,transcriber's ,note ,obvious typos and punctuation errors have been corrected4 ,inconsistencies in spelling have been retained4 ,the book advertisement at the end of the text uses a ,unicode character ,white ,right ,pointing ,index 7,u#bfa;,e7 for a right pointing hand4 ,if the font in use on the reader's device does not support it1 this character1 1 may not display correctly4 ,italic text in the original is represented by underscores surrounding the italic text4 ,small capitals in the original have been converted to ,,allcaps in the text4 ,superscripted letters are indicated by a preceding character1 and multiple consecutive superscripted characters are surrounded by brackets1 for example1 #ast4 ,descriptions of illustrations without captions have been added to the text4 ,the ,index lists an entry ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac1 quoted1 #e-f4 but this quotation does not seem to exist at those pages or anywhere else in the text4 ,the ,index lists an entry ,volk1 ,leonard ,w41 quoted1 #bcg1 #bch4 but this quotation does not seem to exist at those pages4 ,a reference to ,volk is found on pp4 #bdi-bej4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,edwin ,,booth ,see page #ch ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,portraits in ,plaster ,,from ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,,laurence ,,hutton ,illustration of torch being passed hand to hand ,,new ,,york ,,harper ,,brothers ,,publishers #ahid ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,copyright1 #ahid1 by ,,harper ,,brothers4 ,all rights reserved4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,illustrations ,,page ,,edwin ,,booth ,frontispiece ,,dante #g ,,torquato ,,tasso #aa ,,shakspere--,stratford ,bust #ae ,,shakspere--,kesselstadt ,mask #ag ,,david ,,garrick #ba ,,edmund ,,kean #be ,,john ,m',,cullough #bi ,,dion ,,boucicault #ca ,,lawrence ,,barrett #ce ,,henry ,,edwards #ci ,,edwin ,,booth #dc ,,mrs4 ,,siddons #dg ,,louise ,,of ,,prussia #ea ,,maria ,f4 ,,malibran #ee ,,frederick ,,schiller #ei ,,ludwig ,,von ,,beethoven--,from ,life #fc ,,ludwig ,,von ,,beethoven--,from ,death #fe ,,felix ,,mendelssohn #fi ,g4 ,r4 ,,mirabeau #gc ,,jean ,,paul ,,marat #gg ,,maximilian ,,robespierre #gi ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton #hc ,,ben4 ,,caunt #hg ,,william ,,makepeace ,,thackeray #hi ,,thomas ,,chalmers #ic ,,samuel ,,taylor ,,coleridge #ig ,,william ,,wordsworth #aja ,,john ,,keats #ajg ,,samuel ,,johnson #aaa ,,benjamin ,,robert ,,haydon #aae ,,jeremy ,,bentham #aai ,,dante ,,gabriel ,,rossetti #abc ,,count ,,cavour #abg ,,pius ,,ix #abi ,,giacomo ,,leopardi #acc ,,john ,,boyle ,o',,reilly #ace ,,sir ,,thomas ,,lawrence #aci ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,,turner #adc ,,hiram ,,powers #adg ,,louis ,,agassiz--,from ,life #aea ,,louis ,,agassiz--,from ,death #aec ,,charles ,,sumner #aee ,,antonio ,,canova #aei ,,richard ,,brinsley ,,sheridan #afa ,,thomas ,,moore #afe ,,edmund ,,burke #afi ,,john ,,philpot ,,curran #agc ,,lord ,,palmerston #age ,,benjamin ,,disraeli #agi ,,jonathan ,,swift #ahc ,,sir ,,walter ,,scott #ahi ,,robert ,,burns #aic ,,king ,,robert ,,the ,,bruce #aie ,,napoleon ,i #aii ,,napoleon ,,iii #bjc ,,oliver ,,cromwell #bjg ,,henry ,,iv4 ,,of ,,france #bae ,,charles ,,xii4 ,,of ,,sweden #bai ,,frederick ,,the ,,great #bbc ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant #bbg ,,william ,t4 ,,sherman #bca ,,george ,,washington #bce ,,benjamin ,,franklin #bci ,,thomas ,,paine #bdc ,,aaron ,,burr #bdg ,,abraham ,,lincoln #bea ,,daniel ,,webster #bee ,,henry ,,clay #beg ,,john ,c4 ,,calhoun #bei ,,lord ,,brougham #bfc ,,florida ,,negro ,,boy #bff ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,introduction4 ,the story of the beginning of my collection of masks is curious and perhaps interesting4 ,the half-dozen casts upon which it is based were found1 early in the ,sixties1 in a dust-bin in one of the old-fashioned streets which run towards the ,east ,river1 in the neighborhood of ,tompkins ,square1 ,new ,york4 ,their owner had lately died2 his unsympathetic and unappreciative heirs had thrown away what they considered 8the horrible things20 a small boy had found them1 and offered them for sale to a dealer in phrenological casts1 who realized their worth1 although1 in many cases1 he did not know whose heads they represented2 and so1 by chance1 they came into my possession1 and inspired the search for more4 ,the history of these masks which formed the nucleus of the collection1 or the history of the original collector himself1 ,i have never been able to discover4 ,they are1 however1 the casts most frequently described in the printed lectures of ,george ,combe1 who came to ,america in the winter of #ahch-ci1 and the inference is that they were left here by him in the hands of one of his disciples4 ,the earliest masks in the collection to-day are replicas of those of ,dante1 made1 perhaps1 in the first part of the fourteenth century1 and of ,tasso1 certainly made at the end of the sixteenth4 ,the latest mask is that of ,edwin ,booth1 who died only a few months ago4 ,they range from ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 the wisest of men1 to ,sambo1 the lowest type of the ,american negro2 from ,oliver ,cromwell to ,henry ,clay2 from ,bonaparte to ,grant2 from ,keats to ,leopardi2 from ,pius ,,ix4 to ,thomas ,paine2 from ,ben ,caunt1 the prize-fighter1 to ,thomas ,chalmers1 the light of the ,scottish pulpit4 ,so far as ,i have been able to discover1 mine is the most nearly complete and the largest collection of its kind in the world4 ,i have1 indeed1 found nothing anywhere to compare with it4 ,usually1 the ,phrenological ,museums contain casts of idiots1 criminals1 and monstrosities1 and these are seemingly gathered together to illustrate what man's cranial structure ought not to be4 ,there are but three or four casts of the faces of distinguished persons in the ,british ,museum1 and about as many in the ,national ,portrait ,gallery in ,london2 and all of these ,i am able to present here1 with the exception of that of ,james ,,ii41 who belongs1 perhaps1 to the criminal class4 ,in the ,hohenzollern ,museum are many casts1 but these generally are those of civic or national celebrities--,berlin aldermen or ,german warriors1 in whom the world at large has but little interest4 ,the casts of ,frederick the ,great1 ,queen ,louise1 ,schiller1 and one or two more in that institution1 however1 ,i was permitted to have reproduced4 ,the others ,i have gathered after many years of patient and pleasant research in the studios1 the curiosity-shops1 and the plaster-shops of most of the capitals of ,europe and ,america4 ,the story of this research1 with an account of the means taken to identify the masks when they were discovered1 could itself make a book of this size4 ,i am sure that mine is the actual death-mask of ,aaron ,burr1 for instance1 because ,i have the personal guarantee of the man who made the mould in #ahcf2 ,i am positive of the identity of another cast1 because ,i saw it made myself2 and concerning still another1 ,i have no question1 because ,i know the man who stole it6 ,in the matter of the great majority of the masks1 however1 the difficulties were very great4 ,hardly one per centum of the hundreds of biographers whose works ,i have consulted ever refer to the taking of a mask in life1 or after death1 and there is absolutely no literature which is devoted to the subject4 ,the cast of ,sheridan's hand is often alluded to1 the mask of his dead face is nowhere mentioned2 and yet there appears to be no doubt that both were taken4 ,the cast of his head has been compared carefully with all the existing portraits2 it has been examined by experts in portraiture2 phrenologists have described the character of the man most accurately1 from its bumps and its physiognomy2 it was certainly made from nature2 it is too like ,sheridan to have been made from the nature of any other man2 and yet there is no record of its having been made4 ,no surviving member of the family of ,coleridge had ever heard of the existence of his death-mask until my copy was discovered1 but they all accept it as genuine2 and ,i recognized ,mr4 ,ernest ,hartley ,coleridge once1 in the corridor of a ,london club1 by his wonderful resemblance in features1 and in the shape of his head1 to the mask of his grandfather4 ,the mask of ,dean ,swift which ,i possess is exactly like the long-lost cast as it is engraved in ,dr4 ,wilde's book4 ,the mask of ,charles ,,xii4 shows distinctly the marks of the bullet in the temple2 and ,i have succeeded in tracing the other casts in many and very different ways4 ,i may mention here that some of these masks1 as you now see them1 were broken in the ,custom-house in ,new ,york1 and that the mask of ,elihu ,burritt was demolished entirely and without hope of restoration4 ,upon these1 notwithstanding their condition1 and upon all the imported masks1 ,i paid a duty of fifty-five per centum1 upon a valuation assessed usually at twenty-five per centum above what ,i swore was their value in ,europe2 the ,custom-house charges of various kinds being1 in many instances1 larger than the original cost of the casts themselves4 ,so far as ,i can understand1 ,i was taxed in this matter in order to protect the ghosts of the plasterers of ,america1 who could not have made these casts even if they had so wished6 ,the value of a plaster cast as a portrait of the dead or living face cannot for a moment be questioned4 ,it must1 of necessity1 be absolutely true to nature4 ,it cannot flatter2 it cannot caricature4 ,it shows the subject as he was1 not only as others saw him1 in the actual flesh1 but as he saw himself4 ,and in the case of the death-mask particularly1 it shows the subject often as he permitted no one but himself to see himself4 ,he does not pose2 he does not 8try to look pleasant40 ,in his mask he is seen1 as it were1 with his mask off6 ,lavater1 in his ,physiognomy1 says that 8the dead1 and the impressions of the dead1 taken in plaster1 are not less worthy of observation than the living faces4 ,the settled features are much more prominent than in the living and in the sleeping4 ,what life makes fugitive1 death arrests4 ,what was undefinable is defined4 ,all is reduced to its proper level2 each trait is in its true proportion1 unless excruciating disease or accident have preceded death40 ,and ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,story1 in writing of the life-mask of ,washington1 says of life-masks generally3 8,indeed a mask from the living face1 though it repeats exactly the true forms of the original1 lacks the spirit and expression of the real person4 ,but this is not always the case4 ,the more mobile and variable the face1 the more the mask loses2 the more set and determined the character and expression1 the more perfectly the work reproduces it40 ,the procedure of taking a mould of the living face is not pleasant to the subject4 ,in order to prevent the adhesion of the plaster1 a strong lather of soap and water1 or more frequently a small quantity of oil1 is applied to the hair and to the beard4 ,this will explain the flat and unnatural appearance of the familiar mustache and imperial in the cast of ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,in some instances1 as in that of ,keats1 a napkin is placed over the hair4 ,the face is then moistened with sweet-oil2 quills are inserted into the nostrils in order that the victim may breathe during the operation1 or else openings are left in the plaster for that purpose4 ,a description of the taking of the mould of the face of a ,mr4 ,a---- 7condensed from a copy of the ,phrenological ,journal1 published in ,edinburgh in ,january1 #ahde71 will give the uninitiated some idea of the process3 8,the person was made to recline on his back at an angle of about thirty-five degrees1 and upon a seat ingeniously adapted to the purpose4 ,the hair and the face being anointed with a little pure scented oil1 the plaster was laid carefully upon the nose1 mouth1 eyes1 and forehead1 in such a way as to avoid disturbing the features2 and this being set1 the back of the head was pressed into a flat dish containing plaster1 where it continued to recline1 as on a pillow4 ,the plaster was then applied to the parts of the head still uncovered1 and soon afterwards the mould was hard enough to be removed in three pieces1 one of which1 covering the occiput1 was bounded anteriorly by a vertical section immediately behind the ears1 and the other two1 which covered the rest of the head1 were divided from each other by pulling up a strong silken thread previously so disposed upon the face on one side of the nose40 ,the account closes with the statement that 8,mr4 ,a---- declared that he had been as comfortable as possible all the time06 ,since these papers originally appeared in ,,harper',s ,,magazine in the autumn of #ahib1 they have been revised1 enlarged1 and virtually rewritten4 ,eighteen new masks are here presented1 and ,i have added many pages to the descriptive text4 ,the subject-matter of the volume may not be considered very cheerful reading1 but ,i feel that to those to whom the work appeals at all it will appeal strongly as an unique portrait gallery of men and women of all countries and of many ages1 distinguished in many walks of life4 ,i trust that it will lend itself particularly to extra-illustration4 ,and to all those who make human portraiture a study1 or a hobby1 it is cordially inscribed4 ,,laurence ,,hutton4 ,,new ,,york1 ,january #a1 #ahid4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,portraits ,,in ,,plaster 8,the sleeping and the dead are but as pictures40 --,macbeth1 act ii41 scene #b4 ,if the creator of ,duncan was right in saying that there is no art to find the mind's construction in the face1 then must the author of the ,novum ,organum have been wrong when he declared that 8physiognomy 444 discovereth the disposition of the mind by the lineaments of the body20 and these1 curiously enough1 are parallel passages never quoted by the believers in the theory that ,bacon was the writer of ,shakspere's plays4 ,it is not intended here to enter into a discussion of the merits or demerits of physiognomy4 ,this is an ,exhibition of ,portraits1 not a ,phrenological ,lecture4 ,i shall try to show how these men and women looked1 in life and in death1 not why they happened to look as they did2 and ,i shall dwell generally upon their brains1 occasionally upon their bones1 but only incidentally upon their bumps4 ,the ancient ,romans are said to have made1 in wax1 casts of the faces of their illustrious dead4 ,these masks are believed to have been colored to represent the originals as they appeared in life1 to have been cherished religiously by their descendants through many generations1 and1 on the occasion of a public and formal funeral1 it is thought that they were sometimes worn by professional mourners1 as a sort of posthumous tribute from the dead already to the memory of the latest man who had died4 ,and recent explorers have satisfied themselves that in the early burials of many nations it was the custom to cover the heads and bodies of the dead with sheets of gold so pliable that they took the impress of the form2 and not infrequently1 when in the course of centuries the embalmed flesh had shrivelled or fallen away1 the gold retained the exact cast of the features4 ,schliemann found a number of bodies 8covered with large masks of gold-plate in repouss-work10 several of which have been reproduced by means of engraving1 in his ,mycen2 and he asserted that there can be no doubt whatever that each one of these represents the likeness of the deceased person whose face it covered4 ,when ,hamlet said that ,alexander died1 ,alexander was buried1 ,alexander returneth to dust1 he overlooked the fact that ,alexander's dust1 instead of being converted into loam to stop a beer-barrel1 was preserved from corruption by the process of embalming1 and from external injury by being cased in the most precious of metals4 ,pettigrew1 in his ,history of ,egyptian ,mummies1 said of the death-mask of ,alexander that 8it was a sort of chase-work1 and of such a nature that it could be applied so closely to the skin as to preserve not only the form of the body1 but also to give the expression of the features to the countenance40 ,he did not quote his authority for this statement1 but it is unquestionably derived from the account of the death and burial of ,alexander written by ,diodorus ,siculus1 who said3 8,and first a coffin of beaten gold was provided1 so wrought by the hammer as to answer to the proportions of the body2 it was half filled with aromatic spices1 which served as well to delight the sense as to prevent the body from putrefaction40 ,then follows a description of the funeral chariot1 and of the long line of march from ,babylon to ,alexandria1 where ,augustus ,csar saw the tomb three hundred years later2 but there is no reference to a mask of ,alexander's face in gold4 ,it is greatly to be regretted that such a mask does not exist now1 that it might be compared with the plaster masks of ,cromwell1 ,washington1 ,frederick the ,great1 ,bonaparte1 ,grant1 and ,sherman1 and other conquerors of later days here presented to the public scrutiny4 ,among the gold mummy-masks exhibited in the ,museum of the ,louvre is one1 as ,mr4 ,john ,c4 ,van ,dyke points out1 which bears a curious and striking resemblance not only to ,washington1 but to the familiar portraits of ,greuze1 the painter4 ,it is ,no4 #ecf of the ,egyptian ,collection1 and bears a card with the following inscription3 8,masque de ,momie trouv dans le chambre d',apis consacr par le ,prince ,kha-,em-,onas40 ,in the collection of antiques presented to the museum at ,naples by ,prince ,corignano is a wax mask with glass eyes4 ,it was found with four decapitated bodies in a tomb at ,cum1 and it is evidently a portrait of the original1 who is said to have been a ,christian martyr4 ,and ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,flynders ,petrie exhibited in ,london1 in the autumn of #ahib1 an exceedingly interesting collection of antiquities brought from ,tel-el-,amarna1 the ,arab name for the ancient city of ,khuenaten1 situated about one hundred and eighty miles south of ,cairo4 ,that city was built about fourteen hundred years before ,christ1 by ,khuenaten1 son of ,amenhotep ,,iii41 who made it the centre of his proposed great revolution in religion1 art1 and ethics4 ,the collection comprised1 among other things1 a cast from the head of ,khuenaten himself1 taken after death1 according to ,mr4 ,petrie1 for the use of the sculptor who was preparing the sarcophagus for his tomb4 ,these are among the earliest examples of death-masks which have come down to us4 ,at least three copies of the ,dante mask1 all believed to be authentic1 are known to be in existence4 ,first1 that which is called the ,torrigiani cast1 which can be traced back to #agej2 second1 the so-called ,seymour ,kirkup mask1 given to him by the sculptor ,bartolini1 who is said to have found it in ,ravenna2 and third1 a mask belonging1 according to ,kirkup1 to 8the late sculptor ,professor ,ricci40 8,the slight differences between these10 adds ,kirkup1 8are such as might occur in casts made from the original mask40 ,concerning the original mask itself1 says ,mr4 ,charles ,eliot ,norton1 there is no trustworthy history to be obtained4 ,on the very threshold of his inquiry into the matter he was met with the doubt whether the art of taking casts was practised at the time of ,dante's death at all1 ,vasari1 in his life of ,andrea del ,verocchio1 who flourished in the middle of the fifteenth century1 having declared that the art first came into use in ,verocchio's day4 ,it is certain that there is no record of the ,dante mask for three hundred years after ,dante died2 but it is equally certain that it resembles nearly all the portraits of ,dante down to the time of ,raphael4 ,mr4 ,norton believes1 from external evidence1 that it is1 at all events1 a death-mask of some one2 and of this1 it seems to me1 there can be no question4 ,there are two masks of ,dante now on public exhibition in ,florence4 ,one is in the house built upon the site of the mansion in which ,dante was born2 the other is in a small cabinet adjoining the ,hall of the ,hermaphrodite in the ,uffizi ,gallery4 ,the former is a cast of the face only1 and it bears every evidence of recent construction4 ,the latter is a cast in plaster of the head and shoulders1 and is one of the masks of which ,mr4 ,norton speaks4 ,it has1 unfortunately1 been painted1 the face a flesh color1 the cap and gown red1 the waistcoat and the tabs over the ears green2 but it is undoubtedly a very early cast from the mould made from the actual head4 ,it bears the following inscription1 8,effigie di ,dante ,alighieri1 ,maschera ,formata sul di lui ,cadavere in ,ravenna l',anno #acba10 and to it is attached a card saying that it was bequeathed to the ,museum by the ,marquis ,torrigiani in #ahfe4 ,it is here reproduced4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,dante ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 8,why keep you your eyes closed1 ,signor ,torquato80 said a watcher at the death-bed of ,tasso--one of those silly persons who ask silly questions1 even under the most serious circumstances--8,why keep you your eyes closed80 8,that they may grow accustomed to remain closed10 was the feeble reply4 ,they have been closed to all mortal vision for three hundred years now1 but in the pale1 cold plaster of the accompanying mask his face is still seen as it was seen by the vast and sorrowing multitudes who lined the streets of ,rome to look upon his triumphant funeral procession4 ,his body was clad in an antique toga1 kindled tapers lighted his way1 and his pallid brow was at last encircled by the wreath of laurel he had waited for so long4 ,and thus at the end of the ,nineteenth ,century do we1 in the ,new ,world1 look upon the cast of the actual face of the great poet of the ,old ,world who died at the end of the century he adorned4 ,the original mask is preserved1 with other personal relics of ,tasso1 in the room of the convent of ,san ,onofrio1 in which he died4 ,but the great powder explosion which shook all ,rome a few years ago so shattered this part of the convent that the room and the mask are no longer shown to the public4 ,the personal appearance of ,tasso has been carefully and minutely described by his friend and biographer ,manso4 ,his broad forehead was high and inclined to baldness2 his thin hair was of a lighter color than that of his countrymen generally2 his eyes were large1 dark blue1 and set wide apart2 his eyebrows were black and arched2 his nose was aquiline2 his mouth was wide2 his lips were thin2 and his beard was thick and of a reddish-brown tinge4 ,tasso went from ,naples to ,rome to receive from the hands of the ,pope the crown of bay which had been worn by ,petrarch and other laureates of ,italy2 and he died upon the day set apart for his coronation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,tasso ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the head of ,shakspere here presented1 from the monumental bust in the chancel of the church at ,stratford1 like everything else relating to ,shakspere1 in life or in death1 is shrouded in mystery4 ,it is supposed to be the work of one ,gerard ,johnson1 and to have been 8cut from a death-mask0 shortly after ,shakspere's funeral4 ,the earliest allusion to it is to be found in a poem of ,leonard ,digges1 written seven years later4 ,it was certainly in existence during the lifetime of ,anne ,hathaway ,shakspere1 and of other members of his family1 who would1 perhaps1 have objected or protested if the likeness had not been considered a good one4 ,sir ,francis ,chantrey believed it to have been worked from a cast of the living or the dead face4 8,there are in the original in the church10 he wrote1 8marks of individuality which are not to be observed in the usual casts from it2 for instance1 the markings about the eyes1 the wrinkles on the forehead1 and the undercutting from the moustachios40 ,wordsworth1 among others1 accepted its authenticity1 and ,mr4 ,halliwell-,phillipps did not hesitate to put himself on record1 more than once1 as having every faith in its superiority1 in the matter of actual resemblance1 to any of the alleged portraits4 ,he ranked it1 in point of authority1 before the ,droeshout print1 endorsed by ,ben ,jonson as perfect2 and he called attention to the general resemblance to be traced between them4 ,it certainly differs in many respects from the famous plaster cast found in a curiosity-shop in ,germany some years ago1 and known as the ,kesselstadt mask1 a photograph of which is here reproduced4 ,this mask is believed1 by those who believe in it at all1 to have been made from ,shakspere's dead face1 to have been carried to ,germany by a ,german envoy to ,england in the reign of ,james ,i41 to have been cherished as an authentic and valuable relic for many generations1 to have been sold for rubbish at the death of the last of the race1 and to have been recovered in a most fortuitous way4 ,it bears upon its back the date of ,shakspere's death1 #afaf1 it has been the subject of more discussion than any piece of plaster of its size in the world1 and even those who believe that it is not ,shakspere have never asserted that it is ,bacon6 ,according to ,mr4 ,g4 ,huntley ,gordon1 this cast from the ,stratford bust was taken about #ahde1 stealthily and in the middle of the night1 by a young ,stratford plasterer1 who was frightened by imaginary noises before he succeeded in getting a mould of the entire head4 ,after the protest raised against ,malone for whitewashing the bust in #agic1 the authorities1 naturally1 had put an embargo upon any handling of the monument1 and the operation was fraught with much risk to the aspiring youth who undertook it4 ,a cast is known to have been taken for ,malone1 however1 and since then other casts have been made by other artists1 notably one by ,george ,bullock1 who made the death-mask of ,scott4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,shakspere--,stratford ,bust ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,shakspere--,kesselstadt ,mask ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,next to the ,stratford bust1 the sculptured portrait of ,shakspere most familiar to the world is that which stands in ,poets' ,corner1 ,westminster ,abbey4 ,the artist went to some strange source for the likeness1 and although it was for gentle ,shakspere cut1 by no means does it outdo the life4 8,i saw old ,samuel ,johnson10 said ,cumberland1 describing ,garrick's funeral--8,i saw old ,samuel ,johnson standing at the foot of ,shakspere's monument1 and bathed in tears40 ,burke on that occasion remarked that the statue of ,shakspere looked towards ,garrick's grave2 and on this stray hint1 as ,mr4 ,brander ,matthews believes1 ,sheridan hung his famous couplet in the ,monody3 8,while ,shakspere's image1 from its hallowed base1 ,served to prescribe the grave and point the place40 ,garrick's face1 it is said1 was wonderfully under control1 and his features had a marvellous flexibility1 which rendered variety and rapid change of expression an easy matter4 ,the story of his having frightened ,hogarth by standing before him as the ghost of ,fielding1 assuming the appearance of the dead novelist in all the fixedness and rigidity of death1 has often been told4 ,there are many original portraits of ,garrick in existence4 ,the ,garrick ,club in ,london possesses at least a dozen1 while ,the ,players in ,new ,york own two by ,zoffany1 and one by ,reynolds4 ,a not uncommon print1 entitled 8,the ,mask of ,garrick taken from the ,face after ,death10 is in the ,shaksperian ,library at ,stratford-upon-,avon1 and it is to be found in ,evans's 8,catalogue of ,engraved ,portraits40 ,it does not seem1 however1 to be the portrait of a dead man1 being full of living expression1 and it is1 perhaps1 an enlarged reproduction of the face in the miniature by ,pine of ,bath1 now in the ,garrick ,club1 the eyes having the same dilatation of pupil which was characteristic of the great actor4 ,the mask here shown was purchased in #ahgf from the late ,mr4 ,marshall1 the antiquarian dealer in ,stratford1 who possessed what he believed to be its pedigree written in pencil on the back of the plaster1 and now unfortunately defaced4 ,he asserted that it was taken from life1 and that it had come by direct descent from the sculptor's hands into his4 ,there is a replica of it in the ,shakspere ,museum at ,stratford1 but no history is attached to it1 and the trustees know nothing about it1 except that it was 8the gift of the late ,miss ,wheeler40 ,it resembles very strongly the familiar portrait of ,garrick by ,hogarth1 the original of which hangs in one of the bedrooms of ,windsor ,castle4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,david ,,garrick ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,in a very early cast of the ,garrick mask1 still existing in ,london1 the texture of the skin proves conclusively that it was taken from nature1 and most probably from life4 ,in the 8,guild ,hall0 of 8,the ,city of ,lushington10 an ancient and very unique social club1 which has met for many years in a dark and dingy little back room connected with the ,harp ,tavern1 in ,russell ,street1 ,covent ,garden1 ,london1 are still preserved the chair of ,edmund ,kean1 the hole in the wall made by the quart pot he threw once1 in a fit of gross insubordination1 at a former 8,lord ,mayor10 and what is religiously considered by all the citizens of ,lushington to be a death-mask of ,kean himself4 ,this cast is covered with glass and with dust and its history is lost in the mists of time4 ,there is no record of it in the metropolitan archives1 the corporation will not permit it to be reproduced1 even by photography1 and it bears but little resemblance to ,kean1 or to the mask in my possession1 which also has no history1 but which ,i believe to be authentic1 and which is certainly very like the sketch of ,kean done in oils by ,george ,clint1 and now in the possession of ,mr4 ,henry ,irving4 ,this hurried sketch of ,clint's is said to be the only portrait for which ,kean could be induced to sit4 ,it was made in ,kean's bedroom in a few hours1 and it is the groundwork of more than one finished portrait of the same subject by the same artist4 ,the portrait of ,kean by ,neagle1 now the property of ,the ,players1 has a similar tradition4 ,the ,lushington cast is perhaps an early life-mask of the elder ,kean1 perhaps a life-mask1 or a death-mask1 of the younger ,kean1 more probably the mask of some defunct and commonplace and now forgotten mayor or alderman of ,lushington1 who did not even look like ,kean4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,edmund ,,kean ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the eye-witnesses of ,kean's theatrical performances were generally so much impressed by the force of his acting that they paid little attention to his personal appearance4 ,we read in ,leslie's ,autobiography that 8he had an amazing power of expression in his face10 and 8that his face1 although not handsome1 was picturesque20 a writer in the ,new ,monthly ,magazine in #ahcc spoke of him as 8a small man with an ,italian face and fatal eye20 a writer in ,blackwood1 a few years later1 called him 8a man of low and meagre figure1 of a ,jewish physiognomy1 and a stifled and husky voice20 while ,miss ,fanny ,kemble said that 8he possessed particular physical qualifications2 an eye like an orb of light2 a voice exquisitely touching and melodious in its tendencies1 but in the harsh dissonance of vehement passion terribly true40 ,barry ,cornwall1 in his poor ,life of ,kean1 spoke of 8his thin1 dark face1 full of meaning1 taking1 at every turn1 a sinister or vigilant expression10 and as being 8just adapted to the ascetic and revengeful ,shylock40 ,and ,henry ,crabb ,robinson said in #ahad1 8,kean's face is finely expressive1 though his mouth is not handsome1 and he projects his lower lip ungracefully40 ,the portrait of ,kean by ,helen ,faucit1 ,lady ,martin1 is the best that has been presented to us4 ,she met him once on the ,green at ,richmond when she was a child1 and he a broken-down old man4 8,i was startled1 frightened at what ,i saw10 she wrote3 8a small pale man with a fur cap1 and wrapped in a fur cloak4 ,he looked to me as if come from the grave4 ,a stray lock of very dark hair crossed his forehead1 under which shone eyes which looked dark1 and yet bright as lamps4 ,so large were they1 so piercing1 so absorbing1 ,i could see no other features4444 ,oh1 what a voice was that which spoke6 ,it seemed to come from far away--a long1 long way behind him4 ,after the first salutation1 it said1 #8,who is this little one8' ,when my sister had explained1 the face smiled2 ,i was reassured by the smile1 and the face looked less terrible40 ,among the ,english-speaking actors of later days few have been better known and better liked1 in ,america at all events1 than ,john ,mc,cullough1 ,dion ,boucicault1 ,lawrence ,barrett1 ,henry ,edwards1 and ,edwin ,booth1 the faces of all of whom ,i am able to present here4 ,john ,mc,cullough1 the first of this galaxy of stars to quit the stage of life1 was a man of strong and attractive personality1 if not a great actor2 he had many admirers in his profession and many friends out of it4 ,the cloak which ,forrest dropped fell upon his shoulders1 and in such parts as ,virginius1 ,damon1 and the ,brutus of ,john ,howard ,payne1 it was nobly worn4 ,he was as modest1 as simple1 and as manly in character as are the characters he represented on the stage4 ,unhappily1 mental disease preceded ,mc,cullough's death1 and during the last few years of his life those who loved him best prayed for the rest which is here shown on his face4 ,the post-mortem examination revealed a brain of unusual size and of very high development4 ,the death-mask was made by ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,kitson1 of ,boston4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,john ,m',,cullough ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,dion ,,boucicault ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dion ,boucicault1 worn by age1 died in the city of ,new ,york in the early autumn of #ahij4 ,he was one of the most remarkably versatile men of the century4 ,he was a fairly good actor1 an excellent stage-manager1 an ingenious stage-machinist1 an admirable judge of plays and of the capacities of the men about him1 the most entertaining of companions1 a man of quick wit1 of restless personality1 and the author and adapter1 perhaps1 of more dramatic productions1 good and bad1 than any man who ever lived4 ,the cast of the head of ,boucicault was made the day after his death1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott ,hartley1 of ,new ,york4 ,of the masks of ,lawrence ,barrett and of ,henry ,edwards ,i can hardly trust myself to speak here or yet4 ,my personal friendship with them was so intimate1 my affection so strong1 and their taking away so recent1 that ,i can only look upon the casts of their dead faces as ,i looked upon the dead faces themselves a few months ago1 and grieve afresh for what ,i have lost4 ,mr4 ,william ,winter1 who knew ,barrett long and well1 has spoken of 8his stately head silvered during the last few years with graying hair1 of his dark eyes deeply sunken and glowing with intense light1 of his thin visage paled with study and with pain1 of his form of grace1 and of his voice of sonorous eloquence and solemn music1 one of the few great voices of this present dramatic generation in its compass1 variety1 and sweetness4 ,his head was a grand head2 his face beautiful in its spirit1 its bravery1 and its strength40 ,as the ,rev4 ,john ,a4 ,chadwick finely said of him in the ,christian ,register1 8,the noblest part he ever acted was the part of ,lawrence ,barrett--an honest1 brave1 and kindly gentleman40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,lawrence ,,barrett ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,mr4 ,barrett was one of the little party who were with ,mr4 ,booth when the idea of ,the ,players was first conceived1 and who helped their friend1 the ,founder1 to bring that association to its present perfected state4 ,mr4 ,barrett was one of its legal incorporators2 from the beginning until his death he was a member of its governing body1 and he was always enthusiastic in his devotion to it1 and to the objects for which ,mr4 ,booth had endowed it4 ,at the annual celebration of the club1 held upon what is called 8,founder's ,night10 ,december #ca1 #ahij1 ,mr4 ,barrett read aloud1 and with a great deal of feeling1 in the club-house1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,bailey ,aldrich's touching poem upon ,mr4 ,john ,s4 ,sargent's portrait of ,mr4 ,booth1 and it was noticed by many present that his voice faltered when he spoke of 8,others standing in the place ,where save as ghosts we come no more40 ,he was himself the first of those present to go to the ,land of ,shadows4 ,that his gentle spirit haunts the place1 and will haunt it pleasantly for many years to come1 not one who knew and loved him there can for a moment doubt4 ,henry ,edwards was not only an actor but a man of science4 ,he was recognized as a distinguished entomologist by many persons on both sides of the ,atlantic who had never even heard of his theatrical career4 ,he left a magnificent collection of butterflies1 now preserved in one of the leading museums of ,america1 and he contributed to the press of both countries a number of valuable books and pamphlets upon the subject he loved4 ,his work upon the stage was uniformly good4 ,as ,mr4 ,winter said of him1 in a funeral oration1 he did not astonish and dazzle2 he satisfied4 ,he excelled in the representation of rough pathos1 of bluff good-humor1 and of honest indignation4 ,he had a frank1 expressive1 cheerful face and a hearty voice4 ,he was a man of genuine1 healthy honesty and simplicity1 who left behind him many warmly attached friends4 ,he was sympathetic and always interested in anything that interested the men about him4 ,many a time has he studied1 discussed1 and moralized over1 the collection which now1 alas6 contains the cast of his own dead face4 ,the mask was made by ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott ,hartley4 ,a death-mask of ,booth was taken under the direction of ,mr4 ,augustus ,st4 ,gaudens4 ,although there is about it nothing which is distressing or unpleasant1 his family and his friends prefer to have it withheld from the public gaze4 ,the life-mask which1 by the courtesy of ,the ,players1 prefaces this volume1 was made by ,mr4 ,john ,rogers in #ahfd1 when ,booth was in the thirtieth year of his age1 and in the zenith of his strength and his beauty4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,henry ,,edwards ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,mrs4 ,asia ,booth ,clarke wrote of her brother in #aheg3 8,he had come back from ,california older in experience only1 for he looked a boy still1 and very fragile2 his wild black eyes and long locks gave him an air of melancholy4 ,he had the gentle dignity and inherent grace that one attributes to a young prince2 yet he was merry1 cheerful1 and boyish in disposition1 as one can imagine ,hamlet to have been in the days before the tragedy was enacted in the orchard40 ,mr4 ,barrett1 who supported him in ,new ,york a few months later1 said3 8,a slight1 pale youth1 with black1 flowing hair1 soft brown eyes1 full of tenderness and gentle timidity1 a manner mixed with shyness and quiet repose1 he took his place at the first rehearsal with no air of conquest or self-assertion1 and gave his directions with a grace and courtesy which never left him40 ,mr4 ,irving1 recalling his earliest associations with ,booth in ,manchester1 in #ahfa1 has told me that the young actor seemed to him at that time to be the most magnificent specimen of intellectual manhood he had ever seen4 ,and ,george ,william ,curtis1 writing in #ahfd1 said3 8,booth is altogether princely4 ,his costume is still the solemn suit of sables1 varied according to his fancy of greater fitness2 and his small1 lithe form1 with the mobility and intellectual sadness of his face1 and his large1 melancholy eyes1 satisfy the most fastidious imagination that this is ,hamlet as he lived in ,shakspere's time40 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,e4 ,w4 ,sherwood1 speaking of him when he was in his perfect prime1 in the part of ,othello alludes to 8that dark face to which the ,eastern robe was so becoming1 seeming at once to be telling its mighty story of adventure and conquest4 ,it was a proud and beautiful face4 ,desdemona was not worthy of it40 ,booth's face was to me one of the most beautiful and most lovable that ,i ever looked upon4 ,the only feminine heads in the collection graced once the shoulders of a trio of queens1 a ,queen of ,tragedy1 a ,queen of ,prussia1 and a ,queen of ,song4 ,the mask of ,mrs4 ,siddons is in the possession of ,mr4 ,percy ,fitzgerald4 ,it is generally accepted as having been taken from the actual face of the great actress1 but its pedigree or its history ,mr4 ,fitzgerald does not know4 ,a bust of ,mrs4 ,siddons by ,j4 ,smith1 #eg ,upper ,norton ,street1 ,marylebone1 was exhibited in the ,model ,room of the ,royal ,academy in #ahac1 the year before she retired from the stage4 ,mr4 ,edward ,w4 ,hennell has an autograph letter of ,mrs4 ,siddons1 undated and addressed simply 8,sir10 but written1 evidently1 to this artist and referring to this bust4 ,in it she says1 8,the time is drawing near which will bring my labors to an end1 and ,i shall then hope to be able to indulge myself in many gratifications of which they have hitherto deprived me1 and among which that of visiting your study will stand very forward40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,edwin ,,booth ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,it is not improbable that ,smith made a cast of ,mrs4 ,siddons's face1 a common occurrence in those days1 although unfortunately no such occurrence is recorded by ,mrs4 ,siddons herself1 or by any of her biographers4 ,the present cast is believed by experts to have been taken from life1 and at about the time of her retirement4 ,it shows1 in a marked degree1 the peculiar thickness of the underlip remembered by persons still living who remember ,mrs4 ,siddons1 and noticeable in the portraits of all the ,kembles of her generation1 particularly in those of the great actress herself4 ,the cast resembles strongly an unfinished sketch of her in the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 made in her old age by an unknown artist1 and it is not unlike the bust she made of herself1 now in the ,dyce ,library in the same institution4 ,other features of ,mrs4 ,siddons were as prominent as her under-lip2 ,gainsborough is said to have remarked to her once1 in a fit of almost inspired courage1 8,damn your nose1 madam1 there is no end to it60 and she herself is reported to have said that 8the jaw-bone of the ,kembles is as notorious as the jaw-bone used by ,samson40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,mrs4 ,,siddons ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the personal appearance of ,mrs4 ,siddons has many times been described1 but1 curiously enough1 none of her contemporaries allude to this unusual development of the lower lip4 ,mr4 ,fitzgerald says of her first appearance3 8,the audience saw a frail1 delicate-looking1 but pretty creature1 tottering towards them rather than walking4444 ,the criticism of the pit amounted to this1 #8that she was a pretty1 awkward1 and interesting creature--frightfully dressed4'0 ,the ,london ,morning ,post1 speaking of the event1 said3 8,her figure is a very fine one2 her features are beautifully expressive2 her action is graceful and easy1 and her whole deportment that of a gentlewoman40 ,thomas ,davies wrote later3 8,just rising above the middle stature1 she looks1 walks1 and moves like a woman of superior rank4 ,her countenance is expressive1 her eye so full of information that the passion is told from her look before she speaks40 ,madame d',arblay1 in her ,diary 7,december #ae1 #aghb71 wrote that 8she behaved with great propriety2 very calm1 modest1 quiet and unaffected4 ,she has a very fine countenance1 and her eyes look both intelligent and soft40 ,leigh ,hunt said1 8,i did not see her1 ,i believe1 in her best days2 but she must always have been a somewhat masculine beauty40 ,peter ,irving wrote to his brother ,washington in #ahac3 8,i was surprised to find her face1 even at the near approach of sitting by her side1 absolutely handsome1 and unmarked by any of those wrinkles which generally attend advanced life4 ,her form is at present becoming unwieldy1 but not shapeless1 and is full of dignity4 ,her gestures and movements are eminently graceful40 ,two years later ,george ,ticknor wrote3 8,she is now1 ,i suppose1 sixty years old1 and has one of the finest and most spirited countenances and one of the most dignified and commanding persons ,i ever beheld4 ,her portraits are very faithful as to her general air and outline1 but no art can express or imitate the dignity of her manner1 or the intelligent illumination of her face40 ,and ,john ,howard ,payne said of her about the same period1 #ahag3 8,the grace of her person1 the beauty of her arms1 the mental beauty of her face1 the tragic expression of her voice1 and the perfect identification with the character ,mrs4 ,beverley left nothing for me to wish for4 ,in these she was so great that even her unwieldy figure1 which at first somewhat annoyed me1 was soon forgotten40 ,in #aghc ,mrs4 ,siddons called on ,dr4 ,johnson at ,bolt ,court1 and he gave to ,mrs4 ,thrale an account of how she impressed him by her 8modesty and propriety40 ,he says they 8talked of plays10 but1 unfortunately1 he does not permit himself to say what he thought of her nose or her mouth or her jaw4 ,the beautiful ,louise of ,prussia1 mother of the first ,emperor ,william of ,germany1 lies in the family mausoleum at ,charlottenburg1 and