,! ,arts & ,crafts ( ! ,nations ,,g5]al ,,editor3 ,s4 ,h4 ,f4 ,,cap5ny ,,! ,,arts ,,& ,,crafts ,,( ,,anci5t ,,egypt ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,k+dom ,,relief #ee4 ,wood-c>v+ ( ,ra-hesy ,,! ,,arts ,,crafts ,,( ,,anci5t ,,egypt ,,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,fl9d]s ,,petrie ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,b4,a41 ,,etc41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,egyptology ,,9 ,,london ,,univ]sity2 ,,au?or ,,( 8,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,egypt10 ,,etc4 ,,conta9+ ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,=ty ,,illu/rations ,,second ,,edition ,,) ,,additional ,,*apt] ,t4 ,n4 ,,f\lis ,,london ,,ed9burgh #aiaj ,fir/ ,edition1 ,novemb] #aiji ,second ,edition1 ,octob] #aiaj ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,neill ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,ed9burgh ,,preface ,?is pres5t h&book is int5d$ to aid 9 ! und]/&+ ( ,egyptian art1 & ! illu/rations & descriptions are select$ = t purpose only4 ,! hi/ory ( ! art w\ld require a f> great] range ( examples1 9 ord] to illu/rate ! gr[? & decay ( ea* ( ! great p]iods2 :]eas "h only ! mo/ /rik+ works ( ea* p]iod are %[n1 9 ord] to contra/ ! diff]5t civilisations4 ,! orig9s & connections ( ! art 9 ea* age are sc>cely t\*$1 & ! te*nical details are only su* z are ne$$ to see ! conditions ( ! art4 ,! ar*aeology ( ! subject w\ld ne$ z wide a treatm5t z ! hi/ory1 & ^! subjects c only appe> "h incid5tally4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! divisions ( arti/ic p]iods are (t5 n ! same z ^? ( political hi/ory4 ,politically1 ! hi/ory divides at ! ,x,v,i,ith dyna/y ) ! fall ( ! ,hyksos1 & at ! ,x,x,i,ind dyna/y ) ! rise ( ! ,delta gov]nm5t4 ,b arti/ically ! *anges are "u ,tahutmes ,i1 :5 ,syrian influ5ces broke 91 & "u ! ,x,x,v,ith dyna/y1 :5 ! classical ,greeks began to dom9ate ! art4 ,! effect ( =eign influ5ce 9 art is q ap>t f political p[]2 x is due to rival activities :i* may or may n mean a physical dom9ation4 ,! read] %\ld pond] diff]5t cases1 su* z ^? ( ! spiral design ( e>ly ,europe ent]+ ,egypt1 ( ! ,syrian & ,cretan art 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 ( ! effect ( ,p]sia ^u ,greece1 & ( ,greece ^u ,italy 7bo? ?r\gh ,magna ,graecia & ! conque/ ( ,greece71 ( ! effect ( ! ,go?1 ,lomb>d1 & ,nor?man on ,europe1 & ( ,japan on mod]n ,europe4 ,"s reflection on ^! great arti/ic movem5ts w give a little insight z to ! hi/ory ( art4 ,reg>d+ ! illu/rations1 ,i h ?\ght x m useful to give details l>ge en\gh to be cle>ly se51 r ?an to contract too mu* surface into a space :]e x _c well be /udi$4 ,portions ( subjects are !re=e (t5 pref]r$ to g5]al views ( a :ole4 ,! outl9es ( arti/ic value1 su* z cont\rs ( faces or figures1 are left q unt\*$1 z an outl9e _c be tak5 s]i\sly :i* is dep5d5t on ! block-mak] cle>+ a :ite or black gr\nd4 ,?is latt] treatm5t1 un=tunately1 puts out ( arti/ic use _m ( ! lavi%ly spac$ plates ( ! ,cairo ,catalogue1 :]e art is subject$ to bibliophily4 ,! lib]al policy ( all publications & photographs ( ! ,cairo ,museum be+ free ( copyright1 has enabl$ me to use _m ( ! excell5t unt\*$ photographs ( ,brugs* ,pa%a & o!rs4 ,my be/ ?anks are due to ,freih]r von ,biss+ & ! publi%] ( 8 ,d5kmael] ,aegypt4 ,sculptur1 = p]mission to use figures #ci1 #dd1 #df1 #dh1 #fb1 #aaa1 & #aab f t "w4 ,ov] a ?ird ( ! illu/rations "h are f my own photographs n yet publi%$1 & pr9cipally tak5 = ?is volume4 ,w4 ,m4 ,f4 ,p4 ,,p]iods ,,& ,,k+s ,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,9 ,,?is ,,volume ,p]iod4 ,dyna/y4 ,names4 ,b4,c4 ,prehi/oric4 #hjjj-eejj ,e>ly ,i4 ,n>m]1 ,m5a1 ,z]1 #eejj-edjj k+s4 ,,ii4 ,kha-sekhem1 #ejjj ,,iii4 ,zes]1 ,s5(]u1 #dijj-dgjj ,pyramid ,,iv4 ,khufu1 ,khafra1 ,m5kaura1 #dgjj-dejj age3 ,old ,v4 ,n(]-ar-ka-ra1 ,unas1 #ddjj-dbjj ,k+dom4 ,,vi4 ,pepy ,,ii1 #dajj-djjj ,,ix4 ,khety1 #chjj ,,xi4 ,antef ,v1 #cejj ,middle ,,xii4 ,s5us]t ,i1 ,s5us]t ,,ii1 #cdjj-ccjj ,k+dom4 ,s5us]t ,,iii1 ,am5emhat ,,iii1 #ccjj-cbei ,,xiii4 ,hor1 #cbjj ,new ,,xviii4 ,aahmes1 ,que5s ,aah-hotep1 #aehg-aefb ,k+dom4 ,aahmes1 ,tahutmes ,i1 ,tahutmes ,,ii1 #aeda-adha ,hat%epsut ,tahutmes ,,iii1 ,am5hotep ,,ii1 #adha-adad ,tahutmes ,,iv1 ,am5hotep ,,iii1 ,akh5at51 #adad-acdd ,tut-ankh-am51 ,,xix4 ,sety ,i1 ,ramessu ,,ii1 ,m]5ptah1 #acbf-abad ,sety ,,ii1 ,taus]t1 #abad-abjc ,,xx4 ,ramessu ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,,xii1 #abjb-aabi ,,xxi4 ,isiemkheb1 #ajej ,,xxii4 ,%i%ak k+s1 #ieb-gdi ,,xxiii4 ,p$uba/1 ,pefaaba/1 #gee-gbe ,e?iopian4 ,,xxv4 ,am5>dys1 ,tah>qa1 ,tanut-am51 #gbj-ffd ,saite4 ,,xxvi4 ,aahmes ,,ii1 #egj-ebf ,,xxx4 ,nekh?orheb 7,nectanebo71 #cgh-cfa ,ptolemies4 ,cleopatra ,cocce1 #acj-ajf ,romans4 #cj-;,a4,d4 #fdj ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page #a4 ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,egyptian ,,art #a #b4 ,,! ,,p]iods ,,& ,,s*ools #aa #c4 ,,! ,,/atu>y #bi #d4 ,,! ,,reliefs #dh #e4 ,,! ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,draw+ #ee #f4 ,,! ,,ar*itecture #fb #g4 ,,! ,,/one-,,work+ #fi #h4 ,,jewell]y #hc #i4 ,,metal ,,"w #ih #aj4 ,,glaz$ ,,w>e ,,& ,,glass #ajg #aa4 ,,! ,,pott]y #abf #ab4 ,,ivory-,,work+ #acd #ac4 ,,woodwork #acg #ad4 ,,pla/] ,,& ,,/ucco #adb #ae4 ,,clo?+ #adg #af4 ,,egypt',s ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,! ,,_w #aeb ,,index #aei ,,bibliography #aff ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,fig4 ,dyna/y4 ,subject4 ,mat]ial4 ,s\rce4 ,position4 ,page4 ,sc5]y4 #a ,,xviii ,temple bel[ ,lime/one ,deir el ,!bes4 #d cliffs4 ,bahri4 #b ''' ,palms & canal4 ''' ,illahun4 ,fayum4 0 ,p]iods4 #c ,prehi/4 ,dog & de]4 ,ivory4 8 ,petrie ,coll4 #ac #d 0 ,bull & enemy4 ,slate4 8 ,l\vre4 0 #e ,,iv ,s]vant ( ,a9(]4 ,lime/one4 ,saqq>eh4 ,cairo ,mus4 0 #f ,,xii ,s5us]t ,i4 0 ,memphis4 ,c>lsb]g ,m4 0 #g ,,xviii ,s]vant ( 0 ,tomb4 ,!bes4 #ai ,kha-em-hat4 #h ,,xix ,sons ( ,ramessu ,,ii4 ,s&/one4 ,luqsor4 0 0 #i ,,xxvi ,aahmes-si- ,lime/one4 ,memphis4 ,cambridge4 0 neit-rannu4 #aj ,ptolem4 ,cleopatra ,cocce4 ,s&/one4 0 ,kom ,ombo4 0 ,s*ools4 #aa ,,xix ,ramessu ,,ii4 ,black ,ea/]n ,tur94 #bd granite4 des]t4 #ab 0 0 ,h>d ,memphis4 ,memphis4 0 lime/one4 #ac 0 0 ,r$ granite4 ,aswan4 ,!bes4 0 #ad 0 0 ,s&/one4 ,nubia4 ,abu ,simbel4 0 ,sculpture4 #ae ,prehi/4 ,female figure4 ,ivory4 8 ,petrie ,coll4 #cj #af 0 0 0 ,lime/one4 ,naqadeh4 ,ox=d ,mus4 0 #ag 0 ,male heads4 ,ivory4 8 ,petrie ,coll4 0 #ah 0 ,lion4 ,lime/one4 8 0 0 #ai1 ,i ,n>m]8 head2 0 8 0 #cb #bj sculptor's /udy4 #ba ,i ,k+ /&+4 ,ivory4 ,abydos4 ,briti% 0 ,mus4 #bb ,,ii ,head ( ,kha-sekhem4 ,lime/one4 ,hi]akon- ,ox=d ,mus4 0 polis4 #bc ,,iii ,head ( ,m]titefs4 0 8 ,leyd5 ,mus4 #cc #bd 0 ,head ( ,n(]t4 0 ,m$um4 ,cairo ,mus4 0 #be ,,iv ,head ( ,ka-ap]4 ,wood4 ,saqq>eh4 0 0 #bf 0 ,female figure4 ,wood4 0 0 0 #bg 0 ,khafra4 ,diorite4 ,gizeh4 0 #cd #bh 0 ,head ( ,khafra4 ,ca/4 0 0 0 #bi ,v ,scribe seat$4 ,lime/one4 ,saqq>eh4 ,l\vre4 #ce #cj 0 ,family ( ,khui4 0 0 ,cairo ,mus4 0 #ca 0 ,ran(]4 0 0 0 0 #cb ,,xii ,head ( ,s5us]t ,i4 0 ,li%t4 0 #ci #cc 0 0 ,s5us]t ,r$ ,k>nak4 0 0 ,,iii4 granite4 #cd 8 0 ,sph9x4 ,black ,tanis4 0 0 granite4 #ce ,,xii 0 ,am5emhat ,grey 8 ,univ4 ,coll41 0 ,,iii4 granite4 ,lond4 #cf ,,xviii 0 /atue4 ,qu>tzite4 ,!bes4 ,cairo ,mus4 #db #cg 0 0 ,tahutmes ,basalt4 ,k>nak4 0 0 ,,iii4 #ch 0 0 ,tut-ankh- ,grey 0 0 0 am54 granite4 #ci 0 0 ,akh5at54 ,lime/one4 ,!bes4 ,l\vre4 0 #dj 0 ,"y negress4 ,ebony4 8 ,petrie ,coll4 #dc #da 0 ,girl on tray ,wood4 8 ,l\vre4 0 h&le4 #db 0 ,girl play+ lute4 0 ,s$m5t4 ,univ4 ,coll41 0 ,lond4 #dc ,,xix ,head ( ,ramessu ,,ii4 ,black ,!bes4 ,tur9 ,mus4 #dd granite4 #dd 0 0 ,bak-en- ,h>d 0 ,muni* ,mus4 0 khonsu4 lime/one4 #de 0 0 ,m]5ptah4 ,black 0 ,cairo ,mus4 0 granite4 #df ,,xxv 0 ,tah>qa4 ,black 0 0 0 granite4 #dg 0 0 ,am5>dys4 ,alaba/]4 0 0 #df #dh 0 0 ,m5tu-em- ,black ,k>nak4 0 0 hat4 granite4 #di ,,xxx 0 man 7ca/74 ,basalt4 ,memphis4 ,b]l9 ,mus4 0 #ej ,ptol4 0 woman ,wood4 8 0 0 7c(f974 ,reliefs4 #ea ,prehi/4 ,hya5a & calf4 ,lime/one4 ,koptos4 ,cairo ,mus4 #dh #eb ,prehi/4 ,gazelles & palms4 ,slate4 8 ,ox=d & 0 ,l\vre4 #ec 0 ,gr\p ( animals4 0 ,hi]akon- ,ox=d ,mus4 0 polis4 #ed 0 ,n>m] & enemy4 0 ,hi]akon- ,cairo ,mus4 0 polis4 #ee ,,iii ,ra-hesy1 half ,wood4 ,saqq>eh4 0 ,front4 l5g?4 #ef ,v ,sacrific+ bull4 ,lime/one4 ,ty tomb4 ,saqq>eh4 #ea #eg 0 ,oxh]d4 0 ,ptah-hotep 0 0 tomb4 #eh ,,xi ,toilet ( pr9cess4 0 ,deir el ,cairo ,mus4 #eb ,bahri4 #ei ,,xii ,heads ( ,ptah & 0 ,k>nak4 0 0 ,s5us]t ,i4 #fj ,,xviii ,hat%epsut4 0 ,deir el ,!bes4 #ec ,bahri4 #fa 0 ,s]vant ( ,kha-em-hat4 0 ,tomb4 0 0 #fb 0 ,akh5at5 & que54 0 8 ,b]l9 ,mus4 0 #fc ,,xx ,bulls 9 m>%4 ,s&/one4 ,m$9et1 ,!bes4 #ed ,habu4 #fd ,,xxvi ,y\?s & girls ,lime/one4 ,memphis4 ,cairo ,mus4 0 ) animals4 ,pa9t+s4 #fe ,prehi/4 ,m5 fight+1 vase4 ,pott]y4 8 ,petrie ,coll4 #ef #ff 0 ,%ip1 vase4 0 8 ,cairo ,mus4 0 #fg 0 ,%ip1 tomb4 ,fresco4 ,hi]akon- 0 0 polis4 #fh ,,iii ,geese walk+4 0 ,m$um4 0 0 #fi ,,xviii ,pelicans & keep]4 0 ,horemheb ,!bes4 #eg tomb4 #gj 0 ,glean+ girls4 0 ,m5na 0 0 tomb4 #ga 0 ,h>ve/]s4 0 ,nekht 0 0 tomb4 #gb 0 ,patt]n 9 /ages4 0 ,am5mes 0 #eh tomb4 #gc 0 ,boat+ sc5e4 0 ,m5na 0 0 tomb4 #gd 0 ,gue/s & girl4 0 ,nekht 0 0 tomb4 #ge 0 ,girl som]sault+4 ,lime/one4 ,!bes8 ,tur9 ,mus4 #fj #gf 0 ,"y pr9cesses4 ,fresco4 ,tell-el- ,ox=d ,mus4 0 ,am>na4 #gg ,,xviii ,man haul+ rope4 ,fresco4 ,am5mes ,!bes4 0 tomb4 #gh 0 ,f\r races4 ,rock wall4 ,rames 0 0 tomb4 #gi ,,xix ,man ador+4 ,lime/one4 ,!bes4 ,cairo ,mus4 0 #hj 0 ,sety ,i (f]+ to ,rock pill>4 ,tomb ( ,!bes4 0 ,osiris4 ,sety ,i4 ,ar*itecture4 #ha ,,iv ,temple ( ,khafra4 ,r$ granite4 ,gizeh4 ''' #ff #hb ,,xx 0 ,ramessu ,s&/one4 ,m$9et ,!bes4 0 ,,iii4 ,habu4 #hc ,ptolem4 ,temple ( ,ergam5es4 0 ,dakkeh4 ,nubia4 0 #hd ,v ,palm column1 ,unas4 ,r$ granite4 ,saqq>eh4 ,cairo ,mus4 #fg #he 0 ,rose lotus capital4 ,lime/one4 0 0 0 #hf 0 ,blue lotus capital4 0 ,abusir4 0 0 ,/one work+4 #hg ,pre-,,xviii ,/one vases4 ,v>i\s4 ,v>i\s4 0 #gh #hh ,,xviii ,trial piece1 ,lime/one4 ,!bes4 ,petrie ,coll4 0 k+'s head4 #hi 8 ,figure 9 fir/ ,rock-cry/al4 8 0 0 outl9es4 #ij ,ptolem4 ,lion's head 9 ,lime/one4 8 0 0 outl9es4 #ia ,,xviii8 ,man's head1 0 ,!bes4 0 0 unf9i%$4 #ib ,prehi/4 ,fl9t knives1 etc4 ,*]t4 ,naqadeh1 0 #ha etc4 ,jewell]y4 #ic ,i ,bracelets1 gold1 ,ame?y/4 ,tomb ( ,cairo ,mus4 #hg turquoise4 ,z]4 #id ,,vi ,*a94 ,gold4 ,mahasnah4 0 0 #ie 0 8 ,seal ) hawk 0 8 ,petrie ,coll4 0 heads4 #if ,,xii ,uraeus1 wire "w4 0 8 0 0 #ig 0 ,pectoral ( ,s5us]t 0 ,dah%ur4 ,cairo ,mus4 #hh ,,ii4 #ih 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ,,iii4 #ii 0 ,inlaid cr[n ( ,gold & 0 0 #ij ,khnumt4 /ones4 #ajj 0 ,floret 0 ,gold & 0 0 0 /ones4 #aja 0 ,granulat$ "w4 ,gold4 0 0 0 #ajb ,,xviii ,bracelet ( ,aahmes4 ,gold & ,!bes4 0 #ib lazuli4 #ajc ,,xviii ,dagg] ( ,aahmes4 ,gold & ,!bes4 ,cairo ,mus4 0 bronze4 #ajd 0 ,axe ( ,aahmes4 ,gold & 0 0 0 bronze4 #aje ,,xix ,pectoral ( ,gold & ,saqq>eh4 ,l\vre4 #id ,ramessu ,,ii4 /ones4 #ajf ,,xx ,e>r+s ( ,gold4 ,abydos4 ,cairo ,mus4 0 ,ramessu ,,xii4 #ajg ,,xxv ,/atuette ( 0 ,ehnasya4 ,bo/on ,mus4 0 ,h]%efi4 #ajh ,,xxvi8 ,b[ls f temple4 ,silv]4 ,m5des4 ,cairo ,mus4 #if #aji ,rom48 ,*a9 fa/5+4 ,gold4 8 ,petrie ,coll4 0 ,metal-work+4 #aaj ,,vi ,head ( pr9ce4 ,copp]4 ,hi]akon- ,cairo ,mus4 #ajj polis #aaa ,,xxv8 ,bu/ ( ,taku%et4 ,gold 9 8 ,a!ns ,mus4 0 bronze4 #aab 0 0 0 side4 0 8 0 0 #aac ,,xviii ,flask ( s&al ,bronze4 8 ,petrie ,coll4 #aja wa%]4 #aad ,,xix ,flut$ vases4 0 ,abydos4 ,cairo ,mus4 0 #aae ,,xxii8 ,anti-spla% b[l4 ,silv]4 ,buba/is4 ,petrie ,coll4 0 ,glaze & ,glass4 #aaf ,i ,inlaid glazes ,gre5 & ,abydos4 ,brit4 ,mus4 #ajh ( ,m5a4 violet glaze4 #aag ,,xx ,lotus & grape ,col\r$ ,yehudiyeh4 ,cairo ,mus4 0 bord]4 glaze4 #aah ,,xxvi ,head ( ,isis4 ,blue glaze4 8 ,petrie ,coll4 0 #aai 0 ,royal fan-be>]4 0 8 0 0 #abj ,,xviii ,dragg$ patt]n ,col\r$ 8 ,briti% ,mus4 #abj vase4 glass4 #aba 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 #abb ,ptol4 ,col\r$ mosaics4 ,glass4 8 ,petrie ,coll4 0 ,ivory4 #abc ,,iv ,khufu4 ,ivory4 ,abydos4 ,cairo ,mus4 #acf #abd ,,vi8 ,girl /&+4 0 8 ,petrie ,coll4 0 #abe ,,xxvi ,lotus fl[]4 0 ,memphis4 ,ed94 ,mus4 0 #abf 0 ,man ) (f]+s4 0 0 0 0 ,wood4 #abg ,,xviii ,brac+ ( *air4 ,wood4 ,tomb ( ,cairo ,mus4 #acg ,yuaa4 #abh 0 ,*air ( ,sitam54 0 0 0 0 #abi 0 ,c(f] ( ,wood 0 0 0 ,am5hotep ,,iii4 inlaid4 #acj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 #aca 0 ,c\* ( ,yuaa4 ,wood4 0 0 0 ,pla/]4 #acb ,,xviii ,reliefs on *>iot4 ,/ucco on ,tomb ( ,cairo ,mus4 #add wood4 ,tahutmes4 #acc ,ptol4 ,lion's head1 ,pla/]4 8 ,petrie ,coll4 0 ca/+4 #acd 0 ,k+'s head1 ca/+4 0 8 0 0 #ace ,roman4 ,man's head f 0 8 0 #adf c(f94 #acf 0 0 0 0 ,kom el ,cairo ,mus4 0 ,ahm>4 #acg 0 ,woman's head f 0 8 ,petrie ,coll4 0 c(f94 #ach 0 ,man's head & skull4 0 ,hu4 ,briti% ,mus4 0 ,clo?+4 #aci ,,xviii ,wov5 patt]ns1 ,?read4 ,tomb ( ,cairo ,mus4 #adh ,am5hotep ,,ii4 ,tahutmes ,,iv4 #adj 0 ,cut-out network4 ,lea!r4 0 0 0 ,arts & ,crafts ( ,anci5t ,egypt ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,egyptian ,,art ,! art ( a c\ntry1 l ! "* ( ! inhabitants1 belongs to ! nature ( ! l&4 ,! climate1 ! sc5]y1 ! contra/s ( ea* c\ntry1 all clo! ! arti/ic impulse z div]sely z !y clo! ! p !mselves4 ,a burly1 florid ,teuton 9 8 furs & jewell]y1 & a li! br[n ,indian 9 8 wai/-clo?1 w\ld ea* look entirely absurd 9 ! o!r's dress4 ,!re is no "q ( :i* dress is intr9sically ! be/ 9 ! _w2 ea* is relatively ! be/ = its own conditions1 & ea* is out ( place 9 o!r conditions4 ,s x is ) art3 x is ! expression ( ?\ght & feel+ 9 h>mony ) its own conditions4 ,! only bad art is t :i* is me*anical1 :]e ! impulse to give expression has decay$1 & x is r$uc$ to m]e copy+ ( /yles & motives :i* d n belong to its actual conditions4 ,an age ( copy+ is ! only despicable age4 ,x is b a confusion ( ?\ght1 !re=e1 to try to pit ! art ( "o c\ntry aga9/ t ( ano!r4 ,a ,cor9?ian temple1 a ,norman *ur*1 or a ,*9ese pavilion are ea* p]fect 9 _! own conditions2 b if ! temple is ( ,ab]de5 granite1 ! *ur* ( ,pacific isl& coral1 & ! pavilion amid ! ,brighton d[ns1 !y are ea* ( !m hopelessly wrong4 ,to und]/& any art we mu/ fir/ beg9 by grasp+ its conditions1 & feel+ ! contra/s1 ! necessities1 ! atmosph]e1 :i* und]lie ! :ole t]ms ( expression4 ,n[ ! ess5tial conditions 9 ,egypt are be=e all1 an ov]:elm+ sun%9e2 next1 ! /ronge/ ( contra/s betwe5 a va/ /]ility ( des]t & ! mo/ prolific v]dure ( ! n>r[ pla92 & ?irdly1 ! illimitable level l9es ( ! cultivation1 ( ! des]t plateau1 & ( ! lime/one /rata1 cross$ by ! v]tical precipices on ei!r h& ris+ hundr$s ( feet )\t a break4 ,9 su* conditions ! ar*itecture ( o!r l&s w\ld look weak or tawdry4 ,b ! /yle ( ,egypt nev] fails 9 all its v>ieties & *anges4 ,! brilliancy ( light l$ to adopt+ an ar*itecture ( blank walls )\t w9d[s4 ,! reflect$ light ?r\gh op5 doorways 0 en\gh to %[ mo/ int]iors2 & = *amb]s f> f ! out] door1 a squ>e op5+ ab\t six in*es ea* way 9 ! ro(1 or a slit along ! wall a c\ple ( in*es high1 let 9 suffici5t light4 ,! results ( ?is sy/em 71 t z ! walls 7 n divid$ by /ructural features1 !y 7 dom9at$ by ! sc5es t 7 c>v$ ^u !m4 ,! wall surface ceas$ to be reg>d$ z "p ( a build+1 & became an expansion ( ! papyrus or tablet4 ,! ,egyptian belief 9 ! magical value ( repres5tations l$ to ! figur+ ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! wor%ip on ! walls ( ! temples or tombs1 s t ! div9e s]vice %\ld be p]petually r5ew$ 9 figure2 & ?us :at we see is n s mu* a build+ 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 z an illu/rat$ s]vice-book enclos+ ! c5tre ( wor%ip4 ,ano!r result ( ! fi]ce indirect light 0 t :i* dom9at$ sculpture4 ,! reliefs1 beautiful z !y (t5 71 w\ld n be di/9ct 9 ! diffuse fac+ light2 h5ce /rong col\r+ 0 appli$ to r5d] !m cle> & effective4 ,s mu* did col\r+ take ! lead t ! f9e/ sculptures 7 (t5 smo!r$ 9 a /ucco fac+1 laid on to receive ! col\r4 ,?is almo/ spiteful ignor+ ( ! delicate craft ( ! sculptor is se5 9 ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y1 & 0 ! rul+ me?od 9 ,ptolemaic "w4 ,! extreme contra/ betwe5 ! des]t & ! cultivation gave its tone to ! arti/ic s5se ( ! p4 ,on ei!r h&1 always 9 sight1 !re rose ! m>g9 ( ! b\ndless wa/e )\t life or v]dure1 ! dread$ region ( evil spirits & fi]ce bea/s1 ! home ( ! nomads t 7 always ready to swoop on unprotect$ fields & cattle1 if !y did n sit d[n on ! bord]s & eat up ! c\ntry4 ,betwe5 ^! two expanses ( wild]ness lay ! n>r[ /rip ( ri*e/ e>?1 black1 wet1 & f]tile "u ! p[]ful sun2 teem+ ) ! =ce ( life1 be>+ ! gre5e/ ( crops1 z (t5 9 ! ye> z x c\ld be wat]$4 ,9 p>ts may be se5 ?ree full crops ( corn or beans rais$ ea* ye> b5ea? ! palms t also give _! annual burd5 ( fruit2 f\rfold does ! ri* gr\nd yield its ev]-gr[+ /ream ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sc5]y #a4 ,! b>r5 des]t backgr\nd #b4 ,! luxuriance ( ! pla9 ,?is exub]ance amid absolute /]ility is reflect$ 9 ! proportion betwe5 ! m9ut5ess ( detail & ! va/ness ( ! ar*itecture4 ,! mo/ gigantic build+s may h _! surfaces cr[d$ ) delicate sculpture & m9ute col\r+4 ,:at w\ld be disproportionate else:]e1 seems 9 h>mony amid su* natural contra/s4 ,! /rongly m>k$ horizontal & v]tical l9es ( ! sc5]y condition ! /yle ( build+s t c be plac$ be=e su* a backgr\nd4 ,z ! temples 7 approa*$1 ! dom9ant l9e 0 ! absolute level ( ! gre5 pla9 ( ! ,nile valley1 )\t a rise or slope ^u x4 ,beh9d ! build+ ! sky l9e 0 ! level top ( ! des]t plateau1 only brok5 by an occasional valley1 b ) nev] a peak ris+ above x4 ,& ! face ( ! cliffs t =m ! /]n sett+ is rul$ across ) level l9es ( /rata1 :i* rise 9 a /ep-l backgr\nd or a wall l9$ across z ) c\rses ( masonry4 ,! wea!r+ ( ! cliffs breaks up ! walls ( rock into v]tical pill>s ) deep %ad[s betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! face ( su* an ov]:elm+ rectangul> fram+ any ar*itecture less massive & squ>e ?an t ( ,egypt w\ld be hopelessly defeat$4 ,! p$im5ts ( ,greece1 ! circul> ar*es ( ,rome1 ! po9t$ ar*es ( ,engl&1 w\ld all seem cru%$ by s /]n a sett+4 ,! h>mony is %[n mo/ cle>ly 9 ! temple ( ,deir el ,bahri 7fig4 #a7 bel[ its cliffs :i* ov]%ad[ x4 ,let any o!r k9d ( build+ be set !re1 & x w\ld be an imp]t95t intrusion2 ! long level l9es ( ! t]races & ro(s1 ! v]tical %ad[s ( ! colonnades1 repose 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! mass ( ,nature ar\nd !m4 ,! ,egyptian 0 q famili> ) ! ar*3 he con/antly us$ x 9 brickwork on a l>ge scale1 & he imitat$ its curve 9 /one2 yet he always hid x 9 8 build+1 & kept x away f ! ext]nal =ms1 in/9ctively kn[+ t x c\ld n s]ve any "p ( 8 decorative con/ruction4 ,^! pr9ciples1 :i* 7 ?us impos$ on ! ar*itecture ( ,egypt1 7 d\bly en=c$ ^u its sculpture4 ,n only did ,nature set ! fram+ ( pla9 & cliff1 b h] "w 0 reflect$ & reit]at$ by ! massive walls1 squ>e pill>s1 & flat ar*itraves1 amid :i* ,egyptian sculpture _h to take its place4 ,9 su* %r9es x w\ld be disa/r\sly incongru\s to place a ,victory pois+ on "o foot1 or a danc+ faun4 ,!y belong to ! peaks ( ,greece1 divid$ by ru%+ /reams1 & clo!d ) woods1--to a transi5t _w ( fleet+ beauty1 n to a l&scape & an ar*itecture ( et]nity4 ,egyptian art1 h[ev] luxuri\s1 h[ev] playful x might be1 0 always fram$ on a tacit gr\ndwork ( its natural conditions4 ,)9 ^? conditions !re 0 scope = mo/ vivid portraiture1 mo/ beautiful h>mony1 mo/ delicate expression1 b ! ,egyptian 0 wise en\gh to "k 8 conditions & to obey !m4 ,9 t ob$i5ce lay 8 greatness4 ,! true/ analysis ( art--t ( ,tol/oy--results 9 def9+ x z a means ( communicat+ emotion4 ,x may be ! emotion produc$ by beauty or by loa?som5ess2 ea* expression is equally art1 ?\gh ea* is n equally desirable art4 ,! emotion may be imp>t$ by words1 by =ms1 by s\nds2 all are equally vehicles ( diff]5t k9ds ( art4 ,b )\t imp>t+ an emotional p]ception to ! m9d !re is no art4 ,! emotion may be ! highe/1 t ( appreh5d+ "*1 & ! innate mean+ ( m9d & ( ,nature2 or x may be ! l[] =m ( %>+ 9 ! transi5t int]e/s & excitem5ts ( o!rs2 or ! base/ =m ( all1 t ( enjoy+ _! evil4 ,h[ does ! ,egyptian appe> "u ?is analysis8 ,:at emotions c we consid] 7 int5d$ by 8 art8 ,h[ f> did he succe$ 9 imp>t+ !m to ! spectators8 ,to und]/& ! m9d ( ! arti/ we mu/ look to ^? qualities :i* 9 _! lit]ature 7 held up z ! ideals ( life4 ,/ability & ,/r5g? 7 ! qualities mo/ admir$1 & ! "n = public monum5ts 0 8firm ?+s40 ,assur$ly all mank9d has look$ on ! works ( ,egypt z giv+ a s5se ( ^! qualities be=e all o!rs4 ,closely connect$ is ! s5se ( ,endurance1 :i* 0 enjo9$ 9 words1 & c>ri$ into practice 9 ! labori\s "w on ! h>de/ rocks4 ,x 0 = endurance t /atues 7 made ( diorite or granite1 ?\gh !y 7 pa9t$ ) life-l hues1 s t _! mat]ial 0 sc>cely se54 ,^u ^! prim>y qualities 0 built a ri* & v>i$ "*1 reflect$ 9 ! elaborate & beautiful sculpture :i* cov]$1 b nev] int]f]$ )1 ! gr& mass ( a monum5t4 ,tru? & ,ju/ice 7 qualities mu* s\ght = 9 life1 & 7 express$ by ! arti/ 9 ! reality ( 8 imm5se blocks ( /one1 (t5 m hidd5 ?an se51 & 9 ! fair & ev5 be>+ ( all mat]ial1 )\t any tricks or p>adoxes ( /ructure4 ,9 all 8 e>li] "w 8 monoli? columns & pill>s 7 a prote/ t a /ructural unit mu/ express unity1 t :at supports o!rs mu/ n be 9 itself divid$4 ,! ,discipl9e & ,h>mony :i* 7 look$ on z ! bond ( social life are %[n by ! subord9ation ( ! :ole1 by ! c>ry+ out ( s+le s*emes ( decoration illu/rat+ ! use ( e "p ( a build+ on all its walls1 by ! balance ( ! proportions ( ! :ole s t !re seems a p]fect fitness ( connection ?r\gh all p>ts4 ,& ! happy union ( vigor\s ,action ) prud5t ,res]ve1 :i* %[$ ! wise man 9 ! prov]bs1 is ! basis ( ^? life-l sc5es :i* cov] ! walls ( ! tombs1 b :i* nev] betray ! arti/ into attempt+ impossibilities or reveal+ too mu*4 ,z true art1 !n--t is1 ! expression ( 8 be+1 & ! communication to o!rs ( 8 be/ feel+s & s5se ( ?+s--! ,egyptian "w mu/ /& on ! highe/ plane ( reality4 ,x w\ld h be5 a falsehood to 8 nature to aspire1 z a ,go?ic ar*itect sometimes did1 9 t[]s & p9nacles :i* cru% _! f\ndations & w n hold toge!r )\t incongru\s bonds4 ,nor did he wi% to express ! romantic s5se ( beauty1 9 /ructure :i* may t5d to exce$ ! limits ( /ability4 ,all t belongs to ! atmosph]e ( tr\bad\rs & knights errant4 ,! ,egyptian possess$ 9 spl5did p]fection ! s5se ( ,/r5g?1 ,p]man5ce1 ,maje/y1 ,h>mony1 & effective ,action1 temp]$ ) a sympa?y & k9dl9ess :i* cem5t$ a va/ discipl9$ fabric4 ,& ^! aims ( life z a :ole he embodi$ & express$ 9 8 art1 ) a =ce & tru? :i* has impress$ 8 "* on all :o look on 8 works4 ,he fulfils ! canon ( true art z completely z any race t has come aft] him4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,p]iods ,,& ,,s*ools ,be=e we c und]/& any art ! fir/ /ep is to discrim9ate betwe5 ! diff]5t p]iods & _! v>i\s /yles1 & to obs]ve ! *>act]i/ics ( ! sev]al s*ools4 ,if we consid] m$ieval ar*itecture1 we sep>ate ! _m p]iods f ,saxon to ,r5aissance2 if we turn to pa9t+1 we di/+ui% _m /ages betwe5 ,cimabue & ,canaletto1 yet ^! v>iations belong b to a s+le revolution ( civilisation1 & are compris$ )9 "s c5turies2 9 ,egyptian art we h to deal ) sev5 revolutions ( civilisation & ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,& n only ! p]iod1 b also ! s\rce & traditions ( ea* local bran* ( ! art are to be recognis$1 & we discrim9ate a doz5 s*ools ( pa9t+ betwe5 ,rome & ,v5ice1 ea* ) its own /yle4 ,s 9 ,egypt we ne$ to le>n ! v>i\s s*ools & und]/& _! diff]5ces4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all notice ! ess5tial *>act]s ( ea* p]iod & s*ool z comp>$ toge!r2 :ile 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s ! m te*nical detail ( ! /atu>y1 reliefs1 & pa9t+s w be consid]$4 ,9 ord] to grasp m readily ! diff]5ces ( p]iod & ( place1 !re are giv5 "h eight typical examples ( diff]5t p]iods 7figs4 #c to #aj71 & f\r examples ( diff]5t s*ools dur+ "o reign 7figs4 #aa to #ad74 ,^! may be supplem5t$ by ref]5ce to subsequ5t illu/rations1 b ! contra/s w be m readily se5 9 a simultane\s view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,p]iods ,,( ,,art #c4 ,prehi/oric #d4 ,e>lie/ dyna/ic #e4 ,old ,k+dom 7,,iv7 #f4 ,middle ,k+dom 7,,xii7 ,! ,prehi/oric "w 7#hjjj-eejj ,b4,c47 %[s mu* m me*anical ?an arti/ic ability4 ,! treatm5t ( ! h>de/ mat]ials 0 ma/]ful2 granite & porphyry 7 wr\ght z freely z lime/one & alaba/]2 p]fectly regul> =ms ( vases 7 cut entirely by h& )\t any la!4 ,b ) ?is !re 0 a v t5tative idea ( animate =ms4 ,! feet & h&s 7 omitt$1 & limbs end$ only 9 po9ts4 ,! =m ( an outl9e 0 n ?