lead to re/ ^u1 = if !re are any unev5 spots t is :]e ! lead w ev5tually crack4 ,! frame "w = ! sides %\ld also be put 9 place be=e ! lead "w is />t$1 or at lea/ en\gh ( x to prev5t dirt & o!r /uff f bo!r+ ! burn]4 ,"o end ( ! *amb]1 h[ev]1 %\ld be left op51 s z to enable ! workm5 to br+ 9 ! lead or o!r mat]ial4 ,! sides %\ld n be clos$ up1 b %\ld be fram$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg1 s z to all[ ! lead to be securely fa/5$ to ! frame "w1 :i* %\ld be made ( heavy /ock1 dep5d+1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! dep? & size ( *amb]1 z !y are 9 all sizes1 f #aj feet to #fj feet long & long]4 ,aft] see+ t ?is "p ( ! "w is all "r1 beg9 to place ! bottom 9 position4 ,?is lead %\ld be cut l>ge en\gh to all[ ( its be+ turn$ up ab\t #b in*es all ar\nd = tight tanks4 ,! sides are n burn$ to ! bottoms ( "s *amb]s1 b ! bottom lead is turn$ up diff]5t hights1 dep5d+ ^u h[ deep x is requir$ to c>ry ! acid 9 ! *amb]1 :i* is f #d to #aj in*es or deep]4 ,! /udd+ %\ld be not*$ out to all[ ! turn$ up lead to face ) ! face ( ! /udd+1 o!rwise !re w\ld be a b5d 9 ! side lead :]e x ov]laps ! sides ( ! bottom4 ,! flat seams 9 ! bottom %\ld be butt$ toge!r1 s z to give a p]fectly smoo? surface1 :i* w all[ all ! acid to be drawn (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--;,*ipp+ ,knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--7;,a7 ,/rap ,split & ,b5t 9 ,alt]nate ,directions4 7,b7 ,bevel ,end ( ,/rap4 ,x is r a difficult task = "s m5 to cut heavy lead /raight4 ,?is is easily accompli%$ by fir/ m>k+ a *alk l9e on ! lead :]e x is desir$ to cut x (f2 !n1 tak+ ! hamm] & *ipp+ knife1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch1 dip ! blade ( ! knife 9 wat]1 lay ! blade squ>e on ! l9e & /rike ! back ( ! blade lightly ) ! hamm]4 ,m>k ! %eet ! :ole l5g? 9 ?is mann]4 ,!n g ov] x aga9 & repeat ! op]ation1 mak+ sure t ! knife is held /raight4 ,! blade ( ! knife mu/ be kept wet or x w /ick 9 ! lead & cause x to glance (f sideways4 ,aft] x is cut any unev5 spots c be plan$ (f smoo? ) a small smoo?+ plane1 set s z to take (f a v light *ip4 ,! lead %\ld n[ be plac$ 9 position & dress$ smoo?ly by us+ a piece ( p9e1 or o!r s(t bo>d1 z a dress]4 ,?is mu/ be laid on any unev5 spots & !n p\nd$ d[n smoo? ) a heavy wood5 mallet1 aft] :i* ! seams %\ld be %av$ & burn$ at once2 or if ! seams are %ort & x is desir$ to put 9 en\gh "w "o day to keep ! burn] busy ! next1 /rips ( pap] #f in*es wide %\ld be pa/$ ov] ! seams to keep ! du/ out4 ,only ! edges ( ! pap] %\ld be pa/$1 s t :5 ready to burn all t w be necess>y is to take hold ( "o end ( ! pap] & /rip x (f1 leav+ ! seam clean & free f du/ & pa/e & ready to %ave & burn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,roll ( ,lead 9 ,position4 ,aft] ! bottom is f9i%$ ! sides mu/ be put 91 9 su* a mann] z to h z few seams 9 an upright position z possible1 z x saves consid]able "t to burn !m :5 horizontal4 ,on small *amb]s or tanks n ov] #aj feet deep ! c>p5t] %\ld make a /ag+ wide en\gh to receive two %eets ( lead & z long z ! tank is deep4 ,! bottom ( ! *amb] %\ld !n be cov]$ ) bo>ds1 s z to prev5t damage to ! lead4 ,! /ag+ is !n br\ght 9 & set up on horses1 & ! %eets ( lead are cut (f & laid on ! /ag+4 ,! seams are lapp$1 %av$ & burn$1 aft] :i* ! lead tacks or /raps are cut & burn$ on1 to support ! lead :5 9 position4 ,!re are diff]5t ways ( putt+ on ^! /raps4 ,= side lead ,i use /rips ( ! lead itself ab\t #c in*es wide & long en\gh to lap well onto ! /udd+4 ,my way is to split ?is /rip ab\t in* deep & b5d ! ends 9 alt]nate directions4 ,! edges are !n cut (f1 z %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #ci1 aft] :i* !y are burn$ 9 place4 ,^! /raps %\ld be spac$ n m ?an #ae in*es ap>t1 & %\ld be plac$ 9 su* a mann] z to come on ! upp] side ( ! /udd+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--;,clamp & ,me?od ( ,apply+4 ,ano!r me?od ( putt+ on ^! tacks1 & "o :i* is mo/ commonly practic$1 is to trim ! end ( ! /rip ( lead z %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #ci4 ,! /rip is laid flat on ! lead %eet1 ) ! bevel end d[n1 & is !n burn$ onto ! %eet 9 t position1 aft] :i* x is b5t ov] ! /udd+ & nail$4 ,! expon5ts ( ?is me?od claim t a bett] job is done 9 t mann]1 z !re is always a lift+ pull on ! /rap4 ,i claim = ! fir/ me?od t !re is m /r5g? 9 ! lead seam1 & t z ! edge ( ! /udd+ comes directly "u ! /rap x acts z a sort ( %elf = ! /rap & !reby becomes a /rong brace4 ,b x is probably only a matt] ( habit1 z !y hold all "r ei!r way4 ,n[1 aft] hav+ ! seams burn$ & ! /raps 9 place1 ! lead mu/ be put 9 position4 ,?is c be accompli%$ by any arrangem5t ( block & tackles1 b if ! *amb] be v l>ge x w be f\nd to be a sav+ ( "t & labor to rig up a d]rick4 ,?is is n su* an exp5sive ?+ to d1 z a c>p5t] is always on h& & mo/ likely all ! mat]ial ne$$ is already on ! gr\nd4 ,?is d]rick %\ld be con/ruct$ ) a sw++ boom1 s t x c be rais$1 l[]$ or swung into any desir$ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,%[+ ,/ag+ 9 ,position4 ,n[ to raise ! side lead into position3 ,! d]rick is hook$ onto ! hook or rope t is on ! upp] end ( ! /ag+4 ,x c !n be easily rais$ 9 position4 ,if ! tank be v deep1 or if x %\ld be too n>r[ to foll[ ?is me?od1 ! %eet lead %\ld be roll$ up on a piece ( #b1 #c or #d in* iron pipe1 dep5d+ ^u ! weight ( ! lead4 ,?is pipe %\ld be long en\gh to project at lea/ #f in*es f bo? ends ( ! roll4 ,two timb]s1 long en\gh to cross ! frame "w1 %\ld be obta9$4 ,ab\t #ah in*es f "o end ( ea* timb] a not* %\ld be cut to prev5t ! pipe f roll+4 ,^! timb]s mu/ n[ be plac$ across ! frame "w j ov] ! place t is int5d$ = ! lead4 ,! :ole roll c n[ be rais$ ) ! d]rick & ! ends ( ! pipe plac$ 9 ! not*es4 ,! lead c !n be pull$ d[n1 simil> to pull+ d[n a w9d[ %ade1 aft] :i* ! tacks c be burn$ on 9 place4 ,?is is %[n at a1 ,fig4 #dj4 ,or if !re be room en\gh ! piece ( lead c be cut f ! roll1 dress$ smoo? & h ! tacks burn$ on :ile on ! floor4 ,! upp] end ( ! lead c !n be roll$ ov] & nail$ to a piece ( timb] #b #f in*es or heavi]1 & ! d]rick hook$ onto ?is & rais$ 9 position4 ,?is is ! easie/ me?od :]e !re is room to d x4 ,^! are a few ( ! me?ods us$1 b !re are num]\s o!r ways4 ,to place ! top lead 9 position requires a /ag+1 :i* c be built z foll[s3 ,en\gh hooks %\ld be made to prop]ly support ! /ag+1 %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #da4 ,two timb]s %\ld be laid across ! top ( ! *amb]1 f> en\gh ap>t to all[ two /rips ( lead to be plac$ 9 position at once4 ,! hooks are n[ hook$ ov] ^! timb]s1 :ile two pieces ( #c #c or #d #d are plac$ 9 ! o!r end ( ! hook4 ,planks are n[ laid ov] ^! timb]s & ! screws set up until ! tops ( ! planks come j level ) ! top ( ! lead--n high]1 or else !y w prev5t ! joi/ f be+ plac$ 9 position4 ,! lead c n[ be cut (f on ! gr\nd & hoi/$ up to ! top1 :]e x becomes an easy matt] to place x 9 position4 ,! lead tacks c n[ also be cut & burn$ on4 ,!y %\ld be cut suffici5tly long to all[ !m to lap ov] ! top ( ! joi/1 z %[n at a1 ,fig4 #db1 :]e !y %\ld be nail$ ) l>ge head$ nails4 ,x w be notic$ t ! tacks are d\bl$ up on ! top lead & t !y are n set opposite ea* o!r4 ,! joi/ c n[ be set & ! tacks nail$ on1 aft] :i* ropes c be ti$ onto ! project+ ends ( ! #d #d timb]s & ! :ole /ag+ be l[]$ to ! floor at once4 ,?is op]ation c be repeat$ until ! :ole top is on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,lead ,head$ ,nail4 ,x w be necess>y to leave small holes betwe5 ! lead seams at int]vals = ! hooks to pass ?r\gh4 ,h[ev]1 ^! c be burn$ ov] at any "t1 & :]e ! ends ( ! top %\ld ov]lap ! end ( ! *amb] ! lead c be left turn$ up until ! /ag+ is remov$1 aft] :i* x c be turn$ ov] & burn$4 ,! hooks are made ( r\nd iron & h a long ?read cut on "o end1 s z to