the cast of her dead face1 with that of ,frederick the ,great and of others of their distinguished countrymen and countrywomen1 is preserved in the ,museum of ,berlin4 ,her last illness was severe and painful1 but her attendants have left on record the fact that in her rare intervals of relief from suffering 8she was very tranquil1 and lay looking like an angel20 that 8the countenance was beautiful in death1 particularly the brow2 and that the calm expression of the mouth told that the struggle was forever past40 ,at the age of sixteen she was thus described3 8,she was like her sister ,charlotte--had the same loving blue eyes1 but the expression changed more quickly with the feeling or thought of the moment4 ,her soft brown hair still retained a gleam of the golden tints of childhood2 her fair1 transparent complexion was1 in the bloom of its exquisite beauty1 painted by nature as softly as were the roses she gathered and enjoyed4 ,the princess was tall and slight1 and graceful in her movements4 ,this grace was not merely external2 it arose from the inner depths of a pure and noble mind1 and therefore was so full of soul40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,louise ,,of ,,prussia ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,madame ,malibran1 the ,queen of ,song1 died in ,manchester1 ,england1 in #ahcf4 ,the mask here reproduced came1 perhaps1 from the collection of ,george ,combe1 who visited ,america a few years later4 ,in ,the ,memoirs of ,malibran1 by the ,countess de ,merlin1 is the emphatic statement that out of respect to the wishes of ,m4 de ,beriot1 the husband of ,malibran1 no posthumous sketch or cast of her face of any kind was taken4 ,m4 ,edmond ,cottinet1 however1 in a private note to ,mrs4 ,clara ,bell1 wrote3 8,when ,madame ,malibran died ,i was very young1 but ,i remember distinctly hearing my mother told that de ,beriot1 the husband of her friend1 had taken her mask1 and that it had helped him to execute the crowned bust of the great singer which now decorates the private cabinet of her son4 ,his bust1 nevertheless1 is not a good likeness1 nor is it agreeable4 ,but it is a touching proof of the love of the widower4 ,is it not wonderful that simply by the force of this love a musician should have been transformed into a sculptor8 ,this was ,m4 de ,beriot's only work in this line of art40 ,later1 ,m4 ,cottinet1 having seen a photograph of the mask1 added3 8,it is she6 ,the first moment ,i saw it ,i recognized it1 with feelings of profound emotion and tender pity4 ,it is she1 with her slightly ,african type1 containing1 perhaps1 a little negro blood 7her father1 ,garcia1 being of ,spanish-,moorish descent74 ,it is she as death found her1 her face ruined by that terrible fall from her horse4444 ,it is undoubtedly the mask from which her husband made the bust1 which did not seem to be as charming as she was4 ,mr4 ,hutton may be perfectly satisfied that he possesses an authentic cast40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,maria ,f4 ,,malibran ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the head of ,schiller has lain as uneasily since his death as if he had worn a crown1 or1 like ,cromwell1 had rejected one4 ,the story of its posthumous wanderings is very grewsome4 ,it is told at length by ,emil ,palleske in his ,life of ,schiller1 and at greater length by ,mr4 ,andrew ,hamilton4 ,the poet left a widow and family almost friendless and almost penniless2 his brother-in-law ,wolzogen was absent1 and ,goethe lay very ill4 ,a cast of ,schiller's head was taken by ,klauer2 and his body1 hurriedly put into a plain deal coffin of the cheapest kind1 was buried in a public vault1 with nothing to designate whose body it was1 and without the utterance of a word or a note of requiem4 ,twenty-one years later1 as was the custom of the place1 this public vault was emptied1 and the bones it contained were scattered to make room for a new collection4 ,friends of ,schiller1 after great and unpleasant labor1 gathered together twenty-three of these dishonored skulls1 from which they selected as ,schiller's that one 8which differed enormously from all the rest in size and shape20 they compared it with ,klauer's cast1 and accepted its identity4 ,it was then deposited1 with no little ceremony1 in the hollow pedestal containing ,dannecker's colossal bust of ,schiller in the ,grand ,ducal ,library at ,weimar4 ,goethe1 however1 desiring to recover more of the mortal part of his friend1 had the head removed again and fitted to the rest of the bones of the body4 ,these bones were deposited also in the ,library1 and the head put back in its pedestal4 ,in #ahbg1 at the suggestion of ,louis of ,bavaria1 the head and the trunk were reunited and placed in a vault which the grand duke had built for himself and for his own family2 and there1 by the side of ,goethe1 who joined him in #ahcb1 ,schiller still rests4 ,palleske1 describing ,schiller's death1 says3 8,suddenly an electric shock seemed to vibrate through him1 the most perfect peace lit up his countenance1 his features were those of one calmly sleeping40 ,and this is the impression his death-mask gives4 ,carlyle in one of his flash-light pictures thus photographed ,schiller--the negative was found in the ,commonplace-book of the late ,lord ,houghton--8,he was a man with long red hair1 aquiline nose1 hollow cheeks1 and covered with snuff40 ,a strange uneasiness seems to have possessed the bones of many of the great composers4 ,mozart's skull is said to be in the possession of ,prof4 ,hyrtl1 the famous anatomist of ,vienna1 who proposes to bequeath it to the ,mozarteum at ,salzburg4 ,mozart1 like ,schiller1 was buried by an impoverished family in a grave unmarked save by a musical grave-digger1 who secured the head--according to what seems to be very vague tradition--ten years later1 and kept it1 so long as he himself lived1 in a cupboard in his humble lodgings in the precincts of the ,cemetery of ,st4 ,marx4 ,from him it passed to a second grave-digger1 also musical1 from whom it came into the possession of the ,hyrtls4 ,those who have examined it1 however1 say that it has none of the peculiarities which1 according to the existing theories of phrenology1 should mark the presence of musical genius4 ,and these peculiarities1 strangely enough1 are said to have been lacking in the skulls of ,haydn1 ,schubert1 and ,beethoven1 each of which1 like the skulls of ,mozart and ,schiller and of ,shakspere's ,yorick1 had a tongue in it1 and could sing once2 and each seems to have been knocked about the mazzard with a sexton's spade1 and to have been used to point a moral1 and1 perhaps1 even to stop a bunghole4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,frederick ,,schiller ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,haydn's skull1 it may be mentioned1 is believed to be in the possession of the family of an eminent physician in ,vienna4 ,the rest of his body1 originally buried in ,hundsthurn church-yard1 now lies in the parish church of ,eisenstadt4 ,beethoven's bones seem to have been disturbed but twice4 ,his grave1 in the ,whring ,cemetery at ,vienna1 having become almost uninhabitable from long neglect1 he was reburied in the same spot in #ahfc2 and in #ahhh he was removed to the ,central ,cemetery of ,vienna4 ,beethoven's head is described1 by those who knew him in life1 as having been uncommonly large4 ,his forehead was high and expanded4 ,his eyes1 when he laughed1 seemed to sink into his head1 although they were distended to an unusual degree when one of his musical ideas took possession of his mind4 ,his mouth was well-formed2 his under-lip protruded a little2 his nose was rather broad4 ,according to one authority 8his skull at the time of the exhumation in #ahfc was discovered to be very compact throughout1 and about an inch thick20 according to another authority it was 8a small skull1 and might have been supposed to belong to a man of restricted intellect1 rather than to a genius like the great master40 ,mr4 ,philip ,hale1 in ,famous ,composers and their ,works1 says3 8,the dimensions of the forehead were extraordinary2 in height the forehead came next to that of ,napoleon1 and in breadth it surpassed it4 ,his face was strong and sombre1 and while it was not without ugliness it was expressive4 ,the head was built stoutly throughout4 ,the nose was thick1 the jaw was broad1 the mouth was firm and with protruding lips2 the teeth were white1 well-shaped1 and sound1 and when he laughed he showed them freely2 the square chin rested on a white cravat4 ,the greater number of pictures of ,beethoven are idealized40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,ludwig ,,von ,,beethoven--,from ,life ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,ludwig ,,von ,,beethoven--,from ,death ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,beethoven's left ear-shell1 it is said1 is preserved in the cabinet of curiosities of a musical family in ,england4 ,the mask of his face is one of the few casts of notable men to be found in the ,museum of the ,british ,phrenological ,association in ,ludgate ,circus1 ,london4 ,it reposes1 in plaster1 in that institution1 by the side of the cast of the head of ,richard ,brinsley ,sheridan4 ,two masks of ,beethoven are in existence4 ,the first was taken from life by ,franz ,klein in #ahab1 when the subject was in his forty-second year4 ,mr4 ,hale considers this 8and the bust made after it by the same artist as of the first importance in forming a correct judgment of the value of all the portraits of ,beethoven40 ,the second mask was made by ,dannhauser1 on ,march #bh1 #ahbg1 two days after ,beethoven died4 ,both casts are here reproduced4 ,beethoven was fond of telling the following story about himself4 ,it will give a very fair idea of what he considered to be the size of his own cranium4 ,meeting the entire ,imperial ,family of ,austria1 on one occasion1 at ,tplitz1 in the summer of #ahab1 8,i pressed my hat down on my head10 he said1 8buttoned up my great-coat1 and walked with folded arms through the thickest of the throng2 princes and pages formed a line--the ,archduke ,rudolph took off his hat1 and the ,emperor made the first salutation4 ,those gentry know me60 ,it is hardly to be wondered at that ,goethe1 who was his companion1 should have been made very uncomfortable by the display of what looks like a piece of impertinence1 even to republican eyes1 and even at the end of three-quarters of a century of enlightenment4 ,it is pleasant to read that royalty itself was highly amused by the whole performance4 ,perhaps the best pen-picture of ,mendelssohn in existence is that taken by ,bayard ,taylor1 who wrote that 8his eyes were dark1 lustrous1 and unfathomable4 ,they were black1 but without the usual opaqueness of black eyes2 shining1 not with a surface light1 but with a pure serene planetary flame4 ,his brow1 white and unwrinkled1 was high and nobly arched1 with great breadth at the temples1 and strongly resembling that of ,poe4 ,his nose had the ,jewish prominence1 without its usual coarseness2 ,i remember particularly that the nostrils were as finely cut and as flexible as an ,arab's4 ,the lips were thin and rather long1 but with an expression of undescribable sweetness in their delicate curves4 ,his face was a long oval in form1 and the complexion pale1 but not pallid4 ,as ,i looked upon him ,i said to myself--#8,the ,prophet ,david6'0 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,felix ,,mendelssohn ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,lampadius1 in his ,life of ,mendelssohn1 said of the composer's death3 8,his features soon assumed an almost glorified expression4 ,so much he looked like one in sleep that some of his friends thought that it could not be death1 an illusion which is often given to the eye of love4 ,his friends ,bendemann and ,hbner took a cast of his features as he lay40 ,a clever ,frenchman said not long since1 in the ,paris ,gaulois1 that the ,pantheon is nothing but a ,grand ,hotel1 in which the distinguished guests find a temporary lodging-place1 and then1 like other transients1 give up their rooms to somebody else4 ,mirabeau1 ,marat1 ,rousseau1 and ,voltaire boarded there for a time1 and then surrendered their apartments1 which are now occupied by ,victor ,hugo and a few men of no literary1 artistic1 or political importance2 all of whom will1 no doubt1 in their turn1 and before many years1 be forced to find some second-class pension1 where the rates are lower and the service is bad4 ,it was discovered lately that ,mirabeau had again changed his quarters1 and that his present address cannot be ascertained4 ,he was carried in great pomp1 and with many porters and in many 'busses1 to the ,pantheon1 in #agia2 but with ,marat he was 8de-,pantheonized by order of the ,national ,convention0 a year or two later4 ,marat's body was thrown into a common sewer in the ,rue ,montmartre2 that of ,mirabeau was placed1 with no pomp whatever1 in the cemetery of ,saint-,marcel1 the criminals' burying-ground1 where1 now that it is wanted once more--this time for honorable disposal--it cannot be found4 ,mirabeau's is the face of a man perfectly satisfied with his own achievements and with his own personal appearance4 ,he believed1 and he was courageous enough to say1 that pure physical beauty in man could only exist in a face which was pitted with small-pox1 his own being so marked6 ,and he looks here as if his last thought in life had been one of profound admiration for himself4 ,an eye-witness of his funeral said to one of his biographers that1 8except a single trace of physical suffering1 one perceived with emotion the most noble calm and the sweetest smile upon that face1 which seemed enwrapped in a living sleep1 and occupied with an agreeable dream40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,g4 ,r4 ,,mirabeau ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,marat and ,robespierre are among the most enigmatical productions of a very enigmatical movement4 ,during their lives they were not very beautiful in conduct nor very amiable in character2 but the casts taken of their faces after their uncomfortable deaths are quiet and peaceful1 and the effect they produce is one of loving rather than loathing4 ,in the mask of each the cerebral development is small1 especially in the region of the frontal bone2 and phrenological experts who have examined them say that their development1 or lack of development1 taken with their facial traits1 indicates ill-balanced minds4 ,marat's face1 as ,david painted him1 is that of a ,north-,american ,indian with a white skin4 ,the contemporary portraits of ,robespierre1 on the other hand1 represent a mild-mannered man of severe and pensive expression4 ,according to ,lamartine1 8his forehead was good1 but small1 and projecting over the temples1 as if enlarged by the mass and embarrassed movements of his thoughts4 ,his eyes1 much veiled by their lids1 and very sharp at the extremities1 were deeply buried in the cavities of their orbits2 they were of a soft blue color4 ,his nose1 straight and small1 was very wide at the nostrils1 which were high and too expanded4 ,his mouth was large1 his lips thin and disagreeably contracted at each corner1 his chin small and pointed4 ,his complexion was yellow and livid4 ,the habitual expression of his face was the superficial serenity of a grave mind1 and a smile wavering betwixt sarcasm and sweetness4 ,there was softness1 but of a sinister character4 ,the dominant characteristic of his countenance was the prodigious and continued tension of brow1 eyes1 mouth1 and all the facial muscles40 ,the masks of ,mirabeau1 ,marat1 and ,robespierre are known to have been taken1 in each case1 after death1 8by order of the ,national ,assembly40 ,those of ,marat and ,robespierre in my collection are identical with the wax effigies in the 8,chamber of ,horrors0 in ,madame ,tussaud's gallery in ,london1 her catalogue asserting that they are 8authentic20 and very fine casts of ,mirabeau and ,marat are in the ,muse ,carnavalet in ,paris1 the latter hanging under ,david's portrait of ,marat1 painted from nature immediately after the assassination4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,jean ,,paul ,,marat ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,maximilian ,,robespierre ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the contemporaries of ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 like those of ,kean1 were all so much impressed by what he knew and by what he did1 that they seldom thought of posterity as caring to know how he looked1 either in life or in death4 ,from many different sources1 however1 we learn1 in a fragmentary way1 that he was 8short but well-set1 and inclined to be corpulent20 that 8he had a very lively and piercing eye20 that 8his hair was abundant and white as silver1 without any baldness1 and when his peruke was off was a venerable sight20 that 8he was a man of no very prominent aspect20 that 8his face was almost square1 and that his chin had unusual width20 that 8although he reached the great age of eighty-four1 he retained until the last almost all of his teeth20 and that 8his countenance was mild1 pleasant1 and comely40 ,bishop ,atterbury said1 8in the whole air of his face and make there was nothing of that penetrating sagacity which appears in his compositions4 ,he had something rather languid in his look and manner1 which did not raise any very great expectation in those who did not know him20 and ,dr4 ,humphrey ,newton1 who was his assistant and amanuensis1 said that during the many years of their intimate association he never knew him to laugh but once6 ,his death was not without pain1 and his mask will not be recognized readily by those who are familiar with his face as pictured and sculptured with his peruke on4 ,if ,sir ,david ,brewster's account of ,newton's life be the true one1 he was as good as he was great1 and nothing can be added to that4 ,his portraits by ,lely1 ,kneller1 and other famous painters still exist in different parts of ,great ,britain4 ,the terra-cotta bust of ,newton1 from the hand of ,roubilliac1 is in the ,british ,museum4 ,his bust and full-length statue in marble1 by the same artist1 belong to ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,they were both1 as is well known1 based upon this mask of his face1 taken after death1 the original of which1 made by ,roubilliac1 is now in the rooms of the ,royal ,society1 at ,burlington ,house in ,london4 ,it was presented to that institution in #ahbi by ,samuel ,hunter ,christie1 and the officers of the society have no doubt of its authenticity4 ,mr4 ,christie found it by accident in the shop of a dealer in statuary1 whose father had purchased it at the sale of ,roubilliac's effects more than half a century before4 ,the dealer parted with it for a few shillings1 although he was satisfied that it was the mask of ,newton1 and by ,roubilliac4 ,charles ,richard ,weld1 in his ,history of the ,royal ,society1 gave a steel engraving of it1 and declared that 8it presents all the characteristic features of the ,society's former illustrious president40 ,only a few copies of it are known to exist1 and it is one of the most valuable and important masks in my collection4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,roubilliac's mask of ,alexander ,pope was one of the cherished possessions of ,samuel ,rogers1 but its present whereabouts ,i have not been able to discover4 ,the contrasts between the profoundest of ,england's philosophers and the bravest of her bruisers are as marked in an intellectual as in a physical way4 ,ben ,caunt1 the pugilist1 died in ,london in #ahfa1 universally respected4 ,he was1 during the later years of his life1 proprietor of the ,coach and ,horses1 a public-house in ,st4 ,martin's ,lane1 much frequented by his old pupils1 and by all the prominent patrons of the prize-ring4 ,he came to ,america in the early ,forties1 giving a series of exhibitions throughout the country1 but never engaging in any serious encounter here4 ,he was a leader in his own profession1 and at one time1 perhaps1 the best-known man in all ,england4 ,his portrait1 which once adorned the walls of cottage and palace1 is still to be found in ,miles's ,pugilistica1 taken at the period of his famous fight with 8,bendigo0 in #ahdb4 ,his head is certainly a strong one1 and1 in a phrenological way1 he was better than many of the men among his contemporaries who did better things4 ,thackeray1 like most ,anglo-,indian infants1 was sent1 when he was about five years of age1 to the mother-country for mental and physical nourishment4 ,an aunt1 with whom he lived1 discovered the child one morning parading about in his uncle's hat1 which exactly fitted him4 ,fearing some abnormal and dangerous development of the brain1 she carried him at once to a famous physician of the day1 who is reported to have said1 8,don't be afraid1 madam2 he has a large head1 but there's a good deal in it60 ,how much was in it subsequent events have certainly proved4 ,his brain1 when he died1 fifty-three years later1 weighed fifty-eight and a half ounces4 ,in #ahdi or #ahej1 ,charlotte ,bront wrote of ,thackeray3 8,to me the broad brow seems to express intellect4 ,certain lines about the nose and cheek betray the satirist and cynic2 the mouth indicates a childlike simplicity--perhaps even a degree of irresoluteness in consistency--weakness in short1 but a weakness not unamiable40 ,and ,motley1 writing to his wife in #aheh1 said3 8,i believe you have never seen ,thackeray2 he has the appearance of a colossal infant1 smooth1 white1 shining ringlety hair1 flaxen1 alas6 with advancing years2 a roundish face1 with a little dab of a nose1 upon which it is a perpetual wonder how he keeps his spectacles40 ,this broken nose was always a source of amusement to ,thackeray himself2 he caricatured it in his drawings1 he frequently alluded to it in his speech and in his letters1 and he was fond of repeating ,douglas ,jerrold's remark to him when he was to stand as godfather to a friend's son--8,lord1 ,thackeray1 ,i hope you won't present the child with your own mug60 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,ben4 ,,caunt ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,william ,,makepeace ,,thackeray ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,it is not pleasant to look upon the face of ,thackeray--the face of which we love to think so pleasantly--as distorted by death4 ,he was found dead in his bed on the morning of ,december #bd1 #ahfc3--8,so young a man10 as ,dickens wrote1 8that the mother who blessed him in his first sleep blessed him in his last4 ,the final words he corrected in print10 continued ,dickens1 8were--#8,and my heart throbbed with an exquisite bliss4' ,god grant that on that ,christmas eve when he laid his head back on his pillow1 and threw up his arms as he had been wont to do when very weary1 some consciousness of duty done1 and ,christian hope throughout life humbly cherished1 may have caused his heart so to throb when he passed away to his ,redeemer's rest60 8,and1 lo10 said ,thackeray himself once1 of the most beautiful character