,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,sup]script lett]s & expon5tials are d5ot$ by x4 ,= example1 ,dr & 7a b7#b4 ,basic fractions are display$ 9 ! text & tables z etc2 o!r fraction are %[n 9 ! =m a_/b z #e_/ab or #b-e_/g = example4 ,fractions 9 algabraic expressions h be5 left 9 ! a_/b =m4 ,v9culums h be5 replac$ by p>5!ses 774 ,musical %>p1 flat1 natural are repres5t$ by ! ,unicode *>act]s 1 1 4 ,= readability ! und]scores 7italic7 h be5 remov$ f algebraic expressions & equations4 ,v>iables & simple expressions emb$d$ 9 ! text /ill h ! und]scores4 ,?is book conta9s ! fir/ f\r issues ( ! ,j\rnal1 ea* ) its own ,table ( ,cont5ts3 ,vol4 #a ,no4 #a ,pages #a ?r\gh #ajd ,vol4 #a ,no4 #b #aje ?r\gh #bjh ,vol4 #a ,no4 #c #bji ?r\gh #caf ,vol4 #a ,no4 #d #cag ?r\gh #ddb ,9 issue ,no4 #b1 ! incorrect numb]+ ( ,articles 9 ! text has be5 left un*ang$4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts = ?is issue is correct4 ,?is error is not$ 9 an ,add5dum1 ,footnote #af1 by ! publi%]4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,m detail c be f\nd at ! end ( ! book4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce1 ,,m ,,especially ,,( ,,m9]alogy1 ,,geology1 ,,& ,,! ,,o!r ,,bran*es ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory2 ,,includ+ ,,also ,,agriculture ,,& ,,! ,,ornam5tal ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,conduct$ ,,by ,,b5jam9 ,,silliman1 ,m4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 ,m9]alogy1 c4 9 ,yale ,college2 ,au?or ( ,travels 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,holl&1 c42 & ,memb] ( v>i\s ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific ,societies4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,new-,york3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,j4 ,,ea/burn ,,& ,,co4 ,,lit]>y ,,rooms1 ,,broadway1 ,,& ,,by ,,h[e ,,& ,,spald+1 ,,new-,,hav54 ,sold by ,ezekiel ,goodall1 ,hall[ell1 ,ma9e2 ,daniel ,/one1 ,brunswick1 ,ma9e2 ,cumm+s ,hilli>d1 & ,wells ,lilly1 ,bo/on2 ,simeon ,butl]1 ,nor?ampton2 ,samuel ,g4 ,goodri*1 ,h>t=d2 ,cl>k ,lyman1 ,middlet[n2 ,russell ,hubb>d1 ,norwi*2 ,o4 4 ,l4 ,goodw91 ,lit*field2 ,w4 ,e4 ,norman1 ,hudson2 ,william ,williams1 ,utica2 ,e4 ,f4 ,backus1 ,albany2 ,s4 ,pott]1 ,philadelphia2 ,e4 ,j4 ,coale1 ,baltimore2 ,w4 ,h4 ,fitz:ylsonn1 ,ri*mond2 ,w4 ,f4 ,gray1 ,fr$]icksburgh2 ,caleb ,atwat]1 ,circleville2 ,william ,p\nds=d1 & ,james ,collord1 ,c9c9nati2 ,john ,guirey1 ,columbia1 ,s4 ,c42 ,w4 ,t4 ,williams1 ,savannah2 ,h5ry ,wills1 ,ed5ton2 ,john ,mill1 ,*>le/on2 ,samuel ,s4 ,sp5c]1 & ,john ,m5efee1 ,nat*ez2 ,b5jam9 ,hanna1 ,new-,orleans4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,abraham ,,paul4 #ahai4 ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,9 ! foll[+ plan ( ?is ,"w1 we tru/ x w be und]/ood1 t we d n pl$ge ourselves t all ! subjects m5tion$ %all be t\*$ ^u 9 e ,numb]4 ,?is is pla9ly impossible1 unless e article %\ld be v %ort & imp]fect4 ,all t ! ,public are entitl$ to expect is1 t 9 ! progress ( ! ,j\rnal1 ! v>i\s subjects m5tion$ may occupy su* an ext5t z our communications & res\rces %all p]mit4 ,we h be5 hon\r$ by su* a li/ ( names ( g5tlem5 :o are will+ to be consid]$ z contributors to ?is ,j\rnal1 t ! publication ( x w\ld af=d u no ord9>y gratification1 did we n feel t x is m decor\s to all[ _! names to appe> ) _! communications1 )\t lay+ !m "u a previ\s pl$ge to ! ,public4 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,"w4 ,?is ,j\rnal is int5d$ to embrace ! circle ( ,,! ,,physical ,,sci5ces1 ) _! application to ,,! ,,arts1 & to e useful purpose4 ,x is design$ z a deposit = orig9al ,am]ican communications2 x w conta9 also occasional selections f ,=eign ,j\rnals1 & notices ( ! progress ( ,sci5ce 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,)9 its plan are embrac$ ,,natural ,,hi/ory1 9 its ?ree great dep>tm5ts ( ,,m9]alogy1 ,,botany1 & ,,zoology4 ,,*emi/ry & ,,natural ,,philosophy1 & _! v>i\s bran*es3 & ,,ma!matics1 pure & mix$4 ,x w be a lead+ object to illu/rate ,,am]ican ,,natural ,,hi/ory1 & especially our ,,m9]alogy & ,,geology4 ,! ,,applications ( ^! sci5ces are obvi\sly z num]\s z physical arts1 & physical wants2 = no "o ( ^! arts or wants c be nam$ :i* is n connect$ ) !m4 ,:ile ,,sci5ce w be *]i%$ = its own sake1 & ) a due respect = its own inh]5t dignity2 x w also be employ$ z ! h&-maid to ! ,arts4 ,its num]\s applications to ,,agriculture1 ! e>lie/ & mo/ important ( !m3 to ,,manufactures1 bo? me*anical & *emical2 &1 to ,,dome/ic ,,economy1 w be c>efully s\ght out1 & fai?fully made4 ,x is )9 ! design ( ?is ,j\rnal to receive communications likewise on ,,music1 ,,sculpture1 ,,engrav+1 ,,pa9t+1 & g5]ally on ! f9e & lib]al1 z well z useful arts2 ,on ,milit>y & ,civil ,eng9e]+1 & ! art ( ,navigation2 ,notices1 ,reviews1 & ,analyses ( new sci5tific works2 acc\nts ( ,inv5tions1 & ,specifications ( ,pat5ts2 ,biographical & ,obitu>y ,notices ( sci5tific m52 essays on ,,comp>ative ,,anatomy & ,,physiology1 & g5]ally on su* o!r bran*es ( m$ic9e z dep5d on sci5tific pr9ciples2 ,meteorological ,regi/]s1 & ,reports ( ,agricultural ,exp]im5ts3 & int]e/+ ,miscellane\s ,articles1 n p]haps exactly includ$ "u ei!r ( ! above heads4 ,communications are respectfully solicit$ f m5 ( sci5ce1 & f m5 v]s$ 9 ! practical arts4 ,le>n$ ,societies are invit$ to make ?is ,j\rnal1 occasionally1 ! vehicle ( _! communications to ! ,public4 ,! ,editor w n hold himself responsible = ! s5tim5ts & op9ions advanc$ by 8 correspond5ts3 he w consid] x z an all[$ lib]ty to make slight v]bal alt]ations1 :]e errors may be presum$ to h aris5 f inadv]t5cy4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,introductory ,rem>ks #a ,art4 ,i4 ,essay on ,musical ,temp]am5t1 by ,pr(essor ,alex4 ,m4 ,fi%] #i ,,m9]alogy ,,& ,,geology4 ,art4 ,,ii4 ,review ( ,cleavel&'s ,m9]alogy #ce ,art4 ,,iii4 ,new ,locality ( ,fluor ,sp>1 c4 #eb ,art4 ,,iv4 ,c>bonat ( ,magnesia1 c4 discov]$ by ,j4 ,pi]ce1 ,esq4 #ed ,art4 ,v4 ,native ,copp]1 ne> ,new-,hav5 #ee ,art4 ,,vi4 ,petrifi$ ,wood f ,antigua #ef ,art4 ,,vii4 ,am]ican ,porcela9 ,clays1 c4 #eg ,art4 ,,viii4 ,native ,sulphur f ,java #eh ,art4 ,,ix4 ,productions ( ,wi]'s ,cave1 9 ,virg9ia #ei ,art4 ,x4 ,m9]alogy & ,geology ( "p ( ,virg9ia & ,t5nessee1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,ka9 #fj ,art4 ,,xi4 ,notice ( ,pr(essor ,mit*ill's edition ( ,cuvi]'s ,geology #fh ,art4 ,,xii4 ,notice ( ,eaton's ,index to ! ,geology ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 c4 #fi ,art4 ,,xiii4 ,notice ( ,m4 ,brongni>t on ,organiz$ ,rema9s #ga ,,botany4 ,art4 ,,xiv4 ,obs]vations on a species ( ,limosella1 by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,ives #gd ,art4 ,,xv4 ,notice ( ,pr(essor ,bigel['s ,memoir on ! ,floral ,cal5d> ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c4 #gf ,art4 ,,xvi4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,progress ( ,vegetation1 c4 by ,c4 ,s4 ,raf9esque1 ,esq4 #gg ,,zoology4 ,art4 ,,xvii4 ,description ( a new ,species ( ,m>t51 by ,c4 ,s4 ,raf9esque1 ,esq4 #hb ,art4 ,,xviii4 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,copp]-,head ,snake1 by ! same #hd ,,physics ,,& ,,*emi/ry4 ,art4 ,,xix4 ,on a ,me?od ( augm5t+ ! ,=ce ( ,gunp[d]1 by ,colonel ,g4 ,gibbs #hg ,art4 ,,xx4 ,on ! connexion betwe5 ,magnetism & ,light1 by ! same #hi ,art4 ,,xxi4 ,on a new means ( ,produc+ ,heat & ,light1 by ,j4 ,l4 ,sullivan1 ,esq4 #ia ,art4 ,,xxii4 ,on ! ,effects ( ! ,e>?quakes ( #ahaa1 #ahab1 on ! ,wells 9 ,columbia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 by ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,d4 ,smi? #ic ,art4 ,,xxiii4 ,on ! ,respiration ( ,oxyg5 ,gas 9 an ,affection ( ! ,?orax #ie ,,miscellane\s4 ,art4 ,,xxiv4 ,on ! ,priority ( ,discov]y ( ! ,comp\nd ,bl[pipe1 & its ,effects #ig ,art4 ,,xxv4 ,on ! ,nor?we/ ,passage1 ! ,nor? ,pole1 & ! ,gre5l& ,ice #aja ,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce1 c4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 ,! age 9 :i* we live is n less di/+ui%$ by a vigor\s & successful cultivation ( physical sci5ce1 ?an by its num]\s & important applications to ! practical arts1 & to ! common purposes ( life4 ,9 e enlight5$ c\ntry1 m5 illu/ri\s = tal5t1 wor?1 & k1 are ard5tly engag$ 9 enl>g+ ! b\nd>ies ( natural sci5ce2 & ! hi/ory ( _! lab\rs & discov]ies is communicat$ to ! _w *iefly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,sci5tific ,j\rnals4 ,! utility ( su* ,j\rnals has ?us become g5]ally evid5t2 !y are ! h]alds ( sci5ce2 !y proclaim its toils & its a*ievem5ts2 !y demon/rate its intimate connexion z well ) ! com=t1 z ) ! intellectual & moral improvem5t ( our species2 & !y (t5 procure = x enviable hon\rs & sub/antial rew>ds4 ,9 ,engl& ! int]e/s ( sci5ce h be51 = a s]ies ( ye>s1 greatly promot$ by ! excell5t ,j\rnals ( ,tillo* & ,ni*olson2 & = ! loss ( ! latt]1 ! sci5tific _w has be5 fully comp5sat$ by ,dr4 ,?omson's ,annals ( ,philosophy1 & by ! ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ! ,arts1 bo? publi%$ 9 ,london4 ,9 ,france1 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 ! ,j\rnal des ,m9es1 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique1 c4 h long enjoy$ a high & des]v$ reputation4 ,inde$1 !re are few c\ntries 9 ,europe :i* d n produce "s simil> publication2 n to m5tion ! transactions ( le>n$ societies & num]\s m$ical ,j\rnals4 ,f ^! s\rces our c\ntry reaps1 & w long cont9ue to reap1 an abundant h>ve/ ( in=mation3 & if ! light ( sci5ce1 z well z ( day1 spr+s f ! ea/1 we w welcome ! rays ( bo?2 nor %\ld national pride induce u to reject s ri* an (f]+4 ,b c we d no?+ 9 return8 ,9 a g5]al diffusion ( useful in=mation ?r\gh ! v>i\s classes ( society1 9 activity ( intellect1 & f]tility ( res\rce & inv5tion1 *>act]iz+ a highly intellig5t population1 we h no reason to %r9k f a comp>ison ) any c\ntry4 ,b ! devot$ cultivators ( sci5ce1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are comp>atively few2 !y are1 h[ev]1 rapidly increas+ 9 numb]4 ,among !m are p]sons di/+ui%$ = _! capacity & atta9m5ts1 & not)/&+ ! local feel+s n\ri%$ by our /ate sov]eignties1 & ! rival claims ( sev]al ( our l>g] cities1 !re is evid5tly a pr$isposition t[>ds a conc5tration ( ef=t1 f :i* we may hope = ! happie/ results1 ) reg>d to ! advancem5t ( bo? ! sci5ce & ! reputation ( our c\ntry4 ,is x n1 !re=e1 desirable to furni% "s rally+ po9t1 "s object suffici5tly int]e/+ to be compass$ by common ef=ts1 & ?us to become ! basis ( an endur+1 common int]e/8 ,to produce ^! ef=ts1 & to excite ?is int]e/1 no?+1 p]haps1 bids fair] ?an a ,,sci5tific ,,j\rnal4 ,hi!rto ne>ly all our ex]tions1 ( ?is k9d1 h be5 made by m$ical g5tlem51 & direct$ prim>ily to m$ical objects4 ,we are nei!r ignorant nor =getful ( ! m]its ( our v>i\s ,,m$ical ,,j\rnals1 nor ( ! zeal ) :i*1 z f> z consi/5t ) _! ma9 object1 !y h fo/]$ ! physical sci5ces4 ,we are aw>e1 also1 t ,j\rnals h be5 e/abli%$1 pr(ess$ly d]iv+ _! mat]ials pr9cipally f =eign s\rces2 t our v>i\s lit]>y ,magaz9es & ,reviews h giv51 & cont9ue to give1 "s notices ( physical & ma!matical subjects1 & t "s ( !m seem ev5 p>tial to ^! bran*es ( k3 t v>i\s limit$ ef=ts h be5 made1 & are /ill mak+1 to publi% occasional or p]iodical pap]s1 devot$ to ma!matical or physical subjects1 & t ev5 our newspap]s sometimes conta9 sci5tific intellig5ce4 ,we are aw>e1 also1 t "s ( our academies & societies ( natural hi/ory1 ei!r 9 ,j\rnals ( _! own1 or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( exi/+ magaz9es1 communicate to ! public ! ef=ts ( _! memb]s 9 v>i\s bran*es ( natural sci5ce4 ,b all ^! facts g only to prove ! /rong t5d5cy :i* exi/s 9 ?is c\ntry t[>ds ! cultivation ( physical sci5ce1 & ! inadequacy ( ! exi/+ means = its effectual promulgation4 ,al?\gh our limits d n p]mit u1 h[ev] mu* incl9$1 to be m p>ticul> 9 commemorat+ ! lab\rs & 9 hon\r+ ! p]=mances 7(t5 m>k$ by mu* ability7 ( our pr$ecessors & cotempor>ies1 !re is "o ef=t :i* we are n will+ to pass by )\t a m p>ticul> notice2 & we are p]suad$ t no apology is necess>y = nam+ ! ,j\rnal ( ! late ,dr4 ,bruce1 ( ,new-,york1 devot$ pr9cipally to m9]alogy & geology4 ,no future hi/orian ( ,am]ican sci5ce w fail to commemorate ?is "w z our e>lie/ purely sci5tific ,j\rnal1 support$ by orig9al ,am]ican communications4 ,bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 x 0 receiv$ 9 a v flatt]+ mann]2 x excit$1 at home1 great zeal & ef=t 9 support ( ! sci5ces :i* x fo/]$1 &1 abroad1 x 0 hail$ z ! h>b+] ( our future ex]tions4 ,! editor 0 hon\r$ ) lett]s on ! subject ( 8 ,j\rnal1 & ) applications = x f mo/ ( ! c\ntries 9 ,europe2 b its fri5ds _h to regret t1 al?\gh conduct$ 9 a mann] p]fectly to _! satisfaction1 x appe>$ only at di/ant int]vals1 &1 aft] ! lapse ( sev]al ye>s1 nev] proce$$ beyond ! f\r? numb]4 ,! hopes ( its revival h n[1 unhappily1 become completely ext9ct1 by ! lam5t$ dea? ( ,dr4 ,bruce4#a ,?is g5tleman1 ) an accompli%$ education1 ) ext5sive acquirem5ts 9 sci5ce1 & great zeal = promot+ x 9 8 own c\ntry2 advantage\sly & ext5sively kn[n 9 ,europe1 & furni%$ ) a correct & discrim9at+ m9d1 & a *a/e1 sci5tific ta/e1 0 s well qualifi$ = ! task :i* he _h und]tak51 t no "o c attempt to resume ^? sci5tific lab\rs :i* he has n[ = ev] rel9qui%$1 )\t realiz+ t he und]takes an ardu\s ent]prise1 & lays himself "u a heavy responsibility4 ,am]ican sci5ce has mu* to lam5t 9 ! dea? ( ,dr4 ,bruce4 ,no "o1 x is presum$1 w d\bt t a ,j\rnal devot$ to sci5ce1 & embrac+ a sph]e suffici5tly ext5sive to allure to its support ! pr9cipal sci5tific m5 ( our c\ntry1 is greatly ne$$2 if cordially support$1 x w be successful1 & if successful1 x w be a great public b5efit4 ,ev5 a failure1 9 s good a cause1 7unless x %\ld arise f incapacity or unfai?fulness17 _c be reg>d$ z di%on\rable4 ,x may prove only t ! attempt 0 premature1 & t our c\ntry is n yet ripe = su* an und]tak+2 = )\t ! effici5t support ( tal5t1 k1 & money1 x _c long proce$4 ,no editor c hope to c>ry =w>d su* a "w )\t ! active aid ( sci5tific & practical m52 b1 at ! same "t1 ! public h a "r to expect t he w n be sp>+ ( 8 own lab\r1 & t 8 "w %all be g5]ally m>k$ by ! impress ( 8 own h&4 ,to ?is ext5t ! editor *e]fully ackn[l$ges 8 obligations to ! public2 & x w be 8 endeav\r fai?fully to r$eem 8 pl$ge4 ,mo/ ( ! p]iodical works ( our c\ntry h be5 %ort-liv$4 ,?is1 also1 may p]i% 9 its infancy2 & if any degree ( confid5ce is *]i%$1 t x w atta9 a matur] age1 x is d]iv$ f ! obvi\s & intr9sic importance ( ! und]tak+2 f its be+ built ^u p]man5t & mom5t\s national int]e/s2 f ! evid5ce ( a decid$ approbation ( ! design1 on ! "p ( m5 ( ! fir/ em95ce1 obta9$ 9 ! progress ( an ext5sive correspond5ce2 f assurances ( support1 9 ! way ( contributions1 f m5 ( ability 9 _m p>ts ( ! union2 & f ! exi/5ce ( su* a crisis 9 ! affairs ( ?is c\ntry & ( ! _w1 z appe>s peculi>ly auspici\s to ! success ( e wise & good und]tak+4 ,z reg>ds ! subjects ( ?is "w1 x is 9 our p[] to d mu* 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! natural hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry4 ,our ,zoology has be5 m fully inve/igat$ ?an our m9]alogy & botany2 b nei!r dep>tm5t is 9 dang] ( be+ exhau/$4 ,! int]e/+ travels ( ,lewis & ,cl>k h rec5tly br\ght to our k sev]al plants & animals be=e unkn[n4 ,=eign naturali/s frequ5tly explore our t]ritory2 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 convey to ,europe ! fruits ( _! rese>*es1 :ile b a small "p ( our own productions is exam9$ & describ$ by ,am]icans3 c]ta9ly1 ?is is little to our cr$it1 & /ill less to our advantage4 ,hon\rable exceptions to ! tru? ( ?is rem>k are furni%$ by ! ex]tions ( "s g5tlem5 9 our pr9cipal cities1 & 9 v>i\s o!r p>ts ( ! ,union4#b ,our botany1 x is true1 has be5 ext5sively & successfully inve/igat$2 b ?is field is /ill ri*1 & rew>ds e new rese>* ) "s int]e/+ discov]y4 ,our m9]alogy1 h[ev]1 is a treasure b j op5$4 ,t bo? sci5ce & art may expect mu* advantage f ?is s\rce1 is suffici5tly ev9c$ by ! success :i* has cr[n$ ! active ef=ts ( a few ard5t cultivators ( ?is sci5ce3 sev]al new species ( m9]als h be5 add$ to x 9 ?is c\ntry2 great numb]s ( ,am]ican localities discov]$1 & int]e/+ additions made to our mat]ials1 = ! useful & ornam5tal arts4 ,! sci5ce ( m9]alogy is n[ illu/rat$ by c\rses ( lectures1 & by sev]al good cab9ets 9 ! diff]5t /ates4 ,among ! cab9ets1 ! spl5did collection ( ,colonel ,gibbs1 n[ 9 ,yale ,college1 7a munific5t ,,deposit = ! b5efit ( 8 c\ntry17 /&s pre-em95t3 x w\ld be consid]$ z a v noble cab9et 9 any "p ( ,europe3 & its introduction into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & its gratuit\s d$ication to ! promotion ( sci5ce1 are equally advantage\s to ! community1 & hon\rable to its patriotic & enlight5$ proprietor4 ,m9]alogy is mo/ intimately connect$ ) our arts1 & especially ) our agriculture4 ,su* are ! disguises worn by _m mo/ useful m9]al sub/ances1 t an unskilful obs]v] is liable to pass a ?+ by1 z wor?less1 :i*1 if bett] in=m$1 he w\ld seize ) avidity2 &1 /ill m frequ5tly1 a wor?less sub/ance1 clo!d p]haps 9 a brilliant & attractive ext]ior1 excites hopes altoge!r delusive1 & induces exp5se1 )\t a possibility ( remun]ation4 ,a diffusion ( correct k on ?is subject is ! only adequate rem$y = ei!r evil4 ,our geology1 also1 pres5ts a mo/ int]e/+ field ( inquiry4 ,a gr& outl9e has rec5tly be5 drawn by ,mr4 ,maclure1 ) a ma/]ly h&1 & ) a va/ ext5t ( p]sonal obs]vation & lab\r3 b to fill up ! detail1 bo? obs]vation & lab\r /ill m ext5sive are dem&$2 nor c ! object be effect$1 till m good geologi/s are =m$1 & di/ribut$ ov] our ext5sive t]ritory4 ,to acc\nt = ! =mation & *anges ( our globe1 by excursions ( ! imag9ation1 (t5 spl5did & impos+1 b usually vision>y1 & almo/ always baseless1 01 till )9 half a c5tury1 ! bus9ess ( geological speculations2 b ?is rese>* has n[ assum$ a m sob] "*2 ! sci5ce ( geology has be5 re>$ ^u num]\s & accurate obs]vations ( facts2 & /&+ ?us ^u ! basis ( induction1 x is entitl$ to a rank among ^? sci5ces :i* ,"l ,bacon's ,philosophy has contribut$ to create4 ,geological rese>*es are n[ prosecut$1 by actually explor+ ! /ructure & arrangem5t ( di/ricts1 c\ntries1 & cont95ts4 ,! obliquity ( ! /rata ( mo/ rocks1 caus+ _! edges to project 9 _m places above ! surface2 _! exposure 9 o!r in/ances1 on ! sides or tops ( hills & m\nta9s2 or1 9 consequ5ce ( ! int]section ( _! /rata1 by roads1 canals1 & riv]-c\rses1 or by ! we>+ ( ! ocean2 or _! direct p]=ation1 by ! %afts ( m9es2 all ^! causes1 & o!rs1 af=d ext5sive means ( read+ ! int]ior /ructure ( ! globe4 ,! outl9es ( ,am]ican geology appe> to be p>ticul>ly gr&1 simple1 & in/ructive2 & a k ( ! important facts1 & g5]al pr9ciples ( ?is sci5ce1 is ( va/ practical use1 z reg>ds ! int]e/s ( agriculture1 & ! rese>* = useful m9]als4 ,geological & m9]alogical descriptions1 & maps ( p>ticul> /ates & di/ricts1 are v mu* ne$$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & to excite a _s to furni% !m w =m "o lead+ object ( ?is j\rnal4 ,! sci5ce ( natural philosophy1 ) its p[]ful auxili>y1 ma!matics1 & ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 ! tw9 si/] ( natural philosophy1 are ( incalculable importance to ?is c\ntry4 ,a volume w\ld n suffice to trace _! applications1 & to enum]ate ! in/ances ( _! utility4 ,z "o :i* may be all[$ to /&1 in/> omnium1 we may m5tion ! /eam eng9e2 t legitimate *ild ( physical & *emical sci5ce--at once m p[]ful ?an ! unit$ =ce ( ! /ronge/ & l>ge/ animals1 & m manageable ?an ! smalle/ & g5tle/2 rais+ f ! b[els ( ! e>? ! massy treasures ( its m9es1 draw+ up riv]s f _! *annels1 & p\r+ !m1 9 /reams ( life1 into ! bosom ( cities2 &1 above all1 propell+ aga9/ ! curr5ts1 ! w9ds1 & ! waves ( ! ocean1 ^? /up5d\s vessels1 :i* comb9e spe$ ) c]ta9ty1 & e/abli% ^u ! bosom ( ! deep ! luxuries & accommodations ( ! l&4 ,! successful execution ( ?is magnific5t design 0 fir/ witness$ ^u ! wat]s ( ! ,hudson1 b is n[ imitat$ 9 almo/ e civiliz$ c\ntry2 & x rema9s to be se5 :e!r !y w emulate u by transport+1 by ! same means1 & aga9/ ! same ob/acles1 ! mo/ =midable tra9s ( artill]y4 ,! me*anical inv5tions ( ?is c\ntry are num]\s2 _m ( !m are +5i\s1 & "s are highly important4 ,9 no way c a k ( !m be s readily & ext5sively diffus$ z 9 a sci5tific j\rnal4 ,to ?is object1 !re=e1 a "p ( our lab\rs 7%\ld !re be a call = x17 w be devot$1 & e necess>y aid w be giv5 by plates & descriptions4 ,sci5ce & art mutually assi/ ea* o!r2 ! arts furni% facts & mat]ials to sci5ce1 & sci5ce illum9ates ! pa? ( ! arts4 ,! sci5ce ( ma!matics1 bo? pure & mix$1 c nev] cease to be int]e/+ & important to man1 z long z ! relations ( quantity %all exi/1 z long z %ips %all trav]se ! ocean1 z long z man %all measure ! surface or heights ( ! e>? on :i* he lives1 or calculate ! di/ances & exam9e ! relations ( ! planets & />s2 & z long z ! iron reign ( w> %all dem& ! dis*>ge ( projectiles1 or ! con/ruction ( complicat$ def5ces4 ,9 a ^w1 ! :ole circle ( physical sci5ce is directly applicable to human wants1 & con/antly holds out a light to ! practical arts2 x ?us poli%es & b5efits society1 & e :]e demon/rates bo? supreme intellig5ce1 & h>mony & b5efic5ce ( design 9 ,,! ,,creator4 ,,art4 ,i4 ,essay on ,musical ,temp]am5t4#c ,by ,pr(essor ,,fi%]1 ( ,yale ,college4 ,x is well kn[n to ^? :o h att5d$ to ! subject ( musical ratios1 t a fix$ scale ( eight degrees to ! octave1 :i* %all r5d] all its concords p]fect1 is impossible4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ by ,dr4 ,smi?1 f an inve/igation ( all ! positions :i* ! major1 ! m9or1 & ! half-tone c assume1 t ! mo/ p]fect scales possible1 ( :i* !re are two equally s1 diff]+ only 9 ! position ( ! major & ! m9or tone above ! key note1 mu/ h "o ,v? & "o #c;d too flat1 & consequ5tly ! supplem5t>y #d? & ,v,ith too %>p1 by a comma4 ,9 vocal music1 & 9 t ( p]fect in/rum5ts1 ?is defect 9 ! scale is n p]ceiv$1 because a small *ange may be made 9 ! key1 :5ev] ! occurr5ce ( ei!r ( ^? naturally imp]fect int]vals r5d]s su* a *ange necess>y to p]fect h>mony4 ,b 9 in/rum5ts ) fix$ scales1 su* z ! guit>1 ! piano-=te1 & ! organ1 if we beg9 ) tun+ z _m concords z possible p]fect1 ! result+ *ords above-m5tion$ w be necess>ily false 9 an (f5sive degree4 ,h5ce x is an important problem 9 practical h>monics1 to di/ribute ^! imp]fections 9 ! scale among ! diff]5t *ords1 9 su* a mann] z to occasion ! lea/ possible injury to h>mony4 ,b ?is is n ! only nor ! pr9cipal difficulty :i* ! tun] ( imp]fect in/rum5ts has to enc\nt]4 ,9 ord] t ^! in/rum5ts may =m a prop] accompanim5t = ! voice1 & be us$ 9 conjunction ) p]fect in/rum5ts1 x is necess>y t music %\ld be capable ( be+ execut$ on !m1 9 all ! diff]5t keys 9 common use2 & especially t !y %\ld be capable ( ^? occasional modulations :i* (t5 occur 9 ! c\rse ( ! same piece4 ,n[ only five additional s\nds to ! octave are usually ins]t$ = ?is purpose1 betwe5 ^? ( ! natural scale1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 furni% x ) only ?ree %>ps & two flats4 ,h5ce1 :5 a great] numb] ( flats or %>ps is introduc$1 ! music c be execut$ only by /rik+1 9 ! =m] case1 ! %>p ( ! note next bel[2 &1 9 ! latt]1 ! flat ( ! note next above4 ,b z ! diatonic semitone is m ?an half ! major1 & mu* m ?an half ! m9or tone1 if ! additional s\nds 9 ! common artificial scale be made p]fect = "o ( ! above employm5ts1 !y mu/ be extremely h>% = ! o!r4 ,h5ce arises ! necessity ( adju/+ ! position ( ^! five ins]t$ s\nds s t !y may make tol]able h>mony1 :i*ev] way employ$4 ,a *ange 9 ^! w require correspond+ *anges 9 ! position ( ! sev]al degrees ( ! natural scale2 s t x is highly probable t ! be/ s*eme ( temp]am5t w leave no concord1 ei!r ( ! natural or artificial scale1 absolutely p]fect4 ,9 adju/+ ! imp]fections ( ! scale1 ! ?ree foll[+ consid]ations h be5 usually tak5 into view4 ,i4 ,"o object to be aim$ at is1 to make ! sum ( ! temp]am5ts ( all ! concords ! lea/ possible4 ,s9ce exp]i5ce tea*es u t ! h>%ness ( a giv5 concord increases ) its temp]am5t1 x is obvi\s t ( two sy/ems :i* agree 9 o!r respects1 ! be/ is t 9 :i* ! sum ( ! temp]am5ts is lea/4 ,,ii4 ,:5 o!r ?+s are equal1 ! be/ adju/m5t ( ! imp]fections ( ! scale is t :i* dim9i%es ! h>moni\sness ( all ! diff]5t concords proportionally4 ,! succession ( a worse to a bett] h>mony1 is ju/ly reg>d$ by sev]al ( ! be/ writ]s on ?is subject1 z "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( (f5ce to ! e>1 9 in/rum5ts imp]fectly tun$4 ,,iii4 ,:5 diff]5t *ords ( ! same k9d are ( unequally frequ5t occurr5ce1 !re is an advantage1 ct]is p>ibus1 9 giv+ ! greate/ temp]am5t to t :i* occurs mo/ seldom4 ,?is important consid]ation has inde$ be5 neglect$ by ,dr4 ,smi?1 9 ! sy/ems :i* he recomm5ds1 bo? = 8 *angeable & ! common fix$ scale2 z x is1 also1 by ! num]\s advocates ( ! sy/em ( equal semitones4 ,b _m au?ors on temp]am5t1 & mo/ in/rum5t-mak]s1 pay a vague reg>d to x4 ,_! aim has be51 al?\gh 9 a loose & conjectural mann]1 to make ! prom95t *ords ( ! simple/ keys ! ne>e/ to p]fection1 :il/ a great] temp]am5t is ?r[n ^u ^? :i* occur only 9 ! m complex keys4 ,?us ,dr4 ,"y1 9 ! ,philos4 ,trans4 = #ahjj1 recomm5ds a s*eme :i* increases ! temp]am5t ( ! ,i,i,ids1 on ! key note ( ! successive keys1 z we modulate by fif?s f ,c1 ne>ly 9 ari?metical progression4 ,e>l ,/anhope assigns z a reason = ! small temp]am5t :i* is giv5 to sev]al ( ! ,i,i,ids 9 8 sy/em1 t !y are on ! tonic ( ! simpl] keys4 ,! irregul>ities 9 ,mr4 ,hawkes's s*eme may be trac$ to ! same cause4 ,&1 ) ! in/rum5t-mak]s1 x is a fav\rite maxim to lay ! wolf1 z !y t]m x1 :]e x w be mo/ seldom he>d4 ,b if ! above consid]ation des]ves any weight at all1 x des]ves to be accurately inve/igat$4 ,n only ought ! relative frequ5cy ( diff]5t *ords to be asc]ta9$ ) ! greate/ accuracy1 ( :i* ! nature ( ! subject is susceptible1 b ! degree ( weight :i* ?is consid]ation ought to h1 :5 comp>$ ) ! two o!rs above-m5tion$1 %\ld be det]m9$3 = x is pla9 t nei!r ( !m ought to be ev] left out ( view4 ,accord+ly1 ! pr9cipal design ( ! foll[+ propositions w be to inve/igate ! actual frequ5cy ( occurr5ce ( diff]5t *ords 9 practice2 & f ?is & ! two o!r above-m5tion$ consid]ations unit$1 to d$uce ! be/ sy/em ( temp]am5t = a scale1 conta9+ any giv5 numb] ( s\nds to ! octave1 & p>ticul>ly = ! common ,d\zeave1 or scale ( twelve degrees4 ,,proposition ,i4 ,all consonances may be reg>d$1 )\t any s5sible error 9 practice1 z equally h>moni\s 9 _! k9ds1 :5 equally temp]$2 & :5 unequally temp]$1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 z hav+ _! h>moni\sness dim9i%$ 9 ! direct ratio ( _! temp]am5ts4 ,z diff]5t consonances1 :5 p]fect1 are n pleas+ to ! e> 9 an equal degree1 "s approa*+ ne>] to ! nature ( discords ?an o!rs1 s a set ( temp]$ consonances1 ct]is p>ibus1 w be be/ con/itut$ :5 _! h>moni\sness is dim9i%$ proportionally4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ! agreeable effects ( ! ,v?1 ,i,i,id1 & #c;d1 :5 p]fect1 are z any unequal numb]s1 a1 b1 & c2 ! be/ arrangem5t ( a temp]$ scale1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 w\ld be1 n t 9 :i* ! agreeable effect ( ! ,v? 0 r$uc$ to an absolute level ) t ( ! ,i,i,id1 or #c;d1 b :5 !y 7 s temp]$ t _! agreeable effects on ! e> might be express$ by 7m_/n7a1 7m_/n7b1 & 7m_/n7c4 ,t diff]5t consonances1 9 ?is s5se1 are equally h>moni\s 9 _! k9ds1 :5 equally temp]$1 or1 at lea/1 suffici5tly s = e practical purpose1 may be illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,illu/ration ,let ! l9es ,,ab1 ab1 repres5t ! times ( vibration ( two temp]$ unisons4 ,:atev] be ! ratio ( ,,ab to ab1 :e!r rational or irrational1 x is obvi\s t ! successive vibrations w alt]nately rec$e f & approa* ea* o!r1 till !y v ne>ly co9cide2 &1 t dur+ "o ( ^! p]iods1 ! long] vibration1 ,,ab1 has ga9$ "o ( ! %ort]4 ,let ! po9ts1 ,a1 ,b1 c4 repres5t ! middle ( ! successive times ( vibration ( ! l[]2 & a1 b1 c4 ^? ( ! high] ( ! temp]$ unisons4 ,let ! arc ,,agn44,,va be a "p ( a circle1 repres5t+ "o p]iod ( _! pulses1 & let ! po9ts ,a1 a1 be ! middle po9ts ( ! times ( ^? vibrations :i* approa* ! ne>e/ to a co9cid5ce4 ,x is obvi\s t ! dislocations b,b1 c,c1 c4 ( ! successive pulses1 increase 9 a ratio :i* is v ne>ly t ( _! di/ances f ,a1 or a4 ,n[ if ! pulses exactly co9cid$1 ! unisons w\ld be p]fect2 & ! same w\ld be equally true1 if ! pulses ( ! "o bisect$1 or divid$ 9 any o!r con/ant ratio1 ^? ( ! o!r2 z cle>ly appe>s f obs]vation4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n ! absolute magnitude1 z ass]t$ by ,dr4 ,smi?1 b ! v>iabl5ess ( ! successive dislocations1 ,bb1 ,cc1 c4 :i* r5d]s ! imp]fect unisons discordant2 & ! magnitude ( ! successive increm5ts ( ^! dislocations is ! measure ( ! degree ( discordance he>d 9 ! unisons4 ,if n[ ! "t ( vibration 9 ea* is d\bl$1 ,,ac1 ac1 c4 w repres5t ! times ( vibration ( imp]fect unisons an octave bel[1 & ! successive dislocations w be ,cc1 ,ee1 c4 only half z frequ5t z be=e4 ,b ! unisons ,,ae1 ae1 w be equally h>moni\s ) ,,ab1 ab2 because1 al?\gh ! successive dislocations are less frequ5t ?an be=e1 yet ! co9cid5ces ,cc1 ,ee ( ! correspond+ p]fect unisons are less frequ5t 9 ! same ratio4 ,suppose1 9 ! second place1 t ! "t ( vibration is d\bl$1 9 only "o ( ! unisons1 ab2 & t ! times become ,,ab & ac1 or ^? ( imp]fect octaves4 ,^! w also be equally h>moni\s 9 _! k9d ) ! unisons ,,ab1 ab4 ,=1 al?\gh ! dislocations ,cc1 ,ee1 c4 are b half z num]\s z be=e1 ! co9cid5ces ( ! correspond+ p]fect octaves w be b half z num]\s4 ,! dislocations :i* rema9 are ! same z ^? ( ! imp]fect unisons2 & if "s ( ! dislocations are /ruck out1 & ! increm5ts ( successive ones ?us increas$1 no great] *ange is made 9 ! nature ( ! imp]fect ?an ( ! p]fect consonance4 ,if1 ?irdly1 we omit two-?irds ( ! pulses ( ! l[] unison1 reta9+ ! octave ac ( ! la/ case1 we %all h ,,ad1 ac1 ! times ( vibration ( imp]fect ,v?s1 to :i*1 & to all o!r concords1 ! same reason+ may be appli$ z above4 ,x may be briefly exhibit$ ?us2 s9ce ! int]mission ( ! co9cid5ces ,cc1 ,ee ( ! p]fect unisons1 an octave bel[ ,a,b1 does n r5d] ! ,v? ,a,d,g aceg less p]fect ?an ! unison ,ac ac1 ea* be+ p]fect 9 its k9d2 s nei!r does ! int]mission ( ! correspond+ dislocations ,cc1 ,ee1 ( ! temp]$ unisons1 9 ! imp]fect ,v?1 ,,adg1 aceg1 r5d] x less h>moni\s 9 its k9d ?an ! temp]$ unison ,,ab1 ab1 f :i* x is d]iv$ 9 exactly ! same mann] t ! p]fect ,v? is d]iv$ f ! p]fect unison4 ,! consonances ?us d]iv$1 z has be5 %[n by ,dr4 ,smi?1 w h ! same p]iods1 & consequ5tly ! same beats1 ) ! imp]fect unisons4 ,x is obvi\s1 likewise1 t !y w all be equally temp]$4 ,let m ,,ab1 & n ab1 be a g5]al expression = ! times ( vibration ( any su* consonance4 ,! temp]+ ratio ( an imp]fect consonance is always f\nd by divid+ ! ratio ( ! vibrations ( ! imp]fect by t ( ! correspond+ p]fect consonance4 ,b 7m,a,b7_/7nab7 m_/n ,,ab_/ab2 :i* is evid5tly ! temp]+ ratio ( ! imp]fect unisons4 ,h5ce1 s f> z any reason+1 f\nd$ on ! ab/ract nature ( coexi/+ pulses c be reli$ on1 7=1 9 a case ( ?is k9d1 rigid demon/ration c sc>cely be expect$17 we are l$ to conclude t ! h>moni\sness ( diff]5t consonances is proportionally dim9i%$ :5 !y are equally temp]$4 ,! rema9+ "p ( ! proposition1 viz4 t consonances diff]5tly temp]$ h _! h>moni\sness dim9i%$1 or _! h>%ness increas$1 9 ! direct ratio ( _! temp]am5ts1 w be evid5t1 :5 we consid] t ! temp]am5t ( any consonance is ! sole cause ( its h>%ness1 & t ! effect ought to be proportion$ to its adequate cause4 ,we may add1 t ! rapidity ( ! beats1 9 a giv5 consonance1 increases v ne>ly 9 ! ratio ( ! temp]am5t2 & univ]sal exp]i5ce %[s1 t increas+ ! rapidity ( ! beats ( ! same consonance1 increases its h>%ness4 ,?is is on ! supposition t ! consonance is n v>i$ s mu* z to int]f]e ) any o!r ^: ratio is equally simple4 ,cor4 ,we may h5ce inf]1 t 9 e sy/em ( temp]am5t :i* pres]ves ! octaves p]fect1 ea* consonance is equally h>moni\s1 9 its k9d1 ) its complem5t to ! octave1 & its comp\nds ) octaves4 ,= ! temp]+ ratio ( ! complem5t ( any concord to ! octave1 is ! same ) t ( ! concord itself1 diff]+ only 9 its sign1 :i* does n s5sibly affect ! h>mony or ! rate ( beat+2 :ile ! temp]+ ratio ( ! comp\nds ) octaves is n only ! same1 b ) ! same sign4 ,s*olium #a4 ,!re is no po9t 9 h>monics1 conc]n+ :i* !ori/s h be5 m divid$ 9 op9ion ?an 9 reg>d to ! true measure ( equal h>mony1 9 consonances ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,eul] ma9ta9s1 t ! m simple a consonance is1 ! less temp]am5t x w be>2 & ?is seems to h ev] be5 ! g5]al op9ion ( practical musicians4#d ,dr4 ,smi?1 on ! contr>y1 ass]ts1 & has attempt$ to demon/rate1 t ! simpl] w be> a mu* great] temp]am5t ?an ! m complex consonances4 ,! =ego+ proposition has1 at lea/1 ! m]it ( tak+ ! middle gr\nd betwe5 ^! discordant op9ions4 ,if admitt$1 x w greatly simplify ! :ole subject1 & w r$uce ! lab\r ( r5d]+ all ! concords 9 ?ree octaves z equally h>moni\s z possible1 :i* occupies s l>ge a portion ( ,dr4 ,smi?'s volume1 to a s+le %ort proposition4 ,dr4 ,smi?'s measure ( equal h>mony1 viz4 equal numb]s ( %ort cycles 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! successive beats1 seems design$1 n to r5d] ! diff]5t consonances proportionally h>moni\s1 b to r$uce ! simpl] to an absolute level1 9 po9t ( agreeabl5ess1 ) ! m complex2 :i*1 z has be5 %[n1 is n ! object to be aim$ at 9 adju/+ _! comp>ative temp]am5ts4 ,b1 9 tru?1 8 measure is f> m fav\rable to ! complex consonances ?an equal h>mony1 ev5 9 ?is s5se1 w\ld require2 &1 9 a great numb] ( in/ances1 leads to ! grosse/ absurdities4 ,two consonances1 accord+ to him1 are equally h>moni\s1 :5 _! temp]am5ts are inv]sely z ! products ( ! lea/ numb]s express+ _! p]fect ratio4 ,if s1 ! ,,viii #c;d1 ^: ratio is #e_/ab1 :5 temp]$ #a_/bj ( a comma1 & ! unison1 ^: ratio is #a_/a1 :5 temp]$ #c commas1 are equally h>moni\s4 ,b all :o h ! lea/ exp]i5ce 9 temp]$ consonances w pron\nce1 at once1 t ! =m] c\ld sc>cely be di/+ui%$ by ! nice/ e> f ! correspond+ p]fect concord1 :ile ! latt] w\ld be a mo/ (f5sive discord4 ,"o in/ance m %all suffice4 ,! temp]am5ts to r5d] ! ,,viii ,v?1 & ! ,,viii #f? equally h>moni\s1 are laid d[n 9 8 tables to be z #hj 3 #c4 ,we w n[ suppose an in/rum5t p]fectly tun$ 9 ,dr4 ,smi?'s mann]1 & furni%$ ) all ! additional s\nds :i* con/itute 8 *angeable scale4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 ! ,i,i,ids1 & consequ5tly ! ,,viii #f?s1 are temp]$ #a_/i ( a comma2 :i*1 s f> f be+ (f5sive1 w be positively agreeable to ! e>4 ,?is _c be d\bt$ by ^? :o admit t ! ,,viii #f?s 9 ! common imp]fect scales1 :5 temp]$ at a m$ium ne>ly sev5 times z mu*1 make tol]able h>mony4 ,yet1 accord+ to ! !ory :i* we are oppos+1 ! ,,viii ,v? w be equally h>moni\s :5 temp]$ ne>ly a m9or semitone4 ,n[ let any "o1 ev5 ) ! common in/rum5ts1 :5ev] an ,,viii ,v? occurs1 /rike ! semitone next above or bel[3 = example1 in/ead ( play+ ,c1 g1 let him play ,c1 g2 in/ead ( ,a1 e1 let him play ,a1 e1 c4 & comp>e ! h>mony ( ^! ) t ( ! ,,viii #f?s1 if he wants any f>!r evid5ce t ,dr4 ,smi?'s measure ( equal h>mony is )\t f\ndation4 ,x may be ?\ght1 t ev5 ! measure ( equal h>mony laid d[n 9 ! proposition1 is m fav\rable to ! complex consonances ?an ! conclusions ( exp]i5ce w w>rant4 ,b :5 x is ass]t$ by practical musicians1 t ! octave w be> less temp]+ ?an ! ,v?1 ! ,v? less ?an ! ,i,i,id1 c41 !y d\btless int5d to e/imate ! temp]am5t by ! rate ( beat+1 & to imply1 t :5 diff]5t consonances to ! same base are made to beat equally fa/1 ! simpl] are m (f5sive ?an ! m complex consonances4 ,?is is entirely consi/5t ) ! proposition2 = :5 equally temp]$1 ! m complex consonances w beat m rapidly ?an ! m simple2 if on ! same base1 v ne>ly 9 ! ratio ( _! major t]ms4 7,smi?'s ,h>4 ,prop4 ,,xi4 ,cor4 #d47 ,if1 = example1 an octave1 a ,v?1 & a ,i,i,id on ! same base 7 made to beat ) a rapidity :i* is z ! numb]s #b1 #c1 & #e1 no unprejudic$ e> w\ld probably pron\nce ! octave less h>moni\s 9 its k9d ?an ! ,i,i,id4 ,to ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o may incl9e to a measure ( equal h>mony betwe5 t laid d[n 9 ! proposition & t ( ,dr4 ,smi?1 on acc\nt ( ! rapidity ( ! beats ( ! m complex consonances1 x maybe suffici5t to reply1 t if ! beats ( a m complex consonance are m rapid ?an ^? ( a simpl] "o1 :5 bo? are equally temp]$1 ^? ( ! latt]1 ct]is p>ibus1 are m di/9ct4 ,x is ! di/9ctness ( ! undulations1 9 temp]$ consonances1 :i* is "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( (f5ce to ! e>4 ,s*olium #b4 ,x w be prop] to expla91 9 ?is place1 ! notation ( musical int]vals1 :i* w be adopt$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,x is well kn[n t musical int]vals are z ! log>i?ms ( _! correspond+ ratios4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! octave be repres5t$ by 4#cjajc1 ! log4 ( #b1 ! value ( ! ,v? w be express$ by 4#ageji2 t ( ! major tone by 4#jeaae2 t ( ! comma by 4#jjedj1 c4 ,b 9 ord] to avoid ! prefix$ ciph]s1 9 calculations :]e s small int]vals z ! temp]am5ts ( diff]5t concords are conc]n$1 we w multiply ea* ( ^! values by #ajj1jjj1 :i* w give a set ( integral values hav+ ! same ratio4 ,! octave w n[ become #cjajc1 ! comma #edj1 c42 &1 9 g5]al1 :5 temp]am5ts are h]eaft] express$ by numb]s1 !y are to be consid]$ z s _m #edj?s ( a comma4 ,_h m log>i?mic places be5 tak51 ! int]vals w\ld h be5 express$ ) great] accuracy2 b x 0 suppos$ t ! additional accuracy w\ld n comp5sate = ! increas$ lab\r ( computation :i* x w\ld occasion4 ,?is notation has be5 adopt$ by ,dr4 ,rob9son1 9 ! article ,temp]am5t1 7,encyc4 ,brit4 ,supplem5t27 & = e practical purpose1 is z mu* sup]ior to t propos$ by ,mr4 ,f>ey1 9 p>ts ( ! ,s*isma1 less] fraction & m9ute1#e z all decimal measures necess>ily are1 to ^? :i* consi/ ( diff]5t d5om9ations4 ,,proposition ,,ii4 ,9 adju/+ ! imp]fections ( ! scale1 s z to r5d] all ! consonances z equally h>moni\s z possible1 only ! simple consonances1 su* z ! ,v?1 ,i,i,id1 & #c;d1 ) _! complem5ts to & comp\nds ) ! octave1 c be reg>d$4 ,x has be5 g5]ally assign$ z ! reason = neglect+ ! consonances1 usually t]m$ discords1 9 asc]ta9+ ! be/ s*eme ( temp]am5t1 t !y are ( less frequ5t occurr5ce ?an ! concords4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 if x 7 ! only reason1 w\ld lead u1 n to neglect !m entirely1 b m]ely to give !m a less degree ( influ5ce ?an ! concords1 9 proportion z !y are less us$4 ,a consid]ation :i* seems n to h be5 (t5 notic$1 r5d]s x impossible to pay !m any reg>d 9 h>monical computations4 ,all su* computations mu/ proce$ on ! supposition t )9 ! limits to :i* ! temp]am5ts ( ! diff]5t consonances ext5d1 !y become h>%] z _! temp]am5ts are increas$4 ,x is evid5t t any consonance may be temp]$ s mu* z to become bett] by hav+ its temp]am5t increas$1 9 consequ5ce ( its approa*+ z ne> to "s o!r p]fect ratio1 ! t]ms ( :i* are equally small2 or p]haps mu* ne>] "s p]fect ratio ^: t]ms are n proportionally l>g]4 ,= example1 aft] we h %>p5$ ! ,v? m ?an #c commas1 x becomes m h>moni\s1 z approa*+ mu* ne>] to ! p]fect ratio #e_/f4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 & ! o!r concords1 ! value ( ! ne>e/ p]fect ratios 9 small numb]s1 v>ies s mu* f ! ratios ( ^! concords1 & ! consequ5t limits )9 :i* ! la/ "p ( ,prop4 ,i4 holds true1 are s wide t !re is no haz>d 9 mak+ x a basis ( calculation4 ,& if !re be a few exceptions to ?is1 9 "s sy/ems1 9 :i* ! temp]am5ts ( a few ( ! concords become s l>ge z to approa* ne>] to "s o!r p]fect ratio1 ^: t]ms are ne>ly z small z ^? ( ! p]fect concord1 al?\gh !y might become m h>moni\s1 by hav+ _! temp]am5t increas$1 yet _! effect 9 melody w\ld be /ill m impair$2 s t ! concords may all be consid]$ z subject$ to ! same rule ( calculation4 ,b ! limits )9 :i* ! second "p ( ,prop4 ,i4 holds true1 ) reg>d to ! m complex consonances1 are mu* m limit$4 ,we _c1 = in/ance1 %>p5 ! #g?1 ^: ratio is #i 3 #af m ?an a comma1 )\t r5d]+ x m h>moni\s1 z approa*+ ne>] ano!r p]fect ratio :i* is simpl]2 t ( #e 3 #i4 ,yet ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two #g?s is s trifl+ t !y h nev] receiv$ di/9ct names2 &1 inde$1 _! effect on ! e> 9 melody w\ld n be s5sibly diff]5t4 ,aga91 ! #e?1 ^: p]fect ratio has be5 g5]ally laid d[n z #de 3 #fd1 b :i* is 9 reality #be 3 #cf1f _c be %>p5$ m ?an ( a comma1 be=e x becomes m h>moni\s by hav+ its temp]am5t increas$1 z approa*+ ne>] ! simpl] ratio #g 3 #aj4 ,at ! same "t1 ! effect ( ?is int]val 9 melody w\ld n be s5sibly v>i$4 ,! limits1 )9 :i* ! h>moni\sness ( ! ,i,vth is inv]sely z its temp]am5t1 are /ill n>r[]4 ,h5ce x appe>s t no inf]5ce c be drawn f ! temp]am5ts ( su* consonances z ! #g?1 #e?1 ,i,vth1 c4 respect+ _! real h>moni\sness4 ,! o!r p]fect ratios :i* h ne>ly ! same value ) ^? ( ^! *ords1 & :i* are 9 equally simple t]ms1 are s num]\s t by increas+ _! temp]am5t !y alt]nately become m & less h>moni\s2 & 9 a mann] s irregul>1 t to attempt to subject !m to calculation1 ) ! concords1 w\ld be 9 va94 ,ev5 :5 unalt]$1 !y may be consid]$ ei!r z great] temp]am5ts ( m simple1 or less temp]am5ts ( m complex ratios4 ,suppose ! #e?1 = example1 to be flatt5$ ( a comma3 %all x be consid]$ z d]iv+ its "* f ! p]fect ratio #be 3 #cf1 & be reg>d$ z flatt5$ #ajh2 or %all x be ref]r$ to ! p]fect ratio #g 3 #aj1 & consid]$ z %>p5$ #bci8 ,no "o c tell4--,on ! :ole1 x is manife/ t no consonances m complex ?an ^? includ$ 9 ! proposition1 c be reg>d$ 9 adju/+ ! temp]am5ts ( ! scale4 ,,proposition ,,iii4 ,! be/ scale ( s\nds1 :i* r5d]s ! h>mony ( all ! concords z ne>ly equal z possible1 is t 9 :i* ! ,v?s are flatt5$ #b_/g1 & ! ,i,i,ids & #c;ds1 ea* #a_/g ( a comma4 ,! octave mu/ be kept p]fect1 = reasons :i* h satisfi$ all !oretical & practical h>moni/s1 h[ widely soev] _! op9ions h diff]$ 9 o!r respects4 ,admitt+ equal temp]am5t to be ! measure ( equal h>mony1 ! complem5ts ( ! ,v?1 ,i,i,id1 & #c;d1 to ! octave1 & _! comp\nds ) octaves w be equally h>moni\s 9 _! k9ds ) ^! concords respectively2 accord+ to ! coroll>y ( ,prop ,i4 ,h5ce we h only to f9d ^? temp]am5ts ( ! ,v?s1 ,i,i,ids1 & #c;ds1 9 ! compass ( "o octave1 :i* w r5d] !m all1 z ne>ly z possible1 equally h>moni\s4 ,! temp]am5ts ( ! diff]5t concords ( ! same "n ought evid5tly to be r5d]$ equal2 s9ce1 o!rwise1 _! h>mony _c be equal4 ,?is c be effect$ only by r5d]+ ! major & m9or tones equal1 & pres]v+ ! equality ( ! two semitones4 ,if ?is is done1 ! temp]am5t ( all ! ,i,i,ids w be equal1 s9ce !y w ea* be ! sum ( two equal tones4 ,= a simil> reason ! #c;ds1 & consequ5tly ! ,v?s1 =m$ by ! addition ( ,i,i,ids1 & #c;ds1 w be equally temp]$4 ,illu/ration3 x - c x 7#c;c - #ex7_/#b x - c x x - c 7#c;c - #ex7_/#b ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,a ,b c ,9 ord] to r$uce ! octave to five equal & v>iable tones1 & two equal & v>iable semitones1 we w suppose ! int]vals ( ! untemp]$ octave to be repres5t$ by ! p>ts ,,cd1 ,,de1 c4 ( ! l9e ,cc4 ,d5ot+ ! comma by c1 we w suppose ! tone ,,de1 :i* is naturally m9or1 to be increas$ by any v>iable quantity1 x2 !n1 by ! =ego+ obs]vations1 ! o!r m9or tone1 ,,ga1 mu/ be increas$ by ! same quantity4 ,z ! major tones mu/ be r5d]$ equal to ! m9or1 _! increm5t w be x - c4 ,z ! octave is to be p]fect1 ! v>iation ( ! two semitones mu/ be ! same ) t ( ! five tones1 ) ! contr>y sign2 & z !y are to be equally v>i$1 ! decrem5t ( ea* w be 7#ex - #c;c7_/#b2 or :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 ! increm5t ( ea* w be 7#c;c - #ex7_/#b4 ,! sev]al concords ( ! same "n 9 ?is octave are n[ affect$ ) equal & v>iable temp]am5ts4 ,! common increm5t ( ! ,i,i,ids w be #bx - c2 t ( ! #c;ds 7c - #cx72 & consequ5tly t ( ! ,v?s 7x - c74 ,9 adju/+ ^! v>iable temp]am5ts1 s z to r5d] ! h>mony ( ! concords ( diff]5t k9ds1 z ne>ly equal z possible1 we imm$iately discov] t1 z ! ,v? is compos$ ( ! ,i,i,id & #c;d1 ! temp]am5ts ( ! ?ree _c all be equal4 ,:5 ! temp]am5ts ( ! ,i,i,id & #c;d h ! same sign1 t ( ! ,v?s mu/ be equal to _! sum2 &1 :5 !y h contr>y signs1 to _! diff]5ce4 ,h5ce ! temp]am5t ( "o ( ^! ?ree concords is necess>ily equal to ! sum ( t ( ! o!r two4 ,?is be+ fix$1 ! temp]am5ts1 & consequ5tly1 7by ,prop4 ,i47 ! discordance ( ! diff]5t consonances is ! mo/ equably divid$ possible1 :5 ! two small] temp]am5ts1 ^: sum is equal to ! great]1 are made equal to ea* o!r4 ,! problem conta9s ?ree cases4 #a4 ,:5 ! temp]am5ts ( ! ,i,i,id & #c;d h ! same sign1 !y ought to be equal to ea* o!r4 ,mak+ #bx - c 7c - #cx71 we obta9 x #c_/g c1 :i*1 sub/itut$ 9 ! g5]al expressions = ! temp]am5ts ( ! ,v?1 ,i,i,id1 & #c;d1 makes _! increm5ts equal to -#b_/g c1 -#a_/g c1 -#a_/g c1 respectively4 #b4 ,let ! temp]am5ts ( ! ,i,i,id & #c;d h contr>y signs3 & fir/1 let t ( ! ,i,i,ids be ! great]4 ,!n ! =m] ought to be d\ble ( ! latt]1 9 ord] t ! temp]am5t ( ! ,v?s & & #c;ds may be equal4 ,h5ce we h #bx - c - #b 7c - #cx72 :5ce x is f\nd #j2 & by sub/itution z be=e1 ! requir$ temp]am5t ( ! ,i,i,id - c2 ( ! ,v? - c1 & ( ! #c;d c4 #c4 ,let ! temp]am5ts ( ! ,i,i,id & #c;d h contr>y signs1 z be=e2 & let t ( ! #c;d be ! great]4 ,mak+ 7c - #cx7 -#b 7#bx - c71 we obta9 x #c_/e c2 :i* gives1 by sub/itution1 ! temp]am5ts ( ! #c;d1 ,v?1 & ,i,i,id - #b_/e c1 - #a_/e c1 & #a_/e c1 respectively4 ,ea* ( ^! results makes ! h>mony ( all ! consonances z ne>ly equal z possible2 b z ! sum ( ! temp]am5ts 9 ! fir/ case is mu* ! lea/1 x foll[s t ! temp]am5ts /at$ 9 ! proposition con/itute ! be/ s*eme ( int]vals = ! natural scale1 9 :i* ! h>mony ( all ! diff]5t consonances is r5d]$ z ne>ly equal z possible4 ,cor4 #a4 ,9 ! same mann] x may be %[n t ^! temp]am5ts are ! be/1 among ^? :i* approa* z ne>ly z possible to equal h>mony1 = ! artificial scale2 provid$ t x is furni%$ ) di/9ct s\nds = all ! %>ps & flats 9 common use4 ,by ins]t+ a s\nd betwe5 ,f & ,g1 mak+ ! int]val ,f,g equal to ei!r ( ! semitones f\nd above1 ! int]vals1 reckon$ f ,g z a key note1 w be exactly ! same 9 respect to _! temp]am5ts1 z ! correspond+ ones reckon$ f ,c4 ,! same ?+ holds1 :atev] be ! numb] ( flats & %>ps4 ,x is suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! flat ( a note is nev] us$ = ! %>p ( t next bel[1 or ! contr>y2 & h5ce ?is s*eme ( temp]am5t w\ld only be adapt$ to an in/rum5t1 furni%$ ) all ! degrees ( ! enh>monic scale2 or1 at lea/1 ) z _m z are 9 common use4 ,cor4 #b4 ,?is scale w diff] b little 9 practice f ! "o d$uc$1 ) s mu* lab\r1 by ,dr4 ,smi?1 f 8 crit]ion ( equal h>mony2 :i* flatt5s ! ,v?s #e_/ah1 ! ,i,i,ids #a_/i1 & ! #c;ds #a_/f ( a comma4 ,! sev]al diff]5ces are only #a_/abf1 #b_/fc1 & #a_/db ( a comma4 ,h5ce1 z 8 measure ( equal h>mony diff]s s widely f t ( ,proposition ,i4 we may inf] t ! consid]ation ( equaliz+ ! h>mony ( ! concords ( diff]5t names c h v little practical influ5ce on ! temp]am5ts ( ! scale4 ,%\ld x1 !re=e1 be ma9ta9$ t ! crit]ion laid d[n 9 ,prop4 ,i4 is n ma!matically accurate2 yet1 z x mu/ be all[$1 9 ! mo/ unfav\rable view1 to correspond f> bett] ) ! decisions ( exp]i5ce ?an t ( ,doctor ,smi?1 ! *ance is1 t1 at ! l[e/ e/imate1 ! temp]am5ts d$uc$ f x approa* mu* m ne>ly to correctness4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t equal temp]am5t may be made1 )\t any s5sible error 9 practice1 ! crit]ion ( equal h>mony4 ,s*olium #c4 ,al?\gh ! =ego+ w\ld be ! be/ division ( ! musical scale1 if our sole object 7 to r5d] ! h>mony ( its concords z ne>ly equal z possible1 yet ! two o!r consid]ations1 /at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! essay1 mu/ by no means be neglect$1 z has be5 done by ,dr4 ,smi?4 ,x seems to be univ]sally admitt$1 t ! sum ( ! temp]am5ts may be increas$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 ord] to equalize ! h>mony ( ! concords2 o!rwise ! natural scale ( major & m9or tones1 :i* makes ! sum ( ! temp]am5ts ( ! ,v?s1 ,i,i,ids1 & #c;ds b #b commas1 ought to be left unalt]$4 ,yet h[ f> ?is pr9ciple ought to be c>ri$1 may be a matt] ( d\bt4 ,if we make ! ,i,i,ids p]fect1 & flatt5 ! ,v?s & #c;ds ea* c1 accord+ to ! old sy/em ( mean tones1 we %all h ! smalle/ aggregate ( temp]am5ts :i* admits ( ! diff]5t concords ( ! same "n be+ r5d]$ equally imp]fect2 b ?is am\nts to #b commas4 ,?us f>1 h[ev]1 x seems evid5tly prop] to proce$4 ,if we g /ill f>!r1 & endeav\r to equalize ! h>mony ( ! concords ( diff]5t names1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r ne>ly z mu* is n lo/ z ga9$2 = ! aggregate temp]am5ts are increas$1 9 ,dr4 ,smi?'s scale1 to #b c1 & 9 t ( ! above proposition to #b-e_/g c4 ,! sy/em ( mean tones1 al?\gh m unequal 9 its h>mony :5 b two notes are /ruck at once1 yet :5 ! *ords are play$ full1 z !y g5]ally are on ! organ1 nev] (f5ds ! e> by a transition f a bett] to a worse h>mony4 ,= e triad is equally h>moni\s2 be+ compos$ ( a p]fect ,i,i,id1 & a ,v? & #c;d1 temp]$ ea* c1 or ( _! complem5ts to1 or comp\nds ) octaves1 :i*1 9 _! k9ds1 are equally h>moni\s4 ,aga91 if diff]5t *ords1 9 practice1 v>y 9 ! frequ5cy ( _! occurr5ce1 ?is w be a suffici5t reason = deviat+ f ! sy/em ( equal temp]am5t4 ,suppose1 = example1 t a giv5 sum ( temp]am5t is to be divid$ betwe5 two ,v?s1 "o ( :i* occurs 9 play+ t5 times z (t5 z ! o!r3 !re c be no d\bt t ! great] "p ( ! temp]am5t ought to be ?r[n ^u ! latt]4 ,h5ce x becomes an important problem to asc]ta91 ) "s degree ( precision1 ! relative frequ5cy ) :i* diff]5t consonances occur 9 practice4 ,be=e proce$+ to a direct inve/igation ( ?is problem1 x may be obs]v$1 9 g5]al1 t su* a diff]5ce manife/ly exi/s4 ,9 a giv5 key1 x _c h escap$ ! mo/ sup]ficial obs]v]1 t ! mo/ frequ5t comb9ation ( s\nds is ! common *ord on ! tonic2 t ! next aft] ?is is t on ! dom9ant1 & ! ?ird1 t on ! subdom9ant4 ,p]haps sc>cely a piece ( music c be f\nd1 9 :i* ?is ord] ( frequ5cy does n hold true4 ,x is equally true t "s signatures occur (t5] ?an o!rs4 ,t ( "o %>p w be f\nd to be m us$1 9 ! major mode1 ?an any o!r2 &1 9 g5]al1 ! m simple keys w be f\nd ( m frequ5t occurr5ce ?an ^? :i* h m flats or %>ps4 ,^! diff]5ces are n ! result ( accid5t4 ,! tonic1 dom9ant1 & subdom9ant1 are obvi\sly ! mo/ prom95t notes 9 ! scale1 & mu/ always be ! fundam5tal bases ( m *ords ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs2 :ile ! great] ease ( play+ on ! simpl] keys w always be a reason ) compos]s = sett+ a l>g] "p ( _! music on ^!1 ?an on ! m difficult keys4 ,x is obs]vable1 t ! great] "p ( musical compositions1 :e!r ( ! major or m9or mode1 is r$ucible to two k9ds3 t 9 :i* ! base *iefly moves betwe5 ! tonic & its octave1 & t 9 :i* ! base moves betwe5 ! dom9ant & subdom9ant ( ! key4 ,! =m] class1 9 ! major mode1 are almo/ univ]sally set on ! key ( "o %>p2 ! latt]1 g5]ally on ! natural key1 or t ( two %>ps4 ,9 ! m9or mode1 ! =m] class h usually ! signature ( two flats1 or ! natural key2 ! latt]1 t ( "o flat4 ,h5ce ! ?ree =m] keys w comprise ! great] "p ( ! music 9 ! major mode1 & ! ?ree latt]1 ( t 9 ! m9or mode1 9 e promiscu\s collection4 ,b if we 7 ev5 to suppose ea* ( ! *ords 9 ! same key1 & ea* ( ! signatures1 ( equally frequ5t occurr5ce1 "s *ords w\ld occur mu* (t5]1 z =m+ an ess5tial "p ( ! h>mony ( m keys ?an o!rs4 ,! ,v? ,,da1 = example1 =ms "o ( ! ess5tial *ords ( six diff]5t keys2 :ile ! ,v? ,g,d =ms a "p only ( ! s+le key ( f\r %>ps4 ,,proposition ,,iv4 ,to f9d a set ( numb]s1 express+ ! ratio ( ! probable numb] ( times t ea* ( ! diff]5t consonances 9 ! scale w occur1 9 any set ( musical compositions4 ,?is c be done only by inve/igat+ _! actual frequ5cy ( occurr5ce 9 a collection ( pieces = ! in/rum5t to be tun$1 suffici5tly ext5sive & div]sifi$ to s]ve z a specim5 ( music = ! same in/rum5t 9 g5]al4 ,?is may appe>1 at fir/ view1 an endless task2 & x w\ld be really su*1 7 we to take music promiscu\sly1 & c\nt all ! consonances :i* ! base makes ) ! high] p>ts1 & ! high] p>ts ) ea* o!r4 ,b x appe>s1 f ,prop4 ,i4 ,cor4 t all ! positions & inv]sions ( a *ord1 :5 ! octaves are kept p]fect1 are equally h>moni\s ) ! *ord itself4 ,! ,v?1 = example1 :i* makes "o ( ! consonances 9 a common h>monic triad1 is equally h>moni\s 9 its k9d1 ) ! ,v ,,viii1 :i* takes its place 9 ! #c;d position ( ?is triad1 & ) ! #d? 9 its second inv]sion4 ,h5ce1 in/ead ( c\nt+ s+le consonances1 we h only to c\nt *ords2 & ?is is done ) ! greate/ ease1 by means ( ! figures ( ! ?or\gh base4 ,! lab\r w be /ill f>!r abridg$ by r$uc+ ! d]ivative *ords1 su* z ! #f1 ! #f_/d1 c4 to _! prop] roots1 z !y are tak5 d[n4 ,b ev5 aft] ^! r$uctions1 ! lab\r ( numb]+ ! diff]5t *ords 9 a suffici5tly ext5sive set ( compositions1 to e/abli%1 ) any degree ( c]ta9ty1 ! relative frequ5cy ( ! diff]5t signatures1 w\ld be v irksome4 ,a me?od1 h[ev]1 pres5ts itself1 :i* r5d]s x suffici5t to exam9e ! *ords 9 su* a set ( pieces only z w give _! *ance ( occurr5ce 9 two keys--a major1 & its relative m9or4 ,x w be evid5t to all :o are mu* conv]sant ) musical compositions1 t ! int]nal /ructure ( all pieces 9 ! same mode1 :atev] be _! signature1 is mu* ! same4 ,!re is sc>cely m diff]5ce1 = example1 9 ! relative frequ5cy ( diff]5t *ords 9 ! natural key1 & 9 t ( two %>ps1 or two flats1 ?an !re is 9 diff]5t pieces on ! same key4 ,if ! ,v? ,,cg on ! tonic has to ! ,v? ,,eb on ! m$iant 9 ! natural key1 any giv5 ratio ( frequ5cy m 3 n1 ! relative frequ5cy ( ! ,v? ,,da on ! tonic1 & ! ,v? ,f ,c on ! m$iant 9 ! key ( two %>ps1 w n s5sibly diff] f t ( m 3 n4 ,h5ce1 if we exam9e a suffici5t numb] ( pieces to e/abli% ! relative frequ5cy ( ! diff]5t consonances 9 "o major & its relative m9or key1 &1 by a mu* m ext5sive inve/igation1 asc]ta9 ! relative frequ5cy ( occurr5ce ( ! diff]5t signatures1 x is evid5t1 t by multiply+ ?is la/ s]ies ( numb]s into ! fir/1 & add+ ^? products :i* belong to *ords t]m9at$ by ! same lett]s1 we %all h a s]ies ( numb]s express+ ! *ance ( occurr5ce 9 fav\r ( ea* ( ! consonances ( ! scale1 :5 all ! keys are tak5 into view4 ,x 0 judg$ t #bjj scores1 tak5 promiscu\sly f all ! v>ieties ( music = ! organ1#g w\ld af=d a set ( numb]s express+1 ) suffici5t accuracy1 ! *ance t a giv5 consonance w occur 9 a s+le major1 & its relative m9or key4 ,accord+ly #bjj scores 7 exam9$1 #aej 9 ! major1 & #ej 9 ! m9or mode1 7z x w appe> h]eaft] t ?is is ne>ly ! ratio ( _! frequ5cy7 ( ! v>i\s species ( music = ! organ1 compris+ a prop] %>e bo? ( ! simpl] & ( ! m rapid & *romatic movem5ts4 ,z ! select+ & r$uc+ to _! prop] keys all ! occasional modulations :i* occur 9 ! same piece w\ld r5d] ! lab\r ( asc]ta9+ ! relative frequ5cy ( diff]5t signatures v t$i\s1 x 0 ?\ght be/ to consid] all ^? modulations :i* are too transi5t to be indicat$ by a new signature1 z belong+ to ! same key4 ,?is w acc\nt = ! occurr5ce ( ! *ords 9 ! foll[+ table1 :i* are affect$ by flats & %>ps4 ,! m9im1 or ! crot*et1 0 tak5 = unity1 accord+ to ! rapidity ( ! movem5t4 ,bases ( great] or less l5g? _h _! prop] values assign$ !m2 al?\gh m]e notes ( passage1 :i* bore no prop] h>mony1 7 g5]ally disreg>d$4 ,! scores 7 tak5 promiscu\sly f all ! diff]5t keys2 & 7 r$uc$1 :5 tak5 d[n1 to ! same tonic2 ! propriety ( :i* w evid5tly appe> f ! =ego+ rem>ks4 ,! foll[+ table conta9s ! result ( ! inve/igation4 ,,table ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,common ,*ords4 ,flat ,fif?s4 #g?s4 #i-sev5?s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,bases4 ,major ,m9or ,major4 ,m9or4 ,major4 ,m9or4,major4,m9or4 mode4 mode4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,b ,,iii #e #h -- -- #g -- -- -- ,b #c -- #afc #ee #aa #ag #b -- ,b #d #d -- -- -- -- -- -- ,a ,,vii -- -- -- -- -- -- #c -- ,a ,,iii #ai #h -- -- #g #b -- -- ,a #aff #ehh #b #a #bf #e #b -- ,g -- -- #c #ch -- -- -- -- ,g #c #ah #ae -- -- -- -- -- -- ,g #ife #ic -- -- #agh #ae #c -- ,f -- -- #df #d #aa #b -- -- ,f #ceb #fj -- -- #aa #ab #g #c ,e ,,iii #bf #bga -- -- #a #be -- -- ,e #cb #be #e #a #h -- #a #d ,d ,,iii -- -- #b #a -- -- -- -- ,d -- -- -- #d -- -- -- -- ,d ,,iii #bi #d -- -- #di #g -- -- ,d #abj #abi -- -- #ee #ah #f #a ,c -- -- #b #d #a -- -- -- ,c #c #b -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,c #agfi #bge -- -- #e #a #d #a ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! foll[+ anomal\s *ords 7 f\nd 9 ! major mode1 & are subjo9$1 to make ! li/ complete3 #h #e?s on ,c1 & #a on ,d4 #e #e_/d?s on ,d1 #b on ,e1 & #a on ,g4 ,! left h& column ( ! =ego+ table conta9s ! fundam5tal bases ( ! sev]al *ords4 ,:5 any numb] is annex$ to ! lett] d5ot+ ! fundam5tal1 x d5otes ! quality ( "s o!r note belong+ to ! *ord4 ,e ,,iii1 = example1 d5otes t ! v>i\s *ords on ,e1 :i* /& aga9/ x1 h _! ?ird %>p$2 ,g #c1 t ! ?ird1 :i* is naturally major1 is to be tak5 m9or1 c4 ,( ! two columns 9 ea* ( ! f\r rema9+ pairs1 ! left conta9s ! numb] ( *ords belong+ to ea* root1 ( ! k9d specifi$ at ! top1 :i* 7 f\nd 9 #aej scores 9 ! major mode2 & ! "r1 ! correspond+ results ( ! exam9ation ( #ej scores 9 ! m9or mode4 ,! dim9i%$ triad1 :i* is us$ 9 h>monical progression l ! o!r triads1 has its l[e/ note consid]$ z its fundam5tal4 ,! dim9i%$ #g?1 9 ! few in/ances 9 :i* x occurr$1 0 consid]$ z ! fir/ inv]sion ( ! #i_/g?1 agreeably to ! ,fr5* classification1 & 0 accord+ly r$uc$ to t head4 ,f ?is table1 ! numb] ( times t ea* consonance ( two notes w\ld actually occur1 7 ! #bjj scores play$1 is easily comput$4 ,we w suppose ?ree notes1 besides octaves1 to be play$ to ea* *ord4 ,! octaves play$ x is unnecess>y to take into ! computation1 z x w\ld only multiply ! numb] ( consonances ^: temp]am5t is ! same1 9 ! same ratio1 & w\ld h no effect on ! ratio ( ! numb]s express+ ! frequ5cy ( ! diff]5t consonances4 ,9 ! *ord ( ! #g?1 :i* naturally consi/s ( f\r notes1 we w suppose1 = ! sake ( uni=mity1 t "o is omitt$2 & z ! #g? ought always to be /ruck1 we w suppose ! ,v? & ,i,i,id ( ! base to be omitt$1 ea* half ! numb] ( times 9 :i* ?is *ord occurs4 ,consid]$ z compos$ ( ?ree di/9ct notes1 nei!r ( :i* is an octave ( ei!r ( ! o!rs1 ea* *ord w conta9 ?ree di/9ct consonances4 ,! common *ord on ,c1 = example1 w conta9 ! ,v? ,,cg1 ! ,i,i,id ,,ce1 & ! #c;d ,,eg4 ,! #i_/g on ,c w conta9 ! ,,vii ,,cb1 ! ,,ix1 or 7:i* mu/ h ! same temp]am5t7 ! ,i,id ,,cd1 & ! #c;d ,,bd4 ,r$uc+ all ^! consonances to _! prop] places1 & add+ ^? ( ! same "n :i* h ! same degree = _! base1 we obta9 ! foll[+ results3 ,,table ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,v?s1 #d?s1 & ,i,i,ids1 #f?s1 & #c;ds1 ,v,iths1 & ,bases4 ,octaves4 ,octaves4 ,octaves4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,major4 ,m9or4 ,major4 ,m9or4 ,major4 ,m9or4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,b #h #h #aj #h #aada #bad ,b #c #f #bb #ai ---- ---- ,a #aie #fjg #bb #aj #fbf #ffc ,g ---- ---- ---- ---- #cb #caj ,g #ajhh #aaf #ajij #abe #bb #bc ,f ---- ---- ---- ---- #gh #aj ,f #cie #gh #dhf #cja ---- ---- ,e #ei #cjh #dj #bhd #ahbh #cjh ,e ---- ---- #b ---- ---- ---- ,d ---- ---- ---- ---- #g #i ,d #aig #aef #fj #g #djc #bac ,c ---- ---- ---- ---- #bf #ab ,c #ahjg #bgh #aiei #hgj #d #a #e?s1 ,i,vths1 & #g?s1 ,i,ids1 & ,v,i,iths1 #b;ds1 & ,bases4 ,octaves4 ,octaves4 ,octaves4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,major4 ,m9or4 ,major4 ,m9or4 ,major4 ,m9or4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,b #bef #bfe #be #ag ---- ---- ,b ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ,a #b #a #cd #g #c ---- ,g #aj #ec ---- ---- ---- ---- ,g ---- ---- #ahh #bj ---- ---- ,f #gd #g #a #b ---- ---- ,f ---- ---- ---- ---- #ag #af ,e #aj #a #bj #bg ---- ---- ,e ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ,d #g #e ---- ---- ---- ---- ,d ---- ---- #abc #bg ---- ---- ,c #i #aj #a ---- ---- ---- ,c ---- ---- #e #a #aj #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,besides ! foll[+ *romatic int]vals3 #h extreme %>p #e?s on ,c ,major mode4 #a --------------------- ,d #a extreme flat #g? ---- ,g #d extreme %>p #f?s on ,f ,m9or mode4 #d extreme flat #g?s on ,c #c --------------------- ,g ,x 0 ?\ght be/ to exhibit a complete table ( all ! consonances :i* occurr$ 9 ! #bjj scores exam9$2 al?\gh 7,prop4 ,,ii47 only ! concords 9 ! upp] half ( ! table c be reg>d$ 9 =m+ a sy/em ( temp]am5t4 ,= ! m frequ5t consonances1 ?is table may be reg>d$ z f\nd$ on a suffici5tly ext5sive induction to be tol]ably accurate4 ,= ! m unfrequ5t *ords1 & especially = ^? :i* arise f unusual modulations1 x expresses ! *ance ( occurr5ce ) v little accuracy2 & x is d\btless ! fact t a m ext5sive inve/igation w\ld include "s *ords n f\nd at all 9 ?is li/4 ,b x mu/ be recollect$1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! influ5ce ( ^! unusual *ords on ! result+ sy/em ( temp]am5t w\ld be ins5sible1 c\ld _! *ance ( occurr5ce be det]m9$ ) ! greate/ accuracy4 ,b none ( ! numb]s 9 ! =ego+ table by any means expresses ! *ance t a giv5 int]val w occur1 consid]+ all ! keys 9 :i* x is f\nd4 ,= example1 ! ,v? ,,cg on ! tonic ( ! natural key1 9 music writt5 on ?is key1 is ! "o ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce1 its *ance be+ express$ by #ahjg2 b 9 ! key ( two flats1 x becomes ! ,v? on ! sup]tonic1 & its *ance ( occurr5ce is only z #aig4 ,h5ce ! problem c be complet$ only by f9d+ a set ( numb]s :i* %all express1 ) "s degree ( accuracy1 ! relative frequ5cy ( diff]5t signatures4 ,an exam9ation ( #afjj scores1 compris+ f\r entire collections ( music = ! organ & voice1 by ! be/ ,european compos]s1 besides _m miscellane\s pieces1 af=d$ ! results 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,table ,,iii4 --------------------------------------- ,signatures4 ,major ,mode4 ,m9or ,mode4 --------------------------------------- #ds #db #b #cs #ie #f #bs #bjj #ac #a #cbb #gb #agf #aba #a #ahj #ig #bs #gj #gg #cs #aaf #h #ds #j #c --------------------------------------- ,ratio ( _! sums #abja 3 #cii ---------------------------------------- - ,! *ance ( occurr5ce = any *ord v>ies z ! frequ5cy ( ! key to :i* x belongs1 & z ! numb] belong+ to ! place :i* x holds1 z ref]r$ to ! tonic1 9 ,table ,,ii41 jo9tly4 ,h5ce ! *ance ( its occurr5ce 9 all ! keys 9 :i* x is f\nd1 is z ! sum ( ! products ( ! numb]s 9 ,table ,,iii41 ea* into su* a numb] ( ,table ,,ii4 z corresponds to its place 9 t key4 ,to give a specim5 ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is calculation is to be conduct$1 ! numb]s belong+ to ! major mode 9 ! ?ree fir/ divisions ( ,table ,,ii4 are fir/ to be multipli$ ?r\gh\t by #agf1 :i* expresses ! relative frequ5cy ( ! major mode ( ! natural key4 ,!y are !n to be multipli$ ?r\gh\t by #cbb1 :i* expresses ! frequ5cy ( ! key ( "o %>p4 ,b ! fir/ product1 :i* expresses ! frequ5cy ( ! ,v? on ! tonic1 n[ becomes ,,gd1 & mu/ be add$1 n to ! fir/1 b to ! fif?1 9 ! la/ r[ ( products4 ,! product into #ei1 express+ ! frequ5cy ( ! ,v? on ! m$iant1 becomes ,,bf1 an int]val n f\nd among ! ess5tial *ords ( ! natural key4 ,9 g5]al1 ! products ( ! numb]s 9 ,table ,,iii4 into ^? 9 ,table ,,ii4 are to be consid]$ z belong+1 n to ! lett]s aga9/ :i* ^! multipli]s /&1 b to ^? :i* h ! same position ) reg>d to _! successive tonics1 z ^! h ) reg>d to ,c4 ,:5ev] an int]val occurs1 affect$ ) a new flat or %>p1 x is to be consid]$ z ! comm5cem5t ( a new succession ( products4 ,! ,i,i,id ,c,e1 = example1 does n occur at all till we come to ! key ( two %>ps1 & ev5 !n only 9 occasional modulations1 correspond+ to ! ,i,i,id on ,b 9 ! natural key1 ^: multipli] is #aj4 ,9 ! key ( #c %>ps x becomes ano!r accid5tal *ord1 answ]+ to ! ,i,i,id on ,e 9 ! key ( ,c1 & consequ5tly has #dj = its multipli]4 ,x is only 9 ! key ( #f %>ps1 t x becomes a con/itu5t *ord ( ! key2 :5 if t key 7 ev] us$1 x w\ld correspond to ! ,i,i,id ,,gb on ! dom9ant ( ! natural key4 ,aft] all ! products h be5 tak5 & r$uc$ to _! prop] places1 9 ! mann] exemplifi$ above1 a simil> op]ation mu/ be repeat$ ) ! numb]s 9 ! second column ( ,table ,,iii4 & ^? 9 ! second columns 9 ! ?ree fir/ divisions ( ,table ,,ii4 ,! necessity ( keep+ ! major1 & its relative m9or key1 di/9ct1 w be evid5t1 :5 we consid] t ! sev]al keys 9 ! m9or mode d n foll[ ! same law ( frequ5cy z 9 ! major2 z is manife/ f ! obs]vations 9 ,s*ol4 ,prop4 ,,iii4 & z cle>ly appe>s f an inspection ( ,table ,,iii4 ,b 9 ord] to discov] ! relative frequ5cy ( ! diff]5t *ords on e acc\nt1 ! results ( ! two =ego+ op]ations mu/ be unit$4 ,n[1 z ! numb]s 9 ! two columns ( ,table ,,ii4 at a m$ium1 are z #c 3 #a1 & ^? 9 ,table ,,iii4 are 9 ! same ratio1 al?\gh ! factors are to ea* o!r 9 only ! simple ratio ( ! relative frequ5cy ( ! two modes1 yet _! products w1 at a m$ium1 be 9 ! duplicate ratio ( t frequ5cy4 ,h5ce1 to r5d] ! two sets ( results homolog\s1 s t ^? :i* correspond to ! same int]val may be prop]ly add$1 to express ! g5]al *ance ( occurr5ce = t int]val 9 all ! major & m9or keys 9 :i* x is f\nd1 ?is duplicate ratio mu/ be r$uc$ to a simple "o1 ei!r by divid+ ! fir/1 or by multiply+ ! la/ s]ies ( results1 by #c4 ,we w d ! latt]1 z x w give ! ratios 9 ! l>ge/1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ accurate t]ms4 ,!n add+ ^? results 9 ea* :i* belong to ! same int]val1 & cutt+ (f ! ?ree "r h& figures1 7express+ 9 ! ne>e/ small fractions ^? results :i* are "u #ajjj7 :i* w leave a set ( ratios abundantly accurate = e purpose2 ! numb]s con/itut+ ! f9al solution ( ! problem w /& z foll[s3 ,,table ,,iv4 -------------------------------------- ,v?s & ,i,i,ids & #c;ds & ,bases4 #d?s4 #f?s4 ,v,iths4 -------------------------------------- ,f #fg #bi #ajgb ,f #fci #ibd #ff ,e ---- ---- #ab ,e #edh #cbc #aaea ,e #bfe #cfc ,d #add ,d #aaff #idc #efi ,d #a #f ---- ,c #be #ab #eha ,c #haf #aaca #ahj ,b ---- ---- #d ,b #bba #ace #aafa ,b #dah #fed #e ,a ---- ---- #bi ,a #hgj #efh #ajhe ,a #eb #gh ,g #e #d #cfe ,g #abjg #aaig #efg ,f ---- ---- ,g ---- ---- -------------------------------------- ,,note4 ,9 ?is table1 z well z ! la/1 ! ,v?s1 ,i,i,ids1 & #c;ds are to be tak5 above1 & ! #d?s1 #f?s1 & ,v,iths1 _! complem5ts to ! octave1 bel[ ! correspond+ degrees 9 ! fir/ column4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 :5ev] ! ,v?s1 ,i,i,ids1 & #c;ds are h]eaft] treat$ z diff]5t classes ( concords1 ea* w be und]/ood to include its complem5t to ! octave & its comp\nds ) octaves4 ,s*olium4 ,! =ego+ table exhibits1 ) suffici5t accuracy1 ! ratio ( ! :ole numb] ( times :i* ! diff]5t *ords w\ld occur1 7 ! #afjj scores1 ^: signatures 7 exam9$1 actually play$ 9 succession1 on ! keys to :i* !y are set1 & ) an in/rum5t hav+ di/9ct s\nds = all ! flats & %>ps4 ,_h ! exam9ation be5 m ext5sive1 ! results might be reli$ on ) great] assurance z accurate2 b ! g5]al simil>ity1 n only 9 ! /ructure ( diff]5t musical compositions1 b 9 ! comp>ative frequ5cy ( ! diff]5t keys 9 diff]5t au?ors2 is s great1 t a m ext5sive exam9ation 0 ?\ght to be ( little practical importance4 7,to be cont9u$47 ,,art4 ,,ii4 ,review ( an elem5t>y ,treatise on ,m9]alogy & ,geology1 be+ an introduction to ! /udy ( ^! sci5ces1 & design$ = ! use ( pupils2 = p]sons att5d+ lectures on ^! subjects2 & z a companion = travell]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica--,illu/rat$ by six plates4 ,by ,,p>k] ,,cleavel&1 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics & ,natural ,philosophy1 & ,lectur] on ,*emi/ry & ,m9]alogy 9 ,b[do9 ,college1 ,memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,academy1 & ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,l9nan ,society ( ,new ,engl&4 ----itum e/ 9 visc]a t]r3 ,quasque recondid]at1 ,/ygiisque admov]at umbris1 ,effodiuntur opes---- ,,ovid4 ,bo/on1 publi%$ by ,cumm+s & ,hilli>d1 ,no4 #a1 ,cornhill4 ,pr9t$ by ,hilli>d ,metcalf1 at ! ,univ]sity ,press1 ,cambridge1 ,new ,engl&4 #ahaf4 ,?is "w has be5 = "s "t be=e ! public1 & x has be5 m or less ! subject ( rem>k 9 our v>i\s j\rnals4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 s appropriate to ! lead+ objects ( ?is ,j\rnal1 t we _c consid] ourselves z p]=m+ lab\rs ( sup]]ogation :ile we consid] ! necessity1 plan1 & execution ( ! treatise ( ,pr(essor ,cleavel&4 ,an ext5sive cultivation ( ! physical sci5ces is peculi> to an advanc$ /ate ( society1 & ev9ces1 9 ! c\ntry :]e !y fl\ri%1 a highly improv$ /ate ( ! arts1 & a great degree ( intellig5ce 9 ! community4 ,to ?is /ate ( ?+s we are n[ fa/ approximat+4 ,! ard5t curiosity reg>d+ ^! subjects1 already enk9dl$ 9 ! public m9d1 ! v respectable atta9m5ts 9 sci5ce :i* we h already made1 & our rapidly augm5t+ means ( in=mation 9 books1 in/rum5ts1 collections1 & tea*]s1 af=d gr\nd = ! happie/ anticipations4 ,^? sci5ces :i* require no means = _! inve/igation beyond books1 tea*]s1 & /udy--^? :i* dem& no physical demon/rations1 no in/rum5ts ( rese>*1 no mat]ial specim5s3 we mean ^? sci5ces :i* relate only to ! intellectual & moral "* ( man1 7 e>ly fo/]$1 &1 9 a good degree1 matur$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,h5ce1 9 !ology1 9 e?ics1 9 jurisprud5ce1 & 9 civil policy1 our advances 7 mu* e>li]1 & m wor?y ( respect1 ?an 9 ! sci5ces relat+ to mat]ial ?+s4 ,9 "s ( ^!1 x is true1 we h made v consid]able advances1 especially 9 natural philosophy & ! ma!matics1 & _! applications to ! arts2 & ?is has be5 true1 9 "s good degree1 = v ne>ly a c5tury4 ,natural hi/ory has be5 ! mo/ t>dy 9 its gr[?1 & no bran* ( x 01 till )9 a few ye>s1 involv$ 9 su* d>kness z m9]alogy4 ,not)/&+ ! laudable ef=ts ( a few g5tlem5 to excite "s ta/e = ^! subjects1 s little _h be5 effect$ 9 =m+ collections1 9 k9dl+ curiosity1 & diffus+ in=mation1 t only fifte5 ye>s s9ce1 x 0 a matt] ( extreme difficulty to obta91 among ourselves1 ev5 ! names ( ! mo/ common /ones & m9]als2 & "o might inquire e>ne/ly1 & long1 be=e he c\ld f9d any "o to id5tify ev5 qu>tz1 feldsp>1 or hornbl5de1 among ! simple m9]als2 or granite1 porphyry1 or trap1 among ! rocks4 ,we speak f exp]i5ce1 & well rememb] ) :at impati5t1 b almo/ despair+ curiosity1 we ey$ ! bleak1 nak$ ridges1 :i* imp5d$ ov] ! valleys & pla9s t 7 ! sc5es ( our y\?ful excursions4 ,9 va9 did we d\bt :e!r ! glitt]+ spangles ( mica1 & ! /ill m allur+ brilliancy ( pyrites1 gave assurance ( ! exi/5ce ( ! preci\s metals 9 ^? sub/ances2 or :e!r ! cutt+ ( glass by ! g>net1 & by qu>tz1 prov$ t ^! m9]als 7 ! diamond2 b if !y 7 n preci\s metals1 & if !y 7 n diamonds1 we 9 va9 inquir$ ( our companions1 & ev5 ( our tea*]s1 :at !y 74 ,we d n =get t ,dr4 ,adam ,seyb]t1 9 ,philadelphia2 ,dr4 ,samuel ,l4 ,mit*ill1 9 ,new-,york2 & ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,wat]h\se1 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 began at an e>li] p]iod to enlight5 ! public on ?is subject2 !y began to =m collections2 ,h>v>d receiv$ a select cab9et f ,france & ,engl&2 & ,mr4 ,smi?1 ( ,philadelphia1 7al?\gh1 return+ f ,europe fraught ) sci5tific acquisitions1 he p]i%$ tragically ne> 8 native %ores17 left 8 collection to enri* ! ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 al?\gh individuals 7 enlight5$1 no s]i\s impression 0 produc$ on ! public m9d2 a few lights 7 inde$ held out1 b !y 7 lights tw9kl+ 9 an almo/ imp]vi\s gloom4 ,! return ( ! late ,b5jam9 ,d4 ,p]k9s1 & ( ! late ,dr4 ,a4 ,bruce1 f ,europe1 9 #ahjb & #c1 ) _! collections1 !n ! mo/ complete & beautiful t ?is c\ntry _h ev] se52 ! return ( ,colonel ,gibbs1 9 #ahje1 ) 8 ext5sive & magnific5t cab9et2 8 consequ5t excursions & rese>*es into our m9]alogy2 ! comm5cem5t1 ab\t ?is "t1 ( c\rses ( lectures on m9]alogy1 9 sev]al ( our colleges1 & ( collections by !m & by _m individuals2 ! return ( ,mr4 ,maclure1 9 #ahjg2 8 ,h]culean lab\r 9 survey+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates geologically1 by p]sonal exam9ation2 & ! in/itution ( ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,m9]alogy1 by ,dr4 ,bruce1 9 #ahaj2--^! are among ! mo/ prom95t ev5ts1 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 h totally *ang$ ! face ( ?is sci5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 x has be5 cultivat$ ) great ard\r1 & ) great success3 _m int]e/+ discov]ies 9 ,am]ican m9]alogy h be5 made2 & ?is sci5ce1 ) its si/] sci5ce1 ,geology1 is fa/ arre/+ ! public att5tion4 ,9 su* a /ate ( ?+s1 books relat+ to m9]alogy w\ld ( c\rse be eag]ly s\ght =4 ,no "w1 ant]ior to ,kirwan1 c\ld be consult$ by ! /ud5t ) mu* advantage1 on acc\nt ( ! wond]ful progress1 :i*1 )9 =ty or fifty ye>s1 has be5 made 9 m9]alogy4 ,ev5 ,kirwan1 :o p]=m$ a mo/ important s]vice to ! sci5ce1 0 become1 9 "s consid]able degree1 imp]fect & obsolete2 ! ,g]man treatises1 ! fruitful f\nta9s f :i* ! sci5ce _h fl[$ ov] ,europe1 7 n translat$2 nei!r 7 ^? ( ! ,fr5*2 & ?is 0 ! m to be regrett$1 because !y _h mell[$ d[n ! h>%ness & enri*$ ! /]ility ( ! ,g]man me?od ( description1 besides add+ _m int]e/+ discov]ies ( _! own4 ,x is true we possess$ ! truly valuable treatise ( ,pr(essor ,jameson1 ! mo/ complete 9 our language4 ,b ! exp5se ( ! "w made x unatta9able by mo/ ( our /ud5ts1 & ! undeviat+ /rictness ) :i* ! highly respectable au?or has adh]$ to ! ,g]man mode ( description1 gave x an aspect some:at repulsive to ! m9ds ( novices1 :o consult$ no o!r book4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 well aw>e ( ! value ( ?is "w1 especially 9 ! improv$ edition4 ,x mu/1 )\t d\bt1 be 9 ! h&s ( e "o :o w\ld be ma/] ( ! sci5ce2 b x is mu* bett] adapt$ to ! purposes ( pr(ici5ts ?an ( beg9n]s4 ,! m9]alogical articles disp]s$ ?r\gh ,aik9's ,diction>y are exce$+ly valuable2 b1 f ! high price ( ! "w1 !y are inaccessible to mo/ p]sons4 ,! mo/ rec5t ( ! ,fr5* sy/ems1 t by ,brongni>t1 seem$ to comb9e ne>ly all ! requisites t c\ld be desir$ 9 an elem5t>y treatise2 & a translation ( x w\ld probably1 ere ?is1 h be5 giv5 to ! ,am]ican public1 _h we n be5 l$ to expect ! "w ( ,pr(essor ,cleavel&1 :i*1 x 0 anticipat$1 w\ld at lea/ possess "o important advantage ov] ! "w ( ,brongni>t1 & e o!r2 x w\ld exhibit1 m or less ext5sively1 ,am]ican localities1 & give ! lead+ features ( our natural m9]al associations4 ,?us x appe>s#h t ! "w ( ,pr(essor ,cleavel& 0 em95tly ne$$2 ! sci5ce1 at l>ge1 ne$$ x2 & to ,am]ican m9]alogi/s x 0 ne>ly indisp5sable4 ,x appe>$ too at a v opportune mom5t4 ,_h x come a few ye>s soon]1 x might n h f\nd _m read]s4 ,n[ x is su/a9$ by ! prevail+ curiosity1 & diffus$ /ate ( in=mation reg>d+ m9]alogy2 &1 9 turn1 no cause c\ld op]ate m effectually to *]i% ?is curiosity1 & to diffuse ?is in=mation /ill m widely1 ?an ?is book4 ,pr(essor ,cleavel& is !re=e entitl$ to our ?anks = und]tak+ ?is task2 &1 9 ?is age ( book-mak+1 x is no small negative praise if an au?or be acquitt$ ( unnecess>ily add+ to ! already on]\s mass ( books4 ,) respect to ! ,,plan ( ?is "w1 ,pr(essor ,cleavel& has1 ) good judgm5t1 avail$ himself ( ! excell5cies ( bo? ! ,g]man & ,fr5* s*ools4 ,mr4 ,w]n]1 ( ,frib\rg1 9 "s s5se n only ! f\nd] ( ! mod]n ,g]man s*ool ( m9]alogy1 b almo/ ( ! sci5ce itself1 is entitl$ to our la/+ gratitude = 8 sy/em ( ext]nal *>act]s1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aggd4 ,9 ?is admirable treatise he has comb9$ precision & copi\sness1 s t exact ideas are atta*$ to e "p ( ! descriptive language1 & e "* is meant to be def9$4 ,x is int5d$ t a full description ( a m9]al ^u ?is plan %all entirely exhau/ ! subject1 & t al?\gh _m prop]ties may be f\nd 9 common among diff]5t m9]als1 /ill e picture %all conta9 peculi> features1 n to be f\nd 9 any o!r4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly appe>1 at fir/ view1 t ?is me?od mu/ be p]fect1 & leave no?+ f>!r to be desir$4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd 9 practice1 t ! full descriptions ( ! ,w]n]ian writ]s are heavy & dry2 !y are r$undant also1 f ! frequ5t repetition ( simil> prop]ties2 & f n giv+ due prom95ce to ^? :i* are peculi>1 & !re=e di/9ctive1 !y frequ5tly fail to leave a di/9ct impression ( any ?+ on ! m9d1 & ?us1 9 ! mid/ ( :at is call$ by ! writ]s ( ?is s*ool a full oryctogno/ic picture1 a /ud5t is sometimes absolutely bewild]$4 ,"s ( ! mod]n ,fr5* writ]s1 avail+ !mselves ( ,mr4 ,w]n]'s v able del9eation ( ! ext]nal *>act]s ( m9]als1 h select$ su* z are mo/ important1 mo/ /rik+1 di/9ctive1 & int]e/+2 & draw+ a spirit$ & bold sket*1 h left ! m9ut] p>ts unt\*$3 su* a picture1 al?\gh less p]fect1 (t5 pres5ts a /rong] lik5ess1 & m effectually arre/s ! att5tion4 ,?is is ! me?od ( description :i* has be51 z we ?9k1 happily adopt$1 to a great ext5t by ,mr4 ,cleavel&4 ,mr4 ,w]n]1 avail+ himself ( ! simil>ities 9 ! ext]nal appe>ance ( m9]als1 has 7except+ ! metals7 arrang$ !m also ^u ?is plan1 )\t reg>d to _! con/itution2 t is1 to _! real nature1 or1 at lea/1 mak+ ?is :olly subs]vi5t to ! o!r3 ?is has caus$ him1 9 "s in/ances1 to br+ toge!r ?+s :i* are totally unlike 9 _! nature1 &1 9 o!r in/ances1 to sep>ate ^? :i* 7 entirely simil>4 ,:atev] may be said 9 fav\r ( su* a c\rse1 consid]$ z a provisional "o1 :ile *emical analysis 0 9 its infancy1 ! m9d c nev] re/ satisfi$ ) any arrangem5t :i* contradicts ! real nature ( ?+s2 9 a ^w1 ! composition ( m9]als is ! only correct f\ndation = _! classification4 ,?is classification has be5 adopt$ by sev]al ( ! able/ mod]n ,fr5* writ]s4 ,x is believ$1 7says ,pr(essor ,cleavel&1 ,preface1 p4 #g47 t ! m valuable p>ts ( ! two sy/ems may be incorporat$1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! peculi> descriptive language ( ! "o may1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 be unit$ to ! accurate & sci5tific arrangem5t ( ! o!r4 ,?is union ( descriptive language & sci5tific arrangem5t has be5 effect$ ) good success1 by ,,brongni>t1 9 8 ,sy/em ( ,m9]alogy--an elem5t>y "w1 :i* seems bett] adapt$ bo? to int]e/ & in/ruct1 ?an any :i* has hi!rto appe>$4 ,! au?or ( ?is volume has1 !re=e1 adopt$ ! g5]al plan ( ,brongni>t1 ! m important p>ts ( ^: "w are1 ( c\rse1 incorporat$ ) ?is4 ,a happi] model c\ld n1 9 our op9ion1 be *os52 & we conceive t ,pr(essor ,cleavel& is p]fectly consi/5t1 & p]fectly p]spicu\s1 :51 adopt+ ! *emical composition ( m9]als z ! only prop] f\ndation ( arrangem5t1 &1 ( c\rse1 reject+ ! pr9ciple ( ,mr4 ,w]n]1 :i* arranges !m ^u _! ext]nal prop]ties1 he /ill adopts 8 descriptive language z f> z x answ]s 8 purpose4 ,= to elect a pr9ciple ( arrangem5t1 & to classify all ! memb]s ( a sy/em s z to give ea* its appropriate place1 is obvi\sly q a diff]5t ?+ f describ+ ea* memb]1 aft] its place 9 a sy/em is asc]ta9$4 ,9 do+ ! latt]1 *>act]s may be drawn f any s\rce :i* af=ds !m4 ,9 8 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,m9]alogy1 ! au?or has giv5 a view at once copi\s1 cond5s$1 & p]spicu\s1 ( all t is necess>y to be le>n$ previ\sly to ! /udy ( p>ticul> m9]als4 ,he beg9s ) def9itions & g5]al pr9ciples1 :i* are laid d[n ) cle>ness4 ,by way ( engag+ ! att5tion to ! /udy ( ?is dep>tm5t ( nature1 he rem>ks3 ,f a sup]ficial view ( m9]als 9 _! natural depositories1 at or ne> ! surface ( ! e>?1 x w\ld h>dly be expect$ t !y c\ld con/itute ! object ( a di/9ct bran* ( sci5ce4 ,no?+ appe>s f>!r remov$ f ! influ5ce ( e/abli%$ pr9ciples & regul> arrangem5t1 ?an ! m9]al k+dom :5 obs]v$ 9 a cursory mann]4 ,b a clos] inspection & m compreh5sive view ( ! subject w conv9ce u1 t ?is portion ( ! works ( nature is by no means de/itute ( ! impress ( ! ,deity4 ,indications ( ! same wisdom1 p[]1 & b5evol5ce1 :i* appe> 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 are also cle>ly disc]nible 9 ! m9]al4 ,x may also be rem>k$1 cont9ues ! au?or1 t sev]al arts & manufactures dep5d on m9]alogy = _! exi/5ce2 & t improvem5ts & discov]ies 9 ! latt] _c fail ( ext5d+ _! b5eficial effects to ! a=em5tion$ employm5ts4 ,9 f9e1 ! /udy ( m9]alogy1 :e!r x be view$ z t5d+ to increase individual weal?1 to improve & multiply arts & manufactures1 & ?us promote ! public good2 or z af=d+ a pleasant subject = sci5tific rese>*1 recomm5ds itself to ! att5tion ( ! citiz5 & s*ol>4 ,?is introductory view ( ! importance & int]e/ ( ! sci5ce _c be *>g$ ) ! fault ( exagg]ation1 s9ce x is mo/ evid5t t nei!r civilization1 ref9em5t 9 arts1 nor com=t1 c exi/ :]e ! prop]ties ( m9]al sub/ances are b imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,z reg>ds ?is c\ntry1 ! argum5t admits ( mu* amplification4 ,! m our m9]al treasures are explor$1 ! m abundantly d !y repay ! rese>*2 & we tru/ t ! p]iod is n f> di/ant1 :5 we %all no long] ignorantly tread "u our feet m9]als ( great curiosity & value1 & import f o!r c\ntries1 at a great exp5se1 :at we1 9 _m in/ances1 possess abundantly at home4#i ,b to return to ! plan ( ! au?or's "w4 ,few p]sons1 unacqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( m9]alogy1 w\ld suspect t m]e brute matt] c\ld exhibit _m /rong m>ks1 capable ( discrim9ation4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be confid5tly affirm$1 t !re is no m9]al :i*1 if c>efully /udi$1 may n be di/+ui%$ by *>act]s suffici5tly decisive f e o!r m9]al2 an acc\nt ( ^! *>act]s ought1 !re=e1 to prec$e e sy/em ( m9]alogy4 ,pr(essor ,cleavel& has1 ) entire propriety1 includ$ !m "u ! heads ( cry/allography1 physical & ext]nal *>act]s1 & *emical *>act]s4 ,he has giv5 a cle> view ( ! ,abb ,hay's curi\s discov]ies reg>d+ ! six primitive figures or solids :i* =m ! bases ( all cry/als--! ?ree integrant p>ticles or molecules :i* con/itute ! primitive =ms1 & ( ! !ory by :i* x is %[n h[ ! imm5sely num]\s & div]sifi$ second>y or actual =ms arise out ( ^! few elem5t>y figures4 ,?is is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> & acute discov]ies ( our age4 ,x is true1 !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion among m9]alogi/s z to ! practical use ( cry/allography 9 ! discrim9ation ( m9]als4 ,"s dwell ^u x ) excessive m9ut5ess1 & o!rs seem re/less & impati5t ( its details4 ,! tru? seems to be1 t ^? :o und]/& x1 d]ive f x 7:]ev] x is applicable7 ! mo/ satisfactory aid2 & x requires only a mod]ate k ( geometry to und]/& its pr9cipal outl9es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is no d\bt possible1 9 mo/ in/ances1 to disp5se ) its aid1 & to discrim9ate m9]als by _! o!r prop]ties4 ,( ! ext]nal & physical *>act]s ( ,mr4 ,w]n]1 ,mr4 ,cleavel& has giv5 a cle> acc\nt1 comb9+ into ! same view ! f9e discrim9ations ( ! ,fr5* au?ors1 p>ticul>ly reg>d+ refraction1 phosphoresc5ce1 specific gravity1 electricity1 *atoyem5t1 & magnetism4 ,! same may be said ( ! *emical *>act]s4 ,we d n "k a m satisfactory & able view ( ! *>act]s ( m9]als ?an ,pr(essor ,cleavel& has exhibit$4 ,we w\ld h[ev] ask1 :e!r1 9 enum]at+ ! k9ds ( lu/re1 ! t]m adamant9e %\ld n be expla9$1 z x is n und]/ood by p 9 g5]al1 :ile ! t]ms d5ot+ ! o!r k9ds are g5]ally intelligible2 :e!r 9 ! enum]ation ( imitative =ms1 l5ticul> & acicul> %\ld n r be ref]r$ to ! laws ( cry/allization2 :e!r r5i=m & mamill>y are synonym\s2 :e!r s&/one1 z be+ a m]e aggregate ( fragm5ts1 is a good in/ance ( ! granul> fracture2 :e!r 9 its natural /ate 7at lea/ ! common ore ( nickel7 is ev] magnetic1 till purifi$1 & :e!r cobalt is ev] magnetic unless impure4 ,pr(essor ,cleavel&'s rem>ks on fracture are uncommonly discrim9at+ & in/ructive1 & w\ld lead a le>n] to a j compreh5sion ( ?is important po9t 9 ! *>act]s ( m9]als4 ,! section relat+ to ! *emical *>act]s is concise1 & pr(ess$ly proce$s ^u ! pr9ciple ( selection4 ,x might p]haps h be51 to "s ext5t1 advantage\sly enl>g$2 al?\gh1 x is true1 ! au?or ref]s u to ! p>ticul> m9]als = individual in/ances2 /ill x might h be5 well to h illu/rat$ ! g5]al pr9ciples by a few well-*os5 in/ances1 e4 g4 h[1 by ! bl[pipe1 gal5a is di/+ui%$ f sulphuret ( antimony2 c>bonat ( lead f sulphat ( b>ytes1 or c>bonat ( lime2 g>net f titanium2 pla/] ( ,p>is f soap/one1 c42 &1 among trials 9 ! moi/ way1 h[ by nitric acid & ammonia1 iron pyrites is di/+ui%$ f copp] pyrites2 & h[1 by acids1 sulphat ( lime is kn[n f c>bonat ( lime4 ,z ! acids are us$ pr9cipally = trials on ! eff]vesc5ce ( c>bonats1 mo/ ( :i* =m ) sulphuric acid1 insoluble comp\nds1 we %\ld d\bt :e!r sulphuric acid is s advantage\sly employ$ z ! nitric or muriatic1 9 su* cases1 on acc\nt ( ! clogg+ ( ! eff]vesc5ce by ! ?ick mag5a1 produc$ by a rec5tly precipitat$ & insoluble sulphat4 ,accord+ to our exp]i5ce1 ! nitric or muriatic acid1 dilut$ ) two or ?ree p>ts ( wat]1 is mo/ eligible4 ,) respect to ! bl[pipe3 x is a conv5i5ce to h a m\?-piece ( wood1 or ivory1 jo9$ to a tube ( metal1 z ,mr4 ,cleavel& recomm5ds2 & "s au?ors direct to h ! tube atta*$ to a holl[ ball1 = ! sake ( cond5s+ ! moi/ure ( ! brea?2 b e ?+ :i* adds to ! exp5se & complication ( ! in/rum5t w t5d to disc\rage its use2 we h nev] f\nd any difficulty 9 p]=m+ e important exp]im5t ) ! common goldsmi?'s brass bl[pipe2 & are confid5t1 t1 aft] ! le>n] has acquir$ ! art1 or knack1 ( propell+ a cont9u$ /ream ( air f 8 m\?1 by means ( ! muscles ( ! lips & *eeks1 :ile 8 respiration proce$s )\t emb>rassm5t ?r\gh ! no/rils1 he w ne$ no o!r in/rum5t ?an ! common bl[pipe4 ,inde$ x is a truly admirable in/rum5t1 in/antly giv+ u ! effect ( v p[]ful furnaces1 ! heat be+ entirely "u comm&1 ! subject ( op]ation & all ! *anges 9 full view1 & ! exp5se & bulk ( ! in/rum5t be+ su* t e "o may possess x1 & c>ry x ab\t 8 p]son4 ,! *apt] on ! pr9ciples ( arrangem5t is wor?y ( all praise4 ,?is difficult subject is "h discuss$ ) su* cle>ness1 compreh5siv5ess1 & c&\r1 z prove ! au?or to be completely ma/] ( 8 subject2 & we are p]suad$1 t1 on ?is topic1 no au?or c be /udi$ ) m advantage4 ,we =be> to extract1 because ! :ole %\ld be att5tively p]us$ 9 connexion1 & sc>cely admits ( abridgem5t4 ,we entirely agree ) ,pr(essor ,cleavel&1 z we h already said1 t ! *emical composition ( m9]als is ! only j f\ndation ( _! arrangem5t2 t next 9 importance is ! cry/all9e /ructure1 includ+ a k ( ! primitive =m1 & integrant molecule2 & la/ & lea/ important1 9 fix+ ! arrangem5t1 are ! ext]nal *>act]s3 ^! la/ %\ld be only provisionally employ$1 :]e ! two fir/ are n asc]ta9$1 or ! second is n applicable4 ,:5 ! arrangem5t is once made1 we may1 h[ev]1 & we commonly %all1 9 describ+ m9]als1 pursue precisely ! rev]se ord]2 ! ext]nal *>act]s w usually be m5tion$ fir/1 ! cry/all9e *>act]s next1 & ! *emical la/ ( all4 ,9 description1 ! ext]nal *>act]s are (t5 ! mo/ valuable2 if judici\sly select$ & arrang$1 !y w always prove ( ! mo/ ess5tial s]vice1 & c r>ely be entirely disp5s$ )4 ,) reg>d to ! ,,nom5clature ( m9]als1 we feel+ly unite ) ,pr(essor ,cleavel& 9 deplor+ ! oppressive r$undancy ( synonymes4 ,few m9]als h only "o "n1 & usually !y h sev]al4 ,) ,c\nt ,b\rnon we agree1 t ! discov]] ( a m9]al has ! exclusive "r ( nam+ x1 & t ! "n once giv5 %\ld n be *ang$ )\t ! mo/ cog5t reasons4 ,:at !n %all we say ( ! ,,abb ,,ha,y1 ( :om1 :e!r we speak ( 8 g5ius1 8 le>n+1 8 acut5ess1 8 discov]ies1 8 c&\r1 & love ( tru?1 or 8 univ]sally amiable & v5]able "*1 we c nev] ?9k )\t s5tim5ts ( ! highe/ respect & admiration8 ,m ?an any mod]n writ] he has add$ to ! li/ ( synonymes1 (t5 ex*ang+ a v good "n1 d]iv$ p]haps f ! locality or discov]] ( a m9]al1 = "o pr(ess$ly significant1 b connect$ ) its subject by a *a9 ( ?\ght s slight1 t consid]able k ( ,greek etymology1 & /ill m explanation1 is necess>y to compreh5d ! connexion2 & ?us1 aft] all1 x am\nts1 ) respect to mo/ read]s1 only to ! ex*ange ( "o arbitr>y "n = ano!r4 ,:at advantage1 = in/ance1 has grammatite1 allud+ to a l9e (t5 obscure1 & /ill (t5] :olly invisible1 ov] ! good old "n tremolite1 :i* always rem9ds u ( an int]e/+ locality2 h[ is pyrox5e bett] ?an augite1 amphibole ?an hornbl5de1 amphig5e ?an leucite1 or di/h5e ?an sapp>4 ,"s ( ! ,abb ,hay's names are1 h[ev]1 v happily *os51 especially :]e new discrim9ations 7 to be e/abli%$1 or errors correct$1 or ev5 a r$undant crop ( synonymes to be sup]s$$ by a bett] "n4 ,epidote is an in/ance ( ! latt]1 & ! new divisions ( ! old zeolite family into f\r species1 mesotype1 /ilbite1 analcime1 & *abasie1 af=d a happy in/ance ( ! =m]4 ,x 7 mu* to be wi%$1 t by ! common cons5t ( m9]alogi/s1 "o nom5clature %\ld be univ]sally adopt$3 = its uni=mity is ( mu* m importance ?an its nature4 ,9 express+ our approbation ( ! pr9ciples ( arrangem5t adopt$ by ,pr(essor ,cleavel&1 we h ( c\rse esp\s$ ^? ( 8 ,,tabul> ,,view1 :i* is p]haps z ne>ly z ! /ate ( sci5ce w admit1 erect$ ^u a *emical basis1 l t ( ,brongni>t1 to :i* x be>s a close resemblance4 ,"s ( ! subord9ate p>ts1 we c\ld h wi%$ _h be5 arrang$ 9 a mann] some:at diff]5t4 ,9 ! g5us lime1 x appe>s to u bett] to describe ! species c>bonat fir/2 because1 be+ v abundant1 & its *>act]s cle>1 x =ms a conv5i5t po9t ( dep>ture & /&>d ( comp>ison1 9 describ+ ! o!r species :i* h lime = _! basis1 & "s ( :i* are comp>atively r>e4 ,! same rem>k we w\ld make ^u qu>tz1 & its concomitant1 pure silici\s /ones4 ,!re appe>s to u a high advantage 9 mak+ ^! m9]als cle>ly kn[n fir/1 be=e we proce$ to ^? :i* are mu* m r>e1 & especially :i* are mu* h>d]1 & possess ! *>act]s ( gems4 ,= example1 if a le>n] has become acqua9t$ ) qu>tz1 *alc$ony1 fl9t1 opal1 *rysoprase1 & jasp]1 he w mu* m easily compreh5d ! sup]ior h>dness1 c4 & diff]5t composition ( topaz1 sapphire1 sp9ell]uby1 *rysob]yl1 & zircon1 :i* we %\ld mu* pref] to see occupy+ a lat]1 ?an ! fir/ place 9 a tabul> arrangem5t2 &1 al?\gh topaz1 by conta9+ fluoric acid1 appe>s to be 9 "s measure assimilat$ to sal9e m9]als1 x is 9 its *>act]s s v div]se f ! e>?y salts1 t we h fair reason to conclude t ! fluoric acid does n /amp ! "*2 &1 z x be>s s close a resemblance to ! ruby & sapphire1 :i* evid5tly d]ive _! pr9cipal *>act]s f ! argillace\s e>?1 we p]haps ought to inf] t ?is 7! topaz17 does s too4 ,inde$ ,pr(essor ,cleavel& has suffici5tly impli$ 8 own op9ion1 by giv+ ^! m9]als a juxtaposition 9 8 table1 al?\gh ! same reasons :i* induc$ ! plac+ ( ! topaz next to ! e>?y salts1 c\ld n h ju/ifi$ ! plac+ ( ! sapphire !re4 ,on ^! po9ts we are n1 h[ev]1 /r5u\s2 !y are ( m importance if ! "w be us$ z a text-book = lectures1 ?an z a private companion4 ,) respect to ! complet5ess ( ,pr(essor ,cleavel&'s tabul> view1 we h c>efully comp>$ x ) ! ?ird edition ( ,jameson's m9]alogy2 & al?\gh a few new species1 or sub-species1 & v>ieties h be5 add$ 9 ?is la/ edition1 !y are 9 g5]al ( s little importance1 t ,pr(essor ,cleavel&'s "w _c be consid]$ z mat]ially defici5t2 & ! few cases 9 :i* x is s1 are mu* m ?an made up by 8 entirely new & in/ructive views ( ,am]ican m9]alogy1 to :i* no p>allel is to be f\nd 9 any o!r book1 & :i* give x peculi> int]e/ to ! ,am]ican1 & ev5 to ! ,european1 read]4 ,9 ano!r edition1 7:i* we _c d\bt w spe$ily be call$ =17 he w ( c\rse add :atev] is omitt$ 9 ?is1 & we %\ld be gratifi$ to see a good article on ! subject ( ! rolites or /ones :i* h fall5 f ! atmosph]e4 ,?is subject is "o1 9 our view1 ( high int]e/2 & al?\gh 9 /rictness x may n claim a place 9 a tabul> view ( m9]als1 7we mu/ confess1 h[ev]1 t we see no important ob/acle to its be+ treat$ ( "u ! head ( native iron17 !re c be no objection to its be+ plac$ 9 an app5dix4 ,! fall ( /ones f ! atmosph]e is ! mo/ curi\s & my/]i\s fact 9 natural hi/ory4 ,x may seem p]haps too trivial to rem>k1 t ! annexation ( numb]s1 ref]r+ to ! pages1 w\ld be a s]i\s addition to ! utility ( ! tabul> view4 ,v few inadv]t5cies h be5 obs]v$--! foll[+ may be m5tion$3 ,am5ia1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new-,york1 is pr9t$ 7by a typographical error we presume7 ,arm5ia2 & ,m5e*an1 :]e ! m5e*anite is f\nd1 is m5tion$ z occurr+ 9 ,scotl&1 b x is 9 ,cornwall4 ,au?ors seem agre$ t ! black-lead ore is an alt]$ c>bonat1 b !y seem n to h be5 s well agre$ z to ! nature ( ! blue-lead ore4 ,9 ! cab9et ( ,colonel ,gibbs1 !re are specim5s :i* appe> satisfactorily to illu/rate bo? ^! subjects4 ,! black-lead is by ! bl[pipe alone r$ucible to metallic lead2 !re is "o specim5 9 ! cab9et ref]r$ to1 :i* is black5$ on :at appe>s to h be5 ! "u side1 & seem+ly by ! contact ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas2 t :i* 0 probably ! upp] "p rema9s unalt]$1 & is beautiful :ite c>bonat ( lead2 ?is appe>ance is ! m /rik+1 because ! piece is l>ge & full ( int]/ices1 by :i* ! gas appe>s to h pass$ ?r\gh4 ,! blue ore is 9 l>ge six-sid$ prisms ( a d>k blue or almo/ black col\r2 :]e ! prisms are brok5 across1 !y pres5t an unequal appe>ance2 sometimes !y are inve/$2 & sometimes slightly1 & at o!r times deeply1 p5etrat$ by sulphuret ( lead1 hav+ ! usual brilliant foliat$ fracture4 ,! "p :i* looks l sulphuret ( lead is easily r$ucible by ! bl[pipe1 b n ! :ole cry/al1 z au?ors appe> to imply2 = if t "p ( ! cry/al :i* does n pres5t ! appe>ance ( gal5a is heat$ by ! bl[pipe flame1 x is n r$uc$1 b congeals into ! g>net dodecah$ron1 ) its col\r unalt]$3 ^! cry/als are !re=e phosphat ( lead1 & !y appe> to be ei!r an orig9al mixture ( phosphat & sulphuret ( lead1 or ! phosphat has someh[ 9 "p giv5 up its phosphoric acid1 & assum$ 9 its /ead sulphur1 p]haps f ! decomposition ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,pr(essor ,cleavel& w1 ( c\rse1 add new localities1 ev5 =eign ones1 :]e !y are int]e/+1 & dome/ic ones1 :]e !y are well au!nticat$4 ,among ! =m]1 we tru/ he w m5tion ! lake ( sulphuric acid conta9$ 9 ! crat] ( ,m\nt ,idi5ne1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,bagnia ,vangni1 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,java1 & also ! riv] ( sulphuric acid :i* fl[s f x & kills animals1 scor*es vegetation1 & corrodes ! /ones4#aj ,among ,am]ican localities1 we beg leave to m5tion violet fluor sp>1 abundant & v h&some1 ne> ,%awnee ,t[n1 on ! ,ohio1 9 ! ,ill9ois ,t]ritory1 & gal5a1 ( :i* ?is fluor is ! gangue2--sulphat ( magnesia1 p]fectly cry/alliz$1 9 masses compos$ ( delicate :ite prisms1 9 a cave 9 ! ,indiana ,t]ritory1 n v remote f ,l\isville1 9 ,k5tucky2 x is said to be s abundant t ! inhabitants c>ry x away by ! wagon load2--pulv]ul5t c>bonat ( magnesia1 app>5tly pure1 f\nd by ,mr4 ,pi]ce at ,hobok51 9 s]p5t9e1 :]e ! hydrate ( magnesia 0 f\nd2--*abasie1 agates1 *alc$ony1 ame?y/1 & analcime1 at ,de]field1 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,hit*cock2--agates 9 abundance at ,ea/-,hav51 ne> ,new-,hav51 9 second>y gre5/one1 l ! above-nam$ m9]als at ,de]field2--sal9e spr+s1 cov]$ ) petroleum1 & emitt+ l>ge volumes ( inflammable gases1 num]\s 9 ,new-,connecticut1 s\? ( ,lake ,erie2--magnetical pyrites1 abundant 9 ! bismu? ve91 at ,trumbull1 ,connecticut3--v brilliant f9e-gra9$ micace\s iron1 9 l>ge masses ne> ,bell[s' ,falls2 yell[ foliat$ bl5de1 9 ,b]l91 ,connecticut1 & ne> ,hamilton ,college--! latt] discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,noyes2 x is 9 ve9s 9 compact lime/one2--r$ oxid ( titanium1 (t5 g5iculat$1 at ,leyd51 9 ,massa*usetts1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,hit*cock2--r$ oxid ( titanium1 9 v l>ge cry/als & g5iculat$1 imb$d$ 9 micace\s s*i/us1 at ,ox=d1 #bj miles nor? f ,new-,hav52--silici\s petrifactions ( wood1 abundant 9 ! isl& ( ,antigua1 rec5tly br\ght by ,mr4 ,pelatiah ,p]it1 ( ,new-,york2--sulphuret ( molybd5a1 at ,pettipaug1 & at ,ea/-,haddam1 ,connecticut2--prehnite abundant & beautiful1 9 second>y gre5/one1 at ,woodbury1 #bd miles nor? ( ,new-,hav51 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,elijah ,baldw92--black oxid ( manganese1 9 great abundance1 & ( an excell5t quality1 ne> ,b5n+ton1 ,v]mont1 & plumose mica1 9 a v f9e graphic granite1 9 a hill two miles nor? ( ,wat]t[n1 ,connecticut4 ,! introduction to ! ,,/udy ,,( ,,geology1 des]ves a m ext5d$ s]ies ( rem>ks ?an x w\ld n[ be prop] to make1 aft] s full a consid]ation ( ! previ\s p>ts ( ! "w4 ,pr(essor ,jameson's elaborate exposition ( ! ,w]n]ian sy/em1 is too full1 & too mu* devot$ to a p>ticul> sy/em1 = beg9n]s3 ! sket*es ( geology conta9$ 9 ! sy/ems ( ,*emi/ry by ,murray & ,?omson1 & 9 ,phillips's m9]alogy1 are too limit$1 al?\gh useful3 ! excell5t acc\nt ( ! ,w]n]ian sy/em1 conta9$ 9 an ,app5dix to ,bro*ant's ,m9]alogy1 has1 we believe1 nev] be5 translat$2 & we ne$ n say t ,pr(essor ,playfair's illu/rations ( ! ,huttonian ,!ory1 ,de ,luc's ,geology1 & ,cuvi]'s ,geology1 are n well adapt$ to ! purposes ( a beg9n]2 nei!r is ,delame!rie's1 nor has x be5 translat$4 ,an introduction to geology 01 !re=e1 h>dly less ne$$ ?an "o to m9]alogy4 ,pr(essor ,cleavel& has p]=m$ ?is difficult duty ) great ability1 & has br\ght ?is int]e/+ bran* ( sci5ce fairly )9 ! rea* ( our /ud5ts4 ,al?\gh adh]+ sub/antially to ! ,w]n]ian arrangem5t ( rocks1 he has1 s to speak1 bl5d$ ,w]n]'s ?ree classes ( primitive1 transition1 & second>y rocks1 into "o class2 & :]e ! same rock occurs 9 all ! ?ree classes1 or 9 two ( !m1 he m5tions x 9 giv+ ! hi/ory ( ! p>ticul> rock4 ,?is me?od simplifies ! subject v mu* to ! appreh5sions ( a le>n]4 ,a rigid ,w]n]ian w\ld probably revolt at x1 b ! di/9ctions ( ,mr4 ,w]n] may /ill be po9t$ out1 &1 we %\ld ?9k1 ought to be1 at lea/ by all tea*]s4 ,9 ,mr4 ,cleavel&'s acc\nt ( ! trap rocks1 we %\ld almo/ imag9e t "s typographical error _h crept into ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,b 9 mod]n geological inquiries1 ! ^w trap is usually employ$ to designate a simple m9]al1 compos$ ( hornbl5de ne>ly or q pure1 & also ^? aggregates 9 :i* hornbl5de pr$om9ates4 ,h5ce1 ! pres5ce ( hornbl5de1 z a pr$om9at+ +r$i5t1 *>act]izes ^? ,,m9]als to :i* mo/ geologi/s apply ! "n trap4 ,n[1 x is n accordant ) our appreh5sions t trap is ev] at ! pres5t "t employ$ to designate a simple m9]al1 nor has ,pr(essor ,cleavel& himself us$ x 9 8 tabul> view1 or 9 8 description ( simple m9]als4 ,9 our view1 x is ! classical ^w ( mod]n geology1 to designate t description ( rocks 9 :i* hornbl5de pr$om9ates1 & p]haps a few o!rs ( m9or importance usually associat$ ) !m4 ,x is true1 a rock compos$ ( pure hornbl5de may be call$ trap1 b x is n true1 vice v]sa1 t ?is rock1 consid]$ 9 its "* ( a simple m9]al1 is call$ trap4 ,if our views are correct1 ! section :i* is head$ trap or hornbl5de1 %\ld be trap or hornbl5de rocks1 & gre5/one %\ld come 9 z a subdivision1 & n =m a di/9ct section4 ,) ^! alt]ations1 & ) ! sub/itution ( rock 9 ! fir/1 & rocks 9 ! second in/ance1 9 ! p>agraph above quot$1 in/ead ( m9]al & m9]als1 we appreh5d ! view ( ?is family ( rocks w\ld be mu* m cle>1 & a degree ( confusion1 :i* le>n]s n[ exp]i5ce f ! p>agraph1 w\ld be prev5t$4 ,if we are wrong1 we are sure ,pr(essor ,cleavel& w p>don u2 if "r1 8 c&\r w readily admit ! correction4 ,z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! "w ( ,pr(essor ,cleavel& is execut$1 ! rem>ks :i* we already made1 h 9 a good degree anticipat$ ?is head4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 dismiss ! subject )\t add+ t1 9 our op9ion1 ?is "w does hon\r to our c\ntry1 & w greatly promote ! k ( m9]alogy & geology1 besides aid+ 9 ! great "w ( dissem9at+ a ta/e = sci5ce g5]ally4 ,our views ( ! plan we h already detail$4 ,! mann] ( execution is ma/]ly4 ,discrim9ation1 p]spicuity1 judici\s selection ( *>act]s & facts1 & a /yle *a/e1 manly1 & compreh5sive1 are among ! *>act]i/ics ( ,pr(essor ,cleavel&'s p]=mance4 ,x has br\ght )9 ! rea* ( ! ,am]ican /ud5t ! excell5cies ( ,kirwan1 ,jameson1 ,hay1 ,bro*ant1 ,brongni>t1 & ,w]n]2 & we are n a%am$ to h ?is "w comp>$ ) _! productions4 ,9 our op9ion ,pr(essor ,cleavel&'s "w ought to be introduc$ into all our s*ools ( m9]alogy1 & to be ! travell+ companion ( e ,am]ican m9]alogi/4 ,we tru/ t all cultivators ( m9]alogy & geology 9 ?is c\ntry1 w will+ly aid ,pr(essor ,cleavel& 9 enl>g+ 8 li/ ( ,am]ican localities = a second edition2 & we hope t he w repay !m1 at a future day1 by giv+ u a di/9ct treatise on geology1 ) z p>ticul> a del9eation z possible ( ! geological relations ( ! great ,nor? ,am]ican =mations4 ,mr4 ,maclure has1 ) great ability1 sket*$ ! outl9e2 b mu* lab\r is /ill ne$$ 9 fill+ up ! detail4 ,,art4 ,,iii4 ,new ,locality ( ,fluor ,sp>1 or ,fluat ( ,lime & ( ,gal5a1 or ,sulphuret ( ,lead4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,baldw91 =m]ly ( ,connecticut1 n[ resid+ ne> ,%awnee ,t[n1 9 ! ,ill9ois ,t]ritory1 has giv5 u "s int]e/+ specim5s ( fluor sp>4 ,!y are f\nd n f> f ,%awnee ,t[n1 on ! banks ( ! ,ohio2 & a few miles bel[ :]e ! ,waba% jo9s ! ,ohio4 ,! fluor =ms ! gangue ( a lead ve91 & we h pieces 9 :i* ! lead & fluor are intimately bl5d$4 ,! lead ore is ! common gal5a1 or sulphuret1 ) a broad1 foliat$1 or lam9at$ fracture1 & a high degree ( metallic spl5d\r4 ,we r$uc$ x to ! metallic /ate1 & x yield$ a l>ge product ( v s(t lead4 ,on dissolv+ x 9 nitric acid1 & apply+ ! muriatic acid till precipitation ceas$1 ! precipitate =m$ 0 all r$issolv$ by boil+ wat]2 nor1 :5 submitt$ to cupellation did ! lead leave any ?