all[ = adju/m5t4 ,! details are %[n 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,!re are also num]\s fitt+s us$ 9 connection ) ^! cond5s+ *amb]s1 b !y are all easily made & are too simple to take up space "h 9 explanation4 ,%\ld x be necess>y to use nails = any purpose on ! inside ( ! *amb]1 ! heads %\ld be dipp$ into a pot ( melt$ lead t has n q set until ! adh]+ ball ( lead is ab\t in* 9 diamet]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,^! nails c be driv5 9 place & ! lead burn$ to ! %eet lead1 :i* w prev5t corrosion4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,special ,,hydrog5 ,,app>atus ,,& ,,burn]4 ,! articles on ! univ]sal me?od ( lead burn+ hav+ be5 complet$1 ,i desire to call att5tion to a new me?od & a new g5]ator rec5tly pat5t$ & put on ! m>ket by ! ,kirkwood ,h]r ,hydrog5 ,ma*9e ,company1 #cabi ,s\? ,/ate /reet1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,x is call$ ! ,kirkwood g5]ator & a g5]al view ( x is giv5 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,?is g5]ator is a radical dep>ture f ! old /yle g5]ator1 z us$ = ! purpose ( lead burn+1 inasmu* z x disp5ses ) ! air bla/ & consequ5tly ) ! mix+ =k & tubes4 ,! air requir$ to r$uce ! hydrog5 gas to a work+ condition is obta9$ by absorb+ ! air at ! m\? ( ! burn]4 ,! new g5]ator diff]s also 9 ! am\nt ( pressure us$ on ! gas4 ,) ! old /yle g5]ator1 previ\sly describ$1 a pressure ( #a to #b p\nds is us$1 :]eas ! ,kirkwood g5]ator is us$ "u a pressure v>y+ f #h to #cj p\nds4 ,at ! high] pressure ! mak] claims ! be/ results are obta9$4 ,! g5]ator is made 9 a size t enables ! op]ator to take x to a job on a /reet c> or tra91 & t :ile conta9+ ! full *>ge ( acid & z9c1 z x weighs :5 *>g$ ab\t #ej p\nds4 ,?is is a v important advantage ov] ! old /yle ma*9e4 ,con/ruction ( ! ,g5]ator4 ,! g5]ator is con/ruct$1 s to speak1 j ! rev]se ( ! old /yle g5]ator1 inasmu* z ! l[] *amb] conta9s ! *>ge ( acid1 :ile ! z9c is plac$ 9 ! upp] *amb]4 ,! g5]ator %[n 9 ! sectional view1 ,fig4 #de1 is cyl9drical 9 %ape1 #i in*es 9 diamet] & #cj in*es high4 ,a horizontal p>tition1 to :i* is burn$ a pipe long en\gh to rea* to a po9t ab\t #a in* above ! bottom ( ! acid *amb]1 is burn$ into ! cyl9d] at a po9t a little above ! middle ( ! cyl9d]1 mak+ ! acid *amb] l>g] ?an ! gas *amb]4 ,?is arrangem5t all[s ! back pressure ( gas to =ce ! acid d[n into ! acid *amb]1 compress+ ! air 9 ! acid *amb] )\t p]mitt+ any gas to f9d its way into ! acid *amb] & ?us prev5t+ a wa/e ( gas4 ,9 ?is horizontal p>tition & ov] ! p5d5t pipe a numb] ( -in* holes are drill$ or pun*$4 ,?is enables ! acid to pass freely into ! gas *amb]1 & prev5ts any small p>ticles ( z9c f fall+ into ! acid *amb]1 :i* w\ld g5]ate gas 9 ! *amb]4 ,connect$ to ! top ( ?is acid *amb] is a small pipe :i* runs up ?r\gh ! gas *amb] & t]m9ates above x1 z %[n4 ,?is pipe has an air inlet valve1 or small hose end gas cock1 connect$ into ! side ( ! pipe1 to :i* ! hose f ! =ce pump is atta*$ :5 supply+ air to ! acid *amb] to =ce f ! acid *amb] to ! gas *amb] 9 ord] to />t ! g5]ation ( gas4 ,a safety or bl[ (f valve is also atta*$ to ?is pipe at ! top1 & is set to an ord9>y work+ pressure ( #ae p\nds1 or to any pressure desir$4 ,if gas is be+ g5]at$ fa/] ?an is requir$ x gets up a pressure 9 excess ( #ae p\nds4 ,!n ! safety valve op5s & all[s ! air 9 ! acid *amb] to escape until ! gas goes d[n to ! desir$ pressure aga94 ,?is obvi\sly all[s a portion ( ! acid to return to ! acid *amb]1 & lat]1 z ! acid becomes weak]1 ! air 9 ?is *amb] w h to be r5ew$ by ! admission ( a little m air4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #dd4--;,g5]al ,view4 ,fig4 #de4--,sectional ,view4 ,! ,kirkwood ,lead ,burn+ ,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--,! ,kirkwood ,lead ,burn]4 ,a l>ge *>g+ screw is plac$ directly 9 ! top ( ! gas *amb]4 ,into ?is is screw$ a tee & %ort