file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #ebgge-;h4htm or #ebgge-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#ebgge_/pg#ebgge-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#eb gge_/ebgge-;h4zip7 ,images of the original pages are available through ,internet ,archive4 ,see https3_/_/archive4org_/details_/ellisspr imaryphy#jj;elli ,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 ,text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face 7bold74 ,illustration3 ,,chimpanzee4 ,,man4 ,,ellis',s ,,primary ,,physiology ,or ,good ,health for ,boys and ,girls by ,,edward ,s4 ,,ellis ,taintor ,brothers ,co4 ,new ,york and ,chicago ,copyright1 #ahhi1 by ,taintor ,brothers ,co4 ,,introduction4 ,illustration ,nothing need be said concerning the importance of the study of good health4 ,the first lesson that a child should learn is the law of his being4 ,hitherto the aim has been mainly to train the mind regardless of the requirements of the body4 ,the vital connection of the two has been ignored with a persistency little short of criminality4 ,anatomy1 ,physiology1 and ,hygiene have their places in the curriculum of our leading schools1 but the knowledge too often is simply technical and without practical results4 ,what greater travesty than to listen to a glib discourse on nutrition1 digestion1 circulation1 respiration1 the muscles1 nerves1 bones or brain by a pupil with thin chest1 lack-lustre eye1 sallow complexion1 and weak frame8 ,with no wish to slight the value of a thorough knowledge of ,physiology1 this little volume seeks to give the fundamental laws of health1 in such simple language that every boy and girl advanced enough to read1 can understand them4 ,accompanied and supplemented by the earnest words of the teacher1 who shall estimate the good that may be accomplished8 ,in the preparation of these pages1 the author is glad to acknowledge the valuable assistance received from ,c4 ,shepherd1 ,m4,d41 ,superintendent for many years of ,public ,schools1 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j41 and ,washington ,hasbrouck1 ,ph4,d41 ,principal of the ,new ,jersey ,state ,normal ,school4 ,,contents4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,i4 ,,page ,,why ,,the ,,laws ,,of ,,good ,,health ,,should ,,be ,,studied #ae ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,cleanliness--,,bathing #ah ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,drinking #bb ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,eating #bg ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,hair1 ,,ears1 ,,eyes #cb ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,teeth #dj ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,exercise #dg ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,swimming #di ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,how ,,to ,,treat ,,drowned ,,persons #ed ,,chapter ,x4 ,,another ,,method ,,of ,,treatment ,,in ,,cases ,,of ,,asphyxia1 ,,drowning1 #fb ,,chloroform1 ,,coal-,,gas1 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,the ,,muscles #ff ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,rest ,,and ,,posture #gj ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,pure ,,air1 ,,clothing1 ,,etc4 #ge ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,accidents ,,and ,,emergencies #hb ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,brain1 ,,nerves1 ,,spinal ,,cord1 ,,etc4 #ia ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,sunstroke ,,and ,,poisons #ie ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,cigarette ,,smoking #ajj ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,alcohol #ajh ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,bones1 ,,skeleton1 ,,etc4 #aag ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,a ,,cheerful ,,disposition #aba ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,the ,,digestibility ,,of ,,solid ,,foods #abe ,,to ,,the ,,male ,,teacher4 ,it is your bounden duty to instruct your pupils in the laws of health4 ,if you fail to do so1 you are not fit to be their teacher4 ,the vices of cigarette smoking1 of tobacco chewing1 of beer and alcoholic drinking1 threaten the very existence of the rising generation4 ,you cannot be too earnest and persistent in impressing this truth upon the boys who look up to you for counsel4 ,you need not be reminded that the most powerful teacher is your own example4 ,boys respect and admire manly vigor4 ,you ought to be able to outrun1 outjump1 outthrow1 outswim1 outwrestle1 outspar1 and outplay1 at all points1 the largest and most active boy in school4 ,many a teacher1 when he attempts to take part in an athletic game1 becomes the laughing-stock of the youngest urchin1 by reason of his flabby awkwardness4 ,while our youth often need to be restrained rather than encouraged to cultivate their muscles1 yet they should be told to play when the opportunity is theirs4 ,you ought to take the lead in their games4 ,your eye should be as bright1 your sight as true1 your cheeks as rosy1 your step as elastic and your physical prowess the equal at least of any lad in school4 ,all the text-books in the land are less effective than a few timely words from you4 ,occasions are continually presenting themselves which should be utilized4 ,when a boy has been playing too violently1 or when he neglects play1 when he is careless as to his clothing or shows evidence of falling into any bad habit1 a kind but pointed warning will accomplish more than weeks of study4 ,there are other dangers to which boys are peculiarly exposed1 and which obviously cannot be referred to in these pages1 concerning which it would be criminal for you to remain silent1 but in all such cases1 your warning must be uttered to the offender in private1 or by the father to whom you may make the suggestion4 ,of course you will see that the school-room is properly warmed and ventilated2 that the pupils are kept out of all drafts2 and that the air is as pure as possible4 ,the faithful teacher will find almost hourly opportunities for impressing these vital truths upon the children1 and1 only by doing so to the fullest extent1 can he approach a proper fulfillment of his own mission as the friend1 counselor1 and guide of the coming generations4 ,,to ,,the ,,female ,,teacher4 ,what has been said to your co-laborer about assuming the lead in observing the laws of health1 applies with equal force to you4 ,your experience and knowledge give you invaluable opportunities for instructing the girls in what is truly the great question of life and death4 ,cleanliness1 clothing1 food1 and all the subjects treated of in the following pages1 should be supplemented by the practical illustrations which the girls themselves continually present4 ,no observant teacher can have failed to become acquainted with the rudimentary laws of her being1 and to none is given so golden an opportunity to make that knowledge a living truth as to her whose calling it is to instruct the future mothers of our country4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,why ,,the ,,laws ,,of ,,good ,,health ,,should ,,be ,,studied4 ,every boy and girl ought to live a hundred years4 ,when worn out at last by old age1 death will come like sweet sleep1 without pain1 or suffering4 ,no one can live very long1 unless he obeys the laws of health4 ,these laws are so simple that all can learn them4 ,many people remain ignorant of them until they grow to be men and women1 when they find it too late to escape the penalty which nature visits on those who break her laws4 ,one of the first things that boys and girls should study is how to keep the health which their kind ,creator has given them4 ,such knowledge will save them days and nights of suffering and perhaps bring them many years of enjoyment4 ,children give little thought to the care of their bodies1 and often form habits whose ill effects are not seen for a long time4 ,let them1 therefore1 try to learn1 in early life1 what is right and wrong in this respect4 ,it is not a hard study4 ,what is more interesting than to learn about the most wonderful machine in the world8 ,that machine is yourself4 ,there never can be any invention to compare with it4 ,god alone can create it1 and it is your duty to do all you can to keep it running until worn out4 ,anatomy is the study of the structure or make-up of our bodies4 ,physiology tells of the offices or purposes of all the parts of our bodies4 ,hygiene1 or ,good ,health1 is the knowledge of the laws by which all the organs and parts of our bodies are kept in the best possible condition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,how long ought every boy and girl to live8 ,what is said of death from old age8 ,what is necessary to secure long life8 ,are these laws simple8 ,what mistake is made by many people8 ,what should be one of the first things for boys and girls to learn8 ,what will such knowledge save them8 ,what do children do8 ,what1 therefore1 should they try to learn8 ,is it a hard study8 ,what is the most wonderful machine in the world8 ,what is your duty8 ,what is ,anatomy8 ,physiology8 ,hygiene1 or ,good ,health8 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,cleanliness4--,,bathing4 ,one of the first things to remember is the need of keeping your bodies clean4 ,of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning1 and if necessary through the day1 but that is not enough4 ,the skin is composed of two layers1 the outer or scarf skin and the inner or true skin4 ,the outer is continually wearing out and falls from the body in fine scales4 ,the skin is pierced by thousands upon thousands of pores1 or tiny openings1 through which a large part of the waste of the body passes4 ,if these pores are allowed to become clogged by want of cleanliness1 the waste matter enters the blood and may cause disease and death4 ,the way to keep the pores open is by bathing or cleanliness4 ,when the weather is cold1 you should bathe at least once a week at home4 ,the water