,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,bold text delimit$ by equal signs1 italics by und]scores4 ,! ,walls5d ,slipway ,eng9e]+ ,,walls5d-,,on-,,tyne ,company1 ,ltd4 ,,m>9e ,,eng9e ,,boil] ,,build]s ,,%ip ,,repair]s ,manufactur]s ( ,in/allations = ,,burn+ ,,liquid ,,fuel ,illu/ration3 ,in/allation m\nt$ on a ,tray ,horse ,p[] ( ,boil]s = :i* ,in/allations h be5 suppli$ by ! ,company exce$s #c1jjj1jjj h4p4 ,head ,(fice & ,works-- ,,walls5d-,,on-,,tyne ,telegraphic ,address-- 8,,wall10 ,,newca/le-,,on-,,tyne ,london ,(fice-- #cj ,,great ,,/4 ,,hel5s4 ,e ,c4 #c ,illu/ration ,,anglo-,,mexican ,,petroleum ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,export]s & m>ket]s ( ! products ( ! ,mexican ,eagle ,oil ,co41 ,ltd41 includ+ ,mexican ,fuel ,oil & ,diesel ,oil1 ,mexphalte1 ,fluxphalte1 ,mexican ,eagle ,bitum51 ,lubricants1 ,gas ,oil1 ,k]os5e & ,motor ,_s4 ,,eagle ,,oil ,,transport ,,company1 ,,limit$4 ,own]s ( ! fleet ( mod]n ,oil ,tank ,/eam]s engag$ 9 ! transport ( ! above products4 ,,b[r+ ,,petroleum ,,company1 ,,limit$4 ,m>ket+ ,ag5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom = ,mex ,motor ,_s & ,k]os5e1 etc4 ,head ,(fices3 #af4 ,,f9sbury ,,circus4 --,,london4 ,e4,c4 #b-- ,telephone3 ,,london ,,wall #abjj 7,tw5ty ,l9es7 ,illu/ration3 ,oil ,well ,supply ,co ,oil & 8,,oilwell0 h gr[n up toge!r4 ,! olde/ & l>ge/ manufactur]s ( well drill+ tools4 ,,drill+ ,,plant ( e description ,,pump+ ,,outfits = e s]vice ,,pipe-,,l9es & ,,/orage ,,tanks ,illu/ration ,,trade 8,,oilwell0 ,,m>k ,da%wood ,h\se1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 #b ,,anglo-,,am]ican ,,oil ,,company ,,limit$ ,import]s1 ,ref9]s & ,di/ributors ,,ref9$ ,,petroleum ,,oils ,,:ite ,,rose 7,wat] ,:ite71 ,,royal ,,daylight & ,,cr[n ,,diamond--= ,h\sehold use4 ,,anglo',s ,,vaporis+ ,,oil--= ,oil ,eng9es1 ,agricultural ,tractors1 etc4 ,,motor ,,_s ,,pratt',s ,,aviation--,ref9$ to sup]-excell5ce = ,a]oplanes & ,motor ,c>s4 ,,pratt',s ,,p]fection--= all classes ( ,motor ,c>s4 ,,taxibus--= ,comm]cial ,vehicles4 ,,anglo',s ,,b5zol--= ,motor ,c>s & ,comm]cial ,vehicles4 ,,anglo',s ,,victory ,,_s--a p]fect ,petrol-,b5zol bl5d4 ,,fuel ,,oil--= ,diesel ,eng9es1 ,furnaces1 ,%ips' ,bunk]s1 etc4 ,,gas ,,oil--= ,gas-mak+4 ,,lubricat+ ,,oils ,,& ,,greases1 ,,p>aff9 ,,wax ,,& ,,scale4 ,,nujol--,f9e/ ,m$ic9al ,oil4 ,,head ,,(fice3 #cf ,,que5 ,,anne',s ,,gate1 ,,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w4#a ,bran*es & ,depots ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! ,l>ge/ ,mak]s ( ,,oil ,,/orage ,,tanks ,tanks ( ,any ,size ,suppli$ & ,erect$ ,any:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:essoe ,,f\ndry ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,d>l+ton1 ,,engl& ,e/abli%$ #agij ,,petroleum ,,ref9]y ,,plants ,telegrams-- 8,,:essoe1 ,,london40 8,,:essoe1 ,,d>l+ton40 ,london ,(fice3-- #ajf ,,cannon ,,/reet1 ,e4,c4#d ,illu/ration3 ,,engl&',s ,,fir/ ,,oil ,,well ,,9 ,,d]by%ire 7,drill$ "u ,gov]nm5t au?ority & br\ght into production 9 ,june1 #aiai7 ,frontispiece ,,pitman',s ,,common ,,commodities ,,& ,,indu/ries ,,petroleum ,,by ,,alb]t ,,lidgett ,,editor ,,( ,,! 8,,petroleum ,,times0 ,,late ,,editor ,,( ,,! 8,,petroleum ,,review0 ,,london ,,sir ,,isaac ,,pitman ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 #a ,,am5 ,,corn]1 ,e4,c4#d ,,ba?1 ,,melb\rne ,,& ,,new ,,york ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,sir ,,isaac ,,pitman ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,london1 ,,ba?1 ,,melb\rne ,,& ,,new ,,york ,,preface ,al?\gh num]\s volumes h be5 writt5 ^u petroleum1 & "s v educational works on ?is important subject are to be f\nd 9 te*nological lit]ature1 x is /range t prior to ! appe>ance ( ?is little book1 x has be5 impossible to turn to any publication :i* deals ) ?is ,common ,commodity ( ,comm]ce 9 a popul> mann]4 ,( a tru?1 we to-day live 9 an age ( ,oil1 = ! products ( petroleum are insep>able f our daily life4 ,ref9$ petroleum brea!s ! brea? ( p[] to ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e :i* claims a realm ( its own on l& & sea1 9 ! air1 & "u ocean wat]s2 x also gives artificial light to c\ntless millions 9 all corn]s ( ! _w "u a v>iety ( circum/ances & dissimil> conditions1 :ile ! :eels ( indu/ry unceas+ly revolve consequ5t ^u oil lubrication4 ,& 9 no sph]e ( comm]cial & indu/rial activity has great] progress be5 made dur+ ! pa/ few decades ?an 9 reg>d to ! multiplication 9 ! uses ( ! products ( petroleum4 ,! av5ues = advantage\s consumption are con/antly increas+1 & ?is to su* an ext5t t ! production ( crude petroleum--enorm\s ?\gh ?is is--has be5 out/ripp$ by ! dem&s = ! ref9$ product4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i h /riv5 to deal ) ! *ief phases ( ! petroleum indu/ry 9 a mann] :i*1 ,i h reason to believe1 w be acceptable to ! g5]al read]1 & ! fact t ! volume is writt5 9 language free f te*nicalities1 w1 ,i tru/1 r5d] x p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to ^? :o w\ld "k some?+ ( t imm5se class ( comm]cial products cov]$ by ! "n 8,petroleum40 ,,alb]t ,,lidgett4 ,,royal ,,automobile ,,club1 ,,pall ,,mall1 ,,london1 ,s4,w4#a4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,,preface iii ,i4 ,,petroleum ,,& ,,its ,,orig9 #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,oil-,,fields ,,( ,,! ,,_w #f ,,iii4 ,,h[ ,,petroleum ,,is ,,produc$ #da ,,iv4 ,,! ,,ref9+ ,,( ,,petroleum #ea ,v4 ,,transport ,,by ,,l& ,,& ,,sea #fc ,,vi4 ,,petroleum ,,z ,,fuel #gf ,,vii4 ,,petroleum ,,z ,a ,,light+ ,,ag5t #hi ,,viii4 ,,int]nal ,,combu/ion ,,eng9es #ie ,,ix4 ,,petroleum ,,9 ,,engl& #ajd ,x4 ,,petroleum ,,9 ,,! ,,briti% ,,empire #aad ,,xi4 ,,petroleum',s ,,"p ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,w> #abc ,,xii4 ,,! ,,scotti% ,,%ale-,,oil ,,indu/ry #acb ,,xiii4 ,a ,,few ,,notable ,,petroleum ,,ent]prises #adh ,,xiv4 ,,/ati/ical #aeh ,,index #afe ,illu/ration3 ,tak5 f an actual photo ( a trip spe> ) me*anic alongside = comp>ison ( size4 ,?is is = #ba in* ,o4,d4 drive pipe4 ,we h facilities = produc+ ! heavie/ tools requir$4 ,! ,,oil ,,well ,,eng9e]+ ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,works3 ,,*eadle ,,hea?1 ,,/ockport ,! l>ge/ ,manufactur]s ( ,oil ,well ,drill+ ,plant & oil ,well ,supplies 9 ! ,briti% ,empire ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,engl&',s ,,fir/ ,,oil ,,well ,frontispiece ,,! ,,gl5 ,,pool #aa ,,geological ,,section ,,%[+ ,,oil ,,s&s #ac ,a ,,gu%] ,,"u ,,control #ae ,,d]rick ,,( ,,an ,,am]ican ,,oil ,,well #ag ,,r\manian ,,h&-,,dug ,,wells #bg ,,bu/5>i--,,! ,,r\manian ,,oil ,,region #ca ,,e>ly ,,burmese ,,oil ,,production ,,me?ods #cd ,,e>ly ,,japanese ,,drill+ ,,me?od #ce ,,view ,,9 ,,! ,,galician ,,fields #cg 8,,oilwell0 ,,heavy ,,rot>y ,,outfit #dg ,,primitive ,,me?od ,,( ,,transport #fe ,,oil ,,pipe-,,l9e ,,connections #fg ,a ,,mammo? ,,tank] #gc ,,tak+ ,,oil ,,fuel ,,abo>d #ha ,,liquid ,,fuel ,,burn]s #hc ,,oil ,,fuel ,,= ,,m>9e ,,purposes #he ,,! 8,,sc>ab0 ,,oil ,,burn] #hg ,,an ,,oil ,,cook] #ic ,,vick]s' ,,new ,,eng9e 7,,front ,,view7 #ii ,,vick]s' ,,new ,,eng9e 7,,re> ,,view7 #ii ,,high ,,duty ,,eng9e ,,= ,,light ,,craft #aja ,,l[ ,,duty ,,m>9e ,,eng9e #aja ,,! ,,pumph]/on ,,oil ,,%ale ,,works #ach ,,"s ,,burmah ,,produc]s #aed ,,! ,,petroleum ,,times ,,publi%$ ,,weekly ,,price #f;d4 ,! ,int]national ,petroleum ,j\rnal 8,! ,petroleum ,times0 is ,edit$ by ,,alb]t ,,lidgett & is ! mo/ influ5tial & widely circulat$ petroleum j\rnal pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! fact t y are read+ ?is adv]tisem5t sugge/s t x has "s int]e/ to y4 ,!n write = a specim5 copy :i* w gladly be s5t4 ,editorial & ,publi%+ ,(fices3 ,,broad ,,/reet ,,place1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4#b ,,petroleum ,,*apt] ,i ,,petroleum ,,& ,,its ,,orig9 ,9 deal+ ) ! "q ( petroleum & its orig91 ! subject c well be def9$ "u two head+s3 "o1 ! orig9 ( ! ^w 8petroleum02 ! o!r1 ! orig9 ( ! m9]al itself4 ,z to ! =m]1 ?is is a matt] ( hi/orical int]e/2 ( ! latt]1 ! "q is /ill 9 d\bt--& ! d\bt becomes ev5 ! m d\btful1 ! m ! "q is debat$4 ,let u1 !re=e1 take fir/ ! ^w 8petroleum0 z we "k x to-day4 ,x cov]s a multitude ( products d]iv$ f ! ref9+ ( crude oil1 ?\gh ! ^w does n sugge/ any ( !m4 ,x is q a g5]ic t]m1 & 9 a g5]al way repres5ts ! :ole ( t ev]-increas+ family ( hydroc>bons--! ref9$ products ( crude oil4 ,!re is no d\bt t x d]ives its "n f ! ,lat9 petra oleum1 :i*1 lit]ally1 is rock oil1 & equival5ts ( ! "n are f\nd 9 all languages4 ,ev5 9 mod]n practice we use ! ^w1 ?\gh n 9 a specific s5se1 :ile our own ,gov]nm5t usually ref]s to 8petroleum oil10 :i*1 ( c\rse1 involves tautology4 ,crude petroleum is kn[n ?r\gh\t ! oil-fields ( ! _w z d5ot+ ! crude oil com+ f ! wells3 !n we h petroleum _s1 o!rwise ! lighte/ =m ( ref9$ oil2 we h petroleum di/illate1 designat+ an illum9at+ oil2 b1 8petroleum oil0 is1 x is to be regrett$1 g5]ally us$ z sugge/+ "s =m ( petroleum product4 ,?\gh ! petroleum indu/ry--9 its comm]cial s5se--only goes back "s sixty ye>s1 ! use ( petroleum c be trac$ to ,biblical times1 = 0 x n ! great ,prophet ,eli%a :o told ! wid[ to 8,g1 sell ! oil & pay ?y debts & live08 ,job also speaks ( ! rock :i* p\r$ him out riv]s ( oil2 9 ,maccabees we f9d t ! prie/s hid ! fire :i* !y took f ! alt> 9 a deep pit )\t wat]2 :ile ,nehemiah call$ ! liquid :i* bur/ into flame & k9dl$ a great fire by ! "n 8,neph?>1 :i* is z mu* z to say1 a cleans+2 b _m call x ,nephai40 ,& s1 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,old z well z 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 oil is cle>ly ref]r$ to1 &1 9 ,biblical times1 z mu* lat]1 0 look$ ^u z a sacr$ fire4 ,_m anci5t au?ors make ext5sive ref]5ce to oil1 prom95t among !m be+ ,h]odotus1 :o describ$ ! me?ods adopt$ at ! pits ( ,kirab = ! rais+ ( ! oil1 :i* liquid 8gives (f a v /rong od\r40 ,petroleum1 z kn[n 9 ,biblical times1 & z s widely kn[n to-day1 occurs 9 great] or less quantity ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & x is f\nd 9 ! :ole range ( /rata ( ! e>?'s cru/1 f ! ,laur5tian rocks to ! mo/ rec5t memb]s ( ! ,quat]n>y p]iod1 ?\gh x is f\nd 9 comm]cial quantities almo/ :olly 9 ! comp>atively old ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s =mations on ! "o h& or 9 ! v>i\s divisions ( ! comp>atively "y ,t]ti>y rocks on ! o!r4 ,! problem ( ! orig9 ( petroleum has be5 ! subject ( consid]able sci5tific controv]sy = _m ye>s4 ,n a few ( ! lead+ sci5ti/s hold to ! !ory t petroleum is d]iv$ f metallic c>bides ly+ f> b5ea? ! por\s /rata 9 :i* ! oil is /or$ by ,nature1 & t ev5 at ! pres5t "t ! process is 9 op]ation4 ,?is idea1 :i* may be t]m$ ! inorganic !ory ( petroleum orig91 0 consid]$ to h receiv$ sub/antial support :5 x 0 f\nd t ! action ( wat] on ! c>bides ( c]ta9 metals result$ 9 ! lib]ation ( hydroc>bons4 ,! view t petroleum is ( organic orig9 is to-day almo/ univ]sally accept$1 al?\gh !re is no g5]al agreem5t ei!r z to :e!r petroleum is d]iv$ f vegetable or animal matt]1 or z to ! =ms ( life t provid$ = its g5esis4 ,9 c]ta9 places 9 ! _w--notably on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,caspian ,sea & also ne> ! ,m$it]ranean--!re is "s conv]sion ( organic matt] into petroleum actually to be se5 to-day4 ,x is n difficult1 z ! late ,sir ,bov]ton ,r$wood1 ,b>t41 po9t$ out 9 an address be=e ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita9 9 #aiah1 to acc\nt = ! =mation ( adequate deposits ( ! necess>y mat]ial4 ,9 ! comp>atively deep & quiesc5t wat] along ! m>g9 ( ! l& 9 pa/ ages1 !re w\ld be abundant opportunity = ! deposition n only ( ! rema9s ( m>9e animals & plants1 b also ( vegetable matt] br\ght d[n to ! coa/ by ! wat] c\rses1 & ! *anges :i* ! e>? has und]gone w\ld result 9 ! burial ( ^! sub/ances "u s$im5t>y m9]al matt]1 ! deposits ?us =m$ be+ ultimately1 z ! result ( fur!r alt]ations 9 ! e>?'s surface1 frequ5tly f\nd occupy+ positions f> remov$ f ! sea1 & sometimes b5ea? imm5se ?icknesses ( subsequ5t deposits4 ,t vegetable matt] may be ! s\rce ( c]ta9 petroleums is an op9ion t has f\nd increas+ evid5ce to support x4 ,!re are two k9ds ( vegetable matt] :i* are possible1 t]re/rial & aquatic1 & 9 ! deltaic conditions t *>act]ize s _m oil-fields1 ei!r c\ld be equally well appeal$ to z a s\rce ( accumulation4 ,! ext5sive coal & lignite deposits 9 _m geological p]iods be> eloqu5t te/imony to ! pres5ce ( c>bonace\s matt] f> 9 excess ( t requir$ to provide prov$ supplies ( petroleum4 ,e important coal-field demon/rates ! fact t vegetable matt] c be p>tially conv]t$ into bitum9\s comp\nds or hydroc>bons by natural processes4 ,m>% gases (t5 occur 9 great quantities 9 fault$ zones 9 ! coal measures1 ?\gh ! bitum9\s sub/ances f\nd 9 coal are n true bitum5s t dissolve 9 ! usual solv5ts1 :ile ! t>s d]iv$ f ! de/ructive di/illation ( coal 9 no way resemble natural petroleums or ! products ( oil-%ale di/illation4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ! out/&+ diff]5ces betwe5 petroleum1 oil-%ales & coal1 ,i might "h po9t out 9 fav\r ( ! vegetable !ory ( orig91 t actual petroleum & true bitum5s h be5 f\nd 9 "s coals1 ?\gh 9 small quantities1 :ile solid p>aff9s h be5 extract$ by means ( pyrid9e & *lor(orm4 ,aga91 l[ temp]ature di/illations h yield$ petroleum hydroc>bons1 all ( :i* appe> to indicate t ev5 :5 coal 0 ! ov]:elm+ product1 at c]ta9 times & places ! conditions 7 m]g+ into ^? :i* c\ld yield petroleum4 ,!re is no d\bt t ea* ( ! v>i\s views express$ z to ! organic orig9 ( petroleum conta9s elem5ts ( tru?1 & x is reasonable to assume t a sub/ance s v>i$ 9 its physical & *emical prop]ties z petroleum has n 9 all cases be5 creat$ "u precisely ! same conditions1 or f an exactly simil> s\rce4 ,summ+ up ! :ole "q ( orig91 h[ev]1 ! balance ( op9ion po9ts to its be+ ! result ( organic action1 & t ! petroleum :i* we n[ f9d 9 ! ,palaeozoic & ,t]ti>y rocks is sub/antially ( ! same geological age z ! rocks !mselves4 ,volumes ( te*nological lit]ature h be5 writt5 ^u ?is complex "q ( petroleum orig91 & ?\gh ^! may be ( int5se int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( geology1 ! brief ref]5ces :i* ,i h already giv5 to ! "q are suffici5t = ! purpose ( ?is little publication4 ,! geographical di/ribution ( petroleum ?r\gh\t ! two hemisph]es is no less wide ?an ! geological4 ,! deposits ma9ly occur along well-def9$ l9es1 (t5 associat$ ) ! m\nta9 ranges4 ,?is is *iefly due to ! =mation1 9 ! elevatory process1 ( m9or folds :i* h arre/$ & collect$ ! oil 9 ri*ly productive belts4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,oil-,,fields ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,ev] s9ce petroleum & its products ent]$ ! realm ( comm]cial commodities1 !re has be5 a ceaseless se>* ?r\gh\t ! two hemisph]es = crude oil1 & to-day !re are comp>atively few c\ntries 9 ! _w :]e ! pres5ce ( petroleum has n be5 prov$4 ,! ev]-exp&+ uses ( petroleum1 :i* 9 _! tra9 h call$ = a cont9ually increas+ dem& = crude oil1 h giv5 an impetus to ! se>* = comm]cially productive oil-fields1 :i*1 9 m9+ hi/ory1 has no p>allel4 ,on ! "o h&1 we h ^? important oil-produc+ regions :i* embrace enorm\s regions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,mexico1 ,russia1 ,r\mania1 ! ,dut* ,indies1 ,india1 & ,galicia2 on ! o!r1 we f9d comp>atively rec5t ent]prise :i* is br++ into prom95ce ! new] oil-produc+ regions ( ,egypt1 ,tr9idad1 ,canada1 ! ,arg5t9e1 ,alg]ia1 & v>i\s p>ts ( ,au/ralia & ,japan1 ?\gh 9 sev]al ( ^! latt] m5tion$ c\ntries1 ! production ( petroleum has be5 c>ri$ on by private means = n only _m ye>s1 b ev5 = c5turies4 ,x naturally foll[s t1 ) ! con/ant )drawal ( l>ge supplies ( crude oil f ,"m ,e>?1 ,nature's /ores mu/ be gr[+ less1 & x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 to he>1 ) p]si/5t regul>ity1 al>m+ rum\rs ( ! com+ de>? ( crude oil4 ,exp]ts h devot$ consid]able "t & ?\ght 9 an endeav\r to arrive at a conclusion z to ! l5g? ( "t x w take = ! )drawal ( practically ! :ole ( ! crude oil f ! kn[n deposits 9 ! m develop$ fields3 _! conclusions1 h[ev]1 are widely diff]5t1 = :ile "s ass]t t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = in/ance1 ! kn[n fields w cease to be comm]cially productive )9 =ty ye>s1 o!rs !re are :o decl>e t c5turies mu/ elapse be=e ! "q ( a fail+ supply ne$ call = s]i\s consid]ation4 ,b !re is "o po9t :i* mu/ n be ov]look$ 9 ?is connection1 & t is ! fact t1 :ile ?us f> v few ?or\ghly develop$ oil-fields h %[n signs ( p]man5t decay1 !re are num]\s o!rs :i*1 :ile hav+ already furni%$ conclusive pro( ( _! productivity1 h1 = ! mo/ "p1 be5 b slightly develop$4 ,ea* pass+ ye> regi/]s ! incom+ ( fre% oil-produc+ areas1 :ile num]\s regions 9 practically e "p ( ! _w1 giv+ mu* promise ( ! success ( ultimate oil developm5ts1 are z yet virg9 t]ritory4 ,! cry ( possible %ortage ( supply 01 =tunately1 made at ! opportune mom5t3 x 0 a ^w ( w>n+1 & 0 tak5 to he>t especially by ^? associat$ ) ! developm5t ( ! old] produc+ oil-fields4 ,9 ^! fields--:e!r we look to ,am]ica or ,russia--!re has always be5 consid]able wa/e ( crude oil1 mo/ly 9 reg>d to furni%+ p[] = oil-field op]ations1 :ile ! natural gases :i* exude f ! wells !mselves1 & to :i* ref]5ce is made 9 ano!r *apt]1 h1 9 times pa/1 be5 all[$ to pass uncontroll$ into ! atmosph]e4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 we see cons]vation 9 e direction--?anks to ! application ( sci5tific & eng9e]+ k1 comb9$ ) ! ex]cise ( c>e--& !re is no d\bt t ?is new factor w t5d 9 a great] degree ?an may at fir/ be imag9$ t[>d ! pres]vation ( ,nature's /ores ( crude oil = unlimit$ "t4 ,) ^! few g5]al rem>ks1 let u proce$ to briefly survey ! pr9cipal oil-fields ( ! _w1 leav+ ^? :i* are 9 ! process ( developm5t or exploitation to lat] consid]ation4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4--,9 no o!r c\ntry has su* cont9u\s progress be5 record$ 9 connection ) ! production ( petroleum z 9 ! case ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,q rec5tly1 ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey e/imat$ t !re are no less ?an #i1jjj squ>e miles ( oil-be>+ t]ritory 9 ! ,/ates1 yet ! petroleum indu/ry 0 n comm]cially e/abli%$ until ! e>ly sixties ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,x 0 9 ,p5nsylvania t ! indu/ry _h its bir?1 & ! tr\bles :i* beset ,drake1 ! pione]1 h fill$ _m pages ( e>ly oil lit]ature4 ,8 fir/ well1 :i* produc$ q a mode/ yield ( crude oil1 0 at ,titusville1 ,pa41 :i* spot soon became a ?riv+ t[n4 ,& z ,p5nsylvania 0 ! sc5e ( ! e>ly successes1 x also became ! pivot r\nd :i* ! petroleum indu/ry ( ! ,/ates prosp]$ = _m ye>s4 ,until #ahhe1 ! ,p5nsylvanian fields furni%$ ov] #ih p] c5t4 ( ! production ( crude oil3 !n a gradual decl9e set 91 until1 at ! pres5t "t1 ,p5nsylvanian regions d n produce #aj p] c5t4 ( ! oil output ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no soon] _h ! petroleum indu/ry be5 firmly e/abli%$ 9 ,p5nsylvania ?an an active se>* 0 made = ! preci\s fluid 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,/ates1 & "o by "o new oil regions 7 op5$ up1 b x is int]e/+ to recall ! fact t1 ev5 9 ! fir/ develop$ oil-produc+ region1 no di/rict has be5 entirely ab&on$ z exhau/$ ( oil1 = to-day wells are be+ pump$ q close to ,drake's fir/ well & ! sc5e ( ! bir? ( ! ,am]ican petroleum indu/ry4 ,9 ! z5i? ( its prosp]ity1 ! ,p5nsylvanian field produc$ ne>ly #e1jjj1jjj tons ( crude oil p] annum1 b to-day ! output has fall5 (f ne>ly #dj p] c5t4 ,:5 x is m5tion$ t ! output ( crude petroleum f ! v>i\s fields ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates la/ ye> 0 ov] #dj1jjj1jjj tons1 ! magnitude ( ,am]ica's oil indu/ry w at once be app>5t4 ,! regions kn[n z ! ,mid-,cont95t fields--& :i* embrace ! ext5sive oil-produc+ regions ( ,kansas & ,oklahoma--are responsible = a v l>ge portion ( ?is output4 ,ea* field has its v>i\s 8pools10 ! mo/ fam\s ( ?is "p1 p]haps1 be+ ! ,cu%+ pool1 :i* came into prom95ce b a few ye>s ago4 ,t[>d ! end ( #aiad1 x 0 e/imat$ t ! daily output ( ,cu%+ 0 #ce1jjj tons ( crude oil4 ,cu%+1 l all o!r prolific oil di/ricts1 has _m int]e/+ /ories associat$ ) its rapid rise z an oil-produc+ c5tre1 & !re are in/ances on record :]e1 9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 l& values h increas$ t5fold4 ,! rise ( ! ,cali=nian fields1 too1 is an example ( ! rapidity ) :i* oil regions c be develop$4 ,cali=nia's output 9 #aiai 01 r\ghly1 #abj1jjj1jjj b>rels ( crude oil1 or ov] #ad1jjj1jjj tons4 ,x possesses ne>ly #ijj squ>e miles ( oil-l&s1 & ?\gh at "o "t a great difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 dispos+ ( ! crude oil production1 s9ce x 0 ( a some:at l[ grade1 ! position has n[ be5 rev]s$1 & ! consumption ( petroleum products is great] ?an ! supply4 ,) ! improvem5t ( ! me?ods ( drill+1 & ! debut ( ! rot>y sy/em1 x has be5 possible n only to drill to mu* great] dep?s1 b to consid]ably r$uce ! "t requisite = drill+ a well to ! oil s&s4 ,cali=nian records = quick drill+ ) ! rot>y ma*9e %[ t wells h be5 got d[n to ! produc+ s&s1 9 "s fields ne>ly #d1jjj feet bel[ ! surface1 )9 "o mon?4 ,?is deep drill+ policy1 :i* is n[ mu* 9 vogue among ,cali=nian oil op]ators1 has prov$ ! exi/5ce at ! great] dep? ( l>g] volume ( oil ( f> bett] quality ?an t met ) 9 ! %all[ /rata1 & x is to ! discov]y & consequ5t developm5t ( ! deep] oil horizons t mu* ( ,cali=nia's rec5t advance is due4 ,?\gh b ( small significance1 ! oil-wells 9 ,summ]l&1 ,cal41 call = m5tion = ! reason t ^! are drill$ 9 ! sea at q a di/ance f ! coa/4 ,! encroa*m5t ( sea-wat] to ! wells !mselves is prev5t$ by ! cont9uance ( ! tubes 9 ! wells to a height above ! level ( high-wat] m>k1 ! produc$ oil be+ pip$ to ! ma9l&4 ,!re is no d\bt t a wond]ful future awaits ,cali=nia 9 reg>d to its oil export trade4 ,! ,f> ,ea/ is l>gely draw+ ^u ! ,/ate = crude oil = treatm5t 9 ! ,f> ,ea/]n ref9]ies3 ! oil-burn+ vessels ( ! ,pacific rely ^u ,cali=nian fuel oil = _! supplies1 :ile ! op5+ ( ! ,panama ,canal1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( oil /orage depots !re1 has br\ght ,cali=nia )9 easy transport di/ance ( ! ,european m>kets4 ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s sev]al c>goes ( ,cali=nian ref9$ oil h1 9 fact1 come ^u ! ,engli% m>ket4 ,! oil-fields ( ,texas h1 p]haps1 witness$ m 8boom0 p]iods ?an any o!r oil regions ( ! ,/ates4 ,! ,gulf coa/al fields :i* embrace ,texas & ,l\isiana1 came into prom95ce "s sev5te5 ye>s ago1 & !y 7 n long 9 record+ an output ( ov] #e1jjj1jjj tons 9 a s+le twelve mon?s4 ,! prolific di/ricts ( ,sp9dle ,top1 ,s\r ,lake1 ,humble1 etc41 attract$ rapid att5tion1 & ! speculator 9 oil l&s became imm5sely ri*4 ,b ^! boom p]iods _c be said to be ( mu* real value to ! oil indu/ry1 = !y are always foll[$ by times ( depression1 :5 =tunes are lo/ almo/ z quickly z !y h be5 made4 ,to-day1 ! ,gulf coa/ fields h settl$ d[n to a p]iod ( /eady expansion2 sy/ematic developm5t is tak+ place 9 e field1 &1 z 9 ,cali=nia1 ! policy ( deep drill+ has be5 em95tly successful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gl5 ,,pool--,,"o ,,( ,,am]ica',s ,,oil ,,produc+ ,,c5tres ,space =bids my ent]+ into details respect+ ! m rec5tly develop$ or p>tially exploit$ fields ( ,am]ica1 b x is safe to say t !re is sc>cely a s+le ,/ate t does n hold out hope = pr(itable oil developm5t3 ?is is evid5c$ by ! l>ge am\nts ( new capital :i* are to-day f9d+ employm5t 9 regions :i* are only comm5c+ _! oil-field hi/ory4 ,!re is no o!r oil-produc+ c\ntry 9 ! _w :]e ! petroleum indu/ry has rea*$ su* a highly organiz$ /ate z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ea* produc+ field is connect$ by means ( und]gr\nd pipe-l9es ) ! trunk pipe-l9e sy/em1 by :i* x is possible to pump oil f ! mo/ di/ant fields direct to ! ,atlantic seabo>d4 ,"s ( ! pr9cipal l9es are hundr$s ( miles 9 l5g?4 ,9 ano!r *apt] ,i deal ) ?is wond]ful sy/em ( oil transportation3 x is1 !re=e1 unnecess>y "h to m ?an m5tion x en passant4 ,! oil-ref9+ bran* ( ! ,am]ican petroleum indu/ry is also p>ticul>ly well organiz$ & up to date1 b ) ?is subject1 too1 ,i deal at l5g? else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,typical ,,geological ,,section ,,%[+ ,,! ,,oil ,,s&s ,,mexico4--,! oil-fields ( ,mexico c claim to h leapt into prom95ce at a f> m rapid rate ?an any o!r oil-field ( importance 9 ! _w4 ,_! developm5t has be5 ph5om5al1 & f be+ practically unkn[n sixte5 ye>s ago1 !y n[ rank z ! ?ird l>ge/ produc+ regions1 com+ b next to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,russia4 ,my object 9 deal+ ) ! ,mexican fields prior to ref]r+ to ! ,russian petroleum indu/ry is t !y may be said to =m an integral "p ( ! fields ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 &1 f _m po9ts ( view1 are l9k$ up ) ! petroleum indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,inde$1 !re are sev]al au?orities :o are n[ urg+ t x is to ,mexico t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t mu/ look if x is to be 9 a position to furni% ! major portion ( ! petroleum products requir$ = ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,ano!r reason = my deal+ ) ,mexico at ! mom5t is t1 :5 developm5t op]ations are c>ri$ a little fur!r1 & :5 ocean transport facilities are available = adequately deal+ ) ! flood ( ,mexican petroleum1 !re is n ! slighte/ d\bt t ,mexico w rank z ! second l>ge/ c\ntry ( petroleum production4 ,its annual output ( crude oil is1 approximately1 #h1jjj1jjj tons1 b ev5 ?is figure 9 no way repres5ts ! productivity ( its prolific oil-produc+ regions1 = accord+ to ! (ficial /atem5t ( ! ,mexican ,gov]nm5t ! production 9 #aiah repres5t$ only #aj p] c5t4 ( t possible4 ,! ,mexican wells h no p>allel 9 ! _w1 l>ge z h be5 "s ( ! oil-f\nta9s 9 ,russia4 ,x w be ( great int]e/ "h to ref] briefly to ^!1 & ?\gh x w\ld be impossible to detail all ^? ,mexican wells :i* h rank$ q outside ! limits ( ord9>y produc]s1 ,i w t\* only ^u two ( ^! rem>kable oil gu%]s4 ,!y bo? 7 drill$ on ! prop]ties own$ by ! well-kn[n ,engli% firm ( ,pe>sons1 ! op]at+ company be+ ! 8,aguila0 7,mexican ,eagle7 ,company4 ,x 0 9 #aijf :5 ! ,company comm5c$ active drill+ op]ations 9 ,nor!rn ,v]a ,cruz1 & ?\gh ^! 7 v successful f ! />t1 x 0 two ye>s lat] t ! fam\s 8,dos ,bocas0 well came 94 ,a heavy gas pressure develop$ :5 ! rot>y drill 0 d[n j ov] #a1hjj feet1 & 9 a few m9utes ! int]nal pressure manife/$ itself by bur/+ ! wire-wrapp$ hose connect$ ) ! drill+ app>atus4 ,! oil !n comm5c$ to come to ! surface 9 an imm5se /ream1 & 9 tw5ty m9utes ! well 0 beyond control4 ,fissures began to appe> 9 ! gr\nd at consid]able di/ance f ! well1 & ?r\gh ^! came oil & gas4 ,"o ( ^! fissures op5$ directly "u ! boil]s1 & ?\gh ! fires _h be5 drawn1 ! gas ignit$4 ,! position 0 well-nigh hopeless f ! />t1 ! well itself 0 ?r[+ out an #h-;in* column ( oil hundr$s ( feet 9 ! air4 ,! =ce ( ! volume ( oil bel[ gr\nd flung ! heavy ,engli% drill pipe out ( ! well1 & soon x became impossible to approa* )9 #cjj feet ( ! 8mad gu%]40 ,! flames ( fire are said to h rea*$ #a1jjj feet 9 height1 & inasmu* z all gr\nd r\nd ! well _h fall5 into ! cavity caus$1 !y 7 ov] #ej feet 9 diamet]4 ,& = #eh days did ?is gu%] burn ) all ! fury imag9able1 its gl>e be+ se5 f> out at sea4 ,any?+ approa*+ an approximate production ( oil f ?is well w nev] be made3 x c safely be record$1 h[ev]1 t its mad fl[ ( oil ran into _m millions ( b>rels1 & x is plac$ on record t ne>ly #b1jjj1jjj tons ( solid e>? 7 c>ri$ away by ! =ce ( ! oil f ! well's m\?1 = a crat] ( ne>ly #abj1jjj squ>e metres 0 =m$ r\nd ! well4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,gu%] ,,( ,,! ,,mexican ,,eagle ,,co4 ,,"u ,,control--,a ,,dome ,,built ,,ov] ,,! ,,m\? ,t[>d ! end ( #aiaj ano!r surprise 0 9 /ore = ^? 9 *>ge ( drill+ op]ations = ! ,company1 = x 0 !n t ! _w fam\s 8,prot]o del ,llano0 gu%] came 94 ,?is well ranks z "o ( ! l>ge/1 if n ! l>ge/1 ev] associat$ ) ! petroleum indu/ry4 ,its e/imat$ daily fl[ 0 ov] #abe1jjj b>rels1 & )9 ?ree mon?s ! well _h produc$ ov] #h1jjj1jjj b>rels ( crude oil4 ,dur+ ,novemb]1 #aiai1 a new field at ,n>anjos 0 develop$ by ! ,mexican ,eagle ,co41 & ! fir/ ?ree wells to come into production1 comm5c$ to yield ov] #cj1jjj tons daily4 ,x says mu* = ! ent]prise ( ! ,pe>son 7,"l ,c[dray7 int]e/s t !y h be5 able to build up su* a rem>kable bus9ess 9 ,mexico's oil indu/ry 9 s comp>atively a %ort space ( "t4 ,! production ( crude oil1 z ev]yone kn[s1 is b ! fir/ l9k 9 a long *a9 ( comm]cial oil op]ations4 ,to-day1 ! ,mexican ,eagle ,oil ,company owns consid]ably ov] #bej miles ( pipe-l9e 7mo/ly ( #h-;in* capacity71 possess sev]al m9iature railways1 & on ! fields ( production has bulk oil /orage accommodation = sev]al million b>rels ( crude oil4 ,x has also two l>ge ref9]ies--"o at ,m9atitlan & ano!r at ,tampico1 :i* toge!r are capable ( h&l+ ov] #e1jjj tons 7ab\t #ce1jjj b>rels7 ( crude oil daily1 & turn+ ! same into a complete range ( high-grade products--motor _s1 illum9at+ oils1 lubricants1 fuel oil1 p>aff9 wax1 & an asphalt = road-mak+4 ,an int]e/+ equipm5t ( ?is ,company 9 ,mexico is t ( its sea-load+ pipe-l9es at ,tuxpam4 ,"h1 ! wat] inside ! b> is too %all[ to all[ ! gigantic bulk oil-c>ri]s ( ! ,company's associat$ conc]n--! ,eagle ,oil ,transport ,company1 ,ltd4--to come alongside & load4 ,pipe-l9es h accord+ly be5 laid on ! b$ ( ! sea rea*+ out to a load+ t]m9al a mile & a half out at sea4 ,"h1 ! pipe-l9es are connect$ ) ! /eam]s by means ( flexible hose1 & ?ree or f\r tank vessels c be load$ simultane\sly f ! /orage tanks on %ore4 ,9 "o rec5t twelve mon?s alone ov] #bjj oil tank]s 7 s load$ 9 ?is way1 & on ! av]age1 ea* 0 load$ & dispat*$ )9 #b days1 = ! pipe-l9e facilities p]mit ( #aj1jjj tons ( oil be+ pump$ into ! vessel's tanks e #bd h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inside ,,! ,,d]rick ,,( ,,an ,,am]ican ,,oil ,,well ,!re are sev]al l>ge amalgamations ( capital int]e/$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,mexican fields--,am]ican & ,engli%1 :ile1 prior to ! w>1 ! ,g]mans _h anxi\s eyes ^u ?is gr[+ indu/ry1 & ev5 =mulat$ plans :]eby ,g]man int]e/s w\ld be l>gely repres5t$ 9 its future4 ,:ile on ! subject ( ! ,mexican fields1 might ,i say t no o!r oil-produc+ regions h1 9 ! %ort space ( "t dur+ :i* developm5ts h tak5 place1 ex]cis$ su* an influ5ce ^u ! int]national oil situation z has ,mexico4 ,?is may be trac$ to ! fact t ,mexican oil is an admirable liquid fuel1 & z su* is n[ 9 regul> use ! _w ov]4 ,! va/ consum+ c5tres 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,cont95t h se5 t1 :]eas coal is v de>1 x is possible to secure almo/ unlimit$ supplies ( ,mexican fuel oil almo/ at _! own doors1 :ile ov]seas1 consequ5t ^u ! adv5t ( ! fuel oil age1 ,mexican fuel oil is play+ a mo/ important "p1 & to-day is 9 great dem& = ! m]cantile fleet4 ,,russia4--,long be=e ! comm]cial value ( petroleum & its products 0 e/abli%$1 ,baku--! pres5t c5tre ( ! ,russian petroleum indu/ry--_h become fam\s = its 8,et]nal ,fires10 & x 0 to t place ! ,p>sees made pilgrimages = ov] #a1jjj ye>s2 9 fact1 c5turies be=e ! ,russians occupi$ ! ,caucasus1 ! tribes ( ,p]sia eag]ly s\ght ! oils ( ,baku = _! curative qualities4 ,! ,russian oil-fields h an output (1 approximately1 #aj1jjj1jjj tons annually1 or1 r\ghly1 #ae p] c5t4 ( ! _w's total production ( crude oil4 ,s9ce ! "t :5 ! petroleum indu/ry 0 plac$ ^u a comm]cial foot+1 ! ,russian fields h produc$ #bcj1jjj1jjj tons ( petroleum4 ,enorm\s ?