,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,giambatti/a ,,vico4 ,,by ,,b5$etto ,,croce ,,translat$ ,,by ,r4 ,g4 ,,coll+wood ,,fell[ ,,& ,,lectur] ,,( ,,pembroke ,,college1 ,,ox=d ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aiac ,,to ,,wilhelm ,,w9delb& ,,preface ,my reasons = believ+ t a new exposition ( ,vico's philosophy is requir$ may easily be inf]r$ f ! obs]vations on ! effects ( 8 "w & ! biographical notes :i* =m respectively ! second & f\r? app5dices to ?is volume4 ,"h ,i m]ely wi% to /ate t my exposition is n meant = a summ>y ( ,vico's writ+s "w by "w & "p by "p4 ,x r presupposes an acqua9tance ) ^! writ+s1 &1 :]e t is lack+1 is int5d$ to induce ! read] to procure !m 9 ord] to foll[ bett] & to *eck ! int]pretation & e/imate ( !m "h (f]$4 ,on ?is supposition1 ?\gh ,i h made free use ( my au?or's actual words1 especially 9 ! *apt]s deal+ ) hi/ory1 ,i h n ?\ght x desirable to m>k !m z quotations except :]e x 0 important to emphasise ! precise phrase ( ! orig9al4 ,i h 9 g5]al comb9$ su* passages f fragm5ts scatt]$ ov] a wide field1 sometimes abbreviat+1 sometimes amplify+1 & always freely add+ words & phrases ( my own by way ( comm5t>y3 & ! cont9ual use ( quotation m>ks w\ld m]ely h %[n up 9 a mann] m we>isome ?an valuable ! rev]se side ( my embroid]y1 :i* any read] :o s desires c /udy by ! help ( ! ref]5ces giv5 at ! end ( ! book4 ,9 my anxiety to %[ 9 e detail ( my "w1 s f> z ,i c\ld1 ! v5]ation due to ! great "n ( ,vico1 ,i h endeav\r$ to be brief ) ! brevity at :i* he himself aim$ z ! hall-m>k ( /]l+ sci5tific ?\ght4 ,) ?is 9 view ,i h refra9$ ev5 f controv]sy ) 8 v>i\s int]pret]s1 & h ei!r cont5t$ myself ) m]e rem>ks1 or m (t5 left my details to be ju/ifi$ by ! coh]5ce ( my view z a :ole4 ,"s ( ! int]pretations support$ by me ,i believe to be ! mature fruit ( ! inve/igations & controv]sies :i* =m ! great] "p ( ! lit]ature on ,vico3 all ! re/1 = :i* ,i am p]sonally responsible1 & ! g5]al idea ( my book1 ,i w def5d aga9/ alt]native & contradictory views :5 occasion arises1 %\ld x ev] d s1 9 ! detail$ & direct mann] :i* ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to adopt 9 ! c\rse ( my exposition4 ,i hope1 9 fact1 t ! pres5t "w w rek9dle r ?an qu5* ! discussion ( ,vico's philosophy3 s9ce 9 him we h1 z ,goe! calls him1 ! ,altvat] :om a nation is happy to possess1 & to him we mu/ h>k back = a "t 9 ord] to imbue our mod]n philosophy ) an ,italian feel+1 h[ev] cosmopolitan x may be 9 ?\ght4 ,! d$ication ( my book1 besides be+ a tok5 ( respect to "o ( ! greate/ mod]n tea*]s ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 is int5d$ to express ! expectation & hope t ! gap 9 ?is hi/ory to :i* ,i h call$ att5tion m ?an once1 especially on page #bgg ( ! pres5t volume1 may soon be fill$4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,raiano 7,,aquila71 ,septemb] #aiaj4 ,,translator',s ,,note ,?is volume repres5ts ! au?or's ,la ,filos(ia di ,giambatti/a ,vico 7,b>i1 #aiaa7 =m+ vol4 ii4 ( 8 ,saggi filos(ici2 & also conta9s a pap] read be=e ! ,accademia ,pontaniana 9 ,m>* #aiab entitl$ ,le ,fonti della gnoseologia vi*iana1 :i* figures "h z ,app5dix ,,iii4 ,! :ole ( ! translation has be5 revis$ by ! ,au?or4 ,r4 ,g4 ,c4 ,,ox=d1 #aiac4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,vico',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,k3 ,,fir/ ,,phase ,,ii4 ,,vico',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,k3 ,,second ,,phase ,,iii4 ,,int]nal ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,sci5ce ,,iv4 ,,! ,,imag9ative ,,=m ,,( ,,k 7,,poetry ,,& ,,language7 ,v4 ,,! ,,semi-,,imag9ative ,,=m ,,( ,,k 7,,my? ,,& ,,religion7 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,moral ,,consci\sness ,,vii4 ,,morality ,,& ,,religion ,,viii4 ,,morality ,,& ,,law ,,ix4 ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,aspect ,,( ,,law ,x4 ,,provid5ce ,,xi4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,reflux ,,xii4 ,,metaphysics ,,xiii4 ,,transition ,,to ,,hi/ory3 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,vico',s ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,xiv4 ,,new ,,pr9ciples ,,= ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,obscure ,,& ,,leg5d>y ,,p]iods ,,xv4 ,,h]oic ,,society ,,xvi4 ,,hom] ,,& ,,primitive ,,poetry ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,rome ,,& ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,democracy ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,return ,,( ,,b>b>ism3 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,xix4 ,,vico ,,& ,,! ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,contempor>y ,,culture ,,xx4 ,,conclusion3 ,,vico ,,& ,,lat] ,,?\ght1 ,,philosophical ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,app5dices ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,"* ,,( ,g4 ,b4 ,,vico ,,ii4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,vico',s ,,?\ght ,,iii4 ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,vico',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,k ,,iv4 ,,bibliographical ,,notes ,,note4--,,passages ,,( ,,vico',s ,,works ,,to ,,:i* ,,especial ,,ref]5ce ,,is ,,made ,,9 ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,! ,,exposition ,,index ,,( ,,names ,,*apt] ,i ,,vico',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,k3 ,,fir/ ,,phase ,! e>lie/ phase ( ,vico's !ory ( k takes ! =m ( a direct criticism ( & anti!sis to ! ,c>tesianism :i* _h guid$ ,european ?\ght = m ?an half a c5tury1 & 0 to ma9ta9 its supremacy ov] m9d & _s = ano!r hundr$ ye>s4 ,desc>tes1 z is well kn[n1 _h plac$ ! ideal ( p]fect sci5ce 9 geometry1 & endeav\r$ to re=m philosophy & e o!r bran* ( k ^u ?is model4 ,n[ ! geometrical me?od proce$s analytically till x rea*es a self-evid5t tru?1 & !nce by syn!tic d$uction x advances to m & m complex propositions4 ,accord+ly1 if philosophy 7 to adopt a rigor\s sci5tific me?od1 x also 7?\ght ,desc>tes7 mu/ look = a solid f\ndation 9 ! %ape ( an elem5t>y & self-evid5t tru? f :i* to d$uce all its subsequ5t /atem5ts1 :e!r !ological1 metaphysical1 physical1 or e?ical4 ,?us self-evid5ce--! cle> & di/9ct p]ception or idea--0 ! supreme te/3 imm$iate inf]5ce--! intuitive connexion ( ?\ght ) exi/5ce1 cogito ) sum-- provid$ ! elem5t>y tru? & ! f\ndation ( k4 ,by means ( ! cle> & di/9ct p]ception1 toge!r ) ! sy/ematic d\bt :i* l$ him to ! cogito1 ,desc>tes p]suad$ himself t he _h once & = all made an end ( scepticism4 ,b1 by ! same argum5t1 all k :i* _h n be5 or c\ld n be r$uc$ to cle> & di/9ct p]ception & geometrical d$uction 0 b\nd to lose 9 8 eyes all value & importance4 ,?is includ$ hi/ory1 z f\nd$ ^u te/imony2 obs]vation ( nature1 :5 n )9 ! sph]e ( ma!matics2 practical wisdom & eloqu5ce1 :i* draw _! validity f empirical k ( human "*2 & poetry1 ) its _w ( imag9>y pres5tations4 ,su* products ( ! m9d 7 = ,desc>tes illusions1 *aotic visions1 r ?an k3 confus$ ideas1 de/9$ ei!r to become cle> & di/9ct & s no long] to exi/ 9 _! orig9al nature1 or else to drag on a mis]able exi/5ce unwor?y ( a philosoph]'s consid]ation4 ,! daylight ( ! ma!matical me?od r5d]$ useless ! lamps :i*1 :ile !y guide u 9 ! d>kness1 ?r[ deceptive %ad[s4 ,vico1 unlike ! o!r oppon5ts ( ,desc>tes1 did n conf9e himself to or wa/e "t 9 sc&alis$ outcries at ! dang] to religion entail$ by ! subjective me?od4 ,he did n inquire1 l ! s*oolm51 :e!r ! cogito 0 or 0 n a syllogism1 & if s :e!r x 0 or 0 n defective4 ,he did n jo9 9 ! prote/ ( outrag$ common-s5se aga9/ ! ,c>tesian contempt ( hi/ory1 rhetoric1 & poetry4 ,he w5t /raight to ! he>t ( ! "q1 to ,desc>tes' crit]ion ( sci5tific tru? itself1 ! pr9ciple ( self-evid5ce4 ,:ile ! ,fr5* philosoph] believ$ himself to h satisfi$ all ! dem&s ( ! /ricte/ sci5ce1 ,vico saw t z a matt] ( fact1 9 view ( ! ne$ :i* he set out to meet1 8 propos$ me?od gave little or no assi/ance4 ,f9e k1 says ,vico1 ?is ( ! cle> & di/9ct idea6 ,t ,i ?9k :at ,i ?9k is c]ta9ly an indubitable fact2 b x has by no means ! appe>ance ( a sci5tific /atem5t4 ,any idea1 h[ev] false1 may seem self-evid5t3 t ,i ?9k x s does n give x ! =ce ( k4 ,t he :o ?9ks1 exi/s 0 a fact well kn[n to ,plautus's ,sosia1 :o express$ ?is conviction 9 almo/ ! id5tical words ( ! ,c>tesian philosophy3 b :5 ,i ?9k1 ,i c]ta9ly exi/ 7s$ quom cogito1 equidem c]to sum74 ,b ! sceptic w always reply to a ,sosia or a ,desc>tes t he has no d\bt z to ?\ght2 he w ev5 /rongly ma9ta9 t :atev] seems to him cog5t is c]ta91 & w uphold x aga9/ all objections2 & t he has no d\bt z to exi/5ce3 9 fact1 he is seek+ aft] x 9 ! "r way by susp5d+ judgm5t & n add+ to ! obscurity ( facts o!r obscurities aris+ f op9ions4 ,b :ile ass]t+ all ?is he w /ill ma9ta9 t ! c]titude ( 8 ?\ght & ( 8 exi/5ce is ! c]titude n ( sci5ce b ( consci\sness1 & ( common consci\sness at t4 ,cle> & di/9ct p]ception is s f> f be+ sci5ce t s9ce1 ow+ to ,c>tesianism1 ! pr9ciple has be5 appli$ to physics1 our k ( nature has become no m c]ta94 ,desc>tes tri$ to leap f ! plane ( common consci\sness to t ( sci5ce3 he fell back into common consci\sness aga9 )\t hav+ t\*$ 8 sci5tific ideal4 ,b 9 :at does sci5tific tru? consi/1 if n 9 imm$iate consci\sness8 ,h[ does sci5ce diff] f simple consci\sness8 ,:at is ! crit]ion1 or1 9 o!r words1 :at is ! condition :i* makes sci5ce possible8 ,cle>ness & di/9ctness d n take u a /ep =w>d4 ,! =mulation ( an elem5t>y tru? does n solve ! problem4 ,! "q conc]ns n a prim>y tru?1 b ! =m :i* tru? mu/ h to enable u to recognise x = sci5tific or real tru?4 ,9 meet+ ?is "q1 ,vico ju/ifi$ 8 criticism ( ! inadequacy ( ! ,c>tesian crit]ion by appeal+ to a pr9ciple :i* at fir/ sight may seem trite & obvi\s4 ,x is trite n because ( ! hi/oric !ory ) :i* ,vico associat$ x1 a !ory lat] refut$ by himself3 n1 t is1 because x belongs to "o ( ! e>lie/ /rata ( ,italian philosophy2 b 9 ! s5se t x 0 common to & practically insep>able f ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,to a ,*ri/ian :o decl>es e day 8 belief 9 a ,god ,almighty1 ,omnisci5t1 ,mak] ( heav5 & e>?1 no?+ is m famili> ?an ! ass]tion t ,god alone c fully "k all ?+s1 because he alone is _! creator4 ,! primal tru?1 ,vico repeats1 is 9 ,god1 because ,god is ! primal creator4 ,x is an inf9ite tru? because he is ! mak] ( all ?+s1 & absolute because x displays to him ! int]nal & ext]nal qualities ( ?+s1 all ( :i* he conta9s 9 himself4 ,?is same pr9ciple ( religion & !ology _h be5 already invok$ 9 a philosophical context by c]ta9 sceptics1 z a weapon aga9/ ! presumptu\s claims ( human k4 ,francisco ,san*ez1 = example1 9 8 ,quod nihil scitur 7#aeha71 9 discuss+ ! difficulty ( kn[+ ! nature & p[]s ( ! s\l1 _h obs]v$ t if man c\ld h ?is k 9 a p]fect degree he w\ld be l ,god1 or r he w\ld be ,god himself3 s9ce x is impossible t "o %\ld "k p]fectly ?+s :i* he has n creat$1 nor c\ld ,god h creat$ ?+s ( :i* he _h n p]fect =ekn[l$ge1 nor rul$ !m :5 creat$3 he himself !re=e1 be+ alone ! p]fect wisdom1 k1 & intellect1 p5etrates all ?+s1 is wise conc]n+ all ?+s1 kn[s all ?+s1 & und]/&s all ?+s1 because he is all ?+s & 9 all ?+s1 & all ?+s are he & 9 him 7p]fecte cognosc]e quis quae non creavit1 nec ,deus cre>e potuisset nec creata reg]e quae non p]fecte praecognovisset3 ipse ergo solus sapi5tia cognitio intellectus p]fectus omnia p5etrat omnia sapit omnia cognoscit omnia intelligit1 quia ipse omnia e/ et 9 omnibus1 omniaque ipse sunt et 9 ipso74#a ,b ,san*ez appeals to ?is ?\ght only 9 pass+1 & )\t grasp+ its philosophical import or realis+ t 8 h& 0 re/+ ^u a treasure2 :ile ,vico = ! fir/ "t drew f ! praise ( ! inf9ite p[] & wisdom ( ,god1 & f _! contra/ ) ! limit$ faculties ( man1 ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( 8 !ory ( k1 t ! condition "u :i* a ?+ c be kn[n is t ! kn[] %\ld h made x1 t ! true is id5tical ) ! creat$3 v]um ipsum factum4 ,?is1 he expla9$1 is precisely :at is meant by say+ t sci5ce is to "k by causes1 p] causas scire4 ,s9ce a cause is t :i* has no ne$ ( any?+ ext]nal 9 ord] to produce its effect1 x is ! g5us or mode ( a ?+3 to "k ! cause is to be able to realise ! ?+1 to d$uce x f its cause & create x4 ,9 o!r words1 x is an ideal repetition ( a process :i* has be5 or is be+ practically p]=m$4 ,cognition & action mu/ be conv]tible & id5tical1 j z ) ,god intellect & w are conv]tible & =m "o s+le unity4 ,n[ once ?is connexion ( ! true ) ! creat$ is recognis$ z ! ideal1 & inde$1 s9ce ! ideal is ! truly real1 z ! true nature ( sci5ce1 ! fir/ consequ5ce ( su* a recognition mu/ be t sci5ce is unatta9able to man4 ,if ,god creat$ ! _w1 he alone kn[s x p] causas1 he alone kn[s its g5]a or modes1 he alone possesses sci5tific k ( x4 ,did man make ! _w8 ,did he make 8 own s\l8 ,to man is v\*saf$1 n sci5ce1 b only consci\sness1 :i* m]ely trav]ses objects )\t be+ able to %[ ! g5us or =m :5ce !y proce$4 ,! tru? ( consci\sness is ! human side ( div9e wisdom1 relat$ to x z ! surface to ! solid3 r ?an tru?1 we ought to call x c]titude4 ,= ,god1 intelleg]e1 und]/&+2 = man only cogit>e1 ?\ght1 ! faculty t gleans elem5ts ( reality1 b c nev] ga!r !m all4 ,= ,god1 true demon/ration2 = man1 obs]vations undemon/rat$ & unsci5tific1 b ei!r c]ta9 ?r\gh indubitable evid5ce1 probable ?r\gh s\nd reason+1 or conv9c+ because ( a plausible guess4 ,c]titude1 ! tru? ( consci\sness1 is n sci5ce2 b x is n on t acc\nt false4 ,vico 0 c>eful n to call ! !ories ( ,desc>tes false3 8 int5tion 0 only to l[] !m f complete tru? to fragm5t>y tru?1 f sci5ce to consci\sness4 ,cogito ergo sum is v f> f false4 ,t we f9d x express$ by ,plautus's ,sosia is an argum5t n = reject+ x1 b = accept+ x2 only1 z a tru? ( simple consci\sness4 ,?\ght is n ! cause ( my exi/5ce1 & z su* is n ! gr\nd ( sci5tific k ( t exi/5ce4 ,if x 71 s9ce man1 z ! ,c>tesians admitt$1 consi/s ( body & m9d1 ?\ght w\ld be ! cause ( ! body3 a doctr9e :i* w\ld plunge u into all ! mazes ( ! controv]sy on ! mutual effects ( m9d & matt]4 ,! cogito1 !n1 is a m]e sign or indication ( my exi/5ce1 & no?+ m4 ,! cle> & di/9ct idea _c s]ve z a crit]ion ev5 ( ! m9d itself1 to say no?+ ( o!r ?+s2 s9ce ! m9d1 ?\gh x kn[s itself1 does n create itself1 & accord+ly is ignorant ( ! g5us or mode by :i* x has ?is k4 ,b ! cle> & di/9ct idea is all t is grant$ to human ?\ght1 &1 z ! only weal? x possesses1 is beyond price4 ,= ,vico1 too1 metaphysic holds ! highe/ place among ! human sci5ces1 & all o!rs dep5d ^u x2 b :ile = ,desc>tes x c proce$ by a me?od ( absolute demon/ration p>allel to t ( geometry1 = ,vico x mu/ be satisfi$ ) probabilities4 ,x is a sci5ce n by causes1 b ( causes4 ,& ) probabilities x has be5 cont5t 9 its greate/ p]iods1 9 anci5t ,greece & 9 ,italy at ! ,r5aissance4 ,:5ev]1 intoxicat$ by ! arrogance t decl>es t a wise man has no op9ions 7sapi5tem nihil op9ati71 x has s\ght to ab&on ! probable1 x has set its feet ^u ! pa? ( confusion & decad5ce4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,god is c]ta91 b n sci5tifically demon/rable2 & any attempt at su* a demon/ration mu/ be consid]$ a pro( n s mu* ( piety z ( impiety1 s9ce to demon/rate ,god we mu/ create him3 man mu/ become ! creator ( ,god4 ,simil>ly we mu/ accept z true all t ,god has reveal$2 b we mu/ n ask h[ x comes to be true4 ,t we c nev] und]/&4 ,human sci5ce bases itself ^u reveal$ tru? & ! consci\sness ( ,god1 & f9ds !re its te/ ( tru?2 b ! f\ndation itself is n sci5ce1 b consci\sness4 ,j z ,vico depreciat$ metaphysics1 !ology1 & physics1 ! sci5ces ^u :i* ,desc>tes _h be/[$ hon\r & att5tion1 s he re9/at$ ^? bran*es ( k :i* ,desc>tes _h 9 turn despis$2 namely1 hi/ory1 obs]vation ( nature1 empirical k ( man & society1 eloqu5ce & poetry4 ,or r1 he c\ld v9dicate !m )\t re9/at+ !m4 ,once he _h %[n t ! l(ty tru?s ( a geometrically d$uc$ philosophy 7 !mselves br\ght d[n to m]e probability1 to /atem5ts hav+ ! validity ( simple consci\sness1 ! o!r =ms ( k 7 ipso facto conclusively v9dicat$4 ,all n[ f\nd !mselves ^u an equality 9 ! position1 :e!r high or l[1 :i* we h describ$4 ,! idea ( a p]fect human sci5ce1 hold+ itself alo( f ano!r sci5ce unwor?y ( ! title1 z f\nd$ n on reason b on au?ority1 0 %[n to be illusory4 ,! au?ority ( obs]vations & beliefs1 :e!r "o's own or o!rs'1 public op9ion1 tradition1 ! consci\sness ( mank9d1 7 re/or$ to ! position :i* !y _h always held3 a position :i* !y held ev5 = ,desc>tes himself1 :o1 z (t5 happ5s1 despis$ ! res\rces 9 :i* he 0 ri*e/ & ( :i* he made ! greate/ use4 ,a conspicu\sly le>n$ man1 he depreciat$ le>n+ & s*ol>%ip1 z "o :o has receiv$ n\ri%m5t f x might give himself ! luxury ( speak+ ) contempt ( ! common food :i* by n[ =ms ! v blood 9 8 ve9s4 ,! ,c>tesian polemic aga9/ au?ority _h prov$ 9 "s respects b5eficial4 ,x put an end to ! s]vile attitude1 all too common1 ( cont9ual appeals to au?ority4 ,b ?is error 0 n m preval5t ?an t ( private judgm5t1 :i* presum$ to reorganise k f top to bottom on ! /r5g? ( ! individual consci\sness3 a t5d5cy :i* ultimately1 z 9 ! case ( ,malebran*e1 leads to prophesy+ ! immolation ( all ! anci5t philosoph]s & poets1 & a return to ! nak$ness ( ,adam4 ,x is a fallacy1 or at lea/ an excess1 :i* %\ld be avoid$ by adopt+ a s\nd middle c\rse4 ,?is c\rse consi/s 9 foll[+ private judgm5t ) due reg>d to au?ority2 9 a true ca?olic union ( fai? ) a criticism limit$ by & helpful to fai?2 be>+ 9 m9d ! necess>y "* ( m]e probability :i* is prop] to human k or sci5ce1 & avoid+ ! t5d5cy ( ! ,re=mation :i* elevates ea* man's inn] consci\sness into a div9e guide 9 matt]s ( belief4 ,to ano!r gr\p ( ! ,c>tesian sci5ces1 h[ev]1 ,vico seems to grant a privileg$ position1 "o1 t is1 n ( consci\sness b ( sci5ce /rictly s call$1 9 ! sph]e n ( c]titude b ( tru?2 namely1 ! ma!matical sci5ces4 ,^!1 accord+ to him1 =m ! only region 9 :i* man's k is id5tical 9 "* ) ,god's1 p]fect & demon/rative4 ,?is is n due1 z ,desc>tes suppos$1 to _! self-evid5t "*4 ,self-evid5ce1 :5 employ$ 9 physical sci5ce & 9 matt]s ( action1 does n yield tru? ( ! same conclusiv5ess z 9 ma!matics4 ,nor is ma!matics 9 itself self-evid5t4 ,:at cle> & di/9ct idea c lead1 = in/ance1 to ! conception ( a l9e z compos$ ( po9ts hav+ no p>ts8 ,b ! indivisible po9t :i* _c be conceiv$ 9 ! _w ( reality1 c be nev]!less d5n$4 ,by def9+ c]ta9 names1 man creates ! elem5ts ( ma!matics2 by ! po/ulates1 he c>ries !m on to inf9ity2 by ! axioms1 he e/abli%es c]ta9 et]nal tru?s2 &1 dispos+ ^! elem5ts ) ! help ( ^! inf9ities & ?is et]nity1 he creates ! tru? :i* he tea*es4 ,! validity ( ma!matics !n arises n f ! ,c>tesian pr9ciple1 b precisely f ,vico's o!r proposition1 ! conv]sion ( k ) creation4 ,we demon/rate ma!matics1 because we create _! tru? 7ma!matica demon/ramus1 quia v]um facimus74 ,man assumes unity & multiplicity1 po9ts & figures1 & creates numb]s & quantities :i* he kn[s p]fectly because !y are 8 own "w4 ,ma!matics is a con/ructive sci5ce2 n only 9 its problems1 b ev5 9 its !orems1 :i* are commonly suppos$ to be m]e objects ( contemplation4 ,= ?is reason x is a sci5ce :i* demon/rates p] causas1 9 opposition to t o!r common view :i* excludes f ma!matics ! concept ( causation4 ,x is 9 fact ! only "o among all ! human sci5ces :i* truly demon/rates by causes4 ,h5ce its extraord9>y accuracy4 ,! :ole secret ( ! geometrical me?od lies fir/ 9 def9+ ! t]ms1 t is1 creat+ ! concepts :i* are to be ! subject matt] ( our reason+2 secondly1 9 e/abli%+ c]ta9 common pr9ciples by mutual cons5t ( ! disputants2 & la/ly1 if requir$1 9 mak+ c]ta9 po/ulates ( su* a nature t !y c be grant$1 to enable u to proce$ ) our d$uctions1 :i* )\t su* an agreem5t c\ld make no progress2 !n1 ^u ^! pr9ciples1 to advance by degrees f ! demon/ration ( ! simple/ tru?s to ! mo/ complex1 & n to affirm ! complex propositions be=e exam9+ s+ly _! compon5t p>ts4 ,x might be said t1 z to ! validity ( ma!matics1 ,vico is 9 agreem5t ) ,desc>tes2 he diff]s f him only 9 8 reason = ?is validity4 ,&1 admitt+ t ,vico's reason mu/ be ?\ght ! m pr(\nd1 ?is w\ld only enhance & /r5g!n ! ma!matical ideal :i* ,desc>tes _h set be=e sci5ce4 ,if ma!matics is ! "o p]fect =m ( k atta9$ by ! human m9d1 obvi\sly we mu/ f\nd ! o!rs ^u x1 & ei!r remodel or condemn !m accord+ to its patt]n4 ,vico1 9 %ort1 0 ha/y 9 decl>+ ,desc>tes wrong3 he _h f\nd a bett] argum5t ^: exi/5ce ! latt] _h n suspect$4 ,b1 h[ev] /rongly ?is may appe> at fir/ sight 7& s x has appe>$ to "s comm5tators71 on a clos] exam9ation x is se5 t ! high p]fection attribut$ by ,vico to ma!matics is m app>5t ?an real2 t ! vaunt$ conclusiv5ess ( its me?od is by 8 own confession ga9$ at ! exp5se ( tru?3 9 a ^w1 t ! /ress ( 8 !ory falls less on ! tru? ( ma!matics ?an on its arbitr>y nature4 ,! fact is1 t man1 :ile occupy+ himself ) ! inve/igation ( ! nature ( ?+s1 & ultimately realis+ 8 total inability to atta9 x1 n hav+ 9 himself ! elem5ts ( :i* !y are compos$1 :i* are inde$ all ext]nal to 8 nature1 is l$ by degrees to ! int5tion ( pr(it+ by ?is v fault ( 8 m9d4 ,by means ( ab/raction--n1 be x rememb]$1 ab/raction f mat]ial ?+s1 = ,vico is oppos$ to ! empirical orig9 ( ma!matics1 b ab/raction br\ght to be> on metaphysical entities--he creates two fictions1 duo sibi conf+it3 ! po9t 9 geometrical figures1 & unity 9 multiplication4 ,ea* is a fiction1 utrumque fictum1 because ! po9t :5 drawn is no long] a po9t1 & ! unit :5 multipli$ is no long] "o4 ,!n1 f ^! fictions1 by 8 own arbitr>y fiat1 proprio iure1 he assumes an inf9ite process1 s t l9es may be produc$ or ! unit multipli$ ad inf9itum4 ,?us he con/ructs = 8 own purposes a _w ( =ms & numb]s1 all ( :i* he embraces )9 himself2 & by l5g!n+1 %ort5+1 & comb9+ ! l9es & add+ & subtract+ ! numb]s1 he p]=ms inf9ite op]ations & le>ns inf9ite tru?s4 ,s9ce he _c def9e ?+s1 he def9es names2 s9ce he _c rea* ! elem5ts ( reality he satisfies himself ) imag9>y elem5ts1 ! ideas aris+ f :i* admit ( no dispute4 ,l ,god1 ad ,dei in/>1 f no mat]ial sub/rate &1 z x 71 out ( no?+ he creates ! po9t1 ! l9e1 & ! surface2 ! po9t1 assum$ z t :i* has no p>ts2 ! l9e1 z ! locus ( a po9t1 or z l5g? )\t bread? or dep?2 & ! surface1 z ! meet+ ( two diff]5t l9es 9 "o po9t1 t is1 l5g? & bread? )\t dep?4 ,?us ma!matics ov]comes ! fail+ ( human k1 t its objects are always ext]nal to itself1 & t ! m9d :i* endeav\rs to "k !m has n creat$ !m4 ,ma!matics creates :at x kn[s2 x conta9s 9 itself its own elem5ts1 & ?us =ms a p]fect copy ( ! div9e k 7sci5tiae div9ae similes evadunt74 ,! read] ( ^! & o!r simil> descriptions & praises by ,vico ( ! processes ( ma!matics seems to obs]ve 9 !m some?+ l a t+e ( irony2 :i*1 if n actually int5tional1 c]ta9ly results f ! facts ( ! case4 ,! brilliant tru? ( ma!matics arises1 x appe>s1 f despair ( atta9+ tru?2 its trem5d\s p[] f ! k ( impot5ce4 ,! simil>ity ( ! ma!matician to ,god is n altoge!r unlike t ( ! imitator ( an object to its creator4 ,:at ,god is 9 ! univ]se ( reality1 man is 9 ! univ]se ( quantity & numb]1--a univ]se inde$1 b "o peopl$ by ab/ractions & fictions4 ,! div9ity :i* has be5 conf]r$ ^u man is only1 s to speak1 a ,twelf?-night ,godhead4 ,! diff]5t orig9 assign$ by ,vico to ma!matics results 9 a correspond+ly pr(\nd *ange 9 ! validity ( its tru?4 ,ma!matics no long]1 z ) ,desc>tes1 /&s at ! summit ( human k1 an ari/ocratic sci5ce1 de/9$ to reclaim & to rule ov] ! inf]ior sci5ces4 ,x occupies a field z /rictly limit$ z x is unique1 beyond :i* if x ev] attempts to pass x loses 9 a mom5t its magical virtue4 ,! p[] ( ma!matics is met by ob/acles bo? a p>te ante & a p>te po/1 9 its f\ndations & 9 ! sup]/ructure :i* 9 its turn x is to support4 ,9 its f\ndations1 because if x creates its own elem5ts1 t is to say1 ! initial fictions1 x does n create ! matt] ( :i* !y are =m$1 :i* is giv5 to x no less ?an to ! o!r human sci5ces by metaphysics1 :i* :ile x _c supply x ) its true subject matt]1 supplies x ) def9ite images ( x4 ,f metaphysics1 geometry takes ! po9t by draw+ x1 t is by annihilat+ x z a po9t1 & ari?metic ! unit by multiply+ x1 t is by de/roy+ x qua unit4 ,b s9ce metaphysical tru?1 h[ev] c]ta9 x may seem to consci\sness1 is indemon/rable1 ma!matics itself re/s 9 ! la/ resort ^u au?ority & probability4 ,?is is en\gh to expose ! fallaci\sness ( any ma!matical treatise :i* makes use ( metaphysics4 ,vico seems to be involv$ 9 a k9d ( circle betwe5 geometry & metaphysics1 ( :i* ! =m]1 accord+ to him1 owes its tru? to ! latt]1 & aft] receiv+ x gives x back aga9 to metaphysics1 ?us 9 turn support+ ! human sci5ce by ! div9e4 ,b ?is conception1 ! tru? ( :i* is m ?an d\btful1 inde$ we may frankly call x inconsi/5t & contradictory1 recalls1 :atev] its value1 ! metaphysical or r poetical or symbolic use made ( ma!matics by ,py?agoras & o!r philosoph]s ( antiquity & ! ,r5aissance1 & has no resemblance to a ma!matically-treat$ philosophy l ! ,c>tesian4 ,geometry 9 ,vico's op9ion is ! "o hypo!sis by :i* metaphysics passes ov] into physical sci5ce4 ,b :ile mak+ ?is advance x rema9s a hypo!sis1 a probability1 some?+ int]m$iate betwe5 fai? & criticism1 imag9ation & reason2 :i* inde$ is ! et]nal "* ( metaphysics & human sci5ce 9 g5]al accord+ to ,vico's po9t ( view 9 ?is fir/ phase ( 8 !ory ( k4 ,j z ma!matics _c be ! basis ( metaphysics1 ! sci5ce f :i* x is itself d]iv$1 s x _c provide a f\ndation = ! o!r sci5ces1 al?\gh !y foll[ x 9 ord] ( d]ivation4 ,all objects o!r ?an numb] & size are beyond ! rea* ( ! geometrical me?od4 ,physical sci5ce is indemon/rable3 if we c\ld demon/rate ! physical _w1 we %\ld be creat+ x 7si physica demon/r>e possemus1 fac]emus73 b we d n create x1 & are accord+ly unable to demon/rate x4 ,! introduction ( ! ma!matical me?od into natural sci5ce has n help$ x4 ,)\t ! ma!matical me?od1 sci5ce makes great discov]ies2 by its means x has made none1 :e!r great or small4 ,! physical sci5ce ( to-day is 9 fact l a h\se1 sumptu\sly furni%$ by =m] own]s1 to :i* _! heirs h add$ no?+1 b h occupi$ !mselves m]ely 9 mov+ & re>rang+ ! furniture4 ,accord+ly1 we mu/ re9troduce & ma9ta9 ! exp]im5tal me?od 9 physical sci5ce1 z oppos$ to ?is ma!matical me?od2 ! ,engli% t5d5cy z oppos$ to ! ,fr5*2 ! cauti\s use made ( ma!matics by ,galileo & 8 s*ool1 z aga9/ ! ,c>tesians' reckless & presumptu\s employm5t ( x4 ,! ,engli% are "r 9 n all[+ physical sci5ce to be taught 9 ! ma!matical /yle4 ,su* a /yle admits ( progress only :5 ! t]ms are def9$1 ! axioms e/abli%$1 & ! po/ulates grant$4 ,9 physical sci5ce we h to def9e n t]ms b ?+s3 we c make no un*all5g$ /atem5ts2 & ! complexity ( nature =bids our =m+ any po/ulates4 ,?us 9 ! m fav\rable in/ances ?is me?od results 9 a m]e h>mless v]balism4 ,obs]vations ( nature are exp\nd$ ) ! phrases3 ,by def9ition ,,iv41 ,by po/ulate ,,ii41 ,by axiom ,,iii41 & conclud$ ) ! pomp\s abbreviation ,q4,e4,d4 ,b all ?is c>ries no demon/rative conviction4 ,! m9d reta9s z mu* fre$om ( op9ion z x _h be=e li/5+ to su* noisy me?ods4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ,vico c\ld n refra9 f satirical comp>isons4 ,! geometrical me?od1 he says1 9 its prop] sph]e works unnotic$2 :5 x makes a noise1 x %[s t x is do+ no "w2 j z a c[>d's attack consi/s ( mu* %\t+ & no bl[s1 :ile a brave man holds 8 tongue & /rikes home4 ,aga91 ! man :o upholds ! geometrical me?od 9 subjects :]e x fails to c>ry conviction1 :5 he pron\nces ?is to be an axiom1 or t to be a demon/rat$ tru?1 is l a man :o draws amorph\s pictures1 q unrecognisable )\t assi/ance1 & !n writes und]nea? ,?is is a man1 or ,?is is a satyr1 or ,?is is a lion1 or ! l4 ,h5ce x happ5s t ! v same geometrical me?od s]v$ ,proclus to demon/rate ! pr9ciples ( ,ari/otelian sci5ce1 & ,desc>tes to demon/rate 8 own1 ?\gh totally di/9ct f1 if n diametrically oppos$ to !m4 ,yet ea* 0 a great geometrician1 :om no "o c\ld accuse ( inability to use ! me?od4 ,:at ought to be introduc$ into natural sci5ce is n ! me?od ( geometry1 b its conclusiv5ess2 :i* is precisely :at c nev] be done4 ,/ill less is x possible 9 o!r sci5ces1 9 proportion z !y are m mat]ial & concrete2 lea/ ( all 9 e?ical sci5ce4 ,= ?is reason1 :]e ! reality _c be us$1 ! "n is misus$ in/ead2 till1 j z ! title ,ma/]1 :i* ,tib]ius once refus$ z too haughty1 is giv5 to-day to ! humble/ man1 s ! "n demon/ration1 appli$ z x is to argum5ts at be/ probable1 sometimes pat5tly fallaci\s1 has impair$ ! respect due to tru?4 ,ev5 = ma!matics itself ,vico appreh5ds dang] f ! sub/itution ( analytic = geometrical or syn!tic me?ods4 ,he d\bts :e!r mod]n me*anics is really a product ( analysis2 = analysis blunts ! inv5tive faculty or tal5t1 & ?\gh infallible 91 its results 7op]e7 is confus$ 9 its processes 7op]a72 :ile ! syn!tic me?od is turn op]e cum op]a infallible4 ,analysis pres5ts its gr\nds by inquir+ :e!r ! equations ( :i* x is 9 se>* happ5 to be pres5t2 x appe>s to be an art ( guess+1 a k9d ( me*anism r ?an ?\ght4 ,= simil> reasons ,vico atta*$ no value1 to ! m or less me*anical topics & arts ( discov]y & memory inv5t$ by ,lulle & ,kir*]4 ,! sympa?y ) exp]im5tal me?ods :i* z we h se5 e/rang$ ,vico f ! ,fr5* t5d5cy ( ?\ght1 t is f ,c>tesianism1 & direct$ him t[>ds ! ,italian & ,engli% s*ools ( ,galileo & ,bacon1 l$ him on ! o!r h& to a ho/ile attitude t[>ds ,ari/otelianism & s*ola/icism4 ,inculcat+ z he did ! pursuit ( ! p>ticul> & ! use ( inductive me?ods1 ass]t+ t man possess$ an inexhau/ible weal? ( physical k :i*1 ?anks to fire1 ma*9]y1 & tools1 0 able to issue 9 ! creation ( objects resembl+ ! special products ( nature1 & prais+ 8 own metaphysic z "o subs]vi5t to 7ancillantem7 ! ends ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 he 0 b\nd to realise h[ well des]v$ 0 ! too univ]sal discr$it1 z he calls x1 into :i* ,ari/otelian sci5ce _h fall54 ,if he disapprov$ ( ! introduction by ,desc>tes ( physical =ms into metaphysics1 & ( 8 result+ mat]iali/ic t5d5cies1 he accus$ ,ari/otle & ! s*oolm5 ( ! opposite error ( introduc+ metaphysical =ms into natural sci5ce4 ,l ,bacon he held t ! syllogism & sorites produce no?+ new1 & only repeat :at 0 already conta9$ 9 _! premisses4 ,he emphasis$ ! _m ill effects ( ! ,ari/otelian univ]sal 9 e dep>tm5t ( k2 9 jurisprud5ce1 :]e empty g5]alities cru% legislative wisdom2 9 m$ic9e1 :i* aims r at propp+ up sy/ems ?an at heal+ ! sick2 & 9 practical life1 9 :i* he describes ! abus]s ( univ]sals by ! mock+ title ( ,!mati/s4 ,! use ( univ]sals results 9 homonymies or equivocations :i* cause all k9ds ( errors4 ,z aga9/ ?is di/ru/ ( univ]sals 9 ! s5se ( g5]al or ab/ract conceptions1 ,vico %[$ a correspond+ rev]5ce = ! ,platonic ideas1 ! metaphysical =ms1 or z he also call$ !m1 k9ds2 ! et]nal & inf9itely p]fect patt]ns ( ?+s4 ,a nom9ali/ 9 ma!matics1 ,vico 0 suspici\s ( nom9alism 9 all o!r fields ( k4 ,he ass]ts ! reality ( ! =ms or ideas1 & tells h[ f 8 y\? up he 0 attract$ by ?is doctr9e1 :i* he le>nt f a tea*] ( 81 :o z a ,scoti/ 0 a foll[] ( ! s*ola/ic sy/em mo/ ak9 to ,plato's4 ,tak5 z a :ole ,vico's fir/ !ory ( k is nei!r intellectuali/ic1 s5sationali/ic1 nor truly speculative4 ,x conta9s all ^! ?ree elem5ts1 h>monis$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 n by a hi]>*ical subord9ation ( any two to ! ?ird1 b by ! subjection ( all ?ree to a recognition ( ! inadequacy ( human k4 ,its int5tion may h be5 to meet by a tactical manoeuvre dogmatics & sceptics at once1 ! =m] by d5y+ t we c "k ev]y?+1 ! latt] by d5y+ t we c "k no?+ at all4 ,b its actual outcome is an ass]tion ( scepticism or agno/icism1 t+$1 h[ev]1 ) a trace ( my/icism4 ,god's k is ! complete sph]e ( k1 ! unity ( :i* man's is b a s]ies ( fragm5ts4 ,god kn[s all ?+s because he conta9s 9 himself all ! elem5ts ( :i* he makes !m3 man tries to und]/& !m by tak+ !m to pieces4 ,human sci5ce is a sort ( anatomy ( ! _w ( nature2 x divides man into body & s\l1 & s\l into intellect & w3 f body x ab/racts figure & motion1 & f ^! exi/5ce & unity4 ,( ^! metaphysics /udies exi/5ce1 ari?metic unity & multiplication1 geometry figure & its measurem5ts1 me*anics ! motion ( ! circumf]5ce1 physical sci5ce ! motion ( ! c5tre1 m$ic9e ! body1 logic ! reason1 & e?ics ! w4 ,b ?is anatomy meets ) ! same fate z t ( ! human body4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! greate/ physiologi/s d\bt :e!r1 ow+ to ! effects ( dea? & ( dissection itself1 x is possible at all to discov] ! true position1 /ructure1 & function ( ! organs4 ,exi/5ce1 unity1 figure1 motion1 body1 intellect1 & w are "o ?+ = ,god1 = :om !y coalesce into "o1 & ano!r = man1 to :om !y rema9 di/9ct4 ,= ,god !y live1 = man !y are dead4 ,! cle> & di/9ct p]ception is a pro( n ( ! /r5g? b ( ! weakness ( ! human und]/&+4 ,physical laws appe> self-evid5t j until !y are subject$ to comp>ison ) metaphysical4 ,! ,cogito ergo sum is absolutely conclusive :5 man consid]s himself z a f9ite be+2 b :5 he includes himself 9 ,god1 ! "o true be+1 he realises t 9 tru? he does n exi/ at all4 ,by means ( ext5sion & its ?ree dim5sions we believe ourselves to e/abli% et]nal tru?s2 b 9 fact coelum ipsum petimus /ultitia1 s9ce ! et]nal tru?s exi/ 9 ,god alone4 ,! axiom t ! :ole is great] ?an ! "p may seem et]nal1 b if we g back to ! beg9n+1 we f9d t x is false3 we see t ! c5tre ( ! circle conta9s 9 itself z mu* capacity = ext5sion z ! :ole circumf]5ce4 ,:]e=e1 ,vico concludes1 he has advanc$ 9 metaphysics :o 9 ! /udy ( ?is sci5ce has lo/ himself4 ,to hold1 z "s h done1 t ^! words %[ ,vico a simple ,platoni/ or a foll[] ( ! traditional ,*ri/ian philosophy1 w\ld entail d5y+ any importance :atev] to 8 fir/ !ory ( k4 ,x w\ld be a confession ( adh]5ce to ! fallaci\s me?od ( philosophical criticism & hi/ory :i* looks only at ! g5]al conclusions ( a sy/em & ignores ! p>ticul> cont5t :i* alone gives x its true individuality4 ,no d\bt1 any philosophy mu/ always 9 its ultimate conclusions be ei!r agno/ic1 my/ical1 mat]iali/ic1 spirituali/ic1 or ! l3 9 o!r words1 x mu/ h its place 9 "o or o!r ( ! et]nal categories 9 :i* ?\ght & philosophical inquiry move4 ,b to exp\nd philosoph]s 9 ?is "o-sid$ mann] c only s]ve to p]petuate ! mi/akes repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 :5 x passes fruitlessly f "o error to ano!r1 leav+ ! old only to adopt ! new1 itself p]haps an old "o born aga9 or pa9t$ ) ! col\rs ( y\?4 ,! ,platonismi agno/icism1 or my/icism ( ,vico is 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w orig9al1 because x =ms ! accompanim5t ( doctr9es n only n inf]ior to ! av]age ( contempor>y ?\ght1 b greatly 9 advance ( x4 ,! fir/ ( ^! doctr9es is ! !ory ( k z ! conv]sion ( ! true ) ! creat$1 ,vico's sub/itute = ! otiose crit]ion ( ! cle> & di/9ct p]ception4 ,?\gh ?is conv]sion repres5ts = ,vico an ideal unatta9able to man1 x yet does n br+ ) x an exact def9ition ( ! condition & "* ( k1 ! id5tity ( ?\ght & be+1 )\t :i* k is inconceivable4 ,! second is ! revelation ( ! nature ( ma!matics1 z unique among ! =ms ( human k 9 orig91 rigor\s because arbitr>y1 wond]ful b unfit to rule ov] & trans=m ! re/ ( our k4 ,f9ally1 ! ?ird doctr9e is ! v9dication ( ! _w ( intuition1 empirical k1 probability1 & au?ority1 all ^? =ms ( exp]i5ce :i* intellectualism ignor$ or d5i$4 ,9 ^! po9ts ,vico ! agno/ic1 ! ,platoni/1 ! my/ic1 0 nei!r agno/ic nor my/ic nor ,platoni/4 ,he a*iev$ a ?reefold advance ^u ,desc>tes1 & ^u all ^! ?ree heads criticis$ him conclusively4 ,! "o ?+ 9 :i* ,desc>tes 0 /ill 9 advance ( ,vico 0 precisely t dogmatism ( :i* ,vico w\ld h none4 ,desc>tes1 :e!r he succe$$ or n1 project$ a p]fect human sci5ce d$uc$ f ! int]nal consci\sness4 ,vico1 on ! o!r h&1 consid]+ ! ,fr5* philosoph] too confid5t & despair+ ( ! success ( 8 project1 proclaim$ ! transc5d5t nature ( tru?1 took 8 /& ^u revelation1 & cont5t$ himself ) produc+ a metaphysic wor?y ( man's weakness1 humana imbecillitate dignam4 ,8 0 a philosophy ( humility1 z ! ,c>tesian 0 "o ( self-confid5ce4 ,n[ ,vico c\ld n advance ev5 to ?is position )\t relax+ to "s ext5t "p ( 8 humility1 & tak+ ov] some?+ ( ,desc>tes's confid5ce3 )\t introduc+ into 8 ,ca?olic turn ( m9d "s trace ( ! leav5 ( t ,prote/antism he ?\ght s dang]\s1 & v5tur+ to conceive a philosophy r less wor?y ( man's weakness & correspond+ly m wor?y ( man1 a creature at once /rong & weak1 at once man & ,god4 ,?is advance is to be se5 9 ! next phase ( 8 ?\ght4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! app5dix to 8 ,op]a ,m$ica 7,tolosae ,tectosagum1 #afcf1 p4 #aaj74 ,w9delb& draws att5tion to ?is ?\ght1 ,ges*4 d] neu]5 ,philosophie1 #crd ed4 i4 p4 #bc4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,vico',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,k3 ,,second ,,phase ,! w to believe1 :i* 9 ,vico's case 0 v /rong1 & ! complete sway :i* ! ,ca?olicism ( 8 c\ntry & age held ov] 8 m9d1 b\nd him firmly d[n to ! ,*ri/ian ,platonic metaphysic & !ory ( k2 a !ory ^: inh]5t contradictions 7 prev5t$ by ! above psy*ological facts f com+ explicitly be=e 8 m9d4 ,! idea ( ,god at once dom9at$ & support$ him2 he nei!r _h ! audacity nor realis$ ! necessity to probe to ! bottom su* problems z ! validity ( revelation1 ! conceivability ( a ,god ap>t f ! _w1 or ! possibility ( affirm+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god )\t 9 "s s5se demon/rat+ & !re=e creat+ him4 ,= ,vico to op5 up & p>tially trav]se a new pa?1 :i* %\ld lead ! human m9d to transc5d t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,platoni/s1 provid5ce--to use = ! mom5t an idea ( 8 own :i* we %all expla9 lat] on--_h p]=ce to deceive him2 to lead him by a long & circuit\s way to ! comm5cem5t ( ! new pa? )\t lett+ him suspect :]e x w\ld end4 ,! writ+s 9 :i* ,vico exp\nds 8 fir/ !ory ( k1 ,de ratione /udiorum & ,de antiquissima ,italorum sapi5tia1 toge!r ) ! polemical works be>+ ^u !m1 belong to ! f\r ye>s f #agjh to #agab4 ,9 ! foll[+ decade ,vico 0 gradually l$ to devote himself m & m to rese>* 9 ! hi/ory ( law & ( ! ,/ate4 ,he read ,grotius z a prep>ation = writ+ ! life ( ,antonio ,c>afa1 & plung$ into ! controv]sy on ,natural ,rights4 ,he pursu$ 8 /udies ( ,roman law & ! sci5ce ( law 9 g5]al1 9 ord] to fit himself = a *air ( jurisprud5ce at ,naples ,univ]sity4 ,he pond]$ ^u ! orig9s ( languages1 religions1 & /ates1 out ( dissatisfaction ) 8 own hi/orical !ories z set =? 9 ! ,be antiquissima2 p]haps also 8 convictions 7 %ak5 by a well-direct$ criticism by ! editor ( ! ,giornale dei lett]ati4 ,8 pr(ession1 ! tea*+ ( rhetoric1 gave him cont9ual opportunities = m$itat+ ^u ! nature & relations ( poetry & ! =ms ( language4 ,?us ev5 if x is inaccurate to say t ,vico 0 l$ to 8 lat] position culm9at+ 9 ! ,sci5za ,nuova by a philological1 n a philosophical process 7s9ce cle>ly a philosophical position c only come into be+ ?r\gh a process no less philosophical71 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t ! mat]ial & /imulus = 8 new ?\ght 7 suppli$ by philological /udies4 ,^! /udies seem to h impress$ ^u him a fact ( great importance2 namely1 t ?is subject-matt] c\ld only be & _h actually be5 work$ ov] by 8 ?\ght ?r\gh ! aid ( c]ta9 necess>y pr9ciples1 appe>+ on e page ( ! hi/ory :i* he _h *os5 = inve/igation4 ,he _h once believ$ t ! moral sci5ces1 z comp>$ ) ! ma!matical me?od1 took ! l[e/ place z reg>ds c]ta9ty4 ,b n[1 9 8 daily acqua9tance ) ^! sci5ces1 he _h come to hold ! opposite view2 namely1 t no?+ c\ld be firm] ?an ! f\ndation ( ! moral sci5ces6 ,?is c]ta9ty 0 n ! simple self-evid5ce ( ,desc>tes1 9 :i* ! object1 h[ev] int]nal x is said to be1 rema9s extr9sic to ! subject4 ,x 0 a truly int]nal c]ta9ty1 rea*$ by an int]nal process4 ,9 ! assimilation ( hi/orical facts1 ,vico felt himself to be mak+ m truly 8 own some?+ t already belong$ to him2 to be ent]+ into possession ( :at 0 8 by "r4 ,he 0 recon/ruct+ ! hi/ory ( man2 & :at 0 ! hi/ory ( man b a product ( man himself8 ,is n ! creator ( hi/ory simply man1 ) 8 ideas1 8 passions1 8 w1 & 8 actions8 ,& is n ! m9d ( man1 ! creator ( hi/ory1 id5tical ) ! m9d :i* is at "w 9 ?9k+ x & kn[+ x8 ,! tru? ( ! con/ructive pr9ciples ( hi/ory !n comes n f ! validity ( ! cle> & di/9ct idea1 b f ! indissoluble connexion ( ! subject & object ( k4 ,! importance ( ?is new discov]y1 ! discov]y ( ! tru? :i* ,vico n[ recognis$ 9 ! moral sci5ces1 lay 9 ! realisation ( a new implication ( ! !ory ( k laid d[n by himself 9 ! =m] p]iod ( 8 speculations2 namely1 ! crit]ion ( tru? consi/+ 9 ! conv]tibility ( ! true ) ! creat$4 ,! reason :y man c\ld h p]fect k ( man's _w 0 simply t he _h himself made t _w4 ,:5 x happ5s t he :o creates ?+s also describes !m1 !n ! hi/ory is c]ta9 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,connect$ z x ?us 0 ) 8 e>li] view1 ! ass]tion ( ! possibility ( ! moral sci5ces did n1 to ,vico's own m9d1 pres5t ! importance & br+ ) x ! consequ5ces ( a revolution entirely ov]?r[+ ! /ructure ( 8 ideas1 & compell+ him to adju/ !m afre%4 ,on ! "o h&1 ?is ass]tion seem$ to him a confirmation ( 8 =m] doctr9e1 a new example to be add$ to ^? he _h already collect$ ( p]fect k2 namely1 ,god's k ( ! univ]se & man's ( ! _w ( ma!matics4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x seem$ to be an ext5sion ( ! field ( k1 ^: b\nd>ies 7= def9ite b\nd>ies /ill exi/$7 _h at fir/ be5 too n>r[ly drawn4 ,=m]ly he _h describ$ a small lum9\s sph]e 9 ! c5tre ( a va/ & dimly light$ field2 n[ ! lum9\s sph]e und]w5t a def9ite increase 9 size1 & ! p5umbral region a correspond+ dim9ution4 ,?is increase involv$ no sort ( conflict ) 8 religi\s beliefs2 9 fact1 x seem$ to support !m & to ga9 support f !m 9 turn4 ,= did n religion tea* ! lib]ty1 responsibility1 & consci\sness :i* man has 9 respect ( 8 own acts & creations8 ,?us ,vico did n feel oblig$ to write a new treatise on metaphysics4 ,x seem$ en\gh to add a m]e po/-script to 8 =m] "w1 & to correct to "s ext5t 8 e>li] ass]tions4 ,8 new !ory ( k1 :ile adh]+ /rictly to ! crit]ion ( tru? enunciat$ by him 9 opposition to t ( ,desc>tes--! pr9ciple1 t is1 t only ! creator ( a ?+ c "k x--divid$ ! :ole ( reality into ! _w ( nature & ! _w ( man4 ,b1 :ile x laid d[n t ! _w ( nature is creat$ by ,god & t !re=e ,god alone kn[s x1 x re/rict$ its agno/icism to ?is field4 ,x ass]t$1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! human _w1 be+ man's creation1 is kn[n by man4 ,9 ?is way x rais$ ! k ( human affairs1 =m]ly consid]$ m]ely approximate & probable1 to ! rank ( p]fect sci5ce2 & x express$ surprise t philosoph]s %\ld s labori\sly endeav\r to atta9 to sci5ce ( ! _w ( nature1 :i* is a seal$ book to mank9d1 :ile pass+ ov] ! _w ( man1 ! sci5ce ( :i* is atta9able4 ,! cause ( ?is error he trac$ to ! ease ) :i* man's m9d1 involv$ & buri$ z x is 9 ! body1 feels bodily ?+s1 & ! lab\r & pa9s x co/s x to und]/& itself1 z ! bodily eye sees all objects outside itself1 b 9 ord] to see itself requires ! help ( ! mirror4 ,9 ev]y?+ else 8 sy/em rema9$ un*ang$4 ,beyond ! _w ( man lay ! sup]natural _w1 inaccessible to man1 & ! _w ( nature1 itself also 9 a s5se sup]natural4 ,beyond ! p]fect k :i* man c\ld h ( himself lay ! metaphysic ( ,*ri/ian ,platonism1 n[ r$uc$ to impot5ce1 b cont9u+ none ! less to emb>rass mank9d4 ,! natural sci5ces 7 n[1 z be=e1 reg>d$ z incomplete =ms ( k3 ma!matics z a sy/em ( ab/ractions1 absolutely valid 9 ! ab/ract b 9 face ( reality p[]less4 ,! ,ari/otelian syllogism1 ! ,/oic sorites1 & ! ,c>tesian geometrical me?od 7 pursu$ ) ! same hatr$ z be=e2 & ! same en?usia/ic praise 0 lavi%$ ^u ! induction advocat$ & illu/rat$ 9 8 ,organum by ,bacon1 t great philosoph] & great /atesman1 & fruitfully employ$ by 8 c\ntrym5 9 exp]im5tal philosophy4 ,vico's frequ5t claim to h con/ruct$ ! sci5ce ( human affairs on a /rict geometric me?od might seem to indicate a *ange ( op9ion z to ! applicability ( t me?od4 ,b 8 cont9ual w>n+s1 dur+ ! same p]iod & 9 ! same works1 aga9/ ! use 9 physical & moral que/ions ( ! ma!matical me?od1 :i*1 :]e !re are no figures ei!r ( l9es or numb]s1 ei!r gives u no conclusiv5ess1 or else1 in/ead ( demon/rat+ ! tru?1 may (t5 give an appe>ance ( demon/ration to falsehood1 w\ld flatly contradict ! suppos$ *ange ( front 7 x n t we c\ld int]pret x s z completely to re/ore ! coh]5ce ( ,vico's ?\ght4 ,?is int]pretation is q simple4 ,once ! p[] ( conv]t+ ! true ) ! creat$ is se5 to atta* to ! moral sci5ces no less ?an to geometry1 ^! sci5ces c\ld & inde$ mu/ develop on a me?od analog\s to ! syn!tic me?od ( geometry1 ! me?od :i* proce$s f a tru? to its imm$iate consequ5ce4 ,9 ?is mann] !y foll[ ! progress ( ! _w ( man f its ideal orig9 to its p]fect developm5t2 s t ! /ud5t mu/ n hope to be able to inve/igate ^! sci5ces p] saltum1 b mu/ trav]se !m f beg9n+ to end 9 detail1 )\t refus+ to accept un=ese5 conclusions any m ?an he c refuse to d s 9 geometry2 b conc5trat+ 8 att5tion on ! firmness ( ! bond betwe5 premisses & conclusion4 ,?us ! me?od c\ld be call$ geometric by analogy or synecdo*e2 9 fact1 h[ev]1 x 0 ess5tially speculative1 & n to be confus$ ) ! application ( ma!matics to que/ions ( morals1 ( :i* ! ,c>tesians & ,sp9oza h left examples4 ,nor c we agree )\t res]vation to ! op9ion ( c]ta9 comm5tators t ,vico1 9 ass]t+ ! exi/5ce ( a s+le sci5ce ( man1 to be /udi$ 9 ! modifications ( ! human m9d1 0 retreat+ to ! position ( a foll[] ( ,desc>tes4 ,?is op9ion is (t5 re9=c$ by ano!r /atem5t ( ,vico's1 namely1 t to conceive 8 ,new ,sci5ce x w\ld be well to return to a /ate ( absolute ignorance1 z if no philosoph]s1 philologi/s1 nor books _h ev5 exi/$ 9 ! _w4 ,x is true t ) ! new =m ( 8 !ory ( k ,vico himself jo9$ ! ranks ( mod]n subjectivism1 initiat$ by ,desc>tes4 ,9 a s5se1 inde$1 he _h already done s 9 8 activi/ic doctr9e ( tru? z ! recon/ruction ( ! creat$4 ,9 ?is q g5]al s5se ,vico might himself be call$ a ,c>tesian4 ,nev]!less1 if he 0 /ill beh9d ,desc>tes 9 mak+ 8 subjectivism a pr9ciple n ( ! :ole ( k b ( ! k ( ! _w ( man only1 9 ano!r way he 0 ahead ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]1 9 t = him ! tru? atta9$ 9 ! _w ( man 0 n /atic b dynamic1 n a discov]y b a product1 n consci\sness b sci5ce4 ,z = ! advice t "o %\ld proce$ z if !re 7 no books1 no philosophical or philological doctr9es 9 ! _w1 its mean+ is m]ely ! necessity ( ridd+ oneself ( all prejudice1 ( all common habitual assumptions1 ( all accretions ( memory & fancy1 9 ord] to atta9 ! /ate ( pure und]/&+1 empty ( e p>ticul> =m1 :i* is necess>y = ! discov]y & appreh5sion ( any new tru?4 ,s f> remov$ is ?is advice f ! ,c>tesian or ,malebran*ian r5unciation ( le>n+ & au?ority1 t--to m5tion "o fact only--9 ! v passage to :i* we h j ref]r$ we f9d ! w>n+ t ! ,new ,sci5ce presupposes a compreh5sive & v>i$ mass bo? ( doctr9e & ( le>n+1 ! tru?s ( :i* x takes ov] z already kn[n1 & uses !m z t]ms 9 its new propositions4 ,9 a ^w1 ,vico 9 8 new !ory ( k became n m ,c>tesian b m ,vician--m himself4 ,desc>tes seem$ to him n ev5 a s]viceable pa? by :i* to atta9 pro( ( ! possibility ( con/ruct+ ! sci5ce ( m9d by means ( ! m9d4 ,! true pa? 0 ,vico's own crit]ion ( tru?1 br\ght into relation ) its au?or's obs]vations made 9 ! c\rse ( 8 hi/orical /udies4 ,if we wi% to look = prec$5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy = ,vico's !ory ( k 9 its second =m1 ! division betwe5 ! two worlds ( reality & ! two sph]es ( consci\sness1 & ! pref]5ce = moral z comp>$ ) natural /udies1 w\ld lead u back to ! position adopt$ by ,socrates z aga9/ ! ,physiologi/s ( 8 "t1 & ! feel+ ( religi\s my/]y :i* br\ght ! ,a!nian philosoph] to a /&/ill 9 face ( ! natural _w & direct$ 8 ef=ts to ! /udy ( ! m9d ( man4 ,aga91 z to ! sup]ior transp>5cy ( ! moral sci5ces1 z deal+ ) objects creat$ by man himself1 we might recall ! ,ari/otelian division ( ! sci5ces into physical1 treat+ ( motion ext]nal to man1 & practical & poietic1 :i* deal ) man's own creations4 ,! di/9ction pass$ into ! philosophy ( ! s*ools3 ,?omas ,aqu9as speaks ( nature z an ord] :i* reason contemplates b does n create 7ordo quem ratio consid]at s$ non facit71 & ( ! _w ( human activity z an ord] :i* reason creates by contemplation 7ordo quem ratio consid]&o facit74 ,b no su* ref]5ce is made by ,vico1 fond z he 0 ( express+ ! debt ( 8 own ?\ght to ! anci5t philosoph]s2 & admitt+ t ! doctr9e _h "s =ce be=e 8 "t1 ! div]g5ce betwe5 ?is e>li] view & t ( ,vico on ! kn[abl5ess ( ! _w ( man is z great z t betwe5 ! ass]tion ( ! omnisci5ce ( ,god ! ,creator & ! !ory ( k :i* ,vico 0 able to draw f x4 ,( ?is !ory1 8 doctr9e ( ! moral sci5ces 0 nei!r m nor less ?an ! fir/ legitimate application4 ,bo? its au?or & ! majority ( 8 comm5tators are us+ inaccurate language 9 describ+ x z a simple ext5sion ( ! previ\s applications--a second in/ance1 add$ to t ( ! ma!matical sci5ces1 already exam9$4 ,9 ! ma!matical sci5ces1 ! pr9ciple ( ! conv]sion ( ! true ) ! creat$ _h be5 appli$ 9 appe>ance only4 ,! pr9ciple itself 0 orig9al & s\nd3 s 0 ! !ory ( ma!matics4 ,b ! connexion betwe5 ! two tru?s 0 altoge!r artificial & false4 ,:at 0 lack+ 01 unless we are mi/ak51 an effective relation betwe5 ! concept ( ,god :o creates ! _w &1 z creat+ x1 kn[s x1 & t ( ! man :o arbitr>ily con/ructs a _w ( ab/ractions1 & 9 do+ s ei!r kn[s no?+ at all1 or else1 :5 he ceases to be a geomet] or ari?metician & becomes a philosoph]1 :5 he is compos+ n ,euclid's ,elem5ts b ! !ory ( k 9 ! ,de antiquissima1 kn[s m]ely t 8 proc$ure is arbitr>y4 ,if ! ma!matical sci5ces con/ruct _! concepts z !y please1 if !y produce n tru? b def9itions1 !y are z a matt] ( fact n sci5ces at all1 nor any =m ( k1 & _c be comp>$ ) ! div9e k1 ! k ( actual reality4 ,9 ma!matics1 says ,vico1 man1 hold+ )9 himself an imag9>y _w ( l9es & numb]s1 op]ates 9 ?is _w by ab/raction j z ,god op]ates 9 ! univ]se by reality4 ,x is a lum9\s comp>ison2 b p]haps its light is t ( metaphor r ?an logic4 ,9 ! moral sci5ces1 on ! o!r h&1 ! comp>ison is s entirely logical t x %\ld frankly be call$ co9cid5ce4 ,human k is qualitatively id5tical ) div9e1 & kn[s ! _w ( man equally well2 x is1 h[ev]1 quantitatively m re/rict$1 & does n ext5d l ! div9e to ! _w ( nature4 ,9 ! human field we no long] f9d ! exp$i5ts ( weakness1 def9itions & falsifications2 k is "h at its highe/ po9t ( concret5ess4 ,man creates ! human _w1 creates x by trans=m+ himself into ! facts ( society3 by ?9k+ x he re-creates 8 own creations1 trav]ses ov] aga9 ! pa?s he has already trav]s$1 recon/ructs ! :ole ideally1 & ?us kn[s x ) full & true k4 ,"h is a real _w2 & ( ?is _w man is truly ! ,god4 ,x seems und5iable1 !n1 t ! application ( ! v]um-factum made 9 ! ,new ,sci5ce is ! only "o :i* corresponds to ! crit]ion previ\sly =mulat$4 ,! e>li] attempt at an application ( x to ma!matics1 ?\gh important 9 o!r respects & well calculat$ to free ! m9d f ma!matical prejudice1 _c be consid]$ a true or /rict use ( x4 ,x is possible t ,vico 0 sometimes vaguely consci\s ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two applications1 ! /rict & ! metaphorical1 :i* z a rule he confus$ & treat$ z id5tical4 ,! sci5ce ( ! _w ( man1 he says1 proce$s exactly z does geometry1 :i* :ile x con/ructs out ( its elem5ts or contemplates ! _w ( quantity1 itself creates x2 b ) proportionately great] reality1 s9ce ord] has no connexion ) human affairs1 conta9+ z !y d nei!r po9ts1 l9es1 surfaces1 nor figures4 ,ano!r indication ( 8 gradually dawn+ consci\sness t he _h n[ = ! fir/ "t 9 8 doctr9e ( ! _w ( man discov]$ a true & prop] k1 n a m]e fiction ( k1 may p]haps be se5 9 ! mu* great] conviction1 w>m?1 & en?usiasm ) :i* he n[ uses ! epi!t div9e3 q a diff]5t ?+ f ! *illy1 if n absolutely ironical1 ad ,dei in/> ( ! ,de antiquissima4 ,! pro(s ( ! ,new ,sci5ce1 he says m ?an once1 ) f]v\r1 are div9e 9 _! nature1 & %\ld give !e1 ,read]1 a div9e joy3 s9ce 9 ,god k & creation are "o4 ,! conv]sion ( ! true ) ! creat$ 0 b\nd to react ^u ! treatm5t ( c]titude 9 "o1 p]haps ! *ief1 ( ! v>i\s mean+s 9 :i* ,vico uses ! ^w1 namely1 hi/orical fact3 ! peculi>e1 c]tum1 z oppos$ to ! commune or v]um4 ,?is =ms ! o!r important section ( ,vico's second !ory ( k4 ,9 ! =m] !ory ^! cognitions 71 z we saw1 legitimis$ & protect$ by be+ put on a level ) all o!r k9ds ( k1 all ( !m equally weak or equally /rong1 be+ all alike f\nd$ on probability or au?ority1 :e!r ( ! individual 7autopsy7 or ( mank9d4 ,b n[ t ! k ( ! human m9d & its laws 0 rescu$ f ! region ( au?ority & probability1 hi/orical fact1 al?\gh /ill 9 a s5se1 by its v nature1 f\nd$ ^u au?ority1 0 plac$ 9 a new light4 ,! c]ta9 mu/ ent] into a new relation1 confront$ z x n[ 0 n by ano!r c]ta9ty1 t is1 m]e probable k ( ! human m9d1 b by a tru?1 a piece ( philosophical k4 ,?is relation is also call$ by ,vico ! relation betwe5 philosophy & philology3 ! =m] deal+ ) necessities ( nature1 necess>ia naturae1 & contemplat+ ! reason f :i* issues ! sci5ce ( tru?2 ! latt] ) decisions ( ! human w1 placita humani arbitrii1 & foll[+ ! au?ority :5ce comes k ( ! c]ta94 ,! "o consid]s ! univ]sal1 ! o!r ! individual2 ! "o1 z ,leibniz w\ld h said1 ! vrits de raison1 ! o!r ! vrits de fait4 ,) ,vico ! di/9ction is n s cle>ly express$3 9 fact1 au?ority z oppos$ to reason sometimes1 accord+ to him1 becomes a "p ( reason itself1 or is confus$ ) ! k ( ! human w z oppos$ to t ( rational volition2 b ! g5]al s5se is none ! less q pla94 ,by philology ,vico means n only ! /udy ( words & _! hi/ory1 b1 s9ce words are b\nd up ) ! ideas ( ?+s1 he means also ! hi/ory ( ?+s4 ,?us philologi/s %\ld deal ) w>1 peace1 alliances1 travels1 comm]ce1 cu/oms1 laws & co9age1 geography & *ronology1 & e o!r subject connect$ ) man's life on e>?4 ,philology 9 a ^w1 9 ,vico's s5se1 :i* is also ! true s5se1 embraces n only ! hi/ory ( language or lit]ature1 b also t ( ev5ts1 philosophy1 & politics4 ,x is true t philology1 ! tru? ( fact or c]titude1 _h n always be5 s brutally treat$ z x 0 by ! ,c>tesians4 ,grotius _h giv5 evid5ce ( imm5se hi/orical le>n+ employ$ on behalf ( 8 doctr9e ( natural "r4 ,grav9a1 ,vico's contempor>y & fell[-c\ntryman1 dem&$ z necess>y to ! /ud5t ( law n only ! art ( reason+ 7ratioc9&i ars7 b skill 9 ! ,lat9 tongue 7,lat9ae l+uae p]itia7 & k ( hi/ory 7notitia temporum74 ,& ,leibniz1 :om we h j nam$1 reass]t$ ! value ( le>n+ z aga9/ ! ,c>tesians1 & ext5d$ 8 patronage1 en gr& seigneur1 to ! v>i$ collection ( hi/orical anecdotes :i* he scatt]$ freely ov] 8 pages4 ,b ,vico obs]v$ t ! philosophy & philology ( 8 "t always rema9$ ext]nal to "o ano!r1 z !y _h be5 almo/ entirely 9 ,greece & ,rome4 ,all ! quotations f hi/orians1 orators1 philosoph]s1 & poets accumulat$ by ,grotius 7 a m]e embelli%m5t4 ,p]haps ,vico w\ld h pass$ ! same judgm5t ^u ! lib]al use made ( hi/ory by ,leibniz1 if he _h kn[n ( x & express$ 8 op9ion4 ,9 read+ ! works ( philologi/s he 0 consci\s ( su* a s5se ( vacuity & we>9ess 9 ! un9tellig5t jumble ( hi/orical obs]vations1 t he 0 almo/ l$ to agree ) ,desc>tes & ,malebran*e 9 _! hatr$ ( s*ol>%ip3 = a "t1 9 fact1 he did entirely agree ) !m4 ,b ^! two philosoph]s--s 8 lat] ?\ght ran--ought1 in/ead ( despis+ erudition1 r to h ask$ :e!r x 7 possible to reclaim philology to philosophical pr9ciples2 & ! philologi/s = _! "p1 in/ead ( m>%all+ facts = a display ( le>n+1 ought to /rive to make !m ! aim ( sci5ce4 ,philology mu/ be r$uc$ to a sci5ce4 ,?is 0 ,vico's idea ( ! relation ( c]titude to tru?1 or philology to philosophy4 ,:at 0 ! mean+ ( r$uc+ philology1 or hi/ory1 :i* is ! same ?+1 to a sci5ce or philosophy8 ,/rictly speak+1 ! r$uction is impossible3 n because !y deal ) subject-matt] diff]5t 9 k9d1 b because _! subject-matt] is 9 po9t ( fact homog5e\s4 ,hi/ory is already ess5tially philosophy4 ,x is impossible to make ! mo/ insignificant hi/orical /atem5t )\t m\ld+ x ) ?\ght1 t is ) philosophy4 ,b s9ce ! exi/5ce ( ?is philosophical basis ( philology 0 n at t "t realis$1 inde$ x 0 none too (t5 realis$ 9 lat] times1 & 9 consequ5ce easily d5i$2 & s9ce mo/ p1 z we h se51 imag9$ ei!r an ari/ocratic geometrical philosophy1 hat+ & avoid+ ! pr(ane mob ( facts1 or else1 z at fir/ ,vico did1 a philosophy & a hi/ory equally devoid ( cog5cy1 & m]ely matt]s ( op9ion3 = ^! reasons ,vico1 aft] ! *ange ( 8 philosophical po9t ( view1 n[ t he _h atta9$ to ! consci\sness ( ! speculative me?od 9 ! sci5ce ( man1 & und]/ood m deeply ! human m9d1 0 b\nd to see h[ mu* curr5t hi/ory /ood 9 ne$ ( re=m & ext5sion2 to feel ! lack ( an improv$ philology z a consequ5ce ( ! improv$ philosophy1 & to express x 9 t]ms ( ! !ory ( k by ! =mula reunit+ philology to philosophy3 t ?is second sci5ce1 z is fair1 %\ld be ! consequ5ce ( ! fir/ 7ut haec po/]ior1 ut p> e/1 prioris sit consequ5tia74 ,he 0 b\nd1 9 o!r words1 to rescue hi/ory f its condition ( inf]iority1 :]e x 0 a m]e slave to caprice1 vanity1 moralis+ & precept-mak+1 & o!r irrelevant aims1 & to recognise its own true end z a necess>y complem5t ( et]nal tru?4 ,philosophy n[adays is full ( & intimate ) hi/orical fact3 & ?is gives x great] bread? & a m lively s5se ( deal+ ) concrete reality4 ,?is is no d\bt "o mean+ ( ,vico's =mula conc]n+ ! union ( philosophy & philology1 & ! r$uction ( ! latt] to a sci5ce4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t 9 prop\nd+ ?is =mula he _h 9 view a fur!r &1 z (t5 happ5$1 a diff]5t mean+4 ,?is o!r mean+ might be mo/ simply illu/rat$ by comp>+ x1 z ,vico himself did ) ,bacon & 8 m c]ta9 me?od ( philosophis+3 t me?od :i* ,bacon express$ 9 ! title ( 8 "w by ! words ,cogitata et visa1 & ,vico propos$ to transf] f ! natural to ! human or political _w4 ,9 a ^w1 he dem&$ ! con/ruction ( a typical hi/ory ( human society 7cogit>e7 :i* 0 !n to be discov]$ 9 ! facts 7vid]e74 ,?us ! ideal con/ruction w\ld acquire c]ta9ty f ! facts1 & ! facts tru? f ! ideal con/ruction3 au?ority w\ld be confirm$ by reason & reason by au?ority4 ,he dem&$ a sci5ce :i* %\ld be at once a philosophy ( man & a univ]sal hi/ory ( nations4 ,n[ ?is /ructure :i* he requir$--some?+ int]m$iate betwe5 cogit>e & vid]e1 ?\ght & exp]i5ce1 ?is mixture ( ! two processes--is intr9sically diff]5t f ! unity ( philosophy & philology1 9 s f> z t is a philosophical int]pretation ( factual data4 ,su* an int]pretation is liv+ hi/ory3 ! o!r is nei!r philosophy nor hi/ory1 b an empirical sci5ce ( man & society1 draw+ its mat]ials f s*emata :i* are nei!r ! extra-temporal categories ( philosophy nor ! individual facts ( hi/ory3 al?\gh x c nev] be con/ruct$ )\t philosophical categories & hi/orical facts4 ,x is an empirical sci5ce2 & z su*1 nei!r exact nor true1 b only approximative & probable1 & subject to v]ification & correction f ! side bo? ( philosophy & ( hi/ory4 ,x w\ld be impossible to decide ei!r :i* ( ^! two mean+s ( philology r$uc$ to hi/ory is t ( ,vico himself1 s9ce bo? are includ$ 9 8 ?\ght3 or :i* is ! prevail+ "o1 s9ce 9 po9t ( fact n[ "o1 n[ ! o!r prevails3 al?\gh ! second1 or empirical1 signification is ! m (t5 =mulat$4 ,we might ev5 say t :5 ,vico entitl$ 8 treatise ,sci5za ,nuova1 ! pr9cipal mean+ he atta*$ to ?is invidi\s "n ref]r$ precisely to ?is empirical sci5ce1 ! sci5ce1 t is1 :i* 0 to be at once a philosophy & a hi/ory ( man3 ! ideal hi/ory ( ! et]nal laws :i* gov]n ! c\rse ( all nations' de$s 9 _! rise1 progress1 po9ts ( re/1 decl9e & fall4 ,! fact is1 ,vico did n & c\ld n unify ! two diff]5t mean+s2 he ma9ta9$ ! duality :i*1 simply because x 0 nev] made explicit1 pres5t$ an appe>ance ( unity4 ,?us ea* ( ! t5d5cies %[n by 8 int]pret]s is p>tially ju/ifi$3 "o gr\p ( :om ma9ta9 t ,vico laid d[n & employ$ ! speculative me?od2 ano!r1 t 8 proc$ure 0 bo? 9 int5tion & 9 effect empirical1 inductive & psy*ological3 ! =m] believ+ t he aim$ at a sy/ematic philosophy ( man1 ! latt] t he 0 b5t ^u a s*eme ( sociology or social psy*ology4 ,bo? views are "o-sid$1 b ! second m s ?an ! fir/4 ,if !re actually 7 9 ,vico elem5ts bo? ( ,bacon & ( ,plato1 ( ! empirici/ & ! philosoph]1 yet :5 we look at 8 intellectual p]sonality z a :ole1 :5 we p5etrate into ! dep?s ( 8 m9d & %>e 9 8 difficulties & 8 colossal lab\rs1 we mu/ recognise t :atev] he meant & believ$ ,vico 0 ( ! /uff ( a ,plato & n a ,bacon3 t ev5 ! ,bacon ( :om he speaks is 9 "p 8 own inv5tion1 a ,bacon t+$ ) ,platonism3 & t ! ,new ,sci5ce seem$ s new to him fundam5tally1 n because x 0 an empirical /ructure on ,bacon's l9es--inde$ 9 t case no sci5ce c\ld be old]3 we ne$ only cite ,ari/otle's ,politics & ,ma*iavelli's ,disc\rses1 --b because x 0 impregnat$ ?r\gh\t by a new philosophy1 :i* did 9 tru? break into x on e side1 ?r\gh all 8 empiricism4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,int]nal ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,sci5ce ,! lack ( cle>ness on ! relation ( philosophy to philology1 & ! failure to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two q diff]5t ways ( conceiv+ ! r$uction ( philology to a sci5ce1 are at once ! consequ5ces & ! causes ( ! obscurity :i* prevails 9 ! ,new ,sci5ce4 ,by ?is "n we ref] to ! :ole mass ( rese>* & !ory :i* ,vico 0 produc+ f #agbj to #agcj1 elaborat$ above all 9 ?ree works1 ! ,de uno univ]si iuris pr9cipio et f9e uno & ! fir/ & second ,sci5za ,nuova2 x atta9s its mature/ & mo/ develop$ =m 9 ! la/ ( ^!1 & ?is is ! mo/ important = ref]5ce4 ,! ,new ,sci5ce1 agreeably to ! v>i\s mean+s ( ! t]ms philosophy & philology & ( ! relation betwe5 !m1 consi/s ( ?ree gr\ps ( inve/igations1 philosophical1 hi/orical & empirical4 ,altoge!r x conta9s a philosophy ( m9d1 a hi/ory1 or gr\p ( hi/ories1 & a social sci5ce4 ,to ! fir/ nam$ belong ! ideas express$ 9 v>i\s axioms or aphorisms scatt]$ up & d[n ! "w1 on imag9ation & ! imag9ative univ]sal1 on ! intellect & ! logical univ]sal1 on my?1 religion1 ! moral judgm5t1 =ce & law1 c]titude & tru?1 ! passions1 provid5ce1 & all ! o!r det]m9ations affect+ ! c\rse or developm5t ( ! ?\ght or m9d ( man4 ,to ! second1 namely hi/ory1 belong ! sket* ( a univ]sal hi/ory ( primitive peoples f ! "t ( ! ,flood1 & ( ! orig9s ( ! v>i\s civilisations3 ! description ( ! anci5t b>b>ic or h]oic society 9 ,greece & especially 9 ,rome1 ) reg>d to religion1 cu/oms1 law1 language & political con/itution3 ! /udy ( primitive poetry1 conc5trat+ ^u ! det]m9ation ( ! g5esis & "* ( ! ,hom]ic poems3 ! hi/ory ( ! social /ruggles betwe5 ! patricians & plebeians & ! orig9 ( democracy1 also /udi$ *iefly 9 ,rome3 & ! description ( ! return ( b>b>ism or ! ,middle ,ages1 also /udi$ 9 all aspects ( life & comp>$ ) primitive b>b>ic society4 ,f9ally1 to empirical sci5ce belongs ! attempt to e/abli% a uni=m c\rse ( national hi/ory1 deal+ ) ! succession bo? ( political =ms & ( o!r correlative manife/ations ( life bo? !oretical & practical1 & ! s]ies ( types successively drawn by ,vico ( ! patriciate1 ! plebs1 feudalism1 ! patri>*al family1 symbolic law1 metaphorical language1 hi]oglyphic writ+ & s =?4 ,n[ if ^! ?ree classes ( inquiry & !ory _h be5 logically di/9ct 9 ,vico's m9d & unit$ & compress$ )9 ! limits ( a s+le book = lit]>y reasons alone1 ! result might h be5 confus$1 ill-proportion$1 out ( h>mony1 & !re=e fatigu+ to ! read]1 b n obscure4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact x _c be said t ! ,sci5za ,nuova1 at lea/ 9 its second =m1 ! f9al exposition ( 8 ?\ght giv5 by ,vico1 lacks a g5]al plan1 well en\gh conceiv$4 ,! treatise is divid$ into five books4 ,! fir/ is int5d$ to summ>ise g5]al pr9ciples1 t is1 philosophy4 ,! second1 9 addition to a %ort note on ! mo/ anci5t univ]sal hi/ory1 describes ! life ( b>b>ic society1 to :i* ! ?ird1 on ! discov]y ( ! true ,hom]1 ! mo/ conspicu\s example ( b>b>ic poetry1 =ms an app5dix4 ,! f\r? is meant to sket* ! empirical sci5ce ( ! movem5t ( national hi/ory3 & ! fif? to exemplify ! movem5t ( reflux 9 ! p>ticul> case ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,& yet1 9 spite ( ?is f9e ar*itectonic s*eme1 ! second ,sci5za ,nuova is ! mo/ obscure1 j z x is ! mo/ ri* & complete ( ,vico's works4 ,if on ! o!r h&1 :ile keep+ 8 ideas cle> 9 8 m9d1 ,vico _h us$ an unfamili> t]m9ology or a /yle ( exposition ei!r too compress$ or too full ( allusions or implicit presuppositions1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 a difficult writ]1 b 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!r1 n obscure4 ,b su* a hypo!sis does n suit ! facts4 ,vico is v sp>+ ( s*ola/ic language2 he pref]s liv+ & popul> t]m9ology4 ,he is n compress$3 9 fact1 he is fond ( repeat+ 8 ideas1 emphasis+ !m by repetition ) great insi/5ce4 ,& he lays all 8 c>ds on ! table3 t is to say1 he %[s all ! mat]ial by :i* 8 doctr9es h be5 sugge/$4 ,f9ally1 x am\nts to v little to say t ,vico 0 n fully consci\s ( 8 own discov]ies3 su* consci\sness is m or less defici5t 9 e ?9k]1 & 9 fact none c\ld h x m fully4 ,! obscurity1 ! real obscurity :i* we f9d 9 ,vico is n sup]ficial4 ,x does n come ei!r f m]ely g5]al or f second>y causes4 ,x really consi/s 9 ! obscurity ( 8 ideas2 9 8 insuffici5t und]/&+ ( c]ta9 connections1 & ! sub/itution = !m ( fallaci\s ones2 9 ! arbitr>y elem5t1 t is1 :i* he introduces into 8 ?\ght1 or to put x m simply 9 8 own d[nright errors4 ,"o might rewrite ! ,new ,sci5ce1 reca/+ ! ord] & *ang+ & elucidat+ ! t]m9ology--! pres5t writ] has made ! attempt = himself--& /ill ! obscurity w\ld rema91 or ev5 increase2 = 9 su* a translation ! "w 9 los+ its orig9al =m w\ld lose also ! turbid b p[]ful /r5g? :i* may at times take ! place ( cl>ity1 &1 :ile x does n illum9ate1 /irs ! read]'s m9d & g5]ates waves ( ?\ght z x 7 by sympa!tic vibrations4 ,t ,vico's obscurity1 8 mi/ake or mi/akes1 is due to ! confusion or lack ( di/9ction 9 8 !ory ( k m5tion$ above1 on ! "q ( ! relations betwe5 philosophy1 hi/ory & empirical sci5ce--a confusion :i* exi/s no less 9 8 actual ?\ght on ! problems ( ! m9d & hi/ory ( man--t ?is is s c be se5 by obs]v+ h[ philosophy1 hi/ory & empirical sci5ce pass into ea* o!r by turns 9 ,vico's m9d1 & vitiat+ ea* o!r 9 turn produce ! p]plexities1 ambiguities1 exagg]ations & ha/y /atem5ts :i* p]turb ! read] ( ! ,new ,sci5ce4 ,! philosophy ( m9d masqu]ades n[ z empirical sci5ce1 n[ z hi/ory3 empirical sci5ce n[ z philosophy1 n[ z hi/ory3 & hi/orical propositions assume ! univ]sality ( philosophical pr9ciples or ! g5]ality ( empirical s*emata4 ,= example1 ! philosophy ( man und]takes to det]m9e ! =ms1 categories or ideal mom5ts ( m9d 9 _! necess>y succession1 & 9 ?is aspect x well des]ves ! title or def9ition ( et]nal ideal hi/ory accord+ to :i* p>ticul> hi/ories proce$ 9 "t2 :ile no fragm5t h[ev] small ( actual hi/ory c be conceiv$ 9 :i* ?is ideal hi/ory is n pres5t4 ,b1 s9ce ideal hi/ory is also = ,vico ! empirical det]m9ation ( ! ord] 9 :i* ! =ms ( civilisations1 /ates1 languages1 /yles1 & k9ds ( poetry succe$ "o ano!r1 x comes ab\t t he conceives ! empirical s]ies z id5tical ) ! ideal s]ies1 & z d]iv+ validity f x4 ,h5ce he ass]ts t ?is s]ies mu/ always be exactly reproduc$ 9 ! facts1 ev5 if inf9ite worlds 7 produc$ f "t to "t ?r\gh et]nity3 an ass]tion :i* is pla9ly false1 s9ce !re is no reason :y ! empirical fact ( ,greek or ,roman ari/ocracy %\ld be repeat$ = ev]1 ) a mu/ h be51 mu/ be n[1 mu/ be h]eaft]2 or :y civilisations %\ld rise & fall precisely z did ^? ( antiquity4 ,& ?is v treatm5t ( ! empirical c\rse ( ev5ts z absolute ?rew a %ad[ ( empiricism ov] _! ideal c\rse2 s9ce ! latt] once id5tifi$ ) ! =m] took ov] its empirical & temporal "* in/ead ( ! et]nal & extra--temporal "* :i* x _h z orig9ally conceiv$4 ,! same mu/ be said ( ! v>i\s =ms ( m9d :i*1 z ideal & extra--temporal1 are always all pres5t 9 e fact2 b ,vico1 by confus+ !m ) ! real & concrete facts :i* empirical sci5ce splits up into its s*emata1 de/roy$ !m 9 _! ideal =m & di/9ction z soon z he _h /at$ !m4 ,x is true t ! mom5t ( =ce is n t ( ju/ice2 b ! empirical type ( b>b>ic society f\nd$ ^u =ce1 precisely because x is a repres5tative & approximative det]m9ation1 & is ref]r$ to a concrete & total /ate ( ?