in all fiction1 his own ,thomas ,newcome--8,and1 lo1 he whose heart was as that of a little child had answered to his name1 and stood in the presence of ,the ,master60 8,we think of ,thackeray10 wrote ,dr4 ,john ,brown1 of ,edinburgh1 8as of our ,chalmers1 found dead in like manner3 the same childlike1 unspoiled1 open face1 the same gentle mouth1 the same spaciousness and softness of nature1 the same look of power4 ,what a thing to think of--his lying there alone in the dark1 in the midst of his own mighty ,london2 his mother and his daughters asleep1 and1 it may be1 dreaming of his goodness4 ,long years of sorrow1 labor1 and pain had killed him before his time4 ,it was found after death how little life he had to live4 ,he looked always fresh with that abounding silver hair1 and his loving1 almost infantile face2 but he was worn to a shadow1 and his hands wasted as if by eighty years40 ,the cast of ,thackeray's face was made by ,brucciani on that sad ,christmas morning1 at the request of ,dr41 now ,sir1 ,henry ,thompson2 and a cast of his right hand was made at the same time--that honest1 faithful1 beautiful1 wasted right hand1 which 8never writ a flattery1 ,nor signed the page that registered a lie40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,thomas ,,chalmers ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,thomas ,chalmers was another man of great heart and of great head4 ,he died1 as we have seen1 as ,thackeray died1 without warning1 but without pain or conflict4 ,he was discovered sitting half erect in his bed1 his head reclining quietly on his pillow1 the expression of his countenance that of fixed and majestic repose4 ,he had responded cheerfully when his name was called4 ,thackeray heard the summons evidently in a moment of physical distress2 but his 8,adsum0 was just as ready1 and no doubt it was quite as willingly uttered4 8,in height and breadth and in general configuration10 wrote ,julian ,charles ,young1 8,dr4 ,chalmers was not unlike ,coleridge4 ,i have1 since ,i knew ,coleridge1 sometimes thought that if ,chalmers's head had been buried from sight1 ,i could easily have mistaken him for that remarkable man4 ,his face was pallid and pasty1 and1 ,i rather think1 showed slight traces of small-pox4 ,his features were ordinary2 his hair was scanty1 and generally roughed1 as if his fingers had often passed through it2 his brow was not high1 but very broad1 and well developed4 ,his skull1 phrenologically speaking1 argued great mathematical power1 but showed deficiency in the very qualities for which he was conspicuous1 namely1 benevolence and veneration40 ,concerning ,coleridge1 ,young wrote3 8,his general appearance would have led me to suppose him a dissenting minister4 ,his hair was long1 white1 and neglected2 his complexion was florid2 his features were square2 his eyes watery and hazy2 his brow broad and massive2 his build uncouth2 his deportment grave and abstracted40 ,charles ,cowden ,clarke1 in his ,recollections1 spoke of ,coleridge as 8large-presenced1 ample-countenanced1 grand-foreheaded10 and said that 8the upper part of his face was excessively fine4 ,his eyes were large1 light gray1 prominent1 and of a liquid brilliancy4 ,the lower part of his face was somewhat dragged1 indicating the presence of habitual pain2 but his forehead was prodigious1 and like a smooth slab of alabaster40 ,leigh ,hunt likened his brow to 8a great piece of placid marble10 and added that even in his old age 8there was something invincibly young in the look of his face40 8,this boylike expression0 he considered 8very becoming in one who dreamed and speculated as ,coleridge did when he was really a boy1 and who passed his entire life apart from the rest of the world with a book and his flowers40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,samuel ,,taylor ,,coleridge ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,carlyle's portrait of ,coleridge is peculiarly in the ,carlylian vein4 8,figure a fat1 flabby1 incurvated personage1 at once short1 rotund1 and relaxed2 with a watery mouth2 a snuffy nose2 a pair of strange brown1 timid1 and yet earnest-looking eyes2 a high tapering brow2 and a great brush of gray hair--and you have some faint idea of ,coleridge40 ,coleridge himself was not more flattering to ,coleridge4 ,in #agif he wrote to ,john ,thelwall3 8,my face1 unless when animated by immediate eloquence1 expresses great sloth1 and great1 indeed almost idiotic1 good-nature4 ',tis a mere carcass of a face1 fat1 flabby1 and expressive chiefly of inexpression4 ,yet ,i am told that my eyes1 eyebrows1 and forehead are physiognomically good40 ,mrs4 ,sara ,coleridge1 in her ,memoir1 gave a long account of ,coleridge's death and burial1 in which she said that 8his body was opened1 according to his own urgent request20 but1 as usual in such cases1 she did not allude to the making of any cast of his face or head4 ,mr4 ,ernest ,hartley ,coleridge1 however1 the son of ,derwent ,coleridge1 who is preparing a ,life of his illustrious grandfather1 writes1 in a private note3 8,my mother used to tell me that the bust in her possession was by ,spurzheim1 and was taken from a death-mask2 but with regard to ,spurzheim1 she must have been in error1 as he died before ,coleridge4 ,lord ,coleridge says that the bust in his possession is by ,spurzheim1 and was taken from a cast of the poet's features2 but whether he falls into the same error as my mother did1 ,i cannot say4 ,it is1 of course1 possible that ,spurzheim took a life-cast from ,coleridge's face40 ,mr4 ,ernest ,coleridge is inclined to accept the authenticity of the mask in my collection4 ,it certainly bears a strong resemblance to the two busts of which he writes1 as well as to the portrait by ,allston1 now in the ,national ,portrait ,gallery in ,london4 ,carlyle said that 8,wordsworth's face bore marks of much1 not always peaceful1 meditation2 the look of it not bland or benevolent so much as close1 impregnable1 and hard40 ,s4 ,c4 ,hall wrote that 8his eyes were mild and up-looking2 his mouth coarse rather than refined2 his forehead high rather than broad20 while ,greville put it more tersely when he described him as 8hard-featured1 brown1 wrinkled1 with prominent teeth1 and a few scattered gray hairs40 ,leigh ,hunt said1 in his ,autobiography3 8,certainly ,i never beheld eyes that looked so inspired or supernatural as ,wordsworth's4 ,they were like fires half burning1 half smouldering1 with a sort of acrid fixture of regard1 and seated at the further end of two caverns4 ,one might imagine ,ezekiel or ,isaiah to have had such eyes40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,william ,,wordsworth ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,wordsworth reminded ,hazlitt 8of some of ,holbein's heads--grave1 saturnine1 with a slight indication of sly humor1 a peculiar sweetness in his smile40 ,elsewhere ,hazlitt spoke of his 8intense high1 narrow forehead1 ,roman nose1 cheeks furrowed by strong purpose1 and a convulsive inclination to laughter about his mouth1 which was a good deal at variance with the solemn and stately expression of the rest of his face40 ,and ,sir ,humphry and ,lady ,davy1 who were at ,wordsworth's funeral1 were both struck by the likeness of his face1 in the deep repose of death1 to that of ,dante4 ,the expression1 they thought1 was much more feminine than it had been in life1 and it suggested strongly the face of his devoted sister1 with whom so many of his years had been spent4 ,haydon1 in his ,journal1 ,april #ac1 #ahae1 wrote3 8,i had a cast made yesterday of ,wordsworth's face4 ,he bore it like a philosopher4 ,he sat in my dressing-gown with his hands folded2 sedate1 solemn1 and still40 ,and then ,haydon described how1 through the open door1 he exhibited the unconscious poet1 undergoing this unbecoming operation1 to curious but disrespectful friends of them both4 ,another account of this performance shows us ,wordsworth flat on his back on the studio floor1 with ,charles ,lamb dancing about him1 and making absurd remarks in order to force the poet to smile1 and so spoil the mask4 ,all of which was very characteristic of that 8dear delightful10 8poor creature0 who was despised by ,carlyle1 and who was naturally loved by everybody else4 ,what would we not give now for a mask of ,lamb himself1 dead or alive8 ,all this happened when ,wordsworth was forty-two years of age1 and thirty-five years before he died4 ,sir ,henry ,taylor in his ,autobiography1 spoke1 shortly after the poet's death1 of 8a cast taken of a mask of ,wordsworth40 ,he considered it admirable as a likeness1 and added that it was so regarded by ,mrs4 ,wordsworth4 ,he saw 8a rough grandeur in it1 with which1 if it was to be converted into marble1 posterity might be contented40 ,but he does not say whether it was a life-mask or a death-mask1 and he does not refer to the ,haydon mask as such4 ,in no other work1 in no biography of ,wordsworth1 and in no account of his last hours1 is any allusion to the mask to be found4 ,the face here reproduced is1 without question1 that of ,wordsworth4 ,it suggests the ,wordsworth of middle age2 it strongly resembles the portraits painted by ,haydon2 it is much too young in form and expression for the senile ,wordsworth of the well-known ,fraser ,gallery2 and there is little doubt of its being the work of ,haydon alluded to above4 ,haydon is known to have painted several portraits of ,wordsworth1 one of which exhibits him in a ,byron collar and another shows him with eyes rolling in fine frenzy over the composition of a sonnet on one of ,haydon's own pictures4 ,haydon also introduced ,wordsworth as a devout disciple in his large work called 8,christ's ,entry into ,jerusalem10 painted in #ahah4 ,mr4 ,john ,gilmer ,speed1 in his ,memoirs of ,keats1 presents an engraving of 8,john ,keats from the ,life-,mask of ,haydon in #ahah10 and pronounces it the most satisfactory of the likenesses of ,keats that he has seen4 ,in no other of the ,lives of ,keats is any allusion made to this mask2 it is not mentioned in any of the published letters to or from ,keats1 or in ,the ,correspondence and ,table-,talk of ,haydon4 ,joseph ,severn1 shortly before he died1 told ,mr4 ,richard ,watson ,gilder that he believed the cast to have been the work of ,haydon1 and that he prized it as the most interesting1 as it is the most real and accurate1 portrait of his friend in existence2 and through him were procured the few copies of it in this country1 one of which is here reproduced4 ,mr4 ,gilder considers it much more agreeable than the death-mask must have been1 for it not only escapes the haggardness of death1 but there is even1 so it seems to him1 a suggestion of humorous patience in the expression of the mouth4 8,in this mask10 he adds1 8one has the authentic form and shape--the very stamp of the poet's visage40 ,and he calls attention to the fact of its remarkable resemblance to more than one of the members of the ,keats family whom he has met4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,john ,,keats ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,charles ,cowden ,clarke1 who does not seem to have been aware of the existence of the mask1 said that the best portrait of ,keats is the first done by ,severn himself1 that which is engraved in ,hunt's ,lord ,byron and his ,contemporaries4 ,lord ,houghton1 in his ,life of ,keats1 quoted the description given him by a lady 7probably ,mrs4 ,b4 ,w4 ,procter71 who watched ,keats in the ,surrey ,institute in ,london1 listening to ,hazlitt's course of ,lectures on the ,british ,poets1 in the winter of #ahag-ah4 8,his countenance10 she said1 8lives in my mind as one of singular beauty and brightness2 it had an expression as if it had been looking at some glorious sight4 ,his mouth was full and less intellectual than his other features40 ,leigh ,hunt drew his portrait more carefully4 8,every feature was at once strongly cut and delicately alive4 ,if there was any faulty expression1 it was in the mouth1 which was not without something of a character of pugnacity4 ,the face was rather long than otherwise2 the upper lip projected a little over the under2 the chin was bold1 the cheeks sunken2 the eyes mellow and glowing1 large1 dark1 and sensitive2 his hair1 of a brown color1 was fine1 and hung in natural ringlets4 ,his head was a puzzle for the phrenologists1 being remarkably small in the skull1 a singularity which he had in common with ,byron and ,shelley1 whose hats ,i could not get on40 ,mr4 ,william ,sharp quotes a letter of ,joseph ,severn1 written a day or two after the death of ,keats1 in which he said to ,charles ,armitage ,brown1 8,yesterday a gentleman came to cast the face1 hand1 and foot0 of ,keats4 ,and on the #c;d of ,april1 #ahba1 ,john ,taylor wrote to ,severn from ,london for 8the mask1 hand1 and foot40 ,the later history of these interesting casts ,i have never been able to learn4 ,the original cast of the life-mask of ,keats1 made in ,haydon's studio1 and very much finer than any of the replicas of it1 is in the possession of the ,national ,portrait ,gallery in ,london4 ,it was given by ,keats himself to his intimate friend ,john ,hamilton ,reynolds1 just before ,keats went abroad to die4 ,reynolds bequeathed it to his sister1 ,miss ,charlotte ,reynolds1 by whom it was presented1 with a clear pedigree1 to the trustees of the ,national ,portrait ,gallery4 ,this cast1 with the mask of ,cromwell1 and a copy of the mask of ,dr4 ,johnson1 are1 curiously enough1 the only life-masks or death-masks in the institution in question4 ,the printed portraits of ,johnson are very many4 ,he himself said1 once1 of the painting by ,trotter1 8,well1 thou art an ugly fellow2 but still1 ,i believe thou art like the original40 ,george ,kearsley wrote that 8his face was capable of great expression1 both in respect to intelligence and mildness1 as all those can witness who have seen him in the flow of conversation1 or under the influence of grateful feelings20 and ,bishop ,percy wrote1 8,johnson's countenance1 when in good humor1 was not disagreeable4 ,his face clear1 his complexion good1 and his features not ill-formed2 many ladies have thought he might not have been unattractive when young40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,samuel ,,johnson ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the original of the mask of ,johnson belongs to the ,royal ,literary ,fund1 the secretary of which1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,llewellyn ,roberts1 in giving his consent to the reproduction of it here1 writes as follows concerning it3 8,it was taken from a cast after death1 under the direction of ,dr4 ,johnson's medical attendant1 ,mr4 ,cruikshanks1 who informed his daughter1 into whose possession it came1 that it was a remarkably correct likeness4 ,unfortunately there is no record of the artist's name1 but it is alleged that each member of ,dr4 ,johnson's family had a copy40 ,this particular copy was given to the ,royal ,literary ,fund by ,william ,hutchins1 who lived in ,hanover ,square4 ,there is no reference to the taking of the mask of ,johnson to be found in any of the editions of ,boswell's ,life of the great lexicographer4 ,keats and ,haydon first met in the house of ,leigh ,hunt in ,november1 #ahaf1 and to their mutual delight4 ,they became very intimate upon very short acquaintance1 and the poet was constantly to be found in the studio of the painter2 they vowed that they were dearer to each other than brothers1 and they prayed that their hearts might be buried together4 ,naturally a friendship so enthusiastic in its beginning did not last very long1 and ,haydon seems to have been most unjust in his reflections upon ,keats1 written some time after ,keats's heart had been buried in ,rome--and alone6 ,haydon wrote in the first flush of his intimacy with ,keats3 8,never have ,i had such irresistible and perpetual urgings of future greatness4 ,i have been like a man with air-balloons under his arm-pits and ether in his soul2 while ,i was painting1 walking1 or thinking1 beaming flashes of energy followed and impressed me--they came over me1 and shot across me1 and shook me1 till ,i lifted up my heart and thanked ,god40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,benjamin ,,robert ,,haydon ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,this is ,haydon upon himself4 ,macaulay looked at him in a different light4 8,haydon10--he wrote in his ,diary in #ahec--8;,haydon was exactly the vulgar idea of a man of genius4 ,he had all of the morbid peculiarities which are supposed by fools to belong to intellectual superiority--eccentricity1 jealousy1 caprice1 indefinite disdain for other men2 and yet he was as poor1 commonplace a creature as any in the world4 ,he painted signs1 and gave himself more airs than if he had painted the ,cartoons4 ,whether you struck him or stroked him1 starved him or fed him1 he snapped at your hand in just the same way60 ,in the ,memoir of ,haydon by his son is a fine engraving of the death-mask of ,haydon1 a replica of which is in my collection4 ,this mask1 with that of ,jeremy ,bentham1 was broken1 as you here see them1 by careless ,custom-house officers on their arrival in ,new ,york a few years ago4 ,james ,parton quoted ,burr as saying of ,jeremy ,bentham1 8,it is impossible to conceive a physiognomy more strongly marked with ingenuousness and philanthropy40 ,john ,stuart ,mill said of him that 8he was a boy till the last40 ,and at the age of eighty-two he himself wrote to an old friend3 8,i am alive1 though turned of eighty2 still in good health and spirits2 codifying like a dragon40 8,candor in the countenance1 mildness in the looks1 serenity upon the brow1 calmness in the language1 coolness in the movements1 imperturbability united with the keenest feeling30 such1 according to ,brissot de ,warville1 were the characteristics of ,bentham4 ,since ,st4 ,denis of ,france used to walk about with his head under his arm1 or used to sit about with his head in his lap1 in the third century of our ,christian era1 no post-mortem performance is more grotesque than that of ,jeremy ,bentham1 who left his body by will to ,dr4 ,southwood ,smith4 ,the legatee was instructed to dissect it1 and to deliver lectures upon it to his medical students and to the public generally4 ,after these anatomical demonstrations a skeleton was to be made1 and was made1 of the bones4 ,dr4 ,smith 8endeavored to preserve the head untouched0--the words are his own--8merely drawing away the fluids by placing it under an air-pump over sulphuric acid4 ,by this means the head was rendered as hard as the skulls of the ,new-,zealanders1 but all expression1 of course1 was gone4 ,seeing this would not do for exhibition1 ,i had a mould made in wax by a distinguished ,french artist1 taken from ,david's bust1 ,pickersgill's picture1 and my own ring4 ,the artist succeeded in producing one of the most admirable likenesses ever seen4 ,i then had the skeleton stuffed out to fit ,bentham's own clothes1 and this was likewise fitted to the trunk4 ,the figure was placed seated on the chair in which he usually sat1 one hand holding the walking-stick which was his constant companion when he went out1 called by him #8,dapple4' ,the whole was enclosed in a mahogany case with glass doors40 ,bentham was wont to amuse himself in his boyish old age with the vision of his presiding1 as it were1 in proper person at meetings of his disciples1 and he even used to anticipate his being wheeled to the top of the table on festive occasions6 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,jeremy ,,bentham ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,his figure as here described is still to be seen in the rooms of ,university ,college1 ,gower ,street1 ,london4 ,it is curious that ,dr4 ,smith did not go to the mask for a representation of ,bentham's actual face4 ,that such a mask was made1 ,george ,combe testified in the columns of the ,london ,phrenological ,journal a few years after ,bentham's death4 ,he said that it was in his own possession1 and showed that 8the knowing organ was large and the reflective organs only full40 ,the mask1 he said1 was very like the portrait of ,bentham reproduced in ,tait's edition of ,bentham's works4 ,but he does not say whether it was a death-mask or the life-mask known to have been made by ,turnerelli1 an ,italian sculptor living in ,london1 in the early part of this century1 and when ,bentham was not more than fifty years of age4 ,he was eighty-five when he died4 ,this plaster mask of ,bentham has been compared carefully with the wax effigy in ,university ,college4 ,the mouth1 the cranial arch1 the entire upper part of the face1 and the general shape of the head are very like1 although in the wax mask the chin is shorter and rounder1 and the eyes1 of course1 are open4 ,the mask of ,rossetti was made by ,brucciani1 after death4 ,only three or four copies were cast1 and the mould is in the possession of ,mr4 ,william ,m4 ,rossetti1 through whose courtesy ,i am able to reproduce it here1 and who writes3 8,i should say that my family and myself do not at all like the version of my brother's face presented by the mould and cast4 ,in especial1 singular though it may sound1 the dimensions of the forehead seem wofully narrowed and belied4 ,but of course1 from a certain point of view1 the cast tells truth of its own kind40 ,mr4 ,hall ,caine1 writing of his own copy of the mask1 says3 8,i ought perhaps to add that it does not give a good impression of ,dante ,rossetti4 ,the upper part of the head is very noble1 but the lower part is somewhat repellant40 ,a fourth copy belongs to ,mr4 ,george ,f4 ,watts1 the painter1 whose portrait of ,rossetti is so well known4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,dante ,,gabriel ,,rossetti ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,an anonymous writer in ,blackwood's ,magazine for ,january1 #ahic1 who seems to have known ,rossetti intimately1 thus describes the head and front of the poet3 8,he was short1 squat1 bull-doggish2 he belonged to the ,cavour type1 but the sallow face was massive and powerful4 ,the impression of solidity is somewhat toned down in ,watts's portrait1 and the face is thinner and more worn than when ,i knew him4 ,sleepless nights and protracted pain may have changed him in later years and made the ideal ,rossetti more manifest4 ,except for the meditative1 tranquil eye 7one thought of the ox-eyed ,janus71 there was nothing ideal about him4 ,he was intensely ,italian1 indeed1 but it was the sleek and well-fed citizen of ,milan or ,genoa that he recalled1 not the slim and romantic hero of ,verdi or ,donizetti40 ,cavour1 according to ,george ,eliot1 who once got a glimpse of him in an ,italian railway station1 was a man pleasant to look upon1 with a smile half kind and half caustic4 ,he gave her the impression that 8he thought of many matters1 but thanked ,heaven and made no boast of them40 ,elsewhere she said3 8,the pleasantest sight was ,count ,cavour in plainest dress1 with a head full of power1 mingled with bonhomie40 ,mr4 ,o4 ,m4 ,spencer1 in ,harper's ,magazine for ,august1 #ahga1 devotes much space to the personal appearance of ,cavour1 