\gh ?is quantity is1 x has be5 m ?an d\bl$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! oil-fields ( ,baku h ga9$ a di/9ction = ! reason t num]\s individual wells h giv5 =? a flood ( crude oil :i* has1 ) v few exceptions1 be5 unkn[n 9 o!r petrolif]\s regions4 ,! ,baku fields prop] embrace ! di/ricts ( ,balakhany1 ,saboont*i1 ,romany1 & ,bibi ,eibat3 ! fir/ ?ree di/ricts /& on a plateau b a few miles f ,baku1 :ile ,bibi ,eibat is locat$ q ne> ! ,caspian ,sea1 on a bay f :i* ! field takes its "n4 ,"o rem>kable feature ( ^! fields--z %[+ _! prolific oil cont5t--is t ! f\r ma9 oil-produc+ di/ricts 9 ,baku h an area ( less ?an #d1jjj acres4 ,x is 9 ?is locality t ! ,russian petroleum indu/ry1 hav+ _h its bir?1 became c5tr$1 & ?\gh x is kn[n t !re are sev]al really promis+ oil areas 9 ?is s\?-we/]n "p ( ! ,caucasus1 ! fact t ! l&s belong to ! ,/ate has be5 a suffici5t /umbl+-block to developm5t 9 ! pa/4 ,ap>t f ! ,baku fields1 ! mo/ highly develop$ oil-field ( importance 9 ,russia is t ( ,grosny1 :i* is situat$ on ! nor!rn slopes ( ! ,caucasian range & connect$ ) ! ,vladicaucas railway by a bran* l9e4 ,! ,grosny field1 h[ev]1 has only be5 develop$ dur+ ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s 9 :at may be call$ a comm]cial s5se1 b its op]at$ area is almo/ d\ble t ( ,baku4 ,x has greatly suff]$ ow+ to ! inadequacy ( transport facilities1 b 9 #aiai a project 0 draft$ to build a pipe-l9e to ! ,black ,sea4 ,x is n a feature ( ?is little publication t m9or regions %all be all enum]at$1 & ?us ,i may be =giv5 if ,i ref] b to "o ( ! sev]al new di/ricts :i* h rec5tly attract$ ! att5tion ( bo? oil op]ators & speculators4 ,i ref] to ! ,maikop fields1 :i* prom95tly came be=e ! ,briti% inve/+ public 9 #aiaj1 & :i* 7 directly responsible = ! oil boom ( t ye>4 ,a few mon?s be=e1 a v prolific sp\t] ( oil _h be5 /ruck 9 ,maikop1 :i* 0 !n q an agricultural c5tre1 & enorm\s excitem5t foll[$4 ,l& 0 quickly tak5 ov] at ev]-increas+ prices1 & ! boom1 = :i* ,engli% capital 0 l>gely responsible1 la/$ = sev]al mon?s4 ,!re h be5 _m op9ions put =w>d by suppos$ exp]ts 9 oil geology = & aga9/ ! ,maikop oil region1 b ! k9de/ ?+ ( all t c be said = ! di/rict is t1 :ile !re 0 really no ju/ification = ! rem>kable ,maikop oil boom ( #aiaj1 !re 0 c]ta9ly no reason :y public op9ion %\ld s rapidly *ange 9 reg>d to its pot5tialities4 ,i h e reason to believe t "s day ,maikop w ju/ify ! optimi/ic op9ions held = x dur+ ! boom1 b 9 ! eyes ( ! ,engli% inve/or ! region be>s ! /amp ( fraud1 = ! simple reason t s _m h inve/$ _! sav+s 9 x1 & h be5 doom$ to acute disappo9tm5t4 ,"s millions ( ,engli% money w5t into ,maikop oil ent]prises dur+ t ill-fat$ oil boom1 b a v small p]c5tage ( ?is w5t to really prove ! cont5ts ( ! l[] /rata4 ,! fact t ! gr\nd 0 simply 8scrat*$0 & condemn$ because x did n respond ) oil f\nta9s1 _c 9 ! slighte/ affect ! ultimate c>e] ( ! ,maikop oil region1 ! pres5ce ( oil 9 :i* has be5 kn[n ev5 f anci5t times4 ,look+ back ^u t ,maikop oil boom1 "o _c b express surprise at our gullibility g5]ally3 we /ake our fai? & our capital ^u :at at ! be/ is a %e] gamble1 & we seem cont5t if we f9d t any?+ approa*+ #bj p] c5t4 ( ! money subscrib$ actually goes into ! s]i\s developm5t ( ! s*eme :i* we fanci$4 ,!re are a few :o gr[ sudd5ly ri* ^u ! spoils ( su* oil booms--,i "k "s ( ^! p]sonally1 & to me x has always be5 a s\rce ( ke5 regret t ! ,/ate does n ex]cise some?+ ( a rigid control ov] ^! publicly inve/$ funds4 ,i _c "h refra91 :ile on ! subject ( ! ,maikop oil boom1 j mak+ a rem>k z to ! ov]rat$ value :i* ! public g5]ally atta* to ! reports ( _m g5tlem5 look$ ^u z oil exp]ts4 ,"s rem>kable /ories are associat$ ) ! lock+ up 7& loss7 ( ,engli% moneys 9 ! ,maikop boom1 b ! /range/ ,i "k is ( a ,russian :o came to ,engl& :5 ! boom 0 at its height1 = ! purpose ( sell+ a numb] ( ,maikop oil claims4 ,!re 7 _m prospective buy]s1 b x 0 necess>y to possess a report f "s suppos$ 8oil exp]t40 ,to save "t1 ! sell] ( ! claims draft$ :at he consid]$ q an allur+ /atem5t1 & ! next day ! report1 c\*$ 9 ! same language1 bore ! 8exp]t's0 signature4 ,& ! 8:eeze0 work$4 ,b to return to ! ma9 subject4 ,prior to #ahgj1 ! crude petroleum 9 ! ,baku di/rict1 z well z 9 ! m9or fields ( ,russia1 0 obta9$ f surface pits1 dug by h&1 & r>ely m ?an #ej feet deep1 & ! production 0 c>ri$ away f ! m\? ( ! %aft 9 lea!rn bottles4 ,! g5]al arrangem5ts 7 on ! mo/ primitive l9es1 b1 nev]!less1 ! indu/ry--su* z x 0 !n--?riv$4 ,ev5 to-day 9 sev]al fields 9 ,russia we see ! survival ( ! h&-dug wells1 b !y are /eadily becom+ a feature ( a page ( oil-field hi/ory :i* is almo/ fill$4 ,x 0 9 #ahgc t ,rob]t ,nobel w5t to ,baku1 & to 8 ent]prise & te*nical g5ius a great deal ( ! subsequ5t rapid developm5t ( ! ,russian indu/ry is due4 ,bor+ by /eam p[] 0 introduc$1 & ! deep] oil horizons 7 rea*$1 b1 ow+ to ! dep? at :i* ! /rata became comm]cially productive1 x 0 necess>y to comm5ce ! well ) a />t+ diamet] ( #cf-dj in*es1 s z to ensure ! requisite dep? be+ obta9$ ) a workable size ( bal]--= ! ,baku crude oils are 8bal$0 f ! wells4 ,^u ! "q ( bal+ wells1 ,i %all h some?+ to say 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,"u ! improv$ conditions :i* 7 introduc$ 9 me?ods ( bor+ & op]at+ ! oil-wells1 ! indu/ry /eadily exp&$1 ! g5]al awak5+ ( bor+ ent]prise be+ be/ reflect$ 9 ! numb] ( oil-wells 9 op]ation 9 subsequ5t ye>s4 ,= in/ance1 9 #ahic1 ! ,baku fields c\ld boa/ ( b #deh bore-holes2 9 #ahih1 ! numb] _h increas$ to #a1ajg2 9 #aijc1 x 0 ab\t #b1jjj2 :ile 9 #aiaa1 !re 7 ov] #c1jjj bore-holes 9 ! ,baku fields4 ,!re has be5 a /eady decl9e 9 ! numb] ( ^! bore-holes s9ce #aiad due 9 "s "p1 ,i assume1 to ! difficulties ( secur+ ! requisite mat]ials = new bor+1 comb9$ ) ! enorm\s increase 9 ! co/ ( ! same4 ,! drill+ ( ! wells 9 ,russia is a v exp5sive item1 = !y co/ f any?+ ov] #aj1jjj up to #ae1jjj1 & usually take a c\ple ( ye>s to drill4 ,b :5 !y are d[n to ! produc+ /rata & comm5ce production1 x c be tak5 = grant$ t !y w cont9ue1 provid+ ord9>y c>e is tak5 ( ! well itself1 = _m ye>s to pr(itably produce4 ,! ,russian petroleum indu/ry is 9 ! h&s ( a l>ge numb] ( op]at+ firms1 ! majority ( :i* "w q indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 & ^! indep5d5t firms are responsible = m ?an "o-half ( ! total output4 ,! o!r production ( ! crude oil1 repres5t+ c]ta9ly ov] #dj p] c5t41 is 9 ! h&s ( comb9es repres5t+ ! l>ge & middle-class firms1 prom95t among :i* we get ! firm ( ,messrs4 ,nobel ,bro!rs1 ! 8,%ell0 gr\p1 & ! ,g5]al ,russian ,corporation4 ,! ref9+ ( ! crude oil is c>ri$ out 9 ,baku1 ! portion ( ! t[n 9 :i* ?is op]ation takes place be+ kn[n z ,blackt[n4 ,x does n belie its "n ei!r4 ,at "o "t ^! ref9]ies1 or at lea/ _m ( !m1 7 erect$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! t[n ( ,baku1 or ne> x1 & made x almo/ un9habitable by _! smoke1 smell1 & refuse1 ! latt] fl[+ into ! /reets & ! h>b\r4 ,a special di/rict 0 !re=e select$1 to :i* all _h to remove1 & x is ?is portion ( ! t[n :i* =ms 8,blackt[n0 to-day4 ,"o ( ! great difficulties ( ! ,russian ref9+ indu/ry 9 its comm5cem5t 0 due to ! fact t sulphuric acid1 s absolute a necessity 9 petroleum ref9+1 _h to be br\ght f ,europe at great exp5se1 b 9 #ahhc1 ,messrs4 ,nobel built a factory = its production on ! spot f ,caucasian pyrites1 m9$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,alex&ropol4 ,o!r factories = ! same purpose & = ! reg5]ation ( ! acids h s9ce t "t be5 e/abli%$4 ,z 9 o!r great indu/ries1 s 9 reg>d to ! me?ods by :i* ! ,russian crude oil is transport$ & to-day h&l$1 great /rides =w>d h be5 made s9ce ! e>ly days4 ,!n ! :ole ( ! prevail+ conditions 7 primitive3 crude oil1 = in/ance1 0 c>ri$ f ! ,baku wells to ! ref9]ies 9 sk9s & b>rels load$ on c>ts or camels4 ,messrs4 ,nobel ,bro!rs 7 ! fir/ to lay a pipe-l9e to _! factory1 b lat] on pipes 7 laid betwe5 ! ref9]ies & ! h>b\r1 ^! obvi\s improvem5ts meet+ ) fi]ce resi/ance on ! "p ( ! workpeople4 ,! transport ( ! ref9$ products f ,baku to ! consum]s 0 equally difficult4 ,!re 0 !n no railway f ,baku to ,tiflis1 & ! only way to ! ,black ,sea 0 ?us effectively %ut (f4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! navigation ( ! ,volga 0 only possible dur+ six mon?s ( ! ye>1 :ile ! monopoly ( wat] transport on ! ,caspian ,sea impos$ high rates on all ,baku petroleum products4 ,improvem5ts 7 aga9 due to ! ent]prise ( ,messrs4 ,nobel ,bro!rs1 :o built ! fir/ ci/]n waggons = transport+ oil on ! railways1 in/ead ( us+ ! old wood5 b>rels1 :i* 7 f> f satisfactory4 ,9 ord]1 too1 to op5 an outlet on ! ,black ,sea1 ! same firm1 9 #ahhi1 con/ruct$ a pipe-l9e f ,mikhailovo to ,kvirili1 ov] ! ,suram m\nta9s4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 we h ! great pipe-l9e runn+ f ,baku to ,bat\m1 a di/ance ( ne>ly #efj miles1 & :i* is responsible = ! transport ( ! quantities ( ,russian oil export$4 ,b ! ,russian petroleum indu/ry has always exi/$ m or less "u a cl\d4 ,! old regime ( ,gov]nm5t did n attempt to fo/] & enc\rage ! indu/ry f :i* x receiv$ s mu* ye>ly 9 royalties1 = x mu/ be recollect$ t ! ,russian ,/ate 0 ! *ief ga9] by ! exploitation ( ! ,baku oil l&s1 ow+ to ! preval5ce ( ! sy/em ( royalties4 ,x seem$ to be cont5t to leave ! indu/ry to its fate1 s long z x receiv$ !refrom s sub/antial a sum 9 royalties1 etc4 ,in/ances are on record :]e op]at+ firms pay ! ,gov]nm5t #dj p] c5t41 or ev5 m1 ( _! crude oil production z royalties--paym5t = ! privilege ( tak+ ! oil f ! gr\nd4 ,su* conditions h be5 rel5tlessly impos$1 & x is n surpris+ to f9d t1 op]at+ "u ?is burd5 ( exp5se1 num]\s firms f9d x q out ( ! "q to e>n pr(its = _! %>ehold]s4 ,sev]al ,engli% ent]prises come into ?is category1 b ! fault is n ( _! seek+2 x is1 h[ev]1 to be regrett$1 = once an equitable sy/em ( paym5ts is arrang$1 ! ,russian petroleum indu/ry w exp& 9 a heal?y mann]1 & become a mu* great] s\rce ( rev5ue to ! ,/ate ?an x is at pres5t4 ,b1 ap>t f ! tr\bles :i* h to be fac$ by ! ,baku oil produc]s1 & :i* we may call ,gov]nm5tal1 ! relation betwe5 ! employ]s & workpeople is f> f be+ fri5dly4 ,to-day1 ( c\rse1 x is worse ?an x 0 "u ! old regime ( ! ,tz>1 & !n x 0 bad en\gh4 ,! oil-field workman 9 ,russia is ! inc>nation ( all t is unsatisfactory4 ,he works :5 he ?9ks he w1 he lab\rs "u grievances1 _m ( :i* are purely imag9>y1 & !n he v5tilates 8 spite ^u 8 ma/]s4 ,! pages ( hi/ory tell ( _m a conflict betwe5 capital & lab\r 9 ! ,baku oil-fields1 ) ! consequ5t burn+ ( all t w\ld take fire on ! fields1 & ! damag+ ( ! produc+ wells by ! workpeople4 ,in/ances are plac$ on record :]e1 9 a s+le night1 doz5s ( productive oil-wells1 :i* h tak5 ye>s to br+ into production1 h be5 irrep>ably damag$ by ^! oil-field work]s4 ,_! life1 admitt$1 is no?+ to write books ^u1 & _! environm5ts are 9 "s cases ( ! wor/ description1 r5d]$ no bett] by ! natural aptitude ( ! p !mselves4 ,b _! views ^u lab\r are ( ! mo/ ,utopian imag9able4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s1 !re has be5 a sort ( comb9ation betwe5 ^! op]atives1 ^: sociali/ic t5d5cies run high1 & less ?an two ye>s ago !y collectively put be=e ! manag]s ( ! oil-fields ! conditions "u :i* !y w\ld 9 future "w4 ,!re 7 ne>ly #ajj diff]5t claims detail$1 & a few ( ^! are wor?y ( m5tion1 z %[+ ! appreciation ( fairness :i* is in/ill$ 9 ! m9d ( ! ,russian oil-field work]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a #ej p] c5t4 increase 9 wages 0 desir$1 ?is to be retrospective4 ,holidays _h to be paid = by ! ma/]s1 & :5 ! work] w5t on /rike he _h to receive 8 full pay f ! ma/] until su* /rike 0 settl$4 ,!n ! workm5 _h to be repres5t$ on ! bo>d ( managem5t ( ! companies1 _! h\ses _h to be improv$ by ! ma/]s1 free railway & tramway accommodation _h to be provid$1 etc4 ,g5]ally1 ! dem&s put =w>d 7 di/9ctly arbitr>y1 ?\gh 9 _m cases v humor\s4 ,rec5t ev5ts 9 ! conduct ( affairs 9 ,russia d n sugge/ t great improvem5ts may be expect$ 9 ! ne> future1 ei!r 9 reg>d to ! attitude ( ! ,gov]nm5t t[>d ! ,russian petroleum indu/ry1 or to ! attitude ( ! work]s to ^? responsible = oil-field op]ations4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,european ,w>1 ! ,russian petroleum indu/ry 0 r on ! decl9e4 ,! only hope t c be express$ at ?is juncture is t :5 ,russia possesses a /able gov]nm5t1 & ! c\ntry ent]s ^u a p]iod ( peaceful progress1 ! ,m9+ ,dep>tm5t w take c>e t ,russia takes its prop] position z "o ( ! mo/ important oil-produc+ c\ntries 9 ! _w4 ,b be=e ?is comes ab\t1 !re w h to be a complete revision ( ! ,gov]nm5t's policy respect+ oil royalties4 ,! de/ruction1 h[ev]1 wr\ght 9 ,baku t[>ds ! end ( #aiah w take sev]al ye>s to make good4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r\mania3 ,a ,,few ,,( ,,! ,,h& ,,dug ,,wells ,,9 ,,bu/5>i ,,r\mania4--,dur+ comp>atively rec5t "t1 ,r\mania has come prom95tly =w>d z "o ( ! l>ge petroleum-produc+ c\ntries ( ! _w1 & its ye>ly output ( crude oil1 accord+ to late/ returns1 is ab\t #aa1jjj1jjj b>rels1 or1 say1 #a1fjj1jjj tons4 ,! production ( petroleum 9 ! c\ntry1 h[ev]1 has be5 proce$+ = c5turies1 =1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! peasants 7 9 ! habit ( digg+ wells by h& & sell+ ! crude oil = m$ic9al purposes1 ! greas+ ( c>t-:eels1 z well z = light+4 ,!re are _m places 9 ,r\mania :i* are nam$ f petroleum1 a fact :i* po9ts to ! exi/5ce ( ! indu/ry long be=e ! pres5t-day me?ods ( extraction 7 ?\ght (4 ,sev]al hundr$s ( ^! h&-dug wells /ill exi/ r\nd ! fr+e ( ! ,transylvanian & ,c>pa?ian ,alps1 & ?\gh _m ( !m h n[ fall5 into decay1 !re are num]\s o!rs f :i* a payable quantity ( petroleum is extract$ by primitive me?ods4 ,! h&-dug wells 9 ,r\mania are highly int]e/+ relics ( a p]iod :i* is n[ relegat$ to ! pa/1 ?\gh s long z ! ,r\manian petroleum indu/ry exi/s1 s long w ! old h&-dug wells be associat$ ) x4 ,^! wells are ab\t #e feet 9 diamet]1 & are sunk ?r\gh alt]nate lay]s ( clay1 s*i/y clay1 s&y clay1 s&/one1 & petrolif]\s s& to ! m %all[ oil horizons4 ,!y are dug by workm5 :o desc5d dress$ ) ! m9imum ( clo?+1 usually saturat$ ) oil1 & we>+ a t9 hat to protect ! head f fall+ /ones1 etc4 ,! sides ( ! wells are l9$ ) imp]meable clay1 :i* is protect$ by wick]-"w4 ,! man is l[]$ by a rope1 air be+ suppli$ to him by means ( bell[s4 ,at "s places ! rot>y fan 0 employ$ m rec5tly1 b someh[ x frequ5tly happ5$ t x 0 op]at$ 9 ! wrong direction1 & ! un=tunate digg] 0 asphyxiat$4 ,^! old wells h a dep? ( ab\t #dej feet1 & ?\gh _! yield ( oil is n consid]able1 x has = _m ye>s be5 a pay+ proposition to ^? engag$ 9 ?is primitive me?od ( petroleum production4 ,! excavat$ e>?1 :5 digg+ ^! wells1 0 br\ght to ! surface 9 buckets1 l[]$ & rais$ by means ( ei!r manual lab\r or horse traction4 ,:5 ! fir/ oil s\rce 0 rea*$ & ! extraction ( ! crude oil comm5c$1 ?is 0 accompli%$ by means ( ! use ( wood5 buckets or lea!r sk9s1 "o be+ l[]$ empty :ile ! o!r 0 rais$ full4 ,by ?is means x 0 possible to raise z mu* z #bj tons ( ! oil p] day--q a consid]able am\nt1 consid]+ ! primitive means adopt$4 ,me*anical developm5ts ?r\gh\t ! ,r\manian oil-fields on a m or less s]i\s scale began ab\t #ahih1 z ! result ( ! introduction ( =eign capital1 &1 f t "t to ! pres5t1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,r\manian petroleum indu/ry has be5 "o /eady p]iod ( cont9u$ expansion4 ,v>i\s sy/ems ( drill+ h be5 introduc$ into ! "w ( develop+ old fields or op5+ up new c5tres1 b 9 reg>d to ^! ,i %all deal at l5g? 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,! adv5t ( ! rot>y me?od ( drill+1 h[ev]1 op5$ up a new era = expansion 9 #aiab1 & s9ce t "t ,r\mania has made m m>k$ progress ?an at any "t previ\sly4 ,! ,r\manian oil-fields1 z at pres5t def9$1 cov] a region r\ghly #bj miles 9 wid?1 & ext5d to a l5g? ( betwe5 #cjj & #djj miles1 )1 ( c\rse1 num]\s breaks4 ,( ! num]\s petrolif]\s regions 9 ,r\mania1 ^? ( ,camp9a-,bu/5>i1 ,gura-,ocnitza1 ,mor5i1 & ,baicoi-,tz9tea among !m provide ab\t #ie p] c5t4 ( ! total production1 &1 ) ! "o exception ( ! ,mor5i field1 all h be5 previ\sly exploit$ by h&-dug wells4 ,! prosp]ity ( ! ,r\manian indu/ry has be5 directly ! result ( ! influx ( =eign capital1 & ! majority ( ! #eej1jjj1jjj francs employ$ 9 x1 is mo/ly made up ( ,briti%1 ,am]ican1 & ,g]man capital4 ,! pr9cipal ,engli% ,company 9 ! fields is ! ,r\manian ,consolidat$ ,oil-fields1 ,ltd41 :i* conc]n1 ) its capital ( "o & ?ree-qu>t] millions /]l+1 repres5ts an amalgamation ( _m small companies4 ,space =bids my ref]r+ at l5g? to ! mom5t\s happ5+s 9 ! ,r\manian fields t[>ds ! end ( #aiaf1 b !y w ev] =m "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+--& at ! same "t ! mo/ tragic--incid5ts associat$ ) ,r\mania's petroleum indu/ry4 ,at t "t1 ! ,g]man armies 7 pu%+ _! way t[>d ,r\mania1 &1 9 fact1 hav+ cross$ ! bord]1 7 m>*+ on = possession n m]ely ( t]ritorial ga9s1 b 9 ord] to secure !mselves ( l>ge quantities ( petroleum products by captur+ ! prolific oil-fields ( ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 at t critical "t t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t s5t out its ,milit>y ,mission1 head$ by ,colonel 7n[ ,sir7 ,john ,norton ,griffi?s1 completely to de/roy all t 0 valuable 9 connection ) ! oil-fields1 ! ref9]ies1 & ! in/allations4 ,"o night ! ,mission arriv$ at ! (fices ( ! ,r\manian ,consolidat$ ,oil-fields1 ,ltd41 & made its plan ( campaign cle>4 ,!re 0 no?+ to be done b to fall 9 ) x1 & ! foll[+ morn+ practically ev]y?+ 0 de/roy$1 or r1 a />t 0 made to de/roy x4 ,& ! de/ruction 0 c>ri$ out 9 a complete mann]1 = n only "o1 b sev]al conc]ns :i* _h be5 /eadily built up to p]fection z ! result ( _m ye>s ( c>eful & sy/ematic expansion1 7 all wip$ out1 except+ 9 "n4 ,! oil-wells 7 plugg$ beyond all hope ( repair1 ! ref9]ies 7 dismantl$1 ma*9]y brok51 pipe-l9e connections damag$1 & bo? crude & ref9$ oil /ocks burn$4 ,x 0 ! mo/ tragic proce$+ ev] record$ 9 oil-field hi/ory1 b x 0 necess>y1 & n c>ri$ out "o day too soon1 = ! incom+ armies 7 dang]\sly ne>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bu/5>i--,,r\mania',s ,,fam\s ,,oil ,,region ,! ,g]mans lo/ no "t 9 mak+ good a great deal ( ! damage to ! fields1 & at ! "t ( ! armi/ice x 0 /at$ t ! crude oil output ( ,r\mania 0 up to #hj p] c5t4 ( its pre-w> level4 ,n[ t ! v>i\s alli$ int]e/s are aga9 op]at+ 9 ! ,r\manian fields1 consid]able expansion ( ! c\ntry's petroleum indu/ry is be+ plann$1 ?\gh ! pre-w> ,g]man int]e/s !re9 are n[ tak5 ov] by ! ,allies4 ,dur+ ! pa/ decade ,r\mania has necess>ily cat]$ = ! export trade1 = ! volume ( crude oil produc$ has be5 f> beyond its requirem5ts4 ,! great petroleum /orage port ( ,con/antza has be5 made ! c5tre = ?is export bus9ess1 & ! completion ( a trunk pipe-l9e f ! ,r\manian ref9]ies to ! port 0 "o ( ! mo/ rec5t ent]prises und]tak5 by ! ,r\manian ,gov]nm5t prior to ! w>4 ,dur+ ! p]iod :5 ,r\mania 0 "u ,g]man control its t]m9al po9t 0 s *ang$ t ! l9e ran to a spot :i* r5d]$ ! transport ( petroleum to ,g]many a matt] ( ease4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ,g]many's plans h be5 fru/rat$1 & ,r\mania's great pipe-l9e w h its t]m9al po9t at ,con/antza1 :]e all k9ds ( petroleum products c be pump$ direct to ! oil tank]s4 ,,! ,,dut* ,,indies4--,! gr[? ( ! petroleum indu/ry 9 ! ,dut* ,indies has be5 surpris+ly rapid1 & ?is gr[? syn*ronizes ) ! adv5t ( ! 8,%ell0 ,company into ! ,f> ,ea/]n fields4 ,x is /at$ t !re are _m hundr$s ( squ>e miles ( t]ritory 9 ! ,ea/ ,indian ,isl&s :i* c be remun]atively develop$2 at ! mom5t1 h[ev]1 ?\gh b ! fr+e ( exploitation has be5 t\*$1 ! production has be5 amaz+4 ,eighte5 ye>s ago1 x 0 plac$ at #cjj1jjj tons ( crude oil2 la/ ye> x ne>ly rea*$ #b1jjj1jjj tons4 ,9 ,sumatra sev]al companies successfully op]at$ = _m ye>s1 b mo/ ( !m ev5tually became m]g$ ) ! ,royal ,dut* ,company1 ^: int]e/s n[ are also ^? ( ! 8,%ell0 ,company4 ,z to ,borneo1 ! 8,%ell0 ,company comm5c$ active developm5ts 9 #aijj1 or !reab\ts1 = x _h acquir$ an area ( approximately #dfj squ>e miles4 ,! fields rapidly respond$ to ! drill1 & ! crude oil production rose by leaps & b\nds4 ,! crude 0 ( a high-grade "*1 & = a long "t x tax$ ! en]gies ( ^? responsible = ! good conduct ( ! conc]n1 z to exactly :at %\ld be done ) "s ( ! ref9$ products4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 "s ?\s&s ( tons 7 burn$1 = at t "t !re 0 little or no dem& = motor _s4 ,i well rememb] :5 ! ,company's ,*airman--,sir ,m>cus ,samuel--fac$ ! %>ehold]s 9 #aijj & expla9$ t if only ! ,company c\ld realize #f;d4 p] gallon = its motor _s1 :at h&some pr(its w\ld accrue4 ,b ev5ts h m>*$ quickly s9ce ^? days4 ,! motor-c> has come to /ay1 & :at seem$ a useless product ( ! ,f> ,ea/]n oils 9 ! e>ly days ( developm5t1 is n[ "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( rev5ue4 ,! adv5t ( ! heavi] motor spirits has also be5 ( great b5efit to ! ,borneo petroleum indu/ry1 = ! public has gr[n accu/om$ to recognize t x is n specific gravity :i* c\nts 9 ! quality ( motor _s1 b ! clos5ess ( ! boil+ po9ts ( its con/itu5t fractions4 ,to-day1 ! ,f> ,ea/]n fields supply enorm\s quantities ( ref9$ products to ! consum+ m>kets ( ! ,ea/]n hemisph]e1 & s long z ! supply+ c5tres cont9ue _! pres5t productivity1 !re ne$ be no talk ( approa*+ fam9e1 =1 if necess>y--provid+ facilities p]mitt$--^! regions c\ld mat]ially increase _! pres5t output ( petroleum products4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oil ,,production ,,9 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,days ,,( ,,! ,,indu/ry ,,9 ,,burmah ,,india also ranks to-day z a v important petroleum produc+ region1 ! fields ( ,upp] ,burmah--9 :i* ! ,burmah ,oil ,company op]ates--be+ responsible = practically ! :ole production4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ?is little publication1 ,i deal briefly ) ?is ,company's op]ations1 s1 = ! mom5t1 x is suffici5t to m5tion t1 ?\gh to-day !y produce l>ge quantities ( petroleum1 !re are sev]al new di/ricts :i* %[ mu* promise ( new production4 ,= _m ye>s ! ,upp] ,burmah fields 7 exploit$ by means ( v %all[ wells3 x 0 only :5 ! deep] /rata 7 rea*$ t ! pot5tialities ( ! region became fully manife/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old ,,japanese ,,way ,,( ,,op]at+ ,,! ,,wells ,,japan1 z an oil-produc+ c\ntry1 af=ds food = an int]e/+ /ory1 = x 0 "h t v e>ly attempts 7 made to develop production4 ,ev5 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ! ,emp]or 0 pres5t$ ) 8burn+ wat]0 ) :i* ! ,palace 0 light$4 ,! crude oil 0 collect$ f pools1 or1 alt]nately1 wells 7 dug by h&1 ! process ( extraction be+ v picturesque1 if v primitive4 ,to-day1 ,e*igo is ! c5tre ( ! indu/ry1 = :i* ! introduction ( ,european me?ods ( drill+ h work$ wond]s 9 reg>d to progress4 ,! ,cele/ials consume l>ge quantities ( petroleum1 especially = light+ purposes1 & 9 spite ( ! n[ consid]able yields f ! wells1 a gigantic trade is regul>ly done 9 import$ oils1 especially ^? ( ,am]ican orig91 = :i* !re is a mo/ up-to-date organization = di/ribution4 ,! /atem5t t ,am]ican petroleum products f9d _! way to e qu>t] ( ! globe is /rangely exemplifi$ 9 ,japan 7z also 9 ,*9a71 :]e ! ubiquit\s t9 conta9] = petroleum c be se5 9 ! mo/ isolat$ p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,galician ,,fields1 ,,%[+ ,,damage ,,done ,,by ,,! ,,russian ,,armies ,,:5 ,,retreat+ ,,9 #aiaf ,,galicia4--,s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! p]iod :5 petroleum & its products assum$ a degree ( indu/rial importance1 ! ,galician oil regions h attract$ consid]able att5tion4 ,! area ( ! oil-fields ext5ds ov] a l5g? ( #bjj miles1 & 9 wid? v>ies f #dj to #fj miles1 & ?\gh 9 ?is t]ritory sev]al fields ( consid]able note h = _m ye>s be5 sy/ematically develop$1 !re is enorm\s scope = future op]ations4 ,its annual output ( crude oil1 :i* ne>ly rea*$ #a1ijj1jjj tons 9 #aiji1 is 9 itself sugge/ive ( ! ext5sive mann] 9 :i* ! oil-produc+ fields h be5 develop$ dur+ late ye>s4 ,! oil-field hi/ory ( ,galicia is p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 = ! oil seepages r\nd ,boryslaw h be5 exploit$ = v _m ye>s4 ,long be=e ! introduction ( ! drill+ me?ods ( mod]n times1 ! %all[ oil s\rces 9 ! ,galician fields 7 tapp$ by means ( ! h&-dug wells1 b x 0 only :5 ! fir/ drill$ well 0 sunk 9 #ahfb t ! real value ( ! ,galician ozok]ite1 :i* ab\nds 9 _m places 9 ! oil-fields1 0 appreciat$ by ! op]ators4 ,?is ozok]ite is "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( bitum5s1 & ?\gh f\nd 9 sev]al c\ntries1 is n[h]e met ) 9 su* l>ge quantities z 9 ,galicia4 ,! ozok]ite !re fills ! fissures 9 ! mu* di/urb$ cpaly1 & evid5tly orig9ates f a natural process ( conc5tration4 ,! m9es are op]at$ by mod]n ma*9]y1 & ! indu/ry 9 ,galicia has rea*$ a /age ( great importance1 "s ?\s&s ( tons ( ! m9]al be+ ye>ly rais$4 ,! mat]ial is ref9$1 & ! result+ wax s]ves num]\s comm]cial purposes1 ! ref9+ tak+ place 9 ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ref9]ies4 ,consid]able quantities ( ! raw mat]ial are export$ to ,g]many & ,russia1 :ile ! ref9$ products are well kn[n on ! export m>kets4 ,ab\t sev5 ye>s ago1 s]i\s wat] tr\ble mat]ially r$uc$ ! production ( ! ,galician oil-wells 7= :5 ! wat] c\rses are n prop]ly %ut (f1 wat] may encroa* & cause ! loss ( ! produc+ well71 b ! tr\ble 0 to "s ext5t surm\nt$ by ! tak+ ( great] c>e 9 cem5t+ ! wells4 ,! introduction & consequ5t popul>ity ( ! mod]n drill+ me?ods :i* 7 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,m>g>vey 9 #ahhb p]mitt$ ! te/+ ( ! deep] horizons ( ! ,galician fields1 & to-day wells are by no means uncommon ) dep?s up to & sometimes exce$+ #d1jjj feet4 ,! ,boryslaw-,tu/an[ice di/rict /ill cont9ues to be ! c5tre ( ! crude oil production1 b sev]al new oil areas ) great promise h be5 op5$ up dur+ ! pa/ six ye>s4 ,naturally1 ! ,european ,w> has ret>d$ developm5t "w consid]ably1 & ! ,galician fields h on m ?an "o occasion be5 ! sc5e ( battle4 ,at "o "t 9 #aiae !y pass$ ov] to ! ,russians1 b :5 ! ,russian retreat occurr$ lat] f ,lemb]g1 consid]able damage 0 done to ! fields 9 ord] to prev5t _! be+ ( imm$iate use to ! enemy4 ,! wells 7 s]i\sly damag$1 & ! ,/ate ref9]y at ,drohobitz 0 p>tially dismantl$1 :ile imm5se res]ves ( ref9$ oil /ocks 7 burn$4 ,! ,galician oil indu/ry has = ye>s attract$ ! att5tion ( =eign capitali/s1 = ! highly remun]ative nature ( petroleum exploitation is g5]ally appreciat$4 ,prior to ! ,european w> ,g]man capital 0 v l>gely int]e/$ 9 ! ,galician indu/ry1 & ! majority ( ,alli$ companies _h ,g]mans z _! local repres5tatives1 b all ?is is n[ *ang$1 & 9 ! future ,alli$ capital w be consid]ably increas$4 ,! ,premi] ,company is ! l>ge/ ,engli% conc]n 9 ! ,galician fields4 ,,g]many has made great endeav\rs 9 ! pa/ to in/itute a petroleum indu/ry ( its own1 b no great success has be5 record$1 = :ile x does possess sev]al oil-produc+ areas1 ^! are only small fields1 ) a v limit$ yield ( heavy petroleums4 ,! wells1 ?\gh produc+ = _m ye>s /eadily1 d n give =? ^? l>ge quantities ( petroleum s *>act]i/ic ( ! be/ wells 9 o!r petroleum-produc+ fields1 & fl[+ wells are inde$ v r>e4 ,g]many1 !re=e1 has to look to import$ petroleum = its l>ge dem&s4 ,9 a succe$+ *apt] ,i ref] at l5g? to ^? oil regions :i* come )9 ! limits ( a *apt]1 8,petroleum 9 ! ,briti% ,empire03 !re is no ne$ at ! mom5t to make ref]5ce to !m "h4 ,space does n p]mit my ev5 briefly t\*+ ^u ! _m o!r oil regions ( ! _w :i* are n[ be+ successfully op]at$2 x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 z "t goes on t _! numb] w be mat]ially increas$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,h[ ,,petroleum ,,is ,,produc$ ,"t 0 :5 ! eng9e]+ aspect ( ! production ( petroleum 0 practically non-exi/5t4 ,! anci5ts1 & ev5 ^? ( ! la/ c5tury1 7 cont5t to resort to ! mo/ primitive means = w9n+ petroleum f ! e>?4 ,%all[ wells 7 sunk or dug by h&1 ! ev5tual secur+ ( ! oil be+ c>ri$ out by l[]+ primitive receptacles 7g5]ally lea!r bottles7 into ! hole4 ,x 0 a p]iod long be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,oil ,age1 & ! me?ods employ$ 7 cle>ly 9 keep+ ) ! mode ( life ( t day4 ,9 practically e oil-produc+ field ( ! _w--?