,forest ,trees of ,texas ,how ,to ,know ,them ,eighth ,edition ,ninth ,printing ,october1 #aiij ,,texas ,,forest ,,service ,a ,,part ,,of ,,the ,,texas ,a,m ,,university ,,system ,,college ,,station1 ,,texas ,,bulletin #bj ,,april1 #aifc ,,crown ,,trunk ,,heartwood 7,,inactive7 ,,gives ,,strength ,,sapwood ,,carries ,,sap ,,from ,,root ,,to ,,leaves ,,cambium 7,,microscopic7 ,,builds ,,the ,,cells ,,inner ,,bark ,,carries ,,prepared ,,food ,,from ,,leaves ,,to ,,cambium ,,layer ,,outer ,,bark ,,protects ,,tree ,,from ,,injuries ,,roots ,,surface ,,roots ,,taproot ,tree increases each year in height and spread of branches by adding on new growth of twigs ,air supplies carbon the principal food of the tree taken in on under surface of leaves4 ,leaves prepare the food obtained from air and soil and give off moisture by transpiration4 ,light and heat are necessary for the chemical changes ,the breathing pores of the entire tree1--on leaves1 twigs1 branches1 trunk and roots take in oxygen4 ,flooding1 poisonous gases1 or smoke may kill a tree ,root tips or root hairs take up water containing small quantity of minerals in solution ,the buds1 root tips1 and cambium layer are the growing parts of the tree4 ,water containing a small quantity of minerals in solution is absorbed by the roots1 carried up through the sapwood to the leaves and there combined with carbon from the air to make food4 ,this food is carried by the inner bark to all growing parts of the tree1 even down to the root tips ,,acknowledgments ,the first edition of ,forest ,trees of ,texas--,how to ,know ,them was assembled by ,w4 ,r4 ,matoon and ,c4 ,b4 ,webster in #aibh4 ,the sections1 8,trees as ,mankind's ,friends01 8,studying a ,tree01 8,other ,texas ,trees01 drawings of twigs1 leaves and fruits1 and the glossary were incorporated into the fourth and fifth editions by ,s4 ,l4 ,frost and ,d4 ,a4 ,anderson4 ,the sixth and seventh editions were edited by ,h4 ,e4 ,weaver and ,w4 ,a4 ,smith1 respectively4 ,some of the drawings used in this publication were made available by the ,united ,states ,forest ,service4 ,the eighth edition was revised and edited by ,john ,a4 ,haislet to conform with the nomenclature in ,check ,list of ,native and ,naturalized ,trees of the ,united ,states 7,including ,alaska71 ,agriculture ,handbook ,no4 #da1 prepared under the direction of the ,united ,states ,forest ,service ,tree and ,range ,plant ,committee4 ,d4 ,a4 ,anderson's 8,a ,guide to the ,identification of the ,principal ,trees and ,shrubs of ,texas0 was revised and incorporated in the eighth edition to give it greater utility to the non-technical student of trees4 ,,trees 444 ,,mankind',s ,,friends ,trees have held an important place in man's way of life since he has been on the earth4 ,trees provided early man with weapons to defend himself and helped provide him with food1 shelter and fuel4 ,trees have played an important role in the history of the ,united ,states4 ,timber was our nation's first export4 ,the forest also provided our forefathers with their homes1 farm implements1 rifle stocks and wagons4 ,the forest1 by furnishing ties and utility poles1 made possible the expansion of railroad systems1 electric power and telephone networks4 ,every industry depends upon forest products in one way or another4 ,trees are more important today than ever before4 ,more than #aj1jjj products are reportedly made from trees4 ,through chemistry1 the humble woodpile is yielding chemicals1 plastics and fabrics that were beyond comprehension when an axe first felled a ,texas tree4 ,the ,american standard of living depends to no small extent on the care with which we use our forest resource4 ,fortunately1 trees are a renewable resource4 ,they can be grown as a crop and harvested in such a way that the stand is kept productive1 and a steady supply of forest products is assured4 ,,texas ,,trees ,a tree is generally defined as a woody plant having one well-defined stem and a more or less definitely formed crown1 usually attaining a height of at least eight feet4 ,using water and minerals from the soil1 gases from the air and energy from the sun1 a tree manufactures the food it needs for growth and reproduction4 ,trees1 like man1 grow rapidly when they are young but gradually their growth decreases2 they begin to deteriorate and eventually die4 ,nature then reduces them to the elements from which they were derived4 ,the terms 8hardwood10 8softwood10 8deciduous0 and 8non-deciduous0 are often encountered in tree literature4 ,these terms are confusing and often misleading4 ,needle-bearing or cone-bearing trees are designated as softwoods even though the wood may be dense4 ,hardwoods are the broad-leaved 7unlike needles or scales7 trees1 the wood of which may be dense or soft4 ,the conifers1 or softwoods1 generally retain their leaves more than one growing season and produce seed in cones2 however1 there are exceptions4 ,baldcypress1 a conifer1 is deciduous since it sheds its leaves in autumn4 ,cedar and juniper produce berry-like cones that scarcely resemble cones4 ,the hardwoods1 or broad-leaved trees1 are generally deciduous2 i4e41 they shed their leaves in autumn4 ,texas has many exceptions1 for example3 southern magnolia1 live oak and ,american holly which retain green leaves through the winter4 ,more than half of the #a1ajj species of native trees in the ,united ,states are found in the ,south4 ,of these1 more than #bjj species and varieties are native to ,texas4 ,in addition1 many exotic species have been introduced and now grow in many parts of the state4 ,the four main forest regions of ,texas include3 the ,southern pine forest in ,east ,texas2 the central hardwoods1 the post oak and cross timbers of ,north-central ,texas2 the semi-tropical forest in the ,rio ,grande ,valley region of ,texas2 and the mountain forest1 the timbered areas of ,west ,texas which are a continuation of the timber types of the ,southern ,rocky ,mountains4 ,in ,texas1 trees are the principal vegetative cover on an estimated area of #bh1hje1fag acres4 ,illustration3 ,,tree ,,regions ,,pine-,,hardwood ,,cedar ,,breaks ,,post ,,oak ,,west ,,cross ,,timbers ,,east ,,cross ,,timbers ,,mountain ,,forests ,texas also has minor tree areas which are almost restricted to ,texas2 the cedar breaks and the oak shinneries4 ,some of the shinnery trees are among the smallest in ,america4 ,in places1 fully matured trees are not over knee-high and resemble pigmy forests4 ,in other areas1 the same species grows #bj to #cj feet tall to form almost impenetrable thickets4 ,the pine-hardwood forests of ,east ,texas1 comprise #ab1ebe1dag acres in all or part of #db counties4 ,lumber1 paper1 baskets1 boxes1 ties1 poles1 piling1 posts1 handles and shingles constitute the main forest products manufactured in the ,piney ,woods of ,east ,texas4 ,farther west1 in ,east ,central ,texas1 the post oak forests cover approximately #e1jcj1bjj acres in all or part of #ci counties4 ,the east and west 8cross timbers01 occur on an area of approximately #c million acres4 ,the term 8cross timbers0 originated with the early settlers who1 in their travels from east to west1 crossed alternating patches of forests and prairies and so affixed the name 8cross timbers0 to these forests4 ,farther south in the ,edwards ,plateau region1 are the cedar breaks which extend over #c million acres4 ,cedar grows on the steep slopes and rolling hills common to this region1 in association with live oak and mesquite4 ,other tree areas of the state include an estimated #ejj1jjj acres of mountain forests in the ,trans-,pecos ,region and the live oak area along the ,gulf ,coast4 ,two of ,texas' trees1 guaiacum and ebony1 produce the hardest woods in the ,united ,states4 ,both species are found in the ,rio ,grande ,valley4 ,the tree with the lightest wood in the ,united ,states1 corkwood1 grows near the mouth of the ,brazos ,river4 ,drooping or weeping juniper1 so named for the drooping characteristic of its branches1 grows in the ,big ,bend area but has not been reported to be native elsewhere in this country4 ,catclaw1 huisache1 mimosa1 baretta1 pistache1 black persimmon1 ,mexican ash1 anaqua1 flatwoods plum 7sloe7 and guajillo are other trees common only in ,texas4 ,,texas ,,forest ,,service ,in #aiae1 the #cdth ,texas ,legislature created by law the ,state ,department of ,forestry and made it a part of the ,agricultural and ,mechanical ,college of ,texas4 ,in #aibe1 the department became the ,texas ,forest ,service4 ,as it grew1 its service to ,texas increased4 ,it now helps protect ,texas' forest resources against fire1 insects and disease2 assists woodland owners in the proper management of their lands2 makes available seedlings for reforestation and windbreak purposes2 conducts research in forest tree improvement1 management and utilization2 and conducts an educational program to acquaint ,texans as to the desirability of practicing forestry4 ,the ,texas ,forest ,service1 with more than #cjj employees1 has four departments3 ,forest ,fire ,control1 ,forest ,management1 ,forest ,products1 and ,information and ,education4 ,the offices of the ,director1 and of the ,forest ,management and the ,information and ,education ,departments are in ,college ,station4 ,forest ,fire ,control and ,forest ,products ,department headquarters are in ,lufkin4 ,seven administrative districts1 each headed by a district forester1 are responsible for the activities of the ,texas ,forest ,service in the areas of intensive and extensive forest fire protection4 ,district headquarters are located at ,linden1 ,henderson1 ,lufkin1 ,woodville1 ,kirbyville1 ,conroe and ,college ,station4 ,more than #aj million acres of state and privately owned timberland in the ,piney ,woods are now under intensive protection against fire1 insects and diseases4 ,an additional area of #e million acres1 commonly referred to as the post oak region1 west of and adjacent to the pine-hardwood area1 has been under extensive protection beginning with #aifb4 ,,texas ,,forestry ,,association ,the ,texas ,forestry ,association is a statewide1 nonprofit agency concerned primarily with the educational phase of forest conservation4 ,organized in #aiad1 the ,association was largely responsible for the passage of the law which created the ,department of ,forestry at the ,agricultural and ,mechanical ,college of ,texas1 and from which the ,texas ,forest ,service emerged4 ,for more than #dh years1 this organization has cooperated with the ,texas ,forest ,service and other interested agencies in promoting the forest economy of ,texas4 ,membership in the ,texas ,forestry ,association is open to all conservation-minded citizens4 ,,arbor ,,day ,the growing dependency of man upon forest resources for raw materials1 products1 watershed protection1 conservation of certain wildlife and recreation gives added significance to ,arbor ,day which is set aside annually to pay tribute to trees4 ,arbor ,day originated in ,nebraska in #ahgb4 ,it was first celebrated in ,texas in #ahhi on ,george ,washington's birthday1 ,february #bb4 ,in #aidi1 the ,texas ,state ,legislature adopted the following resolution3 ,resolved1 by the ,house of ,representatives of the ,state of ,texas1 the ,senate concurring1 ,that the third ,friday in ,january of each year be designated as 8,arbor ,day01 to be devoted to the planting and cultivation of forest1 shade and ornamental trees throughout the ,state and to be observed for that purpose in such manner as may seem best to the people of each community2 and be it further ,resolved1 ,that the ,governor of ,texas be requested to issue an appropriate proclamation annually to encourage the proper observance of such 8,arbor ,day04 ,arbor ,day can best be celebrated by planting one or more suitable trees around a school or club area or by establishing a school plantation4 ,in addition to paying tribute to the beauty of trees1 one can call attention to the importance of trees to man's welfare4 ,the ,texas ,forest ,service continues to assist clubs and schools in organizing ,arbor ,day programs4 ,,state ,,tree ,the pecan1 ,carya illinoensis1 7,wangenh47 ,k4 ,koch1 was officially designated as the state tree of ,texas by an act of the legislature in ,june #aiai4 ,by an amendment in #aibg1 certain state agencies were requested to give due consideration to the pecan tree when beautifying state parks and other public property belonging to the state4 ,,studying ,,trees ,trees1 like people1 become friends only when we have become well acquainted with them and have a knowledge of the characteristics that make them something special to us4 ,this bulletin about the trees of ,texas may be used as a handy reference for identifying trees you do not know1 or it may be used as the basis for developing tree friends4 ,the following is a guide or lesson plan that will help make a friend of each tree studied4 ,i4 ,object of ,study ,each kind of tree has certain identifying characteristics which mark it as being different from other kinds of species of trees4 ,by careful observation and examination these identifying points may be learned and you can feel that you know the tree4 ,,ii4 ,source of ,study ,material #a4 ,the locality in which you live probably has some trees you know4 ,why do you know them8 ,start by studying these trees and make them fast friends4 #b4 ,you also will find some trees you are not sure about or do not know2 next1 study these one by one until you are sure you will always know them4 #c4 ,wherever you may be or whenever you see a tree you do not know1 observe it carefully1 collect enough facts and sample material to study until you learn to know it4 #d4 ,books1 articles1 pictures and references will help to learn some trees you cannot actually see but which are of interest to you4 ,,iii4 ,approach to ,tree ,study #a4 ,one tree should be studied at a time as a general rule although it may be an advantage to select somewhat similar trees and study them by comparisons4 #b4 ,field study of the growing tree is the most satisfactory4 ,observe a number of the same kind of trees as there are individual variations in some characteristics4 #c4 ,if possible collect for reference and further study samples of leaves1 twigs1 bark1 wood1 flowers and fruit4 ,,be ,,careful in collecting samples4 ,it is better not to have samples than to deface or injure the tree4 ,no one will object to your studying their trees if you do no damage4 ,,iv4 ,procedure #a4 ,general 7a7 ,first observe the tree as a whole taking into consideration all the points that attract your attention4 ,very often there will be some one thing that either alone or in relation to other points attracts your attention4 ,that feature when studied may be the key to your really learning to know the tree4 7b7 ,the suggestions that follow as to observations of various parts of the tree do not limit the study of those points for perhaps you will learn to know the tree from some feature not listed4 #b4 ,form of tree ,note the size1 shape and branching habit2 observe its location in relation to other trees that might affect its form4 #c4 ,bark ,observe thickness1 roughness1 type of fissures and color of bark4 ,studying the bark as a means of winter identification is particularly worthwhile4 #d4 ,leaves ,study type1 size1 shape and variations on the same tree2 note arrangement on twigs2 describe by the blade1 stalk1 margin1 venation1 base and tip2 know their texture and color4 #e4 ,twigs ,note lateral arrangement on branches2 observe whether flexible or stocky and whether rough or smooth2 study differences between new growth and old2 learn any distinctive color1 smell1 or taste2 cut a cross-section and note size1 shape1 color and size of pith2 note presence or absence of lenticels4 #f4 ,buds ,like bark1 the buds are helpful in winter identification4 ,note size1 scale coverings1 and shape4 ,observe arrangement and position on twigs2 compare terminal and lateral buds4 #g4 ,leaf-scars ,study scars left by falling leaves as to size1 form1 position and occurrence2 note bundle-scars 7appear as marks in scar7 as to number1 shape1 size1 and arrangement4 #h4 ,flowers ,study promptly at proper season2 trees vary widely in flowering habits2 observe as to size1 form1 shape of parts1 color and arrangement2 and learn whether the tree has one or two kinds of flowers--if two1 whether male and female flowers are on same tree4 #i4 ,fruit ,study of fruit also is seasonal4 ,when it is available1 observe type1 form1 structure and method of distribution4 #aj4 ,wood ,identification of trees by wood forms a separate study but often field identification of trees can be aided by observation of distinctive points about the wood such as color1 taste and general structure4 #aa4 ,habitat ,an interesting and often useful help in tree identification is to note the growing habits of trees1 whether in dry or moist places1 what other species same type sites1 whether it grows better in open places or in more sheltered locations and the like4 ,v4 ,summary ,if you have followed through on your study of a tree1 covering the eleven points listed1 you will really know the tree for all time4 ,however1 even if you cannot or do not make your study as thoroughly as is suggested1 you should at least select enough distinctive characteristics about the tree to study that you will be able to identify it both in the summer and the winter seasons4 ,,vi4 ,references ,your school and public library should have one or more books on trees4 ,you will find books on southern trees most helpful4 ,while it is impractical to provide a complete list of books on trees1 the partial list below is furnished for your information1 with the understanding that no discrimination is intended3 ,fernald1 ,m4 ,l4 ,gray's ,manual of ,botany4 ,eighth edition4 ,american ,book ,company1 #aiej4 ,green1 ,c4 ,h4 ,trees of the ,south4 ,the ,university of ,north ,carolina ,press1 #aici4 ,harrar1 ,e4 ,s41 ,harrar1 ,j4 ,g4 ,guide to ,southern ,trees4 ,whittlesey ,house1 #aidf4 ,kearney1 ,t4 ,h41 ,peebles1 ,r4 ,h4 ,arizona ,flora4 ,university of ,california ,press1 #aiea4 ,sargent1 ,c4 ,s4 ,manual of the ,trees of ,north ,america4 ,second ,edition4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,co41 #aibb 7at ,project ,gutenberg74 ,vines1 ,r4 ,a4 ,native ,east ,texas ,trees4 ,houston ,museum of ,natural ,history1 #aiec4 ,vines1 ,r4 ,a4 ,trees1 ,shrubs and ,woody ,vines of the ,southwest4 ,the ,university of ,texas ,press1 #aifj4 ,illustration3 ,cross ,section of the ,trunk of an ,oak ,tree4 ,a4 ,cambium ,b4 ,inner bark ,c4 ,outer bark ,d4 ,sapwood ,e4 ,heartwood ,f4 ,pith ,g4 ,ray ,illustration3 ,,twig ,,features ,terminal ,bud ,false ,terminal ,bud ,twig ,scar ,bud ,scales ,superposed ,bud ,lateral ,leaf ,buds ,bundle ,scar ,flower ,bud ,leaf ,scars ,lenticel ,stipule ,scar ,terminal ,bud ,scale ,scars ,pith ,chambered ,solid ,,twigs ,,and ,,leaves ,illustration3 ,,types ,,of ,,twig ,,branching ,alternate ,whorled ,opposite ,illustration3 ,,leaf ,,types ,simple ,compound ,doubly ,compound ,opposite ,leaves ,alternate ,leaves ,awl-,shaped ,needles ,pine ,needles ,scale-like ,needles ,illustration3 ,,parts ,,of ,,leaf ,lamina or blade ,base ,stem ,apex ,leaf margin ,primary vein ,secondary or lateral veins ,petiole 7,sessile leaves have no petiole but are attached directly to the stem7 ,,leaf ,,shapes ,illustration3 ,,leaf ,,forms ,lanceolate ,ovate ,obovate ,star-shaped ,linear or ,rectangular ,heart-,shaped or ,orbicular ,oval ,elliptical ,deltoid ,illustration3 ,,leaf ,,apexes ,acuminate ,acute ,obtuse ,truncate ,bristle ,pointed ,rounded ,illustration3 ,,leaf ,,margins ,entire ,dentate ,toothed or ,serrate ,sinuate or ,wavy ,doubly ,serrate ,lobed ,incised ,illustration3 ,,leaf ,,bases ,wedge-,shaped or ,cuneate ,oblique or ,one-,sided ,rounded ,heart-,shaped or ,cordate ,truncate or ,square ,illustration3 ,,the ,,complete ,,flower ,stamen ,anther ,filament ,sepal ,receptacle ,petal ,pistil ,stigma ,style ,ovary ,peduncle ,sepals collectively designated as calyx4 ,petals collectively designated as corolla4 ,the ripened ovary comprises the fruit4 ,ripened ovules of the ovary comprise the seed of the fruit4 ,a flower lacking either calyx1 corolla1 stamens1 or pistil is an incomplete flower4 ,if the male and female flower parts occur in separate flowers on the same tree the species is said to be monoecious4 ,if the male and female flowers occur on separate trees1 the species is said to be dioecious4 ,illustration3 ,,flower ,,clusters ,spike ,catkin or ament ,cylindrical cyme ,flat-topped cyme ,raceme ,panicle ,corymb ,umbel ,compound umbel ,head ,illustration3 ,,common ,,types ,,of ,,fruits ,,and ,,seeds ,acorn 7,oak7 ,multiple ,fruit 7,mulberry7 ,nuts in ,prickly ,bur 7,beech7 ,drupe 7,cherry7 ,pod 7,locust7 ,samara 7,elm7 ,samara 7,ash7 ,samara 7,maple7 ,cone 7,pine7 ,hairy ,seed 7,willow7 ,nuts in ,bladder-,like ,bracts 7,hophornbeam7 ,berry 7,persimmon7 ,nut in ,husk 7,hickory7 ,a ,nut-,like ,drupe 7,basswood7 ,drupe 7,hackberry7 ,winged ,seed 7,pine7 ,multiple ,fruit--,achene ,enlarged 7,sycamore7 ,nuts in ,spiny ,bur 7,chinkapin7 ,texas ,trees ,,limber ,,pine 7,rocky ,mountain ,white ,pine7 ,pinus flexilis var4 flexilis ,james ,limber pine is abundant in the ,rocky ,mountains and in scattered areas over much of the ,west4 ,in ,texas1 limber pine may be found in the ,guadalupe and ,davis ,mountains of ,west ,texas4 ,as the name indicates1 the branches and twigs are especially flexible and tough1 often light purple in color4 ,the branches form a rounded tree top or head4 ,the trunk is stout and noticeably tapered4 ,the needle-like ,,leaves are in clusters of five4 ,they are stiff and stout1 about #b to #c inches long1 and arranged in clusters or tufts near the ends of the branches4 ,they stay on the twig for five or six years4 ,illustration3 ,,limber ,,pine 7,fruit and leaves1 one-third natural size7 ,the 8,,fruit01 a cone1 is relatively short or stocky1 mostly from #c to #f inches long1 made up of rounded rather thick scales1 some turned forward and some backward4 ,the cone is short-stalked4 ,as with all the pines1 the seeds mature at the end of the second season of growth4 ,the ,,wood is relatively soft1 close-grained1 slightly yellowish or reddish4 ,it is not cut in quantity and the trees are usually rather limby and short-bodied1 which largely accounts for the small commercial use4 ,,pinyon 7,nut ,pine7 ,pinus edulis ,engelm4 ,pinyon is found as scattered trees or in small groves over the mountains and canyons in the western part of the state to elevations of #h1jjj feet4 ,it is a small tree1 grows on warm slopes or in sheltered locations1 and forms a bushy top with orange-colored branchlets4 ,the needle-like ,,leaves grow in bundles of two 7rarely #c72 whereas in ,pinus cembroides ,zucc41 the ,mexican ,pinyon1 there are usually three needles per cluster4 ,the dark green needles are approximately one inch long1 stiff1 stout1 and curved4 ,they remain on the tree from #e to #h years4 ,illustration3 ,,pinyon 7,natural size7 ,like all the pines1 it has male and female 8,,flowers0 separate on the same tree4 ,the 8,,fruit01 a cone1 is rounded1 about #a to #b inches across1 and produces large seeds or 8nuts01 from to inch long4 ,the seeds are rich in food value and form an important article of diet for the ,indians4 ,the seeds are gathered and sold widely as fancy 8nuts0 in many larger towns and cities4 ,the ,,wood is light1 soft1 close-grained1 and pale brown1 used for fuel and sometimes as fencing4 ,a close relative ,p4 cembroides is found scattered in the ,texas cedar breaks4 ,,ponderosa ,,pine 7,western ,yellow ,pine7 ,pinus ponderosa ,laws4 ,ponderosa pine is the most important commercial pine of the ,southwest and many parts of the ,rocky ,mountain region4 ,it reaches the southeastern limit of its range in the ,guadalupe and ,davis ,mountains of ,west ,texas where it is scattered and of little commercial value4 ,it is favored as an ornamental in the ,texas ,panhandle4 ,illustration3 ,,ponderosa ,,pine 7,fruit and leaves1 one-half natural size7 ,the needle-like ,,leaves are in bundles of three and are mostly #e to #h inches long4 ,the needles1 massed toward the ends of naked branches1 remain on the tree about #c years4 ,the 8,,fruit01 a short-stalked cone1 is oval-shaped1 reddish-brown1 and armed with stout recurved prickles4 ,the ,,wood of this species1 from trees in the commercial part of its range1 is of excellent quality for lumber4 ,the wood is hard1 strong1 and rather fine grained4 ,the heartwood is light reddish-white and the sapwood nearly white4 ,lumber from this tree is widely used for house construction and furniture4 ,,loblolly ,,pine ,pinus taeda ,l4 ,this fast-growing yellow pine is the most abundant and valuable species in ,southeast ,texas from ,orange ,county west to ,walker and ,waller ,counties4 ,the species is also abundant northward to the ,oklahoma line4 ,loblolly pine also constitutes the pine of the 8,lost ,pine ,region0 in the vicinity of ,bastrop4 ,illustration3 ,,loblolly ,,pine 7,fruit and leaves1 one-half natural size7 ,loblolly invades abandoned fields rapidly4 ,for this reason it is often called old field pine4 ,in the virgin forest of ,texas1 loblolly pine was most common along banks of streams4 ,it is still the dominant pine on moist sites1 but may also be found in relatively dry sites4 ,the dark-colored ,,bark is deeply furrowed and often attains a thickness of as much as #b inches on large-sized trees4 ,the needle-like ,,leaves1 #f to #i inches long1 are borne three 7occasionally two7 in a cluster4 ,in the spring bright green clumps of needles grow at the end of branches and give the tree a luxuriant appearance4 ,the 8,,fruit01 a cone1 ripens in the autumn of the second year and is #c to #e inches long4 ,many seeds with wings an inch long are shed during the fall and early winter4 ,the resinous ,,wood is coarse-grained4 ,there is marked contrast1 as in other yellow pines1 between the bands of springwood and summerwood4 ,the wood of second-growth trees has a wide range of uses such as building material1 box shooks1 barrel staves1 basket veneers1 pulpwood1 lath1 mine props1 piling1 and fuel4 ,,shortleaf ,,pine 7,yellow ,pine7 ,pinus echinata ,mill4 ,shortleaf pine is an important pine over a wide area in ,northeast ,texas1 and is common in other parts of the 8,piney ,woods40 ,essentially a tree of the hilly section1 growing in pure stands and in mixture with hardwoods1 the mature tree has a tall straight stem and an oval crown1 reaching a height of about #ajj feet and a diameter of about #b feet4 ,unlike other southern pines1 young shortleaf pine trees may reproduce by sprouts when cut or burned back4 ,illustration3 ,,shortleaf ,,pine 7,fruit1 natural size2 leaves1 two-thirds natural size7 ,the ,,bark is brownish-red1 broken into rectangular plates2 it is thinner and lighter-colored than that of loblolly pine4 ,the needle-like ,,leaves are in clusters of two or three 7#c to #e inches long71 slender1 flexible1 and dark blue-green4 ,the 8,,fruit01 a cone1 or bur1 the smallest of the ,texas pines1 are #a to #b inches long1 oblong1 with small sharp prickles2 are generally clustered1 and often hold to the twigs for #c or #d years4 ,the small mottled seeds have a wing which is broadest near the center4 ,the ,,wood of old trees is rather heavy and hard1 yellow-brown or orange1 fine-grained1 and less resinous than that of the other important ,southern pines4 ,it