,,d>w9iana ,,essays ,,& ,,reviews ,,p]ta9+ ,,to ,,d>w9ism ,,by ,,asa ,,gray ,,fi%] ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory 7,,botany7 ,,9 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,,new ,,york3 #ahgf4 ,,cont5ts ,,d>w9iana ,,preface ,,article ,i ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,natural ,,selection ,views & ,def9itions ( ,species--,h[ ,d>w9's diff]s f t ( ,agassiz1 & f ! ,common ,view--,v>iation1 its ,causes unkn[n4--,d>w9's ,g5ealogical ,tree--,d>w9 & ,agassiz agree 9 ! ,capital ,facts--,embryology--,physical ,connection ( ,species compatible ) ,intellectual ,connection--,h[ to prove ,transmutation4--,kn[n ,ext5t ( ,v>iation--,cause ( ,lik5ess unkn[n--,artificial ,selection4--,rev]sion--,int]bre$+--,nat ural ,selection4--,classification t5tative4--,:at ,d>w9 assumes4--,argum5t /at$4--,h[ ,natural ,selection works4--,:]e ! ,argum5t is weake/4--,objections--,morphology & ,teleology h>moniz$4--,!ory n a!i/ical4--,conceivable ,modes ( ,relation ( ,god to ,nature ,,article ,,ii ,,design ,,v]sus ,,necessity-- ,a ,,discussion ,h[ ,design 9 ,nature c be %[n--,design n inconsi/5t ) ,indirect ,atta9m5t ,,article ,,iii ,,natural ,,selection ,,n ,,inconsi/5t ,,) ,,natural ,,!ology ,,"p ,i4--,premonitions ( ,d>w9ism4--,a ,prop] ,subject = ,speculation4--,summ>y ( ,facts & ,ideas sugge/ive ( ,hypo!ses ( ,d]ivation ,"p ,,ii--,limitations ( ,!ory conc$$ by ,d>w94--,:at ,d>w9ism expla9s4--,geological ,argum5t /rong 9 ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod4-- ,correspond5ce betwe5 ,rank & ,geological ,succession--,difficulties 9 ,classification4--,nature ( ,aff9ity4--,no ,absolute ,di/9ction betwe5 ,vegetable & ,animal ,k+doms4--,individuality4--,gradation ,,"p ,,iii4--,!ories contra/$4--,e>ly ,argum5ts aga9/ ,d>w9ism4--,philosophical & ,!ological ,objections--,!ory may be !i/ic4--,f9al ,cause n exclud$4--,cause ( ,v>iation unkn[n4--,?ree ,views ( ,effici5t ,cause compatible ) ,!ism4--,agassiz's ,objections ( a ,philosophical ,nature4--,m9or ,objections4--,conclusion ,,article ,,iv ,,species ,,z ,,to ,,v>iation1 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution1 ,,& ,,succession ,alphonse ,de ,c&olle's ,/udy ( ! ,oak ,g5us4--,v>iability ( ! ,species4--,antiquity4--,a ,common ,orig9 probable4--,dr4 ,falcon] on ! ,common ,orig9 ( ,elephants--,v>iation & ,natural ,selection di/+ui%$4--,saporta on ! ,gradation betwe5 ! ,vegetable ,=ms ( ! ,cretace\s & ! ,t]ti>y4--,hypo!sis ( ,d]ivation m likely to be favor$ by ,botani/s ?an by ,zoologi/s4--,views ( ,agassiz respect+ ! ,orig91 ,disp]sion1 ,v>iation1 ,*>act]i/ics1 & ,successive ,creation ( ,species contra/$ ) ^? ( ,de ,c&olle & o!rs--,def9ition ( ,species--,:e!r its ,ess5ce is 9 ! ,lik5ess or 9 ! ,g5ealogical ,connection ( ! ,individuals compos+ a ,species ,,article ,v ,,sequoia ,,& ,,its ,,hi/ory3 ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,to ,,nor!a/ ,,asian ,,& ,,to ,,t]ti>y ,,vegetation ,age & ,size ( ,sequoia4--,isolation4--,decad5ce4--,rel at$ ,g5]a4-- ,=m] ,di/ribution4--,simil>ity betwe5 ! ,flora ( ,japan & t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 especially on ! ,atlantic ,side4--,=m] ,glaciation z expla9+ ! ,pres5t ,disp]sion ( ,species4--,?is confirm$ by ! ,arctic ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod4--,t]ti>y ,flora d]iv$ f ! ,prec$+ ,cretace\s4--,ord] & ,adaptation 9 ,organic ,nature lik5$ to a ,fl[4--,ord] implies an ,orda9] ,,article ,,vi ,,! ,,attitude ,,( ,,work+ ,,naturali/s ,,t[>d ,,d>w9ism ,g5]al ,t5d5cy to ,acceptance ( ! ,d]ivative ,hypo!sis not$4--,lyell1 ,ow51 ,alphonse ,de ,c&olle1 ,b5?am1 ,fl[]1 ,ailman4-- ,dr4 ,dawson's ,/ory ( ! ,e>? & ,man exam9$4--,diff]5ce betwe5 ,sci5tific ,m5 & ,g5]al ,speculators or ,amateurs 9 ! ,use ( ,hypo!ses ,,article ,,vii ,,evolution ,,& ,,!ology ,writ+s ( ,h5sl[1 ,hodges1 & ,le ,conte exam9$4--,evolution & ,design compatible4--,! ,admission ( a ,sy/em ( ,nature1 ) ,fix$ ,laws1 conc$es 9 ,pr9ciple all t ! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution requires4--,hypo!ses1 ,probabilities1 & ,surmises1 n to be decri$ by ,!ologians1 :o use !m1 p]haps1 m freely & loosely ?an ,naturali/s4--,!ologians risk too mu* 9 ! ,def5se ( ,unt5able ,outpo/s ,,article ,,viii ,,:at ,,is ,,d>w9ism8 ,dr4 ,hodges ,book ) ?is ,title criticis$4--,he decl>es t ,d>w9ism is ,a!ism1 yet its ,f\nd] a ,!i/4--,d>w9ism f\nd$1 h[ev]1 ^u ,or?odox ,conceptions1 & oppos$1 n to ,!ism1 b only to ,int]v5tion 9 ,nature1 :ile ! ,key-note ( ,dr4 ,h$ge's ,sy/em is ,int]f]5ce4--,views & ,writ+s ( ,/4 ,clair1 ,w9*ell1 & ,k+sley adv]t$ to ,,article ,,ix ,,*>les ,,d>w93 ,,sket* ,,accompany+ ,a ,,portrait ,,9 ,,nature ,d>w9's ,*>act]i/ics & ,"w z a ,naturali/ comp>$ ) ^? ( ,rob]t ,br[n4--,8 ,illu/ration ( ! ,pr9ciple t ,nature abhors ,close ,f]tilization4 --,8 ,impression ^u ,natural ,hi/ory exce$$ only by ,l9naeus4--,8 ,s]vice 9 re/or+ ,teleology to ,natural ,hi/ory ,,article ,x ,,insectivor\s ,,plants ,classification m>ks ,di/9ctions :]e ,nature exhibits ,gradations4-- ,recov]y ( ,=gott5 ,k & ,hi/ory ( :at 0 kn[n ( ,dionzea1 ,dros]a1 & ,s>rac5ia4 ,,article ,,xi ,,insectivor\s ,,& ,,climb+ ,,plants ,review ( ,d>w9's ,two ,works ^u ^! ,subjects--,no ,absolute ,m>ks = di/+ui%+ betwe5 ,vegetables & ,animals4--,new obs]vations ^u ! ,sundews or ,dros]as4--,_! ,s5sitiv5ess1 ,movem5ts1 ,disc]nm5t ( ! ,pres5ce & ,appropriation ( ,animal ,matt]4--,dionaea1 & o!r ,plants ( ! same ,ord]4--,utricul>ia & ,p+uicula4--,s>rac5ia & ,nep5!s4--,climb+ ,plants2 ! ,climb+ effect$ ?r\gh ,s5sitiv5ess or ,response to ,ext]nal ,impression & ,automatic ,movem5t4--,capacities inh]5t 9 ,plants g5]ally1 & app>5tly ( no ,s]vice to !m1 develop$ & utiliz$ by ^? :i* climb4--,natural ,selection n a ,complete ,explanation ,,article ,,xii ,,duration ,,& ,,orig9ation ,,( ,,race ,,& ,,species ,,"p ,i4--,d ,v>ieties 9 ,plants we> out1 or t5d to we> out8--,! ,"q consid]$ 9 ! ,light ( ,facts1 & 9 t ( ! ,d>w9ian ,!ory4--,conclusion t ,races sexually propagat$ ne$ n die ( ,old ,age4--,?is ,conclusion inf]r$ f ! ,provisions & ,arrangem5ts 9 ,nature to secure ,cross-,f]tilization ( ,individuals4-- ,ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,developm5t ( ?is ,view ,,"p ,,ii4--,d ,species we> out1 &1 if n1 :y n8--,implication ( ! ,d>w9ian ,!ory t ,species are unlimit$ 9 ,exi/5ce4--,exam9ation ( an ,opposite ,doctr9e ma9ta9$ by ,naud94--,evid5ce t ,species may die out f ,inh]5t ,causes only indirect & inf]5tial f ,arrangem5ts to secure ,wide ,bre$+--,physiological ,import ( ,sexes--,d\btful :e!r ,sexual ,reproduction ) ,wide ,bre$+ is a ,prev5tive or only a ,palliative ( ,decrepitude 9 ,species4-- ,d>w9ian ,hypo!sis mu/ suppose ! ,=m] ,,article ,,xiii ,,evolution>y ,,teleology ,! ,opposition betwe5 ,morphology & ,teleology reconcil$ by ,d>w9ism1 & ! ,latt] re9/at$--,"* ( ! ,new ,teleology4--,purpose & ,design di/+ui%$--,man has no ,monopoly ( ! ,latt]4--,inf]5ce ( ,design f ,adaptation & ,utility legitimate2 also 9 ,hume's ,op9ion irresi/ible--,! ,pr9ciple ( ,design1 tak5 ) ,specific ,creation1 totally insuffici5t & l>gely inapplicable2 b1 tak5 ) ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,evolution ( ,species 9 ,nature1 applicable1 p]t95t1 &1 moreov]1 necess>y4--,illu/rations f ,abortive ,organs1 suppos$ ,wa/e ( ,be+1 etc4--,all ,nature be+ ( a ,piece1 ,design mu/ ei!r p]vade or be abs5t f ! ,:ole4--,its ,abs5ce n to be inf]r$ because ! ,ev5ts take place 9 ,nature--,illu/ration ( ! ,nature & ,prov9ce ( ,natural ,selection4--,x picks out1 b does n orig9ate ,v>iations2 ^! n a ,product (1 b a ,response to1 ! ,environm5t2 n physical1 b physiological--,adaptations 9 ,nature n expla9$ by ,natural ,selection ap>t f ,design or ,f9al ,cause--,absurdity ( associat+ ,design only ) ,miracle--,:at is meant by ,nature4--,! ,tradition ( ! ,,div9e 9 ,nature1 te/ifi$ to by ,ari/otle1 comes d[n to our ,day ) ,undim9i%$ ,value ,,preface ,^! pap]s are n[ collect$ at ! reque/ ( fri5ds & correspond5ts1 :o ?9k t !y may be useful2 & two new essays are add$4 ,mo/ ( ! articles 7 writt5 z occasion call$ = !m )9 ! pa/ sixte5 ye>s1 & contribut$ to v>i\s p]iodicals1 ) little ?\ght ( _! =m+ a s]ies1 & none ( ev] br++ !m toge!r into a volume1 al?\gh "o ( !m 7! ?ird7 0 once repr9t$ 9 a pamphlet =m4 ,x is1 !re=e1 inevitable t !re %\ld be consid]able it]ation 9 ! argum5t1 if n 9 ! language4 ,?is c\ld n be elim9at$ except by reca/+ ! :ole1 :i* 0 nei!r practicable nor really desirable4 ,x is bett] t !y %\ld record1 z !y d1 ! writ]'s freely-express$ ?\ghts ^u ! subject at ! "t2 & to _m read]s !re may be "s advantage 9 go+ m ?an once1 9 diff]5t directions1 ov] ! same gr\nd4 ,if ^! essays 7 to be writt5 n[1 "s ?+s might be diff]5tly express$ or qualifi$1 b probably n s z to affect mat]ially any important po9t4 ,accord+ly1 !y are "h repr9t$ un*ang$1 except by a few m]ely v]bal alt]ations made 9 pro(-read+1 & ! /rik+ out ( "o or two sup]flu\s or immat]ial passages4 ,a v few additional notes or ref]5ces are app5d$4 ,to ! la/ article b "o a second "p is n[ add$1 & ! m elaborate ,article ,,xiii is :olly new4 ,if x be object$ t "s ( ^! pages are writt5 9 a lightness ( ve9 n q congru\s ) ! gravity ( ! subject & ! s]i\sness ( its issues1 ! excuse mu/ be t !y 7 writt5 ) p]fect fre$om1 mo/ ( !m z anonym\s contributions to popul> j\rnals1 & t an argum5t may n be ! less s\nd or an exposition less effective = be+ playful4 ,"s ( ! essays1 h[ev]1 deal+ ) po9ts ( speculative sci5tific int]e/1 may r$ress ! balance1 & be ?\ght suffici5tly heavy if n solid4 ,to ! objection likely to be made1 t !y cov] only a "p ( ! gr\nd1 x c only be repli$ t !y d n pret5d to be sy/ematic or complete4 ,!y are all essays relat+ 9 "s way or o!r to ! subject :i* has be51 dur+ ^! ye>s1 ( p>am\nt int]e/ to naturali/s1 & n mu* less s to mo/ ?9k+ p4 ,! fir/ appe>$ betwe5 sixte5 & sev5te5 ye>s ago1 imm$iately aft] ! publication ( ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species by ,means ( ,natural ,selection1 z a review ( t volume1 :i*1 x 0 !n =ese51 0 to initiate a revolution 9 g5]al sci5tific op9ion4 ,long be=e our la/ article 0 writt51 x c\ld be affirm$ t ! g5]al doctr9e ( ! d]ivation ( species 7to put x compreh5sively7 has prevail$ ov] t ( specific creation1 at lea/ to ! ext5t ( be+ ! receiv$ & presumably 9 "s s5se true conception4 ,f> f und]tak+ any g5]al discussion ( evolution1 sev]al ev5 ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's writ+s h n be5 notic$1 & topics :i* h be5 mu* discuss$ else:]e are n "h adv]t$ to4 ,?is applies especially to :at may be call$ d$uctive evolution--a subject :i* lay beyond ! writ]'s imm$iate scope1 & to :i* nei!r ! b5t ( 8 m9d nor ! l9e ( 8 /udies has fitt$ him to d ju/ice4 ,if ^! pap]s are useful at all1 x w be z %[+ h[ ^! new views ( our day are reg>d$ by a practical naturali/1 v]s$ 9 "o dep>tm5t only 7viz41 ,botany71 mo/ int]e/$ 9 _! be>+s ^u its special problems1 "o accu/om$ to direct & close deal+s ) ! facts 9 h&1 & dispos$ to rise f !m only to ! consid]ation ( ^? g5]al que/ions ^u :i* !y ?r[ or f :i* !y receive illu/ration4 ,!n z to ! natural !ological que/ions :i* 7ow+ to circum/ances ne$less n[ to be recall$ or expla9$7 are "h ?r\gh\t br\ght into :at mo/ naturali/s1 & "s o!r read]s1 may deem undue prom95ce1 !re are _m :o may be int]e/$ to "k h[ ^! increas+ly preval5t views & _! t5d5cies are reg>d$ by "o :o is sci5tifically1 & 9 8 own fa%ion1 a ,d>w9ian1 philosophically a conv9c$ !i/1 & religi\sly an acceptor ( ! cre$ commonly call$ ! ,nic5e1 z ! expon5t ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,tru? em]ges soon] f error ?an f confusion1 says ,bacon2 & cle>] views ?an commonly prevail ^u ! po9ts at issue reg>d+ religion & sci5ce are /ill suffici5tly ne$$ to ju/ify ^! endeavors4 ,,botanic ,,g>d51 ,,cambridge1 ,,mass41 ,june1 #ahgf4 ,i ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,natural ,,selection ,i-#a 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 ,m>*1 #ahfj7 ,?is book is already excit+ mu* att5tion4 ,two ,am]ican editions are ann\nc$1 ?r\gh :i* x w become famili> to _m ( our read]s1 be=e ^! pages are issu$4 ,an ab/ract ( ! argum5t--= ! :ole volume is "o long argum5t1 z ! au?or /ates--is unnecess>y 9 su* a case2 & x w\ld be difficult to give by deta*$ extracts4 ,= ! volume itself is an ab/ract1 a prodromus ( a detail$ "w ^u :i* ! au?or has be5 labor+ = tw5ty ye>s1 & :i* w take two or ?ree m ye>s to complete4 ,x is exce$+ly compact2 & al?\gh useful summ>ies are app5d$ to ! sev]al *apt]s1 & a g5]al recapitulation conta9s ! ess5ce ( ! :ole1 yet mu* ( ! aroma escapes 9 ! treble di/illation1 or is s conc5trat$ t ! flavor is lo/ to ! g5]al or ev5 to ! sci5tific read]4 ,! volume itself--! pro(-_s--is j cond5s$ en\gh = its purpose4 ,x w be f> m widely read1 & p]haps w make deep] impression1 ?an ! elaborate "w might h done1 ) all its full details ( ! facts ^u :i* ! au?or's sweep+ conclusions h be5 gr\nd$4 ,at lea/ x is a m readable book3 b all ! facts t c be mu/]$ 9 favor ( ! !ory are /ill likely to be ne$$4 ,:o1 ^u a s+le p]usal1 %all pass judgm5t ^u a "w l ?is1 to :i* tw5ty ( ! be/ ye>s ( ! life ( a mo/ able naturali/ h be5 devot$8 ,& :o among ^? naturali/s :o hold a position t entitles !m to pron\nce summ>ily ^u ! subject1 c be expect$ to dive/ himself = ! nonce ( ! influ5ce ( receiv$ & favorite sy/ems8 ,9 fact1 ! controv]sy n[ op5$ is n likely to be settl$ 9 an (f-h& way1 nor is x desirable t x %\ld be4 ,a spirit$ conflict among op9ions ( e grade mu/ ensue1 :i*--to borr[ an illu/ration f ! doctr9e ( ! book be=e u--may be lik5$ to ! conflict 9 ,nature among races 9 ! /ruggle = life1 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 describes2 ?r\gh :i* ! views mo/ favor$ by facts w be develop$ & te/$ by ,natural ,selection1 ! weak] ones be de/roy$ 9 ! process1 & ! /ronge/ 9 ! long-run alone survive4 ,! duty ( review+ ?is volume 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce w\ld naturally devolve ^u ! pr9cipal editor1' ^: wide obs]vation & pr(\nd k ( v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( natural hi/ory1 z well z ( geology1 p>ticul>ly qualify him = ! task4 ,b he has be5 oblig$ to lay aside 8 p51 & to seek 9 di/ant l&s ! entire repose f sci5tific labor s ess5tial to ! re/oration ( 8 heal?--a consummation dev\tly to be wi%$1 & confid5tly to be expect$4 ,int]e/$ z ,mr4 ,dana w\ld be 9 ?is volume1 he c\ld n be expect$ to accept ?is doctr9e4 ,views s ideali/ic z ^? ^u :i* 8 ,?\ghts ^u ,species ,i-#b are gr\nd$1 w n h>monize readily ) a doctr9e s ?or\ghly naturali/ic z t ( ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,?\gh x is j possible t "o :o reg>ds ! k9ds ( elem5t>y matt]1 su* z oxyg5 & hydrog51 & ! def9ite comp\nds ( ^! elem5t>y matt]s1 & _! comp\nds aga91 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 z con/itut+ species1 9 ! same s5se1 fundam5tally1 z t ( animal & vegetable species1 might admit an evolution ( "o species f ano!r 9 ! latt] z well z ! =m] case4 ,betwe5 ! doctr9es ( ?is volume & ^? ( ! o!r great naturali/ ^: "n adorns ! title-page ( ?is j\rnal1 ! wide/ div]g5ce appe>s4 ,x is int]e/+ to contra/ ! two1 &1 inde$1 is necess>y to our purpose2 = ?is contra/ br+s out mo/ prom95tly1 & sets 9 /ronge/ light & %ade1 ! ma9 features ( ! !ory ( ! orig9ation ( species by means ( ,natural ,selection4 ,! ord9>y & g5]ally-receiv$ view assumes ! indep5d5t1 specific creation ( ea* k9d ( plant & animal 9 a primitive /ock1 :i* reproduces its l f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & s cont9ues ! species4 ,tak+ ! idea ( species f ?is p]5nial succession ( ess5tially simil> individuals1 ! *a9 is logically traceable back to a local orig9 9 a s+le /ock1 a s+le pair1 or a s+le individual1 f :i* all ! individuals compos+ ! species h proce$$ by natural g5]ation4 ,al?\gh ! simil>ity ( prog5y to p>5t is fundam5tal 9 ! conception ( species1 yet ! lik5ess is by no means absolute2 all species v>y m or less1 & "s v>y rem>kably--p>tly f ! influ5ce ( alt]$ circum/ances1 & p>tly 7& m really7 f unkn[n con/itutional causes :i* alt]$ conditions favor r ?an orig9ate4 ,b ^! v>iations are suppos$ to be m]e oscillations f a normal /ate1 & 9 ,nature to be limit$ if n transitory2 s t ! primordial diff]5ces betwe5 species & species at _! beg9n+ h n be5 effac$1 nor l>gely obscur$1 by bl5d+ ?r\gh v>iation4 ,consequ5tly1 :5ev] two reput$ species are f\nd to bl5d 9 ,nature ?r\gh a s]ies ( int]m$iate =ms1 community ( orig9 is inf]r$1 & all ! =ms1 h[ev] div]se1 are held to belong to "o species4 ,moreov]1 s9ce bisexuality is ! rule 9 ,nature 7:i* is practically c>ri$ out1 9 ! long-run1 f> m g5]ally ?an has be5 suspect$71 & ! h]itable qualities ( two di/9ct individuals are m+l$ 9 ! (fspr+1 x is suppos$ t ! g5]al /]ility ( hybrid prog5y int]poses an effectual b>ri] aga9/ ! bl5d+ ( ! orig9al species by cross+4 ,f ?is g5]ally-accept$ view ! well-kn[n !ory ( ,agassiz & ! rec5t "o ( ,d>w9 div]ge 9 exactly opposite directions4 ,t ( ,agassiz diff]s fundam5tally f ! ord9>y view only 9 ?is1 t x disc>ds ! idea ( a common desc5t z ! real bond ( union among ! individuals ( a species1 & also ! idea ( a local orig9--suppos+1 in/ead1 t ea* species orig9at$ simultane\sly1 g5]ally speak+1 ov] ! :ole geographical area x n[ occupies or has occupi$1 & 9 p]haps z _m individuals z x numb]$ at any subsequ5t p]iod4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 on ! o!r h&1 holds ! or?odox view ( ! desc5t ( all ! individuals ( a species n only f a local bir?place1 b f a s+le ance/or or pair2 & t ea* species has ext5d$ & e/abli%$ itself1 ?r\gh natural ag5cies1 :]ev] x c\ld2 s t ! actual geographical di/ribution ( any species is by no means a primordial arrangem5t1 b a natural result4 ,he goes f>!r1 & ?is volume is a protract$ argum5t int5d$ to prove t ! species we recognize h n be5 indep5d5tly creat$1 z su*1 b h desc5d$1 l v>ieties1 f o!r species4 ,v>ieties1 on ?is view1 are incipi5t or possible species3 species are v>ieties ( a l>g] gr[? & a wid] & e>li] div]g5ce f ! p>5t /ock2 ! diff]5ce is "o ( degree1 n ( k9d4 ,! ord9>y view--r5d]+ unto ,caes> ! ?+s t are ,caes>'s--looks to natural ag5cies = ! actual di/ribution & p]petuation ( species1 to a sup]natural = _! orig94 ,! !ory ( ,agassiz reg>ds ! orig9 ( species & _! pres5t g5]al di/ribution ov] ! _w z equally primordial1 equally sup]natural2 t ( ,d>w91 z equally d]ivative1 equally natural4 ,! !ory ( ,agassiz1 ref]r+ z x does ! ph5om5a bo? ( orig9 & di/ribution directly to ! ,div9e w--?us remov+ ! latt] ) ! =m] out ( ! doma9 ( inductive sci5ce 79 :i* effici5t cause is n ! fir/1 b ! la/ ^w7--may be said to be !i/ic to excess4 ,! contra/$ !ory is n op5 to ?is objection4 ,/udy+ ! facts & ph5om5a 9 ref]5ce to proximate causes1 & endeavor+ to trace back ! s]ies ( cause & effect z f> z possible1 ,d>w9's aim & processes are /rictly sci5tific1 & 8 endeavor1 :e!r successful or futile1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a legitimate attempt to ext5d ! doma9 ( natural or physical sci5ce4 ,=1 ?\gh x well may be t organic =ms h no physical or second>y cause1 yet ?is c be prov$ only indirectly1 by ! failure ( e attempt to ref] ! ph5om5a 9 "q to causal laws4 ,b1 h[ev] orig9at$1 & :atev] be ?\ght ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's ardu\s und]tak+ 9 ?is respect1 x is c]ta9 t plants & animals are subject f _! bir? to physical influ5ces1 to :i* !y h to accommodate !mselves z !y c4 ,h[ lit]ally !y are born to tr\ble1 & h[ incessant & sev]e ! /ruggle = life g5]ally is1 ! pres5t volume graphically describes4 ,few w d5y t su* influ5ces mu/ h gravely affect$ ! range & ! association ( individuals & species on ! e>?'s surface4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ?9ks t1 act+ ^u an inh]5t pr$isposition to v>y1 !y h suffic$ ev5 to modify ! species !mselves & produce ! pres5t div]sity4 ,mr4 ,agassiz believes t !y h n ev5 affect$ ! geographical range & ! actual association ( species1 /ill less _! =ms2 b t e adaptation ( species to climate1 & ( species to species1 is z aborig9al1 & !re=e z inexplicable1 z are ! organic =ms !mselves4 ,:o %all decide betwe5 su* extreme views s ably ma9ta9$ on ei!r h&1 & say h[ mu* ( tru? !re may be 9 ea*8 ,! pres5t review] has n ! presumption to und]take su* a task4 ,hav+ no prepossession 9 favor ( naturali/ic !ories1 b /ruck ) ! em95t ability ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's "w1 & *>m$ ) its fairness1 our humbl] duty w be p]=m$ if1 lay+ aside prejudice z mu* z we c1 we %all succe$ 9 giv+ a fair acc\nt ( its me?od & argum5t1 (f]+ by ! way a few sugge/ions1 su* z might occur to any naturali/ ( an inquir+ m9d4 ,an editorial "* = ?is article mu/ 9 ju/ice be disclaim$4 ,! plural pron\n is employ$ n to give editorial weight1 b to avoid ev5 ! appe>ance ( egotism1 & also ! circumlocution :i* att5ds a rigor\s adh]5ce to ! imp]sonal /yle4 ,we h contra/$ ^! two extremely div]g5t !ories1 9 _! broad /atem5ts4 ,x mu/ n be inf]r$ t !y h no po9ts nor ultimate results 9 common4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y practically agree 9 upsett+1 ea* 9 its own way1 ! g5]ally-receiv$ def9ition ( species1 & 9 sweep+ away ! gr\nd ( _! objective exi/5ce 9 ,nature4 ,! or?odox conception ( species is t ( l9eal desc5t3 all ! desc5dants ( a common p>5t1 & no o!r1 con/itute a species2 !y h a c]ta9 id5tity because ( _! desc5t1 by :i* !y are suppos$ to be recognizable4 ,s naturali/s _h a di/9ct idea ( :at !y meant by ! t]m species1 & a practical rule1 :i* 0 h>dly ! less useful because difficult to apply 9 _m cases1 & because its application 0 indirect3 t is1 ! community ( orig9 _h to be inf]r$ f ! lik5ess2 su* degree ( simil>ity1 & su* only1 be+ held to be con-specific z c\ld be %[n or reasonably inf]r$ to be compatible ) a common orig94 ,& ! usual concurr5ce ( ! :ole body ( naturali/s 7hav+ ! same data be=e !m7 z to :at =ms are species atte/s ! value ( ! rule1 & also indicates "s real f\ndation = x 9 ,nature4 ,b if species 7 creat$ 9 numb]less individuals ov] broad spaces ( t]ritory1 ^! individuals are connect$ only 9 idea1 & species diff] f v>ieties on ! "o h&1 & f g5]a1 tribes1 etc41 on ! o!r1 only 9 degree2 & no obvi\s natural reason rema9s = fix+ ^u ?is or t degree z specific1 at lea/ no natural /&>d1 by :i* ! op9ions ( diff]5t naturali/s may be correlat$4 ,species ^u ?is view are endur+1 b subjective & ideal4 ,any ?ree or m ( ! human races1 = example1 are species or n species1 accord+ to ! b5t ( ! naturali/'s m9d4 ,d>w9's !ory br+s u ! o!r way to ! same result4 ,9 8 view1 n only all ! individuals ( a species are desc5dants ( a common p>5t1 b ( all ! relat$ species also4 ,aff9ity1 relation%ip1 all ! t]ms :i* naturali/s use figuratively to express an und]iv$1 unexpla9$ resemblance among species1 h a lit]al mean+ ^u ,d>w9's sy/em1 :i* !y little suspect$1 namely1 t ( inh]itance4 ,v>ieties are ! late/ (f%oots ( ! g5ealogical tree 9 an unl9eal ord]2 species1 ^? ( an e>li] date1 b ( no def9ite di/9ction2 g5]a1 m anci5t species1 & s on4 ,! human races1 ^u ?is view1 likewise may or may n be species accord+ to ! notions ( ea* naturali/ z to :at diff]5ces are specific2 b1 if n species already1 ^? races t la/ long en\gh are sure to become s4 ,x is only a "q ( "t4 ,h[ well ! simile ( a g5ealogical tree illu/rates ! ma9 ideas ( ,d>w9's !ory ! foll[+ extract f ! summ>y ( ! f\r? *apt] %[s3 ,x is a truly wond]ful fact--! wond] ( :i* we are apt to ov]look f famili>ity--t all animals & all plants ?r\gh\t all "t & space %\ld be relat$ to ea* o!r 9 gr\p subord9ate to gr\p1 9 ! mann] :i* we ev]y:]e behold--namely1 v>ieties ( ! same species mo/ closely relat$ toge!r1 species ( ! same g5us less closely & unequally relat$ toge!r1 =m+ sections & sub-g5]a1 species ( di/9ct g5]a mu* less closely relat$1 & g5]a relat$ 9 diff]5t degrees1 =m+ sub-families1 families1 ord]s1 sub-classes1 & classes4 ,! sev]al subord9ate gr\ps 9 any class _c be rank$ 9 a s+le file1 b seem r to be clu/]$ r\nd po9ts1 & ^! r\nd o!r po9ts1 & s on 9 almo/ endless cycles4 ,on ! view t ea* species has be5 indep5d5tly creat$1 ,i c see no explanation ( ?is great fact 9 ! classification ( all organic be+s2 b1 to ! be/ ( my judgm5t1 x is expla9$ ?r\gh inh]itance & ! complex action ( natural selection1 entail+ ext9ction & div]g5ce ( "*1 z we h se5 illu/rat$ 9 ! diagram4 ,! aff9ities ( all ! be+s ( ! same class h sometimes be5 repres5t$ by a great tree4 ,i believe ?is simile l>gely speaks ! tru?4 ,! gre5 & budd+ twigs may repres5t exi/+ species2 & ^? produc$ dur+ ea* =m] ye> may repres5t ! long succession ( ext9ct species4 ,at ea* p]iod ( gr[? all ! gr[+ twigs h tri$ to bran* out on all sides1 & ov]top & kill ! surr\nd+ twigs & bran*es1 9 ! same mann] z species & gr\ps ( species h tri$ to ov]ma/] o!r species 9 ! great battle = life4 ,! limbs divid$ into great bran*es1 & ^! into less] & less] bran*es1 7 !mselves once1 :5 ! tree 0 small1 budd+ twigs2 & ?is connection ( ! =m] & pres5t buds by ramify+ bran*es may well repres5t ! classification ( all ext9ct & liv+ species 9 gr\ps subord9ate to gr\ps4 ,( ! _m twigs :i* fl\ri%$ :5 ! tree 0 a m]e bu%1 only two or ?ree1 n[ gr[n into great bran*es1 yet survive & be> all ! o!r bran*es2 s ) ! species :i* liv$ dur+ long-pa/ geological p]iods1 v few n[ h liv+ & modifi$ desc5dants4 ,f ! fir/ gr[? ( ! tree1 _m a limb & bran* has decay$ & dropp$ (f2 & ^! lo/ bran*es ( v>i\s sizes may repres5t ^? :ole ord]s1 families1 & g5]a1 :i* h n[ no liv+ repres5tatives1 & :i* are kn[n to u only f hav+ be5 f\nd 9 a fossil /ate4 ,z we "h & !re see a ?91 /raggl+ bran* spr++ f a =k l[ d[n 9 a tree1 & :i* by "s *ance has be5 favor$ & is /ill alive on its summit1 s we occasionally see an animal l ! ,orni?orhyn*us or ,lepidosir51 :i* 9 "s small degree connects by its aff9ities two l>ge bran*es ( life1 & :i* has app>5tly be5 sav$ f fatal competition by hav+ inhabit$ a protect$ /ation4 ,z buds give rise by gr[? to fre% buds1 & ^!1 if vigor\s1 bran* out & ov]top on all sides _m a feebl] bran*1 s by g5]ation ,i believe x has be5 ) ! great ,tree ( ,life1 :i* fills ) its dead & brok5 bran*es ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 & cov]s ! surface ) its ev]-bran*+ & beautiful ramification4 ,x may also be not$ t !re is a significant correspond5ce betwe5 ! rival !ories z to ! ma9 facts employ$4 ,app>5tly e capital fact 9 ! "o view is a capital fact 9 ! o!r4 ,! diff]5ce is 9 ! int]pretation4 ,to run ! p>allel ready made to our h&s3 ,i-#d ,! simultane\s exi/5ce ( ! mo/ div]sifi$ types "u id5tical circum/ances 4 4 4 ! repetition ( simil> types "u ! mo/ div]sifi$ circum/ances 4 4 4 ! unity ( plan 9 o!rwise highly-div]sifi$ types ( animals 4 4 4 ! correspond5ce1 n[ g5]ally kn[n z special homologies1 9 ! details ( /ructure o!rwise entirely disconnect$1 d[n to ! mo/ m9ute peculi>ities 4 4 4 ! v>i\s degrees & diff]5t k9ds ( relation%ip among animals :i* 7app>5tly7 c h no g5ealogical connection 4 4 4 ! simultane\s exi/5ce 9 ! e>lie/ geological p]iods1 4 4 4 ( repres5tatives ( all ! great types ( ! animal k+dom 4 4 4 ! gradation bas$ ^u complications ( /ructure :i* may be trac$ among animals built ^u ! same plan2 ! di/ribution ( "s types ov] ! mo/ ext5sive range ( surface ( ! globe1 :ile o!rs are limit$ to p>ticul> geographical areas 4 4 4 ! id5tity ( /ructures ( ^! types1 not)/&+ _! wide geographical di/ribution 4 4 4 ! community ( /ructure 9 c]ta9 respects ( animals o!rwise entirely diff]5t1 b liv+ )9 ! same geographical area 4 4 4 ! connection by s]ies ( special /ructures obs]v$ 9 animals widely scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! globe 4 4 4 ! def9ite relations 9 :i* animals /& to ! surr\nd+ _w1 4 4 4 ! relations 9 :i* individuals ( ! same species /& to "o ano!r 4 4 4 ! limitation ( ! range ( *anges :i* animals und]go dur+ _! gr[? 4 4 4 ! return to a def9ite norm ( animals :i* multiply 9 v>i\s ways 4 4 4 ! ord] ( succession ( ! diff]5t types ( animals & plants *>act]i/ic ( ! diff]5t geological epo*s1 4 4 4 ! localization ( "s types ( animals ^u ! same po9ts ( ! surface ( ! globe dur+ sev]al successive geological p]iods 4 4 4 ! p>allelism betwe5 ! ord] ( succession ( animals & plants 9 geological times1 & ! gradation among _! liv+ repres5tatives 4 4 4 ! p>allelism betwe5 ! ord] ( succession ( animals 9 geological times & ! *anges _! liv+ repres5tatives und]go dur+ _! embryological gr[?1 ,i-#e 4 4 4 ! comb9ation 9 _m ext9ct types ( *>act]s :i* 9 lat] ages appe> disconnect$ 9 diff]5t types1 4 4 4 ! p>allelism betwe5 ! gradation among animals & ! *anges !y und]go dur+ _! gr[?1 4 4 4 ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ^! diff]5t s]ies & ! geographical di/ribution ( animals1 4 4 4 ! connection ( all ! kn[n features ( ,nature into "o sy/em-- ,9 a ^w1 ! :ole relations ( animals1 etc41 to surr\nd+ ,nature & to ea* o!r1 are reg>d$ "u ! "o view z ultimate facts1 or 9 ! ultimate aspect1 & int]pret$ !ologically2 "u ! o!r z complex facts1 to be analyz$ & int]pret$ sci5tifically4 ,! "o naturali/1 p]haps too l>gely assum+ ! sci5tifically unexpla9$ to be inexplicable1 views ! ph5om5a only 9 _! suppos$ relation to ! ,div9e m9d4 ,! o!r1 naturally expect+ _m ( ^! ph5om5a to be resolvable "u inve/igation1 views !m 9 _! relations to "o ano!r1 & endeavors to expla9 !m z f> z he c 7& p]haps f>!r7 ?r\gh natural causes4 ,b does ! "o really exclude ! o!r8 ,does ! inve/igation ( physical causes /& oppos$ to ! !ological view & ! /udy ( ! h>monies betwe5 m9d & ,nature8 ,m ?an ?is1 is x n mo/ presumable t an intellectual conception realiz$ 9 ,nature w\ld be realiz$ ?r\gh natural ag5cies8 ,mr4 ,agassiz answ]s ^! que/ions affirmatively :5 he decl>es t ! task ( sci5ce is to inve/igate :at has be5 done1 to inquire if possible h[ x has be5 done1 r ?an to ask :at is possible = ! ,deity1 s9ce we c "k t only by :at actually exi/s2 & also :5 he ext5ds ! argum5t = ! int]v5tion 9 ,nature ( a creative m9d to its legitimate application 9 ! inorganic _w2 :i*1 he rem>ks1 consid]$ 9 ! same light1 w\ld n fail also to exhibit unexpect$ evid5ce ( ?\ght1 9 ! "* ( ! laws regulat+ ! *emical comb9ations1 ! action ( physical =ces1 etc41 etc4 ,i-#f ,mr4 ,agassiz1 h[ev]1 pron\nces t ! connection betwe5 ! facts is only intellectual--an op9ion :i* ! analogy ( ! inorganic _w1 j ref]r$ to1 does n confirm1 = !re a mat]ial connection betwe5 ! facts is ju/ly held to be consi/5t ) an intellectual--& :i* ! mo/ analog\s cases we c ?9k ( 9 ! organic _w d n favor2 = !re is a mat]ial connection betwe5 ! grub1 ! pupa1 & ! butt]fly1 betwe5 ! tadpole & ! frog1 or1 /ill bett]1 betwe5 ^? di/9ct animals :i* succe$ ea* o!r 9 alt]nate & v dissimil> g5]ations4 ,s t m]e analogy might r sugge/ a natural connection ?an ! contr>y2 & ! contr>y _c be demon/rat$ until ! possibilities ( ,nature "u ! ,deity are fa?om$4 ,b1 ! intellectual connection be+ und\bt$1 ,mr4 ,agassiz prop]ly ref]s ! :ole to ! ag5cy ( ,intellect z its fir/ cause4 ,9 do+ s1 h[ev]1 he is n suppos$ to be (f]+ a sci5tific explanation ( ! ph5om5a4 ,evid5tly he is consid]+ only ! ultimate :y1 n ! proximate :y or h[4 ,n[ ! latt] is j :at ,mr4 ,d>w9 is consid]+4 ,he conceives ( a physical connection betwe5 alli$ species2 b we suppose he does n d5y _! intellectual connection1 z relat$ to a supreme intellig5ce4 ,c]ta9ly we see no reason :y he %\ld1 & _m reasons :y he %\ld n1 ,inde$1 z we contemplate ! actual direction ( inve/igation & speculation 9 ! physical & natural sci5ces1 we dimly appreh5d a probable syn!sis ( ^! div]g5t !ories1 & 9 x ! gr\nd = a /rong /& aga9/ m]e naturalism4 ,ev5 if ! doctr9e ( ! orig9 ( species ?r\gh natural selection %\ld prevail 9 our day1 we %all n despair2 be+ confid5t t ! g5ius ( an ,agassiz w be f\nd equal to ! "w ( con/ruct+1 ^u ! m5tal & mat]ial f\ndations comb9$1 a !ory ( ,nature z !i/ic & z sci5tific z t :i* he has s eloqu5tly exp\nd$4 ,to conceive ! possibility ( ! desc5t ( species f species by ins5sibly f9e gradations dur+ a long c\rse ( "t1 & to demon/rate its compatibility ) a /rictly !i/ic view ( ! univ]se1 is "o ?+2 to sub/antiate ! !ory itself or %[ its likelihood is q ano!r ?+4 ,?is br+s u to consid] :at ,d>w9's !ory actually is1 & h[ he supports x4 ,t ! exi/+ k9ds ( animals & plants1 or _m ( !m1 may be d]iv$ f o!r & e>li] k9ds1 9 ! lapse ( "t1 is by no means a novel proposition4 ,n to speak ( anci5t speculations ( ! sort1 x is ! well-kn[n ,lam>ckian !ory4 ,! fir/ difficulty :i* su* !ories meet ) is t 9 ! pres5t age1 ) all its own & its inh]it$ prejudgm5ts1 ! :ole burd5 ( pro( is naturally1 & inde$ prop]ly1 laid ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! prop\nd]s2 & ?us f> ! burd5 has be5 m ?an !y c\ld be>4 ,f ! v nature ( ! case1 sub/antive pro( ( specific creation is n atta9able2 b t ( d]ivation or transmutation ( species may be4 ,he :o affirms ! latt] view is b\nd to d "o or bo? ( two ?+s3 #a4 ,ei!r to assign real & adequate causes1 ! natural or necess>y result ( :i* mu/ be to produce ! pres5t div]sity ( species & _! actual relations2 or1 #b4 ,to %[ ! g5]al con=mity ( ! :ole body ( facts to su* assumption1 & also to adduce in/ances explicable by x & inexplicable by ! receiv$ view1 s p]haps w9n+ our ass5t to ! doctr9e1 ?r\gh its compet5cy to h>monize all ! facts1 ev5 ?\gh ! cause ( ! assum$ v>iation rema9 z occult z t ( ! trans=mation ( tadpoles into frogs1 or t ( ,coryne into ,s>zia4 ,! fir/ l9e ( pro(1 successfully c>ri$ out1 w\ld e/abli% d]ivation z a true physical !ory2 ! second1 z a suffici5t hypo!sis4 ,lam>ck ma9ly und]took ! fir/ l9e1 9 a !ory :i* has be5 s assail$ by ridicule t x r>ely receives ! cr$it = ability to :i* 9 its day x 0 entitl$1 ,b he assign$ p>tly unreal1 p>tly insuffici5t causes2 & ! attempt to acc\nt = a progressive *ange 9 species ?r\gh ! direct influ5ce ( physical ag5cies1 & ?r\gh ! appet5cies & habits ( animals react+ ^u _! /ructure1 ?us caus+ ! production & ! successive modification ( organs1 is a conc$$ & total failure4 ,! %ad[y au?or ( ! ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation c h>dly be said to h und]tak5 ei!r l9e1 9 a sci5tific way4 ,he w\ld expla9 ! :ole progressive evolution ( ,nature by virtue ( an inh]5t t5d5cy to developm5t1 ?us giv+ u an idea or a ^w 9 place ( a natural cause1 a re/atem5t ( ! proposition in/ead ( an explanation4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 attempts bo? l9es ( pro(1 & 9 a /rictly sci5tific _s2 b ! /ress falls ma9ly ^u ! fir/1 =1 z he does assign real causes1 he is b\nd to prove _! adequacy4 ,x %\ld be kept 9 m9d t1 :ile all direct pro( ( indep5d5t orig9ation is atta9able f ! nature ( ! case1 ! ov]?r[ ( p>ticul> s*emes ( d]ivation has n e/abli%$ ! opposite proposition4 ,! futility ( ea* hypo!sis ?us f> propos$ to acc\nt = d]ivation may be made app>5t1 or unansw]able objections may be urg$ aga9/ x2 & ea* victory ( ! k9d may r5d] d]ivation m improbable1 & !re=e specific creation m probable1 )\t settl+ ! "q ei!r way4 ,new facts1 or new argum5ts & a new mode ( view+ ! "q1 may "s day *ange ! :ole aspect ( ! case4 ,x is ) ! latt] t ,mr4 ,d>w9 n[ reop5s ! discussion4 ,hav+ conceiv$ ! idea t v>ieties are incipi5t species1 he is l$ to /udy v>iation 9 ! field :]e x %[s itself mo/ /rik+ly1 & af=ds ! greate/ facilities to inve/igation4 ,?\ghtful naturali/s h _h increas+ gr\nds to suspect t a reexam9ation ( ! "q ( species 9 zoology & botany1 comm5c+ ) ^? races :i* man kn[s mo/ ab\t1 viz41 ! dome/icat$ & cultivat$ races1 w\ld be likely some:at to modify ! receiv$ idea ( ! entire fixity ( species4 ,?is field1 ri* ) v>i\s b unsy/ematiz$ /ores ( k accumulat$ by cultivators & bre$]s1 has be5 g5]ally neglect$ by naturali/s1 because ^! races are n 9 a /ate ( nature2 :]eas !y des]ve p>ticul> att5tion on ?is v acc\nt1 z exp]im5ts1 or ! mat]ials = exp]im5ts1 ready to our h&4 ,9 dome/ication we v>y "s ( ! natural conditions ( a species1 & ?us le>n exp]im5tally :at *anges are )9 ! rea* ( v>y+ conditions 9 ,nature4 ,we sep>ate & protect a favorite race aga9/ its foes or its competitors1 & ?us le>n :at x might become if ,nature ev] af=d$ x equal opportunities4 ,ev5 :51 to subs]ve human uses1 we modify a dome/icat$ race to ! detrim5t ( its native vigor1 or to ! ext5t ( practical mon/rosity1 al?\gh we secure =ms :i* w\ld n be orig9at$ & c\ld n be p]petuat$ 9 free ,nature1 yet we atta9 wid] & ju/] views ( ! possible degree ( v>iation4 ,we p]ceive t "s species are m v>iable ?an o!rs1 b t no species subject$ to ! exp]im5t p]si/5tly refuses to v>y2 & t1 :5 x has once begun to v>y1 its v>ieties are n ! less b ! m subject to v>iation4 ,no case is on record ( a v>iable be+ ceas+ to be v>iable "u cultivation4 ,x is fair to conclude1 f ! obs]vation ( plants & animals 9 a wild z well z dome/icat$ /ate1 t ! t5d5cy to v>y is g5]al1 & ev5 univ]sal4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 does n believe t v>iability is an inh]5t & necess>y cont+5cy1 "u all circum/ances1 ) all organic be+s1 z "s au?ors h ?\ght4 ,no "o supposes v>iation c\ld occur "u all circum/ances2 b ! facts on ! :ole imply a univ]sal t5d5cy1 ready to be manife/$ "u favorable circum/ances4 ,9 reply to ! assumption t man has *os5 = dome/ication animals & plants hav+ an extraord9>y inh]5t t5d5cy to v>y1 & likewise to )/& div]se climates1 x is ask$3 ,h[ c\ld a savage possibly "k1 :5 he fir/ tam$ an animal1 :e!r x w\ld v>y 9 succe$+ g5]ations & :e!r x w\ld endure o!r climates8 ,has ! little v>iability ( ! ass or ,gu9ea-f[l1 or ! small p[] ( endurance ( w>m? by ! re9de]1 or ( cold by ! common camel1 prev5t$ _! dome/ication8 ,i _c d\bt t if o!r animals & plants1 equal 9 numb] to our dome/icat$ productions1 & belong+ to equally div]se classes & c\ntries1 7 tak5 f a /ate ( nature1 & c\ld be made to bre$ = an equal numb] ( g5]ations "u dome/ication1 !y w\ld v>y on an av]age z l>gely z ! p>5t species ( our exi/+ dome/icat$ productions h v>i$4 ,z to am\nt ( v>iation1 !re is ! common rem>k ( naturali/s t ! v>ieties ( dome/icat$ plants or animals (t5 diff] m widely ?an d ! individuals ( di/9ct species 9 a wild /ate3 & ev5 9 ,nature ! individuals ( "s species are kn[n to v>y to a degree s5sibly wid] ?an t :i* sep>ates relat$ species4 ,9 8 in/ructive section on ! bre$s ( ! dome/ic pigeon1 our au?or rem>ks t at lea/ a score ( pigeons might be *os5 :i* if %[n to an orni?ologi/1 & he 7 told t !y 7 wild birds1 w\ld c]ta9ly be rank$ by him z well-def9$ species4 ,moreov]1 ,i d n believe t any orni?ologi/ w\ld place ! ,engli% c>ri]1 ! %ort-fac$ tumbl]1 ! runt1 ! b>b1 p\t]1 & fantail1 9 ! same g5us2 m especially z 9 ea* ( ^! bre$s sev]al truly-inh]it$ sub-bre$s1 or species1 z he might h call$ !m1 c\ld be %[n him4 ,t ?is is n a case l t ( dogs1 9 :i* probably ! blood ( m ?an "o species is m+l$1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 proce$s to %[1 adduc+ cog5t reasons = ! common op9ion t all h desc5d$ f ! wild rock-pigeon4 ,!n foll[ "s sugge/ive rem>ks3 ,i h discuss$ ! probable orig9 ( dome/ic pigeons at "s1 yet q insuffici5t1 l5g?2 because :5 ,i fir/ kept pigeons & wat*$ ! sev]al k9ds1 kn[+ well h[ true !y br$1 ,i felt fully z mu* difficulty 9 believ+ t !y c\ld ev] h desc5d$ f a common p>5t z any naturali/ c\ld 9 com+ to a simil> conclusion 9 reg>d to _m species ( f9*es1 or o!r l>ge gr\ps ( birds1 9 ,nature4 ,"o circum/ance has /ruck me mu*2 namely1 t all ! bre$]s ( ! v>i\s dome/ic animals & ! cultivators ( plants1 ) :om ,i h ev] conv]s$1 or ^: treatises ,i h read1 are firmly conv9c$ t ! sev]al bre$s to :i* ea* has att5d$ are desc5d$ f s _m aborig9ally di/9ct species4 ,ask1 z ,i h ask$1 a celebrat$ rais] ( ,h]e=d cattle1 :e!r 8 cattle might n h desc5d$ f long-horns1 & he w laugh y to scorn4 ,i h nev] met a pigeon1 or p\ltry1 or duck1 or rabbit fanci]1 :o 0 n fully conv9c$ t ea* ma9 bre$ 0 desc5d$ f a di/9ct species4 ,van ,mons1 9 8 treatise on pe>s & apples1 %[s h[ utt]ly he disbelieves t ! sev]al sorts1 = in/ance a ,rib/on-pipp9 or ,codl9-apple1 c\ld ev] h proce$$ f ! se$s ( ! same tree4 ,innum]able o!r examples c\ld be giv54 ,! explanation1 ,i ?9k1 is simple3 f long-cont9u$ /udy !y arc /rongly impress$ ) ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al races2 & ?\gh !y well "k t ea* race v>ies slightly1 = !y w9 _! prizes by select+ su* slight diff]5ces1 yet !y ignore all g5]al argum5ts1 & refuse to sum up 9 _! m9ds slight diff]5ces accumulat$ dur+ _m successive g5]ations4 ,may n ^? naturali/s :o1 kn[+ f> less ( ! laws ( inh]itance ?an does ! bre$]1 & kn[+ no m ?an he does ( ! int]m$iate l9ks 9 ! long l9es ( desc5t1 yet admit t _m ( our dome/ic races h desc5d$ f ! same p>5ts--may !y n le>n a lesson ( caution1 :5 !y d]ide ! idea ( species 9 a /ate ( nature be+ l9eal desc5dants ( o!r species8 ,! actual causes ( v>iation are unkn[n4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 favors ! op9ion ( ! late ,mr4 ,knight1 ! great philosoph] ( horticulture1 t v>iability t9d] dome/ication is someh[ connect$ ) excess ( food4 ,he reg>ds ! unkn[n cause z act+ *iefly ^u ! reproductive sy/em ( ! p>5ts1 :i* sy/em1 judg+ f ! effect ( conf9em5t or cultivation ^u its functions1 he concludes to be m susceptible ?an any o!r to ! action ( *ang$ conditions ( life4 ,! t5d5cy to v>y c]ta9ly appe>s to be mu* /rong] "u dome/ication ?an 9 free ,nature4 ,b we are n sure t ! great] v>iabl5ess ( cultivat$ races is n ma9ly ow+ to ! f> great] opportunities = manife/ation & accumulation--a view seem+ly all ! m favorable to ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory4 ,! actual am\nt ( c]ta9 *anges1 su* z size or abundance ( fruit1 size ( udd]1 /&s ( c\rse 9 obvi\s relation to supply ( food4 ,really1 we no m "k ! reason :y ! prog5y occasionally deviates f ! p>5t ?an we d :y x usually resembles x4 ,?\gh ! laws & conditions gov]n+ v>iation are kn[n to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ^? gov]n+ inh]itance are app>5tly inscrutable4 ,p]haps1 ,d>w9 rem>ks1 ! correct way ( view+ ! :ole subject w\ld be1 to look at ! inh]itance ( e "* :atev] z ! rule1 & non-inh]itance z ! anomaly4 ,?is1 f g5]al & obvi\s consid]ations1 we h long be5 accu/om$ to d4 ,n[1 z exceptional in/ances are expect$ to be capable ( explanation1 :ile ultimate laws are n1 x is q possible t v>iation may be acc\nt$ =1 :ile ! great prim>y law ( inh]itance rema9s a my/]i\s fact4 ,! common proposition is1 t species reproduce _! l2 ?is is a sort ( g5]al inf]5ce1 only a degree clos] to fact ?an ! /atem5t t g5]a reproduce _! l4 ,! true proposition1 ! fact incapable ( fur!r analysis1 is1 t individuals reproduce _! l--t *>act]i/ics are inh]itable4 ,s v>ieties1 or deviations1 once orig9at$1 are p]petuable1 l species4 ,n s likely to be p]petuat$1 at ! outset2 = ! new =m t5ds to resemble a gr&p>5t & a long l9e ( simil> ance/ors1 z well z to resemble its imm$iate prog5itors4 ,two =ces :i* co9cide 9 ! ord9>y case1 :]e ! (fspr+ resembles its p>5t1 act 9 diff]5t directions :5 x does n & x is unc]ta9 :i* w prevail4 ,if ! remot] b v pot5t ance/ral influ5ce pr$om9ates1 ! v>iation disappe>s ) ! life ( ! individual4 ,if t ( ! imm$iate p>5t--feebl] no d\bt1 b clos]--! v>iety survives 9 ! (fspr+2 ^: prog5y n[ has a r$\bl$ t5d5cy to produce its own l2 ^: prog5y aga9 is almo/ sure to produce its l1 s9ce x is mu* ! same :e!r x takes aft] its "m or its gr&mo!r4 ,9 ?is way races arise1 :i* "u favorable conditions may be z h]$it>y z species4 ,9 foll[+ ^! indications1 wat*+ opportunities1 & bre$+ only f ^? individuals :i* v>y mo/ 9 a desirable direction1 man leads ! c\rse ( v>iation z he leads a /reamlet--app>5tly at w1 b nev] aga9/ ! =ce ( gravitation--to a long di/ance f its s\rce1 & makes x m subs]vi5t to 8 use or fancy4 ,he unconsci\sly /r5g!ns ^? v>iations :i* he prizes :5 he plants ! se$ ( a favorite fruit1 pres]ves a favorite dome/ic animal1 dr[ns ! ugli] kitt5s ( a litt]1 & all[s only ! h&some/ or ! be/ m\s]s to propagate4 ,/ill m1 by me?odical selection1 9 rec5t times almo/ m>vel\s results h be5 produc$ 9 new bre$s ( cattle1 %eep1 & p\ltry1 & new v>ieties ( fruit ( great] & great] size or excell5ce4 ,x is said t all dome/ic v>ieties1 if left to run wild1 w\ld rev]t to _! aborig9al /ocks4 ,probably !y w\ld :]ev] v>i\s races ( "o species 7 left to comm+le4 ,at lea/ ! abnormal or exagg]at$ *>act]i/ics induc$ by high fe$+1 or high cultivation & prolong$ close bre$+1 w\ld promptly disappe>2 & ! surviv+ /ock w\ld soon bl5d into a homog5e\s result 79 a way pres5tly expla9$71 :i* w\ld naturally be tak5 = ! orig9al =m2 b we c\ld seldom "k if x 7 s4 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t ! result w\ld be ! same if ! races ran wild ea* 9 a sep>ate region4 ,dr4 ,hook] d\bts if !re is a true rev]sion 9 ! case ( plants4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's obs]vations r favor x 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,) m+l$ races rev]sion seems well made out 9 ! case ( pigeons4 ,! common op9ion ^u ?is subject !re=e probably has "s f\ndation1 ,b ev5 if we reg>d v>ieties z oscillations ar\nd a primitive c5tre or type1 /ill x appe>s f ! read9ess ) :i* su* v>ieties orig9ate t a c]ta9 am\nt ( di/urbance w\ld c>ry !m beyond ! influ5ce ( ! primordial attraction1 :]e !y may become new c5tres ( v>iation4 ,"s suppose t races _c be p]petuat$ indef9itely ev5 by keep+ up ! conditions "u :i* !y 7 fix$2 b ! high antiquity ( sev]al1 & ! actual fixity ( _m ( !m1 negative ?is assumption4 ,to ass]t t we c\ld n bre$ our c>t & race horses1 long & %ort horn$ cattle1 & p\ltry ( v>i\s bre$s1 = almo/ an inf9ite numb] ( g5]ations1 w\ld be oppos$ to all exp]i5ce4 ,:y v>ieties develop s readily & deviate s widely "u dome/ication1 :ile !y are app>5tly s r>e or s transi5t 9 free ,nature1 may easily be %[n4 ,9 ,nature1 ev5 ) h]maphrodite plants1 !re is a va/ am\nt ( cross-f]tilization among v>i\s individuals ( ! same species4 ,! inevitable result ( ?is 7z 0 long ago expla9$ 9 ?is ,j\rnal ,i-#g7 is to repress v>iation1 to keep ! mass ( a species comp>atively homog5e\s ov] any area 9 :i* x ab\nds 9 individuals4 ,/>t+ f a sugge/ion ( ! late ,mr4 ,knight1 n[ s famili>1 t close int]bre$+ dim9i%es vigor & f]tility2 ,i-#h & p]ceiv+ t bisexuality is ev] aim$ at 9 ,nature--be+ atta9$ physiologically 9 num]\s cases :]e x is n /ructurally--,mr4 ,d>w9 has work$ out ! subject 9 detail1 & %[n h[ g5]al is ! concurr5ce1 ei!r habitual or occasional1 ( two h]maphrodite individuals 9 ! reproduction ( _! k9d2 & has drawn ! philosophical inf]5ce t probably no organic be+ self-f]tilizes indef9itely2 b t a cross ) ano!r individual is occasionally--p]haps at v long int]vals--indisp5sable4 ,we ref] ! read] to ! section on ! int]cross+ ( individuals 7pp4 #if--aja71 & also to an article 9 ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle a ye> & a half ago1 = ! details ( a v int]e/+ contribution to sci5ce1 irrespective ( !ory4 ,9 dome/ication1 ?is int]cross+ may be prev5t$2 & 9 ?is prev5tion lies ! art ( produc+ v>ieties4 ,b ! art itself is ,nature1 s9ce ! :ole art consi/s 9 all[+ ! mo/ univ]sal ( all natural t5d5cies 9 organic ?+s 7inh]itance7 to op]ate uncontroll$ by o!r & obvi\sly incid5tal t5d5cies4 ,no new p[]1 no artificial =ce1 is br\ght into play ei!r by sep>at+ ! /ock ( a desirable v>iety s z to prev5t mixture1 or by select+ = bre$]s ^? individuals :i* mo/ l>gely p>take ( ! peculi>ities = :i* ! bre$ is valu$4 ,i-#i ,we see ev]y:]e ar\nd u ! rem>kable results :i* ,nature may be said to h br\ght ab\t "u artificial selection & sep>ation4 ,c\ld %e accompli% simil> results :5 left to h]self8 ,v>iations might beg91 we "k !y d beg91 9 a wild /ate4 ,b w\ld any ( !m be pres]v$ & c>ri$ to an equal degree ( deviation8 ,is !re any?+ 9 ,nature :i* 9 ! long-run may answ] to artificial selection8 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ?9ks t !re is2 & ,natural ,selection is ! key-note ( 8 disc\rse1 ,z a prelim9>y1 he has a %ort *apt] to %[ t !re is v>iation 9 ,nature1 & !re=e some?+ = natural selection to act ^u4 ,he readily %[s t su* m]e v>iations z may be directly ref]r$ to physical conditions 7l ! depaup]ation ( plants 9 a /]ile soil1 or _! dw>f+ z !y approa* an ,alp9e summit1 ! ?ick] fur ( an animal f f> nor?w>d1 etc471 & also ^? individual diff]5ces :i* we ev]y:]e recognize b d n pret5d to acc\nt =1 are n sep>able by any assignable l9e f m /rongly-m>k$ v>ieties2 likewise t !re is no cle> dem>kation betwe5 ! latt] & sub-species1 or v>ieties ( ! highe/ grade 7di/+ui%$ f species n by any kn[n incon/ancy1 b by ! suppos$ l[] importance ( _! *>act]i/ics72 nor betwe5 ^! & recogniz$ species4 ,^! diff]5ces bl5d into ea* o!r 9 an ins5sible s]ies1 & ! s]ies impresses ! m9d ) an idea ( an actual passage4 ,?is gradation f species d[nw>d is well made out4 ,to c>ry x "o /ep f>!r upw>d1 our au?or pres5ts 9 a /rong light ! diff]5ces :i* prevail among naturali/s z to :at =ms %\ld be admitt$ to ! rank ( species4 ,"s g5]a 7& ^! 9 "s c\ntries7 give rise to f> m discrepancy ?an o!rs2 & x is conclud$ t ! l>ge or dom9ant g5]a are usually ! mo/ v>iable4 ,9 a flora s small z ! ,briti%1 #ahb plants1 g5]ally reckon$ z v>ieties1 h be5 rank$ by "s botani/s z species4 ,select+ ! ,briti% g5]a :i* include ! mo/ polymorph\s =ms1 x appe>s t ,bab+ton's ,flora gives !m #bea species1 ,b5?am's only #aab1 a diff]5ce ( #aci d\btful =ms4 ,^! are ne>ly ! extreme views1 b !y are ! views ( two mo/ capable & mo/ exp]i5c$ judges1 9 respect to "o ( ! be/-kn[n floras ( ! _w4 ,! fact is sugge/ive1 t ! be/-kn[n c\ntries furni% ! greate/ numb] ( su* d\btful cases4 ,illu/rations ( ?is k9d may be multipli$ to a great ext5t4 ,!y make x pla9 t1 :e!r species 9 ,nature are aborig9al & def9ite or n1 our practical conclusions ab\t !m1 z embodi$ 9 sy/ematic works1 are n facts b judgm5ts1 & l>gely fallible judgm5ts- ,h[ mu* ( ! actual co9cid5ce ( au?orities is ow+ to imp]fect or re/rict$ obs]vation1 & to "o naturali/'s adopt+ ! conclusions ( ano!r )\t indep5d5t obs]vation1 ?is is n ! place to consid]4 ,x is our impression t species ( animals are m def9itely m>k$ ?an ^? ( plants2 ?is may arise f our some:at ext5d$ acqua9tance ) ! latt]1 & our ignorance ( ! =m]4 ,b we are con/ra9$ by our exp]i5ce to admit ! /rong likelihood1 9 botany1 t v>ieties on ! "o h&1 & :at are call$ closely-relat$ species on ! o!r1 d n diff] except 9 degree4 ,:5ev] ?is wid] diff]5ce sep>at+ ! latt] c be spann$ by int]m$iate =ms1 z x sometimes is1 no botani/ long resi/s ! inevitable conclusion4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 ?is wid] diff]5ce c be %[n to be compatible ) community ( orig91 & expla9$ ?r\gh natural selection or 9 any o!r way1 we are ready to adopt ! probable conclusion2 & we see be=eh& h[ /rik+ly ! actual geographical association ( relat$ species favors ! broad] view4 ,:e!r we %\ld cont9ue to reg>d ! =ms 9 "q z di/9ct species1 dep5ds ^u :at mean+ we %all f9ally atta* to t t]m2 & t dep5ds ^u h[ f> ! doctr9e ( d]ivation c be c>ri$ back & h[ well x c be support$4 ,9 apply+ 8 pr9ciple ( natural selection to ! "w 9 h&1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 assumes1 z we h se53 i4 ,"s v>iability ( animals & plants 9 nature2 #b4 ,! abs5ce ( any def9ite di/9ction betwe5 slight v>iations1 & v>ieties ( ! highe/ grade2 #c4 ,! fact t naturali/s d n practically agree1 & d n increas+ly t5d to agree1 z to :at =ms are species & :at are /rong v>ieties1 ?us r5d]+ x probable t !re may be no ess5tial & orig9al diff]5ce1 or no possibility ( asc]ta9+ x1 at lea/ 9 _m cases2 also1 #d4 ,t ! mo/ fl\ri%+ & dom9ant species ( ! l>g] g5]a on an av]age v>y mo/ 7a proposition :i* c be sub/antiat$ only by ext5sive comp>isons1 ! details ( :i* are n giv572 &1 #e4 ,t 9 l>ge g5]a ! species are apt to be closely b unequally alli$ toge!r1 =m+ little clu/]s r\nd c]ta9 species--j su* clu/]s z w\ld be =m$ if we suppose _! memb]s once to h be5 satellites or v>ieties ( a c5tral or p>5t species1 b to h atta9$ at l5g? a wid] div]g5ce & a specific "*4 ,! fact ( su* association is und5iable2 & ! use :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 makes ( x seems fair & natural4 ,! gi/ ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's "w is to %[ t su* v>ieties are gradually div]g$ into species & g5]a ?r\gh natural selection2 t natural selection is ! inevitable result ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* all liv+ ?+s are engag$ 92 & t ?is /ruggle is an unavoidable consequ5ce ( sev]al natural causes1 b ma9ly ( ! high rate at :i* all organic be+s t5d to increase4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory is gr\nd$ ^u ! doctr9e ( ,mal?us & ! doctr9e ( ,hobbes4 ,! eld] ,de,candolle _h conceiv$ ! idea ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 &1 9 a passage :i* w\ld h delight$ ! cynical philosoph] ( ,malmesbury1 _h decl>$ t all ,nature is at w>1 "o organism ) ano!r or ) ext]nal ,nature2 & ,lyell & ,h]b]t _h made consid]able use ( x4 ,b ,hobbes 9 8 !ory ( society1 & ,d>w9 9 8 !ory ( natural hi/ory1 alone h built _! sy/ems ^u x4 ,h[ev] morali/s & political economi/s may reg>d ^! doctr9es 9 _! orig9al application to human society & ! relation ( population to subsi/5ce1 _! ?or\gh applicability to ! great society ( ! organic _w 9 g5]al is n[ und5iable4 ,& to ,mr4 ,d>w9 belongs ! cr$it ( mak+ ?is ext5d$ application1 & ( work+ out ! imm5sely div]sifi$ results ) r>e sagacity & untir+ pati5ce4 ,he has br\ght to view real causes :i* h be5 l>gely op]ative 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! actual association & geographical di/ribution ( plants & animals4 ,9 ?is he mu/ be all[$ to h made a v important contribution to an int]e/+ dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 ev5 if 8 !ory fails 9 ! endeavor to expla9 ! orig9 or div]sity ( species4 ,no?+ is easi]1 says our au?or1 ?an to admit 9 words ! tru? ( ! univ]sal /ruggle = life1 or m difficult--at lea/ ,i h f\nd x s--?an con/antly to be> ?is conclusion 9 m9d4 ,yet1 unless x be ?or\ghly +ra9$ 9 ! m9d1 ,i am conv9c$ t ! :ole economy ( ,nature1 ) e fact on di/ribution1 r>ity1 abundance1 ext9ction1 & v>iation1 w be dimly se5 or q misund]/ood4 ,we behold ! face ( ,nature bright ) gladness1 we (t5 see sup]abundance ( food2 we d n see1 or we =get1 t ! birds :i* are idly s++ r\nd u mo/ly live on insects or se$s1 & are ?us con/antly de/roy+ life2 or we =get h[ l>gely ^! song/]s1 or _! eggs1 or _! ne/l+s1 are de/roy$ by birds & bea/s ( prey2 we d n always be> 9 m9d t1 ?\gh food may be n[ sup]abundant1 x is n s at all seasons ( ea* recurr+ ye>4--7p4 #fb47 ,!re is no exception to ! rule t e organic be+ naturally increases at s high a rate t1 if n de/roy$1 ! e>? w\ld soon be cov]$ by ! prog5y ( a s+le pair4 ,ev5 sl[-bre$+ man has d\bl$ 9 tw5ty-five ye>s1 & at ?is rate1 9 a few ?\s& ye>s1 !re w\ld lit]ally n be /&+-room = 8 prog5y4 ,l9naeus has calculat$ t if an annual plant produc$ only two se$s--& !re is no plant s unproductive z ?is--& _! se$l+s next ye> produc$ two1 & s on1 !n 9 tw5ty ye>s !re w\ld be a million plants4 ,! elephant is reckon$ to be ! sl[e/ bre$] ( all kn[n animals1 & ,i h tak5 "s pa9s to e/imate its pro67able m9imum rate ( natural increase2 x w be "u ! m>k to assume t x bre$s :5 ?irty ye>s old1 & goes on bre$+ till n9ety ye>s old1 br++ =? ?ree pairs ( "y 9 ?is int]val2 if ?is be s1 at ! end ( ! fif? c5tury !re w\ld be alive fifte5 million elephants1 desc5d$ f ! fir/ pair4 ,b we h bett] evid5ce on ?is subject ?an m]e !oretical calculations1 namely1 ! num]\s record$ cases ( ! a/oni%+ly rapid increase ( v>i\s animals 9 a /ate ( nature1 :5 circum/ances h be5 favorable to !m dur+ two or ?ree foll[+ seasons4 ,/ill m /rik+ is ! evid5ce f our dome/ic animals ( _m k9ds :i* h run wild 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! _w2 if ! /atem5ts ( ! rate ( increase ( sl[-bre$+ cattle & horses 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & latt]ly 9 ,au/ralia1 _h n be5 well au!nticat$1 !y w\ld h be5 q incr$ible4 ,s x is ) plants3 cases c\ld be giv5 ( introduc$ plants :i* h become common ?r\gh\t :ole isl&s 9 a p]iod ( less ?an t5 ye>s4 ,sev]al ( ! plants n[ mo/ num]\s ov] ! wide pla9s ( ,la ,plata1 clo?+ squ>e leagues ( surface almo/ to ! exclusion ( all o!r plants1 h be5 introduc$ f ,europe2 & !re are plants :i* n[ range 9 ,india1 z ,i he> f ,dr4 ,falcon]1 f ,cape ,comor9 to ! ,himalaya1 :i* h be5 import$ f ,am]ica s9ce its discov]y4 ,9 su* cases1 & endless in/ances c\ld be giv51 no "o supposes t ! f]tility ( ^! animals or plants has be5 sudd5ly & tempor>ily increas$ 9 any s5sible degree4 ,! obvi\s explanation is1 t ! conditions ( life h be5 v favorable1 & t !re has consequ5tly be5 less de/ruction ( ! old & "y1 & t ne>ly all ! "y h be5 enabl$ to bre$4 ,9 su* cases ! geometrical ratio ( increase1 ! result ( :i* nev] fails to be surpris+1 simply expla9s ! extraord9>ily rapid increase & wide diffusion ( naturaliz$ productions 9 _! new homes4--7pp4 #fd1 #fe47 ,all plants & animals are t5d+ to increase at a geometrical ratio2 all w\ld mo/ rapidly /ock any /ation 9 :i* !y c\ld anyh[ exi/2 ! increase mu/ be *eck$ by de/ruction at "s p]iod ( life4--7p4 #fe47 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mo/ & ! lea/ prolific species is ( no acc\nt3 ,! condor lays a c\ple ( eggs1 & ! o/ri* a score2 & yet 9 ! same c\ntry ! condor may be ! m num]\s ( ! two4 ,! ,fulm> petrel lays b "o egg1 yet x is believ$ to be ! mo/ num]\s bird 9 ! _w4--7p4 #fh47 ,! am\nt ( food gives ! extreme limit to :i* ea* species c increase2 b v frequ5tly x is n ! obta9+ ( food1 b ! s]v+ z prey to o!r animals1 :i* det]m9es ! av]age numb]s ( species4--7p4 #fh47 ,climate plays an important "p 9 det]m9+ ! av]age numb]s ( a species1 & p]iodical seasons ( extreme cold or dr\ght ,i believe to be ! mo/ effective ( all *ecks4 ,i e/imat$ t ! w9t] ( #ahed--'ee de/roy$ f\r-fif?s ( ! birds 9 my own gr\nds2 & ?is is a trem5d\s de/ruction1 :5 we rememb] t t5 p] c5t1 is an extraord9>ily sev]e mortality f epidemics ) man4 ,! action ( climate seems at fir/ sight to be q indep5d5t ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 b1 9 s f> z climate *iefly acts 9 r$uc+ food1 x br+s on ! mo/ sev]e /ruggle betwe5 ! individuals1 :e!r ( ! same or ( di/9ct species1 :i* subsi/ on ! same k9d ( food1 ,ev5 :5 climate1 = in/ance extreme cold1 acts directly1 x w be ! lea/ vigor\s1 or ^? :i* h got lea/ food ?r\gh ! advanc+ w9t]1 :i* w suff] mo/4 ,:5 we travel f s\? to nor?1 or f a damp region to a dry1 we inv>iably see "s species gradually gett+ r>] & r>]1 & f9ally disappe>+2 &1 ! *ange ( climate be+ conspicu\s1 we are tempt$ to attribute ! :ole effect to its direct action4 ,b ?is is a v false view2 we =get t ea* species1 ev5 :]e x mo/ ab\nds1 is con/antly suff]+ enorm\s de/ruction at "s p]iod ( its life1 f enemies or f competitors = ! same place & food2 & if ^! enemies or competitors be 9 ! lea/ degree favor$ by any slight *ange ( climate1 !y w increase 9 numb]s1 &1 z ea* area is already /ock$ ) inhabitants1 ! o!r species w decrease4 ,:5 we travel s\?w>d & see a species decreas+ 9 numb]s1 we may feel sure t ! cause lies q z mu* 9 o!r species be+ favor$ z 9 ?is "o be+ hurt4 ,s x is :5 we travel nor?w>d1 b 9 a some:at less] degree1 = ! numb] ( species ( all k9ds1 & !re=e ( competitors1 decreases nor?w>d2 h5ce1 9 go+ nor?w>d1 or 9 asc5d+ a m\nta91 we f> (t5] meet ) /unt$ =ms1 due to ! directly injuri\s action ( climate1 ?an we d 9 proce$+ s\?w>d or 9 desc5d+ a m\nta94 ,:5 we rea* ! arctic regions1 or sn[-capp$ summits1 or absolute des]ts1 ! /ruggle = life is almo/ exclusively ) ! elem5ts4 ,t climate acts 9 ma9 "p indirectly by favor+ o!r species1 we may cle>ly see 9 ! prodigi\s numb] ( plants 9 our g>d5s :i* c p]fectly well endure our climate1 b :i* nev] become naturaliz$1 = !y _c compete ) our native plants1 nor resi/ de/ruction by our native animals4--7pp4 #fh1 #fi47 ,aft] an in/ructive in/ance 9 :i* cattle absolutely det]m9e ! exi/5ce ( ! ,scot* fir1 we are ref]r$ to cases 9 :i* insects det]m9e ! exi/5ce ( cattle3 ,p]haps ,p>aguay (f]s ! mo/ curi\s in/ance ( ?is2 = "h nei!r cattle1 nor horses1 nor dogs1 h ev] run wild1 ?\gh !y sw>m s\?w>d & nor?w>d 9 a f]al /ate2 & ,az>a & ,r5gg] h %[n t ?is is caus$ by ! great] numb] 9 ,p>aguay ( a c]ta9 fly1 :i* lays its eggs 9 ! navels ( ^! animals :5 fir/ born4 ,! increase ( ^! flies1 num]\s z !y are1 mu/ be habitually *eck$ by "s means1 probably by birds4 ,h5ce1 if c]ta9 insectivor\s birds 7^: numb]s are probably regulat$ by hawks or bea/s ( prey7 7 to increase 9 ,p>aguay1 ! flies w\ld decrease--!n cattle & horses w\ld become f]al1 & ?is w\ld c]ta9ly greatly alt] 7z inde$ ,i h obs]v$ 9 p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica7 ! vegetation2 ?is1 aga91 w\ld l>gely affect ! insects2 & ?is1 z we h j se5 9 ,/af=d%ire1 ! insectivor\s birds1 & s onw>d 9 ev]-increas+ circles ( complexity4 ,we began ?is s]ies by insectivor\s birds1 & we _h end$ ) !m4 ,n t 9 ,nature ! relations c ev] be z simple z ?is4 ,battle )9 battle mu/ ev] be recurr+ ) v>y+ success2 & yet 9 ! long-run ! =ces are s nicely balanc$ t ! face ( ,nature rema9s uni=m = long p]iods ( "t1 ?\gh assur$ly ! m]e/ trifle w\ld (t5 give ! victory to "o organic be+ ov] ano!r4 ,nev]!less1 s pr(\nd is our ignorance1 & s high our presumption1 t we m>vel :5 we he> ( ! ext9ction ( an organic be+2 & z we d n see ! cause1 we invoke cataclysms to desolate ! _w1 or inv5t laws on ! duration ( ! =ms ( life6--7pp4 #gb1 #gc47 ,:5 we look at ! plants & bu%es clo?+ an entangl$ bank1 we arc tempt$ to attribute _! proportional numb]s & k9ds to :at we call *ance4 ,b h[ false a view is ?is6 ,e "o has he>d t :5 an ,am]ican =e/ is cut d[n1 a v diff]5t vegetation spr+s up2 b x has be5 obs]v$ t ! trees n[ gr[+ on ! anci5t ,indian m\nds1 9 ! ,s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 display ! same beautiful div]sity & proportion ( k9ds z 9 ! surr\nd+ virg9 =e/s4 ,:at a /ruggle betwe5 ! sev]al k9ds ( trees mu/ "h h gone on dur+ long c5turies1 ea* annually scatt]+ its se$s by ! ?\s&2 :at w> betwe5 insect & insect--betwe5 insects1 snails1 & o!r animals1 ) birds & bea/s ( prey--all /riv+ to increase1 & all fe$+ on ea* o!r or on ! trees1 or _! se$s & se$l+s1 or on ! o!r plants :i* fir/ clo!d ! gr\nd & ?us *eck$ ! gr[? ( ! trees6 ,?r[ up a h&ful ( fea!rs1 & all mu/ fall to ! gr\nd accord+ to def9ite laws2 b h[ simple is ?is problem comp>$ to ! action & reaction ( ! innum]able plants & animals :i* h det]m9$1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 ! proportional numb]s & k9ds ( trees n[ gr[+ on ! old ,indian ru9s6--7pp4 #gd1 #ge47 ,= reasons obvi\s ^u reflection1 ! competition is (t51 if n g5]ally1 mo/ sev]e betwe5 ne>ly relat$ species :5 !y are 9 contact1 s t "o drives ! o!r be=e x1 z ! ,hanov]ian ! old ,engli% rat1 ! small ,asiatic cockroa* 9 ,russia1 its great] cong5]1 etc4 ,& ?is1 :5 duly consid]$1 expla9s _m curi\s results2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! consid]able numb] ( diff]5t g5]a ( plants & animals :i* are g5]ally f\nd to inhabit any limit$ area4 ,! tru? ( ! pr9ciple t ! greate/ am\nt ( life c be support$ by great div]sification ( /ructure is se5 "u _m natural circum/ances4 ,9 an extremely small area1 especially if freely op5 to immigration1 & :]e ! conte/ betwe5 individual & individual mu/ be sev]e1 we always f9d great div]sity 9 its inhabitants4 ,= in/ance1 ,i f\nd t a piece ( turf1 ?ree feet by f\r 9 size1 :i* _h be5 expos$ = _m ye>s to exactly ! same conditions1 support$ tw5ty species ( plants1 & ^! belong$ to eighte5 g5]a1 & to eight ord]s1 :i* %[$ h[ mu* ^! plants diff]$ f ea* o!r4 ,s x is ) ! plants & insects on small & uni=m islets2 & s 9 small ponds ( fre% wat]4 ,f>m]s f9d t !y c raise mo/ food by a rotation ( plants belong+ to ! mo/ diff]5t ord]s2 ,nature foll[s :at may be call$ a simultane\s rotation4 ,mo/ ( ! animals & plants :i* live close r\nd any small piece ( gr\nd c\ld live on x 7suppos+ x n to be 9 any way peculi> 9 its nature71 & may be said to be /riv+ to ! utmo/ to live !re2 b x is se5 t1 :]e !y come into ! close/ competition ) ea* o!r1 ! advantages ( div]sification ( /ructure1 ) ! accompany+ diff]5ces ( habit & con/itution1 det]m9e t ! inhabitants1 :i* ?us jo/le ea* o!r mo/ closely1 %all1 z a g5]al rule1 belong to :at we call diff]5t g5]a & ord]s4--7p4 #aad47 ,! abundance ( "s =ms1 ! r>ity & f9al ext9ction ( _m o!rs1 & ! consequ5t div]g5ce ( "* or increase ( diff]5ce among ! surviv+ repres5tatives1 are o!r consequ5ces4 ,z favor$ =ms increase1 ! less favor$ mu/ dim9i% 9 numb]1 = !re is n room = all2 & ! slighte/ advantage1 at fir/ probably inappreciable to human obs]vation1 mu/ decide :i* %all prevail & :i* mu/ p]i%1 or be driv5 to ano!r & = x m favorable locality4 ,we _c d ju/ice to ! int]e/+ *apt] ^u natural selection by sep>at$ extracts4 ,! foll[+ mu/ s]ve to %[ h[ ! pr9ciple is suppos$ to "w3 ,if dur+ ! long c\rse ( ages1 & "u v>y+ conditions ( life1 organic be+s v>y at all 9 ! sev]al p>ts ( _! organization1 & ,i ?9k ?is _c be disput$2 if !re be1 ow+ to ! high geometrical p[]s ( increase ( ea* species1 at "s age1 season1 or ye>1 a sev]e /ruggle = life1 & ?is c]ta9ly _c be disput$3 !n1 consid]+ ! inf9ite complexity ( ! relations ( all organic be+s to ea* o!r & to _! conditions ( exi/5ce1 caus+ an inf9ite div]sity 9 /ructure1 con/itution1 & habits1 to be advantage\s to !m1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be a mo/ extraord9>y fact if no v>iation ev] _h occurr$ useful to ea* be+'s own welf>e1 9 ! same way z s _m v>iations h occurr$ useful to man4 ,b if v>iations useful to any organic be+ d occur1 assur$ly individuals ?us *>act]iz$ w h ! be/ *ance ( be+ pres]v$ 9 ! /ruggle = life2 & f ! /rong pr9ciple ( inh]itance !y w t5d to produce (fspr+ simil>ly *>act]iz$4 ,?is pr9ciple ( pres]vation ,i h call$1 = ! sake ( brevity1 ,natural ,selection4--7pp4 #abf1 #abg47 ,9 ord] to make x cle> h[1 z ,i believe1 natural selection acts1 ,i mu/ beg p]mission to give "o or two imag9>y illu/rations4 ,let u take ! case ( a wolf1 :i* preys on v>i\s animals1 secur+ "s by craft1 "s by /r5g?1 & "s by fleetness2 & let u suppose t ! fleete/ prey1 a de] = in/ance1 _h f any *ange 9 ! c\ntry increas$ 9 numb]s1 or t o!r prey _h decreas$ 9 numb]s1 dur+ t season ( ! ye> :5 ! wolf is h>de/ press$ = food4 ,i c "u su* circum/ances see no reason to d\bt t ! swifte/ & slimme/ wolves w\ld h ! be/ *ance ( surviv+1 & s be pres]v$ or select$--provid$ always t !y reta9$ /r5g? to ma/] _! prey at ?is or at "s o!r p]iod ( ! ye>1 :5 !y might be compell$ to prey on o!r animals4 ,i c see no m reason to d\bt ?is ?an t man c improve ! fleetness ( 8 greyh\nds by c>eful & me?odical selection1 or by t unconsci\s selection :i* results f ea* man try+ to keep ! be/ dogs )\t any ?\ght ( modify+ ! bre$4 ,ev5 )\t any *ange 9 ! proportional numb]s ( ! animals on :i* our wolf prey$1 a cub might be born ) an innate t5d5cy to pursue c]ta9 k9ds ( prey4 ,nor c ?is be ?\ght v improbable2 = we (t5 obs]ve great diff]5ces 9 ! natural t5d5cies ( our dome/ic animals3 "o cat1 = in/ance1 tak+ to cat*+ rats1 ano!r mice2 "o cat1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,/4 ,john1 br++ home w+$ game1 ano!r h>es or rabbits1 & ano!r hunt+ on m>%y gr\nd61 & almo/ nightly cat*+ woodcocks or snipes4 ,! t5d5cy to cat* rats r ?an mice is kn[n to be inh]it$4 ,n[1 if any slight innate *ange ( habit or ( /ructure b5efit$ an individual wolf1 x w\ld h ! be/ *ance ( surviv+ & ( leav+ (fspr+4 ,"s ( its "y w\ld probably inh]it ! same habits or /ructure1 & by ! repetition ( ?is process a new v>iety might be =m$ :i* w\ld ei!r supplant or coexi/ ) ! p>5t-=m ( wolf4 ,or1 aga91 ! wolves inhabit+ a m\nta9\s di/rict1 & ^? frequ5t+ ! l[l&s1 w\ld naturally be =c$ to hunt diff]5t prey2 & f a cont9u$ pres]vation ( ! individuals be/ fitt$ = ! two sites1 two v>ieties might sl[ly be =m$4 ,^! v>ieties w\ld cross & bl5d :]e !y met2 b to ?is subject ( int]cross+ we %all soon h to return4 ,i may add t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,pi]ce1 !re are two v>ieties ( ! wolf inhabit+ ! ,catskill ,m\nta9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "o ) a light greyh\nd-l =m1 :i* pursues de]1 & ! o!r m bulky1 ) %ort] legs1 :i* m frequ5tly attacks ! %eph]d's flock4--7pp4 #ij1 #ia47 ,we eke out ! illu/ration "h ) a c\nt]p>t in/ance1 viz41 ! rem>k ( ,dr4 ,ba*man t ! de] t reside p]man5tly 9 ! swamps ( ,c>ol9a are tall] & long]-legg$ ?an ^? 9 ! high] gr\nds4 ,i-#aj ,! limits allott$ to ?is article are ne>ly rea*$1 yet only f\r ( ! f\rte5 *apt]s ( ! volume h be5 t\*$4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 conta9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! !ory1 & mo/ ( ^? applications ( x :i* are capable ( some?+ l v]ification1 relat+ z !y d to ! ph5om5a n[ occurr+4 ,"s ( our extracts also %[ h[ ^! pr9ciples are ?