nipple1 or x may be a special fitt+ made = t purpose4 ,on ?is tee or special fitt+ a pressure gauge is screw$1 & a float valve is atta*$ on ! bran*4 ,into ! gas *amb] or z close to ! p>tition z possible an angle valve is plac$4 ,to ,op]ate4 ,to *>ge ! app>atus ! safety valve is remov$ & ! am\nt ( ! *>ge ( acidulat$ wat] hav+ be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$1 ! *>ge is p\r$ into ! acid *amb] ?r\gh ! air pipe4 ,! *>ge ( spelt] or z9c is plac$ 9 ! gas *amb] ?r\gh ! *>g+ screw on top ( ! gas *amb]4 ,! pump is n[ atta*$ to ! air inlet cock ) a %ort hose1 & a few /rokes ( ! pump w =ce ! acid up into ! gas *amb] until ! z9c is completely subm]g$4 ,! g5]ation ( gas w beg9 at once4 ,! cock on ! burn] is !n clos$ until ! necess>y work+ pressure is obta9$1 :5 x is ready = use4 ,! pressure ( gas c be regulat$ by sett+ ! safety valve to bl[ (f at a great] or less pressure1 z desir$4 ,! use ( ! float valve is to prev5t acid f be+ =c$ out ( ! gas *amb] & into ! tube4 ,if ?is happ5s1 ! valve floats up & in/antly closes ! outlet1 9 :i* condition ! valve rema9s until suffici5t gas is g5]at$ to =ce ! acid back into ! acid *amb]4 ,:5 fir/ *>g+ ! ma*9e1 acid %\ld be =c$ up into ! gas *amb] until ?is valve closes1 z t w =ce all ( ! air conta9$ 9 ! gas *amb] out ?r\gh ! tube1 leav+ only pure gas 9 ! g5]ator4 ,:5 ! acid is sp5t x is easily remov$ f ! g5]ator by atta*+ ! pump to ! air inlet cock & =c+ ! acid up into ! gas *amb]4 ,! angle valve is !n op5$1 :5 ! sp5t acid c be drawn (f into a pail or o!r receptacle4 ,?is w n dra9 ! acid *amb] absolutely dry1 b practically s4 ,:5 ! op]ator ceases "w1 z = d9n] or = any purpose1 all t is necess>y is to op5 ! air inlet cock & deta* ! hose f ! gas outlet4 ,! acid w return by gravity to ! acid *amb] :5 g5]ation ceases4 ,:5 ! op]ator is ready to resume "w a few /rokes ( ! pump w />t g5]ation aga94 ,! ,burn]4 ,! burn]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #df1 :i* is ! mo/ important "p ( ! app>atus1 is also con/ruct$ on a pr9ciple n h]et(ore us$ on a lead burn+ app>atus4 ,x consi/s ( a small tube1 to "o end ( :i* is screw$ a small cock1 simil> to a pet cock4 ,to ! o!r end1 at a conv5i5t angle1 is braz$ ! burn] prop]4 ,?is consi/s ( a ne$le po9t valve4 ,! ne$le po9t1 be+ ab\t in* long1 is arrang$ s t ! po9t c pass ?r\gh ! gas outlet ab\t #a-af in*4 ,?is seems to spread ! flame 9 su* a mann] t x absorbs suffici5t air to r$uce ! flame4 ,x c be regulat$ by draw+ ! ne$le 9 or out1 z ! "w requires4 ,!re is also a tube arrang$ to act z a by-pass or subflame4 ,by op5+ ! valve on ?is by-pass a pilot or subflame is ma9ta9$1 :i* does away ) ! annoyance ( hav+ ! flame pop out or become ext+ui%$1 z x is in/antly ignit$ aga9 by ! subflame4 ,9 op]at+1 ! flame is held at su* a di/ance f ! "w z exp]i5ce w tea* to be prop]1 or until ! lead />ts to melt4 ,x %\ld fuse ) t well-kn[n & in/antly recogniz$ bright appe>ance :i* indicates ! nonoxidiz+ flame4 ,any "o :o is us$ to h&l+ ! bl[ pipe c easily famili>ize himself ) ?is bl[ pipe4 ,! mak] claims t #b qu>ts ( vitriol w s]ve to op]ate ! app>atus = a day ( #h h\rs on lead z heavy z #ab-p\nd4 ,i h no d\bt t x w d ev5 m ?an ! mak]s claim = x4 ,! app>atus is made 9 ?ree sizes1 adapt$ = diff]5t classes ( "w4 ,aft] ! exp]i5ce ,i h _h ) x1 ,i feel sure t any beg9n] c use ?is app>atus safely if he uses ord9>y judgm5t & c>e 9 h&l+ a gas app>atus t ne$s common s5se treatm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,s(t ,,sold]+ ,,) ,,! ,,m\? ,,bl[ ,,pipe4 ,! common bl[ pipe is a simple little tool t is us$ 9 connection ) an alcohol tor* = sold]+ ! f9e/ & mo/ delicate pieces ( jewelry1 & con/itutes ! sole me?od ( sold]+ us$ by ,britannia work]s & jewel]s1 & ! fact t su* a v>i$ assortm5t ( articles are sold]$ by ! bl[ pipe process leads "o to surmise t x c be us$ to advantage on co>s] "w4 ,?