+s1 conta9s n only =ce b ju/ice z well2 & :5 ?is ideal mom5t & ?is type ( society are int]*ang$ & treat$ z id5tical1 on ! "o h& ! philosophical concept ( =ce is confus$ ) t ( ju/ice & becomes impure1 contradictory & incoh]5t1 & f9ally annuls itself3 on ! o!r1 ! empirical type ( b>b>ic society becomes exagg]at$ & unduly rigid4 ,! confusion betwe5 ! philosophic & ! empirical is cle>ly express$ 9 ,vico's aphorism def9+ ! nature ( ?+s4 ,nature ( ?+s is no?+ else ?an _! production at c]ta9 times & 9 c]ta9 mann]s3 & :5ev] ^! latt] are ( su* a k9d1 !n ! ?+s produc$ are ( su* a k9d & no o!r4 ,"h we see ! confusion betwe5 "t & mann]1 betwe5 ideal & empirical g5esis4 ,simil>ly1 x is p]fectly true t hi/ory ought to proce$ 9 h>mony ) philosophy1 & t a philosophical absurdity c nev] be a hi/orical ev5t3 b1 s9ce ! di/9ction betwe5 philosophy & empirical sci5ce 0 n drawn by ,vico1 :5 evid5ce 0 lack+ & philosophy !re=e inapplicable he felt no less sure ( atta9+ tru?4 ,he m]ely fill$ ! gap ) a conjecture suppli$ by ! s*ema ( empirical sci5ce1 & p]suad$ himself t he _h fall5 back on a metaphysical pro(4 ,or aga91 if he f\nd himself fac$ by unc]ta9 facts1 in/ead ( pati5tly wait+ till ! discov]y ( fur!r evid5ce %\ld dispel ! d\bt1 he cut ! knot by accept+ ! facts1 z he put x1 9 con=mity ) laws3 :i* always means ! empirical s*ema4 ,a legitimate me?od1 d\btless1 :5 treat$ z hypo!tical4 ,b ?is hypo!sis became 9 its turn1 = ,vico1 a tru? m$itat$ 9 ! idea3 s t ! comp>ison ) facts1 :i* none ! less he recomm5ds = ! sake ( confirmation1 became /rictly speak+ sup]flu\s3 or1 if ! comp>ison %[$ t ! facts disagre$ ) x1 ! facts1 z m]e appe>ance1 mu/ be 9 ! wrong1 r ?an ! hypo!sis1 :i* is laid d[n z philosophical tru?1 & !re=e indubitable4 ,h5ce arises ! t5d5cy obs]v$ 9 ,vico to d viol5ce to ! facts4 ,^! examples are en\gh to indicate ! deep-seat$ fault 9 ! /ructure ( ! ,new ,sci5ce1 & to e/abli% "o po9t 9 our exposition & criticism ( ,vico's ?\ght1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* _m o!r examples ( ! same po9t w arise ( !mselves1 & ^? already giv5 w become m cle>4 ,b ano!r po9t :i* mu/ be well e/abli%$ is t ?is fault is ! fault ( an organism 9 ! highe/ degree heal?y1 & t ! diff]5t species ( inquiry betwe5 :i* ,vico fail$ to di/+ui% 7 compos$ ( inve/igations ( extraord9>y orig9ality1 tru?1 & importance4 ,x is 9 fact ! fault (t5 f\nd 9 highly orig9al & inv5tive intellects1 :i* seldom "w out _! discov]ies 9 accurate detail1 :ile less inv5tive m9ds are g5]ally m precise & logical4 ,dep? & acut5ess d n always fl\ri% equally side by side3 & ,vico1 h[ev] mu* he fell %ort 9 acut5ess1 0 always pr(\ndly deep4 ,light & %ade1 tru? & error1 :i* alt]nate & int]weave at almo/ e po9t 9 ! ,new ,sci5ce1 are v>i\sly di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! v>i\s temp]am5ts ( read]s & critics3 & 9 conspicu\s cases1 l t ( ,vico1 su* v>iations assume ! mo/ %>ply def9$ =m4 ,"s m9ds are self-will$ & suspici\s1 quick to m>k any trifl+ contradiction1 m]ciless 9 dem&+ pro( ( e /atem5t1 & indefatigable 9 wield+ ! =ceps ( dilemma to dismemb] an un=tunate great man4 ,= !m ,vico's "w1 l _m o!rs ( ! same k9d1 is a clos$ book4 ,at mo/1 x w provide !m ) a !me = :at is kn[n z a refutation3 an easy & cong5ial task1 yet h>dly a successful "o1 s9ce ! man !y h demoli%$ g5]ally em]ges f ! slaught] m alive ?an be=e4 ,b !re is ano!r type ( m9d1 :i*1 at ! fir/ ^w :i* rea*es ! he>t1 at ! fir/ ray ( tru? :i* dawns ^u ! eyes1 op5s its :ole self 9 desire1 ab&ons itself 9 fai?1 & gr[s wild ) en?usiasm2 :i* refuses to he> ( faults & nev] sees difficulties1 or ! difficulties at once vani%1 & ! faults f9d ! easie/ ( ju/ifications3 & :5 x commits itself to writ+1 its writ+s appe> 9 ! guise ( def5ces4 ,= su* a m9d we fe> t ! ,new ,sci5ce is a book all too op54 ,no d\bt1 if ^! two attitudes 7 ! only alt]natives1 if no ?ird *oice 7 op51 "o w\ld h to *oose ! fault ( love r ?an t ( cold indiff]5ce2 ! excess ( fai?1 :i* may yet enri* u by "o or two aspects ( ! tru?1 r ?an ! abs5ce ( fai? :i* nev] lets u realise "o4 ,b a ?ird attitude is possible to1 & inde$ incumb5t on ! critic2 namely1 t :i* nev] takes its eyes (f ! light1 b yet does n conceal ! %ade2 :i* transc5ds ! lett] to atta9 ! _s1 yet n ignor+ ! lett]1 b always return+ to x1 always endeav\r+ to play ! "p ( a free b n a fanciful int]pret]1 a w>m lov] b n a bl9d "o4 ,! two po9ts above e/abli%$1 ! /r5g? & weakness ess5tial to ,vico's intellect1 8 t5d5cy to confusion or 8 confusion ( t5d5cies1 supply u ) a k9d ( g5]al canon ( int]pretation2 namely1 t ( sep>at+ analytically at e /ep 8 pure philosophy f ! empiricism & hi/ory ) :i* he mixes1 & 9 :i* s to speak he embodies x1 & on ! o!r h& sep>at+ ! latt] f ! =m]3 & ( obs]v+1 9 ! process1 ! causes & effects ( ! mixture4 ,! dross _c be treat$ z non-exi/5t1 b\nd up z x is ) ! gold 9 its natural /ate3 b x mu/ n h9d] u f recognis+ & purify+ ! gold4 ,or1 to drop ! metaphor1 ! hi/ory mu/ be inde$ a hi/ory1 b t x c only be if guid$ by intellig5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,imag9ative ,,=m ,,( ,,k 7,,poetry ,,& ,,language7 ,! *ief1 almo/ inde$ ! only1 =ms ( ! m9d /udi$ by ,vico 9 ! ,new ,sci5ce are ! inf]ior1 individualis+ activities to :i* he gives ! g5]al "n ( c]titude4 ,^! are1 9 ! region ( !oretic m9d1 imag9ation3 9 t ( ! practical m9d1 p[] or w3 & 9 ! empirical sci5ce correspond+ to ! philosophy ( m9d1 ! b>b>ic society & poetic wisdom ^: exam9ation occupies1 9 8 own words1 almo/ ! :ole bulk ( ! "w4 ,8 deep int]e/ 9 ^! l[] =ms1 & 9 ! primitive societies & b>b>ic hi/ories :i* display !m1 is fur!r illu/rat$ & expla9$1 among 8 ext]nal circum/ances1 by ! /udies he und]took 9 ,roman law & its expressions & rhetorical figures3 by ! /ill liv+ tradition ( ,italian humanism3 by ! rec5tly /imulat$ pursuit ( ! ar*aeological sci5ces3 by 8 own desire to inve/igate ! e>lie/ civilisation ( ,italy1 & s =?4 ,b _m ( 8 contempor>ies & c\ntrym5 7 h&l+ ! same mat]ials )\t acquir+ any ( 8 ta/e = & compreh5sion ( imag9ation1 simplicity & =ce3 inde$ ,vico himself1 :5 he wrote ! ,de antiquissima1 _h ! ta/e = ^! ?+s b z yet no compreh5sion ( !m4 ,! full reason = ?is int]e/ is se5 :5 we consid] ! developm5t ( ,vico z a philosoph]1 )\t los+ sight ( ! complexity ( 8 nature 9 all its opposition to ! ,c>tesian type ( m9d4 ,c>tesianism1 ) its att5tion conf9$ to ! univ]salis+ & ab/ractive =ms1 ignor$ ! individualis+3 & ?is necess>ily attract$ ,vico all ! m t[>ds !m z t[>ds a my/]i\s problem4 ,c>tesianism %rank 9 horror f ! tangl$ =e/ ( hi/ory3 ,vico plung$ eag]ly into t v dep>tm5t ( hi/ory :]e ! hi/orical flav\r1 s to speak1 is /ronge/2 namely1 t :i* is fur!/ & psy*ologically mo/ diff]5t f civilis$ p]iods4 ,c>tesianism ext5d$ ! psy*ology ( civilisation to all p]iods & nations3 ,vico 0 l$ to inve/igate 9 all _! pr(\nd div]g5cies & contradictions ! modes ( feel+ & ?\ght prop] to v>i\s times4 ,! great ef=t :i* _h to be made1 & actually 0 made by ,vico1 9 ord] to p5etrate ?r\gh mod]n intellectualism & recapture ! po9t ( view ( primitive psy*ology1 is express$ 9 8 language ab\t ! grave difficulties entail$ by 8 lab\r ( fully tw5ty-five ye>s 9 ! attempt to /oop f ^! civilis$ natures ( ours to ^? absolutely wild & savage m9ds1 :i* we _c picture to ourselves at all1 & c only und]/& ) great toil4 ,x is express$ aga91 r diff]5tly1 by 8 insi/5ce on ! impossibility1 n[ t1 ev5 ) ! common p1 ! m9d ( man is too completely sep>at$ f ! s5ses1 accu/om$ to ! free use ( ab/ract t]ms1 %>p5$ by ! art ( writ+1 & spiritualis$ s to speak by ! employm5t ( numb]s1--! impossibility ( ent]+ into ! *aotic fancy ( primitive man1 ^: m9d 0 ! v rev]se ( ab/ract1 acute or spiritual2 b r sunk 9 ! s5ses1 blunt$ by passion1 & buri$ 9 ! body3 & ( grasp+ su* ideas z t ( ! sympa?y ( nature4 ,?is necess>y ef=t--a pa9ful "o1 b successful--0 ano!r reason = 8 feel+ t 8 sci5ce 0 new4 ,he says inde$ t ?is /udy ( ! ideal =m & ! hi/oric p]iod ( c]titude 0 entirely lack+ to ,greek philosophy z a :ole4 ,plato _h attempt$ x 9 ! ,cratylus1 b unsuccessfully1 because he knew no?+ ( ! language ( ! fir/ legislators1 ! h]oic poets1 & 0 deceiv$ by ! alt]$ & mod]nis$ =ms "u :i* ! laws exi/$ 9 8 "t aft] cont9ual revision at ,a!ns4 ,among ! mod]ns1 ,j4 ,c4 ,scalig]1 ,francisco ,san*ez & ,gasp> ,s*opp _h fall5 into a simil> mi/ake :5 !y attempt$ to expla9 language by ! pr9ciples ( logic1 & inde$ ( ,ari/otelian logic1 9 spite ( its hav+ aris5 c5turies aft] language itself4 ,grotius1 ,seld51 ,puff5dorf & ! o!r writ]s on natural rights also /udi$ human nature z civilis$ by religion & law2 s t 9 retrac+ ! c\rse ( hi/ory !y began 9 ! middle3 t is to say1 !y conf9$ !mselves to ! intellect1 ignor+ ! imag9ation1 & to ! w "u moral re/ra9t1 pass+ ov] ! undiscipl9$ passions4 ,vico himself1 :ile he _h %[n 8 int]e/ 9 ?is problem by und]tak+ to inve/igate ! mo/ anci5t wisdom ( ,italy1 0 yet l$ a/ray 9 8 /udy by foll[+ ! lead ( ! au?or ( ! ,cratylus4 ,9 its philosophical aspect1 ! ,new ,sci5ce might1 ow+ to ?is prom95ce giv5 to ! /udy ( ! individualis+ =ms1 above all ! imag9ation 7s9ce ! doctr9e t primitive man is a poet & ?9ks 9 poetic images is 9 ,vico's words ! ma/] key ( ! "w7 be call$1 )\t undue p>adox1 a philosophy ( ,m9d ) special att5tion to ! ,philosophy ( ,imag9ation or ,ae/hetic4 ,ae/hetic may 9 fact be consid]$ z a discov]y ( ,vico's1 ?\gh ) ! res]vations to :i* ! det]m9ation ( discov]ies & discov]]s is always subject2 & al?\gh he did n deal ) x 9 a sep>ate treatise or give x ! happy title ) :i* ,baumg>t5 *ri/5$ x t5 ye>s or s lat]4 ,x is int]e/+ h[ev] to notice t ! t]m9ology ( ! ,new ,sci5ce lights ^u a "n simil> to "o ( ! equival5ts = ,ae/hetic :i* ,baumg>t5 passes 9 review2 namely t ( ! ,logic ( ,poetry4 ,b ultimately ! "n matt]s little3 :at does matt] is ! fact3 & ! fact is t ,vico adopt$ a !ory ( poetry :i* 0 !n & 0 /ill = a "t to be a bold & revolution>y innovation4 ,at t "t1 z is well kn[n1 ! old practical or didactic !ory held ! field3 ! !ory :i*1 />t+ late 9 ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t _w1 p]si/+ ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 & transplant$ into ! ,r5aissance1 reg>d$ poetry z an +5i\s disguise = ! popul>is+ ( l(ty philosophical & !ological ideas4 ,beside ?is !ory1 ?\gh inf]ior 9 au?ority1 /ood ano!r1 :i* consid]$ poetry z ! product ( or means to div]sion & pleasure4 ,^! views _h come to alt] ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ,ari/otelian treatise on poetry1 s z to be at la/ introduc$ into x & discov]$ !re z if ,ari/otle himself _h held & writt5 !m4 ,nor 0 ?is mi/ake correct$ by ,c>tesianism1 :i*1 z we %\ld expect f its g5]al direction1 r t5d$ to enfeeble & annul ! v object ( ^! def9itions1 z a ?+ ( no value1 or practically none4 ,at a "t :5 philosoph]s 7 try+ to r$uce metaphysics & e?ics to a ma!matical =m1 & despis$ concrete intuition3 :5 m5 7 devis+ a lit]ature & a poetry suit$ to dissem9ate sci5ce among ! common p or ! _w ( fa%ion3 :5 exp]im5ts 7 be+ made 9 ! con/ruction ( artificial1 logical languages1 sup]ior to ^? ( pa/ or pres5t usage3 :51 f9ally1 x 0 ?\ght possible to lay d[n rules = compos+ musical airs )\t be+ a musician1 & poems )\t be+ a poet3 9 ?is atmosph]e ( deta*m5t1 coolness1 ho/ility & mock]y1 only a miracle c\ld ar\se a diff]5t & inde$ opposite feel+--a w>m & vivid consci\sness ( ! real nature ( poetry 9 its orig9al function3 & ?is miracle 0 work$ by ! ke51 re/less & /ormy m9d ( ,giambatti/a ,vico4 ,he criticis$ at once ! ?ree doctr9es ( poetry z a means ( adorn+ & communicat+ intellectual tru?1 z m]ely subs]vi5t to pleasure1 & z a h>mless m5tal ex]cise = ^? :o c d x4 ,poetry is n esot]ic wisdom3 x does n presuppose ! logic ( ! intellect3 x does n conta9 philosophical judgm5ts4 ,! philosoph]s1 9 f9d+ ^! ?+s 9 poetry1 h simply put !m !re !mselves )\t realis+ x4 ,poetry is produc$ n by ! m]e caprice ( pleasure1 b by natural necessity4 ,x is s f> f be+ sup]flu\s & capable ( elim9ation1 t )\t x ?\ght _c arise3 x is ! prim>y activity ( ! human m9d4 ,man1 be=e he has arriv$ at ! /age ( =m+ univ]sals1 =ms imag9>y ideas4 ,be=e he reflects ) a cle> m9d1 he appreh5ds ) faculties confus$ & di/urb$3 be=e he c articulate1 he s+s3 be=e speak+ 9 prose1 he speaks 9 v]se3 be=e us+ te*nical t]ms1 he uses metaphors1 & ! metaphorical use ( words is z natural to him z t :i* we call natural4 ,s f> f be+ a fa%ion ( exp\nd+ metaphysics poetry is di/9ct f & oppos$ to metaphysics4 ,! "o frees ! intellect f ! s5ses1 ! o!r subm]ges & ov]:elms x 9 !m3 ! "o rea*es p]fection 9 proportion z x rises to univ]sality1 ! o!r1 z x conf9es itself to ! p>ticul>3 ! "o enfeebles ! imag9ation1 ! o!r /r5g!ns x4 ,! "o takes precautions aga9/ turn+ ! m9d into body1 ! o!r delights 9 giv+ body to ! m9d4 ,! judgm5ts ( poetry are compos$ ( s5se & emotion1 ^? ( philosophy are compos$ ( reflection1 :i* if introduc$ into poetry makes x frigid & unreal3 & no "o 9 ! :ole c\rse ( hi/ory has ev] be5 at once a great poet & a great metaphysician4 ,poets & philosoph]s may be call$ respectively ! s5ses & ! intellect ( mank9d3 & 9 ?is s5se we may reta9 z true ! s*ola/ic say+ !re is no?+ 9 ! intellect :i* 0 n fir/ 9 ! s5ses4 ,)\t s5se1 we _c h intellect3 )\t poetry1 we _c h philosophy1 nor inde$ any civilisation4 ,almo/ m miracul\s ?an ?is conception ( poetry is ! fact t ,vico saw into ! true nature ( language1 a problem mu* less canvass$ & inve/igat$1 & no m satisfactorily solv$1 by anci5t & mod]n philosophy d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,language 0 z a rule alt]nately confus$ ) logic & debas$ into a m]e ext]nal & conv5tional sign1 or else 9 despair ref]r$ to a div9e orig94 ,vico realis$ t ! div9e orig9 0 9 ?is case a m]e refuge ( indol5ce2 t language is nei!r logic nor conv5tion1 &1 l poetry1 is nei!r esot]ic wisdom nor due to a decision or agreem5t4 ,language arises naturally4 ,9 its fir/ =m1 m5 express !mselves by mute actions1 or by signs1 & by bodies hav+ natural connexions ) ! ideas :i* !y wi% to indicate1 i4e4 by means ( symbolic objects4 ,b 9 ! case bo? ( articulat$ languages & ( common spee*1 all philologi/s h1 ) an excess ( good fai?1 :i* means a defici5cy ( insight1 accept$ ! view t mean+s are decid$ at pleasure3 :]eas at ! s-call$ orig9 ( language mean+s mu/ h be5 natural1 & e common ^w mu/ c]ta9ly h />t$ f "o s+le individual ( "o nation1 & be5 d]iv$ f ! primitive language ( ge/ures & objects4 ,9 ,lat91 z 9 o!r tongues1 x is to be notic$ t almo/ all ! words are =m$ to express natural prop]ties1 or us$ by transf]5ce3 & ! great] "p ( e language1 9 e nation1 is metaphorical4 ,! opposite op9ion 0 due to ! ignorance ( gramm>ians1 :o1 meet+ ) a great numb] ( words express+ confus$ & indi/9ct ideas1 & n kn[+ _! orig91 :i* _h =m]ly made !m lucid & di/9ct1 inv5t$ = _! own peace ( m9d ! conv5tional !ory2 & dragg$ 9 ,ari/otle & ,gal5 z aga9/ ,plato & ,iambli*us4 ,! s]i\s objection g5]ally br\ght aga9/ ! natural orig9 ( language & 9 fav\r ( ! conv5tional1 namely ! v>iations 9 ! common spee* among diff]5t nations1 is solv$ by consid]+ t ow+ to div]sities ( climate1 temp]am5t & cu/om nations look$ at ! same useful or necess>y objects 9 diff]5t aspects1 & h5ce produc$ diff]5t languages4 ,?is is also se5 9 ! case ( prov]bs2 :i* are sub/antially id5tical maxims ( human life1 b express$ 9 z _m diff]5t =ms z !re are1 or h be51 diff]5t nations4 ,! insi/5ce1 !n1 ) :i* ,vico claims to h discov]$ ! true orig9 ( languages 9 ! pr9ciples ( poetry is ( especial importance4 ,on ! "o h&1 x entails ! ass]tion ( ! spontane\s & imag9ative orig9 ( language1 & on ! o!r x t5ds implicitly if n explicitly to suppress ! dualism betwe5 poetry & language4 ,9 ^! pr9ciples ( poetry ,vico f\nd n only ! orig9 ( languages1 b also t ( lett]s or writ+4 ,he pron\nc$ ! sep>ation ( ! two ,orig9s1 connect$ z !y 7 by nature & appe>+1 9 ! primitive dumb language ( signs & objects1 z id5tical1 to be a m]e mi/ake ( ! gramm>ians4 ,"h aga91 x is no case ( esot]ic wisdom or conv5tion4 ,hi]oglyphics 7 n inv5t$ by philosoph]s z a means ( conceal+ ! my/]ies ( _! l(ty ?\ghts3 !y 7 a univ]sal & natural necessity to all primitive peoples3 & only ! alphabetic scripts arose among nations by a free agreem5t4 ,9 o!r words ,vico drew a di/9ction 7?\gh 9 a confus$ mann]7 )9 ! s-call$ scripts1 betwe5 ^? :i* are true scripts & !re=e conv5tional1 & o!rs :i* are directly expressive & are !re=e language1 /ory-tell+1 poetry & pa9t+4 ,^! expressive scripts or languages are *>act]is$ by ! insep>ability ( cont5t f =m4 ,!y are poetical j 9 ! s5se t ! /ory & its expression are "o & ! same ?+1 namely a metaphor common to poetry & pa9t+1 s t x c\ld be depict$ by a dumb man )\t v]bal expression4 ,z examples1 ,vico quotes traditional anecdotes2 = in/ance1 ! five real words 7! frog1 ! m\se1 ! bird1 ! pl\gh%>e & ! b[7 s5t by ,idanturas k+ ( ! ,scy?ians to ,d>ius :5 ! latt] _h decl>$ w> on him3 & ! p>able ( ! tall poppies :i* ,k+ ,t>qu9 enact$ be=e ! eyes ( 8 son ,sextus's ambassador1 conc]n+ ! means ( rul+ ,gabii--me?ods ( expression p>allel to practices /ill f\nd among savages & ! l[] classes3--& 9 addition to ^!1 h]aldry1 flags1 & ! emblems ^u m$als & co9s4 ,!re is a frivol\s leg5d :i* belittles & degrades ! true value ( h]aldry by ass]t+ x to h be5 inv5t$ 9 ,g]man t\rnam5ts z a cu/om ( gallantry by "y m5 seek+ to w9 ! love ( noble maid5s4 ,b 9 ! ,middle ,ages h]aldry 0 a s]i\s ?+4 ,x 01 s to speak1 ! hi]oglyphic script ( ! p]iod3 a wordless language to eke out ! pov]ty ( ord9>y spee* & alphabetic writ+4 ,x 0 only lat]1 9 times ( culture1 t x became a sport & a pleasure1 & gallant & le>n$ blazon+s 7 adopt$ :i* _h to be enliv5$ by means ( mottoes because _! own mean+ 0 n[ m]ely analogical2 :ile primitive & natural h]aldry 0 dumb1 or r spoke )\t ne$+ an int]pret]4 ,ev5 9 ! days ( culture a few su* expressive =ms reta9$ ?is simplicity & naturalness4 ,flags or ensigns = in/ance =m a k9d ( arm$ language ) :i* nations1 z if depriv$ ( spee*1 make !mselves und]/ood 9 ! wid] affairs ( ! natural rights ( peoples2 w>s1 alliances & comm]ce4 ,?us 9 ! light ( ,vico's ae/hetical idea poetry1 words1 metaphors1 writ+ & graphic symbols are all illum9at$ & spr+ to life3 great ?+s & small1 epic poetry & h]aldry4 ,! doctr9e ( imag9>y =ms 0 q a new dep>ture 9 ! hi/ory ( ideas3 = :ile ,vico oppos$ 8 own conceptions to ^? ( ! contempor>y s*ools1 especially ! ,c>tesian1 he by no means atta*$ himself to any o!r m or less remote s*ool or tradition4 ,he himself felt t he 0 oppos$ n to a p>ticul> s*ool b to all :o _h ev] =mulat$ doctr9es on ! subject4 ,he says t he has ov]turn$ all ! !ories ab\t poetry held by ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 & s on d[n to ,patrizio1 ,scalig] & ,ca/elvetro 9 mod]n times1 all ( :om _h lo/ !mselves 9 ineptitudes :i* ev5 to m5tion makes "o a%am$4 ,patrizio made poetry beg9 ) ! songs ( birds & ! :i/l+ ( ! w9d6 ,z reg>ds language1 he _h be5 ultimately dissatisfi$ bo? ) ,plato & ) ! mod]ns ,wolfgang ,latius1 ,scalig] & ,san*ez4 ,z reg>ds writ+1 once ! !ory ( div9e orig9 support$ by ,mall9krot & ,+ewald ,el+ 0 refut$1 or r int]pret$ 9 8 own way1 :i* came to ! same ?+1 he made an attempt to discr$it ! futile1 vague1 ill-f\nd$1 mis%ap51 pomp\s & absurd op9ions :i* d]iv$ x f ! ,go?s & ?r\gh !m f ,adam & p]sonal in/ruction f ,god1 or m directly f ! ,e>?ly ,p>adise1 or f a ,go?ic ,m]cury z inv5tor4 ,f9ally1 z to h]aldry1 he rem>ks t ! writ]s on ! subject h nev] und]/ood any?+ ab\t x1 & h only by a m]e r&om guess let fall a h9t ( ! tru? 9 call+ x h]oic4 ,9 fact x w\ld be h>d to f9d real & true prec$5ts = ,vico's ae/hetic conceptions4 ,at mo/1 we might indicate vague sugge/ions conta9$ 9 v>i\s scatt]$ /atem5ts :i* he collects3 a c]ta9 imm$iate /imulus 9 ! discussions ( ! sev5te5? c5tury on ! di/9ctions betwe5 intellect & g5ius1 reason & imag9ation1 dialectic & rhetoric3 & a c]ta9 conv]g5ce ( ext]nal p>ticul>s1 su* z ! collection ( rhetorical subtleties express$ 9 subtleties ( language1 made by ,tesauro1 a rhetorician ( ! "t4 ,^! conceptions1 h[ev]1 produc$ z !y 7 by a rem>kable /roke ( orig9ality1 no soon] pass$ f g5]al outl9e to p>ticul> det]m9ations1 f ! fir/ idea or inspiration to concrete developm5t1 ?an !y appe> to become confus$1 fluctuat+ & un/able4 ,we may set aside ! v>i\s op9ions successively held by ,vico1 & b\nd up ) ! hi/orical gr[? ( 8 m9d1 ^u ! subjects ( poetry1 language or metaphor1 beg9n+ ) 8 academic orations1 pass+ !nce by way ( ! ,de ratione & ,de antiquissima to ! ,diritto univ]sale1 f ^! to ! fir/ & !nce to ! second ,sci5za ,nuova3 a /udy ( ^! might supply subject-matt] = a special essay1 b does n come )9 ! scope ( our treatise4 ,b ev5 9 ! f9al =m ( 8 ae/hetic ?\ght1 contradictory doctr9es exi/ side by side4 ,he is n cont5t ) say+1 z he does say1 t poetical =m is ! prim>y activity ( ! m9d2 t x is compos$ ( feel+s ( emotion2 & t x is entirely imag9ative & devoid ( concepts & reflection4 ,he goes on to add t poetry1 z oppos$ to hi/ory1 repres5ts reality 9 its be/ idea1 & !re=e fulfils ! ju/ice & gives e man ! rew>d or puni%m5t :i* he does n always get 9 hi/ory1 gov]n$ z ! latt] (t5 is by caprice1 necessity & *ance4 ,aga91 he says t ! end ( poetry is to give life to ! lifeless1 s9ce its mo/ sublime task is ! attempt to give life & s5sation to ins5sible objects4 ,he says t poetry is no?+ b imitation2 t *ildr51 ) _! great imitative p[]s1 are poets2 & t primitive races1 ! *ildr5 ( mank9d1 7 also sublime poets4 ,he says t poetry has = its special subject-matt] ! impossible made cr$ible3 = in/ance1 x is impossible t body %\ld be m9d1 & yet x 0 believ$ t ! ?und]+ sky 0 ,jupit]4 ,h5ce ! miracles p]=m$ by magicians by means ( incantations 7 a fav\rite subject ( poetry4 ,he says t poetry is due to pov]ty1 t is1 t x is a pa?ological product ( ! m9d4 ,s9ce uncivilis$ man is ( l[ bra9-p[] & _c satisfy ! ?ir/ he feels = ! g5]al & ! univ]sal1 he fills _! place by inv5t+ imag9>y g5]a1 poetical univ]sals or *>act]s4 ,consequ5tly ! tru? ( ! poet is id5tical ) ! tru? ( ! philosoph]3 ! "o ab/ract1 ! o!r clo!d 9 images3 ! "o a metaphysic ( reason1 ! o!r a metaphysic ( feel+ & fancy1 suit$ to ! und]/&+ ( ! p4 ,f pov]ty also1 t is f inability to articulate1 arises song1 & !re=e mutes & /amm]]s utt] s\nds :i* are songs3 & metaphor arises f inability to express ?+s 9 an accurate mann]4 ,he says1 f9ally1 t ! aim ( poetry is to tea* ! p to act virtu\sly4 ,^! say+s indicate v v>i\s ideas ab\t poetry1 ( :i* "s are compatible ) ! c5tral doctr9e b ?r[n out 9 a disconnect$ mann] & !re=e n 9 fact reconcil$ ) x3 o!rs are q incompatible4 ,vico might h be5 cit$ 9 turn1 on ! te/imony ( s+le passages1 z a support] ( ! morali/ic !ory ( art1 ! didactic !ory1 ! ab/ract or typical !ory1 ! my?ological !ory1 ! animi/ic !ory1 & s on4 ,& if he nei!r falls back into ! old !ories he hat$1 nor loses himself among ! new fallacies :i* foll[$ him1 x is due to ! fact t all ^! wav]+s & inconsi/5cies 7 cont9ually subm]g$ by ! ?\ght t poetry is ! prim>y =m ( ! m9d1 prior to intellect & free f reflection & reason+4 ,j z he 0 unable by ! use ( 8 lead+ pr9ciple to di/+ui% & reconcile ! o!r !ories on ! nature ( poetry :i* already exi/$ or _h be5 inv5t$ by himself1 s he did n succe$ 9 escap+ f ! tyranny ( old or new empirical classifications4 ,he /ruggl$ to r$uce ^! 9 _! turn to philosophical =m1 & tri$ to d$uce successively ! v>i\s k9ds ( poetry1 epic1 lyric & dramatic3 ! k9ds ( v]se & metre1 spondaic1 iambic & prose3 ! k9ds ( figurative language1 metaphor1 metonymy1 synecdo*e & irony3 ! p>ts ( spee*1 onomatopoeism1 int]jection1 pron\n1 p>ticle1 n\n & v]b3 ! moods & t5ses ( ! v]b 79 :i* connexion he ref]s to a case ( aphasia obs]v$ by himself 9 ,naples1 a g5tleman seiz$ ) a sev]e apoplexy1 :o utt]s n\ns b has completely =gott5 v]bs73 ! k9ds ( writ+1 hi]oglyphic1 symbolic & alphabetical3 & ( languages1 accord+ to _! increas+ complexity1 f monosyllables to comp\nd words & f a prepond]ance ( v[els & diph?ongs to a prepond]ance ( consonants4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! attempts he frequ5tly (f]$ new & sometimes correct int]pretations ( isolat$ facts3 b he did n & c\ld n connect !m into a sci5tific sy/em4 ,moreov] he nev] realis$ ! relation betwe5 poetry & ! o!r arts4 ,on ! "o h&1 he unites !m1 z :5 he consid]s pa9t+ & poetry to be fundam5tally id5tical & notes a numb] ( analogies betwe5 ! poetry & pa9t+ ( ! ,middle ,ages3 on ! o!r1 he sep>ates !m %>ply1 z :5 he ass]ts t delicacy 9 art is ! outcome ( philosophy1 & t pa9t+1 sculpture1 ca/+ & intaglio are ! mo/ delicate arts because !y are compell$ to ab/ract ! surface ( ! mat]ial objects !y repres5t4 ,^! inconsi/5cies & errors :i* we h briefly review$ are due p>tly to ,vico's insuffici5t p[] ( di/+ui%+ & elaborat+1 p>tly--& ?is is ! great] "p--to t fundam5tal fault :i* we h already se5 to exi/ 9 ! /ructure ( ! ,new ,sci5ce4 ,9 ?is case ! fault is1 m precisely1 ,vico's confusion betwe5 ! philosophical concept ( ! poetic =m ( ! m9d1 & ! empirical concept ( ! b>b>ic =m ( civilisation4 ,?is e>lie/ age ( ! _w1 z he himself says1 c be truly said to h conc]n$ itself exclusively ) ! prim>y activity ( ! m9d4 ,b ! e>lie/ age ( ! _w1 compos$ z x 0 ( m5 ( fle% & blood1 n ( philosophical categories1 _c h be5 conc]n$ ) "o solit>y activity ( ! m9d4 ,?is s+le activity may h prepond]at$1 z we g5]ally say3 ! v ^w reveals ! quantitative & approximative nature ( ! conception3 b all ! o!rs mu/ h be5 at "w simultane\sly1 imag9ation & intellect1 p]ception & ab/raction1 w & morality1 song & ari?metic4 ,vico c\ld n %ut 8 eyes to ?is obvi\s fact1 & introduc$ into ?is phase ( civilisation n only ! poet1 b also ! !ologian1 ! physici/1 ! a/ronom]1 ! pat]-familias1 ! w>rior1 ! politician1 & ! lawgiv]2 b he tri$ to reg>d ! activities ( all ^! z poetical 9 "*1 z he call$ x1 by a metaphor drawn f ! alleg$ prepond]ance ( ! imag9ative =m ( ! m9d2 & ! :ole sy/em he call$ poetic wisdom4 ,! metaphorical nature ( ! t]m9ology is sugge/$1 9 fact leaps to ! eye1 9 c]ta9 *>act]i/ic passages1 z :]e ! arts1 t is1 ! me*anical crafts :i* produce objects ( practical utility1 are call$ poetry ) a c]ta9 k9d ( reality1 & :]e anci5t ,roman law1 because ( ! abundance ( =mulae & c]emonies ) :i* x 0 adorn$1 is said to be a s]i\s dramatic poem4 ,b ! metaphors are dang]\s1 s9ce1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,new ,sci5ce1 !y light ^u a soil fav\rable to _! gr[? into concepts3 & 9 po9t ( fact ! hi/orical phase ( b>b>ism1 metaphorically express$ z poetic wisdom1 soon turn$ 9 ,vico's m9d into ! ideal phase ( poetry1 & transf]r$ all its own attributes to ?is ideal phase4 ,! =m] includ$ !ologians1 & accord+ly ,vico reg>d$ poetry z !ology1 b an imag9ative !ology3 tea*]s1 & poetry became a tea*]1 b ( ! common p3 natural sci5ti/s1 & x became sci5ce1 b ! sci5ce ( an imag9>y _w4 ,& s9ce ^! b>b>ians1 uncultivat$ z !y 7 & conf9$ to ! _w ( images1 c\ld n ?9k 9 concepts1 ! imag9ations ( poetry1 individualis$ & p>ticul>1 & its judgm5ts1 always express$ 9 mat]ial =m1 7 falsely int]pret$ z imag9ative univ]sals1 suppos$ to be some?+ int]m$iate betwe5 ! individualis+ intuition & ! univ]salis+ concept4 ,poetry1 :i* ought to repres5t s5se & no?+ else1 came to repres5t a s5se already intellectualis$2 & ! say+ t no?+ is f\nd 9 ! intellect t has n already be5 9 ! s5se1 acquir$ ! mean+1 t ! intellect is no?+ b ! s5se cl>ifi$1 & ! s5se no?+ b ! intellect confus$4 ,?us !re 0 no fur!r ne$ = ! add$ caution except ! intellect itself 7nisi intellectus ipse74 ,conv]sely1 b>b>ic civilisation became a k9d ( my?ological or allegorical repres5tation ( ! ideal phase ( poetry1 & primitive tribes 7 trans=m$ into cr[ds ( sublime poets j z1 9 ! ontog5esis correspond+ to ?is philog5esis1 *ildr5 _h be5 made into poets4 ,! concept ( ! imag9ative univ]sal unites 9 itself ! d\ble contradiction ( ! doctr9e2 s9ce to ! imag9ative elem5t mu/ be jo9$1 9 ?is m5tal con/ruction1 ! elem5t ( univ]sality :i* tak5 by itself w\ld be a true & prop] univ]sal1 rational & n imag9ative4 ,h5ce arises a petitio pr9cipii by :i* ! orig9 ( ! rational univ]sal1 ! po9t requir+ explanation1 is already presuppos$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! imag9ative univ]sal is int]pret$ z fre$ f ! elem5t ( univ]sality1 t is1 z a m]e imag9ation1 ,vico's ae/hetic doctr9e w\ld c]ta9ly become once m consi/5t3 b 8 poetic wisdom or b>b>ic civilisation w\ld be depriv$ ( an indisp5sable portion ( its organism 9 p>t+ ) e k9d ( concept3 = concepts are1 s to speak1 ! skeleton ( ! body4 ,to resolve ! contradiction x 0 necess>y to sep>ate poetry f poetic wisdom3 & we d f9d "s signs ( ?is sep>ation 9 ,vico4 ,he sometimes admits1 almo/ aga9/ 8 w1 ! lack ( correspond5ce betwe5 ! philosophical category & ! type ( society1 & 9 deal+ ) ! latt] is compell$ to fall back ^u su* phrases z v ne>ly & m or less4 ,he says1 = in/ance1 t primitive man consi/$ exclusively ( /rong imag9ation1 ) no1 or v little1 reason3 t he 0 almo/ all body1 ) h>dly any reflection3 or aga91 aft] mak+ a %[ ( philosophical di/9ction betwe5 ! ?ree languages ( gods1 h]oes & m51 he goes on to obs]ve t ! language ( ! gods 0 almo/ all dumb1 & v little articulate2 ! language ( h]oes 0 compos$ ( equal quantities ( articulation & dumb-%[2 ! language ( m5 0 almo/ all articulat$1 & v little 9 dumb-%[4 ,he admits aga9 9 a f9e simile t poetic spee* out-liv$ poetic wisdom & surviv$ f> into ! hi/oric & civilis$ p]iod1 z great & rapid riv]s run f> out into ! sea & keep _! wat]s fre% z !y be> !m along ) ! =ce ( _! fl[4 ,ev5 9 mod]n times we _c af=d entirely to neglect imag9ative spee*3 to describe ! op]ations ( ! pure m9d1 we mu/ avail ourselves ( poetic language1 ( metaphors drawn f ! s5ses4 ,x appe>s t poetry does n end ) b>b>ism1 = poets arise ev5 9 civilis$ times3 & if x is said t ! poets ( ! e>lie/ times 7 naturally imag9ative1 ^? ( lat] days artificially s1 t is1 accord+ to ,vico1 by delib]ately =gett+ ! prop] use ( words1 free+ !mselves f philosophy1 fill+ _! m9ds ) *ildi% & vulg> prejudices & submitt+ to ! bondage ( conv5tions l ! use ( rhyme--all ^! re/rictions1 besides be+ easily refut$1 are m]ely an unsuccessful attempt to dim9i% ! weight ( ! fact above m5tion$1 namely t poetry belongs to all ages1 n m]ely to t ( b>b>ism3 x is an ideal category1 n a hi/oric fact4 ,b ! re/rictions prove1 z also d ! infrequ5cy & ! unemphatic nature ( ! passages quot$1 t ,vico 0 n 9 a position to effect ! sep>ation ( poetry f poetic wisdom1 hamp]$ z he 0 by ! hybrid "* ( ! concept & ( ! actual me?od ( ! ,new ,sci5ce4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! idea ( poetry z pure imag9ation _h n rema9$ firmly at ! f\ndation ( ,vico's ?\ght1 9 spite ( all ! confusions & inconsi/5cies 9 :i* x became involv$1 & _h n be5 at "w und]gr\nd1 s to speak1 9 ! ,new ,sci5ce1 x w\ld h be5 difficult or p]haps impossible to und]/& ! lead+ conception :i* dom9ates 8 philosophy ( m9d1 closely connect$ z x is ) t idea4 ,?is is ! conception ( ! m9d z a developm5t1 or1 to use ,vico's own words1 a progress or unfold+ 7corso1 spiegam5to72 a conception :i* improv$ ^u1 ?\gh x did n explicitly contradict1 ! ord9>y view :i* 0 almo/ exclusively conf9$ to ! enum]ation & classification ( ! m9d's faculties4 ,! doctr9e ( imag9ative univ]sals z spontane\s m5tal products1 rudim5t>y univ]sals b n )\t an elem5t ( tru? 9 !m1 0 at lea/ an adequate weapon aga9/ ! empirical !ory :i* made civilisation ! outcome ( a highly develop$ & rational practical wisdom & ! p]sonal lab\r ( ,god or ( wise m5 :o mu/ h sprung f ! e>? or fall5 f heav5 9 "s unacc\ntable mann]4 ,vico cle>ly /at$ ! dilemma betwe5 ! two1 & only two1 possible explanations ( ! orig9 ( society4 ,ei!r x came f ! reflection ( wise m51 or f a c]ta9 human feel+ & in/9ct among bruti% m54 ,he accept$ ! latt] solution1 t ( brutes :i* gradually became human3 ! !ory1 t is1 ( ! evolution ( ?\ght f ! imag9ative to ! rational univ]sal1 & ! progress ( social relations f =ce to equity4 ,b 0 ?is an adequate f\ndation = ideal hi/ory or ! philosophy ( m9d8 ,9 ! philosophy ( m9d1 x c\ld be translat$ into a simil> if n id5tical view--! doctr9e :i*1 ow+ to ,c>tesianism & a c]ta9 recrudesc5ce ( ! ,s*ola/icism ( ,duns ,scotus1 la/$ d[n to ,vico's own times & express$ ! life ( ! m9d by ! successive /ages ( ! concept1 obscurity1 confusion1 cl>ity & di/9ctness4 ,leibniz1 z is well kn[n1 made a special /udy ( obscure & confus$ p]ceptions1 ! petites p]ceptions4 ,! doctr9e 0 ess5tially intellectuali/ic1 s9ce ! concepts1 h[ev] confus$ or obscure1 7 nev] any?+ else ?an concepts3 & h5ce x 0 unable to acc\nt ei!r = poetry or ev5 = m5tal developm5t1 ! dialectic ( :i* _c be und]/ood if x is reg>d$ z consi/+ ( m]ely quantitative diff]5ces4 ,su* diff]5ces are 9 reality n diff]5ces at all1 b id5tities & !re=e ! negation ( *ange3 & 9 fact ! :ole ( ?is s*ool ( ?\ght 0 anti-ae/hetic & /atic1 devoid bo? ( a true !ory ( imag9ation & a true !ory ( developm5t4 ,vico's ?\ght1 on ! o!r h&1 0 av]se to intellectualism & 9 sympa?y ) imag9ation3 x 0 entirely dynamic & evolution>y4 ,= ,vico1 m9d is an et]nal drama3 & s9ce drama dem&s anti!sis1 8 philosophy ( m9d is root$ 9 anti!sis1 t is 9 ! real di/9ction & opposition betwe5 imag9ation & ?\ght1 poetry & metaphysic1 =ce & equity1 passion & morality2 al?\gh he seems sometimes1 = ! reasons giv5 above1 to mi/ake its nature2 or r1 al?\gh he actually does sometimes confuse x ) empirical inquiries & doctr9es1 & ) ! det]m9ations ( hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,semi-,,imag9ative ,,=m ,,( ,,k 7,,my? ,,& ,,religion7 ,vico's doctr9e ( my?ology1 :ile no less orig9al & pr(\nd ?an t ( poetry1 is also1 l ! latt]1 n entirely lucid3 = ! relations betwe5 poetry & my? are s close t ! %ad[ ca/ ^u ! "o mu/ ( necessity ext5d to "s degree ov] ! o!r4 ,9 proce$+ to inquire1 z we h hi!rto done & %all cont9ue to d1 into ! /ate ( contempor>y k ( ! sev]al sci5ces & problems ) :i* ,vico set out to deal1 we may briefly recall propos ( ! /udy ( my?ology n only ! great lit]>y collections ( my?s =m$ dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 ( :i* ,boccaccio _h already giv5 an example 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 b also ! le>n$ def5ces ( ! two explanatory !ories1 already kn[n to classical antiquity & n entirely unkn[n 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,^! 71 fir/1 ! !ory ( my? z allegory ( philosophical tru?s 7moral1 political & s =?71 & secondly1 ! !ory ( my? z ! hi/ory ( actual p]sons & ev5ts1 adorn$ by ! fancy :i* made h]oes into gods 7,euhem]ism74 ,! =m] t5d5cy inspir$ among o!r works ! ,my?ologiae sive explanationis fabul>um libri decem ( ,natale ,conti 7#aefh7 & ,bacon's ,de sapi5tia vet]um 7#afji72 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ?is sy/em _h be5 advanc$ ) a c]ta9 hesitation1 & ) ! explicit caution t1 ev5 if x 7 n valid z hi/orical int]pretation1 x w\ld always be ( value z moralisation 7aut antiquitatem illu/rabimus aut res ipsas3 we %all expla9 ei!r antiquity or ! facts !mselves74 ,! latt] 0 au?oritatively repres5t$ by ,john ,lecl]c 7,cl]icus71 ! le>n$ ,dut* ,g5evese = :om ,vico express$ s mu* respect & gratitude = ! att5tion he _h deign$ to be/[ ^u 8 ,diritto univ]sale4 ,8 edition ( ,hesiod's ,!ogony m>k$ an epo* 9 ! /udy ( my?ology1 & he 0 foll[$ among o!rs by ,bani]1 au?or ( ! "w ,les ,fables expliques p> l'hi/oire7#agce74 ,a ?ird sy/em1 also n )\t "s anci5t prec$5t1 d]iv$ my?s f p>ticul> nations1 ! ,egyptians or ! ,hebrews1 or f ! orig9al works ( individual philosoph]s & poets4 ,?is view1 :5 x nei!r resolv$ itself into a pure & simple hi/orical supposition z to ! orig9 ( "s or all my?s1 nor appeal$ to div9e revelation1 cle>ly involv$ ! !ory t my? is n an et]nal =m b a cont+5t product ( ! m9d1 born at a c]ta9 "t & capable ( dy+ or already dead4 ,vico /rongly oppos$ ! fir/ & ?ird ( ^! views ( my?ology1 namely ! allegorical !ory & t ( hi/orical d]ivation4 ,on ! allegorical view1 he m5tions ,bacon's treatise1 :i* _h /imulat$ him to ! /udy ( ! subject1 out :i* he consid]$ m +5i\s ?an s\nd3 on ! o!r s*ool1 :i* reg>d$ my?s z sacr$ hi/ory alt]$ & corrupt$ by ! ,g5tiles & especially by ! ,greeks1 he ref]s to ,vossius's ,de !ologia g5tili 7#afdb7 & to a diss]tation by ,daniel ,huet4 ,my?s or fables d n conta9 esot]ic wisdom1 t is to say1 rational concepts1 subtly conceal$ by ! veil ( fable3 h5ce !y are n allegorical4 ,allegory implies on ! "o h& ! concept or ?+ signifi$1 on ! o!r ! fable or m$ium ( concealm5t1 & betwe5 ! two1 ! art by :i* bo? are kept 9 equilibrium4 ,b my?s _c be split up into ^! ?ree mom5ts1 nor ev5 into a ?+ signifi$ & a ?+ :i* signifies x3 _! mean+ is univocal4 ,! !ory also implies t a believ] 9 ! cont5t does n believe 9 ! =m3 b ! mak]s ( my?s believ$ fully & +5u\sly 9 _! own "w4 ,once1 = in/ance1 t fir/ div9e fable 0 creat$1 ! my? ?an :i* none great] 0 ev] aft]w>ds inv5t$1 t ( ,jupit]1 k+ & fa!r ( gods & m51 9 ! act ( ?und]+1 ! v m5 :o _h inv5t$ him believ$ 9 him1 & ) _! religion ( t]ror fe>$1 rev]5c$ & wor%ipp$ him4 ,my?1 9 a ^w1 is n fable b hi/ory ( su* a k9d z c\ld be con/ruct$ by primitive m9ds1 & /rictly consid]$ by !m z an acc\nt ( actual fact4 ,! philosoph]s :o arose lat] made use ( my?s to exp\nd _! doctr9es 9 an allegorical mann]2 or deceiv$ !mselves into ?9k+ t !y f\nd !m !re ow+ to ! feel+ ( v5]ation :i* atta*es to antiquity1 & increases z our compreh5sion ( x dim9i%es2 or ?\ght x exp$i5t to make use ( su* ?+s = political purposes1 l ,plato ,hom]is+1 & at ! same "t ,platonis+ ,hom]3 & 9 do+ ?is !y turn$ ! my?s into fables1 :i* !y 7 n orig9ally1 & are ess5tially n4 ,?us we may say t ! philosoph]s & /ud5ts ( my?ology :o indulg$ 9 su* /range fancies ab\t ! leg5ds 7 ! real poets1 :ile ! primitive poets or my?-mak]s 7 ! true /ud5ts1 & int5d$ to n>rate ! actual facts ( _! "t4 ,= ! same reason1 namely1 because my? is an ess5tial "p ( poetic or b>b>ic wisdom1 &1 z su*1 a spontane\s product ( all times & places1 x _c be attribut$ to "o s+le nation z its inv5tor1 f :i* x pass$ to o!rs2 z if x 7 a p>ticul> discov]y ( a p>ticul> man or ! object ( revelation4 ,?is doctr9e1 sup]ior z x is to ! allegorical & hi/orical !ories1 is ano!r aspect ( ,vico's v9dication ( ! non-logical =ms ( k z aga9/ ! intellectualism :i* d5i$ !m & m]ely repres5t$ !m ei!r z artificial =ms or z due to sup]natural causes4 ,nor does ! op9ion seem acceptable :i* atta*es ,vico to ! ,neo-,euhem]i/ic s*ool4 ,he does n inde$ explicitly combat ?is s*ool1 & we may ev5 grant t he pres5ts c]ta9 sup]ficial resemblances to x3 b toge!r ) ! resemblances !re is ?is radical diff]5ce1 t = ,vico ! /ories are n alt]ations ( actual hi/ory1 b are ess5tially hi/ory2 _! suppos$ alt]ation is ! actual tru? z x appe>$ to ! primitive m9d4 ,vico did n & c\ld n give a m precise det]m9ation ( ! nature ( my?1 precisely because ow+ to ! fluctuat+ "* ( 8 concept ( poetry1 itself he 0 n 9 a position to lay d[n ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! two =ms4 ,he talks g5]ally ( poetry & my? z di/9ct ?+s1 b he does n e/abli% ! di/9ction4 ,& yet ,vico 0 famili> en\gh ) ! concept :i* supplies ?is di/9ctive crit]ion1 & _h enunciat$ x3 b in/ead ( us+ x = 8 doctr9e ( my?ology1 he _h made ( x "o or m ( 8 v>i\s def9itions ( poetry4 ,t poetic "*1 t imag9ative univ]sal ^: introduction into ae/hetic z ! explanatory pr9ciple ( poetry causes s _m insup]able difficulties1 is really ! def9ition ( my?ology1 & z su* provides ! sci5ce ( my?ology ) ! true pr9ciple t is requir$4 ,if ! concept ( accompli%+ great lab\rs = ! common welf>e _c be dis5gag$ f ! idea ( a p>ticul> man :o accompli%$ "o ( ^! lab\rs1 ?is concept becomes = in/ance ! my? ( ,h]cules3 & ,h]cules is at once an individual man :o does individual actions1 & kills ! ,l]naean hydra & ! ,nemean lion or cleanses ! /ables ( ,augeas1 & also a concept3 j z ! concept ( b5efic5t & glori\s lab\r is at once a concept & ,h]cules3 a univ]sal & an imag9>y idea3 an imag9ative univ]sal4 ,aga91 t sublime task :i* ,vico decl>$ prop] to poetry1 ! task ( giv+ life to inanimate objects1 belongs prop]ly n to poetry b to my?4 ,my?ology1 embody+ its concepts 9 images1 :i* are always individual ?+s1 at la/ animates !m l liv+ be+s4 ,?us primitive man1 ignorant ( ! cause ( lightn+ & !re=e n possess+ ! sci5tific def9ition ( x1 0 l$ by ! my?ological t5d5cy to conceive ! sky z a va/ liv+ be+1 :o1 l man himself :51 9 ! grip ( 8 fi]ce passions1 he %\t$1 mutt]$ or ro>$1 spoke & meant some?+ by 8 spee*4 ,x is my?ology aga91 n poetry1 ^: orig9 mu/ be trac$ to pov]ty1 to ! weakness ( m5's m9ds & _! inability to deal ) ! problems !y w\ld solve1 9 _! incapacity = ?9k+ 9 rational univ]sals & express+ !mselves 9 accurate language1 :5ce arose imag9ative univ]sals & metonymy1 synecdo*e & metaphor ( all k9ds4 ,! contradictions we h se5 9 ! imag9ative univ]sal :i* make x incapable ( act+ z ! f\ndation ( an ae/hetic doctr9e are q 9 keep+ 9 ! doctr9e ( my?3 = my? consi/s precisely ( ^! contradictions3 x is a concept try+ to be an image & an image try+ to be a concept1 & h5ce a k9d ( pov]ty1 or ev5 ( p[]ful impot5ce1--a contra/1 a m5tal transition :]e :ite no long] exi/s & black has n yet come into be+4 ,f9ally1 poetic wisdom1 t is1 ! !ology1 sci5ce1 cosmography1 geography1 a/ronomy & ! :ole sy/em ( o!r ideas & beliefs ( primitive nations z ,vico describes !m1 0 really my?ology1 n1 z he says1 poetry1 = ! good reason1 giv5 by himself1 t ^! ?+s 7 _! hi/ory3 & poetry is poetry & n hi/ory1 ev5 m or less imag9>y hi/ory4 ,! ,hom]ic poems are poetry 9 s f> z !y express ! aspirations ( ,hell5ism3 ! same poems1 9 s f> z !y 7 recit$ & he>d z acc\nts ( actual facts1 are hi/ory3 ! two ?+s be+ =ms ( m5tal products :i*1 ?\gh !y seem to be mat]ially unit$ 9 a s+le "w1 are n = t reason to be id5tifi$4 ,all ?is 0 bo? se5 & n se51 or r1 sometimes realis$ & sometimes ov]look$1 by ,vico3 & h5ce he _c be said to h succe$$ 9 det]m9+ satisfactorily ! di/9ction1 & solv+ ! problem ( ! relation1 betwe5 my?ology & poetry4 ,ano!r problem ( importance relat+ to ! sci5ce ( my?ology1 & /ill ! subject ( controv]sy1 namely1 ! "q :e!r my? belongs to philosophy or to hi/ory1 might be suppos$ to h be5 decisively solv$ by ,vico3 s9ce he repeats ov] & ov] aga9 t my?s conta9 ! hi/orical judgm5ts ( primitive peoples1 n ! philosophical4 ,b 9 reality :5 we exam9e ! po9t closely x appe>s t he nei!r solv$ ! problem nor ev5 prop\nd$ x4 ,! hi/orical judgm5ts ( :i* ,vico is speak+ are contra/$ /rictly n ) philosophical judgm5ts 9 g5]al b ) ! my/ical judgm5ts ( ! e>lie/ philosophy & ! judgm5ts ( analogy :i* ! writ]s criticis$ by ,vico f\nd 9 my?ology4 ,?us on ! "o h& 8 words repeat ! criticism ( ! allegorical !ory &1 on ! o!r1 controv]t t fallaci\s me?od ( hi/orical int]pretation :i* ascribes ! ideas & cu/oms ( to-day to ! nations ( antiquity4 ,! fact is t ,vico's !ory is j z mu* 9 agreem5t ) ! !ory connect+ my? ) philosophy z ) t :i* connects x ) hi/ory2 & z mu* ) ! eclecticism :i* admits bo? ^! elem5ts z ) ! speculative view :i* also admits !m bo?1 b because philosophy & hi/ory bo? 9 !mselves & z con/itu5ts ( my? are at bottom "o & ! same4 ,consid]$ z pov]ty1 my? mu/ be sup]s$$4 ,9 ! natural ef=t ( ! human m9d to rejo9 ,god1 ! true ,"o1 f :om x has come1 & its inability ow+ to ! exub]ant animal nature ( primitive man to make use ( ! faculty1 buri$ z x is b5ea? 8 too ke5 s5ses1 ( ab/ract+ f subjects _! prop]ties & univ]sal =ms1--9 ^! circum/ances1 x con/ructs = itself fanciful unities1 imag9>y g5]a or my?s3 b 9 its subsequ5t progress & developm5t1 x gradually resolves ! imag9>y g5]a into intelligible g5]a1 poetic univ]sals into rational1 & sets itself free f my?ology4 ,?us ! error ( my? passes into ! tru? ( philosophy4 ,vico knew & employ$ a concept ( error1 error prop]ly s call$1 :i* proce$s f ! w1 n f ?\ght1 :i* is nev] 9 error z reg>ds itself1 = ! m9d is always put "u compulsion by tru?1 s9ce we c nev] lose sight ( ,god 7m5s enim semp] a v]o urgetur quia numquam aspectu amitt]e possumus ,deum72 ! error :i* consi/s 9 ! arbitr>y conjunction ( unmean+ words1 b words v (t51 by ! w ( him :o is ly+1 escape ! =ce ( tru? & des]t ! m9d1 or ev5 d viol5ce to ! m9d & turn away f ,god 7v]ba autem saepissime v]i vim voluntate m5ti5tis eludunt ac m5tem des]unt1 immo m5ti vim aciunt et ,deo absi/unt72 ! error1 9 a ^w1 :i* exi/s :51 9 8 own p[]ful language1 ?\gh m5 speak ) _! m\?1 !y h no?+ 9 _! m9ds2 s9ce )9 _! m9ds !re is falsity1 :i* is no?+4 ,b he also kn[s t error is nev] pure error1 simply because !re is no su* ?+ z a false idea & falsity consi/s only 9 ! wrong comb9ation ( ideas1 & !re=e x always conta9s tru?1 & e fable has a c]ta9 elem5t ( tru?4 ,h5ce1 f> f despis+ fables1 ,vico recognis$ _! value z embryonic =ms s to speak ( /or$-up k or ( :at w "o day develop into philosophy4 ,! poets 7:i* means1 9 ,vico's new s5se ( ! ^w1 my?-mak]s7 are ! s5ses 7t is1 9 its new mean+1 rudim5t>y & imp]fect philosophy73 ! philosoph]s are ! intellect ( mank9d1 t is ! m highly develop$ philosophy :i* d]ives f ! =m]4 ,! idea ( ,god evolves by degrees f ! ,god :o /rikes ! imag9ation ( ! isolat$ man1 to ! ,god ( ! family1 divi p>5tum1 ! ,god ( a social class or c\ntry1 divi patrii1 ! ,god ( nations1 & f9ally to ! ,god :o is ,jupit] to all m51 ! ,god ( humanity4 ,! fables /imulat$ ,plato to und]/& ! ?ree div9e puni%m5ts :i* n m5 b only gods c\ld inflict1 oblivion1 infamy & remorse3 ! passage ?r\gh ! l[] _w sugge/$ to him ! concept ( ! purgatorial j\rney by :i* ! s\l is purifi$ ( passions1 & ! arrival 9 ,elysium sugge/$ ! j\rney ( union by :i* ! m9d comes to unite itself ) ,god by ! contemplation ( ! et]nal div9e ideas4 ,f ! similes & metaphors ( ! poets ,aesop drew ! examples & fables by :i* he gave advice3 & ! in/ance f\nd$ ^u a s+le case :i* satisfies an untutor$ m9d develop$ into induction1 draw+ its validity f sev]al simil> cases1 z taught dialectically by ,socrates1 & !nce ! syllogism inv5t$ by ,ari/otle1 :i* _c exi/ )\t a univ]sal4 ,! etymologies ( words reveal ! tru?s obs]v$ by primitive man & deposit$ by him 9 8 language3 = in/ance ! fact1 labori\sly prov$ by mod]n philosoph]s1 t ! s5ses !mselves create ! s-call$ s5sible qualities is already sugge/$ 9 ! ,lat9 ^w olfac]e1 :i* implies ! idea t ! s5se ( smell makes ! od\r4 ,vico atta*es su* importance to ?is connexion betwe5 poetic univ]sals & rational univ]sals1 betwe5 my? & philosophy1 t he is l$ to ass]t t su* judgm5ts ( philosoph]s z _c f9d p>allel or prec$5t 9 poetic & popul> wisdom mu/ be wrong4 ,"h we h ano!r mean+ sometimes assign$ by him to ! relation ( philosophy to philology3 namely1 a reciprocal confirmation ( common wisdom by esot]ic wisdom & vice v]sa1 bo? ( :i* are unit$ 9 ! idea ( an ev]la/+ philosophy ( man4 ,simultane\sly ) 8 !ory ( my? & its relation to philosophy1 ,vico exp\nds 8 !ory ( religion1 & ! relation x be>s to philosophy4 ,two ?\ghts on ?is subject are to be f\nd up & d[n ! ,new ,sci5ce4 ,! fir/ is1 t religion arises 9 ! phase ( weakness & savag]y f ! m9d's ne$ to allay its desire to und]/& m or less ! ph5om5a ( nature & man2 = in/ance1 to expla9 lightn+4 ,! second is1 t religion is produc$ 9 ! m9d by fe> ( ! p]son :o ?reat5s by lightn+4 ,we might describe ^! two views z !ories respectively ( ! !oretical & practical orig9 ( religion2 & s9ce accord+ to ,vico's doctr9e man consi/s ( no?+ b intellect & w1 cle>ly religion c h no o!r orig9 ?an ^! two4 ,n[1 sett+ aside religion 9 its practical aspect1 to be discuss$ lat]1 religion 9 its !oretical aspect is surely no?+ else ?an ! imag9ative univ]sal1 poetic animism1 or my?4 ,to x belongs ! in/itution :i* ,vico calls div9ation2 t is1 ! me?ods ( collect+ & int]pret+ ! language ( ,jupit]1 ! real words1 ge/ures & signs ( ,god1 =m$ z imag9ative univ]sals & creat$ by ! animat+ fancy4 ,& z f my? come sci5ce & philosophy1 s 9 l mann] f div9ation comes ! k ( gr\nd & cause1 philosophic or sci5tific pr$iction4 ,9 ?is way ,vico escap$ ! prejudice :i* 0 beg9n+ to prevail 9 8 "t--we may recall ,van ,dale's hi/ory ( anci5t oracles1 popul>is$ by ,font5elle1 & ,bani]'s book already m5tion$--& 0 to be s p[]ful = a c5tury1 ( consid]+ religions z "s "o else's impo/ure3 :]eas1 he says1 !y 7 really due to "o's own cr$ulity4 ,! man :o refus$ to admit ! artificial orig9 ( my? c\ld n admit x ( religion4 ,b j z he d5i$ no less ! sup]natural or reveal$ orig9 ( my?1 s at ! same "t he proclaim$ nei!r m nor less ?an ! natural1 ev5 ! human1 orig9 ( religions2 &--a fact especially wor?y ( notice--plac$ ?is orig9 9 an inadequate =m ( ! m9d1 namely ! semi-imag9ative =m id5tical ) my?ology4 ,nor ne$ we atta* weight to c]ta9 brief & incid5tal rem>ks :i* seem to contradict ?is !ory1 z :5 he says t religion prec$es n only philosophy b language itself1 :i* presupposes ! consci\sness ( "s community betwe5 man & man3 su* equivocations are due to ! inv>iable confus$ness ( 8 me?od & 8 habitual lack ( cle>ness4 ,! id5tification ( religion ) my?1 & its human orig91 are ideas n only emphatically express$1 b ess5tial to ,vico's :ole sy/em4 ,x is a human orig9 :i* 9 8 own words does n exclude a diff]5t concept ( religion1 namely z reveal$ & h5ce ( sup]natural orig94 ,9 fact he always sep>ates poetic !ology1 :i* is my?ology1 & natural !ology1 :i* is metaphysics or philosophy1 f reveal$ !ology4 ,b ?is la/ concept is admitt$ by him n because x is connect$ ) ! o!rs & d]iv$ f a pr9ciple common to !m1 b simply because ,vico ass]t$ its exi/5ce no less ?an !irs4 ,! human orig91 poetic !ology1 foll[$ by metaphysical !ology1 is ! =m valid = ! ,g5tile portion ( mank9d1 t is ! :ole human race except ! ,hebrew p ) its privilege ( revelation4 ,! motives t l$ ,vico to ma9ta9 ?is dualism & ! annoy+ inconsi/5cies 9 :i* x compell$ him to re/ w be se5 lat] on 9 _! own place4 ,b precisely because ,vico left ?is dualism )\t m$iation1 we mu/ 9 exp\nd+ 8 ?\ght hold fa/ bo? t]ms ( ! dualism3 & = ! "t be+ we w conf9e ourselves to ! m]ely human orig9--religion z a product ( ! !oretical ne$s ( man 9 a condition ( comp>ative moral pov]ty4 ,?is conception has only an indirect connexion ) ,bruno's view ( religion z a ?+ necess>y to ! ignorant & undevelop$ mob1 & ) ,campanula's !ory ( natural or p]man5t religion1 an et]nal rational philosophy co9cid+ ) a ,*ri/ianity fre$ f its abuses4 ,its p>allels 9 contempor>y au?ors are few & di/ant3 ev5 :5 !y m5tion x 9 pass+1 !y grasp x only 9 a sup]ficial way & prop\nd x )\t connect+ x at all ) _! o!r ideas3 !y attack religion z a =m ( ignorance1 & omit ! wisdom ( ! ignorance1 or religion z tru?4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,moral ,,consci\sness ,vico's o!r doctr9es on ! !oretical reason1 t is to say on ! logic ( philosophy1 ( physical & ma!matical sci5ce & ( hi/orical /udy1 h be5 exp\nd$ above 9 ! /atem5t ( 8 !ory ( k1 & are drawn almo/ entirely f 8 e>ly works1 s9ce 9 ! ,new ,sci5ce ! phase ( ! completely develop$ m9d h>dly appe>s except z a limit ( ! field ( /udy4 ,"h x w suffice to m5tion t he also t\*es ^u ! problem ( ! relation ( poetry to hi/ory3 b1 /ill because ( ! confusion ( philosophy ) social sci5ce1 he fails fully to solve x4 ,f "o po9t ( view x seems to ,vico t hi/ory is prior to poetry1 because ! latt]1 z he says1 presupposes reality & conta9s an imitation ( ! second degree3 f ano!r1 poetry is ! prim>y =m1 because among primitive peoples hi/ory is poetry1 & ! fir/ hi/orians are poets4 ,at any rate he insi/s ^u ! poetic elem5t ess5tial to hi/ory3 ( ,h]odotus1 ! fa!r ( ,greek hi/ory1 he obs]ves t n only are 8 books full1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( fables1 b ! /yle reta9s a v great ,hom]ic elem5t1 a feature :i* all subsequ5t hi/orians reta9$1 us+ z !y did a phraseology int]m$iate betwe5 ! poetic & ! colloquial3 almo/ ! words ( ! poets1 v]ba f]me poet>um1 z he says else:]e 9 a phrase borr[$ f ,cic]o4 ,nor are ! relations betwe5 !ory & practice1 intellect & w1 expla9$ 9 detail by ,vico1 al?\gh on ! :ole he sugge/s ! g5]al idea t z 9 ,god intellect & w co9cide1 s x is 9 man1 ,god's image2 ^: m9d is n divid$ into ?\ght & w--?\ght proce$+ accord+ to "o me?od & w accord+ to ano!r--b 8 ?\ght & w int]p5etrate & =m "o s+le :ole3 a view f> sup]ior to t ( ! contempor>y philosophy ( ,leibniz1 :i* reta9$ ! idea ( a div9e arbitram5t & !re=e ( irrationality4 ,ano!r view1 peculi> to ,vico1 might be tak5 by a ha/y int]pret] to imply ! priority ( practice to !ory4 ,he says t philosoph]s arrive at _! conceptions ?anks to exp]i5ce ( social in/itutions & laws 9 :i* m5 agree z a k9d ( univ]sals3 t ,socrates & ,plato1 = in/ance1 presuppos$ ! ,a!nian democracy & law-c\rts4 ,b ! succession ( religions produc+ republics1 republics produc+ laws1 & laws produc+ philosophical ideas1 :i* he calls a fragm5t ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy philosophically n>rat$1 is really a !ory ( sociological1 n ( philosophical value4 ,z reg>ds 8 doctr9es ( practical reason1 :i* we are "h beg9n+ to consid]1 x might be ?\ght t ,vico1 unlike 8 attitude ) reg>d to ! !oretical reason1 did n /& 9 %>p opposition to ! ?\ght ( 8 "t1 b actually unit$ himself ) a contempor>y movem5t1 namely ! s*ool ( natural rights4 ,! head ( ! s*ool & lead] ( ! movem5t1 ,hugo ,grotius1 0 call$ by ,vico "o ( 8 f\r au?ors1 toge!r ) ,plato1 f :om he _h drawn 8 aspirations t[>ds an ideali/ic philosophy1 ,bacon1 :o _h ar\s$ 9 8 m9d ! idea ( a positive & hi/orical sci5ce ( society1 & ,tacitus1 8 debt to :om1 or at lea/ ! debt :i* he believ$ he ow$ him1 we %all exam9e lat] on4 ,along ) ,grotius he frequ5tly m5tions ! o!r *ief au?orities on natural rights1 ,seld5 & ,puff5dorf1 omitt+ _! innum]able foll[]s1 :om he consid]s less z sci5tific au?orities ?an z adorn]s ( ! ,grotian sy/em4 ,8 adh]5ce to ! s*ool1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 is cle>1 & is admitt$ & proclaim$ by ,vico himself4 ,b x is also beyond d\bt t he 0 no m]e adh]5t3 he 0 n a foll[] ( ! k9d t reta9s ! g5]al or lead+ ideas :ile develop+ & correct+ details4 ,he 0 a foll[] 9 ! dialectical s5se only1 t is1 9 s f> z he ?\ght x necess>y to conte/ ! prim>y !ses1 or to accept !m only 9 a pr(\ndly modifi$ =m4 ,natural "r (f]$ him n solutions b problems3 & ( ^!1 :ile "s came be=e him already cle>ly =mulat$1 o!rs1 & ^! 7 ! m important1 arose only 9 8 own m9d3 problems ei!r unsolv$ or unrealis$1 till ,vico prop\nd$ & 9 "p solv$ !m4 ,natural rights pres5t$ _m aspects & _m t5d5cies3 & x w\ld be well to beg9 by di/+ui%+ & enum]at+ ^!4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! s*ool tak5 z a :ole & 9 its ess5tial "* express$ ! social progress by :i* ,europe1 on em]g+ f feudalism & religi\s w>f>e1 acquir$ a new consci\sness1 di/9ctively b\rgeois & non-cl]ical 9 "*2 & x obs]v$ t ! gr[? ( ?is consci\sness 0 contemporane\s ) ! anti-cl]ical & b\rgeois in/itution ( masonry4 ,! ^w natural meant1 among o!r ?+s1 n sup]natural3 & h5ce impli$ ho/ility or indiff]5ce t[>ds ! sup]natural1 ! in/itutions repres5t+ x1 & ! social conflicts result+ f x4 ,x 0 n by accid5t t ,grotius 0 an ,arm9ian2 t ,puff5dorf w5t to law ) !ologians2 t ,?omasius is rememb]$ z "o ( ! *ampions ( fre$om ( consci5ce4 ,! prote/ations ( respect = religion & ! *ur*1 habitually & lib]ally ins]t$ by ^! publici/s 9 _! works1--:i* are drap$1 s to speak1 ) a veil ( piety1--7 m]ely politic safegu>ds1 enabl+ ! au?or to ?reat5 ! enemy unobs]v$ & to /rike f "u cov]4 ,?is caution is prais$1 9 ,grotius's case = example1 by a foll[] ( ! s*ool 7! au?or ( ,pauco pl5ior iuris naturalis hi/oria1 #agai71 :o extols ! ma/] z ! in/rum5t ( div9e provid5ce1 com+ l ,messiah to r$eem ! natural light f its bondage to ! sup]natural1 & z su* gift$ ) all ! p[] & ability he c\ld ne$3 s t aft] ta/+ ! p]secutions ( ,s*ola/icism1 he behav$ ) caution1 to avoid fur!r irritat+ ! jeal\sy aga9/ 8 natural & reasonable prud5ce t _h issu$ =? f its lair at 8 ?reats 7caute v]sabatur 444 ne maius bilem adv]sus prud5tiam naturalem et rationalem ex latebris productam tam m9is irrit>et71 & 9 proce$+ to sep>ate human f div9e laws1 did n execute a frontal assault on ! !ological s*ool :5 he attack$ its fundam5tal errors1 b ev5 prais$ x 9 ! preface to 8 "w4 ,! ^w natural also d5ot$ :at is common to individuals ( diff]5t nations & ranks3 & h5ce f a practical po9t ( view provid$ an admirable w>-cry = unit+ ! b\rgeoisie ( diff]5t c\ntries 9 def9ite common aspirations & /ruggles4 ,! treatises ( natural rights 7 = ! b\rgeoisie ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies :at ! ,manife/o ( ! communi/s & ! cry ,prolet>iates ( ! _w1 unite attempt$ to be = ! work+ classes ( ! n9ete5?4 ,9 s f> z ?is s*ool & ?is publicism 7 signs ( a practical movem5t1 ! philosophical int]e/ held 9 !m a second>y place & dis*>g$ a function ( m9or importance3 s t1 secondly1 ! works on natural "r1 philosophically consid]$1 did n z a rule rise above a simple popul> empiricism4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* !y re/ are n exam9$ & (t5 n ev5 sup]ficially reconcil$3 ! concepts :i* !y use are less concepts ?an g5]al repres5tations3 & ! =m ( ! writ+ is sy/ematic 9 appe>ance only4 ,"s ( ^! writ]s endeav\r$ to h>monise _! doctr9es ( natural "r ) ! ,platonic1 ,/oic or ,c>tesian philosophies1 or appeal$ to logical or metaphysical axioms1 or made use ( d$uction & ! ma!matical me?od4 ,b all ?is 0 m]e aggregation1 n fusion2 ornam5t1 n re9=cem5t3 at mo/1 x 0 ( value z a pro( ( dilig5ce & e>ne/ int5tions4 ,! philosophy1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 m or less implicit 9 ! pamphlete]s ( natural rights1 & explicit 9 ! philosoph]s :o set out to elaborate ! doctr9e1 agre$ ) ! _s ( ! "t1 ^: g5]al *>act]i/ics are well kn[n4 ,?us arose ! ?ird or e?ical aspect ( natural "r1 namely its utilit>ianism2 sometimes m or less conceal$1 sometimes op5ly decl>$1 & work$ out f "t to "t by a philosophy ( ma!matical or s5sationali/ic me?ods1 & ( mat]iali/ic or rationali/ic t5d5cies3 or else1 :at comes practically to ! same ?+1 an ab/ract & intellectuali/ic morality1 ?reat5+ at any mom5t to fall into utilit>ianism4 ,f ?is intellectualism & utilit>ianism1 comb9$ ) ! practical & revolution>y "* ( ?is m5tal movem5t1--:i* 0 b5t r ^u br++ ab\t ! triumph ( an ab/ract sy/em ( "r ?an ^u recognis+ t :i* really develops 9 hi/ory1 9 all ! complexity ( its _m =ms & vicissitudes--d]iv$ its f\r? *>act]i/ic1 ! lack ( hi/orical s5se1 or ! anti-hi/orical attitude ( ! s*ool1 :i* set up ! ab/ract ideal ( a human nature ap>t f human hi/ory in/ead ( fus$ ) & liv+ 9 x4 ,f9ally1 b\rgeois1 anticl]ical1 utilit>ian & mat]iali/ic z x 01 ! movem5t ( natural "r _h a fif? important trait1 namely its av]sion to transc5d5ce & its t5d5cy t[>ds an imman5tal conception ( man & ( society4 ,?is *>act]i/ic is nei!r fully expla9$ nor fully work$ out 9 ! doctr9es1 b is none ! less easily recognis$ among ! total views ( ! s*ool4 ,n[ ,vico's g5ius 0 truly & inde$ exclusively !oretical1 & n at all practical or re=matory3 8 me?od 0 pr(\ndly speculative & contemptu\s ( empiricism1 8 m9d ideali/ic & oppos$ to mat]ialism & utilit>ianism3 8 !ory ( k eag] = ! concrete1 = c]titude1 &1 z su*1 ( hi/orical sympa?ies4 ,consequ5tly 8 doctr9e ( ! practical reason1 ?\gh d]iv+ its impetus f ! !ory ( natural rights1 0 b\nd to em]ge 9 a %ape diff]5t f or ev5 contr>y to t !ory 9 all ! fir/ f\r *>act]i/ics enum]at$ above4 ,& if x did 9 "o respect co9cide--:i* x only does 9 ! conclusion1 n 9 ! pa? by :i* ! conclusion is rea*$--x did s 9 ! v po9t 9 :i* ,vico w\ld lea/ h wi%$ x3 9 its imman5tal or anti-religi\s t5d5cy4 ,b s9ce our subject is n ! criticisms & modifications :i* ! !ory ( natural "r receiv$ f ,vico's ?\ght1 b r t ?\ght itself1 x is "t to pick up ! ?read ( ! exposition1 foll[+ an ord] some:at diff]5t f t 9 :i* we h summ$ up ! v>i\s *>act]i/ics ( ! !ory1 & beg9n+ by obs]v+ ,vico's opposition to ! pr(ess$ or implicit utilit>ianism ( ! s*ool1 & ! e?ical doctr9e by :i* he replac$ x4 ,! two *ief repres5tatives ( utilit>ianism 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :om ,vico always keeps 9 view1 are ,hobbes & ,sp9oza3 b 9 addition to !m1 he ref]s to ,locke & ,bayle &1 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 ,ma*iavelli2 & go+ back to ! anci5ts1 ! ,/oics ) _! conception ( fai? & ! ,epicureans ) t ( *ance1 ,c>neades & 8 scepticism1 & f9ally ! unconsci\s !ory conta9$ 9 ! say+ ,vae victis attribut$ to ,br5nus1 *ief ( ! ,gauls :o took ,rome4 ,he admir$ ,hobbes's spl5did attempt to enri* philosophy by a !ory :i* _h be5 lack+ to ! greate/ days ( ,greece1 ! !ory ( man consid]$ 9 ! :ole society ( ! human race3 b he pron\nc$ ! result unsatisfactory1 & ! attempt1 ^: outcome1 l t ( ,locke's sy/em1 0 h>dly di/+ui%able f ,epicureanism1 a failure4 ,hobbes did n obs]ve t he c\ld nev] h prop\nd$ 8 problem ( ! natural rights ( mank9d _h n 8 motive be5 suppli$ by ! ,*ri/ian religion itself1 :i* comm&s n inde$ ju/ice b *>ity to all mank9d4 ,) ! ,/oics on ! o!r h&1 ) ! fatalism & det]m9ism :i* made x impossible = !m to reason s\ndly ab\t ! /ate & laws1 ) ! s-call$ ,sp9ozi/s ( antiquity1 he ideally unit$ ,sp9oza2 ! uniqu5ess ( ^: utilit>ianism1 equally remov$ f ! ,lockian _s & ! ,hobbi/1 s9ce ,sp9oza judges ( ! tru? ( ?+s by ! m9d1 n by s5se 7m5te non s5su de v]is r]um diiudicat71 did n escape ,vico's notice4 ,b unique ?\gh x 01 x l$ ,sp9oza to ?9k ( ! /ate 9 a some:at undignifi$ way z ( a m]e society ( %opkeep]s4 ,^! utilit>ian doctr9es1 ) _! libels ^u human nature1 seem$ to ,vico only fit = m5 )\t hope1 too insignificant ev] to h a %>e 9 ! /ate or pr\d en\gh to believe !mselves repress$ & d5i$ access to ! positions ( :i* 9 _! arrogance !y ?\ght !mselves wor?y4 ,among ^! he c\nt$ ! un=tunate ,sp9oza1 :o1 he ?9ks1 hav+ z a ,jew no c\ntry ( 8 own1 0 mov$ by envy to devote himself to ! con/ruction ( a metaphysic int5d$ to ov]?r[ all ! nations ( ! _w4 ,he passes /]n judgm5t ^u ! /ate ( contempor>y e?ics1 :i* 0 all t x c\ld be on ! basis ( a me*ani/ic & mat]iali/ic metaphysic )\t a gleam ( f9alism4 ,desc>tes produc$ no?+ at all 9 ?is field1 s9ce 8 few writt5 rema9s on ! subject d n am\nt to a doctr9e1 & 8 treatise ( ! ,passions belongs r to m$ic9e ?an to morals4 ,malebran*e & ,nicole 7 equally /]ile1 & ,pascal's ,p5ses1 ! "o exception1 are b scatt]$ lights4 ,( ! ,italians1 ,pallavic9o's treatise ,del b5e (f]s no v pr(\nd dep?s ( e?ics3 & ,muratori's attempt 9 8 ,filos(ia ,morale 0 a v unsuccessful "o4 ,utility is n ! explanatory pr9ciple ( morality1 because x proce$s f man's bodily nature1 & on t acc\nt is subject to *ange1 :ile morality1 hone/as1 is et]nal4 ,to d]ive morality f utility is to conf\nd ! occasion ) ! cause1 to conf9e oneself to ! surface & to (f] no explanation at all ( ! facts4 ,none ( ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* philosoph]s h successively call$ ! utilit>ian pr9ciple to life1 fraud or impo/ure1 =ce1 desire1--none ( ^! acc\nts = diff]5tiation1 t is1 = ! social organism4 ,:at fraud c\ld ev] h s$uc$ & deceiv$ ! suppos$ simple & frugal fir/ own]s ( ! l&1 liv+ z !y did p]fectly cont5t$ ) _! lot8 ,:at =ce c\ld h succe$$1 if ! ri*1 ! alleg$ usurp]s1 7 few1 & ! poor1 ! robb$1 7 _m8 ,su* explanations are ridicul\s1 & unwor?y ( a s]i\s problem4 ,^! /rong & p[]ful m5 7 really p[]ful ) some?+ o!r ?an m]e /r5g?3 ?us !y became protectors ( ! weak & enemies ( de/ructive & anti-social t5d5cies3 _! rule 0 "o ( =ce1 x is true1 b impos$ by a m p[]ful "* 7a natura prae/antiori dictata72 a fact :i* ! b>b>ian ,br5nus may be p>don$ = n kn[+1 b n s a philosoph]4 ,! =ce :i* creat$ & organis$ ! e>lie/ /ates 0 no?+ b noble human nature1 to :i* /ates mu/ always h>k back1 al?\gh !y may h be5 won by fraud & =ce1 9 ord] to subsi/ & ma9ta9 !mselves3 :i* agrees ) ,ma*iavelli's advice to h>k back to ! beg9n+s1 b ) ! implication t ! deepe/ beg9n+s are to be f\nd 9 m]cy & ju/ice4 ,m5 are held toge!r by some?+ /\t] ?an utility4 ,human society _c orig9ate & endure )\t mutual tru/2 unless p accept ea* o!r's promises & take ea* o!r's ^w = facts !y _c exam9e4 ,c\ld ?is tru/ be p]haps ensur$ by /rict p5al laws aga9/ falsehood8 ,b laws are a product ( society1 & ?is mutual tru/ is necess>y t society may arise4 ,x may be said1 z x is by ,locke1 t we are deal+ ) a psy*ological process1 by :i* m5 gradually acquir$ ! habit ( believ+ :5 "s "o spoke to !m & promis$ to tell ! tru?4 ,b 9 t case ^! m5 already und]/ood ! idea ( a tru? :i* by m]e disclosure compell$ ass5t )\t any p]sonal tea*+2 & ! psy*ological pr9ciple ( habituation is transc5d$4 ,! true cause ( human society !n is n utility1 :i* only assi/s ! action ( ! cause z its occasion1 & br+s x ab\t t m51 ) all ! weakness & pov]ty ( _! nature1 & ! divisions among !m due to orig9al s91 are l$ to extol _! social nature "u compulsion ( facts 7rebus ipsis dictantibus71 9 ! phrase ( ! juri/ ,pomponius1 quot$ ) approval by ,vico4 ,objects1 facts & circum/ances 9 morality *ange1 ?\gh morality itself does n *ange3 & h5ce arises ! illusion ( ! utilit>ians1 :o cl+ to ! ext]nal1 conf9e !mselves to ! appe>ance & see ! *ange b n ! p]man5ce4 ,murd] is =bidd53 b ! approval1 be/[$ ^u ! man :o :5 8 life is ?reat5$ & he _c o!rwise save himself kills 8 unju/ aggressor1 does n imply t ! moral judgm5t ^u homicide v>ies2 s9ce 9 ^! p>ticul> circum/ances ! case is really "o n ( homicide b ( capital puni%m5t inflict$ by ! unju/ly attack$ p]son f9d+ himself alone3 a p[] tacitly delegat$ to him s to speak by society4 ,!ft is =bidd53 b ! man :o 9 ord] to pres]ve 8 life /eals a loaf f ano!r does n violate morality because he is ex]cis+ a "r f\nd$ ^u equity4 ,! only philosophy :i* c>ries ) x a true e?ic seems to ,vico to be ! ,platonic1 re/+ z x does ^u a metaphysical pr9ciple1 ! et]nal idea :i* draws out ( itself & creates matt]3 :ile ! ,ari/otelian e?ic is f\nd$ ^u a metaphysic lead+ to a physical pr9ciple1 t ( ! matt] f :i* p>ticul> =ms are drawn1 a pr9ciple :i* makes ,god a pott] %ap+ objects ext]nal to himself4 ,! e?ic ( ! ,roman lawy]s 0 d\btless ri* 9 f9e aphorisms3 b x 0 no?