,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italic text delimit$ by und]scores4 ,! ,cambridge ,manuals ( ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,loaf ,,( ,,bread ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manag] ,illu/ration ,ed9burgh3 #ajj1 ,,pr9ces ,,/reet ,london3 ,h4 ,k4 ,,lewis1 #acf1 ,,g[] ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,,william ,,wesley ,,son1 #bh1 ,,essex ,,/reet1 ,,/r& ,b]l93 ,a4 ,,a%] ,,& ,,co4 ,leipzig3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,brockhaus ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,ltd4 ,all rights res]v$ ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,loaf ,,( ,,bread ,,by ,t4 ,b4 ,,wood1 ,m4,a4 ,drap]s ,pr(essor ( ,agriculture 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge ,cambridge3 at ! ,univ]sity ,press ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons #aiac ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press ,) ! exception ( ! coat ( arms at ! foot1 ! design on ! title page is a reproduction ( "o us$ by ! e>lie/ kn[n ,cambridge pr9t]1 ,john ,sib]*1 #aeba ,,preface ,i h v5tur$ to write ?is little book ) "s diffid5ce1 = x deals ) f>m+1 mill+ & bak+1 subjects on :i* ev]yone has 8 own op9ion4 ,9 ! e>li] *apt]s ,i h tri$ to give a brief sket* ( ! gr[+ & m>ket+ ( :eat4 ,if ,i h succe$$1 ! read] w realise t ! f>m]'s %>e 9 ! production ( ! /aple food ( ! p is by no means ! simple affair x appe>s to be4 ,! v>i\s op]ations ( f>m+ are s closely int]dep5d5t t ev5 ! mo/ complex book-keep+ may fail to dis5tangle ! acc\nts s z to decide ) c]ta9ty :e!r or n any innovation is pr(itable4 ,! f>m]1 especially ! small f>m]1 sp5ds 8 days 9 ! op5 air1 & does n feel incl9$ to indulge 9 analytical book-keep+ 9 ! ev5+4 ,consequ5tly1 ! onus ( demon/rat+ ! economy ( sugge/$ innovations 9 practice lies ) ^? :o make ! sugge/ions4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m difficulties :i* confronts ev]yone :o sets out to improve agriculture4 ,9 ! ?ird & f\r? *apt]s ,i h discuss$ ! quality ( :eat4 ,i h tri$ to describe ! inve/igations :i* are 9 progress ) ! object ( improv+ :eat f ! po9t ( view ( bo? ! f>m] & ! mill]1 & to give "s acc\nt ( ! success ) :i* !y h be5 att5d$4 ,incid5tally ,i h po9t$ out ! difficulties :i* pursue any inve/igation :i* involves ! cultivation on ! l>ge scale ( su* a crop z :eat1 & ! consequ5t ne$ ( adopt+ due precautions to ensure accuracy be=e mak+ recomm5dations to ! f>m]4 ,advice bas$ on insuffici5t evid5ce is m ?an likely to be mislead+4 ,e piece ( mislead+ advice is a def9ite h&icap to ! progress ( agricultural sci5ce4 ,! fif? *apt] is devot$ to a %ort outl9e ( ! mill+ indu/ry4 ,9 *apt] ,,vi ! process ( bak+ is describ$4 ,9 ! la/ two *apt]s ! composition ( bread is discuss$ at "s l5g?4 ,i h tri$ to /ate def9itely & )\t bias :i* po9ts 9 ?is mu* debat$ subject are kn[n ) "s c]ta9ty1 & :i* po9ts require fur!r inve/igation4 ,?r\gh\t ! foll[+ pages1 b especially 9 *apt]s ,,iii & ,,iv1 ,i h drawn freely ^u ! "w ( my colleagues4 ,i am also mu* indebt$ to my fri5ds1 ,mr ,a4 ,e4 ,humphries1 ! *airman ( ! ,home ,gr[n ,:eat ,committee1 & ,mr ,e4 ,s4 ,beav5 ( ,w>m9/]1 ^: advice has always be5 at my disposal4 ,a li/ ( publications on ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! subject w be f\nd at ! end ( ! volume4 ,t4 ,b4 ,w4 ,,gonville ,,& ,,caius ,,college1 ,,cambridge4 #c ,decemb]1 #aiab4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,preface v ,i4 ,:eat-gr[+ #a ,,ii4 ,m>ket+ #ae ,,iii4 ,! quality ( :eat #bg ,,iv4 ,! quality ( :eat f ! mill]'s po9t ( view #ea ,v4 ,! mill+ ( :eat #gd ,,vi4 ,bak+ #ia ,,vii4 ,! composition ( bread #ajh ,,viii4 ,conc]n+ diff]5t k9ds ( bread #abj ,bibliography #acf ,index #aci ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,typical e>s ( :eat #cj #b4 ,bird-pro( enclosure = v>iety te/+ #cd #c4 ,a :eat fl[] to illu/rate ! me?od ( cross-f]tilis+ #da #d4 ,p>5tal types & fir/ & second g5]ation #dc #e4 ,p>5t v>ieties 9 bird-pro( enclosure #dh #f4 ,te/+ new v>ieties 9 ! field #ej #g4 ,loaves made f ,manitoba :eat #ed #h4 ,loaves made f ,engli% :eat #ed #i4 ,loaves made f ,rivet :eat #ee #aj4 ,loaves made f ,manitoba :eat1 ,engli% :eat1 & ,manitoba-,engli% hybrid1 ,burgoyne's ,fife #ei #aa4 ,glut5 9 wat] & acid #fi #ab4 ,glut5 9 wat] conta9+ bo? acid & salts #ga #ac4 ,end view ( break rolls #ha #ad4 ,break rolls %[+ ge>+ #hb #ae4 ,r$uction rolls #hg #af4 ,bak+ te/3 loaves ris+ 9 incubator #ib #ag4 ,bak+ te/3 loaves leav+ ! ov5 #ic ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,loaf ,,( ,,bread ,,*apt] ,i ,,:eat ,,gr[+ ,:eat is "o ( ! mo/ adaptable ( plants4 ,x w gr[ on almo/ any k9d ( soil1 & 9 almo/ any temp]ate climate4 ,b ! "q :i* conc]ns ! :eat gr[] is n :e!r he c gr[ :eat1 b :e!r he c gr[ x pr(itably4 ,?is is a "q ( c\rse t c nev] receive a f9al answ]4 ,any increase 9 ! price ( :eat1 or any improvem5t t l[]s ! co/ ( cultivation1 may enable gr[]s :o _c succe$ "u pres5t conditions to gr[ :eat at a pr(it4 ,?us if ! population ( ! _w increases1 & :eat becomes sc>ce1 ! :eat-gr[+ area w d\btless be ext5d$ to di/ricts :]e :eat _c be gr[n pr(itably "u pres5t conditions4 ,a /udy ( ! hi/ory ( :eat-gr[+ 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! la/ c5tury %[s t ! rev]se ( ?is took place4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( t p]iod ! population _h increas$1 & f lack ( transport facilities & o!r causes ! importation ( =eign :eat 0 small4 ,prices 7 high 9 consequ5ce & e acre ( available l& 0 "u :eat4 ,z transport facilities increas$ :eat-gr[+ areas 7 develop$ 9 ,canada1 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 9 ! ,arg5t9e1 & 9 ,au/ralia1 & ! importation ( =eign :eat increas$ enorm\sly4 ,?is l$ to a rapid decrease 9 prices1 & :eat-gr[+ _h to be ab&on$ on all b ! mo/ suitable soils 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,f #ahhj onw>ds ?\s&s ( acres ( l& :i* _h gr[n :eat pr(itably = _m ye>s 7 laid d[n to grass4 ,9 ! la/ decade ! _w's population has increas$ fa/] ?an ! :eat-gr[+ area has be5 ext5d$4 ,prices h consequ5tly ris51 & ! area "u :eat 9 ! ,briti% ,isles w no d\bt increase4 ,b al?\gh x _c be /at$ ) f9ality on :at l& :eat c be gr[n1 or _c be gr[n1 at a pr(it1 nev]!less accumulat$ exp]i5ce has %[n t :eat gr[s be/ on ! heavi] k9ds ( loam soils :]e ! ra9fall is betwe5 #bj & #cj in*es p] annum4 ,x gr[s ne>ly z well on clay soils & on light] loams1 & ) ! me?ods ( dry f>m+ foll[$ 9 ! arid regions ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates & ,canada1 x w succe$ ) less ?an its normal am\nt ( ra9fall4 ,x is n[ ab\t a hundr$ ye>s s9ce *emi/ry 0 appli$ ) any approa* to exactitude to que/ions affect+ agriculture2 s9ce = in/ance x 0 fir/ def9itely recognis$ t plants mu/ obta9 f _! surr\nd+s ! c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 nitrog51 phosphorus1 sulphur1 potassium1 calcium1 & o!r elem5ts ( :i* _! sub/ance is compos$4 ,= _m ye>s !re 0 naturally mu* unc]ta9ty z to ! s\rce f :i* ^! sev]al elem5ts 7 d]iv$4 ,exp]im5t soon %[$ t c>bon 0 und\bt$ly tak5 f ! air1 & t its s\rce 0 ! c>bon dioxide p\r$ into ! air by fires & by ! brea?+ ( animals4 ,x soon became obvi\s too t plants obta9 f ! soil wat] & inorganic salts conta9+ phosphorus1 sulphur1 potassium1 calcium1 & s on2 b = a long "t ! s\rce ( ! plants' supply ( nitrog5 0 n def9itely decid$4 ,f\r-fif?s ( ! air 0 kn[n to be nitrog54 ,! soil 0 kn[n to conta9 a small p]c5tage ( t elem5t1 :i* h[ev] am\nts to f\r or five tons p] acre4 ,:i* 0 ! s\rce ( ! plants' nitrog5 c\ld be decid$ only by c>eful exp]im5t4 ,z late z #ahdj ,liebig1 p]haps ! greate/ *emi/ ( 8 day1 wrote a book on ! application ( *emi/ry to agriculture4 ,9 x he /at$ t plants c\ld obta9 f ! air all ! nitrog5 !y requir$1 & t1 to produce a full crop1 x 0 only necess>y to ensure t ! soil %\ld provide a suffici5t supply ( ! m9]al elem5ts1 z he call$ !m1 phosphorus1 potassium1 calcium1 etc4 ,n[ ( all ! elem5ts :i* ! f>m] has to buy = application to 8 l& z manure1 nitrog5 is ! mo/ co/ly4 ,at ! pres5t "t nitrog5 9 manures co/s sev5p5ce p] p\nd1 :il/ a p\nd ( phosphorus 9 manures c be b\ght = fivep5ce1 & a p\nd ( potassium = twop5ce4 ,! importance ( decid+ :e!r x is necess>y to use nitrog5 9 manures ne$s no fur!r comm5t4 ,x 0 to settle def9itely que/ions l ?is t ,john ,b5net ,lawes began 8 exp]im5ts at 8 home at ,ro?am/$1 ne> ,h>p5d5 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 on ! manur+ ( crops4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 />t$ almo/ simultane\sly ) ! publication ( ,liebig's book1 & _m ( ,lawes' orig9al plots laid out ov] #gj ye>s ago are /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,! results :i* he obta9$ 9 collaboration ) 8 sci5tific colleague1 ,joseph ,h5ry ,gilb]t1 soon ov]?rew ,liebig's m9]al !ory ( manur+1 & %[$ t 9 ord] to gr[ full crops ( :eat x is above all ?+s necess>y to ensure t ! soil %\ld be able to supply pl5ty ( nitrog54 ,?us x 0 f\nd t ! soil ( ! ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5t ,/ation 0 capable ( gr[+ :eat cont9u\sly ye> aft] ye>4 ,) no manure ! av]age crop 0 only ab\t #ac bu%els p] acre4 ,! addition ( a complete m9]al manure conta9+ phosphorus1 calcium1 potassium1 9 fact all ! plant wants f ! soil except nitrog51 only increas$ ! crop to #ae bu%els p] acre4 ,manur+ ) nitrog5 on ! o!r h& increas$ ! crop to #ba bu%els p] acre4 ,obvi\sly on ! ,ro?am/$ soil :eat has great difficulty 9 gett+ all ! nitrog5 x wants1 b is well able to f5d = itself z reg>ds :at ,liebig call$ m9]als4 ,?is k9d ( exp]im5t has be5 repeat$ on almo/ e k9d ( soil 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & x is f\nd t ! inability ( :eat to supply itself ) nitrog5 applies to all soils1 except ! black soils ( ! ,f5s :i* conta9 ab\t t5 times m nitrog5 ?an ! ord9>y arable soils ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is ! ri*ness 9 nitrog5 ( ! virg9 soils ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates & ,canada1 & ( ! black soils ( ,russia1 t =ms "o ( ! *ief factors 9 _! success z :eat-gr[+ l&s4 ,x mu/ be add$1 h[ev]1 t cont9u\s cropp+ )\t manure mu/ 9 "t exhau/ ! /ores ( nitrog5 9 ev5 ! ri*e/ soil1 & :5 ?is "t comes ! f>m]s 9 ^! at pres5t fav\r$ regions w und\bt$ly f9d :eat-gr[+ m co/ly by :atev] sum p] acre !y may f9d x necess>y to exp5d 9 nitrog5\s manure4 ,! _w's dem& = nitrog5\s manure is !re=e c]ta9 to increase4 ,su* consid]ations z ^! inspir$ ,sir ,william ,crookes' ,presid5tial address to ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahih1 9 :i* he =etold ! probability ( a nitrog5 fam9e1 & expla9$ h[ x mu/ lead to a %ortage 9 ! _w's :eat supply4 ,! rem$y he sugge/$ 0 ! utilization ( wat]-p[] to provide ! en]gy = g5]at+ electricity1 by means ( :i* ! free nitrog5 ( ! air %\ld be br\ght into comb9ation 9 su* =ms t x c\ld be us$ = manure4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ^! sugge/ions h be5 put into practice4 ,9 ,norway1 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ,am]ica wat]falls h be5 made to drive dynamos1 & ! electricity ?us g5]at$ has be5 us$ to make two new nitrog5\s manures1 calcium nitrate & calcium cyanamide1 :i* are n[ com+ on to ! m>ket at prices :i* w compete ) sulphate ( ammonia f ! gas works1 nitrate ( soda f ,*ili1 ,p]uvian guano1 & ! v>i\s plant & animal refuse mat]ials :i* h up to ! pres5t suppli$ ! f>m] ) 8 nitrog5\s manures4 ,?is is welcome news to ! :eat gr[]1 = ! price ( manurial nitrog5 has /eadily ris5 dur+ ! la/ decade4 ,be=e leav+ ! "q ( manur+ "o m po9t f ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts mu/ be ref]r$ to4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t :5 manur$ ) nitrog5 alone ! ,ro?am/$ soil produc$ #ba bu%els ( :eat p] acre4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a complete manure conta9+ bo? nitrog5 & m9]als 0 us$ ! crop rose to #ce bu%els p] acre :i* is ab\t ! av]age yield p] acre ( :eat 9 ,engl&4 ,?is %[s t al?\gh ! yield ( :eat is dep5d5t 9 ! fir/ place on ! nitrog5 suppli$ by ! soil1 x is /ill f> f indep5d5t ( a prop] supply ( m9]als4 ,a fur!r exp]im5t on ?is po9t %[$ t m9]als are n us$ up by ! crop to :i* !y are appli$1 & t any excess left ov] rema9s 9 ! soil = next ye>4 ,?is is n ! case ) nitrog5\s manures4 ,:atev] is left ov] f "o crop is wa%$ out ( ! soil by ! w9t] ra9s1 & lo/4 ,translat$ into f>m practice ^! results mean t nitrog5\s manures %\ld be appli$ direct to ! :eat crop1 b t :eat may z a rule be tru/$ to get all ! m9]als x wants f ! phosphate & pota% appli$ directly to o!r crops :i* are specially dep5d5t on an abundant supply ( ^! sub/ances4 ,at ,ro?am/$1 ,lawes & ,gilb]t adopt$ ! practice ( gr[+ :eat cont9u\sly on ! same l& ye> aft] ye> 9 ord] to f9d out z quickly z possible ! manurial peculi>ities ( ! crop4 ,?is h[ev] is n ! g5]al sy/em ( ! ,briti% f>m]1 b x has be5 c>ri$ out ) comm]cial success by ,mr ,pr\t ( ,sawbridgewor? 9 ,h]t=d%ire4 ,! ,sawbridgewor? f>m is heavy l& on ! ,london clay4 ,mr ,pr\t's sy/em 0 to cultivate ! l& by /eam p[]1 to manure on ! l9es sugge/$ by ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts1 & to sell bo? gra9 & /raw4 ,:eat 0 gr[n cont9u\sly ye> aft] ye> until ! soil became infe/$ ) we$s1 :5 "s k9d ( root crop 0 gr[n to give an opportunity to clean ! l&4 ,a root crop is n s[n until ,june s t ! l& is b>e = clean+ all ! spr+ & e>ly summ]4 ,su* crops also are gr[n 9 r[s two feet or m ap>t1 & cultural implem5ts c be us$ betwe5 ! r[s ( plants until ! latt] cov] ! soil by ! end ( ,july or ,augu/4 ,aft] clean+ ! l& 9 ?is way ! roots are remov$ f ! l& 9 ! w9t] & us$ to fe$ ! /ock4 ,by ?is "t x is too late to s[ :eat1 s a b>ley crop is s[n ! foll[+ spr+1 & ) ! b>ley clov] is s[n4 ,clov] is an exception to ! rule t crops mu/ get _! nitrog5 f ! soil4 ,on ! roots ( clov]1 & o!r plants ( ! same botanical ord]1 su* z luc]ne1 sa9fo91 beans & peas1 _m small swell+s are to be f\nd4 ,^! swell+s1 or nodules z !y are usually call$1 are produc$ by bact]ia :i* possess ! p[] ( ab/ract+ free nitrog5 f ! air & trans=m+ x into comb9$ nitrog5 9 su* a =m t ! clov] or o!r ho/-plant c fe$ on x4 ,! clov] & ! bact]ia live 9 ,symbiosis1 or 9 o!r words 9 a k9d ( mutual p>tn]%ip4 ,! ho/ provides ! bact]ia ) a home & all[s !m to fe$ on ! sug> & o!r food sub/ances 9 its juices1 & !y 9 return manufacture nitrog5 = ! use ( ! ho/4 ,:5 ! clov] is cut = hay1 its roots are left 9 ! soil1 & 9 !m is a l>ge /ore ( nitrog5 d]iv$ f ! air4 ,a clov] crop ?us enri*es ! soil 9 nitrog5 & is ! be/ ( all prep>ations = :eat-gr[+4 ,aft] ! clov]1 :eat 0 gr[n aga9 ye> aft] ye> until x once m became necess>y to clean ! l&4 ,?is sy/em ( :eat-gr[+ 0 c>ri$ on at ,sawbridgewor? = _m ye>s ) comm]cial success4 ,x nev] spread ?r\gh ! c\ntry because its success dep5ds on ! possibility ( f9d+ a remun]ative m>ket = ! /raw4 ,! bulk ( /raw is s great comp>$ ) its price t x _c pr(itably be c>ri$ to any consid]able di/ance4 ,! only m>ket = /raw 9 quantity is a l>ge t[n1 & !re is no consid]able area ( l& suitable = :eat-gr[+ ne> a suffici5tly l>ge t[n to provide a m>ket = ! l>ge output ( /raw :i* w\ld result f su* a sy/em ( f>m+4 ,! ord9>y practice ( ! ,briti% f>m] is to gr[ 8 :eat 9 rotation ) o!r crops4 ,v>i\s rotations are practis$ to suit ! special circum/ances ( diff]5t di/ricts1 "o might almo/ say ( special f>ms4 ,?is %ort acc\nt ( :eat-gr[+ does n pr(ess to give a complete acc\nt ( ev5 ,engli% f>m+ practice4 ,x is only necess>y to describe "h "o rotation 9 ord] to give a g5]al idea ( ! advantages ( t =m ( husb&ry4 ,= ?is purpose x w suffice to describe ! ,norfolk or f\r c\rse rotation4 ,?is rotation beg9s ) a root crop1 usually ,sw$e turnips1 manur$ ) phosphates1 & pota% too on ! light] l&s4 ,?is crop1 z already describ$1 provides ! opportunity ( clean+ ! l&4 ,x produces also a l>ge am\nt ( food = %eep & cattle4 ,"p ( ! roots are left on ! l& :]e !y are eat5 by %eep dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! roots alone are n suitable = a complete diet4 ,!y are supplem5t$ by hay & by "s k9d ( conc5trat$ food ri* 9 nitrog51 usually l9se$ cake1 ! residue left :5 ! oil is press$ f l9se$4 ,n[ an animal only reta9s 9 its body ab\t "o-t5? ( ! nitrog5 ( its diet1 s t n9e-t5?s ( ! nitrog5 ( ! roots1 hay & cake consum$ by ! %eep f9d _! way back to ! l&4 ,?is practice ( fe$+ %eep on ! l& !re=e acts practically z a lib]al nitrog5\s manur+4 ,! trampl+ ( ! soil 9 a wet condition 9 ! w9t] also packs its p>ticles closely toge!r1 & increases its wat]-hold+ p[]1 9 mu* ! same way z ! special cultural me?ods employ$ 9 ! arid we/]n ,/ates "u ! "n ( dry f>m+4 ,! re/ ( ! roots are c>t$ to ! home/ead = fe$+ cattle1 usually fatt5+ cattle = beef4 ,aga9 ! roots are supplem5t$ by hay1 /raw1 & cake ( "s k9d ri* 9 nitrog54 ,! /raw f =m] crops is us$ = litt]4 ,its tubul> /ructure enables x to soak up ! excreta ( ! animals1 s t ! f>my>d manure ?us produc$ reta9s a l>ge proportion ( ! nitrog51 & o!r sub/ances ( manurial value1 :i* ! animals fail to reta9 9 _! bodies4 ,?is f>my>d manure is kept = future use z w be se5 lat]4 ,z soon z ! %eep h f9i%$ eat+ _! %>e ( ! turnips !y are sold = mutton4 ,x is n[ too late 9 ! season to s[ :eat4 ,! l& is pl\gh$1 b ! pl\gh+ is only a %all[ "o1 s t ! wat] /or$ 9 ! deep] lay]s ( ! soil :i* h be5 solidifi$ by ! trampl+ ( ! %eep may n be di/urb$4 ,! surface soil turn$ up by ! pl\gh is pulv]is$ by h>r[+ until a f9e se$-b$ is obta9$1 & b>ley is s[n e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,clov] & grass se$s are s[n among/ ! b>ley1 s t !y may take firm root :il/ ! b>ley is gr[+ & rip5+4 ,! b>ley is h>ve/$ 9 ! autumn4 ,! "y clov] & grasses e/abli% !mselves dur+ ! autumn & w9t]1 & produce a crop ( hay ! foll[+ summ]4 ,?is is h>ve/$ t[>ds ! end ( ,june1 & ! aft]ma? =ms excell5t autumn graz+ = ! %eep & cattle :i* are to be f$ ! next w9t]4 ,z soon z h>ve/ is ov] ! f>m] hopes = ra9 to s(t5 ! old clov] l&1 or oll& z x is call$ 9 ,norfolk1 s t he c pl\gh x = :eat s[+4 ,:il/ he is wait+ = ra9 he takes advantage ( ! solidity ( ! soil1 produc$ by ! trampl+ ( ! /ock1 to c>t on to ! oll& ! f>my>d manure produc$ dur+ ! cattle fe$+ ( ! la/ w9t]4 ,z soon z ! ra9 comes ?is is pl\gh$ 91 & ! se$-b$ = ! :eat prep>$ z quickly z possible4 ,:eat %\ld be s[n z soon z may be aft] ! end ( ,septemb]1 s t ! "y plant may come up & e/abli% itself1 :ile ! soil is yet w>m f ! summ] sun1 & be=e ! w9t] fro/s set 94 ,! :eat sp5ds ! w9t] 9 root developm5t1 & does n make mu* %[ above gr\nd until ! spr+4 ,x is h>ve/$ usually "s "t 9 ,augu/4 ,! :eat /ubble is pl\gh$ 9 ! autumn & aga9 9 ! spr+1 & betwe5 !n & ,june1 :5 ! roots are s[n1 x und]goes a ?or\gh clean+4 ,! complete rotation has n[ be5 describ$4 ,x rema9s only to po9t out "s ( its num]\s advantages4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! sy/em describ$ provides excell5t conditions = gr[+ bo? :eat & b>ley 9 di/ricts :]e ! ra9fall is incl9$ to be defici5t1 say f #bj to #be in*es p] annum1 z x is 9 ! ea/]n c\nties1 & on ! ,york%ire wolds4 ,n only is an abundant supply ( nitrog5 provid$ = ^! crops ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! cake pur*as$ = ! /ock1 b ! solidification ( ! deep] lay]s ( ! soil ensures ! ret5tion ( ! w9t]'s ra9 = ! use ( ! crop dur+ ! dry summ]4 ,! residue ( ! phosphates & pota% appli$ to ! root crop1 & left 9 ! soil :5 t crop is remov$1 provides = ! m9]al requirem5ts ( ! b>ley & ! :eat4 ,?us ea* crop gets a direct application ( ! k9d ( manure x mo/ ne$s4 ,rotation husb&ry also di/ributes ! lab\r ( ! f>m ov] ! ye>4 ,aft] h>ve/ ! f>my>d manure is c>t$ on to ! l&4 ,?is is foll[$ by :eat s[+4 ,9 ! w9t] !re is ! /ock to be f$4 ,! spr+ br+s b>ley s[+1 ! e>ly summ] ! clean+ ( ! l& = ! roots4 ,!n foll[ ! hay h>ve/ & ! hoe+ ( ! roots1 & by ?is "t corn-h>ve/ comes r\nd once aga94 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ea* crop ! f>m] gr[s is subject to its own pe/s4 ,on a f\r c\rse rotation ea* crop comes on ! same field only once 9 f\r ye>s4 ,:il/ ! field is "u roots1 b>ley1 & clov]1 ! :eat pe/s are m or less />v$ = want ( food1 & _! virul5ce is !reby greatly dim9i%$4 ,! catalogue ( ! advantages ( rotation ( crops is a long "o b "o m mu/ be m5tion$4 ,! v>iety ( products turn$ out = sale by ! rotation f>m] ensures him aga9/ ! dang] :i* pursues ! man :o puts all 8 eggs 9 "o basket4 ,! f\r c\rse f>m] produces n only :eat & b>ley1 b beef & mutton4 ,! fluctuations 9 price ( ^! products t5d to comp5sate ea* o!r4 ,:5 corn is *eap1 meat may be de>1 & vice v]s4 ,?us 9 ! ye>s ab\t #aijj1 :5 corn 0 mak+ v l[ prices1 %eep sold well1 & ! pr(it on %eep-fe$+ enabl$ _m f\r c\rse f>m]s to wea!r ! bad times4 ,! sy/em ( :eat-gr[+ above describ$ is an int5sive "o4 ,! cultivation is ?or\gh1 ! soil is kept 9 good condition by manur+1 or by ! use ( pur*as$ fe$+ /uffs1 & ! co/ ( production is comp>atively high4 ,su* sy/ems ( int5sive culture prevail 9 ! m d5sely populat$ c\ntries1 b ! bulk ( ! _w's :eat supply is