who was1 according to this authority1 8of medium stature1 with a tendency to corpulency2 quick and energetic in his movements1 with a forehead broad1 high1 and spacious2 his eyes were partially closed by weakness and still further concealed by spectacles2 his mouth not well formed and somewhat voluptuous1 over which played an ironical smile1 the joint offspring of mirth and disdain4 ,nevertheless1 the tout ensemble of his countenance was expressive of benignity4 ,simple in his manners1 though dignified in his bearing1 he would have been recognized anywhere as a sub-alpine country gentleman1 familiar with the usages of the court4 ,though of an irascible1 phosphoric temperament1 he rarely or never lost his self-control4 ,generous in his enmities and liberal in his friendships1 he was chary of his confidence and exclusive in his intimacies4 ,it may be that he was devoid of faith and affection1 but he certainly loved ,italy1 and believed in his own mission40 ,the death-mask of ,cavour1 and that of ,pius ,,ix41 ,i found lying peacefully side by side in a little plaster-shop in ,rome in the autumn of #ahic4 ,the ,pope was assuredly not devoid of faith and affection2 and if he loved ,italy less1 it was only because he loved the ,church of ,rome more4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,count ,,cavour ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,pius ,,ix4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,pius ,,ix41 we were told1 at the time of his death in #ahgh1 was a hale and vigorous septuagenarian1 with a fine presence1 a rich and melodious voice1 a facile utterance1 which rose at times to eloquence1 and a benign countenance4 ,for three days the body of the ,pope lay in state in the ,chapel of the ,holy ,sacrament in ,st4 ,peter's1 and an eye-witness of the ceremonies wrote3 8,the face1 perfectly visible1 seemed unchanged from what it had been in life1 and the expression was one of absolute peace2 the calmness1 indeed1 was almost like that of sleep4 ,a slight flush1 even1 was on the cheek1 and a smile seemed to hover about the lips4 ,the white hair peeped from under the mitre1 and in the crossed hands1 covered with red gloves1 lay a crucifix suspended from a chain about his neck40 ,signor ,a4 ,gallenza1 in a volume entitled ,the ,pope and the ,king1 spoke of the pontiff's face in death as 8handsome and dignified1 with something like sternness in the lofty brow1 strangely contrasting with that set smile so winning in the living man himself1 but which was merely the result of a muscular contraction1 a dimple which even death could not smooth40 ,henry ,crabb ,robinson wrote from ,italy in #ahca3 8,i occasionally saw ,leopardi1 the poet1 a man of acknowledged genius and of unimpeachable character4 ,he was a man of good family and a scholar1 but he had a feeble frame1 was sickly and deformed40 ,leopardi's life was very unhappy4 ,his bodily infirmities humiliated him1 and domestic trials greatly affected his spirit4 ,he seems to have inspired very little tenderness even in the heart of his own mother1 and he died as miserably as he lived1 longing for the eternal rest from pain and neglect4 ,his contemporaries have left almost nothing on record concerning his personal appearance1 but the few existing portraits of him1 and particularly this cast of his dead face1 certainly show sweetness mingled with strength4 ,mr4 ,howells1 in his ,modern ,italian ,poets1 quotes ,niebuhr as saying of the young ,leopardi3 8,conceive of my astonishment1 when ,i saw standing before me1 in the poor little chamber1 a mere youth1 pale and shy1 frail in person and obviously in ill-health1 who was by far the first1 in fact the only1 ,greek philologist in ,italy40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,giacomo ,,leopardi ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,john ,,boyle ,o',,reilly ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the best and most sympathetic portrait of ,john ,boyle ,o',reilly is the following1 to be found in the life of that gentleman written by his friend1 ,mr4 ,james ,jeffrey ,roche3 8,recalling him as he then was #ahgj1 the abiding memory of him is that of his marvellously sweet smile1 and his strikingly clear and frank gaze2 the beauty of his face lay chiefly in his eyes4 ,the official advertisement of his escape says that those eyes were brown1 and prison descriptions are generally more accurate than flattering4 ,almost anybody looking at him less closely1 would have said that his eyes were black4 ,as a matter of fact1 they were hazel1 but his dark skin and jet-black eyebrows and hair gave an impression of blackness to the large1 well-formed eyes beneath4 ,they were very expressive1 whether flashing with some sudden fancy or glowing with a deeper burning thought1 or sparkling with pure boyish fun4 ,there was another expression1 which they sometimes wore at this period of his life1 and which may be described for lack of a better word1 as a hunted look--not frightened or furtive1 but an alert1 watchful expression1 which made it easy to understand how he could have deliberately armed himself with the firm intention of surrendering his liberty only with his life4444 ,no portrait ever made of him does justice to that which was the great charm of his countenance--its wonderful light and life4 ,his eyes had the depth and fire and mobile color of glowing carbuncle4 ,for the rest he had the rich brown complexion1 so familiar in after-years2 a small black mustache1 only half concealing his finely-cut mouth1 and revealing a set of perfectly white1 regular teeth4 ,his form was slight1 but erect and soldier-like4 ,he carried his head well raised1 and a little thrown back4 ,he was a man whom no one would pass without a second glance40 ,it is rather a curious fact that the men most interested1 naturally1 in the study of the human face1 and in its portrayal with chisel or pencil1 are the men most poorly represented in this collection2 ,sir ,thomas ,lawrence being the only painter of portraits1 and ,hiram ,powers1 ,haydon1 and ,canova the only makers of masks1 whose masks are here presented4 ,three views of the life-mask of ,sir ,thomas ,lawrence were engraved by ,r4 ,j4 ,lane1 in #ahcj4 ,they are contained on one plate1 and represent the full face1 as well as profiles looking to the right and to the left4 ,the print is very rare1 and bears the following inscription3 8,from a plaster cast taken at the age of thirty-four1 in the possession of an attached friend40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,lawrence ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,edward ,h4 ,baily1 the sculptor1 is known to have made a cast of ,lawrence's features after death4 8,the head was finely shaped and bald1 and it bore a striking resemblance to that of ,canning1 although the face lacked something of ,canning's elevated expression40 ,this death-mask is here presented4 ,lawrence is said to have been a beautiful creature in his boyhood1 with bright eyes1 and long chestnut hair4 ,in later life we are told that 8although not tall--he was under five feet nine inches--his beautiful face1 active figure1 agreeable manners1 and fine voice were not thrown away upon either lords or ladies1 emperors or kings40 ,opie said of him once1 8,lawrence made coxcombs of his sitters1 and his sitters made a coxcomb of him40 ,and ,george ,,iv41 the ,sir ,hubert ,stanley of fine manners1 pronounced him 8a high-bred gentleman40 ,this is praise indeed6 ,another1 and perhaps not so exalted an authority1 said1 8,lawrence's appearance was exceedingly graceful and gentlemanly4 ,his countenance was open and noble1 his eyes were large and lustrous and very expressive40 ,dr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,madden1 in his ,memoirs of the ,countess of ,blessington1 quotes a brother artist1 and a friend of ,lawrence1 as saying of him1 8,as a man ,sir ,thomas ,lawrence was amiable1 kind1 generous1 and forgiving4 ,his manner was elegant but not high-bred4 ,he had too much the air of always submitting4 ,he had smiled so often1 and so long1 that at last his smile had the appearance of being set in enamel40 ,the mask of ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turner formerly belonged to the late ,dr4 ,pocock of ,brighton1 ,england1 and is now in the possession of ,mr4 ,william ,ward1 of ,london4 ,it was made1 after death1 by the late ,thomas ,woolner4 ,there are but few portraits of ,turner in existence1 the most life-like being an engraving by ,m4 ,m4 ,halloway1 of a half-length profile sketch bearing this inscription3 8,drawn by me in the print-room of the ,british ,museum4 ,j4 ,t4 ,smith40 ,unfortunately no date is attached4 ,much has been put on record about ,turner's personal peculiarities and eccentricities2 but little has been said by his contemporaries concerning his personal appearance4 ,the best picture1 although a slight one1 is from the pen of ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,frith3 8,turner was a very short man1 with a large head1 and a face usually much muffled to protect it from the draughts for which the rooms of the ,royal ,academy were celebrated40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,,turner ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,cyrus ,redding1 in his ,past ,celebrities1 speaks of ,turner's 8unprepossessing exterior1 his reserve1 and his austerity of language40 ,wilkie ,collins once described him as seated on the top of a flight of steps1 astride of a box1 on ,varnishing ,day at the ,royal ,academy1 8a shabby ,bacchus1 nodding like a mandarin at his picture1 which he with a pendulum-motion now touched with his brush1 now receded from40 ,and ,peter ,cunningham1 in an almost brutal way1 set down ,turner as 8short1 stout1 and bandy-legged1 with a red1 pimply face1 imperious and covetous eyes1 and a tongue which expressed his sentiments with murmuring reluctance40 ,sir ,william ,allen1 according to ,cunningham1 was accustomed to describe the great painter as a 8,dutch ,skipper40 ,in view of all this1 it is not remarkable that ,turner had strong objections to sitting for his portrait4 ,he felt that any familiarity with his face and figure would affect the poetry of his works in the popular mind4 8,no one10 he said1 8would believe1 after seeing my likeness1 that ,i painted these pictures40 ,a contemporary portrait of ,turner1 fishing in all his uncouth enthusiasm1 with shabby garments1 and a cotton umbrella over his head1 is unfortunately too long to be quoted here4 ,hiram ,powers died in ,florence in #ahgc1 and lies in the ,protestant ,cemetery of that city4 ,his mask1 after death1 was made by ,thomas ,ball and ,joel ,t4 ,hart4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,osgood said of ,powers in #ahgj3 8,in his looks1 his ideas1 as well as in all his works1 he is a man of the golden mean4 ,there is nothing too much in his make or his manner4 ,he is a good specimen of a well-formed man1 and his own statue would make a good sign for the front of his studio40 ,in ,october1 #ahdg1 ,mrs4 ,browning wrote3 8,mr4 ,powers1 the sculptor1 is our chief friend and favorite4 ,a most charming1 simple1 straightforward1 genial ,american--as simple as the man of genius he has proved himself to be4444 ,the sculptor has eyes like a wild ,indian's1 so black and full of light--you would scarcely marvel if they clove the marble without the help of his hand40 8,mr4 ,powers called in the evening10 wrote ,hawthorne in his ,italian ,note-book in #aheh--8;a plain personage1 characterized by strong simplicity and warm kindliness1 with an impending brow1 and large eyes which kindle as he speaks4 ,he is gray and slightly bald1 but does not seem elderly nor past his prime4 ,i accept him at once as an honest and trustworthy man1 and shall not vary from this judgment40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,hiram ,,powers ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,mr4 ,preston ,powers1 who possesses the mask of his father1 has also in his possession a life-mask and a death-mask of ,agassiz1 and a death-mask of ,sumner2 the last two having been made by himself4 ,through his courtesy ,i am enabled to reproduce them all here4 ,the life-mask of ,agassiz was made when the subject was about forty years of age1 and by an artist now unknown4 ,it was given to ,mr4 ,powers by ,mr4 ,alexander ,agassiz at the time of the elder ,agassiz's death4 ,e4 ,p4 ,whipple1 in his ,recollections of ,eminent ,men1 said of ,agassiz3 8,you could not look at him without feeling that you were in the presence of a magnificent specimen of physical1 mental1 and moral manhood2 that in him was realized ,sainte-,beuve's ideal of a scientist--the soul of a sage in the body of an athlete4 ,at that time #ahde he was one of the comeliest of men4 ,his full and ruddy face1 glowing with health and animation1 was crowned by a brow which seemed to be the fit home for such a comprehensive intelligence40 ,and ,longfellow1 in his ,journal 7,january #i1 #ahdg71 wrote3 8,in the evening a reunion at ,felton's to meet ,mr4 ,agassiz1 the ,swiss geologist and naturalist4 ,a pleasant1 voluble man1 with a bright beaming face40 ,mr4 ,curtis1 in an oration upon ,charles ,sumner1 delivered shortly after the statesman's death1 said that 8his look1 his walk1 his dress1 his manner1 were not those of the busy advocate1 even in his younger years1 but of the cultivated and brilliant man of society1 the ,admirable ,crichton of the saloons40 ,mrs4 ,jefferson ,davis1 in her ,life of her husband1 spoke of ,sumner as 8a handsome1 unpleasing man1 and an athlete whose physique proclaimed his physical strength40 ,and ,mr4 ,seward wrote to his wife in #ahef3 8,sumner is much changed for the worse4 ,his elasticity and vigor are gone4 ,he walks1 and in every way moves1 like a man who has not altogether recovered from a paralysis1 or like a man whose sight is dimmed1 and his limbs stiffened with age40 ,at the autopsy it was discovered that the brain of ,sumner showed no trace of the assault from the effects of which he suffered so terribly4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,louis ,,agassiz--,from ,life ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,louis ,,agassiz--,from ,death ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,charles ,,sumner ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,canova must have been a beautiful character4 ,it is not often that so much good is spoken1 even of the dead1 as has been spoken of him since he died2 and if the chroniclers are right1 he deserved it all4 ,in personal appearance1 however1 we read that he was not particularly attractive4 ,his hair was black and luxuriant1 and his forehead of noble dimensions1 but the outline of his features was neither grand nor extraordinary4 ,the phrenologists gave him a massive brain upward and forward of the ears1 wonderful constructive talent1 with large ideality and strong intellect4 ,he was very abstemious in his habits1 very thoughtful1 and a hard worker4 ,count ,cicognara1 in a biographical sketch of ,canova1 thus described his face during his very last hours3 8,his visage became1 and remained for some time1 highly radiant and expressive1 as if his mind was absorbed in some sublime conception1 creating powerful and unusual emotion in all around him4 ,thus he must have looked when imagining that venerable figure of the pontiff who is represented in the attitude of prayer in the ,vatican4 ,his death was wholly unattended by the agonies which make a death-bed so distressing1 nor did even a sigh or convulsion announce his dying moment40 ,this is the visage which his friends cast in plaster1 and it was1 no doubt1 the basis of the medallion bust of ,canova1 in profile1 which forms part of the pyramidal tomb erected by certain of his pupils in #ahbg1 in the church of ,sante ,maria ,gloriosa dei ,frari1 the pantheon of ,venice4 ,the monument1 according to ,mr4 ,ruskin1 is 8consummate in science1 intolerable in affectation1 ridiculous in conception2 null and void to the uttermost in invention and feeling20 and the medallion represents the great sculptor in all his glorious prime of strength and beauty4 ,the death-mask of ,canova1 as here reproduced1 in its peaceful and quiet repose1 is in strong contrast with that of ,richard ,brinsley ,sheridan1 shown upon a subsequent page4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,antonio ,,canova ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,richard ,,brinsley ,,sheridan ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,in the whole history of ,english letters1 there can be found no sadder chapter than that which contains the story of ,sheridan's death4 ,the body out of which the breath was fast going1 and from which intelligent action had entirely gone1 was seized by sheriff's officers for debt1 and only by the threats of attending physicians did it escape being carried to a low sponging-house1 wrapped in nothing but the blankets that covered the bed on which it lay4 ,the 8life and succor0 his friends had begged were denied him1 and 8,westminster ,abbey and a funeral0 were all he received4 ,as a ,french journal said at the time1 it only proved that 8,france is the place for a man of letters to live in1 and ,england the place for him to die in40 ,sheridan's appearance during his last hours was thus depicted by one who saw for himself the havoc made3 8,his countenance was distorted under the writhings of unutterable anguish4 ,pain and the effects of pain were visible on that sunken cheek2 and on that brow which had never knitted under oppression1 or frowned upon the importunities of the unfortunate1 pain in its most acute form had contracted there its harsh and forbidding lines4444 ,still1 amid those rigid lines which continuous suffering had indented there1 you might perceive the softer and more harmonious tracings of uncomplaining patience1 fortitude in its endurance1 and resignation in its calmness40 ,this is the face exhibited here--one of the most unpleasant to look upon which the collection contains1 notwithstanding ,sheridan's own boast1 not very long before his death1 that 8his eyes would look up as brightly at his coffin-lid as ever40 ,his spirits did not fail him so long as consciousness remained1 and when asked by the attending surgeons if he had ever before undergone an operation1 he replied1 8,only when sitting for my portrait1 or having my hair cut40 ,it is to be regretted that this last portrait for which he sat1 should be so worn and weary in its expression4 ,moore1 in his ,life of ,sheridan1 did not mention the taking of the mask1 although he spoke of the plaster cast of ,sheridan's hand1 under which some keen observer had written3 8,good at a fight1 better at a play1 ,god-like in giving--but the devil to pay40 ,concerning ,moore's own appearance1 ,leigh ,hunt wrote3 8,moore's forehead was bony and full of character1 with #8bumps' of wit large and radiant enough to transport a phrenologist4 ,his eyes were as dark and fine as you would wish to see under a set of vine leaves2 his mouth generous1 and good-humored with dimples40 ,scott said in his ,journal1 in #ahbe3 8,moore's countenance is plain1 but the expression is very animated1 especially in speaking or singing1 so that it is far more interesting than the finest features could have rendered it40 ,in #ahcc ,gerald ,griffin made a visit to ,moore at ,sloperton1 and thus described ,moore himself3 8,a little man1 but full of spirits1 with eyes1 hands1 feet1 and frame forever in motion4444 ,i am no great observer of proportions1 but he seemed to me to be a neat-made little fellow1 tidily buttoned up1 young as fifteen at heart1 though with hair that reminded me of #8,alps in the sunset'2 not handsome1 perhaps1 but something in the whole cut of him that pleased me40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,thomas ,,moore ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a year later1 ,n4 ,p4 ,willis1 who was a great observer of proportions1 met ,moore at ,lady ,blessington's1 and thus recorded his observations3 8,his forehead is wrinkled1 with the exception of a most prominent development of the organ of gayety1 which1 singularly enough1 shines with the lustre and smooth polish of a pearl1 and is surrounded by a semicircle of lines drawn close about it like intrenchments against ,time4 ,his eyes still sparkle like a champagne bubble1 though the invader has drawn his pencillings about the corners4444 ,his mouth is the most characteristic feature of all4 ,the lips are delicately cut1 slight1 and changeable as an aspen1 but there is a set look about the lower lip--a determination of the muscle to a particular expression1 and you fancy that you can almost see wit astride upon it4444 ,the slightly tossed nose confirms the fun of the expression1 and altogether it is a face that sparkles1 beams1 radiates40 ,this was ,moore as others saw him when he was in his prime4 ,his later years were clouded by a loss of memory1 and a helplessness almost childish4 ,the light of his intellect grew dim by degrees1 although ,lord ,john ,russell said that there was never a total extinction of the bright flame4 ,he died calmly and without pain2 and the cast of his face certainly reflects much that ,willis had drawn in his ,pencillings by the ,way4 ,sheridan said once of a fellow-,irishman that ,burke's 8abilities1 happily for the glory of our age1 are not intrusted to the perishable eloquence of the day1 but will live to be the admiration of that hour when all of us shall be mute1 and most of us forgotten40 ,burke1 in all his relations1 was a better man than ,sheridan1 and he met1 as he deserved1 a better fate4 ,he fell asleep for the last time with ,addison's chapter on 8,the ,immortality of the ,soul0 under his pillow1 and with the respect and gratitude of all ,england at his feet4 ,the mask of ,burke was offered for sale--and was sold--in ,london a few months ago1 with a certificate from ,mr4 ,edward ,b4 ,wood1 stating that it was made by the especial desire of ,queen ,charlotte on the day of ,burke's death4 ,the name of the artist is unknown1 but he is said to have received two hundred guineas for the work4 ,after the death of her ,majesty the mask was given by ,george ,,iv4 to ,c4 ,nugent1 his gentleman-in-waiting1 from whom it came into the possession of his nephew1 ,mr4 ,wood4 ,this original mask1 from the ,queen's cabinet1 is now the property of ,the ,players4 ,it is very like the familiar portrait of ,burke by ,opie4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,edmund ,,burke ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,george ,combe had a mask of ,curran in this country1 of which mine1 no doubt1 is a replica1 as it bears a strong resemblance to the established portraits of ,curran4 ,its existence does not appear to have been known to the sculptor of the medallion head of ,curran on the monument in ,st4 ,patrick's1 ,dublin1 for that was avowedly taken from the portrait by ,sir ,thomas ,lawrence4 ,a short time before his death ,curran wrote to a friend that his 8entire life had been passed in a wretched futurity10 but that happily he had found the remedy1 and that was to 8give over the folly of breathing at all40 ,he