+ b a m]e art ( equity1 convey$ by means ( endless m9ute maxims ( natural ju/ice1 s\ght = by ! writ]s 9 ! reason ( ! laws & ! w ( ! lawgiv]4 ,h5ce x _c be reg>d$ z a moral philosophy1 9 :i* ! be/ me?od is to proce$ f a v small numb] ( et]nal tru?s1 e/abli%$ by ideal ju/ice 9 ! fabric ( metaphysic4 ,= analog\s reasons ,vico c\ld n re/ satisfi$ ) ,grotius & ! s*ool ( natural rights3 ( :i* 9 g5]al he makes ! p]fectly j rem>k t _! pond]\s tomes1 9 spite ( ! impressive titles !y be>1 conta9 no?+ t is n univ]sally kn[n4 ,if ,grotius's pr9ciples be weigh$ 9 ! accurate balance ( criticism1 !y are all f\nd to be probable or plausible r ?an necess>y & inconte/able4 ,9 deal+ ) ! "q ( utility1 ,grotius miss$ ! exact po9t by fail+ to di/+ui% ! occasion f ! cause3 nor did he nail d[n--t is1 he did n end--! anci5t dispute z to :e!r "r is a "q ( nature or ( human op9ion only1 ! same controv]sy z t c>ri$ on by philosoph]s & !ologians ) ,c>neades ! sceptic & ,epicurus3 he advances ! hypo!sis ( primitive m5 :o 7 simpletons1 b q omits to give reasons = x4 ,& s9ce ^! simpletons ( 81 aft] suff]+ injuries f _! bea/-l isolation1 initiat$ a sociable life1 a /ep to :i* !y 7 det]m9$ by utility1 ,grotius himself slipp$ unaw>es into utilit>ianism & ,epicureanism4 ,vico on ! o!r h& answ]$ ! "q1 :e!r "r is natural or conv5tional1 by ! grave aphorism except 9 _! natural condition1 ?+s nei!r progress nor endure4 ,to ! "q1 :5ce society arises1 he replies by m5tion+ ! common feel+ ( humanity1 ! consci5ce1 ! ne$ :i* man feels ( escap+ f ! int]nal enemy1 :i* tortures 8 he>t4 ,! orig9 ( society c]ta9ly lies 9 fe>1 b x is fe> ( oneself1 n ( ano!r's viol5ce3 x lies 9 ! agonies ( remorse1 ! %ame ^: t+e suffus+ ! *eeks ( ! e>lie/ m5 lit ! fir/ beacon ( morality ^u e>?4 ,%ame is ! "m ( all virtues1 hon\r1 frugality1 hone/y1 loyalty to ! pl$g$ ^w1 tru?fulness 9 spee*1 ab/5tion f o!rs' prop]ty1 & *a/ity4 ,9 extoll+ society1 man is extoll+ human nature4 ,%ame or ! moral consci\sness1 translat$ into t]ms ( ! correspond+ empirical sci5ce1 becomes t common consci\sness ( man ^u matt]s ( human necessity or utility :i* is ! s\rce ( ! natural "r ( nations4 ,?is common consci\sness1 says ,vico1 is an unreflective judgm5t1 felt 9 common by a :ole class1 a :ole p1 a :ole nation & ! :ole ( mank9d4 ,an unreflective judgm5t is n /rictly a judgm5t at all1 s9ce reflection is insep>able f judgm5t3 x is n judgm5t1 because x is felt & n ?\ght4 ,b on ! o!r h& x is n :at is call$ a feel+1--a vague t]m unkn[n to ,vico1 z x is to traditional philosophy4 ,x is r a practical attitude ( m9d1 simil> on ! :ole 9 p]sons liv+ 9 simil> conditions & produc+ simil> cu/oms 9 ! v>i\s social gr\ps1 f ! cu/oms ( a p>ticul> class to ^? ( all mank9d4 ,! attitude is q spontane\s1 & = ?is v reason unreflective2 s t cu/oms arise f )91 n f )\t1 & _! simil>ity does n dep5d ^u imitation 7)\t "o nation tak+ example f ano!r74 ,?r\gh ?is s5sus communis ! moral consci\sness embodies itself 9 compact & unyield+ in/itutions3 & ?us ! s5sus communis r$uces to c]titude ! free w ( man1 :i* is 9 itself q unc]ta94 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,morality ,,& ,,religion ,b ?is int]nal fe>1 %ame or moral consci\sness is ar\s$ 9 man by religion4 ,! fe> is ! fe> ( ,god1 ! %ame is abasem5t be=e 8 face4 ,primitive man w&]s ov] ! e>? alone1 wild1 fi]ce1 )\t articulate spee*1 )\t a p]man5t mate1 at ! m]cy ( 8 unbridl$ & viol5t passions1 a brute r ?an a man4 ,:at c re/ra9 him8 :at c rescue him f at la/ de/roy+ himself8 ,wise m5 _c direct him1 = we _c say :5ce or h[ !y c rea* him4 ,! int]v5tion ( ,god _c save him3 ,god has )drawn himself to 8 *os5 p1 & has no deal+s ) ! re/ ( mank9d1 ! ,g5tiles4 ,b ?is brute is /ill a man3 ,god1 :ile ab&on+ him1 has left a sp>k ( 8 own ess5ce at ! bottom ( 8 he>t4 ,see6 ! sky light5s3 ! wild creature /&s awe/ruck & afraid3 9 8 m9d arises ! %ad[y idea ( some?+ great] ?an he1 some?+ div9e4 ,s he conceives or r imag9es a fir/ ,god1 a ,sky-god1 a ?und]+ ,jupit]3 & to ?is deity he turns to appease 8 wra? or invoke 8 aid4 ,b 9 ord] to conciliate him & secure 8 help1 he mu/ %ape 8 own life con=mably to 8 purpose3 he mu/ humble himself be=e 8 ,god1 ov]come 8 own pride & arrogance1 ab/a9 f c]ta9 actions & p]=m o!rs4 ,?us ! conception ( a deity l5ds p[] to t peculi> possession ( ! human w1 ! attempt1 t is1 ! lib]ty1 to control ! movem5ts communicat$ to ! m9d by ! body & to annul or to r$irect !m simultane\sly4 ,) ^! acts ( self-control1 ) fre$om1 morality comes into exi/5ce3 ! fe> ( ,god has laid ! f\ndations ( human life4 ,alt>s arise all ov] ! e>?3 ! caves ( h] m\nta9s1 :i!r ! man n[ be>s ! woman1 a%am$ z he is ( gratify+ 8 desires be=e ! face ( ! sky1 :i* is ! face ( ,god1 preside at ! fir/ m>riage-rites & %elt] ! fir/ families3 h] bosom op5s to receive ! sacr$ tru/ ( ! bodies ( ! dead4 ,! fir/ & fundam5tal e?ical in/itutions--wor%ip1 w$lock & burial--h aris54 ,?is social & e?ical p[] ( ! idea ( ,god appe>s aga9 9 ! c\rse ( subsequ5t hi/ory3 s9ce :5 nations h relaps$ into savag]y ?r\gh w>f>e1 & human laws h no m p[] ov] !m1 religion is ! only means ( subdu+ !m4 ,x reappe>s aga9 9 ! individual developm5t ( human life3 *ildr5 inde$ _c le>n piety except ?r\gh ! fe> ( "s deity2 & :5 all natural help fails him man requires a sup]ior be+ to save him1 & ?is be+ is ,god4 ,all nations believe 9 a div9e provid5ce3 tribes liv+ 9 a society )\t any consci\sness ( ,god1 = in/ance 9 "s p>ts ( ,brazil1 among ! ,kafirs1 & 9 ! ,antilles1 are travell]s' tales1 an attempt to increase ! sale ( _! books by ! n>ration ( port5ts4 ,if ?is is s1--& d\btless x is--!n no doctr9e c be m fooli% ?an t :i* claims to conceive a morality & civilisation )\t religion4 ,j z no well-e/abli%$ physical sci5ce is possible )\t ! guidance ( ab/ract ma!matical tru?1 s no k ( morality c arise except toge!r ) ab/ract metaphysical tru?s1 )\t1 t is1 ! idea ( ,god4 ,:5 ! religi\s consci\sness is ext+ui%$ or obscur$ ! conception ( society & ! /ate is ext+ui%$ or obscur$ ) x4 ,jews1 ,*ri/ians1 ,g5tiles & ,mahomm$ans possess ?is conception because all alike believe 9 "s deity1 :e!r z an inf9ite free _s1 or z sev]al gods consi/+ ( m9d & body1 or z "o s+le ,god1 an inf9ite free _s 9 an inf9ite body4 ,! ,epicureans did n possess su* a conception1 attribut+ to ,god z !y did body alone1 & *ance toge!r ) body3 nor did ! ,/oics1 :o made him subject to fate4 ,& ,cic]o made ! admirable rem>k to ! ,epicurean ,atticus1 t he c\ld n discuss laws ) him unless he fir/ grant$ ! exi/5ce ( ! div9e provid5ce4 ,hobbes1 :o reviv$ ,epicureanism1 & ,sp9oza1 :o reviv$ ,/oicism1 z we h se5 entirely fail$ to und]/& ! nature ( society & ! /ate4 ,"o mu/ consort ) primitive man1 /upid1 hirsute1 unclean & di%evell$1 to refute ^? le>n$ au?ors ( desiccat$ lit]ature1 ) ,pet] ,bayle at _! head1 :o ma9ta9 t human society c & inde$ does live )\t religion4 ,! abs5ce ( ! idea ( ,god suppli$ ! *ief argum5t 9 ,vico's criticism ( ,grotius & ,puff5dorf1 two ( ^! au?ors :om he held 9 great hon\r z pr9ces ( ! s*ool ( natural rights4 ,nei!r ( ^! writ]s1 he says1 lays d[n ! pr9ciple ( div9e provid5ce z prim>y & ess5tial4 ,grotius does n expressly d5y x3 b on acc\nt ( 8 v atta*m5t to tru?1 he endeav\rs to exclude x1 & ass]ts t 8 sy/em w /& ev5 if all k ( ,god be remov$4 ,h5ce ,vico accuses him ( ,soc9ianism1 s9ce he makes human innoc5ce consi/ 9 ! simplicity ( human nature4 ,puff5dorf is /ill worse3 he seems to ignore provid5tial direction1 & beg9s ) ! sc&al\sly ,epicurean supposition t man is ?r[n into ?is _w ) no help or att5tion f ,god1 )\t ev5 t sp>k )9 8 he>t :i* is de/9$ to gr[ into ! flame ( morality3 & hav+ be5 reprov$ = ?is1 he tries to ju/ify himself 9 a special essay1 b does n succe$ 9 discov]+ ! true pr9ciple on :i* alone society c be expla9$4 ,n[ :y1 9 face ( all ^! en]getic decl>ations & argum5ts ( ,vico's on ! necessity ( religion to morality1 did we say above t ! only po9t ( real resemblance betwe5 him & ,grotius1 ,puff5dorf & ! natural-"r s*ool g5]ally 0 8 purely imman5tal conception ( e?ics8 ,because1 if we exam9e ! po9t closely1 ,vico is n 9 opposition to ! me?od ( t s*ool4 ,l !m1 9 con/ruct+ 8 sci5ce ( human society he excludes ) ,grotius all idea ( ,god1 & ) ,puff5dorf consid]s man z )\t help or att5tion f ,god1 exclud+ him1 t is1 f reveal$ religion & its ,god4 ,z = ^! two writ]s1 s = ,vico ! subject "u consid]ation is natural rights1 n sup]natural3 ! law ( ! ,g5tiles1 n ( ! *os5 p3 ! law :i* arises ( itself among ! caves1 n t :i* comes d[n f ,s9ai4 ,vico's opposition1 :i* he expresses ) 8 accu/om$ confusion & obscurity1 turns n ^u ass]tions l ^!1 b ^u ! actual conception ( religion4 ,9 "o ^w1 ! religion ( :i* he speaks is n ! same z t ( :i* ,grotius & ,puff5dorf spoke1 or r did n speak4 ,religion1 z we h already se51 means = ,vico n necess>ily revelation1 b conception ( reality3 ei!r t :i* expresses itself z x does 9 ! p]iod ( fully develop$ m9d 9 ! =m ( intelligible metaphysic1 :i* passes f ! ?\ght ( ,god to expla9 logic by its reason+ & to condesc5d to purify ! human he>t by morality3 or t :i* takes concrete %ape1 z x does 9 ! e>lie/ /age ( humanity1 9 ! =m ( poetical metaphysics4 ,"o may easily ignore reveal$ religion :5 inquir+ into ! f\ndations ( morality3 b h[ c "o ev] ignore ?is natural religion1 id5tical z x is ) k ( ! tru?8 ,plut>*1 discuss+ ! primitive religions ( t]ror1 asks ! "q :e!r x w\ld n h be5 bett]1 in/ead ( wor%ipp+ ! gods 9 s impi\s a mann]1 t !re %\ld be no religion at all3 b he =got t f ^! cruel sup]/itions brilliant civilisations develop$1 & no civilisation c\ld ev] h gr[n f a!ism4 ,)\t a religion1 :e!r g5tle or fi]ce1 rational or fanta/ic1 to give ! idea1 m or less cle>ly def9$1 m or less elevat$1 ( some?+ sup]ior to ! individual & unit+ all individuals1 ! moral w w\ld h no object = its volition4 ,at ?is po9t we see ! mean+ ( :at we h describ$ z ! second1 practical or e?ical1 signification ( ! ^w religion 9 ,vico4 ,9 ?is signification1 ,vico ju/ifies & v9dicates ! impi\s say+ t fe> creates ! gods3 he ev5 places ! s\rce ( religion 9 ! long+ = et]nal life :i* man feels :5 /irr$ by a univ]sal s5se ( immortality hidd5 9 ! dep?s ( ! m9d4 ,9 ?is second signification1 religion is a practical fact1 inde$ x is morality itself1 z 9 ! fir/ mean+ x 0 tru? itself4 ,if ! mean+ ( religion = ,vico1 ei!r z ! condition ( morality1 9 ! fir/ s5se ( ! ^w1 or z synonym\s ) x1 9 ! second1 is once und]/ood1 x is cle> t :5 he condemn$ ,grotius & ,puff5dorf = _! omission ( ?is mo/ important concept1 he 0 sub/antially do+ no?+ b cl5*+ 8 criticism ( ! insipid moralis+ & ! conceal$ utilit>ianism ( ^! two ?9k]s4 ,on o!r occasions also he resort$ to ! valuable weapon ( ! concept ( religion1 ) ! same end 9 view4 ,because if he sometimes cr$it$ philosophy ) ! task ( assi/+ mank9d by rais+ & direct+ fall5 human nature1 at o!r times he decid$ t philosophy is r adapt$ to reason+1 & t ! moral philosoph]s ) ! greate/ p[]s ( reason+ are ( value only to /imulate ! s5ses by _! eloqu5ce to p]=m ! duties ( virtue1 :ile religion alone has ! p[] ( mak+ m5 act virtu\sly4 ,!n 9 ! empirical sci5ce correspond+ to ?is "p ( ! philosophy ( m9d1 ,vico turns religion 7or poetical metaphysic7 & philosophy into two hi/orical epo*s1 mak+ ! =m] *>act]i/ic ( ! b>b>ic p]iod & ! latt] ( ! civilis$4 ,he ma9ta9s1 z he is cle>ly b\nd to d1 t religion is ! sole f\ndation ( all civilisation & ( philosophy itself1 & rejects ,polybius's say+ t if !re _h be5 philosoph]s 9 ! _w religion w\ld h be5 unnecess>y4 ,h[ c\ld philosophy h aris51 he objects1 _h n /ates1 t is1 civilisation1 aris5 fir/8 & h[ c\ld /ates h aris5 )\t ! aid ( religion8 ,?us ! say+ ought to be rev]s$3 )\t religion !re is no philosophy4 ,x 0 religion1 x 0 ! div9e provid5ce t tam$ ! sons ( ,polyphemus & r$uc$ !m to ! humanity ( ,ari/ides & ,socrates1 ( ,laelius & ,scipio ,africanus4 ,! conception aga9 ( ! /ate ( nature1 :i* s]v$ 9 ! treatises ( ! s*ool ( natural rights z an hypo!sis & a means ( exposition ) a view ei!r to develop+ ! argum5t indep5d5tly ( my/ical !ology )\t evok+ too _m prote/s1 or to convey+ implicitly _! utilit>ian !ories1 acquir$ 9 ,vico's h&s a new function & a new cont5t4 ,a p]fectly hone/ ,ca?olic1 hav+ satisfi$ 8 consci5ce by sep>at+ reveal$ f human religion1 he 0 9 a position to assume ! /ate ( nature z a lit]al & actual reality4 ,x is an ideal reality1 9 s f> z x repres5ts 9 ! dialectic ( ! practical consci\sness a mom5t necess>y = ! g5esis ( reality1 ! pre-moral mom5t3 a hi/orical & empirical reality1 z ! approximately actual condition ( ^? p]iods ( an>*y & di/urbance :i* prec$e ! rise ( civilisations or foll[ ^u _! fall4 ,! natural-"r s*ool acquiesc$ m or less 9 ! traditional doctr9e ( ! *ur*1 namely t ! ,g5tiles1 9 ! disp]sion foll[+ on ! confusion ( ,babel1 _h tak5 away ) !m a residuum ( reveal$ religion1 a vague memory ( ! true ,god1 & t h5ce arose ! possibility ( social life & ( false gods1 %ad[s ( ! true ,god3 & ?us ! /ate ( nature _h be5 put =w>d 9 _! sy/em z some?+ ab/ract & unreal4 ,vico work$ out /rictly ! di/9ction betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles1 & conceiv$ ! /ate ( nature z devoid ( any help com+ f previ\s revelation3 z a /ate 9 :i* man /ood alone1 s to speak1 face to face ) 8 own *aotic & turbul5t passions4 ,x 0 a /ate actually )\t morality1 b--9 contradi/9ction to ! utilit>ian hypo!sis--pregnant ) moral requirem5ts1 & 0 transc5d$ by ?is implicit "* becom+ explicit4 ,b ?is transc5d5ce 0 br\ght ab\t naturally1 n by means ( div9e grace3 ! true div9e grace is human nature itself1 %>$ by ,g5tiles no less ?an ,jews1 all equally illum9at$ by a div9e light4 ,man's w is free1 weak ?\gh x is1 to make 8 passions into virtues2 & 9 8 /ruggle t[>ds virtue he is help$ 9 a natural mann] by ,god ?r\gh provid5ce4 ,c]ta9ly ,vico did n int5d to d5y ! efficacy ( direct & p]sonal div9e grace z well3 b foll[+ 8 usual me?od he sep>ates ! latt] f ! natural op]ation ( provid5ce1 :i* is ! only "q ( importance = him & ! only "o he consid]s4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! controv]sies on grace1 he always likes to ma9ta9 a middle position betwe5 two extremes repres5t$ typically1 accord+ to him1 by ,pelagianism & ,calv9ism3 & ev] s9ce z a "y man he /udi$ ! works ( ,ri*>d1 ! !ologian ( ! ,sorbonne1 he _h accept$ 8 demon/ration ( ! sup]iority ( ! ,augu/9ian doctr9e1 j because x 0 int]m$iate betwe5 ^! extremes4 ,a mod]ate doctr9e ( ?is k9d seem$ to him1 z he says1 to provide a suitable f\ndation = a pr9ciple ( ! natural rights ( nations :i* %\ld expla9 ! orig9 ( ,roman & o!r ,g5tile law1 :ile at ! same "t rema9+ 9 agreem5t ) ! ,ca?olic religion4 ,he 0 incl9$ to admit t !re 0 a privileg$ nation1 namely ! ,jewi%2 & t 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ ! passions ! ,*ri/ian _h an advantage ov] ! non-,*ri/ian1 because 9 cases :]e natural grace fail$ he might be help$ by sup]natural4 ,b1 9 a ^w1 miracles are miracles1 & ! ,new ,sci5ce is n a sci5ce ( ! miracul\s4 ,t x is n1 is prov$ by ,vico's criticism on ! ?ird ( ! pr9ciples ( natural rights1 aga9/ ,john ,seld51 a fam\s man 9 8 day ?\gh =gott5 lat]1 & au?or ( ,de iure naturali et g5tium iuxta discipl9ant ,hebraeorum 7#afdj74 ,seld5 disagre$ ) ,grotius1 9 ?is z 9 c]ta9 o!r que/ions1 9 n d5y+1 & ev5 9 exalt+1 ! value ( religion3 he conceiv$ moral & civil life impossible = mank9d except ?r\gh revelation4 ,?is revelation1 made by ,god to ! ,jewi% p1 pass$ f !m accord+ to ,seld5 by sev]al *annels to ! ,g5tiles3 ,py?agoras = in/ance _h le>nt f ,ezekiel2 ,ari/otle1 at ! "t ( ! campaigns ( ,alex&] 9 ,asia1 =m$ a fri5d%ip ) ,simon ! ,j2 ,numa ,pompilius acquir$ "s k ( ! ,bible & ! prophets4 ,?is 0 en\gh to reassure any believ] :o _h be5 fright5$ away f ! works ( ! natural-"r s*ool by _! het]odox t5d5cies4 ,b ,vico w h none ( ?is ultra-religi\s sy/em4 ,if ,grotius ignor$ provid5ce & ,puff5dorf d5i$ x1 ,seld5 0 wrong1 said ,vico1 9 supply+ x1 mak+ x a deus ex ma*9a1 )\t expla9+ x by ! ess5tial "* ( ! human m9d4 ,x 0 a sy/em n only unphilosophical b incompatible ) sacr$ hi/ory1 :i* admits to a c]ta9 ext5t ev5 9 ! case ( ! ,jews a natural1 n reveal$1 law3 & x 0 only because1 dur+ ! captivity 9 ,egypt1 !y lo/ sight ( ?is t ! direct int]v5tion ( ,god ) ! laws giv5 to ,moses took place4 ,nor did ! !ory agree1 z to ! alleg$ dissem9ation ( ,jewi% k & laws among ! ,g5tiles1 ) ! words ( ! ,jew ,josephus & ( ,lactantius2 & 9 g5]al1 x 0 unsupport$ by ev5 ! smalle/ docum5t>y evid5ce4 ,vico's conclusion !re=e rema9s unalt]$4 ,! ,jews enjoy$ 9 addition ! extraord9>y aid ( ! true ,god3 b ! o!r nations atta9$ civilisation solely ?r\gh ! ord9>y light ( provid5ce4 ,:e!r or no ,vico quot$ & int]pret$ ,grotius & ,puff5dorf accurately is = u a "q ( small importance4 ,8 exposition & e/imate ( o!r philosoph]s matt] less ?an 8 own doctr9es1 :atev] _! hi/orical relations1 :i*1 to tell ! tru?1 are _m 9 numb]4 ,nev]!less x w be z well to indicate briefly1 z reg>ds ! difficulties :i* may arise ^u ?is po9t1 ! answ] :i* we ?9k plausible4 ,any "o :o aft] read+ ,vico's c5sures op5$ ! ,de iure belli et pacis & f\nd t ,grotius explicitly includes among 8 ?ree fundam5tal pr9ciples1 ) reason & ! social nature1 ! div9e w1 & t ?is ignor+ ( ,god am\nts to little m ?an a m]e phrase lay+ emphasis on ! p[] ( ! social nature & reason1 :i* w\ld take effect ev5 if we 7 to grant t ,god does n exi/ 7etiamsi d> emus non esse ,deum7 or t he does n c>e = human affairs1 :i* _c be grant$ )\t ! grosse/ impiety 7quod s9e summo scel]e d>i nequit73 any "o :o op5$ ,puff5dorf & read a mo/ solemn d5unciation ( ! ,grotian hypo!sis z impi\s & absurd1 & a decl>ation t natural laws w\ld rema9 hang+ 9 ! air devoid ( =ce ap>t f ! w ( ,god z legislator2 any "o :o read ^! words might be l$ to accuse ,vico ( neglig5ce or ev5 ( ins9c]ity 9 8 criticisms ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,b 9 tru? ,vico did n "k :at to make ( a ,god set side by side ) o!r s\rces ( morality1 or set above !m z a sup]flu\s s\rce = ! s\rces3 he1 se>*+ = ,god z he did 9 ! he>t ( man1 saw & felt ! gulf fix$ betwe5 him & ^? :o no long] _h him 9 _! he>ts & b>ely kept him on _! lips ?r\gh habit or prud5ce4 ,a m subtle "q w\ld be to ask :y1--if ,vico agre$ ) ! natural-"r s*ool 9 ignor+ revelation1 & if he in/ead ( reject+ x deep5$ _! sup]ficial imman5tal doctr9e1--:y he put himself =w>d z _! implacable enemy & p]si/$ 9 boa/+ l\dly be=e prelates & pontiffs ( hav+ =mulat$ a sy/em ( natural rights diff]5t f t ( ! ?ree ,prote/ant au?ors & adapt$ to ! ,roman *ur*4 ,! supposition t he act$ ?us ?r\gh politic caution might be advanc$ if in/ead ( ,vico we 7 deal+ )1 = in/ance1 a passionate & p[]ful b deceitful fri> l ,tommaso ,campanella3 b ! spotless "* ( ,vico entirely precludes x1 & we c only suppose t1 lack+ z 8 ideas always 7 9 cl>ity1 on ?is occasion he indulg$ 8 t5d5cy to confusion & n\ri%$ 8 illusions1 to ! ext5t ( conf]r+ ^u himself ! flatt]+ /yle & title ( ,def5sor ,ecclesiae at ! v mom5t :5 he 0 de/roy+ ! religion ( ! *ur* by means ( ! religion ( humanity4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,morality ,,& ,,law ,) ! dazzl+ light ( 8 orig9ality /ill %9+ be=e our eyes1 x is impossible to fix our att5tion ^u ^? doctr9es & classifications :i* ,vico drew f ! traditional philosophy & plac$ especially 9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,diritto univ]sale3 ?\gh x is precisely ^! t h become fav\rites ) _m read]s1 & are n[ almo/ common prop]ty ?r\gh ! frequ5t quotation ( !m4 ,t ,god is inf9ite p[] k & w 7posse nosse velle inf9itum7 & man f9ite p[] k & w /ruggl+ t[>ds ! inf9ite 7posse nosse velle f9itum quod t5dit ad inf9itum73 t ! /ate is ! image ( ,god1 & because x has all ?+s b5ea? x1 no?+ above 7omnia infra se1 nil sup]ius habet71 !re=e x r5d]s acc\nt to ,god alone & to no "o else 7uni ,deo1 praet]ea r$dat rationem nem9i71 & t j z 9 ,god fre$om is inh]5t 9 8 et]nal reason1 s ! /ate freely obeys ! laws x has itself e/abli%$3 t ju/ice directs & equates utilities 7utilitates dirigit et exaequat71 direct+1 l an ar*itect1 9 ! build+-up ( ! /ate1 ! two p>ticul> k9ds ( ju/ice1 commutative & di/ributive1 ! two div9e artisans t measure utility ) ! two div9e measures1 ari?metic & geometry1 s t :at is equal :5 y measure is also j :5 y *oose 7quod e/ aequum cum metiris1 idem e/ iu/um quum eligis71 ^! & simil> ass]tions seem n m]ely lack+ 9 orig9ality b ev5 false or mean+less1 adorn$ ?\gh !y may be ) ! "n ei!r ( ,ari/otle or ( ,campanella or ( o!r philosoph]s ( ! anci5t _w or ! ,r5aissance4 ,if1 to take "o1 ju/ice consi/$ 9 measur+1 a philosophy ( ju/ice w\ld be unnecess>y1 = ! sci5ce ( calculation & measurem5t w\ld be en\gh4 ,vico himself at "o po9t involunt>ily & +5u\sly discloses ! vici\s circle ( ?is metaphor sub/itut$ = a concept1 by say+ t m5 ought to %>e utility equally among !mselves1 only pres]v+ a j diff]5ce :]e x is a "q ( des]t1 & t to pres]ve ! equality4 ,m pr(itable ?an collect+ ^! second-h& =mulae w\ld be to collect ! _m acute obs]vations ( moral psy*ology f\nd "h & !re 9 8 writ+s1 express$ 9 8 gem-l /yle2 or to recall 8 little-kn[n !ory ( laught]1 :i* he d]ives f disappo9t$ expectation & f ! weakness ( ! m9d1 & !re=e d5ies ! faculty bo? to animals & to ! p]fect man1 consid]+ a man :o laughs to be a satyr or faun1 int]m$iate betwe5 a brute & a man4 ,b ab/a9+ f su* a collection1 :i* =ms no "p ( our plan1 we w\ld r obs]ve t ev5 9 ! commonplace di/9ctions & classifications m5tion$ above ,vico %[s a c]ta9 m]it3 he recognises1 ev5 :ile he prop\nds !m1 ! necess>y confusion & id5tification ( all or _m ( ^! di/9ctions4 ,?us aft] di/+ui%+ ! two k9ds ( ju/ice1 ! ?ree k9ds ( virtue & ! ?ree k9ds ( law1 he ends by decl>+ t ^! dualities1 triplicities & multiplicities ea* =m a unity4 ,ju/ice & virtue also1 = ,vico1 =m a unity1 s9ce t p[] ( tru?1 or human reason1 :i* is virtue 9 s f> z x /ruggles ) selfi%ness1 is also ju/ice 9 s f> z x directs or equates utilities4 ,?is implies t ,vico does n di/+ui%1 at lea/ 9 ! sy/ematic exposition ( ! ,diritto univ]sale1 betwe5 law & morality3 a di/9ction :i* inde$ receiv$ little emphasis 9 ! doctr9e ( natural rights1 & is b>ely indicat$ 9 ,grotius1 = in/ance1 z "o betwe5 a great] & less degree ( morality4 ,vico's doctr9e ( puni%m5t is also purely moral1 & d$uc$ f ! e?ical concept ( remorse4 ,x is inflict$1 he says1 by ! law1 & is no?+ b a social re9=cem5t ( ! individual consci5ce1 9 ! case :]e ! (f5d] does n himself expiate 8 crime by means ( remorse & int]nal puni%m5t4 ,b ! m ! problem ( ! relation betwe5 law & morality is abs5t 9 ,vico's !oretical =mulation & sy/ematic treatm5t1 ! m pres5t x is 9 8 p>ticul> obs]vations2 inde$ x may be said to p]vade ! :ole ( ! ,new ,sci5ce4 ,nor c\ld x be o!rwise1 see+ t ?is relation ref]s to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! moral w & ! inf]ior or e>li] =ms ( w2 & we "k t all ,vico's t5d5cies 7 t[>ds explor+ ! l[] & obscure region ( ! m9d1 bo? cognitive & practical1 9 ! sph]e alike ( imag9ation1 w & passion4 ,he always realis$ ! supreme importance ( ! passions2 & if he c\ld n approve ( giv+ !m ! upp] h&1 if he always consid]$ ! ,epicurean morality a morality ( idl]s %ut up 9 _! pleasure-g>d5s1 he did n at all approve ( excessively sev]e moralities su* z t ( ! ,/oics1 :i* 0 no less ?an ! o!r a morality ( solit>ies1 n "o = m5 liv+ 9 a /ate4 ,/oicism c]ta9ly prea*es an et]nal & immutable ju/ice1 & makes hon\r ! crit]ion ( human action2 b x does viol5ce to human nature1 dehumanises x1 annuls x & drives x to despair by pret5d+ t x is q ins5sible to ! passions1 by ignor+ ! utility & necessity ( ! bodily nature1 by inculcat+ t rule--a rule h>d] ?an iron--t s9s are all equal & t he :o /rikes a slave is z guilty z he :o kills 8 fa!r4 ,! same d\bts mu/ h be5 ar\s$ 9 ,vico's m9d by ,jans5ism1 z he compla9s t out ( hatr$ ( probability1 ,*ri/ian morality 9 ,france is becom+ rigidifi$4 ,we ought to foll[ n ^! solit>y philosoph]s b r ^? political ones1 especially ! ,platonic type1 :i* recognises t ! passions %\ld be n eradicat$ b mod]at$ & conv]t$ into human virtues4 ,?us out ( cruelty1 av>ice & ambition1 ! ?ree univ]sal faults ( mank9d1 ,provid5ce elicits ! w>rior1 ! m]*ant & ! judge2 ! brav]y1 weal? & wisdom ( /ates4 ,f ^! ?ree fail+s1 :i* w\ld de/roy mank9d on ! e>?1 civil prosp]ity is =m$4 ,conc]n+ matt]s ( utility1 ,vico obs]ves t 9 !mselves1 ex se1 !y are nei!r good nor bad 7neque turpes neque hone/ae7 b become s m]ely ?r\gh _! relation to ! moral consci\sness 7b _! unfairness is bas5ess1 _! fairness1 hon\r3 s$ e>um inaequalitas e/ turpitudo1 acqualitas autem hone/as74 ,9 ! empirical sci5ce ( utility1 he def5ds aga9/ ,grotius a prior natural law1 ius naturale prius1 to :i* belong self-def5ce & ! procreation & upbr++ ( *ildr53 & ?is "r he connects ) ! ,/oic 4 ,t x has no moral au?ority is prov$ by ! fact t ! law :i* foll[s x 9 ! hi/orical ord]1 ! po/]ior natural law1 ius naturale po/]ius1 def9$ by ,ju/9ian z t :i* is e/abli%$ among all m5 by natural reason & is pres]v$ by all nations alike 7quod naturalis ratio int] omnes hom9es con/ituit et apud omnes g5tes p] aeque cu/oditur71 is prior 9 ! ord] ( "r1 prius iure1 ov]comes ! =m] :5 !y conflict & sets ^u x ! seal ( immutability4 ,n[1 al?\gh ?is fir/ natural law is def9$ & exemplifi$ 9 a m]ely empirical mann]1 x is surely at bottom no?+ b pure law1 law n yet moralis$4 ,b x is ^u ! concept ( c]titude t law z di/9ct f morality prop]ly1 accord+ to ,vico1 re/s4 ,! ^w c]titude is us$ by him 9 _m s5ses1 nei!r cle>ly di/+ui%$ nor h>monis$ nor d$uc$ "o f ano!r3 ?\gh !y all z we h se5 unite1 r confus$ly1 9 ! g5]al idea ( ! spontane\s z di/+ui%$1 f ! reflective =m ( ! m9d4 ,c]titude 9 its practical signification implies among o!r ?+s an opposition to ! tru? ( volition1 & is1 9 a ^w1 =ce z aga9/ equity & ju/ice1 au?ority z aga9/ reason1 m]e w z aga9/ ! moral w4 ,^! are di/9ctions occurr+ to our own ?\ghts1 r ?an /at$ by ,vico1 :o bo? di/+ui%es & fails to di/+ui%4 ,= in/ance1 he affirms t c]titude proce$s f au?ority1 tru? f reason 7c]tuni ab auctoritate e/1 v]um a ratione7 & imm$iately aft]w>ds adds t x is q impossible = au?ority to conflict ) reason1 = 9 t case !re w\ld be n laws b abortive laws 7auctoritas cum ratione omn9o pugn>e non pote/1 nam ita non leges ess5t1 s$ mon/ra legum74 ,at any rate1 ! ,new ,sci5ce seems to him1 by reason ( ?is treatm5t ( c]titude1 to conta9 a philosophy ( au?ority1 :i*1 he adds1 is ! s\rce ( :at !ological morali/s call ext]nal ju/ice4 ,t is to say1 he connect$ ! concept ( c]titude ) ! di/9ction & t]m9ology ( ext]nal & int]nal1 already employ$ by ! s*ola/ic morality1 :i*1 us$ ab\t ?is "t by ,*ri/ianus ,?omasius1 7 de/9$ )\t any great philosophical m]it on 8 "p to give an impetus to ! inve/igation ( ! philosophical relations betwe5 law & morality4 ,ano!r & k9dr$ mean+ ( practical c]titude 9 ,vico is ! s-call$ lett] ( ! law1 =mula legum2 :i* may /& 9 opposition to reason & ! moral consci\sness1 b none ! less has its own peculi> value3 dura lex1 s$ c]ta3 durum s$ scriptum e/--! law is h>%1 b x is c]ta92 x is h>%1 b s x is writt54 ,x is 9 a ^w ! value ( law simply z law1 :i* ?\gh devoid ( any real e?ical cont5t yet has always ! value t comes f a comm& ov] ! w4 ,! c]titude ( law 7writes ,vico7 is a d>k5+ ( ! reason support$ m]ely by au?ority1 & makes ! law h>% 9 practical exp]i5ce by lay+ d[n _! c]titude1 :i* 9 good ,lat9 7c]tuni7 means p>ticul>is$1 or 9 ! s*ola/ic t]m9ology individualis$4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ,vico grasp$ ! individual "* :i* lies at ! root ( e law4 ,t "o mu/ judge accord+ to law1 n accord+ to example 7legibus non exemplis iudic&um7 is a comp>atively late pr9ciple3 ! fir/ laws 7 /rictly exempta1 exempl>y puni%m5ts4 ,f real examples 7 d]iv$ ! ideal examples employ$ by logic & rhetoric3 & :5 ! intelligible univ]sal 0 und]/ood1 x 0 recognis$ t law _h a c]ta9 univ]sal "*4 ,! primitive society sket*$ by ,vico is1 9 its juri/ic aspect1 ! my? s to speak ( pure law or practical =ce4 ,once ^u a "t m5 liv$ possess$ ( imm5se bodily /r5g?1 & proportionately feeble 9 und]/&+1 :o ?\ght all /r5g? great] ?an _! own div9e1 & ?is belief con/itut$ _! law4 ,!y ?\ght ( ! gods simply z be+s /rong] ?an !mselves1 :om !y 7 compell$ to obey1 ?\gh ) a bad grace3 l ,polyphemus1 :o if he _h be5 /rong en\gh w\ld h f\ght ,zeus himself1 or ,a*illes1 :o told ,apollo t if only !y 7 equally mat*$ he w\ld n hesitate to try 8 /r5g? aga9/ him4 ,! wisdom ( provid5ce decre$ t ^! fi]ce m51 n tam$ z yet by ! rule ( reason1 %\ld at lea/ fe> ! div9e nature ( =ce & measure reason by its /&>d4 ,?is is ! f\ndation ( ! pr9ciple ( ! ext]nal ju/ice ( w>4 ,b ! my? ( ! p]iod ( =ce _c h ! /rictness ( a philosophical concept1 & consequ5tly ^! /rong m5 are consid]$ by ,vico f ano!r po9t ( view z e?ically ! be/3 /ronge/ & be/1 =tissimi & optimi1 are reg>d$ z synonym\s t]ms3 & _! law1 ?\gh n tru? or rational law1 is n pure c]titude1 b tru? mix$ ) c]titude1 ex c]to mixtum4 ,b ! v mixture ( c]titude )1 & its prepond]ance ov]1 tru?1 :i* is "h ass]t$1 po/ulates ! concept ( pure c]titude z presuppos$ by ,vico4 ,:5 ,vico accus$ ,grotius & ! s*ool ( natural rights ( comm5c+ _! hi/ory half-way1 ) ! civilis$ ages1 & ov]look+ ! e>li] p]iods1 ! accusation1 9 its be>+ ^u ! philosophy ( practice1 may be translat$ into a *>ge ( ignor+ ! ideal mom5t ( =ce & conf9+ ! att5tion to ju/ice1 equity & morality4 ,! mom5t ( =ce1 con/itut+ ! o!r & e>li] half1 0 ! field *os5 by ,hobbes1 be=e him by ,ma*iavelli1 & /ill e>li] by ,epicurus1 all ( :om treat$ ( ?is mom5t alone1 ) impiety t[>ds ,god1 infamy to rul]s & inju/ice t[>ds nations4 ,h5ce ! conclusion is easy1 t 9 refut+ ! utilit>ians & ! !ori/s ( =ce1 ,vico 0 at ! same "t recognis+ & absorb+ ! ne$ :i* !y repres5t$1 _! only mi/ake hav+ be5 t !y develop$ ?is ne$ 9 an ab/ract & "o-sid$ way4 ,8 /ate ( nature is 9 "s respects l t ( ,hobbes1 ) ! diff]5ce t mank9d transc5ds ! latt] ow+ to ! recognition ( utility1 ! =m] ow+ to ! religi\s & moral consci\sness4 ,b ,vico does n on ?is acc\nt express any gratitude to ,hobbes or ,sp9oza1 ,ma*iavelli or ,epicurus1 s9ce he believ$ himself to h f\nd 9 a classical au?or all ! mat]ials & ! /imulus he requir$1 all ! c\nt]-poise necess>y to ! ,platonic philosophy4 ,?is 0 "o ( 8 f\r au?ors1 ! "o ( :om we said e>li] t we _h /ill to see ! use :i* ,vico made1 namely ,tacitus4 ,?is writ] = 8 "p contemplates ) 8 unequall$ metaphysical p[]s man z he is1 :ile ,plato contemplates him z he ought to be4 ,j z ,plato 9 8 univ]sal sci5ce explores e corn] ( nobility1 s ,tacitus desc5ds into e s*eme ( utility1 9 ord] t among ! inf9ite *aotic *ances ( malice & =tune ! man ( practical wisdom may act well4 ,to ! union 9 8 m9d ( ,greek philosoph] & ,roman hi/orian1 :i* he int]prets1 z is easily se51 9 ! mann] usual among ! ,tacitean politicians ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,vico attributes 8 own success 9 sket*+ a real idea ( et]nal hi/ory1 :i* ! wise man w\ld con/ruct bo? ( esot]ic wisdom su* z ,plato's1 & ( common wisdom su* z t ( ,tacitus4 ,to ,tacitus1 f9ally1 he ow$ ! impulse t[>ds ! supreme task ( mak+ concrete 8 ideal1 & realis+ ! republic ( ,plato 9 ! dregs ( ,romulus4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,aspect ,,( ,,law ,z ! cognitive m9d passes f feel+ )\t notic+ to notic+ ) di/urb$ & confus$ faculties1 & !nce to ! reflection ( ! cle> m9d1 s analog\sly ! volitional m9d passes f ! /ate ( nature to practical c]titude & !nce to practical tru?4 ,9 ! correlative empirical sci5ce1 ! transition is m or less t f ! savage to ! h]oic or b>b>ic condition & f ! latt] to ! civilis$4 ,9 ^! ?ree types ( society1 all ! manife/ations ( life correspond3 ?us !re are ?ree k9ds ( "*1 ?ree k9ds ( mann]s & cu/oms1 ?ree k9ds ( law & !re=e ( /ates1 ?ree k9ds ( language & writ+1 ?ree k9ds ( au?ority1 reason & ju/ice1 & ?ree divisions ( hi/ory4 ,confus$ & sometimes self-contradictory ?\gh ,vico may be 9 fix+ ! p>ticul>s ( ^! v>i\s correspond5ces1 8 g5]al idea is pla94 ,:]e reflection is at a l[ ebb & imag9ation fl\ri%es1 ! passions also fl\ri%1 habits are viol5t1 gov]nm5ts ari/ocratic or feudal1 families subject$ to /rict pat]nal rule1 laws sev]e1 legal proc$ure symbolical1 language c\*$ 9 metaphor & writ+ 9 hi]oglyphics4 ,:]e on ! o!r h& reflection pr$om9ates1 poetry becomes ei!r sep>ate f or *>g$ ) philosophy1 mann]s & cu/oms lose _! viol5ce1 ! passions are br\ght into subjection1 ! p take ! gov]nm5t into _! own h&s1 all memb]s ( ! family are alike citiz5s ( ! /ate1 law is mitigat$ by equity & its proc$ure simplifi$1 language loses its metaphorical clo?+ & writ+ becomes alphabetical4 ,mix$ =ms1 :i* "s politicians aim at produc+ artificially1 w\ld be abortions3 & ?\gh we d f9d natural hybrid =ms :i* reta9 a t+e ( ! e>li]1 ea* "o1 by reason ( its own unity1 always tries s f> z possible to dive/ its subject ( e prop]ty belong+ to o!r =ms4 ,:i* ( ! v>i\s social types =ms ! f\ndation ( ! o!rs & supplies ! crit]ion = judg+ !m8 or :at is ! crit]ion & /&>d by :i* !y mu/ all alike be judg$8 ,= ,vico1 su* a "q is mean+less4 ,gov]nm5ts1 he says1 mu/ adapt !mselves to ! nature ( ! p gov]n$3 ! s*ool ( pr9ces is ! morality ( nations4 ,we may %udd] at w>1 at ! law ( ! /rong]1 at ! r$uction ( ! conqu]$ to slav]y1 t is1 to *attels3 b ! society :i* express$ itself 9 ^! cu/oms 0 necess>y & !re=e good4 ,! wor%ip ( /r5g?1 z we h said1 occupi$ ! position & dis*>g$ ! function ( ! z yet impossible rule ( reason4 ,lat] came ! p]iod ( fully develop$ human reason1 :5 m5 no long] valu$ ea* o!r by ! /&>d ( =ce1 b by virtue ( _! rational nature1 :i* is ! true & et]nal human nature1 recognis$ "o ano!r z equals4 ,! *ange ( "t br\ght *ange ( cu/oms3 & ! new 7 no less good1 b no m s1 ?an ! old4 ,x w\ld be z useless to seek ! common measure ( ^! v>i\s social types1 z to ask :at is ! real age ( ! individual life1 ! common measure ( *ildhood1 y\?1 maturity & old age4 ,! comp>ison is "o pres5t$ by ,vico himself4 ,z *ildr5 %ape all _! ideas accord+ to _! :ims & c>ry !m out ) viol5ce1 z y\?s animate ev]y?+ by _! imag9ation1 z gr[n m5 guide _! affairs r by pure reason & old m5 by s\nd prud5ce2 s x is ) ! human race1 :i* aft] its feeble1 isolat$ & pov]ty-/rick5 orig9s1 gr[s at fir/ 9 unre/ra9$ lib]ty1 !n r$iscov]s ! necess>ies1 utilities & com=ts ( life by g5ius & imag9ation 7! age ( poetry71 & f9ally cultivates wisdom by means ( reason 7! age ( philosophy74 ,simil>ly1 natural "r arose fir/ 9 laws s to speak ( j passion & j viol5ce3 !n x 0 clo!d 9 v>i\s my?s ( j reason3 & f9ally x 0 op5ly proclaim$ 9 its pure rationality & noble tru?4 ,by su* a me?od ( h&l+ & pass+ judgm5t ^u gov]nm5ts1 laws & cu/oms1 ,vico1 escap$ ano!r ( ! lead+ doctr9es or suppositions ( ! s*ool ( natural rights1 ! ab/raction & anti-hi/oricism we m5tion$ 9 its own place1 :i* result$ 9 ! conception ( a natural law /&+ above positive law & !re=e con/itut+ a k9d ( et]nal code1 a p]fect s*eme ( legislation1 n yet fully actual b to be actualis$1 ^: outl9es %[ up cle>ly 9 ! works ( ! s*ool ?r\gh _! veil ( doctr9e & philosophy4 ,b ?is et]nal code 0 9 its mo/ important "p a cont+5t & transitory code2 or at lea/ x advocat$ a code 9 agreem5t ) ! re=matory & revolution>y t5d5cies ( ^! writ]s1 publici/s z !y 7 r ?an philosoph]s4 ,vico rids himself ( ! ideal et]nal code )\t seem+ to d s3 ?\gh he is q ready to recognise t ! philosoph]s' natural "r1 ius naturale philosophorum1 is 9 idea et]nal1 & inexorably laid d[n 9 accordance ) et]nal reason1 ad rationis aet]nae libellam4 ,b f ?is v]bal concession ( et]nity made out ( respect = ! old traditional s*ola/ic philosophy1 ^: influ5ce he felt n[ & !n1 he goes on to d5y its real et]nity & supra-hi/orical "*2 s9ce in/ead ( plac+ x above & outside hi/ory he puts x 9 ! place :i* belongs to x1 )9 hi/ory4 ,! law ( viol5ce or h]oic law1 aft] pass+ into ! law ( uncivilis$ society1 gradually atta9s a c]ta9 limit ( cl>ity1 9 :i* /ate ! only ?+ want+ to its p]fection is t "s s*ool ( philosoph]s %\ld complete x by e/abli%+ x ) reason$ pr9ciples1 ^u ! idea ( et]nal ju/ice3 & ?is reason+ & sy/ematisation is ! ius naturale philosophorum ! extreme =m ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( law1 n its un*ang+ rule2 a product1 n a /&>d4 ,h5ce ,vico's *>ge aga9/ ,grotius ( confus+ ! ius naturale philosophorum1 ! law compos$ ( reason$ pr9ciples d]iv$ f morali/s1 !ologians &1 9 "p1 juri/s1 ) ! natural law ( nations1 ius naturale g5tium 79 ,grotius's language1 confus+ natural law ) an arbitr>y or positive =m ( law73 ( misund]/&+ ! ,roman juri/s1 :o int5d$ to speak solely ( ! latt]3 & ( (f]+ to correct & v5tur+ to criticise writ]s ^: faults on inspection vani%4 ,! et]nal code1 consid]$ 9 its ess5tials1 is a ,utopia3 & s9ce ! fir/ & greate/ ( ,utopias is ,plato's ,republic1 x is important1 9 ord] bett] to decide ! po9t at issue1 to exam9e ,vico's attitude t[>ds ! political s*eme ( ,plato4 ,if we may li/5 to 8 own words1 ! ,republic 0 ano!r ( 8 _m inc5tives & examples :5 he conceiv$ ! ,new ,sci5ce4 ,) ! /udy ( ,plato began ! unconsci\s awak5+ 9 him ( ! ?\ght ( conceiv+ an ideal et]nal law1 to be express$ 9 a univ]sal /ate built on ! idea or plan ( provid5ce1 on :i* idea1 inde$1 are f\nd$ all ! /ates ( e p]iod & race3 an ideal ,republic l t :i* ,plato ought1 z a consequ5ce ( 8 div9e metaphysic1 to h conceiv$4 ,he ought1 b c\ld n1 ow+ to 8 ignorance ( ! fir/ man's fall2 ignorance1 t is1 ( ! orig9al /ate ( nature & ( ! exclusively poetic or common wisdom :i* foll[$ x3 an ignorance ma9ta9$ by ! error1 common to ! m9ds ( all m51 ( measur+ by oneself ! almo/ unkn[n nature ( o!r p1 z ,plato exalt$ ! rude & b>b>ic beg9n+s ( ,g5tile man to ! p]fect /ate ( 8 l(tie/ esot]ic k ( ! div9e1 & fanci$ ^! e>lie/ m5 to possess a high degree ( ?is esot]ic wisdom1 :]eas on ! contr>y !y 7 really brutes1 all /upidity & f]ocity4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is le>n$ error ,plato1 in/ead ( conceiv+ an et]nal ,republic & ! laws ( an et]nal ju/ice by :i* ,provid5ce gov]ns ! nations ( ! _w & directs x by means ( ! common ne$s ( mank9d1 by :i* x is l$ to ! common consci\sness ( ! :ole human race1 conceiv$ an ideal ,republic & a m]ely ideal ju/ice1 by :i* nations are n guid$ at all4 ,9 fact1 !y ought n to be guid$ by x3 s9ce among ! det]m9ations ( ! p]fect /ate !re are "s :i* are di%on\rable & dete/able1 su* z ! community ( wives4 ,?us ,vico took f ,plato ! idea ( an et]nal /ate1 b entirely inv]t$ x by ! res]vation :i* he add$ to x1 t ! true et]nal republic is n ! ab/ract /ate ( ,plato1 b ! c\rse ( hi/ory 9 all its phases1 includ+ ! brutes at "o end & ,plato at ! o!r4 ,?is is ! republic ( mank9d1 ! great /ate ( mank9d1 ! univ]sal republic 7g5]is humani respublica1 magna g5]is humani civitas1 respublica univ]sa7 ( :i* he means to inve/igate ! =m1 ranks1 societies1 occupations1 laws1 crimes1 puni%m5ts1 & sci5ce ( jurisprud5ce 7=mam ord9es societates negotia leges peccata po5as et sci5tiam 9 ea tract&i iuris7 & to foll[ ! developm5t ( all ^! f _! orig91 ! beg9n+s ( humanity1 "u ! control ( div9e ,provid5ce1 national cu/om & au?ority 7a suis usque primis humanitatis orig9ibus1 div9a provid5tia mod]ante1 moribus g5tium ac pro9de auctoritate71 t is to say1 by means ( ! v>i\s elem5ts ( human utility & necessity1 or ev5 by means ( opportunities aris+ by ! spontane\s action ( circum/ances 7p] v>ia utilitatum et necessitatum1 human>um rudim5ta1 sive adeo p] ips>um sponte r]um oblatas occasiones74 ,! great /ate ( ! nations f\nd$ & gov]n$ by ,god is ?us no?+ else ?an ,hi/ory4 ,:ile refus+ a fix$ code & ! draft ( a model society1 we d n mean to d5y ! possibility ( a practical aspect ( ! sci5ce conceiv$ by ,vico1 ! ,new ,sci5ce 9 its triple =m ( ideal hi/ory1 typical hi/ory & hi/orical hi/ory4 ,e tru? has its practical side1 t is to say1 its practical consequ5ces3 & ?9k+ 9 ?is or t way ( ! nature & developm5t ( mank9d involves ?is or t practical l9e ( conduct4 ,a man :o believes = in/ance 9 ! docile innoc5ce ( savage races w approa* !m ) a smile on 8 face1 k9dly words on 8 lips & ! alphabet & cate*ism ( rights & duties 9 8 h&3 "o :o believes 9 ,vico's brutes w adopt some:at /]n] me?ods1 p]haps ev5 fire & ! sword4 ,"o :o1 l ,vico1 believes t cu/om is m pot5t ?an law & t cu/om *anges n at a bl[1 b gradually & sl[ly w n be incl9$ to ha/y legislation1 & w n delude himself into ?9k+ he c remodel human nature aft] an ideal ( 8 own devis+4 ,su* conduct 9 any case is n !ory1 b practice3 & :5 ! attempt is made to r$uce x to !ory1 ei!r a *aotic confusion ( necess>y & cont+5t det]m9ations results1 or else if we avoid ^! errors & /rive to atta9 a /rictly doctr9al =m ( conduct1 we get nei!r m nor less ?an ! sci5tific !ory itself1 f :i* our conduct d]iv$4 ,! ?\ght ( foll[+ up ! ,new ,sci5ce ) a practical !ory appropriate to x evid5tly occurr$ to ,vico4 ,ev5 9 ! fir/ ,italian edition ( ! "w he /at$ two practical coroll>ies3 fir/1 a new art ( criticism1 to s]ve z a light to di/+ui% ! tru? 9 obscure & leg5d>y hi/ory2 & secondly an art ( diagnosis1 s to speak1 = det]m9+ ! degrees ( necessity or utility 9 human affairs1 & z its ultimate consequ5ce1 ! *ief end ( ?is sci5ce1 consi/+ 9 ! recognition ( indubitable symptoms ( ! conditions ( nations4 ,prop]ly consid]$1 ^! arts ( criticism & diagnosis unite into "o1 namely ! bett] k :i* x 0 possible1 ow+ to ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ,vico1 to obta9 conc]n+ ! pa/ & pres5t life ( nations4 ,?is idea is repeat$ & expla9$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! same "w4 ,! sci5ces1 /udies & arts develop$ up to n[1 says ,vico1 deal ) p>ticul> objects3 ! ,new ,sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 inve/igat+ z x does ! pr9ciples !mselves :i* lie at ! s\rce ( all /udies1 is able to e/abli% ! or /ate ( p]fection ( ! entire sy/em1 & ! degrees & extremes by :i* & )9 :i* human nature l all o!r mortal ?+s mu/ run its c\rse & come to an end3 s t ?r\gh ?is sci5ce we c answ] ! practical que/ions h[ a nation 9 its rise may come to its /ate ( p]fection1 & h[ 9 its decad5ce x may be /imulat$ to new life4 ,! /ate ( p]fection w\ld consi/ 9 a nation's re/+ ^u fix$ pr9ciples bo? demon/rat$ by un*ang+ reason & put into practice by human habits2 pr9ciples 9 :i* ! esot]ic wisdom ( ! philosoph] w\ld ext5d a help+ h& to ! common wisdom ( nations1 ?us unit+ m5 ( ! greate/ academic reputation ) all ^? ( wisdom 9 ! /ate1 ! philosoph]s ) ! /atesm52 & ! sci5ce ( civil matt]s div9e & human1 religion & law1 a !ology & morality impos$ by comm& & acquir$ by habituation1 w\ld be supplem5t$ by ! sci5ce ( natural laws div9e & human1 a !ology & morality impos$ by reason & acquir$ by ratioc9ation3 s t to transgress su* pr9ciples w\ld be true error1 ! w&]+ n ( m5 b ( wild animals4 ,! practical aspect ( ! ,new ,sci5ce1 !n1 0 simply a summ>y or duplicate ( ! sci5ce itself1 emphasis+ ! two lead+ elem5ts ( spontane\s & reflective wisdom1 c]titude & tru?1 & ! necessity ( be>+ bo? 9 m9d4 ,ye>s lat]1 9 "o ( ! elaborations ( ! second ,sci5za ,nuova made by ,vico1 we aga9 meet ) ! idea & ! phrase ( a practical aspect ( ?is sci5ce1 9 ! title ( a special conclud+ p>agraph :i* he propos$ to add to 8 "w4 ,x beg9s ?us3 ,! :ole ( ?is "w has n[ be5 ?\ght out z a m]e contemplative sci5ce deal+ ) ! common "* ( nations3 = ?is reason x may seem to (f] no assi/ance to human prud5ce 9 ord] ei!r to prev5t or to delay ! entire ru9 ( nations on ! pa? ( decad5ce1 & ?us to lack ! practical side :i* e sci5ce mu/ h ^: subject-matt] is dep5d5t ^u ! human w1 all su* sci5ces be+ call$ practical4 ,n[ 9 :at c\ld su* a practical side consi/8 ,?is practical application c easily be f\nd f ! contemplation itself ( ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( nations3 :i* ! wise m5 7/atesm57 & pr9ces ( /ates obs]v+1 c\ld by means ( good ord9ances1 laws & examples recall peoples to _! or /ate ( p]fection4 ,9 o!r words3 a man w>n$ is half sav$4 ,contemplation is ! only pr9ciple ( conduct :i* ! ,new ,sci5ce c supply4 ,! o!r half ( salvation dep5ds n on ! p]son w>n+1 namely ?\ght1 b ^u ! p]son w>n$1 ^u action4 ,x does n occur to ,vico to try to det]m9e ! ord9ances1 laws & examples ^: adoption w\ld be ( value 9 ?is or t crisis or situation4 ,?is w\ld n be a philosoph]'s task1 z 9 fact he himself cle>ly recognises next mom5t1 :5 he says3 ,! only practical pr9ciples we philosoph]s c supply are ones :i* c be conf9$ to ! academic sph]e4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be ra% to claim precise k ( ,vico's reasons = omitt+ ?is note on practical pr9ciples 9 ! f9al manuscript ( ! la/ edition ( ! ,sci5za ,nuova1 j z he _h omitt$ 9 ! second "w ( t title ! ass]tions on ! subject :i* _h appe>$ 9 ! fir/4 ,b we may at lea/ v5ture to guess t ! pr9cipal reason 0 ! obvi\s empt9ess ( ?is passage1 promis+ z x did a practical application :i* x fail$ to provide1 & f9ally confess+ t su* a practical application 0 ei!r impossible or already includ$ 9 ! !ory itself4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,provid5ce ,! true & only reality !n1 9 ! _w ( nations1 is ! c\rse ( _! hi/ory3 & ! pr9ciple :i* regulates ?is c\rse is ,provid5ce4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! ,new ,sci5ce may be def9$ z a rational civil !ology ( ! div9e provid5ce4 ,bacon1 among 8 hi/orical sci5ces1 _h nam$ a ,hi/oria ,nemeseos 7hi/ory ( ,div9e ,retribution74 ,:at = ,bacon 0 little m ?an a m]e "n 0 = ,vico a cle>ly /at$ problem & a develop$ !ory4 ,philosoph]s1 accord+ to him1 :5 !y did n ignore ,provid5ce entirely1 z mat]iali/s & det]m9i/s1 consid]$ x solely 9 ! sph]e ( natural law1 call+ metaphysic by ! "n ( natural !ology1 & support+ ! id5tification ( ,god ) ! natural ord] obs]v$ 9 ! motions ( bodies1 su* z ! sph]es & ! elem5ts1 & ) ! f9al cause :i* 0 se5 to exi/ ov] & above ! o!r natural causes4 ,z aga9/ all ?is x 0 important to "w out ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce 9 ! economy ( matt]s civil4 ,x 0 obs]v$ by "s ( 8 e>lie/ comm5tators1 & ! obs]vation has be5 frequ5tly repeat$ s9ce1 t ,vico us$ ! ^w provid5ce indiff]5tly 9 a subjective & an objective s5se3 sometimes to indicate ! human belief 9 a provid5t deity controll+ _! doctr9e1 sometimes to d5ote ! actual op]ation ( ?is provid5ce4 ,! d\ble or triple mean+ ( a s+le ^w 9 ,vico's t]m9ology is a ?+ :i* by n[ ne$ cause no a/oni%m5t4 ,we h (t5 already be5 oblig$ to take pa9s to di/+ui% 8 homonyms & unite 8 synonyms4 ,h5ce we may at once recognise t "o mean+ ( ,provid5ce = ,vico might be & inde$ is ! belief 9 ,provid5ce1 man's idea ( ,god1 fir/ 9 ! =m ( my? & lat] 9 ! pure & rational =m ( philosophy4 ,! ,g5tile nations ( antiquity1 he says1 began _! metaphysical poetic wisdom by contemplat+ ,god 9 ! attribute ( 8 provid5ce1 ^u :i* re/$ augury & div9ation4 ,)\t ?is idea1 !n1 wisdom1 ! consci\sness ( ! inf9ite1 _c take %ape )9 man1 nor c morality1 ! fe> ( & respect = ! high] p[] :i* gov]ns ! affairs ( m51 arise4 ,b 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w a fur!r discussion ( provid5ce is unnecess>y1 aft] :at we h said on ! subjects ( my?ology & ( ! relation betwe5 morality & religion4 ,we !re=e pass at once to ,provid5ce 9 its second s5se1 ! real & /rict conception ( x2 & "h x seems advisable to leave ,vico = a mom5t & to cle> up c]ta9 po9ts ( doctr9e4 ,x is a common obs]vation t to create a giv5 fact is "o ?+1 to "k x :5 creat$ q ano!r4 ,! k ( :at a fact really is (t5 comes 9 ! life ( ! individual ye>s lat]1 9 ! life ( mank9d c5turies lat]1 ?an ! fact itself4 ,! v p]sons :o are directly responsible = a giv5 fact z a rule d n "k x1 or "k x 9 a v imp]fect & fallaci\s mann]2 s mu* s t ! illusions :i* are said to accompany human activity h pass$ into a prov]b4 ,! poet ?9ks he is s++ ( purity :5 he is really s++ ( s5suality1 & ( /r5g? :ile he is really s++ ( weakness2 he believes himself to be a dreadful pessimi/ & is really *ildi%ly optimi/ic3 imag9es himself a devil1 :5 he is a good fell[ )\t an ounce ( vice 9 him4 ,philosoph]s deceive !mselves no less4 ,we ne$ n g f> to f9d examples4 ,! philosoph] we are /udy+ supplies a :ole s]ies ( !m2 few h be5 m 9 ! d>k z to ! real t5d5cies ( _! own ?\ght4 ,! politician also deceives himself2 v (t5 he believes & decl>es himself to be fight+ = lib]ty :ile he is a m]e reaction>y1 or :ile believ+ himself to be s]v+ ! cause ( reaction is really incit+ to revolt & aid+ ! cause ( fre$om3 & s on4 ,su* illusions are easy to und]/&4 ,individuals & nations 9 ! heat ( creation1 or sc>cely yet pass+ out ( su* a /ate1 c p]haps express _! /ate ( m9d1 b _c treat x 9 ! critical _s ( hi/orical n>ration3 & accord+ly1 :5 !y _c reconcile !mselves to wait+ 9 sil5ce1 !y compose imag9>y hi/ories ( !mselves1 ,wahrheit5 und ,di*tung5 at once4 ,9 fact ?is prov$ difficulty ( und]/&+ "o's actions :ile act+ is "o motive ( ! wise advice to speak ( oneself z little z possible & ( ! suspicion ) :i* autobiographies & memoirs are reg>d$4 ,su* works are int]e/+ & possibly ev5 valuable2 b !y nev] pres5t ! /rict hi/orical tru? ( ! facts !y n>rate4 ,human lab\rs are ?us veil$ 9 ! mi/s ( illusion :i* arise f individuals4 ,! sup]ficial hi/orian cl+s to ! veil1 & 9 8 attempt to describe ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 uses ^! illusions to make 8 voice c>ry4 ,9 ?is way ! hi/ory ( poetry takes ! =m ( a n>ration ( ! int5tions1 op9ions & aims ( poets1 or ( ^? attribut$ to !m by _! contempor>ies2 ! hi/ory ( philosophy becomes a s]ies ( anecdotes conc]n+ ! s5tim5ts1 :ims & practical aims ( philosoph]s3 ! hi/ory ( politics1 a tissue ( intrigue1 base int]e/s1 gossip & gre$4 ,b a m c>eful hi/orian1 or "o ( a diff]5t type1 w h no?+ to d ) hi/ory ( ?is k9d4 ,8 fir/ act is to dispel ! mi/s1 to sweep away ! individual & 8 illusions1 & to look facts 9 ! face z !y appe>$ 9 _! objective succession & _! supra-individual orig94 ,real1 true hi/ory arises indep5d5tly ( individuals1 z a product gr[+ to completion beh9d _! backs1 ! product ( a =ce ap>t f individual ag5ts1 :i* may be call$ ,fate1 ,*ance1 ,=tune or ,god4 ,! individual1 :o at fir/ 0 ev]y?+1 & fill$ ! :ole /age ) 8 po/ur+ & declamation1 is n[1 9 ?is second aspect ( hi/ory1 less ?an no?+2 8 actions & cries1 /ripp$ ( all s]i\s pot5cy1 provoke laught] or pity4 ,we look 9 t]ror at ! ,fate t dom9ates him1 we /& agha/ at ! /range co9cid5ce ( *ance or ! caprices ( ,=tune1 we b[ be=e ! inscrutable designs ( ! div9e provid5ce4 ,! individual appe>s 9 turn z ! in]t mat]ial1 ! p[]less play?+ & ! bl9d in/rum5t ( ^! =ces4 ,b deep] ?\ght leads u beyond ev5 ?is second view ( hi/ory4 ,! pity :i* ! individual seems to ar\se & ! amusem5t he evokes are 9 reality des]v$ n by him b by 8 fancies1 or r1 by ^? individuals :o mi/ake fancy = tru?4 ,real hi/ory is compos$ ( actions1 n ( fancies & illusions3 b actions are ! "w ( individuals1 n inde$ 9 s f> z !y dream1 b 9 ! inspiration ( g5ius1 ! div9e madness ( tru?1 ! holy en?usiasm ( ! h]o4 ,fate1 ,*ance1 ,=tune1 ,god--all ^! explanations h ! same defect3 !y sep>ate ! individual f 8 product1 & in/ead ( elim9at+ ! caprici\s elem5t1 ! individual w 9 hi/ory1 z !y claim to d1 !y imm5sely re9=ce & increase x4 ,bl9d ,fate1 irresponsible *ance1 & tyrannical ,god are all alike caprici\s3 & h5ce ,fate passes into ,*ance & ,god1 ,*ance into ,fate & ,god1 & ,god into bo? ! o!rs1 all ?ree be+ equival5t & id5tical4 ,! idea :i* transc5ds & corrects alike ! individuali/ic & supra-individuali/ic views ( hi/ory is ! idea ( hi/ory z rational4 ,hi/ory is made by individuals3 b individuality is no?+ b ! concret5ess ( ! univ]sal1 & e individual action1 simply because x is individual1 is supra-individual4 ,nei!r ! individual nor ! univ]sal exi/s z a di/9ct ?+3 ! real ?+ is ! "o s+le c\rse ( hi/ory1 ^: ab/ract aspects are individuality )\t univ]sality & univ]sality )\t individuality4 ,?is "o c\rse ( hi/ory is coh]5t 9 all its _m det]m9ations1 l a "w ( art :i* is at ! same "t manifold & s+le1 9 :i* e ^w is insep>able f ! re/1 e %ade ( col\r relat$ to all ! o!rs1 e l9e connect$ ) e o!r l9e4 ,on ?is und]/&+ alone hi/ory c be und]/ood4 ,o!rwise x mu/ rema9 un9telligible1 l a /r+ ( words )\t mean+ or ! incoh]5t actions ( a madman4 ,hi/ory !n is ! "w nei!r ( ,fate nor ( ,*ance b ( ! necessity :i* is n det]m9ation & ! lib]ty :i* is n *ance4 ,& s9ce ! religi\s view1 t hi/ory is ! "w ( ,god1 has ?is advantage & sup]iority ov] ! o!rs1 t x introduces a cause = hi/ory o!r ?an fate or *ance1 & !re=e n prop]ly speak+ a cause at all1 b a creative activity1 a free & intellig5t m9d1 x is natural t out ( gratitude to ?is high] view no less ?an by ! suitability ( ! language we %\ld be l$ to give to ! rationality ( hi/ory ! "n ( ,god :o rules & gov]ns all ?+s1 & to call x ! ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,9 s nam+ x1 we at ! same "t purge ! title ( its my?ical dross :i* debas$ ,god & 8 provid5ce afre% into a fate or a *ance4 ,?us provid5ce 9 hi/ory1 9 ?is f9al logical =m1 has d\ble value z a criticism ( individual illusions1 :5 !y come =w>d z ! entire & only reality ( hi/ory1 & z a criticism ( div9e transc5d5ce4 ,& we may say t ?is is ! po9t ( view :i* always has be5 & always is adopt$1 z if in/9ctively1 )\t ! pr(ession ( an explicit !ory1 by all m9ds naturally gift$ ) t p>ticul> faculty :i* we call ! hi/oric s5se4 ,if n[1 to return to ,vico1 we ask h[ he solv$ ! problem ( ! motive =ce ( hi/ory1 & :at 0 ! precise cont5t = him ( ! concept ( provid5ce 9 ! objective s5se1 x is p]fectly easy to exclude ! supposition t 8 0 ! transc5d5t or miracul\s ,provid5ce :i* _h =m$ ! subject ( ,bossuet's eloqu5t ,disc\rs4 ,x is easy bo? because 9 all 8 philosophy he inv>iably r$uces ! transc5d5t to ! imman5t1 & repeats ov] & ov] aga9 "h t 8 provid5ce op]ates by natural means or 7us+ s*ola/ic phraseology7 by second>y causes3 & because ^u ?is po9t 8 int]pret]s are practically unanim\s4 ,no less insi/5t is 8 criticism ( fate & *ance1 or accord+ to 8 ?reefold division =tune1 fate & *ance4 ,he obs]ves t ! doctr9e ( fate moves 9 a vici\s circle1 because ! et]nal s]ies ( causes 9 :i* x holds ! _w b\nd & *a9$1 dep5ds ^u ! w ( ,jupit]1 & at ! same "t ,jupit] is subject to fate2 :5ce x results t ! ,/oics are !mselves entangl$ 9 t *a9 ( ,jupit] ) :i* !y w\ld imprison all ?+s human4 ,^! ?ree concepts1 correspond+ to t ( opportunity :5 an object ( desire is 9 "q1 to t ( good luck 9 ! case ( unhop$-= ev5ts1 & to t ( accid5t 9 ! case ( ! unexpect$1 are di/9ctions ( ! subjective und]/&+ r ?an any?+ else3 objectively !y come "u "o s+le law :i* may also be call$ =tune1 if ) ,plato we recognise opportunity z ! mi/ress ( human affairs3 & all ?ree are manife/ations & pa?s ( ! div9e ,provid5ce :i* is intellig5ce1 lib]ty & necessity4 ,! creator ( ! _w ( nations 0 inde$ ,m9d1 s9ce m5 made x by _! intellig5ce3 x 0 n ,fate1 because !y made x by free *oice1 nor yet ,*ance1 s9ce to all et]nity on do+ ?us ! same results foll[4 ,vico lights up 9 ! mo/ fanciful ways ! com$y ( errors =m$ by man's illusions z to ! end ( 8 own actions4 ,m5 ?\ght !y 7 escap+ ! ?reats ( ! ?und]+ sky by c>ry+ _! wom5 into caves to satisfy _! animal passions out ( ,god's sight3 & by ?us keep+ !m safely seclud$ !y f\nd$ ! fir/ *a/e unions & ! fir/ societies2 m>riage & ! family4 ,!y =tifi$ !mselves 9 suitable places ) ! int5tion ( def5d+ !mselves & _! families3 & 9 reality1 by ?us =tify+ !mselves 9 fix$ places !y put an end to _! nomadic life & primitive w&]+s1 & began to le>n agriculture4 ,! weak & disord]ly1 r$uc$ to ! extremity ( hung] & mutual slaught]1 to save _! lives took refuge 9 ^! =tifi$ places1 & became s]vants to ! h]oes3 & ?us )\t kn[+ x !y rais$ ! family to an ari/ocratic or feudal /atus4 ,! ari/ocrats1 feudal *iefs or patricians1 _! rule once e/abli%$1 hop$ to def5d & secure x by ! /ricte/ treatm5t ( _! s]vants ! plebeians3 b 9 ?is way !y awoke 9 ! s]vants a consci\sness ( _! own p[] & made ! plebeians into m51 & ! m ! patricians prid$ !mselves on _! patriciate & /ruggl$ to pres]ve x1 ! m effectively !y work$ to de/roy ! patrician /ate & to create democracy4 ,?us1 says ,vico1 ! _w ( nations issues f a m9d widely diff]5t f1 sometimes q oppos$1 always sup]ior1 to ! p>ticul> ends set be=e !mselves by m53 :i* re/rict$ ends h be5 made means to wid] ends1 & employ$ to pres]ve ! human race ^u ?is e>?4 ,x may be ga!r$ f "s ( our quotations f ,vico t he sometimes t5d$ to conceive m5 z consci\s ( _! own utilit>ian ends b unconsci\s ( moral ends4 ,?is w\ld logically lead to expla9+ social life on exclusively utilit>ian pr9ciples1 & to consid]+ morality z an accid5t relatively to ! human w & !re=e n really moral3 an ext]nal accretion m or less capable ( hold+ mank9d toge!r1 or ! obscure "w ( a supramundane provid5ce4 ,?is utilit>ianism especially creeps into a passage :]e he says t man1 on acc\nt ( 8 corrupt nature1 be+ "u ! tyranny ( self-love :i* compels him to make private utility 8 *ief guide & to want e useful ?+ = himself & no?+ = 8 fell[1 unable to hold 8 passions 9 *eck s z to direct !m by ju/ice1 9 ! /ate ( nature desires only 8 own safety2 aft] tak+ a wife & begett+ *ildr51 desires 8 safety & ! safety ( 8 family2 aft] atta9+ civil life1 desires 8 own safety toge!r ) ! safety ( 8 city2 aft] ext5d+ 8 rule ov] o!r peoples1 he desires ! safety ( ! nation2 aft] jo9+ ) o!r nations 9 w>s1 treaties1 alliances & comm]ce1 he desires 8 safety & t ( all mank9d3 & 9 all ^! circum/ances he pr9cipally desires 8 own int]e/4 ,= ?is reason x c be no?+ else ?an div9e provid5ce t b9ds him d[n )9 su* ord9ances z to ma9ta9 by ju/ice ! society ( ! family1 ! /ate & ultimately ( mank9d2 by :i* ord9ances s9ce man _c atta9 :at he wants1 at lea/ he wants to atta9 z mu* utility z is p]mitt$3 & ?is is :at is call$ ju/ice4 ,! public virtue ( ,rome1 he writes else:]e1 0 no?+ b a good use made by provid5ce ( grave1 unsightly & cruel private faults1 t /ates might be pres]v$ at a "t :5 human m9ds1 be+ 9 a /ate ( extreme p>ticul>ity1 c\ld n naturally und]/& a common good4 ,utilit>ianism 0 h[ev]1 z we "k1 /rongly repugnant to ,vico's obs]v$ e?ics1 f\nd$ z ! latt] is ^u ! moral consci\sness or %ame2 & h5ce ^! /atem5ts1 :i* unconsci\sly t5d 9 t direction1 c only be expla9$ z result+ f ! di/urbance sometimes produc$ 9 8 m9d by ! l+]+ rema9s ( ! transc5d5t or !ological conception ( provid5ce1 & also f ! confus$ "* ( 8 ?\ght1 :i* prev5t$ him f keep+ ! idea ( individual illusions cle>ly di/+ui%$ f t ( individual aims2 s t he sometimes sub/itut$ ! second :5 he ought to h be5 deal+ solely ) ! fir/4 ,if ! provid5t deity is ! unity ( ! _s :i* in=ms & animates ! _w ( nations1 ^! d n fail to obta9 _! p>ticul> ends 9 ord] t x may move on to its univ]sal ones1 b bo? alike are realis$ 9 !m3 & man is at e mom5t bo? utilit>ian & moral1 or at lea/ supposes himself to be moral :5 he is utilit>ian or utilit>ian :5 he is really moral4 ,9 any case1 & 9 spite ( ^! vacillations or r confusions1 ! conception ( p>ticul> ends z ! vehicle ( univ]sal & ( illusion z accompany+ & co-op]at+ ) action implies a dialectical conception ( ! movem5t ( hi/ory1 & ! transc5d+ ( ! problem ( evil4 ,?is problem is 9 fact v little emphasis$ by ,vico1 ow+ to ! /r5g? ( 8 belief 9 ! univ]sal gov]nm5t ( provid5ce & ( 8 p]suasion t s-call$ evil is n only will$ by man "u ! appe>ance ( good1 b is itself ess5tially a good4 ,9 a few r>e passages 9 8 e>lie/ writ+s1 :]e he enc\nt]s ! problem ( evil1 ,vico solves x simply 9 ! s5se t we m5 because ( our iniquity :i* leads u to reg>d ourselves1 n ?is univ]se ( ?+s 7nosmetipsos1 non hanc r]um univ]sitatem spectamus7 consid] z evil ^? ?+s :i* run c\nt] to u1 :i* yet1 s9ce !y contribute to ! common nature ( ! _w1 are good 7quae tam51 quia 9 mundi commune conf]unt1 bona sunt74 ,vico's conception ( hi/ory ?us became truly objective1 fre$ f div9e arbitram5t1 b fre$ equally f ! rule ( trifl+ causes & gossip+ explanations1 & acquir+ a k ( its own ess5tial end1 :i* is to und]/& ! nexus ( facts1 ! logic ( ev5ts2 to be ! rational recon/ruction ( a rational fact4 ,hi/orical /udy at ?is "t suff]$ less f ! fir/ ( ^! errors 7! !ological conception _h be5 ev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance fall+ into univ]sal decay7 ?an f t =m ( hi/ory :i* 0 j !n acquir+ ! "n ( pragmatic1 :i* re/rict$ itself to ! p]sonal aspect ( ev5ts1 & fail+ by ^! means to rea* full hi/orical tru? tri$ to ga9 w>m? & life by means ( political & moral in/ruction4 ,a monum5t ( pragmatic hi/ory arose 9 ,vico's own c\ntry & contemporane\sly ) ! ,sci5za ,nuova3 ,pietro ,giannone's ,civil ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+dom ( ,naples4 ,! au?or 0 a man ( 8 own di/rict & age1 & wrote a great "w 9 ! sph]e ( polemic1 & ev5 9 c]ta9 respects ( hi/ory3 b su* t all its greatness only s]ves to emphasise ! greatness ( ,vico's book4 ,if ,vico _h _h to describe ! orig9s ( ecclesia/ical prop]ty & p[] 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 he w\ld h be5 able to write ( some?+ v diff]5t f ! guile ( popes1 bi%ops & abbots1 & ! simplicity ( dukes & emp]ors4 ,& z we %all see1 :5ev] he und]took to inve/igate any "p ( hi/ory he actually did discov] 9 x some?+ v diff]5t f ^! ?+s4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,reflux ,! m9d1 aft] trav]s+ its c\rse ( progress1 aft] ris+ f s5sation successively to ! imag9ative & ! rational univ]sal & f viol5ce to equity1 is b\nd 9 con=mity ) its et]nal nature to re-trav]se ! c\rse1 to relapse into viol5ce & s5sation1 & !nce to r5ew its upw>d movem5t1 to comm5ce a reflux4 ,?is is ! philosophical mean+ ( ,vico's reflux1 b n ! exact mann] 9 :i* we f9d x express$ 9 8 writ+s1 :]e ! et]nal circle is consid]$ almo/ exclusively z exemplifi$ 9 ! hi/ory ( nations1 z a reflux 9 ! civil affairs ( man4 ,civilisation comes to an end 9 ! b>b>ism ( reflection1 :i* is worse ?an ! primitive b>b>ism ( s5sation2 = :ile ! latt] 0 n )\t a wild nobility1 ! =m] is contemptible1 untru/wor?y & trea*]\s2 & ?us x is necess>y t ?is evil subtlety ( malici\s intellect %\ld ru/ away ?r\gh ! long c5turies ( a new b>b>ism ( s5sation4 ,we mu/ h[ev] )draw & purge ! conception ( reflux f hi/orical facts & ! sociological s*eme1 n only to expla9 ! absolute & et]nal "* :i* ,vico attributes to x1 b also to ju/ify ! hi/orical repres5tation & sociological law f\nd$ ^u x1 & draw+ _! cog5cy prim>ily f x4 ,! laws ( flux & reflux1 laid d[n by ! philosoph]s & politicians ( ,greece & ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 7 f\nd$ no less ?an ,vico's ^u a philosophy1 b ^u a v sup]ficial "o2 !y assum$ _! object to possess ext]nal & empty political =ms1 & endeav\r$ to fix ! succession ( ^! =ms ^u data ( exp]i5ce or by vague reason+s4 ,b ,vico's object is ! =ms ( culture1 includ+ 9 !mselves all ! activities ( life1 economy & law1 religion & art1 sci5ce & language1 & ref]r+ !m back to _! inmo/ s\rce1 ! human m9d1 he e/abli%es _! succession accord+ to ! rhy?m ( ! elem5t>y =ms ( ! m9d4 ,?us all ! le>n+ :i* has be5 exp5d$ 9 comp>+ ! ,vician reflux ) ! !ories ( ,plato or ,polybius1 ,ma*iavelli or ,campanella1 is practically wa/$3 ! m s t ,vico 7:o1 z we "k1 ?\gh (t5 misund]/&+ 8 pr$ecessors _c be accus$ ( wi%+ to pass !m ov]3 9 fact1 :]e he ?\ght he f\nd p>allel or id5tical ideas 9 !m1 he 0 apt to boa/ ( ! fact7 felt no ne$ ( m5tion+ ?is po9t1 or ?\ght x unimportant4 ,! circul> movem5t 77 ( ,polybius1 ! economy ( nature by :i* /ates alt]1 *ange & return to ! same po9t1 has be5 ?\ght almo/ an anticipation ( ! et]nal ideal hi/ory2 b ,vico sets ,polybius ) ! o!rs1 :5 he asks ! read] to consid] h[ 7little7 philosoph]s h ?\ght ) k ^u _! pr9ciples ( civil gov]nm5t1 & ) :at 7little7 tru? ,polybius has reason$ ^u its *anges4 ,campanella connect$ 8 hi/orical cycles ) a/rological laws2 & ,ma*iavelli conceives ! cata/rophe :i* op5s ! reflux ?us3 ,:5 human craft & malignity h gone z f> z !y c g1 x happ5s ( necessity t ! _w purifies itself by "o ( ! ?ree me?ods 7pe/il5ce1 fam9e & deluge1 beside ! human me?ods ( new religions & languages7 9 ord] t m51 hav+ become few & *a/5$1 may live m conv5i5tly & become bett]4 ,! "o prec$5t to :i* ,vico ref]s1 b only to int]pret x 9 a way altoge!r 8 own & 9 fact to give x a totally new cont5t1 is ! anci5t ,egyptian tradition ( ! ?ree successive ages ( gods1 h]oes & m54 ,if ! philosophy ly+ at its root gives /r5g? to ,vico's sociological !ory ( reflux1 ! hi/orical elem5t ) :i* x is leav5$ to "s degree weak5s x4 ,vico 0 especially v]s$ 9 & atta*$ to ,roman hi/ory1 :i* _h be5 ! fir/ ( 8 hi/orical /udies & ! object ( _m ye>s' devotion4 ,! hi/ory ( ,rome accord+ly1 :e!r because ( 8 deep] /udy ( x or because ( its complexity1 impressiv5ess & long duration1 came to /& 9 ,vico's m9d z ! typical or normal hi/ory1 to s]ve z a /&>d = all o!rs1 & be confus$ ) ! law ( flux & reflux itself4 ,rome %[$ him ! asylum ( ,romulus1 t is1 ! transition f ! /ate ( nature to ! political organism3 ari/ocracies1 mon>*ical at fir/ 9 appe>ance only1 lat] n ev5 9 appe>ance3 democracy1 issu+ f its /ruggle ) ari/ocracy & end+ 9 real mon>*y1 ! p]fect =m ( civil life2 !nce by a process ( deg5]ation1 ! b>b>ism ( reflection or civilisation1 incomp>ably worse ?an ! primitive noble b>b>ism1 & foll[+ 9 its tra9 a second condition ( w&]+ 9 a /ate ( nature & a new b>b>ism1 a new y\?1 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x is ! hi/ory ( ,rome h>dly g5]alis$ at all & supplem5t$ "h & !re by t ( ,greece1 t appe>s 9 ! ,vician aphorisms =mulat+ ! laws ( social dynamics4 ,m5 fir/ feel ! prick ( necessity1 !n ! attraction ( utility3 next !y become aw>e ( conv5i5ce1 & aft] t take delight 9 pleasure2 !n dissipate !mselves 9 luxury & f9ally fall victims to ! madness ( abus+ _! res\rces4 ,!re mu/ at fir/ be m5 ( brute /r5g? l ,polyphemus1 t man may obey man 9 ! /ate ( family life1 & to induce him to obey ! law 9 ! future /ate ( civil life4 ,!re mu/ be noble & pr\d m5 l ,a*illes1 n incl9$ by nature to yield to _! equals1 9 ord] to e/abli% ov] ! family ! ari/ocratic type ( republic4 ,!n valiant & j m5 l ,ari/ides & ,scipio ,africanus are necess>y1 to op5 ! pa? to popul> lib]ty4 ,aft] ?is arise m5 ( great app>5t virtues accompani$ by faults no less great1 l ,alex&] or ,caes>1 acquir+ imm5se popul> reputations & introduc+ mon>*y4 ,lat] /ill !re mu/ be s]i\s reflective natures l ,tib]ius to consolidate ! mon>*y2 & la/ly wild1 dissolute & %ameless *>act]s l ,caligula1 ,n]o & ,domitian to ov]?r[ x4 ,ow+ to ?is r>efaction ( ,roman hi/ory into typical hi/ory1 & ! simultane\s consolidation ( typical hi/ory into ! hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,vico's law ( reflux is riddl$ ) exceptions1 mu* m common & s]i\s ?an ^? ( ! correspond+ empirical laws2 s t if z he believes 8 empirical sci5ce is id5tical ) ! ideal laws ( ! m9d1 its alleg$ p]man5cy ?r\gh\t all et]nity & ! :ole univ]se seems ! m]e/ irony4 ,he says t ,c>?age1 ,capua & ,numantia1 ! ?ree cities :i* ?reat5$ to dispute ) ,rome ! empire ( ! _w1 fail$ to accompli% ! orda9$ c\rse ( human affairs3 s9ce ! ,c>?ag9ians 7 ?w>t$ by ! acut5ess ( ! native ,african temp]am5t1 :i* by m>itime comm]ce !y increas$ /ill fur!r3 ! ,capuans by ! s(t climate & f]tility ( ri* ,campania3 & ! ,numant9es by _! suppression 9 ! fir/ bur/ ( h]oism at ! h&s ( ,rome1 l$ by ,scipio ,africanus ! conqu]or ( ,c>?age1 & aid$ by ! =ces ( ! _w4 ,& pass+ f anci5t to mod]n times1 ,am]ica w\ld n[ be trav]s+ ! pa? ( human affairs b = its discov]y by ,europeans3 ,pol& & ,engl& are /ill ari/ocratic1 b w\ld h arriv$ at p]fect mon>*y _h n ! natural c\rse ( civil affairs be5 h9d]$ by extraord9>y causes4 ,z = ! ,middle ,ages1 !y _c be consid]$ z 9 ,vico's e/imation a true return to ! /ate ( nature1 if !y op5 ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! religion ( ! true ,god2 nor 9 any case does ! return to ! /ate ( nature & to b>b>ism seem ! only pa? op5 to a nation t has atta9$ its 1 its culm9ation4 ,! alt]native is t a decad5t nation %\ld lose its indep5d5ce & fall "u ! rule ( a bett]4 ,nor1 la/ly1 is decad5ce inevitable if /atesm5 & philosoph]s work+ 9 h>mony c pres]ve ! p]fection t has be5 rea*$ & *eck ! ?reat5$ de/ruction1 & if 9 po9t ( fact1 z he obs]ves1 ! ari/ocratic republics :i* surviv$ 8 own day z remnants ( ! ,middle ,ages succe$$ 9 pres]v+ !mselves by arts ( sup]f9e wisdom4 ,8 own "t ,vico ?