is used for finishing1 general construction1 veneers1 paper pulp1 excelsior1 cooperage1 mine props1 and other purposes4 ,,longleaf ,,pine ,pinus palustris ,mill4 ,young longleaf pine with its single upright stem1 candle-like silvery buds1 and long1 shiny leaves form a handsome tree4 ,in later youth the stalwart1 sparingly-branched sapling1 with heavy twigs and gray bark1 attracts immediate attention4 ,mature trees have tall1 straight trunks1 #a-c feet in diameter and open irregular crowns4 ,longleaf pine grows in sandy soils from ,orange ,county1 north to ,sabine ,county and west to ,trinity ,county4 ,a hybrid cross between longleaf and loblolly pine is often found in this range and is known as ,sonderegger pine4 ,illustration3 ,,longleaf ,,pine 7,fruit and leaves1 one-third natural size7 ,the needle-like ,,leaves are grey-green1 from #aj to #ae inches long1 in clusters of three1 and gathered toward the ends of the thick1 scaly1 twigs4 ,the 8,,flowers01 appearing in early spring before the new leaves1 are a deep rose-purple1 the male in prominent1 short1 dense clusters and the female in inconspicuous groups of two to four4 ,unlike other ,southern pines1 common to ,texas1 this species grows in a 8grass0 stage for #b to #e years during which time it resembles a clump of grass4 ,once longleaf pine starts its height growth1 it grows rapidly4 ,the 8,,fruit01 a cone bur1 is #f to #aj inches long1 and slightly curved1 the thick scales armed with small curved prickles4 ,the cones usually fall soon after the seed ripens1 leaving their bases attached to the twigs4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 strong1 tough and durable4 ,it is used for construction4 ,naval stores such as turpentine and rosin are obtained from the tree4 ,,slash ,,pine ,pinus elliottii var4 elliottii ,slash pine is not a native of ,texas1 its natural range in the ,united ,states being along the coast from ,south ,carolina to eastern ,louisiana4 ,the initial planting of slash pine in ,east ,texas was made on the ,e4 ,o4 ,siecke ,state ,forest near ,kirbyville in #aibf4 ,it has been widely planted in ,east ,texas1 and has been so successful in its growth and adaptability to the region that it is now accepted as a forest tree of the ,state4 ,it is much favored for reforestation by planting because of its exceedingly rapid height growth1 good survival1 and comparative freedom from tip-moth damage4 ,illustration3 ,,slash ,,pine 7,one-half natural size7 ,in its native habitat a mature tree ranges to #ajj feet high1 with a roundtopped head and a trunk #a to #c feet in diameter4 ,the ,,bark ranges in thickness from to #a inch1 separating freely on the surface into large thin scales4 ,the needle-like ,,leaves occur in clusters of #b and #c1 are from #h to #ab inches long1 and lustrous4 ,the 8,,flowers0 appear in late winter1 the male dark purple1 the female pink1 the 8,,fruit01 a cone usually #d to #f inches long1 is brown and glossy1 the thin scales armed with fine prickles4 ,slash pine ,,wood is exceedingly hard1 very strong1 durable1 coarse grained1 rich1 dark orange color1 with thick1 nearly white sapwood4 ,in this respect it is similar to longleaf1 being sold as such1 and used for the same purpose4 ,naval stores1 lumber1 pulpwood and other products can be produced from this tree4 ,,douglas-,,fir ,pseudotsuga menziesii var4 glauca 7,belssn47 ,franco ,this valuable timber tree of the western ,united ,states reaches its extreme southeastern limit in the mountains of ,west ,texas4 ,it is a small tree locally but in the ,pacific ,northwest ,douglas-fir reaches a height of #bej feet and a diameter of #aj to #ab feet4 ,the needle-like ,,leaves are linear1 more or less flattened1 about an inch in length1 bluish green1 and arranged closely in spirals around the stem4 ,they remain on the twigs for many years4 ,the buds are a rich reddish-brown and pointed4 ,illustration3 ,,douglas-,,fir 7,fruit and leaves1 one-half natural size7 ,the 8,,fruit01 a cone1 unlike that of true firs1 hangs downward and is easily identified by the protruding bracts1 or 8straws40 ,the mature cones are #b to #d inches long1 and brownish-red4 ,the ,,wood is moderately light1 reddish tinted and surrounded by nearly white sapwood4 ,it varies widely in respect to density1 quality and width of sapwood4 ,much high grade plywood is made from this species4 ,young ,douglas-firs are sold as ,christmas trees4 ,,baldcypress ,taxodium distichum 7,l47 ,rich4 ,baldcypress grows in swamps which are flooded for prolonged periods1 and on wet stream banks and bottomlands4 ,it occurs in ,east ,texas west to the ,nueces ,river4 ,the straight trunk has numerous ascending branches1 and narrow conical outline4 ,in old age the tree generally has a broad fluted1 or buttressed base1 a smooth slowly tapering trunk and a broad1 open1 flat top of a few heavy branches and numerous small branchlets4 ,virgin-growth timber attains heights up to #acj feet and diameters up to #aj feet4 ,illustration3 ,,baldcypress 7,cone and leaves1 seven-eighths natural size7 ,the ,,bark is silvery to cinnamon-red1 finely divided by numerous longitudinal fissures4 ,the light green ,,leaves about to inch long1 are arranged in feather-like fashion along two sides of small branchlets which fall in the autumn with the leaves still attached4 ,the 8,,fruit01 a rounded cone1 is about one inch in diameter1 with thick irregular scales4 ,the ,,wood is light1 soft1 easily worked1 with a light sap wood and dark-brown heartwood4 ,it is particularly durable in contact with the soil4 ,cypress is in demand for exterior trim of buildings1 greenhouse planking1 boat and ship building1 shingles1 posts1 poles1 and crossties4 ,,ashe ,,juniper 7,mexican ,juniper--,mountain ,cedar7 ,juniperus ashei ,buchholz ,in ,central and ,west ,texas are found no less than nine species of cedars or junipers1 including one eastern1 one southern1 and seven western species4 ,of these1 the most abundant and important is the ,mexican juniper4 ,this tree often forms extensive low forests or dense breaks on the limestone hills and slopes of the ,edwards ,plateau and ,grand ,prairie4 ,illustration3 ,,ashe ,,juniper 7,berry-like fruit and leaves1 two-thirds natural size7 ,the trunk is covered with shreddy1 brown or reddish-brown ,,bark4 ,the ,,leaves are dark blue-green1 small1 opposite or arranged in #c's1 scale like1 blunt pointed1 and fringed with minute teeth4 ,on vigorous young plants the leaves are sharp pointed and longer1 up to inch long4 ,the 8,,fruit01 a nearly round1 dark blue1 berry-like cone is covered with glaucous bloom2 has a thin1 pleasant-scented1 sweet flesh1 enclosing #a or #b seeds2 and ripens in one season4 ,the ,,wood is light1 hard1 light brown1 close-grained but weak4 ,it is extensively used for fence posts and fuel4 ,the tree is sometimes planted as an ornamental4 ,,eastern ,,redcedar ,juniperus virginiana ,l4 ,redcedar is scattered through ,east ,texas1 usually on gravelly ridges and rocky hillsides of the uplands4 ,there are two kinds of ,,leaves1 usually both on the same tree4 ,the most common is dark green1 minute1 and scale-like1 clasping the twig in four ranks1 so that the twig appears square4 ,the other kind1 usually appearing on young growth1 or vigorous shoots1 is awl-shaped1 quite sharp-pointed1 spreading1 and whitened4 ,the ,,bark is thin1 reddish-brown1 turning ashy-gray on exposed surfaces1 and peels off in long shred-like strips4 ,the trunk is usually more or less grooved4 ,the male and female ,,flowers blooming in ,february or ,march1 are at the end of minute twigs on separate trees4 ,the 8,,fruit0 which matures in one season is pale blue1 inch in diameter1 and berry-like1 the sweet flesh enclosing one or two seeds4 ,illustration3 ,,eastern ,,redcedar 7,fruit and leaves1 three-fourths natural size7 ,the ,,heartwood is distinctly red1 and the sapwood white1 this color combination making very striking effects when finished as cedar chests1 closets1 and interior woodwork4 ,the wood is aromatic1 soft1 strong1 and of even texture1 very durable in contact with the soil1 and in great demand for posts1 poles1 and rustic work4 ,since redcedar spreads the cedar-rust of apples1 it is inadvisable to plant this tree in or near orchards1 or anywhere in regions devoted to commercial apple production4 ,,black ,,walnut ,juglans nigra ,l4 ,this valuable forest tree occurs on rich bottomlands and moist fertile hillsides as far west as the ,san ,antonio ,river4 ,it may attain a height of nearly #ajj feet with a straight stem1 clear of branches for half of its height4 ,the ,,bark is thick1 dark brown in color1 and divided by rather deep fissures into rounded ridges4 ,the ,,leaves are alternate1 compound1 #a to #b feet long1 consisting of from #ae to #bc leaflets of a yellowish-green color4 ,the leaflets are about #c inches long1 extremely tapering at the end1 and toothed along the margin4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,walnut 7,leaf1 one-fifth natural size2 fruit1 one-fourth natural size2 twig1 about natural size7 ,the ,,fruit is a nut1 borne singly or in pairs1 and enclosed in a solid green husk which does not split open1 even after the nut is ripe4 ,the nut itself is black with a very hard1 thick1 finely ridged shell1 enclosing a rich1 oily1 edible kernel4 ,the ,,heartwood is heavy1 hard and strong4 ,its rich chocolate-brown color1 freedom from warping1 and checking1 susceptibility to a high polish1 and durability make it highly prized for furniture and cabinet work and gunstocks4 ,walnut is easily propagated from the nuts1 and should be more widely planted and grown for timber and nuts4 ,,little ,,walnut or ,,texas ,,walnut 7,juglans microcarpa ,berlandier7 is found on limestone banks of streams in western ,texas4 ,the stumps supply a beautiful veneer4 ,,pecan ,carya illinoensis 7,wangenh47 ,k4 ,koch ,pecan1 the 8,state tree0 of ,texas1 is found native in the state from the ,piney ,woods west throughout ,central ,texas1 centering in the watershed of the ,colorado ,river4 ,it makes an excellent shade tree and is very valuable for the nut crop it bears4 ,many varieties are planted in orchards4 ,the pecan is a tall-growing tree1 attaining heights of over #ajj feet4 ,when grown in the open it forms a large1 rounded1 symmetrical top4 ,the outer ,,bark is rough1 hard1 tight1 but broken into scales2 on the limbs it is smooth at first but later tends to scale or divide as the bark grows old4 ,the ,,leaves resemble those of the other hickories and the black walnut4 ,they are made up of #i to #ag leaflets1 each oblong1 toothed and long-pointed1 and #d to #h inches long by about #b inches wide4 ,illustration3 ,,pecan 7,leaf1 one-sixth natural size2 fruit1 one-third natural size7 ,the ,,flowers appear in early spring and hang in tassels from #b to #c inches long4 ,the ,,fruit is a nut #a to #b inches long1 and to #a inch in diameter1 in a thin husk which opens along its grooved seams when the fruit ripens in the fall4 ,the nuts vary in size and thickness of shell4 ,cultivated varieties are sold on the market in large quantities4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 brittle1 not strong1 and of little value except for fuel and wagon stock4 ,some wood is satisfactory for making softball bats4 ,,bitternut ,,hickory 7,pignut7 ,carya cordiformis 7,wangenh47 ,k4 ,koch ,bitternut1 the only hickory with bright yellow buds1 is a tall slender tree with a broad pyramidal crown1 attaining a height of #ajj feet and a diameter of #b to #c feet4 ,it is found in the eastern part of the state on moist rich soils1 and is not abundant4 ,the ,,bark on the trunk is granite-gray1 faintly tinged with yellow1 less rough than in most hickories1 yet broken into thin1 plate-like scales4 ,illustration3 ,,bitternut ,,hickory 7,twig1 one-half natural size2 leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size7 ,the bright yellow winter ,,buds are compressed and scurfy4 ,the ,,leaves are alternate1 compound1 from #f to #aj inches long1 and composed of #e to #aa leaflets4 ,the individual leaflets are smaller and more slender than those of the other hickories4 ,the male and female ,,flowers are on the same tree4 ,the ,,fruit is about #a inch long and thin-husked1 while the nut has a thin1 smoothish1 gray1 brittle shell4 ,the kernel is bitter4 ,the ,,wood is hard1 strong1 and heavy2 reddish-brown in color1 and often called red hickory4 ,it has the same uses as the other hickories but is said to be inferior4 ,,water ,,hickory ,carya aquatica 7,michx4 f47 ,nutt4 ,this tree1 as its name indicates1 grows in bottomlands and rich1 wet woods4 ,it is found throughout the eastern portion of the state4 ,it is not a large hickory1 seldom attaining a height of #ajj feet or a diameter of #b feet4 ,it is slender1 with upright branches forming a narrow head4 ,it is easily distinguished from other hickories by its reddish-brown winter buds which are covered with yellow glands that fall off easily4 ,illustration3 ,,water ,,hickory 7,fruit and twig1 two-thirds natural size2 leaf1 one-fourth natural size7 ,the light brown ,,bark separates freely into long1 loose1 thick1 plate-like scales4 ,,leaves are alternate1 compound1 #i to #ae inches long1 with #g to #ac slender leaflets4 ,the ,,flowers are like those of other hickories4 ,the ,,fruit1 often borne in clusters of #c or #d1 is a rather oblong nut1 conspicuously four-angled1 with a thin1 red-brown hull that splits tardily4 ,the nut itself is nearly as broad as long1 four-angled and ridged1 with a thin shell and bitter kernel4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 strong1 close grained1 brown1 and rather brittle4 ,probably used only for fuel4 ,,shagbark ,,hickory ,carya ovata 7,mill47 ,k4 ,koch ,shagbark hickory is found from eastern ,texas to ,florida and north to the ,st4 ,lawrence ,river and ,minnesota4 ,it is a large tree of commercial importance reaching #ajj feet in height and #b to #c feet in diameter4 ,it thrives best on rich1 damp soil4 ,the ,,bark of the trunk is rougher than on other hickories1 light gray and separating into thick plates which are only slightly attached to the tree4 ,the large terminal winter buds are egg-shaped1 the persistent outer bud-scales having narrow tips4 ,illustration3 ,,shagbark ,,hickory 7,leaf1 one-third natural size2 twig1 one-half natural size2 fruit1 one-fourth natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are alternate1 compound1 from #h to #ae inches long and composed of #e1 rarely #g1 obovate to ovate leaflets4 ,the twigs are smooth or clothed with short hairs4 ,the male and female ,,flowers open after the leaves have attained nearly full size4 ,the ,,fruit is borne singly or in pairs and is globular4 ,the husk is thick and deeply grooved at the seams4 ,the nut is pale1 the shell thin1 and the kernel sweet4 ,it is sold in commercial quantities4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 tough1 and strong4 ,it is used in the manufacture of agricultural implements1 tool handles1 wagons1 and sports equipment4 ,,mockernut ,,hickory ,carya tomentosa ,nutt4 ,mockernut1 white1 or bigbud hickory1 is common on well-drained soils in the eastern part of the state4 ,it is a short-limbed tree up to #fj feet high and #a to #b feet in diameter4 ,the ,,bark is dark gray1 hard1 closely and deeply furrowed1 often apparently cross-furrowed or netted4 ,the winter ,,buds are large1 round or broadly egg-shaped1 and covered with downy1 hard scales4 ,the outer1 dark scales fall off readily in the autumn4 ,the recent shoots are short1 stout and more or less covered with a downy growth4 ,the ,,leaves are large1 strong-scented1 and hairy2 composed of #g to #i obovate to oblong1 pointed leaflets pale to orange-brown on the lower surface4 ,the leaves turn a beautiful yellow in the fall4 ,illustration3 ,,mockernut ,,hickory 7,leaf1 one-fifth natural size2 twig1 two-thirds natural size2 fruit1 one-third natural size7 ,the ,,flowers are of two kinds on the same tree2 the male in three-branched catkins1 the female in clusters of #b to #e4 ,the ,,fruit is oval1 nearly round or slightly pear-shaped with a very thick1 strong-scented husk which splits nearly to the base when ripe4 ,the nut sometimes has #d to #f ridges2 is reddish-brown1 thick shelled1 and has a small1 sweet kernel4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 tough1 and strong4 ,it is white except for the comparatively small1 dark-brown heart1 hence the name white hickory4 ,it is used for the same purpose as shagbark hickory and makes an excellent fuel4 ,,black ,,hickory ,carya texana ,buckl4 ,this is a common hickory in northern and eastern ,texas1 growing on hillsides and sandy uplands with post and black jack oaks4 ,it is distinguished by its rusty brown hairs found on the young leaves and branches4 ,it forms a tree #fj to #ge feet high1 with a trunk #b feet in diameter4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,hickory 7,leaf1 one-fourth natural size2 fruit1 one-third natural size2 twig1 three-fourths natural size7 ,the ,,bark is dark gray or nearly black1 deeply divided into rough ridges1 or it may be irregularly fissured and separated into thin scales4 ,the winter buds are ovoid and covered with rusty hairs mixed with silvery scales4 ,the ,,leaves1 #h to #ab inches long with #e to #g1 usually #g1 leaflets and rusty-hairy slender petioles1 are dark green1 lustrous above2 much paler beneath4 ,the ,,flowers are similar to other hickories4 ,the ,,fruit is obovoid1 narrow1 or abruptly contracted into a short stalk at the base1 with a husk _/ to inch thick1 splitting to the middle or nearly to the base4 ,the sweet-seeded nut is nearly obovoid to oblong1 rounded at the ends1 compressed and slightly four-angled1 with a shell to inch thick4 ,the hard1 brittle ,,wood is used chiefly for fuel4 ,,corkwood ,leitneria floridana ,chapm4 ,this lightest of all native woods in the ,united ,states grows in river swamps near the ,gulf1 about the mouth of the ,brazos ,river4 ,it is a small tree reaching a height of #bj feet1 or a shrub1 depending upon the location and natural conditions4 ,the base is usually swollen4 ,the straight1 gradually tapering trunk is crowned with a loose1 open-topped head4 ,the young branchlets are coated with hairs which later drop1 leaving a smooth1 dark1 red-brown stem4 ,illustration3 ,,corkwood 7,leaf1 one-half natural size2 fruit and winter twig1 natural size7 ,the simple1 alternate ,,leaves are from #d to #f inches long and about #b inches wide1 borne on petioles #a or #b inches long4 ,the leaves are shiny above4 ,the ,,flowers are in catkins of two kinds or sexes1 the male about #a inches long1 the female about inch long4 ,both kinds are borne on the same tree and appear about the first of ,march4 ,the ,,fruit is solitary or in clusters of #b to #d1 each about to inch long1 and ripens when the leaves are about one-half grown4 ,the ,,wood is soft1 exceedingly light1 generally uniform in texture and of a pale yellow color4 ,it is used as a substitute for cork for floats on fishing nets4 ,,eastern ,,cottonwood ,populus deltoides 7,bartr47 ,this cottonwood is found along streams throughout the state4 ,the tree is easily propagated by cutting and grows rapidly1 hence it has been widely planted to get shade quickly4 ,the tree is often unsatisfactory for shade because it begins to shed its leaves by midsummer4 ,the cotton-bearing seeds from the pistillate tree are often a nuisance4 ,the soft wood is easily broken by winds2 and the rank growth of the roots often results in stopping drain pipes and cracking and lifting sidewalks4 ,illustration3 ,,eastern ,,cottonwood 7,leaf1 one-half natural size2 twig1 one-third natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 alternate1 broadly ovate or triangular1 pointed1 square at the base1 and coarsely toothed on the edges1 #c to #e inches across each way1 covered with soft white hairs on the under side1 supported by flattened slender petioles1 #b to #c inches long4 ,the winter buds are covered with chestnut-brown1 resinous scales4 ,the male and female ,,flowers are in catkins on separate trees and appear before the leaves4 ,the ,,fruit1 a capsule1 contains a number of seed with white silky hairs which permit the winds to carry the seed for long distances4 ,the ,,wood is soft1 light-weight1 warps easily upon drying1 but is used for many purposes1 sometimes as a substitute for yellow poplar and linden4 ,three other species of ,southern cottonwood occur in western ,texas4 ,one species1 ,p4 sargentii ,dode1 which has long pointed leaves1 is found in the ,panhandle4 ,,black ,,willow ,salix nigra ,marsh4 ,black willow is found along streams throughout the state4 ,it rarely grows taller than #ej feet and is frequently found growing singly or in clumps along the water courses4 ,in winter the easily separable bright reddish-brown or golden1 naked twigs are quite conspicuous4 ,the ,,bark is deeply divided into broad1 flat ridges which separate into thick plate-like scales4 ,on old trees it becomes shaggy4 ,in color it varies from light brown tinged with orange1 to nearly black4 ,the ,,leaves are from #c to #f inches long1 and less than inch wide2 the tips are greatly tapered and the entire margin finely toothed4 ,the leaves are bright green on both sides1 turning pale yellow in the early autumn4 ,the ,,flowers are in catkins1 the male and female on separate trees4 ,the ,,fruit is a capsule containing numerous minute seeds with long silky hairs which enable them to be blown long distances4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,willow 7,leaf1 two-thirds natural size2 fruit and twig1 natural size7 ,the ,,wood is soft1 light1 and not strong4 ,a high grade of charcoal1 used in the manufacture of gunpowder1 is obtained from willow wood1 and it is the chief wood used in manufacture of artificial limbs4 ,,american ,,hornbeam 7,blue ,beech7 ,carpinus caroliniana ,walt4 ,american hornbeam or blue beech1 also known as ironwood and water beech1 is a small slow-growing1 bushy tree with a spreading top of slender1 crooked or drooping branches4 ,it is found along streams and in low ground1 usually in the shade of other trees4 ,its height is usually from #bj to #cj feet and its diameter #d to #h inches1 although it sometimes grows larger4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,hornbeam 7,leaf and fruit1 one-half natural size2 twig1 natural size7 ,the ,,trunk is fluted with irregular ridges or 8muscles0 extending up and down the tree4 ,the ,,bark is smooth1 light brownish-gray to dark bluish-gray in color1 sometimes marked with dark bands extending horizontally on the trunk4 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 alternate1 oval1 long-pointed1 doubly toothed along the margin1 and #a to #c inches long4 ,they resemble those of the black or sweet birch1 but are smaller4 ,the ,,flowers are borne in catkins separately on the same tree2 the male catkin about #a inches long1 the female1 about of an inch1 with small1 leaf-like1 three-lobed green scales4 ,the ,,fruit is a nutlet about inch long4 ,it falls1 attached to the leaf-like scale which acts as a wing aiding its distribution by the wind4 ,the ,,wood is tough1 close-grained1 heavy1 and strong4 ,it is sometimes selected for use for levers1 tool handles1 wooden cogs1 mallets1 wedges1 etc4 ,the tree is of little commercial importance and often occupies space in the woods that should be utilized by more valuable species4 ,,eastern ,,hophornbeam 7,ironwood7 ,ostrya virginiana 7,mill47 ,k4 ,koch ,the tree gets its common names from the qualities of its wood and the hop-like fruit4 ,it is a small1 slender1 generally round-topped tree1 from #bj to #cj feet high and #g to #aj inches in diameter4 ,the top consists of long slender branches1 commonly drooping toward the ends4 ,it is found mostly on rather dry soils throughout the uplands of the eastern part of the state4 ,the ,,bark is mostly light1 gray-brown1 or reddish-brown1 and finely divided into thin scales4 ,illustration3 ,,eastern ,,hophornbeam 7,twig1 three-fifths natural size2 leaf and fruit1 one-half natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 alternate1 generally oblong with narrow tips1 sharply doubly toothed along the margin1 and from #b to #c inches long4 ,the ,,flowers are of two kinds on the same tree2 the male1 in drooping catkins which form the previous summer1 the female1 in erect catkins on the newly formed twigs4 ,the ,,fruit1 which resembles that of the common hop vines1 consists of a branch of leafy bracts #a to #b inches long containing a number of flattened ribbed nutlets4 ,the ,,wood1 strong1 hard1 durable1 light brown to white1 with thick1 pale sapwood1 is often used for handles of tools1 mallets1 and other small articles4 ,,river ,,birch 7,red ,birch7 ,betula nigra ,l4 ,this is the only native birch found at low elevations in the ,south4 ,it occurs in ,east ,texas and1 as the name implies1 in the deep1 rich soils along the borders of streams1 ponds1 lakes1 and swamps4 ,the ,,bark provides a ready means of identifying this tree4 ,it varies from reddish-brown to cinnamon-red in color1 and peels back in tough papery layers4 ,these layers persist on the trunk1 presenting a very ragged and quite distinctive appearance4 ,unlike the bark of other birches the thin paper layers are usually covered with a gray powder4 ,on older trees1 the bark on the main trunk becomes thick1 deeply furrowed1 and a reddish-brown color4 ,illustration3 ,,river ,,birch 7,twig1 natural size2 leaf and fruit1 one-half natural size2 male flower1 one third natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 alternate1 #b to #c inches long1 more or less oval in shape1 with double-toothed edge4 ,the upper surface is dark green and the lower a pale yellowish green4 ,the ,,flowers are in catkins1 the two kinds growing on the same tree4 ,the ,,fruit is cone-shaped about one inch long1 and densely crowded with little winged nutlets that ripen from ,may to ,june4 ,the ,,wood is strong and fairly close-grained4 ,it has been used to some extent in the manufacture of wooden-ware1 in turnery1 and for wagon hubs4 ,however1 this tree is scattered in its distribution and is not of commercial importance4 ,,american ,,beech ,fagus grandifolia ,ehrh4 ,beech is found in ,east ,texas to the ,trinity ,river on the bottomland of streams and the margins of swamps4 ,it is one of the most beautiful of all trees1 in summer or winter4 ,the simple1 alternate1 oblong-ovate ,,leaves are #c to #d inches long1 pointed at the tip1 and coarsely toothed and hairy along the margin4 ,when mature1 they are almost leathery in texture4 ,the beech produces a dense shade4 ,the light brown winter buds are long1 slender1 and pointed4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,beech 7,fruit1 leaves1 and twig1 one-half natural size7 ,the ,,bark is1 perhaps1 the most distinctive characteristic1 as it maintains an unbroken1 light gray surface throughout its life4 ,the little1 brown1 three-sided ,,fruits or beechnuts are almost as well known as chestnuts4 ,the nuts are in pairs in a prickly involucre4 ,the kernel is sweet and edible4 ,the fallen fruit1 known as mast1 is a favorite food of wildlife4 ,the ,,wood of the beech is hard1 strong1 and tough1 though it will not last long on exposure to weather or in the soil4 ,the tree is of economic importance as a lumber tree1 the wood being used for furniture1 flooring1 carpenters' tools1 and novelty wares4 ,,allegheny ,,chinkapin ,castanea