\gh 9 ?is respect ! ,unit$ ,/ates is almo/ an exception--! hi/ory records ! fact t = _m ye>s ! extraction ( oil f ! gr\nd 0 conf9$ to ! use ( ! primitive me?ods :i* held sway 9 ^? days--^? associat$ ) ! op]ations ( ! h&-dug wells4 ,9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 notably 9 ,japan1 we f9d ! fir/ s]i\s attempts to obta9 & utilize petroleum1 = z f> back z ,a4,d4 #fae1 !re 7 %all[ wells 9 exi/5ce1 f :i* ! 8burn+ wat]10 z x 0 call$1 0 collect$4 ,9 ,r\mania & ,russia1 too1 ! e>li] attempts to create a petroleum indu/ry 7 conf9$ to ^! me?ods4 ,x 0 only :5 ! dem& = petroleum became l>ge & consi/5tly increas$ ) ! op5+ up ( new fields1 t we f9d o!r & m practical me?ods 7 introduc$ = w9n+ l>g] quantities ( ! oil f ! e>?4 ,to-day1 9 e bran* ( ! indu/ry associat$ ) petroleum--:e!r x be 9 produc+ ! crude oil1 9 transport+ x1 or 9 ref9+ ,nature's product into ^? num]\s commodities :i* are "p & p>cel ( ev]yday life--! eng9e]+ aspect is "o ( v great importance4 ,9 fact1 ?r\gh\t ! petroleum indu/ry1 eng9e]+ sci5ce is ! ,alpha & ,omega4 ,by its means we are n[ able to c>efully /udy ! nature ( ! gr\nd at dep?s ( #f1jjj feet1 & to extract f ! deep ly+ /rata a weal? ( m9]als2 we are able1 too1 to transport ?\s&s ( tons ( crude oil daily across ?\s&s ( miles ( cont95t1 :ile is x n ! direct result ( eng9e]+ sci5ce :i* all[s ov] #ae1jjj tons ( petroleum products to be c>ri$ across ! oceans ( ! _w 9 "o vessel ) ! same ease t "o w\ld take a r[+ boat f "o side ( a lake to ano!r8 ,great1 h[ev]1 z h be5 ! degrees ( progress record$ 9 connection ) drill+ = petroleum1 ! old me?ods1 g5]ally speak+1 & :i* date back to ! days ( e>ly ,*9a1 are /ill l>gely copi$ 9 all pole & p]cussion sy/ems ( drill+1 & ?\gh /eam has replac$ manual lab\r 7& electricity n[ bids fair to replace /eam71 ! op]at+ pr9ciples to-day are ! same z !n4 ,! only exception1 ( c\rse1 is ! adv5t & gr[+ popul>ity ( ! rot>y me?od ( drill+1 to :i* int]e/+ phase ( ! subject ,i w briefly ref] lat]4 ,! old ,ea/]n me?od ( drill+ has obvi\sly be5 ! =]unn] ( ! ,canadian1 /&>d1 & o!r sy/ems ( to-day1 ! wire rope replac+ ! use ( poles4 ,9 oil-field "w1 ! pr9cipal types ( p]cussion drills us$ are kn[n 7#a7 z ! ,p5nsylvanian cable1 7#b7 ! ,canadian pole1 & 7#c7 ! ,russian free-fall sy/em1 & ?\gh f "t to "t _m attempts h be5 made to introduce modifications ( ^!1 ! va/ majority h be5 unsuccessful 9 _! op]ation4 ,! ,p5nsylvanian cable sy/em 0 us$ = drill+ ! e>lie/ oil-wells 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & d\btless took its "n f ! fact t x 0 s l>gely us$ 9 t oil region4 ,z may also be ga!r$ f ! "n1 ! pr9cipal feature 9 ?is sy/em is ! cable by :i* ! tools are susp5d$ & connect$ to ! walk+ beam4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is sy/em ( drill+1 :i* has be5 s univ]sally us$ 9 ! oil-fields1 gives mo/ satisfactory results4 ,:5 fir/ introduc$ 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ! cable sy/em ( drill+ 0 p>ticul>ly simple1 & did rem>kably good "w1 = ! reason t ! /rata usually enc\nt]$ 0 ( su* a nature t x did n cave1 &1 z a result1 ! well-pipe 0 only l[]$ :5 ! full dep? ( t /r+ _h be5 drill$4 ,! drill+ bits 7 seldom m ?an #d in*es ?ick4 ,9 ord] to give a rot>y motion to ! bit1 ! cont9u\s twi/+ ( ! cable to & fro 0 necess>y2 b :5 9 o!r fields1 :]e deep] /rata _h to be explor$1 ! cable sy/em 0 introduc$1 ! semi-s&y nature ( ! /rata call$ = wells ( l>g] diamet] ) correspond+ly l>g] drill+ bits4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! additional weight ( ! drill+ bit1 x 0 f\nd t ! sw+ ( ! tools 0 suffici5t to give !m a rotat+ movem5t = ! drill+ ( a circul> hole4 ,9 regions :]e cav+-9 ( ! walls ( ! wells 0 liable to occur1 ! /r+ ( pipe _h to closely foll[ ! tools1 :i*1 ) ! old ,p5nsylvanian type ( rig1 meant frequ5t w9d+ ( ! cable f ! bull :eel1 s z to all[ ( ! well pipes be+ h&l$4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! wa/e ( "t :i* ^! op]ations occasion$1 ! calf :eel 0 add$1 by means ( :i* ! pipe c\ld be l[]$ into ! hole )\t ! removal ( ! drill+ cable4 ,?is cable almo/ inv>iably 0 ( ! ,manila "*1 & 9 _m in/ances ?is rope is reta9$ to-day1 ?\gh wire ropes h be5 introduc$ frequ5tly4 ,! ,canadian pole sy/em1 :i* is l>gely 9 use 9 oil-field op]ations1 is1 l ! fir/-m5tion$ me?od ( drill+1 ( ! p]cussion type1 ! *ief ess5tial diff]5ce be+ t1 in/ead ( a cable connect+ ! tools to ! surface1 poles are us$4 ,9 =m] times1 ^! poles 7 ( a%-wood1 b ) ! ext5d$ use ( ! sy/em1 iron rods took _! place4 ,! introduction ( ^! iron rods 0 a di/9ct advantage1 = !y c\ld be weld$ to :atev] l5g?s are requir$1 :]eas ! wood5 poles1 :i* 7 seldom m ?an #bj feet long1 _h to be splic$ = practical "w4 ,! rig us$ ) ! ,canadian sy/em is n s p[]ful z t = ! ,p5nsylvanian me?od1 b ! "o great advantage ( ! ,canadian sy/em is t1 = ! drill+ ( %all[ oil-wells1 x c\ld be op]at$ by m5 ( less exp]i5ce4 ,! success :i* has att5d$ ! op]ation ( ! pole sy/em lies 9 ! fact t al?\gh drill+ by its means is v sl[--= seldom is #bej feet p] mon? exce$$--x is "o ( ! be/ me?ods ( drill+ ?r\gh complicat$ /rata1 &1 9 ! h&s ( consci5ti\s m51 does highly satisfactory "w4 ,x might be ( int]e/ to v briefly ref] to ! op]ations ( ! sy/em :5 a well is be+ drill$4 ,! rig 7t is1 ! sup]/ructure above gr\nd7 is q a simple fram+1 #gj or m feet high1 ) a base ( ab\t #bj feet4 ,! p[] is usually d]iv$ f a /eam eng9e1 ) ! usual means = op]at+ ! ge> f ! d]rick2 fuel f\nd locally1 natural gas1 or o!r =m ( heat+ ag5t us$4 ,"o %aft & two spools runn+ 9 be>+s transmit ! v>i\s motions desir$1 ! drive be+ tak5 up by a pulley atta*$ to ! ma9 %aft4 ,on ?is %aft are key$ two b& pulleys1 :i* communicate by belt+ ) two spools runn+ imm$iately ov]head 9 ! upp] "p ( ! framework4 ,fa/5$ to "o extremity ( ! ma9 %aft is a disc crank1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a connect+ rod1 transmits an oscillat+ movem5t to an ov]head pivot$ walk+ beam4 ,9 all sy/ems ( p]cussion drill+1 ! drill+ bit is rais$ & !n dropp$ a di/ance ( sev]al feet1 ! result be+ t ! /rata to be drill$ are /eadily p\nd$ away4 ,z ! gr\nd is pulv]iz$ by ! p]cussion tools1 ! debris has to be cle>$ away s z to enable ! drill to fall freely & to deliv] clean bl[s to ! unbrok5 /rata1 & ?is "w is p]=m$ by appliances kn[n z bail]s & s& pumps4 ,!re is no ne$ = me to g into ! num]\s te*nical details reg>d+ ?is or any o!r sy/em ( drill+1 = my only desire is to give a g5]al impression z to ! usual me?ods adopt$ = ! w9n+ ( petroleum4 ,i w !re=e pass on to deal briefly ) ! ,russian free-fall sy/em s mu* 9 vogue 9 ! ,russian fields4 ,incid5tally1 ,i may "h say t :5 drill+ = oil 9 ,russia1 "o has to recollect sev]al features :i* are n common to ! developm5t ( o!r oil-fields4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! great dep? to :i* wells h to be sunk to rea* ! prolific oil horizons 9 ! majority ( ! fields 9 ,russia1 :i* necessitates />t+ ! well ) a v l>ge diamet]--frequ5tly #cj in*es--x w be easily appreciat$ t ! loss ( a hole 9 ! c\rse ( drill+ is a v exp5sive affair4 ,! ,russian free-fall sy/em ( bor+ necessitates pati5t & h>d manual lab\r4 ,x is1 z its "n implies1 ( ! p]cussion type1 & is1 9 fact1 a modifi$ pole-tool sy/em :i* well suits ! local conditions4 ,! clumsy drill+ tools h a practically free drop1 be+ pick$ up :5 ! walk+ beam is at its l[e/ po9t1 & releas$ at ! top ( ! /roke4 ,:5 releas$1 ! tools naturally =ce _! way d[nw>ds 9 ! /rata1 & are releas$ only ) difficulty1 al?\gh 9 a measure ?is difficulty is m9imiz$ on acc\nt ( ! fact t ! "u-ream+ 7slightly enl>g+ ! diamet] ( ! hole7 is done simultane\sly ) ! drill+4 ,aft] a ,russian well has be5 />t$ by means ( a slip-hook susp5d$ f a haulage rope1 & a dep? ( "s #cj feet obta9$1 ! free-fall is add$ to ! /r+ ( tools4 ,?is free-fall is compos$ ( two sep>ate p>ts--! rod & ! body--& ^! are held toge!r by means ( a w$ge work+ 9 v]tical slots cut 9 ! sides ( ! body4 ,9 op]at+ ! free-fall1 ! h&les1 fix$ to ! temp] screw1 are held by ! drill]4 ,on ! d[nw>d /roke ^! are pu%$ =w>d f "r to left1 b z soon z ! d[nw>d /roke is complet$1 !y are quickly pull$ backw>ds4 ,! /eel w$ge ent]s ! recess & ! tools are c>ri$ to ! top ( ! /roke1 :]e1 by a quick =w>d j]k1 ! w$ge is ?r[n cle> ( ! recess1 & ! tools drop freely1 ! mom5tum ( ! /r+ ( tools driv+ ! drill+ bit deep] into ! hole4 ,aft] sev]al feet ( ! hole are drill$1 ! tools h to be )drawn 9 ord] to all[ ! pulv]iz$ mass ( debris to be cle>$ away1 :ile1 ow+ to ! cav+ nature ( ! /rata1 x is necess>y to case ! well z drill+ proce$s4 ,z ,i h said1 ! sy/em is v cumb]some1 b1 9 ! h&s ( exp]i5c$ m51 x does its "w well1 if b sl[ly4 ,!re are _m cases on record :]e1 :5 ! well has assum$ a consid]able dep?1 x has be5 completely spoil$ by ! c>elessness ( ! op]ators1 b1 m (t5 ?an n1 ?is has be5 delib]ate1 = ! ,caucasian oil-field work] has _m grievances1 admitt$ly m or less imag9>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,! 8,,oilwell0 ,,heavy ,,rot>y ,,outfit1 ,,%[+ ,,r+ ,,& ,,w$ge 7,,on ,,left-,,h& ,,side ,,( ,,=egr\nd7 ,,to ,,grip ,,! ,,cas+ ,dur+ rec5t ye>s1 ! rot>y me?od ( drill+ has be5 successfully adopt$1 & x is 9 reg>d to ?is revolution>y me?od ( spe$y drill+ t ,i w n[ t\* ^u4 ,! rot>y me?od ( drill+ made its db 9 ,texas "s f\rte5 ye>s ago1 & s9ce !n x is n any exagg]ation to say t ne>ly #bj1jjj wells = oil h be5 drill$ ) ! sy/em1 :i* has f\nd popul>ity 9 all ! oil-fields ( ! _w4 ,its ma9 op]ation is simplicity itself3 a rigid /em ( heavy pipe rotates a fi%-tail drill+ bit at ! bottom ( ! hole1 cutt+ & /irr+ up ! =mation to be drill$4 ,x cuts its way ?r\gh ! und]gr\nd =mations1 mu* 9 ! same way z a screw :5 rotat$ =ces its way ?r\gh wood4 ,x is ! ess5ce ( spe$ 9 drill+1 =1 unlike ! necess>y pr9ciples to be adopt$ 9 ! p]cussion me?ods ( drill+1 ! rot>y drill does n h to be lift$ f ! hole = ! purposes ( cle>+4 ,! pulv]iz$ /rata are cont9u\sly wa%$ f ! hole by a /ream ( wat] rea*+ ! bottom ( ! drill4 ,v frequ5tly1 a pressure-f$ mud is us$1 & ?is s]ves a d\ble purpose1 = 9 its return to ! surface x t5ds to pla/] ! walls ( ! well4 ,! mud em]ges 9 /reams ( high velocity f ! two ap]tures 9 ! drill+ bit 7= 9 its d[nw>d c\rse x is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! drill+ pipe or /em71 b naturally loses ?is velocity consid]ably 9 its return to ! surface4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v easy to detect ! k9d ( /ratum be+ drill$ ?r\gh f ! return$ cutt+s1 ^! rea*+ ! surface b a few m9utes aft] ! drill+ bit has ent]$ ! =mation4 ,f "t to "t v>i\s grievances h be5 v5tilat$ aga9/ ?is improv$ sy/em ( bor+ = petroleum1 b to-day its adoption is _w-wide1 & by its use wells :i*1 ) ! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( drill+ w\ld take _m mon?s if n two or ?ree ye>s1 are n[ got d[n to ! produc+ horizons 9 b a few weeks4 ,x is1 9 fact1 solely due to ! ev]-increas+ use ( ! rot>y drill t ! univ]sally increas$ dem&s = petroleum products h be5 met by an ev]-increas+ production ( ! crude oil4 ,leav+ ! "q ( drill+ me?ods1 ,i _c fail to m5tion ! int]e/+ fact t 9 oil-field op]ations progress is n[ be+ record$ 9 ano!r direction1 & t is by ! increas+ utilization ( electrical p[] 9 ! place ( /eam4 ,at ! "t ( writ+1 x is safe to say t fully #fj p] c5t4 ( ! p[] requirem5ts on ! oil-fields is provid$ = by /eam plants1 ) _! att5dant wa/e4 ,oil & gas eng9es1 ) _! great] effici5cy1 may claim to be op]at$ to an ext5t ( #ce p] c5t41 :ile n m ?an #e p] c5t4 ( ! requirem5ts are satisfi$ by ! use ( electric motors4 ,!re is no d\bt t prejudice has _h a deal to d ) ! v m9imiz$ use ( electrical p[] on ! oil-fields 9 ! pa/1 b ?is is be+ gradually swept aside1 &1 9 ! next few ye>s1 ,i h no d\bt t bo? electrical manufactur]s & ! petroleum indu/ry g5]ally w mat]ially b5efit f ! use ( ?is *eap & v economical =m ( p[]4 ,9 ! pa/1 _m disa/r\s oil-field conflagrations h be5 due solely to ! use ( op5-fir$ eng9es 9 close proximity to ! wells1 b ) ! use ( electrical en]gy ?is fire dang] w be rapidly remov$4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt]1 ,i w\ld say a ^w or two ) respect to ! br++ into ! produc+ /age ( ! oil-wells :5 once !y h be5 drill$4 ,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( oil-held developm5ts1 x 0 n infrequ5t to f9d ! crude oil eject$ f ! well by natural pressure1 b to-day x is ! exception to f9d ^? oil-f\nta9s :i* h made ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,russian oil-fields s fam\s4 ,9 _m ( ! fields1 explosives are us$ to promote ! fl[ ( oil1 & :5 ! well 8comes 90 to production1 ! ord9>y me?ods ( bail+ or pump+ are resort$ to4 ,compress$ air is also us$ = br++ ab\t & su/a9+ production4 ,! quantity ( air & ! p]iods ( admission naturally v>y ) ! diamet]s ( ! wells1 ! am\nt ( gas pres5t1 ! level ( ! liquid1 etc41 :i* latt] also det]m9es ! pressure ( air necess>y4 ,! natural exhau/ion ( oil-wells c obvi\sly h no rem$y1 b areas convey+ t impression c (t5 be reviv$ by me?ods1 ! /udy ( :i* is be+ c>efully cont9u$4 ,z ,i write1 ,i f9d t ! (ficials ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,m9es1 :o h be5 /udy+ ?is "q ( exhau/ion1 h arriv$ at ! conclusion t f #bj to z mu* z #ij p] c5t4 ( ! crude oil rema9s 9 ! /rata tapp$ by ! well1 ev5 :5 x is ab&on$ z no long] capable ( pr(itable production4 ,?is conclusion op5s up :at may prove "s day to be a mo/ int]e/+ *apt] 9 oil-field hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,ref9+ ,,( ,,petroleum ,inasmu* z ! aim ( ?is little volume is to int]e/ o!r ?an ^? :o are directly associat$ ) ! petroleum indu/ry1 ,i %all endeav\r 9 ?is *apt] to ref] to ! ref9+ ( petroleum 9 a mann] :i* %all be readily und]/ood by ! read]1 & %all1 :]ev] possible1 refra9 f ent]+ into ^? highly te*nical matt]s :i* d n l5d !mselves to popul> expression4 ,! ref9+ ( crude oil z x is produc$ f ! e>?1 consi/s 9 ! classification ( its v>i\s hydroc>bons by means ( fractional di/illation1 into ! v>i\s products :i* s l>gely ent] into our comm]cial & dome/ic life ( to-day4 ,! ref9$ products1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are receiv$ by di/illation1 are3 motor _s1 illum9at+ oils1 sol> oils1 lubricat+ oils1 fuel oils1 residuum1 etc4--! fir/ m5tion$ be+ ! lighte/ & ! la/ ! heavie/ 9 specific gravity4 ,almo/ simultane\sly ) ! discov]y ( petroleum1 !re sprung up ! fir/ attempts to ref9e ,nature's product1 & ?\gh ^! e>ly exp]im5ts 7 ( a mo/ primitive "*1 !y d\btless s]v$ _! purpose admirably4 ,9 ?is respect1 probably ! mo/ primitive oil ref9]y 9 ! _w 0 built ne> ! ,tigris1 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,crude petroleum v>ies 9 its "*1 = :ile c]ta9 crudes are pale 9 col\r & almo/ transp>5t1 o!rs are almo/ black & viscid4 ,"s1 inde$1 w\ld appe> to h und]gone a c\rse ( ref9+ by ,nature itself1 = 9 "s fields ! crude oil w freely burn 9 lamps )\t any ref9+ treatm5t3 9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 h[ev]1 ! crude oil1 z )drawn f ! produc+ wells1 repres5ts a liquid some:at l molt5 t>4 ,! *emical composition ( petroleum consi/s ess5tially ( c>bon & hydrog51 toge!r ) oxyg5 & v>y+ am\nts ( nitrog5 & sulphur4 ,! crude f ,p5nsylvania--& ?is is ! f9e/ crude 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--consi/s *iefly ( a l>ge numb] ( hydroc>bons ( ! p>aff9 s]ies1 :il/ 9 ! ,russian petroleums1 ! pr$om9ant con/itu5ts are naph!nes or polyme?yl5es4 ,!n ! crude petroleum ( ! ,dut* ,indies & ,burmah is ( a diff]5t "* f t f\nd else:]e1 = 9 x aromatic hydroc>bons are l>gely pres5t4 ,! v>i\s s]ies ( hydroc>bons f\nd 9 crude oils--! p>aff9s & naph!nes--readily l5d !mselves to conv]sion into o!r comp\nds ( c>bon & hydrog5 by dissociation1 & ?is conv]sion produces comp\nds ( high] volatility1 su* z motor spirits1 etc4 ,:5 ! comp\nds ( hydrog5 & c>bon are submitt$ to di/illation1 c]ta9 *emical *anges occur1 z ! result ( :i* o!r s]ies ( hydroc>bons are =m$1 &1 ?\gh x is n my int5tion "h to dive into ?is comp>atively new realm ( *emical inve/igation1 x is int]e/+ to m5tion t1 by c>ry+ ! treatm5t ( ! comp\nds /ill fur!r1 x is possible to obta9 aromatic hydroc>bons1 includ+ tr9itrotolu5e 7g5]ally kn[n z ! explosive ,t4,n4,t471 9 addition to v>i\s dye products4 ,9 ! e>li] me?ods ( ref9+1 ! /ills usually consi/$ ( a v]tical cyl9d] 9 :i* ! *>ge ( crude oil 0 di/ill$ almo/ to dryness1 b ?is me?od 0 completely revolutioniz$ _m ye>s ago1 especially 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ! introduction & imm$iate success ( a pr9ciple kn[n z ! 8crack+0 process1 & by ! sep>ation ( ! di/illation into two portions1 "o = ! removal ( ! m volatile con/itu5ts 9 ! crude oil 7su* z motor _s7 & ! o!r = ! treatm5t ( ! heavi] products4 ,,crude ,,oil ,,fractional ,,di/illation ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,crude ,naph?a ,heavy ,crude ,natural ------------- ,cyl9d] ,/ock ,naph?a ,lamp ,oil ,lubricat+ ,/eam ,di/illation ,di/illate ,/eam ,di/illation ,di/illate ------------- ------------ ,acid ,clay -------- ,treatm5t ,cold ,press+ ,p]colation ,gasol9e ,bottoms ,bottoms --------- ---------- ------------ ,naph?a ------------ ,sludge ,slack ,wax ------------- ,di/illate ,naph?a ,press$ ------------ ,di/illate --------- ,sweat+ ,lub'g ,di/4 ------------ ,w ,w ,oil ,process ------------- ,acid ,treatm5t --------- --------- ---------- --------------- ,foots ,asphalt ,sludge ,deodoriz$ ,oil ---------- ,naph?a ,cyl9d] -------------- ,oil ,crude ---------- ,p>aff9 ,wax ,fractional -------------- ,di/illation ,clay ------------ ,p]colation ------------ ----------- -------------- ,gas ,fuel ,neutral ,oil ,/ock ,oil ,/ock ,asphalt ------------ ----------- -------------- ,p>aff9 ,wax ,clay -------------- ,p]colation ------------- ,asphalt ------------- ,neutral ,oil ------------- ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,! ,,products ,,( ,,petroleum ,,by ,,fractional ,,di/illation ,i w fir/ deal ) ! me?od ( ref9+ kn[n z ! 8/raight0 process1 or ! process :i* does n involve 8crack+40 ,at "o "t1 ! ref9] _h to consid] ! saleability ( 8 ref9$ products be=e he comm5c$ to ref9e !m1 b to-day1 ) ! p]fect sy/em :i* prevails = ! h&l+ ( huge quantities ( ref9$ products1 & ! transport+ ( !m to ! mo/ di/ant m>kets1 ! "o desire ( ! ref9] is1 naturally1 to secure f 8 treatm5t ( ! crude oil1 z _m ref9$ products z possible1 always keep+ an eye on ! production ( ! l>ge/ quantities ( ! high] pric$ products ?an ^u ^? :i* are ( l[ value4 ,! process ( ref9+ to be appli$ to any p>ticul> oil naturally dep5ds ^u its composition z %[n by analysis4 ,x may be t ! crude oil to be treat$1 ap>t f conta9+ a small p]c5tage ( di/illates ) a l[ boil+ po9t 7motor _s71 is pr9cipally made up ( residues ( little value except z fuel1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 x may be t ! crude oil is ( high quality & conta9s all possible products4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! process ( di/illation is brief1 & ! plant inexp5sive1 z comp>$ ) ! l5g?y process ( full ref9+ necessitat$ 9 ! latt] case4 ,! ref9+ op]ations consi/ ( ?ree di/9ct bran*es3 7#a7 ! di/illation1 7#b7 ! extract+ ( p>aff9 & ref9+1 & 7#c7 ! *emical treatm5t4 ,:5 only a small p]c5tage ( ! l[ boil+ fractions has to be remov$ f ! crude oil1 ! process is kn[n z 8topp+10 & a conv5i5t =m ( app>atus = ! purpose is ! t[] /ill4 ,?is consi/s ( a v]tical cyl9d] fitt$ ) p]=at$ plates re/+ at int]vals on pipes ?r\gh :i* sup]heat$ /eam travels4 ,! pipes s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( convey+ ! /eam to its inlet & ( heat+ ! oil to be di/ill$4 ,! /eam1 on ent]+ ! cyl9d]1 asc5ds1 meet+ ! crude oil1 z x desc5ds f plate to plate 9 a regulat$ /ream1 & c>ry+ ) x to ! outlet ! light fractions :i* ! op]ation is int5d$ to remove4 ,,crude ,,oil ,,crack+ ,,di/illation ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,crude ,naph?a --------- ,natural ,crack$ ,di/illate ,t> ,crude ,lamp ,oil ,/eam ,di/illation ,heavy ,di/illate ,/eam ,di/illation ,mild ,crack+ ,naph?a ,di/illation ----------------------- -------- ,acid ,treatm5t ------------------ ----------------------------- ,gasol9e ,bottoms --------- --------- ------------ ------------ ,crude ,te/ ------------ ---------- ,coke ,naph?a ,/eam ,sludge ,lamp ,naph?a ,crack$ ,crack$ ,wax ,di/illate ,di/illation ,oil --------- ,di/illate ,di/illate ,tail+s ------------ ------------ ------------ ---------- ---------- ,acid ,acid ,treatm5t ,treatm5t ,acid ---------------------- ------------ ,bottoms ,treatm5t ,p>aff9 ,di/illate ------------- ,naph?a --------- ---------------------- ,di/illate ----------- ,sludge ------------ ,sludge ,cold ,press+ ------------ ,sep>at$ ---------- ,sludge ,deodoriz$ by boil+ ,gasol9e ------------ ----------------- ,naph?a ) wat] ,/ock ,treat$ ------------ ---------- ,te/ ,slack ,press$ ,p>aff9 ----------- ,di/illate ,wax ,di/illate ,/eam ------------ ----------- ,acid ,di/illation ,sweat+ ,fractional ,weak ,oil ,fractional ,process ,di/illation ,sulphuric -------- ,di/illation ,acid -------------- ----------- ,gasol9e ,bottoms --------------- ,fractional ------------ ----------- ,di/illation ------------ ---------- ,gas ,fuel ,p>aff9 ,/&>d ,gas & ,oil ,/ock ,oil ,/ock ---------- ,:ite ,fuel ,oil ------------ ----------- ,di/illate ,/ock ,acid ,oil ,asphalt ------------ ---------- -------- ,di/illate ,acid ,treatm5t ,foots ,acid ,oil ,treatm5t ------------------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ,sludge ,crude ,/&>d ,:ite ,oil ,p>aff9 ---------- ,sludge -------------------- ,wax ,p>aff9 ---------- ,oil ---------- ,clay ,p]colation ---------- ,asphalt -------------- ,p>aff9 ,wax -------------- ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,! ,,products ,,( ,,petroleum ,,obta9$ ,,by ,,! 8,,crack+0 ,,process ,a few ye>s ago1 a ,cali=nian *emi/ inv5t$ an improvem5t ( ! pr9ciples ( maximum heat+ & evaporat+ surfaces4 ,8 "n 0 ,trumble1 & ! process is kn[n z ! ,trumble process4 ,! crude oil is heat$ to ! desir$ temp]ature 9 pipes or retorts set 9 a prim>y furnace1 ! hot gases ( combu/ion f :i* are utiliz$ to heat ! di/illation *amb] prop]4 ,ent]+ ! v]tical cyl9d] at ! top1 ! oil is spread ov] & ?r\gh p]=at$ plates fall+ on a cone-%ap$ plate to div]t ! cont9u\s /ream ( oil to ! sides ( ! /ill1 d[n :i* x fl[s 9 a ?9 film4 ,o!r conical plates1 arrang$ at int]vals und]nea?1 ma9ta9 ! fl[ 9 ! desir$ *annel until x rea*es ! outlet at ! bottom4 ,:5 #fj or #gj p] c5t4 7compris+ ! motor _s s]ies1 ! k]os5es1 & p]haps ! int]m$iate fractions7 are to be remov$1 x is common practice to di/il ! crude oil 9 a s]ies ( /ills1 cyl9drical 9 %ape1 connect$ cont9u\sly4 ,! be/-kn[n sy/em is t pat5t$ #ce ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,h5d]son1 ( ! ,broxburn ,oil ,company1 ,ltd41 = ! di/illation ( %ale oil1 & s9ce adopt$ by _m ref9]s ( petroleum4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 ! crude oil fl[s f a *>g+ tank by gravity ?r\gh a pre-heat]1 heat$ by ! passage1 f ! second or o!r /ill1 ( di/illates ( suitable temp]ature1 & !nce into ! fir/ /ill4 ,"h x is rais$ to di/illation temp]ature1 & ! specific gravity ( ! di/illate !refrom fix$4 ,! fe$ ( ! crude oil is con/ant1 ! residue =m$ 9 ! /ill pass+ ?r\gh a connection at ! bottom into ! second /ill 9 ! s]ies1 at ! top1 & l$ f back to front s t ! inlet & outlet %all be z f> ap>t z possible4 ,x is "h rais$ to a high] temp]ature1 yield+ a di/illate ( high] specific gravity1 ! residue pass+ on to ! next /ill1 & s on ?r\gh ! s]ies ( /ills until x rea*es ! po9t :]e all ! motor _s 7or b5z9e1 z x is call$71 k]os5e1 & ! int]m$iate di/illates are remov$4 ,! di/illates obta9$ f ! ref9+ ( ! crude are usually purifi$ by treatm5t successively ) sulphuric acid & solution ( cau/ic soda1 ?is process ( *emical treatm5t be+ necess>y be=e ! products are fit = ! m>ket4 ,! 8crack+0 process ( di/illation briefly consi/s 9 di/ill+ ! oils at a temp]ature high] ?an ! normal boil+ po9ts ( ! con/itu5ts x is desir$ to decompose1 &1 9 practice1 ! result is t ! heavi] oils are turn$ into light] hydroc>bons ( l[] boil+ po9ts3 ?us ! yield ( ! m valuable ( ! ref9$ products is mat]ially increas$4 ,! 8crack+0 process1 :i* v l>gely obta9s to-day1 0 q accid5tally discov]$ by a small ref9] 9 ,am]ica _m ye>s ago4 ,! man 9 *>ge ( ! /ill left x ) ! int5tion ( return+ v %ortly4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 abs5t = sev]al h\rs1 & to 8 dismay f\nd t2 z ! result ( 8 neglect 9 att5d+ to ! /ill1 a v light col\r$ di/illate ( mu* l[] d5sity ?an t :i* x 0 usual to obta91 0 issu+ f ! cond5s]4 ,^u inve/igation1 x 0 f\nd t a portion ( ! di/illate _h cond5s$ ^u ! upp] "p ( ! /ill1 :i* 0 cool]1 & _h dropp$ back into ! /ill1 :]e ! temp]ature 0 suffici5t to produce products ( a l[] boil+ po9t--c]ta9ly a di/9ct improvem5t4 ,z may be imag9$1 ?is 8crack+0 process does n comm5ce until ! light] products ( di/illation h be5 remov$1 & is n[ s popul> because by its use a great] yield c be obta9$ ( ^? m valuable products = :i* !re is an ev]-increas+ dem&4 ,x is unnecess>y "h to ent] into ^? v>i\s improvem5ts :i* h be5 introduc$ f "t to "t1 all ( :i* h z _! aim ! production ( l>g] quantities ( ref9$ oils1 & x w\ld likewise be invidi\s to enum]ate ev5 ! m popul> sci5ti/s to ^: en]gies mu* ( ! result+ progress has be5 due1 = ! simple reason t x has ev] be5 ! aim ( ! petroleum *emi/ to turn 8 abilities 9 ! direction indicat$4 ,z may be imag9$1 ! indu/ry ( petroleum ref9+ has _h to adapt itself to ! alt]$ conditions ( to-day4 ,= in/ance1 prior to ! adv5t ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 :i* n[ is responsible = su* a wide application ( motor _s1 ! dem& = ?is1 ! lighte/ product ( petroleum di/illation1 0 non-exi/5t4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 su* _s 0 produc$1 !re 0 no m>ket = x1 & its production repres5t$ %e] loss to ! ref9]s4 ,bo? 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ & 9 ,russia1 we h examples ( ! enorm\s loss :i* accru$ to ! ref9]s by reason ( !re be+ no m>ket = ?is highly inflammable product4 ,9 ! ,f> ,ea/]n fields1 9 p>ticul>1 ?is loss 0 v heavy1 = 9 ! e>li] days ( its op]ations1 ! 8,%ell0 ,company _h to remove ?\s&s ( tons ( ?is n[ valuable motor _s f its ref9]ies & burn x 9 ! op5 fields4 ,! successful introduction ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 h[ev]1 completely *ang$ ! aspect ( petroleum ref9+1 & ! desire became g5]al1 n to see h[ little motor _s c\ld be produc$1 b to p]fect me?ods by :i* ! yield ( ! b5z5e s]ies ( hydroc>bons %\ld be z l>ge z possible4 ,ev5 to-day progress is /ill be+ record$ 9 ?is direction1 & ea* ,am]ican ref9] is vy+ ) 8 neighb\r z to h[ f> t output ( gasol9e1 z x is !re call$1 c be increas$4 ,_m & v>i$ are ! means :i* h be5 resort$ to = ?is purpose1 b mo/ ( !m h ref]5ce to improvem5ts 9 ! processes = ref9+ ! crude oil4 ,"o1 h[ev]1 is wor?y ( be+ m5tion$ 9 ?is little treatise1 inasmu* z x deals ) q ano!r aspect ( ! problem ( increas$ motor _s supply4 ,z ,i h m5tion$ 9 ano!r *apt]1 enorm\s quantities ( natural gas exude f ! oil-wells1 & ?is 9 ! pa/ has be5 = ! mo/ "p all[$ to g to wa/e 9 ! air1 caus+ an ev]-pres5t dang] to oil-field op]ations on acc\nt ( its liability to ignite4 ,be+ heavi] ?an ! air itself1 = x is impregnat$ ) oil gases1 x rema9s = long p]iods 9 ! l[] air /rata1 &1 consequ5tly1 n infrequ5tly1 has be5 ! direct cause ( great oil-field fires4 ,?is gas--cas+-head gas1 z x is t]m$--comes f ! oil-wells betwe5 ! cas+ & ! tub+1 &1 9 ! case ( num]\s wells1 ! fl[ is rem>kable1 "s wells giv+ =? #cjj1jjj cubic feet ( gas e #bd h\rs1 & ! only useful purpose t ?is vap\r has s]v$ until rec5t ye>s has be5 to light sev]al t[ns situat$ comp>atively ne> to ! oil-produc+ fields4 ,! great volume ( ! gas1 h[ev]1 has be5 all[$ to g to wa/e4 ,b exp]im5ts h prov$ t ! gas is capable ( cond5sation into motor _s1 & ! g5]al yield ( su* _s may be tak5 z fully #b gallons p] #a1jjj cubic feet ( natural gas treat$4 ,:at wond]ful possibilities lie 9 ! direction ( ! conv]sion ( ?is vap\r into motor _s6 ,! oil-produc]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h n be5 sl[ to appreciate ?is1 & to-day !re are hundr$s ( plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* h be5 erect$ solely to cond5se ^! oil-well gas vap\rs4 ,"s ( ^! plants are deal+ ) z mu* z #c1jjj1jjj cubic feet ( gas a day4 ,! mo/ rec5t (ficial returns available f ! ,unit$ ,/ates %[ t ! production ( gasol9e 7motor _s7 f ?is process ( oil gas cond5sation is1 approximately1 #aej1jjj1jjj gallons p] annum1 & ev5 ?is sub/antial figure is be+ /eadily increas$4 ,!re is also ano!r phase ( ! oil-ref9+ indu/ry :i*1 dur+ rec5t ye>s1 has mat]ially alt]$4 ,i ref] to ! production ( sol> oil dur+ di/illation4 ,x is an apt say+ t we c sc>cely look to any section ( our comm]cial or dome/ic life )\t be+ confront$ ) ! fact t oil products play "s "p !re93 !re are few1 h[ev]1 :o1 )\t reflection1 w\ld agree t :5 !y light _! gas !y are dep5d5t ^u petroleum = mu* ( ! light ! gas gives4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 a fact1 z ,i w proce$ to %[4 ,_m ye>s ago1 ! oil ref9]s 9 ,baku 7 confront$ ) a problem :i* appe>$ = "s "t to be insurm\ntable4 ,aft] ! di/illation ( _! k]os5e1 or illum9at+ oil1 & be=e !y c\ld comm5ce to take (f ! lubricat+ oil fractions1 !re 0 an int]m$i>y product :i*1 :ile be+ ( no use = lamp oil1 did n possess ! necess>y con/itu5ts ( viscosity to make x acceptable z a lubricant4 ,x 0 a fairly dec5t volume ( some?