\ght to h op]at$ ?r\gh ! long lapse ( ! ages4 ,! *apt]s f ! six? to ! n9? inclusive are design$ to obviate difficulties & objections1 "s ( !m s grave t to ?is day1 ! au?or frankly says1 he c nev] reflect on !m )\t be+ /agg]$4 ,we d n wond] at x4 ,aft] draw+ :at com=t he c f ! imp]fection ( ! geological record 7,*apt] ,,ix71 :i* we suspect is sc>cely exagg]at$1 ! au?or consid]s ! geological succession ( organic be+s 7,*apt] ,x71 to see :e!r !y bett] accord ) ! common view ( ! immutability ( species1 or ) t ( _! sl[ & gradual modification4 ,geologi/s mu/ settle t "q4 ,!n foll[ two mo/ int]e/+ & able *apt]s on ! geographical di/ribution ( plants & animals1 ! summ>y ( :i* we %\ld be glad to cite2 !n a fitt+ *apt] ^u classification1 morphology1 embryology1 etc41 z view$ 9 ! light ( ?is !ory1 closes ! argum5t2 ! f\rte5? *apt] be+ a recapitulation4 ,! int]e/ = ! g5]al read] height5s z ! au?or advances on 8 p]il\s way & grapples manfully ) ! mo/ =midable difficulties4 ,to acc\nt1 ^u ^! pr9ciples1 = ! gradual elim9ation & segregation ( ne>ly alli$ =ms--su* z v>ieties1 sub-species1 & closely-relat$ or repres5tative species--also 9 a g5]al way = _! geographical association & pres5t range1 is comp>atively easy1 is app>5tly )9 ! b\nds ( possibility4 ,c\ld we /op "h we %\ld be fairly cont5t$4 ,b1 to complete ! sy/em1 to c>ry out ! pr9ciples to _! ultimate conclusion1 & to expla9 by !m _m facts 9 geographical di/ribution :i* w\ld /ill rema9 anomal\s1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 is equally b\nd to acc\nt = ! =mation ( g5]a1 families1 ord]s1 & ev5 classes1 by natural selection4 ,he does n d\bt t ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification embraces all ! memb]s ( ! same class1 & he conc$es t analogy w\ld press ! conclusion /ill fur!r2 :ile he admits t ! m di/9ct ! =ms are1 ! m ! argum5ts fall away 9 =ce4 ,to comm& ass5t we naturally require decreas+ probability to be ov]balanc$ by an increas$ weight ( evid5ce4 ,an oppon5t might plausibly1 & p]haps q fairly1 urge t ! l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( argum5t are weake/ j :]e ! greate/ /ress falls ^u !m4 ,to :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9's answ] is1 t ! be/ p>ts ( ! te/imony h be5 lo/4 ,he is confid5t t int]m$iate =ms mu/ h exi/$2 t 9 ! old5 times :5 ! g5]a1 ! families1 & ! ord]s1 div]g$ f _! p>5t /ocks1 gradations exi/$ z f9e z ^? :i* n[ connect closely relat$ species ) v>ieties4 ,b !y h pass$ & left no sign4 ,! geological record1 ev5 if all display$ to view1 is a book f :i* n only _m pages1 b ev5 :ole alt]nate *apt]s1 h be5 lo/ out1 or r :i* 7 nev] pr9t$ f ! autographs ( ,nature4 ,! record 0 actually made 9 fossil li?ography only at c]ta9 times & "u c]ta9 conditions 7i4e41 at p]iods ( sl[ subsid5ce & places ( abundant s$im5t72 & ( ^! records all b ! la/ volume is out ( pr9t2 & ( its pages only local glimpses h be5 obta9$4 ,geologi/s1 except ,lyell1 w object to ?is--"s ( !m mod]ately1 o!rs ) vehem5ce4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself admits1 ) a c&or r>ely display$ on su* occasions1 t he %\ld h expect$ m geological evid5ce ( transition ?an he f9ds1 & t all ! mo/ em95t paleontologi/s ma9ta9 ! immutability ( species4 ,! g5]al fact1 h[ev]1 t ! fossil fauna ( ea* p]iod z a :ole is ne>ly int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ! prec$+ & ! succe$+ faunas1 is mu* reli$ on4 ,we are br\ght "o /ep ne>] to ! desir$ inf]5ce by ! simil> fact1 insi/$ on by all paleontologi/s1 t fossils f two consecutive =mations are f> m closely relat$ to ea* o!r ?an are ! fossils ( two remote =mations4 ,pictet gives a well-kn[n in/ance--! g5]al resemblance ( ! organic rema9s f ! sev]al /ages ( ! *alk =mation1 ?\gh ! species are di/9ct at ea* /age4 ,?is fact alone1 f its g5]ality1 seems to h %ak5 ,pr(4 ,pictet 9 8 firm belief 9 ! immutability ( species 7p4 #cce74 ,:at ,mr4 ,d>w9 n[ p>ticul>ly wants to complete 8 inf]5tial evid5ce is a pro( t ! same gradation may be trac$ 9 lat] p]iods1 say 9 ! ,t]ti>y1 & betwe5 t p]iod & ! pres5t2 also t ! lat] gradations are f9]1 s z to leave x d\btful :e!r ! succession is "o ( species--believ$ on ! "o !ory to be indep5d5t1 on ! o!r1 d]ivative--or ( v>ieties1 :i* are confess$ly d]ivative4 ,! pro( ( ! f9] gradation appe>s to be =?com+4 ,des ,hayes & ,lyell h conclud$ t _m ( ! middle ,t]ti>y & a l>ge proportion ( ! lat] ,t]ti>y mollusca are specifically id5tical ) liv+ species2 & ?is is /ill ! almo/ univ]sally preval5t view4 ,b ,mr4 ,agassiz /ates t1 9 e in/ance :]e he _h suffici5t mat]ials1 he _h f\nd t ! species ( ! two epo*s suppos$ to be id5tical by ,des ,hayes & ,lyell 7 9 reality di/9ct1 al?\gh closely alli$ species4,i-#aa ,moreov]1 he is n[ satisfi$1 z we und]/&1 t ! same gradation is traceable n m]ely 9 ea* great division ( ! ,t]ti>y1 b 9 p>ticul> deposits or successive b$s1 ea* answ]+ to a great numb] ( ye>s2 :]e :at h pass$ unque/ion$ z memb]s ( "o species1 ^u clos] exam9ation ( num]\s specim5s exhibit diff]5ces :i* 9 8 op9ion entitle !m to be di/+ui%$ into two1 ?ree1 or m species4 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t :atev] conclusions c be fairly drawn f ! pres5t animal & vegetable k+doms 9 favor ( a gradation ( v>ieties into species1 or into :at may be reg>d$ z su*1 ! same may be ext5d$ to ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,9 bo? cases1 :at "s call species o!rs call v>ieties2 & 9 ! lat] ,t]ti>y %ells ?is diff]5ce 9 judgm5t affects almo/ half ( ! species6 ,we pass to a second difficulty 9 ! way ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory2 to a case :]e we are p]haps entitl$ to dem& ( him evid5ce ( gradation l t :i* connects ! pres5t ) ! ,t]ti>y mollusca4 ,wide1 v wide is ! gap1 anatomically & physiologically 7we d n speak ( ! intellectual7 betwe5 ! highe/ quadrumana & man2 & comp>atively rec5t1 if ev]1 mu/ ! l9e h bifurcat$4 ,b :]e is !re ! slighte/ evid5ce ( a common prog5itor8 ,p]haps ,mr4 ,d>w9 w\ld reply by ano!r "q3 :]e are ! fossil rema9s ( ! m5 :o made ! fl9t knives & arr[heads ( ! ,somme ,valley8 ,we h a ?ird objection1 "o1 =tunately1 :i* has no?+ to d ) geology4 ,we c only /ate x "h 9 brief t]ms4 ,! *apt] on hybridism is mo/ +5i\s1 able1 & in/ructive4 ,if /]ility ( crosses is a special orig9al arrangem5t to prev5t ! confusion ( species by m+l+1 z is g5]ally assum$1 !n1 s9ce v>ieties cross readily & _! (fspr+ is f]tile int] se1 !re is a fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 v>ieties & species4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 !re=e labors to %[ t x is n a special end[m5t1 b an incid5tal acquirem5t4 ,he does %[ t ! /]ility ( crosses is ( all degrees2 ^u :i* we h only to say1 ,natura non facit saltum1 "h any m ?an else:]e4 ,b1 ^u 8 !ory he is b\nd to %[ h[ /]ility might be acquir$1 ?r\gh natural selection or ?r\gh some?+ else4 ,& ! difficulty is1 t1 :]eas individuals ( ! v same blood t5d to be /]ile1 & some:at remot] unions dim9i% ?is t5d5cy1 & :5 !y h div]g$ into two v>ieties ! cross-bre$s betwe5 ! two are m f]tile ?an ei!r pure /ock--yet :5 !y h div]g$ only "o degree m ! :ole t5d5cy is rev]s$1 & ! mongrel is /]ile1 ei!r absolutely or relatively4 ,he :o expla9s ! g5esis ( species ?r\gh purely natural ag5cies %\ld assign a natural cause = ?is rem>kable result2 & ?is ,mr4 ,d>w9 has n done4 ,:e!r orig9al or d]iv$1 h[ev]1 ?is arrangem5t to keep ap>t ^? =ms :i* h1 or h acquir$ 7z ! case may be71 a c]ta9 mod]ate am\nt ( diff]5ce1 looks to u z mu* design$ = ! purpose1 z does a ra*et to prev5t rev]se motion 9 a :eel4 ,if species h orig9at$ by div]g5ce1 ?is keeps !m ap>t4 ,"h let u sugge/ a possibly atta9able te/ ( ! !ory ( d]ivation1 a k9d ( in/ance :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 may be fairly ask$ to produce--viz41 an in/ance ( two v>ieties1 or :at may be assum$ z su*1 :i* h div]g$ en\gh to rev]se ! movem5t1 to br+ out "s /]ility 9 ! crosses4 ,! be/ m>k$ human races might (f] ! mo/ likely case4 ,if mulattoes are /]ile or t5d to /]ility1 z "s naturali/s confid5tly ass]t1 !y af=d ,mr4 ,d>w9 a case 9 po9t4 ,if1 z o!rs ?9k1 no su* t5d5cy is made out1 ! requir$ evid5ce is want+4 ,a f\r? & ! mo/ =midable difficulty is t ( ! production & specialization ( organs4 ,x is well said t all organic be+s h be5 =m$ on two great laws3 unity ( type1 & adaptation to ! conditions ( exi/5ce4,i-#ab ,! special teleologi/s1 su* z ,paley1 occupy !mselves ) ! latt] only2 !y ref] p>ticul> facts to special design1 b leave an ov]:elm+ array ( ! wide/ facts inexplicable4 ,! morphologi/s build on unity ( type1 or t fundam5tal agreem5t 9 ! /ructure ( ea* great class ( be+s :i* is q indep5d5t ( _! habits or conditions ( life2 :i* requires ea* individual to g ?r\gh a c]ta9 =mality1 & to accept1 at lea/ = a "t1 c]ta9 organs1 :e!r !y are ( any use to him or n4 ,philosophical m9ds =m v>i\s conceptions = h>moniz+ ! two views !oretically4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 h>monizes & expla9s !m naturally4 ,adaptation to ! conditions ( exi/5ce is ! result ( natural selection2 unity ( type1 ( unity ( desc5t4 ,accord+ly1 z he puts 8 !ory1 he is b\nd to acc\nt = ! orig9ation ( new organs1 & = _! div]sity 9 ea* great type1 = _! specialization1 & e adaptation ( organ to function & ( /ructure to condition1 ?r\gh natural ag5cies4 ,:5ev] he attempts ?is he rem9ds u ( ,lam>ck1 & %[s u h[ little light ! sci5ce ( a c5tury devot$ to /ructural inve/igation has ?r[n ^u ! my/]y ( organization4 ,"h purely natural explanations fail4 ,! organs be+ giv51 natural selection may acc\nt = "s improvem5t2 if giv5 ( a v>iety ( sorts or grades1 natural selection might det]m9e :i* %\ld survive & :]e x %\ld prevail4 ,on all ?is gr\nd ! only l9e = ! !ory to take is to make ! mo/ ( gradation & adh]5ce to type z sugge/ive ( d]ivation1 & unacc\ntable ^u any o!r sci5tific view--def]r+ all attempts to expla9 h[ su* a metamorphosis 0 effect$1 until naturali/s h expla9$ h[ ! tadpole is metamorphos$ into a frog1 or "o sort ( polyp into ano!r4 ,z to :y x is s1 ! philosophy ( effici5t cause1 & ev5 ! :ole argum5t f design1 w\ld /&1 ^u ! admission ( su* a !ory ( d]ivation1 precisely :]e !y /& )\t x4 ,at lea/ !re is1 or ne$ be1 no gr\nd ( diff]5ce "h betwe5 ,d>w9 & ,agassiz4 ,! latt] w admit1 ) ,ow5 & e morphologi/1 t hopeless is ! attempt to expla9 ! simil>ity ( patt]n 9 memb]s ( ! same class by utility or ! doctr9e ( f9al causes4 ,on ! ord9>y view ( ! indep5d5t creation ( ea* be+1 we c only say t s x is1 t x has s pleas$ ! ,creator to con/ruct ea* animal & plant4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 propos+ a !ory :i* sugge/s a h[ t h>monizes ^! facts into a sy/em1 we tru/ implies t all 0 done wisely1 9 ! l>ge/ s5se design$ly1 & by an intellig5t fir/ cause4 ,! contemplation ( ! subject on ! intellectual side1 ! ample/ exposition ( ! unity ( plan 9 creation1 consid]$ irrespective ( natural ag5cies1 leads to no o!r conclusion4 ,we are ?us1 at la/1 br\ght to ! "q1 ,:at w\ld happ5 if ! d]ivation ( species 7 to be sub/antiat$1 ei!r z a true physical !ory1 or z a suffici5t hypo!sis8 ,:at w\ld come ( x8 ,! inquiry is a p]t95t "o1 j n[4 ,=1 ( ^? :o agree ) u 9 ?9k+ t ,d>w9 has n e/abli%$ 8 !ory ( d]ivation _m w admit ) u t he has r5d]$ a !ory ( d]ivation mu* less improbable ?an be=e2 t su* a !ory *imes 9 ) ! e/abli%$ doctr9es ( physical sci5ce1 & is n unlikely to be l>gely accept$ long be=e x c be prov$4 ,moreov]1 ! v>i\s notions t prevail--equally among ! mo/ & ! lea/ religi\s--z to ! relations betwe5 natural ag5cies or ph5om5a & effici5t cause1 are seem+ly m crude1 obscure1 & discordant1 ?an !y ne$ be4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! doctr9e ( ! book %\ld be d5\nc$ z a!i/ical4 ,:at does surprise & conc]n u is1 t x %\ld be s d5\nc$ by a sci5tific man1 on ! broad assumption t a mat]ial connection betwe5 ! memb]s ( a s]ies ( organiz$ be+s is inconsi/5t ) ! idea ( _! be+ intellectually connect$ ) "o ano!r ?r\gh ! ,deity1 i4e41 z products ( "o m9d1 z indicat+ & realiz+ a preconceiv$ plan4 ,an assumption ! reb\nd ( :i* is some:at fe>ful to contemplate1 b =tunately "o :i* e natural bir? prote/s aga9/4 ,x w\ld be m correct to say t ! !ory 9 itself is p]fectly compatible ) an a!i/ic view ( ! univ]se4 ,t is true2 b x is equally true ( physical !ories g5]ally4 ,inde$1 x is m true ( ! !ory ( gravitation1 & ( ! nebul> hypo!sis1 ?an ( ! hypo!sis 9 "q4 ,! latt] m]ely takes up a p>ticul>1 proximate cause1 or set ( su* causes1 f :i*1 x is argu$1 ! pres5t div]sity ( species has or may h cont+5tly result$4 ,! au?or does n say necess>ily result$2 t ! actual results 9 mode & measure1 & none o!r1 mu/ h tak5 place4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! !ory ( gravitation & its ext5sion 9 ! nebul> hypo!sis assume a univ]sal & ultimate physical cause1 f :i* ! effects 9 ,nature mu/ necess>ily h result$4 ,n[1 x is n ?\ght1 at lea/ at ! pres5t day1 t ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,newtonian !ory 0 a /ep t[>d a!ism or pan!ism4 ,yet ! great a*ievem5t ( ,newton consi/$ 9 prov+ t c]ta9 =ces 7bl9d =ces1 s f> z ! !ory is conc]n$71 act+ ^u matt] 9 c]ta9 directions1 mu/ necess>ily produce planet>y orbits ( ! exact measure & =m 9 :i* obs]vation %[s !m to exi/--a view :i* is j z consi/5t ) et]nal necessity1 ei!r 9 ! a!i/ic or ! pan!i/ic =m1 z x is ) !ism4 ,nor is ! !ory ( d]ivation p>ticul>ly expos$ to ! *>ge ( ! a!ism ( =tuity2 s9ce x und]takes to assign real causes = h>moni\s & sy/ematic results4 ,b1 ( ?is1 a ^w at ! close4 ,! value ( su* objections to ! !ory ( d]ivation may be te/$ by "o or two analog\s cases4 ,! common sci5tific z well z popul> belief is t ( ! orig9al1 indep5d5t creation ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 iron1 gold1 & ! l4 ,is ! speculative op9ion n[ increas+ly held1 t "s or all ( ! suppos$ elem5t>y bodies are d]ivative or comp\nd1 develop$ f "s prec$+ =ms ( matt]1 irreligi\s8 ,7 ! old al*emi/s a!i/s z well z dream]s 9 _! attempts to transmute e>? into gold8 ,or1 to take an in/ance f =ce 7p[]7--:i* /&s "o /ep ne>] to effici5t cause ?an =m--0 ! attempt to prove t heat1 light1 electricity1 magnetism1 & ev5 me*anical p[]1 are v>iations or transmutations ( "o =ce1 a!i/ical 9 its t5d5cy8 ,! suppos$ e/abli%m5t ( ?is view is reckon$ z "o ( ! greate/ sci5tific triumphs ( ?is c5tury4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! objection is br\ght1 n s mu* aga9/ ! speculation itself1 z aga9/ ! attempt to %[ h[ d]ivation might h be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,!n ! same objection applies to a rec5t +5i\s hypo!sis made to acc\nt = ! g5esis ( ! *emical elem5ts out ( ! e!real m$ium1 & to expla9 _! sev]al atomic weights & "s o!r *>act]i/ics by _! successive complexity--hydrog5 consi/+ ( s _m atoms ( e!real sub/ance unit$ 9 a p>ticul> ord]1 & s on4 ,! speculation int]e/$ ! philosoph]s ( ! ,briti% ,association1 & 0 ?\ght innoc5t1 b unsupport$ by facts4 ,surely ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory is none ! worse1 morally1 = hav+ "s f\ndation 9 fact4 ,9 our op9ion1 !n1 x is f> easi] to v9dicate a !i/ic "* = ! d]ivative !ory1 ?an to e/abli% ! !ory itself ^u adequate sci5tific evid5ce4 ,p]haps sc>cely any philosophical objection c be urg$ aga9/ ! =m] to :i* ! nebul> hypo!sis is n equally expos$4 ,yet ! nebul> hypo!sis f9ds g5]al sci5tific acceptance1 & is adopt$ z ! basis ( an ext5d$ & recondite illu/ration 9 ,mr4 ,agassiz's great "w4,i-#ac ,h[ ! au?or ( ?is book h>monizes 8 sci5tific !ory ) 8 philosophy & !ology1 he has n in=m$ u4 ,paley 9 8 celebrat$ analogy ) ! wat*1 insi/s t if ! timepiece 7 s con/ruct$ z to produce o!r simil> wat*es1 aft] a mann] ( g5]ation 9 animals1 ! argum5t f design w\ld be all ! /rong]4 ,:at is to h9d] ,mr4 ,d>w9 f giv+ ,paley's argum5t a fur!r a-=tiori ext5sion to ! suppos$ case ( a wat* :i* sometimes produces bett] wat*es1 & contrivances adapt$ to successive conditions1 & s at l5g? turns out a *ronomet]1 a t[n clock1 or a s]ies ( organisms ( ! same type8 ,f c]ta9 incid5tal expressions at ! close ( ! volume1 tak5 9 connection ) ! motto adopt$ f ,:ewell1 we judge x probable t our au?or reg>ds ! :ole sy/em ( ,nature z "o :i* _h receiv$ at its fir/ =mation ! impress ( ! w ( its ,au?or1 =esee+ ! v>i$ yet necess>y laws ( its action ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( its exi/5ce1 orda9+ :5 & b[ ea* p>ticul> ( ! /up5d\s plan %\ld be realiz$ 9 effect1 &--) ,him to :om to w is to d--9 orda9+ do+ x1 ,:e!r pr(\ndly philosophical or n1 a view ma9ta9$ by em95t philosophical physici/s & !ologians1 su* z ,babbage on ! "o h& & ,j[ett on ! o!r1 w h>dly be d5\nc$ z a!ism4 ,p]haps ,mr4 ,d>w9 w\ld pref] to express 8 idea 9 a m g5]al way1 by adopt+ ! ?\ghtful words ( "o ( ! mo/ em95t naturali/s ( ?is or any age1 sub/itut+ ! ^w action = ?\ght1 s9ce x is ! =m] 7f :i* alone ! latt] c be inf]r$7 t he has be5 consid]+4 ,tak+ ,nature z exhibit+ ?\ght = my guide1 x appe>s to me t :ile human ?\ght is consecutive1 ,div9e ?\ght is simultane\s1 embrac+ at ! same "t & =ev]1 9 ! pa/1 ! pres5t & ! future1 ! mo/ div]sifi$ relations among hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( organiz$ be+s1 ea* ( :i* may pres5t complications aga91 :i* to /udy & und]/& ev5 imp]fectly--z = in/ance man himself-- mank9d has already sp5t ?\s&s ( ye>s4,i-#ad ,9 ?us conceiv+ ( ! ,div9e ,p[] 9 act z coetane\s ) ,div9e ,?\ght1 & ( bo? z f> z may be ap>t f ! human elem5t ( "t1 our au?or may reg>d ! int]v5tion ( ! ,creator ei!r z1 humanly speak+1 done f all "t1 or else z do+ ?r\gh all "t4 ,9 ! ultimate analysis we suppose t e philosophical !i/ mu/ adopt "o or ! o!r conception4 ,a p]v]sion ( ! fir/ view leads t[>d a!ism1 ! notion ( an et]nal sequ5ce ( cause & effect1 = :i* !re is no fir/ cause--a view :i* few sane p]sons c long re/ 94 ,! dang] :i* may ?reat5 ! second view is pan!ism4 ,we feel safe f ei!r error1 9 our pr(\nd conviction t !re is ord] 9 ! univ]se2 t ord] presupposes m9d2 design1 w2 & m9d or w1 p]sonality4 ,?us gu>d$1 we mu* pref] ! second ( ! two conceptions ( causation1 z ! m philosophical z well z ,*ri/ian view--a view :i* leaves u ) ! same difficulties & ! same my/]ies 9 ,nature z 9 ,provid5ce1 & no o!r4 ,natural law1 ^u ?is view1 is ! human conception ( cont9u$ & ord]ly ,div9e action4 ,we d n suppose t less p[]1 or o!r p[]1 is requir$ to su/a9 ! univ]se & c>ry on its op]ations1 ?an to br+ x into be+4 ,s1 :ile conceiv+ no improbability ( int]v5tions ( ,creative m9d 9 ,nature1 if by su* is meant ! br++ to pass ( new & fitt+ ev5ts at fitt+ times1 we leave x = pr(\nd] m9ds to e/abli%1 if !y c1 a rational di/9ction 9 k9d betwe5 8 work+ 9 ,nature c>ry+ on op]ations1 & 9 initiat+ ^? op]ations4 ,we wi%$1 "u ! light ( su* views1 to exam9e m critically ! doctr9e ( ?is book1 especially ( "s que/ionable p>ts2 = in/ance1 its explanation ( ! natural developm5t ( organs1 & its implication ( a necess>y acquirem5t ( m5tal p[] 9 ! asc5d+ scale ( gradation4 ,b !re is room only = ! g5]al decl>ation t we _c ?9k ! ,cosmos a s]ies :i* began ) *aos & ends ) m9d1 or ( :i* m9d is a result3 t1 if1 by ! successive orig9ation ( species & organs ?r\gh natural ag5cies1 ! au?or means a s]ies ( ev5ts :i* succe$ ea* o!r irrespective ( a cont9u$ direct+ intellig5ce--ev5ts :i* m9d does n ord] & %ape to de/9$ ends--!n he has n e/abli%$ t doctr9e1 nor advanc$ t[>d its e/abli%m5t1 b has accumulat$ improbabilities beyond all belief4 ,take ! =mation & ! orig9ation ( ! successive degrees ( complexity ( eyes z a specim54 ,! treatm5t ( ?is subject 7pp4 i#hh1 #ahi71 ^u "o int]pretation1 is op5 to all ! objections ref]r$ to2 b1 if1 on ! o!r h&1 we may rightly comp>e ! eye to a telescope1 p]fect$ by ! long-cont9u$ ef=ts ( ! highe/ human intellects1 we c\ld c>ry out ! analogy1 & draw satisfactory illu/rations & inf]5ces f x4 ,! ess5tial1 ! directly intellectual ?+ is ! mak+ ( ! improvem5ts 9 ! telescope or ! /eam-eng9e4 ,:e!r ! successive improvem5ts1 be+ small at ea* /ep1 & consi/5t ) ! g5]al type ( ! in/rum5t1 are appli$ to "s ( ! individual ma*9es1 or entire new ma*9es are con/ruct$ = ea*1 is a m9or matt]4 ,?\gh1 if ma*9es c\ld eng5d]1 ! adaptive me?od w\ld be mo/ economical2 & economy is said to be a p>am\nt law 9 ,nature4 ,! orig9ation ( ! improvem5ts1 & ! successive adaptations to meet new conditions or subs]ve o!r ends1 are :at answ] to ! sup]natural1 & !re=e rema9 inexplicable4 ,z to br++ !m into use1 ?\gh wisdom =esees ! result1 ! circum/ances & ! natural competition w take c>e ( t1 9 ! long-run4 ,! old ones w g out ( use fa/ en\gh1 except :]e an old & simple ma*9e rema9s /ill be/ adapt$ to a p>ticul> purpose or condition--z1 = in/ance1 ! old ,newcom5 eng9e = pump+ out coal-pits4 ,if !re's a ,div9ity t %apes ^! ends1 ! :ole is intelligible & reasonable2 o!rwise1 n4 ,we regret t ! necessity ( discuss+ philosophical que/ions has prev5t$ a full] exam9ation ( ! !ory itself1 & ( ! int]e/+ sci5tific po9ts :i* are br\ght to be> 9 its favor4 ,"o ( its neate/ po9ts1 c]ta9ly a v /rong "o = ! local orig9ation ( species1 & _! gradual diffusion "u natural ag5cies1 we mu/ res]ve = "s o!r conv5i5t opportunity4 ,! "w is a sci5tific "o1 rigidly re/rict$ to its direct object2 & by its sci5ce x mu/ /& or fall4 ,its aim is1 probably1 n to d5y creative int]v5tion 9 ,nature--= ! admission ( ! indep5d5t orig9ation ( c]ta9 types does away ) all antec$5t improbability ( z mu* int]v5tion z may be requir$--b to ma9ta9 t ,natural ,selection1 9 expla9+ ! facts1 expla9s also _m classes ( facts :i* ?\s&-fold repeat$ indep5d5t acts ( creation d n expla91 b leave m my/]i\s ?an ev]4 ,h[ f> ! au?or has succe$$1 ! sci5tific _w w 9 due "t be able to pron\nce4 ,z ^! %eets are pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 a copy ( ! second edition has rea*$ u4 ,we notice ) pleasure ! ins]tion ( an additional motto on ! rev]se ( ! title page1 directly claim+ ! !i/ic view :i* we h v9dicat$ = ! doctr9e4 ,inde$1 ^! p]t95t words ( ! em95tly wise ,bi%op ,butl] comprise1 9 _! simple/ expression1 ! :ole sub/ance ( our lat] pages3 ,! only di/9ct mean+ ( ! ^w 'natural' is /at$1 fix$1 or settl$2 s9ce :at is natural z mu* requires & presupposes an intellig5t m9d to r5d] x s1 i4e41 to effect x cont9ually or at /at$ times1 z :at is sup]natural or miracul\s does to effect x = once4 ,,ii ,,design ,,v]sus ,,necessity ,,discussion ,,betwe5 ,,two ,,read]s ,,( ,,d>w9',s ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species1 ,,^u ,,its ,,natural ,,!ology 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 ,septemb]1 #ahfj7 ,d4,t4--,is ,d>w9's !ory a!i/ic or pan!i/ic8 or1 does x t5d to a!ism or pan!ism8 ,be=e attempt+ any solution ( ?is "q1 p]mit me to say a few words t5d+ to obta9 a def9ite conception ( necessity & design1 z ! s\rces f :i* ev5ts may orig9ate1 ea* indep5d5t ( ! o!r2 & we %all1 p]haps1 be/ atta9 a cle> und]/&+ ( ea*1 by ! illu/ration ( an example 9 :i* simple human design]s act ^u ! physical p[]s ( common matt]4 ,suppose1 !n1 a squ>e billi>d-table to be plac$ ) its corn]s direct$ to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,suppose a play]1 /&+ at ! nor? corn]1 to /rike a r$ ball directly to ! s\?1 8 design be+ to lodge ! ball 9 ! s\? pocket2 :i* design1 if n int]f]$ )1 mu/1 ( c\rse be accompli%$4 ,!n suppose ano!r play]1 /&+ at ! ea/ corn]1 to direct a :ite ball to ! we/ corn]4 ,?is design also1 if n int]f]$ )1 mu/ be accompli%$4 ,next suppose bo? play]s to /rike _! balls at ! same in/ant1 ) l =ces1 9 ! directions be=e giv54 ,9 ?is case ! balls w\ld n pass z be=e1 namely1 ! r$ ball to ! s\?1 & ! :ite ball to ! we/1 b !y mu/ bo? meet & /rike ea* o!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! table1 &1 be+ p]fectly ela/ic1 ! r$ ball mu/ pass to ! we/ pocket1 & ! :ite ball to ! s\? pocket4 ,we may suppose t ! play]s act$ :olly )\t conc]t ) ea* o!r1 inde$1 !y may be ignorant ( ea* o!r' s design1 or ev5 ( ea* o!r's exi/5ce2 /ill we "k t ! ev5ts mu/ happ5 z h]e9 describ$4 ,n[1 ! fir/ half ( ! c\rse ( ^! two balls is f an impulse1 or proce$s f a p[]1 act+ f design4 ,ea* play] has ! design ( driv+ 8 ball across ! table 9 a diagonal l9e to accompli% its lodgm5t at ! opposite corn] ( ! table4 ,nei!r design$ t 8 ball %\ld be deflect$ f t c\rse & pass to ano!r corn] ( ! table4 ,! direction ( ?is second "p ( ! motion mu/ be ref]r$ entirely to necessity1 :i* directly int]f]es ) ! purpose ( him :o design$ ! rectil9e> direction4 ,we are n1 9 ?is case1 to g back to f9d design 9 ! creation ( ! p[]s or laws ( in]tia & ela/icity1 aft] ! ord] ( :i* ! deflection1 at ! in/ant ( collision1 necess>ily takes place4 ,we "k t ^! p[]s 7 inh]5t 9 ! balls1 & 7 n creat$ to answ] ?is special deflection4 ,we are requir$1 by ! hypo!sis1 to conf9e att5tion 9 po9t ( "t1 f ! in/ant prec$+ ! impact ( ! balls1 to ! "t ( _! arrival at ! opposite corn]s ( ! table4 ,! cues aremov$ by design4 ,! impacts are acts f design4 ,! fir/ half ( ! motion ( ea* ball is "u ! direction ( design4 ,we mean by ?is ! p>ticul> design ( ea* play]4 ,b1 at ! in/ant ( ! collision ( ! balls ^u ea* o!r1 direction f design ceases1 & ! balls no long] obey ! p>ticul> designs ( ! play]s1 ! ends or purposes int5d$ by !m are n accompli%$1 b fru/rat$1 by necessity1 or by ! necess>y action ( ! p[]s ( in]tia & ela/icity1 :i* are inh]5t 9 matt]1 & are n made by any design ( a ,creator = ?is special action1 or to s]ve ?is special purpose1 b w\ld h exi/$ 9 ! mat]ials ( :i* ! balls 7 made1 al?\gh ! play]s _h nev] be5 born4 ,i h ?us /at$1 by a simple example 9 physical action1 :at is meant by design & :at by necessity2 & t ! latt] may exi/ )\t any dep5d5ce ^u ! =m]4 ,if ,i h giv5 ! /atem5t ) :at may be ?\ght1 by "s1 unnecess>y prolixity1 ,i h only to say t ,i h f\nd _m m9ds to h a great difficulty 9 conceiv+ ( necessity z act+ altoge!r indep5d5t ( design4 ,let me n[ trace ^! pr9ciples z s\rces ( action 9 ,d>w9's "w or !ory4 ,let u see h[ mu* !re is ( design act+ to produce a =ese5 end1 & ?us prov+ a reason+ & self-consci\s ,creator2 & h[ mu* ( m]e bl9d p[] act+ )\t rational design1 or )\t a specific purpose or consci\s =esight4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has specifi$ 9 a mo/ cle> & unmi/akable mann] ! op]ation ( 8 ?ree great p[]s1 or r1 ! ?ree great laws by :i* ! organic p[] ( life acts 9 ! =mation ( an eye4 7,see p4 #afi47 ,foll[+ ! me?od he has po9t$ out1 we w take a numb] ( animals ( ! same species1 9 :i* ! eye is n develop$4 ,!y may h all ! o!r s5ses1 ) ! organs ( nutrition1 circulation1 respiration1 & locomotion4 ,!y all h a bra9 & n]ves1 & "s ( ^! n]ves may be s5sitive to light2 b h no comb9ation ( ret9a1 membranes1 humors1 etc41 by :i* ! di/9ct image ( an object may be =m$ & convey$ by ! optic n]ve to ! cognizance ( ! int]nal p]ception1 or ! m9d4 ,! animal 9 ?is case w\ld be m]ely s5sible ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 light & d>kness4 ,he w\ld h no p[] ( discrim9at+ =m1 size1 %ape1 or color1 ! diff]5ce ( objects1 & to ga9 f ^! a k ( _! be+ useful or hurtful1 fri5ds or enemies4 ,up to ?is po9t !re is no appe>ance ( necessity ^u ! sc5e4 ,! billi>d-balls h n yet /ruck toge!r1 & we w suppose t none ( ! argum5ts t may be us$ to prove1 f ?is organism1 ?us exi/+1 t x c\ld n h come into =m & be+ )\t a creator act+ to ?is end ) intellig5ce & design1 are oppos$ by any?+ t c be f\nd 9 ,d>w9's !ory2 =1 s f>1 ,d>w9's laws are suppos$ n to h come into op]ation4 ,give ! animals1 ?us organiz$1 food & room1 & !y may g on1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 ^u ! same organic level4 ,^? individuals t1 f natural v>iation1 are born ) light-n]ves a little m s5sitive to light ?an _! p>5ts1 w cross or int]bre$ ) ^? :o h ! same organs a little less s5sitive1 & ?us ! mean /&>d w be kept up )\t any advancem5t4 ,if our billi>d-table 7 suffici5tly ext5sive1 i4 e41 inf9ite1 ! balls roll$ f ! corn]s w\ld nev] meet1 & ! necessity :i* we h suppos$ to deflect !m w\ld nev] act4 ,! mom5t1 h[ev]1 t ! want ( space or food comm5ces natural selection beg9s4 ,"h ! balls meet1 & all future action is gov]n$ by necessity4 ,! be/ =ms1 or ^? n]ves mo/ s5sitive to light1 connect$ ) incipi5t membranes & humors = corneas & l5ses1 are pick$ out & pres]v$ by natural selection1 ( necessity4 ,all _c live & propagate1 & x is a necessity1 obvi\s to all1 t ! weak] mu/ p]i%1 if ! !ory be true4 ,work+ on1 9 ?is way1 ?r\gh c\ntless g5]ations1 ! eye is at la/ #ee =m$ 9 all its beauty & excell5ce4 ,x mu/ 7always assum+ t ?is !ory is true7 result f ?is comb9$ action ( natural v>iation1 ! /ruggle = life1 & natural selection1 ) z mu* c]ta9ty z ! balls1 aft] collision1 mu/ pass to corn]s ( ! table diff]5t f ^? to :i* !y 7 direct$1 & s f> =? z ! eye is =m$ by ^! laws1 act+ upw>d f ! n]ve m]ely s5sitive to light1 we c no m inf] design1 & f design a design]1 ?an we c inf] design 9 ! direction ( ! billi>d-balls aft] ! collision4 ,bo? are suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by bl9d p[]s act+ "u a bl9d necessity4 ,take away ! /ruggle = life f ! "o1 & ! collision ( ! balls f ! o!r--& nei!r ( ^! 0 design$--& ! animal w\ld h gone on )\t eyes4 ,! balls w\ld h f\nd ! corn]s ( ! table to :i* !y 7 fir/ direct$4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 x seems to me cle> t "o :o c f9d no pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t ,creator except ?r\gh ! evid5ce ( design 9 ! organic _w1 c f9d no evid5ce ( su* design 9 ! con/ruction ( ! eye1 if x 7 con/ruct$ "u ! op]ation ( ,d>w9's laws1 ,i %all n = "o mom5t cont5d t ^! laws are incompatible ) design & a self-consci\s1 intellig5t ,creator4 ,su* design might1 inde$1 h coexi/$ ) ! necessity or natural selection2 & s ! billi>d-play]s might h design$ ! collision ( _! balls2 b nei!r ! =mation ( ! eye1 nor ! pa? ( ! balls aft] collision1 furni%es any suffici5t pro( ( su* design 9 ei!r case4 ,"o1 inde$1 :o believes1 f revelation or any o!r cause1 9 ! exi/5ce ( su* a ,creator1 ! f\nta9 & ,s\rce ( all ?+s 9 heav5 above & 9 ! e>? b5ea?1 w see 9 natural v>iation1 ! /ruggle = life1 & natural selection1 only ! ord] or mode 9 :i* ?is ,creator1 9 8 own p]fect wisdom1 sees fit to act4 ,happy is he :o c ?us see & adore4 ,b h[ _m are !re :o h no su* #ef belief f intuition1 or fai? 9 revelation2 b :o h by c>eful & elaborate se>* 9 ! physical1 & m especially 9 ! organic _w1 inf]r$1 by induction1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god f :at has seem$ to !m ! wond]ful adaptation ( ! diff]5t organs & p>ts ( ! animal body to its1 app>5tly1 design$ ends6 ,imag9e a m9d ( ?is skeptical "*1 9 all hone/y & "u its be/ reason1 aft] f9d+ itself oblig$ to reject ! evid5ce ( revelation1 to comm5ce a se>* aft] ! ,creator1 9 ! light ( natural !ology4 ,he goes ?r\gh ! pro( = f9al cause & design1 z giv5 9 a summ>y ?\gh cle>1 pla91 & conv9c+ =m1 9 ! pages ( ,paley & ! ,bridgewat] ,treatises4 ,! eye & ! h&1 ^? p]fect in/rum5ts ( optical & me*anical contrivance & adaptation1 )\t ! lea/ wa/e or surplusage--^!1 say ,paley & ,bell1 c]ta9ly prove a design+ mak] z mu* z ! palace or ! wat* proves an ar*itect or a wat*mak]4 ,let ?is m9d1 9 ?is /ate1 cross ,d>w9's "w1 & f9d t1 aft] a s5sitive n]ve or a rudim5t>y ho( or claw1 no design is to be f\nd4 ,f ?is po9t upw>d ! developm5t is ! m]e necess>y result ( natural selection2 & let him receive ?is law ( natural selection z true1 & :]e does he f9d himself8 ,be=e1 he c\ld ref] ! exi/5ce ( ! eye1 = example1 only to design1 or *ance4 ,!re 0 no o!r alt]native4 ,he reject$ *ance1 z impossible4 ,x mu/ !n be a design4 ,b ,d>w9 br+s up ano!r p[]1 namely1 natural selection1 9 place ( ?is impossible *ance4 ,?is n only may1 b1 accord+ to ,d>w91 mu/ ( necessity produce an eye4 ,x may inde$ coexi/ ) design1 b x mu/ exi/ & act & produce its results1 ev5 )\t design4 ,w su* a m9d1 "u su* circum/ances1 inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! design]--,god--:5 he c1 at ! same "t1 satisfactorily acc\nt = ! ?+ produc$1 by ! op]ation ( ?is natural selection8 ,x seems to me1 !re=e1 p]fectly evid5t #eg t ! sub/itution ( natural selection1 by necessity1 = design 9 ! =mation ( ! organic _w1 is a /ep decid$ly a!i/ical4 ,x is 9 va9 to say t ,d>w9 takes ! creation ( organic life1 9 its simple/ =ms1 to h be5 ! "w ( ! ,deity4 ,9 giv+ up design 9 ^! highe/ & mo/ complex =ms ( organization1 :i* h always be5 reli$ ^u z ! cr[n+ pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t ,creator1 )\t ^: intellectual p[] !y c\ld n h be5 br\ght into be+1 he takes a mo/ decid$ /ep to bani% a belief 9 ! intellig5t action ( ,god f ! organic _w4 ,! l[] organisms w g next4 ,! a!i/ w say1 ,wait a little4 ,"s future ,d>w9 w %[ h[ ! simple =ms came necess>ily f inorganic matt]4 ,?is is b ano!r /ep by :i*1 accord+ to ,laplace1 ! discov]ies ( sci5ce ?r[ f9al causes fur!r back4 ,a4,g4--,x is conc$$ t1 if ! two play]s 9 ! suppos$ case 7 ignorant ( ea* o!r's pres5ce1 ! designs ( bo? 7 fru/rat$1 & f necessity4 ,?us f> x is n ne$ful to inquire :e!r ?is necess>y consequ5ce is an unconditional or a condition$ necessity1 nor to require a m def9ite /atem5t ( ! mean+ atta*$ to ! ^w necessity z a suppos$ ?ird alt]native4 ,b1 if ! play]s knew ( ea* o!r's pres5ce1 we c\ld n inf] f ! result t ! design ( bo? or ( ei!r 0 fru/rat$4 ,"o ( !m may h int5d$ to fru/rate ! o!r's design1 & to effect 8 own4 ,or bo? may h be5 equally conv]sant ) ! prop]ties ( ! matt] & ! relation ( ! =ces conc]n$ 7:atev] ! cause1 orig91 or nature1 ( ^! =ces & prop]ties71 & ! result may h be5 accord+ to ! designs ( bo?4 ,z y admit t !y might or might n h design$ ! collision ( _! balls & its consequ5ces ! "q arises :e!r !re is any way ( asc]ta9+ :i* ( ! two conceptions we may =m ab\t x is ! true "o4 ,n[1 let x be rem>k$ t design c nev] be demon/rat$4 ,witness+ ! act does n make kn[n ! design1 z we h se5 9 ! case assum$ = ! basis ( ! argum5t4 ,! ^w ( ! actor is n pro(2 & t s\rce ( evid5ce is exclud$ f ! cases 9 "q4 ,! only way left1 & ! only possible way 9 cases :]e te/imony is out ( ! "q1 is to inf] ! design f ! result1 or f arrangem5ts :i* /rike u z adapt$ or int5d$ to produce a c]ta9 result1 :i* af=ds a presumption ( design4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is presumption may be z]o1 or an ev5 *ance1 z p]haps x is 9 ! assum$ case2 b ! probability ( design w increase ) ! p>ticul>ity ( ! act1 ! specialty ( ! arrangem5t or ma*9]y1 & ) ! numb] ( id5tical or yet m ( simil> & analog\s in/ances1 until x rises to a moral c]ta9ty--i4 e41 to a conviction :i* practically we are z unable to resi/ z we are to d5y ! cog5cy ( a ma!matical demon/ration4 ,a s+le in/ance1 or set ( in/ances1 ( a comp>atively simple arrangem5t might suffice4 ,= in/ance1 we %\ld n d\bt t a pump 0 design$ to raise wat] by ! mov+ ( ! h&le4 ,( c\rse1 ! conviction is ! /rong]1 or at lea/ ! soon] arriv$ at1 :]e we c imitate ! arrangem5t1 & ourselves produce ! result at w1 z we c\ld ) a pump1 & also ) ! billi>d-balls4 ,& "h ,i w\ld sugge/ t y\r billi>d-table1 ) ! case ( collision1 answ]s well to a ma*9e4 ,9 bo? a result is produc$ by indirection--by apply+ a =ce out ( l9e ( ! ultimate direction4 ,&1 z ,i %\ld feel z confid5t t a man int5d$ to raise wat] :o 0 work+ a pumph&le1 z if he 7 br++ x up 9 pailfuls f bel[ by means ( a ladd]1 s1 aft] due exam9ation ( ! billi>d-table & its appurt5ances1 ,i %\ld probably ?9k x likely t ! effect ( ! reb\nd 0 expect$ & int5d$ no less ?an t ( ! imm$iate impulse4 ,& a simil> inspection ( arrangem5ts & results 9 ,nature w\ld raise at lea/ an equal presumption ( design4 ,y all[ t ! reb\nd might h be5 int5d$1 b y require pro( t x 04 ,we agree t a s+le su* in/ance af=ds no evid5ce ei!r way4 ,b h[ w\ld x be if y saw ! m5 do+ ! same ?+ ov] & ov]8 & if !y v>i$ x by o!r arrangem5ts ( ! balls or ( ! bl[1 & ^! 7 foll[$ by analog\s results8 ,h[ if y at l5g? discov]$ a pr(itable end ( ! op]ation1 say ! w9n+ ( a wag]8 ,s 9 ! c\nt]p>t case ( natural selection3 mu/ we n inf] int5tion f ! arrangem5ts & ! results8 ,b ,i w take ano!r case ( ! v same sort1 ?\gh simpl]1 & bett] adapt$ to illu/rate natural selection2 because ! *ange ( direction--y\r necessity--acts gradually or successively1 in/ead ( abruptly4 ,suppose ,i hit a man /&+ obliquely 9 my re>1 by ?r[+ =w>d a crook$ /ick1 call$ a boom]ang4 ,h[ c\ld he "k :e!r ! bl[ 0 int5tional or n8 ,b suppose ,i _h be5 kn[n to ?r[ boom]angs be=e2 suppose t1 on diff]5t occasions1 ,i _h be=e w\nd$ p]sons by ! same1 or o!r indirect & app>5tly aimless actions2 & suppose t an object appe>$ to be ga9$ 9 ! result--t def9ite ends 7 atta9$--w\ld x n at l5g? be inf]r$ t my assault1 ?\gh indirect1 or app>5tly indirect1 0 design$8 ,to make ! case m ne>ly p>allel ) ^? x is br\ght to illu/rate1 y h only to suppose t1 al?\gh ! boom]ang ?r[n by me w5t =w>d to a def9ite place1 & at lea/ appe>$ to subs]ve a purpose1 & ! by/&]s1 aft] a :ile1 c\ld get traces ( ! mode or ! empirical law ( its flight1 yet !y c\ld n !mselves d any?+ ) x4 ,x 0 q beyond _! p[] to use x4 ,w\ld !y d\bt1 or d5y my int5tion1 on t acc\nt8 ,no3 !y w\ld insi/ t design on my "p mu/ be presum$ f ! nature ( ! results2 t1 ?\gh design may h be5 want+ 9 any "o case1 yet ! repetition ( ! result1 & f diff]5t positions & "u v>i$ circum/ances1 %[$ t !re mu/ h be5 design4 ,moreov]1 9 ! way y\r case is /at$1 x seems to conc$e ! mo/ important half ( ! "q1 & s af=ds a presumption = ! re/1 on ! side ( design4 ,= y seem to assume an actor1 a design]1 accompli%+ 8 design 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,y--a by/&]--inf] t ! play] effect$ 8 design 9 s5d+ ! fir/ ball to ! pocket be=e him4 ,y inf] ?is f obs]vation alone4 ,mu/ y n f a cont9uance ( ! same obs]vation equally inf] a common design ( ! two play]s 9 ! complex result1 or a design ( "o ( !m to fru/rate ! design ( ! o!r8 ,if y grant a design+ actor1 ! presumption ( design is z /rong1 or ^u cont9u$ obs]vation ( in/ances soon becomes z /rong1 9 reg>d to ! deflection ( ! balls1 or v>iation ( ! species1 z x 0 = ! result ( ! fir/ impulse or = ! production ( ! orig9al animal1 etc4 ,b1 9 ! case to be illu/rat$1 we d n see ! play]4 ,we see only ! movem5t ( ! balls4 ,n[1 if ! contrivances & adaptations ref]r$ to really d prove a design] z mu* z ! palace or ! wat* proves an ar*itect or a wat*mak]--z ,paley & ,bell argue1 & z y\r skeptic admits1 :ile ! alt]native is betwe5 design & *ance--!n !y prove x ) all ! pro( ! case is susceptible (1 & ) complete conviction4 ,= we _c d\bt t ! wat* _h a wat*mak]4 ,& if !y prove x on ! supposition t ! unse5 op]ator act$ imm$iately--i4e41 t ! play] directly impell$ ! balls 9 ! directions we see !m mov+1 ,i insi/ t ?is pro( is n impair$ by our asc]ta9+ t he act$ m$iately--i4e41 t ! pres5t /ate or =m ( ! plants or animals1 l ! pres5t position ( ! billi>d-balls1 result$ f ! collision ( ! individuals ) "o ano!r1 or ) ! surr\nd+s4 ,! orig9al impulse1 :i* we once suppos$ 0 9 ! l9e ( ! obs]v$ movem5t1 only proves to h be5 9 a diff]5t direction2 b ! s]ies ( movem5ts took place ) a s]ies ( results1 ea* & all ( !m none ! less det]m9$1 none ! less design$4 ,:]e=e1 :51 at ! close1 y quote ,laplace1 t ! discov]ies ( sci5ce ?r[ f9al causes f>!r back1 ! mo/ y c mean is1 t !y con/ra9 u to look f>!r back = ! impulse4 ,!y d n at all ?r[ ! argum5t = design f>!r back1 9 ! s5se ( furni%+ evid5ce or presumption t only ! prim>y impulse 0 design$1 & t all ! re/ foll[$ f *ance or necessity4 ,evid5ce ( design1 ,i ?9k y w all[1 ev]y:]e is drawn f ! obs]vation ( adaptations & ( results1 & has really no?+ to d ) any?+ else1 except :]e y c take ! ^w = ! w4 ,& 9 t case y h n argum5t = design1 b te/imony4 ,9 ,nature we h no te/imony2 b ! argum5t is ov]:elm+4 ,n[1 note t ! argum5t ( ! old5 "t--t ( ,paley1 etc41 :i* y\r skeptic f\nd s conv9c+--0 always ! argum5t = design 9 ! movem5t ( ! balls aft] deflection4 ,= x 0 drawn f animals produc$ by g5]ation1 n by creation1 & ?r\gh a long succession ( g5]ations or deflections4 ,:]e=e1 if ! argum5t = design is p]fect 9 ! case ( an animal d]iv$ f a long succession ( individuals z ne>ly alike z (fspr+ is g5]ally l p>5ts & gr&p>5ts1 & if ?is argum5t is n weak5$ :5 a v>iation1 or s]ies ( v>iations1 has occurr$ 9 ! c\rse1 z great z any v>iations we "k ( among dome/ic cattle1 h[ !n is x weak5$ by ! supposition1 or by ! likelihood1 t ! v>iations h be5 twice or ?rice z great z we =m]ly suppos$1 or because ! v>iations h be5 pick$ out1 & a few ( !m pre s]v$ z bre$]s ( /ill o!r v>iations1 by natural selection8 ,f9ally let x be not$ t y\r elem5t ( necessity has to d1 s f> z we "k1 only ) ! pick+ out & pres]v+ ( c]ta9 *ang+ =ms1 i4 e41 ) ! natural selection4 ,?is selection1 y may say1 mu/ happ5 "u ! circum/ances4 ,?is is a necess>y result ( ! collision ( ! balls2 & ^! results c be pr$ict$4 ,if ! balls /rike s & s1 !y w be deflect$ s & s4 ,b ! v>iation itself is ( ! nature ( an orig9ation4 ,x answ]s well to ! orig9al impulse ( ! balls1 or to a s]ies ( su* impulses4 ,we _c pr$ict :at p>ticul> new v>iation w occur f any obs]vation ( ! pa/4 ,j z ! fir/ impulse 0 giv5 to ! balls at a po9t out ( sight1 s ! impulse :i* result$ 9 ! v>iety or new =m 0 giv5 at a po9t beyond obs]vation1 & is equally my/]i\s or unacc\ntable1 except on ! supposition ( an orda9+ w4 ,! p>5t _h n ! peculi>ity ( ! v>iety1 ! prog5y has4 ,betwe5 ! two is ! dim or obscure region ( ! =mation ( a new individual1 9 "s unkn[n "p ( :i*1 & 9 "s :olly unkn[n way1 ! diff]5ce is int]calat$4 ,to introduce necessity "h is gratuit\s & unsci5tific2 b "h y mu/ h x to make y\r argum5t valid4 ,i agree t1 judg+ f ! pa/1 x is n improbable t v>iation itself may be h]eaft] %[n to result f physical causes4 ,:5 x is s %[n1 y may ext5d y\r necessity into ?is region1 b n till !n4 ,b ! :ole c\rse ( sci5tific discov]y goes to assure u t ! discov]y ( ! cause ( v>iation w be only a resolution ( v>iation into two factors3 "o1 ! imm$iate second>y cause ( ! *anges1 :i* s f> expla9s !m2 ! o!r an unresolv$ or unexpla9$ ph5om5on1 :i* w !n /& j :]e ! product1 v>iation1 /&s n[1 only t x w be "o /ep ne>] to ! effici5t cause4 ,?is l9e ( argum5t appe>s to me s conv9c+1 t ,i am b\nd to suppose t x does n meet y\r case4 ,al?\gh y introduc$ play]s to illu/rate :at design is1 x is probable t y did n int5d1 & w\ld n accept1 ! p>allel :i* y\r suppos$ case sugge/$4 ,:5 y decl>e t ! pro( ( design 9 ! eye & ! h&1 z giv5 by ,paley & ,bell1 0 conv9c+1 y mean1 ( c\rse1 t x 0 conv9c+1 s long z ! "q 0 betwe5 design & *ance1 b t n[ ano!r alt]native is (f]$1 "o :i* obviates ! =ce ( ^? argum5ts1 & may acc\nt = ! actual results )\t design4 ,i d n cle>ly appreh5d ?is ?ird alt]native4 ,w y be s good1 !n1 z to /ate ! gr\nds ^u :i* y conclude t ! suppos$ pro( ( design f ! eye1 or ! h&1 z x /ood be=e ,d>w9's !ory 0 promulgat$1 w\ld be invalidat$ by ! admission ( ?is new !ory8 ,d4,t4--,z ,i h ev] f\nd y1 9 controv]sy1 meet+ ! array ( y\r oppon5t fairly & directly1 )\t any attempt to /rike ! body ( 8 argum5t ?r\gh an ungu>d$ jo9t 9 ! phraseology1 ,i 0 some:at surpris$ at ! c\rse tak5 9 y\r answ] to my /atem5t on ,d>w9's !ory4 ,y !re seem to suppose t ,i in/anc$ ! action ( ! billi>d balls & play]s z a p>allel1 ?r\gh\t1 to ! =mation ( ! organic _w4 ,_h x occurr$ to me t su* an application might be suppos$ to foll[ legitimately f my introduction ( ?is action1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly h /at$ t ,i did n int5d1 & %\ld by no means acc$e to1 t con/ruction4 ,my purpose 9 br++ ! billi>d-table ^u ! sc5e 0 to illu/rate1 by example1 design & necessity1 z diff]5t & indep5d5t s\rces f :i* results1 x might inde$ be id5tical results1 may be d]iv$ ,all ! conclusions1 !re=e1 t y h arriv$ at ?r\gh ?is misconception or misapplication ( my illu/ration1 ,i _c take z an answ] to ! matt] /at$ or int5d$ to be /at$ by me4 ,aga91 foll[+ ?is misconception1 y suppose ! skeptic 7in/anc$ by me z reveal+ ?r\gh ! evid5ce ( design1 exhibit$ 9 ! /ructure ( ! eye1 = its design]1 ,god7 z br++ to ! exam9ation a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( design 9 ! con/ruction ( ! animals z !y exi/$ up to ! mom5t :5 ! eye 01 accord+ to my supposition1 add$ to ! he>t1 /oma*1 bra91 etc4 ,by skeptic ,i1 ( c\rse1 int5d$ "o :o d\bt$ ! exi/5ce ( design 9 e organic /ructure1 or at lea/ requir$ pro( ( su* design4 ,n[1 z ! wat* may be in/anc$ z a m complete exhibition ( design ?an a fl9t knife or an h\r-glass1 ,i select$1 aft] ! example ( ,paley1 ! eye1 z exhibit+ by its complex b h>moni\s arrangem5ts a high] evid5ce ( design & a design] ?an is to be f\nd 9 a n]ve s5sitive to light1 or any m]e rudim5t>y "p or organ4 ,i c\ld n mean by skeptic "o :o believ$ 9 design s f> z a claw1 or a n]ve s5sitive to light1 0 conc]n$1 b d\bt$ all above4 ,= "o :o believes 9 design at all w n fail to recognize x 9 a h& or an eye4 ,b ,i ne$ n ext5d ^! rem>ks1 z y ackn[l$ge 9 ! sequel to y\r argum5t t y may n h suit$ x to ! case z ,i h /at$ x4 ,y n[ reque/ me to /ate ! gr\nds ^u :i* ,i conclude t ! suppos$ pro( ( design f ! eye & ! h&1 z x /ood be=e ,d>w9's !ory 0 promulgat$1 is invalidat$ by ! admission ( t !ory4 ,x seems to me t a suffici5t answ] to ?is "q has already be5 made 9 ! la/ "p ( my =m] pap]2 b1 z y reque/ x1 ,i w g ov] ! lead+ po9ts z !re giv51 ) m m9ut5ess ( detail4 ,let u1 !n1 suppose a skeptic1 "o :o is yet consid]+ & d\bt+ ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 hav+ already conclud$ t ! te/imony f any & all revelation is insuffici5t1 & hav+ reject$ :at is call$ ! a priori argum5ts br\ght =w>d 9 natural !ology1 & p]t9aci\sly insi/$ ^u by ,dr4 ,cl>k & o!rs1 turn+ z a la/ res\rce to ! argum5t f design 9 ! organic _w4 ,voltaire tells him t a palace c\ld n exi/ )\t an ar*itect to design x4 ,dr4 ,paley tells him t a wat* proves ! design ( a wat*mak]4 ,he ?9ks ?is v reasonable1 &1 al?\gh he sees a diff]5ce betwe5 ! works ( ,nature & ^? ( m]e human art1 yet if he c f9d 9 any organic body1 or "p ( a body1 ! same adaptation to its use t he f9ds 9 a wat*1 ?is tru? w g v f> t[>d prov+1 if x is n entirely conclusive1 t1 9 mak+ x1 ! p[]s ( life by :i* x grew 7 direct$ by an intellig5t1 reason+ ma/]4 ,"u ! guidance ( ,paley he takes an eye1 :i*1 al?\gh an optical1 & n a me*anical in/rum5t l ! wat*1 is z well adapt$ to te/ify to design4 ,he sees1 fir/1 t ! eye is transp>5t :5 e o!r "p ( ! body is opaque4 ,0 ?is ! result ( a m]e ,epicurean or ,lucretian =tuit\s conc\rse ( liv+ atoms8 ,he is n yet c]ta9 x might n be s4 ,next he sees t x is sph]ical1 & t ?is convex =m alone is capable ( *ang+ ! direction ( ! light :i* proce$s f a di/ant body1 & ( collect+ x s z to =m a di/9ct image )9 its globe4 ,next he sees at ! exact place :]e ?is image mu/ be =m$ a curta9 ( n]ve-"w1 ready to receive & convey x1 or excite f x1 9 its own my/]i\s way1 an idea ( x 9 ! m9d4 ,la/ ( all1 he comes to ! cry/all9e l5s4 ,n[1 he has be=e le>n$ t )\t ?is l5s an eye w\ld by ! aque\s & ,vitre\s humors alone =m an image ^u ! ret9a1 b ?is image w\ld be indi/9ct f ! light n be+ suffici5tly refract$1 & likewise f hav+ a color$ fr+e r\nd its edges4 ,?is la/ effect is attributable to ! refrangibility ( light1 t is1 to "s ( ! colors be+ m refract$ ?an o!rs4 ,he likewise kn[s t m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago ,mr4 ,dollond hav+ f\nd out1 aft] _m exp]im5ts1 t "s k9ds ( glass h ! p[] ( disp]s+ light1 = ea* degree ( its refraction1 mu* m ?an o!r k9ds1 & t on ! discov]y ( ?is fact he contriv$ to make telescopes 9 :i* he pass$ ! light ?r\gh two object-glasses successively1 "o ( :i* he made ( cr[n & "o ( fl9t glass1 s gr\nd & adapt$ to ea* o!r t ! great] disp]sion produc$ by ! sub/ance ( "o %\ld be correct$ by ! small] disp]sion ( ! o!r4 ,?is contrivance correct$ entirely ! color$ images :i* _h r5d]$ all previ\s telescopes v imp]fect4 ,he f9ds 9 ?is inv5tion all ! elem5ts ( design1 z x appe>$ 9 ! ?\ght & action ( a human design]4 ,fir/1 conjecture ( c]ta9 laws or facts 9 optics4 ,!n1 exp]im5t prov+ ^! laws or facts4 ,!n1 ! contrivance & =mation ( an in/rum5t by :i* ^? laws or facts mu/ produce a c]ta9 s\ght result4 ,?us enlight5$1 our skeptic turns to 8 cry/all9e l5s to see if he c discov] ! "w ( a ,dollond 9 ?is4 ,"h he f9ds t an eye1 hav+ a cry/all9e l5s plac$ betwe5 ! humors1 n only refracts ! light m ?an x w\ld be refract$ by ! humors alone1 b t1 9 ?is comb9ation ( humors & l5s1 ! colors are z completely correct$ z 9 ! comb9ation ( ,dollond's telescope4 ,c x be t !re 0 no design1 no design]1 direct+ ! p[]s ( life 9 ! =mation ( ?is wond]ful organ8 ,our skeptic is aw>e t1 9 ! arts ( man1 great aid has be51 sometimes1 giv5 by *ance1 t is1 by ! arti/ or workman obs]v+ "s =tuit\s comb9ation1 =m1 or action1 ar\nd him4 ,he has he>d x said t ! *ance arrangem5t ( two pairs ( spectacles1 9 ! %op ( a ,dut* optician1 gave ! direction #fg = con/ruct+ ! fir/ telescope4 ,possibly1 9 "t1 say a few geological ages1 x might 9 "s optician's %op h br\ght ab\t a comb9ation ( fl9t & cr[n glass :i*1 toge!r1 %\ld h be5 a*romatic4 ,b ! space betwe5 ! humors ( ! eye is n an optician' s %op :]e object-glasses ( all k9ds1 %apes1 & sizes1 are plac$ by *ance1 9 all mann] ( relations & positions4 ,on ! hypo!sis "u :i* our skeptic is mak+ 8 exam9ation--! eye hav+ be5 complet$ 9 all b ! =mation ( ! l5s--! place :i* ! l5s occupies :5 complet$ 0 fill$ ) p>ts ( ! humors & plane membrane1 homog5e\s 9 texture & surface1 pres5t+1 !re=e1 nei!r ! v>iety ( ! mat]ials nor =ms :i* are conta9$ 9 ! optician's %op = *ance to make its comb9ations )4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld x be ca/ ( a comb9ation n be=e us$1 & fa%ion$ to a %ape diff]5t f t be=e kn[n1 & plac$ 9 exact comb9ation ) all ! p>ts be=e enum]at$1 ) _m o!rs n ev5 m5tion$8 ,he sees no p>allelism ( condition1 !n1 by :i* *ance c\ld act 9 =m+ a cry/all9e l5s1 :i* answ]s to ! condition ( an optician's %op1 :]e x might be possible 9 _m ages = *ance to comb9e exi/+ =ms into an a*romatic object-glass4 ,consid]+1 !re=e1 ! eye ?us complet$ & plac$ 9 its bony case & provid$ ) its muscles1 its lids1 its te>-ducts1 & all its o!r elaborate & curi\s app5dages1 &1 a ?\s& times m wond]ful /ill1 )\t be+ encumb]$ ) a s+le sup]flu\s or useless "p1 c he say t ?is c\ld be ! "w ( *ance8 ,! improbability ( ?is is s great1 & consequ5tly ! evid5ce ( design is s /rong1 t he is ab\t to seal 8 v]dict 9 favor ( design1 :5 he op5s ,mr4 ,d>w9's book4 ,!re he f9ds t an eye is no m ?an a vital aggregation or gr[?1 direct$1 n by design nor *ance1 b m\ld$ by natural v>iation & natural selection1 ?r\gh :i* x mu/1 necess>ily1 h be5 develop$ & =m$4 ,p>ticles or atoms be+ aggregat$ by ! bl9d p[]s ( life1 mu/ become "u ! giv5 conditions1 by natural v>iation & natural selection1 eyes1 )\t design1 z c]ta9ly z ! r$ billi>d-ball w5t to ! we/ pocket1 by ! p[]s ( in]tia & ela/icity1 )\t ! design ( ! h& t put x 9 motion4 7,see ,d>w91 p4 #afi47 ,let u lay be=e our skeptic ! way 9 :i* we may suppose t ,d>w9 w\ld trace ! op]ation ( life1 or ! vital =ce con=m+ to ^! laws4 ,9 do+ ?is we ne$ n g ?r\gh ) ! =mation ( ! sev]al membranes1 humors1 etc41 b take ! cry/all9e l5s z ! mo/ curi\s & nicely arrang$ & adapt$ ( all ! p>ts1 & z giv+1 moreov]1 a close p>allel1 9 ! end produc$1 to t produc$ by design1 by a human design]1 ,dollond1 9 =m+ 8 a*romatic object-glass4 ,if x c be %[n t natural v>iation & natural selection 7 capable ( =m+ ! cry/all9e l5s1 x w n be d5i$ t !y 7 capable ( =m+ ! iris1 ! scl]otica1 ! aque\s humors1 or any & all ! o!r p>ts4 ,suppose1 !n1 t we h a numb] ( animals1 ) eyes yet want+ ! cry/all9e4 ,9 ?is /ate ! animals c see1 b dimly & imp]fectly1 z a man sees aft] hav+ be5 c\*$4 ,"s ( ! (fspr+ ( ^! animals h1 by natural v>iation1 m]ely a portion ( ! membrane :i* sep>ates ! aque\s f ! vitre\s humor a little ?ick5$ 9 its middle "p1 a little swell$ out4 ,?is refracts ! light a little m ?an x w\ld be refract$ by a membrane 9 :i* no su* swell+ exi/$1 & n only s1 b1 9 comb9ation ) ! humors1 x corrects ! errors ( disp]sion & makes ! image some:at m colorless4 ,all ! "y animals t h ?is swell$ membrane see m di/9ctly ?an _! p>5ts or bre?r54 ,!y1 !re=e1 h an advantage ov] !m 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,!y c obta9 food m easily2 c f9d _! prey1 & escape f _! enemies ) great] facility ?an _! k9dr$4 ,?is ?ick5+ & r\nd+ ( ! membrane goes on f g5]ation to g5]ation by natural v>iation2 natural selection all ! :ile pick+ out ) un]r+ skill all ! improvem5ts1 ?r\gh c\ntless g5]ations1 until at l5g? x is f\nd t ! membrane has become a p]fect cry/all9e l5s4 ,n[1 :]e is ! design 9 all ?is8 ,! membrane 0 n ?ick5$ & r\nd$ to ! end t ! image %\ld be m di/9ct & colorless2 b1 be+ ?ick5$ & r\nd$ by ! op]ation ( natural v>iation1 inh]5t 9 g5]ation1 natural selection ( necessity produc$ ! result t we h se54 ,! same result 0 ?us produc$ ( necessity1 9 ! eye1 t ,dollond came at1 9 ! telescope1 ) design1 ?r\gh pa9ful guess+1 reason+1 exp]im5t+1 & =m+4 ,suppose our skeptic to believe 9 all ?is p[] ( natural selection2 w he n[ seal up 8 v]dict = design1 ) ! same confid5ce t he w\ld be=e he he>d ( ,d>w98 ,if n1 !n ! suppos$ pro( f design is invalidat$ by ,d>w9's !ory4 ,a4,g4--,waiv+ incid5tal po9ts & look+ only to ! gi/ ( ! "q1 ,i rem>k t ! argum5t = design z aga9/ *ance1 9 ! =mation ( ! eye1 is mo/ conv9c+ly /at$ 9 y\r argum5t4 ,^u ?is & ^u num]\s simil> argum5ts ! :ole "q we are discuss+ turns4 ,s1 if ! skeptic 0 ab\t to seal 8 v]dict 9 favor ( design1 & a design]1 :5 ,d>w9's book appe>$1 :y %\ld 8 v]dict n[ be *ang$ or )held8 ,all ! facts ab\t ! eye1 :i* conv9c$ him t ! organ 0 design$1 rema9 j z !y 74 ,8 conviction 0 n produc$ ?r\gh te/imony or eyewitness1 b design 0 irresi/ibly inf]r$ f ! evid5ce ( contrivance 9 ! eye itself4 ,n[1 if ! eye z x is1 or has become1 s conv9c+ly argu$ design :y n ea* p>ticul> /ep or "p ( ?is result8 ,if ! production ( a p]fect cry/all9e l5s 9 ! eye--y "k n h[--z mu* indicat$ design z did ! production ( a ,dollond a*romatic l5s--y und]/& h[--!n :y does n ! swell+ out ( a p>ticul> portion ( ! membrane beh9d ! iris--caus$ y "k n h[--:i*1 by correct+ ! errors ( disp]sion & mak+ ! image some:at m colorless1 enabl$ ! "y animals to see m di/9ctly ?an _! p>5ts or bre?r51 equally indicate design--if n z mu* z a p]fect cry/all9e1 or a ,dollond comp\nd l5s1 yet z mu* z a common spectacle-glass8 ,d>w9 only assures y t :at y may h ?\ght 0 done directly & at once 0 done indirectly & successively4 ,b y freely admit t indirection & succession d n invalidate design1 & also t ,paley & all ! natural !ologians drew ! argum5ts :i* conv9c$ y\r skeptic :olly f eyes indirectly or naturally produc$4 ,recall a woman ( a pa/ g5]ation & %[ h] a web ( clo?2 ask h] h[ x 0 made1 & %e w say t ! wool or cotton 0 c>d$1 spun1 & wov5 by h&4 ,:5 y tell h] x 0 n made by manual labor1 t probably no h& has t\*$ ! mat]ials ?r\gh\t ! process1 x is possible t %e might at fir/ reg>d y\r /atem5t z tantam\nt to ! ass]tion t ! clo? 0 made )\t design4 ,if %e did1 %e w\ld n cr$it y\r /atem5t4 ,if y pati5tly expla9$ to h] ! !ory ( c>d+-ma*9es1 sp9n+-j5nies1 & p[]-looms1 w\ld h] reception ( y\r explanation weak5 h] conviction t ! clo? 0 ! result ( design8 ,x is c]ta9 t %e w\ld believe 9 design z firmly z be=e1 & t ?is belief w\ld be att5d$ by a high] conception & rev]5t admiration ( a wisdom1 skill1 & p[] greatly beyond any?+ %e _h previ\sly conceiv$ possible4 ,:]e=e1 we may insi/ t1 = all t yet appe>s1 ! argum5t = design1 z pres5t$ by ! natural !ologians1 is j z good n[1 if we accept ,d>w9's !ory1 z x 0 be=e t !ory 0 promulgat$2 & t ! skeptical juryman1 :o 0 ab\t to jo9 ! o!r elev5 9 a unanim\s v]dict 9 favor ( design1 f9ds no good excuse = keep+ ! c\rt long] wait+4,,ii-#a ,,iii ,,natural ,,selection ,,n ,,inconsi/5t ,,) ,,natural ,,!ology 7,atlantic ,mon?ly = ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,octob]1 #ahfj1 repr9t$ 9 #ahfa7 ,i ,novelties are entic+ to mo/ p2 to u !y are simply annoy+4 ,we cl+ to a long-accept$ !ory1 j z we cl+ to an old suit ( clo!s4 ,a new !ory1 l a new pair ( bree*es 7! ,atlantic /ill affects ! old] type ( ne!r g>m5t71 is sure to h h>d-fitt+ places2 or1 ev5 :5 no p>ticul> fault c be f\nd ) ! article1 x oppresses ) a s5se ( g5]al discom=t4 ,new notions & new /yles worry u1 till we get well us$ to !m1 :i* is only by sl[ degrees4 ,:]e=e1 9 ,galileo's "t1 we might h help$ to proscribe1 or to burn--_h he be5 /ubborn en\gh to w>rant cremation--ev5 ! great pione] ( inductive rese>*2 al?\gh1 :5 we _h fairly recov]$ our composure1 & bad leisurely excogitat$ ! matt]1 we might h come to conclude t ! new doctr9e 0 bett] ?an ! old "o1 aft] all1 at lea/ = ^? :o _h no?+ to unle>n4 ,su* be+ our habitual /ate ( m9d1 x may well be believ$ t ! p]usal ( ! new book ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species by ,means ( ,natural ,selection left an uncom=table impression1 9 spite ( its plausible & w9n+ ways4 ,we 7 n :olly unprep>$ = x1 z _m ( our contempor>ies seem to h be54 ,! sci5tific read+ 9 :i* we indulge z a relaxation f sev]] /udies _h rais$ dim =ebod+s4 ,inve/igations ab\t ! succession ( species 9 "t1 & _! actual geographical di/ribution ov] ! e>?'s surface1 7 lead+ up f all sides & 9 v>i\s ways to ! "q ( _! orig94 ,n[ & !n we enc\nt]$ a s5t5ce1 l ,pr(4 ,ow5's axiom ( ! cont9u\s op]ation ( ! orda9$ becom+ ( liv+ ?+s1 :i* haunt$ u l an app>ition4 ,=1 dim z our conception mu/ ne$s be z to :at su* oracul> & gr&iloqu5t phrases might really mean1 we felt confid5t t !y presag$ no good to old beliefs4 ,=esee+1 yet deprecat+1 ! com+ "t ( tr\ble1 we /ill hop$ t1 ) "s repairs & make%ifts1 ! old views might la/ out our days4 ,apres n\s le deluge4 ,/ill1 n to lag beh9d ! re/ ( ! _w1 we read ! book 9 :i* ! new !ory is promulgat$4 ,we took x up1 l our neighbors1 &1 z 0 natural1 9 a some:at capti\s frame ( m9d4 ,well1 we f\nd no cause ( qu>rel ) ! fir/ *apt]4 ,"h ! au?or takes u directly to ! b>n-y>d & ! kit*5-g>d54 ,l an honorable rural memb] ( our ,g5]al ,c\rt1 :o sat sil5t until1 ne> ! close ( a long session1 a bill requir+ all sw9e at l>ge to we> pokes 0 introduc$1 :5 he claim$ ! privilege ( address+ ! h\se1 on ! prop] gr\nd t he _h be5 br\ght up among ! pigs1 & knew all ab\t !m--s we 7 br\ght up among c[s & cabbages2 & ! l[+ ( cattle1 ! cackle ( h5s1 & ! coo+ ( pigeons1 7 s\nds native & pleasant to our e>s4 ,s ,v>iation "u ,dome/ication dealt ) famili> subjects 9 a natural way1 & g5tly introduc$ ,v>iation "u ,nature1 :i* seem$ likely en\gh4 ,!n foll[s ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce--a pr9ciple :i* we exp]im5tally "k to be true & cog5t--br++ ! com=table assurance1 t man1 ev5 ^u ,levia?an ,hobbes's !ory ( society1 is no worse ?an ! re/ ( creation1 s9ce all ,nature is at w>1 "o species ) ano!r1 & ! ne>] k9dr$ ! m int]nec9e--br++ 9 ?\s&fold confirmation & ext5sion ( ! ,mal?usian doctr9e t population t5ds f> to outrun means ( subsi/5ce ?r\gh\t ! animal & vegetable _w1 & has to be kept d[n by %>p prev5tive *ecks2 s t n m ?an "o ( a hundr$ or a ?\s& ( ! individuals ^: exi/5ce is s wond]fully & s s$ul\sly provid$ = ev] comes to any?+1 "u ord9>y circum/ances2 s ! lucky & ! /rong mu/ prevail1 & ! weak] & ill-favor$ mu/ p]i%2 & !n foll[s1 z naturally z "o %eep foll[s ano!r1 ! *apt] on ,natural ,selection1 ,d>w9's *eval de bataille1 :i* is v mu* ! ,napoleonic doctr9e t ,provid5ce favors ! /ronge/ battalions--t1 s9ce _m m individuals are born ?an c possibly survive1 ^? individuals & ^? v>iations :i* possess any advantage1 h[ev] slight1 ov] ! re/1 are 9 ! long-run sure to survive1 to propagate1 & to occupy ! limit$ field1 to ! exclusion or de/ruction ( ! weak] bre?r54 ,all ?is we pond]$1 & c\ld n mu* object to4 ,9 fact1 we began to contract a lik+ = a sy/em :i* at ! outset illu/rates ! advantages ( good bre$+1 & :i* makes ! mo/ ( e creature's be/4 ,c\ld we let by-gones be by-gones1 &1 beg9n+ n[1 g on improv+ & div]sify+ = ! future by natural selection1 c\ld we ev5 take up ! !ory at ! introduction ( ! actually exi/+ species1 we %\ld be well cont5t2 & s1 p]haps1 w\ld mo/ naturali/s be4 ,x is by no means difficult to believe t v>ieties are incipi5t or possible species1 :5 we see :at tr\ble naturali/s1 especially botani/s1 h to di/+ui% betwe5 !m--"o reg>d+ z a true species :at ano!r reg>ds z a v>iety2 :5 ! progress ( k cont9ually increases1 r ?an dim9i%es1 ! numb] ( d\btful in/ances2 & :5 !re is less agreem5t ?an ev] among naturali/s z to :at is ! basis 9 ,nature ^u :i* our idea ( species reposes1 or h[ ! ^w is to be def9$4 ,inde$1 :5 we consid] ! endless disputes ( naturali/s & e?nologi/s ov] ! human races1 z to :e!r !y belong to "o species or to m1 &1 if to m1 :e!r to ?ree1 or five1 or fifty1 we c h>dly help fancy+ t bo? may be "r--or r1 t ! uni-humanit>ians w\ld h be5 "r _m ?\s& ye>s ago1 & ! multi-humanit>ians w be sev]al ?\s& ye>s lat]2 :ile at pres5t ! safe ?+ to say is1 t probably !re is "s tru? on bo? sides4 ,natural selection1 ,d>w9 rem>ks1 leads to div]g5ce ( "*2 = ! m liv+ be+s c be support$ on ! same area1 ! m !y div]ge 9 /ructure1 habits1 & con/itution 7a pr9ciple :i*1 by-!-way1 is p>allel$ & illu/rat$ by ! div]sification ( human labor72 & also leads to mu* ext9ction ( int]m$iate or unimprov$ =ms4 ,n[1 ?\gh ?is div]g5ce may /eadily t5d to increase1 yet ?is is evid5tly a sl[ process 9 ,nature1 & liable to mu* c\nt]action :]ev] man does n int]pose1 & s n likely to "w mu* h>m = ! future4 ,& if natural selection1 ) artificial to help x1 w produce bett] animals & bett] m5 ?an ! pres5t1 & fit !m bett] to ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 :y1 let x "w1 say we1 to ! top ( its b5t ,!re is /ill room en\gh = improvem5t4 ,only let u hope t x always works = good3 if n1 ! div]g5t l9es on ,d>w9's li?ographic diagram ( ,transmutation made ,easy1 om9\sly %[ :at small deviations f ! /raight pa? may come to 9 ! end4 ,! prospect ( ! future1 accord+ly1 is on ! :ole pleasant & enc\rag+4 ,x is only ! backw>d glance1 ! gaze up ! long vi/a ( ! pa/1 t reveals any?+ al>m+4 ,"h ! l9es conv]ge z !y rec$e into ! geological ages1 & po9t to conclusions :i*1 ^u ! !ory1 are inevitable1 b h>dly welcome4 ,! v fir/ /ep backw>d makes ! negro & ! ,hott5tot our blood-relations--n t reason or ,scripture objects to t1 ?\gh pride may4 ,! next sugge/s a clos] association ( our ance/ors ( ! old5 "t ) our poor relations ( ! quadruman\s family ?an we l to ackn[l$ge4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]--ev5 if we mu/ acc\nt = him sci5tifically --man ) 8 two feet /&s ^u a f\ndation ( 8 own4 ,int]m$iate l9ks betwe5 ! ,bimana & ! ,quadrumana are lack+ altoge!r2 s t1 put ! g5ealogy ( ! brutes ^u :at foot+ y w1 ! f\r-h&$ races w n s]ve = our =]unn]s--at lea/1 n until "s monkey1 live or fossil1 is producible ) great-toes1 in/ead ( ?umbs1 ^u 8 ne!r extremities2 or until "s lucky geologi/ turns up ! bones ( 8 ance/or & prototype 9 ,france or ,engl&1 :o 0 s busy napp+ ! *uckie-/anes & *ipp+ out fl9t knives & arr[-heads 9 ! "t ( ! drift1 v _m ages ago--be=e ! ,briti% ,*annel exi/$1 says ,lyell ,,iii-#a--;& until ^! m5 ( ! old5 "t are %[n to h worn _! great-toes 9 ! div]g5t & ?umblike fa%ion4 ,t w\ld be evid5ce inde$3 b1 until "s te/imony ( ! sort is produc$1 we mu/ ne$s believe 9 ! sep>ate & special creation ( man1 h[ev] x may h be5 ) ! l[] animals & ) plants4 ,no d\bt1 ! full developm5t & symmetry ( ,d>w9's hypo!sis /rongly sugge/ ! evolution ( ! human no less ?an ! l[] animal races out ( "s simple primordial animal--t all are equally l9eal desc5dants ( "s few be+s :i* liv$ long be=e ! fir/ b$ ( ! ,silurian sy/em 0 deposit$4 ,b1 z ! au?or speaks disrespectfully ( spontane\s g5]ation1 & accepts a sup]natural beg9n+ ( life on e>?1 9 "s =m or =ms ( be+ :i* includ$ pot5tially all t h s9ce exi/$ & are yet to be1 he is !reby n w>rant$ to ext5d 8 inf]5ces beyond ! evid5ce or ! fair probability4 ,!re seems z great likelihood t "o special orig9ation %\ld be foll[$ by ano!r ^u fitt+ occasion 7su* z ! introduction ( man71 z t "o =m %\ld be transmut$ into ano!r ^u fitt+ occasion1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! succession ( species :i* diff] f ea* o!r only 9 "s details4 ,to comp>e small ?+s ) great 9 a homely illu/ration3 man alt]s f "t to "t 8 in/rum5ts or ma*9es1 z new circum/ances or conditions may require & 8 wit sugge/4 ,m9or alt]ations & improvem5ts he adds to ! ma*9e he possesses2 he adapts a new rig or a new rudd] to an old boat3 ?is answ]s to ,v>iation4 ,l begets l1 be+ ! great rule 9 ,nature1 if boats c\ld eng5d]1 ! v>iations w\ld d\btless be propagat$1 l ^? ( dome/ic cattle4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! old ones w\ld be worn out or wreck$2 ! be/ sorts w\ld be *os5 = ea* p>ticul> use1 & fur!r improv$ ^u2 & s ! primordial boat be develop$ into ! sc[1 ! skiff1 ! sloop1 & o!r species ( wat]-craft--! v div]sification1 z well z ! successive improvem5ts1 entail+ ! disappe>ance ( int]m$iate =ms1 less adapt$ to any "o p>ticul> purpose2 :]e=e ^! g sl[ly out ( use1 & become ext9ct species3 ?is is ,natural ,selection4 ,n[1 let a great & important advance be made1 l t ( /eam navigation3 "h1 ?\gh ! eng9e might be add$ to ! old vessel1 yet ! wis] & !re=e ! actual way is to make a new vessel on a modifi$ plan3 ?is may answ] to ,specific ,creation4 ,anyh[1 ! "o does n necess>ily exclude ! o!r4 ,v>iation & natural selection may play _! "p1 & s may specific creation also4 ,:y n8 ,?is leads u to ask = ! reasons :i* call = ?is new !ory ( transmutation4 ,! beg9n+ ( ?+s mu/ ne$s lie 9 obscurity1 beyond ! b\nds ( pro(1 ?\gh )9 ^? ( conjecture or ( analogical inf]5ce4 ,:y n hold fa/ to ! cu/om>y view1 t all species 7 directly1 in/ead ( indirectly1 creat$ aft] _! respective k9ds1 z we n[ behold !m--& t 9 a mann] :i*1 pass+ our compreh5sion1 we intuitively ref] to ! sup]natural8 ,:y ?is cont9ual /riv+ aft] ! unatta9$ & dim8 :y ^! anxi\s endeavors1 especially ( late ye>s1 by naturali/s & philosoph]s ( v>i\s s*ools & diff]5t t5d5cies1 to p5etrate :at "o ( !m calls t my/]y ( my/]ies1 ! orig9 ( species8 ,to ?is1 9 g5]al1 suffici5t answ] may be f\nd 9 ! activity ( ! human intellect1 ! deliri\s yet div9e desire to "k1 /imulat$ z x has be5 by its own success 9 unveil+ ! laws & processes ( inorganic ,nature2 9 ! fact t ! pr9cipal triumphs ( our age 9 physical sci5ce h consi/$ 9 trac+ connections :]e none 7 kn[n be=e1 9 r$uc+ het]og5e\s ph5om5a to a common cause or orig91 9 a mann] q analog\s to t ( ! r$uction ( suppos$ indep5d5tly orig9at$ species to a common ultimate orig9--?us1 & 9 v>i\s o!r ways1 l>gely & legitimately ext5d+ ! doma9 ( second>y causes4 ,surely ! sci5tific m9d ( an age :i* contemplates ! sol> sy/em z evolv$ f a common revolv+ fluid mass--:i*1 ?r\gh exp]im5tal rese>*1 has come to reg>d light1 heat1 electricity1 magnetism1 *emical aff9ity1 & me*anical p[] z v>ieties or d]ivative & conv]tible =ms ( "o =ce1 in/ead ( indep5d5t species--:i* has br\ght ! s-call$ elem5t>y k9ds ( matt]1 su* z ! metals1 into k9dr$ gr\ps1 & p]t95tly rais$ ! "q1 :e!r ! memb]s ( ea* gr\p may n be m]e v>ieties ( "o species--& :i* speculates /eadily 9 ! direction ( ! ultimate unity ( matt]1 ( a sort ( prototype or simple elem5t :i* may be to ! ord9>y species ( matt] :at ! ,protozoa or :at ! compon5t cells ( an organism are to ! high] sorts ( animals & plants--! m9d ( su* an age _c be expect$ to let ! old belief ab\t species pass unque/ion$4 ,x w raise ! "q1 h[ ! div]se sorts ( plants & animals came to be z !y are & :]e !y are & w all[ t ! :ole inquiry transc5ds its p[]s only :5 all endeavors h fail$ ,grant+ ! orig9 to be sup] natural or miracul\s ev51 w n arre/ ! inquiry ,all real orig9ation ! philosoph]s w say1 is sup]natural1 _! v "q is1 :e!r we h yet gone back to ! orig9 & c affirm t ! pres5t =ms ( plants & animals are ! primordial1 ! miracul\sly creat$ ones4 ,&1 ev5 if !y admit t1 !y w /ill inquire into ! ord] ( ! ph5om5a1 into ! =m ( ! miracle ,y might z well expect ! *ild to gr[ up cont5t ) :at x is told ab\t ! adv5t ( its infant bro!r ,inde$1 to le>n t ! new com] is ! gift ( ,god1 f> f lull+ inquiry1 only /imulates speculation z to h[ ! preci\s gift 0 be/[$ ,t que/ion+ *ild is fa!r to ! man--is philosoph] 9 %ort-clo!s4 ,s9ce1 !n que/ions ab\t ! orig9 ( species w be rais$1 & h be5 rais$--& s9ce ! !oriz+s1 h[ev] diff]5t 9 p>ticul>s1 all proce$ ^u ! notion t "o species ( plant or animal is someh[ d]iv$ f ano!r1 t ! diff]5t sorts :i* n[ fl\ri% are l9eal 7or unl9eal7 desc5dants ( o!r & e>li] sorts--x n[ conc]ns u to ask1 ,:at are ! gr\nds 9 ,nature1 ! admitt$ facts1 :i* sugge/ hypo!ses ( d]ivation 9 "s 3%ape or o!r8 ,reasons !re mu/ be1 & plausible ones1 = ! p]si/5t recurr5ce ( !ories ^u ?is g5etic basis4 ,a /udy ( ,d>w9's book1 & a g5]al glance at ! pres5t /ate ( ! natural sci5ces1 enable u to ga!r ! foll[+ z among ! mo/ sugge/ive & influ5tial4 ,we c only enum]ate !m "h1 )\t mu* indication ( _! p>ticul> be>+4 ,!re is-- #a4 ,! g5]al fact ( v>iability1 & ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! v>iety to propagate its l--! pat5t facts t all species v>y m or less2 t dome/icat$ plants & animals1 be+ 9 conditions favorable to ! production & pres]vation ( v>ieties1 are apt to v>y widely2 & t1 by int]bre$+1 any v>iety may be fix$ into a race1 t is1 into a v>iety :i* comes true f se$4 ,_m su* races1 x is all[$1 diff] f ea* o!r 9 /ructure & appe>ance z widely z d _m admitt$ species2 & x is practically v difficult1 ev5 impossible1 to draw a cle> l9e betwe5 races & species4 ,witness ! human races1 = in/ance4 ,wild species also v>y1 p]haps ab\t z widely z ^? ( dome/ication1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t ways4 ,"s ( !m app>5tly v>y little1 o!rs mod]ately1 o!rs immod]ately1 to ! great bewild]m5t ( sy/ematic botani/s & zoologi/s1 & increas+ disagreem5t z to :e!r v>i\s =ms %all be held to be orig9al species or /rong v>ieties4 ,moreov]1 ! degree to :i* ! desc5dants ( ! same /ock1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t directions1 may at l5g? div]ge1 is unkn[n4 ,all we "k is1 t v>ieties are !mselves v>iable1 & t v div]se =ms h be5 educ$ f "o /ock4 #b4 ,species ( ! same g5us are n di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by equal am\nts ( diff]5ce4 ,!re is div]sity 9 ?is respect analog\s to t ( ! v>ieties ( a polymorph\s species1 "s ( !m slight1 o!rs extreme4 ,& 9 l>ge g5]a ! unequal resemblance %[s itself 9 ! clu/]+ ( ! species ar\nd sev]al types or c5tral species1 l satellites ar\nd _! respective planets4 ,obvi\sly sugge/ive ?is ( ! hypo!sis t !y 7 satellites1 n ?r[n (f by revolution1 l ! moons ( ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & our own solit>y moon1 b gradually & peacefully deta*$ by div]g5t v>iation4 ,t su* closely-relat$ species may be only v>ieties ( high] grade1 e>li] orig91 or m favor$ evolution1 is n a v viol5t supposition4 ,anyh[1 x 0 a supposition sure to be made4 #c4 ,! actual geographical di/ribution ( species ^u ! e>?'s surface t5ds to sugge/ ! same notion4 ,=1 z a g5]al ?