+ ^u ! cupel4 ,we1 !re=e1 conclude t x conta9$ no appreciable quantity ( silv]4 ,x is said to be v abundant at ,%awnee ,t[n4 ,! fluor sp> is v beautiful4 ,its col\rs1 *iefly1 v deep purple & violet2 b /ill highly transluc5t2 "o specim5 0 entirely limpid4 ,bo? k9ds1 :5 ?r[n 9 co>se p[d]1 on a r$-hot %ovel1 9 a d>k place1 phosphoresc$1 & ! violet specim5s 9 a v /rik+ mann]4 ,( ! violet k9d1 we h a specim5 ne>ly z l>ge z a man's fi/1 :i* is p]fectly pure & s\nd1 & appe>s to h be5 a s+le cry/al2 ! natural faces & angles 7 un=tunately oblit]at$ by gr9d+ on a common gr9d/one4 ,we h o!rs :i* are decid$ly cry/als ( p]fect regul>ity2 cubes1 & passages betwe5 ! cube & octah$ron4 ,9 "s ( ! specim5s1 ! disposition ( col\rs1 & ! transmission ( light is su* z to %[ v cle>ly t ! octah$ron lies 9 ! c5tre1 z ! nucleus or primitive =m4 ,! size & beauty ( ! specim5s1 & ! abundance ( ?is m9]al ne> ,%awnee ,t[n1 7provid$ !re is no mi/ake 9 ! case7 cle>ly entitle ?is to be consid]$ z ! mo/ int]e/+ ,am]ican locality ( ?is beautiful m9]al4 ,measures h be5 tak5 to inve/igate ! subject m fully1 & to obta9 a supply ( specim5s4 ,qu>tz cry/als appe> to ab\nd at ! same place1 besides v>i\s o!r m9]als4 ,,art4 ,,iv4 ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia1 & v uncommon ,amian?us1 discov]$ ne> ,new-,york4--,extract ( a ,lett] f ,mr4 ,james ,pi]ce to ! ,editor4 ,new-,york1 ,may #ah1 #ahah4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i =w>d y specim5s ( /raw & rose-col\r$ amian?us ,i rec5tly met ) on ,/at5-,isl&1 :i* ,i deta*$1 9 /rips1 f a rock2 x n appe>+1 z is usual1 9 ve9s4 ,x breaks up l flax1 & may be spun & wove )\t ! aid ( moi/ure2 & 9 respect to t5acity1 flexibility1 & l5g? ( fibre1 x may be consid]$ ! be/ f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry1 & p]haps equal to any hi!rto discov]$4 ,/at5-,isl& exhibits _m m9]als wor?y ( exam9ation4 ,i subjo91 z reque/$1 ! foll[+ geological description1 c4 ,hobok51 :]e ,i discov]$ native c>bonate ( magnesia1 is situat$ opposite ! city ( ,new-,york1 on ! we/]n or ,new-,j]sey bank ( ! ,hudson4 ,x is a primitive1 insulat$ elevation1 ) a nucleus ( s]p5t9e2 ! gr\nd gradually desc5ds 9 e direction except on ! riv] side1 :]e mural precipices ( s]p5t9e rock are obs]v$1 ext5d+ ab\t #ajj rods p>allel ) ! wat]1 & elevat$ f #fj to #ajj feet above its level4 ,! c>bonate ( magnesia ,i f\nd 9 horizontal ve9s ( ne>ly two in*es 9 bread?1 & ( unkn[n dep?1 9 a midway region ( ?is s]p5t9e l$ge2 ,i extract$ a consid]able quantity ) a spoon4 ,:5 fir/ tak5 out x 0 s(t1 :ite1 & v slightly adhesive1 f a little moi/ure2 b1 :5 dry1 fell to p[d] )\t friction4 ,! nature ( ! m9]al ,i imm$iately conjectur$1 & treat$ x ) dilut$ sulphuric acid1 9 :i* x entirely dissolv$ ) eff]vesc5ce1 =m+ a bitt] fluid1 & leav+ no s$im5t4 ,^u evaporation1 well-def9$ cry/als ( ,epsom salts 7 =m$4 ,x diff]s little f ! manufactur$ c>bonate ( magnesia ( ! %ops2 b is r a sup] ?an a sub-c>bonate4 ,x has be5 analyz$ by ,pr(essor ,mit*ill1 :o f\nd x exclusively compos$ ( magnesia & c>bonic acid4 ,c>bonates ( magnesia1 hi!rto discov]$1 h be51 ,i believe1 f\nd impure1 & 9 a /ate ( rock1 requir+ *emical process to r5d] !m s]viceable2 ?is is1 p]haps1 fit = imm$iate use4 ,:5 ,i fir/ m5tion$ ! discov]y to m9]alogi/s1 !y 7 incr$ul\s1 suppos+ x did n natively exi/ 9 ?is /ate1 b ,i conv9c$ !m by unit+ x ) sulphuric acid4 ,,rem>ks4 ,! specim5 ( amian?us1 ref]r$ to 9 ,mr4 ,pi]ce's communication1 is uncommon4 ,! fibres measure f #ab to #ae in*es 9 l5g?1 & are z s(t & flexible z f9e human hair4 ,x w be rememb]$1 t 9 ! rocks at ,hobok51 ,dr4 ,bruce discov]$ ! hydrate ( magnesia1 or magnesia comb9$ ) no?+ b wat]1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #gj p] c5t4 ( magnesia4 ,?is discov]y gave a new & int]e/+ species to m9]alogy2 x is n[ admitt$ 9 ! sy/ematical works on m9]alogy4 ,mr4 ,pi]ce's discov]y is n less int]e/+2 & we presume he w be deem$ correct 9 ! op9ion1 t pure native c>bonate ( magnesia has n be5 discov]$ be=e4 ,! s]p5t9e ( ,hobok51 !n1 is memorable = af=d+ ^! two new species4 ,,art4 ,v4 ,native ,copp]4 ,9 ,bruce's ,j\rnal1 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #adi47 m5tion is made ( a rem>kable piece ( native copp]1 f\nd ne> ,new-,hav5 _m ye>s ago1 & weigh+ ab\t #ijlbs4 ,we h n[ to add1 7& ! fact is1 inde$1 m5tion$ 9 ,cleavel&'s ,m9]alogy17 t ano!r piece has be5 rec5tly f\nd half a mile we/ ( ! ,h>t=d turnpike road1 opposite ! t[n ( ,wall+=d1 & twelve miles f ,new-,hav54 ,x 0 turn$ up 9 pl\gh+ to repair a road4 ,! c\ntry is ( ! second>y trap =mation1 & ! rocks1 at ! p>ticul> place1 are ! old r$ s&/one ( ,w]n]1 :i* "h occupies ! pla9s1 & runs "u ! trap4 ,! piece weighs almo/ six p\nds2 x is f9e virg9 copp]1 ) rudim5ts ( l>ge octah$ral cry/als ( native copp] ^u its surface1 :i* is m or less incru/$ ) gre5 c>bonate ( copp] & ruby oxid1 v mu* resembl+ t ( ,cornwall3 ! ruby oxid is p>ticul>ly rem>kable 9 ! cavities ( ! piece4 ,z x 0 f\nd )9 ?ree or f\r miles ( ! place :]e ! l>ge piece ( n9ety p\nds weight 0 discov]$1 & z copp] is kn[n to exi/ 9 _m places 9 ^! hills1 ! facts %\ld be kept 9 view1 & may lead to some?+ ( importance4 ,,art4 ,,vi4 ,petrifi$ ,wood f ,antigua4 ,! m9]alogy & geology ( ! ,we/-,india isl&s has be51 z yet1 b little explor$4 ,! sci5tific _w has1 h[ev]1 be5 fav\r$ ) "s int]e/+ articles f ! p5 ( ,dr4 ,nug5t2 & we are in=m$ t he has describ$ also ! geology ( ! isl& ( ,antigua4 ,we h rec5tly become acqua9t$ ) "o int]e/+ production ( ?is isl&1 & )\t wait+ = ,dr4 ,nug5t's acc\nt1 7:i* we believe has n yet rea*$ ?is c\ntry7 we %all lay x be=e our read]s4 ,we are "u obligations to ,mr4 ,pelatiah ,p]it1 ( ,new-,york1 = a collection ( specim5s ( silici\s petrifactions ( wood f ,antigua4 ,_! *>act]s are indubitable2 ! di/9ct ligne\s lay]s correspond+ ) ! annual gr[?1 ! m$ull>y prolongations1 ! knots =m$ by bran*es1 ! cracks & ! b>k1 are all di/9ctly visible4 ,"s ( ! pieces are pond]\s portions ( l>ge trees4 ,z to ! m9]aliz+ matt]1 x is evid5tly silici\s1 & ! specim5s are pr9cipally ! holz/e9 ( ,w]n]2 cry/als ( qu>tz are app>5t 9 ! cavities2 "s p>ts are agatiz$1 & ve9s ( *alc$ony occasionally p]vade ! fissures3 !y are n impressible by /eel1 & give fire ) x4 ,accord+ to ! in=mation ( ,mr4 ,p]it1 !y are scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! ,isl& ( ,antigua1 ) a pr(usion h>dly less ?an t :i* ,horneman obs]v$ ( ! same m9]al dur+ 8 travels ov] ! ea/]n "p ( ! great ,african des]t4 ,x is mu* to be wi%$ t our num]\s intellig5t navigators & travell+ m]*ants w\ld1 9 imitation ( ?is & ( a simil> example1 m5tion$ bel[1 be/[ "s %>e ( _! att5tion on ! natural productions ( ! c\ntries :i* !y visit4 ,9 ?is way !y might1 on _! return1 r5d] v ess5tial s]vices to ! sci5ce ( _! own c\ntry4 ,,art4 ,,vii4 ,porcela9 & ,porcela9 ,clays4 ,?r\gh ! k9d (fices ( a fri5d1 we h be5 furni%$1 f "o ( ! great porcela9 manufactories 9 ! vic9ity ( ,p>is1 ) a s]ies ( specim5s1 to illu/rate ! elegant art ( fabricat+ porcela94 ,! specim5s beg9 ) ! raw mat]ials1 & exhibit !m 9 all _! pr9cipal /ages ( advancem5t up to ! p]fect vessel1 includ+ ! mat]ials = ! glaz+1 & ! col\rs = ! pa9t+1 & ! application ( bo?4 ,at ! reque/ ( ! manufactur]1 ?r\gh ^: lib]ality we 7 indulg$ ) ?is gratification1 we transmitt$ to ,p>is v>i\s specim5s ( ,am]ican porcela9 clays4 ,?is g5tleman has caus$ !m to be subject$ to trials 9 ! porcela9 furnaces1 & he f9ds t "s ( !m are equal to ! ,fr5* porcela9 clays1 & "s sup]ior4 ,z our specim5s 7 all labell$ ) ! names ( ! places1 9 ?is c\ntry1 f :i* !y 7 obta9$1 we hope soon to le>n :]e to look = porcela9 clays1 equal or sup]ior to ^? celebrat$ ones f :i* ! sup]b ,fr5* porcela9 is manufactur$4 ,z ?is subject is "o ( mu* practical importance to ! ris+ arts ( ?is c\ntry1 & z mu* int]e/ has be5 excit$ 9 ,p>is conc]n+ our porcela9 clays1 we %\ld feel greatly oblig$ by ! transmission to u ( any specim5s ( ,am]ican porcela9 clays1 ) memor&a ( ! place1 ! quantity1 ! dep? at :i* obta9$1 ! difficulty ( obta9+1 &1 g5]ally1 all ! peculi> circum/ances4 ,we w take c>e t _! value %all be asc]ta9$1 if !y appe> promis+1 & a prop] return %all be made to ! proprietor4 ,to ^? ( our read]s :o may n be famili> ) ?is subject1 we w\ld h[ev] take ! lib]ty to rem>k1 t porcela9 clays g5]ally arise f ! decomposition ( granite1 & p>ticul>ly ( t k9d :i* is d5om9at$ graphic granite1 & :i* ab\nds ) feldsp>4 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 ! primitive c\ntries t we are *iefly to expect !m--su* z ,new-,engl&1 & "p ( ! high c\ntry ( ! middle & s\!rn /ates4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 t if a clay1 o!rwise app>5tly good1 burns r$1 x conta9s iron1 & is unfit = porcela92 al?\gh x may s]ve well en\gh = m common & co>se e>!n w>e4 ,,art4 ,,viii4 ,native ,sulphur f ,java4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,i4 ,hunt+ton1 rec5tly return$ f ,java1 we h receiv$ f t ,isl& "s f9e specim5s ( native sulphur4 ,!y are v pure1 ( an orange yell[1 slightly %ad$ ) :ite1 & occasionally ) r$2 "s ( ! cavities are l9$ ) delicate cry/als4 ,:at gives !m p>ticul> int]e/ is1 t !y are believ$ to be f t l>ge1 & n[ ne>ly ext9ct1 volcano1 ab\t sixty miles f ! t[n ( ,batavia1 at ! bottom ( :i* 7( ! crat]7 lie l>ge quantities ( native sulphur1 ev5 _m hundr$ tons4 ,x is 9 ! crat] ( ?is volcano t ! fam\s lake ( sulphuric acid exi/s1 & f :i* x fl[s d[n ! m\nta91 & ?r\gh ! c\ntry bel[1 a riv] ( ! same acid4 7,see ,tillo*'s ,phil4 ,mag4 ,vol4 ,,xlii4 p4 #ahb47 ,x is a mo/ curi\s ph5om5on1 & we believe entirely )\t a p>allel4 ,ano!r riv]1 call$ ! ,:ite ,riv]1 unites ) ?is "s miles bel[ its orig93 ?is riv]1 :i* is s call$ f ! turbidness ( its wat]s1 its salut>y to m5 & animals2 fi%es live 9 x1 & vegetation is n\ri%$ by its wat]s2 b aft] ! junction x becomes cle>2 ! acid dissolv+ ! e>?y p>ticles :i* discol\r$ x1 & x n[ becomes fatal to liv+ be+s3 kills ! fi%1 de/roys ! vegetation1 & corrodes ! /ones 9 its *annel4 ,?is rem>kable riv] fl[s f ,m\nt ,idi5ne1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,bagnia ,vangni1 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,java4 ,,art4 ,,ix4 ,productions ( ,wi]'s ,cave1 9 ,virg9ia4 ,we are indebt$ to ! ,rev]5d ,elias ,cornelius1 & to ,mr4 ,john ,h4 ,ka91 = a collection ( ! calc>e\s incru/ations ( ,wi]'s ,cave1 9 ,virg9ia4 ,! /alactites1 & /alagmites1 & v>i\s incru/ations1 are ( uncommon size & beauty4 ,"s ( ! /alactites h a delicate :it5ess1 & a brilliancy aris+ f _! cry/alliz$ /ructure1 :i*1 ) ! regul>ity ( _! =ms1 give !m a fair title to rank ) ^? ( ! fam\s cav]ns 9 ! ,peak ( ,d]by%ire1 9 ! isl& ( ,antip>os1 c4 ,9 ^! /alactites1 ! /ructure is mo/ rem>kably di/9ct1 bo? 9 ! fibr\s & conc5tric lamell> =m4 ,9 ?is collection 7 obs]v$ _m =ms ( ! cry/alliz$ h>d c>bonates ( lime1 ( ,c\nt ,b\rnon4 ,= a description ( ! cav]n f :i* ^! specim5s came1 we ref] to ! succe$+ memoir1 by ,mr4 ,ka94 ,,art4 ,x4 ,rem>ks on ! ,m9]alogy & ,geology ( ! ,nor?we/]n "p ( ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia1 & ! ,ea/]n "p ( ! ,/ate ( ,t5nessee4 ,by ,mr4 ,,john ,h4 ,,ka91 ( ,t5nessee4 ,! mo/ prom95t z well z ! mo/ beautiful feature ( ?is c\ntry1 is t succession ( m\nta9 & valley1 ridge & vale1 :i* we meet ) 9 trav]s+ its surface4 ,! gr& range ( ,alleghany m\nta9s ent]s ,virg9ia ab\t ! #ci? degree ( nor? latitude2 &1 pursu+ a s\?we/]n c\rse1 spreads out ^u ! ea/ end ( ,t5nessee1 & t]m9ates ne> ! s\!rn b\nd>y l9e ( t /ate1 9 ! ,alabama t]ritory2 & ab\t ! #cd? p>allel ( nor? latitude4 ,9 ?is view are includ$ ! ,blue ,m\nta9s1 ! ,nor? ,m\nta9s1 ! ,allegh5y1 7prop]ly s call$7 ! ,cumb]l&1 ,cl9*1 ,iron1 & ,smoky m\nta9s1 toge!r ) a v>iety ( small] m\nta9s1 spurs1 & ridges1 all runn+ p>allel to ea* o!r1 f ! nor!a/ to ! s\?we/2 & all1 ,i believe ,i may say1 cov]$ ) =e/s1 & pres5t+ to ! eye ( ! naturali/ a mo/ int]e/+ field = speculation & improvem5t4 ,) a few exceptions1 ! geologi/ meets ) none ( ^? rem>kable appe>ances :i* indicate ! *anges & convulsions :i* h be5 wr\ght by "t1 ! great enemy ( nature4 ,occasionally we are pres5t$ ) a view ( a sublime precipice1 =m$ by a section :i* a riv] appe>s to h made = itself ?r\gh an oppos+ m\nta92 & ! l>ge masses ( ru9s1 :i* lie scatt]$ ar\nd su* a place1 seem1 to ! imag9ation ( ! solit>y travell]1 ! hi/orical records ( commotions1 awful ev5 9 retrospect4 ,mo/ commonly1 h[ev]1 ! m\nta9s seem to h la9 = ages 9 undi/urb$ repose2 & ! /reams ( wat]1 :5 !y h cross$ !m1 h s\ght an easy passage ?r\gh ! rav9es1 :i* d n s (t5 divide a m\nta91 or ridge1 at "r angles1 z w9d betwe5 ! ends ( two oppos+ spurs1 :i* pass ea* o!r1 gradually decl9+ into ! *ampaign c\ntry at _! mutual base4 ,?r\gh ?is :ole ext5t ( c\ntry we r>ely meet ) any rem>kable falls ( wat]2 ! obvi\s reason ( :i* is1 t ! rocks are s s(t t !y are easily worn d[n to ! level ( ! b$s ( riv]s4 ,b %oals1 or %all[s1 are frequ5t1 & are =m$ by b$s ( r\nd$ s&/one1 spread out into a broad base1 ov] :i* ! wat] (t5 ru%es ) no small viol5ce & noise4 ,! m\nta9s are g5]ally1 ?\gh n always1 /]ile1 & produce no?+ b =e/ trees2 b ! valleys are1 ) h>dly an exception1 ri*1 & productive ( e v>iety ( grass & h]b yield+ se$1 & fruit-tree yield+ fruit4 ,nor are !y less fav\r$ 9 ! m9]al k+dom2 possess+ ! greate/ abundance ( all ! mo/ useful & necess>y m9]als1 ( :i* we %all n[ proce$ to speak 9 ord]4 ,all ! c\ntry includ$ "u ! b\nd>ies m5tion$ above1 ) ! exception ( "s primitive ranges ( m\nta9s on ! s\!a/]n side1 is app>5tly transition4 ,?is1 x w be se5 by a ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,maclure's excell5t map1 w ext5d ! b\nd>y ( 8 transition class consid]ably f>!r nor?we/1 & make x include ,cumb]l& ,m\nta9 & all ,ea/ ,t5nessee4 ,?is w\ld be evid5t f comp>+ ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,virg9ia1 :i* ,mr4 ,maclure has includ$ 9 8 transition tract ) all ,ea/ ,t5nessee4 ,e m9]alogi/ mu/ obs]ve ! id5tity ( ! m9]als ( ! two c\ntries z well z t ( _! /ratification & g5]al =mation4 ,! lime/one 9 ! valleys1 & ! s&/one on ! m\nta9s1 lie 9 /rata :i* make an angle ( f #be to #de degrees ) ! horizon4 ,! lime/one be>s ! impressions ( %ells1 b r>ely1 if ev]1 ( vegetables1 & conta9s b$s ( horn/one1 b n ( fl9t1 or :at c prop]ly be call$ fl9t4 ,! rock :i* lies 9 ! l[e/ valleys1 & (t5 rises into pretty high hills1 & is se5 =m+ bluffs on ! banks ( ! riv]s1 is lime/one3 x is ( a d>k blue1 approa*+ to a gray1 z x is expos$ to ! air1 & (t5 appe>+ q :ite4 ,its fracture is compact 9 "o direction2 9 ano!r x is m or less slaty 9 its /ructure4 ,x is int]sp]s$ ) ve9s ( ! cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( lime1 m or less p]fect1 & ( a pure b opaque :ite4 ,ano!r v>iety ( ?is lime/one1 n s abundant1 is t :i* is :ite & r$1 hav+ ! :ite & r$ spots intimately m+l$4 ,its /ructure is simil> to ! o!r k9d4 ,ly+ 9 b$s ( ?is lime/one1 p>allel to1 & imb$d$ 91 its /rata1 is a /one1 :i*1 f its globul> =m1 its h>dness1 & its col\r1 has be5 usually mi/ak5 = fl9t4 ,on comp>+ x ) ! fl9t ( *alk-b$s1 we f9d x mu* less transluc5t1 its col\r d>k]1 & its hues dull]2 & its r\gh & irregul> fracture1 comp>$ ) ! easy1 smoo?1 & con*oidal cleavage ( ! true fl9t1 decides x to be horn/one4 ,x is f\nd also =m+ consid]able di/9ct b$s on ! hills2 & is se5 9 deta*$ pieces1 & irregul> pebbles1 cov]+ _m ( ! ridges4 ,alt]nat+ ) ! b$s ( lime/one1 & possess+ ! same =mation1 is a s(t clay slate4 ,soap/one is f\nd 9 x4 ,z soon z we asc5d ! m\nta9s1 we meet ) a slaty s&-/one ( v>i\s compactness1 z x possesses m or less iron1 (t5 =m+ an excell5t iron ore4 ,a v>iety ( ?is iron ore has be5 lately turn$ to a good use1 9 ! manufacture ( a r$ pa9t1 ne> ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee4 ,diff]5t v>ieties ( ?is s&/one possess diff]5t qualities4 ,x is conv]t$ by ! inhabitants into mill/ones1 gr9d/ones1 & :et/ones4 ,int]sp]s$ among ! s&/one ( ! m\nta9s we (t5 f9d v beautiful & int]e/+ specim5s ( horn/ones1 assum+ a resemblance to all ! silici\s /ones1 f ! *alc$ony to ! jasp]4 ,9 ?is ext5sive range ( m\nta9s1 _m o!r m9]als exi/1 ( :i* we %all treat m p>ticul>ly h]eaft]4 ,! lime/one1 slate1 & s&/one1 z f> z ! writ]'s k ext5ds1 s to speak1 =m ! c\ntry2 ! lime/one & clay slate dipp+ "u ! s&/one4 ,gypsum1 coal1 sulphate ( b>ytes1 c4 are f\nd 9 ^!1 & we %all n[ speak ( _! localities4 ,gypsum4--,?is valuable m9]al production exi/s 9 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 #bj miles nor? ( ,ab+don1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,saltville4 ,x is simil>1 9 e respect1 to ! pla/] ( ,nova ,scotia1 & devot$ by ! f>m]s ( t "p ( ,virg9ia1 & ,t5nessee1 to simil> purposes4 ,coal is said to exi/ 9 imm5se quantities 9 ! ,cumb]l& ,m\nta94 ,a b$ ( x is wr\ght ne> ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee4 ,x is ( an excell5t quality2 b wood is s abundant t x is us$ only 9 =ges4 ,sulphate ( ,b>ytes4--,?is m9]al is f\nd 9 ,bottet\rt ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 ne> ,f9ca/le2 & 9 ,sevi] ,c\nty1 ,t5nessee4 ,h>d ,c>bonates ( ,lime4--,/alactitical concretions ab\nd 9 all ! caves s (t5 describ$ z exi/+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^? ( ,virg9ia are m p]fectly cry/alliz$ ?an ^? ( ,t5nessee4 ,"u ! head ( h>d c>bonates %\ld be m5tion$ an ext5sive b$ or ve9 9 ,montgom]y ,c\nty 9 ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia1 ne> ! seat ( ,colonel ,hancock4 ,x appe>s to h be5 =m$ 9 a *asm1 9 ! common lime/one ( ! c\ntry1 by a calc>e\s deposition :i* resembles1 exactly1 9 all its *>act]s1 ! calc>e\s concretions :i* are f\nd =m+ 9 ! caves ( ! c\ntry4 ,! :ole b$ may1 9 fact1 be reg>d$ z a cave :i* has be5 fill$ up 9 ! progress ( "t1 by ?is curi\s process4 ,its wid? is v>i\s1 f two feet to t51 or m1 ext5d+ along ! side ( a v /eep ridge1 = at lea/ #ej y>ds1 & x is said to be cont9u$ sev5 miles f>!r4 ,! silici\s c>bonate ( lime may be wor? di/+ui%+ f ! common lime/one4 ,x is f\nd 9 a b$ ne> ,colonel ,hancock's1 & 0 suppos$ to be gypsum4 ,x phosphoresces beautifully2 x is :ite1 & confus$ly cry/all9e 9 its /ructure1 & mu* h>d] ?an ! common lime/one4 ,inde$ ! lime/one g5]ally1 on ! ea/ ( ! ,alleghany1 is some:at h>d] ?an t on ! we/4 ,lead4--,!re are sev]al localities ( ?is m9]al4 ,a m9e ( x is wr\ght ne> ,new ,riv]1 #ae miles f ,wy!1 ,virg9ia4 ,ano!r locality ( ! ore ( lead is said to h be5 discov]$ 9 ,grang] ,c\nty1 ,t5nessee1 on l& belong+ to ,g5]al ,cocke4 ,x exi/s also1 v ne> ! surface1 on ! plantation ( ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,craighead1 ne> ,na%ville2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is out ( our b\nd>y4 ,o!r metallic ores are said to h be5 f\nd among ^! m\nta9s1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ( gold & silv]2 b ! acc\nts are vague & unc]ta91 & n to be cr$it$4 ,! num]\s ,caves ( ?is c\ntry pres5t attractions to e1 ! lea/ curi\s1 travell]2 &1 9 an em95t degree1 to ! m9]alogi/4 ,!y are crevices1 or l>ge *asms1 probably worn 9 ! rocks by ! passage ( wat]4 ,?is w1 at fir/ view1 p]haps appe> a bold ass]tion2 b if x be recollect$ t !y occur only 9 lime/one1 :i* is a s(t rock1 & 7"u c]ta9 circum/ances17 soluble 9 wat]2 t ! rocks be> e m>k ( hav+ be5 worn by wat]2 & t /reams ( wat] are always f\nd 9 !m1 x w n appe> an improbable hypo!sis4 ,x is by no means difficult to believe t a /ream1 aft] hav+ worn su* a *asm z a cave pres5ts1 9 ! solid rock1 may h f\nd ano!r *annel2 &1 =sak+ ! old1 h left room = nature to display "s ( h] mo/ beautiful works4 ,a description ( "o ( ^! caves w be a description ( all2 & we %all select ,wi]'s ,cave1 9 ,rock+ham ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 z x is ! mo/ curi\s ( any ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,! entrance ( ! cave is n>r[ & difficult4 ,:5 ! cave 0 fir/ discov]$1 ! passage into x 0 imp$$ by /alactites1 :i* _h =m$ p]p5dicul> columns across x2 b ^! are n[ remov$4 ,z we advance1 our c\rse is at fir/ horizontal1 b we soon desc5d fifte5 or tw5ty feet by a ladd]1 & f9d ourselves 9 a l>ge e*o+ cav]n4 ,/alactites ( a silv]y :it5ess are susp5d$ f above1 & pill>s ( /alagmites are ris+ ar\nd u4 ,l$ges ( rocks =m our floor1 & ! unev5 walls are incru/$ ov] ) a beautiful br[n sp>1 :i* is sometimes susp5d$ f ! canopy 9 ?91 %9+1 & transluc5t %eets4 ,9 pass+ on ov] ! rugg$ rock ( our pa?way1 our att5tion is divid$ betwe5 a c>e = our safety1 & an admiration ( ! surr\nd+ wond]s4 ,proce$+ on ?r\gh a n>r[] crevice 9 ! rocks1 we are soon introduc$ into o!r ap>tm5ts1 diff]+ 9 %ape & size f ! fir/1 b resembl+ x 9 ! irregul>ity ( its walls1 floor1 & cov]+1 & 9 ! calc>e\s incru/ations & concretions1 :i*1 assum+ a ?\s& fanta/ic %apes1 & display+ a sp>kl+ lu/re1 ! m vivid z ! light is /rong]1 give to ?is :ole grotto ! p[] ( *>m+ e behold]4 ,! cave is a mile & a half 9 ext5t1 & extremely irregul> 9 its c\rse & %ape4 ,its p]p5dicul> height v>ies f ?ree to =ty feet1 & its bread? f two to ?irty4 ,its divid+ bran*es are num]\s1 =m+ a great v>iety ( ap>tm5ts4 ,! blue lime/one appe>s frequ5tly en\gh to satisfy u t x is ! gr\ndwork ( ! :ole2 b x is almo/ e :]e cov]$ ) incru/ations ( ! h>d c>bonates4 ,^! hang f ! ar*$ vault above 9 clu/]s1 & (t5 rea* ! gr\nd1 =m+ massive columns4 ,/alagmites aga9 rise f ! floor l s _m /atues2 ! irregul> sides ( ! l$ges ( rocks are (t5 incru/$ ov] ) :ite cry/als ( ! c>bonate ( lime1 & h ! appe>ance ( banks ( salt3 at times we seem to walk on diamond pavem5ts2 aga9 our footway is ( r\nd$ pebbles1 & seems ! b$ ( a riv] :i* _h des]t$ its *annel4 ,(t5 we pass small /reams ( wat]2 & ! wat] is cont9ually dripp+ f ! ends ( ! /alactites1 ! e*o+ s\nd ( :i*1 :5 x drops1 =ms ! only int]ruption to ! pr(\nd sil5ce :i* reigns ?r\gh\t ! cav]n4 ,to give an idea ( ! div]sifi$ %apes :i* ^! concretions assume 9 ! progress ( _! =mation1 7& !y are con/antly =m+17 w\ld be impossible4 ,suffice x to say1 t !re is sc>cely any ?+ on e>? to :i* !y may n be suppos$ to =m a resemblance2 & yet1 9 fact1 !y are unlike any ?+ b !mselves4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n t ! e>? 9 ^! caves conta9s ! nitrates ( lime1 & pota%1 & o!r salts4 ,! num]\s caves :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,cumb]l& m\nta9s & o!r p>ts ( ,t5nessee1 h be5 v productive ( ! nitrate ( pota%4 ,9 ! inve/igation ( ! causes :i* h giv5 orig9 to ^! salts1 x may be recollect$1 t wild animals burr[ 9 ^! caves2 t :5 pursu$ by ! hunt]1 !y make !m ! places ( _! retreat1 & probably die !re2 t ! aborig9es h made !m a place ( burial2 & t ! /reams ( wat] :i* fl[ ?r\gh !m 9 wet wea!r1 c>ry ) !m n only great quantities ( leaves b _m o!r vegetable productions4 ,! natural bridge is celebrat$ z "o ( ! greate/ curiosities ( ! _w4 ,view$ by a geologi/1 x w\ld probably be consid]$ z a cave 7s to speak7 unro($ 9 all b "o place4 ,x seems improbable t if ! rav9e _h be5 made by a convulsion1 :i* _h split & sep>at$ ! rock to ! di/ance ( fifty or sixty feet1 any "p ( x1 & p>ticul>ly s l>ge a mass z t :i* =ms ! bridge1 %\ld h be5 left1 )\t exhibit+ any m>ks ( viol5ce4 ,! rock is lime/one4 ,x is kn[n t ?is rock we>s away rapidly "u ! attrition ( wat]2 & ! supposition does n appe> improbable1 t1 9 ! lapse ( ages1 s l>ge a creek z t :i* fl[s bel[ ! bridge1 may h worn z deep a rav9e z t :i* n[ /rikes u ) s mu* surprise1 ,9 %ort1 may n a cave h be5 orig9ally =m$ :]e ! rav9e is n[1 & ! p5d+ portion ( x h fall5 9 at e place except t :i* n[ =ms ?is celebrat$ natural curiosity8 ,m9]al ,spr+s4--,! m9]al spr+s ( ?is region are num]\s & div]sifi$4 ,*alybeate spr+s are promiscu\sly scatt]$ ov] ! :ole ( x2 & spr+s impregnat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 are q common4 ,salt spr+s & licks are f\nd m 9 ! we/]n ?an ! ea/]n range ( m\nta9s4 ,t :i* 0 fir/ wr\ght by ,william ,k+1 is well kn[n4 ,! salt "h is associat$ ) gypsum4 ,9 ! same range ( m\nta9s1 f>!r to ! s\?we/1 !re are n[ sev]al o!r salt-works1 & also "o to ! we/1 on ,goose ,creek1 9 ,k5tucky1 :i* has be5 v productive4 ,! ,w>m ,spr+s4--,^! spr+s are situat$ 9 a c\ntry :i* pres5ts _m attractions to ! travell+ geologi/2 & mu* light1 x is hop$1 w yet be ?r[n on ! geology ( our c\ntry1 by a m m9ute & accurate exam9ation ( x ?an has yet be5 made4 ,! w>m spr+s ooze ?r\gh ! s& on ! s\? bank ( ! ,fr5* ,broad riv]1 9 ! m\nta9s :i* divide ! /ate ( ,t5nessee f h] p>5t /ate1 ab\t ! #cf? p>allel ( latitude4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] is ab\t #ie ( ,fahr5heit4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! riv] f ! spr+s is a geological curiosity4 ,a lime/one rock is se5 dipp+ "u ! s&/one :i* =ms ! c\ntry4 ,lime/one is n[h]e else to be se5 )9 six miles ( ?is place4 ,9 ?is lime/one rock is a cave simil> to o!rs already describ$4 ,pa9t ,rock1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,w>m ,spr+s1 is int]e/+ on _m acc\nts4 ,x is a bold precipice on ! bank ( ,fr5* ,broad riv]4 ,at ?is place ! riv] passes ) a v rapid curr5t directly across ! c\rse ( a m\nta91 :i* t]m9ates abruptly1 & =ms ! precipice on ! nor? bank ( ! riv]4 ,on look+ at ! rock1 ! opposite end ( ! m\nta91 & ! ru9s ar\nd x1 ! m9d is ins5sibly c>ri$ back to ! contemplation ( "s dreadful commotion 9 nature1 :i* probably %ook ^! m\nta9s to _! bases4 ,! rock is compos$ ( a clay slate2 & x is "h aga9 rem>kable1 t ?is /one is n to be se5 9 any o!r place )9 "s miles4 ,x has receiv$ its "n f "s r$ pa9t+s1 7probably left on x by ! ,indians17 :i* h ! appe>ance ( hi]oglyphics4 ,to conclude4 ,x w be se5 f ! above obs]vations1 t ?is c\ntry pres5ts a va/ field ( mo/ int]e/+ rese>*1 & claims ! att5tion ( e travell] :o is int]e/$ at all 9 geological inquiries4 ,if :at has be5 said w at all contribute to ! enl>gem5t ( ! g5]al /ock ( our k on ^! subjects1 ! writ] w be mu* gratifi$2 & x is 8 s9c]e wi%1 t ! accuracy ( 8 rem>ks may be tri$1 & 8 mi/akes correct$1 by ! rese>*es ( succe$+ travell]s4 ,,art4 ,,xi4 ,notice ( ,pr(essor ,mit*ill's ,edition ( ,cuvi]'s ,essay on ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,! ,am]ican sci5tific public are "u obligations to ,pr(essor ,mit*ill = br++ ?is book )9 _! rea*4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ eloqu5t1 impressive1 & in/ructive works on ?is gr& b obscure subject1 ) :i* ! _w has ev] be5 fav\r$4 ,! read] is no soon] drawn )9 ! curr5t ( ,cuvi]'s eloqu5ce1 ?an he is borne along almo/ )\t ! p[] or wi% to escape4 ,x is believ$ !re are few intellig5t & enlight5$ p]sons1 :e!r geologi/s or n1 :o w\ld fail to be gratifi$ by a book :i* secures ! und]/&+ by a /rict c\rse ( reason+ f facts1 & delights ! ta/e by a /yle bold1 t]se1 & lucid1 b at ! same "t ri* & fl[+4 ,! analysis ( ?is "w has be5 ably p]=m$ 9 ,europe1 & !re is1 !re=e1 ! less necessity to attempt x "h4 ,:ile we take ! lib]ty ?us to recomm5d x1 we d n hold ourselves /rictly b\nd to ! admission ( e "o ( ,cuvi]'s doctr9es2 & might1 p]haps1 wi% t 9 a few in/ances he _h be5 some:at m explicit1 or some:at m qualifi$4 ,! additions by ,pr(essor ,jameson1 ( ,ed9burgh1 are valuable & int]e/+1 & are reta9$ 9 ! pres5t edition4 ,^? by ,pr(essor ,mit*ill w be p]us$ ) pleasure & advantage4 ,! le>n$ au?or has assembl$1 9 "o view1 a great mass ( facts1 p>tly result+ f 8 own j\rneys & obs]vations1 & p>tly d$uc$ f o!r respectable s\rces4 ,we h no d\bt t mo/ ( ^! facts w be consid]$ by ! sci5tific _w z v int]e/+1 :atev] views !y may ent]ta9 ( ! conclusions built ^u !m4 ,! au?or has occupi$ himself pr9cipally ^u ^? portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i*1 by ! organiz$ rema9s bo? ( animals & vegetables1 ) :i* !y m or less ab\nd1 exhibit ! mo/ decisive & int]e/+ evid5ce ( *anges & cata/rophes1 ^: hi/ory is to be s\ght 9 ! memorials entomb$ 9 ! /rata !mselves4 ,we give no op9ion reg>d+ ! !ories ( ,pr(essor ,mit*ill1 n int5d+ to review ! "w1 b m]ely to aid1 z f> z 9 our p[]1 9 draw+ ! public att5tion to ! int]e/+ subjects ab\t :i* x is occupi$4 ,if we h any rem>k to add1 x is1 t an adh]5ce to ! te*nical precision ) :i* mo/ rocks are at ! pres5t day describ$1 appe>s desirable 9 m9]alogical & geological descriptions4 ,:5 9 ! valuable additions be=e u we read ( s*orl rock1 we ga9 only ! idea ( a rock conta9+ t m9]al2 b z x occurs occasionally 9 sev]al ( ! primitive rocks1 we are at a loss :i* is int5d$2 we believe x nev] =ms a rock by itself4 ,s ) ! slate rocks3 !re are sev]al v>ieties ( !m--mica slate1 clay slate1 gre5/one slate1 c4 besides "s subdivisions2 & ! m]e ^w slate does n always give u ! precise idea4 ,b we are aw>e t1 9 ! pres5t case1 x 0 less 9 view to g into all ! details ( geological description1 ?an to give a view ( our organiz$ rema9s & ( _! suppos$ orig94 ,,art4 ,,xii4 ,notice ( ,eaton's ,index to ! ,geology ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 toge!r ) a ,transv]se ,section ( ! ,catskill ,m\nta9 to ! ,atlantic4 ,! ext5sive collection ( facts 9 ?is little book ( fifty-f\r pages1 is cr$itable to ! au?or's indu/ry & disc]nm5t3 he in=ms u t he has travell$ #ajjj miles on foot1 :ile inve/igat+ ! geology ( ! di/rict conc]n+ :i* he has writt54 ,?is di/rict is c]ta9ly int]e/+1 & e attempt to diffuse correct in=mation conc]n+ x1 des]ves enc\ragem5t4 ,mr4 ,eaton's acc\nt ( ! regions he has explor$1 has e m>k ( v]isimilitude2 & we comm5d 8 ef=ts to diffuse geological in=mation1 by %ort c\rses ( lectures1 9 diff]5t t[ns4 ,9 8 arrangem5t ( rocks1 he has deviat$ f ,w]n]--has adopt$ "s views ( ,bakewell1 & "s ( 8 own4 ,w]n]'s arrangem5t ( rocks has1 und\bt$ly1 its imp]fections & its r$undancies2 & yet x may be que/ion$ h[ f> 8 sy/em has be5 really improv$ by its diff]5t em5dators4 ,if ,w]n]1 by m5tion+ argillace\s s*i/us only 9 ! primitive class ( rocks1 left u to dispose ( x :]e we might1 :5 we f9d x at "o "t1 cov]+ or su/a9+ an?racite1 ) impressions ( f]ns1 & at ano!r ) impressions ( fi% & vegetables1 & 9 contact ) bitum9\s coal2 /ill ^? :o1 ) ,mr4 ,eaton1 ?r[ argillace\s slate into ! transition class1 & omit x 9 ! primitive & second>y1 emb>rass u ) an equal difficulty2 = we f9d argillace\s slate 9 contact1 & alt]nat+ )1 mica slate1 & )\t any impressions ( organiz$ bodies1 :5 we mu/1 )\t a d\bt1 call x primitive4 ,?is is ! fact ) ! clay slate ( ! ,woodbridge hills1 ne> ,new-,hav51 :i* is primitive2 t ( ,rhode-,isl&1 ) an?racite1 is transition2 & t at ,middlefields1 we/ ( ,middlet[n1 ) impressions ( fi%1 is second>y4 ,slate !n appe>s to belong to all ^! ?ree great classes ( rocks4 ,z to ! metallif]\s lime/one1 we d n s mu* object to ! introduction ( ?is t]m by ,bakewell1 al?\gh x appe>s to u q z well to say t c]ta9 lime/ones1 ^? ( ! transition class = example1 are metallif]\s4 ,b is ,eaton correct 9 ref]r+ su* lime/one z t ( :i* ! ,new-,york ,city-,hall is built1 to a metallif]\s class8 ,is n t lime/one decid$ly primitive8 ,! fact m5tion$ ( its conta9+ pyrites1 h>dly proves x to be metallif]\s2 s9ce mo/ rocks conta9 m or less ( pyrites4 ,"s o!r rem>ks ( less importance we might add1 b we pref] conclud+ by recomm5d+ ?is tract to ! p]usal ( ^? :o wi% = in=mation respect+ ! geological /ructure ( ,new-,engl&2 & we ?9k t ,mr4 ,eaton is s]i\sly aid+ ! progress ( geology 9 ! int]ior ( ,new-,engl&4 ,,art4 ,,xiii4 ,notice ( ,m4 ,brongni>t on ,organiz$ ,rema9s4 ,?is di/+ui%$ m9]alogi/1 s advantage\sly kn[n by 8 excell5t "w on m9]alogy--8 rese>*es 9 company ) ,cuvi]1 into ! subt]ranean geography ( ! environs ( ,p>is1 & 8 sup]9t5d5ce ( ! great porcela9 manufactory at ,sevres1 is attempt+ to =m an ext5sive collection ( organiz$ rema9s4 ,?r\gh ,pr(essor ,cleavel&1 we h receiv$ f him ! foll[+ ,,notice ,conc]n+ ! me?od ( collect+1 labell+1 & transmitt+ specim5s ( fossil organiz$ bodies1 & ( ! accompany+ rocks1 solicit$ by ,m4 ,,brongni>t4 ,! /udy ( fossil organiz$ bodies appe>s to be ( ! utmo/ importance 9 det]m9+ ! relations ( diff]5t =mations1 "o ( ! pr9cipal objects ( geology4 ,9 ord] m effectually to appreciate ! value ( ?is me?od ( inve/igation1 x is necess>y to multiply obs]vations--to endeav\r to r5d] !m exact & precise--& especially to make !m ^u a g5]al plan4 ,m4 ,brongni>t has be5 long occupi$ 9 su* rese>*es4 ,! essay publi%$ by ,m4 ,cuvi] & him1 ^u ! geology ( ! environs ( ,p>is1 has af=d$ an example ( _! use4 ,he has lab\r$ s9ce ?is p]iod to apply ?is me?od to o!r =mations1 :i* conta9 ! relics ( organiz$ bodies2 b he /&s 9 ne$ ( mu* assi/ance1 & he presumes to ask x1 n only ( naturali/s1 b ev5 ( all p]sons int]e/$ 9 ! sci5ces4 ,by means ( ! foll[+ in/ructions1 he endeav\rs to avail himself ( ! k9dness ( p]sons ! lea/ conv]sant 9 ! discrim9ation ( fossils4 #a4 ,to collect all ! fossil organiz$ bodies :i* c be obta9$2 especially ! di/+ui%able impressions & rema9s ( vegetables f coal c\ntries1 & b$s ( wood1 coal1 & o!rs4 ,! %ells1 cru/ace1 madrepores1 fi%es1 c4 ,x is n necess>y t ^! bodies %\ld be ei!r l>ge or entire1 b !y mu/ be suffici5tly *>act]iz$ to be capable ( be+ recogniz$4 ,x is useless to transmit l>ge unmean+ pieces1 :i* are recomm5d$ only by _! size--su* z l>ge ammonites--l>ge madrepores--l>ge pieces ( petrifi$ wood--fragm5ts ( ! "o1 or small individuals ( ! o!r1 are (t5 suffici5t4 ,we may avoid also collect+ ! inn] m\lds 7des m\les int]ieurs7 ( %ells1 because !y are almo/ inv>iably incapable ( be+ recogniz$4 #b4 ,petrifactions1 isolat$ & deta*$ f _! rock1 are ! mo/ conv5i5t 9 ! det]m9ation ( species2 b :5 !y _c be sep>at$ f ! rock1 we ne$ n hesitate to s5d !m engag$2 x is suffici5t if a portion l>ge en\gh = discrim9ation is visible4 ,among %ells1 ^? are pref]able :i* h ! m\? or h+e 9 view2 among madrepores1 ^? on ^: surface ! figures 7les toiles7 are di/+ui%able2 among vegetables1 ^? ^: leaves are di/9ctly exp&$1 7expalmes47 #c4 ,^u ! objects transmitt$ x is desirable to h1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ! foll[+ notices3 #a4 ,! exact place f :i* ! object comes3 ?is is ! mo/ important circum/ance1 & ! easie/ to obta94 #b4 ,! k9d ( =mation 9 :i* x is f\nd1 & a specim5 ( ! /ratum1 or at lea/ ( ! rock1 :i* conta9$ x4 ,x is desirable t ?is rock exhibit rema9s ( petrifactions simil> to ^? f\nd 9 ! /ratum f :i* x has be5 drawn4 #c4 ,! nature ( ! =mation ( :i* ?is /ratum or rock composes a "p1 & specim5s ( z _m ( ! sup]ior & inf]ior /rata z c be obta9$1 designat+ ! ord] ( sup]position ( ! /rata4 #d4 ,x is important to designate1 by ! same m>k1 all ! petrifactions unque/ionably f\nd 9 ! same /ratum1 or at lea/ 9 ! same =mation4 ,! specim5s ought to be almo/ squ>e--ab\t ?ree in*es or m on a side1 & "o & a half ?ick4 #e4 ,x is equally important n to mix petrifactions f\nd 9 diff]5t =mations1 or 9 diff]5t /rata ( ! same =mation2 or if !y are pack$ toge!r1 to di/+ui% !m by numb]s1 m>ks1 or labels4 ,:5 ! prec$+ notices _c be obta9$1 ! fir/ w suffice4 ,9 ord] to collect ! petrifactions1 & to r5d] !m useful1 x is n necess>y to "k !m1 nor to be p]plex$ to f9d !m out2 nor to be afraid ( s5d+ objects already kn[n or ( little note4 ,a "p ( ! prec$+ indications1 connect$ ) ! mo/ common petrifactions1 w always r5d] !m useful4 ,! important po9t !n is1 n to mix ^? :i* are f\nd sep>ate1 nor to sep>ate ^? :i* are f\nd associat$ 9 ! same /ratum4 ,?is is easily atta9$1 by designat+ by a common numb]1 lett]1 or any sign :atev]1 "o p>ticul> =mation or /ratum1 & by m>k+ ) ! same sign all ! petrifactions :i* are evid5tly f\nd toge!r4 ,! labels designat+ ! place or ! geological situation1 may be plac$ 9 ! pap]s :i* envelope ! specim5s1 or a numb]1 ref]r+ to an explanatory catalogue1 may be atta*$ to ea* specim54 ,z f> z possible1 x is necess>y to /ick ! labels or numb]s to ! pieces1 by pa/+2 & ! sure/ way is1 to write ^u ! piece itself1 #a/1 ! place :]e x is f\nd2 #b;d1 ! numb] by :i* x is indicat$ 9 ! hi/orical notes above reque/$4 ,if !re is n "t to make out z _m numb]s or labels z !re are pieces1 x w be suffici5t to unite 9 "o box or packet all ! petrifactions ( "o p>ticul> /ratum1 & to designate !m by a g5]al label4 ,x is necess>y to pack ! %ells & o!r fragile pieces 9 sep>ate boxes1 & to wrap ea* piece 9 a sep>ate pap]4 ,m4 ,brongni>t _c all[ himself to pref] su* reque/s1 except "u ! express condition1 t a memor&um ( all ! exp5ses :i* ! transportation & pack+ ( ! specim5s may create %all accompany ! lett] ( advice4 ,! objects de/9$ = him may be s5t by ! common modes ( conveyance1 ) a lett] ( advice1 to ! foll[+ address3 ,mr4 ,a4 ,,brongni>t1 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,eng9e] ( ,m9es1 etc4 ,rue ,sa9t-,dom9ique1 ,faub\rg ,sa9t-,g]ma91 ,no4 #ga1 ,p>is4 ,,art4 ,,xiv4 ,obs]vations on a species ( ,limosella1 rec5tly discov]$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,dr4 ,eli ,ives1 ,pr(essor ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica & ,botany1 9 ! ,m$ical ,in/itution ( ,yale ,college4 ,?is small plant 0 obs]v$ 9 fl[] 9 ,july1 #ahaf1 by ,mr4 ,horatio ,n4 ,f5n 7n[ ( ,ro*e/]1 ,/ate ( ,new-,york7 9 company ) ,dr4 ,leav5wor?4 ,! plant & ! se$s h be5 pres]v$ by me1 9 a fl[]-pot1 f t "t to ! pres5t4 ,! plant 0 tak5 a few rods s\? ( ,mr4 ,:itney's gun manufactory1 on ! m>g9 ( ! riv]1 :]e x 0 cov]$ by e tide4 ,i h s9ce obs]v$ ! plant 9 great abundance on ! m>g9 ( ! ,h\satonuck1 9 ,d]by1 & 9 ^? small /reams 9 ,ea/ ,hav51 ,bran=d1 & ,guil=d1 :i* empty into ,long-,isl& ,s\nd4 ,a specim5 ( ! limosella 7) "s specim5s ( ! tillea7 0 s5t to ,z4 ,coll9s1 ,esq4 ( ,philadelphia1 :o wrote me t ,mr4 ,nuttall _h f\nd ! same plant1 a few days previ\s to ! receipt ( my lett]1 & t !y _h no "q on ! subject ( ! g5]ic "*1 b t x w\ld probably prove to be a new species4 ,9 ! transactions ( ! ,m$ico-,physical ,society ( ,new-,york1 page #ddj1 x is describ$ "u ! "n ( limosella subulata4 ,a description ( ! plant 0 publi%$ ab\t ! same "t1 by ,mr4 ,nuttall1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia4 7,see ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #f4 p4 #aae47 ,9 ! pap] writt5 by ,mr4 ,nuttall is ! foll[+ qu]y3 ,does ?is plant1 ) a lat]al mode ( gr[? & alt]nate leaves1 g]m9ate ) two cotyl$ons8 ,! foll[+ obs]vations 7 made 9 answ] to ?is "q4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahaf-ag ?is plant 0 kept 9 a situation expos$ to sev]e fro/2 yet :5ev] ! wea!r became w>m = two or ?ree days1 x became q gre51 b = ! la/ w9t] !re 0 no appe>ance ( life 9 ! plant4 ,9 ,m>* #ahah1 ! vessel 9 :i* ! limosella _h be5 pres]v$ = two summ]s prec$+1 & 9 :i* 7 a great quantity ( se$s1 0 expos$ 9 a w>m situation to ! sun4 ,!re 0 no appe>ance ( vegetation until ! la/ ( ,m>*1 :5 7 obs]v$ sev]al cyl9drical leaves1 "s ( !m evid5tly arose f bulbs :i* _h =m$ ! la/ summ]1 on acc\nt ( ! dryness ( its situation1 :i* frequ5tly occurs :5 plants are remov$ f a moi/ to a dry situation4 ,9 o!r in/ances s+le cyl9drical leaves arose f ! e>?1 :]e no bulbs 7 to be f\nd2 ^! cyl9drical leaves 7 ?\ght to arise f se$s1 :i*1 if x 0 a fact1 w\ld prove t ! plant vegetat$ ) b "o cotyl$on4 ,9 a %ort "t ! vessel 0 cr[d$ ) ! se$s ( ! limosella rais$ by ! cotyl$ons4 ,^! 7 c>efully obs]v$1 & 9 e in/ance1 :5 ! coat ( ! se$ 0 ca/ (f1 two l9e> cotyl$ons 7 obs]v$1 soon a cyl9drical leaf arose f ! c5tre ( ! cotyl$ons1 & :5 ?is leaf _h gr[n to ! l5g? ( half an in*1 a leaf ( a simil> k9d arose lat]ally to a l9e made by ! fir/ leaf & ! cotyl$ons4 ,f ! facts above /at$1 x is ?\ght to be prov$ t ! limosella vegetates ) two cotyl$ons4 ,?is 0 ! fact 9 e in/ance :]e ! husk ( ! se$s 0 obvi\sly atta*$ to ! cotyl$ons1 & 9 ! few in/ances :]e ! plants appe>$ to vegetate ) b "o cotyl$on1 x is probable t x arose f a bulb or "s portion ( ! old plant1 9 :i* life _h n be5 ext+ui%$1 dur+ ! pa/ w9t]1 :i* 0 made m probable by ! fact t sev]al ( ! leaves arose obvi\sly f bulbs4 ,?is limosella1#aa ) its cong5]s1 h5ce w take its place 9 ! natural ord] ( ,jussieu lysima*i4 ,,art4 ,,xv4 ,pr(essor ,,bigel[ on ! comp>ative ,=w>dness ( ! ,spr+ 9 diff]5t ,p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #ahag4 ,we h be5 fav\r$ ) an +5i\s memoir on ?is subject1 by ! au?or1 ,pr(essor ,bigel[ ( ,bo/on2 x is a "p ( ! f\r? volume ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces4 ,pr(essor ,bigel[1 avail+ himself ( a h9t giv5 him "s ye>s ago by ! late v5]able ,dr4 ,muhl5b]g ( ,p5nsylvania1 asc]ta9$1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( correspond5ce ) accurate obs]v]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! "t ( fl[]+1 = #ahag1 ( ! common fruit-trees & a few o!r plants--f\nd 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! pea*-tree 0 ! "o mo/ uni=mly return$1 & ! foll[+ table exhibits ! "t ( its fl[]+1 9 places suffici5tly num]\s & remote1 to af=d a fair specim5 ( ^! obs]vations3 ,places4 ,lat4 ,long4 ,pea*-tree 9 blossom4 ,=t ,claiborne1 ,alab4 ,t]4 #ca #ej #hg #ej ,m>* #d ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c4 #cb #dd #hj #ci #f #ab ,ri*mond1 ,va4 #cg #dj #gg #ej #bc ,ap4 #f ,lex+ton1 ,ky4 #ch #f #he #h ,april #f #ae ,baltimore1 ,md4 #ci #ba #gg #dh #i ,philadelphia1 ,p4 #ci #ef #ge #h #ae ,new-,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #dj #db #gd #i #ba #bf ,bo/on1 ,mass4 #db #bc #gj #eb ,may #i ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 #dc #ci #gc #cj #ab ,brunswick1 ,me4 #dc #ec #fi #ee #aeab ,montreal1 ,c4 #de #ce #gc #aa #ab ,pr(essor ,bigel[ inf]s1 t ! diff]5ce ( season betwe5 ! nor!rn & s\!rn extremities ( ! c\ntry is n less ?an two mon?s & a half4 ,diff]5ce ( longitude does n seem v mat]ially to affect ! ,floral ,cal5d> )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x appe>s1 t 9 ! same ye> pea*-trees 7 9 blossom at ,val5cia1 9 ,spa91 ab\t ! #ai? ( ,m>*2 ! apple-tree ne> ,london1 ,may #h?2 ! *]ry-tree & pe>-tree at ,g5eva1 9 ,switz]l&1 ,april #c;d4 ,we hope t ?is rese>* w be prosecut$ 9 ! mann] x has ?us be5 happily begun4 ,x evid5tly af=ds an excell5t crit]ion ( ! actual temp]ature1 on a scale m ext5sive ?an x is practicable to obta9 f !rmometrical regi/]s4 ,floral ,cal5d>s kept 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld af=d v int]e/+ in=mation1 z to ! *anges ( climate 9 p>ticul> places2 a common topic ( popul> rem>ks b g5]ally ) few & inaccurate data4 ,,art4 ,,xvi4 ,a ,j\rnal ( ! ,progress ( ,vegetation ne> ,philadelphia betwe5 ! #bj? ( ,febru>y & ! #bj? ( ,may1 #ahaf1 ) occasional ,zoological ,rem>ks4 ,by ,c4 ,s4 ,,raf9esque4 ,! importance ( obs]vations on ! annual progress ( vegetation is obvi\s1 &1 z connect$ ) agriculture1 g>d5+1 c41 em95tly useful4 ,comp>ative obs]vations acquire a p>ticul> degree ( int]e/1 :5 made by skilful obs]v]s1 at ! same "t1 b at diff]5t places4 ,dr4 ,bigel[1 ( ,bo/on1 issu$ a circul>1 propos+ t su* contemporane\s obs]vations %\ld be made 9 ! spr+ ( #ahag2 & ,i wi% t 8 reque/ may h be5 att5d$ to1 :5 ! collection ( ^? obs]vations may af=d valuable mat]ials = an ,am]ican ,cal5d> ( ,flora4 ,! blossom+ ( plants is easily wat*$1 b _! foliation & budd+ ought n to be neglect$4 ,hav+ be5 prev5t$1 by v>i\s causes1 f keep+ an exact record ( ! progress ( vegetation ne> ,new-,york 9 #ahag1 ,i submit an accurate j\rnal :i* ,i _h kept ! ye> be=e1 at ,philadelphia1 9 :i* ,i hope t "s int]e/+ facts may be notic$4 ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,b>ton has publi%$ a sket* ( a ,cal5d> ( ,flora = ,philadelphia1 9 8 ,fragm5ts on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,p5nsylvania2 by comp>+ x ) m9e1 _m mat]ial diff]5ces may be trac$1 :i* ev9ce a gradual *ange ( temp]ature1 al?\gh ! spr+ ( #ahaf 0 rem>kably cold & late4 ,! great] quantity ( species obs]v$ by me may1 besides1 r5d] ?is j\rnal a sort ( v]nal ,flora ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,philadelphia2 & _m species f\nd by me are n to be met 9 ! ,flora ,philadelphica ( ,dr4 ,william ,b>ton4 ,febru>y #bj4 ,! ,hyac9?us ori5talis beg9s to %[ its fl[]s1 & on ! #bd4 ,9 full blossom1 z well z ,convall>ia majalis1 9 rooms4 #be4 ,! grass beg9s to look gre5i% 9 "s p>ts4 #bf4 ,se5 ! fir/ l>va ( insect 9 a pond4 #bg4 ,! ,motacilla sialis1 or bluebird1 is he>d = ! fir/ "t4 #bh4 ,! fir/ %ad 7,clupea sapidissima7 is tak5 9 ! ,delaw>e1 :ile on ! same day1 ! fir/ smelt 7,salmo ep]lanoides7 0 tak5 9 ! ,r>itan1 at ,new-,brunswick4 ,m>* #a4 ,! ,tulipa gesn]iana1 & ,hesp]is matronalis1 are 9 blossom at ! w9d[s3 ! suck]s 7g5us ,cato/omus7 appe> 9 ! fi%-m>ket4 #b4 ,! catk9s ( ! ,alnus s]rulatus beg9 to swell4 #c4 ,^? ( ,salix ,caprea beg9 to appe>4 #d4 ,! grass looks gre5 by pat*es 9 ! c\ntry4 #e4 ,! leaves ( ,v]onica (fic9alis1 ,plantago virg9iana1 ,saxifraga virg9ica1 c4 are q unfold$4 #f4 ,! new leaves ( ,kalmia latifolia beg9 to appe>4 #g4 ,! spa?as ( ,spa?yema fetida1 or ,fo?os fetida1 beg9 to appe> 9 blossom4 #h4 ,! ,alnus s]rulatus is 9 full blossom4 #aj4 ,f\nd sev]al mosses & f]ns 9 blossom2 ^! la/ 7 cov]$ ) capsules or old fructification3 !y 7 ,aspl5ium eb5eum1 ,aspidium m>g9ale1 ,asp4 acro/i*oides1 ,polypodium m$ium1 ,n4 ,sp41 c4 #aa4 ,se5 ! fir/ spid]1 9 ! c\ntry1 br[n1 oblong1 walk+4 ,a fall ( sn[ at night4 #ab4 ,se5 9 blossom1 at ! w9d[s1 ,n>cissus tazzetta1 ,n4 janguilla1 & sev]al saffrons1 g5us ,crocus1 c4 #ad4 ,! grass looks q gre52 ! ,draba v]na8 is 9 blossom 9 ! ,/ate-,h\se g>d51 ! ,viburnum t9us1 ,primula acaulis1 c4 9 ! rooms1 c4 ,! foll[+ fi% are at m>ket3 :ite p]*1 7,p]ca mucronata1 ,raf47 yell[ p]*1 7,polyprion fasciatum1 ,raf47 mamoose /urgeon1 7,accip5s] m>g9atur1 ,raf47 elk-oldwives1 7,sp>us cry?rops1 ,raf47 c4 #ae4 ,! ,populus fa/igiata1 ,lomb>dy popl>1 beg9s to %[ its catk9s4 #ag4 ,! big-eye h]r+ 7,clupea megalops7 beg9 to be se5 at ! fi%-m>ket4 #ah4 ,_m plants beg9 to gr[ & %[ _! leaves4 #ai4 ,a fall ( sn[4 ,! fir/ %ad 7,clupea sapidissima7 appe> 9 ,new-,york3 !y are n[ common "h4 #bj4 ,crocus aureus 9 blossom 9 g>d5s2 likewise ,iris p]sica1 c4 #ba4 ,betula l5ta beg9 to %[ ! catk9s4 #bb4 ,galan?us nivalis1 & ,lamium amplexicaule1 are 9 blossom 9 g>d5s at ,cambd54 #bd4 ,populus fa/igiata1 & ,salix caprea1 are 9 full bloom4--,! gooseb]ry bu%es %oot _! leaves4 #be4 ,populus angulata 9 blossom at ,cambd54 #bf4 ,salix babylonica beg9s to blossom & %oot ! leaves4 ,viburnum prunifolium is budd+4 #bg4 ,draba v]na8 is 9 se$ already 9 ,cambd53 ! ,rhodod5dron maximum beg9s to %oot 9 g>d5s4 #bh4 ,junip]us virg9iana is 9 bloom4 ,saxifraga virg9ica beg9s to %[ its fl[]s4 ,laurus b5zo91 & ,cornus florida1 are budd+4 ,april #a4 ,9 ! morn+1 a l>ge flight ( wild geese w5t ov] ! city nor?w>ds1 mak+ a great noise4 ,9 ! aft]noon !re 0 a ?und] /orm f ! s\?we/4 #b4 ,! frogs beg9 to croak4 ,f\nd 9 blossom ne> ,cambd51 ,arabis rotundifolia1 ,raf41 ,a4 lyrata1 ,saxifraga virg9ica1 ,draba v]na8 ,betula l5ta1 c4 ,p9us inops is budd+4 #c4 ,se5 ! fir/ swall[4 ,f\nd 9 blossom on ! ,s*uylkill1 ,fum>ia cucull>ia1 ,anemone ?alictroides1 ,saxifraga virg9ica1 _m f]ns & mosses4 #d4 ,! fre%-wat] turtle 7,te/udo picta7 beg9s to %[ itself4 #g4 ,f\nd 9 blossom to-day1 ,hepatica triloba1 ,laurus b5zo91 ,sangu9>ia canad5sis1 ,spa?yema fetida1 ,ac] rubrum1 c4 ,! fir/ bee is se54 #aj4 ,9 blossom at ! woodl&s1 ,viola bl&a1 ,luzula filam5tosa1 ,raf41 ,gnaphalium8 plantag5eum1 c4 #ab4 ,9 blossom at ,cambd51 ,viola lanceolata1 & ,h\/onia c]ulea4 #ad4 ,! apricot-trees beg9 to blossom 9 g>d5s4 ,ac]negundo is 9 bloom at ,gray's ,f]ry4 #ae4 ,se5 ! fir/ butt]fly--x 0 small & gray4 ,f\nd 9 blossom1 ne> ,cambd51 ,phlox subulata1 ,arabis p>viflora1 ,raf41 & ,vacc9ium ligu/r9um4 #ah4 ,se5 9 blossom1 ,epigea rep5s1 ,c>ex acuta1 & ,t>axacum d5s-leonis4 ,9 g>d5s1 ! pea* & *]ry trees are 9 bloom4 ,obs]v$ _m insects4 ,! ,camellia1 ! ,magnolia *95sis1 c4 are se5 9 ! hot-h\se ( ! ,woodl&s4 #bj4 ,! fir/ snake is se51 ,colub] trivittata1 ,raf4 ,also a beautiful l>ge butt]fly1 r$ & black4 ,! ,salix vitell9a1 & ,capsella bursa4 7,?laspi bursa-pa/oris17 are 9 blossom4 #ba4 ,f\nd 9 blossom1 ne> ,gray's ,f]ry1 ,n>cissus pseudo-n>cissus1 & ,s$um t]natum1 bo? naturaliz$4 ,likewise ! ,populus tremuloides1 & ,mespelus canad5sis4 ,! leaves ( ,podophyllum pettatum are fully exp&$4 #bc4 ,se5 9 full bloom 9 g>d5s1 ! pe>-tree1 plum-tree1 ,rib] grossul>ia1 & ,r4 rubrum4 #bd4 ,f\nd 9 blossom along ! ,s*uylkill1 ,aguilegia canad5sis1 ,hyac9?us botryoides1 ,ranunculus fascicul>is1 ,violapapilionacea4 ,v4 decumb5s1 ,raf41 ,h\/onia c]ulea1 ,c]a/ium pumilum1 ,raf4 #be4 ,f\nd 9 blossom ne> ,cambd51 ,viola p$ata1 ,v4 lanceolata1 ,v4 ovata1 ,raf41 ,v4 primulifolia1 ,arabis p>viflora1 ,raf41 ,c]a/ium pumilum1 ,raf41 ,c>ex acuta1 ,meopilus botryapium1 ,laurus sassafras1 ,c]cis canad5sis1 ,pot5tilla simplex1 ,&rom$a racemoca4 #bh4 ,se5 9 blossom 9 g>d5s1 ,calycan?us floridus1 ,syr+a p]sica1 ,phlox pilosa1 c4 ,! leaves ( ,liriod5dron tulipif]a1 sculus hippoca/anum1 ,populus fa/igiata1 ,p4 angulata1 are unfold$4 #cj4 ,9 blossom on ! ,s*uylkill1 ,obol>ia virg9iana1 ,anemone trifolia1 ,hydra/is canad5sis1 c4 ,may #a4 ,9 blossom 9 ! ,neck1 ,c]a/ium vulgatum8 ,v]onica s]pyllifolia1 ,v4 arv5sis1 ,ranunculus bulbosus1 ,viola cucultata4 #c4 ,f\nd above ! ,falls ( ! ,s*uylkill1 ,viola /riata1 ,v4 concolor1 ,v4 primulifolia1 ,v4 bl&a1 ,fum>ia aurea1 ,f4 cucull>ia1 ,*>ophyllum procumb5s1 ,uvul>ia sessitifolia1 ,u4 p]foliata1 ,c]cis canad5sis1 ,arabis falcata1 ,/ell>ia pub]a1 ,erig]on pul*ellum1 ,or*is spectabilis1 ,hydra/is canad5sis1 ,d5t>ia diphylla1 ,azalea nudiflora1 c4 #d4 ,f\nd on ! ,vissahikon1 ,arabis bulbosa1 ,panax trifolium1 ,viola pectata1 ,v4 rotundifolia1 ,c>dam9e p5nsylvanica1 ,krigia virg9ica1 & sev]al grasses4 #g4 ,f\nd 9 blossom ov] ! ,s*uylkill1 ,laurus sassafras1 ,viburnum prunifolium1 ,aronia arbutifolia1 ,a4 melanoc>pa1 ,frag>ia virg9ica1 ,c]a/ium nutans1 ,raf41 ,convall>ia majalis1 naturaliz$1 & sev]al species ( ! g5us ,vacc9ium4 #aj4 ,f\nd bel[ ! falls ( ! ,s*uylkill1 ,flo]kea ulig9osa1 ,viburnum ac]ifolium1 ,oxalis violacea1 ,c]a/ium t5uifolium1 le*oma h$]acea1 c43 & ! foll[+ above ! ,falls--,trillium c]nuum1 ,viola pubesc5s1 ,v4 p5nsylvanica1 ,hydrophyllum virg9icum1 ,polemonium reptans1 ,s5ecio aureus1 ,saxifraga p5nsylvanica1 ,/aphylea trifoliata1 ,obol>ia virg9ica1 ,cal?a palu/ris1 ,ranunculus abortivus1 c4 #aa4 ,se5 ! fir/ bat4 #ab4 ,ne> ,haddonfield1 ,b>tsia cocc9ea1 ,helonias bullata1 ,trifolium rep5s1 c4 #ae4 ,f\nd betwe5 ,cambd5 & ,haddonfield1 ,trifolium prat5se1 ,sil5e virg9ica1 ,antirrh9um canad5se1 ,li?osp]mum t5ellum1 ,raf41 ,fe/ucat5ella1 ,sel]an?us annuus1 ,oxalis biflora1 ,raf41 ,poa rubra1 ,vacc9ium corymbosum1 ,viola palmata1 ,v4 p>vifolia1 ,raf41 ,rubus flagell>is1 c4 ,also 9 blossom1 ,qu]cus rubra1 ,q4 obtusiloba1 ,q4 alba1 c4 #bj4 ,f\nd ne> ,burl+ton1 ,plantago virg9ica1 ,euphorbia ipecacuanha1 ,comptonia aspl5ifolia1 ,myosotis lappula1 ,s5ecio obovatus1 ,scirpus acicul>is1 ,li?osp]mum tr9]vum1 ,raf41 ,l4 t5ellum1 ,raf41 c42 besides sev]al ,c>ex4 ,,art4 ,,xvii4 ,description ( a ,new ,species ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,m>t51 7,mu/ela vulp9a7 by ,c4 ,s4 ,,raf9esque4 ,! regions wat]$ by ! ,miss\ri are inhabit$ by _m animals1 z yet unkn[n to ! zoologi/s1 al?\gh _m h be5 notic$ by travell]s4 ,a species ( m>t5 has lately be5 pres5t$ to ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,new-,york1 :i* 0 br\ght f t c\ntry1 & appe>s to belong to a peculi> species1 v diff]5t f ! common m>t5s ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 al?\gh x has1 9 common ) x1 ! "* ( ! yell[ ?roat2 b ! head1 feet1 & tail1 af=d s _m peculi> *>act]s1 t no d\bt c be ent]ta9$ ( its div]sity4 ,i h1 !re=e1 giv5 to x ! "n ( ,mu/ela vulp9a1 or ,fox ,m>t51 ow+ to its head & tail be+ some:at simil> to t ( a fox4 ,mu/ela ,vulp9a4 ,def9ition--,br[n1 ?ree l>ge yell[i% spots und]nea? on ! ?roat1 brea/1 & belly2 *eeks1 inside ( ! e>s1 & a spot on ! nape1 :ite2 tail tipp$ ) :ite "o-?ird ( total l5g?2 feet blacki%1 toes :ite4 ,description4--,?is animal is ( a f9e %ape3 its size is r above m$iocrity1 be+ ab\t half a foot high1 & ! total l5g? be+ tw5ty-sev5 in*es1 :]e( n9e =m ! tail4 ,! g5]al col\r ( ! fur is ( a drab br[n1 & x is nei!r co>se nor v f9e4 ,! head is elongat$1 oblong1 ab\t f\r in*es long1 %ap$ l t ( a fox2 ! sn\t is n>r[2 ! nose is black1 not*$1 & granulat$1 furni%$ on ea* side ) black :isk]s1 two in*es long3 !re are ?ree long black hairs1 or vibrissa1 above ea* eye1 & a few %ort] ones scatt]$ beh9d !m on ! *eeks1 *91 & tip ( ! l[] jaw1 :i* is :ite3 ! *eeks are :iti%1 & !re is a :ite spot on ! nape ( ! neck3 ! e>s are l>ge1 broad1 & :ite inside4 ,!re are ?ree l>ge1 oblong spots1 on ! ?roat1 brea/1 & belly2 ?is la/ is ! l>ge/2 t on ! brea/ ! smalle/4 ,! =e legs are %ort] ?an ! h9d ones1 & h1 beh9d1 ?ree v long hairs or vibrissa3 ! feet & toes ( all ! legs are cov]$ ) long fur2 ! =m] h a d>k br[n or blacki% r+1 & ! latt] are ( a dirty :ite3 !re are five long toes to all ! feet1 ( :i* ! inn] "o is ! %orte/2 ! nails are :ite1 retractible1 & %ort] ?an ! fur4 ,! tee? are z 9 ! g5us ,mu/ela1 & :ite2 ^? ( ! l[] jaw are l>g] & /rong]3 ! gr9d]s are f\r on ea* side2 !y are broad1 trifid1 ) ! middle lobe %>p & v long3 ! tusks1 or dogtee?1 are v /rong1 curv$1 & approximat$1 leav+ a v small place = ! incisores1 :i* are v small1 v %ort1 & flat2 ! two lat]al ones on ea* side are situat$ diagonally1 ! second beh9d1 & ! two middle ones are only half ! size ( ! o!rs4 ,! tail is bu%y1 p>ticul>ly at ! top1 :]e !re is a :ite p5cil ( long hairs2 ! br[n ( ! rema9d] is d>k] ?an on ! body4 ,f ! above accurate description1 x w appe> evid5t t ?is animal is v diff]5t f ! common m>t5 ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x mu/ be a f]oci\s little animal1 & v fi]ce2 :i* is indicat$ by ! /r5g? ( ! tee?4 ,,art4 ,,xviii4 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,scytalus ,cupreus1 or ,copp]-head ,snake4 ,by ,c4 ,s4 ,,raf9esque4 ,aft] ! rattlesnake1 ! copp]-head snake is ! mo/ dread$ 9 ! nor!rn /ates1 be+ ! next l>ge/ v5om\s snake3 he is also m common 9 ! cold p>ts1 :]e ! =m] is v r>e4 ,/range z x may seem1 ?is conspicu\s & dang]\s animal has escap$ ! notice ( naturali/s1 & is n f\nd describ$ 9 ,%aw nor ,lacep$e4 ,hav+ se5 two ( !m ne> ,fi%kill1 9 ! summ] ( #ahag1 ,i endeav\r$ to describe !m completely1 & inve/igate _! hi/ory4 ,!y 7 bo? kill$ 9 a mead[1 & "o ( !m :ile sleep+ coil$ up ne> a f5ce2 a slight /roke ( a rod 0 suffici5t1 z usual ) v5om\s snakes4 ,x appe>s t !y are kill$ mu* easi] ?an ! innoc5t snakes2 ^! are (t5 se5 to revive aft] an app>5t dea?1 & d n really die until ! next sunset2 :ile v5om\s snakes d n easily revive1 p>ticul>ly if ! head is slightly bruis$4 ,?is snake is kn[n by a v>iety ( names 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,/ate ( ,new-,york1 s9ce he has e :]e attract$ ! att5tion ( ! inhabitants3 ^! names are1 copp]-head1 copp]-snake1 *unk-head1 copp]-add]1 copp]-vip]1 copp]-belly1 pilot-snake1 deaf-add]1 deaf-snake2 & 9 ,new-,engl&1 by ! names rattlesnake's mate & r$ add]1 c4 ,!y h all be5 giv5 9 ref]5ce to 8 col\r1 or to "s presum$ peculi>ities 9 8 mann]s1 c4 ,*unk-head is a vulg> expression1 mean+ ?ick-head or blunt-head4 ,he has be5 call$ sometimes pilot-snake1 on a false supposition t he 0 ! pilot or guide ( ! rattlesnake2 & he has be5 consid]$ z deaf1 because he is easily surpris$1 & does n appe> to he> ! noise ( y\r approa*4 ,x belongs to ! g5us scytalus ( ,daud91 c41 :i* diff]s f ! ,boa ( ,l9nu1 z ! g5us ,vip]a does f ,colub]1 be+ provid$ ) fangs4 ,i h giv5 to x ! "n ( ,scytalus ,cupreus1 :i* means copp]$ scytalus4 ,! foll[+ def9ition ( ! species may be consid]$ z comp>ative & *>act]i/ic4 ,scytalus ,cupreus4 ,tail "o-eigh? ( total l5g?1 ) #de caudal plates entirely br[n2 #aej abdom9al plates1 ! la/ v broad2 head oval1 copp]$ above1 yell[ und]nea?2 scales c>9at$ on ! back1 :i* is copp]$1 ) r$di% br[n r+s cross-%ap$2 belly v>iegat$ ( br[ni%4 ,description4 ,total l5g? ab\t ?ree feet2 body ?ick] ?an 9 ! innoc5t snakes4 ,head l>ge1 broad1 oval1 obtuse1 v di/9ct f ! neck1 ne>ly two in*es long1 flatt5$1 copp]$ br[n above1 & cov]$ ) l>ge1 smoo? scales2 yell[ und]nea?1 z well z ! neck1 & ) rhomboidal smoo? scales4 ,m\? v l>ge2 fangs yell[i% :ite4 ,back flatt5$ ant]iorly1 a little angul> 9 ! middle1 cov]$ ) small rhomboidal1 obtuse1 keel$ scales2 ^? ( ! sides l>g] & smoo?1 n keel$2 c5tre ( ! back ( a br[ni% copp] col\r2 sides ( a bright copp]2 broad b&s or r+s1 becom+ =k$ on ea* side1 & assum+ ne>ly ! %ape ( a ,/4 ,&rew's cross2 !y are ( a r$di% br[n3 !re is a r\nd spot opposite to ! s9usses1 & ! scales ( ! sides are m9utely dott$ ( br[n4 ,! abdom9al plates are #aej1 beg9n+ "u ! head2 ! la/1 cov]+ ! v5t1 is v broad1 d\ble ! o!r3 !y are ( a %9+1 pale copp] col\r1 ) two longitud9al & lat]al r[s ( great1 irregul>1 br[n spots1 ) "s light br[ni% cl\ds betwe5 !m1 & ea* plate is m>g9at$ ( :iti%4 ,! belly is v flat & broad1 ab\t #a in* 9 diamet]2 & ! sk9 may be di/5d$ on ! sides1 :51 ! animal is n f$4 ,tail %ort1 tap]+ gradually1 ab\t f\r in*es long1 cyl9drical1 br[n1 )\t spots1 ) #de plates und]nea?1 & hav+ at ! end a small1 obtuse1 horn claw1 ( an oblong1 compress$1 obtuse %ape1 & c>9at$ und]nea?4 ,?is snake has _m ( ! habits ( ! rattlesnake2 he is v sl[ 9 8 motions1 r clumsy1 ow+ to 8 ?ick %ape & %ort tail4 ,he retires 9 w9t] into caves1 holl[ rocks1 & trees1 :]e he lies1 9 a torpid /ate1 f ,novemb] to ,april2 sev]al h be5 f\nd coil$ up toge!r1 ! head ly+ ov] ! back3 x is 9 ! same situation he sleeps 9 ! fields4 ,:5 f\nd 9 ! torpid /ate1 !y may be c>ri$ )\t wak+2 b might wake 9 a w>m room4 ,!y d n eat dur+ all t "t3 _! food consi/s ( birds1 frogs1 mice1 & ev5 squirrels1 :i* !y cat* by surprise1 z !y d n climb on trees4 ,!y kill _! l>ge prey by brea?+ a poison\s effluvia1 cru%+ x 9 _! folds1 & !y swall[ x :ole aft] cov]+ x ) _! clammy saliva4 ,!y c rema9 a v long "t )\t a meal1 & "o meal is a long "t dige/+4 ,!y are g5]ally f\nd 9 mead[s1 pa/ures1 & ! edge ( woods4 ,!y creep slov5ly ?r\gh ! grass1 & if surpris$ by ! sight ( man1 !y assume an erect & ?reat5+ po/ure1 d>t+ _! tongue & swell+ _! head2 b !y d n attack m51 unless al>m$ & /ruck4 ,!y are consid]$ m dang]\s ?an ! rattlesnake1 because !y d n give notice ( _! vic9ity1 & lie conceal$ 9 ! grass2 b !y are easily kill$1 :5 assum+ ! ?reat5+ po/ure1 by a slight t\* ( a cane1 spade1 or any o!r in/rum5t4 ,! effects ( _! bite is simil> to t ( ! rattlesnake1 & cur$ 9 ! same way1 by ! prompt application ( ! ,ari/olo*ia s]p5t>ia1 ,polygala s5ega1 ,pr5an!s s]p5t>ia1 ,macrotry s]p5t>ia1 c4 & o!r plants1 be>+ 9 consequ5ce ! "n ( snak]oots4 ,?is snake is f\nd 9 ,new-,engl&1 ,new-,york1 ,new-,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 c41 & p]haps all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,art4 ,,xix4 ,on a ,me?od ( ,augm5t+ ! ,=ce ( ,gunp[d]4 ,extract ( a ,lett] to ! ,editor1 f ,colonel ,,george ,,gibbs4 ,i employ$1 ! la/ ye>1 a man 9 bl[+ rocks1 & hav+ se5 an acc\nt ( a me?od ( sub/itut+ a portion ( quick lime = a "p ( ! gunp[d] usually employ$1 ,i 0 induc$ to make a numb] ( exp]im5ts ^u x4 ,i n[ s5d y ! results 9 ! c]tificate ( ! p]son employ$1 ^: /atem5t might be reli$ on1 ev5 if ,i _h n sup]9t5d$ myself a numb] ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,sunswick ,f>ms1 ,oct4 #ai1 #ahag4--;,i c]tify t1 hav+ be5 employ$ by ,colonel ,gibbs 9 bla/+ rocks on 8 f>m1 ,i1 by 8 ord]s1 made use ( a composition ( "o "p quick lime & two p>ts gunp[d]1 & uni=mly f\nd ! same *>ge to answ] equally well ) a l quantity ( gunp[d]4 ,i made upw>ds ( fifty bla/s 9 ?is mann]1 z well z sev]al hundr$s 9 ! usual way1 & c !re=e dep5d ^u ! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t4 ,i f\nd1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! p[d]$ lime 0 mix$ ) ! gunp[d] ! day be=e1 t ! effect 0 dim9i%$4 ,x %\ld be always us$ ! day x is mix$4 7,sign$7 ,t4 ,,pom]oy4 ,?is prep>ation 0 made g5]ally 9 ! morn+1 put 9 a bottle & well cork$1 to prev5t ! access ( ! ext]nal air4 ,! rationale ( ! process 0 n expla9$ 9 ! orig9al recomm5dation1 b x soon occurr$ to me1 t x mu/ be ow+ to ! desiccation ( ! gunp[d] by ! lime4 ,! attraction ( moi/ure by gunp[d]1 is kn[n to be v great3 accord+ to ,rees's ,cyclop$ia1 upw>ds ( #af p] c5t4 has be5 absorb$1 & t ! removal1 simply1 f ne> ! fire to ! corn] ( ! room1 produces a consid]able *ange 9 its weight4 ,i presume1 !re=e1 t ! lime1 :i* 9 its cau/ic /ate has also a great aff9ity to wat]1 attracts a portion ( x f ! p[d]1 & leaves x 9 a /ate ( dryness be/ fitt$ = inflammation4 ,b if ! lime %\ld rema9 too long mix$ ) ! p[d]1 x w\ld probably attack ! wat] ( cry/allization ( ! saltpetre1 &1 accord+ to ,c\nt ,rum=d's idea1 de/roy a great "p ( ! p[]4 ,if also left expos$1 attractions ( moi/ure w\ld take place f ! atmosph]e1 ! gunp[d] w\ld rema9 sur*>g$ ) humidity z be=e1 & ! lime w\ld be only an in]t mass4 ,! exam9ation ( ?is subject l$ me to consid] ! increase ( ! p[] ( gunp[d] 9 v>i\s situations1 & ( its use 9 ! field4 ,x is well kn[n t aft] a few dis*>ges a cannon becomes heat$1 & ! range is mu* great]1 z well z ! recoil4 ,! *>ge ( p[d] is !re=e r$uc$ ab\t "o qu>t]1 to produce ! orig9al effect4 ,z ,i h n he>d or se5 any explanation ( ?is fact ,i %all take ?is opportunity ( m5tion+1 t x appe>s to arise f ! same cause z ! fir/ expla9$1 viz4 ! desiccation ( ! p[d]4 ,no p]son w dispute ! heat acquir$ by a cannon1 or ev5 a musket1 aft] repeat$ dis*>ges2 & ?is heat mu/ volatilize or de/roy a great portion ( ! moi/ure comb9$ ) ! p[d]1 assi/ its spe$y inflammation1 & p]haps add to its p[]1 by caus+ a m p]fect combu/ion ( ! inflammable p>ts ( ! gunp[d]4 ,?is w\ld cause a mu* great] volume ( gas to be produc$1 & ! high temp]ature w\ld also greatly augm5t its ela/icity2 & x is well kn[n t ! effects ( gunp[d] dep5d ^u ! rapid production & high degree ( ela/icity ( a great quantity ( a]i=m fluids or gases4 ,,art4 ,,xx4 ,on ,! ,connexion betwe5 ,magnetism & ,light4 ,by ,col4 ,,gibbs4 ,extract f a ,lett] to ! ,editor4 ,i visit$1 ! la/ ye>1 ! m9e ( magnetic iron at ,succassunny1 belong+ to ,gov]nor ,dick]son ( ,new-,j]sey4 ,! m9e _h n be5 work$ = a ye> pa/1 & ,i did n desc5d x4 ,! proprietor1 a g5tleman ( di/+ui%$ sci5ce1 in=m$ me ( a s+ul> circum/ance att5d+ x1 :i* 0 too important to be left unnotic$4 ,! m9e is work$ at ! dep? ( #ajj feet2 direction ( ! b$1 nor!a/ & s\?we/2 incl9ation ne>ly p]p5dicul>4 ,! ore 9 ! upp] "p ( ! b$ is magnetic1 & has pol>ity2 b t rais$ f ! bottom has no magnetism at fir/1 b acquires x aft] x has be5 "s "t expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is fact1 ( :i* !re is no d\bt1 /ruck me z mo/ s+ul>4 ,i c\ld n recollect any simil> obs]vation2 & x is only lately t ,i h f\nd t ,w]n] _h obs]v$1 t iron s&1 rais$ f ! dep? ( #ajj feet1 _h no magnetism4 ,see ,rees's ,cyclop$ia1 ,art4 ,s&4 ,i c\ld only acc\nt = ?is circum/ance by suppos+ t magnetism exi/$ n 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 z 0 suppos$1 b only on ! surface1 & 9 su* bodies z receiv$ ?is pr9ciple f atmosph]ic1 or cele/ial influ5ce4 ,! late discov]y ( ! magnetic influ5ce ( ! violet rays ( light1 by ,m4 ,more*9i1 a notice ( :i* has s9ce rea*$ u 9 ! j\rnals1 connect$ ) ! above fact1 leads me to believe t light is ! great s\rce ( magnetism4 ,a le>n$ =eign]1#ac ^: resid5ce 9 ?is c\ntry has contribut$ mu* to its sci5tific improvem5t1 has also in=m$ me t o!r sub/ances ?an metallic h be5 f\nd1 by compression1 to be magnetic4 ,x is well kn[n t ! violet ray is ! mo/ refrangible1 or has ! mo/ attraction to matt]4 ,b !re are o!r rays1 :i* ,h]s*el1 :o "s ye>s s9ce discov]$ !m1 calls invisible rays1 :i* are /ill m refrangible1 are next beyond ! violet1 :5 refract$1 & p>take ( mo/ ( its prop]ties1 except t !y are invisible4 ,i h n yet se5 any acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,more*9i1 o!r ?an ! notice 9 ! j\rnal2 b ,i tru/ ,i %all soon be able to det]m9e :e!r ^? invisible rays d n possess ! magnetic p[] z well z ! violet2 or1 p]haps1 possess x exclusively4 ,z ! refraction ( ! atmosph]e 9 ! pol> circles1 is at lea/ t5 times great] ?an 9 ! tropics1 a great] quantity ( ! magnetic rays w !re be sep>at$ & comb9$ ?an else:]e2 & ( c\rse arises excess ( magnetism4 ,h5ce ! direction ( magnetic bodies t[>ds ! nor!rn & s\!rn extreme regions4 ,! great absorption & emission ( light 9 ! pol> regions1 by ! ice & sn[1 may cause ! extraord9>y illum9ation ( t c\ntry dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! sun1 & ! emission ( ! magnetic rays ) electricity may1 p]haps1 give u ! aurora borealis4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ! diurnal v>iation ( ! compass ) ! sol> influ5ce1 des]ves p>ticul> notice1 & w h consid]able weight on ?is subject4 ,t !re are _m facts :i* _c readily be expla9$ by ! !ory ( light1 ,i %all n d5y2 b 9 ! infancy ( ?is sy/em we may be all[$ to hope t future obs]vations may enable u to remove pres5t difficulties4 ,"o ?+ mu/ be admitt$1 t no !ory has h]et(ore be5 publi%$ relat+ to magnetism1 :i* has receiv$ or seems entitl$ to mu* confid5ce4 ,9 y\r next numb] ,i hope to be able to furni% y ) fur!r rem>ks on ?is subject2 b1 ,i h no d\bt t philosophy w f9ally det]m9e t we owe to ! sol> ray light1 heat1 electricity1 & magnetism4 ,g4 ,,gibbs4 ,sunswick1 ,janu>y1 #ahah4 ,,art4 ,,xxi4 ,on a new ,means ( produc+ ,heat & ,light1 ) an ,engrav+1 by ,j4 ,l4 ,sullivan1 ,esq4 ( ,bo/on4 ,,bo/on1 ,may #g1 #ahah4 ,to ,pr(essor ,silliman4 ,,sir1 ,if ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a me?od ( us+ t> & /eam z fuel1 rec5tly inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,samuel ,morey1 %\ld be f\nd suffici5tly int]e/+ to occupy a place 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,i am s5sible its usefulness w be mu* ext5d$ ?r\gh t m$ium ( in=mation4 ,! inv5tor1 n unskill$ 9 *emi/ry1 & aw>e ( ! attraction ( oxyg5 = c>bon1 conceiv$ x practicable to conv]t ! con/itu5ts ( wat] into fuel1 by means ( ?is aff9ity4 ,:atev] may be ! fact1 *emically consid]$1 ! op]ation1 9 v>i\s exp]im5ts1 promises to af=d a conv5i5t me?od ( apply+ to use sev]al ( ! mo/ combu/ible sub/ances1 n hi!rto employ$ z fuel4 ,by ! process ,i %all briefly describe1 all c>bonace\s fluids may be conv5i5tly burnt1 & d]ive great =ce f _! comb9ation ) ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases ( wat] or /eam1 be=e or at ! mom5t ( ignition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,fire ,,app>atus4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a tight vessel1 cyl9drically %ap$1 0 fir/ employ$1 conta9+ ros91 connect$ ) a small boil] by a pipe :i* ent]$ ne> ! bottom1 & ext5d$ ne>ly its l5g?1 hav+ small ap]tures1 ov] :i* 7 two inv]t$ gutt]s1 incl9+ or slop+ upw>ds ov] ea* o!r2 ! upp] "o long] ?an ! o!r1 int5d$ to deta9 ! /eam 9 ! ros91 9 its way to ! surface4 ,! ros9 be+ heat$1 c>burett$ hydrog5 gas w\ld issue f ! outlet1 or pipe1 ins]t$ ne> ! top ( ! vessel1 & be+ ignit$1 af=d$ a small blaze1 ab\t z l>ge z t ( a c&le2 b1 :5 ! /eam 0 all[$ to fl[1 ?is blaze w\ld in/antly %oot out _m hundr$ times its =m] bulk1 to ! di/ance ( two or ?ree feet4 ,x is presum$ ! /eam 0 decompos$1 & c>burett$ hydrog5 & c>bonic oxide1 or c>bonic acid1 produc$ z ! /eam pass$1 v ne> ! hot bottom ( ! vessel4 ,ano!r app>atus 0 con/ruct$1 consi/+ ( two vessels1 "o )9 ! o!r1 hav+ a cov] common to bo?2 ! inn] "o to conta9 t>1 7z a m conv5i5t sub/ance ?an ros927 ! out] vessel to conta9 wat]1 :i* surr\nds ! o!r1 & lies "u its bottom2 or1 9 o!r words1 a vessel ( t> set into a vessel ( boil+ wat]4 ,! boil] has a l9+ ( %eet copp]1 or t91 to promote ! ebullition4 ,! t> vessel be+ rivet$ to ! cov]1 holes are made ?r\gh its sides1 ne> to ! cov]1 to all[ ! /eam to pass 91 & act on its surface4 ,! cov] be+ secur$ on1 a safety valve is provid$ = ! /eam vessel1 & two cocks2 "o ov] ! t>1 ! o!r ov] ! wat]1 are fix$ contigu\sly2 ! fir/ has a tube1 or is elongat$ to rea* ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! t>1 :i* asc5ds1 & is driv5 out by ! pressure ( ! /eam on its surface4 ,bo? cocks conduct to a pipe1 :]e9 is plac$ a l>ge wire1 or metallic rod1 :i* ab\t fills ! tube1 & is p]=at$ obliquely1 or zig zag1 to increase ! l5g? ( ! passage1 & to m+le ! t> & /eam m intimately4 ,! gases1 or vap\rs1 issue f a small orifice at ! end ( ! pipe2 &1 be+ ignit$ by a little fire1 into :i* x is direct$1 an int5se & volum9\s blaze is produc$1 & cont9ues z long z ! mat]ials rema9 unexhau/$4 ,a hot brick1 in/ead ( ! fire1 answ]s ! same purpose4 ,?is app>atus conta9$ b ab\t "o qu>t ( t>1 7:i* mu/ always be nicely /ra9$17 & x la/$ "o & a half h\r1 & ! flame 0 suffici5t to fill a common fireplace1 if n all[$ to escape1 by its viol5ce1 up ! *imney4 ,its =ce w be accord+ to ! ela/icity ( ! /eam4 ,i regret be+ unable1 s9ce1 to make m exact & v>i$ exp]im5ts1 to demon/rate ! economy ( ?is fuel4 ,?is po9t1 h[ev]1 & ! *emical facts1 w be ! subject ( a future communication4 ,& probably a =m ( a /ove may be devis$1 :]e9 x may be us$ = ! purposes ( w>m?1 light1 & cook+2 & ano!r app>atus to light /reets4 ,b ?is inv5tion w be ( m special use z fuel = /eam eng9es appli$ to navigation--! purpose pr9cipally = :i* ,i h pur*as$ ! pat5t "r4 ,?is may be ! subject ( ano!r communication4 ,,art4 ,,xxii4 ,on ! ,*anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! ,wells ( ,wat] situat$ 9 ,columbia1 ,s\?-,c>ol9a1 s9ce ! ,e>?quakes ( #ahaa-ab4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,d>rell ,,smi?1 ,m4 ,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,*emical & ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy & ,m9]alogy 9 ! ,s\?-,c>ol9a ,college4 ,to ,pr(essor ,silliman4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,9 answ] to y\r inquiry respect+ ! *anges 9 our wells1 s9ce ! memorable p]iod ( ! e>?quakes1 ,i w\ld make ! foll[+ obs]vations3 ,^! trem5d\s convulsions ( nature comm5c$ 9 ,decemb]1 #ahaa1 & 7 cont9u$1 at int]vals1 until ! latt] end ( ! succe$+ mon? ( ,m>*1 ) diff]5t degrees ( viol5ce1 9 ?is & "s ( ! adjac5t /ates4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahab1 ,i visit$ ?is t[n1 & !n und]/ood t ! wells1 :i* are g5]ally v deep1 _h an abundance ( wat] 9 !m4 ,?is cont9u$ to be ! case = ab\t "o ye> aft]2 & 9 ! ,college well1 9 p>ticul>1 :i* 0 a rem>kably f9e "o1 !re 7 always ab\t twelve feet ( wat]1 not)/&+ its daily consumption by m ?an two hundr$ p]sons4 ,%ortly aft] ?is "t1 _m ( ! wells 9 ! t[n began to fail 9 _! usual supply ( wat]1 al?\gh !y 7 frequ5tly clean$ out & occasionally deep5$4 ,_! /ate became worse e ye>1 until1 at l5g?1 ab\t ?ree ye>s s9ce1 "s ( !m prov$ to be entirely dry1 & mo/ ( ! o!rs _h _! wat] turbid1 & dim9i%$ to ! dep? ( only two or ?ree feet4 ,a little ant]ior to ?is p]iod1 :at 7 call$ ! dry ye>s _h comm5c$1 & !re 71 comp>atively1 v scanty falls ( ra9 until ! la/ spr+2 s9ce :5 !re has be5 a v l>ge quantity4 ,to elucidate ! subject m fully1 x may n be amiss to give "s topographical acc\nt ( ! t[n ( ,columbia4 ,ab\t a mile f ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,cog>ee ! t[n beg9s to be ?ickly built up1 & at ?is di/ance ! elevation ( gr\nd is suppos$ to be "o hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! riv] 9 its ord9>y /ate4 ,! hill is !n tol]ably level = ! space ( a mile or m 9 its we/]n ext5t1 & its soil is pr9cipally compos$ ( a loose1 por\s s&1 ) :i* few1 if any1 /ones are int]mix$ at any dep? t has yet be5 p5etrat$4 ,9 attempt+ to acc\nt = ! failure ( ! well-wat]s1 x 0 suppos$ by "s t ! e>?quakes _h produc$ su* *anges 9 ! loose texture ( ! soils1 t ! ve9s ( wat] :i* us$ to supply ! wells1 _h sunk b5ea? ! level ( ^! res]voirs2 b on ?is head x is to be obs]v$1 t !re 0 no rem>kable failure ( wat] = "o or two ye>s aft] ^! *anges 7 suppos$ to h be5 effect$4 ,o!rs aga91 connect+ ! greate/ failure ( wat] ) ! concurr+ de>? ( ra91 conceiv$ t ! fact might be expla9$ by ! dr\ghts occasion+ a defici5cy 9 ! riv]-wat]1 & ?us cutt+ (f ! supply :i* !y suppos$ _h h]et(ore p]colat$ f ! m>g9 ( ! riv] into ! wells4 ,if _! hypo!sis 0 correct1 x 0 believ$ t ! difficulty w\ld be remov$1 ei!r by deep5+ ! wells1 or by subsequ5t l>ge supplies ( ra94 ,_m wells 7 imm$iately deep5$ f two to eight or t5 feet1 b ! rem$y prov$ v inadequate4 ,& s9ce ! great falls ( ra91 )9 a ye> pa/1 al?\gh !re are some:at l>g] supplies ( wat] 9 "s wells1 yet !re is n ! half z mu* z exi/$ be=e ! e>?quakes4 ,! ,college well1 al?\gh deep5$ sev]al feet1 does n n[ conta9 g5]ally m ?an f\r or five feet ( wat]4 ,i mu/ n omit to rem>k1 t two wells1 situat$ 9 a longitud9al l9e f nor? to s\?1 ) reg>d to ea* o!r1 & also 9 a l[] spot ( gr\nd1 nev] fail$ entirely1 al?\gh !y dim9i%$ consid]ably1 & n[ yield m copi\s supplies ?an any o!rs4 ,:atev] may be ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on1 ! effects are s inconv5i5t1 & x is s g5]ally believ$ t !y are likely to be p]man5t1 t ! inhabitants ( ! t[n are beg9n+ to build ci/]ns1 9 ord] to accumulate artificial res]voirs ( wat]4 ,,art4 ,,xxiii4 ,respiration ( ,oxyg5 ,gas4 ,x is n extraord9>y1 :5 oxyg5 gas 0 fir/ discov]$1 & f\nd to be ! pr9ciple ( life to ! :ole animal creation1 t extravagant expectations %\ld h be5 =m$ z to its m$ic9al application4 ,disappo9tm5t foll[$ ( c\rse1 & naturally l$ to a neglect ( ! subject2 &1 9 fact1 = "s ye>s1 pneumatic m$ic9e has gone into discr$it1 & public op9ion has vibrat$ to ! extreme ( incr$ulity4 ,p>tak+ 9 a degree 9 ?is feel+1 we li/5$ ) "s reluctance to a v press+ application on ?is subject dur+ ! la/ summ]4 ,a "y lady1 app>5tly 9 ! la/ /ages ( decl9e1 & suppos$ to be affect$ ) hydro?orax1 0 pron\nc$ beyond ! rea* ( ord9>y m$ical aid4 ,z %e 0 9 a remote t[n 9 ,connecticut1 :]e no facilities exi/$ t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( ! object1 we felt no confid5ce t1 ev5 if oxyg5 gas 7 possess$ ( any efficacy 9 su* cases1 x w\ld actually be appli$ 9 ?is case1 9 su* a mann] z to d any good4 ,yield+1 h[ev]1 to ! anxi\s wi%es ( fri5ds1 we furni%$ draw+s = su* an app>atus z might be presum$ atta9able1 & also writt5 & m9ute directions = prep>+1 try+1 & adm9i/]+ ! gas4 ,x 0 obta9$ f nitrate ( pota%1 7saltpetre17 n because x 0 ! be/ process1 b because ! sub/ance c\ld be obta9$ 9 ! place1 & because a common fire w\ld s]ve = its extrication4 ,! gas obta9$ _h1 ( c\rse1 a v>iable mixture ( nitrog5 or azot1 & probably on an av]age1 might n be pur] ?an ne>ly ! rev]s$ proportions ( ! atmosph]e--t is1 #gj to #hj p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 to #bj or #cj nitrog52 & x is wor?y ( obs]vation1 :e!r ?is circum/ance might n h influ5c$ ! result4 ,contr>y to our expectations1 ! gas 7z we are s9ce in=m$ by good au?ority7 0 skilfully prep>$ & p]sev]+ly us$4 ,f ! fir/1 ! difficulty ( brea?+ & o!r oppressive affections 7 reliev$3 ! "y lady grew rapidly bett]1 & 9 a few weeks entirely recov]$ h] heal?4 ,a respectable physician1 conv]sant ) ! case1 /ates1 9 a lett] n[ be=e u1 t ! inhal+ ( ! oxyg5 gas reliev$ ! difficulty ( brea?+1 increas$ ! op]ation ( diuretics1 & has effect$ h] cure4 ,:e!r h] disease 0 hydro?orax1 or an anas>c\s affection ( ! lungs1 is a matt] ,i believe n settl$4 ,%\ld ! revival ( ! exp]im5ts on ! respiration ( oxyg5 gas appe> to be desir$1 x w\ld n be difficult to simplify ! app>atus & op]ations s z to br+ !m )9 ! rea* ( an intellig5t p]son1 ev5 al?\gh ignorant ( *emi/ry3 & ?is task1 %\ld !re be occasion1 we w\ld *e]fully und]take to p]=m4 ,?is int]e/+ class ( exp]im5ts ought to be resum$1 n ) ! _s ( quack]y1 or ( extravagant expectation1 b ) ! sobriety ( philosophical rese>*2 & x is m ?an probable t ! nitr\s oxyde :i* is n[ little m ?an a subject ( m]rim5t & wond]1 if prop]ly dilut$ & discreetly appli$1 w\ld be productive ( valuable effects4 ,,art4 ,,xxiv4 ,on ! ,comp\nd ,bl[pipe4 ,extract f ! ,j\rnal de ,physique1 ( ,p>is1 = ,janu>y #ahah4ad ,,conc]n+ ,,heat4 ,heat1 consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ important ag5ts1 especially 9 relation to *emi/ry1 & ev5 to m9]alogy1 has also be5 ! subject ( num]\s lab\rs1 bo? ) reg>d to ! means ( augm5t+ & ( dim9i%+ its effects4 ,to ! =m] belong ! num]\s exp]im5ts made1 especially 9 ,engl&1 ) ! bl[pipe1 suppli$ by a mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases4 ,mr4 ,cl>ke has evid5tly be5 m ext5sively engag$ 9 ^! rese>*es ?an any o!r p]son1 z our read]s h p]ceiv$ 9 ! extracts :i* we h giv5 f ! lab\rs ( ?is le>n$ *emi/2 b x is prop] also to give publicity to ! prote/ 7rclamation7 made to u 9 fav\r ( ,mr4 ,silliman4 ,we h already /at$ t ,mr4 ,h>e1 ( ,philadelphia1 fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( =m+ a bl[pipe ) explosive gas2 b z we h n be5 conv]sant ) ! memoirs ( ! ,society ( ,arts & ,sci5ces ( ,connecticut1 we h n made m5tion ( ,mr4 ,silliman4 ,! fact is1 t ?is *emi/1 ,pr(essor at ,new-,hav51 publi%$1 on ! #g? ( ,may1#ae #ahab1 a memoir conta9+ ! results ( exp]im5ts made ^u a v great numb] ( bodies1 until t "t reput$ to be infusible2 &1 among o!rs1 ^u ! alkal9e e>?s1 ! decomposition ( :i* he effect$4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,cl>ke 7 !re=e subsequ5t2 b1 hav+ be5 made ^u a /ill m ext5sive li/ ( sub/ances1 !y are sc>cely less int]e/+4 ,x results !n1 f ! exp]im5ts ( ,messrs4 ,h>e1 ,silliman1 ,cl>ke1 ,murray1 & ,ridolfi1 t !re is really no sub/ance :i* is infusible 9 ! degree ( heat produc$ by ?is k9d ( bl[pipe4 ,9 ?is new dep>tm5t ( physics1 x is attempt$ n only to apply ! bl[pipe to a v great numb] ( bodies1 b s to modify ! in/rum5t or app>atus z to give x ! highe/ degree ( conv5i5ce1 & especially to obviate ! dang] ( explosion4 pp4 #ch #ci4 ,,rem>ks4 ,z ! results produc$ by ,mr4 ,h>e's ,comp\nd ,bl[pipe1 f$ by oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases1 cont9ue to be m5tion$ 9 ,europe1 9 _m ( ! ,j\rnals1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! results long s9ce obta9$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 we republi% ! foll[+ /atem5t ( facts1 :i* 01 9 sub/ance1 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,new-,york1 m ?an a ye> s9ce4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 t ,mr4 ,tillo* has s9ce publi%$1 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e 9 ,london1 ! memoir :i* conta9$ ! ,am]ican results1 & !re h be5 "s o!r allusions to x 9 diff]5t ,european ,j\rnals1 & to ,mr4 ,h>e's previ\s exp]im5ts2 b /ill ?is int]e/+ class ( results cont9ue to be attribut$ to o!rs ?an _! orig9al discov]]s4 ,yale ,college1 ,april #g1 #ahag4 ,v>i\s notices1 m or less complete1 *iefly copi$ f ,engli% newspap]s1 are n[ go+ ! r\nd ( ! public pr9ts 9 ?is c\ntry1 /at+ t a new k9d ( fire has be5 discov]$ 9 ,engl&1 or1 at lea/1 new & h]et(ore unp>allel$ means ( excit+ heat1 by :i* ! gems1 & all ! mo/ refractory sub/ances 9 nature1 are imm$iately melt$1 & ev5 9 v>i\s in/ances dissipat$ 9 vap\r1 or decompos$ into _! elem5ts4 ,! fir/ glance at ^! /atem5ts1 7:i*1 z reg>ds ! effects1 ,i h no d\bt are sub/antially true17 0 suffici5t to satisfy me1 t ! basis ( ^! discov]ies 0 laid by an ,am]ican discov]y1 made by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,h>e ( ,philadelphia1 9 #ahja4 ,9 ,decemb] ( t ye>1 ,mr4 ,h>e communicat$ to ! ,*emical ,society ( ,philadelphia 8 discov]y ( a me?od ( burn+ oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases 9 a unit$ /ream1 s z to produce a v int5se heat4 ,9 #ahjb1 he publi%$ a detail$ memoir on ! subject1 ) an engrav+ ( 8 app>atus1 & he recit$ ! effects ( 8 in/rum5t2 "s ( :i*1 9 ! degree ( heat produc$1 surpass$ any ?+ be=e kn[n4 ,9 #ahjb1 & #ahjc1 ,i 0 occupi$ ) him1 9 ,philadelphia1 9 prosecut+ simil> exp]im5ts on a m ext5d$ scale2 & a communication on ! subject 0 made to ! ,philosophical ,society ( ,philadelphia4 ,! memoir is pr9t$ 9 _! transactions2 & ,mr4 ,h>e's orig9al memoir 0 repr9t$ 9 ! ,annals ( ,*emi/ry1 9 ,p>is1 & 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 9 ,london4 ,mr4 ,murray1 9 8 ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry1 has m5tion$ ,mr4 ,h>e's results 9 ! fusion ( sev]al ( ! e>?s1 c4 & has giv5 him cr$it = 8 discov]y4 ,9 "o in/ance1 :ile 9 ,europe1 9 #ahjf1 at a public lecture1 ,i saw "s ( !m exhibit$ by a celebrat$ ,pr(essor1 :o m5tion$ ,mr4 ,h>e z ! reput$ au?or ( ! inv5tion4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahaa1 ,i in/itut$ an ext5d$ c\rse ( exp]im5ts ) ,mr4 ,h>e's bl[pipe1 9 :i* ,i melt$ lime & magnesia1 & a long li/ ( ! mo/ refractory m9]als1 gems1 & o!rs1 ! great] "p ( :i* _h nev] be5 melt$ be=e1 & ,i suppos$ t ,i _h decompos$ lime1 b>ytes1 /rontites1 & magnesia1 evolv+ _! metallic basis1 :i* burnt 9 ! air z fa/ z produc$4 ,i communicat$ a detail$ acc\nt ( my exp]im5ts to ! ,connecticut ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 :o publi%$ x 9 _! ,transactions = #ahab2 ) _! leave x 0 communicat$ to ,dr ,bruce's ,m9]alogical ,j\rnal1 & x 0 pr9t$ 9 ! #d? numb] ( t "w4 ,hundr$s ( my pupils c te/ify t ,mr4 ,h>e's spl5did exp]im5ts1 & _m o!rs p]=m$ ) 8 bl[pipe1 f$ by oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases1 h be5 = ye>s pa/ annually exhibit$1 9 my public c\rses ( *emi/ry 9 ,yale ,college1 & t ! fusion & volatilization ( plat9a1 & ! combu/ion ( t metal1 & ( gold & silv]1 & ( _m o!r metals2 t ! fusion ( ! e>?s1 ( rock cry/al1 ( gun fl9t1 ( ! corundum gems1 & _m o!r1 v refractory sub/ances2 & ! production ( light beyond ! brightness ( ! sun1 h be5 famili> exp]im5ts 9 my laboratory4 ,i h uni=mly giv5 ,mr4 ,h>e ! full cr$it ( ! inv5tion1 al?\gh my rese>*es1 ) 8 in/rum5t1 _h be5 pu%$ f>!r ?an 8 own1 & a good _m new results add$4 ,x is !re=e ) no small surprise t1 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 = ,septemb]1 #ahaf1 ,i f\nd a translation ( a v elaborate memoir1 f a ,sci5tific ,j\rnal1 publi%$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,london1 9 :i* a full acc\nt is giv5 ( a v int]e/+ s]ies ( exp]im5ts p]=m$ by means ( ,mr4 ,h>e's in/rum5t2 or r "o some:at diff]5tly arrang$1 b dep5d+ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,mr4 ,h>e's inv5tion is slightly m5tion$ 9 a note1 b no m5tion is made ( 8 exp]im5ts1 or ( m9e4 ,on a comp>ison ( ! memoir 9 "q ) ,mr4 ,h>e's & ) my own1 ,i f9d t v _m ( ! results are id5tical1 & all ! new ones are d]iv$ directly f ,mr4 ,h>e's inv5tion1 ) ! foll[+ diff]5ces4--,9 ,mr4 ,h>e's1 ! two gases 7 9 di/9ct res]voirs1 to prev5t explosion2 !y 7 propell$ by ! pressure ( a column ( wat]1 & 7 made to m+le1 j be=e _! exit1 at a common orifice4 ,9 ! ,engli% app>atus1 ! gases are bo? 9 "o res]voir1 & !y are propell$ by _! own ela/icity1 aft] cond5sation1 by a syr+e4 ,pr(essor ,cl>ke1 ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 ! celebrat$ travell]1 is ! au?or ( ! memoir 9 "q2 & we mu/ presume t he 0 ignorant ( :at _h be5 done by ,mr4 ,h>e & myself1 or he w\ld c&idly h adv]t$ to ! facts4 ,x is prop] t ! public %\ld "k t ,mr4 ,h>e 0 ! au?or ( ! inv5tion1 by means ( :i*1 9 ,europe1 !y are n[ p]=m+ ! mo/ brilliant & beautiful exp]im5ts2 & t !re are v few ( ^! results hi!rto obta9$ !re1 by ! use ( x1 7& ! publication ( :i* has !re excit$ great int]e/17 :i* 7 n1 sev]al ye>s ago1 anticipat$ "h1 ei!r by ,mr4 ,h>e or by myself4 ,z ,i h cit$ only pr9t$ docum5ts1 or ! te/imony ( liv+ witnesses1 ,i tru/ ! public w n consid] ?is communication z indelicate1 or arrogant1 b simply a matt] ( ju/ice to ! int]e/s ( ,am]ican sci5ce1 & p>ticul>ly to ,mr4 ,h>e4 ,,b5jam9 ,,silliman1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,m9]alogy 9 ,yale ,college4 ,,art4 ,,xxv4 ,! ,nor?we/ ,passage1 ! ,nor? ,pole1 & ! ,gre5l& ,ice4 ,9 look+ ov] ! =eign j\rnals1 we f9d no articles ( intellig5ce s int]e/+ z ^? :i* respect ! ?ree subjects m5tion$ above4 ,inde$1 z !y h f\nd _! way into mo/ ( our newspap]s1 x is n[ g5]ally kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! report$ break+ up ( ! ,gre5l& ice1 an exp$ition has already left ,engl&1 9 two divisions1 ! "o = ! purpose ( explor+ a nor?we/ passage to ,asia1 ar\nd ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 by ! way ( ,davis's ,/raits2 ! o!r1 = effect+ ! same object by pass+ ov] ! nor? pole4 ,if ,horace ?\ght t man almo/ impi\sly d>+ :o fir/ adv5tur$ ^u ! op5 sea1 :at %all we say ( ! h>dihood ( ! attempt to visit ,,! ,,pole8--! pole1 :i* x is impossible to contemplate )\t awe--:i*1 9 all probability1 has nev] be5 visit$ by any liv+ be+--:]e ! dre>y solitude has nev] be5 brok5 by human voice--:]e ! s\nd ( w> has nev] be5 he>d1 & d>kness & cold ex]t an almo/ undisput$ dom9ion6 ,:at mu/ be ! emotions ( t man :o fir/ /&s ^u ! po9t ( ! e>?'s axis6 ,:o1 no long] p>tak+ ( ! revolution1 9 circles ( latitude1 sl[ly revolves on ! axis ( 8 own body1 once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs--to :om ! sun does n rise or set1 b1 mov+ 9 a c\rse v oblique to ! horizon1 makes sc>cely a p]ceptible progress 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & at ! end ( ?ree mon?s1 :5 he has atta9$ 8 noon1 is only #bc #bh1 on ! arc ( a v]tical circle1 above ! horizon--to :om longitude is ext9ct1 & :o c move 9 no possible direction b s\?--to :om ! />s are a blank1 & to :om ! pol> />1 c\ld he see x1 w\ld appe> 9 ! z5i?4 ,su* are "s ( ! mo/ obvi\s results ( a position on ! pole4 ,! man :o fir/ e/abli%es himself on ?is sublime po9t1 w h m reason = self-congratulation ?an he :o l$ ! ,p]sian myriads into ,greece1 or he :o pu%$ ! ,mac$onians to ! ,indus4 ,on ^! int]e/+ subjects1 we beg leave to ref] our read]s to a v able treatise 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,febru>y1 #ahah1 :]e all ! topics at ! head ( ?is article are discuss$ ) mu* le>n+ & ability4--,we extract ! foll[+ passage3 ,if an op5 navigation %\ld be discov]$ across ! pol> bas91 ! passage ov] ! pole or close to x1 w be "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ev5ts to sci5ce t has ev] occurr$4 ,x w be ! fir/ "t t ! problem 0 practically solv$ ) :i* ! le>n]s ( geography are sometimes puzzl$--t ( go+ ! %orte/ way betwe5 two places ly+ ea/ & we/1 by tak+ a direction ( nor? & s\?4 ,! passage ( ! pole w require ! undivid$ att5tion ( ! navigator4 ,on approa*+ ?is po9t1 f :i* ! nor!rn coa/s ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 & e "p ( !m1 w be> s\? ( him1 no?+ c possibly assi/ him 9 det]m9+ 8 c\rse1 & keep+ on ! "r m]idian ( 8 de/9$ place1 b a correct k ( ! "t3 & yet no means ( asc]ta9+ t "t w be af=d$ him4 ,! only "t he c h1 ) any degree ( c]ta9ty1 z long z he rema9s on or ne> ! pole1 mu/ be t ( ,gre5wi*1 & ?is he c "k only f good *ronomet]s2 =1 f ! g5]al hazy /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 & p>ticul>ly ab\t ! horizon1 & ! sam5ess 9 ! altitude ( ! sun at e h\r 9 ! f\r-&-tw5ty1 he mu/ n expect to obta9 an approximation ev5 ( ! app>5t "t1 by obs]vation1 & he w h no />s to assi/ him4 ,all 8 ideas respect+ ! heav5s & ! reckon+s ( 8 "t w be rev]s$1 & ! *ange n gradual1 z 9 proce$+ f ! ea/ to ! we/1 or ! contr>y1 b in/antane\s4 ,! magnetic ne$le w po9t to its unkn[n magnetic pole1 or fly ar\nd f ! po9t ( ! b[l 9 :i* x is susp5d$1 & t :i* indicat$ nor? w n[ be s\?2 ! ea/ w become ! we/1 & ! h\r ( noon w be t ( midnight4 ,^! curi\s circum/ances w probably be consid]$ to m>k ! passage by ! pole1 z ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! two1 :ile x w p]haps be f\nd equally easy4 ,we h1 inde$1 v little d\bt1 t if ! pol> bas9 %\ld prove to be free f l& ab\t ! pole1 x w also be free ( ice4 ,a sea ( m ?an two ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 ( unfa?omable dep?1 7:i* is ! case betwe5 ,gre5l& & ,spitzb]g517 & 9 con/ant motion1 is n likely to be froz5 ov] at any "t4 ,b if all endeav\rs to discov] a passage to ! ,pacific by ei!r r\te %\ld prove unavail+1 x w /ill be satisfactory to h remov$ e d\bt on ?is subject by asc]ta9+ ! fact4 ,9 mak+ ! attempt1 _m objects int]e/+ & important to sci5ce w pres5t !mselves to ! obs]vation ( ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! two exp$itions4 ,t :i* proce$s up ,davis's ,/raits1 w h an opportunity ( adju/+ ! geography ( ! nor!a/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 & ! we/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&2 & ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! latt] be n an isl& or an ar*ipelago ( isl&s2 & mu* curi\s in=mation may be expect$ f bo?4 ,!y w asc]ta91 :at is z yet b v imp]fectly kn[n1 ! dep?1 ! temp]ature1 ! saltness1 & ! specific gravity ( ! sea-wat] 9 ^? high latitudes--! velocity ( ! curr5ts1 ! /ate ( atmosph]ical electricity 9 ! arctic regions1 & its connexion1 at :i* we h glanc$1 ) ! incl9ation1 decl9ation1 & int5sity ( =ce ( ! magnetic ne$le2 on :i* subject alone1 a collection ( facts t[>ds ! upp] "p ( ,davis's ,/raits w\ld be wor? a voyage ( discov]y4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 long suspect$ t "o ( ! magnetic poles w be f\nd 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 z 9 no "p ( ! _w h su* extraord9>y ph5om5a be5 obs]v$1 or su* irregul>ities 9 ! vibration & ! v>iation ( ! ne$le4 ,a comp>ison ( ! magnetic influ5ce ne> ! pole1 ) :at x has be5 obs]v$ to be on ! equator1 might lead to important results2 & ! sw++ ( a p5dulum z ne> ! pole z c be approa*$1 to comp>e ) ! oscillations obs]v$ 9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 & 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 w\ld be a great po9t ga9$ = sci5ce4 ,we h no room 9 ?is ,numb] to consid] ! probability ( success 9 ?is attempt1 nor ! "q1 :e!r ! break+ up ( ! ,gre5l& ice1 & its passage to1 & dissolution 91 ! s\?1 h be5 att5d$ ) a *ill+ influ5ce on ! cont95ts4 ,t su* a *ill+ effect might be ext5sively ex]t$1 is c]ta9ly cr$ible4 ,approa*+ "s ( ! iceb]gs1 9 ,april #ahje1 on ! %oals ( ,newf\ndl&1 we 7 r5d]$ v s5sible ( ! vic9ity ( su* dang]\s neighb\rs1 by ! great *ill 9 ! air1 long be=e !y 7 visible2 & :5 we _h pass$ !m1 ! wea!r aga9 grew mild]4 ,p]haps x militates aga9/ ! probability ( f9d+ ! nor!rn pol> bas9 free ( ice1 t ,capta9 ,cook1 9 8 approximation to ! s\!rn pole1 9 ,janu>y1 #aggc1 :5 9 latitude #fg #ae s\?1 c\ld proce$ no f>!r2 ! ice be+ entirely clos$ to ! s\?1 9 ! :ole ext5t f ea/ to we/-s\?we/1 )\t ! lea/ appe>ance ( any op5+4 ,! advanc$ season ( ! ye> did n1 h[ev]1 p]mit ,capta9 ,cook to asc]ta9 :e!r he c\ld coa/ ar\nd ?is ice--:e!r x 0 ultimately atta*$ to l&1 or 0 a "p ( a va/ field ext5d+ to ! s\? pole4 ,?is la/ is h[ev] highly improbable1 because be+ f\nd ab\t #bc f ! pole1 x is h>dly cr$ible t x w\ld occupy s ext5sive a region z to embrace ! pole1 &1 p]haps ext5d z mu* f>!r beyond2 especially z 9 simil> latitudes 9 ! opposite hemisph]e1 navigation is comp>atively free1 & has be5 pu%$ ev5 to m ?an #hj ( nor? latitude4 ,! sci5tific1 z well z ! comm]cial _w1 w wait ) no small impati5ce = ! t]m9ation ( ! two gr& arctic exp$itions1 :i* are among ! mo/ orig9al & d>+1 & may be among ! mo/ int]e/+ & mom5t\s hi!rto und]tak5 by man4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,i tru/ ! public w p>don me = /at+1 t v>i\s sci5tific fri5ds1 despair+ ( ! revival ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,dr4 ,bruce1 _h1 = "s "t1 press$ me to und]take ! edit+ ( a ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4 ,consid]ations ( p]sonal fri5d%ip prev5t$ me f li/5+ to su* proposals till ! decl9e ( ,dr4 ,bruce's heal?1 att5d$ by ! mo/ al>m+ symptoms1 r5d]$ x v obvi\s t 8 ,j\rnal w\ld n be reviv$4 ,t[>ds ! close ( la/ ,novemb]1 9 a p]sonal int]view1 ,i communicat$ to him ! design ( ! pres5t "w1 at ! same "t (f]+ to waive x1 provid$ he consid]$ x z probable t 8 own ,j\rnal w\ld be resum$4 ,( ?is1 h[ev]1 he gave no enc\ragem5t2 b1 on ! contr>y1 express$ 8 w>m approbation ( my und]tak+1 au?oriz$ me to consid] him z a contributor1 & to make public use ( 8 "n z a patron4 ,x 0 n till aft] ?is t ! annunciation ( ?is "w took place2 & x is c]ta9 t _h n all hope ( ! resumption ( ,dr4 ,bruce's ,j\rnal be5 completely cut (f1 ?is w\ld n h appe>$4 #b ,! ef=ts ( ,/eph5 ,elliott1 ,esq4 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 9 reg>d to ! botany ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 are p>ticul>ly wor?y ( imitation & praise4 #c ,f ! ,,ms4 pap]s ( ! ,connecticut ,academy1 n[ publi%$ by p]mission4 #d ,see ,kollmann's ,h>mony1 p4 #ac1 c4 #e ,tillo*'s ,phil4 ,mag4 ,vol4 ,,xxviii4 p4 #adj4 #f ,! propriety ( mak+ #be 3 #cf ! true ratio ( ! #e? w be manife/1 :5 x is consid]$ t ?is is ! value ( t int]val z s\nd$ by voices & p]fect in/rum5ts2 :5 ! #c;ds :i* compose x are made p]fect4 ,?is int]val1 z f\nd 9 ! scale :i* has ! fewe/ temp]$ concords possible ref]r$ to at ! beg9n+ ( ?is essay1 ought to be reg>d$ z ! true #e?1 flatt5$ by a comma1 9 ! same mann] z "o ( its compon5t #c;ds w be all[$ by all to be flatt5$4 #g ,! propriety ( ?is limitation w be manife/1 :5 we consid] t 9 organ music1 ! *ords are g5]ally play$ m full1 & are m protract$1 ?an 9 music = o!r key$ in/rum5ts4 ,x is h>mony :i* con/itutes its "*1 9 a high] degree ?an 9 music = o!r in/rum5ts4 ,h5ce ! h>mony ( ! organ ought n to be impair$ by includ+ 9 our computations any music n adapt$ to x4 ,if a simil> exam9ation ( music = ! piano-=te w\ld af=d a set ( results ess5tially diff]5t f ^? ( ?is proposition1 ?is is no pro( t x ought to h any conc]n 9 a sy/em ( temp]am5t design$ prim>ily = ! organ1 b m]ely t ! same temp]am5t _c be equally adapt$ to diff]5t in/rum5ts4 ,if1 z is probable1 su* an exam9ation w\ld give ess5tially ! same results1 to introduce !m w\ld be sup]flu\s4 #h ,! small] works ( ,phillips & ,aik9 7 n !n publi%$2 _h !y be51 !y c\ld n h sup]s$$ ,cleavel&2 ! same may be said ( ! respectable "w ( ,pr(essor ,kidd1 ( ,ox=d ,univ]sity4 #i ,a va/ region 9 ! int]ior ( ,new-,york & ,p5nsylvania is n[ f]tiliz$ by inexhau/ible b$s ( sulphat ( lime1 7pla/] ( ,p>is17 :i*1 till a v few ye>s s9ce1 7 n ev5 kn[n to exi/4 ,ne> ,new-,hav5 imm5se b$s ( gre5 m>ble 7 discov]$ 9 #ahaa1 dur+ a m9]alogical excursion3 ?is beautiful mat]ial1 closely resembl+ ! v]d antique1 is n[1 on ! spot1 wr\ght into tables1 fireplaces1 & _m o!r ornam5tal =ms2 & al?\gh ! f>m]s _h made f5ces ( x = #aej ye>s1 no "o suspect$ :at x 0 till ! /udy ( m9]alogy1 9 ,yale ,college1 br\ght x to light4 #aj ,see ,tillo*'s ,phil4 ,mag4 ,vol4 ,,xlii4 p4 #ahb4 #aa ,9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia ?is plant is call$ limosella t5uifolia4 #ab ,no return ( ?is tree 0 made f ,brunswick4 ,! date ( ! *]ry-tree is !re=e sub/itut$1 :i* is usually 9 blossom at ! same "t4 #ac ,mr4 ,correa de ,s]ra1 ,m9i/] ( ! ,k+ ( ,portugal4 #ad ,communicat$ by a fri5d at ,p>is4 #ae ,see ,transactions ( ! ,connecticut ,academy1 & ,bruce's ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aii4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,m9]alogy ,,& ,,geology4 ,art4 ,i4 ,rem>ks on ! ,geology & ,m9]alogy ( a section ( ,massa*usetts1 on ,connecticut riv]1 ) a "p ( ,new-,hamp%ire & ,v]mont1 by ,edw>d ,hit*cock1 ,a4,m4 ,pr9cipal ( ,de]field ,academy #ajf ,art4 ,,ii4 ,on ! ,prairies & ,b>r5s ( ! ,we/1 by ,caleb ,atwat]1 ,esq4 #aaf ,art4 ,,iii4 ,acc\nt ( ! ,coal ,m9es 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 by ,mr4 ,john ,gramm]1 ,jun4 #abe ,art ,,iv4 ,sket* ( ! ,geology & ,m9]alogy ( a "p ( ! ,/ate ( ,indiana1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,/ilson #aca ,art4 ,v4 ,new localities ( ,agate1 ,*alc$ony1 ,*abasie1 ,/ilbite1 ,analcime1 ,titanium1 ,prehnite1 c4 #acd ,art4 ,,vi4 ,acc\nt ( ! ,/rata p]=at$ by1 & ( ! ,m9]als f\nd 91 ! great adit to ! ,s\?ampton ,lead ,m9e1 by ,mr4 ,amos ,eaton1 ,lectur] on ,geology1 ,botany1 c4 #acf ,art4 ,,vii4 ,on ! ,peat ( ,dut*ess ,c\nty1 by ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,c4 ,s*aeff] #aci ,art4 ,,viii4 ,notices ( ,geology 9 ! ,we/-,indies1 by ,dr4 ,nug5t #adj ,art4 ,,ix4 ,discov]y ( ,native ,cry/alliz$ ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia on ,/at5-,isl&1 ) a ,notice ( its ,geology1 by ,james ,pi]ce1 ,esq4 #adb ,art4 ,x4 ,on a curi\s sub/ance f\nd ) ! native ,nitre ( ,k5tucky & ( ,africa1 by ,samuel ,br[n1 ,m4,d4 #adf ,,botany4 ,art4 ,,xi4 ,description ( species ( ,sponges obs]v$ on ! %ores ( ,long-,isl&1 by ,c4 ,s4 ,raf9esque1 ,esq4 #adi ,art4 ,,xii4 ,memoir on ! ,xan?ium maculatum1 by ! same #aea ,,zoology4 ,art4 ,,xiii4 ,description ( ! ,phalna ,deva/ator--! ,insect t produces ! ,cut-worm1 by ,mr4 ,john ,p4 ,brace #aed ,art4 ,,xiv4 ,description ( ! ,exoglossum1 a new g5us ( ,fre%-wat] ,fi%1 by ,c4 ,s4 ,raf9esque1 ,esq4 #aee ,,physics1 ,,me*anics1 ,,& ,,*emi/ry4 ,art4 ,,xv4 ,on ! ,revolv+ ,/eam-,eng9e ( ,mr4 ,samuel ,morey1 communicat$ by ,john ,l4 ,sullivan1 ,esq4 #aeg ,art4 ,,xvi4 ,cautions reg>d+ ,fulm9at+ ,p[d]s #afh ,,useful ,,arts4 ,art4 ,,xvii4#af ,acc\nt ( a ,p>isian me?od ( obta9+ ,gelat9e f bones1 by ,mr4 ,isaac ,doolittle #agj ,art4 ,,xviii4 ,on ! use ( ,di/ill$ ,seawat] = dome/ic purposes--f ! ,annales de ,*imie1 c4 #agb ,,f9e ,,arts4 ,art4 ,,xix4 ,essay on ,musical ,temp]am5t1 by ,pr(essor ,fi%] #agf ,art4 ,,xx4 ,notice ( ,col4 ,trumbull's ,picture ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce #bjj ,,intellig5ce4 ,art4 ,,xxi4 ,an ,address to ! ,p ( ! ,we/]n ,c\ntry #bjc ,art4 ,,xxii4 ,extract ( a lett] f ,col4 ,gibbs1 on ! effect ( light on ! ,magnetical p[] #bjg ,art4 ,,xxiii4 ,on a new ,lamp1 )\t flame--f ! ,annals ( ,philosophy ibid4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,,erratum4 ,9 ! text ?is ,article 01 by inadv]t5ce1 numb]$ ,,xix1 & all ! succe$+ ,articles ( ?is ,numb] are m>k$ two high] ?an !y ought to be4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce1 c4 ,,m9]alogy ,,& ,,geology4 ,,art4 ,i4 ,rem>ks on ! ,geology & ,m9]alogy ( a ,section ( ,massa*usetts on ,connecticut ,riv]1 ) a ,"p ( ,new-,hamp%ire & ,v]mont2 by ,,edw>d ,,hit*cock1 ,a4 ,m4 ,pr9cipal ( ,de]field ,academy4 ,! geology ( ?is tract1 f a few miles s\? ( ,nor?ampton 9 ,massa*usetts1 to ! nor? b\nd>y ( ,brattlebor\gh 9 ,v]mont1 & ( ,*e/]field 9 ,new-,hamp%ire1 is %[n on ! subjo9$ map4 ,! primitive =mation1 except ! argillite1 is col\r$ v]milion2 ! second>y1 blue2 & ! alluvial1 gamboge yell[1 accord+ to ,cleavel&4 ,! alluvial "p is elevat$ above ! b$ ( ,connecticut riv] f #aj to #ajj feet1 &1 9 mo/ places1 reposes on r$ s&/one4 ,! soil 9 ! nor!rn "p is g5]ally argillace\s2 b 9 ! s\!rn m silice\s4 ,! second>y =mation consi/s *iefly ( deta*$ em95ces t rise abruptly f ! pla91 & are compos$ ( r$ s&/one & pudd+/one alt]nat+1 except ! elevations ,a & ,b1 7,holyoke & ,tom7 & a "p ( ! range ,,cd1 pass+ ?r\gh ,de]field & ,gre5field1 :i* are gre5/one4 ,! "p col\r$ rose-r$ consi/s ( argillite1 sometimes alt]nat+ ) mica slate1 silice\s slate1 or *lorite slate4 ,x is ?us col\r$ to %[ ! ext5t ( ! argillite1 & n f a belief t ?is rock is ( ! transition class2 = 9 ?is region ! argillite is und\bt$ly primitive4 ,"s qu>ries ( ?is rock h be5 op5$ 9 ,massa*usetts2 & 9 ,v]mont are ext5sively wr\ght4 ,i h n le>nt h[ f> ! argillite ext5ds nor?w>d 9 ,v]mont & ,new-,hamp%ire4 ,its /rata are almo/ p]p5dicul>1 incl9+ a few degrees to ! we/4 ,! primitive region on ! we/ side ( ,connecticut riv]1 includ$ by ! map1 is made up ( mica slate1 z a prevail+ rock1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! nor!rn "p4 ,hornbl5de slate sometimes alt]nates ) ?is1 & si5ite appe>s 9 v>i\s places1 ?