\ght to be "o ( high civilisation4 ,a complete humanity1 he says1 seems to be scatt]$ to-day ov] all nations4 ,a few great mon>*s rule ! _w ( nations1 & ^? b>b>ian mon>*s :o /ill exi/ d s ei!r ow+ to ! p]si/5ce ( ! common wisdom ( imag9ative & cruel religions1 or because ( ! natural temp]am5ts ( _! respective peoples4 ,! nations :i* =m ! empire ( ! ,cz> ( ,russia are ( a sluggi% disposition2 ^? ( ! ,khan ( ,t>t>y are an effem9ate race2 ! subjects ( ! ,negus ( ,e?iopia & ! ,k+ ( ,fez & ( ,morocco are few & weak4 ,9 ! temp]ate zone ,japan ma9ta9s a h]oic "* n unlike t ( ,rome 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,punic w>s2 h] p are w>like1 h] language resembl+ ,lat91 h] religion a fi]ce "o ( t]rible gods all load$ ) =midable weapons4 ,! ,*9ese on ! o!r h&1 ^: religion is mild1 cultivate lit]ature & are humane 9 ! highe/ degree3 ! peoples ( ! ,indies are also humane & practise ! arts ( peace2 ! ,p]sians & ,turks m+le ! rude doctr9e ( _! religion ) an ,asiatic s(tness1 ! ,turks especially temp]+ _! arrogance ) pomp1 magnific5ce1 lib]ality & gratitude4 ,europe is above all humane1 compos$ z x is ( great mon>*ies & univ]sally pr(ess+ ! ,*ri/ian fai? :i* inculcates an inf9itely pure & p]fect idea ( ,god & comm&s *>ity to ! :ole human race4 ,vico fix$ 8 att5tion ^u ! conf$]acy ( ! ,swiss cantons & ! unit$ prov9ces ( ,holl&1 :i* rem9d$ him ( ! ,aetolian & ,a*aean leagues1 & on ! composition ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 a sy/em ( free /ates & sov]eign pr9ces1 :i* seem$ to him a k9d ( attempt 9 ! direction ( a great ari/ocratic /ate2 ! mo/ p]fect ( all1 & ! ultimate =m ( civil life1 s9ce no o!r c be conceiv$ sup]ior to x1 reproduc+ z x does ! e>lie/ =m1 ! ari/ocracy ( patricians ea* supreme 9 8 own family & all unit$ 9 ! rul+ class ( ! fir/ /ate2 b reproduc+ x 9 a =m n ( b>b>ism b ( ! highe/ civilisation4 ,su* is ! humanity by :i* ,europe is on e h& di/+ui%$1 t x ab\nds ) e elem5t contributory to human happ9ess1 m5tal pleasures no less ?an bodily com=ts1 & all ?is 9 virtue ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 tea*+ z x does sublime tru?s1 support$ by ! mo/ le>n$ philosoph]s ( ! ,g5tile races & ( ! ?ree greate/ languages ( ! _w1 ,hebrew1 ,greek & ,lat91 & ?us unit+ ! wisdom ( au?ority ) t ( reason1 ! *oice/ philosophical doctr9e ) ! mo/ highly develop$ philological le>n+4 ,c ?is l(ty civilisation1 safegu>d$ z x is by ,*ri/ianity1 be mov+1 or ev] likely to move t[>ds a new /ate ( nature8 ,x is difficult to discov] ,vico's real op9ion on ?is po9t4 ,among 8 v]ses !re is a poem ( a pr(\ndly pessimi/ic tone1 b ?is is a y\?ful effusion1 & 9 any case ref]s to ! end ( ! _w z imm95t1 r ?an to a future social decad5ce4 ,9 8 lett]s !re is a melan*oly picture ( ! condition ( le>n+ 9 8 "t3 b x applies to ?is re/rict$ field only1 n to ! sph]e ( social & political life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 8 la/ philosophical "w1 ! ,de m5te h]oica1 ref]r+ to ^? :o decl>$ t all ?+s 7 n[ p]fect & t no new tasks c\ld arise1 he says t ! tide ( progress is fl[+ at its /ronge/4 ,! _w is /ill "y3 = only 9 ! la/ sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 f\r hundr$ ( :i* 7 sp5t 9 b>b>ism1 h[ _m new discov]ies h be5 made6 ,h[ _m new arts h aris56 ,h[ _m new sci5ces h be5 develop$6 7,mundus iuv5escit adhuc2 nam sept+5tis non ultra abh9c annis1 quorum tam5 quadr+5tos b>b>ies p]currit1 quot nova inv5ta6 quot novae artes6 quot novae sci5tiae excogitatae67 ,b we may obs]ve t ! ,de m5te h]oica is an (ficial oration1 & t ,vico may on t acc\nt h suppress$ = ! occasion 8 d\bts or 8 deepe/ convictions4 ,9 any case1 h[ c we reconcile ! prophecy ( an imm95t collapse ) ! rise ( t creation ( provid5ce1 ! ,new ,sci5ce1 %$d+ ^u ! life ( nations a light :i* r5d]$ possible ! diagnosis & cure ( _! ailm5ts8 ,on ! :ole x is probable t ! difficulty ( det]m9+ ,vico's op9ion z to ! fate ( contempor>y society is due to ! fact t he _h really no settl$ conviction on ! subject1 & 0 l$ hi!r & ?i!r 9 v>i\s & contr>y directions by ! influ5ce ( hopes & fe>s4 ,if x _h n be5 di/urb$ by ! s*eme ( ,roman hi/ory1 ! empirical !ory ( ! reflux w\ld nev] h be5 =c$ to admit s _m & s]i\s exceptions2 nor w\ld x h fall5 into su* pa9ful confusions4 ,x w\ld h accommodat$ its au?or's hi/orical obs]vations ) great] ease1 & its g5]al *>act]i/ics w\ld h be5 mu* simpl] & m g5]al4 ,x w\ld h consi/$ prim>ily 9 ! det]m9ation & illu/ration ( ! connexion betwe5 pr$om9antly imag9ative & pr$om9antly intellectual1 spontane\s & reflective1 p]iods1 ! latt] p]iods issu+ out ( ! =m] by an increase ( en]gy1 & return+ to !m by deg5]ation & decomposition4 ,political hi/ory %[s ov] & ov] aga9 ! spectacle ( ari/ocracies decl9+ f _! fir/ /r5g? to a debas$ & contemptible /ate & yield+ be=e ! onset ( classes less ref9$ or ev5 absolutely uncultur$1 b ( /\t] moral fibre2 :ile ^! aga91 aft] becom+ civilis$ 9 _! turn & atta9+ ! highe/ developm5t ( ! hi/orical idea ^: g]m !y be> )9 !mselves1 ent] ^u a new p]iod ( decay & f]m5tation1 f :i* issues a new rul+ class 9 ! vig\r ( a y\?ful b>b>ism4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy aga9 %[s positive & speculative p]iods2 philosophical solutions congeal into s*ola/ic !ory & dogma1 ! m9d rev]ts to ! m]e un?9k+ obs]vation ( p>ticul> fact1 & ! speculative process arises once m4 ,lit]>y hi/ory1 too1 speaks ( p]iods ( realism & idealism1 romantic & classical p]iods3 ( a corrupt classicism1 ,alex&rian or decad5t art1 & ( a romantic b>b>ism :i* arises f x4 ,^! are true cases ( ,vico's reflux4 ,b s9ce ! nature ( ! m9d :i* und]lies ^! cycles is outside "t & !re=e exi/s 9 e mom5t ( "t1 we mu/ n exagg]ate ! diff]5ce ( ! p]iods3 & if on ! "o h& ! outl9e ( ! law mu/ be di/9ct1 x mu/ on ! o!r h& n lose a c]ta9 ela/icity4 ,we mu/ nev] =get t at e p]iod1 ari/ocratic or democratic1 romantic or classical1 positive or speculative1 & ev5 9 e individual & e fact1 mom5ts bo? ari/ocratic & democratic1 romantic & classical1 positive & speculative c be obs]v$2 & t ^! di/9ctions are to a great ext5t quantitative & made = ! sake ( conv5i5ce4 ,^! facts %\ld lead u to avoid alike ma9ta9+ ! law at all co/s & s fall+ into artificiality1 & reject+ x entirely & s refus+ ! help :i* may be d]iv$ f g5]al & approximative views4 ,?us und]/ood & am5d$1 n only is ! !ory free f ! great & /rik+ exceptions :i* are necess>y :5 x is modell$ ^u ! hi/ory & f9al cata/rophe ( ,rome1 b ! accusations ( undue uni=mity lodg$ aga9/ ,vico disappe>4 ,v9c5zo ,cuoco1 "o ( ! fir/1 if n ! fir/ intellig5t /ud5t ( ,vico's works1 rem>ks conc]n+ & 9 criticism ( ! law ( reflux1 t nature nev] resembles itself2 x is man :o by comp\nd+ 8 obs]vations =ms classes & names4 ,?is is p]fectly true2 b if appli$ to ?is case x w\ld be an argum5t n aga9/ ! ,vician reflux b aga9/ e sort ( empirical human sci5ce4 ,o!rs accus$ ,vico ( ov]look+ gr\ps ( causes ( great hi/orical weight1 su* z climate1 racial & national "*1 & exceptional occurr5ces4 ,b1 omitt+ ! fact t he (t5 m5tions ^! ?+s1 = he connects national "* & climate ) ! =ms & *anges ( /ates1 & m5tions ev5ts & circum/ances :i* upset ! natural & ord9>y c\rse ( national hi/ory1 = example 9 8 discussion ( ,greek hi/ory1 ! tru? is t he 0 b\nd to ignore !m & c\ld n wa/e "t ov] su* ?+s1 s9ce 8 conc]n 0 ) uni=mities & n ) div]g5ces1 or r ) c]ta9 uni=mities & n ) c]ta9 o!rs :i* comp>$ ) ! =m] 7 negligible div]g5ces4 ,simil>ly--! p>allel is an obvi\s "o1 & inde$ is m ?an a p>allel--any "o :o attempts to trace ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! diff]5t p]iods ( life1 infancy1 *ildhood1 adolesc5ce & s =?1 w ignore ! comp>ative rapidity & sl[ness ( developm5t due to diff]5ces ( climate1 race or accid5tal circum/ances4 ,ano!r ( ^! true b irrelevant *>ges is t ,vico d5i$ ! communication & int]p5etration ( civilisations1 & insi/$ t !y arise sep>ately 9 diff]5t nations )\t any mutual k & !re=e )\t reciprocal imitation4 ,?is *>ge has be5 met by ! obs]vation t ,vico does n fail to record cases ( ! influ5ce ( "o p ^u ano!r & ( ! transmission ( civilisations & _! products2 ! transmission = example ( alphabetic writ+ f ! ,*aldaeans to ! ,pho5icians & f !m to ! ,egyptians2 & t 9 any case 8 law is n empirical b philosophical & ref]s to ! spontane\s creative activity ( ! human m9d4 ,! po9t at issue is h[ev] precisely ! empirical aspect ( ?is law1 n ! philosophical3 & ! true reply seems to u to be1 z we h already sugge/$1 t ,vico c\ld n take & ought n to h tak5 o!r circum/ances into acc\nt1 j z--to recall "o in/ance--any "o :o 9 /udy+ ! v>i\s phases ( life describes ! fir/ manife/ations ( ! sexual crav+ 9 ! vague imag9ations & simil> ph5om5a ( pub]ty1 does n take into acc\nt ! ways 9 :i* ! less exp]i5c$ may be initiat$ into love by ! m exp]i5c$1 s9ce he is sett+ out to deal n ) ! social laws ( imitation b ) ! physiological laws ( organic developm5t4 ,if x is said t ev5 )\t imitation or sophi/ication ! sexual crav+ arises no less & dem&s satisfaction1 su* a /atem5t d\btless m]ely ass]ts ! incontrov]tible tru? ( a c]ta9 v anci5t ,ea/]n tale includ$ by ,boccaccio 9 ! ,decam]on3 b at ! same "t x supplies ! mo/ complete p>allel to ! fam\s & mu* controv]t$ aphorism ( ,vico4 ,nor is ! ,vician law ( reflux necess>ily oppos$1 z has (t5 be5 ?\ght1 to ! conception ( social progress4 ,x w\ld be s oppos$ if in/ead ( be+ a law ( m]e uni=mity x 7 "o ( id5tity1 9 agreem5t ) ! idea ( an un5d+ cyclical repetition ( s+le individual facts :i* has be5 adopt$ by c]ta9 extravagant m9ds ( bo? anci5t & mod]n times4 ,! reflux ( hi/ory1 ! et]nal cycle ( ! m9d1 c & mu/ be conceiv$1 ev5 if ,vico does n s express x1 z n m]ely div]se 9 its uni=m movem5ts1 b z p]petually increas+ 9 ri*ness & outgr[+ itself1 s t ! new p]iod ( s5se is 9 reality enri*$ by all ! intellect & all ! developm5t t prec$$ x1 & ! same is true ( ! new p]iod ( ! imag9ation or ( ! develop$ m9d4 ,! return ( b>b>ism 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 9 "s respects uni=m ) anci5t b>b>ism2 b x mu/ n = t reason be consid]$ z id5tical ) x1 s9ce x conta9s 9 itself ,*ri/ianity1 :i* summ>ises & transc5ds anci5t ?\ght4 ,:e!r ! conception ( progress is =mulat$ & ?r[n into relief by ,vico is q ano!r "q4 ,vico does n d5y progress2 he ev5 ref]s to x 9 speak+ ( ! conditions ( 8 own "t z an actual fact3 b he has no conception ( x & /ill less does he ?r[ su* a conception into relief4 ,8 philosophy1 :ile x atta9s ! l(ty vision ( ! process ( m9d 9 ob$i5ce to its own laws1 nev]!less reta9s by reason ( ?is failure to appreh5d ! progressive enri*m5t ( reality an elem5t ( sadness & desolation4 ,! individual "* ( m5 & ev5ts is oblit]at$ 9 ,vico2 individuals & ev5ts are repres5t$ m]ely z p>ticul> cases ( "o aspect ( ! m9d or ( "o phase ( civilisation4 ,h5ce we always f9d ,ari/ides alongside ( ,scipio & ,alex&] alongside ( ,caes>3 nev] ,ari/ides simply z ,ari/ides1 ,scipio z ,scipio1 & ,alex&] & ,caes> z ,alex&] & z ,caes>4 ,progress implies t ea* fact & ea* individual has its own unique function2 ea* makes its own contribution1 = :i* no o!r c be sub/itut$1 to ! poem ( hi/ory2 & ea* responds ) a deep] voice to ! "o t w5t be=e4 ,b ! reason :y ,vico 0 b\nd to miss ! idea ( progress & :y 8 /udies 9 hi/ory 7 inevitably "o-sid$ c be cle>ly p]ceiv$ only aft] a review ( 8 metaphysics4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,metaphysics ,by metaphysics we und]/& ,vico's conception ( reality z a :ole1 n ( ! _w ( man by itself2 & we also include 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8 ultimate negative conclusion ass]t+ ! unkn[ability or ! imp]fect kn[ability ( "o or m sph]es ( reality1 or ( t highe/ sph]e 9 :i* ! o!rs reunite4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 z we obs]v$ 9 consid]+ ! second & late/ =m ( 8 !ory ( k1 ,vico drew a %>p l9e betwe5 ! _w ( man & ! _w ( nature3 ! =m] transp>5t to man because creat$ by him1 ! latt] opaque1 because only ,god its ,creator has k ( x4 ,& 8 conception ( ! total & ultimate reality1 ! metaphysic :i* he exp\nds toge!r ) 8 e>li] !ory ( k1 reta9s ! value grant$ to x by t !ory & no o!r3 x is a probable conjecture1 b "o incapable ( v]ification1 & rea*es completion 9 ! c]titude ( reveal$ !ology4 ,h5ce ?is metaphysic rema9s out ( all possible connexion ) ! ,new ,sci5ce1 :i* proce$s by ! c]ta9 me?od ( tru? & cuts itself (f f revelation4 ,vico nev] reject$ x4 ,he discusses x 9 8 autobiography ( #agbe1 ! ye> ( ! fir/ ,sci5za ,nuova2 he ref]s to x ) satisfaction 9 #agcg1 sev5 ye>s aft] ! second ,sci5za ,nuova1 :5 8 sci5tific life 01 z he himself consid]$1 at an end4 ,b ?\gh he nev] reject$ x he always kept x aside1 s to speak1 9 a corn] ( 8 m9d4 ,?is po9t e/abli%$1 x might seem t !re c be no?+ m to be said ( any philosophical importance ab\t ,vico's metaphysics4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,s9ce e dep>tm5t ( philosophy implies 9 itself e o!r1 & s9ce we c !re=e always d$uce f ! treatm5t ( "o ( ! s-call$ p>ticul> philosophical sci5ces ! "* ( ! :ole1 x is legitimate to exam9e ! ,new ,sci5ce & to consid] :at metaphysic is implicit !re92 to det]m9e :at philosophical complem5t is logically support$ & dem&$ by ?is sci5ce4 ,! ,new ,sci5ce1 :i* ass]t$ ! full kn[ability ( human affairs1 n m]ely on ! surface1 l a psy*ological treatm5t1 b 9 ! dep?s ( _! nature3 ! ,new ,sci5ce1 :i* transc5d$ ! individual to atta9 ! conception ( ! m9d :i* in=ms all ?+s & is ,provid5ce3 ! ,sci5ce :i* ) div9e pleasure contemplat$ ! et]nal cycle ( ! m9d1 elevat$ z x 0 to su* a height1 necess>ily t5d$ to int]pret ! :ole ( reality1 bo? ,nature & ,god1 z ,m9d4 ,t ?is t5d5cy 0 objective to ! ,new ,sci5ce1 & n subjective to ,vico1 9 ^: m9d ! sci5ce s to speak ?\ght itself out1 ne$ h>dly be repeat$4 ,vico p]sonally n only did n enc\rage x b actually curtail$ & repress$ x s en]getically z to leave no trace ( x 9 8 works4 ,!re 0 no philosophical doctr9e ( :i* he _h su* t]ror & aga9/ :i* he s frequ5tly wag$ w> z t ( pan!ism2 & p]haps ?is polemical preoccupation is ! only trace1 ?\gh q an involunt>y trace1 visible 9 8 writ+s ( ! t5d5cy :i* he mu/ h obs]v$ 9 himself4 ,he 01 & wi%$ to rema91 a ,*ri/ian & a ,ca?olic2 transc5d5ce1 ! p]sonality ( ,god1 ! sub/antiality ( ! s\l1 ?\gh 8 sci5ce did n lead him t[>ds !m1 7 uncontrollable necessities to 8 consci\sness4 ,b j z ?is fact all[$ ,vico to repress b n to eradicate ! ess5tial logical t5d5cy ( 8 ?\ght1 s x enables u to recognise t t5d5cy 9 ! facts !mselves4 ,an ,italian critic1 ,spav5ta1 is "r :5 he says t 9 ,vico ! necessity ( a new metaphysic makes itself felt2 ano!r1 a ,g]man ,ca?olic1 is equally "r 9 d5n+ 8 sy/em z semi-pan!i/ic4 ,x w\ld p]haps be m dang]\s to g on to say1 ) ! ,italian above m5tion$1 t ,vico makes an advance on ! ,c>tesian idea ( two sub/ances & ! ,sp9ozi/ic ( two attributes1 & ev5 on ! ,leibnitian doctr9e ( ! monad1 & t he transc5ds p>allelism & pre-e/abli%$ h>mony by di/+ui%+ ! two provid5ces1 ! two attributes1 nature & m9d1 9 su* a way t ! "o is a /ep to ! o!r1 & by conceiv+ ! po9t ( union & ! orig9 ( ! opposition z an unfold+ or developm5t1 s t nature is reg>d$ z ! ph5om5on & prop] basis ( m9d1 ! pre-supposition :i* m9d creates to itself 9 ord] to be really m9d1 to be a true unity4 ,= :ile we may d\bt :e!r ! di/9ction ( ! two attributes or two provid5ces1 ! natural & ! human1 is a well-gr\nd$ & inevitable consequ5ce ( conceiv+ sub/ance z m9d & ?\ght1 x is impossible to d$uce ! evolution>y transition f "o to ! o!r z a t5d5cy implicit 9 ,vico's conception ( ?\ght4 ,!re is c]ta9ly p>ticul> docum5t>y evid5ce = ?is latt] p>ticul> t5d5cy3 b x is scanty & unconv9c+1 & occurs n 9 ! sy/em ( ! ,new ,sci5ce b r 9 ! *ronologically e>li] sy/em4 ,= ! metaphysic laid d[n by ,vico 9 ! e>li] phase ( 8 ?\ght is n1 z x has seem$ to "s1 & z x may at fir/ sight appe>1 entirely devoid ( significance & value4 ,x %[s ! same av]sion to mat]ialism & ! same love ( idealism :i* inspire ! m$itations ( ! ,new ,sci5ce4 ,! philosophy ( ,epicurus1 :i* takes z its />t+-po9t matt] already =m$ & divid$ into ultimate p>ticles ( v>i\s %apes1 compos$ ( o!r p>ts :i* are suppos$ to be indivisible ow+ to ! abs5ce ( void betwe5 !m1 seem$ to him a philosophy su* z to satisfy ! nave m9d ( a *ild or ! uncritical m9d ( a woman2 & ! delight ) :i* he foll[$ ! explanation ( ! =ms ( mat]ial nature accord+ to ?is philosoph]1 9 ! poem ( ,lucretius1 0 equall$ by ! amusem5t & pity ) :i* he wat*$ him =c$ by /]n necessity to lose himself 9 c\ntless ineptitudes & follies 9 try+ to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( ?\ght4 ,vico accus$ ! ,c>tesian physics no less ?an ! ,epicurean ( a false position1 s9ce x also takes ready-=m$ matt] z its />t+-po9t1 diff]+ f ! ,epicurean matt] 9 t1 :ile ! latt] limits ! divisibility ( matt] at ! atoms1 ! =m] makes its elem5ts inf9itely divisible2 t ! "o places motion 9 ! void1 ! o!r 9 ! solid2 ! "o initiates ! %ap+ ( its inf9ite worlds by a casual decl9ation ( atoms f ! d[nw>d pa? ( _! own weight & gravitation1 ! o!r g5]ates its indef9ite vortices f an impetus imp>t$ to a section ( in]t & !re=e n yet divid$ matt]1 :i* on receiv+ ?is motion divides into fragm5ts1 &1 hamp]$ by its mass1 necess>ily makes an ef=t to move 9 a /raight l9e1 & be+ unable to d s ?r\gh its solidity beg9s1 divid$ z x is into fragm5ts1 to move ab\t ! c5tre ( ea* fragm5t4 ,9 ?is way :ile ,epicurus entru/$ ! _w to *ance1 ,desc>tes subject$ x to fate2 & x 0 9 va9 t to save himself f mat]ialism he sup]impos$ ^u 8 physics a quasi-,platonic metaphysic1 by :i* he attempt$ to e/abli% two sub/ances1 ! "o ext5d$ & ! o!r intellig5t1 & to make room = an immat]ial ag5t2 = ^! two p>ts 7 n reconcil$ 9 8 sy/em1 s9ce 8 me*anical physics includ$ 9 itself a metaphysic l ! ,epicurean1 e/abli%+ "o k9d & "o only ( active mat]ial sub/ance4 ,= simil> or analog\s reasons ,vico reject$ ! philosophies ( ,gass5di1 ,sp9oza & ,locke2 & ! physical sci5ce ( o!r au?ors su* z ,rob]t ,boyle seem$ to him valuable = purposes ( m$ic9e & ! sp>giric art1 b useless = philosophy4 ,galileo he consid]$ to h look$ at physical sci5ce ) ! eye ( a great geometrician1 b )\t ! aid ( ! full light ( metaphysics4 ,he _h sympa?y ) philosoph]s :o 7 also geometricians1 & !re=e ) ! ,py?agorean or ,timaean physics1 accord+ to :i* ! _w consi/s ( numb]s2 ) ! ,platonic metaphysics1 :i* f ! =m ( our m9ds )\t any o!r hypo!sis e/abli%es1 ^u our k & consci\sness ( c]ta9 et]nal tru?s :i* are 9 our m9d & _c be ignor$ or d5i$1 ! et]nal idea z ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s2 ) ! doctr9e ( metaphysical po9ts1 attribut$ by him to ,z5o ! ,/oic2 & f9ally ) ! philosophy ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 ! p]iod adorn$ by ,fic9o1 ,pico della ,mir&ola1 ,/euco1 ,nifo1 ,mazzoni1 ,piccolom9i1 ,acquaviva & ,patrizio4 ,! fundam5tal concept ( 8 cosmology 0 suppli$ by ! metaphysical po9t1 9 :i* ! employm5t ( ma!matics 9 metaphysics1 a process admitt$ by ,vico z analog\s to t ( con/ruction1 f\nd expression4 ,j z f ! geometrical po9t proce$ ! l9e & ! surface1 & ! po9t :i* is def9$ z hav+ no p>ts supplies ! pro( t l9es o!rwise incomm5surable c be divid$ equally into _! compon5t po9ts1 s x is legitimate to po/ulate po9ts n geometrical b metaphysical1 :i* ?\gh n ext5d$ g5]ate ext5sion4 ,betwe5 ,god1 :o is re/1 & matt]1 :i* is motion1 ! int]m$iate place is tak5 by ! metaphysical po9t1 ^: attribute is conation1 ! indef9ite en]gy & attempt on ! "p ( ! univ]se to br+ into be+ & su/a9 ea* p>ticul> ?+4 ,! exi/5ce ( matt] is no?+ b an indef9ite p[] ( keep+ ! univ]se ext5d$1 :i* und]lies all ext5d$ objects equally h[ev] unequal !y may be1 & also an indef9ite p[] ( motion und]ly+ all p>ticul> motions1 h[ev] unequal4 ,beh9d a gra9 ( s& lies some?+ :i* :5 ?is p>ticle is divid$ gives to x & pres]ves 9 x an inf9ite ext5sion & magnitude2 s t ! :ole mass ( ! univ]se is includ$ 9 ! gra9 ( s&1 if n actually1 yet pot5tially & 9 capacity4 ,?is ef=t ( ! univ]se1 und]ly+ ea* smalle/ p>ticle ( matt]1 is nei!r ! ext5sion ( ! p>ticle nor ! ext5sion ( ! univ]se3 x is ! ?\ght ( ,god1 :i*1 free f all mat]iality1 gives motion & impulse to ! :ole4 ,e p>ticul> det]m9ation ( reality agrees ) ?is fundam5tal tru?4 ,"t is divisible1 et]nity indivisible2 di/urbances ( ! m9d wax & wane1 its quiesc5ce has no degrees2 ext5d$ ?+s are corruptible1 unext5d$ ?+s p]man5t 9 _! indivisibility2 body c be divid$1 m9d _c2 possibilities are at a s+le po9t1 accid5ts are ev]y:]e2 sci5ce is "o1 :ile op9ion produces diff]5ces2 virtue is nei!r 9 "o place nor ano!r1 vice walks up & d[n 9 e direction2 ! good is "o1 ! bad is innum]able2 9 e k9d ( ?+ 9 a ^w ! be/ occurs 9 ! category ( ! indivisible4 ,sub/ance 9 g5]al1 :i* und]lies & su/a9s ?+s1 is divid$ into two species1 ext5d$ sub/ance or t :i* equally supports unequal ext5sions1 & ?9k+ sub/ance :i* equally supports unequal ?\ghts4 ,& j z "o "p ( ext5sion is divid$ f ano!r b indivisible 9 ! sub/ance ( ! body1 s "o "p ( ?\ght1 t is to say a det]m9ate ?\ght1 is divid$ f ano!r b indivisible 9 ! sub/ance ( ! s\l4 ,activity or fre$om is peculi> to ! s\l1 & entirely d5i$ to body3 & ,desc>tes1 9 mak+ a conation ( body ! beg9n+ ( 8 physics1 0 /rictly adopt+ ! me?ods ( a poet & fall+ into ! an?ropomorphic conceptions ( primitive races4 ,! ph5om5a :i* /ud5ts ( me*anics call activities1 =ms1 or p[]s1 are ins5sible movem5ts by :i* bodies move ei!r1 z ! anci5ts said1 t[>ds _! c5tres ( gravity1 or1 z ! mod]n !ory ( me*anics ass]ts1 away f _! c5tre ( motion4 ,! communication ( motion1 moreov]1 is j z inconceivable 9 body z is activity4 ,to grant x w\ld be equival5t to grant+ ! int]p5etration ( bodies1 s9ce motion is no?+ b matt] 9 motion2 ! bl[ giv5 to a ball is only ! occasion = ! en]gy ( ! univ]se1 :i* 0 s weak 9 ! ball z to make x seem at re/1 to exp& & ?us to give x an appe>ance ( m s5sible motion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,vico agre$ ) ! ,c>tesians1 especially ,malebran*e1 z to ! orig9 ( ideas1 :i* he incl9$ to believe t ,god creates 9 u f "t to "t4 ,he also held ) ! ,c>tesians t ! l[] animals are automata2 & he agre$ ) all contempor>y ?\ght z to ! subjectivity ( second>y qualities4 ,sett+ aside ^! la/ doctr9es1 :i* are n ,vico's own1 inde$ he sc>cely ref]s to !m1 ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( metaphysical po9ts is all 8 own4 ,8 attribution ( x to an imag9>y ,z5o1 9 ^: p]son 7 comb9$ & confus$ ! ,eleatic & ! ,/oic 7a mi/ake common 9 ! philosophical lit]ature ( ! "t71 c deceive nobody1 & did n ev5 deceive ,vico himself1 :o :5 press$ expla9$ h[ he _h be5 l$ to t int]pretation ( ,ari/otle's /atem5ts ab\t ,z5o1 & f9ally says t if ! doctr9e _c be accept$ z t ( ,z5o1 he w adopt x z 8 own1 )\t ! patronage ( any great names4 ,nor on ! o!r h& c x be trac$ to ! ,leibnitian monadology4 ,we _c be sure t ,vico 0 acqua9t$ ) ?is doctr9e4 ,9 any case he does n m5tion x1 :ile ,leibniz he does m5tion 9 t]ms ( deep respect3 & ! resemblance is v vague1 = ! metaphysical po9ts are n monads4 ,! discov]y by ,leibniz & ,newton ( ! diff]5tial calculus may h[ev] be said to h influ5c$ him4 ,x 0 !n = ! fir/ "t becom+ kn[n 9 ,italy2 & its t]m9ology ( maximum inf9ities1 great] & less inf9ities1 & s on w\ld1 says ,vico1 completely baffle ! human und]/&+1 s9ce ! inf9ite admits nei!r ( degrees nor ( multiplication1 b = ! help ( a metaphysic :i* %[s t all actual ext5sion & actual movem5t is a p[] or capacity = ext5sion & motion always equal to itself & inf9ite4 ,! contributions ( ,platonic l9es ( ?\ght 7! ,platonism ( ! ,r5aissance7 & ^? ( ,galileo1 especially ! latt]1 to ,vico's conception h be5 work$ out ) ev5 m ju/ice3 8 orig9ality h[ev] is 9 no degree impair$ by ^! facts4 ,! idea 9 :i* 8 orig9ality f\nd expression 01 no d\bt1 fanta/ic & arbitr>y1 & 9 consequ5ce b\nd to rema9 undevelop$ & )\t influ5ce on ,vico's o!r conceptions4 ,to ! review] 9 ! ,giornale dei lett]ati1 :o call$ ?is metaphysic a m]e sket*1 ! au?or repli$ t x 0 q complete3 an abortion 9 fact1 r ?an a sket*1 &1 z su*1 complete4 ,& 9 ! ,sci5za ,nuova1 beside a few ref]5ces to ! refusal to attribute activity to matt]1 !re is "o fugitive b int]e/+ attempt at a connexion ) a geometrical or ari?metical metaphysic on ! model ( t describ$ above4 ,9 ?is passage x is /at$ t ^u ! ord] ( mat]ial & complex civil affairs ! ord] ( numb]s1 :i* are ab/ract & absolutely simple1 is impos$3 & ! fact is not$ t gov]nm5ts beg9 ) ! "o1 9 dome/ic mon>*y1 pass to ! few 9 ari/ocracy1 advance to ! _m & ! all 9 popul> republics1 & f9ally return to ! "o 9 civil mon>*ies1 s t humanity moves p]petually f ! "o to ! "o1 f dome/ic mon>*y to civil mon>*y4 ,b if we c & mu/ d5y all value to ,vico's cosmology1 if ! contradictions & obscurities 9 :i* he involves himself are manife/1 & 7 obs]v$ by critics ( 8 own "t1 /ill we _c d5y its dynamic nature z oppos$ to ! me*anicism ( contempor>y philosophy4 ,! !ory ( metaphysical po9ts1 9 :i* ,god appe>s z ! great geometrician :o creates by kn[+ & kn[s by creat+ ! realities ( ! univ]se1 is z x 7 a symbol ( ! necessity ( int]pret+ nature 9 ideali/ic language4 ,we f9d "h & !re a !ologian ,vico1 an agno/ic ,vico1 or ev5 a fanciful ,vico compos+ cosmological & physical romances3 b look :]e we w among 8 works1 we %all nev] f9d a mat]iali/ic ,vico4 ,ev5 ?is by no means ov]bold metaphysic ar\s$ suspicions ( pan!ism1 ?\gh ! au?or insi/$ ^u ! !ological doctr9e t ,god's activity is conv]tible ab intra ) ! ?+ creat$ & ab extra ) ! fact1 & t !re=e ! _w 0 creat$ 9 "t2 t ! human s\l1 :i* z a mirror ( ! div9e ?9ks inf9ity & et]nity1 is n b\nd$ by ! body & !re=e n by "t1 & is !re=e immortal2 & t man1 ev5 if ,god 7 to reveal x to him1 _c und]/& h[ ! inf9ite ent]s into f9ite objects4 ,h[ev]1 he ?\ght x necess>y to conclude 8 replies to 8 critics by collect+ /atem5ts demon/rat+ 8 or?odoxy1 & cl9*+ ! matt] ) ! rem>k t s9ce ,god is 9 "o s5se sub/ance & 9 ano!r ,8 creatures1 & s9ce ! ratio ess5di or ess5ce is prop] to sub/ance1 ! creat$ sub/ances ev5 z reg>ds _! ess5ce are div]se & di/9ct f ! sub/ance ( ,god4 ,vico's ?\ght 0 limit$ by ! idea ( transc5d5ce1 :i* prev5t$ him f atta9+ n only ! unity ( reality1 b also a truly complete k ( t _w ( man :i* he _h s p[]fully expla9$ by means ( ! opposite pr9ciple4 ,we n[ see :y ,vico1 ?\gh he did n d5y ! fact ( progress1 c\ld h no real conception ( x4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! conception ( progress is =eign to ,ca?olicism & dates f ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 & t !re=e ! ,ca?olic ,vico 0 b\nd to d5y himself ! use ( x4 ,b ! conception ( an imman5t provid5ce is no less irreconcilable ) ,ca?olicism1 & yet ,vico is saturat$ ) ?is idea4 ,?is means t he did n lack ! impulse3 r he 0 unable to pass a c]ta9 po9t beyond :i* 8 fai? w\ld h be5 too obvi\sly defeat$4 ,progress1 d$uc$ f ! imman5t provid5ce & introduc$ into ! ,new ,sci5ce1 w\ld h acc5tuat$ ! diff]5ce )9 ! uni=mity1 ! orig9 at e mom5t ( some?+ new1 ! p]petual enri*m5t ( ! flux at e reflux3 x w\ld h *ang$ hi/ory f an ord]ly trav]s+ & retrav]s+ ( ! l9e drawn by ,god "u ! eye ( ,god to a drama ^: ratio ess5di is conta9$ )9 itself3 x w\ld h enme%$ & drawn ) x ! :ole univ]se & realis$ ! ?\ght ( inf9ite worlds4 ,9 face ( ?is vision ,vico paus$ 9 appreh5sion & /ubbornly refus$ to proce$3 ! philosoph] 9 him _h yield$ to ! ,ca?olic4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,transition ,,to ,,hi/ory3 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,vico',s ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,hi/ory ,x is cle> f ! facts above discuss$ t ! hi/orical portion ( ! ,new ,sci5ce c\ld n take ! %ape ( a hi/ory ( ! human race 9 :i* peoples & individuals 7 recognis$ z play+ ea* its own unique "p 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,to enable x to fulfil su* a function ,vico w\ld h _h to close up 8 sy/em ( ?\ght1 :i* 0 /ill at "o po9t incomplete & n imp]vi\s to ! religi\s idea1 & to elevate 8 provid5t deity into a progressive deity1 det]m9+ flux & reflux z ! et]nal rhy?m ( ! process4 ,or on ! o!r h& 9 ord] to atta9 ! vision ( individuality1 9 ! diametrically opposite s5se1 9 hi/ory1 he w\ld h _h to ab&on 8 rudim5t>y ideali/ic philosophy1 break d[n ! di/9ction betwe5 ord9>y & extraord9>y provid5ce1 & trace ! hi/ory ( man on ! plan :i* ,god _h reveal$ or p]mitt$ him to discov]4 ,vico's or?odoxy rebell$ aga9/ ! =m] alt]native1 :ile 8 philosophy kept him f ! second3 & ! result ( 8 dilemma 0 t ! hi/ory he recon/ruct$ 0 n & c\ld n be a univ]sal hi/ory4 ,9 consequ5ce1 x 0 n :at is call$ a philosophy ( hi/ory1 if t phrase is tak5 9 its orig9al s5se ( a univ]sal hi/ory --"o :i* conc5trates its att5tion ^u ! broade/ & lea/ obvi\s connexions ( facts--philosophically n>rat$1 m philosophically1 t is1 ?an is usual ) annali/s1 anecdoti/s & compil]s deal+ ) c\rts1 politics & nations4 ,! controv]sy z to :e!r ,vico or ,h]d] c claim to be ! f\nd] ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory mu/ be frankly decid$ 9 fav\r ( ,h]d]1 ^: "w %[s j t proc$ure ( univ]sal hi/ory :i* is lack+ 9 ! ,new ,sci5ce4 ,on ! o!r h& x w\ld be easy to f9d num]\s pr$ecessors = ,h]d]1 beg9n+ ) ! ,hebrew prophets & ! s*eme ( ! ,f\r ,mon>*ies1 :i* rema9$ n only 9 ! ,middle ,ages b well into mod]n times ! con/ructive s*eme ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,nor w\ld x be out ( place to add t ! s-call$ philosophy ( hi/ory1 9 s f> z x is a univ]sal hi/ory1 con/itutes nei!r a special philosophical sci5ce nor a =m ( hi/ory capable ( %>p di/9ction f ! re/1 except :5 ! passion = mak+ x self-subsi/5t gives x ! appe>ance ( an ab/ract hi/ory or a hi/oricis$ philosophy4 ,?us :5 ,vico or ,h]d] is cr$it$ ) ! f\ndation ( a new sci5ce 9 ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 ! complim5t is a d\btful "o3 a fact :i* especially 9 ! case ( ,vico has gone f> to obscure ! value ( _! "w4 ,9 fact1 ! ,new ,sci5ce ( ! common "* ( nations1 und]/ood z ! equivocal sci5ce ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 has eclips$ ! ,new ,sci5ce z a new philosophy ( m9d & a rudim5t>y metaphysic ( ?\ght4 ,! conflict :i* = ! g5]al consci\sness exi/$ betwe5 sci5ce & fai? reappe>s 9 ,vico's treatm5t ( hi/ory z a di/9ction & opposition betwe5 ,jewi% & ,g5tile hi/ory1 sacr$ hi/ory & pr(ane4 ,jewi% hi/ory 0 n subject$1 he believ$1 to ! laws ( hi/ory 9 g5]al4 ,its c\rse 0 unique1 & its developm5t proce$$ on pr9ciples peculi> to itself1 namely1 ! direct action ( ,god4 ,! ,new ,sci5ce1 :i* 9 its philosophical "p did n give ! explanatory pr9ciples ( ?is process1 0 9 consequ5ce n compell$ to deal ) x 9 its hi/orical "p4 ,?is is p]haps :at ,vico w\ld h wi%$4 ,b ! wi% 0 met1 sett+ aside ! necessity ( gu>d+ aga9/ ! *>ge ( impiety1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly a dang]1 by 8 scruples z a believ]1 & a consci5ti\s believ]2 :i* urg$ him to look = "s k9d ( h>mony betwe5 ! two hi/ories1 s9ce h[ev] %>ply di/+ui%$ 7he recall$ h[ ev5 a ,g5tile writ]1 ,tacitus1 _h describ$ ! ,jews z unsociable71 bo? alike develop$ "u t]re/rial conditions & _h po9ts ( mutual contact1 at lea/ 9 ! orig9 ( mank9d & its reg5]ation by means ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,foll[+ ! inh]5t t5d5cies ( 8 ?\ght1 ,vico ought to & w\ld will+ly h avoid$ ! n>ration ( univ]sal hi/ory & conf9$ himself exclusively to que/ions ( philosophy & philology4 ,b z x happ5$1 he 0 compell$ n[ & !n to dep>t f 8 programme & to attempt at once a unification ( ! two hi/ories & a def5ce ( sacr$ hi/ory bas$ on argum5ts suppli$ by sci5ce & pr(ane hi/ory4 ,?is is ! lea/ successful1 b a pr(\ndly significant "p ( 8 "w4 ,he 0 =c$ to admit1 ?\gh ! admission 0 oppos$ by all 8 discov]ies & outrag$ 8 :ole sy/em ( ?\ght1 t ! ,hebrews _h enjoy$ ! privilege ( always keep+ intact _! memories ( ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 a memory :i* o!r nations claim$ 9 va92 & h5ce sacr$ hi/ory mu/ supply ! true orig9 & succession ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,! necessity ( connect+ 8 views on primitive civilisation ) ,biblical *ronology1 ) ! date usually assign$ to ! creation ( ! _w1 ) ! traditions ( a univ]sal deluge & ( a race ( giants--! necessity ( f9d+1 z he says1 ! cont9uity ( sacr$ ) pr(ane hi/ory--l$ him to ! mo/ extravagant flights ( fancy4 ,aft] ! flood1 9 ! ye> #afef f ! creation1 at ! sep>ation ( ! sons ( ,noah1 :ile ! ,hebrews began or cont9u$ _! sacr$ hi/ory ) ,abraham & ! o!r patri>*s & !n ) ! laws giv5 to ,moses by ,god1 all ! o!r desc5dants ( ,%em1 ,ham1 & ,japhet1 ! fir/ race m sl[ly & = a %ort] p]iod1 ! second & ?ird ) great] rapidity & = a long] "t1 laps$ into ! /ate ( nature & w&]$ ov] ! e>? z ins5sible & savage brutes4 ,& :ile ! ,hebrews1 subject$ to _! !ocratic gov]nm5t1 /rictly educat$ & practis+ ablution1 rema9$ ( normal /ature1 ! memb]s ( ! o!r races1 liv+ )\t ei!r physical or moral discipl9e1 wall[+ 9 dirt & excrem5t & absorb+ nitrog5\s salts 7j z ! e>? is enri*$ & made f]tile by excrem5t71 grew to mon/r\s & gigantic size4 ,! /ate ( nature la/$ a hundr$ ye>s = ! ,semites & two hundr$ = ! o!r two races2 at ! end ( :i* ! e>? :i* _h long be5 sodd5 ) ! moi/ure ( ! univ]sal deluge began to dry up & emit dry exhalations or fi]y matt] into ! air s z to g5]ate lightn+4 ,) lightn+1 z we already "k1 & ) ! my?ology ( ! ?und]+ sky1 :i* is ,jupit]1 arose 9 ^! brutes ! consci\sness ( ,god & ( !mselves1 by :i* !y became human4 ,?us beg9s ! age ( ! gods1 :i*1 socially1 is t ( dome/ic mon>*y :]e ! fa!r is k+ & prie/4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is age ! sy/em ( great] deities 0 gradually e/abli%$1 & ! giants1 by means ( _! religions ( t]ror & _! dome/ic education tam+ ! fle% & develop+ ! spiritual elem5t 9 !m1 & by ! practice ( wa%+1 %rank by degrees to ! normal size ( ! m5 :om we f9d at ! beg9n+ ( ! next or h]oic age4 ,su* are ! *ief po9ts 9 ,vico's qua9t recon/ruction ( ! e>lie/ hi/ory ( man ^u ! e>?1 h>monis$ ) ! acc\nt 9 sacr$ hi/ory4 ,we %all be less incl9$ to amusem5t or ridicule if we reflect ^u ! trag$y und]ly+ ! com$y3 ! torm5t$ consci5ce ( ! believ] :i* 9 its /ruggle ) ! philosoph] seeks refuge 9 ^! extravagant ideas4 ,at any rate1 !y gave ,vico a s]ies ( insecure /epp+-/ones--! flood1 ! giants1 ! dry exhalations--:i* enabl$ him to cross ! torr5t ( religi\s tradition & rea* ! dry l& ( critical hi/ory1 :]e he f\nd ! prim>y />t+-po9t ( 8 philosophy ( m9d1 ! /ate ( nature4 ,x may fur!r be sugge/$ t ! contact ) ,hebrew hi/ory--! only "o :i* pres5t$ itself to him z a hi/ory 9 ! /rict s5se1 a unicum1 some?+ absolutely individualis$ ev5 if 9 a miracul\s mann]--sugge/$ to him ! few attempts met ) 9 8 works to assign to v>i\s peoples a special function or mission2 ?us x sometimes appe>$ to him t ! ,hebrews repres5t$ m5s1 ! ,*aldeans ratio1 & ! ,japhetic races phantasia4 ,p>allel to ?is imag9>y hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( ! human race on ! e>? is ,vico's attempt at ,biblical apologetics4 ,he lo/ no opportunity ( adduc+ pro(s f pr(ane s\rces to confirm ! /atem5ts ( sacr$ hi/ory4 ,= in/ance1 a confirmation ( ! flood & ! giants is suppli$ by ! simil> traditions ( ,greek & o!r nations4 ,! !ocratic gov]nm5t1 :i* is n def9itely m5tion$ by any pr(ane hi/ory b m]ely allud$ to obscurely by poets 9 _! tales1 is met ) 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,hebrews be=e & aft] ! flood4 ,! ,hebrews aga9 knew no?+ ( div9ation because !y liv$ 9 direct contact ) ! true ,god1 :ile ! ,*aldees _h a sy/em ( magic or div9ation accord+ to ! movem5ts ( ! />s1 & ! ,european peoples a sy/em ( augury4 ,"o c]ta9ly feels 9 all ?is some?+ ( an ef=t1 a w to see or n to see3 a k9d ( self-int]ruption & /imulation to belief4 ,x is n infrequ5t among cultur$ & sci5tifically educat$ believ]s4 ,aga91 9 8 exposition ( ! hi/orical g5esis ( grammatical =ms1 :]e he says t v]bs began ) ! imp]ative1 ! monosyllabic comm& giv5 by ! fa!r to wife1 *ild or slave 7es1 /a1 i1 da1 fac1 etc471 ,vico draws f ?is an indirect demon/ration ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 because ! roots ( ,hebrew v]bs are always f\nd 9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul> ( ! pa/ t5se2 a cle> pro( t ! patri>*s mu/ h giv5 _! comm&s to _! families 9 ! "n ( a s+le ,god 7,deus dixit74 ,?is1 9 ,vico's op9ion1 is a lightn+ to conf\nd all ^? writ]s :o h believ$ ! ,hebrews to be a colony proce$+ f ,egypt2 s9ce f ! beg9n+ ( its f\ndation ! ,hebrew tongue _h its orig9 9 a s+le ,god4 ,b 9 tru? ^! lightn+s in/ead ( desc5d+ ^u ! head ( ! unbeliev] s]ve only to illum9ate ! pov]ty ( ! argum5ts ^u :i* apologetics re/1 ev5 ) a man l ,vico2 &1 objectively consid]$1 ! division introduc$ by religi\s scruple betwe5 sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory1 & ! consequ5t dogmatic treatm5t ( ! "o1 ) its /range hypo!ses & def5ces1 & critical treatm5t ( ! o!r1 produc$ & /ill produces an irresi/ible impression t ! seclusion ( sacr$ hi/ory f human sci5ce is due to ! impot5ce n ( ! human sci5ce b ( ! sacr$ hi/ory2 its impot5ce1 t is1 to pres]ve itself intact )9 ! limits ( sci5ce4 ,seldom has a religi\s scruple s endang]$ ! cause ( religion4 ,b ,vico _h f> too g5u9e & exact+ a sci5tific s5se add$ to 8 natural antipa?ies to p]mit him ev] to become a ,seld5 or a ,bossuet2 & h5ce ?is apologetic = & h>monisation ( sacr$ hi/ory rema9s 9 him a m]e episode1 :i* x is possible to ignore4 ,& s9ce on ! o!r h& he 0 n p]mitt$ to treat philosophy & hi/ory z entirely pr(ane & to repres5t ! complex movem5t ( hi/ory accord+ to ! fundam5tal crit]ion ( progress1 8 only c\rse 0 to look at ! facts f ! po9t ( view :i* 8 philosophy left op5 to him1 t ( flux & reflux1 ! et]nal process & ! et]nal phases ( ! m9d4 ,"h lay 8 /r5g?4 ,"h he c\ld recognise ! specific1 if n /rictly ! individual1 "* ( laws1 cu/oms1 poetry & my?1 ( :ole social & cultural =mations :i* hi/ory d[n to 8 own "t _h entirely misund]/ood4 ,= ?is reason1 9 n>rat+ hi/ory he 0 b\nd to conf9e himself to emphasis+ ! common aspects ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( facts belong+ to v>i\s nations & p]iods4 ,9 ! ,new ,sci5ce1 he says1 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! laws & de$s ( ,rome & ,greece is set =?1 n 9 its p>ticul>ity & 9 "t1 b foll[+ ! sub/antial id5tity ( int5tion & div]sity ( ! modes ( expression4 ,else:]e he says1 ! facts are adduc$ aft] ! fa%ion ( examples1 because !y are und]/ood by means ( pr9ciples1 = to see ! pr9ciples confirm$ by ! innum]able ho/ ( _! consequ5ces is a ?+ :i* mu/ await c]ta9 o!r works ( ours1 :i* are ei!r z yet unpubli%$ or n[ 9 process ( publication4 ,9 o!r words1 z we "k1 ?is sci5ce conta9s on ! "o h& a philosophical side1 & on ! o!r a descriptive or empirical1 exemplifi$ 9 hi/ory1 9 :i* ! ,romans figure n z ,romans b 9 virtue ( ! common nature :i* !y %>e ) ,greeks & possibly ) ,japanese2 ! hi/ory ( ,rome "u ! k+s or 9 ! e>ly ,republican p]iod demon/rates its aff9ity ) t ( ! e>li] c5turies ( ! ,middle ,ages2 & ,hom] /&s n z ,hom] b z an example ( primitive poetry1 & across ! c5turies f9ds & greets 8 bro!r 9 ,dante4 ,x is at once a /r5g? & a limitation1 because hi/ory emphatically does n fundam5tally consi/ ( ^! resemblances2 b )\t ! p]ception ( ! resemblances h[ c\ld we ev] det]m9e ! diff]5ces8 ,dante is n ,hom]1 ! b>ons are n ! patres1 ! ,a!nian ,solon is n ! ,roman ,publilius ,philo2 b c]ta9ly ,dante is 9 "s respects m closely relat$ to ,hom] ?an to ,petr>*1 ! e>ly b>ons are ne>] to ! patres ?an to ! lat] c\rti]-nobles1 & ,solon is m ak9 to a ,roman tribune or dictator ?an to any o!r ( ! sev5 sages among :om he is usually plac$4 ,to obs]ve ^! resemblances means d5y+ or reject+ o!r m sup]ficial ones1 & prep>+ ! way = k ( individuality by indicat+ ! approximate place :]e ! tru? is to be f\nd4 ,vico classifies1 r ?an n>rates & repres5ts2 b !re is classification & classification2 x may be press$ into ! s]vice ( a sup]ficial ?\ght or ( a pr(\nd "o4 ,& ! hi/orical side ( ! ,new ,sci5ce is "o great sub/itution ( pr(\nd = sup]ficial classifications4 ,9 ?is process1 :i* con/itutes ! /r5g? ( ,vico's treatm5t ( hi/ory1 ! defici5cies & errors come n f outside ! limits ( ! process b f causes at "w )9 ^! limits !mselves4 ,x has be5 alleg$ 9 def5ce ( ,vico t a great "p ( 8 errors is due to ! scant9ess & inadequacy ( ! mat]ials at 8 disposal4 ,b ! mat]ials = any /udy are always scanty & inadequate comp>$ to our ?ir/ = k2 & 9 judg+ a hi/orian ! "q is n ?is1 b ! me?od1 cauti\s or incauti\s1 on :i* he employs ! mat]ials t are at 8 disposal4 ,aga91 x has be5 said t ,vico has ! faults ( 8 age2 b ?is is to =get t he 0 born 9 ! c5tury :i* saw ! developm5t ( ! highly critical philology ( ,joseph ,scalig] & ! :ole ,dut* s*ool1 & t ,z5o1 ,maffei & ,muratori 7 8 contempor>ies 9 ,italy4 ,! tru? is t j z ! attitude ( ?\ght already describ$ 9 ,vico confus$ pure philosophical me?od ) ! det]m9ations ( empirical sci5ce & hi/orical data1 s x confus$ hi/orical rese>* ) ! mixture ( philosophy & empirical sci5ce4 ,vico 0 9 a /ate simil> to t ( drunk5ness2 confus+ categories ) facts1 he felt absolutely c]ta9 a priori ( :at ! facts w\ld say3 in/ead ( lett+ !m speak = !mselves he put 8 own words into _! m\?4 ,a common illusion ) him 0 to seem to see connexions betwe5 ?+s :]e !re 0 really none4 ,?is made him turn e hypo!tical conjunction into a c]ta9ty1 & read 9 o!r writ]s in/ead ( _! actual words ?+s t !y _h nev] writt51 b :i* 7 int]nally spok5 by himself unaw>es & project$ into ! writ+s ( o!rs4 ,exactitude 0 = him an impossibility1 & 9 8 m5tal excitem5t & exaltation he almo/ despis$ x3 :at h>m c t51 tw5ty1 a hundr$ errors d to :at is sub/antially true8 ,exactitude1 dilig5ce1 z he says1 mu/ lose itself 9 argum5ts ( any size1 because x is a m9ute1 & because m9ute also a sl[-foot$ virtue4 ,fanciful etymologies1 d>+ & gr\ndless my?ological int]pretations1 *anges ( "n & date1 exagg]ations ( fact1 false quotations are met ) ?r\gh\t 8 pages1 & _m may be f\nd not$ 9 ! f9e edition ( ! second ,sci5za ,nuova by ,nicol9i4 ,?us1 z we obs]v$ 9 speak+ ( 8 philosophy t ,vico's 0 n an acute m9d1 s n[ 9 speak+ ( 8 hi/orical "w we mu/ say t x 0 n critical4 ,b z :ile we d5i$ him acut5ess on a small scale we ackn[l$g$ 8 pr(undity or acut5ess on a l>ge scale1 s "h also we ought to add t if ,vico lack$ ! critical s5se 9 small matt]s1 9 great matt]s he _h abundance ( x4 ,c>eless1 head/rong & confus$ 9 detail2 cauti\s1 logical & p5etrative 9 ess5tials2 he exposes 8 flank or r 8 :ole body to ! attacks ( ! mo/ mis]able & me*anical p$ant1 & ov]-awes & inspires respect 9 e critic & hi/orian h[ev] great4 ,&1 totus m5s ?\gh he is & all absorb$ by 8 own discov]ies1 (t5 he does n give 8 p[] ( inve/igation & obs]vation "t & room to develop1 & in/ead ( hi/ory he inv5ts my?s & inve/igates romances2 b :5 he all[s ! p[] free play1 x does wond]s 9 ! field ( hi/ory too1 z we %all try to %[ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,b to judge ! hi/orical views ( ,vico by confront+ !m1 z _m h done1 ) ^? ( mod]n hi/orical rese>* & prais+ or depreciat+ !m accord+ly w\ld h>dly be conclusive4 ,:]e ! two t]ms ( ! comp>ison agre$ ! agreem5t might be =tuit\s3 :]e !y div]g$1 ! lat] doctr9e might be b a developm5t or consequ5ce ( ! e>li] attempt1 & 9 any case ! mod]n /ate ( hi/orical k by no means provides an absolute /&>d4 ,on ! o!r h& x w\ld be out ( place1 z well z beyond our p[]1 to reh&le all ! problems dealt ) by ,vico to see :at !re is ( tru? & falsehood 9 8 conclusions4 ,t w\ld mean no less ?an writ+ a ?ird ,sci5za ,nuova m adapt$ to our own times4 ,our task is m]ely to indicate ! pr9cipal hi/orical problems :i* ,vico set be=e himself1 to /ate ! solutions he gave1 & always to keep 9 m9d ! /ate ( k n 9 our own day b 9 ,vico's1 s z to det]m9e :at progress 9 hi/orical /udy may be set d[n to 8 influ5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,new ,,pr9ciples ,,= ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,obscure ,,& ,,leg5d>y ,,p]iods ,! p]iod ( hi/orical rese>* :i* prec$$ ! life ( ,vico 01 z we h said1 by no means cr$ul\s or uncritical4 ,! day 0 pa/ :5 *ronicles ( ! _w 7 compil$1 :5 any fable & any falsification h[ev] gross 0 accept$ z hi/ory3 & ! se$ s[n by a few humani/s _h borne fruit 9 ! ,italian m5 ( le>n+1 ! ,fr5* juridical s*ool1 ! s*ool ( ,scalig] m5tion$ above1 & all ! great *ronologi/s1 epigraphi/s1 ar*aeologi/s1 topograph]s & geograph]s :o 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury =m$ ! fir/ imm5se critical collections ( s\rces = anci5t hi/ory4 ,:ile ! philologi/s 7 ?us improv+ & p]fect+ _! me?ods1 detect+ impo/ures & bridg+ lacunae1 ,bayle1 ,font5elle1 ,sa9t-vremond & _m o!rs 7 engag$ 9 spread+ a scepticism or hi/orical ,pyrrhonism z x 0 also call$1 due to ! intellectuali/ic philosophy2 & ?us anticipat+ ! polemic aga9/ ! tru? & utility ( hi/ory :i* 0 to arise ) imm5se vig\r 9 ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,?is latt] t5d5cy 0 hyp]critical r ?an critical1 its end be+ ! de/ruction ( hi/ory 9 g5]al3 & s9ce hi/orical scepticism 0 v apt to assume ! "* ( a p>adox adapt$ to ! ne$s ( elegant society & ! wits1 its influ5ce on ! progress ( rese>* 0 v small1 or at mo/ x succe$$ 9 produc+ /rong reactions1 "o ( :i* is repres5t$ by ,vico1 9 fav\r ( tradition & au?ority4 ,x is on ! o!r h& only prop] to obs]ve ! fail+s ( ! fir/ s]i\sly sci5tific ef=ts ( philologi/s & antiqu>ies4 ,!y rehabilitat$ witnesses1 laid b>e falsifications1 recon/ruct$ li/s ( rul]s & magi/rates1 connect$ *ronology & contradict$ c]ta9 leg5ds3 b1 :e!r ow+ to ! t5d5cies ( ?\ght usual among pure s*ol>s & philologi/s or because ( ! g5]al atmosph]e ( _! c5tury's culture1 !y nei!r _h nor convey$ a feel+ = ! antique & ! primitive4 ,/rong 9 detail1 !y 7 weak 9 ess5tials4 ,:5 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant grasp$1 = in/ance1 ! importance ( ballad-lit]ature z a means ( transmitt+ hi/ory at a p]iod :5 ! use ( writ+ 0 unkn[n or uncommon1 he did n receive f ?is obs]vation & o!rs l x su* a %ock z might /imulate him to reca/ f top to bottom 8 intuition & conception ( primitive life1 z 0 ! case ) ,vico1 :o almo/ 9 a fla% grasp$ ! philosophical =m ( c]titude & ! two p]iods ( m5tal & social life correspond+ to x 9 actual hi/ory3 ! p]iods ( obscurity & ( leg5d4 ,vico himself />t$ f a k9d ( scepticism1 a scepticism z reg>ds ! prejudices ( s*ol>s & nations g5]ally ab\t ! "* & facts ( antiquity3 & 9 combat+ ^! prejudices he drew up a s]ies ( pr9ciples or aphorisms1 inspir$ app>5tly by ,bacon's idola1 to :i* !y pres5t an analogy 9 ! field ( hi/orical rese>*4 ,vico puts ! /ud5t on 8 gu>d fir/ aga9/ ! magnific5t op9ions :i* h be5 held up to 8 own day conc]n+ ! mo/ remote & lea/ kn[n antiquity3 a nave illusion ^: orig9 he traces to ! fact t man :5 9 a /ate ( entire ignorance erects himself into a rule = ! univ]se4 ,"h is ! close/ analogy ) ,bacon3 = ?is /atem5t is precisely l ! class ( idola tribus1 9 :i* ?\ght makes itself ! rule ( ?+s on ! analogy ( man1 n ( ! univ]se 7ex analogia hom9is1 non ex analogia univ]si74 ,on ! same obs]vation is f\nd$ ! rem>k t rum\r gr[s 9 its c\rse1 fama crescit eundo1 & ,tacitus's omne ignotum pro magnifico e/1 ev]y?+ unkn[n is tak5 = some?+ great4 ,h5ce arises ! habit ( int]pret+ anci5t cu/oms 9 ! expectation ( f9d+ !m simil> or sup]ior to ^? ( mod]n civilis$ life4 ,?us ,cic]o admir$ ! humanity ( ! e>ly ,romans 9 call+ enemies 9 w> gue/s3 n realis+ t ! fact 0 precisely ! opposite ( ?is1 & t gue/s 7 ho/es1 /rang]s & enemies4 ,9 ! same way ,s5eca1 by way ( prov+ ! duty ( k9dness to slaves1 recall$ t ma/]s 7 anci5tly call$ fa!rs ( ! family2 z if patres familias might n h be5 ! v rev]se ( k9d n only to slaves & s]vants b to _! own *ildr51 reg>d$ z on ! level ( slaves4 ,! same prejudice l$ ,grotius1 9 8 desire to %[ ! g5tl5ess ( ! anci5t ,g]mans1 to collect a great numb] ( b>b>ic laws 9 :i* homicide 0 puni%$ by a f9e ( a few p5ce3 :i* is on ! contr>y really a pro( ( ! *eapness ( ! blood ( poor ru/ic vassals1 :o are precisely ! hom9es m5tion$ by ^! laws4 ,9 ! second place1 he w>ns u n to tru/ to ! conceit ( nations1 all ( :i*1 ,greek or b>b>ian1 ,*aldean1 ,scy?ian1 ,egyptian1 or ,*9ese1 claim$1 z ,diodorus ,siculus obs]ves1 to h f\nd$ humanity1 discov]$ ! am5ities ( life1 & pres]v$ _! memory intact f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,ea* ( !m1 hav+ = sev]al ?\s& ye>s _h no communication ) ! o!rs :i* might h l$ to ! %>+ ( ideas1 resembl$ 9 ! obscurity ( its *ronology a man :o sleep+ 9 a v small *amb] is misl$ by ! d>kness into believ+ x mu* too l>ge ev] to t\* x ) 8 h&4 ,he :o accepts ^! dream]'s boa/s = c]ta9 k f9ds himself 9 ! difficulty ( hav+ to *oose betwe5 ! v>i\s memories ( v>i\s nations1 all ( :i* ) equal ju/ification claim to be orig9al4 ,by ! side ( national conceit ,vico plac$ ! conceit ( ! le>n$1 :o desire _! own k to be z old z ! _w1 & consequ5tly delight 9 fancy+ an inaccessible esot]ic wisdom among ! anci5ts1 co9cid+ miracul\sly ) ! op9ions pr(ess$ by ea* "o ( !mselves1 :i* !y dress 9 ! g>b ( antiquity 9 ord] to en=ce _! acceptance4 ,su* 0 ! mi/ake n only ( ,plato1 especially 9 ! rese>*es ( ! ,cratylus1 b ( all hi/orians1 anci5t & mod]n3 ,vico himself _h fall5 into x1 & 0 !re=e able to /udy x closely 9 8 own case1 :5 9 ! ,de antiquissima he believ$ himself to h f\nd 9 ! etymologies ( ,lat9 words ! pro( ( an ,italian metaphysic exactly agree+ ) 8 own doctr9es ( ! conv]sion ( ! v]uni ) ! factum & ( metaphysical po9ts4 ,f ^! ?ree prejudices1 especially f ! conceit ( ! le>n$1 foll[s ! f\r?1 "h call$ t ( ! s\rces or *annels ( culture1 ironically call$ by ,vico ! !ory ( s*ola/ic succession among nations4 ,^u ?is !ory ,zoroa/] = in/ance in/ruct$ ,b]osus = ,*aldaea1 ,b]osus 9 8 turn ,m]curius ,trimegi/us = ,egypt1 ,m]curius taught ,atlas ! ,e?iopian lawgiv]1 ,atlas ,orpheus ! ,?racian mission>y1 & f9ally ,orpheus e/abli%$ 8 s*ool 9 ,greece4 ,long j\rneys ^!1 & easy =soo? to ^? primitive nations :i*1 sc>cely out ( ! /ate ( savag]y1 liv$ p]*$ on m\nta9s 9 almo/ inaccessible situations1 unkn[n ev5 to _! neighb\rs6 ,& ^! long j\rneys 7 und]tak5 ) ! object ( spread+ discov]ies1 :i* any nation c\ld make = itself4 ,if1 :5 nations came to "k ea* o!r ?r\gh w>s & treaties1 !y 7 f\nd to agree1 t 0 because !y all conta9$ "s motive ( tru? & sprang f ! same ne$s ( man4 ,0 x necess>y to suppose ! ,a!nian or ,mosaic law to h affect$ t ( ! ,romans1 z did ^! comp>]s or deliv]s ( laws1 9 ord] to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! "r recognis$ 9 ,pale/9e1 ,a!ns & ,rome to kill ! ?ief by night8 ,0 x necess>y = ,py?agoras to travel spread+ ! doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( s\ls1 :i* we f9d z f> afield z ,india8 ,!re rema9$ ! prejudice ( consid]+ ! anci5t hi/orians z be/ in=m$ ab\t primitive times3 :]eas 9 ! hi/ory ( orig9s !y knew z little z1 or less ?an1 ourselves4 ,z = ,greek hi/ory1 ,vico f\nd1 or r imag9$ t he f\nd1 9 ,?ucydides1 a confession t ! ,greeks up to ! g5]ation prec$+ t hi/orian knew no?+ ( _! own antiquity3 & he also obs]v$ t x 0 only 9 ! "t ( ,x5ophon t ,greek hi/orians began to h any precise in=mation ^u ,p]sian affairs4 ,roman hi/orians commonly began ) ! f\ndation ( ,rome3 b ! beg9n+ ( ,rome 0 c]ta9ly n ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,rome 0 a new city f\nd$ 9 ! mid/ ( a l>ge numb] ( small & m anci5t peoples 9 ,latium3 & ev5 9 ! case ( ,rome ,livy refuses to gu>antee ! tru? ( ! facts ( ! e>li] c5turies ( its hi/ory up to ! ,punic w>s1 :i* he is 9 a position to describe m accurately4 ,he ev5 confesses frankly t he does n "k at :at po9t ,hannibal made 8 great & memorable entry into ,italy1 :e!r by ! ,cottian ,alps or ! ,ap5n9es4 ,s well in=m$ 7 ! anci5t hi/orians6 ,ow+ to ^! & simil> sceptical pr9ciples1 ! :ole ( ,greek hi/ory to ! "t ( ,h]odotus & ( ,roman d[n to ! second ,punic w> seem$ to ,vico q unc]ta91 an unclaim$ t]ritory1 s to speak1 :]e "o might ent] & take possession by squatt]'s "r4 ,he ent]$ arm$ ) positive pr9ciples directly issu+ f ! negative ones we h enum]at$4 ,= if ,vico d5i$ ! cr$ibility ( hi/orians di/ant 9 "t f ! facts !y describ$1 if he disc\nt$ national pride1 if he laid b>e ! illusions & *>latanism ( ! le>n$1 he nev]!less did n re/ cont5t ) ?is "w ( de/ruction4 ,9 place ( ! old untru/wor?y me?od he _h bani%$1 he endeav\r$ to supply a new1 ( bett] qualities & great] t5acity2 a sy/em ( me?ods by :i* x 0 possible to acquire new hi/orical docum5ts & also to improve ! /udy ( ^? already kn[n4 ,no advance 9 hi/orical k is 9 fact ev] made except by ?us turn+ f ! receiv$ n>rative to ! docum5t und]ly+ x1 :i* alone has ! p[] ( confirm+1 correct+ & enri*+ ! n>rative4 ,! fir/ ( ,vico's contributions to hi/orical me?od1 ! fir/ s\rce = ! k ( ! e>lie/ civilisations :i* he expos$1 is ! etymology ( language4 ,! usual me?ods ( ?is /udy 9 8 "t 7 purely arbitr>y3 x proce$$ by consid]+ ! s\nd ( ea* syllable or lett] & look+ = o!r sup]ficial resemblances1 & inf]r+ f ^! facts ! d]ivation ( a ^w f ?is or t language1 ,lat91 ,greek or ,hebrew4 ,b etymology becomes a fruitful /udy only :5 x is rememb]$ t language is ! be/ evid5ce = ! anci5t life ( a p1 ! life liv$ by !m :ile ! language 0 9 ! mak+3 & :5 ! /ud5t accord+ly nev] ceases to expla9 language by cu/oms & cu/oms by language4 ,?us ! etymology ( ab/ract words leads u into ! he>t ( a purely ru/ic society2 = intelleg]e1 to und]/&1 = example1 recalls leg]e1 to collect ! produce ( ! fields 7h5ce legum9a1 vegetables72 diss]]e1 to discuss1 ref]s to scatt]+ se$2 & ! majority ( words = inanimate ?+s reveal relations ) ! human body & its memb]s1 & ! s5sations & passions ( man2 ?us m\? means any ap]ture1 lip ! edge ( a pot1 =ehead & back are us$ = be=e & beh9d2 & s on4 ,vico aim$ at "o sci5ce ( etymology common to all native languages1 compos$ ( monosyllabic1 & l>gely onomatopoeic roots3 ano!r ( =eign loan-words1 introduc$ aft] nations became mutually acqua9t$3 a ?ird1 ( univ]sal application1 = ! sci5ce ( int]national law1 f :i* x %\ld appe> h[ ! same m51 facts or objects1 look$ at f ! diff]5t po9ts ( view ( diff]5t nations1 receiv$ diff]5t names2 & f9ally a diction>y ( m5tal words1 common to all nations1 :i* %\ld expla9 ! uni=m ideas ( sub/ances & ! diff]5t modifications ( !m 9 national ?\ght conc]n+ ! human ne$s & utilities common to all1 accord+ to ! diff]5ces ( _! situation1 climate1 "* & cu/oms1 & %\ld ?us n>rate ! orig9s ( ! v>i\s vocal languages1 all conv]g+ 9 an ideal common language4 ,! second s\rce reveal$ by ,vico is ! int]pretation ( my?s or fables1 :i* agreeably to 8 doctr9e 7 n allegories1 fictions or impo/ures1 b ! sci5ce ( primitive man4 ,9 ! ,diritto univ]sale ,vico di/+ui%$ f\r diff]5t & successive *>act]s ( ! gods4 ,at fir/ !y repres5t$ natural facts1 ,jupit] ! sky1 ,diana ! fl[+ wat]1 ,dis or ,pluto ! l[] e>?1 ,neptune ! sea1 & s on2 secondly1 natural human affairs1 = in/ance1 ,vulcan fire1 ,c]es corn1 ,saturn ! se$2 ?irdly1 social facts2 & f9ally !y rose to heav5 & 7 translat$ to ! />s1 & t]re/rial & human ?+s 7 di/+ui%$ f div9e4 ,b 9 ! two ,sci5ze ,nuove he emphasis$ almo/ exclusively ! ?ird or social mean+1 :i* became 9 8 eyes ! orig9al2 s9ce1 he appe>s to h ?\ght1 ! e>lie/ nations 7 too mu* int5t ^u !mselves1 too mu* imm]s$ 9 _! h>d & difficult life1 to speculate 9 ab/raction f social matt]s4 ,h5ce he f\nd reflect$ 9 my?ology ! in/itutions1 inv5tions1 social cleavages1 class-/ruggles1 travels & w>f>e ( primitive nations4 ,ev5 9 consid]ably advanc$ p]iods ,vico 0 ho/ile to naturali/ic or philosophical explanations4 ,! say+ "k ?yself attribut$ to ! anci5t sage seem$ to him m]ely a piece ( advice to ! ,a!nian democracy1 to "k its own /r5g?1 lat] transf]r$ to a metaphysical & moral s5se4 ,beside ?is pr9ciple ( social int]pretation he e/abli%$ ano!r ( great importance3 namely1 t indec5t mean+s 7 ins]t$ 9 my?s at a late & corrupt p]iod :5 m5 int]pret$ e>ly cu/oms 9 ! light ( _! own1 or tri$ to ju/ify _! own lu/s by fancy+ t ! gods _h set !m ! example4 ,h5ce arose ! adult]\s ,jupit]1 ,juno z ! implacable enemy ( ,h]cules' virtue1 ! *a/e ,diana solicit+ ! embraces ( ! sleep+ ,endymion1 ,apollo p]secut+ mode/ maid5s ev5 to _! dea?1 ,m>s1 n cont5t ) committ+ adult]y ) ,v5us by l&1 b pursu+ h] ev5 into ! sea1 &1 wor/ ( all1 ! love ( ,jupit] = ,ganym$e & ( ,jupit] aga91 trans=m$ into a swan1 = ,l$a4 ,su* repres5tations c only result 9 unre/ra9$ vice1 z happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! "y ,*a]eas 9 ,t]5ce's com$y4 ,b 9 _! orig9al %ape & mean+ all my?s 7 s]i\s & au/]e1 wor?y ( ! f\nd]s ( nations4 ,! pursuit ( ,daphne by ,apollo = in/ance ref]r$ to ! magicians or div9]s :o arrang$ w$d+s & foll[$ wom5 ?r\gh ! woods :]e !y 7 /ill liable to promiscu\s ravi%+2 ,v5us1 cov]+ h] nak$ness ) ! ce/us1 0 a mode/ symbol ( solemn matrimony2 ! h]oes1 sons ( ,jupit]1 7 n ! (fspr+ ( adult]y1 b born ( p]man5t & solemn m>riages celebrat$ accord+ to ! w ( ,jupit] z reveal$ by ! div9]s4 ,to ! pure all ?+s are pure1 & impure to ! impure3 ! =e/s & m\nta9-tops c\ld nev] beget ! fancies ( ! closet & ! bro!l4 ,beside ^! two ri* s\rces1 language & my?ology1 ,vico names & employs a ?ird1 :i* he calls ! great fragm5ts ( ! anci5t _w1 t is to say1 ! memories pres]v$ by hi/orians & poets1 su* z ! ,egyptian tradition ( ! ?ree ages ( gods1 h]oes & m52 ! language ( ! gods m5tion$ 9 ,hom]2 ! ?irty ?\s& names ( ! gods collect$ by ,v>ro & ref]r+ to a l numb] ( ne$s 9 ! natural1 moral1 economic & civil life ( ! e>lie/ times2 ! grove ( ,romulus1 :i* ,livy calls ! anci5t plan ( f\nd+ cities1 & a few o!r gold5 say+s ( anci5t hi/orians4 ,till n[ ^! fragm5ts _h be5 useless = ! purposes ( sci5ce1 ly+ z !y did 9 dirt1 confusion & incomplet5ess3 b :5 clean$1 re/or$ & fitt$ toge!r !y convey$ valuable in=mation4 ,nor did he ov]look ! monum5ts ( ar*itecture & sculpture1 ?\gh ! use he made ( !m 0 slight1 & he saw t !y 7 9 ! long run ( little practical value4 ,he decl>$ t z = ! hi/oric p]iod ! mo/ c]ta9 docum5ts are ! public co9s1 s = ! leg5d>y & obscure p]iod _! place is tak5 by c]ta9 traces rema9+ 9 m>ble1 z pro(s ( anci5t cu/oms1 l ! ,egyptian pyramids ) _! hi]oglyphic inscriptions & o!r fragm5ts ( ! anci5t _w f\nd 9 e region & be>+ simil> pictographic *>act]s4 ,x is also wor?y ( rem>k t he gives examples ( argum5ts f\nd$ on te*nical obs]vations & lead+ to conclusions 9 ! sph]e ( prehi/oric ar*aeology3 z = in/ance :5 he says t "o e>ly p]iod ( human life is di/+ui%$ by ! eat+ ( roa/$ fle%1 ! simple/ & lea/ elaborate k9d ( food1 because x requires no?+ except ! fire3 a lat] p]iod by boil$ fle%1 :i* also requires wat]1 caldron & tripod4 ,"o p[]ful me?od ( inve/igation 9 ,vico's h&s is ! comp>ative me?od1 consi/+ 9 ! comp>ison ( bett]-kn[n processes ( developm5t ) ^? kn[n imp]fectly or 9 p>ts only1 & ! consequ5t recon/ruction ( ! latt] on ! basis ( ! =m]4 ,s = in/ance ! pr9ciple ( h]oism1 reveal$ by evid5ce f\nd 9 ,roman hi/ory1 helps to expla9 ! leg5d>y hi/ory ( ! ,greeks1 to supply ! defici5cies ( t ( ,egypt & to %$ light on ! unkn[n hi/ory ( all o!r nations ( antiquity4 ,)\t d5y+ ! fact ( transmission f "o nation to ano!r1 ,vico p\r$ scorn ^u ! abuse ( ?is conception1 & m9imis$ its value 9 ! case ( primitive societies3 us+ 9 its place ! idea ( spontane\s developm5t & endeav\r+ to recon/ruct ! process by ! comp>ative me?od4 ,b he took ?is me?od 9 a v broad s5se1 & made use 9 x ( mat]ials drawn f ! mo/ widely v>y+ c\ntries & p]iods4 ,to expla9 = example h[ ! ?und]+ sky sugge/$ to primitive man ! idea ( a god1 he m5tions ! fact t ! natives ( ,am]ica1 :5 fir/ !y he>d ! noise & recognis$ ! deadly effects ( fire>ms 9 ! h&s ( ! ,spani>ds1 believ$ !m to be gods3 ! rhapsodi/s ( ! ,hom]ic poems rem9d$ him ( ! s+]s on ! quay at ,naples ) _! ballads ( ,rol& & ! palad9s3 ! trans=mations or metamorphoses describ$ by ! anci5t poets resembl$ ! tales ( gobl9s & fairies /ill told by mo!rs to amuse little *ildr51 or ! widely-scatt]$ m$iaeval leg5ds ( ! magician ,m]l93 he traces ! my?ology ( ! he>? d[n to ! cu/om ( ! log :i* 9 ,boccaccio's "t at ,flor5ce ! head ( ! family us$ to light ^u ! he>? at ! new ye>1 spr9kl+ inc5se & w9e on x1 & ! ,*ri/mas-eve log among ! l[] classes at ,naples2 n to m5tion ! cu/om 9 ! ,neapolitan k+dom ( c\nt+ families by he>?s4 ,he br\ght ! s]p5t ,py?on & all o!r my?ical s]p5ts into relation ) ! vip] ( ! ,visconti *e i milanesi accampa 7:i* calls to arms ! ,milanese7 & ! hi]oglyphic script ) ! rbus de ,pic>die us$ 9 ! nor? ( ,france4 ,x w\ld be useless to look 9 e>li] or contempor>y philology = cle> g5]al prec$5ts = ^! pr9ciples1 negative & positive1 e/abli%$ by ,vico = ! hi/ory ( obscure & leg5d>y p]iods4 ,!y are too closely b\nd up ) & ess5tial to 8 :ole philosophical ?\ght ev] to h orig9at$ ap>t f ?is ?\ght itself4 ,! rude fragm5ts ( anci5t ,roman laws1 cu/oms & =mulae1 ! ,hom]ic poems1 ! words ( ! ,lat9 language1 :5 exam9$ ) unprejudic$ eyes--! p[] :i* enables a man ( g5ius to see ?+s )\t di/ortion--& work$ ov] by a m9d ready to accept !m 9 _! true nature1 7 b\nd to excite 9 ,vico1 comp>$ ) ! le>n$ b col\rless or falsely-col\r$ hi/orical rese>* ( 8 day1 a rebellion & upheaval l t :i* took place a c5tury lat] 9 ! m9d ( ,augu/9 ,?i]ry :5 he saw1 depict$ 9 ! pages ( ,*ateaubri&'s poetical prose1 ,ph>amond & 8 ,franks1 ) _! unre/ra9$ movem5ts1 _! rude & savage arms1 _! t]rible w>-cries & _! b>b>ic songs4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,h]oic ,,society ,z ! ,franks1 9 ! compilations ( national hi/ory made by ! ,jesuit colleges & o!r ,fr5* s*ools1 appe> /ripp$ ( all _! *>act]i/ic features & r$uc$ to wise mon>*s1 pi\s que5s & devot$ w>riors ( ! ,*ur*1 s anci5t & primitive hi/ory1 ?anks to ! rhetoric & ! nave ideas ( s*ol>s1 has be5 pa9t$ 9 brilliant & untrue col\rs ( ! same k9d z ^? ) :i* ,lebrun or ,luca ,giordano pa9t$ _! pomp\s & !atrical pictures4 ,k+s :o devot$ !mselves to sage c\nsel 9 ord] to aid _! subjects :ile at ! same "t n dim9i%+ ! spl5d\r ( _! c\rts & ! brilliancy ( _! happy nobles1 philosoph] k+s su* z made ,plato sigh = ! day :5 philosoph]s %\ld rule or k+s philosophise2 loyal & valiant knights1 eag] to sacrifice !mselves = ! common welf>e2 /atesm5 :o us$ to accompli% pilgrimages at spe$ 9 ord] to br+ back f af> to _! wait+ citiz5s laws m wise ?an _! own2 good fa!rs ( families1 admirable mo!rs1 brave & ob$i5t "y m51 lov+ & mode/ maid5s1 e "o a p]sonification ( "s virtue or ev5 ( all virtues at once1 models ( human p]fection3 su* are ! figures :i* sanctifi$ by _! v5]able antiquity fill alike volumes & imag9ations4 ,^! are ! h]oes ( ,greek & ,roman hi/ory3 & all ?is spl5did clo?-(-gold decoration mu/ be torn (f & cle>$ away if we w\ld attempt to discov] 9 ! deepe/ recesses ( ! memory ( mank9d ! true h]oes1 ! h]oes ( reality1 n ( lit]ature1 ( life1 n ( ! /age3 ignorant1 sup]/iti\s1 fi]ce1 selfi%1 h>% to _! families1 cruel to _! inf]iors1 av>ici\s1 grasp+1 & yet1 9 spite ( or ev5 because ( ^! same *>act]i/ics ( b>b>ism1 h]oes3 virtu\s ) ! "o k9d ( virtue possible & necess>y 9 primitive times1 ! virtue ( /r5g?1 discipl9e1 & a deep & uncompromis+ s5se ( religion4 ,! misrepres5tation ( ! primitive h]o z a wise & virtu\s memb] ( a civilis$ society rea*es its height1 s f> z political hi/ory is conc]n$1 9 ! failure to und]/& ! ?ree *ief words :i* sum up ! con/itution ( ! /ate3 k+1 p & fre$om4 ,by a misund]/&+ ( ! fir/1 x is believ$ t ! orig9al =m ( ! /ate 0 mon>*y1 ! absolute mon>*y :i* re/s on ! /r5g? ( ! p & keeps 9 *eck ! nobles3 :i* is really a late developm5t 9 hi/ory1 if n ! late/4 ,into ?is error _h fall5 ,jean ,bod91 :om ,vico *ose z ! object ( 8 polemic4 ,b ,bod91 m acute ?an o!r political writ]s1 involv$ himself 9 a contradiction1 because ?