gr[n 9 ?9ly populat$ c\ntries1 :]e ! me?ods ( cultivation are ext5sive4 ,:eat is s[n ye> aft] ye> on ! same l&1 no manure is us$1 & tillage is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,?is /yle ( cultivation gradually exhau/s ! f]tility ( ! ri*e/ virg9 soil1 & its cropp+ capacity falls (f4 ,z soon z ! crop falls bel[ a c]ta9 level x ceases to be pr(itable4 ,no d\bt ! f]tility ( ! exhau/$ soil c\ld be re/or$ by suitable cultivation & manur+1 b x is usually ! cu/om to move t[>ds di/ricts :i* are /ill unsettl$1 & to take up m virg9 soil4 ,?us ! c5tre ( ! area ( :eat production 9 ! ,/ates has mov$ ne>ly #gjj miles we/w>d 9 ! la/ #ej ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,m>ket+ ,9 ! la/ *apt] we h foll[$ ! gr[+ ( ! :eat f se$ "t to h>ve/4 ,b :5 ! f>m] has h>ve/$ 8 corn 8 tr\bles are by no means ov]4 ,he has /ill to ?ra% x1 dress x1 sell x1 & deliv] x to ! mill or to ! railway /ation4 ,9 ! good old times a hundr$ ye>s ago ?ra%+ 0 done by ! flail1 & f\nd "w dur+ ! w9t] = _m skill$ lab\r]s4 ,?is "t-consum+ me?od has long disappe>$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry all ! corn is n[ ?ra%$ by ma*9es1 driv5 z a rule by /eam1 b /ill 9 "s places by horse-ge>+4 ,! ?ra%+ ma*9e1 l all o!r lab\r sav+ devices1 :5 fir/ introduc$ 0 bitt]ly oppos$ by ! lab\r]s1 :o fe>$ t !y might lose _! w9t] occupation & ! wages x br\ght !m4 ,9 ! life ( ,coke ( ,norfolk1 ! fir/ ,"l ,leice/]1 !re is a graphic acc\nt ( ! riots :i* took place :5 ! fir/ ?ra%+ ma*9e 0 br\ght into t c\nty4 ,only ! l>g] f>m]s possess _! own ma*9es4 ,! ?ra%+ on ! small] f>ms is done by ma*9es belong+ to firms ( eng9e]s1 :i* travel ! c\ntry1 ea* ) its own team ( m54 ,^! ma*9es w ?ra% out m ?an #ajj bags ( :eat or b>ley 9 a work+ day4 ,! m mod]n ma*9es dress ! corn s t x is ready = sale )\t fur!r treatm5t4 ,aft] x is ?ra%$ ! :eat is c>ri$ 9 sacks into ! b>n & p\r$ on to ! b>n floor4 ,x is next w9n[$ or dress$1 aga9 by a ma*9e1 :i* subjects x to a process ( sift+ & bl[+ 9 ord] to remove *aff1 we$-se$s & dirt4 ,z x comes f ! dress+ ma*9e x is measur$ into bags1 ea* ( :i* is weigh$ & made up to a /&>d weight ready = deliv]y4 ,9 ! meantime ! f>m] has tak5 a sample ( ! :eat to m>ket4 ,! sell+ ( :eat takes place on m>ket day 9 ! corn hall1 or ex*ange1 ) :i* ea* m>ket t[n ( any importance is provid$4 ,9 ! hall ea* corn m]*ant 9 ! di/rict r5ts a small table or desk1 at :i* he /&s dur+ ! h\r ( ! m>ket4 ,! f>m] takes 8 sample f "o m]*ant to ano!r & sells x to ! man :o (f]s him ! highe/ price4 ,! m]*ant keeps ! sample & ! f>m] mu/ deliv] :eat ( l quality4 ,9 ! we/]n c\nties x is sometimes cu/om>y = ! f>m]s to take _! /& ne> _! sample bags ( corn :il/ ! m]*ants walk r\nd & make _! bids4 ,b un=tunately x too (t5 happ5s t ! /ruggl+ f>m] _c h a free h& 9 m>ket+ 8 corn4 ,9 _m cases he mu/ sell at once aft] h>ve/ to raise ! necess>y ca% to buy /ock = ! w9t]'s fe$+4 ,?is causes a glut ( :eat on ! m>ket 9 ! e>ly autumn1 & ! price at once drops4 ,9 o!r cases ! f>m] has b\ght on cr$it la/ w9t]'s fe$+ /uffs1 or la/ spr+'s manures1 & is b\nd to sell 8 :eat to ! m]*ant 9 ^: debt he f9ds himself1 & to take ! be/ price (f]$ 9 a non-competitive m>ket4 ,^! are by no means all ! h&icaps ( ! f>m] :o w\ld m>ket 8 corn to ! be/ advantage4 ,ev5 ! man :o is bless$ ) pl5ty ( ready money1 & c abide 8 own "t = sell+ 8 :eat1 is hamp]$ by ! cumbr\s weights & measures 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry1 & above all by _! lack ( uni=mity4 ,9 ,ea/ ,anglia :eat is sold by ! coomb ( f\r bu%els4 ,by common acceptance h[ev] ! coomb has ceas$ to be f\r measur$ bu%els1 & is always tak5 to mean #ah /ones or #b cwt4 ,?is cu/om is bas$ on ! fact t a bu%el ( :eat weighs on ! av]age #fc p\nds1 & f\r times #fc p\nds makes #ah /ones4 ,b ?is cu/om is q local4 ,9 o!r di/ricts ! unit ( measure = ! sale ( :eat is ! load1 :i* 9 ,york%ire means ?ree bu%els1 9 ,ox=d%ire & ,gl\ce/]%ire #dj bu%els1 & 9 p>ts ( ,lanca%ire #add qu>ts4 ,ano!r unit is ! boll1 :i* v>ies f ?ree bu%els 9 ! ,durham di/rict to six bu%els at ,b]wick4 ,x w be not$ t mo/ ( ! common units are multiples ( ! bu%el1 & x might be imag9$ t ?is w\ld make _! mutual relations easy to calculate4 ,?is h[ev] is n s1 = 9 "s cases x is /ill cu/om>y to reg>d a bu%el z a measure ( volume & to disreg>d ! v>iation 9 weight4 ,9 o!r cases ! bu%el1 z 9 ,ea/ ,anglia1 means s _m p\nds1 b un=tunately n always ! same numb]4 ,?us ! ,ea/ ,anglian bu%el is #fc p\nds1 ! ,london bu%el on ,m>k ,lane ,m>ket is ! same1 ! ,birm+ham bu%el is only #fb p\nds1 ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] bu%el #gj p\nds1 ! ,salop bu%el #ge p\nds1 & 9 ,s\? ,wales ! bu%el is #hj p\nds4 ,f9ally1 :eat is sold 9 ,irel& by ! b>rel ( #bhj p\nds1 on ,m>k ,lane by ! qu>t] ( eight bu%els ( #fc p\nds1 import$ :eat 9 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] by ! c5tal ( #ajj p\nds1 & ! (ficial m>ket returns issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture are made 9 bu%els ( #fj p\nds4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a gr[+ t5d5cy to adopt ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ! #fc p\nd bu%el or "s multiple !re(1 = example ! coomb or qu>t]1 z ! g5]al unit1 & ! use ( ! old-fa%ion$ measures is fa/ disappe>+4 ,! f>m] ( c\rse kn[s ! weights & measures 9 use 9 8 own & neighb\r+ m>kets1 b unless he takes ! tr\ble to look up 9 a book ( ref]5ce ! unit by :i* :eat is sold at o!r m>kets1 & to make a calculation f t unit into ! unit 9 :i* he is accu/om$ to sell1 ! m>ket quotations 9 ! newspap]s are ( little use to him 9 enabl+ him to foll[ ! fluctuations ( ! price ( :eat4 ,?us a ,norfolk f>m] :o wi%es to int]pret ! in=mation t ! price ( ! grade ( :eat kn[n z ,no4 #d ,manitoba on ! ,liv]pool m>ket is #g_/c1 mu/ fir/ asc]ta9 t :eat is sold at ,liv]pool by ! c5tal ( #ajj p\nds4 ,to conv]t ! ,liv]pool price into price p] coomb1 ! unit 9 :i* he is accu/om$ to sell1 he mu/ multiply ! price p] c5tal by #beb1 ! numb] ( p\nds 9 a coomb ( :eat1 & divide ! result by #ajj1 ! numb] ( p\nds 9 a c5tal2 ?us3 #g_/c x #beb #ajj #ah_/d4 ,x is evid5t t ! f>m] :o wi%es to foll[ :eat prices 9 ord] to cat* ! be/ m>ket = 8 :eat1 mu/ acqua9t himself ) an extremely complicat$ sy/em ( weights & measures1 & cont9ually make tr\blesome calculations4 ,! av]age ,engli% f>m] is an excell5t craftsman4 ,he is unsurpass$1 inde$ "o may safely say unequall$1 z a cultivator ( ! l&1 z a gr[] ( crops1 & z a bre$] & fe$] ( /ock1 b l mo/ p :o lead op5-air lives1 he is n addict$ to sp5d+ 8 ev5+s 9 ari?metical calculations4 ,! corn m]*ant1 ^: bus9ess x is to att5d to su* matt]s1 is !re=e at a di/9ct advantage1 & ! f>m] loses ! b5efit ( a rise 9 ! m>ket until ! in=mation sl[ly filt]s ?r\gh to him4 ,no d\bt ! "t w come1 :5 n only :eat sell+1 b all bus9ess 9 ?is c\ntry1 w be simplifi$ by ! compulsory enactm5t ( sale by uni=m weight4 ,! *ange f ! pres5t haphaz>d sy/em or want ( sy/em w\ld no d\bt cause consid]able tempor>y dislocation ( bus9ess1 & w\ld aboli% _m anci5t weights & measures1 int]e/+ to ! hi/orian & ! ar*aeologi/ 9 _! relations to anci5t cu/oms1 b 9 ! long run x c\ld n b exp$ite bus9ess1 & remove "o ( ! _m h&icaps atta*+ to ! isolat$ position ( ! f>m]4 ,hav+ sold 8 :eat ! f>m] n[ puts x up 9 sacks ( ! /&>d ( weight or measure prevail+ 9 8 di/rict4 ,if ! m]*ant :o b\ght x happ5s to be also a mill]1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 ! :eat is deliv]$ to ! mill4 ,o!rwise x is s5t to ! railway /ation to ! ord] ( ! m]*ant :o b\ght x4 ,meantime ! m]*ant has probably sold x to a mill] 9 a neighb\r+ l>ge t[n1 to :om he directs ! railway company to =w>d x4 ,?us ! :eat directly or indirectly f9ds its way to a mill1 :]e x w be mix$ ) o!r :eats & gr\nd into fl\r4 ,we h n[ foll[$ :eat production 9 ,engl& f ! gr\nd to ! mill4 ,b at ! pres5t "t home gr[n :eat c provide only ab\t "o-fif? ( ! bread-/uffs consum$ by ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & any acc\nt ( ! gr[+ ( :eat _c be complete )\t "s m5tion ( ! me?ods employ$ 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! ext5sive me?ods ( :eat-gr[+ 9 ! m ?9ly populat$ c\ntries h already be5 %ortly m5tion$4 ,b ?\gh _! me?ods ( production are ( ! simple/1 ! arrangem5ts = m>ket+ _! produce are f> m advanc$ 9 organisation ?an ^? already describ$ = ! m>ket+ ( home gr[n produce4 ,= ?ra%+ 9 ,canada & ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 travell+ ma*9es are commonly us$1 b !y are l>g] ?an ! ma*9es 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! m5 :o travel ) !m "w h>d] & = long] h\rs4 ,x is usual = a ,canadian travell+ 8outfit0 to ?ra% #ajjj bags ( :eat 9 a day1 ab\t t5 times z mu* z is consid]$ a day's ?ra%+ 9 ,engl&4 ,h>ve/+ & ?ra%+ ma*9]y has evolv$ to an extraord9>y ext5t 9 ! ,we/ on lab\r sav+ l9es4 ,on ! ,bonanza f>ms ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates ma*9es are 9 use :i* cut (f ! heads ( ! :eat1 ?ra% out ! se$1 & bag x ready = deliv]y1 z !y travel r\nd & r\nd ! field4 ,su* ma*9es ( c\rse leave ! /raw /&+ :]e x grew1 & !re x is subsequ5tly burnt4 ,s9ce :eat is gr[n e ye>1 few animals are kept beyond ! work+ horses4 ,v little /raw suffices = !m & ! re/ has no value s9ce its great bulk prohibits its pr(itable c>riage to a di/ance4 ,aft] be+ ?ra%$ ! gra9 is deliv]$1 usually 9 v l>ge loads drawn by l>ge teams ( horses1 to ! ne>e/ railway /ation1 :5ce x is despat*$ to ! ne>e/ c5tre :]e !re is a gra9 /ore1 or elevator z x is call$4 ,"h x is sampl$ by inspectors "u ! control1 ei!r ( ! ,gov]nm5t or ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 z ! committee is call$ :i* manages ! :eat ex*ange at ,*icago or o!r ( ! great :eat trad+ c5tres4 ,! inspectors exam9e ! sample1 & on ! result ( _! exam9ation1 assign ! :eat to "o or o!r ( a def9ite s]ies ( grades4 ,^! grades are accurately def9$ by g5]al agreem5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade or by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,ea* deliv]y ( :eat is kept sep>ate = a c]ta9 numb] ( days aft] x has be5 grad$1 9 case ! own] wi%es to appeal aga9/ ! v]dict ( ! inspector4 ,su* appeals are all[$ on ! own] =feit+ "o doll> p] c> load ( gra9 if ! v]dict ( ! inspector is f\nd to h be5 correct4 ,at ! ,*icago :eat ex*ange #bg grades ( :eat are recognis$4 ,! foll[+ examples %[ ! me?ods by :i* !y are def9$4 ,! def9itions are ! subject ( frequ5t controv]sy4 ,no4 #a ,nor!rn ,h>d ,spr+ ,:eat %all be s\nd1 bright1 sweet1 clean1 & %all consi/ ( ov] #ej p] c5t4 ( h>d ,scot* ,fife1 & weigh n less ?an #eh p\nds to ! measur$ bu%el4 ,no4 #a ,nor!rn ,spr+ ,:eat %all be s\nd1 sweet & clean2 may consi/ ( h>d & s(t v>ieties ( spr+ :eat1 b mu/ conta9 a l>g] proportion ( ! h>d v>ieties1 & weigh n less ?an #eg p\nds to ! measur$ bu%el4 ,no4 #b ,nor!rn ,spr+ ,:eat %all be spr+ :eat n clean en\gh or s\nd en\gh = ,no4 #a1 b ( good mill+ quality1 & mu/ n weigh less ?an #ef p\nds to ! measur$ bu%el4 ,no4 #c ,nor!rn ,spr+ ,:eat %all be compos$ ( inf]ior %runk5 spr+ :eat1 & weigh n less ?an #ed p\nds to ! measur$ bu%el4 ,no4 #d ,nor!rn ,spr+ ,:eat %all include all inf]ior spr+ :eat t is badly %runk5 or damag$1 & %all weigh n less ?an #di p\nds to ! measur$ bu%el4 ,:5 sampl+ :eat = grad+1 ! inspectors also e/imate ! numb] ( p\nds ( impurities p] bu%el1 a d$uction = :i* is made "u ! "n ( dockage4 ,at ! same "t ! weight ( :eat 9 ea* c> is (ficially det]m9$4 ,all ^! po9ts1 grade1 dockage1 & weight1 are (ficially regi/]$1 & z soon z ! "t has elaps$ = deal+ ) any appeal :i* may arise1 ! :eat is mix$ ) all ! o!r :eats ( ! same grade :i* may be at ! depot1 an (ficial receipt = s _m bu%els ( su* & su* a grade ( :eat subject to s mu* dockage be+ giv5 to ! sell] or 8 ag5t4 ,^! (ficial receipts are z good z ca%1 & ! f>m] c realise ca% on !m at once by pay+ !m into 8 bank1 )\t wait+ = ! :eat to be sold4 ,z ea* deliv]y ( :eat is grad$ & weigh$1 ^w is s5t to ! c5tral :eat ex*anges t s _m bu%els ( su* & su* grades are at ! elevator1 & (ficial samples are also s5t on at ! same "t4 ,! bulk ( ! sales h[ev] are made by grade & n by sample4 ,! actual buy+ & sell+ takes place 9 ! :eat ex*anges1 or :eat pits z !y are call$1 at ,*icago1 ,new ,york1 ,m9neapolis1 ,dulu?1 ,kansas ,city1 ,/ ,l\is1 & ,w9nipeg1 ea* ( :i* m>kets possesses its own special "*4 ,*icago ! greate/ ( ! :eat m>kets ( ! _w passes ?r\gh its h&s e ye> ab\t #be million bu%els ( :eat1 *iefly f ! we/]n & s\?-we/]n ,/ates4 ,x owes its preem95ce to ! conv]g+ railway l9es f ^? ,/ates1 & to its proximity to ,lake ,mi*igan :i* puts x 9 t\* ) wat] c>riage4 ,new ,york has gr[n 9 importance z a :eat m>ket s9ce ! op5+ ( ! ,erie ,canal4 ,x is especially ! m>ket = export4 ,m9neapolis is above all ?+s a mill+ c5tre4 ,no d\bt x has become s p>tly on acc\nt ( ! imm5se wat]-p[] provid$ by ! ,falls ( ,/ ,antony4 ,x receives annually ne>ly #ajj million bu%els ( :eat1 its speciality be+ ! v>i\s grades ( h>d spr+ :eat4 ,dulu? is ! mo/ nor!rn ( ! ,am]ican :eat m>kets4 ,x receives & /ores ov] #ej million bu%els annually4 ,x owes its importance to its position on ,lake ,sup]ior1 :i* is available = wat] c>riage4 ,kansas ,city deals ) ov] #dj million bu%els p] annum1 l>gely h>d w9t] :eat1 :i* x %ips d[n ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,/ ,l\is deals 9 s(t w9t] :eats to ! ext5t ( ab\t #bj million bu%els p] annum4 ,w9nipeg is ! m>ket = ,canadian :eats1 to ! ext5t ( ov] #ej million bu%els p] annum4 ,x has ! advantage ( two navigable riv]s1 ! ,r$ ,riv] & ! ,ass9ibo9e1 & x is also a great railway c5tre4 ,its importance is increas+ z ! c5tre ( ! :eat-gr[+ area moves to ! nor? & we/1 & x is rapidly tak+ ! lead+ position 9 ! :eat m>kets ( ! _w4 ,x has be5 /at$ above t ,*icago is ! greate/ :eat m>ket1 b x w no d\bt h be5 notic$ t ?is is n borne out by ! figures :i* h be5 quot$4 ,= in/ance1 ,m9neapolis receives e ye> ne>ly f\r times z mu* :eat z ,*icago4 ,! reason ( ?is app>5t discrepancy is t ! sales at ,m9neapolis are really bona fide sales ( actual :eat = mill+1 :il/ n9e-t5?s ( ! sales at ,*icago are n sales ( actual :eat1 b ( :at are kn[n z 8futures40 ,on ?is assumption1 :il/ ! actual :eat receiv$ at ,*icago is #be million bu%els1 ! sales am\nt to #bej million bu%els4 ,su* deal+ 9 futures takes place to a great] or less ext5t at all ! great :eat m>kets1 b m at ,*icago ?an else:]e4 ,! prim>y reason = deal+ 9 futures is t ! m]*ant :o buys a l>ge quantity ( :eat1 :i* he int5ds to sell aga9 at "s future "t1 may be able to insure himself aga9/ loss by a fall 9 price :il/ he is hold+ ! :eat he has b\ght4 ,?is he does by sell+ to a speculative buy] an equal quantity ( :eat to be deliv]$ at "s future "t4 ,if :il/ he is hold+ 8 :eat prices decl9e1 he w !n be able to rec\p 8 loss on ! :eat by buy+ on ! m>ket at ! r$uc$ price n[ curr5t to meet 8 contract ) ! speculative buy]1 & ! pr(it he makes on ?is transaction w m or less cov] 8 loss on ! actual deal 9 :eat :i* he has 9 progress4 ,z a matt] ( fact he does n actually deliv] ! :eat sold to ! speculative buy]4 ,! transaction is usually complet$ by ! speculator pay+ to ! m]*ant ! diff]5ce 9 value betwe5 ! price at :i* ! :eat 0 sold & ! price to :i* x has fall5 9 ! int]val4 ,?is paym5t is insur$ by ! speculative buy] deposit+ a m>g9 ( s _m c5ts p] bu%el at ! "t :5 ! transaction 0 made4 ,speculation is1 h[ev]1 kept )9 reasonable b\nds by ! fact t a sell] may always be call$ ^u to deliv] :eat in/ead ( pay+ diff]5ces4 ,! advantage claim$ = ?is sy/em ( insurance is t :il/ x is n m co/ly to ! deal]s 9 actual :eat ?an any o!r equally effici5t me?od1 x supports a numb] ( speculative buy]s & sell]s1 ^: bus9ess x is to keep !mselves 9 t\* ) e phase ( ! _w's :eat supply4 ,! pres5ce ( su* a body ( m5 ^: wits are tra9$ by exp]i5ce ( m>ket movem5ts1 & :o are ready at any mom5t to back _! judgm5t by buy+ & sell+ l>ge quantities ( :eat = future deliv]y1 is consid]$ to ex]t a /eady+ effect on ! price ( :eat1 & to less5 ! ext5t ( fluctuations 9 ! price4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,quality ,,( ,,:eat ,9 discuss+ ! quality ( :eat x is necess>y to adopt two di/9ct po9ts ( view1 t ( ! f>m] & t ( ! mill]4 ,a good :eat f ! f>m]'s po9t1 ( view is "o t w ye> by ye> give him a good monet>y return p] acre4 ,n[ ! monet>y return obvi\sly dep5ds on two factors1 ! yield p] acre & ! value p] qu>t]1 coomb1 or bu%el1 z ! case may be4 ,^! two factors are q indep5d5t & mu/ be discuss$ sep>ately4 ,we w fir/ conf9e our att5tion to ! yield p] acre4 ,?is has already be5 %[n to dep5d on ! pres5ce 9 ! soil ( pl5ty ( ! v>i\s elem5ts requir$ by plants1 9 ! case ( :eat nitrog5 be+ especially important4 ,! ne$ ( suitable soil & prop] cultivation has also be5 emphasis$4 ,^! conditions are to a great ext5t "u ! control ( ! f>m]1 ^: fault x is if !y are n effici5tly arrang$4 ,b !re are o!r factors affect+ ! yield ( :eat :i* _c be controll$1 su* = in/ance z sun%9e & ra9fall4 ,! v>iations 9 ^! conditions f ye> to ye> are little und]/ood1 b !y are n[ ! subject ( accurate /udy1 & already ,dr ,w4 ,n4 ,%aw1 ! *ief ( ! ,meteorological ,(fice has sugge/$ a p]iodicity 9 ! yield ( :eat1 connect$ ) c]ta9 climatic conditions1 notably ! autumnal ra9fall4 ,we h left to ! la/ "o ( ! mo/ important factors :i* det]m9e ! yield ( :eat1 namely1 ! *oice ( ! p>ticul> v>iety :i* is s[n4 ,?is is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts 9 :eat-gr[+ :i* ! f>m] has to decide = himself4 ,! ,briti% f>m] has no equal z a produc] ( high class /ock4 ,he supplies p$igree animals ( all k9ds to ! f>m]s ( all o!r l&s1 & he has atta9$ ?is preem95ce by c>eful att5tion to ! great1 inde$ ! surpass+1 importance ( purity ( bre$4 ,x is only 9 rec5t ye>s t ! idea has dawn$ on ! agricultural community t bre$ is j z important 9 plants z 9 animals4 ,x is extraord9>y t su* an obvi\s fact %\ld h be5 ignor$ = s long4 ,t x n[ occupies s prom95tly ! att5tion ( ! f>m]s is due to ! "w ( ! agricultural colleges & exp]im5t /ations 9 ,sw$51 ,am]ica1 & _m o!r c\ntries1 & la/ b by no means lea/ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,?is demon/ration ( ! value ( plant bre$+ is p]haps ! greate/ a*ievem5t 9 ! doma9 ( agricultural sci5ce s9ce ! publication ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t's classical pap]s on ! manurial requirem5ts ( crops4 ,:eat is n only "o ( ! mo/ adaptable ( plants4 ,x is also "o ( ! mo/ pla/ic & prone to v>iation4 ,dur+ ! _m c5turies ov] :i* its cultivation has ext5d$ x has yield$ hundr$s ( diff]5t v>ieties1 ^: orig91 h[ev]1 except 9 a few d\btful cases is unkn[n4 ,comp>atively few ( ^! v>ieties are 9 common use 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ev5 ( ^! x 0 impossible until rec5tly to say :i* 0 ! be/4 ,x 0 ev5 almo/ impossible to obta9 a pure /ock ( _m ( ! /&>d v>ieties4 ,?is is by no means ! simple matt] x appe>s to be4 ,x is ( c\rse q easy to pick out a s+le e>1 to rub out ! gra9 f x1 to s[ ! gra9 on a small plot by itself & to raise a p\nd or s ( p]fectly pure se$4 ,?is c aga9 be s[n by itself1 & ! produce1 ?ra%$ by h&1 w give p]haps a bu%el ( se$ :i* w be q pure4 ,f ?is se$ x w be possible to s[ some?