ceased to breathe at all in ,brompton1 ,london1 in the autumn of #ahag2 and his bones1 now buried in ,dublin1 were laid for some years in a vault of ,paddington church4 ,we learn from various sources that ,curran was under the middle height1 8very ugly10 with intensely bright1 black eyes1 perfectly straight jet-black hair1 a 8thick0 complexion1 and 8a protruding underlip on a retreating face40 ,croker1 speaking of his oratory1 said3 8,you began by being prejudiced against him by his bad character and ill-looking appearance1 like the devil with his tail cut off1 and you were at last carried away by his splendid language and by the power of his metaphor40 ,the mask of ,lord ,palmerston was taken immediately after death at ,brockton ,hall1 by ,mr4 ,jackson4 ,only one cast was ever made--that which is in my collection--and upon this was based the head upon the statue of ,palmerston by ,mr4 ,jackson1 now in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,the ,marquis of ,lorne1 in his ,life of ,palmerston1 says3 8,some of us may have seen him rise quickly and lightly1 when nearly fourscore1 from his seat in the ,house of ,commons1 and speak with clearness and directness but no attempt at eloquence1 and often with some hesitation1 at the table2 his black frock-coat buttoned across the well-knit and erect figure of middle stature1 his sentences spoken towards the bar of the ,house2 his gray short hair brushed forward and the gray whiskers framing the head erect on the shoulders4 ,some may remember1 under the shaven chin1 the loose bow-knot1 neatly tied at the throat1 the bit of open shirt-front1 with standing collar40 ,his appearance in #ahcg is thus described3 8,lord ,palmerston is tall and handsome4 ,his face is round and of the darkest hue4 ,his hair is black1 and always exhibits proofs of the skill and attention of the friseur4 ,his clothes are in the extreme of fashion4 ,he is very fond of his personal appearance40 ,and ,sir ,william ,fraser sketched him as he appeared to a later generation3 8,lord ,palmerston on horseback looked a big man1 and standing at the table of the ,house he did not appear ill-proportioned4 ,each foot1 to describe it mathematically1 was #8a four-sided1 irregular figure4' ,his portraits in ,punch are very like him4 ,those with a flower or straw in the mouth are the best4 ,he had a very horsy look40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,john ,,philpot ,,curran ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,lord ,,palmerston ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the death-mask of ,benjamin ,disraeli1 ,earl of ,beaconsfield1 as here shown1 was found by me a year or two ago in the out-of-the-way little shop of a mould-maker in ,chelsea4 ,it was taken by ,sir ,edgar ,boehm1 and the nose in the cast was broken1 evidently intentionally and wantonly1 by some malicious person who wished1 perhaps1 in this iconoclastic way to express with emphasis his political opinions4 ,despite its mutilated condition it is of great interest to all lovers and admirers of the original4 ,the best pen-portrait of ,disraeli as well as the most familiar1 is that of ,n4 ,p4 ,willis1 who saw him1 in his youth1 at ,lady ,blessington's4 ,it says3 8,he was sitting in a window looking on ,hyde ,park1 the last rays of sunlight reflected from the gorgeous gold flowers of a splendidly embroidered waistcoat4 ,patent-leather pumps1 a white stick with a black cord and tassel1 and a quantity of chain about his neck and pockets1 served to make him a conspicuous object4 ,he has one of the most remarkable faces ,i ever saw4 ,he is lividly pale1 and but for the energy of his action and the strength of his lungs1 would seem to be a victim of consumption4 ,his eye is as black as ,erebus and has the most mocking1 lying-in-wait sort of expression conceivable4 ,his mouth is alive with a kind of working and impatient nervousness2 and when he has burst forth1 as he does constantly1 with a particularly successful cataract of expression1 it assumes a curl of triumphant scorn that would be worthy of ,mephistopheles4 ,his hair is as extraordinary as his taste in waistcoats4 ,a thick1 heavy mass of jet-black ringlets falls on his left cheek almost to his collarless stock1 which on the left temple is parted and put away with the smooth carefulness of a girl4 ,the conversation turned upon ,beckford4 ,i might as well attempt to gather up the foam of the sea as to convey an idea of the extraordinary language in which he clothed his description4 ,he talked like a race-horse approaching the winning-post1 every muscle in action40 ,this is the ,disraeli whom ,d',orsay drew4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,benjamin ,,disraeli ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,mr4 ,t4 ,wemyss ,reid thus sketches ,disraeli in later life3 8,over the high arched forehead--surely the forehead of a poet--there hangs from the crown of the head a single curl of dark hair1 a curl which you cannot look at without feeling a touch of pathos in your inmost heart1 for it is the only thing about the worn and silent man reminding you of the brilliant youth of ,vivian ,grey4 ,the face below this solitary lock is deeply marked with the furrows left by care's ploughshare2 the fine dark eyes look downward1 the mouth is closed with a firmness that says more for his tenacity of will than pages of eulogy would do2 but what strikes you more than anything else is the utter lack of expression upon the countenance4 ,no one looking at the face1 though but for a moment1 could fall into the error of supposing that expression and intelligence are not there2 they are there1 but in concealment40 ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,frith1 in his ,autobiography1 more than once alludes to the devotion of ,mrs4 ,disraeli to her husband1 and he quotes ,john ,phillips as describing the painting of ,disraeli's portrait4 ,after the subject and his wife had seen the sketch1 during the first sitting1 the colors being necessarily crude1 the lady returned hastily to the studio1 and said to the painter3 8,remember that his pallor is his beauty60 ,dr4 ,wilde1 afterwards ,sir ,william ,wilde1 published in ,dublin1 in #ahdi1 a volume entitled ,the ,closing ,years of ,dean ,swift's ,life1 a very interesting book now long out of print4 ,it is an elaborate defence of ,swift's sanity1 and it contains a full account of the plaster mask taken from the ,dean's face 8after the post-mortem examination40 ,from this1 he said1 8a bust was made and placed in the museum of the ,university1 which1 notwithstanding its possessing much of the cadaverous appearance1 is1 we are strongly inclined to believe1 the best likeness of ,swift--during1 at least1 the last few years of his life--now in existence40 ,speaking of this mask1 ,sir ,walter ,scott wrote3 8,the expression of countenance is most unequivocally maniacal1 and one side of the mouth 7the left7 horribly contorted downwards1 as if convulsed by pain40 ,dr4 ,wilde1 on the other hand1 said3 8,the expression is remarkably placid2 but there is an evident drag in the left side of the mouth1 exhibiting a paralysis of the facial muscles of the right side1 which1 we have reason to believe1 existed for some years before his death40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,jonathan ,,swift ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dr4 ,wilde compared this cast of ,swift's face1 taken immediately after death1 with the cast and drawings of his skull made in #ahce1 ninety years later1 when the bodies of ,swift and ,stella were exhumed1 and their craniums examined by the phrenologists belonging to the ,british ,association2 and by careful analysis of both1 he was able to satisfy himself that ,swift was not 8a driveller and a show0 when he died1 nor a madman while he lived4 ,he gave1 upon the sixty-second page of his book1 a drawing of this mask in profile1 and the face is certainly identical with the face in my collection4 ,it resembles very strongly the accepted portraits of ,swift1 particularly the two in which he was drawn without his wig4 ,the more familiar of these is a profile in crayon1 by ,barber1 taken when the ,dean was about sixty years of age--and eighteen years before his death--which has been frequently engraved for the several editions of ,lord ,orrery's ,remarks on the ,life and ,writings of ,jonathan ,swift1 first published in #agea4 ,the original cast was made in two parts1 according to ,dr4 ,wilde1 and the difference in surface between the rough hinder part--not existing in my copy--and the smooth polished anterior portion1 as here seen1 shows at once that the back of the head was added at a later date4 ,two lines of writing1 greatly defaced1 found upon the cast attest this to be 8,dean ,swift taken off his 444 the night of his burial1 and the 444 one side larger than the other in nature40 ,in a foot-note to the second edition of his work1 ,dr4 ,wilde said3 8,the original mask remained in the museum ,t4,c4,d4 ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin till within a few years ago #ahdi1 when it was accidentally destroyed40 ,the history of this replica--for replica it certainly is--before it came into my hands ,i have never been able to trace4 ,it found its way into the shop of a dealer in curiosities1 who knew nothing of its pedigree1 not even whose face it was2 and from him ,i bought it for a few shillings4 ,it is one of the most interesting of the collection1 and perhaps the most valuable1 because the most rare4 ,it is hardly the ,swift of our imagination1 the man whom ,stella worshipped and ,vanessa adored2 and1 ,dr4 ,wilde to the contrary1 notwithstanding1 one cannot help feeling while looking at it that ,swift's own sad prophecy to ,dr4 ,young was fulfilled--8,i shall be like that lofty elm whose head has been blasted2 ,i shall die first at the top40 ,at least one of the biographers of the ,irish dean died as ,byron often feared to die1 8like ,swift1 at the top first40 ,sir ,walter ,scott's decay was a mental decay in the beginning of his last illness2 but happily for him1 and for his family1 the axe was laid at the root of the grand old monarch of the forest of ,scottish letters before the upper branches were permitted to go to utter ruin4 ,there exist at ,abbotsford two masks of its first laird--a life-mask and a death-mask4 ,of the former very little is known except that it is said to have been made in ,paris4 ,the latter was exhibited at the ,scott ,centenary ,celebration in ,edinburgh1 in #ahga1 when it attracted a great deal of attention4 ,they both show1 as no portrait of the living man shows1 except the familiar sketch by ,maclise in the ,fraser ,gallery1 the peculiar formation of his head1 and the unusual length above the eyes4 ,lockhart1 in his account of ,scott's last hours1 said3 8,it was a beautiful day2 so warm that every window was wide open1 and so perfectly still that the sound of all others most delicious to his ears--the gentle ripple of the ,tweed over its pebbles--was distinctly audible as we knelt around the bed1 and his eldest son kissed and closed his eyes4 ,no sculptor ever marbled a more majestic image of repose40 ,he does not mention the taking of the death-mask1 however1 and nowhere alludes to it4 ,it was made by ,george ,bullock--it is said1 at the request of ,dr4 ,spurzheim--and ,bullock and ,chantrey both used it in modelling posthumous busts of the bard4 ,it was loaned to ,sir 7then ,mr47 ,edwin ,landseer while he was painting his full-length portrait of ,sir ,walter1 with the background of the scenery of the ,rhymer's ,glen4 ,bullock supposed that the original mould was destroyed not long after ,scott's death1 but ,mr4 ,gourlay ,steel writes that his brother1 ,sir ,john ,steel1 while engaged upon the monument to ,lockhart at ,dryburgh ,abbey1 some years later1 came upon it accidentally at ,abbotsford1 and used it in remodelling his bust of ,sir ,walter for ,mr4 ,hope-,scott4 ,chantrey1 in comparing the measurements of ,scott's head from this mask with the measurements he had made of the head of ,shakspere on the ,stratford monument--which latter he had always considered unnatural1 if not impossible--found1 to his great surprise1 that they were almost identical in height from the eyes up2 and in each case he noticed the very unusual length of the upper-lip4 ,it was this dome-like feature of ,scott's head which inspired one of his jocular friends in ,edinburgh to hail him once1 when he dragged himself up the stairs of the ,session ,house with his hat in his hand1 as 8,peveril of the ,peak40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,sir ,,walter ,,scott ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,when ,carlyle last saw ,scott--they never met to exchange a word--it was in one of the streets of ,edinburgh1 late in ,scott's life2 and1 8,alas60 wrote the younger man1 8his fine ,scottish face1 with its shaggy honesty and goodness1 was all worn with care1 the joy all fled from it1 and ploughed deep with labor and sorrow40 ,eighteen months after the death of ,scott1 the ,burns mausoleum at ,dumfries was opened to receive the remains of ,burns's widow1 when1 according to the appendix to the first edition of ,allan ,cunningham's ,life of ,burns1 then going through the press1 a cast was taken from the cranium of the poet4 ,mr4 ,archibald ,blacklock1 surgeon of ,dumfries1 who made the examination1 declared that 8the cranial bones were perfect in every respect1 and were firmly held together by their sutures10 etc41 etc4 ,unfortunately there is no cast of the head of the poet1 living or dead1 except this one here shown of his fleshless skull4 ,george ,combe1 who received a replica of it from the executors of ,mrs4 ,burns1 presented a number of wood-cuts of it1 in various positions1 in his ,phrenology1 and he was very fond of using it to point his morals4 ,it is unusually large1 even for the skull of a ,scotchman2 and viewed laterally1 its length1 due to the magnitude of the anterior lobe1 is enormous4 ,combe frequently reproduced the skull of ,robert the ,bruce1 shown here as well1 although he failed to explain the mystery of its existence in plaster4 ,the skeletons of ,bruce and his queen were discovered early in the present century by a party of workmen who were making certain repairs in the ,abbey ,church of ,dunfermline4 ,the bones of the hero of ,bannockburn were identified from the description of the interment in contemporary records1 and from the fact that the ribs on the left side had been roughly sawn away when the heart was delivered to ,sir ,james ,douglas1 and sent off on its pious and romantic1 but unsuccessful1 pilgrimage to the ,holy ,land4 ,the skull of ,bruce1 in an excellent state of preservation1 was examined carefully by the ,phrenological ,society of ,edinburgh1 then in the highest tide of its enthusiasm and prosperity2 and with the consent of the ,crown1 this cast of it was made4 ,a gentleman who wrote anonymously to ,notes and ,queries1 ,august #bg1 #ahei1 some forty years later1 said that he remembered distinctly seeing and handling this skull1 and the great sensation its discovery created4 ,it was reinterred in its original resting-place a day or two later4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,robert ,,burns ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,king ,,robert ,,the ,,bruce ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the ,london ,times contained1 not very long ago1 the following curious advertisement3 8,napoleon ,i4 ,for sale1 the original mask moulded at ,saint ,helena by ,dr4 ,antomarchi4 ,price required1 #fjjj4 ,address10 etc41 etc4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,antomarchi1 a native of ,corsica1 and a professor of anatomy at ,florence1 at the request of ,cardinal ,fesch and of 8,madame ,mre10 and with the consent of the ,british government1 went to ,saint ,helena in #ahai as physician to the exiled ,emperor4 ,he closed his master's eyes in death2 and immediately before the official post-mortem examination1 held the next day1 he made the mask in question4 ,he said in his report that the face was relaxed1 but that the mask was correct so far as the shape of the forehead and nose was concerned4 ,and unquestionably it is the most truthful portrait of ,bonaparte that exists4 ,when ,napoleon thought himself closely observed1 he had1 according to ,sir ,walter ,scott1 8the power of discharging from his countenance all expression save that of an indefinite smile1 and presenting to the curious investigator the fixed and rigid eyes of a marble bust40 ,as he is here observed1 no matter how curiously or how closely1 he is seen as he was4 ,it is the face of ,napoleon off his guard4 ,bonaparte's distinguishing traits were selfishness1 combativeness1 destructiveness1 acquisitiveness1 secretiveness1 self-esteem1 and love of approbation4 ,he had some vague notion of benevolence and of veneration1 but he was blind to the dictates of truth and of justice1 and he was so utterly deficient in conscientiousness that he does not seem to have been conscious of its existence4 ,his entire character was summed up once in four broken-,english words1 by an ignorant little local guide in ,berlin4 ,fritz1 showing a party of ,americans through the royal palace at ,charlottenburg1 worked himself up to a pitch of patriotic frenzy in describing the conduct of the parvenu ,french ,emperor during his occupancy of the private apartments of the legitimate ,german ,queen1 and he concluded his harangue by saying1 quietly and decidedly1 8,but then1 you know1 ,napoleon was no gentleman60 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,napoleon ,i4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,that seems to tell the whole story4 ,he was1 in his way1 the greatest man who ever lived4 ,he stepped from a humble cradle in an ,italian provincial town on to the throne of ,france2 he made his commonplace brothers and sisters and his ignorant henchmen kings and queens of all the ,european countries within his reach2 he locked a pope in a closet1 as if he had been a naughty boy2 he re-drew the map of half the world2 he re-wrote history2 his name will live as long as books are read2 no man out of so little ever accomplished so much--but yet he was no gentleman6 ,the ,bonaparte mask1 in bronze1 as here shown is very rare4 ,only four are known to exist4 ,the copy in the ,paris ,mint--,hotel des ,monnaies--is without the gilded wreath which this copy possesses4 ,it is said to have 8been taken from the ,emperor's face at ,st4 ,helena1 twenty hours after his death40 ,the mask of ,napoleon ,,iii4 was taken1 of course1 at ,chiselhurst4 ,louis ,napoleon ,bonaparte was distinguished1 particularly1 as being the only ,bonaparte1 for four generations at least1 who bore no resemblance whatever to the ,bonaparte family1 not one of the strongly marked facial traits so universal in the tribe appearing in him4 ,no matter what may have been his shortcomings in other respects1 he was devoted to his mother and to her memory4 ,she used to call him 8the mildly obstinate20 and the maternal judgment1 perhaps1 was mildly correct4 ,kinglake expressed it more epigrammatically when he said that 8his characteristic was a faltering boldness40 ,the historian of the ,crimea1 in his account of the attempt at ,strasburg in #ahcf1 pictured ,prince ,louis as 8a young man with the bearing and the countenance of a weaver--a weaver oppressed by long hours of monotonous in-door work1 which makes the body stoop and keeps the eyes downcast40 ,those half-shut eyes impressed every one who saw the ,third ,napoleon in life4 ,he was called by ,madden1 in his ,memoirs of the ,countess of ,blessington1 8the man with the heavy eyelids1 with the leaden hand of care and calculation pressing them down--the man-mystery1 the depths of whose duplicity no dipus has yet sounded--the man with the pale1 corpse-like1 imperturbable features40 ,neither ,mr4 ,kinglake nor the chosen biographer of the ,blessingtons1 however1 was an impartial witness4 ,henry ,wikoff1 on the other hand1 declared that his face recorded resolution1 and that his eyes1 which he kept half closed1 revealed subtlety as well as daring4 8,his manner10 according to the ,chevalier1 8was graceful1 composed1 and very distingu4 ,he had the air of a man superior by nature as by birth40 ,and ,mrs4 ,browning believed in him and trusted him1 and called him 8the good and the just40 ,he was perhaps the mildest-mannered man who ever scuttled ship of ,state1 or cut a political throat4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,napoleon ,,iii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the cast of the dead face of ,oliver ,cromwell1 which was for some years in the cabinet of the ,mint at ,washington1 bears the following inscription--copied verbatim3 ,this ,mask is from the original one descended from ,richard1 ,protector in poss3 ,mrs4 ,russell ,chesthunt ,park4 ------- ,,born ,,died #afbf ,,richard #agab left them to his dau4 #afej ,,elizabeth #agca to her cousins #afie ,,richard--,,thomas #agei left the mask to his dau3 ,,anne ,,eliz ,,exctrs4 they left it to ,,oliver ,,cromwell he left it to his daughter ,,mrs4 ,,russell4 ,in #ahei it was presented by ,henry ,m4 ,field1 ,queen's ,assay ,master at the ,london ,mint1 and a direct descendant of ,cromwell1 to the late ,william ,e4 ,du ,bois1 who was for nearly half a century an officer of the mint at ,washington4 ,shortly before his death the latter gentleman removed it to his own house2 and it is now in the possession of his son1 ,mr4 ,patterson ,du ,bois of ,philadelphia1 through whose kindness the pedigree given is here printed4 ,cromwell1 according to the ,commonwealth ,mercury of ,november #bc1 #afeh1 was buried that day at the east end of the chapel of ,henry ,,vii41 in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,dean ,stanley accepted this as an established fact1 notwithstanding the several reports1 long current1 that the body was thrown into the ,thames1 or laid in the field of ,naseby1 or carried to the vault of the ,claypoles in the parish church of ,northampton1 or stolen during a heavy tempest in the night1 or placed in the coffin of ,charles ,i4 at ,windsor1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,pepys being responsible for the last wild statement4 ,after the ,restoration this same ,mr4 ,pepys saw the disinterred head of ,cromwell in the interior of ,westminster ,hall1 although all the other authorities agree in stating that1 with the heads of ,ireton and ,bradshaw1 it adorned the outer walls of that building4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,oliver ,,cromwell ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,it may be stated1 by the way1 that a trustworthy friend of ,mr4 ,pepys1 and a fellow-diarist1 one ,john ,evelyn1 witnessed 8the superb funerall of the ,lord ,protector40 ,he was carried from ,somerset ,house in a velvet bed-of-state to ,westminster ,abbey1 according to this latter authority2 and 8it was the joyfullest funerall ,i ever saw1 for there were none that cried but dogs1 which the soldiers hooted away with a barbarous noise1 drinking and taking tobacco in the streets as they went40 ,it does not