+1 all or mo/ ( ! species ( a peculi> g5us or o!r type are gr\p$ 9 ! same c\ntry1 or occupy cont9u\s1 proximate1 or accessible areas4 ,s well does ?is rule hold1 s g5]al is ! implication t k9dr$ species are or 7 associat$ geographically1 t mo/ tru/wor?y naturali/s1 q free f hypo!ses ( transmutation1 are con/antly inf]r+ =m] geographical cont9uity betwe5 p>ts ( ! _w n[ widely disjo9$1 9 ord] to acc\nt !reby = c]ta9 g5]ic simil>ities among _! inhabitants2 j z philologi/s inf] =m] connection ( races1 & a p>5t language1 to acc\nt = g5]ic simil>ities among exi/+ languages4 ,yet no sci5tific explanation has be5 (f]$ to acc\nt = ! geographical association ( k9dr$ species1 except ! hypo!sis ( a common orig94 #d4 ,"h ! fact ( ! antiquity ( creation1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ! pres5t k9ds ( ! e>?'s inhabitants1 or ( a l>ge "p ( !m1 comes 9 to rebut ! objection t !re has n be5 "t en\gh = any m>k$ div]sification ( liv+ ?+s ?r\gh div]g5t v>iation--n "t en\gh = v>ieties to h div]g$ into :at we call species4 ,s long z ! exi/+ species ( plants & animals 7 ?\ght to h orig9at$ a few ?\s& ye>s ago1 & )\t pr$ecessors1 !re 0 no room = a !ory ( d]ivation ( "o sort f ano!r1 nor "t en\gh ev5 to acc\nt = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! races :i* are g5]ally believ$ to h div]g$ f a common /ock4 ,n s mu* t five or six ?\s& ye>s 0 a %ort all[ance = ?is2 b because "s ( our famili> dome/icat$ v>ieties ( gra91 ( f[ls1 & ( o!r animals1 7 pictur$ & mummifi$ by ! old ,egyptians m ?an half t numb] ( ye>s ago1 if n e>li]4 ,inde$1 p]haps ! /ronge/ argum5t = ! orig9al plurality ( human species 0 drawn f ! id5tification ( "s ( ! pres5t races ( m5 ^u ^! e>ly hi/orical monum5ts & records4 ,b ?is v ext5sion ( ! curr5t *ronology1 if we may rely ^u ! ar*aeologi/s1 removes ! difficulty by op5+ up a long] vi/a4 ,s does ! discov]y 9 ,europe ( rema9s & implem5ts ( prehi/oric races ( m51 to :om ! use ( metals 0 unkn[n--m5 ( ! /one age1 z ! ,sc&9avian ar*aeologi/s designate !m4 ,& n[1 axes & knives ( fl9t1 evid5tly wr\ght by human skill1 are f\nd 9 b$s ( ! drift at ,ami5s 7also 9 o!r places1 bo? 9 ,france & ,engl&71 associat$ ) ! bones ( ext9ct species ( animals4 ,^! implem5ts1 inde$1 7 notic$ tw5ty ye>s ago2 at a place 9 ,suffolk !y h be5 exhum$ f "t to "t = m ?an a c5tury2 b ! full confirmation1 ! recognition ( ! age ( ! deposit 9 :i* ! implem5ts occur1 _! abundance1 & ! appreciation ( _! be>+s ^u mo/ int]e/+ que/ions1 belong to ! pres5t "t4 ,to complete ! connection ( ^! primitive p ) ! fossil ages1 ! ,fr5* geologi/s1 we are told1 h n[ f\nd ^! axes 9 ,pic>dy associat$ ) rema9s ( ,elephas primig5ius1 ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us1 ,equus fossilis1 & an ext9ct species ( ,bos4,,iii-#b ,9 pla9 language1 ^! work]s 9 fl9t liv$ 9 ! "t ( ! mammo?1 ( a rh9oc]os n[ ext9ct1 & along ) horses & cattle unlike any n[ exi/+--specifically diff]5t1 z naturali/s say1 f ^? ) :i* man is n[ associat$4 ,_! connection ) exi/+ human races may p]haps be trac$ ?r\gh ! int]v5+ p ( ! /one age1 :o 7 succe$$ by ! p ( ! bronze age1 & ^! by work]s 9 iron4,,iii-#c ,n[1 v>i\s evid5ce c>ries back ! exi/5ce ( _m ( ! pres5t l[] species ( animals1 & probably ( a l>g] numb] ( plants1 to ! same drift p]iod4 ,all agree t ?is 0 v _m ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,agassiz tells u t ! same species ( polyps :i* are n[ build+ coral walls ar\nd ! pres5t p59sula ( ,florida actually made t p59sula1 & h be5 build+ !re = _m ?\s& c5turies4 #e4 ,! ov]lapp+ ( exi/+ & ext9ct species1 & ! seem+ly gradual transition ( ! life ( ! drift p]iod into t ( ! pres5t1 may be turn$ to ! same acc\nt4 ,mammo?s1 ma/odons1 & ,iri% elks1 n[ ext9ct1 mu/ h liv$ d[n to human1 if n almo/ to hi/oric times4 ,p]haps ! la/ dodo did n long outlive 8 huge ,new ,zeal& k9dr$4 ,! auro*s1 once ! companion ( mammo?s1 /ill survives1 b owes 8 pres5t & prec>i\s exi/5ce to man's c>e4 ,n[1 no?+ t we "k ( =bids ! hypo!sis t "s new species h be5 indep5d5tly & sup]naturally creat$ )9 ! p]iod :i* o!r species h surviv$4 ,"s may ev5 believe t man 0 creat$ 9 ! days ( ! mammo?1 became ext9ct1 & 0 recreat$ at a lat] date4 ,b :y n say ! same ( ! auro*s1 contempor>y bo? ( ! old man & ( ! new8 ,/ill x is m natural1 if n inevitable1 to inf] t1 if ! auro*s ( t old5 "t 7 ! ance/ors ( ! auro*s ( ! ,li?uanian =e/s1 s likewise 7 ! m5 ( t age ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t human races4 ,!n1 :oev] concludes t ^! primitive mak]s ( rude fl9t axes & knives 7 ! ance/ors ( ! bett] workm5 ( ! succe$+ /one age1 & ^! aga9 ( ! succe$+ artific]s 9 brass & iron1 w also be likely to suppose t ! ,equus & ,bos ( t "t1 diff]5t ?\gh !y be1 7 ! remote prog5itors ( our own horses & cattle4 ,9 all c&or we mu/ at lea/ conc$e t su* consid]ations sugge/ a g5etic desc5t f ! drift p]iod d[n to ! pres5t1 & all[ "t en\gh--if "t is ( any acc\nt-- = v>iation & natural selection to "w out "s appreciable results 9 ! way ( div]g5ce into races1 or ev5 into s-call$ species4 ,:atev] might h be5 ?\ght1 :5 geological "t 0 suppos$ to be sep>at$ f ! pres5t era by a cle> l9e1 x is n[ c]ta9 t a gradual replacem5t ( old =ms by new ones is /rongly sugge/ive ( "s mode ( orig9ation :i* may /ill be op]ative4 ,:5 species1 l individuals1 7 f\nd to die out "o by "o1 & app>5tly to come 9 "o by "o1 a !ory = :at ,ow5 sonor\sly calls ! cont9u\s op]ation ( ! orda9$ becom+ ( liv+ ?+s c\ld n be f> (f4 ,t all su* !ories %\ld take ! =m ( a d]ivation ( ! new f ! old seems to be inevitable1 p]haps f our inability to conceive ( any o!r l9e ( second>y causes 9 ?is connection4 ,ow5 himself is app>5tly 9 travail ) "s transmutation !ory ( 8 own conceiv+1 :i* may yet see ! light1 al?\gh ,d>w9's came fir/ to ! bir?4 ,diff]5t z ! two !ories w probably be1 !y _c fail to exhibit t fundam5tal resemblance 9 ?is respect :i* betok5s a community ( orig91 a common f\ndation on ! g5]al facts & ! obvi\s sugge/ions ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,inde$--to turn ! po9t ( a pung5t simile direct$ aga9/ ,d>w9--! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,d>w9ian & ! ,ow5ian hypo!ses may1 aft] all1 be only t betwe5 homoeopa?ic & h]oic doses ( ! same drug4 ,if !ories ( d]ivation c\ld only /op "h1 cont5t ) expla9+ ! div]sification & succession ( species betwe5 ! t]iti>y p]iod & ! pres5t "t1 ?r\gh natural ag5cies or second>y causes /ill 9 op]ation1 we fancy !y w\ld n be g5]ally or viol5tly object$ to by ! savants ( ! pres5t day4 ,b x is h>d1 if n impossible1 to f9d a /opp+-place4 ,"s ( ! facts or accept$ conclusions already ref]r$ to1 & sev]al o!rs1 ( a m g5]al "*1 :i* mu/ be tak5 into ! acc\nt1 impel ! !ory onw>d ) accumulat$ =ce4 ,vires 7n to say virus7 acquirit eundo4 ,! !ory hit*es on wond]fully well to ,lyell's uni=mit>ian !ory 9 geology--t ! ?+ t has be5 is ! ?+ t is & %all be--t ! natural op]ations n[ go+ on w acc\nt = all geological *anges 9 a quiet & easy way1 only give !m "t en\gh1 s connect+ ! pres5t & ! proximate ) ! f>!/ pa/ by almo/ imp]ceptible gradations--a view :i* f9ds l>ge & increas+1 if n g5]al1 acceptance 9 physical geology1 & ( :i* ,d>w9's !ory is ! natural complem5t4 ,s ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 once gett+ a foo?old1 m>*es2 boldly on1 foll[s ! suppos$ ne> ance/ors ( our pres5t species f>!r & yet f>!r back into ! dim pa/1 & ends ) an analogical inf]5ce :i* makes ! :ole _w k94 ,z we said at ! beg9n+1 ?is up%ot discomposes u4 ,sev]al features ( ! !ory h an uncanny look4 ,!y may prove to be innoc5t3 b _! fir/ aspect is suspici\s1 & high au?orities pron\nce ! :ole ?+ to be positively mis*iev\s4 ,9 ?is dilemma we are go+ to take advice4 ,foll[+ ! b5t ( our prejudices1 & hop+ to =tify ^! by new & /rong argum5ts1 we are go+ n[ to read ! pr9cipal reviews :i* und]take to demoli% ! !ory--) :at result our read]s %all be duly in=m$4 ,,ii ,i c ent]ta9 no d\bt1 aft] ! mo/ delib]ate /udy & dispassionate judgm5t ( :i* ,i am capable1 t ! view :i* mo/ naturali/s ent]ta91 & :i* ,i =m]ly ent]ta9$1 namely1 t ea* species has be5 indep5d5tly creat$1 is errone\s4 ,i am fully conv9c$ t species are n immutable2 b t ^? belong+ to :at are call$ ! same g5]a are l9eal desc5dants ( "s o!r & g5]ally ext9ct species1 9 ! same mann] z ! ackn[l$g$ v>ieties ( any "o species are ! desc5dants ( t species4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i am conv9c$ t ,natural ,selection has be5 ! ma91 b n exclusive1 means ( modification4 ,?is is ! k]nel ( ! new !ory1 ! ,d>w9ian cre$1 z recit$ at ! close ( ! introduction to ! rem>kable book "u consid]ation4 ,! que/ions1 ,:at w he d ) x8 & ,h[ f> w he c>ry x8 ! au?or answ]s at ! close ( ! volume3 ,i _c d\bt t ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification embraces all ! memb]s ( ! same class4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i believe t all animals h desc5d$ f at mo/ only f\r or five prog5itors1 & plants f an equal or less] numb]4 ,see+ t analogy z /rongly sugge/s a fur!r /ep 9 ! same direction1 :ile he prote/s t analogy may be a deceitful guide1 yet he foll[s its inexorable lead+ to ! inf]5ce t-- ,probably all ! organic be+s :i* h ev] liv$ on ?is e> h desc5d$ f "s "o primordial =m1 into :i* life 0 fir/ brea!d4,,iii-#d ,9 ! fir/ extract we h ! ?9 end ( ! w$ge driv5 a little way2 9 ! la/1 ! w$ge driv5 home4 ,we h already sket*$ "s ( ! reasons sugge/ive ( su* a !ory ( d]ivation ( species1 reasons :i* gave x plausibility1 & ev5 no small probability1 z appli$ to our actual _w & to *anges occurr+ s9ce ! late/ t]ti>y p]iod4 ,we are well pleas$ at ?is mom5t to f9d t ! conclusions we 7 arriv+ at 9 ?is respect are su/a9$ by ! v high au?ority & imp>tial judgm5t ( ,pictet1 ! ,swiss paleontologi/4 ,9 8 review ( ,d>w9's book,,iii-#e -- ! faire/ & mo/ admirable oppos+ "o t has appe>$--he freely accepts t ensemble ( natural op]ations :i* ,d>w9 imp]sonates "u ! n[ famili> "n ( ,natural ,selection1 all[s t ! exposition ?r\gh\t ! fir/ *apt]s seems a la fois prud5t et =t1 & is dispos$ to accept ! :ole argum5t 9 its f\ndations1 t is1 s f> z x relates to :at is n[ go+ on1 or has tak5 place 9 ! pres5t geological p]iod--:i* p]iod he c>ries back ?r\gh ! diluvial epo* to ! bord]s ( ! t]ti>y4,,iii-#f ,pictet accord+ly admits t ! !ory w v well acc\nt = ! orig9ation by div]g5ce ( ne>ly-relat$ species1 :e!r )9 ! pres5t p]iod or 9 remot] geological times2 a v natural view = him to take1 s9ce he appe>s to h rea*$ & publi%$1 sev]al ye>s ago1 ! pregnant conclusion t !re mo/ probably 0 "s mat]ial connection betwe5 ! closely-relat$ species ( two successive faunas1 & t ! num]\s close species1 ^: limits are s difficult to det]m9e1 7 n all creat$ di/9ct & indep5d5t4 ,b :ile ?us accept+1 or ready to accept1 ! basis ( ,d>w9's !ory1 & all its legitimate direct inf]5ces1 he rejects ! ultimate conclusions1 br+s "s weighty argum5ts to be> aga9/ !m1 & is evid5tly conv9c$ t he c draw a cle> l9e betwe5 ! s\nd inf]5ces1 :i* he favors1 & ! uns\nd or unw>rant$ !oretical d$uctions1 :i* he rejects4 ,we hope he c4 ,?is raises ! "q1 ,:y does ,d>w9 press 8 !ory to ^! extreme conclusions8 ,:y d all hypo!ses ( d]ivation conv]ge s inevitably to "o ultimate po9t8 ,hav+ already consid]$ "s ( ! reasons :i* sugge/ or support ! !ory at its outset--:i* may c>ry x z f> z su* s\nd & exp]i5c$ naturali/s z ,pictet all[ t x may be true--p]haps z f> z ,d>w9 himself unfolds x 9 ! introductory proposition cit$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article--we may n[ inquire aft] ! motives :i* impel ! !ori/ s mu* f>!r4 ,"h pro(s1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 are n to be _h4 ,we are beyond ! region ( demon/ration1 & h only probabilities to consid]4 ,:at are ^! probabilities8 ,:at "w w ?is hypo!sis d to e/abli% a claim to be adopt$ 9 its complet5ess8 ,:y %\ld a !ory :i* may plausibly en\gh acc\nt = ! div]sification ( ! species ( ea* special type or g5us be exp&$ into a g5]al sy/em = ! orig9ation or successive div]sification ( all species1 & all special types or =ms1 f f\r or five remote primordial =ms1 or p]haps f "o8 ,we accept ! !ory ( gravitation because x expla9s all ! facts we "k1 & be>s all ! te/s t we c put x to4 ,we incl9e to accept ! nebul> hypo!sis1 = simil> reasons2 n because x is prov$--?us f> x is incapable ( pro(--b because x is a natural !oretical d$uction f accept$ physical laws1 is ?or\ghly congru\s ) ! facts1 & because its assumption s]ves to connect & h>monize ^! into "o probable & consi/5t :ole4 ,c ! d]ivative hypo!sis be ma9ta9$ & c>ri$ out into a sy/em on simil> gr\nds8 ,if s1 h[ev] unprov$1 x w\ld appe> to be a t5able hypo!sis1 :i* is all t its au?or ought n[ to claim4 ,su* hypo!ses z1 f ! conditions ( ! case1 c nei!r be prov$ nor disprov$ by direct evid5ce or exp]im5t1 are to be te/$ only indirectly1 & !re=e imp]fectly1 by try+ _! p[] to h>monize ! kn[n facts1 & to acc\nt = :at is o!rwise unacc\ntable4 ,s ! "q comes to ?is3 ,:at w an hypo!sis ( ! d]ivation ( species expla9 :i* ! oppos+ view leaves unexpla9$8 ,que/ions ^! :i* ought to be ent]ta9$ be=e we take up ! argum5ts :i* h be5 advanc$ aga9/ ?is !ory4 ,we c b>ely glance at "s ( ! consid]ations :i* ,d>w9 adduces1 or w be sure to adduce 9 ! future & full] exposition :i* is promis$4 ,to display !m 9 su* wise z to indoctr9ate ! unsci5tific read] w\ld require a volume4 ,m]ely to ref] to !m 9 ! mo/ g5]al t]ms w\ld suffice = ^? famili> ) sci5tific matt]s1 b w\ld sc>cely enlight5 ^? :o are n4 ,:]e=e let ^! tru/ ! imp>tial ,pictet1 :o freely admits t1 9 ! abs5ce ( suffici5t direct pro(s to ju/ify ! possibility ( 8 hypo!sis1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 relies ^u indirect pro(s1 ! be>+ ( :i* is real & inconte/able2 :o conc$es t 8 !ory accords v well ) ! great facts ( comp>ative anatomy & zoology--comes 9 admirably to expla9 unity ( composition ( organisms1 also to expla9 rudim5t>y & repres5tative organs1 & ! natural s]ies ( g5]a & species--equally corresponds ) _m paleontological data--agrees well ) ! specific resemblances :i* exi/ betwe5 two successive faunas1 ) ! p>allelism :i* is sometimes obs]v$ betwe5 ! s]ies ( paleontological succession & ( embryonal developm5t1 etc42 & f9ally1 al?\gh he does n accept ! !ory 9 ^! results1 he all[s t x appe>s to (f] ! be/ means ( expla9+ ! mann] 9 :i* organiz$ be+s 7 produc$ 9 epo*s ant]ior to our own4 ,:at m ?an ?is c\ld be said = su* an hypo!sis8 ,"h1 probably1 is its *>m1 & its /rong hold ^u ! speculative m9d4 ,unprov5 ?\gh x be1 & cumb]$ prima facie ) cumulative improbabilities z x proce$s1 yet x s+ul>ly accords ) great classes ( facts o!rwise insulat$ & enigmatic1 & expla9s _m ?+s :i* are ?us f> utt]ly inexplicable ^u any o!r sci5tific assumption4 ,we h said t ,d>w9's hypo!sis is ! natural complem5t to ,lyell's uni=mit>ian !ory 9 physical geology4 ,x is = ! organic _w :at t is = ! inorganic2 & ! accept]s ( ! latt] /& 9 a position f :i* to reg>d ! =m] 9 ! mo/ favorable light4 ,:]e=e ! rumor t ! cauti\s ,lyell himself has adopt$ ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis ne$ n surprise u4 ,! two views are made = ea* o!r1 &1 l ! two c\nt]p>t pictures = ! /]eoscope1 :5 br\ght toge!r1 comb9e into "o app>5tly solid :ole4 ,if we all[1 ) ,pictet1 t ,d>w9's !ory w v well s]ve = all t conc]ns ! pres5t epo* ( ! _w's hi/ory--an epo* 9 :i* ?is r5[n$ paleontologi/ includes ! diluvial or quat]n>y p]iod--!n ,d>w9's fir/ & =emo/ ne$ 9 8 onw>d c\rse is a practicable road f ?is into & ?r\gh ! t]ti>y p]iod1 ! int]v5+ region betwe5 ! comp>atively ne> & ! f> remote pa/4 ,"h ,lyell's doctr9e paves ! way1 by %[+ t 9 ! physical geology !re is no g5]al or absolute break betwe5 ! two1 probably no great] betwe5 ! late/ t]ti>y & ! quat]n>y p]iod ?an betwe5 ! latt] & ! pres5t "t4 ,s f>1 ! ,lyellian view is1 we suppose1 g5]ally concurr$ 94 ,x is l>gely admitt$ t num]\s t]ti>y species h cont9u$ d[n into ! quat]n>y1 & _m ( !m to ! pres5t "t4 ,a goodly p]c5tage ( ! e>li] & ne>ly half ( ! lat] t]ti>y mollusca1 accord+ to ,des ,hayes1 ,lye661 &1 if we mi/ake n1 ,bronn1 /ill live4 ,?is id5tification1 h[ev]1 is n[ que/ion$ by a naturali/ ( ! v highe/ au?ority4 ,b1 9 its be>+s on ! new !ory1 ! po9t "h turns n ^u absolute id5tity s mu* z ^u close resemblance4 ,= ^? :o1 ) ,agassiz1 d\bt ! specific id5tity 9 any ( ^! cases1 & ^? :o say1 ) ,pictet1 t ! lat] t]ti>y deposits conta9 9 g5]al ! debris ( species v ne>ly relat$ to ^? :i* /ill exi/1 belong+ to ! same g5]a1 b specifically diff]5t1 may also agree ) ,pictet1 t ! ne>ly-relat$ species ( successive faunas mu/ or may h _h a mat]ial connection4 ,b ! only mat]ial connection t we h an idea ( 9 su* a case is a g5ealogical "o4 ,& ! supposition ( a g5ealogical connection is surely n unnatural 9 su* cases--is demon/rably ! natural "o z respects all ^? t]ti>y species :i* exp]i5c$ naturali/s h pron\nc$ to be id5tical ) exi/+ ones1 b :i* o!rs n[ deem di/9ct ,= to id5tify ! two is ! same ?+ z to conclude ! "o to be ! ance/or ( ! o!r ,no d\bt !re are diff]5ces betwe5 ! t]ti>y & ! pres5t individuals1 diff]5ces equally notic$ by bo? classes ( naturali/s1 b diff]5tly e/imat$ ,by ! "o ^! are deem$ q compatible1 by ! o!r incompatible1 ) community ( orig9 ,b :o c tell u :at am\nt ( diff]5ce is compatible ) community ( orig98 ,?is is ! v "q at issue1 & "o to be settl$ by obs]vation alone ,:o w\ld h ?\ght t ! pea* & ! nect>9e came f "o /ock8 ,b1 ?is be+ prov$ is x n[ v improbable t bo? 7 d]iv$ f ! almond1 or f "s common amygdal9e prog5itor8 ,:o w\ld h ?\ght t ! cabbage1 caulifl[]1 broccoli kale1 & kohlrabi are d]ivatives ( "o species1 & rape or colza1 turnip1 & probably ruta-baga1 ( ano!r species8 ,& :o t is conv9c$ ( ?is c long und\bt+ly hold ! orig9al di/9ctness ( turnips f cabbages z an article ( fai?8 ,on sci5tific gr\nds may n a primordial cabbage or rape be assum$ z ! ance/or ( all ! cabbage races1 on mu* ! same gr\nd t we assume a common ance/ry = ! div]sifi$ human races8 ,if all ,our bre$s ( cattle came f "o /ock :y n ?is /ock f ! auro*1 :i* has _h all ! "t betwe5 ! diluvial & ! hi/oric p]iods 9 :i* to set (f a v>iation p]haps no great] ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 "s sorts ( dome/ic cattle8 ,t consid]able diff]5ces are (t5 disc]nible betwe5 t]ti>y individuals & _! suppos$ desc5dants ( ! pres5t day af=ds no argum5t aga9/ ,d>w9's !ory1 z has be5 ra%ly ?\ght1 b is decid$ly 9 its favor4 ,if ! id5tification 7 s p]fect t no m diff]5ces 7 obs]vable betwe5 ! t]ti>y & ! rec5t %ells ?an betwe5 v>i\s individuals ( ei!r1 !n ,d>w9's oppon5ts1 :o argue ! immutability ( species f ! ibises & cats pres]v$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians be+ j l ^? ( ! pres5t day1 c\ld triumphantly add a few hundr$ ?\s& ye>s m to ! l5g? ( ! exp]im5t & to ! =ce ( _! argum5t4 ,z ! facts /&1 x appe>s t1 :ile "s t]ti>y =ms are ess5tially undi/+ui%able f exi/+ ones1 o!rs are ! same ) a diff]5ce1 :i* is judg$ n to be specific or aborig9al2 & yet o!rs %[ some:at great] diff]5ces1 su* z are sci5tifically express$ by call+ !m m>k$ v>ieties1 or else d\btful species2 :ile o!rs1 diff]+ a little m1 are confid5tly t]m$ di/9ct1 b ne>ly-relat$ species4 ,n[1 is n all ?is a "q ( degree1 ( m]e gradation ( diff]5ce8 ,& is x at all likely t ^! sev]al gradations came to be e/abli%$ 9 two totally diff]5t ways--"s ( !m 7?\gh naturali/s c't agree :i*7 ?r\gh natural v>iation1 or o!r second>y cause1 & "s by orig9al creation1 )\t second>y cause8 ,we h se5 t ! judici\s ,pictet answ]s su* que/ions z ,d>w9 w\ld h him d1 9 affirm+ t1 9 all probability1 ! ne>ly-relat$ species ( two successive faunas 7 mat]ially connect$1 & t contemporane\s species1 simil>ly resembl+ ea* o!r1 7 n all creat$ s1 b h become s4 ,?is is equival5t to say+ t species 7us+ ! t]m z all naturali/s d1 & mu/ cont9ue to employ ! ^w7 h only a relative1 n an absolute fixity2 t diff]5ces fully equival5t to :at are held to be specific may arise 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 s t "o species may at l5g? be naturally replac$ by ano!r species a good deal l x1 or may be div]sifi$ into two1 ?ree1 or m species1 or =ms z diff]5t z species4 ,?is conc$es all t ,d>w9 has a "r to ask1 all t he c directly inf] f evid5ce4 ,we mu/ add t x af=ds a locus /&i1 m or less t5able1 = inf]r+ m4 ,"h ano!r geological consid]ation comes 9 to help on ?is inf]5ce4 ,! species ( ! lat] t]ti>y p]iod = ! mo/ "p n only resembl$ ^? ( our days--_m ( !m s closely z to sugge/ an absolute cont9uity--b also occupi$ 9 g5]al ! same regions t _! relatives occupy n[4 ,! same may be said1 ?\gh less specially1 ( ! e>li] t]ti>y & ( ! lat] second>y2 b !re is less & less localization ( =ms z we rec$e1 yet "s localization ev5 9 palaeozoic times4 ,:ile 9 ! second>y p]iod "o is /ruck ) ! simil>ity ( =ms & ! id5tity ( _m ( ! species :i* fl\ri%$ app>5tly at ! same "t 9 all or 9 ! mo/ widely-sep>at$ p>ts ( ! _w1 9 ! t]ti>y epo*1 on ! contr>y1 along ) ! increas+ specialization ( climates & _! approximation to ! pres5t /ate1 we f9d abundant evid5ce ( increas+ localization ( ord]s1 g5]a & species1 & ?is localization /rik+ly accords ) ! pres5t geographical di/ribution ( ! same gr\ps ( species ,:]e ! imput$ =efa!rs liv$ _! relatives & suppos$ desc5dants n[ fl\ri% ,all ! actual classes ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms 7 repres5t$ 9 ! t]ti>y faunas & floras & 9 ne>ly ! same proportions & ! same div]sities z at pres5t ,! faunas ( :at is n[ ,europe1 ,asia ,am]ica & ,au/ralia1 diff]$ f ea* o!r mu* z !y n[ diff]3 9 fact--accord+ to ,adolphe ,brongni>t1 ^: /atem5ts we "h cond5se,,iii-#g--! inhabitants ( ^! diff]5t regions appe> = ! mo/ "p to h acquir$1 be=e ! close ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 ! *>act]s :i* ess5tially di/+ui% _! exi/+ faunas4 ,! ,ea/]n ,cont95t _h !n1 z n[1 its great pa*yd]ms1 elephants1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus2 ,s\? ,am]ica1 its armadillos1 slo?s1 & anteat]s2 ,au/ralia1 a cr[d ( m>supials2 & ! v /range birds ( ,new ,zeal& _h pr$ecessors ( simil> /rang5ess4 ,ev]y:]e ! same geographical di/ribution z n[1 ) a diff]5ce 9 ! p>ticul> area1 z respects ! nor!rn portion ( ! cont95ts1 answ]+ to a w>m] climate !n ?an ours1 su* z all[$ species ( hippopotamus1 rh9oc]os1 & elephant1 to range ev5 to ! regions n[ inhabit$ by ! re9de] & ! musk-ox1 & ) ! s]i\s di/urb+ int]v5tion ( ! glacial p]iod )9 a comp>atively rec5t "t4 ,let x be not$ also t ^? t]ti>y species :i* h cont9u$ ) little *ange d[n to our days are ! m>9e animals ( ! l[] grades1 especially mollusca4 ,_! l[ organization1 mod]ate s5sibility1 & ! simple conditions ( an exi/5ce 9 a m$ium l ! ocean1 n subject to great v>iation & incapable ( sudd5 *ange1 may well acc\nt = _! cont9uance2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m int5se1 h[ev] gradual1 climatic vicissitudes on l&1 :i* h driv5 all tropical & subtropical =ms out ( ! high] latitudes & assign$ to !m _! actual limits1 w\ld be almo/ sure to ext+ui% su* huge & unwieldy animals z ma/odons1 mammo?s1 & ! l1 ^: p[] ( endur+ alt]$ circum/ances mu/ h be5 small4 ,?is g5]al replacem5t ( ! t]ti>y species ( a c\ntry by o!rs s mu* l !m is a notewor?y fact4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! indep5d5t creation ( all species1 irrespective ( _! antec$5ts1 leaves ?is fact j z my/]i\s z is creation itself2 t ( d]ivation und]takes to acc\nt = x4 ,:e!r x satisfactorily does s or n1 x mu/ be all[$ t ! facts well accord ) t hypo!sis4 ,! same may be said ( ano!r conclusion1 namely1 t ! geological succession ( animals & plants appe>s to correspond 9 a g5]al way ) _! relative /&+ or rank 9 a natural sy/em ( classification4 ,x seems cle> t1 ?\gh no "o ( ! gr& types ( ! animal k+dom c be trac$ back f>!r ?an ! re/1 yet ! l[] classes long prec$$ ! high]2 t !re has be5 on ! :ole a /eady progression )9 ea* class & ord]2 & t ! highe/ plants & animals h appe>$ only 9 relatively mod]n times4 ,x is only1 h[ev]1 9 a broad s5se t ?is g5]alization is n[ ?\ght to hold good4 ,x enc\nt]s _m app>5t exceptions1 & sundry real ones4 ,s f> z ! rule holds1 all is z x %\ld be ^u an hypo!sis ( d]ivation4 ,! rule has its exceptions4 ,b1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! mo/ /rik+ class ( exceptions1 if su* !y be1 seems to u ev5 m favorable to ! doctr9e ( d]ivation ?an is ! g5]al rule ( a pure & simple asc5d+ gradation4 ,we ref] to :at ,agassiz calls prophetic & syn!tic types2 = :i* ! =m] "n may suffice1 z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is evanesc5t4 ,x has be5 notic$1 writes our great zoologi/1 t c]ta9 types1 :i* are frequ5tly prom95t among ! repres5tatives ( pa/ ages1 comb9e 9 _! /ructure peculi>ities :i* at lat] p]iods are only obs]v$ sep>ately 9 diff]5t1 di/9ct types4 ,sauroid fi%es be=e reptiles1 ,pt]odactyles be=e birds1 ,i*?yosauri be=e dolph9s1 etc4 ,!re are entire families1 ( ne>ly e class ( animals1 :i* 9 ! /ate ( _! p]fect developm5t exemplify su* prophetic relations4 ,! sauroid fi%es ( ! pa/ geological ages are an example ( ?is k9d ,^! fi%es :i* prec$$ ! appe>ance ( reptiles pres5t a comb9ation ( i*?yic & reptilian *>act]s n to be f\nd 9 ! true memb]s ( ?is class1 :i* =m its bulk at pres5t4 ,! ,pt]odactyles1 :i* prec$$ ! class ( birds1 & ! ,i*?yosauri1 :i* prec$$ ! ,cetacea1 are o!r examples ( su* prophetic types4--7,agassiz1 ,contributions1 ,essay on ,classification1 p4 #aag47 ,n[1 ^! reptile-l fi%es1 ( :i* g>-pikes are ! liv+ repres5tatives1 ?\gh ( e>li] appe>ance1 are admitt$ly ( high] rank ?an common fi%es4 ,!y dom9at$ until reptiles appe>$1 :5 !y mo/ly gave place to 7or1 z ! d]ivationi/s w insi/1 7 resolv$ by div]g5t v>iation & natural selection into7 common fi%es1 de/itute ( reptilian *>act]s1 & saurian reptiles--! int]m$iate grades1 :i*1 accord+ to a famili> pisc9e say+1 are nei!r fi%1 fle%1 nor good r$-h]r+1 be+ elim9at$ & ext+ui%$ by natural consequ5ce ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* ,d>w9 s aptly portrays4 ,& s1 p]haps1 ( ! o!r prophetic types4 ,"h type & antitype correspond4 ,if ^! are true prophecies1 we ne$ n wond] t "s :o read !m 9 ,agassiz's book w read _! fulfillm5t 9 ,d>w9's4 ,note also1 9 ?is connection1 t along ) a wond]ful p]si/5ce ( type1 ) *ange ( species1 g5]a1 ord]s1 etc41 f =mation to =mation1 no species & no high] gr\p :i* has once unequivocally di$ out ev] aft]w>d reappe>s4 ,:y is ?is1 b t ! l9k ( g5]ation has be5 sund]$8 ,:y1 on ! hypo!sis ( indep5d5t orig9ations1 7 n fail+ species recreat$1 ei!r id5tically or ) a diff]5ce1 9 regions em95tly adapt$ to _! well-be+8 ,to take a /rik+ case4 ,t no "p ( ! _w n[ (f]s m suitable conditions = wild horses & cattle ?an ! pampas & o!r pla9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 is %[n by ! facility ) :i* !y h !re run wild & enorm\sly multipli$1 s9ce introduc$ f ! ,old ,_w n long ago4 ,!re 0 no wild ,am]ican /ock4 ,yet 9 ! times ( ! ma/odon & mega!rium1 at ! dawn ( ! pres5t p]iod1 wild-horses--c]ta9ly v mu* l ! exi/+ horse--roam$ ov] ^? pla9s 9 abundance4 ,on ! pr9ciple ( orig9al & direct creat$ adaptation ( species to climate & o!r conditions1 :y 7 !y n reproduc$1 :51 aft] ! cold] int]v5+ era1 ^? regions became aga9 em95tly adapt$ to su* animals8 ,:y1 b because1 by _! complete ext9ction 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! l9e ( desc5t 0 !re utt]ly brok58 ,^u ! ord9>y hypo!sis1 !re is no sci5tific explanation possible ( ?is s]ies ( facts1 & ( _m o!rs l !m4 ,^u ! new hypo!sis1 ! succession ( ! same types ( /ructure )9 ! same areas dur+ ! lat] geological p]iods ceases to be my/]i\s1 & is simply expla9$ by inh]itance4 ,_! cessation is failure ( issue4 ,along ) ^! consid]ations ! fact 7allud$ to on page #ih7 %\ld be rememb]$ t1 z a g5]al ?+1 relat$ species ( ! pres5t age are geographically associat$4 ,! l>g] "p ( ! plants1 & /ill m ( ! animals1 ( ea* sep>ate c\ntry are peculi> to x2 &1 z mo/ species n[ fl\ri% ov] ! graves ( _! by-gone relatives ( =m] ages1 s !y n[ dwell among or accessibly ne> _! k9dr$ species4 ,"h also comes 9 t g5]al p>allelism betwe5 ! ord] ( succession ( animals & plants 9 geological times1 & ! gradation among _! liv+ repres5tatives f l[ to highly organiz$1 f simple & g5]al to complex & specializ$ =ms2 also ! p>allelism betwe5 ! ord] ( succession ( animals 9 geological times & ! *anges _! liv+ repres5tatives und]go dur+ _! embryological gr[?1 z if ! _w 7 "o prolong$ ge/ation4 ,mod]n sci5ce has mu* insi/$ on ?is p>allelism1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t is all[$ to h made x out4 ,all ^! ?+s1 :i* conspire to prove t ! anci5t & ! rec5t =ms ( life are someh[ intimately connect$ toge!r 9 "o gr& sy/em1 equally conspire to sugge/ t ! connection is "o simil> or analog\s to g5]ation4 ,surely no naturali/ c be blam$ = ent]+ some:at confid5tly ^u a field ( speculative inquiry :i* "h op5s s invit+ly2 nor ne$ =m] premature endeavors & failures utt]ly di%e>t5 him4 ,all ^! ?+s1 x may naturally be said1 g to expla9 ! ord]1 n ! mode1 ( ! incom+ ( species4 ,b !y all d t5d to br+ out ! g5]alization express$ by ,mr4 ,wallace 9 ! =mula t e species has come into exi/5ce co9cid5t bo? 9 "t & space ) preexi/+ closely-alli$ species4 ,n1 h[ev]1 t ?is is prov$ ev5 ( exi/+ species z a matt] ( g5]al fact4 ,x is obvi\sly impossible to prove any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,b we mu/ conc$e t ! kn[n facts /rongly sugge/ su* an inf]5ce4 ,&--s9ce species are only cong]ies ( individuals1 s9ce e individual came into exi/5ce 9 consequ5ce ( preexi/+ individuals ( ! same sort1 s lead+ up to ! individuals ) :i* ! species began1 & s9ce ! only mat]ial sequ5ce we "k ( among plants & animals is t f p>5t to prog5y--! presumption becomes exce$+ly /rong t ! connection ( ! incom+ ) ! preexi/+ species is a g5ealogical "o4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 all dep5ds ^u ! probability t ,mr4 ,wallace's inf]5ce is really true4 ,c]ta9ly x is n yet g5]ally accept$2 b a /rong curr5t is sett+ t[>d its acceptance4 ,s long z univ]sal cataclysms 7 9 vogue1 & all life ^u ! e>? 0 ?\ght to h be5 sudd5ly de/roy$ & r5ew$ _m times 9 succession1 su* a view c\ld n be ?\ght (4 ,s ! equival5t view ma9ta9$ by ,agassiz1 & =m]ly1 we believe1 by ,d',orbigny1 t irrespectively ( g5]al & sudd5 cata/rophes1 or any kn[n adequate physical cause1 !re has be5 a total depopulation at ! close ( ea* geological p]iod or =mation1 say =ty or fifty times or m1 foll[$ by z _m indep5d5t great acts ( creation1 at :i* alone h species be5 orig9at$1 & at ea* ( :i* a vegetable & an animal k+dom 7 produc$ entire & complete1 full-fl$g$1 z fl\ri%+1 z wide-spread1 & popul\s1 z v>i$ & mutually adapt$ f ! beg9n+ z ev] aft]w>d--su* a view1 ( c\rse1 sup]s$es all mat]ial connection betwe5 successive species1 & removes ev5 ! association & geographical range ( species entirely out ( ! doma9 ( physical causes & ( natural sci5ce4 ,?is is ! extreme opposite ( ,wallace's & ,d>w9's view1 & is q z hypo!tical4 ,! ne>ly univ]sal op9ion1 if we rightly ga!r x1 manife/ly is1 t ! replacem5t ( ! species ( successive =mations 0 n complete & simultane\s1 b p>tial & successive2 & t along ! c\rse ( ea* epo* "s species probably 7 introduc$1 & "s1 d\btless1 became ext9ct4 ,if all s9ce ! t]ti>y belongs to our pres5t epo*1 ?is is c]ta9ly true ( x3 if to two or m epo*s1 !n ! hypo!sis ( a total *ange is n true ( !m4 ,geology makes huge dem&s ^u "t2 & we regret to f9d t x has exhau/$ ours--t :at we meant = ! briefe/ & mo/ g5]al sket* ( "s geological consid]ations 9 favor ( ,d>w9's hypo!sis has s ext5d$ z to leave no room = consid]+ ! great facts ( comp>ative anatomy & zoology ) :i* ,d>w9's !ory v well accords1 nor = indicat+ h[ x admirably s]ves = expla9+ ! unity ( composition ( all organisms1 ! exi/5ce ( repres5tative & rudim5t>y organs1 & ! natural s]ies :i* g5]a & species compose4 ,suffice x to say t ^! are ! real /rongholds ( ! new sy/em on its !oretical side2 t x goes f> t[>d expla9+ bo? ! physiological & ! /ructural gradations & relations betwe5 ! two k+doms1 & ! arrangem5t ( all _! =ms 9 gr\ps subord9ate to gr\ps1 all )9 a few great types2 t x reads ! riddle ( abortive organs & ( morphological con=mity1 ( :i* no o!r !ory has ev] (f]$ a sci5tific explanation1 & supplies a gr\nd = h>moniz+ ! two fundam5tal ideas :i* naturali/s & philosoph]s conceive to h rul$ ! organic _w1 ?\gh !y c\ld n reconcile !m2 namely1 ,adaptation to ,purpose & ,conditions ( ,exi/5ce1 & ,unity ( ,type4 ,to reconcile ^! two und5iable pr9ciples is ! capital problem 9 ! philosophy ( natural hi/ory2 & ! hypo!sis :i* consi/5tly does s !reby secures a great advantage4 ,we all "k t ! arm & h& ( a monkey1 ! =eleg & foot ( a dog & ( a horse1 ! w+ ( a bat1 & ! f9 ( a porpoise1 are fundam5tally id5tical2 t ! long neck ( ! giraffe has ! same & no m bones ?an ! %ort "o ( ! elephant2 t ! eggs ( ,sur9am frogs hat* into tadpoles ) z good tails = swimm+ z any ( _! k9dr$1 al?\gh z tadpoles !y nev] ent] ! wat]2 t ! ,gu9ea-pig is furni%$ ) incisor tee? :i* x nev] uses1 z x %$s !m be=e bir?2 t embryos ( mammals & birds h bran*ial slits & art]ies runn+ 9 loops1 9 imitation or rem9isc5ce ( ! arrangem5t :i* is p]man5t 9 fi%es2 & t ?\s&s ( animals & plants h rudim5t>y organs :i*1 at lea/ 9 num]\s cases1 are :olly useless to _! possessors1 etc41 etc4 ,^u a d]ivative !ory ?is morphological con=mity is expla9$ by community ( desc5t2 & x has n be5 expla9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,naturali/s are con/antly speak+ ( relat$ species1 ( ! aff9ity ( a g5us or o!r gr\p1 & ( family resemblance--vaguely consci\s t ^! t]ms ( k9%ip are some?+ m ?an m]e metaphors1 b unaw>e ( ! gr\nds ( _! aptness4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 assures !m t !y h be5 talk+ d]ivative doctr9e all _! lives--z ,m4 ,j\rda9 talk$ prose--)\t kn[+ x4 ,if x is difficult & 9 _m cases practically impossible to fix ! limits ( species1 x is /ill m s to fix ^? ( g5]a2 & ^? ( tribes & families are /ill less susceptible ( exact natural circumscription4 ,int]m$iate =ms occur1 connect+ "o gr\p ) ano!r 9 a mann] sadly p]plex+ to sy/emati/s1 except to ^? :o h ceas$ to expect absolute limitations 9 ,nature4 ,all ?is bl5d+ c\ld h>dly fail to sugge/ a =m] mat]ial connection among alli$ =ms1 su* z t :i* ! hypo!sis ( d]ivation dem&s4 ,"h x w\ld n be amiss to consid] ! g5]al pr9ciple ( gradation ?r\gh\t organic ,nature--a pr9ciple :i* answ]s 9 a g5]al way to ! ,law ( ,cont9uity 9 ! inorganic _w1 or r is s analog\s to x t bo? may fairly be express$ by ! ,leibnitzian axiom1 ,natura non agit saltatim4 ,z an axiom or philosophical pr9ciple1 us$ to te/ modal laws or hypo!ses1 ?is 9 /rictness belongs only to physics4 ,9 ! inve/igation ( ,nature at l>ge1 at lea/ 9 ! organic _w1 nobody w\ld und]take to apply ?is pr9ciple z a te/ ( ! validity ( any !ory or suppos$ law4 ,b naturali/s ( enl>g$ views w n fail to inf] ! pr9ciple f ! ph5om5a !y inve/igate--to p]ceive t ! rule holds1 "u due qualifications & alt]$ =ms1 ?r\gh\t ! realm ( ,nature2 al?\gh we d n suppose t ,nature 9 ! organic _w makes no di/9ct /eps1 b only %ort & s]ial /eps--n inf9itely f9e gradations1 b no long leaps1 or few ( !m4 ,to glance at a few illu/rations out ( _m t pres5t !mselves4 ,x w\ld be ?\ght t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two organic k+doms 0 broad & absolute4 ,plants & animals belong to two v diff]5t categories1 fulfill opposite (fices &1 z to ! mass ( !m are s unlike t ! difficulty ( ! ord9>y obs]v] w\ld be to f9d po9ts ( comp>ison ,)\t ent]+ into details :i* w\ld fill an article1 we may safely say t ! difficulty ) ! naturali/ is all ! o!r way--t all ^! broad diff]5ces vani% "o by "o z we approa* ! l[] conf9es ( ! two k+doms1 & t no absolute di/9ction :atev] is n[ kn[n betwe5 !m4 ,x is q possible t ! same organism may be bo? vegetable & animal1 or may be fir/ ! "o & !n ! o!r4 ,if "s organisms may be said to be at fir/ vegetables & !n animals1 o!rs1 l ! spores & o!r reproductive bodies ( _m ( ! l[] ,algae1 may equally claim to h fir/ a *>act]i/ically animal1 & !n an unequivocally vegetable exi/5ce4 ,nor is ! gradation re/rict$ to ^! simple organisms4 ,x appe>s 9 g5]al functions1 z 9 t ( reproduction1 :i* is r$ucible to ! same =mula 9 bo? k+doms1 :ile x exhibits close approximations 9 ! l[] =ms2 also 9 a common or simil> gr\nd ( s5sibility 9 ! l[e/ =ms ( bo?1 a common faculty ( effect+ movem5ts t5d+ to a det]m9ate end1 traces ( :i* p]vade ! vegetable k+dom--:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is indef9able pr9ciple1 ?is vegetable ,animula vagula1 bl&ula1 ,hospes comesque corporis1 graduates into ! high] s5sitiv5ess ( ! l[] class ( animals4 ,nor ne$ we hesitate to recognize ! f9e gradations f simple s5sitiv5ess & volition to ! high] in/9ctive & to ! o!r psy*ical manife/ations ( ! high] brute animals4 ,! gradation is und\bt$1 h[ev] we may expla9 x4 ,aga91 propagation is ( "o mode 9 ! high] animals1 ( two 9 all plants2 b vegetative propagation1 by budd+ or (f%oots1 ext5ds ?r\gh ! l[] grades ( animals4 ,9 bo? k+doms !re may be sep>ation ( ! (f%oots1 or indiff]5ce 9 ?is respect1 or cont9u$ & organic union ) ! p>5t /ock2 & ?is ei!r ) ess5tial indep5d5ce ( ! (f%oots1 or ) a subord9ation ( ^! to a common :ole2 or f9ally ) su* subord9ation & amalgamation1 along ) specialization ( function1 t ! same p>ts1 :i* 9 o!r cases c be reg>d$ only z prog5y1 9 ^! become only memb]s ( an individual4 ,?is leads to ! "q ( individuality1 a subject q too l>ge & too recondite = pres5t discussion4 ,! conclusion ( ! :ole matt]1 h[ev]1 is1 t individuality--t v gr\nd ( be+ z di/+ui%$ f ?+--is n atta9$ 9 ,nature at "o leap4 ,if any:]e truly exemplifi$ 9 plants1 x is only 9 ! l[e/ & simple/1 :]e ! be+ is a /ructural unit1 a s+le cell1 memb]-less & organless1 ?\gh organic--! same ?+ z ^? cells ( :i* all ! m complex plants are built up1 & ) :i* e plant & 7/ructurally7 e animal began its developm5t4 ,9 ! asc5d+ gradation ( ! vegetable k+dom individuality is1 s to say1 /riv5 aft]1 b nev] atta9$2 9 ! l[] animals x is /riv5 aft] ) great] ?\gh incomplete success2 x is realiz$ only 9 animals ( s high a rank t vegetative multiplication or (f%oots are out ( ! "q1 :]e all p>ts are /rictly memb]s & no?+ else1 & all subord9at$ to a common n]v\s c5tre--is fully realiz$ only 9 a consci\s p]son4 ,s1 also1 ! broad di/9ction betwe5 reproduction by se$s or ova & propagation by buds1 ?\gh p]fect 9 "s ( ! l[e/ =ms ( life1 becomes evanesc5t 9 o!rs2 & ev5 ! mo/ absolute law we "k 9 ! physiology ( g5u9e reproduction--t ( sexual coop]ation--has its exceptions 9 bo? k+doms 9 p>!nog5esis1 to :i* 9 ! vegetable k+dom a mo/ curi\s & intimate s]ies ( gradations leads4 ,9 plants1 likewise1 a long & f9ely graduat$ s]ies ( transitions leads f bisexual to unisexual blossoms2 & s 9 v>i\s o!r respects4 ,ev]y:]e we may p]ceive t ,nature secures h] ends1 & makes h] di/9ctions on ! :ole manife/ & real b ev]y:]e )\t abrupt breaks ,we ne$ n wond] !re=e t gradations betwe5 species & v>ieties %\ld occur2 ! m s1 s9ce g5]a1 tribes1 & o!r gr\ps into :i* ! naturali/ collocates species1 are f> f be+ always absolutely limit$ 9 ,nature1 ?\gh !y are necess>ily repres5t$ to be s 9 sy/ems4 ,f ! necessity ( ! case1 ! classifications ( ! naturali/ abruptly def9e :]e ,nature m or less bl5ds4 ,our sy/ems are no?+1 if n def9ite4 ,!y express diff]5ces1 & "s ( ! co>s] gradations4 ,b ?is ev9ces n _! p]fection1 b _! imp]fection4 ,ev5 ! be/ ( !m are to ! sy/em ( ,nature :at consecutive pat*es ( ! sev5 colors are to ! ra9b[4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( gradation ?r\gh\t organic ,nature may1 ( c\rse1 be int]pret$ ^u o!r assumptions ?an ^? ( ,d>w9's hypo!sis--c]ta9ly ^u q o!r ?an ^? ( a mat]iali/ic philosophy1 ) :i* we ourselves h no sympa?y4 ,/ill we conceive x n only possible1 b probable1 t ?is gradation1 z x has its natural gr\nd1 may yet h its sci5tific explanation4 ,9 any case1 !re is no ne$ to d5y t ! g5]al facts correspond well ) an hypo!sis l ,d>w9's1 :i* is built ^u f9e gradations4 ,we h contemplat$ q long en\gh ! g5]al presumptions 9 favor ( an hypo!sis ( ! d]ivation ( species4 ,we _c =get1 h[ev]1 :ile = ! mom5t we ov]look1 ! =midable difficulties :i* all hypo!ses ( ?is class h to enc\nt]1 & ! s]i\s implications :i* !y seem to involve4 ,we feel1 moreov]1 t ,d>w9's p>ticul> hypo!sis is expos$ to "s special objections4 ,x requires no small /r5g? ( n]ve /eadily to conceive1 n only ( ! div]sification1 b ( ! =mation ( ! organs ( an animal ?r\gh cumulative v>iation & natural selection4 ,?9k ( su* an organ z ! eye1 t mo/ p]fect ( optical in/rum5ts1 z s produc$ 9 ! l[] animals & p]fect$ 9 ! high]6 ,a fri5d ( ours1 :o accepts ! new doctr9e1 confesses t = a long :ile a cold *ill came ov] him :5ev] he ?\ght ( ! eye4 ,he has at l5g? got ov] t /age ( ! compla9t1 & is n[ 9 ! fev] ( belief1 p]*ance to be succe$$ by ! sweat+ /age1 dur+ :i* sundry peccant humors may be elim9at$ f ! sy/em4 ,= ourselves1 we dread ! *ill1 & h "s misgiv+s ab\t ! consequ5ces ( ! reaction4 ,we f9d ourselves 9 ! s+ul> position ackn[l$g$ by ,pictet--t is1 confront$ ) a !ory :i*1 al?\gh x c really expla9 mu*1 seems inadequate to ! heavy task x s boldly assumes1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 appe>s bett] fitt$ ?an any o!r t has be5 broa*$ to expla91 if x be possible to expla91 some:at ( ! mann] 9 :i* organiz$ be+s may h aris5 & succe$$ ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is dilemma we might take advantage ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's c&id admission1 t he by no means expects to conv9ce old & exp]i5c$ p1 ^: m9ds are /ock$ ) a multitude ( facts all reg>d$ dur+ a long c\rse ( ye>s f ! old po9t ( view4 ,?is is ne>ly our case4 ,s1 own+ no call to a l>g] fai? ?an is expect$ ( u1 b n prep>$ to pron\nce ! :ole hypo!sis unt5able1 "u su* con/ruction z we %\ld put ^u x1 we naturally s\ght to atta9 a settl$ conviction ?r\gh a p]usal ( sev]al pr(f]$ refutations ( ! !ory4 ,at lea/1 ?is c\rse seem$ to (f] ! readie/ way ( br++ to a head ! v>i\s objections to :i* ! !ory is expos$4 ,on sev]al acc\nts "s ( ^! oppos$ reviews especially invite exam9ation4 ,we propose1 accord+ly1 to conclude our task ) an article ^u ,d>w9 & 8 ,review]s4 ,,iii ,! orig9 ( species1 l all orig9ation1 l ! in/itution ( any o!r natural /ate or ord]1 is beyond our imm$iate k54 ,we see or may le>n h[ ?+s g on2 we c only frame hypo!ses z to h[ !y began4 ,two hypo!ses divide ! sci5tific _w1 v unequally1 ^u ! orig9 ( ! exi/+ div]sity ( ! plants & animals :i* surr\nd u4 ,"o assumes t ! actual k9ds are primordial2 ! o!r1 t !y are d]ivative4 ,"o1 t all k9ds orig9at$ sup]naturally & directly z su*1 & h cont9u$ un*ang$ 9 ! ord] ( ,nature2 ! o!r1 t ! pres5t k9ds appe>$ 9 "s sort ( g5ealogical connection ) o!r & e>li] k9ds1 t !y became :at !y n[ are 9 ! c\rse ( "t & 9 ! ord] ( ,nature4 ,or1 br++ 9 ! ^w species1 :i* is well def9$ z ! p]5nial succession ( individuals1 commonly ( v l individuals--z a close corporation ( individuals p]petuat$ by g5]ation1 in/ead ( election--& r$uc+ ! "q to ma!matical simplicity ( /atem5t3 species are l9es ( individuals com+ d[n f ! pa/ & runn+ on to ! future2 l9es rec$+1 !re=e1 f our view 9 ei!r direction4 ,)9 our limit$ obs]vation !y appe> to be p>allel l9es1 z a g5]al ?+ nei!r approa*+ to nor div]g+ f ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ hypo!sis assumes t !y 7 p>allel f ! unkn[n beg9n+ & w be to ! unkn[n end4 ,! second hypo!sis assumes t ! app>5t p>allelism is n real & complete1 at lea/ aborig9ally1 b approximate or tempor>y2 t we %\ld f9d ! l9es conv]g5t 9 ! pa/1 if we c\ld trace !m f> en\gh2 t "s ( !m1 if produc$ back1 w\ld fall into c]ta9 fragm5ts ( l9es1 :i* h left traces 9 ! pa/1 ly+ n exactly 9 ! same direction1 & ^! f>!r back into o!rs to :i* !y are equally unp>allel4 ,x w also claim t ! pres5t l9es1 :e!r on ! :ole really or only approximately p>allel1 sometimes =k or s5d (f bran*es on "o side or ! o!r1 produc+ new l9es 7v>ieties71 :i* run = a :ile1 & = aught we "k indef9itely :5 n int]f]$ )1 ne> & approximately p>allel to ! p>5t l9e4 ,?is claim x c e/abli%2 & x may also %[ t ^! close subsidi>y l9es may bran* or v>y aga91 & t ^? bran*es or v>ieties :i* are be/ adapt$ to ! exi/+ conditions may be cont9u$1 :ile o!rs /op or die out4 ,& s we may h ! basis ( a real !ory ( ! div]sification ( species & "h inde$1 !re is a real1 ?\gh a n>r[1 e/abli%$ gr\nd to build ^u ,b z sy/ems ( organic ,nature1 bo? doctr9es are equally hypo!ses1 are suppositions ( :at !re is no pro( ( f exp]i5ce1 assum$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! obs]v$ ph5om5a1 & support$ by su* indirect evid5ce z c be _h4 ,ev5 :5 ! uphold]s ( ! =m] & m popul> sy/em mix up revelation ) sci5tific discussion--:i* we decl9e to d--!y by no means !reby r5d] _! view o!r ?an hypo!tical4 ,agree+ t plants & animals 7 produc$ by ,omnipot5t fiat does n exclude ! idea ( natural ord] & :at we call second>y causes4 ,! record ( ! fiat--,let ! e>? br+ =? grass1 ! h]b yield+ se$1 etc41 & x 0 s2 let ! e>? br+ =? ! liv+ creature aft] 8 k9d1 cattle & creep+ ?+ & bea/ ( ! e>? aft] 8 k9d1 & x 0 s--seems ev5 to imply !m4 ,agree+ t !y 7 =m$ ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 & ( ?9 air1 only leads to ! conclusion t ! pri/9e individuals 7 corporeally con/itut$ l exi/+ individuals1 produc$ ?r\gh natural ag5cies4 ,to agree t !y 7 creat$ aft] _! k9ds det]m9es no?+ z to :at 7 ! orig9al k9ds1 nor 9 :at mode1 dur+ :at "t1 & 9 :at connections x pleas$ ! ,almighty to introduce ! fir/ individuals ( ea* sort ^u ! e>?4 ,sci5tifically consid]$1 ! two oppos+ doctr9es are equally hypo!tical4 ,! two views v unequally divide ! sci5tific _w2 s t believ]s 9 ! div9e "r ( majorities ne$ n hesitate :i* side to take1 at lea/ = ! pres5t4 ,up to a "t q )9 ! memory ( a g5]ation /ill on ! /age1 two hypo!ses ab\t ! nature ( light v unequally divid$ ! sci5tific _w4 ,b ! small m9ority has already prevail$3 ! emission !ory has gone out2 ! undulatory or wave !ory1 aft] "s fluctuation1 has rea*$ high tide1 & is n[ ! p]vad+1 ! fully-e/abli%$ sy/em4 ,!re 0 an int]v5+ "t dur+ :i* mo/ physici/s held _! op9ions 9 susp5se4 ,! adoption ( ! undulatory !ory ( light call$ = ! ext5sion ( ! same !ory to heat1 & ?is promptly sugge/$ ! hypo!sis ( a correlation1 mat]ial connection1 & transmutability ( heat1 light1 electricity1 magnetism1 etc42 :i* hypo!sis ! physici/s held 9 absolute susp5se until v lately1 b are n[ g5]ally adopt+4 ,if n already e/abli%$ z a sy/em1 x promises soon to become s4 ,at lea/1 x is g5]ally receiv$ z a t5able & probably true hypo!sis4 ,p>allel to ?is1 h[ev] less cog5t ! reasons1 ,d>w9 & o!rs1 hav+ %[n x likely t "s v>ieties ( plants or animals h div]g$ 9 "t into cognate species1 or into =ms z diff]5t z species1 are l$ to inf] t all species ( a g5us may h ?us div]g$ f a common /ock1 & !nce to suppose a high] community ( orig9 9 ages /ill f>!r back1 & s on4 ,foll[+ ! safe example ( ! physici/s1 & ackn[l$g+ ! fact ( ! div]sification ( a once homog5e\s species into v>ieties1 we may receive ! !ory ( ! evolution ( ^! into species1 ev5 :ile = ! pres5t we hold ! hypo!sis ( a fur!r evolution 9 cool susp5se or 9 grave suspicion4 ,9 respect to v _m que/ions a wise man's m9d re/s long 9 a /ate nei!r ( belief nor unbelief4 ,b y\r intellectually %ort-sight$ p are apt to be pret]naturally cle>-sight$1 & to f9d _! way v pla9 to positive conclusions ^u "o side or ! o!r ( e moot$ "q4 ,9 fact1 mo/ p1 & "s philosoph]s1 refuse to hold que/ions 9 abeyance1 h[ev] incompet5t !y may be to decide !m4 ,&1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! m difficult1 recondite1 & p]plex+1 ! que/ions or hypo!ses are--su*1 = in/ance1 z ^? ab\t organic ,nature--! m impati5t !y are ( susp5se4 ,sometimes1 & evid5tly 9 ! pres5t case1 ?is impati5ce gr[s out ( a fe> t a new hypo!sis may endang] *]i%$ & mo/ important beliefs4 ,impati5ce "u su* circum/ances is n unnatural1 ?\gh p]haps ne$less1 &1 if s1 unwise4 ,to u ! pres5t revival ( ! d]ivative hypo!sis1 9 a m w9n+ %ape ?an x ev] be=e _h1 0 n unexpect$4 ,we wond] t any ?\ghtful obs]v] ( ! c\rse ( inve/igation & ( speculation 9 sci5ce %\ld n h =ese5 x1 & h le>n$ at l5g? to take its inevitable com+ pati5tly2 ! m s1 z 9 ,d>w9's treatise x comes 9 a purely sci5tific =m1 address$ only to sci5tific m54 ,! notoriety & wide popul> p]usal ( ?is treatise appe> to h a/oni%$ ! au?or ev5 m ?an ! book itself has a/oni%$ ! read+ _w ,com+ z ! new pres5tation does f a naturali/ ( ackn[l$g$ "* & ability & m>k$ by a consci5ti\sness & c&or :i* h n always be5 reciprocat$ we h ?\ght x simply "r to set =? ! doctr9e z fairly & z favorably z we c\ld ,!re are pl5ty to decry x & ! :ole !ory is widely expos$ to attack ,= ! argum5ts on ! o!r side we may look to ! num]\s adv]se publications :i* ,d>w9 s volume has already call$ out & especially to ^? reviews :i* propose directly to refute x4 ,tak+ v>i\s l9es & reflect+ v div]se modes ( ?\ght1 ^! ho/ile critics may be expect$ to conc5trate & en=ce ! pr9cipal objections :i* c be br\ght to be> aga9/ ! d]ivative hypo!sis 9 g5]al1 & ,d>w9's new exposition ( x 9 p>ticul>4 ,^u ! oppos+ side ( ! "q we h read ) att5tion--#a4 ,an article 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review = ,april la/2 #b4 ,"o 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,exam9]1 ,bo/on1 = ,may2 #c4 ,m4 ,pictet's article 9 ! ,biblio!que ,univ]selle1 :i* we h already made consid]able use (1 :i* seems ?r\gh\t mo/ able & correct1 & :i* 9 tone & fairness is admirably 9 contra/ )--#d4 ,! article 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review = ,may1 attribut$--al?\gh aga9/ a l>ge am\nt ( int]nal presumptive evid5ce--to ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,briti% comp>ative anatomi/2 #e4 ,an article 9 ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review = ,may2 #f4 ,pr(4 ,agassiz has af=d$ an e>ly opportunity to p]use ! criticisms he makes 9 ! =?com+ ?ird volume ( 8 great "w1 by a publication ( !m 9 advance 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = ,july4 ,9 our survey ( ! lively discussion :i* has be5 rais$1 x matt]s little h[ our own p>ticul> op9ions may incl9e4 ,b we may confess to an impression1 ?us f>1 t ! doctr9e ( ! p]man5t & complete immutability ( species has n be5 e/abli%$1 & may fairly be d\bt$4 ,we believe t species v>y1 & t ,natural ,selection works2 b we suspect t its op]ation1 l e analog\s natural op]ation1 may be limit$ by some?+ else4 ,j z e species by its natural rate ( reproduction w\ld soon completely fill any c\ntry x c\ld live 91 b does n1 be+ *eck$ by "s o!r species or "s o!r condition--s x may be surmis$ t v>iation & natural selection h _! /ruggle & consequ5t *eck1 or are limit$ by some?+ inh]5t 9 ! con/itution ( organic be+s4 ,we are dispos$ to rank ! d]ivative hypo!sis 9 its fullness ) ! nebul> hypo!sis1 & to reg>d bo? z all[able1 z n unlikely to prove t5able 9 spite ( "s /rong objections1 b z n !re=e demon/rably true4 ,^?1 if any !re be1 :o reg>d ! d]ivative hypo!sis z satisfactorily prov$1 mu/ h loose notions z to :at pro( is4 ,^? :o imag9e x c be easily refut$ & ca/ aside1 mu/1 we ?9k1 h imp]fect or v prejudic$ conceptions ( ! facts conc]n$ & ( ! que/ions at issue4 ,we are n dispos$ nor prep>$ to take sides = or aga9/ ! new hypo!sis1 & s1 p]haps1 occupy a good position f :i* to wat* ! discussion & criticise ^? objections :i* are seem+ly inconclusive4 ,on survey+ ! argum5ts urg$ by ^? :o h und]tak5 to demoli% ! !ory1 we h be5 mo/ impress$ ) a s5se ( _! great inequality4 ,"s /rike u z excell5t & p]haps unansw]able2 "s1 z incongru\s ) o!r views ( ! same writ]s2 o!rs1 :5 c>ri$ out1 z incompatible ) g5]al exp]i5ce or g5]al beliefs1 & !re=e z prov+ too mu*2 /ill o!rs1 z prov+ no?+ at all2 s t1 on ! :ole1 ! effect is r confus+ & disappo9t+4 ,we c]ta9ly expect$ a /rong] adv]se case ?an any :i* ! ?or\ghgo+ oppos]s ( ,d>w9 appe> to h made out4 ,:]e=e1 if x be f\nd t ! new hypo!sis has gr[n ^u our favor z we proce$$1 ?is mu/ be attribut$ n s mu* to ! =ce ( ! argum5ts ( ! book itself z to ! want ( =ce ( sev]al ( ^? by :i* x has be5 assail$4 ,d>w9's argum5ts we might resi/ or adj\rn2 b "s ( ! refutations ( x give u m conc]n ?an ! book itself did4 ,^! rem>ks apply ma9ly to ! philosophical & !ological objections :i* h be5 elaborately urg$1 almo/ exclusively by ! ,am]ican review]s4 ,! ,nor? ,briti% review]1 inde$1 r\ndly d5\nces ! book z a!i/ical1 b evid5tly deems ! case too cle> = argum5t4 ,! ,ed9burgh review]1 on ! contr>y1 sc\ts all su* objections--z well he may1 s9ce he records 8 belief 9 a cont9u\s creative op]ation1 a con/antly op]at+ second>y creational law1 ?r\gh :i* species are successively produc$2 & he emits fa9t1 b n indi/9ct1 glimm]+s ( a transmutation !ory ( 8 own2,,iii-#h s t he is equally expos$ to all ! philosophical objections advanc$ by ,agassiz1 & to mo/ ( ^? urg$ by ! o!r ,am]ican critics1 aga9/ ,d>w9 himself4 ,propos+ n[ to criticise ! critics1 s f> z to see :at _! mo/ g5]al & compreh5sive objections am\nt to1 we mu/ ne$s beg9 ) ! ,am]ican review]s1 & ) _! argum5ts adduc$ to prove t a d]ivative hypo!sis ought n to be true1 or is n possible1 philosophical1 or !i/ic4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t on =m] occasions v confid5t judgm5ts h be5 pron\nc$ by v compet5t p]sons1 :i* h n be5 f9ally ratifi$4 ,( ! two great m9ds ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,newton & ,leibnitz1 bo? pr(\ndly religi\s z well z philosophical1 "o produc$ ! !ory ( gravitation1 ! o!r object$ to t !ory t x 0 subv]sive ( natural religion4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis--a natural consequ5ce ( ! !ory ( gravitation & ( ! subsequ5t progress ( physical & a/ronomical discov]y--has be5 d5\nc$ z a!i/ical ev5 d[n to our own day4 ,b x is n[ l>gely adopt$ by ! mo/ !i/ical natural philosoph]s z a t5able & p]haps suffici5t hypo!sis1 & :]e n accept$ is no long] object$ to1 s f> z we "k1 on philosophical or religi\s gr\nds4 ,! gi/ ( ! philosophical objections urg$ by ! two ,bo/on review]s aga9/ an hypo!sis ( ! d]ivation ( species--or at lea/ aga9/ ,d>w9's p>ticul> hypo!sis-- is1 t x is incompatible ) ! idea ( any manife/ation ( design 9 ! univ]se1 t x d5ies f9al causes4 ,a s]i\s objection ?is1 & "o t dem&s v s]i\s att5tion4 ,! proposition1 t ?+s & ev5ts 9 ,nature 7 n design$ to be s1 if logically c>ri$ out1 is d\btless tantam\nt to a!ism4 ,yet mo/ p believe t "s 7 design$ & o!rs 7 n1 al?\gh !y fall into a hopeless maze :5ev] !y und]take to def9e _! position4 ,s we %\ld n l to /igmatize z a!i/ically dispos$ a p]son :o reg>ds c]ta9 ?+s & ev5ts z be+ :at !y are ?r\gh design$ laws 7:atev] t expression means71 b z n !mselves specially orda9$1 or :o1 9 ano!r connection1 believes 9 g5]al1 b n 9 p>ticul> ,provid5ce4 ,we c\ld sadly puzzle him ) que/ions2 b 9 return he might equally puzzle u4 ,!n1 to d5y t any?+ 0 specially design$ to be :at x is1 is "o proposition2 :ile to d5y t ! ,design] sup]naturally or imm$iately made x s1 is ano!r3 ?\gh ! review]s appe> n to recognize ! di/9ction4 ,also1 scornfully to repudiate or to sne] at ! idea ( any manife/ation ( design 9 ! mat]ial univ]se1,,iii-#i is "o ?+2 :ile to consid]1 & p]haps to exagg]ate1 ! difficulties :i* att5d ! practical application ( ! doctr9e ( f9al causes to c]ta9 in/ances1 is q ano!r ?+3 yet ! ,bo/on review]s1 we regret to say1 h n be5 duly reg>dful ( ! diff]5ce4 ,:atev] be ?\ght ( ,d>w9's doctr9e1 we are surpris$ t he %\ld be *>g$ ) scorn+ or sne]+ at ! op9ions ( o!rs1 ^u su* a subject4 ,p]haps ,d>w9' s view is incompatible ) f9al causes--we w consid] t "q pres5tly-- b z to ! ,exam9]'s *>ge1 t he sne]s at ! idea ( any manife/ation ( design 9 ! mat]ial univ]se1 ?\gh we are confid5t t no misrepres5tation 0 int5d$1 we are equally confid5t t x is n at all w>rant$ by ! two passages cit$ 9 support ( x4 ,"h are ! passages3 ,if gre5 woodpeck]s alone _h exi/$1 or we did n "k t !re 7 _m black & pi$ k9ds1 ,i d>e say t we %\ld h ?\ght t ! gre5 color 0 a beautiful adaptation to hide ?is tree-frequ5t+ bird f its enemies4 ,if our reason leads u to admire ) en?usiasm a multitude ( inimitable contrivances 9 ,nature1 ?is same reason tells u1 ?\gh we may easily err on bo? sides1 t "s contrivances are less p]fect4 ,c we consid] ! /+ ( ! wasp or ( ! bee z p]fect1 :i*1 :5 us$ aga9/ _m attack+ animals1 _c be )drawn1 ow+ to ! backw>d s]ratures1 & s inevitably causes ! dea? ( ! insect by te>+ out its visc]a8 ,if ! sne] "h escapes ord9>y vision 9 ! deta*$ extracts 7"o ( !m want+ ! end ( ! s5t5ce71 x is1 if possible1 m imp]ceptible :5 read ) ! context4 ,moreov]1 ?is p]usal incl9es u to ?9k t ! ,exam9] has misappreh5d$ ! p>ticul> argum5t or object1 z well z ! _s1 ( ! au?or 9 ^! passages4 ,! :ole reads m naturally z a caution aga9/ ! inconsid]ate use ( f9al causes 9 sci5ce1 & an illu/ration ( "s ( ! manifold errors & absurdities :i* _! ha/y assumption is apt to involve--consid]ations probably equival5t to ^? :i* induc$ ,"l ,bacon to lik5 f9al causes to ve/al virg9s4 ,s1 if any "o1 x is "h ,bacon t sitte? 9 ! seat ( ! scornful4 ,z to ,d>w91 9 ! section f :i* ! extracts 7 made1 he is consid]+ a subsidi>y "q1 & try+ to obviate a p>ticul> difficulty1 b1 we suppose1 is :olly unconsci\s ( d5y+ any manife/ation ( design 9 ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,he concludes ! fir/ s5t5ce3 --& consequ5tly t x 0 a "* ( importance1 & might h be5 acquir$ ?r\gh natural selection2 z x is1 ,i h no d\bt t ! color is due to "s q di/9ct cause1 probably to sexual selection4 ,aft] an illu/ration f ! vegetable creation1 ,d>w9 adds3 ,! nak$ sk9 on ! head ( a vulture is g5]ally look$ at z a direct adaptation = wall[+ 9 putridity2 & s x may be1 or x may possibly be due to ! direct action ( putrid matt]2 b we %\ld be v cauti\s 9 draw+ any su* inf]5ce1 :5 we see t ! sk9 on ! head ( ! clean-fe$+ male turkey is likewise nak$4 ,! sutures 9 ! skulls ( "y mammals h be5 advanc$ z a beautiful adaptation = aid+ p>turition1 & no d\bt !y facilitate or may be indisp5sable = ?is act2 b z sutures occur 9 ! skulls ( "y birds & reptiles1 :i* h only to escape f a brok5 egg1 we may inf] t ?is /ructure has aris5 f ! laws ( gr[?1 & has be5 tak5 advantage ( 9 ! p>turition ( ! high] animals4 ,all ?is1 simply tak51 is beyond cavil1 unless ! attempt to expla9 sci5tifically h[ any design$ result is accompli%$ savors ( impropriety4 ,9 ! o!r place1 ,d>w9 is contemplat+ ! pat5t fact t p]fection "h bel[ is relative1 n absolute--& illu/rat+ ?is by ! circum/ance t ,european animals1 & especially plants1 are n[ prov+ to be bett] adapt$ = ,new ,zeal& ?an _m ( ! indig5\s ones--t ! correction = ! ab]ration ( light is said1 on high au?ority1 n to be q p]fect ev5 9 t mo/ p]fect organ1 ! eye4 ,& !n foll[s ! second extract ( ! review]4 ,b :at is ! position ( ! review] ^u 8 own int]pretation ( ^! passages8 ,if he insi/s t gre5 woodpeck]s 7 specifically creat$ s 9 ord] t !y might be less liable to capture1 mu/ he n equally hold t ! black & pi$ ones 7 specifically made ( ^! colors 9 ord] t !y might be m liable to be caught8 ,& w\ld an explanation ( ! mode 9 :i* ^? woodpeck]s came to be gre51 h[ev] complete1 conv9ce him t ! color 0 undesign$8 ,z to ! o!r illu/ration1 is ! review] s complete an optimi/ z to insi/ t ! arrangem5t & ! weapon are :olly p]fect 7quoad ! insect7 ! normal use ( :i* (t5 causes ! animal fatally to injure or to disemb[el itself8 ,ei!r way x seems to u t ! argum5t "h1 z well z ! insect1 p]=ms h>i-k>i4 ,! ,exam9] adds3 ,we %\ld 9 l mann] object to ! ^w favorable1 z imply+ t "s species are plac$ by ! ,creator "u unfavorable circum/ances1 at lea/ "u su* z might be advantage\sly modifi$4 ,b are n _m individuals & "s races ( m5 plac$ by ! ,creator "u unfavorable circum/ances1 at lea/ "u su* z might be advantage\sly modifi$8 ,surely ^! review]s mu/ be liv+ 9 an ideal _w1 surr\nd$ by ! faultless mon/]s :i* our _w ne'er saw1 9 "s elysium :]e imp]fection & di/ress 7 nev] he>d (6 ,su* argum5ts resemble "s :i* we (t5 he> aga9/ ! ,bible1 hold+ t book responsible z if x orig9at$ c]ta9 facts on ! %ady side ( human nature or ! app>5tly d>k] l9es ( ,provid5tial deal+1 ?\gh ! facts are facts ( common obs]vation & h to be confront$ ^u any !ory4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican review] also has a _w ( 8 own--j su* a "o z an idealiz+ philosoph] w\ld be apt to devise--t is1 full ( %>p & absolute di/9ctions3 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! absolute inv>iabl5ess ( in/9ct2 an absolute want ( intellig5ce 9 any brute animal2 & a complete monopoly ( in/9ct by ! brute animals1 s t ?is in/9ct is a great matt] = !m only1 s9ce x %>ply & p]fectly di/+ui%es ?is portion ( organic ,nature f ! vegetable k+dom on ! "o h& & f man on ! o!r3 mo/ conv5i5t views = argum5tative purposes1 b we suppose n borne out 9 fact4 ,9 _! sci5tific objections ! two review]s take some:at diff]5t l9es2 b _! philosophical & !ological argum5ts /rik+ly co9cide4 ,!y agree 9 emphatically ass]t+ t ,d>w9's hypo!sis ( ! orig9ation ( species ?r\gh v>iation & natural selection repudiates ! :ole doctr9e ( f9al causes1 & all indication ( design or purpose 9 ! organic _w 4 4 4 is nei!r m nor less ?an a =mal d5ial ( any ag5cy beyond t ( a bl9d *ance 9 ! develop+ or p]fect+ ( ! organs or in/9cts ( creat$ be+s4 4 4 4 ,x is 9 va9 t ! apologi/s ( ?is hypo!sis might say t x m]ely attributes a diff]5t mode & "t to ! ,div9e ag5cy--t all ! qualities subsequ5tly appe>+ 9 _! desc5dants mu/ h be5 implant$1 & h rema9$ lat5t 9 ! orig9al pair4 ,su* a view1 ! ,exam9] decl>es1 is n[h]e /at$ 9 ?is book1 & w\ld be1 we are sure1 disclaim$ by ! au?or4 ,we %\ld l to be in=m$ ( ! gr\nds ( ?is sur5ess4 ,! m>k$ rejection ( spontane\s g5]ation--! /atem5t ( a belief t all animals h desc5d$ f f\r or five prog5itors1 & plants f an equal or less] numb]1 or1 p]haps1 if con/ra9$ to x by analogy1 f "s "o primordial =m into :i* life 0 fir/ brea!d--c\pl$ ) ! expression1 ,to my m9d x accords bett] ) :at we "k ( ! laws impress$ on matt] by ! ,creator1 t ! production & ext9ction ( ! pa/ & pres5t inhabitants ( ! _w %\ld h be5 due to second>y causes1 ?an t ea* species has be5 indep5d5tly creat$--^! & simil> expressions lead u to suppose t ! au?or probably does accept ! k9d ( view :i* ! ,exam9] is sure he w\ld disclaim4 ,at lea/1 we *>itably see no?+ 9 8 sci5tific !ory to h9d] 8 adoption ( ,"l ,bacon's ,confession ( ,fai? 9 ?is reg>d-- ,t1 not)/&+ ,god ha? re/$ & ceas$ f creat+1 yet1 nev]!less1 he do? accompli% & fulfill 8 div9e w 9 all ?+s1 great & small1 s+ul> & g5]al1 z fully & exactly by provid5ce z he c\ld by miracle & new creation1 ?\gh 8 work+ be n imm$iate & direct1 b by compass2 n violat+ ,nature1 :i* is 8 own law ^u ! creature4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x is und5iable t ,mr4 ,d>w9 has purposely be5 sil5t ^u ! philosophical & !ological applications ( 8 !ory4 ,?is retic5ce1 "u ! circum/ances1 argues design1 & raises inquiry z to ! f9al cause or reason :y4 ,"h1 z 9 high] in/ances1 confid5t z we are t !re is a f9al cause1 we mu/ n be ov]confid5t t we c inf] ! p>ticul> or true "o4 ,p]haps ! au?or is m famili> ) natural-hi/orical ?an ) philosophical inquiries1 &1 n hav+ decid$ :i* p>ticul> !ory ab\t effici5t cause is be/ f\nd$1 he mean:ile argues ! sci5tific que/ions conc]n$--all t relates to second>y causes--^u purely sci5tific gr\nds1 z he mu/ d 9 any case4 ,p]haps1 confid5t1 z he evid5tly is1 t 8 view w f9ally be adopt$1 he may enjoy a sort ( satisfaction 9 he>+ x d5\nc$ z %e] a!ism by ! inconsid]ate1 & aft]w>d1 :5 x takes its place ) ! nebul> hypo!sis & ! l1 see ?is judgm5t rev]s$1 z we suppose x w\ld be 9 su* ev5t4 ,:atev] ,mr4 ,d>w9's philosophy may be1 or :e!r he has any1 is a matt] ( no consequ5ce at all1 comp>$ ) ! important que/ions1 :e!r a !ory to acc\nt = ! orig9ation & div]sification ( animal & vegetable =ms ?r\gh ! op]ation ( second>y causes does or does n exclude design2 & :e!r ! e/abli%m5t by adequate evid5ce ( ,d>w9's p>ticul> !ory ( div]sification ?r\gh v>iation & natural selection w\ld ess5tially alt] ! pres5t sci5tific & philosophical gr\nds = !i/ic views ( ,nature4 ,! unqualifi$ affirmative judgm5t r5d]$ by ! two ,bo/on review]s1 evid5tly able & practis$ reason]s1 mu/ give u pause4 ,we hesitate to advance our conclusions 9 opposition to !irs4 ,b1 aft] full & s]i\s consid]ation1 we are con/ra9$ to say t1 9 our op9ion1 ! adoption ( a d]ivative hypo!sis1 & ( ,d>w9's p>ticul> hypo!sis1 if we und]/& x1 w\ld leave ! doctr9es ( f9al causes1 utility1 & special design1 j :]e !y 7 be=e4 ,we d n pret5d t ! subject is n environ$ ) difficulties4 ,e view is s environ$2 & e %ift+ ( ! view is likely1 if x removes "s difficulties1 to br+ o!rs into prom95ce4 ,b we _c p]ceive t ,d>w9's !ory br+s 9 any new k9d ( sci5tific difficulty1 t is1 any ) :i* philosophical naturali/s 7 n already famili>4 ,s9ce natural sci5ce deals only ) second>y or natural causes1 ! sci5tific t]ms ( a !ory ( d]ivation ( species--no less ?an ( a !ory ( dynamics--mu/ ne$s be ! same to ! !i/ z to ! a!i/4 ,! diff]5ce appe>s only :5 ! inquiry is c>ri$ up to ! "q ( prim>y cause--a "q :i* belongs to philosophy4 ,:]e=e1 ,d>w9 's retic5ce ab\t effici5t cause does n di/urb u4 ,he consid]s only ! sci5tific que/ions4 ,z already /at$1 we ?9k t a !i/ic view ( ,nature is impli$ 9 8 book1 & we mu/ *>itably refra9 f sugge/+ ! contr>y until ! contr>y is logically d$uc$ f 8 premises4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he any:]e ma9ta9s t ! natural causes ?r\gh :i* species are div]sifi$ op]ate )\t an orda9+ & direct+ intellig5ce1 & t ! ord]ly arrangem5ts & admirable adaptations we see all ar\nd u are =tuit\s or bl9d1 undesign$ results--t ! eye1 ?\gh x came to see1 0 n design$ = see+1 nor ! h& = h&l+--!n1 we suppose1 he is ju/ly *>geable ) d5y+1 & v ne$lessly d5y+1 all design 9 organic ,nature2 o!rwise1 we suppose n4 ,:y1 if ,d>w9's well-kn[n passage ab\t ! eye,,iii-#aj equivocal ?\gh "s ( ! language be--does n imply orda9+ & direct+ intellig5ce1 !n he refutes 8 own !ory z effectually z any ( 8 oppon5ts are likely to d4 ,he asks3 ,may we n believe t "u v>iation proce$+ long en\gh1 g5]ation multiply+ ! bett] v>iations times en\gh1 & natural selection secur+ ! improvem5ts a liv+ optical in/rum5t might be ?us =m$ z sup]ior to "o ( glass z ! works ( ! ,creator are to ^? ( man8 ,?is mu/ mean "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r t ! liv+ in/rum5t 0 made & p]fect$ "u 7:i* is ! same ?+ z by7 an intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause1 or t x 0 n4 ,if x 01 !n !ism is ass]t$2 & z to ! mode ( op]ation1 h[ d we "k1 & :y mu/ we believe1 t1 fitt+ prec$5t =ms be+ 9 exi/5ce1 a liv+ in/rum5t 7s diff]5t f a lifeless manufacture7 w\ld be orig9at$ & p]fect$ 9 any o!r way1 or t ?is is n ! fitt+ way8 ,if x means t x 0 n1 if he s misuses words t by ! ,creator he int5ds an un9tellig5t p[]1 undirect$ =ce1 or necessity1 !n he has put 8 case s z to invite disbelief 9 x4 ,= !n bl9d =ces h produc$ n only manife/ adaptions ( means to specific ends--:i* is absurd en\gh--b bett] adju/$ & m p]fect in/rum5ts or ma*9es ?an intellect 7t is1 human intellect7 c contrive & human skill execute--:i* no sane p]son w believe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,d>w9 ev5 admits--we w n say adopts--! !i/ic view1 he may save himself mu* ne$less tr\ble 9 ! endeavor to acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( e sort ( int]m$iate =m4 ,^? 9 ! l9e betwe5 "o species & ano!r suppos$ to be d]iv$ f x he may be b\nd to provide2 b z to an inf9ite numb] ( o!r v>ieties n int]m$iate1 gross1 rude1 & purposeless1 ! unmean+ creations ( an unconsci\s cause1 born only to p]i%1 :i* a rel5tless review] has impos$ ^u 8 !ory--rightly en\gh ^u ! a!i/ic alt]native--! !i/ic view rids him at once ( ?is scum ( creation4 ,=1 z species d n n[ v>y at all times & places & 9 all directions1 nor produce crude1 vague1 imp]fect1 & useless =ms1 !re is no reason = suppos+ t !y ev] did4 ,good-=-no?+ mon/rosities1 failures ( purpose r ?an purposeless1 inde$1 sometimes occur2 b ^! are j z anomal\s & unlikely ^u ,d>w9's !ory z ^u any o!r4 ,= 8 p>ticul> !ory is bas$1 & ev5 ov]-/rictly insi/s1 ^u ! mo/ univ]sal ( physiological laws1 namely1 t successive g5]ations %all diff] only slightly1 if at all1 f _! p>5ts2 & ?is effectively excludes crude & impot5t =ms4 ,:]e=e1 if we believe t ! species 7 design$1 & t natural propagation 0 design$1 h[ c we say t ! actual v>ieties ( ! species 7 n equally design$8 ,h we n simil> gr\nds = inf]r+ design 9 ! suppos$ v>ieties ( species1 t we h 9 ! case ( ! suppos$ species ( a g5us8 ,:5 a naturali/ comes to reg>d z ?ree closely relat$ species :at he be=e took to be s _m v>ieties ( "o species h[ has he !reby /r5g!n$ our conviction t ! ?ree =ms are design$ to h ! diff]5ces :i* !y actually exhibit8 ,:]e=e s long z gradatory1 ord]ly1 & adapt$ =ms 9 ,nature argue design1 & at lea/ :ile ! physical cause ( v>iation is utt]ly unkn[n & my/]i\s1 we %\ld advise ,mr4 ,d>w9 to assume 9 ! philosophy ( 8 hypo!sis t v>iation has be5 l$ along c]ta9 b5eficial l9es4 ,/reams fl[+ ov] a slop+ pla9 by gravitation 7"h ! c\nt]p>t ( natural selection7 may h worn _! actual *annels z !y fl[$2 yet _! p>ticul> c\rses may h be5 assign$2 & :]e we see !m =m+ def9ite & useful l9es ( irrigation1 aft] a mann] unacc\ntable on ! laws ( gravitation & dynamics1 we %\ld believe t ! di/ribution 0 design$4 ,to insi/1 !re=e1 t ! new hypo!sis ( ! d]ivative orig9 ( ! actual species is incompatible ) f9al causes & design1 is to take a position :i* we mu/ consid] philosophically unt5able4 ,we mu/ also reg>d x z highly unwise & dang]\s1 9 ! pres5t /ate & pres5t prospects ( physical & physiological sci5ce4 ,we %\ld expect ! philosophical a!i/ or skeptic to take ?is gr\nd2 also1 until bett] in=m$1 ! unle>n$ & unphilosophical believ]2 b we %\ld ?9k t ! ?