\gh its /rata are g5]ally ?94 ,lime/one also occurs 9 ,de]field1 ,conway1 ,colra91 c4 ( a dull br[n col\r4 ,x conta9s s l>ge a proportion ( silex t x is (t5 b little remov$ f granul> qu>tz4 ,lime = build+ has sometimes be5 obta9$ f x4 ,a range ( granite1 conta9+ ve9s ( lead ore1 appe>s at ,s\?ampton1 & proce$s to ,hatfield4 ,nor? ( ?is1 ! o!r rocks cov] x1 & x does n aga9 rise )9 ! limits ( ! map4 ,si5ite is ! prevail+ rock on ! ea/ side ( ,connecticut riv] 9 ! primitive region1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! s\!rn "p4 ,9 "s places a n>r[ /ratum ( mica slate lies next to ! conglom]ate ( ! second>y =mation1 & a l[ range ( graphic & common granite has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,amh]/ & ,lev]ett1 ly+ next to ! mica slate4 ,o!r ve9s ( granite also trav]se ! si5ite2 & gneiss occurs 9 _m places4 ,! proportion ( hornbl5de 9 ! si5ite is g5]ally small1 & mica is (t5 pres5t 9 consid]able proportion4 ,porphyritic si5ite is common 9 ?is qu>t]1 & /eatite occurs 9 its ea/]n "p4 ,mo/ ( ! primitive region on ! map is brok5 & m\nta9\s1 be+ made up ( p>allel ridges & deta*$ em95ces4 ,! /rata run ne>ly nor? & s\?1 & dip to ! ea/ at angles betwe5 #bj & #fj4 ,x w\ld be easy to ext5d ! map on ! we/ to ! top ( ,hoosack m\nta91 s9ce ! c\ntry is all primitive2 & on ! ea/ ! primitive cont9ues1 ) a few exceptions1 to ! ocean4 ,! map might also be ext5d$ to ! b\nd>y ( ,connecticut1 by prolong+ ! primitive ranges ) "s div]g5cy1 & col\r+ ! int]m$iate space second>y1 except a n>r[ tract on ! ea/ side ( ,connecticut riv]1 :i* is alluvial4 ,^! ext5sions 7 n ?\ght necess>y4 ,9 ! t[n ( ,gill1 at ,e1 !re is a cat>act 9 ,connecticut riv]1 f #cj to #dj feet 9 height2 & x is believ$ t ! alluvial region1 & "p ( ! second>y %[n on ! map f ?is fall to ! place :]e ! riv] passes betwe5 m\nt ,holyoke & ,tom1 0 =m]ly ! b$ ( a lake3 = ! logs are /ill f\nd undecay$ 9 _m places1 f #aj to #bj feet bel[ ! surface2 ! riv] has evid5tly worn a passage betwe5 ,holyoke & ,tom3 _m ( ! hills on ! nor!rn "p1 & ! s&/one on ! pla91 be> ! m>ks ( hav+ be5 wa%$ by wat]1 & ! *annels ( two riv]s are /ill visible 9 ,de]field1 ! "o #cj1 & ! o!r #ajj feet above ! pres5t b$ ( ,connecticut riv]4 ,betwe5 m\nt ,tom & ! m\nta9s we/1 !re is a second>y pla9 ( suffici5t height to ?r[ back ! wat] ov] ! suppos$ b$ ( ! lake1 be=e a passage 0 worn betwe5 ,holyoke & ,tom4 ,s\? ( ^! hills comm5ces ano!r alluvial & second>y tract1 ext5d+ on bo? sides ( ! riv] to ,haddam1 9 ,connecticut1 :]e ! riv] passes betwe5 m\nta9s1 & p]haps ?is region also 0 ! b$ ( a lake4 ,! pla9 on :i* ! village ( ,de]field /&s1 ) ! adjo9+ mead[s1 is sunk #ej or #fj feet bel[ ! g5]al alluvial tract1 & 0 und\bt$ly ! b$ ( a pond1 or small lake1 t rema9$ aft] ! l>g] "o ( :i* we h spok5 _h subsid$4 ,:5 ?is l>g] lake decreas$1 ,de]field riv] 0 cut (f f a communication ) ! ,connecticut by ! m\nta9 ,,cd1 & ! pla9 ext5d+ we/w>d f ?is m\nta94 ,!re is a tradition1 d]iv$ f ! aborig9als ( ,de]field1 t ! passage 9 :i* ,de]field riv] n[ runs ?r\gh ! m\nta9 ,,cd1 0 begun by a squaw ) a clam-%ell4 ,on ! m>g9 ( ^! mead[s1 at consid]able elevation1 num]\s small conical excavations appe>4 ,on digg+ bel[ ! surface1 /ones are f\nd calc9$ by fire4 ,^! are probably ! spots :]e ,indian wigwams =m]ly /ood4 ,_m ve/iges ( ! aborig9als are frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,de]field1 su* z beads1 /one pots1 mort>s1 pipes1 axes1 & ! b>bs ( arr[s & pikes4 ,ne> ! village !y _h a burial-gr\nd1 :]e _m skeletons h be5 uncov]$4 ,a roll ( human hair 0 lately f\nd "h1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,hoyt ( ,de]field1 ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ?ree in*es long1 closely ti$ by a /r+ made ( ! hide ( "s animal1 :i* /r+ 0 encircl$ by brass or copp] clasps greatly oxidiz$2 b ! hair & /r+ 7 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation1 ?\gh !y mu/ h la9 !re m ?an a c5tury4 ,9 ! mead[s1 logs1 leaves1 butt]nuts1 & walnuts are f\nd undecay$1 #ae feet bel[ ! surface2 & /umps ( trees h be5 obs]v$ at t dep? /&+ yet firmly :]e !y once grew4 ,9 ! same mead[s1 a few ye>s s9ce1 sev]al toads 7 dug up f #ae feet bel[ ! surface1 & ?ree feet 9 gravel4 ,!y soon recov]$ f a torpid /ate1 & hopp$ away4 ,! small range ( hills beg9n+ at ! s\? l9e ( ,de]field1 & t]m9at+ 9 ,gill1 des]ves description4 ,at its comm5cem5t on ! s\?1 a conical hill1 call$ ,sug> ,loaf1 ( r$ conglom]ate1 rises abruptly f ! pla9 #ejj feet4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is hill1 z y come f ! s\?1 is picturesque1 & x is an int]e/+ feature ( ! c\ntry4 ,! range becomes high] = ?ree miles1 :]e1 at its greate/ elevation1 x is #gcj feet above ! b$ ( ,de]field riv]4 ,! we/ side ( ! m\nta9 is precipit\s1 & 9 "s places nak$4 ,! asc5t on ! o!r side is g5tle4 ,bo? sides ( ?is hill are s&/one & pudd+/one1 frequ5tly alt]nat+3 ?\gh ^! are mo/ ext5sive on ! we/ side1 & z we rise ! pudd+/one pr$om9ates4 ,! /rata dip to ! ea/ ab\t #aj degrees4 ,ne> ! c5tre ( ?is range is a ridge ( gre5/one1 ) a mural face on ! we/1 & amorph\s masses ly+ at ! base1 half way up to its summit4 ,?is ridge does n rise s high z ! pudd+/one on ! we/ ( x1 z may be se5 9 ! view ( /rata ) ! map4 ,x comm5ces on ! we/ bank ( ,connecticut riv]1 ab\t a mile nor? ( ! hill ,c1 & increases 9 elevation ne>ly to ! spot :]e x disappe>s at ! fall ( ! riv] 9 ,gill4 ,?is rock does n appe> to re/ on s&/one1 b to desc5d ?r\gh x1 :]e !re is an opportunity = obs]vation4 ,de]field riv] has worn a passage ?r\gh ! s&/one & gre5/one #aej feet deep1 & ! gre5/one passes "u its b$1 & ! s&/one1 at a few rods di/ant lies on ea* side ( ! gre5/one4 ,a simil> fact has be5 notic$ at ! fall 9 ,connecticut riv]1 9 ,gill4 ,yet ,i h col\r$ ?is gre5/one second>y on ! map2 = x is c]ta9 t ,m\nt ,tom re/s on s&/one1 & x is /at$ by ,pr(essor ,silliman1 t ! same rock does 9 ,connecticut4 ,c\ld we p5etrate deep] bel[ ! surface1 x is probable ! same w\ld be f\nd to be ! case ) ?is gre5/one4 ,z /at$ above1 ?is rock disappe>s ne> ! cat>act 9 ,gill1 & x is succe$$ by pudd+/one4 ,b f\r miles f>!r nor?1 x aga9 em]ges 9 ,b]n>d/one1 ?\gh x rises b little above ! surface4 ,"h its "* is *ang$4 ,! hornbl5de is m cry/all9e1 & ! rock becomes decid$ly primitive1 z y approa* a m\nta9 ( argillite & mica slate1 into :i* x passes1 & no gre5/one has be5 obs]v$ nor? ( ?is4 ,x t]m9ates n f> f ! l9e ( ,v]mont4 ,! r$ s&/one & conglom]ate also t]m9ate on ! opposite side ( ! riv] 9 ,nor?field4 ,! gre5/one 9 ! above describ$ range1 is ( a f9] texture ?an ! same rock 9 ,connecticut2 & ! feldsp>1 9 "s specim5s1 is sc>cely disc]nible ) a microscope4 ,inde$1 9 _m in/ances1 ! eye w\ld decide ! rock to be basalt4 ,mu* ( x is fissile1 ! lam9 v>y+ f half an in* to a foot 9 ?ickness4 ,?is is mo/ p]ceptible among ! loose masses2 b x exi/s also 9 t 9 place4 ,:e!r ?is circum/ance be accid5tal1 ,i w n attempt to decide4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! gre5/one ( our vic9ity con/itutes ! base ( amygdaloid4 ,! imb$d$ sub/ances are calc>e\s sp>1 qu>tz1 *alc$ony1 analcime1 prehnite1 c4 z w be m p>ticul>ly m5tion$ h]eaft]4 ,globul> concretions ( gre5/one are common 9 ?is amygdaloid1 sev]al in*es 9 diamet]1 & ( great] specific gravity ?an ! o!r p>ts ( ! rock4 ,a great numb] ( columns occur 9 ! same range1 hav+ f ?ree to six sides4 ,"s ( !m are q regul>1 & are well articulat$1 exhibit+ at _! jo9ts consid]able concavities & convexities4 ,!y are f "o to ?irty feet long1 &1 9 _! natural position1 incl9e a few degrees to ! ea/1 z may be se5 9 ! view ( /rata ) ! map2 ,a few h be5 notic$ t make lat]al curves4 ,"o ( ^! hexagonal columns measures at "o end z foll[s3--,diagonals1 #bg1 #bi1 & #bi in*es2 sides1 #af1 #ac1 #aa1 #ag1 #aa1 & #af in*es4 ,! convexity ( ?is column is a little m ?an an in*4 ,! be/ in/ances ( ^! prisms occur "o mile ea/ f ! village ( ,de]field4 ,masses ( gre5/one are f\nd at consid]able di/ance f ! range1 among ! pudd+/one4 ,"o has be5 notic$ weigh+ _m tons1 a hundr$ rods f ! range ( gre5/one1 & on mu* high] gr\nd4 ,"s ( ^! scatt]$ fragm5ts conta9 *alc$ony4 ,a specim5 ( petrosilice\s porphyry has be5 f\nd among ! same pudd+/one1 & also a mass ( s+ul>1 ?\gh n well def9$1 amygdaloid1 ^: base is simil> to wacke1 & imb$d$ sub/ances are calc>e\s sp>1 *lorite1 & gre5 e>?4 ,! elevation 9 ! nor? "p ( ,sund]l&1 call$ ,toby1 f #hjj to #ijj feet high1 is *iefly conglom]ate1 r$1 br[n1 or gre5i%1 :i*1 9 "s p>ts1 alt]nates ) *lorite slate1 second>y argillite1 & a s&/one t seems to be pass+ into gray wacke slate4 ,"s ( ! imb$d$ masses 9 ?is pudd+/one are q l>ge1 its cem5t is frequ5tly calc>e\s1 its aspect is s+ul>1 & x is v diff]5t f ! pudd+/one be=e describ$1 ,on ! opposite side ( ! riv]4 ,at ! foot ( ?is m\nta91 9 ! bottom ( ,connecticut riv]1 di/9ct impressions ( fi% are f\nd on a s*i/ose rock1 l ! "o above m5tion$ z pass+ into gray wacke slate4 ,?is same species ( slate occurs 9 sev]al o!r places at ! bottom ( ,connecticut riv]1 z at ! fall 9 ,gill4 ,9 ?is la/ place bitum9\s %ale has be5 notic$4 ,9 ,m\nt ,toby1 9 ,sund]l&1 is a cave ne>ly #aej feet above ! b$ ( ,connecticut riv]4 ,x op5s to ! nor? & we/1 =m+ a qu>t] ( a circle1 is #acj feet 9 ext5t1 #fj feet deep1 & f #c to #bj wide4 ,a little to ! s\? ( x1 is a fissure 9 ! pudd+/one1 =m$ by a sep>ation ( ! rock1 t5 feet wide1 & z deep z ! cave4 ,s p]fect is ?is division1 t x appe>s z if clov5 d[n by ! sword ( "s ,titan4 ,p]haps ?is cave & fissure 7 =m$ by ! wa%+ ( ! wat]s ( ! lake we h m5tion$ on ! s&/one & conglom]ate b5ea?2 ?us caus+ ! sup]9cumb5t rock to fall & sep>ate4 ,!re is no appe>ance ( any o!r convulsion4 ,imp]fect1 calc>e\s /alactites are f\nd 9 ?is cave4 ,! falls 9 ,connecticut riv]1 at ,e1 are n unwor?y ( notice4 ,! riv] "h is ab\t #dj rods wide1 & ! height ( ! ma9 cat>act1 rais$ consid]ably by an artificial dam1 is #cj feet4 ,! fall cont9ues two miles4 ,on ! nor? bank y view ! cat>act f elevat$ gr\nd1 & c see ! riv] ne>ly a mile above & bel[--above1 p]fectly smoo? & calm1 bel[1 =m+ a qu>t] ( a circle1 & tumbl+ among ! brok5 rocks4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! riv] are a few build+s1 ! comm5cem5t ( a canal1 &1 beh9d ^!1 mod]ately elevat$ hills1 cov]$ ) woods4 ,two rocky isl&s ne> ! middle ( ! desc5d+ %eet1 & ano!r ?irty rods bel[1 add mu* to ! beauty ( ! view4 ,look+ f ! s\!a/ %ore1 y h a p>tial prospect ( ! falls1 & a view ( an amphi!atre ( gre5/one hills1 ?r\gh :i* a small riv] empties4 ,! pleasure d]iv$ f ! view proce$s m f its wildness ?an its sublimity4 ,! position ( ! hills1 b\nd>ies1 & riv]s1 on ! accompany+ map1 may n1 9 all cases1 be precisely correct4 ,! g5]al outl9es 7 enl>g$ by a p5tegraph f ,c>leton's map ( ,massa*usetts1 & ! int]m$iate objects 7 plac$ *iefly by ! eye2 _! relative situations be+ det]m9$ by travell+ ov] ! gr\nd1 & view+ !m f diff]5t elevations4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ! sev]al =mations h n be5 s c>efully notic$ ne> ! angles ( ! map z 9 ! c5tral p>ts4 ,( _! correctness g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ,i am confid5t4 ,! latitude & longitude ( ,de]field1 f :i* ^? on ! map 7 m>k$1 7 obta9$ by tak+ a mean ( ! obs]vations giv5 by ,g54 ,e4 ,hoyt1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 & ( twelve lun> obs]vations s9ce made4 ,! result is1 ,lat4 #db #cb' #cb4 ,long4 #gb #ci' f ,gre5wi*4 ,) ! map is giv5 a view ( ! /rata ( rocks f ,hoosack m\nta9 to elev5 miles ea/ ( ,connecticut riv]1 on a l9e ne>ly ea/ & we/1 pass+ ?r\gh ,de]field4 ,! horizontal di/ances are laid d[n f a scale3 ! elevations are assum$4 ,! pr9cipal rocks only are col\r$2 = x is v difficult to det]m9e ! bread? ( _m1 s9ce !y frequ5tly alt]nate ) "o ano!r4 ,i h n exam9$ ! c\ntry on ! ea/ side ( ,connecticut riv] ) suffici5t c>e to be able to ext5d ! section on t side m ?an a few miles4 ,x may n be amiss to m5tion1 t ,m\nt ,holyoke1 s mu* celebrat$ = ! delightful view f its top1 has be5 f\nd1 ) a sextant1 to be #hcj feet above ,connecticut riv]4 ,its height has be5 frequ5tly ov]rat$4 ,! m9]alogy ( ?is section ( ! c\ntry has be5 b imp]fectly explor$4 ,i %all m5tion ^? m9]als only ( :i* ,i h obta9$ specim5s1 & ^: localities h n be5 notic$ by m9]alogi/s4 ,qu>tz--sev]al v>ieties4 #a4 ,rock ,cry/al--abundant4 ,"s good specim5s are f\nd 9 ,conway1 on feldsp>1 ) ! usual hexagonal1 prismatic cry/als1 & ^! cry/als cross ea* o!r 9 all directions4 #b4 ,iris$ ,qu>tz--f\nd 9 ,leyd54 #c4 ,granul> ,qu>tz--9 ,de]field4 #d4 ,radiat$ ,qu>tz--9 ,:ately & ,%elburne4 #e4 ,blue ,qu>tz--9 roll$ masses on ! banks ( ,de]field riv]4 #f4 ,greasy ,qu>tz--9 same place4 #g4 ,pseudomorph\s ,qu>tz--9 gre5/one1 ,de]field4 #h4 ,lamell> ,qu>tz--9 same place4 ,! lam9 sometimes p5etrate cry/als ( common qu>tz4 #i4 ,tubul>1 or ,pect9at$ ,qu>tz--9 same place4 #aj4 ,qu>tz ,geodes--9 same place4 ,prase--9 ! nor? "p ( ,sund]l&4 7,n good specim5s47 ,ame?y/--9 ,gre5/one1 ,de]field3 ! col\r is n deep1 b delicate4 ,*alc$ony--9 same place--consid]ably abundant1 b g5]ally 9 small masses4 ,c>nelian--9 same place1 n pl5ty4 ,! *alc$ony1 9 "s specim5s1 seems to be pass+ into ca*olong1 & ! c>nelian into s>donyx4 ,agate--9 same place4 ,x is made up ( *alc$ony1 c>nelian1 & qu>tz4 ,!y are g5]ally small1 b "s are elegant4 ,jasp]1 r$1 & yell[--f\nd 9 roll$ masses on ! banks ( ,de]field riv] & 9 ,leyd54 ,"s h be5 f\nd imp]fectly /rip$4 ,x occurs frequ5tly z x 0 =m$ by ! aborig9als into b>bs = pikes & arr[s4 ,petrosilex--on ! banks ( ,de]field riv]--n good specim5s4 ,feldsp>--! r$ v>iety occurs 9 pudd+/one1 ,de]field4 ,x is n necess>y to m5tion any o!r locality ( a m9]al s common4 ,hornbl5de--v abundant--mo/ly black 9 ?is vic9ity4 ,mica--?is is v abundant on ! ea/ side ( ,connecticut riv]4 ,"s cry/als ( x h be5 f\nd 9 ,amh]/4 ,talc--9 ,%utesbury4 ,/eatite4 ,! localities ( ?is are se5 on ! section4 ,! aborig9als =m$ _m articles f ?is m9]al1 z pots1 pipes1 c4 ,*lorite--9 ,%utesbury3 also 9 amygdaloid1 ,de]field4 ,9 ,de]field academy !re are "s ,indian pipes ( ?is m9]al1 well wr\ght4 ,gre5 ,e>?--9 small quantities1 9 amygdaloid1 ,de]field4 ,s*orl--! black v>iety occurs 9 ,pelham1 ,%utesbury1 & ,orange1 ,mass41 & 9 ,brattlebor\gh1 ,v]mont4 ,epidote--9 ,de]field1 ,%utesbury1 ,leyd51 & ,pelham1 & 9 ,a?ol1 ,worce/] c\nty4 ,! specim5s poor4 ,tremolite--9 ! we/ "p ( ,leyd51 ne> ,gre5 riv]4 ,! rock 9 ?is region is *iefly mica slate1 & ! quantity ( tremolite is v great4 ,tons ( x might be easily collect$4 ,cyanite1 or ,sapp>e--9 ,de]field1 9 mica slate2 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,williams4 ,actynolite--r>e1 f\nd 9 ,%utesbury4 ,s]p5t9e--f\nd 9 ,leyd5 9 roll$ masses4 ,"s ( ! specim5s admit a f9e poli%1 & ! gr\nd is h&somely v>iegat$4 ,x has n be5 notic$ 9 situ4 ,asbe/us--compact1 9 ,pelham4 ,g>nets--v pl5ty 9 ,conway1 ,de]field1 ,%elburne1 c4 ,good specim5s ( ! melanite occur 9 ,conway4 ,native ,alum--9 ,leyd51 9 small quantities1 effloresc+ on argillace\s slate4 ,sulphur--9 ,conway1 ,%elburne1 & ,w>wick1 effloresc+ on mica slate4 ,prehnite--9 gre5/one1 ,de]field1 encru/+ ! columns & 9 radiat$ masses1 b r>ely cry/alliz$4 ,! ve9s ( x1 :5 9 place1 are ne>ly p]p5dicul>4 ,zeolite--9 same place1 n abundant4 ,"s good specim5s ( ! radiat$ v>iety are f\nd4 ,*abasie--9 same place1 consid]ably abundant4 ,no cry/als h yet be5 f\nd ^: sides exce$ a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,x occurs 9 ! ve9s ( ! gre5/one1 9 geodes1 on balls ( zeolite1 on *alc$ony1 on lamell> qu>tz1 c4 ,/ilbite--9 same place1 n abundant4 ,x is commonly associat$ ) *abasie1 & ! cry/als1 ?\gh small1 are well def9$4 ,analcime--9 same place1 v abundant1 & is associat$ ) qu>tz & ame?y/1 :i* are sometimes enclos$ by analcime4 ,x g5]ally occurs 9 cyl9drical1 r5i=m1 & radiat$ masses4 ,a few p]fect cry/als only h be5 obs]v$4 ,lam9at$ ,calc>e\s ,sp>--9 ! same place1 n uncommon4 ,*alc$ony1 c>nelian1 agate1 ame?y/1 prehnite1 zeolite1 *abasie1 /ilbite1 & analcime1 h be5 f\nd ne>ly 9 ! same place2 & x may n be amiss to obs]ve1 t ?is spot is di/ant f ,de]field ,academy ab\t "o mile1 & be>s f ! same1 by a true m]idian1 ,e4 #b1 #ae ,s4 ,iron ,s&--f\nd 9 consid]able quantity ne> ! falls 9 ,connecticut riv]1 on ! ,montague %ore4 ,sulphate ( ,iron--9 ,conway1 9 small quantities1 effloresc+ on mica slate4 ,sulphuret ( ,iron--9 ,halifax1 ,v]mont1 9 abundance2 also 9 ,*>lemont1 ,mass41 ,de]field1 c4 ,magnetic ,oxide ( ,iron--v common 9 ! region we/ ( ,connecticut riv]4 ,i h obs]v$ x 9 ,a?ol1 ,worce/] c\nty4 ,specul> ,oxide ( ,iron--"s ve9s ( ?is ore occur 9 ,hawley1 ,b]n>d/[n1 & ,w>wick1 & h be5 wr\ght to a small ext5t4 ,micace\s ,oxide ( ,iron--9 ! iron m9e 9 ,hawley4 ,gre5 ,c>bonate ( ,copp]--9 gre5/one1 9 ,gre5field4 ,?is ore con/itutes a ve9 on ! bank ( ,connecticut riv]1 pass+ into ! hill on "o side1 & "u ! riv] on ! o!r4 ,x has nev] be5 wr\ght1 nor1 inde$1 is its locality publicly kn[n4 ,copp] ,pyrites--9 ! same ve91 n abundant1 at ! surface4 ,sulphate ( ,b>ytes--9 ! same place1 con/itut+ ! imm$iate walls ( ! ve94 ,its bread? on ! wall v>ies f an in* to a foot1 & ! bread? ( ! ve9 is #f or #h feet4 ,gal5a--9 ,:ately4 ,?is is probably f a cont9uation ( ! ve9 ( ?is ore t appe>s at ,montgom]y1 ,s\?ampton1 & ,hatfield4 ,a s+le cry/al has be5 f\nd 9 ! same range1 9 ,gre5field1 twelve miles nor? ( ,:ately2 b x 0 n 9 place4 ,r$ ,oxyde ( ,titanium--9 ,leyd51 cry/alliz$ on qu>tz & tremolite1 *iefly on ! latt]2 col\r br[ni% r$--specific gravity #d4bcb2 scrat*es glass1 h&somely g5iculat$1 & sometimes sev]al g5iculations 9 ! same specim52 9 "o z _m z six c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,eagle ,/one1 or ,nodul> argillace\s ,oxide ( ,iron--"o specim5 on ! banks ( ,de]field riv]4 ,rose-r$ ,qu>tz--a loose mass 9 alluvial soil1 ,de]field4 ,r$ ,oxide ( ,titanium--9 ,%elburne4 ,i w\ld ackn[l$ge my peculi> obligations to ,pr(essor ,silliman1 ( ,new-,hav51 & to ,dr4 ,david ,hunt1 ( ,nor?ampton1 ,mass4 = ! v g5]\s assi/ance !y h giv5 me 9 a comm5cem5t ( ! /udy ( m9]alogy1 & = _! lib]al aid 9 ?is p>ticul> communication4 ,_! k9dness1 x is believ$1 w n soon be =gott54 ,to sev]al o!rs1 also1 ,i am indebt$ = communicat+ facts ( importance4 ,de]field1 ,octob]1 #ahag4 ,,art4 ,,ii4 ,on ! ,prairies & ,b>r5s ( ! ,we/1 by ,,caleb ,,atwat]1 ,,esq4 9 ,lett]s to ! ,editor4 ,,circleville1 ,ohio1 ,may #bh1 #ahah4 ,de> ,sir1 ,i s5d y = publication 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 an ,essay on ! ,prairies & ,b>r5s f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,description ( ! ,prairies4 ,prairie is a ,fr5* ^w1 signify+ a mead[1 b is "h appli$ only to natural mead[s4 ,!y are f\nd 9 all ! /ates & t]ritories we/ ( ! ,allegany m\nta9s1 m or less num]\s1 ( great] or less ext5t4 ,!y are cov]$ ) a co>se k9d ( grass1 :i*1 be=e ! c\ntry is settl$ 9 _! vic9ity1 gr[s to ! height ( six or sev5 feet4 ,aft] ^! natural mead[s are f$ ^u by dome/ic animals1 ! grass does n gr[ to a great] height ?an x does 9 common pa/ures4 ,sometimes ?is grass is int]mix$ ) we$s & plum-bu%es4 ,"s ( ^? prairies are dry1 :ile o!rs are moi/4 ,pickaway ,pla9s1 9 ,pickaway c\nty1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ohio1 ly+ a small di/ance s\? ( ?is place1 are ne>ly sev5 miles 9 l5g?1 & ab\t ?ree miles 9 wid?1 on gr\nd consid]ably elevat$ above ! ,scioto riv]1 almo/ p]fectly level1 &1 9 _! native /ate1 7 cov]$ ) a great quantity ( grass1 "s we$s & plum-bu%es2 & 9 ! mo/ elevat$ places1 !re 7 a few trees4 ,?is 0 "o great prairie4 ,s&usky ,pla9s1 ly+ on ! high gr\nd betwe5 ! head wat]s ( ! ,:et/one bran* ( ! ,scioto riv]1 & ! wat]s ( /reams runn+ into ,lake ,erie1 are /ill m ext5sive ?an ^? ( ,pickaway1 cov]$ ) a co>se1 tall grass1 int]mix$ ) we$s1 ) "h & !re a tree1 pres5t+ to ! eye a l&scape ( great ext5t4 ,! moi/ prairies g5]ally lie along "s /ream1 or at ! head ( "o1 on level l&1 or on t :i* g5tly desc5ds4 ,! moi/ prairies are too wet = trees to gr[ on !m2 & :e!r moi/ or dry1 ! soil1 = a great] or less dep?1 is always alluvial1 re/+ on pebbles & s&1 su* z are f\nd at ! bottom ( riv]s1 ponds1 & lakes4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! writ] is cr$ibly in=m$1 t ! %ells ( muscles are f\nd imb$d$ 9 ! pebbles & s&4 ,t ^! %ells1 su* z ab\nd 9 our riv]s1 ponds1 & lakes1 %\ld be f\nd 9 l[ prairies along ! banks ( wat]s :i* frequ5tly ov]fl[ !m1 excites no wond]1 nor ev5 surprise2 b t ^! %ells %\ld be f\nd ?us imb$d$ 9 pebbles & s& und]nea? sev]al feet ( alluvial soil1 9 situations m ?an "o hundr$ feet above ! wat]s ( any /ream n[ 9 exi/5ce1 is calculat$ to p]plex ! m9d ( ! sup]ficial obs]v]4 ,^! prairies are f\nd 9 ! we/]n half ( ! ,/ate ( ,ohio1 & nor? ( ! hills adjac5t to ! riv] ( t "n4 ,!y are also f\nd 9 e /ate & t]ritory we/ ( ! ,alleganies1 f ! great nor!rn lakes on ! nor?1 to ! ,mexican ,gulf on ! s\?2 f ! we/]n foot ( ! ,allegany m\nta9s1 to ! ea/]n "o ( ! ,rocky m\nta9s1 up ! ,miss\ri4 ,9 summ]1 ! grass :i* spontane\sly cov]s !m1 fe$s imm5se h]ds ( cattle2 9 w9t]1 ! hay t is cut on !m1 ) a little ,indian corn or maize1 fe$s & fatt5s ! same h]ds4 ,"s ( ^! prairies ext5d z f> z ! eye c rea*2 o!rs conta9 only a few p]*es ( gr\nd4 ,description ( ! ,b>r5s4 ,b besides ^! prairies1 !re are also ext5sive tracts ( c\ntry 9 ?is "p ( ! ,union :i* des]ve & %all receive our notice2 !y are call$ ,b>r5s4 ,f _! appellation1 b>r5s1 ! p]son unacqua9t$ ) !m is n to suppose !m ?us call$ f _! /]ility1 because mo/ ( !m are q ! rev]se4 ,^! b>r5s are f\nd 9 a level c\ntry1 ) "h & !re a g5tle rise1 only a few feet high] ?an ! l& ar\nd x4 ,on ^! little rises1 = !y are n hills1 trees gr[1 & grass also2 b grass & we$s are ! only occupants ( ! soil :]e !re is no rise ( gr\nd4 ,! soil is alluvial to great] or less dep? 9 ^! b>r5s1 ?\gh on "s ( ! highe/ rises !re is little or none2 ! l[] ! gr\nd ! deep] ! alluvion4 ,on ^! g5tle rises1 :]e !re is no alluvion1 we f9d /iff1 blue clay1 & no pebbles4 ,"u ! alluvial black soil1 9 ! l[] gr\nds1 we f9d pebbles simil> to ^? 9 ! prairies1 ow+ to simil> causes4 ,on ! little ridges1 :]ev] ! l& is n too moi/1 ! oak or ! hickory has tak5 possession1 & !re gr[s to a mod]ate height1 9 clu/]s4 ,x w\ld seem1 t :5ev] ! l& _h become suffici5tly dry = an acorn or a hickory-nut to spr\t1 take root1 & gr[1 x did s2 & f "o or m ( ^! trees1 9 "t1 o!rs h gr[n ar\nd !m 9 su* clu/]s z we n[ behold4 ,:]e ! l& is l[]1 ! soil deep]1 m moi/ & m f]tile1 ! grass 0 too ?ick1 & ! soil too wet1 = su* k9d ( trees to gr[ 9 z 7 f\nd 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,imag9e1 !n1 natural mead[s1 ( v>i\s dim5sions1 & ( e figure :i* ! imag9ation c conceive1 ) "h & !re a g5tle rise ( gr\nd1 deck$ ) a few scatt]+ trees or a ?ick clu/] ( !m1 & be>+ a tall1 co>se grass1 :i* is ?9 on ! rises1 b on ! l[] gr\nds ?ick & luxuriant2 imag9e1 also1 a rill ( a r$di% col\r sc>cely me&]+ ?r\gh gr\nd a little l[] ?an ! surr\nd+ pla91 & y w h a v correct idea ( ! appe>ance ( ^! b>r5s4 ,!y are g5]ally 7n always7 f\nd on :at1 9 our we/]n dialect1 is call$ second bottom1 & n on a level ) any /reams ( magnitude1 b r at _! s\rces4 ,to m5tion all ! c\nties ( ?is ,/ate :]e ^! prairies & b>r5s are f\nd1 w\ld be too t$i\s1 & illy comport ) ! object :i* we h 9 view4 ,we %all !re=e cont5t ourselves ) describ+ ^? f\nd 9 ! nor? half ( ,fayette c\nty1 & ! adjo9+ c\nty ( ,madison1 :i* may be said to be almo/ entirely "o great b>r5 ( m ?an =ty miles ext5t f nor? to s\?1 & g5]ally half z mu* 9 bread? f ea/ to we/4 ,! great b>r5 9 ,fayette1 ,madison1 &1 we may add1 9 ! c\nties /ill nor? ( !m1 is on l& elevat$ f fifty to "o hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! ,scioto riv]1 into :i* ! /reams t h _! s\rces 9 ?is tract ( c\ntry g5]ally run4 ,?is l& lies s level t ! wat]s /& on x too long = gra9 to ?rive equally ) grass1 unless1 inde$1 ! f>m] %\ld dig a long dra91 :i* is easily effect$ by ! pl\gh1 ) a little assi/ance f ! hoe & ! spade4 ,b z nature seems to h int5d$ ?is tract ( c\ntry = ! rais+ ( cattle in/ead ( gra91 ! husb&man has li/5$ to ! sugge/ion1 & 9 ?is great b>r5 are f\nd "s ?\s&s ( ! f9e/ cattle :i* ! ,/ate af=ds4 ,"h ! horse1 ! ox1 & ! sw9e fe$1 ?rive1 & fatt5 ) little exp5se to _! own]2 b %eep d n1 & nev] w1 ?rive on prairie grass1 or wet gr\nds4 ,fruit-trees1 ! pea*1 ! apple1 ! plum1 c4 d v well :5 plant$ on ! g5tly ris+ gr\nds1 :]e ! hickory or ! oak _h once /ood4 ,fruit-trees1 su* z h be5 nam$1 ?rive v well also on ! dry prairies4 ,on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,allegany m\nta9s !re nei!r is1 nor 0 !re ev]1 any ?+ l ^! prairies & b>r5s1 if we except ^? f\nd 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,new-,york1 9 ! ,g5esee c\ntry1 & 9 ! vic9ity ( ! lakes 9 t qu>t]4 ,^!1 ! writ] ( ?is saw ne>ly ?irty ye>s s9ce1 & be=e t c\ntry 0 mu* settl$4 ,^? prairies 7 simil> 9 appe>ance to ours 9 ! we/1 & 71 beyond d\bt1 =m$ by simil> means4 ,speculations on ! ,orig9 ( ! ,prairies & ,b>r5s4 ,:at 7 ! causes :i* contribute to =m ^! natural mead[s8 ,t wat] 0 ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 _! =mation1 we v little d\bt2 b ?is is n ! common op9ion4 ,accord+ to t op9ion1 our prairies & b>r5s1 & especially ! latt]1 7 occasion$ entirely by ! burn+ ( ! woods by ! ,indians1 9 ord] to take ! wild game4 ,let u try ?is op9ion by ! indubitable appe>ances exhibit$ by ^! prairies & b>r5s4 ,!y are inv>iably f\nd 9 a level c\ntry1 or 9 "o :i* is ne>ly s2 & ! soil is g5]ally1 if n always1 m moi/ ?an t :i* is unev5 & hilly4 ,w\ld n ! leaves1 :]e ! l& is dry1 burn ov] ) z great facility1 or ev5 ) great] facility1 ?an ! grass w\ld :]e ! l& is wet8 ,w\ld !re n be m wild game :]e !y c\ld f9d _! food 9 pl5ty1 su* z acorns & hickory nuts1 on :i* !y fe$ 9 w9t]1 ?an on l& :]e no food1 except dry grass & we$s1 7 to be f\nd8 ,x is well kn[n t ^! prairies & b>r5s c\ld n be burnt ov] :5 ! vegetable productions :i* cov] !m 7 gr[+4 ,at ! only season :5 x is possible to burn !m1 t is 9 w9t]1 to :at k9d ( regions d ! wild animals resort8 ,is x n to ! ?ick woods8 ,e hunt] w answ] 9 ! affirmative4 ,= ! space ( tw5ty-five ye>s1 ! writ] ( ?is liv$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,indians1 & f in=mation on :i* he relies1 z well z f 8 own actual obs]vation1 he confid5tly av]s t ! ,indians nei!r are1 nor ev] 71 9 ! habit ( fir+ ! woods 9 ord] to take game4 ,errone\s in=mation fir/ propagat$ su* an op9ion1 & bl9d cr$ulity has ext5d$ x d[n to u4 ,ano!r op9ion1 equally gr\ndless1 prevails to a consid]able ext5t2 & t is1 t ^! prairies h all be5 h]et(ore cultivat$ by ! aborig9es1 & t ! grass hav+ ov]spread ^! pla9s1 prev5t$ ! gr[? ( trees on !m4 ,! ,indians1 x is to be presum$1 nev] cultivat$ any o!r gra9 ?an maize1 or ,indian corn1 & yet we see few or no corn-hills 9 any "p ( ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! we/]n "p ( ,new-,york1 be=e x 0 settl$ by its pres5t inhabitants1 ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( acres 7 to be se51 :]e ! trees 7 z l>ge z any 9 ! =e/1 & yet ! r[s ( corn-hills 7 pla9ly disc]nible4 ,i ref] 9 a p>ticul> mann] to :at is n[ call$ ,cayuga c\nty4 ,!re ! gr[? ( grass _h n prev5t$ ! gr[? ( trees1 nor did x "h4 ,we "k t "s ( ^! prairies 7 cultivat$ by ! ,indians1 b nev] to any v consid]able ext5t4 ,?is c\ntry nev] 0 ?ickly settl$ by ,indians1 l ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic & ! banks ( ! riv]s runn+ into x4 ,no1 x 0 ! ance/ors ( ! ,p]uvians & ! ,mexicans :o liv$ "h 9 great numb]s1 be=e !y migrat$ to ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! "q !n recurs1 by :at p[]ful means 7 ^! prairies & b>r5s =m$8 ,t wat] 0 ! pr9cipal ag5t1 we inf] f ! fact1 t ! soil is always alluvial to great] or less dep?2 ! =m] we call prairie1 ! latt] b>r54 ,b h[ c\ld ! c\ntry f ! s\!rn %ore ( ,lake ,erie to ,*illico!1 a di/ance ( m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty miles f nor? to s\?1 ev] be cov]$ ) wat] long en\gh to =m alluvial soil1 9 _m places f f\r to six feet 9 dep?8 ,i answ]1 t ! ,niag>a riv]1 ! pres5t outlet ( ,lake ,erie1 has worn away sev]al hundr$ feet1 & 9 t way ! lake is l[]$ 9 ! same proportion4 ,! high l&1 compos$ entirely ( s&1 orig9ally ext5d+ f ! ,ohio nor!rly upw>ds ( =ty miles1 to ,*illico!1 has be5 worn ?r\gh by ! ,scioto riv]2 & ! wat]s :i* once = ages cov]$ ! :ole c\ntry nor? ( ! hills along ! ,ohio riv] h be5 dra9$ (f1 & ! dry l& appe>s :]e once /ood ! wat]s ( lakes ,erie & ,mi*igan1 !n =m+ b "o great lake4 ,i am fully impress$ ) ! belief1 t 7 ! bottom ( ,niag>a riv] z high z x once 01 ! upp] lakes w\ld n[1 z =m]ly1 empty !mselves into ! ,ohio by ! ,scioto & ,miami riv]s1 & into ! ,mississippi by ! ,ill9ois4 ,i might proce$ to exam9e e "p ( ! c\ntry :]e prairies & b>r5s are f\nd2 b !y h all be5 =m$ by ! same ag5t1 & t is wat]4 ,an objection to ?is op9ion may be rais$ by "s1 t ^! prairies & b>r5s are frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! c\nties ( ,delaw>e1 ,*ampaign1 ,madison1 ,fayette1 c4 on gr\nd consid]ably elevat$4 ,are !y high] ?an ! hills ne> ,*illico!8 ,f a c>eful inspection1 b )\t any in/rum5ts1 ,i am conv9c$ t !y are none ( !m z high4 ,!re is no p]p5dicul> fall ( wat]1 b m]ely a gradual desc5t1 f ,columbus to ! ,ohio2 nay1 !re is no fall f ! v s\rce ( ! ,scioto to its m\?4 ,e "o acqua9t$ ) hydro/atics1 kn[s t wat] w run briskly :]e ! desc5t is only a few in*es 9 a mile4 ,! writ] believes t ! ,scioto1 f its s\rce to ! ,ohio riv]1 does n desc5d m ?an "o hundr$ feet1 & t ! pres5t surface ( ,lake ,erie is ab\t on a level ) ! ,ohio 9 a fre%et2 t be=e ! *annel ( ,niag>a riv] 0 deep5$1 z x evid5tly has be51 by ! attrition ( t mighty /ream2 & be=e ! hills adjac5t to ! ,ohio 7 worn d[n by ! wat]s ( ! ,scioto1 ! :ole c\ntry nor? ( ,*illico!1 :]e ^! hills comm5ce1 to ,lake ,erie inclusive1 0 cov]$ ) wat]1 except ! v highe/ hills 9 ! c\nties ( ,gre5e1 c4 :i* 7 !n isl&s4 ,:at t5ds to corroborate ?is op9ion is1 t on ^! high gr\nds we f9d lime/one & o!r rocks1 & indications ( gypsum2 b no alluvion1 & none ( ^? fragm5ts & ru9s :i* are produc$ by wat] act+ me*anically ^u a c\ntry = a long space ( "t4 ,we might m5tion o!r p>ts ( c\ntry :]e prairies & b>r5s ab\nd1 & :i* h be5 =m$ by wat]4 ,^? along ,gre5e riv]1 9 ,k5tucky1 h evid5tly be5 cov]$ by ! wat]s ( t riv]4 ,! b$ ( t /ream has be5 deep5$ by ! con/ant fl[+ ( ! wat] along its *annel2 ! wat] is dra9$ (f1 & ! prairies & b>r5s n[ occupy ! soil :i* ! wat] _h made & =m]ly cov]$4 ,! prairies above ! falls ( ,hockhock+1 along t riv]1 h evid5tly be5 =m$ 9 ! same way1 & owe _! orig9 & appe>ances to simil> causes4 ,!re is ne> ,lanca/]1 on ! la/-m5tion$ riv] 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ohio1 & ne> ! great road1 a g5tle rise ( gr\nd 9 ! prairie1 :i* has e appe>ance ( hav+ be5 an isl&1 & is s call$ by ! p ( ! vic9ity4 ,9 f9e1 :]ev] prairies & b>r5s are f\nd1 !re1 = a long space ( "t1 wat] once /ood1 b 0 gradually dra9$ (f4 ,else :y alluvial soil to su* a dep?1 9 l[ situations1 & gr[+ ?9n] z we asc5d on gr\nd m elevat$8 ,else :y d we f9d rocks 9 m elevat$ tracts ( c\ntry1 & n 9 prairies or b>r5s8 ,else :y d we f9d no alluvion1 no grass1 b a ?ick gr[? ( anci5t =e/-trees on ! high] l&s8 ,else :y d we f9d b5ea? ! alluvion ( ! prairies1 pebbles & %ells simil> to ^? at ! bottom ( lakes & ponds8 ,else :y d ! high] gr\nds to ?is mom5t pres5t ! appe>ances ( s _m isl&s8 ,& all ^! indications :]e no /ream n[ 9 exi/5ce c\ld by possibility h rea*$ !m8 ,t ! wat]s :i* once cov]$ s great a "p ( ?is ,/ate 7,ohio7 7 drawn (f gradually1 we inf] f ! fact1 t !re is n a s+le indication ( ! effects ( an e>?quake or volcano1 f ! foot ( ! ,allegany to ! banks ( ! ,mississippi3 9 ?is region n a /one nor a lay] ( e>? has be5 misplac$1 nor its position *ang$4 ,b an int]e/+ inquiry "h pres5ts itself4 ,7 ! hills along ! ,ohio1 be=e !y 7 worn away by ! /reams :i* n[ empty !mselves into t riv]1 ev] high en\gh to raise ! wat] to ! nor? ( !m to su* a degree t x w\ld ov]spread ! c\ntry :]e ! prairies & b>r5s are n[ f\nd8 ,al?\gh ! height ( ^! hills has n be5 asc]ta9$ by ! prop] in/rum5ts1 yet f appe>ances1 n to be mi/ak5 by any p]son :o exam9es !m & ! c\ntry t[>ds ,lake ,erie1 ^! hills are mu* high] ?an any l& betwe5 !m & t lake4 ,& f c]ta9 indications1 7z already rem>k$17 _h n ! b$ ( ! ,niag>a be5 deep5$ by ! runn+ ( t mighty riv]1 ,lake ,erie1 z =m]ly1 w\ld empty itself into ! ,ohio by ! ,scioto & ,miami2 & ! great nor!rn lakes w\ld once m dis*>ge !mselves into ! ,mississippi by ! ,ill9ois4 ,lake ,ont>io1 f "s cause1 7possibly an e>?quake1 or ! we>+ away ( its outlet1 or bo?17 is consid]ably l[] ?an x 0 =m]ly3 9 t way ! l& along its banks1 once cov]$ by its wat]s1 is dra9$1 pres5t+ appe>ances exactly simil> to ^? se5 9 _m ( our prairies4 ,miscellane\s ,rem>ks on ! ,prairies & ,b>r5s relative to _! ,picturesque ,features1 & to ,agriculture & ,heal?1 z affect$ by ! peculi>ities ( ^! ,tracts4 ,to ! travell]1 :o = sev]al days trav]ses ^! prairies & b>r5s1 _! appe>ance is q un9vit+1 & ev5 disagreeable4 ,he may travel f morn+ until night1 & make good spe$1 b on look+ ar\nd him1 he fancies himself at ! v spot :5ce he />t$4 ,no pleasant v>iety ( hill & dale1 no rapidly runn+ brook delights ! eye1 & no s\nd ( woodl& music /rikes ! e>2 b1 9 _! /ead1 a dull uni=mity ( prospect spread out imm5se4 ,except+ "h & !re a tree1 or a slight elevation ( gr\nd1 x is o!rwise a dead level1 cov]$ ) tall we$s & co>se grass4 ,! sluggi% rivulets1 ( a r$di% col\r1 sc>cely move p]ceptibly1 & _! appe>ance is z un9vit+ to ! eye1 z _! ta/e is disgu/+ to ! palate4 ,su* are ! prairies & b>r5s ( ! we/2 b1 9 ord] to make ample am5ds = any defici5cy1 nature has made !m exub]antly f]tile4 ,! f>m] :o settles ^u !m1 by rais+ cattle1 becomes ri* ) little lab\r4 ,he dit*es ^? :i* are too moi/ = gra92 he pl\ghs & f5ces !m1 & raises f sev5ty to "o hundr$ bu%els ( maize or ,indian corn to ! acre1 )\t ev] hoe+ x4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates own ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( acres ( su* l& 9 ^! we/]n ,/ates & t]ritories1 :i*1 = prompt paym5t1 may be pur*as$ = "o doll> & sixty-two & a half c5ts an acre4 ,"o objection to ^! l&s is1 ! want ( timb] = fuel & o!r purposes2 & ano!r is1 t !y are unheal?y3 b 9 _m places !re is an abundance ( peat 9 ! wet prairies1 & cultivation w e ye> r5d] !m m & m heal?y4 ,"s ( !m h be5 cultivat$ = fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s pa/ ) gra91 & are z f]tile z !y ev] 74 ,z ,m4 ,volney says1 ,!y are ! ,fl&]s ( ,am]ica4 ,y\rs1 c4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,art4 ,,iii4 ,acc\nt ( ! ,coal ,m9es 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 communicat$ to ! editor 9 a lett] f ,mr4 ,,john ,,gramm]1 ,jun4 ,,pet]sburgh1 ,virg4 ,jan4 #bh?1 #ahah4 ,de> ,sir1 ,9 compliance ) y\r reque/1 t ,i w\ld s5d y "s acc\nt ( ! ,virg9ia coal pits1 ,i paid a visit to !m soon aft] my return1 9 company ) ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,)]s1 & ,i w n[ proce$ to give y ! acc\nt propos$4 ,! pits1 :i* we made ! p>ticul> object ( our visit1 are situat$ 9 ! c\nty ( ,*e/]field1 ab\t #ad miles di/ant1 9 a direction ,w4 ,s4 ,w4 f ,ri*mond1 & #c miles s\? ( ,james' ,riv]4 ,! c\ntry rises gradually f ,ri*mond to ! pits2 &1 f its s&y appe>ance1 is evid5tly an alluvial deposit1 al?\gh its sub/ratum is ! granite m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,m',clure1 z ext5d+ ?r\gh ?is /ate f ,s4 ,s4 ,w4 to ,n4 ,n4 ,e4 ,! coal is f\nd on ! we/]n or upp] surface ( ! granite1 co9cid5t ) x bo? 9 direction & incl9ation2 b :e!r !y come imm$iately 9 contact or n1 has n yet be5 asc]ta9$4 ,! 'b$' ( coal is suppos$ by ! m9]s to be coext5sive ) ! granite1 & ,i c discov] no v good reason = disagree+ ) !m 9 ?is p>ticul>2 b1 on ! contr>y1 _m circum/ances concur to /r5g!n ! op9ion t x is really coext5sive ) ! granite4 ,! coal is n[ procur$ f at lea/ #be diff]5t pits1 op5$ at conv5i5t di/ances ?r\gh an ext5t ( f #ej to #gj miles4 ,x e :]e comm5ces at ! upp] surface or t]m9ation ( ! body ( granite4 ,"s suppose t x is impos$ on ! granite2 & o!rs1 t a ?9 /ratum ( slate is int]pos$ betwe5 ! coal & granite4 ,x is always f\nd cov]$ by ! slate4 ,! granite is incl9$ to ! horizon at an angle ( #de1 & ! coal has ! same incl9ation4 ,& s9ce ! coal1 z f> z x has be5 discov]$1 is f\nd to accompany & correspond ) ! granite1 :y may we n suppose t x cont9ues to accompany ! granite1 :]e x has n yet be5 discov]$8 ,at ,he?'s pits1 ! coal is #ej feet ?ick1 measur$ on a l9e p]p5dicul> to ! surfaces ( ! extreme /rata4 ,at "s ( ! pits betwe5 ,he?'s & ,james' ,riv]1 x is #cj feet ?ick2 & at ! riv]1 n m ?an #be feet4 ,! ?ickness ( ! coal on ! nor? side ( ,james' ,riv]1 at ! pits 9 ,h5rico & ,hanov] c\nties1 is v>iable1 b at no place great] ?an #be feet2 & to ! s\? ( ,he?'s1 9 ! pits ext5d+ to ! ,appomatox riv]1 x is /ill less ?ick4 ,^! facts w\ld induce ! supposition1 t ! coal 0 deposit$ 9 a b$1 ne> ! c5tre ( :i* ,he?'s pits 7 sunk4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! coal is di/9ctly /ratifi$1 & ! numb] ( /rata increases z ! coal proce$s f ! surface ( ! e>?2 ( c\rse1 !re=e1 ! f>!r y proce$ f ! out] extremity ( ! coal1 ! ?ick] ! body ( x w be f\nd2 & f ! incl9ation ( ! coal1 ! f>!r y are f its out] extremity ! deep] x mu/ be "u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,he?'s pits are #ajj feet deep] ?an any t h yet be5 sunk2 & all ! pits1 t ,i h se51 appe> to be ne>] to ! out] extremity ( ! coal4 ,we may conclude1 !re=e1 t if ! o!rs _h be5 sunk z f> f ! out] extremity1 !y w\ld h be5 z deep1 & ! coal w\ld h be5 f\nd z ?ick 9 !m z 9 ,he?'s4 ,he?'s pits1 n[ s call$1 7 fir/ op5$ ab\t #cj ye>s s9ce1 & work$ to "s consid]able ext5t4 ,exp]i5c+1 h[ev]1 mu* inconv5i5ce f ! ne> approa* ( ! works to a "p ( ! coal :i* 0 on fire2 & f9d+1 f _! unskilful mode ( m9+1 t ! bus9ess 0 n pr(itable1 !y ab&on$ ! works1 & fill$ up _! %aft4 ,"s few ye>s aft]1 ,mr4 ,he? obta9$ possession ( ! l&2 &1 hav+ import$ two ,scot* m9]s1 comm5c$ work+ ! coal aga94 ,he has n[ ?ree %afts op51 9 a l9e ) ea* o!r1 9 ! direction ( ! ve94 ,!y are sunk ne> ! br9k ( a /eep hill1 :i* rises ab\t #ahj feet f ! we/]n bank ( a small brook4 ,! dep? ( "o ( ! %afts is #cej feet4 ,! o!r two are ab\t #cjj feet deep1 ea*4 ,a /eam-eng9e1 con/ruct$ by ,bolton ,watt1 is erect$ at ! middle & deepe/ %aft4 ,x is us$ exclusively = pump+ out wat]2 b ,i w n tr\ble y ) an acc\nt ( ! modus op]&i1 z x w\ld be only a repetition ( y\r own description ( ! same op]ation at ! ,cornwall m9es4 ,! coal is rais$ 9 a box1 call$ by ! m9]s a c[e4 ,^! c[es conta9 ab\t two bu%els ea*1 & two ( !m are alt]nately ris+ & desc5d+ 9 ea* %aft4 ,!y are rais$ by means ( ropes1 fa/5$ to a simple :eel & crank1 :i* is turn$ by mules4 ,9 s9k+ _! %afts1 !y cut1 9 ! fir/ place1 p]p5dicul>ly 7i4 e4 to ! surface ( ! e>?7 ?r\gh ! coal1 to its l[] surface2 & !n turn+ we/w>dly1 !y op5 a horizontal gall]y ?r\gh ! incl9ation ( ! ve91 to its upp] surface2 by ?is means1 to use _! own t]ms1 ga9+ a d\ble cut on x4 ,_! pr9cipal gall]y passes 79 ! direction ( ! ve917 by ! m\? ( ea* %aft4 ,its l5g? is #acej feet1 & x is t]m9at$ at ea* end by a hit* or dyke ( h>d s&/one4 7,! passage 0 /opp$ ) rubbi% 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t me f see+ ! /one myself1 & ! g5tleman :o escort$ me ?r\gh ! m9es is my au?ority = its be+ s&/one2 he might possibly1 h[ev]1 h be5 mi/ak51 z x is difficult to asc]ta9 :at a /one is1 9 su* a place1 until x is brok547 ,:5 ,i 0 at ! pits1 !y 7 prep>+ to bla/ ?r\gh ?is rock4 ,at "r angles to ! pr9cipal gall]y1 !y h op5$1 at conv5i5t di/ances ap>t1 %ort] gall]ies1 runn+ we/w>dly1 & ^! are aga9 connect$ by passages p>allel to ! fir/ or pr9cipal gall]y4 ,pickaxes are ! only tools us$ 9 work+ ! coal1 z x breaks v readily1 9 ! direction ( ! /rata4 ,! ro(s ( "s ( ! passages are p]fectly smoo?2 & 9 su*1 ! light ( ! lamps1 reflect$ f ! great v>iety ( col\rs 9 ! coal1 pres5ts a v brilliant sight4 ,! gloomy blackness1 h[ev]1 ( mo/ ( ! gall]ies1 & ! /range dress & appe>ance ( ! black m9]s1 w\ld furni% suffici5t data to ! conception ( a poet1 = a description ( ,pluto's k+dom4 ,a /rong sulphur\s acid ran d[n ! walls ( _m ( ! gall]ies2 & ,i obs]v$ "o ( ! dra9s 0 fill$ ) a yell[i% gelat9\s sub/ance1 :i* ,i asc]ta9$1 on a subsequ5t exam9ation1 0 a yell[1 or r a r$di%1 oxide ( iron1 me*anically susp5d$ 9 wat]4 ,i m5tion$ above t a "p ( ! coal 0 on fire3 ,i c\ld n asc]ta9 :5 ?is fact 0 fir/ obs]v$ to exi/2 & x is n impossible t ! coal may h be5 burn+ a c5tury1 or m4 ,x is highly probable1 h[ev]1 t a comp>atively small quantity ( ! coal is consum$1 z ! combu/ion mu/ be greatly ret>d$ by ! abs5ce ( a suffici5t portion ( atmosph]ic air4 ,a /rong sulphur\s fume issues f an irregul> hole 9 ! side ( ! hill ( ab\t #b feet diamet]4 ,! hole appe>s to be only #d or #e feet deep1 & ! smoke rises into x f cracks1 p>tly fill$ ) loose clay4 ,! e>? is v mu* crack$ ar\nd ! hole1 to ! di/ance ( #ab or #ae feet2 & ^! cracks are f #a to #d in*es wide4 ,! m\? ( ! hole is encru/$ ) acicul> cry/als ( pure sulphur4 ,attempts 7 =m]ly made to ext+ui% ! fire1 by turn+ wat] into ?is hole2 &1 aft] e attempt1 !re 0 a tempor>y disappe>ance ( ! smoke = sev]al weeks2 b nev] long] ?an ?ree mon?s4 ,= sev]al ye>s1 h[ev]1 !y h desi/$ f su* va9 attempts1 & h tak5 advantage ( ! facility af=d$1 by ! exi/5ce ( ?is fire1 = v5tilat+ ! m9es1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,!y op5$ a passage f _! pres5t1 to ! old des]t$1 works2 ?is !y c op5 or %ut1 by means ( a close door4 ,z ! old works are v ne> ! fire1 ! air 9 !m becomes v mu* r>ifi$ by ! heat2 & probably a consid]able portion ( x is consum$ 7z ! pr9cipal pabulum = ! combu/ion17 & a p>tial vacuum is produc$4 ,:5 ! air 9 _! pres5t works1 !re=e1 becomes impure1 !y op5 ! door1 & a /rong curr5t ru%es into ! old works2 its place is aga9 suppli$ ) fre% air ?r\gh ! %afts4 ,previ\s to ! adoption ( ?is mode ( v5tilation1 !y exp]i5c$ great inconv5i5ce f c>bonic acid gas2 & "s ( ! workm5 _h be5 kill$ by an explosion ( c>burett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,s9ce ?is mode has be5 adopt$1 !y h exp]i5c$ no inconv5i5ce at all f noxi\s gases4 ,on inquiry1 ,i 0 told t ! sub/ances pass$ ?r\gh1 9 gett+ to ! coal1 v>i$ 9 ! diff]5t pits4 ,z f>1 h[ev]1 z ,i c\ld le>n by inquiry1 & an exam9ation ( ! heaps ( rubbi%1 ! foll[+ sub/ances1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y /&1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,he?'s pits3--m\ld1 clay1 gravel1 full]'s e>?1 s&/one1 7at fir/ extremely co>se & friable1 b becom+ m compact & h>d1 & hav+ an appe>ance some:at /ratifi$ z !y desc5d$17 gray & blui% clay slate1 h>d blui% s&/one1 %ale1 or1 z !y t]m x1 %iv]1 :ite micace\s s&/one1 extremely h>d2 blue slate & %ale int]mix$1 black slate1 & !n ! coal4 ,! dep? ( ^! /rata diff]$ s mu* 9 diff]5t pits1 t _! individual ?ickness c\ld n be asc]ta9$4 ,vegetable impressions are v common 9 ! slate next ! coal2 & !y h f\nd ! impression ( a fi%4 ,pieces ( pure *>coal1 9 ! =m ( /icks1 or logs1 are frequ5tly f\nd 9 or on ! coal4 ,9 s9k+ "o ( ! pits !y met ) a p]p5dicul> column1 #h in*es 9 diamet]1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! slate into ! coal2 9 all ab\t #ej feet4 ,its surface 0 di/9ctly s]rat$1 & at int]vals ( ab\t #b in*es x appe>$ jo9t$1 break+ easily at ! jo9ts4 ,= ! want ( a bett] "n ,i mu/ call x a lusus natur2 = x is nei!r clay-slate nor mica-slate1 nor %ale1 nor s&/one2 b appe>s to be compos$ ( !m all4 ,masses ( a black oxide ( iron are sometimes f\nd 9 ! slate2 & f its weight & h>dness ! m9]s v prop]ly call x iron/one4 ,iron pyrites are v abundant 9 ! slate1 & ! heaps ( rubbi% are :ite ) ! sulphate ( alum9e2 yell[ o*re is f\nd among ! rubbi%1 b ,i c\ld n asc]ta9 its relative position ) any precision4 ,! side ( ! hill at ! pits is cov]$ ) qu>tz pebbles2 "s ( :i* are z transp>5t & beautiful z ,i ev] saw4 ,! c\ntry1 = sev]al miles ar\nd ! pits1 7i4 e4 z f> z ,i h se517 appe>s to be entirely de/itute ( rocks or pebbles1 & is cov]$ ) a light s&y soil4 ,i am unable to in=m y ( ! numb] ( h&s employ$ at1 or ( ! quantity ( coal annually furni%$ f1 ^! pits1 z a "p ( my notes has1 by an accid5t1 be5 r5d]$ illegible4 ,?us1 sir1 ,i h endeav\r$ to comply ) my promise ( giv+ y an acc\nt ( ! coal pits4#ag ,9 do+ ?is1 ,i h only attempt$ to /ate facts z !y exi/$2 al?\gh ,i h no d\bt t my imp]fect acqua9tance ) geology has occasion$ _m omissions :i* might h be5 int]e/+4 ,to ! same cause mu/ be attribut$ ! use ( language n always /rictly sci5tific1 & a me?od less exact ?an might h be5 desir$4 ,) all its imp]fections1 h[ev]1 if y c1 f ! mass ( facts1 cull any "o :i* may be useful or int]e/+1 ,i %all be fully comp5sat$ by ! pleasure ( hav+ furni%$ x1 = any tr\ble ,i may h be5 at 9 do+ s4 ,&1 if at any "t ,i %\ld be able to furni% y ) any in=mation relative to ! m9]alogy or geology ( ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 ,i hope y w let me "k x4 ,,art4 ,,iv4 ,sket* ( ! ,geology & ,m9]alogy ( a "p ( ! ,/ate ( ,indiana1 communicat$ 9 a lett] to ! ,editor1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,/ilson4 ,,l\isville1 7,k547 ,augu/ #aa1 #ahah4 ,de> ,sir1 ,i h employ$ a %ort p]iod ( leisure 9 pass+ ov] a portion ( ! /ate ( ,indiana4 ,among o!r objects1 ,i 0 n :olly inatt5tive to ! m9]alogical & geological features ( ! c\ntry4 ,i n[1 ) diffid5ce1 transmit to y ! result ( my inquiries4 ,,sket*1 c4 ,! second>y =mation ( ! /ate ( ,indiana is abundantly evid5t4 ,! surface ( ! soil is undulat+1 & m>k$ ) few elevations :i* des]ve ! "n ( m\nta9s4 ,! rocks are s&/one1 lime/one1 & clay-slate2 all ( :i* are dispos$ 9 horizontal /rata4 ,! s&/one pres5ts no?+ rem>kable 9 its appe>ance4 ,its col\rs are v>i\s %ades ( gray & br[n4 ,! pr9cipal hills are ( ?is =mation4 ,! pr9cipal col\rs ( ! lime/one are blue & gray1 & _! v>i\s m+l$ & int]m$iate %ades4 ,its second>y =mation is v manife/ f its almo/ e>?y appe>ance4 ,9 innum]able in/ances1 ! lime/one rocks conta9 imm5se quantities ( imb$d$ %ells1 ( great simil>ity 9 =m & appe>ance1 & hav+ consid]able resemblance1 to ! common escallop-%ell ( ! ocean4 ,ow+ to ! easy decomposition ( ^! rocks1 & ! horizontal position ( _! /rata1 !y af=d _m subt]ranean passages = wat]4 ,a consid]able /ream1 call$ ,lo/ ,riv]1 runs into a cave 9 ! side ( a precipit\s hill2 &1 aft] a passage ( #f or #g miles "u ! e>?1 aga9 makes its appe>ance1 ) a l>ge accession to its wat]s4 ,! travell]'s att5tion is cont9ually excit$ by cavities 9 ! e>?1 :]e ! tempor>y rivulets1 proce$+ f ra9s1 make a sudd5 exit ?r\gh p]p5dicul> p]=ations 9 ! upp] /ratum ( ! rock4 ,!re are _m su* cavities1 :i* d n receive any wat] f ! surface4 ,"s ( !m are _m y>ds 9 diamet]1 =m+ a regul> circul> concave1 ( consid]able dep? t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,!y are vulg>ly kn[n among ! inhabitants by ! "n ( s9k-holes4 ,! localities ( slate are few1 & pres5t no?+ uncommon4 ,) reg>d to ! p>ticul> m9]als4 ,on ,s& ,creek1 #fj miles f ,:ite ,riv]1 is an int]e/+ locality ( t v>iety ( silex1 commonly call$ burr/one4 ,x has be5 exam9$ by sev]al practical mill]s1 :o d n hesitate to pron\nce ! specim5s :i* x af=ds1 equal1 if n sup]ior1 to ! ,fr5* burrs4 ,! locality is tw5ty acres 9 ext5t1 & appe>s to be inexhau/ible4 ,! m9]al v>ies v mu* 9 its appe>ance2 x is g5]ally por\s1 & appe>s to h be5 puff$ up by ! escape ( "s gas1 :ile x 0 9 a /ate ( fusion4 ,a mass ( well-rais$ bread gives no inadequate idea ( its configuration4 ,x produces mo/ vivid sp>ks ) /eel4 ,"s lab\r]s are employ$ 9 procur+ mill/ones f ?is place2 &1 su* is ! size ( ! silice\s rocks1 t !y are "u no necessity ( con/ruct+ !m ( deta*$ masses4 ,!y =m1 ( a s+le rock1 mill/ones ( five & a half feet 9 diamet]1 :i* are n defac$ by any irregul>ity1 or ev5 e>?y cavity4 ,^! mill/ones may be c>ri$ d[n ! ,:ite1 ,waba%1 ,ohio1 & ,mississippi riv]s1 to ,new-,orleans1 ) great facility4 ,& if !y %\ld prove z excell5t z x is expect$ !y w1 ?is discov]y w %$ new lu/re ^u ! accumulat+ evid5ce ( ! m9]alogical res\rces ( ?is republic4 ,_m o!r v>ieties ( silex are common3 rock cry/al1 agate1 & *alc$ony1 are (t5 f\nd 9 ! b$s ( rivulets4 ,i pass$ a consid]able di/ance ^u ! banks ( a small /ream1 call$ ,lea!r-wood creek3 ! bottom ( ! creek 0 cov]$1 ! :ole di/ance1 ) silice\s masses1 %ap$ l oblate sph]oids1 & ( e size1 f t ( a l>ge melon d[nw>ds4 ,on be+ brok51 !y pres5t$ beautiful geodes ( cry/alliz$ qu>tz1 ame?y/1 c4 ,! outside 0 (t5 f9e *alc$ony1 & sometimes ! int]ior 0 ! same sub/ance1 9 ! =m ( balls2 all ^! 7 sometimes comb9$1 =m+ agates ( great beauty4 ,c>bonate ( lime1 cry/alliz$1 is sometimes f\nd2 & _m ( ! caves af=d f9e /alactites4 ,!re is a l>ge cave ne> ,corydon1 celebrat$ = ! production ( sulphate ( magnesia1 or ,epsom salts4 ,x has be5 explor$ = ! di/ance ( sev]al miles4 ,:5 x 0 fir/ discov]$1 ! bottom1 9 _m places1 0 cov]$ to ! dep? ( sev]al in*es1 ) pure1 brilliant1 ne$le-%ap$ cry/als ( sulphate ( magnesia4 ,by "s my/]i\s process ( nature1 or r ( ,div9e b5evol5ce1 ! production ( ?is useful salt is cont9ually go+ on4 ,?is cave also produces "s o!r salts 9 small quantities3 nitrate ( lime1 nitrate ( magnesia1 sulphate ( lime1 c4 ,:]e ! basis ( ! c\ntry is lime/one1 ! wat]s always take up a great quantity ( lime1 & "s ( !m possess great petrify+ p[]s4 ,i saw _m specim5s ( petrifactions3 a tuft ( moss1 ! =m p]fectly pres]v$2 leaves1 b>k1 & bran*es ( trees2 insects1 & _m o!rs4 ,_m ( ! spr+s are /rongly impregnat$ ) sulphur1 & "s ( !m are saturat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,i f\nd ! op9ion univ]sally preval5t among ! p ( ?is /ate1 t ! fir/ appe>ance ( ^! sulphur spr+s 0 imm$iately subsequ5t to ! e>?quakes ( #ahab4 ,!y say1 t !n new spr+s1 impregnat$ ) sulphur1 broke out1 & ! wat]s ( "s old spr+s1 = ! fir/ "t1 gave indications ( ?is m9]al4 ,a s5sible f>m]1 :o has a l>ge sulphur-f\nta91 boil+ up f ! bottom ( a riv] ne> its bank1 assur$ me1 t !re 0 no trace ( ?is spr+ until aft] ! p]iod to :i* ,i h allud$4 ,he c\ld h no int]e/ 9 deceiv+ me2 & if he did deceive me1 8 conduct c\ld orig9ate only 9 t love ( ! m>vell\s :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ! human m9d4 ,he moreov] assur$ me t ! wat] _h be5 gr[+ weak]1 7to use 8 phrase7 ev] s9ce its fir/ appe>ance4 ,i h room only to m5tion1 among ! m9]als ( ,indiana1 _m v>ieties ( clay1 o*res1 gypsum1 alaba/]1 muriat ( soda1 7v common17 iron ore1 & antimony4 ,,art4 ,v4 ,new localities ( ,agate1 ,*alc$ony1 ,*abasie1 ,/ilbite1 ,analcime1 ,titanium1 ,prehnite1 c4 ,de]field1 c4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,m9]alogy & ,geology ( ,de]field1 by ,mr4 ,hit*cock1 9 ! pres5t ,numb]1 x w be se51 t ^! int]e/+ m9]als 7) ! exception ( titanium7 exi/ 9 ! second>y gre5/one ( t place4 ,we h specim5s1 7?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,hit*cock17 & obs]ve t ! agates1 *alc$ony1 analcime1 & prehnite1 are imb$d$ 9 ! trap2 ! agates are 9 "s in/ances v delicate 9 ! disposition ( _! b&s1 & ne$ no?+ b poli%+ to make !m beautiful2 ! same is true ( ! *alc$ony4 ,! *abasie & /ilbite occupy cavities1 & ! *abasie is (t5 di/9ctly cry/aliz$ 9 a rhomboid1 s ne>ly approa*+ a cube1 9 ! quantity ( its angles1 t ! mi/ake is easily committ$ ( suppos+ !m to be cubes2 ! cry/als are sometimes transp>5t1 & ! l>ge/ a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,titanium is f\nd 9 ,leyd52 x is ! r$ oxide--v well *>act]iz$--9 r$di% br[n cry/als z l>ge z a common goose quill1#ah &1 9 "s in/ances1 p]fectly g5iculat$4 ,x is r>e to see f9] specim5s4 ,ea/-,hav54 ,x w be obs]v$1 t ! great ranges ( second>y gre5/one1 :i* cut ,connecticut & ,massa*usetts 9 two1 t]m9ate at ,new-,hav51 on ! "o h&1 & "s way above ,de]field on ! o!r4 ,by comp>+ ! acc\nt ( ! t]m9ation at ,new-,hav5 7,bruce's ,j\rnal1 v4 i4 p4 #aci47 ) t n[ publi%$1 ( ! t]m9ation at or ne> ,de]field1 x w be se5 t ! geology & imb$d$ m9]als are v simil>4 ,at ,ea/-,hav51 7"o ( ! bran*es ( ! gre5/one ( ,new-,hav51 & )9 f ?ree to f\r miles ( ! latt] t[n17 *alc$ony is (t5 f\nd1 sometimes imb$d$ 9 ! trap1 7b p]haps m frequ5tly loose among ! fall5 /ones17 :i*1 al?\gh 9 small pieces1 is z p]fect 9 its *>act]s z ! *alc$ony ( ! ,f]oe ,isl&s4 ,x is ( a delicate gray1 transluc5t1 mamill>y1 botryoidal1 /alactitical1 or impress$ by cry/als ( qu>tz1 :i* h usually fall5 out2 sometimes ^! cry/als incru/ ! *alc$ony4 ,agates also are f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s1 bo? imb$d$ & loose4 ,!y usually consi/ ( b&s ( *alc$ony & qu>tz1 & sometimes ( ! latt] only1 v>i\sly /rip$ or spott$1 or int]lac$ ) jasp]1 c>nelian1 & ca*olong4 ,! =m ( ! imb$d$ agates at ,ea/-,hav5 is commonly ovoidal1 or egg-%ap$1 & frequ5tly x is conical4 ,"s portions ( pure *alc$ony occur1 :i* are %ap$ l a long1 sl5d] c>rot or p>snip1 & ! situation ( ! latt] 9 ! gr\nd w\ld exactly repres5t t ( ! *alc$ony or agate 9 ! rock4 ,! imb$d$ masses are frequ5tly altoge!r qu>tz1 & !n !y are mo/ commonly geodes or holl[ balls l9$ ) cry/als1 commonly v p]fect & brilliant1 al?\gh r>ely l>ge4 ,^! cry/als are commonly transp>5t & col\rless--b !y exhibit also mo/ ( ! v>ieties ( col\r :i* qu>tz assumes--! ame?y/--! smoky--yell[1 c41 & occasionally !y are tipp$ & spott$ ) r$ jasp]4 ,! spontane\s decay ( ^! trap rocks causes _m specim5s to be f\nd among _! ru9s1 & _m m are imb$d$ 9 ! solid rock2 b ! indu/ry ( successive classes f ! neighb\r+ college1 issu+ f ,col4 ,gibbs's cab9et1 has n[ made specim5s m sc>ce4 ,woodbury4 ,tw5ty-f\r miles f ,new-,hav51 ,n4,w4 ,9 a geological sket* ( p>ts ( ! c\nties ( ,new-,hav5 & ,lit*field1 :i* may appe> 9 a future ,numb]1 x w be se5 t prehnite1 /ilbite1 & agate are f\nd at ,woodbury1 9 ! little bas9 ( second>y gre5/one :i* exi/s !re2 ! prehnite is abundant--x is n kn[n :e!r ! agates are s1 al?\gh x is ass]t$ to be ! fact2 ! /ilbite 0 n obs]v$ to be abundant1 al?\gh x 0 well *>act]iz$4 ,,art4 ,,vi4 ,acc\nt ( ! ,/rata p]=at$ by1 & ( ! ,m9]als f\nd 91 ! great adit to ! ,s\?ampton ,lead ,m9e4 ,communicat$ to ! ,editor by ,mr4 ,,amos ,,eaton1 ,lectur] on ,geology1 ,botany1 c4 ,to ,pr(essor ,silliman4 ,aft] a labori\s geological excursion along ,m',clure's ,spr+field section1 = ab\t "o hundr$ miles1 ,i visit$ ,dr4 ,d4 ,hunt1 at ,nor?ampton4 ,he obs]v$ t y _h express$ an op9ion1 t an att5tive exam9ation ( all ! /rata con/itut+ ! walls ( ! artificial av5ue or drift at ! ,s\?ampton m9es1 w\ld br+ facts to k1 :i* might1 9 "s degree1 subs]ve ! cause ( geological sci5ce4 ,i am n[ at ! m\? ( ! drift1 hav+ j complet$ ! lab\r :i* y _h m>k$ out4 ,i employ$ two m9]s to comm5ce ) me1 at ! t]m9ation ( ! drift1 :i* is n[ ext5d$ #hjj feet into ! hill4 ,we broke (f l>ge specim5s1 at v %ort int]vals1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! drift4 ,we arriv$ at its m\? ) almo/ a boat load ( specim5s4 ,i kept a memor&um ( e ?+ :i* occurr$1 :ile "u gr\nd2 & ,i h n[ arrang$ ! specim5s1 be=e ! m\? ( ! drift1 9 ! same ord] 9 :i* !y 7 situat$ 9 ! e>?4 ,fatigu$ z ,i am1 ,i w make my rem>ks "h1 9 ! field1 le/ some?+ %\ld h]eaft] escape me1 :i* is n[ fre% 9 my recollection4 ,beg9n+ ) ! greate/ di/ance to :i* ! m9]s h p5etrat$1 ,i w set d[n my rem>ks1 9 fact1 9 rev]s$ ord]4 #hjj feet4 ,! rock is f9e-gra9$ gray granite1 trav]s$ by ve9s1 l9$ ) qu>tz cry/als1 & mo/ly fill$ ) calc>e\s sp>1 (t5 beautifully cry/alliz$4 ,9 ! same ve9s blue & purple fluate ( lime & copp] pyrites frequ5tly occur4 #gij feet4 ,! same f9e-gra9$ granite is cont9u$1 occasionally trav]s$ by ve9s l9$ ) cry/als ( qu>tz2 b conta9+ no o!r m9]als4 #ggd feet4 ,a n>r[ ve9 ( sulphuret ( lead1 ) walls l9$ ) cry/als ( qu>tz4 ,! faire/ cubic cry/als are slightly atta*$ to ! po9ts ( ! qu>tz cry/als4 ,yell[i% cry/als ( c>bonate ( lime are (t5 int]sp]s$ among ! lead4 ,sulphate ( b>ytes occurs "h also2 sometimes 9 plates meet+ at v>i\s angles1 & =m+ *amb]s l9$ ) m9ute cry/als ( qu>tz4 ,m9ute cry/als ( copp] pyrites & a little fluate ( lime h be5 f\nd "h2 also f9e specim5s ( bitt] sp>4 ,! walls are v compact1 f9e-gra9$ granite4 #gfj feet4 ,co>se1 p>ti-col\r$ granite4 ,! felsp> is fle%-col\r$ & :ite2 ! qu>tz (t5 blui% or gre5i%2 ! mica silv]y1 gre5i%1 or purpli%4 #gbe feet4 ,a /ratum ( gray-wacke slate4 ,texture less firm ?an ( ! same rock at ! we/ ( ,pittsfield4 ,?is /ratum is v di/9ct1 & ab\t two feet ?ick4 #gbc feet4 ,a /ratum ( s]p5t9e rock1 conta9+ v r$ qu>tz imb$d$ 9 v>i\s directions4 ,x is v compact1 & mo/ly gre54 ,"h x is b ab\t ?ree feet ?ick4 ,ab\t t5 miles s\? ( ?is place1 on ,maclure's ,spr+field section1 ne> ! l9e betwe5 ,we/field & ,russel1 & f\r miles we/ f ,we/field ,academy1 ,i f\nd ?is same /ratum ( v great bread?4 ,i say ! same /ratum1 because x is situat$ 9 ! granitic hill1 ea/ ( ! highe/ ridge ( granite1 :i* is evid5tly a cont9uation ( ?is range4 ,p]haps ,i may1 h]eaft]1 give y an acc\nt ( my excursion along t section ( ,maclure1 9 :i* ,i may give y a m p>ticul> description ( ! ,we/field s]p5t9e4 #gbj feet4 ,co>se granite1 ) :ite & fle%-col\r$ felsp>1 black & silv]y mica4 #gjj feet4 ,a /ratum ( r$ mica slate1 ab\t f\r feet ?ick4 #fid feet4 ,co>se1 fle%-col\r$ granite4 ,?is is ! h&some/ granite 9 ! :ole drift4 ,"h we f9d ! mo/ beautiful specim5s ( graphic granite1 bo? fle%-col\r$ & gray4 #fhj feet4 ,a /ratum ( ,kirwan's /ell-/e94 ,t is1 an aggregate ( f9e-gra9$ qu>tz & mica1 )\t any felsp>4 ,! qu>tz is mo/ly gre5i%1 probably col\r$ by ! next /ratum4 #fgj feet4 ,beautiful gre5 soap/one4 ,v compact1 b r s(t] ?an t k9d 9 common use = ink/&s4 #fff feet4 ,a gre51 granul> aggregate4 ,x seems to be made up ( f9e fragm5ts ( qu>tz1 soap/one1 & mica1 r>ely a little felsp>1 slightly compact$ toge!r4 ,rem>k4 ,all ! /rata1 f ! inn] t]m9ation ( ! drift to ?is place1 a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & ?irty-f\r feet1 are ne>ly v]tical1 or a v little incl9$4 ,"h !y beg9 to approa* a horizontal position4 ,! gre5 aggregate cont9ues z f> z ! air-well1 a di/ance ( #ff feet1 ) "s trifl+ v>iations 9 ! size & proportions ( ! aggregat$ fragm5ts4 #ejj feet4 ,a granulat$1 s*i/ose aggregate1 *iefly ( qu>tz & mica4 ,?\gh ! con/itu5ts & ! =m ( ! rock correspond v ne>ly ) mica slate1 x _c be consid]$ z ! primitive mica slate rock4 ,x is s slightly compact$ t x c sc>cely be kept f fall+ to pieces4 ,its position is ne>ly horizontal4 #dhj feet4 ,a /ratum ( coal1 half an in* ?ick4 ,?is /ratum may be trac$1 at diff]5t int]vals1 "o hundr$ & eighty feet along ! drift t[>ds its m\?4 ,x lies betwe5 ! /rata ( ! la/ describ$ s*i/ose aggregate4 #djj feet4 ,an aggregate appe>s1 alt]nat+ ) ! loose s*i/ose rock1 :i* resembles ! r$ s&/one1 b is ( a less firm texture4 ,f ?is place all ! /rata1 ea/ ( ! soap/one1 occasionally appe>1 = ! di/ance ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,?is is probably on acc\nt ( _! undulatory =ms & horizontal position4 ,mo/ ( ! way we f9d ! l[] "p ( ! walls to consi/ ( a k9d ( semi-indurat$ pudd+/one4 ,sometimes a ?9 /ratum ( f9e1 loose s& occurs4 ,at #cjj feet ! coal /ratum disappe>s1 pass+ bel[ ! bottom ( ! drift4 ,! la/ hundr$ feet is *iefly gravel1 :i* is n[ support$ by timb]s4 ,s\?ampton1 ,aug4 #bf1 #ahah4 ,,art4 ,,vii4 ,on ! ,peat ( ,dut*ess ,c\nty--read be=e ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 9 ,new-,york1 by ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,s*aeff]1 ( ,new-,york1 & by him communicat$ to ! ,editor4 ,9 ,may1 #ahag1 ,i br\ght specim5s ( m>l & peat f ,dut*ess c\nty1 :i* 7 tak5 f a f5 or bog occupy+ an area ( "s acres4 ,^! f5s occur frequ5tly 9 ! t[ns ( ,rh9ebeck1 ,nor!a/1 ,cl9ton1 c4 9 ,dut*ess c\nty4 ,dur+ a "p ( ! ye> !y are cov]$ ) wat]4 ,a pit 0 dug 9 ! bog f :i* ,i procur$ ! specim5s4 ,! ord] & dep? ( ! well-def9$ /rata :i* 7 exhibit$ by ?is excavation1 ,i not$ 9 my memor&um book1 f :i* ,i extract ! foll[+3 ,aft] cle>+ away ! fre% sod & rec5t vegetable m\ld1 !re appe>$1 #a4 ,a /ratum or b$ ( peat commonly call$ turf1 v>y+ 9 dep? f ?ree to f\r feet4 #b4 ,a /ratum ( peat & m>l comm+l$2 dep? two feet4 #c4 ,a /ratum ( pure m>l1 f two to ?ree feet4 ,bel[ ^! !re 0 an appe>ance ( s& & blue clay4 ,! fir/1 or upp] /ratum1 consi/s ( compact peat4 ,?is sub/ance1 :5 fir/ tak5 up1 is ( a d>k br[n col\r1 s(t1 & r viscid4 ,"s vegetable fibres & vacu\s se$s are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,x may be m\ld$ to any conv5i5t =m4 ,:5 p]fectly dry1 ! texture ( ?is v>iety1 ( :i* !re is a specim5 be=e y1 acquires a high degree ( solidity4 ,its fracture is e>?y2 ! col\r is light]4 ,i %\ld n h (f]$ m on ?is subject ?an ! labell$ specim51 _h ,i n made a mo/ satisfactory exp]im5t ) ?is k9d ( fuel1 :i* may be obta9$ 9 great abundance 9 our own ,/ate4 ,x is easily k9dl$2 burns ) a bright flame2 yields a blui% smoke1 & produces an od\r simil> to t :i* att5ds ! combu/ion ( gram9e\s sub/ances4 ,b ?is is mom5t>y4 ,:5 ?or\ghly k9dl$1 x burns ) less flame1 yields a small proportion ( blacki% smoke1 & sulphur\s acid gas is evolv$1 ?\gh ,i _c discov] any pyrites4 ,x burns = a long "t1 & emits a great body ( heat4 ,x leaves a v small proportion ( light1 grayi% :ite a%es2 on :i* ,i h z yet made no exp]im5ts1 hav+ ?is day1 = ! fir/ "t1 paid p>ticul> att5tion to ?is sub/ance1 attract$ by ! unusual h>dness :i* x acquir$ s9ce x is 9 my possession3 & n _m h\rs h elaps$ s9ce ,i subject$ x to combu/ion4 ,! attempt succe$$ s well1 t ,i _c refra9 f express+ my op9ion1 t ?is v>iety ( peat w answ] z an excell5t sub/itute = ! be/ ,liv]pool coal4 ,,art4 ,,viii4 ,notices ( ,geology 9 ! ,we/-,indies4 ,,rem>ks4 ,9 ! =m] ,numb] ( ?is "w1 a notice 0 publi%$ respect+ silice\s petrifactions ( wood1 f ,antigua4 ,we n[ publi% a geological sket* ( ! isl&1 ) notices ( "s o!r p>ts ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,?is communication is made by a fri5d1 ) p]mission to publi% x4 ,x is a production ( ! p5 ( ,dr4 ,,nug5t1 ( ,/4 ,johns1 ,antigua1 a g5tleman ( em95t sci5tific acquirem5ts1 :o1 x is hop$1 w cont9ue 8 laudable & able ef=ts to illu/rate ! natural hi/ory ( ! ,we/-,indies4 ,memor&um conc]n+ ! ,geology ( ,antigua1 c4 ,! s\!rn & m m\nta9\s "p ( ! isl& consi/s ( trap rocks2 m p>ticul>ly ( trap breccia & wack-porphyry4 ,on ^! b$s re/s a s]ies ( v peculi> /ratifi$ conglom]ate rocks4 ,^! /rata v>y exce$+ly 9 col\r & ?ickness1 b all dip1 at a consid]able angle1 to ! nor?we/4 ,! m usual "* ( ?is rock1 is t ( a clayey basis1 ) m9ute p>ticles ( felsp>1 & small spots ( grn]de#ai 7or *lorite ,baldoge47 ,?is latt] is frequ5tly diffus$ ov] ! :ole1 & gives x a gre5 t+e3 ! col\r has be5 ?\ght by "s to proce$ f ! impregnation ( copp]1 b ,i am r ( op9ion t is ow+ to manganese & iron4 ,! conglom]ate "* ( ?is rock1 is d]iv$ f its hav+ imb$d$ 9 x1 or incorporat$ ) x1 num]\s fragm5ts1 ( all sizes1 ( petrifi$ wood1 *]t1 ) & )\t corall9e impressions1 agate1 jasp]1 amygdaloid1 gre5/one1 horn/one1 porphyry1 porphyry slate1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,on ?is s+ul> class ( /rata1 reposes an ext5sive calc>e\s =mation1 occupy+ ! nor!rn & ea/]n "p ( ! isl&1 hav+ subord9ate to x1 & at its l[e/ "p1 :]e x is 9 contact ) ! conglom]ate1 l>ge b$s & pat*es ( *]t1 :i* conta9s also a va/ v>iety ( petrifi$ woods1 sev]al ( :i* are ( ! palm tribe1 ) silicifi$ %ells1 *iefly c]i!a2 ?\gh at ! ,*ur*-hill1 at ,/4 ,johns1 =m$ ( ?is *]t1 ca/s ( bivalve & ramose madrepores are likewise f\nd4 ,! calc>e\s b$s are pr9cipally ( a friable m>l1 ) blocks & lay]s ( lime/one irregul>ly includ$4 ,9 ?is =mation#bj are _m fossil %ells1 bo? 9 ! calc>e\s & silice\s /ate2 & !re appe> to be "s b$s1 :]e9 is a mixture ( %ells ( m>9e1 & o!rs ( a fre% wat]1 or at lea/ a t]re/rial orig94 ,! corall9e agates f\nd 9 nodules & pat*es !re91 & :i* may readily be di/+ui%$ f ! corall9e *]t ( ! previ\s b$s1 are ! mo/ beautiful :i* h any :]e be5 yet notic$2 & :5 well select$ & poli%$1 make v pleas+ ornam5ts4 ,! isl&1 z well z ,b>buda1 ?irty miles to ! nor?w>d1 ! ,gr&e ,t]re "p ( ,guadal\pe1 at a simil> di/ance to ! s\?w>d & ea/w>d1 ) sev]al o!rs ( ! ,we/-,india ,isl&s1 give pro( ( an ext5sive =mation1 m rec5t ?an ^? to :i* naturali/s h h]et(ore pr9cipally conf9$ _!' att5tion2 & :i* is1 p]haps1 contemporane\s )1 if n lat] ?an1 ! ,p>is ,bas91 s well describ$ by ,cuvi] & ,brongni>t4 ,april #aj?1 #ahah4 ,n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,b4 ,a few specim5s are s5t4 ,,rem>ks4 ,if ! above pap] be read att5tively1 9 connexion ) t 9 ,no4 #a4 on ! petrifi$ wood ( ,antigua1 x w af=d "s v curi\s in=mation to ! geologi/ respect+ ^! petrifactions1 & mu/ lead to int]e/+ speculations respect+ _! orig91 "u circum/ances s v peculi>1 & to :i* we d n recollect to h he>d ( any p>allel4 ,,art4 ,,ix4 ,discov]y ( ,native ,cry/alliz$ ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia on ,/at5-,isl&1 ) a ,notice ( ! ,geology & ,m9]alogy ( t ,isl&1 by ,,james ,,pi]ce1 ,,esq4 ( ,new-,york1 9 a ,lett] to ! ,editor4 ,,new-,,york1 ,octob] #ai1 #ahah4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i =w>d y a few m9]al specim5s *>act]i/ic ( ,/at5-,isl&1 includ+ native c>bonate ( magnesia1 9 acicul> cry/als4 ,i discov]$ ?is new =m & locality ( magnesia 9 exam9+ ! /rata exhibit$ 9 an excavation n[ mak+1 "u ! delusive expectation ( f9d+ gold1 ab\t ?ree miles f ! ,qu>ant9e4 ,9 desc5d+ ! %aft1 sunk p]p5dicul>ly 9 /eatite1 magnesite1 ve9s ( talc1 & gre5 transluc5t asbe/us 7 obs]v$ at dep?s f six to ?irty-five feet4 ,! magnesite 0 f\nd to embrace ve9s & cavities conta9+ native c>bonate ( magnesia1 9 v :ite acicul> cry/als1 gr\p$ 9 m9ute fibres radiat+ f ! sides1 b n always fill+ ! ve9s & cavities4 ,! cry/als 71 9 "s in/ances1 susp5d$1 assum+ a /alactical =m4 ,?is c>bonate ( magnesia dissolves entirely 9 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 ) consid]able eff]vesc5ce & *emical action1 produc+ a bitt] comp\nd1 f :i* salts ( easy solution are =m$ by evaporation4 ,! magnesite 9 :i* ^! cry/als are f\nd1 appe>s to be compos$ ( c>bonate ( magnesia1 /eatite1 & talc1 dis9tegrat+ readily ^u exposure to air & moi/ure3 x eff]vesces consid]ably 9 sulphuric acid1 =m+ a v bitt] fluid t soon exhibits cry/als1 indicat+ t magnesia ent]s 9 l>ge proportion into its con/itution4 ,magnesite may p]haps be f\nd at ?is place 9 quantity suffici5t = a successful manufacture ( ,epsom salts4 ,small regul> hexa$ral cry/als ( mica1 7 notic$ 9 /eatite4 ,*romate ( iron 0 sp>+ly diffus$ ?r\gh ! diff]5t m9]als rais$ f v>i\s dep?s4 ,a few rem>ks & facts respect+ ! geology & m9]alogy ( ,/at5-,isl&1 may1 p]haps1 give "s additional int]e/ to ! specim5s pres5t$4 ,/at5-,isl& 7:i* con/itutes ,ri*mond c\nty7 is situat$ ab\t sev5 miles s\?we/ ( ! city ( ,new-,york1 ext5ds f nor!a/ to s\?we/ ab\t fifte5 miles1 9 a /raight l9e1 ) an av]age wid? ( six4 ,x exhibits a consid]able div]sity ( surface4 ,! ea/]n "p is compos$ pr9cipally ( elevat$ gr\nd3 a m\nta9 *a9 is obs]v$ to take its rise 9 ! vic9ity ( a n>r[ s\nd call$ ! ,kills1 & sweep1 9 a semicircul> =m1 ne> ! ea/]n %ore2 x !n ranges s\?we/1 p>allel )1 & di/ant f ,amboy ,bay1 ab\t two miles1 t]m9at+ ne> ! c5tre ( ! isl&1 & =m+1 ) ! exception ( "s passages1 a cont9u$ *a91 :i*1 on ! ea/]n & s\!rn sides1 is v /eep1 b n precipit\s2 x gradually decl9es to ! we/ & nor?1 &1 9 "s places1 x pres5ts on its summit table l& ( consid]able ext5t4 ,a prom95t ridge crosses ! isl&1 connect+ ! elevat$ gr\nd ( ! s\?1 ) ! hills ( ! nor!rn "p4 ,a species ( /eatite1 conta9+ ve9s ( common1 indurat$1 & scaly talc1 amian?us1 & mo/ ( ! v>ieties ( asbe/us1 & "s *romate ( iron1 con/itutes ! nucleus ( ! :ole m\nta9 range & elevat$ gr\nd ( ! ea/]n division1 /amp+ x z primitive4 ,?is /eatite approa*es1 9 mo/ places1 )9 a foot & a half ( ! surface1 & appe>s 9 small angul> loose blocks1 :]ev] ! soil has be5 remov$4 ,its col\r is a gre5i% yell[2 x is brittle1 v adhesive to ! tongue1 b little unctu\s1 & probably conta9s m alum9e & less magnesia ?an /eatites 9 g5]al4 ,mu* ( x decomposes :5 expos$ to air & moi/ure1 & =ms a good m\ld1 :5ev] ! desc5t ( gr\nd p]mits an accumulation ( e>?4 ,x is n improbable1 t 9 mo/ places ( ! ,/at5-,isl& hills1 :5 magnesia con/itutes a consid]able +r$i5t ( ! rock1 x w be f\nd saturat$ ) c>bonic acid1 obviat+ ! objection to common magnesian m9]als 9 agriculture4 ,! m9]als obs]v$ on ! surface ( ! nor!a/ "p ( ?is *a9 ( hills are1 second>y gre5/one1 asbe/oid1 s&/one1 granite1 & gneiss1 sp>+ly scatt]$ 9 roll$ masses4 ,9 addition to ^! rocks1 9 ! middle & we/]n "p ( ! *a91 a m9]al ( uncommon appe>ance is obs]v$4 ,x is compos$ pr9cipally ( qu>tz1 r\gh1 ) num]\s cells ( v>i\s =ms1 9 :i* small silice\s cry/als are g5]ally f\nd3 ! ve9s or plates ( qu>tz t int]sect ea* o!r1 (t5 embrace talc & oxide ( iron1 :i*1 decompos+1 gives "s specim5s ! appe>ance ( volcanic orig94 ,associat$ ) ?is cellul> f]rug9\s qu>tz1 br[n hmatite is (t5 obs]v$2 ?is valuable ore (t5 yields eighty p] c5t4 ( iron ( be/ quality2 its fibres assume a v>iety ( %apes2 !y 7 obs]v$ at ,/at5-,isl&1 /raight & curv$1 radiat+ f a c5tre1 & exhibit+ ! /alactical1 cyl9drical1 & botryoidal =ms1 (t5 display+ a black poli%$ surface & gli/5+ lu/re4 ,f]rug9\s m9]als are abundant on ! m\nta9 = sev]al miles4 ,a granul> oxide1 call$ by m9]s %ot-ore1#ba f its be+ pr9cipally compos$ ( sph]ical gra9s ( v>i\s sizes1 0 (t5 notic$1 & appe>s 9 "s places 9 ext5sive b$s3 x is easily fus$1 & af=ds a l>ge p] c5tage ( good iron = ca/+s4 ,a heavy ore1 ) a smoo? surface & "s lu/re1 be>+ a consid]able resemblance to native iron1 is sometimes se54 ,banks ( :ite s&1 resembl+ ! silice\s p>ticles ( ! sea%ore1 are notic$ on ! m\nta9 tops1 conta9+ masses ( compact1 heavy f]rug9\s s&/one1 simil> to ! rocks ( our alluvial seabo>d4 ,l>ge b$s ( wat]-worn silice\s pebbles1 9 no way diff]+ f ^? wa%$ by ! ocean1 are se5 on ! height ( ! ridge1 9 :i* excavations h be5 made sev]al feet1 leav+ ! dep? ( ! mass unc]ta94 ,on "s ( ! em95ces1 = a consid]able ext5t1 vegetation is entirely exclud$ by an iron-b\nd soil4 ,iron ore1 imb$d$ 9 an e>? col\r$ by1 & p>tly compos$ (1 oxide ( iron1 occupies ! surface2 & *alc$ony & radiat$ qu>tz are sometimes obs]v$ on ! primitive ridge4 ,prospects f _m ( ^! em95ces are ext5sive & div]sifi$4 ,on "o side1 ! ocean & a great ext5t ( coa/ are 9 view2 on ! o!r1 a ri* l&scape ( hills & pla9s1 ! eye re/+ on ! highl&-*a9 & ! m\nta9s bord]+ ,p5nsylvania2 ! h>b\r1 at y\r feet1 pres5ts a busy1 ev]-v>y+ sc5e1 & ! city ( ,new-,york appe>s to great advantage f ?is po9t ( obs]vation4 ,! di/rict betwe5 ! m\nta9 & ! n>r[s1 ! ?ickly settl$ & well-cultivat$ pla9 bord]+ ,amboy bay1 & mu* ( ! we/]n division ( ! isl&1 are decid$ly alluvial4 ,adjac5t to ,=t ,tompk9s1 deta*$ pieces ( copp] ore h be5 f\nd4 ,i h obs]v$ petrifactions ( m>9e %ells 9 rocks excavat$ 9 t neighb\rhood1 tw5ty feet f ! surface1 & sixty above ! ocean4 ,! we/]n "p ( ! isl& pres5ts mod]ate elevations2 ! soil1 a good m$ium ( s& & clay1 is 9 g5]al f]tile2 b a tract ne> ! t]m9ation is s&y & b>r54 ,"s creeks p5etrate to ne> ! c5tre ( ! isl&1 & are bord]$ by ext5sive salt mead[s4 ,except at ! primitive range1 ,i h obs]v$ 9 no "p ( ! isl& l>ge b$s ( rock t c be call$ 9 place2 b roll$ masses ( gre5/one1 s&/one1 gneiss1 granite1 r$ jasp]1 & indurat$ clay1 appe> 9 g5]al sp>+ly1 b sometimes 9 abundance1 on ! surface4 ,lignite has be5 f\nd 9 small quantities 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! isl&4 ,a *alybeate spr+1 ( no great /r5g?1 is ! only m9]al wat] met ) 9 ,ri*mond c\nty4 ,! ponds1 wells1 & /reams1 conta9 a s(t wat]1 hold+ no lime 9 solution4 ,,rem>ks4 ,we h already publi%$ 7p4 #ed47 ,mr4 ,pi]ce's discov]y ( ! pulv]ul5t c>bonate ( magnesia1 & h po9t$ out its connexion ) ,dr4 ,bruce's previ\s discov]y ( ! hydrate ( magnesia1 or pure magnesia comb9$ ) wat] only4 ,mr4 ,pi]ce has n[ add$ ano!r important l9k to ?is *a91 & future m9]alogi/s may quote ! vic9ity ( ,new-,york z af=d+1 #a4 ,pure magnesia1 cry/alliz$ & comb9$ ) wat] only4 #b4 ,c>bonate ( magnesia1 pulv]ul5t & :ite4 #c4 ,c>bonate ( magnesia1 9 v delicate & p]fectly :ite acicul> cry/als4 ,we possess specim5s ( !m all4 ,,art4 ,x4 ,on a curi\s sub/ance :i* accompanies ! native ,nitre ( ,k5tucky & ( ,africa4 ,communicat$ 9 a lett] to ! ,editor1 f ,,samuel ,,br[n1 ,m4 ,d4 late ( ,k5tucky1 n[ ( ! ,alabama ,t]ritory4 ,,rem>ks4 ,! sci5tific public 7 sev]al ye>s ago laid "u obligations to ,dr4 ,br[n1 = a v int]e/+ & in/ructive acc\nt ( ! nitre cav]ns1 c4 ( ,k5tucky1 publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,philosophical ,society1 9 ,philadelphia1 ,vol4 ,,vi41 & 9 ,bruce's ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ajj4 ,! foll[+ communication arose f a conv]sation on t subject betwe5 ,dr4 ,br[n & ! ,editor4 ,new-,hav51 ,july #bg1 #ahah4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i h j f\nd ! passage ,i ref]r$ to ! o!r day1 relative to ! exi/5ce ( native or s&rock nitre 9 ! int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,x is 9 ,b>r[1 & n 9 ,vaillant1 z ,i ?\ght :5 ,i _h ! pleasure ( conv]s+ ) y conc]n+ x4 ,i am mu* oblig$ to y = recall+ my att5tion to t curi\s subject1 z x has br\ght to my recollection a fact1 :i* ,i believe ,i omitt$ to m5tion 9 my memoir1 7viz47 ! exi/5ce ( a black sub/ance 9 ! clay "u ! rocks1 ( a bitum9\s appe>ance & smell4 ,?is ,i rememb] to h se5 9 a rock-h\se1 ne> ! ,k5tucky riv]1 :]e v consid]able quantities ( s&rock nitre _h be5 obta9$4 ,?is sub/ance 0 f\nd 9 masses ( a few ounces weight1 & 9 ! crevices ( ! rocks ne> ! basis ( ! side walls4 ,! smell 0 n :olly bitum9\s1 b resembl$ t ( bitum5 comb9$ ) musk4 ,i am q unable to acc\nt = ! =mation ( ! nitre1 or ! production ( ?is black sub/ance :i* sometimes accompanies x1 bo? 9 ,africa & ,am]ica4 ,_h ,i se5 ,mr4 ,b>r['s travels1 :5 ,i notic$ ! bitum51 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly h paid m att5tion to x4 ,b p]ceiv+ no relation betwe5 ! rock nitre & ! masses ( ?is sub/ance1 my exam9ation ( x 0 mu* too sup]ficial4 ,i d n v well und]/& :at ,mr4 ,b>r[ means by say+1 t _m wagon loads ( animal matt] lay on ! ro( ( ! cav]ns 9 ,africa4 ,i saw no su* matt] on ! ro( ( ! rock-h\ses 9 ,k5tucky4 ,c]ta9ly ! cav]ns h be5 ! habitations ( wild bea/s1 & great quantities ( leaves1 c4 h be5 mix$ ) ! debris ( ! sup]9cumb5t rocks1 b x does n seem probable1 t mu* animal matt] c\ld be filtrat$ ?r\gh a ro( ( rock1 p]haps =ty or fifty feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! subject1 h[ev]1 is v curi\s1 & des]ves mu* m att5tion ?an any ( u h be/[$ ^u x4 ,extract f ,b>r['s ,s\!rn ,africa1 p4 #bia4 ,new-,york edition4 ,ab\t #ab miles to ! ea/w>d ( ! wells1 7,hepatic wells17 9 a klo( ( ! m\nta91 we f\nd a consid]able quantity ( native nitre4 ,x 0 9 a cav]n simil> to ^? us$ by ! ,bosgesmans = _! w9t] habitations1 & 9 :i* !y us$ to make ! draw+s above m5tion$4 ,! "u surface ( ! project+ /ratum ( calc>e\s /one1 & ! sides t support$ x1 7 incru/$ ) a coat+ ( cle>1 :ite saltpetre1 t came (f 9 flakes1 f a qu>t] ( an in* to an in* or m 9 ?ickness4 ,! fracture resembl$ t ( ref9$ sug>1 x burnt completely away )\t leav+ any residuum2 & if dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ?us evaporat$1 cry/als ( pure prismatic nitre 7 obta9$4 ,?is salt1 9 ! same /ate1 is to be met ) "u ! s&/one /rata ( _m ( ! m\nta9s ( ,africa2 b1 p]haps1 n 9 suffici5t quantities to be employ$ z an article ( export4 ,!re 0 also 9 ! same cave1 runn+ d[n ! sides ( ! rock1 a black sub/ance1 t 0 app>5tly bitum9\s4 ,! peasants call$ x ! ur9e ( ! das4 ,! dung ( ?is greg>i\s animal 0 ly+ ^u ! ro( ( ! cav]n to ! am\nt ( _m wagon loads4 ,! putrid animal matt]1 filtrat+ ?r\gh ! rock1 contribut$1 no d\bt1 to ! =mation ( ! nitre4 ,! ,hepatic wells & ! native nitre rocks 7 9 ! division ( ,ag/] ,sneuwb]g1 :i* jo9s ! ,tacka to ! s\?we/4 ,%\ld ,i ev] visit ,k5tucky aga91 ,i hope t ,i %all be able to give a bett] acc\nt ( ^! cav]ns1 :i* c]ta9ly are highly des]v+ ( ! att5tion ( naturali/s4 ,9 ,philadelphia y may h an opportunity ( see+ "s small specim5s ( ! s&rock1 conta9+ nitre1 n[ 9 ! cab9et ( ! ,philosophical ,society4 ,,botany4 ,,art4 ,,xi4 ,descriptions ( species ( ,sponges obs]v$ on ! %ores ( ,long-,isl&4 ,by ,c4 ,s4 ,,raf9esque1 ,esq4 ,! sponges are "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> productions ( nature2 &1 ev5 to ?is "t1 naturali/s are divid$ 9 op9ion respect+ _! real rank 9 ! scale ( organiz$ be+s4 ,"s believe t !y are animals1 belong+ to ! class ( polyps1 next to ! g5us ( alcyonium1 :ile _m cont5d t !y are n animals1 b plants1 ( ! tribe ( fuci1 or m>9e vegetables4 ,i am incl9$ to adopt ?is latt] op9ion1 s9ce 9 all ^? :i* ,i h se51 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 no p]ceptible motion nor s5sibility 0 to be disc]n$ 9 any /age ( _! exi/5ce2 & ^? :o h ackn[l$g$ _! animality1 br+ no /rong] pro( !re( ?an an occasional slight %r9k+ "u ! h&1 & an animal smell1 :i* are common to "s m>9e plants4 ,:atev] be ! tru? on ! subject1 ^! d\btful op9ions prove t !y are ( ! _m connect+ l9ks betwe5 animals & plants4 ,?is is n a prop] place to decide ?is controv]sy2 ,i mean m]ely to make kn[n new species ( ?is tribe ( be+s1 :i* ,i obs]v$ la/ ye>1 on ! %ores ( ,long-,isl&4 ,su* a fragm5t w be1 p]haps1 ! fir/ attempt ( ! k9d2 :5 m species %all be kn[n1 ! subject may be inve/igat$ ) m c]ta9ty & accuracy4 #a4 ,spongia albesc5s1 ,raf4 7,:iti% sponge47 ,effuse1 compress$1 irregul>1 p]=at$1 some:at bran*$1 unequally lob$1 :iti%1 smoo?2 lobes truncat$2 cells porose1 v m9ute1 ne>ly equal2 small unequal cells inside4 ,f\nd ne> ,ba? & ,graves5d1 9 s&y bottoms4 ,a l>ge species1 sometimes ov] a foot broad1 ( q an irregul> %ape1 r flatt5$1 ab\t "o in* ?ick2 p>tly gibbose2 concave n[ & !n1 & ) l>ge1 irregul> op5+s1 z if l>ge bran*es 7 ana/omos$2 circumf]5ce bran*$ or lob$1 v jagg$1 s9us obtuse1 lobes elongat$ obtuse1 truncate or flat1 unequally divid$4 ,! sub/ance is entirely ( a c9]e\s :ite1 outside & inside1 ( a s(t & brittle nature1 r friable2 cov]$ outside ) m9ute pores ( an oblong or r\nd %ape1 & full ( small unequal cells inside4 #b4 ,spongia o/rac9a1 ,raf4 7,oy/] sponge47 ,v bran*$1 erect1 r$1 papillose2 bran*es unequal1 (t5 di*otome1 obtuse2 cells porose1 oblong1 ne>ly equal4 ,x is (t5 f\nd on ! common oy/]4 7,o/rea virg9ica47 ,x rises f f\r to six in*es1 ! col\r is a f9e r$1 x bran*es f ! base2 ! bran*es are unequal1 /raight1 cyl9drical1 or compress$4 ,sub/ance /upose4 ,surface cov]$ ) small papilla & small oblong unequal pores4 #c4 ,spongia cespitosa1 ,raf4 7,bu%y sponge47 ,bran*$1 cespitose1 yell[i%1 r\gh1 papillose2 bran*es fasciculat$1 upright1 unequal1 flexuose1 compress$1 slightly ana/omos$1 ne>ly di*otome upw>ds2 cells porose1 oblong1 ne>ly equal1 m>g9 lac]at$4 ,f\nd also on ! oy/]1 b m seldom ?an ! =ego+2 ! specim5s :i* ,i saw 0 f\nd on ! ,bluepo9t oy/]s1 by ,dr4 ,eddy4 ,x becomes br[n by dry+4 ,x rises f f\r to six in*es1 ! m>g9 ( ! cells or pores is torn into papill>1 /iff processes1 :i* produce a r\gh surface4 ,sub/ance /ripose4 ,int]nal cells oblong1 v small4 #d4 ,spongia cladonia4 7,cladonian sponge47 ,bran*$ effuse1 smoo?1 pale fulv\s1 /em procumb5t1 bran*es di/i*al1 "o-sid$1 erect1 simple or divid$1 obtuse2 cells porose1 m9ute2 "s l>g] r\nd4 ,i h f\nd ?is species at ,ba? & at ,s&y-,hook1 on ,s&y bottoms4 ,l5g? ab\t six in*es4 ,/em & bran*es cyl9drical or compress$4 ,sub/ance fibrose1 ana/om$1 bran*es div>icate1 asc5d5t1 semi di*otomose or simple1 unequal1 ?ick] t[>ds ! top4 #e4 ,spongia virgata4 7,sl5d] sponge47 ,ne>ly bran*$1 smoo?1 fulv\s1 /em divid$1 sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 knobby1 bran*es erect1 sl5d]1 ne>ly heads acute2 pores unequal1 irregul>1 small4 ,a small species1 ?ree in*es high1 f\nd at ,oy/]bay1 on rocky bottoms1 r>e2 /em ) few bran*es1 & imp]fect ones1 l knobs4 ,sub/ance /upose4 ,bran*es r\nd1 alt]nate1 small4 ,pores )\t any det]m9ate %ape4 ,,art4 ,,xii4 ,memoir on ! ,xan?ium maculatum1 a ,new ,species f ! ,/ate ( ,new-,york1 c4 by ,c4 ,s4 ,,raf9esque1 ,,esq4 ,pur% & ,mi*aux m5tion only "o species ( ,am]ican ,xan?ium1 ! ,x4 /rum>ium1 :ile !re are ?ree notic$ 9 ! catalogue ( ,dr4 ,muhl5b]g1 ! above species1 & ! ,x4 ori5tale1 & ,x4 sp9osum4 ,! fir/ & ! la/ are natives ( ,europe1 & h be5 naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) _m o!r plants4 ,! species call$ ,x4 ori5tale by ,dr4 ,muhl5b]g1 appe>s h[ev] to be a native2 b ! ,x4 ori5tale ( ,l9nu1 is a native ( ,sib]ia1 ,japan1 & ! ,ea/-,indies2 & :5 plants are f\nd to gr[ 9 su* opposite qu>t]s ( ! globe1 a /rong presumption arises t !y are n id5tical species1 :i* presumption has be5 confirm$ by exp]i5ce 9 _m in/ances1 :5ev] ! plants ( bo? c\ntries h be5 accurately exam9$4 ,dec&olle1 9 ! ,fr5* ,flora1 7#b;d edit1 ( #ahae47 vol4 #f4 p4 #cef1 describes1 "u ! "n ( ,x4 macroc>pon1 a species f\nd 9 ,france1 & :i* he takes to be ! real ,x4 ori5tale ( ,l9nu4 ,he has *ang$ its "n1 because1 he says1 t x is n c]ta9 t ! ,x4 ori5tale gr[s 9 ,asia2 or1 if any gr[s !re1 t x is id5tic ) 8 species2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is really ! ,x4 ori5tale ( ,l9nu1 ,son1 ,lam>k1 & ,ga]tn]4 ,he adds1 t he possesses 9 8 h]b>ium1 a species f ,canada1 diff]5t f 8 ,x4 macroc>pon :i* has be5 figur$ by ,morison1 on ^: au?ority "s au?ors h ass]t$ t ! ,x4 ori5tale grew 9 ,canada1 mi/ak+ 8 figure = t plant4 ,f ! above /atem5t1 x appe>s t mu* obscurity & difficulty arises 9 botany1 :5 errors creep into ! di/9ction ( species3 to detect ^? errors1 & to asc]ta9 ! synonyme ( obscure species1 is n "o ( ! lea/ useful botanical lab\rs4 ,hav+ f\nd1 la/ ye> & ?is ye>1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,new-,york1 a species ( ,xan?ium diff]5t f any describ$ by ! au?ors1 & int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,x4 /rum>ium & ,x4 ori5tale ( ,l9nu1 ,i presume t x may be ! ,x4 ori5tale ( ,muhl5b]g1 ,leconte1 & ,morison1 & ! ,xan?ium ( ,canada1 m5tion$ by ,dec&olle1 ,dumont1 c4 ,i h giv5 to x ! "n ( ,x4 maculatum1 s9ce ! /em is spott$ l ! ,conium maculatum4 ,none ( ^? au?ors hav+ describ$ x1 ,i suppose t its description w be acceptable1 & w s]ve to fix ?is new species among ! ,am]ican botani/s4 ,!re=e x w appe>1 t ! ,x4 ori5tale1 :i* _h be5 consid]$ z a native ( ,asia1 ,europe1 & ,am]ica1 is compos$ ( at lea/ ?ree species2 ! ,european species1 :i* has be5 call$ ,x4 macroc>pon by ,dec&olle1 ! ,am]ican species1 :i* ,i h call$ ,x4 maculatum1 & ! ,asiatic species1 to :i* ! "n ( ,x4 ori5tale ought to rema92 b :i* ought to be bett] describ$1 & m fully di/+ui%$ f ! ,x4 macroc>pon by ^? :o may *ance to meet ) x4 ,i ev5 suspect t _m species gr[ 9 ,asia1 s9ce t ( ,ceylon may be diff]5t f ! ,*9ese & ,sib]ian species4 ,xan?ium ,maculatum4 ,def9ition4 ,/em flexu\s1 r\nd1 r\gh1 spott$ ) black2 leaves long-petiolate1 cuneate-r5i=m1 ne>ly trilobe1 s9uate-too!d1 obtuse1 r\gh1 & ?ick2 fruits elliptic1 obtuse muricate2 ?orns r\gh4 ,description4 ,! root is annual1 ?ick1 & :ite4 ,! /em rises f "o to two feet2 x is upright1 )\t ?orns1 v ?ick1 & ) few bran*es2 x is cov]$ ) oblong1 black1 & r\gh spots4 ,! leaves are few1 b l>ge1 ) v long petiols2 !y are ne>ly r5i=m1 ) an acute base1 & h ?ree n]ves2 ! tee? are unequal1 l>ge1 & obtuse4 ,! fl[]s & fruits are dispos$ z 9 ,x4 /rum>ium2 b ! fruits are g5]ally solit>y2 !y are half an in* long1 ne>ly cyl9drical obtuse1 ) ! two beaks sc>cely p]ceptible & b5t 91 cov]$ ) %ort1 ?ick1 & r\gh ?orns1 r s(t1 & n unc9ate4 ,! :ole plant has a peculi> smell1 n unpleasant1 some:at betwe5 ! camphorate & gravul5t od\r1 b weak] ?an 9 ,conysa camphorata1 c4 ,hi/ory4 ,?is plant gr[s on ,long-,isl&1 ne> ! sea%ore & m>%es4 ,i h f\nd x common ne> ,ba?1 on ! d[ns1 & 9 ,new-,j]sey1 ne> ,b]g51 & ,p[les ,hook1 on ! m>g9 ( m>%y mead[s4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,mul5b]g1 x gr[s also 9 ,p5nsylvania2 ,messrs4 ,torrey & ,leconte f\nd x on ! isl& ( ,new-,york2 & by ,morison & ,dec&olle's acc\nt1 x is f\nd z f> nor? z ,canada4 ,x blossoms 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 b ! fruits rema9 on ! plant till ! sev]e fro/s ( ,decemb]4 ,obs]vations4 ,?is species diff]s f ! ,x4 macroc>pon ( ,dec&olle1 by hav+ small] fruits1 )\t horns1 & ^: ?orns are nei!r hook$ nor hispid2 by n hav+ an angul> /em1 b a r\nd1 spott$ "o1 & by its leaves be+ broad]1 & n s]rate1 c4 ,ne>ly all ^? diff]5ces exi/ betwe5 x & ! ,x4 ori5tale ( ,asia1 :i* has n yet be5 isolat$ f ! ,x4 macroc>pon4 ,! ,x4 edr9atum diff]s f ?is by hav+ oval fruits1 ) aggregat$1 e*9ate1 & hook$ ?orns2 & ! ,x4 /rum>ium1 by hav+ cordate hirsute leaves1 ! fruits aggregat$1 ) hook$ ?orns & horn$ tops4 ,! ,x4 sp9osum1 & ,x4 fruticosum1 ate s totally diff]5t t !y ne$ n be comp>$4 ,,zoology4 ,,art4 ,,xiii4 ,description ( ! ,phala5a ,deva/ator1 7! ,insect t produces ! ,cut-worm17 communicat$ = ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 c4 by ,mr4 ,,john ,p4 ,,brace1 ( ,lit*field1 ,conn4 ,?is mo?1 ^: l>va is "o ( our mo/ de/ructive enemies1 belongs to ! ,l9nan family noctua1 9 ! g5us phala5a4 ,its specific *>act]s are z foll[3 ,w+s incumb5t & horizontal1 :5 at re/2 body long & ?92 ?orax ?ick1 b n cre/$2 head small2 eyes prom95t & black2 ant5n setaci\s1 gradually less5+ t[>ds extremities1 & slightly ciliat$2 palpi two1 flat1 broad 9 ! middle1 & v hairy2 tongue roll$ up betwe5 !m1 n v prom95t2 clypeus small1 legs long1 small & hairy2 w+s long z body2 "u w+s %orte/2 col\r a d>k silv]y gray1 ) transv]se dott$ b&s ( black on upp] w+s4 ,! insect lays its eggs 9 ! comm5cem5t ( autumn1 at ! roots ( trees & ne> ! gr\nd3 !y are hat*$ e>ly 9 ,may4 ,! habits ( ! cut-worm h be5 (t5 & fully detail$4 ,!y eat almo/ all k9ds ( vegetables1 pref]r+ beans1 cabbages1 & corn4 ,!y cont9ue 9 ?is /ate ab\t f\r weeks2 !y !n ca/ _! sk9 & ent] ! pupa /ate1 "u gr\nd4 ,?is is a cru/ace\s cov]+1 fitt$ to ! p>ts ( ! future insect4 ,9 ?is !y cont9ue = f\r weeks long]1 & come out 9 ! fly1 or insect /ate1 ab\t ! middle ( ,july4 ,all ^? *rysalids t ,i expos$ to ! sun1 di$2 & all ^? t 7 kept cool "u e>?1 produc$ an insect3 h5ce ,i inf]1 t ! heat ( ! sun w kill ! *rysalids4 ,if1 !n1 ! gr\nd be pl\gh$ ab\t ! fir/ ( ,july1 _m ( ^? insects might be de/roy$1 & ! de/ruction ( ! productions ( ! next ye> prev5t$2 = ! pupa is nev] m ?an a few in*es "u gr\nd4 ,! phala5a deva/ator is nev] se5 dur+ ! day2 x conceals itself 9 ! crevices ( build+s1 & b5ea? ! b>k ( trees4 ,ab\t sun-d[n x leaves its hid+-place1 is con/antly on ! w+1 & v tr\blesome ab\t ! c&les 9 h\ses4 ,x flies v rapidly1 & is n easily tak54 ,su* is ! description ( ?is =midable enemy to vegetation4 ,no efficaci\s me?od has yet be5 tak5 to prev5t its ravages1 b ! "o :o c\ld accompli% x1 w\ld d ! cause ( agriculture an ess5tial s]vice4 ,,art4 ,,xiv4 ,description ( a ,new ,g5us ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,fre% wat] ,fi%1 ,exoglossum1 by ,c4 ,s4 ,,raf9esque1 ,,esq4 ,mr4 ,lesueur has publi%$1 9 ! #e? ,numb] ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia1 = ,septemb]1 #ahag1 ! description ( a new fi%1 :i* he calls ,cypr9us maxill+ua3 he consid]s x z a v s+ul> & anomal\s species1 ow+ to ! peculi> /ructure ( its lob$ l[] jaw & tongue1 :i* is ext]nal1 & situat$ z an app5dage to ! =m]4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 ,pipe-creek1 ,m>yl&1 9 ,june1 #ahaf1 by said au?or1 :o confesses t he does n consid] x z prop]ly belong+ to ! g5us ,cypr9us1 & presumes t :5 o!r species %all be discov]$1 possess+ ! same "*1 !y w con/itute a sep>ate g5us4 ,al?\gh ?is pr9ciple & presumption is correct1 x 0 wrong to delay ! =mation ( su* a di/9ct g5us1 because only a species 0 !n kn[n1 s9ce s _m g5]a are compos$ ( s+le species4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,lesueur's expectation 0 v]ifi$ ev5 be=e he wrote x1 s9ce 9 ,may1 #ahag1 ,i _h discov]$ 9 ! ,fi%kill1 ,/ate ( ,new-,york1 ano!r1 species1 evid5tly cong5]\s ) ! ,cypr9us maxill+ua1 hav+ ! same /ructure ( ! m\?1 c4 ,i !re=e v5ture to e/abli% a sep>ate g5us = ^? two species1 hav+ no d\bt t _m m w h]eaft] be add$ to x by accurate obs]v]s1 & ,i give to x ! "n ( ,exoglossum1 mean+ outside tongue4 ,x w belong to ! same natural ord] & family ( ! g5]a ,cypr9us1 ,cato/omus1 c4 ,,exoglossum4 ,g5]ic ,def9ition4--,body oblong1 ?ick1 & scaly2 head )\t scales1 m\? )\t lips or tee?1 upp] jaw long]1 entire2 ! l[] trilob$1 middle lobe long]1 p]=m+ ! (fice ( tongue2 dorsal f9 opposite to ! abdom9al f9s2 ?ree rays to ! bran*ial membrane4 ,rem>ks4 ,besides ! above *>act]s1 ! two species kn[n at pres5t h1 9 common1 ! lat]al l9e asc5d+ upw>ds at ! base1 ! tail =k$1 c4 #a4 ,species4 ,exoglossum vittatum1 ,raf4 ,cypr9us maxill+ua1 ,lesueur4 ,specific ,def9ition4--,back br[ni% olive2 sides blue1 ) a br[ni% b&2 a black spot at ! base ( ! caudal f91 l[] p>ts silv]y gray2 lat]al l9e asc5d+ upw>ds at ! base2 dorsal & anal f9s ) n9e rays2 tail =k$4 ,rem>ks4 ,l5g? f\r in*es2 vulg> "n little suck]4 ,= fur!r p>ticul>s1 see ,lesueur's description1 p4 #he4 cum4 ic4 ,i h be5 oblig$ to *ange ! specific "n ( maxill+ua1 s9ce x has ! same mean+ z ! g5]ic "n4 #b4 ,species4 ,exoglossum annulatum1 ,raf4 ,head black above1 *eeks & gills olivace\s1 back blacki% olive1 sides olivace\s1 l[] p>ts olive gray2 a black r+ at ! base ( ! tail2 lat]al l9e asc5d+ upw>ds at ! base1 tail =k$1 dorsal & anal f9s ) n9e rays4 ,rem>ks4 ,l5g? f ?ree to six in*es2 vulg> "n1 ,black *ub4 ,head broad & flat above1 iris l>ge & gray2 f9s olivace\s1 abdom9al di/ant & ) n9e rays1 pectoral ) fifte51 caudal ) tw5ty-f\r4 ,,physics1 ,,me*anics1 ,,& ,,*emi/ry4 ,,art4 ,,xv4 ,on ! ,revolv+ ,/eam-,eng9e1 rec5tly inv5t$ by ,,samuel ,,morey1 & ,pat5t$ to him on ! #ad? ,july1 #ahae1 ) f\r ,engrav+s4 ,to ,pr(essor ,silliman4 ,,sir1 ,! successful employm5t ( ! /eam-eng9e1 9 navigat+ ! riv]s & inl& wat]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! probable ext5sion ( ?is mode ( conveyance ( p]sons & prop]ty1 makes ^? improvem5ts desirable :i* adapt ! /eam-eng9e to ?is purpose ) less complication & exp5se1 plac+ x m )9 rea* ( individual ent]prise1 & r5d]+ x ev5 useful on our small riv]s & canals4 ,! /eam-eng9e1 ?\gh (t5 se5 9 op]ation1 is n readily und]/ood by an obs]v]1 )\t an acqua9tance ) ! facts 9 natural philosophy on :i* its p[] dep5ds3 & x may elucidate ! subject ( ?is communication to adv]t1 = a mom5t1 to ! gradations by :i* ?is important ma*9e has atta9$ its pres5t p]fection4 ,x w be recollect$ t z e>ly z #affc1 ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] publi%$ "s obscure h9ts ( a me*anical p[] d]iv$ f ! ela/ic =ce ( /eam4 ,9 #affi1 ,sav>y1 avail+ himself ( ! sugge/ion1 & pursu+ ! subject m sci5tifically1 inv5t$ 8 eng9e1 consi/+ ( an app>atus to cause a vacuum by ! cond5sation ( /eam1 s t ! wat] to be rais$ w\ld !reupon1 by ! ext]nal weight ( ! atmosph]e1 rise into ! *amb] ( ! app>atus1 :i* ! /eam _h occupi$4 ,z caloric becomes lat5t 9 ! /eam :i* x =ms at #bab ( ,fahr5heit1 & ! /eam ?us =m$ occupies #ahjj times ! bulk ( ! wat] compos+ x2 & z x returns in/antly to a /ate ( wat] on los+ its heat1 by contact ) any ?+ cold1 ,sav>y easily produc$ 8 vacuum by ! injection ( a little cold wat]4 ,he also us$ 7?\gh 9 a v disadvantage\s mann]7 ! expansive =ce ( /eam to drive ! wat] out ( ! *amb]1 ?r\gh a pipe diff]5t f t by :i* x ent]$4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ?is k9d ( eng9e 0 ev] erect$ on a scale ( any magnitude2 =1 a few ye>s lat]1 ,newcom5 & ,crawley inv5t$ ! fir/ eng9e ) a cyl9d] & pi/on2 & ,sav>y1 ab&on+ 8 own1 unit$ ) !m 9 br++ _! eng9e into use4 ,z /eam drives out air1 ! pr9ciple ( ?is eng9e 0 to let /eam into ! cyl9d] b5ea? ! pi/on1 :]e 7! pi/on hav+ ris5 to ! top ( ! cyl9d]7 a jet ( cold wat]#bb cond5s$ ! /eam1 produc$ a vacuum1 & ! pi/on1 work+ air tight1 desc5d$ by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e ^u x1 ?is pressure be+ a weight ( ne>ly fifte5 p\nds to ea* squ>e in*2 s t if ! cyl9d] 7 two feet diamet]1 x w\ld am\nt to a weight ( ?ree tons4 ,?is mode ( op]ation prevail$ = ab\t fifty ye>s1 & ?\gh mu* us$ to pump wat] f m9es1 0 f\nd to h great inconv5i5ces & defects2 till1 9 ! ye> #agfb1 ,mr4 ,watt1 be+ employ$ to repair a work+-model ( an eng9e at ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 0 l$ to direct 8 m9d to ! improvem5t ( ! ma*9e2 & f 8 exp]im5ts sprung ! mo/ ess5tial *ange1 viz4 ! cond5sation ( ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d]1 by op5+ a communication ) a sep>ate vessel1 into :i* ! injection ( cold wat] 0 made1 ?us all[+ ! cyl9d] to rema9 hot4 ,on op5+ t communication1 ! /eam in/antly ru%es to ! cold1 or r is de/roy$ by ! in/ant loss or r$uction ( its heat1 & ! vacuum ?us made all[s ! pi/on to desc5d z be=e m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,iv4 ,mr4 ,watt soon add$ ! airpump to ! cond5s]1 to extract ! air extricat$ f ! wat] 9 boil+1 toge!r ) ! wat] inject$4 ,! next /ep 0 to close ! upp] end ( ! cyl9d]1 ! pi/on-rod work+ ?r\gh a tight pack+ to exclude ! air1 lett+ ! /eam 9 above1 z well z bel[ ! pi/on1 by an alt]nate communication1 & !n cond5s+ x 9 bo? cases alt]nately1 ?us produc+ a d\ble /roke2 at ! same "t d]iv+ "s aid f ! expansive =ce ( ! /eam on ! side ( ! pi/on opposite to ! vacuum4 ,?is is ess5tially ! =m ( all ! eng9es 9 use at ! pres5t day4 ,! m9or p>ts devis$ by ,mr4 ,watt1 z ! work+ ( ! valves1 c4 7 su* z w\ld readily occur to a sci5tific me*anician4 ,:ile he 0 br++ ! eng9e to its pres5t p]fection1 & furni%+ x = ! num]\s m9es1 manufactories1 & brew]ies 9 ,great ,brita91 v>iations 7 devis$ by ,c>twright1 by ,hornbl[]1 ,woolf1 & o!rs 9 ,engl&1 & m rec5tly by ,evans & by ,ogd5 9 ,am]ica1 ev9c+ mu* +5uity1 b 7) ! exception ( ,evans's1 :i* is a simple eng9e ( high pressure7 mak+ ! ma*9e m complex4 ,watt & ,bolton's eng9e1 z mo/ g5]ally us$1 be+ prop]ly an atmosph]ic eng9e1 or work+ ) /eam s l[ z m]ely to produce a vacuum 9 ! cyl9d]1 became ( enorm\s dim5sions1 :5 ! p[] requir$ 0 t ( an hundr$ horses3 a scale ( e/imate adapt$ to ! compreh5sion ( ^? :o _h be=e us$ ! lab\r ( t animal1 & pref]r$ to sub/itute ! /eam-eng9e4 ,x _h n1 h[ev]1 escap$ ! notice ( ,mr4 ,watt1 t !re exi/$ 9 /eam ano!r s\rce ( p[] besides t ( atmosph]ic pressure4 ,! exp]im5ts ( 8 le>n$ fri5d1 ,dr4 ,black1 ( ,glasg[1 z well z ^? ( ! ,fr5* *emi/s1 & ( ,pap91 9 ! in/ance ( 8 dige/]1 _h asc]ta9$ ! laws ( its expansive =ce1 & among/ o!r int]e/+ facts1 ^? subs]vi5t to our pres5t purpose2 viz4 ,t aft] wat] has rea*$ ! boil+ po9t1 #bab ( ,fahr5heit1 ! caloric :i* ent]s x no long] becomes lat5t1 b s5sible 9 ! /eam1 :i* !reupon acquires expansive =ce to an unlimit$ degree3 t ?is =ce increases geometrically2 or1 t e accession ( ab\t #cj ( heat1 ne>ly d\bles its p[] at ^? /ages ( progression2 t :5 ! pressure at a high temp]ature is tak5 (f1 or ! /eam all[$ to fl[1 !re is an in/antane\s & rapid production ( /eam2 a fact :i* proves !re c be no necessity ( a l>ge space = ! /eam to =m 9 above ! wat]1 provid$ x be suffici5t to prev5t wat] f issu+ ) ! /eam1 &1 !re=e1 t boil]s ( a small cyl9drical =m are be/4 ,x may be a fair "q1 :y ,mr4 ,watt did n fur!r employ ?is pr9ciple ( expansive =ce8 ,we may readily conceive ( sev]al motives to ! contr>y4 ,watt & ,bolton's eng9es 7 9 great dem&2 !y gave entire satisfaction1 & ! "w !y p]=m$ sav$ s mu* lab\r z to af=d ! pur*ase at a high price4 ,! public _h ga9$ imm5sely by ?is bett] =m ( ! eng9e1 & ,mr4 ,watt enjoy$ ! b5efits ( ! pat5t he _h obta9$2 &1 at a lat] p]iod1 ?is pref]5ce 0 increas$ by an accid5t :i* happ5$ to ,treve?ick's eng9e1 ?\gh caus$ by gross mismanagem5t1 t w\ld h be5 equally fatal to any o!r4 ,f an inve/igation1 by a committee ( p>liam5t1 into ! causes ( ! sev]al fatal explosions ( /eam-eng9e boil]s )9 a few ye>s1 publi%$ 9 ,tillock's ,magaz9e1 vol4 #a41 x appe>s t 9 e in/ance ! accid5t 0 fairly attributable to neglect or mismanagem5t4 ,_m compet5t p]sons 7 summon$ to give _! op9ions2 & ?r\gh ! contr>iety ( _! te/imony1 ! preval5t op9ion appe>s to h be51 t ca/-iron boil]s _c be safe2 t z _m eng9es ( high /eam z ( l[ are n[ us$ 9 ,engl&1 b t ! high are mu* ! mo/ economical 9 fuel & co/2 t !y are m safe1 if prop]ly con/ruct$2 x be+ argu$ by "s1 t boil]s = /eam ( #ajj p\nds to ! in*1 are easily made ( /r5g? to su/a9 #ejj p\nds2 ?is excess be+ mu* great] ?an 9 ^? con/ruct$ = l[ /eam1 makes !m comp>atively ! safe/1 z ! safety valves are less liable to be accid5tally prev5t$ f v5t+ ! /eam4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 in/ances are n want+ ( ! successful op]ation ( high /eam2 ( :i* ! eng9e at ! m9t is a conspicu\s example4 ,!re c1 inde$1 be no good reason :y ?is great p[] %\ld n be employ$ to an ext5t )9 ! limits ( safety1 if m economical & conv5i5t4 ,if boil]s c be> 7z !y are usually made ( iron7 #ejj p\nds1 !re c be no dang] 9 us+ !m ) fifty2 & ?is gives an increase ( p[]1 ) a cond5s]1 f\rfold1 or makes a t5 horse p[] =ty4 ,! economy1 !re=e1 ( high /eam1 h>dly admits ( a "q4 ,x seems unphilosophical to neglect a p[] s great1 m]ely because x is s4 ,mr4 ,watt 0 desir\s ( an improvem5t by :i* to obta9 a direct rotatory motion4 ,8 exp]im5ts1 resembl+ ^? ( ,curtis1 at ,new-,york1 7 n f\nd p]man5tly practicable4 ,x 0 probably p]ceiv$ to be a great object to get rid ( a reciprocat+ movem5t ( l>ge masses1 on ! well-kn[n me*anical pr9ciple1 t x consumes p[] to *eck mom5tum1 z well z to give x--to drag an in]t mass into motion rapidly1 9 opposite directions4 ,& 9 eng9es = navigation ?is is m disadvantage\s ?an = l& uses1 z ! f\ndation ( ! eng9e _c be p]fectly sub/antial4 ,an eng9e1 !re=e1 t possesses ! cyl9d] & o!r memb]s ( ,watt's eng9e1 work+ ) or )\t a cond5s]1 at pleasure--hav+ a rotatory movem5t--requir+ no pond]\s balance-:eel--adapt$ to high /eam--att5d$ by no inconv5i5ce f ! rapidity ( its /roke or movem5t--hav+ no in]t mass ( ma*9]y to move reciprocally--m p[]ful1 proportionately1 f its us+ /eam z /rong z t 9 ! boil]--( a simple & durable con/ruction1 & by a comb9ation ( two simil> ma*9es atta*$ to ! same common int]m$iate axis1 op]at+ s z to give ne>ly an equal p[] at e mom5t ( its op]ation1 seems to comb9e e ?