,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores & bold text by equal signs4 ,all corrections 9 ! ,,errata section bel[ h be5 made 9 ! text4 ,,! ,,orni?osauria3 ,,an ,,elem5t>y ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,bones ,,( ,,pt]odactyles4 ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,g4 ,j4 ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,,! ,,orni?osauria3 ,,an ,,elem5t>y ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,bones ,,( ,,pt]odactyles1 ,,made ,,f ,,fossil ,,rema9s ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,! ,,cambridge ,,upp] ,,gre5s&1 ,,& ,,arrang$ ,,9 ,,! ,,woodw>dian ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cambridge ,,by ,,h>ry ,,govi] ,,seeley1 ,,( ,,/4 ,,john',s ,,college1 ,,cambridge4 ,,) ,,twelve ,,plates4 ,& :5 ! appo9t$ end comes1 !y lie n di%on\r$ 9 =getfulness1--,x5oph4 ,memor4 ,book #b1 c4 #a1 #hc4 ,illu/ration3 ,cambridge3 ,,deighton1 ,,bell1 ,,& ,,co4 ,,london3 ,,bell ,,& ,,daldy4 #ahgj4 ,all ,rights res]v$4 ,! exp5se ( pr9t+ ?is volume has be5 defray$ out ( ! ,funds ( ! ,syndics ( ! ,univ]sity ,press2 & ,pr(essor ,s$gwick h]eby expresses 8 grateful ?anks to !m = ?is great fav\r4 ,,preface4 ,?is memoir is a portion ( ! ,catalogue ( ! ,woodw>dian ,museum :i* has be5 made at ,pr(essor ,s$gwick's reque/ & at 8 co/4 ,:5 ! ,pr(essor laid ^u me 8 comm&s to prep>e a ,catalogue ( ! ,museum1 x 0 plann$ 9 ?ree di/9ct works4 ,fir/1 a s]ies ( indexes to ! specim5s 9 ! great divisions into :i* ! ,museum is arrang$2 secondly1 a s]ies ( memoirs ^u ! ord]s & classes ( animals conc]n+ :i* new k is giv5 by fossils 9 ! ,museum2 &1 ?irdly1 memoirs descriptive ( ^? species conta9$ 9 ! arrang$ collections :i* are at pres5t unkn[n 9 sci5tific writ+s4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( /ud5ts ! ,catalogue is made 9 p>ts4 ,! ,syndics ( ! ,univ]sity ,press pr9t$ la/ autumn z an example ( ! ,indexes to ! ,museum1 an ,index to ! ,pt]odactyles1 ,birds1 & ,reptiles f ! ,second>y ,/rata4 ,& ?is memoir is an example ( ! second k9d ( ,catalogue1 :i* expla9s ! /ructures ( ! ,pt]odactyles ( ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 ,9 its progress que/ions h aris5 :i* necessitat$ an exam9ation bo? ( ! me?od1 ( rese>* 9 comp>ative anatomy & ( its results 9 classification4 ,& 9 s f> z ! views "h advanc$ diff] f ^? commonly taught1 ! discrepancy is due to ! writ]'s imp]fect fai? 9 ! results ( ! inductive me?od ( rese>*1 z commonly us$ by mod]n writ]s on ,palontology4 ,x has n be5 consi/5t ) ! plan ( ?is little "w to d m ?an scatt] ?r\gh x a few h9ts ^u me?od1 a subject :i* w m fitly be discuss$ ) a "p ( ! ,catalogue :i* =ms a synopsis ( ! o/eology ( ! fossil animals usually nam$ ,reptiles4 ,! views "h urg$ h h[ev] b little ( novelty4 ,! "n ,orni?osauria 0 propos$ by ! di/+ui%$ naturali/ ,pr9ce ,*>les ,bonap>te 9 #ahch4 ,! gr\p z an ord] 0 recogniz$ by ,von ,mey] 9 #ahcj4 ,! aff9ities ( ! bra9 appe> to h be5 detect$ by ,ok51 & ! bird-l "* ( ! respiratory sy/em 0 exp\nd$ by ,von ,mey]4 ,& mo/ ( :atev] ?is memoir conta9s has be5 already ?\ght or discov]$ by ! ,g]man philosoph]s1 :o h _h ! ,pt]odactyles z fossils ( _! fa!rl&1 ?\gh my own conclusions 7 arriv$ at sep>ately & f diff]5t mat]ials4 ,! olde/ ,orni?osaurians are f ! ,mus*elkalk ( ,g]many4 ,9 ,engl& ! olde/ are f ! ,lias1--sev]al species ( ,dimorphodon--a g5us 9 "s respects ne>ly resembl+ ! ,pt]osaurians ( ! ,cambridge ,upp] ,gre5s&4 ,9 ! ,oolite ( ,/onesfield are sev]al species ( ,rhamphorhyn*us or a simil> g5us4 ,! great ,ploli?ic p]iod f ! ,ox=d ,clay to ! ,kim]idge ,clay1 has yield$ 9 its sev]al divisions small ,pt]odactyles ( new species4 ,& ! ,psammoli?ic p]iod f ! ,portl& ,s& to ! ,l[] ,gre5s& has af=d$ _m excell5t rema9s bo? ( true ,pt]osaurians 9 ! ,purbeck1 ,weald51 & ,potton ,s&s1 & ( animals :i* indicate a new ord] ( ,orni?osauria hav+ aff9ities ) ,von ,mey]'s ?ick foot$ saurians1 ! ,d9osauria4 ,9 ! ,cretace\s s]ies1 ,galt1 ,upp] ,gre5s&1 & ,*alk all h repres5tatives ( ! ,pt]osauria2 b no ,engli% /ratum has hi!rto yield$ s _m z ! ,cambridge ,upp] ,gre5s&4 ,f ?is =mation ! collection accumulat$ dur+ ,pr(4 ,s$gwick's long pr(essoriate is unequall$2 ?\gh1 except+ a few f9e bones f ! ,*alk & ! ,purbeck ,lime/one1 ! ,woodw>dian ,museum is z yet defici5t 9 ,orni?osaurians f ! o!r ,second>y ,rocks4 ,until descriptions ( ^! animals %all h be5 publi%$ a classification ( ! ,orni?osauria mu/ necess>ily be provisional4 ,& x _c be expect$ t descriptions ( ! /ructure ( ,cretace\s ,pt]osaurians "h giv5 w hold good = all ! ,orni?osaurian sub-class4 ,f9ally1 ,i h gratefully to express my ?anks to ! _m fri5ds1 ,engli% & ,g]man1 :o h aid$ me ) specim5s & ) _! writ+s2 to ! *iefs & (fic]s ( ! ,engli% museums1 especially ,pr(4 ,ow51 ,pr( ,humphry1 ,pr( ,newton1 ,pr( ,phillips1 ,pr( ,fl[]1 & ,pr(4 ,huxley2 to ! (fic]s ( ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 especially ,mr ,brad%aw1 & ,mr ,crot*1 = aid 9 consult+ books2 b *iefly to ,pr( ,s$gwick1 :o :ile employ+ me z 8 paid ,assi/ant to aid him 9 8 ,museum "w1 has g5]\sly enc\rag$ me to c>ry on = sev]al ye>s1 )\t re/ra9t & z "p ( my daily lab\r1 an inve/igation ( :i* ?is treatise is ! fir/ fruit4 ,pr(4 ,s$gwick has plac$ at my disposal an ample numb] ( copies = di/ribution among ^? :o take an int]e/ 9 ! ,museum2 & especially among ^? :o h contribut$ to ! ,orni?osaurian collections1 & aid$ me 9 my "w4 ,janu>y #c1 #ahgj4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,introduction #a ,mat]ials #a ,hi/ory #c ,organization #g ,cuvi] #g ,smm]r+ #aj ,ok5 #aj ,wagl] #aa ,goldfuss #aa ,wagn] #ad ,qu5/$t #ag ,burmei/] #ag ,von ,mey] #ag ,ano!r view ( ! ,orni?osauria #bd -------------- ,o/eological collection illu/rative ( modifications ( ,orni?osauria 9 ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&1 pp4 #bh-id4 ,/]num #bh ,coracoid #cb ,scapula #ce ,hum]us #ch ,radius & ,ulna #db ,proximal c>pal #dh ,di/al c>pal #ej ,lat]al c>pal #ea ,metac>pal bone ( w+-f+] #ec ,fir/ phalange ( w+-f+] #ef ,second phalange ( w+-f+] #eg ,claw phalange #ei ,os innom9atum #ei ,femur #fb ,tibia #fb ,t>so-metat>sus #fc ,atlas & axis #fd ,c]vical v]tebr #fe ,dorsal v]tebr #fi ,sacrum #gc ,caudal v]tebr #ge ,bones ( ! head #gg ,basi-oocipital bone #gh ,back ( ! cranium #hj ,back ( ano!r cranium #hd ,e?mo-sph5oid #he ,m\ld ( ! bra9-cavity #hg 8,vom] #hh ,quadrate bone #hi 8,pt]ygoid end ( palat9e bone #ia ,premaxill>y bones #ia ,l[] jaw #ia ,tee? #ib -------------- ,conclusion #id ,a summ+ up #id ,re/oration #ajc ,speculations on habits & aspect #ajd ,notes on ,g]man specim5s #ajf ,classification #ajh ,synopsis ( species #aab -------------- ,app5dix #abi ,index #acc ,plates1 & explanation ( ,plates4 ,,errata4 ,,page ,,l9e #d1 #b1 f bottom1 = proclian read proclian4 #g1 #ac1 = ,ossem5ts read ,ossem5s4 #h1 la/ l9e1 p>agraph 7#b71 = out]mo/ read inn]mo/4 #aj1 #ba1 #aa1 #e1 = ,smm]+ read ,smm]r+4 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 note1 = ,bey]is*5 read ,bay]is*54 #ae1 #e1 = 8zygapophyses read sp9\s-processes4 #ag1 #f1 f bottom1 = ,h]man read ,h]mann4 #cg1 #e1 f bottom1 aft] sp9e z ins]t are #ib1 l9e above '! ,d5t>y ,bone1' = ,pt]odactyle read ,pt]odactyles4 #ig1 #aa1 = ,gnt] read ,gn!r4 #ii1 #d1 = ,i*?yopt]ia read ,i*?yopt]ygia4 #aja1 #aa1 f bottom1 = procl\s read procl\s4 #ajb1 #ae1 = procl\s read procl\s4 #aaa1 #h1 = ,smm]+ read ,smm]r+4 ,= epipubic bone read prepubic bone1 pp4 #fa1 #ajb1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa1 & pl4 #h4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,o/eology ,,( ,,! ,,orni?osauria ,,f ,,! ,,cambridge ,,upp] ,,gre5s&4 -------------- ,mat]ials4 ,! ,cambridge ,upp] ,gre5s& has yield$ to collectors bones :i* illu/rate ne>ly e "p ( ! skeleton ( ! animals t are commonly nam$ ,pt]odactyles4 ,l>ge collections h be5 acquir$ = ! ,woodw>dian ,museum4 ,a s]ies ( m ?an #ejj bones h be5 arrang$ to exemplify ! o/eology & organization ( ! ,orni?osauria 9 ! area :5 ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& 0 deposit$4 ,& ?is memoir is writt5 to expla9 briefly "s ( ! /ructures ( ! s(t & h>d p>ts ( ^? animals :i* are exhibit$ or demon/rat$ by ^! relics4 ,ano!r collection ( ne>ly #djj bones has be5 arrang$1 :i* displays 9 association1 z !y 7 f\nd entomb$ 9 ! old ,gre5s& sea-b$1 ! rema9s ( ! skeletons ( ?irty-?ree animals ( ! ,pt]odactyle k9d4 ,! :ole ( ! rema9s f ?is =mation hi!rto ga!r$ _c be comput$ to h p]ta9$ to few] ?an #aej individuals1 :i* indicate a new sub-class ( animals1 two new g5]a & at lea/ tw5ty-five new species4 ,! bones 7 mo/ly ( a pap] or c>d-l ?9ness1 & 7 orig9ally holl[ l ! ?9 bones ( birds4 ,9 ! jaws ( o!r animals1 & 9 ! sea1 !y 7 easily fractur$1 s t proximal ends & di/al ends & %afts & split bones ab\nd1 :ile p]fect bones are almo/ unkn[n4 ,ev5 ^? bones l ! c>pals1 :i* almo/ reta9 _! entirety1 inv>iably %[ indications ( hav+ be5 roll$ on ! sea-%ore among ! nodules ( phosphate ( lime ) :i* !y n[ occur1 9 _! angul> m>g9s be+ r\nd$1 & 9 ! removal ( sl5d] processes4 ,! rock 9 :i* ^! fossils are f\nd is a ?9 b$ ( *alky m>l :i* is heavily *>g$ ) d>k-gre5 gra9s ( ,glauconite1 & is qu>ri$ l>gely1 & entirely dug away to be depriv$ ( ! d>k-br[n nodules ( phosphate ( lime ) :i* x is /or$4 ,9 digg+ & 9 ! subsequ5t wa%+1 ! workm51 /imulat$ by an ample rew>d1 pick out ! fossils z !y are discov]$4 ,!y are sep>at$ easily f ! matrix ( inve/+ m>l1 s t e aspect ( ea* bone is se51 except = ! occasionally adh]5t oy/]s & ! masses ( phosphate ( lime1 ) :i* mat]ial ! bones are also fill$4 ,h5ce ^! rema9s af=d facilities = ! /udy ( ! jo9ts su* z no o!r specim5s h pres5t$2 & f _! l>ge size & comp>atively great numb]s1 r5d] easy ! lab\r ( ! /ud5t :o seeks to contra/ !m ) ! bones ( o!r animals4 ,! o/eological collection has be5 =m$ )\t reg>d to species or g5]a1 & arrang$ to exhibit ! /ructure & organization ( ! tribe ( animals4 ,s f> z possible ea* bone1 z hum]us1 femur1 c41 has its v>iations ( /ructures & =m contra/$ on a s+le tablet4 ,! s]ies comprises ! foll[+ bones3 ,=e-"p ( /]num4 ,coracoid 7p]fect74 ,scapula 7ne>ly p]fect74 ,hum]us 7p]fect74 8,radius 7proximal end74 ,radius 7di/al end74 8,ulna 7proximal end74 ,ulna 7di/al end74 ,proximal c>pal4 ,di/al c>pal4 ,lat]al c>pal4 ,w+-metac>pal 7proximal & di/al ends74 ,fir/ phalange 7proximal & di/al ends74 ,second phalange 7proximal end74 ,metac>pal or metat>sal 7di/al end74 ,claw phalange4 ,os innom9atum 7p>ts ( ilium1 is*ium1 & pubis74 ,femur 7p]fect74 8,tibia 7proximal end74 ,atlas & axis4 ,c]vical v]tebr4 ,dorsal v]tebr4 ,sacrum & sacral v]tebr4 ,caudal v]tebr4 ,l[] jaw 7d5t>y & articul> ends74 ,premaxill>y bones1 c4 ,tee?4 ,quadrate bone 7di/al end ) quadrato-jugal74 ,e?moid ) basi-sph5oid4 ,occipital & p>ietal segm5ts ( skulls4 ,basi-occipital & basi-temporal4 ,ca/ ( bra9-cavity4 ,!y are exhibit$ 9 ,comp>tm5ts a1 b1 c ( ! ,table-case ( ,cab9et ,j4 ,! lett] ,f 9 a circle is plac$ aga9/ figur$ specim5s4 ,hi/ory4 ,! ,cambridge ,pt]odactyles fir/ atta9 prom95ce 9 sci5tific lit]ature 9 ! ye> #ahei4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 _h figur$ 7plate #cb1 fig4 #f-h7 fragm5ts ( bones 9 ! ,palontographical ,society's ,monograph = #ahea2 ! di/al end ( a l>ge ulna 7fig4 #f72 ! %aft ( a phalange ( ! w+-f+]1 probably ! fir/ 7fig4 #g72 & ! upp] portion ( ! %aft ( a small hum]us %[+ "p ( ! radial cre/ 7fig4 #h74 ,inadv]t5tly ! la/ specim5 0 ref]r$ to ! ,l[] ,gre5s&4 ,b al?\gh fragm5ts ( hum]us ( ,pt]odactyle & v]tebr ( ,pt]odactyloid animals h 9 ! la/ few ye>s be5 ga!r$ f ! ,potton ,s&s1 ^? deposits 7 believ$ to be b>r5 ( fossils :5 ,pr(4 ,ow5 wrote2 & all ! ,pt]odactyles yet made kn[n f ne> ,cambridge 7 collect$ f ! ,cambridge ,upp] ,gre5s&4 ,among ! e>lie/ successful collectors 7 ,mr ,james ,c>t]1 ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,g4 ,day1 ,/ ,john's ,coll42 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,d4 ,live+1 ,/ ,john's ,coll42 ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney1 ,/ ,john's ,coll42 & ,mr ,lucas ,b>rett1 ,tr94 ,coll42 & ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,s$gwick1 ,tr94 ,coll41 on behalf ( ! ,woodw>dian ,museum4 ,mr ,day & ,mr ,bonney bo? pres5t$ e specim5 f _! cab9ets :i* c\ld enri* ! ,univ]sity collection4 ,& 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s ! ,woodw>dian ,museum has acquir$1 ?r\gh ! skillful collect+ ( ! ,messrs ,f>r51 ! pres5t mat]ials4 ,! associat$ sets ( bones 7 =m$ by ,william & ,rob]t ,f>r51 :o1 obta9+ ! specim5s f day to day z !y 7 discov]$1 7 enabl$ to put toge!r su* p>ts ( ! skeleton z rema9$ toge!r on ! sea-bottom4 ,^! collections w h]eaft] be us$ = ! elucidation ( species4 ,!y are ! only mat]ials :i* c give ! proportions ( ! ,cambridge ,orni?osaurians1 & ! contra/ ( aspect :i* di/+ui%$ ! liv+ animals f ^? f o!r rocks4 ,! o!r collections ( ^! fossils are ^? ( ,mr ,william ,re$ & ,mr ,j4 ,f4 ,walk] at ,york1 ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 & ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ,woodw>dian specim5s z collect$ 7 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,pr(4 ,ow51 & 7 fir/ made kn[n 9 ! ,pr(essor's lectures on reptiles & birds deliv]$ at ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology 9 #aheh4 ,9 t ye> ,pr(4 ,ow5 communicat$ to ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 & pr9t$ 9 _! ,report1 ! matt] ( ! memoir :i* 0 publi%$ ) plates by ! ,palontographical ,society 9 #ahei4 ,9 ?is latt] ye> ,pr(4 ,ow5 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society an acc\nt ( ! v]tebral column ( ,pt]odactyles4 ,9 #ahei ,pr(4 ,ow5 also produc$ a classification ( rec5t & fossil reptiles at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 9 :i* ! ord] ,pt]osauria appe>s ) new *>act]s--su* z ! pneumatic /ructure ( mo/ ( ! bones--drawn f ,cambridge specim5s4 ,9 #ahfj ,pr(4 ,ow5 produc$ ano!r memoir on ,pt]odactyles1 :i* 0 publi%$ by ! ,palontographical ,society4 ,a brief acc\nt ( ! tribe appe>$ ab\t ! same "t 9 ! ,pr(essor's ,palontology4 ,9 ^! writ+s are descriptions ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! v]tebral column4 ,_! proclian c5tra are describ$1 & ! pneumatic =am9a are notic$ & suppos$ to h communicat$ ) air-cells4 ,!y are comp>$ ) birds1 & di/+ui%$ f birds2 b al?\gh ! ord] is class$ ) reptiles no contra/ ) reptiles is made4 ,o!r bones describ$ are a basi-occipital1 & a d\btful bone1 !n ?\ght to be a frontal1 b :i* is m l ! neural region ( ! sacrum4 ,! /]num is comp>$ ) ! /]num ( ! birds ,apt]yx & ,apt5odytes1 is /at$ to be =m$1 9 ! ma91 on ! ,orni?ic type1 & to possess di/9ct synovial articul> cavities = ! coracoids su* z only occur 9 birds4 ,! int]-coracoid process ( ! /]num is comp>$ ) t ( ,bats1 ,birds1 & ,crocodiles4 ,! me*anism ( ! framework ( ! w+s is said to be mu* m bird-l ?an bat-l1 ! an*ylos$ scapula & coracoid be+ rem>kably simil> to ^? ( a bird ( flight4 ,! coracoid is %ort] & /raight] 9 birds ?an 9 ,pt]odactyles1 b no comp>isons are made ) reptiles4 ,! hum]us is kn[n only by ! proximal end4 ,x is said to con=m at its proximal end m ) ! ,crocodilian ?an ) ! ,avian type1 b to h ! radial cre/ mu* m develop$ ?an 9 ei!r ,crocodile or ,bird4 ,! bone is1 h[ev]1 *iefly comp>$ ) birds1 & is figur$ betwe5 correspond+ bones ( a ,vulture & a ,crocodile4 ,! pneumatic texture is said to be z well m>k$ z 9 any bird ( flight4 ,( ! c>pus x is said1 ! ,pt]odactyle1 9 ! complete sep>ation ( ! metac>pus f ! antibra*ium by two successive c>pals answ]+ to ! two r[s1 adh]es m closely to ! reptilian type ?an to t ( birds4 ,b ! r[ :i* 0 reg>d$ z proximal is ! di/al r[1 :ile ! suppos$ di/al r[ is proximal4 ,! claw-phalange & di/al end ( ! w+-metac>pal1 ! m&ible1 tee?1 & jaw are ! o!r bones describ$1 b _! comp>ative o/eology is n discuss$4 ,9 ! ,pr(essor's acc\nt ( a fragm5t ( a jaw x is said1 ,! evid5ce ( ! l>ge & obvi\sly pneumatic vacuities n[ fill$ ) matrix1 & ! demon/rable ?9 lay] ( compact bone =m+ _! out] wall1 p]mit no reasonable d\bt z to ! ,pt]osaurian nature ( ?is fossil4 ,all o!r p>ts ( ! fly+ reptile be+ 9 proportion1 x mu/ h appe>$ ) out/ret*$ p9ions l ! so>+ ,roc ( ,arabian romance1 b ) ! demoniacal features ( ! lea!rn w+s ) crook$ claws1 & ( ! gap+ m\? ) ?reat5+ tee?1 sup]9duc$4 ,:5 ! specim5s on :i* ,pr(4 ,ow5 _h f\nd$ ! =ego+ views ( ! o/eology & classification ( ^! animals 7 at l5g? return$ to ! ,woodw>dian ,museum1 x became a duty ( ! pres5t writ] to arrange & "n !m4 ,& 9 a ,memoir on ,pt]odactyles :i* 0 communicat$ to ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society & read ,m>* #g & ,may #b & #af1 #ahfd1 a position 0 claim$ = !m1 di/9ct f reptiles1 z a sep>ate sub-class ( ,sauropsida1 ne>ly relat$ to birds4 ,9 ,septemb] ( ! same ye> a communication 0 made to ! ,briti% ,association ,on ! ,pt]odactyle z evid5ce ( a new sub-class ( v]tebrata 7,sauromia71 ) enl>g$ draw+s ( ! skull & "s ( ! o!r bones1 9 :i* ! conclusions arriv$ at 7 t1 except+ ! tee?1 !re is little 9 su* p>ts ( ! head z are pres]v$ to di/+ui% ! ,cambridge ,pt]odactyles f birds2 & t ! rema9d] ( ! skeleton gives a g5]al support to ! inf]5ce f ! skull4 ,pap]s 7 communicat$ to ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society on ,febru>y #ag1 #ahfh1 on indications ( ,mammalian aff9ities 9 ,pt]odactyles 9 ! pelvis & femur1 & ,febru>y #bb1 #ahfi1 on ! bird-l *>act]s ( ! bra9 & metat>sus 9 ! ,pt]odactyls f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 ,! o!r ref]5ces to ,cambridge specim5s are 9 a pap] ,on ! lit]ature ( ,engli% ,pt]odactyles 9 ! ,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory = ,feb4 #ahfe1 & 9 ,an epitome ( ! evid5ce t ,pt]odactyles are n reptiles1 b a new sub-class ( v]tebrate animals alli$ to birds1 9 ! same magaz9e = ,may1 #ahff4 ,9 ! meantime ,pr(4 ,ow5's views h some:at *ang$4 ,9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,comp>ative ,anatomy & ,physiology ( ! ,v]tebrata 7#ahff71 ! ,pt]osauria are class$ z ! highe/ gr\p ( reptiles1 & take rank above ! ,d9osauria4 ,9 ! second volume ( t "w 7#ahff71 occurs ! foll[+ passage3 ,d]ivatively ! class ( birds is mo/ closely connect$ ) ! ,pt]osaurian ord] ( cold-blood$ air-brea!rs4 ,9 equival5cy x is comp>able r ) su* a gr\p ?an ) ! ,reptilia 9 totality1 or ) ! ,mammalia4 ,organization4 ,ne>ly e writ] on ,pt]odactyles1 :o has express$ any op9ion at all1 has =m$ an e/imate ( 8 own ( _! organization4 ,!y h be5 assign$ to almo/ all possible positions 9 ! v]tebrate prov9ce1 by great anatomi/s :o all _h be=e !m v simil> mat]ials4 ,an acc\nt ( ^! views is giv5 by von ,mey] 9 8 monograph ( ! ,pt]odactyles ( ! ,li?ographic ,slate4 ,x w n be necess>y to discuss ^! conclusions "h1 = ! mat]ials f ! ,li?ographic ,slate & ^? f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& are s diff]5t t no light w\ld be ?r[n on ! organization ( ! animals by an exposition ( any fallaci\s inf]5ces f ,g]man specim5s4 ,9 ,engl& !y are class$ ) ,reptilia1 *iefly ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! disc\rse ^u !m giv5 by ,b>on ,cuvi] 9 8 ,ossem5s ,fossiles,a4 ,x !re=e may conduce to a cle> view ( ! subject to quote 9 ,cuvi]'s words ! passages 9 t memoir :i* h be5 suppos$ to e/abli% _! position among reptiles4 ,he says1--,ayant encore port mon att5tion sur le petit os cyl9drique m>qu g 7i4e4 os quadratum7 qui va du crne l'articulation des m*oires1 je me crus muni de t\t ce qui toit ncessaire p\r class] o/ologiquem5t notre animal p>mi les reptiles4 ,! exact relations ( ! quadrate bone are n se5 9 ei!r ,cuvi]'s or ,goldfuss' or von ,mey]'s figures ( ?is ,pt]odactyle1 ! ,p4 longiro/ris2 b 9 von ,mey]'s figures ( ,p4 crassiro/ris1 ,p4 longicollum1 & ,p4 ,ko*i x appe>s to be a free bone articulat$ to ! squamosal & petrosal region ( ! skull & ) ! l[] jaw4 ,?is is n ! case ) ei!r ,*elonians or ,crocodiles1 :i* h ! quadrate bone firmly pack$ 9 ! skull2 nor is x p>allel$ ev5 among ^? liz>ds & s]p5ts :i* h ! bone z free2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 x is *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole class ( birds4 ,! =m ( ! bone is n m ,lac]tian ?an ,avian1 :ile its direct atta*m5t to ! bone ( ! bra9-case f9ds no p>allel among liz>ds1 b is exactly p>allel$ 9 all birds4 ,footnote ,a3 ,tome ,v4 ,"p a1 pp4 #ceh1 #chc4 ,edition1 #ahad4 ,cuvi] !n goes on to say1 ,ce n'toit pas non plus un oiseau1 quoiqu'il et t rapport aux oiseaux palmipdes p> un gr& naturali/e,b4 ,:i* position he supports z foll[s3-- ,footnote ,b3 ,blum5ba*4 7#a7 ,un oiseau auroit des ctes plus l>ges1 et munies *acune d'une apophyse rcurr5te,c2 son metat>se n'auroit =m qu'un seul os1 et n'auroit pas t compos d'autanut d'os qu'il a de doigts4 ,^!1 ?\gh !y may n be *>act]s :i* are ^? ( birds1 are c]ta9ly n em95tly reptilian4 ,! elongat$ =m ( ! t>sals 9 birds is peculi>1 b q functional1 z may be se5 among ! ,p5gu9s1 :]e1 :5 ! s-call$ t>so-metat>sal bone is no long] erect1 x becomes mu* %ort]1 & is ne>ly sep>at$ into ?ree di/9ct bones4 ,! cretace\s ,pt]odactyles appe> to h ?is bone exactly l t ( birds4 ,footnote ,c3 ,?is %[n 9 o!r specim5s s9ce figur$1 & 9 ! specim5 f ,/onesfield 9 ! ,ox=d ,museum4 7#b7 ,son aile n'auroit eu que trois divisions aprs l'avantbras1 et non pas c9q comme celle-ce4 ,?is is a diff]5ce1 b a diff]5ce ( detail only1 & n a reptilian "*4 ,! creatures h w+s2 & no reptile kn[n1 f rec5t or fossil specim5s1 has w+s4 ,! g5]al plan ( ! w+1 ?\gh v unlike1 approximates to t ( a bird4 ,mo/ birds h two phalanges 9 ! long f+]1 ?\gh "s h ?ree4 ,"o ,pt]odactyle is describ$ z hav+ only two phalanges 9 ! w+-f+]1 :ile mo/ ( ! ,g]man specim5s appe> to h f\r phalanges4 ,9 birds ! longe/ f+] appe>s to be ! middle "o1 :ile 9 ,pt]odactyles x is ! inn]mo/ "o4 7#c7 ,son bass9 auroit eu une t\te autre t5due et sa queue osseuse un t\te autre =me2 elle s]oit l>gie1 et non pas grle et conique4 ,! pelvis ( ,pt]odactyle is n reptilian1 & no liv+ reptile has a pelvis l x4 ,x is n unlike ! pelvis ( a ,monotreme1 b ! ilium is m ,avian4 ,x resembles ! pelvis ( ,dicynodon4 ,& ! discov]y ( a long-tail$ bird-l ! ,ar*opt]yx %[s t ! tail is l t ( old birds1 ev5 if x also pres5ts "s analogy 9 =m to t ( c]ta9 reptiles & mammals4 7#d7 ,il n'y auroit pas eu de d5ts au bec2 les d5ts des h>les ne ti5n5t qu' l'enveloppe corne1 et non la *>p5te osseuse4 ,?is is n a reptilian "*4 ,among reptiles "s tribes h tee?1 o!rs want !m2 & among mammals "s animals are )\t tee?1 ?\gh !y are s *>act]i/ic ( ! class4 ,x is an anomaly t birds %\ld all be too?less4 ,& s1 )\t cit+ ! suppos$ tee? ( ,ar*opt]yx1 x may be affirm$ t x w\ld be no m rem>kable = "s birds to h tee? ?an x is = "s mammals & reptiles to be )\t !m4 7#e7 ,les v]tbres du c\ auroi5t t plus nombreuses4 ,aucun oiseau n'en a mo9s de neuf2 les palmipdes1 en p>ticuli]1 en ont depuis d\ze jusqu' v+t-trois1 et l'on n'en voit ici que six ou t\t au plus sept4 ,?is is a v>iation ( detail su* z1 _h x occurr$ among birds1 w\ld h>dly h be5 deem$ evid5ce ( _! aff9ities4 ,:5 ! v>iation ( ! neck-v]tebr ranges f #bc to #i1 ! fur!r r$uction ( ! numb] to #g becomes insignificant1 & does n %[ t ! animal 0 a reptile4 7#f7 ,au contraire1 les v]tbres du dos l'auroi5t t beau-c\p mo9s4 ,il semble qu'il y en ait plus de v+t1 et les oiseaux en ont de sept dix1 ou t\t au plus onze4 ,?is modification is obvi\sly ! result ( small] developm5t ( ! pelvic bones f front to back1 & h5ce ( ! small numb] ( v]tebr 9 ! sacrum4 ,x does n support ! ref]5ce ( ,pt]odactyles to ! class ( reptiles4 ,speak+ ( ! tee?1 x is said1 ,elles sont t\tes simples1 coniques1 et peu prs semblables entre elles comme dans les crocodiles1 les monitors1 et d'autres lz>ds4 ,! tee? ( ,pt]odactyles are 79 ! skull7 = ! mo/ "p 9 ! premaxill>y bones1 9 :i* x is s *>act]i/ic = ! tee? ( animals to1 be m]ely conical & simple4 ,!re=e x w\ld h be5 difficult to imag9e ! tee? to h be5 any?+ b :at !y are1 :atev] ! aff9ities ( ! ,pt]odactyle might be4 ,x is rem>k$1 ,la longueur du c\ e/ proportione celle de la tte4 ,on y voit c9q v]tbres gr&es et prismatiques comme celles des oiseaux long c\1 et une plus petite se montre *aque extrmit4 ,?is adds no?+ to ! evid5ce = its reptilian "*4 ,ce qui e/ le plus fait p\r tonn]1 c'e/ que cette longue tte et ce long c\ soi5t ports sur un si petit corps2 les oiseaux seuls (fr5t de semblable proportions1 et sans d\te c'e/1 avec la longueur du gr& doigt1 ce qui avoit det]m9 quelques naturali/es rapport] notre animal cette classe4 ,nor is ?is evid5ce t ! animal 0 a reptile4 ,& 9 _m m9or matt]s ,cuvi] is c>eful to %[ h[ _! modifications resemble ^? ( birds2 & :5 ?is is n s1 birds are ! only animals f :i* he f9ds !m v>y+4 ,& ! few sugge/ions :i* are ?r[n out respect+ _! aff9ities ) liz>ds are ^u po9ts :i* are also common to birds4 ,?us :at ,cuvi] did 0 to di/+ui% ^! animals f birds1 & incid5tally to %[ t _! organization 0 a modification ( t ( ! ,avian class4 ,& ! legitimate inf]5ce w\ld h be5 t _! sy/ematic place 0 ne> ! birds1 & n t !y 7 reptiles4 ,b 9 ,g]many ,cuvi]'s views on ,pt]odactyles h by no means be5 submissively receiv$2 & great anatomi/s1 s9ce he wrote1 h prop\nd$ & def5d$ views z v>i\s z ^? ( ! anatomi/s :o prec$$ him1 & ) no less confid5ce 9 ! results ( _! sci5ce4 ,9 ! brief space at my comm& x w\ld be impossible to d ju/ice to ! works ( ?is array ( philosoph]s1 & !re=e ,i pres5t 9 a some:at cond5s$ v]sion ! epitome ( _! conclusions giv5 by ,h]mann von ,mey] 9 8 ,reptili5 aus dem ,li?ographis*5 ,s*ief] d] ,jura4 ,!y =m a comm5t>y on ! ca/s ( ,sol5h(5 ,pt]odactyles conta9$ 9 ! ,woodw>dian ,museum4 ,smm]r+ reg>d$ ! ,pt]odactyle z an unkn[n k9d ( bat1 & ?\ght t ,cuvi] 0 misl$ by ,coll9i's imp]fect description4 ,he believ$ t he f\nd 9 !m diff]5t k9ds ( tee? z 9 mammals2 & reg>d$ !m z diff]+ f bats *iefly 9 hav+ l>g] eye-holes1 a long] neck1 f\r f+]s & f\r toes1 a long] metat>sus1 & 9 hav+ b "o elongat$ f+]2 & f\nd ! close/ analogue ( ! f+]s 9 ,pt]opus m>g9atus ( ,b5gal4 ,& al?\gh incl9$ to place ! ,pt]odactyle betwe5 ,pt]opus & ,galeopi!cus1 he suspects f ! bird-l *>act]s ( ! head & feet t its true place is int]m$iate betwe5 mammals & birds4 ,ok5,d4 ,footnote ,d3 ,isis1 #ahah1 p4 #eea4 ,ok5 reason$ c>efully s f> z 8 mat]ials w5t4 ,he dwells mu* on ! analogy ( ! w+ to t ( a bat1 & seems to suspect t ! m>supial bones w\ld h]eaft] be f\nd2 &1 except+ ! head1 f9ds t ! o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton h _! correspond+ bones among mammals4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 he saw ! specim5s at ,muni*1 he 0 s mu* /ruck at f9d+ ! quadrate bone ( ,lac]tian =m1 ?\gh ,smm]r+ c\ld n detect x ev5 ) a microscope1 t he is %ak5 9 8 mammalian fai?1 & incl9es to consid] ! animal a reptile4 ,wagl],e4 ,footnote ,e3 ,sy/em d] ,amphibi51 #ahcj1 p4 #ge4 ,wagl] 0 impress$ ) ! resemblance ( ! jaws & ! r\nd$ back "p ( ! skull to ^? ( ,dolph9s1 & s f> z ! head w5t conceives x to h _h no?+ 9 common ) ,liz>ds4 ,he recognizes mammalian *>act]s 9 ! pelvis & /]num1 & fails1 l ,smm]r+1 to detect a quadrate bone1 & f9ds ! sum ( ! *>act]s l ^? ( o!r ext9ct animals1 su* z ,i*?yosaurus & ,plesiosaurus1 sugge/+ = x a position betwe5 mammals & birds4 ,he suppos$ x unable to fly1 t x nev] left ! wat]1 b swam ab\t on ! surface l a swan1 & s\ght its food on ! sea-bottom4 ,he imag9$ ! long arms to h be5 us$ aft] ! fa%ion ( turtles & p5gu9s to r[ ! body along2 :ile to ! claws he attributes ! function ( hold+ ! females 9 ! g5]ative process4 ,goldfuss,f4 ,footnote ,f3 ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,leopold41 #ahca1 ,vol4 ,,xv4 ,pt4 ,i4 p4 #ajc4 sees 9 ,pt]odactyle an indication ( ! c\rse t nature took 9 *ang+ ! reptilian organization to t ( birds & mammals4 ,! less important organs1 ^? ( motion1 assimilate p>tly to ^? ( ! bird & p>tly to ^? ( ! bats1 b always pres]ve ! fundam5t reptile type & reptile numb] ( bones4 ,! skull1 fluctuat+ 9 "* betwe5 ! monitor & crocodile1 hides its reptile nature "u ! out] =m ( ! bird1 b reta9s ! tee?4 ,to *ange ! skull into a bird's skull x w\ld only be necess>y t a few sep>ate elem5ts %\ld be bl5d$ toge!r1 & t a few peculi> bones %\ld be remov$4 ,! l5g? ( ! neck1 v>y+ only 9 a few species1 is a deviation f ! reptile type1 & indicates an approximation to ! /ructure ( '! bird2 b ! numb] ( ! v]tebr rema9s con/ant not)/&+ ! increas$ l5g?4 ,! fundam5tal plan ( ! crocodile may be recognis$ 9 all ! important p>ts ( ! v]tebr4 ,! body ( ! reptile1 to be enabl$ to fly1 w\ld ne$ a l>g] brea/ & a /rong] /ructure ( ! =e-limbs4 ,! %\ld]-blade ( ! reptile1 ) its extremities =m+ ! gl5oid cavity1 is necess>ily small] & prolong$ backw>d1 & alt]$ to resemble t ( a bird4 ,! scapula only =m$ ! back "p ( ! gl5oid cavity1 b x is ?ick & /rong1 sugge/+ an aff9ity ) ! bats4 ,! brea/-bone1 9 ! =m ( a %ield1 is *ang+ into t ( a bird2 z are ! ribs1 :i* are atta*$ 9 a peculi> way to ! v]tebral column4 ,x is really ! /rong /]num ( ! ,*ameleon1 ) moveable dorsal v]tebr4 ,! :ole *e/ is support$ by ! peculi> cont9uation ( ! w+s ( ! pubic bones 7,s*ambe974 ,! is*iac & pubic bones resemble ^? ( ! ,*ameleon1 b ! ilium runs a little d[n1 l t ( a bird1 & is only slightly connect$ ) two sacral v]tebr1 z 9 reptiles1 prolong+ itself a little upw>d & =w>d1 z 9 mammals4 ,! w+s ( ! pubic bones exi/ 9 ! ,turtle & ,monitor1 b ( small ext5t2 !y are also repres5t$ 9 ! mammals by ! upw>d developm5t ( ! pubic bones 9 ^? families1 g5]a1 & species1 9 :i* nature has indicat$ by v>iety ( %ape1 or peculi>ities ( developm5t1 or by aff9ities ) reptiles1 q a new type & capacity = v>iation )9 c]ta9 limits1 :i* is especially ! case ) c]ta9 ,rod5ts & ,opossums1 & ,monotremes4 ,x w\ld n be a/oni%+ to f9d 9 ,pt]odactyles ! m>supial bones4 ,& inde$ ! ,pt]odactylus crassiro/ris has a small tongue-%ap$ bone1 probably belong+ to ! pelvis4 ,! less important "p ( ! skeleton1 ! tail1 is =m$ precisely z 9 mammals1 & is id5tical ) t ( ! bats4 ,bo? ! ?igh & %9 are mammalian1 & only ! foot reta9s ! same numb] ( p>ts z 9 reptiles4 ,?is animal 0 enabl$ by means ( ! pelvic bones & ! long h9d-legs to sit l ! squirrels4 ,we %\ld reg>d ?is position z natural b = ! long w+-f+] hang+ f> d[n ! sides4 ,if x 7 to creep along x w\ld h ! same difficulties z a bat1 & ! l5g? & weight ( ! head1 z well z ! proportional weakness ( ! b9d limb1 make x improbable t !y progress$ by leap+4 ,^! animals made use ( _! claws only to hang on to rocks & trees & to climb up /eep cliffs4 ,!y c\ld fly ) _! w+s1 & keep !mselves al(t 9 ord] to cat* insects or sea animals4 ,! wide ?roat & ! weak & high supports ( ! jaw-bone make x probable t !y only us$ _! tee? to capture _! prey & n to m9ce x4 ,by means ( _! long neck1 :i* !y usually bore curv$ backw>d 9 ord] to keep _! balance1 !y c\ld /ret* out _! head to _! prey & *ange _! c5tre ( gravity1 & s fly 9 diff]5t positions4 ,! fundam5tal type ( ! ,crocodile & ,monitor leads u to suspect t !y _h a sk9 cov]$ ) scales4 ,! approximation to ! %ape ( ! ,bird makes x probable t !y 7 fea!r$4 ,& ! :ole outl9e1 simil> to t ( ! ,bat1 leads to ! supposition t !y 7 cov]$ ) hair1 l ! ,monotremes4 ,goldfuss ?9ks he has got a cle> insight into ! cov]+ ( ! body & ! :ole condition ( ! w+ 9 exam9+ ! ,pt4 crassiro/ris4 ,& ! s(t /ate ( ! /one ne> ! bones he attributes to ! pres5ce ( ! s(t p>ts ( ! animal2 & supposes t on ! orig9al folds ( ! w+-membrane are to be se5 tufts & bun*es ( curv$ hair direct$ d[nw>d & sideway,g4 ,& on ! pr9cipal slab he f9ds evid5ce t ! ,pt]odactyle _h a mane on ! neck l a horse4 ,! tufts on ! c\nt] slab h "s simil>ity ) ! fea!rs ( ! o/ri*4 ,"s v t5d] impressions on bo? plates /ill m resemble fea!rs4 ,he recognizes ! outl9e & fa9t div]g+ rays ( a bird's fea!r1 b nev] sees a /rong quill4 ,! microscope1 in/ead ( mak+ ! image cle>]1 makes x1 on ! contr>y1 vani%1 because !n ! r\gh p>ts become prom95t4 ,also on ! slab :i* conta9s ! ,pt]odactylus m$ius,h1 are se5 num]\s l9es & fibres div]g+ l a bird's fea!rs4 ,& on ! upp] "p ( ! belly is ! appe>ance ( a scanty texture ( hairs & fea!rs4 ,! visible m>ks ( two cyl9d]s ( ! ?ickness ( a quill1 made ( ?9 sub/ance & fill$ ) lime/one1 he w\ld reg>d z quills if !re 7 cle>] m>ks ( _! fea!rs to be se54 ,z a note ^u ?is von ,mey] says1 aft] exam9+ ! slabs1 t ! p>ticles consid]$ by ,goldfuss to be hairs & fea!rs re/ ^u appe>ances n only to be se5 9 ! vic9ity ( ,pt]odactyles1 b :i* occur ^u _m o!r k9ds ( petrifactions t h no?+ 9 common ) ! ,pt]odactyle2 & t ! r\ghnesses ( ! slab h no?+ to d ) ! folds ( ! w+ or ! muscles4 ,footnote ,g3 ,?is is repres5t$ 9 ,pl4 #g1 #h ( 8 memoir1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote ,h3 ,pl4 #f1 ,nova ,afta ,acad4 ,leopold1 ,vol4 ,,xv4 ,pt4 #a4 ,wagn],i ,footnote ,i3 ,abh&l4 ,bay]is*5 ,acad4 #aheb1 ,vol4 ,,vi4 is s conv9c$ t ! ,pt]odactyles are ,amphibians approximat+ to ! ,saurians1 t he does n ?9k x necess>y to g into any controv]sy 9 ! matt]2 b he ackn[l$ges t _! =ms sometimes pres5t peculi>ities ( bird & mammal4 ,! head especially %[s a bl5d+ ( ! bird & reptile types4 ,its outl9e1 p>ticul>ly :5 se5 f above1 is t ( a long-beak$ wat]-bird4 ,& ! long int]val betwe5 ! nose-holes & ! tip ( ! jaw1 & ! peculi> fact ( a hole betwe5 ! nose & eye-holes1 & ! want ( ! cont9uation ( ! coronoid ( ! l[] jaw1 r resemble a wat]-bird ?an a ,saurian4 ,b ! pres5ce & ! =m ( ! tee? %[ x to be a ,saurian2 & n only ! tee?1 b ! configuration ( ! :ole back "p ( ! skull1 reproduces ! type ( ! ,monitor4 ,! scl]otic circle is a peculi> m>k ( birds & saurians4 ,v peculi>1 h[ev]1 is ! extremely %ort back "p ( ! skull2 & ! articulation ( ! l[] jaw1 /ret*$ f> =w>d & unit$ j "u ! middle ( ! eye-hole4 ,! m or less long neck1 :i* may assume ! =m ( an ,s1 deviates v mu* f ! %ort /iff neck ( reptiles1 & is q bird-l1 ! neck-v]tebr ( :i* ^? ( ! ,pt]odactyle closely resemble 9 %ape2 :ile _! con/ant numb] ( sev5 rem9ds u ( mammals & crocodiles4 ,! neck has ! same flexibility z 9 a bird4 ,! %ort & weak trunk-v]tebr are 9 su* disproportion to ! l5g? & /r5g? ( ! neck-v]tebr z is nev] met ) ev5 9 ! birds & mammals :i* h ! longe/ necks4 ,! trunk-v]tebr are completely sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 & may be divid$ into dorsal1 lumb>1 & sacral v]tebr4 ,! transv]se processes ( ! back-v]tebr are not*$ out l ^? ( ! crocodile4 ,! tail is %ort 9 mo/ species1 & ?is is a deviation f ! type ( ! ,saurians1 & an approximation to birds & to _m mammals4 ,b !re are "s k9ds ) v long tails1 z is ! case ) mammals & usually ) ,saurians4 ,b ! v]tebr ( ^! long-tail$ ,pt]odactyles deviate v mu* f ^? ( ,saurians4 ,& :ile ! ,saurian v]tebr are provid$ ) long transv]se processes & upp] & l[] sp9\s-processes 7,dorn-,=tstz571 !y seem 9 ! ,pt]odactyle to be almo/ devoid ( processes & resemble ^? ( mammals1 on ! tails ( :i* ^! processes soon disappe>4 ,9 a c]ta9 po9t ( view we c\ld say ( ! v]tebral column ( ! ,pt]odactyle1 t x has borr[$ ! neck f ! bird1 ! trunk f ! reptile1 & ! tail f ! mammal4 ,! ribs are connect$ to ! transv]se processes z 9 crocodiles1 except ) ! atlas & axis4 ,q 9 ! type ( ! ,saurians are ! abdom9al ribs1 :i* are want+ to all birds & mammals1 b (t5 occur 9 ! ,lac]tian ord]4 ,! /ructure ( ! %\ld] & brea/-bone sep>ate ! ,pt]odactyle f ! mammal1 ^! p>ts be+ =m$ aft] ! type ( ! ,birds & ,saurians1 ! *>act]s ( :i* are bl5d$ toge!r4 ,! small & elongat$ %\ld]-blade1 l ! coracoid bone1 belongs to ! type ( ! bird r ?an to t ( ! ,saurians1 ( :i*1 9 ref]5ce to ! la/-nam$ bone1 only crocodiles h a simil> "o4 ,! brea/-bone1 by its l>ge expansion1 po9ts to ! crocodiles1 b at ! same "t1 by ! want ( ! keel1 po9ts to ! o/ri*-l birds1 save t x is proportionally l>g] & wid] ?an 9 ^!4 ,! ,pt]odactyle1 9 common ) ! crocodile1 wants ! patella4 ,! pelvis is =m$ on ! type ( ! ,saurians1 al?