+ l an acre2 & n[ ! tr\ble beg9s4 ,any k9d ( h& ?ra%+ is extremely t$i\s = ! produce ( acre plots1 & ?ra%+ by ma*9]y becomes imp]ative4 ,n[ a ?ra%+ ma*9e is an extremely complicat$ piece ( app>atus1 :i* x is practically impossible ?or\ghly to clean4 ,:5 once se$ has be5 ?r\gh su* a ma*9e x is impossible to gu>antee its purity4 ,contam9ation 9 ! ?ra%+ ma*9e is usually ! cause ( ! impurity ( ! /ocks ( :eat & o!r c]eals ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! only rem$y is = ! f>m] to r5ew 8 /ock f "t to "t f "o or o!r ( ! se$sm5 or in/itutions :o make x _! bus9ess to keep on h& pure /ocks obta9$ by ! me?od above describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,typical e>s ( a few ( ! _m cultivat$ v>ieties ( :eat ,comp>ative trials ( pure /ocks ( _m ( ! /&>d v>ieties ( :eat1 & ( ! o!r c]eals1 are be+ c>ri$ out 9 almo/ e c\nty by memb]s ( ! /aff ( ! agricultural colleges4 ,! object ( su* trials is to det]m9e ! relative cropp+ p[] ( ! diff]5t v>ieties4 ,?is might at fir/ sight appe> to be an extremely simple matt]1 b a mom5t's consid]ation %[s t ?is is n ! case4 ,no soil is s uni=m t an exp]im5t] c gu>antee t ea* ( ! v>ieties he is try+ has ! same *ance ( mak+ a good yield z f> z soil is conc]n$4 ,x is a matt] ( common k too t e crop ( :eat is m or less affect$ by insect & fungoid pe/s1 ^: injuries are unlikely to fall equally on ea* ( ! v>ieties 9 any v>iety te/4 ,_m o!r causes ( v>iation1 su* z unequal di/ribution ( manure1 inequalities 9 previ\s cropp+ ( ! l&1 irregul> damage by birds1 may well int]f]e ) ! reliability ( su* field te/s4 ,mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to ?is subject dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 & x has be5 %[n t z (t5 z n two plots ( ! same v>iety ( :eat gr[n 9 ! same field "u conditions :i* are made z uni=m z possible w diff] 9 yield by #e p] c5t4 or m4 ,obvi\sly x is impossible to make comp>isons ( ! cropp+ p[] ( diff]5t v>ieties ( :eat z ! result ( trials 9 :i* s+le plots ( ea* v>iety are gr[n4 ,x is a deplorable fact h[ev] t ! results ( mo/ ( ! trials :i* are publi%$ are bas$ on s+le plots only ( ! v>ieties comp>$4 ,su* results c h no claim to reliability4 ,s+le plots te/s are excell5t z local demon/rations1 to give ! f>m]s a *ance ( see+ ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! v>i\s :eats 9 ! field1 b = ! det]m9ation ( cropp+ p[] _! results are mislead+4 ,= ! comp>ison ( two v>ieties h[ev] an accuracy ( ab\t #a p] c5t41 :i* is good en\gh = ! purpose 9 view1 c be obta9$ by gr[+1 h>ve/+ & weigh+ sep>ately1 five sep>ate plots ( ea* v>iety "u exp]im5t1 provid$ ! plots are di/ribut$ 9 pairs ov] ! exp]im5tal field4 ,/ill great] accuracy c be atta9$ by gr[+ v l>ge numb]s ( v small plots ( ea* v>iety 9 a bird-pro( enclosure4 ,! illu/ration %[s su* an enclosure at ,cambridge :]e five v>ieties 7 te/$1 ea* on #dj plots4 ,ea* plot 0 "o squ>e y>d1 & ! :ole #bjj plots occupi$ s small an area t uni=mity ( soil c\ld be secur$ by h& culture4 ,sev]al exp]im5t]s are n[ at "w on ^! l9es1 & x is to be hop$ t all :o wi% to c>ry out v>iety te/s w ei!r foll[ suit1 or cont5t !mselves ) us+ _! s+le plots only = demon/rat+ ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! v>ieties 9 ! field4 ,s f> we h conf9$ our discussion to ! /&>d v>ieties1 & we mu/ n[ turn our att5tion to ! "w :i* has be5 done 9 rec5t ye>s on ! bre$+ ( new v>ieties :i* w yield heavi] crops ?an any ( ! v>ieties hi!rto 9 cultivation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,"p ( bird-pro( enclosure conta9+ _m small plots = v>iety te/+ ,x is impossible to give m ?an a v brief outl9e ( ! va/ am\nt ( "w :i* has be5 done on ?is subject4 ,broadly speak+1 two me?ods h be5 us$1 selection & hybridisation4 ,( ^! selection is ! simpl]1 b ev5 selection is by no means ! simple matt] x might appe> to be4 ,let u exam9e = a mom5t ! v>i\s *>act]s ( a s+le :eat plant :i* det]m9e its capacity = yield+ gra94 ,! av]age weight ( "o gra91 ! numb] ( gra9s 9 an e>1 ! numb] ( e>s on ! plant1 are obvi\sly all ( !m *>act]s :i* w influ5ce ! weight ( gra9 yield$ by ! plant4 ,_m exp]im5t]s h exam9$ ?\s&s ( plants = ^! *>act]s1 (t5 by means ( extremely +5i\s me*anical sort+ in/rum5ts1 & h rais$ /ra9s ( se$ f ! plants %[+ "o or m ( ^! *>act]s 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,! results ( ?is me?od ( selection h z a rule be5 unsuccessful1 no d\bt because ! size ( ! gra91 ! numb] ( gra9s 9 ! e>1 & ! numb] ( e>s on ! plant1 are s l>gely det]m9$ by ! food supply1 or by "s o!r cause q outside ! plant itself4 ,!y are 9 fact 9 mo/ cases acquir$ *>act]s1 & are n inh]it$4 ,?is me?od ( selection results 9 pick+ out r ! well n\ri%$ plant ?an ! well br$ "o4 ,aga9 x is obvi\s t ! weight ( gra9 p] acre is measur$ by ! weight ( "o gra91 multipli$ by ! numb] ( gra9s p] e>1 multipli$ by ! numb] ( e>s p] plant1 multipli$ by ! numb] ( plants p] acre4 ,select+ = any "o ( ^! *>act]s1 say l>ge e>s1 is q likely to dim9i% o!r equally important *>act]s1 say numb] ( e>s p] plant4 ,9 ord] to avoid ^! difficulties ! me?od ( selection accord+ to prog5y has be5 devis$4 ,! ess5ce ( ?is me?od is to select = /ock1 n ! be/ individual plant1 b ! plant ^: prog5y yields ! greate/ weight ( se$ p] unit area4 ,?is me?od 0 appli$ ) great indu/ry & "s success 9 ! ,m9nesota :eat bre$+ exp]im5ts ( ,willett ,hays4 ,l>ge numb]s ( promis+ plants 7 collect$ f a plot ( ! be/ v>iety 9 t di/rict4 ,! se$ f ea* plant 0 rubb$ out & s[n sep>ately4 ,"o hundr$ se$s f ea* plant 7 s[n on small sep>ate plots :i* 7 c>efully m>k$ out & labell$4 ,e possible precaution 0 tak5 to make all ! little plots uni=m 9 e way4 ,by h>ve/+ ea* plot sep>ately1 & weigh+ ! gra9 x produc$1 x 0 possible to f9d out :i* ( ! orig9al plants _h giv5 ! l>ge/ yield4 ,?is process 0 repeat$ by s[+ aga9 on sep>ate plots a hundr$ se$s f ea* individual plant f ! be/ plot1 & aga9 weigh+ ! produce ( ea* plot4 ,aft] sev]al repetitions x 0 /at$ t new /ra9s 7 obta9$ :i* yield$ consid]ably great] crops ?an ! v>iety f :i* !y 7 orig9ally select$4 ,^! results 7 publi%$ 9 #ahie1 b no def9ite /atem5ts h s9ce appe>$ z to ! success ultimately atta9$4 ,?is me?od ( selection is und\bt$ly m likely to give successful results ?an ! me?od :i* dep5ds on ! selection ( plants = _! app>5t good qualities2 b x has sev]al weak po9ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is almo/ impossible to make ! soil ( a l>ge numb] ( plots s uni=m t v>iation 9 yield due to v>y+ soil conditions w n mask ! v>iations due to ! diff]5t cropp+ p[] ( ! se$ ( ! sep>ate plants4 ,_m exp]im5t]s are /ill at "w ) a view to ov]come ?is difficulty4 ,secondly1 plant bre$]s are by no means agre$ on ! exact !oretical mean+ ( improvem5t by selection4 ,! balance ( evid5ce at ! pres5t "t seems to t5d t[>ds ! g5]al adoption ( :at is kn[n z ! pure-l9e !ory4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 :i* 0 fir/ enunciat$ by ,johanns5 ( ,cop5hag5 z ! outcome ( a l5g?y s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) beans1 ! g5]al population ( plants1 9 say a field ( :eat ( "o ( ! /&>d v>ieties giv+ an av]age yield ( say #dj bu%els p] acre1 consi/s ( a v l>ge numb] ( races ea* v>y+ 9 yield+ capacity f say #cj to #ej bu%els p] acre4 ,^! races c be sep>at$ by collect+ a v l>ge numb] ( sep>ate plants1 s[+ say #ajj se$s f ea* on a sep>ate plot1 & weigh+ ! produce sep>ately4 ,! crop on ea* plot1 be+ ! produce ( a sep>ate plant1 w be a di/9ct race1 or pure l9e z x is call$1 & ea* pure l9e w possess a def9ite yield+ p[] ( its own4 ,if ?is is s ! difficulty ( soil v>iation c be ov]come by sav+ se$ f _m ( ! be/ plots1 & s[+ x on sev]al sep>ate plots4 ,at h>ve/ "t ^! are ga!r$ sep>ately & weigh$4 ,by av]ag+ ! weights ( gra9 f _m sep>ate plots scatt]$ ov] ! exp]im5tal area ! effect ( soil v>iation c be elim9at$4 ,! me?od is v labori\s1 b seems to promise successful results4 ,= in/ance1 ,beav5 ( ,w>m9/]1 work+ on ^! l9es1 has succe$$ 9 isolat+ a pure l9e ( ,ar*] b>ley :i* is a di/9ct advance on ! ord9>y /ocks ( t v>iety4 ,!re appe>s to be no reason :y x %\ld n be appli$ to :eat ) equal success2 9 fact1 ,p]cival ( ,read+ /ates t 8 select$ ,blue ,cone :eat 0 produc$ 9 ?is way4 ,! ess5ce1 ( ! me?od is t if ! pure-l9e !ory holds !re is no necessity to cont9ue select+ ! be/ individual plant f ea* plot1 = ea* plot be+ ! produce ( a s+le plant mu/ be a pure l9e ) its own def9ite *>act]s4 ,! :ole ( ! se$ f a numb] ( ! be/ plots c !re=e be sav$4 ,! se$ f ea* ( ^! good plots c be us$ to s[ _m sep>ate plots3 by av]ag+ ! yields f ^! plots ! effects ( soil v>iation c be elim9at$1 & ! cropp+ p[] ?us det]m9$ ) great accuracy4 ,x is ?us possible to pick out ! be/ pure l9e ) f> great] c]ta9ty ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t ! success ( ! me?od dep5ds on ! tru? ( ! pure-l9e !ory4 ,x %\ld also be po9t$ out t ! c]eals are all self-f]tilis$ plants4 ,:5 work+ on ^! l9es ) plants :i* are readily cross-f]tilis$1 su* = in/ance z turnips or mangels1 x is necess>y to enclose ! orig9al individual plants1 & ! subsequ5t sep>ate plots1 s z to prev5t !m f cross+ ) plants ( o!r l9es1 9 :i* case ! prog5y w\ld be cross-br$ & n ! prog5y ( a s+le plant4 ,?is ( c\rse enorm\sly increases ! difficulty ( c>ry+ out ! exp]im5t4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! task ( improv+ plants by sy/ematic selection is an extremely t$i\s & difficult "o4 ,( c\rse anyone may be =tunate en\gh to drop on a valuable sport :5 c>efully inspect+ 8 crops1 & x appe>s likely t _m ( ! mo/ valuable v>ieties 9 cultivation h orig9at$ f lucky *ances ( ?is k9d4 ,x has always be5 ! dream ( ! plant bre$] to make use ( ! process ( hybridisation = creat+ new v>ieties1 b until ! "w ( ,m5del ?rew new light on ! subject ! odds 7 aga9/ ! success ( ! bre$]4 ,! idea ( ! old] hybridis]s 0 t cross+ two dissimil> v>ieties broke ! type & gave rise to greatly increas$ v>iation4 ,f ! v div]se prog5y result+ f ! cross1 likely individuals 7 pick$ out4 ,se$ 0 sav$ f ^! & s[n on sep>ate plots1 & attempts 7 made to obta9 a fix$ type by de/roy+1 or rogu+ z x is call$1 all ! plants :i* dep>t$ f ! desir$ type4 ,?is 0 a t$i\s process :i* seldom result$ 9 success4 ,m5del's discov]ies1 made orig9ally ne>ly #ej ye>s ago1 z ! result ( exp]im5ts 9 ! g>d5 ( 8 mona/]y1 9 ! cross+ ( diff]5t v>ieties ( g>d5 peas1 rema9$ unkn[n until r$iscov]$ 9 #ahii4 ,9 ! #ab ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce t date ! results :i* h be5 a*iev$ %[ cle>ly t ! application ( ,m5delian me?ods is likely greatly to increase ! simplicity & ! c]ta9ty ( plant improvem5t by hybridisation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,a :eat fl[] ) ! *aff op5$ to %[ ! /am5s & ! /igmas ,p]haps ! be/ way ( describ+ ! be>+ ( ,m5del's ,laws on ! improvem5t ( :eat is to give an illu/ration f ! "w c>ri$ out by ,biff5 at ,cambridge1 deal+ at fir/ ) simple *>act]s obvi\s to anyone4 ,9 "o ( 8 fir/ exp]im5ts two v>ieties ( :eat 7 cross$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! "o v>iety possess$ long loose be>dless e>s1 ! o!r %ort d5se be>d$ e>s4 ,! cross+ 0 p]=m$ e>ly 9 ,june1 sometime be=e :at ! f>m] calls fl[]+ "t4 ,! fl[]+ ( :eat z und]/ood by ! f>m] is ! escape ( ! /am5s f ! fl[]4 ,f]tilisation always takes place be=e ?is1 & cross+ mu/ be done ( c\rse be=e self-f]tilisation has be5 effect$4 ,! actual cross+ is done ?us3 ,an e> ( "o ( ! v>ieties hav+ be5 *os51 "o ( ! fl[]s is expos$ by op5+ ! *aff :i* encloses x 7,fig4 #c71 ! /am5s are remov$ by =ceps1 & a /am5 f a fl[] ( ! o!r v>iety is ins]t$1 c>e be+ tak5 t x bur/s s t ! poll5 may t\* ! fea!ry /igmas4 ,! *aff is !n pu%$ back s t x may protect ! fl[] f injury4 ,! poll5 gra9s gr[ on ! /igmas1 & p5etrate d[n ! /yles into ! ov>y4 ,9 ?is way cross-f]tilisation is effect$4 ,x is usual to op]ate on sev]al fl[]s on an e> 9 ?is way1 & to remove ! o!r fl[]s1 s t no mi/ake may be made z to :i* se$ is ! result ( ! cross4 ,imm$iately aft] ! op]ation ! e> is usually ti$ up 9 a wax$ pap] bag4 ,?is s]ves to make x absolutely c]ta9 t no o!r poll5 c get access to ! /igmas except t :i* 0 plac$ !re4 ,at ! same "t x is a conv5i5t way ( m>k+ ! e> :i* 0 exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,! cross is usually made bo? ways1 ea* v>iety be+ us$ bo? z poll5 p>5t & z ov>y p>5t4 ,z soon z ! cross-f]tilis$ se$s are ripe !y are ga!r$1 & e>ly 9 ! autumn !y are s[n4 ,x is almo/ necess>y to s[ !m & o!r small quantities ( se$ :eat 9 an enclosure protect$ by wire nett+4 ,o!rwise !y are v liable to suff] great damage f sp>r[s4 ,! plants :i* gr[ f ! cross-f]tilis$ se$s are kn[n z ! fir/ g5]ation4 ,9 ! case "u consid]ation1 !y 7 f\nd to produce e>s ( m$ium l5g? & d5s5ess1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! e>s ( ! two p>5t v>ieties1 & to be be>dless4 ,! fir/ g5]ation plants 7 also *>act]is$ by extraord9>y vig\r1 z is ! case ) almo/ all fir/ crosses1 bo? 9 plants & animals4 ,_! se$ 0 sav$ & s[n on a small plot1 & produc$ "s hundr$s ( plants ( ! second g5]ation4 ,on exam9+ ^! second g5]ation plants x 0 f\nd t ! *>act]s ( ! p>5t v>ieties _h re>rang$ !mselves 9 e possible comb9ation1 long e>s ) & )\t be>d1 %ort e>s ) & )\t be>d1 int]m$iate e>s ) & )\t be>d1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,^! diff]5t types 7 sort$ out & c\nt$1 :5 !y 7 f\nd to be pres5t 9 p]fectly def9ite proportions4 ,?is is be/ %[n 9 ! =m ( a tabulat$ /atem5t1 ?us3 ,e>s ,e>s ,e>s ,e>s ,e>s ,e>s ,long ,long ,m$ium ,m$ium ,%ort ,%ort ,be>dless ,be>d$ ,be>dless ,be>d$ ,be>dless ,be>d$ #c #a #f #b #c #a ,translat+ ?is into words1 out ( e #af plants 9 ! second g5]ation !re 7 f\r long e>$ plants1 ?ree be>dless & "o be>d$2 eight plants ) e>s ( int]m$iate l5g?1 six be>dless & two be>d$2 & f\r %ort e>$ plants1 ?ree be>dless & "o be>d$4 ,! illu/ration %[s all ^! types4 ,! exp]im5t has be5 repeat$ sev]al times & ! same proportions 7 inv>iably obta9$4 ,! result1 too1 0 indep5d5t ( ! way ! cross 0 made4 ,se$ 0 collect$ sep>ately f l>ge numb]s ( s+le plants ( ea* type4 ,! se$ f ea* plant 0 s[n by itself 9 a r[1 s t its prog5y c\ld be sep>ately obs]v$4 ,x 0 f\nd t all ! plants ( ! second g5]ation possess+ e>s ( int]m$iate l5g? produc$ 9 ! ?ird g5]ation plants ) long e>s1 %ort e>s1 & m$ium e>s 9 ! proportion ( #a 3 #a 3 #b1 ! same proportion 9 fact z 9 ! second g5]ation4 ,%ort e>$ plants produc$ only %ort e>$ (fspr+1 long e>$ plants only long e>$ (fspr+4 ,be>d$ plants produc$ only be>d$ (fspr+4 ,be>dless plants1 h[ev]1 produc$ 9 "s cases only be>dless (fspr+1 9 o!r cases bo? be>dless & be>d$ (fspr+ 9 ! proportion ( ?ree ( ! =m] to "o ( ! latt]4 ,out ( e ?ree be>dless plants only "o 0 f\nd to bre$ true1 :il/ two gave a mix$ prog5y4 ,x appe>s !re=e t 9 ! second g5]ation "s ( ! types :i* occur bre$ true1 :il/ o!rs d n4 ,"s ( ! true bre$+ individuals c be pick$ out at sight1 = in/ance1 ^? ) long or %ort be>d$ e>s4 ,"s ( ^? :i* w n bre$ true c also be recognis$ by inspection1 = in/ance1 all ! plants ) e>s ( int]m$iate l5g?4 ,9 o!r cases x is only possible to pick out ! individual plants :i* bre$ true by gr[+ _! se$ & obs]v+ h[ x behaves4 ,if x produces prog5y all ( :i* are l ! plant f :i* ! se$ 0 obta9$1 t plant is a fix$ type & w bre$ true cont9u\sly 9 ! future4 ,! f9al result ( ! exp]im5t 0 to obta9 9 ?ree ye>s f ! "t ! cross 0 made1 f\r fix$ types :i* subsequ5t exp]i5ce has %[n bre$ true cont9u\sly1 a long e>$ be>d$ type1 a %ort e>$ be>dless type1 a long e>$ be>dless type & a %ort e>$ be>d$ type4 ,( ^! ! second two are exactly l ! two p>5tal v>ieties1 b ! fir/ two are new1 ea* comb9+ "o "* f ea* p>5t4 ,^! fix$ types already exi/$ 9 ! second g5]ation4 ,m5del's discov]ies ) peas %[$ h[ to pick !m out4 ,obvi\sly !re is no ne$ = ! ye>s ( rogu+ by :i* ! old] hybridis]s us$ to attempt to fix _! desir$ type4 ,all ! types are pres5t 9 ! second g5]ation4 ,m5del has %[n h[ ! fix$ ones may be pick$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,p1 ,p1 ! two p>5tal types4 ,f ! fir/ cross4 ,f1 #a-f1 ! types f\nd 9 ! second g5]ation ,! *>act]s describ$ above are n ( any great economic importance4 ,biff5 has %[n t su* important *>act]s z bak+ /r5g? & resi/ance to ! disease kn[n z yell[ ru/ behave on cross+ 9 ! same way z be>d4 ,work+ on ! l9es ( ! exp]im5t describ$ above he has succe$$ 9 produc+ sev]al new v>ieties :i* 9 bak+ /r5g? & 9 ru/ resi/ance are a di/9ct advance on any v>ieties 9 cultivation 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,8 me?od ( work+ 0 to collect :eats f e "p ( ! _w1 to s[ !m & to pick out f ! crop1 :i* 0 usually a mix$ "o1 all ! pure types he c\ld4 ,^! 7 gr[n on small plots = sev]al ye>s "u close obs]vation4 ,_m 7 f\nd to be wor?less & 7 soon disc>d$4 ,o!rs 7 obs]v$ to possess "s "o valuable "*4 ,among/ ^! a pure /ra9 ( ,r$ ,fife 0 obta9$ f ,canadian se$1 :i* 0 f\nd to reta9 :5 gr[n 9 ,engl& ! excell5t bak+ /r5g? ( ! h>d :eats ( ,canada & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,aga91 o!r v>ieties 7 notic$ to rema9 free f yell[ ru/ ye> aft] ye>1 ev5 :5 v>ieties on adjo9+ plots 7 s badly infect$ t !y fail$ to produce se$4 ,o!r v>ieties1 too1 7 pres]v$ = ! /urd9ess ( _! /raw1 _! e>l9ess 9 rip5+1 vig\r ( gr[?1 or yield+ capacity4 ,_m crosses 7 made ) ^! z p>5ts4 ,! illu/ration %[s a corn] ( ! ,cambridge :eat-bre$+ enclosure includ+ a miscellane\s collection ( p>5t v>ieties4 ,! pap] bags on ! e>s %[ :]e crosses h be5 made4 ,f ! second g5]ation numb]s ( individual plants possess+ desirable *>act]s 7 pick$ out1 & ! fix$ types isolat$ 9 ! ?ird g5]ation by mak+ cultures f ! se$ ( ^! s+le plants4 ,! se$ f ^! fix$ types 0 s[n on small field plots1 at :i* /age _m _h to be reject$ because !y 7 f\nd want+ 9 "s "* ( great practical importance :i* did n make itself evid5t 9 ! bre$+ enclosure4 ,! illu/ration %[s a case 9 po9t4 ,x 0 photograph$ aft] heavy ra9 9 ,july4 ,! weakness ( ! /raw ( ! v>iety on ! left _h n be5 notic$ 9 ! enclosure4 ,! types :i* approv$ !mselves on ! small field plots 7 aga9 gr[n on l>g] plots s t _! yield & mill+ & bak+ *>act]s c\ld be te/$4 ,s f> two types h surviv$ ! ordeal4 ,"o comb9es ! cropp+ p[] ( ! be/ ,engli% v>ieties ) ! bak+ /r5g? ( ,nor? ,am]ican h>d :eat4 ,x is ! outcome ( a cross betwe5 ,r\gh ,*aff & ,r$ ,fife4 ,its av]age crop 9 #aiaa 0 #ch bu%els p] acre z ! result ( #bh indep5d5t trials1 &1 :]e ! local mill]s h f\nd out its quality1 x makes on ! m>ket f\r or five %ill+s p] qu>t] m ?an ! ord9>y ,engli% v>ieties4 ,! o!r result$ f a cross betwe5 ,squ>e ,head's ,ma/] & a ru/-resi/+ type isolat$ f a grad$ ,russian :eat call$ ,ghirka4 ,x is practically ru/-pro(4 ,consequ5tly x yields a heavi] crop ?an any ( ! ord9>y v>ieties :i* are all m or less susceptible to ru/4 ,! pres5ce ( ru/ 9 & on ! leaves h9d]s ! gr[? ( ! plant1 l[]s ! yield1 & increases ! proportion ( %rivell$ gra9s4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ru/ dim9i%es ! _w's :eat crop by some?+ l "o ?ird4 ,! new ru/-pro( v>iety gave an av]age yield ( ab\t #f bu%els p] acre m ?an ord9>y v>ieties on ! av]age ( #bh trials la/ ye>4 ,x is call$ ,little ,joss & is especially valuable 9 ! ,f5s & o!r di/ricts :]e ru/ is m ?an usually virul5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,corn] ( bird-pro( enclosure %[+ a v>i$ assortm5t ( p>5t v>ieties ( :eat4 ,crosses h be5 made on "s ( !m z %[n by ! e>s ti$ up 9 pap] bags ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,field plots ( two new v>ieties ( ! same p>5tage :i* _h approv$ !mselves 9 ! bird-pro( enclosure4 ,t on ! left _h to be reject$ on acc\nt ( ! weakness ( its /raw4 ,t on ! "r is ! ru/-pro( v>iety kn[n z ,little ,joss4 ,! photograph 0 tak5 aft] a /orm :i* 9 ! op5 field f\nd out ! weak po9t ( ! "o v>iety ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,quality ,,( ,,:eat ,,f ,,! ,,mill]',s ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,to ! mill] ! quality ( :eat dep5ds on ?ree *ief factors1 ! p]c5tage ( dirt1 we$ se$s1 & o!r impurities1 ! p]c5tage ( wat] 9 ! sample1 & a complex & some:at ill-def9$ "* commonly call$ /r5g?4 ,) ! me?ods ( gr[+1 clean+ & ?ra%+ :eat practis$ 9 ,great ,brita91 practically clean samples are produc$1 & home gr[n :eat is !re=e on ! :ole fairly free f impurities4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 f> f ! case ) =eign :eats1 _m ( :i* arrive at ! ,engli% ports 9 an extremely dirty condition4 ,!y are pur*as$ by mill]s subject to a d$uction f ! price = impurities above ! /&>d p]c5tage :i* is all[$4 ,! pur*ase is usually made be=e ! c>go is unload$4 ,(ficial samples are tak5 dur+ ! unload+ 9 :i* ! p]c5tage ( impurities is det]m9$1 & ! d$uction1 if any1 e/imat$4 ,! p]c5tage ( wat]1 ! natural moi/ure z x is usually call$1 v>ies greatly 9 ! :eats ( diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 home gr[n :eats x is usually #af p] c5t41 b 9 v dry seasons x may be mu* l[]1 & 9 wet seasons x may rise to #ah p] c5t4 ,=eign :eats are usually consid]ably dri] ?an home gr[n :eats4 ,9 ,russian :eats #ab p] c5t4 is ab\t ! av]age1 & t too is ab\t ! figure = _m ( ! :eats f ,canada1 ! ,/ates1 ,arg5t9a1 & p>ts ( ,au/ralia4 ,indian :eats sometimes conta9 less ?an #aj p] c5t4 ,?is is also ab\t ! p]c5tage 9 ! :eats ( ! arid l&s on ! ,pacific coa/ & 9 ,au/ralia4 ,^! figures %[ t home gr[n :eats (t5 conta9 z mu* z #e p] c5t4 m wat] ?an ! =eign :eats import$ f ! m arid c\ntries4 ,! m wat] a :eat conta9s ! less fl\r x w yield 9 ! mill4 ,consequ5tly ! less its value to ! mill]4 ,a diff]5ce ( #e p] c5t4 ( natural moi/ure means a diff]5ce 9 price ( f #as4 #f;d4 to #bs4 p] qu>t] 9 fav\r ( ! dri] =eign :eats4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons :y =eign :eats comm& a high] price ?an ^? gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,turn+ to ! ?ird factor :i* det]m9es ! quality ( :eat f ! mill]'s po9t ( view1 we may = ! pres5t def9e /r5g? z ! capacity = mak+ bread :i* suits ! public ta/e ( ! pres5t day4 ,we %all discuss ?is po9t m fully :5 we deal ) ! bak+ ( bread4 ,at pres5t ! only g5]ally accept$ me?od ( det]m9+ ! /r5g? ( a sample ( :eat is to mill x & bake x1 usually into cottage loaves4 ,! /r5g? ( ! :eat is !n det]m9$ f _! size1 %ape1 texture1 & g5]al appe>ance4 ,a really /rong fl\r makes a l>ge1 well ris5 loaf ( uni=mly por\s texture4 ,:eats lack+ 9 /r5g? are kn[n z weak4 ,a weak :eat makes a small flat loaf4 ,9 ord] to give a num]ical expression to ! v>y+ degrees ( /r5g? met ) 9 diff]5t :eats1 ! ,home ,gr[n ,:eat ,committee ( ! ,national ,association ( ,briti% & ,iri% ,mill]s h adopt$ a scale z ! result ( _m ?