\gh x is a famili> tool to gas fitt]s1 plumb]s z a rule are ignorant ( its use1 & x is h>d "w to f9d "o :o ev] saw a bl[ pipe us$ on lead "w4 ,x is an easy matt] to become pr(ici5t 9 its use1 & ! trick ( keep+ up a /eady bla/1 & brea?+ regul>ly at ! same "t1 is soon le>n$1 &1 :5 once acquir$1 /ays ) y always4 ,?is trick consi/s ( mak+ a bell[s ( y\r *eeks & us+ y\r tongue z a valve to close ! entrance to ! ?roat1 leav+ ! passage f ! no/rils to ! lungs cle> = brea?+ purposes4 ,! only ?+s necess>y to pur*ase = practice are a common b5t bl[ pipe1 :i* c be _h = ab\t #ae c5ts1 & a common c&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,position ( ,c&le & ,bl[ ,pipe4 ,to op]ate3 ,! c&le %\ld be light$1 & :5 x burns well & freely ! tip ( ! bl[ pipe %\ld be br\ght close to ! flame & slightly above ! wick1 a1 ,fig4 #de4 ,!n bl[ lightly ?r\gh ! bl[ pipe1 & a po9t$ cle> blue flame f #a to #b in*es long1 :i* w burn pap] or *> wood at a di/ance ( #f or #h in*es f ! flame1 w be ! result4 ,! flame is hotte/ & be/ :5 x %[s a p]fect cone-%ap$ blaze1 & is obta9$ by a v mod]ate bla/4 ,! v>iation ( ! blaze c be not$ by comm5c+ to bl[ v lightly & increas+ ! pressure gradually4 ,! flame w !n %[ all /ages f a smoky flame to a long blaze t _c be conc5trat$ on any small surface4 ,! little %>p tip is :]e ! hydrog5 burns1 & is ! hotte/ "p ( ! flame1 be+ ! "p t is us$ = sold]+4 ,n[1 hav+ not$ ^! peculi>ities1 & kn[+ ! p]fect flame by sight1 we w proce$ to acquire ! /eady bla/4 ,! bl[ pipe %\ld be held betwe5 ! lips1 :i* w =m a tight pack+ ar\nd x1 & mu/ n come 9 contact ) ! tee?4 ,! *eeks are !n inflat$1 :i* w h a t5d5cy to ?r[ ! tongue back to ! ?roat & prev5t ! air 9 ! m\? f bl[+ out ?r\gh ! nose4 ,n[1 by contract+ ! *eeks1 & ?r[+ ! tongue sl[ly =w>d1 ! air w be =c$ ?r\gh ! bl[ pipe4 ,?is action is assi/$ :5 exhal+ air by ! pressure ( ! lungs1 b :5 inhal+ air ! muscul> contraction ( ! *eeks is dep5d$ ^u entirely = ! bla/4 ,! ability to keep up a /eady bla/ is m]ely a trick1 or knack1 & is le>n$ ) a few h\rs' practice2 :5 le>n$1 ! l5g? ( "t t ! bla/ c be kept up dep5ds solely ^u ! /r5g? ( ! muscles ( ! *eeks ( ! op]ator4 ,if ^! did n tire1 ! bla/ c\ld be kept up = an indef9ite "t4 ,hav+ le>n$ to keep up ! /eady bla/ & get a p]fect flame1 ! beg9n] w want to practice sold]+4 ,! bl[ pipe me?od ( sold]+ has = its range ( "w ev]y?+ t c be sold]$1 f ,britannia metal to plat9um1 b ! only metals t are us$ by ! plumb]s are t9 & lead & _! sev]al compositions1 s we w conf9e ourselves to ! /udy ( ^? metals4 ,k9ds ( ,sold] ,us$4 ,9 sold]+ any metal ! sold] %\ld be s proportion$ t x w melt _m degrees l[] 9 temp]ature ?an ! metal to be sold]$4 ,o!rwise x w\ld be q probable t holes w\ld be burn$ 9 ! "w be=e ! sold] w\ld melt4 ,!re are exceptions to ?is rule1 h[ev]2 = example1 lead burn+1 :]e "o piece ( lead is fus$ to ano!r4 ,z also ) ,britannia metal1 x c be1 & is1 sold]$ ) its own mat]ial1 b x w\ld be likely to h holes burn$ 9 x occasionally1 & to avoid ?is a sold] mix$ = t purpose %\ld be prep>$4 ,two receipts are giv5 "h = quick melt+ sold]s t are suitable = ?is "w4 ,! fir/ is pref]r$1 b ! second w answ] ! purpose4 ,sold] ,no4 #a3 ,procure #d ounces ( pure lead1 #d ounces ( pure t91 & #b ounces ( bismu?4 ,! lead %\ld be melt$ fir/ & ?or\ghly /irr$ & clean$4 ,x %\ld !n be all[$ to cool to ! melt+ temp]ature ( ! t91 :i* %\ld !n be add$4 ,la/ly add ! bismu?4 ,! :ole %\ld !n be /irr$ & p\r$ into a suitable mold into v ?9 /rips1 ab\t ! size ( a ,no4 #h wire1 mak+ /rips ( sold] t c be roll$ up & c>ri$ 9 ! pocket4 ,sold] ,no4 #b3 ,?is sold] is compos$ ( two p>ts ( t9 & "o "p ( lead4 ,^! %\ld be mix$ z describ$ above4 ,to h success 9 mak+ sold]s sev]al po9ts mu/ be obs]v$4 ,! metal melt+ at ! highe/ temp]ature %\ld be melt$ fir/1 :i* mu/ !n be all[$ to drop to ! melt+ temp]ature ( ! next metal to be add$1 & :5 ready to p\r into molds ! mixture mu/ be /irr$1 z ! specific