\gh ! ilium1 by l5g? & =m1 po9ts some:at to ! mammals4 ,! l5g? & delicate =m ( ! long bones ( ! limb1 z well z ! l>g] developm5t ( ! =e-arm ?an ( ! upp]-arm1 & l>g] developm5t ( ! l[] ?igh ?an ( ! upp] ?igh1 & ! ?9ness & elegance & %ortness ( ! 8fibula 7,wad5be97 h ! *>act]s ( birds4 ,! l5g? ( ! middle h& metac>pals resembles t ( birds1 b its =m 9 ,pt]odactyle is con=mable to t ( mammals4 ,! fir/ ?ree f+]s h ! =m & condition ( ! phalanges ( liz>ds4 ,! phalanges =m ! s]ies #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,! f\r?1 or air-f+]1 on ! contr>y1 is ( a peculi> type1 ( :i* no analogue is f\nd 9 o!r animals1 unless a some:at simil> arrangem5t be accr$it$ to ! bats4 ,x is ( enorm\s l5g?1 compos$ ( f\r p>ts & )\t a claw4 ,! h9d-leg is1 9 proportion to ! =e-leg1 weak1 & 9 g5]al does n take ! bird-=m1 b t ( a ,saurian4 ,x has five toes1 ) unusual arrangem5t ( ! phalanges into ! s]ies #a1 #e1 #d1 #c1 #b4 ,"o toe has no nail1 & ! o!rs h claws weak] ?an ^? ( ! h&4 ,x c h>dly be suppos$ t ! animal liv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,all ,saurians t live ei!r 9 ! wat] or on l& are %ort-legg$2 x is ! same ) ! swimm+ birds4 ,b ! ,pt]odactyle has its h9d-legs z long z a l& or air-bird2 & z 9 ^!1 ! %9 especially exce$s ! l5g? ( ! ?igh4 ,at ! same "t ! toes1 :5 !y are 9 _! natural position1 7 s close toge!r t we may suppose ! animal n to h be5 web-foot$4 ,! great developm5t ( ! h&1 by means ( ! long middle h& & especially ( ! enorm\s l5g? ( ! air-f+]1 makes x probable t x 0 ! *ief organ ( flight1 z 9 birds & bats2 also deviat+ 9 a peculi> mann] f bo? ^! types1 ! long air-f+] s]v$ to exp& ! w+-membrane1 :i* ext5d$ f ! upp] "p ( ! f+] to ! trunk1 & :i* 9 all probability did n t\* ! h9d-legs4 ,?is we inf] f ! circum/ance t ! animal1 9 a position ) ! organs ( flight fold$ up1 0 n support$ l ! bat on its f\r feet1 b /ood upright on its h9d-legs l a bird4 ,su* a position presumes ! same fre$om 9 mov+ ! h9d extremities z ) birds2 only 9 su* a position c\ld ! animal walk on )\t be+ h9d]$ by its fly+ organs :5 !y 7 fold$ up l ^? ( a bird4 ,only 9 su* an upright position c\ld ! animal keep upright its unusually long head ) ! long & /rong neck & be kept 9 balance1 ! neck be+ able to take a sigmoid curve l t ( a bird4 ,wagn] concludes3 ,by ^! means we h recognis$ 9 ! ,pt]odactyle a ,saurian1 b ( a habitude :i* greatly removes him f all o!rs ( 8 k9d1 & approximates him to birds4 ,except+ 9 ability to fly1 he has no?+ 9 common ) ! birds4 ,! op9ion 't ! animal is half crocodile half monitor disguis$ z a bird1 b int5d+ to be a bird1' is !re=e n only a p>adox b also false4 ,) m tru?1 b less phantasy1 we c\ld say t ! ,pt]odactyle 0 a ,saurian 9 transition to ! ,birds4 ,qu5/$t,j4 ,footnote ,j3 ,ueb] ,pt]odactylus ,suevicus4 ,tub+5 #ahee4 ,9 ! long ?igh1 ) ! long neck1 ,qu5/$t sees evid5ce t ! animal 0 able to walk upright1 be+ probably /ill m upright ?an birds1 s9ce ! great disproportion betwe5 ! neck on ! "o h&1 & ! ?igh on ! o!r1 c\ld n h all[$ a m appropriate position4 ,at ! same "t he makes a "q1 ,did x g on f\r feet8 ,b a little lat]1 9 8 book1 ,son/ und ,jetzt1 #ahef1 he gives a sket* ( ! animal re/+ on its f\r legs2 & rem>ks1 ,! position ^u f\r feet is h[ev] hypo!tical1 b is probable4 ,x _h its w+s fold$ back4 ,! slightly curv$ & ?9 bones ( ! middle h& probably s]v$ to support ! fly+-membrane1 & _h !re=e ! same function z ! spur-bone 9 ! bats4 ,f9ally1 he says 9 8 book1 d] ,jura1 p4 #hac1 ,p]haps ?is animal walk$ f "t to "t on f\r legs1 be+ !n support$ by ! =e-end ( ! metat>sal bone4 ,burmei/],k4 ,footnote ,k3 ,beleu*tung unig] ,pt]odactylus art54 #ahee4 entirely rejects ,qu5/$t's op9ions ) reg>d to _! upright position4 ,he makes ! foll[+ rem>ks3 ',! animal walk$ on ! free =e-toes & bore ! w+s l a bat1 ?\gh ) ! body n 9 an upright position l a bird1 b f\r-foot$4 ,! h9d-foot is mu* too small = su* an upright position1 & ! =e-foot mu* too /rongly develop$4 ,i !re=e believe t ! ,pt]odactyle c\ld mu* bett] h walk$ f\r-foot$ ?an a bat1 because x possess$ s mu* bett] develop$ =e-feet4' ,9 ! l5g? ( ! tibia ,burmei/] sees no reason = ! upright position1 b1 z he says1 only a means = ! wide expansion ( ! fly+-membrane2--& an endeav\r 9 walk+ on f\r feet to br+ ! leg into ! necess>y h>mony ) ! arm1 :i* is s mu* elongat$ ) ! flat-h&4 ,h]mann von ,mey],l4 ,footnote ,l3 ,fauna d] ,vorwelt4 ,reptili5 aus dem ,li?ographis*5 s*ief]4 ,frankfurt am ,ma94 #ahei4 pp4 #ae-bc4 ,! skull ( ! ,pt]odactyle c only be comp>$ ) ^? ( birds & liz>ds4 ,! =m is ess5tially ,avian1 & ! sutures are indi/9ct or oblit]at$ z 9 birds1 :ile 9 reptiles !y are p]si/5t ,! temporal bone ent]s into ! =mation ( ! res]voir = ! bra91 :i* is em95tly *>act]i/ic ( birds & q diff]5t f any?+ f\nd 9 liz>ds4 ,! sn\t resembles a bird 9 be+ *iefly =m$ by ! int]maxill>y bone1 :i* b\nds ! front ( ! ant]ior n>es2 &1 z 9 birds1 ! bone ext5ds backw>d betwe5 ! eye-cavities to ! frontal bone4 ,! correspond+ int]maxill>y ridge ( ! ,monitor is ( less ext5t4 ,! frontal-bone =ms ! highe/ "p ( ! skull1 & is simil> to t ( birds4 ,! pr9cipal frontal is d\ble1 & =ms ! upp] & h9d "p ( ! cavity = ! eye1 & cov]$ ! great] "p ( ! l>ge bra91 compos$ ( two hemisph]es1 9 :i* ,ok5 long ago saw a simil>ity to ! high] animals4 ,! ar*$ =m ( ! back "p ( ! skull is bird-l4 ,! d\ble p>ietal adjo9s ! pr9cipal frontal1 & is condition$ l ! p>ietal 9 birds4 ,! supra-occipital is s+le z 9 birds1 exp&$1 & =ms ! "p ( ! skull :i* ext5ds fur!/ back4 ,f ! =m ( ! back "p ( ! skull x may be conclud$ t ! =am5 magnum 0 situat$ z 9 birds1 & t ! head & neck 7 mov$ z 9 birds1 & n z 9 reptiles & mammals4 ,! temporal bone re/s ^u ! p>ietal & frontal1 & =ms mu* ( ! temporal foss4 ,its ant]ior bord] does n appe> to ent] into ! m>g9 ( ! orbital cavity z 9 birds1 b seems to be replac$ by ! po/-frontal1 :i* resembles t ( ! ,*ameleon4 ,its h9dmo/ bran*1 :i* c h>dly be suppos$ to be ! jugal1 =ms ! out] b\nd>y ( ! temporal foss by unit+ ) a process :i* is probably "p ( ! ma/oid4 ,a simil> clos+ ( ! cavity = ! temporal muscles is also to be f\nd 9 birds4 ,! jugal & maxill>y d n foll[ ! bird type4 ,! jugal consi/s ( a s+le bone :i* =ms ! great] "p ( ! ant]ior & inf]ior b\nd>y ( ! cavity ( ! eye1 :i* is surr\nd$ ) bones1 z 9 ,dragons & ,iguana4 ,9 ^? birds 9 :i* ! cavity ( ! eye is surr\nd$ ) bones ! jugal does n ent] into x4 ,z 9 liz>ds1 at its upp] end ! jugal is commonly connect$ ) ! la*rymal1 :i* bone is l t ( a bird4 ,a bone1 :i* appe>s to be ! pre-frontal1 ent]s into ! back ( ! nasal ap]ture4 ,! no/ril is d\ble & (t5 ( l>ge size4 ,! p]=ation 9 ! skull betwe5 ! orbit & n>es is bird-l4 ,! quadrate bone is n quadratic z 9 birds1 b cyl9drical & %aft-l1 z 9 ! ,*ameleon4 ,! articulation ( ! quadrate ) ! l[] jaw is plac$ fur!r =w>d ?an 9 birds & reptiles4 ,! l[] jaw1 b = ! tee?1 has great simil>ity ) t ( a bird4 ,among reptiles its ne>e/ resemblance is ) ,*ameleons & ,turtles4 ,! hyoid is m bird-l ?an reptile-l4 ,ribs & v]tebr4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! ,pt]odactyle _h lumb> v]tebr4 ,if !y are want+1 !re9 ! animals resemble birds1 ( :i* we are rem9d$ 9 ! %ort & /iff back & moveable neck4 ,pt]odactyles possess a small] numb] ( neck-v]tebr & a l>g] numb] ( back-v]tebr ?an birds4 ,! long neck-v]tebr are p>allel$ by ^? ( wat]-birds1 by ! ,giraffe1 ! ,camel1 ,protosaurus & ,tany/rophu4 ,!re are #g c]vical v]tebr1 ! #a/ v %ort1 #bnd n long]1 b r %ort] ?an ^? :i* foll[4 ,!re are 9 ,pt]odactyles f #ab to #af dorsal v]tebr1 :ile birds h nev] m ?an #aa4 ,x is n c]ta9 :e!r all ,pt]odactyles h an os sacrum2 mo/ h x1 & !re9 resemble ,mammals1 ,birds1 & "s fossil ,saurians4 ,9 ,pt]odactylus dubius & ,p4 gr&ipelvis & ,p4 ,ko*i !re are #e or #f v]tebr 9 ! sacrum4 ,9 birds ! sacral v]tebr v>y f #e to #bb2 9 bats ! numb] is f #e to #f4 ,! %ort tails ( ,pt]odactyles are m l ^? ( mammals ?an birds2 !y include f #aj to #ae tail-v]tebr4 ,9 birds !re are f #f to #aj tail-v]tebr4 ,rhamphorhyn*us has #ch-dj tail-v]tebr1 secur$ betwe5 ?read-bones l ^? 9 ! tail ( rats4 ,! dorsal ribs are reptile-l4 ,9 h]bivor\s mammals & birds !y are broad]4 ,a few species h ! fir/ pair ( ribs l>ge4 ,! abdom9al ribs belong nei!r to birds nor mammals1 b are reptilian4 ,9 ,rhamphorhyn*us ,gemm+i !re are #f pairs ( /]nal ribs4 ,! /]num is bird-l1 some:at resembl+ liz>ds4 ,x consi/s ( a simple flat bone1 b )\t ! keel ( a bird's /]num4 ,x is relatively small] ?an 9 birds1 is broad] ?an long1 & !re=e comp>able ) ,/ru?i\s birds4 ,!y 7 n able fly]s1 s9ce ! "p to :i* ! muscles = flight %\ld be affix$ is want+4 ,& = ! same reason !y c\ld n h be5 w&]+ animals4 ,b ,moles possess a keel on ! brea/-bone1 :i* !re=e is no evid5ce ( flight4 ,& 9 swimm+-birds :i* d n fly ! keel is mu* develop$2 & 9 swimm+-birds ! /]num is also long1 s t nei!r l5g? nor keel prove flight4 ,s f> z ! evid5ce f ! /]num goes1 !y 7 nei!r wat]-birds1 nor digg]s1 b d5iz5s ( ! air4 ,9 ,rhamphorhyn*us ,gemm+i1 besides ! usual brea/-bone1 !re is a plate ) brea/-ribs unit+ ! /]num ) ! dorsal ribs2 !y are c>tilag9\s1 or horny1 z 9 birds4 ,! scapula & coracoid pres5t ! close/ resemblance ) ^? ( a bird1 & only deviate 9 ! coracoid n be+ ins]t$ 9 ! brea/-bone 9 ! mann] ( birds,m4 ,x at fir/ seem$ t ,rhamphorhyn*us diff]$ f ,pt]odactyle 9 hav+ ! scapula & coracoid an*ylos$4 ,9 ,r4 ,gemm+i ! bones are ei!r sep>at$ or only slightly unit$4 ,footnote ,m3 ,see h[ev] ,pl4 #a & #b ( ?is memoir4 ,ok5 & ,goldfuss ?\ght t ! scapula consi/s ( an upp] & "u "p1 z 9 liz>ds4 ,von ,mey] sees no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! hum]us pres5ts no /rik+ simil>ity ) birds1 & diff]s f bats4 ,! c>pus is m reptile-l4 ,x consi/s ( two r[s ( small bones4 ,9 birds !re is "o r[ made up ( two bones4 ,! pt]oid bone4 ,von ,mey] reg>ds x z hav+ support$ ! w+-membrane 9 flight4 ,!re has be5 a good deal ( diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t x1 "s ?9k+ x1 ) ,qu5/$t1 an ossifi$ t5don2 o!rs1 l ,wagn] & ,burmei/]1 reg>d+ x z an ess5tial "p ( ! ,pt]odactyle skeleton4 ,von ,mey] reg>ds its ext5t z indicat+ ! ext5t ( ! w+-membrane4 ,see p4 #db4 ,metac>pus4 ,9 l5g? ! metac>pus resembles t ( ! ,rum9ants1 9 :i* h[ev] x consi/s ( b "o bone2 :ile 9 ,pt]odactyles !re is a sep>ate bone = ea* ( ! f\r f+]s2 !y are closely unit$ toge!r )\t be+ bl5d$4 ,9 "s ,pt]odactyles ! metac>pals ( ! %ort f+]s are z f9e z hairs1 s t x is impossible t !y %\ld h articul> facets on ! c>pus4 ,9 ,orni?opt]us ! metac>pus has "s resemblance ) t ( ! bird1 b ! articulation ) ! phalanges ( ! f+] = flight is /iff4 ,9 ,pt]odactylus & ,rhamphorhyn*us !re is a free articulation4 ,burmei/] rem>ks t ! *ief articulation ( ! w+ 9 bats is ) ! c>pus1 :ile 9 ,pt]odactyle ! articulation is ) ! end ( ! metac>pus4 ,! h&4 ,von ,mey] f9ds f\r f+]s4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$ t ! ord] ( ! phalanges 0 #b1 #c1 #d1 #d1 b 9 ! fly-f+] ?is is n ! case1 ,orni?opt]us hav+ b two4 ,! numb] ( jo9ts 9 ! o!r f+]s is q z irregul>4 ,9 ,pt4 longicollum ! ?umb consi/s ( b "o jo9t4 ,! ,ilium is m mammalian & avian ?an reptilian4 ,pubis4 ,! pubis appe>s to h be5 exclud$ f ! gl5oid cavity1 z 9 ,crocodiles4 ,x is m mammal-l ?an bird-l1 & is to be comp>$ ) ! m>supial bones4 ,! femur4 ,9 c]ta9 ,pt]odactyles ! proximal condyle ( ! femur resembles birds2 b 9 o!r ,pt]odactyles ! bone is m mammal-l 9 its /raightness1 & developm5t ( ! upp] condyle1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( a tro*ant]4 ,! tibia & fibula may be comp>$1 f _! great l5g?1 ) birds & fly+ v]tebrate animals4 ,! fibula is /yle-%ap$1 l t ( a bird1 ! l[] "p be+ want+2 :ile 9 bats ! upp] "p is want+4 ,! t>sus1 ( two r[s1 is be/ comp>$ ) t ( reptiles4 ,! numb] ( con/itu5t bones has n be5 def9itely det]m9$4 ,! metat>sus %[s a c]ta9 return f ! bird type to t ( reptiles4 ,foot4 ,von ,mey] nev] f9ds m ?an f\r toes1 & sometimes a /ump ( a fif?4 ,z a :ole1 ! foot is ,saurian-l4 ,x diff]s f liz>ds 9 ! numb] ( toes1 & approximates to ,crocodiles4 ,9 ,pt]odactylus longiro/ris ! =mula ( ! toes is #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 ) a /ump ( two jo9ts2--l liz>ds1 if we ab/ract ! out] toe2 & l birds ) f\r toes2 b !y are liable to v>iations4 ,9 ,pt]odactylus scolopaciceps & ,p4 ,ko*i ! =mula is #b1 #c1 #c1 #d jo9ts4 ,9 ,w9kl]'s specim5 ( ,p4 ,ko*i !re is also a /ump ( ?ree jo9ts4 ,9 ,pt]odactylus micronyx ! =mula is #b1 #c1 #c1 #c1 & a /ump ( two jo9ts4 ,9 ,p4 longicollum ! numb] appe>s to be diff]5t f all ! =ego+4 ,! /ump 0 atta*$ to ! side ( ! out] toe4 ,wagn]1 9 ,p4 ,ko*i1 suppos$ x to be on ! inn] side1 & s gave a rev]se arrangem5t to ! toes4 ,! /ump may be comp>$ ) t ( "s ,*elonians1 9 :i* x is n furni%$ ) a claw4 ,!re is a diff]5ce f birds 9 ! claws be+ mu* less develop$4 ,x has a true reptile foot4 ,9 bats ! toes are ( equal l5g?4 ,von ,mey] ?9ks ! h9d-legs did n enable x to walk on ! l&4 ,9 "s ,pt]odactyles ! fly+-membrane is fa9tly se54 ,! pres5ce ( fea!rs might be inf]r$ f !re be+ b "o f+] = flighty z 9 birds2 b ! function ( fea!rs is subs]v$ by ! long & /iff f+]4 ,if x _h be5 cov]$ ) scales1 z 0 suppos$ by ,cuvi]1 "s traces ( !m w\ld be f\nd4 ,! sk9 0 probably nak$1 & _h no connection ) ! h9d-legs z x has 9 bats2 9 ?is respect resembl+ birds4 ,! condition ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! skeleton completely proves t ! ,pt]odactyle 0 a reptile4 ,its head1 neck1 %\ld]1 & back1 resemble a bird2 :ile !re are1 on ! o!r h&1 "s /rik+ resemblances ) ! reptile 9 ! pelvis1 tail1 & articul> p>ts ( ! limbs4 ,sometimes ! *>act]s ( ! two classes run side by side1 z 9 ! skull1 ! =e-limbs1 & especially 9 ! h9d-limbs1 :]e ! %9 ( a ,bird is connect$ ) ! foot ( a ,saurian4 ,! p>ts 9 :i* x corresponds ) birds %[ t ,pt]odactyles also 7 fly+ animals4 ,t we %\ld be entitl$ to conclude1 f ! holl[ /ate ( ! bones1 t !y belong$ to fly+ animals1 is suffici5tly prov$ by ,blum5ba*1 ,buckl&1 ,mantell1 ,ow5 hav+ mi/ak5 !m = bones ( birds4 ,! mo/ absolute pro( t x 0 a fly+ animal is ! pneumatic "* ( its bones4 ,?is condition 0 disc]n$ by me 9 "s ,pt]odactyle bones f ! ,lias ( ,frank5 7,jahrb4 fr ,m9]al1 #ahcg1 p4 #caf71 & 0 aft]w>ds e/abli%$ by ,ow5 9 ! ,pt]odactyles f ! ,*alk ( ,engl&4 ,?is /ructure 0 previ\sly only kn[n 9 birds4 ,& ! supposition readily foll[s t 9 ! respiratory process !re 0 "s simil>ity betwe5 ! ,pt]odactyle & ! ,birds4 ,!y h ! proportions ( upp]-arm & =e-arm :i* *>act]ize birds ( great flight1 ! hum]us %ort & ! =e-arm long2 h5ce x may be presum$ t ,pt]odactyles c\ld fly well4 ,f ! abs5ce & pres5ce ( ! bony scl]otic r+ 9 ! eye1 x may be suppos$ t ! ,pt]odactyles 7 active 9 ! day-"t1 :ile ,rhamphorhyn*us 0 nocturnal4 ,aft] ?is /atem5t von ,mey] gives a discursive summ>y1 9 :i* 8 views ( ! classification ( reptiles 9 g5]al & ( ,pt]odactyles 9 p>ticul> are epitomiz$4 ,& !n goes on to combat ! views ( p :o h dep>t$ f 8 classification & attempt$ to set up classifications ( _! own2 & cites a numb] ( au?ors :o1 lab\r+ at ! v]tebrata1 h endeav\r$ to f9d a re/+-place 9 _! sy/ems = ! ,pt]odactyle4 ,b ! *ief ?+ we le>n ( von ,mey]'s own views is1 t 9 #ahcj he publi%$ a classification ( ext9ct ,saurians1 divid+ !m into ^? ) limbs l ! l>g] & heavi] l&-mammals1 ^? ) f9-l limbs1 & ^? ) a fly+-f+]4 ,:i* divisions h be5 widely adopt$1 ?\gh au?ors h sometimes giv5 !m o!r names ?an ^? by :i* !y 7 fir/ made kn[n4 ,von ,mey] has freely /at$ ! facts ab\t ! ,pt]odactyle1 & draws ! conclusion t ! animal 0 a reptile2 b h[ su* a conclusion 0 obta9$ f su* facts is a matt] on :i* 8 pages are sil5t4 ,"o seems to he> ! *irrup ( ! bird 9 almo/ e p>agraph4 ,! head is 9 ! ma9 a bird's head2 ! pectoral girdle & ! /]nal ribs are ^? ( a bird2 & v few are ! /ructures 9 :i* "s rem9d] ( ! bird is n pres5t2 & 9 _! bones he discov]$ ! pneumatic *>act]i/ic & inf]r$1 = ! animals bird-l lungs4 ,h[1 !n1 comes x t ! ,pt]odactyle is a reptile8 ,we c only suppose ! answ] to be1 ,because if ! head & pectoral girdle & o!r bones _h be5 reptilian x w\ld h be5 a bird4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! views "h epitomiz$ x is difficult always to make out ! logical f\ndations ( ! conclusions arriv$ at4 ,sometimes !y h no f\ndations1 & sometimes !y repres5t ! diff]5t aspects 9 :i* a tru? pres5ts itself to m9ds diff]5tly con/itut$ or diff]5tly conv]sant ) ! /ructures ( liv+ animals4 ,9 n[ /at+ my own views ,i %all avail myself ( ! example ( "s previ\s writ]s1 & attempt to inve/igate ! ,pt]odactyle z ?\gh !y _h n writt54 ,& !n1 hav+ plac$ be=e him all ! !ories t are kn[n1 ! read] w be able to *oose ! !ory t pleases him be/1 if inde$ he ne$s "o4 ,mu* ( ! discrepancy ( op9ion t exi/s is probably due to ! use ( ! inductive me?od ( ?\ght = ! discov]y ( fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 classification4 ,9 palontology1 :]e ! types are m g5]aliz$ ?an are liv+ =ms1 x mu/ always be difficult to reason f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,! kn[n is always m or less incomp>able ) ! unkn[n2 & !re c be no reason = inf]r+ t ! specialities ( /ructure :i* n[ accompany specialities 9 organization w\ld ju/ify u 9 inf]r+ = ! animal1 9 :i* ! /ructures =m]ly 7 unit$1 ! comb9$ organizations ( ! liv+ animals 9 :i* !y are n[ f\nd4 ,on any hypo!sis ( evolution x w\ld be all[$ t ! special modifications ( a gr\p 7 atta9$ subsequ5tly to ! common plan ( ! l>g] gr\p to :i* x belongs1 & are entirely to be attribut$ to ! function :i* ! necessities or organization ( ! animal caus$ its /ructures to subs]ve4 ,inductive ?\ght may sometimes discov] function f /ructure1 b nev] makes m ?an an approximate guess :5 x endeav\rs to det]m9e fundam5tal organization f osse\s /ructures :i* are n fundam5tal4 ,& be=e a naturali/ c say1 s9ce an animal has = in/ance a tail l a mammal t 9 s f> x mu/ be affiliat$ to ! mammalia1 he mu/ h det]m9$ :y ! mammalian tail has its peculi> *>act]s1 & :e!r x is compatible ) any o!r common plan ( organization4 ,& p]haps x might ) equal reason be consid]$ reptilian4 ,!re=e ,i pref] at fir/s in/ead ( reason+ f ! details ( /ructure1 to adopt ! priori me?od1 & ask1 n :at ! ,pt]odactyle is l 9 its sev]al bones1 b :at common plan x _h :]eon its h>d /ructures 7 necess>ily m\ld$4 ,= ,i imag9e1 if x c be det]m9$ :at ! n]v\s & respiratory & circulatory /ructures ( ! ,pt]odactyle 71 x becomes a second>y matt] to "k :e!r ! phalanges are l a liz>d's1 or ! pelvis l t ( a mammal4 ,if ! animal is ass]t$ to be a mammal1 a reptile1 or a bird1 we ought to be able to adduce evid5ce t x _h ! s(t p>ts :i* are deem$ di/9ctive ( ! select$ class4 ,?is no "o has done or attempt$ to d4 ,h]eaft] x w be necess>y to describe ! ,pt]odactyle's bra94 ,!re is no organ m di/9ctive betwe5 hot-blood$ animals on ! "o h&1 & cold-blood$ animals on ! o!r1 ?an ! bra94 ,9 ! cold-blood$ gr\ps1 or ^? 9 :i* respiration is feeble & circulation imp]fect1 t is to say1 9 exi/+ fi%es1 amphibians1 & reptiles1 ! p>ts ( ! bra9 are arrang$ "o beh9d ano!r1 s t :5 look$ ^u f above1 a portion call$ ! optic lobes int]v5es betwe5 ! ant]ior masses call$ ! c]ebrum & ! po/]ior mass call$ ! c]ebellum4 ,9 ! hot-blood$ gr\ps1 or ^? ) an enorm\s ext5t ( lung-surface = oxidation ( ! blood & a f\r-cell$ he>t = its rapid circulation1 t is to say1 9 birds & mammals1 ! front "p ( ! bra9 call$ ! c]ebrum is imm5sely develop$ 9 proportion to ! o!r p>ts1 & abuts aga9/ ! c]ebellum & m or less completely cov]s ! optic lobes1 :i* 9 birds are squeez$ out to ! sides4 ,! ,pt]odactyle bra9 is ( ?is latt] k9d4 ,& x be+ tak5 z a po/ulate t ?is k9d ( bra9 is ! product ( ! organization :i* produces hot blood1 x foll[s t ! ,pt]odactyle 0 a hot-blood$ animal4 ,aga91 ! ,pt]odactyle has p]=ations = pneumatic cells 9 _m ( ! bones4 ,!re is no /ructure 9 ! animal k+dom m di/9ctive ( a ,class ( animals ?an air-cells p]=at+ ! limb-bones4 ,!y are connect$ ) a peculi> k9d ( lung & he>t--^? ( ! bird2 = 9 ?is ,class ! bron*ial tubes op5 on ! out] surface ( ! lungs into air-cells1 :i* are prolong$ ?r\gh ! body into ! bones4 ,!y foll[ ! blood-vessels1 & are mo/ develop$ 9 ! "p ( ! body mo/ us$4 ,9 "s liz>ds1 z ! ,*ameleon1 ! sack-l lung at its di/al t]m9ation is z simple z ! air-cells ( a bird2 b ^? air-cells are n comp>able ) ! bird's air-cells1 s9ce !y are n prolongations ( ! bron*ial tubes ?r\gh ! walls ( ! lungs4 ,& x _c be inf]r$ t a reptile ) w+s w\ld develop air-cells l ^? ( a bird3 9 ! fir/ place1 because ^? mammals :i* h w+s d n develop air-cells2 &1 9 ! second place1 because !re is no?+ 9 exi/+ nature to lead any "o to ?9k t reptiles might h w+s4 ,! mammalian lung is bett] comp>able to t ( a bird ?an is ! ,*ameleon lung1 & !re=e ! air-cell /ructure might ) bett] reason h be5 anticipat$ to occur 9 ! ,*iropt]a ?an 9 a ,liz>d-ally1 if x 7 dep5d5t on ! developm5t ( w+s4 ,moreov]1 among ,/ru?i\s birds ! legs h m ( ! air-cell prolongations ?an ! w+s4 ,!re=e1 be+ a peculi> ,avian /ructure :i* only exi/s 9 association ) ! ,avian he>t & lung1 x foll[s t because ! ,pt]odactyle _h ! pneumatic =am9a x also _h ! /ructures ( :i* !y are ! evid5ce1 viz4 lung & he>t =m$ on ! bird plan4 ,?us ,pt]odactyles h a n]v\s sy/em ( ! bird type4 ,t k9d ( bra9 only exi/s 9 association ) a f\r-cell$ he>t & hot blood4 ,!y h a respiratory organization :i* is only met ) among birds4 ,) t respiratory app>atus is always associat$ a f\r-cell$ he>t & hot blood1 :i* x w\ld necess>ily produce4 ,& ) t respiratory organization is always associat$ a bra9 ( ! type t ! ,pt]odactyle is f\nd to possess4 ,!re=e x is firmly indicat$ t ! g5]al plan ( ! mo/ vital & important ( ! s(t /ructures 0 simil> to t ( liv+ birds4 ,?is proposition w be incid5tally prov$ 9 ! foll[+ memoir1 9 :i* x w be se5 t ) su* a common plan1 is associat$ a div]sity ( details suffici5t to demon/rate t ^! animals are n birds1 b con/itute a new gr\p ( v]tebrata ( equal value ) ! birds--! sub-class1 ,orni?osauria4 ,,o/eological ,,collection ,,illu/rative ,,( ,,! ,,modifications ,,( ,,! ,,orni?osauria 7,,or ,,pt]odactyles7 ,,9 ,,! ,,cambridge ,,upp] ,,gre5s&4 ,pectoral ,girdle4 ,,/]num4 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #a4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,j a #a ,! ,/]num is ! key to ! bony app>atus support+ ! ant]ior limbs4 ,9 ! ,pt]odactyles f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& x has be5 well figur$ & describ$ by ,pr(essor ,ow51 :o enunciat$ its resemblance to ! /]num ( birds4 ,! /]num 9 ,pt]odactyles f ! ,li?ographic ,slate1 %[s its proportional size to ! body4 ,! examples f\nd 9 ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& h z yet %[n no evid5ce ( a composite "* l t attribut$ to ,rhamphorhyn*us ,gemm+i4 ,! /]num consi/s ( an exp&$ symmetrical %ield hav+ its lat]al halves1 :i* are incl9$ to ea* o!r at a l>ge angle 7ab\t #aej71 contract$ sup]iorly1 beh9d & imm$iately bel[ ! synovial cavities = ! coracoids4 ,! v]tical angul> ridge 9 :i* ! lat]al portions ( ! /]num unite becomes elevat$ z x is foll[$ ant]iorly1 into a /rong keel4 ,?is keel or int]pectoral process is highe/ 9 front ( ! articulations = ! coracoids2 b ! degree ( elevation v>ies ) ! species4 ,x is prolong$ upw>d & 9 front ( ! coracoids = "s di/ance1 becom+ v massive1 & ! prolong$ mass :i* is flatt5$ f side to side1 rea*es lat]ally to ! out] m>g9s ( ! coracoid articulations1 & on ! visc]al side a little betwe5 & ov] !m4 ,! ant]ior cre/ ( ! keel %[s ! atta*m5t ( p[]ful muscles4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 has obs]v$ t only 9 birds are di/9ct synovial cavities provid$ = ! coracoids1 & t no reptile has a /]num %[+ *>act]s l ^? se5 9 ! ,pt]odactyle4 ,^! coracoid cavities are plac$ z 9 birds1 close toge!r1 beh9d ! manubrium1 :i* =ms ! h9d]mo/ "p ( ! keel4 ,!y are convex transv]sely1 concave f front to back z 9 birds1 & look upw>d at an angle ( #ce1 _! ma9 direction be+ outw>d & a little backw>d4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 recognises ! function ( ! %ield-%ap$ /]num 9 relation to ! me*anism ( respiration on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r h&1 = ! atta*m5t ( pectoral muscles ( great bulk & /r5g?4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! muscles ( ! brea/ 9 mo/ birds consi/ *iefly ( ! #a/1 #bnd1 & #crd pectoral muscles1 & ! coraco-bra*ialis4 ,! peculi> =m ( ! bird's /]num appe>s to be due to ! v]tical developm5t ( ! second pectoral muscle1 s9ce :5 ! #a/ & #crd muscles are dissect$ (f1 ! appe>ance pres5t$ ne>ly resembles t ( ! /]num 9 ,pt]odactyles4 ,!re c h[ev] be no d\bt b t ! ?ird pectoral muscle1 :i* 9 mo/ birds is b feebly develop$1 atta9$ a f> great] bulk 9 ! ,pt]odactyle1 because !re is evid5ce ( its p[]ful ins]tion 9 ! di/al ant]ior face ( ! coracoid1 z well z ( ! great lat]al ext5sion ( ! /]nal %ield to :i* su* a muscle mu/--by ! analogy ( birds--h be5 atta*$4 ,! peculi> lat]al em>g9ation ( ! /]num appe>s to be due to ! ant]ior /]nal t]m9ation ( ?is muscle1 caus$ by ! outw>d direction ( ! coracoid bone4 ,s9ce ! coracoids 7 develop$ outw>d & backw>d s mu* m ?an 9 birds1 x w\ld happ51 f ! app>5t diff]5t direction ( ! second pectoral muscle1 t ! fir/ pectoral muscle :i* 9 birds skirts ! furculum1 mu/ h pass$ ov] ! coracoid1 probably pull+ on its inside 9 opposition to ! ?ird pectoral4 ,ei!r a subdivision ( ?is muscle or a di/9ct muscle 9 ! same place1 9 function correspond+ to ! subclavius muscle1 appe>s to h be5 p[]fully atta*$ f ! ant]ior prolongation ( ! keel ( ! /]num to ! front face ( ! coracoid4 ,x is improbable t ! second pectoral muscle 0 undevelop$1 b m]ely direct$ diff]5tly to :at x is 9 birds1 s9ce1 z w be se51 !re is a process at ! proximal end ( ! coracoid homolog\s ) t :i* =ms ! pulley r\nd :i* ?is muscle 9 birds works4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 concludes 8 rem>ks by obs]v+ t ! ,pt]osaurian brea/-bone is 9 ! ma9 =m$ on ! orni?ic type4 ,! muscles also appe> to be simil> to ^? ( birds4 ,all ! specim5s are mu* mutilat$1 b all %[ ! di/9ctive po/-coracoid lat]al em>g9ations1 b z ^! are n se5 9 ,g]man ,pt]odactyles !y are to be reg>d$ z *>act]s ( a peculi> sub-ord] & n z *>act]i/ics ( ! sub-class4 ,! example figur$ 9 ?is memoir & by ,pr(essor ,ow5 is #b-e_/h in*es 9 ant]o-po/]ior measurem5t1 probably ab\t "o ?ird its entire l5g?4 ,a small example 9 ! collection ( ,mr ,re$ ( ,york ext5ds #a-a_/d in* 9 ! same measurem5t1 & by ! analogy ( ,p4 suevicus 0 m ?an twice t l5g? :5 p]fect4 ,x is rem>kable 9 t ! coracoid facets look mu* less outw>d & mu* m backw>d ?an 9 ! l>g] species4 ,! mammalian /]num is usually 9 _m consecutive pieces l ! v]tebral column4 ,! types 9 :i* x atta9s any size z an exp&$ %ield are ,cetaceans & ! ,manatee1 b 9 ^! gr\ps x has no keel & is n connect$ ) ! o!r bones ( ! pectoral girdle4 ,! proximal portion ( ! /]num ( ! ,mole is elongat$ & bird-l1 ) ! %ield n>r[] ?an 9 ! typical gall9ace\s birds1 & ) ! keel simil>ly develop$4 ,x is connect$ ) ! hum]us by small sub-quadrate bones nam$ clavicles plac$ at ! sides ( ! proximal end4 ,! /]num 9 ,bats usually consi/s ( a proximal & a di/al "p4 ,x is n>r[ except at ! proximal-t]m9ation :]e x wid5s l ! lett] ,t or ,y2 & to ! sides ( ! lat]al prolongations are atta*$ ! long1 sl5d]1 curv$ bones nam$ clavicles1 & a pair ( ribs4 ,?is /]num develops a bird-l keel4 ,bo? ,mole & ,bat are reg>d$ z diff]+ f ,pt]odactyles 9 ! bone giv+ atta*m5t to ! clavicles in/ead ( to ! coracoids4 ,! proximal "p ( ! /]num 9 bo? ! liv+ animals1 gives atta*m5t to b "o pair ( /]nal ribs4 ,! ,pt]odactyle /]num o!rwise diff]s f ! ,bats 9 hav+ ! articulations = ! coracoids close toge!r1 ( a peculi> concavo-convex "*1 ) a massive portion or keel prolong$ =w>d 9 front ( ! coracoid articulations4 ,! ,bat _c be said to resemble ! ,pt]odactyle closely4 ,! /]num ( ! ,mole diff]s f t ( ! ,pt]odactyle 9 hav+ a less develop$ %ield1 & 9 hav+ a m develop$ keel :i* is n prolong$ 9 front ( ! coracoid articulations4 ,^! examples demon/rate t resemblance 9 con=mation is functional1 & no pro( ( aff9ity4 ,pt]odactyles make "s approa* 9 ! proportions ( _! /]num to ,/ru?i\s birds4 ,b ! ,/ru?ionid h ! bone ?ick1 d n develop a keel1 nor1 h !y an int]-coracoid process :ile ! coracoid articulations are s+ul>ly long & n>r[ in/ead ( be+ ovate4 ,) o!r birds ! ,pt]odactyle /]num agrees 9 giv+ atta*m5t to ! coracoid bones by synovial articulations1 9 ! bone be+ %ield-%ap$1 & support+ a m or less develop$ keel4 ,! keel is *iefly develop$ at ! proximal end1 z 9 ! ,albatross1 :i* has ! bone broad2 & x is prolong$ 9 front ( ! coracoids exactly z 9 ,m]gus m]gans]1 :i* /]num if a little broad] 9 ! %ield & ?ick] 9 ! keel w\ld v ne>ly reproduce ! /]num ( ! ,pt]odactyle1 ev5 to ! po/-coracoid lat]al em>g9ation ( ,cambridge specim5s4 ,among reptiles ! only =m :i* sugge/s comp>ison is ! ,*ameleon1 9 :i* h[ev] ! /]num consi/s ( an ant]ior & a po/]ior "p z 9 ! ,bats1 ! back "p n>r[1 & ! front "p a long loz5ge %ape1 ) a keel made by incl9ation ( ! sides ( ! bone to ea* o!r z 9 ! ,dodo1 b ! keel su* z x is1 is at ! back "p ( ! bone1 & !re is no prolongation 9 front ( ! coracoids z 9 ,pt]odactyle4 ,! coracoids are broad1 & are appli$ to ! two ant]ior sides ( ! loz5ge4 ,! ,crocodile has a n>r[ flat /]num :i* is prolong$ ant]iorly betwe5 ! coracoids4 ,! resemblance is great] ) mammals ?an ) reptiles4 ,f birds ! ,pt]odactyle /]num makes no ess5tial diff]5ce1 & 9 ! ,m]gans] f9ds a close ally4 ,,coracoid4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #a-f4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j a #b #a-bc ,commonly ! coracoid 9 ! ,cambridge ,pt]odactyles is an*ylos$ to ! scapula3 occasionally ! bones are sep>ate1 ?\gh ! sep>ation has hi!rto only be5 obs]v$ 9 ! l>ge/ species4 ,9 #ahea ,pr(essor ,ow51 :5 figur+ ! an*ylos$ ends ( ! scapula & coracoid 9 ,pt]odactylus giganteus 7,b[]bank71 obs]v$ t 9 no "p ( ! skeleton does ! ,pt]odactyle m ne>ly resemble a bird ?an 9 ! scapul> ar*2 a view aga9 urg$ emphatically 9 #ahei :5 simil> fragm5ts 7 describ$ f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 ,s9ce !n p]fect examples ( ! coracoid h occurr$1 :i* %[ ! *>act]s giv5 9 ! foll[+ description4 ,! bone is long1 ) sub-p>allel sides1 sub-triangnl> 9 section1 ) ! proximal end exp&$ ext]iorly & po/]iorly1 resembl+ 9 =m ! coracoid ( a bird4 ,! front surface looks =w>d & outw>d2 x is flatt5$1 is a little convex transv]sely1 & a little convex 9 l5g?2 x is rugose ) muscul> atta*m5ts1 :i* t]m9ate 9 a tub]cle on ! upp]mo/ f\r? ( ! front1 usually ne> to ! inn] side4 ,! middle ?ird ( ! slightly concave inside m>g9 ( ! front aspect1 is %>ply angul>2 ! p>ts above & bel[ x h ! angul>ity r\nd$ (f4 ,! outside m>g91 a little m concave ?an ! inside m>g91 is %>ply angul> 9 its di/al ?ird1 9 :i* ! front gradually wid5s to ne> ! /]nal articulation1 :5 x contracts--! :ole /]nal t]m9ation ( ! bone be+ direct$ a little inw>d t[>ds ! manubrium ( ! /]num4 ,! inside1 :i* faces ! opposite coracoid1 is convex transv]sely 9 ! l[] half or two-?irds2 its di/al t]m9ation is c>ri$ inw>d4 ,! exp&$ proximal end ( ! inside is flatt5$1 or *annell$1 by ! developem5t inw>dly1 at ! proximal end ( ! ridge =m$ ) ! front side1 ( a long /rong process homolog\s ) t on ! inn] side ( ! coracoid 9 birds4 ,! *annel s =m$ r\nds on to ! proximal surface ( ! bone1 & ext5ds backw>d to ! limit ( ! scapula2 ov] x ! second pectoral muscle may be presum$ to h work$,n4 ,! ?ird side ( ! bone is mu* m concave 9 l5g? ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs2 x looks backw>d1 outw>d1 & d[nw>d1 ! proximal end be+ turn$ outw>d & d[nw>d m ?an ! di/al end2 x is a little concave transv]sely at ! exp&$ proximal end4 ,ne> ! di/al end !re are sometimes visible a few fa9t m>ks ( ! ins]tion ( muscul> fibres1 b !y are mu* less di/9ct ?an ^? made by ! coraco-bra*ialis muscle 9 ! correspond+ region ( ! coracoid 9 birds4 ,?r\gh\t its l5g? x r\nds into ! inn] side1 & ! upp] ?ird r\nds convexly into ! front4 ,on ! mo/ po/]ior "p ( ?is aspect ( ! proximal end is a groove t]m9at+ 9 a long pneumatic =am51 p>tly 9 ! coracoid1 p>tly 9 ! scapula4 ,footnote ,n3 ,! homolog\s process is m develop$ 9 ,pt]odactylus giganteus4 ,see f4 #g4 pl4 ,,xxxi4 ,ow51 ,cret4 ,rept4 ,! muscul> atta*m5ts on ! front aspect ( ! coracoid appe> to be two2 "o l>ge & long ins]t$ into ! inn] half ( ! middle ?ird ( ! bone1 t]m9at+ at ! proximal end 9 a tub]cle4 ,no specim5 %[s ! di/al end ( ! ins]tion4 ,?is may indicate a subdivision ( ! fir/ pectoral muscle4 ,! o!r ins]tion1 if x be di/9ct1 is long & mu* n>r[] & at ! di/al end ( ! bone4 ,?is1 accord+ to ! analogy ( birds1 %\ld be ! ?ird pectoral muscle2 if ! ins]tion %\ld be b "p ( t to :i* x is di/ally adjac5t1 !n ! ?ird pectoral muscle mu/ h _h an enorm\s developem5t unp>allel$ 9 birds4 ,! di/al end ( ! bone t]m9ates 9 a synovial articulation concave transv]sely1 convex f front to back1 9 =m transv]sely ovate3 ! n>r[ side ( ! articulation1 l ! ?9 edge ( ! coracoid1 be+ ext]ior4 ,! articulation is ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( ! transv]se diamet] ( ! di/al end2 x is at "r angles ) ! long axis ( ! bone1 & looks d[nw>d & a little backw>d4 ,! proximal end1 massively enl>g$ outw>d & backw>d1 pres5ts on ! proximal surface ?ree well def9$ regions4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is an irregul> flatt5$ surface half ovate 9 =m1 incl9$ to ! axis ( ! bone at ab\t #de1 look+ backw>d1 & upw>d also1 :5 ! bone is held v]tically2 ! mesial h9d]mo/ half ( ! radius ( ?is area is occupi$ by a pneumatic cavity3 to ?is surface is appli$ ! scapula4 ,! next l>ge/ surface is rectangul> & oblong1 look+ upw>d1 outw>d1 & a little =w>d4 ,! transv]se aspect :i* looks outw>d be+ ne>ly half z long aga9 z ! ant]o-po/]ior aspect :i* looks =w>d2 9 ! latt] direction ! area is slightly concave1 9 ! =m] direction x is slightly convex2 its po/]ior b\nd>y is p>allel ) ! front ( ! bone3 ?is area =ms ! ant]ior moiety ( ! gl5oid cavity1 to :i* ! proximal end ( ! hum]us is appli$4 ,! rema9+ surface ( ! proximal end is sub-quadrate1 adjo9s ! two o!r surfaces z well z ! front & ! inside ( ! %aft1 x is conically concave4 ,! entire bone :5 appli$ to ! /]num look$ outw>d1 backw>d & upw>d4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 rem>k$ 7#ahei7 t ! coracoid is %ort] & /raight] 9 birds ?an 9 ,pt]odactyles1 b is commonly broad]1 & ) a long] & /rong] ant]ior process4 ,! po9ts 9 :i* ! ,pt]odactyle coracoid resembles t ( birds 7e4 g4 ,gall9ace7 are ! long sl5d] triangul> %aft2 ! concavo-convex articulation to ! /]num2 ! convexity ( ! di/al end 9 front1 & its concavity beh9d2 ! po/]ior aspect ( its scapul> surface1 & ! pneumatic =am54 ,! po9ts 9 :i* x is di/9ct f birds are t ! bone is n produc$ proximally beyond ! gl5oid cavity = ! hum]us1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ lat]al z 9 birds1 & look+ outw>d1 9 ,pt]odactyles =ms ! proximal-t]m9ation ( ! bone4 ,! /]nal articulation is proportionally mu* %ort] transv]sely 9 ,pt]odactyles1 t]m9at+ 9 a convex m>g9 :i* r\nds up into ! ?9 out] m>g91 z 9 ! immature coracoid ( ! common ,cock4 ,x is b[-%ap$ 9 front in/ead ( be+ /raight1 & is commonly long] ?an 9 birds4 ,! usual ossifi$ connection ) ! scapula is n entirely unp>allel$ 9 birds1 ! :ole pectoral girdle be+ sometimes an*ylos$ into a bony mass z 9 ! frigate bird4 ,9 ! monotremata1 ! only mammals 9 :i* ! coracoids are sep>ate bones1 !y r recall ^? ( ,i*?yosaurus ?an ^? ( any o!r animals1 & h no connection ) ! /]num4 ,! bone :i* repres5ts x functionally 9 plac5tal mammals is ! clavicle4 ,9 no reptile is !re any /ructure resembl+ ! ,orni?osaurian coracoid4 ,! ne>e/ approximation is made by ! ,crocodile1 9 :i* z 9 ! ,*ameleon ! pectoral girdle is =m$ z 9 pt]odactyles & /ru?i\s birds by scapula1 coracoid & /]num4 ,b 9 ! ,crocodile ! coracoid is compress$1 & exp&$ f side to side bo? proximally & di/ally4 ,di/ally x has no synovial articulation ) ! /]num2 & proximally a wide process ( ! bone ext5ds beyond ! articulation = ! hum]us z 9 birds1 only ! scapula unites ) ! prolong$ "p1 & ! gl5oid cavity looks =w>d & inw>d4 ,! coracoid is ess5tially avian 9 its aff9ities1 ?