\ghtful !i/ic philosoph] w\ld take ! o!r side4 ,n to d s seems to conc$e t only sup]natural ev5ts c be %[n to be design$1 :i* no !i/ c admit--seems also to misconceive ! scope & mean+ ( all ord9>y argum5ts = design 9 ,nature4 ,?is misconception is %>$ bo? by ! review]s & ! review$4 ,at lea/1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 uses expressions :i* imply t ! natural =ms :i* surr\nd u1 because !y h a hi/ory or natural sequ5ce1 c\ld h be5 only g5]ally1 b n p>ticul>ly design$--a view at once sup]ficial & contradictory2 :]eas 8 true l9e %\ld be1 t 8 hypo!sis conc]ns ! ord] & n ! cause1 ! h[ & n ! :y ( ! ph5om5a1 & s leaves ! "q ( design j :]e x 0 be=e4 ,to illu/rate ?is f ! !i/'s po9t ( view3 ,transf] ! "q = a mom5t f ! orig9ation ( species to ! orig9ation ( individuals1 :i* occurs1 z we say1 naturally4 ,because natural1 t is1 /at$1 fix$1 or settl$1 is x any ! less design$ on t acc\nt8 ,we ackn[l$ge t ,god is our mak]--n m]ely ! orig9ator ( ! race1 b our mak] z individuals--& none ! less s because x pleas$ him to make u 9 ! way ( ord9>y g5]ation4 ,if any ( u 7 born unlike our p>5ts & gr&p>5ts1 9 a slight degree1 or 9 :atev] degree1 w\ld ! case be alt]$ 9 ?is reg>d8 ,! :ole argum5t 9 natural !ology proce$s ^u ! gr\nd t ! inf]5ce = a f9al cause ( ! /ructure ( ! h& & ( ! valves 9 ! ve9s is j z valid n[1 9 individuals produc$ ?r\gh natural g5]ation1 z x w\ld h be5 9 ! case ( ! fir/ man1 sup]naturally creat$4 ,:y n1 !n1 j z good ev5 on ! supposition ( ! desc5t ( m5 f *impanzees & gorillas1 s9ce ^? animals possess ^! same contrivances8 ,or1 to take a m supposable case3 ,if ! argum5t f /ructure to design is conv9c+ :5 drawn f a p>ticul> animal1 say a ,newf\ndl& dog1 & is n weak5$ by ! k t ?is dog came f simil> p>5ts1 w\ld x be at all weak5$ if1 9 trac+ 8 g5ealogy1 x 7 asc]ta9$ t he 0 a remote desc5dant ( ! ma/iff or "s o!r bre$1 or t bo? ^! & o!r bre$s came 7z is suspect$7 f "s wolf8 ,if n1 h[ is ! argum5t = design 9 ! /ructure ( our p>ticul> dog affect$ by ! supposition t 8 wolfi% prog5itor came f a po/-t]ti>y wolf1 p]haps less unlike an exi/+ "o ?an ! dog 9 "q is to "s o!r ( ! num]\s exi/+ races ( dogs1 & t ?is po/-t]ti>y came f an equally or m diff]5t t]ti>y wolf8 ,& if ! argum5t f /ructure to design is n invalidat$ by our pres5t k t our individual dog 0 develop$ f a s+le organic cell1 h[ is x invalidat$ by ! supposition ( an analog\s natural desc5t1 ?r\gh a long l9e ( connect$ =ms1 f su* a cell1 or f "s simple animal1 exi/+ ages be=e !re 7 any dogs8 ,aga91 suppose we h two well-kn[n & app>5tly mo/ decid$ly diff]5t animals or plants1 ,a & ,d1 bo? pres5t+1 9 _! /ructure & 9 _! adaptations to ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 z valid & cle> evid5ce ( design z any animal or plant ev] pres5t$3 suppose we h n[ discov]$ two int]m$iate species1 ,b & ,c1 :i* make up a s]ies ) equable diff]5ces f ,a to ,d4 ,is ! pro( ( design or f9al cause 9 ,a & ,d1 :atev] x am\nt$ to1 at all weak5$ by ! discov]y ( ! int]m$iate =ms8 ,r does n ! pro( ext5d to ! int]m$iate species1 & g to %[ t all f\r 7 equally design$8 ,suppose1 n[1 ! numb] ( int]m$iate =ms to be mu* increas$1 & !re=e ! gradations to be clos] yet--z close z ^? betwe5 ! v>i\s sorts ( dogs1 or races ( m51 or ( horn$ cattle3 w\ld ! evid5ce ( design1 z %[n 9 ! /ructure ( any ( ! memb]s ( ! s]ies1 be any weak] ?an x 0 9 ! case ( ,a & ,d8 ,:oev] cont5ds t x w\ld be1 %\ld likewise ma9ta9 t ! orig9ation ( individuals by g5]ation is incompatible ) design1 or an impossibility 9 ,nature4 ,we might all h confid5tly ?\ght ! latt]1 antec$5tly to exp]i5ce ( ! fact ( reproduction4 ,let our exp]i5ce tea* u wisdom4 ,^! illu/rations make x cle> t ! evid5ce ( design f /ructure & adaptation is furni%$ complete by ! individual animal or plant itself1 & t our k or our ignorance ( ! hi/ory ( its =mation or mode ( production adds no?+ to x & takes no?+ away4 ,we inf] design f c]ta9 arrangem5ts & results2 & we h no o!r way ( asc]ta9+ x4 ,te/imony1 unless infallible1 _c prove x1 & is out ( ! "q "h4 ,te/imony is n ! appropriate pro( ( design3 adaptation to purpose is4 ,"s arrangem5ts 9 ,nature appe> to be contrivances1 b may leave u 9 d\bt4 ,_m o!rs1 ( :i* ! eye & ! h& are notable examples1 compel belief ) a =ce n appreciably %ort ( demon/ration4 ,cle>ly to settle t su* z ^! mu/ h be5 design$ goes f> t[>d prov+ t o!r organs & o!r seem+ly less explicit adaptations 9 ,nature mu/ also h be5 design$1 & cl9*es our belief1 f manifold consid]ations1 t all ,nature is a preconc]t$ arrangem5t1 a manife/$ design4 ,a /range contradiction w\ld x be to insi/ t ! %ape & m>k+s ( c]ta9 rude pieces ( fl9t1 lately f\nd 9 drift-deposits1 prove design1 b t nic] & ?\s&-fold m complex adaptations to use 9 animals & vegetables d n a =tiori argue design4 ,we c\ld n affirm t ! argum5ts = design 9 ,nature are conclusive to all m9ds4 ,b we may insi/1 ^u gr\nds already intimat$1 t1 :atev] !y 7 good = be=e ,d>w9's book appe>$1 !y are good = n[4 ,to our m9ds ! argum5t f design always appe>$ conclusive ( ! be+ & cont9u$ op]ation ( an intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause1 ! ,orda9] ( ,nature2 & we d n see t ! gr\nds ( su* belief w\ld be di/urb$ or %ift$ by ! adoption ( ,d>w9's hypo!sis4 ,we are n bl9d to ! philosophical difficulties :i* ! ?or\ghgo+ implication ( design 9 ,nature has to enc\nt]1 nor is x our vocation to obviate !m ,x suffices u to "k t !y are n new nor peculi> difficulties--t1 z ,d>w9's !ory & our reason+s ^u x did n raise ^! p]turb+ spirits1 !y are n b\nd to lay !m4 ,mean:ile1 t ! doctr9e ( design enc\nt]s ! v same difficulties 9 ! mat]ial t x does 9 ! moral _w is ,j :at ought to be expect$4 ,s ! issue betwe5 ! skeptic & ! !i/ is only ! old "o1 long ago argu$ out--namely1 :e!r organic ,nature is a result ( design or ( *ance4 ,v>iation & natural selection op5 no ?ird alt]native2 !y conc]n only ! "q h[ ! results1 :e!r =tuit\s or design$1 may h be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,organic ,nature ab\nds ) unmi/akable & irresi/ible indications ( design1 &1 be+ a connect$ & consi/5t sy/em1 ?is evid5ce c>ries ! implication ( design ?r\gh\t ! :ole4 ,on ! o!r h&1 *ance c>ries no probabilities ) x1 c nev] be develop$ into a consi/5t sy/em1 b1 :5 appli$ to ! explanation ( ord]ly or b5eficial results1 heaps up improbabilities at e /ep beyond all computation4 ,to u1 a =tuit\s ,cosmos is simply inconceivable4 ,! alt]native is a design$ ,cosmos4 ,x is v easy to assume t1 because ev5ts 9 ,nature are 9 "o s5se accid5tal1 & ! op]ative =ces :i* br+ !m to pass are !mselves bl9d & un9tellig5t 7physically consid]$1 all =ces are71 !re=e !y are undirect$1 or t he :o describes ^! ev5ts z ! results ( su* =ces !reby assumes t !y are undirect$4 ,?is is ! assumption ( ! ,bo/on review]s1 & ( ,mr4 ,agassiz1 :o insi/s t ! only alt]native to ! doctr9e1 t all organiz$ be+s 7 sup]naturally creat$ j z !y are1 is1 t !y h aris5 spontane\sly ?r\gh ! omnipot5ce ( matt]4,,iii-#aa ,z to all ?is1 no?+ is easi] ?an to br+ out 9 ! conclusion :at y introduce 9 ! premises4 ,if y import a!ism into y\r conception ( v>iation & natural selection1 y c readily exhibit x 9 ! result4 ,if y d n put x 91 p]haps !re ne$ be none to come out4 ,:ile ! me*anician is consid]+ a /eamboat or locomotive-eng9e z a mat]ial organism1 & contemplat+ ! fuel1 wat]1 & /eam1 ! s\rce ( ! me*anical =ces1 & h[ !y op]ate1 he may n h occasion to m5tion ! eng9e]4 ,b1 ! ord]ly & special results accompli%$1 ! :y ! movem5ts are 9 ?is or t p>ticul> direction1 etc41 is inexplicable )\t him4 ,if ,mr4 ,d>w9 believes t ! ev5ts :i* he supposes to h occurr$ & ! results we behold 7 undirect$ & undesign$1 or if ! physici/ believes t ! natural =ces to :i* he ref]s ph5om5a are uncaus$ & undirect$1 no argum5t is ne$$ to %[ t su* belief is a!ism4 ,b ! admission ( ! ph5om5a & ( ^! natural processes & =ces does n necessitate any su* belief1 nor ev5 r5d] x "o :it less improbable ?an be=e4 ,surely1 too1 ! accid5tal elem5t may play its "p 9 ,nature )\t negativ+ design 9 ! !i/'s view4 ,he believes t ! e>?'s surface has be5 v gradually prep>$ = man & ! exi/+ animal races1 t vegetable matt] has ?r\gh a long s]ies ( g5]ations imp>t$ f]tility to ! soil 9 ord] t x may support its pres5t occupants1 t ev5 b$s ( coal h be5 /or$ up = man's b5efit ,yet :at is m accid5tal1 & m simply ! consequ5ce ( physical ag5cies ?an ! accumulation ( vegetable matt] 9 a peat bog & its trans=mation into coal8 ,no sci5tific p]son at ?is day d\bts t our sol> sy/em is a progressive developm5t1 :e!r 9 8 conception he beg9s ) molt5 masses1 or a]i=m or nebul\s masses1 or ) a fluid revolv+ mass ( va/ ext5t1 f :i* ! specific exi/+ worlds h be5 develop$ "o by "o ,:at !i/ d\bts t ! actual results ( ! developm5t 9 ! inorganic worlds are n m]ely compatible ) design b are 9 ! true/ s5se design$ re suits8 ,n ,mr4 ,agassiz1 c]ta9ly1 :o adopts a rem>kable illu/ration ( design directly f\nd$ on ! nebul> hypo!sis draw+ f ! position & times ( ! revolution ( ! _w1 s orig9at$ direct evid5ce t ! physical _w has be5 orda9$ 9 con=mity ) laws :i* obta9 also among liv+ be+s ,b ! read] ( ! int]e/+ exposition,,iii-#ab w notice t ! design$ result has be5 br\ght to pass ?r\gh :at1 speak+ aft] ! mann] ( m51 might be call$ a *apt] ( accid5ts4 ,a natural coroll>y ( ?is demon/ration w\ld seem to be1 t a mat]ial connection betwe5 a s]ies ( creat$ ?+s--su* z ! developm5t ( "o ( !m f ano!r1 or ( all f a common /ock--is highly compatible ) _! intellectual connection1 namely1 ) _! be+ design$ & direct$ by "o m9d4 ,yet ^u "s gr\nd :i* is n expla9$1 & :i* we are unable to conjecture1 ,mr4 ,agassiz concludes to ! contr>y 9 ! organic k+doms1 & insi/s t1 because ! memb]s ( su* a s]ies h an intellectual connection1 !y _c be ! result ( a mat]ial diff]5tiation ( ! objects !mselves1,,iii-#ac t is1 !y _c h _h a g5ealogical connection4 ,b is !re n z mu* intellectual connection betwe5 ! successive g5]ations ( any species z !re is betwe5 ! sev]al species ( a g5us1 or ! sev]al g5]a ( an ord]8 ,z ! intellectual connection "h is realiz$ ?r\gh ! mat]ial connection1 :y may x n be s 9 ! case ( species & g5]a8 ,on all sides1 !re=e1 ! implication seems to be q ! o!r way4 ,return+ to ! accid5tal elem5t1 x is evid5t t ! /ronge/ po9t aga9/ ! compatibility ( ,d>w9's hypo!sis ) design 9 ,nature is made :5 natural selection is ref]r$ to z pick+ out ^? v>iations :i* are improvem5ts f a va/ numb] :i* are n improvem5ts1 b p]haps ! contr>y1 & !re=e useless or purposeless1 & born to p]i%4 ,b ev5 "h ! difficulty is n peculi>2 = ,nature ab\nds ) analog\s in/ances4 ,"s ( our race are useless1 or worse1 z reg>ds ! improvem5t ( mank9d2 yet ! race may be design$ to improve1 & may be actually improv+4 ,or1 to avoid ! complication ) free ag5cy--! :ole animate life ( a c\ntry dep5ds absolutely ^u ! vegetation1 ! vegetation ^u ! ra94 ,! moi/ure is furni%$ by ! ocean1 is rais$ by ! sun's heat f ! ocean's surface1 & is waft$ inl& by ! w9ds4 ,b :at multitudes ( ra9drops fall back into ! ocean--are z mu* )\t a f9al cause z ! incipi5t v>ieties :i* come to no?+6 ,does x !re=e foll[ t ! ra9s :i* are be/[$ ^u ! soil ) su* rule & av]age regul>ity 7 n design$ to support vegetable & animal life8 ,consid]1 likewise1 ! va/ proportion ( se$s & poll51 ( ova & "y--a ?\s& or m to "o--:i* come to no?+1 & are !re=e purposeless 9 ! same s5se1 & only 9 ! same s5se1 z are ,d>w9's unimprov$ & unus$ slight v>iations4 ,! _w is full ( su* cases2 & ^! mu/ answ] ! argum5t--= we _c1 except by ?us %[+ t x proves too mu*4 ,f9ally1 x is wor? notic+ t1 ?\gh natural selection is sci5tifically explicable1 v>iation is n4 ,?us f> ! cause ( v>iation1 or ! reason :y ! (fspr+ is sometimes unlike ! p>5ts1 is j z my/]i\s z ! reason :y x is g5]ally l ! p>5ts4 ,x is n[ z inexplicable z any o!r orig9ation2 &1 if ev] expla9$1 ! explanation w only c>ry up ! sequ5ce ( second>y causes "o /ep f>!r1 & br+ u 9 face ( a some:at diff]5t problem1 b :i* w h ! same elem5t ( my/]y t ! problem ( v>iation has n[4 ,circum/ances may pres]ve or may de/roy ! v>iations man may use or direct !m b selection :e!r artificial or natural no m orig9ates !m ?an man orig9ates ! p[] :i* turns a :eel :5 he dams a /ream & lets ! wat] fall ^u x ,! orig9ation ( ?is p[] is a "q ab\t effici5t cause4 ,! t5d5cy ( sci5ce 9 respect to ?is obvi\sly is n t[>d ! omnipot5ce ( matt]1 z "s suppose1 b to w>d ! omnipot5ce ( _s4 ,s ! real "q we come to is z to ! way 9 :i* we are to conceive intellig5t & effici5t cause to be ex]t$1 & ^u :at ex]t$4 ,are we b\nd to suppose effici5t cause 9 all cases ex]t$ ^u no?+ to evoke some?+ into exi/5ce--& ?is ?\s&s ( times repeat$1 :5 a slight *ange 9 ! details w\ld make all ! diff]5ce betwe5 successive species8 ,:y may n ! new species1 or "s ( !m1 be design$ div]sifications ( ! old8 ,!re are1 p]haps1 only ?ree views ( effici5t cause :i* may claim to be bo? philosophical & !i/ic3 #a4 ,! view ( its ex]tion at ! beg9n+ ( "t1 end[+ matt] & creat$ ?+s ) =ces :i* d ! "w & produce ! ph5om5a4 #b4 ,?is same view1 ) ! !ory ( insulat$ int]positions1 or occasional direct action1 engraft$ ^u x--! view t ev5ts & op]ations 9 g5]al g on 9 virtue simply ( =ces communicat$ at ! fir/1 b t n[ & !n1 & only n[ & !n1 ! ,deity puts 8 h& directly to ! "w4 #c4 ,! !ory ( ! imm$iate1 ord]ly1 & con/ant1 h[ev] inf9itely div]sifi$1 action ( ! intellig5t effici5t ,cause4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t1 :ile ! ?ird is preem95tly ! ,*ri/ian view1 all ?ree are philosophically compatible ) design 9 ,nature4 ,! second is probably ! popul> conception4 ,p]haps mo/ ?\ghtful p oscillate f ! middle view t[>d ! fir/ or ! ?ird--adopt+ ! fir/ on "s occasions1 ! ?ird on o!rs4 ,^? philosoph]s :o l & expect to settle all moot$ que/ions w take "o or ! o!r extreme4 ,! ,exam9] incl9es t[>d1 ! ,nor? ,am]ican review] fully adopts1 ! ?ird view1 to ! logical ext5t ( ma9ta9+ t ! orig9 ( an individual1 z well z ! orig9 ( a species or a g5us1 c be expla9$ only by ! direct action ( an intellig5t creative cause4 ,to sil5ce 8 critics1 ?is is ! l9e = ,mr4 ,d>w9 to take2 = x at once & completely relieves 8 sci5tific !ory f e !ological objection :i* 8 review]s h urg$ aga9/ x4 ,at pres5t we suspect t our au?or pref]s ! fir/ conception1 ?\gh he might cont5d t 8 hypo!sis is compatible ) ei!r ( ! ?ree4 ,t x is also compatible ) an a!i/ic or pan!i/ic conception ( ! univ]se1 is an objection :i*1 be+ %>$ by all physical1 & "s e?ical or moral sci5ce1 _c specially be urg$ aga9/ ,d>w9's sy/em4 ,z he rejects spontane\s g5]ation1 & admits ( int]v5tion at ! beg9n+ ( organic life1 & probably 9 m ?an "o in/ance1 he is n :olly exclud$ f adopt+ ! middle view1 al?\gh ! int]v5tions he w\ld all[ are few & f> back4 ,yet "o int]position admits ! pr9ciple z well z m4 ,int]position presupposes p>ticul> necessity or reason = x1 & raises ! "q1 :5 & h[ (t5 x may h be5 necess>y4 ,x might be ! natural supposition1 if we _h only "o set ( species to acc\nt =1 or if ! successive inhabitants ( ! e>? _h no o!r connections or resemblances ?an ^? :i* adaptation to simil> conditions1 :i* f9al causes 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 might expla94 ,b if ?is explanation ( organic ,nature requires "o to believe t1 at innum]able p]iods 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory1 c]ta9 elem5tal atoms h be5 comm&$ sudd5ly to fla% into liv+ tissues1 & ?is :5 ! results are se5 to be /rictly connect$ & sy/ematic1 we _c wond] t su* int]v5tions %\ld at l5g? be consid]$1 n z int]positions or int]f]5ces1 b r--to use ! review]'s own language--z ex]tions s frequ5t & b5efic5t t we come to reg>d !m z ! ord9>y action ( ,him :o laid ! f\ndation ( ! e>?1 & )\t :om n a sp>r[ falle? to ! gr\nd4,,iii-#ad ,:at does ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 & 8 review] n[ am\nt to8 ,if we say t accord+ to "o view ! orig9ation ( species is natural1 accord+ to ! o!r miracul\s1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 agrees t :at is natural z mu* requires & presupposes an intellig5t m9d to r5d] x s-- t is1 to effect x cont9ually or at /at$ times--z :at is sup]natural does to effect x = once4,,iii-#ae ,he m]ely inquires into ! =m ( ! miracle1 may rem9d u t all record$ miracles 7except ! primal creation ( matt]7 7 trans=mations or actions 9 & ^u natural ?+s1 & w ask h[ _m times & h[ frequ5tly may ! orig9ation ( successive species be repeat$ be=e ! sup]natural m]ges 9 ! natural4 ,9 %ort1 ,d>w9 ma9ta9s t ! orig9ation ( a species1 no less ?an t ( an individual1 is natural2 ! review]1 t ! natural orig9ation ( an individual1 no less ?an ! orig9ation ( a species1 requires & presupposes ,div9e p[]4 ,a =tiori1 !n1 ! orig9ation ( a v>iety requires & presupposes ,div9e p[]4 ,& s betwe5 ! sci5tific hypo!sis ( ! "o & ! philosophical conception ( ! o!r no contr>iety rema9s4 ,& s1 concludes ! ,nor? ,am]ican review]1 a prop] view ( ! nature ( causation places ! vital doctr9e ( ! be+ & ! provid5ce ( a ,god on gr\nd t c nev] be %ak54,,iii-#af ,a wor?y conclusion1 & a suffici5t answ] to ! d5unciations & argum5ts ( ! re/ ( ! article1 s f> z philosophy & natural !ology are conc]n$4 ,if a writ] mu/ ne$s use 8 own favorite dogma z a weapon ) :i* to give c\p de grace to a p]nici\s !ory1 he %\ld be c>eful to seize 8 edge-tool by ! h&le1 & n by ! blade4 ,we c b>ely glance at a subsidi>y philosophical objection ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican review]1 :i* ! ,exam9] also raises1 ?\gh less explicitly4 ,l all geologi/s1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 draws ^u "t 9 ! mo/ unlimit$ mann]4 ,he is n peculi> 9 ?is reg>d4 ,mr4 ,agassiz tells u t ! conviction is n[ univ]sal1 among well-in=m$ naturali/s1 t ?is globe has be5 9 exi/5ce = innum]able ages1 & t ! l5g? ( "t elaps$ s9ce x fir/ became inhabit$ _c be c\nt$ 9 ye>s2 ,pictet1 t ! imag9ation refuses to calculate ! imm5se numb] ( ye>s & ( ages dur+ :i* ! faunas ( ?irty or m epo*s h succe$$ "o ano!r1 & develop$ _! long succession ( g5]ations4 ,n[1 ! review] decl>es t su* indef9ite succession ( ages is virtually inf9ite1 lacks no *>act]i/ic ( et]nity except its "n1 at lea/1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* a conception & t ( ! /rictly inf9ite1 if any1 is n appreciable4 ,b inf9ity belongs to metaphysics4 ,!re=e1 he concludes1 ,d>w9 supports 8 !ory1 n by sci5tific b by metaphysical evid5ce2 8 !ory is ess5tially & completely metaphysical 9 "*1 re/+ altoge!r ^u t idea ( '! inf9ite' :i* ! human m9d c nei!r put aside nor compreh5d4,,iii-#ag ,& s a !ory :i* w be g5]ally reg>d$ z mu* too physical is transf]r$ by a s+le syllogism to metaphysics4 ,well1 physical geology mu/ g ) x3 =1 ev5 on ! sob]e/ view1 x dem&s an indef9itely long "t antec$5t to ! introduction ( organic life ^u our e>?4 ,a =tiori is physical a/ronomy a bran* ( metaphysics1 dem&+1 z x does1 /ill l>g] in/alm5ts ( inf9ity1 z ! review] calls !m1 bo? z to "t & numb]4 ,moreov]1 f> ! great] "p ( physical inquiries n[ relate to molecul> actions1 :i*1 a di/+ui%$ natural philosoph] in=ms u1 we h to reg>d z ! results ( an inf9ite numb] ( 9 f9itely small mat]ial p>ticles1 act+ on ea* o!r at inf9itely small di/ances--a triad ( inf9ities--& s physics becomes ! mo/ metaphysical ( sci5ces4 ,v]ily1 if ?is /yle ( reason+ is to prevail-- ,?9k+ is b an idle wa/e ( ?\ght1 ,& naught is ev]y?+1 & ev]y?+ is naught4 ,! lead+ objection ( ,mr4 ,agassiz is likewise ( a philosophical "*4 ,x is1 t species exi/ only z categories ( ?\ght--t1 hav+ no mat]ial exi/5ce1 !y c h _h no mat]ial v>iation1 & no mat]ial community ( orig94 ,"h ! pr$ication is ( species 9 ! subjective s5se1 ! inf]5ce 9 ! objective s5se4 ,r$uc$ to pla9 t]ms1 ! argum5t seems to be3 ,species are ideas2 !re=e ! objects f :i* ! idea is d]iv$ _c v>y or bl5d1 & _c h _h a g5ealogical connection4 ,! common view ( species is1 t1 al?\gh !y are g5]alizations1 yet !y h a direct objective gr\nd 9 ,nature1 :i* g5]a1 ord]s1 etc41 h n4 ,accord+ to ! succ9ct def9ition ( ,jussieu--& t ( ,l9naeus is id5tical 9 mean+--a species is ! p]5nial succession ( simil> individuals 9 cont9u$ g5]ations4 ,! species is ! *a9 ( :i* ! individuals are ! l9ks4 ,! sum ( ! g5ealogically-connect$ simil> individuals con/itutes ! species1 :i* ?us has an actuality & gr\nd ( di/9ction n %>$ by g5]a & o!r gr\ps :i* 7 n suppos$ to be g5ealogically connect$4 ,h[ a d]ivative hypo!sis w\ld modify ?is view1 9 assign+ to species only a tempor>y fixity1 is obvi\s4 ,yet1 if naturali/s adopt t hypo!sis1 !y w /ill reta9 ,jussieu's def9ition1 :i* leaves unt\*$ ! "q z to h[ & :5 ! p]5nial successions 7 e/abli%$4 ,! practical "q w only be1 ,h[ mu* diff]5ce betwe5 two sets ( individuals entitles !m to rank "u di/9ct species8 & t is ! practical "q n[1 on :atev] !ory4 ,! !oretical "q is--z /at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article--:e!r ^! specific l9es 7 always z di/9ct z n[4 ,mr4 ,agassiz has lo/ no opportunity ( urg+ ! idea t1 :ile species h no mat]ial exi/5ce1 !y yet exi/ z categories ( ?\ght 9 ! same way & only 9 ! same way z g5]a1 families1 ord]s1 classes1 etc4 ,he has tak5 ! gr\nd t all ! natural divisions 9 ! animal k+dom are prim>ily di/9ct1 f\nd$ ^u diff]5t categories ( *>act]s1 & t all exi/ 9 ! same way1 t is1 z categories ( ?\ght1 embodi$ 9 individual liv+ =ms4 ,i h attempt$ to %[ t bran*es 9 ! animal k+dom are f\nd$ ^u diff]5t plans ( /ructure1 & = t v reason h embrac$ f ! beg9n+ repres5tatives betwe5 :i* !re c\ld be no community ( orig92 t classes are f\nd$ ^u diff]5t modes ( execution ( ^! plans1 & !re=e !y also embrace repres5tatives :i* c\ld h no community ( orig92 t ord]s repres5t ! diff]5t degrees ( complication 9 ! mode ( execution ( ea* class1 & !re=e embrace repres5tatives :i* c\ld n h a community ( orig9 any m ?an ! memb]s ( diff]5t classes or bran*es2 t families are f\nd$ ^u diff]5t patt]ns ( =m1 & embrace1 repres5tatives equally indep5d5t 9 _! orig92 t g5]a are f\nd$ ^u ultimate peculi>ities ( /ructure1 embrac+ repres5tatives :i*1 f ! v nature ( _! peculi>ities1 c\ld h no community ( orig92 & t1 f9ally1 species are bas$ ^u relations--& proportions t exclude1 z mu* z all ! prec$+ di/9ctions1 ! idea ( a common desc5t4 ,z ! community ( *>act]s among ! be+s belong+ to ^! diff]5t categories arises f ! intellectual connection :i* %[s !m to be categories ( ?\ght1 !y _c be ! result ( a gradual mat]ial diff]5tiation ( ! objects !mselves4 ,! argum5t on :i* ^! views are f\nd$ may be summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ few words3 ,species1 g5]a1 families1 etc41 exi/ z ?\ghts1 individuals z facts4,,iii-#ah ,an +5i\s dilemma caps ! argum5t3 ,x seems to me t !re is mu* confusion ( ideas 9 ! g5]al /atem5t ( ! v>iability ( species s (t5 repeat$ lately4 ,if species d n exi/ at all1 z ! support]s ( ! transmutation !ory ma9ta91 h[ c !y v>y8 ,& if individuals alone exi/1 h[ c ! diff]5ces :i* may be obs]v$ among !m prove ! v>iability ( species8 ,n[1 we imag9e t ,mr4 ,d>w9 ne$ n be dang]\sly gor$ by ei!r horn ( ?is curi\s dilemma4 ,al?\gh we ourselves *]i% old-fa%ion$ prejudices 9 favor ( ! probable p]man5ce1 & !re=e ( a m /able objective gr\nd ( species1 yet we agree--& ,mr4 ,d>w9 w agree fully ) ,mr4 ,agassiz--t species1 & he w add v>ieties1 exi/ z categories ( ?\ght1 t is1 z cognizable di/9ctions--:i* is all t we c make ( ! phrase "h1 :atev] x may mean 9 ! ,ari/otelian metaphysics4 ,admitt+ t species are only categories ( ?\ght1 & n facts or ?+s1 h[ does ?is prev5t ! individuals1 :i* are mat]ial ?+s1 f hav+ v>i$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 s z to exemplify ! pres5t almo/ innum]able categories ( ?\ght1 or embodim5ts ( ,div9e ?\ght 9 mat]ial =ms1 or--view$ on ! human side--9 =ms m>k$ ) su* ord]ly & graduat$ resemblances & diff]5ces z to sugge/ to our m9ds ! idea ( species1 g5]a1 ord]s1 etc41 & to our reason ! inf]5ce ( a ,div9e ,orig9al8 ,we h no cle> idea h[ ,mr4 ,agassiz int5ds to answ] ?is "q1 9 say+ t bran*es are f\nd$ ^u diff]5t plans ( /ructure1 classes ^u diff]5t mode ( execution ( ^! plans1 ord]s on diff]5t degrees ( complication 9 ! mode ( execution1 families ^u diff]5t patt]ns ( =m1 g5]a ^u ultimate peculi>ities ( /ructure1 & species ^u relations & proportions4 ,t is1 we d n p]ceive h[ ^! sev]al categories ( ?\ght exclude ! possibility or ! probability t ! individuals :i* manife/ or sugge/ ! ?\ghts _h an ultimate community ( orig94 ,moreov]1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 might ins9uate t ! p>ticul> philosophy ( classification ^u :i* ?is :ole argum5t reposes is z purely hypo!tical & z little accept$ z is 8 own doctr9e4 ,if bo? are pure hypo!ses1 x is h>dly fair or satisfactory to ext+ui% ! "o by ! o!r4 ,if !re is no real contradiction betwe5 !m1 no?+ is ga9$ by ! attempt4 ,z to ! dilemma prop\nd$1 suppose we try x ^u t category ( ?\ght :i* we call *air4 ,?is is a g5us1 compris+ a common *air 7,sella vulg>is71 arm or easy *air 7,s4 ca!dra71 ! rock+-*air 7,s4 oscillans7--widely di/ribut$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--& "s o!rs1 ea* ( :i* has sport$1 z ! g>d5]s say1 into _m v>ieties4 ,b n[1 z ! g5us & ! species h no mat]ial exi/5ce1 h[ c !y v>y8 ,if only individual *airs exi/1 h[ c ! diff]5ces :i* may be obs]v$ among !m prove ! v>iability ( ! species8 ,to :i* we reply by ask+1 ,:i* does ! "q ref] to1 ! category ( ?\ght1 or ! individual embodim5t8 ,if ! =m]1 !n we w\ld rem>k t our categories ( ?\ght v>y f "t to "t 9 ! readie/ mann]4 ,&1 al?\gh ! ,div9e ?\ghts are et]nal1 yet !y are manife/$ to u 9 "t & succession1 & by _! manife/ation only c we "k !m1 h[ imp]fectly6 ,all[+ t :at has no mat]ial exi/5ce c h _h no mat]ial connection or v>iation1 we %\ld yet inf] t :at has intellectual exi/5ce & connection might h intellectual v>iation2 &1 turn+ to ! individuals1 :i* repres5t ! species1 we d n see h[ all ?is %[s t !y may n v>y4 ,obs]vation %[s u t !y d4 ,:]e=e1 taught by fact t successive individuals d v>y1 we safely inf] t ! idea mu/ h v>i$1 & t ?is v>iation ( ! individual repres5tatives proves ! v>iability ( ! species1 :e!r objectively or subjectively reg>d$4 ,ea* species or sort ( *air1 z we h said1 has its v>ieties1 & "o species %ades (f by gradations into ano!r4 ,&--note x well--^! num]\s & successively slight v>iations & gradations1 f> f sugge/+ an accid5tal orig9 to *airs & to _! =ms1 are v pro(s ( design4 ,aga91 edifice is a g5]ic category ( ?\ght4 ,egyptian1 ,grecian1 ,byzant9e1 & ,go?ic build+s are well-m>k$ species1 ( :i* ea* individual build+ ( ! sort is a mat]ial embodim5t4 ,n[1 ! "q is1 :e!r ^! categories or ideas may n h be5 evolv$1 "o f ano!r 9 succession1 or f "s primal1 less specializ$1 edificial category4 ,:at bett] evid5ce = su* hypo!sis c\ld we h ?an ! v>iations & grades :i* connect ^! species ) ea* o!r8 ,we might ext5d ! p>allel1 & get "s good illu/rations ( natural selection f ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture1 & ! orig9 ( ! diff]5t /yles "u diff]5t climates & conditions4 ,two consid]ations may qualify or limit ! comp>ison4 ,"o1 t h\ses d n propagate1 s z to produce cont9u+ l9es ( ea* sort & v>iety2 b ?is is ( small mom5t on ,agassiz's view1 he hold+ t g5ealogical connection is n ( ! ess5ce ( a species at all4 ,! o!r1 t ! =mation & developm5t ( ! ideas ^u :i* human works proce$ are gradual2 or1 z ! same great naturali/ well /ates x1 :ile human ?\ght is consecutive1 ,div9e ?\ght is simultane\s4 ,b we h no "r to affirm ?is ( ,div9e action4 ,we mu/ close "h4 ,we meant to review "s ( ! m g5]al sci5tific objections :i* we ?\ght n altoge!r t5able4 ,b1 aft] all1 we are n s anxi\s j n[ to "k :e!r ! new !ory is well f\nd$ on facts1 z :e!r x w\ld be h>mless if x 74 ,besides1 we feel q unable to answ] "s ( ^! objections1 & x is pleasant] to take up ^? :i* "o ?9ks he c4 ,among ! unansw]able1 p]haps ! weightie/ ( ! objections1 is t ( ! abs5ce1 9 geological deposits1 ( ve/iges ( ! int]m$iate =ms :i* ! !ory requires to h exi/$4 ,"h all t ,mr4 ,d>w9 c d is to insi/ ^u ! extreme imp]fection ( ! geological record & ! unc]ta9ty ( negative evid5ce4 ,b1 )al1 he all[s ! =ce ( ! objection almo/ z mu* z 8 oppon5ts urge x--s mu* s1 inde$1 t two ( 8 ,engli% critics turn ! concession unfairly ^u him1 & *>ge him ) actually bas+ 8 hypo!sis ^u ^! & simil> difficulties--z if he held x because ( ! difficulties1 & n 9 spite ( !m2 a h&some return = 8 c&or6 ,z to ?is imp]fection ( ! geological record1 p]haps we %\ld get a fair & intelligible illu/ration ( x by imag9+ ! exi/+ animals & plants ( ,new ,engl&1 ) all _! rema9s & products s9ce ! arrival ( ! ,mayfl[]1 to be annihilat$2 & t1 9 ! com+ "t1 ! geologi/s ( a new colony1 dropp$ by ! ,new ,zeal& fleet on its way to explore ! ru9s ( ,london1 und]take1 aft] fifty ye>s ( exam9ation1 to recon/ruct 9 a catalogue ! flora & fauna ( our day1 t is1 f ! close ( ! glacial p]iod to ! pres5t "t4 ,) all ! advantages ( a surface exploration1 :at a begg>ly acc\nt x w\ld be6 ,h[ _m ( ! l& animals & plants :i* are enum]at$ 9 ! ,massa*usetts (ficial reports w\ld x be likely to conta98 ,ano!r unansw]able "q ask$ by ! ,bo/on review]s is1 ,:y1 :5 /ructure & in/9ct or habit v>y-- z !y mu/ h v>i$1 on ,d>w9's hypo!sis--!y v>y toge!r & h>moni\sly1 in/ead ( vaguely8 ,we _c tell1 because we _c tell :y ei!r v>ies at all4 ,yet1 z !y bo? d v>y 9 successive g5]ations--z is se5 "u dome/ication--& are correlat$1 we c only adduce ! fact4 ,d>w9 may be preclud$ f our answ]1 b we may say t !y v>y toge!r because design$ to d s4 ,a review] says t ! *ance ( _! v>y+ toge!r is inconceivably small2 yet1 if !y d n1 ! v>iant individuals mu/ all p]i%4 ,!n x is well t x is n left to *ance4 ,to ref] to a p>allel case3 be=e we 7 born1 n\ri%m5t & ! equival5t to respiration took place 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,b ! mom5t we 7 u%]$ into ?is brea?+ _w1 our actions promptly con=m$1 bo? z to respiration & n\ri%m5t1 to ! be=e unus$ /ructure & to ! new surr\nd+s4 ,n[1 says ! ,exam9]1 suppose1 = in/ance1 ! gills ( an aquatic animal conv]t$ into lungs1 :ile in/9ct /ill compell$ a cont9uance "u wat]1 w\ld n dr[n+ ensue8 ,no d\bt4 ,b--simply contemplat+ ! facts1 in/ead ( !oriz+--we notice t "y frogs d n keep _! heads "u wat] aft] ceas+ to be tadpoles4 ,! in/9ct promptly *anges ) ! /ructure1 )\t sup]natural int]position--j z ,d>w9 w\ld h x1 if ! developm5t ( a v>iety or incipi5t species1 ?\gh r>e1 7 z natural z a metamorphosis4 ,or if a quadrup$1 n yet furni%$ ) w+s1 7 sudd5ly inspir$ ) ! in/9ct ( a bird1 & precipitat$ itself f a cliff1 w\ld n ! desc5t be haz>d\sly rapid8 ,d\btless ! animal w\ld be no bett] support$ ?an ! objection4 ,b ,d>w9 makes v little inde$ ( volunt>y ef=ts z a cause ( *ange1 & ev5 poor ,lam>ck ne$ n be c>icatur$4 ,he nev] suppos$ t an elephant w\ld take su* a notion into 8 wise head1 or t a squirrel w\ld beg9 ) o!r ?an %ort & easy leaps2 yet might n ! l5g? ( ! leap be increas$ by practice8 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican review]'s position1 t ! high] brute animals h comp>atively little in/9ct & no intellig5ce1 is a heavy bl[ & great disc\ragem5t to dogs1 horses1 elephants1 & monkeys4 ,?us /ripp$ ( _! all1 & left to %ift = !mselves z !y may 9 ?is h>d _w1 _! pursuit & seem+ atta9m5t ( k "u su* peculi> difficulties are int]e/+ to contemplate4 ,h[ev]1 we are n s sure z is ! critic t in/9ct regul>ly increases d[nw>d & decreases upw>d 9 ! scale ( be+4 ,n[ t ! case ( ! bee is r$uc$ to mod]ate proportions1,,iii-#ai we "k ( no?+ 9 in/9ct surpass+ t ( an animal s high z a bird1 ! talegal1 ! male ( :i* plumes himself ^u mak+ a hot-b$ 9 :i* to bat* 8 p>tn]'s eggs--:i* he t5ds & regulates ! beat ( ab\t z c>efully & skillfully z ! unplum$ bip$ does an eccaleobion4,,iii-#bj ,z to ! real intellig5ce ( ! high] brutes1 x has be5 ably def5d$ by a f> m compet5t obs]v]1 ,mr4 ,agassiz1 to ^: conclusions we yield a g5]al ass5t1 al?\gh we _c q place ! be/ ( dogs 9 t respect ^u a level ) a consid]able proportion ( poor humanity1 nor indulge ! hope1 or inde$ ! desire1 ( a r5ew$ acqua9tance ) ! :ole animal k+dom 9 a future life4 ,! ass]tion t acquir$ habitudes or in/9cts1 & acquir$ /ructures1 are n h]itable1 any bre$] or good obs]v] c refute4 ,t ! human m9d has become :at x is out ( a develop$ in/9ct1 is a /atem5t :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 n[h]e makes1 &1 we presume1 w\ld n accept4 ,t he w\ld h u believe t individual animals acquire _! in/9cts gradually1,,iii-#ba is a /atem5t :i* mu/ h be5 p5n$ 9 inadv]t5ce bo? ( ! v def9ition ( in/9ct1 & ( ev]y?+ we "k ( 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's book4 ,x has be5 attempt$ to de/roy ! v f\ndation ( ,d>w9's hypo!sis by d5y+ t !re are any wild v>ieties1 to speak (1 = natural selection to op]ate ^u4 ,we _c gravely sit d[n to prove t wild v>ieties ab\nd4 ,we %\ld ?9k x j z necess>y to prove t sn[ falls 9 w9t]4 ,t v>iation among plants _c be l>gely due to hybridism1 & t _! v>iation 9 ,nature is n ess5tially diff]5t f mu* t occurs 9 dome/ication1 &1 9 ! long-run1 probably h>dly less 9 am\nt1 we c\ld %[ if our space p]mitt$4 ,z to ! /]ility ( hybrids1 t c no long] be insi/$ ^u z absolutely true1 nor be practically us$ z a te/ betwe5 species & v>ieties1 unless we all[ t h>es & rabbits are ( "o species4 ,t su* /]ility1 :e!r total or p>tial1 subs]ves a purpose 9 keep+ species ap>t1 & 0 s design$1 we d n d\bt4 ,b ! critics fail to p]ceive t ?is /]ility proves no?+ :atev] aga9/ ! d]ivative orig9 ( ! actual species2 = x may z well h be5 int5d$ to keep sep>ate ^? =ms :i* h rea*$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( div]g5ce1 z ^? :i* 7 always ?us di/9ct4 ,! argum5t = ! p]man5ce ( species1 drawn f ! id5tity ) ^? n[ liv+ ( cats1 birds1 & o!r animals pres]v$ 9 ,egyptian catacombs1 0 good en\gh z us$ by ,cuvi] aga9/ ,/4-,hilaire1 t is1 aga9/ ! supposition t "t br+s ab\t a gradual alt]ation ( :ole species2 b x goes = little aga9/ ,d>w91 unless x be prov$ t species nev] v>y1 or t ! p]petuation ( a v>iety necessitates ! ext9ction ( ! p>5t bre$4 ,= ,d>w9 cle>ly ma9ta9s--:at ! facts w>rant--t ! mass ( a species rema9s fix$ s long z x exi/s at all1 ?\gh x may set (f a v>iety n[ & !n4 ,! v>iety may f9ally sup]s$e ! p>5t =m1 or x may coexi/ ) x2 yet x does n 9 ! lea/ h9d] ! unv>i$ /ock f cont9u+ true to ! bre$1 unless x crosses ) x4 ,! common law ( inh]itance may be expect$ to keep bo? ! orig9al & ! v>iety ma9ly true z long z !y la/1 & none ! less s because !y h giv5 rise to occasional v>ieties4 ,! tailless ,manx cats1 l ! curtail$ fox 9 ! fable1 h n induc$ ! normal bre$s to disp5se ) _! tails1 nor h ! ,dork+s 7app>5tly kn[n to ,pl9y7 affect$ ! p]man5ce ( ! common sort ( f[l4 ,z to ! objection t ! l[] =ms ( life ought1 on ,d>w9's !ory1 to h be5 long ago improv$ out ( exi/5ce1 & replac$ by high] =ms1 ! objectors =get :at a vacuum t w\ld leave bel[1 & :at a va/ field !re is to :i* a simple organization is be/ adapt$1 & :]e an advance w\ld be no improvem5t1 b ! contr>y4 ,to accumulate ! greate/ am\nt ( be+ ^u a giv5 space1 & to provide z mu* enjoym5t ( life z c be "u ! conditions1 is :at ,nature seems to aim at2 & ?is is effect$ by div]sification4 ,f9ally1 we advise nobody to accept ,d>w9's or any o!r d]ivative !ory z true4 ,! "t has n come = t1 & p]haps nev] w4 ,we also advise aga9/ a simil> cr$ulity on ! o!r side1 9 a bl9d fai? t species--t ! manifold sorts & =ms ( exi/+ animals & vegetables--h no second>y cause4 ,! contr>y is already n unlikely1 & we suppose w h]eaft] become m & m probable4 ,b we are confid5t t1 if a d]ivative hypo!sis ev] is e/abli%$1 x w be s on a solid !i/ic gr\nd4 ,mean:ile an inevitable & legitimate hypo!sis is on trial--an hypo!sis ?us f> n unt5able--a trial j n[ v useful to sci5ce1 &1 we conclude1 n h>mful to religion1 unless injudici\s assailants tempor>ily make x s4 ,"o good effect is already manife/2 its enabl+ ! advocates ( ! hypo!sis ( a multiplicity ( human species to p]ceive ! d\ble insecurity ( _! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! races ( m5 are admitt$ to be ( "o species1 ! coroll>y1 t !y are ( "o orig91 may be expect$ to foll[4 ,^? :o all[ !m to be ( "o species mu/ admit an actual div]sification into /rongly-m>k$ & p]si/5t v>ieties1 & s admit ! basis ( fact ^u :i* ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis is built2 :ile ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o recognize sev]al or num]\s human species1 w h>dly be able to ma9ta9 t su* species 7 primordial & sup]natural 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! ,engli% m9d is prone to positivism & k9dr$ =ms ( mat]iali/ic philosophy1 & we mu/ expect ! d]ivative !ory to be tak5 up 9 t int]e/4 ,we h no pr$ilection = t s*ool1 b ! contr>y4 ,if we _h1 we might h look$ complac5tly ^u a l9e ( criticism :i* w\ld indirectly1 b effectively1 play into ! h&s ( positivi/s & mat]iali/ic a!i/s g5]ally4 ,! wis] & /rong] gr\nd to take is1 t ! d]ivative hypo!sis leaves ! argum5t = design1 & !re=e = a design]1 z valid z x ev] 02 t to d any "w by an in/rum5t mu/ require1 & !re=e presuppose1 ! ex]tion r ( m ?an ( less p[] ?an to d x directly2 t :oev] w\ld be a consi/5t !i/ %\ld believe t ,design 9 ! natural _w is coext5sive ) ,provid5ce1 & hold z firmly to ! "o z he does to ! o!r1 9 spite ( ! :olly simil> & app>5tly insup]able difficulties :i* ! m9d enc\nt]s :5ev] x endeavors to develop ! idea into a sy/em1 ei!r 9 ! mat]ial & organic1 or 9 ! moral _w4 ,x is en\gh1 9 ! way ( obviat+ objections1 to %[ t ! philosophical difficulties ( ! "o are ! same1 & only ! same1 z ( ! o!r4 ,,iv ,,species ,,z ,,to ,,v>iation1 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution1 ,,& ,,succession 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 ,may1 #ahfc7 ,etude sur l',espece1 a l',occasion d'une ,revision de la ,famille des ,cupulif]es1 p> ,m4 ,,alphonse ,,de ,,c&olle4-- ,?is is ! title ( a pap] by ,m4 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 gr[+ out ( 8 /udy ( ! oaks4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,novemb] numb] ( ! ,biblio!que ,univ]selle1 & sep>ately issu$ z a pamphlet4 ,a less inspir+ task c\ld h>dly be assign$ to a botani/ ?an ! sy/ematic elaboration ( ! g5us ,qu]cus & its allies4 ,! va/ mat]ials assembl$ "u ,de ,c&olle's h&s1 :ile di%e>t5+ = _! bulk1 (f]$ small hope ( novelty4 ,! subject 0 bo? extremely trite & extremely difficult4 ,happily x occurr$ to ,de ,c&olle t an int]e/ might be imp>t$ to an on]\s und]tak+1 & a "w ( necessity be turn$ to good acc\nt = sci5ce1 by /udy+ ! oaks 9 view ( ! "q ( species4 ,:at ?is t]m species means1 or %\ld mean1 9 natural hi/ory1 :at ! limits ( species1 int] se or *ronologically1 or 9 geographical di/ribution1 _! modifications1 actual or probable1 _! orig91 & _! de/9y--^! are que/ions :i* surge up f "t to "t2 & n[ & !n 9 ! progress ( sci5ce !y come to assume a new & hopeful int]e/4 ,botany & zoology1 geology1 & :at our au?or1 feel+ ! want ( a new t]m proposes to "n epiontology1 ,,iv-#a all lead up to & conv]ge into ?is class ( que/ions1 :ile rec5t !ories %ape & po9t ! discussion ,s we look ) eag] int]e/ to see :at light ! /udy ( oaks by a v c>eful exp]i5c$ & cons]vative botani/1 p>ticul>ly conv]sant ) ! geographical relations ( plants may ?r[ ^u ! subject4 ,! c\rse ( inve/igation 9 ?is in/ance does n diff] f t ord9>ily pursu$ by work+ botani/s nor1 9 de$ are ! !oretical conclusions o!r ?an ^? to :i* a simil> /udy ( o!r ord]s might n h equally l$4 ,! oaks af=d a v good occasion = ! discussion ( que/ions :i* press ^u our att5tion1 & p]haps !y (f] peculi>ly good mat]ials on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( fossil species4 ,preconceiv$ notions ab\t species be+ laid aside1 ! specim5s 9 h& 7 di/ribut$1 accord+ to _! obvi\s resemblances1 into gr\ps ( app>5tly id5tical or ne>ly id5tical =ms1 :i* 7 sev]ally exam9$ & comp>$4 ,:]e specim5s 7 few1 z f c\ntries little explor$1 ! "w 0 easy1 b ! conclusions1 z w be se51 ( small value4 ,! few] ! mat]ials1 ! small] ! likelihood ( =ms int]m$iate betwe5 any two1 &--:at does n appe> be+ treat$ ^u ! old law-maxim z non-exi/5t--species are readily en\gh def9$4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 specim5s ab\nd1 z 9 ! case ( ! oaks ( ,europe1 ( ! ,ori5t1 & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( :i* ! specim5s am\nt$ to hundr$s1 collect$ at diff]5t ages1 9 v>i$ localities1 by botani/s ( all sorts ( views & pr$ilections--"h alone 7 data fit to draw useful conclusions f4 ,"h1 z ,de ,c&olle rem>ks1 he _h e advantage1 be+ furni%$ ) mat]ials m complete ?an any "o p]son c\ld h procur$ f 8 own h]borizations1 m v>i$ ?an if he _h obs]v$ a hundr$ times ov] ! same =ms 9 ! same di/rict1 & m imp>tial ?an if !y _h all be5 amass$ by "o p]son ) 8 own ideas or pr$ispositions4 ,s t va/ h]b>ia1 into :i* contributions f e s\rce h fl[$ = ye>s1 furni% ! be/ possible data--at lea/ are f> bett] ?an any practicable am\nt ( p]sonal h]borization--or ! comp>ative /udy ( relat$ =ms occurr+ ov] wide tracts ( t]ritory4 ,b z ! mat]ials increase1 s d ! difficulties4 ,=ms1 :i* appe>$ totally di/9ct1 approa* or bl5d ?r\gh int]m$iate gradations2 *>act]s1 /able 9 a limit$ numb] ( in/ances or 9 a limit$ di/rict1 prove un/able occasionally1 or :5 obs]v$ ov] a wid] area2 & ! practical "q is =c$ ^u ! inve/igator1 ,:at "h is probably fix$ & specific1 & :at is v>iant1 p]ta9+ to individual1 v>iety1 or race8 ,9 ! exam9ation ( ^! ri* mat]ials1 c]ta9 *>act]s 7 f\nd to v>y ^u ! same bran*1 or ^u ! same tree1 sometimes accord+ to age or developm5t1 sometimes irrespective ( su* relations or ( any assignable reasons4 ,su* *>act]s1 ( c\rse1 are n specific1 al?\gh _m ( !m are su* z w\ld h be5 expect$ to be con/ant 9 ! same species1 & are su* z g5]ally ent] into specific def9itions4 ,v>iations ( ?is sort1 ,de ,c&olle1 ) 8 usual pa9/ak+1 classifies & tabulates1 & ev5 expresses num]ically _! frequ5cy 9 c]ta9 species4 ,! results are br\ght well to view 9 a sy/ematic enum]ation3 #a4 ,( *>act]s :i* frequ5tly v>y ^u ! same bran*3 ov] a doz5 su* are m5tion$4 #b4 ,( ^? :i* sometimes v>y ^u ! same bran*3 a small] numb] ( ^! are m5tion$4 #c4 ,^? s r>e t !y might be call$ mon/rosities4 ,!n he enum]ates *>act]s1 t5 9 numb]1 :i* he has nev] f\nd to v>y on ! same bran*1 & :i*1 !re=e1 may bett] claim to be employ$ z specific4 ,b1 z among !m he includes ! duration ( ! leaves1 ! size ( ! cupule1 & ! =m & size ( its scales1 :i* are by no means q uni=m 9 diff]5t trees ( ! same species1 ev5 ^! *>act]s mu/ be tak5 ) all[ance4 ,9 fact1 hav+ fir/ br\ght toge!r1 z gr\ps ( ! l[e/ ord]1 ^? =ms :i* v>i$ ^u ! same /ock1 he next _h to comb9e simil>ly v>i\s =ms :i*1 ?\gh n f\nd associat$ ^u ! same bran*1 7 ?or\ghly bl5d$ by int]m$iate degrees3 ,! l[] gr\ps 7v>ieties or races7 be+ ?us con/itut$1 ,i h giv5 ! rank ( species to ! gr\ps next above ^!1 :i* diff] 9 o!r respects1 i4e41 ei!r 9 *>act]s :i* 7 n f\nd unit$ ^u c]ta9 individuals1 or 9 ^? :i* d n %[ transitions f "o individual to ano!r4 ,= ! oaks ( regions suffici5tly kn[n1 ! species ?us =m$ re/ ^u satisfactory bases1 ( :i* ! pro( c be furni%$4 ,x is q o!rwise ) ^? :i* are repres5t$ 9 our h]b>ia by s+le or few specim5s4 ,^! are provisional species--species :i* may h]eaft] fall to ! rank ( simple v>ieties4 ,i h n be5 incl9$ to prejudge su* que/ions2 inde$1 9 ?is reg>d1 ,i am n dispos$ to foll[ ^? au?ors ^: t5d5cy is1 z !y say1 to reunite species4 ,i nev] reunite !m )\t pro( 9 ea* p>ticul> case2 :ile ! botani/s to :om ,i ref] d s on ! gr\nd ( analog\s v>iations or transitions occurr+ 9 ! same g5us or 9 ! same family4 ,= example re/+ on ! fact t ,qu]cus hex1 ,q4 coccif]a1 ,q4 acutifolia1 etc41 h ! leaves sometimes entire & sometimes too!d ^u ! same bran*1 or pres5t transitions f "o tree to ano!r1 ,i might readily h unit$ my ,q4 ,tlapuxahu5sis to ,q4 ,s>torii ( ,liebmann1 s9ce ^! two diff] only 9 _! entire or _! too!d leaves4 ,f ! fact t ! l5g? ( ! p$uncle v>ies 9 ,q4 ,robur & _m o!r oaks1 ,i might h comb9$ ,q4 ,seemannii ,liebm4 ) ,q4 salicifolia ,nee4 ,i h n admitt$ ^! inductions1 b h dem&$ visible pro( 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,_m species are ?us left z provisional2 b1 9 proce$+ ?us1 ! progress ( ! sci5ce w be m regul>1 & ! synonymy less dep5d5t ^u ! caprice or ! !oretical op9ions ( ea* au?or4 ,?is is safe & to a c]ta9 degree judici\s1 no d\bt1 z respects publi%$ species4 ,once admitt$1 !y may /& until !y are put d[n by evid5ce1 direct or circum/antial4 ,d\btless a species may rightfully be condemn$ on good circum/antial evid5ce4 ,b :at c\rse does ,de ,c&olle pursue 9 ! case--( e-day occurr5ce to mo/ work+ botani/s1 hav+ to elaborate collections f c\ntries n s well explor$ z ,europe--:5 ! =ms 9 "q1 or "o ( ! two1 are z yet unnam$8 ,does he introduce z a new species e =m :i* he _c connect by ocul> pro( ) a ne> relative1 f :i* x diff]s only 9 p>ticul>s :i* he sees are incon/ant 9 bett] kn[n species ( ! same gr\p8 ,we suppose n4 ,b1 if he does1 little improvem5t = ! future ^u ! /ate ( ?+s reveal$ 9 ! foll[+ quotation c be expect$3 ,9 ! actual /ate ( our k1 aft] hav+ se5 ne>ly all ! orig9al specim5s1 & 9 "s species z _m z two hundr$ repres5tatives f diff]5t localities1 ,i e/imate t1 out ( ! ?ree hundr$ species ( ,cupulif]ae :i* w be enum]at$ 9 ! ,prodromus1 two-?irds at lea/ are provisional species4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 we consid] :at a multitude ( species 7 describ$ f a s+le specim51 or f ! =ms ( a s+le locality1 ( a s+le c\ntry1 or are badly describ$1 x is difficult to believe t above "o-?ird ( ! actual species 9 botanical works w rema9 un*ang$4 ,su* be+ ! results ( ! want ( adequate k1 h[ is x likely to be :5 our k is l>gely increas$8 ,! judgm5t ( s practis$ a botani/ z ,de ,c&olle is important 9 ?is reg>d1 & x accords ) t ( o!r botani/s ( equal exp]i5ce4 ,!y are mi/ak51 he po9t$ly ass]ts1 :o repeat t ! great] "p ( our species are cle>ly limit$1 & t ! d\btful species are 9 a feeble m9ority4 ,?is seem$ to be true1 s long z a g5us 0 imp]fectly kn[n1 & its species 7 f\nd$ ^u few specim5s1 t is to say1 7 provisional4 ,j z we come to "k !m bett]1 int]m$iate =ms fl[ 91 & d\bts z to specific limits augm5t4 ,de ,c&olle insi/s1 inde$1 9 ?is connection1 t ! high] ! rank ( ! gr\ps ! m def9ite _! limitation1 or1 9 o!r t]ms1 ! few] ! ambigu\s or d\btful =ms1 t g5]a are m /rictly limit$ ?an species tribes ?an g5]a1 ord]s ?an tribes1 etc4 ,we are n conv9c$ ( ?is ,(t5 :]e x has appe>$ to be s1 advanc+ discov]y has br\ght int]m$iate =ms to light1 p]plex+ to ! sy/emati/4 ,!y are mi/ak51 we ?9k m ?an "o sy/ematic botani/ w say1 :o repeat t ! great] "p ( our natural ord]s & tribes are absolutely limit$1 h[ev] we may agree t we w limit !m4 ,provisional g5]a we suppose are proportionally h>dly less common ?an provisional species2 & hundr$s ( g5]a are kept up on consid]ations ( g5]al propriety or g5]al conv5i5ce1 al?\gh well kn[n to %ade (f into adjac5t ones by complete gradations4 ,some:at ( ?is great] fixity ( high] gr\ps1 !re=e1 is r app>5t ?an real4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t v>ieties %\ld be less def9ite ?an species1 foll[s f ! v t]ms employ$4 ,!y are rank$ z v>ieties1 r ?an species1 j because ( _! less def9it5ess4 ,s+ul> z x may appe>1 we h he>d x d5i$ t spontane\s v>ieties occur4 ,de ,c&olle makes ! important ann\ncem5t t1 9 ! oak g5us1 ! be/ kn[n species are j ^? :i* pres5t ! greate/ numb] ( spontane\s v>ieties & sub-v>ieties4 ,! maximum is f\nd 9 ,q4 ,robur1 ) tw5ty-eight v>ieties1 all spontane\s4 ,( ,q4 ,lusitanica elev5 v>ieties are enum]at$1 ( ,q4 ,callipr9os t51 ( ,q4 coccif]a eight1 99 etc4 ,& he significantly adds t ^! v species :i* (f] su* num]\s modifications are !mselves ord9>ily surr\nd$ by o!r =ms1 provisionally call$ species1 because ( ! abs5ce ( kn[n transitions or v>iations1 b to :i* "s ( ^! w probably h to be jo9$ h]eaft]4 ,! inf]5ce is natural1 if n inevitable1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* species & su* v>ieties is only "o ( degree1 ei!r z to am\nt ( div]g5ce1 or ( h]$it>y fixity1 or z to ! frequ5cy or r>ity at ! pres5t "t ( int]m$iate =ms4 ,?is br+s u to ! second section ( ,de ,c&olle's article1 9 :i* he passes on1 f ! obs]vation ( ! pres5t =ms & aff9ities ( cupulif]\s plants1 to ! consid]ation ( _! probable hi/ory & orig94 ,suffice x to say1 t he frankly accepts ! inf]5ces d]iv$ f ! :ole c\rse ( obs]vation1 & contemplates a probable hi/orical connection betwe5 cong5]ic species4 ,he accepts &1 by v>i\s consid]ations drawn f ! geographical di/ribution ( ,european ,cupulif]ae1 =tifies ! conclusion--long ago arriv$ at by ,edw>d ,=bes--t ! pres5t species1 & ev5 "s ( _! v>ieties1 date back to ab\t ! close ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*1 s9ce :i* "t !y h be5 subject to frequ5t & great *anges ( habitation or limitation1 b )\t appreciable *ange ( specific =m or "*2 t is1 )\t pr(\nd] *anges ?an ^? )9 :i* a species at ! pres5t "t is kn[n to v>y4 ,moreov]1 he is c>eful to /ate t he is f> f conclud+ t ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( a species 9 ,europe at all indicates ! "t ( its orig94 ,look+ back /ill fur!r into ! ,t]ti>y epo*1 ( :i* ! vegetable rema9s indicate _m analog\s1 b few1 if any1 id5tical =ms1 he concludes1 ) ,he] & o!rs1 t specific *anges ( =m1 z well z *anges ( /ation1 are to be presum$2 &1 f9ally1 t ! !ory ( a succession ( =ms ?r\gh ! deviation ( ant]ior =ms is ! mo/ natural hypo!sis1 & ! mo/ accordant ) ! kn[n facts 9 palaeontology1 geographical botany & zoology1 ( anatomical /ructure & classification3 b direct pro( ( x is want+1 & moreov]1 if true1 x mu/ h tak5 place v sl[ly2 s sl[ly1 inde$1 t its effects are disc]nible only aft] a lapse ( "t f> long] ?an our hi/oric epo*4 ,9 contemplat+ ! pres5t /ate ( ! species ( ,cupulif]ae 9 ,europe1 ,de ,c&olle comes to ! conclusion t1 :ile ! bee* is increas+1 & ext5d+ its limits s\?w>d & we/w>d 7at ! exp5se ( ,conif]ae & bir*es71 ! common oak1 to "s ext5t1 & ! ,turkey oak decid$ly1 are dim9i%+ & retreat+1 & ?is :olly irrespective ( man's ag5cy4 ,?is is inf]r$ ( ! ,turkey oak f ! great gaps f\nd 9 its pres5t geographical area1 :i* are o!rwise inexplicable1 & :i* he reg>ds z pla9 indications ( a p>tial ext9ction4 ,community ( desc5t ( all ! individuals ( species is ( c\rse impli$ 9 ^! & all simil> reason+s4 ,an obvi\s result ( su* p>tial ext9ction is cle>ly en\gh br\ght to view ,! ,european oaks 7l ! ,am]ican species7 greatly t5d to v>y t is !y manife/ an active disposition to produce new =ms ,e =m t5ds to become h]$it>y & s to pass f ! /ate ( m]e v>iation to t ( race & ( ^! compet+ incipi5t races "s only w survive4 ,qu]cus ,robur (f]s a famili> illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* "o =m may 9 ! c\rse ( "t become sep>at$ into two or m di/9ct ones4 ,to ,l9naeus ?is common oak ( ,europe 0 all ( "o species4 ,b ( late ye>s ! great] numb] ( ,european botani/s h reg>d$ x z includ+ ?ree species1 ,q4 p$unculata1 ,q4 sessiliflora1 & ,q4 pubesc5s4 ,de ,c&olle looks ) satisfaction to ! indep5d5t conclusion :i* he rea*$ f a long & pati5t /udy ( ! =ms 7& :i* ,webb1 ,gay1 ,b5?am1 & o!rs1 _h equally rea*$71 t ! view ( ,l9naeus 0 correct1 inasmu* z x goes to %[ t ! idea & ! practical application ( ! t]m species h rema9$ un*ang$ dur+ ! c5tury :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! publication ( ! ,species ,plant>um4 ,b1 ! idea rema9+ un*ang$1 ! facts might appe> "u a diff]5t aspect1 & ! conclusion be diff]5t1 "u a slight & v supposable *ange ( circum/ances4 ,( ! tw5ty-eight spontane\s v>ieties ( ,q4 ,robur1 :i* ,de ,c&olle recognizes1 all b six1 he rem>ks1 fall naturally "u ! ?ree sub-species1 p$unculata1 sessiliflora1 & pubesc5s1 & are !re=e =ms gr\p$ ar\nd ^! z c5tres2 &1 moreov]1 ! few connect+ =ms are by no means ! mo/ common4 ,7 ^! to die out1 x is cle> t ! ?ree =ms :i* h already be5 s frequ5tly tak5 = species w\ld be :at ! gr\p ( f\r or five provisionally admitt$ species :i* closely surr\nd ,q4 ,robur n[ are4 ,! be/ example ( su* a case1 z hav+ 9 all probability occurr$ ?r\gh geographical segregation & p>tial ext9ction1 is t ( ! c$>1 ?us sep>at$ into ! ,deod>1 ! ,lebanon1 & ! ,atlantic c$>s--a case admirably work$ out by ,dr4 ,hook] two or ?ree ye>s ago4 ,,iv-#b ,a special advantage ( ! ,cupulif]ae = det]m9+ ! probable antiquity ( exi/+ species 9 ,europe1 ,de ,c&olle f9ds 9 ! size & "* ( _! fruits4 ,h[ev] x may be ) o!r plants 7& he comes to ! conclusion g5]ally t m>9e curr5ts & all o!r means ( di/ant transport h play$ only a v small "p 9 ! actual disp]sion ( species71 ! transport ( acorns & *e/nuts by natural causes across an arm ( ! sea 9 a condition to g]m9ate1 & mu* m ! spontane\s e/abli%m5t ( a =e/ ( oaks or *e/nuts 9 ?is way1 ,de ,c&olle conceives to be fairly impossible 9 itself1 & contr>y to all exp]i5ce4 ,f su* consid]ations1 i4e41 f ! actual disp]sion ( ! exi/+ species 7) occasional aid f po/-t]ti>y deposits71 x is ?\ght to be %[n t ! pr9cipal ,cupulif]ae ( ! ,old ,_w atta9$ _! actual ext5sion be=e ! pres5t sep>ation ( ,sicily1 ,s>d9ia & ,corsica1 & ( ,brita91 f ! ,european ,cont95t4 ,?is view once adopt$1 & ?is c\rse once ent]$ ^u1 has to be pursu$ f>!r4 ,qu]cus ,robur ( ,europe ) its bevy ( admitt$ d]ivatives1 & its att5d+ species only provisionally admitt$ to t rank1 is v closely relat$ to c]ta9 species ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 & ( ,oregon & ,cali=nia--s closely t a view ( ! specim5s by no means =bids ! idea t !y h all orig9at$ f ,q4 ,robur1 or h orig9at$1 ) ! latt]1 f "o or m prec$+ =ms s l ! pres5t ones t a naturali/ c\ld h>dly "k :e!r to call !m species or v>ieties4 ,moreov]1 !re are fossil leaves f diluvian deposits 9 ,italy1 figur$ by ,gaud91 :i* are h>dly di/+ui%able f ^? ( ,q4 ,robur on ! "o h&1 & f ^? ( ,q4 ,d\glasii1 etc41 ( ,cali=nia1 on ! o!r4 ,no su* leaves are f\nd 9 any t]ti>y deposit 9 ,europe2 b su* are f\nd ( t age1 x appe>s1 9 ,nor?we/ ,am]ica1 :]e _! remote desc5dants /ill fl\ri%4 ,s t ! probable g5ealogy ( ,q4 ,robur1 traceable 9 ,europe up to ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t epo*1 looks ea/w>d & f> into ! pa/ on f>-di/ant %ores4 ,qu]cus ,ilex1 ! ev]gre5 oak ( ,s\!rn ,europe & ,nor!rn ,africa1 reveals a simil> ar*aeology2 b its pres5ce 9 ,alg]ia leads ,de ,c&olle to reg>d x z a mu* m anci5t d5iz5 ( ,europe ?an ,q4 ,robur2 & a ,t]ti>y oak1 ,q4 ilicoides1 f a v old ,mioc5e b$ 9 ,switz]l&1 is ?\ght to be "o ( its ance/ral =ms4 ,?is high antiquity once e/abli%$1 x foll[s almo/ ( c\rse t ! v ne>ly-relat$ species 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 9 ,japan1 9 ,cali=nia1 & ev5 our own live-oak ) its ,mexican relatives1 may probably en\gh be reg>d$ z e>ly (f%oots f ! same /ock ) ,q4 hex4 ,9 brief--n to cont9ue ^! ab/racts & rem>ks1 & )\t ref]5ce to ,d>w9's p>ticul> !ory 7:i* ,de ,c&olle at ! close v fairly consid]s7--if exi/+ species1 or _m ( !m1 are z anci5t z !y are n[ g5]ally ?\ght to be1 & 7 subject to ! physical & geographical *anges 7among !m ! com+ & ! go+ ( ! glacial epo*7 :i* ?is antiquity implies2 if 9 =m] times !y 7 z liable to v>iation z !y n[ are2 & if ! individuals ( ! same species may claim a common local orig91 !n we _c wond] t ! !ory ( a succession ( =ms by deviations ( ant]ior =ms %\ld be reg>d$ z ! mo/ natural hypo!sis1 nor at ! g5]al advance made t[>d its acceptance4 ,! "q be+1 n1 h[ plants & animals orig9at$1 b1 h[ came ! exi/+ animals & plants to be j :]e !y are & :at !y are1 x is pla9 t naturali/s int]e/$ 9 su* inquiries are mo/ly look+ = ! answ] 9 "o direction4 ,! g5]al drift ( op9ion1 or at lea/ ( expectation1 is exemplifi$ by ?is essay ( ,de ,c&olle2 & ! set & =ce ( ! curr5t are se5 by notic+ h[ x c>ries along naturali/s ( widely diff]5t views & prepossessions--"s fa/] & f>!r ?an o!rs--b all 9 "o way4 ,! t5d5cy is1 we may say1 to ext5d ! law ( cont9uity1 or some?+ analog\s to x1 f inorganic to organic ,nature1 & 9 ! latt] to connect ! pres5t ) ! pa/ 9 "s sort ( mat]ial connection4 ,! g5]alization may inde$ be express$ s z n to ass]t t ! connection is g5etic1 z 9 ,mr4 ,wallace's =mula3 ,e species has come into exi/5ce co9cid5t bo? 9 "t & space ) preexi/+ closely-alli$ species4 ,edw>d ,=bes1 :o may be call$ ! orig9ator ( ?is :ole l9e ( inquiry1 long ago express$ a simil> view4 ,b ! only mat]ial sequ5ce we "k1 or c cle>ly conceive1 9 plants & animals1 is t f p>5t to prog5y2 &1 z ,de ,c&olle implies1 ! orig9 ( species & t ( races c h>dly be mu* unlike1 nor gov]n$ by o!r ?an ! same laws1 :atev] ^! may be4 ,! progress ( op9ion ^u ?is subject 9 "o g5]ation is n badly repres5t$ by t ( ,de ,c&olle himself1 :o is by no means prone to adopt new views )\t mu* consid]ation4 ,9 an elem5t>y treatise publi%$ 9 ! ye> #ahce1 he adopt$ &1 if we rightly rememb]1 vigor\sly ma9ta9$1 ,s*\w's idea ( ! d\ble or multiple orig9 ( species1 at lea/ ( "s species--a view :i* has be5 c>ri$ out to its ultimate developm5t only p]haps by ,agassiz1 9 ! d5ial ( any necess>y g5etic connection among ! individuals ( ! same species1 or ( any orig9al localization m re/rict$ ?an ! area n[ occupi$ by ! species4 ,b 9 i#hee1 9 8 ,geographic ,botanique1 ! multiple hypo!sis1 al?\gh 9 pr9ciple n ab&on$1 loses its po9t1 9 view ( ! probable high antiquity ( exi/+ species4 ,! actual vegetation ( ! _w be+ n[ reg>d$ z a cont9uation1 ?r\gh num]\s geological1 geographical1 & m rec5tly hi/orical *anges1 ( ant]ior vegetations1 ! actual di/ribution ( plants is se5 to be a consequ5ce ( prec$+ conditions2 & geological consid]ations1 & ^! alone1 may be expect$ to expla9 all ! facts--_m ( !m s curi\s & extraord9>y--( ! actual geographical di/ribution ( ! species4 ,9 ! pres5t essay1 n only ! di/ribution b ! orig9 ( cong5]ic species is reg>d$ z some?+ d]ivative2 :e!r d]iv$ by sl[ & v gradual *anges 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 accord+ to ,d>w91 or by a sudd51 inexplicable *ange ( _! t]ti>y ance/ors1 z conceiv$ by ,he]1 ,de ,c&olle haz>ds no op9ion4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be inf]r$ t he looks ^u natural selection z a real1 b insuffici5t cause2 :ile "s curi\s rem>ks ^u ! numb] ( mon/rosities annually produc$1 & ! possibility ( _! endur+1 may be reg>d$ z favorable to ,he]'s view4 ,z an index to ! progress ( op9ion 9 ! direction ref]r$ to1 x w be int]e/+ to comp>e ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's well-kn[n *apt]s ( tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ago1 9 :i* ! p]man5ce ( species 0 ably ma9ta9$1 ) 8 treatm5t ( ! same subject 9 a "w j issu$ 9 ,engl&1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has n yet rea*$ u4 ,a belief ( ! d]ivation ( species may be ma9ta9$ along ) a conviction ( great p]si/5ce ( specific *>act]s4 ,?is is ! idea ( ! excell5t ,swiss vegetable palaeontologi/1 ,he]1 :o imag9es a sudd5 *ange ( specific type at c]ta9 p]iods1 & p]haps is t ( ,pictet4 ,falcon] adh]es to some:at simil> views 9 8 elaborate pap] on elephants1 liv+ & fossil1 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,review = ,janu>y la/4 ,not+ t !re is cle> evid5ce ( ! true mammo? hav+ exi/$ 9 ,am]ica long aft] ! p]iod ( ! nor!rn drift1 :5 ! surface ( ! c\ntry _h settl$ d[n into its pres5t =m1 & also 9 ,europe s late z to h be5 a contempor>y ( ! ,iri% elk1 & on ! o!r h& t x exi/$ 9 ,engl& s f> back z be=e ! deposition ( ! b[ld] clay2 also t f\r well-def9$ species ( fossil elephant are kn[n to h exi/$ 9 ,europe2 t a va/ numb] ( ! rema9s ( ?ree ( ^! species h be5 exhum$ ov] a l>ge area 9 ,europe2 &1 ev5 9 ! geological s5se1 an enorm\s int]val ( "t has elaps$ betwe5 ! =mation ( ! mo/ anci5t & ! mo/ rec5t ( ^! deposits1 q suffici5t to te/ ! p]si/5ce ( specific *>act]s 9 an elephant1 he pres5ts ! "q1 ,d1 !n1 ! successive elephants occurr+ 9 ^! /rata %[ any signs ( a passage f ! old] =m into ! new]8 ,to :i* ! reply is3 ,if !re is "o fact :i* is impress$ on ! conviction ( ! obs]v] ) m =ce ?an any o!r1 x is ! p]si/5ce & uni=mity ( ! *>act]s ( ! mol> tee? 9 ! e>lie/ kn[n mammo? & 8 mo/ mod]n successor 4 4 4 ,assum+ ! obs]vation to be correct1 :at /rong pro( does x n af=d ( ! p]si/5ce & con/ancy1 ?r\gh\t va/ int]vals ( "t1 ( ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( ^? organs :i* arc mo/ conc]n$ 9 ! exi/5ce & habits ( ! species8 ,if we ca/ a glance back on ! long vi/a ( physical *anges :i* our planet has und]gone s9ce ! ,neozoic epo*1 we c n[h]e detect signs ( a revolution m sudd5 & pron\nc$1 or m important 9 its results1 ?an ! int]calation & sudd5 disappe>ance ( ! glacial p]iod4 ,yet ! 'dicyclo!rian' mammo? liv$ be=e x1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! ordeal ( all ! h>d extremities x involv$1 be>+ 8 organs ( locomotion & dige/ion all b un*ang$4 ,tak+ ! gr\p ( f\r ,european fossil species above enum]at$1 d !y %[ any signs 9 ! successive deposits ( a transition f ! "o =m into ! o!r8 ,"h aga9 ! result ( my obs]vation1 9 s f> z x has ext5d$ ov] ! ,european area1 is1 t ! specific *>act]s ( ! mol>s are con/ant 9 ea*1 )9 a mod]ate range ( v>iation1 & t we n[h]e meet ) int]m$iate =ms4 4 4 4 ,dr4 ,falcon] cont9ues 7page #hj73 ,! inf]5ces :i* ,i draw f ^! facts are n oppos$ to "o ( ! lead+ propositions ( ,d>w9's !ory4 ,) him1 ,i h no fai? 9 ! op9ion t ! mammo? & o!r ext9ct elephants made _! appe>ance sudd5ly1 aft] ! type 9 :i* _! fossil rema9s are pres5t$ to u4 ,! mo/ rational view seems to be1 t !y are 9 "s %ape ! modifi$ desc5dants ( e>li] prog5itors4 ,b if ! ass]t$ facts be correct1 !y seem cle>ly to indicate t ! old] elephants ( ,europe1 su* z ,e4 m]idionalis & ,e4 antiguus1 7 n ! /ocks f :i* ! lat] species1 ,e4 primig5ius & ,e4 ,africanus sprung1 & t we mu/ look else:]e = _! orig94 ,! ne>e/ aff9ity1 & t a v close "o1 ( ! ,european ,e4 m]idionalis is ) ! ,mioc5e ,e4 planifrons ( ,india2 & ( ,e4 primig5ius1 ) ! exi/+ ,india species4 ,ano!r reflection is equally /rong 9 my m9d--t ! means :i* h be5 adduc$ to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! species by 'natural selection1' or a process ( v>iation f ext]nal influ5ces1 are inadequate to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a4 ,! law ( phyllotaxis1 :i* gov]ns ! evolution ( leaves ar\nd ! axis ( a plant1 is z ne>ly con/ant 9 its manife/ation z any ( ! physical laws connect$ ) ! mat]ial _w4 ,ea* in/ance1 h[ev] diff]5t f ano!r1 c be %[n to be a t]m ( "s s]ies ( cont9u$ fractions4 ,:5 ?is is c\pl$ ) ! geometrical law gov]n+ ! evolution ( =m1 s manife/ 9 "s dep>tm5ts ( ! animal k+dom1 e4 g41 ! spiral %ells ( ! ,mollusca1 x is difficult to believe t !re is n1 9 ,nature1 a deep]-seat$ & innate pr9ciple1 to ! op]ation ( :i* natural selection is m]ely an adjunct4 ,! :ole range ( ! ,mammalia1 fossil & rec5t1 _c furni% a species :i* has _h a wid] geographical di/ribution1 & pass$ ?r\gh a long] t]m ( "t1 & ?r\gh m extreme *anges ( climatal conditions1 ?an ! mammo?4 ,if species are s un/able1 & s susceptible ( mutation ?r\gh su* influ5ces1 :y does t ext9ct =m /& out s signally a monum5t ( /ability8 ,by 8 admirable rese>*es & e>ne/ writ+s1 ,d>w9 has1 beyond all 8 contempor>ies1 giv5 an impulse to ! philosophical inve/igation ( ! mo/ backw>d & obscure bran* ( ! biological sci5ces ( 8 day2 he has laid ! f\ndations ( a great edifice2 b he ne$ n be surpris$ if1 9 ! progress ( erection1 ! sup]/ructure is alt]$ by 8 successors1 l ! ,duomo ( ,milan f ! ,roman to a diff]5t /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,ent]ta9+ ourselves ! op9ion t some?+ m ?an natural selection is requisite to acc\nt = ! ord]ly production & succession ( species1 we (f] two incid5tal rem>ks ^u ! above extract4 #a4 ,we f9d 9 x--9 ! phrase natural selection1 or a process ( v>iation f ext]nal influ5ces--an example ( ! v common confusion ( two di/9ct ?+s1 viz41 v>iation & natural selection4 ,! =m] has nev] yet be5 %[n to h its cause 9 ext]nal influ5ces1 nor to occur at r&om4 ,z we h else:]e insi/$1 if n inexplicable1 x has nev] be5 expla9$2 all we c yet say is1 t plants & animals are prone to v>y1 & t "s conditions favor v>iation4 ,p]haps 9 ?is ,dr4 ,falcon] may yet f9d :at he seeks3 = x is difficult to believe t !re is n 9 nature a deep]-seat$ & innate pr9ciple1 to ! op]ation ( :i* natural selection is m]ely an adjunct4 ,! latt]1 :i* is ! ensemble ( ! ext]nal influ5ces1 includ+ ! competition ( ! individuals !m selves1 picks out c]ta9 v>iations z !y arise1 b 9 no prop] s5se c be said to orig9ate !m #b4 ,al?\gh we are n q sure h[ ,dr ,falcon] 9 t5ds to apply ! law ( phyllotaxis to illu/rate 8 idea1 we fancy t a p]t95t illu/ration may be drawn f x 9 ?is way4 ,!re are two species ( phyllotaxis1 p]fectly di/9ct1 & we suppose1 n ma!matically r$ucible ! "o to ! o!r1 viz43 7#a47 ,t ( alt]nate leaves1 ) its vane ties & 7#b47 ,t ( v]ticillate leaves1 ( :i* opposite leaves pres5t ! simple/ case ,t al?\gh g5]ally con/ant a *ange f "o v>iety ( alt]nate phyllotaxis to an o!r %\ld occur on ! same axis1 or on successive axes1 is n surpris+1 ! diff]5t sorts be+ t]ms ( a regul> s]ies--al?\gh inde$ we h n ! lea/ idea z to h[ ! *ange f ! "o to ! o!r comes to pass ,b x is int]e/+ & 9 ?is connection p]haps in/ructive1 to rem>k t :ile "s dicotyl$on\s plants hold to ! v]ticillate1 i4e41 opposite-leav$ phyllotaxis ?r\gh\t1 a l>g] numb]--?r\gh ! op]ation ( "s deep seat$ & innate pr9ciple :i* we _c fa?om--*ange abruptly into ! o!r species at ! second or ?ird node1 & *ange back aga9 9 ! fl[]1 or else effect a syn!sis ( ! two species 9 a mann] :i* is puzzl+ to und]/&4 ,"h is a *ange f "o fix$ law to ano!r1 z unacc\ntable1 if n z great1 z f "o specific =m to ano!r4 ,an elaborate pap] on ! vegetation ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod 9 ! s\!a/ ( ,france1 by ,c\nt ,ga/on de ,saporta1 publi%$ 9 ! ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles 9 #ahfb1 vol4 xvi41 pp4 #cji-cdd--:i* we h n space to analyze--is wor?y ( att5tion f ! g5]al inquir]1 on acc\nt ( its analysis ( ! ,t]ti>y flora into its sep>ate types1 ,cretace\s1 ,au/ral1 ,tropical1 & ,boreal1 ea* ( :i* has its sep>ate & diff]5t hi/ory--& = ! ann\ncem5t t ! hiatus1 :i*1 9 ! idea ( mo/ geologi/s1 int]v5$ betwe5 ! close ( ! ,cretace\s & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,t]ti>y1 appe>s to h _h no exi/5ce1 s f> z conc]ns ! vegetation2 t 9 g5]al x 0 n by means ( a total ov]?r[1 foll[$ by a complete new emission ( species1 t ! flora has be5 r5ew$ at ea* successive p]iod2 & t :ile ! plants ( ,s\!rn ,europe inh]it$ f ! ,cretace\s p]iod m or less rapidly disappe>$1 z also ! au/ral =ms1 & lat] ! tropical types 7except ! laurel1 ! myrtle1 & ! ,*ama]ops humilis71 ! boreal types1 com+ lat]1 surviv$ all ! o!rs1 & n[ compose1 ei!r 9 ,europe1 or 9 ! nor? ( ,asia1 or 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! basis ( ! actual arboresc5t vegetation4 ,especially a v consid]able numb] ( =ms ne>ly id5tical ) t]ti>y =ms n[ exi/ 9 ,am]ica1 :]e !y h f\nd1 m easily ?an 9 our soil--less va/ & less ext5d$ s\?w>d--refuge f ult]ior revolutions1 ,! ext9ction ( species is attribut$ to two k9ds ( causes2 ! "o mat]ial or physical1 :e!r sl[ or rapid2 ! o!r inh]5t 9 ! nature ( organic be+s1 incessant1 b sl[1 9 a mann] lat5t1 b someh[ assign+ to ! species1 z to ! individuals1 a limit$ p]iod ( exi/5ce1 &1 9 "s equally my/]i\s b :olly natural way1 connect$ ) ! developm5t ( organic types3 ,by type mean+ a collection ( vegetable =ms con/ruct$ ^u ! same plan ( organization1 ( :i* !y reproduce ! ess5tial l9eam5ts ) c]ta9 second>y modifications1 & :i* appe> to run back to a common po9t ( dep>ture4 ,9 ?is community ( types1 no less ?an 9 ! community ( c]ta9 exi/+ species1 ,saporta recognizes a prolong$ mat]ial union betwe5 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe 9 =m] times4 ,mo/ naturali/s & geologi/s reason 9 ! same way--"s m cauti\sly ?an o!rs--yet p]haps mo/ ( !m seem n to p]ceive h[ f> su* inf]5ces imply ! doctr9e ( ! common orig9 ( relat$ species4 ,= obvi\s reasons su* doctr9es are likely to f9d m favor ) botani/s ?an ) zoologi/s4 ,b ) bo? ! advance 9 ?is direction is se5 to h be5 rapid & great2 yet to u n unexpect$4 ,we note1 also1 an evid5t disposition1 not)/&+ "s endeavors to ! contr>y1 to all[ d]ivative hypo!ses to /& or fall ^u _! own m]its--to h inde$ ^u philosophical gr\nds c]ta9 presumptions 9 _! favor--& to be1 p]haps1 q z capable ( be+ turn$ to good acc\nt z to bad acc\nt 9 natural !ology4,,iv-#c ,among ! lead+ naturali/s1 inde$1 su* views--tak5 9 ! wide/ s5se--h "o &1 s f> z we are n[ aw>e1 only "o ?or\ghgo+ & ?or\ghly consi/5t oppon5t1 viz41 ,mr4 ,agassiz4 ,mo/ naturali/s take into _! v conception ( a species1 explicitly or by implication1 ! notion ( a mat]ial connection result+ f ! desc5t ( ! individuals compos+ x f a common /ock1 ( local orig94 ,agassiz :olly elim9ates community ( desc5t f 8 idea ( species1 & ev5 conceives a species to h be5 z num]\s 9 individuals & z wide-spread ov] space1 or z segregat$ 9 discont9u\s spaces1 f ! fir/ z at ! lat] p]iod4 ,! /ation :i* x inhabits1 !re=e1 is ) o!r naturali/s 9 no wise ess5tial to ! species1 & may n h be5 ! region ( its orig94 ,9 ,agassiz's view ! habitat is suppos$ to m>k ! orig91 & to be a "p ( ! "* ( ! species4 ,! habitat is n m]ely ! place :]e x is1 b a "p ( :at x is4 ,mo/ naturali/s recognize v>ieties ( species2 & _m1 l ,de ,c&olle1 h come to conclude t v>ieties ( ! highe/ grade1 or races1 s f> p>take ( ! *>act]i/ics ( species1 & are s f> gov]n$ by ! same laws1 t x is (t5 v difficult to draw a cle> & c]ta9 di/9ction betwe5 ! two4 ,agassiz w n all[ t v>ieties or races exi/ 9 ,nature1 ap>t f man's ag5cy4 ,mo/ naturali/s believe t ! orig9 ( species is sup]natural1 _! disp]sion or p>ticul> geographical area1 natural1 & _! ext9ction1 :5 !y disappe>1 also ! result ( physical causes4 ,9 ! view ( ,agassiz1 if rightly und]/ood1 all ?ree are equally indep5d5t ( physical cause & effect1 are equally sup]natural4 ,9 comp>+ prec$+ p]iods ) ! pres5t & ) ea* o!r1 mo/ naturali/s & palaeontologi/s n[ appe> to recognize a c]ta9 numb] ( species z hav+ surviv$ f "o epo* to ! next1 or ev5 ?r\gh m ?an "o =mation1 especially f ! ,t]ti>y into ! po/-,t]ti>y p]iod1 & f t to ! pres5t age4 ,agassiz is und]/ood to believe 9 total ext9ctions & total new creations at ea* successive epo*1 & ev5 to recognize no exi/+ species z ev] contempor>y ) ext9ct ones1 except 9 ! case ( rec5t ext]m9ations4 ,^! peculi> views if su/a9$ w effectually dispose ( e =m ( d]ivative hypo!sis4 ,return+ = a mom5t to ,de ,c&olle's article1 we are dispos$ to notice 8 criticism ( ,l9naeus's def9ition ( ! t]m species 7,philosophia ,botanica1 ,no4 #aeg73 ,species tot num]amus quot div]sae =mae 9 pr9cipio sunt creatae-- :i* he decl>es illogical1 inapplicable1 & ! wor/ t has be5 prop\nd$4 ,s1 to det]m9e if a =m is specific1 x is necess>y to g back to its orig9 :i* is impossible ,a def9ition by a "* :i* c nev] be v]ifi$ is no def9ition at all4 ,n[ z ,l9naeus practically appli$ ! idea ( species ) a sagacity :i* has nev] be5 surpass$ & r>ely equal$ & inde$ may be said to h fix$ its receiv$ mean+ 9 natural hi/ory1 x may well be inf]r$ t 9 ! phrase above cit$ he did n s mu* und]take to frame a logical def9ition1 z to set =? ! idea :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 lay at ! f\ndation ( species2 on :i* basis ,a4,l4 ,jussieu did con/ruct a logical def9ition--,nunc rectius def9itur p]5nis individuorum similium successio cont9uata g5]atione r5asc5tium4 ,! fundam5tal idea ( species1 we w\ld /ill ma9ta91 is t ( a *a9 ( :i* g5etically-connect$ individuals are ! l9ks4 ,t1 9 ! practical recognition ( species1 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic has to be inf]r$1 is no great objection--! g5]al fact t l eng5d]s l be+ an induction f a va/ numb] ( in/ances1 & ! only assumption be+ t ( ! uni=mity ( ,nature4 ,! idea ( gravitation1 t ( ! atomic con/itution ( matt]1 & ! l1 equally h to be v]ifi$ inf]5tially4 ,if we /ill hold to ! idea ( ,l9naeus1 & ( ,agassiz1 t exi/+ species 7 creat$ indep5d5tly & ess5tially all at once at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t era1 we c\ld n bett] ! propositions ( ,l9naeus & ( ,jussieu4 ,if2 on ! o!r h&1 ! "t has come 9 :i* we may accept1 ) ,de ,c&olle1 _! successive orig9ation1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t era or be=e1 & ev5 by d]ivation f o!r =ms1 !n ! 