should be moderately cold4 ,after bathing1 rub yourself from head to foot with a coarse towel until the skin becomes warm and red4 ,then dress quickly and do not go out-of-doors for half an hour4 ,during summer it is well to bathe every day4 ,salt water is better than fresh4 ,boys are fond of bathing and are inclined to spend too much time in the water4 ,avoid stagnant or impure water4 ,running streams1 ponds into and from which water continually flows1 creeks1 rivers1 lakes1 and the ocean afford good bathing4 ,do not bathe when the body is overheated or you are perspiring freely1 or within two hours of breakfast1 dinner or supper4 ,stay in as long as it is pleasant1 but come out before you begin to feel chilly4 ,in entering1 it is best to plunge at once under the surface4 ,if you walk slowly1 as many timid people do1 until the water gradually reaches your neck1 you leave the brain heated too long4 ,it ought to be cooled at the first4 ,after bathing1 rub your body dry and dress without delay4 ,do not lounge on the shore in your bathing dress4 ,if you do1 the body becomes chilled1 and ill results are likely to follow4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what is one of the first things to remember8 ,of what is the skin composed8 ,what is said of the outer skin8 ,what of the pores8 ,what follows if the pores are allowed to become clogged8 ,how can the pores be kept open8 ,describe how one should bathe when the weather is cold8 ,how often is it well to bathe during summer8 ,which1 is the better1 fresh or salt water8 ,what are boys apt to do8 ,what should be avoided8 ,what affords good bathing8 ,when should you avoid bathing8 ,how long ought you to remain in the water8 ,what is the best manner of entering the water8 ,why8 ,what should be done after bathing8 ,what should you avoid8 ,why8 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,drinking4 ,many diseases of the body are caused by what we take into our stomachs4 ,you can see1 therefore1 how important it is that we should know what and how to eat and drink4 ,,tea1 ,,coffee1 ,,milk1 ,,and ,,chocolate4 ,if ,i say that tea1 coffee1 and chocolate are poisonous1 and that they shorten life1 you will smile and shake your head4 ,very likely some of you have kind grandmothers who have drunk tea all their lives and still enjoy good health4 ,perhaps your father is fond of his coffee and feels no ill effects from its use4 ,no doubt it would be better for all if only water was drunk1 but it cannot be said that a temperate use of tea1 coffee or chocolate and what are known as temperance drinks1 are injurious4 ,milk is a drink of nature1 and therefore excellent1 though it does not agree with every person4 ,,when ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,drink4 ,if you have formed the habit of drinking while eating1 stop it at once4 ,at first your mouth will be dry and your thirst great1 but persevere and in a short time you will not feel the least desire to drink until you have finished your meal1 when a few swallows will be all you wish4 ,nearly every one drinks too much4 ,if you are thirsty1 you fill a tumbler and drink its contents and sometimes take even more than that4 ,now if instead of doing so1 you sip the water slowly1 your thirst will be gone before half the water is consumed4 ,an hour or two after a hearty meal1 you may feel a slight degree of thirst4 ,this is caused by the digestion going on in the stomach4 ,if you drink1 you will soon be thirsty again and will be forced to drink often through the day2 but1 if you refrain1 at first1 the thirst will soon depart and will not return for hours4 ,during warm weather1 or when perspiring from exercise1 you need more water than at other times4 ,even if very cold1 it will do no harm1 if slowly sipped4 ,many people learn to like warm water1 which is more healthful than cold4 ,,lemonade1 ,,root ,,beer1 ,,soda ,,water1 ,,etc4 ,pure soda water1 lemonade1 root beer and similar drinks are not hurtful1 but the sugar they contain increases our thirst and leads us to drink more than is good for us4 ,water is the provision of nature1 and though it has no color1 taste or smell1 nothing in the world is so delicious and refreshing4 ,very hot and very cold drinks are hurtful1 but much of the ill effects may be averted by sipping them as ,i have already advised4 ,few will believe until they make the test1 how little water is needed through the day4 ,the less we take the more comfortable will we feel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,how are many diseases caused8 ,what1 therefore1 is important8 ,what have you to say about tea1 coffee1 and chocolate8 ,what of a temperate use of those and of temperance drinks8 ,of milk8 ,what have you to say of the habit of drinking while eating8 ,what does nearly every one do8 ,what is the best way to drink water8 ,what should be done when slightly thirsty an hour or two after a meal8 ,when do you need more water than at other times8 ,in what manner may very cold water be drunk without harm8 ,what of warm water8 ,what is said of soda water1 lemonade1 etc48 ,what of water8 ,what of very hot and cold drinks8 ,what will be the effect if we drink only a small quantity of water8 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,eating4 ,always eat slowly and do not swallow your food until it is chewed to a pulp4 ,the glands inside the mouth give out enough saliva to moisten the food and fit it for digestion in the stomach4 ,children love to soak their bread in coffee1 or to sip the coffee while eating4 ,by doing so they stop the flow of saliva and weaken a fluid which digests the food in the stomach4 ,,what ,,boys ,,and ,,girls ,,should ,,eat4 ,in the way of food1 bread and butter1 well cooked meat1 and fruits not too green nor over ripe1 should form your principal diet4 ,pies and cakes are injurious1 and if you eat them1 do so sparingly4 ,never ask for a second piece4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,stomach ,,and ,,intestines4 ,fat meat and butter cause heat and often make the blood gross4 ,such diet is improper during warm weather and1 therefore1 we do not crave it4 ,if we lived in the arctic regions1 we would soon learn to drink oil like water1 and to eat tallow candles as though they were pieces of crisp celery4 ,highly seasoned food should not be eaten4 ,it may be salted to suit the taste1 but pepper is harmful4 ,,when ,,and ,,how ,,much ,,to ,,eat4 ,eat nothing between meals1 which should always be at regular hours4 ,partake sparingly of sugar1 candy1 and sweetmeats4 ,in eating the meat of walnuts1 filberts1 chestnuts1 etc41 use salt4 ,children1 like some grown persons1 are apt to eat more food than is good for them4 ,you have heard people say that you ought to leave the table while still hungry1 but if that is true1 there can be no need of sitting down to eat4 ,the true course is to cease eating1 while you still have a relish for food4 ,,cheerfulness ,,and ,,appetite ,,in ,,eating4 ,the table is not the place for argument or dispute4 ,the conversation should be cheerful1 and all should try to be happy4 ,do not begin any kind of work1 physical or mental1 until fully a half hour after the meal is finished4 ,illustration3 ,showing the position of 7,a7 ,heart1 7,b7 ,lungs1 7,c7 ,liver1 7,d7 ,stomach1 7f1 j1 etc47 ,intestines4 ,eat very little if the mind is excited1 and do not eat at all1 if you do not feel hungry4 ,never coax the appetite4 ,do not eat heartily within a few hours of bed-time4 ,if your appetite is poor1 it is well to omit the last meal of the day4 ,one of the best medicines in the world is a scant diet of wholesome food4 ,overeating and fasting are hurtful4 ,remember that that which agrees with one may disagree with another4 ,rice is one of the most easily digested articles of food1 and yet some persons cannot retain it on their stomachs4 ,your own sense will soon tell you what best agrees with you4 ,follow the advice of your parents1 who know what is good for their children4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in what manner should we eat8 ,why8 ,what bad habit are children likely to form8 ,what should constitute our principal diet8 ,what is said of pies and cake8 ,what is said of fat meat1 butter1 and greasy food8 ,how would our tastes change1 if we lived in the arctic regions8 ,what is said of highly seasoned food8 ,what is said of salt and pepper8 ,of eating between meals8 ,of sugar1 candy1 and sweetmeats8 ,how should nuts be eaten8 ,what are children apt to do8 ,what is the true course8 ,what of argument and dispute at the table8 ,what advice is given8 ,what should be done if the mind is excited1 or you do not feel hungry8 ,should the appetite be coaxed8 ,suppose your appetite is poor8 ,what of overloading and fasting8 ,is the same kind of food good for everybody8 ,how can you learn what is best to eat8 ,what advice should be followed8 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,hair1 ,,ears1 ,,eyes1 ,,and ,,feet4 ,the hair needs little attention4 ,a boy should not wear it long and it should be carefully combed and brushed4 ,girls who let theirs grow longer should have it frequently clipped1 as it gives it vigor4 ,never put oil or grease on the hair1 for it catches and holds the dirt in the air1 soils clothing1 clogs the pores at the roots1 and tends to produce baldness4 ,if you will brush your hair vigorously for several minutes every morning1 it will soon acquire a gloss and look better than if smeared with pomatum4 ,the odor will be pleasant and the hair will not ruin articles and clothing with which it comes in contact4 ,now and then it is well to clean the hair with ,castile soap1 warm water and a strong brush4 ,shampooing is excellent4 ,hair is a non-conductor of heat1--that is1 very little heat or cold can be made to pass through it4 ,it serves as a protection to the brain4 ,while a great many men are baldheaded1 you very rarely see a woman thus afflicted4 ,this is because they do not wear air-tight coverings for their heads1 but the scalp is