\s& mill+ & bak+ te/s4 ,on _! scale ! /r5g? ( ! be/ :eat import$ f ,canada1 grad$ z ,no4 #a ,manitoban1 or f ! ,/ates grad$ z ,no4 #a ,h>d ,spr+1 is tak5 z #ajj1 t ( ! well-kn[n grade ( fl\r kn[n z ,london ,h\seholds z #hj1 & t ( ! ord9>y v>ieties ( home gr[n :eat1 su* z ,squ>e ,head's ,ma/]1 ,br[ick1 ,/& ,up1 etc41 z #fe4 ,! /r5g? ( mo/ =eign :eats falls )9 ^! limits4 ,?us ! /r5g? ( ,ghirka :eat f ,russia is ab\t #he1 ( ,*oice ,:ite ,k>a*i f ,india #ge1 ( ,plate ,riv] :eat f ! ,arg5t9e #hj1 etc4 ,! /ronge/ ( all :eats is gr[n 9 c]ta9 di/ricts 9 ,hung>y4 ,x is m>k$ above #ajj on ! scale1 b x is n us$ = bread mak+4 ,! s(t :eats f ! m arid regions 9 ,au/ralia & ! ,/ates are usually weak] ?an av]age home gr[n samples1 & are m>k$ at #fj4 ,rivet or cone :eat1 a heavy cropp+ be>d$ v>iety mu* gr[n by small hold]s1--s9ce ! sp>r[1 :i* w\ld ru9 small plots ( any o!r v>iety1 seems to dislike ,rivet1 possibly on acc\nt ( its be>d1--is ! weake/ ( all :eats1 & is only m>k$ at #bj1 :i* means t bread bak$ f ,rivet fl\r alone w\ld be practically unsaleable4 ,rivet :eat f9ds a ready sale1 h[ev]1 = mak+ c]ta9 k9ds ( biscuits4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,loaves made f ,no4 #a ,manitoba4 ,/r5g? #ajj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,loaves made f av]age ,engli% :eat4 ,/r5g? #fe ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,loaves made f ,rivet :eat4 ,/r5g? #bj ,9 ord] to make fl\r :i* w bake bread to suit ! ta/e ( ! g5]al public ( ! pres5t day1 ! mill] f9ds x necess>y to include 9 ! mixture or bl5d ( :eats :i* he gr9ds a c]ta9 proportion ( /rong :eats su* z ,canadian1 ,am]ican1 or ,russian4 ,! quantity ( /rong :eat available is limit$4 ,consequ5tly /rong :eat comm&s a relatively high price4 ,! av]age diff]5ce 9 price ( say ,no4 #a ,manitoban & home gr[n :eat is ab\t #es4 p] qu>t]4 ,x is possible ( c\rse t ! public ta/e 9 bread may *ange1 & damp close textur$ bread may become fa%ionable4 ,9 ?is case no d\bt ! diff]5ce 9 price w\ld disappe>4 ,"u pres5t conditions ! necessity ( includ+ 9 8 gr9d+ mixture a consid]able proportion ( /rong =eign :eat is a di/9ct h&icap aga9/ ! inl& mill] z comp>$ ) ! port mill]4 ,! latt] gets 8 =eign :eat direct f ! %ip 9 :i* x is import$1 :il/ ! =m] has to pay railway c>riage f ! port to 8 mill4 ,! "q naturally arises--is x n possible to gr[ /rong :eats at home & sell !m to ! inl& mill]8 ,?is "q has be5 def9itely answ]$ by ! "w ( ! ,home ,gr[n ,:eat ,committee dur+ ! la/ #ab ye>s4 ,! committee collect$ /rong :eats f e c\ntry :]e !y are produc$1 & grew !m 9 ,engl&4 ,f ! fir/ crop !y pick$ out s+le plants ( e type repres5t$ 9 ! mix$ produce1 = /rong :eats z import$ are usually grades & n pure v>ieties4 ,f ! s+le plants !y h e/abli%$ pure /ra9s ( :i* !y h gr[n en\gh to mill & bake4 ,f mo/ ( ! /rong :eats !y 7 unable to f9d any /ra9 :i* w\ld produce /rong :eat 9 ,engl&4 ,?us ! /rong :eat ( ,hung>y :5 gr[n 9 ,engl& 0 no /rong] ?an any ( ! ord9>y typical home gr[n :eats4 ,b f ! /rong :eat ( ,canada 0 isolat$ ! v>iety kn[n z ,r$ ,fife1 :i* makes up a v l>ge proportion ( ! high] grades ( ,am]ican & ,canadian :eats1 & ?is v>iety :5 gr[n 9 ,engl& 0 f\nd to cont9ue to produce :eat z /rong z ! be/ ,canadian4 ,ye> aft] ye> x has be5 gr[n "h1 & :5 mill$ & bak$ its /r5g? has be5 f\nd to be #ajj or !reab\ts on ! scale above describ$4 ,f9ally x 0 f\nd t a /ra9 ( ,r$ ,fife :i* _h be5 br\ght ov] f ,canada #bj ye>s ago1 & gr[n cont9u\sly 9 ! we/]n c\nties ev] s9ce1 "u ! "n ( ,cook's ,wond]1 0 /ill produc+ :eat :i* :5 gr\nd & bak$ possess$ a /r5g? ( ab\t #ajj4 ,?us x 0 conclusively prov$ t 9 ! case ( ,r$ ,fife at any rate ! ,engli% climate 0 capable ( produc+ really /rong :eat4 ,! /r5g? ( ,hung>ian & ,russian :eats appe> to be dep5d5t on ! climate ( ^? c\ntries4 ,r$ ,fife1 h[ev]1 produces /rong :eat :]ev] x is gr[n4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ?is v>iety al?\gh fir/ exploit$ 9 ,canada & ! ,/ates is really ( ,european orig94 ,x 0 tak5 out to ,canada by an ent]pris+ ,scot*man call$ ,fife 9 a mix$ sample ( ,dantzig :eat4 ,he grew x = "s "t & di/ribut$ ! se$4 ,pure /ra9s h f "t to "t be5 select$ by ! ,am]ican & ,canadian exp]im5t /ations4 ,b ! discov]y t ,r$ ,fife w\ld produce /rong :eat 9 ,engl& by no means solv$ ! problem1 = :5 ! ,home ,gr[n ,:eat ,committee di/ribut$ se$ ( _! pure /ra9 ( t v>iety = ext5d$ te/+ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 x 0 soon f\nd to be only a poor yield] except 9 a few di/ricts4 ,a yield ( ?ree qu>t]s ( /rong gra91 ev5 if x makes #djs4 p] qu>t] on ! m>ket1 only gives to ! f>m] a return ( #f p] acre1 z comp>$ ) a return ( ne>ly #h f #d qu>t]s ( weak gra9 wor? #ces4 p] qu>t]1 :i* c usually be obta9$ by gr[+ ,squ>e ,head's ,ma/]1 or "s o!r /&>d v>iety4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! left-h& loaf 0 made f av]age ,engli% :eat4 ,! loaf 9 ! c5tre 0 made f ,burgoyne's ,fife1 & is practically id5tical 9 size & %ape ) ! "r-h& loaf :i* 0 made f import$ ,no4 #a ,manitoba ,x 0 at ?is po9t t ,m5del's discov]ies came to ! rescue4 ,work+ on ! ,m5delian l9es already expla9$1 ,biff5 at ,cambridge cross$ ,r$ ,fife ) _m ( ! be/ ,engli% v>ieties4 ,f "o ( ! crosses he 0 able to isolate a new v>iety 9 :i* are comb9$ ! /r5g? ( ,r$ ,fife & ! vig\r & cropp+ p[] ( ! ,engli% p>5t4 ,?is v>iety1 kn[n z ,burgoyne's ,fife1 has be5 gr[n & di/ribut$ by memb]s ( ! ,mill]s' ,association4 ,9 #aiaa on ! av]age ( #bh sep>ate trials x yield$ #ch bu%els p] acre1 :i* is well above ! av]age ( ! be/ ,engli% v>ieties4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly mill$ & bak$1 & its /r5g? is betwe5 #ij & #ajj1 practically ! same z t ( ,r$ ,fife4 ,x has be5 aw>d$ _m prizes at agricultural %[s = quality1 & x comm&s on m>kets :]e ! local mill]s h f\nd out its bak+ qualities ab\t ! same price z ! be/ =eign /rong :eats1 t is to say f #ds4 to #es4 p] qu>t] m ?an ! av]age price ( home gr[n :eat4 ,tak+ a fair av]age yield ( :eat z f\r qu>t]s p] acre1 ,burgoyne's ,fife gives to ! f>m] an increas$ return ov] ! ord9>y v>ieties ( ab\t #afs4 p] acre4 ,! introduction ( su* a v>iety makes ! production ( /rong :eat 9 ,engl& a practicable reality1 & w be a boon bo? to ! f>m] & to ! inl& mill]4 ,x is likely too t ! possibility ( obta9+ a bett] return p] acre w induce f>m]s to gr[ m :eat4 ,any?+ t t5ds to increase ! production ( home gr[n :eat & makes ,great ,brita9 less dep5d5t on =eign supplies is a national asset ( ! greate/ value4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance to ! mill] t he %\ld be able to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( ! :eats he buys4 ,obvi\sly ! me?od m5tion$ above1 :i* entails mill+ en\gh ( ! sample to enable him to bake a bat* ( bread1 is f> too l5g?y to be ( use 9 assess+ ! value ( a sample ) a view to pur*ase4 ,! common practice is = ! mill] or corn m]*ant to buy on ! reputation ( ! v>i\s grades ( :eat1 :i* he confirms by inspection ( ! sample4 ,/r5g? is usually associat$ ) c]ta9 ext]nal *>act]s :i* c readily be judg$ by ! eye ( ! practis$ :eat buy]4 ,/rong :eats are usually r$ 9 col\r1 _! sk9 is ?9 & brittle1 ! gra9 is usually r small1 & has a v *>act]i/ic horny almo/ transluc5t appe>ance4 ,! gra9s are extremely h>d & brittle1 & :5 brok5 ! inside looks fl9ty4 ,on *ew+ a few gra9s ! />* is remov$ & !re rema9s 9 ! m\? a small pellet ( glut51 :i* is t\gh & ela/ic l rubb]1 b n /icky4 ,weak :eats z a rule possess none ( ^! *>act]s4 ,_! col\r may be ei!r r$ or :ite1 _! sk9 is commonly ?ick & t\gh1 ! gra9 is usually l>ge & plump1 & (t5 has an opaque mealy appe>ance4 ,x is s(t & breaks easily1 & ! inside is :ite1 s(t & mealy4 ,v little glut5 c be sep>at$ f x by *ew+1 & t little is mu* less t\gh & ela/ic ?an ! glut5 ( a /rong :eat4 ,^! *>act]s1 h[ev]1 are on ! :ole less reliable ?an ! reputation ( ! grade ( :eat "u consid]ation4 ,to make a reliable e/imate ( /r5g? f inspection ( a sample ( :eat requires a natural gift cultivat$ by cont9ual practice4 ,ev5 ! be/ comm]cial judges ( :eat h be5 kn[n to be deceiv$ by a sample ( :ite :eat :i* subsequ5t mill+ & bak+ te/s %[$ to possess ! highe/ /r5g?4 ,! mi/ake 0 no d\bt due to ! great r>ity ( /r5g? among :ite :eats4 ,?is r>ity w d\btless soon disappe> n[ t a pure /ra9 ( ,:ite ,fife has be5 isolat$ & %[n to possess /r5g? q equal to t ( ,r$ ,fife4 ,sometimes too ! ord9>y home gr[n v>ieties produce mo/ deceptive samples :i* %[ all ! ext]nal *>act]s ( /rong :eats4 ,su* samples1 h[ev]1 on mill+ & bak+ are inv>iably f\nd to possess ! usual /r5g? ( home gr[n :eat1 ab\t #fe on ! scale4 ,^! consid]ations %[ ! great ne$ ( a sci5tific me?od ( measur+ /r5g?1 :i* c be c>ri$ out rapidly & on a small sample ( gra94 ,?is ne$ is felt at ! pres5t "t n only by ! mill] & ! m]*ant1 b by ! :eat bre$]4 ,= in/ance1 9 pick+ out ! plants possess+ /rong gra9 f cultures ( ! second g5]ation aft] mak+ 8 crosses1 ! plant bre$] up to ! pres5t has _h to rely on inspection by eye1 & on ! sep>ation ( glut5 by *ew+1 = a s+le plant obvi\sly _c yield en\gh gra9 to mill & bake4 ,?is fact no d\bt expla9s ! diff]5ces ( op9ion among plant bre$]s on ! inh]itance ( /r5g?1 = x is n e "o :o c acquire ! p[] ( judg+ :eat accurately by 8 s5ses4 ,su* a faculty is a p]sonal gift1 & is at be/ apt to fail at times4 ,! se>* = a rapid & accurate me?od ( measur+ /r5g? has = _m ye>s attract$ ! att5tion ( inve/igators4 ,z might be expect$ mo/ ( ! inve/igations h c5tr$ r\nd ! glut51 = z m5tion$ above ! glut5 ( a /rong :eat is mu* m t\gh & ela/ic ?an t ( a weak :eat4 ,glut5 is a *>act]i/ic con/itu5t ( all :eats1 & x is ! pres5ce ( glut5 :i* gives to :eat fl\r ! p[] ( mak+ bread4 ,! o!r c]eals1 b>ley1 oats1 maize & rice are v simil> to :eat 9 _! g5]al *emical composition1 b !y d n conta9 glut54 ,consequ5tly !y _c make bread4 ,9 mak+ bread fl\r is mix$ ) wat] & yea/4 ,! yea/ fe$s on ! small quantity ( sug> conta9$ 9 ! fl\r1 f]m5t+ x & =m+ f x alcohol & c>bon dioxide gas4 ,! glut5 be+ coh]5t & t\gh is bl[n into numb]less small bubbles by ! gas1 :i* is ?us reta9$ inside ! bread4 ,on bak+1 ! high temp]ature ( ! ov5 fixes ^! bubbles by dry+ & h>d5+ _! walls1 & ! bread is ?us end[$ ) its *>act]i/ic por\s /ructure4 ,if a c]eal meal devoid ( glut5 is mix$ ) wat] & yea/1 f]m5tation w take place ) =mation ( gas1 b ! gas w escape at once1 & ! product w be solid & n por\s4 ,evid5tly f ! bak+ po9t ( view glut5 is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,"o ( ! mo/ obvi\s me?ods t h be5 sugge/$ = e/imat+ ! /r5g? ( :eat dep5ds on ! e/imation ( ! p]c5tage ( glut5 conta9$ 9 ! fl\r4 ,! me?od has n turn$ out v successfully1 = /r5g? seems to dep5d r on ! quality ?an on ! quantity ( glut5 9 ! :eat4 ,mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! /udy ( ! causes ( ! v>y+ quality ( ! glut5 ( diff]5t :eats4 ,glut5 = in/ance has be5 %[n to be a mixture ( two sub/ances1 gliad9 & glut591 & ! sugge/ion has be5 made t its v>y+ prop]ties are dep5d5t on ! v>y+ proportions ( ^! two sub/ances pres5t 9 diff]5t samples4 ,?is sugge/ion h[ev] fail$ to solve ! problem4 ,aft] sev5 ye>s ( inve/igation ! au?or has work$ out ! foll[+ !ory ( ! /r5g? ( :eat fl\rs1 :i* has f9ally enabl$ him to devise a me?od :i* promises to be bo? accurate & rapid1 & to require s little fl\r t x c readily be us$ by ! :eat bre$] to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( ! gra9 9 a s+le e>4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t a /rong :eat is "o t w make a l>ge loaf ( good %ape & texture4 ,! /r5g? ( a :eat may !re=e be def9$ z ! p[] ( mak+ a l>ge loaf ( good %ape & texture4 ,evid5tly /r5g? is a complex ( at lea/ two factors1 size & %ape1 :i* are likely to be q indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,n infrequ5tly1 = in/ance1 :eats are met ) :i* make l>ge loaves ( bad %ape1 or on ! o!r h&1 small loaves ( good %ape4 ,probably !re=e ! size ( ! loaf dep5ds on "o factor1 ! %ape on ano!r2 & ! failure ( ! _m attempts to devise a me?od ( e/imat+ /r5g? h be5 caus$ by ! impossibility ( measur+ ! product ( two indep5d5t factors by "o measurem5t4 ,x seem$ a feasible idea t ! size ( ! loaf might dep5d on ! volume ( gas =m$ :5 yea/ 0 mix$ ) diff]5t fl\rs4 ,on mix+ diff]5t fl\rs ) wat] & yea/ x 0 f\nd t = ! fir/ two or ?ree h\rs !y all gave (f gas at ab\t ! same rate4 ,! reason ( ?is is t all fl\rs conta9 ab\t ! same am\nt ( sug>1 approximately "o p] c5t41 s t at ! beg9n+ ( ! bread f]m5tation all fl\rs provide ! yea/ ) ab\t ! same am\nt ( sug> = food4 ,b ?is small am\nt ( sug> is soon exhau/$1 & = its subsequ5t gr[? ! yea/ is dep5d5t on ! trans=mation ( "s ( ! />* ( ! fl\r into sug>4 ,:eat l _m o!r se$s conta9s a f]m5t or enzyme call$ dia/ase1 :i* has ! p[] ( *ang+ />* into sug>1 & ! activity ( ?is f]m5t v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t :eats4 ,! m active ! f]m5t 9 a fl\r ! m rapid ! =mation ( sug>4 ,consequ5tly ! m rapidly ! yea/ w gr[1 & ! great] w be ! volume ( gas produc$ 9 ! lat] /ages ( f]m5tation 9 ! d\gh4 ,z a rule x is n practicable to get ! d\gh m\ld$ into loaves & put into ! ov5 be=e x has be5 f]m5t+ = ab\t six or eight h\rs4 ,if ! fl\r possesses an active f]m5t x w /ill be rapidly =m+ gas at ! end ( ?is "t1 & ! loaf w g into ! ov5 di/5d$ ) gas "u pressure f ! ela/icity ( ! glut5 :i* =ms ! walls ( ! bubbles4 ,! heat ( ! ov5 w cause ea* gas bubble to exp&1 & a l>ge loaf w be ! result4 ,if ! f]m5t ( ! fl\r is ( l[ activity x w n be able to keep ! yea/ suppli$ ) all ! sug> x ne$s1 ! volume ( gas =m$ 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! f]m5tation ( ! d\gh w be small1 ! d\gh w g into ! ov5 )\t any pressure ( gas inside x1 little expansion w take place z ! temp]ature rises1 & a small loaf w be produc$4 ,f ^! facts x is q easy to devise a me?od ( e/imat+ h[ l>ge a loaf any giv5 fl\r w produce4 ,! foll[+ me?od is t us$ by ! au?or4 ,a small quantity ( ! fl\r1 usually #bj grams1 is weigh$ out & put into a wide m\!d bottle4 ,a flask ( wat] is w>m$ to #dj ,c41 ( ?is #ajj c4c4 is measur$ out1 & into x #b grams ( compress$ yea/ is intimately mix$1 #bj c4c4 ( ! mixture be+ add$ to ! #bj grams ( fl\r 9 ! bottle4 ,! fl\r & yea/-wat] are !n mix$ into a cream by /irr+ ) a glass rod4 ,! bottle is !n plac$ 9 a vessel ( wat] :i* is kept by a small flame at #ce ,c4 ,! bottle is connect$ to an app>atus = measur+ gas1 & ! volume ( gas giv5 (f e h\r is record$4 ,z already m5tion$ all fl\rs give (f ab\t ! same volume ( gas dur+ ! fir/ ?ree h\rs4 ,aft] ?is l5g? ( "t ! volume ( gas giv5 (f p] h\r v>ies greatly ) diff]5t fl\rs4 ,?us a fl\r :i* w bake a l>ge loaf gives (f "u ! conditions above describ$ ab\t #bj c4c4 ( gas dur+ ! six? h\r ( f]m5tation1 :il/ a fl\r :i* bakes a small tight loaf gives (f dur+ ! six? h\r ( f]m5tation only ab\t #e c4c4 ( gas4 ,hav+ devis$ a feasible me?od ( e/imat+ h[ l>ge a loaf any giv5 fl\r w make1 ! problem ( ! %ape & texture /ill rema9s4 ,previ\s inve/igators _h exhau/$ almo/ e possible *emical prop]ty ( glut5 9 _! se>* = a me?od ( e/imat+ /r5g?4 ,! au?or !re=e det]m9$ to /udy its physical prop]ties4 ,n[ glut5 is :at is kn[n z a colloid sub/ance1 l album5 ! *ief con/itu5t ( :ite ( egg1 case9 ! sub/ance :i* sep>ates :5 milk is curdl$1 or clay :i* is a well kn[n con/itu5t ( heavy soils4 ,su* colloid sub/ances c sc>cely be said to possess def9ite physical prop]ties ( _! own1 = _! prop]ties v>y s l>gely ) _! surr\nd+s4 ,! :ite ( a fre% egg is a ?ick glairy liquid4 ,on heat+ x becomes a :ite opaque solid1 & ! addition ( c]ta9 acids produces a simil> *ange 9 its prop]ties4 ,case9 exi/s 9 fre% milk 9 solution4 ,! addition ( a few drops ( acid causes x to sep>ate z f9ely divid$ curd4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! milk is w>m$ be=e ! acid is add$ ! case9 sep>ates z a /icky coh]5t mass4 ,e f>m] kn[s t lime improves ! texture ( soils conta9+ mu* clay1 because ! lime causes ! clay to lose its /icky cohesive nature4 ,su* in/ances %[ t ! prop]ties ( colloid sub/ances are pr(\ndly modifi$ by ! pres5ce ( *emical sub/ances4 ,:eat1 l almo/ all plant sub/ances1 is slightly acid1 & ! degree ( acidity v>ies 9 diff]5t samples4 ,accord+ly ! effect ( acids on ! physical prop]ties ( glut5 0 inve/igat$1 & x 0 f\nd t by plac+ bits ( glut5 9 pure wat] & 9 acid ( v>y+ conc5tration x c\ld be made to assume any consi/5cy f a /ate ( division s f9e t ! sep>ate p>ticles c\ld n be se51 except by notic+ t _! pres5ce made ! wat] milky1 to a t\gh coh]5t mass almo/ l indi>ubb] 7,fig4 #aa74 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! conc5tration ( acid 9 ! :eat gra9 0 nev] great en\gh to make ! glut5 really coh]5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,glut5 9 pure wat]2 s(t1 b t\gh & ela/ic ,glut5 9 v weak hydro*loric acid 7#c p>ts 9 #ajj1jjj ( wat]72 x floats ab\t 9 p[d]1 hav+ entirely lo/ cohesion1 & makes ! wat] milky ,glut5 9 hydro*loric acid 7#c p>ts 9 #ajjj ( wat]72 v h>d & t\gh ,b :eat conta9s also v>y+ proportions ( su* salts z *lorides1 sulphates & phosphates1 :i* are soluble 9 wat]1 & ! action ( su* salts on glut5 0 next tri$4 ,x 0 at once f\nd t ^! salts 9 ! same conc5tration z !y exi/ 9 ! :eat gra9 7 capable ( mak+ glut5 coh]5t1 b t ! k9d ( coh]5ce produc$ 0 peculi> to ea* salt4 ,phosphates produce a t\gh & ela/ic glut5 su* z is f\nd 9 ! /ronge/ :eats4 ,*lorides & sulphates on ! o!r h& make glut5 h>d & brittle1 l ! glut5 ( a v weak :eat 7,fig4 #ab74 ,! next /ep 0 to make *emical analyses to f9d out ! am\nt ( soluble salts 9 diff]5t :eats4 ,/rong :eats ( ! ,fife class 7 f\nd to conta9 n less ?an #a "p ( soluble phosphate 9 #ajjj p>ts ( :eat1 :il/ ,rivet :eat1 ! weake/ :eat t comes on ! m>ket1 conta9$ only half t am\nt4 ,rivet1 h[ev]1 0 f\nd to be comp>atively ri* 9 soluble *lorides & sulphates1 :i* are pres5t 9 v small am\nts 9 /rong :eats ( ! ,fife class4 ,ord9>y ,engli% :eats resemble ,rivet1 b !y conta9 r m phosphate & r less *lorides & sulphates4 ,aft] mak+ a great _m analyses x 0 f\nd t ! am\nt ( soluble phosphate 9 a :eat 0 a v good index ( ! %ape & texture ( ! loaf :i* x w\ld make4 ,! t\ghness & ela/icity ( ! glut5 no d\bt dep5d on ! conc5tration ( ! soluble phosphate 9 ! :eat gra91 ! m ! soluble phosphate ! t\gh] & m ela/ic ! glut51 & a t\gh & ela/ic glut5 holds ! loaf 9 %ape z x exp&s 9 ! ov51 & prev5ts ! small bubbles ( gas runn+ toge!r into l>ge holes & spoil+ ! texture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,glut5 9 wat] conta9+ bo? acid & phosphate2 v t\gh & ela/ic ,glut5 9 wat] conta9+ bo? acid & sulphates4 ,x %[s v>y+ degrees ( coh]5ce1 b is brittle or 8%ort0 ,^! facts sugge/ at once a me?od = e/imat+ ! %ape & texture ( ! loaf :i* c be made f any giv5 sample ( :eat4 ,an analysis %[+ ! am\nt ( soluble phosphate 9 ! sample %\ld give ! desir$ in=mation4 ,b un=tunately su* an analysis is n an easy "o to make1 & requires a consid]able quantity ( fl\r4 ,9 mak+ ^! analyses x 0 notic$ t :5 ! fl\rs 7 %ak5 ) wat] to dissolve ! phosphate1 & ! insoluble sub/ance remov$ by filt]+1 ! solutions obta9$ 7 always m or less turbid1 & ! degree ( turbidity 0 f\nd to be relat$ to ! am\nt ( phosphate pres5t & to ! %ape ( loaf produc$4 ,on fur!r inve/igation x 0 f\nd t ! turbidity 0 due to ! fact t ! conc5tration ( acid & salts :i* make glut5 coh]5t1 also dissolve "s ( x1 & glut5 l o!r colloids gives a turbid solution4 ,x 0 also f\nd t ! am\nt ( glut5 dissolv$1 & consequ5tly ! degree ( turbidity1 is relat$ to ! %ape ( ! loaf :i* ! fl\r w produce4 ,n[ x is q easy to measure ! degree ( turbidity ( a solution by p\r+ ! solution into a glass vessel bel[ :i* a small electric lamp is plac$1 & not+ ! dep? ( ! liquid ?r\gh :i* ! filam5t ( ! lamp c j be se54 ,! turbidities 71 h[ev]1 s slight t x 0 f\nd necess>y to increase !m by add+ a little iod9e solution :i* gives a br[n milk9ess ) solutions ( glut51 ! degree ( milk9ess dep5d+ on ! am\nt ( glut5 9 ! solution4 ,9 ?is way a me?od 0 devis$ :i* is rapid1 easy1 & c be c>ri$ out ) s little :eat t ! produce ( "o e> is amply suffici5t4 ,x c !re=e be us$ by ! plant bre$] = pick+ out f ! prog5y ( 8 crosses ^? individual plants :i* are likely to give %apely loaves4 ,! me?od is z foll[s3 ,an e> ( :eat is rubb$ out & gr\nd to p[d] 9 a small mill4 ,"o gram ( ?is p[d]1 or ( fl\r if t is to be te/$1 is weigh$ out & put into a small bottle4 ,to x is add$ #bj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,! bottle is !n %ak5 = "o h\r4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! cont5ts are p\r$ onto a filt]4 ,to #ae c4c4 ( ! solution #a c4c4 ( a weak solution ( iod9e is add$1 & aft] /&+ = half an h\r ! turbidity te/ is appli$4 ,work+ 9 ?is way x is possible to see ?r\gh only #aj c4m4 ( ! solution ?us obta9$ f su* a :eat z ,r$ ,fife1 z comp>$ ) #be c4m4 9 ! case ( ,rivet4 ,o!r :eats yield solutions ( int]m$iate opacity4 ,?is me?od is n[ be+ te/$ 9 connection ) ! ,cambridge :eat bre$+ exp]im5ts4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,mill+ ,,( ,,:eat ,9 ord] t :eat may be made into bread x is necess>y t x %\ld be r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,9 prehi/oric times ?is 0 effect$ by gr9d+ ! gra9 betwe5 /ones4 ,two /ones 7 commonly us$1 ! l[] "o be+ m or less holl[$ on its upp] surface s z to hold ! gra9 :ile x 0 rubb$ by ! upp] "o4 ,z man became m exp]t 9 provid+ = 8 wants1 ! l[] /one 0 artificially holl[$1 & ! upp] "o %ap$ to fit x1 until 9 process ( "t ! two /ones assum$ ! =m ( a primitive mort> & pe/le4 ,! next /ep 9 ! evolution ( ! mill 0 to make a hole or groove 9 ! side ( ! l[] /one ?r\gh :i* ! p[d]$ :eat c\ld pass z x 0 gr\nd4 ,?is device avoid$ ! tr\ble ( empty+ ! primitive mill1 & mat]ially sav$ ! lab\r ( ! gr9d]4 ,su* mills are /ill 9 use 9 ! less civilis$ c\ntries 9 ! ,ea/1 & are ( c\rse work$ by h& z 9 primitive times4 ,!y gradually develop$ z civilization progress$ into ! /one mills :i* gr\nd all ! bread/uffs ( ! civilis$ _w until ab\t #dj ye>s ago4 ,! old fa%ion$ /one mill 01 & inde$ /ill is1 a weapon ( ! greate/ precision4 ,x consi/s ( a pair ( /ones ab\t f\r feet 9 diamet]1 ! l[] ( :i* is fix$ :il/ ! upp] is made to revolve by me*anical p[] at a high spe$4 ,ea* /one is made ( a l>ge numb] ( pieces ( a special k9d ( h>d /one obta9$ f ,france4 ,^! pieces are cem5t$ toge!r1 & ! surfaces :i* come into contact are pati5tly *ipp$ until !y fit "o ano!r to a nicety all ov]4 ,! surface ( ! l[] /one is !n groov$ s z to lead ! fl\r to escape f betwe5 ! /ones at def9ite places :]e x is receiv$ = fur!r treatm5t4 ,! gra9 to be gr\nd is f$ betwe5 ! /ones ?r\gh a hole at ! c5tre ( ! upp] /one4 ,x has be5 /at$ above t ! surfaces ( ! two /ones are 9 contact4 ,z a matt] ( fact ?is is n /rictly true4 ,! upp] /one is susp5d$ s t ! surfaces are sep>at$ by a small fraction ( an in*1 & x w be realis$ at once t ?is susp5sion is a matt] ( ! greate/ delicacy4 ,to balance a /one weigh+ ov] half a ton s t1 :5 revolv+ at a high rate ( spe$1 x may be sep>at$ f its p>tn] at no po9t ov] its entire surface ( ab\t #ab squ>e feet by m ?an ! ?ickness ( ! sk9 ( a gra9 ( :eat1 & yet may n[h]e come into actual contact1 is an a*ievem5t ( no mean ord]4 ,/one mills ( ?is k9d 7 usually driv5 by wat] p[]1 or 9 flat neighb\rhoods by w9d p[]1 ?