\ght to imply a solid1 & x ne$$ to be hat*$ ov] ) cross l9es 7fig4 #c7 to %[ t x 0 a cont9u\s body4 ,! noses ( animals are frequ5tly %[n t\*+1 z 9 ?is in/ance ( ! dog & addax4 ,9 %ort1 ! figures are m]e symbols ( ideas1 ) little reg>d to _! actual nature & appe>ance4 ,?is symbolic /age ( art is f\nd 9 mo/ c\ntries1 & (t5 ) a high] s5se ( =m & expression ?an among ! prehi/oric p ( ! ,nile2 !re is no?+ ( ?is age 9 ,egypt to comp>e ) ! c>v+s ( ! cave m5 ( ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly4 ,,late4 ,!re is no sign ( progress 9 art dur+ ?is "t4 ,! slate palettes1 cut 9 ! =ms ( animal outl9es1 :i* 7 made ?r\gh ! :ole age1 beg9 ) recognisable =ms2 & ^! 7 degrad$ by copy+1 until at ! end _! orig9al types c\ld h>dly be guess$4 ,! animal figures on ivory combs are passable 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! age1 & disappe> entirely lat] on4 ,! human figures1 :i* are frequ5t 9 e>ly times1 are v r>ely f\nd lat]4 ,! fl9t work+ %[s deg5]ation long be=e hi/oric times4 ,& ! pott]y loses its f9e =ms1 regul>ity1 & brilliant f9i%1 & becomes r\gh & co>se4 ,9 e direction x seems t ! e>lie/ prehi/oric civilisation1 :i* 0 probably connect$ ) ,libya1 0 sup]s$$ by a l[] race1 :i* 0 probably f ! ,ea/4 ,! fir/ dyna/y 7#eejj ,b4,c47 appe>s to h br\ght 9 entirely new influ5ces4 ,:ile ! mat]ial civilisation naturally w5t on ) _m ( ! old] elem5ts1 yet 9 all directions a new _s & mov+ p[] is se54 ,! conque/ ( ! c\ntry by a race ( invad]s is %[n on _m c>v+s1 mo/ ( :i* are probably ( ! ?ree c5turies ( unification1 be=e ! />t ( ! dyna/ic hi/ory ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,"o ( ! mo/ typical ( ^! c>v+s is fig4 #d1 :]e ! k+ is repres5t$ z a bull trampl+ ^u 8 enemy4 ,o!r examples are giv5 9 figs4 #ea to #ed4 ,! :ole "* ( ! art is *ang$4 ,in/ead ( ! clumsy & spiritless figures ( ! prehi/oric p1 we meet ) vigor\s =ms full ( life & "*4 ,p]haps "o ( ! e>lie/ is ! hya5a 7fig4 #ea72 ! slates are r lat]1 rea*+ d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ dyna/y2 & ! figures 9 ! r\nd 7#ai to #bb7 %[ :at a liv+ & p[]ful art _h sudd5ly sprung up & 0 develop$ "u ! e>ly k+s4 ,! same gr[? is se5 9 ! advance ( glaz+ = important ar*itectural use on a l>ge scale4 ,& ! introduction & rapid developm5t ( hi]oglyphic writ+ /amps ! new age z ! beg9n+ ( writt5 hi/ory1 ! />t ( ! consci\s pres]vation by man ( a regul> record ( 8 pa/ acts4 ,?is new gr[? ( art rejoic$ 9 its fre% f\nd p[]s4 ,x se>*$ = ! tru?1 x c>efully obs]v$ anatomy1 &--l a le>n]--x 0 pr\d ( its k1 & emphasis$ ! precise place ( ! muscles :i* x _h trac$ out4 ,= t v reason x is ess5tially a true art1 )\t any ( ! slov5ly sub/itutes = ,nature :i* are t]m$ conv5tions4 ,x _h no traditions to spoil x or hold x back3 x 0 full ( obs]vation z ! only me?od = its "w4 ,x is always simple & dignifi$1 & %[s m tru? & precision ?an any art ( a lat] age4 ,aft] ! consci\s /udy ( ,nature1 ! greate/ /ep 9 any art is ! delib]ate "w = ! sake ( its own beauty1 & n m]ely because x has to tell a /ory4 ,x may be said t ?is is ! bir? ( true art2 all be=e t m]ely consi/s ( repres5tations = ano!r purpose4 ,b "w = ! sake ( beauty alone is art pure & simple1 & ?is /age 0 rea*$ at ! v beg9n+ ( ! hi/ory1 9 ! beautiful c>v+ ( ! palm tree & long-neck$ gazelles 7fig4 #eb74 ,! ,pyramid age 7#dgjj-djjj ,b4,c47 br\ght 9 fre% ideals4 ,! e>ly k+s _h exp&$ a *iefta9%ip into a k+dom1 )\t realis+ all ! new conditions ( organization :i* 7 involv$4 ,! great "w ( ! e>ly pyramid k+s1 ,s5(]u & ,khufu1 0 ! massive organiz+ ( ! civil s]vice ( ! c\ntry1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a social organism :i* resi/$ all ! invasions & disa/]s ( ! l&1 & surviv$ 9 p>ts to our own times4 ,^! new ideals 7 naturally reflect$ 9 ! art4 ,9 place ( tombs su* z any great *ief might h ord]$1 ! mo/ gigantic pyramids 7 erect$1 build+s yet unsurpass$ 9 bulk & 9 accuracy ( workman%ip4 ,! new social ord] ( ! (ficial _w foll[$ 9 ! same l9es1 & doz5s ( tombs 7 sculptur$ 9 ea* reign1 l>g] & m elaborate ?an mo/ ( ! royal sepul*res ( o!r l&s & ages4 ,! ho/ ( ^! tombs :i* rema9 con/itute a l>g] treasury ( arti/ic "w ?an !re is ( any o!r p]iod 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,a typical example ( ?is new ord] is ! figure ( a s]vant ( a noble nam$ ,a9(] 7fig4 #e74 ,! high r\nd$ relief1 ! s5se ( action1 ! delicacy ( detail & expression1 all m>k ?is new "t4 ,! great] "p ( ! really f9e sculpture t we possess 9 ,egypt comes f ?is "t4 ,! /atu>y 7figs4 #bc to #ca71 ! reliefs 7figs4 #ee to #eg71 ! pa9t+ 7fig4 #fh71 all %[ ! noble spaci\sness & gr&eur ( ! age4 ,its /yle is sev]e & nev] trifles ) sup]fluities4 ,! smalle/ z well z ! l>ge/ "w seems complete & inevitable1 )\t be+ con/ra9$ by any limitations ( "t1 or lab\r1 or ?\ght4 ,= ! expression ( royal en]gy1 dignity1 & equanimity ! figures ( ,khufu & ,khafra are unsurpass$4 ,9 ! vivid expression ( p]sonal "* no age has surpass$ ! /atues ( ! (ficials & _! wives4 ,! /yle ( o!r ages may be m s*ola/ic1 m amus+1 or m graceful1 b = all t con/itutes great art no p]iod c comp>e ) t ( ! mighty pyramid k+s4 ,all ?+s pass away1 & dur+ ! c5turies ( disruption :i* foll[$ ! ,v,ith dyna/y ! old /yle ran d[n to an incr$ible co>s5ess & clumsy copy+4 ,at ! close ( ! ,x,ith dyna/y a revival took place4 ,l all great developm5ts ( art x rose ) extraord9>y rapidity1 & )9 a g5]ation or two ! new movem5t 0 fully gr[n4 ,its *>act]i/ic 0 ! use ( v l[ relief1 ) fa9t b p]fectly cle> outl9es 7see fig4 #f74 ,x 0 ! /yle ( a s*ool1 & n t ( ,nature4 ,a regul> c\rse ( arti/ic tra9+ is describ$ by an arti/2 fir/ 0 taught ! positions ( figures 9 sl[ action1 !n ! diff]5ces ( male & female figures1 next my?ological subjects1 & la/ly1 ! attitudes ( rapid action4 ,?is me*anical tra9+ naturally w5t ) elaboration ( detail4 ,! m9ute l9+ ov] l>ge masses ( hair1 ! c>v+ ( e bead ( a necklace1 7 ! outcome ( s*ola/ic tra9+4 ,! artificial r$uction ( figures 9 ! r\nd to a v delicate v>iation ( planes 9 l[ relief 0 accord+ to ! same sy/em4 ,! :ole works ( ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y are beautiful1 res]v$1 & pleas+1 ) a cle>ness & f9i% :i* appeals to a s5se ( ord]ly p]fection4 ,!y h nei!r ! gr&eur ( :at w5t be=e nor ! grace ( :at foll[$ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,p]iods ,,( ,,art #g4 ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y #h4 ,x,i,xth dyna/y #i4 ,saite 7,,xxvi7 #aj4 ,ptolemaic ,! ,x,v,i,i,ith & ,x,i,xth dyna/ies are ! mo/ popul>ly kn[n age ( ! art4 ,! pr(usion ( rema9s1 _! accessibility at ,!bes1 & ! m intimate /yle ( ! designs1 h l$ to _! g5]al acceptance z typical4 ,?is position mu/ n be all[$ 9 a wid] k ( ! subject4 ,! :ole level ( art ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y is z mu* bel[ t ( ! ,x,i,ith1 z ! /yle ( ! ,x,i,ith is bel[ t ( ! ,i,vth dyna/y4 ,! s*ola/ic "w ( ! ,x,i,ith is foll[$ by a treatm5t :i* is almo/ always conv5tional 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith2 & ! ,x,i,xth dyna/y %[s m]ely a degradation ( :at prec$$ x4 ,at ! close ( ! ,x,v,i,ith dyna/y !re em]ges f ! turmoil ( ! ,hyksos b>b>ism a rude b lively /yle ( draw+1 ) sculpture ( clumsy figures & badly-=m$ hi]oglyphs4 ,/epp+ into ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y we meet ) /iff & r heavy /atuettes1 ! female figures1 h[ev]1 %[+ ! dawn ( ! s$uctive grace :i* foll[$4 ,little c be said to h *ang$ 9 ideals s9ce ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y1 until ! ,asiatic conque/s alt]$ ! civilisation ( ,egypt4 ,?o?mes ,i & ,,iii br\ght back ?\s&s ( ,syrian captives1 _m ( :om 7 select$ = _! beauty & _! arti/ic ability2 _! "w & _! influ5ce trans=m$ ! art1 & ! ideal became t ( a light1 graceful1 fasc9at+ type :i* pos$ mu* & sugge/$ m4 ,! art ( "* _h become second>y to ! art ( emotion4 ,vivacity & romance l$ ! way1 & ! old] /udies ( deep] life & f9e anatomy 7 out ( date4 ,flutt]+ ribbons & pranc+ horses & gallop+ calves 7 repres5t$ )\t ! labori\s sculpture1 b m]ely pa9t$ ) a fl[+ l9e on ! tomb walls1 :i* 7 pla/]$ smoo? ov] ! r\ghe/ hew+ 9 ! rock4 ,! *eape/ road to effect 0 ! fav\rite way1 & ! et]nal solidity & dignifi$ simplicity ( ! old] ages _h vani%$4 ,! figure ( an (ficial ( ,kha-em-hat 7fig4 #g7 is typical ( ! be/ "w ( ?is age4 ,! o!r examples are %[n 9 figs4 #cf-db1 #fj-fb1 #fi-gh4 ,?is new ord] ( ?+s culm9at$ "u ,akh5at51 :5 naturalism1 influ5c$ l>gely f ,greece1 remov$ ! old] pr9ciples ( ,egyptian art2 & all ! pass+ incid5ts ( life1 ! dome/ic affections ( ! k+ & ! fe/ivities ( 8 c\rt1 became ! subjects ( ev5 fun]>y sculptures & pa9t+ 9 ! tombs4 ,aft] t /age !re 0 no?+ left to d b to fall back on ! old /ock subjects & copy & re-copy !m worse & worse dur+ ! succe$+ dyna/ies4 ,egyptian art p]i%es ) ,akh5at52 all t came aft] 0 a bloodless imitation4 ,! ,x,i,xth dyna/y art is fairly repres5t$ by a figure ( "o ( ! k+'s sons 7fig4 #h74 ,"h is se5 ! baldness ( ! /yle4 ,! pr(ile is me*anical1 ! hair hangs 9 a heavy & ugly flap1 ! body has no anatomy1 ! legs are badly drawn1 & ! long /ream]s fly+ f ! wai/ are out ( keep+4 ,! co>se1 heavy "w ( ! temples ( ,abu ,simbel1 or ! great hall ( ,k>nak1 is obtrusive 9 spite ( _! gr&iose conception4 ,9 ! ,x,xth dyna/y ! inscriptions also suff]$ by be+ cut v deeply1 s t ! signs appe>$ z black %ad[s )\t any detail4 ,! decay 0 only arre/$ by a delib]ate copy+ ( ! /yle ( ! pyramid age4 ,! ,x,x,v,ith dyna/y tri$ to recov] ! e>ly gr&eur ( sculpture by close imitation1 b x is r>ely t any fragm5t ( ?is "w does n betray itself by its inane treatm5t1 bad jo9t+ ( ! limbs1 & want ( proportion4 ,"o ( ! be/ examples ( ! m orig9al "w is ! figure ( an eld]ly (ficial 7fig4 #i74 ,! want ( detail is hidd5 by ! /iff robe )\t a fold or curve1 leav+ only ! head & extremities to be repres5t$4 ,ano!r example is 9 fig4 #fd1 :]e ! bad jo9t+ & lack ( anatomy is too evid5t4 ,9 ! ,ptolemaic "t ^! faults are ev5 m app>5t1 :5 ! bad copy ( a copy 0 ! ideal4 ,9 fig4 #aj is se5 ! hopelessly wrong proportion+ ( ! p>ts1 ! clumsy lumps ( fle% & exagg]at$ muscles1 :i* are ! extreme opposite to ! ov]-ref9$ flat relief ( ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y4 ,! hair p>takes ( ! same faults1 be+ c>v$ z r[s ( lumps repres5t+ sep>ate curls4 ,portraiture1 :i* compell$ "s att5tion to ,nature1 is ! late/ surviv+ =m ( art4 ,9 ! ,x,x,v,ith dyna/y fairly good heads 7 occasionally done1 b (t5 ) "s disproportion4 ,! modell$ /ucco heads ( ! ,roman age are ! la/ /age4 ,"s ( !m %[ a real ability & feel+ = "* 7figs4 #ace to #acg71 & "o example :i* c be comp>$ ) ! skull proves ! accuracy ( ! modell+ 7fig4 #ach74 ,! v>i\s ,s*ools ( ,art %\ld n[ be notic$4 ,! /yles ( ! diff]5t p]iods t we h consid]$ 7 ( c\rse obvi\s 9 all ! s*ools2 ! "* ( an age affect$ all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,ow+ to ! abs5ce ( any arti/s' names1 & ! extreme r>ity ( ^? ( ar*itects1 x is impossible to trace ! p]sonal orig9 ( any works4 ,& z we _c say h[ mu* ! arti/s travell$ ab\t ! c\ntry1 m]e locality does n prove a conclusive te/2 probably = royal works ! arti/s w5t to any city accord+ to ord]s4 ,among private tombs we c see great diff]5ces ( /yle1 z betwe5 ,memphis1 ,!bes1 & ,aswan4 ,b ! difficulty ( exact dat+ makes comp>ison d\btful1 z we might set side by side works ( ! rise & ( ! climax ( a p]iod4 ,! mo/ satisfactory evid5ce ab\t ! s*ools is f ! /atu>y 9 diff]5t mat]ials4 ,:5 once a sculptor 0 tra9$ to ! peculi>ities ( "o /one he w\ld n be likely to ent] on all ! difficulties ( a fre% mat]ial4 ,a man tra9$ = ye>s to slic+ & bruis+ out granite )\t ! lea/ fe> ( a crack1 w\ld n reli% hew+ s(t s&/ones t split1 or lime/one t c\ld n be tru/$ ) its own weight on a f9i%$ surface4 ,c]ta9ly ! m5 :o le>n$ sculpture on ! s(t] mat]ials w\ld be helpless on ! granite4 ,!n we "k t ! /atues 7 at lea/ dress$ into %ape--if n entirely f9i%$--at ! qu>ries1 & h5ce ! "w 9 "o mat]ial w\ld cont9ue 9 ! h&s ( "o local s*ool4 ,x is !re=e likely t ! /one work]s ( ea* mat]ial =m$ an unbrok5 succession1 probably 9 c]ta9 families = ! mo/ "p1 & h&$ on _! traditions = sev]al dyna/ies successively1 p]haps ev5 ?r\gh\t ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,?is w\ld n be s mu* ! case 9 relief sculpture1 z !re ! blocks 7 built 9 & sculptur$ at ! build+1 :]ev] t might be4 ,:5 we look = diff]5ces ( treatm5t we see h[ /rongly "o /yle ( "w is cont9u$ 9 "o mat]ial ?r\gh a long p]iod4 ,we h "h contemporane\s examples 9 f\r diff]5t /ones1 ! /atues ( ,rameses ,,ii 9 black granite1 h>d lime/one1 r$ granite & ,nubian s&/one 7figs4 #aa to #ad74 ,9 all cases "w 9 black granite is f9] ?an t 9 ! o!r /ones at ! same p]iod4 ,! figures ( ! s-call$ ,hyksos type 7fig4 #cd71 ( ! ,x,i,i,ith1 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith1 ! ,x,i,xth & ! ,x,x,vth dyna/ies1 & ! s>cophagi ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 9 black granite1 all %[ f> f9] =ms & f9i% ?an ^? 9 ! o!r mat]ials4 ,( brief] use !re 7 two o!r /ones :i* %[ equally f9e "w--diorite1 :i* 0 h>dly ev] sculptur$ except 9 ! ,i,vth dyna/y 7fig4 #bg71 & gre5 basalt1 us$ 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith 7fig4 #cg74 ,! gre5 basalt mu/ be put 9 ! highe/ place z reg>ds m9ute h&l+ & fre$om ( curves2 ! f9e gra9 & mod]ate h>dness 7 mo/ fav\rable to ! arti/4 ,! black granite "w comes next 9 quality1 hav+ f9e curves b n q ! same fre$om1 ow+ to ! co>s] gra94 ,! diorite has a beautiful gra9 = "w1 b ! h>dness has influ5c$ ! detail ( recesses1 & x is seldom t inn] angles are z truly work$ out z 9 ! black granite4 ,! comp>ison is p]haps h>dly j1 z !re are no contempor>y works 9 ^! two /ones4 ,x seems n improbable t all ^! h>d /ones 7 f\nd 9 ! same region1 ! ,ea/]n des]t1 & t !y 7 all work$ by "o s*ool4 ,t !re 0 a f9e te*nical tra9+ !re 9 e>ly times is %[n by ! spl5did b[ls & vases ( ! h>de/ rocks :i* 7 wr\ght 9 prehi/oric ages & ! fir/ dyna/y4 ,su* vases 7 made 9 ! m\nta9 di/rict1 z ! figures ( a w>mly-clad race be> !m 9 tribute to ! ,egyptian k+ 7,j\r4 ,an?rop4 ,in/41 xxxi41 pl4 xix41 #ac-ae74 ,?us we may look on ?is black-granite s*ool z belong+ really to ! bord] p ( ! ,ea/]n des]t1 & n to ! ,nile pla94 ,illu/ration3 ,,ramessu ,,ii1 ,,by ,,diff]5t ,,s*ools #aa4 ,black granite #ab4 ,h>d lime/one #ac4 ,r$ granite #ad4 ,nubian s&/one ,! lime/one s*ool 0 expressly t ( ,memphis & ,middle ,egypt4 ,x is be/ kn[n f ! ho/ ( private /atues f\nd 9 ! cemet]y ( ,saqq>eh4 ,"w ( ! f9e/ delicacy 0 done 9 ?is s(t & uni=m mat]ial 7see figs4 #bd1 #bi-cb72 & a bran* ( ! same s*ool 0 t work+ ! h>d] lime/ones :i* 7 a fav\rite /one 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith & ,x,i,xth dyna/ies 9 upp] ,egypt1 z 9 ! colossus ( ,rameses ,,ii 7fig4 #ab74 ,bo? bran*es ( ?is s*ool excell$ 9 ! delicate expression ( physiognomy2 ! proportions ( ! limbs & ! f9i% ( ! extremities are usually excell5t4 ,! alaba/] "w is a bran* ( ?is same s*ool1 ) simil> proportion & f9i%4 ,x is a r>e mat]ial = sculpture till ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 b "u ,am5hotep ,,ii to ,,iv x 0 (t5 us$2 & x s]ves = "o ( ! be/ works ( lat] "t1 ! /atue ( ,am5>dys 7fig4 #dg74 ,! qu>ries 7 9 ! mid/ ( ! lime/one hills1 especially :]e ! h>d lime/one occurs ne> ,tell-el-,am>na4 ,?us ! same s*ool dealt ) ?is :ole gr\p ( calc>e\s rocks4 ,ano!r v f9e s*ool 0 t ( ! qu>tzite s&/one ( ,gebel ,ahm>1 ne> ,cairo4 ,! mat]ial 0 closely limit$ to a s+le hill cem5t$ by hot spr+s2 & :at is n[ se5 !re is only ! imm5se heap ( *ipp+s left by work]s ( all ages3 ! hill itself has almo/ vani%$4 ,?is mat]ial 0 work$ 9 ! pyramid times1 b only r\ghly4 ,! ,x,i,ith dyna/y k+s saw its value1 & qu>ri$ x = s>cophagi & *amb]s1 b seldom us$ x = sculpture4 ,! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y attack$ x on an enorm\s scale2 ! two great colossi ( ,am5hotep ,,iii1 weigh+ #aage tons ea*1 7 cut & c>ri$ up-/ream #dej miles to ,!bes4 ,/atues are f\nd1 royal & private1 9 all p>ts ( ! l&1 & naturally ?is /one 0 l>gely us$ at ,tanis4 ,! "w is usually excell5t1 almo/ equal to ! lime/one sculpture2 b x g5]ally falls a little bel[ t ( ! previ\s s*ools 9 ! dep? ( cutt+ & ! fre$om ( "w 9 holl[s4 ,! r$ granite s*ool 0 at ,aswan1 :]e ! /atues & obelisks are /ill ly+ unf9i%$ 9 ! qu>ries4 ,! arti/ 0 mu* h9d]$ by ! co>se gra9 ( ! /one1 :i* made f9e "w difficult4 ,on ! obelisks ?is has be5 fairly ov]come by a great am\nt ( em]y cutt+1 & %>p smoo? hi]oglyphs 7 cleanly cut4 ,b = /atu>y1 ev5 9 ! pyramid age ! features are co>sely work$ & ! detail scanty2 & :5 us$ lat] on a l>ge scale1 ! =ms are heavy1 ! inn] angles seldom work$ out1 & ! extremities ?ick & massive4 ,?is is se5 9 ! colossus ( ,rameses ,,ii 7fig4 #ac71 z well z 9 e>li] figures4 ,! ,nubian s&/one s*ool 0 ! lea/ arti/ic4 ,! s(tness & ready splitt+ ( ! /one prev5t$ clean & well-f9i%$ "w4 ,detail 0 almo/ impossible1 & x 0 a mi/ake to use a good build+ /one = ! wrong purpose ( f9e c>v+4 ,9 e>ly times ?is /one 0 nev] us$1 except locally 9 its own region4 ,! ,x,i,ith dyna/y r>ely us$ x1 b by ! middle ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith x became g5]al1 & x 0 ! ma9 /one ( ! ,x,i,xth dyna/y 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,its use1 h[ev]1 does n come d[n to ,middle or ,l[] ,egypt4 ,! long av5ue ( sph9xes at ,!bes are ! mo/ famili> sculpture 9 ?is mat]ial1 & simil> figures 7 also plac$ by ,am5hotep ,,iii 9 8 temple on ! ,we/]n bank4 ,! great colossi ( ,abu ,simbel are ! ma9 example ( sculpture 9 ?is /one 7fig4 #ad74 ,!y %[ ! defects ( ! o!r s\!rn s*ool1 t ( r$ granite4 ,! limbs are squ>e & heavy1 ! feet & h&s are flat & me*anical1 & ! muscles are crude ridges4 ,b ! face is fairly r5d]$1 z well p]haps z 0 practicable 9 su* mat]ial4 ,we ?us see t !re 7 ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s s*ools ( ,egyptian art1 p>tly due to ! v>i\s peoples1 b ma9ly result+ f ! mat]ial us$ by ea* s*ool4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,/atu>y ,figures 9 ! r\nd are ! e>lie/ mode ( modell+1 & rema9 ! mo/ important1 z !y are less condition$ ?an reliefs1 & give full scope to ability & k4 ,! e>lie/ human figures are f\nd 9 ! second /age ( ! prehi/oric age1 imm$iately aft] ! :ite-l9$ pott]y4 ,!y are ( ivory1 lime/one1 slate1 pott]y1 or ( /ick & pa/e4 ,su* figures did n cont9ue to be made aft] ! middle ( ! prehi/oric civilisation4 ,! ivory figures usually end 9 a m]e peg bel[1 ) wide hips & %\ld]s1 b no arms4 ,! eyes are m>k$1 ?\gh (t5 ! m\? & nose are omitt$ 7fig4 #ae74 ,! lime/one or cem5t figures h ! division ( ! legs l9$ out2 "s are /&+1 z fig4 #af1 ) tatu m>ks pa9t$ on ! /one2 o!rs are ( ! armless =m1 seat$1 & cle>ly ( ! /eatopyg\s ,bu%man type4 ,! slate figures are always ( m51 ) po9t$ be>ds1 & :ite beads ins]t$ = eyes4 ,! pott]y figures are r\ghly modell$1 b ) ! legs sep>at$4 ,! /ick & pa/e figures are made by modell+ a vegetable pa/e ov] a /ick2 ! legs are m>k$1 sometimes arms are add$1 or else !re are m]ely %\ld] /umps4 ,9 "o case ! head is modell$ bald1 pa9t$ r$1 & has a black wig modell$ ov] x1 %[+ t sep>ate wigs are z old z ! prehi/oric "t4 ,"s ivory tusks are c>v$ ) a mu* m advanc$ /yle ( heads 7fig4 #ag71 :i* give ! be/ idea t we h ( ! type ( ! p4 ,! animal figures are rudely cut1 b h a c]ta9 f]oci\s air 7fig4 #ah74 ,"s mu* m advanc$ figures 9 ivory h ! legs & arms sep>ate1 & a passable am\nt ( modell+ 9 ! head & body4 ,?\gh q ( prehi/oric /yle1 !y are probably influ5c$ by ! s*ool ( highly develop$ ivory-"w ( ! ,i/ dyna/y1 & may %ortly prec$e t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prehi/oric #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah4 ,prehi/oric figures 9 ! r\nd ,! e>ly dyna/ic age br\ght 9 entirely new ideals4 ,! olde/ figures ( ?is "t are ! colossal /atues ( ! god ,m9 f ,koptos4 ,^! are ( mu* ! same "w z ! prehi/oric human figures1 b h spirit$ draw+s ( animals incis$ on !m 7see fig4 #ea74 ,j be=e ! ,i/ dyna/y !re came a f9ely develop$ /yle ( ivory-c>v+1 :i* is kn[n to u by ! _m figures ( m5 & wom5 f\nd at ,hi]akonpolis4 ,! f9e/ /one-"w ( t age is a /udy 9 lime/one ( a k+'s head 7figs4 #ai1 #bj71 :i* is s closely l ,n>m] 7fig4 #ed7 t x mu/ be j at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,i/ dyna/y4 ,x is a sculptor's /udy ( a k+ prep>atory to mak+ 8 /atue1 &1 z ,pr(essor ,a4 ,mi*aelis says1 8x r5d]s ! race-type ) a/\nd+ ke5ness1 & %[s an excell5t p[] ( obs]vation 9 ! exact repres5tation ( ! eyes40 ,! delicacy ( ! facial curves %\ld be notic$1 & ! entire abs5ce ( any conv5tions 9 ! modell+ ( ! m\? z well z ! eyes4 ,! widely prom95t e>s are a *>act]i/ic ( ! e>lie/ hi/oric figures2 su* a feature belongs to a hunt+ race :o ne$ to cat* s\nds1 & sugge/s t !y always slept on _! backs4 ,?is is unlike ! prehi/oric folk1 :o 7 always buri$ contract$ & ly+ on ! side1 z be+ _! natural attitude2 b x agrees ) ! mod]n ,egyptian1 :o sleeps 9 ! mummy po/ure1 ly+ on ! back4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ivory figures 7 f\nd at ,abydos1 fully develop$ 9 /yle1 beyond ^? ( ,hi]akonpolis4 ,!y comprise figures ( girls1 boys1 dogs1 apes1 a be>1 & _m lions4 ,!y are admirably easy 9 _! pose1 & p]fectly natural 9 =m ) a simplicity & tru?fulness bett] ?an any lat] "w4 ,! figure ( an old k+ 7fig4 #ba7 0 ) ^!2 notice ! subtle expression ( ! face1 ! droop ( ! head =w>d1 & ! natural air4 ,?is is probably e>ly 9 ! ,i/ dyna/y4 ,r lat] is ! h>d lime/one head ( ,k+ ,kha-sekhem1 ( ! ,i,ind dyna/y 7fig4 #bb74 ,f9e z ! modell+ is ab\t ! m\?1 yet conv5tion has already crept 92 ! edges ( ! lips are %>p5$1 & ! ext5d$ l9e at ! out] corn] ( ! eye has be5 introduc$4 ,we see !n "u ! e>lie/ dyna/ies ! obs]vation ( ,nature free f any artificial trammels1 unconsci\s1 simple & dignifi$1 on a high] plane ( tru?fulness & precision ?an is f\nd 9 lat] art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>lie/ ,,dyna/ies #ai1 #bj4 ,i/ dyna/y k+1 lime/one #ba4 ,i/ dyna/y k+1 ivory #bb4 ,kha-sekhem 7,i,ind dyna/y7 ,9 ! pyramid age we w fir/ obs]ve ! e>li] private figures 7#bc to #bf74 ,que5 ,m]titefs 7fig4 #bc7 0 ! wife ( ,s5ef]u1 at ! close ( ! ,i,i,ird dyna/y4 ,9 h] type ( face1 & ! treatm5t ( x1 we see an e>li] race & e>li] "w ?an t ( ! pyramid times4 ,! l>ge1 />+ eyes1 ! m\? turn+ d[n1 ! natural hair cut %ort & bru%$ /raight d[n ov] ! =ehead b5ea? ! wig1--all ^! details disappe> aft] ?is4 ,:5 we comp>e ?is ) ! head ( ,n(]t 7fig4 #bd71 :o 0 ( ! next g5]ation1 ! *ange ( type & "w is at once se54 ,9 ,n(]t ! eyes are admirably plac$1 ! br[ is p]fectly natural1 & ! modell+ ( ! features is irreproa*able4 ,yet !re is less absolute naturalism ?an 9 ! old] "w ( ! ,i/ dyna/y4 ,! hair is evid5tly kept complete b5ea? ! wig1 & is laid out smoo?ly ov] ! =ehead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,k+dom ,,sculpture #bc4 ,m]titefs #bd4 ,n(]t #be4 ,ka-ap] #bf4 ,unkn[n ,! celebrat$ figure ( ,ka-ap]1 or ! 