+ = :i* !re 0 no m>ket at ! "t4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made1 & ) ^! ! "n ( ,dr4 ,paul ,dvorkovitz w ev] be associat$1 & x 0 f\nd t by ! passage ( a curr5t ( gas ov] ! surface ( ?is int]m$iate product1 ! gas caught up z x 7 a ri*ness :i* mat]ially increas$ ! light+ p[] ( ! gas4 ,to cut a long1 b highly int]e/+1 /ory %ort1 ?is sol> or gas oil 0 subsequ5tly introduc$ by ,dr4 ,dvorkovitz to ,engl& = gas enri*m5t purposes1 & ! ext5t ( its employm5t to-day may be judg$ f ! fact t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom regul>ly imports betwe5 #fj1jjj1jjj & #gj1jjj1jjj gallons p] annum = ! enri*m5t ( ! coal gas :i* f9ds useful employm5t 9 practically e home ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,z is kn[n1 ! gas companies h to produce gas ( a c]ta9 light+ quality1 & x is 9 ! uphold+ ( ! light+ /r5g? ( ! gas t sol> oil to-day plays s important a "p4 ,at fir/1 ! oil came almo/ exclusively f ,russia1 b n[ ! competition f ! ,unit$ ,/ates has secur$ = our ,am]ican fri5ds ! va/ bulk ( ! trade1 :i*1 z ,i h %[n1 has rea*$ enorm\s proportions4 ,sol> oil is also l>gely utiliz$ = ! production ( ref9$ p]fum]y oils1 :i* are q col\rless & inodor\s1 :ile ! f9e/ quality is us$ 9 ph>macy & kn[n z p>aff9um liquidum1 & is 9 mu* dem&1 b 9 ?is connection x is ! ,russian petroleums t h ga9$ di/9ction4 ,x 0 held = _m ye>s t su* ta/eless & col\rless oils c\ld n be produc$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates petroleums1 b f ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,european ,w>1 & ! consequ5t closure ( ,russia's export port1 :]eby all ov]seas trade 9 ,russian petroleums 0 held up1 mu* progress 0 made 9 ! manufacture ( ta/eless m$ic9al petroleums 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 su* articles hav+ n[ become popul> ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies made dur+ rec5t ye>s has be5 ! f9d+ ( l>ge quantities ( toluol 9 petroleum4 ,?is article is necess>y = ! manufacture ( high explosives4 ,9 ,borneo heavy petroleum1 toluol exi/s to a v l>ge ext5t1 & x 0 its discov]y & consequ5t use by ! allies--?anks to ! (f] made to ! ,gov]nm5ts by ,sir ,m>cus ,samuel1 ,b>t4--t almo/ unlimit$ quantities ( high explosives 7 manufactur$4 ,vasel9e is ano!r useful commodity :i* is d]iv$ f ! ref9+ ( crude petroleum1 & ?is article is turn$ out ( ! ,am]ican ref9]ies z well z ^? ( ,russia & ,galicia1 9 l>ge quantities1 b1 beyond m5tion+ ?is fact1 no useful purpose w\ld "h be s]v$ by relat+ ! v>i\s processes employ$4 ,) ref]5ce to ! me?ods g5]ally adopt$ 9 ! ref9+ ( ! products f ! di/illation ( ! ,scotti% oil %ales1 ^! are briefly dealt ) 9 ! *apt] devot$ to ! ,scotti% oil indu/ry4 ,x is safe to say t ! pa/ two or ?ree decades h witness$ m>k$ progress 9 p]fect+ ! me?ods by :i* crude petroleums are ref9$ into ! innum]able common commodities ( comm]ce1 & x is d\btful :e!r 9 any bran* ( *emical rese>* !re has be5 su* conc]t$ en]gy %[n z 9 reg>d to ! ref9+ ( m9]al oils4 ,signs1 h[ev]1 are n want+ to %[ t ! z5i? ( ?is progress has by no means be5 rea*$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,transport ,,by ,,l& ,,& ,,sea ,! rem>kably p]fect me?ods by :i* petroleum & its products are transport$ by l& & sea be=e !y rea* ! consum] may n at fir/ sight appe> to be any?+ b commonplace1 b a mom5t's reflection w be suffici5t to sugge/ t a va/ & complete organization mu/ be requir$ 9 ord] t petroleum may be br\ght f practically ! ends ( ! e>? to ! consum] 9 ! mo/ remote village 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,b x is ! dem&s ( necessity t h be5 responsible = ! build+ up ( ?is va/ organization ( transportation :i* repres5ts1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone1 ! inve/m5t ( _m millions ( p\nds /]l+4 ,tak+ fir/ ! me?ods ( oil transportation by l&1 9 no o!r oil-produc+ c\ntry d we f9d su* an elaborate sy/em = deal+ ) enorm\s quantities ( petroleum z 9 ,am]ica1 = x is safe to say t at lea/ #ejj1jjj b>rels ( crude oil h to be dealt ) daily at ! pres5t "t4 ,go+ back to ! "t :5 petroleum fir/ became a comm]cial commodity--:5 ! fir/ wells 9 ,oil ,creek comm5c$ to op5 up a p]iod ( new prosp]ity = ! ,unit$ ,/ates--^! wells 7 situat$ s close to ! wat] t _! product c\ld easily be load$ into canoes & b>ges1 & float$ d[n ! ,alleghany riv]4 ,9 ! dry season1 ! fl[ 0 insuffici5t to float ! craft1 & !n "s hundr$s ( ! boats1 c>ry+ ea* f #ej to #a1jjj b>rels1 w\ld be assembl$ 9 a mill-pond ne> ! wells1 & ! wat] imp\nd$ :ile ! load+ 0 9 progress4 ,!n ! gates w\ld be op5$1 & ! fleet1 c>ri$ on ! flood ( ru%+ wat]1 w\ld be hurri$ d[n ! riv] 9 *>ge ( pilots4 ,! fleet ( creek & riv] boats engag$ 9 ?is novel "w at "o "t numb]$ #b1jjj4 ,b1 z ! production ( oil increas$1 & new di/ricts 7 successfully tapp$1 x became obvi\s t "s diff]5t me?od ( h&l+ ! crude oil w\ld h to be adopt$4 ,! inl& wells c\ld n get rid ( _! production1 & x is n surpris+ to f9d t at "o "t--ab\t #ahfb--;crude oil prices at ! well fell to #aj c5ts p] b>rel4 ,a sy/em ( horse haulage 0 initiat$1 & 9 "t ?\s&s ( animals 7 requir$ to haul ! oil f ! inl& wells to %ipp+ po9ts4 ,! waggon tra9 ( ! oil c\ntry 9 ! pre-pipe-l9e days at its maximum consi/$ ( #f1jjj two-horse teams & waggons1 & a travell] 9 ! oil region 9 ^? e>ly sixties c\ld n lose sight ( an endless tra9 ( waggons ea* lad5 ) f five to sev5 b>rels4 ,! roads 7 almo/ bottomless1 & ! team/]s tore d[n f5ces & drove :]e !y lik$4 ,^! m51 always ( ! rov+1 picturesque type1 w\ld e>n any?+ f #aj to #be doll>s p] day1 sp5d+ ! mo/ "p 9 revelry on ! ,saturday night4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t a ,bill 0 introduc$ into ! ,/ates legislature au?oriz+ ! con/ruction ( a pipe-l9e f ,oil ,creek to a spot kn[n z ,kittann+1 b ! opposition ( #d1jjj team/]s defeat$ ! ,bill & ! fir/ ef=t to organize an oil pipe-l9e company4 ,! mode/ beg9n+ ( ! pres5t-day sy/em ( oil transportation on l& by pipe-l9e 0 due to ! ent]prise ( a ,j]seyman nam$ ,hut*+s1 :o laid a #b-;in* pipe f "s wells to ! ,humbolt ref9]y4 ,! team/]s1 =esee+ ! possibilities ( ?is innovation1 proce$$ to te> up ! l9e1 & w>n$ ! oil-produc]s n to adopt ^! new me?ods ( oil transportation4 ,b ,hut*+s 0 undismay$1 = he laid a second l9e1 ?is be+ compos$ ( ca/-iron jo9ts caulk$ ) lead4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 impracticable1 ! team/]s aga9 wr\ght v5geance on ! proposition1 & completely de/roy$ x4 ,hut*+s /ill p]si/$ 9 8 ef=ts1 b di$--disappo9t$ & p5niless--a g5ius liv+ a little be=e 8 "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,primitive ,,me?od ,,( ,,transport+ ,,oil ,at ! end ( #ahfe1 a ,h5ry ,h>ley comm5c$ ! lay+ ( a pipe-l9e to ! t]m9us ( ! ,oil ,creek railroad1 b team/]s cut ! pipes1 burn$ ! collect+ tanks1 & ret>d$ ! "w 9 e possible way4 ,arm$ gu>ds ev5tually came on ! sc5e1 ! mob 0 quell$ & disp]s$1 & ! l9e complet$4 ,x 0 ( #b-;in* diamet]1 & laid to h&le #hjj b>rels ( oil daily3 ?is 0 ! fir/ successful & pr(itable pipe-l9e on record = ! h&l+ ( oil4 ,f ?is "t1 ! numb] ( pipe-l9es h multipli$1 until to-day !re are ?\s&s ( !m scatt]$ ?r\gh\t e oil-produc+ field ( ,am]ica4 ,! fir/ long ma9 transportation l9e = oil 0 laid 9 #ahhj f ,butl] ,c\nty to ,clevel&1 a di/ance ( ov] #ajj miles1 & imm$iately aft] its completion1 trunk l9es 7 comm5c$ f ! ,brad=d oil region to ! ,atlantic seabo>d4 ,! popul>ity ( ?is new me?od ( oil transportation may be judg$ f ! fact t )9 ?ree ye>s f ! completion ( ^! fir/ propositions1 ! ,national ,transit ,company possess$ ov] #c1jjj miles ( oil pipe-l9es1 & _h iron tank /orage = #ce1jjj1jjj b>rels ( crude oil4 ,!n a few ma/] m9ds came to ! front1 & loyally support$ by ,mr4 ,john ,d4 ,rockefell]1 ( ,/&>d ,oil fame1 !y und]took ! h]culean task ( practically girdl+ ! ,/ates ) a sy/em ( oil pipe-l9es t has no p>allel any:]e4 ,!y elim9at$ ! jad$ horses1 oil-boats1 wood5 tankage1 & sl[ freights1 t$i\s me?ods1 & que/ionable practices ( h&l+ petroleum1 & sub/itut$ !re= ! /em pump1 ! iron conduit1 ! /eel tank /orage1 & sy/ematic & bus9esslike me?ods :i* soon comm&$ ! confid5ce & respect ( all oil-produc]s4 ,!y ext5d$ _! pipe-l9es to practically e produc+ well & e/abli%$ a transportation sy/em :i* s]ves ! indu/ry to-day z no o!r on e>? is s]v$4 ,! advantages ( ! mod]n pipe-l9e to ! oil-produc] are obvi\s4 ,a pipe-l9e connection to a produc]'s tank ensures prompt s]vice & a ca% m>ket = 8 product at all times4 ,! small l9e connect$ ) 8 tank conveys ! crude oil !refrom1 ei!r by gravity or by means ( a pump1 into a receiv+ tank ( ! ga!r+ or field l9es ( ! pipe-l9e sy/em1 f :i* x is pump$ into ! ma9 trunk pipe-l9es to ! ref9]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oil ,,pipe-,,l9e ,,connections ,,9 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,fields ,! sy/em by :i* ! produc] c h paym5t = 8 oil at any "t1 = he is cr$it$ ) its value :5 x once ent]s ! pipe-l9e1 is ! p]fection ( simplicity1 accuracy1 & effici5cy4 ,! pipe-l9e ( :i* ! ga!r+ or field l9es are compos$ v>ies 9 diamet] f #b to #h in*es1 ! jo9ts ( :i* are screw ?read$4 ,! ma9 trunk l9es are f #f to #aj in*es 9 diamet]1 & pump+ /ations1 suppli$ ) p[]ful plant driv5 by /eam or int]nal combu/ion eng9es ( ! ,diesel type1 are locat$ at suitable po9ts ( ! l9e4 ,accord+ to ! nature ( ! crude oils to be pass$ ?r\gh ! pipe-l9e mu/ ! erection ( pump+ h\ses be gov]n$3 = in/ance1 9 h&l+ ! heavy ,cali=nian or ,mexican crudes1 ! pump+ /ations h to be mu* ne>] ea* o!r ?an :5 a light] crude oil is transport$4 ,"s ( ! heavi] oils h1 9 fact1 to be heat$ be=e !y ent] ! pipes at all4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! total oil transport$ to-day by ! ,am]ican pipe-l9e sy/em exce$s half a million b>rels daily4 ,! l9es !mselves--all laid1 ( c\rse1 bel[ gr\nd--are s unobtrusive & d _! "w s quietly & unse51 t !y attract no att5tion1 & yet !y are va/ly important to n only ! bus9ess ( ! ,/ates1 b to ^? myriads ( consum]s abroad4 ,x is1 9 fact1 impossible to ov]-e/imate ! importance ( ?is up-to-date sy/em ( oil transportation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z x exi/s to-day4 ,to %[ ! impossibility ( conduct+ ! pres5t-day ,am]ican petroleum indu/ry )\t ! use ( pipe-l9es1 let me give a few facts4 ,! l>ge oil-tank c>s1 :i* are n unusual sights on our railways1 hold1 at ! maximum1 ab\t #be tons ( oil4 ,exclud+ ,cali=nia altoge!r f ^! illu/rations1 ! half-a-million b>rels ( oil :i* are transport$ daily 9 ! ,/ates by pipe-l9es w\ld fill ov] #b1ejj tank c>s4 ,tak+ #be c>s to make up a freight tra91 x w\ld require fully #ajj tra9s daily to transport ! oil t n[ goes by pipe-l9e1 & inasmu* z x is e/imat$ t ! oil on ! av]age is transport$ ov]l& 7or1 r1 "u-l&7 #a1jjj miles1 x w\ld require1 approximately1 #bjj1jjj railroad tank c>s to d ! daily "w 9 connection ) ! transport ( oil 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 = ! av]age movem5t ( tank c>s is #cj miles daily1 & all empty c>s mu/ be return$4 ,no less ?an #h1jjj railroad eng9es w\ld be requir$ to d ?is "w1 :i*1 on ! face ( x1 is a railway impossibility4 ,i am afraid ,i h devot$ m space to ! "q ( pipe-l9e transport 9 ! ,/ates ?an ! conf9es ( ?is little "w w>rants1 b ! subject is "o ( great int]e/ to all :o w\ld "k ! magnitude ( ! organization :i* is compris$ 9 ! limits ( ! petroleum indu/ry4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h[ev]1 is b "o ( ! l>ge oil-produc+ c\ntries :]e ! pipe-l9e sy/em = ! l& transport ( oil has become ! backbone ( transport4 ,9 ,russia1 = in/ance1 ! fields ( production are situat$ hundr$s ( miles f ! export+ ports1 &1 foll[+ ^u ! pr9ciples :i* obta9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! pipe-l9e sy/em _h1 p]=ce1 to be adopt$4 ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 ,russia has /ill a great deal to le>n f our ,we/]n fri5ds1 & ! cons]vative policy :i* p]meat$ ! ,russian ,empire z a :ole has preclud$ ! mak+ ( mu* headway4 ,! ,russian oil-fields--^? ( ,baku & ,grosny--are situat$ at great di/ance f ! coa/1 & ! necessity ( connect+ bo? fields ) ! export port ( ,bat\m1 on ! ,black ,sea1 has frequ5tly be5 put =w>d z a project (f]+ ! "o solution ( ! difficulties att5d+ ! ret5tion ( a l>ge export oil trade4 ,! ,grosny pipe-l9e is /ill a s*eme = future solution1 b t affect+ ,baku has be5 solv$ by ! lay+ ( a pipe-l9e f ,baku to ,bat\m4 ,?is l9e1 :i* is approximately #fej miles long1 runs direct betwe5 ! two oil c5tres &1 assum+ x op]ates #bd h\rs 9 ! day1 has a capacity ( transport+ ov] #c1jjj tons ( oil daily4 ,inasmu* z ! ,russian oil ref9]ies are at ,baku1 ! l9e is us$ solely = ! transportation ( ! ref9$ products4 ,! l9e itself is laid alongside ! railway l9e ( ! ,transcaucasian ,railway1 at a dep? ( #d feet1 b _m /range /ories are relat$ z to ! tapp+ ( x at v>i\s po9ts1 & a lucrative trade be+ done 9 ! oil s caught4 ,:5 normal conditions return to ,russia & ! petroleum indu/ry rights itself1 ,russian petroleum products w aga9 come on ! int]national m>kets1 & 9 ?is respect ! ,grozny oil w be able to secure an outlet via ,novorossisk4 ,r\mania c also boa/ ( a ma9 trunk pipe-l9e = ref9$ products f ! inl& ref9]ies direct to ! port ( ,con/antza4 ,?is important project1 :i* has be5 c>ri$ out practically by ! ,gov]nm5t itself1 0 j ab\t ready = s]vice :5 ! ,european ,w> broke out3 x has1 !re=e1 _h little "t 9 :i* to display its practical use to ! petroleum indu/ry at l>ge4 ,:5 "o recollects t ,r\mania's future1 s f> z ! petroleum indu/ry is conc]n$1 lies 9 ! direction ( ! build+ up ( its already e/abli%$ export trade 9 petroleum products1 ! necessity = su* a trunk pipe-l9e to ! seabo>d has be5 obvi\s = _m ye>s4 ,unlike ! case ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re are no int]e/+ ev5ts to recall :i* delay$ ! adv5t ( ?is new =m ( l& oil transportation4 ,!re is only "o oil pipe-l9e ( any consid]able l5g? 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ?is runs across ,scotl& f ,old ,kilpatrick 7on ! we/7 to ,grangem\? 7on ! ea/ coa/71 its t]m9al be+ 9 close proximity to ! naval base at ,rosy?4 ,! l9e1 :i* is #cf miles long1 0 laid to circumv5t ! activity ( enemy subm>9es1 b 0 only complet$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 aft] ! conclusion ( ! ,european ho/ilities4 ,! "o o!r important oil-pipe-l9e :i* calls = m5tion is t connect+ ! oil-fields ( ,p]sia ) ! coa/4 ,9 ?is s*eme1 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t is heavily int]e/$1 &1 ?\gh !re has be5 mu* criticism ( its action1 !re is no d\bt t1 9 due "t1 ! ,p]sian fields w play an important "p 9 ! supply ( petroleum products to ,engl&1 &1 9 t connection1 ! ,p]sian pipe-l9e mu/ naturally prom95tly figure1 s9ce1 )\t x1 !re w\ld be num]\s difficulties to be cont5d$ ) 9 gett+ ! oil to ! coa/4 ,! c>ry+ ( l>ge quantities ( petroleum products ov] ! seas ( ! _w is a subject :i* has tax$ ! m9ds ( exp]ts q z mu* z t ( l& transport4 ,= _m ye>s x 0 ! rule to %ip petroleum products ov]seas 9 ! ord9>y b>rels 7approximately1 #db gallons ea*7 to ! consum+ c\ntries4 ,x 0 a co/ly bus9ess1 =1 ap>t f ! initial co/ ( ! b>rels !mselves1 !y took up a v consid]able space on ! vessels1 :i* 0 n proportionate ) ! quantity ( oils c>ri$4 ,leakage also play$ a v important rle 9 ?is ocean transport1 &1 g5]ally1 ! pr9ciple left mu* to be desir$4 ,! ,atlantic 0 d\btless ! fir/ vessel design$ to c>ry petroleum 9 bulk f ,am]ica1 b records %[ t "s ye>s previ\sly--9 #ahfc--;a ,mr4 ,h5ry ,duncan1 ( ,k5t1 s5t ! fir/ oil-c>ry+ vessel to ,europe4 ,! vessel1 h[ev]1 nev] complet$ h] voyage1 = %e 0 lo/ 9 ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 j z %e 0 />t+ on h] trip across ! ,atlantic4 ,! ,*>les--q a small vessel--also play$ a "p 9 ! e>ly days ( bulk oil transport across ! ,atlantic1 = ?is /eam] 01 ,i believe1 ! fir/ to employ iron tanks = ! bulk transport ( petroleum4 ,aft] ^! fir/ few attempts to convey petroleum 9 bulk f cont95t to cont95t1 tank vessels /eadily wip$ ! b>rel-c>ry+ boats (f ! seas4 ,x 0 f\nd t n only did oils c>ri$ 9 bulk take up b "o-half ! space ( ^? 9 b>rels1 b ! co/ ( ! oak-/av$ b>rels !mselves 7usually #es4 ea*7 0 obviat$4 ,at fir/1 sail+ %ips 7 adopt$ to meet ! new] requirem5ts1 b lat]1 vessels propell$ by /eam 7 introduc$4 ,at fir/ ! %ipbuild]s _h no?+ to guide !m 9 ! %ape ( practical exp]i5ce ( bulk oil c>ri]s1 b1 f small ?+s1 a great ocean trade 9 bulk petroleum products soon grew4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! ent]prise :i* ,engli% %ipbuild]s display$ 9 ?is new me?od ( h&l+ petroleum = ocean transport1 = dur+ at lea/ two decades ! va/ bulk ( con/ruction ( oil c>ri]s took place 9 ,engli% %ipbuild+ y>ds4 ,! op5+ ( ! ,f> ,ea/]n fields ( production l$ to ! con/ruction ( a l>ge numb] ( oil tank]s--ea* ( increas+ size--= ,messrs4 ,m4 ,samuel & ,company1 & ^! 7 nam$ aft] v>i\s %ells4 ,! fleet ( 8,%ell0 tank]s to-day ranks z "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ! _w1 & =ms ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! prolific oil-produc+ prop]ties ( ! 8,%ell0 ,transport & ,trad+ ,company1 ,ltd41 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 & ! dem& = petroleum products 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries1 ! vessels !mselves be+ own$ by ! ,anglo-,saxon ,petroleum ,company1 ,ltd41 "o ( ! influ5tial own+ int]e/s 9 ! wide ramifications ( ! 8,%ell0 ,company4 ,= sev]al ye>s ! oil tank] ,n>ragansett1 own$ by ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,oil ,company1 ,ltd4 7,london71 held claim to be+ ! l>ge/ bulk oil c>ri] 9 ! _w1 = ! good %ip _h a capacity ( ne>ly #aa1jjj tons ( products4 ,! size ( ?is vessel may be judg$ f ! fact t %e _h a l5g? betwe5 p]p5dicul>s ( ov] #eaj feet1 ) a #fc feet beam1 :ile h] m\ld$ dep? 0 #db feet4 ,?is vessel1 :i* m>k$ a di/9ct /ep =w>d 9 oil tank] con/ruction1 belong$ to ,lloyd's ,a#a ?ree-deck class4 ,! ,anglo-,am]ican ,oil ,company has %[n its belief 9 oil fuel = ocean p[] purposes by contract+ = int]nal combu/ion-eng9$ tank]s1 & ! fir/ ( ?is class 0 laun*$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aiai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,mammo? ,,tank]s ,,( ,,! ,,eagle ,,oil ,,company',s ,,fleet ,x 0 left to ! ent]prise ( ! ,eagle ,oil ,transport ,company--t important conc]n associat$ ) ,"l ,c[dray's imm5se oil organization = h&l+ ,mexican petroleum products--to make :at w ev] g d[n z ! mo/ bold policy ( increas+ ! size ( oil tank]s by #ej p] c5t4 ^u all pr$ecessors4 ,"s six ye>s ago1 j :5 ! ,mexican fields 7 comm5c+ to p\r =? _! flood ( oil = ! _w's requirem5ts1 ! ,eagle ,oil ,transport ,company includ$ 9 its programme ( activities ! build+ ( an imm5se fleet ( oil tank]s1 & x 0 decid$ t a numb] ( ^! %\ld ea* h a capacity ( #ae1jjj tons ( petroleum products4 ,!re 7 _m :o ass]t$ t ! limit to ! size ( oil tank]s _h be5 rea*$1 b1 undaunt$1 ! ,company w5t =? ) _! policy4 ,x 0 a bold /roke1 yet a successful "o1 = n only h ! vessels prov$ to be v practical1 b !y h taught a lesson 9 economy ( ocean transport :i* has be5 s]i\sly tak5 to he>t by practically all engag$ 9 ocean oil transport4 ,i _h ! hon\r ( be+ "o ( ! invit$ gue/s at ! laun* ( ! fir/ ( ^! gigantic oil c>ri]s1 & ( subsequ5tly exp]i5c+ a trip 9 ! mammo? float+ 8tank40 ,! vessel behav$ admirably at sea1 & 9 a *at ) ! design]1 ,i recollect ask+ if !re 7 any reason to believe t ! limit 9 size _h be5 rea*$4 ,! reply 0 po9t$3 8,s long z we c h load+ & dis*>g+ b]?s l>ge en\gh to enable su* l>ge vessels to be manipulat$1 we c easily g beyond ! pres5t size40 ,ev5ts h prov$ t ! policy adopt$ by ! ,eagle ,oil ,transport ,company 0 ju/ifiable1 = already a new oil tank]1 ! ,san ,flor5t9o1 has be5 built1 hav+ a capacity ( ov] #ah1jjj tons4 ,be=e leav+ ?is int]e/+ subject ( ocean oil transportation1 ,i %\ld l to emphasize ! di/9ct /ep =w>d :i* is m>k$ by ^! late/ oil tank]s4 ,to-day1 we h ent]$ ! era :5 oil fuel has pass$ its exp]im5tal /ages & become "o ( ! greate/ boons to ^? associat$ ) ! navigation ( ! seas4 ,! ease ) :i* oil fuel is h&l$ is rem>kable1 = vessels ( ! l>ge/ size--t is1 ^? us+ oil in/ead ( coal = p[] purposes--c\ld repl5i% _! /ores )9 a few h\rs at any oil port4 ,9 ! transport ( petroleum by ! mod]n tank]s1 ! tak+ on bo>d ( a full c>go is accompli%$ 9 ab\t a s+le day1 ?anks to ! mo/ improv$ means ( pump+ oil f ! %ore tanks ?r\gh flexible pipes4 ,! great oil tank]s trad+ betwe5 ?is & o!r c\ntries & ,mexico1 load up (f ! ,mexican coa/ by means ( a subm>9e pipe-l9e1 &1 reckon+ b f\rte5 return trips p] annum1 x w easily be app>5t :at imm5se /ores ( petroleum c ) ease be br\ght to ! c5tres ( consumption4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! primitive me?ods ( transport 9 b>rels1 & x w be readily se5 ) :at rapidity ! h&s ( progress h mov$ dur+ comp>atively rec5t ye>s4 ,! va/ majority ( oil tank]s to-day1 true to _! call+1 d]ive _! p[] f oil1 = !y burn x "u _! furnaces1 &1 !re=e1 are n liable to ^? t$i\s delays s insep>able f ! use ( coal1 & %\ld sev]e /orms beset _! passage 9 ,mid-,atlantic1 !n a little oil pump$ ov]bo>d w quell ! mo/ turbul5t sea & p]mit a safe passage onw>d4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! motor-eng9$ oil tank] w be ! ord] ( ! future1 = already vessels are be+ built :i* utilize oil fuel int]nally--a mu* m economical process ?an burn+ x "u boil]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,petroleum ,,z ,,fuel ,s mu* has be5 writt5 ( late z to ! use ( petroleum z fuel = ! purposes ( /eam-rais+1 t ! read] is b\nd to be m or less au fait ) ! subject4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 "o ( va/ importance1 & dur+ ! next decade is c]ta9 to receive f> m consid]ation ?an x has hi!rto done1 ow+ to ! g5]al desire t our coal weal? %all be cons]v$ z mu* z possible4 ,giv5 ! "o all[ance t oil fuel c be procur$ at any?+ approa*+ a reasonable figure--& !re is no reason :y1 9 normal times1 ?is reasonable price %\ld n be preval5t all ov] ! _w--!n petroleum (f]s _m advantages ov] its old] competitor1 coal4 ,! ease ) :i* l>ge quantities c be h&l$1 ! simple me?od ( op]at+ any?+ :i* is fir$ by petroleum z fuel1 & ! fact t its heat-giv+ units are f> high] ?an ^? ( coal1 w ev] be ! *ief factors gov]n+ its popul>ity4 ,_m ye>s ago1 fuel oil made its s]i\s db1 b at t "t ! supply ( ! product 0 v unc]ta91 &1 consequ5tly1 progress 9 pass+ f ! old to ! new =m ( p[]-rais+ 0 sl[4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 matt]s h mat]ially *ang$4 ,! crude oil output has be5 immeasurably increas$1 & _m fields ^: production ( crude oil is ess5tially suit$ = fuel purposes h be5 op5$ up4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! oil-fields ( ,mexico h no p>allel1 & x is record$ t1 once ^! fields are provid$ ) adequate /orage & transport facilities1 !y c easily supply ! :ole ( ! fuel oil necess>y = ! _w1 & at ! same "t h imm5se quantities to sp>e4 ,b1 ?\gh ! subject ( petroleum z fuel has ar\s$ mu* att5tion = "s ye>s1 !re is /ill an errone\s idea prevail+ z to :at really is fuel oil4 ,a ^w or two on ?is "q w1 !re=e1 n be )\t int]e/4 ,fuel oil is t portion ( crude oil :i* is incapable ( giv+ (f by ! process ( ord9>y di/illation ^? light] products ( petroleum kn[n z motor _s1 illum9at+ oils1 or lubricants4 ,x is1 9 a ^w1 ! residue ( di/illation :i* is unsuitable = ref9+ purposes4 ,x repres5ts a black1 t>ry liquid1 & is1 ( c\rse1 m9us ^? fractions t g to produce ! ref9$ products4 ,_m !re are :o ref] to crude oil z fuel oil1 b ?is is a misnom]1 ?\gh crude oil1 9 _m in/ances1 is utiliz$ = ! purposes ( fuel4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 h[ev]1 :5 ,i speak ( fuel oil1 ,i am ref]r+ n to ! crude oil z x comes f ! gr\nd 7& :i* has a comp>atively l[ fla%7 b to ! article ( comm]ce1 ! residue ( di/illation1 :i* is ! real article--fuel oil4 ,! headway :i* fuel oil has made dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s has be5 rem>kable1 ?\gh x is safe to say t its g5]al use is /ill 9 its infancy4 ,9 no matt] :at capacity x has be5 tri$ z a heat+ or /eam-rais+ ag5t1 x has prov$ itself capable ( )/&+ mo/ successfully ! mo/ /r+5t te/s1 & has conv9c$ all :o h giv5 ! "q s]i\s consid]ation t x holds num]\s advantages ov] coal1 yet has no drawbacks4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rec5t impetus :i* has be5 giv5 to ! use ( fuel oil is t foll[+ ! introduction ( x1 & n[ its g5]al adoption1 ?r\gh\t ! units compos+ ! ,briti% ,navy4 ,on l&1 h[ev]1 x has = "s ye>s a*iev$ m>k$ di/9ction4 ,especially is ?is ! case 9 reg>d to its use on locomotives1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates railways alone consum+ la/ ye> ov] #f1jjj1jjj tons ( fuel oil4 ,9 ! realms ( indu/ry1 fuel oil1 too1 is claim+ ! att5tion ( ^? l>ge indu/rial e/abli%m5ts1 & to-day is l>gely us$ = creat+ int5se heats1 su* z are necess>y 9 h>d5+1 anneal+1 melt+ & smelt+1 rivet heat+1 glass-melt+1 etc4 ,let me fir/ ( all ref] to ! use ( oil fuel = m>9e purposes4 ,fifte5 ye>s ago1 its use 0 v /rongly advocat$ by ,sir ,m>cus ,samuel1 ,b>t41 = m>9e purposes1 & he approa*$ ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 9 an endeav\r to get x tak5 up4 ,matt]s mov$ v sl[ly1 b ev5tually oil fuel 0 adopt$1 & ,admiral ,sir ,william ,pak5ham ass]ts t x 0 due to ! unceas+ ef=ts ( ,sir ,m>cus ,samuel t ! ,admiralty vessels con/ruct$ dur+ ! w> 7 oil burn]s4 ,! l>ge/ ( ?is new class ( vessels is ! ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,oil fuel is n[ l>gely us$ 9 place ( coal on our great l9]s1 vessels l ! ,aquatania & ,olympic hav+ gone ov] to its g5]al use4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m reasons :i* h comm5d$ fuel oil to ! exp]ts z a sub/itute = coal4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 inasmu* z "o ton ( fuel oil is equal to m ?an "o-&-a-half tons ( coal1 ! radius ( action ( units fitt$ = utiliz+ fuel oil is increas$ ov] #ej p] c5t4--,i speak f ! po9t ( view ( bunk] weight4 ,aga91 "o ton ( oil occupies consid]ably less space ?an an equival5t weight ( coal1 :ile ?is advantage c be mat]ially increas$--z is n[ ! usual practice--by c>ry+ ! fuel oil 9 d\ble-bottom tanks4 ,!n ! bunk]+ "q is "o ( vital mom5t4 ,fuel oil c be tak5 on bo>d "u f> clean] conditions1 & at a greatly accel]at$ rate1 ?an w\ld be possible ) coal4 ,!re is no ardu\s manual lab\r requir$4 ,once ! hose connections h be5 made1 ! fuel oil is pump$ on bo>d at ! rate ( hundr$s ( tons an h\r1 & a few h\rs suffice to re-fuel our l>ge/ battle%ip4 ,b x is :5 bunk]+ at sea is requir$ t fuel oil fur!r emphasizes its imm5se advantages4 ,?is "q 0 "s ye>s ago "o ( ! problems ( naval /rategy3 to-day x is regul>ly c>ri$ out 9 ! simple/ possible fa%ion1 hose connections to a /&+-by oil tank] be+ all t is requir$4 ,ano!r advantage ( fuel oil is t mat]ially increas$ spe$ c rapidly be atta9$1 =1 ) fuel oil fir$ furnaces1 ! %ip's boil]s c be =c$ to ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 above normal rat+ )\t t great /ra9 on ! p]sonnel :i* w\ld be ess5tial 9 burn+ coal "u =c$ draught4 ,!n !re is ! great sav+ ( lab\r effect$ :5 burn+ fuel oil1 ! /okehold /affs be+ r$uc$ by q #ij p] c5t4 ,! fuel oil is automatically f$ to ! furnaces & me*anically fir$1 ! maximum heat ( ! oil burn]s be+ atta9$ )9 a few m9utes ( />t+4 ,b ! abs5ce ( smoke :5 ! battle%ip is proce$+ at full spe$ is1 p]haps1 "o ( ! mo/ important advantages :i* ! use ( fuel oil gives to ! units ( ! fleets employ+ x4 ,! emission ( d5se volumes ( smoke1 :i* are ev] pres5t on a coal-fir$ vessel1 is q abs5t :5 fuel oil is us$1 & ?is advantage is tw(old1 = n only does x prev5t ! giv+ away ( ! location ( ! battle%ip1 b x also r5d]s its own gun-fire m effici5t4 ,! advantages att5dant ^u ! use ( fuel oil = naval vessels are1 9 ! ma91 also /rik+ly app>5t :5 oil is adopt$ = ! m]cantile m>9e4 ,x is _m ye>s ago s9ce ! oil tank]s ( ! 