kept cool and healthy4 ,it is a good thing for children to leave off their hats and caps1 except when necessary to protect them out-of-doors4 ,,the ,,ear4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,ear4--,showing ,external ,ear and ,internal ,ear4 7#a7 ,auditory ,canal1 7#b7 ,drum of the ,ear1 7#c1 #d1 #e1 #f7 ,bones of the ,ear1 7#g1 #h1 #i1 #aj7 ,semi-circular ,canals1 and ,cochlea or ,snail ,shell1 7#aa7 ,eustachian ,tube1 leading to ,throat4 ,the ears need even less care than the hair1 for that which is called by the name1 is only the covering of the true ear4 ,every boy and girl will make sure that when the face and hands are washed1 the neck and ears are not forgotten4 ,the shape of the outer ear causes it to catch many of the particles always floating in the air4 ,these can be easily removed with the end of the forefinger1 covered by a portion of a moist towel4 ,do not pick the ears4 ,the wax is placed there by nature for a wise purpose4 ,it keeps out dirt and insects and protects from injury the delicate organs of the true ear within4 ,if the wax becomes too abundant or hard1 it can be easily removed with the forefinger4 ,if anything more is required1 go to a doctor4 ,,the ,,eye4 ,the eye is the most wonderful organ of the body1 and with simple care can be preserved all through life4 ,boys and girls who have bright1 strong eyes are apt to weaken them by carelessness in their use4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,eye4--,showing ,iris1 ,pupil1 7,g7 ,tear ,gland1 7,d7 ,tear ,lake1 7,c7 ,tear ,duct1 leading to nose4 ,you should never apply water1 either warm or cold1 to the eyeball4 ,when washing your face1 keep your eyes closed1 but wash the corners and outer surface4 ,the gummy substance which sometimes collects is thus removed without trouble4 ,it is well sometimes to close the eyes and rub them briskly1 just as we feel like doing on awaking from sleep4 ,,how ,,to ,,use ,,the ,,eyes4 ,never strain the eyes by trying to read or examine anything closely when the light is poor4 ,when it becomes an effort to see distinctly1 cease the effort at once4 ,a strong glare of light is also hurtful4 ,in reading or study1 do not permit the light to fall on the page from the front4 ,it should pass over the shoulder1 the left being preferable4 ,it is well also to wear a shade over the forehead1 especially when writing at night1 and it is necessary that the light should come from the front1 on account of the shadow made by the hands4 ,when the eyes become weary and the letters or figures begin to dance and flicker1 cease work4 ,if a cinder lodges under the lids1 do not attempt to remove it by rubbing2 that only adds to the irritation4 ,close the eye and then carefully draw the upper lid over the lower4 ,this will cause a flow of the fluid of the eye which will probably wash away the substance4 ,if this fails1 a friend is not likely to have any trouble in removing the object with the corner of a silk handkerchief4 ,should he find it impossible to relieve you1 go without delay to an oculist4 ,sometimes the eyes of children have been weakened by sickness1 and it is necessary to use spectacles4 ,when a boy or girl feels any peculiar sensation about the eyes1 or they seem to act wrongly1 the oculist should be appealed to at once4 ,,feet4 ,the feet must be kept clean and warm4 ,some prefer cotton and some woolen stockings4 ,use whichever are the most comfortable4 ,never wear shoes that are too tight4 ,if you do you will suffer in after years from corns and bunions4 ,the nails of the feet as well as of the hand should be kept pared and clean1 but their surface should never be scraped4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what is said of the hair8 ,what should be done by a boy8 ,by a girl8 ,what objection have you to oil and grease8 ,how can the hair be made glossy8 ,how is that superior to pomatum8 ,how should the head be cleaned8 ,of what use is the hair8 ,why are so many men baldheaded8 ,why is it rare that we meet a baldheaded woman8 ,when only should the head be covered8 ,what is said of the ear8 ,how should it be kept clean8 ,what of the wax in the ear8 ,what can you say concerning the eye8 ,what is often done by boys and girls8 ,tell how the eyes should be washed4 ,what is it well to do now and then8 ,what is said of straining the eyes8 ,what of a strong glare of light8 ,what rule should be followed in reading or study8 ,what of a shade8 ,when should you cease using the eyes8 ,what should be done if a cinder gets under the lid8 ,what should be done if that fails8 ,when must spectacles be used1 or an oculist consulted8 ,how must the feet be kept8 ,which are the better1 cotton or woolen stockings8 ,what of tight shoes8 ,what should be done with the nails8 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,teeth4 ,few boys and girls take proper care of their teeth4 ,all of us admire a set of strong1 sound1 even1 white teeth1 and those who do not have such1 will tell how sorry they are because in youth they were so careless that their teeth were ruined4 ,the teeth should be carefully cleaned each morning before breakfast4 ,this is best done with a good brush1 ,castile soap1 and lukewarm water4 ,use none of the numerous tooth-powders sold1 and never pick your teeth with a metallic substance4 ,quill1 wooden1 or ivory tooth-picks only should be employed4 ,when the brush does not remove the stains from the teeth1 the soft end of a small stick1 covered with powdered charcoal will answer1 though it should not be used often4 ,,injuries ,,to ,,the ,,teeth4 ,very hot or cold food1 or water1 sweetmeats and acids injure the teeth4 ,children sometimes like to show the strength of their teeth by cracking hickory-nuts and other hard substances4 ,this should never be done1 as the nuts and substances may prove stronger than the teeth4 ,the teeth are made of a soft kind of bone1 covered with enamel4 ,the bone part of the teeth soon decays if the enamel is broken4 ,,two ,,sets ,,of ,,teeth4 ,the first set of teeth1 twenty in number1 gradually become loose after a child is five or six years old1 and the second set1 thirty-two in number1 crowds after them4 ,the second are the teeth which are meant to last all our life-time1 and they should be guarded1 therefore1 with the utmost care4 ,sometimes the second teeth crowd so closely that the first become wedged in place4 ,the old tooth should be removed1 just as soon as the second can be discovered pushing after it4 ,if this is not done1 the mouth will be filled with crooked and unsightly teeth4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,principal ,,teeth4 ,the mother or father of any boy or girl will readily draw a loose tooth1 by means of a looped thread4 ,often1 however1 a brave child will pull his own teeth1 without help4 ,be on the watch and clear the way for the second teeth4 ,if you don't you will be sorry all your life4 ,some children have poorer teeth than others1 and the utmost care will not save them from decay4 ,when the first speck appears1 go to the dentist4 ,dentistry has made such improvements during the last few years1 that the poorest teeth can be made to last a long time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what is said of boys and girls8 ,when and how often should the teeth be cleaned8 ,what should be used for that purpose8 ,what is said of tooth-powders and tooth-picks8 ,how may stains be removed from the teeth8 ,what substances injure the teeth8 ,what about cracking nuts and other hard substances with the teeth8 ,how many teeth has a child8 ,a man8 ,when do the second teeth begin to appear8 ,how long is it intended they should last8 ,what sometimes takes place8 ,what should be done8 ,what will follow if this advice is not heeded8 ,how are loose teeth generally pulled8 ,have you ever known of a boy or girl pulling his or her own teeth8 ,what must you watch for and do8 ,is there any need of such care8 ,what is said of some children8 ,when should you go to the dentist8 ,illustration3 ,,muscles4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,exercise4 ,boys and girls are not likely to believe they need any instruction as to exercise4 ,they are so fond of play that all they ask is a chance and they will use it to the utmost4 ,that form of exercise is best which brings most muscles into action4 ,it should not be too violent nor continued after one is tired4 ,it should be in the open air1 and some kind of game is preferable because it also engages and interests the mind4 ,,tests ,,of ,,skill4 ,base-ball1 rowing1 foot-ball1 hare and hounds1 skating1 lacrosse1 lawn tennis and similar tests of skill have become so popular in this country that the young need to be restrained from indulging too much in them4 ,after one's school-days are over and a young man takes up some sedentary occupation1 he should manage to gain exercise every day4 ,the gymnasiums afford the best forms of exercise1 but boys and girls can walk1 run1 and use some of the simpler forms of gymnastics at their homes4 ,they should make sure they breathe pure air1 that they do not form bad habits1 and are regular in everything daily required of them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what form of exercise is best8 ,what should be guarded against8 ,where should it be8 ,what is preferable8 ,what games are popular8 ,what should every boy do1 after his school-days are over8 ,what of the gymnasiums8 ,what can be done by all boys and girls8 ,of what should they make sure8 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,swimming4 ,every boy and girl should learn to swim4 ,instances are likely to arise1 where a knowledge of the art will not only enable you to save your own life1 but that of some dear friend4 ,illustration ,when ready to take your first lesson in swimming1 plunge into the water until the head and body are cooled4 ,then1 standing where the water reaches your waist1 lie down gently on your face1 head erect as if walking1 with the mouth just above the surface4 ,lift your feet from the