\gh ) peculi> *>act]s ( its own4 ,9 ! ,g]man g5]a x closely resembles specim5s f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 #bc specim5s are exhibit$4 ,nos4 #d1 #aj1 #ab1 are ! middle p>ts ( %afts ( left coracoids4 ,nos4 #c-ab1 #bb1 are ! middle p>ts ( %afts ( "r coracoids4 ,nos4 #b1 #e1 #ad1 are proximal ends ( left coracoids4 ,nos4 #a1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #bc1 are proximal ends ( "r coracoids4 ,nos4 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 are di/al ends ( left coracoids4 ,no4 #ac is a ne>ly p]fect left coracoid1 & ,no4 #g is ! gl5oid cavity = ! hum]us =m$ by a "r coracoid ) ! an*ylos$ scapula4 ,,scapula4 ,pl4 #a1 figs4 #b-ab4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j a #c #a-ag #d #a- #f #e #a- #d ,pr(essor ,ow5 describ$ ! scapula ( ,pt]odactylus giganteus 9 #ahea1 & add$ fur!r p>ticul>s reg>d+ ! ,species f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&1 9 #ahei2 b1 z ) ! coracoid1 only ! hum]al end has hi!rto be5 figur$4 ,! only example suffici5tly p]fect to give ! l5g? & proportions ( ! bone is pres]v$ 9 ! collection ( ,mr ,re$1 ( ,york4 ,?is left scapula is a /\t /rong bone1 %ort 9 proportion to its /r5g?1 ( flatt5$ ovate =m 9 section1 exp&+ at ! hum]al end into an irregul> sub-rhomboid mass4 ,x is small] 9 ! middle1 contract+ bo? f side to side & f back to front till ! back to front measurem5t is #g_/af ( an in*1 & ! side to side measurem5t is #aa_/af ( an in*1 & x exp&s a little at ! free end1 :i* t]m9ates 9 a smoo? he>t-%ap$ surface1 convex 9 ! long diamet]1 :i* measures #g_/h ( an in*1 & flat 9 ! %ort "o1 :i* measures ne>ly #e_/h ( an in*2 x is at "r angles ) ! inside ( ! bone4 ,! %>p sup]ior lat]al outl9e is concave1 b less s ?an ! inf]ior lat]al outl9e2 into t inf]ior aspect ( ! bone ! sides are m fully r\nd$4 ,! flatt5$ inn] surface appli$ to ! ribs is concave 9 ! l5g? ( ! bone1 :i* measures #c-a_/b in*es2 ! po/]ior half ( :i* is convex transv]sely1 ! ant]ior hum]al half is concave transv]sely s z to be cup-%ap$1 & measures 9 extreme wid? #a-aa_/af in*2 ! outl9e ( ! transv]sely convex out] side 9 l5g? is ne>ly /raight1 b ! ext]ior "p & gl5oid cavity ( ! proximal end is brok5 away1 & !re only rema9s a small m$ian proximal surce brok5 at bo? ends1 a little concave 9 l5g?1 measur+ #e_/h ( an in*1 & convex 9 bread? measur+ #a_/d ( an in*4 ,z !re is no specim5 9 ! ,woodw>dian ,museum %[+ cle>ly ! connection ( ! proximal ) ! di/al end1 ! specim5s are arrang$ on sep>ate tablets4 ,hum]al ,end ( ,scapula4 ,! hum]al end ( ! scapula exhibits 9 ! diff]5t species mu* div]sity ( =m1 spread+ lat]ally f ! %aft1 & t]m9at+ 9 an elongat$ articul> surface truncat+ ! bone ne>ly at "r angles4 ,on its inf]ior bord] x ?r[s out a l>ge convex tub]osity1 sep>at$ f ! hum]al articul> surface by a deep em>g9ation4 ,f ! tub]osity usually arises a cresc5tic r[ ( muscul> ins]tions1 :i* is cont9u$ inw>d & =w>d ov] ! mo/ compress$ "p ( ! scapula t[>ds ! middle ( ! hum]al articulation4 ,f ! sup]ior m>g91 int]ior to ! coracoid1 arises a prom95t ridge1 ! sp9e ( ! scapula1 :i* is direct$ diagonally backw>d & d[nw>d1 t]m9at+ 9 ! middle ( ! out] surface1 :]e x is bord]$ on ! ant]ior aspect by a long n>r[ muscul> atta*m5t4 ,betwe5 ?is sp9e & ! elevat$ m>g9 ( ! gl5oid cavity ! bone is mu* compress$ & concave4 ,on ! inside surface ( ! bone !re appe> to be small muscul> atta*m5ts 9 front ( & beh9d ! great tub]osity4 ,! area betwe5 ! sp9e & ! inn] surface is sometimes flatt5$1 sometimes g5tly convex4 ,) well-m>k$ di/9ctive *>act]s 9 ! inf]ior tub]osity1 ! pre-tub]\s em>g9ation & ! ?ick r\nd$ =m ( ! bone1 ! ,pt]odactyle scapula is int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 t ( a mole1 a bird1 & ! crocodile2 want+ ! sabre %ape ( ! bird's scapula1 x also wants ! wide exp&$ =m ( ! scapula ( ! ,crocodile1 b resembles ! latt] 9 ! direction & degree ( developem5t ( ! sp9e4 ,?is modification is probably due to ! outw>d direction & clavicul> function ( ! coracoid1 z well z to ! raptorial habit ( ! organism4 ,9 no liv+ ,reptile is !re a scapula to be comp>$ ) t ( ! ,pt]odactyle1 = besides ! free end be+ exp&$1 9 ! crocodile1 x is also ?9 & squam\s & ! bone makes a cont9u\s curve ) ! coracoid z 9 /ru?i\s birds1 & n a %>p angle z 9 ,pt]odactyles4 ,! sp9e 9 crocodiles is on ! ant]ior bord] ( ! bone & direct$ upw>d & backw>d1 :ile 9 ,pt]odactyles x is on ! po/]ior bord] & direct$ upw>d & =w>d4 ,9 ! ,*ameleon ! scapula is m elongat$ & n>r[1 n>r[] 9 proportion to its l5g? ?an 9 ,pt]odactyle1 b becomes rapidly wide at its union ) ! coracoid4 ,x is curv$ 9 l5g? s z to fit on to convex ribs4 ,a scapula pres5t+ "s resemblance to ,pt]odactyle is f\nd 9 c]ta9 ,liassic ,i*?yosaurs4 ,among mammals a /raight elongat$ n>r[ scapula is r>e4 ,! mole h[ev] has a scapula ( ?is k9d some:at cyl9drical 9 its proximal half & n mu* exp&$ at ! free end1 on :i* !re is a small sp9e4 ,! ant]ior em>g9ation above ! gl5oid cavity 9 ,pt]odactyle is entirely mammalian1 z is ! ant]ior tub]osity above ! em>g9ation1 = x entirely corresponds ) :at 9 rum9ants1 pa*yd]ms & _m mammals w\ld be nam$ ! coracoid process4 ,if t process is accurately det]m9$ x is difficult to say :at ?is is4 ,9 birds !re is (t5 a prolong$ process on ! inn] side ( ! coracoid1 :i* h[ev] ext5ds int]ior to o!r p>ts ( ! scapula1 & to ?is ! furculum is atta*$4 ,su* traces ( a sp9e z are to be detect$ 9 ! swan con=m to ! ,pt]odactyle4 ,no bird has ! scapula cyl9drical1 ev5 /ru?i\s birds only mak+ an approximation to su* a condition2 & no birds h ! scapula s /raight4 ,! bone is m avian & mammalian ?an reptilian2 & m avian ?an mammalian b ) /rong di/9ctive *>act]s ( its own4 #ag specim5s ( ! hum]al ends ( scapul are exhibit$4 ,nos4 #a1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag are left scapul4 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #e1 #aj1 #ab1 #af are "r scapul4 ,! tablet ( ! di/al ends ( scapul comprises #f specim5s4 ,=e-,limb4 ,,hum]us4 ,pl4 #d4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j a #f #a-df #g #a- #c #h #a ,!re are among ! fossils ( ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& at lea/ two well-m>k$ types ( ,pt]odactyle hum]us1 readily recognis$ by ! =ms ( ! proximal & ( ! di/al ends1 & by ! positions ( ! pneumatic =am9a4 ,9 ! gr\p hav+ ! uln> ridge develop$ ! pneumatic =am5 is on ! po/]ior aspect ( ! bone,o "u ! uln> ridge1 z 9 birds2 b 9 "s ( ! small ,pt]odactyles ! =am5 is on ! ant]ior surface1 & on its radial side4 ,?is latt] k9d ( hum]us has ! di/al end m or less divid$ into ?ree convex surfaces1 :ile ! radial cre/ is enorm\sly develop$ & t]m9ates 9 a smoo? oblong flatt5$ surface ne>ly z l>ge z ! proximal articul> surface1 & look+ ant]iorly4 ,! di/al articul> surfaces are n z 9 birds p>allel to t ( ! proximal end1 ?\gh !y agree ) ^? ( birds 9 be+ at "r angles to ! radial cre/2 ?is ridge 9 ,pt]odactyles be+ direct$ mu* fur!r outw>d & backw>d ?an 9 birds4 ,footnote ,o3 ,pr(essor ,ow5 /ates 7p4 #af1 #c;d ,supt47 t ! =am5 is palm>4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,t4 ,,iii4 #b;d ,supt4 %[s x to be anconal4 ,! l>ge/ =ms ( ,pt]odactyle all h ! di/al articul> surface flatt]1 & ! proximal articulation less b5t back s z to look m upw>ds4 ,no specim5 ( ?is k9d ( hum]us has occurr$ ) ! radial cre/ pres]v$2 b x is app>5tly c>ri$ f>!r d[n ! %aft & n s f> =w>d z 9 ! o!r gr\p4 ,?is latt] k9d ( bone is %[n by ,pr(4 ,ow5 9 ,t4 ,,iii4 figs4 #a1 #b1 #crd ,sup4 ,cret4 ,reptiles2 ! =m] k9d has be5 illu/rat$ 9 figure #e ( ! same plate4 ,"s ( ! mo/ gigantic ,pt]odactyles appe> to h _h ! limb-bones z solid z ^? ( crocodiles1 & unp]meat$ by air2 & !re is no evid5ce t ! high ,avian *>act]i/ics ( mo/ ( ^! ,gre5s& fossils also p]ta9$ to all ! previ\sly kn[n types f ! l[] second>y rocks4 ,! o/eological s]ies comprises #df specim5s4 ,no4 #cj is a ne>ly p]fect "r hum]us4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #ah1 #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #ci are examples ( ! proximal ends ( left hum]i4 ,nos4 #c1 #d1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bd1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #ch1 #dj1 #da are examples ( ! proximal ends ( "r hum]i4 ,nos4 #bj1 #ba1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cg1 #db1 #dd1 #de1 are examples ( ! di/al ends ( left hum]i4 ,nos4 #bi1 #ca1 #cf1 #dc & #df are di/al ends ( "r hum]i4 ,no4 #cj %[s ! entire l5g? ( ! hum]us to be #b-a_/b in*es4 ,x has a ne>ly circul> %aft ) a diamet] ( a little m ?an a qu>t] ( an in*1 be+ m sl5d] ?an ! correspond+ bone ( ,pt4 suevicus1 :i* has ! same l5g?4 ,! proximal articul> surface is cresc5tic1 ! ant]ior concavity correspond+ ) ! concave ant]ior aspect ( ! proximal end1 :ile ! convex bord] corresponds to ! convex po/]ior side ( ! bone1 :i* x ov]hangs3 x is worn1 b appe>s to measure half an in* f ! radial to ! uln> side4 ,! uln> ridge 7:i* is worn7 has n ext5d$ m ?an a qu>t] ( an in* beyond ! articul> surface4 ,! ?9 bird-l radial cre/1 aris+ r m di/ally ?an ! uln> ridge1 is flat on its po/]ior surface1 & ext5ds ant]iorly = a di/ance ne>ly half z f> aga9 z ! l5g? ( ! proximal articul> surface ( ! hum]us4 ,on ! proximal ?ird ( ! po/]ior face are two contigu\s long n>r[ oblique muscul> ins]tions4 ,! proximal ends ,nos4 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #be are examples ( ?is k9d ( bone1 hav+ ! pneumatic =am5 radially situat$ on ! ant]ior aspect ne> to ! articul> surface1 z may be se5 9 ,no4 #bd4 ,no4 #be %[s ! t]m9ation ( ! radial cre/ 9 an oblique oblong smoo? surface1 slightly convex 9 l5g? & bread?1 direct$ di/ally t[>ds ! uln> side4 ,no4 #f1 #g1 #ac1 #bg1 are examples ( ano!r k9d ( proximal end1 :]e ! pneumatic =am5 is an oval hole on ! uln> side ( ! po/]ior surce4 ,! radial cre/ arises m di/ally1 & ! uln> ridge m proximally1 ?an 9 ! small species1 l ,no4 #cj4 ,nos4 #d1 #aa1 #ad1 #af are examples ( o!r species ) ! =am5 plac$ z 9 ! la/ gr\p1 only less ne> to ! proximal end1 :ile x ent]s obliquely1 be+ direct$ di/ally f ! broad concave area proximal to x4 ,! l>ge/ proximal ends kn[n1 su* z ,no4 #b1 :i* ?\gh v imp]fect measures #b-c_/d in*es ov] :at rema9s ( ! articul> surface1 appe> to con=m to ?is latt] type4 ,di/ally ! hum]us ,no4 #cj enl>ges1 wid5+ rapidly on ! radial side1 :i* is bord]$ ne> ! di/al end by a %>p ridge %[+ a muscul> atta*m5t1 :ile ! uln> side is r\nd$ & r inflat$4 ,! articul> surface looks d[nw>d & 9 ! direction ( ! radial process4 ,!re is a mesial concavity on ! radial side :i* is bord]$ on ! "r & on ! left by a prom95t r\nd$ condyle1 & beh9d by a condyloid convexity4 ,on t side :i* 9 con=mity ) ! nom5clature appli$ to birds' bones1 has "h be5 nam$ ! uln> side1 ! uln> & mesial condyles are impress$ ) a flatt5$ slightly concave sub-rhomboid area1 :i* looks d[nw>d1 backw>d1 & t[>ds ! uln> side4 ,^! *>act]s are n well se5 9 ,no4 #cj1 b may be effectively /udi$ 9 _! specific v>iations 9 ,nos4 #cf1 #cg1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 & #df4 ,nos4 #bj1 #ba1 #bi1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 are examples ( ! di/al ends ( hum]i ( a diff]5t type4 ,!y are mo/ly l>g] ?an ! prec$+ gr\p1 & correspond 9 *>act]s ) ! l>ge proximal ends1 b appe> to be sep>able into two gr\ps1 namely ^? ) a pneumatic =am5 on ! ant]ior radial side ne> to ! articul> surface1 & ^? :]e no pneumatic =am5 is se54 ,unlike ! previ\sly consid]$ type1 ! uln> side is sometimes m inflat$ ?an ! radial side4 ,! mesial condyle 9 ?is gr\p appe>s 9 e case to be an epiphysis1 :i* is want+4 ,! radial condyle becomes a l>ge flatt5$ slightly convex surface look+ d[nw>ds1 :i* 9 "s ( ! species1 z ,nos4 #ba & #cb 79 o!r respects rem>kable species71 %[s an approa* to a tro*le> "* on its ant]ior side4 ,9 ,nos4 #cc1 #cd & #ce ! mesial ant]ior concavity becomes flatt5$ & abuts at an angle aga9/ ! flatt5$ radial condyle4 ,no4 #bj %[s ! rhomboid impression on ! uln> side to be m concave & m ovate4 ,! uln> condyle rema9s a small] b prom95t tub]cle direct$ di/ally4 ,nos4 #ba1 #bb & #cd %[ a ridge develop$ on ! uln> side ( ! %aft l t on ! radial side 9 ! o!r gr\p1 :ile ! radial ridge is n s ne> to ! articul> surface4 ,! l>ge/ & smalle/ di/al ends ( hum]i kn[n1 bo? %[ ! *>act]s "h enum]at$4 ,! great di/al end ( a left hum]us1 figur$ by ,pr(4 ,ow51 ,pl4 ,,iv4 f4 #a1 #b1 #c ( ! #a/ ,supplem5t to ! ,cretace\s ,pt]osauria1 is ( ?is k9d1 & ?\gh imp]fect measures m ?an ?ree in*es ov] :at rema9s ( ! articul> surface4 ,9 ! small hum]us1 ,no4 #cj1 ! wid? ov] ! di/al articul> surface is #e_/h?s ( an in*4 ,if x is assum$ t ! l>ge bone 0 no m ?an #e times ! l5g? ( ! small "o1 ! entire l5g? ( ! hum]us w\ld h be5 ab\t twelve in*es4 ,! smalle/ hum]us1 ,no4 #bi1 measures ov] ! %aft r m ?an "o eigh? ( an in*4 ,! ,orni?osaurian hum]us has b little 9 common ) t ( any mammal4 ,mo/ mammals h ! proximal head ( ! bone hemisph]ical1 & a pit at ! di/al end = ! olecranon process ( ! ulna1 :ile !re is usually little indication ( a radial cre/1 & ! proximal & di/al ends are 9 ! same plane4 ,9 ! ,bat h[ev] ! bone is twi/$ a little s t ! slight radial cre/ looks 9 ! same direction z ! di/al end1 "h also !re is no pit = ! olecranon2 b ! bone is sigmoid & proportionally mu* long] ?an 9 ,pt]odactyles4 ,9 ! horse1 hippopotamus1 c41 ! radial process becomes m develop$ b nev] resembles t ( a ,pt]odactyle4 ,among reptiles1 ! bone may be comp>$ ) liz>ds & crocodiles4 ,9 crocodiles ! proximal & di/al ends are ne>ly 9 ! same plane1 ! di/al end has two condyles1 ! head is convex f side to side1 & ! radial cre/ is mod]ately develop$ & nev] ext5ds s f> outw>d or s f> proximally z 9 ,pt]odactyle4 ,9 ! ,*ameleon ! bone is m twi/$ ?an 9 ,crocodile1 & z 9 ,pt]odactyle ! di/al end is compress$ on ! radial side to a %>p m>g94 ,9 ,iguana1 ,sc9k1 & ,monitor bo? proximal & di/al ends are mu* exp&$1 & ! radial process makes no approximation to t ( a ,pt]odactyle4 ,! bird hum]us does n approximate m closely 9 =m to t ( ! ,pt]odactyle ?an does ! ,*ameleon hum]us1 ?\gh x has ! c>d9al di/9ction ( pneumatic =am9a1 & ^! sometimes correspond+ 9 position 9 ! two gr\ps4 ,! bird hum]us is commonly long]1 ?\gh 9 ! p>rots ! proportions & /raightness are n unlike ,pt]odactyle4 ,9 "s respects a ne>] resemblance is se5 9 ! raptorial bird ,gypog]anus s]p5t>ius1 9 :i* ! radial process is r m develop$ ?an 9 ! ,crocodile1 & ext5ds fur!r proximally ?\gh /ill mu* small] ?an 9 ,pt]odactyle2 "h too ! sup]ior surface is concave f side to side1 & ! di/al articulation is n unlike t ( "s ,pt]odactyles4 ,b no ,pt]odactyle has ! head ( ! hum]us convex f ! radial to ! uln> sides1 & ! bird is di/9ctive 9 hav+ ! uln> cre/ develop$ on ! inf]ior side ( ! head3 a fa9t approximation to a simil> developm5t is se5 9 ,crocodile1 b !re is no trace ( su* a process 9 ,pt]odactyle4 ,! di/al end is m ,bird-l ?an ,lac]tian 9 =m1 b is twi/$ to a great] angle ) ! proximal end ?an 9 birds4 ,altoge!r ! bone is di/9ctive4 ,! po9ts 9 :i* x is unlike birds & reptiles are ^? 9 :i* ,birds & ,liz>ds resemble ea* o!r2 x w\ld n be easy to say t 9 =m x resembles "o gr\p m ?an ! o!r4 ,b x is l9k$ ) birds by ! pneumatic =am9a4 ,,radius ,,& ,,ulna4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j a #i #e- #f #aj #a-aj #aa #a- #g #ab #a- #d #ac #e- #f ,( nei!r ( ^! bones has a p]fect specim5 be5 f\nd4 ,:ile fragm5ts ( hum]i are met ) frequ5tly1 fragm5ts ( ^! bones are r>e4 ,9 accordance ) ! analogy ) birds ! ,ulna might be presum$ to be ! l>g] bone ( ! two4 ,b f a /udy ( ,g]man specim5s ! l>g] bone is f\nd to be ! ,radius1 :i* accord+ to ! mammalian plan is plac$ 9 front ( ! ulna4 ,z a :ole1 ! =e-arm ( ,orni?osaurians is only to be comp>$ ) ! insectivor\s mammal ,*ryso*loris ,cap5sis1 9 :i* !re are also ?ree bones 9 ! =e-arm1--! ?ird bone l ! ,pt]oid bone 9 ,orni?osaurians1 ext5d+ ab\t half-way f ! c>pus to ! hum]us1 & hold+1 relatively1 a simil> position & developm5t to ! fibula 9 bats4 ,! pt]oid bone articulat$ ) a sep>ate c>pal1 & 0 plac$ on ! side ( ! arm1 adjac5t to ! radius1 :i* at ! di/al end ext5d$ 9 ,g]man specim5s m inw>d ?an ! ulna4 ,9 ,*ryso*loris ! ?ird bone appe>s to be beh9d ! o!r bones1 & adjac5t to ! ulna,p4 ,footnote ,p3 ,see ,d',alton & ,p&] ,*iropt]5 und ,insectivor51 ,bonn1 #ahca1 pl4 #e1 ,*ryso*loris4 ,among nei!r birds nor reptiles is any comp>able modification ( ! =e-arm to be f\nd4 ,!n by exam9+ ! proximal surface ( ! proximal c>pal1 ! *>act]s ( ! di/al end ( ! ,radius are readily discov]$4 ,! proximal c>pal %[s on ! same surface ano!r articul> facets ) :i* h[ev] only "o fragm5t>y di/al end ( a bone corresponds4 ,t accord+ly is id5tifi$ z ! ulna4 ,besides ^!1 ?ree o!r articul> ends ( bones occur1 "o ( :i* fits on to ! di/al end ( ! femur4 ,! rema9+ two are bo? l>ge bones1 ) epiphyses :i* =m$ portions ( ! articul> surfaces1 & are usually want+4 ,"o ( ^! bones corresponds 9 =m ) ! ulna ( a bird1 & w\ld fit ! facet on ! uln> side ( ! di/al end ( ! ,pt]odactyle hum]us4 ,! o!r bone is massive ) a sub-quadrate articul> end1 & might well be ! proximal end ( ! radius4 ,"s specim5s are among ! l>ge/ fragm5ts ( ,pt]odactyle bone kn[n4 ,! only o!r bone t ei!r ( ^! c\ld be is ! di/al end ( ! tibia1 a bone n yet kn[n1 b probably n unlike t ( a bird4 ,i4 ,di/al ,end ( ,ulna4 ,f\r specim5s :i* %[ articul> ends su* z ! ulna %\ld h1 are m\nt$ toge!r4 ,!y are compress$ bones ) ! section ( ! fracture elongately oval2 & ! %aft wid5s f ! fracture to ! articulation )\t increas+ 9 ?ickness4 ,! out] surface is g5tly convex1 becom+ concave mesially ne> ! articulation2 ! inn] surface has ! same *>act]s1 only ! concavity at ! extreme di/al end rea*es f side to side ( ! bone4 ,! two %ort sides bo? look outw>d z well z lat]ally2 "o ( !m flatt5$ s z to ?ick5 ! bone1 is concave 9 v]tical outl9e ow+ to ! extreme di/al end turn+ sudd5ly outw>d2 ! o!r side a little convex1 compresses ! bone & inflects its inn] m>g94 ,! longe/ specim5 measures #a-e_/h in*2 #e_/h in* wide at ! fracture1 & #a-a_/h in* wide at ! di/al end4 ,! greate/ ?ickness at ! di/al end is half an in*1 ! ?ickness ( ! fractur$ %aft is #e_/h ( an in*4 ,! articul> surface appe>s to h an elongat$ sub-r5i=m %ape1 ! "p at ! compress$ side ( ! bone be+ n>r[] ?an ! broad ovate "p on ! ?ick side ( ! bone1 to ! lat]al limit ( :i* x ext5ds1 :ile ! n>r[ "p does n ext5d lat]ally ne>ly s f> z ! inflect$ bord]1 :i* appe>s to give atta*m5t to p[]ful muscles4 ,!re is also a /rong muscul> atta*m5t at ! correspond+ diagonal corn] ( ! bone :]e ! out] surface on its "r meets ! side ( ! bone 9 an elevat$ ridge4 ,9 its long diamet] ! articulation is a little convex2 transv]sely x is v convex 9 ! ovate "p1 b m flatt5$ 9 its n>r[] cont9uation4 ,:]e wide/ x measures ab\t #d_/aj?s ( an in*4 ,nos4 #e & #f on ano!r tablet appe> to be di/al ends ( ulna ( ano!r k9d ( ,pt]odactyle4 ,!y are less compress$1 m quadrate 9 section1 & h ! sides m ne>ly p>allel ,! flatt5$ side simil>ly has a concave bord]1 b in/ead ( hav+ its di/al t]m9ation develop$ lat]ally1 has x ?ick5$ beh9d4 ,! opposite side ( ! bone :i* 9 ! o!r specim5s 0 compress$ is "h ?ick & well r\nd$1 & n at all inflect$4 ,!re is an abs5ce ( ! concavity notic$ on ! out] surface ( ! bone 9 ! compress$ specim5s4 ,! articul> surface is mu* flatt]1 & a little concave 9 l5g? in/ead ( be+ convex2 z 9 ! o!r examples x looks d[nw>d4 ,! l>ge/ fragm5t4 ,no4 #e1 measures #a-c_/h in* long2 x is #f_/h in* wide at ! fracture1 & #d_/h in* ?ick4 ,! sub-quadrate di/al end is m ?an an in* long1 m ?an #d_/h?s in* ?ick on ! ?ick side1 & ne>ly #d_/h?s in* ?ick on ! compress$ side4 ,,ii4 ,di/al ,end ( ,radius4 ,! be/ pres]v$ ( ! #aj specim5s "h exhibit$ is #c in*es long1 ,no4 #b4 ,! %aft is oval1 flatt5$ on "o side2 measur+ at an in* f ! fractur$ end #g_/aj?s ( an in* 9 ! lea/ diamet]1 & "o in* 9 ! wide diamet]4 ,x wid5s di/ally at fir/ sl[ly1 !n rapidly1 till at ! articul> end its greate/ wid? is two in*es4 ,b :ile exp&+ lat]ally x contracts f side to side1 ! m convex side ( ! two at ab\t an in* f ! articul> end1 beg9n+ to approximate to ! flatt] side till ! articul> end has a %ort diamet] ( less ?an half an in*4 ,on ! left-h& corn] ( ! convex inn] side ( ! bone is an elevat$ flatt5$ disc = muscul> atta*m5ts1 fully half an in* 9 diamet]1 !re is a slight muscul> atta*m5t int]ior to ?is1 ne>] ! middle ( ! bone4 ,! left-h& corn] ( ! flatt5$ out] side ( ! di/al end ( ! radius is m>k$ by a v]tical ridge bord]+ a simil>ly elevat$ oval muscul> atta*m5t4 ,p>allel to ?is ne>] ! middle ( ! side is a mu* /rong] & acutely elevat$ ridge4 ,! articulation is made up ( ?ree di/9ct p>ts1 all 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! portion ( bone adjac5t to ! l>ge muscul> disc is compress$ & r\nd$ on ! di/al end2 !n fir/ !re is a r deep circul> cup #c_/h?s ( an in* wide1 ne>] to ! m convex ?an to ! flatt] side ( ! bone2 adjac5t to ?is cup is a convex ball ( ab\t ! same size2 :ile ! rema9d] ( ! articulation is concave 9 l5g?1 convex f side to side1 & looks d[nw>d & a little t[>ds ! inn] convex side ( ! bone4 ,! specim5s are arrang$ s z to display ^! *>act]s4--,! example describ$ is ( ne>ly ! same size z t figur$ = ! hum]us 9 fig4 #a1 ,t4 ,,xxiv4 ( ! ,cretace\s ,reptilia4 ,! less well pres]v$ bone 9 t figure exhibits ! ,ulna 9 its true position beh9d ! ,radius4 ,,iii4 ,proximal ,end ( ,ulna4 ,?is bone has mu* ! proportions ( ! ,ulna 9 birds1 ! small] specim5s ne>ly resembl+ ! ulna ( ! ,h]on4 ,! specim5 7,no4 #a7 ) ! %aft be/ pres]v$ is #b-a_/d in*es long1 cyl9drical at ! fracture1 :]e x measures 9 diamet] #c_/af?s ( an in*4 ,x gradually enl>ges proximally wid5+ to ab\t #g_/aj?s ( an in*2 ne> ! proximal end x is a little curv$1 ! side :i* is concave 9 l5g? be+ a little flatt5$1 :ile !re is a lat]al elevation on ! opposite side1 app>5tly correspond+ to ! quill-ridge on ! convex side ( ! bird-ulna4 ,!re is a sep>ate ossification = ! olecranon1 :i* is an irregul> sub-oblong bone =m+ ! out] "p ( ! articulation2 x is only pres]v$ 9 ,no4 #a4 ,nos4 #d1 #e & #f %[ ! concave transv]se groove f :i* x has come away4 ,! articul> surface looks upw>d & =w>d1 9 :i* aspect x has a trapezoidal =m4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ,no4 #b1 ! great sigmoid area is divid$ into two p>ts by a v]tical ridge1 ! m elevat$ "p ( ! articulation on ! radial side ( ! bone be+ concave1 :ile ! out] "p1 z 9 ! h]on1 besides be+ concave1 has its bord] on ! concave side ( ! bone produc$ & r\nd$4 ,!re is a small triangul> elevation on ! radial aspect ( ! proximal end l t on ! correspond+ "p ( ! ulna ( ! h]on4 ,on ?is aspect ! bone is flatt5$1 on ! opposite & outw>d aspect x is compress$ & produc$ z 9 ! bird4 ,no4 #b measures #a-a_/h in* ov] ! articul> end4 ,! s]ies includes #f specim5s4 ,,iv4 ,proximal ,end ( ,radius4 ,?is bone t]m9at$ 9 an epiphysis :i* =m$ "p ( ! articul> surface1 & has disappe>$ f all ! #g specim5s m\nt$4 ,s mu* ( ! articulation z rema9s does n oppose ! idea ( its hav+ be5 atta*$ to ! hum]us1 :ile ! l>ge size ( ! example ,no4 #g1 :i* c\ld n h measur$ less ?an #b-a_/b in*es f side to side ov] ! articulation1 is m 9 accordance ) :at is at pres5t kn[n ( ! dim5sions atta9$ by ! di/al end ( ! hum]us ?an ) ! size t w\ld be expect$ 9 ! di/al end ( ! tibia1 :i* is ! only o!r unkn[n bone to :i* ^! specim5s c\ld be ref]r$4 ,! longe/ specim51 ,no4 #c1 is #c in*es long2 broadly ovate at ! fracture1 measur+ 9 ! long diamet] #a in*1 & 9 ! %ort diamet] m ?an #c_/d?s ( an in*4 ,ne>] ! articul> end ! bone becomes 9 section sub-quadrate or r sub-rhomboid4 ,no4 #a %[s ^! t]m9al *>act]s extremely well4 ,on ! po/]ior aspect ( ! specim5 ! surface is divid$ into two flatt5$ slightly convex p>ts by a m$ian v]tical well-r\nd$ angul> b5d4 ,9 front ! side is simil>ly divid$ into two p>ts1 bo? ( !m a little concave proximally1 by a %>p m$ian v]tical ridge1 :i* does n rea* to ! articulation by a v>y+ di/ance1 nev] s long z ! bone is wide4 ,! ridge t]m9ates 91 & is pi]c$ by1 a v]tical groove app>5tly = a nutritive vessel4 ,:]e ! ant]ior & po/]ior aspects ( ! bone conv]ge lat]ally ! sides are well r\nd$4 ,only a small "p ( ! articul> surface is pres]v$1 look+ upw>d & a little =w>d2 x t]m9ates ! wid] ( ! halves ( ! bone lat]ally & 9 front4 ,! rema9d] ( ! articul> surface1 f :i* ! epiphysis has come away1 may be divid$ pr9cipally 9 ! majority ( specim5s into a po/]ior flatt5$ m$ian rhomboid space & an oblong cup-%ap$ ant]ior space divid$ f x by an elevat$ ridge4 ,! extreme lat]al t]m9ation appe>s to h be5 a ball-%ap$ convexity4 ,! great l5g? ( ! =e-arm relatively to ! hum]us1 *>act]i/ic ( ,g]man ,orni?osaurians1 f ! fragm5t>y condition ( ,cambridge specim5s is n se54 ,al?\gh ! =e-arm resembles ,*ryso*loris 9 plan ! resemblance is n close 9 ! details ( =m4 ,9 _m ,mammals x is *>act]i/ic = ! radius to be ! pr9cipal bone ( ! =e-arm1 & among ,rum9ants 9 :i* ?is is especially ! case ! radius is altoge!r 9 front & ! ulna beh9d z is ! position ) ,birds & ,crocodiles4 ,& among mammals ) claws1 z 9 ! ,lion1 ,be>1 c41 & 9 ! ,*ameleon1 x is *>act]i/ic1 = ! radius also to be on ! inside ( ! limb at ! di/al end1 z 9 ,orni?osaurians4 ,9 =m1 ridges1 & muscul> atta*m5ts 7see pl4 #c7 ! di/al end ( ! radius approximates closely to ! ,be> & ! ,lion1 & may also be comp>$ ) ! ,bats & ,birds1 ?\gh ) ,birds x is a small bone4 ,f ! epiphysis ( ! proximal end app>5tly be+ want+ x w\ld be difficult to comp>e closely4 ,b ?\gh n l any p>ticul> mammal1 x might h p]ta9$ to a mammal s9ce x has ! l>ge p]=ation = ! nutritive vessel ne> to ! proximal end z 9 ! ,camel & _m ( ! mammalia4 ,! ulna ( ! ,pt]odactyles is at ! proximal end altoge!r di/+ui%$ f mammals by ! slight developm5t ( ! olecranon1 nor c ! di/al end1 especially 9 its relation to ! c>pus1 be p>allel$4 ,among birds & reptiles ! ulna is ! l>ge bone1 & "h a g5]al resemblance 9 =m to ! ulna ( ,pt]odactyles is se5 at ! proximal end4 ,x is n compress$ f side to side z 9 ! ,crocodile1 ,iguana1 ,monitor1 c41 b f back to fronts 9 ?is r resembl+ ,birds ?an ! ,*ameleon4 ,x h[ev] at ! di/al end is m crocodilian4 ,! =e-arm 9 plan is mammalian4 ,! ,pt]oid bone is mammalian1 ! ,radius is mammalian & avian2 ! ,ulna is avian1 & crocodilian 9 =m1 b mammalian 9 proportion4 ,! pneumatic =am5 ( ! ulna is peculi>ly avian4 ,,c>pus4 ,pl4 #e4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j b #a #a-ac #b #a-ah #c #a- #d #d #a- #h ,! pt]odactyle wri/ is made up ( ?ree bones1 arrang$ z a proximal c>pal1 a di/al c>pal1 & a lat]al c>pal4 ,two ( !m are figur$ by ,pr(essor ,ow51 :o reg>d$ ! di/al c>pal ( ?is description z ! scapho-cunei=m2 :ile ,a v imp]fect example ( ! proximal c>pal is nam$ ! unci=m3 nei!r ( ^! det]m9ations1 ! rev]se ( ^? :i* foll[1 7 giv5 z m ?an probable guesses4 ,i4 ,proximal ,c>pal4 ,no4 #aj %[s ! proximal surface well2 portions ( x are se5 9 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 & #ab4 ,! di/al surface is be/ exhibit$ 9 ,no4 #a2 portions ( x are %[n 9 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #h4 ,no4 #ac is an impression tak5 f ! proximal surce ( a di/al c>pal to %[ its correspond5ce ) di/al surface ( ! proximal c>pal4 ,! bone is proximally ( an irregul> oblong =m1 be+ five sid$1 & mu* broad] t[>ds ! inn] end ?an t[>ds ! out] end4 ,! two ends are sub-p>allel1 & r obliquely connect$ on "o side by a ne>ly /raight bord] m ?an twice z long z ! %ort] end4 ,! o!r limits ( ! sub-p>allel ends are connect$ by two concave bord]s meet+ 9 a well r\nd$ convexity1 :i* is ne> to ! broad] inn] end4 ,! proximal surface ( ! bone is flatt5$1 & may be divid$ into a sub-rhomboid space1 adjac5t to ! %ort] ( ! sub-p>allel ends1 :i* is mod]ately concave 9 ! long axis ( ! bone & slightly convex transv]sely1 & an oblong space adjac5t to ! long] ( ! two ends4 ,?is is sep>at$ f ! sub-rhomboid space1 t[>d ! /raight side ( ! bone1 by an elevat$ ridge sub-p>allel ) ! ends4 ,x is direct$ t[>ds ! convexity on ! opposite side1 9 :i* ! long & %ort concave p>ts meet1 b aft] half cross+ ! bone x becomes =k$ 9 a ,u %ape1 & less elevat$2 ! smoo? un>ticul> includ$ space %[s an oval pneumatic =am51 :i* v>ies 9 size ) ! diff]5t species4 ,! region betwe5 ?is ,y-%ap$ ridge & ! long] ( ! two ends1 is sub-r5i=m1 slightly concave 9 its long diamet]1 & deeply concave 9 ! %ort diamet]1 exactly correspond+ 9 =m ) ! articul> surface already describ$ z ! di/al end ( ! ulna4 ,also p>allel ) ! long end ( ! bone are m>ks ( an articul> surface exactly correspond+ ) ^? describ$ z ! di/al end ( ! radius2 t is1 at ! convex angle ( ! angulat$ side is plac$ a hemisph]ical boss1' int]ior to :i* is a hemisph]ical concavity1 & ext5d+ t[>d ! /raight side is ! oblique smoo? bord] ( ! sub-rhomboid area describ$4 ,!re /ill rema9s a space to be acc\nt$ =4 ,?is consi/s ( a sub-quadrate area =m+ ! corn] ( ! bone made by ! concave side & ! %ort] out] end2 x is made up ( an inn] concave "p sep>at$ f ! radial articulation by a ridge1 & an out] convex "p con/itut+ ! %ort] end ( ! bone4 ,?is c>pal is mod]ately compress$ f ! proximal to ! di/al side1 except t[>ds ! %ort] end ( ! bone1 be+ !re prolong$ di/ally into a w$ge-%ap$ process1 %[+ at its t]m9ation m>ks ( a p[]ful muscul> atta*m5t4 ,! out] lat]al surface is ( v>iable ant]o-po/]ior ext5t4 ,! di/al articul> surface is plac$ entirely t[>d ! n>r[ end ( ! bone1 leav+ at ! proximal end a l>ge smoo? rhomboid un>ticul> area1 ( :i* e side is a little concave3 x connects obliquely ! proximal ) ! di/al articul> surfaces4 ,! di/al articul> area is divid$ by a diagonal ridge into a long oblong area ( :i* ! inn] & out] sides are sub-p>allel & ! ends r\nd$3 x is slightly concave 9 l5g? z well z transv]sely1 & is slightly twi/$ l ! flukes ( a screw4 ,adjac5t to ?is region lat]ally is ! o!r & sub-triangul> "p ( ! articulation4 ,! broad end ( ! triangle is t[>d ! broad end ( ! bone2 x is concave 9 l5g? & flatt5$ transv]sely4 ,! two p>ts ( ! articulation are incl9$ to ea* o!r at a l>ge angle1 bo? look+ d[nw>d & outw>d1 b on opposite sides ( ! bone4 ,,ii4 ,di/al ,c>pal4 ,! tablets ( ?is bone comprise #bb specim5s4 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ae1 #af1 #ai & #bb are s m\nt$ z to exhibit ! proximal surface4 ,nos4 #g1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #bj & #ba %[ ! di/al surface ( ! bone4 ,no4 #ag is a ca/ f ! di/al surce ( a proximal c>pal = comp>ison ) ! proximal surface ( ! di/al c>pal4 ,no4 #af is a ca/ f ! proximal end ( ! w+-metac>pal = comp>ison ) ! di/al surface ( ! di/al c>pal4 ,no4 #bj is a di/al c>pal ( unusual type1 #ai is a ca/ f its proximal surface1 & #ba is a ca/ f ! di/al surface ( ! same specim54 ,! proximal aspect ( ?is bone is r n>r[] ?an ! di/al aspect2 ea* is sub-triangul> 9 outl9e1 ! sides be+ convexly curv$4 ,9 ! long axis f ! apex on ! inside to ! %ort out],q side ! bone is convex proximally ) an oblique transv]se depression2 9 ! %ort axis1 t is1 betwe5 ! two long] sides1 ! middle ( ! bone is holl[1 b ! oblique transv]se depression makes bo? sides ( ! holl[ convex1--s t except+ ! smoo? un>ticul> triangul> area adjac5t to ! apex1 ! sub-quadrate articul> surface is %ap$ some:at l two cones put side by side 9 su* mann] t ! apex ( ea* t\*es ! base ( ! o!r3 ! apex ( t cone :i* %\ld t\* ! %ort side or base ( ! triangle =m$ by ! bone1 is truncat$ by a depression :i* exhibits an oval pneumatic =am54 ,t[>ds ! apex1 on ! same side z ! pneumatic =am51 ! m>g9 ( ! bone is r\nd$ = a small t]m9al oval articulation :i* looks outw>d & upw>d4 ,footnote ,q3 ,out] & inn] are "h us$ 9 accordance ) ! usual int]pretation1 & ! bett] to comp>e ) birds4 ,! lat]al aspects ( ! bone are at "r angles to ! proximal & di/al surfaces4 ,!y are smoo?1 a little concave 9 ant]o-po/]ior ext5t1 & convex 9 ! opposite direction4 ,t "o on to :i* ! m>g9al articul> surface imp+es is except = t surface sub-quadrate 9 outl9e2 ! opposite side has a slightly cresc5tic =m1 ! flatt5$ outl9e be+ di/al4 ,!y %[ sev]al small =am9a4 ,! di/al aspect ( ! bone is comp>atively flat4 ,! di/al surface consi/s ( a smoo? un>ticul> "p adjac5t to ! apex1 r small] ?an ! correspond+ area on ! proximal aspect ( ! bone4 ,betwe5 ?is "p & ! sub-cresc5tic articul> surface1 :i* occupies ! rema9d] ( ! di/al area1 is a l>ge circul> pit1 fur!