8,%ell0 ,transport & ,trad+ ,company1 ,ltd41 comm5c$ to d ! voyage regul>ly f ! ,f> ,ea/ to ?is c\ntry & back )\t an int]m$iate port ( call4 ,to-day1 practically e oil tank] afloat burns fuel oil4 ,b1 ( rec5t date1 fuel oil has rea*$ wid] application by reason ( its be+ adopt$ on _m c>go & pass5g] vessels1 &1 _h ! ,european ,w> n consid]ably hamp]$ ord9>y %ipbuild+ con/ruction1 we %\ld h se5 ere ?is a numb] ( ! l>ge/ vessels cross+ ! ,atlantic exclusively runn+ on oil4 ,9 fact1 arrangem5ts h be5 made :]eby _m ( our ,transatlantic l9es w op]ate exclusively on fuel oil1 :i* w be tak5 on bo>d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tak+ ,,oil ,,fuel ,,supplies ,,on ,,bo>d ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,k]mode1 ( ,liv]pool--! well-kn[n fuel oil exp]t--has tak5 ! mo/ prom95t "p 9 call+ g5]al att5tion to ! imm5se sup]iority ( fuel oil ov] coal1 & x is due to ?is g5tleman's untir+ en]gies t n only does our ,navy to-day use fuel oil to su* an ext5t1 b t ^? responsible = ocean pass5g] transport h tak5 ! matt] up s s]i\sly4 ,!re are ?ree g5]al head+s "u :i* fuel oil use w affect transport co/s4 ,!y are z foll[3 7a7 by increas$ pass5g] or c>go capacity1 7b7 by increas$ spe$1 & 7c7 by a great r$uction 9 runn+ co/s4 ,z to ! increas$ capacity1 ,i h already %[n t fuel oil c be /or$ 9 consid]ably less space ?an coal1 & ! simplicity ( bo? bunk]+ fuel oil1 & us+ x on vessels1 has also be5 t\*$ ^u4 ,) ref]5ce to ! increas$ spe$ :i* vessels utiliz+ fuel oil c atta9 ov] ^? runn+ on coal1 ,i h a concrete example 9 front ( me4 ,two si/] %ips ( ! ,eagle ,oil ,transport ,company--! ,san ,dun/ano & ! ,san ,edu>do--ea* ( #i1jjj tons deadweight capacity1 are fitt$ to burn coal & fuel oil respectively4 ,^u a trip c>ri$ out "u c>eful obs]vation1 ! weight ( fuel consum$ work$ out z two to ?ree 9 fav\r ( fuel oil1 :ile ! indicat$ horse-p[] develop$ %[$ an #ah p] c5t4 improvem5t 9 ! case ( ! oil-fir$ vessel4 ,b ! /rik+ fact ( ! comp>ison is t ! ,san ,edu>do made ! r\nd voyage to ,mexico--out & home--eight days quick] ?an ! o!r1 ?is additional spe$ be+ solely due to ! fact t ) fuel oil x 0 possible to ma9ta9 consi/5t spe$ ?r\gh\t ! voyage--an impossible matt] :5 coal is consum$4 ,if space p]mitt$1 ,i c\ld enum]ate _m cases :]e ! results 9 fav\r ( fuel oil are ev5 m /rik+ly app>5t1 b ,i w cont5t myself by briefly ref]r+ to calculations made by ,mr4 ,k]mode1 bas$ ^u voyages ( our l>ge/ l9]s3 !y are suffici5tly int]e/+ & sugge/ive to record "h4 ,on an av]age1 says ,mr4 ,k]mode1 to ma9ta9 a spe$ ( #be knots1 #e1ejj tons ( coal are consum$ ^u ! voyage betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,new ,york by "o ( ! mammo? l9]s2 or #aa1jjj tons = ! r\nd trip4 ,"s #c1cjj tons ( fuel oil--:i* c\ld be /or$ if necess>y 7& z w frequ5tly be done 9 ! future7 9 ! d\ble bottom ( ! vessel--w\ld1 by automatic /ok+1 d ev5 m "w ?an #e1ejj tons ( coal4 ,calculat+ ! daily consumption ( #fjj tons ( coal n[ us$ = #bd h\rs1 ?is repres5ts ab\t #b1jjj tons less fuel on a five days' trip1 l& to l& run1 or #d1jjj tons less1 out & home4 ,! utiliz+ ( ! vacant space ?us sav$ = m]*&ise w\ld br+ 9 a v h&some income4 ,( ! #cab firem5 & trimm]s n[ employ$ = a coal-fir$ l9]1 #bhe might be disp5s$ )1 & occupation f\nd = !m "u heal?i] conditions a%ore1 say 9 h&l+ ! additional c>go :i* w\ld be c>ri$4 ,! sav$ accommodation 9 ?is respect c\ld be allott$ to ?ird-class pass5g]s1 ( :om at lea/ ano!r #bej c\ld be c>ri$4 ,our mammo? l9]s are fitt$ ) #aib furnaces 9 ord] to produce #fh1jjj horse-p[] 7z 0 ! case ( ! ,mauretania & ! ,lusitania71 &1 on ! assumption t ?irty-two fires are clean$ e wat*1 #aj1jjj indicat$ horse-p[] is lo/ e f\r h\rs ?r\gh burn+ d[n & clean+1 a q unnecess>y op]ation ) fuel oil4 ,figures su* z ^! %[ ! />tl+ possibilities ( fuel oil = m>9e purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,liquid ,,fuel ,,burn]s ,,! ,,k]mode ,,/eam ,,burn] ,illu/ration3 ,,k]mode',s ,,air ,,jet ,,burn] ,9 ! /eam burn]1 ! oil ent]s ?r\gh ,b1 ! valve ,g giv+ x a :irl+ motion4 ,! /eam goes r\nd ! cone ,a4 ,f is ! air cone1 ! am\nt ( air be+ adju/$ by ! op5+s ,d by means ( a p]=at$ /rap ,e4 ,9 ! air jet burn] ! oil ent]s at ,a4 ,! previ\sly heat$ air ent]s at ! bran*es ,b & ,c1 & z ! air passes ,c x meets ! oil z x passes ! control valve op]at$ by ,e4 ,b x is on l&1 z well z on sea1 t we f9d fuel oil rapidly mak+ headway1 =1 z f> back z #ahhi1 hundr$s ( ! ,russian locomotives w5t ov] to ! burn+ ( a petroleum residue4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ practical application ( fuel oil = railway haulage4 ,to-day1 ne>ly #ej1jjj1jjj b>rels ( fuel oil are consum$ annually by ! v>i\s railroads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &1 accord+ to ! (ficial figures ,i h ( ! total mileage ( fuel oil = ! pa/ twelve mon?s1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates oil-burn+ locomotives did j\rneys aggregat+ ov] #ade1jjj1jjj miles4 ,mr4 ,hall1 ( ! ,am]ican ,int]national ,railway ,fuel ,association1 is responsible = ! /atem5t t1 ow+ to ! fact t ! /eam+ capacity ( ! eng9es is mat]ially increas$1 a locomotive runn+ on fuel oil c haul a load ( consid]ably great] tonnage & at a mu* increas$ spe$ ?an w\ld be possible ) a coal-fir$ eng9e4 ,_m ,cont95tal railways use fuel oil r ?an coal2 ! ,r\manian & ,au/rian ,/ate ,railways1 ! ,we/]n ,railway ( ,france1 ! ,p>is & ,orleans ,railway1 be+ a few ( ! pr9cipal4 ,s f> z ,engl& is conc]n$1 ! use ( fuel oil has n made great headway1 = ! reason t1 :ile on ! "o h&1 ! majority ( our great railway sy/ems pass ?r\gh ! coal-produc+ fields1 !re has1 on ! o!r h&1 until rec5tly be5 an abs5ce ( organization = ! supply ( fuel oil4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway _m ye>s ago successfully ran oil-fir$ locomotives4 ,x is evid5t t oil fuel w be increas+ly us$ 9 ! future = locomotive purposes1 & at ! "t ( writ+--,decemb]1 #aiai--! ,l4 & ,n4,w4 ,railway are c>ry+ out exp]im5ts on express eng9es1 ) a view to be+ able to "s ext5t to disc>d coal4 ,9 our indu/rial life ( to-day !re are a va/ numb] ( in/ances :]e fuel oil is rapidly displac+ coal3 ! oil-fir$ furnace has be5 br\ght to a /age ( p]fection1 & is be+ ext5sively & increas+ly employ$ bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad 9 reg>d to metallurgical & indu/rial processes4 ,)\t go+ into detail respect+ ! num]\s sph]es 9 :i* ! new fuel f9ds pr(itable employm5t x is safe to say t ^! are be+ ext5d$ e ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oil ,,fuel ,,= ,,m>9e ,,purposes ,arrangem5t ( heat]s1 filt]s & pumps = burn+ oil fuel = m>9e purposes4 ,! in/allation is t ( ! ,walls5d-,h[d5 pressure sy/em4 ,a weal? ( inv5tive ef=t has be5 be/[$ 9 ! p]fection ( ! burn]s employ$ to consume fuel oil4 ,leav+ aside = ! mom5t ! pr9ciples gov]n+ ! use ( oil 9 ! int]nal combu/ion eng9es ( ! ,diesel or semi-,diesel type1 fuel oil us$ = ! production ( p[] is introduc$ into ! furnace 9 ! =m ( a spray1 ?is be+ accompli%$ by atomiz+ ! oil 9 its passage ?r\gh a specially design$ burn]4 ,( ^! burn]s1 !re are num]\s makes ^u ! m>ket1 ea* ( :i* possesses its own *>act]i/ics & advantages4 ,! "o feature common to all fuel oil burn]s is ! arrangem5t = atomiz+ ! oil fuel into a f9e spray1 s t ea* p>ticle ( fuel %all receive suffici5t oxyg5 to ensure its complete combu/ion4 ,!oretically1 x requires ab\t #ad lb4 ( air to effect ! combu/ion ( #a lb4 ( oil1 & on ! ?or\gh combu/ion ( ! fuel oil dep5ds ! effici5cy ( ! furnace4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct me?ods by :i* ! atomization is br\ght ab\t1 & ea* ( ^! means possesses its advantages & limitations4 ,by "o me?od1 ! fuel oil is atomiz$ by ! use ( /eam2 by ! second me?od1 compress$ air is us$2 :ile a ?ird sy/em--t ( apply+ pressure to ! oil supply itself--is sometimes adopt$4 ,/eam is ! me?od usually employ$ = /ation>y boil]s & locomotives1 = x is ! simple/ to manipulate1 & does n call = ! employm5t ( auxili>y app>atus 9 ! %ape ( air compressors or oil pumps1 b mo/ indu/rial oil furnaces "w on compress$ air1 :i* gives exceptionally good results4 ,!re is no d\bt t1 ) ! use ( compress$ air1 say admitt$ at a pressure ( #hj lb41 a sav+ 9 fuel oil is %[n ov] us+ /eam at simil> pressure1 b ! co/ ( ! compress+ plant1 :i* mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation1 is suffici5t to wipe out ! great] "p ( ?is advantage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,sc>ab0 ,,oil ,,burn] ,) respect to ! use ( ! fuel oil direct "u pressure1 ?is sy/em g5]ally involves ! heat+ ( ! fuel oil1 z well z its filtration1 ! fuel be+ suppli$ "u pressure by means ( pumps4 ,! sy/em is ext5sively employ$ at ! pres5t "t on m>9e boil]s op]at+ ) =c$ or induc$ draught1 &1 9 ?is connection1 ! ,walls5d sy/em /&s pre-em95t4 ,s9ce writ+ ! fir/ edition ( ?is little volume consid]able advance has be5 made 9 connection ) ! use ( oil fuel = g5]al p[]-rais+ purposes1 & mu* ( ?is expansion has be5 consequ5t ^u ! introduction ( a new burn]--! 8,sc>ab0--:i* is "h illu/rat$4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( ,lieut4-,col4 ,macdonald1 & is ! outcome ( ! w>4 ,:5 ! ,lieut4-,colonel 0 on s]vice 9 ,mesopotamia1 he recogniz$ ! possibilities ( oil fuel1 = :ile wood & coal 7 be+ transport$ f ,india at great co/1 oil 0 runn+ to wa/e on ! neighb\r+ fields ( ! ,anglo ,p]sian ,oil ,company4 ,! ,lieut4-,colonel !re=e introduc$ a me?od ( cook+ by oil fuel1 & imm$iately on 8 return to ,engl& he c>ri$ out exp]im5ts :i* l$ to ! introduction ( ! 8,sc>ab0 burn]4 ,x is a simple contrivance1 & is practically fool-pro(1 s9ce !re are really no p>ts to get out ( ord]4 ,! oil fuel fl[s ?r\gh a tube by gravity1 :ile ano!r tube c>ries air compress$ to ab\t #aj lbs4 pressure4 ,! oil & air meet "s in*es di/ant f ! m\? ( ! burn]1 & ! combu/ion ( ! fuel1 :i* is turn$ into a f9ely atomis$ spray1 is complete4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made ) ! burn] = dome/ic purposes1 & x has be5 adopt$ already 9 sev]al ,london hotels = cook+ purposes1 ?\gh its g5]al application is practically unlimit$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,petroleum ,,z ,a ,,light+ ,,& ,,cook+ ,,ag5t ,f times immemorial1 petroleum has be5 utiliz$ z a light+ ag5t4 ,fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ago we h records ( its use 9 ! ,f> ,ea/]n c\ntries1 & 9 ! sev5? c5tury "o ( ! ,emp]ors ( ,japan ord]$ t 8 temples %\ld be illum9at$ by ! sacr$ oil light4 ,& f t long di/ant date to ! pres5t times1 petroleum has play$ a n insignificant "p 9 ! provision ( artificial light ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,= c5turies1 petroleum1 z a means ( artificial light1 _h ! field to itself1 &1 ?\gh ! ,anci5ts consum$ l>ge quantities = light+ purposes1 ! app>atus us$ = burn+ ! oil 7 ( a mo/ primitive type1 giv+ results :i* to-day w\ld be consid]$ f> f satisfactory4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 ! petroleum indu/ry 0 mak+ /eady advance 9 sev]al ,european c\ntries1 & a little lat]1 :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ^u its era ( oil progress1 !re 0 m>k$ developm5t 9 ! use ( oil = light+ purposes4 ,! m mod]n oil lamp 0 introduc$1 & x is wor?y ( record t 9 "o ye> alone ov] fifty pat5ts 7 tak5 out 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = oil lamp improvem5ts4 ,! ,g]mans1 too1 7 n beh9d 9 ?is respect2 9 fact1 x is v l>gely due to ! num]\s ,g]man improvem5ts t ! g5]al gov]n+ pr9ciples ( pres5t-day oil lamps became s popul>4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ord9>y oil lamp has (t5 be51 & /ill is1 unju/ifiably condemn$ = c]ta9 defects :i* are n inh]5t 9 x4 ,x necess>ily dem&s att5tion if x is to give a satisfactory light1 b1 un=tunately1 ?is att5tion is n adequately be/[$ ^u x1 & compla9ts are ! result4 ,i h frequ5tly argu$ t1 j z x is possible ) inatt5tion to make ! mo/ improv$ patt]n ( oil lamp op]ate unsatisfactorily1 s is x possible1 ) a little c>e & common s5se1 to get a really good & satisfactory light f ! *eape/ oil lamp obta9able4 ,9 days gone by1 ! quality ( ! oil 01 9 _m cases1 unsuitable = burn+ 9 ! ord9>y lamps2 its light+ p[] 0 v inf]ior1 & x gave (f a di/9ctly unpleasant smell4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 ! illum9at+ oil sold ?r\gh\t ! _w is a fir/-class article1 & its fla%-po9t has be5 s rais$ t x c be us$ freely )\t !re be+ any sugge/ion ( its lack ( safety4 ,"o /ill he>s ( ! 8dang]\s0 p>aff9 lamp1 b1 to all int5ts & purposes1 :atev] dang] 0 att5dant ^u ! use ( oil lamps has long ago dep>t$1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 c>e mu/ always be ex]cis$1 a rem>k :i* naturally applies to e illum9ant4 ,x is n )9 my prov9ce to give a s]ies ( h9ts to ! ord9>y us] ( illum9at+ oil1 b x is well to draw att5tion to a po9t :i* is frequ5tly ov]look$3 t is1 to see t lamps %\ld be kept well fill$4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ t ! light f an oil lamp is greatly affect$ by ! quantity ( oil 9 ! res]voir4 ,an increase ( #bj p] c5t4 c be secur$ 9 ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! lamp if only ! oil is kept to a good level 9 ! conta9]4 ,?is is due to ! assi/ance giv5 to ! capill>y action ( ! wick by ! high] level4 ,! adv5t ( gas1 &1 at a lat] p]iod1 electric curr5t1 = illum9at+ purposes has1 to an ext5t1 re/rict$ ! use ( oil z an illum9ant1 yet ! read] w be surpris$ to le>n t at lea/ #b1jjj1jjj oil lamps are nightly light$ ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita94 ,! inhabitants ( ! majority ( our villages h to fall back ^u oil lamps aft] nightfall1 & ev5 9 remote spots :]e ent]pris+ gas companies h laid gas ma9s l>ge numb]s /ill keep fai? ) oil1 no d\bt by reason ( its *eapness 9 normal times4 ,! greate/ improvem5t made 9 reg>d to oil light+ has be5 9 connection ) ! introduction ( ! inc&esc5t mantle4 ,z a result ( ?is innovation1 sev]al elaborate designs ( lamps h be5 plac$ on ! m>ket1 & to-day oil is frequ5tly us$ 9 l>ge resid5ces 9 pref]5ce to ! m mod]n illum9ants4 ,?is is due1 )\t d\bt1 to ! fact t oil light is p>ticul>ly s(t1 &1 :ile giv+ a great illum9at+ p[] :5 consum$ "u ! be/ conditions1 lacks t dazzl+ brilliancy :i* causes injury to ! eyes4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ me?ods ( utiliz+ petroleum "u an inc&esc5t mantle 0 ! ,kitson sy/em1 accord+ to :i* illum9at+ oil is compress$ to ab\t #ej lb4 p] squ>e in* 9 a suitable vessel1 =c$ ?r\gh a s(t brass tube ( v small bore into a heat+ *amb]1 &1 subsequ5tly1 ?r\gh a ne$le orifice to a ,buns5 burn]4 ,! ,kitson sy/em1 :i* has f\nd _m adh]5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & abroad1 is p>ticul>ly adapt$ = ligh?\se illum9ation1 & 9 su* cases :]e l>ge units are ess5tial4 ,x is int]e/+ to record ! fact t = "s "t "o ( ,london's ma9 ,we/-end ?or\ghf>es 0 illum9at$ by inc&esc5t oil lamps1 &1 ?\gh !y are n[ sup]s$$1 no tangible reason 0 giv5 z to :y ^! highly economical means ( illum9ation 7 ev] remov$4 ,space =bids my ref]r+ to ! v>i\s designs ( oil lamps on ! ,engli% m>ket to-day3 !y may be c\nt$ by _! hundr$s1 :ile /ill a l>g] numb] ( ^? :i* h ei!r be5 unsuccessful or h f\nd no sale may be f\nd 9 ! records ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,dur+ comp>atively rec5t times1 devices h be5 br\ght =w>d :]eby rem>kably good results h be5 a*iev$ by ! use ( gase\s vap\r = portable lamps4 ,9 ^! cases1 motor _s is vap\riz$ & us$ "u an inc&esc5t mantle4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ^! lamps is ! 8,petrolite40 ,9 ?is lamp1 a por\s /one is impregnat$ ) suitable hydroc>bons--motor _s--& a curr5t ( air is introduc$1 ! necess>y draught be+ provid$ by ! use ( a fairly long *imney4 ,! great advantage ( ! 8,petrolite0 lamp is t ( its p]fect safety1 = if by any *ance ! lamp becomes ov]turn$ & ! *imney displac$ or brok51 ! draught ceases1 & ) x1 ! g5]ation ( ! inflammable vap\r2 ! lamp1 !re=e1 imm$iately go+ out4 ,b :ile ?is me?od ( utiliz+ motor _s = illum9at+ purposes has be5 adopt$ to a v l>ge ext5t by means ( portable lamps1 a great] field has be5 develop$ bo? 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries 9 connection ) ! dome/ic & indu/rial use ( petrol air-gas = light+ purposes4 ,^! app>atus 9 ! ma9 possess b slight diff]5ces4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ea* is t motor _s is c>burett$ & !n1 9 ! =m ( an oil gas1 conduct$ ?r\gh pipes 9 ! same mann] z coal gas is burn$1 to ! rooms 9 :i* x is requir$4 ,! c>burett$ air-gas is automatically produc$1 & ! small co/ at :i* ^! automatic plants c be suppli$ has r5d]$ ?is sy/em ( light+ des]v$ly popul>4 ,its great economy also is an important po9t1 = #a gallon ( motor _s w yield almo/ #cj cubic feet ( vap\r4 ,?is vap\r1 9 ord] to =m a light+ ag5t1 is mix$ to ! ext5t ( ov] #ih p] c5t4 air & less ?an #b p] c5t4 petrol vap\r1 s t #a gallon ( motor _s w produce1 approximately1 #a1ejj cubic feet ( air-gas4 ,! plants1 :i* are usually work$ by a small hot-air eng9e 7or1 alt]nately1 by ! use ( weights71 supply only ! dem& creat$1 & _! control is automatic p]fection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,anglo-,,am]ican ,,oil ,,company',s ,,oil ,,cook] ,to-day1 petroleum plays q an important "p 9 heat+ arrangem5ts1 & sev]al /oves are ^u ! m>ket :i* burn ! ord9>y illum9at+ oil4 ,! prettily design$ heat+ /oves ( ! 8,p]fection0 or 8,re=m0 make are l>gely 9 use1 ! efficacy & economy ( ^! be+ responsible = _! popul>ity4 ,v>i\s makes ( oil cook]s are also 9 l>ge dem&4 ,^! range f ! small v>iety l ! 8,primus0 /ove1 :i* burns illum9at+ oil "u pressure1 to ! oil cook+ /oves ( ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,oil ,company1 ,ltd41 :i* are q compet5t to meet ! requirem5ts ( practically any h\sehold4 ,^! latt] /oves consume illum9at+ oil by means ( ! circul> wick arrangem5t1 & are 9 sev]al sizes1 "o ( ! be/ be+ t conta9+ ?ree light]s4 ,two ( ^! are "u ! ov51 & "o at ! end c be us$ = boil+ purposes4 ,speak+ f sev]al ye>s' exp]i5ce ( ^! /oves1 ,i c say t !y are truly p]fection4 ,!y are v economical1 are easily clean$1 & :5 9 full op]ation give (f n ! slighte/ od\r4 ,! ov5 is m readily heat$ ?an ) ! coal gas app>atus1 & ! prop]ly diffus$ heat cooks all k9ds ( food mo/ readily & p]fectly4 ,! illu/ration ( ! /ove giv5 on ! prec$+ page w af=d ! read] a good idea ( ! app>atus1 :i* des]ves to be ev5 m popul> ?an x is at pres5t4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,int]nal ,,combu/ion ,,eng9es ,9 no o!r sph]e ( employm5t has petroleum made su* rapid /rides dur+ ! pa/ two or ?ree decades z ^? record$ 9 connection ) its use 9 int]nal combu/ion eng9es1 & "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( mod]n me*anical eng9e]+ is _! developm5t4 ,! adv5t & imm$iate popul>ity ( ?is k9d ( eng9e has be5 responsible = "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable conque/s ( mank9d ov] ! =ces ( ,nature1 = x has br\ght into be+ ! automobile1 ! a]oplane1 ! dirigible air%ip1 & a ho/ ( o!r inv5tions4 ,x has also be5 responsible = q a new dep>ture 9 ocean transport1 = exp]im5ts h prov$ t ! l>ge/ vessels c be v economically op]at$ by means ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 ,x might1 by way ( introduction1 be well to expla9 = ! b5efit ( ! un9itiat$1 ! mean+ ( ! t]m 8,int]nal combu/ion eng9e40 ,z mo/ ( my read]s are well aw>e1 ! /eam1 or1 r1 to be exact1 ! highly heat$ wat] vap\r :i* drives ! /eam eng9e1 is suppli$ f boil]s :i* are heat$ by ! burn+ ( coal1 oil fuel1 or1 sometimes1 gas1 & su* eng9es might1 !re=e1 be call$ 8ext]nal combu/ion eng9es10 s9ce ! fuel is consum$ 9 app>atus ext]nal to ! eng9e prop]4 ,su* a t]m1 h[ev]1 is n 9 use among/ eng9e]s1 & might raise a sup]ior sort ( smile if us$ 9 _! pres5ce4 ,x w be readily se5 f ! =ego+ t a great deal ( weight & app>atus ( "s complication is requir$ be=e ! wat] vap\r :i* drives ! /eam eng9e c ev5 be provid$4 ,9 ! case ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 ! fuel 7motor _s or ! heavi] oils7 is introduc$ directly into ! eng9e & !re vap\riz$ & mix$ ) air s z to =m an explosive mixture1 s t all boil]s1 ) ! necess>ily complicat$ sy/ems ( pip+1 etc41 are done away )4 ,x ne$s no imag9ation to und]/& ! enorm\s sav+ ( weight & space result+ f ?is elim9ation ( ! boil]1 & ( ! room :i* x w\ld occupy4 ,! latt]-day dem&s = ! provision ( light] & yet light]1 z well z space-sav+ propell+ ma*9]y = subm>9es1 air%ips1 a]oplanes1 motor-c>s1 etc41 especially dur+ ! w>1 h enorm\sly /imulat$ ! developm5t ( ! eng9e :i* consumes its own fuel1 & :i* is kn[n z ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 ,a v wide field has ?us be5 op5$ out = ! ex]cise ( ! eng9e]'s +5uity1 & he has avail$ himself to ! full ( ! opportunities ?us creat$1 nev] fail+ to rise to ! occasion :5 fre% dem&s h be5 made ^u him4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 x is n at all surpris+ to f9d t num]\s firms h giv5 consid]able att5tion to ! manufacture ( ! int]nal combu/ion class ( eng9e1 & _m v>ieties1 = a multiplicity ( purposes1 are ^u ! m>ket4 ,! limits ( space effectively prev5t my detail+ ! li/ ( ev5 ! l>ge/ manufactur]s2 ,i w !re=e cont5t myself by ref]r+ to b "o firm--,messrs4 ,vick]s1 ,ltd4--:o are n[ ! l>ge/ manufactur]s 9 ! ,k+dom4 ,?is progressive firm has grappl$ ) ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e problem f ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! petrol eng9e to ! late/ =ms ( ! heavy oil eng9e & its rem>kable developm5ts1 & a l>ge section ( _! e/abli%m5t at ,b>r[-9-,furness is1 & has long be51 set aside exclusively = ! design & manufacture ( ! heavy oil int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 ,a v l>ge /aff ( exp]t eng9e]s has be5 select$ = ! "w1 :ile exp]im5ts ) a view to improvem5ts be+ effect$ 9 details are cont9ually be+ conduct$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t4 ,! result is t ! developm5t ( ?is eng9e at ! ,b>r[ works has be5 att5d$ ) ! highe/ success1 a fact :i* is n widely kn[n to ! g5]al public4 ,i take x z a great complim5t t p]mission has be5 giv5 me 9 ?is book to ref] some:at 9 detail to ! a*ievem5ts ( ,messrs4 ,vick]s1 ,ltd41 9 ?is respect1 =1 hi!rto1 publicity 9 connection ) ?is section ( ! firm's op]ations has be5 /rictly )held4 ,"o ( ! late/ &1 x might well be said1 ! mo/ important developm5ts 9 connection ) ,messrs4 ,vick]s' activities1 is ! ,vick]s pat5t sy/em ( fuel injection1 :i* enables an eng9e ( ! ,diesel type 7t is1 us+ heavy oil7 to be successfully run )\t ! use ( an air compressor = inject+ ! fuel into ! eng9e4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ?is sy/em1 an air compressor1 ) its att5dant complication & weight1 _h to be us$ = ! introduction ( ! fuel into ! eng9e4 ,! elim9ation ( ?is compressor has result$ 9 consid]able economy 9 weight1 space1 & att5dance1 :i*1 x w readily be se51 is a /ep 9 ! "r direction1 :il/ ! effici5cy ( ! eng9e has also be5 improv$4 ,! disadvantages att5dant ^u ! use ( ! air compressor 7 e>ly compreh5d$ by ,messrs4 ,vick]s1 & !y h sp>$ no ef=ts 7nor exp5se7 9 develop+ ! sy/em :i* has l$ to its elim9ation4 ,! read] w require no k ( ! subject to und]/& t ! "q ( fuel consumption is "o ( ! highe/ importance 9 any eng9e sy/em1 &1 9 reg>d to ?is po9t1 ,messrs4 ,vick]s h made a special /udy1 ) ! result t :il/ ! ord9>y consumption 9 a ,diesel eng9e ) air compressor is #da lb4 brake horse-p[] an h\r 7or #ahd grammes p> =ce de *eval71 t firm h be5 able to rea* ! l[ figure ( #cgf lbs4 ,b4,h4,p4 an h\r 7or #agj grammes p> =ce de *eval74 ,z "o might expect1 ,messrs4 ,vick]s1 9 br++ _! eng9e to its pres5t /ate ( p]fection1 h1 p]=ce1 _h a v>i$ exp]i5ce ) fuel oils--& a consid]able "o1 too1--= !y h exp]im5t$ ) oils f all ! well-kn[n produc+ fields1 & f9d t1 "u _! sy/em1 practically any fuel oil :i* c be made to fl[ may be utiliz$ 9 _! eng9es--a fact :i*1 9 its importance1 speaks = itself4 ,! physical prop]ties ( ! oils us$ by !m h1 naturally1 diff]$ v consid]ably4 ,= in/ance1 specific gravities h v>i$ f #haj to #iej fla% po9ts f #ajj ,fahr41 to upw>ds ( #bej ,fahr41 :il/ ! viscosities1 :i* ! lay m9d might well be excus$ = ?9k+ ( z 8degrees ( /ick9ess10 h v>i$ f t ( ! ord9>y k]os5e 7illum9at+ oil7 to ! ?ick asphaltic fuel oil :i* comes f ,mexico4 ,read]s may judge f ?is ( ! pa9/ak+ & difficult exp]im5ts t h be5 c>ri$ out 9 ! ,b>r[ works4 ,! advantages d]ivable f ! use ( ! ,vick]s sy/em c\ld n1 obvi\sly1 be )held f g5]al use1 & ! firm h upw>ds ( tw5ty lic5sees n[ manufactur+ int]nal combu/ion eng9es "u _! designs4 ,?is fact1 ?\gh n famili> to 8! man 9 ! /reet10 is kn[n 9 ! manufactur+ _w4 ,illu/ration3 #ijj ,b4,h4,p4 ,,l[ ,,duty ,,vick]s ,,eng9e ,,= ,,oil ,,tank ,,vessels ,illu/ration3 ,,back ,,view ,,( ,,eng9e ,already a v l>ge numb] ( _! eng9es h be5 con/ruct$1 ! approximate brake horse-p[] produc$ by same be+ upw>ds ( #ccg1fjj4 ,^! eng9es are ( v>i\s sizes1 rang+ f #bjj to #b1jjj horse-p[]4 ,! cyl9d]s v>y 9 diamet] f #aj to #bi in*es1 & are arrang$ to "w 9 gr\ps to suit ! p[] requir$1 & may be ei!r two-/roke or f\r-/roke cycle4 ,! high temp]atures set up 9 />t+ ! eng9e are suffici5t to ignite ! fuel1 ! introduction ( :i* 9 a f9ely-divid$ condition has be5 ! object ( s _m exp]im5ts at ,b>r[2 & s successful 9 ?is direction h ,messrs4 ,vick]s be5 t !y are n[ able to deal satisfactorily1 by c>eful adju/m5ts ( ! eng9e to suit ! v>i\s fuels1 ) ! mo/ tr\blesome oils4 ,z already ref]r$ to1 ! elim9ation ( ! air compressor con/itutes ! *ief improvem5t embodi$ 9 ! ,vick]s type ( eng9e1 see+ t ! greate/ worry :i* ! ,diesel eng9e] has _h to enc\nt] has be5 ?is v compressor4 ,ne$less to rem>k1 !re=e1 ?is feature alone /rongly recomm5ds ! new sy/em to ! exp]i5c$ man4 ,fur!r1 ! p[] requir$ to drive ! compressor above-m5tion$ is consid]able1 s t economy is n "o ( ! lea/ results due to its abs5ce4 ,! pr9cipal advantages t c be claim$ = ! ,vick]s eng9e may be summ>iz$ z "u-- #a4 ,safety 9 work+4 7,_m accid5ts h be5 due to ! use ( ! air compressor47 #b4 ,weight is sav$4 #c4 ,space is sav$4 #d4 ,l[] air compression 9 ! cyl9d]s = ignition1 & economy 9 air = />t+ ! eng9e4 #e4 ,r$uction 9 fir/ co/s2 & #f4 ,r$uction 9 upkeep exp5ses4 ,illu/ration3 #ijj ,b4,h4,p4 ,,high ,,duty ,,rev]s+ ,,eng9e ,,= ,,light ,,craft ,illu/ration3 #a1bej ,b4,h4,p4 ,,l[ ,,duty ,,vick]s ,,m>9e ,,eng9e ,,= ,,oil ,,tank ,,vessel ,) reg>d to 7#d71 ! l[ compression claim$ is r int]e/+1 z ,messrs4 ,vick]s h successfully demon/rat$ t1 al?\gh a high compression temp]ature is necess>y 9 ! ord9>y ,diesel eng9e ) ! usual air spray+ compressor1 a mu* l[] degree suffices = _! me*anical injection sy/em1 :il/ !re is a great] c]ta9ty ( ignition ( ! fuel on its fir/ introduction1 ev5 ) ! exi/5ce ( l[] compression 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! spray+ air us$ 9 ! ord9>y ,diesel is usually compress$ to ab\t #fj atmosph]es 7#ijj lb4 p] squ>e in*74 ,:at happ5s :5 air spray+ is practis$ is ?is4 ,:5 ! cold air c>ry+ ! v high pressure above m5tion$ ent]s ! cyl9d]1 x necess>ily exp&s1 ow+ to ! l[] temp]ature already exi/5t !re1 & su* expansion *ills ! :ole mixture1 frequ5tly prev5t+ ignition on ! fir/ introduction ( ! fuel4 ,"u ! ,vick]s sy/em ( me*anical fuel injection1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 no introduction ( v highly compress$ air1 &1 consequ5tly1 fir/ ignition is r5d]$ easi]4 ,f ?is1 x w at once be se5 t an oil possess+ a high fla% po9t c be m easily burn$ 9 ! ,vick]s eng9e ?an 9 ! ord9>y ,diesel1 ) ! necess>y adjunct ( an air compressor4 ,provision is also made 7%\ld ! type ( fuel us$ require x7 = a high] temp]ature ( compression1 & su* oils are1 !re=e1 mu* m easily dealt ) ?an 9 ! ord9>y ,diesel eng9e4 ,f :at ,i h already said1 x w be evid5t to ! read] t x is only a "q ( "t = air spray+1 ) its att5dant use ( ! compressor1 to become a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! me*anism involv$ by ! adoption ( ! new sy/em ( fuel injection develop$ by ,messrs4 ,vick]s is exceptionally simple4 ,x consi/s ( a small fuel pump1 su* z is ord9>ily us$ = pump+ fuel1 a res]voir or accumulator ( novel =m to reta9 ! *>ge1 & a valve ) a special nozzle to admit ! fuel 9 ! =m ( a f9e spray into ! cyl9d]4 ,! accumulator1 ,i may "h m5tion1 is m]ely a tube1 flatt5$ slightly on ! sides1 & ( suffici5t l5g?1 :5 ! oil is =c$ into x1 to enable x to yield & /ore up a *>ge ( fuel at ! requir$ high pressure1 z expla9$ 9 ! next p>agraph4 ,! pr9cipal feature ( ! sy/em 7& ! secret ( its great success7 is ! v high pressure at :i* ! oil is inject$ into ! cyl9d]4 ,?is pressure is kept up at ab\t #d1jjj lb4 ! squ>e in*1 s t ! oil fuel1 :5 x ent]s ! cyl9d] & enc\nt]s ! hot compress$ air !re91 is 9 ! =m ( a v f9ely atomiz$ mi/1 a conjunction ( circum/ances mo/ fav\rable = ignition4 ,z 9 all great inv5tions1 ! simplicity ( ! arrangem5t is n ! lea/ ( its m]its4 ,?is some:at r\gh1 yet brief1 outl9e w suffice to expla9 ! a/oni%+ success ( ! ,vick]s heavy oil eng9e1 b1 if ! :ole hi/ory ( ^! 7& o!r7 notewor?y exp]im5ts c\ld be writt51 a highly int]e/+ /ory w\ld be produc$1 %[+ indomitable p]sev]ance 9 ! face ( disc\ragem5t1 difficulty1 & v heavy exp5se4 ,i h avoid$ t\*+ ^u ! ord9>y k]os5e eng9es1 = ,i imag9e !y are too well kn[n to ne$ m ?an pass+ ref]5ce "h2 nor h ,i gone into ! details conc]n+ ! adv5t ( ! ord9>y ,diesel eng9e1 :i* 0 a ,g]man inv5tion4 ,i h pref]r$ r to deal ) a ,briti% inv5tion :i* is already revolutioniz+ oil eng9e con/ruction g5]ally1 & :i*1 obvi\sly1 has limitless fields op5 to x4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,petroleum ,,9 ,,engl& ,!re w be no *apt] 9 ?is little treatise :i* w be m c>efully p]us$ ?an ! pres5t "o1 = ! subject is ( direct int]e/ to e read]1 :e!r actually associat$ ) ! se>* = oil or n4 ,to-day1 z ,i h already m5tion$ 9 ano!r *apt]1 ?is c\ntry is dep5d5t = practically ! :ole ( its petroleum requirem5ts ^u =eign oil-produc+ c\ntries1 & ?\gh ample evid5ce is =?com+ to sugge/ t !re are possibilities ( obta9+ liquid oil 9 ,engl&--9 fact1 _m ye>s ago ?is 0 actually obta9$ 9 n inconsid]able quantities--x is v /range t only rec5tly h s]i\s ef=ts be5 made 9 ! direction ( sy/ematic se>* = ! valuable liquid4 ,t l>ge quantities ( petroleum c be produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry is agre$ by all :o h giv5 ! subject m ?an pass+ ?\ght2 ! "q is1 by :at means %all ?is production be br\ght ab\t4 ,:ile x is problematical z to ! am\nt ( comm]cial success :i* w att5d ! pres5t se>* = liquid oil1 ?\gh ^? :o are mo/ compet5t to judge believe t l>ge /ores ( liquid oil w be f\nd1 x is already c]ta9 t !re are va/ possibilities 9 ,engl& = ! production ( petroleum f ! treatm5t ( ! bitum9\s %ales :i* freely ab\nd 9 _m p>ts4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ! subject really divides itself "u two heads1 & x is ) ! fir/ ( ^!--t ( ! possibilities ( f9d+ liquid oil res]ves 9 comm]cial quantity 9 ?is c\ntry--t ,i w n[ proce$ to deal4 ,= ?is purpose1 x is bett] t we divide ! c\ntry into ?ree zones--we/]n1 middle1 & ea/]n4 ,! we/]n zone w include ! :ole ( ,engl& betwe5 ! ?ird m]idian ( ,we/ ,longitude & ! ,iri% ,sea1 ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 & ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,x w be b\nd$ on ! nor? by a l9e runn+ ne> ,:itehav5 to ! m\? ( ! ,riv] ,tees1 & hav+ ! ,engli% ,*annel z its s\!rn b\nd>y4 ,9 ?is zone1 ! mo/ nor!rn occurr5ce ( petroleum is f\nd at ,:itehav51 ,cumb]l&1 & ! next is f\nd on ! ,lanca%ire coa/4 ,o!r indications are to be f\nd 9 ,d5bigh%ire & 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,s\? ,wales coalfield4 ,! occurr5ces ( petroleum 9 :at may be describ$ z ! middle zone are f> m important & num]\s ?an ^? ( ! we/]n zone4 ,!y are important 9 ! physical conditions to :i* !y are subord9ate1 & 9 _! great] productiv5ess4 ,!y are m num]\s1 & _! geological position is m 9 direct relation%ip ) lat] dynamical alt]ations 9 ! rock /ructures4 ,9 ?is zone occurs ! mo/ important occurr5ce :i* has s f> be5 record$--,i ref] to t at ,alfreton1 9 ,d]by%ire--= x 0 f ?is natural fl[ ( petroleum ov] #gj ye>s ago t ,dr4 ,"y1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,scotti% %ale oil indu/ry1 manufactur$ p>aff9 wax4 ,ne> ,*e/]field is also unmi/akable evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( liquid oil at dep?1 = consid]able quantities h fl[$ f ! work+s at ! ,s\?gate ,colli]y4 ,9 ?is middle zone1 too1 are ! occurr5ces ( petroleum f\nd ne> ,wigan & ,we/ ,leigh1 :ile fl[s ( oil are record$ f sev]al spots r\nd ,b>nsley & ,ilke/on4 ,! petroleum f9d at ,kelham1 ne> ,new>k1 "s few ye>s ago1 is important = ! reason t ! drill 9 ?is case1 at a dep? ( some:]e ab\t #b1djj feet1 /ruck true petrolif]\s s&s1 und]la9 by d>k1 waxy %ales4 ,! oil rock has be5 prov$ to consi/ ( loose1 co>sely gra9$ s&1 hav+ all ! features ( /rata 9 :i* petroleum is ord9>ily met )4 ,! great value ( ?is bor+ is t x has demon/rat$ ! fact1 s long d\bt$ by _m ( ! be/ geological au?orities 9 ,great ,brita91 t all ! geological conditions1 dynamical z well z hi/orical1 are pres5t 9 ?is locality = ! =mation & subsequ5t ret5tion ( liquid petroleum1 & t1 z ,dr4 ,william ,=bes-,leslie puts x1 despite all cont5tion to ! contr>y1 a true oil-field exi/s 9 ,engl&4 ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 h[ev]1 ,nor? ,/af=d%ire alone1 among all ! places 9 ,engl&1 has ! di/9ction ( s f> hav+ produc$ liquid petroleum 9 suffici5t quantity = ref9+ purposes4 ,x 0 9 #ahgd t oil 0 discov]$ 9 a seam ( coal 9 "o ( ! pits ( ! ,me> ,hay ,colli]ies1 ,longton1 & a contract 0 ultimately made ) a ,mr4 ,william ,walk]1 ,s5r41 ( ,hanley1 :o erect$ plant at ,cobridge = ! purpose ( ref9+ ! oil4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,walk] = ! foll[+ facts1 ?