8,%eykh el ,bel$10 belongs to ! same p]iod4 ,! figure is s well kn[n t x ne$ n appe> "h1 b ! full face is less famili> 7fig4 #be74 ,! m\? & *9 are p]haps ! mo/ tru?ful "p1 & seem entirely free f conv5tion4 ,! eyes are excell5t 9 =m1 b affect$ by ! te*nical detail ( ins]t+ ! eyeball ( /one & cry/al 9 a copp] frame4 ,! simil> eyes 9 ! head ( ,n(]t are m c>efully ins]t$1 s t ! frame is n obvi\s4 ,! hair is repres5t$ z closely cut1 s z to all[ ! wig to be put ov] x4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 h>dly judge ( ?is figure z x is1 /ripp$ ( ! coat ( col\r$ /ucco :i* cov]$ su* "w4 ,! portions ( simil> wood5 figures 9 ! temple ( ,abydos _h all be5 ?us pa9t$4 ,su* a coat w\ld modify ! eye sett+1 & leave only ! d>k l9e visible :i* imitat$ ! kohl on ! eyelids4 ,ano!r "w ( ! same age is ! be/ = ! pose ( ! figure 7fig4 #bf74 ,! vigor\s1 indep5d5t1 frank attitude is p]haps ! f9e/ 9 any portrait1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,! pr(ile is ( ! same type z t ( ,n(]t1 alike 9 ! /rong br[ & ! =m ( ! nose & *92 ! eye is m prom95t1 & ! m\? less luxuri\s1 :ile ! "u-*9 is firm]4 ,su* diff]5ces are all 9 keep+ ) ! "*1 t ( an active mi/ress ( an e/ate r ?an an easy-go+ noble4 ,we %all n f9d 9 any ( ! subsequ5t "w ( ! pyramid age--/ill less 9 ! lat] ages--su* vitality & /r5g? ( individual "* z we h se5 9 ^! e>ly portraits4 ,) ^! /&s also ! m9ute head ( ,khufu 7fig4 #abc71 :i* we %all notice ) ! ivory-"w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,k+dom ,,sculpture #bg1 #bh4 ,k+ ,khafra 7,i,vth dyna/y7 ,! /atue ( ,khafra 7fig4 #bg7 c>v$ 9 diorite is "o ( ! gr&e/ works ( ,egypt4 ,! entire dignity & maje/y %[n contra/ /rongly ) ! active air ( ! subord9ate classes4 ,! muscul> detail is p[]ful1 b yet 9 keep+ ) ! s]5ity ( ! figure4 ,! :ole is be/ grasp$ f bel[1 z x 0 int5d$ to be se52 b ! head %\ld be /udi$ at its own level1 & ! pr(ile1 f a ca/ 7fig4 #bh71 %[s ! =m z x orig9ally appe>$ :5 cov]$ ) a fac+ :i* conceal$ ! gra9 ( ! /one4 ,! diff]5ce ( "* betwe5 ! calm1 easy dignity ( ?is1 & ! t]rible en]gy ( ,khufu 7fig4 #abc71 %\ld be obs]v$4 ,x %[s h[ free ! art is f any m]e conv5tion ( maje/y4 ,! hawk beh9d ! k+ is %[n z spread+ out its w+s to protect ! royal head4 ,?is symbolism is +5i\sly hidd5 9 ! front view1 s z n to int]f]e ) ! effect ( ! :ole figure z x 0 int5d$ to be se54 ,! figures ( ! ,v? & ,v,ith dyna/ies h m vivacity ?an ^? e>li]1 b sc>cely su* a real vitality4 ,! well-kn[n scribe 7fig4 #bi7 is a good piece ( expression1 %[+ ! att5tive1 wait+ air ( a man :o is foll[+ dictation4 ,! anatomy is n detail$1 & ! surfaces look r block$ out & bald z comp>$ ) ,khafra4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,k+dom ,,sculpture #bi4 ,! scribe #cj4 ,wife & daught] #ca4 ,ran(] ,! l[] "p ( a gr\p is giv5 "h 7fig4 #cj7 = figures ( ! seat$ wife & daught]4 ,^! %[ good modell+ ( ! figure 9 a close-fitt+ g>m5t1 & ! hair is worn ov] ! =ehead b5ea? ! wig1 z by ,n(]t4 ,! figure ( ,ran(] 7fig4 #ca7 is "o ( ! mo/ dignifi$ ( ! portraits ( (ficials4 ,! pose is /rong2 ! muscles are well r5d]$1 & n too full ?\gh cle>4 ,! wig /&s well (f ! head1 & gives a cont9u\s outl9e ) ! figure4 ,x is h>d to see h[ ! :ole expression c\ld be bett] ?an ?is4 ,on look+ closely at ! detail ( ^! e>ly /atues1 !re is v little t c be set d[n z conv5tional4 ,all ! features are natural1 well plac$1 & h>moni\s4 ,! relation ( ! br[ to ! eyes is g5]ally true4 ,b ?is po9t 0 entirely miss$ 9 lat] times4 ,9 ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y ! eye is r too =w>d2 & 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith !re is h>dly a s+le /atue t is correct1 ! eyes usually project+ to ! plane ( ! br[4 ,on obs]v+ ev5 ! f9e/ figures ( lat] times x w be se5 h[ purely conv5tional is _! treatm5t2 ! m\? & eyes are cold & me*anical1 & x is seldom t any "o feature ev5 approa*es ! tru? ( ! e>ly art4 ,9 ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y ! "w %[s ! s*ola/ic /yle ( delib]ate accuracy1 )\t z mu* p]sonal vitality z 9 e>li] times4 ,yet x is full ( c>efully obs]v$ detail1 & is by no means p]functory l ! lat] "w4 ,! facial surfaces are well r5d]$3 obs]ve ! v>i$ treatm5t ( ! *eek bel[ ! eye 9 figs4 #cb1 #cc1 & #ce1 :i* are cle>ly individual4 ,! entirely diff]5t =m ( ! m\? 9 ^! ?ree is z evid5tly p]sonal4 ,?r\gh\t ,egyptian "w ! eye is ( two di/9ct types1 bo? ( :i* we see "h 9 ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y4 ,9 "o type 7fig4 #cb7 ! upp] lid rises to its highe/ po9t ne> ! inn] side2 & ) ?is =m ! actual corn]1 or can?us major1 may end 9 a m]e angle or 9 a la*rymal fossa m or less develop$1 an extreme case ( ! long & wide fossa be+ se5 9 fig4 #cb1 & 9 ! black granite figure f ,alex&ria 7s-call$ ,hyksos7 9 ,cairo4 ,?is may be call$ ! gibb\s =m ( lid1 & x is ! m usual 9 ! sculpture & on c(f9s4 ,! use ( a copp] frame r\nd ! ins]t$ eye 9 ,old ,k+dom /atues makes x unc]ta9 h[ f> ! la*rymal fossa 0 int5d$ to appe>4 ,b ! /atues ( a s+le mat]ial %[ a small fossa 9 mo/ cases1 su* z ,khafra1 ,dadefra1 ! 7s-call$7 wife ( ! ,%eykh1 & ,sebekhotep ,,iii4 ,9 lat] "w !re is no fossa1 b only an angle1 z 9 ,tahutmes ,,iii1 ,am5hotep ,,iii1 ,am5hotep son ( ,hapi1 & o!r in/ances to ! end ( ! dyna/ies4 ,b a slight fossa is %[n 9 ,akh5at5 & 8 family1 & 9 ,ramessu ,,ii2 &1 "u ! ,e?iopians1 ,tah>qa & ,am5>dys are bo? %[n ) a long fossa4 ,! o!r type ( eye se5 9 figs4 #cc1 #ce may be call$ ! n>r[ eye4 ,?is seems to belong ma9ly to ! ,middle ,k+dom1 & is se5 9 ,s5us]t ,,iii1 ,am5emhat ,,iii1 ,que5 ,n(]t1 & ,n(]hotep4 ,x is p]haps unkn[n at an e>li] age2 & lat] x r>ely occurs1 b may be se5 9 ,m]5ptah1 & some:at 9 ,m5tu-em-hat & "s portraits ( ! ,x,x,v,ith dyna/y4 ,^! rem>ks are m]ely to draw att5tion to a detail :i* is easily obs]v$ & seldom defac$2 b = draw+ conclusions an ext5sive /udy is ne$$ ( all ! v>ieties ( =m & treatm5t1 n only ( ! eye1 b also ( ! lips1 no/rils1 e>s1 & hair4 ,h[ f> su* detail belong$ to ! subject1 & h[ mu* is due to arti/ic conv5tions1 we _c yet say2 b f ! simil>ities ( portraits ( ! same p]son x seems probable t ! details are really due to diff]5ces ( type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,middle ,,k+dom ,,sculpture #cb4 ,s5us]t ,i #cc4 ,s5us]t ,,iii #cd4 ,=eign type #ce4 ,am5emhat ,,iii ,we n[ h a v difficult "q to /ate z to ! orig9 ( ! rem>kable type ( fig4 #cd4 ,?is is "o ( ! class ( sph9xes & /atues commonly describ$ z be+ ( ! ,hyksos4 ,yet1 z ! ,hyksos k+s' names are r\ghly cut on ! %\ld]s ( ! sph9xes1 !y are cle>ly n ! orig9al inscriptions2 &1 z cle>ly1 ^! figures are old] ?an ! ,hyksos4 ,! type is di/+ui%$ by an extreme muscul>ity ( ! face1 deeply cut1 p[]ful lips ) /rong flexures1 & ! long nose1 n v prom95t1 b broad4 ,all ^! po9ts are mu* 9 excess ( su* features on any /atue ( a nam$ ,egyptian k+4 ,"s simil>ities may be se5 9 ! type ( ,s5us]t ,,iii & ,am5emhat ,,iii 7figs4 #cc1 #ce72 b ^! latt] are mu* less /rong & unconv5tional4 ,x is probable t "s ( ! /ock ( fig4 #cd has gone to =m ! type ( figs4 #cc & #ce1 b x is impossible to see 9 !m a uni=m s+le type4 ,x seems mo/ probable t fig4 #cd belongs to an invad+ p f ,syria dur+ ! decad5ce ( ! ,old ,k+dom1 betwe5 ! ,v,i,ith & ,x? dyna/ies2 b until "s example ) an orig9al "n may be f\nd1 x is useless to be m def9ite4 ,x is noticeable h[ all ( ! heads ( ?is type are 9 black granite1 or r>ely "s o!r igne\s rock2 ?is sugge/s t !y 7 wr\ght by ! s*ool ( ! ea/]n des]t1 & may !re=e n be controll$ by ! decad5ce ( ord9>y ,egyptian "w betwe5 ! ,old & ,middle ,k+doms4 ,:e!r o!r /range works 9 black granite--su* z ! fi%-(f]]s ( ,tanis--belong to ! same age1 has be5 que/ion$4 ,x may be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! sph9xes & ! black granite bu/ f ,alex&ria h a l>ge la*rymal fossa1 :ile ! fi%-(f]]s h no fossa1 b only an inn] angle to ! eye4 ,! s-call$ ,hyksos figures f ,buba/is are n really ( ?is type1 b %[ an inh]itance ( "s ( its *>act]s1 su* z belong to ! royal family 9 ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y4 ,:5ev] ! royal portraiture ( ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y is fully collect$ & /udi$1 x w be possible to cle> ! attribution ( _m /atues1 & s to sep>ate ^? :i* really belong to ! e>li] /ock4 ,on com+ to ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y a m me*anical /yle prevails 7figs4 #cf-ci74 ,?is is obvi\s 9 ! =mal rais$ b& ( eyebr[1 & ! eyes be+ br\ght =w>d to ! plane ( ! =ehead4 ,! lips rema9 m natural1 & are /ill treat$ expressively4 ,! be/ "w ( ?is age is ! gre5 basalt /atue ( ,tahutmes ,,iii 9 ,cairo 7fig4 #cg74 ,x accords closely ) ano!r figure ( black granite ( ! same k+2 b ! r$ granite head 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is mu* co>s] & less expressive1 z is natural f t s*ool ( granite "w4 ,! l>ge nose is v\*$ = z a family *>act]i/ic 9 ! reliefs ( ,tahutmes ,,ii & ,hat%epsut at ,deir el ,bahri1 :i* h precisely ! same outl9e ( br[ & nose2 ! "u-side ( ! nose1 ! slightly ris+ curve ( ! lips to ! out] corn]1 & ! flatness ( ! fac+ ( ! lips1 seem to be individual details4 ,! head fig4 #cf is ( an (ficial ( ,am5hotep ,,iii1 9 qu>tzite4 ,x has a fairly good outl9e ( ! *eek1 & well-cut lips2 & x %[s ! m florid & romantic turn ( ?is age 9 ! wavy hair m>k$ out ) l9es4 ,"u ,akh5at5 7fig4 #ci7 !re came a revolution ( art1 :i* 0 p]haps only a culm9ation ( ! naturali/ic t5d5cies t 7 gr[+ dur+ ! prec$+ reigns4 ,b x 0 en=c$ & support$ by ! surr\nd+ *anges 9 religion1 e?ics1 & politics :i* 7 c>ri$ out by ! humani/ re=m] :o rul$4 ,x 0 probably also /imulat$ by ! influ5ce ( ! contempor>y art ( ,crete & ,greece1 ! :ole ea/]n ,m$it]ranean app>5tly %>+ 9 a g5]al movem5t4 ,we %all notice ?is fur!r :5 consid]+ reliefs & pa9t+4 ,( r\nd sculpture ! be/ figure rema9+ is t ( ,akh5at5 n[ 9 ,p>is 7fig4 #ci74 ,x has be5 "p ( a gr\p ( ! k+ & que5 sitt+ toge!r1 & x %[s all ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is s*ool 9 ! be/ =m4 ,! eyes are q natural2 ! lips are emphasis$ by a %>p edge along _! bord]s2 ! jaw & neck are excell5tly r5d]$2 & ! e>1 ) its l>ge pi]c$ lobe1 is cle>ly true to life4 ,?\gh ! re=ms ( ,akh5at5 mo/ly p]i%$ ) him1 yet ! tra9+ ( 8 arti/s is /ill to be se5 9 ! sculpture ( ,tut-ankh-am5 7fig4 #ch74 ,?is has n ! pr(essional complet5ess ( /yle se5 "u ,tahutmes ,,iii 7fig4 #cg71 b x c>ries on ! less precise s5tim5talism ( ,akh5at5 7fig4 #ci71 ) mu* feel+ = expression & beauty1 b a lack ( grip & =ce4 ,! br[ is neglect$1 ! eye is feeble1 ! *eek is )\t detail1 b ! lips & *9 are en=c$ z f> z possible4 ,! :ole effect is sweet b n impressive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,k+dom ,,sculpture #cf4 ,"u ,am5hotep ,,iii #cg4 ,tahutmes ,,iii #ch4 ,tut-ankh-am5 #ci4 ,akh5at5 ,we n[ turn to ! m9or "w 9 wood4 ,9 ! ,old ,k+dom1 wood 0 frequ5tly c>v$ on a l>ge scale2 ( ! ,middle ,k+dom !re is ! /atue ( ,k+ ,hor2 b "u ! ,new ,k+dom ! only l>ge figures are "s r co>se fun]al /atues4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 small figures !re is a pr(usion ( wood-c>v+4 ,! wood5 u%abtis are (t5 beautifully treat$2 ! drap$ figures ( wom5 are graceful & dignifi$1 ) m9ute work+ ( ! hair & dress2 ! grotesque figures ( toilet objects are full ( "*2 b "h our space limits u to "o class1 & we give ! nude figures 7figs4 #dj-db71 z su* are r>ely f\nd 9 o!r mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,k+dom ,,sculpture #dj1 #da1 #db4 ,wood-c>v+s ( girls 7,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y7 ,! little negress 7fig4 #dj71 c>v$ 9 ebony1 is "p ( a gr\p repres5t+ h] c>ry+ a tray1 :i* is support$ by a monkey be=e h]4 ,b ^! accessories are inf]ior1 & m]ely hide ! figure2 ! edge ( ! tray has be5 slightly cut 9 on ! brea/ & ?us disfigur$ x4 ,! detail ( ?is /atuette is bett] ?an any o!r su* "w2 ! p]fect pose ( ! attitude1 ! poise ( ! head1 ! fulness ( ! muscles1 ! innoc5t gravity ( ! expression1 are all excell5t4 ,o!r figures are c>v$ 9 ! h&les ( toilet trays4 ,! girl 9 fig4 #da hold+ fl[]s & birds is on a small] & co>s] scale ?an ! prec$+1 b is excell5t 9 expression & 9 ! modell+ ( ! trunk4 ,! damsel play+ a lute on h] boat amid ! papyrus ?icket 7fig4 #db7 %[s "o ( ! graceful adjuncts ( wat]-p>ties 9 high life4 ,! l5g? ( leg is exagg]at$ to h>monise ) ! long /ems ar\nd2 b ! pose is skilfully seiz$1 ! di/ance ( ! feet be+ ne$ful = balance 9 a little %allop1 :ile ! cl+ ( ! ?ighs is ma9ta9$4 ,!re is m self-consci\sness & delib]ate effect 9 ?is expression ?an 9 t ( ! little girls se5 be=e4 ,! age ( decad5ce n[ beg9s ) ! ,ramessides4 ,"o f9e piece arre/s u 9 ! black granite /atue ( ,ramessu ,,ii 7fig4 #dc71 ( :i* an entire view is giv5 9 fig4 #aa4 ,! :ole pose is fairly good1 ! face look+ d[n t[>d ! spectator bel[4 ,! k+ is no long] ! dignifi$ organis] ( ! ,old ,k+dom1 ) a vision f> away beyond ev]yday matt]s1 b he is obvi\sly consid]+ ! op9ion ( ! man 9 front ( him4 ,! detail is almo/ equal to t ( ! previ\s dyna/y2 ! eye is natural1 ! nose r =mal1 ! lips ) ! %>p edge ev5 m develop$ ?an be=e1 & ! *9 & ?roat less modell$4 ,! elb[ is c>efully wr\ght1 br++ out ! fold ( fle% & ! muscle sep>ately1 ! accuracy ( :i* is que/ionable4 ,a good example ( a private sculpture is ! head ( ,bak-en-khonsu 7fig4 #dd74 ,! eye is only slightly indicat$1 lean+ to ! conv5tional block+ out se5 9 figs4 #ia & #acg4 ,! pr(ile is good1 & ! lips are less exagg]at$ ?an 9 ! royal /atues4 ,! arti/ c\ld give all 8 att5tion to ! face alone1 z ! figure is entirely hidd5 9 an almo/ cubic block1 :i* repres5ts ! man seat$ ) knees drawn up be=e ! *e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,k+dom ,,sculpture #dc4 ,ramessu ,,ii #dd4 ,bak-en-khonsu #de4 ,m]5ptah #df4 ,tah>qa ,! head ( ,m]5ptah 7fig4 #de7 %[s him z inh]it+ & imitat+ 8 fa!r's face & attitude4 ,! /yle is cold & =mal2 ! eyes are s =w>d z to be ev5 beyond ! plane ( ! =ehead1 & sc>cely capp$ by ! br[4 ,b ! nose & lips are natural & free ( ! =c+ :i* is se5 r e>li]4 ,!re is no attempt at any delicacy ( facial curves1 & ! *9 & ?roat are mask$ by ! (ficial be>d4 ,z ?is is 9 gray granite1 & 0 execut$ z ! ka /atue ( ! k+'s p]sonal temple1 x may be tak5 z ! be/ t c\ld be done at t "t4 ,a diff]5t feel+ comes 9 ) ! massive individual portrait ( ,tah>qa 7fig4 #df74 ,! facial muscles are /rongly m>k$1 b ! m\? is s+ul>ly un=m$1 & is exactly ! opposite ( t 9 ! /rong type ( fig4 #cd4 ,! eyes are ( ! gibb\s =m1 ) a long slot ( la*rymal fossa1 :i* is also %[n 9 ! k9dr$ figure ( ,que5 ,am5>dys 7fig4 #dg74 ,! /yle is n ak9 to any o!r ,egyptian "w1 & x seems z if an entirely diff]5t physiognomy _h *all5g$ ! sculptor & made him drop 8 usual treatm5t & /udy ,nature afre%4 ,! alaba/] /atue ( ,am5>dys 7fig4 #dg7 is disproportion$ z a :ole1 ?\gh p>ts are good sep>ately4 ,x has j ! faults due to an imitator :o does n tru/ to obs]vation4 ,! head is too l>ge1 ! jo9t+ is weak4 ,ea* ( ! features is fairly well r5d]$2 & )9 ! limits ( lat] mann]ism !re is no =c+ or exagg]ation4 ,! portrait ( ,m5tu-em-hat 7fig4 #dh7 belongs to ! same /yle z t ( ,tah>qa1 & bo? are 9 black granite4 ,! eyes seem too small1 b ?is is r due to ! dep? & massiv5ess ( ! jaws1 :i* ov]weight ! face4 ,! app>5t disproportion 9 ! l[ =ehead is only due to ! photograph be+ tak5 too close & l[ d[n4 ,! height above ! eyes is really equal to t d[n to ! upp] edge ( ! *94 ,! facial curves are c>efully obs]v$1 & we c well cr$it ?is ) be+ a true portrait ( ! capable gov]nor ( ,!bes :o cont9u$ 9 (fice "u ,tah>qa & ,tanut-am51 & :o repair$ ! deva/ations ( ! ,assyrian invasion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,late ,,sculpture #dg4 ,am5>dys #dh4 ,m5tu-em-hat #di4 ,basalt head #ej4 ,wood5 head ,a head brok5 f a /atue1 f\nd at ,memphis 7fig4 #di71 is rem>kable = ! deep & se>*+ modell+4 ,! bony /ructure1 ! facial muscles1 & ! surface folds are all scrupul\sly obs]v$4 ,! arti/'s triumph is %[n 9 ! h>mony & ! liv+ "* :i* he has infus$ into 8 labori\s precision4 ,v r>ely c a man rise sup]ior to su* a rigor\s tra9+4 ,! "* ( "w is sc>cely ,egyptian2 x belongs r to ! same s*ool z ! republican ,roman portraits1 b is e>li] ?an ^?1 z x has m precision ( detail4 ,la/ly1 we h "o ( ! be/ examples ( ,greek influ5ce 9 ,egypt %[n by ! wood-c>v+ ( a c(f9 7fig4 #ej74 ,! long n>r[ face %ad$ by ?ick wavy hair is ,greek 9 feel+1 :ile ! fea!r head-dress is old ,egyptian4 ,un=tunately1 ! decay ( ! wood has brok5 ! surface1 b x /ill rema9s an impressive example ( ,egyptian influ5ce on art :i* is ma9ly ,greek4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,reliefs ,9 reliefs ! repres5tation ( ,nature is complicat$ by ! inevitable use ( "s conv5tions1 & "s k9d ( p]spective1 to r$uce solid objects to a plane del9eation4 ,x foll[s t = ! /udy ( naturali/ic art !y are inf]ior to /atu>y1 ?\gh !y give rise to a :ole sy/em ( arti/ic conv5tions :i* are ( int]e/ 9 !mselves4 ,x appe>s t among mo/ races draw+s prec$e reliefs1 & h5ce relief mu/ be look$ on z develop$ draw+1 & n z trammell$ /atu>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>lie/ ,,reliefs #ea4 ,hya5a & bull #eb4 ,gazelles & palm #ec4 ,gr\p ( animals #ed4 ,k+ ,n>m] ,! olde/ reliefs are ^? ( ! prehi/oric ivory c>v+s 7see fig4 #c71 9 :i* we see ma9ta9$ ! pictorial conv5tion ( cross+ l9es to sub/antiate ! outl9e ( a solid body1 al?\gh ! body 0 n[ express$ by ! relief4 ,a l>ge quantity ( ivory reliefs %[+ r[s ( animals 7 f\nd at ,hi]akonpolis1 belong+ to ! e>lie/ hi/oric times4 ,( ! same class are ! reliefs ^u ! primitive figures f ,koptos 7fig4 #ea74 ,^! comprise ! elephant1 /ag's head1 & swordfi%1 z well z ! hya5a & ox4 ,! design is spirit$1 & seizes ! *>act]i/ics ( ! animals2 :ile hills are conv5tionally %[n by lumps "u ea* foot4 ,! me?od ( "w is by bruis+ out ! surface ) a po9t$ /one pick ar\nd ! outl9e1 & s l[]+ ! surr\nd+ gr\nd 7"h %ad$71 :ile ! body ( ! animal rema9s ( ! orig9al face ( ! /one4 ,! next /age is t ( ! a/oni%+ slate reliefs4 ,! purely arti/ic motive is se5 9 ! gr\p ( two long-neck$ gazelles ) a palm-tree 7fig4 #eb74 ,! detail ( ! =ms ( ! jo9ts & ! g5]al pose ( ! animals is excell5t1 & ! feel+ = ! graceful1 sl5d] outl9e & smoo? surfaces is en=c$ by ! rugg$ palm /em plac$ betwe5 ! gazelles4 ,! love ( ! /range & wild elem5ts is se5 9 ! r\t ( animals1 real & my?ical1 9 fig4 #ec1 :i* %[s ! lion1 giraffe1 wild ox1 & _m k9ds ( de]1 well kn[n to ! e>ly arti/s4 ,! figure ( ,k+ ,n>m] 7fig4 #ed7 is ! hi/orical po9t 9 ^! slate c>v+s4 ,z x is m advanc$ 9 /yle ?an any ( ! o!rs1 x %[s t !y all belong to ! age j be=e ! ,i/ dyna/y1 ab\t #eejj ,b4,c4 ,"h ! pose & jo9t+ are excell5t1 & ! muscles are proclaim$ by ! arti/ z ! results ( 8 obs]vation4 ,! lat] ,egyptian canon is obs]v$ t a /raight l9e %\ld pass ?r\gh ! middle ( ! head1 middle ( ! trunk1 po9t ( ! backw>d knee1 & middle betwe5 ! heels3 only1 z ! k+ is "h lean+ =w>d 9 action1 ! l9e is n v]tical z x is 9 lat] /&+ figures4 ,! facial *>act]s ( ! k+ & 8 foe are well di/+ui%$2 altoge!r five diff]5t types ( race are %[n on ^! e>ly c>v+s4 ,! surface ( ! slate has be5 work$ d[n ) a metal scrap]1 %[n by ! p>allel grooves 9 ! face4 ,on rea*+ ! beg9n+ ( ! pyramid age ! f9e/ "w is se5 9 ! ?ree wood5 panels ( ,ra-hesy 7fig4 #ee1 frontispiece74 ,! anatomy is full1 ?\gh n s excessive z 9 ! e>li] "w4 ,! facial curves are c>efully r5d]$1 & ! m\? is excell5tly =m$4 ,! eye is ( c\rse plac$ 9 front view1 z x always 0 by ,egyptians4 ,! :ole figure has an air ( />k vig\r1 :i* is fitt+ to a high (ficial :o manag$ a doz5 diff]5t (fices4 ,! multitude ( ! ma/aba tomb-*apels ( ! pyramid age conta9 s _m ?\s&s ( sc5es1 illu/rat+ e act ( life ( m5 & animals1 t x is impossible to give any view ( _! v>iety4 ,"h we c only give two sc5es illu/rat+ composition4 ,9 fig4 #ef is a gr\p ( m5 dragg+ d[n an ox = sacrifice4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! l9es is cle>1 ea* figure /&s out sep>ately1 ! action is vigor\s & simple4 ,ano!r sc5e ( an ox-h]d 7fig4 #eg7 %[s quiet motion1 ) ! unusual turn+ ( ! head4 ,?is might be ?\ght unnatural1 b exactly ! same twi/ ( ! body may be se5 among ,egyptians n[4 ,?is /yle ( relief det]iorat$ 9 ! ,v,ith dyna/y1 & !n cont9u\sly decay$ until ! middle ( ! ,x,ith dyna/y1 by :i* "t x has rea*$ a mo/ degrad$ /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,k+dom ,,reliefs #ef4 ,! sacrifice #eg4 ,! ox-h]d ,sudd5ly1 9 ! middle ( ! ,x,ith dyna/y1 a new /yle ( c>eful elaboration beg9s to appe>1 a true ar*aic g]m ( a new s*ool4 ,?is rapidly grew1 until at ! lat] "p ( t dyna/y !re is a /iff & ov]-elaborate /yle1 :i* is well %[n 9 ! figure ( ! pr9cess ,kauat hav+ h] hair curl$ 7fig4 #eh74 ,! eyes ( all ! figures are gibb\s1 ) a mod]ate fossa2 ! lips h usually a %>p edge1 ?\gh sometimes m]ely r\nd$2 & !re is ! beg9n+ ( facial modell+4 ,9 ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y ! surface modell+ became elaborate1 mo/ delicate gradations be+ wr\ght ) fa9t outl9es1 z se5 9 ! ,memphite head1 fig4 #f4 ,a bold high relief & simpl] treatm5t 0 foll[$ by ! ,!ban s*ool1 z 9 fig4 #ei ( ! god ,ptah & ,s5us]t ,i embrac+4 ,! use ( sunk relief1 z fig4 #eh1 0 z e>ly z ! ,i,vth dyna/y1 ?\gh mo/ ( ! tomb sculptures are 9 high relief4 ,sunk relief became common] 9 ! ,middle ,k+dom1 & almo/ univ]sal 9 ! ,new ,k+dom4 ,x sav$ a l>ge am\nt ( lab\r1 & x protect$ ! sculptures f injury2 b x is s =cible a conv5tion t x is nev] s pleas+ z ! rais$ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,middle ,,k+dom ,,reliefs #eh4 ,toilet ( pr9cess #ei4 ,s5us]t ,i & ,ptah ,! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y op5s ) ano!r revival ( art1 b yet x nev] rea*$ ! levels ( ! e>li] ages4 ,! pr(usion ( reliefs ( ,!bes & o!r great sites has made ! /yle ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith & ,x,i,xth dyna/ies ! mo/ famili> to u1 b its inf]iority to t ( ! previ\s p]iods is m obvi\s ! m x is /udi$4 ,! sculptures ( ,hat%epsut at ,deir el ,bahri are celebrat$1 yet ! detail 9 fig4 #fj is n ri*4 ,!re is sc>cely any modell+ ( face or muscles1 m]e flat surfaces suffic+2 !re is b little expression 9 ! features2 & ! :ole effect is flat & tame4 ,m "* appe>s "u ,am5hotep ,,iii 7fig4 #fa71 ?\gh ev5 "h !re is none ( ! muscul> detail :i* 0 con/antly %[n 9 e>ly "w4 ,! features smile gracefully )\t any real expression1 & ! trivial details ( dress are work$ out to give a picturesque elaboration4 ,! ta/e = m]e prett9ess & graceful p]sonalities rul$ m & m z ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y develop$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,k+dom ,,reliefs #fj4 ,hat%epsut #fa4 ,s]vant ( ,kha-em-hat #fb4 ,akh5at5 & que5 ,at la/ ?is ta/e1 /imulat$ by ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek art & its love ( express+ motion1 broke all b\nds 9 ! movem5t "u ,akh5at54 ,! example 9 fig4 #fb gives ! ess5ce ( ,at5ism4 ,! natural b unga9ly attitudes1 ! fl\ri%+ rib&s1 ! heavy coll>s & kilt1 ! ungraceful realism ( ! figures1 ! loss ( all expression & detail ( /ructure1--all ^! %[ ! dea? ( a p]man5t art 9 ! fev] ( novelty & vocif]ation4 ,?is f]m5t be+ pass$1 ! ,egyptian w5t back on 8 old] /yle2 b x _h lo/ its life1 x c\ld only be copi$4 ,! exquisite smoo?ness & f9i% ( ! good "w ( ,sety ,i at ,abydos is entirely lifeless & de/itute ( obs]vation4 ,x has no anatomical detail1 b 0 made by well-con/ruct$ human ma*9es :o c\ld n express an emotion :i* !y did n feel4 ,! hi/orical sc5es ( ! great sculptures ( ,k>nak are full ( int]e/1 b almo/ de/itute ( art4 ,"s p>ts ( ! "w ( ,ramessu ,,iii at ,m$9et ,habu %[ m obs]vation1 su* z ! hunt+ sc5e1 fig4 #fc4 ,! wild bulls are well /udi$1 & ! m>%-plants ) fea!ry tops %[ a real appreciation ( natural gr[? & beauty4 ,"u ! ,x,x,v,ith dyna/y came ! delib]ate imitation ( ! "w ( ! ,old ,k+dom4 ,9 a few cases ?is is passably done1 & ev5 "s inv5tion may be se54 ,b 9 g5]al !re is only a lifeless imitation ( v>i\s p>ts clumsily put toge!r4 ,"o ( ! be/ pieces ( su* art is ! procession ( y\?s & maids c>ry+ animals & f>m produce 7fig4 #fd74 ,! =ms are true1 !re is none ( ! lat] exagg]ation 7z 9 fig4 #aj71 & !re is a lov+ t\* 9 ! details1 especially ( ! animals1 :i* belongs to ! true arti/4 ,obs]ve h[ ! girls c>ry ! fl[]s & ! birds1 :ile ! boys take ! heavy loads ( papyrus /ems & a calf & a basket ( fl\r4 ,su* "w is ! la/ flick] ( ,egyptian art 9 reliefs1 & no?