\gh he accept$ ! common error he nev]!less1 obs]v+ ! effects ( an ari/ocratic republic 9 ! suppos$ fre$om ( anci5t ,rome1 propp$ up 8 sy/em by di/+ui%+ betwe5 /ate & gov]nm5t1 & ass]t+ t ,rome 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod 0 popul> 9 /ate b ari/ocratically gov]n$2 & s9ce ?is prop 0 too weak to be> ! :ole weight ( ! facts he at la/ confess$ t ?is republic 0 ari/ocratic bo? 9 gov]nm5t & 9 /ate1 ?us contradict+ ! :ole ( 8 own doctr9e z to ! necess>y succession ( /ates4 ,! tru? is t ! k+s ( ^! e>lie/ p]iods 7 at ,rome1 z at ,sp>ta & else:]e1 n mon>*s at all4 ,! fa!rs1 patricians or h]oes 7 mon>*ical k+s only 9 ! p]iod ( dome/ic mon>*y1 :5 ea* family liv$ sep>ately2 b !y 7 k+s ( a special k9d1 subject to no "o b ,god1 arm$ ) religions ( t]ror & consecrat$ ) ! mo/ cruel p5alties4 ,on em]g+ f ?is fir/ /ate1 :5 ! fa!rs unit$ into a patrician ord]1 _! k+ 0 simply "o or m ( !mselves1 ! m]e magi/rate ( ! ord]4 ,h5ce ,rome1 aft] expell+ ! ,t>qu9s by a purely ari/ocratic revolution1 did n *ange h] /ate at all4 ,%e pres]v$ h] k+s 9 ! %ape ( two consuls1 annual k+s1 two ari/ocratic k+s :o 7 depriv$ ( no s+le detail ( ! royal p[]4 ,! two k+s ( ,sp>ta _h ! same "*2 !y 7 liable l ! consuls to be held acc\ntable = _! actions & c\ld be condemn$ to dea? by ! ephors4 ,z ^! /ates _h be5 falsely consid]$ mon>*ical1 s1 no less falsely1 !y _h be5 tak5 z popul> 9 "*4 ,! p ref]r$ to 9 ?is way does n co9cide )1 9 fact x excludes1 ! plebs3 ! populus 0 simply ! patrician ord]1 & fre$om meant simply ! fre$om ( ! patricians1 ! lib]ty ( ! ma/]3 & ! patria 0 appropriately s call$1 because x really 0 res patrum1 ! prop]ty ( a few fa!rs4 ,x is absurd to ?9k t ! plebs1 a horde ( ! mo/ wor?less lab\r]s treat$ z slaves1 c\ld possess ! "r ( elect+ ! k+1 & t ! fa!rs conf9$ !mselves to m]ely approv+ ?is election 9 ! s5ate4 ,! relations betwe5 fa!rs & plebeians 7 q o!r ?an neighb\rly peace1 mutual tru/ & he>ty co-op]ation4 ,! h]oes1 accord+ to a passage ( ,ari/otle1 took a solemn oa? to be et]nal enemies ( ! plebs3 t 0 ! =m _! democratic _s took4 ,& ! ,roman virtue :i* sets be=e u s _m & su* glori\s examples1 gives no example ( k9dl9ess to ! common p4 ,brutus1 :o d$icat$ 8 h\se 9 ! p]sons ( 8 two sons to ! cause ( fre$om3 ,scaevola1 :o t]rifi$ ,pors5a by puni%+ 8 own "r h& 9 ! fire3 ! /]n ,manlius1 :o execut$ 8 own son :5 he return$ victori\s ?r\gh a successful brea* ( milit>y discipl9e3 ,curtius1 :o leapt 9 full arm\r ) 8 horse into ! fatal *asm3 ,decius1 :o devot$ himself = ! safety ( 8 army3 ,fabricius & ,curius1 :o refus$ ! ,samnite gold & ! k+dom ( ,pyrrhus3 ,attilius ,regulus1 :o w5t to c]ta9 dea? to pres]ve ! sanctity ( a ,roman's oa?3 :at did ^! m5 ev] d = ! commons1 except increase _! mis]ies by w>1 plunge !m deep] into ! wat]s ( usury1 & immure !m m closely 9 ! private dungeons ( ! nobles :]e !y 7 flogg$ b>e-back$ l ! vile/ slaves8 ,& woe to any ari/ocrat :o all[$ himself ! slighte/ desire to alleviate ^! mis]ies6 ,he 0 promptly accus$ ( s$ition & treason & s5t to 8 dea?2 ! fate t 9 ,rome befel ,manlius ,capitol9us1 :o sav$ ! ,capitol f ! fires ( ! ,gaul1 & yet = 8 democratic sympa?ies 0 ?r[n f ! ,t>peian rock2 ! fate t came 9 ,sp>ta1 ! h]o-city ( ,greece z ,rome 0 ! h]o-city ( ! _w1 to ! great-s\l$ k+ ,agis1 ! ,manlius ,capitol9us ( ,lac$aemon1 :o1 = try+ to light5 ! burd5 ( ! unhappy commons by a law aboli%+ debts & to aid !m by ano!r giv+ !m te/am5t>y rights1 0 /rangl$ by ! ephors4 ,! fam\s ,roman virtue amazes any "o :o is obsess$ by ! mod]n idea ( a virtue consi/+ 9 ju/ice & b5evol5ce to all mank9d4 ,:at virtue c\ld live ) su* pride8 ,:at mod]ation ) su* av>ice8 ,:at m]cy ) su* cruelty8 ,:at ju/ice ) su* inequality8 ,! h]oes treat$ _! own families no less h>%ly ?an ! plebs4 ,! education ( *ildr5 0 /]n1 r\gh & cruel4 ,! ,sp>tans1 9 ord] t _! sons might n fe> pa9 & dea?1 beat !m )9 an in* ( _! lives 9 ! temple ( ,diana1 s t !y (t5 fell dead 9 agonies ( pa9 b5ea? _! fa!r's bl[s4 ,9 ,greece z 9 ,rome x 0 lawful to kill innoc5t new-born *ildr51 a cu/om ! rev]se ( ! mod]n1 by :i* ! delights :i* surr\nd little *ildr5 %ape ! s(t] side ( human nature4 ,wives 7 b\ght by ! d[ries ( ! h]oic p]iod1 a survival ( :i* 0 ! practice solemnly obs]v$ 9 ,rome ( m>riage coemptione et f>re 7a simil> cu/om is ascrib$ by ,tacitus to ! anci5t ,g]mans & mu/ be consid]$ univ]sal among b>b>\s peoples71 & 7 ma9ta9$ simply z a necessity ( nature = ! procreation ( *ildr5 & 9 o!r respects treat$ l slaves2 z c /ill be se5 9 _m p>ts ( ! old _w & almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ! new4 ,! acquisition ( *ildr5 & ! ?rift ( ! wife 7 simply reckon$ z s mu* pr(it to ! fa!r & husb&4 ,! c\nt]p>t ( ?is political & dome/ic sy/em is f\nd 9 ! ord9>y life ( ! p]iod1 :i* 0 innoc5t ( all luxury1 ref9em5t & ease4 ,pa/imes 7 ardu\s1 su* z wre/l+ & hunt+1 to h>d5 body & m9d1 or else dang]\s1 l j\/+ or hunt+ big game1 to accu/om m5 to ?9k lightly ( w\nds & dea?4 ,w>s 7 c>ri$ on "u a religi\s aspect & 7 always !re=e extremely bitt]4 ,f su* w>s result$ ! sy/em ( h]oic slav]y1 by :i* ! conqu]$ 7 held to be m5 )\t ,god1 s t !y lo/ civil & natural lib]ty at once4 ,=eign]s 7 consid]$ enemies3 ! e>lie/ nations 7 int5sely inhospitable4 ,brig&age & piracy 7 recognis$2 & ,plut>* says t ! h]oes consid]$ x a great hon\r & prize ( val\r to be call$ robb]s4 ,x 01 9 f9e1 a society imm$iately proce$+ out ( t ( ! gods1 :i* z we "k 0 ! climax ( ! /ate ( nature4 ,9 its passage f ! prehi/oric age z we %\ld say 9 mod]n language into ! dawn ( hi/ory x /ill reta9$ mu* ( ! e>li] cu/oms1 ^? cu/oms :i* ,vico ?9k+ ( ! lonely ,polyphemus 9 8 cave call$ ,cyclopean rules4 ,! age ( gold out ( :i* x came1 innoc5t1 k9dly1 humane1 tol]ant & dutiful1 z s*ol>s & poets believ$1 0 9 reality "o p]petual sup]/iti\s fanaticism1 torm5t$ by a cont9ual t]ror ( ! gods1 to placate :om m5 us$ to (f] human sacrifice1 traces ( :i* rema9 among ! hi/oric ,pho5icians1 ,scy?s & ,g]mans1 ! tribes ( ,am]ica & ev5 ! ,romans !mselves1 :o aft]w>ds sub/itut$ = x ! c]emony ( ?r[+ /raw puppets into ! ,tib]4 ,ev5 ! sacrifice ( *ildr5 0 n unkn[n2 memories ( x are pres]v$ 9 ,agamemnon's sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia & else:]e4 ,b 9 ?is age ( ! gods1 9 spite ( or by means ( ?is cruel sup]/ition1 7 f\nd$ ! great in/itutions ( humanity2 religi\s cults toge!r ) augurial div9ation1 m>riage & burial4 ,w$d+s1 judgm5t-seats & alt>s1 & ! removal ( ! bodies ( ! dead f ! rea* ( ! malignant air & ! wild bea/s taught ! human brutes to be pi\s z ,foscolo says 9 8 ,sepolcri1 m]ely v]sify+ ,vico's prose4 ,^! ,cyclopes :o conjo9$ & confus$ 9 !mselves ! functions ( k+1 wise man 7t is div9ation7 & prie/1 at fir/ plac$ _! dwell+s on ! heights ( m\nta9s1 9 places airy & !re=e heal?y1 naturally =tifi$1 & ne> ! p]5nial spr+s1 :]e 7 ! ne/s ( eagles & vultures1 ! birds ) :i* augury dealt4 ,h5ce ! importance ( wat] & fire1 :i* became symbols ( ! family2 ! e>lie/ m>riages 7 solemnis$ aqua et igni betwe5 p>ties :o %>$ a common spr+ & he>?1 & !re=e belong$ to ! same h\sehold2 s t !y mu/ h be5 betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s4 ,! p]iod ( ! cyclopes 0 a /rongly moral p]iod4 ,x 0 n true ( x t pleasure & law 7 "o 9 ! s5se fanci$ by lat] effem9ate poets2 = ^! m51 ^: m9ds l ^? :i* we may /ill f9d among ! peasants ( to-day 7 ins5sible to ! ref9em5ts ( vice1 f\nd t alone pleasant :i* 0 lawful & t alone lawful :i* 0 useful4 ,!y 7 j ) ! ju/ice ( a savage t[>ds 8 god2 cont95t1 = !y _h made an end ( promiscu\s int]c\rse2 brave1 h>d-work+ & high-spirit$1 z !y 7 b\nd to be1 surr\nd$ z !y 7 by h>d%ips & p]ils4 ,x 0 only lat] t ^! primeval gr\ps ( humanity desc5d$ into ! pla9s & began to till !m1 & !n1 f liv+ inl& z !y did at fir/1 travell$ gradually to ! sea1 le>nt ! art ( navigation & f\nd$ colonies4 ,9 ?is way families or g5tes exi/$ be=e /ates4 ,/ates 7 9 fact =m$ ( families gr\p$ into an ord] ( g5tes maiores or anci5t noble h\ses z !y 7 aft]w>ds call$ to di/+ui% !m f o!rs add$ lat] to ! ord] 7= in/ance at ! "t ( ,junius ,brutus1 to fill ! vacancies 9 ! ,roman s5ate aft] ! expulsion ( ! k+s7 & call$ g5tes m9ores4 ,b ^! g5tes _h )9 !mselves an elem5t ( diff]5tiation & /rife4 ,families 7 n compos$1 z is g5]ally believ$ ow+ to ! common mi/ake ( giv+ mod]n mean+s to anci5t words1 ( wives & *ildr5 alone2 b also ( slaves1 famuli1 ^? :o1 be+ less /rong & rema9+ long] 9 ! nomadic /ate ( nature1 f9ally z sometimes wild animals1 driv5 ei!r by extreme cold or by hunt]s1 to save _! life betake !mselves to inhabit$ places _h s\ght refuge ) ! /rong]1 9 ! =tresses ( ! fa!rs4 ,9 return = ! protection ?us grant$ !y till$ ! fa!r's l&1 & 7 b\nd & z x 7 ti$ to !m1 & h5ce call$ nexi2 !y foll[$ !m & s]v$ !m1 & !re=e ga9$ ! "n ( cli5tes4 ,! relation ( slaves to fa!rs 0 ! second =m ( human relation1 ! fir/ be+ ! natural "o ( matrimony2 x con/itut$ ! feudal /atus1 :i* has wrongly be5 believ$ peculi> to a c]ta9 def9ite p]iod ( b>b>ism1 ! ,middle ,ages1 :]eas x exi/$ 9 all h]oic societies1 & 0 ! et]nal feudal pr9ciple :5ce sprang all ! republics ( ! _w4 ,z ,tacitus says1 speak+ ( ! ,g]mans1 ! *ief oa? ( ^! slaves & cli5ts 0 to gu>d & def5d ea* 8 own ma/] & to assign to 8 ma/]'s glory 8 own de$s ( val\r 7suum pr9cipem def5d]e et tu]i1 sua quoque =tia facta gloriae eius adsign>e1 praecipuum iuram5tum erat72 :i* is "o ( ! sev]e/ conditions ( ! feudal sy/em4 ,moreov] ! fa!r's *ildr5 are r confus$ ) ! slaves ?an di/+ui%$ f !m4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by _! title ( lib]i1 b are id5tifi$ by _! simil> position ( ob$i5ce & lack ( sep>ate p]sonality4 ,! ne$ felt by ! fa!rs ( secur+ !mselves aga9/ ! frequ5t mut9ies ( ! slaves l$ to ! mutual alliance ( fa!rs1 ! patrician ord] & ! h]oic /ate4 ,( ?is /ate ! slaves con/itut$ ! fir/ plebs4 ,!y _h no citiz5's rights1 s9ce !y 7 n citiz5s2 no solemnities ( m>riage1 s9ce ! auspices 7 a monopoly ( ! fa!rs2 nor ! "r ( mak+ wills1 s9ce t "r _h & always kept ! political "* ( a comm&4 ,!y 7 !re=e exclud$ f ! comitia curiata held by ! patricians "u arms1 :i* surviv$ lat] = deal+ ) sacr$ que/ions2 pr(ane matt]s be+ ev]y:]e 9 ! e>lie/ times1 at ,rome z 9 ,greece & ,egypt1 consid]$ z sacr$4 ,! k+ ( ! patricians1 :om we h call$ ! magi/rate ( ! ord]1 0 ?us especially _! lead] & g5]al 9 _! resi/ance to ! slaves or plebeians4 ,b ! h]oes did n provide = ! /ability ( _! ord] by means ( =cible resi/ance alone4 ,j z1 :5 !y abdicat$ _! position ( sov]eignty 9 _! respective families = "o ( subord9ation to ! high] sov]eignty ( ! ord]1 !y =m$ a k9d ( noble or arm$ feudal sy/em1 s to keep _! slaves m or less reconcil$ to ob$i5ce !y grant$ !m1 )\t admitt+ !m to citiz5%ip1 a k9d ( ru/ic feudalism4 ,! orig9 ( prop]ty is ?us expla9$ 9 a way entirely diff]5t on ! "o h& f ! *>m+ly poetical !ory accord+ to :i* m5 adorn$ ) all ! virtues ( ! gold5 age :5 ju/ice dwelt on e>?1 =esee+ ! disord] t might result f communism1 !mselves ) k9dly arbitration m>k$ out ! limits ( fields1 endeav\r+ n to assign to "o no?+ b f]tile1 to ano!r no?+ b b>r5 gr\nd2 to "o a wat]less portion1 to ano!r "o ab\nd+ 9 p]5nial /reams3 & diff]5t on ! o!r h& f ! philosophical orig9 by a volunt>y submission to ! wise1 or t inv5t$ by politician k+s :o d]iv$ prop]ty f viol5ce4 ,! grant+ ( ?is ru/ic feudalism1 :i* might be call$ ! fir/ agr>ian law1 di/+ui%$ ?ree k9ds ( l&-t5ure3 bonit>y = ! p1 quirit>y or noble1 support$ by arms1 = ! fa!rs1 & em95t1 belong+ to ! :ole ord]4 ,& s9ce ! /r5g? ( ! ord] re/$ ^u its weal?1 x did all 9 its p[] to prev5t ! enri*m5t ( ! plebs2 & 9 w>--"h we see ! social motive ( ! ,roman clem5cy--depriv$ ! conqu]$ ( _! arms only1 leav+ !m 9 bonit>y possession ( _! l&s & impos+ ^u !m a suitable tribute4 ,= ! same reason ! patricians 7 v reluctant to g to w>1 = !n ! plebeian multitude ga9$ exp]i5ce ( w>f>e & became dang]\s4 ,! deta*m5t ( law f =ce 0 sl[1 & traces ( ! latt] rema9$ 9 e "p ( ! =m]4 ,9 ! h]oic republic !re 7 at fir/ no laws provid+ = ! puni%m5t ( (f5ces & ! re/itution ( private injuries2 h5ce1 fail+ judici>y laws1 arose ! ne$ ( duels & reprisals1 :i* p]petuat$ ! cu/oms ( ! age ( innoc5ce or ( ! gods4 ,poetry & hi/ory describe "s ( ^! duels1 :i* 7 arm$ judgm5ts3 = in/ance1 t ( ,m5elaus & ,p>is "u ! walls ( ,troy1 & t ( ! ,horatii & ,curiatii1 betwe5 ,rome & ,alba4 ,x 0 a plan ( div9e provid5ce1 9 ord] t betwe5 b>b>ic nations ( scanty und]/&+ & incapable ( li/5+ to reason w> %\ld n always beget w>3 t "r & wrong might be to "s degree det]m9$ by a belief 9 ! fav\r or disfav\r ( ! gods z ! cause ( victory or defeat4 ,^! ordeals by battle 7 accompani$ & sup]s$$ by ordeals by v]bal =mulae1 us$ 9 _! religi\s habit ( m9d ) ! mo/ m9ute & scrupul\s exactitude & ) c>e n to alt] a s+le lett] 7religio v]borum74 ,horatius1 :o by kill+ 8 si/] fell "u ! law horr5di c>m9is1 c\ld nev] h be5 acquitt$ by ! decemvirs1 h[ev] free f blame !y ?\ght him2 & ! p acquitt$ him1 says ,livy1 m ?r\gh admiration ( 8 val\r ?an ! ju/ice ( 8 cause 7magis admiratione virtutis quant iure causae74 ,9 lat] days ,roman law /ill reta9$ ?is "* ( v]bal precision to su* a degree t x =ms ! crux ( sev]al ( ,plautus's com$ies1 9 :i* p&]s are at ! m]cy ( enam\r$ "y m5 :o h l$ !m to violate "s legal =mula4 ,! private law ( ?is society correspond$ closely ) its economic con/itution4 ,x 0 an entirely natural society1 conf9$ to ! necess>ies ( life1 & did n use money2 h5ce ! law knew no?+ ( contracts =m$1 accord+ to ! law ( a lat] p]iod1 by m]e cons5t4 ,all obligations 7 ratifi$ by giv+ ! h&2 ! fir/ buy+ & sell+ 0 b>t]2 ! r5t ( a h\se consi/$ 9 a mortgage on ! soil = build+ x1 ! r5t ( l& 9 plant+ x2 companies & cr$it 7 unkn[n4 ,! mat]ial "* ( ! fir/ contracts & ! =cible "* ( e>ly legal processes 7 gradually modifi$ z "t w5t on1 & became symbolic4 ,z ! fiction ( =ce 9 m>riage-rites recall$ ! actual =ce ) :i* ! giants dragg$ ! fir/ wom5 into caves1 s no less ! c]emonies ( mancipatio1 usucapio & v5geance _h =m]ly be5 acts really p]=m$4 ,mancipatio 0 p]=m$ z we said ) ! actual h&1 t is ) real =ce2 = in/ance1 9 occupation1 ! orig9al s\rce ( all rights ( possession2 usucapio by ! p]man5t plant+ ( ! body ^u ! ?+ possess$2 v5geance 0 orig9ally a duel or a conditio1 private retaliation4 ,!n !y became c]emonies or fictions3 mancipatio became a civil transf]5ce ) solemn acts & phrases 7si quis nexum faciet mancipiumque uti l+ua nuncupassit ita ius e/o--,if any "o makes a ?+ bond to him & 8 possession1 let ! law be s t he publi% x ) 8 tongue72 usucapio a t5ure :i* is suppos$ to la/ z long z life2 retaliation a s]ies ( p]sonal actions accompani$ by a solemn decl>ation ( !m to ! debtor4 ,!re 7 worn 9 ! =um z _m masks z !re 7 legal p]sonalities1 & "u ! p]son or mask ( a pat]familias 7 hidd5 all ! *ildr5 & all ! slaves ( ! h\se4 ,in/ead ( ab/ract =ms1 :i* 7 n yet ?\ght (1 liv+ bodily =ms 7 us$4 ,h]$ity = in/ance 0 inv5t$ z mi/ress ( h]$it>y prop]ty1 & imag9$ to exi/ completely 9 e p>ticul> piece ( inh]it$ goods2 ! idea ( indivisible "r aga91 0 mat]ialis$ 9 ! glebe or clod ( e>? pres5t$ to ! judge ) ! =mula hunc fundum ,?is anci5t jurisprud5ce 0 ?r\gh\t poetical2 its fictions turn$ facts into falsehoods & falsehoods into facts1 made ! unborn live1 ! liv+ dead1 & ! dead to survive 9 _! po/]ity4 ,x creat$ numb]s ( empty legal p]sonalities )\t subjects 7iura imag9>ia71 rights inv5t$ by ! imag9ation2 & ! =mulae 9 :i* ! laws 7 express$ 7 call$ because ( _! /rict rhy?m ( su* & s _m words v]ses--c>m9a4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 if c>efully consid]$1 end _! s5t5ces = ! mo/ "p 9 an ,adonian v]se1 :i* is ultimately a fragm5t ( ! hexamet] metre2 & ,cic]o1 realis+ ?is1 beg9s 8 ,laws ) ! s5t5ce ,deos ca/e adeunto pietatem adhib5to4 ,cic]o also tells u t ! ,roman boys us$ to s+ ! laws ( ! twelve tables l a regul> song 7tanquam necess>ium c>m571 & ,aelian says ! same ( ! ,cretan *ildr5 & ! laws ( ,m9os4 ,! ,egyptian laws accord+ to "o tradition 7 poems ( ! goddess ,isis1 & ^? giv5 by ,lycurgus to ! ,sp>tans & by ,draco to ! ,a!nians 7 =mulat$ 9 v]se4 ,! :ole ( ! anci5t ,roman law 0 a s]i\s poem1 or z ,vico says else:]e a k9d ( ,roman drama1 poema quoddam dramaticum ,romanum1 p]=m$ by ! ,romans 9 ! =um2 & anci5t jurisprud5ce 0 a sev]e poetry4 ,?is poetic atmosph]e 9 h]oic society & ?is metrical t5d5cy 9 its language are facts borne out by _m witnesses & pro(s1 by ! obs]vations & conjectures ( s*ol>s & by ! n>rations ( travell]s & mission>ies4 ,hebrai/s are divid$ ^u ! "q :e!r ,hebrew poetry is metrical or rhy?mical2 b ,josephus1 ,orig5 & ,eusebius are 9 fav\r ( metre1 & ,/4 ,j]ome ass]ts t a great "p ( ! book ( ,job is 9 hexamet] v]se4 ,! ,arabs1 :o _h no k ( writ+1 pres]v$ _! language d[n to ! "t :5 !y ov]ran ! ea/]n prov9ces ( ! ,greek empire by h&+ on ! memory ( _! national poems4 ,! ,egyptians wrote ! lives ( ! dead 9 v]se2 ! ,p]sians & ,*9ese committ$ to v]se _! e>lie/ hi/ory1 z also1 accord+ to ,tacitus1 ! ,g]mans &1 accord+ to ,ju/us ,lipsius1 ! ,am]icans4 ,& s9ce ( ^! two la/ nations ! =m] 0 only kn[n to ! ,romans late 9 _! hi/ory & ! latt] to ,europe at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 !re is good reason to suppose t ! same is true ( all o!r b>b>ic nations anci5t & mod]n4 ,! e>lie/ metre1 f\nd n only 9 ,greece b 9 ,assyria1 ,pho5icia & ,egypt1 0 ! h]oic or hexamet]4 ,ow+ to ! sl[ness ( ?\ght & ! difficulties ( pronunciation x 0 b\nd at fir/ to h a spondaic "* 7h5ce ! f9al foot 9 ! l9e 0 always a spondee7 & only lat] :5 m9d & tongue became m active did x admit ! dactyl4 ,!n1 :5 ?is activity /ill fur!r increas$1 arose ! iambic 7p$e prae/o z ,horace calls x7 :i* approximates mo/ ne>ly to prose2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t ! e>ly prose writ]s be=e ,gorgias practically us$ ! iambic metre ( poetry1 & prose frequ5tly pass$ ov] into iambic v]se4 ,trag$y 0 compos$ 9 iambics1 a metre :i* is naturally adapt$ to x1 produc$ z x 0 to give expression to wra?1 accord+ to ! /ory :i* makes ,ar*ilo*us inv5t x to express 8 ang] aga9/ ,lycambus2 & if com$y aft]w>ds adopt$ ! same metre1 x 0 only by ! mean+less foll[+ ( example1 n because ! iambic metre 0 naturally suit$ to x z x 0 to trag$y4 ,! primitive language ( ^! societies 0 poetical n only ?r\gh its use ( metre b also by be+ compos$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ( lively metaphors1 vivid fancies1 /rik+ resemblances1 apt comp>isons1 expressions by means ( cause or effect1 :ole or "p1 elliptic or pleona/ic figures ( spee*1 onomatopoeisms or imitations ( s\nds by words1 abbreviations1 comp\nd words1 m9ute circumlocutions1 *>act]i/ic epi!ts1 contortions 9 syntax & episodes4 ,all ^! are ways ( mak+ oneself und]/ood devis$ by m5 ignorant ( ! precise words requir$1 or ( a ^w1 if 9 conv]sation1 und]/ood by bo? p>ties4 ,! episode is *>act]i/ic ( wom5 & peasants1 :o are unable to select :at !y ne$ & omit :at is ali5 to _! subject2 contort$ language is ! result ( inability to express oneself directly1 or ( be+ prev5t$ f do+ s1 z may be se5 9 ! case ( irascible or contemptu\s p]sons1 :o make use ( ! nom9ative & oblique cases b d n utt] v]bs4 ,! v words ( ^! languages tak5 "o by "o reveal 9 ! frequ5cy ( _! diph?ongs a trace ( ! song out ( :i* spee* arose2 & ?is abundance ( diph?ongs /ill rema9s 9 ! ,greek & ,fr5* languages1 :i* pass$ rapidly & prematurely f ! age ( spontaneity to t ( reflection4 ,! ,g]man language w\ld c]ta9ly (f] a ri* /ore ( h]oic =ms1 ) its abundance ( comp\nd words :i* s happily translate ^? ( ,greek1 & its syntax :i* exce$s ,lat9 9 complexity z ,lat9 does ,greek4 ,if ,g]man s*ol>s1 says ,vico sev]al times ) a wi/ful glance at a field ( /udy clos$ to himself1 w\ld use ! pr9ciples ( ! ,new ,sci5ce 9 rese>* ^u ! orig9s ( _! language1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly make wond]ful discov]ies4 ,! conception ( ! univ]se preval5t among ! m5 ( ?is p]iod1 & ! hi/ories ( !mselves :i* !y relat$1 ( _! orig9s1 w>f>e & =tunes1 7 also poetical1 or r my?ical4 ,x 0 ev5 ! case z we h se5 t _! conceptions 9 ! sph]e ( social hi/ory prec$$ ^? ( a cosmological1 physical or psy*ological "*4 ,by a rigid application ( ?is pr9ciple ,vico develop$ 8 doctr9e ( natural !ogony1 aris+ naturally 9 ! imag9ation on ! occasion ( c]ta9 human ne$s & utilities3 ! g5esis ( ! twelve great] ,gods1 ,di maiores1 t is to say1 ! gods inv5t$ by ! g5tes maiores &1 to a great ext5t1 br\ght by !m to ! f\ndation ( ! /ate4 ,jupit] or ! sky1 ) 8 language ( lightn+1 0 ! au?or ( ! fir/ laws ( ! family2 ,juno symbolis$ m>riage1 ,diana matrimonial *a/ity1 ,apollo ! light ( civilisation2 ,vulcan1 ,saturn & ,cybele 7 respectively ! fire ) :i* ! =e/s 7 burnt to make cle>+s1 ! s[+ ( se$ & ! till+ ( l&2 ,m>s symbolis$ ! w>f>e ( ! h]oes pro aris et focis1 & ,v5us civilis$ beauty4 ,9 addition to ?is cele/ial ,v5us arose a plebeian ,v5us to :om 0 giv5 ! attribute ( doves2 n z typify+ ! passion ( love1 b because !y 7 deg5]es common birds 9 comp>ison ) ! eagle4 ,a d\ble signification1 patrician & plebeian1 0 giv5 9 ! same way to ,vulcan & ,m>s4 ,! /ormy relations ( ! fa!rs ) ! slaves1 ! /ruggles & p5alties ref]r$ to 9 ! my?s ( ,tantalus & ,sisyphus1 beg9 to be reflect$ 9 ! twelve great] gods4 ,h]cules1 /ruggl+ ) ,antaeus1 signifies ! nobles ( ! h]oic cities1 & ,antaeus ! mut9i$ slaves l$ back into ! primitive cities on ! m\nta9-tops 7,antaeus lift$ up into ! air7 & ov]come & b\nd d[n to ! e>?1 t is to say =c$ back to _! s]vile lab\r4 ,! bir? ( ! t5? div9ity1 ,m9]va1 expresses ! weak5+ & dim9ution ( ! h]oic p[]1 s9ce ! plebeian ,vulcan 7! mut9i$ slaves7 /rikes ! head ( ,jupit] ) an axe1 ! tool ( a s]vile art4 ,m]cury repres5ts ! grant+ ( bonit>y rights to ! plebs & ! ma9t5ance ( quirit>y rights by ! fa!rs4 ,! la/ ( ! twelve deities1 ,neptune1 arose :5 ! peoples desc5d$ to ! sea-coa/2 & ! leg5ds ( ,m9os1 ! ,argonauts1 ! ,trojan w>1 ! return ( ,ulysses1 ,europa & ! bull1 ! ,m9otaur1 ,p]seus & ,!seus ref] to colonisation & piracy4 ,! my?ological int]pretation ( hi/ory does n cease ) ! f\ndation ( /ates4 ,! f\nd]s ( civilisation1 ,zoroa/] & ,m]curius ,trimegi/us1 ,orpheus & ,confucius1 ev5 if !y are n /rictly gods1 are at lea/ poetical *>act]s4 ,aesop is typical ( ! socii or slaves ( ! h]oes & h5ce is repres5t$ z ugly1 t is1 devoid ( civilis$ beauty 7hone/as72 & 8 fable ( ! lions' society %[s to p]fection ! real relation ( ! h]oes to _! slaves1 9 :i* ! latt] %>e ! toils1 b n ! spoils4 ,draco1 ( :om ,greek hi/orians tell u no?+ b t he impos$ a /]n code ( laws1 symbolises ! cruelty ( ! h]oes to _! slaves4 ,solon 0 ei!r a p>ty-lead] ( ! ,a!nian plebs1 or else a simple p]sonification ( ! plebs itself1 consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( its v5geance4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,rome we f9d poetical figures 9 ,romulus1 to :om 7 ascrib$ all ! laws ( ! ord]s2 9 ,numa1 au?or ( ! laws deal+ ) sacr$ matt]s & religi\s c]emonies2 9 ,tullus ,ho/ilius1 :o organis$ & legislat$ = ! milit>y sy/em2 9 ,s]vius ,tullius ! au?or ( ! c5sus 7:i* has be5 imag9$1 contr>y to all hi/orical tru?1 ! f\ndation ( a popul> republic1 :]eas x 0 really ! f\ndation ( an ari/ocratic72 & 9 ,t>qu9ius ,priscus1 :o inv5t$ insignia ( rank & milit>y uni=ms2 la/ly1 ! ,decemvirs & ! ,twelve ,tables are turn$ into poetical figures1 s9ce to ^! ev5ts & p]sons 7 ascrib$ a great numb] ( laws fav\rable to lib]ty & really dat+ f a lat] p]iod4 ,?us1 be=e philosoph]s began to elaborate ! sy/em ( my?s by creat+ new ones :5 !y believ$ !y 7 int]pret+ ! old 7,plato = in/ance introduc$ into ! my? ( ,jupit] ! idea ( ! omnipres5t & all-p]vad+ e!r1 8 own inv5tion1 & o!r philosoph]s saw 9 ! bir? ( ,m9]va f ! head ( ,jupit] a description ( ! div9e wisdom1 or 9 ,*aos & ,orcus ! confus$ mass ( ! univ]sal se$s ( nature & ! primitive matt] ( ! _w71 poet-!ologians _h express$ _! ideas 9 my?ology1 ideas 9 :i* ! metaphysical & physical elem5ts 7 v small1 b conta9+ a l>ge nucleus ( human & political fact4 ,! ,*aos ( ^! !ologian-poets 0 ! confusion ( human se$ dur+ ! p]iod ( brutal community ( wom52 x 0 confus$ because devoid ( human regulation1 obscure because devoid ( ! light ( civilisation4 ,! mis%ap5 mon/] ,orcus dev\r$ ev]y?+ because m5 9 ?is community _h no human %ape1 & 7 absolv$ by ! void1 because ?r\gh ! impossibility ( kn[+ _! (fspr+ !y left no trace ( !mselves beh9d4 ,! f\r elem5ts ( ! _w correspond$ to ! f\r elem5ts ( social life3 ! air :]e ,jupit] light5$1 ! wat] ( ! p]5nial spr+s1 ! fire t burnt ! =e/s1 & ! e>?1 ! sc5e ( man's lab\rs4 ,be+ & subsi/+ 7 conceiv$ ! =m] z ! act ( eat+ 7peasants /ill say ( a sick man1 mean+ t he is n dead yet1 t he is /ill eat+7 & ! latt] z /&+ ^u "o's feet4 ,! composition ( ! body 0 analys$ into solids & liquids1 t ( ! s\l into air3 g5]ation into ! act ( concip]e or concap]e1 t is1 tak+ hold ( neighb\r+ mat]ial bodies1 ov]com+ _! resi/ance & adapt+ & assimilat+ !m to "o's own nature3 & all ! int]nal functions ( ! s\l 7 ascrib$ to ! head1 ! brea/ or ! he>t4 ,cosmographical ideas 7 n>r[1 conf9$ z !y 7 to ! life ( ^! societies4 ,! fir/ heav5 0 plac$ no f>!r (f ?an ! tops ( ! m\nta9s1 :]e ! giants saw ! lightn+ play3 ! l[] _w 0 no deep] ?an a dit*1 & 0 only by degrees enl>g$ & sunk into ! valleys z oppos$ to ! sky1 t is to say to ! m\nta9-tops2 ! e>? 0 id5tifi$ ) ! limits ( ! cultivat$ fields4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! sky1 ! object ( contemplation f :i* auguries 7 drawn1 0 lift$ to a great] height1 & ) x ! gods & h]oes :o 7 atta*$ to ! planets & con/ellations2 & ?us arose poetical a/ronomy4 ,geographical k ext5d$ no f>!r ?an ! c\ntry inhabit$ by ea* nation2 & ?is is ! reason :y peoples travell+ into =eign & di/ant l&s gave to ! new cities & to ! m\nta9s1 hills1 passes1 isl&s & promontories ! same names :i* 7 borne by ^? ( _! native l&4 ,asia or ,india 0 at fir/ = ! ,greeks ! ea/]n "p ( ,greece itself1 ,europe or ,hesp]ia its we/]n1 & ,?race or ,scy?ia its nor!rn di/rict4 ,b we w n ent] into fur!r details2 inde$ we h omitt$ mu* already4 ,x is n ! detail t gives its value to ,vico's picture ( ! h]oic age4 ,8 etymologies1 8 my?ical int]pretations1 ! g5esis & *ronological succession ( 8 gods1 ! g5esis & succession ( 8 phonetic1 metrical & /yli/ic =ms--ea*1 tak5 by itself1 may be conte/$2 b tak5 z a :ole !y are ri* ) a tru? :i* transc5ds ! s+le propositions4 ,?is tru? is ! mighty ef=t to recall a =m ( humanity & society /ill d\btless liv+ 9 surviv+ records & monum5ts1 /ill recognisable "h & !re 9 a fragm5t>y =m 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! mod]n _w2 b = c5turies1 ev5 9 ,vico's days1 buri$ b5ea? a mass ( irrelevant fancies1 conv5tional types1 & prejudices ( e k9d1 :i* prev5t$ its true *>act]i/ics f appe>+4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,hom] ,,& ,,primitive ,,poetry ,! poet ( primitive society 0 ,hom]3 & if su* 0 8 "*1 he c\ld n h enjoy$ ! pr(\nd wisdom1 ! delicate & l(ty s5se ( morality1 & ! supreme k ( all ! sublime/ arts & sci5ces :i* anci5t philosoph]s & writ]s fanci$ him to possess1 & ! common op9ion ( lit]>y m5 & critics /ill attribut$ to him 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,:at an extravagant philosoph] ,hom] w\ld h be51 if he _h inde$ be5 a philosoph]3 h[ mis]ably1 _h he set out to d s1 w\ld he h organis$ ,greek civilisation6 ,8 ,jupit] indicates =ce1 brute =ce1 z ! /&>d ( ! respect due to him2 8 ,m9]va despoils ,v5us1 knocks ,m>s d[n ) a /one1 /rikes ,diana & is 9 turn insult$ by ,m>s2 & bo? ,v5us & ,m>s are w\nd$ by ,diom$1 a m]e mortal4 ,! h]oes ,a*illes & ,agamemnon ex*ange insults su* z w\ld h>dly be us$ by s]vants 9 a com$y to-day3 !y call ea* o!r dogs & qu>rel 9 ! mo/ uncivil mann] = ! possession ( ,briseis & ,*ryseis4 ,f]oci\s 9 _! cu/oms1 !y leave ! bodies ( _! enemies to dogs & cr[s3 intemp]ate 9 _! pleasures1 !y dr9k to excess4 ,l(ty intellig5ce1 k9dness ( he>t1 balance ( m9d may be s\ght 9 va9 9 all _! actions & s5tim5ts4 ,! fact is1 ^! h]oes %[ !mselves m5 ( ! scantie/ und]/&+1 ! wilde/ imag9ation1 ! mo/ viol5t passions2 boori%1 b>b>\s1 intractable1 fi]ce1 arrogant1 defiant & ob/9ate 9 _! resolves & at ! same "t flighty 9 ! extreme1 at ! m]cy ( any new object t pres5ts itself to _! eyes4 ,"h aga91 ! mo/ /rik+ p>allel may be f\nd 9 ! psy*ology ( ! peasant1 :o z may be se5 e day embraces any reasonable motive propos$ to him b ow+ to ! weakness ( 8 intellect soon ab&ons ! idea he has be5 p]suad$ to adopt & slips naturally back to 8 fir/ int5tion4 ,9 ! same way ! ,hom]ic h]oes sometimes acquiesce 9 ! fir/ ^w ( opposition (f]$ to !m2 sometimes at a sudd5 m\rnful recollection !y bur/ into bitt] lam5tation 9 ! mid/ ( _! ang]3 or else1 if :ile 9 ! greate/ mis]y !y meet ) some?+ pleasant1 l ,ulysses at ! fea/ ( ,alc9\s1 !y lose all memory ( _! sorr[s & become completely *e]ful2 or else1 :5 9 a calm & peaceful /ate ( m9d1 !y take (f5ce at a h>mless ^w & fly+ into a bl9d passion ?reat5 ! speak] ) a cruel dea?4 ,ev5 ! virtues :i* !y possess 9 an em95t degree1 _! frankness1 vig\r1 magnanimity & g5]osity1 are t+$ ) ?is same "* ( unreflective passion4 ,! h]o ( h]oes1 ,a*illes1 :o be>s on 8 %\ld]s ! de/9ies ( ,troy1 ow+ to a private wrong he _h receiv$ f ,agamemnon--a grave wrong1 b an insuffici5t motive = ! ru9 ( 8 c\ntry & 8 :ole nation--condemn$ all ! ,greeks to defeat & de/ruction at ! h&s ( ,hector2 & he only det]m9$ to aid !m 9 ord] to assuage ! p]sonal grief caus$ by ,hector's slay+ 8 fri5d ,patroclus4 ,if only ?is extreme alo(ness _h be5 due to passion & jeal\sy6 ,b ?\gh :5 ,agamemnon depriv$ him ( ,briseis he made en\gh noise to fill heav5 & e>? & supply ! plot ( ! entire ,iliad1 yet he nev] 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ! poem %[s a sp>k ( real love3 j z ,m5elaus mu/]$ ! :ole ( ,greece aga9/ ,troy to av5ge ! rape ( ,hel5 b nev] suff]s ! lea/ pang ( jeal\sy aga9/ ,p>is :o is enjoy+ h]4 ,s devoid is ,a*illes ( common humanity1 t :5 ,hector wi%es to arrange t ! victor 9 ! fight %all bury ! vanqui%$1 he =gets t !y are equals 9 rank & t dea? levels all1 & savagely answ]s3 ,:5 h m5 ev] made a truce ) lions1 & :5 h wolves & lambs _h ! same wi%8 & he adds1 ,if ,i slay !e1 ,i w drag !e b\nd nak$ to my *>iot r\nd ! walls ( ,troy ?ree days 7z he actually did 9 ! sequel7 & f9ally1 ,i w give !e to my h\nds to dev\r4 ,& he w\ld h c>ri$ out 8 ?reat1 _h n ! unhappy fa!r ,priam come to him to ransom ! corpse4 ,b ev5 9 ?is deeply-mov+ int]view1 :5 he has receiv$ ,priam 9 8 t5t aft] ! latt] has1 escort$ by ,m]cury1 pass$ alone ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! ,greek camp1 :5 he has welcom$ him to 8 table1 at a s+le involunt>y ^w t falls f ! lips ( ! unhappy old man z he bewails ! loss ( s valiant a son ,a*illes =gets ! sacr$ law ( hospitality2 &1 ignor+ ! full & complete tru/ :i* ,priam _h plac$ 9 him1 unt\*$ by ! t]rible mis=tunes ( su* a k+1 by ! respect due to a fa!r & ! v5]ation due to s old a man1 )\t reflect+ on ! rev]sal ( 8 =tunes1 ( all ?+s ! mo/ apt to excite pity1 flies into a be/ial rage & %\ts a ?reat t he w cut (f 8 head6 ,dea? itself does n end 8 ang] at ! loss ( ,briseis1 7 x n t ! beautiful & unhappy pr9cess ,polyx5a1 daught] ( ! once ri* & p[]ful ,priam & n[ a wret*$ slave1 is sacrific$ on 8 tomb1 t ! %ade glutt$ ) rev5ge may dr9k ! la/ drop ( h] innoc5t blood2 & 9 ! l[] _w1 :5 ,ulysses asks him :at /ate he pref]s1 ,a*illes answ]s t he w\ld r be ! commone/ slave1 b alive6 ,su* is ! h]o :om ,hom] adorns ) ! p]man5t epi!t ( )\t reproa* 77 & celebrates 9 ! he>+ ( ,greece z a patt]n ( h]oic virtue4 ,su* a h]o1 ^: reason+ p[]s are conc5trat$ 9 8 spe>-po9t1 c only be class$ ) ^? self-satisfi$ p]sons ( :om we say n[adays t !y are too f9e to brea! ! common air4 ,if ,hom]'s greate/ *>act]s are s discordant ) our civilis$ nature1 ! similes :i* he uses are drawn f savage bea/s & wild nature g5]ally4 ,if ! life :i* he repres5ts--a life ( *ildr5 9 its intellectual futility1 ( wom5 9 its imag9ative vig\r1 & ( head/rong y\?s 9 ! viol5ce ( its passion--& ! tales ( :i* ! ,odyssey is full1 tales wor?y ( an old woman engag$ 9 amus+ *ildr51 prev5t our attribut+ any esot]ic wisdom to ,hom]1 ! /rik+ success ( ^! wild similes is c]ta9ly n *>act]i/ic ( a m9d tam$ & civilis$ by philosophy ( any sort4 ,nor c\ld t trucul5t & savage /yle 9 :i* he describes ! v>i\s sangu9>y battles1 ! div]se & extravagantly blood?ir/y species ( but*]y :i* especially g to make ! sublimity ( ! ,iliad1 h orig9at$ 9 a m9d humanis$ & s(t5$ by philosophy4 ,b :o 0 ,hom]8 ,:at op9ions z to him c we f9d 9 anci5t writ]s1 & :at facts c we draw f 8 poems8 ,an unprejudic$ read] ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey is at e /ep aw>e ( & baffl$ by extravagant & inconsi/5t /atem5ts4 ,! life portray$ is inconsi/5t3 x takes u n[ "h1 n[ !re1 ov] a long p]iod ( "t2 on ! "o h& we f9d ,a*illes ! h]o ( =ce1 on ! o!r ,ulysses ! h]o ( wisdom3 on ! "o h&1 cruelty1 b>b>ism1 f]ocity & brutality1 on ! o!r ! luxury ( ,alc9\s1 ! delights ( ,calypso1 ! pleasures ( ,circe1 ! songs ( ! ,sir5s & ! pa/imes ( suitors :o tempt & ev5 w9 ov] ! *a/e ,p5elope4 ,on ! "o h& we are %[n boori% & uncivilis$ mann]s1 on ! o!r jewels1 magnific5t clo?+1 exquisite foods & ! arts ( sculpture 9 bas-relief & metal-f\nd+2 on ! "o h& a /rictly h]oic society1 on ! o!r "s signs ( popul> lib]ty4 ,?is delicate life fits ill ) ! savage & cruel life :i* especially 9 ! ,iliad is ascrib$ to ! same h]oes at ! same "t4 ,to reg>d !m ?us z contemporane\s is an impossibility4 ,f ! cu/oms ( ! ,trojan p]iod we h leapt abruptly into ^? ( ! "t ( ,numa1 to su* an ext5t t ne placidis coeant inmitia we are compell$ to suppose t ! two poems 7 ! "w ( _m h&s ext5d+ ov] _m ages4 ,! geographical allusions are equally inconsi/5t4 ,^!1 no less1 br+ u into v>i$ & di/ant physical surr\nd+s4 ,! sc5e ( ! ,iliad lies to ! ea/ ( ,greece1 incl9+ to ! nor?w>d3 t ( ! ,odyssey 9 ! we/1 incl9+ to ! s\?w>d4 ,! language1 aga91 is inconsi/5t4 ,! confusion ( dialects p]si/s 9 spite ( ! revision ( ,ari/>*us1 & has be5 expla9$ by ! mo/ extraord9>y hypo!ses1 su* z ! !ory t ,hom] drew ! elem5ts ( 8 vocabul>y f all ! v>i\s ,greek nationalities4 ,pass+ f ! poems to ! traditions ( _! au?or1 ! lives ( ,hom] by ,h]odotus 7if ,h]odotus really wrote x7 & ,plut>* are valueless4 ,! mo/ elem5t>y facts ab\t ,hom] are unkn[n3 x is precisely conc]n+ ! man :om !y consid]$ ! greate/ lum9>y ( ,greece t ! anci5ts leave u mo/ completely 9 ! d>k4 ,we "k nei!r ,hom]'s date nor 8 bir?place3 ea* "o ( ! ,greek peoples claim$ him z _! citiz54 ,x is said inde$ t he 0 poor & bl9d1 b x is j ^! details :i* excite our suspicion1 z our laught] is ar\s$ by ! argum5t ( ,long9us :i* makes ! ,iliad ! "w ( 8 y\? & ! ,odyssey t ( 8 old age4 ,x w\ld be inde$ rem>kable if su* k 7 curr5t conc]n+ a man 9 ^: case ! two trifl+ details ( "t & place 7 unkn[n6 ,above all1 criticism mu/ ask h[ a s+le man c\ld ev] h compos$ two poems ( su* a l5g? at a "t :5 writ+ 0 n 9 exi/5ce3 s9ce ! ?ree inscriptions ( h]oic age1 "o ( ,amphitryon1 ano!r ( ,hippocon & a ?ird ( ,laom$on m5tion$ ) an excess ( good fai? by ,vossius are m]e =g]ies l ^? made by ! /rik]s ( false co9s4 ,all ^! consid]ations l$ ,vico to suspect t ,hom] himself 0 n a real p]son b "o ( ^? poetic *>act]s to :om ! anci5t _w ascrib$ long s]ies ( actions1 works & ev5ts4 ,if we try to conceive ! ,hom]ic poems n z ! "w ( an individual b z two great /oreh\ses ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( e>lie/ ,greece1 conta9+ ! hi/ory ( its natural law & h]oic p]iod2 if in/ead ( a s+le poet we imag9e a :ole nation ( poets1 & in/ead ( a s+le act ( creation1 a national poetry develop+ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 ev]y?+ falls into its place & f9ds an explanation4 ,! extravagance ( ! leg5ds is expla9$ by ! fact t ! composition ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey falls 9 ! ?ird p]iod ( _! exi/5ce4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! !ological poets !y 7 true & sev]e1 by ! h]oic poets !y 7 alt]$ & corrupt$1 & 9 ?is corrupt /ate !y 7 incorporat$ 9 ! two poems4 ,! v>iety ( cu/oms is expla9$ if we consid] ! v>i\s p]iods ( composition1 & s also ! "y ,hom] & old ,hom]1 :i* are symbolic ( ! e>li] & lat] p]iods ( primitive ,greece4 ,! div]sity ( sites assign$ to 8 bir? & dea? & ! v>iety ( 8 dialects are acc\nt$ = by ! fact t diff]5t peoples produc$ ! lays4 ,f9ally1 x is expla9$ :y e ,greek p claim$ him z a citiz51 j because ^! peoples 7 !mselves ,hom]2 & :y he 0 call$ bl9d & a begg>1 because su* 7 z a rule ! s+]s :o w5t ab\t f fair to fair recit+ _! tales4 ,?us 9 ord] to be rightly und]/ood ,hom] mu/ lose himself 9 ! cr[d ( ,greek peoples & be consid]$ an idea or h]oic "*2 a type ( ! ,greeks 9 s f> z !y n>rat$ tales 9 ballad =m4 ,?us facts :i* _h only caus$ confusion & lack$ plausibility 9 ,hom] z !n und]/ood became natural & necess>y elem5ts ( ! ,hom] n[ r$iscov]$4 ,above all1 ?is latt] ,hom] des]ves ! high praise ( be+ ! fir/ ( all hi/orians ( ,greece kn[n to u4 ,9 ,hom] we h a pro( ( ! orig9al id5tity ( hi/ory & poetry1 & a confirmation ( ,/rabo's ass]tion t be=e ,h]odotus1 be=e ev5 ,hecataeus ( ,miletus1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,greek peoples 0 writt5 by _! poets4 ,9 two gold5 passages ( ! ,odyssey a man is prais$ = hav+ told a /ory well & said to h told x z a musician & a s+]4 ,vico did n und]take a detail$ inve/igation into ! way 9 :i* ! ,hom]ic poems 7 elaborat$4 ,he seems h[ev] to incl9e t[>ds two *ief poet-au?ors1 "o1 a native ( ! ea/ ( ,greece1 t[>ds ! nor?1 = ! ,iliad1 ! o!r = ! ,odyssey1 a native ( ! we/ t[>ds ! s\?3 & by ! title ,hom] he und]/&s a compos] & compil] ( leg5ds4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ow+ to ! purely ideal mean+ :i* ?is "n has = him1 we mu/ n rule out ! int]pretation t ! two ,hom]s 9 _! turn may be two /reams ( poetry & two gr\ps ( peoples or ( popul> s+]s4 ,! hi/oric figures :om ,vico f9ds be=e him are ! rhapsodes1 m5 ( ! p :o w&]$ indep5d5tly ab\t ! fairs & fe/ivals ( ! ,greek cities recit+ ! songs ( ,hom]4 ,f ! "t ( _! primitive composition long ages elaps$ be=e ! ,pisi/ratidae _h !m divid$ & arrang$ into two gr\ps1 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 a fact :i* %[s cle>ly t 9 _! "t only a confus$ mass ( mat]ial 0 to be f\nd1 & decre$ t !y %\ld h5ce=? be sung by ! rhapsodes at ! ,pana!naea4 ,x is h[ev] c]ta9ly n 9 ! resolution1 mat]ially und]/ood1 ( ! individual ,hom] into a my? or poetic "* t ! importance ( ,vico's !ory lies3 & ! same is p]haps ! case ) its tru?4 ,f ! inconsi/5cies obs]v$ by him1 & n always accurately obs]v$ 7:i* are moreov] unimportant1 s9ce ! inaccuracies he notes might easily be balanc$ by ! correct /atem5ts he omits71 !re 0 no /rictly logical passage to ! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( an individual ,hom]1 ! pr9cipal au?or ( "o or bo? poems4 ,^! inconsi/5cies might s]ve to demon/rate t ! poet or poets 7 work+ ^u a ri* fund ( traditional mat]ial1 ( orig9 v v>i\s bo? z to "t & place1 & n regul>ly /ratifi$ accord+ to orig91 b hav+ its /rata confus$ & contort$4 ,"o or m poets1 or ev5 _m poets & an able compil] ( _! lays1 or a society ( able compil]s3 ^! & simil> hypo!ses might equally well h be5 sugge/$1 z happ5$ lat]1 & support$1 z 0 lat] ! case1 by argum5ts nei!r m nor less cog5t1 because incapable ( docum5t>y pro(4 ,b und]ly+ ?is resolution ( ,hom] into a poetic "*1 z x und]lay o!r resolutions made or attempt$ by ,vico1 lay ! discov]y ( ! long & labori\s hi/orical g5esis ?r\gh :i* ! matt] ( ^! poems _h pass$1 s t 9 ?is s5se !y might really be call$ a product ( collaboration on ! "p ( ! :ole ,greek p4 ,! sub/itution ( a nation ( ,hom]s = a s+le ,hom] 0 only ano!r case ( my?ology con/ruct$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples discov]$ by ,vico himself3 my?ology :i* mu/ be retranslat$ into sci5tific prose4 ,9 ! same way ,vico's analysis ( ! cu/oms describ$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems may be1 & is1 n only "h & !re adult]at$ ) a few inaccuracies1 b is on ! :ole exagg]at$ & "o-sid$4 ,/ill1 ?is analysis tak5 z a :ole 0 a great advance & op5$ new pa?s to ,hom]ic criticism4 ,h[ c\ld ! /ubborn illusion ( ! noble ,hom]ic h]o1 a great "l & a good rul]1 a %9+ example ( all civil1 milit>y & dome/ic virtues1 be dispell$ except by sett+ aga9/ x ! picture ( a boori% ,a*illes1 full ( elem5tal passions1 viol5t1 /ubborn1 unreason+1 quick to a g5]\s impulse b no less quick to outbur/s ( brutal wra?8 ,vico's progress 9 arti/ic appreciation ( ! ,hom]ic poetry 0 no less m>k$4 ,! recognition t a s\nd & rational philosophy 0 n to be f\nd 9 ! poet ,hom] w\ld1 9 ! m\? ( any o!r critic ( ! "t1 h am\nt$ to a slur on ! poet3 z express$ by ,vico & z ! consequ5ce ( 8 new ae/hetic ideas x 0 a complim5t4 ,! errors :i* intellectualism & neo-classical criticism discov]$ 9 ,hom] l$ ! critics to repeat freely ! say+ ( ,horace t good ,hom] nods at times3 :]eas ,vico on ! contr>y exclaims if he _h n nodd$ s (t5 he w\ld nev] h be5 good6 7nisi ita saepe dormitasset1 nunquam bonus fuisset ,hom]us74 ,hom] 0 a great poet precisely because he 0 n a philosoph]4 ,he _h a ret5tive memory1 a /rong imag9ation & a sublime m9d2 & nei!r ! philosophies nor ! arts ( poetry & criticism :i* came aft] him c\ld ev] produce a poet at all l him4 ,he 0 ! only poet :o c\ld conceive h]oic *>act]s3 8 comp>isons are incomp>able1 8 spee*es sublime1 expressive ( ! individuality ( ! speak]1 & creat$ by ! p[] ( a vivid imag9ation3 8 diction is cle> & spl5did1 8 language compos$ entirely ( similes1 images & comp>isons1 & has none ( ^? ideas ( g5us & species by :i* ?+s are intellectually def9$4 ,he is n delicate b gr&1 = delicacy is a small virtue & gr&eur naturally despises small ?+s3 or ev51 j z a great & ru%+ torr5t _c help ! turbidness ( its wat]1 & mu/ p]=ce sweep rocks & trees ) x 9 ! viol5ce ( its c\rse1 s too 9 ,hom] we may f9d ?+s ( no value4 ,b ! torr5t ) all its impurities sweeps on its way sup]b & impetu\s2 & ,hom] 9 spite ( & p>tly because ( 8 rugg$ness is = ev] ! fa!r & pr9ce ( all sublime poets4 ,?is new dep>ture 9 ,hom]ic criticism br\ght ) x implicitly a complete revolution 9 ! hi/ory ( anci5t lit]ature4 ,b on ?is subject ,vico made only a few scatt]$ rem>ks4 ,he 0 no speciali/3 he did n write f a speciali/'s po9t ( view1 & too (t5 :5 docum5t>y evid5ce & ?\ght 7 unable to solve a difficulty he solv$ x by means ( 8 fancy1 a faculty :i* 0 h[ev] 9 8 case radiant ) gleams ( insight4 ,?us1 ! cyclic poets 7 n s call$ because ( ! circle ( li/5]s 9 ! c5tre ( :i* !y declaim$ _! poems1 l ! ,r9aldi or ballad-s+]s :om ,vico saw on ! quay at ,naples1 & ?is circle _h no connexion ) ! vilem patulumque orbem ( ,horace3 b ! obs]vation t !y diff]$ little f ^! ballad-s+]s 0 s\nd4 ,9 ! same way1 we ne$ n l+] on 8 guesses at ! dates ( ,hom] & ,hesiod1 nor ne$ we take lit]ally 8 division ( lyric poetry into ?ree p]iods1 namely ^? respectively ( religi\s hymns1 fun]al *ants = dead h]oes & melic lyrics or musical airs1 ! la/ includ+ ,p9d>1 & admir$1 fl\ri%+ z x did at ! epo* ( ! pomp\s virtue ( ,greece1 at ! ,olympic games :]e ^! poets sang4 ,b /ill ,vico has "h put 8 f+] on ! diff]5ce betwe5 primitive & ref9$ or cultur$ lyric poetry4 ,! orig9 ( trag$y he ascribes to ! di?yramb or dramatic satire1 ( :i* no example has come d[n to u1 & 9 rural cu/oms comp>$ by him to ^? :i* 7 /ill 9 evid5ce dur+ 8 own lifetime 9 ,campania at v9tage season2 & he notes ! relation betwe5 trag$y & ! epic4 ,trag$y _h its rude beg9n+s at a "t :5 ! h]oic _s 0 already dead3 x p]fect$ itself by becom+ subord9ate to ! ,hom]ic poetry1 d]iv+ its inspiration f ,hom]ic *>act]s & avoid+ orig9al ones4 ,! old com$y 0 closely relat$ to trag$y4 ,l ! latt] x 0 d]iv$ f a *orus1 & x pres]v$ its ar*aic "* 9 t x display$ liv+ p]sons & real actions4 ,! new com$y on ! o!r h& 0 m>k$ (f by a pr(\nd *ange ( _s4 ,"h ! effects ( philosophy 7 directly felt4 ,imag9ative g5]a 7 sup]s$$ by intelligible & rational univ]sals3 & ,m5&] & ! o!r poets ( ! new com$y1 liv+ 9 ! mo/ humane p]iod ( ,greek hi/ory1 took _! intelligible g5]a f human life & depict$ !m 9 _! com$ies1 ov] :i* "o feels t ! brea? ( ,socratic philosophy has pass$4 ,! p]sons ( ! new com$y 7 ca/ 9 a m\ld1 & 7 n public b private *>act]s3 & z ! *orus repres5ts ! public & argues ab\t public affairs only1 !re is no room = x 9 ! new com$y4 ,ab\t ?is "t began ! practice ( ins]t+ idealis$ h]oes ( p]fect morals into poetry4 ,ari/otle1 rememb]+ ! /rongly individualis$ *>act]s ( ,hom]1 /ill ma9ta9$ z a pr9ciple ( poetic composition t ! h]oes ( trag$y %\ld be nei!r v good nor v bad1 b r a mixture ( great virtues & great faults4 ,b ! poets ( ! late p]iod1 mak+ use ( ! idea orig9at$ by philosoph]s1 =m$ a h]oism ( virtue3 a h]oism :i* may be call$ gallant4 ,accord+ly !y ei!r inv5t$ entirely new leg5ds or else us$ old leg5ds :i* _h orig9ally pres5t$ !mselves to ! f\nd]s ( ! nation 9 an appropriately /]n & sev]e =m1 b s(t5$ !m by adapt+ !m to ! s(t5+ ( mann]s4 ,equally gallant is ! %eph]d ( ! ,greek ,bucolic poets1 ,bion & ,mos*us1 wa/+ away ) ! mo/ delicate love1 ,he makes ! g5]al obs]vation on ,greek & ,lat9 lit]ature1 t ! b\nd>y betwe5 v]se & prose 0 s /rictly gu>d$ on bo? sides t no anci5t writ] ev] compos$ bo? orations & poems--a rule to :i* p]haps ! only exception is ! wret*$ v]ses 7rid5da poemata7 ( ,cic]o3 & ,vico tri$ to expla9 ?is fact by ! democratic habits :i* compell$ orators /udi\sly to avoid ! cultivation ( l(ty & fanciful modes ( expression1 :i* w\ld h puzzl$ ! p & h9d]$ _! full & cle> compreh5sion ( ! po9t at issue4 ,vico does n treat ,roman lit]ature s fully z ,greek1 :i* provid$ him ) mu* m primitive docum5ts4 ,b he detect$ c]ta9 analogies betwe5 ! orig9s ( ,lat9 & ,greek lit]ature4 ,! fir/ poets & au?ors 9 ! ,lat9 language 7 ! ,salii1 sacr$ poets2 & ?is 0 natural 9 ! beg9n+ ( a nation's culture2 = 9 ! primitive religi\s p]iod ! gods are ! only object ( praise4 ,& j z ! e>lie/ fragm5ts ( ,lat9 kn[n to u1 ! rema9s ( ! hymns ( ! ,salii1 give an impression ( hexamet] v]se1 s ! same metre is felt 9 ! records ( ,romans :o celebrat$ triumphs1 su* z ! duello magno dirim5do1 regibus subiug&is ( ,lucius ,aemilius ,regillus & ! fudit fugat pro/]nit maximas legiones ( ,acilius ,glabrio4 ,! fir/ ,roman poets1 too1 sang true /ories3 ?is 0 ! case ) ,livius ,&ronicus & 8 ,romanid conta9+ ! annals ( e>ly ,rome1 & ) ,naevius1 & lat] ,ennius1 :o describ$ ! ,punic w>s4 ,satire also 0 levell$ aga9/ real & = ! mo/ "p notori\s p]sons4 ,! ,romans h[ev] diff]$ f ! ,greeks 9 advanc+ ) a m measur$ /ep & n mak+ ! swift & abrupt transition f b>b>ism to effem9acy3 s t !y entirely lo/ ! hi/ory ( _! gods 7:i* ,v>ro call$ ! obscure p]iod ( ,rome7 & pres]v$ _! h]oic hi/ory1 ext5d+ d[n to ! ,publilian & ,petelian laws1 9 common spee* only4 ,9 its greate/ manife/ations ! lit]ature ( ,rome is ! "w ( cultivat$ poets l ,virgil1 :om ,vico admires = 8 pr(\nd k ( h]oic antiquity1 b says ( him t s f> z poetical p[] is conc]n$ he is n to be comp>$ ) ,hom]2 a v]dict agree+ ) t ( ,plut>* & ,long9us1 b 9 opposition to ! view ( neo-classical criticism4 ,ano!r example ( cultivat$ & reflective poetry is to be f\nd 9 ,horace1 :o l ,p9d> 9 ! pomp\s p]iod ( ,greece compos$ 8 odes at ! mo/ o/5tati\s epo* ( ,roman hi/ory1 ! ,augu/an age4 ,! ,biblical lit]ature w\ld h giv5 ,vico mat]ials ( great value = ! /udy ( primitive poetry2 & he actually did move a few /eps t[>ds x :5 he obs]v$ t poetry 0 ! primitive language ( all nations includ+ ! ,hebrews2 & t ,moses made no use ( ! esot]ic wisdom ( ! ,egyptian prie/s & wrote 8 hi/ory 9 a /yle :i* has mu* 9 common ) t ( ,hom] & (t5 surpasses him 9 sublimity ( expression4 ,b ,vico drops ! subject at once1 z if he in/9ctively guess$ :at might come ( treat+ ! ,p5tateu* z he _h done ! ,iliad1 & ,moses l ,hom]4 ,s he pref]s to wax en?usia/ic ov] ! phrase 9 :i* ,god describes himself to ,moses ,ego sum qui sum1 to :i* he ascribes a metaphysical pr(undity only atta9$ by ! ,greeks :5 ,plato conceiv$ ,god z to on1 & unkn[n to ! ,lat9s d[n to ! late/ p]iod1 = ! ^w ens is n pure ,lat9 b belongs to debas$ ,lat94 ,or he cont5ts himself ) emphatically po9t+ out t at a "t :5 ,greece 0 "u ! sway ( a sup]/iti\s & natural law1 ,god gave to 8 p a code s full ( weight z reg>ds ! dogmas ( div9ity & s full ( humanity z reg>ds ! practice ( ju/ice1 t n ev5 9 ! humane/ p]iod ( ,greek hi/ory c\ld a ,plato h conceiv$ or an ,ari/ides execut$ x2 a code ^: t5 *ief enactm5ts conta9 an et]nal & univ]sal ju/ice f\nd$ ^u ! excell5t conception ( a purifi$ human nature1 & are capable ( =m+ by habituation a "* su* z ! maxims ( ! greate/ philosoph]s c\ld only ) great difficulty =m by ratioc9ation2 :5ce ,!ophra/us call$ ! ,hebrews philosoph]s by nature4 ,! success t att5d$ ! w to believe 0 all ! m /rik+ if z we suspect ,vico _h read ! abhorr$ ,sp9oza's ,tractatus ,!ologico-politicus1 :]e ! ,hebrew prophets1 :ile _! piety is recognis$1 are said to be entirely devoid ( sublime ?\ghts4 ,sp9oza ma9ta9s t !y only taught v simple ?+s :i* any "o c\ld easily discov]1 & adorn$ ^! ) a /yle & support$ !m by reasons mo/ calculat$ to move ! m9d ( ! multitude to devotion t[>ds ,god2 & t ! laws reveal$ by ,god to ,moses 7 no?+ b ! laws ( ! p>ticul> gov]nm5t ( ! ,jews3 & he sets out to exam9e ! text ( ! ,bible & ! problem ( ! au!nticity ( ! ,p5tateu* & ! respective au?ors ( its v>i\s books4 ,we might almo/ v5ture to say t x 0 ,sp9oza's ,biblical criticism t sugge/$ to ,vico 8 criticism ( ! composition & _s ( ! ,hom]ic poems2 b t ! latt]1 aft] pass+ 9 ?is way f sacr$ to pr(ane hi/ory1 f ,moses to ,hom]1 set 8 face /ubbornly aga9/ ! opposite transition f ,hom] to ,moses1 f pr(ane hi/ory to sacr$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,rome ,,& ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,democracy ,h]oic society 9 ! p]iod ( y\?ful vig\r above describ$ conta9s )9 itself1 rigor\sly repress$1 & 9 fact made into a support1 ! elem5t ( opposition2 ! slaves1 cli5ts or vassals1 t is to say ! plebs4 ,b ?is elem5t little by little succe$s 9 deta*+ itself f & oppos+ itself to ! society1 engag+ x 9 a cont9ual & undisguis$ conflict1 s z by degrees to ov]?r[ ?is old society & give life & =m to a new society ( :i* x is itself ! mat]ial3 a democratic society1 ! popul> republic4 ,vico believes ?is process to be uni=m 9 all peoples2 b s9ce ref]5ces to hi/ories o!r ?an t ( ,rome are ei!r abs5t or v vague 7he h>dly m5tions ! orig9 ( ! ,a!nian democracy7 ! description ( ?is process appe>s 9 ! pages ( ! ,new ,sci5ce z a fragm5t ( ,roman hi/ory1 or z we %\ld n[adays call x ! social hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,vico's guesses ab\t ! population & primitive culture ( ,italy are ( no great importance4 ,! subject belongs r to ar*aeology & e?nography ?an to hi/ory1 & ,vico did n make a special /udy ( x4 ,9 ! ,de antiquissima sapi5tia ,italorum he _h provid$ ! orig9s ( ,rome ) a basis 9 an ,italian civilisation ( high antiquity1 e>li] ?an ! ,greek & d]iv$ f ,egypt1 :i* ! ,romans absorb$ 9 a mann] agree+ ) _! "*2 by reject+1 t is to say1 its !oretical hypo!ses :ile tak+ ov] _! practical results1 j z !y adopt$ f ! ,etruscans _! tragic religion & _! art ( tactics1 & z !y lat] adopt$ laws f ,a!ns & ,sp>ta4 ,9 ?is way _! ignorance & savag]y rema9$ un*ang$1 & h5ce !y spoke ! language ( philosoph]s )\t be+ philosophical4 ,9 8 lat] writ+s ,vico /ill = a "t ma9ta9$ ! priority & indep5d5ce ( ! e>lie/ ,italian civilisation z reg>ds t ( ,greece1 & consid]$ ,py?agoras less z ! f\nd] ?an z ! /ud5t ( ,italian wisdom4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 he seems to h giv5 up ?is view1 j z he def9itely ab&on$ t :i* expla9$ ! orig9s ( ,roman religion1 language1 cu/oms & law by ! imitation ( =eign peoples & frankly confess$ t he _h be5 9 error "h ow+ to ! example ( ,plato's ,cratylus4 ,:at conditions br\ght ab\t ! rise ( ,rome ,vico does n precisely say4 ,he is c]ta9 t if ,rome & ! _w did n beg9 toge!r1 at lea/ ! f\ndation ( ,rome 0 a new beg9n+4 ,! po9t ( dep>ture :i* he assumes is ! asylum ( ,romulus1 consi/+ ( ! families ( fa!rs :o gave _! hospitality to w&]]s & made !m into famuli4 ,!re 0 no ,trojan colonisation2 ,vico kn[s ,bo*>t's treatise 7#affc7 criticis+ ! leg5d ( ,a5eas's arrival 9 ,italy & accepts its conclusions1 :i* only confirm ! d\bts already ent]ta9$ by c]ta9 anci5t hi/orians4 ,= ,vico1 ! ,trojan orig9 ( ,rome is a leg5d sprung f ! union ( two diff]5t examples ( national arrogance3 t ( ! ,greeks1 :o made su* a noise ab\t ! ,trojan w> & =c$ _! ,a5eas into ! hi/ory ( ,rome1 & t ( ! ,romans1 :o accept$ him 9 ord] to boa/ ( a di/+ui%$ =eign orig94 ,! leg5d moreov] c\ld n h aris5 mu* be=e ! "t ( ! w> ) ,pyrrhus1 :5 ,rome began to acquire a ta/e = ?+s ,greek4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! infusion ( ,greek names & my?s into ! /ory ( primitive ,rome & ! simil>ity ( ! ,roman alphabet to ! anci5t ,greek1 ,vico w\ld incl9e r to ! hypo!sis t e>ly 9 _! hi/ory ! ,romans conqu]$ & de/roy$ "s ,greek colony on ! ,lat9 coa/1 ( :i* all trace has s9ce be5 lo/ 9 ! mi/s ( antiquity2 & t ?r\gh receiv+ its inhabitants 9 ,rome z refugees & allies1 !y came "u ! influ5ce ( sev]al ,hell5ic traditions & cu/oms4 ,vico does n sp5d mu* "t ov] ! hi/orical ev5ts ( ! royal p]iod4 ,"h 9 fact lay "o ( ! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 8 criticism & t :i* _h already be5 orig9at$ & 0 cont9u$ aft] 8 "t deal+ ) ! fir/ c5turies ( ,roman hi/ory4 ,vico aims n at sub/itut+ hi/orical = leg5d>y anecdotes b at und]/&+ ! ess5ce ( in/itutions & ! ways 9 :i* !y *ange4 ,he uses two guid+ pr9ciples1 z we h se5 9 consid]+ ! royal p]iod3 fir/1 t x 0 a p]iod n ( mon>*y b ( ari/ocracy & t !re=e ! type ( h]oic society or ! patri>*al republic is applicable to x3 secondly1 t ! names ( ! k+s are symbols or poetic *>act]s = ! in/itutions ( ?is society4 ,9 ,vico's judgm5t1 z we h _h occasion to obs]ve1 ! con/itution ( ,s]vius ,tullius %\ld n be consid]$ ! basis ( popul> lib]ty1 z ! lat] ,romans consid]$ x2 x 0 really ! basis ( ! lib]ty ( ! feudal lords1 s9ce by x ! patricians grant$ to ! plebeians ! bonit>y t5ure ( _! l& toge!r ) ! duty ( pay+ r5t to & s]v+ at _! own exp5se 9 w> !mselves1 ! patricians4 ,& ,junius ,brutus1 9 driv+ out ! ,t>qu9s & replac+ !m by two consuls or annual ari/ocratic k+s1 re/or$ to ! ,roman republic its primitive =m2 t is to say1 he deliv]$ ! lords f ! dom9ation ( _! tyrants b left ! p "u ! dom9ation ( _! lords4 ,! patricians' oppression ( ! plebeians aft] ! re/oration ( ,junius ,brutus & ! /ruggles & resi/ance caus$ by x con/itute ! s\l ( ! new developm5t & conta9 ! secret ( ! greatness ( ,rome1 ! key to univ]sal ,roman hi/ory1 clavis hi/oriae ,romanae univ]sae4 ,polybius's explanation ( ?is greatness is too vague4 ,he describes x z due to ! virtue or ! religion ( ! patricians & relates ! facts ( ?is virtue r ?an _! cause4 ,vico also criticises ,ma*iavelli1 at "o "t because he adduces c]ta9 civil & milit>y in/itutions z ! cause ( ,rome's greatness )\t inve/igat+ ! cause ( ^? in/itutions1 t is to say ! "* ( ,roman society3 at ano!r "t = adduc+ :at 0 only a p>tial cause1 ! high _s ( ! plebeians4 ,he ?9ks ,plut>* wor/ ( all1 s9ce envy ( ! virtue & wisdom ( ,rome leads him to ascribe h] greatness to =tune4 ,! fact 0 t ,rome subjugat$ ! o!r cities ( ,latium & !n ,italy & ! _w because h] h]oism 0 /ill "y1 :ile among ! o!r ,lat9 peoples x _h begun to decay4 ,?anks to ?is y\?ful vig\r ! patricians 7 /rong en\gh to pres]ve _! ord] & ! religion :i* =m$ its f\ndation & safegu>d 7! nobles1 ,vico obs]ves at ?is po9t1 7 always & ev]y:]e religi\s1 s t ! fir/ sign ( contempt = religion among !m is a symptom ( national decad5ce72 ! plebeians 7 spirit$ en\gh to dem& a %>e 9 religion1 auspices & all civil rights2 ! lawy]s1 la/ly1 7 wise en\gh to int]pret ! old laws & apply !m to any new case t might arise1 & /rove ) all _! might to alt] ! text ( ^! laws z little & z sl[ly z possible4 ,^! 7 ! *ief causes ( ! gr[? & p]man5ce ( ! ,roman empire2 = 9 all its political *anges x contriv$ to rema9 fai?ful to its pr9ciples4 ,pr[ess 9 w> 0 ano!r result ( ! rivalry ( ! ord]s2 s9ce ! nobles 7 naturally consecrat$ to ! safety ( _! c\ntry1 z ! only means ( pres]v+ ! civil privileges ( _! ord]1 & ! plebeians accompli%$ brilliant de$s 9 ord] to prove !mselves wor?y ( patrician hon\rs4 ,& :5 ! ,romans ext5d$ _! conque/s & _! victories ov] ! :ole _w1 !y made use ( f\r rules :i* !y _h already appli$ to ! plebeians )9 ,rome itself4 ,!y r$uc$ b>b>ian prov9ces to ! position ( cli5ts by plant+ colonies 9 !m3 !y grant$ civilis$ prov9ces bonit>y t5ure ( _! l&3 to ,italy !y gave ! quirit>y t5ure3 & to ! municipia1 ! t[ns :i* _h e>n$ bett] treatm5t1 !y accord$ ! same equality ) !mselves :i* ! plebs _h f9ally won4 ,! result ( ! fir/ /ruggles1 9 :i* ! po9t at issue 0 accord+ to ,vico ! bonit>y possession ( l& 7a "r already recognis$ 9 ! con/itution ( ,s]vius1 b cancell$ by ! nobles 9 return = arre>s ( r5t71 is se5 9 ! tribunate1 & lat]1 :5 ! plebeians claim$ ! "r ( quirit>y t5ure1 9 ! laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 ratify+ ?is plebeian victory4 ,b ! law ( ! ,twelve ,tables repres5t$ at ! same "t ! victory ( writt5 law1 ! end ( ! secrecy ) :i* ! laws _h be5 f5c$ r\nd by ! patricians1 :o alone knew1 und]/ood1 int]pret$ & !re=e appli$ !m z !y ?\ght fit4 ,?is publication & codification ( a writt5 law _c h be5 b5evol5tly grant$ by ! patricians out ( t anxiety n to despise ! wi%es ( ! plebs ( :i* ,livy speaks2 r !y mu/ h resi/$ x ) all ! /ubbornness :i* ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus describes & expresses 9 ! phrase mores patrios s]v&os1 leges f]ri non oport]e 7our fa!rs' cu/oms mu/ be pres]v$1 & laws mu/ n be pass$74 ,lat] hi/orians decorat$ ! orig9 ( ! ,twelve ,tables ) v>i\s leg5ds4 ,!y told1 among o!r ?+s1 ( ! mission s5t by ! decemvirs to ,a!ns to br+ back new laws3 a tale giv5 by ,livy & ,dionysius1 b unkn[n to ,polybius & discr$it$ by ,cic]o4 ,h[1 9 ! savage alo(ness ( primitive nations1 betwe5 :om oral communication c\ld only h be5 in/itut$ by ! necessities ( w>f>e1 alliances & comm]ce1 c\ld ! fame ( ,solon's wisdom h cross$ ! seas f di/ant ,attica to ,rome8 ,h[ c\ld ! ,romans ( t "t h possess$ su* accurate k ( ! quality ( ,a!nian law z to believe x capable ( sett+ at re/ ! /rife betwe5 _! plebeians & _! nobles8 ,h[ c\ld ambassadors h travell$ betwe5 ,greece & ^? ,romans :om sev5ty-two ye>s lat] ! ,greeks ( ,t>5tum c\ld /ill maltreat z /rang]s8 ,& :at %all we say ( ambassadors :o return$ c>ry+ ) !m ! ,greek laws f ,a!ns b )\t kn[+ :at !y meant2 s t b = ! co9cid5ce by :i* ,h]modorus ! pupil ( ,h]aclitus1 an exile f 8 c\ntry1 happ5$ to be 9 ,rome1 ! ,romans w\ld h be5 unable to make any use ( ?is un9telligible & inaccessible treasure8 ,aga91 h[ c\ld ,h]modorus h translat$ ! laws into ,lat9 ( su* purity t ,diodorus ,siculus pron\nc$ x devoid ( ! slighte/ ta9t ( ,hell5ism1 & ) a p]fection unatta9$ by any subsequ5t writ] ( any p]iod 9 a translation f ! ,greek8 ,h[ did he contrive to clo! ,greek ideas 9 ,lat9 words s appropriate 7= in/ance1 auctoritas7 t ,greeks1 ,dio ,cassius among !m1 decl>e t _! own language has no correspond+ words by :i* to expla9 !m8 ,h]aclitus's lett] to ,h]modorus mu/ h be5 convey$ by ! same mail t s]v$ ,py?agoras 9 8 di/ant voyages up & d[n ! _w3 x is1 9 fact1 an impo/ure ( ! fir/ quality1 & ! :ole /ory ( ! ,a!nian orig9 ( ^! laws is due to ! arrogance ( s*ol>s1 :o d]iv$ !m fir/ f ! o!r ,lat9 peoples 7su* z ! ,aequi71 !n f ! ,greek cities ( ,italy1 !n f ,sp>ta & f9ally f ,a!ns1 ) ^: "n1 ?anks to ! r5[n ( ! ,a!nian philosoph]s1 !y 7 at la/ satisfi$4 ,no d\bt1 ! laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables pres5t resemblances n only to ,a!nian or ,sp>tan laws b to ^? ( v>i\s nations1 ! ,mosaic code among o!rs2 b ?is is due to ! uni=mity ( national hi/ory4 ,no d\bt1 ! decemvirs 7 9 antiquity suppos$ to h orig9at$ laws be>+ cle> traces ( ,greek influ5ce1 su* z t prohibit+ ! ,greek /yle ( m\rn+ at fun]als3 b ?is is because z we h se5 ! decemviral legislation1 l ! names ( ! v>i\s k+s1 became a poetic "*1 & to x 7 ref]r$ all laws lat] record$ 9 ! public ar*ives :i* t5d$ to ! equalisation ( lib]ty4 ,b ! orig9al law ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 ) its primitive rud5ess1 inhumanity1 cruelty & f]ocity1 :i* agrees s ill ) ! p]iod ( highly-develop$ civilisation at ,a!ns1 is a docum5t ( ! greate/ value = ! anci5t natural law ( ! ,lat9 peoples1 & ! cu/oms :i* _h exi/$ among !m f ! age ( ,saturn4 ,quirit>y t5ure ( l& & a writt5 code ( law once ga9$1 ! /ruggle recomm5c$ ov] ! "q ( ! "r ( m>riage4 ,! true mean+ ( ?is conte/ has be5 lo/ among ! absurdities writt5 on ! subject by ! anci5t hi/orians !mselves1 9 ! belief t its basis 0 ! desire on ! "p ( ! plebeians 7:o 7 little m ?an wret*$ & common slaves7 to be all[$ to =m connexions ) ! nobles4 ,?is error has made ,roman hi/ory ev5 less cr$ible ?an ! leg5d>y hi/ory ( ,greece2 = if we d n "k ! mean+ ( ! latt]1 ! =m] is 9 opposition to ! true ord] ( human desires4 ,x %[s u a plebs aspir+ fir/ to nobility1 secondly to (fices & magi/racies1 & f9ally to weal?3 :]eas m5 desire fir/ ( all weal?1 !n (fices 9 ! /ate1 & la/ly nobility4 ,:at ! ,roman plebs really claim$ 0 n connubio1 cum patribus b connubio1 patrum3 n ! "r ( connexion by m>riage ) ! nobles--a claim :i* !y w\ld n h wi%$ to make1 & 0 at bottom unimportant--b ! "r ( contract+ solemn m>riages z ! nobles did4 ,= )\t su* solemn m>riages1 )\t privilege ( ! auspices1 ! plebeians 7 9 fact unable to enjoy ! quirit>y t5ure ( l& & to transmit x to _! families1 depriv$ z !y 7 ( desc5t1 k9dr$ & relatives4 ,! dem& = connubio 01 9 a ^w1 simply equival5t to a dem& = ! rights ( citiz5s1 & x 0 satisfi$ by ! ,canuleian law4 ,! next dem& ( ! plebeians 0 = privileges dep5d+ on public rights4 ,( ^! !y ga9$ fir/ ! imp]ium toge!r ) ! consul%ip1 & la/ly ! (fices ( prie/ & pontifex1 :i* c>ri$ ) !m k ( ! law4 ,9 ?is way ! sy/em ( seigneurial lib]ty plann$ by ,s]vius ,tullius grew into a sy/em ( popul> lib]ty1 & ! c5sus1 :i* 0 orig9ally paid to ! patricians1 0 paid h]eaft] into ! public treasury1 out ( :i* ! exp5ses ( ! plebeians 9 w> 7 paid4 ,! tribunes n[ proce$$ to dem& ! p[] ( legislation2 = ! previ\s laws1 ! ,horatian & ,hort5sian1 _h n made plebiscites b9d+ on ! :ole p1 except ^u ! two special occasions :i* l$ to ! secession ( ! plebs to ! ,av5t9e & ,janiculum respectively4 ,?is new victory1 :i* e/abli%$ ! sup]iority ( ! plebs & trans=m$ ! ari/ocratic into a popul> republic1 0 ! ,publilian law due to ! ,dictator ,publilius ,philo & decree+ t plebiscites %\ld be b9d+ on all ! ,quirites 7omnes quirites t5]5t74 ,! au?ority ( ! s5ate came out ( ! /ruggle some:at impair$1 = :ile =m]ly ! fa!rs _h act$ z auctores = ! delib]ations ( ! p1 !y 7 n[ ! propos]s ( law to ! p1 :i* ! latt] !n approv$ accord+ to ! =mula submitt$ to !m by ! s5ate1 or else antiquat$ ! proposal 7antiquo1 to vote aga9/ a measure7 & decid$ to make no innovation4 ,besides ?is1 ! plebs won ! la/ (fice to be conc$$ to !m1 t ( c5sor4 ,! ,petelian law1 a few ye>s lat]1 aboli%$ ! la/ remnant ( feudalism1 ! bond 7nexus7 :i* made ! plebeians ! bondm5 ( ! nobles = debt & (t5 compell$ !m to sp5d _! lives work+ 9 _! private prisons4 ,"s "t lat]1 :5 ! division betwe5 patriciate & plebs ) ! correspond+ comitia curiata & tributa 0 replac$ by ,fabius ,maximus's division accord+ to ! prop]ty ( citiz5s1 :o 7 n[ gr\p$ into ?ree classes ( s5ators1 knights & plebeians1 ! ord] ( ! nobles disappe>$ entirely3 s5ator & knight 7 no long] synonym\s ) patrician1 nor plebeian ) base-born4 ,! ,s5ate h[ev] pres]v$ sov]eign dom9ion ov] ! f9ances ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ?\gh ! ,empire itself _h pass$ to ! plebeians2 & ?anks to ! s-call$ s5atusconsultum ultimum x ma9ta9$ ?is dom9ion by =ce ( arms z long z ,rome rema9$ a popul> republic4 ,:5ev] ! p attempt$ to take x into _! own h&s1 ! ,s5ate arm$ ! ,consuls1 :o =?) decl>$ traitors & put to dea? plebeian tribunes :o _h orig9at$ ^! attempts4 ,?is may be expla9$ z a "r ( feudal sov]eignty subject to a high] sov]eign1 a view confirm$ by ! language ( ,scipio ,nasica :5 he arm$ ! p aga9/ ,tib]ius ,grac*us3 :oev] wi%es = ! safety ( ! republic1 let him foll[ ! consul 7qui rempublicam salvam velit1 consulem sequatur74 ,& inde$1 once ! road to (fice 0 op5$ by law to ! multitude :i* rules 9 a popul> republic1 !re 0 no?+ left 9 "t ( peace b to conte/ its rule n by laws b by =ce ( arms1 & = ^? 9 p[] to pass laws = self-enri*m5t l ! ,grac*an agr>ian measures1 result+ at once 9 civil w>s at home & unju/ w>s abroad4 ,) ! triumph ( ! plebs & ! *ange ( con/itution f ari/ocratic to popul>1 ! :ole face ( society *ang$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! aspect ( ! family *ang$4 ,"h1 dur+ ! rule ( ! patriciate1 te/am5t>y succession 0 admitt$ only at a late date & 0 easily cancell$1 9 ord] to keep weal? 9 patrician h&s3 k9dr$ ev5 9 ! sev5? degree exclud$ ! emancipat$ son f ! pat]nal h]itage3 emancipation _h ! effect ( a p5alty3 legitimis+ 0 n all[$3 & x is d\btful :e!r a woman c\ld inh]it4 ,b 9 ! democratic society1 s9ce = ! plebs weal?1 /r5g? & p[] all dep5d$ on ! numb] ( _! *ildr51 family feel+ began to gr[ up1 & ! praetors began to consid] its claims & to satisfy !m by means ( ! honorum possessiones1 ?us rem$y+ ! faults or %ortcom+s ( wills & facilitat+ ! diffusion ( weal?1 ! only ?+ desir$ by ! common p4 ,a *ange took place1 aga91 9 ! mean+ ( ! in/itutions ( prop]ty4 ,! civil t5ure 0 no long] a matt] ( public "r1 b 0 disp]s$ among ! v>i\s private t5ures ( ! citiz5s n[ =m+ ! body ( ! popul> /ate4 ,em95t t5ure no long] signifies ! /ronge/ k9d ( t5ure1 un5cumb]$ by any actual *>ge1 ev5 a public *>ge1 b applies simply to an e/ate free f any private *>ge4 ,quirit>y t5ure is no long] t ( :i* ! noble 0 feudal "l & "u ! obligation to aid 8 cli5t1 ! plebeian1 if ou/$ f x3 x has become a private civil t5ure1 capable ( be+ def5d$ by a civil suit z oppos$ to ! bonit>y :i* c\ld be ma9ta9$ by possession only4 ,! =ms ( legal process 7 prun$ ( ! luxuri\s gr[? ( fictions1 solemn =mulae & symbolic acts1 simplifi$ & rationalis$3 ! intellect1 ! ?