bottom and strike them out in imitation of a frog4 ,at the same instant or a second later1 throw your arms1 palms outward1 from the front of your breast1 drawing them in and striking out as before4 ,you will fail a good many times before you learn to swim1 but do not give up4 ,you will perhaps swallow some water1 and in spite of all you can do1 your head will drop more than once under the surface2 but1 if you will keep trying1 you will soon find yourself able to make two1 three or more strokes1 before you sink4 ,a little practice will complete your mastery of the art4 ,illustration ,it is well to use helps at the beginning4 ,a friend may hold up your chin1 or a light float may be fastened behind your shoulders4 ,the body of a person is very little heavier than water1 and a slight exertion1 rightly directed1 will keep it afloat for hours4 ,,floating4 ,the most important step1 after learning to swim1 is to learn how to float4 ,a skillful swimmer may find himself overtaken by cramp while in deep water4 ,he can turn upon his back and float until he recovers or help reaches him4 ,in case of shipwreck1 or where a person is forced to stay a long time in water1 he can rest by floating4 ,taking your position in water1 no higher than your breast nor shallower than your waist1 you lie very gently on your back1 with your chest elevated1 your hands on your stomach and your feet extended in a straight line1 close to the surface4 ,if you wish to swim on your back1 you have only to draw up your legs and strike out as when swimming in the natural position4 ,it is a poor method1 however1 as you cannot see in what direction you are going1 and will soon exhaust your strength4 ,after learning to swim1 there are many fanciful movements which can be easily learned4 ,they have no special value1 but afford amusement to those who look on or engage in them4 ,you cannot be too careful while learning to swim4 ,boys are apt to be venturesome and think their parents are too timid on their account4 ,you should make it a rule never to go into water beyond your depth until you can swim very well4 ,if this rule should be followed the number of deaths from drowning would be greatly lessened4 99 99 99 99 99 ,why should every boy and girl learn to swim8 ,give directions for the first lesson in swimming4 ,what is sure to follow8 ,what helps may be used at the beginning8 ,show the advantage of knowing how to float in the water4 ,show how a person may float4 ,what is said of fanciful movements in the water8 ,what care should boys exercise8 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,how ,,to ,,treat ,,drowned ,,persons4 ,many persons are drowned every month1 and almost every day4 ,hundreds doubtless could be saved by a knowledge of the art of swimming1 while others could have been revived1 had the proper means been used4 ,when any one believes he is drowning1 he becomes frantic and his fierce struggles only hasten his death4 ,if a friend swims to his rescue1 there is danger that he will throw his arms around his rescuer and cause both to drown4 ,illustration3 ,,going ,,to ,,the ,,rescue4 ,if the person in danger will keep still1 when his friend seizes his hair or arm1 he can readily be taken ashore4 ,if a swimmer finds his sinking friend frantic1 it may be necessary to strike him a violent blow between the eyes so as to stun him for a minute or two4 ,a drowning person generally rises twice before sinking the last time4 ,those who have been unconscious ten1 fifteen1 twenty minutes and sometimes longer1 have been resuscitated or brought back to life4 ,what is done1 therefore1 must be done without delay4 ,should you be present when a drowned person is taken from the water1 you ought to know exactly what to do4 ,if any one can be spared to go for the doctor1 let him run with all speed4 ,the instant the body is brought to land1 turn it upon the face1 with a hard roll of clothing under the pit of the stomach4 ,this roll can be readily made from your own clothing or that of others if present4 ,put one wrist of the patient under his forehead so as to keep his mouth off the ground4 ,illustration ,then1 with your hands well spread upon the patient's back1 above the roll of clothing1 press down with the whole weight of your body1 pushing forward at the same time4 ,repeat this two or three times1 with quickness and vigor4 ,the object of the movement is to force the water from the lungs1 and it must occupy very little time1 for there is none to throw away4 ,illustration ,having freed the lungs so far as possible from water1 turn the patient on his back1 face upward1 with the hard roll of clothing beneath his back4 ,bend the head backward and downward1 so that the throat is stretched to the utmost4 ,place his hands on top of his head1 and1 if there be any one standing near1 let him tie the wrists with a single twist of the handkerchief4 ,all the clothing must be instantly stripped off to the waist4 ,kneel astride the patient's hips2 grasp the front part of the chest on both sides of the pit of the stomach1 your thumbs pointing to the patient's chin and your fingers fitting into the grooves between the short ribs4 ,brace your elbows firmly1 making them rigid with your sides and hips1 while your knees serve as a pivot4 ,press the sides of the patient firmly together1 throwing yourself slowly forward for a second or two until your face almost touches his and your whole weight presses upon his chest4 ,end this pressure with a sudden short push1 which will send you back to the kneeling posture4 ,stop for two or three seconds1 so as to allow the ribs to spring back into position4 ,then repeat this bellows-blowing movement as before1 gradually increasing the rate from seven to ten times a minute4 ,watch closely1 and if you detect a natural gasp1 do not interrupt it1 but as the ribs sink1 gently press them and deepen the gasp into a long breath4 ,continue to give this help1 until the natural breathing is fully resumed1 but do not cease your efforts for fully an hour or longer4 ,avoid impatient vertical pushes2 the force must be upward and inward4 ,if a second person is present1 he should pull the end of the tongue of the patient out of a corner of his mouth and hold it there1 using his handkerchief or piece of cotton rag4 ,this helps to give the air free passage to and from the lungs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what causes a great many deaths from drowning8 ,how does a person act when he believes he is drowning8 ,what is he likely to do if a friend swims to his rescue8 ,what may be done if the drowning person keeps still8 ,what1 if he becomes frantic8 ,how often does a drowning person generally rise8 ,how long after drowning has a person been resuscitated or brought back to life8 ,what about the doctor8 ,now1 describe very carefully the first step to be taken the instant a drowned person is brought to land4 ,what should be done with his wrist8 ,what next should be done8 ,in what manner and how often should this be done8 ,what is the object of the movement8 ,after freeing the lungs1 so far as possible1 from water1 what is the next step8 ,what should be done with his hands8 ,what of the patient's clothing8 ,what next should be done8 ,having placed yourself astride the patient's hips1 describe what should be done next4 ,what are the next steps8 ,what should be done if a natural gasp is detected8 ,how long should you continue your efforts to restore the patient to life8 ,what should be avoided8 ,what should be done by a spectator1 if there be one8 ,now tell me precisely what to do from the moment a drowned person is taken out of the water until he is resuscitated or it is proven he is beyond help4 7,the teacher must insist on an answer1 correct in every particular1 for it is evident that unless he knows every step1 the pupil's knowledge is useless47 ,,chapter ,x ,,another ,,method ,,of ,,treatment ,,in ,,cases ,,of ,,asphyxia ,,from ,,drowning1 ,,chloroform1 ,,coal-,,gas1 ,,etc4 ,the following method is recommended by ,marshall ,hall1 a very high authority on all such questions3 8,treat the patient instantly on the spot1 in the open air1 freely exposing the face1 neck1 and chest to the breeze except in very cold weather4 8,in order to clear the throat1 place the patient gently on the face1 with one wrist under the forehead1 that all fluid1 and the tongue itself1 may fall forward1 and leave the entrance into the windpipe free4 8,to excite respiration1 turn the patient slightly on his side1 and apply some irritating or stimulating agent to the nostrils1 such as hartshorn4 8,make the face warm by brisk friction3 then dash cold water upon it4 8,if not successful1 lose no time2 but1 to imitate respiration1 place the patient on his face1 and turn the body gently1 but completely on the side1 and a little beyond2 then again on the face1 and so on1 alternately4 8,repeat these movements deliberately and perseveringly1 fifteen times only in a minute4 7,when the patient lies on the thorax1 this cavity is compressed by the weight of the body1 and expiration takes place4 ,when he is turned on the side1 this pressure is removed1 and inspiration occurs47 8,when the prone position is resumed1 make a uniform and efficient pressure along the spine1 removing the pressure immediately1 before rotation on the side4 7,the pressure augments the expiration2 the rotation commences inspiration47 ,continue these measures4 8,rub the limbs upward1 with firm pressure and with energy4 7,the object being the return of venous blood to the heart47 8,substitute for the patient's wet clothing1 if possible1 such other clothing as can be instantly procured1 each by-stander supplying a coat or cloak1 etc4 ,meantime1 and from time to time1 to excite inspiration1 let the surface of the body be slapped briskly with the hand4 8,rub the body briskly till it is dry and warm1 then dash cold water upon it1 and repeat the rubbing4 8,avoid the immediate removal of the patient1 as it involves a dangerous loss of time2 also1 the use of bellows1 or any forcing