\gh 9 "s cases /eam 0 us$4 ,x 0 ! common practice to subject ! gr\nd :eat f ! /ones to a process ( sift+ s z to remove ! p>ticles ( husk f ! fl\r4 ,! sift+ 0 effect$ by %ak+ ! gr\nd :eat 9 a s]ies ( sieves ( f9ely wov5 silk1 kn[n z bolt+ clo?4 ,9 ?is way x 0 possible to obta9 a fl\r :i* w\ld make a :ite bread4 ,! p>ticles ( husk remov$ by ! sift+ 7 sold to f>m]s = food = _! animals1 "u ! "n ( bran1 %>ps1 poll>ds1 or middl+s1 local names = products ( v>y+ degrees ( f95ess1 :i* may be class$ toge!r "u ! g5]al t]m :eat (fals4 ,! ideal ( ! mill] 0 to set 8 /ones s t !y w\ld gr9d ! fl\r to a f9e p[d] )\t break+ up ! husk m ?an 0 absolutely necess>y4 ,:5 work+ satisfactorily a pair ( /ones 7 suppos$ to /rip (f ! husk f ! k]nel4 ,! k]nel %\ld !n be f9ely pulv]is$4 ,! husk %\ld be flatt5$ out betwe5 ! /ones1 :i* %\ld rub (f f ! inside z completely z possible all adh]+ p>ticles ( k]nel4 ,if ?is ideal 7 atta9$1 ! mill w\ld yield a l>ge proportion ( fairly :ite fl\r1 & a small proportion ( husk or (fals4 ,z long z home gr[n :eats 7 us$ ?is ideal c\ld be m or less atta9$ because ! husk ( ^! :eats is t\gh & ! k]nel s(t4 ,comp>atively little gr9d+ suffices to r$uce ! k]nel to ! requisite degree ( f95ess1 & ?is ! t\gh husk w /& )\t be+ itself unduly pulv]is$4 ,consequ5tly ! husk rema9s 9 fairly l>ge pieces1 & c be sep>at$ by sift+1 ) ! result t a :ite fl\r c be produc$4 ,b home gr[n :eat ceas$ to provide = ! wants ( ! nation m ?an half a c5tury ago4 ,already 9 #ahgj half ! :eat gr\nd into fl\r 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 import$ f abroad1 & ?is proportion has /eadily increas$1 until at ! pres5t "t only ab\t "o-fif? ( ! :eat requir$ is gr[n at home4 ,_m ( ! :eats :i* are import$ are h>d] 9 ! k]nel1 & ?9n] & m brittle 9 ! husk1 ?an ! home gr[n v>ieties4 ,consequ5tly !y require m gr9d+ to r$uce ! k]nel to ! requisite degree ( f95ess1 & _! ?9 brittle husk is n able to resi/ su* treatm5t4 ,x is itself gr\nd to p[d] along ) ! k]nel1 & _c be completely sep>at$ f ! fl\r by sift+4 ,su* :eats !re=e1 :5 gr\nd betwe5 /ones1 yield fl\r :i* conta9s mu* f9ely divid$ husk1 & ?is l[]s its dige/ibility & gives x a d>k col\r4 ,9 ! decades be=e #ahgj :5 ! imports ( =eign :eats fir/ rea*$ s]i\s proportions1 & all mill+ 0 done by /ones1 d>k col\r$ fl\rs 7 common1 & p w\ld no d\bt h accept$ !m )\t prote/1 if no o!r fl\rs _h be5 available4 ,b z x happ5$ mill]s 9 ,hung>y1 :]e h>d k]nell$1 ?9 sk9n$ :eats _h long be5 commonly gr[n1 devis$ ! roll] mill+ process1 :i* produces f9e :ite fl\r f su* :eats1 no matt] h[ h>d _! k]nels or h[ ?9 _! sk9s4 ,! idea ( gr9d+ :eat betwe5 roll]s 0 at once tak5 up 9 ,am]ica & f\nd to give excell5t results ) ! h>d ?9 sk9n$ :eats ( ! nor?-we/4 ,! f9e :ite fl\rs ?us produc$ 7 s5t to ,engl&1 & at once ou/$ f ! home m>kets ! d>k col\r$ fl\rs produc$ f import$ :eats 9 ! ,engli% /one mills4 ,! dem& = ! :ite well-ris5 bread produc$ f ^! roll] mill$ import$ fl\rs %[$ at once t ! public pref]r$ su* bread to ! d>k] col\r$ heavi] bread yield$ by /one-gr\nd fl\rs1 especially ^? made f ! ?9 sk9n$ =eign :eats4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s 0 s]i\s bo? = ! mill]s & ! f>m]s4 ,! importation ( fl\r in/ead ( :eat mu/ obvi\sly ru9 ! mill+ indu/ry1 & s9ce :eat (fals =m no inconsid]able item 9 ! li/ ( fe$+ /uffs available = /ock keep]s1 a decl9e ( ! mill+ indu/ry re/ricts ! supply ( food = 8 /ock1 & ?us indirectly affects ! f>m]4 ,at ! same "t ! pref]5ce %[n by ! public = bread made f f9e :ite import$ fl\r1 to "s ext5t depreciat$ ! value ( home gr[n :eat4 ,x 0 by economic conditions ( ?is k9d t ! mill]s 7 compell$ 9 ! e>ly sev5ties to alt] _! me?ods4 ,! l>ge firms subscrib$ m capital & in/all$ roll] plant 9 _! mills4 ,^! at once prov$ a success & ! o!r firms h foll[$ suit4 ,at ! pres5t "t consid]ably m ?an #ij p] c5t4 ( ! fl\r us$ 9 ?is c\ntry is ! product ( roll] mills4 ,! ke5 competition :i* has aris5 9 ! mill+ indu/ry dur+ ! la/ #ce ye>s has produc$ great improvem5ts 9 roll] plant1 & ! me?ods ( sep>ation n[ 9 use yield fl\rs :i* 9 ! op9ion ( ! mill]1 & app>5tly too 9 ! op9ion ( ! g5]al public1 are f> 9 advance ( ! fl\rs :i* 7 produc$ 9 ! days ( /one mill+4 ,p]haps ! fir/ impression :i* a visitor to a mod]n roll] mill w\ld receive is ! great ext5t to :i* me*anical contrivances h replac$ h& lab\r4 ,once ! :eat has be5 deliv]$ at ! mill x is n mov$ aga9 by h& until x goes away z fl\r & (fals4 ,x is c>ri$ along by rapidly mov+ belts1 elevat$ by endless *a9s c>ry+ buckets1 all[$ to fall aga9 by gravity1 or p]haps 9 o!r cases transport$ by air curr5ts4 ,ano!r v /rik+ developm5t is ! great c>e exp5d$ 9 clean+ ! gra9 be=e x is gr\nd4 ,?is clean+ is ! fir/ process to :i* ! :eat is subject$4 ,x is especially necess>y 9 ! case ( "s ( ! =eign :eats :i* arrive 9 ?is c\ntry 9 a v dirty condition4 ,! impurities consi/ ( e>?1 we$ se$s1 bits ( husk & /raw2 iron nails1 & o!r equally unlikely objects are by no means uncommon4 ,"s ( ^! are remov$ by scre5s1 b besides scre5+ ! :eat is actually subject$ to ! process ( wa%+ ) wat]4 ,= ?is purpose x is elevat$ to an upp] floor ( ! mill1 & all[$ to fall d[nw>ds ?r\gh a tall vessel ?r\gh :i* a /ream ( wat] is made to fl[4 ,z x passes ?r\gh ! wat] x is scrubb$ by a s]ies ( me*anically driv5 bru%es to remove ! e>?y matt] :i* adh]es to ! gra94 ,?is is c>ri$ away by ! /ream ( wat]4 ,aft] clean+ ! gra9 next und]goes ! process ( condition+4 ,! object ( ?is process is s to adju/ ! moi/ure ( ! gra9 t ! husk may atta9 its maximum t\ghness compatible ) a reasonable degree ( brittl5ess ( k]nel1 ! idea be+ to p[d] ! k]nel ) ! m9imum ( gr9d+ & )\t unduly p[d]+ ! husk4 ,by att5tion to ?is process sep>ation ( fl\r & husk is made easi] & m complete4 ,! ess5tial po9ts 9 ! process are to moi/5 ! gra91 ei!r 9 ! c\rse ( clean+ z above describ$1 or if wa%+ is n necess>y1 by direct addition ( wat]4 ,! moi/ure is giv5 "s "t to be absorb$ into ! gra91 :i* is !n dri$ until ! moi/ure cont5t falls to :at exp]i5ce %[s to be ! mo/ successful figure = ! :eat 9 "q4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,fir/ break rolls se5 f "o end4 ,! ribs c j be se5 :]e ! two rolls t\* ,clean+ & condition+ hav+ be5 att5d$ to1 ! gra9 is n[ convey$ to ! mill prop]4 ,?is ( c\rse is done by a me*anical arrangem5t :i* fe$s ! gra9 at any desir$ rate into ! hopp] :i* supplies ! fir/ pair ( rolls4 ,^! rolls consi/ ( a pair ( /eel cyl9d]s usually #aj in*es 9 diamet] & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #bj in*es to #e feet accord+ to ! capacity ( ! mill4 ,! surfaces ( ! cyl9d]s are flut$ or ribb$1 ! di/ance f rib to rib be+ ab\t "o-t5? ( an in*4 ,! roll]s are m\nt$ s t ! di/ance betwe5 _! surfaces c be adju/$4 ,!y are set s t !y w break gra9s pass+ betwe5 !m to f "o-half to "o-qu>t] _! orig9al size4 ,!y are made to revolve s t ! p>ts ( ! surfaces betwe5 :i* ! gra9s are nipp$ are travell+ 9 ! same direction4 ,"o roll revolves usually at ab\t #cej revolutions p] m9ute1 ! o!r at r less ?an half t rate 7,fig4 #ad74 ,x is obvi\s f ! above description t a gra9 ( :eat fall+ f ! hopp] on to ! surface ( ! mov+ roll]s w be cru%$ or nipp$ betwe5 !m1 & t s9ce ! roll]s are mov+ at diff]5t rates1 x w at ! same "t be m or less torn ap>t4 ,by alt]+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! roll]s & _! respective spe$s ( revolution ! relative am\nts ( nipp+ & te>+ c be adju/$ to suit v>y+ conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,break rolls4 ,! l>ge & small cog-:eels are ! simple/ device us$ to give ! two rolls diff]5t spe$s4 ,! l>g] cog-:eel is driv5 by p[] & drives ! small]1 ( c\rse at a mu* high] rate ( revolution ,! passage ( ! gra9 ?r\gh su* a pair ( roll]s is kn[n te*nically z a break4 ,its object is to break or te> op5 ! gra9 ) ! lea/ possible am\nt ( friction betwe5 ! gra9 & ! gr9d+ surfaces4 ,s9ce ! roll]s are cyl9drical x is obvi\s t ! gra9 w only be nipp$ at "o po9t ( _! surfaces1 & ev5 "h ! friction is r$uc$ z mu* z possible by mak+ bo? ! gr9d+ surfaces move 9 ! same direction4 ,z already expla9$ x c be dim9i%$1 if ! condition ( ! :eat all[s1 by dim9i%+ ! diff]5ce 9 spe$ betwe5 ! two rolls4 ,! result ( ! fir/ break is to te> op5 ! gra9s4 ,at ! same "t a small am\nt ( ! k]nel w be f9ely p[d]$4 ,! re/ ( ! k]nel & husk w /ill rema9 9 comp>atively l>ge pieces4 ,! te>+ op5 ( ! gra9 sets free ! dirt :i* 0 lodg$ 9 ! crack or furr[ :i* ext5ds f end to end ( ! gra94 ,?is dirt _c be remov$ by any me?od ( clean+4 ,x only escapes :5 ! gra9 is torn op5 9 ! break4 ,x is g5]ally f9ely divid$ dirt & _c be sep>at$ f ! fl\r =m$ 9 ?is process4 ,consequ5tly ! fir/ break fl\r is (t5 m or less dirty1 & ! mill] tries to adju/ 8 fir/ break rolls s t !y w =m z little fl\r z possible4 ,! fir/ break rolls n only p[d] a little ( ! k]nel1 b !y also r$uce to a m or less f9e /ate ( division a little ( ! husk4 ,! result ( ! passage ( ! gra9 ?r\gh ! fir/ break rolls is to produce f x a mixture ( a l>ge quantity ( comp>atively co>se p>ticles ( k]nel to _m ( :i* husk is /ill adh]5t1 a small quantity ( f9ely divid$ fl\r :i* is m or less discol\r$ ) dirt1 & a small quantity ( f9ely divid$ husk4 ,?is mixture1 :i* is te*nically kn[n z /ock1 is at once subject$ to :at is call$ sep>ation1 ) ! object ( sep>at+ ! fl\r f ! o!r con/itu5ts be=e x und]goes any fur!r gr9d+4 ,x is "o ( ! guid+ pr9ciples ( mod]n mill+ t ! fl\r produc$ at ea* op]ation %\ld be sep>at$ at once s z to r$uce to a m9imum ! gr9d+ :i* x has to und]go4 ,sep>ation is br\ght ab\t by ! comb9ation ( two me?ods4 ,! /ock is %ak5 9 contact ) a scre5 made ( bolt+ silk s f9ely wov5 t x conta9s f #ej to #aej me%es to ! in*1 accord+ to ! f95ess ( ! fl\r :i* x is desir$ to sep>ate4 ,! %ak+ is effect$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways4 ,sometimes ! silk is /ret*$ on a frame s z to make a k9d ( flat sieve4 ,?is is %ak5 me*anically :il/ ! /ock is all[$ to trickle ov] its surface1 s t ! f9ely divid$ p>ticles ( fl\r may fall ?r\gh ! me%es & be collect$ sep>ately f ! l>g] p>ticles :i* rema9 on ! top4 ,^! l>g] p>ticles are p>tly heavy bits ( brok5 k]nel & p>tly light bits ( torn husk4 ,9 ord] to sep>ate !m advantage is tak5 ( ! fact t a curr5t ( w9d c be s adju/$ t x w bl[ away ! light & fluffy husk p>ticles )\t di/urb+ ! heavy bits ( k]nel4 ,by means ( a me*anically driv5 fan a curr5t ( air is bl[n ov] ! surface ( ! sieve1 9 ! direction opposite to t 9 :i* ! /ock is travell+4 ,z ! /ock rolls ov] & ov] 9 its passage f ! upp] to ! l[] end ( ! incl9$ sieve ! fluffy p>ticles ( husk are pick$ up by ! air curr5t & c>ri$ back to ! top ( ! sieve :]e !y fall1 z ! curr5t slack5s1 into a receptacle plac$ to receive !m4 ,?us by ! comb9ation ( sift+ & air c>riage ! /ock is sep>at$ into a small quantity ( f9i%$ fl\r1 a small quantity ( f9i%$ husk or (fal1 & a l>ge quantity ( l>ge p>ticles ( k]nel ) husk /ill adh]+ to "s ( !m4 ,^! l>ge p>ticles1 :i* are call$ semol9a1 ( c\rse require fur!r gr9d+4 ,diff]5t me?ods ( sift+ are (t5 us$ 9 place ( ! "o above describ$1 especially = complet+ ! purification ( ! fl\r4 ,sometimes ! silk is /ret*$ r\nd a m or less circul> frame s z to =m a long cyl9d] cov]$ ) silk4 ,! /ock is deliv]$ into ! high] end ( ?is cyl9d] :i* is made to revolve4 ,?is causes ! /ock to "w its way ?r\gh ! cyl9d]1 & dur+ its progress ! f9ely gr\nd fl\r f9ds its way ?r\gh ! me%es1 & is sep>at$ z be=e f ! co>s] p>ticles4 ,su* a revolv+ sieve is kn[n z a reel4 ,9 a some:at simil> arrangem5t kn[n z a c5trifugal a s]ies ( beat]s is made to revolve rapidly inside a /ation>y cyl9drical sieve4 ,! /ock is admitt$ at "o end & is ?r[n by ! revolv+ beat]s aga9/ ! silk cov]4 ,! f9] p>ticles are driv5 ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! silk1 ! co>s] p>ticles f9d _! way out ( ! cyl9d] at ! o!r end4 ,sometimes = sep>at+ v co>se p>ticles wire sieves ( #cj me%es1 or !reab\ts1 to ! in* are us$4 ,:atev] ! me?od ! object is to sep>ate at once ! f9i%$ fl\r & (fal f ! l>ge p>ticles ( k]nel :i* require fur!r gr9d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,a pair ( r$uction rolls4 ,!y are smoo?1 & ! cog-:eels be+ ne>ly ( ! same size ! spe$ ( ! two rolls is ne>ly equal ,^! l>ge p>ticles1 semol9a1 are next pass$ betwe5 "o or m pairs ( smoo? rolls kn[n z r$uction rolls 7,fig4 #ae74 ,^! are set r ne>] toge!r ?an ! break rolls1 & ! diff]5ce 9 spe$ betwe5 ea* roll & its p>tn] is q small4 ,! object ( r$uction is to r$uce ! size ( ! l>ge p>ticles ( semol9a & to produce !reby f9ely divid$ fl\r4 ,! /ock f ! fir/ pair or pairs ( r$uction rolls conta9s mu* f9ely gr\nd fl\r mix$ ) co>s] p>ticles ( k]nel ) or )\t adh]5t husk4 ,x is at once submitt$ to ! sep>ation & purification processes z above describ$4 ,?is yields a l>ge quantity ( f9i%$ fl\r :i* is v :ite & free f husk4 ,x repres5ts comm]cially ! highe/ grade ( fl\r sep>at$ 9 ! mill & is describ$ te*nically z pat5ts4 ,a small am\nt ( f9i%$ (fal is also sep>at$ at ?is /age4 ,! co>se p>ticles ( k]nel ) adh]5t husk f :i* ! fl\r & (fal h be5 sep>at$ are n[ pass$ ?r\gh a second pair ( break rolls m f9ely flut$ ?an be=e1 kn[n z ! second break4 ,^! are set clos] toge!r ?an ! fir/ break rolls4 ,_! object is to rub (f m k]nel f ! husk4 ,! /ock f !m is aga9 sep>at$1 ! fl\r & f9i%$ (fal be+ remov$ z be=e4 ,! co>s] p>ticles are aga9 r$uc$ by smoo? r$uction rolls1 & a second l>ge quantity ( fl\r sep>at$4 ,?is is comm]cially high grade fl\r & is usually mix$ ) ! pat5ts already sep>at$4 ,! co>se p>ticles left aft] ?is sep>ation are usually subject$ to a ?ird & a f\r? break1 ea* ( :i* is succe$$ by "o or two r$uctions4 ,sep>ation ( ! /ock & purification ( ! fl\r take place aft] ea* roll+1 s t z soon z any fl\r or husk is f9ely gr\nd x may be at once sep>at$ )\t fur!r gr9d+4 ,! la/ pair ( flut$ rolls1 ! f\r? break1 are set s closely toge!r t !y practically t\* bo? sides ( ! pieces ( husk :i* pass ?r\gh !m4 ,!y are int5d$ to scrape ! la/ p>ticles ( k]nel f ! husk4 ,?is is v sev]e treatm5t1 & usually results 9 ! production ( mu* f9ely p[d]$ husk :i* goes ?r\gh ! sift+ silk & _c be sep>at$ f ! fl\r4 ,! fl\r f ! f\r? break is !re=e usually discol\r$ by ! pres5ce ( mu* f9ely divid$ husk4 ,= ?is reason x ranks z ( l[ comm]cial grade4 ,! lat] r$uctions too yield fl\rs conta9+ m or less husk1 :i* d>k5s _! col\r4 ,!y are usually mix$ toge!r & sold z seconds4 ,! fate ( ! g]m 9 ! process ( roll] mill+ is a po9t ( consid]able int]e/1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! +5i\s way 9 :i* x is remov$1 & because ( ! my/]i\s nutritive prop]ties :i* x is commonly assum$ to possess4 ,! g]m ( a gra9 ( :eat =ms only ab\t #a p] c5t4 by weight ( ! gra94 ,x diff]s 9 composition f ! re/ ( ! gra91 be+ f> ri*] 9 prote91 fat1 & phosphorus4 ,its special fe$+ value c1 h[ev]1 sc>cely be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( ^! +r$i5ts1 = its total am\nt is s small t its pres5ce or abs5ce 9 ! fl\r c make only a v slight diff]5ce 9 ! p]c5tages ( ^! sub/ances4 ,b ?is po9t w be discuss$ fully 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,"h x is ! pres5ce ( ! fat :i* is *iefly ( int]e/4 ,accord+ to ! mill]s ! fat ( ! g]m is prone to become rancid1 & to imp>t to ! fl\r1 on keep+1 a peculi> ta/e & od\r :i* affects its comm]cial value4 ,!y h !re=e devis$ ) great +5uity a simple me?od ( remov+ x4 ,?is me?od dep5ds on ! fact t ! pres5ce 9 ! g]m ( s mu* fat prev5ts x f be+ gr\nd to p[d] 9 its passage betwe5 ! rolls4 ,in/ead ( be+ gr\nd x is press$ out into little flat discs :i* are f> too l>ge to pass ) ! fl\r ?r\gh ! sift+ silks or wires1 & f> too heavy to be bl[n away by ! air curr5ts :i* remove ! (fals4 ,! am\nt :i* is ?us sep>at$ is usually ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( ! gra9 s t "o ?ird ( ! total quantity ( g]m pres5t 9 ! gra9 is n remov$ z su*4 ,consid]able difficulties arise 9 attempt+ to trace ?is fraction1 & at pres5t x is impossible to /ate ) c]ta9ty :at becomes ( x4 ,! g]m :i* is sep>at$ is sold by ! ord9>y mill] to c]ta9 firms :i* manufacture :at are kn[n z g]m fl\rs4 ,x is subject$ to a process ( cook+ :i* is said to prev5t x f go+ rancid1 aft] :i* x is gr\nd ) :eat1 ! product be+ pat5t g]m fl\r4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,bak+ ,9 discuss+ ! me?od ( trans=m+ fl\r into bread x w be conv5i5t to beg9 by describ+ 9 detail "o g5]al me?od4 ,! modifications us$ = obta9+ bread ( diff]5t k9ds1 & = deal+ ) fl\rs ( diff]5t qualities w be %ortly discuss$ lat] :5 !y c be m readily und]/ood4 ,bread may be def9$ z ! product ( cook+ or bak+ a mixture ( fl\r1 wat]1 & salt1 :i* is made por\s by ! addition ( yea/4 ,x is und]/ood to conta9 no o!r sub/ances ?an ^!--fl\r1 salt1 wat] & yea/4 ,9 ! ord9>y process ! fir/ /ep is to weigh out ! fl\r :i* x is propos$ to bake4 ,?is is !n transf]r$ to a vessel :i* 9 a comm]cial bak]y is usually a l>ge wood5 tr\gh1 9 a private h\se an e>!nw>e b[l4 ,! necess>y am\nt ( yea/ is next weigh$ out & mix$ ) wat]4 ,n[adays compress$ or ,g]man yea/ is almo/ always us$ at ! rate ( #a to #b lbs4 p] sack or #bhj lbs4 ( fl\r4 ,= small] quantities ( fl\r relatively m yea/ is ne$$1 = in/ance #b ozs4 p] /one4 ,=m]ly brew]s' yea/ or b>m 0 us$1 b its use has practically ceas$ because x is difficult to obta9 ( /&>d /r5g?4 ,"s p :o pr(ess to be connoisseurs ( bread /ill pref] x because z !y say x gives a bett] flav\r to ! bread4 ,! wat] ) :i* ! yea/ is mix$ is w>m$ s z to make ! yea/ m active4 ,! fl\r is !n heap$ up at "o end ( ! vessel 9 :i* ! mix+ is to take place1 & salt at ! rate ( #b to #e lbs4 p] sack is ?or\ghly /irr$ into x4 ,a holl[ is !n made 9 ! heap ( fl\r into :i* ! mixture ( yea/ & wat] is p\r$4 ,m w>m wat] is add$ s t en\gh wat] 9 all may be pres5t to conv]t all1 or ne>ly all1 ! fl\r into d\gh ( ! requir$ consi/5cy4 ,:5 deal+ ) a fl\r ) :i* he is famili> ! bak] kn[s by exp]i5ce h[ mu* wat] he requires p] sack4 ,9 ! case ( an unaccu/om$ br& ( fl\r he det]m9es ! am\nt by a prelim9>y trial ) a small quantity 7,figs4 #af & #ag74 ,fl\r f ! heap is !n /irr$ into ! wat] until ! :ole ( ! fl\r is conv]t$ into a /iff pa/e or d\gh z x is call$4 ,by ?is me?od a little dry fl\r w always sep>ate ! d\gh f ! sides ( ! vessel & ?is w prev5t ! d\gh f /ick+ to ! vessel & ! h&s4 ,! d\gh is !n ?or\ghly work$ or knead$ s z to ensure ! intimate mixture ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,! vessel is !n cov]$ to keep ! d\gh w>m4 ,9 private h\ses ?is is ensur$ by plac+ ! vessel ne> ! fire4 ,9 bak]ies ! room 9 :i* ! mix+ is conduct$ is usually kept at a suitable temp]ature4 ,! yea/ cells :i* are ?or\ghly incorporat$ 9 ! d\gh1 f9d !mselves 9 possession ( all !y require to enable !m to gr[4 ,! pres5ce ( wat] keeps !m moi/1 & dissolves f ! fl\r = _! use sug> & salts3 ! d\gh is kept w>m z above expla9$4 ,"u ^! conditions active f]m5tation takes place ) ! =mation ( alcohol & c>bon dioxide gas4 ,! alcohol is ( no p>ticul> consequ5ce 9 bread mak+1 ! small am\nt =m$ is probably expell$ f ! bread dur+ its /ay 9 ! ov54 ,! c>bon dioxide1 h[ev]1 plays a mo/ important "p4 ,be+ a gas x occupies a l>ge volume1 & its =mation ?r\gh\t ! mass ( ! d\gh causes ! d\gh to increase greatly 9 volume4 ,! d\gh is said by ! h\sewife to rise1 by ! pr(essional bak] to prove4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,app>atus arrang$ = a bak+ te/4 ,f\r loaves :i* h j be5 scal$ & m\ld$ are se5 9 an incubator :]e !y are left to rise or prove be=e be+ transf]r$ to ! ov5 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! loaves %[n 9 ! la/ figure h j be5 bak$ & are ready to be tak5 out ( ! ov51 ! door ( :i* is op54 ,note ! diff]5t %apes4 ,t on ! "r h& is obvi\sly %[n by ! te/ to be made f a /rong fl\r1 ! o!r f a v weak fl\r ,! process ( knead+ causes ! p>ticles ( glut5 to absorb wat] & to adh]e to "o ano!r1 s t ! d\gh may be reg>d$ z be+ compos$ ( innum]able bubbles ea* surr\nd$ by a ?9 film ( glut51 9 or betwe5 :i* lie ! />* gra9s & o!r con/itu5ts ( ! fl\r4 ,ea* yea/ cell z above expla9$ =ms a c5tre = ! =mation ( c>bon dioxide gas1 :i* _c escape at once into ! air1 & mu/ !re=e =m a little bubble ( gas inside ! p>ticul> film ( glut5 :i* happ5s to surr\nd x4 ,! expansion ( ! d\gh is due to ! =mation inside x ( ?