pumila ,mill4 ,chinkapins may grow as trees or form shrubby thickets2 consequently their identification is at times confusing4 ,some taxonomists credit ,east ,texas with one species and a variety4 ,others list four species4 ,further study is needed4 ,c4 pumila grows in dry woods1 sandy ridges1 and on borders of swamps from ,florida to ,east ,texas north to ,ark41 ,tenn41 ,pa41 and ,n4 ,j4 ,it may grow into a small tree #aj to #cj feet high and may reach #ej feet4 ,if burned back by fires1 it may send out stolons or sprouts and form dense shrubby growths4 ,,branchlets pubescent1 gradually changing to a lustrous olive-green or orange-brown1 then darker4 ,the ,,leaves are #d to #f inches long1 #a to #b inches wide1 oblong to ovate and acute1 the margin coarsely toothed with slender1 rigid1 spreading or incurved teeth4 ,base of leaf unequal1 either rounded or wedge-shaped4 ,leaf at first tomentose above and below1 later yellow-green above and whitish-downy below4 ,petiole short1 stout1 and flattened on the upper side4 ,,fruit a single brown1 ovoid1 pointed1 plump1 sweet1 edible nut1 to #a inch long1 encased in a bur covered with erect1 crowded spines approximately inch long4 ,,wood light1 hard1 strong1 coarse-grained2 used for fence posts and railway ties4 ,of little economic importance because of its relative scarcity4 ,c4 pumila is a nut-producing tree of potential commercial importance4 ,illustration3 ,,allegheny ,,chinkapin 7,fruit1 leaves and twig1 two-thirds natural size7 ,,ashe ,,chinkapin 7,c4 pumila var4 ashei ,sudw47 is a small tree of dry sandy soils4 ,leaves are felt-like below4 ,this variety is distinguished by its bur which has scattered1 forked1 and horizontally divergent bristles4 ,the surface of the bur has smooth areas free of bristles4 ,a variation of chinkapin with leaves #c to #d inches long and lustrous below is frequently described as ,,florida ,,chinkapin 7,c4 alnifolia var4 floridana ,sarg47 ,,shumard ,,oak 7,spotted ,oak7 ,quercus shumardii ,buckl4 ,this species1 one of the largest ,southern red oaks1 was named for ,benjamin ,f4 ,shumard1 an early state geologist of ,texas4 ,,shumard ,,oak is found in the eastern part of the state on well-drained alluvial soils and on fertile slopes4 ,it forms a tall1 wide-spreading1 rather open head4 ,the ,,bark is dark1 rough1 divided into ridges1 and usually from #a to #a inches thick4 ,it seldom comprises the principal species of any forest stands1 but more often occurs as individual trees4 ,it attains a diameter of more than #c feet and a height of more than #ajj feet1 but is usually smaller4 ,winter ,,buds covered with gray1 smooth scales1 while the buds of ,texas oak 7page #dd7 are covered with red1 densely pubescent scales4 ,illustration3 ,,shumard ,,oak 7,twig and leaf1 one-half natural size2 fruit1 natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are deciduous1 simple1 alternate #f to #h inches long by #d to #e inches wide2 #g-lobed1 rarely #e1 and each lobe #b or #c-lobed or deeply toothed4 ,the lobes are frequently thicker than is shown in the drawing4 ,the leaves are smaller and more deeply lobed than those of the black oak4 ,leaves smooth except for dense tufts of pale hairs at the axils of the veins below4 ,the ,,fruit is a small acorn1 about inch in diameter and to #a inches long1 set in a shallow saucer-like cup4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 strong1 close-grained1 and light reddish-brown in color1 and commercially important for lumber and cross ties4 ,the variety shumardii has leaves with narrow lobes1 a rougher1 dark grayish bark1 and deeper cups to the acorns4 ,it is the more common form in ,texas4 ,,texas ,,oak ,quercus shumardii var4 texana 7,buckl47 ,ashe ,texas oak is found on the dry limestone hills and ridges1 and in the more fertile soils at their base1 in ,central and western ,texas to the ,edwards ,plateau4 ,it is rarely over #cj feet tall or #aj inches in diameter4 ,illustration3 ,,texas ,,oak 7,leaf1 two-thirds natural size2 fruit1 and twig1 natural size7 ,the ,,bark is light brown1 red-tinged1 deeply ridged1 and broken into plate-like scales4 ,the ,,leaves are deciduous #b to #c inches wide1 #c to #c inches long2 widest above the middle2 divided into #e to #g lobes1 with the terminal lobe #c-lobed2 dark green and shiny above1 pale-shiny below2 petiole slender1 about #a inch long4 ,the ,,fruit is short-stemmed1 usually single1 to inch long and broad1 varying to nearly #a inch long and inch broad1 set in a cup that covers one-third or less of the fruit1 reddish-brown and often streaked with dark lines4 ,the ,,wood is most useful for fuel4 ,,graves ,,oak 7,q4 gravesii ,sudw47 is found in the ,davis and ,chisos ,mountains of southwestern ,texas4 ,,black ,,oak ,quercus velutina ,lam4 ,black oak1 also called yellow oak1 reaches #hj feet in height and #a to #c feet in diameter4 ,it grows in ,east ,texas1 and in the hills and canyons near the mouth of the ,pecos ,river4 ,the crown is irregularly shaped and wide1 with a clear trunk for #bj feet or more on large trees4 ,the ,,bark on the very young trunks is smooth and dark brown1 but soon becomes thick and black with deep furrows and rough broken edges4 ,the bright yellow color and bitter taste of the inner bark are distinguishing characteristics4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,oak 7,twig and fruit1 one-half natural size2 leaf1 one-third natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are deciduous1 alternate1 simple1 #e to #aj inches long and #c to #h inches wide1 shallow or deeply lobed1 the shape varying greatly4 ,when mature1 the leaves are dark green and shiny on the upper surface1 pale on the lower1 more or less covered with a scurfy yellow or orange down1 and with conspicuous rusty brown hairs in the forks of the veins4 ,the ,,fruit matures the second season4 ,the light brown nut is from to #a inch long1 more or less hemispherical in shape1 and from one-half to three-fourths enclosed in the thin1 dark brown1 scaly cup4 ,the yellow kernel is bitter4 ,the ,,wood1 used and marketed as red oak1 is hard1 heavy1 strong1 coarse-grained1 and checks easily4 ,it is a bright red-brown with a thin outer edge of paler sapwood4 ,,southern ,,red ,,oak ,quercus falcata ,michx4 ,southern red oak1 commonly known as red oak and formerly as ,spanish oak1 usually reaches a height of #hj feet and diameter of #c feet1 although larger trees are found4 ,it grows on dry hills in the eastern part of the state to the ,brazos ,river1 while three varieties are found in richer1 more moist locations4 ,its large spreading branches form a broad1 round1 open top4 ,the ,,bark is rough1 not deeply furrowed1 and varies from light gray on younger trees to dark gray or almost black on older ones4 ,illustration3 ,,southern ,,red ,,oak 7,leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size2 twig1 one-half natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are deciduous1 with pear-shaped or irregular1 rounded or narrow bristle-tipped lobes1 the central lobe often longest4 ,variety pagodaefolia ,ell41 7,cherrybark ,oak7 has more numerous lobes4 ,all leaves have brown or gray down beneath4 ,the staminate ,,flowers appear as catkins #c-e inches long in ,april while the leaves unfold4 ,the ,,fruit ripens the second year4 ,the small1 rounded1 inch long acorn is set in a thin saucer-shaped cup that tapers to a short stalk4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 strong1 coarse-grained1 and valuable for lumber4 ,the bark is rich in tannin4 ,the tree is also desirable for shade and ornamental use4 ,,blackjack ,,oak ,quercus marilandica ,muenchh4 ,the occurrence of blackjack oak is said to indicate poor soil since it often occurs on dry or poorly drained1 gravelly1 clay1 or sandy upland soils where few other forest trees thrive4 ,this perhaps accounts chiefly for its slow rate of growth4 ,it is found in those parts of the state that support a natural tree growth1 as far west as ,callahan ,county4 ,the tree sometimes reaches a height of #ej or #fj feet and a diameter of #af inches1 but it is usually much smaller4 ,its hard1 stiff1 drooping branches form a dense crown which usually contains many persistent dead twigs4 ,the ,,bark is rough1 very dark1 often nearly black1 and 8blocky02 inner bark bright orange or yellow4 ,illustration3 ,,blackjack ,,oak 7,twig1 two-thirds natural size2 leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are deciduous1 tawny-pubescent1 of leathery texture1 dark green on the upper surface1 lighter underneath1 broadly wedge-shaped1 and variable in shape1 #d to #aj inches long and about the same in width4 ,the ,,fruit is an acorn about inch long1 yellow-brown and often striped1 enclosed for half its length or more in a thick1 light-brown cup4 ,the acorns mature at the end of the second season2 flesh of cotyledons yellow4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard and strong4 ,it is used for firewood and is made into charcoal4 ,,water ,,oak ,quercus nigra ,l4 ,water oak is native along the borders of swamps and streams and on rich bottomlands in ,texas as far west as the ,colorado ,river4 ,it has been widely planted along streets and in parks as a shade tree4 ,when fully grown this tree reaches a height of about #hj feet and a diameter exceeding #a to #c feet4 ,the ,,bark is smooth1 light brown tinged with red1 and has many smooth1 thin scales over the surface4 ,water oak can be best distinguished from the willow oak--a close associate1 but longer-lived--by the differences in the general shape and size of leaves4 ,illustration3 ,,water ,,oak 7,leaf1 one-third natural size2 twig and fruit1 one-half natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 quite variable in shape1 mostly oblong1 broader near the point1 and more narrow at the base1 giving a wedge-shaped effect1 often slightly three-lobed at the outer end1 thin1 and of a dull bluish-green color1 paler below than above2 mostly smooth1 and usually #b or #c inches long and #a to #b inches wide2 remain green for some time1 then turn yellow and gradually fall from the tree during the winter4 ,the ,,flowers appear in ,april when the leaves begin to unfold4 ,the ,,fruit1 an acorn1 matures at the end of the second season4 ,the acorn is from to inch long and nearly as broad1 light brown or yellowish-brown and often striped1 enclosed at the base only in a thin saucer-shaped cup4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 and strong1 light brown in color1 with lighter-colored sapwood4 ,the wood is utilized chiefly for crossties and fuel4 ,,willow ,,oak 7,pin ,oak7 ,quercus phellos ,l4 ,willow oak1 also called water oak1 and pin oak1 occurs in the eastern part of the state to the ,brazos ,river4 ,it is frequently found in lowlands and along the borders of rivers and swamps1 but often also on rich sandy uplands4 ,it is a beautiful and long-lived tree1 and desirable for roadsides1 lawns and parks4 ,the ,,bark is generally smooth and of a reddish-brown color2 with age1 the bark becomes slightly roughened and divided by narrow ridges4 ,illustration3 ,,willow ,,oak 7,twig1 one-half natural size2 leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size7 ,the slender willow-like ,,leaves on a tree whose habit of growth is manifestly that of an oak1 make the tree easy to identify in the forest4 ,the deciduous leaves are #b to #e inches long and to #a inch wide1 smooth1 light green and shiny above1 but dull and usually smooth below2 alternate in arrangement on the twig and borne on a short stout petiole4 ,the ,,fruit1 small acorns1 closely set along the stem1 matures at the end of the second year4 ,the nut is a light yellow-brown hemisphere1 about inch in diameter1 its base scarcely enclosed in the shallow1 pale greenish-red or reddish-brown cup4 ,the nuts are eaten as food by bluejays1 grackles 7blackbirds71 several other species of birds1 and by rodents4 ,the ,,wood is not separated commercially from other species in the red oak group4 ,it is heavy1 strong1 rather coarse-grained1 light brown tinged with red1 and not durable when exposed to the weather4 ,it is used locally for crossties1 bridge planks1 barn sills1 and general construction4 ,,bluejack ,,oak 7,sandjack ,oak7 ,quercus incana ,bartr4 ,this species1 which grows on dry sand hills1 is usually no more than #be feet in height and #e or #f inches in diameter2 ranging mainly through ,east ,texas extending as far west as the ,brazos ,river and scattering in ,central and ,northwest ,texas4 ,the ,,bark is similar to that of blackjack1 being divided into thick nearly square blocks #a to #b inches in length and covered with small dark brown or nearly black scales slightly tinged with red4 ,illustration3 ,,bluejack ,,oak 7,leaves1 twigs1 and fruit about two-thirds natural size7 ,the ,,leaves of this tree are oblong-lanceolate1 pale blue-green above1 almost white beneath2 #b to #e inches in length and #a to l inches in width with a stout yellow midrib4 ,the tree is most attractive in early spring when it is covered with the light red flowers and young leaves4 ,,acorns are produced in great profusion1 sessile1 or on a short stock4 ,they are rounded at the ends1 striate1 and about inch in length1 and mature at the end of the second year4 ,the ,,wood is hard1 strong1 close-grained1 light brown1 tinged with red4 ,it has a dark colored sapwood4 ,the wood is of no value except for fuel4 ,there are several hybrids of this species reported in ,texas4 ,,emory ,,oak ,quercus emoryi ,torr4 ,in the canyons and on the southern slopes of the ,davis and ,chisos ,mountains occurs this interesting oak with glossy1 spiny1 8holly-like0 leaves1 and sweet1 edible acorns4 ,a small round-topped tree up to #cj or #dj feet in height1 the emory oak has drooping branches and slender1 decidedly reddish branchlets4 ,the ,,leaves are mostly persistent1 oblong1 pointed1 smooth or sharply toothed along the margin1 thick1 very glossy green1 about #b inches long and less than #a inch wide4 ,illustration3 ,,emory ,,oak 7,leaf three-fourths natural size2 fruit and twig1 three-fourths natural size7 ,the acorn1 or ,,fruit1 is borne close to the branchlet and matures in one season4 ,it is oblong in shape1 inch or more in length1 with a dark brown or nearly black nut enclosed for about one-third its length in a narrow cup4 ,the latter is lined with dense gray fuzz or 8tomentum40 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 strong1 somewhat brittle1 close-grained1 dark brown1 with light brown sapwood tinged with red4 ,the acorns are an important article of food for ,mexicans and ,indians4 ,,mexican ,,blue ,,oak 7,q4 oblongifolia ,torr471 closely resembling emory oak1 is a smaller tree and does not occur at the higher elevations 7over #f1jjj ft47 where emory oak may be found4 ,,gray ,,oak 7,quercus grisea ,liebm47 occurs in the ,trans-,pecos area in ,texas4 ,this species is a scrub or small tree #bj to #cj feet high1 but sometimes reaching a height of #fe feet4 ,,live ,,oak ,quercus virginiana ,mill4 ,live oak range extends from southeastern ,virginia through the lower ,coastal ,plain of the ,atlantic and ,gulf ,states2 in ,texas1 from the mouth of the ,rio ,grande north to the ,red ,river and west to the ,guadalupe ,mountains1 also in southern ,mexico and ,cuba4 ,it is a tree of striking character from its wide-spreading habit2 sometimes reaching more than #ajj feet in spread2 with a short stout trunk1 #c to #d feet in diameter1 dividing in several large limbs with nearly horizontal branches1 forming a low1 dense1 round-topped head4 ,its height is commonly from #dj to #ej feet4 ,the ,,bark on the trunk and large branches is dark brown tinged with red1 and slightly furrowed4 ,it grows to largest size on the rich hammocks and low ridges near the coast and only a few feet above the water level4 ,slow-growing and long-lived1 it is one of the most desirable trees for roadside and ornamental planting throughout most of its range4 ,it is one of the very few trees that is apparently immune to cotton root-rot4 ,illustration3 ,,live ,,oak 7,leaf1 natural size2 fruit and twig1 one-half natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 persistent1 thick1 leathery1 oblong1 smooth above1 pale and silvery white beneath2 from #b to #d inches in length and #a to #b inches in breadth4 ,the ,,fruit is an acorn about #a inch long and inch wide1 borne on a long stem or peduncle2 it is oblong1 dark brown and lustrous1 and set in a top-shaped1 downy cup of a light reddish-brown color4 ,the acorn matures at the end of the first season4 ,the ,,wood is very heavy1 hard1 strong and tough1 light brown or yellow1 with nearly white1 thin sapwood4 ,it was formerly largely used in ship building4 ,,mohrs ,,oak 7,shin ,oak7 ,quercus mohriana ,buckl4 ,over a wide section of ,central ,texas1 on inferior soils1 are found four or more species of 8shin0 oaks1 so called from their low-growing bushy habit4 ,mature trees vary from #c to #ah feet high4 ,these are considerably alike in foliage and fruit4 ,the 8oak shinneries0 form a forest cover in ,central ,texas that affords watershed protection on the head waters of some of the state's main rivers4 ,illustration3 ,,mohrs ,,oak 7,fruit1 natural size2 leaf1 two-thirds natural size7 ,the tree has a thin1 pale-colored ,,bark1 rough1 with deep furrows running up and down the tree4 ,the deciduous ,,leaves of the above small-tree species of shin oak are elliptical1 pointed or rounded at the end1 smooth or wavy or sometimes lobed or slightly toothed along the margin4 ,they are thick1 gray-green1 dense hairy beneath1 about #c inches long by #a inch wide4 ,the acorns1 or ,,fruit1 occur solitarily or in pairs1 on very short peduncles1 and mature in one season4 ,they are small1 deeply enclosed in a relatively heavy cup1 thin toward the outer end4 ,the ,,wood of ,mohrs oak is not of economic importance4 ,,durand ,,oak 7,durand ,white ,oak7 ,quercus durandii ,buckl4 ,this oak is found on the well-drained soil of river bottoms from the coast region of ,east ,texas to the bottoms of the ,guadalupe ,river 7,victoria ,county7 and inland to ,san ,saba ,county1 and the ,dallas area4 ,it forms a tree #fj to #ij feet high with a tall trunk #b to #c feet in diameter2 comparatively small branches1 the lower horizontal1 the upper ascending1 forming a dense1 round-topped1 handsome head4 ,illustration3 ,,durand ,,oak 7,leaves and fruit1 one-half natural size7 ,the ,,bark is thin1 light gray or nearly white and broken into loose appressed scales4 ,the deciduous ,,leaves are #b to #g inches long1 yellow-green1 thin1 smooth on the edges1 three-lobed toward the tip1 or irregularly lobed1 the three forms appearing on different branches of the same tree4 ,the ,,fruit1 an acorn1 solitary or in pairs on a very short peduncle1 is nearly egg-shaped1 pale chestnut-brown1 shinning1 to inch long1 and barely enclosed at the base in the thin saucer-shaped cup4 ,the acorn matures in one season4 ,the ,,wood is hard and heavy and is used largely as fuel4 ,,white ,,oak ,quercus alba ,l4 ,within its natural range1 which includes practically the entire eastern half of the ,united ,states1 the white oak is one of the most important timber trees4 ,found in ,east ,texas to the ,brazos ,river1 it commonly reaches a height of #hj feet and a diameter of #c feet4 ,it is found on high quality soils4 ,grown in a dense stand it has a long1 straight trunk1 free of side branches for over half of its height4 ,in the open1 it develops a short trunk and broad crown with far-reaching limbs4 ,the ,,bark is thin1 light ashy gray and covered with loose scales or broad plates4 ,illustration3 ,,white ,,oak 7,twig1 one-half natural size2 leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size7 ,the deciduous ,,leaves are alternate1 simple1 #e to #i inches long and about half as broad4 ,they are deeply divided into #e to #i rounded1 finger-like lobes4 ,the young leaves are a soft silvery-gray or yellow or red while unfolding1 later becoming bright green and lustrous or dull above and much paler and glaucous below4 ,the ,,fruit1 an acorn maturing in one season1 is to #a inch long1 light brown1 and about one-fourth enclosed in a warty cup4 ,the acorn is relished by hogs and other livestock4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 strong1 hard1 tough1 close-grained1 durable1 and light brown in color4 ,the uses are many1 including construction1 watertight barrels1 furniture1 wagons1 implements1 interior finish1 flooring1 and fuel4 ,although white oak is slow growing1 it is valuable for forest1 highway and ornamental planting4 ,,post ,,oak ,quercus stellata ,wangenh4 ,post oak of ,texas is usually a medium-sized tree1 with a rounded crown1 commonly reaching a height of #ej feet and a diameter of #a foot1 but sometimes considerably larger4 ,it is the common oak in ,central ,texas and occurs frequently in ,east ,texas4 ,it occurs most abundantly on the poorer upland soils that have poor drainage4 ,the deciduous ,,leaves are usually #d to #e inches long and nearly as broad1 deeply five-lobed with broad rounded divisions1 the lobes broadest at the ends4 ,they are thick and somewhat leathery1 dark green and shiny on the upper surface1 lighter green and rough hairy beneath4 ,illustration3 ,,post ,,oak 7,leaf and twig1 one-third natural size2 fruit1 one-fourth natural size7 ,the ,,flowers1 like those of the other oaks1 are of two kinds on the same tree1 the male in drooping clustered catkins1 the female inconspicuous4 ,the ,,fruit1 an oval acorn to #a inch long1 is set in a rather small cup which has thin scales and may or may not be stalked4 ,the fruit matures in one season4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 close-grained1 light to dark brown1 and durable in contact with the soil4 ,it is used for crossties and fence posts1 and occasionally for furniture and lumber4 ,aside from the typical form1 two varieties are found in the state4 ,the variety margaretta 7,ashe7 ,sarg4 is the common post oak of eastern ,texas4 ,,bur ,,oak 7,mossy-,cup ,oak7 ,quercus macrocarpa ,michx4 ,bur oak occurs throughout the eastern part of the state and as far west as ,callahan and ,menard ,counties1 in rich bottomlands along streams1 or on rich hillsides along spring-fed rivers4 ,the name alludes to the fringe around the cup of the acorn1 which is sometimes large4 ,the tree usually has a broad top of heavy spreading branches and a relatively short body4 ,in maturity it attains a diameter of #e feet or more and a height of over #hj feet4 ,the branches frequently have conspicuous corky ridges after the second year4 ,illustration3 ,,bur ,,oak 7,illustrations1 one-third natural size7 ,the ,,bark is light gray and is usually broken up into small narrow flakes4 ,the deciduous ,,leaves resemble somewhat those of the common white oak1 but are much larger and have a pair of deep indentations on their border near the base1 and wavy notches on the broad1 middle and upper portions of the leaf4 ,they range from #f to #ab inches long and #c to #f inches wide4 ,the ,,fruit1 or acorn1 is set deeply in the fringed cup4 ,the fruit is usually #a inch or more in diameter but varies widely in respect to size and the degree to which the nut is enclosed in the mossy-fringed cup4 ,the fruit matures in one season4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 strong1 tough and durable4 ,it is used for much the same purposes as the other white oaks--for lumber1 crossties1 and fuel4 ,,overcup ,,oak ,quercus lyrata ,walt4 ,overcup oak1 sometimes known as the swamp post oak or water white oak1 becomes a large tree with small1 often pendulous branches4 ,it is found in moist1 rich bottomlands in ,east ,texas to the ,navasota ,river ,valley4 ,the ,,leaves are deciduous1 #g to #i inches long1 #a to #d inches broad1 oblong1 wider toward the point1 narrowed at the base1 dark green above1 often whitish beneath1 with #g to #i distinct pointed lobes4 ,they frequently turn to a bright scarlet or to scarlet and orange in the fall4 ,the ,,bark is rough1 flaky1 and gray tinged with red4 ,illustration3 ,,overcup ,,oak 7,leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size2 twig1 two-thirds natural size7 ,the ,,flowers open with the unfolding of the leaves4 ,the ,,fruit1 an acorn1 ripens in one season4 ,the large rounded or somewhat flattened acorn1 an inch or more across and to #a inch high1 is nearly covered by the ovate or nearly spherical cup1 which is thickened at the base but gradually grows thinner1 often irregularly split at the margin of the cup4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 strong1 and durable and is used for the same purposes as that of white oak4 ,,swamp ,,chestnut ,,oak ,quercus michauxii ,nutt4 ,this species1 also called basket oak and cow oak1 is distinguished by having a wavy leaf-margin1 a large fruit which is sessile or very short stalked1 and by the fact that it occurs in its greatest abundance in bottomlands4 ,it is confined chiefly to the eastern part of the state as far west as the ,trinity ,river4 ,in the appearance of its bark and branches it closely resembles the ordinary white oak1 but the leaf lacks deep indentations and the acorn is usually larger4 ,the tree attains heights of about #ajj feet and diameters of about #d feet4 ,the ,,leaves are deciduous1 obovate or oblong ovate1 notched on the edge somewhat like the chinkapin oak1 but the lobes are rounded instead of pointed4 ,they vary from #d to #h inches in length1 are downy beneath and turn a rich crimson in the fall4 ,the ,,bark is very light gray1 and on old trees is broken into broad flakes or divided into strips4 ,illustration3 ,,swamp ,,chestnut ,,oak 7,twig1 one-half natural size2 fruit and leaf1 one-third natural size7 ,the acorn1 or ,,fruit1 matures in one season and attains a diameter of more than an inch and a length of #a inches4 ,the acorn is a bright1 shiny brown and set in a rather shallow cup4 ,the acorn is frequently eaten by cows and this fact gives the tree one of its common names4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 tough1 strong1 and takes an excellent polish4 ,it is used in manufacturing lumber1 veneer1 boards 7shakes71 water-tight barrels1 fuel1 fence posts1 and baskets4 ,,chinkapin ,,oak ,quercus muhlenbergii ,engelm4 ,this oak1 also known as chestnut oak1 occurs over the eastern part of the state and west to the ,guadalupe ,river2 also on the ,guadalupe ,mountains4 ,it grows on most classes of soils1 except in swamps1 and is tenacious on shallow1 dry1 limestone soil4 ,the ,,bark is light gray1 and breaks up in the short narrow flakes on the main trunk and old limbs4 ,it reaches a height of #bj to #ej feet4 ,the straight1 shapely trunk bears a round-topped head composed of small branches1 which makes it an attractive shade tree4 ,the ,,leaves are deciduous1 oblong1 #c to #f inches in length1 #a to #c inches wide1 equally toothed or notched on the edges1 resembling the leaves of chestnut oak4 ,the ,,fruit1 which ripens in the fall of the first season1 is light to dark brown when ripe1 and edible if roasted4 ,this acorn is to nearly #a inch long1 usually less than #a inch in diameter1 and set in a shallow cup4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 strong1 durable1 and takes an excellent polish4 ,it is used for barrels1 fencing1 crossties1 fuel1 and occasionally for furniture4 ,illustration3 ,,chinkapin ,,oak 7,leaf1 one-half natural size2 twig and fruit1 one-third natural size7 ,,american ,,elm 7,white ,elm7 ,ulmus americana ,l4 ,the range of this famous ,american shade tree extends west to the ,dakotas and southward to ,coke ,county1 ,texas4 ,within this vast area1 it is generally common except in the high mountains and wet bottomlands4 ,it reaches an average height of #fj feet and a diameter of #c feet4 ,the ,,bark is dark gray1 divided into irregular flat-topped1 thick ridges1 and is generally firm4 ,an incision into an outer ridge of bark will show alternate brown and cream colored layers4 ,a cross section of slippery elm bark is uniformly cream or tan colored4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,elm 7,twig1 one-half natural size2 leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are alternate1 simple1 #d to #f inches long1 rather thick1 somewhat lopsided1 double toothed on the margin1 and either smooth or scabrous above and soft pubescent or glabrate below4 ,the leaf veins are very pronounced and run in parallel lines from the midrib to the leaf margin4 ,the ,,flowers are small1 perfect1 greenish1 on slender pedicels1 soon pendulous1 and appear before the leaves4 ,the ,,fruit ripens in the spring and is a light green1 oval-shaped samara 7winged fruit7 with the seed portion in the center and surrounded entirely by a wing4 ,a deep notch in the end of the wing is distinctive of the species4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 strong1 tough1 and difficult to split4 ,it is used for hubs of wheels1 saddle trees1 veneer for baskets and crates1 and slack cooperage4 ,american elm is rapidly being destroyed in the ,east and ,midwest by the ,dutch elm disease and by phloem necrosis4 ,,winged ,,elm ,ulmus alata ,michx4 ,winged elm gets its common name from the thin corky growth or 8wings01 usually found on smaller branches4 ,these 8wings0 generally end abruptly at the leaf nodes as contrasted by the cedar elm 7p4 #fc7 whose 8wings0 are generally continuous4 ,on large rapidly growing trees the wings are often absent4 ,it occurs in eastern ,texas south to the valley of the ,guadalupe ,river1 on dry uplands1 and in moist soils along streams and swamps4 ,it grows rapidly in moist situations1 and may also be planted along roadsides in relatively dry1 poor locations4 ,it is comparatively free from disease1 though not long-lived4 ,winged elm is a medium-sized tree #dj to #ej feet in height and rarely as large as #b feet in diameter4 ,it forms a rather open1 round-topped head4 ,illustration3 ,,winged ,,elm 7,leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size2 twig1 one-half natural size7 ,the ,,bark is light brown tinged with red1 and divided by irregular shallow fissures into flat ridges4 ,the ,,leaves are simple alternate1 #b to #d inches long and #a to #b inches broad1 coarsely double-toothed1 thick1 dark green and smooth above1 and pale and pale-pubescent or glabrous below with auxiliary hairs and prominent veins4 ,the leaves are small and pointed at the tip1 which distinguishes them from the small blunt leaves of the cedar elm4 ,the ,,flowers appear in early spring1 long before the leaves unfold4 ,the ,,fruit ripens in the spring about the time the leaves appear2 it is winged1 tipped with two1 small1 incurved arms or beaks2 oblong1 reddish-brown2 about inch long1 with a long1 slender pedicel at the base1 and covered with white hairs4 ,the ,,wood is very similar to that of the other elms--heavy1 hard1 and difficult to split4 ,it is occasionally used for hubs and mauls4 ,formerly1 rope made of the inner bark was used for binding the covers to cotton bales4 ,,cedar ,,elm ,ulmus crassifolia ,nutt4 ,cedar elm is distributed widely over the state1 near streams1 in deep rich soil1 and on dry1 limestone hills4 ,it is the most common elm tree of ,texas1 extending to the ,pecos ,river4 ,it forms a tree up to #ge feet high with a tall straight trunk #b to #c feet in diameter1 and with an inversely conic round-topped head and drooping branches4 ,it reaches its largest size on the bottomlands of the ,guadalupe and ,trinity ,rivers4 ,illustration3 ,,cedar ,,elm 7,illustrations1 three-fourths natural size7 ,the ,,bark is light-brown tinged with red1 deeply fissured1 with flattened1 scaly ridges4 ,the young twigs are finely velvet and reddish1 sometimes developing thin corky wings which continue around the leaf nodes4 ,the ,,leaves are small1 the largest less than #b inches long1 often double toothed and usually rather blunt at the tip4 ,their upper surface is dark green and rough1 while the lower surface and petiole are hairy4 ,the ,,flowers1 which appear in the autumn1 are in small short-pedicelled clusters at the axils of the leaves4 ,the ,,fruit1 an oval-shaped samara slightly more than inch long1 is hairy all over1 especially on the edges and is deeply notched at the tip4 ,the ,,wood is reddish-brown1 brittle1 and with a thick layer of lighter colored sapwood4 ,the wood is sometimes used in the manufacture of hubs1 furniture1 and fencing4 ,,slippery ,,elm 7,red ,elm7 ,ulmus rubra ,muhl4 ,slippery elm1 or red elm1 is found in the eastern and southern parts of the state as far as the upper ,guadalupe and ,leon ,rivers in ,kerr and ,comal ,counties4 ,it is found principally on the banks of streams and on low hillsides in rich soil4 ,it is a tree of small to moderate size1 but noticeably wide-spreading4 ,it is usually less than #dj feet in height and #f inches in diameter1 although trees of larger dimensions are occasionally found4 ,the ,,bark on the trunk is frequently #a inch thick1 dark grayish-brown on the surface1 uniformly tan or cream colored in cross section1 and broken by shallow fissures into flat ridges4 ,the inner bark is used to some extent for medicinal purposes and1 when chewed1 affords a slippery mucilaginous substance1 whence the tree gets its name4 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 alternate on the stem1 #d to #f inches in length1 sharp-pointed1 their bases unsymmetrical1 doubly toothed on the edges1 thick1 dark green1 and very rough above1 pubescent below4 ,illustration3 ,,slippery ,,elm 7,leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size2 twig1 one-half natural size7 ,the ,,flowers appear in early spring and are nearly sessile4 ,the ,,fruit1 a samara1 inch long and inch in diameter1 consists of a seed surrounded by a thin1 broad1 greenish wing4 ,the fruit ripens when the leaves are about half grown4 ,the margin of the fruit is not ciliate4 ,the ,,wood is close-grained1 tough1 strong1 heavy1 hard1 and moderately durable in contact with the soil4 ,slippery elm and ,american elm are sold commercially as 8soft elm10 and have similar uses4 ,,planer ,,tree 7,water ,elm7 ,planera aquatica 7,walt47 ,gmel4 ,planer tree or water elm is found on low wet lands along the streams of the eastern part of the state as far west as ,brazos and ,matagorda ,counties4 ,it forms a small spreading tree with a low broad head #cj to #dj feet in height and with a maximum trunk diameter of #bj inches4 ,illustration3 ,,planer ,,tree 7,illustrations1 nearly natural size7 ,the ,,bark is light brown or gray1 about inch thick1 and separates into large scales4 ,the ,,leaves resemble those of the small-leaved elms4 ,they are #b to #b inches long1 to #a inch wide on a short petiole1 dark dull green above and paler on the lower surface1 and have yellowish veins4 ,the ,,flowers appear with the leaves in ,march or early ,april4 ,the small flowers are sometimes perfect2 occasionally the male and female flowers are borne separately on the same tree4 ,the ,,fruit is a peculiar1 rounded1 shaggy-appearing structure1 about inch long4 ,it consists of a nut-like center covered with soft and irregular wing-like outgrowths which extend out on all sides from the center4 ,the ,,wood is light brown1 coarse-grained and soft1 very light in weight1 and has a broad zone of nearly white sapwood4 ,the wood has little economic value4 ,,hackberry ,celtis occidentalis ,l4 ,hackberry is found over eastern ,texas on various types of soil4 ,it is usually a medium-sized to large tree1 becoming #fj to #ajj feet or more high and #aj to #bj inches in diameter4 ,its limbs are often crooked and angular and bear a head made of slender1 pendant branches or short1 bristly1 stubby twigs4 ,in the open1 the crown is generally symmetrical4 ,it makes an excellent shade tree4 ,the ,,bark is brownish-gray1 one inch or more thick1 and generally very rough with many scale-like or warty projections of dead bark4 ,illustration3 ,,hackberry 7,leaf and fruit1 two-thirds natural size2 twig1 one-half natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 ovate1 alternate1 one-sided1 #b to #d inches long1 thick1 very rough above1 green on both surfaces1 and the edges toothed toward the long point4 ,the ,,flowers are inconspicuous1 and the two kinds are borne on the same tree4 ,they appear in ,april or ,may1 and are of a creamy greenish color4 ,the ,,fruit is a round1 somewhat oblong1 drupe or berry1 dark purple1 inch in diameter1 ripening in ,september4 ,the peduncle 7fruit stem7 is much longer than the petiole of the leaf4 ,it has a thin1 purplish skin1 and sweet yellowish flesh4 ,the berries frequently hang on the tree most of the winter4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 rather soft1 weak1 and decays readily when exposed4 ,it is used chiefly for fuel1 and occasionally for lumber4 ,the range of this hackberry extends far into the northern and northeastern parts of the ,united ,states4 ,,sugarberry 7,sugar ,hackberry7 ,celtis laevigata ,willd4 ,sugarberry is distributed widely over the eastern half of the state4 ,it occurs most abundantly and attains greatest size in rich alluvial soil1 but thrives on various soil types4 ,the species may grow #cj to #ej feet high and #aj to #bj inches in diameter1 though sometimes much larger4 ,its limbs are spreading or pendulous1 forming a broad head4 ,its branchlets are slender1 light green1 glabrous or pubescent when young1 and bright reddish-brown during their first winter4 ,the ,,bark is pale gray and covered with prominent excrescences4 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 oblong-lanceolate1 one-sided1 #b to #e inches long1 thin1 smooth1 with the edges entire4 ,illustration3 ,,sugarberry 7,leaf1 fruit1 and twig1 three-fourths natural size7 ,the ,,flowers1 not conspicuous1 are borne on slender1 smooth peduncles in ,april or ,may1 and are of a creamy-greenish color4 ,the ,,fruit is short-oblong to pear shaped1 orange-red or yellow1 inch in diameter1 and ripens in ,september4 ,the peduncle of the fruit is shorter or slightly longer than the petiole of the leaf4 ,the ,,wood is soft1 weak1 close-grained1 and light yellow1 and is used occasionally for flooring and furniture1 but chiefly for fuel4 ,,red ,,mulberry ,morus rubra ,l4 ,red mulberry occurs in eastern ,texas and west to the canyon of ,devils ,river1 ,valverde ,county4 ,it prefers rich moist soils4 ,it is a small tree1 rarely #ej feet high and #b feet in diameter1 often growing in the shade of larger trees4 ,the ,,bark is rather thin1 dark grayish-brown1 and peels off in long narrow flakes4 ,illustration3 ,,red ,,mulberry 7,twig1 two-thirds natural size2 leaves and fruit1 one-third natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are alternate1 thin1 rounded or somewhat heart-shaped1 toothed1 pointed1 #c to #e inches long1 rough hairy above and soft hairy beneath4 ,some of the leaves are mitten-shaped or lobed4 ,the ,,flowers are of two kinds1 on the same or different trees1 in long drooping catkins1 the female catkins shorter1 appearing with the leaves4 ,the multiple ,,fruit is edible1 dark purple or black when ripe1 and to #a inch long4 ,the ,,wood is rather light1 soft1 not strong1 light orange-yellow1 and the heartwood is durable in contact with the soil4 ,it is chiefly used for fence posts4 ,the ,,texas ,,mulberry 7,morus microphylla ,buckl47 is found in ,west ,texas and south from the ,colorado ,river4 ,its leaves are rarely longer than #a inches4 ,the ,,white ,,mulberry 7,morus alba ,l47 a native of ,china1 has become naturalized in the ,united ,states4 ,,osage-,,orange 7,bois-d'arc7 ,maclura pomifera 7,raf47 ,schneid4 ,osage-orange1 8bodark01 hedge apple1 or mock orange is native to eastern and ,central ,texas2 attaining its largest size in the valley of the ,red ,river in the northeast part of the state4 ,it commonly reaches a height of #bj to #dj feet and a diameter of #d to #ab inches4 ,the ,,bark is thin1 gray1 sometimes tinged with yellow2 on old trees it is divided into strips or flakes4 ,it contains tannin and has been used for tanning leather4 ,the twigs are armed with stout1 straight thorns to #a inch long4 ,illustration3 ,,osage-,,orange 7,leaf and fruit1 one-fourth natural size2 leaf and twig1 nearly one-half natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 alternate1 oval-pointed and lustrous green on the upper surface1 #c to #e inches long and #b to #c inches wide1 and entire4 ,the leaves turn bright yellow in the autumn4 ,the yellowish ,,flowers appear in ,may2 two kinds on the same tree--the male flowers in a linear cluster and the female flowers a rounded ball4 ,the ,,fruit is globular1 from #b to #e inches in diameter1 resembling a rough1 green orange4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 exceedingly hard1 very strong1 and very durable in contact with the soil4 ,the heartwood is bright orange in color1 turning brown upon exposure4 ,it is largely used for posts4 ,the ,indians prized the wood for bows and war clubs4 ,the tree is planted for windbreaks and hedges4 ,the bark of the roots supply a yellow dye4 ,,southern ,,magnolia 7,evergreen ,magnolia7 ,magnolia grandiflora ,l4 ,magnolia is one of the best-known trees in the eastern part of the state4 ,no other tree excels it in the combined beauty of leaves and flowers4 ,occurring naturally in rich moist soil on the borders of river swamps and nearby uplands in the ,coastal ,plain to the valley of the ,brazos ,river1 it has been widely cultivated for its ornamental value4 ,in its natural habitat1 it attains heights generally of #fj to #hj feet and trunk diameters up to #d feet4 ,the dense pyramidal head1 or crown1 is made up of numerous small spreading branches and branchlets4 ,illustration3 ,,southern ,,magnolia 7,leaf and flower1 one-fourth natural size2 twig1 one-half natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are evergreen1 thick1 leathery1 elliptical or oval1 dark green and shiny above1 rusty or silvery beneath1 and mostly from #e to #h inches long1 and #b to #c inches wide1 with prominent midribs4 ,they remain on the tree for approximately #b years4 ,the large ,,flowers are #f to #h inches broad1 with pure white petals surrounding a splash of bright purple in the center1 and have a pleasing fragrance4 ,the ,,fruit is a rounded or oval aggregate #c to #d inches long containing many seeds1 each enclosed in a follicle4 ,these open in the fall and display the bright red seeds dangling on slender threads4 ,the ,,wood is moderately heavy1 hard1 and of a creamy color4 ,it is used chiefly for furniture1 ,venetian blinds1 and fuel4 ,,sweetbay 7,sweetbay ,magnolia7 ,magnolia virginiana ,l4 ,sweetbay1 better known locally as white or swampbay1 is found in the southern part of the ,texas pine belt to western ,montgomery ,county1 in swamps and rich1 moist soils4 ,often appearing as a clump of sprouts in open woods1 in dense forests it grows as a tree #fj to #ij feet high1 and up to #c feet in diameter4 ,the bark is light gray2 the branchlets silky-white4 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 oblong1 pale green above and hairy-white beneath1 #d to #f inches long1 #a to #b inches wide1 remaining on sprout growth to spring1 usually dropping from older trees in the fall4 ,illustration3 ,,sweetbay 7,leaf1 one-third natural size2 twig1 two-thirds natural size2 fruit1 one-fourth natural size7 ,the fragrant ,,flowers1 with #i to #ab creamy-white petals on slender smooth stems1 measure #b to #c inches across4 ,they continue to open during several weeks of spring and early summer4 ,the ,,fruit aggregate or 8bur0 is oval-shaped1 dark red or brown1 about #b inches long1 and contains scarlet seeds which are usually oval1 flattened1 and less than inch long4 ,the ,,wood is soft1 creamy white to reddish1 and is used for furniture1 boxes1 woodenware1 and venetian blinds4 ,,pawpaw ,asimina triloba 7,l47 ,dunal ,this odd and attractive tree does not grow abundantly in ,texas and seems to be little known4 ,it is found near streams in the extreme east portion of the state and in greater abundance in ,harrison and ,grayson ,counties4 ,it is seldom over #cj feet high with a trunk #h or #aj inches in diameter4 ,the ,,bark on young trees and branches is a smooth1 clean brown2 on older trees becoming blotched with gray1 and bearing a few small wart-like excrescences4 ,the ,,leaves are obovate--lanceolate1 #h to #ab inches long1 light1 bright green above and paler below4 ,the ,,flowers are strikingly characteristic4 ,the three light green1 hairy sepals are early deciduous4 ,the outer three petals are a rich brownish-purple and deeply veined4 ,the inner three petals are pointed1 glandular1 and erect4 ,the ,,fruit is an oblong berry #c to #f inches long1 and contains a number of large1 brown seeds4 ,when ripe it falls to the ground1 turning dark brown4 ,the deep yellow flesh is palatable1 though some people do not care for its unique flavor4 ,the tree blooms and bears as a shrub or tree4 ,the ,,wood is light1 weak1 and spongy1 yellow in color1 and is of no known value4 ,illustration3 ,,pawpaw 7,leaf1 one-fourth natural size2 twig1 two-thirds natural size7 ,,redbay ,persea borbonia 7,l47 ,spreng4 ,redbay is native to the ,atlantic and ,gulf ,coast states from ,virginia to southeastern and southern ,texas and is a member of the ,laurel family4 ,in all1 about #ajj species of ,persea are found in ,north and ,south ,america4 ,redbay grows to #gj feet in height and #c feet in diameter1 with a well-shaped head of erect1 stout1 dark green branches4 ,it grows in moist1 rich soils along the streams and in swamps and sometimes in drier soils along with longleaf pine1 over the coastal region4 ,illustration3 ,,redbay 7,illustrations1 two-thirds natural size7 ,the aromatic ,,leaves are oblong1 thick or leathery1 up to #d inches in length and #a inches in width1 bright green with the margin entire and with a narrow1 orange-colored midrib4 ,they remain green over the first winter4 ,the yellowish-white ,,flowers are in small clusters4 ,the ,,fruit is a nearly round1 rather fleshy1 shiny1 dark blue or nearly black drupe1 about inch long4 ,it ripens in the autumn and contains a large rounded stone4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 strong1 bright red1 with thin1 lighter colored sapwood4 ,it is used for cabinet-making1 and interior house finish1 and has been used for boat construction4 ,,silkbay 7,persea humilis ,nash7 is a dwarf or low growing shrub or tree #f to #aj feet in height occurring in southern ,texas4 ,,sassafras ,sassafras albidum 7,nutt47 ,nees ,this small tree with aromatic leaves and twigs is usually not over #dj feet in height or a foot in diameter4 ,it is common in ,texas west to the ,brazos ,river on the drier soils1 and is one of the first broad-leaved trees to grow on abandoned fields1 where the seeds are dropped by birds4 ,the species is closely related to the camphor tree of ,japan4 ,the ,,bark is red-brown and deeply furrowed while the bark of the twigs is bright green4 ,the ,,leaves are unusual in that they vary widely in shape on the same tree1 or even on the same twig4 ,some are oval and entire1 #d to #f inches long2 others have one lobe1 resembling a mitten2 while still others are divided at the outer end into #c distinct lobes4 ,illustration3 ,,sassafras 7,twig1 one-half natural size2 leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size7 ,the ,,flowers are clustered1 greenish-yellow1 and open with the first unfolding of the leaves4 ,the male and female flowers are usually on different trees4 ,the ,,fruit is an oblong1 dark blue or black lustrous drupe surrounded at the base by what appears to be a small orange-red or scarlet cup at the end of the scarlet peduncle4 ,the ,,wood is light1 soft1 weak1 brittle1 and durable in the soil2 the heartwood is dull orange-brown4 ,it is used for posts and crossties4 ,the bark of the roots yields the very aromatic oil of sassafras much used for flavoring candies and various commercial products4 ,the bark of the root is sold in small bundles for making sassafras tea4 ,,witch-,,hazel ,hamamelis virginiana ,l4 ,this tall-growing shrub which has the peculiar habit of blooming in the late fall and ripening its fruit in early spring is native to the extreme eastern portion of ,texas1 being found on rich soils of streams or along the borders of the forest4 ,the ,,bark is smooth1 white1 gray1 and mottled with light brown4 ,the ,,leaves are usually obovate1 #c to #e inches long1 prominently veined1 with a wavy margin1 very irregular at the base1 bright green above and slightly paler below4 ,they are generally smooth4 ,the odd1 yellow ,,flowers are borne in clusters along the branch1 with long1 very narrow twisted petals4 ,they develop during ,november1 ,december1 and ,january1 the time depending somewhat on the weather1 and possess a refreshing fragrance4 ,the ,,fruit is a hard1 tough1 two-celled capsule1 with two beaks4 ,it divides in half1 each half containing a shiny black seed4 ,in the late summer or early autumn the capsules pop open1 discharging the seeds4 ,illustration3 ,,witch-,,hazel 7,leaf1 one-half natural size2 flower and fruit1 natural size7 ,the ,,wood is hard and close-grained4 ,the trees do not grow large enough to be of commercial value4 ,an analgesic extract used in lotions and balms is obtained from the inner bark by distillation4 ,,sweetgum 7,redgum7 ,liquidambar styraciflua ,l4 ,sweetgum is a valuable and sometimes troublesome forest tree in ,east ,texas4 ,it occurs on rich river bottoms and in swamps subject to frequent overflow1 as well as on the dried uplands1 as far west as the ,san ,jacinto ,river ,basin4 ,the ,,bark is a light gray1 roughened by corky scales1 later becoming deeply furrowed4 ,after the second year the twigs often develop corky projections of bark1 which give them a winged appearance4 ,the simple1 alternate star-shaped ,,leaf with its #e to #g points or lobes1 is #e to #g inches across and aromatic4 ,in the fall its coloring ranges from pale yellow through orange and red to a deep bronze4 ,illustration3 ,,sweetgum 7,leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size2 twig1 two-thirds natural size7 ,the ,,flowers of both sexes appear on the same tree and open with the leaves4 ,the ,,fruit1 a head an inch or more in diameter1 is made up of many capsules with projecting spines4 ,it hangs on the tree late into the winter4 ,the ,,wood is moderately hard1 close-grained1 and not durable on exposure4 ,the reddish-brown heartwood1 which suggests the name red gum1 is not present to any appreciable extent in logs under #af inches in diameter4 ,the wood is extensively used for flooring1 interior finish1 paper pulp1 and veneers for baskets of all kinds4 ,in the uplands1 this species competes aggressively with the more valuable ,southern pines4 ,the control of sweetgum is1 therefore1 a problem4 ,this attractive species should be more widely planted for ornamental use4 ,,american ,,sycamore ,plantanus occidentalis ,l4 ,american sycamore1 also called planetree and buttonwood1 is considered the largest hardwood tree in ,north ,america4 ,it occurs throughout eastern ,texas to ,zavalla ,county4 ,it is most abundant and reaches its largest size along streams and on rich bottomlands4 ,it grows rapidly and occasionally attains a height of #adj to #agj feet and a diameter of #aj to #aa feet4 ,the ,,bark of the sycamore is a characteristic feature2 on the younger trunk and large limbs it is smooth1 greenish-gray in color4 ,the outer bark of limbs and upper trunk flakes off in large patches and exposes the nearly white younger bark4 ,near the base of old trees1 the bark becomes thick1 dark brown and divided by deep furrows4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,sycamore 7,fruit and leaf1 one-third natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 alternate1 #d to #g inches long and about as broad2 light green and smooth above1 and paler below4 ,the base of the petiole is hollow and in falling off exposes the winter bud4 ,the multiple ,,fruit forms a ball about #a inch in diameter1 which hangs on its flexible peduncle--#c to #e inches long4 ,during early spring the fruit ball breaks up1 and the small nutlets are scattered widely by the wind4 ,the ,,wood is hard and moderately strong1 but decays rapidly in the ground4 ,it is used for butchers' blocks1 tobacco boxes1 furniture1 and interior finish4 ,,hawthorn 7,haw7 ,crataegus ,l4 ,hawthorn1 as treated here1 represents about #cj different species and varieties distributed throughout the state4 ,members of the group occur on the poorest and richest soils1 on the shallowest and deepest1 and on the limestone hills as well as on the rich bottom and swamp lands4 ,most of the forms have a common likeness in possessing thorns and bearing white blossoms and red or yellow fruit4 ,some species are planted as ornamental trees1 but otherwise the group is of little commercial value4 ,illustration3 ,,hawthorn 7,leaf and twig1 two-thirds natural size2 fruit1 one-half natural size7 ,the ,,bark is generally thin1 gray in color1 and on the old stems broken up into thin1 narrow scales4 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 alternate1 mostly oval or wedge-shaped1 notched on the edges1 and usually from #b to #c inches long4 ,the ,,flowers are white1 some fragrant and others with a slightly unpleasant odor2 they appear in early spring4 ,the ,,fruit varies from globular to oblong1 from to inch in diameter2 some when ripe have a pulpy1 sweet1 edible flesh1 surrounding from #a to #e bony seeds4 ,the ,,wood is strong1 tough1 heavy1 hard1 but rarely used for any purpose4 ,many species of birds are attracted to these trees and bushes by the fruit and for the protection offered for nesting4 ,blueberry hawthorn1 ,c4 brachyacanthu1 fruit ripens in the late summer and is valuable for deer food4 ,the fruit of most species ripens in the fall1 and one or two varieties yield a fruit highly prized for making jelly4 ,,riverflat ,,hawthorn 7,mayhew7 ,crataegus opaca ,hook4 and ,arn4 ,this species is a native of ,east ,texas1 being found as far west as the ,trinity ,river4 ,it grows along rivers at the edges of swamps and ponds1 where water stands a part of the year4 ,these trees often form extensive thickets4 ,the ,,fruit of this haw1 unlike other ,texas haws1 matures in late ,april or ,may4 ,after the fruit is gone1 it is more difficult to distinguish it from other haws4 ,it is of low1 spreading habit1 sometimes becoming a tree #bj to #cj feet high and about a foot in diameter4 ,it usually bears a few thorns about #a inch long on branches two years old4 ,illustration3 ,,riverflat ,,hawthorn 7,leaves1 flowers1 and fruit1 one-half natural size7 ,on old trees the ,,bark is deeply fissured and divided into dark brown1 persistent scales4 ,the wood has no commercial value4 ,the ,,leaves are about #b inches long1 pointed1 narrowing toward the stem1 finely toothed from the middle of