/ remov$ f ! side ( ! bone :i* =ms ! sub-apical m>g9al articulation4 ,! pit on ! apical side %[s sev]al small =am9a2 on ! out] side ( ! bone ! r\gh5$ articul> surface ext5ds d[n ! pit side4 ,! articulation is flatt5$ f side to side ( ! bone4 ,its out] m>g9 is slightly prom95t1 & ! m>g9 ( ! pit is slightly convex & prom95t1 s t ! int]v5+ articul> surface 9 ! direction betwe5 ^! limits is concave4 ,x is commonly divid$ into two p>ts by a m$ian b& limit+ a depress$ half1 :i* is 9 a slightly diff]5t plane f ! o!r half ( ! articulation4 ,:]e ! depress$ "p t]m9ates t[>ds ! m>g9al articulation1 :i* does n ext5d s f> di/ally1 !re is betwe5 ! two a small /ep-l r\gh5$ articul> portion4 ,! l>ge cresc5tic articulation describ$ gave atta*m5t to ! w+-metac>pal bone2 if !re 0 a second metac>pal t]m9at+ 9 a claw1 x mu/ h be5 atta*$ to ! small articulation la/ ref]r$ to4 ,9 ,no4 #bj ! pit is extremely small1 ! impress$ "p ( ! articulation is small & deeply sunk1 :ile ! apicul> articulation is wid5$ & %ort5$ s z to make ! outl9e ( ! bone quadrate4 ,,iii4 ,lat]al ,c>pal4 ,! tablet exhibits eight examples ( a bone :i* at its di/al end is atta*$ to ! m>g9al apicul> articulation ( ! di/al c>pal1 !nce ext5d+ proximally1 & t]m9at+ 9 an articul> facet = ! ?ird bone ( ! =e-arm1 s z to ov]lap lat]ally bo? ( ! o!r c>pals4 ,! bone is compress$1 is ?ree times z wide z ?ick1 & 9 outl9e sub-quadrate ) a di/al talon4 ,on ! inn] side x is flat1 & on ! out] side above ! talon x is concave v]tically & convex transv]sely 9 su* way t ! side ( ! bone to :i* ! di/al articulation is adjac5t is ?ick] ?an ! o!r side1 & sometimes b5t at a %>p angle4 ,! talon on ! inn] aspect ( ! bone is flat & cont9u\s ) ! quadrate side1 b on ! out] aspect x is sep>at$ f ! side by an elevat$ transv]se ?ick5+1 di/ally to :i* ! bone is compress$1 & r\nd$ into ! adjac5t p>ts4 ,! talon ext5ds ov] m ?an half ( ! di/al end ( ! bone1 & con/itutes ) ! rema9d] ( ! di/al end1 ! di/al articulation1 :i* is flat f front to back1 & concave f side to base4 ,! proximal articulation is cupp$ & ext5ds ov] ! :ole proximal surface2 x is at "r angles ) ! sides ( ! bone4 ,bo? ! inn] & out] sides exhibit small pneumatic =am9a4 ,no4 #h diff]s f ! o!r specim5s 9 its sub-triangul> lat]al outl9e1 & g5]al less complex modifications4 ,! ,c>pus ( ! ,cambridge ,orni?osaurians at fir/ sight is n easily comp>$ ) t ( ,birds2 ,birds hav+ b "o bone betwe5 ! radius & ! metac>pus4 ,b t "o bone 9 ! ,o/ri*1 = in/ance1 is n unlike 9 =m to ! proximal c>pal ( ,pt]odactyle2 :ile ! proximal end ( ! metac>pus pres5ts s close an analogy ) ! di/al c>pal ( ! ,pt]odactyle1 t ev5 7 x n easily demon/rat$ t ! bone 9 ,birds commonly call$ ! metac>pus is a c>po-metac>pus,r1 x w\ld be /rong evid5ce = su* a det]m9ation4 ,9 ,birds !re is a small lat]al bone betwe5 ! ulna & c>po-metac>pus :i* is evid5tly homolog\s ) ! lat]al c>pal ( our ,pt]odactyles1 & s1 s9ce ?is lat]al c>pal ( ! ,o/ri* is ! pisi=m bone1 x results t ! lat]al c>pal ( ,pt]odactyle is ! pisi=m bone also4 ,f ?is foll[s a conclusion ( ! fir/ importance 9 ! int]pretation ( ! h&4 ,! f9e hair-l metac>pals ( ! ,pt]odactyle are on ! side t[>ds ! pisi=m bone1 :ile ! great w+-metac>pal is on ! side t[>ds ! index f+]4 ,footnote ,r3 ,!y sep>ate )\t difficulty 9 ! ,*ick54 ,9 ,birds ! rudim5t>y ?umb 7or second f+]1 accord+ to ,ow57 has no connection ) ! c>pus4 ,9 ! ,p5gu91 ,apt5odytes ,patagonica1 x has disappe>$ altoge!r1 & !re !n rema9 two f+]s ( :i* ! out] "o 7se5 f ! front z we h plac$ our animal7 is ! l>g]1 & has ! greate/ numb] ( phalanges1 precisely z 9 ,orni?osaurians4 ,moreov] ! w+-metac>pal1 9 ! ,p5gu9 especially1 is se5 to unite ) ! c>pus directly "u ! radius1 z is ! case ) ! ,cambridge ,orni?osaurians4 ,h5ce x foll[s t 9 ,pt]odactyles ! ?umb is n develop$1 & t ! w+-f+] is n ! little f+]1 b ! index f+]1 precisely z 9 ,birds4 ,if ,goldfuss gave a rev]se arrangem5t x 0 because ! h& 9 8 specim51 z is prov$ by ! claws1 0 upside d[n4 ,9 ! immature /ate ! di/al c>pal ( ,pt]odactyle appe>s to h be5 composite4 ,not)/&+ ! op9ions ( em95t ,g]man philosoph]s to ! contr>y no reptile has a c>pus comp>able to t ( ! ,pt]odactyle4 ,if "s ( !m h two r[s ( bones & a pisi=m bone1 s h mammals1 & ! mammalian arrangem5t is n m l ! ,orni?osauria ?an is t 9 ,reptiles4 ,,metac>pal ,,bone4 ,pl4 #f4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j b #e #a-c ,! illu/rations ( ?is bone comprise #ca specim5s4 ,nos4 #a to #ae are examples ( ! proximal end1 & ,nos4 #af to #ca %[ ! di/al tro*le> end ( ! bone4 ,no4 #a1 :i* is ne>ly entire1 gives ! =m & proportions ( ! w+-metac>pal 9 "o species1 b a k ( its v>iabl5ess 9 ,g]man =ms w\ld gu>d aga9/ an assumption t all ! o!r ,gre5s& species 7 to be re/or$ on ! plan ( ?is example4 ,x is #c-e_/h in*es long1 to :i* ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* may be add$ = ! di/al articulation1 mak+ ! l5g? up to #d in*es4 ,! proximal end is n well pres]v$1 b 9 its wide measurem5t is #e_/h?s ( an in*2 ! di/al end 9 ! same measurem5t is ab\t #c_/h?s ( an in*4 ,a l>ge example f ! ,*alk1 9 ! ,museum ( ,c4 ,moore ,esq4 ( ,ba?1 %[s ! bone m att5uat$ di/ally4 ,no4 #a is compress$ s z to be oblong 9 section at ! proximal end1 & ovate 9 ! middle ( ! %aft1 :i* is slightly small] ?an ! di/al end4 ,"o ( ! lat]al outl9es is /raight2 ! o!r is concave4 ,! bone is /raight4 ,9 ,no4 #cj ! %aft :]e ?icke/ measures less ?an #a_/d ( an in*1 becom+ ne>ly circul> 9 section4 ,! %aft ( ,no4 #ca measures ne>ly an in* 9 wid? at its di/al end1 r m ?an half an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,no4 #aj is #a-a_/b in* wide at ! proximal end & #g_/h?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,no4 #i w\ld n h measur$ less :5 p]fect ?an #b-a_/b in*es ov] ! proximal end1 s t if x _h ! proportions ( ,no4 #a x w\ld h measur$ :5 entire n less ?an #af in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! ,proximal ,end4 ,! proximal end has nev] be5 figur$4 ,pr(4 ,ow5's figure pl4 ,,iv4 fig1 #d-e1 ,fir/ ,supt4 ,cret4 ,rep4 is probably "p ( a jaw1 & n ! w+-metac>pal4 ,! articul> surface is oblong ) "o corn] r\nd$ (f s t ! adjac5t long & %ort sides become conflu5t on ! ext]ior surface ( ! bone4 ,9 ! middle ( ! flat inside m>g9 & ext5d+ proximally is a semi-cyl9drical process1 :i* is prolong$ a %ort di/ance d[n ! side ( ! bone z an elevat$ ridge4 ,on ! flatt5$ articul> end ?is process is bord]$ by a semicircul> furr[ :i* ext5ds half-way across ! bone1 outside ( :i* is a slightly convex semicircul> b& :i* ext5ds to ! out] m>g9 ( ! bone1 except t[>ds ! %ort side opposite to t "o :i* r\nds into ! out] side1 :]e !re appe>s to be a n>r[ un>ticul> area4 ,on ! inside ( ! bone :]e ! two ends ( ! semicircul> proximal furr[ t]m9ate are two deep grooves :i* ext5d a %ort di/ance di/ally2 !y are bo? limit$ by inw>d ext5sions ( ! %ort sides ( ! bone1 t cre/ be+ mo/ develop$ 9 height & l5g? :i* is t[>d ! flatt5$ %ort side4 ,! outl9e :i* ^! modifications give to ! inn] side ( ! proximal surface is int]m$iate 9 =m betwe5 ! lett]s ,s & sideways ,m4 ,! ,di/al ,end4 ,! di/al end has be5 figur$ by ,pr(4 ,ow5 9 ! ,briti% ,fossil ,mammals1 p4 #ede2 9 ,dixon's ,geology ( ,sussex1 ,pl4 ,,xxix4 fig4 #ab2 ,cret4 ,reptiles1 ,pl4 ,,xxxii4 figs4 #d & #e1 ,fir/ ,supt4 ,pl4 ,,iv1 fig4 #i-aa1 & o!r places1 & fully describ$4 ,x closely resembles ! di/al end ( a bird's tibia2 & consi/s ( a pulley-%ap$ end set obliquely on to ! compress$ %aft1 :i* j above ! junction is r5i=m 9 section1 ow+ to ! developm5t ( a m$ian r\nd$ ridge on ! same inn] side ( ! bone :i* be>s ! m$ian ridge at ! proximal end1 :ile on ! opposite side !re is a correspond+ m$ian depression :i* does n ext5d f> proximally4 ,9 ?is depression is an oval pneumatic =am52 on ! "r ( ! m$ian ridge ( ! o!r side1 b plac$ m di/ally1 is ano!r pneumatic =am54 ,! m$ian ridge has sometimes a slight furr[ on ea* side4 ,x t]m9ates proximally 9 /rong muscul> ins]tions1 :i* ext5d r\nd ! "r side ( ! bone2 & di/ally1 becom+ m elevat$ & r\nd$1 x curves obliquely to ! rights & =m+ "o ( ! sides ( ! pulley1 passes r\nd ! base z ?ree qu>t]s ( a spiral1 ! t]m9ation ext5d+ lat]ally beyond ! %aft4 ,on ?is side ( ! bone1 di/al to ! m$ian depression1 arises ano!r ridge /rong & well r\nd$1 :i* is direct$ to ! "r1 simil>ly passes r\nd ! base z a spiral1 & =ms ! o!r side ( ! pulley4 ,x is n s prom95t z ! bord] previ\sly describ$4 ,:ile ! spirals approximate at _! orig91 !y become widely sep>at$ at ! base1 mak+ ! articulation wid] ?an ! %aft4 ,9 ,no4 #ca ! ?ree in*es ( ! %aft :i* rema9 %[ bo? pairs ( its sides sub-p>allel2 ! wide/ measures ne>ly an in*2 ! base ( ! articulation is less ?an a qu>t] ( an in* wid]4 ,limit$ to ! base1 betwe5 ! two out] ridges ( ! pulley1 is a %ort m$ian ridge slightly develop$2 s z to flatt5 ! middle ( ! concavity betwe5 ! ridges1 & divide x into two grooves4 ,! degree to :i* ! middle ridge is develop$ v>ies 9 diff]5t species4 ,9 ,no4 #cj1 ! smalle/ pt]odactyle1 rem>kable = a long w+-metac>pal bone1 x is n to be detect$4 ,! ext]ior sides ( ! tro*le> articulation are broad1 flatt5$1 & a little concave4 ,!re is "s v>iation 9 ! way 9 :i* ! %aft is set on ! tro*le> end4 ,x be+ (t5 9 ! middle1 b n unfrequ5tly incl9$ m to "o side ?an to ! o!r4 ,! metac>pus f9ds no close p>allel among liv+ animals4 ,! ?read-l metac>pal bones sugge/ ! condition ( ! h9d-foot 9 ! ,kang>oo4 ,! pr$om9ant metac>pal sugge/s ! rum9ants4 ,b ! ne>e/ approximation is f\nd among birds :]e ! bone = ! middle f+] is l>ge & ! bone = ! ?ird f+] is sl5d]4 ,?is may be obs]v$ 7among o!r examples7 9 ! ,p5gu9 & ! ,swan4 ,b "h ! p>allel ends4 ,! proximal end 9 ,birds1 we h already se5 to be hidd5 by ! an*ylos$ di/al r[ ( ! c>pus1 & ! di/al end ?\gh (t5 convex f side to side nev] pres5ts ! tro*le> jo9t ( ! ,pt]odactyle4 ,consequ5tly s f> z reg>ds ! =m ( ! articul> ends ! resemblance is clos] ) ,reptiles & claw$ ,mammals ?an ) ,birds4 ,9 ,birds ! small metac>pal is usually ( simil> l5g? ) ! l>ge "o z is ! case ) ,pt]odactyles4 ,,fir/ ,,phalange4 ,pl4 #g4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j b #f #a-aj ,no p]fect specim5 ( ! fir/ phalange has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 ,t5 bones are m\nt$ to illu/rate x1 all ( !m less p]fect ?an o!rs 9 ! s]ies ( associat$ bones4 ,no4 #a %[s ! heel ( ! proximal end2 ,nos4 #i & #aj are portions ( ! proximal articulation f :i* ! epiphysis :i* =ms ! articul> heel-"p se5 9 ,no4 #a has come away4 ,nos4 #b to #h are ! di/al articul> ends ( fir/ phalanges4 ,x is improbable t any ( !m belong to ! second phalange1 s9ce !y agree 9 =m1 & %[ muscul> atta*m5ts :i* correspond4 ,pr(4 ,ow5 has figur$ ! %aft ( a f9e example ( ?is bone 9 ,dixon's ,geology ( ,sussex1 ,pl4 ,,xxxix4 fig4 #aa4 ,a good proximal end is %[n 9 ,pl4 ,,xxxii4 fig4 #b1 ( ,pr(4 ,ow5's monograph ( ! ,cretace\s ,reptilia1 b ! figure appe>s to h be5 previ\sly giv5 9 ,pl4 ,,xxiv4 fig4 #b ( ! same monograph4 ,by f> ! gr&e/ specim5s are drawn 9 ,pl4 ,,xxx4 ,pr(4 ,ow5 names ^! w+ bones4 ,9 ! ,lit]ature ( ,engli% ,pt]odactyles ! loss ( ! proximal epiphysis f ! specim5 repres5t$ 9 ,pr( ,ow5's fig4 #a & #b l$ me to int]pret ! bone z an ulna4 ,figs4 #a to #d repres5t ! proximal ends & great] portions ( ! %afts ( fir/ phalanges4 ,! l[] bone 9 fig4 #e is nei!r radius nor ulna1 z /at$ 9 ! text ( ! ,cretace\s ,reptilia1 b ! %aft & di/al end ( a fir/ phalange2 ! upp] bone be+ ! second phalange4 ,! ,proximal ,end4 ,! /raight %aft ?r\gh\t its l5g? is triangul> 9 section4 ,"o side ( ! bone is g5tly convex2 ?is may be nam$ = conv5i5ce ! outside4 ,! two p>ts :i* make up ! o!r side are incl9$1 & h ! angle 9 :i* !y meet r\nd$2 "o "p looks upw>d & inw>d1 ! o!r d[nw>d & inw>d4 ,t[>ds ! proximal end ! bone wid5s & ?ick5s1 & ! moiety ( ! inn] side :i* is away f ! heel becomes cleft1 & has ! sides ( ! depression r\nd$ to =m a l>ge pneumatic =am54 ,! articul> surface looks upw>d & a little outw>d on ! side ( ! pneumatic =am54 ,x consi/s ( two semicircul> concave grooves1 sep>at$ by an int]v5+ l[ convexity4 ,! out] ( ^! grooves ext5ds f ! m>g9 ( ! extreme proximal po9t ( ! heel to ! wide/ po9t ( ! bone2 ! o!r groove m deeply concave1 is a ?ird %ort]1 ext5d+ f inside ! pneumatic =am5 to ! heel4 ,"h bo? grooves conv]ge1 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t1 ext]ior to :i* a little di/ally is a hemisph]ical mammilate em95ce4 ,on ! di/al side ( ! em95ce !re is a depression s z to make ! angle beh9d ! heel almo/ hemisph]ically r\nd$4 ,?is articulation fits on to ! di/al articulation ( ! w+-metac>pal4 ,:5 ! proximal epiphysis =m+ ! heel comes away1 x leaves a l>ge sub-circul> pit ) a depress$ n>r[ bord]4 ,di/al ,end4 ,on ne>+ ! di/al end1 ! angle ( ! inn] side ( ! %aft becomes m depress$2 & ! articulation becomes an elongat$ oval1 slightly convex transv]sely & convex 9 l5g? s z to ext5d di/ally 9 a curve 9 su* way t ! articulation looks d[nw>d & outw>d f an aspect ( ! bone exactly opposite to ! aspect f :i* ! proximal articulation looks upw>d & inw>d4 ,h5ce ! two articul> surfaces are sub-p>allel2 b ! di/al "o at its di/al t]m9ation is b5t inw>d1 s z to make ! adjac5t lat]al outl9e ( ! bone concave on ! inside at its t]m9ation4 ,! articulation does n cov] ! mo/ proximal "p ( ! di/al surface4 ,,second ,,phalange4 ,pl4 #g4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j b #g #a-ad ,on ?is tablet are m\nt$ #ad specim5s4 ,nos4 #a to #i are examples ( ! proximal end ( ! second phalange4 ,if !re 7 m ?an two phalanges1 ( :i* !re is no o/eological evid5ce1 x is possible t proximal ends ( succe$+ phalanges may be includ$ ) ^!4 ,!y all h[ev] resemble ea*1 o!r s closely z to l5d no support to su* a supposition4 ,nos4 8#aj to 8#ad h be5 m\nt$ ) ! proximal ends because !y appe> to be portions ( ! middle ( ! %aft ( ! second phalange2 !y indicate a rapid di/al att5uation1 fav\r+ ! idea ( !re be+ b two phalanges4 ,! proximal end ( ! %aft has ! out] side flatt5$1 r>ely concave1 commonly slightly convex2 ! inn] side be+ mu* m inflat$1 & n dissimil> 9 =m to ! inn] side ( ! fir/ phalange4 ,proximally ! bone wid5s & "o lat]al outl9e ext5ds outw>d 9 a curve1 on ! inn] side ( :i*1 "u ! proximal articulation1 is plac$ ! pneumatic =am54 ,! elongat$ oval articul> surface is concave f side to side & concave 9 l5g?2 x does n ext5d 9 l5g? s f> z ! /raight side outl9e1 ext]ior to x be+ a cresc5tic flatt5$ or convex area4 ,! di/al end att5uates m rapidly 9 "s specim5s ?an o!rs1 & appe>s 9 ,nos4 #aa1 #ab1 & #ad ev5tually to become cyl9drical2 b none ( ! specim5s %[ its di/al t]m9ation4 ,! phalanges ( ! w+-f+] atta9 a gr& developm5t 9 l5g? :i* is n p>allel$ 9 ,birds1 nor surpass$ 9 ,bats4 ,9 ! ,o/ri* !re are ?ree phalanges 9 ! w+-f+]1 :ile 9 ,orni?opt]us !re are two jo9ts1 & 9 o!r ,g]man ,pt]odactyles f\r jo9ts4 ,! t]m9al jo9t 9 ! ,o/ri* is a claw1 b 9 ,pt]odactyle ! t]m9al jo9t appe>s to be un>m$ z 9 ord9>y birds4 ,! =m ( ! bones 9 be+ compress$ f side to side is m bird-l ?an bat-l4 ,b ! claws 9 _! compression f side to side are m l ! bat ?an ! bird4 ,,di/al ,,end ,,( ,,metac>pal or ,metat>sal ,bones4 ,pl4 #f4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j b #g #a-ad ,sub-cyl9drical bones1 app>5tly elongat$1 & a little compress$ obliquely1 t]m9at+ di/ally 9 a slightly exp&$ tro*le> articulation4 ,"s ( !m %[ on "o side m>ks ( an osse\s adhesion3 ?is has l$ to _! be+ reg>d$ z claw metac>pals r ?an z ! di/al ends ( tibi4 ,b on ! supposition ( _! be+ claw metac>pals1 !y are z comp>$ ) ! same bones 9 ,pt4 ,suevicus1 out ( all proportion l>ge1 s9ce w+-metac>pals f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& w\ld n z a rule h a diamet] m ?an twice t ( ^! bones4 ,! tro*le> articulation is small] 9 proportion to ! %aft ?an 9 ! w+-metac>pal1 & usually %[s a pit at ! side & grooves above = ligam5ts2 ! mesial pulley groove is %all[ & broad4 ,sev5 specim5s are m\nt$ 9 illu/ration1 ( :i* ,no4 #c may be reg>d$ z d\btful4 ,x is possible t !y may be metat>sals4 ,,claw ,,phalange4 ,pl4 #h4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j b #h #a-c ,^! ?ree sub-triangul> bones1 :i* support$ ! claws1 are mu* compress$ f side to side1 & consequ5tly deep4 ,! sup]ior outl9e is convex f front to back & r\nd$ f side to side4 ,! inf]ior outl9e is concave f front to back1 sometimes n>r[]1 sometimes broad] ?an ! upp] "p ( ! bone1 :ile ! inf]ior aspect is always m flatt5$ ?an ! sup]ior aspect4 ,on ea* side on ! l[] half ( ! bone is a deep groove4 ,! articul> end is divid$ into an upp] articul> "p1 :i* ext5ds z f> d[n z ! lat]al groove & a l[] non-articul> "p ) ligam5t m>k+s4 ,! articulation is concave f above d[nw>d1 & is divid$ into two lat]al p>ts by a mesial v]tical ridge4 ,! articul> end is ab\t half z deep z ! bone is long4 ,pelvic ,girdle & ,h9d ,limb4 ,,os ,,innom9atum4 ,pl4 #h4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j b #aj #a-i ,n9e specim5s are m\nt$ 9 illu/ration ( ! pelvic girdle3 ,nos4 #a1 #c1 #d1 #e & #f %[ ! acetabul> or femoral aspects4 ,! "r os innom9atum is exemplifi$ by ,nos4 #a1 #d & #e2 ! left by ,nos4 #c & #f4 ,no4 #b %[s ! sacral aspect ( a left is*ium1 & its atta*m5ts ) ! pubis & ilium4 ,no4 #h is ! sacral aspect ( a left os pubis4 ,no4 #i is ! femoral aspect ( a "r ,,os pubis4 ,none ( ! specim5s are suffici5tly complete to give ! =m ( any ( ! bones4 ,! only kn[n example ( an entire or ne>ly entire pelvis at all comp>able 9 =m1 is se5 9 ! orig9al specim5 ( ,dimorphodon macronyx figur$ by ,buckl&1 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,s]4 #b4 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #bag4 ,9 ne>ly all ! fossils f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& ! bones ( ! pelvis are an*ylos$ toge!r4 ,! ossa innom9ata h be5 det]m9$ z "r & left on ! supposition t ! pelvis ( ! ,dimorphodon is 9 situ1 & f ! g5]al correspond5ce ( ! =m ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ) elem5ts ( ! pelvis 9 ! l[] mammals1 reptiles1 & birds4 ,ea* os innom9atum %[s a hemisph]ical acetabulum :i* is slightly elongat$ 9 ant]o-po/]ior ext5t ,9 ! ,dimorphodon ! bone :i* is sup]ior to ! cup1 t is to say1 :i* ext5ds dorsally along ! sacral v]tebr is prolong$ ant]iorly z a /rong n>r[ /raight /yle1 ! base ( :i* is se5 9 ! p>ts m>k$ ,ilium 9 ,nos4 #a & #f4 ,a m p]fect example may be /udi$ 9 a pelvis f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& pres]v$ 9 ! collection ( ! ,geological survey4 ,po/]ior to ! acetabulum a simil> b /rong] bony /yle ext5ds = m ?an ! l5g? ( ! acetabulum1 curv+ slightly d[nw>d at its po/]ior "p4 ,! dorsal outl9e ( ?is portion ( ! bone is slightly concave4 ,! po/]ior horn l ! ant]ior horn =ms "p ( ! ilium :i* con/itutes ! upp] half ( ! acetabul> cup4 ,! os innom9atum contracts 9 ant]o-po/]ior ext5t bel[ ! acetabulum1 & imm$iately wid5s aga9 9 a ?9 concave bony expansion4 ,! ant]ior or pubic outl9e is comp>atively /raight1 & at "r angles ) ! ilium2 ! po/]ior or is*iac outl9e is deeply cupp$ :]e ! is*ium unites ) ! ilium1 & becom+ /raight ext5ds backw>d at a consid]able angle4 ,! is*ium contributes less to ! pelvic cup ?an ei!r ! ilium or pubis2 x is flat 9 front & convex on ! visc]al side1 r\nd+ into ! n>r[ flatt5$ po/]ior side4 ,! pubis is sep>at$ f ! is*ium by a suture ext5d+ v]tically ?r\gh ! obturator =am54 ,! obturator =am5 se5 9 ,no4 #i is small & oval1 less ?an half ! diamet] ( ! acetabulum1 situat$ bel[ its v5tral bord]4 ,x passes obliquely d[nw>d & a little =w>d1 & its op5+ makes ! ext]ior aspect ( ! pubis concave2 ! visc]al aspect ( ! pubis is convex f side to side l ! is*ium4 ,! sacral aspect ( s mu* ( ! os innom9atum z is se51 is concave f ! dorsal to ! v5tral m>g9s1 & is cupp$ beh9d & bel[ ! acetabulum1 ! surface be+ r\gh4 ,among reptiles ! ilium is *iefly beh9d ! acetabulum1 9 mammals x is *iefly 9 front4 ,9 ! ov]-lapp+ gr\p1 ,aves1 x ext5ds bo? ways4 ,among ! ,amphibia ! ilium is *iefly ant]ior to ! acetabulum4 ,9 ,crocodiles x has a slight ext5sion bo? ways1 9 ,d9osaurs ! ext5sions are m m>k$ & ! :ole arrangem5t approximates to birds4 ,b among animals :i* h be5 affiliat$ ) reptiles ! ,dicynodonts are ! only ord] 9 :i* !re is a pelvis s mammalian & massive4 ,if ! ilium ( ! ,monotreme g5us ,e*idna _h a po/]ior ext5sion1 ! pelvis w\ld be altoge!r comp>able ) ! pelvis ( ?is ,pt]odactyle1 & w\ld diff] *iefly 9 ! l>g] obturator =am51 ! p]=at$ acetabulum & ! unan*ylos$ condition ( ! pelvic elem5ts4 ,! pelvis ( ,apt]yx does n make any ne> approximation4 ,moreov] specim5s ,nos4 #c & #d %[ on ! ant]ior pubic bord]1 ab\t ! base ( ! acetabulum1 a slight pit or r\ghness to :i* some?+ has be5 atta*$1 & 9 ! orig9al specim5 ( ,dimorphodon associat$ ) ! pelvis are two triangul> bones :i* recall some?+ ( ! =m ( ! prepubic bones ( ,e*idna4 ,mo/ ,g]man ,pt]odactyles %[ on ! ,,os pubis an enorm\s prepubic bone4 ,9 ,iguana ! pubis =ms at its ant]ior bord]1 a %>p angul> process4 ,9 ,*elydra ! process is long & n>r[]1 & arises f ! middle ( ! bord]4 ,9 ,e*idna ?is prepubic process has become a di/9ct prepubic bone & is m elongat$4 ,unlike ! m>supial bones x is atta*$ to ! pubis by a wide base4 ,! ant]ior pubic r\ghness ( ,cambridge specim5s1 & ! loose bones ( ! ,dimorphodon1 c4 indicate ! exi/5ce ( /ructures 9 ! ,orni?osauria homolog\s ) ! prepubic bones ( ! ,orni?odelphia4 ,s f> z x is comp>able ) liv+ animals1 ! ilium is altoge!r avian1 diff]+ 9 be+ n>r[]2 & ! pubis & is*ium are mammalian4 ,! upp] ant]ior corn] is ! mo/ elevat$ "p ( ! acetabul> bord]1 z 9 ! great ,auk & "s birds ( v]tical position ( body1 & _m mammals4 ,,femur4 ,pl4 #h4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j b #aa #a-af ,tw5ty-six specim5s are m\nt$ to illu/rate ! ,femur4 #aj are proximal ends2 #af di/al ends4 ,b 9 ! s]ies illu/rative ( species is an entire specim5 ( a "r ,femur #d in*es long4 ,fragm5ts ,nos4 #c & #ab %[ proximal & di/al ends twice z l>ge1 b mo/ ( ! examples are ab\t ! size ( ! entire femur4 ,x is a /raight sub-cyl9drical bone1 flatt5$ 9 front1 a little compress$ f front to back di/ally1 & 79 "o type7 compress$ proximally f side to side beh9d4 ,! di/al articulation has a broad %all[ *annel pass+ d[n f ! front & imp]fectly sep>at+ two condyloid p>ts1 :i* ext5d a little backw>d & are divid$ beh9d4 ,! out] condyle ext5ds a little outw>d1 & s gives ! out] side ( ! bone at ! di/al end an oblique compress$ aspect l t :i* prevails among birds & _m mammals4 ,proximally ! %aft contracts sudd5ly & is produc$ upw>d1 =w>d1 & inw>d z a r\nd$ neck1 z long z 9 ! femur ( any mammalian c>nivore1 :i* exp&s rapidly at ! end to =m ! hemisph]ical ball1 :i* articulates ) ! pelvic acetabulum4 ,no4 #a %[s a well-m>k$ pit = ! ligam5tum t]es at ! back "p ( ! ball4 ,at ! proximal end ( ! %aft bel[ ! neck is a l>ge pit = ! obturator muscle1 & at ! out] front angle a great tro*ant]4 ,proximally ! bone c only be comp>$ ) ! mammalian ,c>nivora1 ,quadrumana & ,man2 di/ally x is avian & mammalian4 ,9 "o g5us exemplifi$ by specim5s #e-aj ! obturator pit is n develop$4 ,sometimes ! %aft is curv$ a little convexly1 outw>d & =w>d4 ,,tibia4 ,pl4 #h4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j b #ab #a-aa ,elev5 specim5s are m\nt$ to illu/rate ! tibia1 ( :i* #a to #i are reg>d$ z proximal ends2 & #aj1 #aa ) less confid5ce are reg>d$ z di/al ends f :i* ! di/al epiphysis has come away4 ,x is to be anticipat$ t ! di/al end ( ! tibia 9 ,pt]odactyle w :5 f\nd approximate to ! di/al end ( ! tibia 9 ! bird4 ,! bone is at ! proximal end /raight & sub-cyl9drical1 sl[ly enl>g+ proximally2 convex beh9d1 except = an elevat$ boss "s little way bel[ ! proximal articulation = ! atta*m5t ( p[]ful muscles4 ,9 front ! %aft is a little flatt5$ proximally1 ) a mesial groove divid+ two prom95ces :i* are app>5tly homolog\s ) ! ridges bel[ ! patella 9 birds4 ,! proximal articul> surface truncates ! %aft at "r angles except at :at is reg>d$ z ! out] front aspect1 :]e x rises into a small patelloid prom95ce4 ,x %[s ! impressions ( two condyles1 :i* correspond 9 =m ) ! di/al end ( ! ,femur4 ,nos4 #c & #f are reg>d$ z left tibia2 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #i z examples ( "r tibia4 ,no specim5 likely to be a fibula has be5 f\nd4 ,9 ,dimorphodon & 9 ,g]man ,g5]a ! fibula is ,avian 9 =m4 ,! ,crocodile (f]s "s approximation to ! ,pt]odactyle %ape 9 ! proximal end ( ! ,tibia1 b ! ,pt]odactyle has ,avian *>act]s 9 addition4 ,its /raightness & l5g?1 ridges on ! front & patelloid prom95ce1 are ,avian4 ,,t>sus ,,or ,,t>so-,,metat>sus4 ,pl4 #h4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j b #ac #a ,?is fragm5t1 :i* may be ! di/al end ( ! bone correspond+ to t call$ 9 birds ! t>sus or t>so-metat>sus1 is badly pres]v$4 ,yet s close is its resemblance 9 =m1 /ructure1 & apposition ( ! con/itu5t bones to :at obta9s among birds1 t x may probably be id5tifi$ z ! t>sus2 :ile ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ,pt]odactyle bones :i* x %[s1 demon/rate t x is n f a bird1 b f an ,orni?osaurian skeleton4 ,! bones are ( pap] ?9ness1 & consi/ ( a /rong bone beh9d :i* di/ally appe>s on ! inn] side to be compress$ & ?r[n backw>d & flatt5$ at ! side1 exactly l ! inn] toe 9 ,natatorial birds4 ,on ! front ( ?is /rong support1 conflu5t ) x1 & conflu5t toge!r1 s t ! places ( union are only se5 at ! di/al end & 9 transv]se section1 are ?ree bones1 toge!r z wide z ! bone on :i* !y re/4 ,x does n appe> possible t ! di/al articulations c\ld h support$ m ?an ?ree digits4 ,?is bone1 if correctly det]m9$1 (f]s po9ts ( aff9ity ) birds z pron\nc$ & z important z any ?+ %[n by ! extremities1 = among reptiles a weld+ ( ! 7t>sal or7 t>so-metat>sal bones is unkn[n1 & "h x is z absolute z 9 any bird1 & takes a *>act]i/ic bird %ape4 ,9 ! ,rod5t ,j]boa ! metat>sus has mu* ! same =m z 9 a bird4 ,no phalanges h be5 recognis$4 ,! ,v]tebral ,column4 ,,atlas ,,& ,,axis4 ,pl4 #i4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #a #a-ae ,fifte5 specim5s are m\nt$ to exemplify ! /ructures ( ! ,pt]odactyle atlas & axis4 ,nos4 #a1 #aa1 & #b h already be5 figur$1 & describ$ by ,pr( ,ow51 ! latt] z a section ( a c]vical v]tebra4 ,! atlas c5trum1 a sauc]-%ap$ disk ( bone1 commonly unit$ m or less intimately ) ! c5trum ( ! axis1 b sometimes free4 ,x pres5ts 9 front a hemisph]ical cup = ! basi-occipital1 & is flatt5$ or slightly convex beh9d4 ,its neural ar* is se5 9 ,nos4 #b1 #aj1 & #ab2 b ! only specim5 ) ! ar* entire is 9 ! museum ( ,james ,c>t]1 ,esq4 ,! neurapophyses v>y 9 =m & size1 b always are small obliquely flatt5$ lamell> bones1 :i* ext5d upw>d & backw>d to meet ! neural ar* ( ! axis1 j above ! neural canal1 :]e a ?9 & small cross piece connects !m toge!r4 ,! di/9ctive aspect ( ^! bones is giv5 by ! neural ar* ( ! axis1 :i* is v mu* elevat$1 & is =m$ by two flatt5$ sides1 :i* meet 9 a v]tical ridge above ! neural canal1 & look =w>d1 outw>d & upw>d2 ext5d+ lat]ally m & m beyond ! side ( ! c5trum1 b n rea*+ s f> back z ! po/]ior articulation ( ! c5trum4 ,ea* side ( ! neural ar* at its middle "p beh9d is produc$ into a ?ick obliquely flatt5$ process1 ! "u portion ( :i* %[s ! small po/]ior zygapophysial facets1 :i* look d[nw>d1 outw>d & backw>d4 ,! lat]al outl9e ( ! "p ( ! neural ar* above ?is process is concave2 z is ! lat]al outl9e betwe5 x & ! c5trum4 ,beh9d1 ! neural ar* is concave1 & looks a little backw>d4 ,! neural canal is /irrup-%ap$ 9 front1 b is high] & sub-ovate beh9d4 ,! neural ar* ( ?is1 z ( all ! o!r v]tebr1 except a few dorsals1 is insep>ably unit$ to ! c5trum1 )\t a trace ( ! l9e ( union4 ,9 ! middle ( ! side ( ! v]tebra1 & at :at may be presum$ to be ! union betwe5 ! neural ar* & ! c5trum1 9 a concavity1 is ! pneumatic =am54 ,x is r\nd or oval1 & v>ies 9 =m & size ?\gh n 9 position4 ,9 ,no4 #h x exhibits ! subdivid$ reticul> /ructure *>act]i/ic ( ! pneumatic =am9a ( birds4 ,9 ,no4 #aj1 :i* has a %ort c5trum1 ! pneumatic cavities are r$uc$ to a few small p]=ations1 no l>g] ?an w\ld be made ) f9e ne$les4 ,! c5trum is %ort] ?an 9 c]vical v]tebr1 commonly convex 7,no4 #h7 on ! visc]al surface2 (t5 ) a slight longitud9al hypapophysial ridge 7,nos4 #a2 #g2 #ab7 r>ely flatt5$ 7,no4 #aj74 ,t[>ds ! h9d] "p ! c5trum wid5s1 & becomes concave on ! visc]al surface1 s5d+ (f z d ! o!r c]vicals1 bel[ ! transv]sely elongat$ po/]ior articulation1 a pair ( %ort /rong apophyses4 ,! po/]ior articulation c only by a modification ( ! idea be said to con=m to ! cup-&-ball plan1 = ?\gh convex f above d[nw>d & convex f side to side1 ! elongat$ transv]se measurem5t w\ld be ?ree times ! dep?4 ,on ! "u side an impress$ transv]se l9e divides ! articulation f ! concave "p ( ! c5trum bel[4 ,c]vical ,v]tebr4 ,pl4 #i4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #b #a-dc ,=ty-?ree specim5s are m\nt$ to exemplify ! v>iations 9 size & *>act]s ( c]vical v]tebr4 ,^! = ! mo/ "p are specific *>act]s2 & betwe5 ! axis & ! fir/ dorsal v]tebra ! v>iations 9 an individual 7 slight4 ,^? ne>e/ to ! back1 z 9 birds1 are wide/ 9 front1 & h ! highe/ neural ar*es4 ,! associat$ s]ies %[ commonly f\r c]vical v]tebr beh9d ! axis1 & 9 two cases app>5tly five2 nev] m4 ,s t z sev5 appe>s to be ! numb] ( true c]vical v]tebr 9 mo/ if n all ( ! ,g]man ,pt]odactyles1 x may be presum$ t ! ,cretace\s ,orni?osaurians also _h ?is "* 9 common1 ) ,mammals1 & probably z p]si/5t4 ,9 ,iguana !re are #f1 9 ,monitor #g1 & 9 ,crocodile #h4 ,! c5trum is unit$ to ! neural ar* z 9 birds1 )\t a trace ( suture2 sometimes ! neural ar* is no wid] ?an ! c5trum1 sometimes x ext5ds ov] ! c5trum on ea* side4 ,^? =ms ) a n>r[ neural ar* h ! neural sp9e high1 & its sides look =w>d z well z outw>d4 ,! pneumatic =am5 is oblique4 ,an example is figur$ by ,pr(4 ,ow51 9 ! memoir on ,pt]odactylus simus1 pl4 #b1 fig4 #d4 ,! =ms ) a wide neural ar* h ! neural sp9e ris+ f ! middle ( ! dorsal surface1 erect & equally compress$ f side to side4 ,! pneumatic =am5 is horizontal4 ,an example is figur$ 9 ,pr(4 ,ow5's memoir on ,pt4 simus1 pl4 #b1 fig4 #a4 ,^! two =ms ( c]vical v]tebr may be reg>d$ z typify+ two g5]a4 ,9 bo? =ms _m *>act]s occur 9 common1 & z ! specim5s illu/rative ( special modifications w be describ$ h]eaft]1 ! foll[+ description has be5 made to embrace ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ^! v]tebr 9 ,cretace\s ,orni?osaurians4 ,! inf]ior aspect ( ! c5trum is oblong 7be+ n>r[] ?an long71 or quadrate2 :5 quadrate ! additional lat]al expansions are ext]nal to ! pneumatic =am9a1 & are =m$ by ! neural ar* & zygapophyses4 ,! c5trum prop] is a little wid] 9 front ?an beh9d1 & ! side outl9es are concave4 ,! base ( ! c5trum is flatt5$1 or m or less holl[1 or m or less tumid & regul>ly convex2 9 front !re is (t5 a mesial ridge1 :i* nev] rea*es ! po/]ior articulation1 & =ms a prom95t tub]cle at ! base ( ! ant]ior articulation4 ,at ! po/]ior end ! outl9e ( ! c5trum is concave1 & mesially ! bone has a holl[ correspond+ to ! tub]cle 9 front ( ! adjac5t v]tebra2 & ! "p ( ! c5trum on ea* side is prolong$ slightly into a /rong r\nd$ or flatt5$ tub]cle bel[ ! side bord]s ( ! po/]ior articulation2 ^! po/]ior processes1 9 v]tebr 9 situ1 fitt$1 on ea* side ( ! mesial ant]ior process ( ! v]tebra beh9d1 on to concavities m or less m>k$4 ,analag\s processes are develop$ 9 ! c]vical v]tebr ( _m birds4 ,all ! ,cretace\s ,pt]odactyles h ! articul> surfaces ( ! c5trum transv]sely oblong1 z h "s birds4 ,! po/]ior articulation is convex f side to side1 & convex f above d[nw>d1 & appe>s to ext5d a little fur!r on ?is neural ?an on ! hmal surface2 9 outl9e x is commonly an elongat$ oval1 b sometimes att5ds on ! upp] surface ( ! inf]ior lat]al tub]cles4 ,! ant]ior articulation is transv]sely elongat$1 concave 9 bo? directions1 & sub-triangul> 9 outl9e2 t is to say1 ! sup]ior outl9e is m or less convex1 & f its limits to ! mesial tub]cle at ! base1 ! inf]ior outl9es are m or less concave4 ,! neural canal is sub-circul> or ovate 9 outl9e1 & q z l>ge z ! neural canal 9 v]tebr ( ,d9ornis ( simil> size4 ,! neural ar* l ! c5trum has commonly a depress$ appe>ance4 ,x always has a neural sp9\s process :i* is direct$ upw>d4 ,9 ! depress$ type ! neural surface ( ! v]tebra is 9 outl9e usually sub-quadrate1 b concave at ea* side1 & concave 9 front & beh9d2 ! f\r corn]s are ! processes :i* support ! zygapophysial facets1 ! surface is divid$ into two lat]al p>ts by ! /rong neural sp9e4 ,^! lat]al p>ts are f front to back flat1 or slightly concave1 or slightly convex2 & f ! neural sp9e outw>d !y are always concave4 ,! neural sp9e is commonly %>p 9 front & flatt5$ beh9d4 ,! neural ar* is plac$ well =w>d1 s t :ile a ?ird ( ! neural canal rema9s uncov]$ by x beh9d1 r>ely a six? w\ld be uncov]$ 9 front4 ,! ant]ior & po/]ior zygapophyses are commonly connect$ by a m or less r\nd$ ridge1 undef9$ above1 b well def9$ bel[1 s9ce "u its po/]ior "p at ab\t ! middle ( ! side ( ! c5trum is plac$ ! pneumatic =am54 ,! ant]ior zygapophysial processes are sep>at$ f ! ant]ior articul> surface ( ! c5trum by a m or less oblique *annel4 ,t[>ds ! base ( ?is *annel 9 _m v]tebr may be se5 a small & %ort flatt5$ ant]o-po/]ior p]=ation correspond+ 9 position ) ! usually l>ge p]=ation = ! v]tebral art]y4 ,if ! passages are to be reg>d$ z hav+ subs]v$ su* a function1 x w n be )\t int]e/ to rem>k ! small relative size ( ! c]ebellum 9 ^! animals2 s9ce ! v]tebral art]y conveys ! blood to t region ( ! bra94 ,! ant]ior zygapophyses are /rong processes direct$ =w>d & outw>d1 compress$ a little f side to side2 !y are plac$ at ! out] sides ( ! ant]ior articul> face ( ! c5trum1 & ext5d 9 front ( x4 ,! zygapophysial facet is commonly oval & looks upw>d & inw>d & =w>d4 ,! po/]ior zygapophyses are %ort & massive1 b o!rwise correspond closely ) ! ant]ior zygapophyses1 only ) all ! p>ts rev]s$1 & except t necess>ily !y are relatively to ! neural canal a little high]4 ,a %>p & well def9$ angul> ridge1 comm5c+ at ! back ( ! zygapophysis1 is direct$ inw>d1 & =w>d1 & upw>d along ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! neural ar* to ! top ( ! neural sp9e4 ,! po/]ior aspect ( ! neural ar* is concave f side to side1 & makes a "r angle ) ! sup]ior lat]al aspect4 ,! "p ( ! c5trum expos$ beh9d ! neural ar* is convex above f side to side4 ,! pneumatic =am5 betwe5 ! c5trum & ! neural ar* v>ies greatly 9 size2 x is oval & longitud9al4 ,! l>ge/ specim5s h ! c5trum #b-a_/b in*es long2 9 ! smalle/ ! c5trum measures #e_/h?s ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,9 ! second type ( c]vical v]tebra ! side ( ! c5trum makes a "r angle ) ! base1 & is sep>at$ f x by a %>p angle z 9 /ru?i\s birds4 ,! side ( ! c5trum is concave1 ) a few small pneumatic p]=ations2 & ! side ( ! c5trum1 :i* is high po/]iorly1 r\nds ov] ! oblique ridge connect+ ! zygapophyses1 into ! oblique lat]al face ( ! neural ar*4 ,! ant]ior zygapophyses are v l>ge & ! po/]ior zygapophyses small & plac$ z high z ! top ( ! neural canal4 ,e region ( ! v]tebral column displays pneumatic =am9a1 situat$ z 9 ! v]tebr ( birds4 ,! l>ge proportional size ( ! neck-v]tebr is common to "s birds1 & is conspicu\s 9 _m mammals1 l ! ,llama4 ,9 mo/ mammals :]e ! v]tebr h a cup-&-ball articulation1 ! ball is 9 front1 z x is 9 ! dorsal v]tebr ( ! p5gu91 s t ^? v]tebr are n comp>able ) ,pt]odactyles1 al?