\ght ( ! legislator 0 br\ght into play & ! citiz5s con=m$ to an idea ( a common rational utility1 und]/ood z spiritual 9 value4 ,causes1 :i* 7 orig9ally =mulae safegu>d$ by accurate & precise language1 became affairs or negotiations solemnis$ by agreem5t &1 9 ! case ( transf]5ce ( t5ure1 by natural tradition2 & x 0 only 9 contracts said to be complet$ by ^w ( m\?1 t is to say 9 /ipulations1 t ! safegu>ds rema9$ causes 9 ! /rict anci5t mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,?us ! c]titude ( ! law1 :5 ! human reason 0 fully develop$1 pass$ into ! tru? ( ideas det]m9$ by ! circum/ances ( fact1 a =mula devoid ( any p>ticul> =m 7=mula naturae1 z ,v>ro calls x7 :i*1 l a light1 in=ms 9 all ! m9ute/ details ( _! surface ! details ( fact ov] :i* x ext5ds4 ,9 popul> republics ! rul+ pr9ciple is ! aequum bonum1 natural equity4 ,! h>% puni%m5ts ( ! p]iods ( dome/ic mon>*y & h]oic society 7! laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables condemn$ ^? :o set fire to ano!r's crops to be burnt alive1 p]jur]s to be ?r[n f ! ,t>peian rock1 & insolv5t debtors to be cut 9 pieces :ile liv+7 7 replac$ by mild] p5alties1 s9ce ! multitude1 ^: memb]s are weak1 is naturally dispos$ to clem5cy4 ,laws1 :i* "u ! ari/ocracy 7 few1 inflexible & religi\sly obs]v$1 multipli$ "u ! democracy & became liable to *ange & modification4 ,! ,sp>tans1 :o pres]v$ _! ari/ocracy1 said t at ,a!ns !y _h _m laws & wrote !m2 at ,sp>ta few1 b !y obey$ !m4 ,! ,roman plebs1 l ! ,a!nian1 pass$ new laws e day1 & ! attempt by ,sulla1 ! lead] ( ! noble p>ty1 to r$uce !m by ! in/itution ( quae/iones p]petuae or p]man5t c\rts 0 9 va91 = aft] 8 "t laws 7 aga9 multipli$4 ,w> itself1 :i* 0 "u ! ari/ocratic republics v cruel & result$ 9 ! de/ruction ( conqu]$ t[ns & ! r$uction ( ! vanqui%$ to ! condition ( lab\r]s scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry-side & cultivat+ x on behalf ( ! victors1 0 mitigat$ by ! popul> republics1 :i* :ile !y depriv$ ! conqu]$ ( ! rights ( h]oic society left !m 9 possession ( ! natural rights ( ! human race4 ,empires grew1 s9ce a popul> republic is mu* m adapt$ to conque/ ?an an ari/ocratic1 & a mon>*y mo/ ( all4 ,b ) all ?is humanisation ( cu/oms1 ! p[] ( wise rule1 political virtue1 dim9i%$4 ,! anci5t patricians en=c$ a rigid respect = law2 & ea*1 possess+ a l>ge %>e ( ! public utility1 set 8 own m9or p]sonal int]e/s bel[ ?is great] p>ticul> int]e/1 gu>ante$ z x 0 by ! /ate4 ,h5ce all c\rage\sly def5d$ & wisely consult$ = ! good ( ! /ate4 ,9 a popul> /ate on ! o!r h& s9ce ! citiz5s controll$ ! /ate prop]ty by divid+ x among !mselves into z _m small portions z !re 7 citiz5s 9 ! body ( ! p1 & ?r\gh ! causes :i* produc$ t =m ( /ate1 ease1 pat]nal affection1 conjugal love & desire ( life1 m5 7 l$ to consid] ! smalle/ details fav\rable to _! own private int]e/2 t is to reg>d no?+ b ! aequum bonum1 ! only int]e/ ( :i* a multitude is capable4 ,at ?is po9t arises spontane\sly a new =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i* has long be5 prep>+ & has n[ become inevitable1 namely mon>*y4 ,! ord9>y political writ]s make mon>*y orig9ate1 )\t any ( ! num]\s & complex causes :i* are necess>y to produce x1 at ! v outset ( human hi/ory1 z a frog1 says ,vico1 is born ( a summ] %[]4 ,/ill less did x orig9ate artificially by ! royal law :i* ,tribonian believes to h depriv$ ! ,roman p ( its free & sov]eign p[] & conf]r$ x ^u ,octavius ,augu/us4 ,! law :i* br\ght mon>*y into be+ 0 a natural law ^: =mula ( et]nal validity is z foll[s3 :5 9 a popul> republic e "o seeks 8 private int]e/ only & presses ! public =ces into its s]vice at risk ( de/ruction to ! /ate1 to pres]ve ! latt] f ru9 a man mu/ arise1 z ,augu/us did at ,rome 7:o z ,tacitus says receiv$ "u 8 sov]eign p[] ! :ole /ate1 worn out ) civil w>s1 tak+ ! title ( ,pr9ceps3 qui cuncta bellis civilibus fessa nom9e pr9cipis sub imp]ium accepit73 a s+le man1 :o by =ce ( arms takes 9 h& all ! affairs ( ! /ate & leaves 8 subjects to look aft] _! own affairs or aft] any public bus9ess he may entru/ to !m2 surr\nd+ himself ) a small numb] ( /atesm5 z a cab9et to discuss public que/ions or pr9ciples ( civil equity4 ,su* a mon>* is welcom$ by nobles & plebeians alike3 by ! nobles1 :o aft] hav+ be5 already humiliat$ by _! subjection to plebeian rule ab&on _! anci5t ari/ocratic claim to sov]eignty & ?9k only ( secur+ a com=table life2 & by ! plebeians1 :o aft] an exp]im5t 9 an>*y or unbridl$ demagogy 7?an :i* no tyranny is worse1 s9ce x produces z _m tyrants z !re are bold & dissolute m5 9 ! /ate7 are l$ by _! own mis=tunes to welcome peace & protection4 ,mon>*y is !n a new =m ( popul> gov]nm5t4 ,9 ord] t a p[]ful man may become sov]eign1 x is necess>y t ! p %all take 8 side1 & t he %\ld rule 9 a popul> mann]2 mak+ all 8 subjects equal1 humiliat+ ! great to protect ! multitude aga9/ _! oppression1 keep+ ! p satisfi$ & cont5t z reg>ds ! necess>ies ( life & ! enjoym5t ( natural lib]ty1 & employ+ a well-balanc$ sy/em ( concessions & privileges grant$ sometimes to :ole classes 79 :i* case !y are call$ privileges ( lib]ty7 sometimes to p>ticul> p]sons1 by promot+ into a high] class m5 ( unusual m]it & exceptional virtues4 ,9 mon>*y1 a humane gov]nm5t no less ?an democracy1 ! process ( humanisation or s(t5+ ( cu/oms & laws1 already begun "u popul> republics1 /ill cont9ues4 ,! rigid bonds ( ! patri>*al family & k9%ip relax fur!r4 ,! ,emp]ors1 :o t5d$ to be ov]%ad[$ by ! spl5d\rs ( ! nobility1 made ef=ts to promote ! rights ( human nature common to nobles & plebeians4 ,augu/us /rove to safegu>d ! tru/ee%ips by :i* =m]ly prop]ty _h pass$ to p]sons incapable ( inh]itance ?anks only to ! consci5ti\sness ( ! injur$ heir2 he trans=m$ su* und]/&+s f a "r into a necessity1 by oblig+ heirs to execute !m4 ,a numb] ( s5atusconsulta foll[$ :i* plac$ cognati 7relations g5]ally7 on a level ) agnati 7relations ?r\gh ! fa!r74 ,f9ally1 ,ju/9ian aboli%$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 prop]ty inh]it$ & prop]ty 9 ! h&s ( tru/ees1 confus$ ! ,falcidian qu>t] ) ! ,trebellian & put cognati & agnati on precisely ! same foot+ z reg>ds inh]itance ab inte/ato4 ,! late/ ,roman law 0 s entirely on ! side ( te/am5ts t1 :ile orig9ally ^! c\ld be brok5 = ! slighte/ cause1 !y n[ _h to be int]pret$ 9 ! way mo/ adapt$ to secure _! validity4 ,once ! cyclopean "r ( ! fa!r ov] ! p]sons ( 8 *ildr5 _h disappe>$1 8 economic "r ov] prop]ty acquir$ by !m disappe>$ also2 & h5ce ! emp]ors fir/ introduc$ ! peculium ca/r5se 7prop]ty obta9$ dur+ milit>y s]vice7 to attract "y m5 to w>1 !n ! peculium quasica/r5se1 to attract !m into ! praetorian gu>d1 & f9ally to satisfy ^? :o 7 nei!r soldi]s nor s*ol>s ! peculium adv5titium4 ,!y depriv$ ! patria pote/as ( its influ5ce ov] adoptions1 n[ no long] re/rict$ to ! small circle ( relations2 !y uni=mly c\nt5anc$ =mal adoption 7arrogatio7 :i* 0 some:at difficult ow+ to ! difficulty ( a fa!r's becom+ a subord9ate memb] ( ano!r family2 !y consid]$ emancipation z a b5efit & gave to legitimization by a subsequ5t m>riage all ! efficacy ( solemn w$lock4 ,! imp]ium pat]num1 z an arrogant title seem+ to detract f ! imp]ial maje/y1 0 alt]$ into patria pote/as4 ,! humane t5d5cies ( ! mon>*s ext5d$ moreov] to t "p ( ! anci5t family :i* consi/$ ( slaves3 = ! emp]ors re/ra9$ ! cruelty ( ma/]s t[>ds ^!1 & b5efit$ !m by increas+ ! =ce & decreas+ ! solemnity ( manumission2 & citiz5 rights1 :i* 7 giv5 orig9ally only to di/+ui%$ =eign]s :o _h des]v$ well ( ! ,roman p1 7 grant$ to e "o born 9 ,rome1 ev5 ( a slave fa!r provid$ 8 "m 7 free or enfran*is$4 ,puni%m5ts 7 also made mild]1 & ! mon>*s di/+ui%$ !mselves by ! graci\s title ( clem5t4 ,! lett] ( ! law always t5d$ to be m freely int]pret$ 9 ! light ( natural equity1 & x may be said t ,con/ant9e absolutely cancell$ ! lett] :5 he laid d[n ! pr9ciple t any p>ticul> motive ( equity %\ld ov]ride ! law4 ,?us 0 atta9$ ! precise opposite ( ! privilegia ne irroganto ( ! ,twelve ,tables 7t no exceptions be made73 all privileges 7 exceptions to ! law dictat$ by "s p>ticul> m]it 9 ! facts :i* lift$ !m out ( ! sph]e ( legal g5]alisations4 ,! re/riction ( rights to p>ticul> peoples 0 by degrees aboli%$3 "u ,c>acalla ! :ole ,roman _w 0 conv]t$ into a s+le ,rome1 s9ce great mon>*s desire ! :ole _w to become "o city1 accord+ to ! ?\ght ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 :5 he said t = him all ! _w 0 a s+le city ( :i* 8 phalanx 0 ! citadel4 ,! praetor's edict gives place1 "u ,hadrian1 to ! p]petual edict ( ,salvius ,julianus1 almo/ exclusively compos$ ( prov9cial edicts4 ,) mon>*y1 ! natural law ( races gives place to ! natural law ( nations2 & h5ce ?is political1 social & juridical =m is ! mo/ suitable to human nature at its fulle/ rational developm5t4 ,"h too1 z we h already _h occasion to rem>k1 we rea* aga9 aft] a long process ! unity :i* exi/$ 9 ! p]son ( ! primitive fa!r "u dome/ic mon>*y2 & ! c\rse ( national hi/ory mu/ be consid]$ z absolutely complete4 ,to g fur!r is impossible3 ! only possibility1 at ?is /age ( ! highe/ human civilisation & ref9em5t1 is corruption1 ! return ( b>b>ism z a b>b>ism ( reflection & a relapse into a k9d ( new /ate ( nature1 to return once m into a new & h]oic b>b>ism4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,return ,,( ,,b>b>ism3 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,( ?is k9d ( reflux ,vico m5tions & exam9es only "o in/ance3 ! p]iod ( ,european hi/ory :i* _h 9 8 own days = ! fir/ "t be5 m>k$ out def9itely by hi/orians & giv5 ! "n 7?\gh ,vico does n use x7 ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,t ?is 0 a p]iod ( decad5ce & b>b>ism 0 c]ta9ly n a new ?\ght = consci\sness3 =1 especially 9 ! humani/ic p]iod1 a g5]al feel+ ( e/rangem5t & repulsion _h be5 felt t[>ds ^! c5turies ( middle & l[ ,lat9ity 9 :i* ! treasures ( ! classical lit]atures 7 neglect$ & scatt]$1 & humane /udies ei!r lo/ _! vig\r or disappe>$ completely4 ,?is consci\sness1 g5]al on ! "p ( cultivat$ ,europe1 0 especially full & vivid 9 ,italy2 = t c\ntry c\ld nev] =get t ?\gh = o!r peoples ! ,middle ,ages _h se5 ! rise ( _! =tunes1 p[] & civilisation1 = h] !y _h meant ! end ( ,rome's greatness1 ! humiliation ( h] "n be=e ! arrogant ,v&al1 ,visigo? & ,lomb>d1 ! deva/ation ( ri* cities1 & ! de/ruction ( maje/ic monum5ts ^: mis]able wreckage c\ld be se5 on e h&4 ,ma*iavelli _h op5$ 8 ,hi/ories ) a fam\s & /rik+ picture ( ! g5]al *ange :i* foll[$ ! fall ( ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,b to pass 9 review ! ru9s or to collect ! antiquities ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 n ! way to p5etrate into ! _s ( ! p]iod1 any m ?an to note a man's faults & ! m>ks :i* di/+ui% him f ano!r is ! same ?+ z und]/&+ ! s\l ( ei!r4 ,vico 0 ! fir/ to und]/& ! s\l ( ! ,middle ,ages1 t is to say1 ! m5tal1 social & cultural con/itution ( ! p]iod4 ,?\gh liv+ 9 a "p ( ,italy ri* n only 9 docum5ts b 9 survivals ( ! ,middle ,age1 ,vico confesses t ?is second p]iod ( b>b>ism is mu* m obscure to him ?an ! fir/1 & t x is only ! fir/ t has enabl$ him to ?r[ light ^u ! second4 ,?is he express$ by ! m]e fact t he nam$ ! p]iod ! second b>b>ism1 or ! return or reflux ( b>b>ism1 & ?us consid]$ x z an in/ance ( 8 ideal law ( reflux4 ,! ,middle ,ages seem$ to him bo? a repres5tation ( ! primitive conditions ( life1 & 9 consequ5ce a reproduction ( ! social process develop+ out ( !m4 ,x 0 a view z orig9al z x 0 ri* 9 tru?3 & x is no objection to x to say t ,vico reveals ! g5]ic *>act]s r ?an ! p>ticul> traits ( ! ,middle ,ages1 because we "k t ! problem he set be=e himself 0 precisely ! inve/igation ( g5]ic *>act]s or uni=mities1 & t he avoid$ hi/ory prop]ly s call$ 9 ord] to escape a dilemma betwe5 sci5ce & fai?1 betwe5 ! purely imman5tal conception ( hi/ory1 exclud+ revelation & miracle1 & ! purely transc5d5t conception1 miracul\s & !re=e difficult to treat 9 a sci5tific mann]4 ,ev5 9 our own times1 x is a fact wor? notic+ t we h se5 a recrudesc5ce ( ?is attempt to h>monise religion & hi/ory by ab/ract+ f ! individual aspect ( ev5ts & r$uc+ hi/ory to a hi/ory ( in/itutions & uni=mities4#a ,9 ?is position assum$ by ! problem 9 ,vico's m9d we may see ! reason = ! fact1 :i* "s h ?\ght v /range 9 a ,ca?olic1 t he lays no /ress on ,*ri/ianity1 & :5 he enc\nt]s x at ! outset ( ! ,middle ,ages dismisses x 9 a few words2 say+ t ,god1 hav+ by sup]human ways %[n cle>ly ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :5 he oppos$ ! virtue ( ! m>tyrs to ! p[] ( ,rome1 & ! doctr9e ( ! ,fa!rs1 toge!r ) ! miracles1 to ! empty wisdom ( ,greece1 & kn[+ t arm$ nations mu/ arise on e h& ready to fight = ! div9ity ( t religion's au?or1 p]mitt$ ! bir? ( a new ord] ( civilisation among ! nations1 9 ord] t ! true religion might be e/abli%$ accord+ to ! natural c\rse ( human affairs4 ,we mu/ be cont5t !n ) ! resemblances obs]v$ by ,vico betwe5 m$iaeval society & t ( ! e>ly c5turies ( ,greece & ,rome1 & n take (f5ce if 8 exemplifications & pro(s v (t5 seem fallaci\s & fanciful4 ,8 ma9 hi/orical ?\ght z we "k already is robu/ en\gh to pass ov] ! errors or to live 9 ! mid/ ( !m unimpair$4 ,we see 7to recon/ruct 8 /ory or picture1 ) "s re>rangem5t7 9 ! ,middle ,ages gr\ps ( dwell+s ev]y:]e spr++ up on ! m\nta9s1 ea* dom9at$ by its =tress z 9 ! div9e age ( ! ,cyclopes2 = ! unhappy p1 gr\nd d[n by ! viol5ce ( b>b>ian invasions & inte/9e /rife1 _h no o!r means ( def5ce4 ,! mo/ anci5t cities built 9 ! ,middle ,ages & almo/ all capitals ( /ates are z a matt] ( fact plac$ ^u heights2 all new seigneuries =m$ at ! "t 7 call$ ca/ella by ! ,italians2 & ?is p]haps is also ! reason :y nobles 7 call$ m5 born 9 a high or conspicu\s position 7summo1 illu/ri loco nati7 :ile ! plebeians liv+ 9 ! pla9s bel[ 7 born 9 a l[ or obscure place 7imo1 obscuro loco nati74 ,we f9d asyla or sanctu>ies aga9 op5 especially ) ! ecclesia/ical lords1 :o 7 9 humanity 9 advance ( _! savage times2 "h took refuge ! oppress$ & ! t]rifi$1 to seek protection = p]son or prop]ty4 ,h5ce 9 ,g]many1 a c\ntry :i* mu/ h be5 wild] ?an ! o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 !re rema9$ almo/ m ecclesia/ical ?an secul> lords4 ,a fam\s example ( ^! political =mations 0 ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,laur5ce at ,av]sa 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples1 ) :i* 0 incorporat$ t ( ,/4 ,laur5ce at ,capua4 ,?is mona/]y gov]n$ ei!r directly or by abbots or monks dep5d5t ^u x no less ?an a hundr$ & t5 *ur*es 9 ,campania1 ,samnium1 ,apulia & ! anci5t ,calabria1 f ! riv] ,volturnus to ! gulf ( ,t>5tum2 ! abbots ( ,/4 ,laur5ce 7 lords or b>ons ( almo/ ! :ole ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! small *apels :i* !y built 9 m\nta9\s & remote places = ! celebration ( ! mass & o!r religi\s (fices became natural sanctu>ies = ! population1 & !y built _! h\ses r\nd !m3 & ?is is ! reason :y 9 ,europe s _m cities1 l&s & ca/les be> ! names ( sa9ts1 & :y ! *ur*es are ! mo/ anci5t monum5ts ( ?is p]iod4 ,consequ5tly we also f9d feudalism1 n e/abli%+ itself 9 ,europe = ! fir/ "t1 b appe>+ once m4 ,x has be5 mi/ak5ly believ$ to be a relic ( ,roman law aft] its de/ruction by ! b>b>ians 7su* is ! !ory ( ,old5orp & all o!r juri/s7 :]eas really ,roman law itself arose out ( ! ru9s ( ! feudalism ( e>ly ,lat9 b>b>ism1 & m$iaeval feudalism 0 n a new law ( ! ,european nations1 b a v anci5t law r5ew$ by ! la/ b>b>ism4 ,?is feudalism is f> f be+ ! vile matt] :i* ,cujas calls x3 x is a h]oic matt]1 "o wor?y to be celebrat$ by ! mo/ erudite & pr(\nd le>n+ ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,& to :at is x due1 if n to ?is ess5tial unity ( nature1 t ! *oice/ expressions ( ,roman law1 :i* ,cujas himself all[s to mitigate ! b>b>ism ( feudali/ic le>n+1 are s precisely adequate to express ! prop]ties & attributes ( ! sy/em t no bett] t]m9ology c\ld be desir$8 ,) ! ,middle ,ages1 !n1 we return to ! fundam5tal division betwe5 h]oes & slaves1 betwe5 viri or b>ons 7v>ones is ! ^w /ill us$ = m51 viri 9 ,spani%7 & m]e hom9es z ! vassals 7 call$3 betwe5 patres or patrons & s]fs4 ,! le>n$ /ud5ts ( feudalism :o translate feudum by cli5tela are really giv+ some?+1 mu* m ?an a good l+ui/ical equival5t2 !y are unaw>es giv+ a hi/orical def9ition ( ! fe(f4 ,! fir/ fe(fs ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 necess>ily p]sonal1 l ! fir/ cli5telae ( ,romulus3 a =m ( vassalage /ill extant 9 ,vico's "t 9 ! nor?1 especially 9 ,pol&1 :]e ! kmet 7 a k9d ( slaves :o 7 (t5 us$ z /akes 9 _! "l's games1 & pass$ ) _! families into ! h&s ( ! w9n]4 ,!n came ru/ic fe(fs1 real 9 "* & consi/+ 9 uncultivat$ l& assign$ by ! victors to ! conqu]$ = _! su/5ance1 :ile !y !mselves kept ! cultivat$ l&3 ^! fe(fs 7 call$ by ! feudali/s1 ) a new elegance ( ,lat9ity & an equally s\nd hi/orical tru?1 b5eficia4 ,! anci5t next 7 ! new liege or b\nd m51 :o 7 compell$ to jo9 9 all ! fri5d%ips & qu>rels ( _! "l1 & suppli$ :at 9 ,rome 0 call$ op]a milit>is1 & 9 ! ,middle ,ages milit>e s]vitium4 ,! feudal bond ext5d$ itself to l>g] political relations1 & j z conqu]$ k+s became allies or socii ( ,rome & upheld ! maje/y ( ! ,roman p1 s !re 7 sov]eign fe(fs subord9at$ to high] sov]eignties ^: repres5tatives1 ! great k+s & lords ( l>ge k+doms & num]\s prov9ces1 took ! title ( maje/y4 ,republics became ari/ocratic once m 9 gov]nm5t if n 9 con/itution3 ?is is admitt$ by political writ]s1 among o!rs by ,bod91 :o ev5 says t 8 own k+dom ( ,france 0 purely ari/ocratic 9 con/itution "u ! ,m]ov+ian & ,capetian dyna/ies4 ,till ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury liv+ witnesses to ! pa/ rema9$ 9 ! ari/ocratic k+doms ( ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k2 & ,pol&1 m5tion$ above1 pres]v$ ! same con/itution d[n to ,vico's own "t4 ,! fir/ /ate p>liam5ts ( ,europe mu/ h consi/$ l ,romulus's s5ate ( ! eld]s ( ! nobility 7s5iores1 h5ce seigneurs72 & 7 arm$ c\rts ( b>ons or pe]s l ! comitia curiata ( old4 ,9 ^! p>liam5ts 7 decid$ feudal causes conc]n+ rights or successions or ! devolution ( fe(fs ?r\gh felony or default ( heirs3 :i* causes1 confirm$ _m times by ^! judgm5ts1 =m$ ! cu/oms ( feudalism4 ,vico saw a relic ( ^! p>liam5ts 9 ! ,sacr$ ,royal ,c\ncil at ,naples1 ! presid5t ( :i* assum$ ! title ( ,sacr$ ,royal ,maje/y1 z ! c\ncillors did ! title ( milites1 & ^: s5t5ces admitt$ ( no appeal to any o!r tribunal1 b only a reque/ = revision by ! ,c\ncil itself4 ,! gov]nm5ts1 beside be+ ari/ocratic1 7 envelop$ 9 an atmosph]e ( religion to su* an ext5t t n only 7 bi%ops & abbots v (t51 z we saw1 feudatories1 b feudatories & sov]eigns adorn$ !mselves freely ) religi\s insignia2 ,ca?olic k+s ev]y:]e1 9 ord] to def5d ! ,*ri/ian religion ^: protectors !y 71 wore ! dalmatic ( ! diaconate1 consecrat$ _! p]sons 7:5ce ! title ,sacr$ ,royal ,maje/y71 & took rank 9 ! *ur*1 z ,hugh ,capet took ! title ( ,c\nt & ,abbot ( ,p>is2 ?us z we see f ! e>lie/ docum5ts ! ,fr5* lords call$ !mselves dukes & abbots or c\nts & abbots simultane\sly4 ,^! e>ly ,*ri/ian k+s 7 ! fir/ to in/itute arm$ religi\s ord]s1 by ! help ( :i* !y def5d$ ,ca?olicism aga9/ ,arians1 ,s>ac5s & o!r infidels4 ,pura et p9 bella return$ once m z 9 ! h]oic p]iod2 ! globe surm\nt$ by ! cross worn by ! ,*ri/ian pot5tates on _! cr[ns recalls ! cross ^u ! /&>ds 9 ! holy w>s or crusades4 ,h]oic slav]y returns1 & la/s a long "t among ,*ri/ian nations because1 consid]+ w> z ! judgm5t ( ,god1 ! victors believ$ ! vanqui%$ to be ab&on$ by ,god & held !m no bett] ?an bea/s 7?us ! ,*ri/ians call$ ! ,turks dogs & 7 9 turn call$ pigs by !m74 ,! anci5ts depriv$ ! conqu]$ ( all ?+s human & div9e4 ,! new b>b>ians on occupy+ a city endeav\r$ above ev]y?+ to se>* out & c>ry (f ! tombs or relics ( sa9ts1 :i* ! peoples ( t "t buri$ & conceal$ ) all possible c>e2 & ?us almo/ all translations ( relics took place at ?is "t4 ,a trace ( ?is cu/om survives 9 ! rule by :i* a conqu]$ nation mu/ buy back f ! victori\s g5]als all ! bells 9 ! cities !y h tak54 ,analog\s resemblances may be f\nd 9 ! juridical regulation ( prop]ty4 ,! prim>y division ( prop]ty 9 feudal law is t into feudal goods & allodial goods4 ,allodial t5ure 0 9 orig9 a highly secure "r1 un5cumb]$ by any ext]nal *>ge1 ev5 a public "o2 & appli$ to prop]ty directly acquir$ or conqu]$ by ! patricians or b>ons4 ,feudal t5ure requir$ ! approval ( ! "l by :om x _h be5 grant$4 ,allodial t5ure ?us correspond$ to quirit>y ex optimo iure1 & feudal to bonit>y2 & x 0 only :5 lat] 9 mod]n ,europe z previ\sly 9 anci5t ,rome a new c5sus & treasury 7 =m$1 & :5 allodial prop]ty 0 made subject to public *>ges1 t x c\ld be contemptu\sly describ$ z goods ( ! sp9dle z oppos$ to feudal1 goods ( ! lance4 ,?us1 to take an example1 ! prov9ces :i* 7 lat] incorporat$ into ! ,fr5* k+dom _h =m]ly be5 sov]eign pr9cipalities feudally dep5d5t ^u ! rul] ( ! said k+dom2 _! sov]eign pr9ces be+ free f all public *>ge 9 ! t5ure ( _! 7allodial7 possessions4 ,lat]1 :5 ?r\gh succession1 rebellion or failure ( heirs ^! prov9ces became "p ( ! k+dom1 ! prop]ty 0 made liable to taxation & tribute2 ! t5ure ex optimo iure 0 confus$ ) private non-feudal t5ure subject to ^! *>ges1 & allodials 9 ! noble s5se ( ! ^w 7 id5tifi$ ) allodials 9 ! common s5se4 ,! lat] /ud5ts ( feudalism miss$ ! po9t ( ! primitive di/9ction j z ! late ,roman juri/s =got ! mean+ ( t5ure ex optimo iure4 ,to ! feudal t5ure belong$ emphyteosis 7s t ! allodial "r ultimately signifi$ bo? :at ! vassal paid to ! sov]eign & ! plant] to 8 imm$iate "l73 comm5dations1 id5tical ) ! anci5t cli5tela3 ! c5sus by :i* ! vassals 7 b\nd to s]ve _! lords 9 w> 7! tribut>ies1 ang>ii or p]ang>ii1 be+ equival5t to ! ,roman assidui73 ! prec>ia1 :i* mu/ orig9ally h be5 l& grant$ by lords 9 response to ! pray]s ( ! poor3 & libelli or transf]5ces ( non-movable prop]ty :i* 9 ?is agricultural economy took ! place ( comm]ce4 ,! exclusion ( wom5 f inh]itance1 :i* w5t back to ! beg9n+s ( ,roman law1 0 r5ew$ 9 ! =m ( ! salic law 9 ,g]many & among all ! e>ly b>b>ian nations ( ,europe1 ?\gh x pres]v$ its =ce only 9 ,france & ,savoy4 ,puni%m5ts 7 cruel2 dea? 0 call$ ! ord9>y p5alty4 ,b !re 0 9 ! ,middle ,ages no real p5al law & proc$ure deal+ ) private (f5ces4 ,! murd] ( a plebeian 0 committ$ ei!r by 8 own "l1 :om nobody c\ld accuse1 or by ano!r "l1 :o c\ld indemnify ! man's own "l = 8 loss z if he _h be5 a slave4 ,?is cu/om 0 /ill 9 =ce 9 ,pol&1 ,li?uania1 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$5 & ,norway4 ,"u ! "n ( canonical purgations 7?\gh unrecognis$ by canon law7 c]ta9 k9ds ( div9e judgm5ts or duels 7 practis$ ?r\gh\t ,europe2 & private v5geance fl\ri%$ d[n to ! "t ( ,b>tolo4 ,9 judgm5ts conc]n$ ) allodial rights1 ! lords met 9 arms2 & 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples ev5 9 ,vico's own days b>ons av5g$ intrusions ^u _! own fe(fs on ! "p ( o!r b>ons n by civil suits b by duels4 ,9 a society rul$ by =ce1 :at wond] t ! robb]s ( ! h]oic age return$1 & t pirate became a title ( nobility8 ,nev] has ! =tune ( k+doms be5 s v>i\s or s incon/ant4 ,! ,roman law ( ,ju/9ian1 p5etrat$ z x 0 by ! idea ( equity1 0 ab&on$ & fell into oblivion4 ,9 ,france & ,spa9 any "o :o d>$ to appeal to x 9 a cause 0 sev]ely puni%$2 9 ,italy x is c]ta9 t ! nobles consid]$ x di%on\rable to regulate _! affairs by ,roman law1 & pr(ess$ to live accord+ to t ( ! ,lomb>ds2 :ile ! plebeians1 sl[] 9 ?r[+ (f anci5t cu/oms1 cont9u$ to practise c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,roman law by =ce ( habit4 ,9 fact ! law ( ! p]iod consi/$ r ( habits ?an ( /atutes3 rigid =mulae & solemn c]emonial once m acquir$ importance1 & a di/9ction 0 made betwe5 pacta nuda1 nak$ agreem5ts1 & pacta ve/ita1 agreem5ts clo!d & re9=c$ by ^! =mulae & c]emonies4 ,an example ( ! respect 9 :i* =mulae 7 held is af=d$ by ! action ( ! ,emp]or ,conrad ,,iii4 ,on tak+ ,we9sb]g1 a t[n :i* _h support$ 8 rival = ! empire1 he condemn$ x to ext]m9ation1 mak+ an exception only 9 fav\r ( ! wom5 & all !y c\ld br+ out ) !m4 ,! wom5 came out ( ! doom$ city c>ry+ on _! backs _! sons1 husb&s & fa!rs3 & ! ,emp]or1 /&+ be=e ! gate at ! head ( 8 army ) swords drawn & lances 9 re/ to satisfy _! lead]'s t]rible wra?1 wat*$ !m & all[$ !m to pass safe & s\nd out ( respect = ! lett] ( 8 own decree4 ,x 0 an illit]ate p]iod1 a fact express$ by ,vico 9 ! /atem5t t languages aga9 became mute or hi]oglyphic4 ,! common tongues1 ,italian1 ,fr5*1 ,spani% & ,g]man1 7 n writt5 d[n3 only a few ecclesia/ics wrote a b>b>\s ,lat91 & h5ce cl]ic & s*ol> became synonym\s t]ms2 b among ! v prie/s su* ignorance prevail$ t we f9d docum5ts sign$ by bi%ops ) ! sign ( ! cross1 z !y 7 unable to write _! own names4 ,ow+ to ?is paucity ( le>n+ an ,engli% law laid d[n t a man condemn$ to dea? %\ld be repriev$ if he c\ld write1 z a valuable craftsman2 & man ( lett]s z well z cl]ic or cl]k rema9$ a "n = a le>n$ man4 ,h5ce ! value & g5]al employm5t ( family arms to indicate ! own]s ( a h\se1 a tomb1 l& or live/ock1 & ! frequ5cy ) :i* coats-(-arms are f\nd on build+s ( ! "t4 ,) b>b>ism return$ ! pr$om9ance ( v]se ov] prose4 ,! prose ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,lat9 ,*ur*--& ! same is true ( ^? ( ! ,greek--is full ( poetic rhy?ms1 s z to resemble a *ant4 ,! fir/ mod]n lyric poetry 0 religi\s2 & if !re 0 n /rictly a ,*ri/ian religi\s poetry1 ?is 0 because ! subjects ( our !ology transc5d all intellig5ce & imag9ation & cru% ! poetic faculty4 ,poetry & hi/ory 7 once m conf\nd$2 ! romantic poets1 ! h]oic poets ( ! return to b>b>ism1 believ$ _! own /ories to be true1 & ?us ,boi>do & ,ario/o took z subject = _! poems ,turp91 ,bi%op ( ,p>is4 ,& j z ! ,fr5* language1 :5 ow+ to ! fam\s ,p>isian s*ool & ! highly subtle s*ola/ic !ology x pass$ at a /roke f spontaneity to reflection1 pres]v$ pure diph?ongs 9 great numb] :ile adopt+ ab/ract t]ms1 s ! /ory ( ,turp9 surviv$ 9 ,france l a ,hom]ic poem4 ,^! au?ors ( ,lat9 poems conf9$ !mselves entirely to hi/ory1 = in/ance1 ,william ( ,apulia's ,de ge/is ,normannorum 9 ,italia & ,gun!r's ,c>m5 h]oicum de rebus a ,fr$]ico ,b>b>ossa ge/is4 ,! fir/ writ]s 9 ! v]nacul> 7 9 ,italy poets no less ?an 9 ,prov5ce & ,france4 ,a punctili\s virtue l t ( ,a*illes aga9 appe>$1 ! complete morality ( ! duelli/2 h5ce arose ! pr\d laws1 ! l(ty duties & ! v9dictive satisfactions ( ! knight-errants sung by ! romantic poets4 ,does n ,cola di ,ri5zo seem to be a real ,hom]ic "* 9 8 swift outbur/ ( emotion :51 z we read 9 8 life1 :ile speak+ ( ! unhappy /ate ( ,rome he excit$ bo? himself & 8 li/5]s to unre/ra9$ te>s8 ,hyp]bole 0 a common type ( ?\ght1 z 9 *ildr52 = ,i (t5 rememb]1 writes ,vico1 :5 walk+ abroad t ! g5tle slopes :i* unfold !mselves be=e my eyes appe>$ :5 ,i 0 a *ild to be /eep & l(ty m\nta9s4 ,?us 9 ! ,middle ,ages ,rol& & ! o!r palad9s 7 repres5t$ z gigantic 9 /ature3 & images ( div9e be+s1 ! et]nal ,fa!r1 ,*ri/1 or ! ,virg91 pa9t$ or sculptur$1 7 ( colossal dim5sions4 ,b ! human m9d is l l& :i*1 aft] ly+ wa/e = long c5turies1 :5 fir/ cultivat$ be>s crops ( wond]ful quality1 size & abundance4 ,?us at ! close ( b>b>ism 9 ,italy aft] f\r savage & /ormy c5turies1 arose ,dante1 ! ,hom] ( ! second b>b>ism1 j z some:at lat] fl\ri%$ ! delicate v]se ( ,petr>* & ! gallant & graceful prose ( ,boccaccio2 all ?ree incomp>able 9 _! way4 ,& s9ce b>b>ism is1 z we h already indicat$1 tru?ful1 frank1 fai?ful1 g5]\s & magnanim\s by nature1 ,dante puts on ! /age real p]sons & real actions ( ! dead2 & 8 poem is call$ a com$y 9 allusion to ! anci5t com$y :i* foll[$ ! same pr9ciple4 ,x is a poem 9 :i* bo? ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey f9d p>allels2 ! =m] 9 ! ,inf]no1 :]e ,dante employs 8 *ol]ic g5ius & all 8 va/ imag9ation 9 describ+ ! effects ( implacable wra? & recall+ numb]s ( m]ciless puni%m5ts1 a wor?y companion-picture to ! horrid slaught]s ( ,hom] 7^: descriptions ( !m inspire pity 9 u1 b gave no?+ b pleasure to 8 own audi5ce72 ! latt]1 ! ,odyssey1 :i* celebrates ! h]oic endurance ( ,ulysses1 is p>allel$ by ! ,purgatorio1 a spectacle ( sev]e puni%m5ts borne ) immovable pati5ce1 & ! ,p>adiso :]e inf9ite joy is exp]i5c$ ) an inf9ite tranquillity ( m9d4 ,ano!r simil>ity betwe5 ,dante & ,hom] lies 9 ! physiognomy ( ! =m]'s language1 :i* is s v>i$ t "s suppose him to h collect$ x l ,hom] f all ! dialects ( 8 nation2 an op9ion ( sixte5?-c5tury s*ol>s :i* w n /& criticism1 = x is c]ta9 t :5 ,dante us$ !m ^! expressions mu/ h be5 curr5t at ,flor5ce1 & t a lifetime w\ld h be5 insuffici5t to collect !m f ?is side & f t :5 !re 7 no writ]s 9 ! v>i\s dialects4 ,b ! mo/ important resemblance ( ,dante to ,hom] is 9 poetic sublimity4 ,dante is a div9e poet :o to ! delicate imag9ations ( to-day seems r\gh & uncivilis$1 & (t5 %ocks by unwont$ h>monies an e> t has become morbidly s5sitive ?r\gh effem9ate music4 ,b he is receiv$ v diff]5tly by m5 ( sev]e ta/es :o refuse to be satisfi$ ) fl[]s1 ornam5ts & graces4 ,l ,hom] too he is great n 9 esot]ic wisdom b 9 ! vig\r ( 8 imag9ation4 ,dante 0 und\bt$ly a v le>n$ !ologian1 b t 0 8 weakness r ?an 8 /r5g?4 ,if he _h kn[n nei!r ,s*ola/icism nor ,lat91 he w\ld h be5 a /ill great] poet1 & p]haps ! ,tuscan language w\ld h _h :at ,lat9 nev] _h1 a poet :o c\ld 9 ev]y?+ be> comp>ison ) ,hom]4 ,! man :o wrote ?is page ( criticism on ,dante & v9dicat$ him once m aft] c5turies ( anti-,dantesque ta/e 7or m]e ,dantesque gramm> or ,dantesque s*ola/icism7 & v9dicat$ him 9 ! v height ( ! prosp]ity ( ! ,arcadianism s ho/ile to him1 des]v$ to h made ! acqua9tance ( ,william ,%akespe>e g5ius1 :i* he 0 p]haps ! only man alive capable ( und]/&+4 ,b 9 ,italy1 z 9 mo/ c\ntries outside ,engl&1 no?+ 0 kn[n ( ,%akespe> at ?is "t1 & ,vico has only ! vague & belat$ rem>k ab\t him t ! ,engli%1 unt\*$ by ! prevail+ delicacy ( ! c5tury1 took no pleasure 9 trag$ies :i* _h n an elem5t ( atrocity 9 !m1 j z ! e>lie/ ta/e ( ,greek drama 0 = ! abom9able fea/ ( ,?ye/es & ,m$ea's impi\s slaught] ( h] bro!r & *ildr54 ,! t5d5cy t[>ds ,teutonic poetry & lit]ature rema9$ 9 ,vico z we "k an aspiration only2 he 0 unable to get a cle> view ( x h[ev] closely he tri$ to exam9e x2 & :5 he does m5tion x ^u ! /r5g? ( second-h& in=mation1 x is only to say t 9 ! ,g]man nation1 especially 9 ! purely agricultural prov9ce ( ,silesia1 poets arose naturally2 9 8 se>* = an unsophi/icat$ popul> poetry he _h 9 fact /umbl$ )\t realis+ 8 mi/ake ^u ! ,silesian s*ool ( ,h(fmanswaldau & ,lh5/e91 ! ,g]man imitators ( ! ,neapolitan ,m>9o4 ,b ! only value ( ! anecdote is to illu/rate anew ! tricks play$ ^u ,vico by 8 lively fancy4 ,h[ ! _w em]g$ f ! second b>b>ismi & ! feudal con/itution1 ,vico does n say4 ,he does n seem to h fix$ 8 att5tion ^u ! communal movem5t :i* pres5ts s _m analogies ) ! /ruggles ( ! ,roman plebs & ! =mation ( anci5t democracy4 ,he makes game1 "h aga91 ( ^? :o trac$ ! g5esis ( mod]n mon>*ies su* z ! ,fr5* to a simple law l t ( ,tribonian by :i*1 he expla9s ironically1 ! palad9s ( ,france depriv$ !mselves ( _! p[] & conf]r$ x ^u ! k+s ( ! ,capetian dyna/y4 ,he also obs]ves t ! b>onial p[]1 be+ disp]s$ & dissipat$ by reason ( civil w>s 9 :i* !y 7 oblig$ to dep5d ^u ! p1 0 ! m easily ga!r$ up by sov]eign mon>*s2 & t ?us ! obsequium ( vassals to _! b>on pass$ into ! obsequium pr9cipis4 ,b he gives q a special importance to ! r$iscov]y ( ,roman law 7t natural law ( ! ,european nations z ,grotius _h call$ x7 by ! /udies und]tak5 9 ! ,italian univ]sities4 ,m5 ?us le>nt anew ! pr9ciples ( natural equity2 ! nobles & plebeians became equal 9 ! eyes ( civil law z !y are already 9 human nature1 ! secrets ( ! laws pass$ out ( ! h&s ( ! feudatories1 ^: p[] consequ5tly dim9i%$ by degrees1 & ! humane gov]nm5t ( free republics & p]fect mon>*ies came into be+4 ,! reflux ( h]oic society _h n[ und]gone a contr>y reflux2 x 0 no long] possible1 "u ! conditions ( mod]n civilisation1 to recall x to life1 j z x 0 impossible = ! attempts ( ! ,py?agoreans & ,dion ( ,syracuse to re/ore ! anci5t ari/ocracies4 ,! plebeians1 once recognis$ z naturally equals ( ! nobles1 no long] submitt$ to rema9+ inf]ior to !m 9 civil life4 ,& ! few ari/ocratic republics :i* "h & !re surviv$ 9 ,europe 7 compell$ to take inf9ite pa9s & all mann] ( wise measures 9 ord] to keep quiet & cont5t$ ! multitudes :om !y gov]n$4 ,footnote #a3 ,see my preface to ,sorel's ,reflections on ,viol5ce 7,italian tr41 ,b>i1 #aiji74 pp4 xxii-xxvii4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,vico ,,& ,,! ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,contempor>y ,,culture ,hav+ rea*$1 9 8 review ( ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 8 own "t1 a "t ( civilisation spread ov] all nations1 ,vico gives a rapid description ( ! contempor>y _w & !n says no m3 p]haps unsatisfi$1 at any rate unc]ta9 or cauti\s4 ,z he 0 n l$ to emb>k ^u ! ,new ,sci5ce by ! direct call ( political problems1#a at lea/ 9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! phrase1 he nev] desc5ds f ! contemplations ( ! ,new ,sci5ce to3 ! practical life1 ev5 9 ! =m :i* x mo/ usually takes ) a philosoph]1 a "w or %ort treatise criticis+ laws & in/itutions or sugge/+ improvem5ts4 ,ev5 :5 he does dimly conceive ! idea ( a practical aspect ( 8 sci5ce1 he nev] supposes t s f> z he is conc]n$ x c\ld ev] exi/ except )9 ! academies4 ,practical philosophy )9 ! academies1 t is to say1 )9 ! sph]e ( culture1 is h[ev] /ill practical & political2 & x is assur$ly n ! lea/ important bran* ( politics4 ,& a hi/orian or philosoph] c nev] entirely avoid x1 ?\gh he c emphasise x m or less & develop x m or less fully4 ,vico does emphasise & develop x freely4 ,! fir/ expression ( 8 sci5tific life 0 precisely an exam9ation ( mod]n me?ods ( /udy & education z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! anci5ts3 an exam9ation :i* aft] v>i\s attempts & unc]ta9ties 9 8 fir/ discov]ies1 took =m 9 8 ,univ]sity inaugural lecture ( #agjh1 ,de no/ri temporis /udiorum ratione4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>s1 engag$ z he 0 ^u ! ,new ,sci5ce1 he gave no fur!r public demon/ration ( 8 discont5t ) ! prevail+ t5d5cy ( /udies2 b he express$ 8 feel+s on ! subject all ! m (t5 & all ! m /rongly 9 private lett]s1 & did n wi% to pass ov] ! "q 9 8 autobiography4 ,we ne$ n !n inf] 8 polemical attitude f h9ts & *ance phrases ( 8 *ief "w2 s9ce he has himself m ?an once conv]t$ ^! h9ts into explicit /atem5ts & ^! *ance phrases into lead+ propositions4 ,?is polemic occupies two closely-relat$ sph]es correspond+ to ! d\ble aspect ( ! ,new ,sci5ce z a ,philosophy ( ,m9d & a ,g5]alis+ ,sci5ce4 ,"u ! fir/ aspect ,vico _h v9dicat$ ! claims ( imag9ation1 ! imag9ative univ]sal1 probability1 c]titude1 exp]i5ce & au?ority1 & !re=e also ( poetry1 religion1 hi/ory1 obs]vation ( nature1 s*ol>%ip & tradition4 ,"u ! second1 he _h trac$ a s*eme ( ! natural developm5t ( ! m9d bo? 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d & 9 t ( ! individual1 :i* he br+s into con/ant relation ) ! phases ( hi/ory4 ,h5ce 8 exam9ation 0 b\nd to ext5d on ! "o h& to ! m5tal condition ( 8 own "t & on ! o!r to ! way 9 :i* ! education ( *ildr5 & "y p 0 conceiv$ & und]tak54 ,9 bo? sph]es ,vico saw ! same defects2 he 0 met by ! same & intellectualism :i* _h made impossible ! process ( ?\ght & _h mutilat$ & falsifi$ ! tru? ( human hi/ory4 ,on em]g+ f gramm>-s*ools1 boys 7 imm$iately plung$ into logic4 ,! logic /udi$ might be1 accord+ to ! tea*]'s ta/e1 ei!r ! s*ola/ic or m (t5 t compos$ by ,arnauld & call$ ! ,port-,royal ,logic1 itself 9 sub/ance ,ari/otelian & ,s*ola/ic1 b full ( dry judgm5ts conc]n+ ab/ruse subjects 9 advanc$ sci5ces & f> remov$ f common k2 ov]load$ 9 fact ) examples drawn f su* sci5ces4 ,su* a discipl9e 0 meant to make boys critical & to eradicate f _! m9ds n only false1 b ev5 probable & plausible op9ions4 ,z a matt] ( fact x eradicat$ no?+1 s9ce _! m9ds 7 /ill empty or scantily furni%$1 & unable to make any use ( criticism = lack ( matt] to criticise4 ,!y 7 to be taught to judge be=e be+ taught to appreh5d1 an ord] false to ! natural c\rse ( ideas1 :i* are fir/ appreh5d$1 !n judg$1 & f9ally reason$4 ,! result 0 t m9ds educat$ 9 ?is way became arid & unfruitful 9 developm5t1 & believ$ !mselves capable ( judg+ ev]y?+1 :ile able to create no?+4 ,!y rema9$ all _! lives int5sely acute 9 =mal ?9k+1 b incapable ( any great lab\r2 critical1 9 fact1 b /]ile4 ,?is caus$ n only uns\ndness & arrogance ( judgm5t b incapacity 9 practical life1 deal+s ) m51 & civil eloqu5ce1 :i* is f\nd$ less ^u criticism ?an ^u plausibility1 & atta9s its end by mak+ opportune rem>ks1 und]/&+ ! psy*ology ( "o's int]-locutor & act+ 9 a mann] adapt$ to x4 ,vico himself _h suff]$ f ! logico-critical me?od ( education4 ,"o ( 8 fir/ tea*]s1 ! ,jesuit ,del ,balzo1 _h put into 8 h&s ! works ( ! epitomi/ ,paulus ,v5etus3 & 8 m9d1 be+ too weak z yet to cope ) ?is k9d ( ,*rysippean logic1 almo/ broke d[n "u ! /ra92 s t hav+ giv5 up 8 /udies 9 despair x 0 eighte5 mon?s be=e he resum$ !m4 ,he pres]v$ a happi] memory ( 8 y\?ful essays 9 poetry 9 ! wilde/ /yle ( ! ,neapolitan s*ool ( ,m>9o3 a =m ( div]sion1 he says1 almo/ necess>y to ! m9d ( ! "y :5 metaphysic has r5d]$ x too subtle & too rigid 9 precisely ^? ye>s :5 ! ard\r ( y\? ought to lead ! m9d into errors1 s z to save x f becom+ *illy & dry4 ,?is age1 ! b>b>ism ( intellect1 vigor\s 9 imag9ation & also1 ?r\gh ! close connexion t exi/s betwe5 ! two1 9 memory1 requires to be n\ri%$ & ex]cis$ by ! read+ ( poetry1 hi/ory & rhetoric z well z by ! /udy ( languages4 ,! art :i* x ought to le>n is n criticism b topic1 ! true art ( ! +5ium or faculty ( inv5tion4 ,by means ( ?is art *ildr5 acquire mat]ials :i* enable !m to =m s\nd judgm5ts 9 lat] life2 = s\nd judgm5t dep5ds ^u a complete k ( its subject-matt]1 & topic is ! art ( discov]+ ! :ole cont5t ( any giv5 ?+4 ,9 ?is way "y p simply by foll[+ ! c\rse ( nature become at once philosoph]s & good speak]s4 ,"s antidote is d\btless necess>y to ! exub]ance ( ! imag9ation4 ,b ?is mu/ be s\ght 9 l9e> geometry r ?an 9 logic3 = geometry is to "s ext5t pictorial 9 "*1 :ile x /r5g!ns ! memory by ! great numb] ( its elem5ts1 ennobles ! imag9ation by ! delicacy ( its figures & /imulates ! inv5tive faculty by =c+ x to review all ^! figures 9 ord] to *oose ^? suitable to ! demon/ration ( ! quantity requir$4 ,b ! :ole value ( geometry also 0 annull$ by ! me?od !n 9 fav\r ) ! s*ools1 ! algebraic me?od2 :i* l ! s*ola/ic logic numbs all ! vig\r ( y\?ful faculties1 obscures ! imag9ation1 enfeebles ! memory1 & r5d]s ! inv5tive p[] & ! und]/&+ sluggi%2 ?us damag+ ! lib]al arts 9 f\r di/9ct ways1 9 ! k ( languages & hi/ory1 9 inv5tion & 9 prud5ce4 ,m p>ticul>ly algebra is fatal to ! inv5tive faculty1 because 9 us+ ! algebraic me?od "o is consci\s only ( ! imm$iate field ( vision2 x weak5s ! memory because once ! second sign is f\nd ! fir/ ne$ no long] be rememb]$2 x bl9ds ! imag9ation1 because t faculty is n us$ at all2 x de/roys ! und]/&+1 because x lays claim to ! p[] ( div9ation4 ,"y m5 :o h devot$ _! "t to x on proce$+ to deal ) ! affairs ( civil life f9d !mselves1 to _! great grief & remorse1 unfitt$ = su* a life4 ,h5ce1 to make x useful 9 "s degree & to prev5t ^! ill effects1 x %\ld be /udi$ = a %ort "t only at ! close ( ! ma!matical c\rse1 & employ$ only z a means ( abbreviation4 ,! habit ( reason+ is =m$ mu* bett] by metaphysical analysis1 :i* 9 all que/ions beg9s by tak+ tru? 9 ! inf9ity ( be+1 & !n desc5ds by degrees2 ?r\gh ! g5]a ( ! sub/ance1 elim9at+ 9 e species t :i* ! ?+ is n1 till x arrives at ! ultimate diff]5tia con/itut+ ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ we wi% to "k4 ,education z a :ole 0 suff]+ f an excess ( ma!matics & a lack ( concret5ess4 ,z if boys1 on em]g+ f academic life1 7 to ent] a human _w compos$ ( l9es1 numb]s & algebraic symbols1 _! heads 7 cramm$ ) ! magnific5t phrases demon/ration1 demon/rative tru?1 & evid5ce1 & ! rule ( probability 0 condemn$2 ?\gh ?is rule is ! only guide ( /atesm5 9 _! c\nsels1 g5]als 9 _! campaigns1 orators 9 _! treatm5t ( a cause1 judges 9 giv+ a decision1 physicians 9 treat+ bodily diseases1 & morali/ic !ologians 9 treat+ ^? ( ! consci5ce2 ! rule :i* ! _w accepts1 & ^u :i* x re/s 9 all disputes & controv]sies1 9 all measures1 & 9 all elections2 :i* are univ]sally det]m9$ by unanimity or ! majority ( votes4 ,su* an education br$ up an empty & inflat$ g5]ation1 p$antry )\t wisdom & argum5t )\t tru?4 ,! educators !mselves1 t is to say1 ! g5]al atmosph]e ( culture1 resembl$ ?is s*eme ( education4 ,poetry 0 dead4 ,! analytic me?ods _h numb$ 7to repeat once m a ^w :i* ,vico uses ) great frequ5cy & =ce7 all ! g5]osity ( ! bett] poetry4 ,& inde$ ,europe 0 nev] s entirely b>r5 ( all poetic gr[? z x 0 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,italy 0 r$uc$ to ! drama ( ,meta/asio2 ,france _h produc$ no "o to succe$ ,corneille & ,molire2 9 ,spa9 ! national drama1 t great outbur/ ( ! national _s1 0 dead1 & a rationalism imitat+ t ( ,france 0 tak+ its place2 ,engl& seem$ to h entirely =gott5 t %e once gave bir? to ,%akespe>1 & ev5 ,g]many 0 wa/+ h] "t ov] neo-classical imitations4 ,n only did nobody create new poetry1 b nobody want$ x4 ,! philosoph]s1 foll[+ ,desc>tes & ,malebran*e1 _h decl>$ a w> ( ext]m9ation aga9/ all ! faculties ( ! m9d :i* dep5d ^u s5se1 & especially aga9/ ! imag9ation1 :i* !y hat$ z ! s\rce ( e error4 ,!y condemn$ ! poets on ! false pretext t !y told fables1 z if ! fables !y told 7 n ^? et]nal prop]ties ( ! human m9d :i* to ! political philosoph]s1 economi/s & morali/s are ! subject-matt] ( reason+1 & to ! poets t ( repres5tation4 ,! ,c>tesians also us$ _! au?ority to belittle ! /udy ( languages4 ,did n ,desc>tes say t ! k ( ,lat9 0 no great] k ?an 0 possess$ by ,cic]o's s]vant-girl8 ,s]i\s s*ol>%ip 9 ,lat9 & ,greek _h come to an end ) ! writ]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies2 ! /udy ( ori5tal languages 0 conf9$ to ! ,prote/ants2 & ,holl& 0 ! only c\ntry 9 :i* law 0 /ill a subject ( rese>*4 ,! fam\s libr>y ( ,valletta at ,naples1 ri* 9 ! f9e/ editions ( ,greek & ,lat9 works1 0 g5]\sly b\ght by ! fa!rs ( ! ,oratory1 b = less ?an half its orig9al value ow+ to ! depreciation ( books4 ,9 ,france ! libr>y ( ,c>d9al ,dubois f\nd no pur*as] & 0 sold 9 small lots4 ,pr9ces no long] lov$ good ,lat91 & none ( !m ?\ght ( pres]v+ to po/]ity by ! p5 ( pure ,lat9 s*ol>%ip ev5 an ev5t s weighty z ! ,w> ( ! ,spani% ,succession1 comp>able only to ! second ,punic w>4 ,new me?ods 7 9 great fav\r3 b none ( ^! c\ld po9t to new facts discov]$ by _! help4 ,new =mulae1 old facts2 & in/ead ( facts1 a futile hope ( atta9+ univ]sal k 9 ! %orte/ "t & ) ! smalle/ ef=t4 ,civil & political le>n+ 0 neglect$ = physical sci5ce1 & physical sci5ce = ma!matical2 exp]i5ce 0 almo/ ignor$2 ! inv5tive ?\ght ( ! previ\s c5tury all b entirely exhau/$4 ,scepticism1 ! result ( ! ,c>tesian me?od1 invad$ ! field ( k4 ,! :ole ( ,europe 0 dur+ ?is p]iod /ill "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,fr5* language1 a language :i* diff]s f ! ,italian 9 its ho/ility to poetry & eloqu5ce2 ri*1 says ,vico1 9 t]ms ( sub/ance1 & consequ5tly1 s9ce sub/ance is a brutal & immobile ?+ & does n admit ( comp>isons1 incapable ( giv+ col\r1 amplitude or weight to its /atem5ts2 x resi/s inv]sion & is b>r5 ( metaphor4 ,! ,fr5* h no p]iods b only memb]s ( p]iods3 _! prosody has no v]se bett] ?an ! s-call$ ,alex&r9e1 a sy/em ( c\plets m ?9 & lifeless ?an ! elegiac3 & _! words admit ( no acc5t except ^? on ! la/ two syllables4 ,fr5* is a language incapable ( ! sublime1 b well adapt$ to ! petty3 ow+ to its abundance ( t]ms ( sub/ance or ab/ract t]ms x is adapt$ also to ! didactic /yle1 & in/ead ( eloqu5ce x (f]s esprit4 ,x 0 n unfitt+ t criticism & analysis orig9at$ 9 ,france & made use ( ! ,fr5* tongue4 ,! only possession ( value :i* grew up day by day 9 all ?is pov]ty 0 ! ab/racts1 ! encyclopa$ias1 ! diction>ies ( sci5ce :i* bore ! names ( su* m5 z ,bayle1 ,h(fmann & ,mor]i3 ! idle/ & mo/ casual me?od ( le>n+ t c\ld possibly be devis$4 ,! g5ius ( ! age 0 m drawn t[>ds exp\nd+ second-h& k 9 an abbreviat$ =m ?an t[>ds attempt+ to enl>ge its b\nds4 ,t seem$ impossible3 s m5 w5t on compil+ diction>ies ( ma!matics4 ,e "o felt a ?ir/ = *eap sci5ce4 ,to be ?\ght good1 a book mu/ be cle> & simple1 capable ( be+ discuss$ ) ladies z a pa/ime2 if x dem&$ wide & copi\s erudition ( ! read]1 & =c$ ^u him ! unpleasant ex]cise ( ?\ght & syn!sis1 x 0 condemn$ z un9telligible4 ,^! diction>ies & ab/racts recall$ to ,vico's m9d ! simil> products ( ! ,greek decad5ce1 ! an?ologies1 lexicons & encyclopa$ias ( ,suidas1 ,/obaeus & ,photius4 ,! :ole culture ( 8 "t seem$ to him to be repeat+ ! d[nfall ( ,greek sci5ce1 exhau/+ itself 9 a metaphysic ei!r useless or h>mful to civilisation & a ma!matics engag$ 9 inve/igat+ quantities intangible by rule & compass1 & incapable ( application4 ,l o!rs among ! be/ m9ds ( 8 c\ntry he 0 p]suad$ t ! republic ( lett]s 0 approa*+ dissolution1 if ! div9e provid5ce fail$ by "o ( its innum]able secret pa?s to infuse new vig\r into x4 ,:]e 0 n[ ! wise man1 ! real sapi5s :om ,vico _h f\nd 9 hi/ory1 fir/ 9 ! b>b>ic figure ( ! !ologian-poet1 !n 9 ! civilis$ & rational figure ( ,greek philosoph] & ,roman juri/1 ! man :om = to-day he hop$ to f9d 9 ! ma/] ( eloqu5ce l himself1 call$ to give unity1 life & p[] to all k8 ,wisdom is inde$ n ?is or t sci5ce1 nor yet ! sum total ( sci5ce2 x is ! faculty :i* rules ov] all /udies & by :i* all ! sci5ces & arts t g to make humanity are acquir$4 ,& s9ce man is bo? ?\ght & _s1 intellect & w1 x mu/ satisfy bo? ^! sides ( man1 ! second z a result ( ! fir/3 x mu/ tea* ! k ( div9e ?+s1 to br+ to p]fection ?+s human4 ,! wise man is man 9 8 totality & entirety1 ! :ole man4 ,! ideal is no d\bt l(ty1 & ! criticism ^u ! educational me?od & t5d5cies ( ?\ght curr5t 9 8 age are1 no d\bt1 p]fectly j4 ,& yet among all ^! admirable tru?s1 f> 9 advance ( ! eighte5? c5tury z !y are1 we feel 9 ,vico ! educationali/ & critic some?+ ( ! reaction>y4 ,we feel t1 9 8 exclusive c>e = ! fate ( ! highe/ & mo/ au/]e sci5ce & 8 exclusive att5tion to ! mo/ complete =m ( human life1 he fail$ to grasp ! revolution>y importance ( ?is scepticism or rationalism1 ?is rebellion aga9/ ! pa/1 ! necess>y weapon ( a w>f>e aga9/ k+s1 nobles & prie/s2 ( ^! ab/racts & diction>ies :i* 7 to develop into ! ,encyclopa$ia2 ( ?is popul> sci5ce1 ! =]unn] ( j\rnalism1 & ^! booklets = ! use ( ladies 9 fa%ionable conv]sation :i* 7 ! n\ri%m5t ( ! eighte5?-c5tury salons & prep>$ m5's m9ds = ! radicalism ( ! ,jacob9s4 ,we feel 9 him "h z 9 8 philosophical sy/em1 ! ,ca?olic *a9$ to ! philosoph]1 ! ,*ri/ian pessimi/ weigh+ d[n ! dialectic ( imman5ce4 ,unable to realise 8 adv]s>ies' progress1 he does n compreh5d _! real nature z l[] ?an himself1 b yet con/itut+ /eps lead+ up to himself1 /eps :i* he ought to h trav]s$ 9 ord] to atta9 a tru] und]/&+ & grasp ( himself4 ,8 polemical attitude t[>ds ! culture ( 8 "t completes & confirms ! analysis already giv5 ( ! m]its & defects ( 8 philosophy4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,conclusion3 ,,vico ,,& ,,! ,,lat] ,,developm5ts ,,( ,,philosophical ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,?\ght ,! read] ne$ n expect t hav+ br\ght our exposition to a close we %all add a v]dict ^u ,vico's "w1 or :at is kn[n z an appreciation ( x4 ,if ! v]dict has n already em]g$ z a result ( ! exposition itself1 or z id5tical ) x1 if description & criticism h be5 n "o & same1 ! fault lies ei!r ) ourselves or ) ! read]'s lack ( att5tion2 & 9 ei!r case x _c n[ be repair$ by ornam5tal additions or r$undant repetitions4 ,we confess also t we feel no sympa?y ) ! *apt]s commonly plac$ at ! conclusion ( critical works ^u philosoph]s & n>rat+ ! lat] hi/ory ( _! ideas4 ,= if ^! ideas are und]/ood 9 an extr9sic s5se1 9 _! influ5ce ^u society & culture1 su* a review may inde$ h a value ( its own1#a b is =eign to ! hi/ory ( philosophy prop]ly s call$3 if on ! o!r h& !y are consid]$ z real & liv+ philosophical ideas1 _! lat] hi/ory am\nts to nei!r m nor less ?an ! hi/ory ( subsequ5t philosophy1 & !re is no reason = app5d+ x to a /udy ( "o philosoph] r ?an ano!r4 ,any o!r me?od implies ! uncritical !ory t ideas are some?+ solid & cry/allis$1 l preci\s /ones h&$ on f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 ^: %ape & glitt] c always be recognis$ unalt]$ 9 ! new diadems !y compose & ! new br[s !y adorn4 ,b 9 reality ideas are no?+ b ! unremitt+ ?\ght ( man1 & transmission = !m is no?+ less ?an trans=mation4 ,x is nev]!less a fact t no "o has writt5 on ,vico )\t feel+ a ne$ ( ca/+ 8 eyes ov] lat] ye>s & not+ ! resemblances & analogies betwe5 ! ,neapolitan philosoph]'s doctr9es & ^? ( fifty or a hundr$ ye>s aft]4 ,& fur!r1 we ourselves1 9 spite ( ! antipa?y we admitt$ly feel1 & ! me?odical crit]ia we pr(ess$ly employ1 yet recognise n[ ! same necessity4 ,:y is ?is8 ,because ,vico 9 8 own day pass$ = an ecc5tric & liv$ z a recluse2 because ! lat] developm5t ( ?\ght 0 almo/ entirely unt\*$ by 8 direct influ5ce2 because ev5 to-day1 ?\gh well en\gh kn[n 9 c]ta9 re/rict$ circles1 he has n tak5 ! place he des]ves 9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,h[ !n c we %[ ! mann] 9 :i* 8 doctr9es1 true or false1 respond to ! deepe/ ne$s ( ! m9d1 m simply ?an by record+ ! simil>ity ( ! ideas & attempts :i* lat] appe>$ 9 su* pr(usion & int5sity z to /amp _! individuality ^u ! philosophical & hi/orical lab\rs ( a :ole c5tury8 ,& ev5 if aft] our intr9sic exam9ation ( 8 ?\ght ?is comp>ison ) ! facts ( lat] hi/ory seems unnecess>y1 x w at lea/ be grant$ t if our disc\rse l any o!r mu/ h its rhetorical conclusion1 no p]oration occurs m naturally ?an "o consi/+ 9 a rapid review ( subsequ5t philosophy & philology & emphasis+ _! po9ts ( contact ) ! ?\ght ( ,vico4 ,we might ev5 adopt ! me?od by :i* he comp>es ! second b>b>ism ) ! fir/1 & pres5t ! lat] hi/ory ( ?\ght z a reflux ( ,vico's ideas4 ,9 ! fir/ place 8 criticism ( ,desc>tes' imm$iate k recurs1 toge!r ) 8 conv]sion ( ! true ) ! creat$1 9 ! speculative movem5t beg9n+ ) ,kant & ,hegel & culm9at+ 9 ! doctr9e ( ! id5tity ( tru? & reality1 ?\ght & exi/5ce4 ,8 unity ( philosophy & philology recurs 9 ! v9dication ( hi/ory aga9/ ! scepticism & intellectualism ( ! eighte5? c5tury due to ,c>tesianism2 9 ! priori syn!sis ( ,kant :i* reconciles ! real & ! ideal1 exp]i5ce & ! categories2 & 9 ! hi/orical philosophy ( ,hegel1 ! greate/ expon5t ( n9ete5?-c5tury hi/orical t5d5cies4 ,?is unity ( philosophy & philology1 a unity ) ,vico sometimes confus$ & impure 9 me?od1 recurr$ 9 its faulty aspects also 9 ! ,hegelian s*ool2 s t ?is m5tal t5d5cy might ) ju/ice be entitl$ ,vicianism4 ,! limitation :i* ,vico tri$ to impose on ! value ( ma!matics & exact sci5ce recurr$1 z did 8 criticism ( ! ma!matical & naturali/ic conception ( philosophy1 9 ,jacobi's critique ( ,sp9ozi/ic det]m9ism & ,hegel's ( ! ab/ract intellect2 & 9 ! case ( ma!matics 9 p>ticul> ,dugald ,/ew>t & o!rs recognis$ t its validity lay n 9 ! po/ulates b 9 ! def9itions1 & ! fictions ( :i* ,vico speaks reappe> 9 ! mod]n t]m9ology ( ! philosophy ( ^! sci5ces4 ,8 poetical logic or sci5ce ( ! imag9ation passes into ,ae/hetic1 s ard5tly /udi$ by ! philosoph]s1 lit]>y m5 & arti/s ( ,g]many 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 br\ght by ,kant into great prom95ce by 8 criticism ( ! ,leibnitian doctr9e ( intuition z confus$ conception1 & fur!r advanc$ by ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 :o place art among ! pure =ms ( ! m9d & s approa* ! position ( ,vico4 ,romanticism too1 especially 9 ,g]many b also m or less 9 o!r c\ntries1 0 ,vician1 emphasis+ z x did ! orig9al function ( ! imag9ation4 ,8 doctr9es ( language recurr$ :5 ,h]d] & ,humboldt treat$ x n intellectuali/ically z an artificial sy/em ( symbols1 b z a free & poetic creation ( ! m9d4 ,! !ory ( religion & my?ology ab&on$ ! hypo!ses ( allegory & deception1 & ) ,david ,hume recognis$ t religion is a natural fact1 correspond+ to ! beg9n+s ( human life 9 its passionate & imag9ative /ate2 ) ,heyne1 t my?ology is symbolic spee*1 a product n ( arbitr>y inv5tion b ( necessity & pov]ty1 ( ! lack ( words1 :i* f9ds expression 9 comp>isons ) ?+s already kn[n 7p] r]um iam tum not>um similitud9es72 & ) ,ottfri$ ,mll]1 t x is impossible to und]/& my?ology )\t ent]+ into ! v he>t ( ! human s\l1 :]e we may see its necessity & spontaneity4 ,religion 0 reg>d$ no long] z some?+ extrane\s or ho/ile to philosophy1 z a piece ( /upidity or ( deception practis$ by ! unscrupul\s ^u ! simple1 b accord+ to ,vico's own doctr9e z a rudim5t>y philosophy2 s t ! :ole cont5t ( reason$ metaphysic 0 already to a c]ta9 ext5t implicit 9 poetical or religi\s metaphysic4 ,simil>ly1 poetry & hi/ory 7 no long] kept di/9ct or set face to face to de/roy ea* o!r2 & z "o ( ! great inspir]s ( ! new ,g]man lit]ature1 ,hamann 7:o 9 _m ways resembles ,vico 9 t5d5cy1 ?\gh unequal to him 9 m5tal p[]71 _h already =ese5 :5 he utt]$ ! w>n+1 if our poetry is wor?less1 our hi/ory w become lean] ?an ,ph>aoh's k9e1 a brea? ( poetry reviv$ ! hi/orical /udy ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 once col\rless1 x became picturesque3 once frigid1 x rega9$ w>m? & life4 ,! criticism ( ,hobbes' & ,locke's utilit>ianism1 & ! affirmation ( ! moral consci\sness z a spontane\s s5se ( %ame & a judgm5t entirely free f reflection reappe>$ 9 full panoply ) ! ,critique ( ! ,practical ,reason2 & t ( _! social atomism & consequ5t contractualism 9 ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,"r4 ,! lib]ty ( consci5ce & religi\s indiff]5tism pr(ess$ & inculcat$ by ! publici/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7 negat$ z a philosophical doctr9e2 & a nation )\t ,god seem$ to ,hegel1 z x did to ,vico1 a ph5om5on n to be f\nd 9 hi/ory & exi/+ only 9 ! gossip ( travell]s 9 unkn[n or little-kn[n l&s4 ,c>ry+ on ! "w ( ! ,re=mation1 :i* ,vico c\ld nei!r grasp nor truly appreciate1 ! ideali/ic philosophy ( ,g]many aim$ n at ext]m9at+ religion1 b at ref9+ x1 & at giv+ philosophy itself ! spiritual value ( religion4 ,! c]titude1 ! h>d c]titude :i* ,vico di/+ui%$ f tru? 9 ! sph]e ( law1 =m$ ! subject ( ?\ght f ,?omasius to ,kant & ,fi*te & s on to ! mo/ rec5t writ]s1 :o h s\ght ev5 if !y h nev] f\nd ! di/9ctive crit]ion ( ! two =ms2 all or ne>ly all %[ a vivid consci\sness ( :at is call$ con/ra9t or compulsion1 a fact :i* _h be5 almo/ =gott5 9 ! old sup]ficial & rhetorical moral !ory4 ,! hi/orical s*ool ( law1 9 its reaction aga9/ ! ab/ract revolution>y & re=matory t5d5cies ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 b\nd to recall ,vico's polemic aga9/ ! ,platonic or ,grotian !ory ( an ideal republic or a natural law above & outside hi/ory & s]v+ z a /&>d = hi/ory1 & to recognise ) ,vico t law is correlative to ! :ole social life ( a p at a giv5 mom5t ( its hi/ory & capable ( be+ judg$ only 9 relation to x2 a liv+ & pla/ic reality1 9 a cont9ual process ( *ange l t ( language4 ,f9ally1 ,vico's provid5ce1 ! rationality & objectivity ( hi/ory1 :i* obeys a logic diff]5t f t attribut$ to x by ! fancies & illusions ( ! individual1 acquires a m prosaic "n1 b )\t *ang+ its nature1 9 ! cunn+ ( ! reason =mulat$ by ,hegel3 x appe>$ aga91 +5i\sly b p]v]sely treat$1 9 ,s*op5hau]'s cunn+ ( ! species1 & aga91 treat$ ) little +5uity on a purely psy*ological me?od1 9 ,wundt's s-call$ law ( ! het]og5esis ( ends4 ,almo/ all ! lead+ doctr9es ( n9ete5?-c5tury idealism1 we h se51 may be reg>d$ z refluxes ( ,vician doctr9es4 ,almo/ all2 = !re is "o ( :i* we f9d 9 ,vico n ! premonition b ! necessity1 n a tempor>y fill+ b a gap to be fill$4 ,"h ! n9ete5? c5tury is no long] a reflux (1 b an advance ^u ,vico2 & discordant voices ( w>n+ or reproa* rise up aga9/ him4 ,8 di/9ction ( ! two worlds ( m9d & nature1 to bo? ( :i* ! crit]ion ( 8 !ory ( k1 ! conv]sion ( ! tru? ) ! ?+ creat$1 0 applicable1 b applicable to ! =m] by man himself because t _w is a _w creat$ by man1 & !re=e kn[able by him1 to ! second by ,god ! ,creator1 s t ?is _w is unkn[able by man2 ?is di/9ction 0 n accept$ by ! new philosophy1 :i*1 m ,vician ?an ,vico1 made ! demigod ,man into a ,god1 lift$ human ?\ght to ! level ( univ]sal m9d or ! idea1 spiritualis$ or idealis$ nature1 & tri$ to und]/& x speculatively 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,nature z itself a product ( m9d4 ,z soon z ! la/ remnant ( transc5d5ce 0 9 ?is way de/roy$1 ! concept ( progress ov]look$ by ,vico & grasp$ & affirm$ to "s ext5t by ! ,c>tesians & _! eighte5?-c5tury foll[]s 9 _! sup]ficial & rationali/ic mann] %one out 9 its full spl5d\r4 ,b if 9 ?is po9t ,vico _c /& ! comp>ison ) lat] philosophy1 ! failure is amply aton$ by ! full agreem5t betwe5 8 hi/orical discov]ies & ! criticism & rese>* ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,above all1 he agrees ) 8 successors 9 8 rules ( me?od1 8 scepticism z reg>ds ! n>rative ( anci5t hi/orians1 8 recognition ( ! sup]iority ( docum5ts & monum5ts ov] n>rative1 8 inve/igation ( language z a /ore-h\se ( primitive beliefs & cu/oms1 8 social int]pretation ( my?ology1 8 emphasis on spontane\s developm5t r ?an ext]nal communication ( civilisation1 8 c>e n to int]pret primitive psy*ology 9 ! light ( mod]n psy*ology2 & s on4 ,9 8 actual solutions ( hi/orical problems he also agrees ) lat] hi/orians4 ,^! re/at$ ! ar*aic & b>b>ic "* ( primitive ,greek & ,roman civilisation1 & ! ari/ocratic & feudal t5d5cy ( its political con/itution3 !y took up ! view ( anci5t legal c]emonial z a dramatic poem conta9+ allusions to ! actions ( fight+3 ! trans=mation ( ! ,roman h]oes into h]oes ( democracy came to an end ) ! ,jacob9s 9 ,france & _! imitators 9 ,italy & else:]e2 ,hom] 0 consid]$ great 9 proportion to 8 rugg$ness2 ! hi/ory ( ,rome 0 recon/ruct$ *iefly on ! basis ( ,roman law1 & ! names ( ! sev5 k+s appe>$ z symbols ( in/itutions & ! traditional orig9 ( ,rome z a late inv5tion d]iv$ f ,greece or f ,greek models3 ! sub/ance ( ?is hi/ory 0 se5 to consi/ 9 ! economic & juridical /ruggle betwe5 patriciate & plebs1 & ! plebs 0 d]iv$ f ! famuli or cli5ts3 ! /ruggle ( ! classes1 :i* ,vico 0 ! fir/ to illum9ate cle>ly1 0 recognis$ z a crit]ion ( wide application to ! hi/ory ( all "t & s]v+ z an explanation ( ! mo/ sweep+ social revolutions3 ! ,middle ,ages1 especially dur+ ! ,re/oration :i* foll[$ ! ,napoleonic p]iod1 ex]cis$ a p[]ful appeal to s5tim5t & influ5ce on ?\ght1 be+ admir$ & regrett$ z ! anti!sis ( ! rationali/ic b\rgeois society1 & und]/ood 9 consequ5ce z ! religi\s1 ari/ocratic & poetical p]iod discov]$ by ,vico1 ! y\? ( mod]n ,europe4 ,?us ,italy r$iscov]$ ! greatness ( h] own ,dante1 & ! criticism ( t poet :i* ,vico _h initiat$ 0 c>ri$ to completion by ,de ,sanctis4 ,9 ! same way1 ,niebuhr & ,momms5 br\ght to maturity 8 view ( ,roman hi/ory2 ,wolf1 8 !ory ( ,hom]2 ,heyne1 ,mll] & ,ba*h(51 8 int]pretation ( my?ology2 ,grimm & o!r philologi/s 8 project$ recon/ruction ( anci5t life by means ( etymology2 ,savigny & ! hi/orical s*ool1 8 /udy ( ! spontane\s developm5t ( law1 & 8 pref]5ce = cu/om r ?an /atute & code3 ,?i]ry & ,fu/el de ,c\langes 9 ,france1 ,troya 9 ,italy & a ho/ ( s*ol>s 9 ,g]many 8 conception ( ! ,middle ,ages & ( feudalism3 ,m>x & ,sorel 8 idea ( ! /ruggle ( classes & ! rejuv5ation ( society by a return to a primitive /ate ( m9d & a new b>b>ism3 & la/ly ! sup]man ( ,nietzs*e recalls 9 "s degree ,vico's h]o4 ,^! are m]ely a few names pick$ )\t c>e & almo/ at r&om2 = to m5tion all1 & ea* 9 8 "r place1 w\ld mean writ+ ! :ole hi/ory ( ! late/ phase ( ,european ?\ght1 a hi/ory :i* is n yet f9i%$1 ?\gh x has und]gone1 "u ! "n ( positivism1 a p>5!tical recurr5ce ( ! ab/ract & mat]iali/ic ?\ght ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 a p>5!sis :i* n[ h[ev] seems to be at an end4 ,^! innum]able reappe>ances ( ! "w ( an individual 9 ! "w ( sev]al g5]ations1 ?is p>allelism betwe5 a man & a c5tury1 ju/ify a fanciful phrase ) :i* we might draw f ! lat] developm5ts 9 ord] to describe ,vico2 namely t he is nei!r m nor less ?an ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 g]m4 ,! description may s]ve to summ>ise our recon/ruction & exposition ( 8 doctr9es1 & to contribute t[>ds a "r und]/&+ ( 8 place 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n philosophy4 ,he may rightly be plac$ side by side ) ,leibniz1 ) :om he has s (t5 be5 comp>$2 b n1 z has be5 believ$1 because ( any resemblance 7! comp>isons made 9 ?is belief h be5 %[n to be false or sup]ficial7 b precisely because he is unlike him & 9 fact 8 v opposite4 ,leibniz is ,c>tesianism rais$ to its highe/ p[]2 an intellectuali/1 9 spite ( ! petites p]ceptions & ! confus$ k2 a me*anici/1 9 spite ( 8 dynamism1 :i* p]haps exi/s 9 8 fancy r ?an 9 8 actual ?\ght2 ho/ile to hi/ory1 9 spite ( 8 imm5se hi/orical erudition2 bl9d to any k ( ! true nature ( language1 ?\gh deeply int]e/$ 9 language all 8 life2 devoid ( dialectic1 9 spite ( 8 attempt to expla9 ! evil 9 ! univ]se4 ,9 relation to lat] idealism1 ! ,leibnitian philosophy /&s z ! mo/ complete expression ( ! old metaphysic :i* _h to be transc5d$3 t ( ,vico is ! sket* ( ! new metaphysic1 only ne$+ fur!r developm5t & det]m9ation4 ,! "o spoke to 8 own c5tury1 & 8 c5tury cr[d$ r\nd him & e*o$ 8 words f> & wide4 ,! o!r spoke to a c5tury yet to come2 & ! place 9 :i* he cri$ 0 a wild]ness t gave no answ]4 ,b ! cr[d & ! wild]ness add no?+ to & take no?+ f ! intr9sic "* ( a ?\ght4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,i ,,on ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,"* ,,( ,g4 ,b4 ,,vico#a ,i ,! trans=mation1 half rhetorical1 half my?ical1 :i* ! heat ( ! national reawak5+ effect$ 9 poets1 philosoph]s1 & almo/ e "* ( any importance 9 ,italian hi/ory1 repres5t+ !m z patriots1 lib]als1 & 9 op5 rebellion or secret revolt aga9/ ! ?rone & ! alt>1 tri$ = a "t to t\* ) its magic w& & to "w its w ^u ,giambatti/a ,vico4 ,x 0 said1 among o!r ?+s1 t ,vico1 consci\s ( ! sev]e bl[ dealt by 8 ?\ght to ! traditional beliefs ( religion1 & w>n$ by 8 fri5ds1 took pa9s to plunge ! ,new ,sci5ce into su* obscurity t only ! f9e/ intellects c\ld p]ceive its t5d5cies4 ,b ?\gh ?is leg5d1 en]getically spread z x 0 by ! patriots & republicans ( #agii1 0 believ$ "h & !re1 x c\ld n long /& out aga9/ criticism or ev5 aga9/ common s5se2 & ,cataldo ,iannelli 0 "r to pass ov] x ) a few words ( contemptu\s irony4#b ,x is c]ta9 f an objective po9t ( view t ,vico's doctr9es implicitly conta9$ a criticism ( ,*ri/ian transc5d5ce & !ology z well z ( ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,f ! subjective po9t ( view x may be t ,vico dur+ 8 y\? 7( :i* we "k v little7 0 ! victim ( religi\s d\bts4 ,su* d\bts may h be5 sugge/$ to him n only by 8 read+1 b by ! society ( "y m5 ( 8 own age1 among :om lib]t9es1 or z contempor>y lit]ature /ill call$ !m epicureans or a!i/s1 7 n uncommon4#c ,9 a lett] ( #agbj to ,fa!r ,giac*i1 he says t at ,naples ! weaknesses & errors dat+ f 8 e>ly y\? are rememb]$ aga9/ him1 & t ^!1 fix$ 9 ! memory1 became z (t5 happ5s et]nal crit]ia = ! judgm5t ( ev]y?+ beautiful & complete :i* he subsequ5tly succe$$ 9 do+4#d ,:at c ^! errors & weaknesses h be58 ,aga9 :5 ! ,de univ]si iuris uno pr9cipio et f9e uno appe>$1 or r ! ,synopsis :i* ann\nc$ its programme1 ! fir/ voices :i* ,vico he>d rais$ aga9/ him 7 t+$ ) an assum$ piety4 ,he f\nd protection & consolation 9 ! face ( su* criticism 9 religion itself1 t is to say 9 ! approval ( ,giac*i1 ! lead+ light ( ! /ricte/ & mo/ holy ord] ( religi\s4#e ,b j z we possess no detail$ in=mation z to ! criticisms levell$ aga9/ him on ?is head1 s we h no c]ta9 k ev5 ( ! mo/ g5]al k9d z to ! religi\s d\bts t may h tr\bl$ him4 ,all ,vico's writ+s %[ ! ,ca?olic religion e/abli%$ 9 8 he>t1 grave1 solid & immovable z a pill> ( adamant2 s solid & s /rong t x rema9$ absolutely unt\*$ by ! criticism ( my?ology inaugurat$ by himself4 ,nor 0 ,vico an irreproa*able ,ca?olic 9 ext]nal demon/ration only4 ,he n only submitt$ e ^w he ev] pr9t$ to ! d\ble c5sor%ip1 public & private1 ( ecclesia/ical fri5ds1 & l$ 8 life z a philosoph] & writ] among prie/ly ve/m5ts & mona/ic c[ls no less ?an among legal g[ns2 he 0 ev5 scrupul\s en\gh to desi/ f 8 comm5t>y on ,grotius1 ?9k+ x unseemly t a ,ca?olic %\ld annotate a ,prote/ant writ]2#f & s delicate 0 8 s5se ( ,ca?olic hon\r t he refus$ to admit polemic ^u matt]s ( religi\s feel+4 ,z to ?is difficulty1 he says to 8 critics ( ! ,giornale dei lett]ati1 l t :i* y prop\nd to me conc]n+ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 :]e x appe>s t y h 9 h& sev5 di/9ct argum5ts1 if !y _h n be5 prep>$ = me by y1 ,i %\ld judge t !y g deep] & p5etrate to a region :i* is n only protect$ & secur$ by my life & conduct1 b :i* to def5d is to outrage4 ,b let u return to our subject4#g ,8 ,ca?olicism 0 unta9t$ by ! sup]/ition s g5]al & s deeply root$ at ! "t1 especially at ,naples1 :]e ,/4 ,janu>ius int]v5$ z an actor & director 9 e ev5t ( public & private life4 ,x 0 ! ,ca?olicism ( a l(ty s\l & m9d1 n ! fai? ( a *>coal-burn]4 ,b ,vico nev] assum$ ! "p ( c5sor ( sup]/itions4 ,he 0 cont5t ) n speak+ ( !m1 z "o keeps sil5ce conc]n+ ! fail+s ( p]sons or in/itutions :i* comm& "o's respect4 ,footnote #a3 ,s9ce ! prec$+ portions ( ?is "w are /rictly conf9$ to ! analysis ( ,vico's philosophy & give no in=mation z to 8 life & p]sonal "*1 ! read] w n be displeas$ to f9d 9 ?is app5dix a lecture deliv]$ by myself ^u ! latt] subject be=e ! ,neapolitan ,societ di /oria patria on ,april #ad1 #aiji1 & lat] writt5 d[n & publi%$ 9 ! ,flor5ce ,voce7#a/ ye>1 ,no4 #dc1 ,octob] #g1 #aiji74 ,i add = conv5i5ce ( memory t ,vico 0 born at ,naples on ,june #bc1 #affh 7n #afgj z he says 9 8 autobiography71 & di$ on ,janu>y #bc 7n #bj z all 8 biograph]s say71 #agdd3 ! new edition ( ! ,autobiografia1 c>teggio e poesie v>ie 7,b>i1 ,lat]za1 #aiaa71 pp4 #aja1 #abc1 #abd4 ,footnote #b3 ,see = ! :ole "q ,croce1 ,bibliografia vi*iana1 pp4 #ia-e4 ,footnote #c3 ,9 ! ,giornali ( ,confuorto 7,,mss4 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,neapolitan ,hi/orical ,soc4 xx4 c4 #bb1 vol4 iii4 f4 #aaa7 "u ,augu/ #afib1 we f9d c]ta9 civil p]sons 7 imprison$ 9 ! prisons ( ,/4 ,dom9ic by ! tribunal ( ! ,holy ,(fice2 among !m ! doctor ,giac9to de ,cri/(>o1 son ( ! doctor ,b]n>do2 _m o!rs escap$1 memb]s ( ! ,epicurean or ,a!i/ sect1 :o believe ! s\l to p]i% ) ! body4 ,?is ,de ,cri/(>o is ! fam\s ,neapolitan ma!matician & jurisconsult1 = :om see ,f4 ,amodeo1 ,vita matematica napoletana1 "p iii4 7,naples1 ,giann9i1 #aije71 pp4 #ca-dd2 he 0 ,vico's fri5d4 ,= o!r notices ( ! ,epicureans at ,naples at ?is "t see ,c>ducci1 ,op]e1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bce-f4 ,footnote #d3 ,lett] ( ,octob] #ab1 #agbj4 ,footnote #e3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #f3 ,autobiografia1 9 ,op]e1 ed4 ,f]r>i1 #bnd ed4 iv4 p4 #cfg4 ,footnote #g3 ,! subject is !re=e n ! religi\s objections1 :i* he reg>d$ z a p]sonal insult 7,ripo/a al ,giornale dei lett]ati1 9 ,opp4 ii4 p4 #afj74 ,,ii ,vico's attitude t[>ds social & political life resembles 9 m ?an "o respect 8 attitude t[>ds religion4 ,!re is 9 him no trace ( ! mission>y1 ! propag&i/1 ! agitator or ! conspirator z !re 0 9 "s ( ! ,r5aissance philosoph]s1 notably ,giordano ,bruno & ,campanella1 :om al?