\gh 9 a g5]al way ,i h full corroboration = !m1 = x 0 )9 a c\ple ( miles f ! colli]ies t ,i 0 born & sp5t my e>li] days4 ,! seam ( coal :]e9 ! oil 0 discov]$ 0 "o ( ! deep] seams1 & by no means "o ( ! be/ 9 ! di/rict4 ,at t "t1 ! fl[ produc$ m ?an #e tons ( crude oil p] week1 & inasmu* z ,engl& !n 0 n inundat$ ) ,am]ican petroleums1 great possibilities 7 se5 9 ! discov]y4 ,b almo/ be=e ! ref9+ ( ! crude _h settl$ d[n to be a comm]cial und]tak+1 ! plans ( op]ation 7 upset1 = a s]i\s explosion occurr$ at ! colli]y1 :i* r5d]$ necess>y ! clos+ ( ! pit4 ,twelve mon?s lat]1 h[ev]1 !y 7 re-op5$1 & aft] ! re-s9k+ _h proce$$ a:ile1 ! oil 0 f\nd f> up ! %aft1 & 9 due c\rse ! %aft 0 cle>$ & ! m9es re-op5$4 ,ref9+ op]ations 7 resum$ & cont9u$ = a ye> or two1 :5 ! pits _h to be clos$ on acc\nt ( ! %afts %r9k+4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! c\rse ( a numb] ( ye>s1 petroleum appe>$ 9 ano!r colli]y less ?an a mile f ! ,me> ,hay ,colli]y1 & aga9 ,mr4 ,walk] secur$ ! contract = ! :ole ( ! output4 ,! quantity ( crude oil f\nd 0 sev]al tons weekly1 & a l>ge /ock _h accumulat$ :5 ,mr4 ,walk]'s att5tion 0 drawn to ?is new f9d4 ,?is "t1 ! supply cont9u$ = a long] p]iod1 & !n aga9 ! seam ( coal 9 :i* ! deposit occurr$ _h to be ab&on$4 ,?us1 :ile ! res\rces ( ?is "p ( ! ,*>nian axis h n be5 prop]ly te/$--=1 9 ! op9ion ( ! colli]y own]s1 x is n possible pr(itably to "w coal & oil at ! same "t--!re is ample evid5ce to sugge/ t1 9 ! n di/ant future1 !re may be mo/ int]e/+ oil developm5ts 9 ?is "p ( ,nor? ,/af=d%ire4 ,! ea/]n zone ( ! c\ntry d\btless furni%es ! mo/ int]e/+ petroleum occurr5ces 9 ,engl&4 ,"h1 ! int]e/ does n s mu* dep5d ^u ! numb] ( escapes1 z ^u ! promis+ geological conditions subs]v+ ! production & possible ret5tion ( petroleum4 ,accord+ to ! inve/igations ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,=bes-,leslie1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ^: valuable contribution on ! subject ( ! occurr5ce ( petroleum 9 ,engl& =ms "o ( ! mo/ important pap]s ev] read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,petroleum ,te*nologi/s1 ! nor!rn l9e ( oil occurr5ces runs f ,filey1 nor?-we/]ly1 ! pr9cipal f9ds be+ locat$ at ,filey1 ,pick]+1 & ,kirby ,moorside4 ,oil1 too1 has be5 f\nd at ,brigg1 9 ,l9coln%ire1 at ,m>ket-,ras51 ,haugmont1 & ,donn+ton-on-,ba94 ,! l9e ( oil occurr5ces />ts at ,k+'s ,lynn1 on ! ,wa%1 & runs s\?-we/w>ds z f> z ,cott5ham1 9 ,cambridge%ire1 ! pr9cipal occurr5ces be+ at ,k+'s ,lynn1 ,d[nham1 ,littleport1 & ,ely4 ,! in=mation obta9$ by ! bore-hole at ,kelham1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 is a factor ( great value :5 tak5 into consid]ation & appli$ to an analytical review ( ! petroleum seepages 9 ,engl&4 ,x is a positive pro( t a true oil-be>+ /ratum und]lies ! surface rocks1 at any rate1 9 "o "p ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 &1 :5 x is consid]$ 9 relation ) ! surface position ( ! oil escapes on ! ea/]n flank ( ! ,p5n9e ,*a91 x sugge/s a possible connection betwe5 ^? und]gr\nd s\rces ( oil & ^? surface escapes :i* are scatt]$1 seem+ly at su* r&om1 along ! ,p5n9es4 ,! attempts :i* 7 made b a few ye>s ago to develop ! possibilities ( ! ,hea?field di/rict ( ,sussex1 ) a view to obta9+ comm]cial quantities ( natural gas1 7 also prompt$ ) ! idea ( maybe /rik+ deposits ( liquid petroleum1 ?\gh x is d\btful1 bo? f a geological po9t ( view1 & f ! nature ( ! natural gas :i* is !re 9 abundance1 :e!r liquid oil w be met ) 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,:at has be5 e/abli%$1 h[ev]1 is ! fact t l>ge quantities ( natural gas are to be f\nd 9 ?is delightful "p ( rural ,sussex1 & x is a great pity t ! necess>y ent]prise has n be5 =?com+ to p]mit ( a really s]i\s developm5t4 ,"s ye>s ago1 ,i motor$ an ,am]ican oil-man ov] ! gas-fields ( ,hea?field1 & he assur$ me t1 if su* evid5ces 7 f\nd 9 ! ,/ates1 !re w\ld imm$iately be a great boom1 & f9ance w\ld freely fl[ 9 to /imulate developm5t4 ,b n s ) ,hea?field1 = ! op9ion is freely held t ?is field is too ne> our mid/ = real speculative ent]prise4 ,remove x to ! wilds ( ,russia1 & ,briti% f9ance w\ld appreciate ! imm5se pot5tialities :i* to-day lie dormant4 ,= ^? read]s :o are1 p]haps1 n conv]sant ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,hea?field gas developm5ts x is well to record ! fact t att5tion to ^! deposits 0 drawn ye>s ago1 :5 a well 0 be+ drill$ = wat] on ! prop]ty ( ! ,brighton & ,s\? ,coa/ ,railway1 ne> ! pres5t /ation4 ,/rong smells ( gas prev5t$ work+ = "s "t1 & z ^! increas$ x 0 decid$ t ! bett] c\rse w\ld be to susp5d drill+ op]ations4 ,! tubes ( ! well 7 p>tially drawn out1 & ! well sides cav$ 91 yet ! gas pressure increas$4 ,! well 0 ab&on$ z a wat] well1 b pipes 7 atta*$ to ! cap at ! m\?1 & a /eady pressure ( gas 0 emitt$4 ,x 0 decid$ t1 inasmu* z ! gas burn$ ) a pure flame1 ! /ation %\ld be light$ ) x4 ,t 0 ov] tw5ty ye>s ago1 & to-day ! well is /ill produc+1 & ! /ation is /ill light$ ) ! natural gas1 :i* ne$s no ref9+4 ,n only s1 b a well-appo9t$ hotel close by utilizes ! gas = light+ & cook+4 ,a project 0 set on foot = s9k+ fur!r wells & pip+ ! gas to ! s\!rn coa/ resorts = g5]al use1 b lack ( capital prev5t$ progress be+ made1 & s1 to-day1 ,hea?field1 l _m o!r c5tres 9 ! c\ntry1 awaits ! att5tion ( ! c>efully-direct$ drill to op5 up its und]gr\nd weal?4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aiag1 ! feel+ 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry t ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld take "s action 9 ord] to develop ^! lat5t res\rces became s /rong t a ,bill 0 introduc$ into ,p>liam5t ) ?is object 9 view4 ,no attempt 0 made to progress ) x until ! foll[+ ,octob]1 :5 a f9ancial resolution 0 reject$ by ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! "q ( royalties4 ,an am5dm5t 0 adopt$ aga9/ ! paym5t ( royalties to ! own]s ( surface l&s :o _h made no attempt to obta9 liquid oil1 & :o1 z a matt] ( fact1 did n "k t x 0 !re4 ,two mon?s lat] ! ,petroleum 7,production7 ,bill 0 dropp$4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 h[ev]1 a mo/ enc\rag+ turn ( ev5ts occurr$1 = ,"l ,c[dray1 head ( ! great firm ( ,messrs4 ,s4 ,pe>son ,son1 & associat$ ) ^? influ5tial int]e/s 9 oil repres5t$ by ! ,mexican ,eagle ,oil ,company1 ! ,eagle ,oil ,transport ,company1 & ! ,anglo-,mexican ,petroleum ,company1 made (f]s to ! ,gov]nm5t :i* 7 c\*$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms-- 7a7 ,= ! p]iod ( ! w> to place at ! disposal ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 free ( all co/1 ! s]vices ( 8 firm & geological /aff = ! purpose ( exploration & developm5t4 7b7 ,if ! ,gov]nm5t did n wi% to risk public money on :at _h to be deem$ a speculative ent]prise1 ,messrs4 ,s4 ,pe>son ,son 7 prep>$ to drill1 at _! own risk & exp5se z lic5sees1 subject to c]ta9 areas be+ res]v$ to !m4 ,! (f] committ$ ! firm to an exp5diture (1 possibly1 #ejj1jjj4 ,! public spirit$ (f] ( ,"l ,c[dray 0 mo/ ?ankfully accept$ by ! ,gov]nm5t &1 ) a m9imum ( delay1 drill+ sites 7 m>k$ out = ! comm5cem5t ( active op]ations4 ,"l ,c[dray's geological /aff p>ticul>ly fav\r$ ! neighb\rhood 9 ,d]by%ire1 ne> to :i* ,"y made 8 fir/ discov]ies ( oil1 & ,*e/]field 0 select$ z headqu>t]s = ! new oil developm5ts4 ,! fir/ oil well to be drill$ 9 ?is c\ntry 0 comm5c$ 9 ,septemb]1 #aiah1 at ,h>d/(t1 ne> ,pilsley1 on ! ,great ,c5tral ma9 l9e betwe5 ,%effield & ,nott+ham1 & on ,tuesday1 #ah? ,octob]1 ! inauguration ( ,engl&'s oil indu/ry took place !re 9 ! pres5ce ( _m oil notabilities4 ,am]ican drill+ ma*9]y ( ! p]cussion type 0 in/all$ &1 9 view ( ! great dep? to :i* x 0 expect$ ! drill w\ld h to proce$ be=e enc\nt]+ comm]cial quantities ( oil1 ! well 0 comm5c$ ) a diamet] ( #ah in*es4 ,a dep? ( j ov] #c1jjj ft4 _h be5 rea*$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ,june1 #aiai1 at :i* dep? oil production />t$4 ,! well 0 put on ! pump & began its /eady yield ( a good grade crude oil1 ! production be+ ab\t fifty b>rels p] week4 ,up to ! "t ( writ+ 7,decemb]1 #aiai7 ! well is ma9ta9+ its yield4 ,o!r wells h be5 sunk 9 ! ,*e/]field area at ,ironville1 ,hea?1 ,r5i%aw1 ,brim+ton1 ,ridgeway & 9 ,nor? ,/af=d%ire & ,scotl&1 b s f> ! success met ) is n promis+1 ?\gh x is q possible t comm]cial oil may be enc\nt]$4 ,private ent]prise has also comm5c$ ! s9k+ ( a well at ,kelham1 ,nott+ham%ire1 ne> a site :]e1 _m ye>s ago1 small quantities ( oil 7 f\nd 9 an exp]im5tal coal bore4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 no def9ite result has be5 atta9$4 ,! ,company--,! ,oilfields ( ,engl&1 ,ltd4--is op]at+ "u a drill+ lic5se f ! ,gov]nm5t "u :i* ! ,gov]nm5t may take ov] ! prop]ties on a valuation %\ld comm]cial oil be f\nd4 ,let u n[ briefly turn to ! o!r aspect ( ! "q ( ! production ( petroleum 9 ,engl&--t is1 ( produc+ oils f ! treatm5t ( ! bitum9\s %ales4 ,!re are sev]al s\rces f :i* petroleum c be obta9$ 9 ?is c\ntry by di/illation1 & ^! are3 7#a7 oil-%ales1 7#b7 coal1 7#c7 cannel coals & torbanites1 7#d7 blackb& iron/ones1 7#e7 lignite1 & 7#f7 peat4 ,?\gh 9 ! pa/ ! oil %ales ( ,engl& h n be5 recogniz$ z possess+ great pot5tial value1 comp>atively rec5t discov]ies h prov$ t at home we h enorm\s deposits ( oil %ales ( rem>kable ri*ness4 ,^! are1 s f> z at pres5t prov$1 situate 9 ,norfolk & at %ort di/ance f ,k+'s ,lynn4 ,dr4 ,=bes ,leslie1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 has = _m ye>s c>ri$ out a numb] ( te/s z to ! quality & quantity ( ! %ales 9 ! ,norfolk field1 & z a result ( 8 "w x has be5 prov$ t upw>ds ( tw5ty miles squ>e1 !re is an area 9 ,norfolk und]laid ) ri* oil-%ales4 ,f a geological po9t ( view ! %ales are rem>kable1 = !y uni=mly lie )9 #cjj ft4 ( ! surface1 sev]al ( ! seams be+ b a few feet bel[ gr\nd4 ,_! prolific nature may be judg$ f ! fact t 9 s9k+ te/ wells to dep?s ( #cjj ft4 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! field1 ov] #aej ft4 ( ?is oil %ale has be5 drill$ ?r\gh1 & x is ?us e/abli%$ beyond all possible d\bt t at home we h all ! mat]ials at h& = a huge home production ( oil4 ,! :ole ( ! field has be5 secur$ by ,engli% ,oilfields1 ,ltd41 a company :i*1 by reason ( ! influ5tial int]e/ beh9d x1 is b\nd to be /rik+ly successful 9 its future developm5ts 9 ,norfolk4 ,! crude oil cont5t ( ! %ales is surpris+ly great1 = ^! %ales yield approximately #fj gallons ( oil p] ton1 or consid]ably m ?an d\ble z mu* z ! ,midlo?ian %ales4 ,dr4 ,=bes ,leslie ass]ts t !re is already prov$ ov] #b1jjj1jjj1jjj tons ( %ale on ! prop]ties 9 ,norfolk1 & aft] hav+ c>efully inspect$ ! :ole ( ! fields on _m occasions1 ,i ?9k ,dr4 ,leslie's /atem5t may be tak5 z v cons]vative1 = aft] all x is only a "q ( a simple sum ( calculation :i* all[s "o to arrive at ! figures above quot$4 ,comm]cial developm5ts h already be5 comm5c$ on ! ,norfolk fields1 & x is safe to assume t !y w become ( enorm\s ,national importance1 s9ce ! production ( home oil supplies is to-day consid]$ ( va/ ,national int]e/4 ,! o!r %ales--su* z ! ,kimm]idge %ales ( ,dorset & ,sussex--are n be+ work$ comm]cially 9 spite ( /r5u\s ef=ts1 & !re rema9s mu* to be done be=e a /eady supply ( petroleum c be c\nt$ ^u f ^! s\rces4 ,( ! o!r possible s\rces ( supply1 coal yields too little1 & at ! same "t is consid]$ too valuable to be utiliz$ on a g5]al scale2 lignites are n yet op5$ = developm5t on a suffici5t scale2 & peat has prov$ tr\blesome & exp5sive to treat ow+ to ! difficulty ( elim9at+ ! wat]4 ,?is1 !re=e1 leaves cannel coals1 torbanites1 & blackb& iron/ones1 :i* are closely associat$ &1 9 num]\s cases1 easily obta9able4 ,cannel coal1 ,i %\ld expla91 diff]s f ! ord9>ily kn[n coal on acc\nt ( its be+ less c>boniz$2 x conta9s _m fragm5ts & p>ticles ( vegetable matt] /ill %[+ _! natural =ms1 ?\gh flatt5$ by pressure4 ,! p]c5tage ( hydrog5 to c>bon is high] 9 a cannel coal ?an 9 ! bitum9\s coal1 ! p]c5tage ( inorganic matt] is usually high] also1 & ! fracture & g5]al appe>ance s]ve to di/+ui% ?is v>iety ( c>bonace\s deposit4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,petroleum ,,9 ,,! ,,briti% ,,empire ,! desire t ! ,briti% ,empire %\ld be self-support+ 9 e possible way has be5 ! pr$om9at+ idea ( our /atesm5 = _m ye>s3 x is to be regrett$1 h[ev]1 t su* little progress has be5 record$ 9 ! direction ( ! a*ievem5t ( a practical result4 ,?is rem>k applies to _m commodities1 yet to none m s ?an to petroleum & its products4 ,to-day1 z mu* z at any prec$+ "t1 ! ,empire is dep5d5t ^u =eign s\rces ( supply = ! va/ bulk ( its petroleum products4 ,x is true t 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom !re is a gr[+ production ( oil f ! %ale-fields ( ,scotl&1 b ?is total repres5ts b a fraction ( ! l>ge quantities ( products :i* are annually requir$ to meet ! ev]-increas+ dem&s 9 comm]cial & dome/ic circles4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! ,european ,w>1 x 0 =cibly br\ght home to u z a nation t we 7 9 a position reg>d+ our petroleum supplies ( absolute dep5d5ce ^u o!r c\ntries4 ,! ref9$ products 7 an ess5tial "p ( ! w>1 = )\t !m x w\ld h be5 impossible to h cont9u$ = almo/ a s+le day1 & yet1 practically e gallon us$ _h to be transport$ ?\s&s ( miles1 & f a c\ntry :i* at t "t 0 neutral4 ,to make matt]s ev5 worse1 ! ,cont95tal s\rces ( supply f :i* we _h be5 previ\sly draw+ l>ge quantities ( petroleum 7 clos$ to export1 =1 ?r\gh ! ,d>danelles1 ! ,r\manian & ,russian export ports 7 effectively %ut (f f ! outside _w4 ,=tunately = ,great ,brita91 ! ,unit$ ,/ates came =w>d ) ! (f] ( all ! petroleum products requir$ = ! successful prosecution ( ! w>1 & we owe to ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone all success :i* has be5 ! natural result ( possess+ ample requirem5ts ( petroleum products bo? on sea & l&4 ,! fact1 nev]!less1 /&s out tragically prom95t t we z a nation h n develop$ our own oil res\rces 9 a mann] we ought to h done1 al?\gh ev]yone conv]sant ) ! oil bus9ess has be5 = ye>s advocat+ ! giv+ ( s]i\s att5tion to ?is important subject4 ,to-day1 speculative drill+ = petroleum is proce$+ 9 ,engl&1 & x is to be hop$ t "s success w be ultimately record$1 b1 inasmu* z ,i dealt ) ! "q ( ,petroleum 9 ,engl& 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 ,i w at ! mom5t pass ov] ?is v int]e/+ phase ( ! problem1 & briefly look at ! subject f an ,empire po9t ( view4 ,"u ! ,briti% ,flag1 we already h1 or control1 "s excell5t oil-fields 9 ,burmah1 ,p]sia1 ,egypt1 ,tr9idad1 & ,assam1 & ea* produc+ /eadily increas+ quantities ( crude oil4 ,! ,burmah fields h a*iev$ fame ma9ly ow+ to ! v l>ge pr(its made by ! *ief op]at+ company--! ,burmah ,oil ,company1 ,ltd41 ^: head (fices are at ,glasg[4 ,^! h ( rec5t ye>s be5 develop$ ^u mo/ up-to-date l9es1 & ! produc+ limits ( ! t]ritory greatly ext5d$1 until n[ ! annual crude oil production is upw>ds ( #a1jjj1jjj tons4 ,! fields ( ,p]sia are v prolific1 & _! control to-day is 9 ! h&s ( ! ,anglo-,p]sian ,oil ,company1 ,ltd41 an influ5tial conc]n l>gely controll$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 by reason ( ! inve/m5t ( l>ge sums ( public moneys a few ye>s ago4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,p]sian fields is m or less 9 its initial /ages1 & ?\gh huge quantities ( oil h already be5 produc$ !refrom1 ! limits ( ! presumably oil-be>+ areas h by no means be5 def9$4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! export ( ,p]sian oil1 a pipe-l9e has be5 laid f ! fields to ,abadan1 on ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & a programme has already be5 laid d[n "u :i* l>ge quantities ( ,p]sian petroleum products w come ^u ! ,engli% m>kets4 ,! ,egyptian oil-fields h lately witness$ developm5ts ^u an important scale1 ?anks to ! ent]prise ( ! ,anglo-,egyptian ,oil-fields1 ,ltd41 a conc]n closely alli$ ) ! 8,%ell0 ,comb9ation1 & hav+ z its ,*airman1 ,sir ,m>cus ,samuel1 ,b>t4 ,comm]cial supplies ( crude oil h be5 f\nd at sev]al po9ts ne> ! coa/ ( ! ,gulf ( ,suez1 & a l>ge ref9]y has be5 built = ! ref9+ ( ! oil4 ,d[n to #aiad1 ! only oil f9ds ( importance _h be5 at ,gemsah1 :]e a numb] ( oil gu%]s 7 /ruck1 b ! field !re prov$ to be "o ( mo/ irregul> =mation1 & none ( ! wells gave any?+ l a p]man5t yield4 ,=tunately1 9 t ye> a field 0 discov]$ at ,hurgada1 ! =mation ( :i* 0 f\nd to be s+ul>ly regul>1 & ! yield ( :i* has /eadily increas$ until1 at ! "t ( writ+1 ! production ( crude oil 9 x is ov] #ae1jjj tons p] mon?4 ,t additional wells h n be5 sunk & ! field fur!r increas$ has be5 prim>ily due to ! difficulties ( obta9+ ! necess>y plant "u w> conditions4 ,"s v l>ge wells h already be5 br\ght 91 b1 s f>1 ! petroleum indu/ry 9 ,egypt is q 9 its infancy4 ,x is q obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! next few ye>s ! production ( petroleum 9 ,egypt w be increas+ly l>ge1 & ! developm5ts are b\nd to h a significant be>+ ^u ! oil situation g5]ally4 ,! same rem>ks equally apply to ! ,tr9idad fields1 :]e ! anticipations ( ^? associat$ ) ! pione] oil op]ations h be5 m ?an fulfill$4 ,"s prolific fields h be5 op5$ up1 & ! production to-day is su* t an export trade ( consid]able magnitude c be ma9ta9$4 ,developm5ts ^u ! ,isl& 7 imp$$ by ! total abs5ce ( roads 9 ! oil di/ricts1 & mu* pione] "w _h to be und]tak5 be=e x 0 possible to comm5ce ! s]i\s exploitation ( ! fields !mselves4 ,! crude oil ( ,tr9idad is ( bo? ! light & ! heavy grades1 ! =m] %[+ rem>kable p]c5tages ( motor _s1 :ile ! latt] is us$ n only z fuel oil b also = ! treatm5t ( roads s z to r5d] !m du/less4 ,x is 9 ,tr9idad t !re is ! fam\s pit* lake1 f :i* = _m ye>s l>ge quantities ( asphalt h be5 remov$ & export$ = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,tr9idad asphalt1 9 fact1 is well kn[n all ov] ! _w4 ,! pot5tialities ( ! ,isl& are rapidly be+ appreciat$1 = its geographical position is su* t w\ld make x a practical base = ! 8oil+0 ( ! great ocean-go+ vessels :i* are rapidly pass+ ov] f coal to fuel oil burn+4 ,:ile on ! subject ( oil-fields :i* are "u ! ,briti% ,flag1 m5tion mu/ be made ( ,canada1 ^: oil indu/ry has be5 develop$ = _m ye>s4 ,! pr9cipal produc+ fields are 9 ,ont>io1 & ! t[n ( ,petrolia is ! c5tre ( ! petroleum int]e/s4 ,b ! wells are n ( ! prolific class1 & almo/ )\t exception %[ a v poor return = op]at+4 ,_m ( !m are sunk only to ! %all[ /rata1 & _! op]ation w\ld c]ta9ly be pr(itless 7 n a sy/em employ$ by :i* q a numb] ( small produc+ wells are pump$ by c5tral p[]4 ,f "t to "t1 ,canada has exp]i5c$ v>i\s oil booms1 "o ( ! mo/ rec5t be+ t :i* occurr$ 9 ,calg>y1 9 #aiad4 ,a well %[$ a small production ( high-grade oils1 & imm$iately ! c\ntry = miles r\nd became ! c5tre ( an oil fev]1 :i* gradually di$ d[n :5 a numb] ( unsuccessful developm5ts took place4 ,to-day1 ! output ( ! ,canadian fields is /eadily decl9+1 & all ef=ts to /imulate ! production h s f> fail$4 ,ev5 a ,gov]nm5t b\nty ( #a c5ts a gallon ( oil produc$ has fail$ to enc\rage an increase 9 output1 & x is evid5t t1 unless new fields are op5$ out1 ! future (f]s little hope4 ,! total production ( petroleum to-day by ! oil-fields develop$ 9 ! ,briti% ,empire repres5ts b ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( ! _w's total petroleum output3 x is !re=e cle> t1 if we int5d to secure our oil supplies 9 ! future f t]ritory "u ! ,briti% ,flag1 l>ge supplem5t>y s\rces ( supply mu/ be f\nd4 ,x is d\btful :e!r any additional liquid oil regions w be f\nd to produce oil 9 comm]cial quantity1 =1 ?\gh sev]al attempts h be5 made 9 v>i\s p>ts ) ?is end 9 view1 !y h n a*iev$ success1 & num]\s in/ances might be quot$ :]e ! employm5t ( ,briti% capital 9 an endeav\r to br+ ab\t ?is mu* desir$ result has met ) failure4 ,! "q !n arises3 ,is x possible to augm5t consid]ably ,empire-produc$ oils f o!r means ( developm5t8 ,9 ?is direction1 ! future is full ( promise1 =1 ?\gh ,nature has n giv5 ! ,empire freely ( liquid oil-produc+ fields1 !re are imm5se areas ( oil-be>+ %ales at home & 9 our ,dom9ions ov]seas :i* c1 )\t great difficulty1 be turn$ into mo/ useful acc\nt4 ,x is well kn[n t great deposits ( retortable mat]ial exi/ )9 ! ,empire's b\nds1 & _m ( ^! deposits are exce$+ly ri*4 ,at ! mom5t1 h[ev]1 sc>cely any h be5 exploit$1 & none adequately develop$4 ,f "t to "t1 _m samples ( oil-be>+ %ales f v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,empire h be5 s5t to ?is c\ntry = analysis1 & ^! h usually be5 put ?r\gh ,scotti% retorts ) v>y+ results4 ,b ! unsatisfactory analyses h n be5 due to ! qualities ( ! %ale or torbanite exam9$1 b to ! me?ods by :i* ! di/illations 7 c>ri$ out4 ,! well-kn[n consult+ oil eng9e]--,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,cunn+ham-,craig--made a special po9t ( ?is 9 a mo/ int]e/+ article :i* rec5tly appe>$ 9 "o ( ! ,empire magaz9es1 & he po9t$ out t ! reasons = ! unsatisfactory conclusions arriv$ at 7 v simple & obvi\s4 ,! ,scotti% retorts are design$ to deal effectually ) highly inspissat$ &1 z a rule1 n v ri*1 oil-%ales4 ,! recov]y ( ! maximum am\nt ( sulphate ( ammonia is a desid]atum2 a suffici5t supply ( incond5sable gases to fire ! retort mu/ be produc$2 :ile ! recov]y ( ! light] fractions 7motor _s7 ( ! mat]ial treat$ 0 n an object ( ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,= ^! purposes1 says ,mr4 ,cunn+ham-,craig1 l>ge & high v]tical retorts are us$1 ! temp]ature ( di/illation is comp>atively high1 sup]heat$ /eam is bl[n into ! retorts1 & a fairly complete extraction ( volatile matt] is a*iev$4 ,b to apply su* me?ods to a v ri* & fre% torbanite--su* z ! ri*] %ales ( ,new ,s\? ,wales--is absurd1 involv+ _m practical difficulties & n giv+ ! mo/ remun]ative results4 ,simil>ly1 ! ri* oil-%ales ( ,new ,brunswick 7,canada71 ?\gh m ne>ly alli$ to ! ,scotti% %ales1 diff] f !m bo? *emically & physically to su* an ext5t z to require diff]5t treatm5t4 ,let me n[ briefly ref] to ! deposits :i* are kn[n 9 ! ,dom9ions & ,colonies t give promise ( yield+ oil 9 comm]cial quantities by de/ructive di/illation4 ,i w fir/ take ! %ales ( ,canada1 = ?\gh1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 ! ,dom9ion's production ( liquid oil is /eadily decreas+1 !re are num]\s deposits ( %ales :i* only await c>eful exploitation & developm5t 9 ord] to r5d] ,canada a petroleum-produc+ c\ntry ( consid]able magnitude4 ,! oil-%ales ( ,new ,brunswick h be5 kn[n = _m ye>s1 yet only a fraction ( ! area has be5 yet prospect$4 ,exp]im5ts ) ! %ales h %[n t !y are capable ( produc+ ne>ly #ej gallons ( crude oil ! ton ( %ale treat$1 :ile ammonium sulphate has be5 produc$ at ! rem>kable proportion ( #gg lb4 a ton4 ,alb]t ,c\nty is "o ( ! be/ %ale-fields1 & x is "h t a ,gov]nm5t s*eme has n[ be5 promulgat$4 ,! %ales ( ,nova ,scotia are likewise to be comm]cially develop$1 b s f> no s]i\s attempt has be5 propos$ to deal ) ! enorm\s areas 9 ,newf\ndl&1 ! ,prov9ce ( ,quebec1 & o!r already kn[n regions ( ,canadian oil-%ales4 ,au/ralia c boa/ ( v l>ge areas ( %ales3 "s deposits h be5 op]at$ = sev]al ye>s1 b o!rs are /ill await+ developm5t4 ,f a v>iety ( causes1 h[ev]1 ! %ale-oil indu/ry ( ,au/ralia has nev] be5 set ^u a pr(itable foot+4 ,! ,commonweal? ,oil ,corporation "s ye>s ago set out to accompli% mu*1 b ! only ?+ :i* x seem$ to d ) en]gy 0 to sail to de/ruction4 ,its failure _c be said to h be5 due to any abs5ce ( ! mat]ial x set out to treat = petroleum1 = at e turn enorm\s quantities 7 op5$ up4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! imm5sity ( ! possibilities :i* await$ its op]ations 0 "o ( ! prime reasons = its premature decay1 :ile !re is no d\bt t ! sy/em x employ$ 0 by no means ! be/ = treat+ ! %ales4 ,a m simple & less exp5sive me?od ( retort+ ! %ales w\ld d\btless ensure successful work+4 ,9 ,que5sl&1 ,tasmania1 & ,new ,zeal& ! pres5ce ( ^! %ales has be5 prov$ ov] ext5sive areas1 & ?\gh = ! mo/ "p !y h s f> be5 neglect$1 !re is reason to hope t1 9 ! n di/ant future1 ! advantage to be d]iv$ f _! comm]cial exploitation w be ! m widely appreciat$4 ,a mo/ lucrative indu/ry c\ld be built up by ! ,commonweal? ( ,au/ralia by ! di/illation ( ! torbanites !re1 & ?\gh1 p]haps1 x is too mu* to expect t an export trade 9 petroleum products c\ld be built up1 !re is no d\bt :atev] t ! l>ge requirem5ts = petroleum products 9 ! ,dom9ion c\ld easily be met by ! production f home s\rces4 ,! possibilities ( develop+ a %ale indu/ry 9 ,africa are n p>ticul>ly promis+1 ?\gh !y are by no means out ( ! range ( probability4 ,9 ! coal s]ies 9 ! ,transvaal1 b$s ( :at are kn[n z 8oil-%ales0 are enc\nt]$ 9 sev]al localities ,! seams g5]ally are ?91 & 9 "s cases unworkable1 b ! mat]ial is v ri*1 & has prov$ capable ( yield+ high p]c5tages ( crude oil4 ,9 ,s>awak 7,briti% ,nor? ,borneo7 ! 8,%ell0 ,company is c>ry+ out mo/ important & highly successful developm5ts1 :i* are b\nd to h f>-rea*+ & gratify+ results 9 reg>d to developm5ts "u ! ,briti% ,flag4 ,z ,i h %[n1 ! problem ( ,imp]ial oil supply w\ld be f> on its way to solution by ! developm5t ( ! v>i\s %ales 9 ! ,briti% ,empire1 & ! pity is t a m progressive policy has n be5 adopt$ 9 reg>d !reto long be=e ! subject became ( su* press+ importance4 ,ea* ( our ,colonies--l ! ,"m ,c\ntry--is a l>ge consum] ( petroleum products1 & ea* is also totally dep5d5t ^u import$ supplies1 yet )9 ! bord]s ( ea* are to be f\nd l>ge deposits ( ! necess>y crude mat]ial4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,petroleum',s ,,"p ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,w> ,a p]usal ( ! prec$+ *apt]s ( ?is little "w w h made x cle> to ! read] t petroleum & its products play a mo/ important "p to-day 9 ! life ( nations3 if1 h[ev]1 "o w\ld be impress$ ) ! imm5sely significant rle :i* petroleum products h play$ 9 ! conduct ( ! great ,european ,w>1 a brief ref]5ce to ! subject w amply suffice4 ,f ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,titanic /ruggle 9 #aiad1 x became obvi\s to ^? :o 7 mo/ compet5t to judge t1 if victory 0 to be on ! side ( ! ,allies1 x 0 imp]ative t !y %\ld possess suffici5t res]ves ( petroleum products = all purposes1 = x 0 evid5t !n t activity w\ld n be limit$ to armies on ! l&1 b t ! air & ! sea w\ld also become battle-gr\nds :]eon ! de/9ies ( nations w\ld 9 "p be decid$4 ,g]many1 too1 saw ?is2 be=e ! w> x _h be5 practically dep5d5t ^u regul> supplies f ! ,unit$ ,/ates z well z f ,r\mania1 b ! bulk ( its requirem5ts came f ! =m] m5tion$ c\ntry4 ,) its ,/ates' oil %ipm5ts cut (f1 x turn$ its att5tion to secur+ at lea/ "p ( its /ocks f ! neutral ,nor?-,we/]n ,european c\ntries1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 7 likewise dep5d5t ^u ,am]ica4 ,! ruse work$ = "s "t1 & ! unsuspect+ ,am]ican export]s %ipp$ c>goes to ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 & ,sw$5 ) little idea t ! bulk ( ^! 7 ultimately to f9d _! way into ,g]many4 ,x 0 only :5 ! figures 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,/ates z to ! abnormally l>ge quantities ( petroleum products t _h be5 s5t to ! ,european neutral c\ntries t1 to ! ?9k+ m9d1 x became obvi\s some?+ 0 wrong4 ,i c mode/ly claim to h call$ ! att5tion ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to ?is und]h& proce$+ e>ly 9 #aiae1 :5 ,i n only gave !m details ( c>goes :i* _h be5 deliv]$ to v>i\s ,nor?-,we/]n ,european ports en r\te to ,g]many1 b also manag$ to secure ! names ( vessels all lad5 ) su* supplies1 :i* at t "t 7 cross+ ! ,atlantic4 ,mr4 ,w9/on ,*ur*ill1 to 8 cr$it be x said1 act$ )\t delay1 & )9 a few days1 z ! vessels pass$ ! ,nor? ( ,scotl&1 !y 7 /opp$1 &--well1 to cut a long /ory %ort1 ?is c\ntry got ! petroleum products :i*1 9 accordance ) ! orig9al plan1 w\ld h gone to ,g]many4 ,"s "t aft]w>ds !re came a voice ( prote/ f "o or two int]e/$ p]sons 9 ^? neutral c\ntries1 = !y decl>$ t n a s+le b>rel ( petroleum _h gone ov] to ,g]many1 b evid5ce 0 soon =?com+ to %[ h[ well ,g]many's ruse _h work$ = "s mon?s1 & a prosecution 9 "o ( ^? c\ntries made aga9/ an import+ firm1 = actually s5d+ petroleum supplies into ,g]many1 effectively clos$ ! prote/ f ^? :o w\ld h lik$ ! enemy's desires to h be5 undi/urb$4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ d\bt t ,g]many at t "t 0 9 dire /raits = suffici5t petroleum products = its milit>y purposes3 _h ! w> be5 some:at delay$ 9 its comm5cem5t1 %e w\ld h be5 f> bett] prep>$1 =1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 !re _h be5 laid d[n an elaborate programme = ! importation & di/ribution ( ,r\manian petroleum products ?r\gh\t ,g]many4 ,z x 01 ! c\ntry 0 unprep>$1 &1 ?