\gh on ! "u side ( ! c5trum !y simil>ly give (f a mesial process bel[ ! cup1 & a lat]al process bel[ ! ball on ea* side4 ,! neural sp9e 9 ,pt]odactyle is commonly m develop$ ?an is ! case ) long-neck$ birds or mammals4 ,reptiles su* z ,crocodiles & ,liz>ds h ! neural sp9es ( ! neck-v]tebr well develop$4 ,birds diff] f ,pt]odactyles 9 ! peculi> articulation ( _! v]tebr4 ,9 bo? ! c5trum is (t5 depress$1 9 bo? x is concave f side to side 9 front1 & convex f side to side beh9d1 b 9 birds x is also convex f above d[nw>d 9 front1 & concave f above d[nw>d beh9d1 :ile ! rev]se arrangem5t obta9s 9 ,pt]odactyles4 ,a simil> condition to t ( ! bird is se5 9 ! neck-v]tebr ( ! ,kang>oo1 ( ,man1 & sev]al mammals1 only ! v]tical curves are less m>k$4 ,v]tebr concave 9 front1 & convex beh9d1 & devoid ( c]vical ribs1 are met ) among ! ,liz>ds1 b nei!r ,monitor nor ,iguana (f] any p>allel to ! =m ( ! c]vical v]tebr ( ,pt]odactyle1 :i* is be/ mat*$ among ,m>supials & ,birds4 ,birds commonly h m v]tebr 9 ! neck ?an h ,pt]odactyles1 :i* 9 t respect resemble mammals & "s ,liz>ds4 ,dorsal ,v]tebr4 ,pl4 #aj4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #c #a-bj ,tw5ty specim5s are m\nt$ to exemplify pectoral & dorsal v]tebr4 ,l ! c]vical v]tebr1 !y include two types ( =m1 "o ) ! c5trum flat1 figur$ 9 pl4 #b4 fig4 #bj-bb ( ! memoir on ,pt]odactylus ,s$gwicki1 & reg>d$ by ,pr( ,ow5 z ant]ior dorsal2 & ! o!r =m ) a convex c5trum1 figur$ #bd-be ( ! same plate ( ! same memoir1 reg>d$ by ,pr(4 ,ow5 z po/]ior dorsal4 ,foll[+ ! analogy ( birds su* det]m9ation is z well support$ z ! simil> ref]5ce ( ! two types ( c]vical v]tebr to ant]ior & po/]ior p>ts ( ! neck1 b full] mat]ials compel a ref]5ce ( ! two types ( dorsal v]tebr to two diff]5t g5]a4 ,nos4 #a1 #c1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ad1 #ae1 #ai belong to ! flat type4 ,nos4 #b1 #d1 #e1 #aa1 #ab1 #af1 #ag1 #ah exemplify ! convex type4 ,dorsal v]tebr are r>e fossils2 & 9 ! associat$ sets ( bones nev] m ?an f\r dorsal v]tebr are f\nd1 r>ely m ?an "o4 ,no specim5 ( ! type ) a convex c5trum occurs 9 ! associat$ sets4 ,! dorsal v]tebr ) convex c5tra h all lo/ _! neural ar*es except ,no4 #b4 ,! =m ( ! c5trum is half a cyl9d]1 z long1 or long] ?an wide1 b sometimes depress$1 & wid] beh9d ?an 9 front4 ,! ext]ior surface is smoo?1 convex f side to side1 & slightly concave f front to back4 ,! neural surface is mesially excavat$4 ,bo? ant]ior & po/]ior articul> surfaces are semicircul> or sub-ovate1 be+ wide f side to side4 ,! ant]ior articulation is cupp$1 concave f ! neural to ! hmal surface1 & concave f side to side4 ,! po/]ior articulation is convex f ! neural to ! hmal surface1 9 :i* direction1 x usually %[s /riations1 & f side to side has a g5tle convexity1 sometimes s slight z to be ne>ly flat4 ,! neural canal is l>ge1 ovate1 & z high z is ! c5trum4 ,! neural ar* is /rong1 compress$ f back to front1 & plac$ z usual on ! ant]ior "p ( ! c5trum4 ,9 outl9e x is sub-rhomboid ) ! sides concave4 ,!re is a /rong process on ea* side above ! neural canal = a rib1 & app>5tly a neural sp9e1 b all are brok54 ,! transv]se processes = ! ribs are direct$ outw>d1 & a little =w>d1 flatt5$ 9 front & beh9d1 ! surfaces be+ sub-p>allel1 s t 9 front ! neural ar* is concave f side to side4 ,beh9d1 ! neural sp9e is direct$ betwe5 ! transv]se processes s z to ov]-hang ! expos$ "p ( ! sup]ior surface ( ! c5trum4 ,at ! po9ts :]e ! neural sp9e b5ds back f ! transv]se processes are ! po/]ior zygapophyses1 high above ! neural canal1 & p>t$ f ea* o!r by an int]space z wide z ! canal is high4 ,!y look d[nw>d1 outw>d1 & backw>d4 ,! lat]al surface bel[ ! transv]se process is n>r[1 flatt5$1 b5ds at a "r angle ) ! po/]ior surface1 r\nds into ! ant]ior surface1 is a cont9u\s curve ) ! side ( ! c5trum1 & is concave f bel[ upw>d4 ,! sup]ior surfaces ( ! neural ar* h ! sides sub-p>allel1 !y are ea* concave f side to side2 & ^! surfaces are excavat$ = pneumatic =am9a4 ,dorsal v]tebr ( ! type ) ! c5trum flatt5$ closely resemble c]vical v]tebr ) ! c5trum flatt5$1 diff]+ *iefly 9 ! less l5g? ( ! c5trum4 ,occasionally 7z 9 ,no4 #c7 ! neural ar* comes away f ! body ( ! v]tebra4 ,! c5trum is v depress$1 sub-quadrate1 & wid] ?an long2 ! base is flat1 or slightly concave1 ) occasionally a slight longitud9al mesial ridge2 ! lat]al outl9es are concave1 s t ! bone is p9*$ 9 f side to side4 ,! neural surface ( ! c5trum is flat & p>allel ) ! base1 &1 z usual1 wid] beh9d ?an 9 front1 b ! c5trum is n !re s high4 ,! surfaces = ! neural ar* are flat1 & ext5d ne>ly to ! base ( ! c5trum 9 front1 s t !y look upw>d1 outw>d & a little =w>d4 ,! articul> ends are rem>kable = _! depress$ oblong "*1 /ill pres]v+ ! ant]ior concavity ) a small mesial process bel[1 z 9 c]vical v]tebr1 & simil> b small] processes at ! inf]ior out] angles ( ! po/]ior sub-semicyl9drical convexity4 ,! middle ?ird ( ! ant]ior cup is made by ! trapezoidal ant]ior end ( ! c5trum2 sometimes ! sutures betwe5 x & ! neural ar* are well m>k$4 ,! neural ar* is l>ge1 commonly ) a sub-circul> neural canal4 ,! neural sp9e is high1 compress$ s z to h ! lat]al surfaces sub-p>allel & r\nd+ into ea* o!r sup]iorly2 & x has a less ant]o-po/]ior ext5t ?an ! c5trum4 ,at its base beh9d x wid5s rapidly1 & =ms massive quadrate processes1 ext5d+ outw>d & backw>d1 :i* on ! outside ea* h a flatt5$ ovate zygapophysial facet1 :i* also looks d[nw>d4 ,above ! facet & sep>at$ f x by a groove is a tub]cle4 ,betwe5 ! zygapophyses beh9d ! bone is concave f side to side2 ! facets are plac$ above ! neural canal4 ,! po/]ior zygapophyses are plac$ consid]ably high] ?an ! ant]ior zygapophyses1 & ! "p ( ! neural ar* betwe5 is r con/rict$ f front to back4 ,! neural ar* /eadily wid5s 9 front d[n to ! base ( ! ant]ior zygapophysial processes 9 su* way t ! m or less flatt5$ lat]al surface looks outw>d & is g5tly concave f above d[nw>d4 ,a ridge comm5c+ at ! tub]cle ov] ! po/]ior zygapophysial facet desc5ds 9 a curve =w>d & d[nw>d1 to =m ! po/]ior bord] ( ! ant]ior zygapophysial process4 ,?is is sep>at$ by a groove f ! ant]ior articul> surface1 & ant]ior "p ( ! base ( ! c5trum1 & has ! aspect ( a compress$ "p ( ! neural ar*1 ext5d+ obliquely d[nw>d1 & =w>d1 ov] & beyond ! articul> surface ( ! c5trum4 ,! ant]ior zygapophysial facets are oblong1 n>r[ f side to side1 & long f front to back2 !y are direct$ =w>d & a little outw>d1 & are flatt5$1 make ne>ly a "r angle beh9d ) ! front ( ! neural ar*1 & look upw>d & inw>d4 ,!y are sometimes plac$ z high z ! top ( ! neural canal1 b are commonly l[]4 ,ar\nd ! neural canal ! bone is conically impress$4 ,m9ute pneumatic =am9a are 9 ! usual position1 betwe5 ! c5trum & ! neural ar*2 & sometimes o!rs beh9d ! ant]ior zygapophysial process4 ,! l>ge/ specim5 kn[n has ! c5trum ne>ly an in* & a half long4 ,! dorsal v]tebr 9 ,cambridge specim5s w\ld appe> to make a ne>] approximation 9 numb] to birds ?an to ,mammals or ,liz>ds or ,crocodiles1 ?\gh ,*elonians h few v]tebr 9 ! back4 ,among ,reptiles ! =m ( ! v]tebra makes "s approa* to t ( ! ,monitor1 ,*ameleon & ,sc9k4 ,9 mo/ ,mammals ! dorsal v]tebr h ! c5trum convex1 ?\gh 9 ! lumb> region its visc]al surface (t5 becomes flatt5$4 ,b ?\gh v unlike !re is a ne>] resemblance to ! l[] dorsal v]tebr ( a ,/ru?i\s bird4 ,sacrum4 ,pl4 #aj4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #d #a-g ,sev5 specim5s are m\nt$ to exemplify ! ord9>y /ructures ( ! ,orni?osaurian sacrum4 ,nos4 #a & #b h ! c5trum convex1 exactly z 9 ! dorsal v]tebr ( ! convex type4 ,nos4 #c-g h ! c5trum flatt5$1 foll[+ 9 g5]al features ! plan ( ! dorsal v]tebr ) flat c5tra4 ,no4 #a is a v]tebra f a sacrum1 :]e p]fect an*ylosis _h n be5 induc$2 x has ! neural ar* well pres]v$1 & %[s ! %>p suture :i* unit$ x to ! prec$+ v]tebra4 ,no4 #b %[s two entire v]tebr & "p ( a ?ird1 :i* h lo/ ! neural ar*es b h ! c5tra p]fectly an*ylos$ toge!r4 ,! middle v]tebra measures #e_/h ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & at ! suture f side to side measures m4 ,! surface is smoo?1 regul>ly convex f side to side1 & g5tly concave f back to front4 ,! la/ v]tebra %[s ! articul> v]tebral surface2 x is convex 9 bo? directions1 & oblique1 s t a l>ge "p looks upw>d4 ,! ant]ior ( ! ?ree v]tebr is p9*$ 9 at ! l[] "p ( ! sides ( ! c5trum4 ,no4 #a %[s t ! neural surface ( ! c5trum is deeply excavat$1 mak+ ! neural canal an elongat$ upright oval4 ,above ! c5trum1 :i* =ms only ! middle ?ird ( ! articul> surface1 ! neural ar* exp&s on ea* side into a w$ge-%ap$ transv]se process1 ! l[] surfaces are flatt5$1 & cont9u\s ) ! c5trum1 :ile ! upp] surfaces are flat & horizontal z 9 birds & ,d9osaurs1 & =m ! plat=m f :i* arises ! massive neural sp9e4 ,9 front ! transv]se w$ge is flatt5$ & compress$1 s z to look =w>d & outw>d1 & 9 ! middle %[s a l>ge ovate pneumatic =am54 ,beh9d1 ! w$ge is compress$ s z to look backw>d & d[nw>d4 ,! neural sp9e is massive & =ms r m ?an half ! height ( ! v]tebra4 ,x is flatt5$ ) a ridge ris+ ne> its base 9 front & asc5d+ 9 a concave curve obliquely backw>d & upw>d4 ,! ant]ior p>ts approximate a little 9 front1 :ile ! small p>ts po/]ior to ! ridge approximate a little beh9d4 ,! sides ( ! neural sp9e approximate sup]iorly1 & appe> to r\nd into ea* o!r4 ,!re is a not* on ea* side 9 front at ! base ( ! neural sp9e1 & ano!r above ! c5tral articulation4 ,! neural sp9es appe> to h be5 unit$ by suture4 ,x may be in/ructive to comp>e ! neural sp9e j describ$ ) ! specim5s ,j4 c4 #aj4 ,( ! second type or g5us ,no4 #d to #g all %[ ! ant]ior cup = ! la/ lumb> v]tebra4 ,no4 #c1 #e & #f all %[ two entire v]tebr & "p ( a ?ird pres]v$1 b no specim5 %[s ! po/]ior t]m9ation ( ! sacrum4 ,no4 #g has ! articul> face ( ! c5trum v broad1 & greatly depress$4 ,9 ,no4 #f x is ovate & has ! neural ar* pres]v$2 above a semicircul> neural canal x s5ds out on ea* side a %ort horn-l zygapophysial process4 ,no4 #d is rem>kable = ! small size ( ! circul> neural canal1 ! c5trum :5 entire measur+ an in* f side to side1 :ile ! neural canal only measures #e_/af ( an in*4 ,no4 #e is figur$ by ,pr(4 ,ow54 ,no4 #d-f appe> to h giv5 (f transv]se processes f ! sides ( ! c5tra4 ,no4 #g appe>s to wid5 into transv]se processes at ! po9t ( suture betwe5 ! c5tra4 ,9 ,no4 #c ! base ( ! sacrum is flatt5$1 & its sides p9*$ 91 & concave 9 outl9e f back to front4 ,9 ?is holl[ are small pneumatic =am9a1 & betwe5 ! holl[s ! v]tebr wid5 9 ! l9e ( ! suture s z to s5d out /rong %ort transv]se processes or tub]cles4 ,above ! holl[s are giv5 out ! /rong horizontal quadrate pyramidal transv]se processes4 ,all _! sides are flatt5$ or a little concave1 & ! "u side displays a l>ge ovate pneumatic =am54 ,ea* ( ! f\r angles ( ! transv]se process gives (f a ridge4 ,! l[] ones desc5d obliquely to ! ant]ior & po/]ior int]sutural tub]cles4 ,! upp] two asc5d obliquely1 9 front & beh9d1 & =m r\nd$ ridges on ! neural sp9e4 ,! neural sp9e is flatt5$1 mod]ately compress$ f side to side1 & cupp$ a little ov] ea* transv]se process4 ,9 front ! neural sp9e is flatt5$ transv]sely & p]p5dicul>2 ! transv]se processes are also flatt5$ & a little 9 advance ( ! neural sp9e4 ,! sacrum 9 its g5]al aspect is ,mammalian4 ,9 ! ,bird ! v]tebr are mu* m num]\s & d n reta9 _! individuality s well4 ,9 ,reptiles prop]ly s call$1 ! sacrum nev] includes m ?an two or ?ree v]tebr1 & ^? commonly rema9 unan*ylos$4 ,b 9 almo/ any plac5tal ,mammal 9 :i* sev]al v]tebr are an*ylos$ toge!r1 a sacrum simil> to t ( ! ,pt]odactyle is met )4 ,no mammalian sacrum1 h[ev]1 is furni%$ ) pneumatic =am9a4 ,caudal ,v]tebr4 ,pl4 #aj4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #e #a-ac ,?irte5 specim5s are m\nt$ to exemplify ! o/eology ( caudal v]tebr4 ,no4 #g has be5 figur$ by ,pr(4 ,ow5 9 ! memoir on ,pt]odactylus simus1 pl4 #b fig4 #ac-af4 ,! c5trum ( ! l>ge/ specim5s measures "o in* & a qu>t] long1 & ! v]tebra is half an in* wide f side to side 9 ! middle4 ,! smalle/ specim5 ,no4 #ac has ! c5trum #c_/d ( an in* long4 ,! v]tebr v>y 9 proportions1 "s be+ mu* m sl5d] ?an o!rs4 ,!y pres5t a close approximation 9 =m to ! fir/ type ( c]vical v]tebr1 diff]+ *iefly 9 be+ m elongat$4 ,!y are elongat$ bones con/rict$ 9 ! middle1 s t ! outl9es ( ! sides se5 f above or bel[ are g5tly concave2 ! outl9e ( ! ant]ior end is sub-rhomboid1 ! outl9e ( ! po/]ior end is sub-p5tagonal1 z w\ld be a transv]se section ( ! v]tebra4 ,! long outl9es ( ! base ( ! c5trum & ( ! top ( ! neural ar* are sub-p>allel4 ,! two sides ( ! upp] surface ( ! neural ar* are smoo?1 flatt5$1 a little concave f back to front2 !y are incl9$ to ea* o!r p5t-h\se wise at ab\t a "r angle1 & are sep>at$ ?r\gh\t _! l5g? by a n>r[ slightly elevat$ neural sp9e4 ,beh9d1 ! neural ar* is truncat$ transv]sely s z to expose ! po/]ior neural surface ( ! c5trum1 :i* is convex f side to side4 ,! out]mo/ lat]al angles ( ! neural ar* are ! po/]ior zygapophysial processes1 %ort & /rong above ! c5trum1 ) a tub]cle on ! upp] surface1 & %[+ ! sub-circul> zygapophysial facets beh9d2 !y look backw>d & d[nw>d1 & are sep>at$ by a groove f ! region ( ! c5trum4 ,"u ! %>p ridge :i* connects ^! zygapophyses beh9d1 ! neural ar* is excavat$1 & ! cup %[s ! t]m9ation ( ?ree canals4 ,! l>ge/ "o is ! upright oval ( ! neural canal 9 ! middle1 on ea* ( its sides sep>at$ by a n>r[ bony wall is ano!r p]=ation1 v v>iable 9 size & %ape1 sometimes b l>ge z ! neural canal1 b usually small & circul>4 ,! ant]ior end ( ! neural ar* is cut into1 s t z se5 f above1 ! /raight %>p ant]ior m>g9s div]ge mesially f ea* o!r at a "r angle1 & s expose to view a small ant]ior "p ( ! neural surface ( ! c5trum4 ,^! l9es are prolong$ =w>d & outw>d1 to =m ! upp] m>g9 ( ! ant]ior zygapophyses1 :i* are compress$ & prolong$ ov] & beyond ! sides ( ! ant]ior articulation1 f :i* !y are sep>at$ by a slight groove2 ! ant]ior & po/]ior zygapophyses are connect$ by a r\nd$ ridge4 ,! ant]ior end ( ! neural ar* is excavat$1 b less s ?an ! po/]ior end2 9 ! middle is ! oval p]=ation ( ! neural canal1 & at ! sides o!r p]=ations correspond+ to ^? beh9d are plac$ a little 9 advance ( ! neural canal4 ,! ant]ior & po/]ior articul> surfaces diff] 9 no respect f ^? ( c]vical v]tebr4 ,! inf]ior surface ( ! c5trum is sep>at$ f ! sides by two ridges p>allel to ! lat]al concave outl9es ( ! neural ar*2 !y ext5d f sides ( ! front1 m or less well m>k$1 to ! tub]cul> processes at ! base ( ! sides ( ! c5trum beh9d4 ,! dice-box %ap$ area ( ! c5trum s inscrib$ is usually concave f front to back1 & concave f side to side beh9d1 & convex f side to side 9 ! middle2 ?is convexity is only brok5 9 front by ! developm5t ( ! slight mesial hypapophysial ridge4 ,! sides are n>r[1 flatt5$1 look d[nw>d & outw>d1 are a little concave f front to back1 r\nd into ! c5trum & into ! neural ar*1 & %[ at ab\t ! middle a small pneumatic =am51 :i* is v>iable 9 size1 b l>ge/ 9 ,no4 #h1 & sometimes a m]e puncture4 ,! caudal v]tebr diff] 9 _m ways f o!r animals4 ,!y h nei!r transv]se processes1 neural sp9es1 hypapophyses or hmapophyses4 ,9 ! p]si/5ce ( ! neural ar* d[n ! tail !y resemble reptiles & birds r ?an mammals1 9 :i* no?+ b ! c5trum p]si/s to ! end ( ! tail4 ,! v]tebr are furni%$ ) v]tebral art]ies :i* run ?r\gh ! neural ar* p>allel to ! neural canal1 9 exactly ! same position z d ! v]tebral art]ies 9 ! neck-v]tebr ( ! ,llama4 ,,! ,,bones ,,( ,,! ,,head4 ,pl4 #aa1 #ab4 ,! skull ( ,dimorphodon diff]s 9 =m & 9 _m important details ( /ructure f t ( ,rhamphorhyn*us2 & bo? ( ^! types ( skull are /rik+ly unlike t ( ! %ort-tail$ animals nam$ ,pt]odactyle4 ,h5ce1 z x w be %[n t ! ,cretace\s fossils ( ?is class belong to v di/9ct new g5]a1 !re is no reason = assign+ to !m by anticipation any class ( cranial /ructures4 ,! cranium ( ?is type ( animal has nev] be5 critically describ$1 & = all t is yet kn[n to ! contr>y ,pt]odactyles may diff] betwe5 !mselves z mu* z birds or mammals4 ,_! aff9ities h be5 unkn[n4 ,!re=e1 be=e describ+ bones x may be desirable to /ate ! gr\nds on :i* ! sev]al specim5s are ref]r$ to ! ,orni?osauria4 ,! fossils on :i* ?is section ( ! memoir is f\nd$ are1 ! basi-occipital & basi-temporal bones1 ! ant]ior portion ( a cranium1 ! back p>ts ( f\r crania1 facial bones1 & ! quadrate & quadrato-jugal4 ,! crania are all no l>g] ?an t ( ! ,h]on2 ?\gh f ! ,gre5s& are bones & jaws indicat+ ,pt]odactyles bo? small] & l>g]4 ,! skulls are mo/ly rem>kable = want+ bo? basi-occipital & basi-temporal bones4 ,& ! specim5 ( basi-temporal & basi-occipital corresponds po/]iorly ) ! ,pt]odactyle atlas1 ant]iorly ) ^! crania2 x is h5ce conclud$ to h belong$ to a simil> animal4 ,be+ relatively twice z l>ge1 x indicates t 9 ^! animals ! basi-occipital condyle 0 proportionally l>g] ?an 9 kn[n birds2 & t animals ( a cognate k9d _h skulls probably twice ! size ( ^!4 ,! ant]ior basal "p ( ! h9d] sph5oid t]m9ates 9 a rem>kable triangul> surface1 ) two p]=ations1 :i* are sep>at$ by a m$ian ridge4 ,almo/ entirely correspond+ ) ?is is ! basal surface ( ! ant]ior "p ( a cranium1 fractur$ 9 front ( ! pituit>y fossa4 ,!re=e1 & z x indicates a simil> capacity ( bra91 x is reg>d$ z belong+ to ! same k9d ( animal z ! o!rs 2 b be+ five times ! size1 x mu/1 if ! proportions ( ! ,h]on 7 pres]v$1 h be5 "p ( a head a y>d long4 ,n[1 z !re is no o!r animal ) ! same texture ( bone1 or exhibit+ ) high organization ! same div]sity ( size1 ^! cranial fragm5ts are ref]r$ to ! jaws & bones ( ,pt]odactyle4 ,s m>k$ are _! /ructures t _m qu>ry-m5 ref] v]tebrate fossils to _! sev]al ord]s ) almo/ z mu* accuracy z w\ld a practis$ anatomi/4 ,basi-occipital & ,basi-temporal4 ,pl4 #aa4 ,basi-occipital1 ,ow51 ,sup4 ,cret4 ,rep4 p4 #f1 ,t4 #a1 figs4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,j c #g ,?is bone 0 n f\nd associat$ ) any set ( fossils t w\ld induce u to ref] x to "o species m ?an to ano!r4 ,its ,orni?osaurian "* 0 probable2 & ,pr(4 ,ow5 describ$ x 9 8 la/ memoir on ! ,gre5s& ,pt]odactyles4 ,b ?\gh indubitably basi-occipital1 x is s anomal\s 9 "s respects t ! ,pr(essor reg>d$ ! "u z ! upp] surface2 s9ce !n ! inve/+ phosphate ( lime has be5 remov$1 & ! bone is n[ describ$ 9 :at appe>s to be its natural position4 ,view$ f above ! fossil divides into two p>ts2 ! occipital condyle1 & an ant]ior1 wide1 transv]sely oblong ext5sion t]m9at+ at ea* side 9 a /rong %ort horn4 ,! po/]ior half ( ! condyle %[s l>ge cancelli z ?\gh s mu* ( x _h be5 cov]$ by ! articul> c>tilage4 ,! sides ( ! condyle conv]ge1 s t po/]iorly x is only two-?irds ( ! wid? x has at ! =am5 magnum1 :i* w\ld appe> to indicate a comp>atively slight lat]al motion ( ! head4 ,! condyle is hemisph]ical po/]iorly & sup]iorly2 !re is a depression betwe5 x & ! great =am5 ( ! skull2 inf]iorly x is flat4 ,x is #g_/af ( an in* long2 po/]iorly #i_/af wide1 ne>ly #f_/af ( an in* high ant]iorly4 ,x t]m9ates 9 front sup]iorly 9 an elevat$ transv]se ridge4 ,on remov+ ! matrix1 ! ant]ior surface ( ?is occipital bone 0 f\nd to be concave2 yet z no?+ b cancell\s /ructure is se5 x may be b imp]fectly ossifi$ or m probably1 imp]fectly pres]v$4 ,& ! bottom ( ?is cup exp&s =w>d 9 a ?9 %eet ( bone a qu>t] ( an in* long & half an in* wide1 :i* on ! "u side is cont9u\s ) ! base ( ! condyle4 ,on ea* side ( ?is floor & p>tly ext5d+ 9 front ( x1 & bel[ x1 is an irregul> piece ( bone1 half an in* long1 resembl+ ant]ior zygapophyses ( c]vical v]tebr4 ,?\gh 9 mo/ v]tebrates ! basi-occipital ent]s into ! basal floor ( ! skull1 ! m$ian bones are ei!r s plac$ t !y re/ "o ^u ano!r f be=e backw>ds or abut aga9/ "o ano!r ne>ly p]p5dicul>1 s t ! basi-sph5oid comes commonly to und]lap & p>tly hide ! basi-occipital4 ,n[h]e among ,amphibia or ,reptilia d ,i "k ( ! rev]se position occurr+4 ,9 "s fi%es !re is an approa* to x4 ,?us a slight ant]ior bony expansion ( ! basi-occipital 9 ! ,cod fits p>tly into a horizontal slit 9 ! basi-sph5oid,a4 ,9 ! ,c>p ! basi-occipital has a spa?ulate basal expansion l t ( ,pt]odactyle1 b x is und]lapp$ by ! basi-sph5oid,s4 ,9 "s mammals ! "u side ( ! basi-occipital ext5ds fur!r =w>d ?an does ! neural side1 z = example 9 ! ,%eep & ,goat2 :ile 9 a few o!rs1 z 9 ! ,walrus1 ! rev]se positions obta94 ,footnote ,s3 ,p>asph5oid ( ,pr(4 ,huxley4 ,b x is among ,birds t ! /ructure describ$ 9 ,pt]odactyle is evid5t & *>act]i/ic4 ,= al?\gh ! bony plate "u ! sph5oid1--,mr ,p>k]'s basi-temporals1--is mo/ly an*ylos$ to ! bones ab\t x1 & less ) ! occipital ?an ) o!rs1 its position & relations are q ! same z ^? ( ! exp&$ flap ( ?is ,pt]odactyle basi-occipital4 ,!re=e x is id5tifi$ ) ! basi-temporal bones4 ,back ( ! ,cranium4 ,pl4 #aa4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #h #a ,?is fossil is an in* high1 r wid]1 & half an in* long4 ,x well %[s ! bones at ! back ( ! skull1 ! basi-cranial bones1 & ! bones po/]ior to ! frontals1 :i* ro( 9 ! ,cranium4 ,!re are 9 x /rik+ resemblances to ! back ( ! skull ( "s ,natatores1 z ! ,grannet & ,cormorant1 & ( "s ,grallatores z ! ,h]on1 & ,gall9ace\s birds z ! ,cock4 ,! base ( ! skull4 ,! bones "h indicat$ are ! basi-occipital1 basi-temporal1 & basi-sph5oid4 ,! =m] two h come away z f an articul> jo9t1 & are want+4 ,! basi-occipital does n ent] into ! floor ( ! cranial cavity1 & only rims ! =am5 magnum4 ,b its basi-temporal expansion re/s b5ea? ! po/]ior "p ( ! basi-sph5oid =m+ ! base ( ! skull2 its long convex ant]ior end fits into ! concave groove at ! back ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! sph5oid4 ,! squam\s basi-temporal bone appe>s 9 ?is species to h be5 z long z ! =am5 magnum is wide1 & to h be5 relatively ?ick] ?an 9 ! o!r =m already describ$4 ,! basi-sph5oid is a ?9 exp&$ bone =m+ ! floor = ! c]ebellum1 & t]m9at+ ant]iorly 9 a triangul> mass1 :ile ! slightly convex "p beh9d1 cov]$ ) ! basi-temporals1 is ne>ly squ>e4 ,x ent]s into ! =am5 magnum1 =m+ its l[] "p2 & is conflu5t ) ! ex-occipitals beh9d1 ) ! p]iotic1 alisph5oid & p]haps ) ! squamosal at ! side2 & z 9 birds all ^! sutures are oblit]at$4 ,?is is probably ! only in/ance 9 ! ,animal ,k+dom 9 :i* ! basi-sph5oid takes s important & s+ul> a %>e 9 ! functions ( ! basi-occipital bone4 ,! ant]ior "p ( ! basi-sph5oid projects bel[ ! po/]ior "p1 is ne>ly flat on ! basal surface1 & =ms an equilat]al triangle ) ! apex 9 front & base beh9d4 ,9 ! middle ( ! triangul> bone is a slight longitud9al ridge1 & beh9d ! middle ( ea* out] side a r l>ge =am5 :i* appe>s to be ! inf]ior op5+ = ! c>otid art]y4 ,! triangul> "p is holl[ & z long z ! quadrate portion4 ,! lat]al p>ts ( ?is ant]ior bone are ne>ly flat4 ,!y conv]ge upw>ds & are r\nd$ 9 front to =m ! b\nd>y ( ! pituit>y fossa1 & d n appe> to h t]m9at$ 9 a sp9e4 ,above are ! alisph5oids4 ,! upp] "p ( ! skull is divid$ into two segm5ts by a /rong /raight transv]se ridge1 :i* leaves ! occipital bones beh9d1 & ! p>ietal c4 9 front4 ,! occipital bones an*ylos$ toge!r are ab\t two-?irds ! wid? ( ! =am5 magnum1 & ( ! p>ietal bones1 ) :i* latt] ! supra-occipital makes an angle ( #de4 ,! surface is irregul>1 & especially is m>k$ by a deep concavity j above ea* ex-occipital4 ,! supra-occipital projects slightly ov] ! plane ( ! =am5 magnum1 to :i* ! /rong ridge b\nd+ ! segm5t 9 front is p>allel4 ,! great =am5 is ne>ly r\nd1 be+ slightly compress$ at ! upp] "p ( ! sides3 x measures #c_/h ( an in* high & is ne>ly z wide4 ,! occipital bones make ) ^? at ! base ( ! skull an angle ( ab\t #ade or #aej4 ,9 outl9e !y are a transv]se diamond %ape4 ,! ma/oid portion is n to be di/+ui%$ f ! o!r bones1 b appe> to t]m9ate ! sides ( ! /rong occipital cre/1 :i* by po/]ior compression ( ! squamosals & p>ietals1 becomes v /rong1 & makes ! backw>d b\nd>y ( ! temporal foss4 ,?is cre/ is 9 ! same plane ) ! ant]ior bord] ( ! basi-temporals4 ,! p>ietals meet above 9 a slight ridge4 ,!y are two rectangul> bones twice z wide z long1 =m+ a semicircul> ro( = ! bra91 :i* looks outw>d & a little backw>d4 ,ant]iorly ^! bones unite ) ! frontals 9 a slightly flexu\s transv]se l9e2 & inf]iorly !y are connect$ ) ! p]iotic1 ! squamosal1 & p]haps ) ! ant]ior po9t ( ! alisph5oid3 !y d n desc5d to ! plane ( ! articulations ( ! free quadrate bones4 ,! surface is smoo?1 & on ! upp] "p flat1 b concave bel[ f side to side4 ,bel[ ^! p>ietals are ! squamosals & alisph5oids1 b ! suture betwe5 !m is n se54 ,!y are 9 =m a trapezium :]e ! %ort side is ant]ior1 & ! l[] ?ird is fold$ inw>d s z to be conflu5t ) ! ant]ior "p ( ! sph5oid4 ,! fold =ms a ridge1 :i* ,i suppose may run obliquely ov] ! alisph5oid4 ,! unfold$ squamosal "p is a flat & smoo? oblong1 ) p>allel sides1 ! bones are 9 p>allel planes & ne>ly p]p5dicul> to ! base ( ! skull4 ,:]e ! alisph5oid jo9s ! sph5oid1 !re is a consid]able concavity1 above :i* is a small circul> impression4 ,^! /rips approximate inf]iorly1 s t ! wid? ( ! skull !re is r m ?an half :at x is at _! out] m>g9s4 ,!y %ut (f ! pituit>y body 9 front ( !m1 & appe> to =m "p ( ! wall = ! orbit ( ! eye4--,! slightly convex1 lat]al1 squamosal p>ts above ! fold cont9ue ! circul> transv]se outl9e ( :i* ! p>ietals are ! upp] half4 ,!y ext5d ant]ior to ! p>ietals1 & on ! inside give atta*m5t to ! frontals4 ,l ! p>ietals1 !y make a %>p b5d outw>d at _! h9d] bord]1 & =m ! lat]al t]m9ations ( ! occipital ridge1 :i* is ! wide/ "p ( ?is fossil4 ,! only portion ( ! specim5 n[ to be describ$ is ! l>ge region at ea* side look+ d[nw>d1 :i* ext5ds f ! occipital ridge to ! sph5oid4 ,x is an irregul> p5tangul> holl[ ) _m cavities1 ! h9d] ( :i* are = ! e>4 ,two cavities above ^!1 "u ! wide/ "p ( ! skull1 appe> to be a d\ble articulation = ! quadrate bone4 ,! out] transv]se "o ) ! squamosal is sep>at$ by a deep groove f ! inn] & m v]tical "o1 :i* may !re=e be reg>d$ z ) ! petrosal bone4 ,^! excavations =m ! po/]ior half ( ! p5tagon4 ,! ant]ior half is a smoo? rhombus n sep>able f ! basi-sph5oid4 ,su* is ! ext]nal appe>ance ( ! occipital & p>ietal segm5ts ( ! skull ( a ,cambridge ,pt]odactyle4 ,ea* segm5t =ms a l>ge r+ ( ?9 bone1 inclos+ "p ( a bra9-cavity z l>ge z t ( a bird & %ap$ l t ( a bird2 & :i* moreov] is made up ( ! same bones z ! cranium ( a bird2 & ^! are 9 almo/ exactly ! same proportions z ^? ( ! ,common ,cock4 ,my own inve/igations d n sub/antiate ,wagn]'s discov]y1 t ! back "p ( ! skull resembles t ( ! ,monitor4 ,iguana w\ld h (f]$ a slightly ne>] comp>ison1 b !y bo? diff] f ,cambridge specim5s ( ,pt]odactyles 9 *>act]s l ^!4 ,9 ! liz>d1 ,! cranial bones d n enclose ! bra94 ,!re is no division ( ! back ( ! skull into an occipital segm5t & a p>ietal segm5t by a girdl+ cre/4 ,! squamosal bone does n ent] into ! cranial wall4 ,! quadrate bone does n articulate ) ! wall ( ! bra9-case4 ,:ile ! peculi> backw>d developm5t ( w+s ( ! p>ietal 9 a div]g+ ,v =m1 give ! ,liz>d skull an aspect ( its own4 ,s t x mu/ be ass]t$ t ! diff]5ces ( ^! ,pt]odactyles f ,liz>ds are s wide z to preclude comp>ison4 ,) ! ,crocodile1 9 :i* ! cranial bones are massive1 & ! quadrate bone firmly pack$ 9 ! skull1 comp>ison w\ld be no less difficult4 ,! ,delph9id1 9 bo? ! =m ( ! jaws & ( ! back ( ! head1 give "s support to ,wagl]'s fancy1 9 putt+ ! ,pt]odactyle into 8 curi\s creation1 ! ,gryphi,t4 ,b 9 ! porpoises ! p>ietal bones =m z n>r[ a b& z !y d 9 ! ,duck2 & are q unlike ! bones "h describ$4 ,9 ! ,dolph9 ! two condyles almo/ unite into "o semicircul> condyle 79 "y specim5s71 ow+ to ! enorm\s developm5t ( ! ex-occipitals1 :i* almo/ if n entirely exclude ! basi-occipital f ! =am5 magnum4 ,! dolph9 moreov] has no quadrate bone4 ,b not)/&+ ! abs5ce ( a division into occipital & p>ietal segm5ts1 ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! bones 9 ! skull ( ! porpoises approximate m to ! ,cambridge ,pt]odactyles ?an is ! case ) ,liz>ds4 ,footnote ,t3 ,! ,gryphi are a class ( animals int]m$iate betwe5 ,birds & ,mammals accord+ to ,wagl]1 & includ+ ,pt]odactyles1 ,i*?yosaurus1 ,plesiosaurs1 ,orni?orhyn*us1 & ,myrmecophaga4 ,b ) ,birds ! correspond5ce is s close t x w\ld be difficult to discov] diff]5ces4 ,t "o ( ! condition ( ! occipital bone seems to be ! mo/ important2 ano!r is1 t f ! relatively small] size ( ! c]ebellum ! p>ietal bones appe> to cov] a l>g] "p ( ! c]ebrum2 & a ?ird is ! /rong triangul> condition ( ! sph5oid 9 front ( ! sella tursica4 ,) ^! exceptions !re is no?+ to di/+ui% ! fossil describ$ f ! cranium ( a bird4 ,back ( ano!r ,cranium4 ,pl4 #aa4 fig4 #a1 #b4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #h #b ,ano!r cranium has occurr$ :i* mu/ be ref]r$ to a diff]5t g5us4 ,its pres]vation is less p]fect1 b x simil>ly exhibits ! occipital & p>ietal segm5ts ( ! skull4 ,all ! bones are bl5d$ toge!r )\t a trace ( a suture4 ,! occipital region is flat4 ,its outl9e is n def9$ ow+ to ! ext5t to :i* ! %>p cre/1 9 :i* x t]m9at$ outw>dly1 has be5 brok5 away4 ,! occipital condyle is brok5 (f4 ,! =am5 magnum is ( an ovate =m--flatt5$ at ! base4 ,! ex-occipitals at its sides are impress$ z ?\gh f contact ) ! neurapophyses ( ! atlas4 ,mesially1 ov] ! =am5 magnum is a v]tical elevat$ cre/ 7n[ rubb$ away71 :i* may h giv5 atta*m5t to a bone l t po/-sup]occipital cre/ describ$ by ,qu5/$t 9 ! ,pt]odactylus suevicus4 ,! occipital region makes a great angle ) ! flat basi-temporal region1 z 9 birds4 ,! p>ietal region is convex f bel[ upw>d1 ! lat]al p>ts conv]g+ t[>ds ! cr[n1 :i* h[ev] pres5ts a brok5 & worn surface4 ,f side to side ! squamosal & p>ietal bones are concave1 ow+ to ! ext5d$ occipital cre/ beh9d1 & ! rapid wid5+ ( ! skull 9 front caus$ by ! l>ge size ( ! bra94 ,9 front is se5 a section ( ! bra9-cavity4 ,x is v l 9 =m to ! two halves ( a pe> put toge!r side by side ) ! /alk d[nw>d4 ,i h remov$ "s ( ! phosphate ( lime f ! bra9-cavity1 & al?\gh x has n be5 excavat$ to ! c]ebellum1 ! great dep? ( ! bra9 is well se51 & ! convex "* ( ! c]ebral lobes1 betwe5 :i* a cre/ ( bone desc5ds mesially z 9 ! e?mo-sph5oid mass next describ$4 ,at ea* ( ! l[] out] angles ( ! bra91 ext5d+ into ! cancell\s bra9-walls to ! out]mo/ film1 is an ovoid convexity1 cov]$ ) a ?9 film ( bone4 ,!y entirely correspond ) ! optic lobes1 be+ 9 exactly ! same position z 9 birds1 only relatively r small4 ,und]nea? ! optic lobe on ! outside is a small concavity1 app>5tly ! articulation = ! quadrate bone4 ,! basi-sph5oid mass bel[ ! bra9 is ( consid]able height1 ! upp] half flat & smoo?1 ! l[] half fractur$ & cancell\s4 ,9 ! ma9 ?is skull is l ! o!r "o1 diff]+ *iefly 9 ! dep? ( ! sph5oid1 9 ! mesial ridge betwe5 ! c]ebral lobes1 9 %[+ ! optic lobes1 & 9 hav+ an*ylos$ basi-temporal bones4 ,!re w\ld h5ce appe> to h be5 consid]able v>iations 9 ! skulls ( ,pt]odactyles ev5 9 ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 ,orbito-e?mo-sph5oid bone4 ,pl4 #aa4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,j c #i ,! symmetrical bone :i* ,i h s nam$ is a w$ge-l mass tap]+ 9 front1 keel$ above2 flatt5$ bel[1 & cupp$ beh9d on ea* side4 ,x belong$ to a v mu* l>g] animal ?an ! la/ fossil1 & probably to a v diff]5t g5us4 ,! inf]ior surface is triangul>1 an in* & an eigh? wide beh9d1 at ! base1 & an in* & a qu>t] long2 b x is brok5 at bo? ends4 ,9 its longitud9al m$ian l9e is a /rong keel /opp+ %ort 9 front1 dy+ away beh9d1 & =m+ ) ! compress$ m>g9s a consid]able holl[ on ea* side1 at ! back "p ( :i* is a l>ge oval =am54 ,?is surface1 ?\gh five times ! size1 corresponds 9 =m1 ridges1 & =am9a ) ! ant]ior "p ( ! sph5oid describ$ 9 ! article on ! back ( ! cranium4 ,! po/]ior surface is at "r angles to ! inf]ior "o1 b its l[] ?ird %[s only fractur$ phosphate ( lime fill+ p]haps ! ant]ior "p ( ! pituit>y fossa4 ,its upp] "p also is brok54 ,b on ea* side is a l>ge concavity measur+ 9 ! fractur$ fossil an in* & a qu>t] high1 ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* wide1 & half an in* deep f ! unbrok5 m$ian ridge :]e ! cups become conflu5t at _! base4 ,! :ole specim5 is two & a qu>t] in*es high4 ,f ! det]m9ation ( ! "u side x foll[s t ^! smoo? holl[s1 ov] ea* ( :i* an impress$ mesial l9e desc5ds obliquely outw>d1 are a "p ( ! ant]ior b\nd>y ( ! bra94 ,f ! middle ( ! out] convex bord] ( ! oval rema9s ( ^! cups = ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 a /rong blunt ridge desc5ds obliquely d[n ! sides ( ! bone to t]m9ate ! compress$ ant]ior end ( ! bone j 9 front ( ! hypapophysial ridge ( ! sph5oid4 ,above ?is ridge ! bone is mu* compress$ ant]iorly1 =m+ a /rong /raight mesial keel above1 :i* rapidly approximates to ! base2 ! height ( ! bone 9 front be+ "o in* & a half1 :i* is also its extreme l5g?4 ,! region bel[ ! oblique ridge is a concavity1 b x is a little compress$ f side to side beh9d1 & has ! same ant]ior compression1 s t ! elongat$ oval ( ! fracture at ! ant]ior end ( ! bone is only ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* wide4 ,! sup]ior ridge w probably h support$ ! frontals1 & ! ant]ior end w\ld t]m9ate 9 ! orbito-sph5oid4 ,! lat]al ridges appe> to correspond ) :at ,pr(4 ,huxley has describ$ 9 ! ,o/ri* z ! ridge indicative ( a supra-presph5oid ossification po9t$ out by ,kllik]4 ,! groove :i* is "h notic$ on ! c]ebral surface may indicate ! same division4 ,if s1 ! upp] & ant]ior "p ( ! mass w\ld be ! e?moid4 ,?is mass (f]s a consid]able resemblance to ! frontal portion ( ! skull ( a dolph9 7e4 g4 ,delph9us delphis7 f :i* ! maxill>y1 premaxill>y1 palat9e & nasal bones h be5 remov$4 ,b 9 ! ,porpoise ! mesial ridge divid+ ! c]ebral hemisph]es is n prolong$ s f> =w>d z 9 ! ,pt]odactyle2 ! cranial bones are (t5 z smoo? on ! inside4 ,not)/&+ ,wagn]'s assurance t ! ,pt]odactyle skull is v l a ,monitor's1 he w\ld h look$ 9 va9 = an ossification 9 ,monitor1 ,iguana1 or o!r ,liz>ds1 comp>able ) ?is mass4 ,& al?\gh ! bra9 is clos$ 9 front by bones 9 ,s]p5ts1 x is by ! frontal bones1 :i* =m a cov]+ = ne>ly ! :ole ( ! conical c]ebrum4 ,nor 9 ! ,crocodile is !re any ossifi$ mass 9 front ( ! bra91 al?\gh ! bra9 approximates ne>] to ,birds ?an is ! case ) o!r liv+ ,reptiles4 ,among ,birds su* a /ructure z t ( ! ,pt]odactyle is *>act]i/ic1 b no bird has x s massive & mammal-l1 ?\gh an approximation is made 9 "s ?ick-skull$ birds l ,ciconia m>ab\4 ,& 9 birds x usually is prolong$ mu* fur!r =w>d ?an appe>s to h be5 ! case ) ,pt]odactyle1 :]e f ! rapid tap]+ ( ! mass 9 front x appe>s to h end$ 9 a v]tical ridge l t 9 ,p>rots & ,birds ) a moveable beak4 ,9 ,birds !re is usually a m$ian ridge divid+ ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 b !re is also (t5 a small olfactory lobe prolong$ 9 front ( ! c]ebrum1 to :i* no?