\gh--p]haps because--a ,neapolitan1 ,vico nev] m5tions4 ,c]ta9ly1 8 age & 8 c\ntry 7 n ! "t or place = h]oes2 !re 0 none ( t rapid social *ange & revolution f :i* h]oes spr+4 ,political p>ties h[ev] 7 active 9 fav\r ( ,au/ria & ,france1 & m5 7 aris+ :o devot$ _! lab\rs & _! lives to "o or o!r ( ^! p>ties1 or 7 p]secut$ & fl$ into exile3 & above all ?is 0 ! p]iod 9 :i* culm9at$ ! /ruggle betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 betwe5 ,naples & ,rome1 9 ! p]son ( ,pietro ,giannone1 a man ( :om ,vico nev] speaks1 j z he nev] m5tions & 9 fact seems to ignore ! entire movem5t4 ,political life roll$ pa/ ov] 8 head1 l ! sky & its />s1 & he nev] wa/$ 8 /r5g? 9 a va9 attempt to rea* x4 ,political & social controv]sy1 l religi\s1 0 outside ! sph]e ( 8 activity4 ,he 0 inde$ a non-political p]son4 ,we _c describe x z a fault or a weakness1 = e "o has 8 limitations2 "o /ruggle excludes ano!r1 & "o lab\r makes o!rs impossible4 ,n t he avoid$ all contact ) political life & its repres5tatives4 ,only too (t5 he 0 compell$ to pay 8 respects to bo?1 9 ! =m ( hi/ories1 spee*es1 v]ses & epigrams 9 ,lat9 & ,italian2 & ^! alone w\ld be suffici5t mat]ial = ! recon/ruction ( ,neapolitan hi/ory 9 all its vicissitudes f ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury to ! middle ( ! eighte5?3 ! ,spani% vic]eg5cy1 ! conspiracy & revolution attempt$ by ! p>tisans ( ,au/ria1 ! reaction & re-e/abli%m5t ( ! ,spani% vic]eg5cy1 ! ,au/rian conque/1 ! ,au/rian vic]eg5cy1 ! ,spani% reconque/ & ! reign ( ,*>les ,b\rbon4 ,b ,vico1 v pliant because ( 8 necessity#h & z pr(essor ( eloqu5ce 9 ! royal univ]sity1 0 compell$ to supply ! lit]>y compositions requir$ by ! solemnities ( ! day1 j z ! drap] suppli$ hang+s & ! pla/]] volutes & arabesques4 ,& :at hang+s & arabesques he produc$6 ,! ,spani% /yle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 /ill pr$om9ant 9 lit]ature2 & ?is fact is alone almo/ en\gh to expla9 ! extravagance & ornat5ess1 z x seems to u1 ( ,vico's flood ( panegyrics4 ,! indiff]5ce & innoc5ce ( 8 own attitude may be illu/rat$ by ! passage 9 8 autobiography :]e aft] m5tion+ ! ,panegyricus ,philippo ,v inscriptus compos$ by himself to ! ord] ( ! ,spani% vic]oy1 ! ,duke ( ,ascalona1 he goes on z if x 0 a m]e no?+1 ) no connexion b a simple soon aft]3 soon aft]1 ?is k+dom hav+ pass$ "u ! rule ( ,au/ria1 ! "l ,c\nt ,wirrigo ( ,daun1 at t "t gov]nor ( ! imp]ial armies 9 ?is c\ntry1 ord]$ me to compose inscriptions = ! expiatory monum5ts to ,guiseppe ,capece & ,c>lo di ,sangro1#i ! two rebels aga9/ ,philip ,v4 execut$ by ! previ\s gov]nm5t "s ye>s be=e 9 ! suppression ( ! conspiracy ( ,mac*ia describ$ by ,vico f ! ,b\rbon po9t ( view 9 8 ,de ,p>!nopea coniuratione4 ,b ?is implies no bas5ess ( "* on ,vico's "p4 ,x mu/ be said t 9 ^! writ+s ( 81 orator & panegyri/ ?\gh he is1 he c nev] be call$ a flatt]]4 ,! flatt]]1 ! man )\t a consci5ce1 reviles & calumniates ! enemies ( ! man he is prais+1 or ev5 /rikes ! conqu]$3 & ?is is s]vility4 ,b ,vico1 :o ?\gh he knew :o ! ,italian or ,neapolitan 0 t s5t to ! ,acta ,lipsi5sia ! note injuri\s to himself1 & might easily h ru9$ him1 s9ce ! note 0 anti-,ca?olic 9 t5d5cy1 g5]\sly refus$ to reveal 8 "n1#aj gave no d\bt 8 s]vices z pr(essor ( eloqu5ce b refra9$ f traffick+ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! patrons :om he prais$4 ,( ! ,life ( ,antonio ,c>afa :i* he compos$ = a commission & m>ri$ "o ( 8 daught]s on ! proce$s1 he says t ! "w 0 temp]$ by hon\r t[>ds ! subject1 rev]5ce t[>ds pr9ces & ! j claims ( tru?4#aa ,& to return to ! case ( ,capece & ,sangro m5tion$ above1 :5 he spoke 9 ! ,de ,p>!nopea coniuratione ( ! dea? ( ^! two enemies to ! triumphant p>ty1 he %[s "h too 9 v>i\s details ! nobility ( 8 _s3 ( ,capece1 :o refus$ to surr5d] to ! ,spani% soldi]s1 he writes expos+ 8 brea/ to dea?1 & dem&+ dea? ) 8 w>like arms1 he fell unrep5tant1 a mo/ valiant mann] ( dea?1 7 x only hon\r$ 9 its cause 7o/5tans pectus neci eamque inf5sis armis efflagitans1 inexoratus occubuit1 =tissimum mortis g5us si causa cohone/asset74 ,( ,sangro too1 hav+ report$ ! rum\r t ,l\is ,,xiv4 s5t him a reprieve :i* arriv$ too late1 he adds3 :5ce ! condemn$ man1 :o _h already suff]$ ! p5alty1 is ! m to be piti$ 7unde maior damnati qui iam po5as p]solv]at1 mis]atio74#ab ,he mu/ h kn[n1 & d\btless did "k1 t mo/ ( ! p]sons ^: praises he compos$ 7 ( v little wor?4 ,to read 8 panegyrics1 "o w\ld suppose t ,naples 0 adorn$ ) a nobility respl5d5t 9 its virtue1 cultivation & le>n+3 & yet1 9 giv+ ,fa!r ,de ,vitry ! in=mation he desir$ ^u ! condition ( /udies 9 ,naples1 ,vico did n conceal ! facts3 ! nobles slumb] amid ! enjoym5ts ( a life ( pleasure4#ac ,8 pupil ,antonio ,g5ovesi has pres]v$ to u "o ( 8 satirical expressions ^u ?is nobility1 (t5 9 extreme pov]ty b always pr\d & ready to g hungry at home 9 ord] to drive abroad 9 coa*es sumptu\sly dress$4#ad ,) ref]5ce to ! lit]>y duke ( ,laur5zano1 he =mulat$ ! !ory t noble writ]s c\ld n fail ( excell5ce3#ae & yet ,i h discov]$ among 8 pap]s ! manuscript ( a book by ?is duke1 rewritt5 f end to end by ! same ,vico4#af ,su* are ! contradictions & ! transactions into :i* a poor man falls :5 ! pressure ( want has made him timid & cauti\s2 s t x is n easy to det]m9e h[ f> 8 admiration 0 m]ely assum$ at comm& or by complaisance1 or h[ f> 8 feel+ ( social inf]iority develop$ into a real admiration = ^? above him 9 ! scale1 :o possess$ ri*es & dignity & ev]y?+ he lack$ & 7 ! seigneurs4 ,footnote #h3 ,opp4 vi4 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #i3 ,autob4 9 ,opp4 iv4 p4 #cid4 ,footnote #aj3 ,lett] ( ,decemb] #d1 #agbi3 9 ,opp4 vi4 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #aa3 ,autob4 9 ,opp4 iv4 p4 #cff4 ,footnote #ab3 ,opp4 i4 pp4 #cfg1 #cfh4 ,footnote #ac3 ,opp4 vi4 p4 #i4 ,footnote #ad3 ,he said t _m ( !m dragg$ _! c>riages ) _! own guts 7,suppl4 alla ,bibl4 vi*4 p4 #aj74 ,footnote #ae3 ,opp4 vi4 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #af3 ,bibl4 vi*4 pp4 #bg-h4 ,,iii ,=1 z is well kn[n1 8 f9ancial /ate 0 always ( ! gloomie/4 ,! son ( a small ,neapolitan booksell]1 he 0 at fir/ compell$ to g z a private tutor to a wild t[n ( ! ,cil5to2 lat]1 return+ to ,naples1 he tri$ 9 va9 to obta9 ! position ( secret>y ( ! city1 & hav+ 9 #afii be5 elect$ to ! *air ( rhetoric1 he held t position = ?irty-six ye>s at an annual /ip5d ( a hundr$ ducats 7#ag74 ,8 attempt to pass to a *air ( great] importance 9 #agbc fail$1 :e!r ow+ to ill-luck or to inability--he recognis$ t he 0 a man ( little _s 9 matt]s ( utility1#ag--;he 0 compell$ to give up hopes ( academic advancem5t4 ,he 0 !re=e oblig$ to eke out 8 res\rces by lit]>y "w su* z we h m5tion$1 & /ill m by private lessons2 he n only kept s*ool at 8 own h\se z well z at ! univ]sity1 b he w5t up & d[n o!r m5's /eps to tea* gramm> to y\?s or ev5 to *ildr54 ,8 family fife 0 n a happy "o4 ,8 wife 0 illit]ate1 & _h n ! qualities ) :i* h] sex sometimes comp5sates ! defect2 %e 0 incapable ( any dome/ic employm5t :atev]1 s t h] husb& _h to take h] place4 ,( 8 *ildr51 "o girl di$ aft] a long illness & ! heavy exp5ses :i* embitt] ! diseases ( ! poor2 "o boy %[$ su* /rong vici\s t5d5cies t ! fa!r 0 compell$ to seek ! int]v5tion ( ! police & place him 9 a h\se ( correction4 ,s sublimely irrational 0 8 fa!rly affection t ^u ?is occasion :5 he saw f ! w9d[ ! police (fic]s he _h call$ 91 com+ to take 8 mis]able & belov$ son away1 he ran to him cry+1 my son1 flee6#ah ,he 0 inde$ ( an extremely affectionate disposition2 a fact :i* may be ga!r$ = in/ance f ! noble & t\*+ spee* he compos$ on ! dea? ( 8 fri5d ,donna ,angela ,cim9i1 f ! tone ( pity & indignation ) :i* 9 ! ,sci5za ,nuova he spoke ( ! oppress$ plebeians ^: hi/ory he is inve/igat+ or ( ! tragic figures ( ,priam & ,polyx5a1 ! romance ( :i* he feels ke5ly2 & f9ally1 f c]ta9 /yli/ic details scatt]$ "h & !re1 su* z ! aphorism 7no4 xl47 :]e he says t wit*es 9 ord] to solemnise _! rites slay )\t pity & cut 9 pieces mo/ lovely & innoc5t *ildr51 q upset1 9 ! mo/ inopportune b significant fa%ion1 by ! fate ( ^! little p]sons1 :om 8 excit$ imag9ation adorns ) a sup]lative lovel9ess4 ,8 greate/ dome/ic happ9ess came f 8 daught] ,luisa1 a cultur$ & poetical s\l1 & 8 son ,g5n>o1 :o %>$ ) him & ultimately succe$$ to 8 *air4 ,:51 9 8 panegyric on ! ,c\ntess ( ,al?ann1 he calls ironically ^u ! philosoph]s :o dispute z !y walk 9 pleasant g>d5s or b5ea? pa9t$ porticoes1 free f ! agony & we>9ess ( wives 9 travail & *ildr5 wa/+ away ) disease1#ai we feel t he is speak+ f 8 own exp]i5ce & sm>t+ "u ! memory ( dome/ic tr\bles4 ,we (t5 meet1 especially 9 ^! days1 ) m5 ( "s tal5t :o consid] !mselves fre$ f ?is or t humble duty3 & we ought ! m to admire ?is man ( g5ius :o on ! contr>y accept$ !m e "o1 & 7to use a phrase ( ,flaub]t's7 :ile ?9k+ ! ?\ght ( a demigod liv$ ! life ( a t[nsman or ev5 t ( a man ( ! p4 ,he _h acquir$ ! habit ( read+1 writ+1 ?9k+ & compos+ 8 works :ile discuss+ matt]s ) 8 fri5ds amid ! upro> ( 8 *ildr54#bj ,8 heal? 0 nev] v good3 8 fri5ds call$ him ,ma/ro ,tisicuzzo3#ba v weak 9 y\?1 he 0 9 8 old age afflict$ ) ulc]s 9 ! ?roat & pa9s 9 8 ?ighs & legs4 ,9 a ^w1 ! repose1 ! peace1 ! tranquillity :i* o!r philosoph]s enjoy all _! life or = long p]iods toge!r 0 always lack+ to ,vico4 ,he 0 =c$ to play bo? ,m>?a & ,m>y3 work+ at e mom5t = 8 own & 8 family's practical ne$s & work+ at ! same "t to fulfil ! mission to :i* he 0 devot$ f 8 bir? & to give concrete =m to ! spiritual _w t mov$ )9 him4 ,footnote #ag3 ,autob4 9 ,opp4 iv4 p4 #cdi4 ,footnote #ah3 ,vill>osa 9 ! additions to ! ,autobiography 7,opp4 iv4 p4 #dbj74 ,footnote #ai3 ,opp4 vi4 p4 #bce4 ,footnote #bj3 ,autob4 9 ,opp4 iv4 p4 #cff4 ,footnote #ba3 ,mr4 ,sk9-&-bones3 cf4 ,bibl4 vi*4 p4 #hg4 ,,iv ,?us we ne$ n inv5t or dem& a h]oic ,vico1 look+ = him 9 ! life ( religion1 society or politics4 ,! true h]o is ! ,vico :o /&s be=e u1 ! h]o ( ! philosophic life4 ,o!rs beside ourselves h notic$ 8 love = ! ^w h]o & all its d]ivatives1 h]oism1 h]oic1 & s on3 & ! cont9ual use & v>i$ application he makes ( x4 ,h]oism 0 = him ! mighty virg9 =ce :i* appe>s 9 ! beg9n+ & reappe>s 9 ! reflux ( hi/ory4 ,?is =ce he mu/ surely h felt 9 himself z he lab\r$ = ! tru? &1 ov]?r[+ ob/acles ( e k9d1 op5$ up new pa?s ( sci5ce4 ,x 0 ?is =ce t enabl$ him to ov]come ! y\?ful unc]ta9ties1 fe>s & defeats :i* sometimes plung$ him 9 a pr(\nd individual & cosmic pessimism1 visible 9 ! poem entitl$ ,feel+s ( ,"o 9 ,despair1 to rise to ! c]ta9ty ( sci5tific me?od enunciat$ 9 ! ,de no/ri temporis /udiorum ratione & 8 fir/ attempt at philosophico-hi/orical rese>* repres5t$ by ! ,de antiquissima ,italorum sapi5tia2 & f ?is po9t1 ab&on+ 9 "p 8 own ?\ght & weav+ a new tissue ( :at rema9$1 l$ him to ! ,de uno univ]si iuris pr9cipio et f9e uno & to ! ,sci5za ,nuova aft] tw5ty-five ye>s1 z he says ( ! discov]ies conta9$ 9 t "w1 ( unremitt+ & toilsome ?\ght4 ,! "w complet$ by ?is poor tea*] ( gramm> & rhetoric1 by ?is p$agogue :om a contempor>y satiri/ saw lean1 ) a roll+ eye1 f]ule 9 h&1#bb by ?is unhappy pat]familias1 is amaz+ & almo/ t]rify+2 su* is ! mass ( m5tal p[] compress$ into x4 ,x is a "w at once reaction>y & revolution>y3 reaction>y 9 relation to ! pres5t1 by its atta*m5t to ! traditions ( ! anci5t _w & ! ,r5aissance2 revolution>y z aga9/ ! pres5t & ! pa/ 9 lay+ ! f\ndations ( t future lat] to be kn[n z ! ,n9ete5? c5tury4 ,)9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce1 ?is humble man ( ! p became an ari/ocrat3 & ! lordly /yle#bc :i* he falsely ascrib$ to ! wret*$ writ+s ( ! pr\d nobles & pomp\s prelates ( 8 day 0 9 reality 8 own4 ,he loa!d ! polite & social lit]ature :i* 0 gradually spread+ 9 ,france & ,italy & o!r ,european c\ntries1 ! ladies' books4#bd ,b he avoid$ no less t o!r class ( treatise :i* we n[adays call h&books1 :i* expla9 9 detail elem5t>y def9itions & facts asc]ta9$ by o!rs2 books useless except to ! "y4#be ,vico1 :o suff]$ q en\gh f ! "y )9 ! circle ( 8 s*ool1 saw no ne$ to sacrifice to !m any "p ( 8 own inviolable life ( sci5ce4 ,! public t[>ds :i* he look$ 0 n compos$ ( boys1 lords & ladies4 ,:5 he wrote1 8 fir/ practical ?\ght 01 :at w\ld a ,plato1 a ,v>ro or a ,qu9tus ,mucius ,scaevola ?9k ( ! fruits ( 8 ?\ght8 & secondly1 :at w po/]ity ?9k8#bf ,among 8 contempor>ies he look$ only at ! republic ( lett]s1 ! bro!rhood ( s*ol>s1 ! ,academies ( ,europe3 a public :i* did n require him to repeat :at _h be5 already discov]$ & /at$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 & 0 p]fectly famili> to him1 b only dem&$ ! exposition ( su* ?\ghts z con/itut$ a real advance ( k3 n volum9\s works1 b little books1 all full ( orig9al ?+s4#bg ,8 public 0 an ideal "o1 :i* sometimes 9 8 simplicity he confus$ ) ! actual pr(essional s*ol>s & ! critics ( lit]>y reviews3 & ! mi/ake (t5 caus$ him surprise4 ,%ort books on metaphysical subjects seem$ to him to h a peculi> p[]1 z 9 fact !y h2 he comp>es !m v ju/ly ) religi\s m$itations :i* briefly set =? a small numb] ( po9ts & are m valuable = ! developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian _s ?an ! mo/ eloqu5t & lucid s]mons ( ! mo/ gift$ prea*]s4#bh ,?is love ( brevity inspires 8 refusal to burd5 ) _m books ! republic ( lett]s1 :i*1 he says1 is already s9k+ b5ea? ! weight4 ,he left 8 disc\rses unpubli%$1 only pr9t$ 8 ,de ratione out ( a s5se ( duty1 & (t5 express$ a desire t ! ,sci5za ,nuova alone %\ld survive him1 z ! "w :i* summ$ up 9 itself ! conc5trat$ & p]fect$ fruits ( all 8 e>li] ef=ts4 ,8 ari/ocratic ideal 0 accompani$ by ! l(tie/ dignity & ! pr(\nde/ loyalty 9 8 conception ( ! life ( sci5ce4 ,f 8 polemics we might compile a :ole cate*ism on ! "r me?od ( conduct+ lit]>y controv]sy4 ,we mu/ aim at victory1 he says1 n 9 ! controv]sy b 9 ! tru?2 h5ce he desires t x %\ld be conduct$ 9 ! calme/ mann] ( reason+1 because he :o is /rong does n ?reat51 & he :o is "r does n use insults2 ! dispute mu/ at any rate be int]sp]s$ ) peaceful words %[+ t ! m9ds ( ! disputants are placid & tranquil1 n excit$ & p]turb$4 ,to oppon5ts ^: objections are vague he replies1 ! judgm5t is 9 too g5]al t]ms3 & s]i\s m5 nev] deign to reply except to p>ticul> & det]m9ate criticisms made ^u !m4 ,:5 ^! same oppon5ts appeal to ! ref9$ ta/e ( ! age1 :i* has bani%$1 etc41 etc41 he replies contemptu\sly1 a grave criticism ?is1 9 tru?3 x is no criticism at all4 ,9 ?us tak+ refuge f "o's oppon5ts be=e ! tribunal ( "o's own judgm5t1 by say+ t :at !y say is a ?+ ( :i* "o has no idea1 f an oppon5t "o becomes ! judge4 ,he refus$ to rely ^u 8 au?orities1 b yet did n und]value !m2 au?ority ought to make u att5tive to seek ! causes :i* c\ld h induc$ au?ors1 especially ! mo/ weighty1 to adopt su* & su* op9ions4 ,aga91 accus$ ( attribut+ errors to philosoph]s s z to be able to refute !m ) ease1 l ,ari/otle1 he prote/s ) dignity3 ,i w\ld r enjoy my own small & simple /ock ( k ?an be comp>$ 9 bad fai? ) a great philosoph]4 ,8 mod]ation may be illu/rat$ by 8 spl5did eulogy ( ,desc>tes1 ?\gh he sp5t ! be/ "p ( 8 m5tal p[]s 9 oppos+ him4 ,8 loyalty is %[n by 8 prompt recognition ( 8 own errors3 ,i admit1 he says at "o po9t to ! critics ( ! ,giornale dei lett]ati1 t my di/9ction is faulty4#bi ,! read] mu/ n ?9k x o/5tati\s 9 u 7he writes 9 ! second ,sci5za ,nuova71 t n satisfi$ ) ! fav\rable judgm5ts ( su* m5 z ^! ^u our works1 we yet disapprove & reject ^! works4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a pro( ( ! high v5]ation & respect 9 :i* we hold ^! m54 ,= rude & haughty writ]s uphold _! works ev5 aga9/ ! j accusations & reasonable corrections ( o!rs3 "s1 :o by *ance are ( a small _s1 sate !mselves ) ! fav\rable judgm5ts !y receive & because ( ^! g no fur!r t[>ds p]fection3 b 9 our case ! praise ( great m9ds has increas$ our c\rage to am5d1 to complete1 & ev5 to reca/ 9 a bett] =m ?is "w ( ours4#cj ,8 sci5tific life 0 upright1 wor?y ( a s]i\s se>*] aft] tru?2 8 emotional life di/urb$ & re/less1 wor?y ( "o :o sees face to face ! tru? he has long s\ght & desir$1 & rejoices 9 ! p[] ( lay+ x be=e mank9d4 ,h5ce 8 l(ty poetry1 express$ n 9 v]se b 9 prose1 & especially 9 ! ,sci5za ,nuova4 ,vico is a poet1 writes ,tommaseo3 he br+s fire f smoke1 & lively images f metaphysical ab/ractions3 he reasons z he n>rates & depicts :ile he reasons3 ov] ! m\nta9-tops ( ?\ght he does n walk1 he flies2 & 9 "o s5t5ce he (t5 compresses m lyrical feel+ ?an may be f\nd 9 _m an ode4#ca ,de ,sanctis saw 9 ! ,sci5za ,nuova ! progress ( a poem1 almo/ a new ,div9a comm$ia4 ,sublime l ,dante1 he 0 m sev]e ?an ,dante himself2 if ! lips ( ! ,ghibell9e %[ at times ! flick] ( a pass+ smile1 ,vico looks at hi/ory ) a face t nev] smiles4 ,moreov]1 ! man ^: /yle has be5 s (t5 criticis$ is n a commonplace writ]2 he 0 z c>eful a /ud5t ( pure ,tuscan#cb z he 0 a f9e connoisseur1 accord+ to ,capasso1 ( ,lat9 phraseology4#cc ,b he 0 faulty 9 ! arrangem5t ( 8 books1 because 8 m9d did n ma/] all ! philosophical & hi/orical mat]ial x _h accumulat$2 he wrote c>elessly because wildly & z if possess$ by a demon3 & h5ce arise ! lack ( proportion & ! confusion 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( 8 "w1 )9 s+le pages & s+le p>agraphs4 ,he (t5 gives ! impression ( a bottle ( wat] quickly inv]t$1 9 :i* ! liquid try+ to issue =? s presses aga9/ ! n>r[ op5+ t x comes out pa9fully1 drop by drop4 ,pa9fully1 by fragm5ts1 & disjo9t$ly4 ,"o idea :ile he is express+ x recalls ano!r1 t a fact1 & t ano!r fact3 he tries to say ev]y?+ at once1 & p>5!sis bran*es (f into p>5!sis 9 a mann] to make "o's bra9 reel4 ,b ^! *aotic p]iods1 weight$ z !y are ) orig9al ?\ghts1 are no less wov5 ( /rik+ phrases1 /atuesque words1 phrases full ( emotion1 & picturesque images4 ,a bad writ]1 if y w1 b 8 is ! k9d ( bad writ+ ( :i* only great writ]s possess ! secret4 ,footnote #bb3 ,bill4 vi*4 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #bc3 ,opp4 vi4 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #bd3 ,ibid4 vi4 p4 #e4 ,footnote #be3 ,ibid4 v4 p4 #ej 7note74 ,footnote #bf3 ,ibid4 ii4 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #bg3 ,ibid4 ii4 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #bh3 ,= in/ance 9 8 lett] to ,saliani1 ,novemb] #ah1 #agbe1 publi%$ 9 ,bibl4 vi*4 pp4 #ig-h1 ! autograph be+ 9 my possession4 ,footnote #bi3 ,see ! ,ripo/e 9 ,opp4 ii4 passim4 ,footnote #cj3 ,opp4 v4 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #ca3 ,g4 ,b4 ,vico e il suo secolo 9 ! volume ,la ,/oria civile nella lett]atura 7,tur91 ,loes*]1 #ahgb71 p4 #ajd3 cf4 a judgm5t on ,vico z a writ]1 ibid4 pp4 #i-aj4 ,footnote #cb3 ,opp4 iv4 pp4 #ccc-d2 vi4 pp4 #da1 #adj4 ,footnote #cc3 ,bibl4 vi*4 p4 #hg4 ,v ,! philosophical h]oism ( ,vico ass]ts itself n only 9 ! int]nal /ruggle ) himself = ! elaboration ( 8 sci5ce4 ,x 0 expos$ to o!r & /]n] trials4 ,! position rea*$ by 8 ?\ght1 oppos$ z x 0 to ! pres5t1 & :ile app>5tly reaction>y turn$ 9 reality t[>ds ! future1 inevitably prev5t$ him f be+ und]/ood4 ,no d\bt ?is is ! fate ( e man ( g5ius3 8 inmo/ ?\ght is nev] und]/ood1 ev5 :5 social =tune seems to fav\r him1 ev5 :5 he ar\ses en?usiasm & f9ds a ho/ ( disciples & imitators4 ,! words :i* ,hegel is said to h utt]$ on 8 dea?b$--"o only ( my pupils und]/ood me1 & he misund]/ood me--admirably express ?is hi/orical necessity3 ! man :om 8 age fully und]/&s dies ) 8 age4 ,& yet ! disproportion betwe5 ! value ( a man's ?\ght & 8 contempor>ies' failure to und]/& x has seldom if ev] be5 great] ?an 9 ,vico's case4 ,if he _h be5 free f o!r causes ( discont5t1 ?is alone w\ld h be5 suffici5t4 ,! desire = praise1 :i* 9 o!r ?an commonplace m9ds is a desire to see :at !y ?9k true & good %>$1 approv$ & univ]salis$ among o!r m9ds1 0 always ) him a va9 desire4 ,he 0 ! m afflict$ by ?is misund]/&+ & indiff]5ce because1 z we may well suppose1 he 0 fully consci\s ( ! importance ( 8 own discov]ies4 ,he knew t ,provid5ce _h entru/$ to him a l(ty mission3 he knew himself to be born = ! glory ( 8 c\ntry1 & !re=e 9 ,italy2 s9ce1 be+ born !re & n 9 ,morocco1 he became a s*ol>4#cd ,:5 he publi%$ ! ,sci5za ,nuova1 he believ$ t he _h fir$ a m9e ^: l\d explosion he expect$ e m9ute4 ,no?+ happ5$3 nobody m5tion$ x to him3 s t he wrote "s days lat]1 to a fri5d3 ,9 publi%+ my "w 9 ?is city ,i seem to h laun*$ x ^u a des]t4 ,i avoid all public places1 s z n to meet ! p]sons to :om ,i h s5t x1 & if by *ance ,i d meet !m1 ,i greet !m )\t /opp+2 = :5 ?is happ5s1 ^! p give me n ! fa9te/ sign t !y h receiv$ my book1 & s confirm my impression ( hav+ publi%$ x 9 a wild]ness4#ce ,he _h frankly expect$ a swift & imm$iate effect3 he _h hop$ to f9d1 among 8 contempor>ies & acqua9tances at ,naples1 m9ds ready & intellects op5 to receive & be> fruit ( 8 ?\ghts3 & he hop$ ?is ( monks engag$ 9 compos+ & le>n+ by rote wordy s]mons1 poeta/]s rhym+ 9 sonnets & advocates compil+ second-h& spee*es6 ,in/ead ( ?is1 he f\nd _m sceptical & indiff]5t1 & sev]al incl9$ to laugh4 ,8 ,diritto univ]sale _h be5 z ,meta/asio in=ms u#cf g5]ally blam$ = obscurity on its publication2 x 0 n widely read & 0 ha/ily criticis$ = ! extravagances :i* an inatt5tive & sup]ficial read+ reveal$ at e po9t4#cg ,fa!r ,paoli1 to :om ! au?or _h giv5 a copy1 wrote 9 x a c\plet mak+ a joke ( its un9telligibility4#ch ,! ,sci5za ,nuova 0 9 an ev5 worse case4 ,we "k t ,nicola ,capasso1 a s*ol> & well dispos$ t[>ds ,vico1 on try+ to read x fanci$ he _h lo/ 8 wits1 & by way ( a joke hurri$ (f to 8 doctor ,cirillo1 to h 8 pulse felt4#ci ,a ,neapolitan nobleman :5 ask$ by ,f9etti at ,v5ice :at op9ion 0 held ( ,vico at ,naples1 said t = a "t he _h pass$ = a really le>n$ man1 b t lat] 8 /range op9ions _h won him ! reputation ( an ecc5tric4 ,& :5 he publi%$ ! ,sci5za ,nuova8 insi/$ ,f9etti4 ,oh1 by !n1 repli$ ! o!r1 he 0 q mad6#dj ,8 detractors ev5 attack$ him 9 ! mode/ pr(ession by :i* he e>n$ 8 liv+2 !y said he 0 good at tea*+ y\?s :o _h complet$ _! c\rse1 t is to say :5 !y already knew all !y ne$$1 or aga91 m insidi\sly1 t he 0 fitt$ less = tea*+ ?an = giv+ good advice to ! tea*]s !mselves2#da s t !y recognis$ 8 sup]iority only to use x 9 damag+ 8 private int]e/s4 ,footnote #cd3 ,autob4 9 ,opp4 iv4 p4 #che4 ,footnote #ce3 ,lett] to ,giac*i1 ,novemb] #be1 #agbe1 9 ,opp4 vi4 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #cf3 ,bibl4 vi*4 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #cg3 ,opp4 vi4 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #ch3 ,bibl4 vi*4 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #ci3 ,ibid4 p4 #hg4 ,footnote #dj3 ,bibl4 vi*4 p4 #hf3 cf4 ,autob4 9 ,opp4 iv4 p4 #daf4 ,footnote #da3 ,autob4 9 ,opp4 iv4 p4 #daf4 ,,vi ,! indiff]5ce ( ! public & ! ins9c]ity or malignity ( critics c\ld n = ,vico be comp5sat$ by ! fri5ds & appreciative read]s ( :om ,vico _h a c]ta9 numb]4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld x h be5 o!rwise1 :5 he cultivat$ !m artificially ) su* c>e & anxiety8 ,consid] = in/ance ! way 9 :i* he cultivat$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,giac*i ! ,capuc94 ,he prais$ 8 admirable works1 8 mo/ div9e tal5ts1 ! r>e sublimity ( 8 m>vell\s & div9e ideas4 ,he tells him t he has giv5 to ! s*ol>s ( ! city ! eulogi/ic lett] s5t to him by ,giac*i & t !y all admire ! sublime workman%ip ( ! conception2 & yet he himself us$ to rewrite 9 s*ol>'s ,lat9 ! inscriptions ,giac*i compos$ 9 monk's ,lat96#db ,on ano!r occasion he wrote t ! praises ( a ,giac*i _h excit$ envy & _h 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s be5 describ$ z flatt]ies4 ,he took no less pa9s to propitiate ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,b>i1 ,muzio di ,gaeta1 a conceit$ creature full ( 8 own m]its & incapable ( speak+ except ab\t himself4 ,muzio wrote a panegyric on ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiii41 a "w ( :i*1 ?\gh ,vico prais$ x aga9 & aga91 he _h nev] he>d en\gh1 & 0 always cov]tly or op5ly dem&+ new praises4 ,s ,vico us$ to bespr9kle him pati5tly ) ! desir$ fluid3 ! m>vell\s "w ( ,y\r ,excell5cy2 8 lordly diction2 8 demo/h5ic digressions2 8 eloqu5ce1 t philosophic spee* employ$ 9 ,greece by ! ,academic s*ool1 9 ,rome by ,cic]o1 & among ! ,italians by none b ,y\r ,excell5cy6 ,to ! advocate ,francesco ,solla1 :o _h be5 8 pupil & _h subsequ5tly retir$ into ! c\ntry1 he h9t$ t ! ,sci5za ,nuova look$ t[>ds him z "o ( ! few m5 9 ! _w possess$ ( a m9d p5etrat+ en\gh to receive x unhamp]$ by any prejudices conc]n+ ! orig9 ( mank9d4#dc ,su* 7 ! guileless artifices & ! pitiful little s*emes by :i* he contriv$ to give an illusory satisfaction to 8 ?ir/ = recognition & praise1 & a n>cotic to 8 ov]wr\ght n]ves4 ,b ! f9al results 7 mis]able en\gh4 ,giac*i's lett]s conta9 n a ^w to %[ t he _h ev] grasp$ "o ( ,vico's doctr9es or ev5 t he _h exam9$ !m ) any s]i\s int]e/4 ,monsignor di ,gaeta1 aft] a labyr9? ( circumlocutions1 admits t he admir$ m ?an he und]/ood ( ,vico's works2#dd & possibly he 0 s mu* occupi$ 9 admir+ 8 own prose t he nev] read !m at all4 ,solla1 9 :om ,vico plac$ su* hopes1 ?\ght ! disc\rse on ! dea? ( ,angela ,cim9i sup]ior to all ! au?or's o!r works1 includ+ ! ,sci5za ,nuova itself4 ,vico receiv$ a no less incauti\s complim5t f ano!r admir]2 ?\gh a w>m & affectionate "o1--,e/eban4#de ,complim5ts ( a vague & un9tellig5t k9d sometimes rea*$ him 9 return = ! copies ( 8 works :i* he s5t n only to ,neapolitan s*ol>s b to ^? ( ,rome1 ,pisa1 ,padua & ev5 ,g]many1 ,holl& & ,engl&3 he s5t a copy to ,isaac ,newton4#df ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ^! gifts 7 receiv$ 9 contemptu\s sil5ce4 ,at mo/1 ,vico acquir$ ! reputation ( a s*ol> among hundr$s ( s*ol>s1 a man ( lett]s among ?\s&s ( simil> m52 a le>n$ man1 b no?+ m4 ,among ! mode/1 ! insignificant1 & ! "y1 ,vico no d\bt _h /rong admir]s4 ,among ^! 7 ! poet1 lat] a sacr$ orator1 ,gh]>do de ,angelis1 ,solla & ,e/eban :om we h m5tion$1 ! monk ,nicola ,conc9a ( ,padua1 & "s m4 ,b ?\gh _! affection 0 /rong _! intellig5ce 0 weak4 ,ev5 ,conc9a admitt$ :ile rhapsodis+ 8 en?usiasm t he did n v cle>ly compreh5d 8 ma/]3 ,oh1 :at fruitful & sublime lights are "h6 ,if only ,i _h ! tal5t to make use ( !m1 to compreh5d _! dep? & ! wond]ful art ( :i* ,i seem to cat* a glimpse6#dg ,! be/ s]vice t ^! fri5ds c\ld d him 0 to soo! ) k9dly words ,vico's embitt]$ _s1 if !y c\ld n d s by foll[+ 8 inmo/ ?\ghts4 ,?is is :at ,e/eban does at ! close ( ! lett] 9 :i* he excuses himself = 8 fooli% rem>k on ! fun]al spee* ( ,angela ,cim9i 9 phrases he mu/ h ga!r$ f ! ma/]'s lips3 ,be confid5t1 ,sir1 t ,provid5ce1 ?r\gh *annels unimag9$ by y\rself1 w cause to spr+ up = y a p]5nial f\nta9 ( immortal glory6#dh ,! ,jesuit ,fa!r ,dom5ico ,lodovico1 :o wrote ! c\plet inscrib$ b5ea? ,vico's portrait1 on receiv+ ! ,sci5za ,nuova s5t to ! au?or ) mu* s\nd s5se a little w9e f ! cell> & a little bread f ! ov5 ( ! ,jesuit h\se ( ! ,nunziatella1 toge!r ) a graceful lett] begg+ ! au?or to accept ^! trifles1 simple z !y are1 s9ce ! infant ,jesus himself did n refuse ! rude (f]+s ( pa/oral peasants4 ,he sugge/$ too t at ! side ( ! alphabet 9 ! symbolic frontispiece to ! "w a little dw>f %\ld be add$ 9 ! po/ure ( "o dumb ) a/oni%m5t l ,dante's m\nta9e]1 & t b5ea? him %\ld be writt51 ) a significant dia]esis1 ! "n ,lodo-vico6#di ,among ! "y m5 ( 8 s*ool !re 7 "s :o1 n\ri%$ ^u 8 doctr9es1 7 ready to def5d _! ma/] ) _! swords2#ej b we all "k ! value ( ^! y\?ful en?usiasms4 ,if ^! s*ol>s _h really assimilat$ ,vico's doctr9es or any "p ( !m1 we %\ld h f\nd traces ( x 9 ! lit]ature or culture ( ! next g5]ation aft] ,vico2 b su* traces are entirely abs5t4 ,h>dly a s+le "o ( 8 =mulae1 8 hi/orical /atem5ts1 or conceptions ev5 sup]ficially und]/ood is to be f\nd 9 ,conti at ,v5ice1 ,conc9a at ,padua1 ,ignazio ,luzan 9 ,spa9--?\gh ! la/ nam$ 0 liv+ at ,naples :5 ! ,sci5za ,nuova 0 publi%$2#ea or ev51 )9 ! au?or's own neighb\rhood1 9 ,g5ovesi or ,galiani4 ,envy1 ins9c]ity1 gossip1 calumny & /upidity provok$ viol5t outbur/s ( ang] on ,vico's "p4 ,he confesses ?is fault 9 8 autobiography :]e he says t he inveigh$ 9 too sev]e a mann] aga9/ ! errors ( conception or doctr9e or ! incivility ( 8 lit]>y rivals1 :5 9 ,*ri/ian *>ity & z a true philosoph] he ought to h ignor$ or p>don$ !m4#eb ,b z a matt] ( fact ?is fault did n greatly di/ress him3 he ?\ght x r an ornam5t4 ,! fun]al spee* = ,angela ,cim9i conta9$ a k9d ( hymn to ang]1 ! h]oic wra? :i* 9 noble spirits di/urbs & %akes to ! dep?s by its boil+ all ^? evil ?\ghts ( ! m9d1 :i* beget ! vile sw>m ( fraud1 deceit & falsehood1 & r5d]s ! h]o frank1 tru?ful & loyal2 & ?us mak+ him a p>tisan ( tru?1 arms him z ! valiant knight ( reason to d battle ) wrong & (f5ce4#ec ,al?\gh 9 8 writ+s he gu>ds ) all 8 p[] aga9/ fall+ into ?is passion#ed we feel a sc>cely repress$ torr5t ( wra? 9 8 private lett]s :5ev] he d5\nces ! mis]able p$ants :o love le>n+ m ?an tru?1 or ! common t5d5cy ( man to be all memory & imag9ation1 & s =?4 ,9 conv]sation also1 x seems1 he c\ld be v viol5t4 ,:5 9 #agcf ,damiano ,romano publi%$ a "w controv]t+ 8 !ory ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 ,vico1 al?\gh accord+ to ,romano himself he _h be5 spok5 ( z mo/ le>n$ & mo/ fam\s1 toge!r ) o!r titles ( respect1 tore ! book to pieces ) 8 tee? 9 a way t made e "o pres5t tremble ) horror1 r9d+ a sign ( ! deepe/ malignity 9 ! fact t a lad l myself %\ld jo9 issue ) him4#ee ,b 8 outbur/s ( wra? 7 succe$$ by fits ( ! deepe/ dejection4 ,9 a sonnet he speaks ( himself z ov]-:elm$ by t fate :i* ! unju/ hate ( o!rs (t5 creates1 & says t = ?is reason he has sep>at$ himself f human society to live ) himself alone4 ,sometimes he %akes (f ?is torpor = a mom5t3 !n1 he says3 ,i draw )9 myself aga91 & press$ ,by heavy c>es1 return to :]e ,i /ood3#ef ,my fate & n my fault ,i d lam5t4 ,footnote #db3 ,publi%$ by me 9 ,napoli nobilis1 xiii4 7#aijd71 f4 #a41 & aga9 9 ,secondo suppl4 alla ,bibl4 vi*4 pp4 #gj-b4 ,footnote #dc3 ,opp4 vi4 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #dd3 ,bibl4 vi*4 pp4 #ajc-e4 ,footnote #de3 ,opp4 vi4 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #df3 ,ibid4 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #dg3 ,opusc41 ed4 ,vill>osa1 ii4 p4 #bgg4 ,footnote #dh3 ,bibl4 vi*4 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #di3 ,i praise ,vico4 ,lett] publi%$ by me 9 ,bibl4 vi*4 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #ej3 ,bibl4 vi*4 pp4 #hg-h4 ,footnote #ea3 ,ibid4 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #eb3 ,autob4 9 ,opp4 iv4 p4 #daf3 cf4 ! evid5ce ( a pupil 9 ,bibl4 vi*4 p4 #hi4 ,footnote #ec3 ,opp4 vi4 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #ed3 ,autob4 9 ,opp4 iv4 p4 #daf4 ,footnote #ee3 ,bibl4 vi*4 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #ef3 ,sonnet publi%$ by ,g4 ,g5tile1 ,il ,figlio di ,g4 ,b4 ,vico 7,naples1 ,pi]ro1 #aije71 p4 #agc4 ,,vii ,b among all ^! tr\bles1 ob/acles & disappo9tm5ts1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is sadness :i* (t5 drap$ 8 life 9 black1 ,vico enjoy$ "o ( ! l(tie/ joys accessible to man2 ! life ( m$itation fre$ & purifi$ f passion1 liv$ by man 9 solitude )\t ! turbul5t & griev\s company ( ! body3 ! life ( security1 because x is made "o ) ! s\l always ready & pres5t :i* %[s man 8 be+ root$ 9 ! ,et]nal t measures all times & walk+ 9 ! ,inf9ite t compreh5ds all f9ite ?+s2 x cr[ns him ) an et]nal & immeasurable joy n re/rict$ invidi\sly to c]ta9 places nor grudg+ly to c]ta9 times2 b x c gr[ up )9 himself only if )\t envy ( rivalry or fe> ( dim9ution x spreads & communicates itself unceas+ly to m & m human m9ds4#eg ,t he has atta9$ tru? he nev] d\bts1 ?\gh he nev] ceases to elaborate x fur!r2 ) ! sy/em pres5t$ 9 ! "w on ,univ]sal ,law1 8 m9d1 he says1 re/$ cont5t4#eh ,! we>9ess & ev5 ! pa9 he _h suff]$ 7 de> to him1 because ?r\gh !m he arriv$ at 8 discov]ies3 ,i bless ! tw5ty-five full ye>s ,i h sp5t 9 m$itation ^u ?is subject1 9 ! mid/ ( ! adv]sities ( =tune & ! *ecks ,i h (t5 receiv$ f ! unhappy example ( great ?9k]s :o h attempt$ new & weighty discov]ies4#ei ,h[ c\ld he h done any?+ b bless ^! fatigues1 pa9s & adv]sities1 if1 :5ev] he rose above ! passionate p]turbations ( ! empirical man & ! /ruggles ( ! practical man1 8 m9d %[$ him ! inevitable necessity ( 8 toil & ( 8 suff]+s1 two necessities fus$ into "o ano!r s z to become "o & indivisible8 ,8 own philosophical doctr9e !n br\ght him ! rem$y = 8 ills1 & work$ 9 8 _s ! ca?>sis ( lib]ation2 ! doctr9e ( ! imman5t ,provid5ce1 or z x 0 lat] call$1 hi/orical necessity1 :i* 0 8 c5tral ?\ght4 ,praise be to ,provid5ce = ev]1 :i*1 :5 ! weak sight ( mortals sees 9 x no?+ b /]n ju/ice1 !n mo/ ( all is at "w on a cr[n+ m]cy6 ,= by ?is task ,i see t ,i am clo!d ^u ) a new man2 ,i feel t ev]y?+ t goad$ me to bewail my h>d lot & to d5\nce ! corruption ( lit]ature t has caus$ t lot1 has vani%$2 = ?is corruption & ?is lot h /r5g!n$ me & enabl$ me to p]fect my task4 ,& m1 x may p]haps n be true1 b x w\ld please me1 7 x true1 t ?is lab\r has fill$ me ) a c]ta9 _s ( h]oism1 ?r\gh :i* no fe> ( dea? any long] di/urbs me & my m9d feels no disquietude at ! words ( my rivals4 ,la/ly1 x has e/abli%$ me z ^u a mighty rock ( adamant be=e ! judgm5t ( ,god1 :o rew>ds ! "w ( creation by ! approval ( ! wise1 :o are always & ev]y:]e few 9 numb]s 444 m5 ( ! l(tie/ intellect1 ( a le>n+ all _! own1 g5]\s & great-he>t$1 ^: only lab\r is to enri* ) dea?less works ! commonweal? ( lett]s4#fj ,?us ,provid5ce %[$ him ! necessity ( all t _h befall5 or %\ld befall him 9 8 life1 taught him resignation & promis$ him glory4 ,footnote #eg3 ,opp4 vi4 p4 #bhg4 ,footnote #eh3 ,ibid4 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #ei3 ,ibid4 pp4 #aec-d4 ,footnote #fj3 ,opp4 vi4 pp4 #bi-cj4 ,,viii ,s ! hot-temp]$ man became at la/ tol]ant3 tol]ant ) t tol]ance1 t l(ty indulg5ce :i* mu/ n be confus$ ) common tol]ation4 ,! ,univ]sity1 9 :i* he _h hop$ = advancem5t & t[>ds :i* he direct$ ! ?\ght ( 8 e>li] works1 w\ld h none ( him2 he retir$ )9 himself to ?9k out ! ,sci5za ,nuova4 ,n[1 says he ) a smile 9 :i* we may /ill see a trace ( bitt]ness1 ,i owe ?is "w to ! ,univ]sity1 :i*1 by judg+ me unwor?y ( ! *air & n wi%+ me to be occupi$ 9 treat+ p>agraphs1 gave me leisure = m$itation3 :at great] obligation c\ld ,i h8#fa ,a fri5d1 ,so/egni ! ,flor5t9e1 9 a sonnet to ,vico1 let slip "s words 9 condemnation ( ! city ( ,naples = mak+ s little ( h] di/+ui%$ son4 ,vico 9 8 reply ju/ifies 8 native place 9 noble words1 z be+ /]n t[>ds him because %e expect$ & desir$ mu* ( him3 ,/]n "m1 %e c>esses n h] son1 ,le/ s %e fall into obscurity1 ,b gravely li/5s1 wat*+ z he speaks4#fb ,?is 0 ! _s t f\nd expression 9 ! ,autobiography1 a "w :i* has be5 misjudg$ & 9 fact entirely misund]/ood by ,f]r>i1 :o c5sures its prevail+ teleological t5d5cy & lam5ts ! abs5ce ( a psy*ological explanation ( ,vico's life2#fc z if ,vico _h n himself expla9$ t he 0 writ+ x f a philosophical po9t ( view4#fd ,& :at is ! mean+ ( a philosophical treatm5t ( a philosoph]'s life b an und]/&+ ( ! objective necessity ( 8 ?\ght & a p]ception ( ! scaffold+ x involves ev5 :]e ! au?or at ! mom5t ( ?9k+ did n cle>ly p]ceive x8 ,vico m$itates ^u ! causes1 natural & moral1 & ^u ! occasions ( 8 =tunes2 he m$itates ^u ! incl9ations or av]sions he felt f *ildhood t[>ds ?is or t bran* ( /udy2 he m$itates ^u ! opportunities or h9drances :i* assi/$ or ret>d$ 8 progress2 he m$itates1 la/ly1 ^u c]ta9 ef=ts ( 8 own 9 "r directions :i* bore fruit 9 ! reflections ^u :i* he built 8 f9al "w1 ! ,sci5za ,nuova1 :i* "w 0 to demon/rate t 8 lit]>y life 0 b\nd to h be5 :at x 0 & n diff]5t4#fe ,vico's ,autobiography is1 9 a ^w1 ! application ( ! ,sci5za ,nuova to ! life ( its au?or1 ! c\rse ( 8 own individual hi/ory3 & its me?od is z j & true z x is orig9al4 ,vico succe$$ 9 "p only ( 8 attempt1 & c\ld n =m a criticism & hi/ory ( himself to ! same ext5t to :i* a mod]n critic & hi/orian is 9 a position to d--^: ef=ts w aga9 be improv$ ^u by ^? ( ! future--is too obvi\s to ne$ emphasis+4 ,! ,autobiography itself concludes ) a bless+ ^u ! au?or's h>d%ips1 a pr(ession ( fai? 9 ,provid5ce & a sure expectation ( fame & glory4 ,footnote #fa3 ,ibid4 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #fb3 ,ibid4 p4 #ddf4 ,footnote #fc3 ,9 ! ,introduction to vol4 iv4 ( ! ,op]e4 ,footnote #fd3 ,autob4 9 ,opp4 iv4 p4 #djb4 ,footnote #fe3 ,ibid4 ,,ix ,9 ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life ,vico1 enfeebl$ by age1 dome/ic tr\ble & illness1 entirely gave up 8 /udies3#ff ,my p5 is slipp+ f my palsi$ grasp2 ,! door ( my ?\ght's treasury is clos$1#fg he cries 9 two m\rnful l9es ( a sonnet 9 #agce4 ,he prep>$ at ?is "t additions & corrections = a possible repr9t ( ! second ,sci5za ,nuova1 & incorporat$ !m 9 ! f9al manuscript ( ! "w2 he ?\ght = a "t ( pr9t+ 8 small "w on ! ,equilibrium ( ! ,liv+ ,body 7,de aequilibrio corporis animantis7 compos$ _m ye>s e>li] & n[ lo/2#fh he /ill dis*>g$ "s ( ! duties ( 8 (fice1 su* z ! spee* on ! m>riage ( ! k+1 ,*>les ,b\rbon1 9 #agch4 ,b f #agcf or #agcg 8 son began to assi/ him 9 8 pr(essional "w1 & 9 ,janu>y #agda he 0 def9itely appo9t$ to ! *air on 8 fa!r's resignation4#fi ,vico h5ce=? liv$ among 8 family l an old soldi] exacta militia1 ?9k+ ov] 8 pa/ battles & consci\s ( hav+ done 8 life's "w4 ,8 good son read to him = "s h\rs e day out ( ! ,lat9 classics he _h once lov$ & /udi$ s well4 ,& 9 ?is ev5+ ( 8 life he 0 at lea/ sp>$ ! cr[n+ agony suff]$ 9 8 la/ ye>s by a philosoph] m =tunate ?an himself1 ,immanuel ,kant2 ! agony ( cont9u+ & complet+ 8 sy/em ( philosophy1 & we>+ himself out 9 a fruitless /ruggle ) ?\ghts t elud$ 8 grasp & words t no long] obey$ him4 ,vico _h said all he _h to say2 a great hi/orian ( 8 own life1 he knew ! mom5t at :i* ,provid5ce _h f9i%$ its "w 9 him1 clos$ ! door ( ?\ght x _h s freely op5$1 & ord]$ him to lay d[n 8 p54#gj ,footnote #ff3 ,ibid4 p4 #dae4 ,footnote #fg3 ,opp4 vi4 p4 #dbe 7,sonnet on ! m>riage ( ,raimondo di ,sangro1 #agce74 ,footnote #fh3 ,bibl4 vi*4 pp4 #ch-i4 ,footnote #fi3 ,g5tile1 ,il ,figlio di ,g4 ,b4 ,vico1 pp4 #cj-dh4 ,footnote #gj3 ,! docum5ts & ! scatt]$ notes us$ 9 ?is lecture & quot$ f ! cont5ts ( my ,bibliografia vi*iana are n[ all collect$ 9 my edition ( ! ,autobiografia1 c>teggio e poesie v>ie3 cf4 ! pres5t vol4 infra1 p4 #cjh4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,! ,,lat] ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,vico',s ,,?\ght#a ,! hi/ory ( ! vicissitudes ( ,vico's reputation mu/ n be all[$ to replace or be confus$ ) ! exposition & valuation ( 8 ?\ght1 by los+ sight ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy prop]ly s call$ or confus+ x ) ! hi/ory ( culture4#b ,b ev5 :5 we pass to ?is second hi/ory1 we mu/ gu>d aga9/ ano!r k9d ( error1 namely ! pret5ce ( det]m9+ by its means :e!r ,vico's "w 0 or 0 n ( use 9 ! advancem5t ( culture1 & :at degree ( utility we %\ld grant x4 ,! inquiry is mean+less1 & ! degree _c be measur$3 = rightly consid]$ "o disciple may be wor? t5s or hundr$s1 "o effect produc$ aft] c5turies may comp5sate its age-long delay1 "o po9t undes]v$ly =gott5 may become z notable & in/ructive z ! be/-des]v$ reputation1 & "o s+le tru? twice discov]$ indep5d5tly may f ?is re-discov]y & seem+ sup]fluity receive a confirmation ( its inevitable necessity4 ,! "w ( ,vico--su* is ! usual v]dict--0 entirely useless1 because x appe>$ out ( its due "t & prematurely1 & rema9$ unkn[n or 0 kn[n only because x c\ld convey no?+ new4 ,su* language is a blasphemy aga9/ hi/ory1 :i* all[s no?+ to be useless & is always & ?r\gh\t ! "w ( ,provid5ce1 ^: va/ utilities mu/ n be measur$ by ! pett9ess ( ! human span4 ,0 ,vico appreciat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! eighte5? c5tury8 ,did any "o read him1 und]/& him & foll[ 8 lead8 ,! "q has be5 answ]$ ) equal decision 9 ! affirmative & ! negative4 ,! affirmative answ] has be5 support$ by a dilig5t collection ( scatt]$ passages up & d[n ! writ]s ( ! c5tury m5tion+ 8 "n & doctr9es & an accumulation ( possible or app>5t traces ( 8 ?\ghts visible ?\gh unackn[l$g$ 9 ,italian & =eign lit]ature4 ,b a ?9k] l ,vico c only be said to be kn[n :5 8 fundam5tal ?\ght has be5 grasp$ & ! _s t animat$ him has be5 felt4 ,n[ ! majority ( ! facts alleg$ z pro( ( ! efficacy ( 8 "w conc]ns p>ticul> doctr9es deta*$ f ! :ole & accept$ or conte/$ j l ^? ( any o!r s*ol> & critic or any p>adox-mong] ( 8 "t4 ,?is is true 9 ! fir/ place ( 8 !ory on ! orig9 ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 discuss$ 9 ! controv]sy betwe5 ,b]n>do ,tanucci & ,guido ,gr&i f #agbh to #agca1 conte/$ 9 #agcf by ,damiano ,romano1 accept$ 9 ,france by ,bonamy 9 #agce & recall$ 9 #agej by ,t]rasson2 ( ! views on ! hi/ory & primitive gov]nm5t ( ,rome1 m5tion$ by ,*a/ellux1 adopt$ & exp&$ by ,duni1 & us$ by ,du ,bignon :o le>nt !m f ,duni2 ( ! hypo!ses z to ! prehi/oric p]iod & ! orig9s ( humanity1 employ$ & modifi$ by ,b\lang] 9 ,france & ,m>io ,pagano 9 ,italy2 & la/ly1 ( "s conceptions ^u poetry & language :i* reappe> 9 ,pagano1 ,ces>otti & "s o!rs4 ,a m ess5tial "q 0 t ( ! me?od ( /udy+ & judg+ political in/itutions & laws2 a "q ^u :i* ,montesquieu has be5 comp>$ ) ,vico & accus$ ( freely us+ ! ,sci5za ,nuova )\t ackn[l$g+ 8 debt4 ,x is n[ e/abli%$ ?r\gh ,montesquieu's j\rnal t 9 #agbh ,antonio ,conti at ,v5ice advis$ ! future au?or ( ! ,esprit des ,lois to buy ,vico's book at ,naples2 & ,montesquieu mu/ h foll[$ ?is advice on rea*+ ,naples 9 ! foll[+ ye>2 = a copy ( ! #agbe edition ( ! ,sci5za ,nuova is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y at ! *teau ( ,la ,brde4 ,b ! m9d ( ! ,fr5* writ] 0 too diff]5t f & inf]ior to t ( ,vico to draw vital n\ri%m5t f a "w su* z ! ,sci5za ,nuova2 & ! traces ( imitation alleg$ to h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,esprit des ,lois are v d\btful & 9 any case ( m9or importance4 ,x mu/ be said on ! o!r h& t ! m]it g5]ally attribut$ to ,montesquieu ( hav+ introduc$ ! hi/orical elem5t into positive laws & ?us consid]+ legislation 9 a truly philosophical mann] 7z ,hegel said lat]71 t is1 z a mom5t dep5d+ ^u a totality relative to all ! o!r det]m9ations :i* g to =m ! "* ( a p or a p]iod2 ?is m]it1 9 ord] bo? ( "t & ( excell5ce1 belongs 9 reality to ,vico4 ,l ,montesquieu 9 ! sci5ce ( legislation1 s ,wolf 9 ! ,hom]ic "q has be5 suspect$ ( tacitly d]iv+ help f ,vico's speculations4 ,b at ! "t :5 he publi%$ ! ,prolegom5a ad ,hom]um 9 #agie ,wolf did n "k ! ,sci5za ,nuova2 :i* he knew 9 "n only 9 #ahja & 9 fact ! ye> aft]1 :5 ,ces>otti pres5t$ him ) ! book4 ,we mu/ obs]ve t ,vico's judgm5t z to ! b>b>ic nature ( ! ,hom]ic epos & ! abs5ce 9 x ( esot]ic wisdom _h be5 publi%$ 9 #agfe by ! ,gazette littraire de l',europe2 & fur!r1 t ! ,sci5za ,nuova 0 kn[n & us$ by ! ,dani% philologi/ & ar*aeologi/ ,zoega1 :o quotes x 9 an essay on ,hom] compos$ 9 #aghh ?\gh n publi%$ till long aft]w>ds2 & t ,zoega correspond$ ) ,heyne1 :o aft]w>ds accus$ ,wolf ( hav+ d]iv$ f 8 own lectures ! !ory set =? 9 ! ,prolegom5a4 ,heyne _h 9 fact express$ ! idea ( a gradual g5esis ( ! ,hom]ic poems 9 #agij4 ,9 a ^w we may say t ,vico's views _h to "s ext5t p5etrat$ into ! atmosph]e ( ,g]man philology3 9 :i* case ,wolf may h orig9ally _h a c]ta9 indirect k ( !m4 ,ev5 ap>t f ?is indirect communication ! fact rema9s1 & is recognis$ by all /ud5ts ( ! "q1 t ! ,hom]ic !ory conceiv$ by ,wolf mu/ really be call$ n ,wolfian b ,vician1 s9ce su* x truly is 9 its fundam5tal *>act]i/ics4 ,moreov]1 ,wolf1 z a philologi/ f> sup]ior to ,vico b mu* less great z a ?9k]1 0 n 9 a position to und]/& ! ideas :i* _h l$ 8 pr$ecessor to ! doctr9e he held conc]n+ ,hom]3 a fact :i* is cle> f ! some:at sup]ficial article he wrote on ! subject 9 #ahjg4 ,!re 0 c]ta9ly at ,naples dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury a vague consci\sness 9 _m m9ds ( ! greatness ( ,vico's "w2 b 9 :at precisely ?is greatness consi/$ nobody c\ld det]m9e1 ow+ to ! lack ( adequate exp]i5ce & prep>ation4 ,outside ,italy1 especially 9 ,g]many1 :]e ?is prep>ation exi/$ or at lea/ 0 mu* great]1 ,vico's "w rema9$ g5]ally unkn[n1 p>tly ?r\gh ! discr$it into :i* ,italian books _h fall5 s9ce ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & p>tly ?r\gh ! dimculties :i* ,vico's /yle pres5t$ to a =eign read]4 ,:5 ! ,sci5za ,nuova did fall into ! h&s ( m5 compet5t to und]/& x1 a s]ies ( insignificant accid5ts int]pos$ to prev5t su* an und]/&+4 ,hamann procur$ ! ,sci5za ,nuova f ,flor5ce 9 #aggg1 at :i* "t he 0 engag$ ^u economics & physiocracy1 fancy+ t x dealt ) ^! subjects2 & ! delusion 0 n dispell$ :5 9 glanc+ ov] x he f\nd himself fac$ by a collection ( philological /udies & /udies c>ri$ out ) consid]able c>elessness4 ,goe! receiv$ x at ,naples 9 #aghg f ,filangi]i1 :o w>mly recomm5d$ x1 took x back to ,g]many & l5t x 9 #agib to ,jacobi2 b x 0 a happy co9cid5ce r ?an a true k or a cle> intuition t l$ him to c\ple ,vico's "n ) t ( ,hamann4 ,h]d]1 :o may also h kn[n ,vico's "w less ?r\gh 8 correspond5ce ) ,hamann 9 #aggg ?an by 8 travels 9 ,italy 9 #aghi1 speaks ( x 9 #agig 9 q g5]al t]ms1 )\t notic+ "o ( ! _m connexions betwe5 ,vico & himself1 especially z reg>ds ! !ory ( language & poetry4 ,! only m5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury :o really to "s ext5t p5etrat$ into ! fundam5tal ?\ght ( ,vico & proclaim$ ?\gh unwill+ly 8 g5u9e greatness 7--& ?is is ano!r pro( ( ! solid m5tal fibre ( ,ca?olicism--8 ,ca?olic oppon5ts1 ( :om !re 7 pl5ty3 ,romano1 ,lami1 ,rogadei1 & above all ,f9etti4 ,!y saw t 9 spite ( 8 /ubborn prote/ations ( religi\s or?odoxy ,vico held a conception ( ,provid5ce v diff]5t f t ( ,*ri/ian !ology2 & t ?\gh he cont9ually us$ ! "n ( ,god he nev] all[$ him to op]ate effectively 9 hi/ory z a p]sonal ,god2 t he made s %>p a di/9ction betwe5 sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory z to rea* a purely natural & human !ory ( ! orig9 ( civilisation1 by means ( ! /ate ( nature1 & ( ! orig9 ( religion1 by means ( fe>1 %ame & ! imag9ative univ]sal2 :ile ! traditional ,ca?olic doctr9e admitt$ a c]ta9 communication betwe5 sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory1 & recognis$ 9 pagan religion & civilisation ! leav5 ( "s k9d ( vague recollection ( ! primitive reveal$ tru?2 t ?\gh prote/+ t he accept$ & re9=c$ ! au?ority ( ! ,bible1 he ?reat5$ & %ook x on _m po9ts2 & t 8 criticism ( pr(ane hi/orical tradition1 conduct$ 9 a haughty _s ( rebellion aga9/ ! pa/1 might op5 ! road to ! mo/ dang]\s abuses1 s9ce x provok$ ! application ( ! same _s & me?od to sacr$ hi/ory1 :i* happ5$ 9 ! case ( ,b\lang]4#c ,9 ?is accusation are fai?fully indicat$ all ! po9ts de/9$ lat] to ent] into ! n9ete5? c5tury's solemn eulogy ( ,vico4 ,?us *ur*m5 began to be suspici\s ( him2 & ?is bore fruit lat] 9 ! re/oration p]iod1 9 ! anti-,vician polemic ( ,bi%op ,colangelo1 & some:at e>li] 9 a v]dict ( ! royal c5sor ,lor5zo ,giu/9iani1 :o pron\nc$ ! ,sci5za ,nuova a "w m>k+ a mo/ un=tunate crisis 9 ,european hi/ory4 ,?is t5d5cy 0 oppos$ by ! en?usia/ic "y /ud5ts ( social & political matt]s at ,naples at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 prep>+ !mselves = an active "p 9 ! imm95t revolution4 ,among !m ,vico came to be consid]$ z an anti-cl]ical & anti-,ca?olic1 & ! leg5d arose1 m5tion$ else:]e 9 ?is volume1 t ,vico purposely & delib]ately made 8 "w obscure 9 ord] to escape ecclesia/ical c5sure4 ,^! "y m5 appli$ !mselves to ! /udy & praise ( ! ,sci5za ,nuova2 !y propos$ to repr9t x1 s9ce x _h become r>e1 toge!r ) ! o!r works & unpubli%$ manuscripts ( ! au?or2 !y prep>$ expositions & criticisms ( ,vico's philosophical & hi/orical sy/em2 "s l ,pagano tri$ to "w x up afre% by add+ to x ! ideas ( ,fr5* s5sationalism1 o!rs l ,filangi]i did n let _! admiration ( x dispel _! rosy dreams ( re=m4 ,9 #agig ! ,g]man ,g]n+ on com+ to ,naples not$ ! zeal ) :i* ,vico 0 /udi$1 & project$ a translation or at lea/ a summ>y ( ! ,sci5za ,nuova 9 ,g]man4 ,:5 ! fall ( ! ,neapolitan ,republic 9 #agii drove ^! "y m51 or r ^? ( !m :o escap$ ! massacres & ! gall[s ( ! ,b\rbon reaction1 into exile 9 ,nor!rn ,italy & especially 9 ,lomb>dy1 ! cult ( ,vico 0 = ! fir/ "t ard5tly propagat$4 ,v9c5zo ,cuoco1 ,francesco ,lomonaco1 ,francesco ,salfi & o!r s\!rn patriots pass$ ! k ( ! ,sci5za ,nuova to ,monti1 :o m5tion$ x 9 8 inaugural lecture at ,pavia 9 #ahjc1 to ,ugo ,foscolo1 :o absorb$ _m ( its ideas into 8 poem ! ,sepolcri & 8 critical essays3 to ,aless&ro ,manzoni1 :o 0 lat] to in/itute 9 8 ,discorso sulla /oria longob>da a fam\s comp>ison betwe5 ,vico & ,muratori3 & to o!rs ( less importance4 ,cuoco introduc$ ,vico's "w to ,degr&o1 !n at "w on 8 ,hi/oire comp>e des sy/mes philosophiques2 ano!r exile1 ,de ,angelis1 put ! ,sci5za ,nuova into ! h&s ( ,jules ,mi*elet2 ,salfi m5tion$ ,vico 9 articles 9 ! ,revue ,encyclopdique & 9 books & m9or works 9 ,fr5*4 ,x 0 also ?r\gh ! sugge/ion ( ^! ,neapolitans t ! ,sci5za ,nuova 0 repr9t$ at ,milan 9 #ahja2 & o!r editions & collections ( ,vico's small] works 7 n long 9 appe>+4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,vico's reputation1 :i* _h till !n be5 m]ely local to ,naples1 spread ov] ! :ole ( ,italy4 ,b1 suitably to _! p]sonal disposition & to ! _s ( ! times1 ! fir/ & *ief debt :i* ! patriotic /ud5ts ( ,vico ow$ to 8 ?\ght 0 political 9 "* or r belong+ to political philosophy2 & consi/$ 9 a criticism ( t ,jacob9ism & philo-,gallicism ( :i* !y _h _h su* unhappy exp]i5ce 9 ! ev5ts ( #agii4d ,vico's ?\ght l$ !m to m concrete concepts2 & ?is is p>ticul>ly visible 9 ,v9c5zo ,cuoco's admirable ,saggio /orico sulla rivoluzione napoletana 7#ahjj74 ,simil>ly ,ballan*e "s decades lat] 9 8 ,essais de pal+nsie sociale 7#ahbg7 wrote t if ,vico _h be5 kn[n 9 ,france 9 ! eighte5? c5tury he w\ld h ex]cis$ a b5eficial influ5ce on ! subsequ5t social revolutions4 ,ano!r p>ticul> aspect ( ,vico's "w1 ! re=m und]tak5 by him ( hi/orical me?odology & social sci5ce z an aid to hi/ory1 0 obs]v$ & emphasis$ by ! ar*aeologi/ ,cataldo ,iannelli 9 8 "w ,sulla natura e necessit della sci5za delle cose e delle /orie umane 7#ahah74 ,foscolo & ^? :o drew _! inspiration f him *iefly introduc$ into lit]>y criticism & hi/ory some?+ ( ,vico's conceptions on ! hi/orical int]pretation ( poetry4 ,9 ,g]many on ! o!r h& ,jacobi1 :o _h read ! ,de antiquissima1 imm$iately plac$ himself 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,vician philosophy by discov]+ & po9t+ out 9 #ahaa1 9 8 "w b] d5 gttli*5 ,d+5 und ihr] ,(f5b>ung1 ! close connexion betwe5 ! pr9ciple ( ! conv]tibility ( ! true & ! creat$ & ! ,kantian !ory t "o c p]fectly conceive & und]/& only :at "o is able to con/ruct3 a s+le /ep f :i* position leads1 z he obs]ves1 to ! sy/em ( id5tity4 ,! same fact 0 recognis$ by ,baad]1 :o f\nd 9 ?is sy/em ! confirmation & f\ndation ( ! pr9ciple enunciat$ by ,vico4 ,b ! translation ( ! ,sci5za ,nuova made by ,web] 9 #ahbb seems to h be5 unsuccessful2 & x does n appe> t ,vico 0 kn[n to ,hegel1 ) :om he has s _m sub/antial & =mal aff9ities1 especially 9 ! ,ph5om5ology2 & ^: mania = triads might be blam$ j z ! ,ca?olic ,f9etti _h blam$ ,vico = always /&+ ^u rule ( ?ree4 ,! resemblances aga9 ( ,vico's !ories to ! new ,g]man philological doctr9es ( ,niebuhr1 ,mll]1 ,bckh & _m o!rs 7 n at all will+ly admitt$4 ,! attitude ( ,niebuhr is *>act]i/ic4 ,:e!r he knew ,vico's "w or n :5 he publi%$ ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,rmis*e ,ges*i*te1 he c]ta9ly knew x lat] ?r\gh ,savigny & ?r\gh ! article entitl$ ,vico und ,niebuhr publi%$ 9 #ahaf by ! ,swiss ,orelli2 & yet he cont9u$ to ignore him1 ?r\gh "s k9d ( contempt or depreciation2 an attitude h>dly praisewor?y b imitat$ by ,momms54 ,9 ,france1 ! spread ( k conc]n+ ,vico's ?\ght 0 due to ,mi*elet1 :o translat$ 8 works & 9 8 la/ ye>s describ$ ,italy z ! second "m & nurse :o 9 my y\? suckl$ me ^u ,virgil1 & 9 my maturity n\ri%$ me ) ,vico2 pot5t cordials t h _m times r5ew$ my he>t4 ,mi*elet 0 ! fir/ or "o ( ! fir/ to proclaim1 9 8 introduction1 t ,vico 0 n und]/ood 9 ! eighte5? c5tury because he wrote = ! n9ete5?4 ,mi*elet 0 jo9$ by ,ballan*e1 ( :om we spoke above1 & also by ,j\ffroy1 ,l]m9i]1 ,*ateaubri&1 & ,c\s91 "s ( :om grasp$ ! connexion betwe5 ,vico & ! ,g]man philosophy t ,c\s9 0 at ?is "t propagat+ 9 ,france2 & lat] by ,laur5t1 ,va*]ot1 ,de ,f]ron1 ,franck1 ,c\rnot & _m o!rs4 ,vico 0 read & admir$ by ,comte1 :o m5tion$ him 9 a lett] to ,john ,/u>t ,mill 9 #ahdd1 & la/ly ,lon ,gambetta conceiv$ 9 8 y\? a g5]al hi/ory ( comm]ce ^u ! s*eme ( ! ,vician reflux4 ,! popul>ity ( ,vico's "n 9 ,france at ?is p]iod 0 s great t x is sev]al times m5tion$ 9 joke 9 passages ( ,balzac's novels & 9 ,flaub]t's ,b\v>d et ,pcu*et4 ,b ?\ght ( ! quality ( ,vico's c\ld nev] h a v deep or la/+ influ5ce 9 ! p]si/5tly intellectuali/ic & spirituali/ic atmosph]e ( ,france4 ,p]haps ! mo/ conspicu\s results x produc$ 7 ! !ories ( ,fu/el de ,c\langes on ! anci5t city & ! orig9 ( feudalism4 ,b1 to return to ,italy1 if ! aspirations t[>ds a national upris+1 :i* t5d$ to v9dicate & glorify all ! ornam5ts ,italy c\ld boa/1 rais$ ,vico's "n almo/ to a level ) t ( ,dante1 ! simultane\s r5aissance ( philosophy1 :i* 0 %ak+ (f ! s5sationalism & mat]ialism ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 b\nd to atta* itself to ! la/ great ideali/ic philosoph]1 to use 8 ?\ghts & to %elt] itself beh9d 8 au?ority4 ,vico's complete works 7 n[ collect$ & editions ( ! s+le treatises multipli$4 ,& s9ce 9 ! national upris+ two curr5ts c\ld be di/+ui%$1 p>tly successive & p>tly fus$1 ! neo-,guelphian & ! radical1 & s9ce ?is di/9ction 0 repres5t$ 9 ! philosophical awak5+ by t betwe5 ,ca?olic idealism & rationali/ic idealism1 ! s*ools ( ,rosm9i & ,giob]ti on ! "o h& & ,bruno & ,hegel on ! o!r2 ,vico1 at once a ,ca?olic & a free philosoph]1 l5t himself admirably1 z is easy to und]/&1 to ! contr>y sympa?ies & int]pretations ( ! two s*ools4 ,?us orig9at$ two diff]5t pictures ( him1 bo? hi/orically ju/ifi$1 ?\gh ! "o pa9t$ him z he w\ld h wi%$ to be1 ! o!r z he 04 ,! ,vico ( ! lib]al ,ca?olics 0 above all ! ,vico ( ! metaphysical po9ts1 ! ,platoni/1 ! my/ic ( ! unkn[able ,god1 ! traditionali/ ( ! prologues to ! ,diritto univ]sale1 & h5ce ! /rictly ,italian philosoph] z oppos$ to ^? ( ! re/ ( ,europe1 sons ( ! ,re=mation3 :]eas ! ,vico ( ! rationali/s1 ! bold & h]etical au?or ( ! ,sci5za ,nuova1 is a ,european philosoph] to be set side by side ) ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza1 ,kant & ,hegel4 ,! =m] picture may be se5 9 ! works ( ,rosm9i1 ,giob]ti1 ,tommaseo & _m o!rs1 among :i* we mu/ n =get ^? ( a ,neapolitan writ] ( l(ty _s1 ,enrico ,c5ni1 p]haps ! be/ ( all1 :o draws a lov+ picture ( ! ,vico ( ! ,ca?olics4 ,! latt] portrait is f\nd 9 ! philosoph]s & critics :o f #ahdj onw>ds acquir$ _! education 9 ! s*ool ( ,g]man idealism2 especially ,b]tr&o ,spav5ta & ,francesco de ,sanctis1 :o 7 ! fir/ to see cle>ly ,vico's relations to e>li] & lat] ,european ?\ght & to sub/itute = m]e obs]vations & vague impressions on ! subject a sci5tific int]pretation & a det]m9ate judgm5t4 ,t ! second s*ool ( int]pret]s & critics 7 9 ! "r1 & t ! lib]al or ideali/ic ,ca?olics _h tak5 up an unt5able position & reproduc$ 9 _! irresolution & incoh]5ce ! irresolution & incoh]5ce ( ,vico himself1 0 prov$ by ! fact1 among o!rs1 t less lib]al b m consi/5t ,ca?olics l ! ,spani>d ,jaime ,balmes %[ an inflexible di/ru/ & ho/ility t[>ds ! au?or ( ! ,sci5za ,nuova4 ,! /udy ( hi/ory 9 ,italy dur+ ?is p]iod 0 less deeply modifi$ by ,vico's influ5ce2 *iefly p]haps because ! impulse ( ! national upris+ l$ to ! neglect ( primitive & ,roman hi/ory & ! devotion ( all its be/ en]gies to rese>* into ! orig9 & vicissitudes ( ! ,italian republics1 a subject ,vico _h entirely ignor$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 jurisprud5ce especially 9 ! s\? 0 dom9at$ by 8 ?\ght2 & ?\gh x produc$ 9 ?is field no great sci5tific results1 x gave to ! juri/s a l(t9ess & bread? ( judgm5t & a concret5ess ( view :i* 7 long rememb]$ & regrett$4 ,aft] #ahgj1 ) ! decay ( philosophy 9 ,italy & else:]e1 ! /udy ( ,vico also decay$3 & = m ?an =ty ye>s !re 0 no dem& = a repr9t ( 8 works4 ,! monograph by ,cantoni 9 ! ye> #ahfg1 9 spite ( "s valuable passages1 already %[s unmi/akable signs ( ! decad5ce1 f\nd$ z x is ^u ! idea t ,vico's value is great] accord+ z he is less ( a metaphysician & m ( a psy*ologi/ & hi/orian3 a position due n s mu* to ! intr9sic weakness ascrib$ to him by ,cantoni 9 philosophical matt]s z to ! implicit conviction on ! critic's "p t metaphysic 9 g5]al is a valueless ?+1 useful only = r\s+ en?usiasm 9 ! addl$ heads ( s\!rn ,italians4 ,! great ideali/ ( ! ,new ,sci5ce 0 subject$1 z a f9al insult1 to ! praises ( ! positivi/s1 :o 9 _! a/oni%+ ignorance almo/ am\nt+ to innoc5ce did n--& /ill d n--hesitate to allege z a confirmation ( _! =mal pr(ession ( fai? ! words v]um ipsum factum1 :i* accord+ to !m means t ! tru? is ! fact :i* we see & t\*4 ,writ+s mak+ any s]i\s contribution to ! k ( any p>ticul> po9t on ,vico's doctr9es 7 r>e4 ,int]e/ 9 ,vico only reawoke )9 ! la/ decade ) ! g5]al reawak5+ ( philosophical /udies4 ,( ! two be/ compreh5sive works on ,vico publi%$ t[>ds ! end ( la/ c5tury "o is due to ! ,g]man ,ca?olic ,k>l ,w]n] 7#ahha7 :o exp\nds 8 philosophical & hi/orical doctr9es ) great c>e1 judg+ !m f ! po9t ( view ( speculative !ism1 a !ory evolv$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,baad] & ! second philosophy ( ,s*ell+1 & t5d+ mu* m to ! compreh5sion ( ,vico ?an ! psy*ology ( ,cantoni4 ,! o!r is ! "w ( an ,engli%man1 ,rob]t ,fl9t 7#ahhd71 :o wrote = ! collection ( ,philosophical ,classics a brief monograph ^u ! subject1 accurate 9 detail1 & if n pr(\nd at lea/ guid$ by cle> & s\nd s5se4 ,rec5tly ,sorel 9 ,france has %[n ! fruitfulness ( c]ta9 views ( ,vico's1 especially t ( ! reflux1 by apply+ !m to ! hi/ory ( primitive ,*ri/ianity & ! !ory ( ! mod]n prolet>ian movem5t1 :ile 9 ,g]many ,biese & ,mau?n] h br\ght 8 conceptions ( metaphor & language once m into fav\r4 ,b 9 spite ( all ?is ,vico has nev] _h ju/ice done him 9 works devot$ to ! hi/ory ( mod]n philosophy4 ,^!1 9 ! case bo? ( ,hffd+'s book & ( ! greatly sup]ior "w ( ,w9delb&1 & 9 fact ( all o!rs1 ei!r pass ov] ! ,italian philosoph] 9 complete sil5ce or else m]ely m5tion him z an exp]im5t]1 lat] ?an ,bossuet & e>li] ?an ,h]d]1 9 ! dubi\s sci5ce ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,?is lack ( att5tion arises p>tly f an insuffici5t k ( ,vico's real nature2 8 f]tile activities 9 ! !ory ( k1 9 e?ics1 9 ae/hetic1 9 law & 9 religion are all hidd5 beh9d t "o label philosoph] ( hi/ory4 ,p>tly h[ev] x is due to ! reaction ( ! hi/ory ( politics & culture on ! hi/ory ( philosophy2 :i* produces ! effect t ?9k]s ^: social influ5ce came to an end ) ! fall ( ! peoples or /ates to :i* !y belong$1 or :o = "s reason or o!r _h no consid]able influ5ce on ,european civilisation1 are sacrific$ to o!rs mu* less important f a philosophical po9t ( view b m influ5tial or bett] kn[n z expon5ts ( social life & repres5tatives ( cultural t5d5cies2 s t :]e x w\ld be ?\ght impossible to ignore1 = example1 ,paley or d',holba* or ,m5delssohn1 x seems natural to pass ov] ,giambatti/a ,vico1 ?\gh 9 su* company he is a giant among pigmies4 ,! hi/orical inju/ice ( ?is c\rse has be5 already %[n !oretically by ! di/9ction we h emphasis$ betwe5 ! hi/ory ( philosophy & ! hi/ory ( culture2 & 9 ,vico's special case by our :ole "w1 :i* cle>ly %[s ! lacuna left by ! omission ( ,vico 9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( ,european ?\ght at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is app5dix briefly recapitulates ! *ief results ( my rese>*es into ! subject set =? 9 ! ,bibliografia vi*iana & its two supplem5ts 7cf4 ! pres5t volume1 infra1 p4 #caj1 to :i* "w ,i ref] = full] details & = ! evid5ce = ! facts "h laid d[n4 ,footnote #b3 ,see above1 pp4 #bcf1 #bcg4 ,footnote #c3 ,labanca has devot$ a highly in/ructive volume to ! ,ca?olic criticisms ( ,vico3 see ! pres5t volume1 infra1 p4 #cji4 ,footnote #d3 ,see above1 pp4 #bdg-i4 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,vico',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,k#a ,my /atem5t1 t ! crit]ion ( k conta9$ 9 ,vico's =mula ( ! conv]sion ( ! true ) ! creat$ is an orig9al & mod]n pr9ciple1 has be5 contradict$ by c]ta9 ,ca?olic editors2 :o /ate t ?is doctr9e1 h[ev] true1 is n orig9al to ,vico1 & is inde$ f> f mod]n1 be+ a purely ,s*ola/ic doctr9e4 ,if ,i ?\ght o!rwise1 ?is 0 only due to my insuffici5t k ( ,s*ola/icism4 ,i might inde$ ask at ! outset h[ su* complete ignorance ( s*ola/icism 7 possible3 an ignorance n ( its manifold v>ieties & ! tangl$ =e/ ( its di/9ctions--t w\ld be compreh5sible3 b ( no less a matt] ?an ! fundam5tal crit]ion ( its !ory ( k1 ! />t+-po9t ( mod]n ?\ght & z su*1 x w\ld seem1 inevitably famili> to e /ud5t ( ! elem5ts ( philosophy4 ,b s9ce x is always useful to suspect oneself ( ignorance1 or ev5 to believe oneself m ignorant ?an "o really is1 ,i w make s f> z conc]ns myself a volunt>y display ( humility4 ,i f9d x less easy1 ,i confess1 to ext5d ! accusation ( ignorance to all :o1 l myself1 h fail$ to run ,vico's crit]ion to e>? 9 ! s*ola/ic lumb]-room3 ,jacobi = in/ance1 :o on read+ x z express$ 9 ! ,de antiquissima1 sees 9 x ! fir/ manife/ation ( ,kantianism & absolute idealism3#b or ! ,ca?olic !ologian ,baad]1 :o f9ds its lat] developm5t 9 ,s*ell+'s philosophy ( id5tity3#c or ! le>n$ & subtle ,spani% ,?omi/1 ,jaime ,balmes1 :o treats x z a unique idea & attacks x f ! s*ola/ic po9t ( view3#d or ! equally le>n$ ,ca?olic ,b]t9i1 :o accepts & develops ,jacobi's obs]vation3#e or ! em95t hi/orian ( philosophy ,wilhelm ,w9delb&1 :o1 :ile unacqua9t$ ) ,vico's doctr9es1 on com+ across indications ( a simil> ?\ght 9 ,san*ez's ,quod nihil scitur 0 greatly /ruck by x & endors$ its value by ! ass]tion t x 0 to be> fruit at a lat] date & 9 ! h&s ( a great] philosoph]1 ,immanuel ,kant3#f or aga9 ! speciali/ 9 ! hi/ory ( s*ola/icism1 ,k>l ,w]n]1 ! au?or ( a c>eful monograph on ,vico1#g :o n[h]e notices ! alleg$ s*ola/ic "* ( ,vico's !ory ( k4 ,s*ola/icism mu/ inde$ be a difficult & my/]i\s doctr9e1 if x is inaccessible to all ^! /ud5ts1 qualifi$ & b\nd ?\gh !y are to und]/& x4 ,b we _c pause on ! ?re%old to speculate3 we mu/ plunge /raight into ! argum5t4 ,9 :at "p ( s*ola/icism c we f9d ,vico's crit]ion conv]t+ k ) creation8 ,! ,?omi/ic say+1 tru? & reality are conv]tible1 ens et v]um conv]tuntur1 has be5 quot$3#h b quotations ( ?is k9d are p]haps m calculat$ to confuse by words ?an to conv9ce by facts4 ,! same value atta*es to ! /atem5t t ,vico himself confess$ ! s*ola/ic orig9 ( 8 pr9ciple1 s9ce ! v fir/ *apt] ( ! ,de antiquissima beg9s ) ! words 9 ,lat91 ! tru? & ! fact reciprocate1 or1 z ! s*ola/ic mob says1 conv]t1 ,lat9is v]um et factum reciprocantur1 seu1 ut s*ol>um vulgus loquitur1 conv]tuntur4 ,"h x is p]fectly cle> to any "o on a mom5t's ?\ght t ,vico1 ,lat9i/ z he 01 meant simply to sub/itute ! ,cic]onian reciproc>i = ! b>b>\s conv]ti4 ,/4 ,?omas expla9$ ! mean+ ( 8 =mula q cle>ly1 especially 9 ! ,summa ,!ologica1 ,"p ,i4 "q xvi4 art4 #c4 ,"h he asks :e!r ! tru? & ! reality are conv]tible1 utrum v]um et ens conv]tantur2 to :i* he replies z foll[s3 t z ! good is ( ! nature ( ! desirable1 s ! tru? has ! nature ( k4 ,b 9 s f> z a ?+ has exi/5ce 9 itself1 ?us f> x is kn[able4 ,& = ?is reason x is said 9 ,de anima1 ,bk4 ,,iii4 text4 #cg 7#dca b #ba7 t '! s\l is 9 a s5se all ?+s' accord+ to s5se & intellect4 ,& h5ce z ! good is conv]tible ) ! exi/5t1 s is ! true4 ,b yet z ! good adds to exi/5ce ! nature ( ! desirable1 s also ! tru? adds a ref]5ce to ! intellect4 7,quod sicut bonum habet rationem appetibilis1 ita v]um habet ord9em cognitionis4 ,unumquodque autem 9 quantum habet de esse1 9 tantum e/ cognoscibile4 ,et propt] hoc dicitur 9 #c de ,anima1 text4 #cg1 quod 'anima e/ quodammodo omnia' secundum s5sum et intellectum4 ,et ideo sicut bonum conv]titur cum ente1 ita et v]um4 ,s$ tam5 sicut bonum addit rationem appetibilis supra ens1 ita et v]um comp>ationem ad intellectum47 ,no?+ !n c be kn[n except :at exi/s1 & no?+ c exi/ b :at is good3 exi/5ce1 tru? & goodness are all conv]tible4 ,?us1 too1 ?+s are call$ good 9 s f> z !y correspond to ! idea 9 _! ,creator's m9d4 ,ea* s+le ?+ p>takes ( ! tru? ( its own nature 9 s f> z x imitates ! k ( ,god1 l an artefact 9 s f> z x agrees ) ! art3 ! k ( ,god is ! cause ( ?+s3 ! k ( ,god is ! measure ( ?+s4 7,unumquodque 9 tantum habet de v]itate suae natura1 9 quantum imitatur ,dei sci5tiam sicut artificiatum 9 quantum concordat arti ,i4 xiv4 #ab4 ,sci5tia ,dei e/ causa r]um ,i4 xiv4 #ab4 ,sci5tia ,dei e/ m5sura r]um ,i4 xiv4 #ab47 ,b tru? & goodness1 ! objects ( intellect & w respectively1 if on ! "o h& !y are conv]tible 9 reality1 conv]t5tur secundum rem1 on ! o!r !y are di/+ui%able 9 ?\ght1 div]sificantur secundum rationem 7,i4 lix4 #b74 ,:at h ^! ?\ghts 9 common ) ,vico's idea t ! condition ( kn[+ a tru? is to create x8 ,9 fact1 :at is "h /at$ is t ! condition ( mak+ a ?+ is to "k x1 or z ,/4 ,?omas says 9 ! same place 7,i4 xiv4 #h7 9 ,/4 ,augu/9e's words 7,de ,tr9itate xv4 #ac7 ,univ]sas creaturas et spirituelles et corporales non quia sunt ideo novit ,deus1 s$ ideo sunt quia novit4 7,god does n "k all ,8 creatures corporeal & spiritual because !y exi/3 b !y exi/ because ,he kn[s !m47 ,vico makes no k9d ( m5tion ( ! =mula ens et v]um conv]tuntur1 ?\gh he kn[s & quotes--a fact :i* has escap$ my critics--! analog\s phrase ! true & ! good are conv]tible1 v]um et bonum conv]tuntur3#i a =mula :i* he div]ts to 8 own purposes1 or r unites x ) 8 own4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he writes1 ,i e/abli% a tru? :i* is conv]tible ) ! creat$1 & 9 ?is s5se ,i und]/& ! good ( ! s*ools1 conv]tible ) exi/5ce3 & h5ce ,i inf] t ! "o & only tru? is 9 ,god1 s9ce 9 ,him is conta9$ all ,creation4#aj ,?is union is rea*$ q op5ly by id5tify+ v]um ) factum1 !n factum ) ens1 & f9ally ! v]um-factum-ens ) ! bonum3 by sub/itut+ ! doctr9e ( ,vico = t ( ! s*ools4 ,by su* a me?od ( int]pretation "o c\ld r$uce all doctr9es to a s+le "o1 a p]5nis philosophia4 ,i d n say t x w\ld be a me?od entirely devoid ( tru?2 b x is c]ta9ly n a hi/orical me?od4 ,t ,vico's crit]ion is n only diff]5t f b inconsi/5t ) ,?omism 0 %[n1 z ,i h already said1 by ,balmes2 :o pron\nc$ x speci\s b devoid ( solid f\ndation4 ,he uses ,/4 ,?omas's /atem5ts to controv]t ,vico's !ological doctr9e t ,god und]/&s because ,he creates1 oppos+ to x ! ,s*ola/ic view t ,he creates because ,he und]/&s4 ,he d5ies1 t ! ,^w 0 conceiv$ by ! m]e k ( :at is conta9$ 9 ! div9e omnipot5ce1 = x is conceiv$ n simply by creatures b also & *iefly by ! cognition ( ! div9e ess5ce 7= ! ,fa!r by und]/&+ himself & ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/ & all o!r ?