\gh 9 o!r directions e possible precaution _h be5 tak5 to c>ry ?r\gh an elaborate milit>y programme ( (f5ce1 ! prospective de>? ( suffici5t supplies ( petroleum products necessitat$ ! en=c+ ( ! mo/ /r+5t regulations ) reg>d to ! uses ( all petroleum products1 except+ = milit>y purposes4 ,! tak+ ( ! ,galician fields f ! ,c5tral ,armies by ,russia gave a s]i\s set-back to ,g]many's milit>y plans1 & x 0 only :5 ! ,russians _h to )draw f ,lemb]g t ! enemy 0 able to c\nt ^u suffici5t supplies to meet 8 milit>y requirem5ts4 ,to an ext5t1 he 0 ev5 !n doom$ to disappo9tm5t1 =1 :5 8 armies arriv$ on ! ,galician fields1 !y f\nd t practically ! :ole ( ! petroleum res]ves _h be5 de/roy$1 & a l>ge numb] ( ! prolific produc+ wells m or less p]man5tly damag$4 ,nor1 to my m9d1 0 ! advance into ,r\mania prompt$ by ! idea ( t]ritorial ga9s s mu* z to secure control ( ! c\ntry's oil-fields4 ,"h1 aga91 ,g]many's desires 7 9 "p ?w>t$1 = ! ef=ts ( ! ,briti% ,milit>y ,mission1 to :i* ,i ref] else:]e1 _h be5 em95tly successful4 ,f t "t onw>d1 h[ev]1 ,g]many's supplies ( petroleum products 7 secur$1 & t %e turn$ !m to acc\nt 0 a matt] ( common k4 ,g]many1 naturally1 greatly valu$ ! acquisition ( ! ,r\manian oil-fields1 & x mu/ be to its p a great disappo9tm5t t ! :ole ( ^! imm5sely prolific regions = oil production are n[ p]man5tly remov$ f ! nation's grasp4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t did n s]i\sly appreciate ! importance ( petroleum products 9 w> z well z peace until ! w> cl\d ( #aiad 0 ab\t to bur/4 ,x _h tak5 no notice ( ! sugge/ions made f "t to "t t 9 our own c\ntry !re might be va/ petroleum res]ves await+ developm5t1 & x _h n ev5 %[n any enc\ragem5t to ! ,scotti% %ale-oil indu/ry4 ,all t x _h done1 & ev5 ?is 0 on ! eve ( w>1 0 to inve/ ov] #b1jjj1jjj 9 ! ,anglo-,p]sian ,oil ,company1 ,ltd41 = ! developm5t ( ! ,p]sian oil-fields1 s t ! ,navy c\ld secure ample supplies ( fuel oil4 ,b "h1 h[ev]1 !re 7 difficulties ahead1 = ! ,p]sian fields are 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry & h to rely ^u pipe-l9es to br+ ! supplies to ! coa/4 ,ev]y?+1 !re=e1 dep5d$ ^u ! security ( ! pipe-l9e1 & ! idea :i* 0 9 ! m9ds ( _m :o oppos$ ! s*eme z to ! possibility ( supplies be+ cut (f by ! activities ( ! insurg5ts1 0 by no means a mi/ak5 "o2 ! pipe-l9e 01 9 fact1 p>tially de/roy$1 & ! transport ( fuel oil held up = a long "t4 ,z a nation1 we h all along _h to dep5d ^u import$ petroleum products1 &1 inasmu* z our supplies c\ld be drawn at w f a v>iety ( produc+ c\ntries1 ! idea t we might at "o "t f9d ourselves cut (f f supply does n appe> to h occurr$ to _m4 ,no soon] _h ! w> />t$1 h[ev]1 ?an we f\nd1 ow+ to ! clos+ ( ! ,d>danelles1 t bo? ,russia & ,r\mania c\ld no long] att5d to our requirem5ts1 :ile ! ,f> ,ea/1 ow+ to ! great ocean j\rney necessitat$ to ?is c\ntry 7& ! quicke/ way lay ?r\gh ! ,m$it]ranean7 c\ld n ma9ta9 regul> %ipm5ts ) u4 ,x is =tunate t we f\nd ! ,unit$ ,/ates will+1 & f ! />t v desir\s1 to d all t 0 possible to help u out ( a difficulty2 :ile ,mexico1 ) its weal? ( ,briti% oil int]e/s1 cat]$ 9 e way = ! meet+ ( ! enorm\s dem&s we made ^u its res\rces4 ,to say t petroleum products h play$ a highly-important "p 9 ! conduct ( ! w> is b to "u-e/imate facts4 ,! importance ( _! "p has be5 equal to t ( ! supply ( guns & %ells1 &1 :5 ! /atem5t 0 made 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #aiag t adequate supplies ( petroleum 7 q z ess5tial z m5 & munitions1 petroleum's "p 0 !n n ov]-/at$4 ,r w\ld ,i say x 0 on ! contr>y1 =1 _h !re be5 at any "t a de>? ( any classification ( petroleum products1 !n ! va/ naval & army organization1 bo? on & across ! wat]1 w\ld imm$iately h lo/ its balance1 & our great fight+ units w\ld automatically h become useless4 ,j ?9k ( x = a mom5t4 ,to-day1 our great naval fight]s--take ! ,que5 ,elizabe?1 = in/ance--rely ^u fuel oil = purposes ( p[]1 :ile our second & ?ird l9e units mu/ also h x1 =1 :e!r x be fuel oil or ! light] products ( ! oil ref9]y--,i ref] to motor _s--x matt]s n1 s f> z supply is conc]n$4 ,! :ole ( our w+$ fleets 9 ! air mu/1 ( necessity1 be useless unless !y c regul>ly draw l>ge quantities ( motor _s1 & ! volume !y consume1 ev5 on a s+le trip1 w\ld surprise _m1 ?\gh x is n possible "h to ent] into figures4 ,at fir/ sight "o might be incl9$ to ?9k t1 ap>t f petroleum products be+ a v useful adjunct to ! organization ( battles on l&1 _! use is n ( a v real nature1 b1 if we pause = "o mom5t1 our fir/ impressions are disillusion$4 ,x 0 my privilege at ! end ( #aiag1 ?anks to ! k9dness ( ! ,briti% ,=eign ,(fice1 to pay a visit to ! fronts ( ,france & ,fl&]s1 & !re to h an opportunity ( see+ ! "p :i* petroleum products did actually play4 ,! imm5sity ( ?is importance _c be easily grasp$1 nor easily describ$4 ,we all "k ! rem>kable progress :i* _h be5 made 9 reg>d to ! ext5sion ( ! railway sy/ems ?r\gh\t ! zones ( battle1 b x w surprise _m to le>n t x 0 :5 ! rail-heads _h be5 rea*$1 & betwe5 !re & ! real battle front1 t motor _s _h ! realm ( transport to itself4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( heavy motor vehicles took up ! "w ( transport :5 x left ! railway1 & x 0 ?is s]vice t 0 requir$ to see n only t our millions ( m5 daily receiv$ _! food1 b ea* & e sort ( ammunition also4 ,b x 0 n ev5 :5 ! front l9e ( battle 0 rea*$ t motor _s _h f9i%$ its "w4 ,^? great ma*9es ( w>--! tanks--_h to rema9 /ation>y if !y 7 n f$ by l>ge supplies ( _s1 :ile petroleum1 too1 took a prim>y position 9 ! mak+ ( ! liquid fire :i* n[ & aga9 we he>d ( z caus+ su* havoc to ,fritz4 ,b1 at its be/1 ! railway 0 some:at sl[ at ! ,front1 no d\bt ow+ to ! enorm\s conge/ion :i* 0 insep>able f ! reign ( a /ate ( w>4 ,consequ5tly1 :ole fleets ( motor vehicles 7 employ$ day & night 9 a ceaseless /ream ( traffic1 f ! coa/al ports "r up to ! zone ( battle4 ,)\t divulg+ secrets1 x is safe to say t t bran* ( ! s]vice alone dem&$ millions ( gallons ( motor _s weekly4 ,bo? aft] z well z be=e battle1 ! products ( petroleum 7 ess5tial1 =1 :5 ! ,r$ ,cross vehicles took up _! humane "w ( transport+ ! w\nd$ h]oes ( ! fight1 ^?1 too1 call$ = innum]able quantities ( motor _s4 ,& :5 d>kness _h fall5 ! oil lamp came into g5]al use4 ,x 0 to be f\nd :]ev] !re 0 a ve/ige ( life 9 ^? zones ( battle3 ! soldi]s 9 _!1 at times1 lonely dug-outs1 us$ oil = cook+ z well z = light1 & all vehicul> traffic 0 guid$ f disa/] along ! roads by ! use ( oil1 :i* also (f]$ ! only s\rce ( artificial light 9 ! ,r$ ,cross vehicles4 ,:at an imm5se organization x 0 :i* dep5d$ = its ceaseless activities ^u ! products ( petroleum6 ,"o day1 :ile at ,g5]al ,headqu>t]s1 ,i express$ a desire to see ! me?ods by :i* all t _w ( activity secur$ its necess>y supplies ( petroleum products regul>ly1 :5 once !y _h arriv$ 9 ,france 9 bulk4 ,a few days lat]1 ,i 01 accord+ly1 all[$ to visit ! imm5se c5tral depot at ,calais1 at :i* all ! petroleum products requir$ = use 9 ! organization ( transport 7 dealt )4 ,x is safe to say t at no c5tre 9 ! _w did !re exi/ su* an ext5sive petroleum depot1 nor any:]e else 0 !re an organization ^u ^: p]fect work+ s mu* dep5d$4 ,?\gh motor _s necess>ily occupi$ ! fir/ position ( importance1 practically ! :ole range ( products 0 dealt )4 ,! motor _s 0 receiv$ 9 bulk1 b at ! depot _h to be measur$ into ! famili> #b-;gallon c 7:i* 0 made on ! spot7 & s5t up c\ntry 9 special tra9s ea* day4 ,specially col\r$ t9s d5ot$ ! be/ quality ( ! _s1 & x 0 t :i* 0 res]v$ = ! num]\s a]odromes 9 ,france & ,fl&]s4 ,! magnitude ( t bran* ( ! depot might be guess$ :5 ,i /ate t at ! "t ( my visit consid]ably ov] #b1jjj1jjj #b-;gallon petrol t9s 7 be+ ei!r /or$ or fill$ = up c\ntry dispat*4 ,all k9ds ( lubricants 7 also ess5tial = ! purposes ( w>1 = ev5 motor _s itself w\ld be ( little use = ! int]nal combu/ion eng9es1 if ! eng9es c\ld n secure _! regul> supplies ( lubricat+ oils4 ,^!1 too1 _h to be dispat*$ ) rem>kable regul>ity to e section ( ! battle zones1 :il/1 z ,i h sugge/$ e>li]1 ! daily requirem5ts ( w> necessitat$ ! di/ribution ( illum9at+ oil 9 l>ge quantities4 ,b no ref]5ce to petroleum's "p 9 ! great ,european w> w\ld be complete 7 x n to include m5tion ( ! way 9 :i* supplies ( toluol assi/$ 9 secur+ victory to ! ,allies4 ,toluol1 z is kn[n1 is necess>y = ! production ( high explosives1 & 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! great conflict1 ! output ( high explosives 0 consid]ably re/rict$ by ! abs5ce ( suffici5t quantities ( ?is necess>y explosive prim>y4 ,x 0 at t "t t a discov]y ( ! utmo/ importance 0 made1 =1 z ! result ( inve/igations c>ri$ out at ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 x 0 f\nd t ! heavy petroleums ( ,borneo conta9$ l>ge p]c5tages ( toluol4 ,sir ,m>cus ,samuel1 ,b>t41 ! ,*airman 7& ! f\nd]7 ( ! ,%ell ,transport & ,trad+ ,company1 ,ltd41 lo/ no "t 9 appris+ ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t ( ! discov]y1 = x is 9 ! ,borneo oils t ! ,%ell ,company & its alli$ conc]ns are *iefly int]e/$4 ,! (f] = ! deliv]y ( ^! imm5se quantities ( toluol 0 eag]ly accept$ by ! ,briti% & ,alli$ ,gov]nm5ts1 & f t "t onw>d1 ! supply ( high explosives 0 practically unlimit$4 ,! ,fr5* & ,italian ,gov]nm5ts h ass]t$ t1 b = ?is specific (f] ( toluol1 ! manufacture ( high explosives w\ld h _h to rema9 s limit$1 t x w\ld h be5 impossible to br+ ab\t an ,alli$ ,victory 9 #aiah4 ,_! ?anks 7 publicly ext5d$ to ! ,%ell ,company at ! conclusion ( ho/ilities1 & ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,det]d+ & ! ,asiatic ,petroleum ,company 7 specially ?ank$1 :ile z f> back z #aiae1 ,sir ,m>cus ,samuel1 ,b>t41 receiv$ ! ?anks ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t = 8 invaluable w> s]vices4 ,x 0 only aft] ! fir+ ( ! guns _h ceas$ on all ,fronts1 t x 0 p]missible to record 9 :at a rem>kable mann] ^! s]vices 7 r5d]$4 ,! exig5cies ( space h prev5t$ my deal+1 except+ 9 ! mo/ brief mann]1 ) ?is int]e/+ subject3 ,i only hope ,i h succe$$ 9 %[+ t1 9 times ( w>1 z well z 9 ^? ( peace1 petroleum products occupy ! position ( fir/ importance4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,scotti% ,,%ale-,,oil ,,indu/ry ,9 view ( ! great int]e/ :i* is n[ be+ c5tr$ 9 ! production ( petroleum 9 ! ,briti% ,isles--?us mak+ ?is c\ntry to a l>ge ext5t less dep5d5t ^u =eign s\rces ( supply--! ,%ale-oil ,indu/ry ( ,scotl& is assum+ a new importance1 = ! reason t x is 9 ! direction ( ! developm5t ( new oil-%ale areas 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! c\ntry t exp]ts look ) a great am\nt ( confid5ce4 ,x is specially int]e/+1 !re=e1 to deal at "s l5g? ) ! gr[? ( ! indu/ry1 ! me?ods by :i* ! oil %ales are op]at$1 & ! prospects = its ext5sion4 ,! "n ( ,dr4 ,james ,"y1 ( ,r5frew%ire1 w ev] be associat$ ) ! comm]cial exploitation ( ! oil-be>+ %ales 9 ! ,midlo?ians1 = x 0 due to 8 ent]prise t ! ,scotti% %ale-oil indu/ry really ow$ its bir? & mu* ( its lat] developm5t4 ,x 0 :ile ,"y 0 manag+ a *emical works at ,liv]pool t 8 att5tion 0 drawn to small fl[s ( oil :i* came f a coal seam at ,alfreton1 9 ,d]by%ire4 ,?is 0 9 #ahdg1 & aft] exp]im5t+ ) ! liquid1 ,"y succe$$ 9 extract+ !refrom on a comm]cial scale bo? a light burn+ oil & a lubricant1 z well z wax4 ,:5 ! supply became exhau/$1 ,dr4 ,"y _h an idea to imitate ! natural processes by :i* he believ$ ! oil _h be5 =m$4 ,! outcome ( ?is 0 ! well-kn[n ,"y pat5t = obta9+ p>aff9 oil & o!r products f bitum9\s coals at sl[ di/illation4 ,! ,"y process 0 utiliz$ ) mu* success 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates until su* "t z x became unpr(itable ow+ to ! l>gely increas+ production 9 ,am]ica ( liquid oils obta9$ direct f ! e>?4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t t a bitum9\s m9]al kn[n z ,boghead coal1 & exi/+ 9 ! ,midlo?ians1 0 discov]$1 & f ?is ,"y secur$ upw>ds ( #ajj gallons ( oil f ea* ton treat$1 b soon ?is m9]al 01 9 a practical s5se1 exhau/$1 & s ! bitum9\s %ales1 n[ kn[n z oil-%ales1 came 9 = att5tion4 ,be=e pass+ away f ,dr4 ,"y's s]vices 9 connection ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,scotti% %ale-oil indu/ry1 x %\ld be m5tion$ t he figures v l>gely 9 m ?an "o ( ! e>li] ,scotti% %ale conc]ns4 ,he f\nd$ ! ,ba?gate ,oil ,company1 :i*1 9 ! z5i? ( its op]ations1 treat$ #a1jjj tons ( %ale daily1 ?is ,company be+ lat] m]g$ into ! ,"y's ,p>aff9 ,light & ,m9]al ,oil ,company1 ,ltd41 "o ( ! l>ge ,scotti% %ale-oil und]tak+s & well kn[n ?r\gh\t ! _w to-day4 ,! ,scotti% %ale-oil fields1 z exploit$ to-day1 cov] a belt ( t]ritory :i* is ab\t #f miles broad & /ret*es f ,dalm5y & ,ab]corn1 on ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 s\?w>ds across ! f]tile tract betwe5 ! ,riv] ,almond & ! ,ba?gate ,hills to ! moorl& di/rict ( ,cobb9%aw & ,t>brax4 ,?r\gh\t ?is region !re are v>i\s important m9+ c5tres1 su* z ,broxburn1 ,uphall1 ,ea/ ,cald]1 ,mid-,cald]1 ,we/ ,cald]1 & ,addiwell2 & 9 connection ) ! %ale-oil indu/ry1 upw>ds ( #be1jjj p]sons n[ f9d regul> employm5t4 ,! %ale measures on :i* ! %ale-oil indu/ry dep5ds1 =m "p ( ! calcif]\s s&/one s]ies ( ,mid & ,we/ ,lo?ian & ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,fife4 ,! c>bonif]\s sy/em ( ,scotl& may be arrang$ 9 desc5d+ ord] 9 f\r divisions1 z "u-- #d4 ,coal measures1 compris+ r$ s&/one1 %ales1 & m>ls ) no workable coals1 und]laid by :ite & grey s&/ones & %ales ) num]\s valuable coal seams & iron/ones4 #c4 ,mill/one grit1 consi/+ ( co>se s&/ones1 ) b$s ( fireclay1 a few ?9 coals1 iron/ones1 & ?9 lime/ones4 #b4 ,c>bonif]\s lime/one s]ies1 embrac+ ?ree subdivisions1 ! highe/ ( :i* conta9s ?ree or m lime/ones ) ?ick b$s ( s&/one & "s coals1 ! middle includes sev]al valuable seams ( coal & iron/one1 & ! l[e/ is *>act]iz$ by sev]al b$s ( m>9e lime/one ) s&/one1 %ales1 "s coals1 & iron/ones4 #a4 ,calcif]\s s&/one s]ies1 =m+ two subdivisions4 ,! upp] is kn[n z ! oil-%ale gr\p1 & is ov] #c1jjj feet 9 ?ickness1 & conta9s1 9 its highe/ "p1 b$s ( coal1 usually ( inf]ior quality1 &1 f>!r d[n1 ab\t six ma9 seams ( oil-%ale1 int]-/ratifi$ ) b$s ( s&/one1 %ale1 fire-clay1 m>l1 & e/u>9e lime/ones4 ,al?\gh ! calcif]\s s&/one s]ies is well develop$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,scotl&1 x has n hi!rto yield$ any oil-%ale ( economic importance beyond ! limits ( ,we/ ,lo?ian1 ,mid ,lo?ian1 & ,fife4 ,?9 seams ( oil-%ale d occur 9 v>i\s places 9 ! c\nties ( ,hadd+ton & ,b]wick1 b1 g5]ally speak+1 ! quantity is n suffici5t to be practically work$4 ,a ^w or two z to ! oil-%ales !mselves4 ,! %ales1 z kn[n 9 ! ,lo?ians1 are f9e black or br[ni% clay %ales1 ) c]ta9 special features :i* enable !m to be easily di/+ui%$ 9 ! field4 ,m9]s draw a di/9ction betwe5 8pla90 & 8curly0 %ale1 ! =m] v>iety be+ flat & smoo?1 & ! latt] contort$ or 8curl$10 & poli%$ or glossy on ! squeez$ faces4 ,9 int]nal /ructure1 oil-%ale is m9utely lam9at$1 :i* is app>5t 9 ! 8sp5t0 %ale aft] di/illation1 :5 x is ?r[n out 9 fragm5ts1 compos$ ( extremely ?9 %eets l ! leaves ( a book4 ,be=e t\*+ ^u ! me?ods employ$ 9 m9+ ! %ale & ! treatm5t x receives dur+ di/illation1 x is int]e/+ to note t ! indu/ry 9 ,scotl& has pass$ ?r\gh _m vicissitudes s9ce its e/abli%m5t4 ,at t "t1 ! ,am]ican oil indu/ry 0 b 9 its infancy1 & ! production 9 ! ,/ates 0 utiliz$ ma9ly on ! ,am]ican m>kets4 ,consequ5tly1 !re 0 a great dem& = ! ,scotti% oils 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 #ahgj !re 7 no few] ?an n9ety small oil-works 9 ! ,lo?ians1 ! majority ( :i* 7 op]at+ ! %ales4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t t ! ,am]ican illum9at+ oil came ov] to ?is c\ntry1 & a v sorry bl[ 0 dealt ! ,scotti% indu/ry4 ,s disa/r\s 0 ! result+ competition betwe5 ! ,scotti% products on ! "o h&1 & ! ,am]ican & ,russian petroleums on ! o!r1 t "o by "o ! ,scotti% companies clos$ d[n1 &1 aft] less ?an eight ye>s ( competition1 ! numb] ( op]at+ companies _h fall5 to tw5ty-six4 ,! decay cont9u$ until ! numb] ( active conc]ns 9 ! ,scotti% %ale-oil indu/ry c\ld be c\nt$ on "o's f+]s4 ,! indu/ry exi/s to-day simply z a result ( ! great improvem5ts :i* h be5 made 9 ! retort+ ( ! %ale1 by :i* l>g] quantities ( products are produc$--includ+ ammonia4 ,x is ?us able to )/& =eign competition4 ,to-day1 x is e/imat$ t ne>ly #d1jjj1jjj tons ( ! ,scotti% %ales are treat$ e twelve mon?s by ! sev]al op]at+ oil companies4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! conc]ns--! ,pumph]/on ,oil ,company--has be5 regul>ly op]at+ s9ce #ahhc1 &1 inasmu* z x deals ) by f> ! l>ge/ quantities ( %ale treat$1 a brief acc\nt ( its op]ations w be ( advantage 9 enabl+ ! read] to und]/& ! me?ods by :i* a total ( ne>ly #djj1jjj tons ( oil are produc$ ea* ye> 9 ,scotl&4 ,! op]ations ( ! ,pumph]/on ,oil ,company are ^u a scale ( consid]able magnitude1 = ! ,company's works comprise ! crude oil plant1 ! sulphate ( ammonia plant1 oil & wax ref9]ies1 etc4 ,! ,seafield & ,deans works1 #g & #d miles di/ant respectively1 possess only crude-oil & sulphate-produc+ plants1 ! ref9+ plants be+ conf9$ to ,pumph]/on4 ,! ,company's works cov] #ajj acres1 :ile ! %ale fields ext5d ov] _m ?\s&s ( acres 9 & ar\nd ! di/rict ( ,pumph]/on4 ,z has already be5 m5tion$1 ! %ale fields s f> op]at$ lie1 9 ! ma91 9 ! ,lo?ians1 &1 z "o motors by road f ,ed9burgh to ,glasg[1 ! %ale c\ntry is pass$ ?r\gh4 ,be=e ! comm]cial developm5t ( a %ale field1 trial bor+s are sunk1 n[ m g5]ally by means ( a diamond bore1 = by its revolv+ action a solid core is obta9$ :i* readily %[s ! "* & incl9ation ( ! /rata pass$ ?r\gh4 ,:5 a seam ( %ale has be5 f\nd by bor+ op]ations1 & ! exact position & dep? ( outcrop det]m9$1 x is necess>y1 be=e s9k+ a m9e1 to put d[n a trial %aft = ! purpose ( mak+ sure z to ! true gradi5t at :i* ! %ale is ly+1 & ! ?ickness z well z ! quality ( ! same4 ,9 ! %ales 9 ! ,pumph]/on di/rict !re are five di/9ct seams1 dipp+ f #bi degrees to #ch degrees1 & ! m9e is driv5 9 ! middle seam1 ! o!r seams be+ ent]$ by level cross-cut m9es driv5 f "o to ano!r4 ,ea* ( ^! seams is work$ sep>ately1 ! cross-cut %[n 9 ! sket* s]v+ ! purposes ( communication & transit4 ,9 "s cases1 :]e ! incl9ation ( ! %ales is at a diff]5t angle1 x is necess>y to s9k a v]tical %aft1 & ?is me?od is appli$ to ! s]ies kn[n z ! ,mid-,cald]4 ,! usual dim5sions ( ! incl9$ %aft are a wid? ( f #aj to #ab feet1 & ! height is f #f to #h feet4 ,if ! sides ( ! %aft prove to be ( a s(t nature1 z is g5]ally ! case ) ! %ale at ! crop1 walls are run up & ! ro( is support$ by l>* cr[ns1 b1 :]e ! %ale is h>d & ! ro( good1 !n ! less co/ly me?od ( timb]+ is adopt$4 ,! supports to ! ro( 9 _m cases are fix$ 8c5tre0 fa%ion1 divid+ ! %aft into two unequal p>ts4 ,! small] division has g5]ally a wid? ( j ov] #c feet1 & is us$ = haulage ropes & wat] pipes1 :ile ! l>g] division is utiliz$ = w9d+4 ,dur+ ! progress ( s9k+1 levels are brok5 away 9 ! seam at regul> di/ances1 & driv5 s z to get communication )1 & drive head+s to =m1 ! out] m9e4 ,^! head+s are driv5 9 ! same direction z ! s9k+ m9e to ! levels above1 until !y connect ) ! out] m9e or %aft4 ,! out] m9e is !n us$ = w9d+ ! %ale up to ! surface1 & ! o!r is kept = s9k+ purposes1 & by ?is means w9d+ & s9k+ c g on simultane\sly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,pumph]/on ,,works ,! seams ( %ale 9 ! ,midlo?ian fields v>y g5]ally f #d to #aj feet 9 ?ickness1 say #g feet z an av]age1 &1 on ! :ole1 !y are comp>atively free f ribs ( unproductive rock4 ,) a ?ickness ( #g feet1 exp]i5ce has %[n t ! me?od be/ adapt$ = ! effici5t work+ ( ! %ale is 8/oop & room10 b 9 ! case ( two seams ( %ale1 sep>at$ by a b$ ( =eign mat]ial ( suffici5t ?ickness = pack+1 ! long wall me?od proves ! m suitable4 ,! 8/oop & room0 me?od1 h[ev]1 is m g5]ally us$ ?r\gh\t ! ,scotti% %ale di/rict ?an any o!r1 its *ief *>act]i/ics be+ ! 7#a7 8:ole0 or fir/ work+1 & 7#b7 ! brok5 or second work+4 ,! :ole work+ consi/s ( a s]ies ( excavations made 9 ! %ale1 :]eby x is divid$ into rectangul> blocks or pill>s4 ,^! excavations are call$ rooms1 "o set be+ driv5 at "r angles to ! dip ( ! %ale & at regul> di/ances f "o ano!r1 & commonly call$ 8levels02 ano!r set1 driv5 to ! rise ( ^! levels & at "r angles to !m1 be+ usually kn[n z 8ends0 or 8upsets40 ,! latt] are brok5 (f ! levels at regul> int]vals & driv5 upw>ds to meet ! levels above4 ,! %ale m9] holes z f> z he c rea*--probably ?ree or m feet--& br+s d[n ! %ale by bla/+1 ! process be+ repeat$ until he p5etrates a di/ance ( f #i to #ab feet f ! face at road-head4 ,! %ale1 be+ loos5$ f its natural b$1 is !n plac$ 9 8hut*es10 :i* are tak5 to ! bottom ( ! %aft by ei!r horse or *a9 haulage 7mu* z ) coal71 & !n ! j\rney to ! m\? is comm5c$4 ,be=e leav+ ! "q ( %ale m9+1 x %\ld be expla9$ t ! %ale m9] is subject to dang]s mu* z 8 colleague 9 ! coal-pit1 b ! volume ( gases f\nd 9 ! %ale seams is n s great z 9 ! coal measures4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are ( an explosive nature1 ! mo/ common be+ fire-damp4 ,once above gr\nd1 ! %ale is convey$ to break+ ma*9es by endless wire-rope haulage4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! ma*9es1 x is brok5 into suitable sizes = di/illation1 & drops into hopp]-%ap$ hut*es4 ,^! hut*es h a capacity ( ab\t a ton1 & ea* 9 turn is convey$ to ! top ( ! retorts on an incl9$ scaffold by an endless *a94 ,! %ale !n falls by ! op]ation ( a lev] into a hopp] or magaz9e communicat+ directly ) ! retorts1 "o hopp] ) a /orage capacity ( #bd h\rs' supply ( %ale be+ connect$ to ea* retort ( ! ,pumph]/on ,company4 ,?is ,company's retorts--!y are pat5t$--are 9 use at ! v>i\s works ( ! ,pumph]/on ,company1 & are an int]e/+ feature to visitors4 ,! %ale is f$ by gravitation into cyl9drical-%ap$ retorts1 & built v]tically 9 ov5s ( f\r1 ea* ov5 hav+ f\r *amb]s4 ,! upp] portion is ( ca/-iron1 #aa feet long by #b feet 9 diamet] at ! top1 & slightly enl>g$ t[>d ! bottom4 ,heat is appli$ ext]nally f ! incond5sable gases obta9$ f ! di/illation ( ! %ale1 & ?is heat is made to circulate r\nd ! retort4 ,9 ! case ( ! poor] qualities ( ! %ale1 h[ev]1 ! heat is assi/$ by produc]-gas4 ,! heat+ gas ent]s ne> ! bottom portion ( ! retort1 :i* is ( fire-brick1 along ) a c]ta9 quantity ( air1 & a high temp]ature--f #a1bjj;,f4 to #a1fjj;,f4--is ma9ta9$1 9 ?is portion conv]t+ ! nitrog5 ( ! %ale into ammonia1 :i* is pres]v$ by a cont9u\s supply ( /eam deliv]$ at a slight pressure at ! bottom ( ! hopp]4 ,! oil gases are di/ill$ f ! %ale 9 ! ca/-iron portion ( ! retort at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ijj ,f41 &1 along ) ! ammonia gas1 are drawn (f by ! exhau/]s ?r\gh a bran* pipe at ! top ( ! retort1 ?r\gh ! atmosph]ic cond5s]s1 f :i* ! cond5s$ liquid oil & wat] conta9+ ammonia fl[ into a small sep>ator tank4 ,x is "h t1 ow+ to _! diff]5t specific gravities--= "o is light] ?an ! o!r--!y assume diff]5t levels1 & are ?us drawn (f into sep>ate tanks4 ,! gases !n pass ?r\gh ammonia scrubb]s1 9 :i* !y are wa%$ = ammonia1 & !n ?r\gh ! naph?a scrubb]s1 :]e ! light] gases1 :i* c\ld n be caught 9 ! atmosph]ic cond5s]s1 are wa%$ ) oil & a good quality ( light oil or naph?a is recov]$4 ,! incond5sable portion pass+ f ^! scrubb]s is burn$ 9 ! retorts z previ\sly m5tion$4 ,) a %ale ( av]age yield1 ! retort c be heat$ by ^! incond5sable gases f ! di/illation1 & a surplus obta9$ = burn+ "u /eam boil]s4 ,:at is d\btless a v unique feature ( ! ,pumph]/on retort is ! me*anical arrangem5t = )draw+ ! sp5t %ale cont9u\sly1 & ?us keep+ ! :ole mass inside ! retorts 9 con/ant movem5t4 ,bel[ ea* pair ( retorts is fix$ a hopp] made ( ca/-iron1 & fix$ to gird]s support$ on ! brick pi]s or columns betwe5 ! ov5s4 ,at ! top ( ea* hopp]1 & imm$iately und]nea? ! bottom ( ! retorts1 is fix$ a ca/-iron disc or table1 ) a space left betwe5 its edge & ! sides ( ! hopp]4 ,! :ole mass ( %ale 9 ! retort re/s ^u ! table1 ! space p]mitt+ "s to pass ov] ! edge4 ,?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! table a /eel sp9dle projects1 on ! upp] end ( :i* is fix$ a curv$ arm1 & ?is1 :5 rotat$1 pu%es "s ( ! %ale (f1 caus+ x to fall ov] ! edge ( ! table into ! hopp] bel[4 ,! %aft c>ry+ ! curv$ arm passes ?r\gh a /uff+-box on ! hopp]1 & has a rat*et & lev] fitt$ to ! l[] end1 actuat$ by a rod ( ,t-iron :i* is made to travel horizontally1 & is driv5 by a small electric motor4 ,! motion is comp>atively sl[1 ! arm mak+ b "o revolution 9 ab\t #bj m9utes1 b ! action is mo/ satisfactory1 ! ?r\gh-put ( %ale be+ regulat$ at w4 ,! ammonia wat] got f ! atmosph]ic cond5s]s is pump$ ?r\gh a heat]1 9 :i* x is rais$ 9 temp]ature by ! wa/e wat] fl[+ f ! /ill1 & passes into ! top ( ! /ill1 :i* is circul> 9 %ape1 ab\t #cj feet high1 & has a s]ies ( ca/-iron %elves or trays fix$ horizontally e #b feet or !reab\ts f ! top to ne> ! bottom4 ,/eam is put into ! bottom ( ! /ill at a pressure ( #dj lb41 & passes to ! top ?r\gh a s]ies ( conical arrangem5ts on ! %elves c>ry+ ) x ! volatile ammonia1 :ile ! wat]1 aft] trav]s+ ! :ole area ( ea* tray1 passes out into a concrete tank conta9+ a ca/-iron worm1 :i* is ! heat] already ref]r$ to1 = ! ammonia wat] on its way to ! /ill4 ,dur+ its progress f ! top to ! bottom ( ! /ill1 ! wat] is div]t$ into a *amb] conta9+ milk ( lime1 sett+ free ! fix$ ammonia :i* _c be got by /eam+4 ,! /eam & ammonia gas lib]at$ 9 ! /ill pass ov] into a l>ge lead-l9$ tub or saturator1 & bubbles ?r\gh holes 9 a lead worm plac$ r\nd ! circumf]5ce at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,sulphuric acid is at ! same "t run into ! saturator1 &1 at a c]ta9 temp]ature1 sulphate ( ammonia is =m$4 ,! sulphate falls into a well1 =m$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! bottom ( ! vessel1 9 :i* are plac$ two /eam ejectors1 & ^! bl[ x out along ) "s liquor4 ,?is mixture is deliv]$ into hut*es hav+ p]=at$ bottoms1 ?r\gh :i* ! ammonia liquor dra9s (f1 ! solid sulphate be+ left 9 ! hut*4 ,?is is n[ run by an ov]head railway to ! dry+ or /orage /alls1 & f ^! x is pack$ up & dispat*$ to ! m>ket4 ,! exhau/ /eam & wa/e gases f ! saturator are pass$ into ! retorts1 & utiliz$ = ! =mation ( ammonia f ! %ale1 :ile ! sp5t wat] is pump$ to ! sp5t %ale b+1 & ?or\ghly filt]$ be=e be+ all[$ to escape f ! works4 ,= deal+ ) ! weak acid wat] recov]$ f ! ref9]y1 ! ,pumph]/on plant consi/s ( lead-l9$ tubs or crack]s1 into :i* a quantity ( ! acid wat] is run1 & saturat$ ) ammonia gas until x is ne> ! salt+ po9t1 :5 x gravitates into settl+ vessels 9 ord] to sep>ate any t> c>ri$ ov] ) ! acid wat]4 ,! cle> liquid is !n drawn into ! saturator1 :]e x is quickly conv]t$ into sulphate & bl[n out 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,s up to date is ! :ole ( ! sy/em gov]n+ ! treatm5t ( ! %ales & ! result+ products1 t ! pump+ ( wat] f ! m9es1 ! haulage ( ! %ale to ! ref9]ies1 z well z driv+ ( ma*9]y 9 ! works1 is p]=m$ by electric p[]1 ! exhau/ /eam f ! eng9es driv+ ! g5]ators1 z 9 ! case ( ! sulphate ( ammonia exhau/1 be+ s5t to ! retorts = use 9 ! production ( ammonia4 ,! process ( ref9+ ! crude oil obta9$ f ! %ale into ! v>i\s products is some:at complicat$ & p]plex+ to ^? unassociat$ ) ! indu/ry on acc\nt ( ! _m di/illations & treatm5ts :i* h to be c>ri$ out be=e a good m>ketable article is produc$4 ,! foll[+ outl9e1 h[ev]1 w give a fair idea ( ! process adopt$ ?r\gh\t ,scotl&4 ,! crude oil is deliv]$ at ! ref9]y into l>ge tanks1 :i* are plac$ at a suffici5t height to fe$ ! /ills by gravitation4 ,! crude oil is all[$ to settle = twelve or m h\rs at a temp]ature suffici5tly high to sep>ate any wat] t may h pass$ ! te/ at ! retorts1 & aft] ?is wat] has be5 run (f1 ! oil is f$ into ! c5tre boil] ( a batt]y ( oil boil]s4 ,! lighte/ fraction ( ! oil--ultimately motor _s & illum9at+ oils--is di/ill$ (f ! fe$+ boil] & cond5s$ 9 a coil ( ca/-iron pipes imm]s$ 9 wat] 9 a tank1 cold wat] be+ cont9u\sly run into ! tank1 :ile heat$ wat] is run (f4 ,! boil]s on ea* side ( ! fe$ vessel receive _! oil by a pipe connect+ ) ! bottom ( ! latt]1 & !y also di/il ov] ! light] portion ( oil ) :i* !y h be5 f$1 ! heavi] portions pass+ on to a ?ird boil]1 :]e ! process ( di/illation is repeat$4 ,! oil n[ left is deliv]$ into a ca/-iron pot-/ill1 9 :i* x is ultimately di/ill$ to dryness1 ! residue left 9 ! /ill =m+ oil coke1 :i* is valuable z a fuel on acc\nt ( its high p]c5tage ( fix$ c>bon & l[ yield ( a%4 ,/eam is admitt$ to ! /ill 9 l>ge quantities at all di/illations4 ,! v>i\s /ages ( di/illation are c>ri$ ?r\gh 9 almo/ id5tically ! same mann] z t ( crude oil1 &1 !re=e1 ne$ n be describ$ 9 detail4 ,! treatm5t or wa%+ ( ! oil to remove ! impurities t _c be elim9at$ by di/illation1 consi/s 9 /irr+ ! oil by compress$ air = a giv5 "t 9 an iron vessel1 ) a fix$ quantity ( sulphuric acid1 all[+ x to settle1 & runn+ (f ! heavy mixture ( t> & acid :i* sep>ates4 ,! acid-treat$ oil is !n run into ano!r simil> vessel1 treat$ ) a solution ( cau/ic soda1 settles1 & ! soda t> :i* sep>ates is run (f4 ,! acid t>s are /eam$ & wa%$1 ! result+ acid wat] be+ s5t to ! sulphate ( ammonia h\se = ! manufacture ( sulphate ( ammonia1 :il/ ! t> is mix$ ) t f ! soda treatm5ts & burn$ "u ! /ills z liquid oil4 ,z !re is m ?an suffici5t ( ?is t> to di/il all ! oil at ! v>i\s /ages1 ! di/illation is c>ri$ out )\t co/ = fuel1 except+ t necess>y = /eam-rais+ purposes4 ,a portion ( ! oil di/ill$ at ! second di/illation1 or gre5 oil /age1 is s5t f ! /ills to ! p>aff9 %$s to be cool$ & ! scale extract$1 ?is ev5tually be+ made into p>aff9 wax4 ,/or$ 9 tanks until br\ght d[n to atmosph]ic temp]ature1 ! oil is pump$ into ! inn] *amb] ( a cool]1 :i* consi/s ( a s]ies ( f\r vessels hav+ inn] & out] comp>tm5ts4 ,at ! same "t1 anhydr\s ammonia is =c$ into ! out] comp>tm5t or jacket1 & absorbs heat f ! cool]1 freez+ ! oil 9 ! inn] jacket into a pa/y mixture ( liquid oil & solid cry/als ( wax4 ,?is mixture is !n pump$ into filt]-presses1 :]e a portion ( ! oil fl[s away ?r\gh ! clo?1 :ile ! wax is left beh9d 9 solid cakes1 /ill conta9+ a quantity ( oil4 ,^! cakes are deliv]$ by conveyors to ! back ( ! hydraulic presses1 :]e !y are wrapp$ 9 clo? & plac$ on %elves betwe5 iron frames 9 ! presses1 mo/ ( ! rema9+ oils be+ ?us squeez$ out4 ,! mat]ial obta9$ f ! hydraulic presses is kn[n to ! trade z p>aff9 scale1 & z x is discol\r$ by ! small quantity ( oil :i* _c be remov$ by press+1 a process ( sweat+ by /eam+ 9 l>ge brick comp>tm5ts is adopt$1 9 ord] to remove ! oil4 ,! scale1 consequ5t ^u ! removal ( ! oil !refrom1 becomes :it] & ( high] melt+ po9t1 & aft] fur!r treatm5t is f9ally pass$ ?r\gh filt] pap] & run into m\ld+ trays4 ,:5 cool$1 ?is product is kn[n z p>aff9 wax1 ( :i* !re are _m grades4 ,"o _c ent] into ! te*nical arrangem5ts involv$1 = obvi\s reasons1 ! *ief "o ( :i* is t ^! _c int]e/ ! read]2 b suffici5t has already be5 writt5 9 ?is *apt] to sugge/ to ! read] ! p]fection :i* has n[ be5 rea*$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! %ales ( ! ,midlo?ians4 ,z to ! future1 x is full ( promise4 ,!re is no d\bt t = _m ye>s to come ! full =ce ( =eign competition1 z x has exi/$ 9 previ\s times1 w n be felt4 ,!re is a free field = ,scotti% ent]prise 9 connection ) ! di/illation ( its oil-be>+ %ales4 ,nor is ! region = developm5t limit$ to its pres5t area4 ,reports po9t to ! fact t mu* area ( comm]cial gr\nd exi/s1 n only on ! ea/]n side ( ,scotl&1 b also 9 ! nor? & nor?