+ lat] claims our notice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,late ,,reliefs #fc4 ,bulls 9 m>%es #fd4 ,be>]s ( (f]+s ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,draw+ ,pa9t+ is c]ta9ly ! e>lie/ art ( ,egypt2 b1 be+ m p]i%able ?an sculpture1 _m p]iods ( x are h>dly repres5t$ at pres5t4 ,a v e>ly prehi/oric vase1 pa9t$ ) :ite slip on ! r$ gr\nd1 %[s ! crude figures ( two m5 fight+ 7fig4 #fe74 ,o!r su* vases h plants & o!r objects pa9t$4 ,f ! middle ( ! prehi/oric age1 belong+ to ! second civilisation1 are ! light-br[n vases pa9t$ 9 r$1 ) figures ( %ips & p 7fig4 #ff71 plants1 & imitations ( /one & wick] patt]ns4 ,! jo9ts are fairly correct 9 ! m5 & animals1 ?\gh defici5t 9 ! woman ) rais$ arms4 ,b ! :ole air is v crude z comp>$ ) ! r\ghe/ ef=ts ( ! dyna/ic race4 ,ano!r pa9t+ r lat] 9 ! prehi/oric age is ! %ip f a tomb fresco 7fig4 #fg74 ,! arms ( ! woman are m correctly drawn z /raight1 b ! m5 are worse pos$ ?an 9 ! e>li] "w4 ,! idea ( ! figures se5 above ! %ips1 b entirely deta*$ f !m1 may be t !y are se5 on ! opposite bank ( a n>r[ riv]1 beyond ! %ips4 ,! advanc$ pa9t+ ( ! e>ly pyramid times is %[n by ! geese 7fig4 #fh71 /alk+ along 9 a mead[ amid tufts ( h]bage4 ,! air ( grave self-suffici5cy is admirably caught1 & ?is small piece ( a great wall-sc5e at ,m$um is des]v$ly admir$4 ,( ! ,middle ,k+dom !re is no f9e example rema9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>lie/ ,,pa9t+ #fe4 ,fir/ age ( prehi/oric pa9t+ #ff4 ,second age #fg4 ,%ip on wall-pa9t+ #fh4 ,geese ( ,m$um ,! great age ( pa9t+ 0 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith & ,x,i,xth dyna/ies4 ,! sculptur+ ( tombs 0 !n ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( ! *eap] pa9t2 & ! ta/e ( ! age = graceful & light treatm5t f\nd its be/ scope 9 ! use ( ! bru%4 ,"h we h a gr\p ( pelicans 7fig4 #fi7 ) an old h]dsman & baskets ( eggs4 ,next 7fig4 #gj7 is a h>ve/ sc5e4 ,two m5 are c>ry+ a load ( ! e>s ( corn 9 a net4 ,beh9d are ! /alks ( /raw aft] ! e>s h be5 cut4 ,two girls :o 7 glean+ h /opp$ to qu>rel ov] ! corn2 "o has seiz$ a wri/ ( ! o!r1 & ! two free h&s h ea* tak5 a grip ( ! o!r "o's hair4 ,to ! "r1 "u a sycamore fig-tree1 "o boy is asleep1 :ile ano!r plays on a long re$ pipe1 ) a wat]-sk9 hung ov] 8 head4 ,9 ! l[] l9e a girl ) a ?orn 9 h] foot is /ret*+ x out to be exam9$ by ano!r girl4 ,fur!r1 a lad is /ripp+ ! heads ( millet by dragg+ !m ?r\gh a fix$ =k4 ,! :ole sc5e is full ( incid5t1 & ! draw+ ( ! figures 9 unusual action is excell5t4 ,! curi\s dress ( ! m5 is a l95 wai/-clo?1 ) a net ( slit lea!r-"w to take ! we>1 & a solid piece ( lea!r left 9 ! middle ( x = sitt+ on1 z 9 fig4 #adj4 ,su* slit lea!r-"w is dealt ) 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,k+dom ,,pa9t+ #fi4 ,pelicans & keep] #gj1 #ga4 ,h>ve/ sc5es ,a ?ird sc5e 7fig4 #ga7 is 9 ! h>ve/ field2 ! e>s h be5 put into a net1 & to press !m d[n a /ick is pass$ ?r\gh a hole on "o edge1 :ile a man has hook$ 8 arm ov] ! /ick1 & jump$ up s z to br+ 8 weight ) a j]k to press ! /ick d[n2 ) 8 o!r h& he holds ! end ( a cord ti$ to ! net1 s z to be ready to secure ! /ick :5 press$ d[n & prev5t x spr++ up aga94 ,! _s %[n 9 ?is action is v good1 & x is p]haps ! only figure giv5 9 ! act ( jump+4 ,on ! left is a "y woman1 "o ( ! daught]s1 beh9d ! own] ( ! tomb2 on ! "r is a glean+ girl1 /opp+ 9 ! tall corn to dr9k1 ) h] basket set on ! gr\nd4 ,on ! next plate a portion ( a ceil+ patt]n 7fig4 #gb7 %[s h[ su* designs 7 drawn4 ,! rhombic l9es 7 done fir/1 !n ! d>k gr\ndwork1 leav+ :ite discs1 & la/ly ^! 7 fill$ up ) ! spirals4 ,! :ole 0 copi$ f appliqu lea!r-"w1 ) l9es ( /it*+4 ,a boat+ sc5e 7fig4 #gc7 %[s ! beautifully bold1 clean l9es ( ! draw+1 = :i* 9 ?is case !re does n seem to h be5 any prelim9>y sket* ( position4 ,! cr\*+ girl pick+ a lotus bud f ! wat] is v unusual4 ,! draw+ ( wavy wat]-l9es1 ) lotus fl[]s1 is ! g5]al conv5tion1 & ! figures ( fi% & birds are (t5 se54 ,a sc5e at a p>ty 7fig4 #gd7 %[s ! gue/s seat$ on ! gr\nd hold+ lotus fl[]s1 :ile a s]v+-girl /ret*es =w>d to arrange ! e>r+s ( "o ( ! gue/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,k+dom ,,pa9t+ #gb4 ,ceil+ #gc4 ,boat+ sc5e #gd4 ,a p>ty ,pa9t+ receiv$ a great /imulus "u ,akh5at53 ! new movem5t suit$ ! bru% mu* bett] ?an ! *isel4 ,! two figures ( ! pr9cesses 7fig4 #gf7 %[ possibilities :i* 7 n !n fully c>ri$ out4 ,! conv5tional attitudes are dropp$1 & ! actual positions ( two little girls are c>efully copi$4 ,! eld] is seat$ on a cu%ion1 ) ! knees drawn up1 & re/+ "o arm on ! knee1 :ile ) ! o!r h& %e pu%es up h] little si/]'s *94 ,! y\ng] has none ( ?is self-possession1 b is propp+ h]self up ) "o arm1 :ile %e cl+s to h] eld]'s %\ld] ) ! o!r4 ,! draw+ is free & true1 )9 ! usual conv5tions ( p]spective4 ,fur!r1 ! col\r+ has %ade on ! backs ( ! figures1 & a high light on ! ?igh ( ! y\ng] daught]4 ,su* %ade does n appe> 9 ,greek art till a ?\s& ye>s lat]4 ,! patt]n 9 front is ! bord] ( ! c>pet on :i* ! que5 0 seat$1 h] foot & drap]y appe>+ above4 ,a surpris+ draw+ :i* belongs to ! same s*ool ( obs]vation is ! tumbl] 7fig4 #ge74 ,"h an acrobatic position is s skilfully drawn z to sugge/ its tru? & to avoid any impossibility4 ,! =m ( ea* "p is admirable2 & if we trace x piece by piece into an upright position1 ! result+ figure is correctly proportion$1 except 9 ! l5g? ( ! arms4 ,9 reality su* an attitude requires ! h&s to re/ on ! f+]-tips :]e ! wri/ n[ is drawn4 ,z a draw+ ( a viol5t attitude ?is is a m>vell\s "w1 n only = ! directness & p]fection ( ! l9e1 b also = ! complete lightness & sw+ ( ! :ole figure4 ,ano!r good piece ( action is ! man 7fig4 #gg7 :o is /&+ on a boat's cab9 haul+ 9 a rope4 ,! dead-weight ( ! body is well ?r[n back2 & z ! base is small1 "o leg is kept 9 res]ve beh9d s z to recov] any slip4 ,! dead pull1 ) bo? feet plant$ toge!r & ! :ole body rigidly lean+ back1 is (t5 drawn 9 ! e>ly fi%+ sc5es2 b su* an attitude w\ld be unsafe :5 /&+ on ! top ( a n>r[ cab94 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,k+dom ,,pa9t+ #ge4 ,girl som]sault+ #gf4 ,! "y pr9cesses ,we n[ turn to outl9e draw+1 9 :i* ! ,egyptians always _h a gr& facility4 ,!re is no in/ance1 ev5 9 degrad$ times1 ( an outl9e made z 9 mod]n "w by little t5tative t\*es feel+ ! way4 ,if !y made a mi/ake1 !y at lea/ 8s9n$ spl5didly40 ,! long free /rokes1 always tak+ ! :ole l5g? ( a bone at once1 & (t5 go+ d[n a :ole figure )\t rais+ ! h&--ev51 true1 )\t a quiv] or hesitation--%ame mo/ mod]n outl9es4 ,! gr\p ( heads 7fig4 #gh7 %[s well ! am\nt ( "* giv5 by a simple outl9e4 ,! fur!/ is a negro1 ! next a ,syrian1 ! ?ird an ,abyss9ian1 ! la/ a ,libyan4 ,! type ( ea* is %[n ) ze/ & en]gy1 & ! l9e-"w c\ld n be improv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,k+dom ,,draw+ #gg4 ,! boatman haul+ #gh4 ,! f\r races #gi4 ,sket*$ tablet #hj4 ,tomb decoration ,9 fig4 #gi is a v r\gh sket* = a little tablet ( adoration4 ,x %[s ! fa9t outl9es 9 r$ :i* 7 laid 9 fir/ to space out ! figure4 ,su* 7 us$ 9 ne>ly all cases z a prelim9>y guide2 b !y 7 freely improv$ on 9 ! f9al black draw+1 z "h ! :ole base has be5 l[]$4 ,?is also %[s ! sket*-=ms ( hi]oglyphic writ+4 ,! f9al "w = a royal tomb is se5 9 fig4 #hj1 ,sety ,i (f]+ to ,osiris4 ,we c "h admire ! p]fect fre$om & exactitude ( ! h&l+1 al?\gh ?is 0 only int5d$ z a guide to ! sculptor1 & 0 n to be f9ally visible4 ,a l>ge bran* ( draw+ :i* we h n space to illu/rate "h is t ( ! papyri & hi]oglyphs4 ,! papyri %[ ! cle>1 f9e outl9es 9 ! good examples4 ,9 lat] times1 r\gh z ! "w may be1 ! feel+ = expression nev] des]ts ! arti/4 ,! hi]oglyphs =m a great /udy by !mselves4 ,! s\rces ( ! signs1 ! v>i\s treatm5t ( !m1 ! m9ute details introduc$1 are all full ( int]e/4 ,! great result 0 t ! ,egyptian _h a writ+ :i*1 ?\gh cumbr\s1 0 a cont9ual pleasure to see1 & :i* adorn$ ! arti/ic monum5ts on :i* x 0 plac$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,ar*itecture ,/range to say1 ,egyptian ar*itecture has nev] yet be5 sy/ematically /udi$2 we "k no?+ ( its proportions & v>iations4 ,! e>lie/ con/ructions 7 ( brick1 or ( palm-/icks int]wov54 ,f ! necess>y =ms ( ^! all ! details ( ! /one ar*itecture h be5 copi$4 ,a p>allel is se5 9 ,greece1 :]e ! ar*itecture 0 an exact transcription ( a wood5 build+1 ! triglyphs1 mutules1 & guttae be+ ! beam-ends1 tie-bo>ds1 & pegs =m]ly belong+ to woodwork4 ,illu/ration ,= ! great] security ( ! corn]s ( brick build+s1 ! ,egyptians tilt$ ! c\rses up at ea* end1 ?us build+ 9 a concave b$1 ) faces slop+ inw>ds4 ,?is slope 0 copi$ 9 ! /one-"w1 & is se5 on ! outsides ( all ,egyptian build+s 7see fig4 #hc74 ,! inside faces are always v]tical1 & ?is s]ves to di/+ui% ! mean+ ( small portions ( wall 9 excavations4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,slight /ructures 7 made ( palm-/icks1 set upright1 & la%$ to a cross /ick ne> ! top1 ) o!r palm-/icks int]wov5 to /iff5 ! face1 & ! :ole pla/]$ ) mud4 ,su* con/ruction is made n[ 9 ,egypt1 & is se5 9 ! e>lie/ figures ( %r9es4 ,at ! top ! ends ( ! palm-/icks nod ov]1 & =m a f5ce to keep out intrud]s4 ,?is r[ ( tops is ! orig9 ( ! /one cavetto cornice1 :i* always /&s free above ! level ( ! ro(4 ,at ! corn]s ! /ructure ( palm-/ick 0 /r5g!n$ by a bundle ( /icks or re$s la%$ r\nd1 & put z a buff] to prev5t a bl[ break+ 9 ! edge4 ,?is became ! roll ) la%+ patt]n :i* is se5 d[n ! edges ( ! /one build+s1 & also b5ea? ! cavetto cornice :]e x is copi$ f ! l9e ( /icks bel[ ! loose tops 7see fig4 #hc74 ,illu/ration ,ano!r =m ( con/ruction 0 ) papyrus /ems4 ,^! _h a loose1 wiry head l an ,equisetum or m>e's tail4 ,:5 us$ = a cab9 on a boat1 ! ro(+ /ems 7 put ?r\gh ! loose head1 :i* 0 ti$ above & bel[ to hold !m4 ,h5ce ! r[ ( heads became copi$ z an ornam5t along ! tops ( walls1 & cont9u$ 9 use ?us d[n to ! late/ times4 ,! use ( ! ar* 0 famili> f e>ly times4 ,ev5 be=e ! pyramid-build]s small ar*es ( bricks 7 made4 ,!y 7 ! g5]al mode ( ro(+ 9 ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y1 :5 we see !m drawn & imitat$ 9 /one4 ,f ! ,x,i,xth dyna/y !re rema9 ! great ar*$ /ore-rooms ( ! ,ramesseum4 ,be+ ( dri$ mud brick1 :i* is f> m easily cru%$ ?an /one or burnt brick1 ! circul> =m 0 n suitable1 z ! apex w\ld yield by cru%+4 ,a m or less p>abolic =m 0 !re=e us$1 s z to give a %>p] curve at ! top4 ,to protect ^! ar*es f ! wea!r1 !y 7 laid f\r c\rses ?ick1 ) a deep lay] ( s& & gravel ov] ! top1 to absorb any ra9 z a sponge4 ,ar*es 7 usually built )\t any c5tr+2 & to ?is day ! ,egyptian simil>ly builds ar*es & domes ( any size )\t c5tr+ or support4 ,ea* r+ ( ar* is laid on a slop+ b$1 s t ! ?9 ar* bricks on edge w /ick 9 place by ! mud-mort> until ! r+ is complet$4 ,! same con/ruction is />t$ 9 ea* corn] ( a room until ! ar*+ meets 9 a circle1 :5 ! dome is c>ri$ r\nd r+ on r+1 increas+ ! dip t[>d ! top4 ,! successive coats ( an ar* are (t5 b$d$ on opposite slopes1 s t ! r+s cross ea* o!r4 ,! out] =m ( a temple 0 always a blank wall on all sides1 z at ,edfu1 :i* pres]ves its circuit wall complete4 ,usually ! out] wall has be5 remov$ = build+ 7fig4 #hc71 & ! inn] c\rts ) columns are expos$4 ,9 fur!r ru9 all ! walls ( squ>$ blocks are gone1 & only a gr\p ( pill>s is left on ! site4 ,a typical build+ ( ! e>ly age is ! temple ( r$ granite built by ,khafra at ,gizeh 7fig4 #ha74 ,! pill>s are #da in*es squ>e1 & !re are sixte5 ( !m 9 ! two halls4 ,! "w is p]fectly pla92 n a trace ( ornam5t is to be se5 9 ?is or o!r temples ( ! ,i,i,ird-,i,vth dyna/ies4 ,only on ! outside 0 !re a panell+1 l t on ! brick build+s & /one s>cophagi ( ?is age4 ,! masonry ( ?is temple is mu* less exact ?an t ( ! e>ly pyramids4 ,! :ole effect ( x is gr& & sev]e1 ) ! noble bread? :i* belongs to ! e>ly times4 ,! t[] front ( ! temple at ,m$9et ,habu 7fig4 #hb7 is "o ( ! few faades t is pres]v$4 ,x 0 copi$ f ! ,syrian =tresses1 & %[s h[ ! ,asiatic influ5ces _h ent]$ ,egypt dur+ ! ?ree c5turies f ab\t #aejj to #abjj ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ar*itecture #ha4 ,granite temple #hb4 ,m$9et ,habu #hc4 ,dakkeh ,! mo/ complete view ( a :ole temple is t ( ,dakkeh 7fig4 #hc74 ,! girdle wall has be5 de/roy$1 ?us expos+ ! compon5ts ( ! temple cle>ly4 ,at ! left is ! great pylon1 ! gateway ?r\gh ! girdle wall4 ,?is l$ to ! portico1 :i* 0 ! front ( ! h\se ( ! god1 l ! porticoes to human h\ses4 ,beh9d ?is a cross passage1 ( :i* ! door is se5 at ! side1 pass$ 9 front ( ! %r9e & its ante-*amb]4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! mo/ p]fect small temples1 b x has be5 mu* de/roy$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>lie/ ,,=ms ,,( ,,column #hd4 ,palm capital #he4 ,rose lotus #hf4 ,blue lotus ,! massive squ>e pill>s ( ! granite temple gave place be=e long to m ornam5tal =ms4 ,! pr9cipal types are ! palm & lotus 9 ! ,v? dyna/y1 & lat] ! papyrus4 ,! palm capital is %[n on ! granite columns ( ,unas 7fig4 #hd74 ,x 0 probably d]iv$ f a bundle ( palm-/icks b\nd toge!r & pla/]$ ) mud to /iff5 !m1 l ! bundles ( maize-/alks :i* are /ill us$ = columns4 ,ar\nd ! top ( x "s ( ! loose ends ( ! palm-/icks 7 left ) ! leaves to =m a head4 ,! lotus capital appe>s likewise z a %aft decorat$ ) buds ar\nd x 7fig4 #he74 ,9 ?is case ! buds are ! %ort1 ?ick ones ( ! rose lotus1 ) fl[]s ( ! blue lotus put 9 ! int]vals "u ! abacus4 ,b ! lotus bud soon became treat$ z a solid support1 & 9 ! capital ( ! blue lotus 7fig4 #hf7 ! :ole is =m$ ( f\r lotus buds4 ,! b&s ( ! tie 7 always /rongly m>k$1 h[ev] *ang$ ! capital might become 9 lat] "t4 ,! papyrus column belongs ma9ly to ! ,x,i,xth dyna/y1 z 9 ! great hall ( ,k>nak4 ,x 0 ! mo/ incongru\s ( all1 z a s+le gigantic head ( loose filam5ts 0 repres5t$ z support+ ! :ole weight4 ,pla9 polygonal %afts 7 also common4 ,"s octagonal ones occur 9 ! ,v? dyna/y4 ,9 ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y !y are sixte5-sid$1 keep+ ! f\r ma9 faces flat & slightly holl[+ ! o!rs4 ,?is 0 cont9u$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 b aft] t ! polygonal =m almo/ disappe>s4 ,"h we c only t\* on "s ( ! arti/ic elem5ts2 ! ar*itecture z a :ole is beyond ! scope ( s small a volume4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,/one-,,work+ ,we "h beg9 to deal ) ! m te*nical r ?an ! purely arti/ic view--! crafts z well z ! arts4 ,connect$ ) ! la/ *apt] is ! /udy ( ! mat]ials & me?ods us$ = ! ar*itecture4 ,lime/one 0 ! ma9 mat]ial ( ! l&1 ! ,eoc5e cliffs f5c+ 9 ! ,nile valley along f\r hundr$ miles4 ,! two f9e/ k9ds are ! ,mokattam /one opposite ! pyramids1 :i* is p]fectly uni=m & free f splitt+ or flaws2 & ! h>d silicifi$ /one occurr+ at ,tell el ,am>na & else:]e4 ,! next commone/ mat]ial 0 s(t s&/one f ,silsileh1 us$ g5]ally aft] ! middle ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 especially 9 ! ,!baid4 ,! less usual /ones are ! r$ granite ( ,aswan1 :i* 0 us$ f ! ,i/ dyna/y onw>ds2 ! qu>tzite s&/one ( ,gebel ,ahm> ne> ,cairo1 begun on a l>ge scale by ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y2 basalt f ,khankah & o!r eruptions1 us$ 9 ! ,i,vth & ,x,i,xth dyna/ies2 alaba/] f ! qu>ries ne> ,tell el ,am>na2 & diorite1 us$ by ! pyramid build]s only4 ,! qu>ry+ ( ! lime/one 0 usually by l>ge gall]ies run into ! be/ /rata4 ,blocks ( two or ?ree feet 9 size 7 cut out by pick+ a tr5* wide en\gh = ! arm to pass d[nw>d ar\nd ! block1 & !n inw>d bel[ x1 until x c\ld be crack$ away f ! b$4 ,! blocks 7 ?us cut out 9 regul> r[s1 f top to bottom ( ! gall]y face4 ,! same me?od is /ill kept up 9 ! op5-air qu>ry at ,helwan4 ,= l>g] blocks a tr5* eighte5 in*es wide1 9 :i* ! workman c\ld pass1 0 cut ar\nd ! block4 ,9 ! s&/one qu>ries ! same mode ( cutt+ 0 foll[$1 only ! qu>ry 0 op5 to ! sky4 ,s c>efully 0 inf]ior /one reject$1 t in/ead ( foll[+ cracks 9 ! rock1 a wall ( /one 0 left on ea* side ( a crack2 & su* walls1 ea* conta9+ a fissure1 divide ! qu>ry to its :ole dep?4 ,! granite 0 fir/ obta9$ f loose wat]-worn blocks at ! ,cat>act1 a great advantage ( su* a s\rce be+ t any cracks are made visible4 ,lat] x 0 qu>ri$ 9 ! b$2 a l>ge mass /ill 9 ! qu>ry has be5 trimm$ & m>k$ across to be cut up = %r9es or s>cophagi4 ,! e>ly mode ( fissur+ 0 by cutt+ a groove & jump+ holes ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! /one1 to det]m9e ! direction ( ! fissure4 ,probably ! active =ce 0 dri$ wood driv5 9 & wett$1 z !re is no trace ( bruis+ by metal w$ges on ! sides ( ! groove4 ,9 lat] times1 in/ead ( holes1 m]e pockets 7 sunk r deep] 9 ! groove to hold ! splitt+ ag5t4 ,= cutt+ passages or *amb]s 9 rock1 ! me?od 0 to make a r\gh drift-way1 !n f9i% a true plane = ! ro(1 next m>k an axis ^u ! ro( plane1 trim ! sides true to ! di/ance f a plumb bob held at ! axis1 & f9ally smoo? ! floor to a uni=m di/ance f ! ro(4 ,9 a rock *amb] ! ro( 0 f9i%$ fir/1 & a %aft 0 sunk to ! int5d$ dep? ( ! *amb] to m>k x out4 ,! surfaces ( rock & ( dress$ /ones 7 pick$ smoo? by a %ort adze1 ) cuts cross+ 9 all directions4 ,! edges ( a /one 7 fir/ dress$ true1 & !n ! space betwe5 0 ref]r$ to ! edges4 ,to d ?is1 two (fset /icks ) a /r+ /ret*$ betwe5 ! tops ( !m 7 /ood on ! edges1 & a ?ird (fset 0 us$ to te/ ! dep? to ! face1 s z to see h[ mu* 0 to be cut away4 ,= l>g] /ones1 a diagonal draft-l9e 0 cut true z well z ! edge drafts1 s z to avoid any twi/4 ,! face 0 f9ally te/$ ) a portable plane sme>$ ) r$ o*re1 & :]ev] t left a t\* ( r$1 ! /one 0 cut d[n2 ?is 0 cont9u$ until ! r$ t\*$ at int]vals ( n m ?an an in*4 ,?is 0 ! quality ( face = jo9ts2 b x 0 fur!r smoo!d by gr9d+ on out] f9i%$ surfaces4 ,! r\gh hew+ ( rock tombs 0 g5]ally done ) mauls ( silicifi$ lime/one1 :i* is f\nd z nodules left on ! surface4 ,! granite & h>d /ones 7 also sawn1 & cut ) tubul> drills4 ,! saws 7 blades ( copp]1 :i* c>ri$ ! h>d cutt+ po9ts4 ,! cutt+ mat]ial 0 s& = work+ ! s(t] /ones1 & em]y = h>d] rocks4 ,z f> back z prehi/oric times1 blocks ( em]y 7 us$ = gr9d+ beads1 & ev5 a plummet & a vase 7 cut out ( em]y rock 7n[ 9 ,univ]sity ,college74 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 ( em]y be+ kn[n & us$4 ,! difficult "q is :e!r ! cutt+ mat]ial 0 us$ z loose p[d]1 or 0 set 9 ! metal tool z sep>ate tee?4 ,an actual example 0 f\nd at ! prehi/oric ,greek palace ( ,tiryns4 ,! h>d lime/one !re has be5 sawn1 & ,i f\nd a brok5 bit ( ! saw left 9 a cut4 ,! copp] blade _h ru/$ away to gre5 c>bonate2 & ) x 7 "s little blocks ( em]y ab\t a sixte5? ( an in* long1 rectangul>1 & q capable ( be+ set1 b f> too l>ge to act z a loose p[d] ) a pla9 blade4 ,on ! ,egyptian examples !re are long grooves 9 ! faces ( ! cuts ( bo? saws & drills2 & grooves may be made by work+ a loose p[d]4 ,b1 fur!r1 ! groove c]ta9ly seems to run spirally r\nd a core1 :i* w\ld %[ t x 0 cut by a s+le po9t2 & :]e qu>tz & s(t] felsp> are cut ?r\gh ! groove floor runs on "o level1 & z ! felsp> is worn d[n by g5]al rubb+1 ! qu>tz is actually cut ?r\gh to a great] dep? ?an ! s(t] felsp>4 ,?is %[s t a fix$ cutt+ po9t pl\gh$ ! groove1 & n a loose p[d]4 ,also1 ! hi]oglyphs on diorite b[ls are pl\gh$ out ) a s+le cut ( a fix$ po9t1 only "o hundr$ & fiftie? ( an in* wide1 s x is c]ta9 t fix$ cutt+ po9ts 7 us$ = h&-grav+4 ,!re is no d\bt t saw+ & gr9d+ ) loose p[d] 0 ! g5]al me?od1 b ! use ( fix$ /ones seems cle>ly %[n by ! in/ances above4 ,! l>ge hi]oglyphs on h>d /ones 7 cut by copp] blades f$ ) em]y1 & sawn along ! outl9e by h&2 ! block betwe5 ! cuts 0 brok5 out1 & ! floor ( ! sign 0 hamm]-dress$1 & f9ally gr\nd d[n ) em]y4 ,hamm]-dress+ 0 l>gely us$ 9 all ages on ! h>d /ones2 ! bl[s cru%$ ! /one to p[d]1 & ! /unn+ ( ! surface 0 (t5 n q remov$ by gr9d+1 & %[s z :ite spots4 ,! hamm] 0 usually ( black horn/one1 a t\gh amorph\s qu>tz rock4 ,! me?ods ( plac+ ! /ones 9 ! build+ h be5 (t5 debat$4 ,! f\ndations 7 usually laid on a b$ ( clean s&1 & ?is enabl$ ! :ole c\rse to be accurately adju/$ level to beg9 )4 ,= temples1 x seems mo/ likely t ! int]ior 0 fill$ ) e>? z ! build+ advanc$2 & ?us ! walls1 drums1 & ar*itraves c\ld be z easily dealt ) z on ! l[e/ c\rse4 ,?is plan is successfully us$ at ,k>nak 9 pres5t repairs4 ,b :]e /ones ne$$ to be rais$ = a pyramid or a pylon1 "s /ag+ 0 requir$4 ,rema9s ( a massive brick slope /ill /& aga9/ ea* face ( ! unf9i%$ pylons at ,k>nak4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only ! g5]al mass ( ! /ag+1 & ! actual /eps = ! /ones mu/ h be5 ( /one1 z brick w\ld crumble to p[d] if any lift+ "w 0 done directly ^u x4 ,illu/ration ,= %ort blocks a cradle ( wood 0 us$1 ( :i* _m models h be5 f\nd 9 f\ndation deposits along ) model tools4 ,on tilt+ ?is to "o end1 & putt+ a w$ge b5ea? x1 x c\ld be rock$ up ! slope1 & s gradually rais$1 fir/ to "o end & !n to ! o!r4 ,= l>ge blocks1 ! actual lift+ 0 probably done by rock+ up4 ,if a beam be support$ by two piles ne> ! middle1 a small =ce w tilt x up cle> ( "o pile2 on rais+ t pile ! beam may be tilt$ ! o!r way1 & ! l[] pile rais$ 9 its turn4 ,?us rock+ f pile to pile1 a beam c be quickly rais$ till x is high en\gh to be mov$ on to ! next /ep4 ,x 0 probably ?us t ! fifty-six granite beams1 weigh+ ov] fifty tons ea*1 7 rais$ 9 ! pyramid ( ,khufu4 ,! obelisks 7 transport$ on great b>ges1 z %[n 9 ! sculptures4 ,! me?od ( rais+ su* /ones is p>tly expla9$ by an acc\nt ( sett+ up colossi ( ,ramessu ,,iv4 ,a causeway ( e>? 0 made slop+ up = a l5g? ( a qu>t] ( a mile2 x 0 n9ety-five feet wide1 & "o hundr$ & ?ree feet high on ! slope1 probably ab\t sixty or sev5ty feet v]tically1 z ! slopes 7 held up /eeply ) fac+s ( timb] & bru%wood4 ,! purpose ( ?is evid5tly 0 to raise ! great block by slid+ on its side up ! slope1 & !n to tilt x upright by gravity ov] ! head ( ! slope4 ,h[ ! mass w\ld be turn$ we h no?