gravity ( ! sev]al metals diff]s consid]ably1 & unless con/ant /irr+ is resort$ to ! mixture w p>tially sep>ate ^u cool+1 & ! result is an irregul> sold] t w n d ! "w4 ,practic+ ! ,bl[+4 ,n[1 = practice1 take two pieces ( -in* lead tub+ & prep>e !m z = a cup jo9t1 by spread+ "o end ) ! b5d+ iron & rasp+ ! o!r end to fit ! cup1 z %[n 9 a1 ,fig4 #cc4 ,support !m z y be/ c 9 an upright position4 ,flux ! jo9t ) ros94 ,!n take ! sold] 9 ! left h&1 set ! light$ c&le at ! "r hight & di/ance f ! jo9t1 z %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #dg1 :i* leaves ! "r h& free to manage ! bl[ pipe4 ,!n heat ! jo9t ) ! flame1 &1 z x gets hot1 t\* ! jo9t ) ! sold]1 & :5 x rea*es ! melt+ temp]ature ( ! sold] a drop ( x w deta* itself & fl[ cle> ar\nd ! jo9t1 mak+ a smoo?1 clean jo9t t is /rong] ?an ! pipe itself4 ,jo9ts made 9 ?is mann] pres5t a h&some & workmanlike appe>ance to ! me*anical eye4 ,practice dilig5tly on ! lead pipe until y h become s pr(ici5t t y c fl[ ! sold] all ?r\gh ! jo9t )\t )draw+ ! flame4 ,!n procure "s -in* block t9 pipe1 &1 :5 t c be sold]$ p]fectly1 ! beg9n] c consid] himself suffici5tly pr(ici5t to practice on flat seams on ,britannia metal4 ,sold]+ ,britannia ,metal4 ,= work+ ,britannia metal ! c&le _c be us$1 z ! dripp+ grease w cov] ! "w & s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! fl[+ sold]4 ,! beg9n] mu/ provide himself ) an alcohol or k]os5e tor*4 ,a good =m ( tor*1 manufactur$ & sold = electricians' use1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! alcohol gives a clean flame1 b by comp>ison is some:at exp5sive4 ,! k]os5e gives a flame t c be conc5trat$ on a small surface ) fully z mu* heat1 & if c>e is tak5 to all[ only ! blue flame to t\* ! "w1 x is fully z clean & *eap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,alcohol or ,k]os5e ,tor*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--;,a ,specially ,con/ruct$ ,tor*4 ,! burn+ k]os5e tor* gives (f a dirty smell & smoke1 :i* makes x disagreeable to h&le1 b ?is is a case ( take y\r *oice1 & x is left to ! beg9n] to use ei!r1 z !y w bo? d ! "w satisfactorily4 ,x is also necess>y1 9 do+ ?is "w1 to h ! bl[ pipe atta*$ to ! tor* & connect$ to ! m\? ) a piece ( v small rubb] tube4 ,?is w leave "o h& free to apply ! flux & hold ! sold]4 ,! flame c also be quickly plac$ 9 any position or direct$ to any portion ( ! "w )\t all[+ ! "w to cool4 ,! alcohol tor* = ?is "w %\ld be s con/ruct$ t x c be held 9 a horizontal or inv]t$ position )\t spill+ ! cont5ts ( ! tor*4 ,! h&ie/1 z also ! *eape/1 tor* to make is ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,x consi/s ( a c #c in*es high made 9 ! %ape ( a fru/um ( a scal5e cone4 ,! tube ,b %\ld be in* 9 diamet]1 & mu/ run p>allel ) ! fl>+ side & ext5d half way to ! bottom ( ! c1 z e4 ,!n1 :5 ! tor* is tipp$ to sold] horizontal "w1 ! alcohol w fl[ into ! space a1 leav+ ! alcohol to supply ! wick to be drawn up by capill>y attraction4 ,?is tube is made ( -in* brass tub+1 b5t to =m an angle ) ! c1 z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,us+ ! ,tor* on a ,flat ,seam4 ,a screw & cap ) a seat1 su* z is us$ on brass lamps1 is obta9$1 & a hole pun*$ 9 ! cap c j l>ge en\gh to receive ! tube ,b4 ,! screw is sold]$ into ! op5+ ( ! c at ,d4 ,! wick1 :i* is =m$ ( _m /r&s ( c&le wick+ roll$ tightly toge!r1 is pull$ ?r\gh ! tube by means ( a wire hook1 & left suffici5tly long to lie 9 ! space a1 s t x w always lie 9 ! alcohol4 ,?is tube is plac$ ?r\gh ! hole at ,d1 & all[$ to project ab\t in* outside ( ! c4 ,wick+ is !n w\nd ar\nd ! tube & =c$ into ! socket =m$ 9 ! screw ,d4 ,! cap is !n slipp$ ov] ! tube at c1 & screw$ d[n tight on ! wick+1 :i* w make a tight jo9t at ,d1 & w hold ! tube firmly 9 place4 ,:5 necess>y to fill ! tor* ! tube c easily be remov$ & ! tor* fill$4 ,a sep>ate fill+ screw c be us$ if desir$4 ,ev5 ) ?is =m ( tor* an