9 pr9cipio ( ,l9naeus w ref] to t "t1 :5ev] x 01 & 8 proposition be z s\nd & wise z ev]4 ,9 8 ,geographie ,botanique 7ii41 #ajfh-ajgg7 ,de ,c&olle discusses ?is subject at l5g?1 & 9 ! same int]e/4 ,rem>k+ t ( ! two great facts ( species1 viz41 lik5ess among ! individuals1 & g5ealogical connection1 zoologi/s h g5]ally pref]r$ ! latt]1,,iv-#d :ile botani/s h be5 divid$ 9 op9ion1 he pron\nces = ! =m] z ! ess5tial ?+1 9 ! foll[+ argum5tative /atem5t3 ,quant a moi1 j'ai ete conduit1 dans ma def9ition de l'espece1 a mettre decidem5t la ressemblance au-dessus de c>act]es de succession4 ,ce n'e/ pas seulem5t a cause des circon/ances propres au regne vegetal1 dont je m'occupe exclusivem5t2 ce n'e/ pas non plus af9 de sortir ma def9ition des !ories et de la r5dre le plus possible utile aux naturali/es descripteurs et nom5clateurs1 c'e/ aussi p> un motif philosophique4 ,en t\te *ose il faut all] au fond des que/ions1 qu& on le peut4 ,or1 p\rquoi la reproduction e/-elle possible1 habituelle1 feconde indef9im5t1 entre des etres organises que n\s dirons de la meme espece8 ,p>ce qu'ils se ressembl5t et uniquem5t a cause de cela4 ,lorsque deux especes ne peuv5t1 ou1 s'il s'agit d'animaux sup]ieurs1 ne peuv5t et ne veul5t se crois]1 c'e/ qu'elles sont tres diff]5tes4 ,si l'on obti5t des croisem5ts1 c'e/ que les individus sont analogues2 si ces croisem5ts donn5t des produits feconds1 c'e/ que les individus etai5t plus analogues2 si ces produits euxmemes sont feconds1 c'e/ que la ressemblance etait plus gr&e2 s'ils sont fecond habituellem5t et indef9im5t1 c'e/ que la ressemblance int]ieure et ext]ieure etait tres gr&e4 ,a9si le degre de ressemblance e/ le fond2 la reproduction en e/ seulem5t la manife/ation et la mesure1 et il e/ logique de plac] la cause au-dessus de l'effet4 ,we are n yet conv9c$4 ,we /ill hold t g5ealogical connection1 r ?an mutual resemblance1 is ! fundam5tal ?+--fir/ on ! gr\nd ( fact1 & !n f ! philosophy ( ! case4 ,practically1 no botani/ c say :at am\nt ( dissimil>ity is compatible ) unity ( species2 9 wild plants x is sometimes v great1 9 cultivat$ races (t5 enorm\s4 ,de ,c&olle himself in=ms u t ! diff]5t v>iations :i* ! same oak-tree exhibits arc significant indications ( a disposition to set up sep>ate v>ieties1 :i* becom+ h]$it>y may con/itute a race2 he evid5tly looks ^u ! extreme =ms1 say ( ,qu]cus ,robur1 z hav+ ?us orig9at$2 & on ?is gr\nd1 inf]r$ f transitional =ms1 & n f _! mutual resemblance1 he includes !m 9 t species4 ,?is w be m app>5t %\ld ! discov]y ( transitions1 :i* he leads u to expect1 h]eaft] cause ! f\r provisional species :i* att5d ,q4 ,robur to be m]g$ 9 t species4 ,x may rightly be repli$ t ?is conclusion w\ld be arriv$ at f ! lik5ess /ep by /ep 9 ! s]ies ( =ms2 b ! cause ( ! lik5ess "h is obvi\s4 ,& ?is br+s 9 our motif philosophique4 ,n to insi/ t ! lik5ess is aft] all ! v>iable1 n ! con/ant1 elem5t--to le>n :i* is ! ess5tial ?+1 resemblance among individuals or _! g5etic connection--we h only to ask :i* c be ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,9 h]maphrodite plants 7! normal case71 & ev5 z ! "q is +5i\sly put by ,de ,c&olle 9 ! above extract1 ! =m] surely _c be ! cause ( ! latt]1 ?\gh x may1 9 case ( cross+1 (f] occasion4 ,b1 on ! gr\nd ( ! mo/ fundam5tal ( all ?+s 9 ! con/itution ( plants & animals--! fact incapable ( fur!r analysis1 t individuals reproduce _! l1 t *>act]i/ics are inh]itable--! lik5ess is a direct natural consequ5ce ( ! g5etic succession2 & x is logical to place ! cause above ! effect4 ,we are equally dispos$ to combat a proposition ( ,de ,c&olle's ab\t g5]a1 elaborately argu$ 9 ! ,geographie ,botanique1 & incid5tally reaffirm$ 9 8 pres5t article1 viz41 t g5]a are m natural ?an species1 & m correctly di/+ui%$ by p 9 g5]al1 z is %[n by v]nacul> names4 ,b we h no space left 9 :i* to pres5t "s evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,v ,,sequoia ,,& ,,its ,,hi/ory ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,to ,,nor!a/ ,,asian ,,& ,,to ,,t]ti>y ,,vegetation 7,a ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 at ,dubuque1 ,augu/1 #ahgb7 ,! session be+ n[ happily inaugurat$1 y\r presid+ (fic] ( ! la/ ye> has only "o duty to p]=m be=e he surr5d]s ! *air to 8 successor4 ,if all[$ to borr[ a simile f ! language ( my own pr(ession1 ,i might lik5 ! ,presid5t ( ?is ,association to a bi5nial plant4 ,he fl\ri%es = ! ye> 9 :i* he comes into exi/5ce1 & p]=ms 8 appropriate functions z presid+ (fic]4 ,:5 ! second ye> comes r\nd1 he is expect$ to blossom out 9 an address & disappe>4 ,ea* presid5t1 z he retires1 is naturally expect$ to contribute some?+ f 8 own inve/igations or 8 own l9e ( /udy1 usually to discuss "s p>ticul> sci5tific topic4 ,n[1 al?\gh ,i h cultivat$ ! field ( ,nor? ,am]ican botany1 ) "s assiduity1 = m ?an =ty ye>s1 h review$ our vegetable ho/s1 & assign$ to no small numb] ( !m _! names & _! place 9 ! ranks1 yet1 s f> z our own wide c\ntry is conc]n$1 ,i h be5 to a great ext5t a closet botani/4 ,until ?is summ] ,i _h n se5 ! ,mississippi1 nor set foot ^u a prairie4 ,to gratify a natural int]e/1 & to ga9 "s title = address+ a body ( practical naturali/s & explor]s1 ,i h made a pilgrimage across ! cont95t4 ,i h s\ght & view$ 9 _! native haunts _m a plant & fl[] :i* = me _h long bloom$ unse51 or only 9 ! hortus siccus4 ,i h be5 able to see = myself :at species & :at =ms con/itute ! ma9 features ( ! vegetation ( ea* successive region1 & record--z ! vegetation un]r+ly does--! p]man5t *>act]i/ics ( its climate4 ,pass+ on f ! ea/]n di/rict1 m>k$ by its equably di/ribut$ ra9fall1 & !re=e naturally =e/-clad1 ,i h se5 ! trees dim9i% 9 numb]1 give place to wide prairies1 re/rict _! gr[? to ! bord]s ( /reams1 & !n disappe> f ! b\ndless dri] pla9s2 h se5 grassy pla9s *ange into a br[n & s]e des]t--des]t 9 ! common s5se1 b h>dly any:]e botanically s--h se5 a fair gr[? ( conif]\s trees adorn+ ! m favor$ slopes ( a m\nta9-range high en\gh to compel summ] %[]s2 h trav]s$ t broad & b>e elevat$ region %ut (f on bo? sides by high m\nta9s f ! moi/ure suppli$ by ei!r ocean1 & longitud9ally int]sect$ by si]ras :i* seem+ly rema9 z nak$ z !y 7 born2 & h rea*$ at l5g? ! we/w>d slopes ( t high m\nta9-b>ri] :i*1 refre%$ by ! ,pacific1 be>s ! noble =e/s ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ! ,coa/ ,ranges1 & among !m trees :i* are ! wond] ( ! _w4 ,z ,i /ood 9 _! %ade1 9 ! groves ( ,m>iposa & ,calav]as1 & aga9 "u ! canopy ( ! common] r$wood1 rais$ on columns ( su* maje/ic height & ample gir?1 x occurr$ to me t ,i c\ld n d bett] ?an to %>e ) y1 ^u ?is occasion1 "s ( ! ?\ghts :i* possess$ my m9d4 ,9 _! developm5t !y may1 p]haps1 lead u up to que/ions ( consid]able sci5tific int]e/4 ,i %all n deta9 y ) any rem>ks--:i* w\ld n[ be trite--^u ! size or longevity ( ^! f>-fam$ ,sequoia-trees1 or ( ! sug>-p9es1 inc5se-c$>1 & firs associat$ ) !m1 ( :i* ev5 ! prodigi\s bulk ( ! dom9at+ ,sequoia does n s5sibly dim9i% ! gr&eur4 ,al?\gh no acc\nt & no photographic repres5tation ( ei!r species ( ! f>-fam$ ,sequoia-trees gives any adequate impression ( _! s+ul> maje/y--/ill less ( _! beauty--yet my int]e/ 9 !m did n culm9ate m]ely or ma9ly 9 consid]ations ( _! size & age4 ,o!r trees1 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 may claim to be old]4 ,c]ta9 ,au/ralian gumtrees 7,eucalypti7 are said to be tall]4 ,"s1 we are told1 rise s high t !y might ev5 ca/ a flick] ( %ad[ ^u ! summit ( ! ,pyramid ( ,*eops4 ,yet ! olde/ ( !m d\btless grew f se$ :i* 0 %$ long aft] ! names ( ! pyramid-build]s _h be5 =gott54 ,s f> z we c judge f ! actual c\nt+ ( ! lay]s ( sev]al trees1 no ,sequoia n[ alive s5sibly ant$ates ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,nor 0 ,i mu* impress$ ) an attraction ( man's add+4 ,t ! m rem>kable ( ^! trees %\ld be> di/+ui%+ appellations seems prop] en\gh2 b ! tablets ( p]sonal names :i* are affix$ to _m ( !m #agb 9 ! mo/ visit$ groves--z if ! memory ( m or less notable p ( our day might be made endur+ by ! juxtaposition--d sugge/ "s incongruity4 ,:5 we consid] t a h&'s bread? at ! circumf]5ce ( any "o ( ! v5]able trunks s plac>d$ has record$ 9 annual l9es ! lifetime ( ! individual ?us associat$ ) x1 "o may "q :e!r ! next h&'s bread? may n measure ! fame ( "s ( ! names ?us ticket$ = adv5titi\s immortality4 ,:e!r x be ! man or ! tree t is honor$ 9 ! connection1 probably ei!r w\ld live z long1 9 fact & 9 memory1 )\t x4 ,"o notable ?+ ab\t ! ,sequoia-trees is _! isolation4 ,mo/ ( ! trees associat$ ) !m are ( peculi> species1 & "s ( !m are ne>ly z local4 ,yet e p9e1 fir1 & cypress ( ,cali=nia is 9 "s sort famili>1 because x has ne> relatives 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b ! r$woods h none4 ,! r$wood--includ+ 9 t "n ! two species ( big-trees--belongs to ! g5]al ,cypress family1 b is sui g5]is4 ,?us isolat$ sy/ematically1 & extremely isolat$ geographically1 & s wond]ful 9 size & port1 !y m ?an o!r trees sugge/ que/ions4 ,7 !y creat$ ?us local & lonely1 d5iz5s ( ,cali=nia only2 "o 9 limit$ numb]s 9 a few *oice spots on ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 ! o!r along ! ,coa/ ,range f ! ,bay ( ,mont]ey to ! fronti]s ( ,oregon8 ,are !y v]itable ,mel*iz$eks1 )\t p$igree or e>ly relation%ip1 & possibly fat$ to be )\t desc5t8 ,or are !y n[ com+ ^u ! /age--or r 7 !y com+ b = man's int]f]5ce--to play a "p 9 ! future8 ,or are !y remnants1 sole & scanty survivors ( a race t has play$ a gr&] "p 9 ! pa/1 b is n[ v]g+ to ext9ction8 ,h !y _h a c>e]1 & c t c>e] be asc]ta9$ or surmis$1 s t we may at lea/ guess :5ce !y came1 & h[1 & :58 ,,sequoia ,,& ,,its ,,hi/ory #agc ,"t 01 & n long ago1 :5 su* que/ions z ^! 7 reg>d$ z useless & va9--:5 /ud5ts ( natural hi/ory1 unm9dful ( :at ! "n d5otes1 7 cont5t ) a k ( ?+s z !y n[ are1 b gave little he$ z to h[ !y came to be s4 ,n[ su* que/ions are held to be legitimate1 & p]haps n :olly unansw]able4 ,x _c n[ be said t ^! trees inhabit _! pres5t re/rict$ areas simply because !y are !re plac$ 9 ! climate & soil ( all ! _w mo/ cong5ial to !m4 ,^! mu/ inde$ be cong5ial1 or !y w\ld n survive4 ,b :5 we see h[ ! ,au/ralian ,eucalyptus-trees ?rive ^u ! ,cali=nian coa/1 & h[ ^! v r$woods fl\ri% ^u ano!r cont95t2 h[ ! s-call$ wild-oat 7,av5a /]ilis ( ! ,old ,_w7 has tak5 full possession ( ,cali=nia2 h[ t cattle & horses1 introduc$ by ! ,spani>d1 h spread z widely & made !mselves z mu* at home on ! pla9s ( ,la ,plata z on ^? ( ,t>t>y2 & t ! c>doon-?i/le-se$s1 & o!rs !y br\ght ) !m1 h multipli$ !re into numb]s probably mu* exce$+ ^? extant 9 _! native l&s2 inde$1 :5 we contemplate our own race1 & our p>ticul> /ock1 tak+ su* rec5t b dom9at+ possession ( ?is ,new ,_w2 :5 we consid] h[ ! indig5\s flora ( isl&s g5]ally succumbs to ! =eign]s :i* come 9 ! tra9 ( man2 & t mo/ we$s 7i4e41 ! prepot5t plants 9 op5 soil7 ( all temp]ate climates are n to ! mann] born1 b are self-invit$ intrud]s--we mu/ ne$s ab&on ! notion ( any primordial & absolute adaptation ( plants & animals to _! habitats1 :i* may /& 9 lieu ( explanation1 & s preclude our inquir+ any fur!r4 ,! h>mony ( ,nature & its admirable p]fection ne$ n be reg>d$ z inflexible & *angeless4 ,nor ne$ ,nature be lik5$ to a /atue1 or a ca/ 9 rigid bronze1 b r to an organism1 ) play & adaptability ( p>ts1 & life & ev5 s\l in=m+ ! :ole4 ,"u ! =m] view ,nature #agd w\ld be ! faultless mon/] :i* ! _w ne'er saw1 b inscrutable z ! ,sph9x1 :om x 7 va91 or worse1 to "q ( ! :5ce & :i!r4 ,"u ! o!r1 ! p]fection ( ,nature1 if relative1 is multif>i\s & ev] r5ew$2 & mu* t is enigmatical n[ may f9d explanation 9 "s record ( ! pa/4 ,t ! two species ( r$wood we are contemplat+ orig9at$ z !y are & :]e !y are1 & = ! "p !y are n[ play+1 is1 to say ! lea/1 n a sci5tific supposition1 nor 9 any s5se a probable "o4 ,nor is x m likely t !y are de/9$ to play a conspicu\s "p 9 ! future1 or t !y w\ld h done s1 ev5 if ! ,indian's fires & ! :ite man's axe _h sp>$ !m4 ,! r$wood ( ! coa/ 7,sequoia semp]vir5s7 _h ! /rong] hold ^u exi/5ce1 =m+ z x did l>ge =e/s ?r\gh\t a n>r[ belt ab\t ?ree hundr$ miles 9 l5g?1 & be+ s t5aci\s ( life t e l>ge /ump spr\ts into a copse4 ,b x does n pass ! bay ( ,mont]ey1 nor cross ! l9e ( ,oregon1 al?\gh s gr&ly develop$ n f> bel[ x4 ,! m rem>kable ,sequoia gigantea ( ! ,si]ra exi/s 9 numb]s s limit$ t ! sep>ate groves may be reckon$ ^u ! f+]s1 & ! trees ( mo/ ( !m h be5 c\nt$1 except ne> _! s\!rn limit1 :]e !y are said to be m copi\s4 ,a species limit$ 9 individuals holds its exi/5ce by a prec>i\s t5ure2 & ?is has a foo?old only 9 a few %elt]$ spots1 ( a happy mean 9 temp]ature1 & locally favor$ ) moi/ure 9 summ]4 ,ev5 !re1 = "s reason or o!r1 ! p9es ) :i* !y are associat$ 7,p9us ,lamb]tiana & ,p4 pond]osa71 ! firs 7,abies gr&is & ,a4 amabilis71 & ev5 ! inc5se-c$> 7,liboc$rus decurr5s71 possess a great advantage1 &1 ?\gh !y /rive 9 va9 to emulate _! size1 :olly ov]p[] ! ,sequoias 9 numb]s4 ,to him t ha? %all be giv54 ,! =ce ( numb]s ev5tually w9s4 ,at lea/ 9 ! commonly-visit$ groves ,sequoia gigantea is inve/$ 9 its ,,sequoia ,,& ,,its ,,hi/ory #age la/ /ronghold1 c nei!r advance into m expos$ positions above1 nor fall back into dri] & b>] gr\nd bel[1 nor hold its own 9 ! long-run :]e x is1 "u pres5t conditions2 & a little fur!r dry+ ( ! climate1 :i* mu/ once h be5 mu* moi/] ?an n[1 w\ld precipitate its doom4 ,:atev] ! individual longevity1 c]ta9 if n spe$y is ! decl9e ( a race 9 :i* a high dea?-rate afflicts ! "y4 ,se$l+s ( ! big trees occur n r>ely1 inde$1 b 9 meagre proportion to ^? ( associat$ trees2 ,t small inde$ is ! *ance t any ( ^! w atta9 to ! days ( ! ye>s ( _! fa!rs4 ,few & evil are 43 ! days ( all ! =e/ likely to be1 :ile man1 bo? b>-b>ian & civiliz$1 torm5ts !m ) fires1 fatal at once to se$l+s1 & at l5g? to ! ag$ also4 ,! =e/s ( ,cali=nia1 pr\d z ! ,/ate may be ( !m1 are already too scanty & insuffici5t = h] uses4 ,two l9es1 su* z may be drawn ) "o sweep ( a bru% ov] ! map1 w\ld cov] !m all4 ,! coa/ r$wood--! mo/ important tree 9 ,cali=nia1 al?\gh a million times m num]\s ?an its relative ( ! ,si]ra--is too good to live long4 ,su* is its value = lumb] & its accessibility1 t1 judg+ ! future by ! pa/1 x is n likely1 9 its primeval gr[?1 to outla/ its r>] fell[-species4 ,happily man pres]ves & dissem9ates z well z de/roys4 ,! species w d\btless be pres]v$ to sci5ce1 & = ornam5tal & o!r uses1 9 its own & o!r l&s2 & ! m rem>kable individuals ( ! pres5t day are likely to be s$ul\sly c>$ =1 all ! m s z !y become sc>ce4 ,our ?ird "q rema9s to be answ]$3 ,h ^! fam\s ,sequoias play$ 9 =m] times & ^u a l>g] /age a m impos+ "p1 ( :i* ! pres5t is b ! epilogue8 ,we _c gaze high up ! huge & v5]able trunks1 :i* "o crosses ! cont95t to behold1 )\t wi%+ t ^! patri>*s ( ! grove 7 able1 l ! #agf long-liv$ ant$iluvians ( ,scripture1 to h& d[n to u1 ?r\gh a few g5]ations1 ! traditions ( c5turies1 & s tell u some:at ( ! hi/ory ( _! race4 ,fifte5 hundr$ annual lay]s h be5 c\nt$1 or satisfactorily made out1 ^u "o or two fall5 trunks4 ,x is probable t close to ! he>t ( "s ( ! liv+ trees may be f\nd ! circle t records ! ye> ( our ,savi\r's nativity4 ,a few g5]ations ( su* trees might c>ry ! hi/ory a long way back4 ,b ! gr\nd !y /& ^u1 & ! m>ks ( v rec5t geological *ange & vicissitude 9 ! region ar\nd1 te/ify t n v _m su* g5]ations c h fl\ri%$ j !re1 at lea/ 9 an unbrok5 s]ies4 ,:5 _! site 0 cov]$ by glaci]s1 ^! ,sequoias mu/ h occupi$ o!r /ations1 if1 z !re is reason to believe1 !y !n exi/$ 9 ! l&4 ,i h said t ! r$woods h no ne> relatives 9 ! c\ntry ( _! abode1 & none ( _! g5us any:]e else4 ,p]haps some?+ may be le>n$ ( _! g5ealogy by inquir+ ( su* relatives z !y h4 ,!re are only two ( any p>ticul> ne>ness ( k92 & !y are f> away4 ,"o is ! bald cypress1 our ,s\!rn cypress1 ,taxodium1 inhabit+ ! swamps ( ! ,atlantic coa/ f ,m>yl& to ,texas1 !nce ext5d+--)1 probably1 a specific diff]5ce--into ,mexico4 ,x is well kn[n z "o ( ! l>ge/ trees ( our ,atlantic =e/-di/rict1 &1 al?\gh x nev]--except p]haps 9 ,mexico1 & 9 r>e in/ances--atta9s ! portl9ess ( its ,we/]n relatives1 yet x may equal !m 9 longevity4 ,! o!r relative is ,glypto/robus1 a sort ( modifi$ ,taxodium1 be+ ab\t z mu* l our bald cypress z "o species ( r$wood is l ! o!r4 ,n[1 species ( ! same type1 especially :5 few1 & ! type peculi>1 are1 9 a g5]al way1 associat$ geographically1 i4e41 inhabit ! same c\ntry1 or 79 a l>ge s5se7 ! same region4 ,:]e x is n s1 :]e ne> relatives are sep>at$1 !re is usually some?+ to be expla9$4 ,"h is an in/ance4 /ance4 ,^! f\r trees1 sole repres5tatives ( _! tribe1 dwell almo/ 9 ?ree sep>ate qu>t]s ( ! _w3 ! two r$woods 9 ,cali=nia1 ! bald cypress 9 ,atlantic ,nor? ,am]ica1 its ne> relative1 ,glypto/robus1 9 ,*9a4 ,x 0 n always s4 ,9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 ! geological botani/s assure u1 our own v ,taxodium or bald cypress1 & a ,glypto/robus1 exce$+ly l ! pres5t ,*9ese tree1 & m ?an "o ,sequoia1 coexi/$ 9 a f\r? qu>t] ( ! globe1 viz41 9 ,europe6 ,?is br+s up ! "q1 ,is x possible to bridge ov] ^! f\r wide int]vals ( space & ! mu* va/] int]val ( "t1 s z to br+ ^! extraord9>ily sep>at$ relatives into connection8 ,! evid5ce :i* may be br\ght to be> ^u ?is "q is v>i\s & widely scatt]$4 ,i bespeak y\r pati5ce :ile ,i endeavor to br+ toge!r1 9 an ab/ract1 ! mo/ important po9ts ( x4 ,"s int]e/+ facts may come out by comp>+ g5]ally ! botany ( ! ?ree remote regions1 ea* ( :i* is ! sole home ( "o ( ^! g5]a1 i4e41 ,sequoia 9 ,cali=nia1 ,taxodium 9 ! ,atlantic ,unit$ ,/ates1,v-#a & ,glypto/robus 9 ,*9a1 :i* compose ! :ole ( ! peculi> tribe "u consid]ation4 ,note !n1 fir/1 t !re is ano!r set ( ?ree or f\r peculi> trees1 9 ?is case ( ! yew family1 :i* has j ! same peculi> di/ribution1 & :i* !re=e may h ! same explanation1 :atev] t explanation be4 ,! g5us ,torreya1 :i* commemorates our botanical ,ne/or & a =m] presid5t ( ?is ,association1 ,dr4 ,torrey1 0 f\nd$ ^u a tree r lately discov]$ 7t is1 ab\t ?irty-five ye>s ago7 9 ,nor!rn ,florida4 ,x is a noble1 yew l tree1 & v local1 be+1 s f> z kn[n1 ne>ly conf9$ to a few miles along ! %ores ( a s+le riv]4 ,x seems z if x _h someh[ be5 cr[d$ d[n out ( ! ,alleghanies into its pres5t limit$ s\!rn qu>t]s2 = 9 cultivation x ev9ces a nor!rn h>d9ess4 ,n[1 ano!r species ( ,torreya is a *>act]i/ic tree ( ,japan2 & "o v l x1 if n ! same1 inhabits ! m\nta9s ( ,nor!rn ,*9a--belongs1 !re=e1 to ! ,ea/]n ,asiatic temp]ate region1 ( :i* ,nor!rn ,*9a is a "p1 & ,japan1 z we %all see1 ! portion mo/ int]e/+ to u4 ,!re is only "o m species ( ,torreya1 & t is a companion ( ! r$woods 9 ,cali=nia4 ,x is ! tree locally kn[n "u ! "n ( ! ,cali=nia nutmeg4 ,"h are ?ree or f\r ne> bre?r51 species ( ! same g5us1 kn[n n[h]e else ?an 9 ^! ?ree habitats4 ,moreov]1 ! ,torreya ( ,florida is associat$ ) a yew2 & ! trees ( ?is grove are ! only yew-trees ( ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica2 = ! yew ( our ,nor!rn woods is a decumb5t %rub4 ,a yew-tree1 p]haps ! same1 is f\nd ) ,taxodium 9 ! temp]ate p>ts ( ,mexico4 ,! only o!r yews 9 ,am]ica gr[ ) ! r$woods & ! o!r ,torreya 9 ,cali=nia1 & ext5d nor?w>d into ,oregon4 ,yews are also associat$ ) ,torreya 9 ,japan2 & !y ext5d we/w>d ?r\gh ,mant*ooria & ! ,himalayas to ,we/]n ,europe1 & ev5 to ! ,azores ,isl&s1 :]e occurs ! common yew ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,s we h ?ree gr\ps ( conif]\s trees :i* agree 9 ?is peculi> geographical di/ribution1 )1 h[ev]1 a notable ext5sion ( range 9 ! case ( ! yew3 #a4 ,! r$woods1 & _! relatives1 ,taxodium & ,glypto/robus1 :i* diff] s z to con/itute a g5us = ea* ( ! ?ree regions2 #b4 ,! ,torreyas1 m ne>ly ak91 m]ely a diff]5t species 9 ea* region2 #c4 ,! yews1 /ill m closely relat$ :ile m widely dissem9at$1 ( :i* x is yet unc]ta9 :e!r !y con/itute sev51 five1 ?ree1 or only "o species4 ,op9ions diff]1 & c h>dly be br\ght to any decisive te/4 ,h[ev] x be det]m9$1 x may /ill be said t ! extreme diff]5ces among ! yews d n surpass ^? ( ! recogniz$ v>iations ( ! ,european yew1 ! cultivat$ races includ$4 ,x appe>s to me t ^! sev]al in/ances all raise ! v same "q1 only ) diff]5t degrees ( emphasis1 &1 if to be expla9$ at all1 w h ! same k9d ( explanation4 ,cont9u+ ! comp>ison betwe5 ! ?ree regions ) :i* we are conc]n$1 we note t ea* has its own species ( p9es1 firs1 l>*es1 etc41 & ( a few decidu\s-leav$ trees1 su* z oaks & maples2 all ( :i* h no peculi> significance = ! pres5t purpose1 because !y are ( g5]a :i* are common all r\nd ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,leav+ ^! out ( view1 ! noticeable po9t is t ! vegetation ( ,cali=nia is mo/ /rik+ly unlike t ( ! ,atlantic ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y possess "s plants1 & "s peculi>ly ,am]ican plants1 9 common--en\gh to %[1 z ,i imag9e1 t ! difficulty 0 n 9 ! gett+ f ! "o di/rict to ! o!r1 or into bo? f a common s\rce1 b 9 abid+ !re4 ,! primordially unbrok5 =e/ ( ,atlantic ,nor? ,am]ica1 n\ri%$ by ra9fall di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 is widely sep>at$ f ! we/]n region ( sp>se & discont9u\s tree-belts ( ! same latitude on ! we/]n side ( ! cont95t 7:]e summ] ra9 is want+1 or ne>ly s71 by imm5se treeless pla9s & plateaux ( m or less aridity1 trav]s$ by longitud9al m\nta9-ranges ( a simil> "*4 ,_! ne>e/ approa* is at ! nor?1 9 ! latitude ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 :]e1 on a m ra9y l9e1 trees ( ! ,atlantic =e/ & t ( ,oregon may be said to int]mix4 ,! *ange ( species & ( ! aspect ( vegetation 9 cross+1 say on ! =ty-sev5? p>allel1 is slight 9 comp>ison ) t on ! ?irty-sev5? or ne> x4 ,conf9+ our att5tion to ! l[] latitude1 & "u ! exceptions already specially not$1 we may say t almo/ e *>act]i/ic =m 9 ! vegetation ( ! ,atlantic ,/ates is want+ 9 ,cali=nia1 & ! *>act]i/ic plants & trees ( ,cali=nia are want+ "h4 ,cali=nia has no magnolia nor tulip trees1 nor />-anise tree2 no s-call$ papaw 7,asim9a72 no b>b]ry ( ! common s+le-leav$ sort2 no ,podophyllum or o!r ( ! peculi> associat$ g5]a2 no nelumbo nor :ite wat]-lily2 no prickly a% nor suma*2 no loblolly-bay nor ,/u>tia2 no basswood nor l9d5-trees2 nei!r locu/1 honey-locu/1 c(feetrees 7,gymnocladus7 nor yell[-wood 7,cladra/is72 no?+ answ]+ to ,hydrangea or wit*-hazel1 to gum-trees 7,nyssa & ,liquidamb>71 ,viburnum or ,di]villa2 x has few a/]s & gold5-rods2 no lobelias2 no huckleb]ries & h>dly any blueb]ries2 no ,epigaea1 *>m ( our e>lie/ ,ea/]n spr+1 temp]+ an icy ,april w9d ) a delici\s wild fragrance2 no ,kalmia nor ,cle?ra1 nor holly1 nor p]simmon2 no catalpa-tree1 nor trumpet-creep] 7,tecoma72 no?+ answ]+ to sassafras1 nor to b5zo9-tree1 nor to hickory2 nei!r mulb]ry nor elm2 no bee*1 true *e/nut1 hornbeam1 nor iron-wood1 nor a prop] bir*-tree2 & ! enum]ation might be cont9u$ v mu* fur!r by nam+ h]bace\s plants & o!rs famili> only to botani/s4 ,9 _! place ,cali=nia is fill$ ) plants ( o!r types--trees1 %rubs1 & h]bs1 ( :i* ,i w only rem>k t !y are1 ) "o or two exceptions1 z diff]5t f ! plants ( ! ,ea/]n ,asiatic region ) :i* we are conc]n$ 7,japan1 ,*9a1 & ,mant*ooria71 z !y are f ^? ( ,atlantic ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,_! ne> relatives1 :5 !y h any 9 o!r l&s1 are mo/ly s\?w>d1 on ! ,mexican plateau1 or _m z f> s\? z ,*ili4 ,! same may be said ( ! plants ( ! int]v5+ great ,pla9s1 except t nor?w>d 9 ! subsal9e vegetation !re are "s close alliances ) ! flora ( ! /eppes ( ,sib]ia4 ,& #aha along ! cre/s ( high m\nta9-ranges ! ,arctic-,alp9e 4 flora has s5t s\?w>d m or less num]\s repres5tatives ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! c\ntry4 ,if we n[ comp>e1 z to _! flora g5]ally1 ! ,atlantic ,unit$ ,/ates ) ,japan1 ,mant*ooria1 & ,nor!rn ,*9a--i4e41 ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica ) ,ea/]n ,nor? ,asia1 half ! e>?'s circumf]5ce ap>t--we f9d an a/oni%+ simil>ity4 ,! l>g] "p ( ! g5]a ( our own region1 :i* ,i h enum]at$ z want+ 9 ,cali=nia1 are pres5t 9 ,japan or ,mant*ooria1 along ) _m o!r peculi> plants1 divid$ betwe5 ! two4 ,!re are plants en\gh ( ! "o region :i* h no repres5tatives 9 ! o!r4 ,!re are types :i* appe> to h rea*$ ! ,atlantic ,/ates f ! s\?2 & !re is a l>g] infusion ( subtropical ,asiatic types into temp]ate ,*9a & ,japan2 among ^! !re is no relation%ip betwe5 ! two c\ntries to speak (4 ,!re are also1 z ,i h already said1 no small numb] ( g5]a & "s species :i*1 be+ common all r\nd or p>tly r\nd ! nor!rn temp]ate zone1 h no special significance because ( _! occurr5ce 9 ^! two antipodal floras1 al?\gh !y h te/imony to be> ^u ! g5]al "q ( geographical di/ribution4 ,! po9t to be rem>k$ is1 t _m1 or ev5 mo/1 ( ! g5]a & species :i* are peculi> to ,nor? ,am]ica z comp>$ ) ,europe1 & l>gely peculi> to ,atlantic ,nor? ,am]ica z comp>$ ) ! ,cali=nian region1 are also repres5t$ 9 ,japan & ,mant*ooria1 ei!r by id5tical or by closely-simil> =ms6 ,! same rule holds on a m nor?w>d l9e1 al?\gh n s /rik+ly4 ,if we comp>e ! plants1 say ( ,new ,engl& & ,p5nsylvania 7latitude #dejdgj71 ) ^? ( ,oregon1 & !n ) ^? ( ,nor!a/]n ,asia1 we %all f9d _m ( our own curi\sly repeat$ 9 ! latt]1 :ile only a small numb] ( !m c be trac$ along ! r\te ev5 s f> z ! we/]n slope ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,& ^! repetitions ( ,ea/ ,am]ican types 9 ,japan #ahb & neighbor+ di/ricts are 9 all degrees ( lik5ess4 ,sometimes ! "o is undi/+ui%able f ! o!r2 sometimes !re is a diff]5ce ( aspect1 b h>dly ( tangible "*2 sometimes ! two w\ld be t]m$ m>k$ v>ieties if !y grew naturally 9 ! same =e/ or 9 ! same region2 sometimes !y are :at ! botani/ calls repres5tative species1 ! "o answ]+ closely to ! o!r1 b ) "s diff]5ces reg>d$ z specific2 sometimes ! two are m]ely ( ! same g5us1 or n q t1 b ( a s+le or v few species 9 ea* c\ntry2 9 :i* case ! po9t :i* int]e/s u is1 t ?is peculi> limit$ type %\ld occur 9 two antipodal places1 & n[h]e else4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s1 &1 except to botani/s1 ab/ruse1 to enum]ate in/ances2 yet ! :ole /r5g? ( ! case dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( su* in/ances4 ,i propose !re=e1 if ! ,association does me ! honor to pr9t ?is disc\rse1 to app5d 9 a note a li/ ( ! m rem>kable ones4,v-#b ,b ,i w\ld "h m5tion c]ta9 cases z specim5s4 ,our ,rhus ,toxicod5dron1 or poison-ivy1 is v exactly repeat$ 9 ,japan1 b is f\nd 9 no o!r "p ( ! _w1 al?\gh a species mu* l x ab\nds 9 ,cali=nia4 ,our o!r poison\s ,rhus 7,r4 v55ata71 commonly call$ poison-dogwood1 is 9 no way repres5t$ 9 ,we/]n ,am]ica1 b has s close an analogue 9 ,japan t ! two 7 tak5 = ! same by ,?unb]g & ,l9naeus1 :o call$ !m bo? ,r4 v]nix4 ,our nor!rn fox-grape1 ,vitis ,labrusca1 is :olly conf9$ to ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 except t x reappe>s 9 ,japan & t region4 ,! orig9al ,wi/>ia is a woody legum9\s climb] ) %[y blossoms1 native to ! middle ,atlantic ,/ates2 ! o!r species1 :i* we s mu* prize 9 cultivation1 ,w4 ,s95sis1 is f ,*9a1 z its "n d5otes1 or p]haps only f ,japan1 :]e x is c]ta9ly indig5\s4 ,our yell[-wood 7,cladra/is7 inhabits a v limit$ di/rict on ! we/]n slope ( ! ,alleghanies4 ,its only & v ne> relative1 ,maackia1 is conf9$ to ,mant*ooria4 ,! ,hydrangeas h "s species 9 our ,alleghany region3 all ! re/ belong to ! ,*9o-,japanese region & its cont9uation we/w>d4 ,! same may be said ( ,philadelphus1 except t !re are "o or two mo/ly v simil> species 9 ,cali=nia & ,oregon4 ,our ,may-fl[] 7,epigaea7 & our creep+ sn[b]ry1 o!rwise peculi> to ,atlantic ,nor? ,am]ica1 recur 9 ,japan4 ,our blue coho% 7,caulophyllum7 is conf9$ to ! woods ( ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 b has lately be5 discov]$ 9 ,japan4 ,a peculi> relative ( x1 ,diphylleia1 conf9$ to ! high] ,alleghanies1 is also repeat$ 9 ,japan1 ) a slight diff]5ce1 s t x may b>ely be di/+ui%$ z ano!r 3 species4 ,ano!r relative is our tw9-leaf 7,jeff]sonia7 ( ! ,alleghany region alone3 a second species has lately turn$ up 9 ,mant*ooria4 ,a relative ( ?is is ,podophyllum1 our m&rake1 a common inhabitant ( ! ,atlantic ,unit$ ,/ates1 b f\nd n[h]e else4 ,!re is "o o!r species ( x1 & t is 9 ! ,himalayas4 ,"h are f\r mo/ peculi> g5]a ( "o family1 ea* ( a s+le species 9 ! ,atlantic ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* are duplicat$ on ! o!r side ( ! _w1 ei!r 9 id5tical or almo/ id5tical species1 or 9 an analog\s species1 :ile no?+ else ( ! k9d is kn[n 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,i ought n to omit g9s5g1 ! root s priz$ by ! ,*9ese1 :i* !y obta9 f _! nor!rn prov9ces & ,mant*ooria1 & :i* is n[ kn[n to inhabit ,corea & ,nor!rn ,japan4 ,! ,jesuit ,fa!rs id5tifi$ ! plant 9 ,canada & ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 br\ght ov] ! ,*9ese "n by :i* we "k x1 & e/abli%$ ! trade 9 x1 :i* 0 = _m ye>s mo/ pr(itable4 ,! exportation ( g9s5g to ,*9a probably has n yet entirely ceas$4 ,:e!r ! ,asiatic & ! ,atlantic ,am]ican g9s5gs are to be reg>d$ z ( ! same species or n is some:at unc]ta91 b !y are h>dly1 if at all1 di/+ui%able4 ,!re is a %rub1 ,elliottia1 :i* is s r>e & local t x is kn[n only at two /ations on ! ,savannah ,riv] 9 ,georgia4 ,x is ( peculi> /ructure1 & 0 )\t ne> relative until "o 0 lately discov]$ 9 ,japan 7,tripetaleia71 s l x z h>dly to be di/+ui%able except by hav+ ! p>ts ( ! blossom 9 ?rees in/ead ( f\rs--a diff]5ce n uncommon 9 ! same g5us1 or ev5 9 ! same species4 ,suppose ,elliottia _h happ5$ to be collect$ only once1 a good :ile ago1 & all k ( ! limit$ & obscure locality 7 lo/2 & mean:ile ! ,japanese =m came to be kn[n4 ,su* a case w\ld be p>allel ) an actual "o4 ,a specim5 ( a peculi> plant 7,%ortia galacifolia7 0 detect$ 9 ! h]b>ium ( ! eld] ,mi*aux1 :o collect$ x 7z 8 autograph ticket %[s7 some:]e 9 ! high ,alleghany ,m\nta9s1 m ?an eighty ye>s ago4 ,no "o has se5 ! liv+ plant s9ce or kn[s :]e to f9d x1 if haply x /ill fl\ri%es 9 "s seclud$ spot4 ,at l5g? x is f\nd 9 ,japan2 & ,i _h ! satisfaction ( mak+ ! id5tification4,v-#c ,a relative is also kn[n 9 ,japan2 & a less ne> "o has j be5 detect$ 9 ,?ibet4 ,:e!r ! ,japanese & ! ,alleghanian plants are exactly ! same or n1 x ne$s complete specim5s ( ! two to settle4 ,s f> z we "k1 !y are j alike2 &1 ev5 if "s diff]5ce 7 disc]n$ betwe5 !m1 x w\ld n appreciably alt] ! "q z to h[ su* a result came to pass4 ,ea* & e "o ( ! analog\s cases ,i h be5 detail+--& v _m m c\ld be m5tion$--raises ! same "q1 & w\ld be satisfi$ ) ! same answ]4 ,^! s+ul> relations attract$ my curiosity e>ly 9 ! c\rse ( my botanical /udies1 :5 comp>atively few ( !m 7 kn[n1 & my s]i\s att5tion 9 lat] ye>s1 :5 ,i _h num]\s & new ,japanese plants to /udy 9 ! collections made1 by ,messrs4 ,williams & ,morr[1 dur+ ,commodore ,p]ry's visit 9 #ahec1 & especially1 by ,mr4 ,*>les ,wright1 ( ,commodore ,rodg]s's exp$ition 9 #ahee4 ,i !n discuss$ ?is subject some:at fully1 & tabulat$ ! facts )9 my rea*4,v-#d ,?is 0 be=e ,he] _h develop$ ! ri* fossil botany ( ! arctic zone1 be=e ! imm5se antiquity ( exi/+ species ( plants 0 recogniz$1 & be=e ! publication ( ,d>w9's n[ fam\s volume on ! ,orig9 ( ,species _h introduc$ & famili>iz$ ! sci5tific _w ) ^? n[ curr5t ideas respect+ ! hi/ory & vicissitudes ( species ) :i* ,i attempt$ to deal 9 a mod]ate & feeble way4 ,my speculation 0 bas$ ^u ! =m] glaciation ( ! nor!rn temp]ate zone1 & ! inf]5ce ( a w>m] p]iod prec$+ & p]haps foll[+4 ,i consid]$ t our own pres5t vegetation1 or its proximate ance/ry1 mu/ h occupi$ ! arctic & sub>ctic regions 9 plioc5e times1 & t x _h be5 gradually pu%$ s\?w>d z ! temp]ature l[]$ & ! glaciation advanc$1 ev5 beyond its pres5t habitation2 t plants ( ! same /ock & k9dr$1 probably rang+ r\nd ! arctic zone z ! pres5t arctic species d1 made _! =c$ migration s\?w>d ^u widely diff]5t longitudes1 & rec$$ m or less z ! climate grew w>m]2 t ! g5]al diff]5ce ( climate :i* m>ks ! ea/]n & ! we/]n sides ( ! cont95ts--! "o extreme1 ! o!r mean--0 d\btless ev5 !n e/abli%$1 s t ! same species & ! same sorts ( species w\ld be likely to secure & reta9 foo?old 9 ! simil> climates ( ,japan & ! ,atlantic ,unit$ ,/ates1 b n 9 int]m$iate regions ( diff]5t di/ribution ( heat & moi/ure2 s t diff]5t species ( ! same g5us1 z 9 ,torreya1 or diff]5t g5]a ( ! same gr\p1 z r$wood1 ,taxodium1 & ,glypto/robus1 or diff]5t associations ( =e/-trees1 might e/abli% !mselves ea* 9 ! region be/ suit$ to ! p>ticul> requirem5ts1 :ile !y w\ld fail to d s 9 any o!r4 ,^! views impli$ t ! s\rces ( our actual vegetation & ! explanation ( ^! peculi>ities 7 to be s\ght 91 & presuppos$1 an ance/ry 9 plioc5e or e>li] times1 occupy+ ! high] nor!rn regions4 ,& x 0 ?\ght t ! occurr5ce ( peculi> ,nor? ,am]ican g5]a 9 ,europe 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod 7su* z ,taxodium1 ,c>ya1 ,liquidamb>1 sassafras1 ,negundo1 etc47 might be be/ expla9$ on ! assumption ( e>ly int]*ange & diffusion ?r\gh ,nor? ,asia1 r ?an by t ( ! fabl$ ,atlantis4 ,! hypo!sis suppos$ a gradual modification ( species 9 diff]5t directions "u alt]+ conditions1 at lea/ to ! ext5t ( produc+ v>ieties1 sub-species1 & repres5tative species1 z !y may be v>i\sly reg>d$2 likewise ! s+le & local orig9ation ( ea* type1 :i* is n[ almo/ univ]sally tak5 = grant$4 ,! rem>kable facts 9 reg>d to ! ,ea/]n ,am]ican & ,asiatic floras :i* ^! speculations 7 to expla9 h s9ce increas$ 9 numb]1 especially ?r\gh ! admirable collections ( ,dr4 ,maxim[icz 9 ,japan & adjac5t c\ntries1 & ! critical comp>isons he has made & is /ill engag$ ^u4 ,i am b\nd to /ate t1 9 a rec5t g5]al "w,v-#e by a di/+ui%$ ,european botani/1 ,pr(4 ,griseba*1 ( ,jott+1 ^! facts h be5 empti$ ( all special significance1 & ! relations betwe5 ! ,japanese & ! ,atlantic ,unit$ ,/ates flora decl>$ to be no m intimate ?an might be expect$ f ! situation1 climate1 & pres5t opportunity ( int]*ange4 ,?is extraord9>y conclusion is rea*$ by reg>d+ z di/9ct species all ! plants common to bo? c\ntries betwe5 :i* any diff]5ces h be5 disc]n$1 al?\gh su* diff]5ces w\ld probably c\nt = little if ! two inhabit$ ! same c\ntry1 ?us transf]r+ _m ( my li/ ( id5tical to t ( repres5tative species2 & !n by simply elim9at+ f consid]ation ! :ole array ( repres5tative species1 i4e41 all cases 9 :i* ! ,japanese & ! ,am]ican plant are n exactly alike4 ,z if1 by pron\nc+ ! cabali/ic ^w species1 ! "q 7 settl$1 or r ! great] "p ( x rem&$ out ( ! doma9 ( sci5ce2 z if1 :ile complete id5tity ( =ms impli$ community ( orig91 any?+ %ort ( x c>ri$ no presumption ( ! k9d2 s leav+ all ^! s+ul> duplicates to be wond]$ at1 inde$1 b :olly beyond ! rea* ( inquiry4 ,n[1 ! only kn[n cause ( su* lik5ess is inh]itance2 & z all transmission ( lik5ess is ) "s diff]5ce 9 individuals1 & z *ang$ conditions h result$1 z is well kn[n1 9 v consid]able diff]5ces1 x seems to me t1 if ! high antiquity ( our actual vegetation c\ld be r5d]$ probable1 n to say c]ta91 & ! =m] habitation ( any ( our species or ( v ne> relatives ( !m 9 high nor!rn regions c\ld be asc]ta9$1 my :ole case w\ld be made out4 ,! ne$ful facts1 ( :i* ,i 0 ignorant :5 my essay 0 publi%$1 h n[ be5 = "s ye>s made kn[n--?anks1 ma9ly1 to ! rese>*es ( ,he] ^u ample collections ( arctic fossil plants4 ,^! are confirm$ & ext5d$ by new inve/igations1 by ,he] & ,lesqu]eux1 ! results ( :i* h be5 indicat$ to me by ! latt]4,v-#f ,! ,taxodium1 :i* ev]y:]e ab\nds 9 ! mioc5e =mations 9 ,europe1 has be5 specifically id5tifi$1 fir/ by ,goepp]t1 !n by ,he]1 ) our common cypress ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,x has be5 f\nd fossil 9 ,spitzb]g51 ,gre5l&1 & ,alaska--9 ! latt] c\ntry along ) ! rema9s ( ano!r =m1 di/+ui%able1 b v l ! common species2 & ?is has be5 id5tifi$ by ,lesqu]eux 9 ! mioc5e ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,s !re is "o species ( tree :i* has come d[n ess5tially un*ang$ f ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 :i* = a long :ile inhabit$ bo? ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & also1 at "s "p ( ! p]iod1 ! region :i* geographically connects ! two 7once d\btless mu* m closely ?an n[71 b :i* has surviv$ only 9 ! ,atlantic ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico4 ,! same ,sequoia :i* ab\nds 9 ! same mioc5e =mations 9 ,nor!rn ,europe has be5 abundantly f\nd 9 ^? ( ,icel&1 ,spitzb]g51 ,gre5l&1 ,mack5zie ,riv]1 & ,alaska4 ,x is nam$ ,s4 ,langsdorfii1 b is pron\nc$ to be v mu* l ,s4 semp]vir5s1 our liv+ r$wood ( ! ,cali=nian coa/1 & to be ! anci5t repres5tative ( x4 ,fossil specim5s ( a simil>1 if n ! same1 species h rec5tly be5 detect$ 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s by ,hayd51 & det]m9$ by our em95t palaeontological botani/1 ,lesqu]eux2 & he assures me t he has ! common r$wood itself f ,oregon 9 a deposit ( t]ti>y age4 ,ano!r ,sequoia 7,s4 ,/]nb]gii71 discov]$ 9 mioc5e deposits 9 ,gre5l&1 is pron\nc$ to be ! repres5tative ( ,s4 gigantea1 ! big tree ( ! ,cali=nian ,si]ra4 ,if ! ,taxodium ( ! t]ti>y "t 9 ,europe & ?r\gh\t ! arctic regions is ! ance/or ( our pres5t bald cypress--:i* is assum$ 9 reg>d+ !m z specifically id5tical-- !n ,i ?9k we may1 ) our pres5t light1 fairly assume t ! two r$woods ( ,cali=nia are ! direct or collat]al desc5dants ( ! two anci5t species :i* s closely resemble !m4 ,! =e/s ( ! arctic zone 9 t]ti>y times conta9$ at lea/ ?ree o!r species ( ,sequoia1 z det]m9$ by _! rema9s1 "o ( :i*1 f ,spitzb]g51 also mu* resembles ! common r$wood ( ,cali=nia4 ,ano!r1 :i* appe>s to h be5 ! commone/ conif]\s tree on ,disco1 0 common 9 ,engl& & "s o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,s ! ,sequoias1 n[ rem>kable = _! re/rict$ /ation & numb]s1 z well z = _! extraord9>y size1 are ( an anci5t /ock2 _! ance/ors & k9dr$ =m$ a l>ge "p ( ! =e/s :i* fl\ri%$ ?r\gh\t ! pol> regions1 n[ desolate & ice-clad1 & :i* ext5d$ into l[ latitudes 9 ,europe4 ,on ?is cont95t "o species1 at lea/1 _h rea*$ to ! vic9ity ( its pres5t habitat be=e ! glaciation ( ! region4 ,among ! fossil specim5s already f\nd 9 ,cali=nia1 b :i* our tru/wor?y palaeontological botani/ has n yet _h "t to exam9e1 we may expect to f9d evid5ce ( ! e>ly arrival ( ^! two r$woods ^u ! gr\nd :i* !y n[1 aft] mu* vicissitude1 scantily occupy4 ,diff]5ces ( climate1 or circum/ances ( migration1 or bo?1 mu/ h det]m9$ ! survival ( ,sequoia ^u ! ,pacific1 & ( ,taxodium ^u ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,& /ill ! r$woods w n /& 9 ! ea/1 nor c\ld our ,taxodium f9d a cong5ial /ation 9 ,cali=nia4 ,bo? h probably _h _! opportunity 9 ! old5 "t1 & fail$4 ,z to ! rema9+ ne> relative ( ,sequoia1 ! ,*9ese ,glypto/robus1 a species ( x1 & its v]itable repres5tative1 0 contemporane\s ) ,sequoia & ,taxodium1 n only 9 temp]ate ,europe1 b ?r\gh\t ! arctic regions f ,gre5l& to ,alaska4 ,accord+ to ,newb]ry1 x 0 abundantly repres5t$ 9 ! mioc5e flora ( ! temp]ate zone ( our own cont95t1 f ,nebraska to ! ,pacific4 ,v simil> w\ld seem to h be5 ! fate ( a m famili> gymnosp]m\s tree1 ! ,g+ko or ,salisburia4 ,x is n[ indig5\s to ,japan only4 ,its ance/or1 z we may fairly call x--s9ce1 accord+ to ,he]1 x corresponds s entirely ) ! liv+ species t x c sc>cely be sep>at$ f x--once inhabit$ ,nor!rn ,europe & ! :ole arctic region r\nd to ,alaska1 & _h ev5 a repres5tative f>!r s\?1 9 our ,rocky ,m\nta9 di/rict4 ,= "s reason1 ?is & ,glypto/robus survive only on ! %ores ( ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,liboc$rus1 on ! o!r h&1 appe>s to h ca/ 9 its lot ) ! ,sequoias4 ,two species1 accord+ to ,he]1 7 ) !m 9 ,spitzb]g54 ,l4 decurr5s1 ! inc5se c$>1 is "o ( ! noble/ associates ( ! pres5t r$woods4 ,b all ! re/ are 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 two at ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,&es1 two 9 ! ,s\?-,sea ,isl&s4 ,x is only by bold & f>-rea*+ suppositions t !y c be geographically associat$4 ,! g5ealogy ( ! ,torreyas is /ill :olly obscure2 yet x is n unlikely t ! yew-l trees1 nam$ ,taxites1 :i* fl\ri%$ ) ! ,sequoias 9 ! t]ti>y arctic =e/s1 are ! remote ance/ors ( ! ?ree species ( ,torreya1 n[ sev]ally 9 ,florida1 9 ,cali=nia1 & 9 ,japan4 ,z to ! p9es & firs1 ^! 7 m num]\sly associat$ ) ! anci5t ,sequoias ( ! pol> =e/s ?an ) _! pres5t repres5tatives1 b 9 diff]5t species1 app>5tly m l ^? ( ,ea/]n ?an ( ,we/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!y mu/ h encircl$ ! pol> zone !n1 z !y encircle ! pres5t temp]ate zone n[4 ,i mu/ refra9 f all enum]ation ( ! angiosp]m\s or ord9>y decidu\s trees & %rubs1 :i* are n[ kn[n1 by _! fossil rema9s1 to h fl\ri%$ ?r\gh\t ! pol> regions :5 ,gre5l& bett] des]v$ its "n & enjoy$ ! pres5t climate ( ,new ,engl& & ,new ,j]sey4 ,!n ,gre5l& & ! re/ ( ! nor? ab\nd$ ) oaks1 repres5t+ ! sev]al gr\ps ( species :i* n[ inhabit bo? our ,ea/]n & ,we/]n =e/ di/ricts2 sev]al popl>s1 "o v l our balsam popl> or balm-(-,gilead tree2 m bee*es ?an !re are n[1 a hornbeam1 & a hop-hornbeam1 "s bir*es1 a p]simmon1 & a plan]-tree1 ne> repres5tatives ( ^? ( ! ,old ,_w1 at lea/ ( ,asia1 z well z ( ,atlantic ,nor? ,am]ica1 b all want+ 9 ,cali=nia2 "o ,juglans l ! walnut ( ! ,old ,_w1 & ano!r l our black walnut2 two or ?ree grapev9es1 "o ne> our ,s\!rn fox grape or muscad9e1 ano!r ne> our ,nor!rn fro/grape2 a ,tilia1 v l our basswood ( ! ,atlantic ,/ates only2 a ,liquidamb>2 a magnolia1 :i* recalls our ,m4 gr&iflora2 a ,liriod5dron1 sole repres5tative ( our tulip-tree2 & a sassafras1 v l ! liv+ tree4 ,mo/ ( ^!1 x w be notic$1 h _! ne>e/ or _! only liv+ repres5tatives 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 & :5 else:]e1 ma9ly 9 ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,sev]al ( !m1 or ( species l !m1 h be5 detect$ 9 our t]ti>y deposits1 we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 by ,newb]ry & ,lesqu]eux4 ,h]bace\s plants1 z x happ5s1 are r>ely pres]v$ 9 a fossil /ate1 else !y w\ld probably supply additional te/imony to ! antiquity ( our exi/+ vegetation1 its wide diffusion ov] ! nor!rn & n[ frigid zone1 & its en=c$ migration "u *anges ( climate4,v-#g ,conclud+1 !n1 z we mu/1 t our exi/+ vegetation is a cont9uation ( t ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 may we suppose t x absolutely orig9at$ !n8 ,evid5tly n4 ,! prec$+ ,cretace\s p]iod has furni%$ to ,c>ru!rs 9 ,europe a fossil fruit l t ( ! ,sequoia gigantea ( ! fam\s groves1 associat$ ) p9es ( ! same "* z ^? t accompany ! pres5t tree2 has furni%$ to ,he]1 f ,gre5l&1 two m ,sequoias1 "o ( !m id5tical ) a t]ti>y species1 & "o ne>ly alli$ to ,sequoia ,langsdorfii1 :i* 9 turn is a probable ance/or ( ! common ,cali=nia r$wood2 has furni%$ to ,newb]ry & ,lesqu]eux 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! rema9s ( ano!r anci5t ,sequoia1 a ,glypto/robus1 a ,liquidamb> :i* well repres5ts our sweet-gum-tree1 oaks analog\s to liv+ ones1 leaves ( a plane-tree1 :i* are also 9 ! ,t]ti>y1 & are sc>cely di/+ui%able f our own ,platanus occid5talis1 ( a magnolia & a tulip-tree1 & ( a sassafras undi/+ui%able f our liv+ species4 ,i ne$ n cont9ue ! enum]ation4 ,suffice x to say t ! facts ju/ify ! conclusion :i* ,lesqu]eux--a scrupul\s inve/igator--has already ann\nc$3 t ! ess5tial types ( our actual flora are m>k$ 9 ! ,cretace\s p]iod1 & h come to u aft] pass+1 )\t notable *anges1 ?r\gh ! ,t]ti>y =mations ( our cont95t4 ,accord+ to ^! views1 z reg>ds plants at lea/1 ! adaptation to successive times & *ang$ conditions has be5 ma9ta9$1 n by absolute r5ewals1 b by gradual modifications4 ,i1 = "o1 _c d\bt t ! pres5t exi/+ species are ! l9eal successors ( ^? t g>ni%$ ! e>? 9 ! old "t be=e !m1 & t !y 7 z well adapt$ to _! surr\nd+s !n1 z ^? :i* fl\ri% & bloom ar\nd u are to _! conditions n[4 ,ord] & exquisite adaptation did n wait = man's com+1 nor 7 !y ev] /]eotyp$4 ,organic ,nature--by :i* ,i mean ! sy/em & totality ( liv+ ?+s1 & _! adaptation to ea* o!r & to ! _w--) all its app>5t & inde$ real /ability1 %\ld be lik5$1 n to ! ocean1 :i* v>ies only by tidal oscillations f a fix$ level to :i* x is always return+1 b r to a riv]1 s va/ t we c nei!r disc]n its %ores nor rea* its s\rces1 ^: onw>d fl[ is n less actual because too sl[ to be obs]v$ by ! ephem]ae :i* hov] ov] its surface1 or are borne ^u its bosom4 ,su* ideas z ^!1 ?\gh /ill repugnant to "s1 & n long s9ce to _m1 h s possess$ ! m9ds ( ! naturali/s ( ! pres5t day t h>dly a disc\rse c be pron\nc$ or an inve/igation prosecut$ )\t ref]5ce to !m4 ,i suppose t ! views "h tak5 are little1 if at all1 9 advance ( ! av]age sci5tific m9d ( ! day4 ,i _c reg>d !m z less noble ?an ^? :i* !y are succe$+4 ,an able philosophical writ]1 ,miss ,frances ,p[] ,cobbe1 has rec5tly & tru?fully said3,v-#h ,x is a s+ul> fact t1 :5 we c f9d out h[ any?+ is done1 our fir/ conclusion seems to be t ,god did n d x4 ,no matt] h[ wond]ful1 h[ beautiful1 h[ intimately complex & delicate has be5 ! ma*9]y :i* has work$1 p]haps = c5turies1 p]haps = millions ( ages1 to br+ ab\t "s b5efic5t result1 if we c b cat* a glimpse ( ! :eels its div9e "* disappe>s4 ,i agree ) ! writ] t ?is fir/ conclusion is premature & unwor?y--,i w add1 deplorable4 ,?r\gh :at faults or infirmities ( dogmatism on ! "o h&1 & skepticism on ! o!r1 x came to be s ?\ght1 we ne$ n "h consid]4 ,let u hope1 & ,i confid5tly expect1 t x is n to la/2 t ! religi\s fai? :i* surviv$ )\t a %ock ! notion ( ! fixity ( ! e>? itself may equally outla/ ! notion ( ! fixity ( ! species :i* inhabit x2 t1 9 ! future ev5 m ?an 9 ! pa/1 fai? 9 an ord]1 :i* is ! basis ( sci5ce1 w n--z x _c reasonably--be dissev]$ f fai? 9 an ,orda9]1 :i* is ! basis ( religion4 ,,vi ,,! ,,attitude ,,( ,,work+ ,,naturali/s ,,t[>d ,,d>w9ism ,,vi-#a 7,! ,nation1 ,octob] #af1 #ahgc7 ,t homely adage1 ,:at is "o man's meat is ano!r man's poison1 comes to m9d :5 we consid] ) :at diff]5t eyes diff]5t naturali/s look ^u ! hypo!sis ( ! d]ivative orig9 ( actual specific =ms1 s9ce ,mr4 ,d>w9 gave x vogue & vigor & a raison d'tre = ! pres5t day4 ,?is latt] he did1 n only by br++ =w>d a v]a causa 9 ! survival ( ! fitte/ "u *ang+ circum/ances--ab\t :i* ! "q among naturali/s ma9ly is h[ mu* x w expla91 "s all[+ x a re/rict$1 o!rs an unlimit$ op]ation--b also by %[+ t ! !ory may be made to d "w1 may %ape & direct inve/igations1 ! results ( :i* mu/ 9 "t tell u :e!r ! !ory is likely to hold good or n4 ,if ! hypo!sis ( natural selection & ! ?+s !reto app]ta9+ _h n be5 capable ( be+ put to useful "w1 al?\gh1 l ! ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 x might h made no little noise 9 ! _w1 x w\ld h>dly h engag$ ! att5tion ( work+ naturali/s z x has done4 ,we h no idea ev5 ( op5+ ! "q z to :at "w ! ,d>w9ian !ory has incit$1 & 9 :at way ! "w done has react$ ^u ! !ory2 & lea/ ( all d we l to m$dle ) ! polemical lit]ature ( ! subject1 already s volum9\s t ! ,g]man bibliograph]s & booksell]s make a sep>ate class ( x4 ,b two or ?ree treatises be=e u1 ( a m9or or incid5tal sort1 sugge/ a rem>k or two ^u ! attitude ( m9d t[>d evolution>y !ories tak5 by "s ( ! work+ naturali/s4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's own expectation1 t 8 new pres5tation ( ! subject w\ld h little or no effect ^u ^? :o _h already rea*$ middle-age1 has--out ( ,p>is--n be5 fulfill$4 ,!re are1 inde$1 "o or two :o h ?\ght x _! duty to d5\nce ! !ory z morally dang]\s1 z well z sci5tifically baseless2 a rec5t in/ance ( ! sort we may h to consid] fur!r on4 ,o!rs1 l ! y\? at ! riv]'s bank1 h be5 wait+ 9 confid5t expectation ( see+ ! curr5t run itself dry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a notable proportion ( ! m active-m9d$ naturali/s _h already come to d\bt ! receiv$ doctr9e ( ! entire fixity ( species1 & /ill m t ( _! indep5d5t & sup]natural orig9ation4 ,:ile _! sy/ematic "w all proce$$ implicitly ^u ! hypo!sis ( ! indep5d5ce & entire p]man5ce ( species1 !y 7 p]ceiv+ m or less cle>ly t ! :ole "q 0 inevitably to be moot$ aga91 & s 7 prep>$ to give ! alt]native hypo!sis a dispassionate consid]ation4 ,! vet]an ,lyell set an e>ly example1 &1 on a reconsid]ation ( ! :ole "q1 wrote anew 8 fam\s *apt] & rev]s$ 8 =m] & weighty op9ion4 ,ow51 /ill e>li]1 signifi$ 8 adhesion to ! doctr9e ( d]ivation 9 "s =m1 b app>5tly ^u g5]al1 speculative gr\nds2 = he repudiat$ natural selection1 & (f]$ no o!r natural solution ( ! my/]y ( ! ord]ly incom+ ( cognate =ms4 ,z examples ( ! effect ( ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species ^u ! m9ds ( naturali/s :o are no long] "y1 & ^: prepossessions1 ev5 m ?an ,lyell's1 7 likely to bias !m aga9/ ! new doctr9e1 two f ! botanical side are br\ght to our notice ?r\gh rec5t miscellane\s writ+s :i* are n[ be=e u4,,vi-#b ,be=e ! publication ( ,d>w9's fir/ volume1 ,m4 ,alphonse de ,c&olle _h summ$ up ! result ( 8 /udies 9 ?is reg>d1 9 ! f9al *apt] ( 8 classical ,geographie ,botanique ,raisonnee1 9 ! conclusion1 t exi/+ vegetation mu/ be reg>d$ z ! cont9uation1 ?r\gh _m geological & geographical *anges1 ( ! ant]ior vegetations ( ! _w2 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! pres5t di/ribution ( species is explicable only 9 ! light ( _! geological hi/ory4 ,he surmis$ t1 not)/&+ ! g5]al /ability ( =ms1 c]ta9 species or quasi-species might h orig9at$ ?r\gh div]sification "u geographical isolation4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 he 0 /ill dispos$ to admit t ev5 ! same species might h orig9at$ indep5d5tly 9 two or m diff]5t regions ( ! _w2 & he decl9$1 z unpractical & unavail+1 all attempts to apply hypo!ses to ! elucidation ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,soon aft] ,d>w9's book appe>$1 ,de ,c&olle _h occasion to /udy sy/ematically a l>ge & wide-spread g5us-- t ( ! oak4 ,inve/igat+ x "u ! new light ( natural selection1 he came to ! conclusion t ! exi/+ oaks are all desc5dants ( e>li] =ms1 & t no cle> l9e c be drawn betwe5 ! div]sification :ic h has result$ 9 species & t :i* is exhibit$ 9 races & m9or v>ieties4 ,& n[1 9 ! introductory *apt] ( ! volume ( essays be=e u1 he in=ms u t ! idea :i* p]vades !m all1 & 9 "s sort connects v div]se topics1 is t ( consid]+ ?is pr9ciple ( selection4 ,( ! pr9ciple itself1 he rem>ks t x is nei!r a !ory nor an hypo!sis1 b ! expression ( a necess>y fact2 t to d5y x is v mu* l d5y+ t r\nd /ones w roll d[nhill fa/] & f>!r ?an flat ones2 & t ! "q ( ! pres5t day 9 natural hi/ory is n :e!r !re be natural selection1 or ev5 :e!r =ms are d]iv$ f o!r =ms1 b to compreh5d h[1 9 :at proportions1 & by :at means h]$it>y deviations take place1 & 9 :at ways an inevitable selection takes effect ^u ^!4 ,9 two ( ^! essays natural selection is directly discuss$ 9 its application to ! human race2 ! l>g] "o deal+ ably ) ! :ole subject1 & ) results at fir/ view seem+ly 9 a great degree negative1 b yet %[+ t ! suppos$ failure ( natural selection 9 ! case ( man 0 an unw>rantable conclusion f too limit$ a view ( a v complicat$ "q4 ,! article ab\nds 9 acute & f]tile sugge/ions1 & its clos+ *apt]1 on ! probable future ( ! human species "u ! laws ( selection1 is highly int]e/+ & notewor?y4 ,! o!r & %ort] essay discusses a special po9t1 & br+s out a coroll>y ( ! law ( h]$ity :i* may n h be5 ?\ght ( be=e1 b :i* is p]fectly cle> z soon z x is /at$4 ,x expla9s at once :y contagi\s or epidemic diseases are mo/ fatal at _! fir/ appe>ance1 & less s aft]w>d3 n by ! dy+ out ( a virus--=1 :5 ! disease rea*es a new population1 x is z virul5t z ev] 7z1 = in/ance1 ! smallpox among ! ,indians7--b by ! selection ( a race less subject to attack ?r\gh ! de/ruction ( ^? t 7 m s1 & ! inh]itance ( ! comp>ative immunity by ! *ildr5 & ! gr&*ildr5 ( ! survivors2 & h[ ?is immunity itself1 caus+ ! p>ticul> disease to become r>e1 paves ! way to a return ( ! orig9al fatality2 = ! mass ( su* population1 bo? 9 ! pres5t & ! imm$iately prec$+ g5]ation1 n hav+ be5 expos$ to ! infection1 or b little expos$1 has n und]gone selection1 & s 9 "t ! proportion liable to attack1 or to fatal attack1 gets to be z l>ge z ev]4 ,! great] ! fatality1 especially 9 ! population "u m>riageable age1 ! m favorable ! condition ( ! survivors2 &1 by ! law ( h]$ity1 _! *ildr5 %\ld %>e 9 ! immunity4 ,?is explanation ( ! cause1 or ( "o cause1 ( ! return ( pe/s at int]vals no less applies to ! dim9ution ( ! efficacy ( rem$ies1 & ( prev5tive means1 su* z vacc9ation4 ,:5 ,j5n] introduc$ vacc9ation1 ! small-pox 9 ,europe & ,european colonies mu/ h lo/ some:at ( its primitive int5sity by ! vigor\s we$+ out ( ! m susceptible ?r\gh _m g5]ations4 ,^u ! residue1 vacc9ation 0 almo/ complete protection1 &1 be+ g5]ally practis$1 small-pox consequ5tly became r>e4 ,selection ?us ceas+ to op]ate1 a population arises :i* has n be5 expos$ to ! contagion1 & ( :i* a consid]able proportion1 "u ! common law ( atavism1 comes to be v mu* 9 ! condition ( a p invad$ = ! fir/ "t by ! disease4 ,to ^!1 z we might expect1 vacc9ation w\ld prove a less safegu>d ?an to _! prog5itors ?ree or f\r g5]ations be=e4 ,mr4 ,b5?am is a vet]an sy/ematic botani/ ( ! highe/ rank & wide/ k4 ,he _h n1 s f> z we "k1 t\*$ ^u que/ions ( orig9ation 9 ! ante-,d>w9ian era4 ,! doz5 ( presid5tial addresses deliv]$ at anniv]s>y meet+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 f 8 assumption ( ! *air 9 ! ye> #ahfb d[n to ! curr5t ye>--ea* devot$ to "s topic ( int]e/--& 8 rec5t ,memoir on ,compositae1 summ+ up ! g5]al results ( a revision ( an ord] to :i* a full t5? ( all high] plants belong1 furni% apt examples bo? ( cauti\s criticism1 conditional ass5t 7z becomes ! inaugurator ( ! quantification ( ! pr$icate71 & ( fruitful application ( ! new views to v>i\s problems conc]n+ ! classification & geographical di/ribution ( plants4 ,9 8 h&s ! hypo!sis is turn$ at once to practical use z an in/rum5t ( inve/igation1 z a means ( int]rogat+ ,nature4 ,9 ! result1 no d\bt seems to be left ^u ! au?or's m9d t ! exi/+ species ( plants are ! result ( ! diff]5tiation ( previ\s species1 or at lea/ t ! d]ivative hypo!sis is to be adopt$ z t :i* (f]s ! mo/ natural1 if n ! only1 explanation ( ! problems conc]n$4 ,simil> conclusions rea*$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 f a /udy ( ! relations ( its pres5t flora ) t :i* 9 e>li] ages occupi$ ! arctic zone1 might also be ref]r$ to4 7,see prec$+ article47 ,an excell5t in/ance ( ! way 9 :i* ! d]ivative hypo!sis is practically appli$ 9 ^! days1 by a zoologi/1 is be=e u 9 ,pr(4 ,fl[]'s mode/ & admirable pap] on ! ,ungulata1 or ho($ animals1 & _! geological hi/ory4 ,we ref] to x "h1 n s mu* = ! conclusions x rea*es or sugge/s1 z to comm5d ! cle>ness & ! imp>tiality ( ! h&l+1 & ! sobriety & mod]ation ( ! d$uctions4 ,conf9+ himself )9 ! region ( ! kn[n1 x is %[n t1 at lea/ 9 "o gr\p ( animals1 ! facts :i* we h z yet acquir$ po9t to ! =m] exi/5ce ( v>i\s int]m$iate =ms1 s num]\s t !y g f> to discr$it ! view ( ! sudd5 introduction ( new species4 4 4 4 ,! mod]n =ms are plac$ along l9es :i* conv]ge t[>d a common c5tre4 ,! gaps betwe5 ! exi/+ =ms ( ! odd-to$ gr\p ( ungulates 7( :i* horses1 rh9oc]oses1 & tapirs1 are ! pr9cipal repres5tatives7 are mo/ bridg$ ov] by palaeontology1 & some:at ! same may be said ( ! ev5-to$ gr\p1 to :i* ! rum9ants & ! porc9e g5us belong4 ,moreov]1 ! l9es ( bo? gr\ps to a c]ta9 ext5t approximate1 b1 )9 ! limits ( our k1 !y d n meet4 4 - 4 ,0 ! ord] accord+ to :i* ! introduction ( new =ms seems to h tak5 place s9ce ! ,eoc5e !n entirely *ang$1 or did x cont9ue z f> back z ! p]iod :5 ^! l9es w\ld h be5 gradually fus$ 9 a common c5tre8 ,facts l ^!1 :i* sugge/ grave div]sification "u long lapse ( "t1 are well supplem5t$ by ^? :i* ess5tially demon/rate a slight] div]sification ( _m species ov] a wide range ( space2 :e!r into species or races dep5ds p>tly ^u h[ ! naturali/ uses ^! t]ms1 p>tly ^u ! ext5t ( ! obs]vations1 or luck 9 gett+ toge!r int]m$iate =ms4 ,! rese>*es ( ,pr(4 ,baird ^u ! birds ( ?is cont95t af=d a good illu/ration4 ,a great numb] ( our birds :i* h be51 & mu/ ne$s h be51 reg>d$ z v di/9ct species1 ea* ma9ly ) its own geographical area1 are f\nd to m+le _! *>act]s along bord]+ l9es2 & ! same k9ds ( diff]5ces 7( coloration1 =m1 or o!r7 are f\nd to prevail ?r\gh ! species ( ea* region1 ?us impress+ ^u !m a geographical facies4 ,^u a subm]g5ce ( ! cont95t1 r$uc+ ^! sev]al regions to isl&s suffici5tly sep>at$1 ^! =ms w\ld be unque/ion$ species4 ,consid]ations su* z ^!1 ( :i* a few specim5s h n[ be5 adduc$ 7n g5]al speculations1 z ! unsci5tific are apt to suppose71 & trials ( ! new views to see h[ f> !y w expla9 ! problems or collocate ! facts !y are sev]ally deal+ )1 are :at h ma9ly influ5c$ work+ naturali/s 9 ! direction ( ! provisional acceptance ( ! d]ivative hypo!sis4 ,!y leave to polemical speculators ! fruitless discussion ( ! "q :e!r all species came f "o or two1 or m2 !y are try+ to grasp ! ?+ by ! ne>1 n by ! f>!r end1 & to asc]ta91 fir/ ( all1 :e!r x is probable or provable t pres5t species are desc5dants ( =m] ones :i* 7 l !m1 b less & less l !m ! f>!r back we g4 ,& x is wor? not+ t !y all seem to be utt]ly unconsci\s ( wrong-do+4 ,_! repugnance to novel hypo!ses is only ! natural & heal?y "o4 ,a *ange ( a wont$ l9e ( ?\ght is n made )\t an ef=t1 nor ne$ be made )\t adequate occasion4 ,"s c\rage 0 requir$ ( ! man :o fir/ swall[$ an oy/] f its %ell2 & ( mo/ ( u ! snail w\ld /ill dem& m4 ,z ! unaccu/om$ food proves to be good & satisfy+1 & also h>mless1 we may come to l x4 ,t1 h[ev]1 :i* _m good & em95t naturali/s f9d to be heal?ful & reasonable1 & o!rs innocu\s1 a few /ill reg>d z mo/ unreasonable & h>mful4 ,at pres5t1 we call to m9d only two :o n only hold to ! entire fixity ( species z an axiom or a confirm$ pr9ciple1 b also z a dogma1 & :o ma9ta91 ei!r expressly or implicitly1 t ! logical anti!sis to ! creation ( species z !y are1 is n by law 7:i* implies int5tion71 b by *ance4 ,a rec5t book by "o ( ^! naturali/s1 or r1 by a geologi/ ( em95ce1 ! ,/ory ( ! ,e>? & ,man1 by ,dr4 ,dawson1#d is n[ be=e u4 ,! title is too ne> t ( ,guyot's ,e>? & ,man1 ) ! publication ( :i* popul> volume t di/+ui%$ physical naturali/ comm5c$ 8 c>e] 9 ?is c\ntry2 & su* cat*-titles are a sort ( trade-m>k4 ,z to ! nature & m]its ( ,dr4 ,dawson's "w1 we h left ourselves space only to say3 #a4 ,t x is address$ ad populum1 :i* r5d]s x r ! m ?an less am5able to ! criticisms we may be dispos$ to make ^u x4 #b4 ,t ! au?or is ?or\ghly conv9c$ t no species or =m des]v+ ! "n 0 ev] d]iv$ f ano!r1 or orig9at$ f natural causes2 & he ma9ta9s ?is doctr9e ) e>ne/ness1 mu* v>iety ( argum5t & illu/ration1 & no small ability2 s t he may be tak5 z a repres5tative ( ! view exactly oppos$ to t :i* is favor$ by ^? naturali/s ^: essays we h be5 consid]+--to :om1 inde$1 he /&s 9 m>k$ contra/ 9 _s & me?od1 be+ greatly dispos$ to argue ! "q f ! remote r ?an ! ne> end4 #c4 ,& f9ally1 he has a conviction t ! evolution>y doctr9es ( ! day are n only untrue1 b ?or\ghly bad & irreligi\s4 ,?is belief1 & ! natural anxiety ) :i* he contemplates _! preval5ce1 may excuse a c]ta9 vehem5ce & loos5ess ( /atem5t :i* 7 bett] avoid$1 z :]e ! geologi/s ( ! day are said to be brok5 up into b&s ( speciali/s1 little bett] ?an sci5tific b&itti1 liable to be beat5 9 detail1 & prone to commit outrages on common-s5se & good ta/e :i* br+ _! o!rwise good cause into disrepute2 & :]e he despair+ly sugge/s t ! preval5ce ( ! doctr9es he deprecates seems to indicate t ! accumulat$ facts ( our age h gone altoge!r beyond its capacity = g5]alization1 &1 b = ! vigor :i* "o sees ev]y:]e1 might be tak5 z an indication t ! human m9d has fall5 into a /ate ( s5ility4 ,?is is droll read+1 :5 "o consid]s t ! evolutioni/ is ! only sort ( naturali/ :o has mu* occasion to employ 8 capacity = g5]alization ^u ! accumulat$ facts 9 _! be>+ ^u ! problem ( ! orig9 ( species2 s9ce ! special creationi/1 :o ma9ta9s t !y 7 sup]naturally orig9at$ j z !y are1 by ! v t]ms ( 8 doctr9e places !m out ( ! rea* ( sci5tific explanation4 ,aga91 :5 "o reflects ^u ! new impetus :i* ! d]ivative hypo!sis has giv5 to sy/ematic natural hi/ory1 & reads ! decl>ation ( a ma/] 9 ?is dep>tm5t 7! ,presid5t ( ! ,l9nean ,society7 t ,mr4 ,d>w9 has 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury br\ght ab\t z great a revolution 9 ! philosophic /udy ( organic ,nature z t :i* 0 effect$ 9 ! previ\s c5tury by ! immortal ,sw$e1 x s\nds oddly to he> f ,dr4 ,dawson t x oblit]ates ! f9e p]ception ( diff]5ces f ! m9d ( ! naturali/1 4 4 4 4 de/roys ! possibility ( a philosophical classification1 r$uc+ all ?+s to a m]e s]ies1 & leads to a rapid decay 9 sy/ematic zoology & botany1 :i* is already v manife/ among ! disciples ( ,sp5c] & ,d>w9 9 ,engl&4 ,s1 also1 x removes f ! /udy ( ,nature ! ideas ( f9al cause & purpose--a s5t5ce :i* reads curi\sly 9 ! light ( ,d>w9's special inve/igations1 su* z ^? ^u ! climb+ ( plants1 ! ag5cy ( insects 9 ! f]tilization ( blossoms1 & ! l1 :i* h br\ght back teleology to natural sci5ce1 w$d$ to morphology & already fruitful ( discov]ies4 ,! difficulty ) ,dr4 ,dawson "h is 7& x ne$ n be und]rat$7 t app>5tly he _c z yet believe an adaptation1 act1 or result1 to be purpos$ ! app>atus ( :i* is p]fect$ or evolv$ 9 ! c\rse ( ,nature--a common b a crude /ate ( m9d on ! "p ( ^? :o believe t !re is any orig9at+ purpose 9 ! univ]se1 & "o :i*1 we are sure1 ,dr4 ,dawson does n %>e z respects ! mat]ial _w until he rea*es ! organic k+doms1 & !re1 possibly1 because he sees man at ! head ( !m--( !m1 :ile above !m4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! position :i* ,dr4 ,dawson *ooses to occupy is n left unc]ta94 ,aft] conclud+1 sub/antially1 t ^? evolutioni/s :o exclude design f ,nature !reby exclude !ism1 :i* nobody w d5y1 he proce$s 7on page #cdh7 to give 8 op9ion t ! evolutionism :i* pr(esses to h a creator some:]e beh9d x 4 4 4 4 is practically a!i/ic1 &1 if possible1 m unphilosophical ?an t :i* pr(esses to set out f absolute & et]nal non5tity1 etc4 ,!re are "s s5t5ces :i* might lead "o to suppose t ,dr4 ,dawson himself admitt$ ( an evolution ) a creator some:]e beh9d x4 ,he (f]s x 7page #cbj7 z a p]missible alt]native t ev5 man has be5 creat$ m$iately by ! op]ation ( =ces also conc]n$ 9 ! production ( o!r animals2 conc$es t a j !ory does n ev5 exclude evolution or d]ivation1 to a c]ta9 ext5t 7page #cda72 & t a mod]n man ( sci5ce may safely hold t all ?+s h be5 produc$ by ! ,supreme ,creative ,w1 act+ ei!r directly or ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! =ces & mat]ials ( 8 own production4 ,well1 if ?is be s1 :y d5\nce ! mod]n man ( sci5ce s sev]ely ^u ! o!r page m]ely = accept+ ! p]mission8 ,at fir/ sight1 x might be ?\ght t our au?or is expos+ himself 9 "o p>agraph to a %>e ( ! condemnation :i* he deals out 9 ! o!r4 ,b ! p]mitt$ views are n[h]e adopt$ z 8 own2 ! evolution is else:]e re/rict$ )9 specific limits2 & z to m$iate creation1 al?\gh we _c div9e :at is "h meant by ! t]m1 !re is reason to ?9k x does n imply t ! sev]al species ( a g5us 7 m$iately creat$1 9 a natural way1 ?r\gh ! sup]natural creation ( a remote common ance/or4 ,s t 8 own judgm5t 9 ! matt] is probably m correctly ga!r$ f ! extract above ref]r$ to & o!r simil> deliv]ances1 su* z t 9 :i* he w>ns ^? :o endeavor to /e] a middle c\rse1 & to ma9ta9 t ! ,creator has proce$$ by way ( evolution1 t ! b>e1 h>d logic ( ,sp5c]1 ! greate/ ,engli% au?ority on evolution1 leaves no place = ?is compromise1 & %[s t ! !ory1 c>ri$ out to its legitimate consequ5ces1 excludes ! k ( a ,creator & ! possibility ( 8 "w4 ,n[1 ?is is a dang]\s l9e to take4 ,^? def5d]s ( ! fai? are m zeal\s ?an wise :o mu/ ne$s fire away 9 _! catapults ! v ba/ions ( ! citadel1 9 ! def5se ( outpo/s t h become unt5able4 ,x has be5 & always w be possible to take an a!i/ic view ( ,nature1 b f> m reasonable f sci5ce & philosophy only to take a !i/ic view4 ,voltaire's say+ "h holds true3 t if !re 7 no ,god kn[n1 x w\ld be necess>y to inv5t "o4 ,x is ! be/1 if n ! only1 hypo!sis = ! explanation ( ! facts4 ,:e!r ! philosophy ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 7:i* is n to our lik+7 is "h fairly pres5t$1 we h little occasion & no "t to consid]4 ,9 ?is reg>d1 ! close ( 8 article ,no4 #ab 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review %[s1 at lea/1 8 expectation ( ! entire p]man5ce ( our ideas ( cause1 orig91 & religion1 & pr$icts ! futility ( ! expectation t ! religion ( humanity w be ! religion ( ! future1 or c ev] m ?an tempor>ily %ut out ! ?\ght ( a ,p[]1 ( :i* humanity is b a small & fugitive product1 :i* 0 9 its c\rse ( ev]-*ang+ manife/ation be=e humanity 01 & w cont9ue ?r\gh o!r manife/ations :5 humanity has ceas$ to be4 ,if1 on ! "o h&1 ! philosophy ( ! unkn[able ( ! ,inf9ite may be held 9 a m]ely quasi-!i/ic or ev5 a!i/ic way1 7 n its able/ exp\nd]s & def5d]s ,hamilton & ,dean ,mansel8 ,"o w\ld sup-pose t ,dr4 ,dawson might disc]n at lea/ z mu* ( a div9e f\ndation to ,nature z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,mat!w ,arnold2 might recognize 9 ?is p[] t some?+ n ourselves t makes = ord] z well z = righte\sness1 & :i* he fitly t]ms supreme creative w2 &1 re/+ 9 ?is1 endure ) m complac5cy & fai? ! inevitable preval5ce ( evolution>y views :i* he is p[]less to h9d]4 ,al?\gh he _c arre/ ! /ream1 he might d some?+ t[>d keep+ x 9 safe *annels4 ,we wi%$ to say some?+ ab\t ! way 9 :i* sci5tific m51 wor?y ( ! "n1 hold hypo!ses & !ories1 us+ !m = ! purpose ( inve/igation & ! collocation ( facts1 yield+ or )hold+ ass5t 9 degrees or provisionally1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( v]ification or likelihood1 or hold+ x long 9 susp5se2 :i* is q 9 contra/ to t ( amateurs & g5]al speculators 7n t we reckon ,dr4 ,dawson 9 ?is class71 ^: ass5t or d5ial seldom waits1 or endures qualification4 ,) !m x mu/ on all occasions be yea or nay only1 accord+ to ! lett] ( ! ,scriptural injunction1 & :atsoev] is less ?an ?is1 or betwe5 ! two1 come? ( evil4 ,,vii ,,evolution ,,& ,,!ology ,,vii-#a 7,! ,nation1 ,janu>y #ae1 #ahgd7 ,! attitude ( !ologians t[>d doctr9es ( evolution1 f ! nebul> hypo!sis d[n to ,d>w9ism1 is no less wor?y ( consid]ation1 & h>dly less div]se1 ?an t ( naturali/s4 ,b ! topic1 if pursu$ f>1 leads to que/ions too wide & deep = our h&l+ "h1 except incid5tally1 9 ! brief notice :i* x falls 9 our way to take ( ! ,rev4 ,george ,h5sl['s rec5t volume on ,! ,!ory ( ,evolution ( ,liv+ ,?+s4 ,?is treatise is on ! side ( evolution1 consid]$ z illu/rative ( ! wisdom & b5efic5ce ( ! ,almighty4 ,x 0 submitt$ = & receiv$ "o ( ! ,actonian prizes rec5tly aw>d$ by ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita94 ,we ga!r t ! /aple ( a "p ( x is work$ up anew f "s e>li] disc\rses ( ! au?or ^u ,g5esis & ,geology1 ,sci5ce & ,scripture n antagoni/ic1 etc4 ,9 c\pl+ ) x a *apt] ( ! second volume ( ,dr4 ,hodge's ,sy/ematic ,!ology 7,"p ,,ii1 ,an?ropology71 we call att5tion to a rec5t essay1 by an able & vet]an writ]1 on ! o!r side ( ! "q4 ,z ! two fairly en\gh repres5t ! extremes ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght ^u ! subject1 x is conv5i5t to review !m 9 connection4 ,!ologians h a %ort & easy1 if n :olly satisfactory1 way ( refut+ sci5tific doctr9es :i* !y object to1 by pitt+ ! au?ority or op9ion ( "o savant aga9/ ano!r4 ,already1 amid ! curr5ts & eddies ( mod]n op9ion1 ! savants may enjoy ! same advantage at ! exp5se ( ! div9es-- we mean1 ( c\rse1 on ! sci5tific ar5a2 = ! mutual refutation ( conflict+ !ologians on _! own gr\nd is no novelty4 ,x is n by way ( (fset1 h[ev]1 t ^! div]g5t or contradictory views are "h ref]r$ to1 b only z an illu/ration ( ! fact t ! div9es are by no means all array$ ^u "o side ( ! "q 9 h&4 ,& inde$1 9 ! pres5t transition p]iod1 until "s "o goes mu* deep] into ! he>t ( ! subject1 z respects ! relations ( mod]n sci5ce to ! f\ndations ( religi\s belief1 ?an ei!r ( ^! writ]s has done1 x is z well t ! weight ( op9ion %\ld be di/ribut$1 ev5 if only accord+ to prepossessions1 r ?an t ! :ole /ress %\ld be> ^u a s+le po9t1 & t p]haps ! au?ority ( an int]pretation ( ,scripture4 ,a cons5sus ( op9ion ^u ,dr4 ,hodge's gr\nd1 = in/ance 7al?