+s embrac$ by ,8 k conceives ! ,^w1 s t ?us ! :ole ,tr9ity is impli$ 9 ! ,^w1 & also e creature3 ,pat] enim intelleg5do se et ,filium et ,spiritum sanctum et omnia alia quae ejus sci5tia cont95tur concipit ,v]bum1 ut sic tota ,tr9itas ,v]bo dicatur1 et etiam omnis creatura72 he objects t1 grant+ ?is crit]ion1 ,god c\ld nev] "k himself1 because ,he is n ,8 own cause4 ,he d5ies t intellig5ce is only possible ?r\gh causality1 inasmu* z x is also possible ?r\gh id5tity4 ,he accuses ,vico's crit]ion ( involv+ scepticism3 9 a ^w he ma9ta9s t ! facts ( k are kn[n by reason1 ev5 if !y are n ! products ( reason4#aa ,i am n conc]n$ to ask :e!r ,balmes is "r1 or :e!r ,vico's crit]ion c be reconcil$ ) ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,i am conc]n$ m]ely ) e/abli%+1 n only by quotation f ,/4 ,?omas b also by ! help ( ! judgm5t ( an au?oritative int]pret] ( 8 sy/em t ?is doctr9e is n ,?omi/ic4 ,ev5 grant+ t ! crit]ion 9 "q is irreconcilable ) ,?omism b n ) an improv$ ,*ri/ian !ology1 x is c]ta9ly irreconcilable ) bo? 9 ! =m x adopts 9 :at ,i h call$ ,vico's second !ory ( k1 9 ! ,sci5za ,nuova1 :i* ,balmes ei!r did n "k or omitt$ to m5tion1 & is pass$ ov] by my critics ) a light-he>t$ness t is n p>ticul>ly enviable4 ,"o ( !m ass]ts t ! alleg$ di/9ction 7! di/9ction t is drawn by myself7 betwe5 ,vico's fir/ & second !ories ( k does n 9 po9t ( fact exi/1 & produces no effects ( any k9d4 ,:at8 ,has x no effects1 :5 ^? hi/orical /udies & sci5ces ( m9d1 :i* 9 ! ,de antiquissima occupi$ ! l[e/ position among m]e probabilities became 9 ! ,sci5za ,nuova ! true/ ( all--true ev5 9 a high] degree ?an ma!matics itself z deal+ ) ! human _w :i* is man's creation8 :5 _! =m is f\nd 9 ! modifications ( ! actual human m9d itself8 :5 !y h a reality z mu* great]1 z ! reality ( ! laws ( human affairs is great] ?an t ( po9ts1 l9es1 areas & figures8#ab ,is !re no di/9ction1 :5 we pass f ! scepticism ( ! ,de antiquissima to ! rationalism ( ! /atem5t t ^! pro(s are ( a div9e nature1 & mu/ produce a div9e pleasure1 s9ce 9 ,god to "k & to create are "o & ! same8#ac ,x is true t ^u ?is po9t my att5tion has be5 recall$ to a well-kn[n passage ( ,galileo 7,dialogo dei massimi si/emi71 an especial fav\rite ( our own ,spav5ta1#ad :]e we f9d ! ?\ght t ! human intellect diff]s f ! div9e ext5siv1 b n int5siv1 & t if ! div9e intellect kn[s inf9itely m ab\t ma!matical propositions because x kn[s !m all1 yet ( ^! few facts kn[n by ! human intellect1 its k is equal to t ( ! div9e 9 objective c]ta9ty1 s9ce x atta9s compreh5sion ( ! necessity ?an :i* no great] c]ta9ty1 x seems1 c exi/4 ,b 9 any case ,galileo 0 n a ,s*oolman1 & moreov] ?is pron\ncem5t ( 8 seem$ s dang]\s to ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( ideas1 t he himself 0 oblig$ to alt] x by admitt+ t :ile s f> z ! tru? ( :i* ma!matical pro( gives no k is conc]n$1 ?is is id5tical ) t :i* ! div9e wisdom kn[s1 yet ! mann]1 9 :i* ,god kn[s ! inf9itely num]\s propositions ( :i* we "k a few1 is imm5sely sup]ior to our own1 :i* proce$s discursively f "o conclusion to ano!r1 :ile ,8 is simple intuition4 ,x is important too n to =get t ?is v /atem5t figures among ! heads ( ! accusation 9 ,galileo's trial4#ae ,if ! =mula ( ! conv]sion ( ! true ) ! creat$ is n f\nd 9 ,?omism1 x may p]haps be f\nd1 at lea/ 9 its orig9al1 sceptical or my/ical1 int5tion1 9 o!r t5d5cies ( s*ola/icism or m$iaeval philosophy g5]ally4 ,) ,?omism ,vico seems to h _h nei!r acqua9tance nor sympa?y3 b f 8 autobiography x is pla9 t he /udi$ nom9alism & ! summ>ies ( ,petrus ,hispanus & ,paulus ,v5etus1 ?\gh ) little pr(it1#af & lat] also1 mu* m pr(itably1 ! ,scoti/ philosophy2 :i* he consid]$ ! mo/ ,platonic ( ! ,s*ola/ic sy/ems4#ag ,traces ( ?is appe> 9 sev]al views express$ 9 ! ,de antiquissima1 especially 9 ^? deal+ ) univ]sals & ideas4 ,9 ?is direction1 ! direction t is to say ( ! ,scoti/ sy/em & ! closely alli$ sy/em ( ,occamism1 ,i h attempt$ v>i\s rese>*es1 )\t atta9+ any rem>kable results3 fur!r1 ,i h appli$ = assi/ance to v>i\s speciali/s 9 ,s*ola/icism1 b 9 va92 !y w\ld d no?+ b express _! own sup]ficial impressions or lose !mselves 9 idle disputation4 ,9 g5]al x seems possible to say t ,duns ,scotus's !ory ( k pres5ts po9ts ( aff9ity to t ( ,vico3 = example1 9 ! polemic aga9/ ! ,?omi/ic doctr9e ( ! adaequatio intellectus et rei1 :i* he refutes by apply+ x to ! div9e k1 s9ce ,god kn[s objects z will$ by ,him1 & !y exi/ because ,he wills _! exi/5ce )\t ,8 be+ necessitat$ by !m4#ah ,= ,occam aga9 ! ?\ght ( objects has no reality & objectivity 7or subjectivity accord+ to ! usage ( ,s*ola/ic t]m9ology1 :i* is ! rev]se ( mod]n7 9 ,god1 & is no?+ else ?an ! objects !mselves1 kn[n by ,god accord+ to ! possibility ( creat+ !m1 9 virtue ( :i* !y are ?9kable to ! div9e m9d4#ai ,b ! "q = ,vico is n m]ely ! priority ( creation to k or k to creation1 b ! conv]tibility or id5tity ( k & creation4 ,9 c]ta9 rec5tly publi%$ philosophical obs]vations by ,paolo ,s>pi1#bj a nom9ali/ ( ,occam's s*ool1#ba ! foll[+ /atem5ts are to be f\nd4 ,!y are ! m notable because /&+ z !y d )\t any results 9 ,s>pi's ?\ght & be+ undevelop$ 9 subsequ5t philosophy1 !y seem to be n 8 own inv5tion b a m]e repetition ( s*ola/ic dicta4 ,we h c]ta9 k bo? ( ! exi/5ce & ( ! cause ( ^? ?+s :i* we und]/& fully h[ to create3 ( ^? :i* we "k by exp]i5ce1 we "k ! exi/5ce1 b n ! cause4 ,we c h[ev] guess at x1 & look simply = a possible cause3 b out ( _m f\nd to be possible we _c be c]ta9 :i* is ! true "o4 ,?is fact may be se5 9 descriptions ( a/ronomical !ories1 & w\ld also be true 9 ! case ( a man :o saw a clock = ! fir/ "t4 ,( ! v>i\s guesses1 t ( a man :o knew h[ to make simil> objects w\ld be ne>e/ ! tru?1 e4g4 "o :o und]/ood ! con/ruction ( ma*9]y :5 he saw a diff]5t k9d ( ma*9e3 b none ! less he w nev] on t acc\nt#bb "k = c]ta94 ,!re are !n ?ree k9ds ( k3 fir/1 k h[ to make ! object3 secondly1 exp]i5ce ( x3 & ?irdly1 guess+ at possibilities4 ,?is ?\ght1 !n1 namely t objects are kn[n by _! creator1 & t ,god kn[s objects because ,he creates !m1 seems to h be5 curr5t 9 ! s*ools3 & ?is expla9s ! fact ( its reappe>+ 9 an incid5tal mann] & z an obvi\s tru? 9 ,francesco ,san*ez's ,quod nihil scitur 7#aeha7 :]e x is decl>$ impossible p]fecte cognosc]e quis quae non creavit2 nec ,deus cre>e potuisset nec creata reg]e quae non p]fecte precognovisset#bc 7t "o %\ld "k p]fectly ?+s :i* he has n creat$3 nor c\ld ,god h be5 able to create nor aft] creat+ !m to control ?+s :i* ,he _h n p]fectly =ekn[n74 ,b ne$ we cont9ue to look = x 9 ! guise ( a casual rem>k or an isolat$ proposition1 devoid ( philosophical connexion1 9 ! works ( philosoph]s or ! lecture-rooms ( ! s*ools8 ,did x n simply =m a "p ( ! common ?\ght :i* daily decl>es t ! man :o has made a ?+ kn[s x bett] ?an he :o has n made x8 ,probably a little att5tion w\ld reveal x 9 _m & dissimil> treatises2 & = my own "p1 :ile read+ ! ,*ronicon ( ,otto ( ,freis+ ! o!r day1 ,i came across x 9 ! introduction to ! ?ird book1 :]e ! *ronicl]1 writ+ z is well kn[n "u ! influ5ce ( ,/4 ,augu/9e's ,civitas ,dei1 is arre/$ by ! objection t ,god's designs 9 hi/ory are inscrutable1 & deliv]s himself ( ! foll[+ reflections3 ,:at !n %all we d8 ,if we _c und]/&1 %all we hold our peace8 ,!n :o w reply to ^? :o flatt]1 repel ^? :o attack1 & by ! reason & might ( 8 words confute ^? :o w\ld de/roy ! fai? t is 9 u8 ,s we _c und]/& ! secret c\nsels ( ,god1 & yet we are (t5 compell$ to give a reasonable acc\nt ( ^! ?+s4 ,:at8 ,%all we reason ab\t ?+s :i* we d n und]/&8 ,we c give reasons1 b human reasons1 :5 yet we _c und]/& ! div9e reasons4 ,& ?us x happ5s t :5 we speak ( !ological matt]s1 lack+ ! "r words = !m1 we be+ m5 use our own words2 & 9 speak+ ( s great a ,god 9 human language1 we use our words ! m boldly quo ipsum figm5tum no/rum cognosc]e non dubitamus1 because we nev] d\bt t we "k ! ?+ we h ourselves =m$3 quis enim melius cognoscit quam qui creavit8 = :o kn[s a ?+ bett] ?an he :o has creat$ x8#bd ,! logic ( ! ,abbot ( ,freis+ at ?is po9t may be ?\ght a trifle sophi/ical3 b ! fact rema9s t he ref]s to a common op9ion t he kn[s ?+s :o has made !m4 ,b probably ,vico 0 /imulat$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 crit]ion less by c]ta9 t5d5cies ( ,scotism or by curr5t op9ions ?an by ! philosoph]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 :i* he consid]$ ! gold5 age ( metaphysical /udy1 :5 %one1 z he says1 ,m>silio ,fic9o1 ,pico della ,mir&ola1 ,augu/9o ,nifo & ,augu/9o ,/euco1 ,jacopo ,mazzoni1 ,aless&ro ,piccolom9i1 ,matteo ,acquaviva & ,francesco ,patrizio4#be ,9 ,fic9o1 ^: "n he c\ples ) ^? ( ,plato & ,plot9us1#bf & especially 9 8 ,!ologia ,platonica1 ,vico c\ld read a magnific5t description ( ! productive "* ( ! div9e wisdom & its p>allelism ) t ( ! geometrician4 ,nature1 says ,fic9o1 :i* is div9e art1 diff]s f human art 9 t x produces its creations f )91 by liv+ reasons3 & x does n t\* ! surface ( matt] by means ( a h& or any o!r ext]nal in/rum5t1 z ! s\l ( a geomet] t\*es ! du/ :5 he describes figures ^u ! e>?1 b p]9de ut geometrica m5s mat]iam intr9secus phanta/icam fabricat1 x op]ates l ! m9d ( a geomet] creat+ an imag9>y matt] f )9 itself4 ,= z ! geomet]'s m9d1 :ile x consid]s )9 itself ! nature ( figures1 =ms int]nally by pictures ! image ( figures1 & by means ( ?is image =ms an imag9>y _s )\t any toil or design1 s 9 ! div9e art ( nature a wisdom ( "s k9d by means ( intellectual processes end[s ) natural se$s ! life-giv+ & motive =ce itself :i* is its companion4#bg ,vico mu/ h recall$ ?is passage 9 ,fic9o :5 9 8 inaugural lecture ( #afii he comp>$ ,god1 ! arti/ ( nature1 to ! human m9d :i* we may )\t impiety call ! ,god ( art1 j z he mu/ h rememb]$ x 9 ! ,de antiquissima :]e he comp>es ,god to ! geometrician4#bh ,vico might h[ev] h f\nd ?\ghts ( ?is k9d 9 v>i\s ,r5aissance philosoph]s1 n only 9 ,fic9o3 among o!rs1 9 ,girolamo ,c>dano1 :o contra/s div9e & human k1 ?\gh ) a diff]5t conclusion2 & re/ricts ! "o to f9ite objects 7= und]/&+ is br\ght ab\t by a k9d ( proportion1 proportione quad]ni fit1 & !re is no proportion betwe5 ! inf9ite & ! f9ite71 d5y+ t man c "k ,god1 = z ,vico said lat] 9 almo/ ! same words1 if ,i knew ,god1 ,i %\ld be ,god1 si scirem ,deus essem4 ,?us he po/ulat$ o!r sci5ces1 & o!r modes ( und]/&+1 entirely diff]5t f ?is ( ours2 m true1 m solid1 m firm1 z a body is ?an its %ad[3 & aga9 o!r pr9ciples :i* we c by no reason appreh5d4 ,& n only did he po/ulate !m1 b among ! human sci5ces he obs]v$ "o :i* z oppos$ to ! natural sci5ces rea*$ n m]ely ! surfaces ( ?+s b almo/ ! ?+s !mselves1 namely ma!matics4 ,! human s\l1 situat$ 9 ! body1 _c atta9 to ! sub/ances ( ?+s1 b w&]s ab\t ^u _! surfaces by ! help ( ! s5ses1 exam9+ measurem5ts1 actions1 resemblances & doctr9es4 ,b ! k ( ! m9d1 :i* creates ! fact1 is 9 a s5se itself ! fact1 j z ev5 among human sci5ces ! k ( a triangle1 t x has ?ree angles equal to two "r angles1 is practically id5tical ) ! tru? itself 7sci5tia v]o m5tis1 quae res facit1 e/ quasi ipsa res1 veluti etiam 9 humanis sci5tia trigoni1 quod habeat tres angulos duobus rectis aequales1 eadem f]me e/ ipsi v]itati71 :5ce x is cle> t !re is 9 u a natural sci5ce ( a diff]5t k9d f true sci5ce4#bi ,"h1 9 ! def9ition ( div9e k & ( ! proc$ure ( human k 9 ! case ( ma!matics1 z oppos$ to t ( physical sci5ce1 is implicit ! pr9ciple t true k consi/s 9 ! id5tity ( ?\ght ) its object4 ,! idea ( ! opposition ( ma!matics to physical sci5ce1 9 ! c]ta9ty ( ! "o & ! unc]ta9ty ( ! o!r1 p]si/$ 9 ! ,neapolitan philosoph]s & sci5ti/s ( ,vico's y\?1 ev5 if !y lo/ sight ( ! reason ( ?is opposition4 ,tommaso ,cornelio 9 8 progymnasma ,de ratione philosoph&i 7#affa7 aft] review+ ! errors produc$ by ! illusions ( s5se 9 physical sci5ce1 says1 ! contemplations ( ma!matics are n subject$ to errors ( ?is k9d1 deal+ z !y d ) ?+s ^: images are n introduc$ into ! m9d by ! s5ses2 = ! m9d c by itself adequately conceive figures & numb]s1 ^: prop]ties & analogies are exam9$ by ma!maticians1 )\t aid f s5se4#cj ,?is ought to be emphasis$1 s9ce x seems highly probable t ,vico 0 /imulat$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 g5]al !ory ( k by reflection ^u ma!matics & ! contra/ betwe5 x & physical sci5ce4 ,9 fact ! ,lat9 spee*es1 our e>lie/ docum5ts = 8 /udies1 ?\gh !y %[ ! influ5ce ( ,fic9o & a c]ta9 am\nt ( ,c>tesianism1#ca are nev] dom9at$ by ?is g5]al crit]ion4 ,x is only 9 ! la/ ( ^! spee*es1 t ( #agjg1 t ! di/9ction betwe5 ma!matics & natural sci5ce beg9s to appe>2 9 ! next ye> x is cle>ly /at$ 9 ! ,de ratione /udiorum1 :]e x takes ! =m ( a g5]al crit]ion4 ,we demon/rate geometry because we make x3 if we c\ld demon/rate physical facts1 we %\ld be creat+ !m4 ,= ! true =ms ( ?+s exi/ only 9 ,god ! greate/ & be/1 & to ^! ! nature ( !m con=ms 7geometrica demon/ramus quia facimus3 si physica demon/r>e possemus1 fac]emus4 ,9 uno enim ,deo ,opt4 ,max4 sunt v]ae r]um =mae1 quibus e>undem e/ con=mata natura74 ,& ?is !ory atta9$ its full developm5t 9 #agaj 9 ! ,de antiquissima4 ,su* are ! probable prec$5ts1 or z ! common b inaccurate metaphor expresses x1 s\rces ( ,vico's !ory ( k4 ,i d n ?9k t ! =mation ( ?is !ory c h be5 influ5c$ by ! propositions ( ,geul9x & ,malebran*e :i* h be5 po9t$ out to me1#cb namely t no "o c make t :i* he does n "k1 & t ,god alone kn[s 8 works1 because he =ekn[s 8 action4 ,9 ^! propositions ! old ,?omi/ic doctr9e is sub/antially summ>is$4 ,mu* m t5able w\ld be a connexion or at lea/ a comp>ison ) ,sp9oza2 we may recall ! ,sp9ozi/ic id5tification ( ! ordo et connexio ide>um & ! ordo et connexio r]um4 ,ano!r +5i\s1 b ,i ?9k1 inaccurate view is t ! analytic geometry ( ,desc>tes 0 ! introduction ( ! g5etic pr9ciple into ! /udy ( geometrical objects1 s t ! pr9ciple v]um ipsum factum be=e be+ =mulat$ by ,vico _h be5 practis$ by ,desc>tes2 & ,vico 9 ! ,de antiquissima adopt$ ! sci5tific me?od ( ,desc>tes1 :i* he /at$ z ! conv]tibility ( ! true ) ! creat$1 rais+ x f a c]titude to a crit]ion4#cc ,we are deal+ "h n ) practice1 b simply ) ! !ory ( me?od3 = ?is me?od1 conceiv$ 9 its univ]sality1 j s f> z x is practical has always be5 practis$2 n by ,desc>tes alone1 & n only by analytic geometry4 ,we %\ld c]ta9ly be bett] in=m$ z to ! prec$5ts ( ,vico's crit]ion if we knew m ( 8 /udies prep>atory to ! ,de antiquissima1 & if 9 g5]al we _h m lit]>y evid5ce ab\t 8 y\?4 ,p]haps ev5 ! prec$5ts ,i h indicat$1 :i* ,i only call$ probable1 are n q free f an elem5t ( *ance2 !y may be connexions only imag9$ by myself & non-exi/5t = ,vico's m9d1 :ile o!rs n accid5tal may p]haps be /ill unkn[n1 or await discov]y by a /ud5t m =tunate ?an myself4 ,b x may n be out ( place to rem>k t ! se>* = prec$5ts does no?+ to expla9 ! new ?\ght t foll[$ !m2 mu* less does x detract f ! value ( t ?\ght4 ,su* in=mation1 ?\gh on ! "o h& x enri*es our k ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 on ! o!r h& has absolutely no effect ^u ! det]m9ate ?\ght "u exam9ation4 ,x is valuable 9 ! biography ( a philosoph]1 b valueless = ! compreh5sion ( ! prop] mean+ ( ! new !ory1 :i* mu/ be s\ght ess5tially 9 ! new problem :i* x faces & attempts to solve4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy ! same pr9ciples hold good z 9 t ( lit]ature4 ,take = example ! episode ( ,argante & ,tancr$ 9 canto xix4 ( ,j]usalem ,deliv]$2 ,argante1 :ile tak+ up 8 position = ! fight ) 8 adv]s>y1 turns z if 9 d\bt to ! afflict$ city1 t[>ds ,j]usalem attack$ by ! crusad]s2 & :5 ,tancr$ brutally mocks him1 ask+ :e!r he does ?is out ( fe>1 he replies3-- ,i 0 b ?9k+ h[ ?is city1 ,! immemorial gre5 ( ,juda's realm1 ,is fall+1 vanqui%$2 ^: unhappy fate ,i h 9 va9 endeav\r$ to repel4 ,"h ! prec$5ts are easily f\nd2 ,hector p>t+ f ,&roma*e & =esee+ ! unhappy fate ( ,ilion1 ,priam & all 8 p 7 1 etc41 ,,ii4 vi4 #ddh-i72 or ,a5eas z he gazes ^u its d[nfall 7ruit alto a culm9e ,troia3 444 si ,p]gama dextra1 etc41 ,a54 ii4 #bij-ib74 ,& yet ! tragic melan*oly ( ,argante is an entirely new creation1 & altoge!r orig9al to ,tasso4 ,fic9o1 ,c>dano1 ,tommaso ,cornelio1 ,scotus & ,occam1 & any o!rs :o h be5 or %all be add$ to ! li/1 h or may h anticipat$ ?is or t elem5t ( ,vico's =mula3 & yet :5 we turn f _! /atem5ts to ! ,de antiquissima & ! polemics t foll[ x1 & read ! def9ition ( sci5ce1 ( true sci5ce1 z ! conv]sion ( ! true ) ! creat$1 x /rikes u z an entirely orig9al !ory4 ,! fact is t ,vico _h n to face ! same oppon5ts & to solve ! same problems t 7 fac$ & solv$ by ! s*oolm51 nom9ali/s & my/ics ( ! ,middle ,ages or by ! ,platoni/s & naturali/s ( ! ,r5aissance1 nor yet ^? ( ,desc>tes 9 8 ,disc\rs sur la m?ode2 & ! say+ t he alone kn[s ?+s :o creates !m acquires a new value1 a new mean+ 7& ?is is its prop] mean+7 f its be+ us$ to refute ! ,c>tesian cogito & ! doctr9e ( imm$iate k4 ,vico takes an old ru/y sword & makes ( x at lea/ a glitt]+ & tr5*ant weapon4 ,= ! same reason ! phrase is no long] a m]e accid5t or incid5t1 b ! />t+-po9t ( a special /udy1 ! f\ndation ( a new philosophy1 & ,vico c\ld q well describe x z some?+ n le>nt f ano!r b ?\ght out & e/abli%$ by himself4 ,& :5 he wants to f9d "s orig9al = x1 he inv5ts a hi/ory :i* is really a fiction or a my?2 namely ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,italian wisdom :i* us$ ?is crit]ion z its supreme guide & left a trace ( x 9 ! ,lat9 language 9 ! synonymity ( ! words v]um & factum4 ,! refutation ( ! ,c>tesian crit]ion 7:i* ,de ,sanctis ?\ght complete1 ! la/ ^w ( criticism#cd7 is ! negative aspect ( ,vico's !ory ( k4 ,its positive side1 abs5t 9 ! ,de antiquissima1 is develop$ z we h said 9 ! ,sci5za ,nuova1 :]e ! human k ( ! m9d & ( hi/ory is rais$ to ! level ( div9e k4 ,& s9ce "s critics h n only *os5 to ignore ! obvi\s diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two phases ( ,vico's ?\ght b h spok5 ( a too easy transition f ! "o to ! o!r1 x w be well to obs]ve t ?is transition 0 = ,vico if n entirely consci\s at lea/ v sl[ & v difficult4 ,he mu/ at "o "t h %>$ ,desc>tes' & ,malebran*e's contempt = hi/ory2 9 ! spee* ( #agja he ev5 e*o$ a say+ ( ,desc>tes aga9/ philologi/s3--,y1 ,philologi/1 boa/ ( kn[+ ev]y?+ ab\t ! furniture & clo?+ ( ! ,romans & ( be+ m intimate ) ! qu>t]s1 tribes & /reets ( ,rome ?an ) ^? ( y\r own city4 ,:y ?is pride8 ,y "k no m ?an did ! pott]1 ! cook1 ! cobbl]1 ! summon]1 ! auctione] ( ,rome4#ce ,b elev5 ye>s lat]1 9 ! second reply to ! ,giornale dei lett]ati1 ,vico ref]s to ! same phrase ) ! contr>y conclusion1 & deplores t ! /udy ( languages is to-day consid]$ pr(itless1 ?anks to ! au?ority ( ,desc>tes1 :o says t to "k ,lat9 is to "k no m ?an did ,cic]o's s]vant-girl4#cf ,vico _h 9 ! meantime become consci\s ( ! importance ( ! probable k ( hi/ory & politics4 ,he ref]s to 8 =m] anti-hi/orical ,c>tesianism 9 a passage ( ! ,de con/antia philologiae :i* has g5]ally escap$ notice4 ,speak+ ( philology he says3 ,i1 :o h all my life delight$ 9 ! use ( reason m ?an 9 memory1 seem to myself ! m ignorant ! m facts ,i "k 9 philology4 ,:5ce ,r5 ,desc>tes & ,malebran*e 7 n f> wrong :5 !y said t x 0 ali5 to ! philosoph] to "w mu* & = long at philology4 ,b he adds t lat] he p]ceiv$ t ^! two mo/ notable philosoph]s ought1 x !y _h be5 zeal\s = ! common glory ( ,*ri/5dom1 n = ! private glory ( philosoph]s1 s to h press$ =w>d ! /udy ( philology z to see :e!r philology c\ld be atta*$ to ! pr9ciples ( philosophy 7ut vid]5t philosophi an philologiam ad philosophiae pr9cipia revoc>e poss5t74#cg ,! elevation ( philology to ! rank ( philosophy1 ( ! k ( ! _w ( man to ! level ( div9e k1 is ! positive aspect ( ,vico's !ory ( k4 ,x is ?is t is develop$ 9 ! ,sci5za ,nuova1 t[>ds :i* ! ,de antiquissima1 ) ! indication ( ! hi/orical sci5ces z aga9/ ,c>tesianism1 only prep>$ ! way4 ,?us ( ! ?ree po9ts 9 :i* ,i plac$ ! orig9ality & value ( ,vico's fir/ !ory ( k1 two1 namely ! crit]ion ( k oppos$ to t ( ,desc>tes & ! def5ce ( concrete z oppos$ to ab/ract sci5ces1 are n only left intact by ! inquiries into _! s\rces :i* ,i h j describ$1 b are actually re9=c$4 ,!re rema9s ! ?ird ( my po9ts3 ! ,vician !ory ( ! arbitr>y nature ( ma!matics1 ! orig9ality ( :i* has also be5 impugn$ by argum5ts :i* seem to me to h ev5 less f\ndation ?an ^? ,i h exam9$ above4 ,d we f9d ! doctr9e t ! fundam5tal objects ( ma!matics1 ! unit ( ari?metic & ! po9t ( geometry1 are unreal or fictiti\s1 prop\nd$ be=e ,vico's "t8 ,d we f9d x--?is is ! *ief po9t--prop\nd$ n z a casual rem>k or an intuition ( a tru?1 b z a consci\sly reason$ concept f :i* legitimate consequ5ces are drawn z to ! limitations ( ma!matics & its inability to furni% real k ( m9d1 nature & hi/ory8 ,all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages ! ,ari/otelian !ory ( ma!matics is cont9ually enunciat$4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory ma!matics is ! mo/ c]ta9 ( ! sci5ces because ! simple/2 x ab/racts f all s5sible matt]1 b n f intelligible matt] 7 7 :i* exi/s 9 s5sible objects b n qua s5sible 7 7#ch ,accord+ to ,cassiodorus x con/itut$ ! body ( doctr9alis z oppos$ to naturalis 7physical7 sci5ce & div9a4 ,alb]tus ,magnus foll[$ ,ari/otle 9 def9+ ma!matical entities z sep>able 9 imag9ation1 9 ?\ght b n 9 reality 79 phantasmate1 secundum rationem1 non secundum esse7 f ! s5sible matt] to :i* !y are conjo9$ by exi/5ce 7p] esse sunt coniunctae72 & ,/4 ,?omas said t ma!matics ?\gh ! objects x consid]s are n sep>ate1 yet consid]s !m 9 s f> z !y are sep>ate 7etsi sunt non sep>ata ea quae consid]at1 tam5 consid]at ea 9 quantum sunt sep>ata74#ci ,! arbitr>y "* ( its f\ndations 0 nev] suspect$4 ,dante1 :5 he wi%$ to indicate ! ?+s :i* n be+ subject to our p[] we c only contemplate & n create1 enum]at$ ! objects ( ma!matics1 physical sci5ce & div9ity 7ma!matica1 physica et div9a74#dj ,j z ma!matics 0 n always equally valu$ 9 antiquity1 s1 & mu* m s1 aft] ! ,r5aissance ( le>n+1 x 0 v>i\sly exalt$ or despis$4 ,giordano ,bruno satiris$ ! abuse ( x1 & said t )\t physical sci5ce to be able to calculate & measure1 to und]/& geometry & p]spective1 is b a pa/ime ( +5i\s fools1 & w>n$ 8 read]s aga9/ confus+ ma!matical signs & real causes3 a reflect$ or direct ray1 an acute or obtuse angle1 a p]p5dicul>1 incid5t or /raight l9e1 a great] or small] are ( a circle1 su* & su* an aspect1 are ma!matical circum/ances & n natural causes4 ,to play ) geometry is "o ?+1 to prove by means ( nature is ano!r4 ,x is n l9es & angles t make ! fire m or less hot1 b ne> & f> situations1 %ort & long spaces ( "t4#da ,campanella flatly d5i$ ,ari/otle's ass]tion ( ! sup]iority ( ma!matics to physical sci5ce1 decl>+ t its alleg$ purity 0 really weakness 7debilitas71 its simplicity 0 inability to include m ?+s 7plura accip]e71 its univ]sality a contradiction aga9/ ! nature ( true sci5ce :i* is always ( p>ticul>s 7de s+ul>ibus71 its demon/rative me?od by signs n by causes 7p] signa1 non p] causas72 & f9ally t x is n a sci5ce inve/igat$ = its own sake & is valueless unless x is appli$ to physical matt]s 7nisi applic5tur physicis rebus74#db ,bacon is ( ! same op9ion1 t ma!matics tak5 by itself is useless1 & is useful only z an auxili>y sci5ce1 a great app5dix to ! physical sci5ces4#dc ,^! def9itions & re/rictions1 & o!rs l !m1 might h yield$ z a conclusion ! entirely in/rum5tal & practical "* ( ma!matical sci5ce3 b ! conclusion 0 n drawn1 s f> z ,i "k2 & ,bacon himself consid]$ ma!matics z 9 itself too exclusively & uselessly !oretical4 ,= s9ce1 he goes on 9 ! passage above quot$1 x is a fact ( human nature1 no d\bt to ! great detrim5t ( sci5ce1 t x rejoices 9 ! op5 pla9s ( g5]alities1 s to speak1 r ?an 9 ! =e/s & closes ( ! p>ticul>1 no discov]y is m pleasant & gratify+ ?an ma!matics :]e) to sate ?is love ( w&]+ & ( m$itation4 ,! creation ( ma!matics spok5 ( by ,fic9o1 ,c>dano & o!rs signifi$ a m5tal production entirely free f mat]ial presuppositions1 & = t reason n less true b true 9 a high] s5se4 ,x is almo/ ! same s5se z t f\nd 9 ,desc>tes & 8 foll[]s4 ,locke ass]ts ! reality ( ma!matical tru?s1 ?\gh he admits t !re are 9 nature no figures correspond+ to ! ar*etypes exi/+ 9 ! m9d ( ! geometrician2#dd & ,leibniz1 comm5t+ on ?is passage1 says t ! ideas ( ju/ice & temp]ance are no m our own inv5tion ?an ^? ( ! circle & ! squ>e4#de ,tommaso ,cornelio1 :om we h quot$ on ! contra/ betwe5 physical sci5ce & ma!matics1 also believ$ t ma!matics re/$ on c]ta9 notions & und]/&+s :i* nature has put into ! m9ds ( m5 z f\ndations ( sci5ce4#df ,ano!r k9d ( creation1 & "o :i* seems to h m connexion ) ,vico's f+]e is discuss$ 9 a passage ( ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics :i* has _h a good deal ( influ5ce4 ,we f9d also1 ,ari/otle says1 geometrical figures by actualis+ !m 771 because !y are f\nd by be+ divid$3 if !y 7 divid$1 !y w\ld be obvi\s1 b 9 reality !y exi/ pot5tially4 ,:y has ! triangle two "r angles8 ,because ! angles r\nd "o po9t are equal to two "r angles4 ,if !n we con/ruct ! angle along "o side1 x w\ld become pla9 to any "o look+ at x4 ,:y is ! angle 9 ! semicircle equal to a "r angle8 ,because if !re are ?ree equal l9es1 two 9 ! base & "o drawn p]p5dicul> to x1 x is pla9 to any "o :o sees x & kn[s t4 ,:5ce x is evid5t t we discov] ?+s t exi/ pot5tially by r$uc+ !m to actuality4 ,?is is because ! actuality is und]/&+1 & ! pot5tiality proce$s f ! actuality2 s we "k by mak+ 7 74#dg ,b ^! obs]vations belong to ! explanations giv5 by ,ari/otle 9 ?is passage ( ! conceptions ( pot5tiality & actuality2 !y are n at all oppos$ to 8 !ory ( ma!matics z /udy+ ! intelligible matt] :i* subsi/s 9 s5sible matt]1 & !y only expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 pot5tial & actual tru?4 ,9 ! same way we sometimes f9d 9 lat] philosoph]s ! ass]tion t ma!matical tru?s are demon/rat$ & problems resolv$ by mak+ !m4 ,?us ,s>pi writes 9 ! passage m5tion$ above3 9 ma!matics1 he :o con/ructs kn[s because he makes1 & he :o analyses le>ns because he seeks h[ ! ?+ is made4 ,! mode ( composition !n belongs to ! inv5tive faculty & t ( analysis to ! discursive3 ! =m] is t ( problems1 ! latt] ( !orems2 ! latt] are demon/rat$ by analysis1 ! =m] by composition4#dh ,x has also be5 rec5tly ass]t$ t ! ,vician philosophy ( ma!matics reappe>s bodily 9 ,galileo & 8 s*ool2#di an a/\nd+ fact :5 baldly /at$1 s9ce ev5 ?\gh ,vico opposes & pref]s ! great ,pisan to ,desc>tes = ! mod]ate use he makes ( ma!matics 9 physical sci5ce1 x is c]ta9 t = ,galileo z = ,leon>do da ,v9ci ma!matics _h an objective validity1 & ! book ( nature is writt5 9 ma!matical *>act]s & geometrical figures4 ,9 any case1 ! passage ( ,galileo :i* has be5 quot$ 9 ?is ref]5ce1 on ! int5sive id5tity ( human ) div9e k1 has no?+ to d ) ! pres5t "q1 & ano!r passage :i* ass]ts t ! explanations ( t]ms are free1 & x is 9 ! p[] ( e workman to circumscribe & def9e 9 8 own way ! ?+s he is deal+ )1 )\t ev] be+ l$ by ?is into error or falsehood1 & t = in/ance "o may call ! b[ ! /]n & ! /]n ! b[1 says no?+ b a platitude h>dly wor? say+ except by way ( adorn+ a page ( controv]sial rhetoric4#ej ,9 controv]sy "o is (t5 oblig$ to insi/ ^u platitudes1 & ! controv]sy ^u :i* ,i am n[ engag$ itself pres5ts too _m examples4 ,a passage f ! ,lezioni accademi*e ( ,galileo's pupil ,evangeli/a ,torricelli 9 :i* he speaks ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 physical & ma!matical def9itions seems at fir/ sight m conv9c+4 ,b ! critic :o has call$ att5tion to ?is passage#ea says too mu* :5 he ass]ts t x is beyond d\bt t ,vico _h read x1 s9ce x is unque/ionable t ,vico _h n read x4 ,! ,lezioni accademi*e 7 publi%$ fir/ po/hum\sly 9 #agaeeb & ,vico's !ory ( ma!matics is exp\nd$ 9 ! ,de ratione 9 #agjh & ! ,de antiquissima1 #agaj4 ,?is1 x is true1 is ( second>y importance1 = ,vico may h kn[n ,torricelli's doctr9e ?r\gh indirect *annels1 ?r\gh o!r books or ev5 orally ?r\gh "s ,neapolitan fri5d or pupil ( ,torricelli2 9 any case1 if ! latt]'s !ory ?\gh unkn[n to ,vico 0 really id5tical ) 8 own1 ! simil>ity ( ideas betwe5 ! two w\ld be ( ! greate/ int]e/4 ,un=tunately ! critic has be5 too ha/y1 z x seems to me1 ev5 9 8 /udy & int]pretation ( ! pages ( ,torricelli4 ,9 ! passage 9 "q1 a lecture ,della legg]ezza1 read to ! ,accademia della ,crusca1 ,torricelli controv]ts1 z bas$ on m]e appe>ances & n confirm$ by facts & reason+1 ,ari/otle's def9ition 9 ! ,de coelo3 heavy is t :i* has a natural prop]ty ( go+ t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,he rem>ks ^u ?is3 ,! def9itions ( ,physics diff] f ^? ( ,ma!matics 9 t ! =m] are oblig$ to adapt & adju/ !mselves to ! object def9$1 :ile ! latt] ma!matical def9itions are free & c be =m$ at ! w ( ! geometrician :o is def9+4 ,! reason is p]fectly pla93 ! ?+s def9$ 9 ,physics d n come into be+ ) ! def9ition1 !y exi/ already by !mselves & are f\nd 9 nature previ\sly4 ,b ! ?+s def9$ by geometry1 t is by ! sci5ce ( ab/raction1 h no exi/5ce 9 ! univ]se ( ! _w o!r ?an t :i* def9ition gives to !m 9 ! univ]se ( intellig5ce4 ,?us :atev] objects ( ,ma!matics are def9$1 ! same objects w come into exi/5ce simultane\sly ) ! def9ition4#ec ,! arbitr>y "* ( ma!matics seems "h to be cle>ly /at$4 ,b let u res]ve our judgm5t & read on4 ,if ,i 7 to say1 ! circle is a plane figure ) f\r equal sides & f\r "r angles1 ?is is n at all a false def9ition2 b = ! re/ ( my book ,i %\ld h to mean1 :5ev] ,i spoke ( a circle1 a c]ta9 figure :i* o!rs h call$ a squ>e4 ,b if a man %\ld say 9 ,physics1 '! horse is a rational animal1' %\ld we n be ju/ifi$ 9 call+ him ! horse8 ,we mu/ fir/ look v c>efully to see :e!r ! horse is a rational animal or n & !n def9e x z x is1 9 ord] t ! physical def9ition may con=m to ! object & n be c\nt$ defective4 ,"h we see t :at appe>$ to be a pr(\nd ?\ght has turn$ out to be a platitude2 x is indiff]5t :e!r we call ! b[ ! /]n or ! /]n ! b[1 said ,galileo1 or1 says ,torricelli 9 8 turn1 :e!r we call a squ>e a circle or a circle a squ>e2 :ile x does n seem to him an indiff]5t matt] :e!r we call a horse a rational animal4 ,b ev5 ?is does n prev5t him f admitt+ lat] "s degree ( arbitr>9ess 9 physical t]m9ology1 :5 he says1 s9ce !n x is n demon/rat$ t ! intr9sic pr9ciple ( d[nw>d motion exi/s ^u ! e>?1 ,i w accept ?is def9ition1 if ! te/s w all[ me1 z ! simple imposition ( a "n1 &1 replac+ ! v]b 'to be' by ! v]b 'to be call$1' ,i w adapt ! def9ition to my own requirem5ts ?us3 ,t is call$ heavy :i* desc5ds to ! c5tre4 ,:5ev] any "o says1 ! e>? is heavy1 ,i w agree1 b always ) ! int]pretation t ! ^w 'heavy' only signifies desc5d+ 9 a light] m$ium4#ed ,x seems to me !n t ! diff]5ce :i* he beg9s by lay+ d[n betwe5 ma!matics & physical sci5ce is consid]ably obscur$ 9 ! sequel4 ,& inde$ h[ c\ld ,torricelli h s]i\sly ?\ght t ! f\ndation ( ma!matics 0 a fiction1 :5 among 8 lectures "o he>d ! title 9 ,praise ( ,ma!matics8 ,9 ?is lecture he says1 q 9 ! ,galilean /yle3 ,t to read ! great ,book ( ! ,univ]se1 ! book on ^: pages may be f\nd ! true philosophy writt5 by ,god1 ma!matics are indisp5sable1 w be se5 by any "o :o ) noble ?\ghts aspires to ! sci5ce ( ! integral p>ts & greate/ memb]s ( ?is huge body we call ! ,_w4 ,! "o alphabet1 ! only *>act]s ) :i* we c read ! great manuscript ( ! div9e philosophy 9 ! book ( ! ,univ]se are ^? poor figures y see 9 ! text-books ( geometry4#ee ,! mo/ we c see 9 ^! /atem5ts is a vague & hazy pres5tm5t ( ! pr(\nd diff]5ce betwe5 physical tru?s & ! s-call$ tru?s ( ma!matics4 ,9 conclusion1 until = ! ?ird ( my ?ree po9ts we c discov] mu* m obvi\s s\rces ?an ^? sugge/$ up till n[1 ,i %all see no cause to modify my v]dict ^u ! orig9ality ( ,vico's conception ( ma!matics4 ,?is orig9ality is fur!r prov$ by ! important consequ5ces drawn by ,vico f 8 !ory ( ma!matics = 8 philosophical me?od2 = e "o kn[s t a ?\ght tak5 ov] bodily f ano!r rema9s in]t & /]ile1 :ile an orig9al idea is always active & fruitful4 ,note4--,i h select$1 ( ! v>i\s criticisms direct$ aga9/ my book on ,vico1 t conc]n+ 8 orig9ality1 because ?is gave me opportunities = rese>*es & explanations ( "s value4 ,b my book has be5 subject$ to two g5]al criticisms :i* d n l5d !mselves to ! same treatm5t4 ,x has be5 said t 9 my exposition ( ,vico's philosophy ,i h foll[$ my p]sonal philosophical convictions3 & s]mons & epi/les h be5 %[]$ ^u me prea*+ ! duty ( ca/+ (f prejudices1 etc41 & n>rat+ ! hi/ory ( philosophy 9 an objective mann]1 etc4 ,b ,i %\ld l my critics to believe t my convictions _c h1 to my m9d1 ! "* ( prejudices1 b precisely t ( lib]ation f prejudice1 :i* is :at !y dem&3 t deta*m5t & purity ( und]/&+ :i* is necess>y = ! compreh5sion ( hi/orical facts1 & is n1 z "s fancy1 a primeval innoc5ce1 b ! fruit ( labori\s cultivation4 ,to grasp ,vico hi/orically 9 8 /rict reality ,i h be5 compell$ to und]go a ca?>sis ( prejudices1 consi/+ 9 my case ( ! philosophy to :i* my own ef=ts _h l$ me4 ,my ideas may be untrue1 b t is ano!r "q2 & t means t if _! falsity is prov$ ,i am b\nd to cle> & purify my m9d by means ( less false ideas2 b ^! 9 _! turn mu/ always be ideas & become convictions4 ,9 po9t ( ab/ract me?od1 no objection at all c be made to any "o :o looks at ,vico ?r\gh ! spectacles ( s*ola/icism if he ?9ks !y make 8 sight m di/9ct & p5etrat+2 ! mo/ we c d is to try & p]suade him t !re are bett] spectacles on ! m>ket4 ,b we c]ta9ly h ! "r to smile if ?is same s*ola/ic goes on to w>n u t 9 /udy+ a philosoph]1 9 inve/igat+ & recon/ruct+ 8 ?\ght1 x is absolutely necess>y to br+ to ! task a m9d free f preconceptions & ho/ile to prejudices2 :ile all ! "t he is try+ to pass (f 8 s*ola/ic op9ions & religi\s beliefs "u ! bann] ( objectivity1 s9c]ity & fre$om f prejudice4 ,philosoph]s--,i h se5 ?is ass]tion too--are unfitt$ = writ+ ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 because !y h ideas ( _! own4 ,& :o is fitt$ = x8 ,p :o are n philosoph]s8 ,does n ,vico tea* u precisely ?is1 t :]e he :o makes ! facts 7z ! philosoph] makes philosophy7 himself n>rates !m1 !re hi/ory rea*es its highe/ c]ta9ty8 ,! o!r criticism conc]ns ! ideali/ic int]pretation :i* ,i h giv5 to "s ( ,vico's doctr9es4 ,x is cont5d$ t ,vico 0 a ,ca?olic1 & t fact is suppos$ to prove t he c\ld n h ent]ta9$ ! ideas :i* ,i f9d 9 8 works4 ,b t ,vico pr(ess$ himself an entirely or?odox ,ca?olic1 & t he clung to ,ca?olicism ) all ! /r5g? & zeal ( 8 m9d ,i h myself said aga9 & aga93 ,i h ev5 def5d$ him aga9/ ! accusations or praises dealt out to him by o!r critics = deceit or prud5ce 9 8 attitude to ! ,*ur*4 ,b is x really s amaz+1 s unhe>d-( a ?+1 to f9d het]odox ideas 9 an or?odox writ]8 ,are !y n f\nd 9 ! ,e>ly ,fa!rs & ! ,s*oolm51 9 m$iaeval & mod]n !ologians & my/ics8 ,to take an example ( ! _m t occur1 an example = a d\ble reason above suspicion3 ,ni*olas ( ,cusa 0 a ,ca?olic & 9 fact a ,c>d9al ( ,holy ,*ur*1 & 9 8 lifetime ! intimate fri5d ( ?ree popes4 ,& yet ! ,ca?olic hi/orian ( ,s*ola/icism1 ,de ,wulf1 wrote ( him ,le ,c>d9al ca?olique e/-il donc pan?i/e8444 ,il s'en df5d vivem5t dans son ,apologia doctae ignorantiae1 mais on peut dire de lui comme d',eckeh>t3 'il fait fl*ir la logique au pr(it de son or?odoxie et reti5t de =ce les consqu5ces de ses prmisses' 7,hi/4 de la philos4 mdivale1 p4 #chi74 ,if ?is happ5$ to ! ,c>d9al ( ,cusa or ! ,franciscan ,ma/] ,eckeh>t1 c\ld x n happ5 to ! ,ca?olic ,vico8 ,m4 de ,wulf ! ,ca?olic hi/orian is all[$ to use ?is admirable me?od ( criticism & to di/+ui% int5tion & action1 w & logic4 ,:y %\ld x be d5i$ to me8 ,b en\gh4 ,footnote #a3 ,a lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,accademia pontaniana on ,m>* #aj1 #aiab1 & "h repr9t$ f ! ,atti ( t society1 vol4 xlii4 ,footnote #b3 ,von d5 gttli*5 ,d+5 und ihr] ,(f5b>ung 7#ahaa71 ,w4,w4 iii4 #cea-ced4 ,footnote #c3 ,vorlesung5 b] religiose ,philosophie1 ,w4,w4 i4 #aie1 & ,vorles4 b] spekul4 ,dogmatik1 ib4 ix4 #ajf 7passages quot$ by ,k4 ,w]n]1 ,g4 ,b4 ,vico1 p4 #cbd74 ,footnote #d3 ,la ,filos(ia fondam5tale1 translat$ f ! ,spani%1 ,naples1 #ahea1 bk4 i4 *4 #cj-ca4 ,footnote #e3 ,/oria critica delle prove metafisi*e di una realit sovras5sibile 7,atti dell' ,accademia di ,tor9o1 i4 #ahff71 pp4 #fdj-da4 ,footnote #f3 ,ges*i*te d] neu]5 ,philosophie 7#ahgh71 #e? edition1 i4 #bc4 ,footnote #g3 ,g4 ,b4 ,vico als ,philosoph und gelehrt] ,=s*] 7,wi51 #ahha74 ,x is well kn[n t ,w]n] has writt5 ^u ,/4 ,?omas1 ,duns ,scotus1 late ,s*ola/icism1 ,su>ez1 ,augu/9ianism1 nom9alism1 etc4 ,footnote #h3 ,?4 ,neal 7,a4 ,cecconi71 ,vico e l'imman5za1 9 ! ,roman ,cultura contemporanea1 iii4 7#aiaa7 p>ts #g-h1 pp4 #a-bd4 ,footnote #i3 ,cf4 ,summa ,!ol4 i4 q4 v4 a4 ,i3 q4 xxi4 a4 #a-b4 ,footnote #aj3 ,prima rispo/a al ,giornale dei lett]ati 7,op]e1 ed4 ,f]r>i1 ii4 #aag74 ,footnote #aa3 ,balmes1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #ab3 ,sci5za ,nuova1 ed4 ,nicol9i1 i4 #ahg-h4 ,footnote #ac3 ,ibid4 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #ad3 ,scritti filos(ici1 ed4 ,g5tile1 pp4 #chc-g1 & ,esp]i5za e metafisica1 p4 #bah sqq4 ,footnote #ae3 ,see ,g5tile's note1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #af3 ,l',autobiografia1 il c>teggio e le poesie v>ie1 ed4 ,croce1 pp4 #d-e4 ,mau?n]'s ass]tion 7,beitrge zu e9] ,kritik d] ,spra*e1 ,b]l91 #aija1 ii4 #dig-h7 t ,vico 0 a nom9ali/ & t ! great discov]ies ( ! ,sci5za ,nuova 7 due to 8 nom9alism1 is q arbitr>y & n f\nd$ correctly on 8 autobiography4 ,footnote #ag3 ,autobiography1 ed4 cit4 pp4 #e-f4 ,pietro ,giannone 0 also /udy+ ,scotism ab\t #afij 7,vita scritta da lui m$esimo1 ed4 ,nicol9i1 pp4 #f-g74 ,footnote #ah3 ,w]n]1 ,johannes ,duns ,scotus 7,wi51 #ahha71 p4 #gf4 ,footnote #ai3 ,w]n]1 ,die na*scoti/is*e ,s*ola/ik 7,wi51 #ahhc71 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #bj3 ,scritti filos(ici in$iti1 ed4 ,pap9i 7,lanciano1 ,c>abba1 #aiaj74 ,footnote #ba3 ,see ,g5tile's obs]vations on ,pap9i's edition1 9 ! ,critica1 review viii4 #fb-e4 ,footnote #bb3 ,pap9i's edition has po' 7little73 b 8 s\rce1 ! ,m>cian ,,ms41 has an abbreviation to be read z p] 7!re=e74 ,footnote #bc3 ,app5dix to 8 ,op]a m$ica 7,tolosae ,tectasogum1 #afcf71 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #bd3 ,ottonis ,episcopi ,frisig5sis ,op]a1 ex rec5s4 ,r4 ,wilmans1 i4 ,*ronicon 7,hannov]iae1 #ahfg71 pp4 #aah-ai4 ,footnote #be3 ,autob4 ed4 cit4 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #bf3 ,ibid4 p4 #be4 ,footnote #bg3 ,!ologia ,platonica 7,bale1 #aefa71 i4 #abc4 ,?is passage ( ,fic9o has be5 quot$ & comm5t$ on by my fri5d ,g5tile1 9 a highly important monograph on ,la prima fase della filos(ia di ,g4 ,b4 ,vico 7viz4 ! inaugural lectures71 publi%$ 9 ! miscellany 9 hon\r ( ,francesco ,torraca 7#aiab1 see infra1 p4 #caj7 & read 9 ,,ms4 by myself1 ?anks to ! c\rtesy ( ! au?or4 ,footnote #bh3 ,see ,g5tile's monograph1 m5tion$ above4 ,footnote #bi3 ,^! passages ( ! ,tractatus de arcanis aet]nitatis1 *4 iv41 & ( ! ,de subtilitate1 bks4 xi4 & xxi4 are quot$ & comm5t$ on by ,fior5t9o1 ,b]n>d9o ,telesio ossia /udi /orici su l' idea della natura nel risorgim5to italiano 7,flor5ce1 ,le ,monni]1 #ahgb71 i4 #bab-ac1 :o does n fail to obs]ve ! relations ) ,vico's crit]ion4 ,footnote #cj3 ,?omae ,cornelii cons5t9i ,progymnasmata physica 7,naples1 ,,mdclxxxviii471 p4 #gj3 cf4 also p4 #fd4 ,footnote #ca3 ,see ,g5tile's monograph1 m5tion$ above4 ,footnote #cb3 ,by ,a4 ,pa/ore 9 a review ( my monograph on ,vico 9 ! ,giorn4 /or4 d4 left4 ital4 lviii41 cf4 pp4 #djj-djb4 ,footnote #cc3 ,a4 ,a4 ,zottoli1 ,g4 ,b4 ,vico1 9 ,cultura1 ,rome1 xxx4 7#aiaa7 pp4 #dbb-c4 ,footnote #cd3 ,opp4 ed4 ,f]r>i1 ii4 #aff4 ,footnote #ce3 ,orazioni lat9e1 ed4 ,galasso1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #cf3 ,opp4 ed4 ,f]r>i1 ii4 #aff4 ,footnote #cg3 ,ibid4 #bcb4 ,footnote #ch3 ,metaphys4 vi4 #ajcf a4 ,footnote #ci3 ,! passages ( ,cassiodorus1 ,alb]tus & ,/4 ,?omas may be f\nd collect$ 9 ,m>itan1 ,problme de la classification des sci5ces d',ari/ote sa9t ,?omas 7,p>is1 #aija71 see pp4 #hj1 #afh-i1 #ahb-c1 #ahe-f4 ,footnote #dj3 ,de mon>*ia1 i4 c4 #c4 ,footnote #da3 ,la ,c5a delle c5]i 7#aehd7 9 8 ,op]e italiane1 ed4 ,g5tile1 i4 #fb1 #ajg-h4 ,footnote #db3 ,logicorum libri trs1 bk4 ii4 art4 #g-aj 79 ! ,philosophiae rationalis p>s secunda1 ,p>isiis1 #afcg1 pp4 #dcc-g74 ,footnote #dc3 ,de dignitate et augm5tis sci5ti>um1 bk4 iii4 c4 #f4 ,footnote #dd3 ,essay1 iv4 *4 #d1 #f4 ,footnote #de3 ,n\veaux essais1 iv4 *4 #d4 ,footnote #df3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #dg3 ,metaphys4 viii4 #ajea b4 ,i app5d ! passage3 4 ' ' 4 4 o 4 2 1 1 4 v 4 ' 4 4 ,footnote #dh3 ,scritti filos(ici1 ed4 ,pap9i1 p4 #g4 ,9 a passage ( ! ,arte di b5 p5s>e 7,scritti1 p4 #gb7 ,s>pi returns to ma!matics &1 :ile agree+ t x is less unc]ta9 ?an ! o!r sci5ces because 9 x ! mode & ! proposition are m cle>ly %[n1 goes on to say x is also made 9 ! same mann] 7z ! o!rs73 x is n free f ! suspicion ( be+ n q true4 ,b cle>ly he is "h speak+ ( ! application ( ma!matics1 ( ! act ( c\nt+ & measur+ physical objects3 ?is alone is c]ta93 ,i c\nt & reason 9 ?is mann]1 j z 9 eat+ honey ,i feel ! effect :i* ,i call sweet2 :]e ,i may be 9 error is ! "q :e!r ?is effect comes f ! object or f ! disposition ( my ta/e3 & !re is no sci5ce :]e !re are numb] & measurem5t1 = all we c "k is t we measure or c\nt l ?is1 & t ! measure comes 9 or is us$ z _m times z ! ?+ seems to be equal to "o su* "p & t equality is a concept ( ours by :i* we express :at !n seems to happ54 ,footnote #di3 ,g4 ,pap9i1 ,la ,novit di ,vico 9 ,l',anima1 ,flor5ce1 ,septemb] #aiaa1 pp4 #bfd-f2 cf4 on ?is article1 ,critica1 x4 #ef-h4 ,footnote #ej3 ,pap9i probably owes ?is passage to a small an?ology ( ,galileo by ,fav>o 7,flor5ce1 ,b>bra1 #aiaj71 p1 #cjc1 :i* ref]s to ! national edition ( 8 ,op]e1 iv4 #fca2 "h ! passage occurs 9 ! ,consid]azioni sopra il discorso di ,colombo 7#afae74 ,footnote #ea3 ,g4 ,pap9i1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #bfe-f4 ,footnote #eb3 ,lezioni accademi*e di ,evangeli/a ,torricelli1 ma!matico e filos(o del s]5issimo ,f]d9&o ,,ii ,gr&uca di ,toscana1 lettore delle matemati*e nello /udio di ,fir5ze e accademico della ,crusca 7,flor5ce1 ,,mdccxv474 ,! editor's preface %[s t ! "w _h n be5 previ\sly publi%$4 ,footnote #ec3 ,op4 cit4 pp4 #ca-b4 ,footnote #ed3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #ee3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #ff4 ,,app5dix ,,iv ,,bibliographical ,,notes ,i4 ,,works ,,( ,,vico ,vico's e>lie/ extant "w is ! poem entitl$ ,feel+s ( "o 9 despair1 compos$ c]ta9ly be=e ! au?or's tw5ty-fif? ye> at ,vatolla 9 ! ,cil5to1 :]e he liv$ = n9e ye>s z a tutor at ! ,casa ,rocca1 pr9t$ by ,gonzatti at ,v5ice & dat$ #afic4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by v]ses & spee*es ( a m]ely rhetorical "*4 ,! philosophical *>act]i/ics are acc5tuat$ 9 ! six spee*es read by ,vico at ,naples ,univ]sity1 #afii-agjg1 n pr9t$ by him1 & r$iscov]$ & publi%$ by ,galasso 7,naples1 ,morano1 #ahfi74 ,9 ^! spee*es1 ?\gh "s t5d5cies ( 8 ?\ght %[ !mselves1 8 philosophy is /ill ! traditional sy/em1 n )\t "s traces ( ,c>tesianism4 ,vico's opposition to ,c>tesianism & =mal adoption ( 8 own views are ann\nc$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! inaugural lecture = ! ye> #agjh1 entitl$ ,de no/ri temporis /udiorum ratione1 publi%$ next ye> by ! au?or himself 7,naples1 ,mosca1 #agji74 ,a long digression 7 #ab-ae7 conta9s a sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ,roman jurisprud5ce1 8 fir/ essay 9 ! hi/orical /udies :i* l$ lat] on to ! ,diritto univ]sale & ! two ,sci5ze ,nuove4 ,! foll[+ ye> appe>$ ,vico's fir/ con/ructively philosophical & hi/orical "w3 ! ,de antiquissima ,italorum sapi5tia ex l+uae ,lat9ae orig9ibus eru5da1 or r ! fir/ book ( t "w 7,naples1 ,mosca1 #agaj73 ! o!r two 7 nev] writt51 b we c =m an idea ( _! int5d$ cont5ts f :at is said 9 ! ,autobiography4 ,beside ,vico's !ory ( k 9 its fir/ =m & ! metaphysic :i* he always ma9ta9$ 9 its entirety1 ! ,de antiquissima conta9$ an attempt to recon/itute = ! fir/ "t primitive wisdom1 or r "o p>ticul> in/ance ( primitive wisdom1 t ( ,italy2 b z we h already said 9 ! text ( our exposition ! attempt 0 f\nd$ on ! idea t ?is wisdom 0 philosophical1 & conduct$ accord+ to ! crit]ion ( ! transmission ( culture :i* ,vico subsequ5tly reject$1 z he reject$ ! traditional op9ion1 accept$ 9 ?is "w1 ( ! ,a!nian orig9 ( ! laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables4 ,we mu/ accord+ly refuse to accept ,cantoni's v]dict 7,g4 ,b4 ,vico1 p4 #ch7 t ! ,de antiquissima =ms a /range anomaly 9 ! hi/ory ( ,vico's ?\ght1 be+ contr>y to 8 :ole sci5tific life1 8 t5d5cies1 8 pr9ciples1 & ! me?od :i* lat] he almo/ univ]sally applies 9 8 hi/orical rese>*es4 ,! rev]se is 9 fact ! case3 namely t ?is "w is ! />t+-po9t ( 8 future developm5ts & t )\t x we _c und]/& 8 lat] ?\ght4 ,! criticisms direct$ by ! ,giornale dei lett]ati d' ,italia 7#agaa1 vols4 v4 & viii47 aga9/ ! hi/orical & "s ( ! philosophical positions ( ! ,de antiquissima evok$ ,vico's two important ,replies 7,naples1 ,mosca1 #agaa & #agab7 9 :i* he def5ds & elucidates 8 views on ! !ory ( k & metaphysics4 ,! "p ( ! ,de antiquissima t nev] w5t to ! press includ$ 8 m$itations on ! philosophy ( m$ic9e1 f :i* he extract$ an essay ,de aequilibrio corporis animantis3 ?is he ?\ght ( publi%+ _m ye>s lat]1 b x is n[ lo/4 ,( ^! /udies1 !re=e1 z ( 8 speculations ^u physics int5d$ to con/itute a ,lib] physicus1 we "k only :at he tells u 9 8 autobiography4 ,sett+ aside 8 rhetorical & occasional compositions1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* is ! ,de rebus ge/is ,antonii ,c>aphaei 7,naples1 ,mosca1 #agaf71 ! cont9uation ( 8 ?\ght1 n[ conc5trat+ ^u moral & hi/orical problems1 is sket*$ 9 a lecture ( #agai 7( :i* an ab/ract is includ$ 9 ! autobiography7 & develop$ fir/ 9 #agbj 9 a pr9t$ prospectus ( f\r d\ble-column$ pages kn[n z ! ,s9opsi del diritto univ]sale1 & secondly 9 ! va/ treatise1 ,de univ]si iuris uno pr9cipio et f9e uno lib] unus 7,naples1 ,mosca1 #agbj7 complet$ next ye> ) ! ,lib] alt] qui e/ de con/antia iurisprud5tis1 & supplem5t$ 9 #agbb by ! ,notae 9 duos libros1 etc4 7same publi%]72 a "w :i* is usually ref]r$ to briefly foll[+ ! au?or's example z ! ,diritto univ]sale4 ,?is book1 accord+ to ,cantoni 7op4 cit4 p4 #bdc7 repres5ts ! culm9at+ po9t ( ,vico's sci5tific activity4 ,! v]dict is no m acceptable ?an t quot$ above4 ,! au?or 7,opp4 v4 #aj-aa7 reject$ ! ,diritto univ]sale because he seem$ to f9d p]si/+ !re ! prejudice & ! pret5ce ( desc5d+ f ! ?\ght ( ,plato & o!r philosoph]s to t ( primitive man1 a t5d5cy :i* l$ him a/ray 9 c]ta9 matt]s2 b he also calls x1 & rightly1 a sket* = ! ,sci5za ,nuova1 :i* x really is4 ,! ideas ab\t poetry are "h /ill confus$1 ,hom] is n yet a my?1 ! my?ological canons h less unity ?an !y acquir$ lat]1 ! !ory ( reflux is only fa9tly adumbrat$1 & 9 a ^w bo? ! ideal et]nal hi/ory & ! !ory ( k ^u :i* x is f\nd$ are z yet immature4 ,! book is all conta9$1 "u a new =m1 9 8 lat] "w1 except ! g5]al e?ical & juridical philosophy1 :i* is n highly orig9al1 & "s hi/orical developm5ts :i* are m]ely allud$ to 9 ! lat] writ+s4 ,! ,,ms4 ( an ,italian "w 9 two books1 9 :i* ,vico exp\nd$ 8 doctr9es by a negative me?od1 has be5 lo/4 ,b he exp\nds !m positively & at less l5g? 9 ! ,pr9cipi di una ,sci5za ,nuova intorno alla comune natura delle nazioni1 p] la quale si ritrovano i pr9cipi di altro si/ema del diritto naturale delle g5ti 7,naples1 ,mosca1 #agbe7 :i* is kn[n by ! title 7aga9 au?oris$ by himself7 ( ,fir/ ,sci5za ,nuova4 ,9 #agbe1 ! ye> ( ! publication ( ! fir/ ,sci5za ,nuova1 ,vico relat$ ! hi/ory ( 8 /udies3 ,vita di ,g4 ,b4 ,vico scritta da se m$esimo1 :i* 0 ins]t$ 9 ,calog]'s ,raccolta di opuscoli sci5tifici e filologici 7,v5ice1 ,zani1 #agbh1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ade-bef74 ,among ! m9or writ+s ( ?is p]iod may be not$ ! two spee*es on ! dea? ( ! ,c\ntess ( ,al?ann 7#agbd7 & ! ,m>*esana della ,petrella ,angiola ,cim9i 7#agbg72 ! little volume ,vici v9diciae 7,naples1 ,mosca1 #agbi7 conta9+ a p]sonal def5ce 7toge!r ) an important !oretical digression on laught]7 aga9/ a malevol5t notice ins]t$ 9 ! ,acta ,lipsi5sia ( #agbg1 ab\t ! ,sci5za ,nuova2 & "s f9e lett]s to ,giac*i1 ,degli ,angioli1 ,esp]ti1 ,de ,vitry & ,solla on ! contra/ betwe5 8 works & ! /ate ( le>n+ at ?is "t4 ,to ! fir/ ,sci5za ,nuova ,vico ?\ght ( add+ a long s]ies ( ,annotations 9 a repr9t ( x :i* he 0 prep>+ at ,v5ice betwe5 #agbh & #agcj4 ,b s9ce ?is s*eme 0 n c>ri$ out1 & on ! o!r h& he 0 dissatisfi$ ) ! book n s mu* on acc\nt ( ! matt]1 he says1 z on acc\nt ( ! arrangem5t 7,opp4 vi4 #aa71 he resolv$ to publi% an entirely new exposition ( 8 doctr9es 9 ! ,c9que libri de' pr9cipi di una ,sci5za ,nuova d'intorno alla comune natura delle nazioni1 9 que/a seconda impressione con pi propia mani]a condotti e di molto accresciuti 7,naples1 ,mosca1 #agcj71 :i* =m ! second ,sci5za ,nuova4 ,:ile ,cantoni 7op4 cit4 pp4 #bch-i7 consid]s ?is "w ! dotage ( ,vico's ?\ght1 x is really ! necess>y result & p]fect =m 9 :i* 8 previ\s attempts issu$2 x is ! book :i* ) ! ,de antiquissima & ! autobiography supplies all ! necess>y mat]ial = a k ( 8 ?\ght4 ,9 ! ,diritto univ]sale & ! fir/ ,sci5za ,nuova we c f9d a few details omitt$ 9 ! lat] "w2 b ^? treatises display ! same doctr9es z ! second ,sci5za ,nuova 9 a mann] mu* less pr(\nd & solid1 & c]ta9ly less *>act]i/ic ( ! au?or4 ,! detail$ comp>ison ( ^! ?ree works has be5 made ) great c>e 9 ! %ort summ>ies add$ by ,f]r>i to 8 editions ( ! fir/ & second ,sci5za ,nuova4 ,ev5 ! #agcj edition 0 increas$ by ! au?or f #agca to ab\t #agdj by _m v>iations & additions1 ?\gh )\t *ang+ ! arrangem5t or ! sub/ance ( ! "w4 ,^! additions 7 tak5 = ! mo/ "p incorporat$ 9 a f9al ,,ms4 on :i* 0 bas$ ! edition ( ! ,pr9cipi di una ,sci5za ,nuova intorno alla comune natura delle nazioni1 publi%$ ! v ye> ( ,vico's dea? 7,naples1 ,/amp]ia ,muziana1 #agdd74 ,9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,naples are pres]v$ ! autographs bo? ( ?is ,,ms4 & ( two e>li] ,,mss4 ( additions & corrections1 unpubli%$ fragm5ts ( :i* h be5 publi%$ by ,giordano 7,naples1 #ahah7 & ,del ,giudice 7,naples1 #ahfb74 ,all ! unpubli%$ fragm5ts & v>iants h be5 n[ collect$ by ,nicol9i 9 ! edition h]eaft] m5tion$ 7p4 #cjg74 ,aft] ! second ,sci5za ,nuova ,vico wrote h>dly any?+4 ,we may note among ^! few productions ! spee* ,de m5te h]oica 7,naples1 #agcb71 ! addition to ! autobiography 7#agca71 & a few sonnets 9 :i*1 compos$ ?\gh !y 71 l almo/ all 8 v]ses1 by reque/ & z occasional pieces1 a p]sonal note may at times be felt4 ,,ii4 ,,repr9ts1 ,,collections1 ,,& ,,translations ,two collections ( ,vico's m9or works h be5 made1 "o ( ! ,lat9ae orationes alone by ,f4 ,daniele 7,naples1 #agff71 & ! o!r1 ri* 9 unpubli%$ matt]1 ( ! ,italian & ,lat9 ,opuscoli1 9 f\r volumes1 by ,c4 ,a4 de ,rosa1 ,m>*ese di ,vill>osa 7,naples1 #ahah-bc74 ,vico's son ,g5n>o furni%$ ,vill>osa ) all 8 fa!r's extant pap]s2 & ^! priceless autographs are /ill pres]v$ at ,naples 9 ! h\se ( my intimate fri5ds ! eng9e]s ,tommaso & ,v9c5zo de ,rosa di ,vill>osa4 ,! fir/ & only edition z x may be call$1 s9ce all o!rs are m]ely reproductions ( x1 ( ,vico's complete works is t ( ,giuseppe ,f]r>i1 9 six volumes 7,milan1 ,classici italiani1 #ahce-cg7 repr9t$ ) improvem5ts 9 #aheb-ed4 ,! ,op]e edit$ by ,n4 ,m4 ,corcia 7,naples1 ,tipografia della ,sibilla1 #ahcd1 #b vols47 are only a selection2 & ! ,op]e edit$ by ,f4 ,pr$>i 7,milan1 ,bravetta1 #ahce7 nev] w5t beyond "o ill-arrang$ volume4 ,! edition :i* foll[$ t ( ,f]r>i 7,naples1 ,iovane1 #ahdj-da7 is also incomplete & ill-arrang$1 b conta9s "s small unpubli%$ works4 ,! ,neapolitan edition ( ! ,op]e 9 eight volumes 7i4-ii4 #aheh1 iii4 #ahfa1 iv4 #ahei1 v4-vi4 #ahfj1 vii4 #ahfe1 viii4 #ahfi1 ! e>li] volumes at ! ,tipografia dei ,classici ,italiani1 ! o!rs by ! publi%] ,morano7 is bas$ ma9ly ^u ,f]r>i1 b some:at incorrect2 x is h[ev] ! mo/ complete ( all1 z conta9+ ! ,s9opsi1 ! ,i/ituzioni oratorie1 & ! ,orazioni lat9e publi%$ by ,galasso subsequ5tly to ,f]r>i's edition1 z well z ! ,italian translations by ! advocate ,f4 ,s4 ,pomodoro ( ! ,de ratione1 ,de antiquissima1 & ,diritto univ]sale4 ,unpubli%$ or scatt]$ works ( ,vico n appe>+ 9 any ( ^! editions h be5 collect$ by ,croce1 ,bibliografia vi*iana & ,primo & ,secondo supplem5to3 see bel[4 ,a critical edition ( ! second ,sci5za ,nuova is n[ be+ pr9t$ 9 ! ,collezione dei classici della filos(ia mod]nadiretta da ,b4 ,croce e ,g4 ,g5tile 7,b>i1 ,lat]za73 ! fir/ volume is to be publi%$ at ! same "t z ! pres5t monograph4#a ,x is be+ edit$ by ,dr4 ,fau/o ,nicol9i1 :o by us+ ! autograph ,,mss4 has enri*$ ,f]r>i's edition1 :i* conta9$ ! fragm5ts suppress$ 9 ! #agcj issue1 by all ! fragm5ts ( ! int]m$iate r$actions d[n to ! #agdd text2 ,vico's quotations h be5 *eck$ & ref]5ces giv5 9 notes to ! passages ( classical & mod]n au?ors to :i* he ref]s2 &1 f9ally1 9 def]5ce to a wi% (t5 express$ by m5 ( lett]s z au?oritative z ,tommaseo1 ! or?ography & punctuation h be5 correct$4 ,f]r>i's valuable summ>ies are reproduc$1 ) a few em5dations1 9 ,nicol9i's edition4 ,nicol9i is also at "w on a new edition ( ! complete works1 to =m "p ( ,lat]za's collection ( ,scrittori d' ,italia1 ! s*eme & detail$ index ( :i* may be se5 9 ,croce1 ,secondo supplem5to alla ,bibliografia vi*iana 7pp4 #ajb-ac74 ,! fif? volume ( ?is collection1 edit$ by ,croce1 is also to appe> ) ! pres5t monograph4 ,vico's ,lat9 works h frequ5tly be5 translat$ into ,italian3 ! ,de antiquissima anonym\sly1 p]haps by ,v9c5zo ,monti 7#ahaf71 & lat] by ,s>*i 7#ahgj73 ! fir/ book ( ! ,diritto naturale by ,corcia 7#ahci71 ,amante 7#ahda71 ,giani 7#ahee71 & ,s>*i 7#ahff71 & bo? books1 ) ! ,de ratione & ,de antiquissima1 z we h said1 by ,pomodoro4 ,! second ,sci5za ,nuova 0 translat$ into ,fr5*1 mu* abbreviat$1 by ,jules ,mi*elet1 "u ! title ( ,pr9cipes de la philosophie de l'hi/oire 7,p>is1 ,r5\>d1 #ahbg7 & frequ5tly repr9t$2 & aga91 9 full1 by an anonym\s translator describ$ z l',auteur de l',essai sur la =mation du dogme ca?olique1 9 reality ,cri/9a ,trivulzi1 ,pr9cess ( ,belgioioso 7,p>is1 ,r5\>d1 #ahdd74 ,mi*elet also translat$ "s ( ,vico's m9or works1 publi%$ ) ! ,sci5za ,nuova 9 ! edition ( ! ,oeuvres *oisies de ,vico 7,p>is1 ,ha*ette1 #ahce7 & frequ5tly repr9t$4 ,9 ,g]man !re is a translation 9 full ) good notes by ,w4 ,e4 ,web] 7,leipzig1 ,brockhaus1 #ahdd74 ,!re is also a summ>y ( ! fir/ book ( ! ,diritto univ]sale by ,k4 ,h4 ,mll]1 =m+ ! fir/ volume ( a s]ies ( ,vico's ,kle9e ,s*rift5 :i* 0 n cont9u$ 7,neubr&5burg1 ,brunsl[1 #ahed74 ,! only ,engli% translation is a v]sion ( ! book on ,hom] bas$ on ,mi*elet's ,fr5* translation & ins]t$ 9 ,h4 ,nelson ,col]idge's ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,greek ,classic ,poets 7#crd ed41 ,london1 ,murray1 #ahdf74 ,footnote #a3 ,by n[ 7#aiac7 ! second volume has appe>$3 ! ?ird w appe> next ye>4 ,,iii4 ,,biography ,,( ,,vico ,by way ( supplem5t to ! autobiography1 ,vill>osa collect$ in=mation on ,vico's la/ ye>s & publi%$ x z a cont9uation ( t "w 9 8 edition ( ! ,opuscoli1 vol4 i4 7#ahah74 ,?is supplem5t1 toge!r ) ev]y?+ else t has be5 publi%$ 9 ! way ( docum5ts or contempor>y records ( ,vico1 may be f\nd collect$ 9 ! fif? volume ( ! new edition ( 8 works above m5tion$ 7p4 #cjg7 & entitl$3 ,l',autobiografia1 il c>teggio e le poesie v>ie1 ed4 ,b4 ,croce 7,b>i1 ,lat]za1 #aiaa74 ,,iv4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,vico ,!re are only ?ree monographs on ,vico :i* may /ill be read ) pr(it 7t ( ,f]r>i1 ,la ,m5te del ,vico1 admirable editor ?\gh he 01 may be/ be consign$ to m]ciful oblivion72 !y are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,c>lo ,cantoni1 ,g4,b4,v41 /udi critici e comp>ativi 7,tur91 ,civelli1 #ahfg74 ,cf4 = c]ta9 res]vations ,a4 ,faggi1 9 ,rivi/a filos(ica italiana1 vol4 ix41 #aijf1 pp4 #eic-fjf1 & ,g4 ,g5tile1 9 ,critica1 vol4 v41 #aijg1 pp4 #aig-bja4 #b4 ,k>l ,w]n]1 ,g4,b4,v4 als ,philosoph und gelehrt] ,=s*]1 7,wi51 ,braumll]1 #ahha74 ,cf4 ,zeits*rift fr ,philosophie und philos4 ,kritik1 vol4 lxxii41 #ahhc1 pp4 #aci-eb4 #c4 ,rob]t ,fl9t1 ,vico 7,ed9burgh & ,london1 #ahhd74 7,italian translation by ,f4 ,f9oc*ietti1 ,flor5ce1 #ahhh74 ,see :at has be5 said ( ^! above1 p4 #bgg4 ,( %ort & g5]al /udies ! foll[+ are ! be/3-- #a4 ,b4 ,spav5ta1 ,g4,b4,v41 9 ,prolusione introduzione alle lezioni di filos(ia 7,naples1 ,vitale1 #ahfb71 pp4 #hc-ajb1 repr9t$ "u ! title ,la ,filos(ia italiana nelle sue relazioni con la filos(ia europea1 ed4 ,g4 ,g5tile 7,b>i1 ,lat]za1 #aijh72 see pp4 #aaa-ce ( ?is repr9t4 #b4 ,f4 de ,sanctis1 ,/oria della lett]atura italiana 7,naples1 ,morano1 #ahgj2 new ed4 ,croce1 ,b>i1 ,lat]za1 #aiab71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cdb-fb4 #c4 ,f4 ,fior5t9o1 ,lett]e sopra la ,sci5za ,nuova 7,flor5ce1 #ahfe71 repr9t$ 9 ,scritti v>i 7,naples1 ,morano1 #ahga71 pp4 #afa-baa4 #d4 ,e4 ,cau]1 ,g4,b4,v4 und se9e ,/ellung zur mod]n5 ,wiss5s*aft 79 ,deuts*es ,museum1 edit$ by ,r4 ,prutz & ,w4 ,woelfsohn1 ,leipzig1 ,h9ri*s1 ye> ,i1 #ahea1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bdi-fe74 ,= special po9ts ! foll[+ may be consult$3-- #a4 ,f4 ,a4 ,wolf1 ,g4,b4,v4 b] d5 ,hom] 79 ,museum d] ,alt]?umswiss5s*aft1 ,b]l91 #ahjg1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #eee-gj74 #b4 ,j4 ,k4 von ,orelli1 ,vico und ,niebuhr 79 ,s*weiz]is*es ,museum1 ,a>au1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahd sqq474 #c4 ,c4 ,iannelli1 ,sulla natura e necessit della sci5za delle cose e delle /orie umane 7,naples1 ,porcelli1 #ahah1 & ,milan1 ,fontana1 #ahcb74 #d4 ,em]ico ,am>i1 ,critica di una sci5za della legislazione comp>ata 7,g5oa1 ,i/ituto dei ,sordomuti1 #aheg74 ,cf4 on ?is book ,k4 ,w]n]1 ,e4,a4 9 se9em ,v]hltnis zu ,g4,b4,v4 7,wi51 #ahhj2 f ! ,sitzungsb]i*te d] phil4-hi/or4 ,klasse ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,vi5na1 vol4 xcvi474 #e4 ,f4 ,acri1 ,teoria del ,v4 intorno alle idee ,o p>adimmi 79 ,abbozzo di una teoria delle idee1 ,pal]mo1 ,lao1 #ahgj2 & ) modifications 9 ! volume ,videbimus 9 a5igmate1 ,bologna1 ,m>eggiane #aijg1 pp4 #bhg-cac74 #f4 ,e4 ,c5ni1 an exposition ( ,vico's metaphysic 9 ! volume entitl$ ,consid]azioni sull' ,italia ad occasione del tra=o del ,gott>do 7,flor5ce1 ,cell9i1 #ahhd71 pp4 #aji-hb4 #g4 ,e4 ,b\vy1 ,de ,v4 ,c>tesii adv]s>io 7,p>is1 ,ha*ette1 #ahhi74 #h4 ,e4 ,b\vy1 ,la ,critique dantesque au dix-huitime sicle3 ,dante et ,v4 7,p>is1 ,l]\x1 #ahib74 #i4 ,g4 ,sorel1 tude sur ,v4 79 ,dev5ir social1 ,p>is1 vol4 ii41 #ahif7 & see esp4 ! same au?or's ,le ,sy/me hi/orique de ,r5an 7,p>is1 ,jacques1 #aije71 passim4 #aj4 ,b4 ,labanca1 ,g4,b4,v4 e i suoi critici cattolici 7,naples1 ,pi]ro1 #ahih74 #aa4 ,g4 ,rossi1 ,v4 nei tempi di ,v4 79 ,rivi/a filos(ica italiana1 vol4 ii41 #ahii1 pp4 #bid-cai1 & "p #b1 ibid4 vol4 x41 #aijg1 pp4 #fjb-cd74 #ab4 ,a4 ,olivi]i1 ,gli /udi om]ici di ,g4,b4,v4 79 ,atti della r4 ,accad4 di ar*eologia1 lett]e e belle arti1 ,naples1 vol4 xxiv41 #aije74 #ac4 ,c4 ,trabalza1 ,/oria della grammatica italiana 7,milan1 ,hoepli1 #aijh71 *4 xii4 pp4 #cfd-gf4 #ad4 ,p4 ,g>(alo1 ,acrisia vi*iana nella ,sci5za ,nuova1 critical annotations 7,naples1 ,detk51 #aiji73 cf4 ,f4 ,nicol9i1 9 ,critica1 vol4 viii41 #aiaj1 pp4 #cgd-h4 #ae4 ,g4 ,mauga91 tude sur l'volution intellectuelle de l',italie de #afeg #agej environ 7,p>is1 ,ha*ette1 #aiji74 #af4 ,on my own previ\s "w ^u ,vico1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! mat]ials ( ! *apt] on ,vico's ae/hetic doctr9e 9 ,croce1 ,e/etica 7#d? ed41 ,b>i1 ,lat]za1 #aiab1 *4 v4 pp4 #bee-ga71 h be5 work$ up 9 a m mature =m into *4 iv4 ( ! pres5t monograph3 ! essay on ,vico's ,e?ics 79 ,critica1 vi41 #aijh1 pp4 #ga-g7 has be5 absorb$ into *aps1 vi4-viii42 & simil>ly t on ! ,l9eam5ti di /oria lett]>ia 9 ,g4,b4,v4 7ibid4 pp4 #dfj-hj7 into *aps1 xvi4 & xviii42 my o!r scatt]$ writ+s h 9 g5]al be5 only ( te*nical1 philological1 or polemical int]e/4 ,9 ! miscellane\s ,/udi 9 onore di ,f4 ,torraca 7,naples1 ,p]rella1 #aiab7 is a %ort essay by me ^u ,la ,dottr9a del riso e dell' ironia 9 ,g4,b4,v4 ,! :ole ( ! lit]ature on ,vico1 toge!r ) extracts f r>e books1 m9or works1 & articles1 & ) unpubli%$ docum5ts toge!r ) fully detail$ notes on ! editions ( ,vico's writ+s1 is collect$ 9 ! ?ree works to :i* ,i h frequ5tly ref]r$1 namely3 ,b4 ,croce1 ,bibliografia vi*iana cont55te nella p>te ,i il catalogo delle edizioni1 traduzioni e manoscritti delle op]e di ,g4,b4,v42 nella p>te ,,ii1 quello dei giudizi e lavori /orico-critici intorno al ,v4 s9o al-l' anno corr5te2 nella p>te ,,iii lett]e in$ite del ,v4 e al ,v41 docum5ti e altri scritti in$iti o r>i1 e v>ie app5dici illu/rative 7,naples1 #aijd3 repr9t$ f ,atti dell' ,accademia pontaniana1 ,naples1 vol4 xxxiv42 pp4 xii4 #abg1 #dto72--,supplem5to alla ,bibliografia vi*iana 7,naples1 #aijg2 repr9t$ f ,atti1 vol4 xxxvii4 pp4 #cd1 #dto7--& ,secondo ,supplem5to 7,naples1 #aiaa1 repr9t$ f ,atti1 vol4 xl4 pp4 #aaf1 #dto72 ! :ole collect$ 9 "o volume "u ! title3 ,bibliografia vi*iana2 raccolta di tre memorie pres5tate all' ,accademia pontaniana di ,napoli nel #aijc1 #aijg e #aiaj1 ) an app5dix by ,f4 ,nicol9i 7,b>i1 ,lat]za1 #aiaa74a ,footnote #a3 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! ,italian edition ( ?is "w 9 #aiaa sev]al /udies ( ,vico h appe>$4 ,! foll[+ may be not$3-- ,g4 ,g5tile1 ,la ,prima ,fase della filos(ia di ,g4,b4,v41 ,naples1 #aiab 79 ! ,/udi 9 onore di ,f4 ,torraca71 quot$ supra1 p4 #bhg n4 ,f4 ,pessico1 ,rip5s&o la ,sci5za ,nuova 79 ,rassegna nazionale1 ,novemb] #a1 #aiab74 ,g4 ,fol*i]i1 ,il ,c>att]e dell' op]a di ,g4,b4,v4 7,p]ugia1 ,b>telli1 #aiac74 ,f4 ,nicol9i1 ,spigolature vi*iane2 sul te/o delle ,v9diciae 79 ,scritti v>i 9 onore di ,r4 ,r5i]1 ,tur91 #aiab74 ,b4 ,croce1 ,il ,v4 e la critica om]ica 79 ! volume ,saggio sullo ,hegel e altri scritti di /oria della filos(ia1 ,b>i1 ,lat]za1 #aiac1 pp4 #bfi-bhb74 ,cf4 also ,w4 ,w9delb&1 ,die ,ges*i*te d] neu]5 ,philosophie1 #e? ed4 ,leipzig1 #aiaa1 vol4 i4 pp4 #eig-h4 ,,note ,,passages ,,( ,,vico',s ,,works ,,to ,,:i* ,,especial ,,ref]5ce ,,is ,,made ,,9 ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,! ,,exposition ,,*apt] ,i4--,= ?is *apt] see ! ,de ratione1 ! ,de antiquissima1 ! two ,ripo/e al ,giornale dei lett]ati1 & ! fir/ "p ( ! ,autobiography4 ,= ! note 7p4 #h7 on ! _s ( ! ,re=mation1 see ,op]e1 ed4 ,f]r>i1 #bnd ed4 vi4 #e4 ,*apt] ,,ii4--,opp4 v4 #adg1 #bci1 #acf-g1 #ea2 iv4 #cc2 v4 #ej-ea1 #adg2 iv-#cc1 #fc-d2 iii4 #bjj2 v4 #ag1 #ig1 #ajc1 #adi-ej1 #agd2 iv4 #bj1 #bdh2 iii4 #bcb2 iv4 #bj2 v4 #efb4 ,*apt] ,,iii4--,opp4 v4 #adg1 #afb1 #ii1 #db2 iv4 #gc1 #ha1 #agd-e2 v4 #ia1 #ade4 ,*apt] ,,iv4--,opp4 v4 #ada1 #aff1 #db2 iii4 #bcb1 #bgb-c2 iv4 #bj2 v4 #age1 #bei1 #ajg2 iv4 #bb1 #cc2 v4 #ahj1 #dda1 #bji-aj1 #bja2 iv4 #bje1 #bjf2 iii4 #bgd1 #bge2 v4 #bcj1 #baa1 #afi2 iv4 #bja1 #bcc1 #cfe2 v4 #ee1 #hb1 #ahg1 #aif-g2 iv4 #bbd2 v4 #aaj1 #aab1 #afh1 #bab1 #bcg1 #bag1 #cgi1 #ddj1 #bab1 #bch2 iv4 #bd4 ,*apt] ,v4--,opp4 v4 #hj-ha2 iv4 #bj1 #ba1 #gd2 v4 #afi2 v4 #afa-g2 iv4 #aia-c1 #afh-i1 v4 #ah2 iv4 #afi1 #ej-ea2 iii4 #bf2 ii4 #if-g2 v4 #aff1 #dc1 #afi1 #dbj-ba1 #chg1 #aib1 #cgi1 #ajh4 ,*apt] ,,vi4--,opp4 v4 #dcg1 #ah2 iv4 #afe2 v4 #aji1 #aaj1 #ecd2 vi4 #ae2 v4 #ecb2 iii4 #ab2 v4 #ajf2 v4 #di2 iv4 #cdc2 vi4 #abg2 iii4 #cj2 iv4 #hg2 iii4 #eg2 v4 #dij2 iv4 #dj-da2 iii4 #cj2 iv4 #ccd2 iv4 #ce2 iii4 #ab1 #cj2 v4 #ig2 iii4 #bcd-dj2 iv4 #di2 v4 #ih1 #aca2 iv4 #db-c4 ,*apt] ,,vii4--,opp4 v4 #adb1 #afh1 #agc1 #bdh1 #bej2 iv4 #bia2 v4 #ajf1 #bdb1 #adb1 #acg-h1 #bij2 iv4 #age-g1 #db-c2 v4 #aec1 #bda2 iv4 #i2 v4 #if1 #bdb1 #egd2 iv4 #ccb2 v4 #ig2 iv4 #agf-g1 #dc2 v4 #agf1 #aca4 ,*apt] ,,viii4--,opp4 iv4 #cji-ac2 v4 #ahe2 iii4 #ee1 #bh1 #dc-d2 v4 #ig2 iii4 #dg-eb1 #eb-c2 iv4 #ad1 #de1 #eg2 v4 #adh1 #acc2 iii4 #ec1 #he-g1 #eh2 v4 #bdj-da1 #dhd2 iv4 #agj-ga1 #ahj1 #cea4 ,*apt] ,,ix4--,opp4 v4 #dfb-c1 #edd2 iv4 #dc-d1 #df2 iii4 #id1 #aib-c1 #he1 #hg2 iv4 #ah1 #cce1 #ae2 v4 #abi-cj1 #efc1 #efd2 iii4 #ee2 v4 #ega2 iv4 #bde1 #ac1 #aei-fj2 ,scritti in$iti1 ,del ,giudice1 pp4 #aa-ad4 ,*apt] ,x4--,opp4 v4 #ac-ad1 #abh1 #adc-d1 #agb1 #egj2 iii4 #bb2 iv4 #db2 v4 #ig1 #egb1 #de-f1 #dfc4 ,*apt] ,,xi4--,opp4 iv4 #fb2 v4 #aaf1 #ahc1 #eeh1 #eei1 #efa1 #egj2 vi4 #abg2 iii4 #ie2 iv4 #bdi4 ,*apt] ,,xii4--,same s\rces z = ,*4 ,i4 & also vi4 #aje-f2 v4 #ebd-e4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4--,opp4 v4 #fj2 iii4 #bdi2 v4 #aeg1 #afg-gj1 #ajh2 iii4 #bea-fa2 iv4 #ag1 #bec2 v4 #ajc1 #bag-ah1 #efb2 ,scritti in$iti1 p4 #i4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4--,opp4 v4 #id-f1 #eh1 #gi1 #cba1 #fc-d1 #hd-e1 #if1 #ic1 #ajj2 iv4 #bg-h1 #bi-cj1 #ig1 #afi1 #bjj1 #bga2 v4 #ahb-c1 #fa-d2 iii4 #bcj2 iv4 #bcf-dc1 #ahd2 iii4 #dej-ei2 v4 #aac1 #aae1 #adi1 #baa1 #ei1 #gd1 #ajj1 #ahc2 iv4 #ge-f1 #hi2 v4 #bjf2 iv4 #ii2 iii4 #bgc2 v4 #bfj2 iii4 #bhj2 v4 #dcj-ca1 #bjb-c1 #ih-i4 ,*apt] ,,xv4--,opp4 v4 #cef1 #ceg1 #bee1 #cee1 #aba1 #cfa-c1 #cfc-cfe4 #cdj1 #cda1 #bec1 #bea-c1 #bei1 #acb1 #aah1 #bgh1 #caa1 #cji1 #cjg1 #aah-ai1 #abj1 #aba1 #dha1 #dhd-f1 #bic-d1 #bdf1 #ebf1 #ebh1 #ecj-ca1 #bbc-e1 #ddd1 #dc1 #aad-ae1 #bbb-c1 #dfj1 #bbj1 #aid1 #aia-c1 #ahf1 #bdi1 #cfi1 #cga1 #cgb1 #cge1 #chb1 #djc1 #fi2 iv4 #ed1 #hc-d1 #bbe-f4 ,*apt] ,,xvi4--,opp4 v4 #chj-ha1 #dbb-e1 #deb1 #bgg1 #cfj-fa1 #cha1 #dbf1 #dce-f1 #dfe1 #dbe1 #dbg1 #ddb1 #dbg-cb1 #ddj-da1 #dde4 #ddh-i1 #dea1 #dee1 #dbh-i1 #dde1 #ddi-ef1 #dde-f1 #ddh1 #deb1 #cgh-ha1 #dda-b1 #dec-d1 #gh1 #ddf-g1 #deh-fj1 #dcc-d1 #dci2 iv4 #agh2 vi4 #df2 v4 #ajj-aja1 #dfg-hj1 #cha1 #bbc-d1 #deg1 #ajj4 #ajb1 #bbf1 #dch2 iv4 #afc1 #be1 #fc1 #bjj1 #abh2 iii4 #bie4 ,*apt] ,,xvii4--,opp4 iv4 #bdi-ej1 #bbh2 v4 #ahc1 #ahh2 iii4 #cjf-aj2 iv4 #ic1 #cd1 #aee2 v4 #hf1 #bgg1 #cbb-c1 #daf1 #abi1 #dac-daf1 #ha1 #cbf1 #hf2 iii4 #dgc2 v4 #eji-aj1 #ajb2 iii4 #dfi-ge1 #hg1 #abb-c2 iv4 #fg-ga2 v4 #abc-d1 #aia1 #he1 #ajj1 #hh1 #bij-ia1 #caj1 #dif1 #hh-ib1 #abc1 #die-eje4 #ejb1 #cbg4 #ebe-cj1 #eca1 #ecd1 #eif1 #dgd-dgf1 #dja1 #eea1 #eee1 #ead1 #dgf1 #eae1 #ecg-h1 #abb1 #ejc1 #eba1 #ejh1 #ebc1 #ejc1 #ead4 ,*apt] ,,xviii4--,opp4 v4 #eej1 #ecg1 #bei1 #edj-da4 #edf1 #eee-eef2 iv4 #aja1 #ede1 #cdg-h1 #eeb1 #eee1 #edd1 #eed1 #ecg1 #eci1 #ech1 #eea1 #cbh1 #edg1 #eeb1 #eab1 #eec1 #eej1 #ejh-i1 #fh1 #dhh1 #edg1 #ech-i1 #bca1 #bcc1 #bjd1 #bbb1 #bbf1 #cfa1 #dbe1 #dbh-ci1 #deg2 iii4 #ceg4 vi4 #cg1 #de-f2 iii4 #bgj2 vi4 #ce1 #cg-h1 #db1 #dh2 v4 #dbi1 #dci2 iv4 #aih-bjj2 vi4 #ch2 v4 #dc1 #bbf1 #eee1 #edd1 #ejh-i1 #eeg-h2 iv4 #bce-f1 #ga4 ,*apt] ,,xix4--,= ?is *apt] see ! ,de ratione1 ! fir/ pages ( ! ,autobiography & ! lett]s to ,esp]ti1 ,de ,vitry1 & ,solla4 ,on wisdom see also ,opp4 v4 #aec4 ,,index ,,( ,,names 7,n reta9$ = ?is text v]sion47 ,,! ,,end