+ desirable 9 an eng9e = ! purposes ( navigation4 ,su* appe>s to be ! revolv+ eng9e inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,morey4 ,:5 ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) /eam-eng9es ( ! atmosph]ic k9d only1 are told t ,morels cyl9d] revolves1 _! imag9ations may suppose a mov+ mass z l>ge z ! enorm\s cyl9d]s !y h be5 accu/om$ to see3 b x is n s2 ! ela/ic =ce ( /eam requires ma*9]y b ( comp>atively small dim5sions4 ,! revolv+ eng9e makes up 9 activity :at 9 o!r eng9es is suppli$ by magnitude4 ,we w take = example ! eng9e work+ at ! glass manufactory1 9 ?is vic9ity1 ! cyl9d] ( :i* has "o foot /roke & n9e in*es diamet]1 & is at lea/ a t5 horse p[]1 work+ ) fifty p\nds--or1 ! eng9e n[ build+ = ! ,h>t=d boat4 ,?is eng9e w h two cyl9d]s ( sev5te5 in*es diamet] & eighte5 in* /roke2 !y w revolve fifty times a m9ute4 ,! area ( ! pi/on 9 ea* be+ #bbg in*es1 /eam at fifty p\nds w give an hundr$ horse p[]4 ,?is boat is sev5ty-sev5 feet long1 tw5ty-"o feet wide1 & measures "o hundr$ & ?irty-six tons4 ,! eng9e1 ) its boil]s1 w occupy sixte5 feet by twelve1 or "o-eigh? only ( ! boat2 ! cyl9d]s be+ hung on ! timb]s ( ! deck ov] ! boil]s4 ,%e is pr9cipally int5d$ to t[ vessels up ! riv] to ,h>t=d4 ,9 t[+1 x is ( importance t ! eng9e admit ( any inf]ior velocity or p[]1 till "s mom5tum is _h4 ,an eng9e work+ by atmosph]ic pressure does n admit ( ?is4 ,& z ! boat h]self1 at ! mom5t ( comm5c+ ! op]ation1 may h no /e]age-way1 by plac+ two blade-rudd]s at ! sides1 beh9d ! wat]-:eel1 :]e a curr5t is occasion$ by !m1 ! boat is kept 9 h] relative position4 ,! application ( ! /eam-eng9e to ! t[+ ( o!r vessels 0 fully appreciat$ by ! late ,mr4 ,fulton1 ^: conspicu\s lab\rs & ent]prise1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( /eam-boats1 ! public duly hon\rs4 ,8 active m9d _h conceiv$ ( its utility2 & he w\ld h obta9$ a pat5t1 _h n ! previ\s employm5t ( /eam 9 ?is way1 & ! aw>d ( arbitrators on ! "q be5 9 my fav\r2 :i* ,i m5tion m]ely 9 ref]5ce to ! suppos$ utility ( ?is mode ( op]ation1 9 connexion ) ,morey's eng9e4 ,morey's eng9e %\ld r be d5om9at$ a revolv+ eng9e ?an a rotatory "o1 especially z x is ess5tially diff]5t f "o s call$ inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,curtis4 ,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #e1 repres5ts ! arrangem5t ( a d\ble eng9e = a boat1 ) its cyl9d]s 9 diff]5t positions4 a a a1 boil]s2 b b1 t>-vessel2 c1 valve-box2 d1 cyl9d]s 9 diff]5t positions2 e1 pi/on-rod2 f1 pitman2 h1 c5tre-piece2 i i1 %aft2 k1 valve2 l1 /eam-pipe2 m1 escape-pipe2 n1 cond5s]s2 t1 wat]-:eel2 v1 face ( ! valves2 x1 t>-fire4 ,! frame1 hold+ ! cyl9d] 7d7 is1 by its opposite sides1 s hung z to revolve4 ,to ! end ( ! axis ( "o side1 ext5d$ ov] ! cyl9d]1 is fix$ ! c5tre-piece 7h7 resembl+ a crank1 f :i* ! b> or pitman 7f7 communicates to ! cross-piece ( ! pi/on-rod4 ,on ?is same axis1 b outside ! frame1 is plac$ two circul> pieces1 "o ( brass1 ! o!r ( iron1 7k7 :i* we may call ! valves4 ,"o is fix$ on ! axis1 ! o!r moves1 & accompanies ! frame & cyl9d] 9 its revolution2 f x1 at opposite sides1 pipes lead ! /eam to ea* end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,x has a smoo? face1 :i* applies1 & is kept by spr+s close to t ( its c\nt]p>t fix$ on ! said axis4 ,/eam-pipes lead f ! boil]s ?r\gh ! c\nt]p>t into ! mov+ valve4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! fix$ piece ! eduction-pipe 7o o7 leads to ! cond5s]s4 ,! cond5s]s 7p7 are upright vessels1 two to ea* cyl9d]1 connect$ at top by a slid+ valve box1 s t ! /eam ent]s !m alt]nately4 ,at bottom are two valves1 kept clos$ by weights4 ,a /ream ( wat] is inject$ into ! cond5s]s1 :i* escapes by ! bottom valves 7p p7 by :i* also ! air is bl[n out1 at e /roke1 9 ! same mann] ! eng9e is cle>$ ( air at fir/4 ,!re are also two cocks & cross-pipes se51 ,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #d1 to *ange ! /eam f "o side to ! o!r ( ! valve1 to give a rev]s$ motion ( ! eng9e4 ,! p[] is communicat$ to its object f ! opposite side ( ! frame by ! axis atta*$ !reto1 & support$ on be>+s4 ,?is axis 7i i7 may be ( any l5g?2 may t]m9ate 9 a crank or cog-:eel1 or ano!r cyl9d] 7z "h repres5t$7 may be atta*$ !reto at "r angles to ! fir/1 to co-op]ate & produce1 at e mom5t1 equal p[]4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #f4 ,pr(ile ( ! above4 a a1 ! boil]2 c1 valve2 d e g1 cyl9d] & frame2 f1 valve2 h h1 cog-:eels2 i1 cog-:eels to move ! pumps2 k k1 cond5s]s2 m m1 cov]+s 92 o o1 gas-fire flue4 ,fig4 #a4 a1 /eam-pipe2 b1 escape-pipe2 c1 fix$ valve2 d1 mov+ valve2 e1 axis2 f1 a wa%]2 g1 section ( frame2 h1 a wa%]2 i1 c5tre-piece2 l l1 /eam-pipe2 k k1 spr+s to keep ! valves toge!r4 ,! canal-boat has h] :eel 9 ! /]n4 7,see ,plate ,,iv47 ,! motion is giv5 by a cog-:eel ^u its axis 7g7 play$ ^u by ano!r1 ^u a %aft1 at "r angles1 to :i* ! eng9e communicates motion4 ,! :eel be+ divid$ by a space ( two or ?ree in*es1 into two p>ts1 to all[ room = ?is %aft1 & = ! support ( its end4 ,fig4 #c1 repres5ts ! arrangem5t ( ! ma*9]y1 occupy+ ! aft]-"p ( ! boat4 ,an eng9e ( tw5ty horse p[] may ?us occupy half a canal-boat1 c t[ a numb] ( o!rs at su* rate z may be prop] on canals4#bc b b1 ! boil]s2 c1 t>-vessel2 d1 ! cyl9d]2 f1 wat]-:eel4 ,! supply ( wat] to ! boil]s is ei!r by a pump1 9 usual =m1 or by ! supply-*amb] ( my inv5tion1 7,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #b47 :i* consi/s simply ( a pipe hav+ two /op-cocks1 "o end 9 a res]voir1 ! o!r op5+ into ! boil] at top1 slop+ d[nw>d = a foot or two4 ,! cocks are 9 ! slop+ po9t4 ,! op]ation comm5ces1 by op5+ ! cock ne>e/ ! boil]1 ! /eam drives ! air out ( ! pipe ?r\gh ! wat] into ! res]voir2 %ut ! cock1 & ! wat] rises f ! res]voir to fill x2 %ut ! second cock1 & op5 ! fir/1 ! wat] dis*>ges f ! *amb] into ! boil]2 repeat$ by a movem5t f ! eng9e1 :5 9 motion1 ! supply cont9ues ) m c]ta9ty ?an by a pump1 because x is difficult to pump hot wat]1 on acc\nt ( ! ela/icity ( ! /eam aris+ f x1 :i* ob/ructs ! op]ation ( ! valves4 ,& x is important n to h to pump aga9/ ! pressure ( high /eam4#bd ,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #d4 ,! mode ( *ang+ ! passage ( ! /eam to ! opposite sides ( ! valves1 9 ord] to get a rev]s$ motion ( ! eng9e4 a a1 ! fix$ "p1 or valves2 c d1 ! pipes2 f g1 ! cross pipes2 e e1 ! cocks1 :i* are repres5t$ op51 to pipes c & d--turn !m half r\nd1 !y close c & d1 & op5 f & g4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! side-rudd]s1 d1 e1 c4 ,to ?is eng9e is conv5i5tly appli$ ! gas-fire1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! boil]s be+ cyl9drical1 ) an inside flue = fuel1 two or ?ree are plac$ close toge!r1 & set 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,fir/1 cross-b>s ( iron are laid on ! timb]s1 a plat=m ( %eet-iron is laid on ^! b>s1 coat$ ov] ) clay mort>1 or cem5t$1 to keep out ! air4 ,^u ! %eet-iron1 & ov] ! b>s bel[1 are plac$ ca/-iron blocks 9 %ape to fit ! curve ( ! boil]1 s z to raise x ?ree or f\r in*es above ! plat=m4 ,! %eet-iron is cont9u$ up ! outsides ( ! out] boil]s1 s z to enclose !m2 & at "o end1 betwe5 ! boil]s1 !re are small grates = coal or o!r fuel4 ,! t> vessel or vessels1 z ! case may be1 are lodg$ 9 ! space betwe5 & ^u ! boil]s1 & a small fire may be made "u !m1 if necess>y4 ,a pipe leads /eam 9 at "o end1 two pipes at ! o!r2 "o ne> ! bottom1 & "o ne> ! top1 lead out ! t> & /eam4 ,^! pipes unite bel[2 ! /eam & t>1 ?us m+l$ 9 suitable proportions1 fl[ to ! ma9 fire1 or ! flues ( ! boil]s1 z well z to ! coal-fire bel[1 :]e ! gas & t> are ignit$4 ,! fireman judges ( ! proportion ( ea*1 by ! effect2 ! object be+ to produce a ne>ly :ite flame )\t appe>ance ( t>4 ,?us flame is appli$ to ! greate/ possible surface1 & ! app>atus adds v little to ! co/ ( ! eng9e4 ,!re are also two improvem5ts 9 ! boil]1 :i* ,i deem x important to m5tion4 ,fir/1 ! l9+ or cov]+ ( ! flue )9 ) %eet-iron or copp]1 p]=at$ ) small holes1 rea*+ d[n its sides1 ne>ly to ! bottom4 ,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #b4 a ! boil]2 b ! flue2 d ! grate2 c c ! l9+4 ,?is causes ! wat] to circulate rapidly betwe5 !m to ! top ( ! flue1 & protects x f be+ run dry1 or heat$ r$ hot1 :5 ! wat] gets1 by accid5t1 too l[4 ,! l9+ also causes ! /eam to =m mu* fa/]1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is circulation4 ,! o!r is ! int]ior boil]4 ,a vessel occupy+ ! back "p ( ! flue4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #h4 7d7 communicat+ d[nw>ds ) ! wat]1 & upw>ds ) ! /eam ( ! ma9 boil]4 ,! fire acts ^u x v =cibly1 surr\nd+ x on all sides4 ,i h said !re is no reciprocat+ movem5t 9 ,morey's eng9e4 ,%\ld x be object$ t ! pi/on moves 9 ! cyl9d] z usual1 x mu/ be app>5t t x also moves circul>ly2 x is 9 fact ! cyl9d] t moves1 c>ry+ ! pi/on ) x1 :i* gives & keeps up ! motion1 by draw+ & press+ on ! c5tre-piece1 & communicat+ ! resi/ance !nce to ! guides ( ! cross-piece on ! insides ( ! frame1 :i* ?us receives its motion4 ,9 fact1 ?is =m ( ! eng9e seems dive/$ ( all ! usual drawbacks on its p[]1 & leaves x to act freely ) any velocity1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! /eam 9 ! boil]s4 ,su* x appe>s 9 pr9ciple1 & su* ?us f> 9 practise4 ,i h !re=e pref]r$ x = ! purposes ( navigation1 & h pur*as$ ! pat5t "r4 ,b1 ?\gh int]e/$ to recomm5d x1 ,i _c expect x to be pref]r$ by ! intellig5t1 if !re is n m]it 9 ! inv5tion1 & great economy 9 its use4 ,x may be consid]$ ! mo/ direct application ( ! p[]1 & ! mo/ unexceptionable mode ( us+ ! expansive =ce ( high /eam4 ,& f ! nature ( its movem5t ! mo/ applicable to boats & vessels4 ,y\r ,j\rnal be+ ! int5d$ m$ium ( in=mation to promote ! useful arts1 ,i hope x may be consi/5t ) ?is object to expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* ^! improvem5ts may be made ext5sively useful4 ,x be+ necess>y to supply ! eng9es at a reasonable rate1 ,i h e/abli%$ a manufactory = ?is k9d only4 ,! great exp5se ( /eam-boats hi!rto1 has conf9$ _! use too exclusively to ! accommodation ( pass5g]s4 ,!re is a wide field op5+ = _! use1 9 freight+1 on all our wat]s2 & x is (t5 ( importance to a community1 :5 great sav+s c be made1 t l>ge capitali/s %\ld be induc$ to engage t su* sav+s may be great]4 ,:]e companies are =m$ = an ext5sive op]ation1 ! legislature may1 ) propriety1 grant an ext5sion ( ! "t = pat5ts to run1 t su* p]sons may be duly remun]at$ = _! ent]prise1 by ! duration ( ! s]vice4 ,our laws d n yet make a prop] di/9ction betwe5 pat5ts ( a l>ge & exp5sive k9d & ^? requir+ little or no capital to g into op]ation4 ,! p]iod ( f\rte5 ye>s remun]ates ! inv5tor ( ^? improvem5ts only t require no capital1 & involve no risk4 ,on ?is gr\nd sev]al ( ! ,/ate legislatures h1 ) good policy1 giv5 enc\ragem5t to ?is k9d ( ent]prise4 ,!y susp5d ! free use ( ! inv5tion a few ye>s1 r ?an loose its imm$iate op]ation on a l>ge scale ( public b5efit4 ,! con/itutionality ( ! measure pla9ly appe>s by its n int]f]+ ) ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is n an act exclusive (1 or 9 opposition to1 pat5ts1 b ackn[l$g+ & confirm+ !m4 ,x is fur!r+ & giv+ effect to ! int5tions ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 9 ! enc\ragem5t ( useful inv5tions4 ,= _! own p>ticul> section ( ! union1 a ,/ate legislature may ?us provide = ! protection ( capital1 engag$ 9 ent]prise ( uncommon risk1 z well z ( uncommon usefulness1 )\t exclud+ o!r & bett] inv5tions1 %\ld !y arise4 ,i %all ask leave to communicate1 = "s future ,numb]1 ! results ( exp]im5ts1 n[ mak+1 ) ! gas fire appli$ to eng9es4 ,i am y\r mo/ respectful humble s]vant1 ,,john ,l4 ,,sullivan ,,art4 ,,xvi4 ,cautions reg>d+ ,fulm9at+ ,p[d]s4 ,fulm9at+ ,m]cury4 ,dur+ a late lecture 9 ! laboratory ( ,yale ,college1 a quantity ( fulm9at+ m]cury1 probably ab\t #ajj or #aej gra9s1 lay ^u a pap]1 ! pap] lay on a small /ool1 :i* 0 made ( p9e plank1 "o in* & a half ?ick2 a glass gas receiv]1 #e or #f qu>ts capacity1 /ood ov] ! p[d]1 z a gu>d1 b )\t t\*+ x1 & /ool & all /ood on "o ( ! %elves ( ! pneumatic ci/]n1 surr\nd$ by tall tubes & o!r glasses1 sev]al ( :i* 7 )9 #f or #h in*es4 ,a small quantity ( ! fulm9at+ p[d]1 at ! di/ance ( a few feet1 0 m]ely fla%$1 by a coal ( fire1 b )\t explosion4 ,9 a mann]1 n easily und]/ood1 ! :ole quantity ( p[d] "u ! l>ge glass in/antly explod$ ) an a/\nd+ report2 b ! glass 0 n explod$--x 0 m]ely ?r[n up a little2 9 its fall x 0 %att]$1 & broke a glass :i* x hit1 b no fragm5t 0 project$1 & none ( ! o!r contigu\s tubes & glasses 7 ev5 ov]set1 nor 7 any ( a l>ge audi5ce1 & "s ( !m v ne>1 ev5 scrat*$2 b ! plank1 "o & a half in* ?ick1 on :i* ! p[d] lay1 _h a hole bl[n q ?r\gh1 almo/ z l>ge z ! palm ( "o's h&4 ,?is is a /rik+ in/ance to prove t ! initial =ce ( ?is p[d]1 :5 explod$1 is v great1 b t x ext5ds b a v little way4 ,if x be /rew$ ?r\gh a glass tube ( ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & explod$ by a coal ( fire or hot iron1 ! tube may be held 9 ! nak$ h&1 & ! p[d] only fla%es )\t break+ ! tube1 & m]ely coats x ov] inside1 & t v prettily1 ) ! reviv$ quicksilv]4 ,fulm9at+ ,silv]4 ,*emi/s are too well acqua9t$ ) ! trem5d\s en]gy ( ?is prep>ation1 to make any comm5t ^u its p[]s necess>y4 ,unhappily1 h[ev]1 x is n[ made a subject ( amusem5t2 x is prep>$ = sale by ^? :o "k no?+ ( x1 except z a no/rum1 & x is b\ght by o!rs :o h n ev5 ?is degree ( k4 ,x is true x is put up 9 small quantities1 9 ! little toys call$ torp$oes1 &1 if explod$ "o by "o1 !y w ord9>ily d no h>m2 b z !y fall into ! h&s ( *ildr51 we c nev] be secure t !y w be discreetly us$4 ,a v sev]e accid5t1 f ! unexpect$ explosion ( ?is sub/ance1 occurr$ "s ye>s s9ce 9 ! laboratory ( ,yale ,college4 7,see ,bruce's ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #afc47 ,&1 not)/&+ t ?is occurr5ce 0 well kn[n 9 ,new-,hav51 ! same accid5t1 only "u a sev]] =m1 has aga9 occurr$ 9 t t[n4 ,a man :o _h b\ght ! secret ( mak+ fulm9at+ silv]1 _h prep>$ z mu* z result$ f ! solution ( "o ounce & a half4 ,app>5tly1 9 a great measure1 unaw>e ( ! nature ( ! prep>ation1 he _h plac$ x1 unmix$ ) any ?+1 on an e>!n plate1 :i* /ood on a table2 8 wife & *ildr5 be+ ar\nd1 he sat d[n to di/ribute ! p[d] ^u sev]al pap]s :i* he _h prep>$ = ! purpose2 s& & %ot are mix$ ) ! p[d] 9 ! pap]s = ! purpose ( giv+ mom5tum1 & ( produc+ attrition :5 ! torp$o is ?r[n1 9 ord] to ensure its explosion4 ,probably also ! s&1 look+ n v unlike ! p[d]1 may be int5d$ to scre5 x f view1 & ?us to pres]ve ! secret1 %\ld ! pap]s be op5$4 ,! unhappy man no soon] t\*$ ! fulm9at+ silv] ) a knife1 ?an x explod$ ) its usual viol5ce2 ! table 0 split 9 two2 blood issu$ copi\sly f e "p ( 8 face1 n f w\nds1 = x does n appe> t ! fragm5ts hit him1 b1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( a compet5t judge1 ! blood 0 actually =c$ ?r\gh ! pores ( ! sk9 by ! p[] ( ! explosion1 :i* v ne>ly de/roy$ 8 eyes4 ,he suff]$ imm5sely1 b n[1 at ! end ( eight mon?s1 sees p>tially ) "o eye1 b ! o!r is ne>ly1 if n q1 de/roy$4 ,%\ld n ! tamp]+ ) su* dang]\s sub/ances by ignorant p be prev5t$ by law8 ,9 a late lecture 9 ! laboratory ( ,yale ,college1 "s fulm9at+ silv]1 on ! po9t ( a knife1 0 9 ! act ( be+ put ^u a copp]-plate connect$ ) "o pole ( a galvanic batt]y 9 active op]ation1 ! o!r pole 0 n t\*$ by ! exp]im5t]2 b x seems t ! influ5ce :i* 0 communicat$ ?r\gh ! floor ( ! room 0 suffici5t in/antly to explode ! p[d]1 z soon z ! knife t\*$ ! copp]-plate2 ! knifeblade 0 brok5 9 two1 & "o half ( x ?r[n to a di/ance among ! audi5ce4 ,rec5tly also1 we are in=m$1 9 "o ( ! =eign j\rnals1 t a man 9 ,engl&1 :o accid5tally trod on a quantity ( fulm9at+ silv]1 _h 8 foot ne>ly de/roy$ by ! explosion4 ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,art4 ,,xix4 ,acc\nt ( an economical me?od ( obta9+ ,gelat9e f bones1 z practis$ 9 ,p>is4 ,communicat$ to ! ,editor by ,mr4 ,,isaac ,,doolittle4 ,p>is1 #af? ,may1 #ahah4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,a few days s9ce ,i visit$ ! v int]e/+ e/abli%m5t ( ,m4 ,rob]t1 = ! extraction ( ! gelat9\s matt] f bones4 ,! bones us$ = ?is purpose are ^? only :i* answ]$ no useful purpose 7except = ! fabrication ( phosphorus or ammoniac7 be=e ?is discov]y1 su* z ^? ( ! head1 ! ribs1 c4 c41 ! legs ( %eep & calves1 c4 ,^? =m]ly us$ by toysm5 7,tableti]s7 are /ill us$ = t purpose1 aft] extract+ s mu* ( ! gelat9e z c be done by ebullition4 ,:5 ! heads ( ox5 are to be op]at$ ^u1 !y beg9 by extract+ ! tee?1 7^! are res]v$ = ! fabrication ( ammoniac1 z af=d+ a great] proportion ( t alkali ?an any ( ! o!r bones17 !y !n break ! skull1 9 su* mann] z to pres]ve all ! compact p>ts 9 z regul> =ms z possible2 ^! pieces pres5t a surface ( #bj to #cj squ>e in*es1 & are put to soak 9 a mixture ( muriatic acid & wat]4 ,! muriatic acid us$ be>s ab\t tw5ty-?ree degrees o ! a]omtre1 & is dilut$ by wat] to ab\t six degrees--f\r p>ts ( ! liquor is us$ to "o "p ( bones4 ,!y are left 9 ?is /ate1 9 op5 vessels1 until a complete solution ( ! phosphate ( lime has tak5 place1 & ! gelat9\s "p ( ! bone rema9s 9 its orig9al %ape & size1 & is p]fectly supple4 ,:5 ?is op]ation is f9i%$1 :i* commonly la/s six or eight days1 ! gelat9e is put into baskets1 be+ fir/ dra9$1 & imm]s$ a %ort "t 9 boil+ wat]1 9 ord] to extract any small rema9s ( grease1 :i* w\ld det]iorate ! gelat9e1 & also to extract any ( ! acid :i* might be lodg$ 9 ! pores4 ,x is !n c>efully wip$ ) clean l951 & aft]w>d wa%$ 9 copi\s /reams ( cold wat]1 to :it5 x1 & r5d] x m transp>5t2 x is !n put to dry 9 ! %ade4 ,two ounces ( ?is gelat9e are said to be equal to ?ree p\nds ( beef 9 mak+ s\p--t is1 ?ree p\nds ( beef & two ounces ( gelat9e w make z mu* s\p1 & ( z good quality1 z six p\nds ( beef4 ,x is con/antly us$ 9 "s ( ! hospitals ( ! capital1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ly+-9-hospital4 ,! ends ( ! bones1 & su* p>ts z f _! porosity might /ill reta9 a portion ( ! acid1 are sep>at$1 & us$ = mak+ glue ( a v sup]ior quality4 ,! inside ( ! bones ( %eep's legs furni% a sort ( membran\s glue1 :i* supplies1 ) advantage1 ! place ( is+lass 9 ! fabrication ( silk /uffs4 ,i give y ^! p>ticul>s1 n because ,i ?9k !y conta9 any ?+ new to y1 9 pr9ciple1 b because ,i may h hit ^u "s details ) :i* y 7 unacqua9t$4 ,,art4 ,,xx4 ,exp]im5ts made 9 ,france ^u ! ,use ( ,di/ill$ ,seawat] = dome/ic purposes1 & its ,effects on ! ,con/itution1 :5 tak5 z a ,bev]age4#be ,9 consequ5ce ( ! great want ( good fre% wat] 9 _m ( ! m>itime p>ts ( ,france1 ! gov]nm5t "s "t s9ce ord]$ "s exp]im5ts to be made1 ^u an ext5sive scale1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 h[ f> seawat]1 :5 di/ill$1 c\ld be us$ ) success4 ,little or no use _h hi!rto be5 made ( wat] s prep>$1 except 9 long voyages1 & *iefly !n only z a matt] ( necessity4 ,!re are above two hundr$ leagues ( seacoa/ 9 ,france1 :]e1 to ! bread? ( _m miles1 ! inhabitants are compell$ to make use ( bad & impure wat]1 :i*1 9 _m cases1 is injuri\s to ! heal? ( !mselves & _! animals4 ,9 simil> cases1 x 0 ! cu/om ( ! anci5ts to con/ruct ci/]ns2 b ^! are n only exp5sive 9 !mselves1 b _! utility dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( ra9 t falls2 :ile ^u ! %ores ( ! mo/ b>r5 places1 nature has suppli$ a v>iety ( vegetable matt]1 :i*1 :5 dri$1 w\ld n only s]ve z a fuel = ! purposes ( di/illation1 b f ! a%es ( :i* might be obta9$ a sal9e sub/ance1 suffici5t to repay ! exp5se ( collect+1 dry+1 & burn+4 ,?us ! fuel = ! di/illation ( seawat] w\ld1 9 reality1 co/ no?+1 :ile its prep>ation w\ld employ _m individuals1 p>ticul>ly wom5 & *ildr54 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 erect+ any app>atus = ?is purpose1 x 0 necess>y to asc]ta9 bo? ! utility & salubrity ( ! wat] ?us prep>$4 ,x is well kn[n t ,b\ga9ville1 ,phipps1 ,homel91 c4 _h employ$ ?is wat] ) mu* success2 b !y1 l mo/ ( ! *emi/s ( ! la/ age1 did n endeav\r to imitate ! process ( nature 9 all its simplicity1 b mix$ v>i\s sub/ances ) ! seawat]1 9 ord] to take away or less5 ! effect ( ! empyreuma aris+ f ! di/illation1 & :i* 0 s unpleasant to ! smell & ta/e4 ,& x is ?is :i* 9 g5]al r5d]s sailors s av]se to x1 & excites a prejudice v unfav\rable to ! salubrity ( di/ill$ seawat]4 ,"o ( ! great objects to be asc]ta9$ 01 :e!r ?is disagreeable smell & ta/e 0 peculi> to seawat] or arose f ! act ( di/illation4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,july1 la/ ye>1 ! k+ ord]$ "s exp]im5ts to be made1 ^u a l>ge scale1 at ! ?ree ports ( ,bre/1 ,ro*e=t1 & ,t\lon4 ,! in/ructions giv5 7 z foll[s3 ,t a suffici5t quantity ( seawat] %\ld be di/ill$ to prep>e1 = ! space ( a mon?1 bread & o!r food = a c]ta9 numb] ( crim9als1 :o 7 employ$ on ! works ( ^! ports1 & also to supply !m ) dr9k1 keep+ f !m dur+ t p]iod e o!r liquid4 ,t5 or twelve p]sons at ea* "p volunt>ily came =w>d & (f]$ !mselves = ! exp]im5t4 ,! p]sons employ$ by gov]nm5t fir/ di/ill$ a suffici5t quantity ( seawat]1 )\t ! admixture ( any o!r sub/ance4 ,?is produce dissolv$ soap1 dress$ vegetables1 produc$ ! same appe>ances1 ) ! a]omet]1 z t di/ill$ f spr+ wat]4 ,!re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r4 ,b ! di/ill$ seawat] _h always t empyreumatic ta/e & smell1 ( :i* we h be=e spok52 & x 0 s /rong1 t ! commission at ,t\lon call$ x odeur de m>9e1 & odeur de m>ecage4 ,b ?is is n peculi> to seawat]1 = ! result ( a di/illation ( fre% wat] _h always ! same ta/e & smell4 ,nei!r ( ^! liquids imm$iately loses ?is by be+ filt]$ ?r\gh *>coal2 b by be+ expos$ = "s "t to ! air1 ! di/ill$ seawat] loses ?is unpleasant quality1 & !n x does n diff] f fre% wat] d]iv$ f ! pure/ s\rce2 & bo? h equally /ood e *emical te/ to :i* !y h be5 expos$4 ,! *emical prop]ties ( ?is wat] hav+ ?us be5 det]m9$1 x rema9s to give an acc\nt ( ! effects ^u ! individuals :o und]w5t ! exp]im5t4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal results3 ,bre/4 ,dur+ ! fir/ days1 ^? :o drank ! wat] compla9$ ( a weight ^u ! /oma*4 ,?is indisposition1 :i* 0 ! only "o !y exp]i5c$1 soon decreas$ ^u tak+ ex]cise1 & totally w5t (f by an additional ounce ( biscuit add$ to _! common ration4 ,"o ( !m1 on ! #bi? day1 _h a few symptoms1 b :i* he himself attribut$ to an indige/ion1 f "s bacon he _h eat54 ,eight individuals drank tw5ty-five p9ts a day1 r m ?an ?ree p9ts ea*1--7,n4 ,b4 ,! ,fr5* p9t conta9s v ne> fifty-sev5 cubic in*es ( ,engli% measure1 & is ! regulation size = ! cl>et or ,bordeaux bottle2 b 9 g5]al ! bottles are r small]4 ,! ,fr5* p9t is !re=e equal to r m ?an n9ete5-tw5tie?s ( an ,engli% qu>t1 w9e measure47 ,t\lon4 ,! results obta9$ at ! ars5al ( ?is t[n1 7 n less decisive or satisfactory4 ,! six p]sons :o made ! exp]im5t acquir$ a great] degree ( fre%ness 9 _! appe>ance1 & 7 mu* fatt]4 ,_! daily consumption ( di/ill$ wat] 0 n9e p\nds 7poids de m>c7 = dr9k1 & elev5 p\nds = cook+4 ,?is is ne>ly ! same relative quantity z ^? at ,bre/4 ,ro*e=t4 ,! exp]im5ts "h h n be5 made ) ! same regul>ity2 because ! fifte5 p]sons fix$ ^u _h all agre$ to say t !y 7 v ill4 ,! two pr9cipal ones compla9$ ( viol5t *olics & di>rhz3 b ! plot 0 discov]$1 & ^u be+ put ^u ! sick-li/1 7 la dite17 !y 7 laugh$ at by _! companions4 ,no "o ( !m 0 really indispos$2 on ! contr>y1 _m ?\ght !y exp]i5c$ "s good effect 9 reg>d to "s infirmities "u :i* !y _h long lab\r$4 ,! above are n1 h[ev]1 ! only exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made ^u ?is bev]age4 ,sev]al p]sons wi%+ to asc]ta9 its effects by individual exp]i5ce1 h volunt>ily conf9$ !mselves to its use2 & ! memb]s ( ! commission ( inquiry are almo/ 9 ! daily practice ( tak+ x4 ,! capta9 ( ! ,duclat has tak5 x e day at 8 meals = tw5ty days1 & has exp]i5c$ n ! smalle/ inconv5i5ce f its use4 ,m4 ,m4 ,vasse1 & ,*atela91 apo!c>ies to ! m>9e at ,bre/1 h occasionally kept ! wat] 9 _! m\?s = f\r h\rs1 by con/antly r5ew+ x1 & h n f\nd ei!r ! %>p ta/e1 or o!r cau/ic qualities1 :i* h be5 said to be peculi> to x4 ,& "h x may be prop] to /ate1 t ! m\?s ( all ! individuals :o _h tak5 ! wat] = a l5g? ( "t 7 exam9$1 )\t ! detection ( any ?+ 9 !m ei!r ( a swoll5 or inflammatory appe>ance4 ,su* are ! reports ( commission]s employ$ to inve/igate ! effects ( di/ill$ seawat]1 :o1 al?\gh sep>at$ at a great di/ance f ea* o!r1 & hav+ no communication1 all agree 9 ! inf]5ce1 t x may be employ$ )\t any injury to ! heal?1 bo? z a bev]age & 9 cook]y1 = ! space ( at lea/ a mon?2 & ! fair presumption is1 t x may be employ$ = a mu* long] "t2 & t 9 consequ5ce1 x mu/ be consid]$ z a v happy res\rce 9 long voyages ( discov]y4 ,,f9e ,,arts4 ,,art4 ,,xxi4 ,essay on ,musical ,temp]am5t4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,fi%]1 ( ,yale ,college4 ,conclud$ f page #ce4 ,,proposition ,v4 ,to det]m9e t position ( any degree 9 ! scale1 :i* w r5d] all ! concords t]m9at$ by x1 at a m$ium1 ! mo/ h>moni\s2 suppos+ _! relative frequ5cy giv51 & all ! o!r degrees fix$4 ,! be/ s*eme ( temp]am5t = ! *angeable scale1 on supposition t all ! concords 7 ( equally frequ5t occurr5ce1 is inve/igat$ 9 ,prop4 ,,iii4 ,b x is %[n1 9 ! la/ ,proposition1 t "s *ords occur 9 practice f> m frequ5tly ?an o!rs4 ,h5ce x becomes necess>y to asc]ta9 :at *anges 9 ! scale above ref]r$ to1 ?is diff]5t frequ5cy requires4 ,any giv5 degree1 z ,c1 t]m9ates six diff]5t concords2 a ,v?1 ,i,i,id1 & #c;d above1 & ! same int]vals bel[ x4 ,let ! numb]s d5ot+ ! frequ5cy ( ^! *ords bel[ ,c be d5ot$ by a1 b1 & c1 & _! temp]am5ts1 be=e ! position ( ,c is *ang$1 by m1 n1 & p3 & let ! frequ5cy ( ! *ords above ,c be d5ot$ by a1 b1 & c1 & _! temp]am5ts by m1 n1 & p1 respectively4 ,if1 n[1 we reg>d any two ( ^! #f *ords1 ^: temp]am5ts w\ld be dim9i%$ by mov+ ,c opposite ways1 & ( :i* ! sum ( ! temp]am5ts is consequ5tly fix$1 x is manife/ t ! m frequ5t ! occurr5ce1 ! less ought to be ! temp]am5t4 ,7 we guid$ only by ! consid]ation ( mak+ ! aggregate ( dissonance he>d 9 !m 9 a giv5 "t1 ! lea/ possible1 we %\ld make ! "o ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce p]fect1 & ?r[ ! :ole ( ! temp]am5t ^u ! o!r4 ,let1 = example1 a be great] ?an a1 & let x be any v>iable di/ance to :i* ,c is mov$1 s z to dim9i% ! temp]am5t m1 ( ! *ord ^: frequ5cy is express$ by a4 ,!n ! temp]am5t ( a w become m x1 & t ( a m x4 ,h5ce1 z ! dissonance head 9 ea*1 9 a giv5 "t1 is 9 ! comp\nd ratio ( its frequ5cy ( occurr5ce & its temp]am5t1 _! aggregate dissonance w be z a 7m x7 a 7m x72 a quantity :i*1 z a is suppos$ great] ?an a1 evid5tly becomes a m9imum :5 x m1 or ! *ord1 ^: frequ5cy is a1 is made p]fect4 ,b 9 ?is way we r5d] ! h>mony ( ! *ords v unequal1 :i* is1 ct]is p>ibus1 a disadvantage4 ,z ^! consid]ations are het]og5e\s1 x mu/ be a matt] ( judgm5t1 r ?an ( ma!matical c]ta9ty1 :at precise weight is to be giv5 to ea*4 ,we w give s mu* weight to ! latt] consid]ation1 z to make ! temp]am5t ( ea* concord inv]sely z its frequ5cy4 ,we h !n a 3 a 33 #a_/7m - x7 3 #a_/7m x72 :i* gives x 7am - am7_/7a a74 ,b !re are six concords to be accommodat$1 in/ead ( two2 & x is evid5t t all ! pairs _c h _! temp]am5t inv]sely z _! frequ5cy1 s9ce ! numb]s a1 b1 c4 & m1 n1 c4 h no con/ant ratio to ea* o!r4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w be ! case1 at a m$ium1 if x be made su*1 t ! sum ( ! products ( ! numb]s express+ ! frequ5cy ( ^? *ords ^: temp]am5ts are increas$ by x1 into _! respective temp]am5ts1 %all be equal to ! sum ( ! correspond+ products belong+ to ^? *ords ^: temp]am5ts are dim9i%$ by x4 ,apply+ ?is pr9ciple to ! sy/em ( temp]am5t 9 ,prop4 ,,iii1 :i* flatt5s all ! concords1 x is pla9 t rais+ any giv5 degree by x w increase ! temp]am5ts ( ! concords above t degree1 & dim9i% ^? ( ! concords bel[ x4 ,h5ce x ought to be rais$ till 7m - x7 a 7n - x7b 7p - x7c 7m x7a 7n x7b 7p x7c2 f :i* x is f\nd 7am - am bn - bn cp - cp7 _/ 7a a b b c c7 ,%\ld ei!r ( ! temp]am5ts be %>p1 ! sign ( t t]m ( ! num]ator1 9 :i* x occurs1 mu/ be *ang$2 & %\ld ! total value ( ! expression be negative1 x mu/ be tak5 bel[ ,c4 ,,proposition ,,vi4 ,to det]m9e t sy/em ( temp]am5ts = ! concords ( ! *angeable scale1 :i* w r5d] x1 includ+ e consid]ation1 ! mo/ h>moni\s possible4 ,we c sc>cely expect to f9d any direct analytical process1 :i* w furni% u ) a solution ( ?is complicat$ problem1 at a s+le op]ation4 ,we %all !re=e cont5t ourselves ) a me?od :i* gradually approximates t[>ds ! desir$ results4 ,! be/ position ( any giv5 degree1 z ,c1 suppos+ all ! re/ fix$1 is det]m9$ by ! la/ proposition4 ,9 ! same mann] x is evid5t t ! con/itution ( ! :ole scale w be ! be/ possible1 :5 no degree 9 x c be elevat$ or depress$1 )\t r5d]+ ! sums ( ! products !re ref]r$ to1 unequal4 ,we c approximate to ?is /ate ( ! scale1 by apply+ ! !orem 9 ,prop4 ,v4 to ea* ( ! degrees successively4 ,x is n ess5tial 9 :at ord] ! application is made2 b = ! sake ( uni=mity1 9 ! successive approximations1 we w beg9 ) t degree :i* has ! greate/ sum a a b c4 belong+ to x1 & proce$ regul>ly to t 9 :i* x is lea/4 ,mak+ ! equal temp]am5t ( ,prop4 ,,iii41 79 :i* ! ,v?s1 ,i,i,ids1 & #c;ds are flatt5$1 #aed1 #gg & #gg1 respectively47 ! /&>d f :i* to comm5ce ! alt]ations 9 ! scale requir$ by ! unequal frequ5cy ( diff]5t *ords1 & beg9n+ ) ,d1 ! !orem gives x #e4 ,h5ce suppos+ ! re/ ( ! degrees 9 ! scale unalt]$1 x w be 9 ! mo/ h>moni\s /ate1 :5 ,d is rais$ #e_/edj ( a comma4 ,= by ! la/ proposition1 ! temp]am5t ( ! six concords affect$ by *ang+ ! place ( ,d is be/ di/ribut$1 & t ( ! o!r concords is n at all affect$4 ,we w n[ proce$ to ! second degree 9 ! scale1 viz4 ,a2 9 :i* ! application ( ! !orem gives x #ac4 ,9 ?is application1 h[ev]1 z ,d 0 be=e rais$ #e1 m1 ! temp]am5t ( ! ,v? bel[ ,a1 mu/ be tak5 #aed #e2 & 9 all ! succe$+ op]ations1 :5 ! ext]ior t]m9ation ( any concord has be5 already alt]$1 we mu/ take its temp]am5t1 n :at x 0 at fir/1 b :at x has become1 by su* previ\s alt]ation4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! scale is becom+ m h>moni\s at e /ep1 till we h complet$ ! :ole succession ( degrees :i* x conta9s4 ,let u n[ rev]t to ,d1 ! place :]e we began4 ,z ea* ( ! out] extremities ( ! *ords :i* are t]m9at$ by ,d has be5 *ang$1 a new application ( ! !orem w give a second correction = ! place ( ,d2 al?\gh1 z ! numb]s a1 a'1 b1 c4 cont9ue ! same1 x w be less ?an be=e4 ,cont9ue ! process ?r\gh ! :ole scale1 & a second approximation to ! mo/ h>moni\s /ate w be obta9$4 ,9 ?is mann] let ! !orem be appli$1 till ! value ( x is exhau/$1 = e degree2 & x w !n be 9 ! mo/ h>moni\s /ate possible4 ,?ree op]ations gave ! foll[+ results3 ,,table ,v4 --------------------------- #a/ #b;d4 #c;d4 ,bases4 ,op]ation4 --------------------------- ,f #ah #e #a ,f -#bj -#f -#a ,e #ah #e #j ,e #ad #e #j ,e -#fi -#h -#a ,d #ai #e #a ,d #e #b #a ,d -#de -#g -#b ,c #ah #f #j ,c -#e -#e -#b ,b #ah #e #j ,b #ai #e #j ,b -#bc -#aj -#a ,a #ah #g #j ,a #ac #d #a ,a -#ga -#g -#b ,g #ag #e #j ,g -#ad #j #j ,f #dd #e #j ,g -#df -#e #j --------------------------- ,! sign plus d5otes t ! degree to :i* x belongs is to be rais$1 & m9us1 t x is to be depress$4 ,! corrections 9 ea* succe$+ op]ation are to be add$ to ^? 9 ! prec$+4 ,! errors1 9 ! #c;d approximation1 are s trifl+1 t a #d? w\ld be :olly useless4 ,,note4 ,! =ego+ calculations w be r5d]$ mu* m exp$iti\s & sure1 by r$uc+ ! !orem1 9 "s s5se1 to a diagram1 z 9 ! fir/ ( ! foll[+ figures2 & by apply+ ! successive corrections to ! circumf]5ce ( a circle divid$ into p>ts proportion$ to ! int]vals ( ! enh>monic scale1 z 9 ! second4 ,illu/ration ,,proposition ,,vii4 ,to det]m9e ! temp]am5ts & beats ( all ! concords1 toge!r ) ! values ( ! diatonic & *romatic int]vals1 & ! l5g?s & vibrations p] second ( a /r+ produc+ all ! s\nds1 ( ! sy/em result+ f ! la/ proposition4 ,! temp]am5ts ( all ! concords are easily d$uc$ f ,table ,v4 ,! ,v? ,,cg1 = example1 has its l[] extremity l[]$ #ab1 & its upp] extremity #ad4 ,h5ce x is flatt] by #b ?an at fir/1 & consequ5tly its temp]am5t#aef4 ,! temp]am5ts ( all ! concords1 ?us calculat$1 w be f\nd 9 ! #b;d1 #c;d1 & #d? columns ( ,table ,,vii4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ ! temp]am5ts1 ! value ( ! diatonic & *romatic int]vals may be f\nd4 ,! ,v? ,,cg be+ flatt5$ #aef1 & ! ,v? ,,fc #aci1 ! major tone ,,fg mu/ be dim9i%$ #aef #aci1 or be #dhbj4 ,by ?us fix+ ! ext5t ( "o int]val aft] ano!r1 f ! temp]am5ts ( ei!r ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( concords1 z is mo/ conv5i5t1 ! int]vals 9 "q w be f\nd to h ! values exhibit$ 9 ,table ,,vi4 ,let ! numb]s 9 ?is table be add$ successively1 beg9n+ at ! bottom1 to ! log4 ( #bdj1 ! numb] ( vibrations p] second ( ! t5or ,c1 7see ,rees's ,cyc4 ,art4 ,conc]t ,pit*17 & ! numb]s correspond+ to ^! log>i?ms w be ! vibrations 9 a second1 ( a /r+ s\nd+ ! sev]al degrees ( ! scale4 ,!y are %[n 9 col4 #f1 ,table ,,vii4 ,s9ce ! l5g? ( a /r+ ct]is p>ibus is inv]sely z its numb] ( vibrations1 ! l5g?s 9 col4 #e may be d$uc$ f ! vibrations 9 col4 #f2 or m exp$iti\sly1 by subtract+ ! num]ical di/ances f ,c ( ! sev]al degrees 9 ,table ,,vi4 f ,o1 & tak+ ! correspond+ numb]s1 f ! table ( log>i?ms4 ,^! numb]s1 :5 us$ z log>i?ms1 mu/ be br\ght back to ! decimal =m1 agreeably to ,s*olium #b4 ,prop4 ,i4 ,to f9d ! numb] ( beats made 9 a second by any concord1 x is only necess>y to take f col4 #e ! numb]s belong+ to ! degrees :i* t]m9ate t concord1 & to multiply !m crosswise into ! t]ms ( its p]fect ratio4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! products w be ! numb] ( beats made 9 a second4 ,! #c la/ columns conta9 ! beats made by ea* ( ! concords1 9 #aj seconds4 ,,table ,,vi4 ,c ------------------ ,c #biih #biih ------ ,b #aggb ,b ------------------ ,b #ahca #cjcc ,b------ #dhac ------ ,a #bihb #aghj ,a ------------------ ,a #ahga #cjcj ,a------ #dhci ------ ,g #bifh #ahji ,g ------------------ ,g #ahad ------ ,f #agih ,g------ #dhbj ------ ,f #cjjf #ahbd ,f ------------------ ,f ------ ,e #bihh #bihh #aggg ,e ------------------ ,e #ahgj #cjbh ,e------ #dhah #bidh ------ ,d #agij ,d ------------------ ,d #ahce #cjah ,d------ #dhbg ------ ,c #biib #ahji ,c ------------------ ,c ,,table ,,vii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,temp]am5ts ( !,l5g?s,vibrations,beats 9 #aj ,s4 ( ! ,bases------------------- ( 9 a ------------------- ,v?s,i,i,ids#c;ds,/r+4 ,second4 ,v?s4 ,i,i,ids4 #c;ds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,b #gg #eadca #dff1fd #dc1d ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,b #aed #gf #ic #ecegd #ddg1ih #dg1d #ci1j #eg1h ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,b #adg #ce #ig #eehhj #dbi1di #dc1e #ag1g #eg1d ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,a #aef #gh #egddh #dag1gg #de1a #df1b ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,a #aec #ga #ajg #eiheb #djj1ii #db1e #cc1e #ei1d ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,a #aed #i #fbdhg #chd1jh #dj1d #d1j ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,g #aea #gf #ge #fdagg #cgc1ig #ci1a #cb1i #ci1b ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,g #acb #ci #ig #ffijg #ceh1ga #cb1i #af1c #dh1a ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,f #aja #fhggh #cdh1ie #dh1e ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,g #ef #figfj #cdd1jc #ba1i ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,f #aed #gf #hc #gafhe #ccd1hj #cf1j #bi1b #ch1e ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,f #aci #cb #acj #gdgfj #cba1jc #cj1i #aa1i #eg1h ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,e #aed #gh #gfhgd #cab1bj #cc1b #cc1e ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,e #adi #gd #aaj #hjjhe #bii1fh #cj1h #be1b #de1c ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,e #aaj #ac #ed #hcfjh #bhg1je #ba1g #d1a #ba1e ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,d #aed #ec #gh #hehfh #bgi1ej #bi1f #ag1j #cj1j ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,d #add #fa #aab #hidhj #bfh1ba #bf1e #ah1e #da1a ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,d #ahj #ej #iccdb #beg1ab #cb1j #ad1h ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,c #aef #gh #hb #ieibj #bej1bj #bf1f #bb1j #bh1j ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,c #aef #df #adc #ajjjjj #bdj1jj #be1h #ab1h #dg1e ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,proposition ,,viii4 ,to comp>e ! h>moni\sness ( ! =ego+ sy/em ) t ( sev]al o!rs1 :i* h be5 mo/ kn[n & approv$4 ,! aggregate ( dissonance1 he>d 9 any temp]$ concord1 is z its temp]am5t 7,prop4 ,i47 :5 its frequ5cy ( occurr5ce is giv51 & z its frequ5cy ( occurr5ce1 :5 its temp]am5t is giv53 h5ce1 univ]sally1 x is z ! product ( bo?4 ,! :ole am\nt ( dissonance he>d 9 all ! concords ( ! same "n mu/ consequ5tly be z ! sum ( ! products ( ! numb]s d5ot+ _! temp]am5ts1 ea* into ! numb] 9 ,table ,,iv4 d5ot+ its frequ5cy4 ,^! products1 = ! scale ( ,huyg5s :i* divides ! octave into #ca equal p>ts1 ( :i* ! tone is #e & ! semi-tone #c2 = ! sy/em ( mean tones1 & = ,dr4 ,smi?'s sy/em ( equal h>mony1 comp>$ ) ! scale ( ! la/ proposition1 7cutt+ (f ! ?ree "r-h& figures7 /& z foll[s3 ,,table ,,viii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,sy/ems4 ,huyg5's4,dr4 ,smi?'s4,mean ,tones4,new ,scale4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,dissonance ,v?s #hbe #ide #hej #ghf ( ! ,i,i,ids #aba #chb #j #bdj #c;ds #ajdi #fbi #idd #fhc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,total #aiie #aief #agid #agji ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,7 we to adh]e to ,dr4 ,smi?'s measure ( equal h>mony1 ! r[s ( products belong+ to ! ,v?s1 ,i,i,ids1 & #c;ds1 mu/ be divid$1 respectively1 by 1 #a_/aj1 & #a_/ac 7! reciprocals ( half ! products ( ! t]ms ( _! p]fect ratios17 be=e !y c\ld be prop]ly add$ to express ! :ole am\nt ( dissonance he>d 9 all ! concords2 b1 accord+ to ,prop4 ,i4 ! simple products ought to be add$1 & ! sums at ! bottom ( ! table w express ! true ratio ( ! aggregate dissonance ( ! sy/ems "u :i* !y /&4 ,! la/ has decid$ly ! advantage ov] ! fir/1 bo? 9 reg>d to ! aggregate dissonance1 & ! equality ( its di/ribution among ! diff]5t classes ( concords4 ,x has ne>ly an equal advantage ov] ! second 9 reg>d to ! fir/ ( ^! consid]ations2 al?\gh 9 reg>d to ! equality ( di/ribution1 ! latt] has slightly ! advantage4 ,x has1 9 a small degree1 ! advantage ov] ! ?ird1 9 reg>d to ! aggregate dissonance2 :ile1 z x respects ! equality ( its di/ribution1 x has ! decid$ pref]5ce4 ,x is true t ! temp]am5ts ( ! concords ( ! same "n1 9 ! new scale1 are n z 9 ! o!rs1 absolutely equal2 b no "o ( !m is s l>ge z to give any (f5ce to ! nice/ e>4 ,! l>ge/ 9 ! :ole scale exce$s ! uni=m temp]am5t ( ,dr4 ,smi?'s ,v?s by only #a_/ah ( a comma4 ,s*olium #a4 ,! above sy/em may be put 9 practice on ! organ1 by mak+ ! successive ,v?s ,,cg1 ,,gd1 ,,de1 c4 beat flat at ! rate conta9$ 9 ,table ,,vii41 desc5d+ an octave1 :]e necess>y1 & d\bl+ ! numb] ( beats belong+ to any degree 9 ! table1 :5 ! ,v? to be tun$ has its base 9 ! octave above ! treble ,c4 ,! t5or ,c mu/ fir/ be made to vibrate #bdj 9 a second1 ! me?ods ( do+ :i* are detail$ at l5g? 9 v>i\s au?ors4 ,:5ev] a ,i,i,id results f ! ,v?s tun$1 its beats ought to be comp>$ ) ^? requir$ 9 ! table1 & ! correctness ( ! ,v?s ?us prov$4 ,?is sy/em is z easy1 9 practice1 z any o!r2 = no "o c be tun$ correctly except by c\nt+ ! beats1 & r5d]+ !m con=mable to :at t sy/em requires4 ,! int]vals ( ! fir/ octave tun$ ought to be adju/$ ) ! utmo/ accuracy1 by a table ( beats4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! lab\r ( mak+ p]fect ! o!r octaves ( ! same /op1 & ! unisons1 octaves1 ,v?s1 c4 ( ! o!r /ops1 is ! same 9 e sy/em4 ,?is la/1 inde$1 is s mu* ! mo/ labori\s "p ( ! tun+ ( ! organ1 t if ev5 mu* m lab\r 7 requir$ ?an actually is1 9 adju/+ ! int]vals ( ! octave fir/ tun$ x w\ld occasion little diff]5ce 9 ! :ole4 ,s*olium #b4 ,! h>mony ( ! ,i,i,ids & #c;ds 9 any ( ! =ego+ sy/ems = ! *angeable scale is s mu* f9] ?an x c possibly be 9 ! common ,d\zeave1 t x seems highly desirable t ?is scale %\ld be introduc$ into g5]al use4 ,b ! increas$ bulk & exp5se att5dant on ! introduction ( s _m new pipes or /r+s1 toge!r ) ! tr\ble occasion$ to ! p]=m]1 9 rectify+ ! scale = music 9 ! diff]5t keys1 h hi!rto prev5t$ its becom+ g5]ally adopt$4 ,to multiply ! numb] ( f+] keys w\ld r5d] execution on ! in/rum5t extremely difficult2 & ! app>atus necess>y = transf]r+ ! action ( ! same key f "o /r+ or set ( pipes to ano!r1 besides be+ complicat$ & exp5sive1 requires su* exactness t x mu/ be cont9ually liable to get out ( ord]4 ,?is latt] exp$i5t1 h[ev]1 has be5 deem$ ! only practicable "o1 & has be5 c>ri$ into effect1 "u diff]5t =ms1 by ,dr4 ,smi?1 ,mr4 ,hawkes1 ,m4 ,loes*man1 & o!rs4 ,b ,dr4 ,smi?'s plan 7:i* is conf9$ to /r+$ in/rum5ts7 requires only "o ( ! unisons to be us$ at once2 :ile ^? ( ! two latt] ne>ly d\ble ! :ole numb] ( /r+s or pipes4 ,x des]ves an exp]im5t1 among ! mak]s ( imp]fect in/rum5ts1 :e!r a *angeable scale _c be r5d]$ practicable1 at lea/ on ! piano =te1#bf )\t increas+ ! numb] ( /r+s1 & at ! same "t all[+ bo? ! unisons to be us$ toge!r--ei!r by an app>atus = slightly increas+ ! t5sion ( ! /r+s1 or by "o :i* %all int]cept ! vibrations ( su* a "p ( ! /r+1 at its extremity1 z %all elevate its tone1 by ! diesis ( ! sy/em ( temp]am5t adopt$4 ,7 only #d degrees to ! octave1 furni%+ ! in/rum5t ) #e %>ps & #d flats1 ?us r5d]$ *angeable1 !re is little music :i* c\ld n be correctly execut$ ^u x4 ,s*olium #c4 ,9 ! same g5]al mann]1 may be f\nd ! be/ sy/em ( int]vals1 = a scale conf9$ to a less numb] ( degrees ?an t ( ! complete ,enh>monic scale4 ,9 su* an inve/igation1 ! numb]s 9 ,table ,,iv4 express+ ! frequ5cy ( all su* adjac5t degrees z h b "o s\nd 9 ! giv5 scale1 mu/ be unit$2 & ! temp]am5ts m1 n1 c4 ( ! !orem1 :5 belong+ to concords ^: t]m9at+ degrees are unit$ to ^? adjac5t1 mu/ be tak51 n :at !y 7 9 ! complete scale1 b :at !y become1 consid]+ !m z t]m9at$ by ! sub/itut$ adjac5t degree4 ,if1 = example1 ! be/ temp]am5ts 7 requir$ = a scale ( #ae degrees to ! octave1 su* z is t ( "s ,european organs1 or 9 o!r words1 hav+ no ,enh>monic int]vals except ,d ,e1 & ,g ,a1--! numb]s 9 ,table ,,iv4 belong+ to ,c & ,d1 ,e & ,f1 ,f & ,g1 c4 mu/ be unit$1 & _! sums sub/itut$ :5 !y occur1 = a1 a1 b1 c4 9 ! !orem2 :ile ! temp]am5t1 = example1 ( ! ,i,i,id on ,c mu/ n be reckon$ #gg z 9 ! complete scale1 b #abfa - #gg %>p1 s9ce its upp] t]m9ation has become ,f1 in/ead ( ,e4 ,) ^! v>iations let ! same !orem be appli$ z be=e1 till no value ( x c be obta9$1 & ! temp]am5ts = t scale w be ! be/ adju/$ possible4 ,b z ! scale :i* conta9s b #ac degrees1 or #ab int]vals1 to ! octave1 is 9 mu* m g5]al use ?an e o!r1 we %all cont5t ourselves ) /at+ h[ ! problem may be solv$ = scales conta9+ any int]m$iate numb] ( degrees1 & proce$ directly to ! consid]ation ( t :i* is s mu* ! mo/ practically important4 ,,lemma4 ,no arrangem5t ( ! int]vals 9 ! common scale ( #ab degrees1 :i* r5d]s none ( ! ,v?s or #c;ds %>p1 & none ( ! ,i,i,ids flat1 c make any *ange 9 ! aggregate temp]am5ts ( all ! concords ( ! same "n4 ,we w conceive ! #ab ,v?s ( ! ,d\zeave scale to be arrang$ 9 succession1 z ,,cg1 ,,gd1 ,,da1 c4 embrac+ #g octaves4 ,let !m at fir/ be all equal3 !y w ea* be flatt5$ #di4 ,i say t no *ange 9 ^! ,v?s :i* pres]ves ! two extreme octaves p]fect1 & r5d]s none ( !m %>p1 c alt] ! sum ( _! temp]am5ts4 ,let a1 b1 c1 c4 be any quantities1 positive or negative1 by :i* ! po9ts ,c1 ,g1 ,d1 c4 may be conceiv$ to be rais$ above ! correspond+ po9ts1 belong+ to ! s*eme ( equal ,v?s4 ,!n z ! mean temp]am5t ,v? ,v - #di1 ! fir/ ,v? 9 ! suppos$ arrangem5t w be ,v - #di a4 ,! di/ance f ,c to ,d w be1 9 l mann]1 #b 7,v - #di7 b2 & consequ5tly ! ,v? ,,gd w be ,v - #di b - a4 ,9 ! same mann] ! ?ird ,v? ,,de w be ,v - #di c - b1 c4 ,h5ce ! temp]am5t ( ,,cg -#di a1 ( ,,gd -#di b - a1 ( ,,da -#di c - b1 c4 ,add+ ! #ab temp]am5ts toge!r1 we f9d _! sum -#ab #di a b c4 - a - b - c4 9 :i* all ! t]ms except ! fir/ de/roy ea* o!r1 & leave _! sum -#ab #di :i* is ! aggregate temp]am5t ( ! twelve equal ,v?s 9 ! s*eme ( equal semitones4 ,! same reason+ holds good if we br+ ^! ,v?s )9 ! compass ( an octave2 s9ce1 if ! octave be kept p]fect1 all ! ,v?s on ! same lett]1 9 :atev] octave !y are situat$1 mu/ h ! same temp]am5t4 ,! reason+ is precisely ! same = ! ,i,i,ids & #c;ds1 consid]+ ! =m] z =m+ #d di/9ct s]ies ( an octave ea*1 beg9n+ ) ,c1 ,c1 ,d & ,e2 & ! latt] z =m+ #c di/9ct s]ies ( an octave ea*1 beg9n+ ) ,c1 ,c & ,d4 ,if ! =m] be made all equal1 ea* w be %>p5$ #cdc2 if ! latt] be made equal1 ea* w be flatt5$ #cib4 ,9 e sy/em :i* r5d]s none ( ! =m] flat1 & none ( ! latt] %>p1 ! sum ( _! temp]am5ts w be #ab #cdc1 & #ab #cib1 respectively4 ,cor4 ,! demon/ration holds equally true1 :atev] be ! magnitude ( a1 b1 c1 c43 only if !y be su* t ! diff]5ce -a b1 -b c1 c4 ( any two successive ones be great] ?an ! temp]am5t ( ! correspond+ concord 9 ! sy/em ( equal semitones1 ! temp]am5t ( t *ord mu/ be reckon$ negative1 & ! sum1 9 ! enunciation ( ! proposition1 mu/ be consid]$ z ! excess ( ^? temp]am5ts :i* h ! same sign ) ^? ( ! same concords 9 ! sy/em ( equal semitones1 above ^? :i* h ! contr>y sign4 ,h5ce x is univ]sally true t ! excess ( ! flat above ! %>p temp]am5ts ( ! ,v?s is equal to #ab #di2 t ! excess ( ! %>p above ! flat temp]am5ts ( ! ,i,i,ids is equal to #ab #cdc2 & t ! excess ( ! flat above ! %>p temp]am5ts ( ! #c;ds is #ab #cib4 ,h5ce likewise we h a v easy me?od ( prov+ :e!r ! temp]am5ts ( any giv5 sy/em h be5 correctly calculat$4 ,x is only to add ^? :i* h ! same sign2 & if ! diff]5ces ( ! sums be equal to ! products j /at$1 ! "w is "r4 ,,proposition ,,ix4 ,if all ! concords ( ! same "n1 9 a scale ( twelve int]vals to ! octave1 7 ( equally frequ5t occurr5ce1 ! be/ sy/em ( temp]am5t w\ld be t ( equal semitones4 ,x is evid5tly be/1 s f> z ! concords ( ! same "n are conc]n$1 t if ( equal frequ5cy1 !y %\ld be equally temp]$1 unless by r5d]+ !m unequal1 _! m$ium temp]am5t c\ld be dim9i%$2 b ?is appe>s1 f ! ,lemma1 to be impossible4 ,by temp]+ !m unequally1 ! aggregate dissonance he>d 9 a giv5 "t1 by supposition ( _! equal frequ5cy1 w\ld n be dim9i%$1 :il/ ! disadvantage ( a transition f a bett] to a worse h>mony w\ld be incurr$4 ,"s advocates ( irregul> sy/ems ( temp]am5t h1 inde$1 ma9ta9$ ?is irregul>ity to be a positive advantage1 z giv+ v>iety ( "* to ! diff]5t keys4 ,b ?is v>iety ( "* is obvi\sly nei!r m nor less ?an t ( great] & less degrees ( dissonance4 ,n[1 :at p]=m] on a p]fect in/rum5t ev] /ruck 8 int]vals false1 = ! sake ( v>iety8 ,:o 0 ev] gratifi$ by ! v>iety produc$ 9 vocal music by a voice slightly out ( tune8 ,if ?is be absurd1 :5 appli$ to in/rum5ts capable ( p]fect h>mony1 x is sc>cely less s to urge v>iety ( "* z be+ ( itself a suffici5t gr\nd = introduc+ l>ge temp]am5ts into ! scale4 ,= ^! l>ge temp]am5ts w h ne>ly ! same effect1 comp>$ ) ! small] ones1 t small temp]am5ts w\ld h1 :5 comp>$ ) ! p]fect h>mony ( voices & p]fect in/rum5ts4 ,possibly a discordant int]val1 or a concord l>gely temp]$1 might1 9 a few in/ances1 add to ! res\rces ( ! compos]4 ,b :5 an in/rum5t is once tun$1 ! situation ( ^! int]vals is fix$ beyond 8 control1 & by occurr+ 9 a passage :]e 8 design requir$ ! mo/ p]fect h>mony1 x might z (t5 ?w>t z fav\r ! int5d$ effect4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! proposition is true 9 ref]5ce to ! ,v?s1 ,i,i,ids1 & #c;ds1 :5 sep>ately consid]$1 x w be equally true :5 !y are consid]$ jo9tly1 t is1 z =m$ into h>monic triads1 unless1 by r5d]+ ! concords ( ! same "n unequal 9 _! temp]am5t1 ! mean temp]am5t ( ! ,v?s c\ld be increas$1 & t ( ! ,i,i,ids & #c;ds proportionally dim9i%$4 ,c\ld ?is be done1 x might be a "q :e!r ! m equal di/ribution ( ! temp]am5t among ! concords ( diff]5t names1 might n ju/ify ! introduction ( "s inequality among ^? ( ! same "n4 ,b x is demon/rat$ 9 ! ,lemma1 t ! sum ( ! temp]am5ts ( ea* p>cel ( concords1 9 ! sy/em ( equal semitones1 is ! lea/ possible4 ,h5ce no *anges 9 ! ,v?s c dim9i% ! av]age temp]am5ts ( ! ,i,i,ids & #c;ds4 ,cor4 ,h5ce we d]ive an important practical conclusion3 t :atev] irregul>ities are introduc$ into ! scale1 mu/ be su* z are dem&$ by ! diff]5t frequ5cy ( occurr5ce ( ! sev]al concords4 ,if we make any alt]ations 9 ! scale ( equal semitones1 ?is mu/ be our sole crit]ion4 ,a giv5 sy/em ( temp]am5t is eligible1 9 proportion to ! accuracy ) :i* x is d$uc$ f ! diff]5t frequ5cy ( ! diff]5t concords4 ,& ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! frequ5cy ( diff]5t int]vals does n s5sibly v>y1 or t x is ( su* a nature z n to be susceptible ( calculation1 mu/1 to be consi/5t1 adh]e to ! scale ( equal semitones4 ,,proposition ,x4 ,to det]m9e ! be/ di/ribution ( ! temp]am5ts ( ! concords 9 ! ,d\zeave ,scale4 ,z ! scale ( equal semitones has be5 demon/rat$ to be ! be/1 on supposition t all ! concords ( ! same "n occurr$ equally (t51 x ought to be made ! /&>d f :i* all ! v>iations1 requir$ by _! unequal frequ5cy1 are to be reckon$4 ,to f9d a set ( numb]s express+ ! relative frequ5cy ( ! sev]al concords 9 ! common scale1 we h only to unite ! numb]s 9 ,table ,,iv4 /&+ aga9/ ^? adjac5t degrees :i* h b "o s\nd 9 ?is scale4 ,!y w !n /& z 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,table ,,ix4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,v?s1 #d?s1 ,i,i,ids1 #f?s1 #c;ds1 ,v,iths1 ,bases4 & & & ,octaves4 ,octaves4 ,octaves4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,b #bba #ace #aafa ---------------------------------------- --- ,b #dah #fed #cd ---------------------------------------- --- ,a #hgj #efh #ajhe ---------------------------------------- --- ,g #eg #hb #cfe ---------------------------------------- --- ,g #abjg #aaig #efg ---------------------------------------- --- ,f #fg #bi #ajgb ---------------------------------------- --- ,f #fci #ibd #gh ---------------------------------------- --- ,e #edh #cbc #aaea ---------------------------------------- --- ,e #bfe #cfc #add ---------------------------------------- --- ,d #aaff #idc #efi ---------------------------------------- --- ,c #bf #ah #eha ---------------------------------------- --- ,c #haf #aaca #ahd ---------------------------------------- --- ,! g5]al !orem ( ,prop4 ,v4 is equally applicable to ! det]m9ation ( ! approximate place = any degree 9 ?is scale1 consid]+ ! numb]s 9 ! above table z ^? to be sub/itut$ = a1 a1 b1 c42 & m1 n1 & p1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 z #di1 -#cdc & #cib1 ! uni=m temp]am5ts ( ! ,v?s1 ,i,i,ids1 & #c;ds1 9 ! scale ( equal semitones4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! temp]am5ts ( ! ,i,i,ids 9 ?is scale are %>p1 :i* w\ld require ! signs ( ! #c;d & #d? t]ms 9 ! num]ator ( ! g5]al =mula to be cont9ually *ang$1 x w be r5d]$ m conv5i5t = practice1 if !y are *ang$ at fir/1 s t x w /& ?us3 x 7am - am - bn bn cp - cp7 _/ 7a a b b c c7 ,?ree successive applications ( ?is !orem to ea* degree 9 ! scale1 9 ! mann] describ$ ,prop4 ,,vi41 w br+ !m v ne> to ! requir$ position1 z appe>s by ! smallness ( ! corrections 9 ! #c;d column bel[1 :]e ! results ( ! sev]al op]ations are exhibit$ at "o view4 ,,table ,x4 ------------------------------------ ,bases4 ,fir/ ,second ,?ird ,op]ation4,op]ation4,op]ation4 ------------------------------------ ,b -#adj -#ce -#b ------------------------------------ ,b #cjh #cc -#a ------------------------------------ ,a -#h -#bc #b ------------------------------------ ,g -#beg -#bb -#b ------------------------------------ ,g #ajg #bd -#h ------------------------------------ ,f -#bfd -#g #j ------------------------------------ ,f #bch #dj #f ------------------------------------ ,e -#hj -#cd -#d ------------------------------------ ,e #aeg #b -#d ------------------------------------ ,d #eh #h #j ------------------------------------ ,c -#ceb -#bi -#a ------------------------------------ ,c #agf #bi #d ------------------------------------ ,cor4 ,h5ce we may d$uce1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ,prop4 ,,vii41 ! diatonic & *romatic int]vals1 ! l5g?s ( a /r+ & _! vibrations 9 a second1 & ! temp]am5ts & beats ( all ! concords = ! scale :i* results f ! =ego+ computations4 ,!y may be se5 9 ! two foll[+ tables3 ,,table ,,xi4 ,,diatonic ,,& ,,*romatic ,,int]vals4 ,c ------------ ,c #bhie #bhie ,b ------------ ,b #aiia #dhfi ------ ,b #bhgh ,a ------------ ,a #bgfa #dhfe ------ ,g #bajd ,g ------------ ,g #bijc #dhef ------ ,f #aiec ,f ------------ ,f #biaa #biaa ,e ------------ ,e #bbce #dhcc ------ ,e #beih ,d ------------ ,d #bieg #dhgd ------ ,c #aiag ,c ------------ ,c ,,table ,,xii4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,temp]am5ts ( ! ,l5g?s,vibrat- ,beats 9 #aj ,secs4 ( ! ,bases4------------------ ( ions p]---------------------- ,v?s,i,i,ids #c;ds,/r+s4,second ,v?s ,i,i,ids #c;ds ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,b #adc #fge #adi #ecddf #ddi1jd #dd1j #ceb1h #ib1d ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,b #aje #fi #aaad #eeied #dbh1ib #cj1h #cd1j #aee1b ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a #ach #aj4 #aed #eighg #dja1db #ch1f #d1f #he1b ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,g #chg #hcc #bhh #fcgab #cgf1gi #ih1g #cfj1e #aee1d ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,g #ajf #dc #age #ffhgd #ceh1hh #bf1d #ag1f #hf1h ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,f #afj #ied #aej #gadif #cce1fh #cg1b #cgb1h #fi1h ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,f #abd #cj #ieg #gdghf #cbj1ib #bg1f #aj1h #adc1j ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,e #ajh #ahj #aea #giigj #cjj1aj #bb1b #ff1f #fb1j ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,e #acf #caa #hah #hdaid #bhe1jf #bf1f #ajb1b #ahf1f ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,d #add #f #agd #hichd #bfh1ej #bf1f #b1b #fd1j ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,c #eb #ajji #abh #iefhb #bej1hc #aj1i #bie1c #dd1h ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,c #ace #af #ddf #ajjjjj #bdj1jj #bb1d #d1j #adg1j ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,no?+ 9 ! above tables w ne$ explanation1 except ! anomal\s %>p beats ( ! #c;ds1 9 ! la/ column4 ,^! are d]iv$ f ! p]fect ratio #f 3 #g1 because ^! #c;ds are1 9 reality1 mu* ne>] to ! ratio ( #f 3 #g ?an to t ( #e 3 #f2 & h5ce c\ld _! beats be c\nt$1 !y w\ld be ^? ( ! table1 & n ^? :i* w\ld be d]iv$ f consid]+ ^! #c;ds z hav+ flat temp]am5ts ( ! ratio #e 3 #f4 ,b al?\gh ! beats are sl[]1 ! ne>] !y approa* ! ratio #f 3 #g1 ?is ought n to be reg>d$ z any suffici5t reason = admitt+ s l>ge temp]am5ts into ! scale1 7 x n absolutely necess>y1 9 ord] to accommodate ^? #c;ds :i* are ( f> m frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,al?\gh ! beats ( ^! #c;ds gr[ sl[] z _! temp]am5ts are increas$1 yet !y are los+ _! "* 9 melody2 & become1 9 ?is respect1 m & m (f5sive1 ! m !y are temp]$4 ,h5ce ! h>mony & melody ( ! sev]al int]vals1 jo9tly consid]$1 are to be judg$ ( r f _! temp]am5ts1 9 ! ?ree fir/ columns1 ?an f _! beats1 9 ! ?ree la/4 ,s*olium #a4 ,x w be p]ceiv$1 f a comp>ison ( ! temp]am5ts 9 ,table ,,xii4 ) ! correspond+ numb]s 9 ,table ,,ix41 t ! h>%ness ( ! sev]al concords1 especially ( ! ,i,i,ids & #c;ds1 is1 9 g5]al1 ne>ly 9 ! inv]se ratio ( _! frequ5cy4 ,! cont5d+ claims ( ! diff]5t concords r5d] x impossible t ?is ratio %\ld hold exactly4 ,includ+ ! ,v?s1 ! h>mony ( ! concords is mu* m ne>ly equal1 ?an ! pr9ciple ( r5d]+ ! temp]am5t ( ea* inv]sely z its frequ5cy1 c\ld x be c>ri$ into complete effect1 w\ld require4 ,s*olium #b4 ,! =ego+ sy/em may be put 9 practice1 on ! organ1 by mak+ ! ,v?s beat flat1 ) ! exception ( ^? on ,c1 ,e1 & ,g1 :i* mu/ beat %>p1 at ! rate requir$ 9 ! table2 prov+ ! correctness ( ! temp]am5ts ( ! ,v?s1 by comp>+ ! beats ( ! ,i,i,ids1 z !y rise1 ) ^? requir$ by column two4 ,%\ld less accuracy be requir$1 ! ,i,i,ids on ,c1 ,d1 & ,a1 might be made p]fect1 )\t produc+ any ess5tial *ange 9 ! sy/em4 ,?is w\ld r$uce ! lab\r ( c\nt+ ! beats to eight degrees only4 ,s*olium #c4 ,to %[ t ! computations ( ! diff]5t frequ5cy ( occurr5ce ( ! diff]5t concords1 on :i* ?is sy/em ( temp]am5t is f\nd$1 may be reli$ on z practically correct1 = music 9 g5]al1 x may be prop] to /ate1 t a simil> s]ies ( calculations _h be5 be=e made1 f an enum]ation ( ! concords 9 fifty scores ( music entirely diff]5t f t made use ( 9 ,prop4 ,,iv4 ,!y 7 n1 inde$1 made ) ! same accuracy1 = ! music ( :i* ! *ords 7 c\nt$1 0 too g5]ally ( ! simpl] k9d1 & ! numb]s correspond+ to ^? 9 ! two columns "u ea* concord 9 ,table ,,ii41 & ^? belong+ to ! major & to ! m9or signatures1 correspond+ to ! numb]s 9 ,table ,,iii41 7 add$1 be=e ! products 7 tak51 in/ead ( keep+ ! modes di/9ct1 :i* is necess>y to p]fect accuracy4 ,yet ! result+ s*eme ( temp]am5t 0 ess5tially ! same ?r\gh\t1 ) ! "o :i* has be5 j describ$4 ,x _h ! same anomal\s temp]am5ts1 viz4 ! ,v?s on ,c1 ,e1 & ,g2 & ! ,i,i,id on ,a2 & ^! anomalies 7 simil> 9 degree4 ,! greate/ diff]5ce betwe5 any two correspond+ temp]am5ts1 0 betwe5 ^? ( ! #c;d on ,e2 ! fir/ computation mak+ x only #gjb1 :ile ! la/ has x #hah4 ,,proposition ,,xi4 ,! aggregate ( dissonance1 he>d 9 a giv5 "t1 9 ! sy/em ( temp]am5t unfold$ 9 ! la/ ,proposition1 w be less ?an 9 ei!r ( ! sy/ems g5]ally practis$4 ,9 ord] to comp>e ! =ego+ sy/em ) ^? :i* h be5 mo/ g5]ally approv$1 ! temp]am5ts ( all ! concords h be5 calculat$1 9 ! sy/em ( equal semitones2 9 t ( ,e>l ,/anhope1 :i* has _h consid]able celebrity2 9 t ( ,dr4 ,t4 ,"y2 9 t ( ,mr4 ,hawkes2 9 t ( ,kirnb]g]1 :i* has be5 ext5sively adopt$ 9 ,g]many2 & 9 t :i* is describ$ by ,r\sseau & ,d',alemb]t z g5]ally practis$ 9 ,france4 ,if ^! temp]am5ts be multipli$ into ! correspond+ numb]s ( ,table ,,ix41 agreeably to :at 0 %[n "u ,prop4 ,,viii41 & ^? products :i* belong to ! sev]al concords ( ! same "n be add$1 ! sums1 aft] ! ?ree "r-h& figures are cut (f1 w be z foll[s3 ,,table ,,xiii4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,sy/ems4 ,mean ,"y's4,kirnb]-,fr5*4 ,/an- ,hawkes'4 ,new ,temp4 g]'s4 hope's4 ,scale4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,dissonance ( ! ,v?s #cji #did #fha #efa #eie #ffe #haj ,i,i,ids #bahd #aeda #acig #acdf #aage #ibe #ecj #c;ds #bgdj #bddh #bjai #baba #aiib #afgf #acfc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,total #ebcc #ddhc #djig #djbh #cgfb #cbff #bgjc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,f an inspection ( ! sums at ! foot ( ! table1 x w be se5 t ! am\nt ( dissonance he>d 9 a giv5 "t is decid$ly less 9 ! new scale ?an 9 ei!r ( ! o!rs2 & t x is sc>cely m ?an half z great z 9 ! scale ( equal semitones4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! temp]am5t is v unequally di/ribut$1 :i* mu/ be admitt$1 ct]is p>ibus1 to be a disadvantage4 ,x is ev5 some:at great] ?an 9 ! s*eme ( ,mr4 ,hawkes1 al?\gh by no means 9 ! same ratio1 z ! aggregate dissonance is less4 ,x conta9s "o ,v?1 :i* w be some:at h>%1 & f\r ,i,i,ids & ?ree #c;ds1 :i* w be q h>%4 ,b ^!1 z w appe> f an inspection ( ,table ,,ix41 are1 ( all o!rs1 ( by f> ! mo/ unfrequ5t occurr5ce2 s t ! unpleasant effect ( a transition f a bett] to a mu* worse h>mony w be v seldom felt4 ,9 ! six simple/ keys ( ! major1 & 9 ! ?ree ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! m9or mode1 !y are nev] he>d1 except 9 occasional modulations2 & ev5 !n1 g5]ally no "o1 & r>ely m ?an "o is he>d4 ,n[ ^! n9e keys1 z w appe> f ,table ,,iii41 comprise m ?an five times z mu* ( ! music exam9$ z all ! re/4 ,! same rem>ks might be ext5d$ to ?ree o!r m9or keys1 7 x n t ! %>p sev5? is s g5]ally us$1 t x des]ves to be consid]$ z an ess5tial note ( ! key4 ,b !re are two important consid]ations1 m ?an c\nt]balanc+ ! objection to ?is sy/em1 d]iv$ f ! great] inequality 9 ! di/ribution ( its temp]am5ts1 :i* h n be5 hi!rto notic$1 z n be+ susceptible ( ma!matical computation4 #a/4 ,we h gone on ! supposition t tunes on ! m difficult keys are z (t5 p]=m$1 accord+ to _! numb]1 z ^? on ! simpl] keys2 & h tak5 = ! measure ( dissonance1 9 diff]5t sy/ems1 :at w\ld be actually he>d1 if ! #afjj scores1 ^: signatures 7 exam9$1 7 all play$ 9 succession1 & on ! keys to :i* !y are set4 ,b ! fact is1 t ^? pieces :i* are set to ! simpl] keys are (t5] play$1 & ) full] h>mony1 on acc\nt ( ! great] ease ( execution1 ?an ^? 9 :i* _m ( ! %ort f+] keys mu/ be us$4 #b;d4 ,pieces on ! m difficult keys are (t5 play$ on ! adjac5t easi] keys1 b ! contr>y is seldom or nev] done4 ,giv+ to ^! two consid]ations no m ?an a reasonable weight1 !y w c\nt]balance ! objection1 & w r5d] x evid5t t ! sums "u ! sev]al sy/ems 9 ! table may be tak5 z a true exhibition ( _! respective m]its1 )\t any inju/ice to ! m equal sy/ems at ! left-h& ( ! table4 ,cor4 ,we may h5ce draw a comp>ison betwe5 ! sy/ems 9 common use4 ,_! m]its1 :5 e consid]ation is tak5 into view1 are ne>ly 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! sums d5ot+ _! aggregate dissonance4 ,t ( ,mr4 ,hawkes is ! be/1 &1 9 _m respects1 has a rem>kable analogy to ! "o d]iv$ f ! prec$+ inve/igations4 ,cor4 #b4 ,z ! aggregate dissonance ( ! *angeable scale is calculat$ on ! same pr9ciples1 9 ,prop4 ,,viii41 z t ( ! ,d\zeave 9 ?is1 a comp>ison ( ! results 9 ,table ,,viii4 ) ^? 9 ,table ,,xiii41 w furni% u ) ! relative dissonance ( diff]5t sy/ems = ^! diff]5t scales4 ,! relative dissonance ( ! two sy/ems :i* =m ! object ( ?is essay1 is ne>ly z #ag 3 #bg4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t by ins]t+ eight new s\nds betwe5 ^? ( ! common octave1 ! h>%ness ( ! music execut$1 at a m$ium ( all ! keys1 may be dim9i%$ by m ?an "o ?ird ( ! :ole1 :ile ! transition f a bett] to a worse h>mony w nev] be p]ceiv$4 ,,art4 ,,xxii4 ,notice ( ,colonel ,trumbull's ,picture ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,x is prop] t "s m5tion ( ?is great national "w %\ld be made1 9 publications less transi5t ?an newspap]s2 & z ! f9e arts are includ$ )9 ! design ( ?is ,j\rnal1 x may ) propriety be notic$ "h4 ,?is is ! greate/ "w :i* ! art ( pa9t+ has ev] produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! picture is magnific5t bo? 9 size & 9 execution4 ,! dim5sions ( ! canvass are eighte5 feet by twelve4 ,?is picture =ms "o ( a s]ies long s9ce m$itat$ by ,mr4 ,trumbull1 9 :i* x 0 int5d$ to repres5t ! mo/ important ev5ts1 civil & milit>y1 ( ! ,am]ican revolution1 ) portraits ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ actors 9 ! v>i\s sc5es4 ,! mat]ials = ?is purpose 7 collect$ _m ye>s ago1 & two plates h be5 engrav$ f pa9t+s ( ! dea?s ( ,g54 ,w>r5 & ,g54 ,montgom]y2#bg b ! "w 0 susp5d$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! political convulsions1 :i*1 dur+ tw5ty-five ye>s1 7 s fatal to ! arts ( peace4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h ord]$ f\r ( ! subjects orig9ally propos$ by ,mr4 ,trumbull1 to be pa9t$ by him1 & to be deposit$ 9 ! capitol4 ,no ev5t 9 human hi/ory ev] %$ a m salut>y influ5ce ov] ! de/9ies ( s great a mass ( mank9d3 ! wisdom ( no political act 0 ev] s soon & s p[]fully demon/rat$1 by su* magnific5t consequ5ces4 ,& ju/ly may ! nation be pr\d ( ! act itself2 & ( ^? em95t m51 its au?ors1 ^: patriotism 7ris+ above en?usiasm1 & ! passions :i* h s (t5 bewild]$ mank9d7 0 calm1 dignifi$1 p]sev]+1 & always "u ! guidance ( reason & virtue4 ,! pa9t+ repres5ts ! congress at ! mom5t :5 ! committee advance to ! table ( ! presid5t to make _! report4 ,x conta9s fai?ful portraits ( all ^? memb]s :o 7 liv+ :5 ! picture 0 begun1 & ( all o!rs ( :om any au!ntic repres5tation c\ld be obta9$4 ,( a small numb]1 no trace c\ld be discov]$2 & no?+ 0 admitt$ :i* 0 n au!ntic4 ,?is picture is n[1 by p]mission ( gov]nm5t1 exhibit$ 9 ! ,academy ( ,arts 9 ,new-,york1 & w probably be %[n 9 "s ( our o!r pr9cipal cities1 be=e x receives its f9al location at ,wa%+ton4 ,x exhibits ! int]ior ( ! !n ,congress ,hall at ,philadelphia4 ,mo/ ( ! memb]s are repres5t$ z sitt+ 9 _! respective *airs1 or1 9 v>i\s in/ances1 z /&+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! room4 ,almo/ all ! portraits 7 tak5 by ,colonel ,trumbull f ! liv+ m51 & _! accuracy may !re=e be reli$ on4 ,! presid5t1 ,john ,hancock1 sitt+ at a table1 & elevat$ some:at by a l[ plat=m1 is receiv+ ! report ( ! committee decl>+ ! indep5d5ce ( ! colonies2 t committee1 individually illu/ri\s1 & 9 ?is augu/ transaction collectively memorable1 0 compos$ ( ,frankl91 ,adams1 ,%]man1 ,jeff]son1 & ,liv+/on4 ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 9 ! prime ( life1 is 9 ! act ( lay+ ^u ! table ! great *>t] ( a nation's lib]ties2 :ile 8 companions support him by _! sil5t b dignifi$ pres5ce1 & ! v5]able ,frankl91 9 p>ticul>1 imposes new obligations on 8 c\ntry's gratitude4 ,! figures are z l>ge z ! life2 & x may safely be said1 t ! _w nev] beheld1 on a simil> occasion1 a m noble assemblage4 ,x 0 ! native & un*>t]$ nobility ( great tal5t1 cultivat$ intellig5ce1 sup]ior mann]s1 high moral aim1 & devot$ patriotism4 ,! crisis dem&$ ! utmo/ firmness ( :i* ! human m9d is capable--a firmness n produc$1 = ! mom5t1 by passion & en?usiasm1 b re/+ on ! mo/ able compreh5sion ( bo? duties & dang]s1 & on a pr9cipl$ det]m9ation to combat ! "o & to fulfil ! o!r4 ,?is moral effect has be5 produc$ 9 ! fulle/ & f9e/ mann] by ?is great pa9t]2 & no true ,am]ican c contemplate ?is picture )\t gratitude to ! m5 :o1 "u ,god1 ass]t$ 8 lib]ties1 & to ! arti/ :o has commemorat$ ! ev5t1 & transmitt$ ! v features & p]sons ( ! actors to po/]ity4 ,su* ef=ts ( ! p5cil t5d p[]fully also to invigorate patriotism1 & to prompt ! ris+ g5]ation to emulate su* glori\s examples4 ,! composition & execution 9 ?is picture are 9 a ma/]ly /yle4 ,! gr\p+ ( s _m full l5g? portraits1 9 a sc5e 9 :i* !re c\ld sc>cely be any action1 & 9 su* a mann] z to dispose ( !m )\t monotony1 0 an atta9m5t ( no small difficulty4 ,! pa9t] c\ld n ev5 avail himself ( ! adv5titi\s relief ( spl5did co/ume & furniture1 & ( magnific5ce or ri* decorations 9 ar*itecture2 = on ?is occasion bo? 7 *>act]iz$ by an elegant simplicity only1 su* h[ev] z became ! actors & ! crisis4 ,! composition has all ! v>iety ( :i* x is susceptible2 & !re is also en\gh ( x 9 ! /yle ( dress & ( features to relieve ! eye f any dang] ( satiety4 ,x is believ$1 t 9 ?is picture1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates possess a treasure to :i* !re is no p>allel 9 ! _w4 ,9 no in/ance1 )9 our k1 is !re an exhibition to an equal ext5t1 ( ! actual portraits ( an illu/ri\s assembly1 conc]n$ 9 s mom5t\s a transaction4 ,x 0 a great ?+ to ass]t1 9 pr9ciple1 ! lib]ties ( ?is c\ntry2 b x 0 also a great ?+ to v9dicate !m by arms2 & we rejoice t ,colonel ,trumbull is /ill to proce$1 "u ! sanction ( gov]nm5t1 to del9eate o!r sc5es1 9 :i* ,wa%+ton & 8 illu/ri\s ,am]ican coadjutors1 & ! fl[] ( ,fr5* *ivalry1 7 ! actors4 ,9 ! maturity ( 8 exp]i5ce1 skill1 & fame--possess$1 z he is1 ( ! portraits ( mo/ ( ! great m5 ( t p]iod1 tak5 pr9cipally f ! life1 & hav+ be5 himself l>gely & p]sonally conv]sant ) !m 9 _! great de$s1 we tru/ t ! gov]nm5t w promptly second :at we d\bt n ! unit$ voice ( ! nation w dem&--t ! illu/ri\s arti/ %\ld d$icate ! ev5+ ( 8 life to 8 c\ntry's hon\r & glory4 ,,intellig5ce4 ,,art4 ,,xxiii4 ,an ,address to ! ,p ( ! ,we/]n ,c\ntry4 ,a numb] ( ! citiz5s ( ,c9c9nati h rec5tly in/itut$ a society = ! collection1 pres]vation1 exhibition1 & illu/ration ( natural & artificial curiosities1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! we/]n c\ntry4 ,! fir/ ef=ts ( ! manag]s w be direct$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a p]man5t museum1 on a scale s compreh5sive z to receive specim5s ( e ?+ curi\s :i* !y may be able to procure4 ,9 attempt+ to =m ?is repository1 !y mu/ ( c\rse solicit ! aid ( _! fell[-citiz5s 9 all qu>t]s ( ! ext5sive region1 ^: anci5t works & natural hi/ory !y propose to illu/rate4 ,! foll[+ are ! classes ( objects t w especially attract _! att5tion1 & to :i* !y are desir\s1 at an e>ly p]iod1 ( direct+ ! views ( ! community3 #a4 ,our metals & m9]als g5]ally1 includ+ petrifactions4 #b4 ,our indig5\s animals1 embrac+ ! rema9s ( ^? :i* are n[ ext9ct4 #c4 ,! relics ( ! unkn[n p :o con/ruct$ ! anci5t works ( ! we/]n c\ntry4 #d4 ,! v>i\s articles manufactur$1 = ornam5t or use1 by ! pres5t savage tribes4 ,! subjects ( ! fir/ class are consid]$ by ! ,society z extremely int]e/+4 ,e citiz5 ( ! we/]n c\ntry mu/ feel ! necessity ( a spe$y developem5t ( its m9]al res\rces4 ,to f9d b5ea? our own soil an adequate supply ( ! v>i\s m9]als :i* are n[ import$ at an enorm\s exp5se1 mu/ be reg>d$ by all z a matt] ( ! fir/ & greate/ importance4 ,! manag]s are anxi\s to be in/rum5tal 9 ! advancem5t ( ?is useful "w1 & e>ne/ly solicit ! co-op]ation ( ! public4 ,!y w be ?ankful = specim5s ( all ! r>e or curi\s m9]als t may be discov]$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,to e specim5 t may be transmitt$1 a label %\ld be atta*$1 /at+ ei!r ! k9d ( rock or /ratum to :i* x belong$1 or its precise locality4 ,:5ev] x is requir$1 ! manag]s w h a "p ( any specim5 :i* is s5t to !m1 analyz$1 & a correct report made ( its nature1 ?us af=d+ to ! discov]] a full opportunity ( avail+ himself ( all ! pecuni>y advantages t may att5d ! discov]y4 ,z objects ( sci5tific int]e/1 ! manag]s int5d1 z e>ly z possible1 to comm5ce ! =mation ( a cab9et ( petrifactions4 ,! rocks ( few o!r c\ntries conta9 a great] numb] & v>iety ( ^! animal rema9s ( ! anci5t ocean1 ?an ! lime/one di/ricts ( ! ,ohio & ,mississippi4 ,!y bo? a/oni% & conf\nd mo/ ( ! travell]s ?r\gh ?is region2 & al?\gh objects ( famili> exam9ation to ourselves1 !y h n be5 collect$ or describ$ by our citiz5s4 ,an ext5sive & well arrang$ cab9et ( ^! extrane\s fossils w\ld af=d1 bo? to ! zoologi/ & geologi/1 an exquisite fea/4 ,x is hop$ t e specim5 s5t to ! ,society w be accompani$ by a label1 /at+ ! place :]e x 0 f\nd4 ,x is ! wi% ( ! ,society to obta9 & pres]ve specim5s ( all ! native animals ( ?is c\ntry4 ,mo/ ( ! l>g] quadrup$s hav+ rec$$ be=e ! unceas+ ext5sion ( our settlem5ts1 are n[ s r>e z to be unkn[n to all b our olde/ emigrants4 ,measures w be tak5 by ! manag]s to procure f ! g5]al retreat 9 ! nor?we/1 & exhibit to ! p 9 ! ,ohio c\ntries1 a specim5 ( e quadrup$ :i* lately inhabit$ !m2 & :ile engag$ 9 ?is ent]prise1 !y hope to import f ! same di/ant wild]ness1 a v>iety ( ! animals :i* are peculi> to x4 ,our native birds h n retreat$1 l our quadrup$s1 & are1 !re=e1 )9 our rea*4 ,! manag]s hope to see ! ,society1 9 due "t1 9 possession ( a l>ge collection ( ^! beautiful animals4 ,9 ! accompli%m5t ( ?is und]tak+1 x is easy to p]ceive t ! ,society may be p[]fully aid$ by ! community3 & a sangu9e hope is ent]ta9$1 t no backw>dness or indiff]5ce w be manife/$ by ^? :o may =tunately h x 9 _! p[] to =w>d specim5s4 ,9 collect+ ! fi%es & reptiles ( ! ,ohio1 ! ,mississippi1 & ! ,lakes1 ! manag]s w likewise ne$ all ! aid :i* _! fell[-citiz5s may feel dispos$ to give !m4 ,al?\gh n a v int]e/+ dep>tm5t ( zoology1 no object ( ! ,society (f]s s great a prospect ( novelty z t :i* embraces ^! animals4 ,! manag]s1 !re=e1 flatt] !mselves t !y w n be suff]$ to proce$ unaid$ 9 ?is portion ( _! lab\rs4 ,! obscure & neglect$ race ( insects w n be ov]look$1 & any specim5s suffici5tly p]fect to be introduc$ into a cab9et ( entomology1 w be ?ankfully receiv$4 ,! we/]n c\ntry1 f hav+ af=d$ "s ( ! mo/ gigantic & curi\s rema9s ( l& animals :i* h yet be5 discov]$1 seems entitl$ to a museum ( su* relics4 ,a collection ( ?is k9d w be "o ( ! e>lie/ objects ( ! ,society4 ,its funds w be lib]ally exp5d$ = ! purpose2 & if aid$ by ^? :o may be s =tunate z to discov] any ( ! great bones :i* lie buri$ 9 our alluvial or bottom l&s1 ! manag]s hope1 at no di/ant p]iod1 to repair1 9 "s degree1 ! losses :i* h be5 repeat$ly su/a9$ by exportation ( ^! int]e/+ fossils4 ,! ?ird class comprises objects ( v little utility1 b ( extraord9>y int]e/4 ,no?+1 inde$1 pres5t$ by ! we/]n c\ntry seems to excite 9 a high] degree ! curiosity ( /rang]s1 ?an ! relics & ve/iges ( ! ext9ct & comp>atively civiliz$ population ) :i* x ab\nds4 ,! manag]s w make e possible ef=t to =m an ext5sive collection ( ^! rema9s4 ,x is extremely un=tunate = ^? engag$ 9 rese>*es conc]n+ ! objects ( ?is class1 t s _m ( !m h be5 dissem9at$ abroad4 ,to /udy !m successfully1 x is necess>y t !y %\ld be comp>$1 & = ?is purpose !y mu/ be br\ght toge!r4 ,! manag]s hope1 !re=e1 t su* p]sons z n[ hold1 or may h]eaft] possess any ( ^! antiquities1 w dispose ( !m to ! ,society1 in/ead ( s5d+ !m out ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ?is way1 & 9 ?is only1 c a valuable collection ( ^! unique curiosities be =m$4 ,! rema9+ class compreh5ds ! weapons1 ut5sils1 tr9kets1 & o!r manufactures ( our neighb\r+ ,indians1 ( :i* ! manag]s hope1 9 a %ort "t1 to be able to exhibit a great v>iety4 ,! curiosities ( ?is c\ntry are ! prim>y1 b n ! exclusive objects ( ! ,society4 ,x proposes 9 due "t to op5 a gall]y ( pa9t+s1 & ?us (f] to ! lov]s & cultivators ( ! f9e arts1 a few ( ^? models :i* are absolutely necess>y to ! gratification & improvem5t ( _! ta/e4 ,! manag]s w be happy1 moreov]1 to receive f su* ( _! ea/]n bre?r5 z are desir\s ( contribut+ to ! amelioration & advancem5t ( a new & remote community1 any ( ! productions ( =eign c\ntries t may be calculat$ to promote ?is object2 & w1 9 return1 *e]fully ex*ange any specim5s ( ! curiosities ( ?is c\ntry :i* !y c sp>e )\t injury to _! collection4 ,!y w1 if requir$1 pay a reasonable price = e article :i* may be deem$ wor?y ( introduction into ! museum4 ,!y int5d to publi%1 annually1 a catalogue ( all ! m valuable donations :i* may be made to ! museum1 ) ! names ( ! donors4 ,,elijah ,,slack1 ,,james ,,f9dlay1 ,,william ,,/eele1 ,manag]s4 ,,jesse ,,embree1 ,,daniel ,,drake1 ,c9c9nati1 ,sept4 #ae1 #ahah4 ,caleb ,atwat]1 ,esq4 ( ,circleville1 ,ohio1 is engag$ 9 writ+ ,notes on ! ,/ate ( ,ohio1 a "w :i* is int5d$ to embrace ! mo/ important features & int]e/s ( ?is new & ris+ ,/ate4 ,to ?is laudable ef=t1 & to t ( ! ,we/]n ,museum ,society1 ^: address is publi%$ above1 we cordially wi% success4 ,f ! zeal1 tal5t1 & indu/ry ( ! g5tlem5 conc]n$1 we h e reason to expect a happy result4 ,we view1 ) mu* satisfaction1 ! ef=ts :i* h be5 already made1 & are rapidly increas+1 to br+ to light ! res\rces1 & to develope ! hi/ory1 ( ! we/]n ,/ates2 & x w always give u pleasure1 if ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ?is ,j\rnal1 or 9 any o!r mann]1 we c contribute to promote !m4 ,,art4 ,,xxiv4 ,extract ( a ,lett] f ,colonel ,gibbs to ! ,editor4 ,,sunswick1 ,june1 #ahah4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,s9ce ,i saw y1 ,i h made only "o exp]im5t on magnetism4 ,i det]m9$ ! p[] ( my magnet1 z x _h be5 %ut up 9 ! d>k = a long "t1 & ly+ d[n4 ,i !n expos$ x to ! rays ( ! sun1 also ly+ d[n1 & remote f ! iron support1 & ,i f\nd t x _h ga9$ #ab oz4 p[] 9 #dj m9utes1 & #ad oz4 p[] only 9 five h\rs4 ,,art4 ,,xxv4 ,a ,new ,lamp1 )\t ,flame4 ,f ! ,annals ( ,philosophy = ,m>*1 #ahah4 ,communicat$ by ,mr4 ,,?omas ,,gill4 ,?is lamp is "o ( ! results ( ! new discov]ies 9 *emi/ry4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 by ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 t a f9e plat9a wire1 heat$ r$ hot1 & held 9 ! vap\r ( e!r1 w\ld cont9ue ignit$ = "s "t2 b1 ,i believe1 no practical use has be5 made ( ?is fact4 ,if a cyl9drical coil ( ?9 plat9a wire be plac$1 "p ( x r\nd ! cotton wick ( a _s lamp1 & "p ( x above ! wick1 & ! lamp be light$1 s z to heat ! wire to r$ness2 on ! flame be+ bl[n out1 ! vap\r ( ! alcohol w keep ! upp] "p ( ! wire r$ hot1 = any l5g? ( "t1 accord+ to ! supply ( alcohol1 & ) little exp5diture !re(2 s z to be 9 con/ant read9ess to k9dle ,g]man fungus1 or pap] prep>$ ) nitre1 &1 by ?is means1 to light a sulphur mat* at pleasure4 ,?is lamp af=ds suffici5t light to %[ ! h\r ( ! night by a wat*1 & to p]=m _m o!r useful s]vices2 b does n h9d] ! repose ( p]sons unaccu/om$ to keep a light burn+ 9 _! b$-room1 nor does x require to be snuff$4 ,! prop] size ( ! plat9a wire is ! #a_/ajj? "p ( an in*3 a l>g] "o w only yield a dull1 r$ light1 & a small] "o is difficult to use4 ,ab\t #ab turns ( ! wire w be suffici5t1 coil$ ar\nd any cyl9drical body suit$ to ! size ( ! wick ( ! lamp2 & f\r or five coils %\ld be plac$ on ! wick1 & ! rema9d] ( ! wire above x2 & :i* w be ! "p ignit$4 ,a wick1 compos$ ( twelve ?reads ( ! ord9>y siz$ lamp cotton y>n1 ) ! plat9a wire coil$ ar\nd x1 w require ab\t half an ounce ( alcohol to keep x alight = eight h\rs4 ,an agreeable & slightly acid smell arises f ?is lamp dur+ its ignition4 ,x is p]fectly safe1 z no?+ c fall f x2 & its novel appe>ance1 9 a wick's keep+ r$ hot = su* a l5g? ( "t1 is v surpris+ to p]sons unacqua9t$ ) its nature4 ,p4,s4--,:5 ! wire has become oxid$1 x w be necess>y to uncoil x1 & rub x bright aga9 ) f9e glass-pap]2 :i* w cause x to act aga9 ) increas$ effect4 ,,rem>k4 ,su* wire z is "h describ$ may1 probably1 be obta9$ 9 ,philadelphia4 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,9 us+ ! ^w pit1 in/ead ( m9e1 ,i h accommodat$ my language to ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry4 #ah ,s9ce ! above article 0 writt5 we h receiv$ "s z l>ge z a f+]4 #ai ,! gre5 e>? ( mo/ m9]alogi/s4 ,,editor4 #bj ,=mation--a geological phrase1 ( ,g]man orig94 #ba ,d\btless ! pea ore ( ! ,w]n]ians4 ,,editor4 #bb ,?is jet ( cold wat] be+ let into ! cyl9d] itself1 necess>ily cool$ x at e /roke2 & !n x 0 necess>y to heat x aga9 to ! boil+ po9t1 be=e ! pi/on w\ld reasc5d1 & ?us a va/ loss ( heat occurr$4 ,,editor4 #bc ,b x is n necess>y 7z 9 ! plate7 to cr[d ! eng9e into ! aft]-"p ( ! boat1 ! boil]s maybe plac$ =w>d1 & ne> !m1 or ov] !m1 ! cyl9d]1 c4 ,! p[] is !n communicat$ to ! /]n-:eel by a long %aft1 support$ on1 or imm$iately "u1 ! deck4 ,?is arrangem5t gives room = load+ bo? beh9d & be=e ! boil]s & eng9e1 & equalizes ! burd54 ,?is is ! actual arrangem5t ( ! ,m]rimack boat4 #bd ,x is f\nd ) v high /eam t ! s\rce ( supply mu/ be above ! *amb]1 or a small quantity ( cold wat] introduc$ to cond5se ! /eam !re94 #be ,tak5 f ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 & by t "w f ! ,annales de ,*imie & de ,physique1 = ,janu>y1 #ahah4 #bf ,a me?od ( r5d]+ *angeable ! s\nd ( ! same pipes 9 ! organ1 :i* _h occurr$ to ! writ]1 b :i* 0 n ins]t$ above on acc\nt ( ! suppos$ difficulty ( mak+ ! *ange suffici5t 9 degree1 he has s9ce f\nd to h be5 execut$ by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,li/on1 :o has succe$$1 by means ( %ad]s capable ( be+ br\ght be=e ! m\?s ( 8 pipes by ! action ( p$als1 9 giv+ !m ?ree di/9ct s\nds ea*1 v>y+ by two commas4 7,see ! description ( 8 ,enh>monic organ1 9 ,rees' ,cyc4 or ,tillo*'s ,phil4 ,mag47 ,8 scale embraces #ei int]vals to ! octave1 & is int5d$ to produce p]fect h>mony 9 all ! keys4 ,b z x w require ! use ( p$als p]petually1 ev5 on ! same key1 & a ready & p]fect k ( small musical int]vals1 :i* practical musicians c seldom possess1 !re is no probability t x w ev] be ext5sively adopt$4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 f\r or five s\nds1 su* z ,d1 ,e1 ,a1 ,d1 might be add$ to ! common scale ( #ab int]vals by means ( 8 me*anism1 ) advantage4 ,an in/rum5t ?us furni%$ w\ld require ! use ( p$als b seldom1 & w\ld conta9 *romatic degrees suffici5t = ! accurate p]=mance ( ! great mass ( organ music4 #bg ,^! picture1 z is well kn[n1 repres5t ! assault on ,quebec1 & ! battle ( ,bunk]'s ,hill4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,geology1 ,,m9]alogy1 ,,topography1 ,c4 ,page ,art4 ,i4 ,h9ts on "s ( ! ,outl9es ( ,geological ,arrangem5t1 ) p>ticul> ,ref]5ce to ! ,sy/em ( ,w]n]1 9 a lett] to ! ,editor1 f ,william ,maclure1 ,esq4 dat$ ,p>is1 #bb;d ,augu/1 #ahah #bji ,art4 ,,ii4 ,on ! ,geology1 ,m9]alogy1 ,sc5]y1 & ,curiosities ( ,p>ts ( ,virg9ia1 ,t5nessee1 & ! ,alabama & ,mississippi ,t]ritories1 c4 ) ,miscellane\s ,rem>ks1 9 a lett] to ! ,editor4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,elias ,cornelius #bad ,art4 ,,iii4 ,notice ( ! ,sc5]y1 ,geology1 ,m9]alogy1 ,botany1 c4 ( ,belmont ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 by ,caleb ,atwat]1 ,esq4 ( ,circleville #bbf ,art4 ,,iv4 ,rem>ks on ! ,/ructure ( ! ,calton ,hill1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 ,scotl&2 & on ! ,aque\s ,orig9 ( ,wacke2 by ,j4 ,w4 ,web/]1 ,m4,d4 ( ,bo/on #bcj ,art4 ,v4 ,localities ( ,m9]als #bcf #a4 ,localities by ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,c4 ,s*aeff] ibid4 #b4 ,m9]als ( ,guadal\pe & ,porto ,rico #bcg #c4 ,molybd5a 9 ,%utesbury1 ,mass4 #bch ---- ,pettipaug1 ,con4 #bdb #d4 ,rose ,qu>tz 9 ,s\?bury1 ,con4 #bch ,limpid ,qu>tz 9 ,we/ ,canada ,creek1 ,n4 ,y4 #bda #e4 ,plumbago 9 ,cornwall1 ,con4 #bci #f4 ,coal at ,zanesville1 ,ohio ibid4 ---- 9 ,musk+um1 ,ohio ibid4 ---- 9 ,suffield1 ,s\?+ton1 c4 ,con4 #bci #bdj #g4 ,mammo?'s ,too?1 f ,/4 ,francis ,riv] #bci #h4 ,%ells s\? ( ,lake ,erie ibid4 #i4 ,m9]als ( ! ,blue ,ridge1 c4 ibid4 #aj4 ,sulphat ( ,b>ytes1 ,s\?+ton1 ,con4 #bdj #aa4 ,sc9tillat+ ,lime/one1 f ,v]mont #bda #ab4 ,b]yl1 9 ,haddam1 c4 #bdb #ac4 ,limpid ,gypsum1 ne> ,cayuga ,lake #bdc #ad4 ,amian?us 9 ! an?racite ( ,rhode ,isl& ibid4 #ae4 ,r$ ,pyrox5e ,augite1 ne> ,baltimore #bdd ,,botany4 ,art4 ,,vi4 ,a ,li/ ( ,plants f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,connas>ga ,riv]1 7,*]okee ,c\ntry7 :]e ,spr+place is situat$2 made by ,mrs4 ,gambold1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,rev4 ,elias ,cornelius #bde ,art4 ,,vii4 ,description ( a new species ( ,asclepias4 ,by ,dr4 ,eli ,ives1 ,pr(essor1 c4 9 ! ,m$ical ,in/itution ( ,yale ,college #beb ,art4 ,,viii4 ,description ( a ,new ,g5us ( ,am]ican ,grass4 ,diplocea ,b>bata1 by ,c4 ,s4 ,raf9esque1 ,esq4 ibid4 ,art4 ,,ix4 ,floral ,cal5d>1 c4 #bed ,,zoology4 ,art4 ,x4 ,notes on ,h]petology1 by ,?omas ,say1 ( ,philadelphia #bef ,,physics ,,& ,,*emi/ry4 ,art4 ,,xi4 ,outl9e ( a ,!ory ( ,meteors4 ,by ,wm4 ,g4 ,reynolds1 ,m4,d4 ,middlet[n ,po9t1 ,new-,j]sey #bff ,art4 ,,xii4 ,obs]vations ^u ! prevail+ ,curr5ts ( ,air 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ohio & ! ,regions ( ! ,we/1 by ,caleb ,atwat]1 ,esq4 ( ,circleville1 ,ohio2 9 ,lett]s address$ to ,8 ,excell5cy ,de ,witt ,cl9ton1 ,,ll4,d4 ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate ( ,new-,york1 & ,presid5t ( ! ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society #bgf ,art4 ,,xiii4 ,on a s+ul> ,disruption ( ! ,gr\nd1 app>5tly by ,fro/1 9 ,lett]s f ,edw>d ,hit*cock1 ,a4 ,m4 late ,pr9cipal ( ,de]field ,academy #bhf ,art4 ,,xiv4 ,on a ,new ,=m ( ! ,electrical ,batt]y1 by ,j4 ,f4 ,dana1 ,m4 ,d4 ,*emical ,assi/ant 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & ,lectur] on ,*emi/ry & ,ph>macy 9 ,d>tm\? ,college #bib ,art4 ,,xv4 ,*emical ,exam9ation ( ! ,b]ries ( ! ,myrica ,c]if]a1 or ,wax ,myrtle1 by ,j4 ,f4 ,dana1 ,m4 ,d4 ,*emical ,assi/ant 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & ,lectur] on ,*emi/ry & ,ph>macy 9 ,d>tm\? ,college #bid ,art4 ,,xvi4 ,analysis ( ,wacke1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,web/]1 ( ,bo/on #bif ,,agriculture ,,& ,,economics4 ,art4 ,,xvii4 ,on ! ,comp>ative ,quantity ( ,nutriti\s ,matt] :i* may be obta9$ f an ,acre ( ,l& :5 cultivat$ ) ,potatoes or ,:eat1 by ,dr4 ,eli ,ives1 ,pr(essor ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica & ,botany 9 ,yale ,college #big ,,miscellane\s4 ,art4 ,,xviii4 ,biographical ,notice ( ! late ,ar*ibald ,bruce1 ,m4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica & ,m9]alogy 9 ! ,m$ical ,in/itution ( ! ,/ate ( ,new-,york1 & ,que5's ,college1 ,new-,j]sey2 & ,memb] ( v>i\s ,le>n$ ,societies 9 ,am]ica & ,europe #bii ,,intellig5ce4 ,art4 ,,xix4 #a4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,web/]'s ,lectures #cjd #b4 ,dr4 ,web/]'s ,cab9et #cje #c4 ,suppos$ id5tity ( ,copal & ,amb] #cjf #d4 ,! ,necronite4--7,a suppos$ new m9]al47 ibid4 #e4 ,pres]vation ( dead ,bodies #cjg #f4 ,mat*es k9dl+ )\t fire #cjh #g4 ,cleavel&'s ,m9]alogy ibid4 #h4 ,a new ,alkali #cji #i4 ,ignit$ ,plat9um ,wire ibid4 #aj4 ,r$ ,ra9 ibid4 #aa4 ,gnephalium #caj #ab4 ,augite ibid4 #ac4 ,a ,new ,vegetable ,alkali ibid4 #ad4 ,new ,m9]als ibid4 #ae4 ,new ,metal ibid4 #af4 ,pure ,alum9e ibid4 #ag4 ,collections ( ,am]ican ,m9]als ibid4 #ah4 ,c4 ,s4 ,raf9esque1 ,esq4 #caa #ai4 ,m$ical ,college ( ,ohio ibid4 #bj4 ,notes on ,ohio ibid4 #ba4 ,discov]y ( ,am]ican ,tung/5 & ,tellurium #cab #bb4 ,mr4 ,%eldon's application ( ,*esnut ,wood to ! arts ( ,tann+ & dy+ ibid4 #bc4 ,additional note conc]n+ ! ,tung/5 & ,tellurium #caf ,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce1 c4 ,,geology1 ,,m9]alogy1 ,,topography1 c4 ,,art4 ,i4 ,h9ts on "s ( ! ,outl9es ( ,geological ,arrangem5t1 ) p>ticul> ,ref]5ce to ! ,sy/em ( ,w]n]1 9 a lett] to ! ,editor1 f ,,william ,,maclure1 ,esq4 dat$ ,p>is1 #bb;d ,augu/1 #ahah4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 ,"s ye>s s9ce1 dur+ ,mr4 ,maclure's geological survey ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! editor _h ! pleasure ( pass+ a few days1 9 company ) t g5tleman1 9 explor+ ! geology ( ! vic9ity ( ,new-,hav54 ,ne> t t[n1 junctions1 on an ext5sive scale1 betwe5 widely diff]5t =mations1 are to be obs]v$4 ,a radius ( t5 miles1 ) ,new-,hav5 = a c5tre1 w describe a circle )9 :i* ! geological /ud5t may f9d 7) ! exception ( =mations1 unque/ionably volcanic7 mo/ ( ! important rocks ( ! globe1 & a radius ( ev5 six or sev5 miles w include ! great] numb] ( ^!4 ,at1 & ne> ! t]m9ations ( ! primitive ranges1 !re are rocks :i* appe> to h1 9 a high degree1 ! *>act]s ( ! transition class4 ,among !m is ! beautiful gre5 m>ble ( ! ,mil=d ,hills1 sev5 miles f ,new-,hav54 ,mr4 ,maclure visit$ t di/rict1 & ev5 sugge/$ ! fir/ h9t :i* aft]w>d l$ to ! discov]y ( ! m>ble4 ,d\bts be+ ent]ta9$ conc]n+ "s ( ! geological relations ( ^? rocks1 a lett] 0 address$ to ,mr4 ,maclure 7!n 9 ,philadelphia7 on ! subject4 ,8 answ] is subjo9$4 ,9 giv+ x to ! public1 ! editor takes a lib]ty :i* he hopes ! respectable au?or w p>don1 because 8 production1 al?\gh evid5tly nev] int5d$ = ! public eye1 conta9s /atem5ts & op9ions ( no small importance to ! "y geologi/1 especially ( ?is c\ntry4 ,geology1 at ! pres5t day1 means n a m]ely !oretical & usually a vision>y & baseless speculation1 conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! globe2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! result ( actual exam9ation into ! nature1 /ructure1 & arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$4 ,x is !re=e obvi\s1 t ! op9ions ( ^? m51 :o1 ) compet5t tal5t & sci5ce1 h1 ) a direct ref]5ce to ?is subject1 explor$ _m c\ntries1 & visit$ diff]5t cont95ts1 are entitl$ to pre-em95t respect4 ,,saussure1 by 8 sci5tific j\rneys among ! ,alps1 7al?\gh a limit$ di/rict7 has giv5 des]v$ celebrity to 8 own "n1 &1 if x 7 possible1 has ?r[n an additional *>m ( attraction ov] ^? romantic & sublime regions4 ,dolomieu has made u famili> ) ! productions & ph5om5a ( volcanoes1 ^? awful & my/]i\s laboratories ( subt]ranean fire4 ,humboldt has survey$ ! sublime/ peaks ( bo? cont95ts1 & exam9$ ! /ructure ( ! globe amid/ ! valleys ( ,mexico & ! sn[s ( ,*imborazo & ,p9*9ca2 & ,w]n]1 ) opportunities mu* m limit$1 7conf9$ inde$ to 8 native c\ntry1 ,saxony7 b ) a/oni%+ sagacity & p]sev]ance1 d$uc$ f :at he saw1 a classification ( ! rocks ( our globe1 :i*1 al?\gh n p]fect1 has done imm5se s]vice to ! sci5ce ( ,geology4 ,9 ?is di/+ui%$ gr\p 7to :i* o!r important names might be add$7 ,mr4 ,maclure has unque/ionably a "r to be plac$4 ,few m5 h se5 s mu* ( ! /ructure ( our globe1 & few h done s mu* ) su* small pret5sions4 ,8 "w on ,am]ican ,geology is notic$ ) becom+ respect ev5 9 ,ed9burgh1#bh t focus ( geological sci5ce4 ,8 op9ions on "s ( ! m obscure & d\btful p>ts ( ! ,w]n]ian geology are wor?y ( peculi> consid]ation2 = !y are f\nd$ on a c\rse ( obs]vations va/ly m ext5sive ?an ,w]n] ev] _h x 9 8 p[] to make4 ,! "n ( ,w]n] w always be v5]at$ z long z geological sci5ce %all be cultivat$1 = geology owes m to him ?an to any o!r man2 b 8 pupils %\ld n n[ dem& t implicit & unqualifi$ adoption ( ,,all 8 op9ions1 :i* w all[ no o!r "q to be rais$1 ?an :at ,w]n] taught or believ$4 ,) ^! explanatory rem>ks1 ! foll[+ extract ( ,mr4 ,maclure's lett] is n[ subjo9$3 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,y\r lett] ( ! #bf? ,june came j z ,i 0 emb>k+ = ,europe4 ,! in=mation x requires conc]n+ ! primitive trap & fl9t slate1 ! transition & second>y rocks1 c4 c4 is difficult to give )\t ! aid ( specim5s1 & frequ5tly requires ! exam9ation ( ! relative position ( ! /rata be=e any correct idea c be =m$4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 endeav\r to give y ! little my exp]i5ce has br\ght me acqua9t$ )4 ,foll[+ ! nom5clature ( ,w]n]1 ,i h giv5 a li/ ( 8 rocks2 b 9 describ+ !m !re are _m ( 8 names :i* ,i d n use2 because ,i nev] met ) !m4 ,primitive trap is "o in/ance--,i d n use trap z a sub/antive1 except 9 describ+ t k9d ( trap :i* ,w]n] calls ! newe/ fltz trap1 ! ne>e/ to :i* is y\r trap1#bi :i* cov]s ! olde/ r$ s&/one4 ,! primitive fl9t slate is 9 ! same pr$icam5t4 ,i h always f\nd x on ! bord]s ( ! transition1 betwe5 x & ! second>y4 ,primitive gypsum ,i h n f\nd4 ,:at ,w]n] calls primitive trap may p]haps be compact hornbl5de1 or p]haps ! newe/ fltz trap1 :5 x happ5s to cov] ! primitive2 =1 ?is species ( trap1 l ! curr5ts ( lava1 cov]s indiscrim9ately all classes ( rocks1 & is "o reason :y ,i consid] x z ! rema9s ( anci5t lava4 ,transition trap is a rock t ,i h n met )1 & may p]haps be a "p ( ! fltz trap t happ5$ to cov] ! transition1 )\t any imm$iate connexion1 b l a curr5t ( lava1 ov]ly+ all ! classes ( rocks x meets )4 ,?is misapplication ( names naturally arises f ! sy/em ( neptunian orig91 on :i* ! nom5clature ( ,w]n] is f\nd$4 ,greywake & greywake slate are aggregates ( r\nd$ p>ticles ( rocks1 evid5tly ! detritus ( m anci5t =mations1 & diff] f ! aggregates ( pudd+ & s&/one ( ! second>y class1 9 ! foll[+ prop]ties1 viz4 ,! aggregates ( transition are h>d] & mu* m compact1 ?an ! second>y2 !y are also cem5t$ by argil1 tak+ a slaty =m4 ,?is cem5t is 9 mu* great] quantity1 9 proportion to ! p>ticles cem5t$1 & has ! appe>ance z if ! cem5t at ! "t ( =mation1 _h a consi/5ce suffici5t to prev5t ! p>ticles f t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,!y h1 9 common ) all ! transition rocks1 a regul> & uni=m dip f ! horizon1 f #aj to #dj degrees2 & sometimes m4 ,?is is p]haps ! /ronge/ m>k ( di/9ction :i* sep>ates !m f ! second>y1 :i* are horizontal1 or foll[ ! inequalities ( ! surface on :i* !y 7 deposit$4 ,! transition are di/+ui%$ f ! primitive 9 be+ aggregates ( r\nd$ p>ticles1 hav+ little or no cry/allization1 & conta9+1 or alt]nat+ ) /rata1 :i* conta9 organic matt]4 ,! olde/ r$ s&/one1 ) all its accompany+ /rata1 ,i %\ld incl9e to put into ! transition1 z hav+ _m ( ! prop]ties ( t class1 & occupy+ ! same relative situation 9 ! /ratification ( ! globe4 ,x is at a con/ant dip 7al?\gh small7 f ! horizon2 ! cem5t is 9 great] quantities 9 proportion to ! p>ticles cem5t$ ?an 9 any ( ! second>y aggregates1 c4 c4 ,! "* ( ! second>y is a horizontal position1 t p]haps does n admit ( ! same facility ( exam9+ ! relative situation ( its /ratification4 ,! compact lime/one is1 probably1 ) reason1 consid]$ z ! l[e/ ( ! second>y =mation1 & always "u ! coal =mation1 b x appe>s to me t ! second>y is deposit$ 9 bas9s alongside ( "o ano!r1 & t ea* bas9 has a diff]5t ord] ( sup]position1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! ag5ts employ$ 9 ! deposition2 t x is a p>tial1 & by no means a g5]al deposition4 ,! second>y aggregates ( s&/one & pudd+s h be5 evid5tly b$s ( s& or gravel1 & ( c\rse1 9 t /ate w\ld be call$ alluvial1 b :5 cem5t$ toge!r by ! infiltration ( wat]1 c>ry+ along ) x lime1 iron1 or any o!r body capable ( agglut9at+ ! p>ticles toge!r1 become rocks1 & may alt]nate 9 all proportions4 ,i am !re=e incl9$ to ?9k1 t 9 geology ! be/ mode = ! greate/ "p ( ! second>y w\ld be to give ! relative position ( ! /rata ( ea* valley or bas92 & ,i am r ( op9ion t !y w\ld all diff] f "o ano!r4 ,! ,fr5* & ,engli% bas9 hav+ *alk = ! l[e/ /ratum1 :i* has occupi$ ! geologi/s ( bo? c\ntries = ^! #aj or #ae ye>s1 is p]haps ! be/ kn[n2 yet !y d n "k ! relative position ( ! *alk & coals1 because coals h n be5 f\nd 9 ! same bas9 ) *alk3 coals occupy bas9s fill$ ) diff]5t k9ds ( rocks1 & h no resemblance to ! rocks f\nd cov]+ ! *alk4 ,,art4 ,,ii4 ,on ! ,geology1 ,m9]alogy1 ,sc5]y1 & ,curiosities ( ,p>ts ( ,virg9ia1 ,t5nessee1 & ! ,alabama & ,mississippi ,t]ritories1 c4 ) ,miscellane\s ,rem>ks1 9 a lett] to ! ,editor4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,,elias ,,cornelius4 ,to ,b5jam9 ,silliman1 ,pr(essor1 c4 ,,sir1 ,hav+ rec5tly return$ f a t\r ( consid]able ext5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i avail myself ) pleasure ( ! fir/ leisure mom5t1 to communicate1 agreeably to y\r reque/1 "s facts1 relative to ! ,m9]alogy & ,geology ( t "p ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* ,i pass$4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 ,be=e do+ ?is1 y w p]mit me to premise1 t 9 consequ5ce ( my limit$ acqua9tance ) ^! bran*es ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 & ! /ill m limit$ "t1 :i* o!r & important conc]ns all[$ me to devote to ! subject1 ,i c d little m ?an give a g5]al description4 ,:at my eye c\ld cat*1 z ,i travell$ f "o c\ntry & wild]ness to ano!r1 pres]v+ occasionally a few ( ! mo/ int]e/+ specim5s1 0 all ,i c\ld d4 ,! specim5s y h receiv$4 ,! n>rative ,i am ab\t to give1 is drawn pr9cipally f ! notes :i* 7 tak5 on ! j\rney1 & w be conf9$ to a simple /atem5t ( su* facts z 7 ei!r obs]v$ by myself1 or d]iv$ f good au?ority4 ,_! application to preconceiv$ !ories1 ,i leave to ^? :o h m leisure & disposition = speculation ?an myself4 ,a description ( a few natural & artificial curiosities :i* came "u p>ticul> notice1 w n1 ,i tru/1 be ?\ght an improp] digression4 ,! :ole is committ$ to y\r disposal2 & if x %all add b "o mite to ! treasury ( ,am]ican ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,i %all be gratifi$1 & rejoice to h made ev5 ?is small remun]ation = y\r unwe>i$ ef=ts1 to imp>t to "o1 =m]ly y\r pupil1 a love = ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,! ,au?or's ,r\te4 ,my r\te 0 9 a l9e ne>ly direct f ,bo/on to ,new-,orleans2 pass+ ?r\gh ! pr9cipal cities to ,wa%+ton2 !nce1 diagonally1 ?r\gh ,virg9ia1 ,ea/ ,t5nessee1 & ! nor?we/]n angle ( ,georgia2 9 a we/]n c\rse ?r\gh ! nor? division ( ! ,t]ritory ( ,alabama1 to ! nor!a/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,/ate ( ,mississippi2 & !nce 9 a l9e ne>ly s\?we/ to ,nat*ez4 ,f ?is la/ place ,i desc5d$ ! riv] ,mississippi to ,new-,orleans4 ,on my return ,i frequ5tly v>i$ f ?is c\rse1 & _h increas$ opportunities = survey+ ! c\ntry4 ,9 bo? in/ances ,i pass$ ?r\gh ! c\ntries belong+ to ! ,*]okee1 ,*ickesaw1 & ,*octaw tribes ( ,indians1 & travell$ among !m1 9 all1 ab\t "o ?\s& miles4 ,geology ( ,virg9ia4 ,z o!rs h describ$ m m9utely & accurately ?an ,i c1 ! c\ntry nor? ( ,virg9ia1 ,i %all beg9 ) a few rem>ks on ! geological "* ( t ,/ate4 ,x is !re t ! travell]1 9 pass+ f ! ,atlantic to ! int]ior1 crosses successively ! mo/ important =mations ( ! e>?1 f ! mo/ rec5t alluvial to ! olde/ primitive4 ,= a consid]able di/ance f ! coa/1 ! c\ntry is alluvial4 ,x !n assumes an old] second>y =mation#cj--;& s&/one & pudd+/one are frequ5t4 ,?is is ! "* ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & inde$ ( a great "p ( ! valley ( ! ,potomac4 ,s&/one ( ! ,capitol1 c4 ,9 ?is valley1 & adjac5t to ! riv]1 is f\nd ! s&/one ( :i* ! ,presid5t's h\se1 & ! ,capitol are con/ruct$4 ,x is compos$ ( f9e silici\s gra9s1 is easily wr\ght1 & f its col\r1 has ! appe>ance at a small di/ance ( :ite m>ble4 ,beautiful ,breccia4 ,x is also 9 ! valley ( ?is riv]1 & n f> f its fam\s passage ?r\gh ! ,blue ,ridge1 t imm5se qu>ries ( beautiful ,breccia h be5 op5$4 ,?is rock 0 fir/ br\ght into use by ,mr4 ,latrobe1 = "s ye>s employ$ by ! gov]nm5t z pr9cipal ar*itect4 ,x is compos$ ( pebbles1 & fragm5ts ( silici\s & calc>e\s /ones ( almo/ e size1 f a gra91 to sev]al in*es 9 diamet]1 /rongly & p]fectly cem5t$4 ,"s are angul>1 o!rs r\nd$4 ,_! col\rs are v v>i\s1 & (t5 bright4 ,r$1 :ite1 br[n1 gray1 & gre51 are alt]nately conspicu\s1 ) e int]m$iate %ade4 ,ow+ to ! silici\s /ones :i* are frequ5tly imb$d$ ?r\gh ! mass1 x is wr\ght ) mu* difficulty2 b :5 f9i%$1 %[s a f9e poli%1 & is unque/ionably "o ( ! mo/ beautifully v>iegat$ m>bles1 t ev] ornam5t$ any place4 ,x w\ld be difficult to conceive ( any ?+ m gr& ?an ! hall ( ! ,repres5tatives1 9 ! ,capitol1 support$ z x is by tw5ty or ?irty pill>s =m$ ( ! solid rock1 & plac$ 9 an amphi!atrical range2 ea* pill> ab\t ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 & tw5ty 9 height4 ,"s idea ( ! lab\r :i* is employ$ 9 work+ ! m>ble may be =m$ f ! fact1 t ! exp5se ( ea* pill> is e/imat$ at five ?\s& doll>s4 ,! specim5s 9 y\r possession1 are good examples ( its g5]al /ructure1 b convey no adequate idea ( its beauty4 ,petrifaction ( ,wood4 ,x w be prop] to notice 9 ?is place1 a petrifaction ( wood :i* is f\nd on ! road f ,wa%+ton to ,fr$]icksburgh1 #af miles f ! latt]1 & f\r miles nor? ( ! c\rt-h\se 9 ,/af=d c\nty4 ,x is rem>kable = its size1 r ?an = any s+ul>ity 9 ! composition4 ,x 0 f\nd by digg+ away ! e>? on ! side ( ! road1 & appe>s to h be5 ! trunk ( a consid]able tree4 ,x is firmly fix$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & p5etrates x obliquely2 h[ f> has n yet be5 asc]ta9$4 ,at ! "t ,i saw x ab\t two feet _h be5 expos$4 ,! diamet] is ab\t eight in*es4 ,its col\r is :ite1 sometimes resembl+ t ( wood4 ,! fibres are well pres]v$1 & s is ! g5]al /ructure4 ,x is mu* to be desir$1 t "s "o w\ld cle> x f its b$1 & give x entire to "o ( our m9]alogical cab9ets4 ,geological ,features4 ,next to ! alluvial & second>y =mations1 z y pass to ! we/ & nor?we/1 are to be f\nd ranges ( granite & %i/ose1 & o!r primitive rocks2 int]sp]s$ ) ^! may be se5 s&/one1 clay1 slate1 qu>tz1 & lime/one4 ,granite ranges 7 p>ticul>ly se5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,fr$]icksburgh1 cross+ ! ,rappahannock2 & 9 ,orange & ,albem>le c\nties1 ext5d+ ne>ly to ! ,blue ,ridge4 ,great quantities ( qu>tz & qu>tz rock1 sometimes cov]+ ) _! fragm5ts ! sides ( hills1 are frequ5t4 ,ano!r1 & m int]e/+ rock 9 ! same connexion1 is f\nd 9 ,albem>le c\nty4 ,= "s "t ,i d\bt$ to :at class to ref] x4 ,b f its resemblance to ! rocks ( ! ea/ & we/ m\nta9s ne> ,new-,hav51 ,i v5tur$ to call x trap or :9/one4 ,x becomes m abundant z y approa* ! ,blue ,ridge1 & ! granite disappe>s4 ,on ! sides & summit ( ! m\nta91 its appe>ance is m decid$ly t ( gre5/one4 ,9 cross+ ! s\?we/ m\nta91 ! range to :i* ,monticello belongs1 & di/ant f ! ,blue ,ridge ab\t #be miles1 ,i obs]v$ ! same rock4 ,:e!r ?is op9ion is j1 y w be able to decide f ! specim5s :i* h be5 =w>d$4 ,blue ,ridge4 ,i h repeat$ly nam$ ! ,blue ,ridge4 ,x is ! fir/ ( ^? long & p>allel ranges ( m\nta9s1 call$ ! ,alleghany2 & con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ prom95t features 9 ! geology ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its height ,i _c det]m9e ) accuracy4 ,probably x w\ld n av]age m ?an "o ?\s& feet4 ,its base may ext5d 9 diamet] f "o to two miles2 & yet su* is ! influ5ce x has on ! climate1 t vegetation on ! ea/]n1 is usually two weeks e>li] ?an on ! we/]n side4 ,& :at is rem>kable1 ?is diff]5ce obta9s1 on ! =m] side at lea/1 until y arrive )9 a few hundr$ y>ds ( ! summit4 ,i cross$ ! m\nta9 9 two places1 di/ant f ea* o!r "o hundr$ miles1 b obs]v$ no?