+ to %[1 b probably ! simple/ way1 by gradually remov+ e>?1 w\ld be foll[$4 ,by next ramm+ e>? b5ea? ! obelisk z x lay on a slope1 x w\ld be q practicable to =ce x =w>d into an upright position4 ,aft] a build+ 0 f9i%$ ! sculptur+ ( its walls _h to be execut$4 ,= ?is1 a long tra9+ ( sculptors 0 ne$ful1 & ! art s*ools fill$ an important "p 9 education4 ,! simple/ subjects ( outl9es 9 lime/one 7 a fir/ /ep1 ! sign neb requir+ a /raight & a curv$ l9e only4 ,aft] ! geometric =ms came /udies ( heads & ( h&s4 ,9 fig4 #hh we see h[1 aft] a fair control ( ! grav] _h be5 atta9$1 !re 0 /ill mu* to be le>n$ 9 detail & h>mony be=e ! arti/ c\ld be tru/$ to decorate a temple4 ,/atu>y also ne$$ a long tra9+4 ,! "w 0 fir/ m>k$ out 9 pr(ile ( ! front & sides1 & !n cut along ^! outl9es1 z 9 ! rock-cry/al figure 7fig4 #hi71 :]e ! outl9es at "r angles h be5 cut1 b ! corn]s are yet unr\nd$4 ,9 ! block = ! head ( a lion 7fig4 #ij7 ! v>i\s planes h be5 already cut = ! face1 be=e attempt+ any r\nd+4 ,! lime/one head 7fig4 #ia7 %[s a fur!r /age1 :]e ! g5]al r\nd+ is done1 b ! details ( ! lips1 e>s1 eyes1 & eyebr[s are yet left 9 ! block4 ,all ( ^! /ages ne$$ incessant practice1 & ye>s mu/ h be5 sp5t 9 tra9+ 9 ! s*ools be=e f9al "w 0 und]tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,,/one ,,vases #hg4 ,a-,h4 ,prehi/oric ,j4 ,v,ith dyna/y ,k4 ,x,i,ith dyna/y ,l1 ,m4 ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y ,turn+ n[ to /one-"w on a small] scale1 ! h>de/ mat]ials 7 wr\ght = vases 9 ! prehi/oric age4 ,9 ! fir/ civilisation1 basalt1 sy5ite1 & porphyry 7 9 use z well z ! s(t] /ones1 alaba/] & lime/one4 ,! lat] civilisation br\ght 9 slate1 col\r$ lime/one1 s]p5t9e1 & la/ly diorite1 :i* cont9u$ to be ! fav\rite /one into ! pyramid age4 ,! ma9 diff]5ces ( =m are %[n 9 fig4 #hg4 ,! e>li] type ( vase is ! /&+ =m ,f1 ) a foot1 & no pi]c+ = susp5sion4 ,! lat] prehi/oric age br\ght 9 ! susp5d$ /one z well z pott]y vases4 ,! ma9 types 7 ,a1 ,b1 ,d1 ,e1 ,g1 ,h1 & la/ly ,c1 cut out ( col\r$ m>bles1 ( sy5ite1 & ( basalt4 ,all ( ^! vases 7 cut entirely by h& )\t any turn+1 or ev5 any circul> gr9d+1 on ! outside4 ,! poli% l9es cross diagonally on ! curv$ sides1 & ! slight irregul>ities ( =m1 ?\gh imp]ceptible to ! eye1 c be felt by rotation 9 ! f+]s4 ,! greate/ triumph ( ?is /one-"w is ! vase f ,hi]akonpolis 9 black & :ite sy5ite1 ( ! type ,a1 ,e1 two feet across & sixte5 in*es high1 :i* is highly poli%$1 & holl[$ out s ?9 t x c be lift$ by "o f+]1 ?\gh if solid x w\ld weigh f\r hundr$ p\nds4 ,! int]ior ( ^! vases 0 gr\nd out ) /one gr9d]s f$ ) em]y1 & 9 s(t] /ones cut out by cresc5t-%ap$ fl9t drills4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,sculpture #hh4 ,trial piece ( le>n] #hi4 ,r\gh draft+ #ij4 ,lion's head draft$ #ia4 ,head ne>ly f9i%$ ,! hi/oric times %[ a cont9ual decl9e 9 ! quality ( ! /one us$4 ,9 ! ,i/ dyna/y ! h>d /ones decreas$1 & ! s(t] slate & alaba/] 7 m common4 ,9 ! pyramid age only diorite cont9u$ 9 use among ! h>d mat]ials1 & t b r>ely comp>$ to s(t /ones2 :ile 9 ! ,x,i,ith & ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/ies1 beyond an occasional vase ( obsidian or s]p5t9e1 no?+ is se5 b ! s(t alaba/]4 ,! =m ,j belongs to ! ,v,ith dyna/y4 ,k is a type :i* desc5ds f ! ,i/ dyna/y1 b 9 ?is =m wide at ! top belongs to ! ,x,i,ith1 aft] :i* x disappe>s4 ,l & ,m are ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y4 ,amulets ( f9e /one 7 us$ f prehi/oric days onw>ds4 ,( ! e>ly ones1 ! bull's head is ! commone/1 made ( c>nelian1 haematite1 or glaz$ qu>tz4 ,! fly is made ( slate1 lazuli1 & s]p5t9e 9 prehi/oric times1 & ( gold 9 hi/oric jewell]y4 ,! hawk is f\nd ( glaz$ qu>tz & lime/one1 ! s]p5t ( lazuli & lime/one2 ! crocodile1 ! frog1 ! claw1 ! spe>-head are all f\nd 9 prehi/oric use4 ,9 ! ,old ,k+dom1 small amulets ( c>nelian or ivory 7 usual2 ! =ms are ! h&1 ! fi/1 ! eye1 lion1 jackal-head1 frog1 & bee4 ,9 ! ,middle ,k+dom ! m usual mat]ial 0 silv] or electrum4 ,! ,new ,k+dom us$ amulets b little2 ! great pr(usion comes f ! mummies ( ! ,saite "t1 :5 doz5s may be f\nd on "o body4 ,! great v>iety ( =ms & mat]ials w\ld require a volume to expla9 !m4 ,beads 7 us$ f prehi/oric times4 ,! h>d /ones 7 cut !n--qu>tz1 ame?y/1 agate1 c>nelian1 turquoise1 lazuli1 haematite1 s]p5t9e1 z well z glazes on qu>tz & on pa/e4 ,glaz$ pott]y beads became ! m usual 9 hi/oric times2 glass beads 7 made f ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y onw>d1 & h>dly any o!r mat]ial 0 us$ 9 ,roman times4 ,!re are hundr$s ( v>ieties kn[n1 & an accurate k ( _! dates is ess5tial 9 excavat+4 ,fl9t 0 work$ to ! highe/ p]fection 9 ! prehi/oric age1 & cont9u$ 9 use till ,roman times4 ,/rictly1 x is *]t r ?an fl9t1 z ! b$s 9 :i* x is f\nd are ( ,eoc5e lime/one4 ,b 9 g5]al appe>ance & nature !y are closely ! equival5t ( ! *alk ) fl9ts 9 ,engl&1 only h>d]4 ,! prehi/oric =ms are %[n 9 fig4 #ib4 ,!y exce$ ! fl9t-"w ( all o!r c\ntries 9 ! regul>ity ( ! flak+1 ! ?9ness ( ! weapon1 & ! m9ute s]ration ( ! edges4 ,at pres5t su* "w is entirely a lo/ art1 & we _c imag9e ! me?ods or ! skill requir$ to produce su* results4 ,besides ! weapons1 fl9t armlets 7 made1 *ipp$ out ( a solid block1 yet no ?ick] ?an a /raw4 ,^! 7 gr\nd ) em]y f9ally to smoo? !m = we>+4 ,fl9t 0 commonly us$ d[n to ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y = knives1 b all ! dyna/ic work+ is f> inf]ior to ! e>li]4 ,9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 & lat]1 sickle tee? 7 /ill made ( fl9t2 & flakes 7 *ipp$ & us$ 9 abundance at "s c5tres 9 ! ,roman p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fl9t-,,work+ #ib4 ,knives & lances ( ! be/ prehi/oric "w ,be=e leav+ ! /one-work+ we may note ! accuracy ( "w1 z ?is is bett] se5 "h ?an 9 any o!r subject4 ,! highe/ pit* ( accuracy on a l>ge scale 0 rea*$ "u ,khufu 9 ! ,i,vth dyna/y2 8 pyramid _h an error ( less ?an #f ( an in* on its side ( #ijfi in*es1 or #a 9 #ae1jjj2 & its corn]s 7 squ>e to #ab4 ,a *ange ( temp]ature dur+ a day w\ld make l>g] errors ?an ?is 9 a measur+-rod4 ,! accuracy ( levell+1 & ( f9i% ( ! /ones1 is on a p> ) ?is2 jo9ts ov] six feet long are /raight to a hundr$? ( an in*4 ,! pyramid ( ,khafra has ?ree times ?is error1 v>y+ #ae in* on #hdge1 & #cc ( angle4 ,t ( ,m5kaura is worse1 be+ on an av]age #c in*es out on #daed1 & #a #ej ( angle4 ,at ,dah%ur ! errors are #cg on #gdei in*es base1 & #aa on #bjfe1 ) angul> errors ( #d & #aj4 ,9 small] "w1 a beautiful example is ! granite s>cophagus ( ,s5us]t ,,ii1 :i* is gr\nd flat on ! sides ) a matt face l gr\nd glass1 & only has ab\t a two-hundr$? ( an in* error ( flatness & p>allelism ( ! sides4 ,! lat] ages1 s f> z we "k1 h left no?+ t c be comp>$ ) ! accuracy ( ! e>ly dyna/ies4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,jewell]y ,native gold is1 9 all c\ntries1 "o ( ! e>lie/ mat]ials = manufactur$ ornam5ts1 & x appe>s to h be5 mu* us$ 9 prehi/oric ,egypt4 ,?\gh gold is n n[ s\ght 9 or ne> ,egypt1 we mu/ rememb] t x is f\nd 9 ! /ream deposits ( mo/ c\ntries1 & its abs5ce f ! ,m$it]ranean l&s n[ is only due to ! anci5t work]s hav+ exhau/$ ! supply4 ,! imm$iate s\rces ( ! metal 7 9 ,nubia & ,asia ,m9or4 ,! ,asiatic gold 0 c]ta9ly us$ 9 ! fir/ dyna/y1 z x is m>k$ by hav+ a v>iable am\nt ( silv] alloy1 ab\t a six?2 b look+ at ! ,african influ5ce on ,egypt x is probable t ,nubia 0 ! fir/ s\rce1 ?\gh :e!r gold 7nb7 0 call$ f ! c\ntry 7nb71 or ! rev]se1 is unc]ta94 ,illu/ration ,s g5]al 0 ! use ( gold = necklaces1 t ! picture ( a coll> ( beads became ! hi]oglyph = gold4 ,/r+s ( m9ute gold beads 7 worn on ! ankles 9 prehi/oric times 7#hjjj-ejjj ,b4,c474 ,l>g] beads 7 economically made by beat+ out a ?9 tube1 & !n draw+ d[n ! ends ov] a core ( lime/one4 ,a ?9 gold f+] r+ has be5 f\nd1 & a flat p5dant ) pun*$ dots4 ,b mo/ ( ! prehi/oric gold is se5 on ! lips ( /one vases1 ov]lay+ ! h&les ( vases1 & =m+ ! wire loops = c>ry+ !m4 ,simil>ly x 0 us$ = cov]+ ! h&les ( fl9t knives2 a %eet ( gold 0 fitt$ ov] ! fl9t1 emboss$ ) figures ( wom51 animals1 twi/$ snakes1 a boat1 etc4 ,b ! use ( ?9 gold leaf :i* adh]es to its base1 is n f\nd until ! pyramid times4 ,at ! close ( ! prehi/oric p]iod we meet ) a gold cyl9d] seal engrav$ ) signs4 ,:5 we rememb] t x is v r>ely t an unplund]$ grave is discov]$1 ! quantity ( gold objects f\nd %[ t ! metal mu/ h be5 g5]ally us$ 9 ! ages :5 comm]ce develop$1 be=e writ+ 0 kn[n4 ,on rea*+ ! hi/oric times we obta9 a good view ( ! production & v>iety ( jewell]y1 9 ! f\r bracelets ( ! ,que5 ( ,z]1 e>ly 9 ! fir/ dyna/y1 #edjj ,b4,c4 ,^! bracelets 7fig4 #ic7 %[ h[ ea* sep>ate piece 0 made to fit its own place 9 a complete design1 & t ! lat] cu/om ( m]ely /r++ ready-made beads 0 n !n foll[$4 ,! bracelet ( hawks has ! gold blocks alt]nat+ ) turquoise4 ,! hawks on ! gold pieces are all equal1 b ! sizes ( ! blocks v>y 9 ! height4 ,?is is due to _! be+ all ca/ 9 ! same m\ld1 :i* 0 fill$ to v>y+ am\nts4 ,! surfaces 7 hamm]$ & *isell$1 b n ei!r gr\nd or fil$4 ,! ord] ( ! hawks 0 m>k$ by numb]+ !m ) cross cuts on ! base2 ^! cuts are directly across = ! blocks on "o half1 & diagonally across = ! o!r half4 ,! bracelet ) spiral beads has ! gold spiral =m$ ( a hamm]$ gold wire1 ?ick] at ! middle1 :]e x =ms ! b>rel ( ! beads4 ,?is =m is imitat$ 9 ! ?ree d>k lazuli beads d[n ! middle4 ,! triple gold balls1 on ei!r side ( ^?1 are ea* beat5 holl[ & drawn into a ?read-hole left at ea* end2 s p]fectly wr\ght are !y t only 9 "o in/ance does ! slighte/ ruck ( metal rema94 ,to jo9 ! ?ree balls toge!r !y 7 sold]$1 b )\t leav+ ! lea/ excess or diff]5ce ( col\r4 ,9 ! l[e/ bracelet ! h\r-glass-%ap$ beads are ( gold1 ) "o ( ame?y/ betwe5 ea* pair4 ,! gold is d\btless ca/1 be+ solid4 ,none ( ^! are pi]c$1 b !y 7 secur$ by ty+ r\nd a groove at ! middle ( ea* bead4 ,!re 0 also a f\r? bracelet ) a ball & loop fa/5+ :i* %[s ! skill 9 sold]+4 ,! ball is beat5 holl[1 leav+ ab\t a qu>t] ( x op52 inside x a hook ( gold wire is sold]$ 9 )\t leav+ ! smalle/ trace ( sold] visible4 ,! b& r\nd ! wri/ 0 =m$ ( v ?ick black hair plait$ ) gold wire1 :i* 0 hamm]$ to exactly ! same ?ickness4 ,we see f ^! bracelets t ca/+1 *isell+1 & sold]+ 7 p]fectly und]/ood at ! beg9n+ ( ! mon>*y4 ,( ab\t ! ,i/ dyna/y !re are also copies ( spiral %ells made by press+ gold foil1 p]haps ov] %ells4 ,^! 7 ?read$ z a necklace1 imitat+ ! %ell necklaces ( e>li] ages4 ,on com+ to ! ,v,ith dyna/y 7#djjj ,b4,c47 we see gold *a9s 7fig4 #id7 made ( r+s1 ea* fold$ into a d\ble loop & put ?r\gh ! next2 ^! may be call$ loop-9-loop *a94 ,gold seals 7fig4 #ie7 are also f\nd1 probably made by =eign]s & worn z buttons1 l _m simil> /one buttons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jewell]y #ic4 ,bracelets 7,i/ dyna/y7 #id4 ,*a9 7,v,ith dyna/y7 #ie4 ,gold seal 7,v,ith dyna/y87 #if4 ,gold uraeus 7,x,i,ith dyna/y7 ,! ,x,i,ith dyna/y has left u "s magnific5t gr\ps ( jewell]y1 :i* 7 f\nd at ,dah%ur4 ,! g5]al effect ( ?is "w is graceful & s9c]e 9 design & pure 9 col\r4 ,!re is no glitt] & pomp ab\t x1 b x has ! highe/ beauty ( c>eful h>mony & p]fect f9i%4 ,! t9ts ( ! c>nelian1 turquoise1 & lazuli :i* are us$ h be5 precisely *os5 = _! cle> /r5g? ( col\r1 :ile ! ,egyptian sy/em ( putt+ a l9e ( gold betwe5 two bright col\rs prev5ts any dazzl+ or cla%+4 ,! *>m ( ?is jewell]y lies 9 ! calm1 fre%1 cool col\r+ ) ! unhesitat+ p]fection ( ! "w1 :i* seems to ignore all difficulty or compromise4 ,?ree pectoral ornam5ts made 9 successive reigns are ea* =m$ ( an op5-"w gold plate1 engrav$ on "o side & inlaid ) col\r$ /ones on ! o!r4 ,! engrav$ sides ( two are "h giv5 7figs4 #ig1 #ih71 z !y are bett] suit$ = illu/ration4 ,! e>li] pectoral1 be>+ ! names ( ,s5us]t ,,ii1 is by f> ! bett] 9 design4 ,! s*eme ( ! :ole is grasp$ at once1 & re/s ! eye2 !re is repose & dignity 9 x4 ,al?\gh cle> op5 spaces are left1 ! p>ts are suffici5tly connect$ = /r5g?4 ,! second pectoral1 ( ,s5us]t ,,iii1 is too complex = a s+le piece ( jewell]y = ! brea/4 ,! heavy mass ( ! vulture at ! top ov]-weights ! design2 ! head-dress ( ! royal sph9xes is too tall2 & ! comb9ation ( f\r captives betwe5 ! eight legs ( ! sph9xes1 or tw5ty-f\r limbs 9 action1 is f> too complex & di/ract+4 ,b 9 ! detail we mu/ admire ! expression ( ! captives2 & also ! skill ) :i* ! p>ts are unit$1 especially :]e ! frail l5g? ( ! tails is held 9 by ! extra lotus fl[]s4 ,! ?ird pectoral1 ( ,am5emhat ,,iii1 is ! lea/ successful 9 design4 ,x is made too l>ge 9 ord] to take 9 :ole figures ( ! k+ fight+2 ! action is viol5t2 &1 n cont5t ) f\r figures1 ! outl9es are lo/ 9 a maze ( emblems :i* fill all ! space ar\nd1 s t no?+ is cle> or re/ful to ! eye4 ,! e>lie/ pectoral 0 evid5tly design$ to be se5 at a respectful di/ance on royalty 9 movem5t4 ,to see ! la/ design ! que5 w\ld ne$ to be closely />$ at1 9 ord] to make out ! cumbr\s hi/orical docum5t on h] brea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jewell]y #ig1 #ih4 ,*as$ gold pectoral ornam5ts 7,x,i,ith dyna/y7 ,two cr[ns ( gold & inlaid /ones belong$ also to ! pr9cesses4 ,! floret cr[n 7fig4 #ajj7 is p]haps ! mo/ *>m+ly graceful head-dress ev] se52 ! f9e wavy ?reads ( gold h>monis$ ) ! hair1 & ! delicate little fl[]s & b]ries seem scatt]$ ) ! wild grace ( ,nature4 ,ea* floret is held by two wires cross+ 9 an eye beh9d x1 & ea* pair ( b]ries has likewise an eye 9 :i* ! wires cross4 ,! florets are n /amp$1 b ea* gold socket is made by h& = ! f\r ins]t$ /ones4 ,! b]ries are ( lazuli4 ,9 no in/ance1 h[ev] small1 0 ! poli%+ ( ! /one done 9 its cloison2 x 0 always f9i%$ be=e sett+4 ,! upp] cr[n 7fig4 #ii7 is less unusual4 ,! motive is ! old "o se5 on ! head-dress ( ,n(]t 7fig4 #bd72 b ! fl[]s h become conv5tionalis$4 ,! b& =m is brok5 by ! upright fl[]s ris+ f ea* rosette2 & 9 front !re 0 an aigrette ( gold ) fl[]s =m$ ( col\r$ /ones4 ,turn+ n[ to ! te*nical details1 "s small gold lions 7 ca/1 b n all f a s+le m\ld4 ,!y seem to h be5 modell$ 9 wax1 & aft] =m+ ! m\ld ar\nd ! model ! wax 0 melt$ out1 & ! metal run 94 ,?is me?od1 kn[n z cire p]due1 0 usual 9 lat] p]iods4 ,! details are slightly *isell$ ^u ! gold4 ,m\ld+ by pressure 0 us$ 9 mak+ c[ry beads & tie beads1 :i* 7 impress$ 9 /\t foil1 aid$ by burni%+ on to ! model s z to tool ! detail4 ,sold]+ 0 done mo/ delicately = ! side jo9ts ( ! holl[ c[ry beads2 x 0 also us$ on a l>ge scale = ! doz5s ( delicate ribs ( gold :i* 7 fix$ to ! back plates = ! cloison "w ( ! pectorals4 ,to atta* ?is multitude ( m9ute ribs exactly 9 place %[s mo/ practis$ "w1 = !y c\ld n be treat$ sep>ately1 be+ s close toge!r4 ,wire 0 made 9 l>ge quantity = ! floret cr[n4 ,?is wire 0 all cut 9 /rips1 & pieces sold]$ toge!r to =m a l5g?4 ,! same me?od 0 lat] us$ by ! ,jews3 8!y did beat ! gold into ?9 plates & cut x into wires0 7,ex4 xxxix4 #c74 ,drawn wire has n be5 f\nd 9 any anci5t "w4 ,a fav\rite /yle ( "w = figures ( gods & sacr$ animals 9 ?is age 0 a mixture ( wirework & %eet metal2 su* amulets & sacr$ animals are usually half an in* high3 ! example ( ! sacr$ cobra "h %[n 7fig4 #if7 is by f> ! f9e/ kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jewell]y #ii1 #ajj4 ,cr[ns ( gold inlaid ) /ones #aja4 ,granulat$ gold "w 7all ,x,i,ith dyna/y7 ,a new decoration :i* fir/ appe>s 9 ?is age is t ( granulat$ "w 7fig4 #aja74 ,"h x is se5 on a case 9 a zigzag patt]n1 & on two p5dants4 ,ano!r example is a patt]n ( small rhombs on ! bezel ( a r+4 ,! granules are #e #e 9 ea* rhomb1 & eight rhombs on ! bezel1 or =ty granules 9 ab\t six-t5?s ( an in*2 all[+ = spaces1 ! granules mu/ be an eightie? ( an in* wide4 ,?is k9d ( "w is f\nd also lat] on 9 ,egypt1 b x may n be native2 9 ,etruria x 0 ! national type ( jewell]y ab\t ?ree ?\s& ye>s aft] ?is4 ,illu/ration ,! mode ( fa/5+ ! necklaces 0 by groov$ pieces4 ,"o ( ! gold c[ries1 or lion's heads1 or ties :i* =m$ ! necklace1 0 made 9 two halves ) dovetail groove & tongue fitt+ into ea* o!r along ! :ole l5g? ( ! piece4 ,! tongue ran up aga9/ a butt end :5 ! halves co9cid$4 ,:5 we rea* ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y we see 9 ! jewell]y ( ,que5 ,aah-hotep 7#aegj ,b4,c47 mu* ! same sy/em ( "w z 9 ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y4 ,! :ole /yle is less sub/antial1 exact1 & dignifi$2 bo? 9 design & execution x is at all po9ts inf]ior to ! previ\s "w4 ,"o new art appe>s1 ! plait+ ( gold wire *a9s1 9 :at is n[ commonly call$ ,tri*9opoly patt]n4 ,?is me?od 0 cont9u$ d[n to ,roman times4 ,! ,aah-hotep-,aahmes bracelet 7fig4 #ajb7 is a broad b& ( metal1 ) ! figures 9 rais$ gold on a d>k blue gr\nd4 ,at fir/ x looks z if enamell$1 z ! gr\nd runs 9 ! small int]vals betwe5 ! gold2 b x is really a surface =m$ ( pieces ( d>k lazuli1 cut approximately to ! =ms & pat*$ ar\nd ) a d>k blue pa/e to mat* x4 ,two o!r bracelets 7or p]haps anklets7 are =m$ ( m9ute beads ( /ones & gold ?read$ on p>allel wires1 =m+ a b& ab\t #a in*es wide4 ,! patt]n seems an imitation ( plait+1 z ea* col\r =ms a half squ>e divid$ diagonally4 ,! necklace ( l>ge gold flies is heavy1 & lacks ! grace ( e>li] times4 ,! axe ( ,aahmes 7fig4 #ajd7 is beautifully inlaid ) gold1 be>+ ! k+'s names1 ! figures ( ! k+ smit+ an enemy1 & ! gryphon-sph9x ( ! god ,m5tu4 ,! dagg] 7fig4 #ajc7 has m ( ! ,myk5aean ,greek /yle 9 ! inlay+ ( ! blade1 ) figures ( a lion *as+ a bull1 & f\r gras%opp]s4 ,! f\r heads :i* =m ! pommel are unlike any o!r ,egyptian design2 b ! squ>es divid$ diagonally on ! h&le are l ! patt]ns ( ! bead anklets1 & are probably ( ,egyptian s\rce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jewell]y #ajb4 ,bracelet #ajc4 ,dagg] 7bo? p>ts7 #ajd4 ,axe 7all ( ,k+ ,aahmes1 ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y7 ,( ! ,x,i,xth dyna/y !re is ! ,s]apeum jewell]y1 f\nd ) ! ,apis burials4 ,! pectoral ( ,ramessu ,,ii 7fig4 #aje7 is ( good design2 ! w+s ( ! vulture are boldly spread 9 wide curves1 & ! k+'s "n is simple1 )\t titles1 & well plac$4 ,! bord] b& is heavy1 & ! col\r+ is ri*4 ,x is a cr$itable "w1 b entirely miss+ ! grace & s5se ( p]fection ( ! be/ "w f ,dah%ur4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! gold bracelets ) "n ( ,ramessu ,,ii f\nd at ,buba/is1 are ( inf]ior "w1 probably = "o ( 8 fifty-n9e daught]s4 ,! "n is only impress$ on /\t foil1 :i* is set 9 a framework ( ! bracelet1 b ! surfaces are ornam5t$ ) gold granul> "w1 %[+ t su* 0 commonly us$4 ,!re is a pair ( coll> fa/5]s1 clumsily made by fil+ ! b5t gold & work+ ?read-holes 9 ! cut2 !re are ?irty-six ?read-holes1 s ! coll> mu/ h be5 a v wide "o4 ,! fa/5+ by two halves slid+ toge!r is made by two wires sold]$ 9 to =m ! dovetail4 ,9 ?is same gr\p are ?ick wire bracelets ( silv]1 ) a co>se hat*$ patt]n on ! ends2 also _m pla9 silv] e>r+s1 su* z 7 worn by ! common p ( ?is "t4 ,illu/ration ,slightly lat] is ! jewell]y ( ,sety ,,ii & ,taus]t f ! ,k+s' ,tombs4 ,"h are also solid wire bangles1 b ( gold4 ,& squ>e wire bangles h ! ?9 tail ( ea* end ( ! b> twi/$ r\nd ! /em on ! o!r side1 a fa/5+ also commonly f\nd on f+]-r+s1 ( ?is age & r e>li]4 ,"s clumsy little op5-"w beads are made by r\gh circles ( gold wire sold]$ toge!r2 a wide equatorial circle is jo9$ to a small pol> circle at ea* end by six small circles t\*+4 ,fl[]s are made by /amp+ ! petals out ( foil2 !re are t5 petals to ea*1 & f\r ( !m are /amp$ ) ! k+'s "n4 ,"s mon/r\s e>r+s ov]load$ ) ornam5t belong to ! end ( ! ,ramessides 7fig4 #ajf74 ,base gold 0 mu* us$ at ! close ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 & _m ( ! f+]-r+s ( t age almo/ v]ge into copp]4 ,b /ones 7 us$ = inlay "w until ! lat] ,ramessides1 & glass or pa/e does n become usual till up to #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,enamel fus$ ^u metal is n kn[n until ,roman times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jewell]y #aje4 ,pectoral ( ,ramessu ,,ii #ajf4 ,e>r+s ( ,ramessu ,,xii #ajg4 ,gold /atuette 7,x,x,vth dyna/y7 ,9 ! ,v,i,i,ith c5tury ,b4,c4 gold work+ 0 well ma9ta9$1 z se5 7fig4 #ajg7 9 ! /atuette made by ! local k+ ,pafaaba/4 ,! modell+ ( ! limbs is exact1 ! pose is free1 & x %[s ! ma9t5ance ( a good tradition4 ,ab\t a c5tury lat] !re is f9e cloison "w on ! gold birds ( ! ,haw>a amulets1 z m9ute z any ( e>li] times4 ,a free use ( gold-"w comes 9 ) ! weal? ( ! ,ptolemaic age1 especially = bracelets & *a9s4 ,a usual type ( bracelet1 9 gold or silv]1 0 ) bu/s ( ,s]apis & ,isis on ! two ends ( a /rip1 :i* 7 turn$ up at "r angles to ! circle4 ,^! are g5]ally ( co>se "w4 ,pla9 bangles1 bracelets ) ! two tails ( a b> twi/$ ea* r\nd ! o!r1 coil$ wire bracelets :i* 7 ela/ic1 & h+e+ bracelets1 are all f\nd 9 use at ?is age4 ,mu* ,greek influ5ce is se5 9 ! patt]ns1 bo? n[ & 9 ! ,roman p]iod4 ,! bangle bracelets 7 (t5 made holl[1 bo? = lightness & economy ( metal4 ,*eap] /yles 7 ( ?9 gold foil work$ ov] a core ( pla/]2 ! decoration ( cross l9es on su* %[s t !y are probably ,roman4 ,! *a9s ( ,ptolemaic & ,roman age 7fig4 #aji7 are simple1 b ( pleas+ /yle4 ,9 ,coptic times bracelets ( v>i\s =ms 7 made1 mo/ly ( silv] & bas] metal2 b !y are all pla9 & ta/eless4 ,l>ge e>r+s 7 made ) a big hoop & a bun* ( small p5dants1 or an op5-"w metal bead4 ,necklets ( silv] 7 usual1 ) ! tails ( ! /rip w\nd r\nd ea* o!r1 s z to slide op5 = pass+ ov] ! head4 ,gold 0 also us$ l>gely = gild+ bo? metals & wood4 ,! gold leaf 0 (t5 ab\t a #ejjj? ( an in* ?ick1 weigh+ "o gra9 to ! squ>e in*4 ,?us a p\nd's weight ( gold w\ld cov] ab\t six feet squ>e2 & ! gild+ ( doors & ( ! caps ( obelisks z describ$ is n at all unlikely4 ,silv] 0 kn[n to ! ,egyptians lat] ?an gold1 z x is call$ 8:ite gold02 & x 0 sc>c] ?an gold 9 ! e>ly ages4 ,( ! prehi/oric "t !re is a cap ( a j>1 & a small spoon ) twi/$ h&le4 ,a few silv] amulets are kn[n 9 ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y4 ,9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y silv] became common]1 z ! s\rce 9 nor!rn ,syria :i* suppli$ ! ,hittites became accessible4 ,! silv] di%es ( ?is age are r ?ick1 & n f9ely beat54 ,"o b[l1 probably ( ,ramesside date f ,buba/is1 has ! brim turn$ inw>d l a mod]n anti-spla% bas9 7fig4 #aae74 ,x seems to h be5 made by sp9n+ ! metal1 z ?9 vessels are n[ wr\ght4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jewell]y #ajh4 ,silv] b[ls #aji4 ,roman gold *a9 ,! mo/ elaborate /yle ( silv] "w is t ( ! b[ls f ,m5des 7fig4 #ajh74 ,^! are entirely made by hamm] "w1 & no m\lds or matrices 7 us$ = ! =ms4 ,b ! f9i% ( ! surfaces is s f9e t no trace ( hamm] or poli%+ is left4 ,! design is d]iv$ f ! flut$ vases & b[ls ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y2 ! flut+ 0 made deep] & /rong]1 & x 0 suppress$ bel[1 z x int]f]$ ) ! us+ ( ! b[l1 :ile r\nd ! sides x rema9$ z deep bosses4 ,! detail 0 all put 9 by ! grav+ tool1 ! s9k+ r\nd ! c5tral rosette1 ! holl[s 9 ! petals1 & ! outl9es ( ! petals4 ,!re is no sign ( pun*-"w4 ,! numb] ( ribs is1 curi\sly1 indivisible1 be+ #ah1 #bf1 #bh1 & #cj2 ^! %[ t x 0 n divid$ ei!r by triangles1 hexagons1 or repeat$ halv+4 ,probably a suitable size ( rib 0 design$1 & !n repeat$ an ev5 numb] ( times2 & ! divisions n be+ truly radial1 %[ t eye-design 0 foll[$ r ?an geometrical scal+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,metal ,,"w ,"h we %all deal ) ! useful metals1 ap>t f ! ornam5tal "w ( jewell]y previ\sly describ$4 ,copp] 0 work$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! prehi/oric civilisation4 ,9 "o ( ! e>lie/ graves a little copp] p9 0 f\nd1 us$ to fa/5 ov] ! %\ld]s ! goat-sk91 :i* 0 worn be=e ! weav+ ( l954 ,n long aft]1 a small *isel appe>s1 !n an adze & h>poon1 !n ne$les1 & l>g] sizes ( tools come at ! close ( ! prehi/oric age4 ,all ( ?is copp] 0 %ap$ by hamm]+4 ,poli%$ /one hamm]s 7 us$1 & ! "w 0 s exquisitely regul> t a poli%$ surface /ill rema9s on an adze1 :i* %[s no trace ( ! me?od ( manufacture2 c]ta9ly x 0 n gr\nd4 ,! mode ( hamm]+ is %[n 9 "s e>ly hi/orical sculptures2 a /one hamm] 0 held 9 ! palm ( ! "r h&1 :i* 0 swung ov]head1 & br\ght d[n on ! metal4 ,h[ su* "w c\ld be done )\t hurt+ ! h& by concussion is n cle> to u4 ,x is /range t d[n to ,greek times ! ,egyptians nev] us$ a long h&le to a hamm]4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! k+dom1 copp] ew]s & bas9s 7 made2 ^! are kn[n f ! sculpture ( ,n>m]1 & examples are f\nd 9 ! royal tombs4 ,!y 7 skilfully hamm]$ out1 ) ca/ sp\ts ins]t$4 ,! ma9 example ( e>ly copp]-"w is ! life-size /atue ( ,k+ ,pepy1 & ! small] figure ( 8 son 7fig4 #aaj74 ,! trunk & limbs are ( hamm]$ copp]1 rivet$ toge!r2 ! face1 h&s1 & feet are ca/ d\btless by cire p]due4 ,! ease & tru? ( ! :ole figure %[s t !re mu/ h be5 long practice 9 ! arti/ic work+ ( copp]2 yet no traces ( su* figures are f\nd e>li]1 nor = ov] a ?