instrument2 also1 the warm bath and all rough treatment40 99 99 99 99 99 ,describe the first step recommended by ,marshall ,hall in the case of asphyxia from drowning1 chloroform1 coal-gas1 etc4 ,how would you clear the throat8 ,how is respiration or breathing excited8 ,what should be done to the face8 ,if not successful in reviving the patient1 what should be done to excite respiration8 ,how often should this movement be repeated8 ,explain how respiration is produced by this proceeding4 ,what is the next step8 ,explain its meaning4 ,what should be done with the limbs8 ,what is the object8 ,what of the patient's wet clothing8 ,what should be done from time to time8 ,what else is recommended to be done8 ,what should be avoided8 ,now1 give every step to be taken in resuscitating persons by ,hall's method4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,the ,,muscles4 ,you are provided by nature with about four hundred muscles4 ,every one has its special use4 ,they are fastened to the bones1 which can only be moved by them4 ,the principal muscles are shown in the figure on page #de4 ,the muscles are generally found in pairs1 so that when motion is produced in one direction1 another muscle or group of muscles causes motion in the opposite direction4 ,,voluntary ,,and ,,involuntary ,,muscles4 ,a voluntary muscle is one which you can control2 an involuntary muscle is not subject to your will4 ,thus1 when you move your hand or foot1 it is done by a voluntary muscle4 ,your heart beats without any will of your own1 and is therefore1 controlled by involuntary muscles4 ,,strength ,,of ,,muscles4 ,a well-developed man can drag a little less than his own weight over a level surface1 while a draught-horse can draw only two-thirds4 ,the horse1 therefore1 is relatively weaker than man4 ,there are some insects1 however1 which are able to move nearly fifty times their own weight4 ,from what you have learned about the importance of exercise1 you will understand how necessary it is that every muscle should be trained4 ,in no other way can you preserve sound1 rugged health4 ,,hygiene ,,of ,,the ,,muscles4 ,when the muscles are properly used1 they become large1 firm1 and dark red in color4 ,such use of them causes the skin to act freely1 while the brain is made vigorous and the digestion improved4 ,it is the best medicine in the world4 ,you must be careful not to strain or overwork your muscles1 as it is very hurtful4 ,your strength must be built up by moderate1 careful1 and regular exercise4 ,the muscles need not only exercise to make them strong1 but a constant supply of good1 pure blood4 ,you must eat wholesome food1 in proper quantities1 at regular intervals4 ,you must take plenty of exercise in the sunlight4 ,the blood and the muscles demand the light and the heat of the sun to make them strong4 ,,effects ,,of ,,exercise4 ,the effect of exercise upon the muscles may be clearly seen in the arm of the blacksmith2 in the foot and leg of the walker2 in the fingers of the pianist2 and in the hand and fore-arm of the skillful penman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,how many muscles have you8 ,how are the bones moved8 ,how are the muscles generally found8 ,in what manner do they work8 ,what is a voluntary muscle8 ,an involuntary one8 ,illustrate the difference4 ,compare the strength of a well-developed man with that of a horse4 ,what is said of some insects8 ,why should the muscles he trained8 ,what is the result8 ,what kind of medicine is such exercise8 ,how must your strength be built up8 ,what do the muscles need beside exercise8 ,where should the exercise be taken8 ,show some of the effects4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,rest ,,and ,,posture4 8,early to bed and early to rise0 should be your motto4 ,children need abundant sleep1 and ought to retire early and rise as soon as they awake in the morning4 ,their bodies and brains require regular rest4 ,never lie on your back when sleeping1 but on the left or right side4 ,place your limbs in the easiest position possible2 otherwise you will be troubled by bad dreams1 which will awake you from slumber4 ,try to keep your mouth closed1 so as to breathe through your nostrils4 ,you will thus escape the unpleasant habit of snoring4 ,,time ,,for ,,sleep4 ,infants and old people need more sleep than boys and girls4 ,night is made for rest1 and the day for work4 ,do not take naps through the day nor sit up late at night4 ,never lie down to sleep directly after a meal4 ,,position ,,in ,,standing1 ,,etc4 ,children are apt to stand and sit in a wrong position4 ,when walking1 the head and shoulders should be thrown back1 so as to give the lungs full play4 ,breathe slowly and deeply1 filling every part of the lungs at each inspiration4 ,when in the school-room or at home1 be careful not to lean over by bending the body in the middle of the back4 ,illustration3 ,,showing ,,position ,,of ,,lungs ,,and ,,heart4--7#a7 ,left ,auricle1 7#b7 ,right ,auricle1 7#c7 ,left ,ventricle1 7#d7 ,right ,ventricle1 7#e7 ,pulmonary ,artery1 7#f7 ,great ,aorta1 7#ab7 ,larynx1 7#ac to #af and #ad to #af7 ,lungs4 ,i am afraid that a good many children will find1 if they notice their posture when studying their lessons1 that their spines are curved like a bow and their shoulders pushed forward so as to crowd the lungs and prevent deep1 healthful breathing4 ,the boys1 perhaps1 will find a large dent or wrinkle in their clothing in front at the pit of the stomach4 ,this shows that their posture is wrong4 ,,where ,,to ,,bend ,,the ,,body4 ,if you wish to bend forward1 the pivot is at the hips2 the spine should not be bent at all4 ,when a child is reminded that his posture is wrong1 he is apt to straighten up with a jerk1 throw his shoulders far back and thrust his chest forward like a pouter pigeon4 ,this is almost as bad as the other extreme1 for it is unnatural1 and after a few minutes1 they gradually return to their former stoop4 ,the natural posture is easy and graceful and can be held longer than any other4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what should be your motto8 ,what do children need8 ,what do their bodies and brains require8 ,what position should be taken when lying in bed8 ,what should be done with the limbs8 ,what of bad dreams8 ,how can you avoid the habit of snoring8 ,who needs the most sleep8 ,what is said of night and day8 ,what of taking naps through the day8 ,when should you avoid sleep8 ,what of standing and sitting8 ,what ought your posture to be when walking8 ,what is the right way to breathe8 ,what must be guarded against when in the school-room or at home8 ,what will a good many children find1 if they notice their posture when studying their lessons8 ,what will show a boy that his position is wrong8 ,what is the right way to bend forward8 ,what of the spine8 ,what is a child apt to do when shown that his position at the desk is wrong8 ,what have you to say of this8 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,pure ,,air1 ,,clothing1 ,,etc4 ,there can be no good health without pure air4 ,always have it if possible4 ,before you lie down to sleep at night1 make sure your windows are lowered at the top and slightly raised at the bottom1 so that the room is well ventilated4 ,if the bed has enough covering1 you will sleep much better if the air is fresh and cool4 ,illustration3 7a7 ,trachea1 7b and e7 ,bronchial ,tubes1 7d7 ,right ,lung1 7c7 ,lobes of ,lung4 ,it is a good practice to spend a few minutes early in the morning1 in drawing into the lungs all the air they can possibly hold4 ,then breathe out slowly1 by keeping the lips almost closed4 ,while doing so1 rapidly thump the chest and ribs with the flat sides of your fists4 ,this will expand your lungs and prevent the congestion or settling of blood among many of the organs1 besides strengthening and toning up the system4 ,,proper ,,use ,,of ,,clothing4 ,your parents furnish you with warm1 comfortable clothing1 but much depends on you whether it shall help preserve your health4 ,children often catch cold and more serious diseases by carelessness about their dress4 ,be careful that all your garments sit well and are not loose enough to annoy you1 nor tight enough to cause discomfort4 ,boys should lay off their overcoats and overshoes1 girls their wraps and overshoes when they enter a warm room4 ,always put them on before going out in the cold or wet4 ,neglect in following this rule has often caused pneumonia and death4 ,,damp ,,clothing4 ,if the clothing1 shoes or stockings become wet1 they should be changed at the earliest moment4 ,if there is no chance to make such change1 keep in motion until the garments can be replaced by others4 ,if the moisture has reached the skin1 it should be rubbed with a rough towel until dry and warm4 ,,dangers ,,to ,,health4 ,before summer sets in1 children are often tempted to sit or lie on the damp earth4 ,this is hurtful and never should be done1 even in warm weather4 ,when heated from exercise1 boys love to throw aside their outer clothing1 so as to 8cool off40 ,this is dangerous2 better to feel uncomfortable for a little while until your body resumes its natural temperature4 ,,cold ,,or ,,draft4 ,never sit in a cold room or a draft4 ,it is sure to injure you and may cause death4 ,if you feel chilly1 warm yourself by vigorous exercise4 ,always obey the promptings of nature4 ,failure to do so poisons the blood1 causes serious disease1 and frequently destroys life itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,show the necessity of pure air4 ,what precaution should be taken before lying down to sleep8 ,what of drafts8 ,what are necessary to sleep well8 ,what is a good practice for each morning8 ,what will this do8 ,what depends upon you8 ,what results from carelessness in these respects8 ,of what ought you to be careful8 ,what use should be made of overcoats1 wraps1 and overshoes8 ,what has resulted from neglect to follow this rule8 ,what is the proper course1 when the clothing1 shoes or stockings