+ ess5tially diff]5t 9 _! m9]alogy4 ,at "o ( !m call$ ! ,rockfi%-,gap1 on ! road f ,*>lotteville to ,/aunton1 ,i sp5t a few h\rs1 & br\ght away specim5s ( all ! v>ieties ( m9]als :i* ,i c\ld f9d4 ,^! h be5 submitt$ to y\r inspection4 ,among !m1 y w1 ,i ?9k1 see gre5/one1 epidote1 & slate m or less alli$ to ! fir/4 ,^! are ! mo/ common rocks1 & except+ ! second1 are usually /ratifi$4 ,! epidote is g5]ally associat$ ) qu>tz1 & sometimes is imb$d$ 9 x4 ,9 "s in/ances x has a porphyritic appe>ance1 & is v beautiful4 ,9 o!rs1 x is coat$ ) small filam5ts ( a gre5i% asbe/os4 ,o!r m9]als 7 f\nd1 ^: nature ,i c\ld n s easily det]m9e4 ,i regret exce$+ly1 t ,i _c furni% y ) a m complete description ( ?is int]e/+ m\nta94 ,t its "* is peculi>1 or diff]5t f ! c\ntry on ei!r side ( x1 mu/ be obvi\s to ! mo/ sup]ficial obs]v]4 ,its pr9cipal rock does inde$ be> a resemblance to ! trap or :9/one ( ,albem>le c\nty1 & yet ,i ?9k y w say x is n ! same4 ,"o fact ( importance _c be mi/ak52 ?is m\nta9 con/itutes ! great divid+ l9e betwe5 ! granite & lime/one c\ntries4 ,= y no soon] rea* its we/]n base1 ?an ! gre5/one & epidote disappe>2 & lime/one p]vades ! c\ntry = hundr$s ( miles 9 e direction4 ,9 all ! di/ance f ?is m\nta9 to ,new-,orleans1 ,i did n f9d a s+le specim5 ( granite1 or gre5/one4 ,?is may appe> s+ul>1 s9ce ,mr4 ,maclure & ,pr(essor ,cleavel& h a granite range on _! maps1 imm$iately we/ ( ! ,blue ,ridge2 & ev5 t m\nta9 is on ^? maps1 9 "s p>ts ( x1 cov]$ ) ! granitic t+e4 ,?is may be true4 ,i c answ] = only two po9ts ( x1 & = t "p ( ! c\ntry beyond1 ly+ ne> ! ma9 road to ,t5nessee4 ,9 ?is r\te ,i desc5d$ almo/ ! :ole l5g? ( ! great valley includ$ betwe5 ! ,blue ,ridge on ! ea/1 & ! nor? m\nta9 on ! we/4 ,b 9 no in/ance did ,i meet ) specim5s ( granite2 nor we/ ( ! ,blue ,ridge ) any prevail+ rock b lime/one4 ,i "k ( no reason :y ! ,blue ,ridge %\ld n be reg>d$ z ! fir/ great divid+ l9e betwe5 ! granite & lime/one c\ntries4 ,! *ange 9 ! geological =mation is s sudd5 & /rik+1 t x w\ld be difficult = ! mo/ c>eless travell] ) 8 eyes op51 n to obs]ve x4 ,! face ( nature1 he _c b p]ceive1 we>s a diff]5t aspect2 ! air is m cool & lively2 ev5 ! wat] :i* he dr9ks possesses new prop]ties p]ceptible to 8 ta/e4 ,! inhabitants no long] speak ( _! s&/one wat]2 b e :]e he he>s ( lime/one wat]4 ,inde$ = #hjj miles 9 ! direction :i* ,i travell$1 he ta/es no o!r wat]4 ,e spr+ & e rivulet1 is /rongly impregnat$ ) c>bonate ( lime4 ,! vessels 9 :i* x is prep>$ = cul9>y use1 soon become l9$ ) a :ite calc>e\s cru/4 ,nor is its ta/e ! only inconv5i5ce exp]i5c$ by ! travell] unaccu/om$ to x4 ,x (t5 injures ! heal? ( a /rang]1 & cov]s ! surface ( ! body ) cutane\s eruptions4 ,lime/one c\ntry 9 incl9$ ,/rata4 ,! geological obs]v] has n[ ent]$ ^u a v int]e/+ field4 ,its great ext5t1 & its wond]ful uni=mity1 give new facilities to inve/igation4 ,two divisions ( x seem to h be5 made 9 nature4 ,! fir/ is t :i* includes ! lime/one ly+ 9 ,,incl9$ ,,/rata4 ,?is division ext5ds f ! ,blue ,ridge1 to ! ,cumb]l& m\nta9 9 ,ea/ ,t5nessee1 a di/ance 9 ! direction ( my r\te ( #ejj miles4 ,( c\rse x includes all ! ranges1 five 9 numb]1 ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s4 ,! /rata lie 9 a c\rse nor!a/ & s\?we/1 ! same z ! g5]al c\rse ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! angle :i* !y make ) ! horizon is v v>iable1 f #be to #de4 ,! col\r ( ! rock v>ies f blue1 & pale blue1 to gray1 or grayi% :ite1 frequ5tly x pres5ts a dull e>?y appe>ance4 ,! fracture is m or less con*oidal4 ,sometimes ! rock assumes a diff]5t "*1 & ! fracture is unev51 & ! texture firm4 ,?is la/ is di/+ui%$ f ! =m]1 n only by ! fracture1 b by ! col\r4 ,x is usually spok5 ( by ! inhabitants z ! gray lime/one1 ! col\r ( ! o!r be+ usually ( a blui% ca/4 ,x diff]s f t also by be+ less brittle1 & possess+ ! quality d5om9at$ by /onecutt]s1 t\gh4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 & its endur+ heat bett]1 x is m frequ5tly us$ 9 build+ ?an ! o!r4 ,?is v>iety ( lime/one is n uncommon4 ,its col\r is n always gray1 sometimes x is a r$di% br[n1 & sometimes :ite4 ,imm5se quantities ( x1 possess+ ei!r a grayi% or r$di% br[n col\r1 are f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,knoxville1 ,ea/ ,t5nessee4 ,"o range ( x is cross$ by e road1 pass+ to ! s\? & ea/ ( ,knoxville4 ,its appe>ance is t ( "s v>iegat$ m>bles2 :ite ve9s p5etrate x1 & w9d ?r\gh x 9 e direction4 ,:e!r any "p ( x has a texture suffici5tly f9e & firm to be wr\ght to advantage1 is yet to be det]m9$4 ,to ! eye ( a sup]ficial obs]v]1 !re are _m indications t x has4 ,a specim5 ( v f9e :ite m>ble1 resembl+ ! ,italian :ite1 0 %[n me 9 ,augu/a c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 :i* 0 f\nd #ae miles f ,/aunton1 :]e !re is said to be a consid]able quantity ( x4 ,lime/one c\ntry 9 ,horizontal ,/rata4 ,! second great division ( ! lime/one c\ntry ext5ds1 on ! r\te :i* ,i took1 two hundr$ miles f ! ,cumb]l& m\nta91 & o!rs associat$ ) x s\?we/1 z f> z ! ,divid+ ,ridge1 :i* sep>ates ! wat]s fl[+ into ! ,t5nessee f ^? :i* proce$ direct to ! gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! gr& circum/ance :i* di/+ui%es ! lime/one ( ?is division f t already describ$1 is ?is1 ,,its ,,/rata ,,are ,,horizontal4 ,frequ5tly imm5se piles may be se5 =m+ bold precipices1 b always 9 horizontal lay]s1 diff]+ 9 ?ickness1 f a few in*es to _m feet4 ,h[ f> ?is arrangem5t ext5ds to ! we/ & nor?1 ,i h n yet be5 able to le>n4 ,travell]s always speak ( ! lime/one rocks 9 ,we/ ,t5nessee & ,k5tucky z flat1 f :i* circum/ance ,i conclude t ! ,cumb]l& m\nta9 =ms = a consid]able di/ance at lea/1 ! ea/]n b\nd>y4 ,i h obs]v$ b ?ree o!r p>ticul>s 9 :i* ! /rata ( ! horizontal diff] f ^? ( ! incl9$ lime/one4 #a4 ,its col\r is n s /rongly m>k$ ) ! blui% t+e4 #b4 ,x is n s commonly p5etrat$ ) :ite ve9s ( a semicry/alliz$ c>bonate ( lime2 nor is x s frequ5tly associat$ ) ! unev5 fractur$ species4 #c4 ,petrifactions are (t5] f\nd 9 x4 ,i w "h take ! lib]ty to sugge/1 :e!r 9 our maps ( geology1 "s notice %\ld n be tak5 ( ?is v important division 9 ! lime/one c\ntry4 ,su* a division exi/s 9 fact2 nature has made x2 & if geology dep5ds on nature = its only legitimate inductions1 !re c be no reason :y a feature s prom95t z ?is1 %\ld be ov]look$4 ,i %all n und]take to acc\nt = _! diff]5ce3 b w\ld n e geological !ori/ consid] !m z di/9ct =mations8#ca ,cumb]l& ,m\nta94 ,! ,cumb]l& m\nta91 :i* =ms a "p ( ?is divid+ l9e1 is itself a s+ul> =mation4 ,x belongs to ! class call$ ,table m\nta9s4 ,its wid? v>ies f a few miles1 to m ?an fifty4 ,its height is n p]ceptibly diff]5t f t ( ! ,blue ,ridge4 ,x =ms a circuit1 9 a %ape some:at resembl+ a half moon4 ,w9d+ to ! s\?we/1 x keeps a c\rse nor? ( ! ,t5nessee riv]1 9 "s places ne>ly p>allel ) x2 passes a few miles to ! s\!a/ ( ,huntsville 9 ! ,alabama ,t]ritory1 & n long aft] t]m9ates4 ,at "o "p1 ov] :i* ,i cross$1 ! m\nta9 is eighte5 miles wide4 ,?is is ab\t #aej miles s\?we/ ( ,knoxville1 a little nor? ( ! #ce? degree ( ,n4 ,lat4 ,i _h n asc5d$ ! m\nta9 m ?an halfway1 be=e ,i f\nd s&/one beg9 to int]m+le ) lime/one /rata4 ,z ,i drew ne> ! summit1 ! lime/one disappe>$ entirely1 & s&/one prevail$ 9 abundance1 ) no o!r m9]al associat$ until ,i rea*$ ! we/]n desc5t1 :]e ,i met bold precipices ( horizontal lime/one1 rea*+ f ! base to ! summit4 ,i exam9$ sev]al s&/one rocks :ile cross+ ! m\nta91 f\nd !m usually imb$d$ 9 ! e>?1 g5]ally ) flat surfaces1 ( a f9e gra91 & /rong texture4 ,! col\r is usually a r$di% br[n1 or grayi% r$4 ,! specim5 :i* y h receiv$ is a good example4 ,i cross$ ?is m\nta9 9 ! vic9ity ( ,huntsville1 n less ?an "o hundr$ miles s\?we/ ( ! place above-m5tion$1 & f\nd x n wid] ?an m\nta9s commonly are4 ,its height _h also become less1 & horizontal lime/one 9 regul> /rata prevail$ 9 e "p4 ,al?\gh ?is m\nta9 =ms a "p ( ! divid+ l9e :i* has be5 m5tion$1 x does n exclusively s3 = ! ,rackoon m\nta91 :i* crosses ! ,t5nessee riv]1 at ! place s well kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,suck1 & ! ,look-,out m\nta91 :i* t]m9ates abruptly ab\t #f miles to ! left ( ! ,suck1 =m an acute angle ) ! ,cumb]l&1 & are compos$ ( horizontal /rata ( lime/one4 ,?us x w\ld appe> ! l9e :i* divides ! two k+doms ( ?is rock1 is ne>ly nor? & s\?1 incl9+ p]haps a few po9ts to ! ea/ & we/4 ,sc5]y4 ,& "h ,i _c =be> paus+ a mom5t to call y\r att5tion to ! gr& & picturesque sc5]y :i* op5s to ! view ( ! admir+ spectator4 ,! c\ntry is /ill possess$ by ! aborig9es1 & ! h& ( civilization has done b little to s(t5 ! wild aspect ( nature4 ,! ,t5nessee ,riv]1 hav+ conc5trat$ into "o mass1 ! num]\s /reams x has receiv$ 9 its c\rse ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ miles1 glides ?r\gh an ext5d$ valley ) a rapid & ov]:elm+ curr5t1 half a mile 9 wid?4 ,at ?is place1 a gr\p ( m\nta9s /& ready to dispute its progress4 ,fir/1 ! ,look-,out1 an indep5d5t range1 comm5c+ ?irty miles bel[1 pres5ts1 opposite ! ,riv]'s c\rse1 its bold & rocky t]m9ation ( two ?\s& feet4 ,ar\nd its br[ is a pallisade ( nak$ rocks1 f sev5ty to "o hundr$ feet4 ,! ,riv] fl[s ^u its base1 & in/antly tw9es to ! "r4 ,pass+ on = six miles fur!r x turns aga91 & is met by ! side ( ! ,rackoon m\nta94 ,collect+ its /r5g? into a *annel ( sev5ty y>ds1 x sev]s ! m\nta91 & ru%es tumultu\sly ?r\gh ! rocky defile1 waft+ ! trembl+ navigator at ! rate ( a mile 9 two or ?ree m9utes4 ,?is passage is call$ ,! ,suck4 ,! summit ( ! ,look-,out m\nta9 ov]looks ! :ole c\ntry4 ,& to ^? :o c be delight$ ) ! view ( an int]m9able =e/1 p5etrat$ by ! w9d+s ( a bold riv]1 int]sp]s$ ) hundr$s ( v]dant prairies1 & brok5 by _m ridges & m\nta9s1 furni%es 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 a l&scape1 :i* yields to few o!rs 9 ext5t1 v>iety or beauty4 ,ev5 ! aborig9es h n be5 ins5sible to its *>ms2 = 9 ! "n :i* !y h giv5 to ! ,look-,out m\nta9 we h a laconic1 b v /rik+ description ( ! sc5]y4 ,?is "n 9 ! ,*]okee language1 )\t ! aspirat$ s\nds1 is ,o-tull-ton-tann-t-kunn-2 lit]ally1 m\nta9s look+ at ea* o!r4 ,i h already rem>k$ t ! lime/one ( ?is m\nta9 lies 9 horizontal /rata3 "o mile ea/ f its base x is incl9$4 ,l ! ,cumb]l&1 x conta9s imm5se rocks ( s&/one1 b ( a co>s] gra91 v]g+ occasionally into pudd+ /one4 ,i 0 told by a :ite man1 a pr(ess$ millwright1 t among ^! s&/one rocks1 he knew ( _m :i* 7 suitable = mill/ones4 ,at ! mission>y e/abli%m5t1 call$ ,bra9]d1 eight miles ea/ ( ! m\nta91 ,i saw "o ( !m :i* 0 us$ = ?is purpose to mu* advantage4 ,x is compos$ ( f9e & l>ge gra9s ( silici\s /ones1 ne>ly :ite1 & resembl+ pebbles ( :ite qu>tz3 ! texture is firm4 ,silici\s ,m9]als1 c4 ,i w n[ notice an important fact1 applicable to ! :ole ext5t ( lime/one c\ntry1 :i* has come "u my obs]vation4 ,x is its association ) a description ( m9]als1 all ( :i* appe> to be silici\s4 ,to describe !m m9utely1 w\ld require sev]al pages4 ,f ! "t ,i ent]$ ! lime/one c\ntry till ,i left x ?is association 0 obs]v$4 ,! m9]als includ$ 9 x diff] mu* 9 _! ext]nal "*4 ,_! size v>ies f t ( rocks to ! smalle/ fragm5ts4 ,usually !y lie loose ^u ! e>?1 9 angul> =ms1 hav+ ! appe>ance ( a /one t has be5 brok5 9 pieces by ! hamm]4 ,sometimes !y cov] ! sides ( hills & m\nta9s 9 su* abundance z to prev5t or imp$e vegetation4 ,:5 ! dis9tegration is m9ute1 !y are s]viceable r ?an o!rwise2 & ! f>m] talks ( 8 good black1 or :ite gravel l&4 ,x r5d]s ?is s]vice1 ,i presume1 n by decomposition1 b by prev5t+ ! soil & its manure f be+ wa%$ away4 ,inde$ ! diff]5t v>ieties ( x are g5]ally scatt]$ ov] ! surface1 9 pieces s small1 t = conv5i5ce sake1 ! :ole may be d5om9at$ a silici\s gravel4 ,sometimes ! m9]al is imb$d$ 9 lime/one1 9 ! =m ( nodules1 ?us indicat+ _! orig9al connexion ) x4 ,! v>ieties1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 are qu>tz1 horn/one1 fl9t1 jasp]1 & semi-opal2 & sev]al1 :i* to me are non-descripts4 ,qu>tz is ! mo/ abundant4 ,x is f\nd ( diff]5t col\rs2 compact1 & por\s or cellul>2 ( e size2 simple & associat$ ) o!r silici\s /ones2 massive & cry/alliz$4 ,9 ,augu/a & ,rockbridge c\nties 9 ,virg9ia1 beautiful cry/als ( qu>tz1 ( a s+ul> =m1 are f\nd4 ,!y are six-sid$ prisms1 ) d\ble acum9ations1 t is1 ) six-sid$ pyramids1 m\nt$ on ! opposite ends ( ! prism4 ,a specim5 ( two su* cry/als unit$1 y h receiv$4 ,x 0 f\nd ne> ,lex+ton4 ,a curi\s v>iety ( ! qu>tz gravel-/one occurs on bo? sides ( ,elk ,riv]1 a few miles above its junction ) ! ,t5nessee1 9 ! ,alabama t]ritory4 ,z y travel to ! we/ f ,huntsville1 x appe>s fir/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,=t ,hampton1 two miles ea/ ( ,elk ,riv]1 & may be se5 = t5 miles we/ ( t riv]4 ,! m9]al is rem>kable = conta9+ a curi\s petrifaction4 ,its fir/ appe>ance is t ( a solid screw4 ,on exam9ation1 h[ev]1 y f9d x is n spiral2 b consi/s ( p>allel conc5tric lay]s4 ,_! diamet] v>ies 9 diff]5t specim5s1 f t ( a p9 to half an in*4 ,!y /& 9 ! c5tre ( a holl[ cyl9d]1 ext5d+ its :ole l5g?1 & occupy+ ab\t "o-?ird ( its dim5sions4 ,! /one is sometimes p]fectly fill$ ) ^! =ms4 ,! petrifaction ,i c\ld n h nam$1 _h y n pron\nc$ x ! ,entro*ite4 ,horn/one1 next to qu>tz1 is ! mo/ abundant ( ! silici\s m9]als associat$ ) lime/one4 ,x is v (t5 se5 imb$d$ 9 r\nd$ masses1 bo? 9 ! incl9$ & horizontal /rata4 ,fl9t is m r>e4 ,sev]al f9e specim5s 7 obs]v$ on ! we/]n declivity ( ! ,look-,out ,m\nta91 b 9 no in/ances 9 l>ge masses or quantities4 ,semi-,opal 0 f\nd 9 "o in/ance on ! divid+ ridge1 :i* con/itutes ! s\?we/]n b\nd>y ( ! lime/one /rata4 ,( ! non-descripts y h sev]al specim5s4 ,"o v>iety /rikes fire ) /eel1 is a milk-:ite col\r1 adh]es slightly to ! tongue1 & has no degree ( transluc5cy on its edges4 ,z ,mr4 ,ka9 has furni%$ y ) an int]e/+ detail ( p>ticul> m9]als f\nd 9 ,ea/ ,t5nessee & ,we/]n ,virg9ia1 ,i ne$ n recapitulate :at he has s well said4 7,to be cont9u$47 ,,art4 ,,iii4 ,notice ( ! ,sc5]y1 ,geology1 ,m9]alogy1 ,botany1 c4 ( ,belmont ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 by ,,caleb ,,atwat]1 ,esq4 ( ,circleville4 ,belmont c\nty is b\nd$ on ! nor? by ,jeff]son & ,h>rison1 on ! we/ by ,gu]nsey1 & s\? by ,monroe c\nty1 & on ! ea/ by ! ,ohio riv]4 ,x is #bg miles 9 l5g?1 & #ba 9 bread?1 conta9+ #ece squ>e miles4 ,its "n1 ,belmont1 or beautiful m\nta91 indicates its situation1 = x conta9s )9 its b\nd>ies a f9e body ( l&1 ris+ gradually z y are travell+ f ! ,ohio to ! we/1 until y arrive at ab\t ! middle ( x1 :]e1 f ! elevation on :i* y /&1 ! eye 9 an ea/]n direction1 beholds "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ prospects 9 ! /ate4 ,look+ t[>ds ! ea/1 9 a pleasant morn+1 y behold a beautiful c\ntry ( hill & dale spread out be=e y1 divid$ into conv5i5t & well-cultivat$ f>ms1 int]sect$ by glitt]+ /reams1 me&]+ ?r\gh !m t[>ds ! ,ohio4 ,y he> ! l[+ ( num]\s h]ds ar\nd y1 ! %rill mat9 ( ! song/]s ( ! =e/1 & ! busy hum ( ! indu/ri\s husb&man2 y see "h & !re a clump ( trees int]sp]s$ among ! cultivat$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 y see ! com=table dwell+-h\se1 ! sub/antial b>n1 & he> ! rumbl+ noise ( ! mill2 & :5 y reflect t ^? :o dwell "h are indu/ri\s & ent]pris+1 virtu\s1 free1 & happy1 y behold ) pleasure1 & li/5 ) delight1 :ile reflect+ on ! objects ar\nd y4 ,geology & ,m9]alogy4 ,on ! surface is se5 a ri* vegetable m\ld1 made by ! decay & putrefaction ( vegetable sub/ances4 ,along ! ,ohio1 a wide int]vale ( ! ri*e/ alluvion is f\nd1 :i* produces z luxuriant a gr[? ( vegetation z any 9 ! _w4 ,on ! banks ( ! creeks :i* pass ?r\gh ?is c\ntry ! alluvial soil is n s wide z t on ! riv]1 b equally ri* & productive4 ,on ! hills 7& !re are _m ( !m7 !re are two k9ds ( soil1 ! silici\s & ! argillace\s1 ! fir/ is =m$ f ! decomposition ( ! rocks :i* once cov]$ ! surface1 ! latt] f ! slate :i* lay "u !m4 ,:]e ^! rocks are decompos$1 & ! c\ntry is hilly1 x w readily be believ$ t ! two k9ds ( soil are frequ5tly bl5d$ toge!r4 ,9 "s places we see ! be/ ( clay = bricks2 :il/ 9 o!r places1 & ^? 9 ! vic9ity ( ! =m]1 we f9d ! be/ ( s& to m\ld !m 9 :5 manufactur$4 ,h>d lime/one ( ! v be/ quality is f\nd 9 deta*$ fragm5ts 9 ! sides ( hills1 & 9 /rata1 9 abundance1 along ! b$s ( /reams4 ,! ru9s ( ! s&/one =mation are "h se5 scatt]$ ab\t 9 fragm5ts1 or decompos$ & intimately bl5d$ ) ^? ( o!r =mations4 ,fossil coal is e :]e f\nd "u ! hills1 ( ! v be/ quality1 & 9 suffici5t quantity n only = ! fuel ( ! pres5t1 b _m future g5]ations1 & is s easily obta9$ t ! exp5se ( fuel is a m]e trifle4 ,! oxide ( iron1 or iron ore v>i\sly comb9$1 is recogniz$ 9 _m places1 & wat] comb9$ ) muriate ( soda1 or common salt1 is z common4 ,sal9es or licks are f\nd 9 _m places1 :]e animals also1 bo? wild & dome/icat$1 resort 9 great numb]s to dr9k ! wat]s4 ,^! are frequ5tly ne> "s little wat]-c\rse4 ,sev]al sulphur & *alybeate spr+s are kn[n to exi/ 9 ?is c\nty1 & "s :i* ?r[ out consid]able quantities ( petroleum4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e iron & fossil coal exi/1 x is no wond] t copp]as %\ld be f\nd4 ,!re are places :]e copp]as exudes 9 a /ate suffici5tly pure 9 quality1 & 9 quantities suffici5t = sev]al families1 :o collect & use x 9 dy+4 ,! same may be said ( alum1 :i* is collect$ 9 ! same way = simil> purposes4 ,botany4 ,?\gh ?is c\nty is v ri* 9 ! m9]al1 yet x is n less s 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 z may be se5 by a ref]5ce to ! subjo9$ catalogue1 al?\gh numb]s ( trees1 %rubs1 & plants1 are purposely omitt$1 :i* are kn[n to exi/ "h4 ,family4 ,species4 ,classical "n4 ,rem>ks4 ,oak1 ,:ite1 ,qu]cus ,alba1 ,abundant4 ---- ,black1 ---- ,nigra1 ,d4 ---- ,mead[1 ---- ,aquatica1 ,along ! /reams4 ---- ,*esnut1 ---- ,prunus1 ,sc>ce4 ,maple1 ,sug>1 ,ac] ,sac*>9um1 ,abundant4 ---- ,:ite1 ---- ,alba4 ,popl> or ,:ite1 ,liriod5dron1 ,abundant4 ,tulip1 ---- ,yell[4 ,walnut1 ,black1 ,juglans ,nigra4 ---- ,:ite1 ---- ,alba4 ---- ,%ellb>k ,hickory1 ---- ,albaovata4 ---- ,pignut1 ---- ,m9ima4 ---- ,bitt]nut1 & probably sev]al o!r species4 ,bea*1 ,two species1 ,fagus4 ---- ,*esnut1 ---- ,am]icana4 ,a%1 ,:ite1 ,frax9us ,alba4 ---- ,blue1 ---- ,purpurea4 ---- ,black1 ---- ,nigra4 ---- ,swamp1 ---- ,aquatica4 ,elm1 ,two or ?ree ,ulmus4 species1 ,buckeye1 ,common1 sculusflava ,lutea8 ---- ,sweet1 ---- ,maxima8 ,locu/1 ,f\r species1 ,rob9ia ,pseud ,acacia1 c4 ,p]simmon1 ,diospyros ,virg9ica4 ,l9n or ,bass ,tilia ,europea4 ,wood1 ,cucumb]1 ,cucum9is ,sylve/ris4 ,dog ,wood1 or ,two species4 ,am]ican ,box1 ,sycamore1 ,two species1 ,platanus ,occid5talis1 c4 ,plum1 ,sev]al species4 ,?orn1 d4 d4 ,! r$ bud2 ! pawpaw2 grape-v9es ( sev]al species1 & gr[+ to a great size2 sassafras2 ! black will[1 conf9$ to ! /reams2 ! box eld]1 ! common eld]1 ( two species2 ! suma*1 ( two species2 sev]al species ( gooseb]ries2 & a great _m o!rs too num]\s to be m5tion$ "h4 ,among ! h]bace\s plants we mu/ n omit ! g9s5g1 ! ,virg9ia snak]oot1 ! columbo1 & ! puccoon1 two or ?ree ?\s& p\nds ( ! roots ( :i* are annually c>ri$ by ! inhabitants to our ,atlantic cities4 ,among ! trees1 ^? belong+ to ! oak family are ! mo/ num]\s1 if n ! mo/ valuable4 ,split into rails1 ! f>m] builds f5ces ) !m1 & saw$ into plank1 bo>ds1 & scantl+1 !y furni% mat]ials = h\ses & b>ns4 ,! sug> maple is suffici5tly abundant1 s t br[n sug> en\gh is manufactur$ = dome/ic purposes4 ,! sycamore is ! l>ge/ tree along ! riv]1 & ! popl> is ! l>ge/ on ! hills4 ,! latt] gr[s by ! side ( ! maple & ! bea*1 & is a mo/ valuable wood = ! h\se-build] & ! cab9etmak]4 ,?is tree is frequ5tly f\r & five feet 9 diamet]1 & cont9ues ( ne>ly ! same size z x asc5ds1 #dj1 #ej1 & sometimes ev5 #fj feet4 ,/reams4 ,! ,ohio is ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ?is c\nty1 =m+ wide int]vales along its banks4 ,indian ,:eel+ is a f9e mill /ream ris+ 9 ,h>rison c\nty1 & aft] cross+ ?is1 empties into ! ,ohio1 opposite ! t[n ( ,:eel+1 :i* /&s on ! ,virg9ia side4 ,capt9a is ano!r excell5t mill /ream1 :i* aft] runn+ ab\t #ag or #ah miles 9 ?is c\nty1 puts into ! ,ohio #bc miles by wat] bel[ ,:eel+4 ,^! /reams visit & f]tilize a consid]able "p ( ,belmont4 ,f ! view we h tak5 ( ?is c\nty1 its geology1 m9]alogy1 & botany1 ! read] w probably be prep>$ ) u to conclude1 t no "p ( ! union1 ( equal ext5t1 conta9s )9 x great] natural res\rces1 or c support a m d5se population4 ,! seat ( ju/ice is ,/4 ,clairsville1 situat$ t5 miles f ! ,ohio riv]1 at ,:eel+4 ,x conta9s ?ree h\ses = public wor%ip1 #ae /ores1 a pr9t+-(fice1 a bank1 & #gjj inhabitants4 ,_m ( ! inhabitants ( ?is c\nty are ,quak]s or ,fri5ds1 :o are *>itable1 humane1 frugal1 ent]pris+1 indu/ri\s1 & /rongly oppos$ to slav]y4 ,f su* a population1 possess+ su* advantages1 :at may we n hope & expect f _! ex]tions8 ,_! f]tile valleys w be turn$ into mead[s1 & _! hills into pa/ures2 ! ox w fatt5 9 ! =m]1 :il/ ! flocks ( ,&alusia w :it5 ! latt]4 ,,art4 ,,iv4 ,rem>ks on ! ,/ructure ( ! ,calton ,hill1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 ,scotl&2 & on ! ,aque\s orig9 ( ,wacke2 by ,j4 ,w4 ,,web/]1 ,m4,d4 ( ,bo/on4 ,! c\ntry ar\nd ,ed9burgh is extremely int]e/+ to ! geologi/1 & pres5ts num]\s in/ances ( ! junction ( rocks to :i* ! advocates ( ! ,neptunian sy/em h ref]r$ 9 support ( _! op9ion z to ! aque\s orig9 ( gre5/one1 basalt1 & wacke2 :ile ! same examples h be5 cit$ by ! ,volcani/s1 & by ^? :o hold an int]m$iate op9ion4 ,! /ructure ( a portion ( ,calton hill1 :]e ! mo/ di/9ct alt]nations ( sub/ances 7^: aque\s orig9 none c dispute17 ) pure & well *>act]iz$ wacke are display$1 has n1 z yet1 ,i believe be5 p>ticul>ly describ$4 ,ed9burgh is situat$ ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( an ext5sive coal =mation1 :]e ! usual s&/ones & o!r coal measures are connect$ ) ! new] rocks ( transition4 ,f ! coal field rise 9 _m places b$s ( gre5/one1 9 g5]al =m+ small conical & r\nd-back$ hills4 ,o!r em95ces are compos$ ( amygdaloid1 clay/one1 & o!r porphyries2 & basalt & trap tuff occur 9 an ov]ly+ position4 ,( ^!1 x is n my int5tion to speak o!rwise ?an z convey+ a g5]al idea ( ! geological relation ( ! wacke above ref]r$ to4 ,! /ructure ( ,calton hill has be5 expos$ by ! rec5t improvem5ts1 & 9 p>ticul> by a section made 9 ! con/ruction ( ! new road to ,london4 ,! rock occurr+ 9 greate/ abundance1 & :i* is probably ! fundam5tal b$1 is a porphyry1 ! basis ( :i* 9 g5]al is clay/one1 :i* 9 _m places passes into felsp>1 9 o!rs becomes a di/9ct gre5/one4 ,num]\s ve9s ( calc>e\s sp> trav]se x 9 diff]5t directions1 & ,i am lately in=m$1 t v beautiful examples ( ve9s ( gre5/one ( contemporane\s =mation ) ! rock itself1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! gre5/one4 ,^u ! porphyry re/s a b$ ( trap tuff1 ^u ?is o!r b$s ( ! two rocks repose1 t at ! summit be+ porphyry4 ,! back ( ! hill 7z we pass f ! city7 is a spot ( peculi> int]e/1 consi/+ ( alt]nate ?9 b$s ( bitum9\s %ale1 s&/one1 wacke1 & clay iron/one1 dispos$ 9 a mann] :i* w be be/ und]/ood by a r\gh outl9e tak5 on ! spot4 ,illu/ration3 ,monum5t to ,,nelson4 ,a ,porphyry4 ,b ,trap tuff4 ,c ,porphyry4 ,d ,trap tuff4 ,e ,porphyry4 ,f ,b$s ( wacke1 c4 upp] "p conceal$ by vegetation4 #a ,bitum9\s %ale4 #b ,wacke4 #c ,s&/one4 #d ,bitum9\s %ale1 ) clay iron/one4 #e ,wacke4 #f ,bitum9\s %ale4 #g ,wacke1 ) calc4 sp>4 #h ,bitum9\s %ale4 #i ,wacke4 #aj ,bitum9\s %ale pass+ on bo? sides into #aa ,wacke--& calc4 sp>4 #ab ,bitum9\s %ale4 #ac ,wacke4 #ad ,bitum9\s %ale4 #ae ,wacke4 #af ,bitum9\s %ale4 #ag ,s&/one4 ,! wacke has a gre5i% gray col\r1 :i* is pretty uni=m4 ,! fracture is ne>ly ev5 & e>?y1 x is s(t1 yield+ readily to ! nail1 & has a feebly %9+ /reak4 ,a slight /roke ) ! hamm] causes ! mass to sep>ate 9 fragm5ts ( v>i\s size1 ! surfaces ( :i* are (t5 smoo? & %9+1 ea* b$ be+ compos$ ( l>ge di/9ct concretions1 hav+ a t5d5cy to ! prismatic =m4 ,?is wacke fuses ) difficulty be=e ,brooke's bl[-pipe4 ,specific gravity n det]m9$1 z x falls to pieces on be+ moi/5$4 ,! s&/one is = ! mo/ "p gray1 9 "s p>ts spott$ r$ & br[n1 =m+1 z ! section repres5ts1 ! la/ /ratum se52 ! b$s ( s&/one are b a few in*es 9 ?ickness1 & ! la/ 7#ag7 becomes less ?an an in*2 x is probable1 h[ev]1 f ! relative situation1 f ! dip & direction1 t ^! /rata are a cont9uation ( o!rs se5 on ! o!r side ( ! hill1 :]e !y are ( suffici5t ?ickness to h be5 qu>ri$ = ! purposes ( ar*itecture4 ,! b$s ( all rocks we "k v>y greatly 9 diff]5t p>ts1 & x is n unusual = !m to be "s feet at "o extremity1 gradually decreas+ till less ?an an in* 9 ?ickness at ! o!r1 or !y may ev5 be lo/ entirely1 & gradually rega9 _! =m] size2 & x is n improbable t ^! b$s ( s&/one w be f\nd to cont9ue on t[>ds ! adjo9+ hills ( ,salisbury ,craig & ,ar?ur's ,seat1 pass+ "u ! gre5/one & trap tuff4 ,! bitum9\s %ale pres5ts ! usual *>act]s2 int]mix$ ) x are num]\s nodules ( ! common clay iron/one1 ! col\r ( :i* is a yell[i% br[n1 ^! also frequ5tly pres5t *>act]s common to ! ?ree sub/ances1 & ?r\gh\t ! b$s1 ! passage f ! "o to ! o!r is di/9ct4 ,:atev] may be ! op9ions 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( bitum9\s %ale1 !re c be b "o 9 reg>d to t ( s&/one2 & ?is has lately receiv$ no feeble support f ! acc\nt giv5 u by ,dr4 ,p>is1 ( a =mation ( ?is rock on ! coa/ ( ,cornwall1 :]e1 says he1 we actually detect nature at "w1 & %e does n refuse admittance into h] manufactory1 nor conceal1 ) h] accu/om$ res]ve1 ! details ( ! op]ations 9 :i* %e is engag$4 ,f ! appe>ances :i* h be5 ?us briefly notic$1 no imp>tial geologi/1 we %\ld imag9e1 w\ld inf] ! volcanic orig9 ( any portion ( ?is =mation2 & if ! aque\s orig9 ( s&/one c be e/abli%$1 t ( ! wacke mu/ be ! same4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f its intimate connexion ) ! prec$+ subject1 ,dr4 ,web/] subjo9s ! foll[+3 ,extract f a ,pap] on a rec5t =mation ( ,s&/one1 occurr+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,nor!rn coa/ ( ,cornwall2 by ,,john ,,ay/on ,,p>is1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,l4,s41 c4 c4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,cornwall1 #ahah4 ,a v consid]able portion ( ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,cornwall1 is cov]$ ) a calc>e\s s&1 consi/+ ( m9ute p>ticles ( comm9ut$ %ells4 ,t "p :i* lies betwe5 ,/4 ,ives & ,pad/[ is m imm$iately ! subject ( ! pres5t inquiry2 a tract :i*1 ) a few exceptions1 is entirely cov]$ ) ?is species ( s&2 & :i* 9 "s places1 has accumulat$ 9 quantities s great z to h =m$ hills ( f =ty to sixty feet 9 elevation4 ,a consid]able area1 = in/ance1 9 ! p>i%es ( ,gwy?ian & ,phillack has be5 ?us desolat$1 & sev]al *ur*es h be5 inundat$4 ,9 digg+ into ^! s& hills1 or ^u ! occasional removal ( "s "p ( !m by ! w9ds1 ! rema9s ( h\ses may be se52 & 9 "s places1 :]e ! *ur*y>ds h be5 ov]:elm$1 a great numb] ( human bones may be f\nd4 ,! s& is suppos$ to h be5 orig9ally br\ght f ! sea by hurricanes1 probably at a remote p]iod4----,! s& fir/ appe>s 9 a slight b increas+ /ate ( aggregation on sev]al p>ts ( ! %ore 9 ! bay ( ,/4 ,ives2 b on approa*+ ! ,gwy?ian riv]1 x becomes m ext5sive & indurat$4 ,on ! %ore opposite to ,godrevy ,isl&1 an imm5se mass ( x occurs1 ( m ?an a hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 & f twelve to tw5ty feet 9 dep?1 conta9+ entire %ells & fragm5ts ( clay slate2 x is s+ul> t ! :ole mass assumes a /rik+ appe>ance ( /ratification4 ,9 "s places x appe>s t attempts h be5 made to sep>ate x1 probably = ! purpose ( build+2 = sev]al old h\ses 9 ,gwy?ian are built ( x4----,x is ar\nd ! promontory ( ,new ,kaye t ! mo/ ext5sive =mation ( s&/one takes place4 ,"h x may be se5 9 diff]5t /ages ( induration2 f a /ate 9 :i* x is too friable to be deta*$ f ! rock ^u :i* x reposes1 to a h>dness s consid]able1 t x requires a v viol5t bl[ f a sl$ge to break x4----,b x is on ! we/]n side ( ! promontory ( ,new ,kaye1 9 ,fi/ril ,bay1 t ! geologi/ w be mo/ /ruck ) ! =mation2 = "h no o!r rock is 9 sight4 ,! cliffs1 :i* are high1 & ext5d = sev]al miles1 are entirely compos$ ( x4----,! bea* is cov]$ ) disjo9t$ fragm5ts1 :i* h be5 deta*$ f ! cliff above1 _m ( :i* weigh two or ?ree tons4 ,!re are ?ree modes by :i* ,dr4 ,p>is conceives ! lapidification ( calc>e\s s& may be effect$4 #a/4 ,by ! p]colation ( wat] ?r\gh a hill ( calc>e\s s&1 by :i* x becomes impregnat$ ) c>bonate ( lime4 #b;d4 ,! p]colation ( wat] ?r\gh /rata conta9+ pyritical sub/ances1 by :i* x becomes impregnat$ ) sulphuric salts4 #c;d4 ,! p]colation ( wat] ?r\gh decompos+ slate1 or any f]rug9\s /rata1 by :i* x becomes impregnat$ ) iron alum9a1 & o!r m9]al matt]4 ,,art4 ,v4 ,localities ( ,m9]als4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 c4 ,,new-,,york1 ,dec4 #ba1 #ahah4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,x is desirable t "s mode %\ld be adopt$ by :i* ! public may become acqua9t$ ) all ! ,new ,am]ican ,localities ( ,m9]als1 z !y are discov]$ f "t to "t4 ,) def]5ce ,i w\ld sugge/1 t 9 ea* numb] ( y\r ,sci5tific ,j\rnal1 new localities might be record$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 = pres5t in=mation & future ref]5ce4 ,! foll[+ localities1 :i* h come "u my obs]vation1 & :i* are probably n notic$ 9 any "w1 are at y\r s]vice4 #a4 ,agate4 ,roll$ mass3 occurr$ ne> ,p[les ,hook1 ,new-,j]sey4 #b4 ,apatite4 ,truncat$ cry/als ( "o in*1 & amorph\s2 occurs 9 granite1 *iefly 9 ! felsp>4 ,corla]'s ,hook1 vic9ity ( ,new-,york4 #c4 ,br[n ,mammill>y ,hematite1 cov]+ qu>tz cry/als4 ,p]kiom5 lead-m9e4 ,montgom]y c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4 #d4 ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia4 ,/ructure e>?y4 ,app>5tly a pure c>bonate ( magnesia4 ,9 mica slate1 & granite2 *iefly 9 ! qu>tz4 ,roxbor\gh1 ,philadelphia c\nty4 #e4 ,common ,jasp]4 ,trav]s$ by ve9s ( semi-opal4 ,small deta*$ masses1 frequ5tly wat]worn4 ,rh9ebeck1 ,dut*ess c\nty1 ,new-,york4 #f4 ,compact ,mala*ite4 ,p]kiom5 lead-m9e4 #g4 ,fetid ,c>bonate ( ,lime4 ,9 ridges2 & /rata ne>ly v]tical1 sometimes conta9+ petrifactions4 ,v frequ5t 9 ,dut*ess c\nty1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rh9ebeck ,flats1 & ne> ,hyde ,p>k4 #h4 ,fibr\s ,talc4 ,9 granite4 ,roxbor\gh4 #i4 ,graphic ,granite4 ,nor? ,riv]1 ne> ! city ( ,new-,york4 #aj4 ,graphite4 ,9 a calc>eo-silice\s gangue4 ,corle>'s ,hook4 #aa4 ,native pulv]ul5t 7or r granul>7 ,sulphur4 ,9 pyritical qu>tz4 ,b>r5 ,hill1 ,montgom]y c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4 #ab4 ,plumose ,asbe/us4 ,corla]'s ,hook4 #ac4 ,semi-opal4 ,9 common ,jasp]--7:i* see47 #ad4 ,scaly ,talc4 ,9 granite4 ,roxbor\gh4 #ae4 ,/ellat$ ,qu>tz4 ,p]kiom5 lead-m9e4 #af4 ,sulphate ( ,b>ytes4 ,9 sulphuret ( lead & silv]4 ,liv+/on's lead-m9e1 ,columbia c\nty1 ,new-,york4 #ag4 ,sulphuret ( ,silv]4 ,) sulphuret ( lead4 ,same locality4 #ah4 ,t\rmal94 ,9 masses ( cry/all9e qu>tz4 ,rh9ebeck4 ,v respectfully1 ,f4 ,c4 ,,s*aeff]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ notices 7 prep>$ be=e ! receipt ( ! above lett]4 ,o!r ,localities ( ,m9]als & ( ,,animal ,,rema9s1 & ackn[l$gm5ts ( ,specim5s receiv$4 ,guadel\pe4--,native sulphur1 obsidian1 pit*/one1 native alum1 basaltic hornbl5de1 alum cov]$ ) sulphur4 ,porto ,rico4--,hexagonal cry/als ( mica4 ,specim5s ( ! above m9]als are 9 ! cab9et ( ,mr4 ,john ,p4 ,brace1 at ,lit*field1 ,connecticut4 ,molybd5a is f\nd 9 ,%utesbury1 ,massa*usetts1 ne> ,nor?ampton1 ea/ ( ,connecticut ,riv]1 on ! l& ( ,william ,eaton4 ,x is ! common sulphuret1 b rem>kably beautiful & well *>act]iz$4 ,its col\r is ne>ly t ( bright lead1 v brilliant1 smoo?1 & almo/ unctu\s2 s(t1 flexible1 di/9ctly foliat$1 & ! folia are v ?91 & easily sep>able1 almo/ l mica4 ,x gives ! usual gre5i% trace on :ite pott]y1 :ile a l9e drawn p>allel on ! same basis1 by a piece ( plumbago or black-lead1 is black2 ?is be+ 7z po9t$ out by ,brongni>t7 ! easie/ crit]ion1 by :i* to di/+ui% betwe5 molybd5a & plumbago1 or black-lead4 ,we h _m times appli$ x ) entire success4 ,?is molybd5a1 f ,%utesbury1 is *iefly cry/alliz$1 & ! cry/als are1 9 "s in/ances1 v di/9ct2 _! =m is t ( a flat six-sid$ prism1 or :at is commonly call$ a table4 ,! rock1 f :i* !y 7 obta9$1 is a granitic aggregate1 7judg+ f ! specim5 s5t1 x may be a true granite7 & ! =ms ( ! cry/als are v di/9ctly impress$ 9 ! /one1 s t :5 remov$ !y leave an exact copy or cry/al m\ld4 ,9 a lett] f ! proprietor ( ! l&1 x is said t ! molybd5a is f\nd 9 a l$ge ( rocks1 six or sev5 feet above ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ab\t t5 or twelve feet above ! level ( ! wat]2 ! direction ( ! rocks is f ,s4 to ,n4 ,e4 by ,n42 ! metal is 9 a ve91 runn+ ,e41 & 0 discov]$ 9 small pieces 9 ! top ( ! l$ge4 ,aft] putt+ 9 two bla/s1 "s l>ge pieces 7 obta9$4 ,f ?is acc\nt1 & f ! specim5s1 7"s ( ! cry/als be+ an in* or m 9 l5g?7 ?is mu/ be "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ localities ( molybd5a hi!rto obs]v$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 & x is hop$ ,mr4 ,eaton w take "s pa9s to procure & furni% specim5s4 ,rose ,qu>tz4--,f ,s\?bury1 ,connecticut1 n f> f ,woodbury1 & f ! ,h\satonick ,riv]1 two "y m51 ( ! "n ( ,/iles1 h br\ght u specim5s ( rose qu>tz1 ( delicate & beautiful col\r4 ,x is said to be abundant 9 a l$ge ( ! same sub/ance4 ,plumbago4--,9 ,cornwall1 ,lit*field c\nty1 ,connecticut1 plumbago is f\nd1 ( a good quality1 & 9 consid]able masses1 9 a ve9 conta9$ 9 a rock ( gneiss1 or mica-slate4 ,x has be5 kn[n a good :ile1 & is said to h be5 export$ ant]ior to ! ,am]ican revolution>y w>4 ,coal1 c4 9 ,zanesville1 ,ohio4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,bronson1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,*e%ire ,academy1 we h receiv$ ! foll[+ in=mation4--,9 cutt+ a canal 9 ! above t[n1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahag1 ?r\gh free/one1 trees1 & fi%1 & o!r sub/ances1 bo? animal & vegetable1 7 tak5 out1 alike petrifi$ to a free/one1 except+ ! b>k ( a bea* tree1 :i* 0 v p]fect & beautiful coal--7z we h _h an opportunity ( asc]ta9+1 f an exam9ation ( ! specim5s47 ,coal1 9 ! c\nty ( ,musk+um1 ,ohio4 ,common /one-coal1 highly bitum9\s1 7! slaty or black coal ( ,w]n]17 is f\nd abundantly4 ,s\? ( ,lake ,erie1 ab\t #be miles1 9 ! b$ ( ,rocky ,riv]1 are f\nd %ells1 & o!r animal rema9s1 imb$d$ 9 argillace\s iron2 ! specim5s 7 collect$ 9 #ahag1 by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,se>le4 ,mammo?'s ,too?1 f ! ,riv] ,/4 ,francis1 we/ ( ,mississippi4 ,return ,j4 ,meigs1 ,esq4 has transmitt$1 ?r\gh ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,cornelius1 a mammo?'s too?1 app>5tly n m9]aliz$4 ,x appe>s to h belong$ to a v old animal1 z ! processes1 7:i*1 x is well kn[n1 are commonly v prom95t7 are worn d[n smoo?1 & "s ( !m almo/ oblit]at$4 ,blue ,ridge1 ,t5nessee1 & ,mississippi ,t]ritory4--,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,cornelius1 & ( ,mr4 ,john ,h4 ,ka91 we h receiv$ a consid]able collection ( specim5s1 illu/rative ( ! m9]alogy & geology1 & ,indian antiquities ( ^! regions2 !y may be1 on a future occasion1 ! subject ( m p>ticul> rem>ks4 ,coal1 9 ,suffield1 ,connecticut1 on ! riv] ( ! same "n4 ,f ,mr4 ,na?an ,/$man1 we h receiv$ specim5s ( coal1 f\nd 9 ?9 ve9s1 9 rocks ( slate1 & argillace\s s&/one1 on ! banks ( ! riv]4 ,! ve9s are ?91 b consid]ably num]\s2 ! coal is v glossy & black2 breaks ) a smoo? & almo/ con*oidal fracture1 & v mu* resembles jet4 ,x is v mu* int]sect$ by ?9 ve9s--7n ?ick] ?an a knife-blade7--( :ite cry/alliz$ calc>e\s sp>4 ,?is coal is bitum9\s1 & burns pretty freely4 ,x has n be5 explor$1 except sup]ficially4 ,coal1 9 ,s\?+ton1 ,connecticut4 ,b$s ( slate are f\nd m or less bitum9\s2 &1 at ! bottom ( "s ( ! wells1 ! slate beg9s to exhibit ?9 ve9s ( coal1 di/ribut$ 9 great numb]s ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! slate1 :i* is ! %ale ( ! m9]s4 ,! coal is f ! ?ickness ( a knife-blade to t ( a f+]2 x is highly bitum9\s1 & burns ) great fre$om4 ,ev5 ! entire masses ( ! /one burn brilliantly1 :5 ignit$ on a common fire2 &1 aft] exhau/ion ( ! coally matt]1 leave ! slate ( a grayi% col\r4 ,! locality f :i* ! specim5s 7 tak51 is on ! l& ( ,roswell ,moore1 ,esq4 ab\t midway betwe5 ,h>t=d & ,new ,hav54 ,! spot 0 lately exam9$ by ,col4 ,gibbs1 ,eli ,:itney1 ,esq4 ,pr(essor ,olm/ead1 & o!rs2 & arrangem5ts are mak+ to bore ! /rata1 to ! dep? ( sev]al hundr$ feet1 if necess>y4 ,^! localities are 9 :at may1 ) propriety1 be call$ ! coal =mation ( ,connecticut4 ,coal has be5 f\nd 9 sev]al o!r places 9 t /ate2 & ! peculi> geological features ( ! region 9 :i* x is conta9$1 are v int]e/+1 & may h]eaft] be describ$ 9 =m4 ,sulphat ( ,b>ytes1 ) ,coal1 c4--,sulphat ( b>ytes exi/s abundantly 9 ,s\?+ton1 on :at is call$ ! ,cl>k ,f>m4 ,) qu>tz1 c>bonate ( lime1 c4 x =ms ! gangue ( a metallic ve91 conta9+ gal5a1 or sulphuret ( lead1 copp] pyrites1 c4 ,! sulphat ( b>ytes is m or less cry/alliz$1 & pr9cipally 9 ! =m t is call$ ! coxcomb sp>4 ,! same ve91 al?\gh x is 9 ! side ( a m\nta91 sev]al hundr$ feet above ! flat c\ntry adjac5t1 & two or ?ree miles f ! coal /rata above m5tion$1 conta9s num]\s spots & pat*es ( coal1 v mu* resembl+ t at ,suffield4 ,x is ( a mo/ brilliant black1 & contra/$ ) ! :ite1 /ony matrix1 7pr9cipally qu>tz & sulphat ( b>ytes7 9 :i* x is envelop$1 x =ms elegant specim5s4 ,sc9tillat+ ,lime/one4--,9 ,v]mont1 a s+ul> sc9tillat+ lime/one is f\nd1 ( :i* an acc\nt is giv5 9 ! foll[+ extract ( a lett] f ,mr4 ,george ,*ase1 dat$ ,r&olph1 ,febru>y #ai1 #ahah4 ,! object ( ! pres5t lett] is to acqua9t y ) a circum/ance relat+ to ! lime/one t ab\nds 9 ?is primitive c\ntry1 :i* to me is inexplicable4 ,?is c>bonate ( lime is ( a pale sky-blue col\r2 eff]vesces /rongly ) nitric acid2 &1 by burn+1 produces lime1 s t !re is no "q z to ! id5tity ( ! m9]al4 ,b x likewise gives =? sp>ks ) /eel3--?is ,i conclud$1 at fir/1 to be an accid5tal circum/ance2 b e specim5 t ,i h tri$1 f v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! c\ntry1 uni=mly gives fire ) /eel4 ,! lime/one is f\nd 9 lay]s1 9 blocks1 & masses1 dissem9at$ among ! clay-slate t cov]s ! greate/ "p ( ! t[n%ips 9 ?is vic9ity4 ,:5 fir/ tak5 f ! e>?1 & expos$ to ! air1 x is cov]$ ) an incru/ation ( a d>k r$di%-br[n col\r1 t crumbles easily betwe5 ! f+]s1 & is g5]ally f "o in* to a foot 9 ?ickness4 ,?is incru/ation1 h[ev]1 h>d5s on a long exposure to ! air4 ,?is l$ me to ?9k t ! incru/ation 0 ow+ to ! decomposition ( ! lime/one1 :i* 0 produc$ by ! sulphuret ( iron1 intimately dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! rock1 :i* w\ld also expla9 ! s+ul> circum/ance ( its /rik+ fire4 ,b on dissolv+ a small quantity ( ! m9]al 9 nitric acid1 & add+ a drop or two ( ! decoction ( gallnut1 no discol\r+ ( ! liquor 0 produc$4 ,limpid ,qu>tz4--,we/ ,canada ,creek1 a nor!rn bran* ( ! ,mohawk1 af=ds1 9 its s&s1 small cry/als ( qu>tz1 limpid1 & t]m9at$ at bo? ends by pyramids ( six sides2 we are indebt$ = specim5s to ,pr(essor ,fi%]4 ,fetid ,primitive ,lime/one1 c4--,f ! vic9ity ( ,william/[n ,college1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,pr(essor ,dewey1 we h receiv$ specim5s illu/rative ( ! geology ( t region4 ,among !m is lime/one f ,/ockbridge1 cry/alliz$ 9 l>ge plates & rhomboids1 almo/ :ite1 & /ill fetid on be+ rubb$1 :i* is v diff]5t f mo/ fetid lime/ones1 :i* are d>k col\r$1 & ev5 black1 & d n belong to primitive =mation4 ,molybd5a4--,9 ,pettipaug1 ,saybrook1 ,connecticut1 molybd5a occurs4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,review ( ,cleavel&'s ,m9]alogy1 & is "h cit$ aga9 = ! purpose ( po9t+ out its locality m exactly4 ,x is f\nd ab\t half a mile to ! ,e4 ( ! ,turnpike lead+ f ,saybrook to ,middlet[n1 on ! fir/ road on ! "r h& above ! turnpike gate1 ne> ! h\se ( ! wid[ ,pratt4 ,x is n f> f ,pettipaug meet+-h\se1 9 a nor!rn direction4 ,b]yl4--,9 ,haddam1 ,connecticut1 are f\nd _m b]yls1 & "s ( uncommon size2 an acc\nt ( "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable localities is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ memor&um f ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,ma!r1 to :om we are indebt$ = specim5s4 ,! place 9 :i* ! b]yls are f\nd is 9 ! t[n ( ,*a?am1 ab\t "o mile & a half nor? f ,middle-,haddam l&+2 ab\t half ( a mile ,s4 ,w4 ( a l>ge hill1 on :i* is ! cobalt m9e4 ,! rock 9 :i* ! b]yls are conta9$ is granite2 ! p>ts ( :i* are v l>ge1 especially ! felsp> & ! mica4 ,l>ge masses ( %orl are also f\nd 9 ^! rocks4 ,b]yls h also be5 f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ,middle-,haddam1 among/ rocks ( ! same description4 ,! greate/ diamet] ( ! l>ge/ b]yl is f\r in*es2 ! lea/ ?ree in*es4 ,! b]yls are num]\s1 & ( diff]5t sizes2 ?\gh few are less ?an an in*1 or two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! l5g? ( ! longe/ b]yl is five in*es4 ,clay4--,ne> ,delhi1 ,new-,york1 a few rods f ! ,delaw>e riv]1 are f\nd b$s ( clay1 ( :i* specim5s h be5 transmitt$ by ,mr4 ,john ,p4 ,foote1 ( ,new-,york4 ,we are ( op9ion t !y are n porcela9 clay4 ,gypsum4--,cayuga ,lake4 ,we are in=m$ by ,dr4 ,l4 ,foot1 t ! workm5 :o h excavat$ ab\t #bj feet on ! bord] ( ! lake1 9 gypsum1 :i* is g5]ally ( a d>k br[n1 or black col\r1 :5 !y come to a transp>5t cry/alliz$ piece1 call x is+lass1 & reject x z wor?less3 ! h9t %\ld be rememb]$ by m9]alogi/s1 t ! specim5s may be sav$ = _! cab9ets4 ,,asbe/os ,,9 ,,an?racite4 ,extract ( a lett] f ,dr4 ,i4 ,w4 ,web/]4 ,,bo/on1 #bg? ,nov4 #ahah4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,9 exam9+ "s masses ( ! an?racite f ,rhode ,isl&1 "o piece attract$ my att5tion1 f ! wav$ /ructure ( ! lamell into :i* x sep>at$4 ,! fragm5ts ( ?is 7 w$ge-%ap$1 & ,i f\nd ! space betwe5 "s ( ! lam9 fill$ up by a fibr\s1 silky sub/ance1 :i* induc$ me to break up o!r masses1 9 "o ( :i* ,i discov]$ an abundance ( amian?us2 ! filam5ts are ( a light-gre5 col\r 9 "s p>ts ( ! mass--9 o!rs pres5t+ diff]5t %ades ( br[n4 ,) a microscope1 ,i f\nd ! fibres int]mix$ ) ! an?racite2 or =m+ ?9 lay]s1 & ^! sometimes p>allel to1 at o!rs cross+1 9 diff]5t directions1 ! c\rse ( ! lam94 ,h[ f> ! pres5ce ( ?is m9]al may influ5ce ! ignition or combu/ion ( ! coal1 is a "q1 p]haps1 wor? det]m9+4 ,%\ld my engagem5ts p]mit1 ,i %all make fur!r exam9ation1 & in=m y4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ! notice ( ?is fact may call ! att5tion ( "s ( y\r read]s to ! subject4 ,at any rate1 ?is sub/ance has1 ,i believe1 nev] be=e be5 notic$ 9 connexion ) an?racite1 & is highly int]e/+ 9 a geological po9t ( view4 ,,rem>ks4 ,we h be5 famili> ) ! ,rhode ,isl& an?racite1 & ) ! =mation ( rocks 9 :i* x is f\nd2 &1 long s9ce1 obs]v$ ! fact m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,web/]4 ,! asbe/os (t5 is 9 ! =m ( ! mo/ delicate amian?us1 frequ5tly bl5d$ also ) ! slate rocks1 :i* =m ! ro( & pavem5t ( ?is coal4 ,a specim5 n[ lies be=e u1 9 :i* a complete ve9 ( ?is amian?us1 ) fibres ne>ly two in*es 9 l5g?1 connects & p]vades a mass ( slate1 suppos$ to be ( ! transition class4 ,simil> facts are m5tion$ also by ,dr4 ,meade1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,rhode ,isl& coal4 ,,r$ ,,pyrox5e ,,augite4 ,extract ( a lett] to ! ,editor1 f ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,hayd5 ( ,baltimore4 ,i h v lately discov]$ a c\ple ( small specim5s ( ! transp>5t r$ pyrox5e1 resembl+ f9e cry/als ( titanium1 :i* ,i1 at fir/1 mi/ook x =4 ,"o ( !m is conta9$ 9 ! middle ( a l>ge cry/al1 l ! rubellite 9 ! gre5 t\rmal9s ( ,massa*usetts1 b x is n ! same sub/ance4 ,! pyrox5e1 :i* ,i h ref]5ce to1 is ! olive-col\r$ epidote ( "s1 pi/azite ( o!rs1 b resembles1 9 ?is in/ance1 ! sahlite2 ! cry/als be+ divisible longitud9ally4 ,"s ( !m are five in*es long1 & half an in* diamet]1 hexa$ral & d\ble2 t is1 two jo9$ toge!r1 z describ$ by ,bro*ant 9 p>ticul>4 ,"s o!r localities1 ( :i* we h receiv$ notices1 may be m5tion$ 9 a future numb]4 ,,botany4 ,,art4 ,,vi4 ,a ,li/ ( ,plants f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,connas>ga ,riv]1 7,*]okee ,c\ntry7 :]e ,spr+place is situat$2 made by ,,mrs4 ,,gambold1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,rev4 ,elias ,cornelius4#cb ,a4 ,ac] rubrum & ,sa*>ium ,acanitum unc9atum ,acta racemosa ,adian?um ,capillus ,v5]is ,aesculus ,pavia ,agave ,agrimonium ,eupatorium ,aira pall5s ,aletris f>9osa ,alisma ,plantago ,allium1 #b sp4 ,amasonia latifolia ,an*usa ,&rom$a arborea & o!r sp4 ,&ropogon alopecuides & ambiguum ,anemone hepatica1 ,?alictroides1 virg9iana1 & p5nsylvania ,angelica lucida & o!r sp4 ,annona ,antirrh9um elat9e ,apocynum cannab9um ,aquilegia canad5sis ,arabis ,aralia sp9osa ,arctatis c>ol9iana ,are?usa p>viflora ,ari/oloi*ia s]p5t>ia1 #c sp4 ,arum sagittfolium & triphyllum ,arundo tecto ,as>um virg9icum ,aselepias purpurasc5s1 v>iegata1 v]ticillata & o!rs1 tub]osa ,ascyrum ,aspl5ium ,a/] concolor1 l9>ifolius1 & _m o!rs ,av5a palu/rio & spicata ,azalea viscosa1 & o!rs4 ,b4 ,b]b]is canad5sis ,betula alnus ,bid5s pusilla ,n4 ,s4 ,muhl5b4 ,bignonia crucig]a & radicans ,buckn]a am]icana4 ,c4 ,cacalia ,calycan?us floridus ,campanula p]foliata & div>icata ,clematis o*raleuca & virg9iana ,clitoria m>iana & virg9iana ,coll9sonia virg9ica ,c>dum9e virg9ica ,c>duus1 sev]al sp4 ,c>ex1 ,n4 ,s4 ,cassia *amcri/a1 m>il&ica1 nictitans1 & ,tora ,ceano?us am]icanus ,cephalan?us occid5talis ,c]a/ium arv5se ,c]cis canad5sis ,*elone glabra & ,p5/emon ,*5opodium ambrosioides & an!lm9ticum ,*ionan?us virg9icus ,*ironia campanulata & o!r sp4 ,*rysogonum virg9icum ,cimicifuga pulmata ,circea lutetiana ,cissampelos smilac9e ,claytonia virg9ica ,commel9a erecta1 longifolia virg9ica ,convall>ia multiflora & racemosa ,conyza l9ifolia ,coreopsis auriculata1 bid5s1 s5ifolia1 tript]is1 alt]nifolia & v]ticillata ,cornus florida ,corylus am]icana ,crtgus apiifolia ,crotall>ia sagittalis ,cucubalus beh5 ,cuscuta am]icana ,cynan*um ,cynoglossum (fic9ale & virg9icum ,cynosurus indicus & sp>sus ---- fili=mis 7,muhl5b47 ,cyprip$ium acaule1 alba & calceolus ,d4 ,delph9ium exaltatum ,d5t>ia multifida ,diodia ,n4 ,s4 & virg9ica ,dioscorea ,diospyros virg9iana ,dodeca!on m$ia ,dracocephalon virg9ianum ,e4 ,e*ium vulg>e ,elephantopus c>ol9i5sis ,eleus9e fili=mis ,epilobium coloratum ,erig]on pul*ellum1 & o!r sp4 ,eryngium aquaticum ovalifolium & yuccfolium ,ery?ronium d5s canis ,eupatorium cle/9um1 p]foliatum1 & urticfolium ,euphorbia colorata1 ipecacuanha1 & o!r sp4 ,evonymus virg9icus ,f4 ,fagus ca/anea d5tata sylvatica atropunicea ,fe/uca nutans1 palu/ris & sylvatica ,frag>ia vesca ,fum>ia ,n4 ,s4 ,g4 ,galactia mollis ,galax aphylla ,galega hispidula & virg9ica ,galium1 sev]al sp4 ,g]>dia asgelia1 hydrophylla1 lancifolia & purpurea ,geum rivale ,gl$itsia sp9osa ,gaura sp4 ,g5tiana sapon>ia1 & o!rs ,g]anium1 #b sp4 ,glyc9e apios & tom5tosa p>abolica 7,muhl5b47 ,gnaphalium g]manicum1 & o!rs ,h4 ,h$yotis sp4 ,h$ys>um pro/ratum1 & o!rs ,helian?us angu/ifolius4 sp4 nova4 ,heu*]a ,hibiscus ,h\/onia crulea1 purpurea1 & v>ians ,hydrangea glauca ,hyp]icum fasciculatum1 nudiflorum1 prolificum1 & o!rs ,hypnum sp4 ,hypoxis erecta4 ,i4 ,ilex aquifolium sp4 ,impati5s noli tang]e ,inula gram9ifolia & m>iana ,ipoma1 sky blue1 & o!r sp4 ,iris1 l[1 sweet-smell+ blossoms 9 spr+1 & o!r sp4 ,j4 ,jutropha /imulosa ,juglans alba acum9ata ---- ---- ovata ,juglans nigra ---- oblonga alba ,juncus bicornis & t5uis ,k4 ,kalmia latifolia ,kyll+ia triceps ,l4 ,laurus b5zo9 & sassafras ,le*ea m9or ,lepidium sp4 ,liatris gram9ifolia1 spicata & squ>rosa ,lilium m>tag5 ,limodorum tub]osum ,l9um virg9icum ,liquidamb] /yraciflua ,liriod5drum tulipif]a ,lobelia c>d9alis1 inflata1 kalmii1 pub]ula & siphylitica ,lonic]a erecta & symphoric>pos ,ludugia alt]nifolia jussioides ,lup9us sp4 ,lycopodium apodum & rupe/re ,lycopsis ,lycopus virg9icus ,lysima*ia quadrifolia & punctata ---- sp4 ,ly?rum l9e>e & /rictum4 ,m4 ,malaxis unifolia ,m>*antia polymorpha ,mimosa horridula ,mimulus r+5s ,melan?ium latum ---- sp4 ,melica speciosa ,melissa nepeta ,m5isp]mum c>ol9ianum ,mespilus sev]al sp4 ,mit*ella rep5s ,momordica sp4 ,mon>da punctata ,monotropa sev]al sp4 ,morus4 ,o4 ,o5o!ra bi5nis1 l9eanis1 & o!rs ,ophioriza mitreola ,ophrys c]nua ---- sp4 ,or*is cili>is unifolia ,oroban*e uniflora ,oxalis1 #b sp4 ,p4 ,panax g9s5g ,panctratium c>ol9ianum ,pancium nitidum ,p>iet>ia p5nsylvanica ,p>nassia c>ol9iana ,p>!nium integrifolium ,passiflora inc>nata & lutea ,paspalium ciliatifolium ,p$icul>is canad5sis ,p5/emon lvis ,p5?orum s$oides ,phlox ovata1 paniculata & pilosa ,phryma lipto/a*ia ,physalis pubesc5s1 sev]al sp4 ,phytolacca dec&ra ,p9us1 sev]al sp4 ,plantago major & virg9ica ,poa n]vata ,podophyllum peltatum ,polygala cruciata1 inc>nata & lutea ,polygonum hydropip]1 & o!r sp4 ,pot5tilla reptans ,pr55!s trifida ,prunella vulg>is ,prunus c]asus virg9iana1 & o!rs ,psoralea melilotoides ,pyrola1 #b sp4 ,pyrus malus coron>ius ,q4 ,qu]cus alba1 #b sp4 ---- nigra1 v>i\s sp4 ---- rubra ,qu]cus pr9us ---- ,phellos ,qu]ia canad5sis ,r4 ,ranunculus bulbosus1 & o!r sp4 ,rhexia m>iana ,rhus toxicod5dron1 & o!rs ,ribes sp4 ,rosa1 sev]al sp4 ,rubus fruticosus1 hispidus & occid5talis ,rudbeckia fulgida1 hirta & purpurea ,ruellia ,s4 ,sagitt>ia sagittifolia ,salix tri/is & o!rs ,sisyr9*ium ,b]mudiana ,sisymbrium na/urtium ,salvia lyrata & urticfolia ,sambucus nigra ,sanicula m>il&ica ,sangu9>ia canad5sis ,saururus c]nuus ,scabiosa sp4 ,s*is&ra ,s*o5us sp>sus ,scirpus retr(ractus ,s5tell>ia hyssoppifolia1 p>viflora1 & o!rs ,s$um1 a l[ plant1 fl4 :ite ,s5ecio sp4 ,s]ratula pralta1 sc>iosa & spicata ,sida rhombifolia & sp9osa ,sil5e antirrh9a1 & ano!r sp4 ,sium sp4 ,smilax s>sap>illa & o!r sp4 ,smyrnium aureum ,solanum nigrum ,solidago nova borac5sis1 rigida1 virga aurea & o!rs4 ,son*us sp4 ,sophora fl4 purple ,spigelia m>il&ica ,spira aruncus1 apulifolia1 /ipulaica1 tom5tosa & trifoliata ,/aphyla trifoliata ,/ell>ia sp4 ,/yrax sp4 ,sylphium ,n4 ,s4 ---- compositum4 ,t4 ,tab]namontana latifolia ,tev]ium canad5se ,?alictrum1 v>i\s sp4 ,?laspi burs pa/oris ,?ymus virg9icus ,tradescantia virg9ica ,tragopogon d&elion ,tri*odium laxiflorum & procumb5s ,tri*o/ema di*otoma ,trifolium 7,buffalo7 ,trillium c]nuum1 luteum1 sessile1 & ano!r sp4 ,trio/eum angu/ifolium ,u4 ,ulmus1 #b sp4 ,uniola latifolia ,uvul>ia sessilifolia4 ,v4 ,vacc9ium1 sev]al sp4 ,v]bascum ly*nitis ,v]b5a (fic9alis ,v]bes9a sp4 ,v]onica virg9ica ,viburnum1 sev]al sp4 ,viola1 sev]al sp4 ,viscum ,vitis1 sev]al sp4 ,x4 ,xan?ium /rum>ium ,xantoxylon tric>pon ,y4 ,yucca filam5tosa4 ,ac] rubrum4--,! inn] b>k boil$ to a sirup1 made into pills1 & ^! dissolv$ 9 wat]1 is us$ 9 cases ( sore eyes2 ! eyes wa%$ !re)4 ,acta racemosa4--,! root 9 spirits1 ^! made use ( 9 rheumatic pa9s4 ,adian?um ,capillus ,v]5is4--,a decoction ( ! :ole plant1 us$ z an emetic 9 cases ( ague & fev]4 ,a v /rong m$ic9e4 ,aesculus ,pavia4--,! nuts p\nd$1 are us$ 9 p\ltices4 ,agave4--,! root is *ew$ 9 ob/9ate cases ( di>rha ) wond]ful success4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a v /rong m$ic9e4 ,allium4--,! ,indians are fond (1 = cul9>y purposes4 ,angelica4--,! same4 ,annona4--,( ! b>k !y make v /rong ropes4 ,aralia sp9osa4--,a decoction ( ! roots roa/$ & p\nd$1 7gre51 !y are poison\s7 is giv5 z an emetic4 ,a v /rong "o4 ,as>um virg9icum4--,! leaves dri$ & p\nd$1 are us$ = snuff2 fre%1 !y are appli$ to w\nds4 ,bignonia crucig]a4--,tea made ( ! leaves cleanses ! blood4 ,calycan?us floridus4--,! roots are us$ z 7?\gh v /rong7 emetics4 ,! se$s to poison wolves4 ,c>duus4--v>i\s species4 ,! roots us$ 9 p\ltices4 ,c]cis canad5sis4--,*ildr5 are fond ( eat+ ! blossom4 ,coreopsis auriculata4--,! :ole plant is mu* us$ 9 col\r+4 ,x af=ds a r$ col\r4 ,cornus florida4--,! b>k ( ! root is us$ to heal w\nds1 & 9 p\ltices4 ,ilex4--,( ! wood1 spoons are made4 ,! b]ries ( s]vice 9 colics4 ,juglans oblonga alba4--,a k9d ( pills are prep>$ f ! inn] b>k1 & us$ z a ca?>tic4 ,liquidamb] /yraciflua4--,! gum is us$ = a draw+ pla/]4 ,( ! inn] b>k a tea is made = n]v\s pati5ts4 ,liriod5drum tulipif]a4--,( ! b>k ( ! root a tea is made1 & giv5 9 fev]s4 ,x is also us$ 9 p\ltices4 ,melan?ium4--,! root is a cr[ poison2 & a sure1 b sev]e cure = ! it*4 ,p9us4--,boil ! root1 skim (f ! turp5t9e1 spread x on ,de]'s sk9 7tann$17 = a draw+ pla/]4 ,podophyllum peltatum4--,a sirup is boil$ ( ! root1 & giv5 = a purgative1 two pills at a "t4 ,a drop ( ! juice ( ! fre% root 9 ! e>1 is a cure = deafness4 7,s ,i h be5 told1 ,i nev] witness$ x47 ,pot5tilla reptans4--,a tea ( x is giv5 9 fev]s4 ,prunus c]asus virg9iana4--,( ! b>k a tea is made1 & drunk 9 fev]s4 ,qu]cus alba4--,! b>k is us$ = an emetic4 ,qu]cus nigra & rubra4--,a die = lea!r4 ,rosa4--,! roots boil$1 & drunk 9 cases ( dys5t]y4 ,rubus fruticosus4--,! root good to *ew 9 c\ghs4 ,sangu9>ia canad5sis4--,! root is us$ = ! r$ die 9 basket mak+4 ,saururus c]nuus4--,! roots roa/$ & ma%$1 us$ = p\ltices4 ,solanum nigrum4--,:5 "y1 made use ( z ! be/ reli%$ po!rb4 ,solidaga virga aurea4--,a tea mu* made use ( 9 fev]s4 ,sophora4--,a blue die4 ,spigelia m>il&ica4--,9 cases ( worms4 ,spira /ipulaica & trifoliata4--,! :ole plant a v good emetic4 ,( a /rong tea or decoction !re(1 a p9t is drunk at a "t4 ,tradescantia virg9ica4--,! leaves mu* reli%$ gre5s = ! table4 ,yucca filam5tosa4--,! roots p\nd$ & boil$1 are us$ in/ead ( soap to wa% blankets2 likewise to intoxicate fi%es1 by /rew+ !m p\nd$ on ! wat]4 ,! same is done ) sculus4 ,,art4 ,,vii4 ,description ( a new species ( ,asclepias4 ,by ,dr4 ,,eli ,,ives1 ,pr(essor1 c4 9 ! ,m$ical ,in/itution ( ,yale ,college4 7,) a ,plate47 ,! plant1 :i* is ! subject ( ! foll[+ obs]vations1 is f\nd gr[+ abundantly on ! s&y pla9s ea/ ( ,c$> ,hill1 9 ,new-,hav54 ,x is locally associat$ ) ! asclepias viridiflora & v]ticillata4 ,:5 ?is species ( asclepias 0 fir/ notic$ by me1 x 0 suppos$ to be a v>iety ( viridiflora ( ,raf9esque & ,pur%2 b aft] exam9+ a great numb] ( specim5s1 x 0 f\nd t ! v>ieties did n bl5d !mselves4 ,! leaves ( ! viridiflora be+ uni=mly oblong & obtuse1 ! leaves ( ! o!r uni=mly lanceolate & acute4 ,to ?is new species ,i purpose to give ! "n ,lanceolata4 ,specific "* ( ! asclepias lanceolata3--,/em decumb5t1 hirsute2 leaves opposite1 lanceolate1 acute1 sub sessile1 hirsuit umbels lat]al1 solit>y1 sessile1 nodd+1 subglobose1 d5se-fl[]$2 app5dage none4 ,see ! plate4 ,! asclepias lanceolata is alli$ to ! asclepias longifolia & viridiflora by ! abs5ce ( app5dage or horn ( ! nect>y4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! longifolia1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by alt]nate l9e> leaves1 & umbels erect4 ,illu/ration3 ,asclepias lanceolata4 ,! asclepias lanceolata & asclepias viridiflora belong to ,mr4 ,elliott's g5us ac]ates4 ,9 bo?1 ! nect>y or /am9e\s cr[n is %ort concave1 & oppress$ to ! angles ( ! filam5ts4 ,,art4 ,,viii4 ,description ( a ,new ,g5us ( ,am]ican ,grass4 ,,diplocea ,,b>bata1 by ,c4 ,s4 ,,raf9esque1 ,esq4 ,diplocea4 ,g5]ic def9ition4 ,fl[]s paniculat$ monoical or polygam\s4 ,ext]ior glumes membranace\s bivalve "o to ?ree fl[]$1 valves subequal em>g9at$ mutic4 ,ant]ior glumes bivalve unequal1 ! l>ge/ not*$1 not* ari/at$1 ! smalle/ mutic entire be>d$4 ,additional *>act]s4 ,fl[]s :5 s+le sepile ) a lat]al jutt+ p$uncle1 :5 d\ble1 "o sepile & "o p$unculat$1 :5 ?ree two are p$unculat$ & alt]nate4 ,! h]maphrodite & male fl[]s are simil>3 ! female are ne>ly cl&e/9e1 inf]ior4 ,/am5s #c1 /yles #b4 ,se$s ovate oblong4 ,obs]vations4 ,?is g5us is int]m$iate betwe5 amphic>pon1 ,raf4 7,milium amphic>pon1 ,pur%7 & aira1 ,l4 ,x diff]s f ?is la/ by its polygamy1 v>iable numb] ( fl[]s1 not*$ valves1 c4 ,! g5]ic "n means d\ble not*4 ,its type is ! foll[+ species1 :i* _h be5 rang$ ) ! aira1 by ,walt]1 & consid]$ d\btful by ,pur%4 ,diplocea ,b>bata4 ,specific def9ition4 ,/ems cespitose1 articulations be>d$2 leaves r\gh glauc\s1 neck ciliat$2 panicles1 few fl[]$1 female axill>y2 l>ge/ valvet r9]vate1 & ciliat$ z well z ! awl4 ,lat9 def9ition4 ,caulibus cespetosis1 g5iculis b>batis1 collo ciliato1 foliis scabris glaucis1 paniculis paucifloris1 fem9eis axill>ibus2 valva majore tr9]va1 ari/aque ciliata4 ,description4 ,roots1 annual fibr\s3 /ems _m1 unequal1 r procumb5t at ! base1 next assurg5t1 ris+ "o foot at utmo/2 !y are g5iculat$1 sl5d]1 brittle1 weak1 & smoo?4 ,! knees or jo9ts are be>d$1 ! %ea?s are split1 ! neck ciliat$1 ! leaves %ort1 /iff1 r\gh glauc\s1 l9e> acute1 obscurely /riat$4 ,! panicles h few fl[]s1 p>ticul>ly ! female ones1 :i* are axill>y co>ctat$ almo/ hidd51 :ile ! male are t]m9al & div>icate3 "s h]maphrodite fl[]s are occasionally1 b seldom f\nd among bo? panicles2 !y are all simil>1 diff]+ only 9 ! want ( /am9a or pi/ils4 ,! valves ( ! ext]ior glumes are ne>ly equal oblong not*$ obtuse1 mutic & on5]o$4 ,! valvules or valves ( ! glumule 7corolla or int]ior glume7 are unequal1 ! l>ge/ is ciliat$ tr9]ve bifid1 ) a s(t ciliat$ awl 9 ! not*1 z long z ! valve3 ! small valve is ovate acute concave1 v hairy on ! back4 ,! col\r ( ! fl[] is r$di% or pale r$2 b v>iable4 ,obs]vations4 ,?is plant is probably ! aira purpurea ( ,walt]1 ,pur%1 ,elliott1 c4 b does n belong to t g5us4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ,c>ol9a1 b ,i h f\nd x on ,long-,isl&1 ne> ,graves5d1 ,ba?1 ,oy/]-,bay1 c4 on ! s&y & gravelly sea-%ore3 x gr[s probably 9 ! int]m$iate /ates4 ,x blossoms 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 has no p>ticul> beauty1 b a v s+ul> appe>ance4 ,! specific "n ( purpurea 0 improp]1 s9ce ! col\r ( ! fl[]s is v>iable f :iti% to r$4 ,,art4 ,,ix4 ,floral ,cal5d>1 c4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 c4 ,,pla9field1 ,octob] #ag1 #ahah4 ,,sir1 ,%\ld ! foll[+ cal5d> be ?\ght wor?y ( a place 9 y\r ,j\rnal1 y w please to ins]t x4 ,?\gh v brief1 x w %[ t vegetation is consid]ably lat] on ! range ( m\nta9s1 on :i* ?is place is situat$1 ?an 9 ! level p>ts ( our c\ntry4 ,y\rs truly1 ,j4 ,,port]4 ,floral ,cal5d> = ,pla9field1 ,massa*usetts1 #ahah4 ,by ,,jacob ,,port]4 ,m>* #ac4 ,rob9s & bluebirds appe>4 ,april #be4 ,claytonia 9 fl[]4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) sn[1 :i*1 9 _m places1 is #b or #c feet deep4 ,april #bg4 ,obs]v$ ! claytonia1 blue violet1 /rawb]ry1 & a species ( s$ge1 9 blossom1 at ,wor?+ton4 ,may #a4 ,hepatica1 r\ndleav$ violet1 & ery?ronium 9 fl[]4 ,may #aj4 ,*rysospl5ium1 or gold5 saxifrage1 9 fl[]4 ,may #ae4 ,! l>ge trillium1 or purple wak]ob91 9 fl[]4 ,may #ah4 ,uvul>ia1 or cellwort1 & :ite violet1 9 fl[]4 ,may #ai4 ,a fall ( sn[1 s t ! gr\nd at night 0 almo/ cov]$ ) x4 ,may #bb4 ,! beautiful coptis1 or gold?read1 9 fl[]4 ,may #be4 ,a% & bee* 9 fl[]4 ,may #bf4 ,sug>-maple1 viburnum1 ?reeleav$ arum1 blue violet1 small panax1 pro/rate mitella1 fly honeysuckle1 :ite b]ri$ gaul!ria1 & umbell$ ,solomon's seal1 9 fl[]4 ,june #ag4 ,abs5t1 s9ce my la/ date1 on a t\r to ,new-,york4 ,f\r o!r specim5s ( ,solomon's seal1 tri5talis1 azalea1 #b species ( cr[foot1 blue-ey$ grass1 m$eola1 moose-bu%1 & sev]al species ( vacc9ium1 9 fl[]4 ,! small trillium1 or smil+ wak]ob91 s>sap>illa1 & d5t>ia1 blossom$ dur+ my abs5ce4 ,june #bb4 ,small eno!ra1 #b species ( v]onica1 & ! gold5 s5ecio1 9 fl[]4 ,june #bc4 ,m\nta9 a%1 ,norway pot5tilla1 sanicle1 & ! lovely l9nea 9 fl[]4 ,june #bh4 ,prunella1 & r$ & :ite clov]1 9 fl[]4 ,june #bi4 ,mit*ella1 9 fl[]4 ,june #cj4 ,yell[ di]villa1 9 fl[]4 ,july #a4 ,climb+ corydalis1 9 fl[]4 ,july #d4 ,! fimbriate ar*is1 & r\ndleav$ pyrola1 9 fl[]4 ,july #e4 ,spik$ epilobium1 & r\ndleav$ mall[s1 9 fl[]4 ,july #f4 ,mull51 9 fl[]4 ,july #g4 ,small g]anium 9 fl[]4 ,july #h4 ,ano!r species ( epilobium1 9 fl[]4 ,augu/ #ah4 ,fro/ ?is morn+4 ,,zoology4 ,,art4 ,x4 ,notes on ,h]petology1 by ,,?omas ,,say1 ( ,philadelphia4 7,communicat$ by ! ,au?or47 ,al?\gh ,i h n devot$ a p>ticul> /udy to ?is dep>tm5t ( ! sci5ce ( nature1 yet ,i h be5 amus$ & in/ruct$ by casually obs]v+ _m ( ! subjects ( x1 :5 ,i h be5 rambl+ 9 _! native haunts1 pursu+ objects m p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to me4 ,b :5 p]us+1 ! o!r day1 ! acc\nt ( ! copp]-head ( our c\ntry1 by ,mr4 ,raf9esque1 ,i 0 impell$ to ask = in=mation on ! subject1 ?r\gh y\r useful publication1 9 :i* t acc\nt appe>$1 & to make1 at ! same "t1 a few miscellane\s rem>ks or notes4 ,^! are 9 "p includ$ 9 ! pres5t essay1 & if !y %\ld h a t5d5cy to incite att5tion to ! reptilia ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at pres5t 9 a /ate ( confusion & inc]titude1 "s portion ( b5efit w be r5d]$ to ! great cause ( sci5ce4 ,i ?9k t a mod]ate degree ( lab\r & obs]vation be/[$ ^u ! inve/igation ( ! species already describ$1 w\ld prove ! unity 9 nature ( "s species :i* h be5 consid]$ z di/9ct by all ! au?ors1 w\ld detect _m errors 9 obs]vation1 expose "s deceptions practis$ on cr$ulity by ! design+1 & w\ld enable u to fix1 ) "s degree ( accuracy1 our k ( tru? & ( ! species4 ,a "w devot$ p>ticul>ly to ?is class1 by "s "o adequate to ! task1 :o c\ld h 9 8 view all ! kn[n species1 is inde$ a desid]atum4 ,scytale cupreus1 ,copp]-head1 c4 ( ,mr4 ,raf9esque4 ,i h always consid]$ ! ,copp]-head to be no o!r ?an ! ,c5*ris mockeson ( au?ors1 & ,boa contortrix ( ,l9n4 v4 ,latr4 ,lacep4 ,%aw1 ,daud91 c4 ,agki/rodon mokas5 ( ,beauvois2 :i* op9ion is n a little corroborat$ by an actual comp>ison ( "o ( ^! animals 9 ,peale's ,museum1 ) ! descriptions ( ! au?ors above m5tion$4 ,x may be object$ to me1 t ! mockeson ( ^? naturali/s is a ,c5*ris1 & n a ,scytale1 !re=e g5]ically di/+ui%$ f ! ,copp]-head2 b on ! o!r h&1 we "k t ! g5us ,c5*ris does n exi/ 9 nature1 t ! individual ^u :i* x 0 f\nd$1 0 ei!r a =tuit\s v>iety1 or t ! illu/ri\s naturali/ 0 deceiv$ by ! desiccation ( 8 specim51 giv+ to ! basal caudal plates a bifid aspect4 ,t ! =m] 0 ! case ,i analogically inf]1 f hav+ se51 9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 a ,colub] het]odon1 ( :i* ! fif? & six? pairs ( caudal scales 7 entire1 & n z usual bifid4 ,an additional corroboration ( ! tru? ( ?is inf]5ce is d]iv$ f ! circum/ance ( ! ,scytale ( ,peale's ,museum1 hav+ ! t5 or elev5 apical caudal plates bifid1 precisely z 9 ! g5us ,acan?ophis1 to :i* x seems closely affianc$1 & to :i* x w\ld be ref]r$ if ?is "* 0 a p]man5t "o4 ,9 e o!r "* ?is specim5 co9cides ) ! ,s4 mockeson ( au?ors1 & 9 e necess>y respect ) ! ,s4 cupreus ( ,mr4 ,r4 ) ! sole exception ( ! calc>ate t]m9ation ( ! tail4 ,?is caudal horn seems to approximate ,mr4 ,r's4 animal to ! ,s4 piscivorus or true horn-snake1 ab\t :i* ! cr$ul\s h s absurdly al>m$ !mselves1 & :i* 0 arrang$ ) ! ,crotali by ,lacep$e1 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ a horn on ! tail an in* long4 ,we f9d sometimes a small indurat$ tip to ! tail ( ,colub] melanoleucus1#cc at lea/ ^u "s full gr[n specim5s1 =m$ by ! elongation & appression ( ! t]m9al scales2 a l>g] "o on t ( ! ,european vip]1 & ( ! ,acan?ophis c]a/es1 & ,br[nii4 ,mr4 ,peale's specim5 c]ta9ly has n ! horn1 b x has at ! t]m9ation ( ! tail a scale some:at long] & m indurat$ ?an ! o!rs1 ! individual _h n atta9$ 8 full gr[?4 ,if !n ?is species 7& "s o!rs7 is subject to v>y 9 ! =m ( its caudal plates1 f :i* ! g5]ic *>act]s are 9 "p e/imat$1 may x n also v>y 9 ! armature ( ! tail1 :i* at mo/ c only be consid]$ z specific4 ,! ,copp]-belly is a v di/9ct species4 ,if ! ,s4 cupreus is1 not)/&+ ! above obs]vations1 consid]$ a di/9ct species1 x w\ld gratify ^? :o cultivate natural hi/ory1 to h "s good discrim9ative *>act]s ( x4 ,mu* has be5 said & writt5 ab\t antidotes to ! v5om\s bites ( snakes1 & ,mr4 ,raf9esque enum]ates ov] aga9 sev]al plants :i* h be5 said to be1 & :i* he appe>s to believe to be specifics4 ,if ! case 0 my own1 ,i w\ld be v unwill+ to rely ^u ei!r ( ! #bj or #cj m$ic9al plants1 dubi\sly m5tion$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,b>ton1 z reput$ antidotes = ?is poison4 ,x w\ld be m prud5t to resort unhesitat+ly to a m c]ta9 rem$y1 9 ! ligature1 & imm$iate excision ( ! "p1 :]e su* an op]ation 0 practicable1 or to caut]ization1 if ! "p c\ld n be remov$ by ! knife4 ,9 conv]sation ) ,pr(essor ,coop] ^u ?is subject1 he in=m$ me t 9 8 dome/ic m$ical practice he appli$ common *alk to ! w\nds occasion$ by ! /+s ( hym5opt]\s insects4 ,t 9 consequ5ce ( ?is mode ( treatm5t1 ! pa9 0 imm$iately allay$1 & ! consequ5t inflammation & intumesc5ce 7 prev5t$4 ,! exp]im5t :i* l$ to ?is result 0 induc$ by ! supposition t ! v5om\s liquid might be an acid1 :i* op9ion 01 9 "s degree1 ju/ifi$ by ! ev5t4#cd ,^u ! same neutraliz+ pr9ciple x mu/ be suppos$ t any alkali w\ld be b5eficial4 ,! le>n$ ,pr(essor suppos$1 t ! v5om ( ! poison\s reptilia may1 9 l mann]1 be an acid secretion1 & recomm5ds ?is to be asc]ta9$ by exp]im5ts ^u ! liquid itself4 ,if ?is inf]5ce proves correct1 ! same alkal9e rem$y may be employ$ to neutralize1 or s modifi$ z to /imulate1 9 case1 z is suppos$ by "s1 ! poison produces ^u ! sy/em a typhoid action4 ,an in/ance h[ev] is relat$ 9 ! ,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ( ,lond4 ( ! unsuccessful adm9i/ration ( ! vol4 alkali 9 case ( ! bite ( a ,rattle-snake2 & an intellig5t physician ( ,georgia in=m$ me1 t he _h appli$ ! same /imulant 9 va9 = ! cure ( ! bites ( poison\s snakes1 b t be+ once /ung by a ,scorpion1 he 0 in/antane\sly reliev$ by ! topical use ( ?is liquid4 ,he fur!r relat$ to me a cure p]=m$ "u 8 obs]vation1 by means ( ! s+ul> antidote1 :i* has (t5 be5 resort$ to 9 case ( snake bites1 t ( ! application ( a liv+ dome/ic f[l or o!r bird directly to ! w\nd2 ?ree f[ls 7 appli$ 9 ?is in/ance1 ( :i* two di$ 9 a few m9utes1 x 0 suppos$1 by ! poison extract$ f ! w\nd4 ,?is acc\nt1 f an obs]vant m$ical pr(essor1 7:o may nev]!less h be5 deceiv$7 acquires "s additional title to consid]ation by a simil> ev5t :i* lately occurr$ at ,s*ooley's ,m\nta91 ,new-,j]sey4 ,we are in=m$ f a respectable s\rce1 t a boy 0 !re bitt5 by a ,copp]-head1 7,scytale mockeson47#ce ,! "p 0 imm$iately pa9ful1 became swoll5 & inflam$1 & ! suff]] _h e appe>ance ( hav+ receiv$ a dang]\s w\nd4 ,a portion ( ! brea/ ( a f[l 0 d5udat$ ( fea!rs1 & appli$ to ! w\nd2 9 a few m9utes ! f[l di$1 )\t hav+ exp]i5c$ any app>5t viol5ce or injuri\s pressure1 f ! h& ( ! applicant1 ! brea/ exhibit+ a livid appe>ance4 ,ano!r liv+ f[l 0 !n laid op5 by ! knife1 & ! int]ior ( ! body plac$ ^u ! w\nd4 ,! w\nd 0 subsequ5tly sc>ifi$1 & v>i\sly adm9i/]$ to4 ,! boy h[ev] recov]$1 & 8 cure 0 g5]ally attribut$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 to ! application ( ! birds4 ,i am z f> z any "o f rely+ implicitly ^u ?is mode ( treatm5t1 & w\ld only resort to x :5 ! "p bitt5 c\ld n be extirpat$1 & :5 a caut]y 0 n at h&4 ,yet x mu/ be confess$1 t f ! num]\s atte/ations to its efficacy we %\ld be almo/ l$ to suppose a v /rong aff9ity to exi/ betwe5 ! v5om & ! animal ?us appli$4 ,t s num]\s a catalogue ( plants h ga9$ cr$it ) ! un9=m$ z specifics1 w n be surpris+1 :5 we "k t ! res]voir ( ! v5om is v readily exhau/$ & sl[ly repl5i%$4 ,:5 ?is res]voir is vacat$1 ! reptile is ( c\rse innoxi\s1 & ! mo/ in]t plant w\ld !n /& a good *ance ( ga9+ reputation ) ! cr$ul\s z a specific4 ,= a simil> reason we h s _m cures = ! bite ( a rabid animal2 & x may be = a simil> reason t ! body ( an animal has acquir$ repute z an antidote1 aga9/ ! v5om ( a s]p5t4 ,colub] trivittata ( ,mr4 ,r4 p4 #hj1 ( ?is "w4 ,judg+ f ! descriptive "n & ! locality1 is ! ,c4 sirtalis ( au?ors1 or possibly ! ,c4 saurita or ,c4 ord9atus4 ,^! s]p5ts h ea* ! ?ree vitt1 ?\gh 9 ! two =m] ?is trait is mu* m /rik+4 ,i "k ( no o!r s]p5t 9 our vic9ity to :i* ! "n c be *>act]i/ically appli$4 ,! ord9atus has be5 call$ bipunctatus & ibibe by ! ,fr5* s*ool4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 sirtalis & saurita8 !y mu/ be v closely alli$1 if n synonym\s4 ,colub] getulus1 ,l94 ,?is species atta9s to a m consid]able magnitude ?an au?ors h /at$4 ,i saw a specim5 on ,cumb]l& ,isl&1 ,georgia1 at lea/ five feet long4 ,! gr\nd col\r1 by ! direction ( light 9 :i* ,i view$ him1 0 deep glauc\s or livid1 he 0 mu* m robu/ ?an ,c4 ,con/rictor4#cf ,he p]mitt$ my ne> approa*1 )\t agitat+ 8 tail 9 ! m5ac+ mann] ( ! s]p5t j m5tion$1 & ( ! crotali1 or manife/+ any signs ( fe>4 ,9 my anxiety to secure him1 he elud$ my grasp1 & by a sudd5 & rapid ex]tion1 disappe>$1 ) all ! rapidity ( movem5t s rem>kable 9 ! con/rictor4 ,?is la/1 f 8 cel]ity1 is kn[n 9 _m di/ricts by ! "n ( ,rac]4 ,colub] het]odon4 ,?is vip]9e species1 ( :i* ,latreille has =m$ a g5us "u ! "n ( ,het]odon1 v>ies consid]ably 9 its m>k+s1 & l mo/ ( our s]p5ts1 is n con/ant 9 ! numb] ( its plates & scales1 7#abf1 #dh-ach1 #db-ada1 #db1 c47 p]haps too mu* reliance has be5 plac$ ^u col\r1 & ^u ! numb] ( ! plates & scales b5ea? ! body1 ( ! ,ophidi g5]ally4 ,9 ! =m ( ! ant]ior t]m9ation ( ! head1 ! het]odon is rem>kable1 & a good specific "* may be obta9$ f ! orbital scales1 :i* are elev5 or twelve 9 numb]2 ! p>abolic curve :i* passes ?r\gh ! eyes1 & t]m9ates at ! maxill>y angles1 is also g5]ally pres5t4 ,?is same s]p5t 0 figur$ 9 ,det]ville's ed4 ( ,buffon1 "u ! "n ( ,coleuvre cannelee4 ,! het]odon ab\nds 9 _m s&y situations1 & ne> ! sea-%ore4 ,sev]al p]sons pursu+ a pa?way1 pass$ )9 a few in*es ( "o ( !m )\t 8 betray+ any emotion1 b ! mom5t he p]ceiv$ me advanc+ ) my eye fix$ ^u him1 he ) a sudd5 ex]tion assum$ a def5sive attitude1 by elevat+ ! ant]ior portion ( 8 body1 flatt5+ 8 head1 & #c or #d in*es l5g? ( 8 neck2 ^! he wav$ ) a /eady & oblique motion f side to side1 utt]+ at ! same "t an audible sibilation1 he made no attempt to escape1 & seem$ absolutely fe>less until tak54 ,!y h ! habit ( ! vip]a1 b n ! fangs4 ,x seems to be synonym\s ) ,colub] simus4 ,?is species is (t5 call$ mockeson4 ,dr4 ,%aw's description ( ,boa contortrix seems to indicate ?is species4 ,0 he deceiv$ by an errone\s ref]5ce to ,catesby's figure ( ?is ,hog-nose8 or by ,=/]'s catalogue8 ,colub] punctatus4 ,a good diagno/ic "* ( ?is species1 9 addition to ! c]vical ce/us1 re/s 9 ! triple s]ies ( abdom9al dots2 b ^! are (t5 want+ or obsolete 9 ! "y specim51 9 :i* /ate x is probably ! torquatus ( ,%aw4 ,sometimes ! dots are want+ on ! neck & ne> ! cloaca2 & 9 "o ag$ individual1 ! int]m$iate l9e occurr$ d\ble1 & conflu5t on ! ?roat4 ,colub] fulvius1 ?is species is said by ,daud9 to be closely alli$ to 8 ,c4 cocc9eus1 not)/&+ ! diff]5ce 9 plates & scales4 ,b x is c]ta9ly v di/9ct by o!r *>act]s1 & /rik+ly s 9 its p]fectly annul> black & r$ b&s2 ! latt] are m>g9$ ) yell[i% & spott$ ) black4 ,a specim5 has #bbd plates & #cb scales1 total l5g? #ba in*es1 l5g? ( ! tail #a-i_/aj in*4 ,! cocc9eus has ! "u "p ( ! body :iti%1 immaculate4 ,! fulvius seems to belong to ! g5us vip]a2 x has ! fangs1 b n ! orifice beh9d ! no/ril1 :i* communicates ) ! res]voir ( v5om1 s conspicu\s 9 ! crotali1 c4 ,ophisaurus v5tralis4 ,! tail ( ?is snake n only breaks 9 pieces :5 /ruck ) a weapon1 b portions ( x are ?r[n (f at ! w ( ! s]p5t4 ,?is s+ul> fact ,i witness$ 9 ,georgia4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m :i* are call$ horn-snakes4 ,a tip ( ! tail ( "o ( !m 0 once br\ght to me z hav+ be5 tak5 f a rec5tly )]$ tree1 :i* ! be>] assur$ me 0 de/roy$ by ! ins]tion ( ?is =midable in/rum5t1 & x 0 n )\t consid]able difficulty he 0 conv9c$ ( ! innoc5ce ( ! tail1 & ( hav+ be5 ! dupe ( a knave4 ,!re seems to be a peculi> "* 9 ! mode ( imbrication ( ! scales ( ?is species1 ea* "o ( ^! at ! lat]al edges1 passes b5ea? ! lat]al scale on "o side1 & ov] ! edge ( ! opposite "o4 ,x has be5 describ$ "u five diff]5t g5]ic names1 & f\r diff]5t specific ones4 ,! ,crotali d n ga9 a s+le jo9t only to ! rattle annually1 z is g5]ally suppos$4 ,!y ga9 m ?an "o ea* ye>1 ! exact numb] be+ probably regulat$ 9 a great measure by ! quantity ( n\ri%m5t ! animal has receiv$4 ,rattle-snakes 9 ,peale's ,museum h be5 obs]v$ to produce #c or #d 9 a ye>1 & to lose z _m f ! extremity dur+ ! same "t4 ,h5ce x is obvi\s1 t ! gr[? ( ^! curi\s app5dages is irregul>1 & t ! age ( an individual _c be det]m9$ f _! numb]4 ,mr4 ,rub5s ,peale in=m$ me1 t a female ( ,crotalus horridus1 ,beauv4 durissus1 ,daud4 :i* liv$ 9 8 ,museum m ?an f\rte5 ye>s1 _h elev5 jo9ts to h] rattle :5 fir/ 9 8 possession2 t sev]al jo9ts 7 acquir$ & lo/ annually1 & t at h] dea?1 :i* occurr$ la/ ye>1 %e _h ! same numb] z :5 br\ght to ! ,museum2 %e _h1 h[ev]1 dur+ t "t receiv$ an accession ( f\r in*es to h] l5g?4 ,h] dea? 0 occasion$ by an abortion4 ,! ,c4 adamanteus1 ,beauvois4 ,rhombif]1 ,daud4 is by mu* ! l>ge/ ( our ,nor? ,am]ican s]p5ts1 & d\btless is ! species :i* ,catesby saw a specim5 (1 eight feet long4 ,crotalus mili>ius v>ies 9 "s *>act]s f ^? laid d[n by au?ors4 ,a specim5 )9 my view has five dorsal s]ies1 ( alt]nate1 irregul>ly orbicul> black spots1 ^? ( ! int]m$iate s]ies are obsolete1 & slightly connect$ across ! back1 ^? ( ! v]tebral s]ies h n r$ c5tres1 & are edg$ ) a :ite l9e2 ! v5tral spots are dispos$ adv5titi\sly1 s z n to be trac$ into longitud9al s]ies2 !y are l>ge1 black1 irregul>ly orbicul>1 & occupy ab\t "o half ( ! surface1 :i* is :ite4 ,v5tral plates #adj2 subcaudal1 #cc1 ( :i* ! six t]m9al ones are bifid4 ,jo9ts ( ! rattle ) b "o transv]se contraction on ! middle ( ea*1 besides ! t]m9al contraction4 ,total l5g? #a foot #d in*es1 tail two in*es4 ,x appe>s to be m v9dictive ?an ! two species be=e m5tion$4 ,! individual "h notic$ we enc\nt]$ 9 ,ea/ ,florida2 he /ruck at ,mr4 ,w4 ,maclure & myself successively z we pass$ by him1 )\t any previ\s intimation ( 8 pres5ce1 ow+ to ! inaudible smallness ( 8 rattle1 & its hav+ b ?ree jo9ts2 he 0 kill$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,peale1 7:om we prec$$7 :ile prep>+ = ano!r assault4 ,?is incid5t is not$ z a contra/ to ! anecdote ( ! ,colub] het]odon4 ,salam&ra allegani5sis1 ,daud4 appe>s to be synonym\s ) ,s4 gigantea ( ,dr4 ,b>ton4 ,x 0 fir/ describ$ by ,mr4 ,latreille 9 ,det]v4 ,ed4 ( ,buffon1 tom4 #aa4 ,! "n allegani5sis1 al?\gh defective1 z x indicates no "*1 has h[ev] ! unali5able "r ( priority4 ,salam&ra subviolacea1 ,b>ton4 ,?is "n has be5 reject$ by ,mr4 ,daud91 & sub/itut$ by t ( v55osa1 ,i d n "k = :at reason1 z none is assign$4 ,salam&ra punctata1 ,gmel4 ,?is appellation 0 orig9ally giv5 & re/rict$ to ! /elio ( ,catesby4 tab4 #aj4 7repres5t$ 9 ! bill ( ,ardea ,h]odias7 & 0 adopt$ by _m subsequ5t au?ors1 b 0 f9ally reject$ by ,daud91 :o consid]$ ! species ! same z ,b>ton's subviolacea4 ,he concurr$ ) ,mr4 ,latreille 9 appropriat+ ! "n ?us reject$ to v>4 ( ,lac]ta1 aquatica ( ,gmel4 ,not)/&+ ?is high au?ority ,i _c b co9cide ) ,pr(essor ,b>ton 9 ?is in/ance1 9 believ+ x altoge!r di/9ct4 ,! s+le "* ( ! subocellate spots1 ?\gh n rem>k$ by ?is au?or1 is a suffici5tly discrim9ative "o2 ^! ocell are always pres5t1 & 9 no "o ( ! v>ieties ,i h se5 has ! approximation to ! subviolacea be5 s consid]able z to r5d] a specific discrepance equivocal4 ,catesby's v>iety ) ! ocell on ! tail seems to be ! lea/ common2 9 g5]al ^! spots1 or epupillate ocell1 are exclusively conf9$ to a l9e on ea* side ( ! back1 ab\t six 9 ea*1 ext5d+ f ! base ( ! head to ! orig9 ( ! tail1 ?\gh !re are sometimes scatt]$ small] ones on ea* side ( ! body1 & ^u ! v]tex ( ! head1 !y are ( a beautiful r$di% col\r1 enclos$ by a def9ite black areola2 ! upp] "p ( ! body is br[ni%1 ) num]\s1 di/ant black po9ts1 & a slight v]tebral1 obtuse c>9a1 ! inf]ior surface ( ! body ( a f9e yell[ or orange1 ) di/ant black po9ts1 ! tail#cg is compress$1 ancipital1 att5uat$ to an obtuse tip1 long] ?an ! body1 & punctur$ ) black 9 l mann]4 ,! y\ng] specim5s v>y consid]ably1 9 be+1 on _m p>ts ( ! body1 de/itute ( black punctures1 & 9 hav+ ! dorsal & v5tral col\r1 ( ! same pale orange4 ,x is decid$ly aquatic4 ,sev]al specim5s are pres]v$ 9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 & f ^! x is evid5t t ! r$di% col\r ( ! subocellate spots is de/roy$ by ! action ( ! antiseptic liquid2 to ?is circum/ance x is probably ow+ t ^! spots h be5 hi!rto describ$ z :ite4 ,aft] /at+ ^! diff]5tial traits1 x may be prop] to obs]ve1 t ! ,s4 maculata ( ,%aw is synonym\s ) ! above4 ,b ,i ?9k x mo/ prop] to re/ore ,gmel9's "n punctata1 :i* w af=d an opportunity to d ju/ice to ! memory ( ,laur5ti1 by reviv+ ! orig9al "n by :i* he di/+ui%$ ! ,v>4 4 ( ,lac]ta1 aquatica1 ,gmel41 t ( p>is9us4 ,bufo cornuta4 ,?is animal1 :i* has be5 /igmatiz$ z ! mo/ prodigi\sly de=m$ creature kn[n to exi/66 is g5]ally suppos$ to inhabit ,nor? ,am]ica z well z ,sur9am4 ,i d n ?9k x has ev] be5 f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,%aw1 9 ,nodd]'s ,nat4 ,misc4 says x is pr9cipally f\nd 9 ,virg9ia1 b 9 8 ,g5]al ,zoology1 ,i ?9k he says t ,seba 0 9 error :5 he repres5t$ its native c\ntry to be ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,two o!r species ( ,bufo h be5 correctly /at$ to inhabit ?is c\ntry1 viz4 ,b4 musicus1 & ,crapaud r\getre1 ,daud4 7,b4 rubidus7 fir/ notic$ z di/9ct by ,mr4 ,william ,b>tram4 ,i discov]$ a ?ird species on ! banks ( ,/4 ,john's riv]1 ,ea/ ,florida1 :i*1 z ,i am n at pres5t prep>$ to describe1 ,i %all n surreptiti\sly "n4 ,x is1 ,i conceive1 an incumb5t duty on ! describ] ( a natural object1 to deposit 8 specim51 or a duplicate1 :5 practicable1 9 "s cab9et or museum1 to :i* he %\ld ref]1 9 ord] t subsequ5t writ]s may be satisfi$ ) ! accuracy ( 8 obs]vations1 by exam9+ = !mselves4 ,by su* ref]5ce1 & by ! re-exam9ation ( ! same objects by o!rs1 ! ple?oric r$undance ( synonyma1 t prolific s\rce ( accumulat+ error1 w be bani%$ or elucidat$1 & naturali/s w mo/ readily arrive at ! k ( tru?1 :i* is1 or ought to be1 ! gr& lead+ object ( _! lab\rs4 ,,physics ,,& ,,*emi/ry4 ,,art4 ,,xi4 ,outl9e ( a ,!ory ( ,meteors4 ,by ,,wm4 ,g4 ,,reynolds1 ,m4,d4 ,middlet[n ,po9t1 ,new-,j]sey4 ,%\ld ! progress ( sci5ce1 = a c5tury to come1 keep pace ) its rapid advancem5t = ! la/ fifty ye>s1 _m appe>ances 9 ! physical _w1 n[ envelop$ 9 obscurity1 w !n admit ( z easy solution z ! combu/ion ( inflammable sub/ances1 or any famili> process 9 *emi/ry does at ?is day4 ,among ! _m subjects f :i* ! veil ( my/]y w\ld ?us be rais$1 we may include ^? lum9\s appe>ances1 9 ! a]ial regions1 call$ meteors1 :i* ,i am ab\t to consid] 9 ! foll[+ essay2 & :i* seem to con/itute a di/9ct class ( bodies ( consid]able v>iety4 ,meteors 7 reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z ! sure progno/ics ( great & awful ev5ts 9 ! moral & physical _w2 & 7 divid$ by !m into sev]al species1 receiv+ names *>act]i/ic ( ! v>i\s =ms & appe>ances !y assum$2 b ( _! op9ions1 z to ! physical cause ( ^! ph5om5a1 ! anci5ts h left u no?+ solid or in/ructive4 ,! mod]ns1 m enlight5$1 h ceas$ to reg>d ^! bodies ) ! sup]/iti\s awe ( =m] ages2 b 9 respect to ! cause !re(1 are p]haps b little 9 advance ( _! pr$ecessors1 hav+1 ,i believe1 produc$ no?+ yet t w be> ! te/ ( philosophical inve/igation4 ,doctor ,blagd5 7,philosophical ,transactions1 #aghd17 consid]s electricity z ! g5]al cause ( ^! ph5om5a2 ,doctor ,gregory1 & o!rs1 ?9k !y dep5d ^u collections ( highly inflammable matt]1 z phosphorus1 phosphorat$ hydrog51 c4 be+ volatiliz$ & congregat$ 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air4 ,doctor ,halley ascribes !m to a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms1 :i* ! e>? meets 9 h] annual track ?r\gh ! ecliptic2 & ,sir ,john ,pr+le seems to reg>d !m z bodies ( a cele/ial "*1 revolv+ r\nd c5tres1 & int5d$ by ! ,creator = wise & b5efic5t purposes1 p]haps to our atmosph]e1 to free x ( noxi\s qualities1 or supply su* z are salut>y4 ,_m o!r !ories1 z +5i\s z fanciful1 might be enum]at$2 b )\t comm5t+ on _! comp>ative m]it1 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge t none ( !m h yet impress$ my m9d ) a conviction ( _! tru?4 ,a s]ies ( obs]vations1 h[ev]1 h enabl$ ! mod]ns to asc]ta91 ) app>5t accuracy1 sev]al p>ticul>s relative to ^! /up5d\s bodies1 :i* add mu* to our k ( _! g5]al "*3--_! velocity1 equal to #cj1 & ev5 #dj miles 9 a second ( "t2 _! altitude1 f #bj to #ajj miles2 & _! diamet]1 9 "s in/ances1 m ?an a mile1 are facts we d]ive f respectable au?ority1 & may aid u1 ess5tially1 9 =m+ j conceptions ( _! nature & prop]ties4 ,i believe meteoric /ones to result f all meteoric explosions2 limit+1 h[ev]1 ! t]m meteor to ^? ph5om5a1 9 ! high] regions ( ! air1 d5om9at$ fire-balls1 %oot+-/>s1 c4 ,t ^! bodies move 9 a resi/+ m$ium1 mu/ be evid5t to e att5tive obs]v]2 & t ?is m$ium is our atmosph]e1 is pretty c]ta91 #a/4 ,because we "k ( no o!r resi/+ m$ium r\nd ! e>?2 #b;dly4 ,because ! same k9d ( resi/ance is app>5t at e int]m$iate altitude1 f _! greate/ to _! lea/1 :i* la/ we "k to be f> )9 our atmosph]ic b\nds2 &1 #c;dly4 ,calculation has1 9 no in/ance1 assign$ !m an elevation beyond ! probable height ( ! atmosph]e4 ,t meteors proce$ f ! e>?1 t !y arise f c]ta9 comb9ations ( its elem5ts ) heat1 & t meteoric /ones are ! necess>y result ( ! decompositions ( ^! comb9ations1 are op9ions ,i w endeav\r to support1 by ! foll[+ consid]ations4 #a/4 ,! prop]ties & habitudes ( matt]1 "u c]ta9 conditions & comb9ations4 #b;dly4 ,! situation ( ! e>?'s surface 9 respect to ! sun1 ! influ5ce ( 8 rays !reon1 & ! nature ( ! elem5ts or comp\nds on :i* ^! rays act3 ,& #c;dly4 ,! id5tity t exi/s betwe5 ! compon5t p>ts ( meteoric /ones1 & ! elem5ts t ent] abundantly into ! composition ( our globe2 &1 by sev]al o!r facts & argum5ts4 ,"u my fir/ g5]al specification1 ,i w select su* pr9ciples f ! e/abli%$ doctr9es ( philosophy1 z h an imm$iate be>+ on ! subject2 )\t engag+ 9 any ( ^? subtle speculations 9 :i* c]ta9 recondite prop]ties ( matt]1 or ! id5tities ( quality & body are affirm$ or d5i$4 ,?us1 #a/4 ,heat is ! univ]sal cause ( fluidity & volatility 9 bodies2 h5ce no solid c assume ! /ate ( gas1 until x absorbs1 or unites )1 a c]ta9 portion ( caloric2 & ! subtilty & volatility ( comp\nds ?us =m$1 w be 9 a due ratio to ! quantity ( caloric !y employ4 #b;dly4 ,! heat employ$ to ma9ta9 a body 9 ! gase\s /ate1 is said to be lat5t or fix$1 & may be reg>d$ z an ocean or atmosph]e ( fire1 hold+ ! ultimate p>ticles ( ! body 9 a /ate ( extreme division1 & wide sep>ation1 f :i* !y c be driv5 only by "s *ange 9 ! aff9ities or condition ( ! comp\nd4 #c;dly4 ,if ! lat5t heat 9 a gase\s comp\nd be sudd5ly ab/ract$1 z 9 explosion1 its escape is att5d$ ) ! emission ( light & s5sible heat1 :5 ! volatiliz$ p>ticles held 9 solution be+ no long] able to ma9ta9 ! /ate ( gas1 suff] approximation 9 a due proportion to ! quantity ( caloric !y h lo/4 #d?ly4 ,caloric1 9 r$uc+ solids to ! /ate ( gas1 less5s1 b _c 9 any case1 z f> z we "k1 totally de/roy _! gravitat+ =ce2 ! dim9ution ( ?is =ce1 h[ev]1 be+ 9 a direct proportion to ! quantity ( heat employ$4--,h5ce ! foll[+ inf]5ces may be fairly drawn1 z !y seem to be 9 unison ) ! relative dep5d5ce & h>mony exi/+ betwe5 ! mat]ial elem5ts ( ?is globe1 &1 ,i believe1 are contradict$ by no direct exp]im5ts2 viz4 t ! expansion ( volume1 specific levity1 & subtilty ( artificial gases1 are 9 a direct proportion to ! absolute quantity ( caloric !y employ2 & ! caloric is 9 ! same proportion to ! insolubility ( ! sub/ance ) :i* x unites4 #e?ly4 ,:5 ! specific gravity ( bodies on ! surface ( ! e>?1 is r$uc$ bel[ t ( ! sup]9cumb5t atmosph]e1 !y asc5d to m$ia ( _! own d5sity1 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( ,a]o/atics2 ?us we raise balloons by fill+ !m ) light air1 & ! c>bon ( pit coal & common wood expos$ to combu/ion1 & wat] to ! sun's rays1 w rise until !y rea* a m$ium ( l specific gravity ) !mselves4 #f?ly4 ,me*anical agitation & division assi/ ! solution ( solids1 by br++ fre% portions ( ! m5/ruum into successive contact ) _! fragm5ts1 & ?us expos+ a l>g] surface4 ,"u ! second head ,i proce$ to notice ! situation ( ! e>?'s surface 9 respect to ! sun1 c4 ,! atmosph]e is a ?91 ela/ic1 gravitat+ fluid1 t completely envelopes ! e>?1 to :i* x may be consid]$ a k9d ( app5dage or ext]nal cov]+2 its base re/+ on ! e>?'s surface1 is ( an uni=m d5sity1 gr[+ r>e z x rec$es !refrom1 9 a due ratio to ! dim9ution ( its gravitat+ =ce1 until x is lo/ 9 empty space4 ,! atmosph]e is e/imat$ on c]ta9 data to be ab\t #dd or #de miles high1 b we h good reasons to believe x fills a mu* wid] circle1 ?\gh too ?9 to reflect ! rays ( light above its reput$ height4 ,! e>? pres5ts "o :ole hemisph]e to ! sun 9 un]r+ daily succession2 & ^? p>ts ( x :i* h ! lea/ protection aga9/ 8 rays1 w1 ct]is p>ibus1 suff] ! greate/ int5sity ( _! action4 ,)9 ! tropics1 ! atmosph]e opposes less resi/ance to ! sun's rays ?an 9 ! temp]ate zones2 & 9 bo? l>ge tracts ( cultivat$ l&1 ! summits & sides ( great ranges ( m\nta9s1 m>g9 ( oceans1 riv]s1 c4 pres5t an almo/ nak$ surface to _! influ5ce4#ch ,! ext]ior /rata ( ! e>?1 & especially ! m expos$ p>ts !re(1 envelope 9 _! comp\nds1 elem5ts ( an id5tity ( "* ) ^? compos+ meteoric /ones4 ,! atmosph]e is ! great recipi5t ( all volatiliz$ bodies2 x possesses b feebly ! p[]s ( a solv5t1 unaid$ by heat or moi/ure1 b :5 ^! are adjuvants1 no body 9 nature c totally resi/ _! action = a long "t4 ,n[ if ! above pr9ciples are admitt$1 we h 9 _! application a reasonable solution ( mo/ meteoric ph5om5a4 ,?us1 ! rays ( ! sun d>t+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e rea* ! surface ( ! e>?1 :]e1 by accumulation1 !y produce s5sible heat1 :i* ?\gh n int5se1 is /eady & uni=m1 = _m h\rs e day2 m9ute portions ( ! e>?y & metallic comp\nds expos$ to ! sun's influ5ce1 w be volatiliz$ by ! absorption ( heat1 & !reby assum+ ! /ate ( ela/ic fluids1 w asc5d until !y arrive at m$ia ( _! own d5sity4 ,! atmosph]e 9 contact1 w h "s ( its p>ticles bl5d$ 9 ^! comp\nds1 w asc5d ) !m1 & to supply ! vacuum1 new portions ( air w ru% 9 & asc5d1 & ! process w cont9ue until ! sun's rays are )drawn1 or int]rupt$ by "s ( ! common occurr5ces ( nature4 ,! utmo/ height to :i* ^! ela/ic fluids asc5d1 may be e/imat$ at some?+ m ?an "o hundr$ miles2 & !y float at e int]m$iate di/ance betwe5 _! greate/ elevation & ! cl\ds1 b r>ely bel[ ! latt]1 except _! c\rse is direct$ t[>ds ! e>? 9 _! explosions4 ,!y probably asc5d at fir/ 9 small daily deta*$ portions ( gase\s cl\ds1 & are diffus$ ov] wide regions2 b hav+ no s5sible resi/ance oppos$ to _! mutual attraction1 !y w by ! laws ( _! aff9ities congregate into imm5se volumes ( highly conc5trat$ ela/ic fluids1 :i* on explod+ w exhibit all ! ph5om5a ( bur/+ meteors 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 viz4 ! lat5t heat on escap+ w manife/ itself 9 ! =m ( fire & light1 ! =ce ) :i* x /rikes ! atmosph]e1 or ! reb\nd ( ! latt] to fill ! vacuum1 or bo?1 w occasion s\nd m or less detonat+ or hiss+1 z ! escape is m sudd51 or ! atmosph]e m d5se2 ! e>?y & metallic p>ticles on ! escape ( caloric1 w obey ! laws ( cohesive attraction1 cla% toge!r1 recov] _! gravity1 & desc5d to ! e>? 9 masses1 or %att]$ fragm5ts4 ,meteoric /ones frequ5tly be> ! m>ks ( viol5ce1 :i* is d\btless ow+ to ! conflict su/a9$ at ! mom5t ( explosion2 _! diff]5ce 9 size dep5ds on ! diff]5ce ( magnitude 9 ! displod+ volumes2 some?+ l regul> arrangem5t is frequ5tly p]ceiv$ 9 ! /ructure ( ^! /ones1 because 9 all productions ( solid f fluid matt]1 ! consolidat+ p>ticles possess a t5d5cy to arrange !mselves 9 ! ord] ( _! aff9ities4 ,x is ?us ! v>i\s arrangem5ts 9 sal9e cry/allization1 ! freez+ ( wat]1 & cool+ ( melt$ metals1 may be acc\nt$ =4 ,!re is a real1 z well z an app>5t diff]5ce 9 ! velocity ( meteoric bodies2 ! fir/ aris+ f _! diff]5ce ( magnitude & ! viol5ce ( ! explosion1 z well z f ! resi/ance !y meet2 ! latt]1 f ! diff]5t di/ances at :i* !y are se54 ,! gradation ( col\r1 f a bright silv]y hue to a dusky r$1 is ow+1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 to ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e refract+ diff]5t col\r$ rays1 & also to ! mat]ials 9 ! comp\nd1 simil> to ! diff]5t hues 9 artificial fireworks4 ,r$di% & :ite nebicula are sometimes left 9 ! tracks ( meteors1 :i* are no?+ b ignit$ vap\rs1 or ! p>ticles bru%$ (f ! burn+ body by ! resi/+ atmosph]e4 ,! velocity or motion & direction ( meteors1 dep5d ^u pr9ciples well kn[n & daily practis$ by eng9e]s1 & ! con/ructors ( fireworks4 ,! imm$iate cause ( ^! explosions is a little obscure1 & m]its a full] detail ?an is compatible ) my pres5t limits2 _! analogy to ! electric ph5om5a 9 ! cl\ds1 leaves room to suppose !y are effect$ by c]ta9 modifications ( electricity4 ,cl\ds ( opposite electricities w approa* ea* o!r & explode1 by ! positive imp>t+ z mu* electrical fire to ! negative cl\d z w make !m equal1 :5 j z mu* wat] z ! imp>t$ fire held 9 solution1 w be set at lib]ty & desc5d to ! e>?4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is solution be deem$ inapplicable1 p]haps ! foll[+ may be admitt$4 ,?us1 :5 heat is urg$ ^u incombu/ible#ci bodies ) a =ce t ov]comes ! cohesive prop]ty by :i* _! p>ticles are ti$ toge!r1 x unites ) !m 9 l>ge quantities1 & becomes lat5t1 by :i* union !y are r$uc$ to ! /ate ( ela/ic fluids2 & z x is a univ]sal prop]ty ( heat to c\nt]act ! gravitat+ =ce ( bodies1 ^! comp\nds mu/ necess>ily become volant1 & asc5d z above /at$4 ,x is only !rmometrical or s5sible heat1 t de/roys ! attraction ( cohesion exi/+ betwe5 ! p>ticles ( bodies1 ! repulsive p[] ( lat5t heat be+ b>ely able to c\nt]act ?is prop]ty1 :5 ! elem5ts "u its dom9ion are remov$ beyond a c]ta9 di/ance f ea* o!r2 n[ ! v r$uc$ temp]ature 9 ! high regions to :i* ^! gase\s cl\ds w asc5d1 may admit _! e>?y & metallic p>ticles )9 ! sph]e ( cohesive or aggregative attraction1 :5 ! caloric w be expell$ l wat] f a sponge1 accompani$ by all ! ph5om5a above /at$4 ,! ?ird g5]al head ( my subject leads me to inquire into ! con/itu5t pr9ciples ( meteoric /ones3 sundry pap]s on ! analysis ( ^! productions1 h be5 furni%$ u by *emi/s ( ackn[l$g$ reputation & ability1 & 9 none ( ^! t ,i h se51 0 !re any elem5t describ$ t _h n be5 previ\sly kn[n4 ,b %\ld x h]eaft] be f\nd t air /ones conta9 matt]s n f\nd on our globe1 ! fact w af=d no absolute pro( ( ! =eign orig9 ( ^! /ones1 z we are successively discov]+ e>?y & metallic pr9ciples ( di/9ct *>act]s f ^? already kn[n4 ,a portion ( "o ( ^! /ones t fell 9 ! t[n ( ,we/on1 7,connecticut7 exam9$ by ! late ,dr4 ,woodh\se1 gave ! foll[+ results 9 a hundr$ p>ts1 viz4 ,silex #ej ,iron #bg ,sulphur #g ,magnesia #aj ,nickel #a inf]r$ f *emical te/s4 ,loss #e ---- #ajj ,! sulphur 0 se5 by ! nak$ eye di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! silex 9 r\nd globules ! size ( a p9's head1 aft] dissolv+ ! p[d]$ /one 9 dilut$ nitric acid4 ,all specim5s ( ^! /ones d n af=d precisely simil> results1 b diff] 9 _! con/itu5t elem5ts & relative proportions2 _! compon5t p>ts1 h[ev]1 are to be f\nd abundantly 9 s*i/1 s*orl1 pyrites1 pebble1 granite1 c4 on :i* ! sun mu/ daily act4 ,! foll[+ facts g to /r5g!n ! above !ory1 viz4 ,meteors are mo/ frequ5t & /up5d\s 9 tropical c\ntries1 :]e ! heat ( ! sun is mo/ int5se2 & less frequ5t 9 our climate 9 ! w9t] & spr+1 :ile1 & aft] ! e>? has be5 cov]$ ) sn[ = _m weeks 9 succession2 & !y are mo/ frequ5t 9 ! high] latitudes t[>ds autumn1 aft] a cont9uation ( hot dry wea!r3 out ( ! :ole numb] 7#agi7 ( %oot+ />s ,i h not$ dur+ ! la/ twelve ye>s1 #adi appe>$ betwe5 ,june & ,decemb]1 inclusive4 ,if x be said t ! specific gravity ( meteoric /ones be+ sev]al times t ( wat]1 x is absurd to suppose !y c rise1 7if ev5 r$uc$ to ! /ate ( gas7 to ! elevat$ /ations "h assign$ !m1 see+ ! vap\rs ( wat] c asc5d only "o or two miles above ! e>?4 ,to ?is ,i reply1 t ! doctr9e ( heat is n yet s ?or\ghly und]/ood1 z to acqua9t u ) all its habitudes ) natural bodies1 b we inf] f analogy1 t ! m refractory a body is 9 ! fire1 ! great] 9 a due ratio is ! absolute quantity ( heat requir$ to r$uce x to1 & reta9 x 91 ! /ate ( gas1 & ! great]1 9 a correspond+ degree1 w be ! dilatation ( its p>ticles & decrease ( its specific gravity4 ,h5ce1 if wat] r$uc$ to vap\r by heat1 be capable ( assum+ an altitude ( two miles1 x foll[s t m refractory sub/ances r$uc$ to a simil> /ate1 w suff] expansion & fugacity 9 a due proportion to ! quantity ( caloric !y employ1 & w assume a correspond+ elevation1 z already inf]r$ "u my fir/ head4 ,ano!r objection may be1 t ?\gh high degrees ( heat affect c]ta9 solids z above /at$1 yet ^! _c be s5sibly act$ on by su* feeble ag5ts z atmosph]ic air & ! rays ( ! sun4 ,i answ]1 if x be admitt$ t s5sible heat acts on solids 9 an increas+ ratio to its int5sity1 x foll[s t l[] degrees1 ?\gh act+ 9 an inv]se ratio to high]1 mu/ affect ! same bodies 9 a conceivable degree at any temp]ature above _! natural z]o3#dj & ?\gh ! heat ( ! sun beat+ on a plane surface = sev]al h\rs is feeble1 comp>$ ) t produc$ by a burn+ l5s1 or air furnace1 yet if x be suffici5t to deta* f "o squ>e foot ( ! e>?'s surface ! #ajdjbc "p ( a gra9 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! quantity tak5 f #ajj squ>e miles1 9 ! same "t & proportion1 w\ld am\nt to t5 p\nds1 :i* is abundantly suffici5t = all meteoric ph5om5a2 & ! loss to ea* squ>e foot1 suppos+ ! process to be un9t]rupt$1 w\ld be no m ?an "o gra9 9 #bhd ye>s4 ,:5 we adv]t to ! int5se heat produc$ by conc5trat+ a few ( ! sun's rays 9 a burn+ l5s1 ! :ole quantity daily s5t to ! e>? mu/ /rike u =cibly4 ,if collect$ 9 a l5s ( suffici5t magnitude1 !y might volatilize a space equal to ! /ate ( ,new-,york 9 a mom5t ( "t6 ,z all bodies possess a limit$ capacity = heat1 does x n foll[ t !re mu/ be "s outlet to its p]petual accession to our globe1 or ! e>? w\ld soon become s highly ignit$ z to gl[ ) ! fulg\r ( a meteor8 ,& may n ?is outlet be f\nd 9 ! above describ$ comp\nds8 :i* s]ve z conductors ( ! surplus ( heat f ! e>? to ! high] regions ( ! air1 :]e on be+ fre$ by displosion1 f ! gross] matt]s incumb]+ x1 x f9ds a rapid passage to its great ar*etype & p>5t1 ! ,,sun4 ,?us 8 daily wa/e may be re/or$1 & an equilibrium1 by ! return ( 8 own emanat$ p>ticles1 pres]v$1 betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?1 & probably all ! planets ( our sy/em4 ,! la/ consid]ation ,i %all (f] 9 fav\r ( ! dome/ic or e>?ly orig9 ( meteoric ph5om5a1 is ! difficulties t pres5t to our grant+ !m a =eign "o4 ,?\gh ,i am well aw>e ( ! respectability ( ! names :i* ! !ory ( moon/ones c summon to its support1 yet ,i h always reg>d$ x z unf\nd$ & unphilosophical = ! foll[+ reasons1 viz4 #a/4 ,:e!r ! moon has an atmosph]e or n1 we w all admit t %e has attraction1 :i* mu/ ext5d to _m ?\s&s ( miles f h] surface4 ,no projectile =ce t we are acqua9t$ ) c ?r[ a heavy body #ajj miles1 ev5 ?\gh no atmosph]ic1 or o!r resi/ance ?an its own gravity1 7 pres5t2 h5ce ! idea ( t =ce ext5d+ to ?\s&s ( miles f ! moon's surface1 is gratuit\s & nugatory4 #b;dly4 ,! products ( volcanoes be> no simil>ity ( orig91 or k9dr$ resemblance to meteoric /ones2 ^? are lavas ( diff]5t k9ds1 pumice/one1 scoria1 a%es1 c4 ^! solid masses ( matt]1 ) "s degree ( regul>ity 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! con/itu5t p>ticles4 #c;dly4 ,! desc5t ( ^! /ones has no co9cid5ce 9 po9t ( "t ) ! position ( ! moon4 ,%e is z (t5 9 _! nadir z _! z5i?4 ,we also witness 9 all cases1 explosion & light 9 our own atmosph]e1 at ! "t ( ! desc5t ( ^! /ones4 ,?is c\ld n be ! case if !y proce$$ f ! moon1 = obvi\s reasons4 #d?ly4 ,! heat adequate to su* projectile =ce z w\ld c>ry a body f ! moon's surface beyond ! sph]e ( h] attraction1 w\ld volatilize ! matt] ( meteoric /ones 9 a mom5t2 h5ce !y w\ld n be project$ f ! ,lun>ian crat] 9 solid masses1 b 9 ela/ic vap\r4 ,9 conclusion1 al?\gh ! !ory :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to elucidate & e/abli%1 be subject to "s difficulties & objections :i* sci5ce may h]eaft] remove1 x appe>s to me p]fectly consonant ) ! relative dep5d5ce & h>mony ( our sy/em1 & by no means at v>iance ) ! inf9ite wisdom & p[] by :i* x 0 orig9at$4 ,,art4 ,,xii4 ,obs]vations ^u ! prevail+ ,curr5ts ( ,air 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ohio & ! ,regions ( ! ,we/1 by ,,caleb ,,atwat]1 ,esq4 ( ,circleville1 ,ohio2 9 ,lett]s address$ to ,8 ,excell5cy ,de ,witt ,cl9ton1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate ( ,new-,york1 & ,presid5t ( ! ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society4 7,communicat$ = ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 c47 ,circleville1 ,ohio1 ,july #bc1 #ahah4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,) pleasure1 ,i ackn[l$ge ! receipt ( ! circul> lett] be>+ date ! #e? in/ant1 :i* y address$ to me1 = :i* y w be pleas$ to accept my w>me/ ackn[l$gm5ts = y\rself p]sonally1 & ! ,philosophical ,society ( :i* y are ! presid5t4 ,to answ] all ! que/ions :i* are put to me 9 t lett]1 is n at pres5t )9 my limit$ means1 ei!r z x respects ! leisure or ! ability4 ,i %all !re=e1 at ?is "t1 conf9e myself to obs]vations ^u ! prevail+ curr5ts ( air 9 ! /ate ( ,ohio4#da ,^! obs]vations w be :olly f\nd$ on p]sonal exp]i5ce1 dur+ ! f\r ye>s 9 :i* ,i h trav]s$ ?is /ate1 f ,lake ,erie to ! ,ohio riv]1 :il/ att5d+ on ! sev]al c\rts1 9 all seasons & 9 all ! *anges ( wea!r4 ,! prevail+ curr5ts ( air1 "o ( :i* g5]ally obta9s 9 ,ohio1 are ?ree4 ,! fir/ comes f ! ,mexican ,gulf1 asc5d+ ! ,mississippi & its l>g] tribut>y bran*es q to _! v s\rces4 ,! second proce$s f ! back ( m\nta9s to ! we/1 desc5ds ! ,miss\ri to its m\?1 & !n spreads ov] a va/ ext5t ( c\ntry4 ,! ?ird comes d[n ! great nor!rn & nor?we/]n lakes to ! s\? end ( ,lake ,mi*igan & ! s\!rn %ore ( ,lake ,erie1 :]e x spreads ov] ! region ( c\ntry ly+ to ! s\? ( !m4 ,t curr5t ( air :i* comes f ! ,mexican ,gulf1 is w>m]1 & p]haps m moi/1 ?an any o!r :i* prevails "h4 ,aft] a few days preval5ce1 x uni=mly br+s ra9 along ) x4 ,t ?is curr5t ( air %\ld be v w>m may be readily conceiv$1 :5 we reflect t x comes f a hot tropical region2 & t x %\ld be v moi/1 excites no surprise1 :5 x is consid]$1 t 9 its passage upw>ds x passes :olly ov] wat]1 & ?r\gh ! w>m mi/s & fogs con/antly asc5d+ f ! ,mississippi & its tribut>ies4 ,?is curr5t prevails mu* m along ! ,ohio riv] ?an x does at any consid]able di/ance f x4 ,"o consequ5ce is1 t ! climate 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! ,ohio riv] is w>m]1 ?an x is ei!r nor? or s\? ( x1 unless y g to ! s\?w>d a consid]able di/ance4 ,o!r causes may1 & probably d1 9 a great] or less degree1 contribute to produce ?is result1 & ,i w "h /ate !m3 ,fir/1 ,! ,ohio runs on a surface less elevat$ above ! sea ?an ! c\ntry1 ei!r nor? or s\? ( x1 b ?is diff]5ce is trifl+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! s&/one =mation4 ,?is =mation prevails f ! head ( ! ,ohio to ,ab]de51 :i* is opposite to ,m>ysville 9 ,k5tucky1 at lea/ two-?irds ( ! di/ance :i* t riv] wa%es ! s\!rn %ore ( ?is /ate4 ,! reason is obvi\s1 because !re are no falls 9 a s&/one =mation4 ,ano!r cause :i* contributes to produce a w>m] climate1 especially 9 ! w9t] season1 9 ! valley ( ! ,ohio1 is1 t sev]al consid]able /reams :i* empty !mselves into ! ,ohio1 h _! s\rces on ! highl&s1 a great di/ance to ! s\? ( x2 = in/ance1 ! ,great & ,little ,s&y1 & ! ,great & ,little ,k5hawa1 :i* desc5d+ f a w>m region ( c\ntry1 _! wat]s contribute to keep ! ,ohio op5 9 w9t]4 ,b ^! causes are by no means suffici5t to produce ! "o half ( ! comp>ative w>m? ( climate obs]vable 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ?is invaluable riv]4 ,to prove t ! climate is mu* mild] 9 ! s\!rn ?an 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ?is /ate1 ,i w proce$ to m5tion sev]al facts1 :i* h fall5 "u my own obs]vation4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( la/ ,febru>y ,i 0 at ! t[n ( ,delaw>e1 on ! ,:et/one ,bran* ( ! ,scioto riv]1 betwe5 eighty & n9ety miles s\? ( ,lake ,erie1 & tw5ty-five miles nor? ( ,columbus1 ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 :i* is ne> ! c5tre ( ! /ate1 :]e ,i saw a numb] ( g5tlem5 direct f ,detroit1 by ! way ( ,l[] ,s&usky1 :o in=m$ me t ! sn[ at t "t 0 eighte5 in*es 9 dep? & upw>ds all along ! lake %ore1 b gradually decreas$ z !y came s\? until !y arriv$ at ,delaw>e4 ,at t place x 0 !n ab\t twelve in*es deep 9 ! op5 fields1 & some:at deep] 9 ! woods4 ,i desc5d$ ! road along ! ,:et/one to ,columbus1 ! sn[ decreas+ 9 dep? all ! way z ,i proce$$4 ,at ,columbus x :olly disappe>$ 9 ! fields1 & only ice 0 f\nd 9 ! road1 :i* also decreas$ until ,i came to ! ,big ,walnut ,creek1 ?irte5 miles s\? ( ,columbus1 :]e x disappe>$1 & ! road began to be muddy4 ,z ,i /ill proce$$ s\?1 ! mud increas$ 9 dep? until ,i came to ,*illico!1 ab\t ?irty-two miles s\? ( ,big ,walnut1 :]e ! fro/ 0 entirely out ( ! gr\nd1 & ! roads 7 almo/ impassable4 ,z ,i /ill desc5d$ s\?w>d1 along ! ,scioto1 ,i f\nd t at ,piketon1 on ! ,scioto1 n9ete5 miles s\? ( ,*illico!1 ! road _h consid]ably improv$4 ,i proce$$ onw>ds to ,portsm\? on ! ,ohio riv]1 at ! m\? ( ! ,scioto1 ab\t tw5ty-six miles s\? ( ,piketon1 :]e ! gr\nd 0 entirely settl$1 & ! innkeep]1 :]e ,i lodg$1 0 mak+ 8 g>d51 s[+ 8 sallad se$1 & plant+ 8 peas4 ,?is j\rney 0 p]=m$ 9 ?ree days1 & 9 travell+ only "o hundr$ & fifte5 miles f nor? to s\?1 ?is extraord9>y diff]5ce ( climate 0 obs]v$4 ,a travell] may leave ,portsm\? :5 ! f>m] is beg9n+ to hoe 8 corn ! fir/ "t1 & travel ) good spe$ to ,delaw>e1 & f9d ! husb&man j beg9n+ to plant4 ,in/ances :i* h fall5 )9 my own p]sonal obs]vation might be multipli$ to a great ext5t1 b a few may suffice4 ,g5]ally speak+1 !