seem to have occurred to ,mr4 ,evelyn1 or to other eye-witnesses of the funeral1 that this was a mock ceremonial1 and that the actual body of the ,protector was not in the hearse4 ,both ,horace ,smith and ,cyrus ,redding1 early in the present century1 saw what they fully believed to be the head of ,cromwell4 ,it was then in the possession of 8a medical gentleman0 in ,london4 8,the nostrils10 said ,redding1 8were filled with a substance like cotton4 ,the brain had been extracted by dividing the scalp4 ,the membranes within were perfect1 but dried up1 and looked like parchment4 ,the decapitation had evidently been performed after death1 as the state of the flesh over the vertebr of the neck plainly showed40 ,a correspondent of the ,london ,times1 signing himself 8,senex10 wrote to that journal1 under date ,december #ca1 #ahgd1 a full history of this head1 in which he explained that at the end of five-and-twenty years it was blown down one stormy night1 and picked up by a sentry1 whose family sold it to one of the ,cambridgeshire ,russells1 who were the nearest living descendants of the ,cromwells4 ,by them it was sold1 and it was exhibited at several places in ,london4 8,senex0 gave the following account of the recognition of the head by ,flaxman1 the sculptor3 8,well10 said ,flaxman1 8,i know a great deal about the configuration of the head of ,oliver ,cromwell4 ,he had a low1 broad forehead1 large orbits to his eyes1 a high septum to the nose1 and high cheekbones2 but there is one feature which will be with me a crucial test1 and that is that instead of having the lower jawbone somewhat curved1 it was particularly short and straight1 but set out at an angle1 which gave him a jowlish appearance4 ,the head10 continued 8,senex10 8exactly answered to the description1 and ,flaxman went away expressing himself as convinced and delighted40 ,another1 and an earlier account1 dated #ahac1 says that 8the countenance has been compared by ,mr4 ,flaxman1 the statuary1 with a plaster cast of ,oliver's face taken after his death of which there are several in ,london1 and he ,flaxman declares the features are perfectly similar40 ,whether or not the body of the real ,cromwell was dug up at the ,restoration1 and whether his own head1 or that of some other unfortunate1 was exposed on a spike to the fury of the elements for a quarter of a century on ,westminster ,hall1 are questions which1 perhaps1 will never be decided4 ,the head which ,flaxman saw1 as it is to be found engraved in contemporary prints1 is not the head the cast of which is now in my possession1 although it bears a certain resemblance thereto4 ,mine is probably 8the cast from the face taken immediately after his death10 of which1 as we have seen1 several copies were known to exist in ,flaxman's time4 ,it is1 at all events1 very like to the ,cromwell who has been handed down to posterity by the limners and the statuaries of his own court4 ,thomas ,carlyle was familiar with it1 and believed in it1 and he avowedly based upon it his famous picture of the ,protector3 8,big massive head1 of somewhat leonine aspect2 wart above the right eyebrow2 nose of considerable blunt aquiline proportions2 strict yet copious lips1 full of all tremulous sensibility1 and also1 if need were1 of all fierceness and rigor2 deep1 loving eyes1 call them grave1 call them stern1 looking from under those shaggy brows as if in lifelong sorrow1 and yet not thinking it sorrow1 thinking it only labor and endeavor2 on the whole1 a right noble lion-face and hero-face2 and to me it was royal enough40 ,the copy of the ,cromwell mask in the ,library of ,harvard ,college is thus inscribed3 8,a cast from the original mask taken after death1 once owned by ,thomas ,woolner1 ,sculptor4 ,it was given by him to ,thomas ,carlyle1 who gave it1 in #ahgc1 to ,charles ,eliot ,norton1 from whom ,harvard ,college received it in #ahha40 ,a copy of this mask in plaster is in the office of the ,national ,portrait ,gallery1 in ,great ,george ,street1 ,westminster2 and a wax mask1 resembling it strongly1 although not identical with it1 is to be seen in the ,british ,museum4 ,this latter1 which is broken in several places1 lacks the familiar wart above the right eyebrow4 ,there is no record of either of these casts in either institution1 and the authorities and experts of both have no knowledge as to how and when they found their way to their present resting-places4 ,rev4 ,mark ,noble1 in his ,house of ,cromwell1 however1 said that the representative in ,london of ,ferdinand ,,ii41 of ,tuscany1 bribed an attendant of ,cromwell to permit him to take in secret 8a mask of the ,protector in plaster of ,paris1 which was done only a few moments after his ,highness's dissolution40 8,a cast from this mould10 he added1 8is now in the ,florentine ,gallery4 ,it is either of bronze1 with a brassy hue1 or stained to give it that appearance40 ,elsewhere ,mr4 ,noble said1 writing in #agcg1 that 8the baronial family of ,russell are in possession of a wax mask of ,oliver1 which is supposed to have been taken off while he was living40 ,after a careful study of all the ,florentine galleries in the winter of #ahib-ic1 ,i failed to find this copy of the ,cromwell mask or any record of its ever having existed there1 although the ,pitti ,palace contains an original portrait of ,cromwell from life by ,sir ,peter ,lely1 which was presented by the ,protector to this same ,grand ,duke ,ferdinand ,,ii4 ,the mask of ,henry ,,iv41 that darling king whose praises still the ,frenchmen sing1 has also a curious history4 ,during the ,french ,revolution1 as is well known1 the tombs of the ,bourbons and the ,valois at ,st4 ,denis were desecrated by the citizens of the republic4 ,and when they began to 8empty the rat-hole under the high altar10 to use the words of one of their own leaders1 the first coffin they came upon was that of ,henry of ,navarre4 ,the body was discovered to have been carefully embalmed1 and it was enveloped in a series of narrow bands of linen1 steeped in some chemical preparation4 ,the face was so well preserved that even the fan-shaped beard seemed as if it had been but recently dressed4 ,the upper part of the brain had been removed1 and was replaced by a sponge filled with aromatic essences4 ,enormous crowds came from ,paris to look upon what was left of the monarch who once wished that all his subjects might have capon for their ,sunday dinners2 and undoubtedly some one of them made this cast of his face4 ,it is still a common object in the plaster shops of ,paris2 and1 painted a dark green to match the lintel of his door1 it serves to-day as a sign and a symbol for a dealer in plaster images who does business in one of the side streets near upper ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,henry ,,iv4 ,,of ,,france ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,m4 ,germain ,bapst1 writing in the ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 ,october1 #ahia1 described a bust of ,henry in wax which is preserved at ,chantilly2 and he proved it to be the work of ,g4 ,dupr1 who1 according to ,malherbe1 a contemporary historian1 went to the ,louvre the day after the king's death to make the wax effigy for his funeral1 and took with him the modeller1 who made a cast from the king's features4 ,concerning this cast itself the writer was silent2 but he stated1 although without giving his authority1 that the plaster cast here reproduced dates back only to the time of the exhumation4 ,a scarce contemporary ,french engraving1 entitled 8,henri ,,iv4 ,exhum10 represents the king as standing upright in an open coffin1 against one of the great stone pillars in the vaults of ,st4 ,denis4 ,the body is wrapped in strips of cloth1 like an ,egyptian mummy1 but the head and shoulders are entirely exposed4 ,a long inscription1 at the bottom of the print1 explains that 8on this occasion a plaster cast was taken of the face--on a moul sur la nature mme le pltre--from which to-day artists make their portraits of the great sovereign4 ,the drawing upon which this engraving is based was executed by an eyewitness1 and it shows the exact and marvellous state of preservation in which the body of the founder of the ,bourbons was discovered4 ,there was an effort made by the ,national ,assembly to preserve this precious relic2 but1 alas1 it was too late40 ,the original mask of ,henry is now in the ,library of ,ste4 ,genevive1 in ,paris4 ,charles ,,xii4 of ,sweden was a soldier and little else4 ,he knew no such word as fear4 ,he was haughty and inflexible4 ,he never thought of consulting the happiness of his people4 ,he ascended the throne of a nation rich1 powerful1 and happy2 he died king of a country which was ruined1 wretched1 and defenceless4 ,whether or not he was killed by one of his own soldiers1 history has never been able to determine4 ,he was shot in the head at the siege of ,frederickshald1 in ,norway1 in #agah2 and when his body was exhumed and examined1 a hundred and fifty years later1 8the centre of his forehead was found to be disfigured by a depression corresponding with a fracture of that part of the skull40 ,the fatal missile had passed entirely through the ,king's head from left to right in a downward direction2 and in the cast in my collection the indentures1 particularly the larger one on the right temple1 are clearly perceptible4 ,an engraving of this death-mask1 dated #ahbc1 contains the legend that it was 8made four hours after he was shot1 and was taken from the original cast preserved in the ,university ,library at ,cambridge1 by ,angelica ,clarke40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,charles ,,xii4 ,,of ,,sweden ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the copy of this cast in the ,british ,museum is from the ,christy collection4 ,henry ,christy is known to have been in ,stockholm at the time of the sale of the effects of ,baestrom1 the ,swedish sculptor1 and he is believed to have purchased it then and there4 ,it contains more of the top and back of the head than the cast here reproduced1 and it bears1 very unmistakably1 evidences of the bullet wounds in the temples4 ,this cast1 the wax mask of ,cromwell mentioned above1 and a cast of the face of ,james ,,ii4 of ,england1 are the only things of the kind the ,british ,museum possesses4 ,lavater wrote with unbounded enthusiasm of the impression made upon him by the face of ,frederick the ,great1 whom he once saw in life4 8,of all the physiognomies ,i have ever examined10 he said1 8there is not a single one which bears so strongly as this does the impress of its high destiny4 ,the forehead1 which forms almost a straight and continued line with the nose1 announces impatience against the human race1 and communicates the expression of it to the cheeks and lips10 etc4 ,and ,mr4 ,fowler1 who knew ,frederick only by his portraits1 ascribed to him fine temperament1 intense mentality1 great clearness and sharpness of thought1 with a tendency to scholarship1 and especially to languages1 and with immense acquisitiveness4 ,carlyle wrote3 8,all next day the body of ,frederick lay in state in the ,palace2 thousands crowding1 from ,berlin and the other environs1 to see the face for the last time4 ,wasted1 worn1 but beautiful in death1 with the thin gray hair parted into locks and slightly powdered4 ,and at eight in the evening1 ,friday1 #ahth of ,august1 #aghf1 he was borne to the ,garrison-kirche of ,potsdam1 and laid beside his father in the vault behind the pulpit there40 ,the original of this cast of ,frederick the ,great is in the ,hohenzollern ,museum in ,berlin1 and of course is authentic4 ,my own copy ,i brought from ,berlin some ten years ago1 with the consent of the authorities of the ,museum4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,frederick ,,the ,,great ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,concerning the personal appearance of ,general ,grant1 ,mr4 ,william ,a4 ,purrington1 of ,new ,york1 thus writes in a private letter1 which he has kindly permitted me to make public3 8,when ,i first knew the ,general ,i was a school-boy1 and of course felt the school-boy's awe of a great man4 ,privileged to know him for years in the intimacy of his own home1 ,i never entirely overcame that feeling4 ,what was heroic in him grew1 and did not diminish4 ,the more ,i saw of him the more ,i felt that he was good as well as great4 ,his face used to be called sphinx-like4 ,that was scarcely true1 for although its expression was always calm1 strong1 imperturbable1 it was also one of great gentleness4 ,he surely was a gentleman4 ,perhaps his hands aided to keep his face serene1 for we must all have some safety-valve4 ,almost the only external indication of annoyance ,i ever noticed in him was a nervous opening and shutting of his fingers1 an index of emotion often observed by other of his more intimate friends4 ,a notable illustration of this trait was told me by a gentleman who once accompanied him to a large public dinner given in his honor4 ,at its close one of the guests ventured upon the telling of stories which are not told pueris virginibusque4 ,the ,general's fingers began to work2 he quietly excused himself2 and his companion1 who knew the significance of the gesture1 followed him4 ,as they smoked their cigars on the streets of the foreign city in which this occurred1 the ,general said3 #8,i hope ,i have not taken you from the table1 but ,i have never permitted such conversation in my presence1 and ,i never intend to4' ,this was not an affectation4 ,his mind1 clear and wholesome1 left its imprint in his face4 ,grossness or scandal gave him genuine discomfort4 ,he loved to think well of his kind4 ,this trait showed in his face1 gave it benignity1 and was1 ,i fancy1 the secret of his hold on the affections of men4 ,we chanced to be alone in his room one night after the last cruel betrayal of his confidence1 he walking to and fro by the aid of his crutch4 ,suddenly he stopped1 and1 as if following aloud the train of his silent thought1 he said3 #8,i have made it a rule of my life to believe in a man long after others have given him up4 ,i do not see how ,i can do so again4' ,there was no bitterness in his voice1 not even an elevation of tone4 ,it was simply an exclamation of an honest heart sorely wounded in its belief4 8,as ,i recall his face1 that which ,i remember is not so much line and contour as the expression of strength1 of great patience1 of calmness1 and of gentleness2 and the incidents which illustrate pure qualities also come back freshly to my memory4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 8,he had1 too1 a merry face2 at times a merry eye4 ,he was full of sly humor4 ,the twinkling of his eye and his quiet laugh promptly rewarded an amusing story4 ,in his own home his face was always kind and responsive4 ,there he was not the silent man the world thought it knew1 but a fluent and well-informed talker on all that was of interest to him4 ,undoubtedly1 however1 he had the gift of silence1 and when he saw fit to exercise it his face became a mask1 conversation ceased to be among the possibilities1 and a chat with a graven image would have been a relief at such a time4 ,he became then1 and designedly1 a silence-compeller4 ,when there was nothing to be said1 he said nothing40 ,general ,grant1 on the occasion of the surrender of ,general ,lee at ,appomattox ,court ,house1 was thus described by ,general ,horace ,porter1 his aide-de-camp3 8,he was then nearly forty-three years of age1 five feet eight inches in height1 with shoulders slightly stooped4 ,his hair and full beard were a nut-brown1 without a trace of gray4 ,he had on a single-breasted blouse1 made of dark-blue flannel1 unbuttoned in front1 and showing a waistcoat underneath4 ,he wore an ordinary pair of top-boots1 with his trousers inside and without spurs4 ,the boots and portions of his clothes were spattered with mud4 ,he had had on a pair of thread gloves of a dark yellow color1 which he had taken off on entering the room4 ,his felt #8sugar-loaf1' stiff-brimmed hat was thrown on the table beside him4 ,he had no sword1 and a pair of shoulder straps was all there was about him to designate his rank4 ,in fact1 aside from these1 his uniform was that of a private soldier40 ,this was thoroughly characteristic of the simplicity and modesty of the man4 ,he came1 in the face of the whole admiring world1 to make his lasting mark upon one of the most important pages of his country's history1 the ,general of his country's armies1 perhaps the greatest soldier of his time1 without a spur and without a sword1 in the well-worn uniform of a private of ,volunteers4 ,he died as bravely and as quietly as he had lived1 like one who had even studied in his death to throw away the dearest thing he owned1 as 'twere a careless trifle4 ,he sleeps now on the banks of the ,hudson1 in that enduring1 honorable peace for which he had fought so long1 and which he had won so gloriously4 ,his body was greatly wasted by lingering disease1 but those who saw him immediately after death say that his face looked ten years younger than it had looked during the previous trying months4 ,the cast of ,grant here presented is still in the possession of his family in ,new ,york2 and it is the only copy ever made with their consent1 and to their knowledge4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,william ,t4 ,,sherman ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,of ,general ,sherman1 ,general ,porter said3 8,he was a many-sided man1 who had run the entire gamut of human experience4 ,he had been merchant1 banker1 lawyer1 professor1 traveller1 author1 doctor1 president of a street railway1 and soldier4 ,wherever he was placed1 his individuality was conspicuous and pronounced4 ,his methods were always original1 and even when unsuccessful they were entertaining4 ,he could not have been commonplace if he had tried40 ,there was certainly nothing commonplace in his personal appearance4 ,his frame was tall and wiry2 his hazel eyes were sharp and penetrating2 his nose was aquiline2 his beard was short and crisp2 his mouth was firm and tender2 his bearing was courtly1 unpretentious1 and dignified4 ,he was the typical soldier in appearance and action2 like ,grant1 he was entirely devoid of any outward expression of vanity1 self-esteem1 or self-consciousness4 ,as he was one of the bravest1 so was he one of the gentlest1 kindest1 most sympathetic of men4 ,the mask of ,general ,sherman was made immediately after his death1 under the direction of ,mr4 ,st4 ,gaudens4 ,washington was as blessed in his death as in his life4 ,he rests still upon the banks of the ,potomac1 among the people whom he so dearly loved and among whom he died2 and no later administration has ever cared to cut off his head for exhibition on the roof of the ,patent ,office or the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,at least two plaster casts were taken from the living face of ,washington4 ,the first1 by ,joseph ,wright1 in #aghc1 was broken by the nervous artist before it was dry2 and the subject absolutely1 and1 it is whispered1 profanely1 refused to submit to the unpleasant operation again4 ,the second was made by ,houdon1 the celebrated ,french sculptor1 in #aghe1 and from it was modelled the familiar bust which bears ,houdon's name4 ,the original ,houdon mask of ,washington is now in the possession of ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,story1 in his studio in ,rome4 ,he traces it directly from ,houdon's hands1 and naturally he prizes it very highly4 ,it has been preserved with great care1 and of it he says 8there is no question that it was made from the living face of ,washington1 and that therefore it is the most absolutely authentic representation of the actual forms and features of his face that exists4 ,in all respects1 any portrait which materially differs from it must be wrong40 ,mr4 ,story cannot account for the fact that the sculptor opened the eyes of ,washington in the mask1 except upon the supposition that he did not remain long enough at ,mount ,vernon to have studied and modelled the eyes for his bust from the face of ,washington himself4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,george ,,washington ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,it is but just to add here that ,mr4 ,story says that never1 to his knowledge or belief1 has a cast been made from the original which he owns4 ,he examined the so-called cast in the ,corcoran ,gallery at ,washington1 and he was fully satisfied that1 like all the other specimens in existence1 it is of no value in itself1 and was made from a worn-out copy of the bust4 ,the ,washington mask here presented is from a photograph taken by ,mr4 ,story in ,rome1 and from his own copy4 ,the attempt of the sculptor ,browere to take a life-mask of ,thomas ,jefferson was not more successful1 and was much more disastrous1 than ,wright's attempt upon the face of ,washington4 ,mr4 ,ben ,perley ,poore quotes ,clark ,mills as telling the following story3 8,the family of the ex-,president were opposed to it1 but he finally consented1 saying that he could not find it in his heart to refuse a man so trifling a favor who had come so far4 ,he was placed on his back on a sofa1 one of his hands grasping a chair which stood in front4 ,not dreaming of any danger1 his family could not bear to see him with the plaster over his face1 and therefore were not present2 and his faithful ,burwell was the only person besides the artist in the room4 ,there was some defect in the arrangements made to permit his breathing1 and ,mr4 ,jefferson came near suffocating4 ,he was too weak to rise or to relieve himself1 and his feeble struggles were unnoticed or unheeded by his ,parrhasius4 8,the sufferer finally bethought himself of the chair on which his hand rested4 ,he raised it as far as he was able1 and struck it on the floor4 ,burwell became conscious of his situation1 and sprang furiously forward4 ,the artist shattered his cast in an instant4 ,the family now reached the room1 and ,browere looked as if he thought their arrival most opportune1 for though ,burwell was supporting his master in his arms1 the fierce glare of the ,african eye boded danger4 ,browere was permitted to pick up his fragments of plaster and carry them off1 but whether he ever put them together to represent features emaciated with age and debility1 and writhing in suffocation1 ,mills did not know40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,benjamin ,,franklin ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the mask of ,jefferson in the fragmentary condition described above would be of little value even if it had been preserved4 ,when ,houdon came to ,america in #aghe to make the bust of ,washington1 he was the companion of ,benjamin ,franklin1 and he was1 in all probability1 the author of this cast of ,franklin's face1 taken in ,paris that year as a model for the well-known ,houdon bust of ,franklin1 which it somewhat resembles4 ,the original mask was sold in ,paris for ten francs after the death of the artist in #ahbh4 ,the familiars of ,franklin have shown that his face in his old age changed in a very marked degree4 ,he was in his