\gh bett] gu>d$ ?an t ( ,dr4 ,dawson71 if x 7 /ill possible1 w\ld--to say ! lea/--probably n at all help to reconcile sci5ce & religion4 ,!re=e1 x is n to be regrett$ t ! div]sities ( view among accr$it$ !ologians & !ological naturali/s are ab\t z wide & z equably di/ribut$ betwe5 ! extremes 7& we may add t ! views !mselves are q z hypo!tical7 z ^? :i* prevail among ! v>i\s naturali/s & natural philosoph]s ( ! day4 ,z a !ologian1 ,mr4 ,h5sl[ d\btless is n to be comp>$ ) ! vet]an pr(essor at ,pr9ceton4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he has ! advantage ( be+ a naturali/1 & ! son ( a naturali/1 z well z a cl]gyman3 consequ5tly he feels ! full =ce ( an array ( facts 9 nature1 & ( ! natural inf]5ces f !m1 :i* ! !ological pr(essor1 f 8 ,biblical /&po9t1 & on 8 implicit assumption t ! ,old ,te/am5t mu/ ne$s tea* true sci5ce1 c h>dly be expect$ to appreciate4 ,accord+ly1 a naturali/ w\ld be apt to say ( ,dr4 ,hodge's exposition ( !ories ( ! univ]se & k9dr$ topics--& 9 no capti\s _s-- t :e!r "r or wrong on p>ticul> po9ts1 he is n (t5 "r or wrong 9 ! way ( a man ( sci5ce4 ,probably f ! lack ( famili>ity ) preval5t ideas & _! hi/ory1 ! !ologians are apt to suppose t sci5tific m5 ( ! pres5t day are tak+ up !ories ( evolution 9 pure wantonness or m]e sup]fluity ( naught9ess2 t x w\ld h be5 q possible1 z well z m prop]1 to leave all su* matt]s alone4 ,quieta non mov]e is d\btless a wise rule ^u su* subjects1 s long z x is fairly applicable4 ,b ! "t = its application 9 respect to que/ions ( ! orig9 & relations ( exi/+ species has gone by4 ,to ignore !m is to imitate ! fooli% bird t seeks security by hid+ its head 9 ! s&4 ,moreov]1 ! naturali/s did n =ce ^! que/ions ^u ! _w2 b ! _w !y /udy =c$ !m ^u ! naturali/s4 ,h[ ^! que/ions ( d]ivation came naturally & inevitably to be reviv$1 h[ ! cumulative probability t ! exi/+ are d]iv$ f preexi/+ =ms impress$ itself ^u ! m9ds ( _m naturali/s & ?9k]s1 ,mr4 ,h5sl[ has briefly expla9$ 9 ! introduction & illu/rat$ 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s ( ! fir/ "p ( 8 book4 ,sci5ce1 he decl>es1 has be5 compell$ to take up ! hypo!sis ( ! evolution ( liv+ ?+s z bett] expla9+ all ! ph5om5a4 ,9 8 op9ion1 x has become inf9itely m probable t all liv+ & ext9ct be+s h be5 develop$ or evolv$ by natural laws ( g5]ation f preexi/+ =ms1 ?an t !y1 ) all _! innum]able races & v>ieties1 %\ld owe _! exi/5ces sev]ally to ,creative fiats4 ,?is doctr9e1 :i* ev5 ,dr4 ,hodge all[s may possibly be held 9 a !i/ic s5se1 & :i*1 z we suppose1 is s held or view$ by a great proportion ( ! naturali/s ( our day1 ,mr4 ,h5sl[ ma9ta9s is fully compatible ) dogmatic z well z natural !ology2 t x expla9s moral anomalies1 & acc\nts = ! mixture ( good & evil 9 ! _w1 z well z = ! m]ely relative p]fection ( ?+s2 &1 f9ally1 t ! :ole s*eme :i* ,god has fram$ = man's exi/5ce1 f ! fir/ t 0 creat$ to all et]nity1 collapses if ! great law ( evolution be suppress$4 ,! second "p ( 8 book is occupi$ ) a developm5t ( ?is l9e ( argum5t4 ,by ?is doctr9e ( evolution he does n mean ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis1 al?\gh he accepts & includes ?is1 look+ ^u natural selection z play+ an important ?\gh n an unlimit$ "p4 ,he w\ld be an evolutioni/ ) ,miv>t & ,ow5 & ,argyll1 ev5 if he _h n ! v]a causa :i* ,d>w9 contribut$ to help him on4 ,&1 on ris+ to man1 he takes gr\nd ) ,wallace1 say+3 ,i w\ld wi% to /ate di/9ctly t ,i d n at pres5t see any evid5ce = believ+ 9 a gradual developm5t ( man f ! l[] animals by ord9>y natural laws2 t is1 )\t "s special int]f]5ce1 or1 if x be pref]r$1 "s exceptional conditions :i* h !reby sep>at$ him f all o!r creatures1 & plac$ him decid$ly 9 advance ( !m all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld be absurd to reg>d him z totally sev]$ f !m4 ,x is ! great degree ( diff]5ce ,i w\ld insi/ ^u1 bodily1 m5tal1 & spiritual1 :i* precludes ! idea ( 8 hav+ be5 evolv$ by exactly ! same processes1 & ) ! same limitations1 z1 = example1 ! horse f ! palaeo!rium4 ,9 illu/rat+ ?is view1 he reproduces ,wallace's well-kn[n po9ts1 & adds "o or two ( 8 own4 ,we ne$ n foll[ up 8 l9es ( argum5t4 ,! essay1 inde$1 adds no?+ mat]ial to ! discussion ( evolution1 al?\gh x /ates "o side ( ! case mod]ately well1 z f> z x goes4 ,dr4 ,hodge approa*es ! subject f ! side ( sy/ematic !ology1 & consid]s x ma9ly 9 its be>+ ^u ! orig9 & orig9al /ate ( man4 ,"u ea* head he fir/ lays d[n ! ,scriptural doctr9e1 & !n discusses anti-,scriptural !ories1 :i* latt]1 "u ! fir/ head1 are ! hea!n doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation1 ! mod]n doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation1 !ories ( developm5t1 specially t ( ,d>w91 ! a!i/ic "* ( ! !ory1 etc4 ,al?\gh he admits t !re is a !i/ic & an a!i/ic =m ( ! nebul> hypo!sis z to ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 s !re may be a !i/ic int]pretation ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 yet he cont5ds t ! sy/em is ?or\ghly a!i/ic1 not)/&+ t ! au?or expressly ackn[l$ges ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! a!i/ic =m ( evolution>y hypo!ses1 or :at he takes = su*1 is ! only "o :i* ,dr4 ,hodge c>es to exam9e4 ,ev5 ! ,reign ( ,law !ory1 ,ow5's purposive r\te ( developm5t & *ance 4 4 4 4 by virtue ( inh]5t t5d5cies !reto1 z well z o!r expositions ( ! g5]al doctr9e on a !i/ic basis1 are b>ely m5tion$ )\t a ^w ( comm5t1 except1 p]haps1 a g5]al prote/ aga9/ ! array+ ( probabilities aga9/ ! tea*+s ( ,scripture4 ,n[1 all =m] exp]i5ce %[s t x is nei!r safe nor wise to pron\nce a :ole sy/em ?or\ghly a!i/ic :i* x is conc$$ may be held !i/ically1 & :i* is likely to be l>gely held1 if n to prevail1 on sci5tific gr\nds4 ,x may be well to rememb] t1 ( ! two great m9ds ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,newton & ,leibnitz1 bo? pr(\ndly religi\s z well z philosophical1 "o produc$ ! !ory ( gravitation1 ! o!r object$ to t !ory t x 0 subv]sive ( natural religion2 also t ! nebul> hypo!sis--a natural consequ5ce ( ! !ory ( gravitation & ( ! subsequ5t progress ( physical & a/ronomical discov]y--has be5 d5\nc$ z a!i/ical ev5 d[n to our day4 ,x has n[ outliv$ ana!ma4 ,x is und5iable t ,mr4 ,d>w9 lays himself op5 to ?is k9d ( attack4 ,! prop\nd] ( natural selection might be expect$ to make ! mo/ ( ! pr9ciple1 & to ov]work ! law ( p>simony 9 its behalf4 ,& a sy/em 9 :i* exquisite adaptation ( means to ends1 complicat$ int]-dep5d5cies1 & ord]ly sequ5ces1 appe> z results in/ead ( be+ introduc$ z factors1 & 9 :i* special design is ignor$ 9 ! p>ticul>s1 mu/ ne$s be obnoxi\s1 unless gu>d$ z we suppose ,mr4 ,d>w9 might h gu>d$ 84 gr\nd if he _h *os5 to d s4 ,our own op9ion1 aft] long consid]ation1 is1 t ,mr4 ,d>w9 has no a!i/ical int5t2 & t1 z respects ! te/ "q ( design 9 ,nature1 8 view may be made cle> to ! !ological m9d by lik5+ x to t ( ! believ] 9 g5]al b n 9 p>ticul> ,provid5ce4 ,!re is no ne$ to cull passages 9 support ( ?is int]pretation f 8 v>i\s works :ile ! au?or--! mo/ c&id ( m5--reta9s ?r\gh all ! editions ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species ! two mottoes f ,:ewell & ,bi%op ,butl]4,,vii-#b ,! gi/ ( ! matt] lies 9 ! answ] t %\ld be r5d]$ to ! que/ions--#a4 ,d ord] & useful-work+ collocation1 p]vad+ a sy/em ?r\gh\t all its p>ts1 prove design8 &1 #b4 ,is su* evid5ce negativ$ or invalidat$ by ! probability t ^! p>ticul> collocations belong to l9eal s]ies ( su* 9 "t1 & div]sifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( ,nature--gr[n up1 s to say1 /ep by /ep8 ,we d n use ! t]ms adaptation1 arrangem5t ( means to ends1 & ! l1 because !y beg ! "q 9 /at+ x4 ,f9ally1 ought n !ologians to consid] :e!r !y h n already1 9 pr9ciple1 conc$$ to ! geologi/s & physici/s all t !y are ask$ to conc$e to ! evolutioni/s2 :e!r1 inde$1 ! ma9 natural !ological difficulties :i* att5d ! doctr9e ( evolution--s]i\s z !y may be--are n virtually conta9$ 9 ! admission t !re is a sy/em ( ,nature ) fix$ laws4 ,?is1 at lea/1 we may say1 t1 "u a sy/em 9 :i* s mu* is done by ! e/abli%m5t ( g5]al laws1 x is legitimate = any "o to prove1 if he c1 t any p>ticul> ?+ 9 ! natural _w is s done2 & x is ! prop] bus9ess ( sci5tific m5 to pu% _! enquiries 9 ?is direction4 ,x is beside ! po9t = ,dr4 ,hodge to object t1 f ! nature ( ! case1 :at conc]ns ! orig9 ( ?+s _c be kn[n except by a sup]natural revelation2 t sci5ce has to d ) ! facts & laws ( ,nature3 "h ! "q conc]ns ! orig9 ( su* facts4 ,= ! v object ( ! evolutioni/s1 & ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 p>ticul>1 is to remove ^! subjects f ! category ( orig9ation1 & to br+ !m "u ! doma9 ( sci5ce by treat+ !m z que/ions ab\t h[ ?+s g on1 n h[ !y began4 ,:e!r ! succession ( liv+ =ms on ! e>? is or is n among ! facts & laws ( ,nature1 is ! v matt] 9 controv]sy4 ,moreov]1 adds ,dr4 ,hodge1 x has be5 conc$$ t 9 ?is matt] pro(s1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 are n to be _h2 we are beyond ! region ( demon/ration1 & h only probabilities to consid]4 ,:]e=e ,*ri/ians h a "r to prote/ aga9/ ! array+ ( probabilities aga9/ ! cle> tea*+s ( ,scripture4 ,! ^w is italiciz$1 z if to intimate t probabilities h no claims :i* a !ologian is b\nd to respect4 ,z to array+ !m aga9/ ,scripture1 !re is no?+ :atev] 9 ! essay ref]r$ to t ju/ifies ! /atem5t4 ,inde$1 no occasion (f]$2 = ! writ] 0 discuss+ evolution 9 its relations to !ism1 n to ,biblical !ology1 & probably w\ld n be dispos$ to int]mix argum5ts s diff]5t 9 k9d z ^? f natural sci5ce & ^? f revelation4 ,to pursue ea* indep5d5tly1 accord+ to its own me?od1 & !n to comp>e ! results1 is ?\ght to be ! bett] mode ( proce$+4 ,! weigh+ ( probabilities we _h reg>d$ z a prop] ex]cise ( ! m9d prep>atory to =m+ an op9ion4 ,probabilities1 hypo!ses1 & ev5 surmises1 :atev] !y may be wor?1 are j :at1 z x seems to u1 !ologians ought n to be =emo/ 9 decry+1 p>ticul>ly ^? :o deal ) ! reconciliation ( sci5ce ) ,scripture1 ,g5esis ) geology1 & ! l4 ,z soon z !y g beyond ! lit]al /atem5ts ev5 ( ! ,engli% text1 & ent] into ! details ( ! subject1 !y f9d ample occasion & display a special aptitude = produc+ & us+ !m1 n always ) v satisfactory results4 ,x is n1 p]haps1 = u to sugge/ t ! !ological army 9 ! pa/ has be5 too mu* encumb]$ ) imp$im5ta = effective aggression 9 ! conflict aga9/ a!i/ic t5d5cies 9 mod]n sci5ce2 & t 9 resi/+ attack x has endeavor$ to hold too mu* gr\nd1 s wa/+ /r5g? 9 ! ob/9ate def5se ( positions :i* h become unimportant z well z unt5able4 ,"s ( ! argum5ts1 z well z ! guns1 :i* well s]v$ a =m] g5]ation1 ne$ to be replac$ by o!rs ( long] range & great] p5etration4 ,if ! !ologians are sl[ to disc]n ! signs & exig5cies ( ! times1 ! religi\s philosophical naturali/s mu/ be look$ to4 ,s9ce ! above rem>ks 7 writt51 ,pr(4 ,le ,conte's ,religion & ,sci5ce1 j issu$1 has come to our h&s4 ,x is a s]ies ( n9ete5 ,sunday lectures on ! relation ( natural & reveal$ religion1 prep>$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance = a ,bible-class ( "y m51 8 pupils 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 repeat$ to simil> classes at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 & f9ally deliv]$ to a l>g] & g5]al audi5ce4 ,!y are pr9t$1 ! preface /ates1 f a v]batim report1 ) only v]bal alt]ations & corrections ( "s r$undancies consequ5t ^u extemporane\s deliv]y4 ,!y are n1 we f9d1 lectures on sci5ce "u a religi\s aspect1 b disc\rses ^u ,*ri/ian !ology & its f\ndations f a sci5tific layman's po9t ( view1 ) illu/rations f 8 own l9es ( /udy4 ,z ! head+s %[1 !y cov]1 or1 m correctly speak+1 range ov]1 almo/ ! :ole field ( !ological ?\ght1 beg9n+ ) ! p]sonality ( ,deity z reveal$ 9 ,nature1 ! spiritual nature & attributes ( ,deity1 & ! inc>nation2 discuss+ by ! way ! g5]al relations ( !ology to sci5ce1 man1 & 8 place 9 ,nature2 & end+ ) a discussion ( pr$e/9ation & free-w1 & ( pray] 9 relation to inv>iable law--all 9 a volume ( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r duodecimo pages6 ,& yet ! au?or rem>ks t _m important subjects h be5 omitt$ because he felt unable to pres5t !m 9 a satisfactory mann] f a sci5tific po9t ( view4 ,we note1 inde$1 t "o or two topics :i* w\ld naturally come 9 8 way--su*1 especially1 z ! relation ( evolution to ! human race--are some:at conspicu\sly abs5t4 ,t mo/ ( ! mom5t\s subjects :i* he takes up are treat$ discursively1 & n exhau/ively1 is all ! bett] = 8 read]s4 ,:at !y & we mo/ want to "k is1 h[ ^! s]i\s matt]s are view$ by an hone/1 enlight5$1 & dev\t sci5tific man4 ,to solve ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se1 z ! ,fr5* lady requir$ a philosoph] to expla9 8 new sy/em1 dans un mot1 is beyond rational expectation4 ,all t we h "t & ne$ to say ( ?is little book ^u great subjects relates to its _s & to ! view x takes ( evolution4 ,its !ology is :olly or?odox2 its tone devotional1 *>itable1 & hopeful2 its confid5ce 9 religi\s tru?1 z taught bo? 9 ,nature & revelation1 complete2 ! illu/rations (t5 happy1 b (t5 too rhetorical2 ! sci5ce1 z might be expect$ f ?is au?or1 unimpea*able z reg>ds matt]s ( fact1 discreet z to matt]s ( op9ion4 ,! argum5t f design 9 ! fir/ lecture br+s up ! subject ( ! introduction ( species4 ,( ?is1 consid]$ z a "q ( hi/ory1 !re is no witness on ! /& except geology4 ,! pres5t condition ( geological evid5ce is und\bt$ly 9 favor ( "s degree ( sudd5ness--is aga9/ inf9ite gradations4 ,! evid5ce may be meagre 4 4 4 b :e!r meagre or n1 x is all ! evid5ce we h4 4 4 4 ,n[1 ! evid5ce ( geology to-day is1 t species seem to come 9 sudd5ly & 9 full p]fection1 rema9 sub/antially un*ang$ dur+ ! t]m ( _! exi/5ce1 & pass away 9 full p]fection4 ,o!r species take _! place app>5tly by sub/itution1 n by transmutation4 ,b y w ask me1 ',d y1 !n1 reject ! doctr9e ( evolution8 ,d y accept ! creation ( species directly & )\t second>y ag5cies & processes8' ,i answ]1 ,no6 ,sci5ce kn[s no?+ ( ph5om5a :i* d n take place by second>y causes & processes4 ,%e does n d5y su* occurr5ce1 = true ,sci5ce is n dogmatic1 & %e kn[s full well t1 trac+ up ! ph5om5a f cause to cause1 we mu/ some:]e rea* ! m direct ag5cy ( a ,fir/ ,cause4 4 4 4 ,x is evid5t t1 h[ev] species 7 introduc$1 :e!r sudd5ly or gradually1 x is ! duty ( ,sci5ce ev] to /rive to und]/& ! means & processes by :i* species orig9at$4 4 4 4 ,n[1 ( ! v>i\s conceivable second>y causes & processes1 by "s ( :i* we mu/ believe species orig9at$1 by f> ! mo/ probable is c]ta9ly t ( evolution f o!r species4 7,we might int]pose ! rem>k t ! witness on ! /&1 if subject$ to cross-exam9ation by a biologi/1 might be made to give a good deal ( te/imony 9 favor ( transmutation r ?an sub/itution47 ,aft] ref]r+ to diff]5t ideas z to ! cause or mode ( evolution1 he concludes t x c make no diff]5ce1 s f> z ! argum5t ( design 9 ,nature is conc]n$1 :e!r !re be evolution or n1 or :e!r1 9 ! case ( evolution1 ! *ange be p>oxysmal or uni=m4 ,we may inf] ev5 t he accepts ! idea t physical & *emical =ces are *ang$ into vital =ce1 & vice v]sa4 ,physici/s incl9e m readily to ?is ?an physiologi/s2 & if :at is call$ vital =ce be a =ce 9 ! physici/s' s5se1 !n x is almo/ c]ta9ly s4 ,b ! illu/ration on page #bge t\*es ?is po9t only seem+ly4 ,x really conc]ns only ! /or+ & ! us+ ( physical =ce 9 a liv+ organism4 ,if1 = want ( a special expression1 we cont9ue to use ! t]m vital =ce to designate t intangible some?+ :i* directs & gov]ns ! accumulation & exp5diture ( physical =ce 9 organisms1 !n !re is z yet no pro( & little likelihood t ?is is correlate ) physical =ce4 ,a few words ^u ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis & ! ,mosaic cosmogony1 & ,i am done1 says ,pr(4 ,le ,conte1 & s are we3 ,x might be expect$ by _m t1 aft] speak+ ( s*emes ( reconciliation1 ,i %\ld give m9e also4 ,my ,*ri/ian fri5ds1 ^! s*emes ( reconciliation become daily m & m di/a/eful to me4 ,i h us$ !m 9 times pa/2 b n[ ! delib]ate con/ruction ( su* s*emes seems to me almo/ l trifl+ ) ! words ( ,scripture & ! tea*+s ( ,nature4 ,!y seem to me almo/ irrev]5t1 & q =eign to ! true1 humble1 lib]al _s ( ,*ri/ianity2 !y are s evid5tly artificial1 s evid5tly m]e +5i\s human devices4 ,x seems to me t if we w only reg>d ! two books 9 ! philosophical _s :i* ,i h endeavor$ to describe1 & !n simply wait & possess our s\ls 9 pati5ce1 ! que/ions 9 dispute w soon adju/ !mselves z o!r simil> que/ions h already done4 ,,viii ,,:at ,,is ,,d>w9ism8 ,,viii-#a ,! ,nation1 ,may #bh1 #ahgd7 ,! "q :i* ,dr4 ,hodge asks he promptly & decisively answ]s3 ,:at is ,d>w9ism8 x is a!ism4 ,leav+ aside all subsidi>y & incid5tal matt]s1 let u consid]--#a4 ,:at ! ,d>w9ian doctr9e is1 & #b4 ,h[ x is prov$ to be a!i/ic4 ,dr4 ,hodge's own /atem5t ( x _c be v mu* bett]$3 ,8 ,d>w9's "w on ! ',orig9 ( ,species' does n purport to be philosophical4 ,9 ?is aspect x is v diff]5t f ! cognate works ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,d>w9 does n speculate on ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 on ! nature ( matt] or ( =ce4 ,he is simply a naturali/1 a c>eful & labori\s obs]v]1 skillful 9 8 descriptions1 & s+ul>ly c&id 9 deal+ ) ! difficulties 9 ! way ( 8 peculi> doctr9e4 ,he set be=e himself a s+le problem--namely1 ,h[ are ! fauna & flora ( our e>? to be acc\nt$ =8 4 4 4 ,to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( matt] & life1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 admits a ,creator4 ,?is is done explicitly & repeat$ly4 4 4 4 ,he assumes ! effici5cy ( physical causes1 %[+ no disposition to resolve !m into m9d-=ce or into ! effici5cy ( ! ,fir/ ,cause4 4 4 4 ,he assumes1 also1 ! exi/5ce ( life 9 ! =m ( "o or m primordial g]ms4 4 4 4 ,h[ all liv+ ?+s on e>?1 includ+ ! endless v>iety ( plants & all ! div]sity ( animals1 4 4 4 h desc5d$ f ! primordial animalcule1 he ?9ks1 may be acc\nt$ = by ! op]ation ( ! foll[+ natural laws1 viz43 ,fir/1 ! law ( ,h]$ity1 or t by :i* l begets l--! (fspr+ are l ! p>5t4 ,second1 ! law ( ,v>iation2 t is1 :ile ! (fspr+ are 9 all ess5tial *>act]i/ics l _! imm$iate prog5itor1 !y nev]!less v>y m or less )9 n>r[ limits f _! p>5t & f ea* o!r4 ,"s ( ^! v>iations are indiff]5t1 "s det]iorations1 "s improvem5ts--t is1 su* z enable ! plant or animal to ex]cise its functions to great] advantage4 ,?ird1 ! law ( ,ov]-,production4 ,all plants & animals t5d to increase 9 a geometrical ratio1 & !re=e t5d to ov]run enorm\sly ! means ( support4 ,if all ! se$s ( a plant1 all ! spawn ( a fi%1 7 to arrive at maturity1 9 a v %ort "t ! _w c\ld n conta9 !m4 ,h5ce1 ( necessity1 arises a /ruggle = life4 ,only a few ( ! myriads born c possibly live4 ,f\r?1 "h comes 9 ! law ( ,natural ,selection1 or ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/2 t is1 if any individual ( a giv5 species ( plant or animal happ5s to h a slight deviation f ! normal type favorable to its success 9 ! /ruggle = life1 x w survive4 ,?is v>iation1 by ! law ( h]$ity1 w be transmitt$ to its (fspr+1 & by !m aga9 to !irs4 ,soon ^! favor$ ones ga9 ! asc5d5cy1 & ! less favor$ p]i%1 & ! modification becomes e/abli%$ 9 ! species4 ,aft] a "t1 ano!r & ano!r ( su* favorable v>iations occur1 ) l results4 ,?us1 v gradually1 great *anges ( /ructure are introduc$1 & n only species1 b g5]a1 families1 & ord]s1 9 ! vegetable & animal _w1 are produc$ 7pp4 #bf-bi74 ,n[1 ! tru? or ! probability ( ,d>w9's hypo!sis is n "h ! "q1 b only its congruity or incongruity ) !ism4 ,we ne$ take only "o exception to ?is ab/ract ( x1 b t is an important "o = ! pres5t inve/igation4 ,x is to ! s5t5ce :i* we h italiciz$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ,dr4 ,hodge's own /atem5t ( :at ,d>w9ism is4 ,) x beg9s our inquiry z to h[ he proves ! doctr9e to be a!i/ic4 ,fir/1 if we rightly appreh5d x1 a sugge/ion ( a!ism is infus$ into ! premises 9 a negative =m3 ,mr4 ,d>w9 %[s no disposition to resolve ! effici5cy ( physical causes into ! effici5cy ( ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,next 7on page #dh7 comes ! positive *>ge t ,mr4 ,d>w91 al?\gh himself a !i/1 ma9ta9s t ! contrivances manife/$ 9 ! organs ( plants & animals 4 4 4 are n due to ! cont9u$ coop]ation & control ( ! div9e m9d1 nor to ! orig9al purpose ( ,god 9 ! con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,z to ! negative /atem5t1 x might suffice to recall ,dr4 ,hodge's tru?ful rem>k t ,d>w9 is simply a naturali/1 & t 8 "w on ! orig9 ( species does n purport to be philosophical4 ,9 physical & physiological treatises1 ! mo/ religi\s m5 r>ely ?9k x necess>y to po/ulate ! ,fir/ ,cause1 nor are !y misjudg$ by ! omission4 ,b surely ,mr4 ,d>w9 does %[ ! disposition :i* our au?or d5ies him1 n only by implication 9 _m in/ances1 b mo/ explicitly :]e "o w\ld naturally look = x1 namely--at ! close ( ! volume 9 "q3 ,to my m9d1 x accords bett] ) :at we "k ( ! laws impress$ on matt] by ! ,creator1 etc4 ,if t does n ref] ! effici5cy ( physical causes to ! ,fir/ ,cause1 :at =m ( words c\ld d s8 ,! positive *>ge appe>s to be equally gratuit\s4 ,9 bo? ,dr4 ,hodge mu/ h ov]look$ ! beg9n+ z well z ! end ( ! volume :i* he judges s h>dly4 ,j z ma!maticians & physici/s1 9 _! sy/ems1 are wont to po/ulate ! fundam5tal & und5iable tru?s !y are conc]n$ )1 or :at !y take = su* & require to be tak5 = grant$1 s ,mr4 ,d>w9 po/ulates1 ^u ! fir/ page ( 8 notable "w1 & 9 ! words ( ,:ewell & ,bi%op ,butl]3 #a4 ,! e/abli%m5t by div9e p[] ( g5]al laws1 accord+ to :i*1 r ?an by insulat$ int]positions 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 ev5ts are br\ght ab\t 9 ! mat]ial _w2 & #b4 ,t by ! ^w '3natural is meant /at$1 fix$1 or settl$1 by ?is same p[]1 s9ce :at is natural z mu* requires & presupposes an intellig5t ag5t to r5d] x s--i4e41 to effect x cont9ually or at /at$ times--z :at is sup]natural or miracul\s does to effect x = once4,,viii-#b ,s :5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 makes su* l>ge & free use ( natural z anti!tical to sup]natural causes1 we are left 9 no d\bt z to ! ultimate s\rce :i* he ref]s !m to4 ,r let u say !re ought to be no d\bt1 unless !re are o!r gr\nds = x to re/ ^u4 ,su* gr\nd !re mu/ be1 or seem to be1 to ju/ify or excuse a vet]an div9e & s*ol> l ,dr4 ,hodge 9 8 d$uction ( pure a!ism f a sy/em produc$ by a confess$ !i/1 & bas$1 z we h se51 ^u ?or\ghly or?odox fundam5tal conceptions4 ,ev5 if we may n hope to reconcile ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! !ologian & ! naturali/1 x may be well to asc]ta9 :]e _! real div]g5ce beg9s1 or ought to beg91 & :at x am\nts to4 ,seem+ly1 x is 9 _! proximate1 n 9 _! ultimate1 pr9ciples1 z ,dr4 ,hodge insi/s :5 he decl>es t ! :ole drift ( ,d>w9ism is to prove t ev]y?+ may be acc\nt$ = by ! bl9d op]ation ( natural causes1 )\t any int5tion1 purpose1 or coop]ation ( ,god4 ,:y don't he say1 cries ! !ologian1 t ! complicat$ organs ( plants & animals are ! product ( ! div9e intellig5ce8 ,if ,god made !m1 x makes no diff]5ce1 s f> z ! "q ( design is conc]n$1 h[ he made !m1 :e!r at once or by process ( evolution4 ,b1 z we h se51 ,mr4 ,d>w9 does say t1 & he ov] & ov] implies x :5 he ref]s ! production ( species to second>y causes1 & lik5s _! orig9ation to ! orig9ation ( individuals2 species be+ s]ies ( individuals ) great] diff]5ce4 ,x is n = ! !ologian to object t ! p[] :i* made individual m5 & o!r animals1 & all ! diff]5ces :i* ! races ( mank9d exhibit1 ?r\gh second>y causes1 c\ld n h orig9at$ cong]ies ( m or less greatly diff]+ individuals ?r\gh ! same causes4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! !ologian & ! naturali/ is n fundam5tal1 & evolution may be z pr(\ndly & z p>ticul>ly !i/ic z x is increas+ly probable4 ,! ta9t ( a!ism :i*1 9 ,dr4 ,hodge's view1 leav5s ! :ole lump1 is n inh]5t 9 ! orig9al gra9 ( ,d>w9ism--9 ! pr9ciples posit$--b has someh[ be5 introduc$ 9 ! subsequ5t treatm5t4 ,possibly1 :5 f\nd1 x may be elim9at$4 ,p]haps !re is mutual misappreh5sion gr[+ out ( "s ambiguity 9 ! use ( t]ms4 ,)\t any int5tion1 purpose1 or coop]ation ( ,god4- ,^! are sweep+ & effectual words4 ,h[ came !y to be appli$ to natural selection by a div9e :o pr(esses t ,god orda9$ :atsoev] come? to pass8 ,9 ?is wise3 ,! po9t to be prov$ is1 t x is ! di/9ctive doctr9e ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 t species owe _! orig9--#a4 ,n to ! orig9al int5tion ( ! div9e m9d2 #b4 ,n to special acts ( creation call+ new =ms into exi/5ce at c]ta9 epo*s2 #c4 ,n to ! con/ant & ev]y:]e op]ative effici5cy ( ,god guid+ physical causes 9 ! production ( int5d$ effects2 b #d4 ,to ! gradual accumulation ( un9t5d$ v>iations ( /ructure & in/9ct secur+ "s advantage to _! subjects4 ,!n ,dr4 ,hodge adduces ,d>w9's own te/imony1 to ! purport t natural selection d5otes ! totality ( natural causes & _! int]actions1 physical & physiological1 reproduction1 v>iation1 bir?1 /ruggle1 ext9ction--9 %ort1 all t is go+ on 9 ,nature2 t ! v>iations :i* 9 ?is int]play are pick$ out = survival are n int5tionally guid$2 t no?+ c be m hopeless ?an ! attempt to expla9 ?is simil>ity ( patt]n 9 memb]s ( ! same class by utility or ! doctr9e ( f9al causes 7:i* ,dr4 ,hodge takes to be ! d5ial ( any su* ?+ z f9al causes72 & t ! int]actions & processes go+ on :i* con/itute natural selection may suffice to acc\nt = ! pres5t div]sity ( animals & plants 7primordial organisms be+ po/ulat$ & "t en\gh giv57 ) all _! /ructures & adaptations--t is1 to acc\nt = !m sci5tifically1 z sci5ce acc\nts = o!r ?+s4 ,a good deal may be made ( ?is1 b does x su/a9 ! indictm5t8 ,moreov]1 ! c\nts ( ! indictm5t may be demurr$ to4 ,x seems to u t only "o ( ! ?ree po9ts :i* ,d>w9 is said to d5y is really oppos$ to ! f\r?1 :i* he is said to ma9ta91 except z conc]ns ! p]haps ambigu\s ^w un9t5d$4 ,o!rwise1 ! orig9 ( species ?r\gh ! gradual accumulation ( v>iations--i4e41 by ! addition ( a s]ies ( small diff]5ces--is surely n incongru\s ) _! orig9 ?r\gh ! orig9al int5tion ( ! div9e m9d or ?r\gh ! con/ant & ev]y:]e op]ative effici5cy ( ,god4- ,"o or bo? ( ^! ,mr4 ,d>w9 7be+1 z ,dr4 ,hodge says1 a !i/7 mu/ ne$s hold to 9 "s =m or o!r2 :]e=e he may be presum$ to hold ! f\r? proposition 9 su* wise z n really to contradict ! fir/ or ! ?ird4 ,! prop] anti!sis is ) ! second proposition only1 & ! issue comes to ?is3 ,h ! multitud9\s =ms ( liv+ creatures1 pa/ & pres5t1 be5 produc$ by z _m special & indep5d5t acts ( creation at v num]\s epo*s8 ,or h !y orig9at$ "u causes z natural z reproduction & bir?1 & no m s1 by ! v>iation & *ange ( prec$+ into succe$+ species8 ,^? :o accept ! latt] alt]native are evolutioni/s4 ,& ,dr4 ,hodge fairly all[s t _! views1 al?\gh cle>ly wrong1 may be g5u9ely !i/ic4 ,surely !y ne$ n become ! less s by ! discov]y or by ! conjecture ( natural op]ations ?r\gh :i* ?is div]sification & cont9u$ adaptation ( species to conditions is br\ght ab\t4 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ?9ks--& by ?is he is di/+ui%$4 f mo/ evolutioni/s--t he c assign actual natural causes1 adequate to ! production ( ! pres5t out ( ! prec$+ /ate ( ! animal & vegetable _w1 & s on backw>d--?us unit+1 n inde$ ! beg9n+ b ! f> pa/ ) ! pres5t 9 "o coh]5t sy/em ( ,nature4 ,b 9 assign+ actual natural causes & processes1 & apply+ !m to ! explanation ( ! :ole case1 ,mr4 ,d>-w9 assumes ! obligation ( ma9ta9+ _! g5]al suffici5cy--a task f :i* ! num]\s advocates & acceptors ( evolution on ! g5]al concurr5ce ( probabilities & its usefulness z a work+ hypo!sis 7) or )\t mu* conception ( ! mann] h[7 are happily free4 ,hav+ hit ^u a modus op]&i :i* all :o und]/& x admit w expla9 some?+1 & _m t x w expla9 v mu*1 x is to be expect$ t ,mr4 ,d>w9 w make ! mo/ ( x4 ,d\btless he is f> f pret5d+ to "k all ! causes & op]ations at "w2 he has already add$ "s & re/rict$ ! range ( o!rs2 he probably looks = additions to _! numb] & new illu/rations ( _! effici5cy2 b he is b\nd to expect !m all to fall )9 ! category ( :at he calls natural selection 7a mo/ expansible pr9ciple71 or to be congru\s ) x--t is1 t !y %all be natural causes4 ,also--& ?is is ! critical po9t--he is b\nd to ma9ta9 _! suffici5cy )\t int]v5tion4 ,"h1 at l5g?1 we rea* ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ,d>w91 z we und]/& him1 & ,dr4 ,hodge4 ,! t]ms :i* ,d>w9 sometimes uses1 & d\btless "s ( ! ideas !y repres5t1 are n su* z we %\ld adopt or l to def5d2 & we may say once = all--aside ?\gh x be f ! pres5t issue--t1 9 our op9ion1 ! adequacy ( ! assign$ causes to ! explanation ( ! ph5om5a has n be5 made out4 ,b we d n und]/& him to d5y purpose1 int5tion1 or ! coop]ation ( ,god 9 ,nature4 ,?is w\ld be z gratuit\s z unphilosophical1 n to say unsci5tific4 ,:5 he speaks ( ?is or t p>ticul> or phase 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts or ! procession ( organic =ms z n int5d$1 he seems to mean n specially & disjunctively int5d$ & n br\ght ab\t by int]v5tion4 ,purpose 9 ! :ole1 z we suppose1 is n d5i$ b impli$4 ,& :5 "o consid]s h[1 "u :atev] view ( ! case1 ! design$ & ! cont+5t lie inextricably comm+l$ 9 ?is _w ( ours1 pa/ man's dis5tanglem5t1 & into :at metaphysical dilemmas ! attempt at unravel+ !m leads1 we _c greatly blame ! naturali/ = relegat+ su* problems to ! philosoph] & ! !ologian4 ,if *>itable1 ^! w place ! mo/ favorable con/ruction ^u attempts to ext5d & unify ! op]ation ( kn[n second>y causes1 ?is be+ ! prop] bus9ess ( ! naturali/ & physici/2 if wise1 !y w be c>eful n to pr$icate or sugge/ ! abs5ce ( int5tion f :at comes ab\t by degrees ?r\gh ! cont9u\s op]ation ( physical causes1 ev5 9 ! organic _w1 le/1 9 _! endeavor to reta9 a probable excess ( sup]naturalism 9 t realm ( ,nature1 !y cut away ! gr\nds = recogniz+ x at all 9 inorganic ,nature1 & s fall into ! same condemnation t "s ( !m aw>d to ! ,d>w9ian4 ,moreov]1 x is n c]ta9 t ,mr4 ,d>w9 w\ld v mu* bett] 8 case1 ,dr4 ,hodge be+ judge1 if he did prop\nd "s !ory ( ! nexus ( div9e causation & natural laws1 or ev5 if he explicitly adopt$ ! "o or ! o!r ( ! views :i* he is *>g$ ) reject+4 ,ei!r way he might meet a procru/ean fate2 &1 al?\gh a sav+ am\nt ( !ism might rema91 he w\ld n be s\nd or com=table4 ,=1 if he pr$icates ! con/ant & ev]y:]e op]ative effici5cy ( ,god1 he may lapse into ! same doctr9e t ! ,duke ( ,argyll & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el seem incl9$ to1 ! latt] ( :om is blam$ = ?9k+ x b reasonable to reg>d ! =ce ( gravitation z ! direct or indirect result ( a consci\sness or w exi/+ some:]e1 & ! =m] = reg>d+ x unphilosophical 'to ?9k or speak z if ! =ces ( ,nature 7 ei!r indep5d5t ( or ev5 sep>ate f ! ,creator's p[]' 3 :ile if he falls back ^u an orig9al int5tion ( ! div9e m9d1 end[+ matt] ) =ces :i* he =esaw & int5d$ %\ld produce su* results z ^! contrivances 9 ,nature1 he is told t ?is bani%es ,god f ! _w1 & is inconsi/5t ) obvi\s facts4 ,& t because ( its imply+ t ,he nev] int]f]es to guide ! op]ation ( physical causes4 ,we italicize ! ^w1 = int]f]5ce proves to be ! keynote ( ,dr4 ,hodge's sy/em4 ,int]f]5ce ) a div9ely orda9$ physical ,nature = ! accompli%m5t ( natural results6 ,an unor?odox fri5d has j imp>t$ to u1 ) mu* misgiv+ & solicitude le/ he %\ld be ?\ght irrev]5t1 8 t5tative hypo!sis1 :i* is1 t ev5 ! ,creator may be conceiv$ to h improv$ ) "t & exp]i5ce6 ,nev] be=e 0 ?is !ory s pla9ly & b>ely put be=e u4 ,we 7 oblig$ to say t1 9 pr9ciple & by implication1 x 0 n :olly orig9al4 ,b 9 su* matt]s1 :i* are f> too high = u1 no "o is ju/ly to be held responsible = ! conclusions :i* ano!r may draw f 8 pr9ciples or assumptions4 ,dr4 ,hodge's p>ticul> view %\ld be ga!r$ f 8 own /atem5t ( x3 ,9 ! ext]nal _w !re is always & ev]y:]e indisputable evid5ce ( ! activity ( two k9ds ( =ce1 ! "o physical1 ! o!r m5tal4 ,! physical belongs to matt]1 & is due to ! prop]ties ) :i* x has be5 end[$2 ! o!r is ! ev]y:]e pres5t & ev]-act+ m9d ( ,god4 ,to ! latt] are to be ref]r$ all ! manife/ations ( design 9 ,nature1 & ! ord]+ ( ev5ts 9 ,provid5ce4 ,?is doctr9e does n ignore ! effici5cy ( second causes2 x simply ass]ts t ,god ov]rules & controls !m4 ,?us ! ,psalmi/ says3 ',i am fe>fully & wond]fully made4 ,my sub/ance 0 n hid f ,!e :5 ,i 0 made 9 secret1 & curi\sly wr\ght 7or embroid]$7 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ! e>?4 4 4 4 ,god makes ! grass to gr[1 & h]bs = ! *ildr5 ( m54'- ,he s5ds ra91 fro/1 & sn[4 ,he controls ! w9ds & ! waves4 ,he det]m9es ! ca/+ ( ! lot1 ! flight ( an arr[1 & ! fall+ ( a sp>r[4 ,f> be x f u to object to ?is mode ( conceiv+ div9e causation1 al?\gh1 l ! two o!r !i/ic conceptions ref]r$ to1 x has its difficulties1 & p]haps ! difficulties ( bo?4 ,b1 if we und]/& x1 x draws an unusually h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 causation 9 organic & inorganic ,nature1 seems to look = no manife/ation ( design 9 ! latt] except z ,god ov]rules & controls second causes1 &1 f9ally1 ref]s to ?is ov]rul+ & controll+ 7r ?an to a normal action ?r\gh end[m5t7 all embryonic developm5t1 ! gr[? ( vegetables1 & ! l4 ,he ev5 adds1 )\t break or di/9ction1 ! s5d+ ( ra91 fro/1 & sn[1 ! flight ( an arr[1 & ! fall+ ( a sp>r[4 ,someh[ we mu/ h misconceiv$ ! be>+ ( ! /atem5t2 b s x /&s z "o ( ! ?ree ways1 & ! "r way1 ( acc\nt+ = contrivances 9 ,nature2 ! o!r two be+--#a4 ,_! ref]5ce to ! bl9d op]ation ( natural causes2 &1 #b4 ,t !y 7 =ese5 & purpos$ by ,god1 :o end[$ matt] ) =ces :i* he =esaw & int5d$ %\ld produce su* results1 b nev] int]f]es to guide _! op]ation4 ,9 animadv]t+ ^u ?is latt] view1 ,dr4 ,hodge br+s =w>d an argum5t aga9/ evolution1 ) ! exam9ation ( :i* our rem>ks mu/ close3 ,paley1 inde$1 says t if ! con/ruction ( a wat* be an und5iable evid5ce ( design1 x w\ld be a /ill m wond]ful manife/ation ( skill if a wat* c\ld be made to produce o!r wat*es1 &1 x may be add$1 n only o!r wat*es1 b all k9ds ( timepieces1 9 endless v>iety4 ,s x has be5 ask$1 ,if a man c make a telescope1 :y _c ,god make a telescope :i* produces o!rs l itself8 ,?is is simply ask+ :e!r matt] c be made to d ! "w ( m9d4 ,! idea involves a contradiction4 ,= a telescope to make a telescope supposes x to select copp] & z9c 9 due proportions1 & fuse !m into brass2 to fa%ion t brass into int]-ent]+ tubes2 to collect & comb9e ! requisite mat]ials = ! diff]5t k9ds ( glass ne$$2 to melt !m1 gr9d1 fa%ion1 & poli% !m1 adju/ _! d5sities1 focal di/ances1 etc41 etc4 ,a man :o c believe t brass c d all ?is might z well believe 9 ,god 7pp4 #de1 #df74 ,if ,dr4 ,hodge's mean+ is1 t matt] uncon/ruct$ _c d ! "w ( m9d1 he misses ! po9t altoge!r2 = orig9al con/ruction by an intellig5t m9d is giv5 9 ! premises4 ,if he means t ! ma*9e _c orig9ate ! p[] t op]ates x1 ?is is conc$$ by all except believ]s 9 p]petual motion1 & x equally misses ! po9t2 = ! op]at+ p[] is giv5 9 ! case ( ! wat*1 & impli$ 9 t ( ! reproductive telescope4 ,b if he means t matt] _c be made to d ! "w ( m9d 9 con/ructions1 ma*9es1 or organisms1 he is surely wrong4 ,sovitur ambul&o1 vel scrib5do2 he confut$ 8 argum5t 9 ! act ( writ+ ! s5t5ce4 ,t is j :at ma*9es & organisms are =2 & a consi/5t ,*ri/ian !i/ %\ld ma9ta9 t is :at all matt] is =4 ,f9ally1 if1 z we freely suppose1 he means none ( ^!1 he mu/ mean 7unless we are mu* mi/ak57 t organisms orig9at$ by ! ,almighty ,creator c\ld n be end[$ ) ! p[] ( produc+ simil> organisms1 or slightly dissimil> organisms1 )\t successive int]v5tions4 ,!n he begs ! v "q 9 dispute1 & t1 too1 9 ! face ( ! primal comm&1 ,be fruitful & multiply1 & its consequ5ces 9 e natural bir?4 ,if ! actual facts c\ld be ignor$1 h[ nicely ! p>allel w\ld run6 ,! idea involves a contradiction4 ,= an animal to make an animal1 or a plant to make a plant1 supposes x to select c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog51 to comb9e ^! into cellulose & protoplasm1 to jo9 ) ^! "s phosphorus1 lime1 etc41 to build !m into /ructures & usefully-adju/$ organs4 ,a man :o c believe t plants & animals c d ?is 7n1 inde$1 9 ! crude way sugge/$1 b 9 ! appo9t$ way7 might z well believe 9 ,god4 ,yes1 v]ily1 & s he probably w1 9 spite ( all t a!i/ical philosoph]s h to (f]1 if n h>ass$ & confus$ by su* argum5ts & /atem5ts z ^!4 ,!re is a long l9e ( gradually-increas+ div]g5ce f ! ultra-or?odox view ( ,dr4 ,hodge ?r\gh ^? ( su* m5 z ,sir ,william ,?omson1 ,h]s*el1 ,argyll1 ,ow51 ,miv>t1 ,wallace1 & ,d>w91 d[n to ^? ( ,/rauss1 ,vogt1 & ,bu*n]4 ,to /rike ! l9e ) tell+ p[] & good effect1 x is necess>y to aim at ! "r place4 ,excell5t z ! pres5t volume is 9 motive & cle>ly z x %[s t ,d>w9ism may be> an a!i/ic z well z a !i/ic int]pretation1 we fe> t x w n contribute mu* to ! reconcilem5t ( sci5ce & religion4 ,! l5g? ( ! analysis ( ! fir/ book on our li/ precludes ! notices :i* we int5d$ to take ( ! ?ree o!rs4 ,!y are all ! production ( m5 :o are bo? sci5tific & religi\s1 "o ( !m a celebrat$ div9e & writ] unusually v]s$ 9 natural hi/ory4 ,!y all look ^u !ories ( evolution ei!r z 9 ! way ( be+ e/abli%$ or z n unlikely to prevail1 & !y confid5tly expect to lose !reby no solid gr\nd = !ism or religion4 ,mr4 ,/4 ,clair1 a new writ]1 9 8 ,d>w9ism & ,design2 or1 ,creation by ,evolution1 takes 8 gr\nd 9 ! foll[+ succ9ct /atem5t ( 8 preface3 ,x is be+ assum$ by our sci5tific guides t ! design-argum5t has be5 driv5 out ( ! field by ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,x seems to be ?\ght by our !ological tea*]s t ! be/ def5se ( ! fai? is to d5y evolution 9 toto1 & d5\nce x z anti-,biblical4 ,my volume endeavors to %[ t1 if evolution be true1 all is n lo/2 b1 on ! contr>y1 some?+ is ga9$3 ! design-argum5t rema9s un%ak51 & ! wisdom & b5efic5ce ( ,god receive new illu/ration4 ,( 8 clos+ rem>k1 t1 s f> z he kn[s1 ! subject has nev] be=e be5 h&l$ 9 ! same way = ! same purpose1 we w only say t ! h&l+ /rikes u z ma9ly s5sible r ?an z sub/antially novel4 ,he trav]ses ! :ole gr\nd ( evolution1 f t ( ! sol> sy/em to ! orig9 ( moral species4 ,he is cle>ly a !i/ic ,d>w9ian )\t misgiv+1 & ! argum5ts = t hypo!sis & = its religi\s aspects obta9 f him _! mo/ favorable pres5tation1 :ile he combats ! dy/eleology ( ,hackel1 ,bu*n]1 etc41 n1 h[ev]1 ) any rem>kable /r5g?4 ,dr4 ,w9*ell1 *ancellor ( ! new univ]sity at ,syracuse1 9 8 volume j issu$ ^u ! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution1 adopts x 9 ! ab/ract z cle>ly z ! law ( univ]sal intellig5ce "u :i* complex results are br\ght into exi/5ce 7:atev] t may mean71 accepts x practically = ! inorganic _w z a geologi/ %\ld1 hesitates z to ! organic _w1 & sums up ! argum5ts = ! orig9 ( species by div]sification unfavorably = ! ,d>w9ians1 reg>d+ x ma9ly f ! geological side4 ,z "s ( our zoologi/s & palaeontologi/s may h some:at to say ^u ?is matt]1 we leave x = _! consid]ation4 ,we are tempt$ to develop a po9t :i* ,dr4 ,w9*ell incid5tally ref]s to--viz41 h[ v mod]n ! idea ( ! indep5d5t creation & fixity ( species is1 & h[ well ! old div9es got on )\t x4 ,dr4 ,w9*ell rem9ds u t ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 7 model evolutioni/s2 &1 :]e au?ority is def]r$ to1 ?is %\ld c\nt = some?+4 ,mr4 ,k+sley's eloqu5t & sugge/ive ,we/m9/] ,s]mons1 9 :i* he t\*es "h & !re ^u _m ( ! topics :i* evolution br+s up1 has incorporat$ into ! preface a pap] :i* he read 9 #ahg;i to a meet+ ( ,london cl]gy at ,sion ,college1 ^u c]ta9 problems ( natural !ology z affect$ by mod]n !ories 9 sci5ce4 ,we may h]eaft] h occasion to ref] to ?is volume4 ,mean:ile1 p]haps we may usefully conclude ?is article ) two or ?ree %ort extracts f x3 ,! ,god :o satisfies our consci5ce ought m or less to satisfy our reason also4 ,to tea* t 0 ,butl]'s mission2 & he fulfill$ x well4 ,b x is a mission :i* has to be refulfill$ aga9 & aga91 z human ?\ght *anges1 & human sci5ce develops1 ,= if1 9 any age or c\ntry1 ! ,god :o seems to be reveal$ by ,nature seems also diff]5t f ! ,god :o is reveal$ by ! !n-popul> religion1 !n t ,god & ! religion :i* tells ( t ,god w gradually cease to be believ$ 94 ,= ! dem&s ( reason--z none knew bett] ?an good ,bi%op ,butl]--mu/ be & ought to be satisfi$4 ,&1 !re=e1 :5 a popul> w> arises betwe5 ! reason ( any g5]ation & its !ology1 !n x behooves ! m9i/]s ( religion to inquire1 ) all humility & godly fe>1 on ^: side lies ! fault2 :e!r ! !ology :i* !y exp\nd is all t x %\ld be1 or :e!r ! reason ( ^? :o impugn x is all t x %\ld be4 ,pron\nc+ x to be ! duty ( ! naturali/ to f9d out ! h[ ( ?+s1 & ( ! natural !ologian to f9d out ! :y1 ,mr4 ,k+sley cont9ues3 ,b if x be said1 ',aft] all1 !re is no :y2 ! doctr9e ( evolution1 by do+ away ) ! !ory ( creation1 does away ) t ( f9al causes1' let u answ] boldly1 ',n 9 ! lea/4' ,we might accept all t ,mr4 ,d>w91 all t ,pr(4 ,huxley1 all t o!r mo/ able m5 h s le>n$ly & acutely writt5 on physical sci5ce1 & yet pres]ve our natural !ology on ! same basis z t on :i* ,butl] & ,paley left x4 ,t we %\ld h to develop x ,i d n d5y4 ,let u r look ) calmness1 & ev5 ) hope & good-w1 on ^! new !ories2 !y surely m>k a t5d5cy t[>d a m1 n a less1 ,scriptural view ( ,nature4 ,( old x 0 said by ,him1 )\t :om no?+ is made1 ',my ,fa!r worke? hi!rto1 & ,i "w4' ,%all we qu>rel ) ,sci5ce if %e %\ld %[ h[ ^! words are true8 ,:at1 9 "o ^w1 %\ld we h to say b ?is3 ',we "k ( old t ,god 0 s wise t he c\ld make all ?+s2 b1 behold1 he is s mu* wis] ?an ev5 t1 t he c make all ?+s make !mselves8' ,,*>les ,,d>w93 ,a ,,sket* 7,nature1 ,june #d1 #ahgd1 accompany+ a portrait7 ,two ,briti% naturali/s1 ,rob]t ,br[n & ,*>les ,d>w91 h1 m ?an any o!rs1 impress$ _! influ5ce ^u sci5ce 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury4 ,unlike z ^! m5 & _! works 7 & are1 we may mo/ readily subs]ve ! pres5t purpose 9 :at we are call$ ^u to say ( ! latt] by briefly comp>+ & contra/+ ! two4 ,rob]t ,br[n di$ sixte5 ye>s ago1 full ( ye>s & sci5tific honors1 & he seems to h f9i%$1 sev]al ye>s e>li]1 all ! sci5tific "w t he _h und]tak54 ,to ! o!r1 ,*>les ,d>w91 a fair numb] ( productive ye>s may yet rema91 & are e>ne/ly hop$ =4 ,bo? enjoy$ ! great advantage ( be+ all _! lives long free f exact+ pr(essional duties or c>es1 & s 7 able 9 ! ma9 to apply !mselves to rese>* )\t di/raction & accord+ to _! b5t4 ,bo?1 at ! beg9n+ ( _! c>e]1 7 atta*$ to exp$itions ( exploration 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :]e !y amass$ ri* /ores ( obs]vation & mat]ials1 & probably /ruck out1 :ile 9 ! field1 "s ( ! be/ ideas :i* !y subsequ5tly develop$4 ,!y work$ 9 diff]5t fields & ^u diff]5t me?ods2 only 9 a s+le in/ance1 s f> z we "k1 h !y h&l$ ! same topic2 & 9 ?is ! m p5etrat+ insight ( ! y\ng] naturali/ into an int]e/+ g5]al problem may be appeal$ to 9 ju/ification ( a comp>ison :i* "s w deem presumptu\s4 ,be ?is z x may1 !re w probably be little diss5t f ! op9ion t ! *>act]i/ic trait common to ! two is an unrival$ sci5tific sagacity4 ,9 ?is ^! two naturali/s seem to u1 ea* 9 8 way1 preem95t4 ,!re is a *>act]i/ic lik5ess1 too--und]ly+ mu* diff]5ce--9 _! admirable mann] ( deal+ ) facts closely1 & at fir/ h&1 )\t ! int]position ( ! =mal laws1 vague ideal conceptions1 or glitt]+ g5]alities :i* "s philosophical naturali/s make l>ge use (4 ,a lik5ess may also be disc]n$ 9 ! way 9 :i* ! "w or contributions ( pr$ecessors & contempor>ies are ref]r$ to4 ,! brief hi/orical summ>ies prefix$ to _m ( ,mr4 ,br[n's pap]s are models ( judicial consci5ti\sness4 ,& ,mr4 ,d>w9's evid5t delight at discov]+ t "s "o else has said 8 good ?+s be=e him1 or has be5 on ! v]ge ( utt]+ !m1 seem+ly equals t ( mak+ ! discov]y himself4 ,x rem9ds "o ( ,goe!'s insi/+ t 8 views 9 morphology mu/ h be5 held be=e him & mu/ be some:]e on record1 s obvi\s did !y appe> to him4 ,consid]+ ! quiet & retir$ lives l$ by bo? ^! m51 & ! prom95t place !y are likely to occupy 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 ! contra/ betwe5 !m z to contempor>y & popul> fame is v rem>kable4 ,:ile ,mr4 ,br[n 0 look$ up to ) ! greate/ rev]5ce by all ! le>n$ botani/s1 he 0 sc>cely he>d ( by any "o else2 & out ( botany he 0 unkn[n to sci5ce except z ! discov]] ( ! ,br[nian motion ( m9ute p>ticles1 :i* discov]y 0 promulgat$ 9 a privately-pr9t$ pamphlet t few h ev] se54 ,al?\gh ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h be5 = tw5ty ye>s well & widely kn[n = 8 ,naturali/'s ,j\rnal1 8 works on ,coral ,isl&s1 on ,volcanic ,isl&s1 & especially = 8 rese>*es on ! ,b>nacles1 x 0 n till ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago t 8 "n became popul>ly fam\s4 ,ev] s9ce no sci5tific "n has be5 s widely spok54 ,_m o!rs h _h hypo!ses or sy/ems nam$ aft] !m1 b no "o else t we "k ( a dep>tm5t ( bibliography4 ,! nature ( 8 late/ rese>*es acc\nts = mo/ ( ! diff]5ce1 b n = all1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species is a fasc9at+ topic1 hav+ int]e/s & connections ) e bran* ( sci5ce1 natural & moral4 ,! inve/igation ( recondite aff9ities is v dry & special2 its que/ions1 processes1 & results alike--al?\gh 9 "p g5]ally pres5table 9 ! %ape ( morphology--are ma9ly1 l ! high] ma!matics1 un9telligible except to ^? :o make !m a subject ( s]i\s /udy4 ,!y are especially s :5 pres5t$ 9 ,mr4 ,br[n's mann]4 ,p]haps no naturali/ ev] record$ ! results ( 8 inve/igations 9 few] words & ) great] precision ?an ,rob]t ,br[n3 c]ta9ly no "o ev] took m pa9s to /ate no?+ beyond ! precise po9t 9 "q4 ,inde$1 we h sometimes fanci$ t he pref]r$ to enwrap r ?an to expla9 8 mean+2 to put x into su* a =m t1 unless y foll[ ,solomon's injunction & dig = ! wisdom z = hid treasure1 y may h>dly appreh5d x until y h f\nd x all out = y\rself1 :5 y w h ! satisfaction ( p]ceiv+ t ,mr4 ,br[n n only knew all ab\t x1 b _h put x ^u record4 ,v diff]5t f ?is is ! way 9 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 takes 8 read]s into 8 confid5ce1 freely displays to !m ! s\rces ( 8 in=mation1 & ! work+ ( 8 m9d1 & ev5 %>es ) !m all 8 d\bts & misgiv+s1 :ile 9 a cle> exposition he sets =? ! reasons :i* h guid$ him to 8 conclusions4 ,^! y may hesitate or decl9e to adopt1 b y feel sure t !y h be5 pres5t$ ) p]fect fairness2 & if y ?9k ( argum5ts aga9/ !m y may be confid5t t !y h all be5 duly consid]$ be=e4 ,! sagacity :i* *>act]izes ^! two naturali/s is se5 9 _! success 9 f9d+ decisive in/ances1 & _! sure insight into ! mean+ ( ?+s4 ,z an in/ance ( ! latt] on ,mr4 ,d>w9's "p1 & a ju/ification ( our v5ture to comp>e him ) ! facile pr9ceps botanicorum1 we w1 9 conclusion1 allude to ! s+le in/ance 9 :i* !y took ! same subject 9 h&4 ,9 8 pap]s on ! organs & modes ( fecundation 9 ,or*ideae & ,asclepiadeae1 ,mr4 ,br[n ref]s m ?an once to ,c4,k4 ,spr5gel's almo/ =gott5 "w1 %[s h[ ! /ructure ( ! fl[]s 9 ^! ord]s l>gely requires ! ag5cy ( insects = _! fecundation1 & is aw>e t 9 ,asclepiadeae 4 4 4 ! insect s readily passes f "o corolla to ano!r t x n unfrequ5tly visits e fl[] ( ! umbel4 ,he mu/ also h contemplat$ ! transport ( poll5 f plant to plant by w9d & insects2 & we "k f ano!r s\rce t he look$ ^u ,spr5gel's ideas z f> f fanta/ic4 ,yet1 in/ead ( tak+ ! s+le =w>d /ep :i* n[ seems s obvi\s1 he ev5 haz>d$ ! conjecture t ! insect-=ms ( "s or*ide\s fl[]s are int5d$ to det] r ?an to attract insects4 ,& s ! explanation ( all ^! & o!r extraord9>y /ructures1 z well z ( ! arrangem5t ( blossoms 9 g5]al1 & ev5 ! v mean+ & ne$ ( sexual propagation1 7 left to be suppli$ by ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,! aphorism ,nature abhors a vacuum is a *>act]i/ic specim5 ( ! sci5ce ( ! middle ages4 ,! aphorism ,nature abhors close f]tilization1 & ! demon/ration ( ! pr9ciple1 belong to our age1 & to ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,to h orig9at$ ?is1 & also ! pr9ciple ( natural selection--! tru?fulness & importance ( :i* are evid5t ! mom5t x is appreh5d$--& to h appli$ ^! pr9ciples to ! sy/em ( ,nature 9 su* a mann] z to make1 )9 a doz5 ye>s1 a deep] impression ^u natural hi/ory ?an has be5 made s9ce ,l9naeus1 is ample title = "o man's fame4 ,!re is no ne$ ( our giv+ any acc\nt or ( e/imat+ ! importance ( su* works z ! ,orig9 ( ,species by means ( ,natural ,selection1 ! ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 ! ,desc5t ( ,man1 & ,selection 9 ,relation to ,sex1 & ! ,expression ( ! ,emotions 9 ,m5 & ,animals--a s]ies to :i* we may hope o!r volumes may 9 due "t be add$4 ,we w\ld r1 if space p]mitt$1 attempt an analysis ( ! less kn[n1 b n less ma/]ly1 subsidi>y essays1 ^u ! v>i\s arrangem5ts = insur+ cross-f]tilization 9 fl[]s1 = ! climb+ ( plants1 & ! l4 ,^!1 z we h he>d1 may be=e long be repr9t$ 9 a volume1 & supplem5t$ by "s long-p5d+ b /ill unf9i%$ inve/igations ^u ! action ( ,dionaea & ,dros]a--a capital subject = ,mr4 ,d>w9's h&l+4 ,a propos to ^! pap]s1 :i* furni% excell5t illu/rations ( x1 let u recognize ,d>w9's great s]vice to natural sci5ce 9 br++ back to x ,teleology2 s t1 in/ead ( ,morphology v]sus ,teleology1 we %all h ,morphology w$d$ to ,teleology4 ,to _m1 no d\bt1 evolution>y ,teleology comes 9 su* a que/ionable %ape z to seem %orn ( all its goodness2 b !y w ?9k bett] ( x 9 "t1 :5 _! ideas become adju/$1 & !y see :at an impetus ! new doctr9es h giv5 to inve/igation4 ,!y are mu* mi/ak5 :o suppose t ,d>w9ism is only ( speculative importance1 & p]haps transi5t int]e/4 ,9 its work+ applications x has prov$ to be a new p[]1 em95tly practical & fruitful4 ,& "h1 aga91 we are b\nd to note a /rik+ contra/ to ,mr4 ,br[n1 greatly z we rev]e 8 memory4 ,he did f> less "w ?an 0 ju/ly to be expect$ f him4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 n only po9ts out ! road1 b labors ^u x indefatigably & unceas+ly4 ,a mo/ comm5dable noblesse oblige assures u t he w g on :ile /r5g? 7w\ld we c\ld add heal?7 rema9s4 ,! va/ am\nt ( su* "w he has already accompli%$ might ov]tax ! p[]s ( ! /ronge/4 ,t x c\ld h be5 done at all "u con/ant infirm heal? is mo/ wond]ful4 ,x ,,insectivor\s ,,plants 7,! ,nation1 ,april #b & #i1 #ahgd7 ,t animals %\ld fe$ ^u plants is natural & normal1 & ! rev]se seems impossible4 ,b ! adage1 ,natura non agit saltatim1 has its application ev5 "h4 ,x is ! naturali/1 r ?an ,nature1 t draws h>d & fa/ l9es ev]y:]e1 & m>ks out abrupt b\nd>ies :]e %e %ades (f ) gradations4 ,h[ev] opposite ! p>ts :i* animals & vegetables play 9 ! economy ( ! _w z ! two oppos$ k+doms ( organic ,nature1 x is becom+ m & m obvi\s t !y are n only two contigu\s k+doms1 b are p>ts ( "o :ole--anti!tical & complem5t>y to ea* o!r1 inde$2 b su* ?9 p>titions d ! b\nds divide t no def9itions yet fram$ hold good )\t exception4 ,?is is a _w ( transition 9 m s5ses ?an is commonly ?\ght2 & "o ( ! lessons :i* ! philosophical naturali/ le>ns1 or has to le>n1 is1 t diff]5ces ! mo/ wide & real 9 ! ma91 & ! mo/ ess5tial1 may nev]!less be "h & !re connect$ or bridg$ ov] by gradations4 ,!re is a limbo fill$ ) organisms :i* nev] rise high en\gh 9 ! scale to be manife/ly ei!r animal or plant1 unless x may be said ( "s ( !m t !y are ea* 9 turn & nei!r long4 ,!re are und\bt$ animals :i* produce ! ess5tial mat]ial ( vegetable fabric1 or build up a "p ( _! /ructure ( x1 or elaborate ! *>act]i/ic leaf-gre5 :i*1 "u sol> light1 assimilates inorganic into organic matt]1 ! mo/ di/+ui%+ function ( vegetation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are plants--microscopic1 inde$1 b unque/ionable--:i* move spontane\sly & freely ar\nd & among animals t are fix$ & root$4 ,&1 to come )\t fur!r p>ley to ! matt] 9 h&1 :ile ! majority ( animals fe$ directly ^u plants1 = 'tis _! nature to1 !re are plants :i* turn ! tables & fe$ ^u !m4 ,"s1 be+ p>asitic ^u liv+ animals1 fe$ insidi\sly & furtively2 ^!1 al?\gh really cases 9 po9t1 are n s extraord9>y1 &1 z !y belong to ! l[] ord]s1 !y are n mu* reg>d$1 except = ! h>m !y d4 ,!re are o!rs1 & ^? ( ! highe/ ord]s1 :i* lure or entrap animals 9 ways :i* may well excite our special wond]--all ! m s s9ce we are n[ l$ to conclude t !y n only capture b consume _! prey4 ,z respects ! two or ?ree mo/ notable in/ances1 ! conclusions :i* h be5 rea*$ are among ! v rec5t acquisitions ( physiological sci5ce4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 h[ev]1 n[ t !y are made out1 x appe>s t !y 7 9 good "p long ago atta9$1 record$1 & ma9ly =gott54 ,! e>li] obs]vations & surmises %>$ ! common fate ( discov]ies made be=e ! "t1 or by ^? :o 7 n sagaci\s en\gh to br+ out _! full mean+ or importance4 ,vegetable morphology1 dimly appreh5d$ by ,l9naeus1 initiat$ by ,casp] ,fr$]ick ,wolff1 & aga91 indep5d5tly 9 successive g5]ations1 by ,goe! & by ,de ,c&olle1 (f]s a p>allel in/ance4 ,! botani/s ( ,goe!'s day c\ld n see any s5se1 advantage1 or practical application1 to be made ( ! proposition t ! p>ts ( a blossom answ] to leaves2 & s ! /udy ( homologies _h long to wait4 ,until lately x appe>$ to be ( no consequ5ce :atev] 7except1 p]haps1 to ! insects7 :e!r ,dros]a & ,s>rac5ia caught flies or n2 & ev5 ,dionaea excit$ only unreflect+ wond] z a vegetable anomaly4 ,z if !re 7 real anomalies 9 ,nature1 & "s "o plant possess$ extraord9>y p[]s d5i$ to all o!rs1 & 7z 0 suppos$7 ( no importance to itself6 ,t mo/ exp]t ( fly-cat*]s1 ,dionaea1 ( :i* s mu* has be5 writt5 & s little kn[n until lately1 came v ne> reveal+ its secret to ,sol&] & ,ellis a hundr$ ye>s ago1 & d\btless to ,john ,b>tram1 our botanical pione]1 its ,c probable discov]]1 :o s5t x to ,europe4 ,ellis1 9 8 publi%$ lett] to ,l9naeus1 ) :i* ! hi/ory beg9s1 describ$ ! /ructure & action ( ! liv+ trap correctly2 notic$ t ! irritability :i* call$ =? ! quick movem5t clos+ ! trap1 entirely resid$ 9 ! few small bri/les ( its upp] face2 t ?is :ole surface 0 /udd$ ,c ) gl&s1 :i* probably secret$ a liquid2 & t ! trap did n op5 aga9 :5 an insect 0 captur$1 ev5 ^u ! dea? ( ! captive1 al?\gh x op5$ v soon :5 no?+ 0 caught1 or :5 ! irritation 0 caus$ by a bit ( /raw1 or any su* sub/ance4 ,x 0 ,l9naeus :o orig9at$ ! contr>y & errone\s /atem5t1 :i* has long prevail$ 9 ! books1 t ! trap reop5$ :5 ! fatigu$ captive became quiet1 & let x g2 z if ! plant caught flies 9 m]e play & pa/ime6 ,l9naeus also omitt$ all allusion to a secret$ liquid--:i* 0 ju/ifiable1 z4 ,ellis does n /ate t he _h actually se5 any2 &1 if he did see x1 q mi/ook its use1 suppos+ x to be1 l ! nect> ( fl[]s1 a lure = insects1 a bait = ! trap4 ,:]eas1 9 fact1 ! lure1 if !re be any1 mu/ be an odor 7al?\gh no?+ is p]ceptible to ! human olfactories72 = ! liquid secret$ by ! gl&s nev] appe>s until ! trap has clos$ ^u "s insect1 & held x at lea/ = "s h\rs a prison]4 ,)9 tw5ty-f\r or =ty-eight h\rs ?is glairy liquid is abundant1 ba?+ & mac]at+ ! body ( ! p]i%$ insect4 ,its analogue is n ! nect> ( fl[]s1 b ! saliva or ! ga/ric juice6 ,! obs]vations :i* compel su* an inf]5ce are re-c5t1 & ! sub/ance ( !m may be briefly /at$4 ,! late ,rev4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,a4 ,curtis 7by ^: dea?1 two ye>s ago1 we lo/ "o ( our be/ botani/s1 & ! ma/] 9 8 especial l9e1 mycology71 =ty ye>s & m ago resid$ at ,wilm+ton1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 9 ! mid/ ( ! only di/rict to :i* ! ,dionaea is native2 & he publi%$1 9 #ahcd1 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 by f> ! be/ acc\nt ( ?is s+ul> plant :i* _h !n appe>$4 ,he rem>ks t ! little prison] is n cru%$ & sudd5ly de/roy$1 z is sometimes suppos$1 = he _h (t5 lib]at$ captive flies & spid]s1 :i* sp$ away z fa/ z fe> or joy c\ld ha/5 !m4 ,b he neglect$ to /ate1 al?\gh he mu/ h notic$ ! fact1 t ! two sides ( ! trap1 at fir/ concave to ! conta9$ insect1 at l5g? flatt5 & close d[n firmly ^u ! prey1 ex]t+ no inconsid]able pressure1 & insur+ ! dea? ( any s(t-bodi$ insect1 if x _h n already succumb$ to ! conf9em5t & salivation4 ,?is la/ ,dr4 ,curtis notic$1 & fir/ disc]n$ its import1 al?\gh he hesitat$ to pron\nce ^u its univ]sality4 ,t ! captur$ insects 7 9 "s way made subs]vi5t to ! n\ri%m5t ( ! plant _h be5 conjectur$ f ! fir/4 ,dr4 ,curtis at times 7& he might h always at ! prop] "t7 f\nd !m envelop$ 9 a fluid ( mucilag9\s consi/5ce1 :i* seems to act z a solv5t1 ! insects be+ m or less consum$ 9 x4 ,?is 0 v]ifi$ & ! dige/ive "* ( ! liquid well-nigh demon/rat$ six or sev5 ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,canby1 ( ,wilm+ton1 ,delaw>e1 :o1 ^u a visit to ! si/]-t[n ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & aft]w>d at 8 home1 foll[$ up ,dr4 ,curtis's sugge/ions ) "s capital obs]vations & exp]im5ts4 ,^! 7 publi%$ at ,philadelphia 9 ! t5? volume ( ,meehan's ,g>d5]s' ,mon?ly1 ,augu/1 i#hfh2 b !y d n appe> to h attract$ ! att5tion :i* !y m]it$4 ,! po9ts :i* ,mr4 ,canby made out are1 t ?is fluid is always p\r$ out ar\nd ! captur$ insect 9 due "t1 if ! leaf is 9 good condition & ! prey suitable2 t x comes f ! leaf itself1 & n f ! decompos+ insect 7=1 :5 ! trap caught a plum-curculio1 ! fluid 0 p\r$ out :ile he 0 /ill alive1 ?\gh v weak1 & endeavor+1 ineffectively1 to eat 8 way out72 t bits ( raw beef1 al?\gh sometimes reject$ aft] a :ile1 7 g5]ally act$ ^u 9 ! same mann]--i4e41 clos$ d[n ^u tightly1 salv]$ ) ! liquid1 dissolv$ ma9ly1 & absorb$2 s t1 9 f9e1 ! fluid may well be said to be analog\s to ! ga/ric juice ( animals1 dissolv+ ! prey & r5d]+ x fit = absorption by ! leaf4 ,_m leaves rema9 inactive or sl[ly die away aft] "o meal2 o!rs reop5 = a second & p]haps ev5 a ?ird capture1 & are at lea/ capable ( dige/+ a second meal4 ,be=e ,mr4 ,canby's exp]im5ts _h be5 made1 we 7 aw>e t a simil> s]ies _h be5 made 9 ,engl& by ,mr4 ,d>w91 ) ! same results1 & ) a small b highly-curi\s additional "o--namely1 t ! fluid secret$ 9 ! trap ( ,dionaea1 l ! ga/ric juice1 has an acid reaction4 ,hav+ begun to m5tion unpubli%$ results 7too long all[$ to rema9 s71 x may be well1 "u ! circum/ances1 to ref] to a /ill m rem>kable exp]im5t by ! same mo/ sagaci\s inve/igator4 ,by a prick ) a %>p lancet at a c]ta9 po9t1 he has be5 able to p>alyze "o-half ( ! leaf-trap1 s t x rema9$ motionless "u ! /imulus to :i* ! o!r half respond$4 ,su* high & s5sitive organization entails correspond+ ailm5ts4 ,mr4 ,canby tells u t he gave to "o ( 8 ,dionaea-subjects a fatal dyspepsia by fe$+ x ) *eese2 & "u ,mr4 ,d>w9's h&s ano!r suff]s f p>aplegia4 ,f9ally1 ,dr4 ,burdon-,s&]son's exp]im5ts1 detail$ at ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 %[ t ! same electrical curr5ts are develop$ ^u ! clos+ ( ! ,dionaea-trap z 9 ! contraction ( a muscle4 ,if ! ,v5us's ,fly-trap /ood alone1 x w\ld be d\bly m>vel\s--fir/1 on acc\nt ( its c>nivor\s prop5sities1 & !n z con/itut+ a real anomaly 9 organic ,nature1 to :i* no?+ leads up4 ,be=e acquiesc+ 9 su* a conclusion1 ! mod]n naturali/ w\ld scrut9ize its relatives4 ,n[1 ! ne>e/ relatives ( our vegetable wond] are ! sundews4 ,:ile ,dionaea is z local 9 habitation z x is s+ul> 9 /ructure & habits1 ! ,dros]as or sundews are widely diffus$ ov] ! _w & num]\s 9 species4 ,! two ^: captivat+ habits h attract$ att5tion ab\nd 9 bogs all ar\nd ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,t flies are caught by !m is a matt] ( common obs]vation2 b ?is 0 ?\ght to be purely accid5tal4 ,!y spread out f ! root a circle ( small leaves1 ! upp] face ( :i* especially is beset & ! m>g9 fr+$ ) /\t bri/les 7or :at seem to be su*1 al?\gh ! /ructure is m complex71 tipp$ by a secret+ gl&1 :i* produces1 :ile 9 vigor\s /ate1 a globule ( cle> liquid l a drop ( dew-- :5ce ! "n1 bo? ,greek & ,engli%4 ,"o expects ^! seem+ dew-drops to be dissipat$ by ! morn+ sun2 b !y rema9 unaffect$4 ,a t\* %[s t ! gli/5+ drops are glut9\s & extremely t5aci\s1 z flies le>n to _! co/ on alight+1 p]haps to sip ! tempt+ liquid1 :i* acts fir/ z a decoy & !n l birdlime4 ,a small fly is held s fa/1 & 9 its /ruggles comes 9 contact ) s _m ( ^! glut9\s globules1 t x seldom escapes4 ,! result is mu* ! same to ! insect1 :e!r captur$ 9 ! trap ( ,dionaea or /uck fa/ to ! lim$ bri/les ( ,dros]a4 ,z !re are v>i\s plants ^u ^: gl&ul> hairs or glut9\s surfaces small insects are habitually caught & p]i%1 x might be pure co9cid5ce t ! mo/ effectual arrangem5t ( ! k9d happ5s to occur 9 ! ne>e/ relatives ( ,dionaea4 ,ro?1 a ke5 ,g]man botani/ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 ! fir/ to detect1 or at lea/ to record1 "s evid5ce ( int5tion 9 ,dros]a1 & to comp>e its action ) t ( ,dionaea1 :i*1 ?r\gh ,ellis's acc\nt1 _h %ortly be=e be5 made kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,he notic$ ! tell+ fact t n only ! bri/les :i* ! un=tunate insect _h come 9 contact )1 b also ! surr\nd+ r[s1 be=e widely spread+1 curv$ inw>d "o by "o1 al?\gh !y _h n be5 t\*$1 s z )9 a few h\rs to press _! glut9\s tips likewise aga9/ ! body ( ! captive insect--?us d\bl+ or quadrupl+ ! bonds ( ! victim & 7z we may n[ suspect7 ! surfaces ?r\gh :i* "s "p ( ! animal sub/ance may be imbib$4 ,= ,ro? surmis$ t bo? ^! plants 71 9 _! way1 pr$ace\s4 ,he ev5 obs]v$ t ! disk ( ! ,dros]a-leaf itself (t5 became concave & envelop$ ! prey4 ,^! facts1 al?\gh m5tion$ n[ & !n 9 "s succe$+ works1 7 g5]ally =gott51 except t ( ! adhesion ( small insects to ! leaves ( sundews1 :i* mu/ h be5 obs]v$ 9 e g5]ation4 ,up to & ev5 )9 a few ye>s pa/1 if any ref]5ce 0 made to ^! ass]t$ movem5ts 7z by su* em95t physiologi/s z ,mey5 & ,treviranus7 x 0 to discr$it !m4 ,n because !y are difficult to v]ify1 b because1 be+ naturally ?\ght improbable1 x 0 easi] to d5y or ignore !m4 ,s completely _h ! k ( almo/ a c5tury ago di$ out 9 lat] ye>s t1 :5 ! subject 0 tak5 up anew 9 our days by ,mr4 ,d>w91 he _h1 z we rememb]1 to adv]tise = x1 by s5d+ a note & qu]y to ! magaz9es1 ask+ :]e any acc\nt ( ! fly-cat*+ ( ! leaves ( sundew 0 record$4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 takes a matt] ( ?is sort 9 h&1 he is n likely to leave x :]e he f\nd x4 ,he n only confirm$ all ,ro?'s obs]vations z to ! incurv+ ( ! bri/les t[>d & ^u an insect entangl$ on any "p ( ! disk ( ! leaf1 b also f\nd t !y respond$ simil>ly to a bit ( muscle or o!r animal sub/ance1 :ile to any p>ticles ( inorganic matt] !y 7 ne>ly indiff]5t4 ,to m9ute fragm5ts ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 h[ev]1 !y 7 m responsive4 ,z ^! rem>kable results1 atta9$ 7z we are able to atte/7 half a doz5 ye>s ago1 rema9$ unpubli%$ 7be+ portions ( an inve/igation n yet complet$71 x w\ld h be5 h>dly prop] to m5tion !m1 7 x n t indep5d5t obs]v]s 7 beg9n+ to br+ out ! same or simil> facts4 ,mrs4 ,treat1 ( ,new ,j]sey1 notic$ ! habitual infold+ ( ! leaf 9 ! long]-leav$ species ( sundew 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = ,novemb]1 #ahga71 z 0 !n ?\ght = ! fir/ "t--,ro?'s & ,)]+'s obs]vations n hav+ be5 look$ up4 ,9 record+ ?is1 ! next ye>1 9 a v little book1 entitl$ ,h[ ,plants ,behave1 ! opportunity 0 tak5 to m5tion1 9 ! briefe/ way1 ! capital discov]y ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 t ! leaves ( ,dros]a act diff]5tly :5 diff]5t objects are plac$ ^u !m1 ! bri/les clos+ ^u a p>ticle ( raw meat z ^u a liv+ insect1 :ile to a p>ticle ( *alk or wood !y are ne>ly inactive4 ,! same facts 7 indep5d5tly br\ght out by ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,b5nett at ! la/ ye>'s meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 & h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! j\rnals4 ,if to ^! /atem5ts1 :i* we may c]tify1 7 add$ "s f> m extraord9>y ones1 communicat$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ce 9 ,may la/ by ,m4 ,zeigl]1 a /rang] /ory ( discrim9ation on ! "p ( sundew-bri/les w\ld be told4 ,b x is saf] to wait = ! report ( ! committee to :i* ^! m>vels 7 ref]r$1 & conclude ?is suffici5tly /range ev5tful hi/ory ) "s details ( exp]im5ts made la/ summ] by ,mrs4 ,treat1 ( ,new ,j]sey1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,decemb] numb] ( ! ,am]ican ,naturali/4 ,x is well to note t ,mrs4 ,treat selects = publication ! obs]vations ( "o p>ticul> day 9 ,july1 :5 ! sundew-leaves 7 unusually active2 = _! moods v>y ) ! wea!r1 & also 9 o!r unacc\ntable ways1 al?\gh 9 g5]al ! sultri] days are ! mo/ appetiz+3 ,at fifte5 m9utes pa/ t5 ( ! same day ,i plac$ bits ( raw beef on "s ( ! mo/ vigor\s leaves ( ,dros]a longifolia4 ,t5 m9utes pa/ twelve1 two ( ! leaves _h fold$ ar\nd ! beef1 hid+ x f sight4 ,half-pa/ elev5 ( ! same day1 ,i plac$ liv+ flies on ! leaves ( ,d4 longifolia4 ,at #ab & #dh m9utes "o ( ! leaves _h fold$ entirely ar\nd its victim1 ! o!r leaves _h p>tially fold$1 & ! flies _h ceas$ to /ruggle4 ,by #b & #cj m9utes f\r leaves _h ea* fold$ ar\nd a fly4 4 4 4 ,i tri$ m9]al sub/ances--bits ( dry *alk1 magnesia1 & pebbles4 ,9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 nei!r ! leaves nor _! bri/les _h made any move l clasp+ ^! articles4 ,i wet a piece ( *alk 9 wat]1 & 9 less ?an an h\r ! bri/les 7 curv+ ab\t x1 b soon unfold$ aga91 leav+ ! *alk free on ! blade ( ! leaf4 ,p>allel exp]im5ts made on ,d4 rotundifolia1 ) bits ( beef & ( *alk1 gave ! same results z to ! action ( ! bri/les2 :ile ) a piece ( raw apple1 aft] elev5 h\rs1 "p ( ! bri/les 7 clasp+ x1 b n s closely z ! beef1 & 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ne>ly all ! bri/les 7 curv$ t[>d x1 b n _m ( ! gl&s 7 t\*+ x4 ,to make su* obs]vations is z easy z x is int]e/+4 ,?r\gh\t ! summ] "o has only to transf] plants ( ,dros]a f ! bogs into pots or pans fill$ ) wet moss--if ne$ be1 all[+ !m to become e/abli%$ 9 ! some:at *ang$ conditions1 or ev5 to put out fre% leaves--& to wat* _! action or exp$ite x by plac+ small flies ^u ! disk ( ! leaves4 ,! m common r\nd-leav$ sundew acts z well z ! o!r by its bri/les1 & ! leaf itself is sometimes almo/ equally preh5sile1 al?\gh 9 a diff]5t way1 infold+ ! :ole bord] in/ead ( ! summit only4 ,v curi\s1 & ev5 some:at pa9ful1 is ! sight :5 a fly1 alight+ ^u ! c5tral dew-tipp$ bri/les1 is held z fa/ z by a spid]'s web2 :ile ! ef=ts to escape n only entangle ! insect m hopelessly z !y exhau/ its /r5g?1 b call into action ! surr\nd+ bri/les1 :i*1 "o by "o1 add to ! numb] ( ! bonds1 ea* by itself app>5tly feeble1 b 9 _! comb9ation s effectual t ! fly may be lik5$ to ! sleep+ ,gulliv] made fa/ 9 ! t9y b multitud9\s toils ( ! ,liliputians4 ,anybody :o c believe t su* an app>atus 0 n int5d$ to capture flies might say ! same ( a spid]'s web4 ,is ! int5tion "h to be ?\ght any ! less real because !re are o!r species ( ,dros]a :i* are n s p]fectly adapt$ = fly-cat*+1 ow+ to ! =m ( _! leaves & ! p>tial or total want ( coop]ation ( _! scatt]$ bri/les8 ,"o su* species1 ,d4 fili=mis1 ! ?read-leav$ sundew1 is n uncommon 9 ?is c\ntry1 bo? nor? & s\? ( ! di/rict t ,dionaea locally inhabits4 ,its leaves are long & ?read-%ap$1 beset ?r\gh\t ) glut9\s gl&-tipp$ bri/les1 b :olly de/itute ( a blade4 ,flies1 ev5 l>ge ones1 & ev5 mo?s & butt]flies1 z ,mrs4 ,treat & ,mr4 ,canby affirm 79 ! ,am]ican ,naturali/71 get /uck fa/ to ^! bri/les1 :5ce !y seldom escape4 ,accid5tal z su* captures are1 ev5 ^! ?read-%ap$ leaves respond m or less to ! contact1 some:at 9 ! mann] ( _! bre?r54 ,9 ,mr4 ,canby's rec5t & simple exp]im5t1 made at ,mr4 ,d>w9's sugge/ion1 :5 a small fly alights ^u a leaf a little bel[ its sl5d] apex1 or :5 a bit ( cru%$ fly is !re affix$1 )9 a few h\rs ! tip ( ! leaf b5ds at ! po9t ( contact1 & curls ov] or ar\nd ! body 9 "q2 & ,mrs4 ,treat ev5 f\nd t :5 liv+ flies 7 p9n$ at half an in* 9 di/ance f ! leaves1 ^! 9 =ty m9utes _h b5t _! tips p]ceptibly t[>d ! flies1 & 9 less ?an two h\rs rea*$ !m6 ,if ?is be confirm$--& su* a /atem5t ne$s ample confirmation--!n x may be suspect$ t ^! sl5d] leaves n only incurve aft] prolong$ contact1 j z d ! leaf-/alks ( _m climb]s1 b also make free & indep5d5t circul> sweeps1 9 ! mann] ( tw9+ /ems & ( _m t5drils4 ,correlat$ movem5ts l ^! indicate purpose4 ,:5 p]=m$ by climb+ plants1 ! object & ! advantage are obvi\s4 ,t ! app>atus & ! actions ( ,dionaea & ,dros]a are purposeless & )\t advantage to ! plants !mselves1 _m h be5 believ$ 9 =m] days1 :5 x 0 likewise conceiv$ t abortive & functionless organs 7 specially creat$ = ! sake ( symmetry & to display a plan2 b ?is is n accord+ to ! g5ius ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,9 ! cases ( insecticide next to be consid]$1 su* evid5ce ( int5t is want+1 b o!r & circum/antial evid5ce may be _h1 suffici5t to w>rant convictions4 ,s>rac5ias h holl[ leaves 9 ! =m ( pit*]s or trumpet-%ap$ tubes1 conta9+ wat]1 9 :i* flies & o!r insects are habitually dr[n$4 ,!y are all natives ( ! ea/]n side ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 gr[+ 9 bogs or l[ gr\nd1 s t !y _c be suppos$ to ne$ ! wat] z su*4 ,inde$1 !y secrete a "p if n all ( x4 ,! commone/ species1 & ! only "o at ! ,nor?1 :i* ranges f ,newf\ndl& to ,florida1 has a broad-m\!d pit*] ) an upright lid1 into :i* ra9 mu/ ne$s fall m or less4 ,! yell[ ,s>rac5ia1 ) long tubul> leaves1 call$ trumpets 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 has an ar*+ or p>tly upright lid1 rais$ well above ! orifice1 s t "s wat] may ra9 92 b a portion is c]ta9ly secret$ !re1 & may be se5 b$ew+ ! sides & collect$ at ! bottom be=e ! m\? op5s4 ,9 o!r species1 ! orifice is s completely ov]>*$ z ess5tially to prev5t ! access ( wat] f )\t4 ,9 ^! tubes1 ma9ly 9 ! wat]1 flies & o!r insects accumulate1 p]i%1 & decompose4 ,flies ?r[n into ! op5-m\!d tube ( ! yell[ ,s>rac5ia1 ev5 :5 free f wat]1 are unable to get out--"o h>dly sees :y1 except t !y _c fly directly upw>d2 & microscopic *evaux-de-frise ( f9e1 %>p-po9t$ bri/les :i* l9e mo/ ( ! int]ior1 po9t+ /rictly d[nw>d1 may be a m effectual ob/acle to crawl+ up ! sides ?an "o w\ld ?9k possible4 ,on ! inside ( ! lid or hood ( ! purple ,nor!rn species1 ! bri/les are mu* /rong]2 b an insect might escape by ! front )\t enc\nt]+ ^!4 ,9 ?is species1 ! pit*]s1 h[ev]1 are s well suppli$ ) wat] t ! insects :i* someh[ are mo/ abundantly attract$ ?i!r are effectually dr[n$1 & ! cont5ts all summ] long are 9 ! condition ( a ri* liquid manure4 ,t ! tubes or pit*]s ( ! ,s\!rn species are equally attractive & fatal to flies is well kn[n4 ,inde$1 !y are said to be tak5 into h\ses & us$ z fly-traps4 ,!re is no p]ceptible odor to draw insects1 except :at arises f ! decomposition ( mac]at$ victims2 nor is any k9d ( lure to be detect$ at ! m\? ( ! pit*] ( ! common purple-fl[]$ species4 ,"s incr$ulity 0 !re=e natural :5 x 0 /at$ by a ,c>ol9ian correspond5t 7,mr4 ,b4,f4 ,grady7 t 9 ! long-leav$1 yell[-fl[]$ species ! lid j above ! m\? ( ! tubul> pit*] habitually secretes drops ( a sweet & viscid liquid1 :i* attracts flies & app>5tly intoxicates !m1 s9ce ^? t sip x soon become un/eady 9 gait & mo/ly fall irretrievably into ! well b5ea?4 ,b ^u cultivat+ plants ( ?is species1 obta9$ = ! purpose1 ! exi/5ce ( ?is lure 0 abundantly v]ifi$2 &1 al?