\s&s ( ^! small bubbles4 ,x is to ! =mation ( ^! bubbles too t ! por\s honey-comb$ /ructure ( :eat5 bread is due4 ,also s9ce ! =mation ( ! bubbles is due to ! ret5tion ( ! c>bon dioxide by ! glut5 films1 su* a por\s /ructure is impossible 9 bread made f ! fl\r ( gra9s :i* d n conta9 glut54 ,! ris+ ( ! d\gh is usually all[$ to proce$ = sev]al h\rs4 ,! bak] f9ds by exp]i5ce h[ long a f]m5tation is requir$ to give ! be/ results ) ! fl\rs he commonly uses4 ,:5 ! prop] "t has elaps$1 ! d\gh is remov$ f ! tr\gh or pan 9 :i* x 0 mix$ to a bo>d or table1 previ\sly du/$ ) dry fl\r to prev5t ! d\gh adh]+ to ! bo>d or to ! h&s4 ,x is !n divid$ into portions ( ! prop] weight to make loaves ( ! desir$ size4 ,?is process is kn[n te*nically z scal+4 ,usually #b lbs4 #c ozs4 ( d\gh is all[$ = bak+ a #b lb4 loaf4 ,ea* piece ( d\gh is n[ m\ld$ into ! prop] %ape if x is desir$ to bake :at is kn[n z a cottage loaf1 or plac$ 9 a bak+ t9 if ! bak] is satisfi$ ) a t9n$ loaf4 ,9 ei!r case ! d\gh is once m kept = "s "t at a suffici5tly w>m temp]ature = ! yea/ to gr[ s t ! d\gh may once m be fill$ ) bubbles ( c>bon dioxide gas4 ,z soon z ?is second ris+ or prov+ has proce$$ f> en\gh ! loaves are transf]r$ to ! ov54 ,"h ! int5se heat causes ! bubbles ( gas inside ! d\gh to exp& s t a sudd5 increase 9 ! size ( ! loaf takes place4 ,at ! same "t ! outside ( ! loaf is h>d5$ & conv]t$ into cru/4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 ! ov5 = ! requisite "t ! bread is )drawn & all[$ to cool z quickly z possible1 aft] :i* x is ready = use or sale4 ,! me?od ( bak+ :i* has be5 describ$ above is kn[n z ! (f-h& or /raight d\gh me?od4 ,x possesses ! m]it ( rapidity & simplicity1 b x is said by exp]ts t x does n yield ! be/ quality ( bread f c]ta9 fl\rs4 ,p]haps ! commone/ v>iation is t kn[n z ! sponge & d\gh me?od1 :i* is c>ri$ out z foll[s4 ,z be=e1 ! requisite am\nt ( fl\r is weigh$ out into ! mix+ tr\gh1 & a depression made 9 x = ! reception ( ! wat] & yea/4 ,^! are mix$ toge!r 9 ! prop] proportions1 en\gh be+ tak5 to make a ?ick cream ) ab\t "o qu>t] ( ! fl\r4 ,?is mixture is n[ p\r$ into ! depression 9 ! fl\r1 & en\gh ( ! surr\nd+ fl\r /irr$ into x to make a ?ick cream or sponge z x is call$4 ,at ! same "t a small quantity ( salt is add$ to ! mixture4 ,! sponge is all[$ to f]m5t = "s h\rs1 be+ kept w>m z 9 ! =m] me?od4 ,z soon z ! "t all[$ = ! f]m5tation ( ! sponge has elaps$1 m wat] is add$1 s t ! :ole or ne>ly ! :ole ( ! fl\r c be work$ up into d\gh4 ,?is d\gh is imm$iately scal$ & m\ld$ into loaves1 :i* aft] be+ all[$ to prove or rise = "s "t are bak$ z be=e4 ,?is me?od is us$ = fl\rs :i* d n yield good bread :5 !y are submitt$ to long f]m5tation4 ,9 su* cases ! mell[ fl\rs1 :i* w only /& a v %ort f]m5tation1 are fir/ weigh$ out into ! mix+ tr\gh1 & a depression made 9 ! mass ( fl\r into :i* a quantity ( /rong fl\r :i* c be f]m5t$ safely = a long "t is add$4 ,x is ?is la/ addition :i* is mix$ up into ! sponge to und]go ! long prelim9>y f]m5tation4 ,! re/ ( ! fl\r is mix$ 9 aft] ?is fir/ f]m5tation is ov]1 s t x is only subject$ to ! comp>atively slight f]m5tation :i* goes on 9 ! f9al process ( prov+4 ,_m o!r modifications are commonly practis$ locally1 _! object be+ = ! mo/ "p to yield bread :i* suits ! local ta/e4 ,x w suffice to m5tion "o :i* has a special int]e/4 ,9 ?is me?od ! ess5tially int]e/+ po9t is ! prep>ation ( :at is kn[n z a f]m5t4 ,= ?is purpose a quantity ( potatoes is tak51 ab\t a /one to ! sack ( fl\r4 ,aft] peel+ & clean+ !y are boil$ & ma%$ up ) wat] into a cream4 ,to ?is a small quantity ( yea/ is add$ & ! mixture kept w>m until f]m5tation ceases1 z %[n by ! cessation ( ! production ( gas4 ,dur+ ?is f]m5tation ! yea/ increases enorm\sly1 s t a v small quantity ( yea/ suffices to make en\gh f]m5t = a sack ( fl\r4 ,! fl\r is n[ measur$ out into ! tr\gh1 & ! f]m5t & "s additional wat] & salt add$ s t ! :ole c be work$ up into d\gh4 ,scal+1 m\ld+1 & bak+ are !n conduct$ z be=e4 ,?is me?od 0 9 g5]al use ye>s ago :5 yea/ 0 de>4 ,x has fall5 some:at into disuse 9 ^! days ( *eap compress$ yea/1 9 fact ! use ( potatoes n[adays w\ld make ! process exp5sive4 ,9 private h\ses & 9 ! small] local bak]ies ! :ole ( ! processes describ$ above are c>ri$ out by h&4 ,dur+ ! la/ few decades _m v l>ge companies h be5 =m$ to take up ! production ( bread on ! l>ge scale4 ,?is has caus$ almo/ a revolution ( ! me?ods ( manipulat+ fl\r & d\gh1 & 9 _m cases n[adays almo/ e process 9 ! bak]y is c>ri$ out by ma*9]y4 ,9 _m ( ! l>g] bak]ies d\gh+ & knead+ are c>ri$ out by ma*9es1 & ?is applies also to ! processes ( scal+ & m\ld+4 ,a simil> *ange has tak5 place too 9 ! con/ruction ( ov5s4 ,ye>s ago an ov5 consi/$ ( a cavity 9 a l>ge block ( masonry4 ,wood 0 burn$ 9 ! cavity until ! walls atta9$ a suffici5tly high temp]ature4 ,! rema9s ( ! fuel 7 !n rak$ out & ! bread put 9 & bak$ by radiation f ! hot walls4 ,n[adays x is n cu/om>y to burn fuel 9 ! ov5 itself1 nor is ! fuel always wood or ev5 coal4 ,! fuel is burn$ 9 a furnace und]nea? ! ov51 & coal or gas is g5]ally us$4 ,sometimes h[ev] ! s\rce ( heat is electricity4 ,9 all cases x is /ill recognis$ t ! heat %\ld be radiat$ f massive solid walls ma9ta9$ at a high temp]ature4 ,9 ! late/ type ( ov5 ! heat is conduct$ ?r\gh ! walls by clos$ iron tubes conta9+ wat]1 :i* ( c\rse at ! high temp]atures employ$ becomes sup]heat$ /eam4 ,x is recognis$ t ! ov5s commonly provid$ 9 mod]n private h\ses1 :e!r heat$ by ! fire ( ! kit*5 range1 or by gas1 are n capable ( bak+ bread ( ! be/ quality1 because _! walls d n radiate heat to ! same degree z ! massive walls ( a prop] bake ov54 ,x is commonly agre$ t bread1 9 ! usual acceptation ( ! t]m1 %\ld conta9 no?+ b fl\r1 yea/1 salt1 & wat]2 or if o!r ?+s are pres5t !y %\ld consi/ only ( ! products =m$ by ! int]action ( ^! f\r sub/ances 9 ! process ( bak+4 ,mill]s & bak]s h1 h[ev]1 f\nd by exp]i5ce t ! addition ( c]ta9 sub/ances to ! fl\r or to ! d\gh may sometimes enable !m sub/antially to improve ! m>ket value ( ! bread produc$ by c]ta9 fl\rs4 ,! possible good or bad effect ( su* additions on ! public heal? w be discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,x may be ( int]e/ "h to m5tion "s ( ! sub/ances :i* are commonly us$ z fl\r or bread improv]s by mill]s & bak]s1 & to discuss ! me?ods by :i* !y effect _! s call$ improvem5ts4 ,9 a =m] *apt] we h discuss$ ! quality ( :eat f ! mill]'s po9t ( view1 & dur+ ! discussion c]ta9 views 7 enunciat$ on ! subject ( /r5g?4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t a /rong fl\r 0 "o :i* w\ld make a l>ge well-%ap$ loaf1 & t ! size ( ! loaf 0 dep5d5t on ! fl\r be+ able to provide sug> = ! yea/ to fe$ ^u "r up to ! mom5t :5 ! loaf goes into ! ov54 ,?is c only occur :5 ! fl\r conta9s an active f]m5t :i* keeps *ang+ ! />* into sug>4 ,t ?is view is g5]ally accept$ 9 practice is %[n by ! fact t1 :5 us+ fl\rs defici5t 9 su* f]m5t1 bak]s commonly add to ! fl\r1 yea/1 salt1 & wat]1 a quantity ( malt extract1 ! *>act]i/ic con/itu5t ( :i* is ! sug> produc+ f]m5t ( ! malt4 ,?is use ( malt extract is n[ ext5d+ to ! mill]s1 sev]al ( :om h in/all$ 9 _! mills plant = spray+ into _! fl\r a /rong solution ( malt extract4 ,x seems to be agre$ by mill]s & bak]s g5]ally t su* an addition to a fl\r :i* makes small loaves di/9ctly increases ! size ( ! loaf4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is effect is produc$ by ! f]m5t ( ! malt extract keep+ up ! supply ( sug>1 & ?us enabl+ ! yea/ to ma9ta9 ! pressure ( gas 9 ! d\gh "r up to ! mom5t :5 x goes into ! ov54 ,! view t ! %ape ( ! loaf is due to ! effect ( salts1 & p>ticul>ly ( phosphates1 on ! coh]5ce ( ! glut5 has also be5 put to practical use by ! mill]s & ! bak]s4 ,prep>ations ( phosphates "u v>i\s fancy names are n[ on ! m>ket1 & are b\ght by bak]s = add+ to ! fl\r to /r5g!n ! glut5 & produce m %apely loaves4 ,a few mill]s too are beg9n+ to spray solutions ( phosphates into _! fl\rs ) ! same object 9 view1 & su* additions are said to make mat]ial improvem5ts 9 ! %ape ( ! loaf produc$ by c]ta9 weak fl\rs4 ,^! two sub/ances1 malt extract & phosphates1 are add$ to ! fl\r ) ! def9ite object ( improv+ ! /r5g? & ?us mak+ l>g] & m %apely loaves4 ,b !re is a second class ( sub/ances :i* are commonly add$ to fl\rs1 n 9 ! mill b 9 ! process ( bread mak+1 ) ! object ( replac+ yea/4 ,yea/ is us$ 9 bak+ 9 ord] t x may =m gas inside ! d\gh & ?us produce a light spongy loaf4 ,exactly ! same gas c be readily & *eaply produc$ by ! int]action ( a c>bonate ) an acid4 ,^! sub/ances w n react to produce acid z long z !y rema9 dry1 b z soon z !y are br\ght into close contact ) ea* o!r by ! pres5ce ( wat]1 reaction beg9s & c>bon dioxide gas is =m$4 ,^! facts are tak5 advantage ( 9 ! manufacture ( bak+ p[d]s & self-ris+ fl\rs4 ,bak+ p[d]s commonly consi/ ( ord9>y bic>bonate ( soda mix$ ) an acid or an acid salt1 su* z t>t>ic acid1 cream ( t>t>1 acid phosphate ( lime1 or acid phosphate ( pota%4 ,"o ( ^! latt] acid sub/ances is mix$ 9 prop] proportions ) ! bic>bonate ( soda1 & ! mixture gr\nd up ) p[d]$ />* :i* s]ves to dilute ! *emicals & to keep !m dry4 ,a small quantity ( ! bak+ p[d] is mix$ ) ! fl\r be=e ! wat] is add$ to make ! d\gh4 ,! pres5ce ( ! wat] causes ! acid & ! c>bonate to give (f gas :i*1 z 9 ! case ( ! gas =m$ by ! gr[? ( yea/1 fills ! d\gh ) bubbles :i* exp& 9 ! ov5 & produce light spongy bread4 ,:5 us+ bak+ p[d]s 9 place ( yea/ x mu/ n be =gott5 t gas =mation 9 mo/ cases beg9s imm$iately ! wat] is add$1 & la/s = a v %ort "t4 ,consequ5tly ! d\gh mu/ be m\ld$ & bak$ at once or ! gas w escape4 ,?is is n ! case1 h[ev]1 ) ^? p[d]s :i* are made ) cream ( t>t>1 = ?is sub/ance does n react ) ! c>bonate to any great ext5t until ! d\gh gets w>m 9 ! ov54 ,= "s purposes x is cu/om>y to use c>bonate ( ammonia1 te*nically kn[n z volatile1 9 place ( bak+ p[d]4 ,?is sub/ance is us$ alone )\t any addition ( acid1 because x decomposes :5 heat$ & =ms gas inside ! d\gh4 ,sometimes too "o or o!r ( ! bak+ p[d]s above describ$ are add$ to ! fl\r by ! mill]1 ! product be+ sold z self-ris+ fl\r4 ,su* fl\r w ( c\rse lose its prop]ty ( self-ris+ if all[$ to get damp4 ,occasionally objectionable sub/ances are us$ 9 mak+ bak+ p[d]s ( self-ris+ fl\rs4 ,"s bak+ p[d]s = in/ance conta9 alum :i* is n a desirable addition to any article ( human food4 ,bak+ p[d]s & self-ris+ fl\rs are f> m frequ5tly us$ by h\se-wives = mak+ pa/ry or = o!r k9ds ( dome/ic cook]y ?an = breadmak+4 ,bread is made on ! l>ge scale )\t ! int]v5tion ( yea/ by ! a]ation process1 :i* is c>ri$ out z foll[s4 ,a small quantity ( malt is all[$ to soak 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 & ! solution ?us obta9$ is kept w>m s t x may f]m5t4 ,?is *>ges ! solution ) gas & at ! same "t produces o!r sub/ances :i* are suppos$ to give ! bread a good flav\r4 ,su* a solution too reta9s gas mu* bett] ?an pure wat]4 ,?is solution is !n mix$ ) a prop] proportion ( fl\r inside a clos$ vessel1 c>bon dioxide gas made by ! action ( acid on a c>bonate be+ pump$ into ! vessel :il/ ! mix+ is 9 progress4 ,! mix+ is ( c\rse effect$ by me*anical means4 ,z soon z ! d\gh is suffici5tly mix$1 x is all[$ to escape by op5+ a l>ge tap at ! bottom ( ! mix+ vessel4 ,?is x does q readily be+ =c$ out by ! pressure ( gas inside4 ,z x comes out portions ( suitable size to make a loaf are cut (f4 ,^! are at once m\ld$ into loaves & put into ! ov54 ,! gas :i* !y conta9 exp&s1 & light well ris5 bread is produc$4 ,?is process is especially suit$ = :olemeal & o!r fl\rs conta9+ mu* (fal1 :i* app>5tly d n give ! be/ results :5 submitt$ to ! ord9>y yea/ f]m5tation4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt] x may be ( int]e/ to add a %ort acc\nt ( ! sale ( bread4 ,bread is at ! pres5t "t nom9ally sold by weight "u acts ( ,p>liam5t pass$ ab\t #hj ye>s ago4 ,t is to say1 a sell] ( bread mu/ provide 9 8 %op scales & weights :i* w enable him to weigh ! loaves he sells4 ,no d\bt he w\ld be prep>$ to d s if reque/$ by a cu/om]1 9 :i* case he w\ld probably make up any defici5cy 9 weight :i* might be f\nd by add+ z a makeweight a slice f ano!r loaf4 ,= ?is purpose x is commonly accept$ t ! ord9>y loaf %\ld weigh two p\nds4 ,b 9 practice ?is does n occur1 = practically ! :ole ( ! bread :i* is sold 9 ?is c\ntry is sold f ! bak]'s c>t1 :i* deliv]s bread at ! h\ses ( cu/om]s1 & n ov] ! c\nt]4 ,cu/om]s obvi\sly _c be expect$ to wait at _! doors :il/ ! man 9 ! c>t weighs ea* loaf he is deliv]+ to !m4 ,9 actual practice !re=e ! bread acts1 z !y are call$1 are really a dead lett]1 & bread is sold by ! loaf & n by weight1 ?\gh x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! loaf has ! reput$ weight ( two p\nds4 ,!re are no d\bt slight v>iations f ?is weight1 b = all practical purposes competition n[adays is q z effective a *eck on ! bona fides ( ! bread sell] z en=c$ sale by weight w\ld be likely to be4 ,if a bak] got ! reputation ( sell+ loaves appreciably "u weight 8 cu/om w\ld v soon be transf]r$ to "o ( 8 m scrupul\s competitors4 ,altoge!r x may be conclud$ t ! pres5t unregulat$ me?od ( sale does n "w to ! s]i\s disadvantage ( ! consum]s4 ,a little consid]ation w %[ t ! sale ( bread c\ld only be put on a m sci5tific basis by ! ex]cise ( an enorm\s am\nt ( tr\ble1 & ! employm5t ( a v num]\s & exp5sive /aff4 ,no d\bt ! ideally p]fect way ( regulat+ ! sale ( ei!r bread or any o!r fe$+ /uff w\ld be to enact t x %\ld be sold by weight1 & t ! sell] %\ld be compell$ to /ate ! p]c5tage composition1 s t ! buy] c\ld calculate ! price he 0 ask$ to pay p] unit ( actual food/uff4 ,n[ bread normally conta9s #cf p] c5t4 ( wat]1 b ?is am\nt v>ies greatly4 ,a two p\nd loaf kept 9 a dry place may easily lose wat] by evaporation at ! rate ( m ?an an ounce a day4 ,! bak] usually weighs out #b lbs4 #c ozs4 ( d\gh to make ea* two p\nd loaf1 & ?is am\nt yields a loaf :i* weighs 9 mo/ cases fully two p\nds soon aft] x comes out ( ! ov54 ,b if ! wea!r is hot & dry su* a loaf may v well weigh less ?an two p\nds by ! "t x is deliv]$ to ! consum]4 ,9 o!r words ! bak] _c h ! weight ( ! loaves he sells "u complete control4 ,fur!rmore ! loss 9 weight :5 a loaf gets dry by evaporation is due entirely to loss ( wat]1 & does n decrease ! am\nt ( actual food/uff 9 ! loaf4 ,to sell bread 9 loaves gu>ante$ to conta9 a def9ite weight ( actual food/uff might be ju/ifi$ sci5tifically1 b practically x w\ld entail s great an exp5se = ! sal>ies ( ! inspectors & analy/s requir$ to en=ce su* a regulation t ! idea is q out ( ! "q4 ,practically1 !re=e1 ! situation is t x w\ld be unfair to en=ce sale by weight pure & simple = ! weight ( a loaf v>ies accord+ to circum/ances :i* are outside ! bak]'s control1 & fur!r because ! weight ( ! loaf is no gu>antee ( ! weight ( food/uff pres5t 9 x4 ,nor is x possible to en=ce sale by gu>antee ( ! weight ( food/uff 9 ! loaf1 = to d s w\ld be too tr\blesome & exp5sive4 ,f9ally ! ke5ness ( competition 9 ! bak+ trade may be reli$ on to keep an effici5t *eck on ! int]e/s ( ! consum]4 ,q rec5tly an important public au?ority has publi%$ ! results ( weigh+ sev]al ?\s& loaves ( bread pur*as$ )9 its area ( adm9i/ration4 ,! results %[ t ov] half ! two p\nd loaves pur*as$ 7 "u weight to ! ext5t ( five p] c5t4 on ! av]age4 ,legislation is und]/ood to be sugge/$ z ! result ( ?is report1 9 :i* case x is to be hop$ t acc\nt w be tak5 ( ! fact t ! food value ( a loaf dep5ds n only on its weight b also on ! p]c5tage ( food/uffs & wat] :i* x conta9s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,bread ,bread is a sub/ance :i* is made 9 s _m ways t x is q useless to attempt to give av]age figures %[+ its composition4 ,x w suffice = ! pres5t to assume a c]ta9 composition :i* is probably n f> f ! tru?4 ,?is w s]ve = a basis on :i* to discuss c]ta9 g5]alities z to ! food-value ( bread4 ,! causes :i* produce v>iation 9 composition w be discuss$ lat]1 toge!r ) _! effect on ! food value z f> z in=mation is available4 ,! foll[+ table %[s approximately ! composition ( ord9>y :ite bread z pur*as$ by mo/ ( ! population ( ?is c\ntry4 p] c5t4 ,wat] #cf ,organic sub/ances3 ,prote9s #aj ,/>* #db ,sug>1 etc4 #aj ,fat #a ,fibre #c #fcc ,a%3 ,phosphoric acid #b ,lime1 etc4 #e #g ------ #ajjj ,! above table %[s t "o ( ! mo/ abundant con/itu5ts ( ord9>y bread is wat]4 ,fl\r z commonly us$ = bak+1 al?\gh x may look & feel q dry1 is by no means free f wat]4 ,x holds on ! av]age ab\t "o-sev5? ( its own weight or #ad p] c5t4 ,9 addition to ?is r ov] "o-?ird ( its weight ( wat] or ab\t #ce to #dj p] c5t4 is commonly requir$ to conv]t ord9>y fl\r into d\gh4 ,x foll[s f ?is t d\gh w conta9 :5 fir/ x is mix$ some:]e ab\t "o-half its weight ( wat] or #ej p] c5t4 ,ab\t f\r p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! d\gh is lo/ 9 ! =m ( wat] by evaporation dur+ ! f]m5tation ( ! d\gh be=e x is scal$ & m\ld$4 ,usually #b lb4 #c oz4 ( d\gh w make a two p\nd loaf1 s t ab\t ?ree ounces ( wat] are evaporat$ 9 ! ov51 ,?is is ab\t "o-t5? ! weight ( ! d\gh or #aj p] c5t4 ,toge!r ) ! f\r p] c5t4 loss by evaporation dur+ ! f]m5t+ p]iod1 ?is makes a loss ( wat] ( ab\t #ad p] c5t41 :i*1 :5 subtract$ f ! #ej p] c5t4 orig9ally pres5t 9 ! d\gh1 leaves ab\t #cf p] c5t4 ( wat] 9 ! bread4 ,z po9t$ out 9 ! previ\s *apt] ?is quantity is by no means con/ant ev5 9 ! same loaf4 ,x v>ies f h\r to h\r1 fall+ rapidly if ! loaf is kept 9 a dry place4 ,to turn n[ to ! organic con/itu5ts4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! f ! po9t ( view ( quantity is />*1 9 fact ?is is ! mo/ abundant con/itu5t ( ord9>y bread4 ,nor is x 9 bread only t />* is abundant4 ,x occurs to ! ext5t ( f #ej to #gj p] c5t4 9 all ! c]eals1 gra9s1 :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 maize1 & rice4 ,potatoes too conta9 ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( />*1 9 fact x is pres5t 9 mo/ plants4 ,/>* is a :ite sub/ance :i* does n dissolve 9 cold wat]1 b :5 boil$ 9 wat] swells up & makes1 a pa/e1 :i* becomes ?ick & semisolid on cool+4 ,x is ?is prop]ty :i* makes />* valuable 9 ! laundry4 ,/>* is compos$ ( ! *emical elem5ts c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,:5 heat$ 9 ! air x w burn & give out heat1 b x does n d s z readily z does fat or oil4 ,x is ?is prop]ty ( burn+ & giv+ out heat :i* makes />* valuable z a food/uff4 ,:5 eat5 9 ! =m ( bread1 or o!r article ( food1 x is fir/ trans=m$ by ! dige/ive juices ( ! m\? & inte/9e into sug>1 :i* is !n absorb$ f ! inte/9e into ! blood1 & ?us di/ribut$ to ! work+ p>ts ( ! body4 ,"h x is oxidiz$1 n ) ! visible flame :i* is usually associat$ ) burn+1 b gradually & sl[ly1 & ) ! =mation ( heat4 ,"s ( ?is heat is requir$ to keep up ! temp]ature ( ! body4 ,! re/ is available = provid+ ! en]gy necess>y to c>ry on ! movem5ts requir$ to keep ! body alive & 9 heal?4 ,practically speak+ !re=e />* 9 ! diet plays ! same "p z fuel 9 ! /eam eng9e4 ,! food value ( />* c 9 fact be measur$ 9 t]ms ( ! quantity ( heat :i* a kn[n weight ( x c give out on burn+4 ,?is is done by burn+ a small pellet ( />* 9 a bomb ( compress$ oxyg5 imm]s$ 9 a measur$ volume ( wat]4 ,by means ( a delicate !rmomet] ! rise ( temp]ature ( ! wat] is measur$1 & x is ?us f\nd t "o kilogram ( />* on burn+ gives out en\gh heat to w>m #da kilograms ( wat] ?r\gh "o degree4 ,! quantity ( heat :i* w>ms "o kilogram ( wat] ?r\gh "o degree is call$ "o unit ( heat or calorie1 & ! am\nt ( heat giv5 out by burn+ "o kilogram ( any sub/ance is call$ its heat ( combu/ion or fuel-value4 ,?us ! heat ( combu/ion or fuel-value ( />* is #da calories4 ,sug> has mu* ! same food-value z />*1 9 fact />* is readily *ang$ into sug> by ! dige/ive juices ( ! alim5t>y canal or by ! f]m5ts =m$ 9 g]m9at+ se$s4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( food-value sug> may be reg>d$ z dige/$ />*4 ,l />*1 sug> is compos$ ( ! elem5ts c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,l />* too its value 9 nutrition is det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( heat x c give out on burn+1 & aga9 its heat ( combu/ion or fuel value #ci calories is almo/ ! same z t ( />*4 ,x w be not$ t ! :ole ( ! #aj p] c5t4 quot$ 9 ! table z sug>1 etc41 is n sug>4 ,"s ( x is a sub/ance call$ dextr9 :i* is =m$ f />* by ! excessive heat :i* falls on ! outside ( ! loaf 9 ! ov54 ,/>* is readily conv]t$ by heat into dextr91 & ?is fact is appli$ 9 _m te*nical processes4 ,= in/ance mu* ( ! gum us$ 9 ! arts is made by heat+ />*4 ,! outside ( ! loaf 9 ! ov5 gets hot en\gh = "s ( ! />* to be conv]t$ into dextr94 ,dextr9 is soluble 9 wat] l sug> & s appe>s ) sug> 9 ! analyses ( bread4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( food-value ?is is ( no consequ5ce1 z dextr9 & sug> s]ve ! same purpose 9 nutrition1 & h almo/ ! same value z ea* o!r & z />*4 ,bread always conta9s a little fat1 n z a rule m t "o or two p] c5t4 ,b al?