become wet8 ,what are children often tempted to do in the spring of the year8 ,is it a safe thing to do at any time8 ,what is said about 8cooling off80 ,what about sitting in a cold room or draft8 ,what other advice is given8 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,accidents ,,and ,,emergencies4 ,this little book is not intended to take the place of the physician1 but is meant to help you to get along without him4 ,we are all liable to accidents1 and you should know what to do in such cases1 before the doctor reaches you4 ,besides1 you can often help yourself1 and will not need the doctor4 ,,habits ,,to ,,cultivate4 ,cultivate regularity in all good habits4 ,the hour for going to bed1 and for rising1 for eating your meals1 for study1 and for play1 indeed1 the time for every duty relating to your body1 should1 as nearly as possible1 be just the same1 day after day4 ,illustration3 ,,organs ,,of ,,circulation4 ,,blisters4 ,if a blister forms anywhere on the body1 do not prick it4 ,if you do1 a sore will form4 ,leave it alone until it breaks of itself4 ,by that time 7generally in two or three days7 a new skin will have formed1 and the blister will pass away almost unnoticed4 ,,boils1 ,,stings ,,of ,,insects1 ,,and ,,burns4 ,the skin of a boiled egg is a good remedy for boils4 ,peel it carefully1 wet and apply to the part affected4 ,the stings of insects may be covered with moistened earth4 ,slight burns will cause little pain1 if the air is shut out by means of paste or anything of that nature4 ,,bleeding ,,of ,,the ,,nose4 ,for continued bleeding at the nose1 apply ice or cold water to the back of the neck and push a plug of cotton1 or soft rag covered with powdered alum up the nose4 ,the 8door-key0 is good1 because it is cold2 any other piece of cold metal will do as well4 ,,fire4 ,if your clothing should catch fire1 keep your senses about you4 ,do not start on a run1 unless the distance is very short to open water1 into which you can plunge4 ,an overcoat1 blanket or piece of carpet1 wrapped closely about the body1 will smother the flames4 ,,fainting4 ,if a person faints he should be laid flat on his back1 given fresh air1 and water sprinkled in his face4 ,the clothing about the neck should be thrown open1 and people prevented from crowding around4 ,,frost-,,bitten ,,feet ,,and ,,ears4 ,sometimes when a boy uses his skates too long1 or he is exposed for a good while to bitterly cold weather1 his feet or ears become frost-bitten4 ,when this mishap takes place1 he is apt to do the very thing he ought not to do4 ,he must not approach a fire1 enter a warm room1 nor use warm water or clothing4 ,when any part of the body is frozen1 snow should be constantly applied to it4 ,if no snow is at hand1 the coldest water that can be obtained must be used with cloths1 until the frozen member is gradually thawed out4 ,,slight ,,cuts ,,and ,,wounds4 ,all boys use jack-knives1 and now and then inflict cuts upon themselves4 ,as a rule1 these do not amount to much1 and only require to be washed with cold water and bound up with a clean rag2 but1 if a vein or artery is severed1 there is great danger4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,heart4--7a7 ,the ,left ,ventricle1 7m7 the ,left ,auricle1 7b7 the ,right ,ventricle1 7n7 the ,right ,auricle1 7g1 o7 ,veins to ,heart1 7k7 the ,pulmonary ,artery1 7c7 the ,great ,aorta4 ,,how ,,to ,,treat ,a ,,bleeding ,,artery4 ,if an artery is cut1 the blood will be bright red1 and will come out in jets1 corresponding with the throbbing of the heart4 ,as the arteries take the blood from the heart1 the proper thing to do is to press the thumb strongly upon the artery just above the wound4 ,then a handkerchief should be knotted around the arm or leg1 as the case may be1 above the hurt2 a stick placed under the bandage1 and twisted about until the flow of blood is stopped4 ,this will answer until the surgeon can be brought4 ,,cut ,,veins ,,and ,,broken ,,limbs4 ,the veins carry the blood back to the heart4 ,if one is cut the blood is dark and flows steadily4 ,it is managed more easily than an artery2 all that need be done is to place some lint over the wound and bandage it firmly4 ,this1 of course1 you will do as soon as possible4 ,if you should be so unfortunate as to break or dislocate a limb1 assume an easy position and calmly await the coming of the surgeon4 ,if a finger only is fractured you can walk to his office4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what is said of this little book8 ,to what are we liable and what should we know8 ,what should be cultivated8 ,what is the rule concerning a blister which may form on any part of the body8 ,what is a good thing for boils8 ,for the stings of insects8 ,for slight burns8 ,what is the remedy for continued bleeding at the nose8 ,what is the proper course if your clothing should take fire8 ,what should be done with a person when he faints8 ,what is a boy apt to do when his ears or feet are frost-bitten8 ,give the proper course to be followed4 ,what should be done with a slight cut8 ,how can you know that an artery has been cut8 ,what must be done8 ,what is the office of the veins8 ,what need be done if one of them is wounded8 ,suppose your arm or leg is broken1 what is the proper course8 ,if it is only a finger8 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,nervous ,,system4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,the ,,nerves1 ,,brain1 ,,spinal ,,cord1 ,,etc4 ,the muscles which move the bones are themselves moved by the nerves4 ,the nerves are soft and pulpy in youth1 but harden as you advance in years4 ,they are composed of a gray substance1 called the nerve-cell1 and a white substance1 known as the nerve-fibre4 ,the brain is the mass of nervous tissue within the skull4 ,it is so tender and easily harmed that nature has walled it about by a hard1 bony structure to protect it from injury4 ,the gray substance of the nerves is where nervous impulses begin1 which are conducted along the white substance4 ,the gray matter may be compared to a telegraph office where the message is started1 while the white matter is the wire along which the message travels4 ,illustration3 ,,surface ,,of ,,the ,,cerebrum4 ,the spinal cord1 or marrow1 is a mass of soft1 nervous tissue1 which fills the hollow running the length of the spine or backbone4 ,illustration3 ,,nerves ,,of ,,the ,,face ,,and ,,neck4--7a1 b7 ,nerve of the ,face2 7d7 ,nerve of the ,forehead4 ,from the base of the brain twelve pairs of nerves are given off to the face and head4 ,one pair passes to the eye1 and gives sight2 one passes to the nose1 and gives smell2 one1 to the mouth1 tongue1 and palate1 and gives taste2 one1 to the ears1 and gives hearing2 and others to the face1 neck1 and head1 and give the expressions of joy1 sorrow1 pain1 anger1 and doubt4 ,from the spinal cord thirty-one pairs of nerves pass to the various parts and organs of the body4 ,there could be no motion or feeling without the nerves1 although they are not the true centres of either4 ,if you obey the rules of health1 as already laid down1 you will be in the happy condition of those of whom it is said they do not feel that they have any nerves at all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what move the muscles8 ,how are the nerves in early youth8 ,of what are they composed8 ,what are these parts called8 ,what is the brain8 ,how is it protected8 ,where do nervous impulses begin8 ,to what may the gray and white matter be compared8 ,what is the spinal cord8 ,how many pairs of nerves are given off from the brain8 ,from the spine8 ,where do they go8 ,what is said of sensation and feeling8 ,what if you obey the laws of health8 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,sunstroke ,,and ,,poisons4 ,don't be afraid of the sun4 ,its rays give life and vigor not only to men and animals1 but to the vegetable world4 ,a little tanning or browning of the skin is good for you4 ,in summer when the rays are very strong1 you should avoid them2 but at other times1 live in the sunlight all you can4 ,very rarely indeed is a child sunstruck2 but it is wise to guard against it1 because it is often fatal4 ,as ,i have just told you1 you must keep out of the direct rays of the sun when the day is very hot4 ,it is well to carry a wet handkerchief1 or several large green leaves in the crown of your hat4 ,,symptoms ,,of ,,sunstroke4 ,the symptoms of sunstroke are stinging pains in the head1 dizziness1 weakness1 confusion of sight1 and in some cases1 sickness at the stomach4 ,the person becomes partly or wholly insensible and often moans or snores4 ,sometimes he has spasms4 ,,how ,,to ,,treat ,,sunstroke4 ,should you ever see any one thus affected1 do your utmost to have him taken at once to the coolest place that is near at hand1 and where there is plenty of fresh air4 ,the clothing should be removed and the body sponged with cold water1 if the surface is warm2 if it is cool1 warm water should be used4 ,if the patient's body is very hot1 his pulse high1 he snores or moans1 and is limp and senseless1 he should be laid upon his face1 his head slightly raised and cold water poured upon it for several minutes1 from a height of four or five feet4 ,,caution4 ,if the pulse is feeble and fast1 the breathing light1 and the body cool1 the treatment just named would be highly dangerous4 ,the patient must be given small doses of diluted brandy or whiskey1 and a blister applied to the back of the neck4 ,of course a physician will be sent for at once4 ,,poisons4 ,it may happen that a child swallows by mistake some kind of poison 7when he is alone71 and when a few minutes' delay in reaching a physician will be fatal4 ,the best and indeed the only thing to do is to produce instant vomiting4 ,stir a tablespoonful of salt or a teaspoonful of mustard in a tumbler of warm water and swallow without a moment's delay4 ,at the end of five minutes1 repeat the dose1 and continue doing so for half an hour4 ,if vomiting does not take place immediately1 bring it on