\gh we _c v\* = its inebriat+ quality1 we c no long] reg>d x z unlikely4 ,no soon] 0 x ?us asc]ta9$ t at lea/ "o species ( ,s>rac5ia allures flies to _! ru9 ?an x began to appe> t--j z 9 ! case ( ,dros]a--mo/ ( ?is 0 a m]e revival ( obsolete k4 ,! insect-de/roy+ process 0 kn[n & well describ$ sixty ye>s ago1 ! "p play$ by ! sweet exudation indicat$1 & ev5 ! intoxication p]haps h9t$ at1 al?\gh evid5tly little ?\ght ( 9 ^? ante-temp]ance days4 ,dr4 ,james ,macbride1 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a--! e>ly associate ( ,elliott 9 8 ,botany ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia1 & to ^: dea?1 at ! age ( ?irty-?ree1 cutt+ %ort a life ( rem>kable promise1 ! latt] t\*+ly alludes 9 ! preface to 8 second volume--s5t to ,sir ,james ,edw>d ,smi? an acc\nt ( 8 obs]vations ^u ?is subject1 made 9 #ahaj & ! foll[+ ye>s4 ,?is 0 read to ! ,l9naean ,society 9 #ahae1 & publi%$ 9 ! twelf? volume ( its ,transactions4 ,f ?is =gott5 pap] 7to :i* att5tion has lately be5 recall$7 we cull ! foll[+ extracts1 premis+ t ! obs]vations mo/ly relate to a ?ird species1 ,s>rac5ia adunca1 alias v>iol>is1 :i* is said to be ! mo/ effici5t fly-cat*] ( ! k9d3 ,if1 9 ! mon?s ( ,may1 ,june1 or ,july1 :5 ! leaves ( ^? plants p]=m _! extraord9>y functions 9 ! greate/ p]fection1 "s ( !m be remov$ to a h\se & fix$ 9 an erect position1 x w soon be p]ceiv$ t flies are attract$ by !m4 ,^! insects imm$iately approa* ! fauces ( ! leaves1 &1 lean+ ov] _! edges1 appe> to sip ) eag]ness some?+ f _! int]nal surfaces4 ,9 ?is position !y l+]2 b at l5g?1 allur$ z x w\ld seem by ! pleasure ( ta/e1 !y ent] ! tubes4 ,! fly :i* has ?us *ang$ its situation w be se5 to /& un/eadily2 x tott]s = a few seconds1 slips1 & falls to ! bottom ( ! tube1 :]e x is ei!r dr[n$ or attempts 9 va9 to asc5d aga9/ ! po9ts ( ! hairs4 ,! fly seldom takes w+ 9 its fall & escapes4 4 4 4 9 a h\se mu* infe/$ ) flies1 ?is entrapm5t goes on s rapidly t a tube is fill$ 9 a few h\rs1 & x becomes necess>y to add wat]1 ! natural quantity be+ insuffici5t to dr[n ! imprison$ insects4 ,! leaves ( ,s4 adunca & rubra might well be employ$ z fly-cat*]s2 inde$1 ,i am cr$ibly in=m$ !y are 9 "s neighborhoods4 ,! leaves ( ! ,s4 flava ! species to :i* our =ego+ rem>ks ma9ly relate1 al?\gh !y are v capaci\s1 & (t5 gr[ to ! height ( ?ree feet or m1 are nev] f\nd to conta9 s _m insects z ^? ( ! species above m5tion$4 ,! cause :i* attracts flies is evid5tly a sweet1 viscid sub/ance resembl+ honey1 secret$ by or exud+ f ! int]nal surface ( ! tube 4 4 4 ,f ! m>g91 :]e x comm5ces1 x does n ext5d l[] ?an "o-f\r? ( an in*4 ,! fall+ ( ! insect z soon z x ent]s ! tube is :olly attributable to ! d[nw>d or inv]t$ position ( ! hairs ( ! int]nal surface ( ! leaf4 ,at ! bottom ( a tube split op51 ! hairs are pla9ly disc]nible po9t+ d[nw>d2 z ! eye ranges upw>d1 !y gradually become %ort] & att5uat$1 till at or j bel[ ! surface cov]$ by ! bait !y are no long] p]ceptible to ! nak$ eye nor to ! mo/ delicate t\*4 ,x is "h t ! fly _c take a hold suffici5tly /rong to support itself1 b falls4 ,! 94 ability ( insects to crawl up aga9/ ! po9ts ( ! hairs ,i h (t5 te/$ 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]4 ,f ! la/ p>agraph x may be inf]r$ t ,dr4 ,macbride did n suspect any inebriat+ prop]ty 9 ! nect>1 & 9 a clos+ note !re is a conjecture ( an impalpable loose p[d] 9 ,s4 flava1 at ! place :]e ! fly /&s s un/eadily1 & f :i* x is suppos$ to slide4 ,we incl9e to take ,mr4 ,grady's view ( ! case4 ,! complete oblivion into :i* ?is pap] & ! :ole subject _h fall5 is ! m rem>kable :5 x is se5 t bo? are briefly b explicitly ref]r$ to 9 ,elliott's book1 ) :i* botani/s are famili>4 ,x is n s wond]ful t ! f> e>li] allusion to ^! facts by ! y\ng] ,b>tram %\ld h be5 ov]look$ or disreg>d$4 ,) ! g5u9e love ( ,nature & fondness = exploration1 ',william ,b>tram did n inh]it ! simplicity ( 8 fa!r1 ! e>lie/ native botani/ ( ?is c\ntry4 ,f9e writ+ 0 8 foible2 & ! preface to 8 well-kn[n ,travels 7publi%$ at ,philadelphia 9 #agia7 is its full-bl[n illu/ration1 sometimes p]haps des]v+ ! epi!t :i* he applies to ! palms ( ,florida--t ( pomposity4 ,9 ?is preface he decl>es t all ! ,s>rac5ias are insect-cat*]s1 & s is ! ,dros]a rotundifolia4 ,:e!r ! insects caught 9 _! leaves1 & :i* dissolve & mix ) ! fluid1 s]ve = alim5t or support to ^! k9d ( plants is d\btful1 he ?9ks1 b he %\ld be cr$it$ ) ! sugge/ion4 ,9 "o s5t5ce he speaks ( ! quantities ( insects :i*1 be+ invit$ d[n to sip ! melliflu\s exuvia f ! int]ior surface ( ! tube1 :]e !y inevitably p]i%1 be+ prev5t$ f return+ by ! /iff hairs all po9t+ d[nw>d4 ,?is1 if x ref]s to ! sweet secretion1 w\ld place x bel[1 & n1 z x is1 above ! bri/ly surface1 :ile ! liquid bel[1 *>g$ ) decompos+ insects1 is decl>$ 9 an e>li] s5t5ce to be cool & animat+1 limpid z ! morn+ dew4 ,b>tram 0 evid5tly writ+ f memory2 & x is v d\btful if he ev] di/9ctly recogniz$ ! sweet exudation :i* entices insects4 ,:y %\ld ^! plants take to organic food m ?an o!rs8 ,if we _c answ] ! "q1 we may make a probable /ep t[>d x4 ,= plants t are n p>asitic1 ^!1 especially ! sundews1 h mu* less ?an ! ord9>y am\nt ( *lorophyll--t is1 ( ! univ]sal leaf-gre5 ^u :i* ! =mation ( organic matt] out ( inorganic mat]ials dep5ds4 ,^! take x in/ead ( mak+ x1 to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,:at is ! be>+ ( ^! rem>kable adaptations & op]ations ^u doctr9es ( evolution8 ,!re seems "h to be a field on :i* ! specific creationi/1 ! evolutioni/ ) design1 & ! necess>y evolutioni/1 may fight out an int]e/+1 if n decisive1 triangul> duel4 ,,xi ,,insectivor\s ,,& ,,climb+ ,,plants ,,xi-#a 7,! ,nation1 ,janu>y #f & #ac1 #ahgf7 ,m9]als gr[2 vegetables gr[ & live2 animals gr[1 live1 & feel2 ?is is ! well-worn1 n to say out-worn1 diagnosis ( ! ?ree k+doms by ,l9naeus4 ,x mu/ be said ( x t ! agreem5t indicat$ 9 ! fir/ c\plet is unreal1 & t ! di/9ction decl>$ 9 ! second is evanesc5t4 ,cry/als d n gr[ at all 9 ! s5se t plants & animals gr[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a response to ext]nal impressions by special movem5ts is evid5ce ( feel+1 vegetables %>e ?is end[m5t ) animals2 :ile1 if consci\s feel+ is meant1 ?is c be affirm$ only ( ! high] animals4 ,:at appe>s to rema9 true is1 t ! diff]5ce is "o ( successive addition4 ,t ! increm5t 9 ! organic _w is ( _m /eps2 t 9 ! long s]ies no absolute l9es sep>ate1 or h always sep>at$1 organisms :i* b>ely respond to impressions f ^? :i* m actively & v>i\sly respond1 & ev5 f ^? t consci\sly s respond--?is1 z we all "k1 is :at ! au?or ( ! works be=e u has und]tak5 to demon/rate4 ,)\t ref]5ce "h ei!r to t "p ( ! s]ies ) :i* man is connect$1 & 9 "s s5se or o!r =ms a "p (1 or to t l[] limbo :]e ! two organic k+doms app>5tly m]ge--or :5ce1 9 evolution>y phrase1 !y h em]g$--,mr4 ,d>w91 9 ! pres5t volumes1 directs our att5tion to ! behavior ( ! highe/ plants alone4 ,he %[s t "s 7& he might add t all7 ( !m execute movem5ts = _! own advantage1 & t "s capture & dige/ liv+ prey4 ,:5 plants are se5 to move & to dev\r1 :at faculties are left t are di/9ctively animal8 ,z to insectivor\s or o!rwise c>nivor\s plants1 we h s rec5tly "h discuss$ ?is subject--be=e x atta9$ to all ?is new popul>ity--t a brief acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's inve/igation may suffice4,,xi-#b ,x is full ( int]e/ z a physiological rese>*1 & is a model ( its k9d1 z well = ! simplicity & directness ( ! means employ$ z = ! cle>ness ) :i* ! results are br\ght out--results :i* any "o may v]ify n[ t ! way to !m is po9t$ out1 & :i*1 surpris+ z !y are1 lose half _! wond] 9 ! ease & sur5ess ) :i* !y seem to h be5 rea*$4 ,r m ?an half ! volume is devot$ to "o subject1 ! r\nd-leav$ sundew 7,dros]a rotundifolia71 a r common plant 9 ! nor!rn temp]ate zone4 ,t flies /ick fa/ to its leaves1 be+ lim$ by ! t5aci\s seem+ dew-drops :i* /ud its upp] face & m>g9s1 _h long be5 notic$ 9 ,europe & 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we h he>d hunt]s & explor]s 9 our ,nor!rn woods ref] ) satisfaction to ! fate :i* 9 ?is way (t5 befalls "o ( _! plagues1 ! black fly ( e>ly summ]4 ,& x 0 kn[n to "s obs]vant botani/s 9 ! la/ c5tury1 al?\gh =gott5 or discr$it$ 9 ?is1 t an insect caught on ! viscid gl&s x has happ5$ to alight ^u is soon fix$ by _m m--n m]ely 9 consequ5ce ( its /ruggles1 b by ! spontane\s incurvation ( ! /alks ( surr\nd+ & unt\*$ gl&s2 & ev5 ! body ( ! leaf _h be5 obs]v$ to incurve or become cup-%ap$ s z p>tly to involve ! captive insect4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's peculi> inve/igations n only confirm all ?is1 b add great] wond]s4 ,!y relate to ! s5sitiv5ess ( ^! t5tacles1 z he pref]s to call !m1 & ! mode 9 :i* x is manife/$2 _! p[] ( absorption2 _! a/oni%+ disc]nm5t ( ! pres5ce ( animal or o!r soluble azotiz$ matt]1 ev5 9 quantities s m9ute z to rival ! spectroscope--t mo/ exquisite in/rum5t ( mod]n rese>*--9 delicacy2 &1 f9ally1 !y e/abli% ! fact ( a true dige/ion1 9 all ess5tial respects simil> to t ( ! /oma* ( animals4 ,fir/ z to s5sitiv5ess & movem5t4 ,s5sitiv5ess is manife/$ by movem5t or *ange ( =m 9 response to an ext]nal impression4 ,! s5sitiv5ess 9 ! sundew is all 9 ! gl& :i* surm\nts ! t5tacle4 ,to incite movem5t or o!r action1 x is necess>y t ! gl& itself %\ld be rea*$4 ,any?+ laid on ! surface ( ! viscid drop1 ! sph]ule ( cle>1 glairy liquid :i* x secretes1 produces no effect unless x s9ks ?r\gh to ! gl&2 or unless ! sub/ance is soluble & rea*es x 9 solution1 :i*1 9 ! case ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 has ! same effect4 ,b ! gl&s !mselves d n move1 nor does any neighbor+ portion ( ! t5tacle4 ,! out] & long] t5tacles b5d inw>d 7t[>d ! c5tre ( ! leaf7 promptly1 :5 ! gl& is irritat$ or /imulat$1 sweep+ ?r\gh an arc ( #ahjj or less1 or m--! quickness & ! ext5t ( ! inflection dep5d+1 9 equally vigor\s leaves1 ^u ! am\nt ( irritation or /imulation1 & also ^u its k9d4 ,a t5tacle ) a p>ticle ( raw meat on its gl& sometimes visibly beg9s to b5d 9 t5 seconds1 becomes /rongly incurv$ 9 five m9utes1 & its tip rea*es ! c5tre ( ! leaf 9 half an h\r2 b ?is is a case ( extreme rapidity4 ,a p>ticle ( c9d]1 *alk1 or s&1 w also incite ! b5d+1 if actually br\ght 9 contact ) ! gl&1 n m]ely re/+ on ! drop2 b ! inflection is !n mu* less pron\nc$ & m transi5t4 ,ev5 a bit ( ?9 human hair1 only #a_/hjjj ( an in* 9 l5g?1 weigh+ only ! #a_/ghgdj ( a gra91 & l>gely support$ by ! viscid secretion1 suffices to induce movem5t2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 "o or two mom5t>y1 al?\gh rude1 t\*es ) a h>d object produce no effect1 al?\gh a repeat$ t\* or ! slighte/ pressure1 su* z t ( a gnat's foot1 prolong$ = a %ort "t1 causes b5d+4 ,! seat ( ! movem5t is :olly or ne>ly conf9$ to a portion ( ! l[] "p ( ! t5tacle1 above ! base1 :]e local irritation produces n ! slighte/ effect4 ,! movem5t takes place only 9 response to "s impression made ^u its own gl& at ! di/ant extremity1 or ^u o!r gl&s f> m remote4 ,= if "o ( ^! memb]s suff]s irritation ! o!rs sympa?ize ) x4 ,v notewor?y is ! correlation betwe5 ! c5tral t5tacles1 ^u :i* an insect is mo/ likely to alight1 & ^! ext]nal & l>g] ones1 :i*1 9 proportion to _! di/ance f ! c5tre1 take ! l>g] %>e 9 ! movem5t4 ,! %ort] c5tral ones d n move at all :5 a bit ( meat1 or a cru%$ fly1 or a p>ticle ( a salt ( ammonia1 or ! l1 is plac$ ^u !m2 b !y transmit _! excitation across ! leaf to ! surr\nd+ t5tacles on all sides2 & !y1 al?\gh absolutely unt\*$1 z !y successively receive ! my/]i\s impulse1 b5d /rongly inw>d1 j z !y d :5 _! own gl&s are excit$4 ,:5ev] a t5tacle b5ds 9 ob$i5ce to an impulse f its own gl&1 ! movem5t is always t[>d ! c5tre ( ! leaf2 & ?is also takes place1 z we h se51 :5 an excit+ object is lodg$ at ! c5tre4 ,b :5 ! object is plac$ ^u ei!r half ( ! leaf1 ! impulse radiat+ !nce causes all ! surr\nd+ unt\*$ t5tacles to b5d ) precision t[>d ! po9t ( excitem5t1 ev5 ! c5tral t5tacles1 :i* are motionless :5 !mselves *>g$1 n[ respond+ to ! call4 ,! inflection :i* foll[s me*anical irritation or ! pres5ce ( any inorganic or insoluble body is transi5t2 t :i* foll[s ! application ( organic matt] la/s long]1 m or less1 accord+ to its nature & ! am\nt2 b soon] or lat] ! t5tacles resume _! =m] position1 _! gl&s gli/5 anew ) fre% secretion1 & !y are ready to act aga94 ,z to h[ ! impulse is orig9at$ & propagat$1 & h[ ! movem5ts are made1 comp>atively simple z ! /ructure is1 we "k z little z we d ( ! nature ( n]v\s impulse & muscul> motion4 ,b two ?+s ,mr4 ,d>w9 has wellnigh made out1 bo? ( !m by means & obs]vations s simple & direct z to comm& our confid5ce1 al?\gh !y are contr>y to ! preval5t tea*+4 ,fir/1 ! transmission is ?r\gh ! ord9>y cellul> tissue1 & n ?r\gh :at are call$ ! fibr\s or vascul> bundles4 ,second1 ! movem5t is a vital "o1 & is effect$ by contraction on ! side t[>d :i* ! b5d+ takes place1 r ?an by turgesc5t t5sion ( ! opposite side4 ,! t5tacle is pull$ ov] r ?an pu%$ ov]4 ,s f> all accords ) muscul> action4 ,! op]ation ( ?is fly-cat*+ app>atus1 9 any case1 is pla94 ,if ! insect alights ^u ! disk ( ! leaf1 ! viscid secretion holds x fa/--at lea/1 an ord9>y fly is unable to escape--its /ruggles only increase ! numb] ( gl&s involv$ & ! am\nt ( excitem5t2 ?is is telegraph$ to ! surr\nd+ & successively long] t5tacles1 :i* b5t ov] 9 succession1 s t )9 t5 to ?irty h\rs1 if ! leaf is active & ! fly l>ge en\gh1 e "o ( ! gl&s 7on ! av]age1 ne>ly two hundr$ 9 numb]7 w be f\nd appli$ to ! body ( ! insect4 ,if ! insect is small1 & ! lodgm5t t[>d "o side1 only ! neighbor+ t5tacles may take "p 9 ! capture4 ,if two or ?ree ( ! /rong m>g9al t5tacles are fir/ enc\nt]$1 _! prompt inflection c>ries ! intrud] to ! c5tre1 & presses x d[n ^u ! gl&s :i* ?ickly pave ! floor2 ^! notify all ! surr\nd+ t5tacles ( ! capture1 t !y may %>e ! spoil1 & ! fate ( t victim is ev5 z ( ! fir/4 ,a bit ( meat or a cru%$ insect is treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,?is language implies t ! animal matt] is 9 "s way or o!r disc]n$ by ! t5tacles1 & is appropriat$4 ,=m]ly !re 0 only a presumption ( ?is1 on ! g5]al gr\nd t su* an organization c\ld h>dly be purposeless4 ,yet1 :ile su* expressions 7 natural1 if n unavoidable1 !y g5]ally 7 us$ by ^? famili> ) ! facts 9 a half-s]i\s1 half-metaphorical s5se4 ,?anks to ,mr4 ,d>w9's inve/igations1 !y may n[ be us$ 9 simplicity & s]i\sness4 ,t ! gl&s secrete ! glairy liquid ( ! drop is evid5t1 n only f its nature1 b f its p]si/5ce ?r\gh a :ole day's exposure to a summ] sun1 z also f its r5ewal aft] x has be5 remov$1 dri$ up1 or absorb$4 ,t !y absorb z well z secrete1 & t ! :ole t5tacle may be pr(\ndly affect$ !reby1 are prov$ by ! diff]5t effects1 9 k9d & degree1 :i* foll[ ! application ( diff]5t sub/ances4 ,drops ( ra9-wat]1 l s+le mom5t>y t\*es ( a solid body1 produce no effect1 z inde$ !y c\ld be ( no advantage2 b a little c>bonate ( ammonia 9 ! wat]1 or an infusion ( meat1 n only causes inflection1 b promptly manife/s its action ^u ! cont5ts ( ! cells ( :i* ! t5tacle is con/ruct$4 ,^! cells are suffici5tly transp>5t to be view$ "u ! microscope )\t dissection or o!r int]f]5ce2 & ! *ange :i* takes place 9 ! fluid cont5ts ( ^! cells1 :5 ! gl& above has be5 act$ ^u1 is (t5 visible ?r\gh a weak l5s1 or sometimes ev5 by ! nak$ eye1 al?\gh high] p[]s are requir$ to disc]n :at actually takes place4 ,?is *ange1 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 discov]$1 & turns to mu* acc\nt 9 8 rese>*es1 he t]ms aggregation ( ! protoplasm4 ,:5 unt\*$ & quiesc5t1 ! cont5ts appe> z an homog5e\s purple fluid4 ,:5 ! gl& is act$ ^u1 m9ute purple p>ticles appe>1 susp5d$ 9 ! n[ colorless or almo/ colorless fluid2 & ?is *ange appe>s fir/ 9 ! cells next ! gl&1 & !n 9 ^? next b5ea?1 travel+ d[n ! :ole l5g? ( ! t5tacle4 ,:5 ! action is slight1 ?is appe>ance does n la/ long2 ! p>ticles ( aggregat$ protoplasm r$issolv$1 ! process ( r$issolution travel+ upw>d f ! base ( ! t5tacle to ! gl& 9 a rev]se direction to t ( ! aggregation4 ,:5ev] ! action is m prolong$ or int5se1 z :5 a bit ( meat or cru%$ fly1 or a fitt+ solution1 is left ^u ! gl&1 ! aggregation proce$s fur!r1 s t ! :ole protoplasm ( ea* cell cond5ses into "o or two masses1 or into a s+le mass :i* w (t5 sep>ate into two1 :i* aft]w>d reunite2 inde$1 !y incessantly *ange _! =ms & positions1 be+ nev] at re/1 al?\gh _! movem5ts are r sl[4 ,9 appe>ance & movem5ts !y are v l amoebae & ! :ite corpuscles ( ! blood4 ,_! motion1 along ) ! /ream+ movem5t ( rotation 9 ! lay] ( :ite granul> protoplasm t fl[s along ! walls ( ! cell1 "u ! high p[]s ( ! microscope pres5ts a wond]ful sc5e ( vital activity4 ,?is cont9ues :ile ! t5tacle is inflect$ or ! gl& f$ by animal matt]1 b vani%es by dissolution :5 ! "w is ov] & ! t5tacle /raight5s4 ,t absorption takes place1 & matt] is convey$ f cell to cell1 is well made out1 especially by ! exp]im5ts ) c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,nev]!less1 ?is aggregation is n dep5d5t ^u absorption1 = x equally occurs f me*anical irritation ( ! gl&1 & always accompanies inflection1 h[ev] caus$1 ?\gh x may take place )\t x4 ,?is is also app>5t f ! a/oni%+ly m9ute quantity ( c]ta9 sub/ances :i* suffices to produce s5sible inflection & aggregation--su*1 = in/ance1 z ! #a_/bjjjjjjj or ev5 ! #a_/cjjjjjjj ( a gra9 ( phosphate or nitrate ( ammonia6 ,by v>i$ exp]im5ts x 0 f\nd t ! nitrate ( ammonia 0 m p[]ful ?an ! c>bonate1 & ! phosphate m p[]ful ?an ! nitrate1 ?is result be+ intelligible f ! diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ! fir/ two salts1 & f ! pres5ce ( phosphorus 9 ! ?ird4 ,!re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ! absorption ( su* extremely dilute solutions by a gl&4 ,z our au?or rem>ks3 ,all physiologi/s admit t ! roots ( plants absorb ! salts ( ammonia br\ght to !m by ! ra92 & f\rte5 gallons ( ra9-wat] conta9 a gra9 ( ammonia2 !re=e1 only a little m ?an twice z mu* z 9 ! weake/ solution employ$ by me4 ,! fact :i* appe>s truly wond]ful is t ! #a_/bjjjjjjj ( a gra9 ( ! phosphate ( ammonia1 includ+ less ?an #a_/cjjjjjjj ( effici5t matt] 7if ! wat] ( cry/allization is d$uct$71 :5 absorb$ by a gl&1 %\ld induce "s *ange 9 x :i* leads to a motor impulse be+ transmitt$ d[n ! :ole l5g? ( ! t5tacle1 caus+ its basal "p to b5d1 (t5 ?r\gh an angle ( #ahj degrees4 ,b odorif]\s p>ticles :i* act ^u ! n]ves ( animals mu/ be inf9itely small]1 & by ^! a dog a qu>t] ( a mile to ! leew>d ( a de] p]ceives 8 pres5ce by "s *ange 9 ! olfactory n]ves transmitt$ ?r\gh !m to ! bra94 ,:5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 obta9$ ^! results1 f\rte5 ye>s ago1 he c\ld claim = ,dros]a a p[] & delicacy 9 ! detection ( m9ute quantities ( a sub/ance f> beyond ! res\rces ( ! mo/ skillful *emi/2 b 9 a foot-note he admits t n[ ! spectroscope has altoge!r beat5 ,dros]a2 =1 accord+ to ,buns5 & ,kir*h(f1 probably less ?an ! #a_/bjjjjjjjj ( a gra9 ( sodium c be ?us detect$4 ,f9ally1 t ?is highly-s5sitive & active liv+ organism absorbs1 w n be d\bt$ :5 x is prov$ to dige/1 t is1 to dissolve o!rwise insoluble animal matt] by ! aid ( special secretions4 ,t x does ?is is n[ pa/ d\bt+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :5 ! gl&s are excit$ !y p\r =? an increas$ am\nt ( ! ropy secretion4 ,?is occurs directly :5 a bit ( meat is laid ^u ! c5tral gl&s2 & ! influ5ce :i* !y transmit to ! long-/alk$ m>g9al gl&s causes !m1 :ile incurv+ _! t5tacles1 to secrete m copi\sly long be=e !y h !mselves t\*$ any?+4 ,! prim>y fluid1 secret$ )\t excitation1 does n ( itself dige/4 ,b ! secretion "u excitem5t *anges 9 ,nature & becomes acid4 ,s1 accord+ to ,s*iff1 me*anical irritation excites ! gl&s ( ! /oma* to secrete an acid4 ,9 bo? ?is acid appe>s to be necess>y to1 b ( itself insuffici5t =1 dige/ion4 ,! requisite solv5t1 a k9d ( f]m5t call$ peps91 :i* acts only 9 ! pres5ce ( ! acid1 is p\r$ =? by ! gl&s ( ! /oma* only aft] !y h absorb$ c]ta9 soluble nutritive sub/ances ( ! food2 !n ?is peps9 promptly dissolves muscle1 fibr9e1 coagulat$ album51 c>tilage1 & ! l4 ,simil>ly x appe>s t ,dros]a-gl&s1 aft] irritation by p>ticles ( glass1 did n act ^u little cubes ( album54 ,b :5 moi/5$ ) saliva1 or replac$ by bits ( roa/-meat or gelat9e1 or ev5 c>tilage1 :i* supply "s soluble peptone-matt] to initiate ! process1 ^! sub/ances are promptly act$ ^u1 & dissolv$ or dige/$2 :5ce x is inf]r$ t ! analogy ) ! /oma* holds good ?r\gh\t1 & t a f]m5t simil> to peps9 is p\r$ out "u ! /imulus ( "s soluble animal matt]4 ,b ! direct evid5ce ( ?is is furni%$ only by ! relat$ c>nivor\s plant1 ,dionaea1 f :i* ! secretions1 p\r$ out :5 dige/ion is ab\t to beg91 may be collect$ 9 quantity suffici5t = *emical exam9ation4 ,9 %ort1 ! exp]im5ts %[ t !re is a rem>kable accordance 9 ! p[] ( dige/ion betwe5 ! ga/ric juice ( animals1 ) its peps9 & hydro*loric acid1 & ! secretion ( ,dros]a1 ) its f]m5t & acid belong+ to ! acetic s]ies4 ,we c1 !re=e1 h>dly d\bt t ! f]m5t 9 bo? cases is closely simil>1 if n id5tically ! same4 ,t a plant & an animal %\ld p\r =? ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 complex secretion1 adapt$ = ! same purpose ( dige/ion1 is a new & wond]ful fact 9 physiology4 ,!re are "o or two o!r species ( sundew--"o ( !m almo/ z common 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica z ! ord9>y r\nd-leav$ species--:i* act 9 ! same way1 except t1 hav+ _! leaves long] 9 proportion to _! bread?1 _! sides nev] curl inw>d1 b !y are mu* dispos$ to aid ! action ( _! t5tacles by incurv+ ! tip ( ! leaf1 z if to grasp ! morsel4 ,!re are _m o!rs1 ) v>i\sly less effici5t & less advantage\sly arrang$ insectivor\s app>atus1 :i*1 9 ! language ( ! new sci5ce1 may be ei!r on ! way to acquire some?+ bett]1 or ( los+ :at !y may h _h1 :ile n[ adapt+ !mselves to a prop] vegetable life4 ,!re is "o memb] ( ! family 7,drosophyllum ,lusitanicum71 an almo/ %rubby plant1 :i* gr[s on dry & sunny hills 9 ,portugal & ,morocco--:i* ! villag]s call ! flycat*]1 & hang up 9 _! cottages = ! purpose--! gl&ul> t5tacles ( :i* h :olly lo/ _! p[]s ( movem5t1 if !y ev] _h any1 b :i* /ill secrete1 dige/1 & absorb1 be+ r\s$ to great activity by ! contact ( any animal matt]4 ,a fri5d ( ours once rem>k$ t x 0 fe>ful to contemplate ! am\nt ( s\l t c\ld be call$ =? 9 a dog by ! sight ( a piece ( meat4 ,equally wond]ful is ! avidity = animal food manife/$ by ^! vegetable t5tacles1 t c only /& & wait = x4 ,only a brief *apt] is devot$ to ,dionaea ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ! ,v5us's fly-trap1 albeit1 f ! rapidity & =ce ( its movem5ts1 "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful 9 ! _w4 ,x is ( ! same family z ! sundew2 b ! action is transf]r$ f t5tacles on ! leaf to ! body ( ! leaf itself1 :i* is trans=m$ into a spr+-trap1 clos+ ) a sudd5 movem5t ov] ! alight$ insect4 ,no secretion is provid$ be=eh& ei!r = allurem5t or det5tion2 b aft] ! captive is secur$1 microscopic gl&s )9 ! surface ( ! leaf p\r out an abundant ga/ric juice to dige/ x4 ,mrs4 ,glass's classical directions 9 ! cook-book1 fir/ cat* y\r h>e1 are implicitly foll[$4 ,avoid+ "h all repetition or recapitulation ( our =m] n>rative1 suffice x n[ to m5tion two int]e/+ rec5t additions to our k1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,"o is a rese>*1 ! o!r an inspiration4 ,x is ma9ly 8 inve/igations :i* h %[n t ! glairy liquid1 :i* is p\r$ ^u & mac]ates ! captur$ insect1 accompli%es a true dige/ion2 t1 l ! ga/ric juice ( animals1 x conta9s bo? a free acid & peps9 or its analogue1 ^! two toge!r dissolv+ album51 meat1 & ! l4 ,! o!r po9t relates to ! significance ( a peculi>ity 9 ! process ( capture4 ,:5 ! trap sudd5ly incloses an insect :i* has betray$ its pres5ce by t\*+ "o ( ! int]nal s5sitive bri/les1 ! closure is at fir/ incomplete4 ,= ! sides approa* 9 an ar*+ way1 surr\nd+ a consid]able cavity1 & ! m>g9al sp9e-l bri/les m]ely int]cross _! tips1 leav+ int]v5+ spaces ?r\gh :i* "o may look into ! cavity b5ea?4 ,a good idea may be _h ( x by br++ ! two palms ne> toge!r to repres5t ! sides ( ! trap1 & loosely int]lock+ ! f+]s to repres5t ! m>g9al bri/les or b>s4 ,aft] rema9+ "s "t 9 ?is position ! closure is made complete by ! m>g9s com+ into full contact1 & ! sides f9ally flatt5+ d[n s z to press firmly ^u ! insect )92 ! secretion excit$ by contact is n[ p\r$ out1 & dige/ion beg9s4 ,:y ^! two /ages8 ,:y %\ld "t be lo/ by ?is prelim9>y & incomplete clos+8 ,! qu]y probably 0 nev] di/9ctly rais$ be=e1 no "o notic+ any?+ "h t ne$$ explanation4 ,d>w9ian teleology1 h[ev]1 raises que/ions l ?is1 & ,mr4 ,d>w9 n only prop\nd$ ! riddle b solv$ x4 ,! object ( ! p>tial clos+ is to p]mit small insects to escape ?r\gh ! me%es1 deta9+ only ^? plump en\gh to be wor? ! tr\ble ( dige/+4 ,= naturally only "o insect is caught at a "t1 & dige/ion is a sl[ bus9ess ) ,dionaeas1 z ) anacondas1 requir+ ord9>ily a =tnight4 ,x is n wor? :ile to und]take x ) a gnat :5 l>g] game may be _h4 ,to te/ ?is happy conjecture1 ,mr4 ,canby 0 ask$1 on visit+ ! ,dionaeas 9 _! native habitat1 to collect e>ly 9 ! season a good s]ies ( leaves 9 ! act ( dige/+ naturally-caught insects4 ,^u op5+ !m x 0 f\nd t t5 out ( f\rte5 7 engag$ ^u relatively l>ge prey1 & ( ! rema9+ f\r ?ree _h insects z l>ge z ants1 & "o a r small fly4 ,!re be l&-rats & wat]-rats 9 ?is c>nivor\s sun-dew family4 ,aldrov&a1 ( ! w>m] p>ts ( ,europe & ( ,india1 is an aquatic plant1 ) bladd]y leaves1 :i* 7 suppos$ to be useful 9 r5d]+ ! h]bage buoyant 9 wat]4 ,b x has rec5tly be5 f\nd t ! bladd] is compos$ ( two lobes1 l ! trap ( its relative ,dionaea1 or ! valves ( a mussel-%ell2 t ^! op5 :5 ! plant is 9 an active /ate1 are provid$ ) "s s5sitive bri/les )91 & :5 ^! are t\*$ close ) a quick movem5t4 ,^! wat]-traps are manife/ly adapt$ = cat*+ liv+ creatures2 & ! few incomplete inve/igations t h already be5 made r5d] x highly probably t !y appropriate _! prey = n\ri%m5t2 :e!r by dige/ion or by m]e absorption ( decompos+ animal matt]1 is unc]ta94 ,x is c]ta9ly mo/ rem>kable t ?is family ( plants1 :]ev] met )1 & "u ! mo/ div]se conditions & modes ( life1 %\ld always 9 "s way or o!r be pr$ace\s & c>nivor\s4 ,if x be n only surpris+ b some:at conf\nd+ to our classifications t a :ole gr\p ( plants %\ld subsi/ p>tly by dige/+ animal matt] & p>tly 9 ! normal way ( decompos+ c>bonic acid & produc+ ! basis ( animal matt]1 we h1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks1 a c\nt]p>t anomaly 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,:ile "s plants h /oma*s1 "s animals h roots4 ,! rhizocephal\s cru/aceans d n fe$ l o!r animals by _! m\?s1 = !y are de/itute ( an alim5t>y canal1 b !y live by absorb+ ?r\gh root-l processes ! juices ( ! animals on :i* !y are p>asitic4 ,to a naturali/ ( our day1 imbu$ ) ^? ideas ( ! solid>ity ( organic ,nature :i* su* facts z ^? we h be5 consid]+ sugge/1 ! greate/ anomaly ( all w\ld be t !y are really anomal\s or unique4 ,reasonably suppos+1 !re=e1 t ! sundew did n /& alone1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 turn$ 8 att5tion to o!r gr\ps ( plants2 &1 fir/1 to ! bladd]worts1 :i* h no ne> k9%ip ) ! sundews1 b1 l ! aquatic repres5tative ( t family1 are provid$ ) bladd]y sacs1 "u wat]4 ,9 ! common species ( ,utricul>ia or bladd]wort1 ^! little sacs1 hang+ f subm]g$ leaves or bran*es1 h _! orifice clos$ by a lid :i* op5s inw>dly--a v]itable trapdoor4 ,x _h be5 notic$ 9 ,engl& & ,france t !y conta9$ m9ute cru/acean animals4 ,e>ly 9 ! summ] ( #ahgd1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 asc]ta9$ ! me*anism = _! capture & ! great success ) :i* x is us$4 ,b be=e 8 acc\nt 0 writt5 out1 ,pr(4 ,cohn publi%$ an excell5t pap] on ! subject 9 ,g]many2 & ,mrs4 ,treat1 ( ,v9el&1 ,new ,j]sey1 a /ill e>li] "o 9 ?is c\ntry--9 ! ,new ,york ,tribune 9 ! autumn ( #ahgd4 ,( ! latt]1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks t %e has be5 m successful ?an any o!r obs]v] 9 witness+ ! actual entrance ( ^! m9ute creatures4 ,!y nev] come out1 b soon p]i% 9 _! prison1 :i* receives a cont9u$ succession ( victims1 b little1 if any1 fre% air to ! conta9$ wat]4 ,! action ( ! trap is purely me*anical1 )\t evid5t irritability 9 ! op5+ or %utt+4 ,!re is no evid5ce nor mu* likelihood ( prop] dige/ion2 inde$1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 f\nd evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,b ! m or less decompos$ & dissolv$ animal matt] is d\btless absorb$ into ! plant2 = ! :ole int]ior ( ! sac is l9$ ) peculi>1 elongat$ & f\r-arm$ v ?9-wall$ processes1 :i* conta9 active protoplasm1 & :i* 7 prov$ by exp]im5t to h ! p[] ( absorb+ matt] f weak solutions ( c]ta9 salts ( ammonia & urea1 & f a putrid infusion ( raw meat4 ,al?\gh ! bladd]worts prey on g>bage1 _! t]re/rial relatives live cleanly1 z nobl] plants %\ld d1 & h a good & true dige/ion4 ,p+uicula1 or butt]wort1 is ! repres5tative ( ?is family ^u l&4 ,x gets bo? its ,lat9 & its ,engli% "n f ! fatty or greasy appe>ance ( ! upp] face ( its broad leaves2 & ?is appe>ance is due to a d5se coat or pile ( %ort-/alk$ gl&s1 :i* secrete a colorless & extremely viscid liquid4 ,by ?is small flies1 or :atev] may alight or fall ^u ! leaf1 are held fa/4 ,^! waifs might be useless or ev5 injuri\s to ! plant4 ,probably ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 ! fir/ to ask :e!r !y might be ( advantage4 ,he c]ta9ly 0 ! fir/ to %[ t !y probably are s4 ,! evid5ce f exp]im5t1 %ortly summ$ up1 is1 t insects alive or dead1 & also o!r nitrog5\s bodies1 excite ^! gl&s to increas$ secretion2 ! secretion !n becomes acid1 & acquires ! p[] ( dissolv+ solid animal sub/ances--t is1 ! p[] ( dige/ion 9 ! mann] ( ,dros]a & ,dionaea4 ,& ! /alks ( _! gl&s "u ! microscope give ! same ocul> evid5ce ( absorption4 ,! leaves ( ! butt]wort are apt to h _! m>g9s fold$ inw>d1 l a rim or hem4 ,tak+ "y & vigor\s leaves to :i* h>dly any?+ _h yet adh]$1 & ( :i* ! m>g9s 7 /ill flat1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 set )9 "o m>g9 a r[ ( small flies4 ,fifte5 h\rs aft]w>d ?is edge 0 neatly turn$ inw>d1 p>tly cov]+ ! r[ ( flies1 & ! surr\nd+ gl&s 7 secret+ copi\sly4 ,! o!r edge rema9$ flat & unalt]$4 ,!n he /uck a fly to ! middle ( ! leaf j bel[ its tip1 & soon bo? m>g9s infold$1 s z to clasp ! object4 ,_m o!r & v>i$ exp]im5ts yield$ simil> results4 ,ev5 poll51 :i* w\ld n r>ely be lodg$ ^u ^! leaves1 z x falls f surr\nd+ w9d-f]tiliz$ plants1 also small se$s1 excit$ ! same action1 & %[$ signs ( be+ act$ ^u4 ,we may !re=e conclude1 ) ,mr4 ,d>w91 t ,p+uicula vulg>is1 ) its small roots1 is n only support$ to a l>ge ext5t by ! extraord9>y numb] ( insects :i* x habitually captures1 b likewise draws "s n\ri%m5t f ! poll51 leaves1 & se$s1 ( o!r plants :i* (t5 adh]e to its leaves4 ,x is1 !re=e1 p>tly a vegetable z well z an animal fe$]4 ,:at is n[ to be ?\ght ( ! ord9>y gl&ul> hairs :i* r5d] ! surface ( _m & ! mo/ v>i\s plants extremely viscid8 ,_! numb] is legion4 ,! ,*9ese primrose ( common g>d5 & h\se culture is no extraord9>y in/ance2 b ,mr4 ,francis ,d>w91 c\nt+ ^? on a small space measur$ by ! micromet]1 e/imat$ !m at #fe1cga to ! squ>e in* ( foliage1 tak+ 9 bo? surfaces ( ! leaf1 or two or ?ree millions on a mod]ate-siz$ specim5 ( ?is small h]b4 ,gl&s ( ?is sort 7 loosely reg>d$ z organs = excretion1 )\t mu* consid]ation ( ! "q :e!r1 9 vegetable life1 !re c\ld be any ne$ to excrete1 or any advantage ga9$ by ?r[+ (f su* products2 &1 :ile ! popul> "n ( cat*-fly1 giv5 to sev]al common species ( ,sil5e1 indicates long famili>ity ) ! fact1 probably no "o ev] imag9$ t ! sw>ms ( small insects :i* p]i% ^u ^! /icky surfaces 7 ev] turn$ to acc\nt by ! plant4 ,9 _m su* cases1 no d\bt !y p]i% z uselessly z :5 attract$ into ! flame ( a c&le4 ,9 ! tobacco-plant1 = in/ance1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 c\ld f9d no evid5ce t ! gl&ul> hairs absorb animal matt]4 ,b ,d>w9ian philosophy expects all gradations betwe5 casualty & complete adaptation4 ,x is mo/ probable t any ?9-wall$ vegetable /ructure :i* secretes may also be capable ( absorb+ "u favorable conditions4 ,! myriads ( exquisitely-con/ruct$ gl&s ( ! ,*9ese primrose are n likely to be functionless4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 asc]ta9$ by direct exp]im5t t !y promptly absorb c>bonate ( ammonia1 bo? 9 wat]y solution & 9 vapor4 ,s1 s9ce ra9-wat] usually conta9s a small p]c5tage ( ammonia1 a use = ^! gl&s becomes app>5t--"o completely congru\s ) t ( absorb+ any animal matt]1 or products ( its decomposition1 :i* may come 9 _! way ?r\gh ! occasional entanglem5t ( insects 9 _! viscid secretion4 ,9 sev]al saxifrages--n v di/ant relatives ( ,dros]a--! viscid gl&s equally manife/$ ! p[] ( absorption4 ,to trace a gradation betwe5 a simply absorb+ hair ) a glut9\s tip1 ?r\gh :i* ! plant may p]*ance d]ive slight cont+5t advantage1 & ! t5tacles ( a sundew1 ) _! exquisite & associat$ adaptations1 does n mu* less5 ! wond] nor expla9 ! ph5om5a4 ,aft] all1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 mode/ly concludes1 we see h[ little has be5 made out 9 comp>ison ) :at rema9s unexpla9$ & unkn[n4 ,b all ?is mu/ be all[$ to be an important contribution to ! doctr9e ( ! gradual acquirem5t ( uses & functions1 & h>dly to f9d conceivable explanation ^u any o!r hypo!sis4 ,!re rema9s "o m mode 9 :i* plants ( ! high] grade are kn[n to prey ^u animals2 namely1 by means ( pit*]s1 urns1 or tubes1 9 :i* insects & ! l are dr[n$ or conf9$1 & ei!r mac]at$ or dige/$4 ,to ?is ,mr4 ,d>w9 b>ely alludes on ! la/ page ( ! pres5t volume4 ,! ma9 facts kn[n respect+ ! ,am]ican pit*]-plants h1 z 0 natural1 be5 asc]ta9$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 & we gave an ab/ract1 two ye>s ago1 ( our !n incipi5t k4 ,mu* has be5 le>n$ s9ce1 al?\gh all ! obs]vations h be5 ( a desultory "*4 ,if space p]mitt$1 an in/ructive n>rative might be drawn up1 z well ( ! economy ( ! ,s>rac5ias z ( h[ we came to "k :at we d ( x4 ,b ! v little we h room = w be /rictly supplem5t>y to our =m] article4 ,! pit*]s ( our famili> ,nor!rn ,s>rac5ia1 :i* is likewise ,s\!rn1 are op5-m\!d2 &1 al?\gh !y c]ta9ly secrete "s liquid :5 "y1 mu/ d]ive mo/ ( ! wat] !y ord9>ily conta9 f ra94 ,h[ insects are attract$ is unkn[n1 b ! wat] ab\nds ) _! dr[n$ bodies & decompos+ rema9s4 ,9 ! m s\!rn ,s4 flava1 ! long & trumpet-%ap$ pit*]s evid5tly dep5d ^u ! liquid :i* !y !mselves secrete1 al?\gh at maturity1 :5 ! hood becomes erect1 ra9 may some:at add to x4 ,?is species1 z we "k1 allures insects by a peculi> sweet exudation )9 ! orifice2 !y fall 9 & p]i%1 ?\gh seldom by dr[n+1 yet few are able to escape2 & _! decompos+ rema9s accumulate 9 ! n>r[ bottom ( ! vessel4 ,two o!r long-tub$ species ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates are simil> 9 ^! respects4 ,!re is ano!r1 ,s4 psittac9a1 ! p>rot-head$ species1 rem>kable = ! c[l-%ap$ hood s completely inflex$ ov] ! m\? ( ! small pit*] t no ra9 c possibly ent]4 ,little is kn[n1 h[ev]1 ( ! effici5cy ( ?is species z a fly-cat*]2 b its con=mation has a morphological int]e/1 lead+ up1 z x does1 to ! ,cali=nian type ( pit*] pres5tly to be m5tion$4 ,b ! rema9+ species1 ,s4 v>iol>is1 is ! mo/ wond]ful ( our pit*]-plants 9 its adaptations = ! capture ( insects4 ,! inflat$ & mottl$ lid or hood ov]>*es ! ample orifice ( ! tubul> pit*] suffici5tly to w>d (f ! ra91 b n to ob/ruct ! free access ( fly+ insects4 ,flies1 ants1 & mo/ insects1 glide & fall f ! trea*]\s smoo? ?roat into ! deep well bel[1 & nev] escape4 ,!y are allur$ by a sweet secretion j )9 ! orifice-- :i* 0 discov]$ & describ$ long ago1 & ! k ( x wellnigh =gott5 until rec5tly4 ,&1 f9ally1 ,dr4 ,melli*amp1 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 two ye>s ago made ! capital discov]y t1 dur+ ! height ( ! season1 ?is lure ext5ds f ! orifice d[n ne>ly to ! gr\nd1 a l5g? ( a foot or two1 9 ! =m ( a honey$ l9e or n>r[ trail on ! edge ( ! w+-l bord] :i* is conspicu\s 9 all ^! species1 al?\gh only 9 ?is "o1 s f> z kn[n1 turn$ to su* acc\nt4 ,"h1 "o w\ld say1 is a special adaptation to ants & su* t]re/rial & creep+ insects4 ,well1 long be=e ?is sweet trail 0 kn[n1 x 0 rem>k$ by ! late ,pr(4 ,wyman & o!rs t ! pit*]s ( ?is species1 9 ! savannahs ( ,georgia & ,florida1 conta9 f> m ants ?an !y d ( all o!r insects put toge!r4 ,f9ally1 all ?is is ess5tially repeat$ 9 ! peculi> ,cali=nian pit*]-plant 7,d>l+tonia71 a g5us ( ! same natural family1 :i* captures insects 9 great v>iety1 entic+ !m by a sweeti% secretion ov] ! :ole inside ( ! inflat$ hood & t ( a curi\s =k$ app5dage1 resembl+ a fi%-tail1 :i* ov]hangs ! orifice4 ,?is orifice is s conceal$ t x c be se5 & approa*$ only f bel[1 z if--! casual obs]v] might inf]--to escape visitation4 ,b dead insects ( all k9ds1 & _! decompos+ rema9s1 cr[d ! cavity & saturate ! liquid !re9 conta9$1 entic$1 x is said1 by a peculi> odor1 z well z by ! sweet lure :i* is at "s /ages s abundant z to drip f ! tips ( ! ov]hang+ app5dage4 ,! pr9cipal obs]vations ^u ?is pit*]-plant 9 its native habitat h be5 made by ,mrs4 ,au/91 & only "s ( ! e>li] ones h ?us f> be5 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,canby4 ,b we are assur$ t 9 ?is1 z 9 ! ,s>rac5ia v>iol>is1 ! sweet exudation ext5ds at ! prop] season f ! orifice d[n ! w+ ne>ly to ! gr\nd1 & t ants foll[ ?is honey$ pa?way to _! de/ruction4 ,also1 t ! wat]y liquid 9 ! pit*]1 :i* mu/ be :olly a secretion1 is mu* increas$ 9 quantity aft] ! capture ( insects4 ,x _c n[ well be d\bt$ t ! animal matt] is utiliz$ by ! plant 9 all ^! cases1 al?\gh mo/ probably only aft] mac]ation or decomposition4 ,9 "s ( !m ev5 dige/ion1 or at lea/ ! absorption ( undecompos$ soluble animal juices1 may be suspect$2 b !re is no pro( ( x4 ,b1 if pit*]s ( ! ,s>rac5ia family are only mac]at+ vessels1 ^? ( ,nep5!s--! pit*]s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 famili> 9 cons]vatories--seem to be /oma*s4 ,! inve/igations ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,dr4 ,hook]1 al?\gh incomplete1 wellnigh demon/rate t ^! n only allure insects by a sweet secretion at ! rim & ^u ! lid ( ! cup1 b also t _! capture1 or ! pres5ce ( o!r p>tly soluble animal matt]1 produces an increase & an acidulation ( ! conta9$ wat]y liquid1 :i* !reupon becomes capable ( act+ 9 ! mann] ( t ( ,dros]a & ,dionaea1 dissolv+ fle%1 album51 & ! l4 ,aft] all1 !re nev] 0 j gr\nd = d5y+ to vegetables ! use ( animal food4 ,! fungi are by f> ! mo/ num]\s family ( plants1 & !y all live ^u organic matt]1 "s ^u dead & decompos+1 "s ^u liv+1 "s ^u bo?2 & ! numb] ( ^? t fe$ ^u liv+ animals is l>ge4 ,:e!r ^! c>nivor\s prop5sities ( high] plants :i* s excite our wond] be reg>d$ z survivals ( ance/ral habits1 or z comp>atively late acquirem5ts1 or ev5 z special end[m5ts1 9 any case :at we h n[ le>n$ ( !m goes to /r5g!n ! conclusion t ! :ole organic _w is ak94 ,! volume ^u ,! ,movem5ts & ,habits ( ,climb+ ,plants is a revis$ & enl>g$ edition ( a memoir communicat$ to ! ,l9naean ,society 9 #ahfe1 & publi%$ 9 ! n9? volume ( its ,j\rnal4 ,!re 0 an extra impression1 b1 beyond ! circle ( naturali/s1 x c h>dly h be5 mu* kn[n at fir/-h&4 ,ev5 n[1 :5 x is made a "p ( ! g5]al ,d>w9ian lit]ature1 x is unlikely to be z widely read z ! companion volume :i* we h be5 review+2 al?\gh x is really a m readable book1 & well wor?y ( f> m ext5d$ notice at our h&s ?an x c n[ receive4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,x seems z natural t plants %\ld climb z x does unnatural t any %\ld take animal food4 ,mo/ p1 kn[+ t "s plants tw9e ) ! sun1 & o!rs aga9/ ! sun1 h an idea t ! sun 9 "s way causes ! tw9+2 inde$1 ! notion is /ill fix$ 9 ! popul> m9d t ! same species tw9es 9 opposite directions nor? & s\? ( ! equator4 ,read]s ( ?is fasc9at+ treatise w le>n1 fir/ ( all1 t ! sun has no influ5ce ov] su* movem5ts directly1 & t its indirect influ5ce is commonly adv]se or di/urb+1 except ! heat1 :i* quick5s vegetable z x does animal life4 ,also1 t climb+ is accompli%$ by p[]s & actions z unlike ^? g5]ally pr$icat$ ( ! vegetable k+dom z any :i* h be5 br\ght to view 9 ! prec$+ volume4 ,climb+ plants feel z well z gr[ & live2 & !y also manife/ an automatism :i* is p]haps m wond]ful ?an a response by visible movem5t to an ext]nal irritation4 ,nor d plants gr[ up _! supports1 z is un?9k+ly suppos$2 =1 al?\gh only gr[+ or newly-gr[n p>ts act 9 climb+1 ! climb+ & ! gr[? are entirely di/9ct4 ,to ?is !re is "o exception--an in/ructive "o1 z %[+ h[ "o action passes into ano!r1 & h[ ! same result may be br\ght ab\t 9 diff]5t ways--t ( /ems :i* climb by rootlets1 su* z ( ivy & trumpet-creep]4 ,"h ! /em asc5ds by gr[? alone1 tak+ upw>d direction1 & is fix$ by root-lets z x gr[s4 ,!re is no bett] way ( climb+ walls1 precipices1 & l>ge tree-trunks4 ,b small /ems & simil> supports are be/ asc5d$ by tw9+2 & ?is calls out p[]s ( ano!r & high] ord]4 ,! tw9+ /em does n gr[ ar\nd its support1 b w9ds ar\nd x1 & x does ?is by a movem5t ! nature ( :i* is be/ obs]v$ 9 /ems :i* h n yet rea*$ _! support1 or h ov]topp$ x & /ret*$ out beyond x4 ,!n x may be se5 t ! ext5d+ summit1 rea*+ f>!r & f>!r z x gr[s1 is mak+ free circul> sweeps1 by night z well z by day1 & irrespective ( ext]nal circum/ances1 except t w>m? accel]ates ! movem5t1 & t ! g5]al t5d5cy ( "y /ems to b5d t[>d ! light may1 9 case ( lat]al illum9ation1 accel]ate "o-half ! circuit :ile x equally ret>ds ! o!r4 ,! arre/ ( ! revolution :]e ! support+ body is /ruck1 :ile ! portion beyond cont9ues its movem5t1 br+s ab\t ! tw9+4 ,z to ! proximate cause ( ?is sweep+ motion1 a few simple exp]im5ts prove t x results f ! b[+ or b5d+ ( ! free summit ( ! /em into a m or less horizontal position 7?is b5d+ be+ successively to e po9t ( ! compass1 ?r\gh an action :i* circulates ar\nd ! /em 9 ! direction ( ! sweep71 & ( ! consequ5t tw9+1 i4e41 ) ! sun1 or ) ! movem5t ( ! h&s ( a wat*1 9 ! hop1 or 9 ! opposite direction 9 pole-beans & mo/ tw9]s4 ,tw9+ plants1 !re=e1 asc5d trees or o!r /ems by an action & a movem5t ( _! own1 f :i* !y d]ive advantage4 ,to plants liable to be ov]%ad[$ by m robu/ companions1 climb+ is an economical me?od ( obta9+ a fre] exposure to light & air ) ! smalle/ possible exp5diture ( mat]ial4 ,b tw9]s h "o disadvantage3 to rise t5 feet !y mu/ produce fifte5 feet ( /em or !reab\ts1 accord+ to ! diamet] ( ! support1 & ! op5ness or clos5ess ( ! coil4 ,a rootlet-climb] saves mu* 9 ?is respect1 b has a re/rict$ range ( action1 & o!r disadvantages4 ,!re are two o!r modes1 :i* comb9e ! utmo/ economy ( mat]ial ) fre] range ( action4 ,!re are1 9 ! fir/ place1 leaf-climb]s ( v>i\s sorts1 agree+ only 9 ?is1 t ! duty ( lay+ hold is transf]r$ to ! leaves1 s t ! /em may rise 9 a direct l9e4 ,sometimes ! blade or leaflets1 or "s ( !m1 b m commonly _! sl5d] /alks1 und]take ! "w1 & ! plant rises z a boy asc5ds a tree1 grasp+ fir/ ) "o h& or arm1 !n ) ! o!r4 ,inde$1 ! comp>ison1 l ! leaf-/alk1 holds bett] ?an w\ld be suppos$2 = ! grasp+ ( ! latt] is n ! result ( a bl9d grop+ 9 all directions by a cont9u\s movem5t1 b ( a def9ite s5sitiv5ess :i* acts only ^u ! occasion4 ,mo/ leaves make no regul> sweeps2 b :5 ! /alks ( a leaf-climb+ species come into prolong$ contact ) any fitt+ extrane\s body1 !y sl[ly incurve & make a turn ar\nd x1 & !n commonly ?ick5 & h>d5 until !y atta9 a /r5g? :i* may equal t ( ! /em itself4 ,"h we h ! faculty ( movem5t to a def9ite end1 ^u ext]nal irritation1 ( ! same nature ) t display$ by ,dionaea & ,dros]a1 al?\gh sl[] = ! mo/ "p ?an ev5 9 ! latt]4 ,b ! movem5t ( ! h\r-h& ( ! clock is n diff]5t 9 nature or cause f t ( ! second-h&4 ,f9ally--di/ribution ( (fice be+1 on ! :ole1 mo/ advantage\s & economical1 & ?is1 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 be+ l$ up to by degrees--we rea*1 ?r\gh num]\s gradations1 ! highe/ /yle ( climb+ plants 9 ! t5dril-climb]4 ,a t5dril morphologically1 is ei!r a leaf or bran* ( /em1 or a portion ( "o1 specially organiz$ = climb+4 ,"s t5drils simply turn away f light1 z d ^? ( grape-v9es1 ?us tak+ ! direction 9 :i* "s support+ object is likely to be enc\nt]$2 mo/ are indiff]5t to light2 & _m revolve 9 ! mann] ( ! summit ( tw9+ /ems4 ,z ! /ems :i* be> ^! highly-end[$ t5drils 9 _m cases !mselves also revolve m or less1 ?\gh !y seldom tw9e1 _! rea* is ! m ext5sive2 & to ?is end[m5t ( automatic movem5t mo/ t5drils add ! o!r faculty1 t ( incurv+ & coil+ ^u prolong$ t\*1 or ev5 brief contact1 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,"s long t5drils1 :5 9 _! be/ condition1 revolve s rapidly t ! sweep+ movem5t may be pla9ly se52 inde$1 we h se5 a qu>t]-circuit 9 a ,passiflora sicyoides accompli%$ 9 less ?an a m9ute1 & ! half-circuit 9 t5 m9utes2 b ! o!r half 7= a reason allud$ to 9 ! next p>agraph7 takes a mu* long] "t4 ,!n1 z to ! coil+ ^u contact1 9 ! case fir/ notic$ 9 ?is c\ntry1,,xi-#c 9 ! ye> #aheh1 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 m5tions z hav+ l$ him into ?is inve/igation1 ! t5dril ( ,sicyos 0 se5 to coil )9 half a m9ute aft] a /roke ) ! h&1 & to make a full turn or m )9 ! next m9ute2 furni%+ ocul> evid5ce t t5drils grasp & coil 9 virtue ( s5sitiv5ess to contact1 &1 "o w\ld suppose1 negativ+ ,sa*s's rec5t hypo!sis t all ^! movem5ts are ow+ to rapid gr[? on ! side opposite to t :i* becomes concave--a view to :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 objects1 b n s /rongly z he might4 ,! t5dril ( ?is sort1 on /rik+ "s fitt+ object1 quickly curls r\nd & firmly grasps x2 !n1 aft] "s h\rs1 "o side %ort5+ or rema9+ %ort 9 proportion to ! o!r1 x coils into a spire1 dragg+ ! /em up to its support1 & enabl+ ! next t5dril above to secure a readi] hold4 ,9 revolv+ t5drils p]haps ! mo/ wond]ful adaptation is t by :i* !y avoid atta*m5t to1 or w9d+ !mselves ^u1 ! asc5d+ summit ( ! /em t be>s !m4 ,?is !y w\ld inevitably d if !y cont9u$ _! sweep horizontally4 ,b :5 9 its c\rse x ne>s ! p>5t /em ! t5dril moves sl[ly1 z if to ga!r /r5g?1 !n ,c4 /iff5s & rises into an erect position p>allel ) x1 & ,c s passes by ! dang]\s po9t2 aft] :i* x comes rapidly d[n to ! horizontal position1 9 :i* x moves until x aga9 approa*es & aga9 avoids ! imp5d+ ob/acle4 ,climb+ plants are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t almo/ all ! natural ord]s4 ,9 "s ord]s climb+ is ! rule1 9 mo/ x is ! exception1 occurr+ only 9 c]ta9 g5]a4 ,! t5d5cy ( /ems to move 9 circuits--^u :i* climb+ m commonly dep5ds1 & out ( :i* x is conceiv$ to h be5 educ$--is manife/$ incipi5tly by _m a plant :i* does n climb4 ,( ^? t d !re are all degrees1 f ! feeble/ to ! mo/ effici5t1 f ^? :i* h no special adaptation to ^? :i* h exquisitely-end[$ special organs = climb+4 ,! conclusion rea*$ is1 t ! p[] is inh]5t1 ?\gh undevelop$1 9 almo/ e plant2 t climb+ plants h utiliz$ & p]fect$ a widely-di/ribut$ & incipi5t capacity1 :i*1 z f> z we c see1 is ( no s]vice to ord9>y plants4 ,inh]5t p[]s & incipi5t manife/ations1 useless to _! possessors b useful to _! successors--?is1 d\btless1 is accord+ to ! ord] ( ,nature2 b x seems to ne$ some?+ m ?an natural selection to acc\nt = x4 ,,xii ,,duration ,,& ,,orig9ation ,,( ,,race ,,& ,,species-- ,,import ,,( ,,sexual ,,reproduction ,i ,d ,v>ieties we> out1 or t5d to we> out8 7,new ,york ,tribune1 & ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ! ,arts1 ,febru>y1 #ahge7 ,?is "q has be5 argu$ f "t to "t = m ?an half a c5tury1 & is f> f be+ settl$ yet4 ,inde$1 x is n to be settl$ ei!r way s easily z is sometimes ?\ght4 ,! result ( a prolong$ & r lively discussion ( ! topic ab\t =ty ye>s ago 9 ,engl&1 9 :i* ,l9dley bore a lead+ "p on ! negative side1 01 if we rightly rememb]1 t ! nays _h ! be/ ( ! argum5t4 ,! d5i]s c\ld fairly well expla9 away ! facts adduc$ by ! o!r side1 & evade ! =ce ( ! reasons !n assign$ to prove t v>ieties 7 b\nd to die out 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,b if ! case 7 fully re-argu$ n[1 x is by no means c]ta9 t ! nays w\ld w9 x4 ,! mo/ !y c\ld expect w\ld be ! ,scot* v]dict1 n prov54 ,& ?is n because mu*1 if any1 additional evid5ce ( ! actual we>+ out ( any v>iety has turn$ up s9ce1 b because a presumption has be5 rais$ "u :i* ! evid5ce w\ld take a bias ! o!r way4 ,!re is n[ 9 ! m9ds ( sci5tific m5 "s reason to expect t c]ta9 v>ieties w\ld die out 9 ! long run1 & ?is might h an important influ5ce ^u ! int]pretation ( ! facts4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 h[ev]1 ! rec5t discussions to :i* our att5tion has be5 call$ seem1 on bo? sides1 to h ov]look$ ?is4 ,b1 fir/ ( all1 ! "q ne$s to be m specifically /at$4 ,!re are v>ieties & v>ieties4 ,!y may1 "s ( !m1 disappe> or det]iorate1 b yet n we> out--n come to an end f any inh]5t cause4 ,"o might ev5 say1 ! y\ng] !y are ! less ! *ance ( survival unless well c>$ =4 ,!y may be smo!r$ out by ! adv]se =ce ( sup]ior numb]s2 !y are ev5 m likely to be br$ out ( exi/5ce by unprev5t$ cross-f]tilization1 or to disappe> f m]e *ange ( fa%ion4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 is n s mu* ab\t rev]sion to an ance/ral /ate1 or ! fall+ (f ( a high-br$ /ock into an inf]ior condition4 ,( su* cases x is en\gh to say t1 :5 a v>iety or /ra91 ( animal or vegetable1 is l$ up to unusual fecundity or ( size or product ( any organ1 = our good1 & n = ! good ( ! plant or animal itself1 x c be kept s only by high fe$+ & exceptional c>e2 & t ) high fe$+ & artificial appliances comes va/ly increas$ liability to disease1 :i* may practically annihilate ! race4 ,b !n ! race1 l ! bur/$ boil]1 c\ld n be said to we> out1 :ile if left to ord9>y conditions1 & all[$ to deg5]ate back into a m natural if less useful /ate1 its hold on life w\ld evid5tly be increas$ r ?an dim9i%$4 ,z to natural v>ieties or races "u normal conditions1 sexually propagat$1 x c\ld readily be %[n t !y are nei!r m nor less likely to disappe> f any inh]5t cause ?an ! species f :i* !y orig9at$4 ,:e!r species we> out1 i4e41 h _! rise1 culm9ation1 & decl9e1 f any inh]5t cause1 is :olly a geological & v speculative problem1 ^u :i*1 inde$1 only vague conjectures c be (f]$4 ,! matt] actually "u discussion conc]ns cultivat$ dome/icat$ v>ieties only1 &1 z to plants1 is cov]$ by two que/ions4 ,fir/1 ,w races propagat$ by se$1 be+ s fix$ t !y come true to se$1 & purely br$ 7n cross$ ) any o!r sort71 cont9ue s indef9itely1 or w !y run out 9 "t--n die out1 p]haps1 b lose _! di/+ui%+ *>act]s8 ,^u ?is1 all we are able to say is t we "k no reason :y !y %\ld we> out or det]iorate f any inh]5t cause4 ,! transi5t exi/5ce or ! det]ioration & disappe>ance ( _m su* races are suffici5tly acc\nt$ = o!rwise2 z 9 ! case ( extraord9>ily exub]ant v>ieties1 su* z mammo? fruits or roots1 by increas$ liability to disease1 already adv]t$ to1 or by ! failure ( ! high fe$+ !y dem&4 ,a common cause1 9 ord9>y cases1 is cross-bre$+1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( w9d or insects1 :i* is difficult to gu>d aga9/4 ,or !y g out ( fa%ion & are sup]s$$ by o!rs ?\ght to be bett]1 & s ! old ones disappe>4 ,or1 f9ally1 !y may rev]t to an ance/ral =m4 ,z (fspr+ t5d to resemble gr&p>5ts almo/ z mu* z p>5ts1 & z a l9e ( close-br$ ance/ry is g5]ally prepot5t1 s newly-orig9at$ v>ieties h always a t5d5cy to rev]sion4 ,?is is pretty sure to %[ itself 9 "s ( ! prog5y ( ! e>li] g5]ations1 & ! bre$] has to gu>d aga9/ x by rigid selection4 ,b ! old] ! v>iety is--t is1 ! long] ! s]ies ( g5]ations 9 :i* x has come true f se$--! less ! *ance ( rev]sion3 = n[1 to be l ! imm$iate p>5ts1 is also to be l a long l9e ( ance/ry2 & s all ! influ5ces conc]n$--- t is1 bo? p>5tal & ance/ral h]itability--act 9 "o & ! same direction4 ,s1 s9ce ! old] a race is ! m reason x has to cont9ue true1 ! presumption ( ! unlimit$ p]man5ce ( old races is v /rong4 ,( c\rse ! race itself may give (f new v>ieties2 b t is no int]f]5ce ) ! vitality ( ! orig9al /ock4 ,if "s ( ! new v>ieties supplant ! old1 t w n be because ! unv>i$ /ock is worn out or decrepit ) age1 b because 9 wild ,nature ! new] =ms are bett] adapt$ to ! surr\nd+s1 or1 "u man's c>e1 bett] adapt$ to 8 wants or fancies4 ,! second "q1 & "o ^u :i* ! discussion ab\t ! we>+ out ( v>ieties g5]ally turns1 is1 ,w v>ieties propagat$ f buds1 i4e41 by division1 grafts1 bulbs1 tub]s1 & ! l1 necess>ily det]iorate & die out8 ,fir/1 ,d !y die out z a matt] ( fact8 ,^u ?is1 ! te/imony has all along be5 conflict+4 ,&rew ,knight 0 sure t !y d1 & !re c\ld h>dly be a m tru/wor?y witness4 ,! fact1 he says1 fifty ye>s ago1 t c]ta9 v>ieties ( "s species ( fruit :i* h be5 long cultivat$ _c n[ be made to gr[ 9 ! same soils & "u ! same mode ( managem5t1 :i* 0 a c5tury ago s p]fectly successful1 is plac$ beyond ! rea* ( controv]sy4 ,e exp]im5t :i* seem$ to af=d ! slighte/ prospect ( success 0 tri$ by myself & o!rs to propagate ! old v>ieties ( ! apple & pe> :i* =m]ly con/itut$ ! or*>ds ( ,h]e=d%ire1 )\t a s+le heal?y or effici5t tree hav+ be5 obta9$2 & ,i believe all attempts to propagate ^! v>ieties h1 dur+ "s ye>s1 :olly ceas$ to be made4 ,to ?is x 0 repli$1 9 t & ! next g5]ation1 t cultivat$ v9es h be5 transmitt$ by p]petual division f ! "t ( ! ,romans1 & t sev]al ( ! sorts1 /ill priz$ & prolific1 are well id5tifi$1 among !m ! anci5t ,graecula1 consid]$ to be ! mod]n ,cor9? or currant grape1 :i* has immemorially be5 se$less2 t ! old nonp>eil apple 0 kn[n 9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?2 t ! :ite beurre pe>s ( ,france h be5 propagat$ f ! e>lie/ times2 & t gold5 pipp9s1 ,/4 ,mi*ael pe>s1 & o!rs said to h run out1 7 /ill to be _h 9 good condition4 ,com+ d[n to ! pres5t ye>1 a glance ?r\gh ! proce$+s ( pomological societies1 & ! debates ( f>m]s' clubs1 br+s out ! same diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,! te/imony is ne>ly equally divid$4 ,p]haps ! l>g] numb] speak ( ! det]ioration & failure ( p>ticul> old sorts2 b :5 ! "q turns on we>+ out1 ! positive evid5ce ( vigor\s trees & s\nd fruits is mo/ tell+4 ,a little positive te/imony outweighs a good deal ( negative4 ,?is _c readily be expla9$ away1 :ile ! failures may be1 by exhau/ion ( soil1 incom+ ( disease1 or alt]ation ( climate or circum/ances4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be urg$ t1 if a v>iety ( ?is sort is fat$ to become decrepit & die out1 x is n b\nd to die out all at once1 & ev]y:]e at ! same "t4 ,x w\ld be expect$ fir/ to give way :]ev] x is weake/1 f :atev] cause4 ,?is consid]ation has an important be>+ ^u ! f9al "q1 ,are old v>ieties ( ?is k9d on ! way to die out on acc\nt ( _! age or any inh]5t limit ( vitality8 ,"h1 aga91 ,mr4 ,knight took an extreme view4 ,9 8 essay 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #ahaj1 he prop\nd$ ! !ory1 n m]ely ( a natural limit to v>ieties f grafts & cutt+s1 b ev5 t !y w\ld n survive ! natural t]m ( ! life ( ! se$l+ trees f :i* !y 7 orig9ally tak54 ,:atev] may h be5 8 view ( ! natural t]m ( ! life ( a tree1 & ( a cutt+ be+ m]ely a "p ( ! individual t produc$ x1 !re is no d\bt t he laid himself op5 to ! effective replies :i* 7 made f all sides at ! "t1 & h lo/ none ( _! =ce s9ce4 ,weep+-will[s1 bread-fruits1 bananas1 sug>-cane1 tig]-lilies1 ,j]usalem arti*okes1 & ! l1 h be5 propagat$ = a long :ile 9 ?is way1 )\t evid5t decad5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! analogy ^u :i* 8 hypo!sis is f\nd$ w n hold4 ,:e!r or n "o adopts ! pres5t writ]'s conception1 t individuality is n actually rea*$ or ma9ta9$ 9 ! vegetable _w1 x is cle> en\gh t a common plant or tree is n an individual 9 ! s5se t a horse or man1 or any "o ( ! high] animals1 is--t x is an individual only 9 ! s5se t a bran*+ zoophyte or mass ( coral is4 ,solvitur cresc5do3 ! tree & ! bran* equally demon/rate t !y are n individuals1 by be+ divid$ ) impunity & advantage1 ) no loss ( life1 b mu* increase4 ,x looks odd en\gh to see a writ] l ,mr4 ,sisley reproduc+ ! old hypo!sis 9 s b>e a =m z ?is3 ,i am prep>$ to ma9ta9 t v>ieties are individuals1 & t z !y are born !y mu/ die1 l o!r individuals 4 4 4 ,we "k t oaks1 ,sequoias1 & o!r trees1 live sev]al c5turies1 b h[ _m we d n exactly "k4 ,b t !y mu/ die1 no "o 9 8 s5ses w dispute4 ,n[1 :at p 9 _! s5ses d dispute is1 n t ! tree w die1 b t o!r trees1 e/abli%$ f its cutt+s1 w die ) x4 ,b does x foll[ f ?is t non-sexually-propagat$ v>ieties are end[$ ) ! same p[] ( unlimit$ duration t is possess$ by v>ieties & species propagat$ sexually--i4e41 by se$8 ,^? :o ?9k s jump too soon at _! conclusion4 ,=1 z to ! facts1 x is n en\gh to po9t out ! diseases or ! tr\ble 9 ! soil or ! atmosph]e to :i* c]ta9 old fruits are succumb+1 nor to prove t a p>asitic fungus 7,p]onospora infe/ans7 is :at is ! matt] ) potatoes4 ,= h[ else w\ld con/itutional debility1 if su* !re be1 m naturally manife/ itself ?an 9 su* increas$ liability or dim9i%$ resi/ance to su* attacks8 ,& if y say t1 anyh[1 su* v>ieties d n die ( old age--mean+ t ea* individual attack$ does n die ( old age1 b ( manife/ disease--x may be ask$ 9 return1 :at individual man ev] dies ( old age 9 any o!r s5se ?an ( a simil> inability to resi/ invasions :i* 9 e>li] ye>s w\ld h produc$ no noticeable effect8 ,ag$ p die ( a slight cold or a slight accid5t1 b ! inevitable weakness t att5ds old age is :at makes ^! slight attacks fatal4 ,f9ally1 !re is a philosophical argum5t :i* tells /rongly = "s limitation ( ! duration ( non-sexually propagat$ =ms1 "o t probably ,knight nev] ?\ght (1 b :i* we %\ld n h expect$ rec5t writ]s to ov]look4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ann\nc$ ! pr9ciple t cross-f]tilization betwe5 ! individuals ( a species is ! plan ( ,nature1 & is practically s univ]sal t x fairly su/a9s 8 inf]5ce t no h]maphrodite species cont9ually self-f]tiliz$ w\ld cont9ue to exi/1 he made x cle> to all :o appreh5d & receive ! pr9ciple t a s]ies ( plants propagat$ by buds only mu/ h weak] hold ( life ?an a s]ies reproduc$ by se$4 ,= ! =m] is ! close/ possible k9d ( close bre$+4 ,^u ?is gr\nd su* v>ieties may be expect$ ultimately to die out2 b ! mills ( ! gods gr9d s exce$+ sl[ t we _c say t any p>ticul> gri/ has be5 actually gr\nd out "u human obs]vation4 ,if x be ask$ h[ ! ass]t$ pr9ciple is prov$ or made probable1 we c "h m]ely say t ! pro( is :olly inf]5tial4 ,b ! inf]5ce is drawn f su* a va/ array ( facts t x is wellnigh irresi/ible4 ,x is ! legitimate explanation ( ^? arrangem5ts 9 ,nature to secure cross-f]tilization 9 ! species1 ei!r con/antly or occasionally1 :i* are s g5]al1 s v>i$ & div]se1 &1 we may add1 s exquisite & wond]ful1 t1 once prop\nd$1 we see t x mu/ be true499 ,:at else1 inde$1 is ! mean+ & 99 ,"h an article w\ld be 9 place1 expla9+ ! arrangem5ts 9 ,nature = cross-f]tilization1 or wide-bre$+1 9 plants1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy1 sometimes ( ! w9ds1 b m commonly ( insects2 ! m s1 s9ce ! developm5t ( ! pr9ciple1 ! appreciation ( its importance1 & its confirmation by abundant facts1 are ma9ly due to ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,b our reviews & notices ( 8 e>ly "w ,on ! ,contrivances 9 ,nature = ! ,f]tilization ( ,or*ids by ,means ( ,insects1 9 #ahfb1 & 8 v>i\s subsequ5t pap]s ^u o!r p>ts ( ?is subject1 are ei!r too te*nical or too fragm5t>y or special to be "h reproduc$4 ,inde$1 a popul> essay is n[ h>dly ne$$1 s9ce ! topic has be5 fully pres5t$1 ( late ye>s1 9 ! curr5t popul> & sci5tific j\rnals1 & 9 common educational works & text-books1 s t x is 9 ! way ( becom+ a "p--& a mo/ invit+ "p--( ord9>y botanical in/ruction4 use ( sexual reproduction8 ,n simply increase ( numb]s2 = t is o!rwise effectually provid$ = by budd+ propagation 9 plants & _m ( ! l[] animals4 ,!re are plants1 inde$1 ( ! l[] sort 7su* z diatoms71 9 :i* ! :ole multiplication takes place 9 ?is way1 & ) great rapidity4 ,^! also h sexual reproduction2 b 9 x two old individuals are always de/roy$ to make a s+le new "o6 ,"h propagation dim9i%es ! numb] ( individuals fifty p] c5t4 ,:o c suppose t su* a co/ly process z ?is1 & t all ! exquisite arrangem5ts = cross-f]tilization 9 h]maphrodite plants1 d n subs]ve "s mo/ important purpose8 ,h[ & :y ! union ( two organisms1 or g5]ally ( two v m9ute portions ( !m1 %\ld re5=ce vitality1 we d n "k1 & c h>dly conjecture4 ,b ?is mu/ be ! mean+ ( sexual reproduction4 ,! conclusion ( ! matt]1 f ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 is1 t sexually-propagat$ v>ieties or races1 al?\gh liable to disappe> ?r\gh *ange1 ne$ n be expect$ to we> out1 & !re is no pro( t !y d2 b1 t non-sexually propagat$ v>ieties1 ?\gh n especially liable to *ange1 may !oretically be expect$ to we> out1 b to be a v long "t ab\t x4 ,,ii ,d ,species we> out8 & if n1 :y n8 ,! "q we h j be5 consid]+ 0 m]ely :e!r races are1 or may be1 z endur+ z species4 ,z to ! inh]5tly unlimit$ exi/5ce ( species !mselves1 or ! contr>y1 ?is1 z we h said1 is a geological & v speculative problem4 ,n a few geologi/s & naturali/s1 h[ev]1 h conclud$1 or tak5 = grant$1 t species h a natural t]m ( exi/5ce--t !y culm9ate1 decl9e1 & disappe> ?r\gh exhau/ion ( specific vitality1 or "s equival5t int]nal cause4 ,z might be expect$ f ! nature ( ! inquiry1 ! facts :i* be> ^u ! "q are f> f decisive4 ,if ! fact t species 9 g5]al h n be5 int]m9able1 b t "o aft] ano!r 9 long succession has become ext9ct1 w\ld seem to w>rant ?is conclusion1 ! p]si/5ce ?r\gh imm5se p]iods ( no inconsid]able numb] ( ! l[] =ms ( vegetable & animal life1 & ( a few ( ! high] plants f ! ,t]ti>y p]iod to ! pres5t1 tells ev5 m directly = ! limitless exi/5ce ( species4 ,! disappe>ance is q compatible ) ! latt] view2 :ile ! p]si/5ce ( any species is h>dly explicable ^u any o!r4 ,s t1 ev5 "u ! common belief ( ! entire /ability & ess5tial inflexibility ( species1 ext9ction is m likely to h be5 accid5tal ?an pr$et]m9$1 & ! doctr9e ( inh]5t limitation is unsupport$ by positive evid5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is an implication ( ! ,d>w9ian doctr9e t species are ess5tially unlimit$ 9 exi/5ce4 ,:5 !y die out--z soon] or lat] any species may--! v]dict mu/ be accid5tal dea?1 "u /ress ( adv]se circum/ances1 n exhau/ion ( vitality2 &1 commonly1 :5 ! species seems to die out1 x w r h suff]$ *ange4 ,= ! /ock ( vitality :i* enables x to v>y &4 survive 9 *ang$ =ms "u *ang$ circum/ances mu/ be deem$ suffici5t = a cont9u$ un*ang$ exi/5ce "u unalt]$ conditions4 ,&1 inde$1 ! advancem5t f simpl] to m complex1 :i* ^u ! !ory mu/ h att5d$ ! div]sification1 w\ld w>rant or require ! supposition ( increase in/ead ( dim9ution ( p[] f age to age4 ,! only case we call to m9d :i*1 "u ! ,d>w9ian view1 might be int]pret$ z a dy+ out f inh]5t causes1 is t ( a species :i* refuses to v>y1 & ?us lacks ! capacity ( adaptation to alt]+ conditions4 ,"u alt]+ conditions1 ?is lack w\ld be fatal4 ,b ?is w\ld be ! fatality ( "s species or =m 9 p>ticul>1 n ( species or =ms g5]ally1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 may & d v>y suffici5tly1 & 9 v>y+ survive1 seem+ly none ! worse1 b r ! bett]1 = _! long t5ure ( life4 ,! opposite idea1 h[ev]1 is ma9ta9$ by ,m4 ,naud91,,xii-#a 9 a detail$ exposition ( 8 own views ( evolution1 :i* diff] widely f ^? ( ,d>w9 9 mo/ respects1 & notably 9 exclud+ t :i*1 9 our day1 gives to ! subject its fir/ claim to sci5tific 7z di/+ui%$ f purely speculative7 att5tion2 namely1 natural selection4 ,in/ead ( ! causes or op]ations collectively p]sonifi$ "u ?is t]m1 & :i* are capable ( exact or probable appreciation1 ,m4 ,naud9 invokes ! two pr9ciples ( rhy?m & ( ! decrease ( =ces 9 ,nature4 ,he is a ?or\gh evolutioni/1 />t+ f ess5tially ! same po9t ) ,d>w92 = he conceives ( all ! =ms or species ( animals & plants comme tire t\t enti] d'un protoplasma primordial1 uni=m1 in/able1 em9emm5t pla/ique4 ,also 9 l'integration croissante de la =ce evolutive a mesure qu'elle se p>tage dans les =mes produites1 et la decroissance proportionelle de la pla/icite de ces =mes a mesure qu'elles s'eloign5t davantage de leur orig9e1 et qu'elles sont mieux arretees4 ,z !y get old]1 !y ga9 9 fixity ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ! fundam5tal law ( inh]itance2 b ! species1 l ! individual1 loses pla/icity & vital =ce4 ,to cont9ue 9 ! language ( ! orig9al3 ,c'e/ dire qu'il y a eu1 p\r l'ensemble du monde organique1 une p]iode de =mation ou t\t etait *angeant et mobile1 une phase analogue a la vie embryonnaire et a la jeunesse de *aque etre p>ticuli]2 et qu'a cet age de mobilite et de croissance a succ$e une p]iode de /abilite1 au mo9s relative1 une sorte d'age adulte1 ou la =ce evolutive1 ayant a*eve son oeuvre1 n'e/ plus occupee qu'a la ma9t5ir1 sans p\voir produire d'organismes n\veaux4 ,limitee en quantite1 comme t\tes les =ces en jeu dans une planete ou dans un sy/eme sid]al t\t enti]1 cette =ce n'a pu accomplir qu'un travail limite2 et du meme qu'un organisme1 animal ou vegetal1 ne croit pas indef9im5t et qu'il s'arrete a des proportions que ri5 ne peut faire depass]1 de meme aussi l'organisme total de la nature s'e/ arrete a un etat d'equilibre1 dont la duree1 selon t\tes vraisemblances1 doit etre beauc\p plus longue que celle de la phase de developpem5t et de croissance4 ,a fix$ am\nt ( evolutive =ce is giv51 to beg9 )4 ,at fir/ enorm\s1 because none has be5 us$ up 9 "w1 x is necess>ily enfeebl$ 9 ! curr5ts into :i* ! /ream divides1 & ! n>r[] & n>r[] *annels 9 :i* x fl[s ) sl[ly-dim9i%+ p[]4 ,h5ce ! limit$ al?\gh v unequal duration ( all individuals1 ( all species1 & ( all types ( organization4 ,a multitude ( =ms h disappe>$ already1 & ! numb] ( species1 f> f increas+1 z "s h believ$1 mu/1 on ! contr>y1 be dim9i%+4 ,"s species1 no d\bt1 h suff]$ dea? by viol5ce or accid5t1 by geological *anges1 local alt]ation ( ! conditions1 or ! direct or indirect attacks ( o!r species2 b ^! h only anticipat$ _! fate1 = ,m4 ,naud9 cont5ds t mo/ ( ! ext9ct species h di$ a natural dea? f exhau/ion ( =ce1 & t all ! survivors are on ! way to x4 ,! great timepiece ( ,nature 0 w\nd up at ! beg9n+1 & is runn+ d[n4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( great pla/icity & exub]ant p[]1 div]sification took place freely1 b only 9 def9ite l9es1 & species & types multipli$4 ,z ! p[] ( survival is inh]5tly limit$1 /ill m ! p[] ( *ange3 ?is dim9i%es 9 "t1 if we rightly appreh5d ! idea1 p>tly ?r\gh ! wan+ ( vital =ce1 p>tly ?r\gh ! fixity acquir$ by h]$ity--l produc+ l1 ! m c]ta9ly 9 proportion to ! l5g? & cont9uity ( ! ance/ral *a9 ,& s ! small v>iations ( species :i* we behold are ! feeble remnants ( ! pri/9e pla/icity & an exhau/$ =ce4,,xii-#b ,?is =ce ( v>iation or orig9ation ( =ms has act$ rhy?mically or int]mitt5tly1 because ea* movem5t 0 ! result ( ! rupture ( an equilibrium1 ! lib]ation ( a =ce :i* till !n 0 reta9$ 9 a pot5tial /ate by "s oppos+ =ce or ob/acle1 ov]com+ :i* x passes to a new equilibrium & s on ,h5ce alt]nations ( dynamic activity & /atic repose1 ( orig9ation ( species & types1 alt]nat$ ) p]iods ( /ability or fixity4 ,! timepiece does n run d[n regul>ly1 b la =ce proc$e p> saccades2 et 4 4 4 p> pulsations d'autant plus en]giques que la nature etait plus pres de son comm5cem5t4 ,su* is ! hypo!sis4 ,= a !ory ( evolution1 ?is is s+ul>ly unlike ,d>w9's 9 mo/ respects1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! k9d ( causes invok$ & speculations indulg$ 94 ,b we are n "h to comm5t ^u x beyond ! p>ticul> po9t "u consid]ation1 namely1 its doctr9e ( ! inh]5tly limit$ duration ( species4 ,?is comes1 x w be notic$1 z a d$uction f ! mod]n physical doctr9e ( ! equival5ce ( =ce4 ,! reason+ is +5i\s1 b1 if we mi/ake n1 fallaci\s4 ,to call t evolutive =ce :i* produces ! *ange ( "o k9d ( plant or animal into ano!r1 is simple & easy1 b ( little help by way ( explanation4 ,to homologize x ) physical =ce1 z ,m4 ,naud9's argum5t requires1 is inde$ a /ep1 & a h>dy "o2 b x q invalidates ! argum5t4 ,=1 if ! evolutive =ce is a "p ( ! physical =ce ( ! univ]se1 ( :i*1 z he rem9ds u1 ! sum is fix$ & ! t5d5cy is t[>d a /able equilibrium 9 :i* all *ange is to end1 !n ?is evolutive 0 d]iv$ f ! physical =ce2 & :y n /ill d]ivable f x8 ,:at is to prev5t its repl5i%m5t 9 vegetation1 p>i passu ) t great op]ation 9 :i* physical =ce is /or$ up 9 vegetable organisms1 & by ! exp5diture or trans=mation ( :i* _! "w1 & t ( all animals1 is c>ri$ on8 ,:atev] be ! cause 7if any !re be7 :i* det]m9es ! decad5ce & dea? ( species1 "o _c well believe t x is a consequ5ce ( a dim9ution ( _! prop] =ce by plant-developm5t & division2 = in/ance1 t ! sum ( :at is call$ vital =ce 9 a full-gr[n tree is n great]1 in/ead ( less1 ?an t 9 ! se$+1 & 9 ! grove great] ?an 9 ! s+le p>5tal tree4 ,?is p[]1 if x be prop]ly a =ce1 is d\btless z truly d]iv$ f ! sunbeam z is ! p[] :i* ! plant & animal exp5d 9 "w4 ,"h1 !n1 is a s\rce ( repl5i%m5t z la/+ z ! sun itself1 & a gr\nd--s f> z a supply ( =ce is conc]n$--= indef9ite duration4 ,= all t any "o c mean by ! indef9ite exi/5ce ( species is1 t !y may 7= all t yet appe>s7 cont9ue :ile ! ext]nal conditions ( _! be+ or well-be+ cont9ue4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ,m4 ,naud9 does n mean t evolutive =ce1 or ! =ce ( vitality1 is really homolog\s ) common physical =ce1 b only some?+ :i* may be lik5$ to x4 ,9 t case ! p>allel has only a metaphorical value1 & ! reason :y v>iation mu/ cease & species die out is /ill to seek4 ,9 %ort1 if t :i* cont9ues ! s]ies ( individuals 9 propagation1 :e!r l or unlike ! p>5ts1 be a =ce 9 ! physical s5se ( ! t]m1 !n !re is abundant provision 9 ,nature = its indef9ite repl5i%m5t4 ,if1 r1 x be a "p or phase ( t some?