seventy-eighth or his seventy-ninth year when he sat for ,houdon in #aghd-he4 ,many of the features of the ,franklin cast as here reproduced--the long square chin1 the sinking just beneath the under lip1 the shape of the nose1 and the formation of the cheekbones--are strongly preserved in the face of one of his great-granddaughters now living in ,philadelphia4 ,leigh ,hunt in his ,autobiography said that ,franklin and ,thomas ,paine were frequently guests at the house of his maternal grandfather in ,philadelphia when his mother was a girl4 ,she remembered them both distinctly2 and in her old age she told her son that while she had great affection and admiration for ,franklin1 ,paine 8had a countenance that inspired her with terror40 ,hunt was inclined to attribute this in a great measure to ,paine's political and religious views1 both of them naturally obnoxious and shocking to the daughter of a ,pennsylvania ,tory and rigid churchman4 ,concerning the physical as well as the moral traits of the author of the ,age of ,reason1 there seems to have been great diversity of opinion4 ,to paraphrase the speech of ,griffith in ,henry ,,viii4 concerning ,wolsey1 ,he was uncleanly and sour to them that loved him not1 but to those men that sought him1 sweet and fragrant as summer4 ,his friend and biographer1 ,clio ,rickman1 who considered him 8a very superior character to ,washington10 gave strong testimony to his personal attractions and tidiness of dress2 while ,james ,cheetham1 his biographer and not his friend1 told a very different and not a very pleasant story1 in which soap and water--or their absence--play an important part4 ,the former1 according to ,cheetham1 was never employed externally by ,paine1 and the latter was very rarely1 if ever1 internally applied4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,thomas ,,paine ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,none of his earlier biographers give any hint as to the taking of this death-mask1 nor is it to be found in any contemporary printed account of the death-bed scene1 although ,mr4 ,moncure ,d4 ,conway1 in his ,life of ,paine1 published in #ahib1 accepts it as genuine1 and ascribes it to ,jarvis4 ,all the experts agree that it is the face of ,paine1 and see in it a strong resemblance to the face in the ,romney portrait1 painted in #agib1 seventeen years before ,paine died4 ,it was undoubtedly made after death1 by ,john ,wesley ,jarvis1 the painter1 who was at one time an intimate of ,paine4 ,he studied modelling in clay1 and made the bust of ,paine which is now in the possession of the ,historical ,society of ,new ,york4 ,concerning this bust ,dr4 ,francis1 in his ,old ,new ,york1 wrote3 8,the plaster cast of the head and features of ,paine1 now preserved in the ,gallery of ,arts of the ,historical ,society1 is remarkable for its fidelity to the original at the close of his life4 ,jarvis1 the painter1 then felt it his most successful work in that line of occupation1 and ,i can confirm the opinion from my many opportunities of seeing ,paine40 ,he added that ,jarvis said1 8,i shall secure him to a nicety if ,i am so fortunate as to get plaster enough for his carbuncled nose10 which was not a very pretty speech to have made under any circumstances1 particularly if the bust was executed after the subject's death4 ,the death-mask of ,aaron ,burr was made by an agent of ,messrs4 ,fowler ,wells1 who still possess the original cast4 ,the features are shortened in a marked degree by the absence of the teeth4 ,mr4 ,fowler said that 8in ,burr destructiveness1 combativeness1 firmness1 and self-esteem were large1 and amativeness excessive40 ,it is a curious fact1 now generally forgotten1 that ,burr and ,hamilton resembled each other in face and figure in a very marked degree1 although ,burr was a trifle the taller4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,aaron ,,burr ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a bust of ,burr by ,turnerelli1 an ,italian sculptor residing in ,london during the first decade of the century1 was exhibited at the ,royal ,academy in #ahji2 and ,burr1 in his ,diary and ,letters1 spoke more than once of the cast of his face made by the sculptor at that time4 ,he explained to ,theodosia that he 8submitted to the very unpleasant ceremony because ,turnerelli said it was necessary10 and because ,bentham and others had undergone a similar penance2 and in his ,diary he wrote3 8,casting my eyes in the mirror1 ,i observed a great purple mark on my nose2 went up and washed and rubbed it1 all to no purpose4 ,it was indelible4 ,that cursed mask business has occasioned it4 ,i believe the fellow used quicklime instead of plaster of ,paris1 for ,i felt a very unpleasant degree of heat during the operation4444 ,i have been applying a dozen different applications to the nose1 which have only inflamed it4 ,how many curses have ,i heaped upon that ,italian6444 ,at eleven went to ,turnerelli to sit4 ,relieved myself by abusing him for that nose disaster4444 ,he will make a most hideous frightful thing of the bust2 but much like the original40 ,this mask1 if it is still in existence--which is not probable--would be an invaluable addition to the portraiture of ,burr4 ,of ,lincoln1 as of ,washington1 two life-masks were made--one in ,chicago in the spring of #ahfj1 by ,mr4 ,leonard ,w4 ,volk1 and here reproduced2 one in ,washington1 by ,clark ,mills1 three or four years later4 ,mr4 ,volk1 in the ,century ,magazine for ,december1 #ahha1 gave a pleasant account of the taking of the former4 ,lincoln sat naturally in the chair during the operation1 watching in a mirror every move made by the sculptor1 as the plaster was put on without interference with the eyesight or with the breathing of the subject4 ,when1 at the end of an hour1 the mould was ready for removal--it was in one piece1 and contained both ears--,lincoln himself bent his head forward and worked it off gradually and gently1 without injury of any kind1 notwithstanding the fact that it clung to the high cheek-bones1 and that a few hairs on his eyebrows and temples were pulled out by the roots with the plaster4 ,this is1 without question1 the most perfect representation of ,lincoln's face in existence4 ,i have watched many an eye fill while looking at it for the first time2 to many minds it has been a revelation2 and ,i turn to it myself more quickly and more often than to any of the others1 when ,i want comfort and help4 ,what ,whittier wrote to ,james ,t4 ,fields of the ,marshall engraving of ,lincoln may be said of this life-cast4 8,it contains the informing spirit of the man within4444 ,the old harsh lines and unmistakable mouth are there without flattery or compromise2 but over all1 and through all1 the pathetic sadness1 the wise simplicity1 and tender humanity of the man are visible4 ,it is the face of the speaker at ,gettysburg1 and the writer of the second ,inaugural40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,abraham ,,lincoln ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the ,clark ,mills mask1 said ,mr4 ,john ,hay1 in a later number of the ,century ,magazine1 is 8so sad and peaceful in its infinite repose that the famous sculptor1 ,mr4 ,st4 ,gaudens1 insisted when he first saw it that it was a death-mask4 ,the lines are set1 as if the living face1 like the copy1 had been in bronze2 the nose is thin1 and lengthened by the emaciation of the cheeks2 the mouth is fixed like that of an archaic statue2 a look as of one on whom sorrow and care had done their worst1 without hope of victory1 is on all the features2 the whole expression is of unspeakable sadness and all-sufficing strength4 ,yet the peace is not the dreadful peace of death2 it is the peace that passeth understanding40 ,speaking of ,webster1 ,mr4 ,o4 ,f4 ,fowler1 in his ,practical ,phrenology1 said3 8,a larger mass of brain1 perhaps1 never was found1 and never will be found1 in the upper and lateral portions of any man's forehead4 ,both in height and in breadth his forehead is prodigiously great40 ,the head of ,clay1 according to the same authority1 was also 8unusually large4 ,it measured seven and three-eighths inches in diameter1 and it was very high in proportion to its breadth2 the reasoning organs were large1 and the perceptive and semi-perceptive organs still larger40 ,mr4 ,g4 ,p4 ,a4 ,healy1 the painter1 said that ,mr4 ,clay's mouth was very peculiar2 that it was thin-lipped1 and extended from ear to ear4 ,this last is not particularly noticeable in the familiar portraits of ,clay1 not even in that painted by ,mr4 ,healy himself4 ,both ,mr4 ,st4 ,gaudens and ,mr4 ,hartley incline to the opinion that the mask of ,clay in my collection is a cast from the actual face1 and1 notwithstanding the fact that the eyelids are open1 that it is from life4 ,lewis ,gaylord ,clark1 writing in #aheb in ,,harper',s ,,magazine of ,clay's funeral1 said3 8,his countenance immediately after death looked like an antique cast4 ,his features seemed to be perfectly classical1 and the repose of all his muscles gave the lifeless body a quiet majesty seldom reached by living human beings40 ,comparing ,calhoun with ,webster1 ,mr4 ,fowler attributed to ,calhoun the greater power of analysis and illustration2 to ,webster1 the greater depth and profundity4 ,in ,calhoun he found1 united to a very large head1 an active temperament and sharp organs1 the greatest peculiarity of his phrenology consisting in the fact that all the intellectual faculties were very large4 ,the casts of ,webster and ,calhoun were made in ,washington by ,clark ,mills from the living faces--,calhoun's in #ahdd1 ,webster's in #ahdi2 and they are1 consequently1 of no little interest and value4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,daniel ,,webster ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,henry ,,clay ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,john ,c4 ,,calhoun ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,sydney ,smith1 who once called ,daniel ,webster 8a steam-engine in trousers10 thus disposed of a contemporary ,british statesman3 8,lord ,brougham's great passions10 he said1 8are vanity and ambition4 ,he considers himself as one of the most wonderful works of ,providence1 is incessantly striving to display that superiority to his fellow-creatures1 and to grasp a supreme dominion over all men and all things4 ,his vanity is so preposterous that it has exposed him to ludicrous failures1 and little that he has written will survive him4 ,his ambition1 and the falsehood and intrigue with which it works1 have estranged all parties from him1 and left him1 in the midst of bodily and intellectual strength1 an isolated individual1 whom nobody will trust1 and with whom nobody will act40 ,the head of ,brougham was of full size1 but not unusual4 ,a student of physiognomy1 but not a student of the back numbers of the ,london ,punch1 who did not recognize the man in this cast1 said of it that it was the head of a man more remarkable for vivacity and quickness of mind than for original and powerful thinking4 ,george ,combe1 in the winter of #ahch-ci1 exhibited in the ,united ,states a mask of ,brougham1 of course from life1 for ,brougham did not die until thirty years after that--and he was born in #aggh--which is perhaps the mask here reproduced1 as it is the face of a man in his prime1 and his was a marvellous prime--not that of a nonogenarian4 ,brougham's powers of activity and endurance were phenomenal4 ,it is recorded of him that he went from the ,law ,courts to the ,house of ,commons1 from the ,house to his own chambers1 where he wrote an article for the ,edinburgh ,review1 then1 without rest1 to the ,courts and the ,house again1 sitting until the morning of the third day before he thought of his bed or his sleep2 and that during all this time he showed no signs of mental or physical fatigue4 ,such continuous activity certainly did not shorten his days1 even if it lengthened his nights4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,lord ,,brougham ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,probably no single facial organ in the world has been the subject of so much attention from the caricaturists as the nose of ,lord ,brougham4 ,it is doubtful if any two consecutive numbers of any so-called comic or satirical journal appeared in ,england during ,brougham's time without some representation of ,brougham's nose4 ,the author of ,notes on ,noses thus spoke of it3 8,it is a most eccentric nose2 it comes within no possible category2 it is like no other man's2 it has good points and bad points and no point at all4 ,when you think it is going right on for a ,roman1 it suddenly becomes a ,greek2 when you have written it down cogitative1 it becomes as sharp as a knife4444 ,it is a regular ,proteus2 when you have caught it in one shape it instantly becomes another4 ,turn it and twist it and view it how1 when1 and where you will1 it is never to be seen twice in the same shape2 and all you can say of it is that it's a queer one4 ,and such exactly10 he added1 8is my ,lord ,brougham4444 ,verily my ,lord ,brougham and my ,lord ,brougham's nose have not their likeness in heaven or earth4444 ,and the button at the end is the cause of it all40 ,an interesting tribute to this remarkable organ is to be found in the printed ,correspondence of ,john ,lothrop ,motley4 ,concerning ,commemoration ,day at ,oxford he wrote1 in #ahfj1 8,nothing could be more absurd than ,lord ,brougham's figure1 long and gaunt1 with snow-white hair under the great black porringer1 and his wonderful nose wagging lithely from side to side as he hitched up his red petticoats ,commemoration robes and stalked through the mud40 ,there is no button on the end of the nose of the specimen of humanity whose mask forms a tail-piece to this volume4 ,cowper1 ,combe1 and others believed that the brain of the native ,african is inferior in its intellectual powers to the brain of the man of ,european birth and descent1 while a certain body of naturalists contend that the negro owes his present inferiority entirely to bad treatment and to unfavorable circumstances4 ,the black boy1 the cast of whose face was made for this collection at ,st4 ,augustine1 ,florida1 by ,mr4 ,thomas ,hastings1 the architect1 a year or two ago1 has undoubtedly been for generations the victim of unfavorable circumstances1 and perhaps of bad treatment as well4 ,he is1 at all events1 one of the lowest examples of his race1 and his life-mask is only interesting here as an object of comparison4 ,whatever the head of a ,bonaparte1 a ,washington1 a ,webster1 or a ,brougham is1 his head is not4 ,but whether his ,creator or the ,caucasian is responsible for this1 the naturalists and experts must decide4 ,illustration3 ,,florida ,,negro ,,boy ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,index ,,agassiz1 ,,louis1 #adi4 ,aldrich1 ,thomas ,bailey1 quoted1 #cg4 ,atterbury1 ,bishop ,francis1 quoted1 #ha4 ,,barrett1 ,,lawrence1 #bh1 #cc1 #cd-cg4 ,barrett1 ,lawrence1 quoted1 #da4 8,barry ,cornwall10 quoted1 #bg4 ,,beaconsfield1 ,,earl ,,of1 #agg-ahb4 ,,beethoven1 ,,ludwig ,,von1 #fa-fh4 ,,bentham1 ,,jeremy1 #aag-abb4 ,blacklock1 ,archibald1 quoted1 #aia4 ,,bonaparte1 ,,napoleon1 x41 #d1 #aig-bja4 ,,booth1 ,,edwin1 x41 #bh1 #ch1 #da1 #db4 ,,boucicault1 ,,dion1 #bh1 #ca-cc4 ,bront1 ,charlotte1 quoted1 #hf4 ,,brougham1 ,,lord1 #bfa-bfe4 ,brown1 ,john1 ,m4,d41 quoted1 #ib4 ,browning1 ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,barrett1 quoted1 #adf1 #bje4 ,,bruce1 ,,king ,,robert1 #aic4 ,,burke1 ,,edmund1 #afh-aga4 ,,burns1 ,,robert1 #aia-aib4 ,,burr1 ,,aaron1 xi41 #bdf-bdi4 ,burr1 ,aaron1 quoted1 #aag4 ,caine1 ,hall1 quoted1 #abb4 ,,calhoun1 ,,john ,c41 #bed4 ,,canova1 ,,antonio1 #ach1 #aej1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,carlyle1 ,thomas1 quoted1 #eh1 #ii1 #ajj1 #baa1 #bab1 #bbb4 ,,caunt1 ,,ben1 x41 #he1 #hf4 ,,cavour1 ,,count1 #abe1 #abf4 ,chadwick1 ,john ,a41 quoted1 #cd4 ,,chalmers1 ,,thomas1 x41 #ib-if4 ,chantrey1 ,sir ,francis1 quoted1 #ac4 ,,charles ,,xii41 xiii41 #bah-bba4 ,cheetham1 ,james1 quoted1 #bdb4 ,cicognara1 ,count1 quoted1 #aeg4 ,clark1 ,lewis ,gaylord1 quoted1 #bed4 ,clarke1 ,asia ,booth1 quoted1 #ch-da4 ,clarke1 ,charles ,cowden1 quoted1 #if1 #ajf1 #aji4 ,,clay1 ,,henry1 x41 #bec1 #bed4 ,coleridge1 ,ernest ,hartley1 quoted1 #ajj4 ,,coleridge1 ,,samuel ,,taylor1 xii41 #if-ajj4 ,coleridge1 ,sara1 quoted1 #ii4 ,collins1 ,wilkie1 quoted1 #ade4 ,combe1 ,george1 quoted1 #aba4 ,cottinet1 ,edmund1 quoted1 #ec-ed4 ,croker1 ,john ,wilson1 quoted1 #aga-agb4 ,,cromwell1 ,,oliver1 x41 #d1 #bje-bac4 ,cumberland1 ,richard1 quoted1 #ai4 ,cunningham1 ,peter1 quoted1 #ade4 ,,curran1 ,,john ,,philpot1 #aga4 ,curtis1 ,george ,william1 quoted1 #da1 #aej4 ,,dante1 x41 #e-i4 d',arblay1 ,madame1 quoted1 #df4 ,davies1 ,thomas1 quoted1 #df4 ,davis1 ,mrs4 ,jefferson1 quoted1 #aej4 ,dickens1 ,charles1 quoted1 #ia4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 quoted1 #c4 ,,disraeli1 ,,benjamin1 #agg-ahb4 ,,edwards1 ,,henry1 #bh1 #cc1 #cg1 #ch4 ,evans1 ,mary ,ann1 quoted1 #abe4 ,evelyn1 ,john1 quoted1 #bji4 ,faucit1 ,helen1 quoted1 #bg-bh4 ,fitzgerald1 ,percy1 quoted1 #df4 ,fowler1 ,o4 ,f41 quoted1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bdf1 #bec1 #bed4 ,francis1 ,john ,w41 ,m4,d41 quoted1 #bde4 ,,franklin1 ,,benjamin1 #bda4 ,fraser1 ,sir ,william1 quoted1 #agg4 ,,frederick ,,the ,,great1 xi41 #d1 #ej1 #bba1 #bbb4 ,frith1 ,w4 ,p41 quoted1 #adb1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,gallenza1 ,a41 quoted1 #aca4 ,,garrick1 ,,david1 #ai-bc4 8,george ,eliot10 quoted1 #abe4 ,george ,,iv41 quoted1 #ada4 ,gilder1 ,r4 ,w41 quoted1 #ajf4 ,,grant1 ,u4 ,s41 x41 #d1 #bbb1 #bbe-bcj4 ,greville1 ,charles ,c4 ,f41 quoted1 #ajj1 #ajc4 ,griffin1 ,gerald1 quoted1 #afd4 ,hale1 ,philip1 quoted1 #fb1 #fg4 ,hall1 ,s4 ,c41 quoted1 #ajj4 ,hawthorne1 ,nathaniel1 quoted1 #adf4 ,hay1 ,john1 quoted1 #bej1 #bec4 ,,haydon1 ,,benjamin ,,robert1 #aac-aag1 #ach4 ,haydon1 ,benjamin ,robert1 quoted1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,hazlitt1 ,william1 quoted1 #ajc4 ,healey1 ,g4 ,p4 ,a41 quoted1 #bec4 ,,henry ,,iv41 #bac-bah4 ,howells1 ,william ,d41 quoted1 #acb4 ,hunt1 ,leigh1 quoted1 #df1 #di1 #ajc1 #aji1 #afd1 #bda1 #bdb4 ,irving1 ,henry1 quoted1 #da4 ,irving1 ,peter1 quoted1 #di4 ,jefferson1 ,thomas1 #bcg1 #bch4 ,jerrold1 ,douglas1 quoted1 #ia4 ,,johnson1 ,,samuel1 #aaj-aac4 ,,kean1 ,,edmund1 #bc-bh4 ,kearsley1 ,george1 quoted1 #aaj1 #aac4 ,,keats1 ,,john1 x41 xv41 #aje-aaj4 ,kemble1 ,fanny1 quoted1 #bg4 ,kinglake1 ,alexander ,w41 quoted1 #bjb4 ,kirkup1 ,seymour1 quoted1 #e4 ,lampadius1 ,w4 ,a41 quoted1 #ga4 ,lavater1 ,johann ,kasper1 quoted1 xiv41 #bba4 ,,lawrence1 ,,sir ,,thomas1 #ach-adb4 ,,leopardi1 ,,giacomo1 x41 #acb4 ,leslie1 ,charles ,robert1 quoted1 #bd4 ,,lincoln1 ,,abraham1 #bdi-bec4 ,lockhart1 ,john ,gibson1 quoted1 #ahg4 ,longfellow1 ,henry ,w41 quoted1 #adi4 ,lorne1 ,marquis of1 quoted1 #agb4 ,,louise ,,of ,,prussia1 xi41 #ej-ec4 ,macaulay1 ,thomas ,b41 quoted1 #aad1 #aag4 ,madden1 ,r4 ,r41 quoted1 #ada1 #adb1 #bjb4 ,,malibran1 ,,maria ,f41 #ec1 #ed4 ,manso1 ,giovanni ,battista1 quoted1 #aj4 ,,marat1 ,,jean ,,paul1 #ga1 #gb1 #ge1 #gf4 ,martin1 ,lady1 quoted1 #bg1 #bh4 ,,mccullough1 ,,john1 #bh1 #cc4 ,,mendelssohn1 ,,felix1 #fh-ga4 ,mill1 ,john ,stuart1 quoted1 #aag4 ,mills1 ,clark1 quoted1 #bcg-bch4 ,,mirabeau1 ,g4 ,r41 #ga1 #gb1 #gf4 ,,moore1 ,,thomas1 #afd-afh4 ,motley1 ,john ,lothrop1 quoted1 #hf1 #ia1 #bfe4 ,,napoleon ,i41 x41 #d1 #aig-bja4 ,,napoleon ,,iii41 xv41 #bja-bje4 ,,newton1 ,,sir ,,isaac1 x41 #gf1 #ha-hb4 ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac1 quoted1 #e-f4 ,niebuhr1 ,berthold ,george1 quoted1 #acb4 ,noble1 ,mark1 quoted1 #bac4 ,opie1 ,john1 quoted1 #ada4 ,o',,reilly1 ,,john ,,boyle1 #acb1 #acg1 #ach4 ,osgood1 ,samuel1 ,d4,d41 quoted1 #adf4 ,,paine1 ,,thomas1 x41 #bda1 #bdf4 ,palleske1 ,e41 quoted1 #eh4 ,,palmerston1 ,,lord1 #agb1 #agg4 ,parton1 ,james1 quoted1 #aag4 ,payne1 ,john ,howard1 quoted1 #di4 ,percy1 ,thomas1 ,d4,d41 quoted1 #aac4 ,pettigrew1 ,thomas ,j41 quoted1 #c4 ,phillips1 ,john1 quoted1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,,pius ,,ix41 x41 #aca4 ,poore1 ,ben ,perley1 quoted1 #bcg1 #bch4 ,porter1 ,horace1 quoted1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bcc4 ,,powers1 ,,hiram1 #ach1 #adf4 ,procter1 ,b4 ,w41 quoted1 #bg4 ,procter1 ,mrs4 ,b4 ,w41 quoted1 #aji4 ,purrington1 ,william ,a41 quoted1 #bbb1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbi4 ,redding1 ,cyrus1 quoted1 #bji1 #baj4 ,reid1 ,t4 ,wemyss1 quoted1 #aha4 ,rickman1 ,clio1 quoted1 #bdb4 ,,robespierre1 ,,maximilian1 #gf1 #ha4 ,robinson1 ,henry ,crabb1 quoted1 #bg1 #acb4 ,roche1 ,james ,jeffrey1 quoted1 #acg4 ,,rossetti1 ,,dante ,g41 #abb-abe4 ,rossetti1 ,william ,m41 quoted1 #abb4 ,ruskin1 ,john1 quoted1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,russell1 ,lord ,john1 quoted1 #afg1 #afh4 ,,schiller1 ,,frederick1 xi41 #ed1 #eg1 #eh4 ,schliemann1 ,heinrich1 quoted1 #b4 ,,scott1 ,,sir ,,walter1 #ahg-aia4 ,scott1 ,sir ,walter1 quoted1 #ahb1 #aig1 #aih4 ,seward1 ,william ,h41 quoted1 #aej4 ,,shakspere1 #aj-ai4 ,sharp1 ,william1 quoted1 #aji1 #aaj4 ,,sheridan1 ,,richard ,,brinsley1 xii41 #aeh1 #afc1 #afd4 ,sheridan1 ,richard ,brinsley1 quoted1 #ai1 #afh4 ,,sherman1 ,,william ,t41 #d1 #bcc4 ,sherwood1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,e4 ,w41 quoted1 #db4 ,,siddons1 ,,sarah1 #db1 #de-ej4 ,smith1 ,southwood1 quoted1 #aah1 #aba4 ,smith1 ,sydney1 quoted1 #bfa4 ,speed1 ,john ,gilmer1 quoted1 #aje4 ,spencer1 ,o4 ,m41 quoted1 #abe1 #abf4 ,story1 ,w4 ,w41 quoted1 xiv41 #bcd1 #bcg4 ,,sumner1 ,,charles1 #aej4 ,,swift1 ,,jonathan1 xiii41 #ahb-ahf4 ,,tasso1 ,,torquato1 x41 #i-aj4 ,taylor1 ,bayard1 quoted1 #fh1 #ga4 ,taylor1 ,sir ,henry1 quoted1 #ajd4 ,,thackeray1 ,,william ,m41 #hf1 #ia1 #ib1 #ie4 ,ticknor1 ,george1 quoted1 #di4 ,,turner1 ,j4 ,m4 ,w41 #adb-ade4 ,volk1 ,leonard ,w41 quoted1 #bcg1 #bch4 ,warville1 ,brissot de1 quoted1 #aag4 ,,washington1 xiv41 #d1 #bcc-bcg1 #bda1 #bdi4 ,,webster1 ,,daniel1 #bec1 #bed4 ,weld1 ,charles ,richard1 quoted1 #hb1 #he4 ,whipple1 ,e4 ,p41 quoted1 #adi4 ,whittier1 ,john ,g41 quoted1 #bej4 ,wikoff1 ,henry1 quoted1 #bjb1 #bje4 ,wilde1 ,sir ,william1 quoted1 #ahb1 #ahf4 ,willis1 ,nathaniel ,p41 quoted1 #afg1 #agg1 #agh1 #aha4 ,winter1 ,william1 quoted1 #cd1 #cg1 #ch4 ,,wordsworth1 ,,william1 #ajj-aje4 ,young1 ,julian ,charles1 quoted1 #ie1 #if4 ,,the ,,end ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,by ,,laurence ,,hutton4 ,,curiosities ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,stage4 ,illustrated4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #b #ej4 ,,edwin ,,booth4 ,illustrated4 #cbmo1 ,cloth1 ,ornamental1 #ej cents4 ,,from ,,the ,,books ,,of ,,laurence ,,hutton4 ,with ,portrait4 #afmo1 ,cloth1 ,ornamental1 #a #jj4 ,,literary ,,landmarks ,,of ,,edinburgh4 ,illustrated4 ,post #hvo1 ,cloth1 #a #jj4 ,,literary ,,landmarks ,,of ,,london4 ,illustrated4 ,post #hvo1 ,cloth1 #a #ge4 ,,published ,,by ,,harper ,,brothers1 ,,new ,,york4 ,for sale by all booksellers1 or will be sent by the publishers1 postage prepaid1 to any part of the ,united ,states1 ,canada1 or ,mexico1 on receipt of the price4