by thrusting the forefinger down the throat1 since vomiting alone will save your life4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid ,,poison4 ,there is but one poison which cannot be thrown off by the means just described4 ,if water is drank directly after swallowing sulphuric acid1 it will be fatal4 ,vomiting must be induced by using the finger4 ,a ,,safe ,,rule4 ,the only safe rule for children1 as well as for grown persons1 is never to swallow or touch anything which they are not certain can do them no harm4 ,when there is the least doubt1 leave it alone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what is said of sunlight8 ,when should the rays be avoided8 ,what should be carried in the crown of the hat when the sunlight is very strong8 ,describe the symptoms of sunstroke4 ,what is the first thing to do when a person suffers sunstroke8 ,suppose the surface of the body is warm8 ,suppose it is cool8 ,if the body is hot1 pulse high1 he snores1 is limp1 etc48 ,if the pulse is feeble and fast1 breathing light1 body cool8 ,what course should be followed if poison is taken by mistake8 ,suppose the dose described does not cause vomiting8 ,what of sulphuric acid8 ,what is the only safe rule8 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,cigarette ,,smoking4 ,i have now a few words to say to the boys4 ,i hope the girls will also listen1 and help to impress the words on their friends4 ,most of you have fathers1 mothers1 and perhaps brothers and sisters4 ,you love them more than all the world4 ,what would you think if ,i should tell you ,i can make you hate your mother1 strike your father1 lie1 cheat1 steal1 do everything vile1 and at last send you1 disgraced and despised1 to a wretched death8 ,you are shocked and cannot believe it2 but1 if you will walk the path ,i mark out1 you will do just what ,i have said and reach the dreadful end--that is1 if you live long enough4 ,,smoking ,,creates ,a ,,morbid ,,thirst4 ,the first step is cigarette smoking4 ,it will give you catarrh1 weaken the lungs1 cause heart disease1 destroy the health1 and create a morbid thirst which will lead you to the second step1--the drinking of cider1 beer1 and malt liquors4 ,soon you will crave stronger fluids1 and will swallow gin1 wine1 brandy1 whiskey1 rum1 and all sorts of seductive drinks made from alcohol4 ,,smoking ,,degrades ,,the ,,tastes4 ,by this time1 you will be far along the road to ruin4 ,you will begin to look upon your father and mother as slow1 and will love the company of the wicked1 and hate that of the good4 ,then will follow misery1 woe1 and eternal ruin4 ,,bad ,,effects ,,shown ,,in ,,time4 ,you know plenty of boys who smoke cigarettes1 and you cannot see that they suffer any harm on that account4 ,but1 as in many other instances1 the harm comes after a time2 and often when too late to be cured4 ,a great many boys die every year from cigarette smoking1 and thousands upon thousands are stricken by disease from that cause alone4 ,,quality ,,of ,,cigarette ,,tobacco4 ,in #ahhc1 about three quarters of a billion of cigarettes were smoked in this country1 of which more than one half were made in the city of ,new ,york4 ,the tobacco used is the worst that can be found anywhere4 ,saltpetre is mixed with it to prevent moulding4 ,physicians will tell you that saltpetre1 when thus taken into the system1 is very hurtful4 ,the ,havana cigarette is made of fair tobacco1 but is rolled in thick1 vile paper and soaked with creosote1 which is very hurtful4 ,but those cigarettes which pretend to be made of ,cuban tobacco are imitations that are as bad as they can be4 ,,cigarette ,,paper4 ,the oil of tobacco is highly poisonous2 but the oil of the paper used for cigarette wrappers is worse than that4 ,it burns white1 because of the acids and chemicals in it4 ,,hurtful ,,to ,,the ,,young4 ,smoking is specially harmful to the young4 ,it weakens the stomach1 causes indigestion1 hastens the action of the heart1 thus producing palpitation4 ,,produces ,,catarrh4 ,cigarette smoking is almost certain to produce catarrh1 one of the most offensive and incurable diseases4 ,this arises from the fact that the cigarette being much shorter than a cigar1 the smoke is inhaled to a greater extent4 ,you have seen boys swallow the smoke and puff it through the nostrils1 thus inviting catarrh4 ,,causes ,,asthma4 ,cigarette smoking tends also to cause asthma4 ,,other ,,evil ,,effects4 ,it renders the system more liable to attacks of pneumonia and bronchitis4 ,it destroys a healthy appetite for solid food1 and by the constant spitting it causes1 excites a craving for drink4 ,many instances are known where the nerves of the eye have been destroyed by cigarette smoking4 ,the following are the words of ,dr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,keep1 one of the leading physicians of ,brooklyn3 8,if one could select a fine1 healthy boy of from twelve to fifteen years of age1 well known for his fine physique1 even disposition1 and great strength1 and start him in his career as a cigarette smoker under the observant eye of the public1 what results might not accrue from such example as the panorama was unfolded to them8 8,the decay of physical power1 emaciation1 the irritable temper1 the sallow complexion1 the drawn and anxious look1 the unsteadiness of the hands1 the dyspepsia1 the capricious appetite1 the aversion to parental and other advice1 the tendency to seek lower companionship1 could hardly fail to leave its impress upon such an audience4 8,more especially in the nervous diathesis#a does this rapid decay make itself apparent1 and in varying degrees according to the amount of indulgence4 ,physicians daily watch this process with pain and anxiety for those intrusted to their care4 ,indeed1 if my own professional experience were to be my guide1 ,i could declare the evil of cigarette smoking to be even greater than that of alcohol40 ,footnote #a3 ,di ath e sis--,a condition of the body which1 predisposes it to a particular disease4 ,so alarming has become this evil that in some ,states1 laws have been passed against cigarette smoking4 ,but ,i trust that if any of you has felt like forming the vile habit1 your own good sense will not allow you to do so4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what is the first step toward the ruin of the body and soul8 ,what is the second step8 ,what follows8 ,where will you be by this time8 ,what then will follow8 ,how is it that some boys do not seem to suffer from cigarette smoking8 ,what takes place every year8 ,how many cigarettes were smoked in this country in #ahhc8 ,of what are they generally made8 ,what of saltpetre8 ,what is said of the genuine ,havana cigarette8 ,are there many genuine ones made8 ,what of the oil of tobacco8 ,of the oil of the paper8 ,how does smoking affect the young8 ,what loathsome disease is almost certain to result from cigarette smoking8 ,why8 ,what does cigarette smoking tend to produce8 ,what other effect has it on the system8 ,what is its effect on the appetite8 ,how does it excite a craving for drink8 ,what is said by ,dr4 ,keep1 of ,brooklyn8 ,what has been done by some of the ,states8 ,what are your own views on the vice of cigarette smoking8 ,are you weak-minded enough to be persuaded ever to place a vile cigarette between your lips8 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,alcohol4 ,alcohol does not exist in nature4 ,it is a fluid made by fermentation1 or the rotting of vegetables and their juices4 ,beer1 cider1 and wine are produced by the decay of a sweet liquid taken from grain or fruits4 ,alcohol is that element in malt and spirituous liquors which produces intoxication4 ,,its ,,danger4 ,alcohol is indigestible and lessens the muscular power4 ,no person training for any severe contest would dare swallow a drop of it4 ,its great danger lies in its attractiveness4 ,it makes one at first feel in high spirits1 reckless of right and wrong1 and it destroys his judgment and sense4 ,you all know that an intoxicated person talks like an idiot4 ,,effect ,,upon ,,the ,,organs ,,of ,,the ,,body4 ,alcohol destroys the nerves1 ruins the stomach1 weakens the muscles1 affects the heart1 bloats the body1 kills the liver1 causes insanity1 and makes men descend lower than the beast of the field4 ,it turns wise men into fools2 peaceable persons into brawlers2 good citizens into wicked and dangerous ones2 and is the direct cause of more than three fourths of all the crimes in the country4 ,,cost ,,of ,,alcohol4 ,the total cost of alcoholic drinks each year is eight times that spent for education4 ,the saloon-keepers outnumber the ministers of the gospel four to one4 ,sixty thousand people die annually from alcohol4 ,those who use alcohol are very liable to disease4 ,in ,russia the cholera swept off one year every drinking person in a certain town before it affected a single temperate one4 ,in ,new ,orleans1 five thousand drinking men died one season from yellow fever before it touched a sober one4 ,in #ahcb1 in ,park ,hospital1 ,new ,york1 out of #bjd cases of cholera1 only six were men of temperate habits2 these all recovered1 while #abb of the others died4 ,sir ,john ,ross1 the famous ,arctic explorer1 never used alcohol or tobacco4 ,on one of his voyages1 when a youth1 every one of the crew that was a drinker1 died2 but he himself was not sick a single hour4 ,when exploring the frozen regions1 he was an old man1 the oldest of his crew being twenty years younger than he4 ,his men used tobacco and spirits1 but he went without either2 and with his advanced years1 stood the rigors and hardships better than any of them4 ,at a recent meeting of surgeons and officers of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company to arrange for medical and surgical supplies to be placed on trains and at each station on the road1 the question of adding alcoholic stimulants to the supplies was at once rejected2 some of the surgeons claiming that in case of shock from injury1 it was worthless4 ,,intoxication4 ,intoxication