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! beg9n+ & end+ ( ! w>m season ( ab\t two weeks betwe5 ,portsm\? & ,delaw>e1 or ( ?ree weeks betwe5 ! =m] place & ,l[] ,s&usky4 ,9 relation to ! w>m? ( ! climate1 ,i w /ate two o!r facts1 orig9at+1 z ,i believe1 9 ! preval5ce ( ! s\!rn curr5t ( air f ! ,mexican ,gulf along ! ,ohio riv]4 ,fir/1 ,9 ! summ] mon?s ! p>oquet asc5ds ! ,scioto m ?an "o hundr$ miles f its m\?1 & until )9 a few ye>s pa/1 w9t]$ at ,mill]'s ,bottom1 & at o!r places along ! banks ( ! ,ohio1 ne> its great s\!rn b5d 9 latitude #ch nor?1 9 ,gallia & ,lawr5ce c\nties1 9 ! /ate ( ,ohio4 ,i h se5 !m !re 9 all ! w9t] mon?s 9 consid]able numb]s1 b few h[ev] n[ w9t] !re2 & probably if ! cold nor?we/]n curr5t ( air f ! great lakes becomes m & m preval5t 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 ^! birds w migrate altoge!r to a m s\!rn clime4 ,are ^! birds f\nd z f> to ! nor? on ! ea/ side ( ! ,alleghany by at lea/ ?ree degrees8 ,monsieur ,volney1 ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 & o!rs1 say n4 ,x has be5 d5i$ t ?is fact proves any ?+ m ?an t ?is bird frequ5t$ ^! p>ts 9 que/ ( its fav\rite food4 ,?is food is grass & o!r vegetable matt] 9 summ]1 & ! cockle bur1 & ! balls ( button-wood1 or1 z by a p]v]sion ( language1 x is call$ 9 ?is c\ntry sycamore4#db ,b ?is bird may f9d its fav\rite food z well ea/ z we/ ( ! ,alleghanies4 ,! grasses & trees allud$ to1 fl\ri% z ,i h obs]v$ 9 =ty-five degrees ( nor? latitude1 & ,i am cr$ibly in=m$ t !y are abundant z f> nor? z ,quebec1 & ev5 ar\nd ,hudson's ,bay4 ,:]ev] wat]s run & trees gr[ on _! banks1 7if l[ & wet17 on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 ev5 z high z eighty degrees ( nor? latitude1 !re ! p>oquet may f9d its food 9 abundance4 ,ano!r fact t5d+ to e/abli% ! same po9t is1 t ! re$ cane1 be=e ?is c\ntry 0 mu* settl$1 grew 9 a high] latitude by sev]al degrees on ?is ?an x did on ! o!r side ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s4 ,x has inde$ be5 said1 t ?is cane 0 nev] f\nd nor? ( ! ,ohio1 nor above ! m\? ( ! ,big ,s&y ,riv]1 :i* empties into ! ,ohio1 on ! l9e :i* sep>ates ,virg9ia & ,k5tucky4 ,?is h[ev] is incorrect2 = )9 a few ye>s x 0 gr[+ 9 abundance at ,mill]'s ,bottom1 tw5ty-six miles above ! m\? ( ,big ,s&y4 ,x grew at ,lanca/]1 on ! ,hockhock+1 nor?w>d ( ! m\? ( ! ,big ,s&y1 9 a direct l9e1 at lea/ "o hundr$ & fifty miles1 & x n[ gr[s on ! ,:et/one bran* ( ! ,scioto1 m ?an two degrees ( latitude above ! l[e/ b5d ( ! ,ohio1 :i* is at ! m\? ( ! ,big ,s&y4 ,be=e ! :ite p settl$ !re1 ,i h e reason to believe1 t ! cane grew 9 great pl5ty at ,delaw>e1 :]e !re are m signs ( buffaloes ?an at any o!r place )9 my k4 ,x has be5 conjectur$1 t ! se$ ( ! cane 0 br\ght d[n & scatt]$ by ! ,big ,s&y2 b grant+ ?is1 9 :at way c\ld t /ream c>ry ?is se$ up ! ,hockhock+ & ,scioto to _! s\rces8 to places sev]al hundr$ feet above ! highe/ fre%es ev] kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry8 ,) a k ( ^! facts1 ca/ y\r eye at ! map ( ,ohio4 ,pro(s )9 my rea* might be multipli$ to a mu* great] ext5t1 b !y are probably unnecess>y4 ,b ano!r curr5t ( air prevails "h1 especially 9 ! cold mon?s1 com+ f ! m\? ( ! ,miss\ri1 :i* is a little to ! s\? ( we/ ( ?is place4 ,?is curr5t is cold] ?an ! prec$+ "o1 & ?\gh moi/1 yet n z mu* s z ! "o already describ$4 ,x prevails g5]ally 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 be=e our w>m wea!r is ov]1 & produces fro/s & a *illy dampness1 & :at ,i h obs]v$ n[h]e else1 especially on ! ea/ side ( ! ,alleghanies1 x produces a k9d ( fa9tness at ! brea/4 ,p ( delicate habits1 com+ "h f ! nor!rn & ea/]n /ates1 uni=mly compla9 ( ?is fa9tness4 ,x is n p]haps extraord9>y t ?is curr5t ( air %\ld be cold1 proce$+ z x does f a high nor!rn latitude1 along ! great *a9 ( rocky m\nta9s 9 ! nor?we/2 t x %\ld be moi/1 & p]haps also t x %\ld affect ! animal economy unpleasantly1 may possibly be attribut$ to its pass+ su* a l5g? ( way ov] ! wat]s ( ! ,miss\ri1 & ! wet prairies & b>r5s ly+ s ext5sively betwe5 u & ! head wat]s ( t /ream4 ,! luxuriant vegetation :i* cov]s ^! prairies & b>r5s at t season ( ! ye>1 beg9s to putrefy1 & fills ) unheal?y exhalations e gale ( w9d :i* passes ov] !m4 ,at ! m\? ( ?is riv] 7,miss\ri17 :i* is 9 ab\t latitude #ch nor?1 ?is curr5t ( air is extremely cold 9 ! w9t] mon?s4 ,x div]ges f ?is po9t1 & produces extreme cold at a consid]able di/ance to ! s\? ( x on ! ,mississippi riv]4 ,g5]al ,rector1 ! pres5t surveyor g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :o keeps 8 (fice at ,/4 ,l\is1 in=ms1 t he has kn[n ! ,mississippi at ,/4 ,g5evieve1 9 latitude ab\t #cg1 s firmly cov]$ ) ice 9 "o night1 z to be able to be> horses & cattle ! ensu+ day4 ,?is circum/ance mu/ h be5 ow+ to ! sudd5 *ange ( ! curr5t ( air f s\? to ! nor?we/1 desc5d+ ! ,miss\ri riv] f ! cold regions at its s\rces4 ,f sev]al g5tlem51 resid5ts = _m ye>s 9 ,ill9ois & ,miss\ri ,t]ritories1 ,i h be5 in=m$1 t *anges ( wea!r 9 t region ( c\ntry are1 especially 9 w9t]1 v frequ5t & great2 t "o day ! moi/ s\? w9d f ! ,mexican gulf w prevail1 & produce q w>m & mild wea!r = ! season2 on ! v next1 or frequ5tly 9 ! latt] "p ( ! same1 ! curr5t ( air f ! s\rces ( ! ,miss\ri w prevail1 & block up ! /reams ) ice4 ,!re is a ?ird curr5t ( air :i* prevails dur+ our w9t] mon?s1 m & m1 annually1 z ! c\ntry becomes cle>$ ( its =e/s 9 ! direction allud$ to2 x proce$s f ! great lakes to ! nor?we/ ( u1 & ev5 beyond !m4 ,proce$+ z x does f ! nor? & nor?we/ ( lake ,sup]ior1 & cross+ ! great expanse ( wat] 9 ?is direction1 x ru%es d[n ^! great lakes to ! s\? end ( lake ,mi*igan 9 latitude ab\t #da nor?1 div]ges f t po9t1 & spreads ov] ! imm5se regions ly+ to ! s\?1 :]e ! air is m r>efi$ by reason ( its w>m] climate4 ,?is curr5t ( air br+s along ) x int5se cold1 & ext5d$ la/ w9t] ev5 to ,new-,orleans1 :]e ! sn[ fell to su* a dep?1 t sleighs 7 se5 pass+ 9 e "p ( ! city4 ,! m ! =e/s are cle>$ away betwe5 any place 9 ?is c\ntry & ! nor!rn lakes1 ! m ?is cold curr5t ( air w prevail4 ,?is curr5t also div]ges f ! s\!rn %ore ( ,lake ,erie1 b is n s /rong z t "p ( x :i* div]ges f ! s\? end ( ,mi*igan1 & ( c\rse does n ext5d z f> to ! s\?4 ,:5 ?is "p ( ?is /ate 0 fir/ settl$1 ?is curr5t ( air 0 h>dly felt at ?is place1 & !n only = a %ort "t 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 & h>dly ev] rea*$ ! ,ohio riv]2 b la/ w9t] x cont9u$ ?ree weeks at "o "t1 & produc$ good sleigh+2 & also caus$ rheumatisms1 pleurisies1 p]ipneumonies1 c4 :i* prov$ mortal to "s4 ,9 ?is place1 :i* is 9 latitude ab\t #ci #bj nor?1 ! !rmomet] ( ,fahr5heit1 hang+ 9 an entry ( a dwell+-h\se ) clos$ doors1 sunk to #bd degrees bel[ z]o4 ,?is extreme cold may be attribut$ to g5]al1 r ?an to local causes1 & x may be said t ! w9t]s all ov] ! _w h be5 cold] ( late ye>s ?an =m]ly4 ,b on ! v day1 :5 x 0 ?us cold1 7if newspap]s c be believ$7 a great numb] ( vessels put to sea f ,re$y ,isl& 9 ! ,delaw>e bel[ ,philadelphia1 & ab\t ?irty sail ( vessels w5t to sea f ,new-,york h>b\r4 ,all our /reams 7 at ! same "t bridg$ ) ice ( great firmness z well z ?ickness1 & cont9u$ to be s = a consid]able "t aft]w>d1 until ! w>m] curr5t ( air f ! s\? prevail$ ov] ! curr5t f ! lakes4 ,x w be prop]1 & may be necess>y1 "h to /ate1 t ! latitudes ( sev]al places 9 ?is c\ntry are v diff]5t f :at y w\ld be l$ to believe f exam9+ any map or *>t n[ or ev] 9 exi/5ce4 ,= in/ance1 ,lake ,mi*igan ext5ds f>!r s\? ?an ,=t ,wayne1 :i* place by actual survey is 9 ?is /ate2 ,/4 ,l\is is n #ch1 & ! mo/ s\!rn po9t or b5d ( ! ,ohio riv]1 is n m ?an latitude #ch nor?4 ,i /ate m]ely :at ,i am in=m$ ( by ^? :o h asc]ta9$ ^! facts by actual obs]vation & survey4 ,! place opposite ! m\? ( ! ,big ,s&y1 is ne>ly z = s\? z ,lex+ton 9 ,k5tucky4 ,! s\? end ( ,mi*igan lake ought to be laid d[n on ! map #da nor?4 ,prevail+ curr5ts ( air 7n e brea? ( air :i* moves ov] ! surface7 ,i h attempt$ to describe4 ,x may be well en\gh1 h[ev]1 to m5tion "s o!r curr5ts :i* sometimes prevail = a few days4 ,& "h ,i w m5tion :at our olde/ settl]s along ! ,ohio h obs]v$1 t is1 t :5ev] 9 a dry "t1 !re is a curr5t ( air proce$+ d[n ! riv] = ?ree or f\r days 9 succession1 ! curr5t f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico is sure to drive x back ) r$\bl$ =ce1 & aft] bl[+ a day or two1 x is equally sure to br+ ra9 ) x4 ,x is easy to assign a cause = x2 = meet+ ! trade w9ds 9 ! ,gulf1 x is driv5 back ) r$\bl$ viol5ce to ! s\rces ( ! l>g] /reams :i* empty !mselves into ! ,gulf4 ,:5 a ?und] /orm1 proce$+ 9 ei!r a we/]n or ea/]n direction1 z ! case may be1 happ5s to /rike a l>ge wat]-c\rse runn+ ei!r nor? or s\?1 & :5 also !re happ5s to be a l>ge bran* empty+ into ! /ream1 )9 a few miles ei!r above or bel[ ! po9t :]e ! /orm approa*es x1 ,i h uni=mly obs]v$ ! /orm to cross ! l>ge /ream at ! po9t :]e ! l>ge bran* unites ) x1 & asc5d ! bran*4 ,:]e !re are two l>ge tribut>ies ab\t equi-di/ant f ! po9t ( approa*1 ! /orm frequ5tly divides & foll[s ea* ( !m4 ,! reason :y x %\ld be s1 ?is is n ! place to discuss2 b ! ,wisdom & ,goodness :i* s ord]$ x1 are too app>5t to e rational m9d to be ov]look$4 ,x may be ask$ if ! diff]5ce 9 latitude & elevation betwe5 ! ,ohio & lake regions ( c\ntry1 does n produce a great diff]5ce 9 ! climates ( ^? respective regions8 ,^! causes c]ta9ly produce "s diff]5ce1 b n all4 ,x is my object to e/abli% facts1 r ?an any fav\rite !ory4 ,! diff]5ce ( latitude betwe5 ! ,ohio riv] at ! m\? ( ! ,scioto1 & lake ,erie at ! m\? ( ! ,maume or ,s&usky1 is ne>ly ?ree degrees1 & ! diff]5ce ( elevation above ! sea is trifl+1 if any4 ,f ! m\? ( ! ,scioto to ,columbus1 ab\t #ij miles 9 a direct l9e1 ! wat]1 :]e !re is :at is commonly call$ a ripple1 runs briskly1 & ^! ripples happ51 p]haps1 "o to a mile2 b !y are 9 a s&/one region1 & ! fall ( c\rse is trifl+4 ,let u suppose !n1 t ! riv] ,scioto desc5ds "o hundr$ feet f ! m\? ( ! ,:et/one1 :i* empties into t riv] at ,columbus1 to ! ,ohio1 & t ! ,:et/one :i* runs ?r\gh a lime/one =mation1 desc5ds ano!r hundr$ feet1 :i* w\ld make ,upp] ,s&usky two hundr$ feet high] ?an ! ,ohio riv]4 ,f ?is highe/ gr\nd betwe5 ! ,ohio & ! lake1 x is a well-kn[n fact1 t ! l& desc5ds t[>ds ! nor? mu* m 9 a giv5 di/ance1 ?an x does t[>ds ! s\?1 & ! di/ance is n half z f>4 ,! ,maume & o!r /reams putt+ into ! lake1 are full ( rapids4 ,admitt+ = argum5t's sake1 t ! ,s&usky or ,maume desc5d only #ajj feet1 !n ! surface ( ! lake is #ajj feet high] ?an ! ,ohio riv]4 ,w\ld ?ree degrees ( latitude1 & #ajj feet great] elevation produce ?ree weeks diff]5ce 9 ! seasons8 ,is !re t diff]5ce betwe5 ,baltimore 9 ,m>yl&1 & ,wilkesb>re 9 ,p5nsylvania8 ,is !re t diff]5ce betwe5 ,new-,york & ,=t ,edw>d on ! ,hudson8 ,x is believ$ t !re is n "o half t diff]5ce4 ,i h ref]r$ b little to !rmomet]s1 because !y are kept 9 s _m diff]5t situations by _! own]s1 t ,i h kn[n no less ?an #h degrees ( diff]5ce betwe5 sev]al ( !m kept 9 "o t[n1 )9 almo/ a /one's ?r[ ( ea* o!r1 at "o & ! same mom5t ( "t4 ,e all[ance be+ made = o!r causes1 ,i am /ill ( ! op9ion t ! diff]5ce 9 ! climates ( ! ,ohio & lake regions ( c\ntry1 is to be attribut$ *iefly to ! preval5ce ( diff]5t curr5ts ( air4 ,! s\!rn curr5t r>ely1 if ev]1 rea*es ! nor!rn lakes1 & ! nor!rn1 until lately1 nev] rea*$ ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,b z ! c\ntry is cle>$ ( its native =e/s1 we may reasonably conclude ?is cold curr5t ( air w prevail m & m1 until we %all h sn[ en\gh = sleighs1 at lea/ two mon?s 9 e w9t]2 ! summ]s w be %ort]1 ! extremes ( heat & cold w be great] ?an at pres5t1 & ^? cl\ds :i* =m]ly obscur$ ! sun almo/ cont9ually dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 w be *as$ away1 & ) !m ! pale *eek1 ! sall[ hue1 ! oppression at ! brea/1 & ! difficulty ( respiration1 ! heada*e1 & ! ?\s& ills :i* _m ( ! fir/ emigrants h exp]i5c$ 9 our climate4 ,we %all probably !n h few] diseases1 & m acute ones4 ,! /orms w probably be few]1 m sev]e1 & n cont9ue z long z at pres5t4 ,!re are /ill fur!r views :i* might be tak5 ( ?is subject1 b !y are left to abl] p5s & future obs]vations4 ,?us ,i h endeav\r$ to give my op9ion on a subject ( "s int]e/ to ! pres5t1 z well z future g5]ations2 9 do+ :i*1 ,i h n s\ght = fl[]s :i* might h be5 ga!r$ by /epp+ out ( my pa?1 b ! fruit r ( my own obs]vation & exp]i5ce3 ,i h n w&]$ ?r\gh ! fields ( imag9ation1 invok+ ! poetic muse1 b address$ myself *iefly ,to him :o so>s on gold5 w+1 ,guid+ 8 fi]y-:eel$ ?rone1 ,! *]ub contemplation4 ,,art4 ,,xiii4 ,on a s+ul> ,disruption ( ! ,gr\nd1 app>5tly by ,fro/1 9 ,lett]s f ,,edw>d ,,hit*cock1 ,a4,m4 ,pr9cipal ( ,de]field ,academy4 7,) a ,plate47 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 c4 ,,sir1 ,i h lately exam9$ a s+ul> disruption 9 ! e>?1 discov]$ a few days s9ce 9 ! nor!rly "p ( an ext5sive mead[ 9 ?is t[n1 ab\t t5 rods f ,de]field riv]4 ,! soil on ! spot is alluvial1 consi/+ ( a dry1 ri*1 vegetable m\ld1 ) a l>ge int]mixture ( s&2 & ! field1 elevat$ #ad feet above ! b$ ( ! riv]1 is annually m[$4 ,a valley encircles ! ruptur$ spot on ! ea/1 s\?1 & we/1 only five feet l[]1 yet s m>%y & s(t1 z to r5d] dra9+ necess>y to make x passable2 & imm$iately back ( ?is valley1 on ! s\?1 rises a hill #ajj feet high1 at ^: foot are sev]al spr+s4 ,nor? ( ! rupture1 also1 betwe5 x & ! riv]1 is a gradual desc5t ( ?ree feet3 inde$1 ! gr\nd slopes f x on e side except ! nor?we/4 ,a fissure "o in* wide & f\rte5 deep1 =m+ an almo/ p]fect ellipsis1 ^: diamet]s are #i & #e rods1 m>ks ! ext]ior limit ( ! convulsion4 ,)9 ?is curve are sev]al o!rs ne>ly conc5tric to x1 "s =m+ a qu>t]1 & "s half an ellipsis1 & ne> ! long] axis are o!rs1 runn+ 9 v>i\s directions4 ,on ?is transv]se diamet]1 :i* lies ne> ! highe/ "p ( ! swell above describ$1 & 9 its longe/ direction1 or p>allel to ! riv]1 ! greate/ effect ( ! convulsion appe>s4 ,! e>?1 to ! dep? x has froz5 ! pa/ w9t]1 #ad in*es1 is brok5 on a /raight l9e above #f rods1 & ! s\? edge ( ! fissure1 hav+ be5 =c$ up1 ov]laps ! o!r1 ?ree feet4 ,:]e "o edge does n ?us ov]rea*1 ! tables ( e>?1 :i* at a small di/ance resemble masses ( ice1 are rais$ up s t _! faces =m an isosceles triangle1 leav+ a cavity b5ea?4 ,ab\t ! extremities ( ! transv]se axis1 is also an ov]lapp+ ( two feet1 :i* cont9ues ne>ly two rods on ! curve ea* way f ! axis1 & 9 mo/ places is d\ble1 ov]rea*+ int]nally & ext]nally1 exhibit+ likewise1 "s irregul>ity :]e ! compress+ =ces act$ at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,! edges ( ^! elevat$ masses ( e>?1 :i* are yet froz51 are q smoo?1 & ! angles b little fractur$4 ,i h dug into ! e>? ab\t f\r feet und]nea? ! long] axis ( ! ellipsis1 & ?ru/ d[n a b> 9 o!r places1 b _c p]ceive t ! soil has be5 mov$ bel[ :]e x 0 froz54 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n ! mo/ fav\rable season = asc]ta9+ ?is fact4 ,e appe>ance on ! spot w ju/ify ?is conclusion1 t ! froz5 surface ( ! e>? ar\nd1 has press$ ) great =ce f e direction to ?is ellipsis z a c5tre2 =1 7 e fissure 9 ! ellipsis to be fill$ by replac+ ! e>?1 !re mu/ rema9 on its long] axis & at ! extremities ( ?is1 an ov]plus ( surface two feet wide4 ,! mon? ( ,febru>y la/ has be5 unusually cold4 ,its mean temp]ature 9 ,de]field1 by ,fahr5heit's scales1 is z foll[s4 #g;h4 ,a4 ,m4 #a;h4 ,p4 ,m4 #aj;h4 ,p4 ,m4 #f #bd #aa ,! extremes 7 #be bel[1 & #di above z]o4 ,on ! la/ day b "o ( ! mon?1 ! cold sudd5ly relax$2 & on ! #a/ & #b;d ( ,m>*1 a heavy & w>m ra9 succe$$4 ,?is produc$ an uncommon rise 9 ,de]field riv]1 & on ! #c;d ( ,m>*1 x _h ov]fl[$ ! gr\nd :]e ! above describ$ ph5om5on occurr$1 & did n rec$e f x = #bd h\rs4 ,its greate/ dep? !re1 0 five feet4 ,! sn[ 0 ne>ly "o foot deep :5 ! flood happ5$1 & be+ a nonconductor ( heat1 ! temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd 0 n probably mu* *ang$ f its /ate 9 ,febru>y1 until ! wat] came 9 contact ) x4 ,x may n be amiss to give ! /ate ( ! !rmomet] on ! la/ ( ,febru>y & beg9n+ ( ,m>*4 #g;h4 ,a4 ,m4 #a;h4 ,p4 ,m4 #aj;h4 ,p4 ,m4 ,w9d1 wea!r1 c4 ,feb4 #bg?1 #ae bel[ #j4 #bh above #j4 #cb above #j4 ,s\?1 cle>4 #bh?1 #ca above #de ----- #ca ----- d4 d4 ,m>* #a/1 #bi ----- #df ----- #cg ----- ,n4 ,e4 ra94 #b;d1 #df ----- #di ----- #cg ----- d4 d4 #c;d1 #cj ----- #ce ----- #bi ----- d4 ra9 cle>4 ,on ! ?ird ( ,m>*1 ab\t sunset1 "s lads 7 sail+ ne> ! spot :]e ! disruption appe>s1 & saw ! wat] 9 consid]able agitation1 ) mu* bubbl+1 & at %ort int]vals x 0 ?r[n up 9 sev]al places to ! height ( #c or #d feet4 ,!y saw no rupture 9 ! e>?1 al?\gh !y came )9 two or ?ree rods ( ! spot1 & /ate ! wat] to h be5 two feet deep4 ,ab\t "o o'clock on ! morn+ ( ,m>* #d?1 ,mr4 ,se? ,%eldon & family1 liv+ "o mile s\? f ?is spot1 & be+ awake1 7 al>m$ by a l\d report f ! nor?1 by :i* _! h\se & furniture 7 mu* %ak54 ,!y comp>$ ! s\nd1 ?\gh l\d] by f> ?an !y _h ev] he>d f ?is cause1 to t ( a crack+ 9 ! e>? by fro/ 9 sev]e wea!r4 ,"s o!rs liv+ r ne>] ! spot1 7 awak5$ by ! same report4 ,t ! rupture 9 ! e>? 0 made at t "t is probable1 ?\gh n c]ta94 ,x may be prop] to /ate1 t dur+ ! flood1 no ice1 except a few loose masses1 0 c>ri$ ov]1 or ne> ! spot :]e ! disruption appe>s4 ,?is1 !re=e1 c\ld n h produc$ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,disruption ( ! ,gr\nd by ,fro/4 ,n4 ,s4 ,s4 ,jocelyn ,sc4 ,n4,h4 ,fig4 #a4 is a transv]se section1 tak5 ) a !odolite1 f ,de]field riv] #bh rods s\?1 cross+ ! long] axis ( ! disruption at "r angles4 ,! scale is #d rods to an in*1 al?\gh 9 lay+ (f ! heights & levels1 ! exact proportion 0 a little v>i$1 to r5d] ! irregul>ities ( surface m di/9ct4 ,! lett]s ( ref]5ce correspond to ^? on fig4 #b1 & ne$ no explanation4 ,fig4 #b4 is a bird's-eye view ( ! disruption & ! adjo9+ region1 v oblig+ly sket*$ by ,mr4 ,d]ick ,b>n>d ( ,troy1 ,new-,york4 ,! surr\nd+ c\ntry is some:at contract$ to br+ m ( x into view4 ,^! are all ! facts ,i am able at pres5t to collect conc]n+ ?is ph5om5on4 ,i h be5 p>ticul> z to ! temp]ature ( ! air1 & ! situation ( ! adjac5t c\ntry1 f an idea t fro/ 0 a pr9cipal ag5t 9 produc+ x2 & t1 !re=e1 ^! circum/ances w\ld be important 9 fix+ a !ory4 ,i w n1 h[ev]1 haz>d any hypo!sis on ! subject2 b if y deem ! fact ( suffici5t importance1 y\r op9ion1 ,sir1 is respectfully solicit$4 ,y\r humble ,s]vant1 ,,edw>d ,,hit*cock4 ,de]field1 ,mass4 ,m>* #bf?1 #ahah4 99 99 99 99 99 ,de]field1 ,june #c;d1 #ahah4 ,,sir1 ,s9ce ,i s5t y a description ( a s+ul> disruption 9 ! e>? 9 ?is t[n1 ano!r has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! same mead[s1 ab\t "o mile f ! =m]4 ,?is is less ?an ! "o ( :i* ,i s5t y an acc\nt1 b its situation is almo/ exactly simil>2 x be+ on a small elevation1 on ! sides ( :i*1 at a few rods di/ant1 is l[ wet gr\nd4 ,inde$1 ! g5]al description :i* ,i s5t y w answ] = ?is small] disruption4 ,! diamet]s ( ?is la/1 are only #g & #h paces1 & ! curve is n p]fect4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 an expansion ( ! e>?'s surface ar\nd bo? ^! spots1 or disruptions1 by :i* x 0 =c$ to give way at ! po9t :]e !re 0 ! lea/ resi/ance1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be on ! highe/ gr\nd4 ,! m ,i obs]ve ( ?is ph5om5on1 ! m ,i am incl9$ to impute x to ! ag5cy ( fro/4 ,x may be prop] to obs]ve1 t 9 nei!r ( ^! disruptions has ! g5]al mass ( ! hills sunk 9 ! lea/4 ,_h ?is be5 ! case1 x might p]haps h acc\nt$ = !m4 ,x is also c]ta91 t ! soil bel[ :]e x 0 froz5 ! pa/ w9t]1 has n be5 mov$4 ,i m5tion$ ?is fact 9 my fir/ communication1 ?\gh ) "s sugge/$ d\bt4 ,,rem>ks4 ,an op9ion hav+ be5 reque/$ by ,mr4 ,hit*cock on ! above facts1 x may be obs]v$1 t !re appe>s 9 ! /atem5t suffici5t evid5ce t ! ph5om5on 7z ! au?or has sugge/$7 is attributable to fro/4 ,x is a fact1 e/abli%$ equally by common exp]i5ce & by num]\s exp]im5ts1 t wat]1 9 freez+1 exp&s4 ,x is g5]ally e/imat$ t #h cubic in*es ( wat]1 become #i by ! act ( congeal+4 ,! expansion is attribut$1 ) suffici5t evid5ce1 to a cry/all9e arrangem5t aris+ f a k9d ( pol>ity 9 ! p>ticles ( wat] ex]t$ :5 !y are ne> congeal+1 by :i* !y attract "o ano!r 9 c]ta9 po9ts1 & n 9 o!rs4 ,dr4 ,black1 ) 8 usual felicity1 has illu/rat$ ?is t5d5cy1 by suppos+ a great numb] ( small magnetiz$ ne$les1 ?ru/ ?r\gh corks1 s t !y w float p>allel to ! surface ( wat]1 to be ?r[n promiscu\sly into a vessel ( t fluid4 ,!y w n rema9 9 ! situation 9 :i* !y are ?r[n 91 b1 9 consequ5ce ( _! pol>ity1 attractions & repulsions w be imm$iately ex]t$2 !y w ru% toge!r1 ) a =ce equal to ! ov]com+ ( a c]ta9 resi/ance2 !y w arrange !mselves 9 pairs & gr\ps1 & f9ally1 9 a connect$ assemblage4 ,! p>ticles ( wat] attract ea* o!r ) a prodigi\s =ce1 :5 resi/ance is oppos$2 = x is well kn[n t dome/ic ut5sils1 trees1 rocks1 & ev5 cannon1 & bomb-%ells1 are bur/ ) explosion1 :5 wat] conf9$ )9 !m is froz54 ,!re is =ce en\gh !n ex]t$ by ! expansion ( freez+ wat]1 to produce all ! me*anical viol5ce1 ^: effects 7 s /rik+ 9 ! in/ance at ,de]field4 ,9 ! common crack+ ( ! gr\nd by fro/1 s ext5sively obs]v$ 9 cold climates1 ! effect appe>s to result 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! wat] conta9$ 9 ! gr\nd1 7t is1 9 t "p :i* is )9 ! rea* ( a freez+ temp]ature7 by congeal+1 exp&s & dem&s m space2 a movem5t mu/ necess>ily take place 9 ! direction :]e !re is ! lea/ resi/ance2 ?is w evid5tly be upw>d1 because ! atmosph]e1 ! only c\nt]act+ p[] 9 ?is direction1 _c resi/ ! expansion ( ! freez+ wat] z mu* z x is resi/$ by ! e>? bel[ ! freez+ /ratum4 ,consequ5tly1 ! freez+ e>? is =c$ upw>d1 b be+ ( unequal /r5g? 9 diff]5t places1 x cracks at ! weake/ spot2 & ! e>?1 = "s di/ance on ! sides ( ! fissure1 is ?r[n into ! position ( two planes g5tly incl9$1 _! relative position resembl+ t ( a v flat ro(1 & ! m !y are lift$ by fro/1 ! m !y w decl9e f "o ano!r1 & ! wid] w be ! fissure4 ,b :y1 9 ! in/ance :i* ,mr4 ,hit*cock has relat$1 did !y ov]lap8 ,! explanation appe>s to result f ! circum/ances ( ! case1 z f> z !y c be und]/ood )\t ocul> inspection ( ! gr\nd4 ,! elevat$ spot :i* crack$ 9 s rem>kable a mann]1 be+ ne>ly surr\nd$ by a belt ( l[ wet gr\nd1 ! congelation ( ! wat] 9 ?is gr\nd by ! int5se cold1 w\ld ( c\rse produce a v great expansive ef=t t[>ds ! elevat$ gr\nd4 ,?is1 n only on acc\nt ( its elevation1 b f its conta9+ less wat]1 w\ld n be able to ex]t an equal c\nt]act+ ef=t4 ,! surface ( ! gr\nd1 !re=e1 7)\t at all di/urb+ ! unfroz5 e>? bel[17 01 by ! expansive ef=t ( ! freez+ wat]1 pu%$ along t[>ds ! elevat$ spot4 ,?is spot be+ possess$ ( a c]ta9 p[] ( resi/ance d]iv$ f its gravity1 & f ! freez+ ( ! wat] 9 x1 w\ld n imm$iately give way2 b ! :ole surface1 x is probable1 gradually rose = "s "t1 :ile ! expansion 0 go+ on & increas+4 ,a cavity w\ld ?us be produc$ betwe5 t sup]ficial lay] ( froz5 gr\nd :i* 0 ris+1 & ! unfroz5 gr\nd bel[4 ,?is cavity w\ld ( c\rse be fill$ ) air d]iv$ f ! atmosph]e1 & f ! por\sness ( ! gr\nd bel[4 ,:5 ! place came to be ov]fl[$1 wat] w\ld imm$iately ru% 9 ?r\gh any fissure1 & ?is hydraulic & hydro/atic ef=t w\ld =ce ! air out at any orifice1 & ?us bl[ ! wat] up ) x4 ,?is 0 probably ! cause ( ! agitation ( ! wat]1 & ( ! bubbl+ ( air1 & ( ! ?r[+ up ( ! wat] at int]vals1 obs]v$ by ! boys on ! #c;d ( ,m>*4 ,! effect ( ! wat] cov]+ ! gr\nd1 w\ld be to weak5 its cohesion d]iv$ f fro/1 & z !re 7 probably hundr$s ( tons ( pressure1 ! vault$ gr\nd1 :5 suffici5tly weak5$1 gave way ) a l\d explosion & a viol5t concussion1 z he>d by ,mr4 ,%eldon's family1 a few h\rs aft] ! facts obs]v$ by ! boys4 ,! p>ts ( ! ar* n[ fall5 91 7s to speak7 necess>ily ei!r ov]lapp$1 or rose 9 ridges1 piece be+ press$ aga9/ piece1 z describ$ & figur$ by ,mr4 ,hit*cock4 ,we are indebt$ to ?is g5tleman = 8 del9eation ( ?is s+ul> case4 ,! freez+ ( wat]1 & its att5dant expansion1 are productive ( multipli$ & v div]sifi$ ph5om5a ^u our globe1 :e!r we contemplate !m 9 ! delicate spicul ( ho>fro/1 ! six-ray$ />s ( sn[1 or 9 ! /up5d\s glaci]s ( ! ,alps1 & ! awful iceb]gs ( ,gre5l&4 ,cambridge1 ,janu>y #be1 #ahai4 ,,pr(essor ,,silliman4 ,de> ,sir1 ,if ! foll[+ obs]vations are wor?y ( a place 9 y\r valuable ,j\rnal1 please to ins]t !m1 & oblige y\rs1 ) real e/eem1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,dana4 ,,art4 ,,xiv4 ,on a ,new ,=m ( ! ,electrical ,batt]y1 by ,j4 ,f4 ,,dana1 ,m4 ,d4 ,*emical ,assi/ant 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & ,lectur] on ,*emi/ry & ,ph>macy 9 ,d>tm\? ,college4 ,! ,electrical ,batt]y 9 its common =m is an unmanageable & inconv5i5t app>atus4 ,:5 ! coat$ surface is comp>atively small1 ! in/rum5t occupies a l>ge space1 & x _c be readily remov$ f place to place )\t mu* tr\ble & risk2 ! app>atus is1 moreov]1 v exp5sive1 & :5 "o ( ! j>s is brok51 ano!r ( ! same dim5sions _c readily be f\nd to supply its place4 ,x occurr$ to me1 t a ,batt]y might be con/ruct$ ( plates ( glass & %eets ( t9foil1 9 :i* ! same ext5t ( coat$ surface %\ld occupy a mu* small] space1 & consequ5tly t ! app>atus w\ld be m conv5i5t & m portable4 ,i select$ sev]al panes ( glass1 ! surfaces ( :i* co9cid$ closely ) ea* o!r1 & !n arrang$ !m ) %eets ( t9foil 9 ?is ord]1 viz4 pane ( glass1 %eet ( t9foil1 !n ano!r pane ( glass1 !n a second %eet ( t9foil1 & s on2 ! %eets ( foil be+ small] ?an ! plates ( glass by two in*es all ar\nd2 ! glass be+ #aj by #ab1 & ! foil #f by #h4 ,?is app>atus conta9$ six plates ( t9foil1 & ! l[e/ plate be+ numb]$ "o1 0 connect$ ) ! gr\nd1 & by slips ( t9foil pass+ ov] ! edges1 ) ! ?ird plate1 & ?is1 9 l mann] ) ! fif?4 ,! second plate 0 connect$ ) ! f\r?1 & ?is ) ! six?1 :i* communicat$ ) ! conductor ( ! ma*9e2 9 ?is mann] ea* plate positively electrifi$ w be oppos$ by "o negatively electrifi$1 & vice v]sa2 ! #f?1 #d?1 & #b;d plates positive1 & ! #e?1 #c;d1 & #a/1 negative4 ,into ?is app>atus ,i c\ld introduce a p[]ful *>ge1 b n possess+ a batt]y ( ! common =m1 c\ld n make comp>ative exp]im5ts4 ,! annex$ figures w expla9 ! con/ruction ( ?is app>atus4 7,see ,plate47 ,illu/ration3 ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,dana's ,electrical ,batt]y4 ,fig4 #a4 a #a1 a #b1 c4 ! t9foil4 b b b1 plates ( glass4 c1 ! int]m$iate slips connect+ ! plates #f1 #d1 & #b4 d1 ! slips connect+ #e1 #c1 #a1 & ! gr\nd4 ,fig4 #b4 a1 ! int]m$iate slips pass+ ov] ! edges ( ! glass & connect+ plates1 #a1 #c1 & #e4 b1 ! slip :i* connects ! upp] %eet ( foil ) ! #d?1 c4 ,9 a batt]y ( ! ord9>y =m1 x is evid5t t a mu* less surface is coat$ ?an 9 "o ( ! above con/ruction2 9 a batt]y ( ! common =m1 two feet long1 "o foot wide1 & t5 in*es high1 & conta9+ #ah coat$ j>s1 !re w be no m ?an #cejj squ>e in*es ( coat$ surface1 :ile 9 a batt]y ( ! same dim5sions on ! propos$ con/ruction1 !re w be no less ?an #hjjj squ>e in*es cov]$ ) t9foil1 all[+ ! %eet ( glass & ( foil to be in* ?ick4 ,:5 plate glass is employ$ = mak+ ?is batt]y1 ! r+ ( glass ext]ior to ! t9foil may be cov]$ ) v>ni%1 & !n ! next plate laid ov] x2 ! t9foil w !n be %ut out = ev] f ! access ( moi/ure1 & ! insulation w rema9 p]fect4 ,?is =m ( ! ,electrical ,batt]y is v portable1 may be pack$ 9 a case ) ! ma*9e1 & inde$ a p[]ful batt]y occupies no great] space ?an a qu>to volume4 ,x is *eap & easily con/ruct$4 ,,art4 ,,xv4 ,*emical ,exam9ation ( ! ,b]ries ( ! ,myrica ,c]if]a1 or ,wax ,myrtle1 by ,j4 ,f4 ,,dana1 ,m4 ,d4 ,*emical ,assi/ant 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & ,lectur] on ,*emi/ry & ,ph>macy 9 ,d>tm\? ,college4 7,communicat$ = ?is ,j\rnal47 ,! myrtle wax ( comm]ce has be5 exam9$ by ,dr4 ,bo/ock & by ,m4 ,cadet2 ! entire b]ry n hav+ be5 made ! subject ( analysis1 ,i h be5 induc$ to exam9e x1 ) a view to asc]ta9 ! proportion ( wax4 ,i4 ,fifty gra9s ( ! mo/ p]fect b]ries 7 dige/$ 9 repeat$ portions ( w>m alcohol1 until ! fluid appe>$ to ex]t no fur!r action4 ,! fir/ portions ( alcohol 7 t+$ ( a gre5 col\r1 b ! la/ portions rema9$ col\rless4 ,,ii4 ,! alcoholic solutions 7 p\r$ into a small retort ( kn[n weight2 ! alcohol 0 c>efully di/ill$ (f1 & ! residuum dri$2 d$uct+ ! weight ( ! retort1 !re rema9$ #ah4e grs4 = ! weight ( ! matt] dissolv$ by ! alcohol4 ,,iii4 ,! sub/ances :i* _h be5 dissolv$ by ! alcohol consi/$ ( two portions1 viz4 ! wax1 :i* 0 ( an apple-gre5 col\r1 & a r$di% br[n sub/ance2 ?is sub/ance 0 suppos$ to be res9\s1 & ! cont5ts ( ! retort 7 !re=e dige/$ 9 acetic acid2 ! acid soon became ( a r$di% br[n col\r1 & dissolv$ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! matt] 9 ! retort1 leav+ ! wax4 ,! acid solution1 toge!r ) a small portion ( insoluble r$di% matt]1 7 c>efully sep>at$ f ! wax4 ,! wax be+ dri$ & melt$1 weigh$ #af gra9s4 ,,iv4 ,! acetic acid solution 0 evaporat$ to dryness1 & a d>k br[n matt] 0 obta9$2 x 0 almo/ totally soluble 9 w>m alcohol1 f :i* x 0 precipitat$ by wat]2 x 0 suppos$ !re=e to consi/ *iefly ( res91 ) a small portion ( extractive matt]1 & may be call$ res9o-extractive2 x weigh$ #b4e gra9s4 ,v4 ,! matt] insoluble 9 alcohol consi/$ ( two p>ts1 viz4 ! k]nels & a f9e-gra9$ black p[d]1 hav+ v mu* ! appe>ance ( f9e gunp[d]2 ! p[d] 0 c>efully sep>at$ f ! k]nels by a wire sieve1 & weigh$ #g4e gra9s4 ,! k]nels 7 f\nd to weigh #bc4ge gra9s4 ,f ?is analysis x appe>s t ! entire b]ries consi/ ( ,wax #cb4jj ,res9o-extractive #e4jj ,black p[d] #ae4jj ,k]nels #dg4jj ------ #ii4ej ,loss 4#ej ------ #ajj4jj ,! *emical prop]ties ( ! wax & ( ! black p[d] may be made ! subject ( ano!r communication4 ,e>?y phosphate ( iron has rec5tly be5 f\nd at ,hopk9ton1 ,mass4 ,x exi/s !re 9 l>ge quantities1 & is employ$ z a pigm5t4 ,! g5tleman on ^: gr\nds x 0 f\nd s5t me sev]al p\nds ( x4 ,j4 ,f4 ,d4 ,,art4 ,,xvi4 ,analysis ( ,wacke1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,web/]1 ( ,bo/on4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts expos$ to a r$ heat 9 a plat9a crucible lo/ #ah4e1 acquir$ an umb] br[n col\r1 & a degree ( h>dness suffici5t to scrat* glass4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts r$uc$ to f9e p[d] 7 mix$ ) f\r times ! weight ( soda1 & expos$ to heat1 gradually increas$ = ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r2 at ! expiration ( :i* "t1 ! :ole _h acquir$ a pa/y consi/5ce4 ,! crucible 0 n[ remov$ f ! fire1 its out] surface c>efully wip$4 ,muriatic acid 0 p\r$ on till all eff]vesc5ce ceas$4 ,! solution obta9$ 0 evaporat$ to dryness1 gradually assum+ an orange r$ col\r4 ,wat] 0 n[ p\r$ ^u ! mass1 aft] :i* x 0 filt]$1 & ! p[d] rema9+ c>efully dri$2 aft] ignition1 & :ile w>m1 x weigh$ #bh p>ts4 ,?is p[d] 0 insoluble 9 muriatic acid1 & ( a :ite col\r4 ,to ! filt]$ solution1 r$uc$ by evaporation1 c>bonate ( pota% 0 add$1 ! precipitate 0 collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ & dri$2 x weigh$ #bc p>ts4 ,?is p[d] 0 r$issolv$ 9 sulphuric acid1 sulphate ( pota% add$1 & cry/als ( alum f9ally obta9$2 h5ce ?is p[d] 0 alum9e4 ,to ! liquor f :i* ! silex & alum9e _h ?us be5 sep>at$1 acetic acid 0 add$2 ! :ole evaporat$ to dryness2 ! excess ( acid be+ remov$1 a small quantity ( wat] 0 p\r$ on1 & aft] /rong ignition1 ! precipitate weigh$ #d4e4 ,into a v small tubulat$ retort ,i introduc$ a portion f ! same mass1 :5ce ! piece submitt$ to analysis 0 brok51 & obta9$ ov] m]cury ! c>bonic acid 9 ! usual mann]4 ,?is 0 equal to #b4cb2 by d$uct+ ?is f #ah4e ! loss dur+ exposure to r$ heat1 we %all h #af4ah1 ! proportion ( wat]4 ,! oxide ( iron 0 sep>at$ f ! solutions aft] ! addition ( acetic acid1 by ammonia1 & weigh$ #bf p>ts4 ,silex #bh4 ,alum9e #bc4 ,lime #d4e ,c>bonic acid #b4cb ,wat] #af4ah ,oxide ( iron #bf4 ------ #ajj ,,agriculture ,,& ,,economics4 ,,art4 ,,xvii4 ,on ! ,comp>ative ,quantity ( ,nutriti\s ,matt] :i* may be obta9$ f an ,acre ( ,l& :5 cultivat$ ) ,potatoes or ,:eat1 by ,dr4 ,,eli ,,ives1 ,pr(essor ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica & ,botany 9 ,yale ,college4 ,9 a good season an acre ( suitable l& well cultivat$ w produce #djj bu%els ( potatoes4 ,9 ,woodbridge1 a t[n adjo9+ ,new-,hav51 a crop ( #fjj bu%els ( potatoes has be5 obta9$ f a s+le acre4 ,a bu%el ( potatoes weighs #ef p\nds4 ,multiply #djj1 ! numb] ( bu%els1 by #ef1 ! weight ( a s+le bu%el1 gives #bbdjj1 ! numb] ( p\nds ( potatoes produc$ ^u "o acre4 ,?irty bu%els ( :eat are consid]$ a good crop z ! product ( "o acre ( l&4 ,ab\t ( :eat may be consid]$ z nutriti\s matt]4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,pe>son & ,e9h(f1 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! potato is nutriti\s matt]4 ,f ! analysis ( ,e9h(f1 #gfhj p>ts ( potatoes af=d$ #aaec p>ts ( />*--fibr\s matt] analog\s to />* #edj p>ts--album5 #ajg p>ts--mucilage #cab p>ts4 ,! sum ( ^! products am\nts to ab\t "o-?ird ( ! potatoes subject to ! exp]im5t4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy obs]ves1 t "o-f\r? ( ! weight ( potatoes at lea/ may be consid]$ nutriti\s matt]4 ,"o-f\r? ( #bbdjj1 ! product ( an acre ( gr\nd1 cultivat$ ) potatoes1 is #efjj4 ,! :ole weight ( a crop ( :eat calculat$ at #cj bu%els to ! acre1 & at #fj p\nds to ! bu%el1 gives #ahjj4 ,d$uct+ "o-six? f ! :eat z matt] n nutriti\s1 & ! weight is r$uc$ to #aejj4 ,! nutriti\s matt] ( ! crop ( potatoes to t ( :eat is z #efjj to #aejj1 or z #ef to #ae4 ,! />* might be obta9$ by a v simple ma*9e1 recomm5d$ by ,p>m5ti]2 & 9 seasons :5 potatoes are abundant1 ! potatoes might be conv]t$ to />*1 & ! />* pres]v$ = any l5g? ( "t1 & us$ z a sub/itute = :eat5 fl\r4 ,! ma*9e allud$ to is a cyl9d] ( wood ab\t ?ree feet long & six in*es 9 diamet]1 cov]$ ) %eet t91 pun*$ outw>d s z to =m a co>se grat]1 & turn$ by a crank4 ,?is cyl9d] is plac$ 9 a box ( bo>ds ^: sides slope a little inw>d ^u ! pr9ciple ( a hopp]1 & a tub ( wat] is plac$ b5ea?3 ,! potatoes are ?r[n into ?is box1 & z ! crank is turn$ !y are cru%$1 & ! />* or fecula subsides to ! bottom ( ! wat]4 ,x is well kn[n1 t potatoes are l>gely us$ 9 ,engl& mix$ ) fl\r to =m a v good bread2 ! />* ( ! potato w\ld ( c\rse answ] mu* bett]4 ,,miscellane\s ,,art4 ,,xviii4 ,biographical ,notice ( ! late ,,ar*ibald ,,bruce1 ,m4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 & ,m9]alogy 9 ! ,m$ical ,in/itution ( ! ,/ate ( ,new-,york1 & ,que5's ,college1 ,new-,j]sey2 & ,memb] ( v>i\s ,le>n$ ,societies 9 ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,) a ,portrait4 7,communicat$47 ,doctor ,ar*ibald ,bruce1 7! subject ( ?is ,memoir7 0 a native ( ! city ( ,new-,york1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,he 0 born 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 9 ! ye> sev5te5 hundr$ & sev5ty-sev54 ,8 fa!r 01 at t "t1 at ! head ( ! m$ical dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% army1 7!n /ation$ at ,new-,york7 to :i* he _h be5 atta*$ f 8 y\?1 hav+ be5 _m ye>s previ\sly resid5t at ,new-,york1 z surgeon to ! artill]y dep>tm5t2 :]e he 0 m>ri$1 9 or ab\t ! ye> sev5te5 hundr$ & sixty-sev51 to ,judi?1 a daught] ( ,ni*olas ,bay>d1 =m]ly ( ! same city1 at t "t ! wid[ ( ,j]emiah ,van ,r5ssela] ( ,gre5bu%2 by :om he _h ano!r son1 7:o di$ an (fic] 9 ! ,briti% army 9 ,irel&7 & a daught]1 :o di$ :ile a *ild4 ,william ,bruce1 7! fa!r above-m5tion$17 & 8 bro!r ,ar*ibald1 toge!r ) a si/]1 7 natives ( ! t[n ( ,dumfries 9 ,scotl&1 :]e _! fa!r 0 _m ye>s resid5t z ! p>o*ial cl]gyman2 & s cont9u$ until 8 decease1 mu* respect$4 ,bo? sons appli$ !mselves to ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,william1 z above /at$1 became a physician 9 ! ,briti% army1 & di$1 9 t /ation1 ( ! yell[ fev]1 9 ! isl& ( ,b>badoes4 ,& ,ar*ibald receiv$ a commission ( surgeon 9 ! ,briti% navy1 9 :i* he cont9u$ until disqualifi$ by old age1 :5 he retir$ f bus9ess1 & di$ a few ye>s s9ce 9 ,london4 ,= _m ye>s he act$ z surgeon to ! sev]al %ips comm&$ by ,sir ,pet] ,p>k]1 capta91 & aft]w>d admiral4 ,doctor ,william ,bruce1 be=e 8 f9al sep>ation f 8 family1 on ! occasion ( 8 be+ ord]$ to ! ,we/-,india /ation1 _h always decl>$ t 8 son ,ar*ibald %\ld nev] be educat$ = ! m$ical pr(ession2 & f9ally enjo9$ su* in/ruction ^u 8 wife & fri5ds1 to :om ! *>ge ( ! boy 0 committ$4 ,aft] 8 decease1 ! same injunction 0 repeat$ by ! uncle1 !n 9 ,europe1 :o 0 ev] av]se to 8 nephew's mak+ *oice ( ?is pr(ession3 mu* pa9s 7 !re=e e>ly ex]t$ to div]t him f su* incl9ation4 ,! mom5t\s /ate ( political affairs1 induc$ 8 "m to s5d him to ,halifax1 "u ! c>e ( ,william ,almon1 ,m4 ,d4 a p>ticul> fri5d ( h] husb&1 ) :om1 h[ev]1 rema9+ b a %ort "t1 he return$ to ,new-,york2 & 0 plac$ at a bo>d+-s*ool at ,flatbu%1 ,long ,isl&1 "u ! direction ( ,pet] ,wilson1 ,,ll4,d4 :o 0 9 high /&+ z a tea*] ( ! languages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ar*ibald ,,bruce ,m4 ,d4 ,9 #agia1 he 0 admitt$ a /ud5t ( ! arts 9 ,columbia college4 ,ni*olas ,romayne1 ,m4,d4 0 at ?is "t among ! physicians ( highe/ consid]ation 9 ,new-,york1 & 0 engag$ 9 deliv]+ lectures on diff]5t subjects ( m$ical sci5ce 9 ,columbia ,college4 ,hav+ pursu$ ! e>ly "p ( 8 m$ical /udies ) ,dr4 ,william ,bruce1 he felt a g5]\s gratitude = ! in/ruction & att5tion :i* he _h receiv$ f him1 & endeav\r$ to requite !m by advis+ ) 8 son1 & promot+ 8 views1 z f> z lay 9 8 p[]4 ,"h comm5c$ a fri5d%ip :i* increas$ ) advanc+ ye>s1 & t]m9at$ b ) life4 ,at ?is p]iod1 "y ,bruce began to ev9ce a desire to oppose ! incl9ation ( 8 fa!r & fri5ds by /udy+ m$ic9e2 ?is /udy1 )\t _! k1 & :ile a /ud5t ( ! arts 9 ! s5ior class1 he comm5c$ by att5d+ ,dr4 ,romayne's lectures4 ,su* 0 ! /rong b5t ( 8 m9d t[>ds ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 & its collat]al physical pursuits1 t ! p]suasion & remon/rances ( 8 fri5ds prov$ alike ineffectual1 & he soon gave free scope to ! prevail+ incl9ation4 ,! collection & exam9ation ( m9]als1 a pursuit n !n at all att5d$ to 9 ?is c\ntry1 0 8 p>ticul> relief f o!r /udies2 = ev5 dur+ 8 recreation1 he 0 ev] on ! look-out = some?+ new or in/ruct+ 9 m9]alogy4 ,dr4 ,romayne be+ ab\t visit+ ,europe1 "y ,bruce pursu$ 8 /udies ) ,samuel ,b>d1 ,m4,d42 & hav+ att5d$ ! usual c\rses 9 ,columbia ,college1 he left ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ,europe 9 #agih1 & 9 #ahjj he obta9$ ! degree ( doctor 9 m$ic9e f ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 aft] def5d+ a ,!sis1 ,de ,v>iola ,vacc9a4 ,hav+ n[ f9i%$ 8 m$ical /udies1 he 0 prep>$ to visit ! cont95t ( ,europe ) peculi> advantage2 = 8 cont9u$ atta*m5t to m9]alogy1 a lib]al di/ribution ( ,am]ican specim5s !n comp>atively new 9 ,europe1 & 8 social habits & dispositions1 :i* 7 v conciliat+1 secur$ him ! be/ introductions f ,ed9burgh1 & laid ! f\ndation ( p]man5t fri5d%ips4 ,dur+ a t\r ( two ye>s1 he visit$ ,france1 ,switz]l&1 & ,italy2 & collect$ a m9]alogical cab9et ( great value & ext5t4 ,aft] 8 return to ,engl&1 he m>ri$ 9 ,london1 & came out to ,new-,york 9 ! autumn ( #ahjc1 to ent] on ! active duties ( a practition] ( m$ic9e4 ,previ\s to ! ye> #ahje1 ! practice ( physic 9 ! /ate ( ,new-,york 0 regulat$ by no public au?ority1 & ( c\rse 0 n 9 ! happie/ condition to promote ! respectability & usefulness ( ! pr(ession4 ,to remove1 z f> z possible1 ! exi/+ inconv5i5ces1 ,dr4 ,bruce became an active ag5t1 & 9 conjunction ) ,dr4 ,romayne & o!r m$ical g5tlem5 ( ,new-,york1 succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! /ate & c\nty m$ical societies1 "u ! sanction ( ! /ate legislature4 ,?is act may be consid]$ among ! fir/ ef=ts made 9 ?is c\ntry to r$uce m$ic9e to a regul> sci5ce1 by inve/+ ! privileges ( m$ical m5 9 ! body ( ! memb]s ( ! pr(ession4 ,9 ! organization ( ! ,college ( ,physicians & ,surgeons ( ! /ate ( ,new-,york1 ,dr4 ,bruce & ,dr4 ,romayne 7 em95tly active1 & by _! unit$ ex]tion & p]sev]ance1 7oppos$ by mu* pr(essional tal5t7 !y obta9$ a *>t] f ! reg5ts4 ,9 ?is new in/itution1 z pr(essor ( ! mat]ia m$ica1 & ( 8 fav\rite pursuit1 m9]alogy1 he exhibit$ ! fruits ( ardu\s /udy1 ) a dignity ( "*1 & urbanity ( mann]1 :i* comm&$ ! respect ( ! pr(ession1 & ! reg>d ( ! /ud5ts4 ,! rul+ passion 9 ,dr4 ,bruce's m9d1 0 a love ( natural sci5ce1 & especially ( m9]alogy4 ,t[>ds ! /udy ( ?is sci5ce1 he produc$ 9 8 own c\ntry a /rong impulse1 & he gave x no small degree ( eclat4 ,8 cab9et1 compos$ ( v select & well *>act]iz$ specim5s2 pur*as$ by himself1 or collect$ 9 8 own p$e/rian & o!r t\rs 9 ,europe1 or1 9 _m in/ances1 pres5t$ to him by di/+ui%$ m9]alogi/s abroad2 & bo? 9 its ext5t1 & 9 relation to ! !n /ate ( ?is c\ntry1 v valuable1 soon became an object ( mu* att5tion4 ,t ( ! late ,b4 ,d4 ,p]k9s1 :i*1 at ab\t ! same "t1 _h be5 =m$ by ,mr4 ,p]k9s 9 ,europe1 & import$ by him into ?is c\ntry1 0 also plac$ 9 ,new-,york1 & bo? cab9ets 7= bo? 7 freely %[n to ! curi\s1 by _! lib]al & c\rte\s proprietors7 contribut$ m ?an any causes _h ev] done be=e1 to excite 9 ! public m9d an active int]e/ 9 ! sci5ce ( m9]alogy4#dc ,dr4 ,bruce1 :ile abroad1 _h be5 p]sonally & intimately conv]sant ) ! ,hon4 ,mr4 ,greville1 ( ,padd+ton ,gre51 ne> ,london1 a desc5dant ( ! noble h\se ( ,w>wick1 ! possessor ( "o ( ! f9e/ private cab9ets 9 ,europe1 & a zeal\s cultivator ( m9]alogy4 ,c\nt ,b\rnon1 "o ( ^? loyal ,fr5* exiles1 :o f\nd a home 9 ,engl&1 dur+ ! /orm ( ! ,fr5* revolution1 0 almo/ dome/icat$ at ,mr4 ,greville's1 & 0 h>dly second to any man 9 m9]alogical1 & p>ticul>ly 9 cry/allographical k4 ,8 connexions ) m5 ( sci5ce on ! cont95t1 7 ( ! fir/ ord]1 & to be famili> at ,mr4 ,greville's1 & ) ,c\nt ,b\rnon1 0 to h access to e ?+ connect$ ) sci5ce 9 ,engl& & ,france4 ,dr4 ,bruce 0 also at home at ,sir ,joseph ,banks's1 ! common resort ( le>n$ & illu/ri\s m54 ,?us he enjoy$ e advantage 9 ,engl&1 & :5 he w5t to ! cont95t1 ! abundant means ( introduction :i* he possess$1 br\ght him into contact ) ! di/+ui%$ m5 ( ,p>is1 & ( o!r cities :i* he visit$4 ,! le>n$ & e/imable ,abb ,hay 0 among 8 p]sonal fri5ds & correspond5ts2 & _m o!rs might be m5tion$ 9 ! same "*1 ^: names are among ! fir/ 9 ! ranks ( sci5ce1 9 v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,return$ to 8 own c\ntry1 aft] be+ s long famili> ) ! f9e collections 9 natural hi/ory1 & especially 9 m9]alogy1 9 v>i\s c\ntries 9 ,europe1 ,dr4 ,bruce manife/$ a /rong desire to aid 9 br++ to light ! neglect$ m9]al treasures ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he soon became a focus ( in=mation on ^! subjects4 ,specim5s 7 s5t to him f _m & di/ant p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 bo? z donations & = 8 op9ion respect+ _! nature4 ,9 relation to m9]alogy he conv]s$1 he correspond$ ext5sively1 bo? ) ,europe & ,am]ica2 he p]=m$ m9]alogical t\rs2 he k9dly s\ght out & enc\rag$ ! "y m9]alogi/s ( 8 own c\ntry1 & (t5 express$ a wi% to see a j\rnal ( ,am]ican m9]alogy ^u ! plan ( t ( ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es at ,p>is4 ,?is object1 x is well kn[n1 he accompli%$1 & 9 #ahaj1 publi%$ ! fir/ numb] ( ?is "w4 ,ow+ to extrane\s causes1 x 0 nev] c>ri$ beyond "o volume2 b x demon/rat$ ! possibility ( su/a9+ su* a "w 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & w always be m5tion$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican sci5ce1 z ! e>lie/ orig9al purely sci5tific j\rnal ( ,am]ica4 ,dr4 ,bruce _h1 9 a high degree1 ! feel+s ( a man ( sci5ce4 ,he 0 ev] =w>d to promote its int]e/s1 & bo? at home & abroad1 0 consid]$ z "o ( its mo/ di/+ui%$ ,am]ican fri5ds4 ,_m /rang]s ( di/9ction came introduc$ to him1 & 8 urbanity & hospitality r>ely left him )\t gue/s at 8 bo>d4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( 8 life1 he seems to h be5 less int]e/$ 9 sci5ce4 ,8 j\rnal _h be5 s long susp5d$1 t x 0 consid]$ z virtually rel9qui%$2 8 heal? 0 und]m9$ by repeat$ attacks ( illness1 & sci5ce & society _h to lam5t 8 sudd5 dep>ture1 :5 he _h sc>cely atta9$ ! m]idian ( life4 ,he di$ 9 8 native place on ! #bb;d ( ,febru>y1 #ahah1 ( an apoplexy1 9 ! #da/ ye> ( 8 age4 ,,intellig5ce4 ,,art4 ,,xix4 #a4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,web/]',s ,lectures4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,web/]1 "s mon?s s9ce1 comm5c$ a c\rse ( ,lectures 9 ! t[n ( ,bo/on1 on ,geology & ,m9]alogy4 ,hav+ f9i%$ 8 fir/ c\rse1 he is n[ occupi$ ) a second on ! same subjects1 & we und]/& receives ! patronage ( "s ( ! mo/ respectable citiz5s ( ,bo/on & its vic9ity4 ,he makes ,geology ! gr\ndwork ( 8 plan1 & fills up by describ+ ! metals & m9]als met ) 9 ea* class ( rocks1 aft] ! rock has be5 notic$4 ,a pretty full acc\nt is giv5 ( ! coal =mations1 7sev]al ( :i* ,dr4 ,w4 has visit$7 & ( ! modes ( se>*+ & bor+4 ,a view is giv5 ( ! =mations ( ,p>is & ! ,isle ( ,wight1 ) specim5s f ^? di/ricts4 ,9 ! volcanic "p1 a description 7f p]sonal obs]vation7 is giv5 ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's4 ,! /ructure ( ve9s2 ! =m+ & de/roy+ effects ( wat]2 ! physiognomy ( ! dry l& & subm>9e2 ! orig9 ( isl&s & coral reefs1 & a view ( ! pr9cipal m\nta9 ranges ?r\gh\t ! _w conclude ! c\rse4 #b4 ,dr4 ,web/]'s ,cab9et4 ,dr4 ,web/]1 hav+ sp5t two or ?ree ye>s 9 ,europe1 9 pr(essional /udies1 dur+ :i* "t he devot$ mu* att5tion to m9]alogy & geology1 ) ! ample aids af=d$ by ! cab9ets & di/+ui%$ tea*]s 9 ,scotl&1 ,france1 & ,engl&1 has rec5tly return$ to 8 own c\ntry1 & has br\ght ) him a v select & consid]ably ext5sive cab9et ( m9]als1 ) :i*1 & ) ,am]ican specim5s1 he illu/rates 8 lectures4 ,we und]/& t ! collection conta9s "s ?\s& specim5s1 & is good 9 ! ,engli% & ,scot* m9]als2 also 9 ! ,sib]ian copp]s2 x conta9s a suite ( ?ree hundr$ geological specim5s f ,freyb]g1 f granite to gravel4 ,! geological "p is ext5sive1 & 0 increas$ by num]\s p$e/rian t\rs 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&2 mo/ ( ! geological specim5s h be5 exam9$1 9 company ) ,pr(essor ,jameson4 ,! volcanic "p is good1 f ! ext5sive opportunities :i* ,dr4 ,web/] enjoy$ 9 ! ,azores1 9 :i*1 on 8 return to ?is c\ntry1 he sp5t "s "t1 & f\nd mu* to int]e/ him4 ,8 obs]vations w soon be giv5 to ! public1 9 a "w entitl$ ,rem>ks on ! ,azores or ,we/]n ,isl&s4 ,x is well kn[n t !y are volcanic1 & ( c\rse af=d ! usual volcanic sub/ances4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ "p is t occupi$ by ! boil+ f\nta9s1 9 _m respects simil> to ! ,geys]s ( ,icel&1 except+ t ! wat] is n eject$ to any consid]able height2 b ! incru/ations1 ! s9t]1 & sulphur1 are e way equal to any specim5s :i* ,dr4 ,web/] saw 9 ,sir ,g4 ,mack5zie's collection4 ,we are mu* gratifi$ 9 notic+ bo? :at ,dr4 ,web/] has done & is /ill do+4 ,we are p]suad$ t he w d mu* t[>ds promot+ ! cultivation ( ,am]ican m9]alogy & geology1 & especially 9 ! enlight5$ community 9 :i* he resides4 ,we cordially wi% him success1 & tru/ t x w be ensur$ by ! patronage ( ! citiz5s ( ,bo/on4 #c4 ,suppos$ id5tity ( ,copal & ,amb]4 ,a correspond5t1 ^: pap] is )held f publication till "s additional exp]im5ts c be made1 conceives t copal & amb] are orig9ally ! same sub/ance1 & ! product ( ! same tree4 #d4 ,,! ,,necronite4--7,a suppos$ new m9]al47 ,extract ( a lett] f ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,hayd5 ( ,baltimore1 to ! ,editor1 dat$ ,janu>y #e1 #ahai4 ,x 7! necronite7 occurs 9 a primitive m>ble1 or lime/one1 :i* is obta9$ #ba miles f ,baltimore1 & a small di/ance f ! ,york & ,lanca/] road4 ,x 0 fir/ notic$ by myself at ,wa%+ton's monum5t1 9 :i* ?is m>ble is pr9cipally employ$4 ,x occurs1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 isolat$ masses 9 ! blocks1 or slabs1 bo? 9 an amorph\s & cry/alliz$ /ate4 ,x is mo/ commonly associat$ ) a beautiful br[n mica1 ( ! col\r ( titanium2 small b regul> cry/als ( sulphuret ( iron1 tremolite1 & small prismatic cry/als ( titanium1 :i* are r>e4 ,! =m ( ! cry/als is a rhomboid1 approximat+ v mu* to t ( ! felsp>1 & :i* has incl9$ "s to consid] x z su*4 ,also1 ! hexa$ral prism1 resembl+ t ( ! b]yl4 ,?is =m is r>e1 & has n1 z yet1 ,i believe1 be5 f\nd complete4 ,its col\r is a blui% :ite1 & cle> :ite4 ,its /ructure mu* resembles felsp>1 be+ lamell>2 sometimes opaque1 semi-transp>5t & transp>5t1 at lea/ 9 mod]ately ?9 pieces4 ,x scrat*es glass1 c>bonat ( lime1 & ev5 felsp>1 9 a slight degree4 ,9 all our ef=ts1 x has be5 f\nd infusible1 p] se1 or ) borate ( soda1 & ev5 f all ! =ce ( heat t c\ld be excit$ 9 a smi?'s furnace1 x came out un*ang$ 9 any degree4 ,! acids seem to h no s5sible effect ^u x1 ei!r cold or hot4 ,?is is all t ,i c say ( x at pres5t1 except t x possesses a mo/ horrid smell4#dd ,i h s9ce f\nd 9 a m>ble ( ! same k9d1 b f a diff]5t qu>ry1 & a few miles di/ant f ! fir/1 a qu>tz almo/ z fetid z ! necronite1 & likewise associat$ ) small prisms ( titanium4 ,^! sub/ances c>ry ) !m a degree ( int]e/ 9 ano!r po9t ( view4 ,!y seem to invalidate ! op9ion t ! fetid smell ( second>y lime/one1 slate1 c4 is d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( animal matt]4 ,z _! gangue is decid$ly a rock ( primitive =mation4 ,ano!r new m9]al obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,hayd54 ,exclusive ( ! int]e/ :i* ! necronite has excit$ ) me & sev]al o!rs1 ,i h besides /umbl$ ^u ano!r sub/ance1 if possible /ill m int]e/+4 ,i discov]$ x 9 an imp]fect /ate1 ab\t #d ye>s s9ce1 b n until rec5tly h ,i be5 able to f9d x p]fect1 9 beautiful g>net col\r$ cubic cry/als ( an in* squ>e or ne>ly4 ,^! cry/als are v liable or subject to decomposition1 9 :i* /ate !y pres5t a p]fect b spongy cube4 ,al?\gh !y resemble ! cubic zeolite1 yet !y h no?+ ( its "* ) !m besides4 ,rem>k4 ,dr4 ,hayd5 )\t d\bt alludes to ! *abasie ( ! ,abb ,hay1 =m]ly b inaccurately call$ ! cubic zeolite2 = x is really a rhomboid v ne>ly approa*+ a cube--its angles be+ #ic #dh1 & #hf #ab4 #e4 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,dead ,,bodies4 ,f ,!n>d's ,*emi/ry1 vol4 iii4 ,p>is ed4 p4 #gac4 ,! au?or decl9es describ+ ! me?ods ( embalm+ commonly employ$1 & proce$s to describe ! mode :i* 0 = ! fir/ "t employ$ by ,dr4 ,*aussi]4 ,?is process consi/s 9 plac+ ! dead body ?or\ghly empti$ & wa%$1 9 wat] kept con/antly saturat$ ) corrosive sublimate4 ,?is salt gradually comb9es ) ! fle%1 gives x firmness1 r5d]s x imputrescible1 & incapable ( be+ attack$ by insects & worms4 ,i h se51 7adds ! au?or7 a head ?us prep>$1 :i* _h be5 expos$ alt]nately to ! sun & ra9 dur+ sev]al ye>s1 )\t hav+ suff]$ ! slighte/ *ange4 ,x 0 v little de=m$1 & easily recogniz$1 al?\gh ! fle% _h become z h>d z wood4 #f4 ,,mat*es ,,k9dl+ ,,)\t ,,fire4 7,f ,!n>d's ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #ebe47 ,?is mat* is prep>$ by m+l+ two p>ts ( ! oxymuriate ( pota% & "o ( sulphur1 :i* by means ( a little gum is atta*$ to a common sulphur mat*4 ,?is mat* on be+ dipp$ into1 or r slightly wet )1 /rong sulphuric acid1 7oil ( vitriol7 imm$iately cat*es fire4 ,! au?or has n add$ ! caution t ! sulphur & salt %\ld be pulv]iz$ sep>ately2 if rubb$ toge!r 9 a mort>1 !y w explode ) "s dang] to ! op]ator1 provid$ ! quantity be ov] a few gra9s4 ,mat*es made ^u ?is pr9ciple1 h be5 = "s "t made & sold 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y are sometimes put up 9 little japann$ cases ) a small phial1 f :i* :5 inv]t$ ) ! m\? op51 no?+ w drop1 & yet ! mat* k9dles on be+ ?ru/ 9 q to ! bottom4 ,! tru? is1 ^! bottles conta9 a little amian?us moi/5$ ) sulphuric acid1 :i* ?us k9dles ! mat*1 b z ! acid soon weak5s by attract+ wat] f ! air1 x is bett] to use a phial ( ! acid 9 ! liquid /ate4 ,a few drops answ] ! purpose1 & :5 ?is is weak5$1 x is easily r5ew$4 #g4 ,cleavel&'s ,m9]alogy4 ,our op9ion ( ?is "w 0 fully express$ 9 ! review ( x 9 our fir/ numb]4 ,9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review = ,septemb]1 #ahah1 ?is "w is aga9 review$1 & 9 a mann] :i* mu/ gratify e fri5d to ,am]ican sci5ce4 ,x w be necess>y to cite only a s+le s5t5ce4 ,aft] comm5d+ ! cond5s$ & hone/ mann] 9 :i* ! "w is pr9t$1 7= !y say1 t ! same matt] :i* "h fills "o volume w\ld 9 ,engl& h be5 spread ov] ?ree17 ! review] adds1 ,we %\ld be glad to see x repr9t$ exactly ^u ! plan ( ! orig9al2 & we h no d\bt t x w\ld be f\nd ! mo/ useful "w on m9]alogy 9 our language4 ,m ne$ n be--m sc>cely c\ld be said4 #h4 ,a new ,alkali4 ,a new alkali has rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 ,sw$51 by ,m4 ,arfw$son4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! petalite1 a m9]al f ,uto51 9 ,sw$51 9 a proportion n ov] #e pr4 ct42 also 9 ! triphane or spodum5e1 9 ! proportion ( #h p] c5t4 & 9 :at is call$ cry/alliz$ lepidolite1 9 ! proportion ( #d p] c5t4 ,9 its g5]al prop]ties x v ne>ly resembles ! o!r alkalies4 ,:5 heat$ 9 contact ) plat9um x acts on x4 ,9 ! galvanic circuit x 0 decompos$ ) bright sc9tillations1 & ! r$uc$ metal be+ sep>at$1 aft]w>d burnt4 ,?is metal resembles sodium4 ,! new alkali has be5 call$ li?ia4 7,j\r4 ( ,sci5ce ( ! ,roy4 ,in/47 #i4 ,ignit$ ,plat9um ,wire4 ,9 our la/ we m5tion$ ! lamp )\t flame1 ! ignition ( plat9um wire be+ su/a9$ by means ( ! vap\r ( alcohol4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy has discov]$ t ! vap\r ( camphor answ]s ! same purpose3 ,if a piece ( camphor1 or a few small fragm5ts 9 a heap1 be plac$ 9 any conv5i5t situation1 z on a %ill+1 ! bottom ( a glass1 c4 & a piece ( plat9um wire1 ei!r coil$ or press$ up toge!r1 be heat$ & laid ^u x1 ! plat9um w gl[ z long z any camphor rema9s1 & w frequ5tly light x up into a flame4 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,in/4 #aj4 ,r$ ,ra94 ,a r$ ra9 fell 9 ,naples1 7,m>* #ad1 #ahah17 ! common p 7 mu* al>m$1 & call$ x blood or fire4 ,an e>?y p[d] 0 collect$1 :i* :5 dry 0 yell[1 unctu\s1 & ( an e>?y ta/e2 its specific gravity #b4jg4 ,its analysis pres5t$ silex #cc--;alum9e #ae4e--;*rome #a4-- iron #ad4e--;c>bonic acid #i41 & a combu/ible sub/ance ( a c>bonace\s nature4 ,x is ?\ght t ?is p[d] _h n a volcanic orig91 & t ! pres5ce ( *rome assimilates x ) meteoric /ones4 ,ibid4 #aa4 ,gnephalium4 ,pr(essor ,ives has discov]$ a new species ( gnephalium ) decurr5t leaves1 ( :i* a plate & description w appe> 9 our next numb]4 #ab4 ,augite4 ,m4 ,hay has unit$ ! fassalite & ! bakalite ) ! sahlite1 a sub-species ( augite4 7,see ,mem4 ( ! ,museum ( ,nat4 ,hi/4 vol4 #c47 #ac4 ,a ,new ,vegetable ,alkali1 ,has be5 f\nd by ,messrs4 ,pelleti] & ,cav5ton 9 ! ,feve ,/4 ,ignace & ! ,nux ,vomica4 ,x has be5 nam$ ! vaucquel91 9 hon\r ( ,m4 ,vaucquel94 7,j\rnal de ,physique1 = ,aug4 #ahah47 #ad4 ,new ,m9]als4 ,two new m9]al species h be5 discov]$1 ! scorrodite f ,s*nuburg 9 ,saxony1 & ! tung/ate ( lead f ,z9nwald 9 ,bohemia4 ,ibid4 #ae4 ,new ,metal4 ,a new metal has be5 discov]$ by ,b]zilius1 9 ! m9es ( ,fahlun 9 ,sw$51 to :i* he has giv5 ! "n ( ,sel5ium4 ,ibid4 #af4 ,pure ,alum9e4 ,a l>ge b$ ( ?is sub/ance1 p]fectly pure1 has be5 f\nd at ,arg5ton1 ,dep>tm5t de ,l',endre4 ,ibid4 #ag4 ,collections ( ,am]ican ,m9]als4 ,we are in=m$ t "u ! auspices ( ,col4 ,gibbs1 a collection ( ,am]ican m9]als by /ates1 accord+ to ! arrangem5t ( ! m9]als ( ! dep>tm5ts ( ,france1 9 ! cab9et ( ! s*ool ( m9es at ,p>is1 0 begun "s "t s9ce1 at ! rooms ( ! ,hi/4 ,society 9 ,new-,york2 & rec5tly 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! latt]1 he has be5 assi/$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,web/]1 lectur] on m9]alogy & geology 9 ,bo/on4 #ah4 ,c4 ,s4 ,raf9esque1 ,esq4 ,we are reque/$ to ann\nce t a ,j\rnal ( ?is g5tleman's ,travels & ,discov]ies 9 ! ,we/1 w be publi%$ ?is ye> by ,cram] & ,spe> ( ,pittsburg1 & t ! results ( 8 zoological & botanical lab\rs consi/ 9 ! discov]y ( ab\t #ae new g5]a1 & #ahj new species ( plants2 ab\t #ge new g5]a1 & #fjj new species ( animals1 :]e( ne>ly #gj are new fi%es1 #bj new quadrup$s1 #cj new reptiles1 #aab new %ells1 #bej new fossils1 c4 ,he has inquir$ h[ ! deep valleys h be5 excavat$1 :]e lakes exi/$1 :]e ! old falls ( ! ,ohio 71 ! ext5t & orig9 ( ! coal region1 c4 #ai4 ,m$ical ,college ( ,ohio4 ,extract ( a lett] f ,c9c9nati1 ,jan4 #aj?1 #ahai4 ,! legislature ( ! /ate ( ,ohio h j e/abli%$ a m$ical college 9 ?is city1 & h by an unanim\s vote pass$ a law incorporat+ ! ,faculty4 ,9 ! act1 ,dr4 ,samuel ,br[n ( ,alabama is nam$ z ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy1 ,dr4 ,daniel ,drake ( ,c9c9nati1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,in/itutes & ,practice ( ,m$ic9e1 ,dr4 ,coleman ,rog]s1 ,pr(essor ( ,surg]y1 & ,dr4 ,slack1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry4 ,! o!r ,pr(essors are to be appo9t$ by ! ,faculty1 & x is believ$ t ,dr4 ,ri*>dson ( ,lex+ton1 ,k5tucky1 w be call$ to ! ,ob/etrical *air4 ,v high expectations are ent]ta9$ ( ! importance ( ?is in/itution 9 ! we/4 #bj4 ,notes on ,ohio4 ,caleb ,atwat]1 ,esq4 ( ,circleville1 ,ohio1 has issu$ proposals = publi%+ ! above "w1 7m5tion$ 9 our la/ numb]7 ) a prospectus exhibit+ its pr9cipal features4 ,we d\bt n x w conta9 valuable in=mation conc]n+ a v int]e/+ portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & e ef=t on ! "p ( m5 ( intellig5ce & enl>g$ views1 to make ! we/]n & s\?we/]n /ates bett] kn[n1 des]ves1 & x is believ$ w receive1 adequate support4 #ba4 ,discov]y ( ,am]ican ,tung/5 & ,tellurium4 ,nei!r ( ^! metals1 s f> z we are in=m$1 has be5 ann\nc$ z exi/+ 9 ei!r ( ! ,am]icas4 ,x is well kn[n to m9]alogi/s1 t tung/5 is v r>e1 & t tellurium is f\nd only 9 ,transylvania4 ,we h n[ ! pleasure to /ate t bo? ^! metals exi/ 9 ! ,bismu? m9e1 9 ! t[n ( ,hunt+ton1 p>i% ( ,new ,/rat=d1 9 ,connecticut1 #bj miles we/ ( ,new-,hav54 ,dur+ ! exam9ation ( "s ores1 br\ght to u by ,mr4 ,ephraim ,lane1 ! proprietor ( ?is m9e1 we obta9$ ! tung/5 9 ! /ate ( yell[ oxid1 & ! tellurium 9 ! metallic /ate4 ,! tung/5 is /at$ to be abundant 9 ! m9e2 x is ! f]rug9\s species1 kn[n to m9]alogi/s by ! "n ( wolfram4 ,we _c yet say :e!r ! tellurium is abundant1 hav+ obta9$ x f only two pieces2 f ^! we extract$ also tung/51 s t x may possibly con/itute a new m9]al species4 ,fur!r p>ticul>s w be giv5 9 our next ,numb]4 #bb4 ,mr4 ,%eldon's ,application ( ,*esnut ,wood to ! ,arts ( ,tann+ & ,dy+4 ,,rem>ks4 ,a consid]able "t s9ce1 we 7 confid5tially made acqua9t$ ) ! discov]y detail$ 9 ! foll[+ lett]4 ,we h repeat$ ! mo/ important ( ,mr4 ,%eldon's exp]im5ts1 bo? 9 relation to tann+ & dy+1 & are well satisfi$ t ! discov]] has n ov]rat$1 or errone\sly e/imat$1 ! value ( 8 own results4 ,we are p]suad$ t ! highly useful arts allud$ to1 w d]ive important aid f ! use ( a mat]ial s abundant & *eap z *esnut wood4 ,to ,pr(essor ,silliman4 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,feb4 #bg1 #ahai4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i s5d y a m p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! newly discov]$ prop]ties ( ! *esnut4 ,?is tree1 ,fagus ,ca/anea1 ,l9n4 is v abundant 9 ,new-,engl& & ! middle /ates2 & occurs 9 ! m\nta9\s di/ricts1 z f> s\?w>d z ,s\?-,c>ol9a1 or p]haps ev5 ,georgia4 ,x is "o ( ! /atelie/ trees ( ! =e/2 sc>cely less di/+ui%$ by ! beauty ( its foliage1 ?an by ! durability ( its wood4 ,by repeat$ analyses1 conduct$ ) ! m9ute/ att5tion to e circum/ance :i* c\ld ensure accuracy1 x appe>s1 incr$ible z x may seem1 t ! *esnut wood conta9s twice z mu* tann9 z ross'd#de oak b>k1 & six-sev5?s z mu* col\r+ matt] 7:i* gives a black ) iron17 z logwood4 ,i am aw>e t no?+ c\ld be f>!r f ! common appreh5sion ?an su* results2 b ! uni=m success ( a great v>iety ( exp]im5ts 9 tann+ & dy+1 9 addition to ! o!r k9d ( evid5ce1 %\ld satisfy ! mo/ incr$ul\s4 ,! lea!r tann$ ) x1 has1 9 e in/ance1 be5 sup]ior to t tann$ 9 a comp>ative exp]im5t1 ) oak b>k2 be+ firm]1 less por\s1 & at ! same "t m pliable4 ,! reason = ?is diff]5ce1 w probably be f\nd 9 ! high /ate ( oxyg5izem5t ( ! b>k1 p>ticul>ly ( ! epid]mis1 by :i* x is r5d]$ to a c]ta9 degree acrid & corrosive4 ,dr4 ,bancr(t 0 p]haps ! fir/ :o notic$ ! oxyg5izem5t ( b>ks4 ,he attributes ! d>k br[n col\r ( ! epid]mis ( 8 qu]citron1 to ?is cause2 & z a confirmation ( ! idea1 ,i h obs]v$ t ink made ( ! epid]mis ( ano!r k9d ( b>k1 ?\gh at fir/ n to be di/+ui%$ by ! col\r f t made ( ! cellul> & cortical p>ts1 is incomp>ably less p]man5t4 ,z a mat]ial = mak+ ink1 ! wood ( ! *esnut is probably unrivall$4 ,comb9$ ) iron 9 any proportion1 x gives1 z x is dilute or conc5trat$1 a pure blue or blue-black2 :ile galls1 suma*1 c4 c4 unless comb9$ ) a great] proportion ?an is consi/5t ) ! highe/ degree ( p]man5cy1 af=d a black m or less incl9+ to a r$di% br[n4 ,! lake ( ! *esnut is inde$ a blue1 & n to be di/+ui%$ by ! eye f indigo2 b :5 diffus$ on pap]1 ?is same sub/ance becomes an int5se %9+ black4 ,9 dy+1 little diff]5ce is obs]vable betwe5 ! *esnut & galls1 & suma*1 except t ! =m] has a r great] aff9ity = wool1 c4 ?an ! latt]1 & ( c\rse requires less boil+4 ,its p]man5cy has be5 completely te/$ by long exposure to ! sun & ! wea!r2 b no d\bt c exi/ on ?is head1 if ! position ( ,b]?ollet be true1 t p]man5t blacks are =m$ only by ! comb9ation ( iron & tann94 ,to prep>e ! *esnut wood = ! purposes ( tann+1 a mode has be5 devis$ = r$uc+ x to a suitable degree ( f95ess4 ,?is me?od consi/s 9 ! application ( knives1 ei!r 9 ! direction (1 or transv]sely to ! gra91 by a rotatory motion4 ,?is mode obvi\sly involves ! greate/ possible economy ( mov+ p[]4 ,messrs4 ,b4 & ,m4 ,/ebb9s1 ( ,we/-,spr+field1 :o are mak+ arrangem5ts = go+ l>gely into ! exportation ( ! article1 h 9 con/ruction a ma*9e ^u ?is plan4 ,z might be expect$1 ! inspissat$ aque\s extract ( ! *esnut1 be>s a ne> resemblance 9 _m p>ticul>s1 to cate*u4 ,pr(essor ,dewey1 ( ,william's ,college1 :o at my reque/1 has gone ?r\gh an ext5sive & elaborate c\rse ( exp]im5ts1 in=m$ me t he obta9$ a qu>t] m ( ! gelat9\s precipitate f ! =m]1 ?an f ! latt]4 ,by ! ta/e1 ! two sub/ances are n to be di/+ui%$1 except t ! =m] is m pung5t4 ,x leaves ^u ! tongue1 ! same p]man5t & refre%+ sweetness1 = :i* ! o!r is s mu* priz$ 9 ! ea/2 :]e x is us$ z an article ( luxury1 ) betel nut4 ,might n ! extract be advantage\sly sub/itut$ = cate*u1 9 ! celebrat$ life pres]v+ composition ( ,dr4 ,pe>son2 ! object be+ to conc5trate ! greate/ possible quantity ( nutriti\s & tonic sub/ances 9 ! smalle/ weight4 ,! col\r+ prop]ties ( ! two sub/ances1 are entirely diff]5t4 ,aft] ! discov]y1 twelve or fifte5 ye>s s9ce1 ( ! composition ( ! t]ra japonica1 attempts 7 made 9 ,engl& to introduce x into ! mat]ia t+5tia1 z a sub/itute = galls2 b un=tunately1 l ! extract ( qu]citron1 x af=ds ) iron no?+ b a meagre olive2 & ,dr4 ,bancr(t /ates1 t 9 a great numb] ( trials1 he 0 unable1 by ! greate/ accumulation1 to produce any ?+ l a black1 ev5 ^u wool1 mu* less ^u cotton & silk4 ,a s+ul> fact1 :i* ,i obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( my exp]im5ts1 is wor?y ( notice4 ,i _h prep>$ = a c]ta9 purpose1 solutions f ! wood ( ! trunk ( a tree1 ab\t ?ree feet1 & f t ( a limb ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! same quantity ( wood & ( ! solv5t 0 employ$ 9 bo? cases4 ,on add+ to ea* ! same quantity ( ! solution ( gelat9e1 abundant precipitates imm$iately appe>$1 z usual1 app>5tly mu* ! same 9 quantity2 b to my a/oni%m5t1 ! size ( ! sev]al cong]ies 9 ea*1 bore a ne> proportion to t ( ! /icks f :i* !y 7 obta9$1 n diff]+ mu* f t ( middl+ & ( v small flakes ( sn[4 ,is n ?is an extraord9>y fact1 ev9cive ( a complication 9 ! arrangem5t ( ^! bodies hi!rto unsuspect$4 ,may x n at "s future p]iod1 lead to a nom5clature ( precipitates2 af=d+1 l ! cry/allography ( ,hay1 a new & accurate mode ( det]m9+ ! compositions ( sub/ances2 & p]haps ?r[+ light ^u ! obscure subject ( *emical1 or if y please1 electro-*emical aff9ities4 ,! size ( a /ick might probably be asc]ta9$ ) almo/ z mu* precision1 z by actual admeasurem5t4 ,! solutions 9 ?is exp]im5t1 7 =m$ by mac]ation 9 cold wat]4 ,:5 hot wat] 0 employ$1 & ! process 0 complet$ 9 two or ?ree h\rs1 ! appe>ance ( ! precipitate 0 v diff]5t1 ! cong]ies be+ small]1 irregul>1 & n well def9$4 ,i h only to add1 t hav+ tak5 measures to secure ! discov]y1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe1 x is my wi% to br+ x into g5]al use z spe$ily z possible4 ,i am1 ,sir1 v respectfully1 ,y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,william ,,%eldon4 ,p4 ,s4 ,9 a %ort article = "s future numb]1 ,i may s5d y an acc\nt ( ! op]ation ( ! ma*9e1 & ( "s o!r p>ticul>s4 #bc4 ,additional note conc]n+ ! ,tung/5 & ,tellurium4 ,we h n room to ins]t 9 ! pres5t numb]1 a description & a *emical exam9ation ( ! ores ( tung/5 & tellurium rec5tly discov]$ 9 ,connecticut2 !y w appe> 9 our next4 ,9 ! mean "t x may be /at$1 t ! tung/5 & tellurium are f\nd bl5d$ 9 ! same pieces1 b :e!r 9 m]e mixture1 or 9 *emical comb9ation1 is n yet q det]m9$4 ,_m specim5s ( ! tung/5 exi/ )\t ! tellurium1 b e piece :i* has af=d$ tellurium has also af=d$ tung/51 & 9 great] abundance4 ,ev5 9 well def9$ cry/als1 bo? metals h be5 f\nd 9 ! same cry/al1 & :]e ! ext]nal appe>ance 0 homog5e\s4 ,9 o!r specim5s a diff]5ce seems to be app>5t1 & a prop] ore ( tellurium appe>s to be bl5d$ ) a prop] ore ( tung/54 ,?is latt] ore is ! wolfram1 compos$ ( oxid ( tung/51 or z "s *oose to say1 tung/ic oxid comb9$ ) iron & manganese4 ,! cry/als1 h[ev]1 are octah$ral1 a fact :i* we believe is n m5tion$ ( ?is species by au?ors1 al?\gh ?is =m is f\nd 9 ! calc>e\s tung/54 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,bismu? m9e 9 :i* ^! ores are f\nd is ! prop]ty ( ,mr4 ,ephraim ,lane4 ,lett]s address$1 po/ paid1 to him at ,new ,/rat=d1 t[n ( ,hunt+ton1 ,connecticut1 w f9d him ?r\gh ! ,po/ ,(fice2 & he w1 = a reasonable comp5sation1 pack boxes m or less ext5sive1 = m9]alogi/s & o!rs4 ,z ,mr4 ,lane is by occupation a f>m]1 & is oblig$ to bla/ a qu>tz gangue 9 ord] to obta9 8 specim5s1 he _c be expect$ to transmit !m gratis4 ,8 m9e1 :i* has be5 sunk only t5 feet1 af=ds native bismu?1 native silv]1 magnetical & common iron pyrites1 & copp] pyrites1 7! two latt] cry/alliz$7 gal5a1 bl5de1 tung/51 tellurium1 c4 ,x is expect$ t ! %aft w soon be sunk deep]1 :5 probably a m abundant supply ( good specim5s w be obta9$4 ,n4 ,b4 ,! silv] & gal5a are ! lea/ abundant4 ,m>* #h?1 #ahai4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,vide ,ed94 ,review = ,sept4 #ahah4 p4 #cgd4 #bi ,ref]r+ to ! ridges ( ,gre5/one ne> ,new-,hav54 #cj ,or1 accord+ to ! ,w]n]ian ,geologi/s1 ,transition8 ,editor4 #ca ,! mode/y ( ! writ] has prev5t$ him f apply+ to ! =mations :i* he has well describ$1 ! t]ms transition & second>y1 :i* !re c be little d\bt d 9 fact belong to !m4 ,8 /rata ( highly incl9$ lime/one1 appe> to belong to ! transition class ( ,w]n]1 & 8 flat /rata1 to ! second>y4 ,x may be obs]v$ 9 ?is place1 t ! specim5s allud$ to 9 ! text 7passim17 appe> to be correctly describ$ by ,mr4 ,cornelius1 & to ju/ify 8 geological inf]5ces z f> z h&-specim5s se5 at a di/ance f _! native b$s1 c =m a safe basis = g5]al geological inductions4 ,editor4 #cb ,copi$ p>tly f ,manuscripts ( ! late ,dr4 ,muhl5b]g1 ( ,lanca/]1 ,p5nsylvania4 #cc ,?is l>ge species ,i und]/& has be5 mi/ak5 by a writ] on ,natural ,hi/ory = ,boa con/rictor3 ?is is m5tion$ to %[ h[ remotely x is possible to div]ge f accuracy 9 ?is sci5ce4 #cd ,i h be5 s9ce in=m$ by ,mr4 ,lesueur1 t to 8 ta/e ! poison 0 bitt]4 #ce ,! t]m9al caudal plates ( ?is individual 7 bifid1 z 9 ! "o ( ,peale's ,museum4 #cf ,?is la/ is ! animal1 beyond a d\bt1 judg+ f ! detail$ description & plate1 :i* has lately be5 erect$ into a new g5us1 "u ! "n ( ,scoliophus44444444444444444444444444444 4! id5tity is imm$iately obvi\s1 to any "o acqua9t$ ) ! specific *>act]s ( ! above-m5tion$ colub]4 ,& ,i presume x c be made app>5t1 to any "o tol]ably v]s$ 9 ! sci5ce1 %\ld pro( be ?\ght necess>y4 #cg ,dr4 ,b>ton rem>k$ t ?is "p is r\nd$1 7cauda t]es17 ?is obs]vation 0 n autoptical1 b dictat$ mo/ probably by ! appe>ance ( ,catesby's figure4 ,9 ! "y animal ! tail is less compress$ ?an 9 ! old "o4 #ch ,"h we might prop]ly en\gh notice ! high-ways1 /reets1 & pavem5ts ( cities1 c4 on :i* ! mat]ials be+ m9utely divid$ by attrition1 are 9 a bett] /ate = ! sun to act freely on1 & w consequ5tly yield great] products ?an equal areas ( undi/urb$ surface1 "u l circum/ances ( heat4 #ci ,p]haps !re is no body 9 nature absolutely incombu/ible1 b ,i use ! t]m "h 9 common acceptation4 #dj ,x may be easily prov$ t wat] evaporates 7?\gh sl[ly7 at a temp]ature _m degrees bel[ its freez+ po9t2 & ^! vap\rs are m subtle & ela/ic ?an ^? =m$ at ! boil+ po9t ( t fluid4 ,,rem>k4 ,x is inde$ prov$ t vap\r is =m$ f wat] at ! l[e/ temp]atures1 b is less ela/ic1 ! l[] ! temp]ature1 z appe>s f its su/a9+ a cont9ually decreas+ column ( m]cury1 ! l[] ! temp]ature at :i* ! vap\r is =m$4 ,vide ,dalton's & ,gay ,lussac's exp]im5ts4 ,editor4 #da ,we h tak5 ! lib]ty to give ,mr4 ,atwat]'s ,memoir a m ext5sive ,title1 = reasons t w be obvi\s on a p]usal ( ! piece4 #db ,g5us1 platanus--species1 occid5talis1 popul> "n1 sycamore1 or button-wood4 #dc ,! collection ( ,mr4 ,p]k9s became1 9 #ahjg1 7p>tly by ! lib]ality ( its possessor1 & p>tly by pur*ase17 ! prop]ty ( ,yale ,college1 & is n[ 9 ! cab9et ( t in/itution4 ,x is believ$ t few cab9ets ( equal ext5t1 ev] conta9$ m in/ructive & beautiful specim5s1 ) less t is unmean+ or sup]flu\s4 ,! cab9et ( ,dr4 ,bruce has1 s9ce 8 dea?1 be5 pur*as$ by a g5tleman 9 ,new-,york1 = #ejjj doll>s4 ,editor4 #dd ,on acc\nt ( its peculi> cadav]\s od\r ,dr4 ,hayd5 proposes to call ?is m9]al 7%\ld x prove to be a new "o7 ,necronite1 f ! ,greek 4 #de ,t is1 ! inn] b>k depriv$ ( ! epid]mis or out] b>k1 by ! %av+ knife4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,geology1 ,,topography1 ,,& ,,m9]alogy4 ,page ,art4 ,i4 ,on ! ,geology1 ,m9]alogy1 ,sc5]y1 & ,curiosities ( ,p>ts ( ,virg9ia1 ,t5nessee1 & ( ! ,alabama & ,mississippi ,t]ritories1 c4 ) ,miscellane\s ,rem>ks1 c4 ,9 a ,lett] to ! ,editor4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,elias ,cornelius #cag ,art4 ,,ii4 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,prairies4 ,by ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,wells #cca ,art4 ,,iii4 ,sket* ( ! ,m9]alogy & ,geology ( ! ,vic9ity ( ,williams' ,college1 ,william/[n1 ,mass4 ,by ,pr(essor ,dewey1 ( ,williams' ,college1 9 a lett] to ! ,editor #ccg ,art4 ,,iv4 ,on ! ,t\rmal9es & o!r ,m9]als f\nd at ,*e/]field & ,go%51 ,massa*usetts1 by ,col4 ,george ,gibbs #cdf ,art4 ,v4 ,obs]vations on ! ,m9]als connect$ ) ! ,gneiss range ( ,lit*field c\nty1 by ,mr4 ,john ,p4 ,brace1 ( ,lit*field1 ,conn4 #cea ,,botany4 ,art4 ,,vi4 ,an ,acc\nt ( two ,nor? ,am]ican ,species ( ,rottbllia1 discov]$ on ! ,sea-coa/ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,georgia1 by ,dr4 ,william ,baldw91 ( ,philadelphia #cee ,art4 ,,vii4 ,floral ,cal5d> kept at ,de]field1 ,massa*usetts1 ) ,miscellane\s ,rem>ks1 by ,dr4 ,/eph5 ,w4 ,williams1 ( ,de]field #cei ,art4 ,,viii4 ,description & ,natural ,classification ( ! ,g5us ,flo]kea1 by ,c4 ,s4 ,raf9esque1 ,pr(essor ( ,botany & ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! ,transylvania ,univ]sity1 ,lex+ton1 ,k54 #cgc ,art4 ,,ix4 ,descriptions ( ,?ree ,new ,g5]a ( ,plants1 f ! ,/ate ( ,new-,york4 ,cylactis1 ,nemopan?us1 & ,polanisia1 by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,s4 ,raf9esque #cgg ,art4 ,x4 ,notice on ! ,myosurus ,%ortii1 by ! same #cgi ,art4 ,,xi4 ,description ( a ,new ,species ( ,gnaphalium1 by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,ives #chj ,,fossil ,,zoology1 ,c4 ,art4 ,,xii4 ,obs]vations on "s ,species ( ,zoophytes1 ,%ells1 c4 pr9cipally ,fossil1 by ,?omas ,say #cha ,,physics1 ,,*emi/ry1 ,c4 ,art4 ,,xiii4 ,obs]vations on ,salt ,/orms1 & ! ,influ5ce ( ,salt & ,sal9e ,air ^u ,animal & ,vegetable ,life4 ,read be=e ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,new-,york1 ,m>* #g1 #ahai1 by ,john ,b4 ,beck1 ,m4 ,d4 #chh ,art4 ,,xiv4 ,?\ghts on ,atmosph]ic ,du/4 ,by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,s4 ,raf9esque #cig ,art4 ,,xv4 ,on ! ,effect ( ,vap\r on ,flame4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,dana1 ,*emical ,assi/ant 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & ,lectur] on ,*emi/ry & ,ph>macy 9 ,d>tm\? ,college #dja ,art4 ,,xvi4 ,analysis ( ! ,h>rodsburg ,salts1 by ,edw>d ,d4 ,smi?1 ,m4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,m9]alogy 9 ! ,s\?-,c>ol9a ,college #djc ,art4 ,,xvii4 ,additional ,notice ( ! ,tung/5 & ,tellurium1 m5tion$ 9 our la/ ,numb] #dje ,art4 ,,xviii4 ,a ,sub/itute = ,w\lfe's or ,noo?'s ,app>atus1 by ,rob]t ,h>e1 ,m4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 & ,memb] ( v>i\s ,le>n$ & ,sci5tific ,societies #daj ,art4 ,,xix4 ,a ,new ,!ory ( ,galvanism1 support$ by "s ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations made by means ( ! ,calorimotor1 a new ,galvanic ,in/rum5t4 ,read be=e ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia1 by ,rob]t ,h>e1 ,m4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 & ,memb] ( v>i\s ,le>n$ ,societies #dac ,,ma!matics4 ,art4 ,,xx4 ,an improv$ ,me?od ( obta9+ ! ,=mul = ! ,s9es & ,cos9es ( ! ,sum & ,diff]5ce ( two ,arcs1 by ,pr(essor ,/rong1 ( ,hamilton ,college1 c4 #dbd ,,miscellane\s4 ,art4 ,,xxi4 ,an ,acc\nt ( sev]al ,anci5t ,m\nds1 & ( two ,caves1 9 ,ea/ ,t5nessee1 by ,mr4 ,john ,h5ry ,ka91 ( ,knoxville #dbh ,art4 ,,xxii4 ,facts illu/rative ( ! ,p[]s & ,op]ations ( ! ,human ,m9d 9 a ,diseas$ ,/ate #dca ,,intellig5ce4 ,art4 ,,xxiii4 #a4 ,discov]y ( ,am]ican ,c9nab> & ,native ,lead #dcc #b4 ,!oretical ,views ( ,pr(essor ,h>e ( ,philadelphia #dcd #c4 ,new ,"w on ,*emi/ry ibid4 #d4 ,botanical #dce #e4 ,/aurotide ibid4 #f4 ,supplem5t to ! ,rem>ks on ! ,geology & ,m9]alogy ( a ,section ( ,massa*usetts1 on ,connecticut ,riv]1 c4 conta9$ 9 ,no4 #b1 ,art4 ,i1 ( ?is ,j\rnal1 by ,e4 ,hit*cock1 ,a4 ,m4 #dcf #g4 ,new ,process = ,tann+ #dci #h4 ,connexion betwe5 ,*emi/ry & ,m$ic9e ibid4 #i4 ,brucite ibid4 #aj4 ,li?ography ibid4 ,conclusion #ddj ,po/script4--,am]ican ,geological ,society #ddb ,index #ddc ,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce1 c4 ,,geology1 ,,topography1 ,,& ,,m9]alogy4 ,,art4 ,i4 ,on ! ,geology1 ,m9]alogy1 ,sc5]y1 & ,curiosities ( ,p>ts ( ,virg9ia1 ,t5nessee1 & ( ! ,alabama & ,mississippi ,t]ritories1 c4 ) ,miscellane\s ,rem>ks1 c4 ,9 a ,lett] to ! ,editor4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,,elias ,,cornelius4 7,conclud$ f page #bbf47 ,i w conclude ?is "p ( ! n>rative ) a brief notice ( a few curiosities occurr+ 9 ! region :i* has be5 describ$4 ,caves4 #a4 ,x is well kn[n t x furni%es a great numb] ( int]e/+ caves4 ,!y are f\nd alike 9 ! incl9$ & horizontal /rata4 ,"s ( !m are sev]al miles 9 ext5t1 & af=d f9e specim5s ( e>?y & alkal9e salts4 ,wi]'s cave 9 ,virg9ia has be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,ka94 ,i h 9 my possession a map ( its mo/ important ap>tm5ts1 includ+ its :ole l5g?1 copi$ f a survey made by ,mr4 ,j4 ,pack 9 ,oct4 #ahjf2 also ! notes ( ano!r survey made 9 ,may #ahaf1 by ! ,rev4 ,conrad ,speece ( ,augu/a c\nty1 & ,mr4 ,rob]t ,grattan2 :i*1 ) an explanation1 & p>ticul> description1 ,i hope to be able to transmit to y at a future "t4 ,f ^! surveys1 x appe>s t ! :ole ext5t ( ! cave1 hi!rto discov]$1 does n exce$ eight hundr$ y>ds4 ,?is 0 ! l5g? /at$ to me by ! guide1 :5 ,i visit$ x 9 ,augu/1 #ahag4 ,i _c b ?9k !re is "s mi/ake 9 ,mr4 ,ka9's rem>k1 t x is a mile & a half 9 ext5t4 ,i sp5t f\r h\rs 9 exam9+ e accessible "p1 & by p]mission ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,b+ham1 ! own]1 made a l>ge collection ( specim5s1 :i* 7 transmitt$ = ! ,cab9et ( ,yale ,college4#df ,! ,natural ,bridge4 #b4 ,my object m nam+ ?is celebrat$ curiosity1 is n to give a new description ( x1 b m]ely to furni% a correct acc\nt ( its dim5sions4 ,i visit$ x 9 company ) ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,huson1 :o _h previ\sly f\nd its height by a cord1 to be two hundr$ & t5 feet4 ,we n[ f\nd x by ! quadrant1 to be two hundr$ & elev5 feet1 & ! ar* ?r\gh ! c5tre ab\t =ty feet4 ,"s h attempt$ to acc\nt = ?is great curiosity1 by suppos+ t a convulsion 9 nature may h r5t ! hill1 9 :i* x /&s1 asund]2 ?us =m+ ! deep & n>r[ defile1 ov] :i* ! rocky /rata 7 left1 :i* con/itute its magnific5t ar*4 ,if s2 ! sides %\ld h correspond+ p>ts4 ,at a di/ance f ! base1 no su* correspond5ce is p]ceptible4 ,at ! base1 ! rocks are m or less craggy & irregul>4 ,?is l$ me to take ! c\rses & di/ances ( ea* side4 ,! foll[+ 0 ! result4 ,ea/]n side pres5ts #d angul> po9ts4 #a4 ,n4 #ee ,w4 #a *a94 #ji l9ks4 #b4 ,n4 #gb ,w4 #a ------ #je ------ #c4 ,n4 #eg ,w4 #a ------ #ab ------ #d4 ,n4 #ej ,w4 #j ------ #cc ------ ,we/]n side pres5ts #c angul> po9ts4 #a4 ,n4 #ej ,w4 #j *a94 #de l9ks4 #b4 ,n4 #fg ,w4 #a ------ #ab ------ #c4 ,n4 #gg ,w4 #a ------ #dd ------ ,! *a9 us$ conta9$ #ej l9ks1 equal to #cc feet & 4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! abutm5ts at ! nor? end ( _! bases1 is #hj feet2 at ! s\? end1 #ff feet4 ,z !y asc5d1 ! di/ance is great]4 ,^! data give ! foll[+ diagram4 ,illu/ration ,al?\gh consid]able resemblance appe>s at ! base1 yet z no su* correspond5ce is visible #dj feet above x1 & ! sides = ! :ole rema9+ di/ance to ! ar*1 "o hundr$ & ?irty feet1 lose _! craggy appe>ance entirely1 & pres5t ! smoo?1 irregul> surface ( ! olde/ rocks4 ,i am l$ to ?9k t ! natural bridge is coeval ) a v remote p]iod ( "t4 ,nor is !re any difficulty ev5 9 suppos+ x to h proce$$ f ! h& ( ! ,almighty1 z x is2 = great & m>vell\s are all 8 works6 ,! foll[+ anecdote w ev9ce ! effect :i* ! sight ( ! natural bridge produc$ on a s]vant1 :o1 )\t hav+ receiv$ any def9ite or adequate ideas ( :at he 0 to see1 att5d$ 8 ma/] to ?is spot4 ,on ! summit ( ! hill1 or f ! top ( ! ,bridge1 ! view is n m awful ?an t :i* is se5 f ! br9k ( a hundr$ o!r precipices4 ,! gr& prospect is f bel[4 ,to rea* x y mu/ desc5d ! hill by a bl9d pa?1 :i* w9ds ?r\gh a ?icket ( trees1 & t]m9ates at ! in/ant :5 ! :ole bridge ) its broad sides & l(ty ar*1 all ( solid rock1 appe>s p]fectly 9 sight4 ,n "o 9 a ?\s& c =be> to make an involunt>y pause3 b ! s]vant1 :o _h hi!rto foll[$ 8 ma/]1 )\t meet+ ) any ?+ p>ticul>ly to arre/ 8 att5tion1 _h no soon] arriv$ at ?is po9t1 & caught a glance ( ! object :i* bur/ ^u 8 vision1 ?an he fell ^u 8 knees1 fix$ 9 wond] & admiration4 ,a ,riv] fl[+ f a ,cave4 #c4 ,i w next m5tion a s+ul> cave1 :i* ,i d n rememb] ev] to h se5 describ$4 ,x is situat$ 9 ! ,*]okee c\ntry1 at ,nicojack1 ! nor?-we/]n angle 9 ! map ( ,georgia1 & is kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,nicojack cave4 ,x is #bj miles ,s4 ,w4 ( ! ,look-,out m\nta91 & half a mile f ! s\? bank ( ! ,t5nessee ,riv]4 ,! ,rackoon m\nta9 9 :i* x is situat$1 "h fronts to ! nor!a/4 ,imm5se lay]s ( horizontal lime/one =m a precipice ( consid]able height4 ,9 ?is precipice ! cave comm5ces2 n h[ev] ) an op5+ ( a few feet1 z is common2 b ) a m\? fifty feet high1 & "o hundr$ & sixty wide4 ,its ro( is =m$ by a solid & regul> lay] ( lime/one1 hav+ no support b ! sides ( ! cave1 & z level z ! floor ( a h\se4 ,! entrance is p>tly ob/ruct$ by piles ( fall5 rocks1 :i* appe> to h be5 dislodg$ by "s great convulsion4 ,f its entrance1 ! cave consi/s *iefly ( "o gr& excavation ?r\gh ! rocks1 pres]v+ = a great di/ance ! same dim5sions z at its m\?4 ,:at is m rem>kable ?an all1 x =ms = ! :ole di/ance x has yet be5 explor$1 a wall$ & vault$ passage1 = a /ream ( cool & limpid wat]1 :i*1 :]e x leaves ! cave1 is six feet deep & sixty feet wide4 ,a few ye>s s9ce1 ,col4 ,james ,ore ( ,t5nessee1 comm5c+ e>ly 9 ! morn+1 foll[$ ! c\rse ( ?is creek 9 a canoe1 = ?ree miles4 ,he !n came to a fall ( wat]1 & 0 oblig$ to return1 )\t mak+ any fur!r discov]y4 ,:e!r he p5etrat$ ?ree miles up ! cave or n1 x is a fact he did n return till ! ev5+1 hav+ be5 busily engag$ 9 8 subt]ranean voyage = twelve h\rs4 ,he /at$ t ! c\rse ( ! cave aft] proce$+ "s way to ! s\?we/ became s\?2 & s\!a/ by s\?1 ! rema9+ di/ance4 ,natural ,nitre4 ,! sides ( ! pr9cipal excavation pres5t a few ap>tm5ts :i* are int]e/+1 pr9cipally because !y furni% l>ge quantities ( ! e>? f :i* ! nitrate ( pota% is obta9$4 ,?is is a circum/ance v common to ! caves ( ! we/]n c\ntry4 ,9 t at ,nicojack1 x ab\nds1 & is f\nd cov]+ ! surfaces ( fall5 rocks1 b 9 m abundance b5ea? !m4 ,!re are two k9ds1 "o is call$ ! clay dirt1 ! o!r ! black dirt2 ! la/ is mu* m /rongly impregnat$ ?an ! fir/4 ,= sev]al ye>s !re has be5 a consid]able manufacture ( saltpetre f ?is e>?4 ,! process is by lixiviation & cry/allization1 & is v simple4 ,! e>? is ?r[n into a hopp]1 & ! fluid obta9$1 pass$ ?r\gh ano!r ( a%es1 ! alkali ( :i* decomposes ! e>?y nitrate1 & unit+ ) its acid1 :i* conta9s *iefly nitrate ( lime1 turns x into nitrate ( pota%4 ,! precipitat$ lime gives ! mass a :iti% col\r1 & ! consi/5ce ( curdl$ milk4 ,by all[+ x to /& 9 a l>ge tr\gh1 ! precipitate1 :i* is pr9cipally lime1 subsides1 & ! sup]9cumb5t fluid1 n[ an alkal9e1 in/ead ( an e>?y nitrate1 is c>efully remov$ & boil$ = "s "t 9 iron kettles1 till x is ready to cry/allize4 ,x is !n remov$ aga9 to a l>ge tr\gh1 9 :i* x %oots into cry/als4 ,x is n[ call$ r\gh %ot-petre4 ,9 ?is /ate x is s5t to m>ket1 & sells usually = sixte5 doll>s p] hundr$ weight4 ,sometimes x is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 reboil$1 & recry/alliz$1 :5 x is call$ ref9$1 & sells = tw5ty doll>s p] hundr$4 ,"o bu%el ( ! clay dirt yields f #c to #elbs4 & ! black dirt f #g to #ajlbs4 ( ! r\gh %ot-petre4 ,! same dirt1 if return$ to ! cave1 & scatt]$ on ! rocks1 or m+l$ ) ! new e>?1 becomes impregnat$ ) ! nitrate aga91 & 9 a few mon?s may be ?r[n into ! hopp]1 & be subject$ to a new process4 ,! causes :i* h produc$ ! nitric salts ( ^! caves1 may n yet h be5 fully develop$4 ,b x is highly probable1 !y are to be ascrib$ to ! decomposition ( animal sub/ances4 ,x is reasonable to suppose1 t 9 an uncultivat$ c\ntry !y w\ld become ! abodes ( wild animals1 & ev5 ( savage m54 ,t !y h be5 us$ by ! natives z burial places1 is c]ta94 ,9 "o :i* ,i ent]$1 ,i c\nt$ a hundr$ human skulls1 9 ! space ( tw5ty feet squ>e4 ,all ! less] & m corruptible p>ts ( ea* skeleton _h m\ld]$ to du/1 & ! :ole lay 9 ! greate/ confusion4 ,i h he>d ( _m su* caves1 & to ?is day "s ( ! ,indians are kn[n to deposit _! dead 9 !m4 ,f ! decomposition ( su* sub/ances1 x is well kn[n ! acid ( ! nitric salts arises1 & x w\ld ( c\rse unite ) ! lime e :]e pres5t1 & =m nitrate ( lime4 ,m\nds4 #d4 ,i h b "o m article ( curiosity to m5tion "u ?is division4 ,x is "o ( ^? artificial m\nds :i* occur s frequ5tly 9 ! we/]n c\ntry4 ,i h se5 _m ( !m1 & read ( m4 ,b nev] ( "o ( su* dim5sions z t :i* ,i am n[ to describe4 ,x is situat$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,*]okee nation1 on ! nor? side ( ! ,et[ee1 vulg>ly call$ ,hight[] ,riv]1 "o ( ! bran*es ( ! ,koosee4 ,x /&s ^u a /rip ( alluvial l&1 call$ ,riv] ,bottom4 ,i visit$ x 9 company ) eight ,indian *iefs4 ,! fir/ object :i* excit$ att5tion 0 an excavation ab\t tw5ty feet wide1 & 9 "s p>ts t5 feet deep4 ,its c\rse is ne>ly t ( a semicircle2 ! extremities ext5d+ t[>ds ! riv]1 :i* =ms a small elb[4 ,i _h n "t to exam9e x m9utely4 ,an ,indian said x ext5d$ ea* way to ! riv]1 & _h sev]al unexcavat$ p>ts1 :i* s]v$ = passages to ! area :i* x encloses4 ,to my surprise1 ,i f\nd no embankm5t on ei!r side ( x4 ,b ,i did n long d\bt to :at place ! e>? _h be5 remov$2 = ,i _h sc>cely proce$$ two hundr$ y>ds1 :51 ?r\gh ! ?ick =e/ trees1 a /up5d\s pile met ! eye1 ^: dim5sions 7 9 full proportion to ! intr5*m5t4 ,i _h at ! "t no means ( tak+ an accurate admeasurem5t4 ,to supply my defici5cy1 ,i cut a long v9e1 :i* 0 pres]v$ until ,i _h an opportunity ( asc]ta9+ its exact l5g?4 ,9 ?is mann] ,i f\nd ! di/ance f ! m>g9 ( ! summit to ! base1 to be "o hundr$ & elev5 feet4 ,& judg+ f ! degree ( its declivity1 ! p]p5dicul> height _c be less ?an sev5ty-five feet4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! base1 includ+ ! feet ( ?ree p>apets1 measur$ "o ?\s& "o hundr$ & f\rte5 feet4 ,"o ( ^! p>apets ext5ds f ! base to ! summit1 & c be asc5d$1 ?\gh ) difficulty1 on horseback4 ,! o!r two1 aft] ris+ ?irty or =ty feet1 t]m9ate 9 a k9d ( triangul> plat=m4 ,its top is level1 & at ! "t ,i visit$ x1 0 s completely cov]$ ) we$s1 bu%es1 & trees ( mo/ luxuriant gr[?1 t ,i c\ld n exam9e x z well z ,i wi%$4 ,its diamet]1 ,i judg$1 mu/ be "o hundr$ & fifty feet4 ,on its sides & summit1 are _m l>ge trees ( ! same description1 & ( equal dim5sions ) ^? ar\nd x4 ,"o bea*-tree1 ne> ! top1 measur$ t5 feet n9e in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! e>? on "o side ( ! tree1 0 ?ree & a half feet l[] ?an on ! opposite side4 ,?is fact w give a good idea ( ! degree ( ! m\nd's declivity4 ,an oak1 :i* 0 ly+ d[n on "o ( ! p>apets1 measur$ at ! di/ance ( six feet f ! butt1 )\t ! b>k1 twelve feet f\r in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,at a %ort di/ance to ! s\!a/ is ano!r m\nd1 9 asc5d+ :i* ,i took ?irty /eps4 ,its top is encircl$ by a brea/work ?ree feet high1 int]sect$ ?r\gh ! middle ) ano!r elevation ( a simil> k9d4 ,a little f>!r is ano!r m\nd1 :i* ,i _h n "t to exam9e4 ,on ^! great works ( art1 ! ,indians gaz$ ) z mu* curiosity z any :ite man4 ,i inquir$ ( ! olde/ *ief1 if ! natives _h any tradition respect+ !m2 to :i* he answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,i !n reque/$ ea* to say :at he suppos$ 0 _! orig94 ,nei!r c\ld tell3 ?\gh all agre$ 9 say+2 !y 7 nev] put up by our p4 ,x seems probable !y 7 erect$ by ano!r race1 :o once inhabit$ ! c\ntry4 ,t su* a race exi/$1 is n[ g5]ally admitt$4 ,:o !y 71 & :at 7 ! causes ( _! deg5]acy1 or ( _! ext]m9ation1 no circum/ances h yet expla9$4 ,b ?is is no reason :y we %\ld n1 z 9 a hundr$ o!r in/ances1 inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! cause f its effects1 )\t any previ\s k ( its hi/ory4 ,9 reg>d to ! objects :i* ^! m\nds 7 design$ to answ]1 x is obvi\s !y 7 n always ! same4 ,"s 7 int5d$ z receptacles = ! dead4 ,^! are small1 & are di/+ui%$ by conta9+ human bones4 ,"s may h be5 design$ z sites = public build+s1 :e!r ( a civil or religi\s k9d2 & o!rs no d\bt 7 con/ruct$ = ! purposes ( w>4 ,( ?is la/ description1 is ! ,et[ee m\nd4 ,9 pro( ( its suitabl5ess = su* a purpose1 ,i ne$ only m5tion t ! ,*]okees 9 _! late w> ) ! ,creeks1 secur$ its summit by pickets1 & occupi$ x z a place ( protection = hundr$s ( _! wom5 & *ildr54 ,gladly w\ld ,i h sp5t a day 9 exam9+ x m m9utely2 b my companions1 unable to appreciate my motives1 grew impati5t1 & ,i 0 oblig$ to )draw1 & leave a m p]fect obs]vation & description to "s "o else4 ,alluvial ,=mation4 ,i w n[ call y\r att5tion to ! la/ geological division :i* came "u my obs]vation4 ,x is ! alluvial tract1 ext5d+ f ! ,divid+ ,ridge already m5tion$1 to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,?is ,ridge is ! la/ range ( high l& :i* ,i cross$ on ! j\rney to ,new ,orleans1 & lies ab\t six hundr$ miles nor? ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,its c\rse at ! place ,i cross$ x1 is a little s\? ( we/4 ,x divides ! wat]s ( ! ,t5nessee f ^? :i* proce$ directly to ! gulf4 ,travell]s always obs]ve x4 ,!y (t5 m5tion$ x to me z ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! /ony c\ntry4 ,aft] cross+ x1 y see no m lime/one2 &1 :i* excites m joy 9 ! travell]1 no m ( ! silici\s gravel1 ) :i* x is associat$1 & :i* is s tr\blesome to ! feet ( horses4 ,! soil consi/s ( a s(t clay1 or light s&1 on :i* y seldom meet ) a /one ( any k9d4 ,! surface ( ! e>? is undulat+ & hilly1 b n m\nta9\s4 ,! wat]-c\rses d n move rapidly & tumultu\sly1 z 9 ! lime/one c\ntry2 b =m 9 ! s(t e>?1 deep tr5*es1 ?r\gh :i* !y glide smoo?ly & sil5tly along4 ,! smalle/ rivulet (t5 has a tr5* t5 feet deep2 & ! e>? ov] :i* x passes1 is cont9ually yield+ to its g5tle attrition4 ,! only m9]als :i* ,i obs]v$1 are s&/one1 common & f]rug9\s2 silici\s pebbles 9 b$s ( creeks1 & occasionally on ! upl&s2 e>?y ores ( iron1 p>ticul>ly r$ oxides1 & petrifactions ( %ells1 wood1 c4 ,9 addition to ^!1 x may "h be m5tion$ t gal5a has be5 f\nd 9 small quantities at ,gibson's ,port1 & at ,ellis's ,cliffs1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,mississippi3 a cry/al ( ame?y/1 9 ! same /ate1 by ,mr4 ,blann]hassett2 & a great v>iety ( useful o*res1 9 _m places on ! banks ( ! ,mississippi4 ,9 ! geological map atta*$ to ,pr(essor ,cleavel&'s ,m9]alogy1 ! alluvial c\ntry bord]+ on ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 is repres5t$ z t]m9at+ at ,nat*ez4 ,b :y its t]m9ation is plac$ "h1 ,i am unable to und]/&4 ,! c\ntry above & bel[ ,nat*ez1 s f> z x has come "u my obs]vation1 pres5ts no diff]5ce ( appe>ance 9 its geology1 or m9]alogy4 ,i am aw>e t at ,nat*ez1 :5 ! wat] ( ! ,mississippi is l[e/1 a s(t rock is se51 f :i* lime has be5 obta9$4 ,b ?is rock is two hundr$ feet bel[ ! surface ( ! adjo9+ c\ntry2 & admitt+ t x is a lime/one rock1 !re is no difficulty 9 suppos+ x may con/itute ! basis ( ! alluvial deposit :i* re/s ^u x4 ,t ! incumb5t e>? is alluvial1 c be d\bt$1 ,i ?9k1 by no "o :o has _h an opportunity ( exam9+ x4 ,by means ( a road1 :i* has be5 cut obliquely d[n ! side ( ! bluff1 di/9ct lay]s ( clay1 s&1 & pebbles1 h be5 expos$ = ! :ole di/ance f ! summit to ! base4 ,! same "* is obs]v$ at a di/ance f ! riv]1 :]e ! e>? has be5 excavat$ by wa%+1 or digg+4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! t[n1 !re is a curi\s exhibition ( ! fact4 ,a /ream ( wat] has worn away ! e>? to ! dep? ( fifte5 or tw5ty feet1 & is cont9ually l5g!n+ ! *asm1 9 ! direction opposite to its own c\rse4 ,?us1 z ! wat] fl[s f ! t[n1 ! *asm approa*es x4 ,9 exam9+ ! cause ( ?is fact1 ,i p]ceiv$ x 0 ow+ *iefly to ! diff]5ce ( cohesion 9 ! alluvial deposits1 ( :i* ! e>? is =m$4 ,t at ! surface1 be+ a ?ick loam1 we>s away ) m difficulty ?an ! deposit bel[ x1 :i* consi/s ( a loose s&4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! wat]1 :i* has once obta9$ a p]p5dicul> passage ( a few in*es ?r\gh ! fir/1 wa%es away ! second ) su* rapidity1 t x is con/antly und]m9+ x4 ,?is occasions a p]petual cav+ 9 ( ! surface1 9 a direction opposite to ! c\rse ( ! /ream4 ,! same fact is obs]v$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry = a great di/ance above ,nat*ez4 ,if !re be want+ any o!r fact to prove t ! e>? on :i* ! t[n ( ,nat*ez /&s1 is alluvial1 x is f\nd 9 ! effect :i* ! ,mississippi has ^u ! base ( ! ,nat*ez bluff4 ,9 consequ5ce ( a b5d 9 ! riv]1 ! :ole =ce ( its curr5t is ?r[n aga9/ ?is base4 ,if x consi/$ ( solid rock1 ! riv] w\ld probably h no effect ^u x2 b ( su* loose & friable mat]ials is x compos$1 t ! riv] is cont9ually und]m9+ x1 & produc+ effects n less to be dread$ ?an ^? ( an e>?quake4 ,sev]al ye>s ago1 a great numb] ( acres sunk fifty feet or m bel[ ! g5]al surface ( ! hill2 & 9 #ahje1 !re 0 ano!r cav+ ( t "p directly ov] ! small village at ! l&+4 ,sev]al h\ses 7 buri$ 9 consequ5ce ( x1 & /rong fe>s are ent]ta9$ by ! inhabitants1 t ! same cause w yet subm]ge 9 ! ,mississippi1 ! :ole ( ! pres5t l&+-place4 ,^! facts1 ,i ?9k y w say1 furni% satisfactory evid5ce ( ! alluvial "* ( ! c\ntry at ,nat*ez4 ,! same "* belongs to ! :ole ext5t s\? ( ! ,divid+ ,ridge4 ,?is may be safely inf]r$ f ! g5]al features ( ! c\ntry4 ,b ,i h two facts1 ( a geological k9d1 to m5tion1 bo? ( :i* g to confirm ! op9ion4 #a4 ,a well 0 dug 9 ! ,*octaw nation1 at ! ag5cy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! ye> #ahab or #ahac1 "u ! direction ( ,silas ,d9smore1 ,esq4 ! ag5t4 ,! excavation 0 cont9u$ to ! dep? ( "o hundr$ & sev5ty-two feet4 ,no wat] 0 f\nd4 ,at no great di/ance f ! surface1 m>9e exuvi 7 f\nd 9 abundance4 ,! %ells 7 small1 & imb$d$ 9 a s(t clay1 simil> to m>9e e>?4 ,?is =mation cont9u$ till ! excavation ceas$4 ,disp]s$ ?r\gh x1 7 f\nd lumps ( sel5ite1 or foliat$ gypsum1 "s ( :i* 7 half z l>ge z a man's fi/4 ,specim5s ( ! e>?1 ! exuvi1 & ! sel5ite1 h be5 transmitt$ = y\r exam9ation4 ,?is excavation 0 made "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles nor? nor!a/ ( ,nat*ez4 ,! ,pe>l ,riv] is f\r miles to ! ea/ ( ! place1 & is ! only consid]able /ream 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry4 #b4 ,9 ! ,*ickasaw nation1 "o hundr$ & sev5ty miles nor? ( ! ,*octaw ag5cy1 comm5ce b$s ( oy/]-%ells1 :i* cont9ue to be se5 at int]vals = twelve miles4 ,f\r miles f ! fir/ b$1 y come to :at is call$ ,*ickasaw ,old ,t[n1 :]e !y are obs]v$ 9 great abundance4 ,!y are imb$d$ 9 l[ ridges ( a :ite m>l4 ,!y appe> to be ( two k9ds4 ,specim5s ( ea*1 & also ( ! m>l1 y h receiv$4 ,*ickasaw ,old ,t[n1 is a "n n[ appropriat$ to a prairie1 on a "p ( :i* !re =m]ly /ood a small village ( ,*ickasaws4 ,! prairie is tw5ty miles long1 & f\r wide4 ,! %ells occur 9 ?ree places z y cross x1 & aga91 on two contigu\s hills to ! ea/ ( x1 at ! di/ance ( f\r miles4 ,!y d n cov] ! surface m]ely4 ,!y =m a con/itu5t "p ( ! hills or pla9s 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,:]ev] ! e>? has be5 wa%$ s z to produce deep gutt]s1 !y are se5 9 greate/ abundance4 ,nor are !y petrifactions1 su* z are f\nd 9 rocks4 ,!y h ! same appe>ance z common oy/]-%ells1 !y lie loose 9 ! e>?1 & ?us indicate a comp>atively rec5t orig94 ,!y occur ?ree hundr$ miles nor!a/ ( ,nat*ez1 & b sixty miles s\? ( ! ,divid+ ,ridge4 ,if ! c\ntry nor? ( ,nat*ez is alluvial1 no "o w d\bt x is s f ?is place to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,at ,baton ,r\ge1 "o hundr$ & =ty miles nor? ( ,new ,orleans1 y meet ! fir/ elevat$ l& 9 asc5d+ f ! gulf4 ,! banks ( ! ,mississippi are high] ?an ! int]ior1 & w\ld be annually ov]fl[$ by ! riv]1 b = a n>r[ embankm5t ( e>? ab\t six feet high1 call$ ! ,levee4 ,by means ( ?is1 a n>r[ /rip ( l&1 f half a mile to a mile 9 wid?1 is r$eem$1 & cultivat$ ) cotton & ! sug> cane1 to ! great advantage ( ! plant]4 ,g5]ally1 )9 "o mile f ! riv]1 !re is an imp5etrable morass4 ,! c\ntry has e :]e ! appe>ance ( an orig9 comp>atively rec5t4 ,n a rock on :i* y c /&1 & no m\nta9 to gladd5 ! eye2 y seem to h left ! old] p>ts ( creation to witness ! encroa*m5ts :i* ! e>? is cont9ually mak+ ^u ! empire ( ! sea2 & on arriv+ at ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi1 y f9d ! gr& in/rum5ts ( nature 9 active op]ation1 produc+ ) sl[1 b c]ta9 gradations1 ! same results4 ,a de/ructive ,insect4 ,b ,i w n enl>ge on a fact already famili>4 ,i w ask y\r fur!r indulg5ce only1 :ile ,i communicate an au!ntic & curi\s fact = ! in=mation ( ! zoologi/4 ,9 ! ,*octaw c\ntry1 "o hundr$ & ?irty miles nor!a/ ( ,nat*ez1 a "p ( ! public road is r5d]$ fam\s on acc\nt ( ! p]iodical return ( a poison\s & de/ructive fly4 ,contr>y to ! cu/om ( o!r insects1 x always appe>s :5 ! cold wea!r comm5ces 9 ,decemb]1 & z inv>iably disappe>s on ! approa* ( w>m wea!r1 :i* is ab\t ! fir/ ( ,april4 ,x is said to h be5 rem>k$ fir/ 9 ! w9t] ( #ahjg1 dur+ a sn[/orm2 :5 its effects ^u cattle & horses 7 obs]v$ to be simil> to ^? ( ! gnat & musqueto1 9 summ]1 except t !y 7 m sev]e4 ,x cont9u$ to return at ! same season ( ! ye>1 )\t produc+ ext5sive mis*ief1 until ! w9t] ( #ahaf1 :5 x began to be g5]ally fatal to ! horses ( travell]s4 ,s f> z ,i recollect1 x 0 /at$1 t f ?irty to =ty travell+ horses 7 de/roy$ dur+ ?is w9t]4 ,! consequ5ces 7 al>m+4 ,9 ! wild]ness1 :]e a man's horse is 8 *ief dep5d5ce1 ! travell] 0 surpris$ & di/ress$ to see ! bea/ sick5 & die 9 convulsions1 sometimes )9 ?ree h\rs aft] enc\nt]+ ?is little insect4 ,or if ! animal 7 =tunate en\gh to live1 a sickness foll[$1 commonly att5d$ ) ! sudd5 & entire %$d+ ( ! hair1 :i* r5d]$ ! brute unfit = use4 ,unwill+ to believe t effects s dreadful c\ld be produc$ by a cause app>5tly trifl+1 travell]s began to suspect t ! ,indians1 or o!rs1 ( :om !y obta9$ food = _! horses1 _h1 = "s base & selfi% end1 m+l$ poison ) x4 ,! greate/ precaution 0 obs]v$4 ,!y refus$ to /op at any h\se on ! way1 & c>ri$1 = ! di/ance ( =ty or fifty miles1 _! own provision2 b aft] all suff]$ ! same calamities4 ,?is excit$ a s]i\s inquiry into ! true cause ( _! di/ress4 ,! fly1 :i* has be5 m5tion$1 0 kn[n to be a mo/ s+ul> insect1 & peculi>ly tr\blesome to horses4 ,at l5g? x 0 admitt$ by all1 t ! cause ( ! evils compla9$ ( c\ld be no o!r ?an ?is insect4 ,o!r precautions h s9ce be5 obs]v$1 p>ticul>ly t ( rid+ ov] ! road infe/$ ) x 9 ! night2 & n[ x happ5s t comp>atively few horses are de/roy$4 ,i am unable to describe x f my own obs]vation4 ,i pass$ ov] ! same road 9 ,april la/1 only two weeks aft] x disappe>$1 & 0 oblig$ to take ! description f o!rs4 ,its col\r is a d>k br[n2 x has an elongat$ head1 ) a small & %>p proboscis2 & is 9 size betwe5 ! gnat & musqueto4 ,:5 x alights ^u a horse1 x d>ts ?r\gh ! hair1 mu* l a gnat1 & nev] quits its hold until remov$ by =ce4 ,:5 a horse /ops to dr9k1 sw>ms fly ab\t ! head1 & cr[d into ! m\?1 no/rils1 & e>s2 h5ce x is suppos$ ! poison is communicat$ inw>dly4 ,:e!r ?is be true or n1 ! mo/ fatal consequ5ces result4 ,x is s+ul>1 t f ! "t ( its fir/ appe>ance1 x has nev] ext5d$ = a great] di/ance ?an =ty miles1 9 "o direction1 & usually1 x is conf9$ to fifte5 miles4 ,9 no o!r "p ( ! c\ntry has x ev] be5 se54 ,f ?is fact1 x w\ld seem probable t ! cause ( its exi/5ce is local4 ,b :at x is1 none c tell4 ,aft] ! w>m wea!r comm5ces1 x disappe>s z effectually f human obs]vation1 z if x 7 annihilat$4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ,decemb] x spr+s up all at once into be+ aga91 & resumes ! "w ( de/ruction4 ,a fact1 s s+ul>1 ,i c\ld n h v5tur$ to /ate1 )\t ! be/ evid5ce ( its reality4 ,all ! circum/ances "h relat$1 are famili> to hundr$s1 & 7 9 almo/ e man's m\?1 :5 ,i pass$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,9 addition to ?is1 !y 7 confirm$ by ! acc\nt :i* ,i receiv$ f ,col4 ,john ,m',kee1 a g5tleman ( mu* intellig5ce & respectability1 :o is ! pres5t ag5t ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t = ! ,*octaw nation4 ,he has cons5t$ to obta9 specim5s ( ! insect = y\r exam9ation1 :5 x returns aga92 & w1 ,i hope1 accompany ! transmission ) a m p]fect description ?an x has be5 possible = me to communicate4 ,9 conclud+ ?is n>rative ( facts1 ,i %\ld be glad to take a compreh5sive view ( ! :ole4 ,! bold features 9 ! geology ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z !y are drawn by ! ,blue ,ridge1 ! ,cumb]l& ) its associat$ m\nta9s1 & ! ,divid+ ,ridge1 des]ve to be di/9ctly & /rongly impress$ ^u ! m9d4 ,su* is ! ord] & regul>ity ( _! arrangem5t1 t !y c h>dly fail to conduct ! att5tive obs]v] to important results4 ,:at has n[ be5 said ( !m1 is b an epitome ( ! :ole4 ,i tru/ ! public w soon read1 9 ! pages ( y\r ,j\rnal1 a detail m p]fect & m int]e/+4 ,& all[ me to sugge/1 :e!r1 "u ! auspices ( our le>n$ societies1 "s m5 ( sci5ce might n be employ$ & support$ 9 explor+ ! c\ntry1 ) ! prospect ( greatly enl>g+ ! sci5ce ( our c\ntry1 & ( enri*+ our ,j\rnals & ,cab9ets ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,t\rs ( discov]y h (t5 be5 made = o!r objects1 & ) success4 ,our c\ntry yields to no o!r 9 ! v>iety1 or ! value ( its natural productions4 ,we owe x to ourselves & to ! _w1 to se>* !m out ) dilig5ce & )\t delay4 ,som]s1 7,n4 ,y47 ,oct4 #ahah4 ,,art4 ,,ii4 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,prairies4 ,/4 ,l\is1 7,miss\ri ,t]47 ,m>* #c1 #ahai4 ,,sir1 ,! probable cause ( ! orig9 & cont9uance ( prairies has be5 ! subject ( mu* speculation among ! le>n$ & curi\s4 ,! inquiry is int]e/+2 & _m !ories h aris52 b al?