the tip1 sometimes slightly lobed1 dull green1 and rather downy beneath4 ,the ,,flowers appearing in ,march are the largest of ,crataegus1 #a inch in diameter1 white1 and borne in clusters of only #b or #c4 ,the ,,fruit1 an unusually large haw1 is sometimes nearly an inch in diameter4 ,when fully ripe1 these haws are scarlet1 lustrous1 mellow1 and pleasantly acid4 ,the fruit is gathered in large quantities for making mayhaw jelly4 ,,mexican ,,plum ,prunus mexicana ,s4 ,wats4 ,this common wild plum is a small tree reaching #bj to #be feet in height and #h to #aj inches in diameter4 ,uncommonly it attains only large shrub size4 ,the ,,bark is dark1 varying from gray to nearly black4 ,there are curling scales on young branches but on old trunks the bark becomes rough and deeply furrowed4 ,illustration3 ,,mexican ,,plum 7,leaf1 three-fourths natural size2 flowers and fruit1 one-half natural size7 ,the ,,leaves1 when mature1 are alternate1 oval1 abruptly pointed1 finely and doubly toothed along the margin1 dark yellow-green1 smooth and shiny1 thick and firm1 #b to #c inches long by #a to #b inches wide1 narrowed or rounded at the base and prominently veined on both surfaces4 ,the white ,,flowers appear in numerous small clusters in ,march before the leaves4 ,with a profusion of flowers1 this tree is one of the delights of early spring in the woods4 ,the ,,fruit1 or plum1 which ripens in late summer1 is dark purple-red color with a bluish 8bloom01 about #a inches in diameter1 and varies widely in its palatability4 ,the stone is about inch long1 and smooth4 ,the dorsal edge is ridged2 the ventral edge grooved4 ,this species of plum does not sucker to form thickets1 is drought resistant1 and has been used for grafting stock for the production of commercial plums4 ,,flatwoods ,,plum 7,black ,sloe7 ,prunus umbellata ,ell4 ,this shrub or small tree with a short1 often crooked1 or inclining trunk and a flat-topped head and slender branches is rarely over #bj feet high4 ,branchlets at first covered with a dense1 pale pubescence1 soon become smooth and bright red during the first year and dull dark brown the second year4 ,it occurs throughout the eastern portion of the state4 ,illustration3 ,,flatwoods ,,plum 7,two-thirds natural size7 ,,bark inch thick1 dark brown1 almost black1 and broken diagonally into small1 hard1 appressed1 persistent scales4 ,,leaves bright bronze-green with red margins and petiole when they unfold2 at maturity1 usually less than #b inches long1 ovate-lanceolate to oblong with a rounded or slightly cordate base2 leaf thin1 dark green above1 paler below2 usually furnished with two large dark glands at the base2 margins finely and sharply serrate with incurved teeth4 ,small white ,,flowers appearing in umbels of #c or #d flowers before the leaves4 ,flowers inch in diameter4 ,,fruit a drupe on a stem to #a inch long1 round1 inch in diameter1 and with a tough1 black1 yellow1 or bright red skin covered with a glaucous bloom1 and with thick1 acid flesh4 ,stone flattened1 brittle-walled1 and wrinkled4 ,dorsal edge grooved2 ventral edge with conspicuous ridge4 ,the fruit is relished by deer4 ,,black ,,cherry ,prunus serotina ,ehrh4 ,a medium-sized tree1 up to about #gj feet high and #a to #c feet in diameter1 black cherry is found in eastern ,texas and in the mountains of ,west ,texas4 ,the forest-grown trees have long clear trunks with little taper4 ,open-grown trees have short trunks with many branches and irregular spreading crowns4 ,the ,,bark on branches and young trunks is smooth and bright reddish-brown1 marked by conspicuous1 narrow1 white1 horizontal lines1 and has a bitter almond taste4 ,on the older trunks the bark becomes rough and broken into thick1 irregular plates4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,cherry 7,leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size2 twig1 two-thirds natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are alternate1 simple1 oval to lance-like in shape1 #b to #f inches long and #a-a inches wide1 with fine1 incurved serrations1 shiny above1 and paler beneath4 ,cattle eating wilted leaves may be fatally poisoned4 ,the ,,fruit is a dull purplish-black drupe1 about as large as a pea1 and is borne in long hanging panicles4 ,the fruit ripens in late summer1 is edible though slightly bitter1 and is relished by wildlife4 ,the ,,wood is reddish-brown with yellowish sapwood1 moderately heavy1 hard1 strong1 fine-grained1 and does not warp or split in seasoning4 ,with the exception of black walnut1 cherry lumber has a greater unit value than any other hardwood of the eastern ,united ,states4 ,cherry is prized for furniture4 ,the ,,southwestern ,,black ,,cherry1 ,prunus serotina var4 rufula 7,woot4 and ,standl47 ,mc,vaugh is found in the ,guadalupe ,mountains of ,west ,texas4 ,at least five other cherry species are native to ,texas4 ,all have shrubby growth4 ,,carolina ,,laurelcherry ,prunus caroliniana 7,mill47 ,ait4 ,called by many local names such as cherry laurel1 wild peach1 and mock orange1 this species is native to the eastern portion of the state to the valley of the ,guadalupe ,river1 where it is found on deep rich moist bottomlands4 ,it is apparently free from disease and quite adaptable for landscape planting4 ,it is usually a small tree but sometimes reaches a height of #ej to #fj feet and #ah inches in diameter when cultivated4 ,the partially withered leaves and young branches can be fatal to animals browsing upon them1 owing to presence of poisonous hydrocyanic acid4 ,illustration3 ,,carolina ,,laurelcherry 7,two-thirds natural size7 ,the ,,bark is rather smooth1 gray1 and marked by almost black blotches4 ,the ,,leaves are persistent1 oblong-lanceolate1 with a few tiny sharp teeth along the margins1 dark lustrous green above1 paler below4 ,they cling until the second year4 ,the small white ,,flowers come in clusters1 in early spring4 ,the ,,fruit1 a lustrous black drupe1 ripens in autumn1 and clings until the following spring4 ,the fruit is eaten by some birds4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 strong1 close-grained1 rich brown in color1 with a thick1 lighter colored sapwood4 ,,ebony ,,blackbead 7,texas ,ebony7 ,pithecellobium flexicaule 7,benth47 ,coult4 ,this beautiful evergreen occurs as a small tree or shrub in ,south ,texas from ,matagorda ,bay and south into ,mexico4 ,its short spreading branches1 forming a wide1 round head1 carry stout zigzag brachlets1 dark reddish-brown or light gray1 armed with persistent stipular spines to inch long4 ,the ,,leaves1 about #b inches long1 are feather-like 7twice pinnate7 with sessile1 leathery leaflets that are dark green and shiny on the upper surface1 paler on the lower surface1 and to inch long4 ,illustration3 ,,ebony ,,blackbead 7,leaf and fruit1 two-thirds natural size7 ,the ,,flowers are light yellow or cream colored1 fragrant1 and bloom from ,june to ,august in dense cylindric or interrupted spikes #a inches long4 ,the ,,fruit ripens in the fall and remains on the branches until after the flowering season the following year4 ,it is a flattened1 curved1 hairy pod1 #d to #f inches long1 and about #a inch wide4 ,the ,,wood is very heavy1 hard1 close-grained1 dark red-brown tinged with purple1 almost indestructible when used for fence posts1 and valued for cabinet work4 ,the tree is considered the most valuable species in the lower ,rio ,grande ,valley4 ,mexicans use the seed as a substitute for coffee4 ,,catclaw ,,acacia 7,una de ,gato7 ,acacia greggii ,a4 ,gray ,found on dry gravelly mesas1 the sides of low canyons and the banks of mountain streams in the ,rio ,grande ,valley and westward1 this small tree rarely reaches a height of #cj feet1 and has a trunk up to #ab inches in diameter4 ,the top or head consists of numerous spreading branches and smooth pale brown or red branchlets1 armed with stout curved spines4 ,illustration3 ,,catclaw ,,acacia 7,fruit and leaves1 one-half natural size7 ,the small1 bipinnately compound ,,leaves with #a to #c pinnae1 the leaflets of which are about inch long4 ,the fragrant yellow ,,flowers appear during the summer in dense1 oblong1 pubescent spikes1 usually #b to #c in a cluster at the end of a branch4 ,the ,,fruit matures by midsummer into a twisted or distorted pod1 #b to #d inches long by about inch wide4 ,the pod is smaller between each of the #f to #h seeds1 which are nearly round1 flattened1 dark brown and shiny4 ,the pods hang unopened on the branches until the winter or the following spring4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 strong1 close-grained1 durable1 and clear brown or red in color4 ,,gregg ,,leadtree ,leucaena greggii ,s4 ,wats4 ,this small1 beautiful tree grows wild in western ,texas from the upper ,san ,saba ,river to ,devil's ,river4 ,it grows along the banks of streams and in moist ravines1 and reaches a size of #ae to #bj feet in height and #d to #e inches in diameter4 ,illustration3 ,,gregg ,,leadtree 7,leaf and fruit1 two-thirds natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are finely and doubly compound2 with #aj to #ad feather-like pinnae1 each containing from #cj to #fj small leaflets1 arranged along opposite sides of the rachis4 ,each leaflet is elliptical1 grayish-green or bluish-green1 smooth1 and about inch long4 ,the white ,,flowers are clustered in dense round heads1 about #a inch in diameter1 borne on a long peduncle4 ,each tiny flower has protruding hairs which give the head a fuzzy appearance4 ,the pods1 or ,,fruit1 are #f to #h inches long and about inch wide1 flat1 and with narrow wing-like edges4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 close-grained1 clear brown streaked with red1 with thin1 clear sapwood4 ,two other species of mimosa are found in ,texas3 ,l4 pulverulenta 7,schlect47 ,benth41 found above the mouth of the ,rio ,grande2 and ,l4 retusa ,benth41 in ,jeff ,davis1 ,kimble1 ,real1 ,uvalde1 and ,valverde ,counties4 ,,honey ,,mesquite ,prosopis juliflora var4 glandulosa 7,torr47 ,cockerell ,this well-known small tree is found in the central and western part of the state4 ,the short trunk1 usually only #f to #h inches in diameter1 divides into many branches forming a loose1 open top or crown4 ,the root system is very large1 consisting of a thick taproot sometimes extending downward to a depth of #cj to #dj feet1 with many radiating roots4 ,illustration3 ,,honey ,,mesquite 7,one-fourth natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are pinnately compound1 consisting of #ab to #bj leaflets attached along a central rachis1 or 8stem01 #h to #aj inches long4 ,the leaflets are often #b inches long1 smooth1 dark green1 and pointed4 ,near their bases are small spines4 ,the fragrant ,,flowers are tiny and in clusters 7spikes7 from #b to #d inches long4 ,the ,,fruit is a pod about #d to #i inches1 narrowed between each of the #aj to #bj seeds enclosed in a thick sweet pulp1 used by the natives as food and eagerly sought by wildlife and livestock4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 and dark reddish-brown in color4 ,it is much used for fuel and1 because it is durable in the ground1 for fence posts4 ,mesquite has long been designated as ,p4 juliflora 7,sw47 ,d4,c41 with the varieties glandulosa 7,torr47 ,cockerell and velutina 7,woot47 ,sarg4 found in ,texas4 ,,western ,,honey ,,mesquite 7,p4 juliflora var4 torreyana ,l4 ,benson7 occurs in southern and ,trans-,pecos regions of ,texas4 ,this species is usually a shrub or sometimes a small tree4 ,,eastern ,,redbud ,cercis canadensis ,l4 ,eastern ,redbud1 sometimes called ,judas-tree from its oriental relative of that name1 is a small tree scattered through the woods of ,east ,texas to the ,brazos ,river4 ,it attains a height of #be to #ej feet and a diameter of #f to #ab inches4 ,its stout branches usually form a wide flat head4 ,illustration3 ,,eastern ,,redbud 7,twig1 two-thirds natural size2 fruit and leaf1 one-third natural size7 ,the ,,bark of the trunk is divided into long narrow plates1 the bright red-brown surface separating into thin scales4 ,the ,,leaves are alternate1 heart-shaped1 entire1 #c to #e inches long and wide1 glossy green1 turning a bright clear yellow in autumn4 ,the conspicuous1 bright purplish-red ,,flowers are in clusters along the twigs and small branches1 and appear before or with the leaves in early spring4 ,the ,,fruit is an oblong1 flattened1 many-seeded pod1 #b to #d inches long1 reddish during the summer and often hanging on the tree through the following summer4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 not strong1 rich dark brown in color1 and of little commercial importance4 ,the redbud is cultivated as an ornamental tree and for that purpose might be more generally planted in this state4 ,several varieties of ,cercis canadensis have been described in ,texas4 ,,honeylocust ,gleditsia triacanthos ,l4 ,honeylocust occurs naturally in the eastern part of the state to the ,brazos ,river4 ,it grows under a wide variety of soil and moisture conditions and is a popular tree for planting in the drier portions of ,texas4 ,it reaches a diameter of #cj inches and a height of #ge feet4 ,the ,,bark on old trees is dark gray and is divided into thin1 tight scales4 ,the strong1 straight or branched1 brown1 sharp and shiny thorns1 which grow on the #a-year-old wood and remain for many years1 are sufficient to identify the honeylocust4 ,the ,,leaf is pinnate or feather-like1 with #ah to #bh leaflets2 or it is bi-pinnate1 consisting of #d to #g pairs of pinnae1 each #f to #h inches long4 ,illustration3 ,,honeylocust 7,twig1 three-quarters natural size2 leaves and fruit1 one-quarter natural size7 ,the ,,fruit1 a #aj to #ah inch pod1 is often twisted1 #a to #a inches wide1 flat1 dark brown or black when ripe1 and contains a yellow sweetish pulp and dark brown seeds4 ,the seeds are hard and separated by pulp4 ,the pods are eaten by many animals1 and as the seeds are hard to digest1 many are widely scattered from the parent tree4 ,the ,,wood is coarse-grained1 hard1 strong1 and moderately durable in contact with the ground4 ,honeylocust is a good tree to substitute for the black locust which has been almost exterminated in ,west ,texas by the locust borer4 ,,texas ,,honeylocust 7,g4 texana ,sarg471 found in the ,brazos ,river bottomlands1 is reported to be a hybrid between ,g4 triacanthos and ,g4 aquatica4 ,,waterlocust ,gleditsia aquatica ,marsh4 ,in river bottoms and swamps along the ,gulf ,coast to the ,brazos ,river and north to ,arkansas is found the waterlocust1 a close relative of the well-known black locust4 ,it can be distinguished by the small pod having one seed1 rarely two or three4 ,illustration3 ,,waterlocust 7,one-half natural size7 ,the waterlocust reaches a height of #fj feet and diameter up to #c feet4 ,the trunk is usually short1 dividing into several spreading1 and often distorted1 branches4 ,the branchlets have sharp spines from #c to #e inches in length1 dark red and shiny4 ,the pinnately compound ,,leaves are #e to #h inches long with #ab to #bj leaflets arranged on opposite sides of the leaf rachis4 ,each leaflet is an inch or so in length1 oblong1 sometimes slightly toothed on the edge1 dull green or yellow-green above and dark green on the lower surface4 ,the ,,flowers appear in small clusters of green flowers on purple pedicels in a raceme #c to #d inches long1 and grow from the axil of the leaf rachis and twig4 ,the flowers bloom well after the leaves are out4 ,the ,,fruit pods hang in graceful racemes4 ,the pods are #a inch wide and #a to #b inches long1 thin walled1 tough1 papery1 chestnut brown1 and shiny4 ,the ,,seeds are flattened1 nearly round1 about inch wide1 and orange-brown4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 strong1 light reddish-brown1 and surrounded by a wide band of clear yellow sapwood4 ,,black ,,locust 7,yellow ,locust7 ,robinia pseudoacacia ,l4 ,black locust is not native to ,texas1 so far as known1 but has been widely planted here and has escaped from cultivation4 ,black locust requires deep1 well-drained1 moist soil for good growth4 ,it grows indifferently to poorly on well-drained1 dry sites4 ,of late years it has been severely damaged by the locust borer and is no longer recommended for planting in pure stands4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,locust 7,leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size2 twig1 two-thirds natural size7 ,the twigs and branchlets are armed with paired1 straight or slightly curved1 sharp1 strong spines1 sometimes as much as #a inch in length1 which remain attached to the outer bark for many years4 ,the ,,leaves are pinnate1 or feather-like1 from #f to #aj inches long1 with #g to #ai oblong1 thin leaflets4 ,the ,,flowers are fragrant1 white or cream-colored1 and appear in graceful pendant racemes4 ,the ,,fruit is a pod from #c to #e inches long containing #d to #h small hard seeds which ripen late in the fall4 ,the pod splits open during the winter1 discharging most of the seeds4 ,some seeds usually remain attached to each half of the pod4 ,the ,,wood is yellow1 coarse-grained1 heavy1 very hard1 strong1 and durable in contact with the soil4 ,it is used extensively for fence posts1 poles1 tree nails1 insulator pins1 and occasionally for lumber and fuel4 ,,hercules-,,club 7,prickly-,ash7 ,zanthoxylum clava-herculis ,l4 ,this tree is a native of ,east ,texas and ranges westerly to the valley of the ,colorado ,river and northward to ,dallas and ,tarrant ,counties1 and to some extent to the ,rio ,grande ,valley4 ,it is a small tree1 seldom over #cj feet in height1 with a short trunk usually under #a foot in diameter4 ,it seems to prefer a well-drained1 light1 sandy soil1 and is often found growing on bluffs near rivers4 ,illustration3 ,,hercules-,,club 7,leaf and fruit1 one-half natural size2 spines natural size7 ,the ,,bark is the most characteristic feature of this tree4 ,it is gray1 and with numerous corky tubercles4 ,the aromatic inner bark1 with its strong pungent juice1 has given this tree a number of local names1 such as 8tingle-tongue01 and 8toothache tree40 ,the inner bark was a favorite in old-time home remedies for the relief of toothache4 ,the ,,leaves are compound1 #e to #h inches long1 with #g to #ag ovate1 toothed1 bright green leaflets4 ,the small1 pale green ,,flowers1 borne in loose1 wide-branched cymes1 #d to #e inches long and #b to #c inches wide1 bloom in early spring when the leaves are almost half grown4 ,the small ,,fruit1 a one-seeded carpel1 ripens in early summer4 ,the seeds hang outside the carpels and are eaten by birds4 ,the soft1 light brown ,,wood has no special known value4 ,a variety1 fruiticosum 7,a4 ,gray7 ,s4 ,wats41 is a shrubby form found in ,west ,texas4 ,it has short1 often #c-;foliate1 pubescent leaves and blunt1 leathery leaflets4 ,,common ,,hoptree 7,wafer-,ash7 ,ptelea trifoliata ,l4 ,this small tree or large shrub is found scattered over the eastern portion of the state4 ,the bark and leaves are bitter and strong-scented and possess tonic qualities4 ,the hoptree has a straight1 slender trunk #f to #h inches in diameter and seldom reaches a height of more than #bj feet4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,hoptree 7,fruit1 three-fourths natural size2 leaf1 one-third natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are composed of #c leaflets1 sometimes #e1 each of which is oval or pear-shaped and pointed1 about #d to #f inches long and #b to #c inches wide1 and dark green on the upper surface4 ,the central leaflet is the largest4 ,the ,,fruit consists of a small1 round1 #b-seeded1 winged 8key0 or 8samara01 resembling somewhat the familiar paper caps for toy pistols4 ,the seeds occur in dense drooping clusters and hang on the tree over winter4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 yellowish-brown1 and close-grained4 ,the shrub is often planted as an ornamental4 ,,shining ,,sumac 7,dwarf or ,flameleaf ,sumac7 ,rhus copallina ,l4 ,shining sumac is found growing naturally west to the ,san ,antonio ,river4 ,it is more commonly a shrub than a tree and grows in clumps and thickets around the edges of the fields and in other open places4 ,the leaves turn crimson in the fall and add a vivid note to the autumn coloring4 ,the tree spreads by means of shallow root-runners4 ,the ,,bark is almost smooth1 with horizontal splashes of light and dark gray1 and many small excrescences4 ,this papery outer bark cracks at irregular intervals1 exposing spots of reddish-brown beneath4 ,illustration3 ,,shining ,,sumac 7,leaf and fruit one-half natural size7 ,the compound ,,leaves are alternate1 #f to #h inches long1 with #i to #ba small ovate-lanceolate leaflets1 glossy green above1 downy beneath4 ,this sumac is easily distinguished from others by the fact that the leaf rachis is winged4 ,the leaves are rich in tannin1 and are used in large quantities for curing leather1 and for the manufacture of dyes4 ,the tiny1 pale green ,,flowers are borne in compact conical1 panicles in ,july4 ,male and female flowers are borne on separate trees4 ,the small ,,fruit is red1 covered with short hairs1 and has an acid taste4 ,the fruits cling1 and are eaten by birds in late winter4 ,the reddish-brown ,,wood is soft1 light1 and coarse-grained4 ,,prairie ,,sumac 7,r4 lanceolata ,a4 ,gray ,britton7 is found on the prairies of eastern ,texas to the valley of the ,rio ,grande1 often forming thickets on the banks of small streams4 ,this species is distinguished by its narrow1 acute leaflets and its larger flowers and fruit4 ,,poison-,,sumac ,toxicodendron vernix 7,l47 ,kountze ,all parts of this beautiful plant give off toxic oils that may irritate and blister the skin like the oils of poison ivy4 ,poison-sumac may grow as a shrub with several clustered stems1 or as a tree occasionally #be feet high with a trunk #e to #f inches in diameter4 ,the slender1 smooth branchlets are at first reddish-brown with orange-colored lenticels1 later becoming light gray and marked with elevated and conspicuous leaf-scars4 ,illustration3 ,,poison-,,sumac 7,leaf1 one-half natural size2 fruit often larger7 ,the compound1 alternate ,,leaves are quite different from those of other sumacs1 shaped more like those of ash1 for which reason it is often called 8poison ash40 ,the leaf-stems are always reddish1 and usually quite conspicuous4 ,the leaves are #g to #ad inches long1 with #g to #ac ovate-oblong leaflets1 #c to #d inches long4 ,the leaflets are bright green above1 paler beneath1 usually with a red midrib4 ,the small ,,flowers are borne in panicles much less compact than those of other sumacs4 ,the ,,fruit is a lustrous white drupe1 born in slender1 drooping panicles4 ,the fruit matures in ,september and is eaten by birds and rabbits4 ,the sap can be used to make a black1 durable varnish4 ,,american ,,holly ,ilex opaca ,ait4 ,american holly is found on rich1 moist soils of bottomlands in ,east ,texas and westward to ,wilson ,county4 ,a tree often #ej feet high1 frequently attains heights of #hj to #ajj feet and diameters up to #d feet4 ,a large specimen may be seen at the ,texas ,forest ,service's ,indian ,mound ,nursery near ,alto4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,holly 7,leaf and fruit1 two-thirds natural size7 ,the ,,bark is light gray and roughened by wart-like growths4 ,the numerous1 short1 slender branches form a dense pyramidal head of striking dark green color which is more pronounced when the conspicuous red drupes are present4 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 alternate1 rather oval1 thick and leathery1 #b to #d inches long and usually armed with spiny teeth4 ,they remain on the branches three years1 dropping off in the spring4 ,the ,,flowers are small and whitish2 male and female flowers are usually borne on separate trees4 ,the ,,fruit1 ripening late in the fall on the trees bearing female flowers1 is dull red or sometimes yellow1 round or somewhat oval-shaped berry-like drupe about inch in diameter and with #d to #f grooved1 ribbed nutlets4 ,the ,,wood is light1 tough1 not strong1 white when cut1 turning brown when aged4 ,valued and much used for cabinet making1 interior finish1 and turnery4 ,many of the largest and best holly trees have been cut and marketed4 ,holly is a highly desirable ,christmas decoration and a desirable ornamental tree for yards4 ,wild holly is becoming scarce4 ,excessive cuttings should be avoided4 ,,yaupon ,ilex vomitoria ,ait4 ,this close relative of the ,american holly is found in ,east ,texas to ,matagorda ,bay1 ,rio ,blanco and the ,guadalupe ,river1 and north to southern ,arkansas4 ,on the rich bottomlands of eastern ,texas1 yaupon is a small tree1 #bj to #be feet high with a trunk rarely over #f inches in diameter2 elsewhere it is a shrub4 ,the ,,leaves are #a to #b inches long1 to #a inch wide1 thick1 glossy green above1 paler below1 and persistent for #b or #c years4 ,illustration3 ,,yaupon 7,two-thirds natural size7 ,the ,,flowers1 male and female1 are borne on separate plants4 ,the ,,fruit1 a scarlet berry-like drupe1 is produced in great abundance by the female plant4 ,the ,,wood is of little value except for fuel4 ,yaupon is used in the ,south as a hedge plant1 and is much prized for ,christmas decorations4 ,a tea made from leaves was once popular with the ,indians4 ,the plant is now grown on the ,atlantic ,coast for the commercial production of yaupon tea for medicinal purposes4 ,i4 decidua ,walt4 known as ,,possum ,,haw 7,,winter ,,berry7 is similar to yaupon1 but the leaves shed in the fall2 the fruits1 which remain over winter1 are orange to orange-scarlet in color4 ,,silver ,,maple ,acer saccharinum ,l4 ,silver1 or soft1 maple is found on moist land and along streams in the extreme eastern part of the state4 ,in its best region of growth1 the valley of the lower ,ohio ,river1 it attains heights of #ajj feet or more and diameters of #c feet or over4 ,illustration3 ,,silver ,,maple 7,twig and fruit1 one-half natural size2 leaf1 one-third natural size7 ,the ,,bark on old trunks is dark gray and broken into long flakes or scales4 ,the twigs are slender1 brittle1 reddish-brown1 and shiny4 ,the buds are rounded1 red or reddish-brown1 blunt-pointed1 generally like those of red maple4 ,the simple1 opposite ,,leaves have from #c to #e lobes ending in long points with toothed margins and separated by deep angular sinuses or openings2 the leaves are pale green on the upper surface1 silvery-white underneath1 and have a red petiole4 ,the ,,flowers arising from the large prominent flower buds are a greenish-yellow color and appear in clusters in the spring before the leaves4 ,the ,,fruit ripens in the spring and consists of a pair of wing samaras or 8keys0 with wings #a to #b inches long on a slender1 flexible1 thread-like peduncle about an inch long4 ,the ,,wood is soft1 weak1 even-textured1 rather brittle1 easily worked1 and decays readily when exposed4 ,it is occasionally used for flooring1 furniture and fuel4 ,the silver maple grows rapidly and has been planted in ,texas as a shade tree4 ,it is somewhat undesirable because of its brittleness and susceptibility to insects and fungus diseases4 ,,red ,,maple ,acer rubrum ,l4 ,red maple is abundant in low moist areas in the eastern part of the state4 ,it is usually a medium-sized tree1 quick-growing1 and relatively short-lived4 ,it is used as a shade tree1 though of inferior quality for this purpose4 ,the ,,bark is smooth and