excess ( alcohol w occasionally get into ! wick :5 us$ 9 a horizontal position & increase ! size ( ! blaze4 ,b :5 ?is happ5s ! tor* c be br\ght to an upright position = a mom5t1 :i* w dra9 ! wick & br+ ! blaze to its prop] size4 ,! bl[ pipe = ?is tor* is made f a piece ( v small copp] or brass tub+4 ,! end int5d$ = ! tip %\ld be b5t to ! angle requir$1 z %[n at f1 ,fig4 #di4 ,x %\ld be fa/5$ to ! tor* by means ( a clamp1 g1 sold]$ to ! fl>+ side ( ! tor*4 ,?is clamp %\ld be s arrang$ t ! bl[ pipe c be adju/$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! blaze4 ,?is clamp consi/s ( a %ort piece ( brass4 ,a hole is drill$ 9 "o end to all[ ! bl[ pipe to pass ?r\gh1 :ile ! o!r end is fil$ to fit ! bevel ( ! c to :i* x is sold]$4 ,! bl[ pipe c be held 9 position ) a w$ge1 or a hole c be drill$ & tapp$ & a small screw ins]t$ :i* w hold ! bl[ pipe firmly 9 place4 ,! tip ( ! bl[ pipe %\ld n be l>g] ?an #a-cb in*4 ,! rubb] tube c !n be atta*$ to ! project+ end ( ! bl[ pipe at h1 :i* is !n ready = use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,cutt+ ,metal = a ,butl]'s ,pantry ,s9k4 ,ow+ to ! ,britannia metal melt+ at su* a l[ temp]ature1 x w\ld be well = ! beg9n] to practice on pieces ( #b-p\nd %eet lead4 ,seams on ?is class ( "w are made by butt+ ! edges ( ! metal1 z ^! seams are n suppos$ to %[4 ,! seams are prep>$ by tru+ ! edges & !n bevel+ ! edges ) ! %ave hook s t :5 br\ght toge!r a ,v-%ap$ groove is =m$4 ,?is is !n flux$ ) a small am\nt ( p[d]$ ros94 ,a drop ( ! quick melt+ sold] is !n melt$ f ! /rip & all[$ to drop on ! seam4 ,! flame is !n appli$ to ! %eets1 & z ! sold] fl[s ! flame mu/ be kept slightly 9 advance ( x1 ,fig4 #ej4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to heat ! %eets only en\gh to cause ! sold] to fl[4 ,o!rwise ! seam w n appe> full4 ,! beg9n] %\ld exp]i5ce no tr\ble 9 sold]+ ^! lead seams1 & :5 p]fect control ( ! tor* & flame is _h1 pieces ( ,britannia metal %\ld be sub/itut$ = ! lead4 ,^! seams are prep>$ & flux$ j z = lead4 ,britannia metal is fa/ becom+ ! favorite l9+ = spla% & drip bo>ds on butl]'s pantry s9ks1 z also = l9+ ! "w b5*es 9 saloons4 ,x is s(t en\gh to all[ ! mo/ delicate *9a to be laid on x )\t dang] ( *ipp+1 & is also v easy to keep clean4 ,x takes a high poli% & always looks well4 ,! me?od ( cutt+ ! metal = a butl]'s pantry s9k is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea1 ! dott$ l9es %[+ ! actual dim5sions ( ! article to be cov]$1 :ile ! full l9es %[ ! laps requir$ to cov] ! edges ( ! bo>d4 ,?is metal is h>d] ?an lead1 & w n dress smoo? ) ! dress]4 ,any unev5 spots mu/ be press$ d[n ) a hot flatiron4 ,! me?od ( turn+ ! edges is %[n at a4 ,! b5d+ iron is heat$ & rubb$ ov] ! edge1 gradually turn+ ! edges until !y are at _! prop] position4 ,! iron mu/ be con/antly heat$ to insure ! be/ results1 & if prop]ly done no wr9kles w appe>4 ,a l9$ "w b5* is also %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb1 :i* %[s ! me?od ( putt+ 9 ! b> wa%]4 ,! %eet metal mu/ be cut & fitt$ to its place & all ! seams possible %\ld be sold]$ be=e plac+ ! metal 9 position4 ,! edges %\ld be tack$ on ! "u side ( ! "w1 :5 practicable1 ) copp] tacks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--;,a ,l9$ ,"w ,b5*1 ) ,b> ,wa%]4 ,soon] or lat] ! bl[ pipe sold]] w be call$ ^u to make repairs on ,britannia metal1 & w be surpris$ to f9d t x w be impossible to sold] ! metal1 ow+ to ! excess ( moi/ure "u x4 ,! be/ way to ov]come ?is1 :i* is practically ! only tr\ble t occurs1 is to cut out a small squ>e pat*4 ,! edge c be clean$ & a pat* ( new metal c>efully fitt$ into ! hole4 ,:5 ready to beg9 sold]+1 a piece ( blott+ pap] %\ld be ins]t$ betwe5 ! pat* & bo>d4 ,?is pap] w absorb all ! moi/ure & all[ ! seam to be neatly sold]$4 ,! man :o makes himself famili> ) ! bl[ pipe & tor* soon f9ds himself 9 a diff]5t class f ! ord9>y ev]yday me*anic1 & if