\gh plausible & +5i\s1 !y are1 9 my op9ion1 unf\nd$ 9 fact4 ,i %\ld be glad to see ! foll[+ rem>ks1 :i* 7 call$ =? m p>ticul>ly by ! speculations ( ,caleb ,atwat]1 ,esq4 7,see ,no4 #b4 p4 #aaf4 ( ?is "w7 appe> 9 y\r valuable ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce2 & !y are1 = t purpose1 at y\r s]vice4 ,) high respect1 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r's1 ,r4 ,w4 ,,wells4 ,b5jam9 ,silliman1 ,esq4 ,mr4 ,atwat]1 aft] describ+ ! prairies & b>r5s1 says1 t accord+ to ! common op9ion1 !y 7 occasion$ entirely by ! burn+ ( ! woods1 b1 errone\s in=mation fir/ propagat$ su* an op9ion1 & bl9d cr$ulity has ext5d$ x d[n to u4 ,mr4 ,a4 goes on to affirm t1 :]ev] prairies & b>r5s are f\nd1 !re1 = a long space ( "t1 wat] once /ood1 b 0 gradually dra9$ (f4 ,! writ] ( ?is hav+ (t5 visit$ & obs]v$ ) att5tion ! nature & appe>ance ( ! prairies on ! ,alleghany m\nta9s1 9 ! /ates ( ,ohio1 ,indiana1 & ,ill9ois1 & hav+ long be5 employ$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a surveyor 9 ! prairie c\ntry ( ! ,miss\ri & ,missisippi1 ?9ks he may v5ture to oppose ^! speculations )\t be+ ?\ght presumptu\s4 ,he is ( op9ion1 t ! va/ prairies & b>r5s1 ext5d+ ov] ! great] "p ( ! we/]n /ates1 & ov] ne>ly all ,l\isiana1 7 primitively occasion$1 & h be5 s9ce cont9u$1 by ! combu/ion ( vegetables1 & t wat] _h no ag5cy 9 _! =mation4 ,9 ord] to prove ! high prairies ( ! /ate ( ,ohio to h be5 once cov]$ by ! wat]s ( ,lake ,erie1 ,mr4 ,a4 ma9ta9s1 t ! *annel ( ! ,niag>a riv] has be5 worn d[n sev]al hundr$ feet by ! attrition ( its wat]s4 ,mr4 ,a4 %\ld h %[n1 t ! banks ( ! ,niag>a are1 at ?is "t1 sev]al hundr$ feet high1 or1 l ! ,potomac1 at ,h>p]'s ,f]ry1 has brok5 ?r\gh a m\nta9 sev]al hundr$ feet high2 b nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r is ! fact2 ! face ( ! c\ntry1 on ei!r side ( ! riv]1 is comp>atively l[ & *ampaign2 & 7 x possible = ! wat]s ( ! lake to rise consid]ably above _! pres5t level1 !y w\ld meet ) no ob/ruction or imp$im5t1 = _m miles on ei!r side ! riv]1 b w\ld be precipitat$ ov] ! cat>act1 into ,ont>io1 & d[n ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce to ! ,atlantic4 ,b suppos+ !re _h be5 a m\nta9 runn+ betwe5 ,lakes ,erie & ,ont>io ( suffici5t height to prev5t ! wat] ( ! =m] f pass+ into ! latt]1 x mu/ evid5tly h f\nd o!r places ?r\gh :i* to escape1 & be=e x w\ld rise high en\gh to ov]fl[ ! elevat$ region ( ,madison & ,fayette c\nties1 9 ,ohio1 x w\ld h pass$ ov] into ! heads ( ! ,alleghany4 ,b x is impossible to imag9e ?is1 unless we suppose ! ,atlantic to h be5 six or sev5 hundr$ feet high] ?an at pres5t1 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,a4 w\ld h made prairie ( all ! ,atlantic /ates4 ,! fact ( %ells & o!r m>9e sub/ances hav+ be5 f\nd 9 a few places1 by digg+ 9 ! prairies1 proves no?+1 or proves too mu*1 = !y are f\nd 9 equal or great] quantities all ov] ,am]ica1 9 ! sides & ne> ! summit ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s2 on ! ,&es1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! ,alps1 9 ,europe4 ,! resemblance :i* ! soil1 9 ! l[ prairies1 & n 9 ! high1 be>s to ! alluvial1 c ju/ly be attribut$1 x is presum$1 to ! leaves & o!r vegetables & light mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$1 hav+ be5 wa%$ by heavy ra9s1 = ages pa/1 f ! high] to ! l[] places4 ,?is w also acc\nt = ! circum/ance ( trees gr[+ ^u ! summits ( ! hills ( /eep asc5t3 be+ ?9 & poor1 ! grass nei!r gr[s suffici5tly long or ?ick to kill ! timb] :5 fir$4 ,!y c\ld n h be5 isl&s 9 ?is fairy lake2 because _! summits are frequ5tly mu* l[] ?an high prairie flats a few miles di/ant4 ,^! are facts :i* w be recollect$ by ^? :o h ev] travell$ ?r\gh a prairie c\ntry ( any ext5t4 ,b suppose x to h be5 prov$1 t ! wat]s ( ,lake ,erie once ov]spread ! /ate ( ,ohio1 f its pres5t %ore to ,*illico!1 7a supposition :i* ,i tru/ has h[ev] be5 %[n to be vision>y7 does x foll[ t ! prairies 7 occasion$ by su* ov]fl[+8 ,if ! wat]1 by cov]+ ! c\ntry1 prev5t$ ! timb] f gr[+1 %\ld we n naturally look = ! l>ge/ timb] on ! high] gr\nds :i* w\ld be fir/ =sak5 by ! wat]s1 & = small timb] on ! l[ gr\nds1 :]e ! wat] rema9$ longe/8 ,if ?is be true1 7& x is unque/ionable7 we %\ld !n look = prairies on ! l[ gr\nds bord]+ on ,lakes ,erie1 ,huron1 & ,mi*igan2 & ! ?ickly timb]$ c\ntry w\ld be on ! high l&1 ne> ! s\rces ( ! riv]s4 ,b ! contr>y is absolutely ! fact3 we f9d heavy timb]$ l&1 & no prairies1 9 ! l[ c\ntries nor? ( ! lakes1 & none s\?1 ei!r 9 ,mi*igan t]ritory or else:]e1 until we arrive ne> ! s\rces ( ! riv]s4 ,x is true1 t ! wat] /&+ 9 ponds w prev5t ! timb] f gr[+2 b ! diff]5ce is readily obs]v$ betwe5 prairies1 prop]ly s call$1 & ^? bogs4 ,b to prove f>!r t wat] _h no ag5cy 9 br++ ! prairies into exi/5ce1 we may m5tion ^? on & ne> ! summit ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s1 7pr9cipally 9 ,alleghany ,c\nty4#dg7 ,_m ( ^? prairies are t5 or twelve miles 9 l5g?1 & ?ree or f\r 9 wid?4 ,w x be pret5d$ t ! sides ( ^? m\nta9s 7 also lakes8 ,f>!r--! mo/ ext5sive prairies kn[n1 are ! v high pla9s imm$iately we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & ea/ ( ! m\nta9s ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,arkansaw & ,miss\ri riv]s1 ext5d+ ev5 on ! spurs ( ^? m\nta9s2 a c\ntry ! highe/ p]haps 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ) a great & cont9u$ desc5t to ! ,pacific on ! "o side1 & to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico on ! o!r4 ,! b>r5s1 also1 f\nd 9 ,k5tucky1 are ano!r evid5ce t wat] _h no ag5cy 9 _! =mation--!y are situate1 x is believ$1 9 ! elevat$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry exclusively4 ,! writ] ( ?is1 deem+ x unnecess>y to say m1 or to produce m facts1 7al?\gh mu* m may be said1 & _m m facts produc$7 to prove t prairies 7 n lakes1 w n[ endeav\r to prove t !y 7 occasion$ by ! combu/ion ( vegetables4 ,prairies are f\nd 9 ^? c\ntries only t are cong5ial to ! gr[? ( grass1 & only :]e ! soil is suffici5tly ri* to produce x luxuriantly--!y are f\nd commonly on high pla9s1 suffici5tly dra9$ to prev5t wat] f rema9+ on !m ! :ole ye>2 = x is by no means necess>y t !y %\ld be always dry2 on ! contr>y1 if !y are suffici5tly level to prev5t ! ra9s f runn+ (f imm$iately1 ! grass w gr[ ?ick] & high]--b !y mu/ be suffici5tly dry to burn1 at lea/ once 9 two or ?ree ye>s1 dur+ ! long1 dry season1 call$ ,indian summ]4 ,x has be5 univ]sally rem>k$1 t ^! seasons are mu* long] z we proce$ we/]ly--comm5c+ usually 9 ,octob]1 & cont9u+ a mon? & a half or two mon?s1 dur+ :i* ! vegetation is kill$ by ! fro/s1 & dri$ by ! sun2 ! wet prairies are also dri$1 & be=e ! season has expir$1 ! grass is p]fectly combu/ible4 ,! ,indians1 x is presum$1 7& ! writ]1 f a resid5ce 9 _! c\ntry & ) !m1 is well acqua9t$ ) _! cu/oms7 burn ! woods1 n ord9>ily = ! purpose ( tak+ or cat*+ game1 z sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,a4 b = _m o!r advantages att5d+ t practice4 ,if ! woods be n burn$ z usual1 ! hunt] f9ds x impossible to kill ! game1 :i*1 al>m$ at ! great noise made 9 walk+ ?r\gh ! dry grass & leaves1 flee 9 all directions at 8 approa*4 ,also ! ,indians travel mu* dur+ ! w9t]1 f "o village to ano!r1 & to & f ! v>i\s hunt+ gr\nds1 :i* becomes extremely pa9ful & labori\s1 f ! quantity ( bri]s1 v9es1 grass1 c4 ,to rem$y ^! & _m o!r inconv5i5ces1 ev5 ! woods 7 orig9ally burn$ s z to cause prairies1 & = ! same & l reasons !y cont9ue to be burn$ t[>ds ! close ( ! ,indian summ]4 ,woodl& is n commonly *ang$ to prairie by "o burn+1 b by sev]al successive conflagrations2 ! fir/ w kill ! und]gr[?1 :i* caus+ a great] op5+1 & admitt+ ! sun & air m freely1 increases ! quantity ( grass ! ensu+ season3 ! conflagration consequ5tly increases1 & is n[ suffici5tly p[]ful to de/roy ! small] timb]2 & on ! ?ird ye> y behold an op5 prairie4 ,ord9>ily1 all ! c\ntry1 ( a nature to become prairie1 is already 9 t /ate2 yet ! writ] ( ?is has se51 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,miss\ri & ,mississippi1 aft] unusual dry seasons1 m ?an "o hundr$ acres ( woodl& toge!r conv]t$ into prairie4 ,& aga91 :]e ! grass has be5 prev5t$ f burn+ by accid5tal causes1 or ! prairie has be5 depa/ur$ by l>ge h]ds ( dome/ic cattle1 x w assume1 9 a few ye>s1 ! appe>ance ( a "y =e/4 ,num]\s pro(s ( ?is fact c be adduc$1 b a few %all suffice4 ,! vic9ity ( ,/4 ,l\is & ,/4 ,*>les af=ds in/ances4 ,bo? ^! beautiful places are situat$ on :at are t]m$ fir/ & second bottoms1 or flats--! =m] on ! ,missisippi1 ! latt] on ! ,miss\ri2 ! second or upp] bottoms1 9 bo?1 are high pla9s1 t comm5ce )9 a few hundr$ y>ds ( ! riv]s1 & ext5d back _m miles2 all ! old ,fr5* inhabitants w tell y1 t ! prairies =m]ly came imm$iately up to ^? places4 ,n[ ! surr\nd+ c\ntry = sev]al miles is cov]$ ) a gr[? ( trees ( f\r or five in*es diamet]1 ne> ! t[ns :]e ! burn+ fir/ ceas$1 & gradually dim9i%+ 9 size z y rec$e1 until y at l5g? ga9 ! op5 prairies4 ,s ! b>r5s 9 ,k5tucky2 _m ( ! fir/ settl]s ( t /ate di/9ctly recollect :5 _m ( ^? b>r5s 7 cle> prairies1 n[ p>tially cov]$ ) small trees4 ,x is deem$ unnecess>y to (f] m pro(s1 or additional argum5ts1 9 support ( ! op9ion t ! prairies 7 occasion$ by fire1 & n by wat]4 ,inde$ "o glance at ! maps ( ^? ext5sive prairie c\ntries1 survey$ by ord] ( gov]nm5t1 :]e ! prairies & woodl& are di/+ui%$ & correctly del9eat$1 %\ld c>ry conviction4 ,! timb] w be !re obs]v$ to skirt ! riv]s2 9 ! c\ntry ne> _! s\rces a few solit>y trees are se51 close on ! banks1 secure f ! fires1 & increas+ 9 numb]s z ! riv]s increase 9 size1 & ! l[ gr\nds become m ext5sive4 ,! view giv5 ( ! prairies by ,mr4 ,a4 is correct2 b 0 c]ta9ly pa9t$ 9 ! w9t] season--!y are1 at t season1 bleak & uncom=table bo? to ! feel+s & sight2 b a full return is made to bo? :5 ! spr+ op5s4 ,! prairies 7p>ticul>ly to ! we/7 are !n cov]$ ) ! ri*e/ v]dure1 int]sp]s$ ) an imm5se v>iety ( wild fl[]s1 t s5d =? ! mo/ grateful od\rs4 ,asc5d "o ( ! small hills1 & y h a prospect z delightful z x is possible = ! imag9ation to conceive4 ,f> z ! eye c c>ry y1 a delightful c\ntry ext5ds1 ?r\gh :i* num]\s /reams w9d _! s]p5t9e c\rses1 ) groves & clumps ( trees at int]vals ^u _! banks4 ,on "o h&1 at an imm5se di/ance1 ! small hills & groves are se5 ris+ above ! blue horizon2 on ! o!r1 ! view is pleasantly t]m9at$ by ! wood on ! l[ gr\nds skirt+ ! riv] to :i* ! small] /reams are tribut>y--:ile h]ds ( buffalo1 elk1 de]1 & o!r animals1 are frequ5tly se5 sl[ly travell+ to & f ! wat]+-places1 or graz+ on ! pla9s4 ,! inhabit$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry pres5t a prospect /ill m pleas+2 ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ^? ext5sive ri* prairies1 num]\s habitations are se51 )drawn a %ort di/ance 9 ! wood1 f ! w9t]'s cold & summ]'s heat--_! f9ely cultivat$ fields lie 9 ! prairies1 :i* yield at once to ! pl\gh1 )\t ! previ\s ,h]culean lab\r ( demoli%+ ! =e/4 ,! area betwe5 ! f>ms is a common ( pa/ure to ! num]\s h]ds dur+ ! spr+1 summ]1 & autumn1 & a small "p m[$ af=ds hay = ! w9t]4 ,! f>m] :o takes up 8 habitation 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! prairies1 has _m ( ! advantages ( an old inhabit$ c\ntry1 & all ! advantages ( ! new4 ,,art4 ,,iii4 ,sket* ( ! ,m9]alogy & ,geology ( ! ,vic9ity ( ,williams' ,college1 ,william/[n1 ,mass4 ,by ,,pr(essor ,,dewey1 ( ,williams' ,college1 9 a lett] to ! ,editor4 ,! foll[+ sket* includes a space ext5d+ f ,hoosack m\nta9 on ! ea/1 to ! ,/ate ( ,new-,york on ! we/1 & a small di/ance into ,v]mont on ! nor?4 ,! accompany+ map %[s ! relative situation ( ! /reams1 & ! pr9cipal hills & m\nta9s4 ,! map is an enl>g$ copy ( ,c>leton's map ( ?is "p ( ! /ate1 ) "o or two corrections1 :i* tru? requir$4 ,! latitude & longitude are probably n p]fectly accurate4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,geological ,,map ( a "p ( ,massa*usetts on ,connecticut ,riv] #ahag4 ,illu/ration3 ,transv]se ,section ( ,rock ,/rata f ,hoosack ,m\nta9 to ,elev5 ,miles ,ea/ ( ,connecticut ,riv]4 ,williams' ,college is situat$ 9 a valley1 hav+ on ! we/ ! hills ( ! ,taconick#dh range2 on ! ea/1 ,saddle ,m\nta91 :i* sep>ates x = ! mo/ "p f ,adams2 & on ! nor?1 & nor!a/1 two hills :i* belong to ! s\?we/]n "p ( ! range ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s4 ,hoosack ,riv]1 ris+ sev]al miles at ! s\!a/1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! nor!a/]n "p ( ,william/[n1 w9ds its c\rse nor?we/1 to ! ,hudson4 ,x is an inconsid]able /ream1 ab\t six rods 9 wid?1 & its curr5t is rapid4 ,f ! s\?1 runs ,gre5 ,riv]1 a small] /ream1 & ent]s ! ,hoosack "o mile nor!a/ ( ! college4 ,! gre5 col\r ( ?is /ream1 appe>s to be caus$ by a magnesian clay1 :i* is wa%$ f its banks at ! s\? "p ( ! t[n4 ,at ! we/ is ,we/brook1 ris+ 9 ,william/[n1 & ent]+ ! ,hoosack "o mile & a half nor?we/ ( ! college4 ,! soil 9 ?is :ole tract is g5]ally clayey1 r light = su* a soil1 & v ri*4 ,a gravelly soil appe>s 9 a few places1 especially at ! nor!rn "p4 ,! int]val on ! ,hoosack ext5ds only a small di/ance f its banks1 r>ely exce$+1 & (t5 mu* less1 ?an half a mile1 & pres5ts ! common appe>ances ( alluvial l&4 ,ris+ f t5 to tw5ty feet above ?is int]val1 ! soil is 9 v>i\s places fill$ ) roll$ /ones ( qu>tz & lime/one1 z if ! ,hoosack _h once be5 mu* above ! banks :i* conf9e x at pres5t4 ,x is n improbable t its wat]s 7 =m]ly int]cept$ by ! hills 9 ,p[nal1 five miles at ! nor?we/1 =m+ a small lake 9 ?is valley4 ,! hills ( ! ,taconick range1 7,a#di7 on :i* passes ! l9e betwe5 ,massa*usetts & ,new-,york1 h g5]ally an elevation f twelve hundr$ to f\rte5 hundr$ feet2 ,p[nal ,m\nta9 7,b7 on ! nor?1 ab\t f\rte5 hundr$2 & ,oak hill 7,d7 on ! nor!a/1 twelve hundr$ feet above ! ea/ college 7,c47 ,saddle ,m\nta9 7,,ef7 is an insulat$ mass1 sep>at$ f ! ,taconick range by ! valley ( ,william/[n1 & f ,hoosack ,m\nta91 by ! valley 9 ,adams4 ,x lies ab\t s\? s\?we/1 & is ne>ly eight miles 9 l5g?1 & two 9 bread?4 ,x is compos$ ( two ranges1 ! ea/]n & highe/ 7,,fg7 be+ 9 ,adams4 ,! m\nta9 has its "n f two ( its peaks1 :i* pres5t at a di/ance ! appe>ance ( ! two elevations ( a saddle4 ,! we/ range 7,e7 is divid$ into two p>ts q to its base1 :i* ) ! slope ( ! ea/ range encloses1 on ?ree sides1 an irregul> holl[1 call$ ! ,hopp]47,h7 ,! nor!rn "p 7,e7 ( ! we/ range is ne>ly two miles 9 l5g?1 & rises to ! height ( eighte5 hundr$ feet2 ! s\!rn 7,i7 rises abruptly into a peak ( ! elevation ( sev5te5 hundr$ feet4 ,! height ( ! valley betwe5 ! two ranges is ab\t f\rte5 hundr$ feet4 ,y ent] ! ,hopp] f ! we/1 pass+ along a bran* ( ,gre5 ,riv]1 & a romantic1 wild1 & sublime prospect op5s be=e y4 ,ne>ly ea/ ( ! entrance into ! ,hopp]1 lies ! highe/ po9t ( ! ,saddle1 famili>ly call$ ,gray ,lock1 7,f7 be+ ab\t tw5ty-eight hundr$ feet above ! college1 & probably f\r ?\s& feet above ! tide-wat] ( ! ,hudson at ,troy4 ,?is is ! highe/ l& 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,ab\t two miles nor? nor!a/1 is ! nor!rn peak 7,g7 elevat$ tw5ty-?ree hundr$ feet4 ,! valley 9 ,adams is b\nd$ on ! ea/ by ,hoosack m\nta91 7,k7 elevat$ f f\rte5 hundr$ to eighte5 hundr$ feet1 & ext5d+ sev]al miles we/ ( s\?3 x =ms a "p ( ! range :i* comm5ces at ,we/ ,rock 9 ,connecticut4 ,! c\ntry includ$ 9 ?is sket* is pr9cipally primitive2 ly+ on ! we/ ( ! summit ( ! primitive range1 :i* passes s\!rly into ,connecticut4 ,! rocks & m9]als w be m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]4 #a4 ,granite4 ,a few pieces h be5 f\nd at ! foot ( ,oak hill1 "o mile nor!a/ ( ! college4 ,x consi/s pr9cipally ( feldsp>4 ,f\r miles ea/1 are l>ge masses ( granite on bo? sides ( ! ,hoosack1 & on asc5d+ ,hoosack m\nta9 !y become m num]\s4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ?is is qu>tz1 (t5 ( a purple col\r2 ! mica black1 & ! rocks exce$+ly h>d4 ,i h nev] notic$ any m9]als imb$d$ 9 x4 ,! vortex ( ,p[nal m\nta9 is also granitic4 #b4 ,gneiss & ,mica ,slate4 ,i connect ^! two1 because !y are n (t5 di/9ct1 & appe> to pass into ea* o!r4 ,!y are f\nd 9 l>ge /rata on ,hoosack ,m\nta91 on a hill 7,l7 connect$ ) ,saddle ,m\nta91 & on ! ea/ side ( ,saddle ,m\nta94 ,! highe/ & ! we/ ridge ( ,saddle ,m\nta9 are mica slate4 ,! ,hopp] %[s ! incl9ation ( ! /rata q to ! base ( ! m\nta94 ,! incl9ation is to ! ea/ & nor!a/1 f t5 to =ty degrees4 ,on ! s\?we/ m\nta9 ( ,saddle1 ! /rata are b>e to ! summit = a consid]able di/ance1 & are v f9e gra9$ mica slate1 hav+ some:at ! appe>ance ( a soap/one slate4 ,by ?is "n !y are call$ 9 ,mr4 ,eaton's ,index to ,geology4 ,"s ( ! rocks appe> to be talcose4 ,i h be5 able1 h[ev]1 to detect b a v m9ute quantity ( magnesia 9 any specim5s ,i h tri$1 ?\gh ,i obta9$ a consid]able proportion ( alum9e4 ,! high] hills ( ! ,taconick range are compos$ pr9cipally ( a simil> slate1 ly+ 9 ! same direction1 & ) simil> incl9ation2 b x appe>s to h pass$ /ill f>!r f mica slate4 ,at ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! /ate1 :i* is ne> ! foot ( ! ridge 9 ?is place1 ! rock is v simil> to "s ( t on ! s\?we/ m\nta9 m5tion$ above4 ,ab\t a mile nor?we/ ( ?is corn]1 ! rocks are cleft 9 sev]al places1 & 9 "o1 to su* a dep?1 t ! sn[ & ice rema9 "h ?r\gh ! ye>4 ,! ,sn[ ,hole 7,m7 is ab\t ?irty feet long1 & ne>ly z deep at ! ea/ end1 asc5ds to ! we/1 or t[>ds ! summit ( ! ridge1 & is f t5 to tw5ty feet wide4 ,:5 ,i visit$ x 9 ,june1 ! sn[ 0 six feet deep on ice ( unkn[n dep?4 ,! rock is "h pass+ into argillace\s slate2 & 9 _m places x becomes argillace\s & *lorite slate4 ,= ! o!r rock1 y h1 ,i believe1 propos$ ! "n talcose slate4 #c4 ,qu>tz4 ,?\gh qu>tz is scatt]$ ?r\gh all ! prec$+ rock 9 masses ( diff]5t sizes1 x is f\nd 9 great quantity on ! nor!a/ "p ( ,saddle ,m\nta91 #cjj or #djj feet above ! college1 & !nce to ! ,hoosack along ! side ( ! hill 7,l47 ,x is granul>1 (t5 :ite & transluc5t1 & (t5 col\r$ ) oxyd ( iron4 ,x =ms ,/one ,hill1 7,n7 a mile s\?we/ ( ! college1 on ! v]tex ( :i* is argillace\s slate4 ,?is hill slopes to ,we/ ,brook1 :]e qu>tz (t5 =ms p]p5dicul> banks f #ej to #ajj feet high4 ,"h also argillace\s slate re/s on ! qu>tz1 z well z on ! v]tex1 & on ! ea/ side ( ,/one ,hill4 ,qu>tz appe>s aga9 on ! opposite side ( ,we/ ,brook1 b fur!r nor?1 on a hill connect$ ) ! ,taconick range4 ,on ^! two hills1 x lies 9 l>ge /rata1 incl9+1 l ! mica slate1 to ! ea/ & nor!a/1 (t5 divid$ by ve9s into rhomboidal masses4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ,/one ,hill1 x is m granul>1 & may p]haps be call$ ar5ace\s qu>tz1 conta9+ a l>g] proportion ( iron4 ,ne> ! base ( ,hoosack ,m\nta91 simil> qu>tz is f\nd1 :i* ext5ds r\nd ! nor? side ( ! ,hoosack to ,oak ,hill1 7,d7 :i* is :olly compos$ ( x4 ,x lies 9 r\nd$ fragm5ts1 call$ h>dheads1 ?r\gh ! nor!rn "p ( ! valley1 & on ! sides ( ,oak ,hill 9 huge rocks1 pres5t+ ne>ly p]p5dicul> fronts f #bj to #ej feet 9 height1 & _m rods 9 l5g?4 ,! /rata are 9 "s places horizontal1 & 9 o!rs ne>ly p]p5dicul>4 ,9 "o place x =ms plates1 f #b to #e feet on a side1 & f half an in* to sev]al in*es 9 ?ickness1 :i* are ne>ly p]fect rhomboids1 ! edges nev] be+ p]p5dicul> to ! sides4 ,mo/ ( ! qu>tz1 except ! :ite1 yields a small portion ( lime1 & has be5 call$ calc>e\s qu>tz4 ,greasy qu>tz1 rose qu>tz1 horn/one1 & rock cry/al1 are occasionally f\nd2 ! la/ 9 consid]able quantity s\? ( ,/one ,hill4 ,on ! /ream :i* issues f ! ,hopp]1 is ar5ace\s qu>tz ( a slaty /ructure1 :i* is an excell5t /one = %>p5+ ! *isels us$ by /onecutt]s4 #d4 ,granul> ,lime/one is abundant at ! ,cave or ,falls1 9 ,adams1 & on bo? sides ( ! ,hoosack4 ,! ,cave or ,falls1 7,o7 is a s+ul> *asm betwe5 lime/one rocks4 ,a small /ream1 :i* appe>s once to h run on ! surface ( ! holl[ betwe5 two small elevations1 has n[ worn a passage _m feet 9 dep? ?r\gh ! lime/one4 ,! *asm is n>r[1 w9d+ 9 its c\rse sev]al rods long1 & its opposite sides 7 connect$1 till f\r ye>s ago1 by a natural bridge ( lime/one4 ,f ! bridge to ! wat] is #gj feet4 ,!re is a d>k cav]n ( sev]al feet diamet]1 & "s passages into ! rocks4 ,! :ite m>ble walls1 ! foam+ ( ! wat] bel[1 ! piles & irregul>ity ( ! rocks1 & ! ?ick ov]hang+ trees1 make ! sc5e v wild & int]e/+4 ,! lime/one re/s on mica slate4 ,on ! we/ bank ( ! ,hoosack1 & ea/ base ( ! hill1 7,l7 ! same co>se-gra9$ & :ite lime/one is f\nd1 re/+ on ! mica slate at ! we/ ( x4 ,at ! nor? & we/ base ( ,saddle ,m\nta91 7,e7 & at a less elevation ?an ! qu>tz1 are ext5sive /rata ( lime/one1 incl9+ ! same way z ! mica slate ( ! m\nta94 ,x is less di/9ctly granul>1 & less :ite ?an ! o!r1 b belongs to ! same rock4 ,x =ms tol]ably good m>ble4 ,betwe5 ! /rata are cry/als ( c>bonate ( lime1 rhomboidal1 & t5d+ to ! l5ticul> =m4 ,"s ( ^! /rata appe> to be compos$ ( bl5d$ cry/als ( ?is k9d4 ,9 "o place are /rata ( sev]al rods 9 l5g? & bread?1 :i* are incl9$ to ! s\?we/1 & ?us lie aga9/ ! mica slate ( ! m\nta94 ,! incl9ation is ab\t =ty-five degrees4 ,unless ?is lime/one be connect$ ) t on ! ea/ ( ,saddle ,m\nta91 7& no connexion has yet be5 trac$17 x mu/ be consid]$ z ly+ on bo? sides ( ! mica slate1 or alt]nat+ ) x4 #e4 ,argillace\s ,slate re/s on qu>tz on ,/one ,hill1 & is also f\nd l[ d[n 9 ! valley connect$ ) lime/one4 ,x con/itutes ! hill 7,p7 connect$ ) ! ,taconick range1 & also ,nor?we/ hill1 7,q7 ^: base is compact lime/one4 ,a few miles nor?1 ?is slate is di/9ctly m>k$1 & 9 ab\t #ab miles1 =ms hills ( ro( slate 9 ,hosack1 ,new-,york4 ,x is annually c>ri$ 9 l>ge quantities to ,albany4 ,on ! fir/-m5tion$ hill1 x conta9s "s talc4 #f4 ,alum9\s slate4 ,?is is f\nd 9 argillace\s slate1 9 ,p[nal1 #e miles nor?1 at ! base ( a hill ea/ ( ! ,hoosack4 ,x is us$ to set col\rs4 #g4 ,*lorite4 ,9 r\nd$ masses1 g5]ally ) qu>tz1 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! valley 9 ,william/[n1 & f\nd at an elevation ( "s hundr$ feet on ! hills ( ! ,taconick range4 ,*lorite slate has already be5 m5tion$ z occurr+ on ! same range4 #h4 ,rubble ,/one4 ,9 r\nd$ masses ?r\gh ! valley4 #i4 ,compact ,lime/one4 ,9 sev]al places l[ 9 ! valley4 ,ne> ! college x is :ite & deep gray4 ,9 ! ve9s ( ! latt]1 talc is diffus$ 9 all directions4 ,x conta9s silex1 (t5 f #c to #ae p] c5t41 & sometimes gives fire ) /eel4 ,9 "s cases x is e>?y4 ,on ,gre5 ,riv]1 "o & a half mile s\? ( ! college1 x lies 9 ?9 /rata1 :i* are divid$ by seams into v regul> rhomboidal plates ( v>i\s sizes4 ,on "s scatt]$ fragm5ts on ?is riv]1 are f\nd c>bonate ( lime 9 cry/als1 ) pieces ( :ite feldsp>4 ,on ,we/ ,brook1 ?is gray lime/one is trav]s$ by a ve9 ( qu>tz1 conta9+ sulphuret ( iron4 ,! /rata ( ?is rock are almo/ inv>iably incl9$ to ! ea/4 ,a co>se soap/one is f\nd 9 ! lime/one ne> ! college1 & a ve9 made up ( br[n argillace\s slate1 soap/one1 qu>tz1 & sulphuret ( iron1 passes ?r\gh x4 ,?is lime/one appe>s to be v diff]5t f t at ! base ( ,saddle ,m\nta91 & f t :i* yields ! m>ble ( ,b]k%ire c\nty4 ,x may /ill be primitive1 b primitive compact lime/one4 #aj4 ,granitell ( ,kirwan1 ,qu>tz1 & ,feldsp>4 ,?is aggregate =ms ext5sive /rata at ! ea/ base ( ,/one ,hill4 ,! feldsp> is diffus$ 9 gra9s ?r\gh ! qu>tz1 & sometimes cry/all9e1 =m+ porphyritic qu>tz4 ,?is aggregate is (t5 compact & v h>d1 b frequ5tly x is por\s & h>d1 =m+ good mill/ones4 ,sometimes ! qu>tz appe>s 9 su* fragm5ts1 t ! /one resembles breccia4 #aa4 ,black ,t\rmal9e4 ,9 beautiful small six-sid$ prisms1 9 scatt]$ pieces ( mica slate at ! base ( ,/one ,hill4 #ab4 ,amian?us4 ,only a small specim51 atta*$ to argillace\s slate4 #ac4 ,bitt] ,sp>4 ,on compact lime/one at ,we/ ,brook4 ,"s ( ! cry/als are rhomboids1 & "s appe> to be ! half ( rhomboids split ?r\gh _! long] diagonal4 #ad4 ,jasp]4 ,! common br[n or r$1 & black1 9 small r\nd$ masses1 & also a piece ( v>iegat$ or /rip$ jasp]4 #ae4 ,gal5a4 ,only a specim5 9 ! lime/one on ,we/ ,brook4 #af4 ,iron ,ore4 ,bog ore on ! ,hoosack1 a mile nor!a/ ( ! college4 ,yell[ e>?1 f :i* yell[ o*re is obta9$ 9 great quantity1 9 a hill 7,r7 on ! bank ( ,gre5 ,riv]1 #b miles s\? ( ! college4 ,at ! nor? end ( ,saddle ,m\nta91 b l[ d[n1 yell[ e>? is connect$ ) r$dle1 or a sub/ance mu* resembl+ x4 ,x is less h>d ?an ! common r$dle1 b is compos$ ( ! same +r$i5ts4 ,magnetic ,oxyd ( ,iron1 regul> octah$rons1 9 mica slate at ! base ( ,/one ,hill4 ,sup]sulphuret ( ,iron1 massive & cry/alliz$1 9 argillace\s slate1 mica slate1 compact lime/one1 & qu>tz4 #ag4 ,prase4 ,beautiful1 & conta9+ sulphuret ( iron2 lately f\nd by ,mr4 ,eaton1 a little ea/ ( ! summit ( ,hoosack ,m\nta91 9 ,florida4 #ah4 ,pudd+/one4 ,:]e ,p[nal ,m\nta9 rea*es ! ,hoosack1 7,t7 #c miles nor? ( ! college1 are "s hills ( ?is aggregate4 ,x is compos$ ( r\nd$ masses ( qu>tz1 *lorite1 & lime/one1 ( v>i\s sizes1 connect$ by an argillace\s cem5t4 #ai4 ,pott]s' ,clay4 ,excell5t = vessels ( common pott]y4 ,! m9]als ( ?is section1 x is obvi\s1 are n v important2 b z connect$ ) a transv]se section ( ! c\ntry1 !y possess consid]able int]e/4 ,= ?is reason !y h be5 p>ticul>ly m5tion$4 ,9 ! nor? "p ( ,william/[n is a m9]al spr+1 famili>ly call$ ! ,s& ,spr+ 7,s47 ,! wat] rises f sev]al places 9 a res]voir ( ab\t a rod 9 diamet]1 & f "o to ?ree feet deep4 ,x is v s(t & w>m1 b conta9s v little sal9e or e>?y matt]4 ,gas cont9ually rises 9 x4 ,x appe>s mu* to resemble ! spr+ at ,new ,lebanon1 ,new-,york1 & has prov$ useful 9 ! cure p>ticul>ly ( "s cutane\s diseases4 ,! transv]se section1 connect$ ) ! map1 passes ov] ,/one ,hill1 & ! nor? "p ( ,saddle ,m\nta94 ,! diff]5t rocks are %[n 9 ! section1 directly bel[ _! places on ! map1 by draw+ l9es f ! sev]al /rata p>allel to ! sides ( ! map4 ,?is section is connect$ ) t giv5 by ,mr4 ,hit*cock1 9 ! #b;d numb] ( ?is ,j\rnal4 ,x ought p]haps to be m5tion$1 t accord+ to ,mr4 ,eaton's acc\nt1 ! granite ( ?is section s9ks "u gneiss to ! ea/1 & rises aga9 9 ,hamp%ire ,c\nty1 support+ ! same rock ( gneiss2 b :]e x reappe>s1 ! granite conta9s _m imb$d$ m9]als4 ,?is section corresponds g5]ally to ! place & "* ( ! m9]als 9 any section across ,b]k%ire c\nty4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s peculi>ities :i* may be m5tion$ at a future day4 ,! col\r+ corresponds to t on ! geological map 9 ,cleavel&'s ,m9]alogy4 ,c4 ,,dewey4 ,williams' ,college1 ,jan4 #bg1 #ahai4 ,p4,s4 ,i h a "p ( a rock cry/al1 :i* conta9s1 9 a holl[1 a liquid & a little air1 & "s black or br[n p>ticles1 :i* j s9k 9 ! liquid4 ,x 0 f\nd sev]al ye>s s9ce at ,diamond ,hill 9 ,catskill4 ,?is hill is only a small em95ce on ! bank ( ! creek at t place1 compos$ ( lime/one1 7if ,i h be5 correctly in=m$17 betwe5 ! /rata ( :i*1 & on ! side next ! creek1 ?is & o!r rock cry/als 7 f\nd4 ,i believe1 ,sir1 y h "o l ! above1 obta9$ f ! same place4 ,! cry/al1 :i* 0 g5]\sly giv5 me by ,mr4 ,van ,loon1 :o f\nd x1 is only a "p ( two cry/als connect$ at _! bases4 ,p>tly "u "o ( ! solid angles =m$ by ! unit$ pyramids1 is ! holl[1 ab\t in* long1 ab\t fill$ ) ! air1 & ab\t in* wide4 ,! pr9cipal curiosity ab\t x is ! liquid4 ,x has nev] be5 kn[n to freeze4 ,x 0 expos$ ye/]day morn+ an h\r to an atmosph]e #d & #e degrees bel[ z]o4 ,x became less fluid1 = ! bubble ( air mov$ ) less ease & rapidity4 ,/ill ! liquid 0 fluid4 ,its col\r1 :i* is naturally :ite1 _h a slight t+e ( yell[4 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,s*aeff] ( ,new-,york supposes ! black p>ticles are bitum54 ,is x possible ! liquid is nap?a8 ,?is oil is sometimes col\rless1 & does n congeal at z]o1 & t :i* ,i di/ill$ f ! ,s5eca oil1 does congeal at "s degrees bel[ z]o4 ,x c h>dly be salt wat]1 unless x be v salt1 & ev5 !n1 x w\ld h congeal$ at ! temp]ature ( ! air ye/]day4 ,:at way c be devis$ to asc]ta9 :at x is8 ,jan4 #cj1 #ahai4 ,aft] see+ ! notice ( ! cry/als f\nd at ,hudson by ,mr4 ,s*aeff]1 ,i wrote to a memb] ( ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new-,york1 r m full an acc\nt ?an ! above1 ( my cry/al1 c4 ,i hope to asc]ta91 :e!r ! liquid w congeal at #aj or #bj bel[ #j1 b h "s fe> le/ ! cry/al %\ld be injur$4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,art4 ,,iv4 ,on ! ,t\rmal9es & o!r ,m9]als f\nd at ,*e/]field & ,go%51 ,massa*usetts1 by ,col4 ,,george ,,gibbs4 7,= ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce47 ,! s*orl ( ! m9]alogi/s ( ! la/ c5tury unit$ a v>iety ( sub/ances :i* subsequ5t obs]vations h sep>at$ into sev]al species4 ,! gre5 s*orl is n[ ! epidote1 or ! ,vesuvian1 or ! actynolite4 ,! violet s*orl1 & ! l5ticul> s*orl1 are ! ax9ite4 ,! black volcanic s*orl is ! augite4 ,! :ite ,vesuvian s*orl is ! sommite4 ,! :ite gr5ati=m is ! leucite4 ,! :ite prismatic is ! pycnite1 a species ( ! topaz1 & ano!r is a v>iety ( feldsp>4 ,( ! blue s*orl1 "o v>iety is ! oxyd ( titanium1 ano!r ! sapp>e1 & ano!r ! phosphate ( iron4 ,! s*orl cruci=m is ! granatite4 ,! octah$ral s*orl is ! octah$rite1 or anatase4 ,! r$ s*orl ( ,hung>y1 & ! purple ( ,madagasc>1 are v>ieties ( ! oxyd ( titanium4 ,! spa?ique s*orl is ! spodum54 ,! black s*orl1 & ! electric s*orl1 only rema9$1 & to avoid ! confusion creat$ by ! use ( ! t]m s*orl1 ! "n ( t\rmal9e 0 giv5 to ?is species by t celebrat$ m9]alogi/1 ! ,abb ,hay4#ej ,! t\rmal9e is f\nd ( almo/ e col\r1 & ?is v>iety ( col\r caus$ at fir/ a numb] to be =m$ into new species2 :i* are n[ consid]$ only z v>ieties ( ! t\rmal9e3 su* z ! rubellite1 ! t\rmal9e apyre1 & indicolite4 ,! diff]5t analyses ( ! t\rmal9e1 h[ev]1 af=ds a great] v>iety ( results ?an is kn[n 9 almo/ any o!r m9]al4 ,! specific gravity ( ! black v>ies f #c4jh to #c4cf ,gre5 f #c4ae to #c4cf ,r$ f #b4hg to #c4aj ,analysis gives ,silex f #ce to #eh ,alum9e #bj to #dh ,magnesia #j to #aj ,iron #j to #bc ,manganese #j to #ac ,alkali #j to #aj ,wat] #j to #d ,^! diff]5ces mu/ be 9 "s measure ascrib$ to a defect 9 ! accuracy ( "s ( ! analyses4 ,b x appe>s t iron has n be5 discov]$ 9 ! r$ t\rmal9e4 ,x is n unwor?y ( notice1 t ! r$ t\rmal9e is consid]$ z infusible1 b ! o!rs fusible4 ,! r$ t\rmal9e has be5 ! mo/ valu$1 f its sc>city1 its employm5t 9 jewelry1 & ! beauty ( its cry/als4 ,x has be5 discov]$ 9 ,sib]ia1 9 ,moravia1 9 ! ,ea/-,indies1 & 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,9 ,sib]ia x is f\nd 9 a ve9 ( decompos$ feldsp> 9 a f9e-gra9$ granite1 ) black t\rmal9e4 ,9 ,moravia ) qu>tz & lepidolite 7or rose-col\r$ mica7 9 gneiss4 ,9 ! ,ea/-,indies1 at ,ava & ,ceylon1 b its geological situation is n kn[n1 ?\gh x is probably 9 gneiss or granite4 ,! r$ or rose t\rmal9e ( ,massa*usetts1 is f\nd *iefly at ,*e/]field1 9 a subord9ate b$ ( granite1 conta9$ 9 mica slate4 ,! mica slate is ! pr$om9ant rock ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is f9e gra9$1 & conta9s an abundance ( small g>nets4 ,direction ( ! /rata nor? & s\?1 v>y+ a little ea/]ly2 incl9ation p]p5dicul>4 ,! b$ ( granite is ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet long1 & f five to tw5ty feet broad4 ,x is conta9$ 9 a n>r[ ridge ( mica slate1 :i* desc5ds into1 & is lo/ 91 a valley4 ,! sides are precipit\s2 ! highe/ "p is ab\t =ty feet high4 ,on ! ea/ side a consid]able "p ( ! granite has be5 de/roy$ by natural causes1 leav+ ! granite b>e4 ,! granite consi/s *iefly ( granul> feldsp>1 ) gra9s ( :ite qu>tz1 & a little light col\r$ mica1 is mod]ately f9e gra9$1 & ( a grayi% :ite col\r4 ,9 addition to t\rmal9e1 x conta9s also em]ald1 "s ( ! cry/als ( :i* are f ?ree to five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,i succe$$ 9 gett+ "o out ( its matrix1 :i* is ?ree & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & its summit 7:i* is a plane )\t any additional facettes7 is p]fect4 ,! t\rmal9es are conta9$ *iefly 9 a false ve9 ( silici\s feldsp> & qu>tz1 :i* beg9s 9 ! c5tre ( ! upp] edge ( ! b$ ( granite1 & passes obliquely1 desc5d+ to ! nor!a/1 ab\t tw5ty feet1 :]e x is int]cept$ f sight by ! mica slate4 ,! ve9 is ab\t "o & a half foot ?ick 9 ! upp] "p1 & n m ?an six or eight in*es :]e x is lo/4 ,?is ve9 ( silici\s feldsp> conta9s also a ve9 ( blui% :ite transp>5t qu>tz1 :i* is f ?ree to eight in*es ?ick1 & passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! ve9 ( feldsp>4 ,:5 ,i fir/ exam9$ ?is rock1 soon aft] its discov]y by ,dr4 ,hunt1 ( ,nor?ampton1 ,i det]m9$ ! feldsp> to be a new v>iety1 :i* has be5 s9ce confirm$ by ,pr(essor ,hauffman1 & n[ ranks z a new sub-species1 "u ! "n ( silici\s feldsp>4 7,p4 #da1 ( ! ,m9]alogical ,table47 ,! analysis ( ,pr(essor ,/romey]1 ( ,gott+51 gives1 ,silex #gj4fh ,alum9e #ai4hj ,soda #i4je ,iron1 ,mag4 & ,lime 4#ch ----- #ii4ia ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! adul>ia is1 t "o conta9s f\rte5 pota% & ! o!r n9e soda4 ,betwe5 ?is & ! saussurite1 or t5aci\s feldsp>1 ! "o conta9s elev5 ( lime1 & ! o!r only a trace4 ,! silici\s feldsp>1 :i* ,i suspect to be ! basis ( ! granite1 cry/allizes 9 ?9 rhomboidal tables4 ,!y are v frangible1 & h "o clivage p]p5dicul> to ! faces ( ! tables4 ,sometimes ! tables h "o lat]al edge or m truncat$4 ,9 "o fragm5t ( a cry/al ,i obs]v$ a v obtuse acum9ation on ! table1 :i* appe>$ to be di$ral1 ! sides be+ plac$ on ! obtuse lat]al edges ( ! tables4 ,on acc\nt ( ! extreme frangibility ( ! cry/als1 x is c]ta9ly extremely difficult to seize _! *>act]s4 ,specific gravity only #b4ccc1 probably ow+ to int]/ices betwe5 ! tables4 ,! col\r is :ite1 translucid1 pass+ to semi-transp>5t2 lu/re sometimes dull1 at o!rs %9+4 ,! tables are sometimes s aggregat$ t _! edges be+ expos$1 (f] w$ge-%ap$ & /elli=m figures4 ,! t\rmal9es are *iefly conta9$ 9 ?is ve94 ,!y are r$1 or gre51 r>ely blue or black4 ,! gre5 t\rmal9es v>y f "o-eigh? ( an in* to "o in* 9 diamet]2 !y are sometimes f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & are entirely conf9$ to ! inn] ve9 ( qu>tz4 ,!y are tri$ral prisms1 ) convex faces1 /riat$ longitud9ally1 & g5]ally trav]s$ p]p5dicul>ly to ! axis1 ) v small fissures fill$ by "s silici\s sub/ance1 probably feldsp>4 ,^! gre5 cry/als are opaque4 ,! r$ t\rmal9e is frequ5tly enclos$ 9 ! gre54 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ve9 almo/ e gre5 cry/al encloses a r$ "o1 :i* always corresponds by its sides & angles ) ! ext]ior cry/al4 ,sometimes a ?9 lay] ( talc int]v5es betwe5 ! out] & inn] cry/al4 ,9 "o specim5 ,i f\nd ?ree cry/als ( ! r$ aggregat$ toge!r1 & enclos$ 9 "o ( ! gre54 ,9 ano!r cry/al ,i f\nd pyrites 9 ! place ( ! r$ t\rmal9e4 ,! l>ge/ cry/al ( ! r$ 0 "o qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & f\r in*es long4 ,! r$ t\rmal9es v>y 9 int5sity ( col\r1 & frequ5tly 7p>ticul>ly 9 ! int]ior7 pass into violet4 ,!y pass f translucid to semi-transp>5t4 ,i h f\nd "s t 7 t]m9at$ by tri$ral pyramids4 ,! cry/als are g5]ally p]p5dicul> to ! sides ( ! ve94 ,small cry/als ( ! r$ (t5 run f ! ve9 ( qu>tz into ! adjo9+ feldsp>4 ,! granite also conta9s m9ute cry/als ( d>k & light blue t\rmal9e1 & pale gre5 em]ald1 ) a v few g>nets & pyrites4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ! ve91 five to six feet f its int]ruption by ! mica slate1 ! r$ t\rmal9e sc>cely appe>s1 & ! ve9 conta9s *iefly blui% amorph\s qu>tz & gre5 t\rmal9e4 ,x is !re=e probable t ?is ve9 w n af=d h5ce=w>d a great supply ( ?is beautiful m9]al4 ,ab\t six miles f ,*e/]field1 9 ,go%51 is f\nd ! rose mica1 ) t\rmal9es & em]alds int]sp]s$ 9 ! granite4 ,un=tunately ! b$ ( granite has n be5 discov]$1 & ! specim5s we possess are tak5 f loose rocks1 scatt]$ ov] a small ext5t ( gr\nd 9 a valley1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( mica slate4 ,! rose mica is f\nd 9 a l>ge gra9$ granite ) amorph\s qu>tz & silici\s feldsp>1 cry/alliz$ & amorph\s4 ,! mica is g5]ally ( a rose r$1 sometimes yell[i% gre54 ,x cry/allizes 9 rhomboidal tables1 r>ely truncat$ on ! acute angles1 pass+ into ! hexa$ral table4 ,! t\rmal9es are light & d>k gre5 & blue1 ( v>i\s %ades ( int5sity1 frequ5tly acicul> & /ellat$4 ,! black1 ! r$1 & ! violet t\rmal9es also occur1 b m r>ely4 ,sometimes ! gre5 prisms enclose o!rs ( blue & black4 ,specific gravity ( ^! v>ieties f #c4 to #c4a4 ,! gre5 & blue cry/als 9 ?is locality are translucid or semi-transp>5t4 ,! feldsp> is g5]ally :ite1 r>ely light blue4 ,!re are "s em]alds 9 ! granite4 ,among "s specim5s :i* ,mr4 ,weeks ( ,new-,york1 :o discov]$ ?is locality1 0 s good z to give me1 ,i f\nd a beautiful rose em]ald 9 its matrix4 ,x is a hexa$ral prism1 ab\t "o & a qu>t] in* 9 diamet]1 ! summit a plane1 "o ( ! lat]al edges has a truncature4 ,ab\t half ( ! diamet] ( ! prism is free f ! matrix1 & half an in* ( ! prism4 ,! col\r is a pale rose1 r m transp>5t ?an ! em]ald4 ,! col\r ( ! mica ( ! ,go%5 granite calls to m9d ! lepidolite or lilalite1 :i* 7=m]ly consid]$ z a di/9ct species7 has n[ be5 unit$ to mica4 ,! lepidolite ( ,ros5a is also accompani$ by ! t\rmal9e apyre1 n[ ! r$ t\rmal9e4 ,,art4 ,v4 ,obs]vations on ! ,m9]als connect$ ) ! ,gneiss range ( ,lit*field c\nty1 by ,mr4 ,,john ,p4 ,,brace1 ( ,lit*field1 ,conn4 ,! gneiss =mation is ! mo/ ext5sive ( any 9 ,lit*field c\nty1 & embraces a numb] ( v int]e/+ m9]als4 ,x ext5ds ea/ into ,h>t=d c\nty4 ,on ! nor? x runs into ,massa*usetts1 ?\gh frequ5tly int]rupt$ by ! lime/one =mation1 :i* re/s ^u x4 ,x =ms ! pr9cipal1 & 9 _m cases ! only rock ( ! ea/]n & nor!a/]n sections ( ! c\nty1 & ( ! t[ns ( ,lit*field1 ,go%51 ,w>r51 ,cornwall1 & ,norfolk4 ,9 ,wa%+ton & ,canaan1 x con/itutes ! rock ( ! high m\nta9s1 & is a "p ( ! same range 9 ! o!r t[ns1 :ile ! valleys & ! m mod]ate elevations are cov]$ ) lime/one4 ,! riv] ,h\satonic appe>s to h made its way ?r\gh ?is range1 = ! same rock cont9ues on ! we/]n side ( ! riv] p>allel to x 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,k5t1 ,%>on1 & ,salisbury4 ,9 ,lit*field comm5ces a range ( porphyritic granite1 or porphyritic gneiss1 :i* alt]nates ) ! common gneiss1 & 9 "s in/ances re/s ^u x4 ,?is rock beg9s at ,m\nt ,prospect1 betwe5 ,lit*field & ,w>r51 & runs ?r\gh ,s\? ,f>ms1 ,be?lem1 & ,wat]t[n4 ,! cry/als ( feldsp> 9 x1 are (t5 v p]fect4 ,! primitive granite1 z a rock1 is n f\nd1 ?\gh x lies scatt]$ on ! surface 9 great quantities1 & l>ge masses4 ,! graphic granite 9 ?is region is (t5 rem>kably f9e4 ,mica slate con/itutes a consid]able "p ( ^? rocks t re/ on ! gneiss1 ?\gh nev] f\nd 9 su* elevat$ situations4 ,! mica slate rocks are always incl9$ at a great angle ) ! horizon1 & foll[ ! direction ( ! o!r range4 ,lit*field village1 ,*esnut hill1 & great "p ( ,h>w+ton1 are entirely compos$ ( ?is rock4 ,! ,bantum & ! ,wat]bury riv]s h _! bottoms ( x4 ,"s ( ! brooks ent]+ ! ,wat]bury1 h cut _! passage ?r\gh ! mica slate1 leav+ walls ( #dj or #ej feet on ea* side1 trav]s$ by ve9s ( a v co>se-gra9$ granite1 & (t5 mu* mix$ ) sulphuret ( iron4 ,! slate ne> ,h>w+ton meet+-h\se conta9s a great quantity ( sulphuret ( iron4 ,mica slate likewise lies on ! sides ( ! gneiss range 9 ,canaan & ,salisbury1 :]e x dips "u ! lime/one4 ,si5ite is scatt]$ on ! surface 9 l>ge masses1 especially :]e ! porphyritic gneiss is f\nd4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! masses are s l>ge z to =m m\nta9s4 ,m\nt ,tom1 betwe5 ,lit*field & ,wa%+ton1 is ( ?is nature1 be+ entirely compos$ ( si5ite1 re/+ on gneiss4 ,slaty si5ite is frequ5tly f\nd1 hav+ a v l>ge proportion ( hornbl5de4 ,! m9]als t are f\nd 9 ?is region1 are mu* m int]e/+ ?an its geology4 ,9 describ+ !m1 ,i %all conf9e myself to ! di/rict ea/ ( ! lime/one range1 int5d+ at "s future "t to inve/igate & describe ! lime/one c\ntry4 ,c>bonate ( lime1 ! granul> lime/one1 is scatt]$ ov] ! :ole ( ?is region4 ,x (t5 is f\nd 9 ! cavities ( decay$ qu>tz rocks1 & conta9s tremolite & augite4 ,cyanite or ,sapp>1 is f\nd 9 great quantities1 especially 9 ,h>w+ton & ,lit*field4 ,a cry/all9e mass ( ?is 0 f\nd a few ye>s ago1 weigh+ probably #ae cwt42 x lay on a mica slate ridge1 & und\bt$ly _h be5 =m]ly imb$d$ 9 ! slate4 ,beautiful :ite talc1 & small cry/als ( sulphuret ( iron1 are dissem9at$ 9 ! mass4 ,specim5s ( ?is mass are 9 almo/ all ! cab9ets 9 ,am]ica4 ,small] masses h be5 f\nd associat$ ) feldsp>4 ,small cry/als ( ?is m9]al are v common 9 mica slate1 ) /aurotide & g>net4 ,two ( ^! cry/als are (t5 arrang$ at "r angles ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ,cornwall x is f\nd 9 small cry/als 9 ! gneiss conta9+ graphite4 ,/aurotide is v common & v beautiful4 ,x is f\nd pr9cipally 9 mica slate1 & exhibits (t5 ! cross4 ,x mo/ g5]ally is cry/alliz$ 9 f\r-sid$ prisms4 ,qu>tz1 ( c\rse1 is common4 ,cornwall p>ticul>ly is di/+ui%$ = ! smoky v>iety4 ,f]rug9\s qu>tz is f\nd 9 roll$ masses 9 ! :ole ( ?is range4 ,petro silex1 9 roll$ masses ) f]rug9\s qu>tz1 conta9+ ve9s ( *alc$ony & horn/one1 & geodes ( qu>tz cry/als1 are common 9 ,lit*field & ,go%54 ,sometimes ^! masses 9 ! int]ior assume ! appe>ance ( ,burr/one4 ,common opal has be5 f\nd 9 ,lit*field1 ?\gh r>ely4 ,x 0 "p ( a mass ( f]rug9\s qu>tz1 ) indelible d5dritic impression4 ,x is v h>d1 & its fracture is con*oidal4 ,mica is v common4 ,x is f\nd gre51 :ite1 & p]fectly black4 ,x g5]ally occurs 9 blocks ( granite4 ,s*orl1 9 r\nd$ cry/als1 is f\nd 9 all ! granite 9 ?is range2 9 radiat+ cry/als on qu>tz2 & 9 acicul> cry/als on mica slate4 ,! l>ge cry/als are s brittle1 t few ( !m c be obta9$ p]fect4 ,i once f\nd x 9 ,lit*field1 ne> ,plym\?1 9 prismatic cry/als on e>?y graphite4 ,feldsp> is v common & beautiful 9 all ! t[ns4 ,x is usually f\nd 9 rhomboidal fragm5ts1 & has a f9e lu/re4 ,x is blue1 :ite1 & r$4 ,"s ( ! granite ( ,torr+=d is v beautiful1 be+ compos$ ( :ite & smoky qu>tz1 r$ feldsp>1 & gre5 mica4 ,9 ! porphyritic gneiss1 feldsp> is 9 six-sid$ prisms4 ,"o small cry/al ( adul>ia1 well def9$1 has be5 f\nd by ,e4 ,wilk9s1 ,esq4 ,b]yl1 bo? cry/alliz$ & massive1 is (t5 f\nd 9 ,lit*field 9 granite4 ,its col\rs are gre51 gre5i% yell[1 pale yell[1 & br[n4 ,its cry/als are (t5 v p]fect4 ,g>nets are common 9 all ! t[ns ( ?is range4 ,epidote4 ,v beautiful cry/als ( ?is m9]al h be5 f\nd 9 ,wa%+ton1 associat$ ) feldsp>4 ,!y are s r\nd$ z to r5d] x v difficult to discov] _! =m4 ,!y h a v f9e lu/re1 & are ( an olive gre52 9 ,lit*field1 9 cry/als ) hornbl5de1 & graphic granite1 & 9 ve9s 9 si5ite4 ,p]haps no region c be f\nd conta9+ m beautiful tremolite4 ,all its v>ieties occur2 ! fibr\s ( ,lit*field & ,be?lem is v di/+ui%$4 ,9 ,canaan1 x is f\nd conta9+ cry/als ( sulphuret ( iron4 ,i d n speak "h ( ! tremolite f\nd 9 ! lime/one range4 ,common asbe/us exi/s 9 ,wa%+ton & ,new ,mil=d4 ,! :ite augite is a m9]al f\nd 9 ?is range2 9 ,lit*field1 9 six-sid$ prisms v mu* flatt5$1 on qu>tz1 & c>bonate ( lime ) tremolite4 ,!y sometimes occur sev]al in*es long4 ,! lamell> & slaty v>ieties ( common hornbl5de are v common4 ,radiat$ actynolite ( a beautiful blui% gre5 9 ,lit*field2 9 ,canton ( a br[ni% gre54 ,/eatite is common1 & is qu>ri$ 9 ,lit*field4 ,! v>ieties ( talc are v common1 connect$ ) /eatite1 cyanite1 & *lorite4 ,*lorite 9 ,lit*field1 is f\nd on qu>tz1 ) talc4 ,porcela9 clay 9 ,lit*field 9 small quantities1 & 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,graphite is f\nd 9 ,cornwall 9 great quantities4 ,its gangue is gneiss & si5ite4 ,x is lamell>1 & has a metallic lu/re2 is easily obta9$1 & might be made useful4 ,epidote & cyanite are f\nd ) x4 ,ores are n common4 ,oxides ( iron1 & sulphuret ( iron are scatt]$ ov] ! :ole range4 ,ne> ,m\nt ,prospect 9 ,lit*field1 sulphuret ( iron 9 mass is 9 great quantities2 & sulphate ( iron on ! surface ( ! gr\nd ne> x4 ,a /one conta9+ a few gra9s ( native copp] 0 f\nd 9 ,lit*field4 ,! r$ oxyde ( titanium occurs 9 ,lit*field sp>+ly4 ,a v h&some specim5 ( ! reticulat$ oxyde ( titanium1 0 pick$ up4 ,x 0 on mica1 & ! mica _h an evid5t t5d5cy t[>ds ! same =m4 ,,botany4 ,,art4 ,,vi4 ,an ,acc\nt ( two ,nor? ,am]ican ,species ( ,rottbllia1 discov]$ on ! ,sea-coa/ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,georgia1 by ,dr4 ,,william ,,baldw91 ( ,philadelphia4 ,fl[]s 9 pairs1 or two f ea* jo9t ( ! ra*is1 "o neutral4 ,! neutral1 or imp]fect fl[]s1 p$icillate4 ,rottbllia corrugata4 ,culmo erecto1 compresso1 sulcato1 glabro1 ramoso3 foliis longis angu/isque3 spicis sub-compressis1 nudis sup] uno lat]e1 solit>iis et t]m9alibus1 supremis approximatis3 calycis bivalvis1 valva ext]iori transv]s corrugata et longitud9alit] rugosa3 corolla trivalvis4 ,culm erect1 compress$1 sulcate1 smoo?1 ramose3 leaves long & n>r[3 spikes slightly compress$1 nak$ on "o side1 solit>y & t]m9al1 approximat+ t[>ds ! summit3 calyx #b-valv$1 ! ext]ior valve transv]sely corrugate1 & longitud9ally wr9kl$3 corolla #c-valv$4 ,vid4 ,nuttall's ,nor? ,am]ican ,g5]a1 v4 ,i4 p4 #hd4ea ,culm two to ?ree feet high1 ) a v solid ext]ior1 b spongy )91 compress$1 & deeply groov$ on its inn] angle ! :ole l5g? betwe5 ! jo9ts4 ,leaves long1 n>r[1 & acute1 scabr\s on ! m>g9 & midrib4 ,%ea?s compress$1 correspond+ ) ! culm1 %ort] ?an ! int]nodes1 op51 ) membrane\s m>g9s4 ,p$uncles %ort1 clo!d ) a ?9 membrane\s acute po9t$ %ea?1 :i* g5]ally encloses also ! base ( ! spike4 ,spikes two to ?ree in*es long4 ,! fl[]s are arrang$ 9 alt]nate ord]1 b occupy only "o side ( ! ra*is1 z 9 ! ,r4 dimidiata4 ,! neutral florets1 or clavate p$icels1 are jo9$ lat]ally to ! p]fect fl[]s4 ,articulations ( ! ra*is rem>kably tumid1 att5uat$ b5ea?1 flat on ! int]ior side1 ext]iorly convex1 scabr\s1 & longitud9ally /riate4 ,! ext]ior valve ( ! calyx1 9 ! p]fect fl[]s1 is ovate1 obtuse1 v ?ick1 c>tilag9\s1 ! inn] m>g9 inflect$1 & deeply m>k$ on its out] surface ) f ?ree to five corrugations1 ) longitud9al ridges betwe5 !m2 ! int]ior valve is small]1 ( equal l5g?1 acute1 rul$1 coriace\s1 smoo?1 & ) ! inn] m>g9 also inflect$4 ,! valves ( ! corolla are membrane\s1 ovate1 acute1 :ite1 %ort] ?an ! calyx1 ! ext]ior "o ! longe/4 ,! neutral florets are sometimes male1 b mo/ commonly consi/ ( no?+ m ?an a #b-valv$ calyx1 ! valves equal1 gap+1 scabr\s1 & mu* small] ?an ^? ( ! p]fect fl[]4 ,/am5s #c1 v %ort4 ,an!rs tw91 yell[4 ,/yles #b1 r long] ?an ! /am5s4 ,/igmas small1 plumose1 d>k purple4 ,discov]$ betwe5 ,/4 ,m>y's & ,jeff]son1 9 ,camd5 c\nty1 ,georgia1 on ! #ac? ( ,july1 #ahac4 ,inhabits flat1 moi/ p9e b>r54 ,i h n se5 x on ! sea-coa/ ( ,florida4 ,,obs]vations4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t my description ( ?is plant diff]s mat]ially f t ( ,mr4 ,nuttall4 ,?is has unavoidably aris5 f my hav+ att5d$ to x 9 its liv+ /ate1 & f 8 n avail+ himself ( ! in=mation :i* x w\ld h af=d$ me pleasure to h communicat$1 _h he done me ! fav\r to h reque/$ x1 or in=m$ me ( 8 wi% to publi% an acc\nt ( plants ?us obta9$4 ,he has call$ ! culm solid1 leaves r %ort1 spikes cyl9dric1 axill>y1 ! fl[]s & ra*is entirely smoo?1 p$icel ( ! neutral fl[] em>g9ate1 out] valve ( ! h]maphrodite calyx acute1 ! valves ( ! corolla obtuse1 & ! /yles v %ort4 ,i h n be5 able to confirm ! above *>act]s1 nor d ,i f9d !m ev5 9 ! dri$ specim5s4 ,besides1 he has omitt$ to in=m u t ! ra*is is nak$ on "o side4 ,?is is a mo/ important & prom95t specific "*1 ! omission ( :i* w\ld necess>ily lead to mu* d\bt 9 id5tify+ ! species4 ,:at he means by /at+ t ! out] valve ( ! h]maphrodite fl[] is #c-valv$1 ,i _c imag9e1 nor d ,i compreh5d :at is int5d$ by an ext]ior auxili>y valve1 or neutral rudim5t2 ne>ly ! l5g? ( ! calyx4 ,i h notic$ 9 a s+le in/ance1 connect$ lat]ally ) ! corolla ( ! p]fect fl[]1 two v delicate1 n>r[1 acute po9t$ bodies1 ! l5g? ( ! out] valve1 & ( ! same quality & appe>ance2 b ^! ,i h consid]$ z accid5tal1 & _c p]ceive any ?+ ab\t !m l neutral rudim5ts4 ,nor c ,i consid] ! articulations ( ! ra*is z deeply excavat$4 ,!y are1 z already /at$1 flat on ! inn] side1 & con/itute f _! flexu\s =m1 position1 & connexion ) ! p$icels ( ! neutral florets1 an ar*1 9 :i* ! p]fect fl[]s are situat$4 ,rottbllia ciliata4#eb ,culmo erecto1 t]eti1 glabro1 ramoso3 foliis angu/issimis1 brevibus3 spicis cyl9dricis sup] p$unculis t]etibus longis1 solit>iis t]m9alibusqu3 calycis bivalvis1 m>g9e valva ext]iori ciliata3 corolla bivalvis4 ,culm erect1 t]ete1 smoo?1 ramose3 leaves v n>r[1 %ort3 spikes cyl9drical ^u long t]ete p$uncles1 solit>y & t]m9al1 calyx #b-valv$1 ! m>g9 ( ! ext]ior valve ciliate3 corolla #b-valv$4 ,root p]5nial4 ,culm two to f\r feet high1 g5]ally ramose1 solid1 & t]ete1 except t betwe5 ! jo9ts :]e ! bran*es orig9ate1 x is groov$ on ! inn] side1 & (t5 ciliate on its angles ne> ! jo9ts4 ,! bran*es orig9ate t[>ds ! extremity1 commonly f two to ?ree 9 numb]1 ea* support+ a s+le t]m9al spike4 ,leaves v n>r[1 acute1 comp>atively %ort1 ^? b5ea? mu* ! longe/1 rigid1 some:at involute1 & %>ply s]rulate t[>ds ! apex4 ,%ea?s r %ort] ?an ! int]nodes1 op5 to ! base1 b closely embrac+ ! culm4 ,spikes #c to #e in*es long1 ! p$uncles clo!d ) a v delicate acute po9t$ %ea?1 :i* embraces x s closely z almo/ to elude obs]vation1 v>y+ mu* 9 l5g?1 b seldom ext5d+ to ! base ( ! spike4 ,p$uncles scabr\s ne> ! spike4 ,fl[]s alt]nate1 ! male or neutral florets situat$ on "o side ( ! ra*is4 ,ra*is compress$1 sl5d]1 flexu\s1 hairy on its ext]ior surface4 ,p$icel ( ! neutral florets also compress$1 & hairy on its ext]ior surface4 ,valves ( ! calyx ne>ly equal1 lanceolate1 acute1 coriace\s1 poli%$1 ! inn] m>g9 ( ea* inflect$4 ,! ext]ior m>g9 ( ! out] valve f9ely ciliate t[>ds ! apex4 ,valves ( ! corolla lanceolate1 acute1 membrane\s1 ne>ly ! l5g? ( ! calyx4 ,! male or neutral1 are r small] ?an ! h]maphrodite fl[]s4 ,/am5s #c1 v %ort4 ,an!rs tw91 purple4 ,/yles #b1 exc]t$1 plumose1 d>k br[n4 ,discov]$ 9 flat p9e b>r5 on ! nor? side ( ,satilla riv]1 9 ,georgia1 on ! #ba/ ( ,octob]1 #ahae4 ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations4 ,^! plants are unque/ionably alli$ to &ropogon 9 _! mode ( fl[]+1 b h nev]!less suffici5t ess5tial *>act]s to di/+ui% !m4 ,9 habit1 !y appe> b slightly simil>4 ,!y diff] pr9cipally f _! cong5]s 9 ! p$icellate "* ( _! neutral florets4 ,! spikes are n axill>y 9 ei!r ( !m4 ,! bran*es are axill>y1 ( :i* sev]al sometimes orig9ate f ! same axil 9 ! ,r4 corrugata4 ,ea* spike1 :5 fully evolv$1 is n only p$icellate1 b ! p$icel1 or p$uncle1 is connect$ ) a culm conta9+ "o1 two1 or m jo9ts4#ec ,! culm is n compress$1 nor ! leaves long 9 ! ,r4 ciliata1 z /at$ by ,mr4 ,nuttall1 :o appe>s to h conf\nd$ ! two species 9 ^!1 & "s o!r in/ances4 ,! jo9ts ( ! ra*is 9 bo? are fragile1 ! jo9ts ( ! culm 9 nei!r4 ,ano!r species notic$ by ,mi*aux1 & includ$ 9 all our books z ! ,r4 dimidiata1 ,l4 has long be5 famili> to ! s\!rn botani/s4 ,:e!r ?is be ! dimidiata f\nd also on ! s&y %ores ( ,india1 or ! compressa ( ! same c\ntry1 z sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,elliott1 or a species di/9ct f ei!r1 ,i am n prep>$ to det]m9e4 ,b ,i h collect$ ?is plant 9 ! ,b]mudian ,isles1 at ,rio de ,janeiro1 & ,bahia1 on ! ,brazilian coa/1 & la/ly on ! isl& ( ,flores1 ne> "o hundr$ miles f ! m\? ( ! ,rio de la ,plata1 z well z on ! ma9 9 ! ,b&a ,ori5tal4 ,,art4 ,,vii4 ,floral ,cal5d> kept at ,de]field1 ,massa*usetts1 ) ,miscellane\s ,rem>ks1 by ,dr4 ,,/eph5 ,w4 ,,williams1 ( ,de]field4 ,to ,pr(essor ,silliman4 ,,sir1 ,any ?+ :i* has a t5d5cy to elicit facts ) reg>d to ! climate ( a c\ntry mu/ be int]e/+4 ,i believe t obs]vations ^u ! "t ( ! g]m9ation1 foliation1 florification1 & fructification ( plants1 af=d a mu* m correct crit]ion respect+ climate ?an !rmometrical1 or o!r meteorological j\rnals4 ,!y %\ld be made at ! same "t 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & = sev]al ye>s 9 succession4 ,i s5d y a ,cal5d>ium ,flor1 ) miscellane\s rem>ks1 made 9 ,de]field1 ,massa*usetts1 dur+ a "p ( ! ye>s #ahaa1 #ahab1 & #ahah1 :i*1 if y please1 y may ins]t 9 y\r valuable ,j\rnal4 ,latitude ( ,de]field1 #db #cb #cb1 longitude #gb #da4 #ahaa4 ,m>* #a4 ,blackbirds arriv$4 #ae4 ,black ducks arriv$4 ,bees out ( ! hive4 #bj4 ,e>ly g>d5 peas1 lettuce1 & pepp]grass s[n4 #bh4 ,! woods 7 sw>m+ ) pigeons4 ,wild geese pass$ ov]4 ,! great] "p ( ! mon? ( ,m>* 0 w>m & pleasant4 ,! sug>-maple yield$ its sap pr(usely = a few days1 b ! nights 7 s w>m t mu* less ?an ! usual quantity ( sug> 0 made ?is ye>4 ,april #a4 ,frogs beg9 to s+4 ,peas & oats s[n4 #h4 ,buds ( ! lilac1 7,syr+a vulg>is7 ! small r$ rose1 ! elm1 7,ulmus ,am]icana7 ! apple1 & ! peas consid]ably swoln4 #ad4 ,d&elion 7,leontodon t>axicum7 9 full fl[]4 #bj4 ,indian corn plant$2 a few g>d5 se$s s[n4 ,m>t9s & bank swall[s arriv$4 ,leaves ( ! currant & gooseb]ry exp&$4 ,wea!r = a few days pa/ sultry & smoky4 #ba4 ,blue violet 7,viola cucullata7 9 full fl[]4 ,%ad-bu% 7,aronia ,botryapium7 9 blossom4 ,fl[]-buds ( ! lilac swoln2 likewise ! fl[]-buds ( ! *]ry1 pe>1 & apple4 #bc4 ,blood-root 7,sangu9>ia ,canad5sis7 9 full fl[]4 #be4 ,asp>agus fit = ! table4 #bf4 ,*ili /rawb]ries 9 fl[]2 ?is plant beg9s to blossom e>ly1 & cont9ues to fl[] late 9 ! season4 ,engli% *]ry1 black he>t 7,prunus c]asus7 9 full fl[]4 #bg4 ,g>d5 violet 7,v4 tricolor7 9 full fl[]4 ,april #bi4 ,fl[]-buds ( ! pea* exp&$4 ,l>ge :ite plum 7,prunus dome/ica7 9 full fl[]4 ,w9t] pe> 7,pyrus communis7 9 fl[]4 ,may #a4 ,r$ & :ite currants 9 fl[]4 #b4 ,leaves ( ! ,lomb>dy popl> 7,populus dilatata7 exp&$4 #c4 ,engli% & field /rawb]ries 9 blossom4 #d4 ,butt]nut 7,juglans c9]ea7 9 blossom4 #f4 ,h\se flies arriv$4 #g4 ,apple-trees 9 full fl[]4 #h4 ,lilac 9 full fl[]4 ,r$-head$ woodpeck] arriv$4 #ae4 ,rye 7,secale c]eale7 beg9n+ to head4 ,pleasant days & cold nights4 ,h>d fro/s = a few nights pa/4 #ah4 ,honeysuckle 7,azalea nudiflora7 9 full fl[]4 #ai4 ,small r$ rose 9 fl[]4 ,*oke *]ry 7,prunus ,s]ot9a7 9 full fl[]4 #be4 ,common r$ clov] 7,trifolium prat5se7 9 full fl[]4 #bf4 ,g>d5 peas 9 full fl[]4 ,humm+bird arriv$4 #bg4 ,night-hawks arriv$4 #cj4 ,sug>-maple 9 fl[]4 ,june #b4 ,locu/-tree 7,rob9ia pseudacacia7 9 fl[]4 #c4 ,field /rawb]ries beg9n+ to rip54 ,piony 9 fl[]4 #d4 ,high blackb]ry 7,rubus villosus7 9 full fl[]4 ,broad-leaf$ laurel 7,kalmia latifolia7 beg9n+ to blossom4 #g4 ,sn[-ball1 gueld]-rose 7,viburnum opulus7 9 full fl[]4 ,radi%es fit = ! table4 #ab4 ,our f>m]s beg9 to m[ _! fir/ crop ( grass 9 l[ l&4 ,l>ge :ite rose 7,rosa alba7 9 full fl[]4 #ba4 ,r$ currants beg9n+ to rip5 9 pl5ty4 ,blackb]ri$ eld] 7,sambucus canad5sis7 beg9n+ to blossom4 #bg4 ,indian corn tassel+4 ,black raspb]ries beg9n+ to rip54 ,nodd+ lily 7,lilium canad5se7 9 fl[]4 #bi4 ,potato 7,solanum tub]osum7 9 full fl[]4 ,july #a4 ,r$ raspb]ry 7,rubus /rigosus7 beg9n+ to rip54 ,poppy 7,papav] somnif]um7 9 fl[]4 ,july #e4 ,*e/nut-tree 7,ca/anea ,am]icana7 fl[]+4 #f4 ,l>ge r$ *]ry 7,prun4 c]as47 fully ripe4 ,/r+ beans fit = ! table4 ,p]haps we nev] exp]i5c$ a great] degree ( heat 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry ?an has be5 felt = ?ree days pa/4 ,a numb] ( hives ( honey h melt$ dur+ ! heat4 #ad4 ,cucumb]s fit = ! table4 #ae4 ,rye fit = ! sickle4 #af4 ,black :ortleb]ries 7,vacc9ium res9osum7 rip5+4 #ai4 ,e>ly potatoes fit = ! table4 ,indian corn 7gre57 fit = ! table4 #bj4 ,j5net+ apples ripe4 #ba4 ,*oke *]ries 7,prun4 s]ot9a7 ripe4 #bf4 ,gooseb]ries rip5+4 ,augu/ #a4 ,m>t9s dep>t$4 #e4 ,b>n & bank swall[s collect+ 9 millions1 ^u our isl&s 9 ! riv]1 to dep>t4 #ab4 ,blackb]ries ripe4 #bj4 ,?orn apple 7,datura /ramonium7 9 full fl[]4 ,eld]b]ries fully ripe4 ,septemb] #a4 ,common pe> fully ripe4 ,r>e-ripe pea*es fully ripe4 #f4 ,b]gamot pe>s fully ripe4 #ag4 ,great grapes 7,vitis /ivalis7 fully ripe4 ,fro/ grapes 7,vitis cordifolia7 rip5+4 #ba4 ,butt]nuts beg9n+ to fall f ! tree4 #bd4 ,our f>m]s busily engag$ 9 h>ve/+ _! corn4 #bf4 ,butt]nut defoliat+4 #bh4 ,elm beg9n+ to defoliate4 ,octob] #b4 ,*e/nut burrs op5+4 ,tree defoliat+4 #h4 ,sug>-maple & sycamore defoliat+4 #bf4 ,blackbirds arriv$ aga94 ,squirrels 9 pl5ty 9 our woods1 ?\gh *e/nuts & walnuts are sc>ce4 ,butt]nuts pl5ty4 ,cid] & apples 9 great abundance4 ,novemb] #bj4 ,wild geese return+ to ! s\!rn regions4 #ahab4 ,m>* #ba4 ,blackbirds1 woodpeck]s1 & rob9s arriv$4 ,wild geese pass$ ov]4 #bc4 ,bees out ( ! hive4 ,april #c4 ,black ducks arriv$4 ,l>ge flocks ( pigeons pass$ ov]4 #i4 ,fl[]-buds ( ! elm consid]ably swoln4 #aa4 ,skyl>ks arriv$4 #ab4 ,frogs beg9 to s+4 #ac4 ,leaf-buds ( ! s(t maple 7,ac] rubrum7 mu* swoln4 #ac4 ,leaf-buds ( ! gooseb]ry mu* swoln4 #af4 ,e>ly g>d5 peas s[n4 #ai4 ,d&elion 7,leon4 t>ax47 9 full fl[]4 ,blue or mead[ violet 7,v4 cucullata7 9 fl[]4 ,leaves ( ! lilac beg9n+ to exp&4 ,our f>m]s busily engag$ 9 pl\gh+ = s[+4 #bc4 ,peas & oats s[n1 & ,indian corn plant$4 #be4 ,swall[s arriv$1 & :ippoorwills beg9 to s+4 #bg4 ,leaves ( ! gooseb]ry1 & will[ 7,salix ,muhl5b]gii7 beg9n+ to exp&4 ,may #e4 ,m>t9s arriv$4 #aj4 ,asp>agus fit = ! table4 ,blood-root 7,sang4 canad5sis7 9 full fl[]4 #aa4 ,*ili g>d5 /rawb]ries beg9n+ to blossom4 ,fl[]-buds ( ! lilac swoln4 #ab4 ,elm 9 full fl[]4 ,leaves ( ! mead[ violet beg9n+ to exp&4 #ac4 ,g>d5 violet 7,v4 tricolor7 9 fl[]4 #ad4 ,field /rawb]ries 9 full fl[]4 ,%ad-bu% 7,aronia botryapium7 9 blossom4 #ae4 ,engli% *]ry beg9n+ to fl[]4 #ai4 ,w9t] pe> beg9n+ to blossom4 #bb4 ,humm+birds arriv$4 ,l>ge :ite plum 7,prunus dome/ica7 9 full fl[]4 ,butt]nut beg9n+ to fl[]4 #bc4 ,fl[]-buds ( ! pea* 7,amydalus p]sica7 beg9n+ to exp&4 ,gooseb]ry 9 fl[]4 ,may #bg4 ,apple-trees beg9n+ to blossom4 #bi4 ,e>ly g>d5 lettuce 7,lactuca sativa7 fit = ! table4 #cj4 ,apple-trees 9 full fl[]4 #ca4 ,night-hawks arriv$4 ,vegetation has put =? m to appe>ance 9 ?ree days pa/ ?an 9 all ! spr+ be=e4 ,nature seems to revive f a /ate ( torpidity1 f ! w>m & invigorat+ rays ( ! sun4 ,! mon? ( ,may has be5 m backw>d ?an ! mon? ( ,april1 #ahaa4 ,! obs]vation ( eld]ly p1 t ! mon? ( ,april1 old /yle1 0 nev] kn[n to t]m9ate )\t produc+ apple-blossoms1 has by no means be5 v]ifi$ ?is ye>1 !y be+ n[ 7,june #a/47 9 full fl[]4 ,! sn[ ^u ! m\nta9s1 ?irty or =ty miles back1 is at a great dep?2 s deep1 t on ! w>m day ( ! #bi? our riv] rose a foot f its melt+4 ,diseases ( ! *ronic k9d h be5 peculi>ly sev]e = ?ree mon?s pa/4 ,! gladsome return ( ! *e]+ w>m? w probably r5ovate ! enfeebl$ con/itutions ( _m ( our ag$ p4 ,june #a4 ,h\se flies arriv$4 #e4 ,*oke *]ry 7,prun4 s]ot947 9 full fl[]4 ,honeysuckle apple 7,azalea nudiflora7 9 full fl[]4 #h4 ,piony 9 full fl[]4 ,sn[ball 7,viburnum opulus7 9 full fl[]4 ,fl[]-de-luce 7,iris v]sicolor7 9 blossom4 #aa4 ,e>ly peas 9 blossom4 ,c>raway 7,c>um c>ui7 9 fl[]4 #ae4 ,locu/-tree 7,rob94 pseudacac47 9 full fl[]4 ,field /rawb]ries beg9n+ to rip54 #ah4 ,common r$ clov] 9 full fl[]4 ,cranesbill 7,g]anium maculatum7 9 blossom4 ,r$ raspb]ry 9 full fl[]4 #bc4 ,*ili /rawb]ries beg9n+ to rip54 ,g>d5 sage 7,salvia (fic9alis7 9 full fl[]4 #bi4 ,our f>m]s busily engag$ 9 hay+4 #cj4 ,l>ge r$ rose1 l>ge :ite rose1 & damask rose 7,rosa damasc5a7 9 fl[]4 ,july #a4 ,:ite pond lily 7,nympha odorata7 9 fl[]4 #d4 ,black eld] 7,sambucus canad5sis7 9 full fl[]4 #g4 ,e>ly peas fit = ! table4 ,r$ & :ite currants rip5+4 #h4 ,nodd+ lily 7,lilium canad5se7 9 fl[]4 #aa4 ,g>d5 beans 7,phaseolus vulg>is7 9 full fl[]4 ,*e/nut 9 fl[]4 ,black raspb]ries rip5+4 #bj4 ,e>ly corn tassel$ 7,zea mays4 ,v>iety prcox47 ,r$ raspb]ries fully ripe4 #bb4 ,:ortleb]ries ripe 7,vacc94 res9os47 #bd4 ,cucumb]s fit = ! table4 #bh4 ,e>ly potatoes fit = ! table4 #bi4 ,rye fit = ! sickle4 ,e>ly g>d5 squa%es 7,cucurbita ,melo-pepo7 fit = ! table4 ,augu/ #b4 ,j5net+ apples rip5+4 #e4 ,e>ly corn fit = ! table4 #h4 ,:eat 7,triticum hyburnum7 fit = ! sickle4 #bh4 ,summ] peas rip5+4 ,septemb] #d4 ,wat]melons & muskmelons ripe4 #e4 ,swall[s dep>t$4 #f4 ,eld]b]ries fully ripe4 #aa4 ,*oke *]ries & wild *]ries 7,prunus virg9iana7 ripe4 #ab4 ,yell[ plum 7,prunus *icasa7 fully ripe4 #ae4 ,butt]nut beg9n+ to fall f ! tree4 #af4 ,our f>m]s mak+ _! fir/ cid]4 #bb4 ,great grapes ripe4 ,octob] #b4 ,butt]nut & elm beg9n+ to defoliate4 ,*e/nut-burrs beg9n+ to op54 #i4 ,our f>m]s beg9n+ to h>ve/ _! ,indian corn4 #ahah4 ,m>* #aa4 ,bluebirds arriv$4 #ac4 ,woodpeck]s1 rob9s1 & blackbirds arriv$4 ,bees out ( ! hive4 ,m>* #ad4 ,broad-leav$ panic grass 7,panicum latifolium7 beg9n+ to spr\t on a s\!rn exposure1 :ile !re is sleigh+ 9 ! /reet4 ,a solit>y spa! ( skunk-cabbage 7,po?os ftida7 beg9n+ to %[ itself on ! same exposure4 ,leaves ( curl$ dock 7,rumex crispa7 appe>$ 9 ! same place4 ,maple-trees tapp$ = sug>4 #af4 ,po?os ftida 9 full fl[]4 #be4 ,black ducks arriv$4 ,catk9s ( ! popl>-tree 7,populus tremuloides7 exp&$4 ,catk9s ( ! speckl$ will[ 7,salix ,muhl5b]giana7 exp&$4 #cj4 ,wild geese arriv$4 ,phbe arriv$4 ,x began to ra9 h>d on ! fir/ ( ,m>*1 & cont9u$ ra9+ two days & a half1 :i* ne>ly c>ri$ (f an imm5se body ( sn[ :i* envelop$ ! gr\nd4 ,our riv]s1 :i* 7 m firmly lock$ ) ice ?an !y _h be5 be=e kn[n = _m ye>s to be1 rose above _! usual b\nds1 & swept ! ice ) su* rapidity d[n _! *annels z to de/roy mo/ ( ! bridges on ,connecticut riv]1 besides do+ imm5se damage 9 o!r respects4 ,our mead[s 7 ne>ly all "u ice & wat]2 & at t "t a great explosion 0 he>d 9 ! nor? mead[s1 two miles f ! /reet1 simil> to ! noise ( a cannon4 ,x 0 occasion$ by ! ?r[+ up ( an imm5se quantity ( froz5 gr\nd1 :i* is a great curiosity4 ,! cause is n yet satisfactorily expla9$4 ,! wea!r 0 v w>m & pleasant f ! #d? to ! #bb;d4 ,:at sn[ ! ra9 did n c>ry (f 0 melt$ by ! sun dur+ ! pleasant wea!r4 ,vegetation _h begun to put =? rapidly1 & _m ( our birds ( passage _h arriv$4 ,a /orm1 :i* comm5c$ on ! #bb;d1 z rapidly ret>d$ ! progress ( vegetation z x 0 be=e accel]at$1 & ! rema9d] ( ! mon? 0 gloomy & uncom=table4 ,mud mid-leg deep 9 ! /reets4 ,april #g4 ,fl[]-buds ( ! elm 7,ulmus am]icana7 beg9n+ to swell4 ,april #h4 ,leaf-buds ( ! lilac 7,syr+4 vulg47 beg9n+ to swell4 #aj4 ,leaf-buds ( ! s(t or mead[ maple 7,ac] rubrum7 beg9n+ to swell4 ,black ald] 7,alnus s]rulata7 9 fl[]4 ,am]ican hazel 7,corylus am]icana7 9 fl[]1 & its catk9s appe>+4 #aa4 ,fair & pleasant1 aft] a long /orm4 ,x has ra9$ sixte5 days 9 succession4 ,frogs beg9 to s+4 ,leaf-buds ( ! ,engli% *]ry 7,prunus c]asus7 black he>t beg9n+ to swell4 ,g>d5 peas s[n4 #ab4 ,flies 9 myriads arriv$ 9 our /reets4 ,catk9s ( ! butt]nut 7,juglans c9]ea7 beg9n+ to swell4 ,saxifrage 7,saxifraga virg9i5sis7 9 fl[]4 #ac4 ,skyl>ks arriv$4 #ad4 ,sweet f]n 7,comptonia aspl5ifolia7 9 fl[]4 ,:ite bir* 7,betula populifolia7 9 fl[]4 #af4 ,our f>m]s beg9n+ to pl\gh = spr+ :eat4 #ah4 ,bank swall[s arriv$4 #ai4 ,leaf-buds ( ! currant1 ! gooseb]ry1 & ! apple1 consid]ably swoln4 #bj4 ,d&elion 7,leon4 t>ax47 beg9n+ to fl[]4 ,viola cucullata beg9n+ to blossom4 #bb4 ,our f>m]s pl\gh+ = peas & oats4 ,! sn[ ^u ! hills #bj miles nor? & we/ f ,de]field is two feet & a half deep1 & ! w9ds f ^? qu>t]s are s *illy z to ret>d ! progress ( vegetation4 ,icicles sc>cely melt$ ^u ! s\? side ( build+s 9 ,halifax1 ,v]mont2 & x is too cold = mak+ sug>4 #be4 ,blood-root 7,sangu9>ia canad5sis7 9 fl[] on a w>m s\? side hill4 ,leaves ( ! ,engli% gooseb]ry beg9n+ to exp&4 ,v5us's pride 7,h\/onia crulea7 9 fl[]4 ,e>ly life-ev]la/+1 7,gnaphalium plantag9eum7 cr[foot1 7,ranunculus fascicul>is7 too?-root1 7,d5t>ia lac9iata7 & mead[-rue 7,?alictrum cornutum7 9 full fl[]4 #bf4 ,trail+ arbutus 7,epigaea rep5s7 9 full fl[]4 ,leaves ( ! b>b]ry 7,b]b]is vulg>is7 beg9n+ to exp&4 ,five-f+]1 7,pot5tilla pumilla7 add]'s-tongue1 7,ery?ronium d5s-canis7 liv]-leaf1 7,hepatica triloba7 & w9d-fl[]1 7,anemone nemorosa7 9 fl[]4 ,april #bg4 ,e>ly potatoes & e>ly corn plant$4 ,elm 9 full fl[]4 #bi4 ,wat] cr[foot 7,ranunculus scel]atus7 & ,am]ican c[slip 7,cal?a palu/ris7 9 full fl[]4 #cj4 ,daffodil 7,n>cissus pseudo-n>cissus7 & rue-anemone 7,anemone ?alictroides7 9 fl[]4 ,may #a4 ,s(t maple 7,ac] rubrum7 9 fl[]4 #b4 ,m>t9s arriv$4 #c4 ,leaves ( ! gooseb]ry beg9n+ to exp&4 #d4 ,leaves ( ! currant & lilac beg9n+ to exp&4 ,pigeons arriv$4 #e4 ,wood bulru% 7,juncus sylvaticus7 9 fl[]4 ,a great fre%et 9 our mead[s1 f ! melt+ ( ! sn[ ^u ! m\nta9s1 & f ! great ra9 :i* has cont9u$ ne>ly a mon?4 ,be?4 nodd+ trillion 7,trillium rhomboideum7 9 fl[]4 #g4 ,fl[]s ( ! g>d5 violet 7,v4 tricolor7 beg9n+ to exp&4 #h4 ,! "y heads ( asp>agus break+ ! gr\nd4 #i4 ,our f>m]s busily engag$ 9 plant+ _! ,indian corn1 ?\gh ! wea!r is excessively cold4 ,s[$ onions1 p>snips1 c4 #aj4 ,bobyl9colns 7,bob ( l9colns7 arriv$4 ,fl[]-buds ( ! lilac appe>+4 #aa4 ,field /rawb]ries 7,frag>ia virg9iana7 9 full fl[]4 ,colts-foot 7,tussilago f>f>a7 9 fl[]4 #ab4 ,:ip-poor-wills beg9 to s+4 #ac4 ,spice-bu% 7,laurus b5zo97 9 full fl[]4 ,a fre%et 9 ! mead[s4 #ad4 ,gold?read 7,coptis trifolia7 9 full fl[]4 #ae4 ,rattlesnake violet 7,viola primulifolia7 9 full fl[]4 #af4 ,*imney swall[s arriv$4 #ag4 ,leaves ( ! apple-tree exp&+4 ,sug> maple 7,ac] sac*>9um7 9 full fl[]4 ,g>d5 daisy 7,bellis p]5nis7 9 full fl[]4 ,may #ah4 ,asp>agus fit = ! table4 #ai4 ,smoo? gooseb]ry 7,ribes uva-crispa7 9 fl[]4 #bj4 ,%ad-bu% 7,aron4 botryap47 9 fl[]4 #ba4 ,h\se wr5s arriv$4 ,moose-wood 7,dirca palu/ris7 9 fl[]4 #bb4 ,g>d5 currant 7,ribes rubrum7 beg9n+ to fl[]4 #bd4 ,wake-rob9 7,trillium c]nuum7 & peas 7,pyrus communis7 9 fl[]4 #be4 ,our m\nta9 sc5]y div]sifi$4 ,wea!r v w>m4 ,g>d5 potatoes & g>d5 corn1 plant$ on ! #bg? ,april1 break+ ! gr\nd4 ,g>d5 beans1 cucumb]s1 squa%es1 wat]melons1 c4 plant$4 #bf4 ,damson plum 7,prunus dome/ica7 & yell[ or wild plum 7,prunus *icasa7 9 fl[]4 ,eld] 7,sambucus canad5sis7 9 fl[]4 ,c>ol9a *att]] arriv$4 #bg4 ,g>d5 gooseb]ry 7,ribes grossul>ia7 & av5s 7,geum rivale7 9 blossom4 ,wea!r int5sely w>m4 ,!rmomet] at #hf at #b o'clock1 ,p4 ,m4 ye/]day4 #bi4 ,apple-trees 9 full fl[]4 ,night-hawk arriv$4 #cj4 ,*oke *]ries 7,prun4 ,s]ot947 9 fl[]4 #ca4 ,lilac 9 full fl[]4 ,! wea!r till ! la/ week 9 ,may 0 v cold & ra9y4 ,p]haps we h nev] kn[n m gloomy wea!r ?an t ( ! fir/ tw5ty days ( ! mon?4 ,! la/ week 9 ! mon? ( ,may 0 unusually w>m & f9e4 ,vegetation has put =? m )9 ?is week ?an x has 9 all ! season be=e4 ,! blossoms on apple-trees are scanty1 & !re is b little prospect ( fruit4 ,pea*-trees 9 ! vic9ity ( ?is place 7 all kill$ by ! extreme cold w9t]4 ,june #a4 ,humm+birds arriv$4 #b4 ,honeysuckle apple 7,azalea nudiflora7 9 full fl[]4 #c4 ,blue-ey$ grass1 7,sisyr9*ium anceps7 ,krigia virg9ica1 & ?orn-bu% 7,cratgus cocc9ea7 9 fl[]4 ,g>d5 se$s1 plant$ on ! #be? ult4 h vegetat$ #c or #d in*es high4 ,g>d5 rhub>b 7,rheum tat>icum7 9 fl[]4 ,june #d4 ,g>d5 rocket 7,hesp]is p9natifida7 9 fl[]4 #f4 ,yell[ wat] lily 7,nuph> adv5a7 9 full fl[]4 ,fl[]-de-luce 7,iris virg9ica7 9 fl[]4 ,g>d5 peas 9 full fl[]4 ,! wea!r = twelve days pa/ has be5 unusually w>m & sultry4 ,! !rmomet]1 mu* ( ! "t 9 ! middle ( ! day1 has /ood at #hd1 & vegetation has put =? ) a/oni%+ rapidity4 #h4 ,h\se-flies arriv$4 #i4 ,horse-radi% 7,co*le>ea armoracea7 & peony 9 full fl[]4 #aj4 ,*ives 7,allium s*noprasum7 9 full fl[]4 #aa4 ,smoo? /em li*nidea 7,phlox maculata7 9 full fl[]4 ,our f>m]s busily engag$ 9 hoe+ _! corn4 #ab4 ,fumitory 7,fum>ia (fic9alis7 9 full fl[]4 #ac4 ,field /rawb]ries beg9n+ to rip54 #ad4 ,locu/-tree 7,rob9ia pseudacacia7 9 full fl[]4 #ae4 ,locu/s appe>+ 9 ! s\? "p ( ! t[n4 ,! la/ "t ( _! appe>ance "h 0 9 ! ye> #ahja4 ,_! p]iodical returns are once 9 sev5te5 ye>s4 ,_! appe>ance 9 ! ye>s #agcc1 #agej1 #agfg1 #aghd1 & #ahja1 is record$ on ! t[n-book4 ,!y fir/ attack ! leaves ( ! black oak 7,qu]cus nigra47 #af4 ,small r$ rose 9 fl[]4 #ag4 ,rosa c>ol9i5sis 9 full fl[]4 #ah4 ,g>d5 sage 7,salvia (fic9alis7 9 fl[]4 #ai4 ,mock syr+a 7,philadelphus coron>ius7 9 fl[]4 #bj4 ,tulip-tree1 commonly call$ cypress or :ite-wood 7,liriod5dron tulipif]a7 9 blossom4 #ba4 ,c>nation p9k 7,dian?us c>yophyllus7 9 fl[]4 #bb4 ,our f>m]s comm5c$ hay+4 ,an imm5se crop ( grass on ! gr\nd4 #bc4 ,side-saddle fl[] 7,s>rac5ia purpurea7 9 fl[]4 #bd4 ,common ,/4 ,john's wort 7,hyp]icum p]=atum7 9 full fl[]4 ,june #bf4 ,g>d5 radi%es fit = ! table4 #bg4 ,e>ly g>d5 peas fit = ! table4 ,wea!r int5sely w>m4 #bh4 ,am]ican lime or l9d5-tree 7,tilia am]icana7 9 fl[]4 #cj4 ,flax 7,l9um usitatissimum7 9 full fl[]4 ,!rmomet] 9 ! %ade at #b ,p4 ,m4 #ajj4 ,vegetation has put =? & increas$ ) a m a/oni%+ rapidity ?is mon? ?an has ev] be5 kn[n4 ,not)/&+ ! spr+ 0 v backw>d1 ! season n[ is =w>d4 ,our f>m]s comm5c$ _! fir/ hay+ ab\t a week e>li] ?an !y did la/ ye>4 ,july #a4 ,:ite wat] lily 7,nympha odorata7 9 fl[]4 #c4 ,r$ & :ite currants rip5+4 ,yell[ day lily 7,hem]ocallis flava7 & ,lilium canad5se 9 full fl[]4 #d4 ,cucumb]s & wat]melons 9 fl[]4 ,e>ly summ] corn 7,zea mays1 v>iety prcox7 beg9n+ to tassel4 ,g>d5 rue 7,ruta graveoleus71 mu/>d 7,s9apis nigra71 mo!rwort 7,leonorus c>diaca7 & mulle9 7,v]bascum ?apsus7 9 full fl[]4 ,blue :ortleb]ries 7,vacc9ium frondosum7 beg9n+ to rip54 ,dewb]ry 7,rubus trivialis7 rip5+4 #e4 ,poppy 7,papav] somnif]um7 9 fl[]4 #f4 ,g>d5 squa%es 7,cucurbita ,melo-pepo7 9 fl[]4 #g4 ,r$ raspb]ry fully ripe4 #aj4 ,black raspb]ry fully ripe4 #aa4 ,/r+-beans fit = ! table4 #ab4 ,unicorn plant 7,m>t9ia proboscidea7 9 full fl[]4 #ac4 ,?orn apple 7,datura /ramonium7 & m>ygold 7,tagetes erecta7 9 full fl[]4 #ae4 ,great wat] planta9 7,alisma plantago7 & field clov] 7,trifolium arv5se7 9 fl[]4 #ag4 ,mad dog we$ 7,scutell>ia lat]iflora7 & purple v]va9 7,v]b5a ha/ata7 9 blossom4 ,! wea!r = ?ree weeks pa/ has be5 excessively w>m4 ,! !rmomet]1 = sev]al days1 has /ood above #ie1 "p ( ! "t at #ih4 ,our l&s are n[ p>*+ ) dr\ght4 ,our grass fields are completely embr[n$4 ,our f>m]s beg9n+ to reap _! rye4 ,july #ai4 ,cucumb]s fit = ! table4 ,e>ly corn 7gre57 fit = ! table4 #ba4 ,"m ( ?yme 7,?ymus vulg>is7 9 full fl[]4 #bb4 ,fig-wort 7,scrophul>ia m>yl&ica7 & loose/rife 7,lysima*ia /ricta7 9 fl[]4 #bd4 ,morn+-glory 7,convolvulus sepium7 & ,or*is cili>is 9 full fl[]4 #bf4 ,:ortleb]ries 7,vacc9ium res9osum7 ripe4 ,s+le-se$$ cucumb] 7,sicyos angulata7 9 fl[]4 #bh4 ,g>d5 lettuce & hop 7,humulus lupulus7 9 full fl[]4 #cj4 ,our f>m]s reap+ _! :eat--a tol]able crop4 ,buck:eat 7,polygonum fagopyrum7 9 fl[]4 ,we _h a great ra9 ab\t ! #bj?1 :i* re/or$ ! p>*$ vegetation4 ,! latt] "p ( ! mon? 01 h[ev]1 w>m & dry4 ,augu/ #a4 ,gras%opp]s beg9 to s+4 ,crickets arriv$4 #b4 ,l>kspur 7,delph9ium consolida7 9 fl[]4 #c4 ,sunfl[] 7,helian?us annuus7 & pigwe$ 7,*5opodium album7 9 fl[]4 #f4 ,broom-corn 7,sorghum sac*>atum7 & lav5d] 7,lav5dula spica7 9 fl[]4 #g4 ,e>ly j5net+ apples ripe4 ,ambrosia trifida & ,am]ican s5na 7,cassia m>yl&ica7 9 fl[]4 #aa4 ,muskmelon ripe4 ,g>d5 squa%es & %ell$ beans fit = ! table4 #ac4 ,se$-box 7,ludwigia alt]nifolia7 9 fl[]4 ,g>d5 gooseb]ries fully ripe4 #ad4 ,our f>m]s ga!r+ _! peas & oats--an indiff]5t crop4 ,wea!r w>m & dry4 #af4 ,m>t9s dep>t+4 ,bu% clov] 7,lesp$eza capitata7 9 fl[]4 #ah4 ,our f>m]s beg9n+ to m[ _! second crop ( hay4 ,j]usalem oak 7,*5opodium botrys7 9 fl[]4 #bj4 ,h\seleek 7,semp]vivum tectorum7 9 fl[]4 #ba4 ,h]b cl>ry 7,salvia scl>ea7 9 blossom4 #bb4 ,swall[s collect+ 9 ?\s&s to dep>t4 ,too!d coral 7,cymbidium odontorhizom7 9 fl[]4 ,saw bats = ! fir/ "t ?is ye>4 #bd4 ,lopse$ 7,phryma lepto/a*ia7 & ladies' traces 7,neottia pubesc5s7 9 fl[]4 #bg4 ,gay mall[s 7,lavat]a ?ur+iaca7 & ,solanum nigra 9 full fl[]4 #cj4 ,burnet saxifrage 7,sanguisorba canad5sis7 & wat] horeh\nd 7,lycopus europu7 9 full fl[]4 ,,/eph5 ,w4 ,,williams4 ,de]field1 7,mass47 ,jan4 #be1 #ahai4 ,,art4 ,,viii4 ,description & ,natural ,classification ( ! ,g5us ,flo]kea1 by ,c4 ,s4 ,,raf9esque4 ,?is g5us 0 discov]$ 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ne> ,lanca/]1 by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,muhl5b]g1 :o communicat$ ! same to ,wild5[ ( ,b]l94 ,?is celebrat$ botani/ asc]ta9$ t x 0 a new g5us1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( a ,g]man botani/1 7,flo]ke7 & publi%$ x 9 ! ?ird volume ( ! transactions ( ! society des ,curieux de la ,nature ( ,b]l91 = #ahja1 "u ! "n ( ,flo]kea pros]p9acoides1 :i* long & unc\? specific "n has be5 *ang$ by e subsequ5t au?or4 ,mi*aux has omitt$ x altoge!r1 7) _m m ,am]ican species7 9 8 ,flora ,boreali ,am]icana1 publi%$ 9 #ahjc4 ,p]soon calls x ,flo]kea lacu/ris1 9 ,syn4 plant4 #a4 p4 #cic4 ,muhl5b]g ,flo]kea ulig9osa1 9 ,cat4 pl4 ,am]4 ,sept4 p4 #cf4 & ,pur%1 9 ,flora ,am]4 ,sept4 #a4 p4 #bci1 unites x ) ! g5us ,nectris1 & calls x ,nectris p9nata1 putt+ x !re=e 9 ! ,hex&ria digynia ( ,l9nu1 :ile all ! prec$+ au?ors _h class$ x 9 ! ,hex&ria monogynia4 ,i w %[ pres5tly :i* among !m appe> to be wrong2 b ,i mu/ notice be=e1 t no botani/ _h1 ,i believe1 endeav\r$ to class x naturally1 until ,mr4 ,correa de ,s]ra1 :o 9 8 r$uction ( ,am]ican g5]a to ! natural families ( ,jussieu1 attempt$1 )\t hav+ _h an opportunity to see ! plant1 to place x 9 ! family ( ,junci1 tak+ x !re=e to be a monocotyle plant2 be+ l$ into ?is error by a mi/ak5 idea1 t all hex&r\s plants mu/ be monocotyle6 ,b 9 ! spr+ ( #ahaf1 ,i f\nd ?is plant 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,philadelphia1 7ne> ! falls ( ! ,s*uylkill7 :]e x _h escap$ ! att5tion ( all ! botani/s ( t city1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ,dr4 ,william ,b>ton1 :o has !re=e omitt$ x 9 8 ,prodr4 fl4 ,philad4 & hav+ communicat$ x to ,mr4 ,correa1 he ackn[l$g$ t x 0 dicotyle1 ( :i* fact ,i 0 aw>e1 ev5 be=e see+ ! plant & dissect+ its se$1 by att5d+ to its habit4 ,! foll[+ exact description ( ?is g5us w enable ! read] to asc]ta9 h[ f> ,i am correct 9 my presumptions t[>ds its natural arrangem5t4 ,flo]kea4 ,p]igone d\ble p]si/5t1 sixp>tite2 ! ext]ior calic9al #c p>tile1 sepals acute2 ! int]ior %ort]1 col\r$ #c p>tile1 sepals petaloid1 oblong1 obtuse4 ,six /am5s p]igyne1 filam5ts fili=m1 ( ! l5g? ( ! int]ior sepals1 an!rs r\nd4 ,"o free ov>ium1 r\nd$ & bilob$1 "o c5tral & bifod /yle1 two capitat$ /igmas4 ,fruit a bilob$ atricule1 tub]culat$ & bilocul> disp]m\s1 sometimes r\nd1 unilocul> & monosp]m\s by abortion ( "o lobe & cell4 ,se$s atta*$ to ! c5tre ne> ! bottom1 ne>ly l5ticul>1 smoo? album9\s1 easily divid$ 9 two lobes4 ,habit4 ,small1 delicate1 annual1 & glabr\s plant1 ) alt]nate polytome p9nat$ leaves1 fl[]s axill>1 solit>y1 p$unculat$4 ,flo]kea ulig9osa4 ,caule t5ello flaccido erecto simplex1 foliis #d petiolatis imis t]natis1 summis p9nato1 qu9atis1 p9nulis l9e>i oblongis obtusis1 integris floribus axill>is1 solit>is p$unculis longis apice incra/atis4 ,/em delicate1 s(t1 upright1 & simple1 leaves petiolat$1 ! inf]ior t]nat$1 ! sup]ior p9nat$1 qu9ate1 p9nules l9e>-oblong obtuse1 fl[]s axill>1 solit>y1 & on long p$uncles1 swell$ "u ! fl[]4 ,among ! sev]al specific names giv5 to ?is plant1 ,i pref] ,muhl5b]g's1 z x expresses exactly ! k9d ( situations :]e x gr[s1 say 9 moi/ gr\nds1 occasionally swampi% or ov]fl[$2 ^? ,i f\nd ne> ,philadelphia1 grew by ?\s&s on ! banks ( a small brook 9 a wood bel[ ! left side ( ! falls ( ,s*uylkill4 ,p]soon's "n ( lacu/ris1 be+ wrong1 z x w\ld seem to imply t x gr[s 9 lakes only2 & ,wild5['s "n be+ too long & illusive1 its simil>ity ( habit ) ! g5us ,pros]p9aca n be+ v /rik+4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 ! "n ( ulig9osa is liable to "s slight objection2 & did ,i ?9k myself p]mitt$ to co9 a new "n1 :ile s _m h be5 propos$ already1 ,i %\ld h call$ x ei!r ,f4 t5ella1 or ,f4 flaccida1 or ,f4 olitoria1 be+ a v delicate & t5d] plant1 & v good to eat 9 sallad1 z ,i h tri$ x myself1 its ta/e is sweet & pleasant1 ! :ole plant may be eat51 7ev5 ! root7 be+ all juicy & t5d]3 x gr[s 9 su* an abundance 9 "s spots1 t x might occasionally af=d a mo/ preci\s & delightful sallad1 b if cultivat$ = t purpose1 x might be f\nd an agreeable addition to our cul9>y h]bs4 ,9 addition to my above def9ition1 x w be prop] to /ate t ! /em ( ?is plant rises f #d to #h in*es1 x is cyl9drical1 smoo?1 & yell[i%1 ! middle leaves are ! l>ge/1 ! l[] p$uncles are long] ?an ! leaves1 & ! upp] ones %ort]1 ! petals or int]ior sepals1 & ! /am5s are yell[4 ,x blossoms 9 ,may1 & is annual1 x ev5 la/s only ?ree mon?s4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ,i d n agree ) ,mr4 ,pur%1 9 unit+ ?is plant ) ! g5us ,nectris3 he owns himself t x deviates a little f ! g5]ic "* ( ,nectris1 b ^! deviations appe> to me v mat]ial2 !y exi/ 9 ! pi/ils & fruits1 ! mo/ ess5tial p>ts ( ! fl[]s1 s9ce !y agree 9 ! p]igone & /am5s4 ,! g5us ,nectris 7or ,calomba ( ,aublet7 has two ov>ies1 two /yles1 & two polisp]m\s capsules1 or a*5s6 & belongs !re=e to ! second ord] ,p]imesia1 7class ,eltrogynia7 eigh? family ,a*5opsia next to ! g5us ,myriophyllum3 :ile ! g5us ,flo]kea :i* has a bilob$ ov>y1 "o c5tral /yle1 two /igmas1 & "o bilocul> disp]m\s a*51 mu/ belong to ! elev5? ord] ( ! same class2 ,iso/imia1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by hav+ m ?an "o /igma1 ! /am5s 9 regul> numb]1 & n c5tral2 x w =m a connect+ l9k betwe5 ?is ord] & ! =ego+ ,polymesia1 by its aff9ity ) _m g5]a ( ! ,euphorbia's tribe1 su* z ,callitri*e1 ,tragia1 ,m]curialis1 c4 f :i* x diff]s m]ely by hav+ h]maphrodite fl[]s1 & p]isph]ic regul> /am5s4 ,x w at pres5t /& ne>ly isolat$ 9 ?is ord]1 :]e x may =m ! small family ,gal5idia1 along ) ! g5us ,gal5ia1 c4 & :i* %all h mu* aff9ity ) ! family ,phytolacia2 b ?is diff]s by hav+ a multilocul> b]ry1 :ile ! ,gal5ia m]ely diff]s by hav+ a #d sid$ p]igone1 #h /am5s1 & #b /yles4 ,i admit1 h[ev]1 t !re is a /rong aff9ity betwe5 ! g5]a ,flo]kea & ,nectris1 b /rong] aff9ities (t5 exi/ 9 plants ( diff]5t classes4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x %\ld happ5 t ,aublet#ed might h be5 mi/ak5 9 describ+ ! ov>ies & capsules ( ! ,nectris z d\ble1 if !y %\ld prove to be simple b bilob$1 !n ! ,nectris w\ld belong to ! same family z ! ,flo]kea2 b yet /& z a peculi> g5us di/+ui%$ by hav+ #b /yles1 & ! a*5s n monosp]m\s6 ,x 0 ins9uat$ to me by ,mr4 ,correa1 t ! ,flo]kea might h "s aff9ity ) ! tribe ( ,ranunculace\s1 b ,i _c discov] any1 s9ce t tribe is widely diff]5t1 by hav+ _m ov>ies1 /am5s1 & fruits1 ea* ov>y ) #a /yle or /igma1 a decidu\s p]igone1 ! an!rs adnate1 c4 ,! analogy 9 ! /ructure ( ! se$ & habit1 is too slight to be tak5 9 consid]ation4 ,,art4 ,,ix4 ,descriptions ( ,?ree ,new ,g5]a ( ,plants1 f ! ,/ate ( ,new-,york4 ,cylactis1 ,nemopan?us1 & ,polanisia1 by ,c4 ,s4 ,,raf9esque4 #a4 ,n4 ,g4 ,cylactis4 ,calyx campanulat$ #f to #aj fidus1 sepals a little unequal4 ,petals #d to #f equal4 ,_m p]igyn\s /am5s4 ,pi/ils #h to #ab1 ov>ies sessile ovate1 /yles elongat$1 /igmas capitat$4 ,b]ries few1 di/9ct1 "o se$$4 ,?is new g5us belongs 9 ! analytical & natural me?od1 7see ,analysis ( ,nature7 to ! fir/ natural class ,eltrogynia1 fir/ natural ord] ,rhodan?ia1 second natural family ,s5ticosia1 next to ! g5]a ,rubus1 ,oligacis1 c4 ,x w\ld range itself into ! artificial class ,icos&ria ( ! ,l9nan sexual sy/em2 b n prop]ly into any ( its ord]s1 s9ce ! numb] ( pi/ils is v>iable1 & nev] above #ab4 ,only "o species belongs to x1 :i* ,i h discov]$ 9 company ) ,mr4 ,knevels1 on ! ,catskill m\nta9s4 ,! etymology ( ! "n d]ives f two ,greek words mean+ radiat$ calyx4 ,x diff]s ess5tially f ,rubus by ! unequal _m cleft calyx1 v>iable petals1 & few pi/ils4 ,cylactis montana4 ,m\nta9 cylactis--,/em h]bace\s upright1 un>m$1 pubesc5t2 leaves qu9ate1 ne>ly smoo?1 upp] ones sessile1 /ipules oblong1 folioles ovate acum9ate1 incis$1 s]rat$1 ciliat$1 base acute1 entire1 ! middle "o petiolat$3 fl[]s few corymbose1 p$uncles erect elongat$ bracteolat$2 calyx pubesc5t1 sepals lanceolate acute1 n]v$1 reflex$2 petals cuneate-obovate1 long] ?an ! calyx4 ,x is a small p]5nial plant1 ris+ ab\t half a foot2 fl[]s :ite1 blossom+ 9 ,june4 ,on ! ,catskill m\nta9s ne> ! great falls1 c4 #b4 ,n4 ,g4 ,nemopan?us4 ,dioical4 ,m4 fl[]s calyx #e phylle1 equal1 decidu\s4 ,no corolla4 ,/am9a #e hypogyn\s1 alt]nat+ ) ! calyx4 ,fem4 fl4 calyx decidu\s #e phylle8 ,ov>y ovate1 /igma sessile #d lob$4 ,b]ry #d cell$ #d se$$4 ,! "n means fl[] ) a fili=m p$uncle4 ,a %rub =ms ?is g5us1 :i* _h p]haps be5 unit$ ) ilex by ,mi*aux1 c42 b x diff]s altoge!r f x by ! want ( corolla1 hypogyn\s /am5s1 sessile1 /yle1 c4 x does n ev5 belong to ! same family1 b to ! natural family ,rhamnidia1 natural ord] ,plynontia1 & natural class ,eltrogynia1 next to ! g5us frangula4 ,9 ! sexual sy/em x w\ld belong to ,dioecia p5t&ria1 v f> ap>t f ,frangula4 ,nemopan?us fascicul>is4 ,fascicl$ nemopan?us4 ,%rubby1 leaves fasciculat$1 petiolate1 oblong1 mucronate1 entire1 r undulat$1 membranace\s1 smoo?2 fl[]s axill>y fasciculat$1 p$uncles fili=m1 %ort] ?an ! leaves4 ,x =ms a small %rub f #e to #h feet high1 cov]$ ) gray b>k1 & ) sl5d] upright bran*es2 ! fl[]s are gre5i%1 v small1 ! female fl[]s h %ort] & ?ick] p$uncles2 !y blossom 9 ,june4 ,x gr[s on ! ,catskill m\nta9s ne> ! two lakes4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ! ,ilex canad5sis8 ( ,mi*aux & ,pur%4 ,& x has "s analogy ) ! ,frangula alnifolia4 #c4 ,n4 ,g4 ,polanisia4 ,calyx #d phylle1 phylles col\r$ unequal1 ! upp] "o unguiculat$ spatulat$4 ,corolla ) #d unequal petals1 ! two upp] ones l>g] & unguiculat$4 ,a nect>ium upw>ds gl&ul>1 broad1 & truncat$4 ,/am9a #i to #ad1 unequal1 erect1 hypogyn\s4 ,ov>y oblong on a %ort p$icel1 "o /yle1 "o truncat$ /igma4 ,fruit a follicul> capsule1 "o cell$1 two valv$1 _m se$$1 se$s ins]t$ on ea* side ( ea* suture1 ne>ly snail-%ap$4 ,! type ( ?is g5us is ! ,cleome dodec&ra ( ,l9nu1 "u :i* d5om9ation _m species 7 bl5d$1 :i* h no similitude ) ! real g5us cleome1 diff]+ 9 ! calyx1 corolla1 nect>ium1 /am9a1 & fruit4 ,i %all describe "h t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e #b or #c species exi/1 besides ^? ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,africa1 & ,asia1 :i* are totally diff]5t4 ,! etymology ( ! "n :i* ,i h giv5 to x1 d]ives f _m irregul>ities4 ,x belongs 9 ! analytical me?od ( botany1 to ! fir/ natural class ,eltrogynia1 n9? natural ord] ,mono/imia1 natural family ,capp>idia4 ,x c f9d no place 9 ! sexual sy/em s9ce ! numb] ( /am9a v>ies f #i to #ad1 unless x be =c$ into ,dodec&ria4 ,polanisia graveol5s4 ,clammy polanisia--hairy & glut9\s all ov]1 /em upright1 leaves alt]nate1 petiolate1 t]nat$1 folioles sessile1 ! int]m$iate longe/1 oblong1 obtuse1 entire1 hairy on ! m>g9 & n]ves3 fl[]s racemose erect1 bracteas petiolate1 ovate1 obtuse1 calyx hairy1 petals em>g9ate1 cr5ate1 capsules div>icate glut9\s4 ,x is ! ,cleome dodec&ra ( ,mi*aux & ,pur%4 ,x gr[s on ! banks ( riv]s & lakes1 on ! ,hudson ne> ,newburgh1 on ! ,susquehannah ne> ,h>risburg1 on ,lake ,erie1 on ! ,ohio1 & ,mississippi1 c4 ,x blossoms 9 ,july & ,augu/1 ! /em rises ab\t #a foot1 ! petals are :ite1 or slightly r$4 ,! :ole plant has a /rong graveol5t smell1 simil> to t ( ,erig]on graveol5s4 7,receiv$ ,janu>y1 #ahah4 ,editor47 ,,art4 ,x4 ,notice on ! ,myosurus ,%ortii4 ,i h ! pleasure to ann\nce to ! botani/s1 t ! g5us ,myosurus1 hi!rto ?\ght an ,european g5us1 & compos$ ( a s+le species1 has be5 detect$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,dr4 ,%ort ( ,k5tucky1 :o has discov]$ x 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,hopk9sville1 9 ,*ri/ian c\nty1 ,we/ ,k5tucky1 & has communicat$ me specim5s ( x2 by :i*1 on comp>+ !m ) ! ,european ,myosurus1 figur$ 9 ,flora ,danica1 ,lam>ck's ,illu/rations1 c4 ,i h be5 enabl$ to asc]ta91 t ! ,am]ican plant mu/ =m a second species ( t g5us1 :i* ,i h accord+ly d$icat$ x to ! discov]]1 by nam+ x ,myosurus ,%ortii4 ,?is adds ano!r g5us & ano!r new species to our ,flora4 ,i add ! comp>ative def9itions ( ! two species1 exhibit+2 _! diff]5t *>act]s & diagnosis4 ,myosurus m9imus4 ,l94 c4 ,leaves l9e>-cuneate1 broad] ne> ! top1 & acute4 ,scapes z long z ! leaves1 ?ick5$ t[>ds ! upp] "p4 ,calix #e leav$1 ,spurs consimil>3 petals #e4 ,/am5s #e to #h4 ,c>pophore z long z ! scapes4 ,myosurus ,%ortii4 ,raf4 ,leaves l9e> obtuse1 h>dly att5uat$ bel[4 ,scapes %ort] ?an ! leaves1 & fili=m4 ,calix #c to #e leav$1 spurs membrane\s3 petals #c to #e4 ,/am5s #aj to #ab4 ,c>pophore %ort] ?an ! scapes4 ,c4 ,s4 ,,raf9esque4 ,philadelphia1 ,may #a1 #ahai4 ,,art4 ,,xi4 ,description ( a ,new ,species ( ,gnaphalium1 by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,,ives4 ,to ,b4 ,silliman1 ,esq4 ,m4,d41 c4 ,! foll[+ description ( a new species ( ,gnaphalium1 accompani$ ) a draw+1 has be5 9 my possession = two ye>s4 ,if ! subsequ5t obs]vations w be ( use to correct error1 or solve d\bts :i* may h exi/$ conc]n+ "s species ( gnaphalium1 !y are at y\r s]vice4 ,e4 ,,ives4 ,?is plant 0 fir/ obs]v$ by me1 9 company ) ,mr4 ,c4 ,:itl[1 9 ,july1 #ahag1 by ! m>g9 ( a brook1 a few rods nor? ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,:itney's gun manufactory1 ne> ,new-,hav54 ,x is also f\nd on ! m>g9 ( ! ,h\satonick1 ab\t ?irty miles f ,long ,isl& s\nd1 :]e x 0 obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,monson1 ! la/ summ]4 ,specim5s ( ?is plant 7 s5t to ,z4 ,coll9s1 ,esq4 ( ,philadelphia1 = ! purpose ( comp>+ x ) ! species ( gnaphalium 9 ,muhl5b]g's h]b>ium1 m p>ticul>ly ) ! luteo-album & ,p5nsylvanicum1 :i* ,i _h n se54 ,illu/ration3 ,gnaphalium decurr5s4 ,i am indebt$ to ! polit5ess ( ,mr4 ,coll9s1 = ! facts on ?is subject relative to ,muhl5b]g's h]b>ium4 ,he obs]ves1 y\r ,gnaphalium is c]ta9ly n ! luteo-album ( ,muhl5b]g1 :i* may n /rictly be a native1 b introduc$4 ,y\rs mo/ approa*es ,g4 polycephalum ,mx4 ,/ill1 f ! decurr5t leaves & o!r diff]5tial m>ks1 x appe>s to me to be a new species4 ,muhl5b]g's collection has x n4 ,z ! luteo-album is said to gr[ 9 ,new-,engl&1 yet s f> z my obs]vation has ext5d$ x has n be5 f\nd by any ( ! botani/s1 ,i am induc$ to believe t ?is op9ion has aris5 f "s errone\s description ( ! plant :i* is ! subject ( ?is pap]4 ,z ! decurr5t leaves ( ?is ,gnaphalium di/+ui% x s obvi\sly f all ! o!r ,am]ican species ( ,gnaphalium1 ,i propose to give x ! specific "n ( decurr5s4 ,specific description ( ,gnaphalium ,decurr5s 7l>ge life ev]la/+47 ,leaves lanceolate1 broad at base1 acute1 decurr5t1 some:at scabr\s above1 tom5tose b5ea?2 /em leafy bran*$ spread+1 ab\t ?ree feet high4--,see ! plate4--,! plate repres5ts a section ( ! upp] "p ( ! plant4 ,,fossil ,,zoology1 c4 ,,art4 ,,xii4 ,obs]vations on "s ,species ( ,zoophytes4 ,%ells1 c4 pr9cipally ,fossil1 by ,,?omas ,,say4 ,if ! foll[+ descriptions & notices ( "s ( ! animal productions ( our c\ntry1 *iefly fossil1 & ( :i* "s are b little kn[n1 %\ld be f\nd ( suffici5t int]e/ to occupy a place 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 !y are v mu* at y\r s]vice = t "w4 ,! great] portion ( !m are extract$1 ) "s modification1 f an essay :i* ,i read ab\t ?ree ye>s ago1 to ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 )\t any int5tion at ! "t ( giv+ publicity to !m4 ,b ! rapid diffusion ( a ta/e = geological rese>*1 seems to require correspond+ ex]tions on ! "p ( ^? :o h att5d$ to fossil rema9s1 inasmu* z geology1 9 ord] to be em95tly furni%$ ) e advantage t may t5d to ! developem5t ( _m important results1 mu/ be 9 "p f\nd$ on a k ( ! diff]5t g5]a & species ( reliqui1 :i* ! v>i\s accessible /rata ( ! e>? pres5t4 ,! accessory value ( ?is species ( k1 is n[ duly e/imat$ 9 ,europe1 z af=d+ ! mo/ obvi\s means ( e/imat+1 ) ! greate/ approximation to tru?1 ! comp>ative antiquity ( =mations1 & ( /rata1 z well z ( id5tify+ ^? ) ea* o!r :i* are 9 _! nature simil>4 ,c]ta9ly v little is yet kn[n ab\t ! fossils ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & v little c be kn[n accurately1 until we %all h x 9 our p[] to comp>e !m ) approv$ detail$ descriptions1 plates1 or specim5s ( ^? ( ,europe2 :i* h be5 made kn[n to ! _w by ! indefatigable indu/ry1 & sci5tific rese>* ( ,lam>ck & o!r naturali/s4 ,am]ica is ri* 9 fossils4 ,9 _m di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 va/ b$s ( fossil %ells1 zoophytes1 c4 are deposit$1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 are conceal$ f ! inquir+ eye1 (f]+ sup]ficially a m]e confus$ mass ( mutilat$ fragm5ts4 ,^! ri* repositories mu/ f9ally be expos$ to view1 by ! onw>d pace ( improvem5t1 & ! m int]ior /rata w be unveil$ by "s =tunate pr(\nd excavations1 ! result ( ent]prise 9 ! pursuit ( ga94 ,! v surface ( ! c\ntry 9 _m regions1 is almo/ ov]spread ) ! abundance ( ca/s1 or r$9tigrate fossils1 _m ( :i* are app>5tly specifically anomal\s1 & "s g5]ically s4 ,! correct1 & only useful mode 9 :i* ! inve/igation ( our fossils c be conduct$1 is att5d$ ) "s difficulty & lab\r4 ,! task presumes ! k1 n only ( fossils 9 all _! diff]5t /ates1 f ! app>5tly un*ang$ specim51 to ! fragm5t or section ( a ca/ un9sulably imb$d$ 9 its rocky matrix1 b x also requires an adequate acqua9tance ) rec5t specim5s1 or ^? ( :i* ! inhabitants are n yet /ruck f ! li/ ( animat$ be+s1 9 o!r words ^? ( ! pres5t1 z well z ^? ( ! =m] _w4 ,due advantage be+ tak5 ( ! _m opportunities :i* are f "t to "t (f]$ to u1 ( obta9+ k 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 w probably be ! means ( produc+ a li/ ( ,am]ican animal reliqui1 coext5sive ) t ( ,europe at ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! sci5ce1 h[ev]1 ! correct naturali/ w feel x a duty :i* he owes to 8 colaborators to proce$ ) ! utmo/ caution1 t he may n add unnecess>ily to ! already num]\s species4 ,g5us ,alveolites1 ,lam4 ,coral lapide\s1 cov]+ extrane\s bodies1 or 9 a simple mass1 =m$ ( conc5tric /rata2 /rata compos$ ea* ( a union ( num]\s alveoles1 :i* are v %ort1 contigu\s1 reticulate1 & g5]ally p>allel4 ,species4 ,a4 glom]atus1 alveoles v]tical1 subequal1 oval1 or obsoletely hexagonal1 mu* %ort] ?an ! diamet]1 p>allel2 p>ies simple2 /rata num]\s1 =m+ a r\nd$ mass4 7,cab9et ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces47 ,f\nd (t5 on ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ca/ up by ! waves1 ! animals sometimes /ill liv+4 ,=ms masses ( v>i\s sizes & figures1 g5]ally m or less r\nd$ or lob$1 & compos$ ( a great numb] ( conc5tric lay]s4 ,! numb] ( ^! /rata seems to be regulat$ 9 "s degree1 by ! quantity ( surface !y h to cov]4 ,?us if ! nucleus happ5s to be a small %ell1 su* z ! ,natic1 ,nass1 c4 ( our coa/1 or ev5 ! oy/]1 7,o4 virg9ica17 clam1 7,v4 m]c5>ia17 c4 ! /rata are (t5 v num]\s2 b on ! ?oracic plate ( ,limulus polyphemus1 hav+ a consid]able space ov] :i* to ext5d !mselves1 ! /rata are b few1 n m ?an #b or #c4 ,i h se5 ! ?oracic plate ( ?is animal s entirely cov]$ by ! ,alveolite1 z to h ! eyes & /emmata conceal$ s z to be p]fectly bl9d4 ,:5 compos$ ( a s+le lay] only1 x mu* resembles a ,flu/ra1 or a ,cellapore ( :i* ! convex surfaces h be5 remov$ by attrition4 ,! animal ,i h n yet exam9$4 ,! alveoles or cells ( a lay]1 are arrang$ 9 l9es ( diff]5t degrees ( curvature1 obscurely radiat+ f diff]5t c5tres2 ^! l9es are plac$ side by side1 ! alveoles alt]nat+ ) ea* o!r ?r\gh\t ! lay] 9 a qu9cunx mann]2 ! ?ickness ( ! p>ies is some:at equal to "o half ( ! conjugate diamet] ( ! alveole1 ! l5g? ( :i*1 or ?ickness ( ! lay]1 is sc>cely m consid]able2 b ^! proportions v>y4 ,! species to :i* x seems alli$1 are madreporacea & incru/ans4 ,! =m] is fossil1 & diff]s 9 be+ subramose2 ! latt] =ms b a s+le expansion4 ,g5us ,favosites1 ,lam4 ,coral lapide\s1 simple1 ( a v>iable =m1 compos$ ( p>allel prismatic & fasciculat$ tubes2 tubes contigu\s1 p5tagonal1 or hexagonal1 m or less angul>1 r>ely articulat$4 ,species4 ,f4 /riata1 m or less turb9ate2 p>ies ( ! alveoles longitud9ally /riat$ )91 & f5e/rate ) m9ute osculi2 alveoles ) v num]\s sept4 7,cab9et ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci5ces2 & ,peale's ,museum--common47 ,f\nd fossil 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at ! falls ( ! ,ohio2 ,g5essee1 ,new-,york2 ,pittsburg & ,wilksb>re1 ,p5nsylvania2 ,miss\ri1 c4 c4 b n yet 9 ! alluvial deposit ( ,new-,j]sey4 ,! tubes are g5]ally1 p>tially1 or entirely fill$ ) silici\s matt]1 sometimes s completely s1 z to resemble 9 m9iature1 basaltic columns2 :5 ! alveoles are free on ! surface1 ^! fossils are kn[n by ! "n ( petrifi$ wasp-ne/s1 f ! resemblance !y be> to ! ne/s ( ^? insects4 ,! silex is usually only infiltrat$ into ! cavities1 leav+ ! sub/ance ( ! coral 9 its orig9al calc>e\s /ate1 b ! specim5s :i* are f\nd among/ ! roll$ pebbles ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv]1 ne> ,philadelphia1 are completely silicifi$4 ,! size v>ies f "o f\r? ( an ounce1 to two hundr$ p\nds or m1 & ! tubes occur ( e int]m$iate diamet]1 f ! =tie? to "o f\r? ( an in*4 ,x is n common to f9d any two specim5s ( l =m1 !y are1 h[ev]1 ord9>ily m or less turb9ate1 b are sometimes depress$ or compress$1 & ! tubes rectil9e> or excurv$1 & ( v>i\s l5g?s4 ,! dilat$ summit is n s mu* ! effect ( a gradual enl>gem5t ( ! tubes1 z ( ! frequ5t & adv5titi\s int]position ( "y ones1 :i* ( c\rse r5d]s ! op5+s ( ! tubes unequal4 ,! tubes or alveoles1 v>y 9 ! same coral1 be+ #e or #f1 r>ely sev5 sid$1 b ! hexagonal =m is mo/ common2 ! int]ior ( a tube is divid$ into a great numb] ( ap>tm5ts or cells1 by approximate transv]se sept1 ea* ( ! cells appe>s to be connect$ ) ! correspond+ cells ( ! surr\nd+ tubes1 by lat]al orifices 9 ! divid+ p>ies2 ^! orifices are m9ute1 inequidi/ant1 orbicul>1 _! m>g9s slightly prom95t1 & =m+ f "o to ?ree longitud9al s]ies on ea* side ( ! tube2 ea* r[ is sep>at$ f ! adjo9+ "o by an impress$ l9e4 ,by means ( ^! osculi x seems probable t all ! animals inhabit+ a common coral1 7 connect$ toge!r1 or _h free communication ) ea* o!r1 b :e!r by means ( a common organ z 9 ,pyrosoma1 ,/ephanomia1 c4 or simply by contact z 9 ! aggregat+ ,salpa1 c4 we h no means ( det]m9+4 ,! /riata diff]s f ,madrepora truncata1 ,esp]4 7,f4 alveolata1 ,lam47 9 n be+ exts transv]s sulcata4 ,x seems to be alli$ to ,corallium ,go?l&icum1 ,amn4 ,acad4 v4 #a4 p4 #ajf1 & x is possible x may prove synonym\s1 or v simil> to x1 :5 t species becomes bett] kn[n2 ! latt] has be5 tak5 = ,basalt1 & ,m4 ,lam>ck :5 describ+ x1 inquires ,e/-ce un polypi]8 ,madrepora fascicul>is1 ( ,volck4 & ,p>k94 9 common ) ,f4 /riata & ,f4 ,go?l&icum1 is di/+ui%$ by ! transv]se septa1 a "* :i* induc$ me to ref] ! species "h describ$ to ,favosite2 !y seem !re=e to be cong5]ic1 z analogy indicates a p>ticipation 9 ! "* ( osculat$ p>ies4 ,among/ ! great v>iety exhibit$ by ?is species1 we h to rem>k m p>ticul>ly ! foll[+1 viz43 #a/4 ,alveoles p]fectly free1 t is1 de/itute ( aciculi or lamell1 ! septa want+1 & sometimes ! osculi obsolete4 #b;d4 ,alveoles fill$ almo/ to ! summit ) ! septa1 & resembl+ ^? combs ( ! bee-hive :i* are fill$ ) honey & cov]$ ov]4 #c;d4 ,p>ies beset ) v num]\s1 int]rupt$1 alt]nat+1 transv]se lamell1 :i* are d5ticulat$ at _! tips1 & project t[>ds ! c5tre ) v>i\s degrees ( prom95ce & irregul>ity4 ,! fir/ v>iety corresponds ) ! g5]ic "*1 & ! ?ird approa*es ! g5us ,porites2 yet s unequivocally id5tical are !y1 t ,i h se5 !m all unit$ 9 ! same mass1 & p]=at$ ?r\gh\t by ! osculi4 ,! id5tity is fur!r obvi\s by ! p]fect gradation :i* r5d]s !m insep>able4 ,) respect to ! transv]se septa1 ,i ?9k _! pres5ce may be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t z ! animal elongates its tube 9 consequ5ce ( an increase ( gr[?1 or 9 ord] to ma9ta9 an equal elevation ) ! adjac5t tubes1 7r5d]$ necess>y by ! orig9 ( "y tubes 9 ! int]/ices7 x gradually vacates ! basal portions ( its tube1 & su/a9s itself at ! diff]5t elevations1 by successively unit+ ! p>ietal lamell s z to exclude ! vacuity4 ,t ?is is probable1 we may inf] f a simil> proc$ure on ! "p ( sev]al species ( te/ace\s mollusca4 ,?us "s ,l9nan ,s]pula become cam]at$1 & a famili> in/ance pres5ts itself 9 ! ,triton tritonis1 ! animal ( :i* adds successive p>titions to ! int]ior ( ! spire1 z t "p becomes too /rait = ! increas+ volume ( its body4 ,if ! above supposition proves correct1 ! organs ( communication :i* pass ?r\gh ! osculi1 c h>dly be 9 common1 b mu/ r connect ! animals by simple contact only1 o!rwise ^! p>ts w\ld be brok5 :5 ! animal *anges its place by vacat+ ! inf]ior "p ( ! tube4 ,! ?ird v>iety is !n ! /ate ( t portion ( ! tube :i* is inhabit$ by ! body ( ! animal1 & n yet int]rupt$ by ! sept4 ,f ! above obs]vations1 x is evid5t t ?is species1 & probably ! entire g5us ,favosite "u :i* ,i h plac$ x1 w n arrange prop]ly ) ! ,tubipores1 ,millepores1 c4 b mu/ be transf]r$ to ! ,polypi]s ,lamellifres ( ,lam>ck4 ,& if ! ,madrepora retepora ( ,sol&] & ,ellis1 is a true ,porites1 z ,m4 ,lam>ck supposes x to be f ! appe>ance ( its tubes1 ,i %\ld conclude ?is g5us to be v proximately alli$ to ,favosites1 by t species & ! ,f4 /riata hav+ 9 common ! rem>kable "* ( f5e/rat$ p>ies4 ,b to ?is "* ,i %\ld conceive a g5]ic importance ought to be atta*$1 z indicat+ a diff]5tial organization ( ! artific]s4 ,i h no d\bt t on close inspection ( a p]fect specim51 ! same "* w be f\nd to exi/ 9 ,f4 ,go?l&icum1 & possibly also 9 ,f4 truncata1 if n 9 ! latt] only1 x may be prop] to sep>ate ! g5us & to )draw f ,porites ! =em5tion$ species1 reta9+ to /riata z specifically ess5tial1 ! second memb] ( ! diff]5tial description4 7,to be cont9u$47 ,,physics1 ,,*emi/ry1 c4 ,,art4 ,,xiii4 ,obs]vations on ,salt ,/orms1 & ! ,influ5ce ( ,salt & ,sal9e ,air ^u ,animal & ,vegetable ,life4 ,read be=e ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,new-,york1 ,m>* #g1 #ahai1 by ,,john ,b4 ,,beck1 ,m4 ,d4 7,communicat$ = ?is ,j\rnal47 ,meteorology is a sci5ce ( s mu* g5]al conc]n1 t x seems to be incumb5t ^u e memb] ( society to aid 9 augm5t+ ! /ock ( facts1 :i* ! lab\rs ( +5i\s & sci5tific m5 h already accumulat$ on t subject4 ,"u ?is impression ,i propose to devote ! foll[+ pap] to "s obs]vations on salt w9ds or /orms1 z !y h occurr$ 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe--a subject1 :i* al?