\gh ! quantity is small x _c be neglect$ f ! dietetic po9t ( view4 ,fat is compos$ ( ! same elem5ts z />*1 dextr91 & sug>1 b 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,x conta9s f> less oxyg5 ?an ^! sub/ances4 ,consequ5tly x burns mu* m readily & gives out mu* m heat 9 ! process4 ,! heat ( combu/ion or fuel value ( fat is #ic calories or #bc times great] ?an t ( />*4 ,evid5tly !re=e ev5 a small p]c5tage ( fat mu/ mat]ially increase ! fuel value ( any article ( food4 ,b fat has an important be>+ on ! nutritive value ( bread f q ano!r po9t ( view4 ,9 ! :eat gra9 ! fat is conc5trat$ 9 ! g]m1 comp>atively little be+ pres5t 9 ! inn] portion ( ! gra94 ,?us ! p]c5tage ( fat 9 any k9d ( bread is on ! :ole a v fair indication ( ! am\nt ( g]m :i* has be5 left 9 ! fl\r f :i* ! loaf 0 made4 ,x is (t5 cont5d$ n[adays t ! g]m conta9s an unkn[n con/itu5t :i* plays an important "p 9 nutrition1 q ap>t f its fuel-value4 ,on ?is supposition ! pres5ce ( mu* fat 9 a sample ( bread indicates ! pres5ce ( mu* g]m1 & presumably !re=e mu* ( ?is my/]i\s con/itu5t :i* is suppos$ to end[ su* bread ) a special value 9 ! nutrition p>ticul>ly ( "y *ildr54 ,?is "q w be discuss$ c>efully 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,:ite bread conta9s a v small p]c5tage ( :at is call$ by analy/s fibre4 ,! quantity ( ?is sub/ance 9 a food is e/imat$ by ! analy/ by weigh+ ! residue :i* rema9s undige/$ :5 a kn[n weight ( ! food is submitt$ to a s]ies ( *emical processes design$ to imitate z closely z may be ! action ( ! v>i\s dige/ive juices ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,!oretically1 !re=e1 x is int5d$ to repres5t ! am\nt ( indige/ible matt] pres5t 9 ! food 9 "q4 ,practically x does n a*ieve ?is result = "s ( x und\bt$ly disappe>s dur+ ! passage ( ! food ?r\gh ! body4 ,x is d\btful h[ev] if ! portion :i* disappe>s has any def9ite nutritive value4 ,t "p ( ! fibre :i* escapes dige/ion & is void$ 9 ! excrem5t _c possibly contribute to ! nutrition ( ! body4 ,nev]!less x ex]ts a c]ta9 effect on ! well-be+ ( ! consum]1 = ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( indige/ible mat]ial /imulates ! l[] "p ( ! l>ge inte/9e & ?us conduces to regul>ity 9 ! excretion ( wa/e matt]s1 a fact ( consid]able importance 9 _m cases4 ,! am\nt ( fibre is an index ( ! am\nt ( indige/ible matt] 9 a food4 ,9 :ite bread x is small4 ,9 br[n breads :i* conta9 consid]able quantities ( ! husk ( ! :eat gra9 x may be pres5t to ! ext5t ( two or ?ree p] c5t4 ,su* breads !re=e w conta9 mu* indige/ible matt]1 b !y w possess laxative prop]ties :i* make !m valuable 9 "s cases4 ,we h left to ! la/ ! two con/itu5ts :i* at ! pres5t "t possess p]haps ! greate/ int]e/ & importance1 ! prote9s & ! a%4 ,! prote9s ( bread consi/ ( sev]al sub/ances1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 :i*1 = ! pres5t purpose1 may be neglect$1 & we may assume t = all practical purposes ! prote9s ( bread consi/ ( "o sub/ance only1 namely glut54 ,! importance ( glut5 9 conf]r+ on :eat fl\r ! prop]ty ( mak+ light spongy loaves has already be5 insi/$ ^u4 ,no d\bt ?is prop]ty ( glut5 has a c]ta9 indirect be>+ on ! nutritive value ( bread by increas+ its palatability4 ,b glut5 be+ a prote9 has a direct & special "p to play 9 nutrition1 :i* is p]haps be/ illu/rat$ by foll[+ "o /ep fur!r ! comp>ison betwe5 ! animal body & a /eam eng9e4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t />*1 sug>1 & fat play ! same "p 9 ! body z does ! fuel 9 a /eam eng9e4 ,b an eng9e _c cont9ue runn+ v long on fuel alone4 ,its work+ p>ts require r5ew+ z !y we> away1 & coal is no use = ?is purpose4 ,metal p>ts mu/ be r5ew$ ) metal4 ,9 mu* ! same way ! work+ p>ts ( ! animal body we> away1 & mu/ be r5ew$ ) ! /uff ( :i* !y are made4 ,n[ ! muscles1 n]ves1 gl&s & o!r work+ p>ts ( ! body are made ( prote91 & !y c only be r5ew$ ) prote94 ,consequ5tly prote9 mu/ be suppli$ 9 ! diet 9 am\nt suffici5t to make good f day to day ! we> & te> ( ! work+ p>ts ( ! body4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! prote9 ( bread possesses special int]e/ & importance4 ,prote9 l />*1 sug>1 & fat conta9s ! elem5ts c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 b x diff]s f !m 9 conta9+ also a l>ge proportion ( ! elem5t nitrog51 :i* may be reg>d$ z its *>act]i/ic con/itu5t4 ,:5 dige/$ 9 ! /oma* & inte/9e x is split into a l>ge numb] ( simpl] sub/ances kn[n by *emi/s "u ! "n ( am9o-acids4 ,e animal requires ^! am9o-acids 9 c]ta9 proportions4 ,f ! mixture result+ f ! dige/ion ( ! prote9s 9 its diet ! am9o-acids are absorb$ & utilis$ by ! body 9 ! proportions requir$4 ,if ! prote9s ( ! diet d n supply ! am9o-acids 9 ^! proportions1 x is obvi\s t an excessive am\nt ( prote9 mu/ be provid$ 9 ord] t ! diet may supply en\gh ( t p>ticul> am9o-acid :i* is pres5t 9 defici5t am\nt1 & mu* ( ^? am9o-acids :i* are abundantly pres5t mu/ g to wa/e4 ,?is is undesirable = two reasons4 ,wa/e am9o-acids are excret$ ?r\gh ! kidneys1 & excessive wa/e ?r[s excessive "w on ^! organs1 :i* may lead to defective excretion1 & ?us cause "o or o!r ( ! num]\s =ms ( ill heal? :i* are associat$ ) ?is condition4 ,aga91 excessive consumption ( prote9 greatly adds to ! co/ ( ! diet1 = prote9 co/s ne>ly z _m %ill+s p] p\nd z />* or sug> co/s p5ce4 ,^! consid]ations %[ cle>ly ! wisdom ( limit+ ! am\nt ( prote9 9 ! diet to ! smalle/ am\nt :i* w provide = we> & te> ( ! work+ p>ts4 ,! obvi\s way to d ?is is to take a mix$ diet s arrang$ t ! v>i\s articles ( :i* ! diet consi/s conta9 prote9s :i* are s to speak complem5t>y4 ,! mean+ ( ?is is p]haps be/ illu/rat$ by a concrete example4 ,! prote9 ( :eat1 glut51 is a peculi> "o4 ,on dige/ion x splits l o!r prote9s into am9o-acids1 b ^! are n pres5t f ! dietetic po9t ( view 9 well balanc$ proportions4 ,"o p>ticul> am9o-acid1 call$ glutam9ic acid1 prepond]ates1 & un=tunately ?is p>ticul> acid does n happ5 to be "o :i* ! animal organism requires 9 consid]able quantity4 ,o!r am9o-acids :i* ! animal organism does require 9 l>ge am\nts are defici5t 9 ! mixture ( am9o-acids yield$ by ! dige/ion ( ! prote9 ( :eat4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t to obta9 en\gh ( ^! latt] acids a man fe$+ only on :eat products w\ld h to eat a quantity ( bread :i* w\ld supply a great excess ( ! m abundant glutam9ic acid1 :i* w\ld g to wa/e ) ! evil results already outl9$4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x appe>s t bread %\ld n =m m ?an a c]ta9 proportion ( ! diet1 & t ! re/ ( ! diet %\ld consi/ ( foods :i* conta9 prote9s yield+ on dige/ion little glutam9ic acid & mu* ( ! o!r am9o-acids 9 :i* ! prote9 ( :eat is defici5t4 ,un=tunately in=mation z to ! exact am\nt ( ! diff]5t am9o-acids yield$ by ! dige/ion ( ! prote9s ev5 ( _m ( ! common articles ( food is n available4 ,b _m work]s are inve/igat+ ^! matt]s1 & ! next great advance 9 ! sci5ce ( dietetics w probably come along ^! l9es4 ,by almo/ univ]sal cu/om c]ta9 articles ( food are commonly eat5 9 association3 bread & *eese1 eggs & bacon1 are in/ances4 ,su* cu/oms are usually f\nd to be bas$ on "s und]ly+ pr9ciple4 ,! pr9ciple 9 ?is case may well be t ( complem5t>y prote9s4 ,! rem>ks :i* h be5 made above on ! subject ( ! rle ( prote9 9 ! animal economy apply to adults 9 :i* prote9 is requir$ = we> & te> only & n = increase 9 weight4 ,!y w obvi\sly apply ) greatly increas$ =ce to ! case ( gr[+ *ildr51 :o require prote9 n only = we> & te>1 b = ! build+ up ( _! muscles & o!r work+ p>ts z !y gr[ & develope4 ,consequ5tly ! diet ( *ildr5 %\ld conta9 m prote9 9 proportion to _! size ?an t ( adults4 ,= ?is reason x is n desirable t bread %\ld =m an excessive proportion ( _! diet4 ,! bread !y eat %\ld be supplem5t$ ) "s o!r food ri*] 9 prote94 ,! a% ( bread al?\gh s small 9 am\nt _c be ignor$1 9 fact x is reg>d$ z ( v great importance by mod]n /ud5ts ( dietetics4 ,! p>ticul> con/itu5t ( ! a% to :i* mo/ importance is atta*$ is phosphoric acid4 ,?is sub/ance is a necess>y con/itu5t ( ! bones & ( ! bra9 & n]ves ( all animals4 ,x exi/s too 9 small] proportions 9 o!r organs4 ,l o!r work+ p>ts ( ! body ! bones & ! n]v\s sy/em are subject to we> & te>1 :i* mu/ be replac$ if ! body is to rema9 9 normal heal?4 ,a c]ta9 daily supply ( phosphoric acid is requir$ = ?is purpose1 & proportionally to _! size m = *ildr5 ?an = adults4 ,consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! exact am\nt requir$ is express$ by ^? :o h inve/igat$ ?is "q1 nor is x ev5 agre$ :e!r all =ms ( phosphoric acid are ( ! same value4 ,!re is h[ev] a g5]al recognition ( ! importance ( ?is con/itu5t ( ! diet1 & ! subject is "u inve/igation 9 _m qu>t]s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,conc]n+ ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,bread ,! table giv5 9 ! la/ *apt] /ates ! av]age composition ( ord9>y :ite bread bak$ 9 ! =m ( cottage loaves1 & ! rem>ks on ! v>i\s con/itu5ts ( bread 9 ! prec$+ pages h = ! mo/ "p ref]r$ to ! same mat]ial1 ?\gh _m ( !m may be tak5 to ref] to bread 9 g5]al4 ,x w n[ be ( int]e/ to inquire z to ! v>iation 9 composition :i* is f\nd among ! diff]5t k9ds ( bread commonly us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is enquiry w be mo/ readily conduct$ by fir/ consid]+ ! possible causes :i* may affect ! composition ( bread4 ,! v>iation 9 ! composition ( bread is a subject :i* is tak5 up f "t to "t by ! public press1 & debat$ !re9 ) a great display ( int]e/ & "s intellig5t k4 ,9 mo/ ( ! press discussions 9 ! pa/ int]e/ has be5 focuss$ almo/ entirely on ! effect ( diff]5t k9ds ( mill+4 ,! attitude commonly assum$ by ! food re=m section ( ! contributors may be /at$ %ortly z foll[s3 ,9 ! days ( /one mill+ a less p]fect sep>ation ( fl\r & bran 0 effect$1 & ! fl\r conta9$ m ( ! mat]ials situat$ 9 ! gra9 ne> ! husk ?an d ! :ite fl\rs produc$ by mod]n me?ods ( roll] mill+4 ,aga9 ! mod]n roll] mills sep>ate ! g]m f ! fl\r1 :i* ! /one mills fail to d1 at any rate s completely4 ,?us ! /one gr\nd fl\rs conta9 ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! gra91 :il/ ! :ole ( ! fl\r obta9$ f ! mod]n roll] mill seldom am\nts to mu* m ?an ab\t #gb p] c5t4 ,! extra eight p] c5t4 ( fl\r produc$ 9 ! /one mills conta9s all or ne>ly all ! g]m & mu* ( ! mat]ial ri* 9 prote9 :i* lies imm$iately "u ! husk4 ,h5ce ! /one gr\nd fl\r is ri*] 9 prote91 & 9 c]ta9 con/itu5ts ( ! g]m1 ?an :ite roll] mill fl\r1 & h5ce aga9 /one gr\nd fl\r has a high] nutritive value4 ,roll] mill fl\r has no?+ to comm5d x beyond its :it5ess4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t mill]s %\ld adopt ! /&>d cu/om ( produc+ #hj p] c5t4 ( fl\r f all ! :eat pass+ ?r\gh _! mills & ?us reta9 ^? con/itu5ts ( ! gra9 :i* possess specially great nutritive value4 ,x w\ld probably be extremely difficult to produce #hj p] c5t4 ( fl\r f _m k9ds ( :eat1 b = ! pres5t ?is po9t may be ignor$1 :il/ we discuss ! v>iation 9 ! actual *emical composition ( ! fl\r produc$ z at pres5t & on ! #hj p] c5t4 basis4 ,9 comp>+ ! *emical composition ( diff]5t k9ds ( fl\r x is obvi\s t ! fl\rs comp>$ mu/ h be5 made f ! same lot ( :eat1 = z w be se5 lat] diff]5t :eats v>y greatly 9 ! proportions ( prote9 & o!r important con/itu5ts :i* !y conta94 ,un=tunately ! numb] ( analyses ( diff]5t fl\rs made f ! same lots ( :eat is small4 ,p]haps ! be/ s]ies is t publi%$ by ,dr ,hamill 9 a rec5t report ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d4 ,dr ,hamill gives ! analyses ( five diff]5t grades ( fl\r made at sev5 mills1 ea* mill us+ ! same bl5d ( :eats = all ! diff]5t k9ds ( fl\r4 ,calculat+ all ^! analyses to a basis ( #aj p] c5t4 ( prote9 9 ! grade ( fl\r kn[n z pat5ts1 ! figures on ! opposite page 7 obta9$1 :i* may be tak5 to repres5t ) consid]able accuracy ! av]age composition ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( fl\rs & (fals :5 made f ! same :eat4 ,description ( fl\r ,prote9 ,phosphoric acid or (fal p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,fl\rs3 ,pat5ts #ajj #jah ,/raight grade1 ab\t #gj p] c5t4 #ajf #jba ,h\seholds #aji #jbf ,/&>d fl\r1 ab\t #hj p] c5t4 #aaj #jce ,:olemeal #aac #jgc ,(fals3 ,g]m #bdj #bbb ,%>ps #ade #aff ,bran #ace #bej ,accept+ ^! figures z %[+ ! relative proportions ( prote9 & phosphoric acid 9 diff]5t fl\rs z affect$ by mill+ only1 o!r s\rces ( v>iation hav+ be5 elim9at$ by ! use ( ! same bl5d ( :eat1 x appe>s t ! fl\rs ( comm]cially high] grade und\bt$ly d conta9 some:at less prote9 & phosphoric acid ?an l[] grade or :olemeal fl\rs4 ,tak+ ! extreme cases ( pat5ts & :olemeal fl\rs1 ! latt] conta9s "o-n9? m prote9 & f\r times m phosphoric acid ?an ! =m]1 provid$ bo? are d]iv$ f ! same :eat4 ,9 actual practice1 h[ev]1 x g5]ally happ5s t ! high] grade fl\rs are made f a bl5d ( :eats conta9+ a consid]able proportion ( h>d =eign :eats :i* are ri* 9 nitrog51 :il/ :olemeal & /&>d fl\rs are usually made f home gr[n :eats :i* are relatively poor 9 nitrog54 ,f a numb] ( analyses ( =eign & home gr[n :eats x appe>s t ! relative proportions ( prote9 is ab\t #ab p] c5t4 9 ! h>d =eign :eats z comp>$ ) #aj p] c5t4 9 home gr[n :eats4 ,?us ! pres5ce ( a l>g] proportion ( prote9 9 ! h>d :eats us$ 9 ! bl5d ( :eat = mak+ ! high] grade fl\rs mu/ t5d to r$uce ! diff]5ce 9 prote9 cont5t betwe5 say pat5ts & :olemeal fl\rs z met ) 9 ord9>y practice4 ,fur!rmore mu* ( ! bread consum$ by t "p ( ! population to :om a few grams p] day ( prote9 is ( real importance is1 or %\ld be1 made1 = reasons ( economy1 f h\seholds fl\r1 & ! disp>ity betwe5 ?is grade ( fl\r & :olemeal fl\r is mu* less ?an is ! case ) pat5ts4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 on exam9+ ! facts1 t !re is no appreciable diff]5ce 9 ! prote9 cont5t ( ! ord9>y :ite fl\rs consum$ by ! poor] classes ( ! p & :olemeal fl\r or /&>d fl\r4 ,9 ! above p>agraphs acc\nt has be5 tak5 only ( ! total am\nt ( prote9 9 ! v>i\s k9ds ( bread & fl\r4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! total am\nt pres5t is n ! real index ( food-value4 ,only t portion ( any article ( diet :i* is dige/$ 9 ! alim5t>y canal c be absorb$ into ! blood & c>ri$ !reby to ! tissues :]e x is requir$ to make good we> & te>4 ,! real food-value mu/ !re=e dep5d n on ! total am\nt ( food/uff pres5t b on ! am\nt :i* is dige/ible4 ,! proportion ( prote9 :i* c be dige/$ 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( bread has be5 ! subject ( c>eful exp]im5ts 9 ,am]ica1 & lately 9 ,cambridge4 ,! me?od ( exp]im5t+ is ardu\s & unpleasant4 ,sev]al p mu/ exi/ = a numb] ( days on a diet consi/+ *iefly ( ! k9d ( bread "u inve/igation1 supplem5t$ only by small quantities ( food :i* are :olly dige/ible1 su* z milk1 sug> & butt]4 ,dur+ ! exp]im5tal p]iod ! diet is weigh$ & its prote9 cont5t e/imat$ by analysis4 ,! excreta are also collect$ & _! prote9 cont5t e/imat$ by analysis1 s t ! am\nt ( prote9 :i* escapes dige/ion c be asc]ta9$4 ,! exp]im5t is !n repeat$ ) ! same individuals & ! same conditions 9 e way except t ano!r k9d ( bread is sub/itut$ = ! "o us$ be=e4 ,f ! total am\nt ( prote9 consum$ 9 ea* k9d ( bread ! total am\nt ( prote9 void$ 9 ! excreta is subtract$1 & ! diff]5ce gives ! am\nt :i* has be5 dige/$ & presumably utilis$ 9 ! body4 ,f ^! figures x is easy to calculate ! numb] ( p>ts ( prote9 dige/$ = e #ajj p>ts ( prote9 eat5 9 ea* k9d ( bread4 ,?is description w h made evid5t ! unpleasant nature ( su* exp]im5tal "w4 ,its labori\sness w be und]/ood f ! fact t a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d c>ri$ out at ,cambridge la/ w9t] necessitat$ f\r p exi/+ = a mon? on ! meagre diet above m5tion$1 & entail$ ov] #ajjj *emical analyses4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! am\nts ( prote9 dige/$ p] #ajj p>ts ( prote9 consum$ 9 bread made f v>i\s k9ds ( fl\r1 z bas$ on ! av]age ( a numb] ( exp]im5ts made 9 ,am]ica1 & 9 ! exp]im5ts at ,cambridge above ref]r$ to4 ,k9d ( fl\r f ,p]c5tage ( ,am\nt ( prote9 dige/$ :i* bread ! gra9 p] #ajj p>ts eat5 0 made conta9$ 9 ,am]ican ,cambridge ! fl\r exp]im5ts exp]im5ts ,pat5ts #cf -- #hi ,/raight grade #gj #hi -- ,/&>d #hj #ha #hf ,br[n #hh -- #hj ,br[n #ib -- #gg ,:olemeal #ajj #gf -- ,! ,am]ican & ! ,cambridge figures agree v well ) ea* o!r1 & ?is gives confid5ce 9 ! reliability ( ! results4 ,x appe>s to be q c]ta9 !re=e t ! prote9 9 bread made f ! high] grade fl\rs is v consid]ably m dige/ible ?an t conta9$ 9 bread made f fl\rs conta9+ great] am\nts ( husk4 ,! p]c5tages foll[+ ! names ( ! v>i\s grades ( fl\r 9 ! fir/ column ( ! table indicate approximately ! proportion ( ! :ole gra9 :i* w5t into ! fl\r to :i* ! figure is atta*$4 ,look+ d[n ^! figures x appe>s t ! dige/ibility ( ! prote9 decreases z m & m ( ! gra9 is includ$ 9 ! fl\r4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t :il/ by leav+ m & m ( ! gra9 9 ! fl\r we increase ! p]c5tage ( prote9 9 ! fl\r1 & consequ5tly 9 ! bread1 at ! same "t we decrease ! dige/ibility ( ! prote94 ,app>5tly1 too1 ?is decrease 9 dige/ibility is proportionally great] ?an ! increase 9 prote9 cont5t1 & x foll[s !re=e t breads made f l[ grade fl\rs conta9+ mu* husk w supply less prote9 :i* is available = ! use ( ! body1 al?\gh !y may actually conta9 slightly m total prote9 ?an ! fl\rs ( high] grade4 ,:5 all ! facts are tak5 into acc\nt x appe>s t ! cont5tion ( ! food re=m]s1 t ! v>i\s breads :i* conta9 ^? con/itu5ts ( ! gra9 :i* lie ne> ! husk are capable ( supply+ m prote9 = ! ne$s ( ! body ?an :ite breads1 _c be upheld4 ,f /ati/ics collect$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade "s few ye>s ago z to ! diet>y ( ! work+ classes x appe>s t ! diet ( work]s bo? 9 urban & 9 rural di/ricts conta9s ab\t #ig grams ( total prote9 p] head p] day4 ,?is is r "u ?an ov] ! commonly accept$ /&>d ( #ajj grams ( prote9 :i* is suppos$ to be requir$ daily by a heal?y man at mod]ate "w4 ,consequ5tly a *ange 9 8 diet :i* increas$ ! am\nt ( prote9 might be expect$ to be a good *ange4 ,b ! sugge/$ *ange ( br[n bread = :ite1 ?\gh x appe>s to increase ! total prote91 turns out on c>eful exam9ation to fail 9 its object1 = x does n increase ! am\nt ( prote9 :i* c be dige/$4 ,f ! same /ati/ics x appe>s t ! diet ( a work+ man includes on ! av]age ab\t #a lb4 ( bread p] day4 ,?is am\nt ( bread conta9s ab\t #fj grams ( prote91 or two-?irds ( ! total prote9 ( ! diet4 ,n[ x 0 po9t$ out 9 ! la/ *apt] t ! prote9 ( :eat 0 v ri* 9 glutam9ic acid1 a con/itu5t ( :i* animals require comp>atively small am\nts4 ,x is also correspond+ly poor 9 c]ta9 con/itu5ts :i* are necess>y to animals4 ,app>5tly !re=e x w\ld be bett] to increase ! diet 9 su* cases by add+ "s con/itu5t n made f :eat ?an by *ang+ ! k9d ( bread4 ,f ! prote9 po9t ( view1 h[ev] we look at x1 !re appe>s to be no real reason = sub/itut+ "o or o!r ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( br[n bread = ! :ite bread :i* seems to meet ! ta/e ( ! pres5t day public4 ,b important z prote9 is x is n ev]y?