me*anical ability be accompani$ ) sobriety & /ability1 ! possessor w always comm& a good /eady income4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,index4 ,acid ,*amb]1 ,fram+1 #aji ,acid ,*amb] ,"w1 #ajh ,acid1 ,h[ ,appli$1 #ff ,acids1 #bj ,action ( ,g5]ator1 #ff ,addition ( ,acid1 #ff ,air & ,gas1 ,regulat+ ,volume & ,pressure1 #gd ,air ,hold]1 #dj ,air ,pressure1 #eh ,alcohol ,tor* & ,bl[ ,pipe1 #acc ,app>atus = ,lead ,burn+1 #ae ,ars5ic1 ,poison\s ,flame1 #fi ,ars5ic ,releas$ f ,acid on ,z9c1 #fi ,bell[s ,air ,hold]1 #di ,bl[ ,pipe1 #ej1 #fb ,bl[ ,pipe1 ,kirkwood1 #abb ,bl[ ,pipe1 ,m\?1 #abg ,bl[ ,pipe ,practice ) ,c&le1 #abh ,bl[ ,pipe1 ,walmsley ,comp\nd1 #ej ,blue ,vitriol or ,copp]as1 #ef ,bottom = ,g5]ator1 #ce ,britannia ,metal = ,repair+1 #adj ,britannia ,metal ,s(t ,sold]+1 #acb ,britannia ,metal ,"w1 #ad1 #ca1 #cb ,britannia ,metal ,"w ) ,tor* & ,bl[ ,pipe1 #acb ,burn]1 ,kirkwood ,lead1 #aai ,burn] ,tips1 #fb ,burns & ,_! ,treatm5t1 #ag ,c&le ,bl[ ,pipe ,practice1 #abh ,c>e ( ,app>atus1 #fh ,cautions1 #af ,*>g+ & ,clean+ ,screws1 #bf ,*>g+ ,g5]ator1 #fd ,*emical ,tanks1 ,h[ ,l9$1 #aje ,*ipp+ ,knife = ,lead1 #aaj ,clean+ ,g5]ator1 #fg ,colors ( ,flame1 #gf ,connect+ ,app>atus1 #ee ,cup1 ,scrubb+1 #ef1 #fh ,cup1 ,scrubb+1 ,h[ ,made1 #gj ,cutt+ ,heavy ,lead ,/raight1 #aaj ,explosions1 ,:at to ,d ,:5 ,!y ,occur1 #ag ,fire ,trap1 #ef1 #fh ,flame ,managem5t1 #gc ,flame ,"u ,diff]5t ,pressures1 #gd ,flat ,butt ,seam1 #hc ,fram+ ,acid ,*amb]1 #aji ,gas f ,gasol9e1 ,h[ ,g5]at$1 #ci1 #ea ,gas ,pressure1 #eh ,gasomet] ,air ,hold]1 #df ,g5]ator1 ,*>g+1 #fd ,g5]ator1 ,clean+1 #fg ,g5]ator ,con/ruction1 #bf ,g5]ator ,frame1 #cj ,g5]ator ,mat]ials1 #cj ,g5]ator ,pipe1 ,h[ ,fitt$1 #cg ,g5]ator ,seams1 ,h[ ,burn$1 #cf ,horizontal ,butt ,seam1 #hh ,horizontal ,lap ,seam1 #ic ,hydrog5 & ,air1 ,effect ( ,mix+1 #bd ,hydrog5 ,app>atus1 ,special1 #aai ,hydrog5 f ,wat]1 ,h[ ,made1 #be ,hydrog5 ,gas & ,its ,prop]ties1 #ah ,hydrog5 ,gas1 ,h[ ,made1 #bj ,hydrog5 ,prov$ ,light] ,?an ,air1 #bc ,illum9at+ ,gas ,burn+1 #ea ,inv]t$ ,butt ,seam1 #ij ,inv]t$ ,corn] ,seam1 #ih ,inv]t$ ,lap ,seam1 #ib ,jo9t = ,?r\gh ,burn+1 #ajb ,kirkwood ,bl[ ,pipe1 #abb ,kirkwood ,lead ,burn]1 #aai ,knife = ,cutt+ ,lead1 #aaj ,lap ,seam1 #hb ,lead ,burn+ ,expla9$1 #aj ,lead ,head$ ,nail1 #aag ,lead ,%eets = ,tank1 #aje ,l9+ ,*emical ,tanks1 #aje ,mix+ ,=k1 #ee1 #eg1 #ei ,m\? ,bl[ ,pipe1 #abg ,nail1 ,lead ,head$1 #aag ,pipe ,seams1 #ajj ,pressure = ,work+ ,gas & ,air1 #eh ,repair+ ) ,britannia ,metal1 #adj ,r\nd ,pipe ,butt ,seam1 #ajj ,r\nd ,pipe ,lap ,seam1 #ajc ,r\nd ,pipe1 ,tee ,jo9t1 #ajd ,scrubb+ ,cup1 #ef1 #fh ,scrubb+ ,cup1 ,h[ ,made1 #gj ,seam1 ,butt1 on ,r\nd ,pipe1 #ajj ,seam1 ,flat ,butt1 #hc ,seam1 ,horizontal ,butt1 #hh ,seam1 ,horizontal ,lap1 #ic ,seam1 ,inv]t$ ,butt1 #ij ,seam1 ,inv]t$ ,corn]1 #ih ,seam1 ,inv]t$ ,lap1 #ib ,seam1 ,lap1 #hb ,seam1 ,lap1 on ,r\nd ,pipe1 #ajc ,seam1 ,?r\gh1 on ,r\nd ,pipe1 #aja ,seam1 ,upright ,lap1 #ie ,seam1 ,upright ,butt1 #hf ,seams1 ,diff]5t ,k9ds (1 #hj ,seams1 ,h[ ,prep>$1 #hj ,seams1 ,pipe1 #ajj ,s9k1 ,b> & ,wa%]1 #ach ,s9k1 ,butl]s' ,pantry1 #acg ,s(t ,sold]1 #ac1 #acj ,s(t ,sold] ,=mul1 #aca ,sold]1 ,s(t1 #ac1 #acj ,special ,hydrog5 ,app>atus1 #aai ,/ag+ = ,acid ,tank1 #aae ,/raps = ,tank ,l9+1 #aaa ,tanks1 ,h[ ,made1 #ab ,tee ,jo9t on ,r\nd ,pipe1 #ajd ,te/ = ,hydrog51 #ba ,te/+ ,app>atus1 #ef ,?r\gh ,burn+1 ,jo9t1 #ajb ,?r\gh ,seam on ,r\nd ,pipe1 #aja ,tips1 ,burn]1 #fb ,tips1 ,sizes (1 #gh ,tor*1 ,alcohol & ,bl[ ,pipe1 #acc ,trap1 ,fire1 #ef1 #fh ,upright ,butt ,seam1 #hf ,upright ,lap ,seam1 #ie ,vitriol1 #ef ,vitriol ,action on ,z9c1 #fi ,walmsley ,comp\nd ,bl[ ,pipe1 #ej ,wat] ,pressure ,air ,hold]1 #db ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors4 #b4 ,reta9$ ana*roni/ic & non-/&>d spell+s z pr9t$4 #c4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4