-we/1 :ile x is already an op5 secret t ^? responsible = ! conduct ( ,gov]nm5t op]ations are view+ ) fav\r ev5 ! liquid extraction ( oil f c]ta9 areas n f> di/ant f ! zone ( ! pres5t op]ations4 ,! ,scotti% %ale-oil indu/ry has1 s f>1 manag$ to defy competition f abroad to an ext5t :i* is reflect$ 9 ! balance %eets ( ! sev]al op]at+ companies1 ^: ye>ly divid5ds h be5 f #ej p] c5t4 d[nw>d dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 & t is1 ! ,gov]nm5t is well aw>e t !re are great possibilities associat$ ) ! %ale-oil indu/ry ( ,scotl&1 & x is n only wat*+ developm5ts ) direct int]e/1 b is do+ all 9 its p[] to fo/] ! indu/ry1 & by all means possible enc\rage ! exploitation ( areas s f> n comm]cially develop$4 ,at "s future date !re is a great possibility t ! pres5t area = developm5ts w be l>gely ext5d$1 & z ?is is writt51 !re is mu* evid5ce =?com+ to sugge/ t ?is comm]cial developm5t ( new l&s w n long be delay$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,a ,,few ,,notable ,,petroleum ,,ent]prises ,no brief survey ( ! petroleum indu/ry w\ld be complete 7 ref]5ce n made to a few ( ^? rem>kable comm]cial und]tak+s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w ^: int]e/s are n only closely associat$ ) x1 b to ^: en]gies has be5 due mu* ( ! expansion t has be5 witness$ 9 e direction dur+ ! pa/ few decades4 ,x is safe to ass]t t1 _h x n be5 t ! petroleum indu/ry has1 9 its v>i\s indu/rial & comm]cial aspects attract$ ! att5tion ( "s ( ! f9e/ f9ancial & bus9ess h\ses 9 ! _w1 ! wond]ful progress :i* has be5 record$ w\ld1 = ! mo/ "p1 h be5 impossible4 ,! fir/ place mu/ ( necessity be giv5 to t mu* malign$ amalgamation ( capital1 ! ,/&>d ,oil ,company ( ,new ,j]sey1 :i* 0 =m$ z f> back z #cf ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,john ,d4 ,rockefell] & 8 associates = ! prim>y purpose ( developm5ts 9 ! petroleum indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at t "t1 ! petroleum production ( ,am]ica _h become q a factor 9 comm]ce1 b x 01 obvi\sly1 9 want ( a guid+ h& :i* c\ld n only place x ^u a basis ( solidity1 b :i* w\ld t5d to remove mu* ( t gambl+ elem5t :i* _h become almo/ "p & p>cel ( all developm5ts4 ,! ,company1 at ! head ( :i* 7 sev]al g5tlem5 :o _h already made !mselves fam\s 9 ! l& ( oil1 laun*$ out 9 sev]al directions1 &1 ?r\gh ! num]\s subsidi>y conc]ns :i* x soon creat$1 x own$ v ext5sive oil-be>+ prop]ties 9 practically e oil-field ( ! ,/ates1 :ile x built q a network ( pipe-l9es = ! conveyance ( ! oil f ! fields to ! ref9]ies1 & f ! ref9]ies to seabo>d4 ,x erect$ & equipp$ oil ref9]ies1 &1 s z to provide ! mu*-ne$$ =eign m>kets = ,am]ican petroleum products1 x built its fleet ( oil tank]s2 &1 la/ly1 op5$ depots = ! di/ribution ( ,am]ican petroleum products all ! _w ov]4 ,at "o "t1 ! ultimate success ( its va/ op]ations 0 op5 to "q1 & _m !re 7 :o pr$ict$ t "o day x w\ld ignom9i\sly pass on to ! li/ ( oil failures4 ,inde$1 x ne>ly came to ?is on "o or two occasions1 & x 0 only ow+ to ! rem>kable p]sev]ance ( ^? at ! head ( ! ,company's affairs t prev5t$ headlong disa/]4 ,! ,/&>d ,oil ,company soon became an integral "p ( ! petroleum indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) :i* x grew up & /eadily assum$ a position ( _w-wide importance1 ?\gh "o :i* 0 n unassailable4 ,its ultimate success 0 ! *ief cause = ! multiplication ( its critics1 & volumes h be5 writt5 ( its wrong-do+s by writ]s ^: k ( ! petroleum indu/ry 0 mo/ly bas$ ^u wilful ignorance ( facts4 ,consequ5t ^u a decision ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt "s sev5 ye>s ago1 :i* held t ! ,company 0 violat+ ! ,anti-,tru/ ,law ( #ahij1 ! ,/&>d _h to rid itself ( its v>i\s subsidi>y companies 7ov] ?irty 9 numb]71 b x /ill controls almo/ a simil> numb] ( conc]ns to-day :i* are actively engag$ 9 ! production ( crude oil & natural gas4 ,x also owns sev]al ( ! l>ge/ ref9]ies 9 ! ,/ates1 :ile its fleet ( oil tank]s w1 :5 pres5t build+ is complet$1 be consid]ably ov] #cjj1jjj tonnage4 ,its capital is #ajj1jjj1jjj1 & dur+ ! la/ twelve ye>s x has paid 9 divid5ds ov] #djj p] c5t41 9 addition to an additional ca% di/ribution ( #dj p] c5t4 ,! ,/&>d ,oil ,company ( ,new ,york is ano!r imm5se conc]n :i*1 ) a capital ( #ge1jjj1jjj1 has its headqu>t]s 9 ! ,/&>d's palatial build+ at #bf ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 & int]e/$ pr9cipally 9 ! ref9+ indu/ry1 its facilities p]mitt+ ( #bj1jjj b>rels ( crude oil be+ treat$ daily4 ,ano!r v prom95t company is ! ,/&>d ,oil ,company ( ,cali=nia1 ) its capital ( #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,?is ,company n only produces its crude oil1 b ref9es x1 & engages 9 ! export bus9ess4 ,its ref9]y at ,po9t ,ri*mond1 ,cali=nia1 is report$ to be ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 = x c treat #fe1jjj b>rels ( crude oil daily4 ,its fleet ( tank]s & b>ges = ! export trade is capable ( c>ry+ at "o trip ov] #ajj1jjj tons ( products1 &1 = ! purposes ( its l& transport1 x possesses pipe-l9es ov] #a1jjj miles long4 ,! second place ( importance 9 reg>d to ! petroleum ent]prises ( int]national influ5ce mu/ be giv5 to ! 8,%ell0 ,transport & ,trad+ ,company1 ,ltd41 ^: headqu>t]s are 9 ,london1 ) t well-kn[n oil pione]1 ,sir ,m>cus ,samuel1 ,b>t41 z its ,*airman4 ,=m$ j ov] tw5ty ye>s ago = deal+ prim>ily z a transport] ( petroleum products 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 ! 8,%ell0 has /eadily & cont9u\sly ext5d$ ! sph]e ( its op]ations1 until ! result ( a c>efully ?\ght out policy is se5 9 its activities 9 almo/ e oil-field ( ! _w4 ,j ov] t5 ye>s ago1 ! ,company made an amalgamation ) ! ,royal ,dut* ,petroleum ,company1 or1 to give x its correct "n1 ! ,kon9klijke ,n$]l&s*e ,maats*appij tot exploitatie van petroleum-bronn5 9 ,n$]l&s* ,indie 7^: capital is #ab1ejj1jjj71 & by reason ( s do+ x mat]ially increas$ its int]national position & importance4 ,! 8,%ell0--,royal ,dut* ,comb9e to-day has a controll+ int]e/ 9 "s ( ! l>ge/ op]at+ companies 9 ,russia1 ,r\mania1 ,cali=nia1 ,mexico1 ,v5ezuela1 & o!r oil regions1 "o ( its mo/ rec5t ext5sions be+ 9 its adv5t into ! petroleum indu/ry ( ,tr9idad4 ,! 8,%ell0 ,company has a record = successful indu/rial expansion :i* is a*iev$ by few companies 9 ! _w ( comm]ce3 its capital is n[ #ae1jjj1jjj1 & 9 divid5ds x has di/ribut$ ov] #cjj p] c5t4 ,among ! 8,%ell0 ,company's associat$ conc]ns1 t ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,petroleum ,company1 ,ltd41 :i* is responsible = ! ocean transportation ( ! petroleum products ( ! ,comb9e1 takes fir/ place1 ) its capital ( #h1jjj1jjj2 :ile ! ,asiatic ,petroleum ,company1 ,ltd4 7capital1 #b1jjj1jjj71 ranks b second4 ,! rec5t fusion ( ! int]e/s ( ,"l ,c[dray ) ^? ( ! 8,%ell10 = ! latt] has acquir$ ! control ( ! great ,mexican int]e/s associat$ ) ! ,pe>son company1 is ano!r in/ance ( h[ ! 8,%ell0 ,company has trod ! road ( progress & expansion4 ,! sudd5 rise to fame ( ! oil-fields ( ,mexico gave bir? to :at may safely be ref]r$ to z "o ( ! mo/ ent]pris+ amalgamations ( capital 9 ! long li/ ( conc]ns associat$ ) ! petroleum indu/ry1 & x is gratify+ to note t ?is ent]prise 0 solely due to ! well-kn[n firm ( ,messrs4 ,s4 ,pe>son ,sons4 ,"l ,c[dray1 z ! head1 0 n sl[ to recognize ! va/ opportunities :i* await$ ! developm5t ( ! ,mexican fields1 & ! =mation ( ! ,mexican ,eagle ,oil ,company1 9 #aijh1 ) a capital ( n[ #fj1jjj1jjj 7,mexican71 or ab\t #f1abe1jjj /]l+1 0 ! initial result ( 8 ef=ts4 ,x 0 j ab\t ?is "t t ! s]i\s fuel oil era op5$1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & o!rs1 & x 0 evid5t t1 = ! purpose ( adequately di/ribut+ ! products ( ,mexican oil 7& ^! include ! :ole range ( ref9$ oils1 z well z fuel oil71 !re 0 room = ! op]ations ( a l>ge & influ5tial company4 ,! ,anglo-,mexican ,petroleum ,company1 ,ltd41 0 accord+ly =m$1 ) ,"l ,c[dray's son 7! ,hon4 ,b4 ,c4 ,pe>son7 z ,*airman1 & a capital ( #b1jjj1jjj1 to deal ) ! importation & di/ribution ( ,mexican petroleum products on ! ,engli% m>ket4 ,z already /at$1 ! control ( ?is ,company has n[ pass$ "u ! 8,%ell10 & its future expansion is assur$1 bo? at home & abroad4 ,! ,mexican products are transport$ f ,mexico to ?is c\ntry1 z well z _m o!rs1 by ! l>ge fleet ( ,eagle oil tank]s1 ! prop]ty ( ! ,eagle ,oil ,transport ,company1 ,ltd41 :i* admirably manag$ conc]n ( #c1jjj1jjj capital is also presid$ ov] by ! ,hon4 ,b4 ,c4 ,pe>son4 ,! ,eagle ,company possesses ! l>ge/ oil tank]s afloat1 _m ( !m c>ry+ ov] #ae1jjj tons ( bulk oil1 ?\gh o!rs to be built are to be consid]ably l>g]2 an #ah1jjj ton tank] is1 inde$1 already 9 commission4 ,ano!r highly important ent]prise 9 ! _w ( petroleum is t ( ! ,burmah ,oil ,company1 ,ltd41 :i*1 z its "n sugge/s1 is occupi$ ) ! petroleum indu/ry 9 ,burmah1 & cat]+ = ! almo/ unlimit$ ne$s ( ! ,f> ,ea/ 9 reg>d to ref9$ petroleum products4 ,x controls enorm\s acres ( oil-be>+ t]ritory held "u lease f ! ,burmah ,gov]nm5t1 possesses ext5sive ref9]ies at ,rangoon1 & has q a fleet ( oil tank]s4 ,its capital is ?ree & a half millions /]l+1 & its consi/5t success may be judg$ f ! fact t x has paid ov] #djj p] c5t4 9 divid5ds4 ,( comp>atively rec5t date1 ! ,burmah ,oil ,company has turn$ its att5tion to o!r fields1 p>ticul>ly to ,tr9idad1 b x is 9 connection ) ! developm5t & subsequ5t op]ations ( ! fields ( ,burmah t ! ,company is *iefly conc]n$4 ,! ,anglo-,p]sian ,oil ,company1 ,ltd41 :i* is closely alli$ to ! ,burmah ,oil ,company 7capital1 #f1jjj1jjj7 by reason ( its l>ge int]e/ !re91 has come into prom95ce dur+ rec5t ye>s1 ow+ ma9ly to its agreem5t ) ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 9 :i* ! latt] has inve/$ ov] #d1jjj1jjj ( ! public moneys 9 ! ent]prise4 ,! ,company acquir$ its petrolif]\s concessions f sev]al int]e/s1 includ+ ! ,burmah ,oil ,company & ! late ,"l ,/ra?cona1 :i* _h be5 grant$ to !m by ! ,p]sian ,gov]nm5t4 ,:5 ,i m5tion t ! ,company's concessions cov] an area (1 approximately1 half a million squ>e miles1 & on :i* petroleum has be5 f\nd 9 quantity on ! majority ( ! small areas already exam9$1 ! significance ( ! ent]prise w be some:at appreciat$4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! company's success is d\bly assur$1 &1 f ?is po9t ( view1 ! inve/m5t ( ! public moneys 9 ! und]tak+ has be5 s\nd f9ance1 especially :5 "o consid]s ! important "p :i* petroleum products "u ,briti% control mu/ h]eaft] play4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! proposition is a well-pay+ "o to-day1 & x is ass]t$ t ! ,gov]nm5t's int]e/ is already wor? no less ?an #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,p]sia z an oil-produc+ c\ntry w occupy a v prom95t place4 ,! ,company has imm5se petroleum-produc+ fields3 x has its pipe-l9e to seabo>d1 & its ref9]ies1 situate on ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,x has possibilities )\t end1 & x is rapidly avail+ itself ( !m4 ,! ,company also n[ owns ! entire capital ( ?ree =m]ly ,g]man-own$ conc]ns 9 ,london--! ,briti% ,petroleum ,company1 ,ltd41 ! ,homelight ,oil ,company1 ,ltd41 & ! ,petroleum ,/eam%ip ,company1 ,ltd4 ,consequ5t ^u ^! acquisitions1 ! ,anglo-,p]sian ,company1 ,ltd41 is mak+ arrangem5ts to ent] ! ,engli% m>ket z di/ributors ( ,p]sian petroleum4 ,! "q ( transport ne$ n "h be consid]$1 = ! ,anglo-,p]sian ,oil ,company owns ! entire capital ( ! ,briti% ,tank] ,co41 ,ltd4 ,! ,company ?us has ! produc+ & ref9+ possibilities3 ! acquir$ conc]n ( ! ,tank] ,company1 toge!r ) t ( ! ,petroleum ,/eam%ip ,co41 w suffice to br+ its products to ! ,engli% m>ket1 :ile ! l>ge di/ribut+ organizations ( ! ,briti% ,petroleum ,company & ! ,homelight ,oil ,company1 own+ depots all ov] ! c\ntry1 w (f] easy facilities = ! di/ribution ( ! petroleum products import$4 ,my argum5t all along has be5 t ! adv5t ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t into ?is ent]prise--,i w n call x a speculation1 ?\gh at "o "t x look$ l x--places all t private ent]prise1 :i* 9 ! pa/ has br\ght all ! products ( petroleum to our own doors at a reasonable & competitive price1 at absolute disc\nt4 ,ev] s9ce ! petroleum indu/ry assum$ proportions ( int]national magnitude1 & we became m or less 7,i %\ld h said m ?an less7 dep5d5t ^u our necessities be+ met by petroleum & its products1 private ent]prise has always kept u well suppli$4 ,b ! ,anglo-,p]sian ,oil ,company has made imm5se headway s9ce ! ,gov]nm5t took an int]e/ 9 its op]ations1 & its appe>ance on ! ,engli% m>ket z a ref9] ( ,p]sian crude oil & a di/ributor ( ! products !re(1 is b a reflection ( ! prolific nature ( ! va/ fields 9 ,p]sia :i* x possesses4 ,x has decid$ ^u hav+ its fir/ ,engli% oil ref9]y ne> ,swansea1 & x is report$ t ?is w be 9 op]ation be=e ! end ( #aibj4 ,x has also secur$ ! control ( ! ,scotti% %ale oil ref9]ies :i* w be us$ = ! treatm5t ( ,p]sian crude oil :5 occasion w>rants4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,few ,,( ,,! ,,burmah ,,company',s ,,prolific ,,produc]s ,"o might g on to int]m9able l5g? 9 briefly ref]r+ to ! great conc]ns ^: op]ations h be5 responsible = ! expansion ( ! _w's petroleum indu/ry to its pres5t magnitude1 b ! exig5cies ( space prev5t ?is4 ,! brief li/ ( companies already ref]r$ to repres5ts an amalgamation ( capital to ! ext5t ( ne>ly #abj1jjj1jjj /]l+1 ?\gh ?is _c be consid]$ z repres5t+ m ?an "o-half ! total _w's inve/m5ts 9 petroleum ent]prises4 ,s f>1 ,i h n t\*$ ) ! magnitude ( ! petroleum companies op]at+ 9 ! di/ribut+ oil trade ( ,engl&1 ?\gh1 to "s ext5t1 ?is may be ga!r$ f ! ref]5ces to su* companies z ! 8,%ell10 ! ,anglo-,mexican ,petroleum ,company1 etc4 ,practically ! fir/ company ( any magnitude to di/ribute petroleum products 9 ?is c\ntry 0 ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,oil ,co41 ,ltd41 :i* has actively engag$ 9 ?is bran* ( comm]ce = ! pa/ ?irty ye>s4 ,x import$ & dealt 9 ,am]ican oils long be=e ! adv5t ( ! companies be=e m5tion$1 &1 to-day1 is c]ta9ly "o ( ! l>ge/--if n ! l>ge/--company s engag$4 ,its "n is kn[n 9 e hamlet 9 ! c\ntry3 its tank c>s are se5 on e railway1 & its depots are to be f\nd 9 e c5tre ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! l&4 ,its "n is legion4 ,its capital is #c1jjj1jjj1 & x is to ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,oil ,company t1 ?r\gh\t ! clatt] ( ,european ,w>1 ! cr$it is due = hav+ suppli$ u ) ^? almo/ unlimit$ quantities ( petroleum products s necess>y bo? on sea & l&1 = x is ! l>ge/ import] 9 ! ,k+dom4 ,z its "n implies1 ! 8,anglo0 deals mo/ly 9 ,am]ican petroleum products3 x 0 at "o "t ! import+ conc]n ( ! ,/&>d ,oil ,company1 b to-day x pur*ases broadca/ 9 an endeav\r--& a v successful "o1 too--to supply ! ,briti% consum] ) all ! petroleum products he requires4 ,! pres5t *apt] deals1 ,i feel1 mo/ inadequately ) ! g5]al "q ( conc]ns ^: int]e/s are directly alli$ ) t ( petroleum2 9 fact1 x 0 n my desire to give an encyclopa$ia ( ! ?\s&s ( companies s engag$1 b1 r1 to sugge/ ! names ( a few :i* h secur$ _w-wide di/9ction4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,/ati/ical ,,! ,,_w',s ,,output ,,( ,,petroleum ,! _w's total production ( crude oil = #aiag1 & = ! p]iod ( ye>s #aheg to #aiag1 is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,! details are giv5 9 b>rels1 :i*1 divid$ by sev51 w give ! output 9 tons4 ,,production4 ,,total ,,production4 #aiag4 #aheg-aiag4 ,b>rels ,p4,c4 ,b>rels ,p4,c4 ( #db ( ( #db ( ,gallons4 ,total4 ,gallons4 ,total4 ,,c\ntry4 ,unit$ ,/ates 99#cce1cae1fja #ffih #d1beb1fdd1jjc #fjhi ,russia #fi1jjj1jjj #acgh #a1hcb1ehc1jag #bfbd ,mexico #ee1bib1ggj #aajd #bbb1jhb1dgb #cah ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies #ab1ibh1iee #beh #age1ajc1bfg #bea ,india #h1ejj1jjj #agj #ih1ehc1ebb #bda ,galicia #e1ife1ddg #aai #adh1dei1fec #bac ,japan & ,=mosa #b1hih1fed #jeh #cf1jfe1ded #jeb ,r\mania #b1fha1hgj #jed #adb1iib1dfe #bje ,p]u #b1ecc1dag #jea #ba1hgh1bhe #jca ,tr9idad #a1eii1dee #jcb #e1dah1hhe #jjh ,arg5t9a #a1add1gcg #jbc #c1jdg1heh #jjd ,egypt #a1jjh1gej #jbj #b1gfh1fhf #jjd ,g]many #iie1gfd #jbj #ae1ieb1hfa #bcj ,canada #bje1ccb #jjd #bd1aab1ebi #cej ,italy #ej1ccd #jaa #idg1bhi #jja ,o!r c\ntries #ecj1jjj #ibg1jjj #jja ---------------------------------------- -- ,total #ejj1fea1jhf #ajjjj #f1ihc1efg1bdf #ajjjj 99 ,quantity m>ket$4 ,e/imat$4 ,includes ,briti% ,borneo4 ,includes #ai1afg b>rels produc$ 9 ,cuba4 ,,! ,,petroleum ,,import ,,trade ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom ,! imports ( petroleum products into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom = ! pa/ sev5 ye>s are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,^? = #aiag are only approximate quantities inasmu* z1 t[>d ! end ( ! ye>1 ! ,cu/om ,h\se au?orities decid$ = ! "t be+ n to compile su* /ati/ics = g5]al use4 ,! figures 9 e case are giv5 9 gallons-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,oils4 #aiab4 #aiac4 #aiad4 #aiae4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,petroleum 7,crude7 #ab1gdb #a1ajh1ijj #ae1aje1ehh ---- ,petroleum 7lamp7 #adf1jcj1jicaeg1ada1bdaaej1aca1bccada1db d1cec ,petroleum 7lubricat+7 #fi1cbg1jfa #fg1ifb1dic #ff1fdf1eab #fi1igd1agj ,petroleum 7,gas ,oil7 #gc1bgc1ebf #fe1idi1fgg #hc1aje1cdf #hh1jhi1bjb ,petroleum 7,fuel ,oil7 #dh1ace1hde #ie1jfb1ahgbab1fge1hee #bg1bhh1hej ,petroleum 7,o!r prdcts7 #ifc1hef #bd1agh #ag1idb #gje1cec ,motor ,_s #gi1eij1aeeajj1heh1jagaai1jcj1aeeadf1ccd 1gjb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,oils4 #aiaf4 #aiag4 #aiah4 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,petroleum 7,crude7 ---- ---- ---- #g1egg1edi ,petroleum 7lamp7 #abf1hdj1didabg1ieh1ffeadh1jba1bcdaec1cg a1heh ,petroleum 7lubricat+7 #hj1ddc1fid #hg1ggi1gcgajb1bgc1hda #fe1hcb1iih ,petroleum 7,gas ,oil7 #eg1afj1dic #ca1cjc1hbj #ch1hce1dfj #cj1jcc1jjb ,petroleum 7,fuel ,oil7 #bb1fdf1ffiddj1ehb1afhhdb1dje1ecfbfe1dje 1bjc ,petroleum 7,o!r prdcts7 #a1gbh1jib ---- ---- ---- ,motor ,_s #afc1ife1hcdaci1bgj1ahaaib1iei1jedbjj1cc b1fdh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,am]ica',s ,,crude ,,oil ,,production ,,dur+ ,,! ,,pa/ ,,fifty ,,ye>s ,! output ( crude petroleum 9 ! oil-fields ( ,am]ica dur+ ! pa/ fifty ye>s has be5 z "u1 ! figures be+ giv5 9 b>rels ( #db gallons 7usually reckon$ at sev5 to ! ton7-- ,ye>4 ,b>rels4 #ahfi #d1bae1jjj #ahgj #e1bfj1gde #ahga #e1bje1bcd #ahgb #f1bic1aid #ahgc #i1hic1ghf #ahgd #aj1ibf1ide #ahge #h1ghg1ead #ahgf #i1acb1ffi #ahgg #ac1cej1cfc #ahgh #ae1cif1hfh #ahgi #ai1iad1adf #ahhj #bf1bhf1abc #ahha #bg1ffa1bch #ahhb #cj1cdi1hig #ahhc #bc1ddi1fcc #ahhd #bd1bah1dch #ahhe #ba1heh1ghe #ahhf #bh1jfd1hda #ahhg #bh1bhc1dhc #ahhh #bg1fab1jbe #ahhi #ce1afc1eac #ahij #de1hbc1egb #ahia #ed1bib1fee #ahib #ej1ead1feg #ahic #dh1dca1jff #ahid #di1cdd1eaf #ahie #eb1hib1bgf #ahif #fj1ifj1cfa #ahig #fj1dge1eaf #ahih #ee1cfd1bcc #ahii #eg1jgj1hej #aijj #fc1fbj1ebi #aija #fi1chi1aid #aijb #hh1gff1iaf #aijc #ajj1dfa1ccg #aijd #aag1jhj1ifj #aije #acd1gag1ehj #aijf #abf1dic1icf #aijg #aff1jie1cce #aijh #agh1ebg1cee #aiji #ahc1agj1hgd #aiaj #bji1eeg1bdh #aiaa #bbj1ddi1cia #aiab #bbb1ice1jdd #aiac #bdh1ddf1bcj #aiad #bfe1gfb1ece #aiae #bha1ajd1ajd #aiaf #cjj1gfg1aeh #aiag #cce1cae1fja #aiah #cfj1jjj1jjj ,,r\mania',s ,,crude ,,oil ,,production ,,dur+ ,,! ,,pa/ ,,fifty ,,ye>s ,r\mania's crude oil production = ! pa/ fifty ye>s is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table 9 b>rels ( #db gallons 7sev5 to ! ton74 ,! (ficially record$ output goes back z f> z #aheg1 :5 ! twelve mon?s' yield 0 j "u #b1jjj b>rels4 ,dur+ #ahfa1 ! production pass$ ! #aj1jjj b>rel m>k = ! fir/ "t1 & six ye>s lat] rea*$ #ej1jjj b>rels = ! ye>4 ,! figures are z "u-- ,ye>4 ,b>rels4 #ahfh #ee1cfi #ahfi #eh1ecc #ahgj #hc1gfe #ahga #ij1jcj #ahgb #ia1bea #ahgc #ajd1jcf #ahgd #ajc1agg #ahge #ajh1efi #ahgf #aaa1cad #ahgg #ajh1eii #ahgh #aji1cjj #ahgi #aaj1jjg #ahhj #aad1cba #ahha #aba1eaa #ahhb #acf1faj #ahhc #aci1dhf #ahhd #baj1ffg #ahhe #aic1daa #ahhf #afh1fjf #ahhg #aha1ijg #ahhh #bah1egf #ahhi #big1fff #ahij #chc1bbg #ahia #dhh1bja #ahib #eic1age #ahic #ece1fee #ahid #ejg1bee #ahie #ege1bjj #ahif #edc1cdh #ahig #egj1hhf #ahih #ggf1bch #ahii #a1dbe1ggg #aijj #a1fbh1ece #aija #a1fgh1cbj #aijb #b1jei1ice #aijc #b1gfc1aag #aijd #c1eii1jbf #aije #d1dbj1ihg #aijf #f1cgh1ahd #aijg #h1aah1bjg #aijh #h1beb1aeg #aiji #i1cbg1bgh #aiaj #i1gbc1hjf #aiaa #aa1ajg1dej #aiab #ab1igf1bcb #aiac #ac1eed1gfh #aiad #ab1hbf1egh #aiae #ab1jbi1iac #aiaf #aj1bih1bjh #aiag #b1fha1hgj ,,mexico',s ,,rem>kable ,,progress ,,9 ,,crude ,,oil ,,production ,f\rte5 ye>s ago1 ! crude petroleum production 9 ! oil-fields ( ,mexico 0 (ficially record$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,its rem>kable progress s9ce t "t w be se5 f ! foll[+ table1 ! figures be+ 9 b>rels ( #db gallons-- ,ye>4 ,b>rels4 #aijd #bbj1fec #aije #cbj1cgi #aijf #a1jig1bfd #aijg #a1gag1fij #aijh #c1dha1faj #aiji #b1dhh1gdb #aiaj #c1ccb1hjg #aiaa #ad1jea1fdc #aiab #af1eeh1bae #aiac #be1ijb1dci #aiad #ba1ahh1dbg #aiae #cb1iaj1ejh #aiaf #ci1hag1djb #aiag #ee1bib1ggj #aiah #fd1fje1dbb ,,galician ,,crude ,,oil ,,production ,! output ( crude petroleum 9 ! ,galician fields dur+ ! pa/ ?irty ye>s is giv5 h]e)-- ,ye>4 ,b>rels4 #ahhh #dff1ecg #ahhi #eae1bfh #ahij #fei1jab #ahia #fcj1gcj #ahib #fdf1bbj #ahic #fib1ffi #ahid #idi1adf #ahie #a1deb1iii #ahif #b1ddc1jhj #ahig #b1bbf1cfh #ahih #b1cgf1ajh #ahii #b1cac1jdg #aijj #b1cdf1eje #aija #c1bea1edd #aijb #d1adb1aei #aijc #e1bcd1dge #aijd #e1idg1chc #aije #e1gfe1cag #aijf #e1dfg1ifg #aijg #h1dee1hda #aijh #ab1fab1bie #aiji #ad1icb1gii #aiaj #ab1fgc1fhh #aiaa #aj1eai1bgj #aiab #h1ece1agd #aiac #g1hah1acj #aiad #e1jcc1cej #aiae #d1aeh1hii #aiaf #f1dfa1gjf #aiag #e1ife1ddg #aiah #d1cda1jej ,,g]many',s ,,crude ,,oil ,,production ,(ficial figures 7 fir/ record$ ( ,g]many's crude oil production 9 #ahhj1 :5 ! total output = ! twelve mon?s 0 ab\t #i1jjj b>rels4 ,= ! pa/ ?irty ye>s1 ! ye>ly output has be5 z "u-- ,ye>4 ,b>rels4 #ahhh #hd1ghb #ahhi #fh1bag #ahij #ajh1bif #ahia #ajh1ibi #ahib #aja1djd #ahic #ii1cij #ahid #abb1efd #ahie #aba1bgg #ahif #ade1jfa #ahig #afe1gde #ahih #ahc1dbg #ahii #aib1bcb #aijj #ceh1big #aija #cac1fcj #aijb #cec1fgd #aijc #dde1hah #aijd #fcg1dca #aije #efj1ifc #aijf #egh1faj #aijg #gef1fca #aijh #a1jji1bgh #aiji #a1jah1hcg #aiaj #a1jcb1ebb #aiaa #a1jag1jde #aiab #a1jca1jej #aiac #a1jjb1gjj #aiad #icf1djj #aiae #ifj1dcj #aiaf #idh1cbj #aiag #iie1gfd #aiah #hbj1caj ,,exports ,,( ,,petroleum ,,products ,,f ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,! foll[+ table gives ! total export movem5t ( petroleum products f ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! ye> #ahfe1 :5 ,am]ican petroleum products comm5c$ to h an int]national ov]seas m>ket-- ,ye>4 ,gallons4 ,value 9 ,doll>s4 #aiah #b1gad1dcj1deb #cdd1bij1ddd #aiag #b1eif1ijj1jjj #bec1jba1jjj #aiaf #b1fjg1dhb1jjj #bja1gba1jjj #aiae #b1cbh1gbe1jjj #adb1ida1jjj #aiad #b1bdj1jcc1jjj #aci1ijj1jjj #aiac #b1acf1dfe1jjj #adi1caf1jjj #aiab #a1hhc1dgi1jjj #abd1baj1jjj #aiaa #a1gfh1gca1jjj #aje1ibb1jjj #aiaj #a1edf1jfg1jjj #ii1jij1jjj #aiji #a1efa1fga1jjj #aje1iii1jjj #aijh #a1ddc1ecg1jjj #ajd1aaf1jjj #aijg #a1beg1dcj1jjj #hd1hee1jjj #aijf #a1beg1idi1jjj #hd1jda1jjj #aije #a1abc1ccd1jjj #gi1gic1jjj #aijd #ihd1dbd1jjj #gi1jfj1jjj #aijc #ida1fii1jjj #fg1bec1jjj #aijb #a1ajf1bjh1jjj #gb1cjb1jjj #aija #a1jcd1fdc1jjj #ga1aab1jjj #aijj #ifg1beb1jjj #ge1faa1jjj #ahii #iii1gac1jjj #ef1bgc1jjj #ahih #a1jcd1bdi1jjj #ef1abe1jjj #ahig #igc1ead1jjj #fb1fce1jjj #ahif #hij1deh1jjj #fb1chc1jjj #ahie #hhd1ejb1jjj #df1ffj1jjj #ahid #ijh1beb1jjj #da1dii1jjj #ahic #ijd1ccg1jjj #db1adb1jjj #ahib #gae1dga1jjj #dd1hje1jjj #ahia #gaj1abd1jjj #eb1jbf1jjj #ahij #ffd1dia1jjj #ea1djc1jjj #ahhi #faf1aie1jjj #di1iac1jjj #ahhh #egh1cea1jjj #dg1jdb1jjj #ahhg #eib1hjc1jjj #df1hbd1jjj #ahhf #egg1fbh1jjj #ej1aii1jjj #ahhe #egd1fbh1jjj #ej1beg1jjj #ahhd #eac1ffj1jjj #dg1ajc1jjj #ahhc #eje1ica1jjj #dd1iac1jjj #ahhb #eei1ied1jjj #ea1bcb1jjj #ahha #cig1ffj1jjj #dj1cae1jjj #ahhj #dbc1ifd1jjj #cf1bjh1jjj #ahgi #cgh1caj1jjj #dj1cje1jjj #ahgh #cch1hda1jjj #df1egd1jjj #ahgg #cji1aih1jjj #fa1ghi1jjj #ahgf #bdc1ffj1jjj #cb1iae1jjj #ahge #bba1iee1jjj #cj1jgh1jjj #ahgd #bdg1hjf1jjj #da1bde1jjj #ahgc #ahg1hae1jjj #db1jej1jjj #ahgb #ade1aga1jjj #cd1jeh1jjj #ahga #adi1hib1jjj #cf1hid1jjj #ahgj #aac1gce1jjj #cb1ffh1jjj #ahfi #ajj1fcf1jjj #ca1abg1jjj #ahfh #gi1def1jjj #ba1haj1jjj #ahfg #gj1bee1jjj #bd1djg1jjj #ahff #ej1ihg1jjj #bd1hcj1jjj #ahfe #be1dif1jjj #af1efc1jjj ,,russia',s ,,crude ,,oil ,,production ,,dur+ ,,! ,,pa/ ,,fifty ,,ye>s ,! output ( crude petroleum 9 ! ,russian oil-fields dur+ ! pa/ fifty ye>s is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,= ! purpose ( comp>ison1 ! figures are giv5 9 b>rels ( #db gallons1 r ?an 9 poods 7#fb to ! ton7 :i* is ! usual mann] ( record+ ,russian quantities4 ,! figures are z "u-- ,ye>4 ,b>rels4 #ahfi #bjb1cjh #ahgj #bjd1fah #ahga #afe1abi #ahgb #ahd1cia #ahgc #dgd1cgi #ahgd #ehc1gea #ahge #fig1cfd #ahgf #a1cbj1ebh #ahgg #a1hjj1gbj #ahgh #b1djj1ifj #ahgi #b1gfa1ajd #ahhj #c1jja1bjj #ahha #c1fja1dda #ahhb #d1ecg1hae #ahhc #f1jjb1dja #ahhd #aj1hjd1egg #ahhe #ac1ibd1eif #ahhf #ah1jjf1djg #ahhg #ah1cfg1gha #ahhh #bc1jdh1ghg #ahhi #bd1fji1djg #ahij #bh1fia1bah #ahia #cd1egc1aha #ahib #ce1ggd1ejd #ahic #dj1def1eai #ahid #cf1cge1dbh #ahie #df1adj1agd #ahif #dg1bbj1fcc #ahig #ed1cii1efh #ahih #fa1fji1ceg #ahii #fe1ied1ifh #aijj #ge1ggi1dag #aija #he1afh1eef #aijb #hj1edj1jdd #aijc #ge1eia1bef #aijd #gh1ecf1fee #aije #ed1ifj1bgj #aijf #eh1hig1caa #aijg #fa1hej1gcd #aijh #fb1ahf1ddg #aiji #fe1igj1bej #aiaj #gj1ccf1egd #aiaa #ff1ahc1fia #aiab #fh1jai1bjh #aiac #fb1hcd1cef #aiad #fg1jbj1ebb #aiae #fh1edh1jfb #aiaf #gb1hja1aaj #aiag #fi1jjj1jjj ,,index ,advantages ( liquid fuel1 #gh ,a few notable petroleum ent]prises1 #adh ,am]ican petroleum exports1 #afc ,am]ica's crude oil production1 #afj ,am]ica1 ! petroleum indu/ry 91 #h ,anglo-,am]ican ,oil ,company1 ,ltd41 !1 #aef ,anglo-,p]sian ,oil ,company1 ,ltd41 !1 #aec ,baku-,bat\m pipe-l9e1 #bd1 #fi ,baku1 bor+ op]ations 91 #bb ----1 ! oil-fields (1 #ai ,briti% ,empire1 petroleum 91 #aad ,burmah ,oil ,company1 ,ltd41 !1 #aeb ----1 ! oil fields (1 #ce ,cali=nia petroleum indu/ry1 #i ,canada1 petroleum 91 #aah ,*emical composition ( petroleum1 #eb ,cook+ by means ( oil1 #ic ,di/illation ( ,scotti% oil %ales1 #add ,drill+ me?ods = oil1 #da ,dut* ,indies1 petroleum 9 !1 #bc ,egyptian oil-fields1 !1 #aaf ,empire oil1 #aad ,engl&1 petroleum 91 #ajd ,engl&'s petroleum trade1 #afj ,fam\s oil companies1 #adh ,fifty ye>s' ,am]ican production1 #afj ---- ---- ,russian production1 #afd ,galicia's crude oil production1 #afb ,galicia1 ! oil-fields (1 #cf ,g]many's attempts at oil production1 #ci ---- m>* on ,r\mania1 #cj ---- output ( crude oil1 #afb ,h&-dug wells 9 ,r\mania1 #bi ,hea?field1 natural gas 91 #aji ,h[ petroleum is produc$1 #da ---- ---- is ref9$1 #ea ---- ! ,scotti% %ales are op]at$1 #acf ,int]nal combu/ion eng9es1 #ie ,japan1 petroleum 91 #cf ,liquid fuel 9 ! ,navy1 #gh ,"l ,c[dray's ent]prise 9 ,engl&1 #aaa ---- ---- ---- ,mexico1 #af1 #aea ,maikop oil boom1 !1 #bj ,messrs4 ,vick]s1 ,ltd41 new eng9es (1 #if1 #ajb ,me?ods ( drill+ wells1 #dc ,mexico's crude oil production1 #afa ----- petroleum indu/ry1 #ab ,ocean oil transport facilities1 #ga ,oil fuel advantages1 #hb ,orig9 ( petroleum1 #c ,petroleum z fuel1 #gf ---- 9 ,engl&1 #ajd ---- 9 hi/orical times1 #b ,petroleum's "p 9 ! ,great ,w>1 #abc ,petroleum1 ! production (1 #da ----1 ! ref9+ (1 #ea ----1 ! _w's output (1 #aeh ,rem>kable oil wells 9 ,mexico1 #ad ,rot>y sy/em ( drill+1 #dh ,r\mania1 petroleum indu/ry (1 #bh ,r\mania's crude oil production1 #afj ,russia1 petroleum indu/ry (1 #ah ,russia's crude oil production1 #afd ,scotti% oil pipe-l9e1 #gj ---- %ale-oil indu/ry1 #acb 8,%ell0 ,company & ! ,dut* ,indies1 #cc ---- ,transport & ,trad+ ,co41 !1 #aej ,sir ,m>cus ,samuel1 ,b>t41 & toluol supplies1 #acj ,sol> oil = gas enri*m5t purposes1 #fa ,/af=d%ire1 petroleum 91 #ajf ,texas1 ! oil-fields (1 #aj ,toluol f ,borneo petroleum1 #fb ,transport ( petroleum1 #fc ,tr9idad1 progress 91 #aag ,vick]'s oil eng9es1 #ajb ,,! ,,end ,pr9t$ by ,sir ,isaac ,pitman ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,ba?1 ,engl& ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation are z 9 ! orig9al4