+ analog\s is indicat$ 9 ^! fossils4 ,,natural ,,m\ld ,,( ,,! ,,bra9 ,,cavity ,,( ,a ,,cambridge ,,orni?osaurian,u4 7,ca/47 ,pl4 #aa4 ,footnote ,u3 ,= ! opportunity ( mak+ ?is description1 ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,john ,francis ,walk]1 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,c4,s41 c41 :o "s "t s9ce =w>d$ to me ! :ole ( 8 r>] ,orni?osaurian rema9s = description 9 ! ,geological ,magaz9e1 ,! orig9al specim5 is 9 ! collection ( ,j4 ,f4 ,walk]1 ,esq41 ( ,sidney ,sussex ,college4 ,:5 f\nd x only display$ ! front ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 & ,mr4 ,walk] g5]\sly gave me p]mission to remove ! inve/+ cancell\s bone & phosphate ( lime1 & ?us exhibit ! =m ( ! c]ebrum & its relations to ! c]ebellum4 ,! l[] "p ( ! bra9 is n pres]v$4 ,b adh]5t to ! sides ( ! fossil are /ill left p>ts ( ! temporal bones1 & "p ( ! bone at ! back ( ! orbit :i* closes 9 ! bra94 ,! =m ( ! c]ebellum is n q p]fect beh9d1 b x mu/ h be5 unusually small4 ,! c]ebral lobes tak5 toge!r are mu* wid] f side to side ?an f back to front1 & h a transv]se elliptical outl9e1 except = ! mesial not* beh9d = ! c]ebellum4 ,! lobes are a little flatt5$ above1 & divid$ f ea* o!r by a deep mesial groove1 :i* makes ea* lobe convex f side to side4 ,!y are well r\nd$ at ! front & at ! sides1 & are a little compress$ t[>ds ea* o!r bel[ 9 ! region ( ! orbits4 ,beh9d !y become cov]$ sup]iorly z 9 birds ) a greatly ?ick5$ "p ( ! squamosal & p>ietal bones4 ,! surface ( ! c]ebrum is smoo?4 ,!re is no indication ( a p9eal gl&4 ,! c]ebellum is small1 l a pea betwe5 two filb]ts4 ,x is sub-hemisph]cal1 is plac$ close aga9/ ! c]ebrum1 & appe>s to give (f n>r[ lat]al p>ts1 l ^? se5 9 _m birds1 only t !y abut aga9/ ! back ( ! c]ebral lobes z 9 ! ,h>e & "s ,mammals4 ,9 no reptile is !re a bra9 9 :i* ! c]ebrum embraces ! front ( ! c]ebellum1 or 9 :i* x atta9s to su* an enorm\s size4 ,ftal ,mammals 7e4 g4 ! horse & ! %eep71 ev5 :5 !y h atta9$ to a consid]able bulk1 & _m adult mammals1 /ill h ! optic lobes divid+ ! c]ebrum f ! c]ebellum z 9 ,reptiles4 ,! only ,mammal :i* %[s any ne> approximation to ?is bra9 is ! ,orni?orhyn*us1 9 :i* ! c]ebellum is v small1 b ! c]ebrum is n s well r\nd$ 9 front4 ,! =m approximates to ! bra9 9 ,man4 ,b ) ,birds ! resemblance is s close--) ! owl & ! goose--t !re is no "* to di/+ui% ! bra9 ( ! fossil animal f ^? ( ! rec5t ones4 ,a section ( ! c]ebrum 9 ?is specim5 entirely corresponds ) a section ( ! bra9-cavity 9 ! second skull describ$1 z does ! backw>d ext5sion ( ! c]ebrum ) ! ext5t ( ! c]ebral cavity1 & ! n>r[ c]ebellum ) ! n>r[ *annel p>allel to ! walls ( ! =am5 magnum1 z 9 ,gallus dome/icus & ,birds4 ,! front ( ! bra9 corresponds ) ! ca/ ( ! front ( ! c]ebral lobes tak5 f ! ,e?mo-sph5oid mass4 ,?us ! specim5s agree among !mselves1 & prove ! ,pt]odactyle to h _h a bra9 indi/+ui%able f t ( a ,bird4 ,& :5 x is rememb]$ h[ di/9ctive ?is k9d ( bra9 is1 & t x approximates r t[>ds ! high] ,mammals ?an t[>ds ,reptiles1 ! fact atta9s unusual importance 9 det]m9+ ! ,pt]odactyle's place 9 nature4 8,,neural ,,ar* ,,( ,,sacral ,,v]tebra1 8,,vom]4 ,pl4 #ab4 ,frontal787 ,ow54 ,palontographical1 #ahei ,pl4 #d1 fig4 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #aj #a-c ,9 #ahei ,pr(4 ,ow5 describ$ ) d\bt z ! ,frontal ( ,pt]odactyle1 a symmetrical bone4 ,a small] b m p]fect specim5 has s9ce be5 obta9$ = ! ,woodw>dian ,museum2 & a fragm5t ( int]m$iate size is 9 ! ri* collection ( ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney4 ,f ! descriptions already giv5 x is impossible = x to be ! frontal4 ,!re is no pro( t x is a skull bone4 ,if ( ,pt]odactyle ! compress$ lat]al spaces c\ld only be "p ( ! nasal passages1 or ! impressions ( a palat9e or pt]ygoid articulation4 ,& z ! ext]nal surface ( e specim5 is keel$1 & z ! palatal surface ( ! upp] jaw ( e kn[n ,gre5s& ,pt]odactyle is keel$1 & z ! concavities slightly conv]ge to ! keel1 x might be a bone f ! "u side ( ! head1--! vom]4 ,! smalle/ specim5 is a compress$ sub-semicircul> bone #a-a_/d in* long1 #i_/af in* high1 & a #a_/d in* ?ick4 ,! "u surfaces conv]ge to =m a /rong keel1 :i* is flatt5$ (f beh9d4 ,above ?is1 ! po/]ior ?ird ( ! bone is compress$ obliquely to half ! ?ickness1 z ?\gh a bone _h ov]-lapp$ ?is area on ea* side4 ,if ! oval spaces are n>es1 t bone might h be5 ! pt]ygoid or palat9e4 ,?ree-fif?s ( ! rema9d] ( ! bone are tak5 up by ! smoo? oval depressions1 :i* might be ! inn] walls ( ! n>es2 & above ?is is a m>g9 ( bone wid5+ into ! triangul> compress$ "p 9 front1 :i*1 if ! fossil is rightly det]m9$1 mu/ h fitt$ into ! po/]ior end ( ! maxill>y or ant]ior end ( ! palat9e bones4 ,a specim5 collect$ by ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney is pres]v$ on ! sacral side ( a left os innom9atum ) ! keel d[nw>d4 ,x appe>s to %[ a sutural surface f :i* an ant]ior "p has come away4 ,& if ?is specim5 is comp>$ ) ! neural ar* ( ! sacral v]tebra ,j4c4#d4a1 x w be f\nd to correspond entirely4 ,x is n impossible t c4#aj4a1 #b may be vom]9e1 & c4#aj4c sacral1 b !re are no di/9ctive *>act]s betwe5 ! specim5s to w>rant su* a det]m9ation4 ,,quadratum4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 & ,quadrato-,jugal4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #aa #a-d ,9 ! ,woodw>dian ,museum are two di/al ends ( ! quadrate bone & two o!r fragm5ts %[+ ! quadrato-jugal ) x4 ,quadrate4 ,! smalle/ specim5 is #a_/b an in* ov] ! articul> surface = ! l[] jaw & a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick4 ,x is concave f side to side 9 front :]e x %[s a l>ge pneumatic =am5 ne> ! basal end2 x is b5t f ! articulation a little backw>d4 ,x is convex beh9d2 & betwe5 ! =am5 & ! articulation s5ds inw>d & =w>d a great w+ l t ( ! quadratum 9 birds4 ,! specim5s are brok5 %ort (f & d n %[ any articulation above1 :]e ! bone contracts4 ,! di/al articulation is d\ble1 l two long cones plac$ toge!r2 t 9 front hav+ ! base outw>d1 :ile ! h9d] "o has ! base on ! inn] side4 ,! l>ge/ specim51 :i* is mu* brok51 %[s ! articulation half an in* ?ick4 ,quadrato-jugal4 ,?is is a ?9 flat squam\s bone1 app>5tly ( a transv]se diamond %ape1 :i* is an*ylos$ to ! ant]ior lat]al m>g9 ( ! quadrate1 at "r angles to ! articulation4 ,! l[] m>g9 is /raight1 z is ! upp] ant]ior m>g91 :i* appe>s to h receiv$ ! mal> bone above4 ,! upp] po/]ior side is brok51 b %[s a l>ge =am5 ne> to ! side ( ! quadrate4 ,! base ( ! diamond is at ! articulation1 & at its apex is a small fragm5t ( smoo? surface1 ei!r "p ( a =am51 or ! orbit ( ! eye4 ,9 ?is specim5 ! articulation1 :i* is brok51 is ab\t #c_/d ( an in* wide1 #c_/h ( an in* ?ick4 ,! rema9+ piece ( ! quadrate is an in* long4 ,! quadrato-jugal is an in* & #c_/af high1 & betwe5 its brok5 ends #a-c_/d in* long4 ,x is ?ick & /rong :]e jo9+ ! quadrate1 b ! re/ ( ! bone is ab\t an #a_/h? ( an in* ?ick4 ,! quadrate bone is ,avian 9 possess+ a pneumatic =am51 & ,avian 9 ! =m ( s mu* ( ! di/al end z is pres]v$1 & 9 ! articulation = ! l[] jaw4 ,! process :i* x s5ds inw>d on ! inside is probably = ! pt]ygoid bone1 aft] ! mann] ( ,birds4 ,be=e an*ylosis ) ! quadrato-jugal bone set 91 z may be se5 9 ,j4c4#aa4d1 ! union 0 made by a hemisph]ical knob on ! outside ( ! quadrate1 z 9 ,gallus dome/icus4 ,! squamose quadrato-jugal is a di/9ctive "*4 8,,pt]ygoid ,,end ,,( ,,palat9e ,,bone4 ,pl4 #ab4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #ad #a-b ,?is det]m9ation is conjectural4 ,its =m is su* z w\ld make x probable t x is "p ( ! head4 ,a m p]fect specim5 is se5 9 ,j4c4#a4b4g4 ,! be/ specim5 is a compress$ sub-quadrate fragm5t ( bone t]m9at+ at "o end 9 a long r5i=m articul> surface1 & at ! o!r end 9 a fracture :]e ! bone is rapidly ?ick5+4 ,a side1 reg>d$ z ! out] "o1 is flatt5$1 be+ slightly concave 9 l5g?1 & slightly convex f side to side4 ,! =m ( ! inn] side ( ! bone is det]m9$ by ! inw>d curve ( ! ?ick "p ( ! articul> surface1 :i* s5ds a r\nd$ ridge obliquely on to ! side1 s t :ile x is concave f side to side at ! articulation1 at ! fracture x is convex f side to side4 ,all ! specim5s are l>ge1 ! articulation be+ n less ?an an in* long4 ,,premaxill>y ,,bones ,pl4 #ab4 appe> to be develop$ z 9 birds4 ,an acc\nt ( _! /ructure w be f\nd 9 ! notes on ! species1 page #aab4 ------------ ,,os ,,articul>e ,,& ,,proximal ,,end ,,( ,,l[] ,,jaw4 ,pl4 #ab4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #ab #a-f ,pr(4 ,ow5 has describ$ 9 a ',palontographical' monograph ! proximal end ( a m&ible 9 :i* ! sutures are oblit]at$4 ,b !re is "o specim5 ( a "y "r ramus %[+ ! inn] & "u "p ( ! m&ible to be ! surangul> bone :i* unites ) ! angul> or out] bone by a longitud9al & v]tical suture trav]s+ on ! inn] side ! great upp] groove2 & on ! surangul> ! great] "p ( ! articul> bone re/s4 ,! articulation is /rong & d\ble1 consi/+ ( a deep transv]se holl[1 b\nd$ by a /rong ov]-lock+ ridge 9 front & a slight ridge beh9d2 & ?is area is divid$ into two tap]+ furr[s by a /rong oblique & r\nd$ cre/1 :i* passes f beh9d inw>d & =w>d4 ,j beh9d ! articulation is a 8pneumatic ap]ture1 & !n ! upp] surface tap]s to ! "u surface1 =m+ a heel1 ( :i* "o specim5 measur+ an in* deep on ! inside ( ! articulation has #c_/d ( an in* /ill left & is m ?an #a_/d in* ?ick at ! fracture4 ,9 a specim5 belong+ to ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney ! outside ( ! jaw is #aa_/af ( an in* deep1 & "u ! articulation #e_/af ( an in* deep4 ,! articul> area is #c_/d ( an in* wide & #f_/af ( an in* long4 ,sev5 specim5s indicate f\r species4 ,! proximal end ( ! l[] jaw is entirely ,avian4 ,! pneumatic ap]ture1 z 9 birds1 is plac$ beh9d ! articulation1 :i* is %ap$ z 9 _m birds4 ,commonly 9 ,orni?osaurians ! bones are an*ylos$ & all trace ( sutures oblit]at$1 z 9 mo/ birds4 ,9 ! ,goose1 h[ev]1 ! six elem5ts ( ea* side are sometimes z readily sep>at$ z 9 reptiles4 ,& 9 "s ,pt]odactyles ! bones sep>ate4 ,,! ,,d5t>y ,,bone ,pl4 #ab4 ,! d5t>y bone consi/s ( a s+le piece1 z 9 birds & *elonians2 & diff]s f bo? 9 be+ provid$ ) tee?4 ,x is describ$ "u ! species ,o4 ma*rorhyn*us1 page #aac4 ------------ ,,! ,,tee?4 ,pl4 #ab4 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #ag #a-ci ,! fir/ ?ree tee? are usually l>g] ?an ^? :i* are plac$ beh9d !m1 9 ?is respect r resembl+ "s fossil reptiles ?an ,dolph9s1 & pres5t+ a "* l t se5 9 ! ,dimorphodon4 ,!y are plac$ 9 oblique oval sockets4 ,!y h a s+le fang l ,cetaceans1 ,ed5tates1 ,reptiles1 & l ! premaxill>y tee? ( ,mammals4 ,cambridge specim5s ( jaws are n suffici5tly p]fect to %[ :e!r ! tee? are limit$ to ! premaxill>y bone2 b ?is appe>s to be ! case 9 ,pt]odactylus crassiro/ris 7,goldf471 & probably 9 ,orni?o*eirus compressiro/ris 7,ow571 ,palontographical ,society1 #ahea1 ,pl4 #bg1 & is s reg>d$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 8 lat] writ+s4 ,yet ! significance ( ?is fact seems to h be5 =gott51 & ,cuvi]'s dictum ab\t _! tee? /ill has influ5ce4 ,he says1 ,! tee?1 by :i* ! exam9ation ( an animal ought always to be comm5c$1 "h pres5t no?+ equivocal4 ,!y are all simple1 conical1 & ne>ly alike1 z 9 ! crocodiles1 monitors1 & o!r liz>ds4 ,b1 on ! "o h&1 ! ,dolph9s demon/rate t a mammal might h simil> tee? ev5 9 ! maxill>y bone2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 s9ce tee? 9 ! premaxill>y bone always are s+le-fang$1 & commonly h a simple sub-conical cr[n1 !re is absolutely no evid5ce 9 ! tee? ( ! aff9ities ( ! animal1 :i*1 s f> z ?is portion ( its economy w5t1 might z well h be5 a fi% or a mammal z any?+ else4 ,9 ! succession !re is no?+ v di/9ctive4 ,9 ! ,crocodile "o too? comes up "u ano!r1 z is commonly ! case ) mammals2 & 9 mammals ! fangs ( ! old tee? are (t5 p>tially absorb$ s t ! tee? drop out into ! m\?4 ,9 ! ,pt]odactyle ! new tee? came up on ! inn] side1 z 9 ! ,i*?yosauria--a tribe ( animals z s+ul> 9 _! aff9ities z ! ,orni?osauria4 ,occasionally specim5s %[ a small furr[ on ! inn] side ( ! fang1 indicat+ absorption1 b !re is no?+ to %[ h[ _m times ! tee? 7 r5ew$3 9 ! ,dolph9s !re is b "o set1 & 9 ,crocodiles ! tee? are replac$ _m times4 ,9 =m & size ! tee? are v v>iable4 ,!y are direct$ obliquely =w>d1 & are curv$ backw>d & inw>d4 ,!y tap] 9 an elongate cone1 compress$ f side to side1 flatt5$ on ! outside1 mod]ately convex on ! inside2 r>ely ! sides meet 9 a ridge aft] ! plan ( ,pliosaurus1 ,megalosaurus1 ,dakosaurus1 c42 m frequ5tly ! lat]al m>g9s r\nd into ea* o!r4 ,usually ! enamel is q smoo?1 sometimes1 z 9 ,no4 #a1 x is f9ely /riat$ & wr9kl$4 ,"s tee? are ne>ly circul> & "s q /raight4 ,! ovate fang contracts bel[1 conically1 & is clos$1 leav+ a long holl[ pulp-cavity 9 its int]ior4 ,nos4 #i1 #aj %[ ! m>ks ( ! successional tee? on _! inn] sides4 ,no4 #aa appe>s to h _h ! cr[n slightly worn at ! tip dur+ ! animal's lifetime4 ,9 transv]se section ( ! cr[n ! too? /ructure resembles ,i*?yosaurus1 ,cetaceans1 & ,bats4 ,! d5t9e is fill$ ) calcif]\s tubes :i* radiate z 9 ,i*?yosaurus1 & t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! too? are se5 9 transv]se section to pres5t _m angles1 almo/ l radiat$ corpuscles4 ,!y are sep>at$ by int]spaces ( _! own wid?1 & run t[>ds ! circumf]5ce1 sometimes /raight & sometimes wavy1 p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,!y s5d (f bran*es usually at "r angles :i* ana/omose ) ! adjo9+ tubes4 ,! d5t9e is 9 conc5tric lay]s1 & %[s lay]s ( sub-circul> cells z 9 ! tee? ( ,mammals4 ,! enamel is a ?9 transp>5t lay] ) few] & f9] tubes ?an ! d5t9e4 ------------ ,a ,,summ+ ,,up4 ,! /ory ( ! /ructure ( ! ,orni?osaurians ( ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& has n[ be5 told1 & x only rema9s to ga!r up ! ?reads ( _! aff9ities & det]m9e ! ,pt]odactyle's place 9 nature4 ,b be=e do+ s1 s v>i\s 9 importance are ! *>act]s enum]at$1 t ,i w\ld fir/ (f] a few rem>ks on ! classificational value ( *>act]s among ! ,reptilia1 ) :i* ,pt]odactyles h be5 mo/ commonly gr\p$4 ,! naturali/ :o only exam9es organisms n[ liv+ on ! e>?1 symbolizes to himself1 by ! t]m ,reptile1 a def9ite sum ( *>act]s1 ) def9ite subdivisions & subord9ate gr\p+1 to :i* ! ext9ct types ( life extricat$ f ! rocks _c entirely be adapt$4 ,:5 ! fragm5t>y1 & (t5 isolat$ or ill-associat$1 bones ( fossiliz$ animals are contra/$ ) correspond+ bones 9 ! skeletons ( ,s]p5ts1 ,crocodiles1 ,liz>ds & ,turtles1 n infrequ5tly x is f\nd t ! *>act]s attribut$ to diff]5t ,ord9al gr\ps are int]lac$ 9 a s+le individual ) a type ( organization peculi> to itself1 & important z are ! modifications ( exi/+ ord]s4 ,^! *>act]s occasionally are gr\p$ ) o!rs :i* 9 liv+ animals _h be5 deem$ *>act]i/ic ( ,fi%es1 ,amphibia1 ,birds1 & ,mammals4 ,! ,reptilia ( ! ,palontologi/ is !re=e a va/ & provisional gr\p1 ev] acquir+ new *>act]s1 to :i* no diagnosis c be appli$4 ,& al?\gh c]ta9 empirical *>act]s h s]v$ to allocate ! specim5s 9 _! sev]al ord]s1 9 g5]al ) suffici5t accuracy1 yet f ! imp]fect pres]vation ( "s ( ! rema9s1 or ! imp]fect ext5t to :i* _! /ructures are kn[n1 & ! want ( recognis$ canons by :i* to measure _! relative values1 x has n be5 possible to discuss ! relations ( ! sev]al ord]s to ea* o!r or ) ! l>g] gr\ps on :i* "s ( !m imp+e4 ,classifications repres5t m or less fai?fully ! gradational increase 9 ! sum ( ! *>act]s ( an organism1 z well z ! increase 9 importance t ^? "* sev]ally atta94 ,?us ga!r+1 s f> z may be1 f ! *aos ( individuals1 a common plan ( /ructures on :i* ! g5us1 ord]1 or class is m\ld$ f a less specializ$ gr\p ( organs4 ,! fundam5tal /ructures ( a v]tebrate animal1 s f> z _! p]si/5t importance c be measur$1 are1 ^? connect$ ) ,i4 ,p]petuat+ ! race4 ,,ii4 ,con/ruction ( ! bra94 ,,iii4 ,circulation & oxidation ( ! blood4 ,,iv4 ,locomotion1 i4e4 skeleton1 muscles1 c4 ,& ^! *>act]i/ics are = ! mo/ "p s int]l9k$1 t x becomes difficult to assign to "o ord] ( animals a relative sup]iority ov] ano!r ord]2 s9ce :5 a s+le set ( organs is prom95tly develop$ 9 "o gr\p x (t5 happ5s t ano!r set ( organs has a l pre-em95ce 9 an alli$ gr\p4 ,?us among reptiles x might be consid]$ t ,crocodiles h ! be/ he>ts1 & ,turtles ! be/ lungs4 ,& s9ce ^! /ructures 9 _! functions sev]ally modify & det]m9e ! use ( o!r /ructures1 ! mean+ t t]ms l ,crocodilian & ,*elonian really h is t !y repres5t ! aspect ( ,reptilian organization :5 se5 ?r\gh ! specialization ( respiration1 or circulation ( ! blood4 ,! s(t p>ts ?us det]m9+ ! nutrition & function ( ! muscles & skeleton1 anatomi/s 9 exam9+ ! bones ( ext9ct animals are accu/om$ to rev]se ! ord] ( _! inf]5ces1 & inf] f modifications ( ! skeleton :at _h be5 ! *>act]s ( ! s(t & m vital /ructures4 ,on ! presum$ accuracy ( ?is me?od ( rese>* re/ _m results ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy4 ,b s9ce ! %apes ( bones are det]m9$ by ! muscles z well z by inh]itance1 x is always to be rememb]$ t a simil> =m ( bone may obta9 9 diff]5t ord]s or classes ( animals1 z ! result ( a simil> function 9 a special region ( ! body4 ,su* resemblances are famili> to anatomi/s4 ,h5ce mu* caution is requir$ f ! ,palontologi/ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! *>act]i/ics ( a gr\p1 & ! ext5t to :i* !y may be modifi$ by function4 ,?is di/9ction is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( classification4 ,b x is always difficult to e/imate ! importance ( *>act]s 9 fragm5ts ( bones or p>ts ( skeletons1 & ! difficulty is increas$ by ! fact t if :at appe>s to be b a functional modification %\ld p]vade all ! species1 x becomes a *>act]i/ic ( ! gr\p1 & its p[] ( modify+ ! o!r organs 9 a peculi> way has to be consid]$4 ,?us = all practical purposes birds may be said to be *>act]iz$ by w+s1 :i* almo/ acquire ! dignity ( class *>act]s f _! influ5ce on ! respiratory function4 ,b 9 "s birds x has be5 ?\ght t no bone ( ! =e-limb 0 ev] develop$,v2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* a ph5om5on & ! w+ ( a ,swift1 = example1 is "o almo/ ( inf9ity1 z comp>$ ) any o!r aspect t ! ant]ior limb might h assum$4 ,!re=e1 s9ce a bird may "p ) its =e-limbs & yet rema9 a bird1 ,i inf] t x might apply its =e-limbs to ! gr\nd1 become a quadrup$1 & be a bird /ill4 ,& if 9 ?is process ! o!r /ructures rema9$ un*ang$1 no "o w\ld reg>d ! modification z m ?an an ord9al "o4 ,b %\ld ! v]tebr *ange also1 or ! pelvis1 or ! cov]+ ( ! integum5t1 or ! jaws become too!d1 !n1 al?\gh ! he>t & lungs & bra9 ( ! imag9>y animal reta9$ _! class *>act]s1 ! functional diff]5ces be+ m ?an ^? ( an ord] w\ld con/itute x a sub-class4 ,footnote ,v3 ,accord+ to ,pr(4 ,ow51 9 ,d9ornis4 ,9 ! same way x is conceivable t s]p5ts may h exi/$ ) well-develop$ limbs1 & if !y reta9$ _! o!r *>act]s ! limb$ =ms w\ld con/itute a sub-ord] ( s]p5ts2 b if to ^! *>act]s !y add$ a clos$ palate unit$ to ! cranium1 !y w\ld con/itute a new ord] ( reptiles4 ,a *elonian might be entirely depriv$ ( its bony cov]+1 & x w\ld /ill be a *elonian1 diff]+ only z a sep>ate family4 ,s t /ructures :i* to ! eye appe> fundam5tal may be lo/ )\t affect+ an animal's sy/ematic position1 j z animals :ile resembl+ ea* o!r 9 =m may possess dissimil> organization4 ,ev5 ) ! liv+ or typical ,reptilia1 naturali/s are divid$ z to ! numb] ( ord9al gr\ps into :i* !y naturally fall4 ,x is h[ev] g5]ally agre$ t ! ,amphibia or ,dipnoa ( ,fitz+]1 h no ne> aff9ity ) ! true reptiles4 ,milne-,edw>ds1 ,van d] ,hoev5 & ,agassiz make ! rema9d] into ?ree ord]s1 z did ,cuvi]3 ,*elonia1 ,sauria1 ,ophidia4 ,/annius1 ,gray1 ,ow5 & ,huxley1 on ! o!r h&1 by divid+ ! ,saurians make f\r ord]s1 to :i* ,dr ,gn!r by 8 description ( ,sph5odon has giv5 evid5ce ( a fif?3 ,crocodilia1 ,*elonia1 ,sauria1 ,ophidia1 7,rhyn*ocephalia47 ,de ,bla9ville 9 a rem>kable classification 7#ahaf71 made ?ree ord]s1 ,*elonians1 ,emydosaurians crocodiles1 & ,saurophidians2 ! latt] gr\p be+ subdivid$ into ,saurians & ,ophidians4 ,9 8 ,h&bu* d] ,anatomie d] ,wirbel?i]e ,/annius unites ! ,crocodilia & ,*elonia into a gr\p call$ ,monimo/ylica2 :ile ( ! ,sauria & ,ophidia he makes ano!r gr\p call$ ,/repto/ylica4 ,simil> gr\ps 7 made by ,dr ,gray1 & nam$ ,cataphracta & ,squamata4 ,!y are id5tical ) ! cuirass$ & scaly reptiles ( ,dum]il & ,bibron4 ,! ,a/ylica 7,sph5odon7 h no p5is4 ,! ,/repto/ylica h a d\ble p5is1 lungs simplifi$ at ! di/al end into a m]e air-bladd]1 bra9s ) a mod]ately elongat$ c]ebrum1 ! palate mesially op51 scales1 lea!ry %ell to ! egg cut ?r\gh by a too? on ! premaxill>y bone4 ,! ,monimo/ylica h a s+le p5is1 lungs well subdivid$1 v5tricle ( he>t p>tly turtles or entirely divid$ crocodiles1 bra9s hav+ ! c]ebrum broad or high1 a clos$ palate1 scutes1 a calc>e\s %ell to ! egg4 ,?us ! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 ,turtles & ,crocodiles on ! "o h&1 & ,liz>ds & ,s]p5ts on ! o!r h&1 are n s mu* 9 ! fundam5tal vital /ructures1 ?\gh ^! und]go *anges ev5 9 ! families1 z 9 ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! muscles & skeleton are modifi$4 ,! typical liz>ds div]ge widely f ! crocodiles1 & 9 ^? o/eological features :i* admit ( comp>ison !y make at lea/ z ne> an approa* to ! ,*elonians4 ,b leav+ ! limbs & pectoral & pelvic girdles out ( consid]ation1 liz>ds f9d _! natural place side by side ) ! s]p5ts4 ,attempts h be5 made by ,palontologi/s to incorporate ! new ord9al gr\ps :i* !y h be5 compell$ to create = "s fossils1 along ) ! true ,reptilia2 b su* a proce$+ de/roys ! value ( ! t]m ,reptile z a measure ( a kn[n organization4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( k ( ! bra9s ( ,d9osaurs1 ,i*?yosaurs1 & ,dicynodonts1 _! union ) ! ,reptilia c only h a /agnat+ effect on ,palontology1 = !re is no pro( t !y are ,reptiles 9 ! same s5se z are ,crocodiles or ,*ameleons3 :ile _! bones be+ us$ z /&>ds ( ,reptilian /ructure 9 comp>isons1 !y adjudicate ! place 9 nature ( o!r animals by an au?ority :i* has nev] be5 e/abli%$4 ,be=e any inf]5ce c be drawn f ! =ms ( bones 9 ext9ct animals1 _! relations to vital /ructures & to way ( life mu/ be kn[n 9 animals :i* /ill live4 ,?is may give "s clue bo? to _! functional significance & to ! ext5t to :i* !y are inh]it$ & n directly attributable to function4 ,b an idea ( ! morphological value ( ! bones ( liv+ animals is only ga9$ by comp>+ !m ) ! rema9s ( _! ext9ct allies1 trac+ ! n[ imitative /ructure back to its orig9 9 a function :i* has ceas$ to be display$4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 8 ,comp>ative ,anatomy ( ! ,v]tebrates 7#ahff7 admits n9e ord]s ( ,reptiles1 five ( :i* are ext9ct1 "s ( ! ext9ct ord]s be+ suppos$ to rank l[]1 :ile o!rs are high] ?an ! liv+ types4 ,!y are arrang$ 9 ?is way1 99 ,pt]osauria1 99 ,d9osauria1 ,crocodilia1 ,ophidia1 ,lac]tilia1 ,*elonia 99 ,anomodontia1 99 ,sauropt]ygia1 99 ,i*?yopt]ygia4 99 ,ext9ct4 ,pr(4 ,ow51 ,comp4 ,anat4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #g-i1 def9es 8 sub-classes4 ,at p4 #ae1 9 ! details ( ! ord]s1 he puts ,i*?yosaurus 9 ! #e? sub-class ,monopnoa4 ,b at p4 #ej1 treat+ ( ! v]tebral column ( ,i*?yosaurus1 x is writt5 ( z an ext9ct ord] ( ,dipnoal reptiles4 ,! ,dipnoa !n w\ld include ,i*?yosauria1 ,batra*ia1 ,labyr9?odontia1 ,ganocephala4 ,b ,i*?yosaurus obvi\sly belongs to ,haeckel's gr\p ,monocondylia4 ,9 :at *>act]s ! ,i*?yosaurs are l[] ?an liv+ reptiles ,i h be5 unable to discov]4 ,! palate may be bett] comp>$ ) a /ru?i\s bird ?an ) a reptile2 & ! pectoral girdle may be bett] comp>$ ) ! ,orni?odelphia ?an ) a reptile1 :ile all ! trunk-v]tebr h ribs su* z are associat$ 9 liv+ animals ) a f\r-cell$ he>t4 ,b if x is a l[] animal type ?an liv+ reptilia1 ! /ud5t w ask1 h[ mu* l[]8 does x desc5d to ! ,dipnoa1 & prove to be ! miss+ l9k betwe5 ! ,amphibia & ,reptilia8 & :]e9 is ! evid5ce8 ,or does x n ) ,dicynodonts & ,d9osaurs r =m an outly+ class unit+ ! reptiles ) ! mammals4 ,9 ! same way1 :5 ,pt]osauria & ,d9osauria are plac$ above liv+ reptiles1 we are compell$ to ask h[ mu* are !y above1 or :at are ! *>act]s :i* b9d !m to ! ,reptilia at all8 ,no satisfactory evid5ce has ev] be5 adduc$ to %[ t ! ,d9osauria are ,reptiles4 ,& ( ! claim ( ! ,pt]odactyles to su* a position1 ! facts detail$ & n[ summ>is$ w be ! be/ evid5ce4 ,! highe/ /ructure %[n 9 ^! rema9s is ! bra9-case4 ,! cavity = ! bra9 is 9 e respect l t 9 ! skull ( a bird4 ,x resembles bra9s ( a high type 9 hav+ ! c]ebral lobes convex 9 front2 s9ce1 9 ! l[] mammals1 !re is a resemblance to reptiles 9 ! conical =m ( ! c]ebrum2 :ile ! bra9s ev5 ( "s ( ! plac5tal mammals are n well di/+ui%$ f ^? ( reptiles4 ,al?\gh ! bra9 ( ! ,orni?orhyn*us is entirely mammalian1 x is m l ! bra9 ( a reptile ?an is ! bra9 ( ! ,pt]odactyle4 ,no evid5ce ( aff9ities c\ld be adduc$ :i* w\ld outweigh ?is4 ,tak5 by itself x w\ld lead u to anticipate = ! ,pt]odactyle ^? vital /ructures :i* birds h 9 common4 ,next 9 importance to ! bra9 are ! pneumatic p]=ations 9 ! bones4 ,!y are se5 9 ! l[] jaw1 ! quadrate bone1 9 ! :ole ( ! v]tebral column1 9 all ! bones ( ! =e-limb1 except+ "o or two fragm5ts1 9 ! scapula & coracoid1 9 ! os innom9atum1 9 ! femur & 9 ! tibia4 ,9 su* ( ! bones z c be comp>$1 ! pneumatic p]=ation is usually situat$ 9 ,birds z x is 9 ,pt]odactyles4 ,9 ,birds ! bones are fill$ ) air ?r\gh ^! p]=ations1 & z a pr9ciple ! great] ! motion ( ! animal1 ! great] is ! numb] ( bones fill$ ) air4 ,?is air is receiv$ f ! air-sacs :i* receive x f ! lungs1 & return x ?r\gh ! lungs aga94 ,!re is ?us 9 birds a sort ( supplem5tal lung-sy/em1 :i* circulates air ?r\gh ! body4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d exi/s 9 any o!r class ( animals4 ,! respiratory sy/em 9 birds is m p]fect & complex ?an 9 ! o!r v]tebrata1 &1 z a result1 ! temp]ature ( ! blood on ! :ole is hott]4 ,9 ,pt]odactyles ! reticulate "* ( ! p]=ations proves t !y 7 pneumatic1 & suppli$ ! bones ) air4 ,! fact t ! bones 7 suppli$ ) air1 necessitates an elaborate sy/em ( air-sacs to furni% ! supply4 ,& ! exi/5ce ( ^! air-sacs speaks inconte/ably to bron*ial tubes op5+ on ! surface ( ! lungs to supply !m1 & to ! exi/5ce ( lungs ess5tially l ^? ( birds4 ,! outw>d & backw>d direction ( ! coracoid bones may indicate t ! lungs 7 l>g] ?an 9 a bird4 ,! circulation ( air ?r\gh ! bird's body has relation to rapid motion ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 :i* necess>ily produces m rapid respiration ?an w\ld comp>ative quiesc5ce4 ,! same inf]5ce mu/ be appli$ to ! ,pt]odactyles4 ,b rapid respiration only means m rapid oxidation ( ! blood1 & conv]sion ( ! purple cruor9e into sc>let cruor9e1--t is1 ! conv]sion ( v5\s blood into art]ial blood4 ,& if v5\s blood is conv]t$ into art]ial blood by a lung-app>atus l t ( a bird1 & ) a rapidity l t 9 a bird1 !re mu/ be a circulation ( ! blood z rapid z 9 birds4 ,su* a circulation is only ma9ta9$ by a he>t ) two auricles & two v5tricles4 ,!re=e ,pt]odactyles _h ! he>t l t ( birds & mammals4 ,n[1 s9ce ! temp]ature ( ! blood is *iefly dep5d5t on respiration & circulation1 & ,pt]odactyles _h respiratory & circulatory organs :i* 9 liv+ animals produce hot blood1 x results t !y 7 hot-blood$ animals4 ,?us ! he>t & lungs are exactly su* z w\ld h be5 inf]r$ f ! bra91 &1 l x1 !y are avian4 ,& s important are ^! vital /ructures all tak5 toge!r1 t ! inf]5ce f !m ^u an animal's aff9ities w\ld ov]be> all o!r evid5ce t c\ld be adduc$ except reproduction2 = !y demon/rate ! plan on :i* an animal 0 built1 & are ! motor p[] :i* enabl$ x to use its skeleton 9 a way t /amp$ ^u x a peculi> =m4 ,9 ! head su* /ructures z are pres]v$ con=m ) slight v>iations to ! avian plan4 ,o!r ,orni?osaurians %[ 9 ! p>ts :i* are n pres]v$ 9 ,cambridge specim5s "s *>act]s :i* are n avian2 !y are 9 "p z mu* mammalian z reptilian1 & 9 a few po9ts entirely reptilian4 ,b x might be mislead+ to take ,g]man specim5s into consid]ation 9 =m+ an e/imate ( ! ,pt]odactyles ( ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&1 :i* 7 probably a diff]5t ord9al gr\p1 & may h _h mat]ial diff]5ces 9 /ructure4 ,! v]tebral column z a :ole is di/9ctive4 ,! neck & sacrum are mammalian1 & ! tail reptilian4 ,! procl\s v]tebr are *>act]i/ic ( reptiles1 b 9 "s animals1 z ,*elonians1 !y v>y 9 diff]5t regions ( ! body2 & among amphibians ! "* is incon/ant 9 g5]a ne>ly alli$4 ,! h9d-limb is 9 "p mammalian & 9 "p avian2 if !re be any reptilian *>act]s 9 ! foot1 !y are n less mammalian4 ,! os innom9atum is avian & mammalian4 ,! pectoral girdle is avian4 ,! =e-limb is avian & mammalian4 ,! w+-f+] is di/9ctive1 ?\gh =m$ on ! avian plan4 ,?us1 if ) an avian basis "s p>ts ( ! skeleton pres5t po9ts ( agreem5t ) reptiles1 9 o!r po9ts !re are resemblances ) mammals n less *>act]i/ic4 ,^! phnom5a d n %[ t 9 s f> ! animal is a mammal or a reptile1 b only t mammals1 orni?osaurians1 & reptiles h _h a common orig91 & t :ile !y h be5 diff]5tiat$ s z to =m sep>ate classes !y h sev]ally reta9$ *>act]s :i* =m]ly 7 unit$ 9 "o class4 ,x is a skeleton int]m$iate betwe5 reptiles & mammals1 & well di/+ui%$ by mammalian1 reptilian1 & peculi> *>act]s1 f birds4 ,x !re=e =ms a p>allel gr\p ) birds1 display+ ! orni?ic organization 9 a diff]5tly modifi$ skeleton4 ,yet x diff]s m f exi/+ birds ?an !y diff] among !mselves1 = ! discrepancies are 9 po9ts ( /ructure 9 :i* all exi/+ birds agree3 !y are 9 hav+ tee?1 9 ! procl\s c5trum1 9 ! sep>ate condition ( ! c>pal & metac>pal 7& ( ! t>sal & metat>sal7 bones2 9 hav+ m ?an two bones 9 ! =e-arm1 9 ! sacrum =m$ ( few v]tebr1 9 ! exp&$ pubic 7& prepubic7 bones1 9 a long neck to ! femur1 & 9 ! modification ( ! w+ by ! great developm5t ( ! phalanges ( "o f+]4 ,i !re=e reg>d ! ,pt]odactyles z =m+ a gr\p ( equal value ) birds1 = :i* gr\p ! "n ,orni?osauria is "h us$4 ,x _c =m a sep>ate class1 because !y h a fundam5tal organization 9 common2 & x _c =m an ord] ( birds1 because its diff]5ces f birds are great] ?an ^? ( an ord]4 ,x is a gr\p :i* itself probably includes sev]al ord]s1 & mu/ con/itute a sub-class1 :i* f9ds its place 9 nature side by side ) birds & betwe5 mammals & reptiles1 ?us3-- ,mammalia4 ,orni?osauria4 ,aves ,reptilia4 _/ ,re/oration4 ,( ! =m & size,w ( ! animals f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&1 an idea w be/ be giv5 by a few measurem5ts4 ,footnote ,w3 ,!re are ,orni?osaurians h]eaft] to be describ$ comp>$ ) :i* ! l>ge/ at pres5t kn[n w seem dim9utive4 ,a v]tebra ( "o su*1 f ! ,weald51 is conta9$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7numb]$ #bhfcb74 ,! c5trum alone is betwe5 #i & #aj in*es long & #h in*es deep4 ,x is nam$ ,/reptospondylus1 b con/itutes a new gr\p ( ,orni?osaurians4 ,no?+ s gigantic exi/s 9 ! ,woodw>dian ,museum4 ,ano!r v]tebra ( ! same or an alli$ g5us has be5 figur$ by ,pr(4 ,ow5 z ! tympanic bone ( 8,iguonodon 7,fossil ,reptilia ( ! ,weald51 ,"p #b1 pl4 #aj74 ,9 ! species ,orni?o*eirus nasutus 7,seeley71 ,j4c4#b4aa4a3 ,! premaxill>y ext5ds = #f in*es )\t rea*+ ! n>es4 ,! l[] jaw is #c_/d ( an in* deep at ! articulation4 ,! f\r c]vical v]tebr are ea* #a-a_/b in* long4 ,! /]num measures #a-a_/b in* ov] ! facets = ! coracoids4 ,! hum]us is #b-a_/af in*es ov] ! proximal end1 ! radial cre/ n be+ pres]v$4 ,! coracoid is #a-a_/d in* ov] ! proximal end4 ,! scapula is ab\t #c-a_/b in*es long4 ,! proximal c>pal 7imp]fect7 is #a-e_/h in* wide4 ,! di/al c>pal is #a-a_/b in* wide4 ,! lat]al c>pal is #a-a_/d in* long4 ,! w+-metac>pal is #a-a_/d in* wide at ! proximal end1 & #g_/h in* wide at ! di/al end4 ,! proximal end ( ! fir/ phalange is ab\t #a-e_/h in* wide4 ,! proximal end ( ! second phalange is less ?an an in* wide4 ,! claw-phalange 7imp]fect7 is ab\t #a-a_/d in* long4 ,! femur is #d in*es long4 ,putt+ ! animal toge!r1 ! bones give ?is size 3 ,head #a ft4 #c 94 long4 ,neck #i 7,back & sacrum7 8 #h 7,tail7 8 #aj ,) ! hypo!tical p>ts1 ?is w\ld give a l5g? ( ab\t #c ft4 #f 94 f ! tip ( ! sn\t to ! tip ( ! tail4 ,!n ,hum]us #h 94 long4 7,=e-arm7 8#a ft4 #j ,c>pus #b ,metac>pus #aj ,:i*1 if ! =e-limbs 7 kept toge!r z 9 ord9>y quadrup$s1 w\ld give a height to ! body ( ab\t #b ft4 #f 941 b z ! limbs probably spread 9 walk+ z among ! bats1 ! h9d-limb w\ld give a bett] idea ( ! height ( ! animal4 7,fle%1 sacrum1 os innom9atum74 #b 94 ,femur #d 7,tibia7 #f 7,metat>sus1 c47 #a ,:i* w\ld give a height ( ab\t #ac in*es2 &1 /&+ 9 ! position ( a bird1 ! height to ! cr[n ( ! head w\ld be ab\t #b feet4 ,! majority ( ! ,orni?osaurians ( ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& are ( ?is size4 ,! spread ( ! w+s1 if !re 7 #d phalanges1 w\ld be ,body #aj 94 wide4 ,two arms #e ft4 #b ,two w+ f+]s #g #j ,giv+ a total expanse ( ab\t #ac feet4 ,b1 f ! indications ( ! w+-f+]1 ,i %\ld incl9e to ?9k an expanse ( #aj feet a tru] e/imate4 ,! l>ge/ species atta9$ to twice ?is size1 & ! smalle/ 0 a f\r? z l>ge4 ,ano!r memoir w pres5t descriptions & re/orations ( ! ,gre5s& species4 ,habits4 ,! v>y+ organization ( diff]5t ,orni?osaurians probably dep5ds on ! diff]5t habits ( ! tribes4 ,t !y c\ld all fly is probable f ! enorm\s radial cre/ to ! hum]us & ! great developm5t ( ! w+-bones1 to :i* a w+-membrane 0 /ret*$1 comp>able to t ( a ,bat 9 texture1 b m comp>able to a ,bird 9 its ext5t4 ,! gr\ps ) long h9d-legs probably _h ! membrane limit$ to ! bones ( ! arm1 :ile 9 ! species ) small h9d-legs x may h atta9$ ev5 z great a developm5t z 9 ,bats1 ?\gh !re is no reason = suspect+ t x ext5d$ to ! tail4 ,a ,pt]odactyle _c be suppos$ to h hung itself up by ! h9d-legs z does a ,bat1 because ! h9d-claws appe> inv>iably to be direct$ =w>d4 ,a ,bat walks ^u f\r legs ) consid]able elegance & spe$2 ! w+ is fold$ 91 close to ! side1 s z to be sc>cely notic$2 & ! out] claw is free to climb )4 ,!re c be little d\bt b t ,pt]odactyles walk$ 9 a simil> way4 ,! ?ick5$ mammilate knob at ! proximal end ( ! fir/ phalange is well calculat$ = contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,& if x 7 suppos$ t ! l>ge w+-metac>pal bone 7 only us$ to support ! w+1 & ! small metac>pals only us$ to support ! claws by :i* ! creature has sometimes be5 pictur$ susp5d+ itself1 x w\ld be difficult to believe t ! =ces ( pressure & t5sion 9 fly+ s exactly correspond$ to ! =ces manife/$ 9 susp5sion z to cause ! l>ge & ! small metac>pals inv>iably to atta9 ! same l5g?4 ,a correspond5ce ( ?is k9d may be presum$ to indicate a correspond5ce 9 function2 & s9ce ! animal did n fly by means ( its claws1 ! inf]5ce is t x walk$ by means ( ! metac>pal bones4 ,9 no o!r way c\ld ! bones h be5 us$ equally4 ,! avian ilium w\ld sugge/ a probability t !y also at times /ood erect l birds1 f :i* position !y c\ld ) m ease exp& _! w+s2 nor is su* an idea oppos$ by ! resemblance ( "s bones ( ! h9d-limb to :at obta9s 9 birds1 & ( ! neck ( ! femur to :at is se5 9 mammals ( great p[] 9 ! h9d-legs4 ,t !y liv$ exclusively ^u l& & 9 air is improbable1 consid]+ ! circum/ances "u :i* _! rema9s are f\nd4 ,x is likely t !y haunt$ ! sea-%ores1 &1 :ile sometimes r[+ !mselves ov] ! wat] ) _! p[]ful w+s1 us$ ! w+-membrane z does ! ,bat to enclose _! prey & br+ x to ! m\?4 ,b ! sup]ior developm5t ( ! pneumatic =am9a sugge/ t _! activity 0 great] ?an 9 ord9>y sea-birds4 ,! l>ge ,cambridge ,pt]odactyles probably pursu$ a m sub/antial prey ?an dragon-flies4 ,_! tee? are well suit$ = fi%1 b probably f[l & small mammal1 & ev5 fruits1 made a v>iety 9 _! food4 ,z ! "l ( ! cliff1 x may be presum$ to h tak5 toll ( all animals t c\ld be conqu]$ ) too? & nail4 ,f its bra9 x might be reg>d$ z an intellig5t animal4 ,! jaws pres5t indications ( hav+ be5 %ea!d ) a horny cov]+1 & "s ( ! species %[ a rugose ant]ior t]m9ation ( ! sn\t sugge/ive ( fle%y lips l ^? ( ! ,bat1 & :i* may h be5 simil>ly us$ to /ret* & clean ! w+-membrane4 ,! high temp]ature1 c\pl$ ) ! sub-a]ial life1 are oppos$ to ! idea ( ! animal hav+ be5 nak$4 ,! undi/urb$ condition ( ! skeleton & "s po9ts ( /ructure are oppos$ to ! idea ( _! hav+ _h l>ge fea!rs4 ,! abs5ce ( su* rema9s does n fav\r ! hypo!sis ( _! hav+ be5 cov]$ ) scales1 ?