\s& ye>s lat]1 & we may ?us realise h[ scatt]$ are ! po9ts we h1 9 ! view ( ! art z a :ole4 ,! ,i,xth dyna/y has left a co>se example ( ca/ copp] tool$ ) a grav]1 ! brazi] ( ,khety1 n[ 9 ,p>is4 ,( ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y !re is n mu* copp] "w1 except = tools4 ,! m\lds = ca/+ tools 7 f\nd at ,kahun4 ,!y 7 op5 m\lds1 cut out ( a ?ick piece ( pott]y1 & l9$ smoo? ) f9e clay & a%4 ,d[n to ?is age copp] 0 us$ ) only small am\nts ( h>d5+ mixture2 aft] ?is1 bronze ( copp] & t9 came into g5]al use4 ,! e>li] copp] ( ! ,i/ dyna/y usually conta9s "o p] c5t4 ( bismu?1 & lat] ?an t "o or two p] c5t4 ( ars5ic1 & is 8und]pol$10 9 mod]n t]ms1 t is1 a good deal ( unr$uc$ oxide ( copp] is left 9 ! metal4 ,bo? ( ^! mixtures h>d5 x2 & by /rong hamm]+ x is made /ill h>d]4 ,copp] s treat$ at pres5t c be made z h>d z mild /eel4 ,?us ! metal 0 fit = ! wood-cutt+ tools1 & = ! *isels us$ = cutt+ lime/one4 ,! h>d] /ones 7 work$ ) em]y4#a #a ,! e>li] s\rce ( copp] 0 ,s9ai1 :]e !re yet rema9 ?\s&s ( tons ( copp] slag 9 ! ,wady ,nasb4 ,9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y & onw>ds1 ,cyprus--! ,kupros isl& ( copp]--came into regul> connection ) ,egypt1 & probably suppli$ mo/ ( ! metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,metal ,,/atu>y #aaj4 ,m]5ra 7,v,ith dyna/y7 #aaa1 #aab4 ,taku%et 7,x,x,vth dyna/y7 ,bronze has be5 f\nd 9 "o case z f> back z ! ,i,i,ird dyna/y1 b ?is 0 only a *ance alloy4 ,x began to be regul>ly us$ 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 #afjj ,b4,c42 & ! s\rce ( ! t9 = x is a po9t ( int]e/ 9 e>ly trade4 ,cornwall & ! ,malay ,/ates are ! only mod]n s\rces ( importance2 b probably o!r surface s\rces h be5 exhau/$1 z 9 ! case ( gold deposits4 ,n[ bronze is f\nd 9 ,c5tral ,europe ab\t z e>ly z 9 ,egypt1 & x is unlikely to h be5 import$ !re f ,egypt1 or to h be5 trad$ !re z soon z x w\ld be to a great /ate l ,egypt4 ,! presumption w\ld be t x orig9at$ ab\t ,c5tral ,europe4 ,z a di/rict 9 ,saxony is kn[n z ,z9nwald1 & cry/allis$ oxide ( t9 is /ill br\ght f !re & f ,bohemia1 x is v likely t !re may h be5 /ream t9 deposits capable ( supply+ ,europe & ,egypt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,metal ,,vases #aac4 ,bronze p\r+ vase #aad4 ,bronze flut$ vase #aae4 ,silv] anti-spla% b[l ,9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y bronze vessels 7 wr\ght v skilfully by hamm]-"w4 ,! flask 7fig4 #aac7 = wa%+ ! s&als ( ,am51 inscrib$ ) ! own]'s "n & titles1 is #i in*es high & has a body #d in*es across2 x has be5 hamm]$ on anvils introduc$ ?r\gh ! neck1 :i* is only #a in*es wide4 ,by ! weight ( x 7#g ounces7 x _c av]age m ?an ? in* 9 ?ickness4 ,a g5]al mode ( /iff5+ ! ?9 metal vases 0 by flut+ ! surface 7fig4 #aad71 a me?od also us$ 9 prehi/oric ,greece4 ,! ca/+ ( bronze 0 g5]ally done by ! cire p]due me?od4 ,a core ( black5$ s& is usually f\nd 9 ! ca/+4 ,?is 0 probably s& mix$ ) a little organic matt]2 z x is nev] r$d5$1 probably no clay or mud 0 us$4 ,ov] ! core ! wax 0 modell$1 & ! traces ( ! modell+ tool c be se5 cle>ly on unf9i%$ bronzes4 ,on an ibis !re 0 a roll$ pellet ( wax put betwe5 ! beak & ! brea/1 s z to induce ! fl[ ( ! metal along ! beak2 ?is w\ld be easily cut away 9 f9i%+4 ,an example ( a kneel+ figure %[s ! legs completely modell$ be=e putt+ ! pleat$ dress ov] !m1 & !n ! :ole 0 ca/4 ,h[ ! core 0 fix$ )9 ! out] m\ld is a difficult "q4 ,on ! _m unf9i%$ bronzes t ,i h exam9$ ,i h nev] f\nd a def9ite connection above ! base1 b only casual bl[holes4 ,yet ! metal 0 (t5 run z ?9 z ? s t a %ift ( ! core by z little z ? in* w\ld ?r[ ! ca/+ out1 & make a flaw4 ,h[ ! core 0 reta9$ s firmly 9 position aga9/ ! flotation ( ! melt$ metal is n cle>4 ,no metal b>s 7 put ?r\gh ! core to /eady x1 z ,cell9i did 9 8 l>ge ca/+s4 ,a sy/em 0 us$ ( /iff5+ bronze-"w by ca/+ x ov] iron rods2 by ! free use ( iron1 ?is mu/ be ( ! ,greek p]iod4 ,solid bronze ca/+s come into use 9 ,ptolemaic & ,roman "w4 ,a fav\rite decoration ( copp]-"w 9 lat] times1 f ab\t #gjj ,b4,c41 0 by inlay+ l9es ( gold or silv] 9 x4 ,?is is a common sy/em 9 ,india n[1 :]e x is kn[n z ,keft "w2 ! "n sugge/s t x 0 introduc$ f ,egypt1 :]e ,keft 0 ! />t+-po9t ( ! ,indian trade r\te f ! ,nile4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ examples ( ?is is ! /atue 9 ! ,a!ns ,museum 7figs4 #aaa1 #aab72 ano!r is ! hawk-head & coll> ) ! "n ( ,aahmes ,,ii 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! l9es 7 fir/ *isell$ or pun*$ 9 ! copp]1 & !n ! gold 0 beat5 into ! grooves4 ,no in/ance ( us+ s(t sold] to copp] or bronze is kn[n till ,roman times4 ,lead is f\nd 9 ! prehi/oric times 9 ! =m ( small figures & little objects2 x 0 probably br\ght f ,syria4 ,x next appe>s z a r common metal 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 :5 net-s9k]s 7 g5]ally made by b5d+ a piece ( %eet lead r\nd ! edge l9es ( ! net1 mu* z at ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! fill+ ( bronze weights x is f\nd bo? 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith & ,x,x,v,ith dyna/ies4 ,& an alloy ( copp] & lead--n[ kn[n z pot-metal--0 commonly us$ = /atuettes 9 ,greek & ,roman times4 ,9 ,coptic times pewt] b[ls & ladles 7 made2 ! b[ls are app>5tly =m$ by sp9n+4 ,t9 is fir/ kn[n 9 a piece ( bronze rod f ,m$um1 ( ! ,i,i,ird dyna/y4 ,b ?is 0 only a freak1 & bronze did n come into use till ab\t #afjj ,b4,c41 probably introduc$ f ,hung>y1 z we h notic$4 ,at ab\t #adjj ,b4,c4 !re is a f+]-r+ ( pure t91 kn[n by its crackl+ :5 b5t4 ,! metal is1 h[ev]1 sc>cely kn[n sep>ate o!rwise4 ,antimony occurs 9 ! =m ( beads ab\t #hjj ,b4,c42 z x 0 famili> to ! ,assyrians also1 x may h be5 trad$ f !m4 ,iron work+ is an important subject 9 ! hi/ory ( culture1 & ! appe>ances ( ?is metal 9 ,egypt are curi\sly sporadic4 ,! notion1 (t5 sugge/$1 t x might ru/ away & disappe>1 is absurd2 no?+ is m p]man5t & noticeable ?an iron ru/4 ,! e>ly examples are3 7#a7 a piece ( %eet iron said to be f\nd betwe5 ! /ones ( ,khufu's pyramid2 7#b7 a lump ( iron f\nd wrapp$ up ) copp] axes ( ! ,v,ith dyna/y =m1 & plac$ at ! correspond+ level 9 ! f\ndations ( ! ,abydos temples2 ?is is absolutely c]ta9 & n op5 to any d\bt2 7#c7 iron f]ules said to be f\nd 9 ! masonry ( a pyramid at ,dah%ur2 7#d7 an iron fal*ion said to be f\nd b5ea? ! base ( a /atue ( ,ramessu ,,ii4 ,! c]ta9ty ab\t ! second example--:i* 0 f\nd by tra9$ workm51 levell$ at ! "t1 & is /uck toge!r ) tools ( kn[n date--prev5ts our ne$+ to hesitate ab\t accept+ ! less precise au!ntication ( ! o!r examples4 ,yet iron cont9u$ s sc>ce until ab\t #hjj ,b4,c4 t we f9d !n a ?9 iron knife ) a h&le ( bronze ca/ on x z be+ ! *eap] metal4 ,! explanation ( ?is int]mitt5t use ( iron lies 9 an obs]vation ( ,pr(essor ,ridgeway's1 t all ! sites ( native iron 9 ! _w are :]e c>bonif]\s /rata & iron/one h be5 heat$ by eruptions ( basalt1 & ?us produc$ iron by natural r$uction ( ! ore4 ,exactly ?is comb9ation is f\nd 9 ,s9ai4 ,c>bonif]\s s&/one has b$s ( pure black haematite ) x1 & a ?ick fl[ ( basalt has ext5d$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,probably1 !re=e1 occasional pockets ( native iron 7 f\nd !re by ! ,egyptians at long int]vals1 & ?us ! use ( x 0 int]mitt5t4 ,! artificial production ( iron seems to h be5 kn[n e>lie/ 9 ,assyria2 x probably arose among ! ,*alybes at ! head ( ! ,euphrates1 f :om ! ,greek "n ( ! metal 0 d]iv$4 ,l>ge quantities ( iron & /eel tools h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,assyrian ru9s1 b 7 neglect$ by excavators4 ,a set ( arm\r]'s tools 0 f\nd at ,!bes ) a copp] helmet ( ,assyrian =m1 & !re=e probably left by ! exp$ition "u ,as%ur-bani-pal 9 #fff ,b4,c4 ,^! tools comprise flat *isels1 mortise *isels1 saws1 a pun*1 a rasp1 a file1 a twi/ scoop1 & two c5tre-bits4 ,! =ms ( mo/ ( ^! tools h already atta9$ to ! mod]n types2 b ! file is only slight & irregul>1 & ! c5tre-bits are only fit = h>d wood4 ,! edges ( ^! tools are ( /eel1 probably produc$ by case-h>d5+ ! iron4 ,we next f9d iron tools br\ght 9 by ! ,greeks at ,naukratis4 ,*isels1 flat & mortise1 ) bo? tang & socket h&les1 bor]s & axe-heads1 7 all famili> to ! ,greek be=e ! ,egyptian adopt$ !m4 ,"o in/ance ( an iron adze ( ,egyptian type is kn[n1 b o!rwise x is n till ,coptic times t we f9d a free use ( iron = knives1 *isels1 fle%-hooks1 hoes1 prun+ hooks1 & o!r tools1 probably due to ,roman influ5ce4 ,to g fur!r 9 ?is subject w\ld lead into ! g5]al hi/ory ( tools1 :i* is beyond our scope "h4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,glaz$ ,,w>e ,! use ( glaz+ beg9s f> back 9 ! prehi/oric age1 "s ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e any examples ( glass are kn[n4 ,glaze is f\nd on a qu>tz base z e>ly z on a pott]y base2 & x seems probable t x 0 inv5t$ f f9d+ qu>tz pebbles flux$ by wood a%es 9 a hot fire4 ,h5ce glaz+ on qu>tz 0 ! />t+-po9t1 & glaz+ on artificial w>es 0 a lat] /age4 ,amulets ( qu>tz rock are f\nd cov]$ ) a coat ( blue-gre5 glaze2 a model boat 0 made ( qu>tz rock 9 sections1 glaz$ ov]1 & unit$ by gold b&s2 & a l>ge sph9x ( qu>tz1 ab\t eighte5 in*es long1 has evid5tly be5 glaz$4 ,! fusion ( glaze on ! /one p>tly dissolves ! surface2 & ev5 aft] ! glaze has be5 lo/ its effect c be se5 by ! surface hav+ ! appe>ance ( wat]-worn m>ble or sug> c&y4 ,?is sy/em ( glaz+ on qu>tz 0 cont9u$ 9 hi/oric times2 cle> cry/al beads fla%$ ov] ) a ri* blue glaze are f\nd 9 ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y2 & l>ge blocks 7 glaz$ 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y4 ,! use ( a pott]y w>e = cov]+ ) glaze beg9s ) beads ( blue & gre5 9 ! prehi/oric necklaces4 ,! pott]y base = glaz+ is nev] a clay 9 ,egypt1 b always a por\s body ( f9ely-gr\nd silica1 ei!r s& or qu>tz rock4 ,?is 0 slightly b\nd toge!r1 b ! :ole /r5g? ( ! object 0 9 ! soak+ ( glaze on ! out] surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,glazes #aaf4 ,two-col\r glaze ( ,m5a #aag4 ,lotus bord] 7,x,xth dyna/y7 #aah4 ,head ( ,isis #aai4 ,royal fan-be>] ,an a/oni%+ developm5t ( glaz$ w>e came at ! beg9n+ ( ! mon>*y4 ,a piece ( a vase 7fig4 #aaf7 ) ! "n ( ,m5a1 ! fir/ k+ ( ,egypt1 is ( gre5 glaz$ pott]y1 & x is surpris+ to f9d ! royal "n inlaid 9 a second col\r$ glaze1 :i* has probably be5 violet1 ?\gh n[ decompos$4 ,?us two-col\r glaz+ 9 designs 0 us$ z e>ly z #eejj ,b4,c4 ,& at ?is date glaz+ 0 n only a f9e art1 x 0 us$ on a l>ge scale = ! l9+ ( rooms4 ,tiles h be5 f\nd ab\t a foot long1 /\tly made1 ) dovetails on ! back1 & holes ?r\gh !m edgeways 9 ord] to tie !m back to ! wall ) copp] wire4 ,!y are glaz$ all ov] ) h>d blue-gre5 glaze4 ,! front is ribb$ 9 imitation ( re$work1 & !y probably 7 copi$ f re$ mats us$ to l9e ! walls4 ,"p ( a tile has l>ge hi]oglyphs inlaid 9 col\r1 %[+ t decorative inscriptions 7 set up4 ,r lat]1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,i,i,ird dyna/y1 !re is ! doorway ( glaz$ tiles ( ,k+ ,zes]1 ) 8 "n & titles 9 v>i\s col\rs2 ?is doorway1 n[ 9 ,b]l91 belong$ to a room 9 ! ,/ep pyramid entirely l9$ ) glaz$ tile4 ,small] objects 7 also made 9 glaze4 ,a tablet ( ! fir/ dyna/y be>s a relief ( ! figure & titles ( an aborig9al *ief1 app>5tly made to be left z a memorial ( 8 visit to temples--a sort ( visit+ c>d1--z x 0 f\nd 9 ! temple ( ,abydos4 ,figures ( wom5 & animals 7 f\nd ) x1 & glaz$ toggles to be us$ 9 place ( buttons on g>m5ts4 ,v little glaz+ has be5 pres]v$ to u f ! pyramid age2 !re are small tablets ) ! "n ( ,k+ ,pepy 7#dajj ,b4,c47 9 relief1 b r\ghly done4 ,! g5]al col\r ( ! e>ly glaze is gre5i%-blue or blue-gre51 nev] di/9ctly ( ei!r col\r4 ,su* appe>s f ! prehi/oric age to ! pyramid "t4 ,! glaze is full1 & 0 n heat$ long en\gh to soak into ! body4 ,x (t5 has pit-holes 9 x1 & does n seem to h be5 v fluid4 ,9 ! ,v,ith dyna/y a second col\r appe>s1 a d>k indigo blue2 ?is is on a sc>ab ( ,m]5ra1 & on small toilet vases ( ! p]iod4 ,"s e>li] sc>abs are probably ( ! age ( ! ,i,vth1 & ev5 ( ! ,i,i,ird dyna/y2 ^! h a cle> brilliant blue glaze1 ?9 & well fus$4 ,9 ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y ! glaze is ?9 & h>d4 ,on r+-/&s & vases x is (t5 dry & ( a greyi% gre54 ,a ri* cle> blue glaze 0 also us$1 & is be/ se5 on sc>abs & on ! fav\rite figures ( hippopotami1 :i* 7 only made 9 ?is p]iod4 ,! designs & inscriptions 9 ! glaze 7 ( a f9e black1 app>5tly col\r$ ) manganese4 ,! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y 0 ! great age ( ! developm5t ( glaz+4 ,x began ) s close a cont9uance ( ! /yle ( ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y t x is h>d to discrim9ate "o f ! o!r4 ,d[n to ! "t ( ,tahutmes ,,iii ! small pieces & beads ) blue col\r are z ^? ( ! previ\s age2 b ! l>ge b[ls are ( a bright] blue & r a wett] glaze4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! dyna/y !re is also a d>k gre5 glaze us$ ^u s*i/1 mo/ly se5 on ! elaborately c>v$ kohl pots4 ,"u ,am5hotep ,,ii 0 made ! l>ge/ piece ( glaz+ t is kn[n f ,egypt1 n[ 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,?is 0 a great uas sceptre made z an (f]+1 ! /em ( :i* is five feet long4 ,?is l5g? 0 built up ( sep>ate sections ( body w>e1 made ea* ab\t n9e in*es long1 s z to h suffici5t firmness2 aft] !y 7 ea* bak$ !y 7 !n unit$ ) a slip pa/e ( ! same w>e1 & f9ally fir$ ) a s+le fl[ ( glaze ov] ! :ole five-feet l5g?4 ,! head 0 made sep>ately4 ,! special difficulty ( fir+ su* l>ge pieces is to ma9ta9 a uni=m heat ov] ! :ole1 & to avoid any r$uc+ flame f ! fuel1 :i* w\ld discol\r ! glaze1 & produce lu/re w>e4 ,! heat+ mu/ also be brief1 s z to avoid ! glaze runn+ d[n1 or soak+ into ! por\s body & leav+ x dry4 ,"u ,am5hotep ,,iii & ,,iv ! art ( glaz+ rea*$ its mo/ brilliant developm5t1 bo? 9 its col\rs & 9 ! v>iety ( its applications4 ,beside ! previ\sly us$ %ades ( blue & gre5 we meet ) purple-blue1 violet1 a brilliant apple-gre51 bright *rome-yell[1 lemon-yell[1 crimson-r$1 br[n-r$1 & milk-:ite4 ,besides ! previ\s uses ( glaze = b[ls & vases1 beads & sc>abs1 we n[ meet ) a great v>iety ( p5dants & ornam5ts = necklaces1 m ?an two hundr$ & fifty =ms ( :i* are kn[n f ! objects & ! m\lds2 also flat emblems & "n plaques1 ) /it* holes or loops at ! edge1 = /it*+ on to ! musl9 dresses !n worn4 ,! private p]son ?us wore ! k+'s "n on 8 arm1 & ! k+ wore ! titles ( ! sun-god to :om he 0 devot$4 ,! effect ( ! :ite musl9 dresses ) dazzl+ blue plaques & natural col\r$ daisies & o!r fl[]s scatt]$ ov] !m1 mu/ h be5 v /rik+4 ,ano!r use ( glaze 0 = ar*itectural inlay+ 7fig4 #aag74 ,! capitals ( great columns 7 inlaid all ov] ) /ripes ( r$ & blue along ! palm leaf design1 sep>at$ into small squ>es by gilt b&s betwe54 ,! :ole capital 0 ?us copi$ on a va/ scale f cloison jewell]y4 ,ano!r use ( glaze 0 = inlay+ col\r$ hi]oglyphs 9 ! :ite lime/one walls4 ,?is sy/em 0 c>ri$ on 9 a simpl] way into ! next dyna/y1 :]e a great quantity ( c>t\*es ( ,sety ,,ii are kn[n2 & 9 ! walls ( ! temple ( ,luqsor are r[s ( holes ( correspond+ size1 f :i* !y h probably be5 tak54 ,a fav\rite =m ( glaz$ w>e 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith & ,x,i,xth dyna/ies is t ( ! graceful lotus fl[] cup4 ,9 ! ,x,i,xth dyna/y !re is mu* less v>iety ( glaz+2 b we meet ) ! rise ( a new indu/ry :i* 0 to eclipse all ! o!rs 9 its output4 ,sety ,i _h _m glaz$ figures ( u%abtis ( blue col\r inscrib$ 9 black1 or ( glaz$ /eatite1 9 8 tomb4 ,"u ,ramessu ,,ii !y became usual = private p]sons1 & = a ?\s& ye>s lat] !y 7 made 9 enorm\s numb]s1 usually f\r hundr$ be+ buri$ 9 any weal?y tomb4 ,! ,ramesside u%abtis are usually gre5 ) black inscriptions1 r>ely :ite ) purple4 ,9 ! ,x,x,ist dyna/y !y are ( v int5se blue ) purple-black inscriptions1 & v r\ghly made1 det]iorat+ ?r\gh\t ! dyna/y4 ,9 ! ,x,x,i,ind & ,x,x,i,i,ird dyna/ies !y are small1 & usually gre5 & black4 ,9 ! ,x,x,vth !y are m]e r$ pott]y dipp$ 9 blue wa%1 or little slips ( mud 7 sub/itut$4 ,! ,x,x,v,ith dyna/y />t$ a diff]5t class ( v l>ge figures1 up to t5 in*es high1 beautifully modell$1 ) incis$ inscriptions1 back pill>1 & be>d1 always ( gre5 glaze2 & ^! det]iorat$ to ,ptolemaic times1 except+ t !re are "s spl5did blue ones ( ,nectanebo1 & small] ones ( bright col\r ) ink inscriptions ( private p]sons ( 8 "t4 ,ab\t ! ,x,x,v,ith dyna/y1 glaz$ figures ( ! gods 7 made = popul> use1 & by ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 !y appe> 9 va/ numb]s1 v r\ghly m\ld$4 ,"s ( ! e>li] pieces are v beautifully modell$1 & glaz$ s exactly t ! holl[s are n at all fill$ up4 ,a head ( ,isis 7fig4 #aah71 & a half-l5g? figure ( a fan-be>] 7fig4 #aai7 are p]haps ! f9e/ pieces ( su* "w4 ,! latt] figure is rem>kable = ! vig\r ( ! muscles & ! ov]be>+ (ficial dignity ( ! expression4 ,great numb]s ( amulets 7 also made to be buri$ ) ! mummies or worn by ! liv+4 ,! e>li] examples are fairly modell$1 ( apple-gre5 t9t2 9 ,p]sian times !y are %>p & dry 9 =m & ( an olive-grey col\r1 b !y became v r\ghly & co>sely m\ld$ 9 ,ptolemaic times4 ,!re are "s int]e/+ modell$ heads ( ?is age1 cov]$ ) blue or gre5 glaze1 su* z a ,ptolemaic que51 & a woman we>+ a face veil4 ,vases ( ,greek & ,roman /yles 7 also common4 ,a delicate ?9 w>e ) ,assyrianesque figures1 9 :ite on a slightly sunk blue gr\nd1 0 made 9 ! ,p]sian "t & cont9u$ into ! ,ptolemaic age4 ,l>ge blocks = legs ( furniture1 & /&s1 7 also made n[4 ,! *>act]i/ic col\rs are ( a d>k ,prussian blue bord]+ on violet1 & an apple-gre54 ,9 ! ,roman age !re is an entirely new /yle4 ,! body ( ! vase is ( a purple-black col\r1 ) a wrea? ( bright gre5 leaves ar\nd x4 ,su* cont9u$ almo/ to ,coptic times4 ,! bulk ( ! ,roman glaze is ( co>se =ms1 & bright ,prussian blue 9 t9t4 ,! vases h animals 9 relief1 app>5tly "u ,p]sian influ5ce4 ,! flat trays ) /raight sides are copies ( ! silv] di%es ( ! "t4 ,! old /yle ( glaz+ cont9u$ d[n to ,arab times2 a /eatite amulet1 9 ! cutt+1 & col\r ( ! glaze1 might well h be5 ( ! ,%i%ak age1 b = ! ,arabic inscription ^u x4 ,& at ! pres5t day "s cr$itable imitations ( anci5t glaz+ are made = fraudul5t trade at ,!bes4 ,turn+ to ! m te*nical matt]s1 ! body ( ! w>e is always a por\s1 friable1 silice\s pa/e2 9 "s cases s s(t t x c be rubb$ away f ! brok5 surfaces by ! f+]4 ,! unglaz$ beads & figures occasionally f\nd c h>dly be h&l$ )\t break+4 ,?is pa/e 0 m\ld$ r\ghly into =m1 & :5 dry x 0 grav$ ) a po9t to give ! detail4 ,if x broke 9 ! f+]s a good figure w\ld be /uck toge!r aga9 ) a scrap ( ! pa/e be=e glaz+4 ,l>ge objects 7 made 9 sections1 dri$ & bak$1 & !n jo9$ up ) "s ( ! same pa/e1 & re-bak$ be=e cov]+ ) glaze4 ,9 ! ,x,x,v,ith dyna/y !re is a beautiful h>d /onew>e1 app>5tly made by mix+ "s glaze ) ! body1 en\gh to fuse x toge!r into a solid mass ?r\gh\t4 ,! surface ( ^! works is always v f9e & smoo?1 )\t any face glaze1 b only ! compact poli%$ body4 ,! usual col\r is apple-gre51 b violet is sometimes f\nd 9 ! e>ly examples ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y4 ,! col\rs 7 r>ely any?+ beyond %ades ( gre5 & blue4 ,^! 7 produc$ by comp\nds ( copp]2 ! blue is especially free f iron1 :i* ev5 9 traces produces a gre5 t9t4 ,! blue if expos$ to damp fades :ite2 ! gre5 *anges to br[n1 ow+ to ! decomposition ( gre5 silicate ( iron & ! production ( br[n oxide ( iron4 ,?is decomposition may g on b5ea? an unbrok5 poli%$ face ( glaze1 *ang+ ! glaze to br[n4 ,! %ades ( blue & gre5 7 all exp]im5tally produc$ 9 mod]n times by ,dr ,russell1 ,f4,r4,s41 :o succe$$ 9 exactly copy+ ! purple blue1 full blue1 light blue & ,fr5* blue1 & ! gre5-blues & full gre5s 9 m ?an a hundr$ t9ts4 ,! me?od 0 indicat$ by ! half-bak$ pans ( col\r f\nd at ,tell-el-,am>na4 ,qu>tz rock pebbles _h be5 collect$1 & s]v$ = ! floor ( ! glaz+ furnaces4 ,aft] _m heat+s :i* crack$ !m !y 7 p\nd$ into f9e *ips4 ,^! 7 mix$ ) lime & pota% & "s c>bonate ( copp]4 ,! mixture 0 roa/$ 9 pans1 & ! exact %ade dep5d$ on ! degree ( roa/+4 ,! mass 0 half fus$ & became pa/y2 x 0 !n knead$ & toa/$ gradually1 sampl+ ! col\r until ! exact t9t 0 rea*$4 ,a por\s mass ( frit ( uni=m col\r results4 ,?is 0 !n gr\nd up 9 wat]1 & made into a blue or gre5 pa9t1 :i* 0 ei!r us$ ) a flux to glaze objects 9 a furnace1 or 0 us$ ) gum or :ite ( egg z a wet pa9t = frescoes4 ,! ov5s 7 small1 ab\t two or ?ree feet across2 cyl9drical pots 7 set upside d[n & a fire light$ betwe5 !m1 & ! pans ( col\r re/$ on ! bottom edges ( ! pots4 ,9 ,roman times ! glaz+ furnaces 7 ab\t eight feet squ>e & deep1 ) an op5 ar* to w9dw>d half way up4 ,! vases & di%es 7 /ack$ 9 ! furnace ^u cyl9d] pots1 & ! successive di%es 9 ! piles 7 kept ap>t by cones ( pott]y ne>ly an in* high4 ,! failure ( a furnace-load has reveal$ ! sy/em2 by too long heat+ ! glaze soak$ ?r\gh ! por\s body1 & x all settl$ d[n & p>tly fell to pieces4 ,! o!r col\rs us$ 73 = ! r$ a body mix$ ) haematite & cov]$ ) a transp>5t glaze2 bright yell[1 ! composition ( :i* is unkn[n2 violet 9 v>i\s dep?s1 f a fa9t t+e on ! :ite lotus petals to a deep /rong col\r1 probably made by copp] blue & "o ( ! purples2 purple 9 v>i\s /r5g?s f a ri* bright t9t ^u :ite to a black purple = designs ^u blue1 all produc$ by manganese2 occasionally purple-blue made ) cobalt2 dead :ite1 :i* 0 d\btless produc$ by t9 z at pres5t4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( glaz+ we may notice ! sy/em ( m\ld+ p5dants & figures 9 r$ pott]y m\lds1 ( all sizes f a qu>t] ( an in* to ?ree or f\r in*es across4 ,a great v>iety ( ^! is f\nd at ,tell-el-,am>na ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 & at ,memphis ( lat] p]iods4 ,!y sometimes conta9 ! rema9s ( ! silice\s pa/e ) :i* !y 7 *ok$ :5 !y 7 ?r[n away4 ,at ,naukratis hundr$s 7 f\nd = mak+ sc>abs = ! ,greek trade4 ,! m\ld$ objects 7 cov]$ ) glaz+ wa%1 & put into ! furnace4 ,beads 7 commonly made on a ?read1 dri$1 & ! ?read burnt out2 !y 7 !n dipp$ 9 glaze-wa%1 & fir$4 ,9 e>ly times small beads 7 roll$ betwe5 ! ?umb & f+] on ! ?read1 produc+ a long tap]+ =m l a gra9 ( corn4 ,,glass ,!re has be5 mu* misund]/&+ ab\t ! age ( glass 9 ,egypt4 ,figures ( smi?s bl[+ a fire ) re$s tipp$ ) clay h be5 quot$ z figures bl[+ glass1 ?\gh no bl[n glass is kn[n 9 ,egypt be=e ,roman times4 ,a cyl9d] ( glass ( ,k+ ,pepy has be5 quot$2 b ?is is really ( cle> icel&-sp> or sel5ite l9$ ) col\r$ pa/e4 ,a pan!r's head ) ! "n ( ,antef ,v has be5 call$ glass1 b x is really ( blue pa/e4 ,v>i\s pieces ( inlaid /one jewell]y h be5 mi/ak5 = glass1 b none su* is kn[n till late times4 ,!re does n seem to h be5 any work+ ( glassy mat]ial by itself1 ap>t f a base ( /one or pott]y1 until aft] #afjj ,b4,c4 ,! e>lie/ dat$ pieces are an eye ( blue glass imitat+ turquoise1 ) ! "n ( ,am5hotep ,i 7#aeej ,b4,c471 & a piece ( a glass vase ) an inlaid "n ( ,tahutmes ,,iii4 ,beads ( ?is age are pla9 black ) a :ite spot on opposite sides2 black & :ite glass cups probably belong to ! same date4 ,! v>iety ( col\rs quickly increas$1 & by ! "t ( ,am5hotep ,,iii & ,,iv1 ab\t #adjj ,b4,c41 !re 7 violet1 deep ,prussian blue1 light blue1 gre51 yell[1 orange1 r$ 7r>e71 cle> :ite1 milky :ite1 & black4 ,illu/ration3 ,,glass #abj1 #aba4 ,vases 7,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y7 #abb4 ,mosaic 7late7 ,! designs 7 entirely rul$ by ! me?od ( manufacture4 ,! glass 0 nev] ca/1 b 0 work$ z a pa/y mass1 & all ! decoration 0 made by inlay+ ?reads ( glass drawn out to v>i\s ?icknesses4 ,! actual production ( ! glass we deal ) bel[4 ,! patt]ns on a vase or bead 7 produc$ by w9d+ ?reads ar\nd ! body1 & !n dragg+ ! surface at regul> int]vals 7figs4 #abj1 #aba74 ,if dragg$ always 9 "o direction1 x made a s]ies ( loops or ,u patt]n2 if dragg$ alt]nately ea* way x made an ogee patt]n4 ,ar\nd ! neck & foot a ?ick ?read 0 (t5 put on1 ) a ?9 ?read spirally r\nd x1 usually :ite ) black spiral4 ,! =ms ( ! vases are ^? usual 9 o!r mat]ials at ?is p]iod1 su* z ,illu/ration4 ,?is same me?od 0 foll[$ 9 ! glass f\nd at ,cumae ne> ,naples1 dat+ f ab\t #gjj ,b4,c4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! ,egyptian fabric by a dull] surface & dull] col\r+1 & a common =m unkn[n be=e is ,illu/ration4 ,?is lat] glass is usually mix$ ) ! e>li] 9 museums1 & occasionally x is difficult to di/+ui% x2 b bo? ! =ms & ! col\r leave v little d\bt z to ! age4 ,?is sy/em ( w9d+ ?reads ( glass 0 usual = beads also4 ,a m]e *ip ( a glass bead c be di/+ui%$1 :e!r ,egyptian or ,roman1 by ! direction ( ! /reaks & bubbles 9 x4 ,! e>ly glass is all w\nd1 ) l9es runn+ ar\nd2 ! ,roman glass is all drawn out & nick$ (f1 ) l9es runn+ along2 ! m$ieval & mod]n ,v5etian beads are aga9 w\nd1 & "s ( ! rec5t ones closely imitate ,egyptian dragg$ patt]ns1 b c be di/+ui%$ by ! opacity ( mo/ ( ! col\rs4 ,! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y work]s also cut & engrav$ glass1 ?\gh b r>ely4 ,!y sometimes produc$ a cle> glass entirely free ( col\r+1 ev5 9 a ?ickness ( half an in*4 ,ab\t ! ,x,x,i,i,ird dyna/y 7#gej ,b4,c47 a cle>1 gre5i% ,prussian blue glass 0 usual = beads1 & cont9u$ to ,p]sian times = sc>abs 7#ejj ,b4,c474 ,r lat]1 ab\t #djj-bjj ,b4,c41 !re appe>s a l>ge developm5t ( opaque glass figures ( hi]oglyphs1 cut & poli%$1 to inlay 9 wood5 caskets & c(f9s4 ,opaque r$ & blue to imitate jasp] & lazuli 7 ! mo/ usual col\rs4 ,figures ( ! f\r g5ii ( ! dead & o!r usual amulets 7 commonly made by press+ ! glass into m\lds :ile heat$4 ,a fav\rite col\r+ = su* 0 a deep1 cle>1 true blue1 back$ ) opaque :ite to %[ up ! col\r4 ,ab\t ! lat] ,ptolemaic "t & ?r\gh ! ,roman age ! ma9 "w 9 glass is t ( m9ute mosaics 7fig4 #abb74 ,!y 7 built up ) glass rods1 heat$ until !y half fus$ toge!r1 & !n drawn out s z to produce a great l5g? ( mu* r$uc$ section4 ,?us patt]ns ( extreme delicacy 7 produc$2 & "o s+le piece ( con/ruction c\ld be cut across into a hundr$ slices1 ea* repeat+ ! :ole design4 ,! patt]ns are sometimes purely ,egyptian1 z ankh & uas alt]nately1 b m usually ,roman1 su* z heads & fl[] patt]ns4 ,su* mosaics 7 m\nt$ 9 jewell]y1 or1 on a co>s] scale1 set 9 l>ge designs = caskets & temple furniture4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ,roman times is ! use ( bl[n glass4 ,! cups1 bottles1 & vases 7 ne>ly all bl[n1 (t5 ) ?reads wov5 ar\nd1 dabs atta*$ & impress$1 or patt]ns /amp$ :ile s(t4 ,! feet ( cups 7 modell$ into =m :ile pa/y1 ! tool m>ks %[+ pla9ly ^u !m4 ,ornam5tal /amps 7 press$ on s(t lumps put on ! sides ( vases4 ,su* /amps became us$ = (ficial m>ks1 & 9 e>ly ,arab times !y regi/]$ ! sub/ance = :i* ! glass measure 0 int5d$1 also ! am\nt ( ! capacity1 & ! mak]'s "n 9 _m cases4 ,ano!r ma9 developm5t ( ,byzant9e & ,arab glass 0 = weights1 usually to te/ gold & silv] co9s1 b also = l>g] am\nts up to a p\nd4 ,^! weights be> ! /amps ( ! ,byzant9e epo*s 9 a few cases1 b are f\nd by ! hundr$ ( ! ,v,i,i,ith to ,x? c5turies1 & by ! ?\s& ( ! ,x? to ,x,ith c5turies1 dy+ out at ! e>ly crusad+ age4 ,we n[ turn to ! purely te*nical side1 to describe ! process ( manufacture 9 ! "t ( ,am5hotep ,,iv1 ab\t #acgj ,b4,c41 :5 x is be/ kn[n to u1 f ! rema9s ( ! factory at ,tell-el-,am>na4 ,a cle> glass c\ld be produc$1 :i* 0 usually n q col\rless1 b suffici5tly s to take up v>i\s col\rs4 ,x 0 free ( lead & borates1 & consi/$ ( pure silica f cru%$ qu>tz pebbles1 & alkali d\btless f wood a%es4 ,x 0 fus$ 9 pans ( e>!nw>e4 ,?is glass 0 col\r$ by dissolv+ ! blue or gre5 frit 9 x1 or mix+ o!r opaque col\rs4 ,samples 7 tak5 out by p9c]s to te/ ! col\r at diff]5t /ages4 ,! :ole mass 0 fairly fus$1 & !n left to get cold 9 ! e>!n pan1 :i* 0 ab\t f\r or five in*es across1 & held half an in* to an in* deep ( ! glass4 ,:5 cold ! pan 0 *ipp$ away1 ! fro?y top ( ! glass 0 *ipp$ (f1 & lumps ( pure glass 7 obta9$ free f s$im5t & scum4 ,a lump ( glass ?us purifi$ 0 heat$ to a pa/y /ate1 & patt$ into a cyl9drical =m1 !n roll$ "u a b> ( metal1 :i* 0 run diagonally across x1 until x 0 r$uc$ to a rod ab\t ! size ( a lead p5cil1 or r less4 ,su* a rod 0 !n heat$1 & drawn out into 8cane0 ab\t in* ?ick4 ,e vase 0 built up f su* cane4 ,= mak+ a vase a copp] m&ril 0 tak51 slightly tap]+1 ( ! size ( ! int]ior ( ! neck4 ,^u ! end ( ?is 0 built a body ( s(t silice\s pa/e1 ti$ up 9 rag1 & bak$ ^u x1 ( ! size ( ! int]ior ( ! int5d$ vase4 ,! m>ks ( ! /r+ & clo? c /ill be se5 inside ! vases4 ,on ?is body ( p[d]y mat]ial glass cane 0 w\nd hot until x 0 uni=mly coat$4 ,x 0 re-heat$ by /ick+ ! end ( ! m&ril into ! ov5 z (t5 z ne$ful2 glass ?reads ( v>i\s col\rs 7 w\nd r\nd x2 & ! :ole 0 roll$ to & fro s z to b$ 9 ! ?reads & make a smoo? surface4 ,a brim1 a foot1 & h&les 7 atta*$4 ,f9ally1 on cool+1 ! copp] m&ril contract$1 & c\ld be tak5 out ( ! neck1 ! s(t pa/e c\ld be rubb$ out ( ! int]ior1 & ! vase 0 f9i%$4 ,! f9al face is always a fus$ surface1 & 0 nev] gr\nd or poli%$4 ,a simil> mode 0 foll[$ = ! glass beads4 ,! ?read ( glass 0 w\nd ^u a hot copp] wire ( ! size ( ! hole requir$2 & aft] pil+ on en\gh1 & complet+ ! patt]n ( col\r ! wire contract$ 9 cool+ & c\ld be )drawn4 ,! little po9t :]e ! ?read ( glass broke (f c be se5 at ea* end ( ! beads4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,pott]y ,! v>ieties ( pott]y are s ext5sive t f ! prehi/oric age alone a ?\s& are figur$1 & ! lat] ages give at lea/ ?rice t numb]4 ,we _c attempt to give ev5 an outl9e ( a subject :i* alone w\ld f> outrun ?is volume4 ,a s+le mo/ typical =m ( ea* ma9 p]iod is "h %[n1 to illu/rate ! entirely diff]5t ideas :i* prevail$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pre4 ,i ,v ,,xii ,,xviii ,,xix ,,xxvi ,,ro4 ,=ms4--,9 ! prehi/oric age _m ( ! =ms h no m>k$ brim4 ,! b[ls1 conical cups1 & j>s simply end at a pla9 edge1 l ?is m>k$ ,pre4 ,brims 7 m usual 9 ! lat] prehi/oric age4 ,a great v>iety ( fancy =ms appe>$--d\ble vases1 squ>e bottles1 fi%1 birds1 or wom5 7 modell$2 & z ! :ole pott]y 0 h&made1 su* 7 no m difficult to make ?an circul> =ms4 ,on com+ to ! ,i/ dyna/y ! =ms 7 m clumsy1 su* z t m>k$ ,i2 & "s ( ! e>li] =ms 7 cont9u$ 9 a v degrad$ /ate4 ,! ma9 feature is ! class ( v l>ge j>s1 two to ?ree feet high1 :i* 7 us$ = /or+ food & dr9k4 ,?is class rapidly det]iorat$ & became almo/ ext9ct by ! ,i,i,ird dyna/y4 ,9 ! pyramid age "s neatly-made pott]y is f\nd2 ?9 %>p-brimm$ b[ls 7 usual1 & ! =m m>k$ ,v1 ) a %>ply po9t$ base1 0 peculi> to ?is "t4 ,by ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y ! globul> or drop-%ap$ pot 0 ! preval5t type1 & v>ies 9 size f a c\ple ( in*es to a c\ple ( feet4 ,dr9k+-cups ( a hemisph]ical =m1 v ?91 )\t any brim1 are also ( ?is age4 ,! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y 0 begun ) long graceful =ms1 su* z ,,xviii2 & lat] "s beautiful long-neck$ vases are f\nd4 ,all ( ^! =ms rapidly degrad$ 9 ! ,x,i,xth dyna/y1 & ugly small h&les come into use1 probably influ5c$ by ,greek design4 ,9 ! ,x,x,v,ith dyna/y1 lids ) knob h&les became common1 & accord+ly ! brim disappe>$1 & a pla9 edge 0 us$ :i* c\ld be easily capp$4 ,! l>ge j>s ( ?is age are ( ,greek orig94 ,dur+ ! ,ptolemaic "t debasem5t w5t on2 & ! mo/ ugly1 smug1 commonplace =ms belong to ! ,roman age4 ,!y are mo/ly ribb$1 z 9 ?is m>k$ ,ro4 ,! big amphorae beg9 ) ribb+ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! second c5tury1 9 broad flut+ curves4 ,^! became n>r[] & %>p]1 until 9 ! six? & sev5? c5turies ! ribb+ _h become almo/ a m]e comb$ patt]n ar\nd ! j>4 ,! j>s also decreas$ 9 size1 7 ?ick]1 s(t]1 & co>s]1 until ! type vani%$ ) ! ,arab times4 ,decoration4--,! e>lie/ pa9t+ on prehi/oric vases 0 ( :ite slip1 9 l9e patt]ns1 copi$ f basket-"w1 & r>ely 9 figures1 su* z fig4 #fe4 ,?is :ite pa9t 0 put ov] a bright r$ fac+ ( haematite2 & su* r$ & :ite pott]y is /ill made ) closely simil> patt]ns by ! m\nta9 tribes ( ,alg]ia1 :]e ! /yle seems nev] to h di$ out4 ,! black tops ( ! e>ly r$ vases we %all deal ) "u ,mat]ials4 ,! lat] prehi/oric pa9t+ 0 9 dull r$ on a buff body1 su* z fig4 #ff4 ,9 ! pyramid age !re 0 only a poli%$ r$ haematite fac+1 & 9 ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y ev5 ?is 0 n us$4 ,ab\t ! ,x,v,i,ith dyna/y a f9e r$ poli% 0 common1 :i* ceas$ e>ly 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y2 :ite on ! brims1 or dabb$ 9 f+]-spots ov] ! inside ( sauc]s1 0 also ( ! ,x,v,i,ith dyna/y4 ,black or r$ edges to pott]y next appe>$1 & by ,tahutmes ,,iii !re 0 a /yle ( n>r[ black & r$ /ripes alt]nat+4 ,! use ( blue pa9t1 ( copp] frit1 began "u ,am5hotep ,,ii1 b x 0 n usual until ,am5hotep ,,iii1 & x 0 common until ! close ( ! ,x,i,xth dyna/y1 ?\gh mu* flatt] & poor] ?an at fir/4 ,aft] ?is !re 0 no decoration on pott]y until ! late ,roman "t4 ,ab\t ! age ( ,con/ant9e a h>d1 f9e pott]y came into use1 ) a ?9 r$ wa% on x1 & (t5 ( a pale salmon col\r ?r\gh\t4 ,:5 ! s\!rn tribes pu%$ d[n into ,egypt1 ! br[n & r$ patt]ns :i* 7 usual 9 ,nubia 7 c>ri$ ) ! invad]s1 & su* pa9t+ 0 ! ma9 influ5ce 9 ! pa9t$ ,coptic pott]y4 ,mat]ials4--,! prehi/oric pott]y ( ! e>li] p]iod is all ( a s(t body1 fac$ ) r$ haematite4 ,z ! pots 7 usually bak$ m\? d[nw>d1 ! brim 0 cov]$ ) ! a%es2 & ^! n be+ burnt ?r\gh1 r$uc$ ! r$ p]oxide ( iron to ! black magnetic sesqui-oxide1 su* z is famili> to u 9 ! black scale on %eet /eel4 ,! int]ior ( ! pots is likewise black1 ow+ to ! r$uc+ gases f ! a%es bel[2 r>ely ! heat aft] ! combu/ion has la/$ long en\gh = ! oxyg5 to pass ?r\gh ! pott]y1 & s r$d5 ! inside4 ,op5 di%es 7 also haematite-fac$ inside1 & ! iron is r$uc$ to a brilliant mirror-l coat ( black all ov]4 ,! reason ( ! poli% be+ smoo!r on ! black ?an on ! r$ p>ts is t c>bonyl gas--:i* is ! result ( imp]fect combu/ion--is a solv5t ( magnetic oxide ( iron1 & s dissolves & re-composes ! surface fac+4 ,on once und]/&+ ! *emi/ry ( ?is1 x is ne$less to discuss ! old idea t smoke black5$ ?is pott]y4 ,smoke--or f9e c>bon du/--c\ld n possibly p5etrate ?r\gh close-gra9$ pott]y1 & ! black ext5ds all ?r\gh ! mass1 naturally ow+ to ! action ( r$uc+ gases to :i* ! pott]y is q p]vi\s4 ,!re may p]haps be "s o!r k9ds ( black pott]y influ5c$ by smoke2 b x is f> m probable t all black pott]y is due to black oxide ( iron produc$ by imp]fect combu/ion1 :i* is accompani$ by smoke4 ,9 ! lat] prehi/oric age ! pott]y has a h>d r$di% buff body ) :ite specks4 ,9 ! pyramid p]iod a smoo? s(t br[n body is usual4 ,h>d drab pott]y also appe>s 9 ! ,v? & ,v,ith dyna/ies4 ,9 ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y ! common s(t br[n body is g5]al1 & ext5ds to ! ,x,v,i,i,ith4 ,by ! middle ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y a h>d drab w>e ) :ite specks & fac$ ) a drab poli% is v *>act]i/ic1 & cont9ues into ! ,x,i,xth4 ,!nce onw>d ! br[n body reass]ts itself1 ) "s inf]ior gre5i% drab w>e ab\t ! ,x,x,i,ind dyna/y4 ,greek clays appe> dur+ ! ,x,x,v,ith1 b probably all import$ f ,greece4 ,s(t r$ pott]y belongs to ! ,ptolemaic age4 ,b ! old s(t br[n rules 9 ! ,roman "t1 be+ at its wor/ 9 ! e>ly ,coptic4 ,! ?9 h>d w>e ( ! ,con/ant9e age is app>5tly n native1 & may be due ei!r to ,nubian or ,roman influ5ce4 ,modell+4--,a con/ant use ( pott]y = modell+ %\ld be m5tion$1 al?\gh we _c illu/rate su* a l>ge subject "h1 z x is only subsidi>y to /one-"w 9 ea* age4 ,9 ! prehi/oric "t rude figures are (t5 f\nd1 bo? ( m5 & wom54 ,little is kn[n ( pott]y modell+ 9 ! ,old & ,middle ,k+doms4 ,r\gh figures ( c[s are plac$ ^u ! brims ( b[ls ab\t ! ,x,ith & ,x,i,ith dyna/ies4 ,9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith-,x,x,vth dyna/ies a l>ge use ( r\ghly modell$ u%abti figures ( s]vants prevail$4 ,b x is r>ely t ! o!r modell+ is ap>t f =eign influ5ce4 ,a class ( exquisitely =m$ figure-bottles1 ( wom5 & animals1 0 made ( f9e =eign clay1 probably by ,greeks1 at ?is age4 ,also rude solid figures ( m5 & horses ext5d f ?is "t onw>ds4 ,! great age ( pott]y figures beg9s ) ! modell$ heads ( =eign]s f ! =eign qu>t] ( ,memphis1 c]ta9ly due to ,greek admixture4 ,^! are admirably done1 & ea* h&-modell$ s+ly4 ,!y beg9 ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 & by ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 m\ld$ figures come into use4 ,at fir/ ^! are solid1 b f ab\t #bjj ,b4,c4 d[n to #cjj ,a4,d4 !y are m\ld$ holl[1 be+ made ( a front & back half unit$4 ,! enorm\s numb] ( ^! figures1 & ( figure-lamps made simil>ly1 is v famili> f ! ,roman p]iod4 ,x is rem>kable :at good "w is %[n 9 "s figures ev5 z late z #bej ,a4,d4 ,! late dat+ ( ! figures & ! v>ieties ( ! lamps are illu/rat$ 9 ,roman ,ehnasya f my own excavations4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,ivory-,,work+ ,9 prehi/oric times ivory 0 mu* us$1 d\btless ow+ to ! elephant be+ /ill abundant 9 s\!rn ,egypt4 ,! natural =m ( ! tusk 0 (t5 left1 & ! surface work$ 9 l[ relief2 b ! e>li] "w 0 on small pieces1 z 9 figs4 #c1 #ae1 #ag4 ,n only elephant ivory 0 us$1 b also t ( ! hippopotamus4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,i/ dyna/y ivory 0 l>gely us$ = /atuettes & c>v+s4 ,"o ( ! be/ examples ( ?is s*ool is ! figure ( ! ag$ k+ 7fig4 #ba74 ,_m o!r c>v+s ( girls1 boys1 apes1 lions & dogs 7 f\nd ) ?is at ,abydos4 ,at ,hi]akonpolis a great mass ( ivories 0 f\nd 9 a tr5* six feet long1 & _m ( !m h be5 pres]v$4 ,!y are figures ( m5 & wom51 c>v$ tusks1 w&s1 & cyl9d]s4 ,9 ! tomb ( ,m5a's que5 at ,naqadeh 7 ivory lions & dogs1 & su* 7 also f\nd 9 ! tomb ( ,k+ ,z] at ,abydos1 us$ = gam+ pieces4 ,all ( ?is e>ly ivory-"w is vigor\s1 & has ! "* & _s ( ! e>ly art4 ,! f9e/ "w kn[n 9 ivory is ! portrait ( ,khufu1 ! build] ( ! great pyramid 7fig4 #abc74 ,x is "h mu* magnifi$1 z ! face is only a qu>t] ( an in* high4 ,yet 9 ?is m9ute space "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ portraits has be5 giv54 ,! f>-see+ det]m9ation1 ! en]gy & w express$ 9 ?is compass1 w\ld animate a life-size figure2 inde$1 x w\ld be h>d 9 ! illu/ration to di/+ui% x f a "w on a l>ge scale4 ,! correct position ( ! e> %\ld be not$1 z x is always put too high up 9 lat] sculpture4 ,q ap>t f ! m>vell\s m9ut5ess ( ! "w1 we mu/ e/imate ?is z "o ( ! f9e/ "*-sculptures t rema9 to u4 ,a piece ( op5 "w1 ( a girl /&+1 is probably ( ! ,old ,k+dom 7fig4 #abd74 ,x is n ( ! /yle ( hair or treatm5t ( ! ,middle or ,new ,k+dom2 & 9 ! ,saitic age1 :5 ! old] /yle 0 copi$1 ! "w is worse 9 pose & mu* m detail$ & punctili\s4 ,!re are "s beautiful pieces ( ar*itectural models 9 ivory1 f ! inlay+ ( a casket1 &1 also1 a figure ( ! ,v? dyna/y4 ,( ! ,middle ,k+dom an ivory baboon is p]haps ! f9e/ "w2 x has disappe>$ f ! museum :5 at ,bulak1 & its place is unkn[n4 ,a brok5 figure ( a boy c>ry+ a calf %[s great tru? & _s4 ,ivory 0 also us$ = lion-head draughtsm5 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 b !re are no f9e works ( t "t4 ,( ! ,x,x,v,ith dyna/y two f9e pieces h be5 f\nd at ,memphis1 a lotus fl[] 7fig4 #abe7 & a man be>+ (f]+s 7fig4 #abf74 ,^! _h be5 appli$ to ! sides ( caskets or o!r small woodwork4 ,! figure ( ! man is b a /iff & co>se copy ( ! ,old ,k+dom "w1 lack+ ! tru? & fre$om ( ! e>ly "t4 ,!re does n seem to h be5 any di/9ctive s*ool ( ivory-"w 9 ,egypt4 ,! me?ods & nature ( ! objects are j :at might h be5 done 9 /one or 9 wood at ! same p]iod4 ,!re is no sign ( a special developm5t due to ! mat]ial1 z !re is 9 ! ,*9ese ivory-c>v+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ivory #abc4 ,k+ ,khufu #abd4 ,girl1 ,old ,k+dom #abe4 ,lotus 7,x,x,v,ith dyna/y7 #abf4 ,be>] ( (f]+s ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,woodwork ,illu/ration3 ,,furniture #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca4 ,*air1 caskets1 & b$ ( ,am5hotep ,,iii ,wood 0 by no means s r>e 9 e>ly times z x is n[ 9 ,egypt4 ,floy] has %[n h[ mu* ! des]t has be5 /ripp$ by ! introduction ( ! tree-fe$+ camel4 ,we see 9 ! royal tombs ( ! ,i/ dyna/y a l>ge use ( wood4 ,! fun]al *amb] sunk 9 ! gr\nd 0 entirely built ( massive beams & planks4 ,! area ( ?is room 0 #ijj squ>e feet 9 ! l>ge/ tomb1 v>y+ d[n to #cjj 9 ! less]4 ,! fram+ ( ! floor1 ! supports1 & ! ro( beams 7 ab\t #aj #g in*es 9 section & up to #ba feet 9 l5g?4 ,! plank+ ( ! floor /ill rema9s #b to #b in*es ?ick2 & probably t ( ! ro( 0 equal to x1 z x _h to be> ab\t ?ree feet ( s& ov] x4 ,! great scale ( ?is timb] "w agrees ) ! 8royal axe-man0 be+ "o ( ! high (ficials2 be=e /one came into use1 ?is title 0 ! equival5t ( *ief ar*itect4 ,su* a free use ( wood %[s t ! elaborate fram+ ( faades1 :i* is repres5t$ z a usual patt]n 9 e>ly /one-"w1 0 actually copi$ f wood5 mansions1 j z ! ,greek ar*itecture 0 an elaborate copy ( woodwork4 ,at ! close ( ! ,i,i,ird dyna/y we h a glimpse ( ! l>ge use ( wood = %ipbuild+1 :5 ,s5(]u built 9 "o ye> sixty %ips1 & import$ =ty %ips ( c$>4 ,! great gates ( ! temple enclosures & palaces mu/ also h be5 massive works2 ! out] & inn] pylon at ,k>nak _h gates fifte5 feet wide on ei!r side1 & ov] sixty feet high4 ,! wood5 c(f9s ( ! ,old ,k+dom are heavy boxes ) sides two to ?ree in*es ?ick4 ,!y are fa/5$ toge!r by bolts ( wood2 & su* wood5 pegs are run diagonally 9 diff]5t directions s z to prev5t ! p>ts be+ sep>at$4 ,c(f9s holl[$ out ( a s+le block1 to fit ! outl9e ( ! mummy1 7 also us$ 9 all ! e>li] p]iods4 ,9 late times su* =ms 7 built up ( bo>ds4 ,= secur+ ! jo9ts ( furniture f rack+1 two correct sy/ems 7 us$4 ,= *airs1 angle-pieces 7 cut f wood ) b5t gra91 & fitt$ on inside ! angles4 ,!re mu/ h be5 a con/ant dem& = su* b5t pieces1 & probably !y 7 gr[n into %ape4 ,9 o!r cases =ms ( wood h be5 f\nd :i* _h cle>ly be5 gr[n = _m ye>s into ! %ape requir$4 ,! angle-pieces c be se5 "u ! front ( ! seat 9 fig4 #abh4 ,ano!r sy/em = /&s 0 to put 9 diagonal b>s1 z 9 fig4 #acj4 ,sometimes m]ely ! /iffness ( deep panell+ 0 tru/$1 z 9 fig4 #abi4 ,= ! backs ( *airs an excell5t triangul> /ay 0 made1 z 9 fig4 #abg4 ,! light & skilful =ms ( ! woodwork are well %[n 9 ! furniture 7figs4 #abg-aca7 f ! tomb ( ,yuaa & ,?uiu1 ! p>5ts ( ,que5 ,?yi1 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y4 ,! reliefs on ! *air are c>v$ 9 wood & gild$4 ,! decoration on ! casket 7fig4 #abi7 is ( blue glaz$ hi]oglyphs & inlays4 ,wood 0 also mu* us$ = /atuettes4 ,! ebony negress & o!r figures 7figs4 #dj-db7 %[ x on a small scale2 l>g] figures 7 also made1 su* z sev]al 9 ! ,tur9 ,museum1 & "s ( life-size1 b ! latt] are co>s] 9 "w1 z ! figure ( ,sety ,i 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a f9e figure almo/ life-size rema9s f ! ,x,i,i,ith dyna/y1 ,k+ ,hor1 9 ! ,cairo ,museum4 ,a sy/em ( inlay+ col\r$ /ones1 glazes or glass1 9 wood z a basis1 is f\nd z e>ly z ! ,v? dyna/y1 9 ! model vases ( ,n(]-ar-ka-ra4 ,9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y ?is me?od ( decoration is se5 on ! gigantic mummy-cases ( ! ,que5s ,aah-hotep & ,aahmes1 :i* 7 inlaid1 probably ) lazuli4 ,! inlay 0 s valuable t soon aft] x 0 all pris$ out ) ! corn] ( an adze1 & blue pa9t sub/itut$ = x4 ,9 ! ,x,x,i,i,ird dyna/y decorative figures 7 wr\ght 9 wood1 ) ! :ole detail 9 inlay1 z 9 ! gr\p ( ,p$uba/4 ,& 9 ! ,greek p]iod l>ge wood5 c(f9s 7 encru/$ ) inlay ( col\r$ glass1 & ! sides ( wood5 %r9es 7 simil>ly ! basis = brilliant poly*rome adornm5t4 ,reg>d+ ! me?ods ( woodwork+1 c]ta9ly ! axe 0 ! primitive tool1 z %[n by ! royal ar*itect be+ designat$ by ! axe4 ,9 ! sc5es ( ! pyramid age we f9d ! saw ab\t ?ree feet long work$ ) bo? h&s1 ! mallet & *isel = cutt+ mortise-holes1 & ! adze 9 con/ant use = %ap+ & = smoo?+ wood4 ,to ?is day ! small adze is a fav\rite tool ( ! ,egyptian c>p5t] & boat-build]4 ,= smoo?+ d[n ! caulk+ inside a boat1 heavy p\nd]s ( /one 7 us$1 held by a h&le work$ out on ea* side ( ! block4 ,drills 7 also commonly us$ bo? on wood & /one1 work$ by a b[4 ,! subject ( tools & _! v>iations is a v wide "o1 :i* _c be ent]$ ^u "h4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,pla/] ,,& ,,/ucco ,9 ! masonry ( ! pyramids1 pla/] is con/antly us$1 bo? to fill jo9ts z a b$d+1 & to level up holl[s 9 a face4 ,! pla/] us$ is a mixture ( ord9>y lime & pla/] ( ,p>is1 ! c>bonate & sulphate ( lime4 ,h[ x 0 introduc$ into ! jo9ts ( ! pyramid cas+ is a my/]y4 ,! blocks at ! base weigh sixte5 tons1 s t no free slid+ to r$uce ! jo9t-fill+ c\ld be done2 yet ! v]tical jo9t1 five feet high & sev5 feet long1 is fill$ ) a film ( pla/] only a fiftie? ( an in* ?ick4 ,! jo9ts ( ! masonry 9 ! passages & *amb]s are all fill$ ) pla/]1 ?\gh s close z to be almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,9 ! core masonry a co>se pla/] 0 p\r$ betwe5 ! /ones & fill$ into holl[s4 ,! flaws & defects 9 ! faces ( /ones 7 freely fill$ ) pla/]1 :i* 0 col\r$ to mat* ! /one4 ,9 rock tombs pla/] 0 us$ to fill up cracks & holl[s2 & x (t5 rema9s 9 p]fect condition :ile ! rock ar\nd has decay$4 ,pla/] 0 also us$ on ! brick walls1 :i* 7 fac$ ) a h>d coat ab\t a t5? to a sixte5? ( an in* ?ick1 ^u :i* pa9t+s 7 execut$4 ,by ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y ?is became a m]e :itewa% ov] ! mud-fac+ ( ! wall4 ,9 ! r\ghly-hewn rock tombs ( t age at ,!bes1 ! jagg$ surfaces 7 smoo!d by a coat ( pla/]1 (t5 two or ?ree in*es ?ick 9 ! holl[s4 ,a /range use ( /ucco 0 = a ?9 coat ov] sculpture1 z a basis = col\r+4 ,su* a coat 0 ev5 laid ov] /atu>y4 ,9 all ages ?is hid to "s ext5t ! full detail ( ! sculptor's "w 9 reliefs4 ,9 ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y ! f9e/ l9es 7 hidd5 by x2 & on com+ d[n to ! ,ptolemaic times ! pla/]] ignor$ all ! sculpture bel[1 fill+ ! figures ) a smoo? daub ( pla/] on :i* ! pa9t] drew :at he lik$4 ,x seems /range :y ! sculptors %\ld h cont9u$ to put f9e "w & detail on to a surface :]e !y 7 go+ to be at once ignor$4 ,x sugge/s a rigid bureaucracy 9 :i* ! sculpture _h to be pass$ by "o man1 & ! pa9t+ by ano!r1 )\t any collaboration4 ,/ucco 0 us$ = indep5d5t modell+1 z 9 ,italy4 ,x 0 laid on a flat canvas base1 /ret*$ ov] wood1 & ! :ole relief 0 9 ! /ucco4 ,! *>iot ( ,tahutmes ,,iv is "o ( ! ma9 examples ( su* "w1 ( :i* a small portion is %[n 9 fig4 #acb4 ,! relief is l[ & smoo?1 & full ( detail2 !re is none ( ! sket*y r\gh tool+1 z se5 9 ,roman /ucco reliefs4 ,m9ute details ( dress & hair are all tool$ 91 & supply "s ( ! be/ /udies ( ,syrian robes4 ,! v>y+ patt]ns on ! %ields ( diff]5t bran*es ( ,syrians1 ! fea!r+ ( ! arr[s1 ! %ape ( ! dagg]s1 & ! fl[]s ( ! papyrus & lotus ( nor? & s\?1 are all mo/ precisely r5d]$4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d any po9t 9 :i* m details c\ld be introduc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pla/] #acb4 ,/ucco relief modell+ 7,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y7 #acc1 #acd4 ,pla/] ca/+s = /udies ,pla/] 0 also us$ = ca/+ 9 m\lds1 & = mak+ m\lds4 ,! dea? mask ( ,akh5at5 %[s h[ su* ca/+s 7 produc$ 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 f a s+le m\ld )\t any und]cutt+1 to s]ve ! purpose ( ! sculptor z a model4 ,( lat] examples ( su* ca/+s we h "h a lion's head & a k+'s head 7figs4 #acc1 #acd74 ,!y 7 probably made to be suppli$ z s*ool copies to ! work%ops :]e ! sculptors 7 tra9$4 ,pla/] m\lds are v common at ,memphis1 & x is said !y 7 ev5 us$ = ca/+ bronze "w4 ,?is is v d\btful1 z pla/] is r$uc$ to p[d] at #bfj ,c41 :ile m\lds = bronze ca/+ mu/ be heat$ to #aejj to #ahjj ,c42 !y are m probably = ca/+ pewt]4 ,pla/] m\lds 7 also us$ = m\ld+ pott]y lamps4 ,! oil+ ( pla/] 0 done on pa9t$ pla/] /atuettes1 s z to make !m wat]pro(4 ,!y c /ill be scrubb$ 9 wat] )\t di/urb+ ! col\r4 ,! mo/ arti/ic use ( pla/] 0 = ! modell$ heads1 :i* 7 plac$ on mummy cases 9 ,roman times4 ,?