light gray on young limbs and trunks1 and dark gray and rough on old limbs and trunks4 ,the ,,leaves are #b to #e inches long and have from #c to #e pointed1 saw-toothed lobes separated by sharp angular sinuses or openings4 ,the upper leaf surface when mature is light green1 the lower surface whitish and partly covered with pale down4 ,in autumn the leaves turn to brilliant shades of red1 orange1 and yellow4 ,illustration3 ,,red ,,maple 7,leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size2 twig1 one-half natural size7 ,the red ,,flowers appear in dense clusters in early spring before the leaves1 the buds turning a deep red sometimes before they open4 ,the winter buds are small1 red1 and round or blunt-pointed4 ,the ,,fruit ripens in the late spring or early summer4 ,it consists of pairs of winged samaras1 or keys1 to #a inch in length1 on a long drooping peduncle 7fruit stem71 red1 reddish-brown1 or yellow in color4 ,the ,,wood1 known commercially as soft maple1 is heavy1 close-grained1 rather weak1 and of a light brown color4 ,it is used in the manufacture of furniture1 and for turnery1 woodenware1 and fuel4 ,,boxelder ,acer negundo ,l4 ,boxelder1 the only ,texas maple with compound leaves1 is a native of eastern and southern ,texas to the lower ,rio ,blanco ,river4 ,it is generally found on the banks of streams and lakes and the borders of swamps4 ,it grows rapidly1 making a quick shade1 and is quite shapely4 ,the branches are brittle and break easily4 ,the tree is short-lived and rather subject to disease4 ,it sometimes attains a height of #ej to #fj feet1 with a trunk #b feet in diameter1 but is usually smaller4 ,illustration3 ,,boxelder 7,leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size2 twig1 two-thirds natural size7 ,the ,,bark of the twigs is green2 of the trunk grayish-brown1 divided into broad1 rounded ridges1 and separating on the surface into short1 thick scales4 ,the ,,leaves are opposite1 compound1 usually with #e leaflets1 occasionally #c or #g4 ,the leaflets are #b to #d inches long1 coarsely and irregularly toothed1 light green above1 paler beneath4 ,the tiny ,,flowers are borne in drooping clusters4 ,the ,,fruit is like that of the other maples1 green1 turning light tan when mature4 ,unlike the seeds of other maples1 they cling until after the leaves are shed4 ,the ,,wood is creamy-white1 light1 and soft and weak but close-grained4 ,it is sometimes used in other states for the manufacture of low grade furniture and interior finish2 it is also used for woodenware1 cooperage1 and paper pulp4 ,,ohio ,,buckeye ,aesculus glabra ,willd4 ,ohio buckeye occurs as far west as eastern ,texas along streams in rich soils4 ,though often only a shrub1 it becomes a medium-sized tree in rich alluvial bottoms4 ,its leaves and fruit are poisonous to stock4 ,the ,,bark is white and1 on old trees1 divided or broken into light brown flat scales1 which make the stems of the tree rough2 the bark is ill-smelling when bruised4 ,illustration3 ,,ohio ,,buckeye 7,twig1 two-thirds natural size2 nut1 one-third natural size2 leaf1 one-fourth natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are opposite1 palmately compounded1 with #e to #g smooth1 pale green leaflets1 ill-smelling when bruised4 ,the leaves usually turn yellow during the summer4 ,the ,,flowers are cream-colored and appear in clusters1 #e to #h inches long1 in ,april or ,may4 ,the ,,fruit is generally rounded1 pale brown1 generally thin-walled1 roughened with blunt prickles or warts1 and breaking into #b to #c valves1 disclosing the bright shiny seeds #a to #a inches wide4 ,the ,,wood is light1 soft and weak1 and decays rapidly when exposed4 ,it is used for woodenware1 artificial limbs1 paper pulp1 lumber1 and fuel4 ,aesculus pavia ,l41 the ,,red ,,buckeye1 is found as a shrub in ,comal and ,wilson ,counties and is common through eastern ,texas to ,bexar and ,kendall ,counties1 as a shrub #i to #ab inches high4 ,this species was formerly classified as ,a4 discolor ,parsh and ,a4d4 var4 ,mollis 7,raf47 ,sarg4 ,,western ,,soapberry 7,wild ,china-,tree7 ,sapindus drummondii ,hook4 ,arn4 ,this species1 sometimes called ,indian soap plant1 grows on moist clay soils or dry limestone uplands4 ,it ranges through eastern ,texas to ,new ,mexico and the ,rio ,grande1 becoming a tree #dj to #ej feet high and #a to #b feet in diameter1 with usually erect branches1 and branchlets at first slightly many-angled4 ,illustration3 ,,western ,,soapberry 7,leaf1 two-fifths natural size2 fruit1 one-third natural size7 ,the ,,bark is broken by deep fissures into long narrow plates which in turn are broken on the surface into small red-brown scales4 ,the ,,leaves appearing in ,march or ,april1 bear #d to #i pairs of alternate1 opposite or both1 lance-shaped leaflets which are pale1 yellow-green1 about #b inches long and to inch wide4 ,the leaves fall in autumn or early winter4 ,the ,,flowers are whitish1 in large1 dense panicles4 ,the ,,fruit1 round yellow berries1 inch in diameter1 and containing dark brown seeds1 ripen in ,september and ,october and fall in the spring4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 strong1 close-grained1 light brown tinged with yellow4 ,it splits easily into thin strips and is used for cotton basket and the frames of pack saddles4 ,,american ,,basswood 7,american ,linden7 ,tilia americana ,l4 ,three species of basswood are reported to grow in ,texas from the ,arkansas line to the ,brazos ,river and westward to ,uvalde1 ,kerr and ,bandera ,counties1 usually on rich1 moist soils4 ,they are rarely over #ej feet tall and #ab inches in diameter4 ,the ,,bark is light brown and deeply furrowed4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,basswood 7,leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size2 twig1 one-half natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are more or less heart-shaped1 #c to #f inches long1 thin1 saw-toothed1 smooth on both sides in some species1 but woolly on the under surface of others4 ,the fragrant ,,flowers1 a favorite of bees1 are yellowish-white1 in drooping clusters opening in early summer1 and the flower-stem is united to the middle of a long1 narrow1 leaf-like bract4 ,the ,,fruit1 a dry1 #a to #b-seeded nut-like drupe1 to inch in diameter1 is covered with short1 thick1 gray-brown wool4 ,it remains attached in clusters to the leafy bract1 which later acts as a wing to bear the fruit away in the wind4 ,the ,,wood is light1 soft1 tough1 not durable1 and light brown in color4 ,it is used in states where the growth is better for the manufacture of pulp1 woodenware1 furniture1 trunks1 excelsior1 and many other articles4 ,the principal use of basswoods in ,texas is for shade and ornament4 ,,devils-,,walkingstick 7,hercules-,club7 ,aralia spinosa ,l4 ,this tree1 a native of ,northeast ,texas1 is armed from the ground up with many sharp spines1 a characteristic that has given the tree many names such as ,hercules-club1 prickly-elder1 and prickly-ash4 ,the last name properly belongs to another tree4 ,devils-walkingstick possesses sufficient beauty to compensate for its spitefulness4 ,the tree is usually small1 but occasionally attains a height of #cj feet1 the leaves forming a flat-topped1 spreading crown4 ,illustration3 ,,devils-,,walkingstick 7,branch1 one-half natural size2 leaf and fruit greatly reduced7 ,the brown ,,bark is divided by broad shallow fissures into circular1 horizontal ridges4 ,the sharp spines along its trunk best identify this tree4 ,the ,,leaves are doubly compounded1 or bi-pinnate1 the main rachis 7leaf-stem7 #c or #d feet long1 clasping the stem with an enlarged base1 and leaving conspicuous scars when they fall4 ,the oval leaflets are toothed1 pointed1 dark green above and paler beneath4 ,they turn yellow in autumn4 ,in mid-summer each plant bears one immense panicle of small1 white ,,flowers1 which rises well above the leaves4 ,the tree presents its most striking appearance in autumn when the small black ,,fruit ripens1 for the fruit-stems turn a rich wine-red4 ,birds eat the juicy drupes4 ,the ,,wood is of no commercial importance4 ,,black ,,tupelo 7,blackgum7 ,nyssa sylvatica ,marsh4 ,black gum1 often called sour gum1 is found in eastern ,texas to the valley of the ,brazos ,river2 usually in swampy wet soil1 but sometimes on dry slopes with the oaks4 ,the ,,bark on younger trees is furrowed between flat ridges1 and gradually develops into quadrangular blocks that are dense1 hard1 and nearly black4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,tupelo 7,twig1 leaf1 and fruit one-half natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 #b to #c inches long1 entire1 obovate to elliptic1 shiny1 and dark green in color4 ,in the fall the leaves turn brilliant red4 ,the greenish ,,flowers on long1 slender peduncles appear in early spring when the leaves are about one-third grown4 ,they are usually of two kinds1 the male in many-flowered heads1 and the female in two or several-flowered clusters on different trees4 ,the ,,fruit is drupe-like1 dark blue inch long1 containing a single hard-shelled stone1 and is borne #b to #c in a cluster on #a to #b-;inch peduncles4 ,the ,,wood is very tough1 cross-grained1 not durable in contact with the soil1 hard to work1 and warps easily4 ,once considered a weed tree1 the species is now valuable for basket veneer1 box boards1 and paper pulp4 ,in the old days1 the hollow trunks were used for 8bee-gums40 ,swamp tupelo 7,n4 s4 var4 biflora ,walt4 ,sarg471 found mainly on the ,coastal ,plain1 has narrowly obovate to narrowly oblanceolate leaves and fruiting peduncles to #a inches long4 ,the base of the trunk is swollen when submerged4 ,,water ,,tupelo 7,cotton-,gum or ,tupelo-,gum7 ,nyssa aquatica ,l4 ,water tupelo is found only in deep river swamps or coastal swamps which are often flooded4 ,the commonly enlarged base1 large-sized fruit1 hanging on a long peduncle 7stem71 and the brittleness of the twigs1 serve to distinguish this species from the black gum4 ,it forms a tall1 often slowly tapering somewhat crooked trunk #ej to #ge feet in height and #b to #c feet in diameter4 ,the spreading small branches form a narrow1 oblong or pyramidal head4 ,the branches are generally smooth and light brown in color4 ,the ,,bark of the trunk is thin1 dark brown and furrowed up and down the trunk4 ,illustration3 ,,water ,,tupelo 7,leaf and fruit1 one-third natural size2 twig1 two-thirds natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 ovate or oblong in shape1 acute and often long-pointed4 ,when mature they are thick1 dark green and lustrous on the upper side1 pale and somewhat downy on the lower side1 #e to #g inches long and #b to #d inches wide1 wedge-shaped at the base1 and entire or irregularly toothed on the margin4 ,the petiole is stout1 #a to #b inches long1 grooved1 and enlarged at the base4 ,the ,,flowers1 which appear in ,march or ,april are of two kinds1 usually borne on separate trees1 the male flowers in dense round clusters1 and the female flowers solitary4 ,the ,,fruit1 ripening in early fall1 is a dark purple drupe1 oblong or obovate in shape1 about #a inch long1 with a thick1 tough skin enclosing a flattened stone1 and borne on a slender peduncle #c to #d inches long4 ,the ,,wood is light1 soft1 and not strong4 ,it is used for woodenware1 broom handles1 fruit and vegetable baskets1 marketed as tupelo or bay poplar lumber1 and paper pulp4 ,,flowering ,,dogwood ,cornus florida ,l4 ,dogwood grows in the forests of eastern ,texas1 usually under the larger forest trees4 ,it is a small tree1 up to #cj feet high and #ab inches in diameter1 occasionally larger1 with a rather flat and spreading crown and short1 often crooked trunk4 ,illustration3 ,,flowering ,,dogwood 7,leaf and fruit1 one-half natural size2 twig1 two-thirds natural size7 ,the ,,bark is reddish-brown to black and broken up into small #d-sided1 scaly blocks4 ,the ,,leaves are opposite1 ovate1 #c to #e inches long1 #b to #c inches wide1 pointed1 entire or wavy on the margin1 prominently veined1 bright green above1 pale green or grayish beneath4 ,the ,,flowers1 which unfold from the conspicuous1 round1 grayish1 winter flower buds before the leaves come out1 are small1 greenish-yellow1 arranged in dense heads surrounded by large white or pinkish petal-like bracts1 which appear like large spreading flowers #b to #d inches across4 ,the ,,fruit is a bright scarlet drupe one-half an inch long and containing a hard1 two-celled nutlet containing #a or #b seeds4 ,usually several fruits are contained in one head1 and are relished by birds1 squirrels1 and other animals4 ,the ,,wood is hard1 heavy1 strong1 close-grained1 and brown to red in color4 ,it is in demand for cotton-mill machinery1 turnery1 handles1 and forms4 ,with its masses of early spring flowers1 its dark red autumn foliage1 and bright red berries1 dogwood is probably our most ornamental native tree4 ,it should be used more extensively in eastern ,texas for ornamental planting4 ,,tree ,,sparkleberry 7,farkleberry7 ,vaccinium arboreum ,marsh4 ,in the coastal belt of eastern ,texas as far as ,matagorda ,bay1 farkleberry1 or tree huckleberry1 grows in moist sandy soil along the banks of ponds and streams4 ,although it is found from ,virginia to ,missouri and southward1 it reaches its largest size1 #bj to #cj feet1 near the ,gulf ,coast of ,texas4 ,the crooked trunk may attain a diameter of #h to #aj inches4 ,further inland it is a large shrub4 ,illustration3 ,,tree ,,sparkleberry 7,nearly natural size7 ,the ,,leaves are oval and glossy green1 varying up to #b inches in length and #a inch in width4 ,they are mostly evergreen1 or at least persist on the twigs during the winter4 ,the ,,flowers are small1 white1 and bell-shaped1 and appear in long open clusters on racemes4 ,the ,,fruit consist of small1 round1 shiny1 nearly black berries which ripen in the fall and1 unless eaten by birds or animals1 remain until spring4 ,they have a slightly puckering but pleasing flavor4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 close-grained1 and light reddish-brown4 ,it is sometimes used for tool handles4 ,,gum ,,bumelia 7,woolly ,buckthorn--,gum-,elastic7 ,bumelia lanuginosa 7,michx47 ,pers4 ,gum bumelia1 often called false buckthorn or chittamwood1 occurs along streams in sandy woods in eastern ,texas to the ,san ,antonio ,river and over the ,edwards ,plateau to ,palo ,pinto ,county4 ,it reaches its largest development probably in ,central ,texas where it occasionally grows as a tree #hj feet high and #c feet in diameter4 ,illustration3 ,,gum ,,bumelia 7,three-fourths natural size7 ,the branches are short1 stout1 and stiff1 and often armed with straight or curved spines4 ,the ,,leaves are oblong1 more or less grouped near the ends of short spurs2 rounded at the apex1 narrowed at the base2 thick1 firm1 dark green and shiny above1 and rusty-woolly beneath4 ,they are from #a to more than #b inches long and up to inch wide4 ,the ,,flowers are small and open in summer1 each borne on a hairy flower-stem 7pedicel7 about inch long4 ,they are borne in fascicles of #ae to #ah1 near the axils of the new leaves or near the leaf-scars of old leaves4 ,the petals are white and lobed4 ,the fruit is fleshy1 black1 oblong1 about inch in length1 borne singly or in a cluster of #b or #c1 and usually dry and firm on the outside and contain a light brown1 firm rounded seed4 ,the ripe fruit falls from the tree in autumn4 ,the ,,wood is light brown streaked with white and surrounded by a band of lighter colored sapwood4 ,it is heavy1 hard1 and close-grained4 ,b4 lanuginosa var4 ,rigida ,a4 ,gray1 is found in western and southern ,texas1 while ,b4 lycioides ,l4 ,pers41 is found in eastern ,texas to ,milam ,county4 ,,common ,,persimmon ,diospyros virginiana ,l4 ,persimmon is a well known tree throughout its range4 ,it is small1 rarely exceeding #ej feet in height and #ah inches in diameter1 occurring in the state as far west as the ,colorado ,river4 ,it prefers dry1 open situations1 and is most abundant in old fields1 though it occurs on rich bottomlands4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,persimmon 7,leaf and fruit1 one-half natural size2 twig1 three-fourths natural size7 ,the ,,bark of old trees is almost black and separated into thick1 nearly square blocks4 ,the ,,leaves are alternate1 oval1 entire1 #d to #f inches long1 dark green and shining above1 paler beneath4 ,the small ,,flowers1 which appear in ,may1 are yellowish or cream-white1 somewhat bell-shaped1 the male and female flowers occurring on separate trees2 the male in clusters of #b or #c1 the female solitary4 ,they are visited by many insects4 ,the ,,fruit is a pulpy1 round1 orange-colored or brown berry1 an inch or more in diameter and containing several flattened1 hard1 smooth seeds4 ,the fruit is strongly astringent while green1 but often quite sweet and delicious when thoroughly ripe4 ,it is relished by both man and animals1 especially after a few frosty nights4 ,the ,,wood is hard1 dense1 strong1 the heartwood brown or black1 the wide sapwood white or yellowish4 ,it is particularly valued for shuttles1 golf club heads1 and similar special uses1 but is not of sufficient commercial use to warrant its growth as a timber tree4 ,the ,,texas or ,,black ,,persimmon 7,d4 texana ,scheele7 is described on page #abg4 ,,common ,,sweetleaf 7,horse-,sugar7 ,symplocos tinctoria 7,l47 ,l',hr4 ,sweetleaf is usually found along the borders of streams and swamps1 chiefly in ,east ,texas4 ,it seldom grows to a height of more than #cj feet or a diameter of more than #h inches4 ,the slender upright branches1 forming an open head1 are bluish or grayish1 and decidedly roughened by elevated leaf-scars1 or places of attachment of the last crop of leaves4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,sweetleaf 7,fruit and flowers about natural size2 leaf1 one-half natural size7 ,the thick1 shiny1 dark green ,,leaves1 arranged alternately along the stem1 vary from #e to #f inches in length and #a to #b inches in width4 ,they remain on the twigs until spring4 ,the leaves are sweet and eagerly sought for food by livestock4 ,the tiny1 pale yellow fragrant ,,flowers are produced in close clusters at intervals along the branchlets4 ,the ,,fruit1 a small1 one-seeded drupe1 has a thin dark orange or brown skin4 ,the fruit is eaten to some extent by deer4 ,the ,,wood is light1 soft and pale red or brown1 and has no commercial value4 ,both leaves and bark yield a yellow dye4 ,the bitter aromatic roots have been used as a tonic4 ,,two-,,wing ,,silverbell 7,snowdrop ,tree7 ,halesia diptera ,ellis ,this attractive tree or shrub1 may grow as a small tree1 sometimes as much as #cj feet high1 with a trunk #f to #aj inches in diameter4 ,it occurs in rich1 wet woods and on the borders of swamps and streams1 but is adaptable to many sites4 ,it is found in the southeastern portion of ,texas1 being a native of the ,gulf ,region4 ,illustration3 ,,two-,,wing ,,silverbell 7,twig1 leaf1 and flower one-half natural size2 fruit about one-sixth natural size7 ,the ,,bark of the trunk is brown1 divided by irregular longitudinal fissures1 and separating on the surface into thin scales4 ,the bark on the twigs forms long1 loose1 brown fibers1 which makes it easy to identify during the winter4 ,the alternate1 ovate to obovate ,,leaves are bright green above1 paler and downy underneath1 #c to #d inches long1 and #b to #b inches wide4 ,they are much larger on young shoots4 ,the leaves have minute callous teeth4 ,the white ,,flowers1 usually about #a inch long1 come before the leaves and are borne in clusters of #c to #e4 ,the tree is charming when thickly hung with its 8silver bells40 ,the ,,fruit is about #b inches long with two wide1 thin wings1 and two 7rarely three7 narrow wings in between4 ,the ,,wood is light1 soft1 strong1 close-grained1 and light brown1 with thick1 lighter-colored sapwood4 ,it is not of commercial importance4 ,,carolina ,,ash 7,water ,ash7 ,fraxinus caroliniana ,mill4 ,water ash is common in shaded swamps1 westward to the valley of the ,neches ,river4 ,it forms a tree1 rarely more than #dj feet high1 with a trunk sometimes #ab inches in diameter1 and has small branches1 making a narrow1 often round-topped head4 ,illustration3 ,,carolina ,,ash 7,leaflet and fruit1 three-fourths natural size2 leaf1 one-fourth natural size7 ,the ,,bark is thin1 light gray1 and marked by large irregularly shaped round patches which separate into small1 thin1 close scales4 ,the ,,leaves are compounded1 #g to #ab inches long1 thick and firm when mature1 with #e to #g1 ovate to oblong1 finely to coarsely toothed leaflets1 #c to #f inches long1 #b to #c inches wide1 dark green above1 and paler below4 ,the small male and female ,,flowers appear on separate trees1 in ,february or ,march4 ,the ,,fruit is elliptic to oblong-ovate1 frequently three-winged1 #b inches long1 to inch wide4 ,the wing extends below the body of the fruit and narrows into a stipitate 7stalk-like7 base4 ,the ,,wood is light1 soft1 weak1 close-grained1 nearly white1 sometimes yellowish1 with thick1 lighter-colored sapwood4 ,it is used chiefly for fuel4 ,,white ,,ash ,fraxinus americana ,l4 ,white ash is found in ,east ,texas to the valley of the ,trinity ,river4 ,it grows best in the rich moist soils of upper bottomlands4 ,the bark is gray and furrowed1 the branchlets smooth and gray with rust-colored winter buds4 ,illustration3 ,,white ,,ash 7,twig and fruit1 one-half natural size2 leaf1 one-third natural size7 ,the compound opposite ,,leaves are generally straight1 #h to #ab inches long1 with #e to #i 7usually #g7 sharp pointed leaflets1 dark green above and paler and whitish beneath4 ,the male and female ,,flowers appear on separate trees1 the male in dense reddish-purple clusters and the female in more open branches4 ,the ,,fruit is a samara1 #a to #a inches long1 resembling the blade of a canoe paddle in outline1 with the smooth1 terete body at the handle end4 ,the fruit matures in late summer and is distributed effectively by the winds4 ,the ,,wood of white ash is extremely valuable because of its toughness and elasticity4 ,it is preferred for small tool handles1 athletic equipment1 and agricultural implements1 and is used extensively for furniture and interior finish4 ,the ashes comprise the only group of trees in eastern ,america that have opposite1 pinnately compound leaves with #e or more leaflets4 ,this fact provides a ready means of identifying the group4 ,there are at least seven other species of ash in ,texas4 ,,green ,,ash ,fraxinus pennsylvanica ,marsh4 ,green ash is a common tree along streams as far west as the ,guadalupe ,river4 ,it attains a height of #ej feet or more1 has spreading branches and a trunk ranging up to #b feet in diameter4 ,the ,,twigs are smooth1 round1 and ashy gray1 marked by pale lenticels and rusty bud-scales4 ,illustration3 ,,green ,,ash 7,fruit1 two-thirds natural size2 leaf1 one-third natural size2 twig1 three-fourths natural size7 ,the ,,bark is inch or more thick2 brown1 tinged with red1 and slightly furrowed or ridged4 ,the ,,leaves are opposite compound1 #aj to #ab inches long1 with #e to #i pointed leaflets slightly toothed on the margin4 ,they differ from those of white ash in being lustrous green on both sides or slightly paler beneath4 ,the terminal leaflet is frequently askew from the main axis of the rachis4 ,the small1 male and female ,,flowers occur on separate trees4 ,the ,,fruit is flat1 winged1 #a to #a inches long1 to inch wide1 the wing portion extending well down past the middle of the terete1 many-rayed body4 ,the wing is sometimes square or slightly notched at the outer end4 ,the ,,wood is heavy1 hard1 rather strong1 brittle1 and coarse-grained4 ,it is used for the same purposes as white ash but is not as desirable4 ,,swamp ,,privet 7,common ,adelia7 ,forestiera acuminata 7,michx47 ,poir4 ,swamp privet or forestiera is found along river banks1 lakes1 and standing water over eastern ,texas to the ,colorado ,river4 ,it is usually a large shrub but often becomes a small tree1 less than #cj feet high1 with a short trunk usually less than #h inches in diameter4 ,its youngest branches are slender1 somewhat hairy1 slightly angular1 and vary in color from yellowish-green to brown4 ,they become darker and more rounded the second season4 ,illustration3 ,,swamp ,,privet 7,leaves1 one-fifth natural size2 fruit1 one-half natural size7 ,the ,,bark is thin1 dark brown to brownish-gray1 close1 and slightly ridged4 ,the ,,leaves are thin1 simple1 opposite1 #b to #d inches long1 #a to #a inches wide1 pointed at both ends1 yellowish-green on the upper surface1 paler on the lower surface1 and slightly toothed above the middle4 ,the ,,flowers appear in ,april before the leaves4 ,they are of two kinds1 borne separately on the same tree1 rather small and in clusters4 ,the ,,fruit1 a drupe1 falls when ripe in ,may or ,june4 ,it is about #a inch long and inch wide1 oblong1 and tipped with a point4 ,the ripe fruit is deep purple1 and contains a tough1 dry pulp and a one-seeded stone4 ,the ,,wood is close-grained1 yellowish-brown1 weak1 and rather soft4 ,it has no economic use4 ,,fringetree 7,white ,fringetree7 ,chionanthus virginicus ,l4 ,children give this tree1 with its drooping1 fringy1 white flowers1 such names as 8grancy-gray beard0 and 8old-man's beard40 ,beautiful both in flower and fruit1 it is a desirable tree for ornamental planting4 ,it occurs naturally in loamy soil over the eastern part of the state to the valley of the ,brazos ,river and generally grows in the shade of other trees4 ,illustration3 ,,fringetree 7,flower1 three-fourths natural size2 leaf and fruit1 one-half natural size7 ,the ,,bark is similar to that of a young ash1 but is rougher and whiter4 ,it has tonic properties1 and is used in domestic remedies4 ,the rather large1 ovate ,,leaves are #d to #h inches long1 and to #d inches wide1 dark green on the upper surface1 paler underneath1 and turning a clear bright yellow in autumn4 ,the leaves are opposite1 and leave conspicuous scars when they fall4 ,the odd white ,,flowers1 which appear with the very young leaves1 are borne in long1 loose drooping panicles4 ,the petals are very narrow and long1 giving the effect of fringe4 ,the ,,fruit is a dark blue-purple drupe1 sometimes as much as an inch long1 with a glaucous bloom1 and borne in loose1 drooping panicles4 ,it is an excellent deer and bird food4 ,,northern ,,catalpa 7,western ,catalpa7 ,catalpa speciosa ,warder ,catalpa1 often miscalled 8catawba01 is found naturalized in eastern ,texas and occurs on various qualities of soil1 most frequently on rich1 moist bottoms4 ,it is a medium-sized tree1 rarely exceeding #ej feet in height and #ae inches in diameter4 ,the trunk is usually short and the head broad with spreading branches4 ,illustration3 ,,northern ,,catalpa 7,leaf1 one-third natural size2 twig and seed1 two-thirds natural size2 pod1 one-fourth natural size7 ,the ,,bark varies from dark gray to brown1 and is slightly rough1 being divided into narrow1 shallow strips or flakes4 ,the ,,leaves are simple1 opposite1 cordate-based1 long-pointed1 #f to #aj inches long1 and softly pubescent beneath4 ,the ,,flowers appear in clusters or panicles in ,april or ,may1 and are #a to #b inches long1 trumpet-shaped1 the wavy and spreading corolla irregular1 two-lobed1 and with a narrow notch on the margin2 corolla white with purple and yellow markings4 ,the ,,fruit consists of a bean-like capsule #h to #af inches long and from to inch in diameter4 ,it hangs on the tree over winter and gradually splits into two parts1 or valves4 ,the seeds are about #a inch long and terminate in wings that are rounded and short-fringed at the ends4 ,the ,,wood is rather soft1 light1 coarse-grained1 and durable1 in contact with the soil4 ,it is used for fence posts1 poles and fuel1 and occasionally for railroad ties4 ,it is a mistake to attempt to grow catalpa for fence posts or other uses except on good agricultural soil4 ,,southern ,,catalpa 7,c4 bignonioides ,walt47 has a thin1 scaly bark1 abruptly short-acuminate leaf1 fetid when crushed4 ,margin of lower lobe of flower entire4 ,the valves of the capsule flatten after dehiscence4 ,the terminal tuft on the seed forms a point4 ,,desertwillow ,chilopsis linearis 7,cav47 ,sweet ,this interesting tree1 so named because of its willow-like leaves1 is closely related to the catalpa4 ,often reaching a height of #be feet and a diameter of #aj to #ab inches1 it is found usually in dry1 gravelly1 porous soils in the valley of the lower ,rio ,grande and through ,west ,texas4 ,the ,,leaves are less than inch wide and from #f to #ab inches long1 light green1 and pointed4 ,their arrangement on the twig is either opposite or alternate4 ,illustration3 ,,desertwillow 7,leaf1 one-third natural size2 fruit and flowers1 one-half natural size7 ,the white ,,flowers shade into pale purple and are blotched in their 8throats0 with pale purple4 ,they occur in an elongated cluster1 or raceme1 opening successively toward the end of the flower stalk4 ,the ,,fruit 8pods0 are capsules #g to #ab inches long1 hard or woody1 very slender1 and contain numerous small seeds4 ,the soft1 weak1 close-grained ,,wood is brown streaked with yellow4 ,the sapwood turns to heartwood in #b or #c years4 ,,common ,,buttonbush ,cephalanthus occidentalis ,l4 ,buttonbush of ,texas is a small tree or large shrub up to #ah feet high1 with a straight1 tapering trunk up to #ab inches in diameter4 ,attaining its largest size in moist rich soil of eastern ,texas1 it is also found to the valley of the ,rio ,grande4 ,the branches are generally upright1 the spreading branchlets with pithy in the centers1 often occurring in whorls of three from one place on the stem4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,buttonbush 7,leaf1 one-third natural size2 fruit and flowers1 two-thirds natural size7 ,the ,,leaves occur in pairs or whorls of #c 7occasionally more7 each oval or elliptical1 pointed1 rounded at the base1 from #b to #g inches long by #a to #c inches wide4 ,they are thin1 dark green above1 with a large central midrib1 and somewhat hairy beneath4 ,they fall in autumn or remain on branchlets over winter4 ,the ,,flowers form a creamy white or yellow round head about #a inch in diameter and are borne in clusters4 ,the many small flowers in the head are fragrant and nectar-bearing4 ,the long thread-like projecting styles are conspicuous on the flowering heads4 ,the ,,fruit consists of a mass of nuts in a globular head forming an aggregate fruit inch in diameter4 ,the red-brown nutlets have #b to #d closed1 #a-seeded portions4 ,the ,,wood is of little value4 ,,rusty ,,blackhaw 7,viburnum7 ,viburnum rufidulum ,raf4 ,rusty blackhaw is found in woods and thickets over ,east ,texas4 ,it forms a tree1 sometimes #ce feet high1 with a trunk over a foot in diameter1 but is usually much smaller1 often flowering as a shrub4 ,the twigs are ashy-gray1 becoming dark dull reddish-brown after one to several years4 ,the winter buds are densely covered with rusty brown hairs which persist for some weeks at the base of the leaf-stalks4 ,the ,,bark is to inch thick1 becoming roughened into small plate-like1 dark brown scales tinged with red4 ,illustration3 ,,rusty ,,blackhaw 7,fruit and twig1 three-quarters natural size2 leaf1 two-thirds natural size7 ,the simple ,,leaves are opposite or whorled1 elliptic to obovate or oval1 pointed or blunt at the apex1 wedge-shaped or rounded at the base1 and with fine teeth on the margin4 ,they are leathery in texture1 lustrous dark green above1 pale and dull below1 about #c inches long1 and #a to #a inches wide4 ,the ,,flowers are small and white2 each has five petals and five stamens1 and appear in the spring in dense clusters at the tips of branches4 ,the ,,fruit ripens in the fall4 ,it is a bright blue1 oval drupe1 over inch long1 covered with a glaucous bloom1 and containing a stony seed inch long and inch wide4 ,the bad smelling ,,wood has no economic use4 ,other ,texas ,trees ,,arizona ,,cypress 7,cupressus arizonica ,greene7 is an evergreen native to the mountains of the south ,trans-,pecos ,region4 ,it grows from a height of #cj to #gj feet and #ah to #bd inches in diameter4 ,the needles are blue-green4 ,fruit a cone as large as #a inches in diameter4 ,the wood is heavy and used to some extent for fence posts4 ,,alligator ,,juniper 7,juniperus deppeana ,steud47 grows in the mountains of southwestern ,texas1 normally as a small tree1 or even as a sprawling shrub under adverse conditions4 ,its name derives from the fact that the bark on older trees somewhat resembles alligator hide1 being broken up into square plates #a to #b inches across4 ,the leaves are about inch long1 and blue-green in color4 ,the fruit is berry-like1 nearly round1 reddish-brown1 and matures in two seasons4 ,seeds #c-d4 ,,drooping ,,juniper 7,weeping ,juniper7 7,juniperus flaccida ,schlect47 occurs in this country only on the slopes of the ,chisos ,mountains in ,brewster ,county1 ,texas4 ,it has graceful spreading branches with long slender1 drooping branchlets4 ,after the leaves fall1 the thin bright cinnamon-brown bark separating into thin loose papery scales is characteristic4 ,,one-,,seed ,,juniper 7,juniperus monosperma ,engelm4 ,sarg47 occurs throughout western ,texas1 usually as a spreading shrub or small1 much branched tree4 ,the bark is ashy gray1 ridged and shreddy4 ,the leaves resemble those of the alligator juniper1 but are gray-green in color1 and fringed with minute teeth4 ,the fruit is smaller1 usually copper colored or occasionally blue1 usually one-seeded1 and matures in one season4 ,,rocky ,,mountain ,,juniper 7,juniperus scopulorum ,sarg47 occurs in western ,texas where it is often the largest of the junipers found there4 ,the bark is reddish-brown or grayish-brown1 thin1 fibrous1 and divided into flat1 interlacing ridges4 ,the leaves are similar to those of the alligator juniper1 but pale to dark green in color4 ,the fruit is nearly round1 blue1 and matures in two seasons4 ,seeds #a to #c1 usually #b4 ,,texas ,,palmetto 7,sabal texana ,o4 ,f4 ,cook ,becc47 sometimes called palm1 but not to be confused with the dwarf palmetto 7,sabal minor ,jacq4 ,pers47 found in ,east ,texas1 reaches to heights of #cj to #ej feet and often #b feet in diameter4 ,it is a native of the rich bottomlands on the ,bernando ,river in ,cameron ,county1 ,texas1 but has been widely cultivated and is found along the ,gulf ,coast1 where the trunks are sometimes used for wharf piles4 ,on the lower ,rio ,grande the leaves are used for the thatch of houses4 ,,southern ,,bayberry 7,sweet ,myrtle or ,wax ,myrtle7 7,myrica cerifera ,l47 sweet myrtle is found in ,east ,texas1 usually in swamp lands4 ,its small yellow-green leaves are fragrant with a balsam-like resinous odor4 ,light green berries1 about inch in diameter remain on the trees during the winter months and are coated with a thick1 pale blue wax4 ,bay berry candles are made from the wax4 ,,rio ,,grande ,,cottonwood 7,populus fremontii var4 wislizenii ,s4 ,watts7 is one of several cottonwoods growing in ,west ,texas4 ,five other cottonwoods are native to the western part of the state4 ,wood is used for fuel and rafters of ,mexican houses4 ,it is not durable in the ground1 but is fast growing on most areas4 ,populus tremuloides ,michx41 called quaking aspen or aspen popple1 is a small-leafed1 white-barked tree of the ,trans-,pecos ,region4 ,,speckled ,,alder 7,hazel ,alder7 7,alnus rugosa ,du ,roi ,spreng47 occurs in ,east ,texas west to approximately the #igth meridian4 ,it is a thicket-forming shrub with thick foliage and is one of the first plants to leaf out in the spring4 ,birds feed upon the numerous nutlets produced by the woody1 cone-like structure4 ,,sweet ,,acacia 7,huisache7 7,acacia farnesiana ,l4 ,willd47 found mainly in ,south ,texas1 is a small1 spiny shrub1 with bright yellow flowers4 ,fruit a turgid1 woody pod4 ,the wood is heavy1 hard1 and a rich1 reddish-brown4 ,,guajillo 7,acacia berlandieri ,benth47 pronounced 8wa-he-o01 is the famous honey plant of the ,lone ,star ,state4 ,from its white flowers bees produce a water-white honey1 highly valued for its flavor and purity4 ,guajillo occurs in ,south ,texas1 and resembles the other trees in the acacia group4 ,the wood is used locally for fuel4 ,,great ,,leadtree 7,mexican ,leadtree7 7,leucaena pulverulenta ,schlecht ,benth47 sometimes called 8tepehuaje0 or mimosa1 is found on the rich moist soil of river banks and small streams only a few miles from the mouth of the ,rio ,grande ,river4 ,it grows #ej to #fj feet high and #ah inches in diameter4 ,the finely divided leaves give the tree the appearance of a huge fern4 ,seed pods are #aj to #ab inches long4 ,the wood is heavy1 hard1 very close-grained1 rich dark brown with a clear yellow sapwood4 ,it is considered valuable and is sometimes manufactured into lumber4 ,two other species1 7,l4 greggii ,s4 ,wats47 and 7,l4 retusa ,benth471 are found in ,west ,texas but are smaller4 ,,texas ,,sophora 7,coral ,bean7 7,sophora affinis ,torr4 and ,gray7 also called 8bear berry01 and pink or beaded locust1 is a native to most all of ,texas4 ,it occurs as a small sized tree1 #ah to #bj feet tall and #h to #aj inches in diameter4 ,the branches are slightly zigzag1 bright green when young turning to orange-brown4 ,the leaves are #f to #i inches long1 made up of from #ac to #ai leaflets4 ,in the fall1 it is loaded with clusters of black bean pods4 ,the pods are peculiar in shape in that they are pinched in at each seed giving it the appearance of a string of beads4 ,in fact1 it is often called the 8necklace tree0 for that reason4 ,the wood is very hard1 light red in color1 with a thick bright clear yellow sapwood4 ,,texas ,,porlieria 7,guayacan7 7,porlieria angustifolia ,engelm4 ,a4 ,gray7 or soap bush1 an evergreen of southern and western ,texas1 is usually a shrub1 but occasionally reaches #h inches in diameter and #cj feet in height4 ,it is a source of early spring honey in the ,rio ,grande ,valley4 ,its wood is heavy1 hard1 and exceptionally durable4 ,guayacan1 sometimes called guaiacum1 is the hardest wood in ,texas and the ,united ,states4 ,the lignum-vitae of commerce is produced from another species4 ,,baretta 7,helietta parvifolia ,a4 ,gray ,benth47 a native of the ,rio ,grande ,valley and abundant in ,starr ,county where it may form considerable thickets1 this small1 slender evergreen is seldom more than #e or #f feet tall4 ,on limestone ridges of the ,sierra ,madre of ,nuevo ,leon it reaches #bj to #be feet high4 ,its leaves are trifoliate1 #a to #b inches long1 and conspicuously marked with black glandular dots4 ,the branches are brownish-red1 but with bright yellow1 new growth4 ,the species is not native to any other section of the ,united ,states4 ,,tree ,,of ,,heaven 7,ailanthus altissima ,mill4 ,swingle7 is native to the ,orient but has been introduced to this country where it has grown wild and occurs generally throughout ,texas4 ,the long1 pinnately compound leaves1 #bd to #dh inches long1 with #aa to #da leaflets1 are glandular toothed at the base4 ,the flowers and bruised leaves have a disagreeable odor4 ,the tree is fast growing and spreads by suckers as well as by seed4 ,,chinaberry 7,melia azedarach ,l47 although a native of ,asia1 is so widely grown in ,texas as an ornamental that it can be seen almost anywhere4 ,it is a member of the mahogany family4 ,the bark is furrowed1 with the ridges flat-topped4 ,the alternate leaves are twice-compound and #aj to #cb inches long4 ,the leaflets are alternate1 ovate to elliptic1 sharply toothed or lobed1 to #b inches long1 light green and usually smooth4 ,the flowers are showy1 lilac-colored1 fragrant1 nearly an inch across1 and arranged in loose clusters which appear in ,april4 ,the fruit is nearly round1 to inch in diameter1 fleshy1 and yellow when mature4 ,the wood is moderately heavy and moderately hard1 light reddish-brown in color1 with a rather narrow1 yellowish sapwood4 ,formerly it was much used for cabinet-work4 ,,american ,,smoketree 7,chittamwood7 7,cotinus obovatus ,raf47 a member of the sumac family1 it grows along the ,medina and ,guadalupe ,rivers and in ,kendall ,county1 ,texas4 ,occasionally it reaches a height of #cj feet and #ab inches in diameter1 but usually grows as a shrub or small tree1 its trunk dividing into several stems #aj feet or so above the ground4 ,the wood is bright1 clear1 rich orange color1 and yields the same color dye4 ,sometimes it is used for fence posts4 ,c4 coggygria1 the smoketree of gardens1 is cultivated in the ,united ,states4 ,,texas ,,pistache 7,pistacia texana ,swingle7 a less common member of the sumac family1 is found native on limestone cliffs and the rocky bottoms of canyons along the lower ,pecos ,river in ,valverde ,county1 ,texas4 ,it reaches a height of #ae to #bj feet and produces a fruit resembling the pistachio nut of commerce1 except that it is smaller in size4 ,,eastern ,,wahoo 7,euonymus atropurpureus ,jacq47 also called arrow-wood and burning bush in some localities is a small tree rarely over #bj feet high and #d to #f inches in diameter4 ,the bark is thin and covered with thin1 tiny scales4 ,the wood is heavy1 hard1 white1 tinged with orange4 ,the leaves are opposite1 thin1 and finely serrate4 ,in the fall and winter the tree is characterized by bright red berries in lighter red1 #d-lobed capsules4 ,it is a native of ,east ,texas4 ,,florida ,,maple 7,southern ,sugar ,maple7 7,acer barbatum ,michx47 grows in ,east ,texas and resembles the sugar maple 7,a4 saccharum ,marsh47 with which it blends in ,northeast ,texas1 except that the tips of the leaves of ,a4 barbatum ,michx4 are more rounded and the young leaves are hairy on the underside when they first unfold4 ,,bigtooth ,,maple 7,acer grandidentatum ,nutt47 a maple native to the mountains and canyons of the ,trans-,pecos ,region of ,texas1 grows to #cj and #dj feet high and occasionally #h to #aj inches in diameter4 ,its bright red branchlets are nearly encircled by the narrow leaf-scars4 ,leaf lobes few toothed or nearly entire4 ,when accessible1 the wood is valuable for fuel and building material4 ,,uvalde ,,bigtooth ,,maple 7,sugar or ,mountain ,maple7 7,acer grandidentatum var4 sinuosum ,rend4 ,little7 resembles the above two maples but is confined to the ,balcones ,escarpment in western ,texas along creek bottoms in parts of ,kendall1 ,bandera1 and ,uvalde ,counties4 ,it is a rare tree1 seldom more than #bj feet high4 ,branchlets pale red-brown and marked by pale lenticels during their first season1 ultimately turning dull gray-brown4 ,,florida ,,basswood 7,tilia floridana ,small7 grows from ,east ,texas to the ,edwards ,plateau4 ,the leaves are coarsely serrate with sharp-pointed tips1 dark green and glaucous above1 and pale or covered with a silvery-white bloom and often axillary hairs below4 ,the tree may reach #dj to #ej feet high and #ab to #ae inches in diameter4 ,,carolina ,,basswood 7,tilia caroliniana ,mill47 located in ,east ,texas to the ,edwards ,plateau1 ,kendall ,county4 ,underside of the ovate leaves covered with soft1 short1 brownish-white hairs2 smooth on upper surface and coarse-veined4 ,leaves usually obliquely truncate at the base4 ,,tamarisk 7,tamarix species7 all of the many species of ,tamarix are native to the ,mediterranean ,region or to ,east ,asia and ,india4 ,however1 three of them 7,t4 araiculata ,vahl1 ,t4 gallica ,l41 and ,t4 pentandra ,pall471 are widely planted in the ,south4 ,all are shrubby in nature1 or they may attain the stature of small trees4 ,when of tree size1 the trunk normally is short1 with main branches quite close to the ground4 ,this gives rise to a wide-spreading bushy crown4 ,the leaves are sparse1 delicate1 evergreen1 alternate1 simple1 small1 scale-like1 pale green to dull or bluish-green1 ovate or rhombic1 sharp pointed1 sometimes with thin1 dry margins1 and without petioles4 ,the foliage presents a leathery appearance4 ,the wood is hard1 heavy1 white to light straw colored1 shows a prominent mottled wavy pattern when quarter-sawn1 and takes a high polish4 ,,buckthorn ,,bumelia 7,buckthorn7 7,bumelia lycioides ,l4 ,pers47 also called ironwood1 is found along the ,southeast ,coastal ,region of ,texas4 ,in contrast to ,b4 lanuginosa1 the leaves are smooth instead of hairy on the underside4 ,they are also thin4 ,sometimes grows #be to #cj feet in height with a short trunk rarely more than #f inches in diameter4 ,it has stout1 flexible branches1 usually unarmed4 ,,texas ,,bumelia 7,bumelia lanuginosa var4 rigida ,a4 ,gray7 occurs in ,texas from the upper ,brazos ,river to the ,rio ,grande and upper ,guadalupe ,river4 ,it has thick1 leathery-like leaves smooth on the underside4 ,the lateral branches are spiny and occasionally end in stout pines2 branchlets slender1 often zigzag1 and lustrous4 ,the fresh-cut wood of the bumelias in ,texas usually produces considerable quantities of clear viscid gum4 ,mexicans have given some species of this small tree the name 8chickle0 for that reason4 ,,texas ,,persimmon 7,black ,persimmon7 7,diospyros texana ,scheele7 also called ,mexican persimmon1 is native to southern and southwestern ,texas1 from the ,colorado ,river4 ,it is characterized by #a to #b inch leaves and small edible black fruits1 about inch in diameter4 ,they will stain the skin black4 ,mexicans make a hair dye from the ripe fruit1 which has given the plant the local name of 8capote04 ,the wood is heavy with a black heartwood often streaked with yellow1 and with a bright yellow sapwood4 ,the wood is used in turnery and for the handles of tools4 ,,texas ,,ash 7,fraxinus texensis ,a4 ,gray ,sarg47 a small tree1 rarely more than #ej feet high1 of the dry limestone bluffs and ridges of the ,dallas area to the valley of the ,colorado ,river and the ,edwards ,plateau4 ,leaves #e to #h inches long with usually five1 long-stalked leaflets4 ,fruit in short1 compact clusters4 ,,berlandier ,,ash 7,mexican ,ash7 7,fraxinus berlandieriana ,a4 ,,dc47 grows along the banks of streams and canyons in the ,san ,antonio and ,neuces ,river watersheds and over the ,edwards ,plateau4 ,it is rarely more than #cj feet tall4 ,the three to five leaflets are smooth4 ,the wood is light brown and soft4 ,,anacahuita 7,texas ,wild-,olive7 7,cordia boisseri ,a4 ,,dc47 occurs along the lower ,rio ,grande ,valley1 is said to be almost extinct4 ,it is a small tree1 sometimes #bj feet tall and #f to #h inches in diameter1 noted for its large velvety leaves 7#d to #e inches long and #c to #d inches wide71 clusters of yellow and white flowers and delicate ivory-white coated fruit4 ,the bark is thin1 gray1 tinged with red4 ,,anaqua 7,ehretia anacua ,mier and ,berland4 ,johnst47 also called knackaway1 anama1 and yara1 occurs in ,west ,texas from the upper ,san ,marcos ,river to the ,rio ,grande ,river4 ,it is a tree of the tropics and of about #dj species in its family1 is the only one found in the ,united ,states1 and here only in ,texas4 ,it is valued as a shade tree in some communities of ,south ,texas and is noted for its growth and beauty4 ,occasionally it grows to a height of #dj to #ej feet with a trunk #c feet in diameter1 attaining its largest size on the ,guadalupe and ,nueces ,rivers4 ,anaqua has slender branchlets1 without terminal buds1 and leathery1 very rough leaves which are almost evergreen4 ,it blooms with white flowers in ,march and ,april and has large groups of edible red berries in ,june and ,july4 ,the wood is heavy1 close-grained1 light brown and of little value4 ,,texas ,,madrone 7,arbutus texana ,buckl47 also called ,texas ,madroo is a small poorly shaped tree found on dry limestone hills1 and in the valley of the ,rio ,blanco1 and among the ,eagle ,mountains4 ,the trunk is seldom over one foot in diameter and is usually divided into several branches near the ground4 ,the leaves are oval to oblong and persistent until the new leaves are formed4 ,the bark of young stems and branches is smooth1 thin1 and yellowish-green in color tinged with red4 ,at the base of old trunks the bark1 sometimes inch thick1 is dark reddish-brown in color4 ,,austrian ,,pine 7,pinus nigra ,arnold7 is similar in appearance to red pine 7,p4 resinosa ,ait47 but needles are more rigid4 ,bark is black to dark brown and the cones are #a to #b inches long4 ,the tree is a native of central and southern ,europe and ,asia ,minor4 ,it has been planted extensively in the ,u4 ,s4 as an ornamental but is apparently not yet naturalized4 ,it is planted in ,texas in windbreak plantings4 ,,russian-,,olive 7,elaeagnus angustifolia ,l47 is a small tree1 not more than #be feet tall1 usually with thorny branches4 ,leaves are simple1 alternate1 narrow and #b to #c inches long1 bright green on the upper surface and silvery underneath4 ,it is a native of ,europe and ,asia and is used as an ornamental and in windbreak plantings in the ,united ,states4 ,,buffaloberry 7,silver ,buffaloberry7 7,shepherdia argentea ,pursh ,nutt47 is a small silver gray-green tree with edible scarlet colored fruit which is useful for making jelly1 which may reach #ah to #bc feet in height4 ,it generally has narrow oblong leaves to #b inches long and twigs are often thorny4 ,its native range is from the northern ,great ,plains to ,kansas4 ,useful for windbreak plantings and erosion control4 ,,siberian ,,elm 7,chinese ,elm7 7,ulmus pumila ,l47 is more commonly known in the ,plains area as ,chinese elm4 ,it is drought-resistant and tolerant of a variety of sites but cannot stand too much water4 ,a small tree with slender drooping branches4 ,clusters of short pedicelled winged fruit appear in ,april or ,may4 ,the leaves are simple1 alternate1 oval to elliptical1 #a to #b inches long and leaf edges are doubly serrate4 ,widely used for shade and windbreak plantings4 ,,winterberry ,,euonymus 7,euonymus bungeanus ,maxim47 was introduced from ,china and has adapted well to the southern ,great ,plains area centered around the ,texas ,panhandle4 ,the small tree is very hardy and drought-resistant4 ,its very light green leaves are #b to #d inches long1 pointed and borne on slender petioles4 ,the heavy leaves cause the petioles to bend giving the foliage a limp or drooping appearance4 ,young stems and branches are green1 older ones are gray4 ,the fruit is a four-lobed capsule which1 before ripening in the fall1 has a pinkish cast4 ,the ripened seeds are bright red4 ,tree ,identification ,guide ,the following guide has been included in the ,eighth edition to assist school children and interested adults in the identification of ,texas trees4 ,the guide is non-technical and should be treated as such4 ,more detailed keys are available in most public libraries4 ,in the guide1 trees are grouped according to their outstanding characteristics which include leaves1 leaf arrangement1 flowers1 fruit and site4 ,,the ,,softwoods ,needles ,cones ,shortleaf#a 7page #ba7 #b to #c in a bundle 7usually #a-b long #b72 #c-e long ,loblolly 7page #bj7 #c in a bundle2 #f-i long #c-e long ,longleaf 7page #bb7 #c in a bundle2 #aj-ae long #f-aj long ,slash 7page #bc7 #b to #c in a bundle 7usually #d-f long #b72 #h-ab long ,note3 ,not included above but commonly found in the longleaf pine range is a cross between loblolly and longleaf pine4 ,this hybrid tree has characteristics of both parents4 #a,only native pine in ,texas that sprouts4 ,pitch pockets are usually present in bark of older trees4 ,,the ,,hardwoods ,,trees ,,with ,,simple ,,leaves ,illustration3 ,leaf ,margins--,smooth 7,leaves opposite on twig7 ,fruits3 ,page ,drupe 7or berry7 ,dogwood #ajg ,fringetree #aag ,pod ,catalpa #aah ,desertwillow #aai ,multiple ,fruit ,buttonbush #abj ,illustration3 ,leaf ,margins--,smooth 7,leaves alternate on twig7 ,fruits3 ,page ,pod ,corkwood #ce ,pawpaw #gb ,redbud #hh ,acorn ,white oaks #dh-ej1 #eb-ei ,drupe 7or berry7 ,hackberry #ff ,redbay #gc ,sassafras #gd ,blackgum #aje ,farkleberry #ajh ,gum ,elastic #aji ,southern ,buckthorn #aji1 #abg ,persimmon #aaj1 #abg ,privet ,swamp #aaf ,multiple ,fruit ,bios-d'arc #fi ,magnolia #gj ,sweetbay #ga ,witch-hazel #gg ,sycamore #gg ,winged ,silverbell #aab ,illustration3 ,leaf ,margins--,toothed 7,leaves opposite on twig7 ,fruits3 ,page ,winged ,silver ,maple #ih ,red ,maple #ii ,southern ,sugar ,maple #abf ,sugar ,maple #abf ,big ,tooth ,maple #abf ,mountain ,maple #abf ,pod ,desertwillow #aai ,wahoo #abe ,drupe 7or berry7 ,blackhaw #aba ,illustration3 ,leaf ,margins--,toothed 7,leaves alternate on twig7 ,fruits3 ,page ,drupe 7or berry7 ,hawthorn #gh ,mayhaw #gi ,mexican ,plum #hj ,black ,sloe #ha ,black ,cherry #hb ,laurelcherry #hc ,holly #if ,yaupon #ig ,basswood #ajc1 #abf ,tupelo ,gum #ajf ,sweetleaf #aaa ,sweet ,myrtle #abc ,anaqua #abh ,winged ,the ,elms #fa-fd ,multiple ,fruit ,cottonwood #cf1 #abc ,black ,willow #cg ,red ,mulberry #fh ,sweetgum #gf ,alder 7cone-like7 #abc ,nut ,blue ,beech 7nut-like7 #ch ,ironwood 7cone-like7 #ci ,river ,birch 7cone-like7 #dj ,american ,beech #da ,chinkapin #db ,planer ,tree #fe ,acorns ,red ,oaks #dc-dg ,white ,oaks #ea1 #fj ,,trees ,,with ,,compound ,,leaves ,illustration3 ,leaf ,margins--,smooth 7,leaves opposite on twig7 ,fruits3 ,page ,winged ,baretta #abd ,illustration3 ,leaf ,margins--,smooth 7,leaves alternate on twig7 ,fruits3 ,page ,pod ,mesquite #hg ,black ,locust #ia ,coral ,bean #abd ,guajillo #abc ,multiple ,fruit ,flameleaf ,sumac 7large headed7 #id ,guayacan 7capsule7 #abd ,drupe 7or berry7 ,poison-,sumac #ie ,wild ,china-tree #ajb ,tree of ,heaven #abe ,chinaberry #abe ,smoke ,tree #abe ,pistache #abe ,illustration3 ,leaf ,margins--,toothed 7,leaves opposite on twig7 ,fruits3 ,page ,winged ,boxelder #ajj ,water ,ash #aac ,white ,ash #aad ,green ,ash #aae ,mexican ,ash #abh ,illustration3 ,leaf ,margins--,toothed 7,leaves alternate on twig7 ,fruits3 ,page ,nut ,the ,walnuts #bh ,the ,hickories #bi-cd ,ohio ,buckeye #aja ,drupe 7or berry7 ,devils-,walkingstick 7capsule-like7 #ib ,pod ,waterlocust #ij ,winged ,hoptree #ic ,,trees ,,with ,,doubly-,,compound ,,leaves ,illustration3 ,leaf ,margins--,smooth 7,leaves alternate on twig7 ,fruits3 ,page ,pod ,texas ,ebony #hd ,catclaw ,acacia #he ,leadtree 7,mimosa7 #hf1 #abd ,honeylocust #hi ,huisache 7,sweet ,acacia7 #abc ,illustration3 ,leaf ,margins--,toothed 7,leaves alternate on twig7 ,fruits3 ,page ,drupe 7or berry7 ,devils-,walkingstick #ib ,hercules-,club #ajd ,,trees ,,that ,,prefer ,,wet ,,sites ,page ,baldcypress #be ,water ,hickory #ca ,corkwood #ce ,cottonwood #cf ,black ,willow #cg ,blue ,beech 7,hornbeam7 #ch ,ironwood 7,hophornbeam7 #ci ,red ,birch 7,river ,birch7 #dj ,water ,oak #dh ,willow ,oak #di ,bur ,oak #eg ,overcup ,oak #eh ,swamp ,chestnut ,oak #ei ,sweetbay #ga ,sweetgum #gf ,the ,hawthorns #gh1 #gi ,waterlocust #ij ,poison-,sumac #ie ,yaupon #ig ,blackgum 7,black ,tupelo7 #aje ,tupelo-,gum 7,water ,tupelo7 #ajf ,water ,ash #aac ,swamp ,privet #aaf ,alder #abc ,,hardwood ,,trees ,,with ,,evergreen ,,leaves ,page ,live ,oak #eb ,southern ,magnolia #gj ,redbay #gc ,american ,holly #if ,yaupon #ig ,tree ,sparkleberry 7,tree ,huckleberry7 #ajh ,baretta #abd ,,trees ,,whose ,,leaves ,,turn ,,red ,,in ,,autumn ,page ,red ,oak #df ,sweetgum #gf ,the ,hawthorns #gh ,the ,sumacs #id ,red ,maple #ii ,blackgum #aje ,flowering ,dogwood #ajg ,sugar ,maple 7yellow as well7 #abf ,,trees ,,whose ,,leaves ,,turn ,,yellow ,,in ,,autumn ,page ,the ,hickories #bi-cd ,the ,cottonwoods #cf1 #abc ,black ,willow #cg ,hophornbeam 7,blue ,beech7 #ch ,river ,birch #dj ,most of the ,oaks 7except ,red ,oak7 #dc-fj ,bios-d'arc 7,osage ,orange7 #fi ,southern ,magnolia #gj ,pawpaw #gb ,mesquite #hg ,redbud #hh ,hercules-,club #ib ,red ,maple #ii ,ohio ,buckeye #aja ,devils-,walkingstick #ajd ,the ,ashes #aac-aae1 #abh ,fringetree #aag ,catalpa #aah ,sugar ,maple 7red as well7 #abf ,,trees ,,with ,,seeds ,,winged ,,or ,,with ,,parachute-,,like ,,attachments ,page ,the ,cottonwoods #cf1 #abc ,black ,willow #cg ,american ,hornbeam 7,blue ,beech7 #ch ,ironwood #ci ,river ,birch #dj ,the ,elms #fa-fd ,planer ,tree #fe ,sweetgum #gf ,american ,sycamore #gg ,hoptree #ic ,the ,maples #ih-ii1 #abf ,the ,basswoods #ajc1 #abf ,silverbell #aab ,the ,ashes #aac-aae1 #abh ,catalpa #aah ,desertwillow #aai ,buttonbush #abj ,alder #abc ,tree of ,heaven #abe ,,trees ,,with ,,soft ,,berry-,,like ,,fruit ,page ,the ,hackberries #ff1 #fg ,the ,mulberries #fh ,osage ,orange 7,bois-d'arc7 #fi ,redbay #gc ,sassafras #gd ,the ,hawthorns #gh-gi ,the ,cherries and ,plums #hj-hc ,american ,holly #if ,yaupon #ig ,black and ,tupelo ,gum #aje1 #ajf ,dogwood #ajg ,tree ,sparkleberry 7,tree ,huckleberry7 #ajh ,gum ,bumelia 7,gum ,elastic7 #aji ,persimmon #aaj1 #abg ,fringetree #aag ,rusty ,blackhaw #aba ,,trees ,,which ,,produce ,,nuts ,page ,the ,walnuts #bh ,the ,hickories #bi-cd ,american ,beech #da ,chinkapin #db ,the ,oaks #dc-fj ,ohio ,buckeye #aja ,,trees ,,with ,,pods ,,as ,,fruit ,page ,corkwood #ce ,texas ,ebony #hd ,catclaw ,acacia #he ,leadtree 7,mimosa7 #hf1 #abd ,mesquite #hg ,redbud #hh ,honeylocust #hi ,waterlocust #ij ,black ,locust #ia ,catalpa #aah ,desertwillow #aai ,huisache 7,sweet ,acacia7 #abc ,guajillo #abc ,coral ,bean #abd ,mexican ,leadtree #abd ,,trees ,,with ,,bright ,,red ,,fruit ,page ,red ,mulberry #fh ,the ,magnolias #gj1 #ga ,the ,hawthorns #gh1 #gi ,shining ,sumac #id ,american ,holly #if ,,trees ,,with ,,spines ,,or ,,thorns ,page ,osage-,orange 7,bois-d'arc7 #fi ,the ,hawthorns #gh1 #gi ,texas ,ebony #hd ,catclaw ,acacia #he ,leadtree 7,mimosa7 #hf1 #abd ,mesquite #hg ,honeylocust #hi ,waterlocust #ij ,black ,locust #ia ,prickly ,ash #ib ,devils-,walkingstick #ajd ,huisache 7,sweet ,acacia7 #abc ,,trees ,,with ,,corky ,,projections ,,on ,,twigs ,page ,bur ,oak 7,mossy-,cup ,oak7 #eg ,winged ,elm #fb ,cedar ,elm #fc ,sweetgum #gf ,,trees ,,whose ,,twigs ,,have ,a ,,chambered ,,pith ,page ,walnut #bh ,hackberry #ff ,sugarberry #fg ,,trees ,,known ,,by ,,the ,,color ,,and ,,shape ,,of ,,the ,,twig ,,pith ,page ,star-shaped in ,cross-section ,the ,cottonwoods #cf1 #abc ,the ,oaks #dc-fj ,triangular in ,cross-section ,alder #abc ,brown in ,color ,the ,walnuts #bh ,the ,sumacs #id ,,trees ,,with ,,single ,,large ,,flowers ,page ,magnolia #gj ,pawpaw #gb ,,trees ,,with ,,flowers ,,in ,,clusters ,page ,redbay #gc ,the ,hawthorns #gh-gi ,the ,plums and ,cherries #hj-hc ,redbud #hh ,black ,locust #ia ,devils-,walkingstick #ib ,hercules-,club #ib ,hoptree #ic ,the ,sumacs #id ,poison-,sumac #ie ,yaupon #ig ,ohio ,buckeye #aja ,western ,soapberry #ajb ,the ,basswoods #ajc1 #abf ,flowering ,dogwood #ajg ,silverbell #aab ,fringetree #aag ,catalpa #aah ,rusty ,blackhaw #aba ,,trees ,,whose ,,blossoms ,,appear ,,before ,,or ,,with ,,the ,,leaves ,page ,the ,walnuts #bh ,the ,hickories #bi-cd ,the ,cottonwoods #cf1 #abc ,black ,willow #cg ,ironwood #ch ,eastern ,hophornbeam #ci ,river ,birch #dj ,the ,oaks #dc-fj ,the ,elms #fa-fd ,sassafras #gd ,redbud #hh ,the ,maples #ih1 #ii1 #abf ,the ,ashes #aac-aae1 #abh ,alder #abc ,,trees ,,whose ,,blossoms ,,appear ,,after ,,the ,,leaves ,page ,chinkapin #db ,magnolia #gj ,honeylocust #hi ,black ,locust #ia ,the ,sumacs #id ,ohio ,buckeye #aja ,basswood #ajc1 #abf ,flowering ,dogwood #ajg ,persimmon #aaj1 #abg ,silverbell #aab ,fringetree #aag ,catalpa #aah ,mountain ,maple #abf ,glossary ,a ,achene--,a small1 hard1 dry1 #a-;celled1 indehiscent fruit4 ,acrid--,sharp or biting to the taste4 ,acuminate--,tapering at end to a gradual point4 ,acute--,terminating in a sharp angle4 ,aggregate fruit--,cluster of ripened ovaries produced from a single flower containing numerous pistils inserted on a common receptacle4 ,example3 fruit of magnolia or blackberry4 ,alternate--,not opposite on the axis1 but borne at regular intervals at different levels4 ,anther--,pollen-bearing structure of a stamen4 ,apex--,the tip or end of a bud or leaf1 i4e41 the part opposite the base4 ,apical--,pertaining to the tip1 end1 or apex4 ,appressed--,lying tight or close against4 ,aromatic--,fragrant2 with a pleasing odor4 ,astringent--,contracting2 drawing together4 ,axil--,the upper angle formed by a leaf or branch with a stem4 ,axis--,the central line of an organ2 a stem4 ,b ,bark--,the outer covering of a trunk or branch4 ,basal--,pertaining to or situated at the base4 ,berry--,a fruit which is fleshy or pulpy throughout1 and with several seeds imbedded in the pulpy mass4 ,bisexual--,having both stamens and pistils1 i4e41 male and female4 ,bloom--,a powdery or somewhat waxy substance easily rubbed off4 ,also1 to produce or yield blossoms4 ,bole--,the main axis or trunk of a tree4 ,bract--,modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an inflorescence4 ,bud-scales--,modified leaves covering a bud4 ,bundle-scars--,scars on the surface of a leaf-scar4 ,severed ends of the fibro-vascular bundles which connected the twigs with the leaves4 ,c ,calyx--,the outer perianth or floral envelope1 usually green in color2 sepals1 collectively4 ,cambium--,a thin-walled formative tissue between the bark and wood4 ,the active growing portion of the tree4 ,carpel--,a simple pistil or one member of a compound pistil4 ,capsule--,a dry fruit composed of more than one carpel and splitting open at maturity4 ,catkin--,an ament or spike of unisexual flowers4 ,chambered--,said of the pith when interrupted by hollow spaces at rather regular intervals4 ,ciliate--,fringed with hairs on the margin4 ,collateral--,accessory buds at the sides of auxiliary buds4 ,compound--,composed of two or more similar parts united in a whole4 ,conical--,cone-shaped4 ,conifers--,a group of trees which usually produce their fruit in the form of a cone or modified cone4 ,coniferous--,cone-bearing4 ,corolla--,the petals of a flower collectively4 ,cordate--,heart-shaped4 ,crenate--,rounded teeth4 ,crown--,the upper mass of branches2 also known as head4 ,cuneate--,wedge-shaped4 ,d ,deciduous--,falling off1 usually at the close of the season4 ,defoliation--,removal of foliage4 ,dehiscent--,splitting open at maturity4 ,deliquescent--,said of the form of a tree with a broad spreading habit4 ,the branches sub-divide until they apparently disappear4 ,deltoid--,triangular like ,greek symbol for delta4 ,dentate--,toothed1 usually with the teeth directed outwards4 ,diffuse-porous--,equal-pored4 ,said of wood when pores in a growth ring are equal in size4 ,dioecious--,unisexual1 with the staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants4 ,disseminated--,scattered1 thrown1 broadcast4 ,divergent--,pointing away2 extending out4 ,said of buds which point away from the twigs4 ,downy--,covered with fine hairs4 ,drupe--,a fleshy fruit with a pit or stone like a cherry4 ,e ,elliptical--,shaped like an ellipse with sloping ends4 ,elongated--,long1 drawn out4 ,entire-margined--,margin smooth1 not cut or toothed4 ,excurrent--,said of a tree with a continuous trunk and erect habit of growth4 ,exfoliation--,splitting or cleaving off of outer layers of bark4 ,exotic--,of foreign origin4 ,exudation--,oozing out of sap1 resin1 or other juice4 ,f ,fascicle--,a close bundle or cluster4 ,fetid--,ill smelling4 ,fissures--,grooves1 furrows1 or channels as in the bark4 ,fluted--,grooved1 corrugated1 channeled4 ,follicle--,a dry fruit produced from a simple pistil and dehiscing along one line of suture4 ,fruit--,the ripened ovary of a flower4 ,g ,glabrate--,somewhat glabrous or becoming glabrate4 ,glabrous--,smooth1 without hairs4 ,glandular--,bearing glands or gland-like4 ,glaucous--,covered with a bluish or whitish waxy coating2 a bloom4 ,globose--,ball-like or nearly so4 ,globular--,ball-like4 ,h ,habitat--,site or place of growth4 ,hardwood--,a collective term for broad-leaved trees1 the wood of which may or may not be dense4 ,heartwood--,the physiologically dead1 central1 usually darker colored portion of the tree trunk4 ,hybrid--,a crossbreed of two species4 ,i ,increment--,growth2 increase4 ,incised--,divided into lobes separated by narrow or acute sinuses which extend halfway or more to midrib4 ,indehiscent--,applied to fruits that do not split open to discharge the seeds1 remaining closed at maturity4 ,indigenous--,applied to plants that are native to a certain locality4 ,not introduced4 ,intolerant--,not shade enduring4 ,requiring sunlight4 ,involucre--,a cluster of bracts subtending a flower4 ,l ,lamina--,the blade or flattened portion of a leaf4 ,lanceolate--,shaped like a lance2 several times longer than wide1 and growing to a point4 ,lateral--,situated on the side1 as the buds along the side of the twig4 ,leaflets--,one of the small blades or divisions of a compound leaf4 ,leaf-scar--,the scar left after a leaf falls4 ,lenticel--,a corky growth on young or sometimes older bark1 which admits air to the interior of the twig or branch4 ,linear--,line-like1 long and narrow1 with parallel edges4 ,lobed--,said of leaves that have the margins more or less cut or divided4 ,m ,medullary--,pertaining to the pith or medulla4 ,medullary ,ray--,radial lines of tissues crossing the growth of rings at right angles and extending into the bark4 ,midrib--,the central or main rib or vein of a leaf4 ,monoecious--,bearing male and female flower parts in separate flowers on the same plant4 ,mucilaginous--,slimy or gummy when touched or chewed4 ,multiple fruit--,a cluster of fruits of separate flowers crowded together and forming what appears to be a single fruit4 ,examples3 mulberry1 strawberry1 osage-orange fruits4 ,n ,naked--,said of buds without scales1 and seeds without a covering4 ,naval ,stores--,refers to tar1 turpentine1 resin1 etc4 ,node--,a place on a twig where one or more leaves originate4 ,nut--,a dry1 #a-seeded1 fruit with a hard indehiscent covering and encased partly or wholly in an involucre or husk4 ,nutlet--,a small nut4 ,o ,oblique--,slanting1 uneven4 ,uneven sided4 ,oblong--,about twice as long as wide1 the sides nearly parallel4 ,obovate--,reversed egg-shaped4 ,obtuse--,blunt ,opposite--,said of leaves and buds1 directly across from each other4 ,orbicular--,circular4 ,oval--,rounded4 ,ovate--,egg-shaped4 ,ovoid--,egg-shaped or nearly so4 ,p ,palmate--,radiately lobed or divided from the petiole2 hand-like as leaflets of buckeye4 ,panicle--,a loose1 irregularly compound flower cluster with flowers on pedicels4 ,pedicel--,the support or stem of a single flower or fruit in a cluster4 ,peduncle--,a primary flower stalk supporting a cluster of flowers or a solitary flower1 later the fruit4 ,a fruit-stem4 ,perennial--,lasting for more than one year4 ,persistent--,remaining after blooming1 fruiting1 or maturing4 ,petiole--,the stalk of a leaf4 ,pinnate--,feather-like with leaflets on both sides of rachis or leaf stalk4 ,pistil--,seed bearing organ of flower4 ,may consist of stigma1 style1 and ovary4 ,pith--,the soft central part of a twig or stem4 ,pod--,any dry1 one chambered1 dehiscent fruit4 ,pollen--,the dust-like substance from the anthers of a flower4 ,pollination--,the process of bringing the pollen of the male flower in contact with the stigma of the female flower4 ,pome--,a fleshy fruit with a core1 such as the apple or pear4 ,porous--,with open tubes 7through wood74 ,prickle--,a sharp-pointed1 needle-like outgrowth4 ,pubescent--,with short1 soft1 down-like hairs4 ,pungent--,acrid or sharp to smell4 ,pyramidal--,shaped like a pyramid with the broadest part near the base4 ,r ,rachis--,the stalk supporting the leaflets of a compound leaf4 ,resin-ducts--,a passage for the conduction of resin found in the leaves and wood4 ,ring-porous--,said of wood which has pores of unequal size1 the larger ones being found in the spring wood and the smaller ones in the summer wood4 ,s ,samara--,an indehiscent winged fruit such as that of maple4 ,sapwood--,the recently formed1 usually light colored wood1 lying outside of the heartwood4 ,scabrous--,rough1 with stiff1 bristly hairs4 ,scales--,the small1 modified leaves which protect the growing-point of a bud or the part of a cone which bears the seeds4 ,the small flakes into which the other bark of a tree divides4 ,scurfy--,covered with small bran-like scales4 ,serrate--,having sharp teeth on margin4 ,sessile--,seated2 without a stalk4 ,sheath--,a tubular envelope or covering such as surround the base of pine-needles4 ,silky--,covered with long1 soft1 straight1 fine hairs4 ,simple--,consisting of one part1 not compound4 ,sinus--,the cleft or opening between two lobes4 ,sinuate--,wavy4 ,softwood--,a general term given conifers1 the wood of which may or may not be of low density4 ,stamen--,male organ of flower4 ,consists of a pollen-bearing anther on a filament4 ,stipule--,a leaf-appendage at the base of the leaf-stalk4 ,stipule-scar--,the scar left by the fall of the stipule4 ,stolon--,a runner or basal branch that may root4 ,striate--,marked with fine elongated ridges or lines4 ,striations--,long narrow lines or ridges4 ,strobile--,a fruit marked by overlapping scales as in the pine1 birches1 etc4 ,sucker--,a shoot arising from an underground bud4 ,superposed--,said of buds when they are arranged one above the other4 ,symmetrical--,regular as to the number of parts4 ,having the same number of parts in each circle4 ,t ,terminal--,located at the outer end4 ,thorn--,a stiff1 woody1 sharp-pointed projection as found on locust2 a spine4 ,tolerant--,applied to trees which endure certain factors1 particularly shade4 ,tomentose--,densely pubescent2 hairy4 ,covered with matted-hairs4 ,tomentum--,a dense layer of woolly hairs4 ,truncate--,ending abruptly1 as if cut off at the end4 ,tufted--,growing in clusters4 ,u ,unisexual--,consisting of one sex only1 either staminate or pistillate4 ,v ,valvate--,said of buds in which the scales merely meet without overlapping4 ,fruit opening by valves4 ,veins--,threads of fibro-vascular tissue in leaves or other organs4 ,w ,whorl--,a group of three or more similar organs1 as leaves or buds1 arranged about the same place of attachment4 ,whorled--,borne in a whorl4 ,index ,a ,acacia berlandieri #abc ,acacia1 catclaw #he ,acacia farnesiana1 sweet #abc ,acacia greggii #he ,acer barbatum #abf ,acer grandidentatum #abf ,acer grandidentatum var4 sinuosum #abf ,acer negundo #ajj ,acer rubrum #ii ,acer saccharinum #ih ,adelia1 common #aaf ,aesculus glabra #aja ,aesculus pavia #aja ,ailanthus altissima #abe ,alder1 hazel1 speckled #abc ,alnus rugosa #abc ,anacahuita #abh ,anama #abh ,anaqua #abh ,apple1 hedge #fi ,aralia spinosa #ajd ,arbutus texana #abi ,arizona cypress #abb ,arrow-wood #abe ,ash1 ,berlandier #abh ,ash1 ,carolina #aac ,ash1 green #aae ,ash1 ,mexican #abh ,ash1 poison #ie ,ash1 prickly #ib1 #ajd ,ash1 ,texas #abh ,ash1 wafer #ic ,ash1 water #aac ,ash1 white #aad ,ash juniper #bf ,asimina triloba #gb ,b ,baldcypress #be ,baretta #abd ,basswood1 ,american #ajc ,basswood1 ,carolina #abf ,basswood1 ,florida #abf ,bayberry1 ,southern #abc ,beaded locust 7,sophora7 #abd ,bear berry #abd ,beech1 ,american #da ,beech1 blue #ch ,beech1 water #ch ,betula1 nigra #dj ,birch1 river 7red7 #dj ,bitternut hickory #cj ,blackhead1 ebony #hd ,blackgum #aje ,blackhaw1 rusty #aba ,bois-d'arc #fi ,boxelder #ajj ,buckeye1 ,ohio #aja ,buckeye1 red #aja ,buckthorn #abg ,buckthorn1 wooly #aji ,buffaloberry #abi ,bumelia1 buckthorn1 gum1 elastic #aji ,bumelia lanuginosa #aji ,bumelia lanuginosa var4 rigida #aji ,bumelia1 lycioides #aji ,bumelia1 ,texas #abg ,burning bush 7,euonymous7 #abe ,buttonbush1 common #abj ,buttonwood 7sycamore7 #gg ,c ,capote #abg ,carpinus caroliniana #ch ,carya aquatica #ca ,carya cordiformis #cj ,carya illinoensis #bi ,carya ovata #cb ,carya texana #cd ,carya tomentosa #cc ,castanea pumila #db ,catalpa1 northern #aah ,catalpa1 speciosa #aah ,catalpa1 western #aah ,cedar1 eastern red #bg ,cedar1 mountain #bf ,celtis laevigata #fg ,celtis1 occidentalis #ff ,cephalanthus occidentalis #abj ,cercis canadensis #hh ,cherry1 black #hb ,cherry1 southwestern black #hb ,chicle #abg ,chilopsis linearis #aai ,chinaberry #abe ,china-tree1 wild #ajb ,chinkapin1 ,allegheny #db ,chionanthus virginicus #aag ,chittamwood #abe ,coral bean #abd ,cordia boisseri #abh ,corkwood #ce ,cornus florida #ajg ,cotinus obovatus #abf ,cottonwood1 eastern #cf ,crataegus #gh ,crataegus opaca #gi ,cupressus arizonica #abb ,cypress 7baldcypress7 #be ,d ,desertwillow #aai ,devils-walkingstick #ajd ,diospyros texana #abh ,diospyros virginiana #aaj ,dogwood1 flowering #ajg ,e ,ebony1 ,texas 7blackbead7 #hd ,ehretia anacua #abh ,elastic1 gum #aji ,elaeagnus angustifolia #abi ,elm1 ,american #fa ,elm1 cedar #fc ,elm1 ,chinese #abi ,elm1 red #fd ,elm1 ,siberian #abi ,elm1 slippery #fd ,elm1 water #fe ,elm1 white #fa ,elm1 winged #fb ,euonymus atropurpureus #abe ,euonymus bungeanus #abi ,f ,fagus grandifolia #da ,farkleberry #ajh ,fir1 ,douglas #bd ,forestiera acuminata #aaf ,fraxinus americana #aad ,fraxinus berlandieriana #abh ,fraxinus caroliniana #aac ,fraxinus pennsylvanica #aae ,fraxinus texensis #abh ,fringetree1 white #aag ,g ,gleditsia aquatica #hi1 #ij ,gleditsia texana #hi ,gleditsia triacanthos #hi ,grancy-gray beard #aag ,great leadtree #abd ,gregg leadtree #hf1 #abd ,guaiacum #abd ,guajillo #abc ,guayacan #abd ,gum1 black #aje ,gum1 cotton #ajf ,gum1 elastic #aji ,gum1 red #gf ,gum1 sour #aje ,gum1 sweet #gf ,gum1 tupelo #ajf ,h ,hackberry #ff ,hackberry1 sugar #fg ,halesia diptera #aab ,hamamelis virginiana #ge ,haw #gh ,haw1 rusty black #aba ,hawthorn #gh ,hawthorn1 riverflat #gi ,hazel1 alder #abc ,helietta parvifolia #abd ,hercules-club #ib1 #ajd ,hickory1 bigbud #cc ,hickory1 bitternut #cj ,hickory1 black #cd ,hickory1 mockernut #cc ,hickory1 pignut #cj ,hickory1 shagbark #cb ,hickory1 water #ca ,hickory1 white #cc ,holly1 ,american #if ,honeylocust #hi ,hophornbeam1 eastern #ci ,hoptree1 common #ic ,hornbeam1 ,american #ch ,horse-sugar #aaa ,huckleberry1 tree #ajh ,i ,ilex decidua #ig ,ilex opaca #if ,ilex vomitoria #ig ,indian soap plant #ajb ,ironwood #ch1 #ci ,j ,judas tree #hh ,juglans1 microcarpa #bh ,juglans1 nigra #bh ,juniper1 alligator #abb ,juniper1 ashe #bf ,juniper1 drooping #abb ,juniper1 ,mexican mountain cedar #bf ,juniper1 one seed #abb ,juniper1 ,rocky ,mountain #abb ,juniper1 weeping #abb ,juniperus ashei #bf ,juniperus deppeana #abb ,juniperus flaccida #abb ,juniperus monosperma #abb ,juniperus scopulorum #abb ,juniperus virginiana #bg ,k ,knackaway #abh ,l ,laurel1 cherry #hc ,laurelcherry1 ,carolina #hc ,leadtree1 ,gregg #hf ,leadtree1 ,mexicana1 great #abd ,leitneria floridana #ce ,leucaena greggii #hf1 #abd ,leucaena pulverulenta #hf1 #abd ,leucaena retusa #hf1 #abd ,linden1 ,american #ajc ,liquidambar styraciflua #gf ,locust1 beaded #abd ,locust1 black #ia ,locust1 honey #hi ,locust1 pink #abd ,locust1 water #ij ,locust1 yellow #ia ,m ,maclura pomifera #fi ,madrone1 ,texas #abi ,magnolia1 evergreen #gj ,magnolia1 grandiflora #gj ,magnolia1 ,southern #gj ,magnolia1 sweetbay #ga ,magnolia1 virginiana #ga ,maple1 ,florida #abf ,maple1 mountain1 or sugar #abf ,maple1 red #ii ,maple1 silver #ih ,maple1 soft #ih1 #ii ,maple1 ,southern sugar #abf ,maple1 ,uvalde bigtooth #abf ,mayhaw #gi ,melia azedarach #abe ,mesquite1 honey #hg ,mimosa #hf1 #abd ,morus alba #fh ,morus microphylla #fh ,morus rubra #fh ,mulberry1 red #fh ,mulberry1 ,texas #fh ,mulberry1 white #fh ,myrica cerifera #abc ,myrtle1 sweet #abc ,myrtle1 wax #abc ,n ,necklace tree #abd ,northern catalpa #aah ,nyssa aquatica #ajf ,nyssa sylvatica #aje ,o ,oak1 basket #ei ,oak1 black #de ,oak1 blackjack #dg ,oak1 bluejack #ej ,oak1 bur #eg ,oak1 chestnut #ei ,oak1 chinkapin1 chestnut #fj ,oak1 cow #ei ,oak1 ,durand 7white7 #ed ,oak1 ,emory #ea ,oak1 ,graves #dd ,oak1 gray #ea ,oak1 live #eb ,oak1 ,mexican blue #ea ,oak1 ,mohrs #ec ,oak1 mossy-cup #eg ,oak1 overcup #eh ,oak1 pin #dh1 #di ,oak1 post #ef ,oak1 red #df ,oak1 sandjack #ej ,oak1 shin #ec ,oak1 ,shumard #dc ,oak1 ,spanish #df ,oak1 ,southern red #df ,oak1 spotted #dc ,oak1 swamp chestnut #ei ,oak1 swamp post oak #eh ,oak1 ,texas #dd ,oak1 water #dh1 #di ,oak1 water white #eh ,oak1 white #ee ,oak1 willow #di ,old man's beard1 #aag ,olive1 ,russian #abi ,olive1 ,texas wild #abh ,orange1 mock #hc ,osage-orange #fi ,ostrya virginiana #ci ,p ,palmetto1 ,texas 7palm7 #abc ,pawpaw #gb ,peach1 wild #hc ,pecan #bi ,persea borbonia #gc ,persimmon1 black #abg ,persimmon1 common #aaj ,persimmon1 ,texas #abg ,pine1 ,austrian #abi ,pine1 limber1 ,rocky ,mtn4 white #ag ,pine1 loblolly #bj ,pine1 longleaf #bb ,pine1 nut #ah ,pine1 ponderosa1 western yellow #ai ,pine1 shortleaf1 yellow #ba ,pine1 slash #bc ,pine1 ,sonderegger #bb ,pinus echinata #ba ,pinus edulis #ah ,pinus elliottii #bc ,pinus flexilis #ag ,pinus nigra #abi ,pinus palustris #bb ,pinus ponderosa #ai ,pinus taeda #bj ,pinyon #ah ,pistache1 ,texas #abe ,pistacia texana #abe ,pithecellobium flexicaule #hd ,planer tree #fe ,planera aquatica #fe ,platanus occidentalis #gg ,plum1 flatwoods #ha ,plum1 ,mexican #hj ,popple1 aspen #abc ,populus deltoidea #cf ,populus fremontii var4 wislizenii #abc ,populus sargentii #cf ,populus tremuloides #abc ,porlieria1 ,texas #abd ,possumhaw #ig ,prickly ash #ib ,privet1 swamp #aaf ,prosopsis juliflora #hg ,prunus caroliniana #hc ,prunus mexicana #hj ,prunus serotina #hb ,prunus serotina var4 rufula #hb ,prunus umbellata #ha ,pseudotsuga menziesii #bd ,ptelea trifoliata #ic ,q ,quercus alba #ee ,quercus durandii #ed ,quercus emoryi #ea ,quercus falcata #df ,quercus gravesii #dd ,quercus grisea #ea ,quercus incana #ej ,quercus lyrata #eh ,quercus macrocarpa #eg ,quercus marilandica #dg ,quercus michauxii #ei ,quercus mohriana #ec ,quercus muhlenbergii #fj ,quercus nigra #dh ,quercus oblongifolia #ea ,quercus phellos #di ,quercus shumardii #d ,quercus shumardii var4 shumardii #dc ,quercus shumardii var4 texana #dd ,quercus stellata #ef ,quercus velutina #de ,quercus virginiana #eb ,r ,redbay #gc ,redbud1 eastern #hh ,redcedar1 eastern #bg ,redgum #gf ,rhus copallina #id ,robinia pseudoacacia #ia ,rusty blackhaw #aba ,s ,sabal minor #abc ,sabal texana #abc ,salix nigra #cg ,sapindus drummondii #ajb ,sassafras #gd ,sassafras albidum #gd ,shepherdia argentea #abi ,siberian elm #abi ,silverbell1 two-wing #aab ,sloe1 black #ha ,smoketree1 ,american #abe ,snowdrop tree #aab ,soapberry1 western #ajb ,soapbush #abd ,soap plant1 ,indian #ajb ,sophora affinis #abd ,sparkleberry tree #ajh ,sugarberry #fg ,sumac1 shining1 dwarf1 flameleaf #id ,sumac1 poison #ie ,swampbay #ga ,sweetbay magnolia #ga ,sweetgum #gf ,sweetleaf1 common #aaa ,sycamore1 ,american #gg ,symplocos tinctoria #aaa ,t ,tamarisk #abg ,tamarix araiculata #abg ,tamarix gallica #abg ,tamarix pentandra #abg ,taxodium distichum #be ,tepehuaje #abd ,texas sophora #abd ,texas wild olive #abh ,tilia americana #ajc ,tilia caroliniana #abf ,tilia floridana #abf ,tingle-tongue #ib ,toothache tree #ib ,toxicodendron vernix #ie ,tree-huckleberry #ajh ,tree of heaven #abe ,tree ,sparkleberry 7,farkleberry7 #ajh ,tupelo1 black #aje ,tupelo1 swamp #aje ,tupelo1 water #ajf ,u ,ulmus alata #fb ,ulmus americana #fa ,ulmus crassifolia #fc ,ulmus pumila #abi ,ulmus rubra #fd ,una de ,gato #he ,v ,vaccinium arboreum #ajh ,viburnum rufidulum #aba ,w ,wafer-ash #ic ,wahoo1 eastern #abe ,walnut1 black #bh ,walnut1 little #bh ,walnut1 ,texas #bh ,waterlocust #ij ,wild china-tree #ajb ,wild olive1 ,texas #abh ,wild peach #hc ,willow1 black #cg ,willow1 desert #aai ,winterberry #ig ,winterberry euonymus #abi ,witch-hazel #ge ,y ,yara #abh ,yaupon #ig ,z ,zanthoxylum clava-herculis #ib ,illustration3 ,,tree ,,planting ,,regions ,,of ,,texas ,,partial ,,list ,,of ,,trees ,,recommended ,,for ,,shade ,,and ,,windbreaks ,east ,texas ,american elm arborvitae ,arizona cypress basswood black locust black walnut bur oak catalpa ,chinese tallow green ash hackberry holly live oak loblolly pine longleaf pine magnolia pecan red oak shortleaf pine silver maple slash pine sweetgum sycamore water oak white ash willow oak ,coastal ,prairie ,american elm arborvitae ,arizona ash ,arizona cypress athel ,carolina poplar ,chinese tallow ,gulf ,coast cedar hackberry holly ,italian cypress live oak loblolly pine pecan swamp ash sweetgum sycamore ,central ,texas ,arizona cypress ,american elm ,texas walnut cedar elm ,chinese arborvitae ,chinese elm eastern redcedar green ash hackberry live oak pecan sycamore thornless honeylocust ,south ,texas anaqua ,arizona cypress athel ,australian pine ,carolina poplar ,chinese arborvitae ,chinese tallow eucalyptus fan palm ,gulf ,coast cedar gum elastic hackberry ,italian cypress ,japanese varnish tree live oak ornamental date palm pecan pistacia ,rio ,grande ash sycamore ,west ,texas ,arizona ash ,arizona cypress aspen popple ,austrian pine ,chinese arborvitae ,chinese elm green ash hackberry live oak mountain cottonwood pistacia redcedar ,rocky mountain juniper ,russian mulberry ,russian olive silver poplar ,spanish oak thornless honeylocust western yellow pine ,panhandle ,american elm apricot ,arizona cypress ,austrian pine black locust ,carolina poplar ,chinese arborvitae ,chinese maple ,chinese elm ,colorado blue spruce green ash hackberry loblolly pine pistacia redcedar red mulberry ,russian mulberry ,russian olive sand plum shortleaf pine ,siberian elm silver poplar sycamore thornless honeylocust western yellow pine ,,code ,,of ,,behavior ,,with ,,outdoor ,,firebrands #a4 ,burn household trash only in a metal or cinder block container on an area cleared to bare soil4 #b4 ,burn fields and brush piles only in the late afternoon when the wind is low and after a #e-;foot fire-break has been plowed around the field4 #c4 ,break matches and crush smokes before discarding4 #d4 ,use car ash tray for smokes and used matches when traveling in a vehicle4 ,don't pitch them out the window4 #e4 ,clear the area around a warming or camp fire before lighting it4 #f4 ,extinguish all warming and camp fires when you leave4 ,be sure all fires are ,dead ,out4 ,transcriber's ,notes --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,corrected a few palpable typos4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4 --,included a transcription of the text within some images4 --,added a caption 8,flower ,clusters0 to an uncaptioned illustration on p4 #ae4 --,the ,,html version contains relative hyperlinks to the ,manual of the ,trees of ,north ,america 7,gutenberg e,book #dfdej71 so that offline copies can be interlinked4