\gh 9 ! legs ( birds a scaly cov]+ is met )4 ,i %\ld anticipate = !m a filam5t\s d[ny fea!r1 or hair1 l a ,bat's4 ,! ,bat combs its hair ) its claws1 & ! ,orni?osaurians may h us$ _! claws 9 a simil> way4 ,!y _c be suppos$ to h be5 greg>i\s1 f ! l>ge numb] ( species relatively to specim5s4 ,! reproduction may h be5 mu* ! same z 9 birds2 & ! "y 7 probably re>$ ) affectionate c>e,x4 ,footnote ,x3 ,mr ,c>ru!rs has %[n me cru%$ ,turtle-l eggs f ! ,/onesfield slate1 :i* 9 ! ext]nal pitt+ ( ! egg-%ell are n s diff]5t f "s birds z to preclude a suspicion t !y might possibly be ,orni?osaurian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ notes indicate /ructures 9 p]fect specim5s f ! ,li?ographic slate :i* supplem5t ! fragm5t>y rema9s f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&,y4 ,footnote ,y3 ,! ,g]man animals =m diff]5t family gr\ps4 ,& x _c be inf]r$ t ! /ructures se5 9 !m p]ta9$ to ,cambridge specim5s4 ,9 ! head1 ,cambridge specim5s %[ no trace ( ! p>ts :i* are betwe5 ! bra9-cavity & ! =e-"p ( ! jaw4 ,! =m & condition ( ! orbits1 n>es1 & ( ! space betwe5 !m1 v>y 9 ,g]man specim5s4 ,"s ,birds & c]ta9 ,rum9ants1 su* z de]1 ! giraffe1 c41 h an int]space betwe5 ! orbits & n>es correspond+ to t 9 "s ,pt]odactyles1 b no su* p]=ation is f\nd 9 liv+ reptiles4 ,9 mammals x appe>s to be surr\nd$ by ! frontal1 nasal1 la*rymal1 & (t5 by ! maxill>y bone4 ,9 birds ! bones appe> to be ! la*rymal1 nasal1 maxill>y & premaxill>y1 z is ! case ) ,pt]odactyles1 except t ! nasal bones w\ld seem sometimes to be exclud$4 ,! *ief peculi>ity ( ! ,pt]odactyle skull 9 ?is region is made by ! mal> bone 7&1 accord+ to "s au?ors1 ! maxill>y also7 s5d+ up a process to meet ! la*rymal4 ,?is is n se5 9 birds1 b is *>act]i/ic ( _m mammals & reptiles4 ,! premaxill>y bone is s+le1 z 9 birds & ,iguana2 b x appe>s to atta9 z great a developm5t z 9 birds1 & to occupy ! portion ( ! jaw :i* among reptiles & mammals is made by ! maxill>y bone4 ,ow+ to ! great developm5t ( ! premaxill>y bones1 ! ext]ior n>es are plac$ f> back t[>d ! middle ( ! skull z 9 birds1 & n ne> ! tip ( ! sn\t z 9 liv+ reptiles & mo/ mammals4 ,! orbits 9 ,pt]odactyles are surr\nd$ ) bone1 z is commonly ! case ) mammals & reptiles4 ,among birds a complete orbit is se5 among ! p>rots1 9 :i* x is complet$ bel[ by a prolongation ( ! out] po/]ior corn] ( ! frontal1 :i* w\ld correspond to ! po/-frontal bone1 & by ! la*rymal bone4 ,?us ! mal> bone1 :i* 9 mo/ mammals & reptiles =ms an important "p ( ! l[] m>g9 ( ! orbit1 is 9 birds entirely exclud$4 ,9 ,pt]odactyles ! mal> bone is plac$ betwe5 ! la*rymal & ! po/-frontal process ( ! frontal bone4 ,! quadrate bone 9 ,g]man ,pt]odactyles1 in/ead ( be+ v]tical z 9 birds1 /ret*es obliquely =w>d bel[ ! mal> bone1 s t ! articulation = ! l[] jaw is br\ght =w>d to be "u ! middle ( ! orbit4 ,9 ,pt]odactylus ,ko*i & 9 o!r species !re appe>s to be a process1 or small sep>ate triradiate bone1 comp>able to a dim9i%$ lac]tian po/-frontal1 & homolog\s ) ! po/-frontal process ( ! p>rots4 ,its upp] bran* meets ! frontal4 ,9 "s g5]a ! front appe>s to meet ! mal>4 ,! l[] bran* goes to ! front ( ! quadrate bone1 & ! backw>d bran* goes to ! squamosal imm$iately above ! articulation = ! quadrate bone4 ,?us x is a po/-frontal bone resembl+ t ( ! ,iguana1 b modifi$ & adapt$ to a cranium l t ( a bird4 ,its =m & size 9 ! diff]5t g5]a are v v>iable4 ,no simil> developm5t is se5 among mammals1 :]e ! po/-frontals h probably ceas$ to exi/4 ,x is a c>i\s po9t ( resemblance1 b f ! o!r resemblances to ,iguana be+ s few x is robb$ ( mu* ( its =ce z a m>k ( aff9ity1 & becomes ( int]e/ *iefly z an evid5ce ( indep5d5t p]si/5ce ( /ructures4 ,! pt]ygoid & palat9e bones approximate to ^? ( bird & liz>d 9 ,pt]odactylus crassiro/ris4 ,& ! bones 9 ,pt]odactylus suevicus1 :i* ,qu5/$t names vom]a1 %\ld r h be5 nam$ palat9es4 ,!re is a bone 9 ,goldfuss' specim51 betwe5 ! mal> & palat9e1 :i* he id5tifies ) ! transv]se bone1 b x is n se5 9 any o!r specim54 ,! ribs sometimes appe> to articulate by s+le heads1 b 9 ,p4 crassiro/ris !y are app>5tly articulat$ z 9 ! ,crocodile4 ,"s species %[ abdom9al ribs l ^? ( "s reptiles2 b ! segm5ts ( ! mammalian /]num & abdom9al ribs are to be reg>d$ z homolog\s /ructures4 ,! v]tebr (f] consid]able v>iety 9 size & %ape1 b ! greate/ v>iation 9 numb] is se5 9 ! tail1 :i* is sometimes /iff & long1 & sometimes %ort4 ,! pelvic bones %[ a l>ge am\nt ( v>iation 9 diff]5t g5]a1 (t5 appe>+ to be crocodilian1 sometimes lac]tian1 sometimes mammalian4 ,9 ! aim ! hum]us is v>iable 9 ! l5g? ( ! radial cre/1 & ! metac>pus also v>ies 9 l5g?4 ,:5 ! ext]nal simil>ity ( ! skeletons ( birds is borne 9 m9d1 x is impossible1 )\t disreg>d ( classification altoge!r1 to place animals diff]+ s widely z d ! diff]5t ,orni?osaurians 9 ! few g5]a 9 :i* !y are at pres5t pack$4 ,,classification4 ,! ord]s ( ,orni?osaurians may be e/abli%$ h]eaft]4 ,"u ! "n ,pt]osauria1 ,pr(4 ,ow5 f\nd$ "o ord] :i* has = its type ! ,pt]odactylus longiro/ris4 ,von ,mey] propos$ to sep>ate ?is ord] into two gr\ps1 "o ) two phalanges 9 ! w+-f+]1 ( :i* ,orni?opt]us is ! only example1 =m+ 8 ,dia?ri2 :ile ! o!r gr\p1 ,tetra?ri1 or ^? ) f\r f+]s1 compris$ all o!r ,pt]osaurians4 ,! ,tetra?ri he aga9 subdivid$1 foll[+ out1 z he /ates1 ! sugge/ion ( ,mun/] & ,goldfuss1 into ,d5tiro/res or su* ,pt]odactyles z h ! jaws furni%$ ) tee? to _! ant]ior t]m9ation2 & ! ,subuliro/res1 or su* z want tee? at ! extremities ( ! jaws4 ,to ! =m] gr\p he left ! "n ,pt]odactylus1 & to ! latt] 0 giv5 ! "n ,rhamphorhyn*us4 ,von ,mey] says t he might easily h made a few m species1 z w be evid5t to ^? :o inspect 8 plates1 b he believes t ! /ud5ts ( liv+ animals g too f> 9 _! t5d5cy to subdivide3 a fancy t1 if indulg$ 9 by ,palontologi/s1 w\ld h ! effect ( re/or+ ! old ,l9nan gr\ps2 & a compla9t :i*1 al?\gh (t5 he>d1 has usually come f ^? :o d n readily disc]n & appraise classificational *>act]s4 ,9 ,palontology g5]a are sometimes co-ext5sive ) ord]s1 :ile species (t5 mean g5]a4 ,x may be we>isome to ! collector to be lur$ on to foll[ ! devi\s ways ( a sci5ce1 b ,palontology1 ! s\rce :5ce ! my/]ies ( exi/+ nature mu/ unravel _! mean+1 is ! h&maid ( all nature's tru?s :i* h be5 buri$ 9 evolv+ ! exi/+ creation2 & a duty devolves ^u ,palontologi/s to make ! pa/ an insep>able "p ( ! pres5t1 by apply+ to ! two ! same sci5tific me?od4 ,a ye> previ\s to ! =mation ( ,ow5's ,pt]osauria1 ,bonap>te nam$ ! ,ord] ,orni?osaurii1 & divid$ x into a family--,pt]odactyl1 & a sub-family ,pt]odactyl94 ,fitz+] 7,sy/ema ,reptilium1 #ahdc7 also us$ ! same ord9al "n1 & recogniz$ ?ree g5]a-- ,pa*yrhamphus1 ( :i* ! type is ,pt]odactylus crassiro/ris 7,gold474 ,pt]odactylus1 ) ! type ,p4 longiro/ris 7,cuv474 ,& ,orni?ocephalus1 ) ! type ,o4 breviro/ris 7,smm474 ,^! & o!r attempts at classification all endeav\r to subdivide ,orni?osaurians by ! head or by ! tail4 ,o!r *>act]s = prim>y divisions may be obta9$ f ! pelvis4 ,9 ! majority ( ,g]man ,pt]odactyles ! ilium ext5ds = a long di/ance 9 front ( ! os pubis1 & only = a v %ort di/ance beh9d ! l>ge is*ium2 & ! small pubis f its ant]ior m>g9 gives atta*m5t to a l>ge prepubic bone1 :i* resembles 9 =m ! os pubis ( ! ,crocodile,z1 & is unlike t ( ! ,monotreme4 ,^! appe> to include ! long-legg$ animals ) %ort tails1 at pres5t call$ ,pt]odactyles1 & =m a well-m>k$ family or ord]4 ,footnote ,z3 ,pr(4 ,haughton1 f a /udy ( ! bones & muscles1 came to ! conclusion t ! pubic bones ( ,crocodiles are ! m>supial bones4 ,ano!r k9d ( pelvis is t 9 :i* ! ilium ext5ds a %ort way 9 front ( ! acetabulum1 9 :i* ! pelvic bones inclose a mu* l>g] space4 ,^! include ! ,cambridge ,orni?osaurians1 ! ,rhamphorhyn*us1 & ! ,dimorphodon1 & =m ano!r well-m>k$ family4 ,^! long-tail$ ,pt]odactyles subdivide into ?ree sub-families--,rhamphorhyn*1 ,dimorphodont1 & ,orni?o*eir4 ,! f\r families may !n be def9$ ?us3 ,pt]odactyl4 ,tail %ort4 ,h9d-legs long4 ,ilium n>r[1 ext5d+ f> ant]ior to ! acetabulum2 is*ium ext5d+ beh9d ! acetabulum4 ,epipubic bones fici=m4 ,head ) ! middle holes l>ge1 (t5 conflu5t ) ! ext]ior n>es4 ,jaws too!d to ! ant]ior extremity4 ,rhamphorhyn*4 ,tail long & /iff4 ,h9d-legs %ort4 ,pubis & is*ium small1 oblique to ilium1 :i* ext5ds less f> ant]iorly ?an 9 ,pt]odactyl4 ,epipubic bones n>r[ & b5t2 !y unite mesially & =m a ?ree-sid$ b[ 9 front ( ! pelvis4 ,head ) ! middle holes & n>es bo? small4 ,jaws nev] too!d to ! ant]ior extremity4 ,dimorphodont4 ,tail long & /iff4 ,h9d-legs long4 ,pubis & is*ium =m+ an exp&$ %eet ( bone at "r angles ) ! n>r[ ilium1 :i* ext5ds z f> beh9d z 9 front prepubic bones triangul> 787 atta*$ by ! apex ( ! triangle4 ,head ) ! n>es & middle holes l>ge4 ,quadrate bone l>ge4 ,jaws ) l>ge tee? at ! extremities1 & small tee? beh9d4 ,no sacrum4 ,orni?o*eir4 ,tail long & flexible4 ,h9d-legs %ort4 ,pelvis z 9 ,dimorphodont4 ,epipubic bones ) a small atta*m5t1 =m unkn[n4 ,head ) ! quadrate bone small4 ,sacrum ( n few] ?an ?ree v]tebr4 ,9 ! ,pt]odactyl ! g5]a are-- ,pt]odactylus 7,cuvi]71 9 :i* ! ext]ior n>es are at ! sides ( ! face1 v l>ge1 & only p>tially1 if at all1 sep>at$ by bone f ! small middle hole ( ! head4 ,! head is elongat$4 ,! neck is long4 ,among o!rs1 x includes ! species ,p4 longiro/ris1 ,p4 ,ko*i1 ,p4 scolopaciceps1 ,p4 longicollum4 ,orni?ocephalus 7,smm]r+71 9 :i* ! ant]ior n>es are entirely sep>at$ f ! middle holes ( ! head1 bo? be+ small1 & ! latt] exce$+ly small4 ,! head is %ort ,! neck is %ort4 ,! l>ge is*ium appe>s to be exclud$ f ! acetabulum1 & ! ilium appe>s to ext5d less f> =w>d ?an 9 ,pt]odactylus,,aa4 ,footnote ,,aa3 ,s f> z c be judg$ f figures1 x appe>s to h b ?ree bones 9 ! w+-f+]3 :at ,cuvi] reg>d$ z a t]m9al & f\r? jo9t1 ! bone n1 ,pl4 ,,xxiii4 fig4 #g1 ,oss4 ,foss41 appe>+ to me to be ! fibula ( ! tibia m>k$ e4 s 9 ! same figure w\ld be ! t]m9al phalange1 & r ! fir/ phalange1 z may be prov$ by measur+ !m ) ^? ( ! o!r h&1 s t a phalange is miss+ f betwe5 !m4 ,bo? ! t]m9al phalanges appe> to be hook$ at ! t]m9ation4 ,goldfuss figures ! phalanges s z to make ! bone :i* appe>s to be fibula 9 ,smm]r+ & ,cuvi] look l a f\r? phalange4 ,pa*yrhamphus 7,fitz+]74 ,! n>es are entirely sep>at$ f ! middle holes ( ! head2 bo? are l>ge4 ,! head is ?ick & massive4 ,! prepubic bones meet mesially4 ,no evid5ce ( ! numb] ( phalanges 9 ! w+-f+]4 ,! quadrate bone is massive1 b has small atta*m5t to ! skull4 ,two sacral v]tebr4 ,w+-metac>pal v %ort4 ,! type is ,p4 crassiro/ris 7,goldfuss74 ,cycnorhamphus 7,seeley74 ,n>es v small1 look+ upw>d f a swan-l beak4 ,! middle hole ( ! skull v l>ge & elongat$ & lat]al4 ,neck long4 ,w+-metac>pal long4 ,f\r jo9ts 9 ! w+-f+]4 ,ilium wid5+ 9 front4 ,epipubic bones meet+ mesially4 ,! type is ,pt]odactylus suevicus 7,qu5/$t74 ,9 ! ,rhamphorhyn* at pres5t !re appe>s to be b "o g5us kn[n3 ,rhamphorhyn*us 7von ,mey]74 ,! n>es & middle holes are bo? small1 ovate1 ( ne>ly equal size1 & close toge!r at ! side ( ! head 9 front ( ! orbit4 ,9 ! ,dimorphodont ! only g5us is ,dimorphodon 7,ow574 ,x has ! n>es enorm\sly l>ge4 ,! middle holes are also l>ge4 ,9 ! ,orni?o*eir ! g5us is ,orni?o*eirus 7,seeley71 9 :i* tee? are prolong$ ant]ior to ! muzzle1 & ! palate has a longitud9al ridge4 ,) ! o/eological illu/rations ( ! ,orni?osauria are arrang$ "s premaxill>y bones1 :i* %[ v>ieties ( =m ( ! sn\t4 ,^! v>iations ( %ape s]ve easily to indicate diff]5t species4 ,& ! foll[+ memor&a f ^? specim5s & o!r specim5s 9 ! draw]s =m a synopsis ( ! species ( ! ,cambridge g5]a1 :i* may h]eaft] be fully elucidat$ f ! copi\s mat]ials 9 ! s]ies ( associat$ rema9s4 ,i4 ,orni?o*eirus ,s$gwicki 7,ow574 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #ac #b ,! fragm5t is #b-g_/h?s in*es long1 ) ! elliptical tee? opposite to ea* o!r1 #f on a side on ! palate1 & "o pair 9 front4 ,! fir/ ?ree tee? are l>ge2 beh9d ^! ! tee? are ab\t half ! size4 ,! palate is g5tly convex1 ) a fa9t m$ian ridge1 & measures f side to side ov] ! f\r? & subsequ5t sockets #ac_/af?s ( an in*4 ,! height ( ! jaw at ! f\r? socket #a-a_/d in*4 ,! sides conv]ge to an acute r\nd$ ro/ral keel4 ,! jaws appe> to h be5 long4 ,! ant]ior t]m9ation is vascul>4 ,! ro/ral keel figur$ by ,ow5 ,pl4 ,i1 fig4 #a d1 9 ! #a/ ,supt4 ,cret4 ,reptiles1 is n squ>e z repres5t$ !re1 b r\nd$2 ! sides conv]ge m acutely1 & at ! ridge ! keel is n half s wide z ! figure makes x4 ,! enorm\s size ( ! ?ird too?-socket is p>tly due to ! crack$ bone hav+ absorb$ m phosphate ( lime ?an x c\ld hold1 & ext5d$ ! cracks to fissures4 ,! type specim5 %[s t !re 0 ano!r pair ( sockets 9 front (1 b q close to1 ^? :i* appe> to t]m9ate ! l[] jaw4 ,,ii4 ,orni?o*eirus ,cuvi]i 7,b[]bank74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #ae #a-c ,a portion ( a premaxill>y bone fractur$ at bo? ends1 & two in*es long1 corresponds ) ,dr ,b[]bank's fossil figur$ ,pl4 ,,xxvii4 fig4 #a1 #c1 #d1 9 ! ,palontographical volume = #ahea4 ,! palate is j z wide2 ! m$ian ridge1 ! same2 ! tee? ! same 9 %ape & z f> ap>t4 ,! jaw is ( ! same dep?1 b does n deep5 s rapidly beh9d4 ,! only o!r diff]5ce is t ! sockets ( ! tee? are less prom95t on ! sides1 & appe> to look m directly d[n4 ,! ridge 9 :i* ! conv]g+ sides meet is well r\nd$ 9 a d5t>y bone :i* may h p]ta9$ to ?is species4 ,9 ! space ( two in*es & a qu>t] are #e tee?1 ! po/]ior f\r ext5d+ ov] two in*es1 ! o!r pair be+ 9 front4 ,! palatal surface is #c_/d ( an in* broad beh9d ! ?ird too?1 & r m ?an #e_/h ( an in* broad beh9d ! f\r? too?4 ,! l5g? ( ! #d? or ( ! #e? sockets is two-?irds t ( ! second or ?ird4 ,9 front ( ! #e? too?1 ! jaw is an in* deep1 & x tap]s 9 a curve to ! ant]ior end4 ,! tee? beh9d ! ?ird h int]spaces great] ?an ! l5g? ( ! sockets2 t betwe5 ! #d? & #e? be+ #c_/h ( an in*1 :ile ! socket only measures a qu>t] ( an in* long4 ,beh9d ! #bnd socket comm5ces ! palatal groove1 broad 9 fronts b n>r[+ beh9d2 & its sides in/ead ( div]g+ z 9 ! type1 are concave s z to =m a *annel l a /raight5$ ,siliqu>ia %ell4 ,! halves ( ! palate bevel (f s z to make a "r angle ) ea* o!r1 & great] angles ) ! flat sides4 ,,iii4 ,orni?o*eirus ma*rorhyn*us 7,seeley74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c#f #ce #a ,d5t>y bone4 ,brok5 at bo? ends1 & want+ all its tee?1 ?is int]e/+ fossil %[s ! suture :]e its :ole l5g? re/s on ! angul> bone :i* almo/ rea*$ to ! t]m9ation ( ! beak1 q unlike :at is se5 9 any ,g]man ,pt]odactyle4 ,x is a n>r[ m&ible1 less ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* wide1 ) ! alveol> m>g9s p>allel4 ,! palatal surface #a-a_/b in* long1 is divid$ into #c equal /rips2 ! middle "o be+ a deep glossal groove1 slightly n>r[+ 9 front1 & deep5+ beh9d1 made by two incl9$ flat surfaces4 ,! lat]al /rips are horizontal beh9d1 & 9 front slope a little outw>d4 ,! too?-sockets are oval1 direct$ outw>d1 & z long z ! int]spaces1 ?\gh ^! seem to get long] beh9d4 ,9 an in* & a qu>t] !re are f\r tee?4 ,bel[ ! tee?1 ! sides ( ! jaw are compress$3 ?\gh ne>ly p>allel at ! h9d] fracture1 ! flatt5$ surfaces approximate 9 front till !y meet 9 a %>p keel1 :i* appe>s to make an acute angle ( ab\t #de ) ! palate2 & bel[1 :]e ! jaw is an in* deep ext5ds = half an in* 9 front ( ! suture ) ! angul> bone3 ?is suture is /raight & irregul>ly concave1 & 9 an in* & a qu>t] approximates to )9 #e_/h?s ( an in* ( ! palate4 ,,iv4 ,orni?o*eirus t5uiro/ris 7,seeley74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c#b #ab #a ,middle "p ( a premaxill>y bone fractur$ beh9d & 9 front1 slightly di/ort$ by compression2 x is #b-a_/h? in*es long1 & ne>ly resembles ,o4 compressiro/ris 7,ow574 ,! palate is ab\t #a_/b an in* wide 9 front1 & #e_/h?s ( an in* wide beh9d2 x is compress$ mesially into a /rong angul> keel1 betwe5 :i* & ! tee? !re is a %all[ groove on ea* side4 ,! groove dies away beh9d1 & ! conv]g+ p>ts ( ! keel occupy ! :ole space betwe5 ! tee?4 ,! tee?-sockets are small1 elliptical1 n opposite to ea* o!r1 & plac$ along a di/9ct flatt5$ too? area1 :i* looks d[nw>d & outw>d & sep>ates ! palate f ! side ( ! jaw4 ,! fir/ pair ( sockets pres]v$ are almo/ #c_/af?s ( an in* long & #a_/af? ( an in* wide4 ,! int]space betwe5 t too? & ! next too? beh9d is #g_/af ( an in*4 ,sep>at$ by simil> int]spaces1 beh9d ^! on "o side are two sockets1 & on ! o!r side "o socket4 ,! sides are flatt5$ 9 front1 & convex beh9d1 7mak+ ! section ( ! jaw lanceolate72 !y are compress$ & r\nd into a n>r[ ro/ral keel4 ,! height f ! palatal ridge to ! ro/ral keel 9 front is #aa_/af?s ( an in*2 beh9d x is fractur$1 b ! height 0 probably #ad_/af?s ( an in*4 ,! palatal keel1 di/ance ( ! tee?1 & proportions ( ! jaw1 di/+ui% x f ,o4 compressiro/ris 7,ow574 ,v4 ,orni?o*eirus ,ow5i 7,seeley74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,j c #bj ,! small piece ( premaxill>y on :i* ?is species is f\nd$ indicates a small animal1 & ne>ly resembles ! jaw ( ,o4 microdon4 ,x is sc>cely an in* long2 ne>ly #i_/af?s in* high beh9d1 & ne>ly #g_/af?s ( an in* high 9 front1 s t x tap]s v rapidly1 & c\ld sc>cely h be5 an in* long] 9 front4 ,! nose is well r\nd$1 b ! sides are a little concave1 & become well p9*$ 9 9 ! middle1 beh9d1 %[+ ! ne> approa* z ,i ?9k to ! no/ril4 ,! palate half an in* broad1 is divid$ into two concave *annels by ! /rong & %>p m$ian ridge1 :i* projects bel[ ! alveol> m>g9s4 ,! d5tal m>g9s are n r\nd$ z 9 ,c4 microdon1 b flatt5$1 mak+ m ?an a "r angle ) bo? ! out] side-wall & palate4 ,! int]spaces betwe5 ! tee? are r\gh1 look+ z ?\gh !y _h support$ m9ute tee?4 ,! alveol> m>g9 is a t5? ( an in* wide2 along x are ! p]fectly circul> sockets1 a sixte5? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!re are #c sockets betwe5 #e_/h ( an in*1 s t !y are sep>at$ by #c times _! diamet]4 ,! palate is obliquely impress$ ) blood-vessels runn+ =w>d to ! tee? f ! m$ian ridge4 ,! po9ts 9 :i* ?is jaw diff]s f t ( ,o4 microdon are t 9 ?is species ! tee? are circul> in/ead ( be+ oval2 t ! int]spaces "h are z long z 9 t species1 ?\gh ?is jaw is only two-?irds ! wid?2 t in/ead ( hav+ a %>p keel on ! upp] surface1 ?is has a well r\nd$ ro(4 ,t ?\gh ! jaw is sc>cely high] ?an x is wide1 x %[s /rong furr[s runn+ up to ! n>es1 :ile 9 ,o4 microdon1 ?\gh ! proportions are ! same1 ! sides are p]fectly flat )\t trace ( p9*+ 91 :ile ! l9e ( ! nasal op5+ is indicat$ by a fa9t furr[ runn+ all along ! jaw4 ,& la/ly x diff]s 9 size1 :i*1 :]e ! sutures are lo/1 may be important 9 discrim9at+ =ms4 ,,vi4 ,orni?o*eirus microdon 7,seeley74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #bi #a-b ,premaxill>y bone4 ,! fossil is ne>ly #a-c_/d?s in* long1 & at ! proximal end1 :]e x is less ?an #c_/d?s ( an in* high1 has flat sides1 :i* conv]ge to =m a keel :i* is depress$ ant]iorly & r\nd$ s t :]e fractur$ 9 front ! bone is #g_/af?s ( an in* deep4 ,! palatal surface conta9s two wide concave *annels1 betwe5 :i* desc5ds a %>p m$ian ridge1 :i* beh9d becomes m prom95t ?an ! alveol> bord]4 ,! palate is #e_/h?s ( an in* wide4 ,! alveol> m>g9s are compress$ & r\nd$4 ,! small too?-sockets are oval1 & f\r are conta9$ 9 #a-a_/h? in*2 !y look d[nw>d4 ,!re is a small tip ( a jaw associat$ ) ?is fossil1 :i* is s l t x might be "p ( ! bone brok5 (f be=e fossilization4 ,x corresponds 9 e way except t ! tee? are clos]4 ,9 ?is t]m9al lanceolate fragm5t !re are 9 #e_/h?s ( an in* f\r tee?4 ,! sn\t is t]m9at$ by two1 :i* are close toge!r4 ,,vii4 ,orni?o*eirus ,huxleyi 7,seeley74 ,! only specim5 ( ?is species yet kn[n is ! great] "p ( a d5t>y bone conta9$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,geological ,survey4 ,an in* & #a_/d long & #c_/d?s ( an in* wide1 x is less ?an half an in* deep3 ! sides sl[ly conv]ge t[>ds ! front1 & x appe>s to h _h an obtusely lanceolate beak4 ,! "u surface is convex1 too inflat$ = trace ( a keel1 & tap]s to ! end ( ! beak1 :i*1 ) ! left alveol> m>g9 is abrad$4 ,! palatal surface is smoo? at its front end1 b two div]g+ ridges soon arise & =m ! b\nd>y ( a po/]iorly deep5+ mesial *annel1 :i* is a qu>t] ( an in* wide at ! fracture4 ,^! ridges too1 :i* are p>allel ) ! compress$ & r\nd$ alveol> m>g9s1 conv]t ! lat]al spaces into %all[ *annels4 ,! "r side %[s ! sockets ( #c small oval tee? sep>at$ by int]spaces wid] ?an tee?4 ,a too? & two int]spaces measure #g_/af?s ( an in*4 ,! only cretace\s ,pt]odactyle :i* ?is at all resembles is ,o4 microdon1 b ! palate is wid] ?an 9 t species2 ! sides conv]ge t[>ds ea* o!r m rapidly1 z ?\gh x belong$ to a species ) a %ort] sn\t4 ,i am indebt$ to ,pr(4 ,huxley = ! opportunity ( mak+ a notice ( ?is species4 ,,viii4 ,orni?o*eirus oxyrh9us 7,seeley74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c#b #ac #a ,?is well-m>k$ species is a portion ( a premaxill>y bone #a-a_/d in* long1 fractur$ beh9d & 9 front4 ,! palate is half an in* wide2 its two halves are incl9$ to ea* o!r at a consid]able angle1 & :]e !y meet =m a m prom95t keel4 ,! too?-sockets look m outw>d ?an d[nw>d1 are ne>ly circul>1 sep>at$ by int]spaces z long z ! sockets2 ?ree sockets & two int]spaces measure "o in*4 ,! jaw is ab\t #e_/h?s ( an in* high 9 front1 & ab\t #a_/af? ( an in* high] beh9d4 ,! sides are flat & conv]ge l ! sides ( a w$ge to a %>p ro/ral keel4 ,,ix4 ,orni?o*eirus xyphorhyn*us 7,seeley74 ,i h se5 b "o example ( ?is =m4 ,x has lo/ mu* ( ! out] lay] ( bone1 & %[s on ! sides impressions l too?-m>ks f an eat] ( ,pt]odactyles4 ,a groove :i* has "s appe>ance ( be+ due to fracture trav]ses ea* side1 b ! specim5 is symmetrical1 & has its *>act]s 9 no way *ang$ by ! accid5t4 ,x is a portion ( a l[] jaw ( a long-beak$ ,pt]odactyle ( ! ,o4 ,s$gwicki type1 ) p>allel sides1 & ! r\nd$ basal ridge ne>ly p>allel ) ! palate4 ,! fragm5t is two in*es long1 %[+ f\r l>ge & obliquely set sockets 9 ,if in*4 ,! too?-sockets are on ! out] two-?irds ( ! palate1 & look$ =w>d1 upw>d1 & outw>d ,! int]spaces ea* measure #e_/af?s ( an in*4 ,ea* half ( ! palatal surface :i* is #e_/af ( an in* wide1 incl9es to ! o!r half at a "r angle1 be+ p>t$ by a n>r[ groove2 ! diamet] ( ! jaw is half an in*4 ,! dep? ( ! jaw is #e_/h?s ( an in* 9 front1 & #c_/d?s ( an in* beh9d4 ,! sides are flat & approximate bel[ to a %>p keel4 ,?is species is "o ( _m 9 ! collection ( ,w4 ,re$1 ,esq4 ( ,york1 k9dly plac$ 9 my h&s = ! elucidation ( ^? 9 ! ,woodw>dian ,museum4 ,x4 ,orni?o*eirus ,fittoni 7,ow574 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #ad #a1 #b ,! fragm5t is #a-a_/b in* long1 ) two l>ge elliptical too?-sockets on ea* side ( ! flatt5$ palate1 & "o pair 9 front4 ,! ?ird socket is sep>at$ f ! f\r? by a consid]able int]space4 ,betwe5 ! ?ird sockets arises ! m$ian palatal ridge1 & f ! inn] m>g9 ( ea* socket a lat]al ridge appe>s to be cont9u$4 ,beh9d ! ?ird socket ! jaw measures #aa_/af?s ( an in* f side to side1 & #aj_/af?s ( an in* high4 ,! sides conv]ge & r\nd convexly into ea* o!r4 ,! jaws appe> to h be5 long2 ,x is only kn[n by upp] jaws4 ,! type specim5 %[s ! socket ( ano!r too? 9 front ( ! la/ "o figur$ by ,pr(4 ,ow54 ,x is direct$ outw>d at a great] angle1 & sep>at$ f ! h9d] "o by a wall n #a_/af? ( an in* ?ick1 & ! tee? ( ?is pair mu/ h be5 p>t$ f ea* o!r by a film equally ?94 ,!re is no truncation ( ! sn\t z 9 ,o4 ,woodw>di4 ,ano!r specim5 %[s "s v>iations4 ,?is fragm5t ( a premaxill>y bone is fractur$ ?r\gh ! ?ird pair ( too?-sockets 9 front & ?r\gh ! sev5? pair beh9d4 ,x is ab\t #b-a_/h? in*es long2 ! palate is #aa_/af?s ( an in* wide beh9d ! great too?1 & ma9ta9s ! same wid?4 ,! jaw is #aa_/af?s ( an in* high beh9d1 & #aj_/af?s high 9 front4 ,! sides are g5tly convex1 & imp]ceptibly unite to =m ! well-r\nd$ depress$ mesial ridge ( ! beak4 ,f ! front ( ! ?ird to ! back ( ! fif? socket measures #a-c_/h?s in*4 ,! sockets are ovate1 r small]1 & clos] toge!r ?an 9 ! type ( ,o4 ,fittoni2 m>g9s elevat$4 ,! v>iations f types are s _m1 & (t5 s consid]able1 z to sugge/ ! idea t ! fossil gr\ps call$ species may 9 ! liv+ animals h (t5 be5 g5]a4 ,9 all ! specim5s ! end ( ! palate is a little reflect$ upw>d4 ,,xi4 ,orni?o*eirus d5tatus 7,seeley74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,s]ies4 ,specim54 ,j c#a #i #a ,a fragm5t ( premaxill>y bone two in*es long1 fractur$ beh9d ! socket = ! sev5? too?4 ,x mo/ ne>ly resembles ,o4 ,s$gwicki & ,o4 ,cuvi]i4 ,beh9d ! second too? ! palate is #a_/b an in* wide2 beh9d ! six? socket x is #e_/h?s ( an in* wide2 ! di/ance betwe5 ^! po9ts is ne>ly #a-a_/b in*4 ,! palate is flatt5$1 ) a %>p slight mesial keel & a wide concave *annel on ea* side :i* dies away 9 front4 ,! fir/ pair ( tee? are 9 front ( ! sn\t1 r small1 & look =w>d4 ,9 ?is specim5 ! l>ge ?ird too? is n develop$ on ! left side4 ,! second & ?ird sockets are l>ge & close toge!r2 ! succe$+ tee? are p>t$ f ea* o!r by int]spaces equal to _! own diamet]4 ,!y are gibb\sly elliptical4 ,! sides ( ! jaw are g5tly convex f above d[nw>d2 !y r\nd into ea* o!r to =m a n>r[ ro/ral keel4 ,beh9d ! second socket ! jaw is #a_/b an in* high2 beh9d ! six? x is ne>ly #g_/h?s ( an in* high4 ,! groov$ & relatively wid] palate1 & ! relatively small] tee?1 abundantly di/+ui% ?is species f ,o4 ,s$gwicki 7,ow574 ,! small]1 m circul> tee?1 plac$ clos] toge!r1 di/+ui% x f ,o4 ,cuvi]i 7,b[]bank74 ,,xii4 ,orni?o*eirus scaphoryn*us 7,seeley74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,j c #bb ,?is fragm5t ( premaxill>y bone is #a-a_/b in* long4 ,! palate is #a_/b an in* wide beh9d1 & ! jaw is r m ?an #a_/b an in* high2 beh9d ! second too? x is ne>ly #e_/h?s ( an in* high4 ,! sides conv]ge sup]iorly to =m a well-r\nd$ keel4 ,! palate is flatt5$1 ) a slightly elevat$ blunt m$ian keel4 ,!re appe>s to be a pair ( small tee? 9 front ( ! sn\t z usual1 & six on ! palate1 ) an indication ( ano!r at ! po/]ior fracture4 ,! tee? are ( mod]ate size & almo/ circul>4 ,9 ! =m ( ! bone x is readily di/+ui%$ f all ! species enum]at$4 ,,xiii4 ,orni?o*eirus platy/omus 7,seeley74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,s]ies4 ,specim54 ,j c#f #cb #a ,an ill-pres]v$ fragm5t fractur$ 9 front & beh9d1 yet indicat+ a di/9ct species4 ,! palate is flat1 ) ! fa9te/ m$ian ridge1 & ! sides are flat & r\nd into a n>r[ ro/ral keel1 :i* 9 front approximates rapidly t[>ds ! palate4 ,! fir/ pair ( sockets are miss+2 :at appe>s to be ! second pair are ab\t #a_/h? ( an in* long1 sep>at$ f ! pair beh9d by an int]space ( #a_/d? ( an in*4 ,^! are ovate & less ?an #a_/d? ( an in* long1 & sep>at$ f ! next pair by an int]space ( n less ?an #a_/d? ( an in*4 ,! height ( ! jaw ov] ! fir/ pair ( sockets pres]v$ is #i_/af?s ( an in*2 ov] ! second pair x is #ad_/af?s ( an in*2 ! space betwe5 ^! po9ts is #i_/af?s ( an in*4 ,beh9d ! second pair ( tee? ! palate is ne>ly #e_/h?s ( an in* wide4 ,! only species :i* x resembles is ,o4 bra*yrh9us1 b diff]s f t 9 ! flatt]1 n>r[] palate1 :i* makes a great] angle ) ! ro/ral keel1 & 9 ! small] tee?1 :i* are sep>at$ by wid] int]spaces4 ,,xiv4 ,orni?o*eirus nasutus 7,seeley74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,s]ies4 ,specim54 ,j c#b #aa #a ,a fragm5t ( a premaxill>y bone #f in*es long4 ,x some:at resembles ,o4 ,cuvi]i 9 ! aspect ( ! palate1 b ! jaw is m elongat$1 & exp&s f side to side at ! ant]ior end4 ,! tee? are opposite to ea* o!r 9 front1 b become irregul> aft] ! six?4 ,! palate measures beh9d ! second pair ( sockets #c_/d?s ( an in*1 beh9d ! ?ird pair x is a sixte5? ( an in* wid]1 beh9d ! n9? pair half an in*1 & 9 ! la/ two in*es x beg9s to wid5 aga94 ,a %>p keel arises beh9d ! second pair ( sockets & becomes m prom95t to beh9d ! t5? pair1 :5 ! *annel :i* accompanies x on ea* side seems to disappe>4 ,! fir/ pair ( tee?1 :i* look =w>d1 is small] ?an ! second & ?ird pairs2 !y are clos] toge!r ?an ^? :i* foll[4 ,! ?ird sockets are #g_/h?s ( an in* f ! tip ( ! sn\t4 ,!n foll[ ?ree small]1 m circul> tee?1 :i* are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by int]spaces z long z ! sockets4 ,! back ( ! six? sockets are #b-a_/d in*es f ! tip ( ! sn\t4 ,!n foll[ two l>g] m elliptical sockets2 aft] :i* ! sockets become small] & are sep>at$ by long] di/ances1 t betwe5 ! #aj? & #aa? pairs is ne>ly #c_/d?s ( an in*4 ,! height ( ! jaw beh9d ! second pair ( sockets is #e_/h?s ( an in*1 beh9d ! six? sockets #ae_/af?s1 beh9d ! t5? sockets #a-a_/d in*4 ,9 front1 ! nose has ! aspect ( be+ compress$ f above d[nw>d1 & beh9d x is compress$ f side to side4 ,! sides are flatt5$ & r\nd into a n>r[ ro/ral ridge :i* is depress$ at ! ant]ior end4 ,,xv4 ,orni?o*eirus polyodon 7,seeley71 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,j c #ba ,?is species is f\nd$ on ! ant]ior end ( a premaxill>y bone2 9 =m n unlike ,o4 ,fittoni4 ,x is #e_/h?s ( an in* wide2 ! lat]al m>g9s approximate v sl[ly1 & 9 front x appe>s to be truncat$4 ,x is an in* & a qu>t] long1 & 9 t space 7 on ea* side six l>ge r\nd tee?1 almo/ z close toge!r z !y c\ld be1 five on ! palate & a pair 9 front4 ,! t]m9al two are no wid] ap>t ?an ! re/1 & po9t m =w>d4 ,a mod]ate1 %>p1 m$ian ridge desc5ds 9 ! flatt5$ palate1 mak+ its lat]al halves a little concave4 ,! front t]m9ation ( ! palate is slightly reflect$ upw>d4 ,! jaw1 :i* is #a_/b an in* deep beh9d1 tap]s to its t]m9ation m rapidly ?an does ,o4 ,fittoni4 ,! flat sides simil>ly conv]ge1 & =m a well-r\nd$ ridge1 :i* does n get blunt] 9 front4 ,f _! close approximation1 x results t ! too?-sockets are entirely above ! palatal surface1 s t !y are bett] se5 f ! side ( ! jaw ?an f ! palate4 ,x is a cle>ly m>k$ species1 z well di/+ui%$ f ,o4 ,fittoni by ! clos5ess ( its tee?1 z ,o4 ,s$gwicki is f ,o4 ,cuvi]i4 ,,xvi4 ,orni?o*eirus d5ticulatus 7,seeley74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,s]ies4 ,tablet4 ,j c#e #bh #a ,?is is a species :i* c only be conf\nd$ ) ,o4 polyodon4 ,x is a fragm5t ( premaxill>y bone #a-c_/d in* long1 fractur$ ?r\gh ! sev5? socket4 ,x diff]s f ,o4 polyodon 9 hav+ l>g] tee?1 :i* are wid] ap>t1 look m d[nw>d1 h a n>r[] palatal int]space betwe5 ea* pair1 & a ro/ral keel1 :i* is m compress$ f side to side beh9d & f above d[nw>d 9 front1 & makes a great] angle ) ! palate4 ,! sockets are m uni=m 9 size & clos] toge!r ?an usual1 ! second & ?ird pairs be+ b slightly l>g] ?an ! o!rs2 all are broadly elliptical4 ,! palatal keel becomes %>p & prom95t beh9d ! f\r? sockets4 ,beh9d ! second pair ( sockets ! height ( ! jaw is ne>ly #g_/af?s ( an in*1 beh9d ! f\r? sockets ! height is #aj_/af?s ( an in*2 ! di/ance betwe5 ^! po9ts is ab\t #aj_/af?s ( an in*4 ,,xvii4 ,orni?o*eirus crassid5s 7,seeley74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,s]ies4 ,tablet4 ,j c#a #b #b ,?is is a fragm5t ( a 8premaxill>y bone1 fractur$ beh9d ?r\gh ! socket = ! f\r? too?4 ,x approximates to ,o4 colorh9us1 b diff]s *iefly 9 ! nose n ext5d+ 9 front ( ! fir/ pair ( tee?2 9 !re n be+ any lunate area above ! fir/ pair ( tee?2 9 !re be+ b "o too? 9 front1 :i* is relatively l>ge2 9 ! socket = ! f\r? too? be+ q close to t = ! ?ird too?1 & 9 ! palatal sockets look+ mu* m outw>d4 ,! nose also appe>s to be bett] r\nd$4 ,! fragm5t is #a-g_/h in* long4 ,! second & ?ird sockets1 ) _! int]space1 measure #a-a_/h in*4 ,on ! opposite side ! fir/ socket is int]m$iate 9 position betwe5 ! fir/ & second4 ,?\gh n likely1 x is j possible t ?is might be ! premaxill>y bone ( ,o4 eurygna?us4 ,,xviii4 ,orni?o*eirus bra*yrh9us 7,seeley74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,j c #bd ,?is fragm5t ( a premaxillaiy bone is fractur$ beh9d ! sockets = ! ?ird pair ( tee?4 ,x is #a-a_/h in* long1 & %[s "o pair ( small tee? 9 front & two pairs ( l>ge ovate tee? on ! palate4 ,! fir/ pair are divid$ f ea* o!r & f ! second pair by films ( bone2 & ! second pair are sep>at$ f ! ?ird by r m ?an half ! l5g?1 ( ! ?ird socket4 ,beh9d ! ?ird pair ( sockets ! palate is #e_/h?s ( an in* wide2 x is flatt5$1 & has a blunt mod]ately elevat$ mesial ridge4 ,beh9d ! second pair ( sockets ! jaw is #e_/h?s ( an in* high2 beh9d ! ?ird pair ( sockets x is #c_/d?s ( an in* high2 ! di/ance betwe5 ! places ( measurem5t is #a_/b an in*4 ,! sides are flat & conv]ge to a r\nd$ nose4 ,! jaw is r\nd$ f side to side 9 front1 & ! outl9e ( ! top ( ! nose r\nds ov] ! blunt t]m9ation ( ! sn\t above ! tee? on to ! palate4 ,9 ! %ortness ( ! nose x some:at resembles ! 8,p4 giganteus 7,b[]bank71 b ! jaw att5uates less rapidly1 is truncat$1 & has l>g] tee?4 ,,xix4 ,orni?o*eirus en*orhyn*us 7,seeley74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,j c #be ,?is species ne>ly resembles ,o4 bra*yrh9us1 f :i* x diff]s 9 l>g] size1 ) a relatively wid] palate1 :i* is )\t a keel1 & 9 a l>g] front pair ( tee?4 ,x approximates t[>ds ,o1 colorh9us1 b is small]1 & wants ! rugose lunate area ov] ! front pair ( tee? *>act]i/ic ( t species4 ,!re are _m v>ieties or species ne>ly relat$ to ?is type1 b f _! imp]fect pres]vation & ! small "p ( ! head :i* !y repres5t1 x is n possible to give descriptions ( !m4 ,,xx4 ,orni?o*eirus eurygna?us 7,seeley74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,s]ies4 ,tablet4 ,j c#c #af #a ,a fragm5t ( a 8d5t>y bone1 fractur$ beh9d ?r\gh ! socket = ! ?ird too?4 ,! sockets are ne>ly circul>4 ,x measures ab\t an in* long11 & beh9d ! socket = ! second too? #a-c_/d in* high4 ,! sides ( ! jaw are g5tly concave f above d[nw>d1 hav+ a p9*$ aspect & approximat+2 !y r\nd into a n>r[ ro/ral ridge1 :i* wid5s t[>ds ! tip ( ! sn\t & is truncat$ by a small sub-circul> or sub-p5tagonal rugose area at "r angles ) ! "p ( ! palate beh9d ! fir/ pair ( sockets4 ,! fir/ pair ( sockets are ne>ly z l>ge z ! second1 & f ! /eep incl9e ( ! jaw look m ?an usually upw>d2 !y are #g_/af?s ( an in* long1 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by an int]space ( #f_/af ?s1 & f ! second sockets by an int]space ( m ?an #a_/h? ( an in*1 :ile ! second socket is sep>at$ f ! ?ird by ab\t #a_/d? ( an in*4 ,! palatal space betwe5 ! second pair is ab\t #c_/d?s ( an in*4 ,,xxi4 ,orni?o*eirus colorh9us 7,seeley74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #ag #a1 #b ,fragm5ts ( premaxill>y bones4 ,! l>ge/ portion is #b-a_/b in*es long1 & is fractur$ beh9d ! socket = ! f\r? too?1 & ! upp] "p ( ! nose is also brok5 away4 ,! palate is flatt5$1 ) ! m$ian "p slightly convex4 ,! sides ( ! jaw conv]ge upw>d1 b n rapidly2 9 front !y r\nd into ea* o!r1 b !re is a slight mesial depression4 ,! front pair ( tee? are l>ge1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r & f ! second pair by films ( bone4 ,above ! fir/ pair ( sockets1 s z to look d[nw>d & =w>d1 is an impress$ lunate area #i_/af?s ( an in* wide & #e_/af?s ( an in* high1 to :i* a s(t lip may h be5 atta*$4 ,?is area is 9 ! same plane ) ! fir/ pair ( tee? & at "r angles ) ! upp] outl9e ( ! nose4 ,! sockets ( ! fir/ pair ( tee? are a little small] ?an ! second pair2 !y are bo? ab\t half an in* 9 diamet] & ne>ly circul>4 ,an int]space ( #c_/af?s ( an in* sep>ates ! second socket f ! ?ird4 ,! too? is elliptical1 ! socket be+ n>r[] & long] ?an t ( ! second4 ,! palatal int]space betwe5 ! ?ird pair is m ?an #c_/d?s ( an in*4 ,! int]space betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? sockets is ab\t #c_/h?s ( an in*4 ,! diamet] ( ! ne>ly circul> f\r? socket is #a_/d? ( an in*4 ,! ov]hang+ lunate lip space1 ) ! size ( ! tee? & wid? ( ! palate1 abundantly di/+ui% ?is species4 ,,xxii4 ,orni?o*eirus woodw>di 7,ow574 ,case4 ,comp4 ,tablet4 ,specim54 ,j c #ah #a-d ,i reg>d ! fragm5t on :i* ?is species 0 f\nd$ z be+ ! t]m9al end1 & n a section ( a jaw2 p>tly f ! r\nd+ ( ! lat]al surfaces to ! front1 & *iefly f ! snapp$ (f tee? 9 ! middle ( ! truncat$ ant]ior end1 = !y are small] ?an ! pair beh9d !m1 & look =w>d at a great] angle1 s t ! conv]g+ sockets ( bo? pairs meet beh9d4 ,^! *>act]s are well %[n 9 ,mr ,d9kel's excell5t figure1 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #c;a4 ,second ,sup4 ,palont4 ,! palate is de/roy$1 & gives no clue to ! bone be+ ei!r l[] or upp]4 ,ano!r specim51 r small]1 %[s ! ro/rum well r\nd$2 ! front is truncat$ at "r angles to x3 !re is ! same r\nd+ ( its l[] "p into ! sides1 & ! /umps ( ! front pair ( tee? are visible ?