+ 9 a diet4 ,z we h already po9t$ out ! food mu/ n only repair ! tissues1 x mu/ also supply fuel4 ,x has be5 %[n also t ! fuel-value ( a food c be asc]ta9$ by burn+ a kn[n weight & measur+ ! numb] ( units ( heat or calories produc$4 ,_m samples ( bread h be5 exam9$ 9 ?is way 9 ! laboratories ( ! ,am]ican ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 & x appe>s f ! figures giv5 9 _! bullet9s t ! av]age fuel value ( :ite bread is ab\t #abej calories p] p\nd1 ( :olemeal bread only #aaej calories p] p\nd4 ,^! figures are q 9 accord ) ^? :i* 7 obta9$ 9 ,cambridge 9 #aiaa1 9 connection ) ! dige/ion exp]im5ts already describ$1 :i* 7 also ext5d$ s z to include a det]m9ation ( ! proportion ( ! en]gy ( ! bread :i* ! diet suppli$ to ! body4 ,! en]gy or fuel-value ( ! diet 0 det]m9$ by measur+ ! am\nt ( heat giv5 out by burn+ a kn[n weight ( ea* ( ! k9ds ( bread us$ 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,! en]gy :i* 0 n utilis$ by ! body 0 !n det]m9$ by measur+ h[ mu* heat 0 giv5 out by burn+ ! excreta correspond+ to ea* k9d ( bread4 ,! foll[+ table gives side by side ! av]age results obta9$ 9 sev]al su* exp]im5ts 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,cambridge4 ,! agreem5t betwe5 ! two sets ( figures is aga9 on ?is po9t q satisfactory4 ,x is evid5t t a great] proportion ( ! total en]gy ( :ite bread c be utilis$ by ! body ?an is ! case ) any ( ! breads made f fl\rs ( l[] comm]cial grades :i* conta9 m husk4 ,9 fact x appe>s t ! m ( ! out] p>ts ( ! gra9 are left 9 ! fl\r ! small] is ! proportion ( ! total en]gy ( ! bread :i* c be utilis$4 ,comb9+ ?is conclusion ) ! fact t br[n breads conta9 on ! av]age less total en]gy ?an :ite breads1 !re c be no d\bt t :ite bread is consid]ably bett] ?an any =m ( br[n bread z a s\rce ( en]gy = ! body4 ,k9d ( fl\r f ,p]c5tage ( ,am\nt ( en]gy utilis$ :i* ! bread ! gra9 p] #ajj units 9 food 0 made conta9$ 9 ,am]ican ,cambridge ! fl\r exp]im5ts exp]im5ts ,pat5ts #cf #if #if ,/raight grade #gj #ib -- ,/&>d #hj #hg #ie ,br[n #hh -- #ij ,br[n #ib -- #hi ,:olemeal #ajj #hb -- ,!re is "o m important sub/ance 9 respect ( :i* great sup]iority is claim$ = br[n breads1 namely phosphoric acid4 ,f ! table on page #abb !re c be no d\bt t fl\rs conta9+ m ( ! out] p>ts ( ! gra9 are v mu* ri*] 9 phosphoric acid ?an :ite fl\rs1 & ! disp>ity is s great t aft] all[+ = ! l>g] proportion ( wat] 9 br[n breads !y mu/ conta9 f> m ( ?is sub/ance ?an d :ite breads4 ,9 ! ,cambridge dige/ibility exp]im5ts quot$ above ! proportion ( ! phosphoric acid dige/$ f ! diff]5t breads 0 det]m9$4 ,x 0 f\nd t = e #ajj p>ts ( phosphoric acid 9 :ite bread only #eb p>ts 7 dige/$1 & t 9 ! case ( ! br[n breads ?is proportion fell to #da p>ts out ( #ajj4 ,aga91 z 9 ! case ( prote9 & en]gy1 ! phosphoric acid 9 :ite bread is m readily available to ! body ?an t ( br[n bread1 b 9 ?is case ! diff]5ce 9 dige/ibility is n ne>ly en\gh to c\nt]balance ! mu* l>g] proportion ( phosphoric acid 9 ! br[n bread4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! body gets m phosphoric acid f br[n bread ?an f ! same quantity ( :ite bread4 ,b be=e com+ to any practical conclusion x is necess>y to "k two ?+s1 h[ mu* phosphoric acid does a heal?y man require p] day1 & does 8 ord9>y diet supply en\gh8 ,f ! ,bo>d ( ,trade /ati/ics already quot$ x appe>s t1 on ! assumption t ! av]age work] eats :ite bread only1 8 av]age diet conta9s #bd grams ( phosphoric acid p] day1 :i* w\ld be rais$ to #cb grams if ! :ite bread 7 replac$ by bread made f #hj p] c5t4 fl\r conta9+ #ce p] c5t4 ( phosphoric acid4 ,in=mation z to ! am\nt ( phosphoric acid requir$ p] day by a heal?y man is some:at scanty1 & indicates t ! am\nt is v v>iable1 b av]ages ab\t #b grams p] day4 ,if ?is is s1 ! ord9>y diet ) :ite bread provides on ! av]age en\gh phosphoric acid4 ,exceptional individuals may1 h[ev]1 be b5efit$ by ! sub/itution ( br[n bread = :ite1 b x w\ld probably be bett] ev5 9 su* cases1 = ! reasons /at$ :5 discuss+ ! prote9 "q1 to raise ! phosphorus cont5t ( _! diet by ! addition ( "s sub/ance ri* 9 phosphorus b n made f :eat4 ,f9ally comes ! "q ( ! v>iation 9 ! composition ( bread due to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! g]m4 ,! fir/ po9t 9 ?is connection is to decide :e!r g]m is pres5t 9 appreciable proportions 9 any fl\r except :olemeal4 ,! g]m is a s(t moi/ sub/ance :i* flatt5s mu* m readily ?an x gr9ds4 ,consequ5tly x is remov$ f fl\r by almo/ any k9d ( sep>ation1 ev5 :5 v co>se sieves are employ$4 ,if ?is cont5tion is correct no fl\r except :olemeal %\ld conta9 any appreciable quantity ( g]m1 & x is c]ta9ly v difficult to demon/rate ! pres5ce ( actual g]m p>ticles ev5 9 #hj p] c5t4 fl\r4 ,indirect evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( g]m may1 h[ev]1 be obta9$ z already expla9$ by e/imat+ by *emical analysis ! proportion ( fat pres5t 9 v>i\s fl\rs4 ,! figures = su* e/imations are giv5 by ,dr ,hamill 9 ! report ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d already ref]r$ to4 ,!y %[ t ! p]c5tages ( fat 9 diff]5t grades ( fl\rs made f ! same bl5ds ( :eat are on ! av]age ( sev5 exp]im5ts z foll[s3 pat5ts fl\r #if3 h\sehold fl\rs #abe3 #hj p] c5t4 or /&>d fl\r #adb4 ,^! figures %[ t ! co>s] fl\rs conta9+ m ( ! :ole gra9 d conta9 m g]m ?an ! fl\rs ( comm]cially high] grade1 9 spite ( ! fact t x is difficult to demon/rate its pres5ce "u ! microscope4 ,rememb]+1 h[ev]1 t ! :ole ( ! g]m only am\nts to ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( ! gra91 x is cle> t ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( m or less g]m _c appreciably affect ! food-value z measur$ by prote9 cont5t or en]gy-value4 ,x is /ill op5 to cont5tion t ! g]m may conta9 "s unkn[n con/itu5t possess+ a peculi> effect on nutrition4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s c well be imag9$ 9 ! light ( c]ta9 exp]im5tal results :i* h be5 obta9$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,x has be5 %[n = in/ance by ,dr ,hopk9s 9 ,cambridge1 & 8 results h be5 confirm$ at ! ,c>negie ,in/itute 9 ,am]ica1 t "y rats fail to ?rive on a diet compos$ ( suitable am\nts ( purifi$ prote91 fat1 />*1 & a%1 b t !y ?rive & gr[ normally on su* a diet if !re is add$ a trace ( milk or o!r fre% animal or vegetable sub/ance f> too small to influ5ce ei!r ! prote9 cont5t or ! en]gy-value4 ,ano!r case 9 po9t is ! discov]y t ! disease kn[n z b]i b]i1 :i* is caus$ by a diet consi/+ almo/ exclusively ( rice f :i* ! husk has be5 remov$1 c be cur$ almo/ at once by ! adm9i/ration ( v small doses ( a con/itu5t exi/+ 9 m9ute quantities 9 rice husk4 ,! sugge/ion is t high grade fl\rs1 l poli%$ rice1 may fail to provide "s sub/ance :i* is necess>y = heal?y gr[?1 a sub/ance :i* is remov$ 9 ! g]m or husk :5 su* fl\rs are purifi$1 & :i* is pres5t 9 fl\rs :i* h n be5 submitt$ to excessive purification4 ,! answ] is t no class 9 ,great ,brita9 lives on bread exclusively4 ,bread appe>s f ! gov]nm5t /ati/ics already quot$ to =m only ab\t half ! diet ( ! work]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,_! diet includes also "s milk1 meat1 & vegetables1 & su* sub/ances1 accord+ to ,dr ,hopk9s' exp]im5ts1 c]ta9ly conta9 ! sub/ance1 :atev] x may be1 t is miss+ f ! artificial diet on :i* 8 "y rats fail$ to ?rive4 ,"o la/ po9t4 ,x w h be5 notic$ 9 ! figures giv5 above t ! v>iations 9 prote9 cont5t1 dige/ibility1 & en]gy-value1 betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( bread are usually n v l>ge4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o con/itu5t ( all breads ^: proportions v>y f> m widely1 namely wat]4 ,dur+ la/ summ] ! au?or pur*as$ _m samples ( bread 9 & ar\nd ,cambridge1 & det]m9$ ! p]c5tage ( wat] 9 ea* sample4 ,! samples 7 all "o day old s t !y are comp>able ) "o ano!r4 ,! results on ! :ole are a little l[1 probably because ! "w 0 done dur+ a spell ( r dry wea!r1 :5 ! loaves w\ld lose wat] rapidly4 ,! av]age figures are summ>is$ bel[3 ,p]c5tage ( wat] ,cottage loaves made ( :ite fl\r #cag ,t9n$ loaves made ( :ite fl\r #cbg ,small fancy loaves made ( :ite fl\r #ccg ,t9n$ loaves made ( 8,/&>d0 fl\r #cei ,t9n$ loaves made ( br[n or g]m fl\r #djj ,! figures speak = !mselves4 ,!re mu/ obvi\sly be m actual food 9 a cottage loaf ( :ite fl\r conta9+ "u #cb p] c5t4 ( wat] ?an 9 any k9d ( ,/&>d or br[n loaf 9 :i* ! p]c5tage ( wat] is #cf to #dj4 ,x is q extraord9>y t no "o :o has organis$ any ( ! num]\s bread campaigns 9 ! press appe>s to h laid hold ( ! enorm\s v>iation 9 ! wat] cont5t ( diff]5t k9ds ( bread1 & its obvi\s be>+ on _! food-value4 ,,bibliography ,! read] :o wi%es fur!r in=mation on any ( ! num]\s subjects connect$ ) ! gr[?1 manipulation & composition ( bread/uffs is ref]r$ to ! foll[+ publications1 to :i* among o!rs ! au?or is mu* indebt$4 ,! li/ is arrang$1 z f> z possible1 9 ! same ord] z ! *apt]s ( ! book4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,book ( ! ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5ts1 by ,a4 ,d4 ,hall4 7,john ,murray1 #aije47 ,! ,fe$+ ( ,crops & ,/ock1 by ,a4 ,d4 ,hall4 7,john ,murray1 #aiaa47 ,f]tiliz]s & ,manures1 by ,a4 ,d4 ,hall4 7,john ,murray1 #aiji47 ,! ,soil1 by ,a4 ,d4 ,hall4 7,john ,murray1 #aijh47 ,agriculture & ,soils ( ,k5t1 ,surrey1 & ,sussex1 by ,a4 ,d4 ,hall & ,e4 ,j4 ,russell4 7,bo>d ( ,agriculture & ,fi%]ies47 ,"s ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,we/]n ,prairie ,soils ( ,canada1 by ,frank ,t4 ,%utt4 7,j\rnal ( ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cce47 ,dry ,f>m+3 its ,pr9ciples & ,practice1 by ,wm ,macdonald4 7,t4 ,w]n] ,laurie47 ,pr(itable ,clay ,f>m+1 by ,john ,pr\t4 7#ahha47 ,cont9u\s ,corn ,gr[+1 by ,w4 ,a4 ,pr\t & ,j4 ,augu/us ,voelck]4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 #aije47 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,:eat ,problem1 by ,sir ,w4 ,crookes4 7,john ,murray1 #ahii47 ,! ,production ( ,:eat 9 ! ,briti% ,empire1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,humphries4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,arts1 ,vol4 ,,lvii1 p4 #bbi47 ,:eat ,gr[+ 9 ,canada1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! ,arg5t9e1 by ,w4 ,p4 ,rutt]4 7,adam & ,*>les ,black1 #aiaa47 ,agricultural ,note-,book1 by ,primrose ,mc,connell4 7,crosby1 ,lockwood & ,son1 #aiaj47 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,agricultural ,botany1 by ,j4 ,p]cival4 7,duckwor? & ,co41 #aijj47 ,! ,int]pretation ( ! ,results ( ,agricultural ,exp]im5ts1 by ,t4 ,b4 ,wood1 & ,field ,trials & _! int]pretation1 by ,a4 ,d4 ,hall & ,e4 ,j4 ,russell4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture & ,fi%]ies1 ,supplem5t ,no4 #g1 ,nov4 #aiaa47 ,h]$ity 9 ,plants & ,animals1 by ,t4 ,b4 ,wood & ,r4 ,c4 ,punnett4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl&1 ,vol4 ,,xx1 ,fif? ,s]ies1 #aijh47 ,m5delism1 by ,r4 ,c4 ,punnett4 7,macmillan & ,co41 #aiaa47 ,m5del's ,laws & ,:eat ,bre$+1 by ,r4 ,h4 ,biff54 7,j\rnal ( ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #d47 ,/udies 9 ! ,inh]itance ( ,disease ,resi/ance1 by ,r4 ,h4 ,biff54 7,j\rnal ( ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aji2 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #dba47 ,! ,inh]itance ( ,/r5g? 9 ,:eat1 by ,r4 ,h4 ,biff54 7,j\rnal ( ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #hf47 ,v>iation1 ,h]$ity1 & ,evolution1 by ,r4 ,h4 ,lock4 7,john ,murray1 #aiji47 ,m9nesota ,:eat ,bre$+1 by ,willet ,m4 ,hays & ,&rew ,boss4 7,mc,gill-,w>n] ,co41 ,/ ,paul47 ,! ,improvem5t ( ,engli% ,:eat1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,humphries & ,r4 ,h4 ,biff54 7,j\rnal ( ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #a47 ,plant ,bre$+ 9 ,sc&9avia1 by ,l4 ,h4 ,newman4 7,! ,canadian ,se$ ,gr[]s ,association1 ,ottawa1 #aiab47 ,,*apt]s ,,iv1 ,v1 ,,& ,,vi4 ,! ,te*nology ( ,bread ,mak+1 by ,w4 ,jago4 7,simpk91 ,m>%all & ,co41 #aiaa47 ,mod]n ,developm5t ( ,fl\r ,mill+1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,humphries4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,arts1 ,vol4 ,,lv1 p4 #aji47 ,home ,gr[n ,:eat ,committee's ,reports4 7#ei1 ,m>k ,lane1 ,london1 ,e4,c47 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,/r5g? ( ,:eat ,fl\r1 by ,t4 ,b4 ,wood4 7,j\rnal ( ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aci1 #bfg47 ,,*apt]s ,,vii ,,& ,,viii4 ,composition & ,food ,value ( ,bread1 by ,t4 ,b4 ,wood4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 #aiaa47 ,"s ,exp]im5ts on ! ,relative ,dige/ibility ( ,:ite & ,:ole-meal ,breads1 by ,l4 ,f4 ,newman1 ,g4 ,w4 ,rob9son1 ,e4 ,t4 ,halnan1 & ,h4 ,a4 ,d4 ,neville4 7,j\rnal ( ,hygi5e1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,no4 #b47 ,nutritive ,value ( ,bread1 by ,j4 ,m4 ,hamill4 7,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ,report1 ,cd4 #ehca47 ,blea*+ & ,improv+ ,fl\r1 by ,j4 ,m4 ,hamill & ,g4 ,w4 ,moni] ,williams4 7,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ,report1 ,cd4 #efac47 ,diet ( ,rural & ,urban ,work]s4 7,bo>d ( ,trade ,reports1 ,cd4 #agfa & #bccg47 ,bullet9s ( ! ,u4,s4,a4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 7,division ( ,*emi/ry #ac2 ,(fice ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations #ba1 #eb1 #fg1 #he1 #aja1 #abf1 #aef1 #ahe1 #bbg47 ,,index ,a]at$ bread1 #ajd ,am9o-acids1 #aaf ,a% ( bread1 #aai ,bak+1 #fc1 #ia ,bak+ p[d]s1 #ajb ,biff5's new v>ieties1 #di1 #ei me?od1 #da1 #df1 #eh ,bread1 am\nt 9 diet1 #abg composition (1 #aji v>iations 91 #abj wat] 91 #ace ,break rolls1 #ha ,bre$+ ( :eat1 #bi1 #ce1 #dj ,burgoyne's ,fife1 #ei ,climate suitable = :eat1 #b1 #bh ,clov] z prep>ation = :eat1 #h ,colloids1 #fg ,cont9u\s gr[? ( :eat1 #g ,crookes1 ,sir ,w41 %ortage ( nitrog51 #e ,cropp+ p[] ( :eats1 #cb ,cross-bre$+1 #dj ,dige/ibility ( bread1 #abd ,dress+ :eat1 #af ,dry f>m+1 #aj ,elem5ts requir$ by :eat1 #b ,en]gy-values1 #aaa ,fat 9 bread1 #aac ,f]m5tation 9 d\gh1 #id ,fibre1 #aad ,field plots1 accuracy (1 #cb ,fife :eat1 #dg1 #eg ,fl\r1 composition (1 #abb grades (1 #hh1 #abb self-ris+1 #ajb ,food-value ( v>i\s breads1 #abj ( />*1 etc4 9 bread1 #aaj ,=eign :eat gr[+1 #ba ,fuel-values1 #aaa ,futures1 #bf ,g]m1 food-value (1 #acb 9 mill+1 #hi 9 bread1 #aad1 #acb ,glut51 #fc prop]ties (1 #fh ,grades ( fl\r1 #hh1 #abb ( :eat1 #bc ,home ,gr[n ,:eat ,committee1 #ec1 #ef ,hopk9s' "w1 #acb ,hybridisation1 #dj ,improv]s1 fl\r1 #ajj ,indige/ible matt] 9 bread1 #aad ,inh]itance 9 :eat1 #da ,johanns51 #cg ,judg+ :eats1 #fj ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 #d ,liebig1 #c ,little ,joss :eat1 #ea ,manur+ :eat1 #c1 #g ,m>kets1 home1 #af =eign1 #bb1 #bg ,m>ket quotations1 #ai ,m5del's laws1 #dj ,mill+1 hi/ory (1 #gd1 #gg effect (1 on fl\r1 #abb ,m9]al manures1 #c ,m9nesota exp]im5ts1 #cf ,natural moi/ure 9 :eat1 #eb ,nitrog51 co/ (1 9 manures1 #d fixation1 #h = :eat1 #d f air1 #f sc>city (1 #e syn!tic1 #f ,ov5s = bak+1 #ii ,pat5ts fl\r1 #hh ,p$igree 9 :eat1 #ci ,phosphates 9 bread1 #aai 9 diet1 #aca 9 fl\r1 #gj ,plots = yield te/+1 #cb ,prote91 co/ (1 9 diet1 #aaf 9 bread1 #aae ,pr\t's sy/em ( f>m+1 #g ,pure-l9e !ory1 #cg ,purification ( fl\r1 #hf ,ra9fall = :eat1 #b ,r$ ,fife1 #dg ,r$uction rolls1 #hg ,roll] mill1 #gi ,rotation ( crops1 #i ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts1 #d ,ru/-pro( :eat1 #ea ,sale ( bread1 #aje ( :eat1 #af ,scal+ loaves1 #if ,selection = cropp+ p[]1 #ce ,self-ris+ fl\r1 #ajb ,sep>ation ( fl\r1 #he ,semol9a1 #hf ,%eep-fold+1 #aj ,soils = :eat1 #b 8,/&>d0 fl\r1 #ace ,/>* 9 bread1 #aaj ,/one mill1 #ge ,/r5g? ( fl\r1 cause (1 #fb ( fl\r1 te/ =1 #ff1 #gb ( :eat or fl\r1 #ec ,/rong :eats1 *>act]s (1 #fj value (1 #ei ,sug> 9 bread1 #aab ,syn!tic nitrog5\s manures1 #f ,?ra%+ :eat1 #ae ,turbidity te/ = /rong :eats1 #gc ,v>iety ( :eat1 *oice (1 #bh te/+1 #cb ,virg9 soils1 #e ,wat] 9 bread1 #aji1 #ace ,weak :eats1 *>act]s (1 #fa ,weights & measures1 #ag ,yea/1 gr[? 9 d\gh1 #id ,yield ( :eat1 conditions (1 #bh ,,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,! ,,cambridge ,,manuals ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,lit]ature ,publi%$ by ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press ,,g5]al ,,editors ,p4 ,,giles1 ,litt4,d4 ,ma/] ( ,emmanuel ,college & ,a4 ,c4 ,,sew>d1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge ,,sixty ,,volumes ,,n[ ,,ready ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,ar*aeology ,anci5t ,assyria4 ,by ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns1 ,litt4,d4 ,anci5t ,babylonia4 ,by ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns1 ,litt4,d4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,pale/9e4 ,by ,pr(4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,macali/]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,*9a & ! ,man*us4 ,by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,a4 ,giles1 ,,ll4,d4 ,! ,civilization ( ,anci5t ,mexico4 ,by ,lewis ,sp5ce4 ,! ,vik+s4 ,by ,pr(4 ,all5 ,maw]1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,zeal&4 ,by ! ,hon4 ,sir ,rob]t ,/\t1 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 ,,ll4,d41 & ,j4 ,logan ,/\t1 ,,ll4,b4 7,n4,z474 ,! ,gr\nd ,plan ( ! ,engli% ,p>i% ,*ur*4 ,by ,a4 ,hamilton ,?ompson1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,! ,hi/orical ,gr[? ( ! ,engli% ,p>i% ,*ur*4 ,by ,a4 ,hamilton ,?ompson1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,brasses4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,m4 ,w>d1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,hi/4,s4 ,anci5t ,/a9$ & ,pa9t$ ,glass4 ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,ed54 ,,lit]>y ,,hi/ory ,! ,e>ly ,religi\s ,poetry ( ! ,hebrews4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,g4 ,k+1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,e>ly ,religi\s ,poetry ( ,p]sia4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,hope ,m\lton1 ,d4,d41 ,d4,!ol4 7,b]l974 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,john ,br[n1 ,d4,d4 ,engli% ,dialects f ! ,eigh? ,c5tury to ! ,pres5t ,day4 ,by ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,litt4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,b4,a4 ,k+ ,ar?ur 9 ,hi/ory & ,leg5d4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,lewis ,jones1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,icel&ic ,sagas4 ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,craigie1 ,,ll4,d4 ,greek ,trag$y4 ,by ,j4 ,t4 ,%epp>d1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,ballad 9 ,lit]ature4 ,by ,t4 ,f4 ,h5d]son4 ,goe! & ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,g4 ,rob]tson1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d4 ,! ,tr\bad\rs4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,j4 ,*aytor1 ,m4,a4 ,,philosophy ,,& ,,religion ,! ,idea ( ,god 9 ,e>ly ,religions4 ,by ,dr ,f4 ,b4 ,jevons4 ,comp>ative ,religion4 ,by ,dr ,f4 ,b4 ,jevons4 ,! ,moral ,life & ,moral ,wor?4 ,by ,pr(4 ,sorley1 ,litt4,d4 ,! ,engli% ,puritans4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,john ,br[n1 ,d4,d4 ,an ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ! ,rise & ,developm5t ( ,presbyt]ianism 9 ,scotl&4 ,by ! ,rt4 ,hon4 ! ,"l ,balf\r ( ,burleigh1 ,k4,t41 ,g4,c4,m4,g4 ,me?odism4 ,by ,rev4 ,h4 ,b4 ,workman1 ,d4,lit4 ,,education ,life 9 ! ,m$ieval ,univ]sity4 ,by ,r4 ,s4 ,rait1 ,m4,a4 ,,economics ,ca% & ,cr$it4 ,by ,d4 ,a4 ,b>k]1 ,i4,c4,s4 ,,law ,! ,adm9i/ration ( ,ju/ice 9 ,crim9al ,matt]s 79 ,engl& & ,wales74 ,by ,g4 ,glov] ,alex&]1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,m4 ,,biology ,! ,com+ ( ,evolution4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,w4 ,judd1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,h]$ity 9 ! ,light ( ,rec5t ,rese>*4 ,by ,l4 ,donca/]1 ,m4,a4 ,primitive ,animals4 ,by ,ge(frey ,smi?1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,individual 9 ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,huxley1 ,b4,a4 ,life 9 ! ,sea4 ,by ,james ,john/one1 ,b4,sc4 ,! ,migration ( ,birds4 ,by ,t4 ,a4 ,c[>d4 ,spid]s4 ,by ,c4 ,w>burton1 ,m4,a4 ,h\se ,flies4 ,by ,c4 ,g4 ,hewitt1 ,d4,sc4 ,e>?worms & _! ,allies4 ,by ,f4 ,e4 ,b$d>d1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,an?ropology ,! ,w&]+s ( ,peoples4 ,by ,dr ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,prehi/oric ,man4 ,by ,dr ,w4 ,l4 ,h4 ,duckwor?4 ,,geology ,rocks & _! ,orig9s4 ,by ,pr(4 ,gr5ville ,a4 ,j4 ,cole4 ,! ,"w ( ,ra9 & ,riv]s4 ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney1 ,sc4,d4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,coal4 ,by ,dr ,e4 ,a4 ,newell ,arb]4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,clay4 ,by ,alfr$ ,b4 ,se>le4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,e>?quakes4 ,by ,c4 ,davison1 ,sc4,d41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,botany ,plant-,animals3 a ,/udy 9 ,symbiosis4 ,by ,pr(4 ,f4 ,w4 ,keeble4 ,plant-,life on ,l&4 ,by ,pr(4 ,f4 ,o4 ,b[]1 ,sc4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,l9ks ) ! ,pa/ 9 ! ,plant-,_w4 ,by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,c4 ,sew>d4 ,,physics ,! ,e>?4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,h4 ,poynt+1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! ,atmosph]e4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,b]ry1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,physical ,basis ( ,music4 ,by ,a4 ,wood1 ,m4,a4 ,,psy*ology ,an ,introduction to ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology4 ,by ,dr ,c4 ,s4 ,my]s4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,insanity4 ,by ,b]n>d ,h>t1 ,m4,d4 ,,indu/rial ,,& ,,me*anical ,,sci5ce ,! ,mod]n ,locomotive4 ,by ,c4 ,edg> ,all51 ,a4,m4,i4,me*4,e4 ,! ,mod]n ,w>%ip4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,attwood4 ,a]ial ,locomotion4 ,by ,e4 ,h4 ,h>p]1 ,m4,a41 & ,allan ,e4 ,f]guson1 ,b4,sc4 ,electricity 9 ,locomotion4 ,by ,a4 ,g4 ,:yte1 ,b4,sc4 ,! 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