\gh pres5t+ _m ph5om5a ( a m ?an tempor>y int]e/1 has z yet excit$ b little att5tion4 ,inde$1 ! opportunities = obs]vation h occurr$ s r>ely z readily to acc\nt = its hav+ 9 a great measure escap$ ! philosophical acum5 ( ! pres5t age4 ,x mu/ h be5 e>ly obs]v$ t ! atmosph]e 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sea frequ5tly becomes impregnat$ ) sal9e mat]ials2 b ! fir/ & only acc\nt ( a salt /orm t ,i h met )1 is to be f\nd 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,l9nan ,society ( ,london4 ,! #h? volume ( t "w gives an int]e/+ n>ration ( ! effects ( a /orm ( ?is description1 :i* occurr$ 9 ,engl&1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahjc4 ,x 0 occasion$ by an ea/ w9d1 :i* blew = "s days1 & :i*1 9 its passage ov] ! ocean1 _h imbib$ l>ge quantities ( salt wat]1 :i* 7 aft]w>d deposit$ ^u ! l&4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! depositions prov$ fatal to ! plants & vegetables :i* receiv$ !m4 ,s ext5sive 7 ! effects ( ?is s+ul> /orm1 t !y 7 felt 9 ! vic9ity ( ,london1 at a di/ance ( ab\t sev5ty miles f ! ocean1 & 9 all ! int]m$iate c\ntry4 ,9 mo/ in/ances1 ! leaves ( ! plants1 :i* suff]$ f x1 appe>$ z if !y _h be5 scor*$1 & 9 "s places ev5 ! tops ( ! bran*es mortifi$4 ,a /orm ( ! same k9d took place 9 ,engl&1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahjd2 & ! memoir /ates1 t ,sir ,joseph ,banks _h notic$ ano!r "s ye>s be=e 9 ,l9coln%ire4#ee ,a /orm att5d$ ) simil> effects occurr$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #ahae1 & v5t$ its fury ^u ! ea/]n /ates4 ,x comm5c$ on ! #bc;d ( ,septemb]1 betwe5 eight & n9e o'clock1 ,a4 ,m4 ) ! w9d f ! ea/4 ,9 ab\t two h\rs ! w9d %ift$ to s\!a/1 & blew a p]fect hurricane4 ,! ext5d$ deva/ation :i* ensu$1 is /ill 9 ! recollection ( e p]son4 ,! tides rose f n9e to twelve feet high] ?an ord9>y1 & 9 _m ( ! pr9cipal cities & t[ns along ! coa/ ( ,new ,engl&1 *ur*es1 h\ses1 bridges1 :>ves1 & 9 "s in/ances valuable citiz5s1 7 buri$ 9 "o common ru94 ,9 less ?an ?ree h\rs ! gale abat$1 & be=e sunset !re 0 a p]fect calm4 ,su* 7 ! m /rik+ features ( ?is trem5d\s gale--b o!r effects 7 obs]v$ m peculi>ly int]e/+ to ! philosoph]4 ,at ,new-,london1 ,salem1 & o!r places1 bo? on ! coa/1 & sev]al miles 9 ! int]ior1 ! air 0 f\nd to be load$ ) salt2 & ! leaves ( _m trees appe>$1 a few h\rs aft] ! /orm1 z if !y _h be5 scor*$4 ,besides ?is effect ^u vegetables1 !re 7 additional evid5ces ( ! sal9e quality ( ! w9d4 ,at ,salem & "s o!r places an incru/ation ( salt 0 p]ceiv$ on ! w9d[s1 & ! fruit 9 sev]al g>d5s _h a p]ceptible ta/e ( salt on _! surface4 ,at ,new-,london x 0 rem>k$ t ! air 9 ! eddies 0 extremely hot & suffocat+4 ,o!r facts ( a simil> nature might be collect$1 b ^! x is presum$ are suffici5t to *>act]ize ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e dur+ t /orm4 ,sev]al int]e/+ inquiries arise f ! consid]ation ( ! =ego+ facts4 #a4 ,9 :at way does ! salt exi/ 9 ! atmosph]e 9 ^! /orms8 ,on ?is po9t !re are two diff]5t op9ions4 ,! mo/ preval5t is1 t x is m]ely ! spray ( ! sea driv5 onw>d by ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,?is op9ion has receiv$ ! sanction ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks1#ef & also ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 if we may judge f an incid5tal expression 9 8 ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4#eg ,ano!r op9ion#eh is1 t muriate ( soda is cont9ually ris+ into ! atmosph]e f ! surface ( ! ocean1 & t ! air1 9 all m>itime situations1 is ?us con/antly m or less impregnat$ ) salt4 ,! mo/ /rik+ fact 9 support ( ?is doctr9e1 7s opposite to ! commonly receiv$ views on ! subject ( ! evaporation ( sea wat]7 is ! actual exi/5ce ( muriate ( soda 9 ! ra9 & sn[ :i* fall 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ocean4#ei ,! exp]im5ts ( ,vogel & ,b\illon ,lagrange1 on ! di/illation ( sea wat]1 are also 9 fav\r ( ! position1 t salt may be c>ri$ into ! air 9 ! ord9>y process ( evaporation4 ,on di/ill+ salt wat] !y f\nd a consid]able quantity ( muriate ( soda 9 ! receiv]4#fj ,admitt+ ! correctness ( ^! exp]im5ts1 /ill x is n easy to conceive1 h[ !y w acc\nt satisfactorily = ! l>ge quantities ( salt f\nd 9 ! air dur+ ! /orms "u consid]ation4 ,:i*ev] ( ^! solutions may be adopt$1 x is unque/ionably a fact t salt does1 9 "s way or o!r1 exi/ 9 ! atmosph]e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sea4 #b4 ,! next object ( inquiry is1 ! influ5ce :i* ?is sal9e air has ^u vegetable life4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! facts already /at$1 !re are _m o!rs :i* prove its delet]i\s ag5cy ^u ! vegetable creation4 ,dr4 ,mit*ill in=ms me1 t 9 "s p>ts ( ! s\? side ( ,long-,isl& fruit trees d n ?rive well1 except at a di/ance ( ?irty miles f ! sea1 & ev5 ! /urdy oak does n ext5d its bran*es t[>ds ! ocean4#fa ,if ,i am correctly in=m$1 x 0 ) great difficulty1 t ! trees on our ,batt]y 7 made to accommodate !mselves to a situation s ne> ! salt wat]4 ,x is also well kn[n1 t :5 plants are tak5 to sea1 !y spe$ily p]i%1 if expos$ b a %ort "t to a w9d1 :i* is suffici5tly /rong to turn ov] ! tops ( ! waves into :ite caps1 z !y are call$ by ! sailors4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 positively1 :e!r ^! effects 7 to be attribut$ to ! op]ation ( salt1 ,i made a solution ( muriate ( soda 9 common ra9 wat]2 ) ?is ,i wat]$ = a c\ple ( days ! leaves ( diff]5t plants4 ,9 a %ort "t !y began to dry up1 & 9 a few days 7 completely dead4 ,x appe>s f ,volney1 t ! ,egyptian air is /rongly *>g$ ) salts4 ,! evid5ces ( x are to be f\nd ev5 at ,cairo4#fb ,x is ?is prop]ty ( ! air1 :i* ?is philosophical travell] consid]s1 z "o ( ! causes ( ! rapid vegetation 9 t c\ntry4 ,he m5tions1 h[ev]1 t exotic plants w n ?rive !re4 ,x is f\nd necess>y to r5ew ! se$s ( !m e ye>4 ,may n ?is be occasion$ by ! sal9e quality ( ! air8 ,! native plants are d\btless accu/om$ to its action1 & d n s s5sibly feel its injuri\s effects4 ,& if ! ,egyptian air is s v p5etrat+ f ?is v cause1 z to produce oph?almia1 may we n rationally conclude1 t its influ5ce mu/ be equally injuri\s to plants n accu/om$ to x4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ! influ5ce ( salt on vegetation is to be f\nd 9 ! ,dead ,sea1 or ,lake ,asphaltites4 ,9 ,lake ,asphaltites1 says ,volney1 !re is nei!r animal nor vegetable life4 ,no v]dure is to be se5 on its banks1 nor fi% to be f\nd )9 its wat]s2 b x is n true1 t its exhalations are pe/if]\s1 s z to de/roy birds fly+ ov] x4 ,x is n uncommon to see swall[s skimm+ its surface1 & dipp+ = ! wat] necess>y to build _! ne/s4 ,! true cause :i* deprives x ( vegetables & animals is ! extreme saltness ( ! wat]1 :i* is va/ly /rong] ?an t ( ! sea4 ,! soil ar\nd x1 equally impregnat$ ) ?is salt1 produces no plants1 & ! air itself1 :i* becomes load$ ) x f evaporation1 & :i* receives also ! sulphure\s & bitum9\s vap\rs1 _c be fav\rable to vegetation2 h5ce ! deadly aspect :i* reigns ar\nd ?is lake4#fc #c4 ,9 :at way does ! salt op]ate 9 produc+ its delet]i\s effects on ! leaves ( vegetables8 ,x is by no means easy to answ] ?is "q4 ,x _c be by %utt+ up ! pores ( ! leaf1 & ?us ob/ruct+ its p]spiration4 ,x is well kn[n t :5 ! surfaces ( leaves are cov]$ ) oil1 !y w soon die4#fd ,b salt wat] is c]ta9ly n suffici5tly viscid to act 9 a simil> way4 ,nor c x be satisfactorily attribut$ to ! diff]5ce ( /ructure betwe5 m>itime & l& plants4 ,!re is "s diff]5ce inde$ betwe5 _m ( ^!1 m>itime plants be+ g5]ally cov]$ by a pubesc5ce1 ( :i* mo/ l& plants are de/itute4 ,x is idle h[ev] to suppose t ! object ( ?is cov]+ is to protect m>itime plants f ! action ( ! salt air1 z !re are _m ( !m :i* d n possess x4 ,besides1 is x n rational to conclude1 f ! l>ge quantities ( soda :i* are always f\nd 9 sea plants1 t ?is sal9e atmosph]e is r propiti\s ?an o!rwise to _! gr[?1 & t x only proves injuri\s to plants accu/om$ to ! unadult]at$ air ( ! l&4 ,aga91 ,i d n ?9k t x c be expla9$ by suppos+1 t ! salt is absorb$ into ! plant1 & ?us acts z a poison\s sub/ance4 ,we "k1 t 9 l& plants :i* are cultivat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sea1 salt is absorb$ ?r\gh _! roots4#fe ,x mu/ ( c\rse circulate ) ! juices ?r\gh ! :ole plant2 & yet 9 ^! cases ! leaves are n de/roy$ by x4 ,! mo/ plausible me?od ( expla9+ x appe>s to be ?is3 t ! salt1 by its irritat+ or corrosive p[]1 de/roys ! small vessels 9 ! leaf :i* are necess>y = ! circulation go+ on 9 x dur+ heal?4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 has +5i\sly %[n ! analogy betwe5 ! functions ( ! leaves ( plants1 & ! lungs ( animals4 ,if ?is be admitt$1 x w n be difficult to acc\nt = ! action ( salt ^u leaves4 ,?is sub/ance1 :5 tak5 into ! /oma*1 proves n m]ely innocu\s1 b :olesome2 b :5 accid5tally introduc$ into ! lungs1 irritation1 inflammation1 & dea? are ! consequ5ces4 ,s ) plants--:5 admitt$ into !m 9 comb9ation ) _! juices1 x may be h>mless2 b :5 appli$ to ! lungs or leaves1 dea? ensues4 #d4 ,i %all devote ! rema9d] ( ?is pap] to a few concise obs]vations on ! effects ( salt1 & a sal9e atmosph]e1 ^u animal life4 ,^u ! m imp]fect animals1 su* z slugs1 worms1 toads1 c4 x is well kn[n t salt proves spe$ily de/ructive ( life4 ,x is n my int5tion to attempt an explanation ( ?is s+ul> fact4 ,b x is rem>kable t x %\ld n h be5 turn$ to bett] acc\nt 9 ! treatm5t ( ^? worms1 :i* infe/ ! human body4 ,al?\gh us$ = t purpose by ! common p 9 ,irel& z well z 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,i believe x has n1 until v lately1 claim$ ! att5tion ( ! pr(ession1 z an an!lm9tick4 ,a late ,engli% j\rnal#ff conta9s a notice ( "s cases :i* satisfactorily prove its efficacy1 :5 adm9i/]$ ) ?is int5tion4 ,?is fact1 9 addition to num]\s o!rs1 /rik+ly illu/rates ! advantages :i* ! heal+ art might d]ive f a c>eful obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a daily develop$ by ! collat]al sci5ces4 ,9 cases ( hmoptysis & hmatemesis1 common salt has be5 us$ ) decid$ success4 ,! public is indebt$ to ,dr4 ,ru%1 = ! introduction ( ?is rem$y into g5]al practice4 ,dr4 ,hosack in=ms me1 t he has f\nd sea air extremely salut>y 9 remitt5t fev]1 *ol]a infantum1 & dyspepsia4 ,among ! delet]i\s effects caus$ by a sal9e atmosph]e1 may be m5tion$ ! oph?almia ( ,egypt4 ,?is disease is s common !re1 t out ( a hundr$ p]sons1 says ,volney1 ,i h met :ile walk+ ! /reets ( ,cairo1 tw5ty h be5 q bl9d1 t5 want+ an eye1 & tw5ty o!rs h _h _! eyes r$1 purul5t1 or blemi%$4#fg ,?r\gh\t ! ,delta1 & at ,cairo1 ?is compla9t is m preval5t ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ,egypt4 ,9 ,syria x is also common1 al?\gh less s ?an 9 ,egypt1 b x is only met ) on ! sea-coa/4 ,! reason+ ( ,volney on ?is subject1 is decisive ( ! position1 t ! preval5ce ( ?is compla9t1 9 ^! regions1 is ow+ to _! proximity to ! ocean4 ,9 confirmation1 he /ates t he has himself exp]i5c$ ! irritat+ effects ( ! air ( ! ,delta ^u ! organ ( vision4#fh ,9 ^? cases ( scurvy :i* occur 9 long voyages1 ! sal9e nature ( ! atmosph]e co-op]ates v p[]fully ) salt provisions & bad wat]1 9 produc+ t g5]al vitiation ( ! sy/em :i* *>act]izes ?is disord]4 ,( all diseases1 h[ev]1 ^? ( ! lungs appe> to be mo/ affect$ by a sal9e air4 ,i h kn[n a lady ( ?is city :o _h be5 afflict$ = _m ye>s ) a/hma1 to be ess5tially b5efit$ by a voyage across ! ,atlantic4 ,ano!r case has fall5 "u my obs]vation1 ( a lady tr\bl$ ) a/hma1 be+ mu* reliev$ by remov+ f ! int]ior to ?is city4 ,:at proves beyond a d\bt t h] relief is ow+ to ! air %e brea!s1 is1 t :5ev] %e takes a jaunt into ! c\ntry1 %e is sure to suff] a p>oxysm ( h] old compla9t4 ,pulmon>y consumption c]ta9ly prevails m on ! sea-coa/1 ?an 9 ! int]ior4 ,9 all our sea-port t[ns1 x is ?is disord] :i* s frightfully augm5ts ! catalogue ( our bills ( mortality4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,ru%1 9 ,salem1 9 ! /ate ( ,massa*usetts1 :i* is situat$ ne> ! sea1 & expos$1 dur+ _m mon?s ( ! ye>1 to a moi/ ea/ w9d1 !re di$ 9 ! ye> #agii1 #afj p]sons2 fifty-?ree ( :om di$ ( ! consumption4#fi ,9 ,philadelphia1 :i* is m remote f ! sea1 ! dea?s f consumption are mu* less num]\s ?an 9 ,new-,york1 or ! o!r cities imm$iately on ! coa/4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 :i* is expos$ to ! sea on all sides1 x is calculat$ t ab\t #ee1jjj die annually f ?is disease4 ,su* are "s ( ! facts on ?is subject2 b ! conclusion does n appe> to be w>rant$1 t ^! pulmon>y affections arise f ! irritat+ quality ( ! air4 ,9 ,holl&1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 z well z 9 o!r c\ntries & isl&s1 expos$ to ! sea air1 consumption is ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,9 ,syria1 ,volney ev5 /ates t ! air ( ! coa/ is p>ticul>ly fav\rable to ^? lab\r+ "u ?is malady4 ,accord+ly !y are 9 ! habit ( s5d+ su* pati5ts f ,aleppo to ,latakia1 or ,saide1 :]e !y may enjoy ! b5efit ( sea air4#gj ,aga91 we "k t _m p]sons suff]+ f ?is affection1 h be5 completely cur$ by a voyage1 aft] all ! res\rces ( m$ic9e _h be5 exhau/$ ^u !m 9 va94 ,x is evid5t !n1 t a pure sea air is n detrim5tal 9 cases ( consumption4 ,dr4 ,ru%1 ) 8 usual +5uity1 expla9s ! preval5ce ( ?is compla9t 9 our sea-ports1 by attribut+ x to ! mixture ( l& & sea air2 & 9 confirmation obs]ves1 t ^? situations :i* are 9 ! neighb\rhood ( bays & riv]s1 :]e ! fre% & salt wat]s mix _! /reams toge!r1 are m unfav\rable to consumptive pati5ts ?an ! sea%ore1 & !re=e %\ld be m c>efully avoid$ by !m 9 ex*ang+ city = c\ntry air4#ga ,indep5d5tly1 h[ev]1 ( ^! causes1 ,i ?9k ! frequ5t & sudd5 vicissitudes ( temp]ature1 :i* we suff] on ! coa/1 are alone suffici5t to acc\nt = ! preval5ce ( cat>rhal & pneumonic affections1 :i* mo/ commonly are ! precursors ( consumption4 ,i tru/ ! =ego+ obs]vations h n be5 consid]$ too m$ical to comport ) ! objects ( ?is ,society4 ,natural hi/ory is only useful 9 its practical applications2 & if x c be %[n to ?r[ any light ^u an art1 :i* contributes s mu* to ! com=t & happ9ess ( man1 we h e/abli%$ "o ( ! /ronge/ consid]ations1 :i* c recomm5d x to g5]al patronage & inve/igation4 ,physicians ought 9 an especial mann] to set a high value ^u ! rese>*es ( naturali/s4 ,! aid !y h already giv5 is suffici5t to entitle !m to ! la/+ gratitude ( our pr(ession4 ,x 0 "o ( ! m]its ( t illu/ri\s physician ( our own "t & c\ntry1 ,dr4 ,ru%1 t he seiz$ ) avidity e fact1 f :atev] qu>t] x might be drawn1 to elucidate 8 fav\rite sci5ce4 ,if ev] m$ic9e %all atta9 to ! elevation ( a truly philosophical sci5ce1 x mu/ be accompli%$1 9 "p at lea/1 by imitat+ 8 example1 & by develop+ ! inf9ite & div]sifi$ associations :i* exi/ betwe5 x & ! o!r sci5ces4 ,,art4 ,,xiv4 ,?\ghts on ,atmosph]ic ,du/4 ,by ,c4 ,s4 ,,raf9esque1 ,esq4 #a4 ,:5 we f9d ! ru9s ( anci5t cities buri$ "u gr\nd2 :5 ! pl\gh uncov]s ! front ( palaces & ! summit ( old temples1 we are a/oni%$3 b we seldom reflect :y !y are hidd5 9 ! e>?4 ,a sort ( imp]ceptible du/ falls at all times f ! atmosph]e1 & x has cov]$ !m dur+ ages4 #b4 ,^! are ! words ( ! wor?y & eloqu5t philosoph] ,,virey1 9 8 article ,nature1 ,vol4 ,,xv4 p4 #cgc1 ( ! ,fr5* ,diction>y ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,ev5 be=e read+ !m ,i _h obs]v$ ! same ph5om5on1 & ,i h s9ce /udi$ _! effects 9 v>i\s places4 ,i c\ld quote "o ?\s& in/ances ( ! ext5sive & multif>i\s op]ations ( ?is meteoric du/3 b ,i mean to give ! results m]ely ( ^? t fall daily "u notice1 & are yet totally neglect$2 wi%+ to draw on !m ! att5tion ( *emi/s1 philosoph]s1 & geologi/s4 #c4 ,:5ev] ! sun %9es 9 a d>k room1 its beams display a cr[d ( lucid du/y molecules ( v>i\s %apes1 :i* 7 be=e invisible z ! air 9 :i* !y swim1 b did exi/ nev]!less4 ,^! =m ! atmosph]ic du/2 exi/+ e :]e 9 ! l[] /rata ( our atmosph]e4 ,i h obs]v$ x on ! top ( ! highe/ m\nta9s1 on ,m\nt ,etna1 9 ,sicily1 on ! ,alps1 on ! ,alleghany & ,catskill m\nta9s 9 ,am]ica1 c4 & on ! ocean4 #d4 ,x des]ves to be consid]$ "u _m views3 :i* are its invisibility1 its %ape & size1 its =mation & orig91 its motion1 its deposition & accumulation1 its composition1 its uses1 & its prop]ties4 #e4 ,?is du/ is invisible1 ow+ to ! t5uity ( its p>ticles1 b !y become visible 9 ! foll[+ in/ances2 :5 ! sun %9es on !m1 s9ce !y reflect ! light1 :5 _! size is increas$1 & :5 !y are accumulat$ any :]e4 #f4 ,! size ( ! p>ticles is v unequal1 & _! %ape dissimil>2 ! greate/ portion are exce$+ly small1 simil> to a :iti% or grayi% sp>k1 )\t any det]m9able or p]ceptible %ape2 ! l>g] p>ticles are commonly lamell> or flatt5$1 b ) an irregul> m>g91 & ! l>ge/ appe> to be l5g!n$ or fili=m2 ! gray col\r prevails4 ,o!r %apes are n[ & !n p]ceptible ) ! microscope4 #g4 ,among ! prop]ties ( atmosph]ic du/ are ^? ( be+ s(t1 z light z atmosph]ic air1 ( reflect+ ! rays receiv$ directly f ! sun1 ( possess+ a k9d ( peculi> electricity1 :i* gives x a t5d5cy to accumulate on "s bodies m readily ?an on "s o!rs1 & ( =m+ an e>?y s$im5t1 :i* does n become eff]vesc5t ) acids4 #h4 ,?is du/ is ei!r con/antly or p]iodically =m$1 b *emically 9 ! atmosph]e l sn[1 hail1 meteoric /ones1 honey-dew1 e>?y ra9s1 c4 by ! comb9ation ( gase\s & elem5t>y p>ticles dissolv$ 9 ! air4 ,its analysis has nev] be5 attempt$ by *emi/s2 b ! e>?y s$im5t :i* is ! result ( its accumulat$ deposition1 proves t x is a comp\nd ( e>?y p>ticles 9 a peculi> /ate ( aggregation1 & 9 :i* alum9e appe>s to prepond]ate1 r ?an calc>e\s or silici\s e>?s or oxides4 #i4 ,its motion 9 calm wea!r1 or 9 a quiet room1 is v sl[2 ! p>ticles appe> to float 9 ! air 9 all directions1 "s ris+1 "s fall+1 & _m swimm+ horizontally1 or =m+ a v>iety ( curv$ l9es2 :at is mo/ s+ul>1 is t no two p>ticles appe> to h exactly ! same direction2 yet aft] a:ile ! greate/ proportion fall d[n obliquely1 some:at 9 ! same mann] z a light sn[ 9 a calm day4 ,:5 a curr5t ( air is creat$ naturally or artificially 9 ! op5 air or 9 a room1 y p]ceive at once an increas$ velocity 9 _! motion2 !y move ) rapidity 9 all directions2 b :5 a /rong curr5t or w9d prevails1 !y are c>ri$ ) x 9 a /ream1 pres]v+ h[ev]1 z yet1 _! irregul> up & d[n motion4 #aj4 ,its =mation is sometimes v rapid1 & its accumulation v ?ick 9 ! l[] /rata ( our atmosph]e1 b ! int5sity is v>iable4 ,:5ev] ra9 or sn[ falls1 ?is du/ is precipitat$ on ! gr\nd by x1 :5ce arises ! purity ( ! air aft] ra9 & sn[2 b a small %>e is /ill left1 or soon aft] =m$4 ,9 common wea!r x deposits itself on ! gr\nd by sl[ degrees1 & ! same 9 clos$ rooms4 ,x =ms !n ! du/ ( our floors1 ! m\ld ( our ro(s1 & ultimately ! surface ( our soil1 unless driv5 by w9ds f "o place to ano!r4 #aa4 ,i h measur$ its accumulation 9 a quiet room1 & h f\nd x v>iable f "o-f\r? ( an in* to "o in* 9 ! c\rse ( "o ye>2 b x 0 !n 9 a pulv]ul5t fleecy /ate1 & might be r$uc$ by compression to "o-?ird ( its height1 mak+ ! av]age ( ye>ly deposit ab\t "o-six? ( an in*4 ,9 ! op5 air ?is quantity mu/ be /ill m v>iable1 ow+ to ! quantities c>ri$ by ! w9ds & wat]s to ! pla9s1 valleys1 riv]s1 ! sea1 c4 or accumulat$ 9 clos$ places or aga9/ walls1 h\ses1 c4 ,i calculate1 h[ev]1 t ^u an av]age1 f six to twelve in*es are accumulat$ ov] ! gr\nd 9 "o hundr$ ye>s1 :]e x mixes ) ! soil & organic exuvi1 to =m ! common m\ld4 #ab4 ,! uses ( ?is *ronic meteor are _m & obvi\s4 ,x s]ves to create m\ld ov] rocks1 to increase _! decomposition1 to add to our cultivable soil1 to amalgamate ! alluvial & organic deposits1 to f]tilize s&y & unfruitful tracts 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 to adm9i/] to vegetable life1 c4 ,x does n appe> t x has any bad influ5ce on m5 & animals brea?+ x along ) air1 unless x %\ld be accumulat$ 9 a v int5se degree4 #ac4 ,at ,sege/a1 9 ,sicily1 are to be se5 ! ru9s ( an anci5t temple2 ! /eps1 :i* surr\nd x on all sides bel[ ! pill>s1 are built on a rock1 on ! top ( a hill deta*$ f any o!r high] gr\nd4 ,yet n[ all ! /eps & ! base ( ! pill>s are "u ! gr\nd1 :i* has accumulat$ f ?is du/ & ! decay ( plants 7n trees7 to :i* x has af=d$ food4 ,!re are f five to eight feet f ! rock to ! surface ( ?is new soil1 :i* has *emically comb9$ 9 a v>iety ( h>dness4 ,?is soil has aris5 !re 9 ab\t #bjjj ye>s1 not)/&+ ! wa%+s ( ra94 ,i quote ?is z a rem>kable in/ance ( ! increase ( soil by a]ial deposits1 among _m :i* h fall5 "u my p]sonal exam9ation4 #ad4 ,x is commonly believ$ t ! du/ ( our rooms is produc$ by ! fragm5ts ( decompos$ ve/m5ts1 b$d+s1 furnitures1 c42 ?is cause increases x1 & produces a diff]5t du/1 :i* mixes ) ! atmosph]ic du/2 b x is v f> f produc+ x4 #ae4 ,! du/ ( ! op5 air is ascrib$ to t rais$ f roads & fields1 by ! pulv]ization ( _! surface2 b ?is second>y & visible du/ is only a consequ5ce ( ! fir/4 ,f :5ce c\ld arise ! du/ obs]v$ by ! means ( ! sunbeams 9 a d>k corn]1 9 w9t]1 :5 ! gr\nd is froz51 or :5 x is wet & muddy1 or at sea1 or on ! top ( rocky m\nta9s8 #af4 ,x is !re=e a matt] ( fact1 wor? tak+ into consid]ation by geologi/s1 t ! air /ill deposits a quantity ( du/1 :i* mu/ h be5 mu* great] 9 =m] p]iods4 ,j ! same z ! sea deposits /ill a quantity ( e>?y & sal9e p>ticles dissolv$ 9 x1 & :i* 7 sup]abundant at ! p]iod :5 ! rocky /rata 7 =m$ on its bottom4 ,wat] be+ m compact1 deposits rocks4 ,air1 :i* is less d5se1 deposits a pulv]ul5t matt]6 ,,art4 ,,xv4 ,on ! ,effect ( ,vap\r on ,flame4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,dana1 ,*emical ,assi/ant 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & ,lectur] on ,*emi/ry & ,ph>macy 9 ,d>tm\? ,college4 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,febru>y #e1 #ahai4 ,to ,pr(essor ,silliman4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,ab\t a ye> s9ce ,i made "s exp]im5ts on ! effect ( /eam on ignit$ bodies1 ) a view to le>n ! !ory ( ! action ( ! ,am]ican wat]-burn]4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 publi%$ 9 an anonym\s pap] 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 & h be5 publi%$ 9 ,london1 )\t an ackn[l$gm5t ( _! s\rce4 ,! effect ( !m conc]n+ bodies is peculi>1 & x probably admits ( m ext5sive application to ! arts ?an 9 ! above nam$ in/rum5t alone4 ,:5 a jet ( /eam1 issu+ f a small ap]ture1 is ?r[n on burn+ *>coal1 ! brightness is increas$1 if ! coal be held at ! di/ance ( f\r or five in*es f ! pipe ?r\gh :i* ! /eam passes2 b if ! coal be held ne>] x is ext+ui%$1 a circul> black spot fir/ appe>s :]e ! /eam is ?r[n on x4 ,! /eam 9 ?is case does n appe> to be decompos$1 & ! increas$ brightness ( ! coal dep5ds probably on a curr5t ( atmosph]ic air1 occasion$ by ! /eam4 ,b :5 a jet ( /eam1 in/ead ( be+ ?r[n on a s+le coal1 is made to pass into a *>coal fire1 ! vividness ( ! combu/ion is increas$1 & ! l[ att5uat$ flame ( coal is enl>g$4 ,:5 ! wick ( a common oil lamp is rais$1 s z to give (f l>ge columns ( smoke1 & a jet ( /eam is ?r[n into x1 ! brightness ( ! flame is increas$1 & no smoke is ?r[n (f4 ,:5 spirits ( turp5t9e is made to burn on a wick1 ! light produc$ is dull & r$di%1 & a l>ge quantity ( ?ick smoke is giv5 (f2 b :5 a jet ( /eam is ?r[n into ?is flame1 its brightness is mu* increas$2 & :5 ! exp]im5t is c>efully p]=m$1 ! smoke entirely disappe>s4 ,:5 ! vap\r ( spirits ( turp5t9e is made to issue f a small orifice1 & inflam$1 x burns1 & ?r[s (f l>ge quantities ( smoke2 b :5 a jet ( /eam is made to unite ) ! vap\r1 ! smoke entirely disappe>s4 ,:5 vap\r ( spirits ( turp5t9e & ( wat] are made to issue toge!r f ! same orifice1 & inflam$1 no smoke appe>s4 ,h5ce its disappe>+1 9 ! above exp]im5t1 _c be suppos$ to dep5d on a curr5t ( atmosph]ic air4 ,:5 a jet ( /eam is ?r[n into ! flame ( a _s ( w9e lamp1 or into flames :i* evolve no smoke or c>bonace\s matt]1 ! same effect is produc$ z by a curr5t ( air4 ,x appe>s1 f ^! exp]im5ts1 t 9 all flames :i* evolve smoke1 /eam produces an increas$ brightness1 & a m p]fect combu/ion4 ,n[1 ) a v simple app>atus1 /eam might be introduc$ into ! flames ( /reet lamps1 & t k9d ( lamp :i* is us$ 9 but*]s' %ops 9 ,london1 & 9 all flames :i* evolve mu* smoke4 ,! advantage ( su* an arrangem5t w\ld be a m p]fect combu/ion1 & a great] quantity ( light f ! same mat]ials4 ,! flame ( ! lamps1 to :i* /eam is appli$1 might be made to keep ! wat] boil+ :i* supplies ! /eam4 ,i hope ! above may n be altoge!r un9t]e/+ & useless to ! read]s ( y\r ,j\rnal4 ,v respectfully1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,dana4 ,,art4 ,,xvi4 ,analysis ( ! ,h>rodsburg ,salts1 by ,,edw>d ,d4 ,,smi?1 ,m4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,m9]alogy 9 ! ,s\?-,c>ol9a ,college4 ,m ?an a ye> s9ce ,i receiv$ a quantity ( a :ite e>?y sub/ance1 :i* 0 said to be obta9$ by ! evaporation ( c]ta9 m9]al wat]s at ,h>rodsburg1 ,k5tucky1 & !re v5d$ at a consid]able price1 "u ! "n ( ,epsom salts4 ,! respectable "* :o pres5t$ ?is p[d] to me1 reque/$ t ,i w\ld make an analysis ( x2 b ,i _h n suffici5t leisure until lately1 to pay ! requisite att5tion to ?is subject4 ,! results ( my exam9ations are n[ submitt$ to ! public eye4 ,! ext]nal qualities ( ?is sub/ance are z foll[3 small :ite lumps1 h>d to ! t\*1 b dry & easily yield+ to pressure1 some:at gritty to ! tee?1 & imp>t+ an e>?y & sal9e ta/e to ! tongue4 #a4 #abj gra9s ( ! p[d] 7 put into ab\t a half ounce ( alcohol1 dige/$ = six h\rs1 !n1 wa%$ ) m alcohol1 filt]$ & c>efully dri$4 #b4 ,on weigh+ ! dry p[d]1 ! loss appe>$ to be b "o gra91 s t x conta9s v little ( any sub/ance :i* is soluble 9 alcohol4 #c4 #aae gra9s 7f\r gra9s hav+ be5 lo/ 9 ! transf] f ! filt]7 7 collect$ & put into r m ?an eight times _! weight ( cold di/ill$ wat]1 & dige/$ = two h\rs4 #d4 ,?is wat]y solution 0 !n filt]$1 & on weigh+1 ! residue appe>$ to be #dh gra9s1 s t #fg gra9s mu/ h be5 dissolv$4 #e4 #aj gra9s ( ! insoluble residue 7#d7 7 put into a flask1 ) #aj ounces ( di/ill$ wat]1 & boil$ = #a h\r4 #f4 ,a small portion ( ?is solution1 on be+ te/$ ) nitrate ( b>ytes1 gave a copi\s :ite precipitate1 ) oxalic acid1 a :ite cl\d2 ) ammonia1 a slight :ite cl\d2 ) muriatic acid1 a slight blui% t+e4 ,f ^! te/s x 0 inf]r$ t sulphate ( lime 0 pres5t1 ) p]haps a slight trace ( muriate ( lime4 #g4 ,! rema9d] ( ?is solution 0 filt]$1 & on weigh+ ! dri$ residuum1 ! loss appe>$ to be #b gra9s1 s t sulphate ( lime probably con/itutes ne>ly ( ! insoluble resid5ce 7#dh gra9s4 #d47 #h4 ,! wat]y solution1 7#d7 :i* 0 suppos$ to conta9 #fg gra9s1 0 evaporat$1 & left a residue t weigh$ b #cd gra9s1 s t #cc gra9s mu/ h disappe>$ 9 ! process4 #i4 ,"s ( ?is residue dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 0 te/$ ) c>bonate ( soda1 =m+ an imm$iate :ite cl\d2 ) nitrate ( b>ytes1 ! same2 ) ammonia1 ! same2 b ) oxalate ( ammonia1 x did n =m any cl\d until x _h /ood "s "t1 & !n x 0 slight4 ,f ^! te/s x 0 inf]r$ t sulphate ( magnesia 0 pres5t4 #aj4 ,a portion ( ! dri$ residuum 7#g7 0 treat$ ) dilut$ muriatic acid1 :i* dissolv$ ne>ly ! :ole ( x1 ) consid]able eff]vesc5ce4 ,! new comp\nd1 on exam9ation1 prov$ to be muriate ( lime2 s t x may be conclud$ ! residuum 7#g7 0 pr9cipally c>bonate ( lime4 ,on consid]+ ! results ( ! prec$+ exp]im5ts1 x w appe> t m ?an "o half ( ! sub/ances submitt$ to analysis1 0 easily soluble 9 wat]1 & f ! *emical te/s us$1 t x 0 compos$ pr9cipally ( sulphate ( magnesia1 7,epsom salt7 ) p]haps a small portion ( muriate ( lime or magnesia1 t ( ! rema9d]1 ab\t 0 sulphate ( lime1 & difficultly soluble 9 wat]2 & t ! re/ 0 p]fectly insoluble 9 wat]1 & consi/$ pr9cipally ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,!re c be no d\bt !n1 t ! ,h>rodsburg salt1 9 its pres5t /ate1 is v improp]ly prep>$1 conta9+ 9 its composition a l>ge proportion ( matt]1 t is n only in]t1 b :i* may produce consid]able inconv5i5ce & injury 9 ! /oma* & b[els1 f its pond]\s nature & t5d5cy to =m me*anical ob/ructions4 ,p]haps ! occurr5ce ( su* injury may n be frequ5t1 f ! circum/ance ( a l>ge portion ( ! salt be+ s insoluble2 b admitt+ ?is to be ! fact1 !re is a manife/ impropriety 9 (f]+ to ! public1 z m$ic9e1 an article :i* _c be us$ z su*4 ,probably ! proprietors ( ?is manufactory are n aw>e ( ! real nature ( ! case1 & ( ! facility ) :i*1 by a little additional tr\ble1 !y c\ld sep>ate ! useful & valuable mat]ial1 f t :i* is at lea/ useless1 & :i* might also be p]nici\s4 ,s\?-,c>ol9a ,college1 ,m>*1 #ahai4 ,,art4 ,,xvii4 ,additional ,notice ( ! ,tung/5 & ,tellurium1 m5tion$ 9 our la/ ,numb]4 ,,"p ,i4 ,description ( ! ,ore4 ,col\r1 d>k br[n1 almo/ black2 brittle1 p[d] a light] %ade ( br[n ?an ! m9]al2 h>d1 scrat*es glass1 sc9tillates ) /eel1 ) a r$ sp>k2 a degree ( poli% produc$1 :]e ! /eel /rikes1 & :5 ! /eel is impress$ ^u x4 ,/ructure compact1 9 "s places slightly por\s2 lu/re1 g5]ally dull1 sometimes glimm]+1 & almo/ res9\s4 ,cry/als octah$ral4 ,specific gravity ( ?ree massive pieces1 #e4g1 #f4 & #f4dd mean1 #f4je ne>ly2 probably t ( ! cry/als w\ld be high]4 ,infusible by ! bl[-pipe ev5 ) borax1 & does n by /rong ignition imp>t any col\r to x or to pota%2 n magnetic1 ev5 9 f9e p[d]1 nor aft] be+ heat$ r$ hot on *>coal1 & 9 contact ) burn+ grease4 ,_m specim5s decrepitate viol5tly "u ! bl[-pipe4 ,:5 heat$ on coals 9 pieces ( consid]able size1 !y (t5 explode ) a sm>t report1 & are ?r[n 9 fragm5ts sometimes sev]al y>ds f ! fire4 ,gangue qu>tz2 accompany+ m9]als 9 ! same ve91 native bismu?1 native silv]1 gal5a1 iron & copp] pyrites1 mu* magnetic pyrites1 bl5de1 c4 ,geological relations4 ,! c\ntry is primitive1 & ! imm$iate rock :i* =ms ! walls ( ! ve9 is said to be gneiss2 7we h n se5 x47 ,locality1 t[n ( ,hunt+ton1 p>i% ( ,new ,/rat=d1 c\nty ( ,fairfield1 #bj miles we/ f ,new-,hav51 ,connecticut4 ,rem>k4 ,native bismu? 9 small quantities1 has be5 = sev]al ye>s obta9$ f ?is m9e1 b ! %aft has be5 sunk only ab\t t5 feet4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,a v>iety ( ! ,ore4 ,g5]al *>act]s z above1 b on "s p>ts1 !re is se5 a :iti%1 or yell[i%1 or sometimes d>ki% metallic sub/ance2 x is 9 ?9 plates1 l ! leaf metals1 & sometimes reticulat$1 & graphic 9 its disposition2 x is s(t & easily cut ) ! knife4 ,9 ! specim5s exam9$1 x 0 s mu* bl5d$ ) ! o!r ore1 & s trifl+ 9 quantity1 t x 0 n possible to sep>ate x me*anically1 s z to exam9e x sep>ately4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,a4 ,*emical ,trials4 #a4 ,muriatic acid1 hot or cold1 produces no effect2 hot nitro-muriatic dissolves ! ore ) en]gy1 r$ fumes are evolv$1 & g5]ally a r$ solution obta9$1 f :i* ammonia precipitates r$ oxyd ( iron abundantly4 #b4 ,a heavy lemon-yell[ p[d] rema9s1 insoluble ( c\rse 9 acids1 b easily & completely soluble 9 w>m ammonia4 #c4 ,a d>k p[d]1 9 dim9i%$ quantity1 aga9 appe>s1 m acid dissolves x 9 "p1 & aga9 reveals ! yell[ p[d]1 :i* ammonia aga9 dissolves1 & s on1 till no?+ rema9s b "s portion ( ! gangue4 #d4 ,! ammoniacal solution1 :i* conta9s ! oxyd ( tung/51 is decompos$ by acids1 & by heat1 & in/antly deposits a :ite heavy p[d]1 becom+ yell[i% by /&+1 & full yell[ by heat4 #e4 ,?is p[d] is infusible by ! bl[-pipe1 b ignit$ ) borax 9 a plat9um crucible1 x became ( a sup]b blue1 l smalt1 or betwe5 t & ,prussian blue4 #f4 ,! quantity obta9$ 0 too small to make x conv5i5t to attempt its r$uction to ! metallic /ate2 no d\bt rema9$1 h[ev]1 t x 0 oxyd ( tung/51 or z x is sometimes call$1 tung/ic acid4 #g4 ,!re 7 traces ( manganese1 & all ! facts p]haps ju/ify ! conclusion1 t ! ore is v simil> to ! f]rug9\s tung/5 or wolfram4 #h4 ,! calc>e\s tung/5 occurs 9 octah$ral cry/als1 b we h n be=e he>d ( ?is =m 9 ! f]rug9\s species1 :i* g5]ally affects ! prismatic =ms4 ,b4 ,,rem>k4 ,we _h be5 = "s "t incl9$ to believe1 t ! above ore 0 f]rug9\s tung/51 b al?\gh =tifi$ by ! op9ion ( ,col4 ,gibbs1 we 7 )held f ann\nc+ x1 because ! =m ( ! cry/als1 ! specific gravity1 ! col\r1 & p]haps "s o!r *>act]s1 7 n p]fectly accordant ) ,european descriptions1 & ) ! specim5s 9 our possession1 :i* are f ,saxony & ,cornwall4 ,dur+ ! necess>y *emical trials 7:i* h1 we tru/1 e/abli%$ ! correctness ( ! above op9ion17 we v unexpect$ly discov]$ 9 "s ( ! ores ( tung/51 pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( tellurium4 ,! conclusion 0 induc$ by ! ph5om5a1 = no?+ 0 f>!r f our expectations4 ,two fragm5ts 7 pulv]iz$ by an assi/ant1 & we !re=e _c say :e!r !y _h any ext]nal *>act]s diff]5t f ^? ( ! o!r pieces2 !y came1 h[ev]1 f ! same "p ( ! ve91 & _! p[d] resembl$ t ( ! o!r pieces4 #a4 ,dige/$ 9 nitro-muriatic acid1 a /raw-yell[ solution1 slightly incl9+ to gre51 0 obta9$1 & a black p[d] 0 left beh9d4 #b4 ,m acid dige/$ on ?is p[d]1 gave a deep r$ solution ( iron1 & left ! yell[ oxyd ( tung/51 :i* be+ dissolv$ 9 ammonia1 ! black p[d] aga9 appe>$1 & s on1 z "u #c4 ,"p ,,iii4 #c4 ,! solution #a1 dilut$ l>gely ) wat]1 deposit$ an abundant :ite precipitate1 :i* 0 v heavy & rapidly subsid$4 #d4 ,alcohol & ammonia1 respectively produc$ ! same effect1 only m decid$ly4 #e4 ,?is precipitate1 evid5tly an oxyd ( a metal1 be+ collect$ on a filt] & dri$1 exhibit$ ! foll[+ prop]ties4 #f4 ,heat$ by ! bl[-pipe on *>coal1 x 0 in/antly volatiliz$ 9 "p1 & 9 "p decompos$1 ) an almo/ explosive eff]vesc5ce2 num]\s ignit$ globules ( metal appe>$ on ! *>coal1 & burn$ ) an abundant flame ( a delicate blue col\r1 edg$ occasionally ) gre54 #g4 ,9 _m trials1 ^! results always occurr$1 & sometimes a peculi> od\r 0 p]ceiv$1 at fir/ ?\ght to be ow+ to ars5ic1 b x 0 incomp>ably feebl]1 & some:at resembl$ t ( radi%es4#gb #h4 ,z9c1 iron1 & t91 plung$ into sep>ate portions ( ! nitro-muriatic solution1 precipitat$ abundantly a black floccul5t sub/ance4 #i4 ,on *>coal be=e ! bl[-pipe1 ?is sub/ance 0 v combu/ible1 ) a blue flame1 & 0 completely dissipat$ 9 ! =m ( :ite oxyd1 ) ! above smell4 #aj4 ,"s ( x 0 obta9$ on ! *>coal 9 metallic globules2 x 0 a brittle metal1 :ite1 ) a t+e ( r$1 & foliat$1 b n s di/9ctly z bismu? & antimony4 #aa4 ,! filt]s on :i* ! :ite oxyd _h be5 deposit$1 burn$ almo/ ) explosion1 ne>ly z rapidly z if !y _h be5 soak$ ) nitrate ( pota%1 or ( ammonia1 & ! *>act]i/ic blue flame appe>$ :ile ! burn+ la/$4 #ab4 ,o!r exp]im5ts 7 made ^u ! metal1 7n ! oxyd47 ,x gave to /rong sulphuric acid1 7simply by /&+ 9 x 9 ! cold7 an ame?y/9e col\r1 :i* disappe>$ z ! acid grew weak]1 by attract+ wat] f ! air4 #ac4 ,) nitric acid x =m$ a col\rless solution1 n decompos$ by wat]4 #ad4 ,x did n dissolve 9 muriatic acid1 till a few drops ( nitric acid 7 add$4 #ae4 ,! :ite oxyd heat$ ) *>coal 9 a small coat$ recurv$ glass tube1 af=d$ brilliant metallic globules1 :i* rose by di/illation1 collect$ 9 ! b5d ( ! tube1 & resembl$ drops ( quicksilv]1 except t !y 7 solid4 ,c4 ,,rem>k4 ,! above facts hav+ induc$ ! conclusion t ! metal1 ?us unexpect$ly discov]$ 9 ! ores ( tung/51 0 tellurium1#gc we 7 l$ to se>* = ext]nal *>act]s by :i* to judge :at specim5s conta9$ x4 ,! ores f ,transylvania1 7! only telluric ores ) :i* we are acqua9t$17 be>+ no analogy 9 appe>ance or composition to ^? be=e u1 we 7 l$ to inquire :e!r ! tellurium 9 ^! latt] ores 0 9 comb9ation ) tung/51 or m]ely 9 mixture4 ,! ext]nal *>act]s detail$ 9 "p ,,ii1 t5d p]haps to =tify ! latt] op9ion4 ,if we mi/ake n1 we !re f\nd a prop] ore ( tellurium mix$ ) a prop] ore ( tung/51 b we h also by *emical means1 f\nd tellurium :]e simil> ext]nal *>act]s 7 n app>5t4 ,be=e ! appe>ance ( our next ,numb]1 we hope to obta9 pur] & bett] specim5s4 ,9 ! mean "t we add ! foll[+ facts4 #a4 ,a cry/al1 & a massive piece ( ! k9d describ$ "u "p ,i1 & specim5s ( two v>ieties ( ^? describ$ "u "p ,,ii1 7 dige/$ 9 nitro-muriatic acid4 #b4 ,bo? oxyd ( tung/51 & oxyd ( tellurium 7 obta9$ f all ( !m4 #c4 ,_m specim5s h be5 exam9$ :i* h af=d$ tung/5 only1 & no tellurium4 ,at a conv5i5t "t1 x is hop$ t a m complete exam9ation ( ?is subject may be pres5t$ to ! public4 ,9 ! mean "t1 we may submit to m9]alogi/s & *emi/s1 :e!r if ?is is n a new m9]al1 x is n at lea/ a new association ( two m9]als be=e kn[n4 ,x has n be5 =gott5 t gold & silv] are frequ5tly comb9$ ) tellurium3 nei!r ( !m has1 h[ev]1 be5 discov]$1 7al?\gh s\ght aft] by prop] te/s7 dur+ ! above trials4 ,yale ,college1 ,m>*1 #ahai4 ,,art4 ,,xviii4 ,a ,sub/itute = ,w\lfe's or ,noo?'s ,app>atus1 by ,,rob]t ,,h>e1 ,m4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 & ,memb] ( v>i\s ,le>n$ & ,sci5tific ,societies4 ,) a ,plate4 ,few subjects h m occupi$ ! att5tion ( *emi/s1 ?an ! means ( impregnat+ fluids ) gase\s sub/ances4 ,! contrivances ( ,w\lfe & ,noo?1 especially ! =m]1 h be5 almo/ univ]sally us$2 & h ga9$ = ! inv5tors m]it$ celebrity4 ,v>i\s improvem5ts 9 ,w\lfe's bottles h be5 devis$4 ,/ill ,i believe an app>atus replete ) simil> advantages1 b less unwieldy1 less liable to fracture2 & hav+ few] junctures to make at ea* op]ation1 has be5 a great desid]atum ) e practical *emi/4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 ceas$ to be s ) me1 s9ce ,i contriv$ ! app>atus :i* ,i am ab\t to describe4 ,fig4 #a4 repres5ts #c j>s plac$ conc5trically )9 ea* o!r1 & s proportion$ & situat$1 z to admit #b op5-neck$ conc5tric bell glasses alt]nately betwe5 !m4 ,! neck ( ! ext]ior bell glass is introduc$ into ! tubulure ( ! receiv] above1 & receives ! neck ( ! int]ior bell glass4 ,into ?is is ins]t$ a trumpet-%ap$ tube4 ,! two int]ior j>s are furni%$ ) feet ,f1 f4 ,9 ord] to put ?is app>atus into op]ation1 remove 7)\t tak+ !m ap>t7 ! bell glasses1 receiv]1 & tube f ! j>s4 ,p\r into ! latt] ! fluid1 to be impregnat$1 till x rea*es ! height m>k$ by ! dots4 ,! funnel m\?1 m1 ( ! receiv] be+ provid$ ) a suitable cork soak$ 9 wax1 fa/5 into x firmly ! beak ( ! retort1 conta9+ ! g5]at+ mat]ials4 ,! bell glasses are !n to be replac$ 9 ! j>s1 & arrang$ z 9 ! figure4 ,x mu/ be self-evid5t t ! gas proce$+ f ! retort1 7if ! juncture at m be air tight7 mu/ press on ! fluid 9 ! inn]mo/ j>1 ?r\gh ! trumpet-%ap$ tube4 ,if n imbib$ ) adequate spe$1 x mu/ soon press on ! fluid at a1 caus+ x to subside to ! n>r[ "p ( ! foot f1 & ?us to expose a mu* l>g] surface4 ,if ! absorption be /ill inadequate1 a fur!r subsid5ce mu/ ensue1 & ! gas escap+ r\nd ! brim ( ! int]ior bell glass w act on ! fluid at b1 & enl>ge its surface by depress+ x to ! n>r[ "p ( ! foot ,f4 ,%\ld ! increas$ pressure & m ext5d$ contact ?us obta9$1 be /ill incompet5t to effect a complete absorption1 ! excess ( ! gas may escape r\nd ! brim ( ! ext]nal bell glass into ! atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #b4 ,drawn ,engrav$ by ,kneass1 ,"y ,co4 ,b s effectual is ?is process 9 promot+ impregnation1 t ,i h obta9$ /rong muriatic acid 9 ! c5tral j>1 )\t produc+ any s5sible acidity 9 ! outside "o4 ,absorption into ! retort or receiv]1 is prev5t$ by n all[+ z mu* fluid to be above ! m\? ( ! trumpet-%ap$ tube1 z w\ld be compet5t to fill ! cavity betwe5 x1 & ! t]m9ation ( ! op5 neck ( ! ext]ior bell glass at t4 ,z ?is neck rises ab\t #b or #c in*es into ! receiv]1 x prev5ts any f\l matt] :i* may cond5se or boil ov]1 f gett+ into ! j>s4 ,if practicable1 x w\ld be bett] t ! bell glasses1 & tube1 & receiv]1 %\ld be unit$ toge!r :ile hot1 at ! glass-h\se4 ,if all c\ld n be jo9$ 9 ?is way1 x w\ld /ill be advantage\s to unite ?us ! receiv]1 & ! ext]ior bell glass4 ,! int]ior bell & tube might !n be fa/5$ toge!r1 by gr9d+ or lut+4 ,z yet ,i h only us$ lut+s ( wax$ clo?1 or cork4 ,x may be prop] to po9t out1 t #c or m conc5tric bell glasses1 & #d or m j>s1 might be us$4 ,! union ( ! bells1 receiv]1 & tube once effect$1 x is h>dly m tr\blesome to use #c ?an #b4 ,:5 ! fluid 9 ! c5tral j> is saturat$1 ?is may be empti$ & repl5i%$ f ! middle j>1 ! latt] f ! ext]nal "o4 ,!n supply+ ! ext]nal j> anew1 ! process may be cont9u$4 ,! o!r figures are to expla9 an app>atus on ! same pr9ciple1 con/ruct$ ( holl[1 oblong p>alellopip$s1 diff]+ 9 l5g? m ?an 9 bread?2 s z to all[ a s]p5t9e tube to w9d into ! int]ior1 & deliv] gas "u a vessel %ap$ l a ,t4 ,fig4 #b4 repres5ts a v]tical section ( ! :ole z :5 situat$ = use4#gd ,fig4 #c4 a v]tical section ( ! l[] vessels only4 ,fig4 #d4 a v]tical section ( ! cov]s alone4 ,fig4 #e4 a horizontal section1 or gr\nd plan ( ! l[] vessels4 ,! upp] vessels are s proportion$ z to divide ! di/ances betwe5 ! l[] ones equally4 ,x may be well to m5tion1 t ?is app>atus1 f ! facility ) :i* x may be clean$ & inspect$ int]nally1 admits ( be+ made ( porcela9 or /one w>e4#ge ,i h _h a cyl9drical "o con/ruct$ ( ! latt] mat]ial1 9 :i* ! cov]s are 9 "o piece1 ) a tube 9 ! c5tre = introduc+ gas4 ,! app>atus may be made m efficaci\s1 by drill+ a s]ies ( small holes r\nd ! brims ( ! bell glasses or cov]s1 s z to cause ! gas1 in/ead ( pass+ r\nd ! brims 9 l>ge bubbles1 to divide itself into v small ones4 ,by ?is means x w be m ?or\ghly int]m+l$ ) fluid4 ,,art4 ,,xix4 ,a ,new ,!ory ( ,galvanism1 support$ by "s ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations made by means ( ! ,calorimotor1 a new ,galvanic ,in/rum5t4 ,read be=e ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia1#gf by ,,rob]t ,,h>e1 ,m4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 & ,memb] ( sev]al ,le>n$ ,societies4 7,) an ,engrav+47 ,i h = "s "t be5 ( op9ion t ! pr9ciple extricat$ by ! ,voltaic pile is a comp\nd ( caloric & electricity1 bo? be+ orig9al & collat]al products ( ,galvanic action4 ,! gr\nds ( ?is conviction & "s rec5t exp]im5ts confirm+ x1 are /at$ 9 ! foll[+ pap]4 ,x is well kn[n t heat is lib]at$ by ! ,voltaic app>atus1 9 a mann] & degree :i* has n be5 imitat$ by means ( me*anical electricity2 & t ! latt]1 :ile x /rikes at a great] di/ance1 & p]vades conductors ) mu* great] spe$1 c ) difficulty be made to effect ! slighte/ decompositions4 ,wolla/on1 x is true1 decompos$ wat] by means ( x2 b ! exp]im5t 0 p]=m$ ( necessity on a scale too m9ute to p]mit ( 8 asc]ta9+1 :e!r !re 7 any divell5t pol> attractions ex]cis$ t[>ds ! atoms1 z 9 ! case ( ! pile4 ,! result 0 probably caus$ by me*anical concussion1 or t process by :i* ! p>ticles ( matt] are disp]s$ :5 a batt]y is dis*>g$ ?r\gh !m4 ,! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,?omson1 t ! fluid ( ! pile is 9 quantity great]1 9 int5sity less1 ?an t evolv$ by ! ma*9e1 is v inconsi/5t ) ! exp]im5ts ( ! *emi/ above m5tion$1 :o1 be=e he c\ld effect ! sep>ation ( ! elem5ts ( wat] by me*anical electricity1 0 oblig$ to conf9e its emission to a po9t imp]ceptible to ! nak$ eye4 ,if already s highly int5se1 :]e=e ! necessity ( a fur!r conc5tration8 ,besides1 7 ! di/9ction made by ,dr4 ,?omson correct1 ! m conc5trat$ fluid g5]at$ by a galvanic app>atus ( a great _m small pairs1 ought mo/ to resemble t ( ! ord9>y electricity2 b ! opposite is ! case4 ,! ignition produc$ by a few l>ge ,galvanic plates1 :]e ! int5sity is ( c\rse l[1 is a result mo/ analog\s to ! *emical effects ( a common electrical batt]y4 ,accord+ to my view1 caloric & electricity may be di/+ui%$ by ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics4 ,! =m] p]meates all matt] m or less1 ?\gh ) v diff]5t degrees ( facility4 ,x radiates ?r\gh air1 ) immeasurable cel]ity1 & di/ribut+ itself 9 ! int]ior ( bodies1 communicates a reciprocally repell5t p[] to atoms1 b n to masses4 ,electricity does n radiate 9 or ?r\gh any matt]2 & :ile x p]vades "s bodies1 z metals1 ) almo/ inf9ite velocity2 by o!rs1 x is s f> f be+ conduct$1 t x c only pass ?r\gh !m by a fracture or p]=ation4 ,di/ribut+ itself ov] surfaces only1 x causes repulsion betwe5 masses1 b n betwe5 ! p>ticles ( ! same mass4 ,! disposition ( ! la/-m5tion$ pr9ciple to get (f by neighb\r+ conductors1 & ( ! o!r to comb9e ) ! adjo9+ matt]1 or to escape by radiation1 w\ld prev5t !m f be+ collect$ at ! positive pole1 if n 9 comb9ation ) ea* o!r4 ,7 x n = a modification ( _! prop]ties1 consequ5t to "s su* union1 !y c\ld n1 9 piles ( ?\s&s ( pairs1 be c>ri$ =w>d ?r\gh ! op5 air & moi/ure2 ! "o s well calculat$ to conduct away electricity1 ! o!r s fav\rable to ! radiation ( caloric4 ,pure electricity does n exp& ! slips ( gold-leaf1 betwe5 :i* x causes repulsion1 nor does caloric cause any repulsion 9 ! ignit$ masses :i* x exp&s4 ,b z ! comp\nd fluid extricat$ by ,galvanic action1 :i* ,i %all call electro-caloric1 di/ributes itself ?r\gh ! int]ior ( bodies1 & is evid5tly productive ( corpuscul> repulsion1 x is 9 ?is respect m alli$ to caloric ?an to electricity4 ,x is true1 t :5 common electricity causes ! deflagration ( metals1 z by ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j>1 x mu/ be suppos$ to ins9uate itself )9 !m1 & cause a reaction betwe5 _! p>ticles4 ,b 9 ?is case1 agreeably to my hypo!sis1 ! electric fluid comb9es ) ! lat5t caloric previ\sly exi/+ !re1 &1 add+ to its repulsive ag5cy1 causes x to ov]p[] cohesion4#gg ,sir ,humphry ,davy 0 s mu* at a loss to acc\nt = ! cont9u$ ignition ( wire at ! poles ( a ,voltaic app>atus1 t he consid]s x an objection to ! mat]iality ( heat2 s9ce ! wire c\ld n be imag9$ to conta9 suffici5t caloric to keep up ! emission ( ?is pr9ciple = an unlimit$ "t4 ,b if we conceive an accumulation ( heat to accompany t ( electricity ?r\gh\t ! s]ies1 & to be propagat$ f "o end to ! o!r1 ! explanation ( ! ph5om5on 9 "q is att5d$ by no difficulty4 ,! effect ( ! ,galvanic fluid on *>coal is v consi/5t ) my views1 s9ce1 next to metals1 x is "o ( ! be/ conductors ( electricity1 & ! wor/ ( heat1 & w\ld !re=e arre/ ! la/1 & all[ ! o!r to pass on4 ,?\gh peculi>ly liable to int5se ignition1 :5 expos$ betwe5 ! poles ( ! ,voltaic app>atus1 x seems to me x does n display ?is *>act]i/ic ) common electricity4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 :5 9 connexion ) ! positive pole1 & communicat+ by a plat9a wire ) ! negative pole1 ! latt] is less heat$ ?an :51 ) respect to ! poles1 ! situation ( ! wire & *>coal is rev]s$4 ,! rationale is obvi\s3 *>coal1 be+ a bad conductor1 & a good radiator1 prev5ts ! great] "p ( ! heat f rea*+ ! plat9a1 :5 plac$ betwe5 x & ! s\rce :5ce ! heat fl[s4 ,i _h obs]v$ t z ! numb] ( pairs 9 ,volta's pile _h be5 ext5d$1 & _! size & ! en]gy ( ! int]pos$ ag5ts less5$1 ! ratio ( ! electrical effects to ^? ( heat _h increas$2 till 9 ,de ,luc's column !y _h become completely pr$om9ant2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! pairs 7 made l>g] & few] 7z 9 ,*ildr5's app>atus7 ! calorific influ5ce _h ga9$ ! asc5dancy4 ,i 0 l$ to g f>!r 9 ?is way1 & to exam9e :e!r "o pair ( plates ( enorm\s size1 or :at might be equival5t !reto1 w\ld n exhibit heat m purely1 & demon/rate x1 equally ) ! electric fluid1 a prim>y product ( ,galvanic comb9ations4 ,! elem5t>y batt]y ( ,wolla/on1 ?\gh productive ( an evanesc5t ignition1 0 too m9ute to all[ him to make ! obs]vations :i* ,i _h 9 view4 ,tw5ty copp] & tw5ty z9c plates1 ab\t n9ete5 in*es squ>e1 7 support$ v]tically 9 a frame1 ! diff]5t metals alt]nat+ at "o half in* di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,all ! plates ( ! same k9d ( metal 7 sold]$ to a common slip1 s t ea* set ( homog5e\s plates =m$ "o cont9u\s metallic sup]ficies4 ,:5 ! copp] & z9c surfaces1 ?us =m$1 are unit$ by an int]v5+ wire1 & ! :ole imm]g$ 9 an acid1 or aceto-sal9e solution1 9 a vessel devoid ( p>titions1 ! wire becomes int5sely ignit$2 & :5 hydrog5 is lib]at$ x usually takes fire1 produc+ a v beautiful undulat+1 or coruscat+ flame4 ,i am confid5t1 t if ,volta & ! o!r inve/igators ( ,galvanism1 in/ead ( multiply+ ! pairs ( ,galvanic plates1 _h s\ght to increase ! effect by enl>g+ "o pair z ,i h done1 7= ,i consid] ! copp] & z9c surfaces z r$uc$ to two by ! connexion7 ! app>atus w\ld h be5 consid]$ z pres5t+ a new mode ( evolv+ heat1 z a prim>y effect indep5d5tly ( electrical influ5ce4 ,!re is no o!r indication ( electricity :5 wires f ! two surfaces t\* ! tongue1 ?an a slight ta/e1 su* z is excit$ by small pieces ( z9c & silv] laid on x & "u x1 & br\ght into contact ) ea* o!r4 ,x 0 ) a view ( exam9+ ! effects ( ! proximity & alt]nation 9 ! het]og5e\s plates t ,i _h !m cut into sep>ate squ>es4 ,by hav+ !m ?us divid$1 ,i h be5 enabl$ to asc]ta9 t :5 all ( "o k9d ( metal are rang$ on "o side ( ! frame1 & all ( ! o!r k9d on ! o!r side ( x1 ! effect is no great] ?an might be expect$ f "o pair ( plates4 ,volta1 consid]+ ! *anges consequ5t to 8 contrivance z ! effect ( a movem5t 9 ! electric fluid1 call$ ! process electro-motion1 & ! plates produc+ x electro-motors4 ,b ! ph5om5a %[ t ! plates1 z ,i h arrang$ !m1 are calori-motors1 or heat mov]s1 & ! effect calori-motion4 ,t ?is is a new view ( ! subject1 may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ passage 9 ,davy's ,elem5ts4 ,t great *emi/ obs]ves1 ,:5 v small conduct+ surfaces are us$ = convey+ v l>ge quantities ( electricity1 !y become ignit$2 & ( ! diff]5t conductors t h be5 comp>$1 *>coal is mo/ easily heat$ by electrical dis*>ges1#gh next iron1 plat9a1 gold1 !n copp]1 & la/ly1 z9c4 ,! ph5om5a ( electrical ignition1 :e!r tak+ place 9 gase\s1 fluid1 or solid bodies1 always seem to be ! result ( a viol5t ex]tion ( ! electrical attractive & repell5t p[]s1 :i* may be connect$ ) motions ( ! p>ticles ( ! sub/ances affect$4 ,t no subtile fluid1 su* z ! matt] ( heat has be5 imag9$ to be1 c be dis*>g$ f ^! sub/ances1 9 consequ5ce ( ! effect ( ! electricity1 seems probable1 f ! circum/ance1 t a wire ( plat9a may be pres]v$ 9 a /ate ( int5se ignition 9 vacuo1 by means ( ! ,voltaic app>atus1 = an unlimit$ "t2 & su* a wire _c be suppos$ to conta9 an inexhau/ible quantity ( subtile matt]4 ,b ,i dem& :]e are ! repell5t & attractive p[]s to :i* ! ignition produc$ by ! ,calorimotor c be attribut$8 ,besides1 ,i w\ld beg leave respectfully to inquire ( ?is illu/ri\s au?or1 :5ce ! necessity ( consid]+ ! heat evolv$ "u ! circum/ances allud$ to z ! effect ( ! electrical fluid2 or :y we may n z well suppose ! latt] to be excit$ by ! heat8 ,x is evid5t1 z he obs]ves1 t a wire _c be suppos$ to conta9 an inexhau/ible supply ( matt] h[ev] subtile2 b :]e=e may n "o k9d ( subtile matt] be suppli$ to x f ! app>atus z well z ano!r2 especially1 :5 to suppose su* a supply is q z inconsi/5t ) ! *>act]i/ics ( pure electricity1 z ) ^? ( pure caloric8 ,x is evid5t f ,mr4 ,*ildr5's pap] 9 ! ,annals ( ,philosophy1 on ! subject ( 8 l>ge app>atus1 t ! ignition produc$ by x 0 ascrib$ to electrical excitem5t4 ,= ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! necessity ( ! alt]nation & proximity ( ! copp] & z9c plates1 x has be5 m5tion$ t di/9ct squ>e %eets 7 employ$4 ,! exp]im5ts h s9ce be5 repeat$ & f\nd to succe$ by ,dr4 ,patt]son & ,mr4 ,luk5s1 by means ( two cont9u\s %eets1 "o ( z9c1 ! o!r ( copp]1 w\nd into two conc5tric coils or spirals4 ,?is1 ?\gh ! circum/ance 0 n kn[n to !m1 0 ! =m ,i _h myself propos$ to adopt1 & _h sugge/$ z conv5i5t = a ,galvanic app>atus to sev]al fri5ds at ! beg9n+ ( ! w9t]2#gi ?\gh ! consid]ation above /at$ induc$ me to pref] = a fir/ exp]im5t a m manageable arrangem5t4 ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 ,i f9d t :51 9 ! app>atus ( tw5ty copp] & tw5ty z9c plates1 t5 copp] plates on "o side are connect$ ) t5 z9c on ! o!r1 & a communication made betwe5 ! rema9+ tw5ty by a piece ( iron wire1 ab\t ! eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ! wire ent]s into a vivid /ate ( combu/ion on ! imm]sion ( ! plates4 ,plat9a wire equal to ,no4 #ah 7! l>ge/ ,i _h at h&7 is rapidly fus$ if sub/itut$ = ! iron4 ,?is arrangem5t is equival5t to a batt]y ( two l>ge ,galvanic pairs2 except+ t !re is no insulation1 all ! plates be+ plung$ 9 "o vessel4 ,i h usually sep>at$ ! pairs by a bo>d1 ext5d+ across ! frame m]ely4 ,inde$1 :5 ! =ty plates 7 successively associat$ 9 pairs1 ( copp] & z9c1 ?\gh susp5d$ 9 a fluid held 9 a common recipi5t )\t p>titions2 !re 0 consid]able int5sity ( ,galvanic action4 ,?is %[s t1 indep5d5tly ( any p[] ( conduct+ electricity1 !re is "s movem5t 9 ! solv5t fluid :i* t5ds to c>ry =w>d ! ,galvanic pr9ciple f ! copp] to ! z9c end ( ! s]ies4 ,i inf] t electro-caloric is communicat$ 9 ?is case by circulation1 & t 9 non-ela/ic fluids ! same difficulty exi/s z to its retrocession f ! positive to ! negative end ( ! s]ies1 z is f\nd 9 ! d[nw>d passage ( caloric ?r\gh !m4 ,x ought to be m5tion$1 t ! connect+ wire %\ld be plac$ betwe5 ! het]og5e\s surfaces be=e _! imm]sion1 z ! mo/ int5se ignition takes place imm$iately aft]w>d4 ,if ! connexion be made aft] ! plates are imm]s$1 ! effect is mu* less p[]ful2 & sometimes aft] two or ?ree imm]sions ! app>atus loses its p[]1 ?\gh ! action ( ! solv5t %\ld become 9 ! int]im mu* m viol5t4 ,)\t any *ange 9 ! latt]1 aft] ! plates h be5 = "s "t susp5d$ 9 ! air1 !y rega9 _! efficacy4 ,i _h obs]v$ 9 a ,galvanic pile ( ?ree hundr$ pairs ( two in*es squ>e1 a l consequ5ce result+ f a simultane\s imm]sion ( ! :ole4#hj ,! b>s hold+ ! plates 7 balanc$ by weights1 z w9d[-sa%es are1 s t all ! plates c\ld be v quickly dipp$4 ,a plat9a wire1 ,no4 #ah1 0 fus$ into a globule1 :ile ! evolution ( potassium 0 demon/rat$ by a rose-col\r$ flame aris+ f "s pota% :i* _h be5 plac$ betwe5 ! poles4 ,! heat h[ev] dim9i%$ 9 a few seconds1 ?\gh ! great] extrication ( hydrog5 f ! plates indicat$ a m int5se *emical action4 ,agreeably to an obs]vation ( ,dr4 ,patt]son1 electrical excitem5t may be detect$ 9 ! app>atus by ! cond5s+ electroscope2 b ?is is no m ?an :at ,volta obs]v$ to be ! consequ5ce ( ! contact ( het]og5e\s metals4 ,! ?9ne/ piece ( *>coal int]cepts ! calorific ag5t1 :atev] x may be4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ?is1 ! inside ( a holl[ brass cyl9d]1 hav+ ! int]nal diamet] two in*es1 & ! outside ( ano!r small] cyl9d] ( ! same sub/ance1 7 made conical & correspond5t1 s t ! great] w\ld conta9 ! less1 & leave an int]/ice ( ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* betwe5 !m4 ,?is int]/ice 0 fill$ ) wood1 by plugg+ ! l>g] cyl9d] ) ?is mat]ial1 & excavat+ ! plug till x w\ld p]mit ! small] brass cyl9d] to be driv5 94 ,! excavation & ! fitt+ ( ! cyl9d]s 0 p]=m$ accurately by means ( a turn+ la!4 ,! wood 9 ! int]/ice 0 !n *>r$ by expos+ ! :ole cov]$ by s& 9 a crucible to a r$ heat4 ,! *>coal1 not)/&+ ! %r9kage consequ5t to ! fire1 0 br\ght into complete contact ) ! inclos+ metallic surfaces by press+ ! int]ior cyl9d] fur!r into ! ext]ior "o4 ,?us prep>$1 ! int]ior cyl9d] be+ made to t\* "o ( ! ,galvanic surfaces1 a wire br\ght f ! o!r ,galvanic surface into contact ) ! outside cyl9d]1 0 n affect$ 9 ! lea/1 ?\gh ! slighte/ t\* ( ! int]ior "o caus$ ignition4 ,! contact ( ! *>coal ) ! conta9+ metals probably took place ?r\gh\t a sup]ficies ( f\r squ>e in*es1 & ! wire 0 n mu* m ?an ! hundr$? "p ( an in* ?ick1 s t unless x 7 to conduct electricity ab\t =ty ?\s& times bett] ?an ! *>coal1 x ought to h be5 heat$2 if ! calorific influ5ce ( ?is app>atus result f electrical excitem5t4 ,i am l$ f9ally to suppose1 t ! contact ( dissimil> metals1 :5 subject$ to ! action ( solv5ts1 causes a movem5t 9 caloric z well z 9 ! electric fluid1 & t ! ph5om5a ( ,galvanism1 ! unlimit$ evolution ( heat by friction1 ! extrication ( gase\s matt] )\t ! production ( cold1 might all be expla9$ by suppos+ a comb9ation betwe5 ! fluids ( heat & electricity4 ,we f9d sc>cely any two k9ds ( pond]able matt] :i* d n ex]cise m or less aff9ity t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,moreov]1 impond]able p>ticles are suppos$ highly attractive ( pond]able ones4 ,:y !n %\ld we n inf] ! exi/5ce ( simil> aff9ities betwe5 impond]able p>ticles reciprocally8 ,t a peculi> comb9ation betwe5 heat & light exi/s 9 ! sol> beams1 is evid5t f _! n imp>t+ w>m? to a l5s ?r\gh :i* !y may pass1 z d ^? ( our cul9>y fires4 ,"u ?is view ( ! case1 ! action ( ! poles 9 ,galvanic decomposition is "o ( complex aff9ity4 ,! p>ticles ( comp\nds are attract$ to ! diff]5t wires agreeably to _! susceptibilities to ! positive & negative attraction1 & ! caloric leav+ ! electric fluid ) :i* x _h be5 comb9$1 unites ) !m at ! mom5t t _! electric /ate is neutraliz$4 ,z an excit+ fluid1 ,i h usually employ$ a solution ( "o "p sulphuric acid1 & two p>ts muriate ( soda ) sev5ty ( wat]2 b1 to my surprise1 ,i h produc$ ne>ly a :ite heat by an alkal9e solution b>ely s5sible to ! ta/e4 ,= ! display ( ! heat effects1 ! addition ( manganese1 r$ lead1 or ! nitrates1 is advantage\s4 ,! rationale is obvi\s4 ,! oxyg5 ( ^! sub/ances prev5ts ! lib]ation ( ! gase\s hydrog51 :i* w\ld c>ry (f ! caloric4 ,add+ to dilut$ muriatic acid1 :ile act+ on z9c1 en\gh r$ lead to prev5t eff]vesc5ce1 ! temp]ature rose f #gj to #aaj ,fahr5heit4 ,! p[] ( ! calorimotor is mu* increas$ by hav+ ! communication betwe5 ! diff]5t %eets =m$ by v l>ge /rips or masses ( metal4 ,obs]v+ ?is1 ,i r5d]$ ! %eets ( copp] %ort] by half an in*1 = a di/ance ( f\r in*es ( _! edges1 :]e ! communication 0 to be made betwe5 ! z9c %eets2 &1 vice v]sa1 ! z9c 0 made 9 ! same way %ort] ?an ! copp] %eets :]e ^! 7 to communicate ) ea* o!r4 ,! edges ( ! %ort5$ %eets be+ def5d$ by /rips ( wood1 t9 0 ca/ on ! int]m$iate protrud+ edges ( ! long] ones1 s z to embrace a portion ( ea* equal to ab\t "o qu>t] ( an in* by f\r in*es4 ,on "o side1 ! t9 0 made to run completely across1 connect+ at ! same "t t5 copp] & t5 z9c %eets4 ,on ! o!r side !re 0 an int]/ice ( above a qu>t] ( an in* left betwe5 ! /ratum ( t9 embrac+ ! copp]1 & t embrac+ ! z9c plates4 ,on ea* ( ! approa*+ t]m9ations ( ! connect+ t9 /rata 0 sold]$ a k9d ( =ceps1 =m$ ( a b5t piece ( %eet brass1 furni%$ ) a screw = press+ ! jaws toge!r4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! diff]5t =ceps 0 ab\t two in*es4 ,! advantage ( a v close contact 0 made v evid5t by ! action ( ! screws2 ! relaxation or increase ( pressure on ! connect+ wire by turn+ !m be+ productive ( a correspond5t *ange 9 ! int5sity ( ignition4 ,x n[ rema9s to /ate1 t by means ( iron ignit$ 9 ?is app>atus1 a fix$ alkali may be decompos$ extemporane\sly4#ha ,if a connect+ iron wire1 :ile 9 combu/ion1 be t\*$ by ! hydrate ( pota%1 ! evolution ( potassium is demon/rat$ by a rose-col\r$ flame4 ,! alkali may be appli$ to ! wire 9 small pieces 9 a flat hook ( %eet iron4 ,b ! be/ mode ( application is by means ( a tray made by d\bl+ a slip ( %eet iron at ! ends1 & leav+ a receptacle 9 ! c5tre1 9 :i* ! pota% may be plac$ cov]$ ) fil+s4 ,?is tray be+ sub/itut$ = ! connect+ wire1 z soon z ! imm]sion ( ! app>atus causes ! metal to burn1 ! rose-col\r$ flame appe>s1 & if ! residuum left 9 ! %eet iron be aft]w>d ?r[n into wat]1 an eff]vesc5ce sometimes ensues4 ,i h asc]ta9$ t an iron heat$ to combu/ion1 by a blacksmi?'s =ge fire1 w cause ! decomposition ( ! hydrate ( pota%4 ,! dim5sions ( ! ,calorimotor may be mu* r$uc$ )\t proportionably dim9i%+ ! effect4 ,i h "o ( sixty plates )9 a cubic foot1 :i* burns (f ,no4 #af1 iron wire4 ,a good workman c\ld get #abj plates ( a foot squ>e )9 a holl[ cube ( a size no l>g]4 ,b ! inflammation ( ! hydrog5 :i* gives s mu* spl5d\r to ! exp]im5t1 c only be exhibit$ advantage\sly on a l>ge scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,,calorimet] ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d4 ,drawn ,engrav$ by ,kneass1 ,"y ,co4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,plate4 ,a a1 ,fig4 #a/1 two cubical vessels1 #bj in*es squ>e1 inside4 b b b b a frame ( wood conta9+ #bj %eets ( copp]1 & #bj %eets ( z9c1 alt]nat+ ) ea* o!r1 & ab\t half an in* ap>t4 ,t ,t t t masses ( t9 ca/ ov] ! protrud+ edges ( ! %eets :i* are to communicate ) ea* o!r4 ,fig4 #b1 repres5ts ! mode 9 :i* ! junction betwe5 ! v>i\s %eets & t9 masses is effect$4 ,betwe5 ! lett]s z z1 ! z9c only is 9 contact ) ! t9 masses4 ,betwe5 c c ! copp] alone t\*es4 ,x may be obs]v$1 t1 at ! back ( ! frame1 t5 %eets ( copp] betwe5 c c1 & t5 %eets ( z9c betwe5 z z1 are made to communicate1 by a common mass ( t9 ext5d+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! frame1 betwe5 ,t ,t3 b 9 front1 z 9 fig4 #a1 !re is an int]/ice betwe5 ! mass ( t9 connect+ ! t5 copp] %eets1 & t connect+ ! t5 z9c %eets4 ,! screw =ceps1 app]ta9+ to ea* ( ! t9 masses1 may be se5 on ei!r side ( ! int]/ice3 & likewise a wire = ignition held betwe5 !m4 ,! application ( ! rope1 pulley1 & weights1 is obvi\s4 ,! swivel at ,s p]mits ! frame to be swung r\nd & l[]$ into wat] 9 ! vessel a1 to wa% (f ! acid1 :i*1 aft] imm]sion 9 ! o!r vessel1 might cont9ue to act on ! %eets1 encru/+ !m ) oxide4 ,betwe5 p p !re is a wood5 p>tition :i* is n necess>y1 ?\gh x may be b5eficial4 ,fig4 #c1 repres5ts an app>atus allud$ to1 page #dai4 ,x consi/s ( a c\ronne des tasses1 r$uc$ to a =m no less compact ?an t ( ! tr\gh4 ,holl[ p>allelopip$s ( glass are sub/itut$ = tumbl]s or cells4 ,! plates are susp5d$ to b>s c\nt]pois$ l w9d[-sa%es4 ,! advantages are z foll[s4 ,! mat]ial is "o ( ! be/ non-conductors1 is easily cleans$1 & is ! mo/ imp]vi\s to solv5ts4 ,! fracture ( "o ( ! cups is easily rem$i$ by a sup]num]>y4 ,!y may be procur$ 7z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 :]e porcela9 _c be _h4 ,! %ock f #cjj pairs is su* z few w take a second "t4 ,"s ( ! effects h already be5 /at$4#hb ,at ,fig4 #d1 "o ( ! holl[ glass p>allelopip$s on an enl>g$ scale is repres5t$4 ,,ma!matics4 ,,art4 ,,xx4 ,an improv$ ,me?od ( obta9+ ! ,=mul = ! ,s9es & ,cos9es ( ! ,sum & ,diff]5ce ( two ,arcs1 by ,,pr(essor ,,/rong1 ( ,hamilton ,college4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! circle ,,abcd let ,,ab & ,,bc d5ote any two arcs contigu\s to ea* o!r4 ,draw _! limit+ diamet]s ,aa1 ,cc2 _! s9es ,bx1 ,by2 & jo9 x1 y4 ,!n w xy s9e ( 7,,ab ,,bc73 = if ^u ,,ob z a diamet] we describe a circle1 x w manife/ly pass ?r\gh ! po9ts x & y1 7s9ce ! angles ,ox,b1 ,oy,b are "r1 see ,euc4 #ca4 #c47 !re=e ,ox,by is a quadrilat]al inscrib$ 9 a circle describ$ on ,,ob z a diamet]1 & ! angle y,ox at ! circumf]5ce /&s ^u an arc ^: *ord is xy4 ,aga91 if f a we draw ad p]p5dicul> to ,cc1 x w be ! s9e ( ! arc ac 7 ,,ab ,,bc74 ,if n[ we describe a circle on a,o z diamet]1 x w pass ?r\gh d1 7see ,euc4 #ca4 #c47 !re=e ad is ! *ord ( an arc on :i* ! angle a,oc /&s 9 ! circle describ$ on a,o4 ,b 9 equal circles ! *ords ( arcs on :i* equal angles at ! c5tres or circumf]5ces /& are equal2 7see ,euc4 #bf4 & #bi4 #c47 h5ce xy ad s97,,ab ,,bc74 ,n[ s9e ,ox,by is a quadrilat]al inscrib$ 9 ! circle describ$ on ,,ob z diamet]1 we %all h 7,euc4 ,d4 #f47 ,,ob xy ,bx ,oy ,by ,ox sin,a,b cos,c,b sin,c,b cos,a,b4 ,if ,,ob be d5ot$ by r1 we %all h xy1 or s97,,ab ,,bc7 7sin,a,b cos,c,b sin,c,b cos,a,b7_/r4 ,if ,,ab ,a1 ,,bc ,b1 & ! radius r #a1 s97,a ,b7 sin,a ,cos,b sin,b cos,a2 :i* is ! kn[n =mula = ! s9e ( ! sum ( two arcs1 to ! radius #a4 ,aga91 if ?r\gh ,o we draw ! diamet] ,,de p]p5dicul> to ,aa1 !n w ,,dc be ! complem5t ( 7,,ab ,,bc74 ,draw ,cp1 ! s9e ( ,,dc cos7,,ab ,,bc74 ,?r\gh ,b draw ! diamet] ,bb2 f b1 draw ! s9es bz1 br1 ( ! arcs bc1 b,e respectively1 & jo9 z1 r4 ,!n by describ+ two circles1 "o on b,o z diamet]1 ! o!r on ,,oc1 x may be prov$ z be=e t ! circle describ$ on b,o passes ?r\gh ! po9ts z & r1 & t ! circle describ$ on ,,co passes ?r\gh p3 & h5ce1 by ! same reason+ z be=e1 zr ,cp cos7,,ab ,,bc74 ,n[ ,obzr be+ a quadrilat]al inscrib$ 9 ! circle describ$ on b,o1 we h 7by ! prop4 be=e cit$7 b,o zr ,or bz br ,oz2 & h5ce b,o zr br ,oz - ,or bz4 ,b br s9e arc b,e s9e arc ,,bd2 & s9ce ,,bd is ! complem5t ( ,,ab1 br cos,a,b4 ,9 l mann] ,oz cos,b,c1 ,or sin,a,b1 & bz sin,b,c2 h5ce by sub/itution1 b,o zr cos,a,b cos,b,c - sin,a,b sin,b,c4 ,by us+ ! same notation z be=e1 we h cos7,a ,b7 7cos,a cos,b - sin,a sin,b7_/r 7if r #a7 cos,a cos,b - sin,a sin,b1 :i* is ! kn[n =mula = ! cos9e ( ! sum ( two arcs4 ,! same con/ruction w answ] = ! two rema9+ cases3 = if we suppose t b,e & bc are two arcs1 !n w c,e be _! diff]5ce1 & zr ! s9e ( c,e1 z prov$ above2 h5ce zr 7 s97b,e - bc77 7br ,oz - ,or bz7_/b,o4 ,b br s9b,e1 & ,or its cos9e2 & bz s9e bc1 & ,oz its cos41 h5ce if b,e be d5ot$ by a1 bc by b1 & ,ob z be=e1 !n w s97a - b7 7s9a cosb - s9b cosa7_/r 7if r #a7 s9a cosb - s9b cosa4 ,aga91 ,,ab ,,bc is ! complem5t ( ,,dc or c,e2 h5ce by ! fir/ "p ( ! above inve/igation1 xy s97,,ab ,,bc7 cosc,e3 b xy or s97,a ,b7 cos7a - b7 7sin,a cos,b sin,b cos,a7_/r2 & z sin,a or ,,ab cos,b,d cosb,e1 ,ox cos,a or ,,ab sin,b,d s9b,e1 ,by bz s9bc1 & ,oy ,oz cosbc1 we %all h1 by sub/itution1 cos7a - b7 7cosa cosb s9a s9b7_/r1 7if r #a7 cosa cosb s9a s9b4 ,f :at has be5 said x appe>s1 t if ,a & ,b be any two arcs1 ( :i* ,a is ! greate/1 !n ,s97,a ,b7 7sin,a cos,b sin,b cos,a7_/r2 ,cos7,a ,b7 7cos,a cos,b sin,a sin,b7_/r4 ,:5 ! radius r is suppos$ #a1 ! d5om9ators 9 ^! =mul disappe>4 ,9 ! latt]1 ,a & ,b are us$ = a & b1 = ! sake ( homog5eity4 ,! propriety ( ?is is manife/2 = z a & b d5ote two indef9ite arcs1 ! same reason+ w apply to ,a & ,b1 z to a & b1 ! fir/ be+ suppos$ 9 ea* case ! greate/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ ,diophant9e ,problem 0 propos$ = solution "s mon?s ago 9 a ,p]iodical ,j\rnal1 :i* has s9ce be5 discont9u$4 ,to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 speculations ( ?is nature1 we presume t ! foll[+ solution1 =w>d$ by ,pr(essor ,,/rong1 ( ,hamilton ,college1 w n be unacceptable4 ,,problem4 ,to f9d ?ree positive rational ,numb]s1 x1 y1 & z1 su* t x#b - y1 x#b - z1 y#b - x1 & y#b - z may all be squ>es4 ,assume x - ay = ! root ( ! squ>e x#b - y3 !n x#b - y 7x - ay7#b1 :5ce x 7a#by #a7_/b;a4 ,9 l mann]1 by assum+ x - bz = ! root ( ! squ>e x#b - z1 we f9d z 7#b;bx - #a7_/;b#b4 ,b y#b - x y#b - 7a#by #a7_/b;a1 7s9ce x 7a#by #a7_/b;a72 & z ?is is to be made a squ>e1 assume y - c77a#by #a7_/b;a7 = its root2 :5ce1 by proce$+ z be=e1 we f9d y 7#b;a c#b7_/7d;ca - a#b;c#b74 ,b x 7a#by #a7_/b;a 7by sub/itut+ = y its value7 7a#b #b;c7_/7#d;ca - c#b;a#b74 ,aga9 z 7#b;bx - #a7_/;b#b 7by sub/itut+ = x its value7 #b;b77a#b #b;c7_/7#d;ca - c#b;a#b77 - #a_/;b#b2 h5ce y#b - z 77#b;a c#b7_/7d;ca - c#b;a#b77b b#b - #b;b77a#b #b;c7_/7#d;ca - c#b;a#b77 #a_/;b#b 7by sub/itut+ = y & z _! values27 & z ?is also is to be made a squ>e1 assume = its root 7be - #a7_/;b4 ,!n we %all h 77#b;a c#b7_/7d;ca - c#b;a#b77b b#b - #b;b77a#b #b;c7_/7#d;ca - c#b;a#b77 #a 7be - #a7b2 f :i*1 by r$uction1 b #b e7#d;ca - c#b;a#b7b - 7a#b #b;c77#d;ca - c#b;a#b7 _/ e#b7d;ca - c#b;a#b7b - 7#b;a c#b7b4 ,h5ce ! values ( ! requir$ numb]s are z foll[s3 z 7#b;bx - #a7_/;b#b1 79 :i* ! value ( b is to be f\nd f ! la/ equation17 x 7a#b #b;c7_/7#d;ca - c#b;a#b71 & y 7#b;a c#b7_/7d;ca - c#b;a#b74 ,! numb]s a1 c1 & e1 are to be s assum$ t x1 y1 & z may come out positive4 ,if a #a1 c #b1 & e #b1 !n w x #e_/d1 y #c_/b1 & z #ad_/i1 :i* numb]s w be f\nd ^u trial to satisfy ! "q4 ,x may also be obs]v$ t c & a be+ positive1 ca mu/ n exce$ #d2 b ! =m ( ! above expressions = x1 y1 z1 w be suffici5t to direct u h[ a1 c1 & e1 are to be assum$4 ,,miscellane\s4 ,,art4 ,,xxi4 ,an ,acc\nt ( sev]al ,anci5t ,m\nds1 & ( two ,caves1 9 ,ea/ ,t5nessee1 by ,,mr4 ,,john ,,h5ry ,,ka91 ( ,knoxville4 7,communicat$ = ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 c47 ,m\nds4 ,on ! plantation ( ,mr4 ,john ,ka9 ( ,knox c\nty1 ne> ! nor? bank ( ! ,hol/on ,riv]1 #e miles above its junction ) ! ,fr5* ,broad1 is a curi\s collection ( m\nds ( e>?1 evid5tly ! "w ( art1 b ( an almo/ ant$iluvian antiquity1 if we may =m any conjecture ( _! age1 f t ( ! =e/ :i* gr[s ar\nd & ^u !m4 ,!y are ab\t half a doz5 9 numb]1 & arise on ab\t half an acre ( level gr\nd )\t any seem+ regul>ity4 ,!y are pyramidal 9 _! %ape1 or r sections ( pyramids1 ^: bases are f #aj to #cj paces 9 diamet]4 ,! l>ge/ "o 9 ?is gr\p rises ab\t #aj feet above ! level gr\nd1 & is rem>kably regul> 9 its figure4 ,a p]p5dicul> section ( ?is m\nd 0 made ab\t a ye> s9ce1 b no important discov]y 0 made4 ,x 0 f\nd to consi/ ( ! surface ?r[n up1 & conta9$ a good deal ( a%es & *>coal4 ,?is gr\p ( m\nds is surr\nd$ by a dit*1 :i* c be di/9ctly trac$ on ?ree sides1 & enclos+ besides ! m\nds1 sev]al acres ( gr\nd4 ,x is l ! m\nds cov]$ ) trees1 :i* gr[ 9 x & ab\t x4 ,at e angle ( ?is dit*1 x sweeps out into a semicircle1 & x appe>s 9 _m respects well calculat$ = def5ce4 ,!re are _m o!r m\nds ( ! same =m 9 ,t5nessee4 ,at ! junction ( ! ,fr5* ,broad ) ! ,hol/on1 !re is "o 9 :i* human bones are said to h be5 f\nd4 ,f>!r up ,fr5* ,broad1 ne> ,newport1 is a v l>ge m\nd4 ,x reposes on a v level & ext5sive pla91 & is itself ! l>ge/ ,i ev] saw4 ,x is ?irty feet high1 & its base cov]s half an acre ( gr\nd4 ,z x asc5ds f its base1 !re is a slight incl9ation f a p]p5dicul> on all sides1 & ! upp] surface is z level z ! re/ is regul>4 ,f ! great size ( ?is m\nd1 its comm&+ situation1 & ! my/]y :i* veils its hi/ory1 x is a mo/ int]e/+ spot ( gr\nd4 ,!re are _m o!r m\nds ( ?is description 9 ! ,/ate ( ,t5nessee1 b ,i h n visit$ !m4 ,?\gh n imm$iately connect$ ) ?is subject1 ,i take ! lib]ty to subjo9 an acc\nt ( a rem>kable cave or grotto1 9 a bluff ( lime/one1 on ! s\? bank ( ! ,hol/on ,riv]1 opposite ! m\nds fir/ describ$4 ,! bluff is p]haps #ajj feet high & #ej wide4 ,! grotto is a l>ge natural excavation ( ! rock1 #fj feet high & #cj feet wide4 ,x is v irregul>1 & to ! v top be>s m>ks ( ! attrition ( waves4 ,! riv] to h be5 s high1 mu/ h cov]$ ! valley ?r\gh :i* x n[ w9ds its quiet way4 ,! excavation gradually dim9i%es 9 size z y proce$ backw>d1 till at #ajj feet f ! entrance1 x t]m9ates4 ,a rem>kable projection ( ! rock divides ! back "p into two /ories4 ,?is grotto1 ^: walls are hung ) ivy1 & ! bluff cr[n$ ) c$>s1 & surr\nd$ by an ag$ =e/1 on :i* ! v9e clamb]s mo/ luxuriantly1 view$ f ! riv] :i* w9ds sl[ly ar\nd x1 & reflects its image1 is m ?an beautiful3 x is ev5 v5]able4 ,b :at r5d]s x mo/ int]e/+ to _m visitors1 is a numb] ( rude pa9t+s1 :i* 71 z tradition reports1 left on x by ! ,*]okee ,indians4 ,^! ,indians are kn[n to h made ?is cave a re/+-place1 z !y pass$ up & d[n ! ,riv] ,hol/on4 ,^! pa9t+s are /ill di/9ct1 ?\gh !y h fad$ some:at )9 my remembrance4 ,!y consi/ ( repres5tations ( ! sun & moon1 ( a man1 ( birds1 fi%es1 c4 ,!y are all ( r$ pa9t1 & resemble 9 ?is respect1 ! pa9t+s on ,pa9t ,rock ne> ! w>m spr+s4 ,mu* has be5 said ( ! objects ( curiosity 9 ! c\ntry nor? ( u2 & ,i took ! lib]ty to describe "s ( !m 9 my prec$+ communication4 ,inde$ we may say1 )\t dang] ( exagg]ation1 t ! range ( ,alleghany ,m\nta9s pres5ts a v>iety ( ! mo/ curi\s features1 & _m objects ( beauty & sublimity4 ,i h notic$ a few ( ! mo/ prom95t1 b ! half is n told4 ,extract ( a ,lett]1 c4 ,knoxville1 ,nov4 #bd1 #ahah4 ,i 0 on a visit to a fri5d a few days s9ce1 ab\t #cj miles to ! nor? ( ?is1 & 0 invit$ by him to visit an int]e/+ curiosity 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,we cross$ ! ,clyn* ,riv] :]e x is mu* conf9$ by m\nta9s1 & banks z high z m\nta9s4 ,our guide conduct$ u to ! foot ( a /eep declivity1 :]e we left our horses1 & ) "s difficulty asc5d$ ab\t #gj y>ds4 ,"h we came to ! m\? ( a cave :i* _h be5 /opp$ up by a /one wall4 ,! wall 0 made ( lime/one & mort>1 :i* is n[ h>d] ?an ! /one itself4 ,x is1 )\t a d\bt1 artificial1 = besides ! evid5ce af=d$ by its /ructure1 x conta9s bones & animal rema9s4 ,:at 0 ?is wall built =8 ,!re 0 a tradition among ! inhabitants t x conta9$ money1 & !y 7 mu* disappo9t$ on op5+ x1 n to f9d any4 ,l o!r caves1 x conta9s a v>iety ( calc>e\s concretions1 & ,i obta9$ "s f9e specim5s ( br[n sp>1 :i* ,i w take ! fir/ opportunity to s5d y4 ,i rema9 y\r ,fri5d1 ,,john ,h4 ,,ka94 ,n4 ,b4 ,?is wall is #aj feet ?ick4 ,= ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 c4 ,,b5jam9 ,,silliman1 ,,esq4 ,de> ,sir1 ,%\ld y ?9k ! facts detail$ 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t wor?y ( publication1 y are at lib]ty to publi% !m4 ,! k ( ! fir/1 ,i d]iv$ 9 ! ye> #ahjb1 f a g5tleman & a lady1 bo? inhabitants ( ! t[n :]e ! p]son ^: case is detail$1 liv$3 ( ! ?ird 9 #ahjb1 f ! same lady3 & ( ! second 9 #ahjb1 f a lady1 a ne> relative ( ,mrs4 ,s4 ,:5 ! facts 7 communicat$ to me1 ,i imm$iately committ$ !m to writ+1 & to avoid mi/akes1 read :at ,i _h writt5 to ! p]sons communicat+ !m4 ,i am v respectfully1 ,y\r ,fri5d1 & ob$i5t ,s]vant1 ,,b5jam9 ,w4 ,,dwight4 ,,art4 ,,xxii4 ,facts illu/rative ( ! ,p[]s & ,op]ations ( ! ,human ,m9d 9 a ,diseas$ ,/ate4 #a4 ,"s ye>s ago a f>m] ( fair "*1 :o resid$ 9 an int]ior t[n 9 ,new ,engl&1 sold 8 f>m1 ) an int5tion ( pur*as+ ano!r 9 a diff]5t t[n4 ,8 m9d 0 naturally ( a melan*oly ca/4 ,%ortly aft] ! sale ( 8 f>m1 he 0 induc$ to believe t he _h sold x = less ?an its value4 ,?is p]suasion br\ght on dissatisfaction1 & ev5tually a consid]able degree ( melan*oly4 ,9 ?is situation1 "o ( 8 neighb\rs engag$ him to enclose a lot ( l&1 ) a po/ & rail f5ce1 :i* he 0 to comm5ce mak+ ! next day4 ,at ! "t appo9t$ he w5t into ! field1 & began ) a beetle & w$ges to split ! timb]1 out ( :i* ! po/s & rails 7 to be prep>$4 ,on f9i%+ 8 day's "w1 he put 8 beetle & w$ges into a holl[ tree1 & w5t home4 ,two ( 8 sons _h be5 at "w ?r\gh ! day 9 a di/ant "p ( ! same field4 ,on 8 return1 he direct$ !m to get up e>ly ! next morn+1 to assi/ him 9 mak+ ! f5ce4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ev5+ he became deliri\s1 & cont9u$ 9 ?is situation sev]al ye>s2 :5 8 m5tal p[]s 7 sudd5ly re/or$4 ,! fir/ "q :i* he ask$ aft] ! return ( 8 reason1 01 :e!r 8 sons _h br\ght 9 ! beetle & w$ges4 ,he appe>$ to be :olly unconsci\s ( ! "t t _h elaps$ f ! comm5cem5t ( 8 delirium4 ,8 sons1 appreh5sive t any explanations might induce a return ( 8 disease1 simply repli$ t !y _h be5 unable to f9d !m4 ,he imm$iately arose f 8 b$1 w5t into ! field :]e he _h be5 at "w a numb] ( ye>s be=e1 & f\nd ! w$ges1 & ! r+s ( ! beetle1 :]e he _h left !m1 ! beetle itself hav+ m\ld]$ away4 ,dur+ 8 delirium1 8 m9d _h n be5 occupi$ ) ^? subjects ) :i* x 0 conv]sant 9 heal?4 #b4 ,mrs4 ,s41 an intellig5t lady1 belong+ to a respectable family 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new-,york1 "s ye>s ago und]took a piece ( f9e ne$lework4 ,%e devot$ h] "t to x almo/ con/antly = a numb] ( days4 ,be=e %e _h complet$ x1 %e became sudd5ly deliri\s4 ,9 ?is /ate1 )\t exp]i5c+ any mat]ial abatem5t ( h] disease1 %e cont9u$ = ab\t sev5 ye>s2 :5 h] reason 0 sudd5ly re/or$4 ,"o ( ! fir/ que/ions :i* %e ask$ aft] h] reason return$1 relat$ to h] ne$lework4 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 t dur+ ! long cont9uance ( h] delirium %e said no?+1 s f> z 0 recollect$1 ab\t h] ne$lework1 nor conc]n+ any su* subjects z usually occupi$ h] att5tion :5 9 heal?4 #c4 ,a lady 9 ,new ,engl&1 ( a respectable family1 0 = a consid]able p]iod subject to p>oxysms ( delirium4 ,^! p>oxysms came on in/antane\sly1 & aft] cont9u+ an indef9ite "t1 w5t (f z sudd5ly2 leav+ h] m9d p]fectly rational4 ,x (t5 happ5$ t :5 %e 0 engag$ 9 rational & int]e/+ conv]sation1 %e w\ld /op %ort 9 ! mid/ ( x1 become 9 a mom5t entirely deliri\s1 & comm5ce a conv]sation on "s o!r subject1 n hav+ ! remote/ connexion ) ! previ\s "o1 nor w\ld %e adv]t to t dur+ h] delirium4 ,:5 %e became rational aga91 %e w\ld pursue ! same conv]sation 9 :i* %e _h be5 engag$ dur+ ! lucid int]val1 beg9n+ :]e %e _h left (f4 ,to su* a degree 0 ?is c>ri$1 t %e w\ld complete an unf9i%$ /ory or s5t5ce1 or ev5 an unf9i%$ ^w4 ,:5 h] next deliri\s p>oxysm came on1 %e w\ld cont9ue ! conv]sation :i* %e _h be5 pursu+ 9 h] prec$+ p>oxysm2 s t %e appe>$ z a p]son might be suppos$ to d1 :o _h two s\ls1 ea* occasionally dormant1 & occasionally active1 & utt]ly ignorant ( :at ! o!r 0 do+4 ,,intellig5ce4 ,,art4 ,,xxiii4 #a4 ,discov]y ( ,am]ican ,c9nab> & ,native ,lead4 ,extract ( a lett] f ,dr4 ,com/ock ( ,h>t=d1 to ! ,editor4 ,,sir1 ,9 answ] to y\r inquiry conc]n+ ! discov]y ( sulphuret ( m]cury & native lead 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,i s5d y ! foll[+ summ>y ( a lett] ,i receiv$ f ,b4 ,f4 ,/ickney1 ,esq4 ,indian ag5t1 dat$ ,=t ,wayne1 ,dec4 #a1 #ahah4 ,mr4 ,/ickney /ates1 t ! situation ( ,=t ,wayne1 & ! c\ntry surr\nd+1 is a high level1 probably ab\t #hjj feet above ! sea4 ,f ?is place ! wat]-c\rses divide & take diff]5t directions1 on ! "o h& fall+ into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & on ! o!r into ! ,bay ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,! :ole c\ntry is ( second>y =mation1 *iefly calc>e\s & alum9\s4 ,bitum5 & sulphur are e :]e to be f\nd1 & z usual1 accompani$ by ! metals4 ,9 speak+ ( ! c9nab>1 8 words are1 ,i h f\nd a black & g>net-col\r$ s&1 9 great abundance on ! %ores ( ! ,lakes ,erie & ,mi*igan1 ?is is a sulphuret ( m]cury1 & yields ab\t sixty p] c5t4 ,x is s easy to be obta9$1 & 9 s conv5i5t a =m = di/illation1 t x mu/ become an important article ( comm]ce4 ,! native lead 0 f\nd on ! ,anglaize ,riv]1 at a consid]able di/ance f ! =t4 ,( ?is he says1 metallic lead is s int]sp]s$ ) gal5a1 z to prove inconte/ably ! exi/5ce ( native lead4 ,respectfully1 ,y\r ob$i5t ,s]vant1 ,j4 ,l4 ,,com/ock4 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,feb4 #ag1 #ahai4 ,b5jam9 ,silliman1 ,m4 ,d41 c4 #b4 ,!oretical views ( ,pr(essor ,h>e ( ,philadelphia4 ,we are au?oriz$ to m5tion1 t ,dr4 ,rob]t ,h>e has taught 9 8 lectures dur+ ! la/ eighte5 mon?s1 t acid prop]ties nev] appe>+ 9 ! abs5ce ( wat]1 ?is fluid or its elem5ts are mo/ entitl$ to be consid]$ z ! acidify+ pr9ciple3 b t probably x does n exi/ 9 acids z wat]1 b is decompos$ :5 add$ to !m1 ! p>ticles ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 by _! diff]5t pol>ities tak+ opposite sides ( ^? compos+ ! base4 ,! extrication ( hydrog5 by ! action ( dilut$ sulphuric acid on iron or z9c1 be+ ! consequ5ce ( a previ\s1 n simultane\s decomposition ( wat]4 ,h5ce :5 sulphuric or nitric acids are s conc5trat$ z to *> or ignite1 !y are n acids really4 #c4 ,new ,"w on ,*emi/ry4 ,dr4 ,john ,gorham ( ,bo/on1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 c4 has publi%$ ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,sci5ce4 ,! "w w be compris$ 9 two volumes1 & its completion w be anticipat$ ) int]e/ by ! sci5tific public4 #d4 ,botanical4 ,dr4 ,rom] ( ,zuri*1 has begun1 s9ce #ahae1 to publi% a new edition ( ! ,sy/ema ,vegetabilium ( ,l9nu2 he proce$s 9 its publication2 x w =m sev]al volumes4 ,rob]t ,br[n ( ,london1 is endeav\r+ to gr\p ! natural ord]s ( plants into natural classes1 or r into l>g] natural ord]s1 ) det]m9ate *>act]s3 he has communicat$ "s p>ts ( 8 lab\r to ! botani/s ( ,p>is4 ,he has be5 ! fir/ to employ z a new "* 9 ! di/9ction ( natural ord]s1 ! e/ivation ( fl[]s1 or ! mann] 9 :i* !y are fold$ 9 ! buds4 ,c4 ,s4 ,raf9esque1 9 8 ,analysis ( ,nature1 has adopt$ a new practice1 t ( giv+ s+le sub/antive ,lat9 names to ! natural ord]s & families ( plants4 ,mirbel has propos$ a new nom5clature ( fruits 9 8 ,elem5ts ( ,botany4 ,dec&olle1 aft] publi%+ ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce 9 8 ,!ory ( ,botany1 has begun to und]take a g5]al species plant>um1 accord+ to ! natural classification4 ,?ree spl5did ,floras ( ! s\? ( ,europe h be5 und]tak54 #a4 ,flora ,grca1 by ,sib?orp & ,smi? 9 ,engl&4 #b4 ,flora ,lusitanica1 by ,l9k & ,h(fmansegg 9 ,g]many4 #c4 ,flora ,nepolitana1 by ,t5ore 9 ,naples4 ,!y are v exp5sive works1 & are n yet t]m9at$4 ,receiv$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahai4 #e4 ,/aurotide4 ,extract ( a lett] to ! ,editor1 f ,john ,torrey1 ,m4,d41 ( ,new-,york4 ,illu/ration ,mr4 ,pi]ce & myself lately f\nd /aurotide on ! isl& ( ,new-,york4 ,x occurs 9 consid]able quantity 9 a rock ( mica slate1 on ! banks ( ! ,hudson1 ab\t ?ree & a half miles f ! city4 ,! cry/als v seldom =m ! p]fect cross1 ?\gh _m 7 f\nd1 int]sect+ ea* o!r imp]fectly at angles ( #fj4 ,sev]al s+le cry/als 7 obta9$ exce$+ly p]fect4 ,!y 7 %ort #d-sid$ prisms1 ) ! acute lat]al edges truncat$ at ea* extremity on ! two solid angles ( ! mo/ obtuse lat]al edges1 =m+ di$ral t]m9ations at ea* extremity ( ! prism4 ,! faces ( ^! t]m9ations 7 incl9$ to ea* o!r at an angle ( #fg & a few m9utes4 ,! annex$ figure %[s ! =m ( ! cry/al4 #f4 ,supplem5t to ! ,rem>ks on ! ,geology & ,m9]alogy ( a ,section ( ,massa*usetts1 on ,connecticut ,riv]1 c4 conta9$ 9 ,no4 #b1 ,art4 ,i1 ( ?is ,j\rnal1 by ,e4 ,,hit*cock1 ,a4 ,m4 ,! foll[+ m9]als1 f\nd 9 ! region above nam$1 7 ei!r omitt$ 9 ! =m] li/1 or h be5 notic$ s9ce t 0 made out4 ,bog-iron ,ore4 ,9 ,gre5field & ,w>wick4 ,horn/one4 ,r>e2 9 ,de]field & ,conway4 ,silici\s ,slate4 ,9 roll$ pieces1 on ! banks ( ,de]field riv]2 n abundant4 ,basanite1 or ,lydian ,/one4 ,same locality4 ,augite4 ,9 an aggregate ( gre5/one1 qu>tz1 & calc>e\s sp>1 9 ! gre5/one range1 ,de]field4 ,col\r black1 & ! cry/als usually imp]fect1 or brok54 ,/aurotide4 ,9 mica slate1 ,nor?field1 "o mile ea/ ( ! village1 on ! turnpike to ,bo/on4 ,! cry/als obs]v$ 7 six-sid$ prisms4 ,! same rock conta9s r$di% g>nets4 ,,! ,,lev]ett ,,range ,,( ,,granite4 ,?is "n is giv5 to a granite range t em]ges f ! pudd+/one ne> ! c5tre ( ,amh]/1 & ext5ds nor!rly1 ) "s int]ruption1 ne>ly ?irty miles1 ?r\gh ,lev]ett & ,montague to ,nor?field4 ,&1 inde$1 !re is "s reason to suppose t x aga9 appe>s to ! nor? ( ,nor?field4 ,! range is wide/ 9 ,lev]ett1 :]e its bread? is m ?an a mile4 ,x is notic$ 9 ! ,rem>ks1 ,no4 #b1 ,art4 ,i1 ( ?is ,j\rnal1 & may be se5 on ! section accompany+ t communication4 ,b on fur!r exam9ation x has be5 f\nd to be m ext5sive ?an 0 suppos$4 ,! texture ( ! rock is co>se4 ,plates ( mica1 #c or #d in*es across1 are common 9 x2 & "o specim5 ( a beautiful blue feldsp>1 ! fragm5t only ( a cry/al1 measur$ 9 "o direction #h in*es4 ,two circum/ances 9 ?is range give x an int]e/ 9 ! eye ( a geologi/4 ,! "o is its proximity to s&/one & pudd+/one2 & ! o!r1 its small elevation 9 comp>ison ) ! surr\nd+ rocks ( lat] =mations4 ,9 "s places no o!r rock c\ld be f\nd ly+ betwe5 ! granite & pudd+/one2 ?\gh ! soil prev5t$ my obs]v+ :e!r !re is an actual contact4 ,b 9 g5]al !re is a /ratum ( mica slate a few rods wide betwe5 ^! rocks1 & n unfrequ5tly gneiss lies betwe5 ! mica slate & granite4 ,/&+ on ?is range 9 ,lev]ett1 y h on ! we/1 at ab\t #ajj rods di/ant1 a precipit\s m\nta9 ( s&/one & pudd+/one1 five or six hundr$ feet high] ?an ! granite4 ,on ! ea/1 a mile or two di/ant1 a m\nta9 ( si5ite gradually rises to a /ill great] height ?an ! pudd+/one2 & on ! s\?we/1 at ne>ly ! same di/ance1 y c see an alluvial =mation4 ,9 g5]al ?is granite does n rise s high z ! adjac5t rocks1 :e!r second>y or primitive4 ,,ve9s ,,( ,,ore ,,9 ,,?is ,,granite4 #a4 ,( ,gal5a 9 ,lev]ett4 ,?is ore =ms a n>r[ ve9 9 ! s\?we/ "p ( ! t[n1 on l& ( ,moses ,smi?1 two miles f ! ,congregational meet+-h\se4 ,! direction ( ! ve9 is ne>ly nor? & s\?1 & :]e ,i saw x1 only a foot wide4 ,! gangue is sulphate ( b>ytes4 #b4 ,( ,gal5a1 ,copp] ,pyrites1 & ,bl5de4 ,?is ve9 is a little m ?an a mile nor? ( ! "o above describ$1 & x may be a cont9uation ( ! same ve94 ,! gangue is ne>ly an equal admixture ( sulphate ( b>ytes & qu>tz2 & gal5a & sulphuret ( copp] are dissem9at$ ?r\gh x 9 ab\t ! same1 t is1 equal proportions4 ,! bl5de1 :i* is ( a yell[i% aspect :5 ! fractur$ cry/al is held 9 a c]ta9 position1 appe>s only occasionally4 ,?is ve9 is sev]al feet wide1 has be5 wr\ght to a small ext5t 9 two places1 & its direction is ne>ly nor? & s\?4 ,x is on l& ( ,mr4 ,field4 ,radiat$ qu>tz4 ,9 ! above ve94 ,a consid]able t5d5cy to cry/allization appe>s at ?is place1 n only 9 ! qu>tz1 b 9 ! foliat$ /ructure ( ! b>ytes4 ,br[n sp>4 ,9 ! same place4 ,b little ( ?is m9]al 0 notic$4 ,x exfoliat$ be=e ! bl[pipe1 turn$ black1 & became magnetic4 #c4 ,( ,specul> ,oxide ( ,iron 9 ,montague4 ,?is is f\nd 9 a p>tially deta*$ em95ce1 #ajj feet high1 ne> ! nor? l9e ( ,montague1 on l& ( ,mr4 ,taft1 a little s\?we/ f ! conflu5ce ( ,mill]'s riv] ) ! ,connecticut4 ,! :ole hill1 n less ?an #ajj rods 9 circumf]5ce at its base1 is trav]s$ by num]\s ve9s ( ?is ore2 & sc>cely a foot ( ! rock is to be se5 t does n conta9 ^!1 v>y+ 9 wid? f a m]e l9e to sev]al in*es4 ,! pr9cipal ve9 appe>s on ! top ( ! hill2 & is1 z ne>ly z ,i c\ld det]m9e1 n less ?an t5 feet wide1 ly+ 9 a nor? & s\? direction4 ,! ore seems to be abundant1 & g5]ally pure4 ,masses1 t h be5 sep>at$ by bla/+1 & weigh+ f #ajj to #bjj p\nds1 lie on ! surface4 ,a small proportion ( sulphuret ( iron 0 obs]v$ 9 "s specim5s4 ,! gangue is qu>tz1 & ! walls & hill granite4 ,no op9ion is "h int5d$ to be (f]$ conc]n+ ! probable value ( ^! ores1 if work$4 ,if !y be useless to ! pres5t g5]ation1 !y may n be s to "s future "o1 :5 lab\r %all be *eap]2 & !re=e x 0 ?\ght to be ( "s consequ5ce to po9t out _! localities4 ,9 ! rem>ks1 to :i* ?is pap] is a supplem5t1 blue qu>tz 0 inadv]t5tly put d[n among ! m9]als f\nd 9 ,de]field4 ,i presume x does n exi/ !re4 ,x is also probable t ! v>iety ( g>nets f\nd 9 ,conway1 is n1 z =m]ly /at$1 ! melanite4 #g4 ,new ,process = ,tann+4 ,a process = effect+ ! tann+ ( lea!r 9 a neat1 exp$iti\s1 & ?or\gh mann]1 has be5 discov]$ by a ,mr4 ,/eel1 ( ,connecticut3 "s acc\nt ( x may be giv5 h]eaft]4 #h4 ,connexion betwe5 ,*emi/ry & ,m$ic9e4 ,?is subject has be5 discuss$ 9 an able & int]e/+ mann] by ,pr(essor ,coop]1 ( ,philadelphia1 9 a public disc\rse1 :i* has n[ be5 "s mon?s be=e ! public4 #i4 ,brucite4 ,a new ,species 9 ,m9]alogy1 discov]$ by ! late ,dr4 ,bruce4 ,we hope to publi% 9 ! next ,numb] a description & analysis ( x4 #aj4 ,li?ography4 ,we are promis$ = our next ,numb]1 a full acc\nt ( ?is art1 ( :i* we h receiv$ a beautiful specim51 ,a ,m9]va1 execut$ by ,mr4 ,bates ,otis1 an +5i\s & ent]pris+ arti/ ( ,philadelphia1 :o1 "u ! patronage ( ,dr4 ,samuel ,br[n1 is prep>+ to dissem9ate ! productions ( 8 skill1 & to make ?is important art 7execut$ ) ,am]ican mat]ials17 ext5sively useful 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,n4 ,b4 ,z ?is numb] has already mu* exce$$ its prop] size1 we are oblig$ to suppress _m articles ( dome/ic1 & all ^? ( =eign intellig5ce4 ,,conclusion4 ,9 ! prospectus ( ?is "w1 ! expectation 0 express$ t ea* ,numb] w\ld conta9 f #fd to #hj pages2 t z _m z f\r ,numb]s might be issu$ )9 ! ye>1 & engrav+s 7 promis$ = su* subjects z might require !m4 ,! ,numb]s publi%$1 h actually conta9$ f #ajd to #acb pages1 ! f\r h be5 issu$ )9 a p]iod ( t5 mon?s1 & twelve copp]-plate engrav+s & sev]al woodcuts1 illu/rate ! pres5t volume4 ,( ! subjects propos$ 9 ! plan ( ! "w1 our pages conta9 notices1 m or less ext5sive1 ( ,geology1 ,m9]alogy1 ,botany1 ,zoology1 ,*emi/ry1 ,natural ,philosophy1 ,ma!matics1 ,useful ,arts1 ,f9e ,arts1 ,inv5tions1 ,reviews1 ,biography1 & ,intellig5ce4 ,h[ f> !n we h r$eem$ our pl$ge1 we leave x = our read]s to decide4 ,9 ! comm5cem5t ( an ent]prise1 = ! fir/ "t attempt$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 an ent]prise ardu\s 9 its nature & unc]ta9 9 its issue1 x w n be d\bt$ t consid]able solicitude 0 exp]i5c$4 ,to conc5trate ,am]ican ef=ts 9 sci5ce & ! arts1 by furni%+ a ,j\rnal to record _! proce$+s1 w1 9 our view1 n only h a direct influ5ce 9 promot+ ! hon\r & prosp]ity ( ! nation z connect$ ) its physical int]e/s1 b w also t5d 9 no small degree to n\ri% an enl>g$ patriotism1 by w9n+ ! public m9d f ! odi\s asp]ities ( p>ty4 ,t entire success w att5d our ef=ts1 x w\ld p]haps be presumptu\s to expect1 b we tru/ t ! int]e/+ previ\s "q1 :e!r su* a "w c be adequately su/a9$1 by appropriate mat]ials1 may be consid]$ z n[ decid$4 ,! support :i* we h receiv$1 & = :i* we are deeply grateful1 has be5 f> beyond our mo/ sangu9e hopes1 & has caus$ u to disp5se ) no small portion ( ^? less important ef=ts ( our own1 ) :i* we 7 prep>$ to succ\r our infant und]tak+4 ,if we may be all[$ to express a wi% relative to ! nature ( future communications1 x w\ld be1 t ^? ( a sci5tific nature %\ld n be dim9i%$1 :ile ^? relat+ to ! arts1 to agriculture1 & to dome/ic economy1 %\ld be increas$2 we p>ticul>ly solicit ! communications ( practical m51 v]s$ 9 ! useful & ornam5tal arts1 & !y w be acceptable %\ld !y n ev5 be clo!d 9 a sci5tific dress4 ,arrangem5ts h be5 made = ! reception ( an increas$ numb] ( ! be/ ,european ,j\rnals1 bo? f ! cont95t & f ,brita92 !y h already begun to arrive1 & we hope to give 9 future numb]s1 m full details ( =eign sci5tific intellig5ce1 al?\gh x is true t ?is species ( in=mation has hi!rto be5 /9t$1 n f pov]ty ( mat]ials1 b f ! pressure ( orig9al ,am]ican communications4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ju/ice to ! publi%]s ( ?is "w1 we add1 t ?is publication is an exp5sive "o2 v heavy advances h be5 already made by !m1 :ile only a trivial am\nt has be5 receiv$ 9 return4 ,x is hop$1 !re=e1 t subscrib]s w promptly remit1 free f po/age1 ! small /ipulat$ sum1 & also make ! requir$ advance = ! succe$+ volume4 ,?is la/ is n due till ! fir/ numb] ( t volume has be5 issu$1 b x w\ld save po/age to remit bo? sums at once1 & ?us also x w be kn[n :at subscriptions are cont9u$4 ,9 a subscription s widely disp]s$ ov] a l>ge portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 an inatt5tion to punctual paym5t1 mu/ soon put 9 haz>d ! exi/5ce ( a "w1 hav+ o!rwise ! faire/ prospects ( cont9uance1 & we hope ( usefulness4 ,%\ld ?is appeal be promptly answ]$1 ! fir/ numb] ( ! next volume 7already 9 consid]able =w>dness17 w be publi%$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! summ]2 & %\ld m5 ( ability cont9ue to furni% communications1 & ! public be will+ to pay = ! "w1 x is our wi% to publi% future numb]s ) great] frequ5cy1 & to complete our volumes :5ev] we are prep>$1 )\t conf9+ ourselves to p>ticul> p]iods ( "t4 ,new-,hav51 ,conn4 ,may #ag1 #ahai4 ,,po/script4 ,,am]ican ,,geological ,,society4 ,we h ! pleasure to ann\nce1 t an ,am]ican ,geological ,society has be5 rec5tly organiz$ by an association ( g5tlem51 resid+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,an ,act ( ,incorporation1 conf]r+ ! necess>y p[]s1 has be5 grant$ by ! ,legislature ( ,connecticut1 & f>!r acc\nts ( ! plan & progress ( ! ,society may be expect$ 9 future numb]s ( ?is "w4 ,,footnotes3 #df ,see ,numb] #a4 page #ei4 #dg ,! prop] "n ( ^! prairies1 & ( "o ( ! places :]e !y are f\nd1 be+ illegible 9 ! ,,ms1 we 7 oblig$ to omit ^? names2 we believe h[ev] t ! s5se is n injur$4--,editor4 #dh ,=m] or?ography1 ,toghconnuck & ,toghconnuc4 ,t ( ! text deviates f>!r f ! ,indian1 b is lat] & pref]able4 #di ,see ,map4 #ej ,if ?is memoir %\ld ev] meet ! eye ( ?is amiable man1 ,i tru/ he w excuse ! notice to :i* 8 lab\rs s ju/ly entitle him4 ,to him we are indebt$ = a complete sci5ce ( cry/allography1 & = hav+ det]m9$ ! exi/5ce & limit ( species1 :i* m9]alogi/s _h n obta9$1 & *emi/s c\ld n det]m9e4 ,he has devot$ a long life to ! improvem5t ( sci5ce1 & x is 8 praise1 t he has pres]v$ ! meekness ( religion amid/ ! mo/ flatt]+ success4 ,our sci5tific c\ntrym51 :o h visit$ ,p>is1 h be5 p>ticul>ly indebt$ to him2 & ?is notice is1 9 _! behalf1 bo? ! tribute ( ju/ice & gratitude4 #ea ,mr4 ,nuttall w excuse me = reta9+ my own specific "n4 ,8 k ( ?is plant 0 d]iv$ f my ,h]b>ium1 :]e he f\nd x "u ! "n ( tripsacum cyl9dricum1 ,mi*8 ,al?\gh x c h>dly be ! plant ( ,mi*aux1 x 0 s consid]$ by ! late ,dr4 ,muhl5b]g1 :5 specim5s 7 fir/ communicat$ to him4 ,x rema9s "u ?is "n 9 8 ,h]b>ium1 b is n includ$ 9 8 "w on ! grasses4 ,he left x = me to describe along ) o!r new & d\btful plants f ! s\?4 #eb ,?is is ! specific "n f\nd 9 my ,h]b>ium by ,mr4 ,nuttall1 "u :i* x _h be5 previ\sly transmitt$ to ,mr4 ,elliott4 ,vid4 ,nuttall's ,nor? ,am]ican ,g5]a1 v4 ,i4 p4 #hc4 #ec ,mr4 ,nuttall 0 probably deceiv$ f hav+ exam9$ ! spikes be=e !y 7 fully evolv$4 #ed ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,elliott has confirm$ ! description ( ,aublet1 9 8 ,botany ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 7,receiv$ ,janu>y1 #ahah4 ,editor47 #ee ,i ref] ! sci5tific read] = fur!r p>ticul>s to ,an acc\nt ( a /orm ( ,salt1 :i* fell 9 ,janu>y1 #ahjc4 ,by ,ri*>d ,salisbury1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,l4,s4 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,l9nan ,society ( ,london4 ,vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #bjg-aj4 #ef ,l9nan ,transactions4 ,vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #bhi4 #eg ,p4 #cci4 ,lond4 ed4 #eh ,ma9ta9$ by ,dr4 ,mit*ill4 #ei ,my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,john ,torrey1 has fav\r$ me ) ! foll[+ results ( "s exp]im5ts1 :i* he made at my reque/ ^u ! la/ sn[ :i* fell4 ,a p9t & a half ( sn[ wat] 0 r$uc$ by evaporation to a few drops4 ,on te/+ ?is ) vegetable blue infusions no alt]ation ( col\r took place4 ,x 0 aft]w>d evaporat$ to dryness1 & ab\t a qu>t] ( a gra9 ( a solid residuum 0 obta9$4 ,?is 0 r$issolv$ 9 a small quantity ( pure ra9 wat]1 & prussiate ( pota% add$ to x1 )\t occasion+ any precipitate4 ,nitrate ( silv] produc$ a :ite precipitate s copi\s1 t ! solution 0 ?ick ) x4 ,c>bonate ( soda produc$ no effect4 ,! transp>5cy ( a solution ( muriate ( b>ytes 0 n di/urb$ by x4 ,^! exp]im5ts prove1 t a free acid does n exi/ 9 sn[ wat]1 b t ! muriate exi/s 9 x comb9$ ) an alkali1 :i* is mo/ probably soda4 #fj ,mr4 ,j4 ,murray1 ( ,london1 consid]s ?is to be a mi/ake4 ,free muriatic acid1 & n muriate ( soda1 he says1 w be f\nd 9 ! recipi5t4--,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry4 ,"p ,i4 p4 #bab4 ,lond4 ed4 #ahah4 #fa ,t is1 9 ^? oaks :i* gr[ ne> ! salt wat]1 ! bran*es t directly face ! sea d n atta9 s great size & /r5g? z ^? on ! opposite side2 ?is has also be5 obs]v$ on ! s\? side ( ,long-,isl&4 #fb ,volney's ,travels 9 ,syria & ,egypt4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dh4 ,p]? ed4 #fc ,volney's ,travels 9 ,syria & ,egypt4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bag4 #fd ,d>w9's ,botanic ,g>d54 ,p4 #bef4 #fe ,to prove t salt is absorb$ into l& plants gr[+ ne> ! sea1 ! foll[+ facts1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,d4 ,v4 ,knevels1 are conclusive4 ,! fruit ( ^? cocoa-nut trees :i* gr[ ne> ! sea%ore 9 ! ,we/-,indies is g5]ally f\nd to h a salti% ta/e2 & ev5 ! milk 9 ! nut is p]ceptibly impregnat$ ) x4 ,^? trees on ! contr>y :i* gr[ 9 ! int]ior1 beyond ! influ5ce ( salt wat]1 h _! fruit p]fectly fre% & sweet4 ,! same g5tleman in=ms me1 t 9 a plantation ( 8 fa!r's1 9 ! ,we/-,indies1 situat$ on ! sea%ore1 a :ole crop ( ! cane 0 r5d]$ unfit = ! purpose ( mak+ sug>1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great quantity ( salt :i* x _h imbib$4 #ff ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ! ,arts4 ,no4 ,x4 #fg ,volney's ,travels 9 ,syria & ,egypt1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #afg4 #fh ,on ! subject ( ! ,egyptian oph?almia1 x may be ask$ :y x does n appe> 9 innum]able o!r situations1 equally expos$ to salt air1 z ,cape ,cod1 & ! ,we/-,india ,isl&s8 ,to ?is x may be repli$1 t 9 ! production ( any disease :atev]1 a pr$ispos+ /ate ( ! sy/em is z necess>y z an excit+ cause4 ,?is pr$isposition appe>s to exi/ 9 a great degree among ! ,egyptians1 & dep5ds ^u ! nature ( _! climate1 _! habits1 & mode ( liv+1 all ( :i* h a t5d5cy to produce debility ( ! eyes1 & ?us r5d] !m m susceptible ( ! impression ( ^? causes :i* excite inflammation4 #fi ,ru%'s ,m$ical ,obs]vations & ,inquiries1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #acb4 #gj ,volney's ,travels1 ,vol ,i4 p4 #bbf4 #ga ,ru%'s ,obs]vations & ,inquiries1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #acc4 #gb ,?is 0 mo/ rem>kably p]ceiv$ on "o occasion1 :]e1 "u ! idea t possibly *rome might exi/ 9 ! ores1 !y _h be5 int5sely heat$ 9 a =ge along ) pe>l a%es4 ,! mass1 :5 lixiviat$1 gave only a gre5i% solution1 becom+ col\rless by nitric acid1 & aga9 gre5i% by an alkali2 ?is 0 suppos$ to be ow+ to iron & manganese4 ,no metal 0 obta9$1 except a few m9ute globules ( attractable iron1 b ! laboratory 0 fill$ ) :ite fumes1 hav+ ! peculi> od\r allud$ to4 #gc ,sev]al ( ! facts1 we are aw>e1 accord ) ! prop]ties ( bismu?1 betwe5 :i* & tellurium !re are sev]al /rong po9ts ( resemblance1 b a numb] ( o!r facts appe> irreconcilable ) ! prop]ties ( t metal1 & ( e o!r except tellurium4 #gd ,except+1 t ! cov]s ought to be s depress$1 z t _! brims may be l[] ?an ! bottoms ( ! int]ior vessels ov] :i* !y are plac$ respectively4 ,?is is necess>y to prev5t ! gas f escap+1 ere x h access to ! surface ( ! fluid b5ea? ^? bottoms4 #ge ,! app>atus may also be made ( glass bottles1 duly proportion$1 & cut 7truncat$7 alt]nately ne> ! %\ld] & ne> ! bottom4 #gf ,9 ^: ,j\rnal x 0 ord]$ to be pr9t$1 b1 to prev5t delay1 x 0 publi%$1 by ! ,au?or1 9 a sep>ate pap]1 & =w>d$ by him to ! ,editor ( ?is ,j\rnal4 #gg ,possibly ! electric fluid causes decompositions :5 emitt$ f an impalpable po9t 7z 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,wolla/on7 because its repulsive ag5cy is conc5tr$ betwe5 integral atoms1 9 a mode analog\s to t "h ref]r$ to2 a filam5t ( wat] 9 ! "o case1 & ( wire 9 ! o!r1 be+ ! m$ium ( dis*>ge4 #gh ,! conclusions are drawn f exp]im5ts made by ! electricity ( ! ,voltaic app>atus4 #gi ,especially to ,dr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,jones1 & ,mr4 ,rub5s ,peale1 :o rememb] ! sugge/ion4 #hj ,see ,plate4 ,fig4 #c4 #ha ,?is evid5tly diff]s f ! common mode ( decompos+ ! fix$ alkalies by galvanism3 !re ! effect dep5ds on electrical attractions & repulsions--"h on ! *emical ag5cy ( ignit$ iron produc$ extemporane\sly 9 ! galvanic circuit3 ?is mode ( op]at+ appe>s to be new4 ,editor4 #hb ,! glasses may be _h by apply+ to ,edw4 ,a4 ,pe>son1 ,no4 #ga ,cornhill1 ,bo/on4 ,,index4 ,accid5ts f fulm9at+ p[d]s1 #afh4 ,acid1 7sulphuric7 lake (1 #di1 #eh riv] (1 #ei4 ,address to ! p ( ! ,we/]n ,c\ntry1 #bjc4 ,agates1 #di1 #acd1 #bcf4 ,alkali1 a new "o1 #cji1 #caj4 ,alleghany m\nta9s1 #fj4 ,alluvial =mation1 #cbd4 ,alveolites1 #chc4 ,alum9e1 pure1 #caj4 ,am]ican ,geological ,society1 #ddb4 ,amian?us1 #ee4 ,analcime1 at ,de]field1 #acd4 ,antigua1 silici\s petrifactions (1 #ef --geology (1 #ada4 ,apatite1 #bcf4 ,app>atus1 improvem5t on ,woolf's1 c41 #daj4 ,asbe/os1 #bcg1 #bdc4 ,asclepias lanceolata1 #beb4 ,atwat]1 7,caleb1 ,esq47 on prairies1 #aaf --on ,ohio1 #bjg --on ,belmont c\nty1 #bbf --on w9ds ( ! we/1 #bgf4 ,augite1 #bdd1 #caj4 ,b4 ,baldw91 7,dr4 ,william7 on ,rottbllia1 #cee4 ,b>buda1 7isl& (7 its geology1 #adb4 ,b>r5s & ,prairies ( ! ,we/1 #aaf4 ,b>r['s travels1 extract f1 #adh4 ,b>ytes1 7sulphat (7 #fc1 #bcg1 #bdj4 ,bas9s1 peculi> =mation (1 #bac4 ,batt]y1 7electrical7 ( ,dr4 ,dana1 #bib4 ,beck1 7,dr4 ,john ,b47 on salt /orms1 #chh4 ,belmont c\nty1 ,ohio1 its geology1 c41 #bbg4 ,b]yl ( ,haddam1 #bdb4 ,bigel[1 7,pr(47 on ,am]ican climate1 #gf4 ,bl5de1 #ej4 ,bl[-pipe1 comp\nd1 priority ( discov]y & use (1 #ig4 ,boats1 /eam1 #h4 ,bodies1 dead1 pres]vation (1 #cjg1 #h4 ,bones1 extraction ( gelat9e f1 #agj4 ,botany1 ,am]ican1 #e4 ,brace1 7,mr4 ,john ,j47 on cut-worm1 #aed --on m9]als ( ,lit*field c\nty1 c41 #cej4 ,breccia ( ! ,potomack1 #baf4 ,bre/1 exp]im5ts at1 #agd4 ,bridge1 natural1 #ff1 #cai4 ,brongni>t on organiz$ rema9s1 #ga --8 address 9 ,p>is1 #gd4 ,br[n1 7,dr4 ,samuel7 #adg1 #dci4 ,bruce1 7,dr47 #c1 #cg1 #bee1 #bii1 #dci4 ,bufo cornuta1 #bfe4 ,burial gr\nd ( ! ,aborig9es1 #ajh4 ,burr/one ( ,indiana1 #acb4 ,c4 ,cab9et ( ,col4 ,gibbs1 #f --( ,b4 ,d4 ,p]k9s & ,dr4 ,bruce1 #cg4 ,cal5d>1 floral1 ( ,unit$ ,/ates1 #gf --ne> ,philadelphia1 #gg --( ,pla9field1 #bee --( ,de]field1 #cei4 ,calorimotor ( ,pr(4 ,h>e1 #dac4 ,calton hill1 its /ructure1 #bcj4 ,c>bonats1 h>d1 ( lime1 #fc --( magnesia1 pulv]ul5t1 at ,hobok51 #ed --cry/alliz$1 #adb4 ,cave1 ,wi]'s1 #ei1 #fd1 #cag --9 ,m\nt ,toby1 #aaa --at ,corydon1 ) ,epsom salt1 #acc4 ,caves1 9 ,t5nessee1 #dbi4 ,*abasie1 at ,de]field1 #di1 #acd4 ,*alc$ony 9 silici\s wood1 #eg1 at ,de]field & ,ea/ ,hav51 #acd4 ,*>act]s ( m9]als1 #dc-de4 ,c9nab>1 9 ,mi*igan1 #dcc4 ,clays1 porcela91 #eg1 #eh1 #bdb4 ,cleavel&1 7,pr(47 ,review ( 8 m9]alogy1 #ce --notice (1 #cjh4 ,coal m9es ( ,virg9ia1 #abe --( ,t5nessee1 #fc --( ,ohio1 #bci --( ,connecticut1 ibid4 & #bdj4 ,college1 7,m$ical7 ( ,ohio1 #caa4 ,colub] trivittata1 c41 #bfj-bfb4 ,com/ock1 7,dr47 #dcc4 ,coop]1 7,pr(4 ,?omas7 #dci4 ,copal1 id5tity (1 ) amb]1 #cjg4 ,copp]-head snake1 #hd4 ,copp]1 native1 #ee4 ,cornelius1 7,rev4 ,elias7 #ei1 #bad1 #cag4 ,crotali1 #bfc4 ,cumb]l& m\nta91 #bba-bbc4 ,cut-worm1 #aed4 ,cuvi]'s geology1 #fh4 ,cylactis1 c41 #cgg4 ,d4 ,dana1 7,dr4 ,j4 ,f47 on electrical batt]y1 #bib --on ,myrica c]if]a1 #bic --on flame1 #cja4 ,de]field1 ,floral ,cal5d> (1 #cei4 ,delirium1 int]missions (1 #dca4 ,dewey1 7,pr(4 ,*e/]7 8 sket*1 c41 #ccg4 ,diplocea b>bata1 #beb4 ,disruption ( ! gr\nd at ,de]field1 #bhf4 ,di/illation ( seawat]1 #agb4 ,doolittle1 7,mr4 ,isaac7 on gelat9e1 #agj4 ,drake1 7,dr4 ,daniel7 & o!rs1 #bjf4 ,du/1 atmosph]ical1 #cig4 ,dwight1 7,dr4 ,b4 ,w47 on delirium1 #dca4 ,e4 ,e>?quakes ( #ahaa & #ahab1 #ic4 ,eaton1 7,mr4 ,amos7 on ,new-,engl& geology1 #fi --on ,s\?ampton level1 #acf4 ,elliott 7,/eph51 ,esq47 #e4 ,eng9e1 7,/eam7 its importance1 #g4 ,exoglossum 7a fre%wat] fi%7 #aee4 ,f4 ,falls 9 ,connecticut riv]1 #aaa4 ,favosites1 #chi4 ,fi%1 impressions (1 #aaj4 ,fi%]1 7,pr(47 8 essay1 c41 #i1 #agi4 ,flame1 h[ affect$ by /eam1 c41 #dja4 ,fl9t1 #bbe4 ,floral cal5d> ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #gf --,pla9field1 #bed --,de]field1 #cei4 ,flo]kea1 g5us1 #cgc4 ,fluor ,sp>1 #di-eb4 ,g4 ,galvanism1 ,dr4 ,h>e's discov]y 91 #dac4 ,gambold1 7,mrs47 on ! ,*]okee plants1 #bde4 ,gas1 7,oxyg57 respiration (1 #ie4 ,gases1 7,inflammable7 9 ,ohio1 #di4 ,guadal\pe1 m9]als f1 #bcg4 ,gelat9e1 h[ obta9$ f bones 9 ,p>is1 #agj4 ,geological society1 7,am]ican7 #ddb4 ,geology & m9]alogy ( ,virg9ia1 c41 #ej1 #cag --,new-,engl&1 index (1 #ei --,de]field & vic9ity1 #ajg --,indiana1 #aca --,antigua1 c41 #adj --introduction to ! 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