+ :i* directs & det]m9es ! exp5diture ( =ce1 !n x is n subject to ! laws ( ! latt]1 & !re is no gr\nd = inf]r+ its exhau/ibility4 ,! limit$ vitality is an unprov$ & unprovable conjecture4 ,! evolutive =ce1 dy+ out 9 ! us+1 is ei!r ! same conjecture repeat$1 or a misappli$ analogy4 ,aft] all--ap>t f speculative analogies--! only evid5ces we possess :i* indicate a t5d5cy 9 species to die out1 are ^? to :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 has call$ att5tion4 ,^! are1 fir/1 ! obs]v$ det]ioration :i* results1 at lea/ 9 animals1 f cont9u$ bre$+ 9 & 91 :i* may possibly be resolvable into cumulative h]itable disease2 &1 secondly1 z already /at$ 7p4 #bhe71 :at may be t]m$ ! s$ul\s & elaborate pa9s ev]y:]e tak5 9 ,nature to prev5t close bre$+--arrangem5ts :i* are p>ticul>ly prom95t 9 plants1 ! great] numb] ( :i* be> h]maphrodite blossoms4 ,! importance ( ?is may be inf]r$ f ! univ]sality1 v>iety1 & practical p]fection ( ! arrangem5ts :i* secure ! end2 & ! inf]5ce may fairly be drawn t ?is is ! physiological import ( sexes4 ,x foll[s f ?is t !re is a t5d5cy1 seem+ly inh]5t1 9 species z 9 individuals1 to die out2 b t ?is t5d5cy is c\nt]act$ or *eck$ by sexual wid] bre$+1 :i* is1 on ! :ole1 amply secur$ 9 ,nature1 & :i* 9 "s way or o!r re5=ces vitality to su* an ext5t z to w>rant ,d>w9's inf]5ce t "s unkn[n great good is d]iv$ f ! union ( individuals :i* h be5 kept di/9ct = _m g5]ations4 ,:e!r ?is re5=cem5t is a complete prev5tive ( decrepitude 9 species1 or only a palliative1 is m ?an we c det]m9e4 ,if ! latt]1 !n exi/+ species & _! d]ivatives mu/ p]i% 9 "t1 & ! e>? may be gr[+ poor] 9 species1 z ,m4 ,naud9 supposes1 ?r\gh m]e s5ility4 ,if ! =m]1 !n ! e>?1 if n ev5 gr[+ ri*]1 may be expect$ to hold its own1 & extant species or _! d]ivatives %\ld la/ z long z ! physical _w la/s & af=ds favorable conditions4 ,g5]al analogies seem to favor ! =m] view4 ,su* facts z we possess1 & ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis1 favor ! latt]4 ,,xiii ,,evolution>y ,,teleology ,:5 ,cuvi] spoke ( ! comb9ation ( organs 9 su* ord] t !y may be 9 consi/5ce ) ! "p :i* ! animal has to play 9 ,nature1 8 oppon5t1 ,ge(froy ,/4-,hilaire1 rejo9$1 ,i "k no?+ ( animals :i* h to play a "p 9 ,nature4 ,! discussion 0 a notable "o 9 its day4 ,f t "t to ?is1 ! reaction ( morphology aga9/ f9al causes has n r>ely gone to ! ext5t ( d5y+ ! ne$ & ! propriety ( assum+ ends 9 ! /udy ( animal & vegetable organizations4 ,especially 9 our day1 :5 x became app>5t t ! actual use ( an organ might n be ! fundam5tal reason ( its exi/5ce-- t "o & ! same organ1 morphologically consid]$1 0 modifi$ 9 diff]5t cases to ! mo/ div]se uses1 :ile intr9sically diff]5t organs subs]v$ id5tical functions1 & consequ5tly t use 0 a fallaci\s & homology ! sur] guide to correct classification--x 0 n surpris+ t teleological ideas ne>ly disappe>$ f natural hi/ory4 ,probably x is /ill g5]ally ?\ght t ! s*ool ( ,cuvi] & t ( ,/4-,hilaire h nei!r common gr\nd nor capability ( reconcilem5t4 ,9 a review ( ,d>w9's volume on ! ,f]tilization ( ,or*ids 99 7too te*nical & too detail$ = reproduction "h71 & lat] 9 a brief sket* ( ! "* ( 8 sci5tific "w 7art4 ,,ix1 p4 #bcd71 we express$ our s5se ( ! great ga9 to sci5ce f 8 hav+ br\ght back teleology to natural hi/ory4 ,9 ,d>w9ism1 usefulness & purpose come to ! front aga9 z work+ pr9ciples ( ! fir/ ord]2 ^u !m1 inde$1 ! :ole sy/em re/s4 ,to mo/1 ?is re/oration ( teleology has come f an unexpect$ qu>t]1 & 9 an unwont$ guise2 s t ! fir/ look ( x is by no means reassur+ to ! m9ds ( ^? :o *]i% !i/ic views ( ,nature4 ,adaptations irresi/ibly sugge/+ purpose _h _! supreme application 9 natural !ology4 ,be+ manifold1 p>ticul>1 & exquisite1 & evid5tly inwr\ght into ! :ole sy/em ( ! organic _w1 !y 7 held to furni% irrefragable z well z indep5d5t pro( ( a p]sonal design]1 a div9e orig9ator ( ,nature4 ,by a confusion ( ?\ght1 n[ obvi\s1 b at ! "t n unnatural1 !y 7 also reg>d$ z pro( ( a direct execution ( ! contriv]'s purpose 9 ! creation ( ea* organ & organism1 z x 71 9 ! mann] man contrives & puts toge!r a ma*9e--an idea :i* has be5 set up z ! or?odox doctr9e1 b :i* to ,/4 ,augu/9e & o!r le>n$ ,*ri/ian fa!rs w\ld h savor$ ( het]odoxy4 ,9 ! doctr9e ( ! orig9ation ( species ?r\gh natural selection1 ^! adaptations appe> z ! outcome r ?an z ! motive1 z f9al results r ?an f9al causes4 ,adaptation to use1 al?\gh ! v ess5ce ( ,d>w9ism1 is n a fix$ & inflexible adaptation1 realiz$ once = all at ! outset2 x includes a long progression & succession ( modifications1 adju/+ !mselves to *ang+ circum/ances1 "u :i* !y may be m & m div]sifi$1 specializ$1 & 9 a j s5se p]fect$4 ,n[1 ! "q is1 ,does ?is involve ! de/ruction or only ! recon/ruction ( our consecrat$ ideas ( teleology8 ,is x compatible ) our seem+ly inbore conception ( ,nature z an ord]$ sy/em8 ,fur!rmore1 & above all1 c ! ,d>w9ian !ory itself disp5se ) ! idea ( purpose1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 z tantam\nt to design8 ,f two oppos+ sides we he> ! fir/ two que/ions answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,& an affirmative response to ! ?ird is directly impli$ 9 ! foll[+ citation3 ,! ^w purpose has be5 us$ 9 a s5se to :i* x is1 p]haps1 wor? :ile to call att5tion4 ,adaptation ( means to an end may be provid$ 9 two ways t we at pres5t "k (3 by processes ( natural selection1 & by ! ag5cy ( an intellig5ce 9 :i* an image or idea ( ! end prec$$ ! use ( ! means4 ,9 bo? cases ! exi/5ce ( ! adaptation is acc\nt$ = by ! necessity or utility ( ! end4 ,x seems to me conv5i5t to use ! ^w purpose z mean+ g5]ally ! end to :i* c]ta9 means are adapt$1 bo? 9 ^! two cases & 9 any o!r t may h]eaft] become kn[n1 provid$ only t ! adaptation is acc\nt$ = by ! necessity or utility ( ! end4 ,& !re seems no objection to ! use ( ! phrase 'f9al cause' 9 ?is wid] s5se1 if x is to be kept at all4 ,! ^w 'design' might !n be kept = ! special case ( adaptation by an intellig5ce4 ,& we may !n say t1 s9ce ! process ( natural selection has be5 und]/ood1 purpose has ceas$ to sugge/ design to in/ruct$ p1 except 9 cases :]e ! ag5cy ( man is indep5d5tly probable4--,p4,c4,w41 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review = ,septemb]1 #ahge1 p4 #feg4 ,! di/9ction made by ?is anonym\s writ] is conv5i5t & useful1 & 8 /atem5t cle>4 ,we propose to adopt ?is use ( ! t]ms purpose & design1 & to exam9e ! allegation4 ,! latt] comes to ?is3 ,processes ( natural selection exclude ! ag5cy ( an intellig5ce 9 :i* ! image or idea ( ! end prec$es ! use ( ! means2 & s9ce ! =m] h be5 und]/ood purpose has ceas$ to sugge/ design to in/ruct$ p1 except 9 cases :]e ! ag5cy ( man is indep5d5tly probable4 ,! maxim ,l'homme propose1 ,dieu dispose1 "u ?is read+ means t ! =m] has ! monopoly ( design1 :ile ! latt] accompli%es )\t design+4 ,man's works alone sugge/ design4 ,b x is cle> to u t ?is monopoly is %>$ ) c]ta9 be+s ( inf]ior grade4 ,grant+ t q possibly ! capture ( flies = food by ,dionaea & ! sundews may be attribut$ to purpose ap>t f design 7if x be practicable 9 ! la/ resort to ma9ta9 ?is n[ conv5i5t di/9ction71 /ill _! capture by a spid]'s-web1 & by a swall[ on ! w+1 c h>dly cease to sugge/ design to in/ruct$ p4 ,& surely1 9 com+ at 8 ma/]'s call1 ! dog fulfills 8 own design z well z t ( 8 ma/]2 & s ( o!r actions & con/ructions ( brute animals4 ,)\t d\bt s acute a writ] has a cle> & s5sible mean+2 s we conclude t he reg>ds brutes z automata1 & 0 ?9k+ ( design z coext5sive m]ely ) g5]al conceptions4 ,n conc]n+ ourselves ) ! difficulty he may h 9 draw+ a l9e betwe5 ! simpl] judgm5ts & affections ( man & ^? ( ! highe/-end[$ brutes1 we subs]ve our imm$iate ends by rem>k+ t ! automatic !ory w\ld seem to be "o :i* c lea/ ( all disp5se ) design1 s9ce1 ei!r 9 ! lit]al or curr5t s5se ( ! ^w1 undesign$ automatism is1 z ne> z may be1 a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,z ! automaton man con/ructs manife/s ! designs ( its mak] & mov]1 s ! m effici5t automata :i* man did n con/ruct w\ld n legitimately sugge/ less ?an human intellig5ce4 ,& s all adaptations 9 ! animal & vegetable _w :i* irresi/ibly sugge/ purpose 79 ! s5se n[ accept$7 w\ld also sugge/ design1 &1 "u ! law ( p>simony1 claim to be ?us int]pret$1 unless "s o!r hypo!sis w bett] acc\nt = ! facts4 ,we w consid]1 pres5tly1 if any o!r does s4 ,we "h claim only t "s be+s o!r ?an m5 design1 & t ! adaptations ( means to ends 9 ! /ructure ( animals & plants1 9 s f> z !y c>ry ! m>ks ( purpose1 c>ry also ! implication ( hav+ be5 design$4 ,also1 t ! idea or hypo!sis ( a design+ m9d1 z ! au?or ( ,nature--h[ev] we came by x--hav+ possession ( ! field1 & be+ "o :i* man1 himself a design]1 seem+ly mu/ ne$s =m1 _c be rival$ except by "s o!r equally adequate = explanation1 or displac$ except by %[+ ! illegitimacy ( ! inf]5ce4 ,z to ! latt]1 is ! common appreh5sion & s5se ( mank9d 9 ?is reg>d well gr\nd$8 ,c we rightly reason f our own intellig5ce & p[]s to a high] or a supreme intellig5ce ord]+ & %ap+ ! sy/em ( ,nature8 ,a v able & +5i\s writ] ^u ,! ,evid5ces ( ,design 9 ,nature1 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,july1 #ahge1 ma9ta9s ! negative4 ,8 article may be tak5 z ! argum5t 9 support ( ! position assum$ by ,p4,c4,w41 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review above cit$4 ,x op5s ) ! admission t ! or?odox view is ! mo/ simple & app>5tly conv9c+1 has _h = c5turies ! unhesitat+ ass5t ( an imm5se majority ( ?9k]s1 & t ! late/ ma/]-writ] ^u ! subject dispos$ to reject x1 namely1 ,mill1 comes to ! conclusion t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 ! adaptations 9 ,nature af=d a l>ge balance ( probability 9 favor ( creation by intellig5ce4 ,x proce$s to attack n s mu* ! evid5ce 9 favor ( design z ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! :ole doctr9e re/s1 & closes ) ! pr$iction t soon] or lat] ! sup]/ructure mu/ fall4 ,&1 truly1 if 8 reason+s are legitimate1 & 8 conclusions j1 ,sci5ce has laid ! axe to ! tree4 ,giv5 a set ( m>ks :i* we look ^u 9 human productions z unfail+ indications ( design1 he asks1 is n ! inf]5ce equally legitimate :5 we recognize ^! m>ks 9 ,nature8 ,to gaze on su* a univ]se z ?is1 to feel our he>ts exult )9 u 9 ! fullness ( exi/5ce1 & to (f] 9 explanation ( su* b5efic5t provision no o!r ^w b ,*ance1 seems z un?ankful & iniquit\s z x seems absurd4 ,*ance produces no?+ 9 ! human sph]e2 no?+1 at lea/1 t c be reli$ ^u = good4 ,design alone eng5d]s h>mony1 consi/5cy2 & ,*ance n only nev] is ! p>5t1 b is con/antly ! enemy ( ^!4 ,h[1 !n1 c we suppose ,*ance to be ! au?or ( a sy/em 9 :i* ev]y?+ is z regul> z clockwork8 4 4 4 ,! hypo!sis ( ,*ance is inadmissible4 ,!re is1 !n1 9 ,nature1 an ord]2 &1 9 ,p4,c4,w4's s5se ( ! ^w1 a manife/ purpose4 ,"s sort ( conception z to ! cause ( x is inevitable1 t ( design fir/ & =emo/4 ,:y--! ,we/m9/] ,review] repeats ! "q--:y1 if ! m>ks ( utility & adaptation are conclusive 9 ! works ( man1 %\ld !y n be consid]$ equally conclusive 9 ! works ( ,nature8 ,8 answ] appe>s to u m +5i\s ?an s\nd4 ,because1 ref]r+ to ,paley's wat*1-- ,! wat*-f9d] is n guid$ solely 9 8 inf]5ce by m>ks ( adaptation & utility2 he w\ld recognize design 9 half a wat*1 9 a m]e fragm5t ( a wat*1 j z surely z 9 a :ole "t-keep] 4 4 4 ,two cog-:eels1 grasp+ ea* o!r1 w be ?\ght conclusive evid5ce ( design1 q indep5d5tly ( any use atta*+ to !m4 ,& ! inf]5ce1 inde$1 is p]fectly correct2 only x is an inf]5ce1 n f a m>k ( design1 prop]ly s call$1 b f a m>k ( human workman%ip 4 4 4 ,no m is ne$$ = ! wat*-f9d]1 s9ce all ! works ( man are1 at ! same "t1 products ( design2 b a great deal m is requisite = u1 :o are call$ ^u by ,paley to recognize design 9 works 9 :i* ?is /amp1 ?is label ( human workman%ip1 is want+4 ,! m5tal op]ation requir$ 9 ! "o case is radically diff]5t f t p]=m$ 9 ! o!r2 !re is no p>allel1 & ,paley's demon/ration is totally irrelevant4,,xiii-#b ,b1 surely1 all human do+s are n products ( design2 _m are cont+5t or accid5tal4 ,& :y n suppose t ! f9d] ( ! wat*1 or ( ! wat*-:eel1 inf]s bo? design & human workman%ip8 ,! two are mutually exclusive only on ! supposition t man alone is a design]1 :i* is simply begg+ ! "q 9 discussion4 ,if ! wat*-f9d]'s att5tion _h be5 arre/$ by a diff]5t object1 su* z a spid]'s web1 he w\ld h inf]r$ bo? design & non-human workman%ip4 ,( "s objects he might be unc]ta9 :e!r !y 7 ( human orig9 or n1 )-out ev] d\bt+ !y 7 design$1 :ile ( o!rs ?is might rema9 d\btful4 ,nor is man's recognition ( human workman%ip1 or ( any o!r1 dep5d5t ^u 8 compreh5d+ h[ x 0 done1 or :at p>ticul> ends x subs]ves4 ,su* consid]ations make x cle> t ! label ( human workman%ip is n ! g5]ic /amp f :i* man inf]s design4 ,x seems equally cle> t ! m5tal op]ation requir$ 9 ! "o case is n s radically or mat]ially diff]5t f t p]=m$ 9 ! o!r z ?is writ] w\ld h u suppose4 ,! judgm5t respect+ a spid]'s web1 or a trap-door spid]'s dwell+1 w\ld be ! v same 9 ?is reg>d if x prec$$1 z x occasionally might1 all k ( :e!r ! object met ) 7 ( human or animal orig94 ,a dam across a /ream1 & ! appe>ance ( ! /umps ( trees :i* ent]$ into its =mation1 w\ld sugge/ design q irrespective ( & antec$5t to ! consid]able k or exp]i5ce :i* w\ld enable ! behold] to decide :e!r ?is 0 ! "w ( m5 or ( beav]s4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld ! judgm5t t any p>ticul> /ructure is a design$ "w be ?\ght illegitimate :5 attribut$ to a high] in/ead ( a l[] intellig5ce ?an t ( man8 ,x might1 inde$1 be s if ! suppos$ obs]v] _h no conception ( a p[] & intellig5ce sup]ior to 8 own4 ,b x w\ld !n be m ?an irrelevant2 x w\ld be impossible1 except on ! supposition t ! ph5om5a w\ld ( !mselves give rise to su* an inf]5ce4 ,t x is n[ possible to make ! inf]5ce1 &1 inde$1 h>dly possible n to make x1 is suffici5t w>rant ( its relevancy4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 be rejo9$ t1 if ?is important factor is giv51 ! inf]5ce yields no indep5d5t argum5t ( a div9e creator2 & x may also be reasonably urg$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?+s t are made "u our obs]vation & compreh5sion1 & ?+s t gr[1 b h orig9at$ beyond our compreh5sion1 is too wide = a sure inf]5ce f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,b ! pres5t "q involves nei!r ( ^!4 ,x is simply :e!r ! argum5t = design f adaptations 9 ,nature is relevant1 n :e!r x is indep5d5t or sure4 ,x is conc$$ t ! argum5t is analogical1 & ! p>allel incomplete4 ,b ! gi/ is 9 ! po9ts t are p>allel or simil>4 ,pulleys1 valves1 & su*like elaborate me*anical adaptations1 _c diff] greatly 9 mean+1 :]ev] met )4 ,! oppos+ argum5t is repeat$ & pass$ 9 ano!r =m3 ,! evid5ce ( design af=d$ by ! m>ks ( adaptation 9 works ( human compet5ce is null & void 9 ! case ( creation itself 4 4 4 ,nature is full ( adaptations2 b ^! are valueless to u z traces ( design1 unless we "k some?+ ( ! rival adaptations among :i* an intellig5t be+ might h *os54 ,to ass]t t 9 ,nature no su* rival adaptations exi/$1 & t 9 e case ! useful function 9 "q c\ld be e/abli%$ by no o!r in/rum5t b "o1 is simply to reason 9 a circle1 s9ce x is solely f :at we f9d exi/+ t our notions ( possibility & impossibility are drawn4 4 4 4 ,we _c imag9e ourselves 9 ! position ( ! ,creator be=e 8 "w began1 nor exam9e ! mat]ials among :i* he _h to *oose1 nor c\nt ! laws :i* limit$ 8 op]ations4 ,"h all is d>k1 & ! inf]5ce we draw f ! seem+ p]fections ( ! exi/+ in/rum5ts or means is a measure ( no?+ b our ignorance4 ,b ! "q is n ab\t ! p]fection ( ^! adaptations1 or :e!r o!rs might h be5 in/itut$ 9 _! place4 ,x is simply :e!r obs]v$ adaptations ( intricate sorts1 admirably subs]v+ uses1 d or d n legitimately sugge/ to "o design+ m9d t !y are ! product ( "s o!r4 ,if s1 no am\nt ( ignorance1 or ev5 inconceivability1 ( ! conditions & mode ( production c\ld affect ! validity ( ! inf]5ce1 nor c\ld x be affect$ by any misund]/&+ on our "p z to :at ! p>ticul> use or function 02 a /atem5t :i* w\ld h be5 deem$ sup]flu\s1 except = ! foll[+3 ,!re is n an organ 9 our bodies b :at has pass$1 & is /ill pass+1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( diff]5t & (t5 contradictory int]pretations4 ,our lungs1 = in/ance1 7 anci5tly conceiv$ to be a k9d ( cool+ app>atus1 a refrig]ator2 at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury !y 7 suppos$ to be a c5tre ( combu/ion2 & n[adays bo? ^! !ories h be5 ab&on$ = a ?ird 4 4 4 ,h ^! *anges modifi$ 9 ! slighte/ degree ! suppos$ evid5ce ( design8 ,we h n ! lea/ idea :y !y %\ld4 ,s1 also1 ( complicat$ processes1 su* z human dige/ion1 be+ replac$ by o!r & simpl] ones 9 l[] animals1 or ev5 9 c]ta9 plants4 ,if we argue ! necessity ( e adaptation solely f ! fact t x exi/s1 & t we _c mutilate x grossly )\t injury to ! function1 we d n ann\nce triumphantly t dige/ion is impossible 9 any way b ?is1 etc41 b see equal wisdom & no impugnm5t ( design 9 any numb] ( simpl] adaptations accompli%+ equival5t purposes 9 l[] animals4 ,f9ally1 adaptation & utility be+ ! only m>ks ( design 9 ,nature :i* we possess1 & adaptation only z subs]vi5t to usefulness1 ! ,we/m9/] ,review] %[s u h[3 ,! argum5t f utility may be equally refut$ ano!r way4 ,we f\nd 9 our discussion ( ! m>k ( adaptation t ! positive evid5ce ( design af=d$ by ! me*anisms ( ! human frame 0 nev] accompani$ by ! possibility ( negative evid5ce4 ,we reg>d$ ?is z a suspici\s circum/ance1 j z ! fox1 invit$ to att5d ! lion 9 8 d51 0 det]r$ f 8 visit by obs]v+ t all ! foottracks lay 9 "o direction4 ,! same suspici\s circum/ance w>ns u n[4 ,if positive evid5ce ( design be af=d$ by ! pres5ce ( a faculty1 negative evid5ce ( design ought to be af=d$ by ! abs5ce ( a faculty4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,!n foll[s ! acc\nt ( a butt]fly1 :i*1 f ! wond]ful p[] ( ! males to f9d ! females at a great di/ance1 is conceiv$ to possess a six? s5se4 ,d we consid] ! defici5cy ( ?is six? s5se 9 man z ! slighte/ evid5ce aga9/ design8 ,%\ld we be less apt to inf] creative wisdom if we _h only f\r s5ses in/ead ( five1 or ?ree in/ead ( f\r8 ,no1 ! case w\ld /& precisely z x does n[4 ,we value our s5ses simply because we h !m1 & because our conception ( life z we desire x is drawn f !m4 ,b to reason f su* value to ! orig9 ( our end[m5t1 to argue t our s5ses mu/ h be5 giv5 to u by a deity because we prize !m1 is evid5tly to move r\nd & r\nd 9 a vici\s circle4 ,! same rejo9d] is easily applicable to ! argum5t f beauty1 :i* inde$ is only a p>ticul> aspect ( ! argum5t f utility4 ,x is c]ta9ly improbable t a r&om daub+ ( colors on a canvas w produce a tol]able pa9t+1 ev5 %\ld ! exp]im5t be cont9u$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,our conception ( beauty be+ giv51 x is utt]ly improbable t *ance %\ld select1 out ( ! inf9ity ( comb9ations :i* =m & color may af=d1 ! precise comb9ation :i* t conception w approve4 ,b ! univ]se is n po/]ior to our s5se ( beauty1 b antec$5t to x3 our s5se ( beauty gr[s out ( :at we see2 & h5ce ! con=mance ( our _w to our ae/hetical conceptions is evid5ce1 n ( ! _w's orig91 b ( our own4 ,we are accu/om$ to he> design d\bt$ on acc\nt ( c]ta9 failures ( provision1 wa/e ( res\rces1 or functionless condition ( organs2 b x is refre%+ly new to h ! v h>mony itself ( man ) 8 surr\nd+s1 & ! complet5ess ( provision = 8 wants & desires1 br\ght up z a refutation ( ! validity ( ! argum5t = design4 ,x is h>d1 inde$1 if man mu/ be out ( h>mony ) ,nature 9 ord] to judge any?+ respect+ x1 or 8 relations ) x2 if he mu/ h exp]i5ce ( *aos be=e he c pr$icate any?+ ( ord]4 ,b is x true t man has all t he conceives (1 or ?9ks w\ld be useful1 & has no negative evid5ce ( design af=d$ by ! abs5ce ( a faculty to set aga9/ ! positive evid5ce af=d$ by its pres5ce8 ,he notes t he lacks ! faculty ( flight1 sometimes wants x1 & 9 dreams imag9es t he has x1 yet z ?or\ghly believes t he 0 design$ n to h x z t he 0 design$ to h ! faculties & organs :i* he possesses4 ,he notes t "s animals lack sight1 & s1 ) ?is negative side ( ! te/imony to ! value ( vision1 he is apt to inf] creative wisdom bo? 9 :at he enjoys & 9 :at ! l[] animal nei!r ne$s nor wants4 ,t man does n miss t :i* he has no conception (1 & is by ?is limitation disqualifi$ f judg+ rightly ( :at he c conceive & "k1 is :at ! ,we/m9/] ,review] comes to1 z foll[s3 ,we value ! con/itution ( our _w because we live by x1 & because we _c conceive ourselves z liv+ o!rwise4 ,our conceptions ( possibility1 ( law1 ( regul>ity1 ( logic1 are all d]iv$ f ! same s\rce2 & z we are con/antly compell$ to "w ) ^! conceptions1 z 9 our increas+ endeavors to bett] our condition & increase our provision we are con/antly compell$ to guide ourselves by ,nature's regulations1 we accu/om ourselves to look ^u ^! regul>ities & conceptions z antec$5t to all "w1 ev5 to a ,creator's1 & to judge ( ! orig9 ( ,nature z we judge ( ! orig9 ( inv5tions & utilities ascribable to man4 ,?is expla9s :y ! argum5t ( design has enjoy$ su* univ]sal popul>ity4 ,b t su* popul>ity is no crit]ion ( ! argum5t's wor?1 & t1 inde$1 x is no evid5ce ( any?+ save ( an unhappy weakness 9 man's m5tal con/itution1 is abundantly prov$ by ! explanation itself4 ,well1 ! con/itution & condition ( man be+ su* t he always does inf] design 9 ,nature1 :at /rong] presumption c\ld !re possibly be ( ! relevancy ( ! inf]5ce8 ,we d n say ( its correctness3 t is ano!r ?+1 & is n ! pres5t po9t4 ,at ! la/1 z has well be5 said1 ! :ole "q resolves itself into "o respect+ ! ultimate v]acity ( ,nature1 or ( ! au?or ( ,nature1 if !re be any4 ,pass+ f ^! attempts to und]m9e ! f\ndation ( ! doctr9e--:i* we judge to be unsuccessful--we turn to ! consid]ation ( ^? aim$ at ! sup]/ructure4 ,evid5ces ( design may be relevant1 b n cog5t4 ,!y may1 z ,mill ?\ght1 prepond]ate1 or ! wav]+ balance may incl9e ! o!r way4 ,!re are two l9es ( argum5t3 "o aga9/ ! suffici5cy1 ! o!r aga9/ ! necessity1 ( ! pr9ciple ( design4 ,design has be5 d5i$ on ! gr\nd t x squ>es ) only "o "p ( ! facts1 & fails to expla9 o!rs2 x may be sup]s$$ by %[+ t all ! facts are 9 ! way ( be+ expla9$ )\t x4 ,! ?+s :i* ! pr9ciple ( design does n expla9 are _m & s]i\s4 ,"s are 9 _! nature inexplicable1 at lea/ are beyond ! p[] & prov9ce ( sci5ce4 ,o!rs are ( matt]s :i* sci5tific /ud5ts h to consid]1 & ^u :i* !y may =m op9ions1 m or less well gr\nd$4 ,z to biological sci5ce--) :i* alone we are conc]n$--x is gett+ to be g5]ally ?\ght t ?is pr9ciple1 z commonly und]/ood1 is weight$ ) mu* m ?an x c c>ry4 ,?is /atem5t w n be ?\ght exagg]at$ by ^? mo/ famili> ) ! facts & ! ideas ( ! age1 & accu/om$ to look !m 9 ! face4 ,design is held to1 no d\bt1 by mo/1 & by a sure in/9ct2 n1 h[ev]1 z always (f]+ an explanation ( ! facts1 b 9 spite ( ! failure to d s4 ,! /umbl+-blocks are v>i\s1 & !y lie 9 e pa?3 we c allude only to "o or two z specim5s4 ,adaptation & utility are ! m>ks ( design4 ,:at1 !n1 are organs n adapt$ to use m>ks (8 ,functionless organs ( "s sort are ! h]itage ( almo/ e species4 ,we h ways ( seem+ to acc\nt = !m--& ( late "o :i* may really acc\nt = !m--b !y are unacc\ntable on ! pr9ciple ( design4 ,"s1 %utt+ _! eyes to ! difficulty1 d5y t we "k !m to be functionless1 & pref] to believe !y mu/ h a use because !y exi/1 & are m or less connect$ ) organs :i* are correlat$ to obvi\s use2 b only bl9dfold$ p]sons c>e to tread ! r\nd ( s n>r[ a circle4 ,( late "s su* abortive organs 9 fl[]s & fruits are f\nd to h a use1 ?\gh n ! use ( _! k9d4 ,b unwav]+ believ]s 9 design %\ld n tru/ too mu* to in/ances ( ?is sort4 ,!re is an old adage t1 if any?+ be kept long en\gh1 a use w be f\nd = x4 ,if ! foll[+ up ( ?is l9e1 :5 x comes 9 our way1 %\ld br+ u r\nd aga9 to a teleological pr9ciple1 x w n be "o :i* con=ms to ! preval5t ideas n[ attack$4 ,x is commonly said t abortive & useless organs exi/ = ! sake ( symmetry1 or z p>ts ( a plan4 ,to say ?is1 & /op !re1 is a f9e in/ance ( m]e seem+ to say some?+4 ,=1 "u ! pr9ciple ( design1 :at is ! s5se ( introduc+ useless p>ts into a useful organism1 & :at %ad[ ( explanation does symmetry give8 ,to g fur!r & expla9 ! cause ( ! symmetry & h[ abortive organs came to be1 is m to ! purpose1 b x introduces q ano!r pr9ciple ?an t ( design4 ,! difficulty recurs 9 a some:at diff]5t =m :5 an organ is useful & ( exquisite p]fection 9 "s species1 b functionless 9 ano!r4 ,an organ1 su* z an eye1 /rikes u by its exquisite &1 z we may1 p]fect adaptation & utility 9 "s animal2 x is f\nd repeat$1 /ill useful b de/itute ( _m ( its adaptations1 9 "s animal ( l[] grade2 9 "s "o l[] /ill x is rudim5t>y & useless4 ,x is ask$1 ,if ! fir/ 0 s creat$ = its obvi\s & actual use1 & ! second = su* use z x has1 :at 0 ! design ( ! ?ird8 ,"o m case1 9 :i* use aft] all is well subs]v$1 we cite f ! article already mu* quot$ f3 ,x is well kn[n t c]ta9 fi%es 7,pleuronecta7 display ! s+ul>ity ( hav+ bo? eyes on ! same side ( _! head1 "o eye be+ plac$ a little high] ?an ! o!r4 ,?is arrangem5t has its utility2 = ! ,pleuronecta1 swimm+ on _! side q ne> ! bottom ( ! sea1 h little occasion = _! eyesight except to obs]ve :at is go+ on above !m4 ,b ! detail to :i* we w\ld call notice is1 t ! orig9al position ( ! eyes is symmetrical 9 ^! fi%es1 & t x is only at a c]ta9 po9t ( _! developm5t t ! anomaly is manife/$1 "o ( ! eyes pass+ to ! o!r side ( ! head4 ,x is almo/ inconceivable t an intellig5t be+ %\ld h select$ su* an arrangem5t2 & t1 int5d+ ! eyes to be us$ only on "o side ( ! head1 he %\ld h plac$ !m orig9ally on diff]5t sides4 ,!n ! wa/e ( be+ is enorm\s1 f> beyond ! common appreh5sion4 ,se$s1 eggs1 & o!r g]ms1 are design$ to be plants & animals1 b n "o ( a ?\s& or ( a million a*ieves its de/9y4 ,^? t fall into fitt+ places & 9 fitt+ numb]s f9d b5efic5t provision1 &1 if !y 7 to wake to consci\sness1 might argue design f ! adaptation ( _! surr\nd+s to _! well-be+4 ,b :at ( ! va/ majority t p]i%8 ,z ( ! light ( ! sun1 s5t =? 9 all directions1 only a m9ute portion is int]cept$ by ! e>? or o!r planets :]e "s ( x may be utiliz$ = pres5t or future life1 s ( pot5tial organisms1 or organisms begun1 no l>g] proportion atta9 ! presum$ end ( _! creation4 ,de/ruction1 !re=e1 is ! rule2 life is ! exception4 ,we notice *iefly ! exception--namely1 ! lucky prize-w9n] 9 ! lott]y-- & take b little ?\ght ab\t ! los]s1 :o vani% f our field ( obs]vation1 & ^: numb] x is (t5 impossible to e/imate4 ,b1 9 ?is "q ( design1 ! los]s are important witnesses4 ,if ! maxim 'audi alt]am p>tem' is applicable any:]e1 x is applicable "h4 ,we mu/ he> bo? sides1 & ! te/imony ( ! se$ fall5 on good gr\nd mu/ be correct$ by ! te/imony ( t :i* falls by ! wayside1 or on ! rocks4 ,:5 we f9d1 z we h se5 above1 t ! s[+ is a scatt]+ at r&om1 & t1 = "o be+ provid$ = & liv+1 t5 ?\s& p]i% unprovid$ =1 we mu/ all[ t ! exi/+ ord] w\ld be acc\nt$ z ! wor/ disord] 9 any human sph]e ( action4 ,x is urg$1 moreov]1 t all ?is & mu* m applies equally to ! pa/ /ages ( our e>? & its imm5sely long & v>i$ succession ( =m] inhabitants1 diff]5t f1 yet intimately connect$ )1 ! pres5t4 ,x is n "o specific creation t ! "q has to deal )--z 0 ?\ght n v _m ye>s ago--b a s]ies ( creations ?r\gh c\ntless ages1 & ( :i* ! beg9n+ is unkn[n4 ,^! ref]5ces t\* a few out ( _m po9ts1 & m]ely allude to "s ( ! difficulties :i* ! unhe$+ pass by1 b :i*1 :5 br\ght be=e ! m9d1 are se5 to be /up5d\s4 ,some:at may be ju/ly1 or at lea/ plausibly1 said 9 reply to all ?is f ! ord9>y /&po9t1 b probably n to mu* effect4 ,!re 7 always insup]able difficulties1 :i*1 :5 !y seem$ to be few1 might be reg>d$ z exceptional2 b1 z !y increase 9 numb] & v>iety1 !y seem to fall into a sy/em4 ,no d\bt we may /ill insi/ t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 ! adaptations 9 ,nature af=d a l>ge balance ( probability 9 favor ( creation by intellig5ce1 z ,mill conclud$2 & probability mu/ ne$s be ! guide ( reason ?r\gh ^! d>k places4 ,/ill1 ! balanc+ ( irreconcilable facts is n a satisfy+ occupation1 nor a :olly hopeful "o1 :ile fre% weights are f "t to "t dropp+ into ! light] side ( ! balance4 ,/rong z our convictions are1 !y may be ov]borne by evid5ce4 ,we _c rival ! fabl$ woman ( ,ephesus1 :o1 beg9n+ by c>ry+ h] calf f ! day ( its bir?1 0 /ill able to d s :5 x became an ox4 ,! burd5 :i* our fa!rs c>ri$ com=tably1 ) "s adv5titi\s help1 has become too heavy = our %\ld]s4 ,s]i\sly1 !re mu/ be some?+ wrong 9 ! position1 "s baleful error mix$ ) ! tru?1 to :i* ?is contradiction ( our inmo/ convictions may be attribut$4 ,! error1 z we suppose1 lies 9 ! comb9ation ( ! pr9ciple ( design ) ! hypo!sis ( ! immutability & isolat$ creation ( species4 ,! latt] hypo!sis1 9 its nature un-provable1 has1 on sci5tific gr\nds1 become s f> improbable t few1 ev5 ( ! anti-,d>w9ian naturali/s1 n[ hold to x2 &1 :atev] may once h be5 its religi\s claims1 x is at pres5t a h9d]ance r ?an a help to any j & consi/5t teleology4 ,by ! adoption ( ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis1 or some?+ l x1 :i* we incl9e to favor1 _m ( ! difficulties are obviat$1 & o!rs dim9i%$4 ,9 ! compreh5sive & f>-rea*+ teleology :i* may take ! place ( ! =m] n>r[ conceptions1 organs & ev5 faculties1 useless to ! individual1 f9d _! explanation & reason ( be+4 ,ei!r !y h done s]vice 9 ! pa/1 or !y may d s]vice 9 ! future4 ,!y may h be5 ess5tially useful 9 "o way 9 a pa/ species1 &1 ?\gh n[ functionless1 !y may be turn$ to useful acc\nt 9 "s v diff]5t way h]eaft]4 ,9 botany sev]al cases come to our m9d :i* sugge/ su* int]pretation4 ,"u ?is view1 moreov]1 wa/e ( life & mat]ial 9 organic ,nature ceases to be utt]ly inexplicable1 because x ceases to be objectless4 ,x is se5 to be a "p ( ! g5]al economy ( ,nature1 a phrase :i* has a real mean+4 ,"o good illu/ration ( x is furni%$ by ! poll5 ( fl[]s4 ,! seem+ wa/e ( ?is 9 a p9e-=e/ is enorm\s4 ,x gives rise to ! s-call$ %[]s ( sulphur1 :i* e "o has he>d (4 ,myriads ^u myriads ( poll5-gra9s 7ea* an elaborate organic /ructure7 are wa/efully disp]s$ by ! w9ds to "o :i* rea*es a female fl[] & f]tilizes a se$4 ,contra/ ?is ) "o ( ! close-f]tiliz$ fl[]s ( a violet1 9 :i* !re are n _m times m gra9s ( poll5 produc$ ?an !re are ( se$s to be f]tiliz$2 or ) an or*is-fl[]1 9 :i* ! proportion is n widely diff]5t4 ,^! latt] are c]ta9ly ! m economical2 b !re is reason to believe t ! =m] arrangem5t is n wa/eful4 ,! plan 9 ! violet-fl[] assures ! result ) ! greate/ possible sav+ ( mat]ial & action2 b ?is result1 be+ close-f]tilization or bre$+ 9 & 91 w\ld1 )\t mu* d\bt1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 defeat ! v object ( hav+ se$s at all4,,xiii-#c ,s ! same plant produces o!r fl[]s also1 provid$ ) a l>ge surplus ( poll51 & end[$ 7z ! o!rs are n7 ) color1 fragrance1 & nect>1 attractive to c]ta9 insects1 :i* are !reby induc$ to convey ?is poll5 f blossom to blossom1 t x may fulfill its (fice4 ,9 su* blossoms1 & 9 ! great majority ( fl[]s1 ! f]tilization & consequ5t p]petuity ( :i* are committ$ to insects1 ! likelihood t mu* poll5 may be left beh9d or lo/ 9 ! transit is suffici5t reason = ! app>5t sup]fluity4 ,s1 too1 ! great] economy 9 or*is-fl[]s is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! poll5 is pack$ 9 coh]5t masses1 all atta*$ to a common /alk1 ! end ( :i* is exp&$ into a sort ( button1 ) a glut9\s adhesive face 7l a bit ( /ick+-pla/]71 & ?is is plac$ exactly :]e ! head ( a mo? or butt]fly w be press$ aga9/ x :5 x sucks nect> f ! fl[]1 & s ! poll5 w be bodily convey$ f blossom to blossom1 ) small *ance ( wa/e or loss4 ,! floral _w is full ( su* contrivances2 & :ile !y exi/ ! doctr9e ( purpose or f9al cause is n likely to die out4 ,n[1 9 ! contra/$ case1 t ( p9e-trees1 ! va/ sup]abundance ( poll5 w\ld be %e] wa/e if ! int5tion 0 to f]tilize ! se$s ( ! same tree1 or if !re 7 any provision = insect-c>riage2 b ) wide-bre$+ z ! end1 & ! w9d :i* bl[e? :]e x li/e? z ! means1 no "o is entitl$ to decl>e t p9e-poll5 is 9 wa/eful excess4 ,! *eapness ( w9d-c>riage may be set aga9/ ! ov]production ( poll54 ,simil> consid]ations may apply to ! m\ld-fungi & o!r v l[ organisms1 ) spores disp]s$ ?r\gh ! air 9 c\ntless myriads1 b ( :i* only an inf9itesimal portion f9d opportunity = developm5t4 ,! myriads p]i%4 ,! exceptional "o1 fall+ into a fit m$ium1 is imag9$ by ! ,we/m9/] ,review] to argue design f ! b5eficial provision x f9ds itself enjoy+1 9 happy ignorance ( ! p]i%+ or lat5t multitude4 ,b1 9 view ( ! l>ge & important "p !y play 7z ! produc]s ( all f]m5tation & z ! omnipres5t scav5g]-police ( ,nature71 no good gr\nd appe>s = argu+ ei!r wa/eful excess or abs5ce ( design f ! va/ disp>ity betwe5 _! pot5tial & _! actual numb]s4 ,! res]ve & ! active memb]s ( ! =ce %\ld bo? be c\nt$ 91 ready z !y always & ev]y:]e are = s]vice4 ,consid]+ _! ubiquity1 p]si/5t vitality1 & promptitude ( action ^u fitt+ occasion1 ! sugge/ion w\ld r be t1 :ile 4 4 4 ?\s&s at ,8 bidd+ spe$1 ,& po/ o'er l& & ocean )\t re/1 ,!y also s]ve :i* only /& & wait4 ,f9ally1 ,d>w9ian teleology has ! special advantage ( acc\nt+ = ! imp]fections & failures z well z = successes4 ,x n only acc\nts = !m1 b turns !m to practical acc\nt4 ,x expla9s ! seem+ wa/e z be+ "p & p>cel ( a great economical process4 ,)\t ! compet+ multitude1 no /ruggle = life2 & )\t ?is1 no natural selection & survival ( ! fitte/1 no cont9u\s adaptation to *ang+ surr\nd+s1 no div]sification & improvem5t1 lead+ f l[] up to high] & nobl] =ms4 ,s ! mo/ puzzl+ ?+s ( all to ! old-s*ool teleologi/s are ! pr9cipia ( ! ,d>w9ian4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! =ms & species1 9 all _! v>iety1 are n m]e ends 9 !mselves1 b ! :ole a s]ies ( means & ends1 9 ! contemplation ( :i* we may obta9 high] & m compreh5sive1 & p]haps wor?i]1 z well z m consi/5t1 views ( design 9 ,nature ?an h]et(ore4 ,at lea/1 x w\ld appe> t 9 ,d>w9ian evolution we may h a !ory t accords ) if x does n expla9 ! pr9cipal facts1 & a teleology t is free f ! common objections4 ,b is x a teleology1 or r--to use ! new-fangl$ t]m--a dy/eleology8 ,t dep5ds ^u h[ x is held4 ,d>w9ian evolution 7:atev] may be said ( o!r k9ds7 is nei!r !i/ical nor non!i/ical4 ,its relations to ! "q ( design belong to ! natural !ologian1 or1 9 ! l>g] s5se1 to ! philosoph]4 ,s long z ! _w la/s x w probably be op5 to any "o to hold consi/5tly1 9 ! la/ resort1 ei!r ( ! two hypo!ses1 t ( a div9e m9d1 or t ( no div9e m9d4 ,!re is no way t we "k ( ,c by :i* ! alt]native may be exclud$4 ,view$ philosophically1 ! "q only is1 ,:i* is ! bett] support$ hypo!sis ( ! two8 ,we h only to say t ! ,d>w9ian sy/em1 z we und]/& x1 co9cides well ) ! !i/ic view ( ,nature4 ,x n only ackn[l$ges purpose 79 ! ,contempor>y ,review]'s s5se71 b builds ^u x2 & if purpose 9 ?is s5se does n ( itself imply design1 x is c]ta9ly compatible ) x1 & sugge/ive ( x4 ,difficult z x may be to conceive & impossible to demon/rate design 9 a :ole ( :i* ! s]ies ( p>ts appe> to be cont+5t1 ! alt]native may be yet m difficult & less satisfactory4 ,if all ,nature is ( a piece--z mod]n physical philosophy insi/s-- !n x seems cle> t design mu/ 9 "s way1 & 9 "s s5se1 p]vade ! sy/em1 or be :olly abs5t f x4 ,( ! alt]natives1 ! pr$ication ( design--special1 g5]al1 or univ]sal1 z ! case may be--is mo/ natural to ! m9d2 :ile ! exclusion ( x ?r\gh\t1 because "s utilities may happ51 _m adaptations may be cont+5t results1 & no organic maladaptations c\ld cont9ue1 runs c\nt] to su* analogies z we h to guide u1 & leads to a conclusion :i* few m5 ev] re/$ 94 ,x ne$ n mu* tr\ble u t we are incapable ( draw+ cle> l9es ( dem>kation betwe5 m]e utilities1 cont+5t adaptations1 & design$ contrivances 9 ,nature2 = we are 9 mu* ! same condition z respects human affairs & ^? ( l[] animals4 ,:at results are compreh5d$ 9 a plan1 & :at are incid5tal1 is (t5 m ?an we c readily det]m9e 9 matt]s op5 to obs]vation4 ,& 9 plans execut$ m$iately or indirectly1 & = ends compreh5sive & f>-rea*+1 _m purpos$ /eps mu/ appe> to u incid5tal or mean+less4 ,b ! high] ! intellig5ce1 ! m fully w ! incid5ts ent] into ! plan1 & ! m univ]sal & int]connect$ may ! ends be4 ,trite z ! rem>k is1 x w\ld seem /ill ne$ful to insi/ t ! failure ( a f9ite be+ to compass ! designs ( an inf9ite m9d %\ld n invalidate its conclusions respect+ proximate ends :i* he c und]/&4 ,x is j z 9 physical sci5ce1 :]e1 z our k & grasp increase1 & happy discov]ies are made1 wid] g5]alizations are =m$1 :i* commonly compreh5d1 r ?an de/roy1 ! e>li] & p>tial ones4 ,s1 too1 ! /]ility ( ! old doctr9e ( f9al causes 9 sci5ce1 & ! presumptu\s uses made ( !m1 :5 x 0 suppos$ t e adapt$ arrangem5t or /ructure exi/$ = ?is or t direct & special end1 & = no o!r1 c h>dly be press$ to ! conclusion t !re are no f9al causes1 i4e41 ultimate reasons ( ?+s4,,xiii-#d ,design 9 ,nature is di/+ui%$ f t 9 human affairs--z x fitt+ly %\ld be--by all compreh5siv5ess & sy/em4 ,its !ological synonym is ,provid5ce4 ,its application 9 p>ticul> is surr\nd$ by simil> insoluble difficulties2 nev]!less1 bo? are b\nd up ) !ism4 ,probably few at ! pres5t day w ma9ta9 t ,d>w9ian evolution is incompatible ) ! pr9ciple ( design2 b "s insi/ t ! !ory c disp5se )1 & 9 fact sup]s$es1 ?is pr9ciple4 ,! ,we/m9/] ,review] clev]ly exp\nds h[ x does s4 ,! exposition is too long to quote1 & an ab/ract is unnecess>y1 = ! argum5t adv]se to design is1 z usual1 a m]e summation or illu/ration ( ! facts & assumptions ( ! hypo!sis itself1 by u freely admitt$4 ,simple/ =ms began2 v>iations occurr$ among !m2 "u ! competition consequ5t ^u ! ari?metical or geometrical progression 9 numb]s1 only ! fitte/ = ! conditions survive & propagate1 v>y fur!r1 & are simil>ly select$2 & s on4 ,progress hav+ once begun by ! e/abli%m5t ( species1 ! laws ( atavism & v>iability w suffice to tell ! rema9d] ( ! /ory4 ,! colonies gift$ ) ! faculty ( =m+ o!rs 9 _! lik5ess w soon by _! increase become sole ma/]s ( ! field2 b ! common enemy be+ ?us de/roy$1 ! /ruggle = life w be r5ew$ among ! conqu]ors4 ,! say+ t 'a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself _c /&1' receives 9 ,nature its flatte/ contradiction4 ,civil w> is "h ! v in/rum5t ( progress2 x br+s ab\t ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,orig9al diff]5ces 9 ! cell-colonies1 h[ev] slight1 w br+ ab\t diff]5ces ( life & action2 ! latt]1 cont9u$ ?r\gh successive g5]ations1 w wid5 ! orig9al diff]5ces ( /ructure2 innum]able species w ?us spr+ up1 bran*+ =? 9 e direction f ! orig9al /ock2 & ! competition ( ^! species among ea* o!r = ! gr\nd !y occupy1 or ! food !y seek1 w br+ out & develop ! p[]s ( ! rivals4 ,"o *ief cause ( sup]iority w lie 9 ! division ( labor in/itut$ by ea* colony2 or1 9 o!r words1 9 ! localization ( ! colony's functions4 ,9 ! primitive associations 7z 9 ! l[e/ organisms exi/+ n[71 ea* cell p]=m$ mu* ! same "w z its neighbor1 & ! functions necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( ! :ole 7alim5tation1 dige/ion1 respiration1 etc47 7 ex]cis$ by e coloni/ 9 8 own behalf4 ,social life1 h[ev]1 act+ ^u ! cells z x acts ^u ! memb]s ( a human family1 soon creat$ diff]5ces among !m--diff]5ces ev] deep5$ by cont9uance1 & :i*1 by n>r[+ ! limits ( ea* coloni/'s activity1 & increas+ 8 dep5d5ce on ! re/1 r5d]$ him fitt] = 8 special task4 ,ea* function 0 ?us gradually monopoliz$2 b x came to be ! appanage ( a s+le gr\p ( cells1 or organ2 & s excell5t did ?is arrangem5t prove1 s greatly 7 ! p[]s ( ea* commonweal? enhanc$ by ! division ( its labor1 t ! m organs a colony possess$1 ! m likely x 0 to succe$ 9 its /ruggle = life4 4 4 ,we %all g no fur!r1 = ! read] w easily fill out ! rema9d] ( ! picture = himself4 ,man is b an imm5se colony ( cells1 9 :i* ! division ( labor1 toge!r ) ! c5tralization ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 has rea*$ its highe/ limit4 ,x is *iefly to ?is t 8 sup]iority is due2 a sup]iority s great1 z reg>ds c]ta9 functions ( ! bra91 t he may be excus$ = hav+ d5i$ 8 humbl] relatives1 & dream$ t1 /&+ alone 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 sun1 moon1 & />s1 7 made = him4 ,let u le>n f ! same writ] h[ bo? eyes ( ! fl\nd] get1 q un9t5tionally1 on ! same side ( ! head4 ,! writ] makes mu* ( ?is case 7see p4 #cjf71 & we are n dispos$ to pass x by3 ,a simil> application may be made to ! ,pleuronecta4 ,presumably1 ^! fi%es _h adopt$ _! peculi> mode ( swimm+ long be=e ! position ( _! eyes became adapt$ to x4 ,a spontane\s v>iation occurr$1 consi/+ 9 ! passage ( "o eye to ! opposite side ( ! head2 & ?is v>iation af=d$ its possessors su* increas$ facilities ( sight t 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! exception became ! rule4 ,b ! rem>kable po9t is1 t ! law ( h]$ity n only pres]v$ ! v>iation itself1 b ! date ( its occurr5ce2 & t1 al?\gh = ?\s&s ( ye>s ! adult ,pleuronecta h _h bo? eyes on ! same side1 ! "y /ill cont9ue dur+ _! e>li] developm5t to exhibit ! contr>y arrangem5t1 j z if ! v>iation /ill occurr$ spontane\sly4 ,"h a wond]ful & "o w\ld say unacc\ntable transf]5ce takes place 9 a %ort "t4 ,z ,/e5/rup %[$1 "o eye actually passes ?r\gh ! head :ile ! "y fi% is gr[+4 ,we ask h[ ?is comes ab\t2 & we are told1 truly en\gh1 t x takes place 9 ea* g5]ation because x did s 9 ! p>5ts & 9 ! :ole l9e ( ance/ors4 ,:y (fspr+ %\ld be l p>5t is m ?an any "o c expla92 b s x is1 9 a mann] s ne>ly fix$ & settl$ t we c c\nt on x2 yet n f any absolute necessity t we "k (1 &1 inde$1 ) suffici5tly /rik+ diff]5ce n[ & !n to demon/rate t x might h be5 o!rwise1 or is s 9 a notable degree4 ,?is transf]5ce ( "o eye ?r\gh ! head1 f ! side :]e x w\ld be ne>ly useless to t 9 :i* x may help ! o!r1 be>s all ! m>ks ( purpose1 & s c>ries ! implication ( design4 ,! case is adduc$ z "p ( ! evid5ce t ,d>w9ian evolution sup]s$es design4 ,b h[8 ,n c]ta9ly 9 ! way ?is goes on f g5]ation to g5]ation2 !re=e1 d\btless 9 ! way x began4 ,s we look = ! explanation ( h[ x came ab\t at ! fir/ un9t5tionally or accid5tally2 h[1 "u kn[n or suppos$ conditions1 x mu/ h happ5$1 or at lea/ 0 likely to happ54 ,& we read1 ,a spontane\s v>iation occurr$1 consi/+ 9 ! passage ( "o eye to ! opposite side ( ! head4 ,t is all2 & we suppose !re is no?+ m to be said4 ,9 %ort1 ?is surpris+ ?+ 0 undesign$ because x took place1 & has tak5 place ev] s9ce6 ,! writ] presumes1 moreov] 7b ?is is an obit] dictum71 t ! peculi>ity orig9at$ long aft] fl\nd]s _h fix$ ! habit ( swimm+ on "o side 7& 9 ?is p>ticul> case x is r difficult to see h[ ! two may h gone on p>i passu71 & s he cuts away all obvi\s occasion = ! alt]ation ?r\gh ! summation ( slight v>iations 9 "o direction1 ea* br++ "s advantage4 ,?is is a /rongly-m>k$ case2 b its features1 al?\gh unusually prom95t1 are l ^? ( ! g5]al run ( ! consid]ations by :i* evolution is suppos$ to exclude design4 ,^? ( ! p5ultimate citation & its context are all ( ! same /amp4 ,! diff]5ces :i* beg9 z v>iations are said to be spontane\s--a metaphorical ^w ( wide mean+s--are inf]r$ to be casual 7:]eas we only "k !m to be occult71 or to be orig9at$ by surr\nd+ ag5cies 7:i* is n 9 a j s5se true72 !y are legitimately inf]r$ to be l$ on by natural selection1 :olly new /ructures or organs appe>1 no "o c say h[1 c]ta9ly no "o c %[ t !y are necess>y outcomes ( :at prec$$2 & ^! two are ?r\gh natural selection kept 9 h>mony ) ! surr\nd+s1 adapt$ to diff]5t ones1 div]sifi$1 & p]fect$2 purposes are all along subs]v$ ?r\gh exquisite adaptations2 & yet ! :ole is ?\ght to be undesign$1 n because ( any assign$ reason :y ?is or t mu/ h be5 ?us or s1 b simply because !y all occurr$ 9 ,nature6 ,! ,d>w9ian !ory implies t ! bir? & developm5t ( a species are z natural z ^? ( an individual1 are facts ( ! same k9d 9 a high] ord]4 ,! alleg$ pro( ( ! abs5ce ( design f x am\nts to a simple reit]ation ( ! /atem5t1 ) p>ticul>s4 ,n[1 ! m>ks ( contrivance 9 ! /ructure ( animals us$ n to be que/ion$ because ( _! com+ 9 ! way ( bir? & developm5t4 ,x is curi\s t a fur!r ext5sion ( ?is bir? & developm5t %\ld be held to disprove !m4 ,x appe>s to u t all ?is is begg+ ! "q aga9/ design 9 ,nature1 in/ead ( prov+ t x may be disp5s$ )4 ,two ?+s h help$ on ?is confusion4 ,"o is ! notion ( ! direct & indep5d5t creation ( species1 ) only an ideal connection betwe5 !m1 to "q :i* 0 ?\ght to "q ! pr9ciple ( design4 ,! o!r is a wrong idea ( ! nature & prov9ce ( natural selection4 ,9 =m] pap]s we h ov] & ov] expla9$ ! ,d>w9ian doctr9e 9 ?is respect4 ,x may be briefly illu/rat$ ?us3 ,natural selection is n ! w9d :i* propels ! vessel1 b ! rudd] :i*1 by friction1 n[ on ?is side & n[ on t1 %apes ! c\rse4 ,! rudd] acts :ile ! vessel is 9 motion1 effects no?+ :5 x is at re/4 ,v>iation answ]s to ! w9d3 ,?\ he>e/ ! s\nd !re(1 b can/ n tell :5 x come? & :i!r x goe?4 ,its c\rse is controll$ by natural selection1 ! action ( :i*1 at any giv5 mom5t1 is seem+ly small or ins5sible2 b ! ultimate results are great4 ,?is proce$s ma9ly ?r\gh outw>d influ5ces4 ,b we are m & m conv9c$ t v>iation1 & !re=e ! gr\nd ( adaptation1 is n a product (1 b a response to1 ! action ( ! environm5t4 ,v>iations1 9 o!r words1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 individual plants & animals1 h[ev] orig9at$1 are evid5tly n f )\t b f )9--n physical b physiological4 ,we _c "h assign p>ticul>ly ! reasons = ?is op9ion4 ,b we notice t ! way 9 :i* v>ieties make _! appe>ance /rongly sugge/s x4 ,! v>iations ( plants :i* spr+ up 9 a se$-b$1 = in/ance1 seem to be 9 no assignable relation to ! ext]nal conditions4 ,!y arise1 z we say1 spontane\sly1 & ei!r ) decid$ *>act]s f ! fir/1 or ) obvi\s t5d5cies 9 "o or few directions4 ,! occult p[]1 :atev] x be1 does n seem 9 any giv5 case to act vaguely1 produc+ all sorts ( v>iations f a common c5tre1 to be r$uc$ by ! /ruggle = life to fewness & ! appe>ance ( ord]2 !re are1 r1 ord]ly indications f ! fir/4 ,! v>iations ( :i* we speak1 z orig9at+ 9 no obvi\s casual relation to ! ext]nal conditions1 d n include dw>f$ or />v$1 & gigantesque or luxuriant =ms1 & ^? drawn up or exp&$ on ! "o h&1 or contract$ & h>d5$ on ! o!r1 by ! direct diff]5ce 9 ! supply ( food & moi/ure1 light & heat4 ,"h ! action ( ! environm5t is bo? obvi\s & direct4 ,b su* cases d n acc\nt = mu* 9 evolution4 ,moreov]1 :ile we see h[ ! m]e /ruggle & int]play among occurr+ =ms may improve !m & lead !m on1 we _c well imag9e h[ ! adaptations :i* arre/ our att5tion are !reby secur$4 ,our difficulty1 let x be und]/ood1 is n ab\t ! natural orig9ation ( organs4 ,to ! triumphant outcry1 ,h[ c an organ1 su* z an eye1 be =m$ "u ,nature8 we w\ld respond ) a p>allel "q1 ,h[ c a complex & elaborate organ1 su* z a nettle-/+1 be =m$ "u ,nature8 ,b x is s =m$4 ,9 ! same species "s individuals h ^! exquisitely-con/ruct$ organs & "s h n4 ,& s ( o!r gl&s1 ! /ructure & adaptation ( :i*1 :5 look$ into1 appe> to be z wond]ful z any?+ 9 ,nature4 ,! impossibility lies 9 conceiv+ h[ ! obvi\s purpose 0 effectuat$ "u natural selection alone4 ,?is1 "u our view1 any am\nt ( gradation 9 a s]ies ( =ms goes a small way 9 expla9+4 ,! transit ( a "y fl\nd]'s eye across ! head is a capital in/ance ( a wond]ful ?+ done "u ,nature1 & done unacc\ntably4 ,b simpl] correlations are involv$ 9 simil> difficulty4 ,! sup]abundance ( ! poll5 ( p9e-trees above ref]r$ to1 & 9 oak-trees1 is correlat$ ) *ance f]tilization "u ! w9ds4 ,9 ! analog\s in/ance ( will[s a dim9i%$ am\nt ( poll5 is correlat$ ) direct transportation by insects4 ,ev5 9 s simple a case z ?is x is n easy to see h[ ?is diff]5ce 9 ! conveyance w\ld r$uce ! quantity ( poll5 produc$4 ,x is1 we "k1 9 ! v alphabet ( ,d>w9ism t if a male will[-tree %\ld produce a small] am\nt ( poll51 & if ?is poll5 communicat$ to ! (fspr+ ( ! female fl[]s x f]tiliz$ a simil> t5d5cy 7z x might71 ?is male prog5y w\ld secure :atev] advantage might come f ! sav+ ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w & mat]ial2 b :y %\ld x beg9 to produce less poll58 ,b ?is is z no?+ comp>$ ) ! arrangem5ts 9 or*id-fl[]s1 :]e new & peculi> /ructures are introduc$--/ructures :i*1 once orig9at$ & !n set into v>iation1 may !reupon be select$1 & !reby l$ on to improvem5t & div]sification4 ,b ! orig9ation1 & ev5 ! v>iation1 /ill rema9s unexpla9$ ei!r by ! action ( insects or by any ( ! processes :i* collectively are p]sonifi$ by ! t]m natural selection4 ,we really believe t ^! exquisite adaptations h come to pass 9 ! c\rse ( ,nature1 & "u natural selection1 b n t natural selection alone expla9s or 9 a j s5se orig9ates !m4 ,or r1 if ?is t]m is to /& = suffici5t cause & rational explanation1 x mu/ d5ote or include t inscrutable some?+ :i* produces--z well z t :i* results 9 ! survival (--! fitte/4 ,we h be5 consid]+ ?is class ( que/ions only z a naturali/ might :o s\ght = ! prop] or reasonable int]pretation ( ! problem be=e him1 unm+l$ ) consid]ations f any o!r s\rce4 ,weighti] argum5ts 9 ! la/ resort1 drawn f ! intellectual & moral con/itution ( man1 lie on a high] plane1 to :i* x 0 unnecess>y = our p>ticul> purpose to rise1 h[ev] indisp5sable ?is be to a full pres5tation ( ! evid5ce ( m9d 9 ,nature4 ,to u ! evid5ce1 judg$ z imp>tially z we are capable ( judg+1 appe>s conv9c+4 ,b1 :atev] view "o unconv9c$ may take1 x _c rema9 d\btful :at position a !i/ ought to occupy4 ,if he _c recognize design 9 ,nature because ( evolution1 he may be rank$ ) ^? ( :om x 0 said1 ,except ye see signs & wond]s ye w n believe4 ,h[ /range t a conv9c$ !i/ %\ld be s prone to associate design only ) miracle6 ,all turns1 h[ev]1 ^u :at is meant by ?is ,nature1 to :i* x appe>s m & m probable t ! be+ & becom+--no less ?an ! well-be+ & succession--( species & g5]a1 z well z ( individuals1 are committ$4 ,to u x means ! _w ( =ce & movem5t 9 "t & space1 z ,ari/otle def9$ x--! sy/em & totality ( ?+s 9 ! visible univ]se4 ,:at is g5]ally call$ ,nature ,pr(4 ,tyndall names matt]--a peculi> nom5clature1 requir+ new def9itions 7z he av]s71 invit+ misund]/&+1 & leav+ ! que/ions we are conc]n$ ) j :]e !y 74 ,= x is /ill to ask3 :5ce ?is ri* end[m5t ( matt]8 ,:5ce comes t ( :i* all we see & "k is ! outcome8 ,t to :i* pot5cy may 9 ! la/ resort be ascrib$1 ,pr(4 ,tyndall1 susp5d+ fur!r judgm5t1 calls my/]y--us+ ! ^w 9 "o ( its s5ses1 namely1 some?+ hidd5 f u :i* we are n to seek to "k4 ,b !re are also my/]ies prop] to be inquir$ into & to be reason$ ab\t2 &1 al?\gh x may n be giv5 unto u to "k ! my/]y ( causation1 !re c h>dly be a m legitimate subject ( philosophical inquiry4 ,mo/ sci5tific m5 h ?\ght !mselves intellectually au?oriz$ to h an op9ion ab\t x4 ,=1 by ! primitive & v anci5t m51 x has be5 h&$ d[n 9 ! =m ( my?s1 & ?us left to lat] g5]ations1 t ! ,div9e x is :i* holds toge!r all ,nature2 & ?is tradition1 ( :i* ,ari/otle1 bo? naturali/ & philosoph]1 ?us nobly speaks,,xiii-#e--;cont9u$ ?r\gh succe$+ ages1 & illum9at$ by ! ,light :i* has come into ! _w--may /ill express ! wor?ie/ ?\ghts ( ! mod]n sci5tific inve/igator & reason]4 ,,footnotes3 ,i-#a4 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species by ,means ( ,natural ,selection1 or ! ,pres]vation ( ,favor$ ,races 9 ! ,/ruggle = ,life1 by ,*>les ,d>w91 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal1 ,geological1 ,l9naean1 etc41 ,societies1 ,au?or ( ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es dur+ ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,beagle's ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w4 ,london3 ,john ,murray4 #ahei4 #ejb pp41 po/ #hvo4 ,i-#b4 ,article 9 ?is ,j\rnal1 vol4 xxiv41 p4 #cje4 ,i-#c4 ,species tot sunt1 quot div]sas =mas ab initio produxit ,inf9itum ,ens2 quae =mae secundum g5]ationis inditas leges1 produx]e plures1 at sibi semp] similes4--,l9n4 ,phil4 ,bot41 #ii1 #aeg4 ,i-#d4 ,agassiz1 ,essay on ,classification2 ,contributions to ,natural ,hi/ory1 p4 #acb1 et seq4 ,i-#e4 ,z to ?is1 ,d>w9 rem>ks t he c only hope to see ! law h]eaft] prov$ true 7p4 #ddi72 & p4 #cch3 ,agassiz insi/s t anci5t animals resemble to a c]ta9 ext5t ! embryos ( rec5t animals ( ! same classes2 or t ! geological succession ( ext9ct =ms is 9 "s degree p>allel to ! embryological developm5t ( rec5t =ms4 ,i mu/ foll[ ,pictet & ,huxley 9 ?9k+ t ! tru? ( ?is doctr9e is v f> f prov$4 ,yet ,i fully expect to see x h]eaft] confirm$1 at lea/ 9 reg>d to subord9ate gr\ps1 :i* h bran*$ (f f ea* o!r )9 comp>atively rec5t times4 ,= ?is doctr9e ( ,agassiz accords well ) ! !ory ( natural selection4 ,i-#f4 ,op4 cit41 p4 #aca4--,"o or two ,bridgewat] ,treatises1 & mo/ mod]n works ^u natural !ology1 %\ld h r5d]$ ! evid5ces ( ?\ght 9 inorganic ,nature n unexpect$4 ,i-#g4 ,volume xvii4 7#b71 #ahed1 p4 #ac4 ,i-#h4 ,we suspect t ?is is n an ultimate fact1 b a natural consequ5ce ( inh]itance--! inh]itance ( disease or ( t5d5cy to disease1 :i* close int]bre$+ p]petuates & accumulates1 b wide bre$+ may neutralize or elim9ate4 ,i-#i4 ,! rules & processes ( bre$]s ( animals1 & _! results1 are s famili> t !y ne$ n be p>ticul>iz$4 ,less is popul>ly kn[n ab\t ! production ( vegetable races4 ,we ref] our read]s back to ?is ,j\rnal1 vol4 xxvii41 pp4 #ddj--ddb 7,may1 #ahei71 = an ab/ract ( ! pap]s ( ,m4 ,vilmor9 ^u ?is subject4 ,i-#aj4 ,quadrup$s ( ,am]ica1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bci4 ,i-#aa4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 vol4 iv41 p4 #agh4 ,i-#ab4 ,ow5 adds a ?ird1 viz41 vegetative repetition2 b ?is1 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 is simply unity ( type4 ,i-#ac4 ,contributions to ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 vol4 i41 pp4 #abg--aca4 ,i-#ad4 ,op4 cit41 p4 #acj4 ,,ii-#a4 ,to p>ry an adv]s>y's ?ru/ at a vuln]able "p1 or to %[ t x ne$ n be fatal1 is an incomplete def5se4 ,if ! discussion _h gone on1 x might1 p]haps1 h be5 made to appe> t ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis1 s f> f involv+ ! idea ( necessity 7except 9 ! s5se t ev]y?+ is ( necessity71 0 bas$ ^u ! opposite idea1 t ( cont+5cy4 ,,iii-#a4 ,vide ,proce$+s ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ahei1 & ,london ,a!noeum1 passim4 ,x appe>s to be conc$$ t ^! celts or /one knives are artificial productions1 & app>5tly ( ! age ( ! mammo?1 ! fossil rh9oc]os1 etc4 ,,iii-#b4 ,see ,correspond5ce ( ,m4 ,nickles1 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 = ,m>*1 #ahfj4 ,,iii-#c4 ,see ,morlot1 ,"s ,g5]al ,views on ,ar*aeology1 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 = ,janu>y1 #ahfo1 translat$ f ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,vaudoise1 #ahei4 ,,iii-#d4 ,page #dhd1 ,engli% edition4 ,9 ! new ,am]ican edition 7vide ,supplem5t1 pp4 #dca1 #dcb7 ! pr9cipal analogies :i* sugge/ ! extreme view are ref]r$ to1 & ! rem>k is app5d$3 ,b ?is inf]5ce is *iefly gr\nd$ on analogy1 & x is immat]ial :e!r or n x be accept$4 ,! case is diff]5t ) ! memb]s ( ea* great class1 z ! ,v]tebrata or ,articulata2 = "h we h 9 ! laws ( homology1 embryology1 etc41 "s di/9ct evid5ce t all h desc5d$ f a s+le primordial p>5t4 ,,iii-#e4 ,9 ,biblio!que ,univ]selle de ,g5eve1 ,m>*1 #ahfj4 ,,iii-#f4 ,?is we le>n f 8 v int]e/+ article1 ,de la ,"q de l',homme ,fossile1 9 ! same 7,m>*7 numb] ( ! ,biblioteque ,univ]selle4 7,see1 also1 ! same au?or's ,note sur la ,p]iode ,quat]naire ou ,diluvi5ne1 consid]ee dans ses ,rapports avec l',epoque ,actuelle1 9 ! numb] = ,augu/1 #ahfj1 ( ! same p]iodical47 ,,iii-#g4 ,9 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,academie des ,sci5ces1 ,febru>y #b1 #aheg4 ,,iii-#h4 ,:atev] x may be1 x is n ! homoeopa?ic =m ( ! transmutative hypo!sis1 z ,d>w9's is said to be 7p4 #beb1 ,am]ican repr9t71 s happily t ! prescription is repeat$ 9 ! second 7p4 #bei7 & ?ird 7p4 #bga7 dilutions1 no d\bt1 on ,hahnemann's fam\s pr9ciple1 ( an increase ( pot5cy at ea* dilution4 ,probably ! suppos$ transmutation is p] saltus4 ,homoeopa?ic doses ( transmutation1 inde$6 ,well1 if we really mu/ swall[ transmutation 9 "s =m or o!r1 z ?is review] intimates1 we might pref] ! mild homoeopa?ic doses ( ,d>w9's =mula to ! allopa?ic bolus :i* ! ,ed9burgh g5]al practition] appe>s to be comp\nd+4 ,,iii-#i4 ,vide ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 = ,april1 #ahfj1 p4 #dge1 & ,*ri/ian ,exam9]1 = ,may1 p4 #deg4 ,,iii-#aj4 ,page #ahh1 ,engli% edition4 ,,iii-#aa4 ,9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,july1 #ahfj1 pp4 #adg--adi4 ,,iii-#ab4 ,9 ,contributions to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 vol4 i41 p4#abh1 #abi4 ,,iii-#ac4 ,contributions to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 vol4 #a1 p4 #acj2 & ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,july1 #ahfj1 p4 #adc4 ,,iii-#ad4 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review = ,april #ahfj1 p4 #ejf4 ,,iii-#ae4 ,vide motto f ,butl]1 prefix$ to ! second edition ( ,d>w9's "w4 ,,iii-#af4 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 loc4 cit41 p4 #ejd4 ,,iii-#ag4 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 loc4 cit41 p4 #dhg1 et passim4 ,,iii-#ah4 ,9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,july1 #ahfj1 p4 #adc4 ,,iii-#ai4 ,vide article by ,mr4 ,c4 ,wright1 9 ! ,ma!matical ,mon?ly = ,may la/4 ,,iii-#bj4 ,vide ,ed9burgh ,review = ,janu>y1 #ahfj1 article on ,acclimatization1 etc4 ,,iii-#ba4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,july1 #ahfj1 p4 #adf4 ,,iv-#a4 ,a "n :i*1 at ! close ( 8 article1 ,de ,c&olle proposes = ! /udy ( ! succession ( organiz$ be+s1 to compreh5d1 !re=e1 palaeontology & all includ$ "u :at is call$ geographical botany & zoology--! :ole =m+ a sci5ce p>allel to geology--! latt] devot$ to ! hi/ory ( unorganiz$ bodies1 ! =m]1 to t ( organiz$ be+s1 z respects orig91 di/ribution1 & succession4 ,we are n satisfi$ ) ! ^w1 not)/&+ ! prec$5t ( palaeontology2 s9ce ontology1 ! ,sci5ce ( be+1 has an e/abli%$ mean+ z ref]r+ to m5tal exi/5ce--i4e41 is a synonym = a dep>tm5t ( metaphysics4 ,,iv-#b4 ,natural ,hi/ory ,review1 ,janu>y1 #ahfb ,,iv-#c4 ,:at ! ,rev4 ,pr9cipal ,tullo* rem>ks 9 respect to ! philosophy ( miracles has a p]t95t application "h4 ,we quote at second h&3 ,! /\te/ advocates ( int]f]5ce c mean no?+ m ?an t ! ,supreme ,w has s mov$ ! hidd5 spr+s ( ,nature t a new issue arises on giv5 circum/ances4 ,! ord9>y issue is supplant$ by a high] issue4 ,! ess5tial facts be=e u are a c]ta9 set ( ph5om5a1 & a ,high] ,w mov+ !m4 ,h[ mov+ !m8 is a "q = human def9ition2 ! answ] to :i* does n & _c affect ! div9e mean+ ( ! *ange4 ,yet :5 we reflect t ?is ,high] ,w is e4 :]e reason & wisdom1 x seems a ju/] z well z a m compreh5sive view to reg>d x z op]at+ by subord9ation & evolution1 r ?an by int]f]5ce or violation4 ,,iv-#d4 ,p>ticul>ly cit+ ,fl\r5s3 ,la ressemblance n'e/ qu'une condition secondaire2 la condition ess5tielle e/ la desc5dance3 ce n'e/ pas la ressemblance1 c'e/ la succession des individus1 qui fait l'espece4 ,v-#a4 ,! phrase ,atlantic ,unit$ ,/ates is "h us$ ?r\gh\t 9 contradi/9ction to ,pacific ,unit$ ,/ates3 to ! =m] ( c\rse belong1 botanically & geographically1 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi & its tribut>ies up to ! ea/]n bord] ( ! great woodless pla9s1 :i* con/itute an int]m$iate region4 ,v-#b4 ,! tabulat$ li/ ref]r$ to 0 pr9t$ z an app5dix to ! (ficial edition ( ?is disc\rse1 b is "h omitt$4 ,v-#c4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahfg1 p4 #djb2 ,proce$+s ( ,am]ican ,academy1 vol4 viii41 p4 #bdd4 ,v-#d4 ,memoirs ( ,am]ican ,academy1 vol4 vi41 pp4 #cgg--deh 7#ahei7 ,v-#e4 ,die vegetation d] erde na* ihr] kilmatis*5 ,anordnung1 #ahga4 ,v-#f4 ,ref]5ce %\ld also be made to ! ext5sive rese>*es ( ,newb]ry ^u ! t]ti>y & cretace\s floras ( ! ,we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,see especially ,pr(4 ,newb]ry's pap] 9 ! ,bo/on ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 vii41 ,no4 #d1 describ+ fossil plants ( ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&1 etc42 8 ,notes on ! ,lat] ,ext9ct ,floras ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 etc41 9 ,annals ( ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 ix41 ,april1 #ahfh2 ,report on ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y ,plants collect$ 9 ,raynolds & ,hayd5's ,yell[/one & ,miss\ri ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 #ahei--ahfj1 publi%$ 9 #ahfi2 & an int]e/+ article entitl$ ,! ,anci5t ,lakes ( ,we/]n ,am]ica1 _! ,deposits & ,dra9age1 publi%$ 9 ,! ,am]ican ,naturali/1 ,janu>y1 #ahga4 ,! only docum5t ,i 0 able to consult 0 ,lesqu]eux's ,report on ! ,fossil ,plants1 9 ,hayd5's report ( #ahgb4 ,v-#g4 ,!re is1 at lea/1 "o in/ance s opportune to ! pres5t argum5t t x %\ld n pass unnotic$1 al?\gh ,i _h ov]look$ ! record until n[4 ,onoclea s5sibilis is a f]n peculi> to ! ,atlantic ,unit$ ,/ates 7:]e x is common & wide-spread7 & to ,japan4 ,pr(4 ,newb]ry id5tifi$ x sev]al ye>s ago 9 a collection1 obta9$ by ,dr4 ,hayd51 ( mioc5e fossil plants ( ,dakota ,t]ritory1 :i* is f> beyond its pres5t habitat4 ,he moreov] reg>ds x z probably id5tical ) a fossil specim5 describ$ by ! late ,pr(4 ,e4 ,=bes1 "u ! "n ( ,filicites ,hebridicus1 & obta9$ by ! ,duke ( ,argyll f ! isl& ( ,mull4 ,v-#h4 ,d>w9ism 9 ,morals1 9 ,!ological ,review1 ,april1 #ahga4 ,,vi-#a4 ,hi/oire des ,sci5ces et des ,sevants depuis deux ,siecles1 suivie d'autres etudes sur des sujets sci5tifiques1 en p>ticuli] sur la ,selection dans #a';,espce ,huma9e1 p> ,alphonse ,de ,c&olle4 ,g5eve3 ,h4 ,georg4 #ahgc4 ,addresses ( ,george ,b5?am1 ,presid5t1 read at ! anniv]s>y meet+s ( ! ,l9naean ,society1 #ahfb--ahgc4 ,notes on ! ,classification1 ,hi/ory1 & ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,compositae4 ,by ,george ,b5?am4 ,sep>ate issue f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,l9nean ,society4 ,vol4 ,,xiii4 ,london4 #ahgc4 ,on ,palaeontological ,evid5ce ( ,gradual ,modification ( ,animal ,=ms1 read at ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 ,april #be1 #ahgc4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4,h4 ,fl[]4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 pp4 #aa47 ,! ,di/ribution & ,migration ( ,birds4 ,memoir pres5t$ to ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,janu>y1 #ahfe1 ab/ract$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ! ,arts4 #ahff1 etc4 ,by ,sp5c] ,f4 ,baird4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,e>? & ,man4 ,by ,j4,w4 ,dawson1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,pr9cipal & ,vice-,*ancellor ( ,mc,gill ,univ]sity1 ,montreal4 ,london3 ,hodd] ,/\ghton2 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs4 #ahgc4 ,pp4 #djc1 #abmo4 ,,vi-#b4 ,s9ce ?is article 0 9 type1 notewor?y examples ( appreciative sci5tific judgm5t ( ! d]ivative hypo!sis h come to h&3 #a4 ,9 ! op5+ address to ! ,geological ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association1 at its rec5t meet+1 by its presid5t1 ! vet]an ,phillips1 p]haps ! olde/ surviv+ geologi/ aft] ,lyell2 &1 #b4 ,t ( ,pr(4 ,allman1 ,presid5t ( ! ,biological ,section4 ,! fir/ t\*es ! subject briefly1 b 9 ! way ( favorable sugge/ion2 ! second is a full & discrim9at+ exposition ( ! reasons :i* seem to assure at lea/ ! provisional acceptance ( ! hypo!sis1 z a guide 9 all biological /udies1 a key to ! ord] & hidd5 =ces ( ! _w ( life4 ,,vii-#a4 ,! ,!ory ( ,evolution ( ,liv+ ,?+s1 & ! ,application ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,evolution to ,religion1 consid]$ z illu/rative ( ! ',wisdom & ,b5efic5ce ( ! ,almighty4' ,by ! ,rev4 ,george ,h5sl[1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,macmillan ,co4 #ahgc4 #abmo1 pp4 #bbj4 ,sy/ematic ,!ology4 ,by ,*>les ,hodge1 ,d4,d41 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,pr9ceton1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,vol4 ii4 7,"p ,,ii1 ,an?ropology47 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn] ,co4 #ahgb4 ,religion & ,sci5ce3 ,a ,s]ies ( ,sunday ,lectures on ! ,relation ( ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion1 or ! ,tru?s ,reveal$ 9 ,nature & ,scripture4 ,by ,joseph ,le ,conte1 ,pr(essor ( ,geology & ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahgd4 #abmo1 pp4 #cbd4 ,,vii-#b4 ,b ) reg>d to ! mat]ial _w1 we c at lea/ g s f> z ?is-- we c p]ceive t ev5ts are br\ght ab\t1 n by insulat$ int]positions ( div9e p[]1 ex]t$ 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 b by ! e/abli%m5t ( g5]al laws4--,:ewell's ,bridgewat] ,treatise4 ,! only di/9ct mean+ ( ! _w 'natural' is /at$1 fix$1 or settl$2 s9ce :at is natural z mu* requires & presupposes an intellig5t ag5t to r5d] x s--i4e41 to effect x cont9ually or at /at$ times--z :at is sup]natural or miracul\s does to effect x = once4--,butl]'s ,analogy4 ,,viii-#a4 ,:at ,is ,d>w9ism8 ,by ,*>les ,hodge1 ,pr9ceton1 ,n4,j4 ,new ,york3 ,scribn]1 ,arm/rong ,co4 #ahgd4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution4 ,by ,alex&] ,w9*ell1 ,,ll4,d41 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs4 #ahgd4 ,d>w9ism & ,design2 or1 ,creation by ,evolution4 ,by ,george ,/4 ,clair4 ,london3 ,hodd] ,/\ghton4 #ahgc4 ,we/m9/] ,s]mons4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,*>les ,k+sley1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,canon ( ,we/m9/]1 etc4 ,london & ,new ,york3 ,macmillan ,co4 #ahgd4 ,,viii-#b4 ,^! two po/ulate-mottoes are quot$ 9 full 9 a previ\s article1 9 ,no4 #ddf ( ,! ,nation4 ,,xi-#a4 ,insectivor\s ,plants4 ,by ,*>les ,d>w91 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,london3 ,john ,murray4 #ahge4 ,pp4 #dfb4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,! ,movem5ts & ,habits ( ,climb+ ,plants4 ,by ,*>les ,d>w91 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 etc4 ,second ,edition1 revis$1 ) ,illu/rations4 ,london3 ,john ,murray4 #ahge4 ,pp4 #bjh4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,,xi-#b4 ,! ,nation1 ,nos4 #deg1 #deh1 #ahgd4 ,x 0 9 ^! some:at light & desultory1 b sub/antially s]i\s1 articles t "s acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's obs]vations ^u ! dige/ive p[]s ( ,dros]a & ,dionaea fir/ appe>$2 9 fact1 _! lead+ motive 0 to make suffici5t ref]5ce to 8 !n unpubli%$ discov]ies to gu>d aga9/ expect$ or possible claims to priority4 ,dr4 ,burdon-,s&]son's lecture1 & ! report 9 ,nature1 :i* fir/ made !m kn[n 9 ,engl&1 appe>$ lat]4 ,a mi/ake on our "p 9 ! read+ ( a some:at ambigu\s s5t5ce 9 a lett] l$ to ! rem>k1 at ! close ( ! fir/ ( ^? articles1 t ! leaf-trap ( ,dionaea _h be5 p>alyz$ on "o side 9 consequ5ce ( a dext]\s puncture4 ,:at 0 communicat$ really relat$ to ,dros]a4 ,,xi-#c4 ,a4 ,gray1 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 vol4 iv41 p4 #ih2 & ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ! ,arts1 ,m>*1 #ahei1 p4 #bgh4 ,,xii-#a4 ,les ,especes aff9es et la ,!orie de l',evolution1 p> ,*>les ,naud91 ,membre de l',in/itut1 9 ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,botanique de ,france1 tome xxi41 pp4 #bdj-bgb1 #ahgd4 ,see also ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,septemb] #bg & ,octob] #d1 #ahge1 reproduc$ 9 ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 #ahgf1 pp4 #gc-ha4 ,,xii-#b4 ,9 notic+ ,m4 ,naud9's pap] 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus1 n[ repr9t$ 9 ! ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 entitl$ ,v>iation desordonnee des ,plantes ,hybrides et ,d$uctions qu'on peut en tir]1 we 7 at a loss to conceive :y he attribut$ all pres5t v>iation ( species to atavism1 i4e41 to ! reappe>ance ( ance/ral *>act]s 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,febru>y1 #ahgf74 ,8 ant]ior pap] 0 n !n kn[n to u2 f :i* x n[ appe>s t ?is view comes 9 z a "p ( ! hypo!sis ( extreme pla/icity & v>iability at ! fir/1 subsid+ at l5g? into entire fixity & p]si/5ce ( "*4 ,accord+ to :i*1 x is assum$ t ! species ( our "t h lo/ all p[] ( orig9al v>iation1 b c /ill reproduce "s old ones--"s rem9isc5ces1 z x 71 ( y\?ful vag>ies--9 ! way ( atavism4 ,,xiii-#a4 ,london1 #ahfb4 ,,xiii-#b4 ,hume1 9 8 ,essays1 anticipat$ ?is argum5t4 ,b he did n re/ on x4 ,8 matur$ convictions appe> to be express$ 9 /atem5ts su* z ! foll[+1 "h cit$ at second h& f ,jackson's ,philosophy ( ,natural ,!ology1 a volume to :i* a fri5d has j call$ our att5tion3 ,?\gh ! /upidity ( m51 writes ,hume1 b>b>\s & un9/ruct$1 be s great t !y may n see a sov]eign au?or 9 ! m obvi\s works ( ,nature1 to :i* !y are s mu* famili>iz$1 yet x sc>ce seems possible t any "o ( good und]/&+ %\ld reject t idea1 :5 once x is sugge/$ to him4 ,a purpose1 an int5tion1 a design1 is evid5t 9 ev]y?+2 & :5 our compreh5sion is s f> enl>g$ z to contemplate ! fir/ rise ( ?is visible sy/em1 we mu/ adopt1 ) ! /ronge/ conviction1 ! idea ( "s intellig5t cause or au?or4 ,! uni=m maxims1 too1 :i* prevail ?r\gh\t ! :ole frame ( ! univ]se1 naturally1 if n necess>ily1 lead u to conceive ?is intellig5ce z s+le & undivid$1 :]e ! prejudices ( education oppose n s reasonable a !ory4 ,ev5 ! contr>ieties ( ,nature1 by discov]+ !mselves ev]y:]e1 become pro(s ( "s consi/5t plan1 & e/abli% "o s+le purpose or int5tion1 h[ev] inexplicable & incompreh5sible4---7,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 xv47 ,9 _m views ( ! univ]se1 & ( its p>ts1 p>ticul>ly ! latt]1 ! beauty & fitness ( f9al causes /rike u ) su* irresi/ible =ce t all objections appe> 7:at ,i believe !y really are7 m]e cavils & sophisms4-- 7,dialogues conc]n+ ,natural ,religion1 ,"p ,x47 ,! ord] & arrangem5t ( ,nature1 ! curi\s adju/m5t ( f9al causes1 ! pla9 use & int5tion ( e "p & organ1 all ^! bespeak 9 ! cle>e/ language an intellig5t cause or au?or4--7,ibid41 ,"p ,,iv47 ,,xiii-#c4 ,see ,section ,i1 ,*apt] #ab4 ,,xiii-#d4 ,no s+le & limit$ good c be assign$ by u z ! f9al cause ( any contrivance 9 ,nature4 ,! real f9al cause 4 4 4 is ! sum ( all ! uses to :i* x is ev] to be put4 ,any use to :i* a contrivance ( ,nature is put1 we may be sure1 is a "p ( its f9al cause4--7,g4 ,f4 ,wright1 9 ,! ,new-,engl&]1 ,octob]1 #ahga47 ,,xiii-#e4 ,no s+le & limit$ good c be assign$ by u z ! f9al cause ( any contrivance 9 ,nature4 ,! real f9al cause 4 4 4 is ! sum ( all ! uses to :i* x is ev] to be put4 ,any use to :i* a contrivance ( ,nature is put1 we may be sure1 is a "p ( its f9al cause4--7,g4 ,f4 ,wright1 9 ,! ,new-,engl&]1 ,octob]1 #ahga47