\gh !y are aga9 worn level ) ! rugose front ( ! sn\t4 ,b ! f9e/ fragm5t ( ?is species is a ro/ral end1 7p]haps ( ! upp] jaw7 ?ree in*es long1 two in*es deep1 & ) ! palate z wide4 ,x indicates #e tee? on a side3 ! front pair small1 #bnd & #crd mu* l>g]1 & two pairs beh9d1 :i* are small]4 ,! palate is flat1 & atta9s its greate/ wid? at ! ?ird too?1 beh9d :i* x contracts noticeably4 ,! ?ird too? is m ?an half an in* 9 diamet]1 ! f\r? is #e_/af?s ( an in* long4 ,! spaces betwe5 tee? seem equal to ! long diamet] ( ! sockets1 :i* are oval & /raight4 ,! sides r\nd into ! front ( ! muzzle m gradually 9 ?is specim5 ?an 9 ! o!rs4 ,an impress$ l9e runs along ! m$ian ridge ( ! upp] surface4 ,j z ! jaw gets n>r[] beh9d1 s ! well-r\nd$ upp] surface becomes m acute beh9d4 ,beh9d ! ?ird socket ! palate measures #a-g_/h in* f side to side1 & ! jaw is !re ne>ly #b in*es high4 ,?is is ! mo/ massive ,pt]odactyle jaw kn[n4 ,9 ! rec5t /ate x may h indicat$ a creature suffici5tly di/+ui%$ f ^? to :i* ! small] fossils belong$1 b n[ ! div]g5ce ( *>act]s is s slight z to be = zoological purposes ( no value4 ,x is relat$ to ,o4 ,fittoni2 ! *ief po9ts ( diff]5ce be+ ! truncat$ muzzle1 ! compression beh9d ! ?ird too?1 ! mu* %>p] 787 dorsal ridge1 & ! l>ge size ( ! head4 ,,xxiii4 ,orni?o*eirus capito 7,seeley74 ,case4 ,comp4 ,s]ies4 ,tablet4 ,j c#c #ad #a ,a fragm5t ( premaxill>y bone1 well di/+ui%$ f e o!r specim51 except "o 9 ! collection ( ,mr ,re$ ( ,york1 :i* is "h nam$ ,o4 ,re$i4 ,x is a l>ge head1 ) l>g] tee? ?an any kn[n species4 ,! jaw is truncat$ 9 front1 ) a rugose v]tical area 9 front rea*+ #a-c_/d in* high f ! palate1 on :i* ! usual front pair ( tee? are n se54 ,at ! angle ( ?is front area ) ! palate is a l>ge elliptical too? #i_/af?s ( an in* wide1 & beh9d x1 ) an int]space ( #c_/af?s ( an in*1 is a socket measur+ #aj_/af?s ( an in* 9 l5g?2 ! next int]space is ab\t #a_/h? ( an in*1 & ! next ne>ly circul> socket is #e_/af?s long2 !n ano!r int]space ( #a_/h? ( an in*1 & ano!r & a small] too?4 ,! palate appe>s to h be5 *annell$4 ,! sides ( ! jaw are flat1 or slightly concave1 & :]e fractur$ above1 are #c in*es high4 ,above ! rugose v]tical area ( ! sn\t1 is an area1 concave f back to front1 rea*+ up to ! ro/ral keel2 x is flat f side to side beh9d1 & convex f side to side 9 front4 ,s mu* z is pres]v$ measures #a-c_/d in* 9 l5g?1 & appe>s to be relatively n>r[] ?an 9 ,o4 ,re$i4 ,,xxiv4 ,orni?o*eirus ,re$i 7,seeley74 ,! ant]ior "p ( an upp] jaw has flatt5$ slightly concave sides1 :i* conv]ge above s z to =m b\nd>ies ( 7#a7 a flat triangul> area :i* looks ant]iorly1 & ( 7#b7 an oblong area1 trav]s$ by a mesial groove1 :i* looks upw>d & =w>d & is concave f back to front4 ,9 ! l[] half ( ! truncat$ triangul> ant]ior t]m9ation are ! rema9s ( ! /umps ( ! two ant]ior tee?2 !y are oval 9 outl9e1 #i_/af?s ( an in* high1 & #g_/af?s ( an in* wide2 !y are p>t$ by an int]space ne>ly #a_/d ( an in* wide1 :i* becomes concave v]tically z x r\nds on to ! palatal surface4 ,all ! front triangul> surface above ! tee? is r\gh3 its entire height is ab\t #a-a_/d in*1 & is ne>ly z wide across ! base4 ,! side r\nds a little into ! concave m$ian upp] surface1 & into ! triangul> front2 s mu* z is pres]v$ measures #b-a_/b in*es high1 & #a-c_/h in* long4 ,! palatal surface1 :i* is v small & badly pres]v$1 is #a-c_/d in* wide beh9d1 b gives no indication ( fur!r wid5+4 ,on its out] bord] are se5 two l>ge circul> tee? #e_/h?s ( an in* 9 diamet]2 !y are sep>at$ by a m$ian palatal int]space ( #g_/h?s ( an in*4 ,:]e x is fractur$ beh9d1 ! specim5 %[s ! sockets ( ano!r pair ( tee? beh9d ^!1 ) an int]space ( #a_/d ( an in* 9 ! ant]o-po/]ior direction4 ,! palate is convex4 ,! sup]ior oblong area is concave 9 l5g? z well z transv]sely4 ,x makes a great angle ) ! triangul> front ( :i* x is ! upw>d cont9uation2 s mu* z is pres]v$ ext5ds #a-a_/b in* 9 l5g?2 x is ab\t #a_/b an in* wide4 ,i am indebt$ to ,w4 ,re$1 ,esq4 ( ,york1 = ! opportunity ( mak+ a notice ( ?is species1 :i* closely resembles ,o4 capito4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! species :i* foll[ 7 sep>at$ 9 ! ,index to ! ,orni?osauria1 c4 z a diff]5t g5us4 ,t proposal might /ill be su/a9$1 = ^! massive truncat$ jaws are unlike ! spe>-%ap$ jaws ( _m ( ! species4 ,& to ! m9ds ( "s read]s ! =ms already describ$ w arrange !mselves 9 gr\ps :i* n improbably indicate g5]a4 ,b a re-exam9ation ( ! type ,pt]odactylus simus 7,ow57 has conv9c$ me t x is a l[] jaw1 & !re=e x af=ds no evid5ce ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! peculi> front premaxill>y tee? :i* *>act]ize ne>ly all ! ,cretace\s species4 ,,xxv4 ,orni?o*eirus simus 7,ow574 ,case4 ,comp4 ,specim54 ,j c #af ,! palate is #b-c_/d in*es long1 & at ! second pair ( tee? ab\t #g_/h?s ( an in* wide4 ,x is fractur$ at ! end ?r\gh ! fif? socket1 & at ! side along ! palatal groove4 ,! fir/ pair ( tee? is small] & clos] toge!r ?an ! o!rs4 ,! palatal int]space betwe5 ! second pair is #c_/h?s ( an in*2 betwe5 ! ?ird pair1 :i* are l>ge tee?1 x is #a_/b an in*4 ,! sockets are sub-circul>1 & are n sep>at$ f ea* o!r by wid] int]spaces ?an _! own l5g?4 ,9 front is a long triangul> rugose area1 convex f above d[nw>d1 a di/ance ( #a-a_/b in*2 & concave f side to side1 a wid? above ( r m ?an #a_/b an in*4 ,bel[ ?is ! flatt5$ sides conv]ge to a blunt keel2 :]e1 fractur$1 ! jaw is #b-a_/b in*es deep4 ,!re are sev]al fragm5ts ( species alli$ to ! la/2 "o has ! triangul> area 9 front v small1 only half z high z 9 ! type & v n>r[1 = ! sides are g5tly r\nd$ into x4 ,x is m>k$ by %ort longitud9al furr[s1 impress$ vessels ,i ?9k1 :ile 9 ,o4 simus ! surface is irregul>ly r\gh4 ,! fir/ pair ( tee? are mu* l>g] ?an 9 ,o4 simus2 !y are long]1 m conical1 & circul>1 & sep>at$ by z wide a space z ! second pair4 ,!re is n mu* to f\nd a species on1 b z x appe>s to be q di/9ct f ,o4 simus1 x is nam$ ,o4 ,c>t]i4 ,ano!r fragm5t1 ) ! area v long1 is m>k$ ,o4 platyrh9us4 ,b a suffici5cy ( species has be5 indicat$ to make kn[n ! ,orni?osaurian fauna ( ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 ,& ! detail$ description ( critical types & ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! skeletons is beyond ! g5]al o/eology ( ! tribe1 & w r belong to a memoir 9 :i* ?is flock ( ,pt]odactyles w be re/or$ to _! liv+ =ms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a fragm5t ( ! l[] jaw ( a l>ge ,orni?o*eirus has be5 obta9$ f an outli] ( ! ,upp] ,gre5s& at ,rock5 ,end 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,x appe>s to indicate a di/9ct species4 ,x is #b-a_/b in*es long1 & %[s ?ree l>ge tee? /ill pres]v$ 9 _! sockets4 ,! extreme wid? outside ! ?ird pair ( sockets is ne>ly #b in*es4 ,! sides1 :i* are slightly concave f above d[nw>d1 conv]ge s z to give ! brok5 end a triangul> outl9e4 ,9 front is a small sub-triangul> area1 deeply scor$ ) vascul> m>k+s2 bel[ ?is ! outl9e slopes obliquely backw>d1 & ! two sides !re r\nd convexly into ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ socket is #g_/af?s ( an in* long1 ! too? co>sely /riat$1 & l ! o!rs elliptical2 ! int]space betwe5 ! fir/ & ! second tee? is #e_/af?s ( an in*4 ,! second too?1 probably immature1 is an in* 9 l5g?1 smoo?1 & l ! ?ird trav]s$ 9 front & beh9d by a slight lat]al ridge2 at ! base x measures #e_/af?s ( an in* f front to back4 ,! ?ird too? is r less ?an #e_/h?s ( an in* f front to back4 ,! int]space betwe5 ! fir/ & second sockets1 :i* ! tee? d n entirely fill1 is m ?an #a_/d ( an in*4 ,! po/]ior m>g9 ( ea* socket is elevat$ into a sort ( coll>4 ,,app5dix4 ,enum]ation ( "s ( ! pr9cipal writ+s on ! ,orni?osauria 7select$ *iefly f ,von ,mey]'s ,reptili5 aus dem ,li?ographis*5 ,s*ief]71 ) ref]5ces to ! %elves 9 ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 :]e ! books may be consult$4 ,agassiz 7,l\is74--,memoires ,soc4 ,nat4 ,neu*tel1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #ai1 p>agraph notice 9 a memoir1 ,rsum des travaux de la section d'hi/oire naturelle1 et de celle des sci5ces m$icales p5dant l'anne1 #ahcc ,b4 #c4 #ff4 ,a brief] notice 9 a pap]1 ,a ,p]iod 9 ! ,hi/ory ( our ,planet1 9 ,ed9burgh ,new ,phil4 ,j\rnal1 #ahdc1 ,vol4 #ce1 p4 #i1 quot$ by ,von ,mey] ,,xxviii4 #cf4 #fe4 de ,bla9ville 7,d474--,o/eographie2 ,palo!rium1 p4 #i 7,vol4 #b71 quot$ by v4 ,mey] ,,af4 #e4 #i4 ,bonap>te 7,c4 ,l474--,nuovi ,annali delle ,sci5ze ,naturali ,bologna#a1 ,vol4 #a1 #ahch1 p4 #cia2 ,vol4 #d1 #ahdj1 #bd ,sept4 p4 #ia4 ,blum5ba*4--,manuel d',hi/oire naturelle1 d4 #ahjc1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #djh ,b4 #ab4 #bj4 7,v]glei*5de ,anatomie1 #ahje1 p4 #ge71 #dd1 ,translation1 #ahjg ,tt4 #ah4 #ea4 ,h&bu* d] ,naturges*i*te1 #ahbe1 p4 #fbj ,yy4 #ci4 #f4 ,burmei/]4--,gesells*4 zu ,halle1 ,vol4 #c1 ,"p #b1 #ahee2 ,vi]tel-jahrsb]i*t1 #bh ,april1 p4 #aa ,,xxvi4 #ej4 #b4 ,coll9i4--,acta ,acad4 ,!od4 ,palat4 #aghd1 ,vol4 #e1 p4 #eh1 pl4 #a4 #ag4 #e4 #cd4 ,cuvi]4--,ossem5s fossiles1 ,vol4 #e1 ,pt4 #b1 p4 #cei1 ed4 #ahbd1 pl4 #bc4 ,,vii4 #a4 #cf4 ,annales du ,museum1 #ahji1 ,vol4 #ac1 p4 #dbd ,b4 #db4 #ac4 ,rgne ,animal1 ed4 #ahej1 ,vol4 ,rept4 p4 #fb4 ,,xviii4 #ae4 #ae4 ,dum]il et ,bibron4--,erptologie gnrale1 ,vol4 #d1 p4 #edi4 ,b4 #cg4 #cc4 ,fis*]4--,biblio!ca ,palontologica1 ,mosc[1 #ahcd1 p4 #afc4 ,,lr4 #ae4 #eh4 ,fitz+]4--,sy/ema ,reptilium#a1 #ahdc1 p4 #ce4 ,fraas4--,wrttemb4 naturw4 ,jahre%efte1 ,,xi4 #ahee1 p4 #ajb4 ,,xiii4 #bd4 #be4 ,giebel4--,jahresb]i*t des naturwiss4 ,v]e9s zu ,halle#a1 #ahdi-ej4 ,fauna d] ,vorwelt1 #ahdg 7,vgel und ,amphib4 p4 #hi74 ,b4 #df4 #ag4 ,allgeme9e ,palontologie#a1 #aheb1 p4 #bca4 ,goldfuss4--,nova ,acta ,leopold41 ,,xv4 ,"p #a1 p4 #fc1 pl4 #g-aj4 #bc4 #d4 #fc4 ,van d] ,hoev54--,v]slag5 en ,m$$eel+5 van het ,k1 ,n$]l4 ,in/itut ov] d5 ,j>e1 #ahdf1 p4 #dcj4 #bc4 #f4 #acf4 ,m]k4--,bald4 ,m$ic4 ,j\rn4 ,/ck4 #aghg1 ,vol4 #d1 p4 #gd4 ,,xviii4 #bc4 #aj4 ,h4 von ,mey]4--,reptili5 aus dem ,li?ograph4 ,s*ief]1 #ahei 7,fauna d] ,vorwelt7 ,,kk4 #a4 #ee4 ,nova ,acta ,leopold41 ,,xv4 ,"p #b1 #ahca1 p4 #aih1 pl4 #fj #bc4 #d4 #fd4 ,palologica1 #ahcb1 pp4 #aae1 #bbh ,x4 #bj4 #ci4 ,jahrb4 fr ,m9]al4 #ahcg1 p4 #caf ,,xiii4 #ad4 #cb4 #ahch1 pp4 #dae1 #ffg ,,xiii4 #ad4 #cc4 #ahdc1 p4 #ehc ,,xiii4 #ad4 #ch4 ,palontographica1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #ahdf ,b4 #dj4 #ec4 ,jahrb4 fr ,m9]al4 #ahed1 p4 #ea ,,xiii4 #ad4 #ej4 #ahee1 p4 #cbh ,,xiii4 #ad4 #fa4 #ahef1 p4 #hbf ,,xiii4 #ad4 #eb4 #aheg1 p4 #ece ,,xiii4 #ad4 #ec4 #aheh1 p4 #fb ,,xiii4 #ad4 #fb4 ,von ,mun/]4--,jahrb4 fr ,m9]al4 #ahcb1 p4 #dab ,,xiii4 #ad4 #bg4 ,nova ,acad4 ,leopold41 ,,xv4 ,"p #a1 p4 #di1 pl4 #f #bc4 #d4 #fc4 ,jahrb4 fr ,m9]al4 #ahcf1 p4 #ehj ,,xiii4 #ad4 #ca4 ,beitrge zur ,petrefakt5kunde1 i42 p4 #hc1 #ahci ,,xiii4 #aa4 #di4 ,jahrb4 fr ,m9]al4 #ahci1 p4 #fgg ,,xiii4 #ad4 #cd4 #ahdb1 p4 #ce ,,xiii4 #ad4 #cg4 ,a4 ,oppel4--,wrttemb4 naturw4 ,jahre%efte1 ,,xii4 #ahef1 p4 #cbf4 ,,xiii4 #bd4 #be4 ,wrttemb4 naturw4 ,jahre%efte1 ,,xiv4 #aheh1 p4 #ee ,,xiii4 #bd4 #bf4 ,ok54--,isis1 #ahah1 p4 #bdf1 pl4 #d ,,xxii4 #e4 #b4 #ahai1 p4 #aghh ,,xxii4 #e4 #c4 ,qu5/$t4--,jahrb4 fr ,m9]al4 #ahed1 p4 #egj ,,xiii4 #ad4 #ej4 ,ueb] ,pt]odactylus ,suevicus#a1 #dto4 #ahee4 ,son/ und ,jetzt#a1 #ahef1 p4 #acj4 ,wrttemb4 naturw4 ,jahre%efte1 ,,xiii4 #aheg1 p4 #da2 ,,xiv4 #aheh1 p4 #bii ,,xiii4 #bd4 #bf4 ,d] ,jura1 #aheh1 p4 #hab ,b4 #dd4 #dh4 ,ritg54--,nova ,acta ,leopold41 ,,xiii4 ,"p #a1 #ahbf1 p4 #cbi1 pl4 #af4 #bc4 #d4 #fh4 ,?4 von ,smm]r+4--,d5ks*rift5 ,akad4 ,mn*51 #ahab1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #hi1 pl4 #e-gb #bc4 #c4 #bh4 #ahbj1 ,vol4 ,,vi4 pp4 #hi1 #ajb1 pl4 #bc4 #c4 #ca4 ,spix4--,d5ks*rift5 ,akad4 ,mn*51 ,,vi4 #ahbj1 p4 #ei #bc4 #c4 #ca4 ,!odori4--,notiz fr ,nat4 u4 ,heilk4 #ahcj1 ,no4 #fbc1 p4 #aja4 #bd4 #b4 #bh4 ,b]i*t des natur=s*5d5 ,v]e9s 9 ,bamb]g1 #aheb1 p4 #ag4 ,wagl]4--,sy/em d] ,amphibi51 #ahcj1 p4 #fa1 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,wagn] 7,a474--,abh&l4 ,bay]is*5 ,akad41 ,,ii4 #ahcg1 p4 #afc1 pl4 #bc4 #c4 #da4 ,,vi4 ,"p #a1 #ahea1 p4 #abi1 pl4 #e1 #f2 ,"p #c1 #aheb1 p4 #fij1 pl4 #ai #bc4 #c4 #de4 ,,viii4 ,"p #b1 #aheh1 p4 #dci1 pl4 #ae-ag #bc4 #c4 #fa4 ,footnote #a3 ,may be consult$ on application to ! ,libr>ian4 ,footnote #b3 ,good figure4 ,*ief ,engli% ,writ+s on ,orni?osaurians4 ,j4 ,s4 ,b[ekbank4--,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc4 #ahdf1 p4 #g4 ,,vii4 #c4 #db4 ,qu>t ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc4 #ahdh1 p4 #b4 ,,vii4 #c4 #dd4 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 #ahea1 p4 #ad4 ,,xviii4 #ah4 #c4 ,w4 ,buckl&4--,geol4 ,trans4 ,s]4 #b1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #bag4 ,,xiii4 #b4 #h4 ,geology & ,m9]alogy1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bba1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ca1 pl4 #ba1 #bb4 ,zz4 #cd4 #aj4 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley4--,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc4 #ahei1 p4 #feh4 ,,vii4 #c4 #ce4 ,introduction to ,classification ( ,animals1 #ahfi1 p4 #aaj ,b4 #da4 #gj4 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 #ahfg1 p4 #dag4 ,,xviii4 #ah4 #ai4 ,g4 ,a4 ,mantell4--,geol4 ,trans4 ,s]4 #b1 ,vol4 ,v4 p4 #agj4 ,,xiii4 #b4 #aj4 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ajd4 ,,vii4 #c4 #db4 ,r4 ,ow54- ,geol4 ,trans4 ,s]4 #b1 ,vol4 ,,vi4 #ahdj1 p4 #daa4 ,,xiii4 #b4 #ab4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,reports1 #ahda1 p4 #aef4 ,,ii4 #f4 #aj4 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #if4 ,,vii4 #c4 #db4 ,briti% ,fossil ,mammals & ,birds1 #ahdf1 p4 #ede4 ,,ix4 #e4 #ae4 ,odontography1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bgc4 ,,ix4 #aj4 #bc4 ,dixon's ,geology ( ,sussex1 #ahej1 p4 #dja4 ,,vii4 #a4 #e4 ,palont4 ,soc4 ,monograph1 ,ow51 #ahea1 p4 #hj4 ,,xviii4 #ad4 #ag4 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 #ahea1 p4 #ba4 ,,xviii4 #ah4 #c4 ,briti% ,assoc4 ,reports1 #aheh1 p4 #ig1 sec4 ,,ii4 #f4 #bg4 ,philosophical ,trans4 ,royal ,soc1 #ahei1 ,vol4 #adi1 p4 #afa4 #ae4 #c4 #fa4 ,palontographical ,soc4 ,monograph1 #ahei4 ,,xviii4 #ad4 #ahfj4 ,,xviii4 #ad4 #i4 ,palontology1 p4 #bdd4 ,b4 #df4 #bi4 ,anat4 ,v]tebrates1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #f1 #ah1 #afa1 #age1 #aib1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ac4 ,,ix4 #aa4 #bb4 ,h4 ,g4 ,seeley4--,briti% ,assoc4 ,reports1 #ahfd1 p4 #fi1 sec4 ,,ii4 #f4 #cc4 ,annals ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #ahfe1 ,vol4 ,,xv4 p4 #adh4 ,,xiii4 #cj4 #bi4 #ahff1 ,vol4 ,,xvii4 p4 #cba4 ,,xiii4 #cj4 #ca4 #ahfi1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #dfe4 ,,xiii4 #cj4 #cg4 ,index to ,aves ,orni?osauria & ,reptilia1 p4 #d1 p4 #hi4 ,,vii4 #f4 #ga4 ,,index4 ,aff9ities1 #bd1 #id ,albatross1 #ca ,alisph5oid1 #ha ,app5dix1 #abi ,ar*opt]yx1 #h ,aspect1 #aje ,a/ylica1 #ig ,atlas & axis1 #fd ,avian c>pus1 #eb ,basi-occipital bone1 #gh ,basi-sph5oid1 #hj ,bat1 #ca1 #aje ,birds1 #eb ,bla9ville1 #ig ,body1 #ajh ,bonap>te1 #aji ,bra91 #be ,bra9-cavity1 #hg ,buckl&1 #fj ,burmei/]1 #ag ,cambridge upp] ,gre5s&1 #b ,camel1 #dg ,c>p1 #gi ,c>pus1 #dh ,c>ru!rs 7,mr71 #ajf ,caudal v]tebr1 #ge ,c]ebral lobes1 #hg ,c]vical v]tebr1 #fe ,cetaceans1 #cj ,*ameleon1 #ca1 #cd1 #cg1 #da1 #dg1 #gb ,*elydra1 #fa ,*ryso*loris1 #db1 #dg ,ciconia m>ab\1 #hf ,circulation1 #ajj ,classification1 #ajh ,claw phalange1 #ei ,cod1 #gi ,coracoid1 #cb ,cranium1 #hj ,crocodile1 #ca1 #ce1 #cg1 #da1 #dg1 #fc1 #fi1 #hc1 #ic1 #ie1 #ig ,cuvi]1 #g1 #ib ,cycnorhamphus1 #aaa ,delph9id1 #hc ,d5t>y bone1 #ib ,dicynodonts1 #fa ,dim5sions1 #ajc ,dimorphodon1 #aab1 #fj ,d9ornis1 #fg ,d9osaurs1 #ii1 #fa ,dipnoal reptiles1 #ii ,dorsal v]tebr1 #fi ,e*idna1 #fa 8,eggs1 #ajf ,epipubic bones 7see prepubic bones7 ,evid5ce t ,pt]odactyles 7 ,reptiles1 #e ,facial bones1 #ia ,families1 #aaj ,femur1 #fb ,fibula1 #fc1 #bb ,food1 #aje ,=e-arm1 #dh ,gallus dome/icus1 #ij1 #hb1 #cd ,g5]a1 #aaa ,g]man ,pt]odactyles1 #ajf ,goldfuss1 #aa1 #fc ,goose1 #ib ,gr\p+ ( reptiles1 #ig ,gypog]anus s]p5t>ius1 #db ,habits1 #ajd ,h&1 #ec ,h>e1 #hg ,head #ah1 #gg1 #ajf ,hi/ory1 #c ,horse1 #da ,h[ ! mean+ ( ! ^w reptile is lo/1 #ih ,hum]us1 #ch ,huxley 7,pr(71 #hf1 #aaf ,i*?yosaurus1 #cd1 #cg ,iguana1 #da1 #dg1 #fi1 #hb ,ilium1 #fj ,is*ium1 #fj ,j]boa1 #fd ,kang>oo1 #ee1 #fi ,ligam5tum t]es1 #fb ,l[] jaw1 #ia ,llama1 #gg1 #fi ,mal> bone1 #ajg ,mammalian ,aff9ities1 #ca1 #cd1 #hg1 #da1 #db1 #fa1 #fb1 #fi1 #ge1 #gi1 #hc1 #hf1 #id1 #aje ,manubrium1 #bi ,m>supial bones1 #fa1 #aaj ,mat]ials1 #a ,m]gus m]gans]1 #ca ,metac>pus1 #ec ,metat>sus1 #fc ,mey] 7,h4 von71 #ag1 #aji ,mole1 #cj1 #cg ,monimo/ylica1 #ig ,monitor1 #da1 #dg1 #fi1 #gb1 #hf ,monotremata1 #cd ,m\ld ( ,bra9-cavity1 #hg ,objections to ,pr(4 ,ow5's gr\p+1 #ii ,occipital bones1 #ha ,ok51 #aj ,optic lobes1 #hd ,orbito-e?mo-sph5oid bone1 #he ,orbits1 #ajg ,organization1 #g ,orni?ocephalus1 #aaa ,orni?o*eirus1 #aab ,orni?orhyn*us1 #hh ,orni?osauria1 #bg ,ossem5s fossiles1 #g ,o/ri*1 #eb1 #eh1 #hf ,ow5 7,pr(4 ,r471 #c1 #bi1 #cb1 #cf1 #dh1 #ed1 #ef1 #fd1 #ff1 #fi1 #ge1 #gh1 #hh1 #ia1 #ib1 #ih1 #ajh1 #aae ,pa*yrhamphus1 #aaa ,p>rot1 #hg ,palontology1 #aji ,p>ietal bones1 #ha ,p>k] 7,mr ,w4 ,k471 #gi ,pectoral girdle1 #bh ,pelvis1 #ei ,p5gu91 #h1 #fi ,petrosal1 #hb ,phalange1 #ef ,plan ( organisation1 #be ,pneumatic cavities1 #bc1 #bf1 #ajj ,porpoise1 #hf ,po/ frontal1 #ajg ,premaxill>y bones1 #ia1 #ajg ,prepubic bones 7prepubic71 #fa1 #aaj1 #aaa ,pt]odactyle's place 9 nature1 #ajb ,pt]odactylus1 #aaa ,pt]oid bone1 #dh ,pt]osauria1 #ii1 #ajh 8,pt]ygoid end ( palat9e bone1 #ia ,quadrate bone1 #hi1 #ajg ,quadrato-jugal1 #ij ,qu5/$t1 #ag1 #ba ,radius1 #db ,reptilia1 #id ,respiration1 #bf1 #ajj ,re/oration1 #ajc ,rhamphorhyn*us1 #aaa ,ribs1 #ajh ,roc1 #e ,sacrum1 #gc ,scapula1 #ce ,sc9k1 #da1 #gb ,second phalange1 #eg ,smm]r+1 #aj ,species1 #aab ,squamosal bone1 #ha ,/annius1 #ig ,/]num1 #bh ,/repto/ylica1 #ig ,/ru?i\s birds1 #ca1 #gb ,t>so-metat>sus1 #fc ,tee?1 #ib ,tibia1 #fb ,ulna1 #dc ,v]tebral column1 #fd 8,vom]1 #hh ,wagl]1 #aa ,wagn]1 #ad ,walk] 7,mr ,j4 ,f471 #hg ,walk+1 #aje ,walrus1 #gi ,w+-f+]1 #ff ,,! ,,end4 ,cambridge39999 ,old ,eng ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,,plate ,i4,,ab ,/]num & ,scapula4 ,fig4 #a4 ,=e-"p ( /]num %[+ ! ovate synovial facet = ! coracoid4 ,j4a4#a1 p4 #bh4 ------------------ #b4 ,outside ( ! proximal end ( a "r scapula4 ,l>ge/ specim54 ,j4a4#c1 no4 #b1 p4 #ce4 #c4 ,outside ( great] portion ( a left scapula4 ,j4a4#c1 no4 #ac4 #d4 ,inn] side ( a small "r scapula4 ,j4a4#c1 no4 #ab4 #e4 ,outside ( proximal end ( a "r scapula4 ,j4a4#c1 no4 #c4 #f4 ,surface ( ,j4a4#c1 no4 #c4 articulat+ ) hum]us4 #g4 ,outside ( di/al end ( a scapula4 ,j4a4#d1 no4 #a4 #h4 ,view ( ! di/al t]m9ation ( a scapula4 #i4 ,view ( proximal end ( left scapula look+ f ! di/al t[>d ! articul> end4 ,j4a4#c1 no4 #ag4 #aj4 ,proximal end ( "r scapula :]e unit$ ) coracoid1 look+ at ! scapula f ! articulation4 ,j4c#d4ah4f4 ,comp>e fig4 #f4 #aa4 ,inn] surface ( same specim5 %[+ ! pneumatic =am5 at ! union ( scapula & coracoid4 #ab4 ,out] view ( ! same specim54 ,footnote ,,ab3 ,= ! ,li?ographic details ( plates #a to #c1 ! au?or is n answ]able4 ,accid5ts happ5$ to ^! plates 9 ! pr9t+1 & !y 7 replac$ )\t 8 k by good copies2 :i* h[ev] h sometimes depriv$ ! bones ( _! *>act]s4 ,,scapula ,pl4 #a4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,ii4 ,coracoid & ,radius4 ,fig4 #a4 ,out] side view ( left coracoid4 ,j4c#c4af4e1 p4 #cb4 #b4 ,back view ( ! same specim5 %[+ ! surface :i* unites ) ! scapula4 #c4 ,out] side view ( p]fect "r coracoid4 ,j4c#d4ah4 #e4 ,ne> ! figure #c is ! pneumatic not*4 #d4 ,view ( ! proximal articul> surface ( a "r coracoid4 ,j4a4#b1 no4 #bc4 #e4 ,inn] view ( di/al end ( left coracoid4 ,j4a4#b1 no4 #ah4 #f4 ,! di/al articulation ( ! same specim54 ------------------ #g4 ,fragm5t ( proximal end ( radius #d_/e nat4 size4 ,j4a4#aa1 no4 #g1 p4 #df4 #h4 ,proximal end ( radius4 ,j4a4#aa1 no4 #a4 #i4 ,proximal articul> surface ( radius f ! same specim54 ,,coracoid ,,& ,,radius ,pl4 #b4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,iii4 ,radius & ,ulna4 ,fig4 #a4 ,inn] view ( di/al end ( "r radius4 ,j4a4#aj1 no4 #b1 p4 #dd4 #b4 ,out] view ( di/al end ( "r radius4 ,j4a4#aj1 no4 #c4 #c4 ,di/al articulation ( "r radius4 ,j4a4#aj1 no4 #f4 ------------------ #d4 ,inn] view ( proximal end ( ulna ) olecranon an*ylos$1 p4 #de4 #e4 ,side view ( ! same specim54 ,j4a4#i1 no4 #a4 #f4 ,proximal end ( ulna f :i* ! olecranon has come away4 ,j4a4#i1 no4 #e4 #g4 ,proximal articul> surface ( same specim54 #h4 ,proximal articul> surce ( ulna4 ,j4a4#i1 no4 #d4 #i4 ,proximal articul> end ( ulna f :i* ! olecranon has come away4 ------------------ #aj4 ,di/al end ( "r ulna4 ,j4a4#ac1 no4 #e1 p4 #dc4 #aa4 ,di/al articulation ( ! same specim54 #ab4 ,di/al end ( left ulna4 ,j4a4#ab1 no4 #c4 #ac4 ,di/al articulation ( ! same specim54 ,,radius ,,& ,,ulna ,pl4 #c4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,iv4 ,hum]us4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a ne>ly p]fect "r hum]us1 f ,a%well4 ,j4a4#f1 no4 #cj1 p4 #ch4 #b4 ,same specim5 se5 f ! proximal end1 s z to display ! di/al end1 twi/$ at "r angles ) ! radial cre/4 ,! pneumatic =am5 is on ! ant]ior & radial side4 #c4 ,proximal end ( left hum]us %[+ ! radial cre/ p]fect4 ,j4a4#f4 #be4 #d4 ,articul> surface ( same specim5 %[+ ! t]m9ation ( ! radial cre/4 #e4 ,po/]ior aspect ( proximal end ( "r hum]us4 ,! pneumatic =am5 is on ! po/]ior & uln> side4 #f4 ,proximal articul> surface ( left hum]us4 ,j4a4#f1 no4 #b4 #g4 ,di/al end ( "r hum]us4 ,j4a4#f1 no4 #bi4 #h4 ,di/al articulation ( left hum]us4 ,j4a4#f1 no4 #de4 #i4 ,di/al end ( same specim54 #aj4 ,di/al end ( left hum]us4 ,j4a4#f4bj4 #aa4 ,di/al end ( "r hum]us4 ,j4a4#f4df4 #ab4 ,di/al end ( left hum]us4 ,j4a4#f4cd4 #ac4 ,di/al end ( left hum]us f a specim5 l5t by ,j4 ,b4 ,lee1 ,esq4 #ad4 ,di/al end ( left hum]us4 ,j4a4#f4ce4 ,,hum]us ,pl4 #d4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,v4 ,c>pal ,bones4 ,fig4 #a4 ,di/al surface ( "r proximal c>pal bone1 p4 #dh4 #b4 ,same specim5 se5 f out] end1 %[+ ! l>ge un>ticul> surface1 above is a "p ( ! di/al articulation4 ,j4b4#a1 no4 #a4 7figur$ upside d[n74 #c4 ,proximal articul> surface ( "r proximal c>pal bone4 ,j4b4#a1 no4 #g4 ,! "r upp] "p is = ! radius1 ! left l[] "p = ! ulna4 #d4 ,view ( same specim5 7upside d[n7 f ! uln> side4 #e4 ,view ( same specim5 f ! radial side4 ------------------ #f4 ,portion ( di/al articul> surface ( a "r di/al c>pal bone4 ,j4b4#c1 no4 #bc1 #d_/e nat4 size1 p4 #ej4 #g4 ,front radial side ( "r di/al c>pal4 ,j4b4#c4bd4 #h4 ,back uln> side ( ! same specim54 #i4 ,proximal articul> surface ( ! same di/al c>pal4 #aj4 ,di/al articul> surface ( ! same di/al c>pal4 #aa4 ,view ( ! proximal articul> surface ( ! same di/al c>pal1 se5 f ! inside4 #ab4 ,p]fect elem5t ( left di/al c>pal bone %[+ ! di/al c>pal bone to be composite4 #ac4 ,di/al surface ( a "r di/al c>pal ( ano!r g5us4 ,j4b4#c1 no4 #bj4 ------------------ #ad4 ,lat]al c>pal or pisi=m bone1 se5 f ! inside1 ! di/al articul> talon p>tly brok54 ,j4b4#d1 no4 #b4 #ae4 ,lat]al c>pal se5 f ! outside4 ,j4b4#d4i4 #af4 ,same bone %[+ ! di/al articulation1 p4 #ea4 #ag4 ,lat]al c>pal bone ( a diff]5t g5us1 se5 f ! inside4 ,,c>pal ,,bones ,pl4 #e4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,vi4 ,w+ ,metac>pal ,bone1 c4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fragm5t ( ! proximal end ( a l>ge w+-metac>pal bone4 ,j4b4#e1 no4 #i4 ,x is figur$ upside d[n1 a "p ( ! surface articulat+ ) ! di/al c>pal bone be+ ov] ! fig4 #a1 p4 #ec4 #b4 ,aspect ( ! proximal articul> sur4ce ( ! w+-metac>pal bone4 ,j4b4#e1 no4 #c4 #c4 ,ext]ior aspect ( ! same specim54 #d4 ,inn] aspect ( ano!r proximal end4 ,j4b4#e1 no4 #d4 #e4 ,! great] "p ( a small w+-metac>pal bone4 ,j4b4#e1 no4 #a4 ,imp]fect at ! di/al end4 #f4 ,di/al end ( a w+-metac>pal bone4 ,j4b4#e1 no4 #ca4 #g4 ,front aspect ( ! same specim54 ------------------ #h4 ,di/al end ( metat>sal bone or ( a metac>pal bone ( a small f+]4 ,j4b4#h1 no4 #a4 #i4 ,lat]al aspect ( a simil> bone4 ,j4b4#h1 no4 #b4 ------------------ #aj4 ,outl9e ( ! imp]fect di/al t]m9ation ( a bone reg>d$ z left metat>sus ( an ,orni?osaurian4 ,j4b4#ac1 p4 #fc4 #aa4 ,front aspect ( ! same specim54 ------------------ #ab4 ,articul> aspect ( proximal end ( fir/ phalange ( ! w+-f+]1 f :i* ! t]m9al epiphysis has come away4 ,j4b4#f1 no4 #aj4 #ac4 ,diagram outl9e ( ! same specim51 p4 #ef4 ,,w+-,,metac>pal ,,bone1 c4 ,pl4 #f4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,vii4 ,w+ ,f+]4 ,fig4 #a4 ,ext]ior aspect ( proximal end ( fir/ phalange ( ! w+-f+]4 ,j4c#c4af4ab1 p4 #ef4 #b4 ,inn] aspect ( proximal end ( a small w+-metac>pal bone :i* has lo/ its proximal epiphysis2 x %[s ! not* = ! pneumatic =am54 ,j4c#a4h4h4 #c4 ,fragm5t ( ! proximal end ( a l>ge w+-metac>pal bone1 %[+ ne> ! fig4 #c "p ( ! articul> surface4 ,j4c#c4ae4 #aj4 #d4 ,di/al end ( #a fir/ phalange ( ! w+-f+]4 ,j4c#f4ca4 #g1 no4 #a4 #e4 ,di/al articul> surface ( a fir/ phalange4 #f4 ,di/al end ( a fir/ phalange4 ,j4b4#f1 no4 #d4 ------------------ #g4 ,proximal end ( ! second phalange ( ! w+-f+]4 ,j4c#b4ab4ab1 p4 #eg4 #h4 ,proximal end ( a small second phalange4 ,j4b4#g1 no4 #g4 #i4 ,proximal end ( a l>ge second phalange4 ,j4b4#g1 no4 #d4 ------------------ #aj4 ,side view ( di/al end ( "r femur4 ,j4b4#aa1 no4 #aa1 p4 #fb4 ,,w+ ,,f+] ,pl4 #g4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,viii4 ,pelvis1 ,femur1 ,tibia1 c4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fragm5t ( a l>ge "r os innom9atum4 ,! fa9t ,t-%ap$ l9es 9 ! acetabulum indicate ! limits ( ! ?ree compon5t pelvic bones2 fig4 #a is plac$ at ! po/]ior bord] ( ! is*ium4 ,j4b4#aj1 no4 #a4 #b4 ,imp]fect "r os innom9atum1 ) ! ant]ior & po/]ior w+s ( ! ilium brok5 away4 ,j4b4#aj1 no4 #d1 p4 #fi4 #c4 ,imp]fect left os innom9atum %[+ ! small obturator =am5 :i* divides ! pubis f ! is*ium4 ,on ! ant]ior bord] ( ! pubis is se5 a depression1 :i* may h giv5 atta*m5t to ! prepubic bone4 ,j4b4#aj1 no4 #c4 #d4 ,visc]al aspect ( an imp]fect "r is*ium4 ,j4c#d4bj4b4 ------------------ #e4 ,ext]ior side aspect ( a "r femur4 ,j4c#b4aa4 #bj4 #f4 ,front aspect ( ! same specim51 p4 #fb4 #g4 ,po/]ior aspect ( proximal end ( "r femur ( a diff]5t g5us1 %[+ a pit = ! obturator muscle4 ,j4b4#aa1 no4 #a4 #h4 ,front aspect ( ! same specim54 #i4 ,outl9e ( ! proximal articul> end2 ! obturator pit is d>k5$4 #aj4 ,po/]ior aspect ( di/al end ( "r femur4 ,j4b4#aa1 no4 #bj4 #aa4 ,outl9e ( ! di/al articul> end ( ! same specim54 #ab4 ,di/al end ( a l>ge "r femur4 ,j4b4#aa1 no4 #ab4 ------------------ #ac4 ,proximal end ( tibia 78 front aspect74 ,j4b4#ab1 no4 #h4 #ad4 ,ano!r view ( ! same specim51 p4 #fb4 #ae4 ,outl9e ( ! articul> aspect ( ! same tibia4 ,! non-articul> "p is %ad$4 ------------------ #af4 ,claw phalange4 ,j4c#a4b4e1 p4 #fi4 #ag4 ,claw phalange4 ,j4c4#i1 no4 #d4 ,,pelvis1 ,,femur1 ,,tibia1 c4 ,pl4 #h4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,ix4 ,neck ,v]tebr4 ,fig4 #a4 ,ant]ior aspect ( an axis to :i* ! atlas 0 n an*ylos$4 ,j4c#c4ae4 #b1 p4 #fd4 #b4 ,an*ylos$ atlas & axis se5 f ! base ( ! v]tebra4 ,j4c4#a1 no4 #h4 #c4 ,an*ylos$ atlas & axis se5 f above4 ,j4c4#a1 no4 #ad4 #d4 ,atlas1 neural ar* imp]fect4 ,j4c4#a1 no4 #aj4 #e4 ,an*ylos$ atlas & axis se5 f ! side1 ! neural ar* ( ! atlas is want+4 ,! light space 9 ! c5trum ( ! axis is ! pneumatic =am54 ,j4c4#a1 no4 #ad4 ------------------ #f4 ,l>ge c]vical v]tebra se5 f bel[4 ,j4c4#b1 no4 #db1 p4 #fe4 #g4 ,small c]vical v]tebra se5 f bel[4 ,j4c4#b1 no4 #dc4 #h4 ,c]vical v]tebra se5 f beh9d4 ,j4c4#b1 no4 #e4 #i4 ,c]vical v]tebra se5 f above4 ,j4c4#b1 no4 #bc4 #aj4 ,c]vical v]tebra se5 f ! left side4 ,j4c#f4bg4a1 no4 #d4 #aa4 ,c]vical v]tebra ( ano!r g5us se5 f ! left side4 ,j4c4#b1 no4 #ac4 #ab4 ,base ( ! c5trum ( ! la/ true c]vical v]tebra4 ,j4c4#b1 no4 #dj4 #ac4 ,"r side ( c]vical v]tebra4 ,j4c4#b1 no4 #g4 ,,neck ,,v]tebr ,pl4 #i4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,x4 ,back & ,tail ,v]tebr4 ,fig4 #a4 ,c5trum ( a v]tebra f ! region betwe5 ! neck & ! back1 call$ pectoral4 ,j4c4#c1 no4 #ai1 p4 #fi4 #b4 ,dorsal v]tebra se5 f bel[4 ,j4c#b4ab4c1 no4 #b4 #c4 ,! same specim5 se5 f beh9d4 #d4 ,"r side view ( a dorsal v]tebra %[+ ! neural sp9e ne>ly p]fect4 ,j4c4#c1 no4 #bj4 #e4 ,! same specim5 se5 f beh9d4 #f4 ,"r side ( dorsal v]tebra %[+ ant]ior & po/]ior zygapophyses4 ,! neural sp9e brok54 #g4 ,front view ( ! same specim54 ,! c5trum is se5 to =m b a small "p ( ! ant]ior articul> surface4 ------------------ #h4 ,bight side ( a sacral v]tebra ,j4c4#d1 no4 #a1 p4 #gc4 #i4 ,front aspect ( ! same specim54 ,! neural ar* =ms "p ( ! int]v]tebral articulation ) ! c5trum4 #aj4 ,side view ( ! ant]ior "p ( a sacrum1 pres5t$ by ,h4 ,c4 ,raban ,esq4 ,j4c4#d1 no4 #c4 #aa4 ,! same specim5 se5 f bel[4 #ab4 ,inf]ior aspect ( po/]ior "p ( sacrum ( a diff]5t g5us4 ,j4c4#d1 no4 #b4 ------------------ #ac4 ,l>ge caudal v]tebra se5 f above4 ,j4c4#e1 no4 #i4 #ad4 ,! same specim5 se5 f b5ea?1 p4 #ge4 #ae4 ,left side ( ! same specim54 #af4 ,ant]ior articulation ( ! same specim54 #ag4 ,po/]ior aspect ( ! same specim54 ,,back ,,tail ,,v]tebr ,pl4 #aj4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xi4 ,cranium4 ,fig4 #a4 ,occipital aspect ( ! skull ( a ,pt]osaurian4 ,j4c4#h1 no4 #b1 p4 #hd4 #b4 ,ant]ior aspect ( ! same skull1 %[+ a transv]se section ( ! bra9 cavity fractur$ ?r\gh ! p>ietal bones4 ,at its base on ea* side are se5 ! optic lobes4 #c4 ,ant]ior aspect ( a ,pt]odactyle skull ( a diff]5t g5us4 ,j4c4#h1 no4 #a4 ,! frontal bones h come away f ! p>ietal at ! suture1 p4 #hj4 #d4 ,sup]ior aspect ( ! same specim5 look+ ^u ! p>ietal1 supra-occipital1 & ex-occipital bones4 #e4 ,occipital aspect ( ! same specim51 %[+ ! =am5 magnum1 ! abs5ce ( ! basi-occipital bone1 & ! basi-sph5oid mass4 #f4 ,side view ( ! same specim51 %[+ bel[ ! girdl+ occipital cre/ ! excavation = ! quadrate bone's articulation ) ! skull1 & ! =w>d prolongation ( ! basi-sph5oid mass4 #g4 ,palatal aspect ( ! basi-sph5oid bone4 ,j4c4#i4 ,to be comp>$ ) ! small triangul> mass 9 fig4 #e1 p4 #he4 #h4 ,side view ( ! e?mo-sph5oid mass1 ,j4c4#i1 %[+ ! lat]al b\nd>y ( ! front ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 p4 #he4 #i4 ,po/]ior aspect ( ! same specim51 %[+ p>ts ( ! cups :i* cov]$ ! ant]ior t]m9ation ( ! c]ebral lobes4 #aj4 ,ant]ior view ( ! c]ebral lobes 9 a natural m\ld ( ! bra91 9 ! collection ( ,j4 ,f4 ,walk]1 ,esq4 ,x may be comp>$ ) figs4 #b4 & #i1 p4 #hg4 #aa4 ,sup]ior aspect ( a natural m\ld ( ! bra91 %[+ ! outl9e ( ! c]ebral lobes1 & ! c]ebellum betwe5 !m beh9d4 ,portions ( bone 9 ! temporal region are left atta*$1 p4 #hg4 #ab4 ,side view ( ! same specim52 "o c]ebral lobe is se5 beh9d ! o!r4 ,! ant]ior t]m9ation ( ?is figure may be comp>$ ) ! po/]ior outl9e ( fig4 #h4 #ac4 ,side view ( basi-occipital bone1 p4 #gh4 #ad4 ,palatal aspect ( quadrate bone1 %[+ ! articulation = ! l[] jaw1 & ! ?9 quadrato-jugal atta*$ to its outside1 p4 #hi4 #ae4 ,ext]ior aspect ( quadrato-jugal & quadrate bones4 ,above ! articulation 9 ,g]man specim5s is ! outl9e ( ! orbit ( ! eye4 #af4 ,ant]ior aspect ( ! di/al end ( a left quadrate bone4 #ag4 ,po/]ior aspect ( ! same specim51 %[+ ! w+ = ! pt]ygoid articulation4 ,,cranium ,pl4 #aa4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xii4 ,facial ,bones & ,l[] ,jaw4 ,fig4 #a4 ,side view ( ! d5t>y bone ( ,orni?o*eirus ma*rorhyn*us1 %[+ its po/]ior att5uation t[>ds ! palate4 ,j4c#f4cc4a1 p4 #aac4 #b4 ,sup]ior aspect ( ! same specim51 %[+ ! palatal groove & too? sockets4 #c4 ,articul> end ( left ramus ( m&ible1 ,j4#d1 %[+ its po/]ior t]m9ation1 p4 #ia4 #d4 ,articul> end ( left ramus ( m&ible1 ,j4c#f4cb4 #b1 fractur$ ?r\gh ! articulation4 #e4 ,side view ( ant]ior "p ( d5t>y bone ( ,orni?o*eirus ,cuvi]i 8 ,j4c4#ae1 p4 #aac4 #f4 ,side view ( ant]ior "p ( premaxill>y bone ( ,orni?o*eirus microdon1 fractur$ at bo? ends4 ,j4c4#bi1 p4 #aaf4 #g4 ,palatal aspect ( ! same specim51 %[+ ! palatal ridge & too? sockets4 #h4 ,palatal aspect ( ant]ior "p ( premaxill>y bone ( ,orni?o*eirus d5ticulatus4 ,j4c#e4bh4a1 p4 #abb4 #i4 ,side view ( ! same specim54 #aj4 ,too?1 %[+ absorption by ! successional too?1 on ! inn] side ( ! fang4 ,j4c4#bg1 no4 #aj1 p4 #ib4 #aa4 ,too?4 ,j4c#a4a4d4 #ab4 ,fang ( a l>ge too?4 ,j4c4#bg1 no4 #cd4 #ac4 ,undet]m9$ 8 pt]ygoid end ( palat9e bone4 ,j4c#a4b4g1 p4 #ia4 #ad4 ,o!r side ( same specim54 #ae4 #a ,vom]1 side view4 ,j4c4#aj1 no4 #b1 p4 #hh4 #af4 #a ,palatal view ( ! same specim54 #ag4 ,pelvis ) a bone atta*$ l ! middle "p ( ,j4c4#aj1 no4 #b4 8,neural ar* ( sacral v]tebra4 ,,facial ,,bones ,,& ,,m&ible ,pl4 #ab4 ,illu/ration 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,notes ,m9or typos 7 correct$ & ! ,errata li/ *anges 7 appli$4 ,/&>dization ( hyph5ation 0 /&>diz$ to ! mo/ common =m us$4 ,head]s = ea* g5]a's description 0 /&>diz$ to li/ ! specim5 in=mation fir/4