\gh mo/ su* works 7 r crude1 "s are f\nd :i* %[ real ability ( portraiture4 ,9 fig4 #ace we h a sympa!tic /udy ( ! face ( a "y man4 ,! lips are beautifully true1 ! modell+ ( ! *eek is q natural1 ! nose & br[ well =m$2 only ! eyes h be5 left blank1 & m>k$ aft]w>ds ) col\r4 ,! head1 fig4 #acf1 is evid5tly a c>eful /udy1 giv+ ! cauti\s1 cold expression ( ! man4 ,ano!r face 7fig4 #acg7 is subtle1 & full ( feel+3 ! fa9t smile on ! lips1 ! graci\s cont\r ( ! *eek1 ! wavy hair1 give a memory 9 dea? ( a real p]sonality4 ,! only j>r+ feature is ! squ>e br[1 copi$ f an un=tunate conv5tion 9 ,greek art4 ,! eyes are "h aga9 left blank2 b !y seem to h be5 int5d$ to be op51 by ! slight ridge ( ! rais$ lid4 ,0 !re a conv5tion ( reg>d+ ! dead z incapable ( see+1 ?\gh se5 by memory8 ,h[ f> ^! modell$ heads 7 portraits is answ]$ 9 a curi\s way by fig4 #ach4 ,! light outl9e !re is t ( ! pla/] modell+1 ! d>k outl9e )9 x is ! skull f ! int]ior ( ! c(f94 ,x w be se5 h[ exactly !y agree2 !re is a ?9 sk9 ov] ! =ehead1 !n a fle%y "p to ! br[4 ,along ! bridge ( ! nose ! model closely foll[s ! bone2 bel[ ! nose ! angle ( meet+ ( ! jaws exactly agrees1 leav+ a uni=m ?ickness ( lips2 & la/ly1 ! fle%y fulness ( ! *9 is se5 project+4 ,?is agreem5t is "o :i* ! arti/ c\ld nev] h expect$ to be ?us te/$1 & !re=e gives u ! m confid5ce 9 8 skill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pla/] #ace1 #acf1 #acg4 ,modell$ heads #ach4 ,modell$ head & skull ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,clo?+ ,?\gh lea!r hides1 ) ! hair on1 are f\nd ov] bodies 9 ! e>lie/ graves1 yet l95 clo? 0 introduc$ e>ly 9 ! prehi/oric times1 & is frequ5tly f\nd wrapp$ ar\nd ! bodies4 ,on rea*+ ! fir/ dyna/y ! weav+ is se5 to be v f9e & regul>1 ?\gh we only h "s ( ! /uff us$ = mummy wrapp+s1 f ! tomb ( ,k+ ,z]4 ,! ?reads are v uni=m1 & !re are #afj to ! in* 9 ! w>p & #abj 9 ! wo(4 ,mod]n f9e cambric has #adj ?reads to ! in*1 s x 0 q equall$ by h& "w at ! beg9n+ ( ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,a gr\p ( a doz5 diff]5t clo?s on "o mummy ( ! ,x,v,i,ith dyna/y %[ #ach x #dj & #abh x #ef z ! f9e/1 & #ba x #ae z ! co>se/ me%4 ,! greate/ disproportion ( ! ?reads is #ach to #dj1 or #c to #a1 & ! lea/ is #gj to #fb1 or #i to #h2 x is recognis$ z a pr9ciple ( ,egyptian weav+ t ! wo( 0 n beat5 up z closely z ! lay ( ! w>p4 ,un=tunately we h sc>cely any clo? except mummy wrapp+s1 & x is n to be expect$ t ! f9e/ "w w\ld be ?us us$4 ,! size ( ! looms 0 consid]able4 ,! clo?s on ! mummy j nam$ are up to five feet wide2 & "o edge has be5 torn (f t am\nt1 s x 0 orig9ally m4 ,! pieces are up to sixty feet long1 & yet n complete4 ,! looms 7 horizontal on ! gr\nd = co>se "w1 su* z mats2 b f9e "w 0 done on a v]tical loom1 & f ! ease ( displac+ ?reads 9 tape/ry ! w>p ?reads 7 sep>ately weight$ & n fa/5$ to a beam4 ,loom weights ( bak$ clay or ( lime/one are common4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clo?+ #aci4 ,col\r$ tape/ry 7,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y7 #adj4 ,cut lea!r net ,a few pieces ( wov5 tape/ry h be5 f\nd 9 ! tomb ( ,tahutmes ,,iv1 & "p ( "o is giv5 "h full size 9 fig4 #aci4 ,! col\rs us$ are r$1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 br[n & grey4 ,! col\r$ ?reads pass to & fro ov] ! space assign$ to !m1 ?us entirely p>t+ ! w>p ?reads f ! neighb\r+ ones1 s t a slit is left along ! v]tical m>g9s ( ! col\rs4 ,?is 0 rem$i$ by /it*+2 b ! same weakness is se5 9 ! ,roman & ,coptic wov5 tape/ries4 ,^! are kn[n f ! pagan p]iod1 z !re are _m my?ological subjects2 b ! great] "p belong to ! ,*ri/ian & ,mohamm$an ages4 ,! ,roman & ,coptic tape/ries are plac$ ^u g>m5ts z d]ivatives f d>n+1 or f pat*es put on ! g>m5ts to prev5t !m we>+ ?r\gh4 ,! positions are broad /ripes ov] ! %\ld]s :]e any object w\ld re/ :5 c>ri$1 circul> pat*es on ! brea/s & on ! knees4 ,on ref]r+ to ! hundr$s ( figures 9 ,roman dress f ! ?ird to fif? c5turies 79 ,g>ucci1 ,vetri ornati di figure 9 oro71 embroid]ies or tape/ries are unusual 9 ,italy4 ,a doz5 robes ) scrolls or foliage patt]ns are %[n1 b only ?ree ) knee pat*es1 & "o ( ^? 7xxxi1 #a7 is a female s]vant hold+ an ,egyptian fan1 probably !re=e an ,egyptian slave4 ,x seems1 !n1 t ?is sy/em ( circul> pat*es on ! we>+ p>ts is n ,roman b ,egyptian4 ,beside ! wov5 tape/ries1 :i* are ne>ly all 9 purple1 embroid]y 0 done ) ! ne$le 9 :ite ?read on ! purple gr\nd4 ,lea!rwork 0 ( importance 9 ,egypt 9 all ages4 ,! two pr9cipal arts 9 x 7 ! appliqu "w 9 col\rs1 & ! cutt+ ( network4 ,! great example ( ! appliqu "w is ! fun]al t5t ( ,que5 ,isiemkheb1 ab\t #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,x 0 eight feet long & sev5 feet wide1 ) sides ov] five feet high4 ,six vultures are outspread along ! top1 & ! sides h a long inscription4 ,! :ole ( ! figures & signs are cut out 9 v>i\sly col\r$ lea!r1 & /it*$ on to ! crimson lea!r gr\nd4 ,?is "w we c trace 9 ! /yle ( e>li] decorations1 back to ! head fillet ( ,n(]t1 fig4 #bd4 ,x is also cont9u$ d[n to ! pres5t day 9 ! appliqu "w 9 col\r$ /uffs on ! inside ( ,egyptian t5ts4 ,! cutt+ ( lea!r nets 0 an art ( great skill4 ,r[s ( slits 7 cut1 break+ jo9t "o ) o!r1 s t a piece ( lea!r c\ld be drawn out sideways into a wide net4 ,"o ( ! mo/ delicate ( su* nets is p>tly %[n 9 fig4 #adj4 ,! squ>e pat* left 9 ! middle ( ! net 0 = ! we> ( sitt+ on :5 ! net 0 put ov] ! l95 wai/ clo?4 ,su* nets ov] ! clo? are %[n 9 ! figures ( ! h>ve/]s1 fig4 #gj1 ) ! slit network & ! squ>e pat*4 ,to cut ! lea!r 9 su* extremely f9e ?reads mu/ h requir$ great skill & c>e2 & n only is ! lea!r slit1 b consid]able slips h be5 remov$ s z to produce an op5 net close up to ! edge b& ( solid lea!r2 on "s edges an in* or two is cut away to =m "o side ( ! rhombic op5+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 _m directions we h n[ trac$ ! outl9es ( ! arti/ic skill ( ! ,egyptians1 b only outl9es1 :i* po9t incessantly to ! wide spaces t ne$ to be fill$ 9 by fur!r detail4 ,mu* ( t has yet to be discov]$1 b mu* is ready to h& :5soev] a c>eful obs]v] may *oose to devote att5tion to any ( ! bran*es ( art or te*nical "w :i* we h s briefly notic$4 ,9 e direction a complete collect+ ( mat]ials & an adequate publication ( !m w\ld br+ a full rew>d 9 results4 ,! p[]ful te*nical skill ( ,egyptian art1 its good s5se ( limitations1 & its true feel+ = h>mony & expression1 w always make x ( ! fir/ importance to ! c\ntries ( ! ,we/ ) :i* x 0 s e>ly & s long connect$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,egypt',s ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,9 ! op5+ *apt] we h consid]$ ! po9t ( view f :i* ! art ( ,egypt--l t ( e o!r c\ntry--mu/ be approa*$4 ,! physical conditions :i* surr\nd man w necess>ily control 8 expression ( ?\ght & 8 p]ception ( beauty4 ,=ms & designs gr[+ out ( ! conditions ( "o l& w be inappropriate 9 ano!r l&1 & lose mo/1 or all1 ( _! value if transport$ to diff]5t surr\nd+s4 ,h5ce x is futile to attempt to contra/ ! art ( "o c\ntry directly ) t ( ano!r4 ,we might z well comp>e ! beauty ( a tropical g>d5 ) t ( an alp9e =e/4 ,! only gr\nd ( comp>ison is t ( express+ ! "* & emotions ( ! arti/s2 & t art :i* conveys ! m5tal /ate ( ! p mo/ readily is ! mo/ p]fect art4 ,?is criticism leaves aside altoge!r ! moral "q ( our appreciation ( ! p !mselves2 t does n belong to art b to e?ics4 ,& be=e we c beg9 to judge ( t1 we mu/ "k _! surr\nd+s1 & ! position 9 :i* !y 7 condition$ 9 ! _w4 ,our consid]ation "h is ) ! art4 ,:5 we look ov] ! v>i$ arti/ic expression ( diff]5t races1 we see t ea* p has seiz$ "s "o excell5ce1 gr[+ out ( its conditions1 & adapt$ to its feel+s & utilities4 ,we c admire ea* excell5ce 9 turn1 & see t 9 ea* ( ^! qualities no o!r p has rea*$ ! same p]fection4 ,we mu/ recognise t arti/ic expression is n only %[n 9 sculpture & pa9t+1 b 9 lit]ature1 me*anical design1 & ! am5ities & adaptation ( ! social organism4 ,9 ,egypt1 z we h notic$1 ! rul+ pr9ciples ( ! art are durability1 /r5g?1 & dignity1 & su* 7 ! features ( ! national "*4 ,9 va9 d we look 9 any o!r c\ntry = z great an expression ( any ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,&1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,greece1 x 0 also supreme 9 precision ( "w4 ,its "w 0 ! true expression ( "*1 & 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,crete1 s f> z we c yet see1 ! pre-em95t facilities 7 ! expression ( motion1 & ! developm5t ( decorative =m1 & especially col\r1 ^u pott]y4 ,classical art nev] atta9$ to ! skill %[n by ! prehi/oric art 9 ^! directions4 ,9 ,assyria1 figure & animal sculpture /ood v high 9 ! be/ p]iod2 & ! free adaptation ( ?is to ! purposes ( life1 z we see 9 ! great developm5t ( friezes on ! palace walls1 0 ! di/+ui%+ feature4 ,no p seem to h liv$ amid/ _! art m ?an ! ,assyrians4 ,9 classical ,greece1 ! supremacy 9 vital sculpture & ar*itectural proportion has s fill$ ! att5tion ( ! mod]n _w t ! high] a*ievem5t ( surr\nd+ nations 9 o!r directions has be5 l>gely ov]look$4 ,9 ea* ( ! special qualities t we note 9 o!r peoples ! ,greeks 7 _! inf]iors4 ,rome 0 l>gely dom9at$ by o!r races 9 its developm5t2 b 9 ! art ( civilisation & rais+ subject peoples1 9 ! %ap+ ( life & rule ( law1 x /ood f> above any anci5t nation4 ,9 ?is--z 9 ! arts else:]e--we mu/ look at its be/ p]iod1 :5 ! imp>tiality & probity ( its adm9i/rators br\ght all ,greece "u _! sway4 ,! ,celtic & ,nor!rn arts /ood fir/ 9 ! rhy?m ( intricate decoration1 & ! subtlety ( ! curves2 ! ideal may n appeal to u1 b no o!r region has ev] produc$ su* p]fect & complex design4 ,9 ,m$ieval ,europe1 ?\gh sculpture sc>cely rea*$ ! vitality ( classical "w1 yet 9 expression x /ood z high z 9 any s*ool ( art2 & 9 ! ar*itecture ! s5se ( expansion & aspiration--! spiritual aspect--rea*es a high] level ?an man has t\*$ else:]e4 ,9 ,italy1 ! expression ( art 9 pa9t+ 0 its great a*ievem5t1 9 h>mony ) ! "* ( grace se5 9 o!r l9es ( ,italian production4 ,! ,p]sian & ,mesopotamian civilisation triumph$ 9 its glori\s use ( col\r$ glaze decoration1 :i* has be5 c>ri$ we/w>d to ,syria & ,rhodes1 & /ill cont9ues 9 ! va/ domes ( col\r$ tiles 9 ,spa94 ,9 ,arab art we meet ! exquisite calm ( geometrical design ) v>i\s angles1 :i* _c be analys$ at a glance l a ,roman pavem5t3 !y arre/ ! eye to l+] ov] !m1 to seek h[ !y arise1 & :at !y mean4 ,fur!r ea/1 x is difficult = u to ent] suffici5tly into ! fundam5tal feel+s ( ! races1 to enable u to value _! art truly4 ,b we c at lea/ feel ! gr& s5se ( pr(usion :5 look+ at ! m\nta9\s /ructures ( ! imm5se topes & pagodas ( ,india1 peopl$ ) innum]able figures on c\ntless /ages4 ,to ! m9ds :i* produce & live among/ su* =ms1 all o!r "w mu/ seem poor & b>e4 ,9 ,*9ese art we c admire ! f9e adaptation & ! s5se ( m9ute p]fection 9 ! articles be=e u1 ! dignity & res]ve %[n2 &1 9 ! lit]ature1 ev5 a /rang] to ! l& c feel ! intimate h>mony ) ,nature1 & ! my/ic s5se ( mood 9 ! m\nta9s & trees & lakes ar\nd4 ,h>dly any o!r poetry t we "k t\*es ! _s ( life s ess5tially4 ,! facile ,japanese may well claim an unsurpass$ skill & deftness 9 ! pa9t+ ( ,nature1 & a p[] to grasp ! greate/ am\nt ( reality ) ! lea/ means4 ,_! p]ception ( ,nature 9 its /range & my/]i\s moods1 :i* !y %[ by ! bru%1 is almo/ z p5etrat+ z 9 ! lit]ature ( ,*9a4 ,_! exquisite s5se ( fitness1 & ( ta/e = beauty ( workman%ip1 only makes u beg9 to realise ! clums9ess ( our own ca/-iron p]=mances4 ,to w&] s f> f ,egypt may seem ne$less2 & x w\ld be s if ! ess5tials ( o!r arts 7 m famili> 9 ,engli% works4 ,we h read lately ( an alleg$ 8tyranny ( ! ,nile02 b ! real tyranny ov] ,engli% m9ds = a c5tury pa/ has be5 ! 8tyranny ( ! ,hell5e40 ,! "o side ( art 9 sculpture has obscur$ all o!rs2 & ! ,engli% m9d has1 ) its usual idolatry1 made ! /&>d ( ,greece its sole measure4 ,we ne$ to see t a doz5 national arts h ea* be5 supreme ov] ! o!rs 9 "s "o aspect4 ,!n we %all see h[ mean+less x is to contra/ ! excell5ce ( "o national art ) ano!r4 ,ea* c\ntry has to confess t x has only fully express$ "o aspect out ( _m 9 ! imm5se range ( human life4 ,n[ we c beg9 to see ! real mean+ ( ! s-call$ limitations ( ,egyptian art4 ,e p has _h its limitations likewise1 fitt+ x to its conditions2 & if we look at !m all imp>tially1 & n by ! /&>d ( any "o ( !m1 we %all see t ! defici5cies & limitations ( mo/ races are ( mu* ! same ext5t4 ,if ! ,egyptian _h tri$ to r5d] n only "*1 b emotion also1 he w\ld h be5 defy+ 8 true conditions1 z mu* z if we put a dado ( ,p]sian glaz$ tiles on ! ,p>!non4 ,to ref] ?is arti/ic p]ception to ! uni=mity ( ! ,nile1 is ab\t z true z if we attribut$ any defici5cies 9 ,g]man art or lit]ature to ! preval5ce ( cold & sn[1 :i* is a f> great] tyranny ?an ! inundation4 ,e physical circum/ance is a factor 9 human "w1 b none ( !m s+ly dom9ates x4 ,!re is no po9t 9 call+ ! ,egyptian *ildi% 9 8 abilities1 z e o!r nation has be5 equally *ildi% 9 "s o!r respects--! ,roman 9 8 abject submission to om5s1 ! ,greek 9 play+ ) words1 ! ,assyrian 9 8 inaccuracy1 ! ,arab 9 8 draw+4 ,9 %ort1 !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! capacity = %[+ national life & feel+ by ! art ( ea* c\ntry2 & 9 ! facility & tru? ( expression ,egypt /&s 9 ! fir/ rank ( ^? l&s :]e ,art has exhibit$ ! "* ( man4 ,,index ,aah-hotep jewell]y1 #ia1 #ib4 ,aahmes ,i1 jewell]y1 #ib4 ,,ii1 inlaid hawk-head1 #ajc4 ,aahmes-si neit-rannu 7fig4 #i71 #ba4 ,abu ,simbel1 #bh4 ,accuracy ( "w1 #ha1 #hb4 ,a9(] s]vant1 #af4 ,akh5at5 7,am5hotep ,,iv71 art (1 #bj1 #ec2 sculpture1 #da2 relief1 #ec2 dea? mask1 #add4 ,alaba/] sculpture1 #be2 vases1 #gh4 ,am5>dys1 /atue (1 #bf1 #dd4 ,am5emhat1 ,,iii1 #ci1 #hh4 ,am5hotep1 ,i1 #abj4 ,,ii1 #bf1 #aaa1 #abi4 ,,iii1 #bf1 #bh1 #ec1 #aaa1 #abj1 #abi4 (ficial (1 #da4 ,,iv1 #bf1 #aaa1 #abj4 ,ame?y/ beads1 #hj1 #hf4 ,amulets ( /one1 #gi4 ( glaze1 #aad4 ,animals1 real & my?ical1 #di4 ,antef ,v1 #aai4 ,antimony us$1 #ajd4 ,arab art1 #aee4 ,ar* avoid$ ext]nally1 #f4 kn[n e>ly1 #fd4 =m ( brick1 #fd4 built )\t c5tr+1 #fe4 ,ar*itecture1 #fb-fh4 ,armlets ( fl9t1 #ha4 ,see ,bangles4 ,art belongs to c\ntry1 #a1 #b1 #aeb4 abs5t f copy+1 #b1 #ec4 conditions 9 ,egypt1 #b4 ,art dom9at$ by /rong light1 #c4 accept$ /rong contra/s1 #d4 rul$ by level & v]tical l9es1 #e4 analysis by ,tol/oy1 #g4 expression ( "*1 #g-aj1 #ai4 tru? ( ,egyptian1 #i4 greate/ "u pyramid k+s1 #af1 #ag4 rapidity ( developm5t1 #ag1 #ea4 decay (1 #ah4 ( "* & ( emotion1 #ai4 ( diff]5t peoples1 #aec-aef4 ,asiatic conque/s influ5ce art1 #ai4 ,assyria1 art (1 #aed4 ,aswan1 s*ool (1 #bg4 ,axe ( ,aahmes1 #ib4 ,baboon1 ivory1 #acf4 ,bak-en-khonsu1 head (1 #dd4 ,bangles1 #id4 ,see ,bracelets1 ,armlets4 ,basalt1 gre51 sculpture 91 #bd1 #dj4 black1 = build+1 #gj4 ,basalt1 us$ = vases1 #gh4 ,beads1 mat]ials (1 #hj4 gold1 #hd4 op5-"w1 #id4 glaz$1 #aai4 glass1 #aba1 #abe4 ,bee amulet1 #hj4 ,blue1 manufacture (1 #aag4 pa9t on vases1 #abi4 ,bracelets ( ,z]1 #hd4 ( ,aah-hotep1 #ib4 ( ,ramessu ,,ii1 #ic4 silv]1 #ic4 gold1 #ie4 ,coptic1 #ie4 ,brick build+1 slop+ inw>d1 #fb4 ,bronze1 use (1 #ajj1 #aja4 orig9 (1 #aja4 ,build+ transport1 #gd4 ,bull hunt1 #ed4 ,bull trampl+ on enemy1 #ad4 ,bull's head amulet1 #gi4 ,bu%man type1 #bi4 ,button seals1 #hf4 ,canon ( draw+ figures1 #ej4 ,capitals1 e>ly =ms (1 #fg4 ,captives1 influ5ce on art1 #ai4 ,ca/+ ( gold1 #he1 #hi4 ( bronze1 #aja4 9 pla/]1 #add4 ,ceil+ patt]n1 #eh4 ,celtic art1 #aeg4 ,*a9s1 patt]ns (1 #hf1 #ia4 ,"* 9 art1 #h1 #i1 #ai4 ,*9ese art1 #aef4 ,civil s]vice1 organiz+1 #af4 ,claw amulet1 #gi4 ,cleopatra ,cocce 7,ptolemaic71 #ba4 ,cloison inlay+1 #hg-hi1 #ic1 #ie4 ,cobalt col\r ( glaze1 #aah4 ,colossi1 rais+ (1 #gg4 weight (1 #bf4 ,col\rs1 mak+ (1 #aag4 ,columns1 palm1 lotus1 polygonal1 #fg4 ,comp>ative art1 #aeb4 ,conditions ( ,egyptian art1 #b-e4 ,conque/ ( ,egypt by arti/ic race1 #ad4 ,con/ant9e1 pott]y (1 #abi1 #aca4 ,contra/s ( des]t & cultivation1 #d4 ,conv5tions abs5t 9 e>ly art1 #ae1 #ce1 #cf4 ,copp]1 col\rs f1 #aaf-aah4 ,copp] "w1 #ih-ajj4 ,coptic pott]y1 pa9t$1 #acj4 tape/ry1 #adh4 ,copy+1 a degradation1 #b1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba4 ,cornice1 orig9 (1 #fc4 ,crete1 art (1 #aec4 ,crocodile amulet1 #gi4 ,cr[ns ( ,x,i,ith ,dyna/y1 #hh4 ,cumaean glass1 #aba4 ,dagg]s ( ,aahmes1 #ib4 ,degradation ( art1 #ag1 #bj1 #ea4 ,deir el ,bahri1 #e1 #eb4 ,des]t1 contra/s (1 #d4 art 9 ,ea/]n1 #be1 #ci4 ,detail1 treatm5t (1 #ah4 ,diorite1 sculpture 91 #bd1 #cd1 #gj1 #gh4 ,divisions1 political & arti/ic1 v4 ,draw+1 #eh-fa4 ,dress+ /one faces1 #ga1 #gb4 ,drills1 tubul>1 #gb4 fl9t1 #gi4 ,dyna/ic new art1 #ad1 #cj4 ,dyna/y ,i1 #ad1 #di1 #hd-hf1 #ajh1 #abf1 #ace1 #adg4 ,,ii1 #cb4 ,,iv1 #af1 #ej1 #abi1 #ace4 ,v1 #fg1 #abg1 #aca1 #adj4 ,,vi1 #ag1 #hf1 #aji1 #aca4 ,,xi1 #ag1 #ea4 ,,xii1 #ah1 #bf1 #bg1 #cf1 #eb1 #hg1 #aaj1 #abg1 #abi1 #aca1 #acf4 ,,xviii1 #ai1 #bf1 #bg1 #dj1 #eb1 #ia1 #aaj1 #abj1 #abh1 #abi1 #aca1 #aci1 #adj1 #adc1 #add1 #adh4 ,,xix1 #bj1 #bg1 #ec1 #ib-id1 #aac1 #abh1 #abi1 #aca4 ,,xx1 #ba1 #ed4 ,,xxiii1 #id1 #aac1 #aba4 ,,xxvi1 #ba1 #ed1 #aac1 #abh1 #aca1 #acf4 ,ptolemaic1 #ba1 #ie1 #aae1 #aca4 ,roman1 #bb1 #ie1 #aae1 #abc1 #aca1 #ade4 ,e>r+s1 #ic1 #id4 ,coptic1 #ie4 ,embroid]y1 #adi4 ,em]y1 us$ = cutt+1 #gb1 #gc4 ,emotional art1 #ai4 ,enamel1 ,roman1 #id4 ,eye amulet1 #hj4 ,eyes ins]t$ 9 copp] frames1 #cc4 relation to br[1 #cf1 #dj4 gibb\s & n>r[1 #cg1 #ch4 n detail$1 #gg1 #ade1 #adf4 ,fan be>]1 figure (1 #aad4 ,figures1 canon ( draw+1 #ej4 modell$ 9 pott]y1 #acb4 ,fi% (f]]s1 #ci4 ,fi/ amulet1 #hj4 ,flask ( bronze1 #aja4 ,fl9t drills1 #gi4 work+1 #hj4 ,floret cr[n1 #hh4 ,flut$ metal vases1 #aja4 ,fly amulet1 #gi4 ,foil1 impress$1 #hf1 #ij1 #ic1 #id4 ,=eign influ5ces on art1 vi4 ,f\ndations1 #gd4 ,frog amulet1 #gi1 #hj4 ,furnaces = glaz+1 #aag1 #aah4 ,furniture1 #ach1 #aci4 ,gates ( temples1 imm5se1 #ach4 ,gazelles ( palm1 #ae1 #di4 ,geese ( ,m$um1 #ef4 ,gild+1 #hd1 #if4 ,girl som]sault+1 #ei4 ,glass1 #aai1 #abe4 e>lie/1 #aai4 black & :ite1 #abj4 v>i$ col\rs1 #abj1 #abb4 patt]ns on1 #abj4 =ms ( vases1 #aba4 beads1 #aba1 #abe4 engrav$1 #aba4 mosaic1 #abb4 bl[n1 #abc4 weights1 #abc4 manufacture (1 #abc-abe4 ,glaz$ w>e1 #ajg-aai4 orig9 (1 #ajg4 two-col\r$1 #ajh4 tiles1 #ajh4 tablets1 #aji4 col\rs (1 #aji-aae1 #aah4 p5dants1 #aab4 ar*itectural1 #aab4 u%abtis1 #aac4 figures1 #aad4 late1 #aad1 #aae4 body1 #aae4 /one w>e1 #aaf4 decomposition (1 #aaf4 manufacture ( frit1 #aag4 m\ld$1 #aah4 inlay 9 wood1 #adj4 ,glaz+ on qu>tz1 #ajg4 on pott]y1 #ajh1 #aae4 ,glean]s1 pa9t+s (1 #ef1 #eg4 ,gold1 s\rces (1 #hc4 leaf1 #hd1 #if4 ,gold ca/+1 #he1 #hi4 wire1 #he1 #hf1 #ij4 sold]+1 #he1 #hf1 #ij4 base1 #id4 ov] pla/]1 #ie4 ,granite1 black1 s*ool (1 #bd4 r$1 s*ool (1 #bg4 temple1 #fe4 qu>ry+1 #gj1 #ga4 sawn1 #gb4 ,granulat$ "w1 #ij4 ,greek art1 #aed1 #aeg4 influ5ce 9 ,egypt1 #dg1 #adf4 pott]y figures1 #acb4 ,hamm] dress+ ( /one1 #gd4 ,h& amulet1 #hj4 ,h& "w on /one vases1 #gh4 ,h>ve/ sc5es1 #ef1 #eg4 ,hat%epsut1 sculpture (1 #eb4 ,hawk amulet1 #gi4 protect+ k+1 #ce4 ,heads modell$ 9 pla/]1 #ade1 #adf4 ,helwan qu>ries1 #gj4 ,hi]oglyphs1 cutt+ (1 #gd4 ,hor1 /atue (1 #db1 #aci4 ,hya5a & bull relief1 #ad1 #di4 ,hyksos type1 s-call$1 #bd1 #cg1 #ch4 ,indian art1 #aef4 ,inlaid metal1 #ib1 #ajc4 ,iron1 r>e appe>ances (1 #ajd4 s\rces (1 #aje4 tools1 #ajf4 cores = bronze1 #ajb4 ,isiemkheb1 t5t (1 #aej4 ,isis1 head (1 #aad4 ,italy1 art (1 #aee4 ,ivory c>v+1 prehi/oric1 #ab1 #acd4 ,i/ dyna/y1 #ca1 #cb1 #acd4 ,i,vth dyna/y1 #ace4 ,x,i,ith dyna/y1 #acf4 ,x,x,v,ith dyna/y1 #acf4 ,jackal head amulet1 #hj4 ,japanese art1 #aef4 ,jewell]y1 #hc-ig4 ,ka-ap]1 #cc4 ,kauat1 pr9cess1 #ea4 ,keft inlay+1 #ajc4 ,kha-em-hat1 tomb (1 #bj4 ,khafra1 /atue (1 #cd4 accuracy (1 #hb4 ,khak] ornam5t1 #fd4 ,kha-sekhem1 head (1 #cb4 ,khety1 copp] brazi] (1 #ii4 ,khufu1 organiz+ by1 #af4 figure (1 #cd1 #ace4 accuracy (1 #ha4 ,koptos1 colossi f1 #cj4 ,lazuli beads1 #hj1 #he4 inlay+1 #hh1 #ia4 ,lead us$1 #ajc4 ,lea!r ! e>lie/ clo?+1 #adg4 appliqu "w1 #adi4 slit network1 #aej4 ,lift+ ( /ones1 #ge4 ,light1 conditions ( /rong1 #c4 ,limitations ( national arts1 #aeg4 ,lime/one sculpture1 s*ool (1 #be4 e>lie/1 #ca4 work+ 91 #fi4 ,l951 f95ess (1 #adg4 ,l9es level & v]tical 9 ,egypt1 #e4 ,lion1 figures (1 #cj1 #ci4 amulet1 #hj4 ,lit]ature comp>$ ) art1 #g1 #h4 ,looms1 #adh4 ,lotus capitals1 #fg4 fl[]1 ivory1 #acf4 ,manganese col\r ( glaze1 #aah4 ,ma/aba tomb-*apels1 #af1 #ej4 ,mat]ials ( sculpture1 #bc4 ,m$ieval ,european art1 #aee4 ,m$9et ,habu temple1 #ff4 ,memphis1 head f1 #df4 ,m5des b[ls1 #if4 ,m5kaura1 accuracy (1 #hb4 ,m5tu-em-hat1 head (1 #df4 ,m]5ptah1 #dd4 ,m]titefs1 que51 #cb4 ,middle k+dom /yle1 #ag1 #ah4 /atu>y1 #cf-dj4 ,m91 /atues (1 #cj4 ,modell+ 9 pott]y1 #acb4 ,mosaics ( glass1 #abb4 ,m\ld+ by pressure1 #ij4 ,m\lds = ca/+ copp]1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajb4 = glaz$ w>e1 #aah4 ( pla/]1 #add1 #ade4 ,myk5aean /yle ( inlays1 #ib4 ,n>m]1 #ca1 #di4 ,national arts1 #aeg4 ,naturalism ( e>ly art1 #ag4 lat]1 #bj4 ,necklace fa/5+1 #ia1 fig4 #aji1 #ic4 ,necklets ( silv]1 #ie4 ,negress /atuette1 #dc4 ,new ,k+dom1 #ah-bj4 /atu>y1 #dj-de4 ,n(]t1 head (1 #cc4 ,nubian s&/one1 #bg1 #fi4 ,obelisks1 rais+ (1 #gg4 transport (1 #gg4 ,obs]vation 9 e>ly art1 #ae4 ,organization1 sy/em ( social1 #af4 ,ov5s = glaz+1 #aag4 ,oxh]d1 #ea4 ,ox1 sacrifice (1 #ea4 ,pafaaba/ /atuette1 #id4 ,pa9t+ on tombs1 #ai4 e>lie/1 #ee4 9 ,new ,k+dom1 #ef-fj4 light & %ade1 #ei4 ,palettes ( slate1 #ac4 ,palm capital1 #fg4 sc5]y1 #d4 ,palm-/ick con/ruction1 #fc4 ,papyrus /ructures1 #fd4 capital1 #fg4 ,pectorals ( ,s5us]t ,,ii1 #hg2 ,s5us]t ,,iii1 #hg2 ,am5emhat ,,iii1 #hh2 ,ramessu ,,ii1 #ic4 ,p$uba/1 #adj4 ,pelicans1 pa9t+ (1 #ef4 ,pepy1 copp] /atue (1 #ii4 ,p]iods ( art1 #aa-ba4 ,p]sian glaz+1 #aee4 ,pewt]1 #ajd4 ,plait$ wire *a9s1 #ia4 ,planes = te/+ faces1 #gb4 ,pla/]1 #adb-adf4 9 masonry1 #adb4 coat+ /atues1 #adc4 modell+1 #add-adf4 ca/+s1 #add4 m\lds1 #add1 #ade4 heads1 #ade1 #adf4 oil$1 #ade4 ,political divisions diff]5t f arti/ic1 v4 ,porphyry us$ = vases1 #gh4 ,portraiture1 late1 #bb1 #ch4 ,pot metal1 #ajc4 ,pott]y1 #abf-acc4 =ms1 #abf4 decoration1 #abh4 mat]ials1 #acj4 ,pott]y1 modell+1 #acb4 ,prehi/oric "* ( art1 #ab1 #ac4 /atu>y1 #bi1 #cj4 reliefs1 #dh4 pa9t+1 #ee4 /one vases1 #gh4 amulets1 #gi4 ,pr9cesses1 fresco1 #eh4 ,ptolemaic art1 #ba4 ,pyramid age1 #ae4 sculpture1 #cb-cf4 ,pyramids1 accuracy (1 #ha1 #hb4 ,qualities ( ,egyptians1 #h1 #i4 ,qu>ry+1 modes (1 #gj1 #ga4 ,qu>tzite s&/one s*ool1 #bf1 #da4 ,races1 types (1 #fj4 ,ra-hesy1 panel (1 #ej1 frontispiece4 ,rameses ,,ii1 #bd1 #be1 #bg1 #dd1 #aac4 ,,iii1 #ed4 ,,xii1 #id4 ,ramesseum ar*es1 #fd4 ,ran(]1 /atue (1 #cf4 ,reliefs1 quality (1 #ah1 #dh4 olde/1 #dh4 pyramid age1 #ej4 ,middle ,k+dom1 #ea4 ,new ,k+dom1 #eb4 late1 #ed4 sunk1 #eb4 ,rock cutt+1 #gj1 #ga4 ,roll at corn] ( build+1 #fc4 ,rome1 art (1 #aeg4 ,sacrifice ( ox1 #ea4 ,s&/one1 ,nubian1 #bg4 qu>tzite1 #bf4 ,saw+ ( h>d /ones1 #gb4 ,scaffold+ ( brick1 #gd4 ,sc5]y1 influ5ce (1 #d1 #e4 ,sc5es dom9ate wall surfaces1 #c4 ,s*ools ( art1 #bb4 ,scribe1 figure (1 #ce4 ,sculptors1 tra9+ (1 #ag1 #gg4 ,sculpture dom9at$ by ar*itecture & conditions1 #f4 ,seals ( gold1 #hf4 ,s5(]u1 #af4 ,s5us]t ,i1 #cg1 #ec4 ,,ii1 #hb1 #hg4 ,,iii1 #ch1 #ci1 #hg4 ,s]apeum pectoral1 #ib4 ,sety ,i1 #ec1 #fa1 #aac1 #aci4 ,,ii1 #ic1 #aab4 ,%ells ( gold1 #hf1 #ia4 ,%eykh el ,bel$ /atue1 #cc4 ,%ip1 pa9t+ (1 #ee4 build+1 #ach4 ,%r9es ( palm /icks1 #fc4 ,silsileh 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