leads a person to do that which he would not do when sober if he dared4 ,it therefore takes away the self-restraint that is the safeguard of society4 ,a ,,grave ,,error4 ,one of the greatest mistakes of the young is the belief that a person can drink a little beer1 cider1 wine or liquor now and then1 without danger to himself4 ,no one ever began drinking with the belief that he would die a drunkard2 he meant to drink when he felt like it with his friends1 but was sure he could stop when he chose4 ,,total ,,abstinence ,a ,,safeguard4 ,even if a person were able to keep to a moderate use of alcohol all his life1 his brain and nervous system would become diseased4 ,when epidemics visit any place1 the first persons to die1 as ,i have shown1 are those accustomed to drink liquor4 ,,effect ,,upon ,,the ,,mind ,,and ,,soul4 ,poisonous as is alcohol to the body1 it is more fatal to the mind and heart4 ,it clouds the brain1 dwarfs and blots out the good impulses1 and increases the power of the passions and the baser side of our nature4 ,the world is full of moral and mental wrecks caused by alcohol4 ,you see them about you2 the most wretched drunkard on which you ever looked was once a bright1 hopeful boy like you4 ,he could not have been made to believe he would ever fall so low4 ,your only safety is to resolve never to touch alcohol in any form4 ,not only that1 but it is your duty to do all you can to keep others from injuring themselves by its use4 99 99 99 99 99 ,does alcohol exist in nature8 ,what is alcohol8 ,how are beer1 cider1 and wine produced8 ,what element is alcohol8 ,what is said of alcohol8 ,in what lies its great danger8 ,what are its effects at first8 ,show some of the evil effects of alcohol4 ,of what is it the direct cause8 ,compare the cost of alcoholic drinks and the sums spent for education4 ,how do the number of saloon-keepers compare with that of the ministers of the gospel8 ,how many people does it kill annually8 ,to what are drinkers of alcohol liable8 ,illustrate this statement by what occurred in ,russia4 ,in ,new ,orleans4 ,in ,new ,york4 ,prove the advantages of leaving tobacco and spirits alone by some facts respecting ,sir ,john ,ross4 ,what action was taken recently by the surgeons and officers of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company8 ,what does intoxication lead a person to do8 ,what does it therefore take away8 ,what is one of the greatest mistakes of the young8 ,suppose a person really could restrain himself to a moderate use of alcohol8 ,how does alcohol affect the mind and heart8 ,what is said of the most wretched drunkard in the land8 ,what is the only safety8 ,what is the duty of every one8 ,illustration3 ,,skeleton4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,bones1 ,,skeleton1 ,,etc4 ,the bones are the frame-work of the body4 ,like the muscles1 they are generally found in pairs1 one for each side of the body4 ,their number is more than two hundred4 ,when joined together1 in their proper position1 they make a skeleton1 as shown in the picture on page #aae1 where the names of the principal bones are given4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,skull4--7#a7 ,frontal ,bone1 7#b7 ,parietal ,bone1 7#c7 ,temporal ,bone1 7#f7 ,superior ,maxillary 7,upper ,jaw7 ,bone1 7#g7 ,malar ,bone1 7#i7 ,nasal ,bone1 7#aj7 ,inferior ,maxillary 7,lower ,jaw7 ,bone ,a bone is composed of animal and mineral substance4 ,the animal part gives it elasticity1 and the mineral1 hardness4 ,in youth there is more of the animal substance1 but it grows less as a person becomes older4 ,this explains why the bones of a child do not break so readily as those of an aged person1 and why1 when broken1 they heal much sooner4 ,sometimes when a very old man or woman has a limb broken1 the bone will not 8knit10 or heal at all4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,chest4--7a7 ,the ,sternum or ,breastbone1 7b to c7 the ,true ,ribs1 7d to f7 the ,false ,ribs1 7g1 h7 the ,floating ,ribs1 7i to k7 the ,dorsal ,vertebr4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,hand4--7#a7 ,radius1 7#b7 ,ulna1 7#d-d7 ,bones of the ,wrist1 7#e-e7 ,bones of the ,hand1 7#f-f7 ,bones of the ,fingers4 ,the movable joints are joined by bands or ligaments1 which are very strong4 ,they often refuse to yield1 when the bone to which they are fastened is broken4 ,if a ligament is strained or hurt1 a 8sprain0 is caused1 which may be as bad as a broken bone4 ,boys and girls are apt to form bad habits by which some of the bones become misshapen4 ,you should hold your head erect1 but not thrust forward2 keep the chest expanded and the shoulders well back4 ,you will find1 after awhile1 that this healthful posture is the most pleasant you can take1 and it will give you the form which nature intends all of us to have4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what are the bones8 ,how are they generally placed8 ,how many bones have you8 ,what is a skeleton8 ,of what is a bone composed8 ,what does the animal part give8 ,the mineral8 ,why is the bone of a child less liable to break than that of an older person8 ,what takes place sometimes when the bone of an old person is broken8 ,how are the movable joints joined8 ,what is said of the strength of a ligament8 ,what is a 8sprain08 ,what are boys and girls apt to do8 ,what is the proper posture8 ,what will you find8 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,a ,,cheerful ,,disposition4 ,every boy and girl should cultivate a cheerful disposition4 ,you will have grief and trouble1 and must shed many a tear2 but cheerfulness does more than anything else to lighten the burdens of life4 ,have a kind word for every one4 ,if there is a deformed boy or girl in school1 never notice it by look or word4 ,if a boy has a drunken father or any disgrace attaches to his family1 always act as though you never heard of it4 ,if he is poor and in need1 make him such presents as you can afford4 ,it will add much to your own happiness if now and then you give something which you think you cannot afford4 ,if some little girl wears odd-looking dresses1 do not hurt her feelings by laughing at her4 ,show her kindness and make her feel at home when in your company4 ,be respectful to old age4 ,elderly persons are sometimes fretful and say provoking things to children2 but it is easy for you to keep back all impudent replies and to show that you feel no ill will toward them4 ,you should not only be obedient to your parents1 but should feel pleasure in obeying them4 ,no matter how you are employed1 or what your own wishes are1 show an eagerness to do whatever they may request4 ,when father and mother leave you forever1 you will be thankful beyond expression1 if you can say you never caused them to shed a tear or feel any sorrow4 ,be respectful and obedient to your teacher4 ,strive to obey all his rules in spirit and letter4 ,be attentive to what he says1 and show by your conduct as well as by your words that you are grateful for his interest in and labors for you4 ,it is you who will feel the most pleasure at all times1 by striving to be cheerful4 ,in truth1 you will not have to strive long1 for it will come natural to be cheerful4 ,don't sulk and never repay evil for evil4 ,if some one has done you an injury1 the best way to 8get even0 is by an act of kindness2 but be ready to protect the helpless against those who would oppress them4 ,there are persons whose coming is like so much beautiful sunshine2 there are others who are cross and disagreeable and whom no one likes4 ,strive1 every day1 to make some one happy1 and live by the ,golden ,rule1 8,do unto others as you would have others do to you40 99 99 99 99 99 ,what should every boy and girl cultivate8 ,why8 ,what about kind words8 ,suppose you have a deformed class-mate1 or one to whom some disgrace attaches8 ,suppose some little girl wears odd-looking clothes8 ,what of old age8 ,in what does true obedience to your parents consist8 ,what will be the result of such obedience8 ,how should you treat your teacher8 ,who is most benefited by such a course of action8 ,what of sulking8 ,what is the best manner of 8getting even0 with some one who has done you a wrong8 ,what should you strive every day to do8 ,what is the ,golden ,rule of life8 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,the ,,digestibility ,,of ,,solid ,,foods4 ,the following table is given in order to show the time required for the digestion of the most ordinary articles of food3 ,,kind ,,of ,,food4 ,,mode ,,of ,,time ,,required ,,cooking4 ,,for ,,digestion4 ,,hours4 ,,minutes4 ,pork roasted #e #ae ,cartilage boiled #d #ae ,ducks roasted #d #jj ,fowls roasted #d #jj ,fowls boiled #d #jj ,beef fried #d #jj ,eggs fried #c #cj ,eggs hard #c #cj boiled ,cheese #c #cj ,oysters stewed #c #cj ,mutton roasted #c #ae ,mutton boiled #c #jj ,beef roasted #c #jj ,beef boiled #b #de ,chicken fricasseed #b #de ,lamb broiled #b #cj ,pig 7suckling7 roasted #b #cj ,goose roasted #b #cj ,gelatin boiled #b #cj ,turkey boiled #b #be ,eggs roasted #b #ae ,cod ,fish 7cured1 dry7 boiled #b #jj ,ox ,liver broiled #b #jj ,venison ,steak broiled #a #cj ,salmon ,trout boiled #a #cj ,eggs 7whipped7 raw #a #cj ,tripe 7soused7 boiled #a #jj ,pig's ,feet 7soused7 boiled #a #jj ,cabbage boiled #d #jj ,beetroot boiled #c #de ,turnips boiled #c #cj ,potatoes boiled #c #cj ,wheaten ,bread baked #c #cj ,carrot boiled #c #ae ,indian ,corn ,bread baked #c #ae ,indian ,corn ,cake baked #c #jj ,apple-dumpling boiled #c #jj ,potatoes baked #b #cc ,potatoes roasted #b #cj ,parsnips boiled #b #cj ,sponge ,cake baked #b #cj ,beans boiled #b #cj ,apples 7sour7 raw #b #jj ,barley boiled #b #jj ,tapioca boiled #b #jj ,sago boiled #a #de ,apples 7sweet7 raw #a #cj ,rice boiled #a #jj 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 #a4 ,moved parenthetical questions from the bottom of each page to the end of the chapter4 #b4 ,silently corrected typographical errors4 #c4 ,retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed4