,,libr>y ,,ideals    ,illu/ration3 ,h5ry
 ,e4 ,legl]          ,,libr>y ,,ideals  
,,by    ,,h5ry ,e4 ,,legl]      ,compil$
 & ,edit$ by ,8 ,son1    ,,h5ry ,m4     
,,legl]4      ,,*icago33 ,,london  ,,!  
,,op5 ,,c\rt ,,publi%+ ,,company  #aiah 
,,copyright ,,by  ,,! ,,op5 ,,c\rt      
,,publi%+ ,,company  #aiah      ,,pr9t$ 
,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica    
,,cont5ts      ,preface                 
,,vii    ,! ,problem ( ! ,cities        
#a    ,c]ta9 ,phases ( ,libr>y ,ext5sion
          #aj    ,next ,/eps            
#ba    ,! ,_w ( ,pr9t & ! ,_w's ,"w     
#cf    ,libr>y ,"w ,) ,*ildr5           
#eg    ,travel+ ,libr>ies               
#fd    ,adm9i/ration ( ,libr>y ,funds   
#gc          ,,preface      ,wiscons91 a
 true cradle ( fre$om & successful      
gov]nm5t1 has  fo/]$ sev]al libr>ians :o
 7 true humani/s4 ,dr4 ,peckham 0  "o4  
,dr4 ,?waites 0 ano!r4 ,h5ry ,e4 ,legl] 
0 unlike ei!r (  ^!1 b great] ?an ei!r 9
 8 cont9u$ & unabat$ activity  = ! good 
( ! p4    ,once1 on be+ complim5t$ = 8  

spl5did "w 9 natural hi/ory  & 8        
p]si/5ce 9 ! pursuit ( sci5tific facts1 
,dr4 ,peckham  rem>k$3 ,oh1 yes1 b !    
facts h no value 9 !mselves4 ,!y  m]ely 
build up ! gr\ndwork ( ! ideas1 & help y
 climb to !  po9t ( view :]e ! deep]    
aspects ( ! subject spread out be=e  y l
 a l&scape b5ea? a m\nta9-top4    ,mr4  
,legl]'s activity 9 behalf ( libr>ies w 
support ! same  explanation4 ,he seem$  
always imm]s$ 9 detail1 always plann+   
"s movem5t & c>ry+ x into effect by 8   
peculi>1 dynamic  p]si/5ce4 ,b he :o    
obs]v$ ! man k9dly & closely _c h  fail$
 to h notic$ t !re 0 a di/9ct ,beyond   
illum9+  & ov]%ad[+ x all4 ,!re 0 a     
dream to come true1 a vision to  be     
unfold$4 ,! dream & vision 7 9 ! man's  
spee* & eye4 ,he  liv$ "u a prophecy4   
,x is n = u to e/imate :e!r ?is prophecy
 became fulfill$  9 8 life z "o ( u4 ,b 
x is our privilege to confess t x       
br\ght to u ! ?+s :i* ,europeans h      
designat$ z culture  & :i* really is    
enlight5m5t4 ,?us x is t _m ( ,mr4      

,legl]'s  associates & fri5ds w         
recollect ) gratitude t "s gave  !m k1 &
 o!rs gave !m opportunities1 b x 0 =    
,mr4  ,legl] to illum9e _! k &          
opportunity ) ! live sp>k  (            
inspiration4    ,! dream 0 9 8 eye1     
inspiration 0 9 8 spee* & mann]4        
,libr>y "w 0 ! means 9 8 p[] ( mak+ 8   
fell[-m5 ev]  m free & happy1 ev] m ma/]
 ( !mselves1 ev] m capable  ( be+ guid$1
 n by fe> & nev] by prejudice1 b by a   
live  responsibility to ! _s )9 !m4     
,p]sonally1 ?\gh a mo/  assidu\s work]  
at 8 (ficial desk 9 ,milwaukee1 ,madison
 or ,*icago1  he always ?\ght ( escap+ &
 ( seek+ "s quiet spot 9 !              
wild]ness--:]e1 d\btless1 he hop$ to    
view 8 "w f above4  ,h[ _m libr>ians    
n[adays h su* a hope8    ,( 8 me?od ) ! 
m5 & wom5 ( 8 age _m ( u w reta9        
un=gettable memories4 ,he 0 prompt1     
precise1 p]haps ev5 brief1 b  inv>iably 
graci\s4 ,8 ,italian ance/ry told 9 !   
inimitable grace  he unfold$ to k9dr$   
spirits 9 confid5ce4 ,we nev] 7 9 d\bt  

( ! ?+s he admir$ & fo/]$4 ,we nev] felt
 !re 7 hidd5  recesses ( d\bt &         
p]plexity beh9d 8 sympa?ies4 ,8 grace ( 
mann] nev] 0 m>r$ by contact ) less     
enlight5$ surr\nd+s4  ,x is inimitable &
 un=gettable h[ he w\ld pause 9 ! mid/ (
  "s matt] ( ! mom5t1 to plunge into "s 
subject :i* he knew  w\ld int]e/ &      
b5efit ! o!r p]son4 ,& h[ grateful he 0 
to  /rike a ve9 ( gold 9 a seem+ly      
unpromis+ human ore6    ,secret>y ( !   
,milwaukee ,bo>d ( ,education1 &        
,secret>y ( !  ,wiscons9 ,free ,libr>y  
,commission1 ,mr4 ,legl] 0 already well 
v]s$  9 (ficial s]vice :5 *os5 ,libr>ian
 ( ! ,*icago ,public  ,libr>y4 ,he _h   
decl9$ sev]al (f]s ( important po/s be=e
 t  "t1 because ! "w he w\ld give call$ 
= p]fect fre$om to "w  out ! problems z 
he saw !m4 ,wiscons9 _h giv5 him ?is    
fre$om4  ,*icago promis$ x--& kept h]   
promise4 ,!re 0 suffici5t  pre/ige )9 ! 
,*icago ,public ,libr>y to w>rant       
respect =1 &  lib]al support (1 its "w1 
b ! public e/imate ( ?is pre/ige  0     

lack+4 ,o!r l>ge cities possess ?is     
e/imate 9 v>y+  degree4 ,*icago--n its  
libr>y--_h fall5 beh9d4    ,! effect (  
,mr4 ,legl]'s pres5ce 9 ,*icago has be5 
mo/ =tunate  = all conc]n$4 ,he took 8  
place 9 public affairs naturally &      
effectively4 ,! libr>y's pre/ige grew 9 
public recognition z !  "w ( himself & 8
 associates progress$4 ,he gave all--&  
!y  accept$ all1 naturally & easily4 ,b 
! giv+ & tak+ requir$  all 8 bodily     
/r5g?4 ,he knew t an easi] life 0       
possible1 b  8 humanity c\ld n accept ! 
easi] =m1 & s ! /r5g? gave  out4    ,b !
 _s rema9s4 ,mr4 ,legl] gave valuable   
contributions to  hi/orical inve/igation
 & to lit]>y criticism1 & he has        
publi%$ notable contributions to !      
elucidation ( ,am]ican =ms  ( life4 ,8  
contributions to libr>y sci5ce & ! art (
 books  h be5 9 "p collect$ 9 ! volume  
h]e) pres5t$4 ,! ma9  purpose 9 collect+
 !m 9 ! pres5t =m is to convey _!       
purposes to ! fri5ds :o l to rememb] !  
m9d out ( :i*  !y grew--& to p]petuate  

to o!rs a memory ( t burn+ zeal1  t     
aspir+ en?usiasm1 t radical idealism1   
:i* animat$ ,mr4  ,legl] 9 *oos+ !      
libr>y z ! place :]e true humanism may  
be  fo/]$ & ,am]ican enlight5m5t may    
fl\ri%4    ,:atev] began 9 ! c\rse (    
"t--if ( ! ,_s ( ,tru? &  ,love1 x w be 
9 "t complet$4    ,j4 ,,*ri/ian ,,bay4  
,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,cities          
,uncle ,sam's la/ tabulation ( 8 p holds
 )9 its maze (  figures a basis =       
prophecy1 z well z a summ>y ( ! pres5t1 
&  a comp>ison ) ! pa/4 ,= ^? :o are    
conc]n$ ) ! mak+  ( an intellig5t       
citiz5%ip1 p]haps ! /rik+ & significant 
fact is n ! m>vel\s indu/rial developm5t
 ( ! c\ntry1 b  r ! amaz+ gr[? ( !      
cities4 ,x ne$s no se>*+ analysis  to   
give emphasis to ! s9i/] elem5ts :i* are
 embodi$ 9 ?is  b>e /atem5t4 ,x means an
 approa* to t critical p]iod 9 !  hi/ory
 ( popul> gov]nm5t :5 wise lead]%ip &   
ext5sion (  education alone c s]ve to   
av]t ?reat5$ disruption4 ,^u !  p :o are
 ne> to ! soil w devolve ! task ( hold+ 

9  balance ! re/less & turbul5t elem5ts 
:i* n[ make up s l>ge  a proportion ( ! 
dwell]s 9 cities4    ,! mod]n gr[? ( !  
city1 ) all t ?is movem5t 9  population 
implies1 mu/ be reckon$ ) ev]y:]e4      
,great] ,new ,york  has a population    
exce$+ t ( any /ate 9 ! ,union except   
its  own4 ,*icago has )9 its city limits
 m p ?an any ( =ty  /ates4 ,! t5 lead+  
cities comprise toge!r "o-eigh? ( !     
total population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if 
,new ,york ,city & ,*icago  & _!        
conditions are extreme manife/ations1 x 
mu/ be tak5 into  acc\nt t 9 p]haps n to
 exce$ a qu>t] & at mo/ a half  c5tury1 
?is gr[? cityw>d w be duplicat$ 9 e     
section (  ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re are n[ 
#eh cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea*  c\nt+ 
m ?an #ajj1jjj population1 eight ( !m 9 
excess ( half  a million ea*2 !re are   
#ahj cities m ea* c\nt+ f #be1jjj to    
#ajj1jjj inhabitants4    ,x is h>d to   
realize ! rate ( urban gr[?4 ,9 spite ( 
! op5+  ( va/ tracts ( l& to be _h almo/
 = ! ask+1 ! total  t[n population has  

multipli$ 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s f #c to   
approximately #ej p] c5t4    ,= ! ?ird  
or f\r? "t1 ! city is becom+ ! dom9ant  
factor 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! city-/ates ( 
,greece rose &  fell4 ,"s ( !m became   
spoils ( conqu]ors1 o!rs wa/$ f  int]nal
 causes4 ,cor9? once ex]cis$ sov]eignty 
( ! seas1 b  half a million ( h]        
population 7 slaves4 ,:5 de/roy$ by !   
,c>?ag9ians1 ,agrig5tum 0 said to numb] 
two millions ( p4    ,g5oa1 ,v5ice1 !   
cities ( ! ,hanseatic league1 play$ _!  
brief  "p 9 ! comm]cial supremacy ( _!  
day4 ,rome once possess$  a population (
 "o million & a qu>t]1 b ?\gh circl$ by 
beautiful villas & g>d5s1 ! common p    
liv$ conge/$ 9  build+s ^: floors &     
ap>tm5ts 7 divid$ among num]\s          
families4 ,fam\s writ]s h told u ( !    
spl5dor & size (  hundr$-gat$ ,!bes &   
,babylon & ,antio* & ,ephesus4 ,b if !re
  0 spl5dor1 !re 0 vice2 !re 0          
magnific5ce1 b !re dwelt  squalor z     
well4 ,beauty & opul5ce fatt5+ on human 
mis]y c\ld  n )/& fam9e1 pe/il5ce1 &    

vice4 ,! glories ( ! cities  on ! ,nile1
 ! ,euphrates1 & ! ,tib] are b a memory4
 ,& unless  9 ! civic life ( ! mod]n    
city !re is introduc$ an elem5t  t %all 
embrace ! common good1 p]haps           
,macaulay's (t-cit$  description ( !    
,new ,zeal&] /&+ on ! wreck ( ,london   
bridge  survey+ ! ru9s ( ,/4 ,paul's may
 yet become hi/oric in/ead (  m]ely     
prophetic4    ,x is p]haps b "o ( _m    
evid5ces ( ! re/lessness ( ! day  t !   
lure ( ! city beckons ) attraction      
inescapable to !  y\? ( ! c\ntryside4   
,"y m5 & "y wom5 :o yield to !          
fasc9ation f9d too late t !y h s\ght    
,dead ,sea ,fruit1        ,:i* *>ms !   
eye      ,b turns to a%es on ! lips4    
,! refuges & jails & laz>ets & f\l      
places ( ! great cities  are fill$ ) !  
d]elicts ( humanity :o 9 less hectic    
atmosph]e  might h l$ lives ( usefulness
 & cont5tm5t4 ,mu* has be5 done  to give
 ! life 9 ! rural regions attractiv5ess 
& com=t2 mu*  m rema9s to be done1 &    
p>ticul>ly 9 supply+ educational        

advantages1 if ! "y m5 & wom5 are to be 
made to feel t  _! opportunities are no 
less ?an ^? to be secur$ 9 l>g]  cities 
( puls+ life4 ,h[ wret*$ly z yet ?is    
want has be5 met  9 mo/ /ates1 ^? *>g$ )
 ! sup]vision ( educational  activities 
c te/ify4    ,!re are ^? :o 9 ! face (  
pres5t-day economic conditions  cont5d t
 any attempt to /op ! great trek cityw>d
 mu/ prove z  futile z ! back-to-!-soil 
movem5t has on ! :ole prov$ to be4  ,any
 su* admission bodes b ill = ! future ( 
?is l&4 ,x means  t ! numb] ( m5 :o feel
 an own]%ip 9 ! l&1 9 h\ses1  9 !       
gov]nm5t mu/ decrease4 ,& !re9 lies a   
dang] n to be  lightly disreg>d$4       
,some?+ ( ! dream & ,sehnsu*t t comes to
 ! dream+  c\ntry boy1 ,rob]t ,l\is     
,/ev5son has pictur$ ) 8 wond] t\*  9 8 
idyl ( ! mill]'s boy4 ,some?+1 too1 he  
has sugge/$ 9  8 end+ ( ! /ory3     ,,w 
,o' ,,! ,,mill     ,! mill :]e ,w liv$ )
 8 adopt$ p>5ts /ood 9 a fall+   valley 
betwe5 p9e woods & great m\nta9s4       
,above1 hill aft] hill   so>$ upw>ds    

until !y so>$ out ( ! dep?s ( ! h>die/  
timb]1 & /ood nak$ aga9/ ! sky4 ,bel[1 !
 valley grew ev]   /eep] & /eep]1 & at !
 same "t wid5$ out on ei!r h&3   & f an 
em95ce beside ! mill x 0 possible to see
 its :ole   l5g? & away beyond x ov] a  
wide pla91 :]e ! riv] turn$   & %one1 & 
mov$ on f city to city on its voyage    
t[>ds !   sea4 ,all ?r\gh ! summ]1      
travel+ c>riages came crawl+ up1 or     
w5t plung+ briskly d[nw>ds pa/ ! mill2 &
 z x happ5$ t   ! o!r side 0 v mu* easi]
 ( asc5t1 ! pa? 0 n mu*   frequ5t$1     
except by p go+ 9 "o direction2         
five-six?s 7   plung+ briskly d[nw>ds & 
only "o-six? crawl+ up4     ,:i!r w5t   
all ! t\ri/s & p$l>s ) /range w>es8     
,:i!r   all ! brisk b>\*es ) s]vants 9 !
 dicky8 ,:i!r ! wat]   ( ! /ream1 ev]   
c\rs+ d[nw>d & ev] r5ew$ f above8   ,ev5
 ! w9d blew (t5] d[n ! valley & c>ri$ ! 
dead   leaves along ) x 9 ! fall4 ,x    
seem$ l a great conspiracy   ( ?+s      
animate & inanimate1 !y all w5t d[nw>d1 
fleetly &   gaily d[nw>d1 po/+ d[nw>d to

 ! unkn[n _w1 & only he1 x   seem$1     
rema9$ beh9d1 l a /ock ^u ! wayside4    
,f t day =w>d ,w 0 full ( new hopes &   
long+s4   ,some?+ kept tugg+ at 8       
he>t/r+s2 ! runn+ wat] c>ri$   8 desires
 along ) x z he dream$ ov] its fleet+   
surface2   ! w9d1 z x ran ov] innum]able
 tree-tops1 hail$ him )   enc\rag+      
words2 bran*es beckon$ d[nw>d2 ! op5    
road1 z x   %\ld]$ r\nd ! angles & w5t  
turn+ & vani%+ fa/] &   fa/] d[n !      
valley1 tortur$ him ) its solicitations4
 ,he sp5t   long :iles on ! em95ce1     
look+ d[n ! riv]%$ & abroad on   ! l[   
flatl&s & wat*$ ! cl\ds t travel$ =? ^u 
!   sluggi% w9d & trail$ _! purple %ad[s
 on ! pla92 or1 he   w\ld l+] by !      
wayside1 & foll[ ! c>riages ) 8 eyes   z
 !y rattl$ d[nw>d by ! riv]4 ,x did n   
matt] :at x 02   ev]y?+ t w5t t way1 7 x
 cl\d or c>riage1 bird1 or   br[n wat] 9
 ! /ream1 he felt 8 he>t fl[ out aft] x1
 9 an   ec/acy ( long+4     ,"o day1 :5 
,w 0 ab\t sixte51 a "y man arriv$ at    
sunset   to pass ! night4 ,he 0 a       

cont5t$-look+ fell[1 ) a jolly   eye1 & 
c>ri$ a knapsack4 ,:ile d9n] 0 prep>+1  
he sat 9 !   arb\r to read a book2 b z  
soon z he _h begun to obs]ve ,w1   !    
book 0 laid aside2 he 0 pla9ly "o ( ^?  
:o pref] liv+   p to p made ( ink &     
pap]4 ,w1 on 8 "p1 al?\gh   he _h n be5 
mu* int]e/$ 9 ! /rang] at fir/ sight1   
soon   began to take a great deal (     
pleasure 9 8 talk1 :i* 0 full (   good  
nature & good s5se1 & at la/ conceiv$ a 
great respect =   8 "* & wisdom4 ,!y sat
 f> into ! night2 & ,w op5$   8 he>t to 
! "y man1 & told him h[ he long$ to     
leave !   valley & :at bright hopes he  
_h connect$ ) ! cities ( !   pla94 ,! "y
 man :i/l$1 & !n broke into a smile4    
',my "y fri5d1' he rem>k$1 'y are a v   
curi\s little   fell[1 to be sure1 & wi%
 a great _m ?+s :i* y w nev]   get4 ,:y1
 y w\ld feel q a%am$ if y knew h[ !     
little   fell[s 9 ^! fairy cities ( y\rs
 are all aft] ! same sort (   nons5se1 &
 keep break+ _! he>ts to get up into !  
m\nta9s4   ,& let me tell y1 ^? :o g d[n

 into ! pla9s are a v   %ort :ile !re   
be=e !y wi% !mselves he>tily back aga94 
,!   air is n s light or s pure2 nor is 
! sun any bright]4 ,z =   ! beautiful m5
 & wom51 y w\ld see _m ( !m 9 rags &    
_m ( !m de=m$2 & a city is a h>d place =
 p :o are   poor & s5sitive4'     ',y   
mu/ ?9k me v simple1' answ]$ ,w4        
',al?\gh ,i h   nev] be5 out ( ?is      
valley1 believe me1 ,i h us$ my eyes4 ,i
 d   n expect to f9d all ?+s "r 9 y\r   
cities4 ,t is n :at   tr\bles me2 x     
might h be5 t once ^u a "t2 b al?\gh    
,i live "h always1 ,i h ask$ _m que/ions
 & le>n$ a great   deal 9 ^! la/ ye>s1 &
 c]ta9ly en\gh to cure me ( my old      
fancies4 ,b y w\ld n h me die & n see   
all t is to be   se51 & d all t a man c 
d1 let x be good or evil8 ,y w\ld   n h 
me sp5d all my days betwe5 ?is road "h &
 ! riv]1   & n s mu* z make a motion to 
be up & live my life8 ,i w\ld   r die   
out ( h&1' he cri$1 '?an l+] on z ,i am 
do+4'     ',?\s&s ( p1' said ! "y man1  
'live & die l y1   & are none ! less    

happy4'     ',ah6' said ,w1 'if !re are 
?\s&s :o w\ld l1 :y %\ld   n "o ( !m h  
my place8'     ,x 0 q d>k2 !re 0 a hang+
 lamp 9 ! arb\r :i* lit   up ! table & !
 faces ( ! speak]s2 & along ! ar* !     
leaves ^u ! trellis /ood out illum9at$  
aga9/ ! bright sky1   a patt]n (        
transp>5t gre5 ^u a dusky purple4 ,! "y 
man   rose1 &1 tak+ ,w by ! arm1 l$ him 
out "u ! op5 heav5s4     ',did y ev]    
look at ! />s8' he ask$1 po9t+ upw>ds4  
',(t5 & (t51' answ]$ ,w4     ',& d y "k 
:at !y are8'     ',i h fanci$ _m ?+s4'  
',!y are worlds l ours1' said ! "y man4 
',"s ( !m less2   _m ( !m a million     
times great]2 & "s ( ! lea/ sp>kles   t 
y see are n only worlds1 b :ole clu/]s (
 worlds turn+   ab\t ea* o!r 9 ! mid/ ( 
space4'     ,w hung 8 head a little1 &  
!n rais$ x once m to heav54   ,! />s    
seem$ to exp& & emit a %>p] brilliancy2 
& z he   kept turn+ 8 eyes high] &      
high]1 !y seem$ to increase 9           
multitude "u 8 gaze4 99 99 99     ,w w5t
 to & fro m9d+ 8 wayside inn1 until !   

sn[ began   to ?ick5 on 8 head4 ,8 he>t 
0 "y & vigor\s1 & if   8 pulses kept a  
sob] "t1 !y /ill beat /rong & /eady 9   
8 wri/s4 ,he /oop$ a little1 b 8 /ep 0  
firm1 & 8   s9ewy h&s 7 rea*$ out to all
 m5 ) a fri5dly pressure4   ,8 talk 0   
full ( wise say+s4 ,he _h a ta/e = o!r p
   & o!r p _h a ta/e = him4 ,8 views    
seem$ :imsical to   8 neighbors1 b 8    
r\gh philosophy 0 (t5 en\gh admir$ by   
le>n$ p out ( t[n & colleges4 ,inde$1 he
 _h a v noble   old age1 & grew daily   
bett] kn[n2 s t 8 fame 0 he>d (   9 !   
cities ( ! pla9s4 ,_m & _m an invitation
 to be sure1   he _h1 b no?+ c\ld tempt 
him f 8 upl& valley4 ,he w\ld   %ake 8  
head & smile ) a deal ( mean+3 ',fifty  
ye>s ago y   w\ld h br\ght my he>t into 
my m\?2 & n[ y d n ev5   tempt me4'     
,!re is a leg5d ( h[ a fly+ p>ty ( w&]]s
 enc\nt]$ a v  old man %od ) iron4 ,!   
old man ask$ !m :i!r !y 7 go+2  & !y    
answ]$ ) "o voice3 ,to ! ,et]nal ,city6 
,he look$  ^u !m gravely4 ,i h s\ght x1 
he said1 ov] ! mo/ "p (  ! _w4 ,?ree su*

 pairs z ,i n[ c>ry on my feet h ,i worn
 out  ^u my pilgrimage1 & n[ ! f\r? is  
gr[+ sl5d] und]nea?  my /eps4 ,& he     
turn$ & w5t 8 own way alone1 leav+ !m   
a/oni%$4    ,9 ! ef=t to make rural life
 ( equal attractiv5ess ) city  life1 x  
mu/ be admitt$ t educational            
opportunities h lagg$  beh9d4 ,^? :o1 by
 compulsion or o!rwise1 h left s*ool  9 
e>ly ye>s1 f9d 9 ! cities today abundant
 opportunity =  self-help 9 ! public    
libr>ies1 9 night s*ools1 & 9 o!r       
ag5cies2 ! same opportunities are n     
provid$ to any appreciable  ext5t 9 !   
c\ntry regions4    ,9 ! pres5t /age (   
educational developm5t1 !re are today   
millions ( "y m5 & wom5 :o f9d 9 !      
public libr>y !  only op5 door ?r\gh :i*
 !y cat* glimpses ( opportunity beyond  
_! own imm$iate doma94 ,) all !         
limitations involv$1 ?is is  a hopeful  
circum/ance1 = in/ances are pl5tiful :]e
 ! *ance  enc\nt] ) a book has m>k$ !   
awak5+ ( a life4 ,"o ne$  n g to works (
 fiction to seek su* /ories1 b 9 !m may 

be  f\nd types :i* h be5 pluck$ f bits (
 real life4 ,& 9 real  life !y c\ld be  
multipli$ a ?\s& times4 ,p]haps y recall
  ! h\sehold ( ! ,tulliv]s' :5 mis=tune 
came ^u x1 & !  *ange :i* a few         
well-?umb$ volumes made 9 "o ( its      
memb]s3     ,! new life 0 t]rible to    
,maggie--,maggie ) h] /range dreams1   )
 h] hung] = love4 ,h] fa!r no long]     
/rok$ h] hair z he   us$ to d :5 %e sat 
d[n 9 h] l[ /ool beside him at night1   
?\gh he 0 m dep5d5t on h] ?an ev]4 ,tom1
 we>y & full (   8 new bus9ess          
ambitions1 did n respond to h] c>esses4 
,! poor   "m rema9$ hopelessly bewild]$ 
"u ! bl[ t _h fall5   on h] placid      
exi/5ce4     ,! girl fell back on !     
meagre remnant ( books t _h be5 left    
by ! cr$itors4 ,%e /udi$ ,virgil &      
,euclid & sp5t h] days 9   ! fields ) ! 
,lat9 diction>y & ,tom's ?umb$          
s*oolbooks4   ,"o day %e *anc$ on a worn
 copy ( ,?omas  ,kempis1 & %e pu%$   h] 
heavy hair back f h] sad br[ z if to see
 a sudd5 vision   m cle>ly4 ,t *ronicle 

( a solit>y1 hidd5 angui%1 /ruggle1     
fai? & triumph came to h] 9 h] ne$ &    
fill$ h] he>t )   ! writ]'s f]vor (     
r5unciation4     ,h] new inw>d life %one
 out 9 h] face ) a t5d]1 s(t light   t  
m+l$ itself z add$ lovel9ess ) ! enri*$ 
color &   outl9e ( h] blossom+ y\?4     
,maggie 0 beg9n+ to %[ a   que5ly head  
above h] old frocks1 & h] "m felt !     
*ange )   a puzzl$1 dim wond] t ! once  
'contr>y' & ugly *ild %\ld   be 'gr[+ up
 s good4'    ,! high] life ( ! citiz5   
has receiv$ too little att5tion1 &  !   
l[] & bas] life seems to h absorb$ all !
 sympa?y &  c>e ( ! au?orities4 ,b we h 
t\*$ ! fr+e ( bett] days1  & soon no    
municipality or local gov]n+ body w be  
consid]$  complete unless x has "u its  
adm9i/ration a libr>y & a  museum1 z    
well z a workh\se1 a prison1 & !        
pres]ves ( law  & ord]4 ,x is = !       
provision = ?is high] national life t   
?is plea is made1 & ^u municipalities is
 e>ne/ly urg$ !  ne$ ( giv+ ! fulle/ &  
be/ att5tion to ?is "q4 ,!  fact %\ld be

 emphasiz$ t ! municipality c d = ! p  9
 ! way ( libr>ies & museums :at _c      
possibly be done by  private ent]prise4 
,x may be unhesitat+ly ass]t$ t 9 fulle/
  usefulness1 economical managem5t1 &   
be/ value = money inve/$1  ! exi/+      
rate-support$ libr>ies are f> 9 advance 
( ! private  in/itutions ( ?is nature4  
,x is "s =ty ye>s s9ce ,c>lyle ask$ !   
"q1 ,:y is !re  n a ,maje/y's libr>y 9 e
 c\nty t[n8 ,!re is a ,maje/y's gaol  & 
gall[s 9 e "o1 & x is z long s9ce !     
,public ,libr>ies  ,act 0 pass$1 & yet !
 lack ( libr>ies is /ill "o ( ! mo/     
/>tl+ defici5cies 9 ^! isl&s4 ,we h giv5
 ! p ev]  great] & great] political p[]1
 b !y display$ no m>k$  incl9ation to   
b5efit !mselves by means ( books or o!r 
means (  culture4    ,we mu/ n[ educate 
our ma/]s1 said ,mr4 ,l[e :5 ! ,re=m    
,bill  ( #ahfg 0 pass$4 ,he 0 q "r1 = ! 
said ma/]s 7 by no  means quick to      
educate !mselves1 & ! numb] ( public    
libr>ies  :i* !y cons5t$ to e/abli% =   
?ree ye>s aft] #ahfg 0 ab\t  t54    ,!n 

came ,mr4 ,=/]'s ,education ,act1 &     
great ?+s 7 expect$  ( x4 ,n[ t ev]ybody
 0 to be taught 8 lett]s1 ev]ybody w\ld 
surely want books to read also4 ,:at1   
inde$1 w\ld be ! good (  tea*+ p to read
 at all unless !y 7 also to h a supply  
( good books8 ,y might z well tea* a man
 ! use ( 8 knife &  =k & !n n give him  
any meat4    ,public libr>ies are !     
natural & legitimate outcome (          
compulsory  education4          ,,c]ta9 
,,phases ,,( ,,libr>y ,,ext5sion#a      
,dream+ ( ,utopia1 an ,engli% writ] (   
romance evolv$ a plan =  a p's palace1  
c5t]+ "u "o ro( ! pleasures & !  int]e/s
 & ! hopes ( democracy4 ,f> away1 if n  
improbable1  z seem$ ! fruition ( 8     
dream1 he liv$ to see prophecy m]ge  9  
realization4 ,7 ?is lov] ( mank9d /ill  
liv+1 he w\ld  "k t 8 concept1 ?\gh he  
saw x c>ri$ into be+1 _h n  p]man5ce 9 !
 =m he gave x4 ,ideals _c be b\nd$ by ! 
n>r[ conf9es ( f\r walls4 ,& yet he _h !
 vision ( ! se]1  = t :i* he pictur$ 9  
local =m ) def9ite limitations  has1 9 a

 direction little dream$ ( !n1 assum$ =m
 & sub/ance  9 a great _w movem5t4 ,n   
only 9 great hives ( indu/ry1 :]e  ?\s&s
 congregate 9 daily toil1 b 9 ! small   
indu/rial hamlets  & 9 ! rural t[ns t   
dot ! l& lie ! possibilities =  _m su*  
palaces ( ! p1 & 9 _m--v _m--( su*      
communities today exi/ ! beg9n+s t w    
comb9e & cem5t  _! _m-sid$ int]e/s4     
,?is great _w movem5t :i* is ga!r+      
accel]at$ mom5tum )  its own m>vel\s    
gr[?1 we call libr>y ext5sion4 ,t t]m is
  p]haps suffici5tly descriptive1 ?\gh x
 gives "n r to !  means us$ ?an to !    
results s\ght to be a*iev$4 ,= c]ta9ly  
its  und]ly+ pr9ciple is ( ! v ess5ce ( 
democracy4 ,!re is no  o!r gov]nm5tal   
ent]prise--n except+ ! public s*ools--t 
s epitomizes ! _s ( democracy4 ,=       
democracy 9 its highe/  manife/ation is 
n t equality t puts m$iocrity & idl5ess 
on ! same level ) tal5t & g5ius & ?rift1
 b t equality  :i* gives all memb]s (   
society an equal opportunity 9 life--t  
yields to no individual z a bir?right   

*ances d5i$ to 8 fell[4  ,& surely if   
!re is any in/itution t repres5ts ?is   
fundam5tal  pr9ciple & c>ries out a     
policy 9 consonance1 x is ! public      
libr>y4 ,nei!r condition nor place (    
bir?1 nor age1 nor sex1 nor  social     
position1 s]ves z b> ( exclusion f ?is  
h\se ( ! op5  door1 ( ! cordial welcome1
 ( ! sympa!tic aid freely r5d]$4  ,9    
myriad ways n dream$ ( at its inception1
 libr>y ext5sion has  s\ght *annels (   
usefulness to rea* all ! p4 ,! travel+  
libr>y 9 rural regions1 ! bran* /ations 
9 conge/$ c5t]s (  population1 !        
*ildr5's room1 ! dep>tm5t ( te*nology1  
are a  few ( ^!--to m5tion ! ones :i*   
occur mo/ readily to m9d4    ,b ^! alli$
 ag5cies d b t\* ! edge ( opportunity4  
,!  imm$iate conc]n ( ^? engag$ 9 libr>y
 ext5sion mu/ be )  ! =ces rea*+ ! adult
 population1 & especially ! "y m5  &    
wom5 engag$ 9 indu/rial pursuits4 ,= !  
mission ( ! public  libr>y is           
two-fold--an aid to mat]ial progress ( !
 individual &  a cultural influ5ce 9 !  

community ?r\gh ! individual4 ,p]haps  x
 may be said m accurately t ! "o mission
 is ess5tial to  give scope = ! second4 
,=1 fir/ ( all1 man mu/ ne$s m9i/]  to 8
 physical wants4 ,be=e !re c be         
intellectual expansion &  cultural      
developm5t1 !re mu/ be leisure1 or at   
lea/ conditions  t free ! m9d f anxi\s  
c>e = ! morr[4 ,s ! social  /ructure    
aft] all mu/ re/ ^u a bread-&-butt]     
f\ndation4 ,x  foll[s z a logical       
conclusion t society z a :ole _c rea*  a
 high /age ( developm5t until all its   
individual memb]s are  surr\nd$ )       
conditions t p]mit ! highe/             
self-developm5t4  ,until a bett] ag5cy  
%all be f\nd1 x is ! public libr>y :i*  
mu/ s]ve ?is ne$4 ,& !re9 lies ! mo/    
pot5t reason = !  ext5sion ( its "w into
 e field1 :e!r intimately or remotely   
affiliat$1 :i* c br+ ab\t ^! purposes4  
,its "w )  *ildr5 is l>gely important to
 ! ext5t t habits are =m$ &  facility   
acquir$ 9 me?ods t %all be utiliz$ 9    
ye>s succe$+  s*ool life4 ,b its great  

problem is t ( adult education4 ,:at an 
enorm\s field /ill lies untill$1 we le>n
 ) />tl+ emphasis  f figures compil$ by 
! gov]nm5t4 ,despite ! fact t  provision
 is made by /ate & municipality to give 
to e individual  absolutely )\t co/ an  
education embrac+ sixte5 ye>s ( life1   
!re are ret>d+ circum/ances t prev5t all
 b a m]e fraction  ( ! population f     
enjoy+ ^! advantages 9 full measure4    
,to quote a summ>y pr9t$ la/ ye>1 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates #af1eaa1jbd  7 receiv+    
elem5t>y education dur+ ! ye> #aijb-jc2 
only  #ggf1fce atta9$ to a second>y     
education1 & only #bea1hai to !  high]  
education ( ! colleges1 te*nical s*ools1
 etc4 ,/at$ 9  simpl] t]ms1 ?is means t 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = "o p]son :o         
receives a high] education1 or = ?ree :o
 receive ! education  ( ! second>y      
s*ools1 !re are sixty-five :o receive   
only an  elem5t>y education1 & t *iefly 
9 ! l[e/ grades ( !  elem5t>y s*ools4   
,:at gives fur!r mean+ to ?is /ati/ical 
recital is ! =ce (  mod]n economic      

conditions4 ,f an agricultural we are   
develop+ into  a manufactur+ p1 )       
enorm\s influx f ! rural into !  urban  
communities4 ,! trem5d\s expansion ( our
 municipalities has  br\ght new &       
important problems4 ,)9 ! lifetime ( m5 
today a  hundr$ cities h realiz$        
populations 9 excess ( t :i* ,new  ,york
 ,city _h :5 !y 7 boys4 ,va/ numb]s (   
immigrants diff]+  radically 9          
intellig5ce & 9 education f e>li] com]s 
are  p\r+ into ! c\ntry annually4 ,x has
 be5 po9t$ out t "s (  ! l>ge/ ,iri%1   
,g]man & ,bohemian cities 9 ! _w are    
locat$  9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 n 9 _! own   
c\ntries4 ,9 "o w>d 9 !  city ( ,*icago 
=ty languages are spok5 by p]sons :o    
prattl$ at  _! "m's knee "o or ! o!r (  
!m4     ,! p[] ( ! public s*ools to     
assimilate diff]5t races to   our own   
in/itutions1 ?r\gh ! education giv5 to !
 y\ng]   g5]ation1 is d\btless "o ( !   
mo/ rem>kable exhibitions (   vitality t
 ! _w has ev] se51 says ,dr4 ,john      
,dewey 9 an   address on ,! ,s*ool z a  

,social ,c5t]4 ,b1 aft] all1 x   leaves 
! old] g5]ation /ill unt\*$1 & !        
assimilation (   ! y\ng] c h>dly be     
complete or c]ta9 z long z ! homes   ( !
 p>5ts rema9 comp>atively unaffect$4    
,social1 economic &   intellectual      
conditions are *ang+ at a rate undream$ 
( 9 pa/   hi/ory4 ,n[1 unless ! ag5cies 
( in/ruction are kept runn+   m or less 
p>allel ) ^! *anges1 a consid]able body 
( m5   is b\nd to f9d itself )\t ! tra9+
 :i* w enable x to   adapt itself to :at
 is go+ on4 ,x w be left /r&$ & become  
a burd5 = ! community to c>ry4 ,! y\? at
 eighte5 may be   educat$ s z to be     
ready = ! conditions :i* w meet him   at
 n9ete52 b he c h>dly be prep>$ = ^? :i*
 are to   confront him :5 he is         
=ty-five4 ,if he is ready = ! latt] :5  
!y come1 x is because 8 own education   
has be5 keep+ pace 9   ! int]m$iate     
ye>s4     ,& aga93 ,! daily occupations 
& ord9>y surr\nd+s ( life   are mu* m 9 
ne$ ( int]pretation ?an ev] !y h be5    
be=e4 ,life is gett+ s specializ$1 !    

divisions ( labor are   c>ri$ s f> t    
no?+ expla9s or int]prets itself4 ,!    
work] 9 a mod]n factory :o is conc]n$ ) 
a fractional piece   ( a complex        
activity1 pres5t$ to him only 9 a limit$
 s]ies (   acts c>ri$ on ) a di/9ct     
position ( a ma*9e1 is typical   ( mu* 9
 our entire social life4 ,unless ! lives
 ( a l>ge "p   ( our wage e>n]s are to  
be left to _! own b>r5 meag]ness1   !   
community mu/ see to x by "s organiz$   
ag5cy t !y are   in/ruct$ 9 ! sci5tific 
f\ndation & social be>+s ( !   ?+s !y   
see ab\t !m1 & ( ! activities 9 :i* !y  
are   !mselves engag+4    ,n[ if ^? :o  
come 9 su* limit$ numb]s f ! colleges & 
univ]sities1 c keep /ep ) ! onw>d m>* ( 
_! fell[s only  by con/antly add+ to _! 
educational equipm5t1 :at %all be  said 
( t enorm\s army made up ( conscripts f 
! ranks 9 !  elem5t>y s*ools8--! t5d]   
h&s t drop ! spell+ book &  seize !     
workman's d9n] pail8    ,?us we e/abli% 
! duty ( ! /ate to its citiz5%ip 9      
provid+  means = adult education4 ,&    

h]e9 lies a great opportunity =  libr>y 
ext5sion--n1 inde$1 9 seek+ to supplant 
ag5cies already  exi/5t2 n 9 creat+ new 
ones t w p>allel o!rs1 b 9  supplem5t+  
_! "w :]e su* educational ag5cies d     
exi/1  9 supply+ *annels = _! activities
 ?r\gh its own great]  facilities =     
rea*+ ! masses4 ,important z are !      
public museum1  ! public art gall]y1 !  
popul> lecture or lyceum feature1 !     
public debate associat$ ) or incorporat$
 9 ! libr>y1 ( z  f>-rea*+ importance is
 ano!r & new] alli$ ag5cy develop$  9   
univ]sity ext5sion4 ,! response :i* has 
come 9 e/abli%+  correspond5ce /udy z "p
 ( mod]n univ]sity ext5sion is (        
trem5d\s significance4 ,! enrollm5t 9   
correspond5ce s*ools ( a  million       
gr[n-up m5 & wom5 eag] to cont9ue _!    
education1 &  will+ to exp5d m ?an fifty
 million doll>s a ye> 9 fur!rance  ( t  
desire1 is a factor t *all5ges att5tion4
 ,x is a new  expression ( an old       
impulse4 ,eighty ye>s ago ! work+ p &   
artisan classes ( ,great ,brita9 took "p

 9 a simil> movem5t4 ,its  beg9n+ 0     
prompt$ by a wi% = te*nical in/ruction4 
,soon ^!  me*anics' in/itutes grew into 
social in/itutions1 ) collections  (    
books z a second>y int]e/4 ,! in/itutes 
increas$ enorm\sly  9 numb]1 until ?r\gh
 _! m$ium m ?an a million volumes a  ye>
 7 circulat$4 ,*>les ,knight issu$ 8    
p5ny encyclop$ia1  ,rob]t & ,william    
,*amb]s l$ ! way = inexp5sive books1 !  
,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,k came into  
exi/5ce4 ,indu/rial  ,engl& 0 = ! "t be+
 ! work%op ( ! _w4 ,& 9 !  lat]         
univ]sity ext5sion movem5t :i*1 along   
new l9es1 is to make  ( univ]sities hav+
 a /ate f\ndation really ! in/rum5t ( ! 
/ate = ! good ( all ! p 9 place ( ! few1
 ! libr>ies  h a great opportunity to   
become an important factor4 ,millions ( 
! adult population w ?us be giv5 an     
opportunity to br+ out  9 its be/ =m    
:atev] ( tal5t & ( intellectual gift !y 
may  possess4 ,f a private lett] writt5 
by ,pr(essor ,mc,conachie1 ( !          
,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 :o has *>ge ( ! 

correspond5ce /udy  9 ! dep>tm5t (      
sci5ce1 are tak5 ! foll[+ extracts3 ,old
  ways ( tea*+ are break+ d[n4 ,libr>y  
/udy & writt5 ex]cises  are re-en=c+    
classroom recitations & lectures4 ,ea*  
pupil ( a  t]m c\rse /udies "o or two   
prescrib$ texts1 reads & reports  9     
detail a m9imum ( eight or n9e hundr$   
pages 9 a *oice %elf  collection (      
libr>y books1 takes & submits notes1    
writes brief  !mes & prep>es = weekly   
quizzes :]e9 ! memb]s ( 8 class  section
 helpfully int]*ange ideas & in=mation4 
,! po/-(fice  is ! m$ium = ext5sion f ! 
univ]sity to a va/] body (  /ud5ts      
ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,! same         
mat]ials--books1  p]iodicals1 newspap]s1
 & (ficial docum5ts1--t ! /ud5t  (      
politics uses "u ! p]sonal ov]sight ( ! 
univ]sity  in/ructor1 are scatt]$ 9 va/ 
abundance ev]y:]e4 ,! /ate is  "o great 
libr>y4 ,! l>ge/ s+le collection is     
paltry beside ?is  magnific5t &         
ev]-increas+ supply ( political         
lit]ature t  p]meates e hamlet4 ,civic  

intellig5ce has ?riv5 ^u ! m]e  haphaz>d
 & desultory read+ ( ! p4 ,correspond5ce
 /udies  w put _! scatt]$ mat]ial into  
%ape = !m & sy/ematize  _! use !re(4 ,! 
libr>y & ! univ]sity may s]ve !  citiz5 
by giv+ unity & direction to 8 read+1   
help+ him to  hi!rto hidd5 wor? & mean+ 
9 ! humble/ lit]>y mat]ial at  8 h&1 by 
quick5+ 8 int]e/ alike 9 ! (fices1      
in/itutions  & activities t lie ne>e/ to
 8 daily life & 9 8 _w-wide  relation%ip
 ) 8 fell[m54 ,= ! citiz5 on ! f>m1 at !
  desk1 or 9 ! factory1 !y po9t ! way   
out ( vague realizations  into di/9ct & 
def9ite comm& ( 8 political self1 (f]   
refre%+ *ange f ! n>r[+ viewpo9t (      
individual int]e/1  to ! broad5+        
viewpo9t ( 8 t[n or /ate or c\ntry1 &   
lead  on to f> int]national vi/as (     
_w-wide life & de/9y4    ,society has an
 int]e/ 9 ?is beyond ! rights ( !       
individual4  ,! greate/ wa/e to society 
is n t :i* comes f  improvid5ce1 b f    
undevelop$ or unus$ opportunity4 ,s x   
becomes ! duty ( e community to make its

 contribution to !  _w1 :e!r x be 9 !   
realm ( inv5tion1 sci5tific discov]y1   
or lit]ature4 ,& h[ is ?is to be done if
 g5ius & tal5t are  all[$ to die unborn 
= lack ( opportunity to gr[8 ,wond]ful z
  has be5 ! progress ( ! _w's k dur+ !  
la/ c5tury  ( sci5tific rese>*1 :o w    
v5ture to say t x con/itutes  m ?an a   
fraction ( :at might h be5 if all !     
g5ius t  rema9$ dormant & unproductive  
c\ld h be5 utiliz$8 ,f :at  we "k (     
isolat$ in/ances :]e m]e *ance has sav$ 
to !  _w great =ces t make = ! progress 
( humanity1 we c  inf] :at might h be5  
realiz$1 "u happi] conditions4 ,e       
libr>ian ( exp]i5ce1 e adm9i/rator (    
travel+ libr>ies1  w recall su*         
in/ances4 ,"o boy comes ^u ! "r book1 & 
!  curr5t ( 8 life is *ang$2 ano!r reads
 a volume1 & 9 8  bra9 g]m9ates ! se$ t 
blossoms into a great inv5tion2 9 a     
*ance h\r ( read+1 a ?ird f9ds 9 a page1
 a phrase1 a ^w1 !  inspiration ^:      
expression sets aflame ! _w4 ,a ma/] p5 
has  vividly describ$ ! process3#b      

,mo/ ( u :o turn to any subject ) love  
rememb] "s morn+   or ev5+ h\r :5 we got
 on a high /ool to rea* d[n an untri$   
volume4 99 99 99 ,:5 hot f play he w\ld 
toss himself 9 a corn]1   & 9 five      
m9utes be deep 9 any sort ( book t he   
c\ld lay 8   h&s on2 if x 7 ,rasselas or
 ,gulliv]1 s mu* ! bett]1 b   ,bailey's 
,diction>y w\ld d1 or ! ,bible ) !      
,apocrypha 9 x4   ,some?+ he mu/ read :5
 he 0 n rid+ ! pony1 or runn+ &   hunt+1
 or li/5+ to ! talk ( m54 99 99 99 ,b1  
"o vacation1   a wet day s5t him to !   
small home libr>y to hunt once m =   a  
book :i* might h "s fre%ness = him4 ,9  
va96 unless1   inde$1 he fir/ took d[n a
 du/y r[ ( volumes ) gray-pap]   backs &
 d+y labels--! volumes ( an old         
encyclop$ia :i* he   _h nev] di/urb$4 ,x
 w\ld at lea/ be a novelty to di/urb !m4
   ,!y 7 on ! highe/ %elf1 & he /ood on 
a *air to get !m   d[n2 b he op5$ !     
volume :i* he took fir/ f ! %elf2       
someh[ "o is apt to read 9 a make%ift   
attitude j :]e x   might seem inconv5i5t

 to d s4 ,! page he op5$ on 0 "u !      
head ( ,anatomy1 & ! fir/ passage t drew
 8 eyes 0 on !   valves ( ! he>t4 ,he 0 
n mu* acqua9t$ ) valves ( any   sort1 b 
he knew t valv 7 fold+ doors1 & ?r\gh   
?is   crevice came a sudd5 light />tl+  
him ) 8 fir/ vivid notion   (           
f9ely-adju/$ me*anism 9 ! human frame4  
,a lib]al education   _h1 ( c\rse1 left 
him free to read ! indec5t passages 9 ! 
s*ool classics1 b beyond a g5]al s5se ( 
secrecy & obsc5ity   9 connection ) 8   
int]nal /ructure1 _h left 8 imag9ation  
q unbias$1 s t = any?+ he knew 8 bra9s  
lay 9 small   bags at 8 temples1 & he _h
 no m ?\ght ( repres5t+ to   himself h[ 
8 blood circulat$ ?an h[ pap] s]v$      
in/ead (   gold4 ,b ! mom5t ( vocation  
_h come1 & be=e he got d[n f   8 *air ! 
_w 0 made new to him by a pres5tim5t (  
endless   processes fill+ ! va/ spaces  
plank$ out ( 8 sight by t   wordy       
ignorance :i* he _h suppos$ to be k4 ,f 
t h\r   he felt ! gr[? ( an intellectual
 passion4    ,& 9 ?is wise ! _w ga9$ a  

great physician4    ,all ?is may be said
 )\t disp>agem5t to t phase ( libr>y    
usefulness :i* may be t]m$ ! recreative4
 ,!re has be5 undue  & unreason+        
criticism ( ! libr>y t5d5cy to m9i/] to 
!  novel-read+ habit4 ,_m good p are    
incl9$ to decry ! public  libr>y because
 n all its patrons conf9e _! loans to   
books  deal+ ) sci5ce1 or ) useful arts4
 ,9 _! judgm5t x is n  ! legitimate     
function ( ! public libr>y to meet !    
public dem&  = fiction4 ,^! same good p 
w\ld h>dly urge t ! fre$om  ( ! public  
p>ks %\ld be limit$ to ^? :o wi% to make
  botanical /udies4 ,! pure joy 9 gr[+  
?+s & fre% air &  ! song ( uncag$ birds1
 ne$s no k ( sci5tific t]ms 9  botany & 
orni?ology4 ,^! privileges are promotive
 ( ! physical  well-be+ ( ! p2          
correspond+ly1 heal?y m5tal /imulus is  
to be f\nd 9 a sp>kl+ & sprightly /ory  
:i* may be read 9  an h\r & :i* w leave 
! read] ) a good consci5ce & a  s5se (  
*e]fulness4 ,our own good fri5d1 ,mr4   
,john ,cotton ,dana1 has  admirably     

epitomiz$ ! und]ly+ philosophy3     ,a  
good /ory has creat$ _m an oasis 9 _m an
 o!rwise arid   life4 ,_m-sid$ness (    
int]e/ makes = good morals1 & millions  
( our fell[s /ep ?r\gh ! pages ( a /ory 
book into a broad]   _w ?an _! nature & 
_! circum/ances ev] p]mit !m to   visit4
 ,if any?+ is to /ay ! n>r[+ & h>d5+    
process   :i* specialization ( le>n+1   
specialization ( inquiry & (   indu/ry &
 swift accumulation ( weal? are sett+ up
 among u1 x   is a return to romance1   
poetry1 imag9ation1 fancy1 & ! g5]al    
culture we are n[ taught to despise4 ,( 
all ^! ! novel is a   "p2 r1 9 ! novel  
are all ( ^!4 ,b a race may surely   f9d
 spr++ up 9 itself a fre% love (        
romance1 9 ! high s5se   ( t ^w1 :i* c  
keep x active1 hopeful1 ard5t1          
progressive4   ,p]haps ! novel is to be1
 9 ! next few decades1 "p ( !   outw>d  
manife/ation ( a new bir? ( ?is love (  
bread? &   happ9ess4    ,!re is1 !n1 no 
limitation to ! scope ( libr>y ext5sion 
save  t en=c$ by meag]ness ( res\rce &  

physical ability to d4 ,9  ! prop]      
affiliation & correlation ( all ^! =ces 
:i* h  be5 enum]at$ & ( o!rs sugge/$ by 
!m1 w develop t  process :]eby ! social 
bett]m5t t today seems b a dream w  be  
br\ght into reality4 ,! =m ?is          
comb9ation w assume ne$  give u no      
conc]n--:e!r its local physical         
expression %all be z  9 ,bo/on a gr\p ( 
build+s ma9ta9$ z sep>ate in/itutions2  
or z 9 ,pittsburgh1 a complete1 relat$  
s*eme ( activities cov]$  by "o ro(2 z  
plann$ 9 ,clevel&1 a civic c5t] ) !     
public  libr>y giv+ x "* & sub/ance2 or 
z 9 ,new ,york1 :]e  _m in/itutions1    
remotely locat$ b intimately associat$1 
"w  t[>d a common end4 ,_m roads may    
lead to a common c5t]4 ,:i*  "o ! wayf>]
 *ooses is a matt] ( m]e p]sonal        
pref]5ce &  ( no importance1 s t he w5ds
 8 way /eadily onw>ds t[>ds  ! object ( 
8 atta9m5t4 ,9 ! evolution ( ^! uplift+ 
processes1 ! book %all /& z symbol1 z ! 
pr9t$ page %all  s]ve z in/rum5t4       
,,next ,,/eps#c      ,( all human       

int]e/s t p]ta9 to intellectual         
improvem5t--social  evolution1 sci5tific
 a*ievem5t1 educational progress1       
gov]nm5tal  advance1 or humanit>ian     
endeavor1 none has seem$ too unimportant
 =  consid]ation by libr>y work]s4      
,libr>ians h s\ght to id5tify  _! "w )  
!m all1 to a*ieve contact ) e           
individual1  ) gr\ps ( individuals & )  
communities z a :ole4 ,if  intellig5t   
me?od has sometimes seem$ lack+1 !      
en?usiasm & !  self-d5ial ( ! mission>y 
h be5 giv5 9 un/9t$ measure4 ,to  ! home
 & to ! m>t1 to ! s*ool & to !          
playgr\nd1 to !  work%op & to !         
laboratory1 !y h br\ght--:e!r ask$ or   
uns\ght--! be/ at _! comm&4    ,n out ( 
abundance has ! libr>y attempt$ s mu* 9 
su* div]se  places4 ,its meag] res\rces 
h be5 spread ov] su* va/ fields  t 9    
spots ! sub/ance has seem$ t5u\s &      
transp>5t4 ,mo/  insuffici5t1 & p]haps  
lea/ successful ?us f>1 b sugge/+  ! mo/
 important function ( libr>y activity & 
presag+ its mo/  significant developm5t1

 is t bran* ( s]vice associat$ )  gramm>
 & second>y s*ools4 ,"h lies ! mo/      
f]tile field =  /rong1 vigor\s1 fruitful
 en]giz+ ( su* =ces z ! libr>y          
possesses4    ,curi\sly en\gh1 a        
p]ception ( values :i* inh]e 9 !        
associat$  & co-ord9at$ ef=ts ( s*ool & 
libr>y has n1 z yet1 dawn$  ^u s*ool m5 
to any appreciable degree4 ,"h & !re1   
inde$1 a  vibrant voice has dem&$ ! jo9+
 ( ef=t = practical ends1  b ! tea*+    
folk z a :ole rema9 imp]vi\s to         
possibilities  ev5 :5 s5sible ( ! ne$4  
,ne>ly f\r c5turies ago1 ,m>t9  ,lu!r   
not$ ! possibilities ( ! libr>y z an    
educational adjunct  & necessity1 & urg$
 ! f\nd+ ( public libr>ies = !          
pres]vation & enc\ragem5t ( le>n+4#d    
,no co/ nor pa9s1 he urg$ 9 ! conclud+  
pages ( 8 lett] to  ! mayors ( ,g]many1 
%\ld be sp>$ to procure good libr>ies 9 
suitable build+s1 especially 9 ! l>ge   
cities :i* are able to  af=d x4    ,f 8 
day to ours !re appe>s 9 pr9t$ works on 
education--:e!r g5]al or deal+ )        

specializ$ phases--no  recurr5t note    
amplify+ ?is sugge/ion1 except a few    
casual fugitive  ref]5ces 9 less ?an a  
doz5 rec5t publications1 & two treatises
  t recognize ! importance ( ! subject )
 "s fulness (  treatm5t4 ,p]haps ?is    
sweep+ *>act]ization ( /olid s*ool-room 
self-suffici5cy %\ld be modifi$ by      
cr$it+ to ,horace ,mann a  vision t     
sc>cely surviv$ 8 pass+4 ,a hi/orian (  
educational  influ5ces in=ms u t 9 ,mr4 
,mann's "w = tea*]s two aspects  are    
app>5t--"o deal+ ) prep>ation1 ! o!r )  
me?od4  ,?r\gh 8 labors normal s*ools   
became a compon5t "p ( our  s*ool sy/em1
 & in/itutes 7 />t$ = ! special tra9+  (
 tea*]s4 ,fur!rmore1 he made app>5t !   
value ( libr>ies z  s*ool adjuncts1 &   
br\ght ab\t _! e/abli%m5t4 ,& simil>ly  
9 backwoods ,wiscons91 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a  
c5tury ago1 ,lyman ,drap]  s\ght to     
int]e/ ! tea*+ =ces !re4 ,8 report pr9t$
 9 !  #ej's--n[ r>e & difficult to      
procure--is a gr\p+ ( op9ions1          
prophetic b yet unrealiz$1 express$ by  

em95t m5 ( ! day z  =e%ad[+ a           
relation%ip ( s*ool & libr>y4    ,a     
c>eful exam9ation ( fifty av]age books  
on education issu$ s9ce  #ahgj yields b 
scant enc\ragem5t to ^? :o seek         
association (  s*ool & libr>y4 ,six ( ! 
fifty writ]s give at lea/ pass+         
consid]ation to ! subject4 ,two         
cyclop$ias ( education recognize  !     
importance ( ! subject4#e    ,=ty-two   
books issu$ betwe5 ! ye>s m5tion$1 &    
ab\t equally  divid$ betwe5 ! decades   
repres5t$ are :olly b>r5 ( su*  m5tion4 
,on ! o!r h&1 two are notable = vital   
grasp & broad  treatm5t--,g4 ,/anley    
,hall's *apt]s 9 ! second volume ( 8    
,educational ,problems1 & ,hugo         
,m/]b]g's *apt] 9 ,!  ,am]icans4        
,significant ( pres5t-day conditions is 
! te/imony ( a tea*]1  :o1 address+ a   
libr>y ga!r+1 said3#f    ,9 days gone by
 we c>ri$ on ! s*ool )\t libr>ies--we   
c\ld  d ?is z well z n because education
 meant le>n+ by rote2  text-book le>n+  
alone4    ,?is is1 to my m9d1 ! mo/     

important ?+ ,i h to say to  y--we d n  
yet "k y & our ne$ = y4    ,9 our s*ool 
lives z *ildr51 9 our normal tra9+ &    
lat] 9  our actual tea*+ we h n _h y1 & 
we d n yet realize y\r  res\rces4    ,to
 get ?is matt] be=e y def9itely1 p>don  
my us+ my own case  z illu/ration4    ,f
 beg9n+ to end ( my common s*ool        
education--f ! fir/  grade ?r\gh        
eigh?--,i nev] saw a s*ool or a public  
libr>y4 ,we _h  none1 ?\gh ,i liv$ 9 a  
good-siz$ city 9 ! ,middle ,we/4 ,i     
le>n$  :at ! text-book told me2 no      
supplem5t>y read+ 7or r>ely71 no        
pictures1 no objects4 ,my tra9+ 9 read+ 
& lit]ature consi/$  9 le>n+ to keep my 
toes on a crack & my voice f fall+ on a 
"q m>k6    ,9 high s*ool ,i _h v little 
b ! regul> text4 ,aga9 memory  "w 0 !   
te/4 ,i rememb] well a boy :o 0 my      
ideal4 ,he le>n$  8 geography ^w = ^w & 
s recit$ x4 ,if he sneez$ or a door     
slamm$ & 8 fl[ ( words 7,i use words    
advis$ly7 0 int]rupt$1  he _h to beg9   
aga94 ,he 0 ! %[ pupil 9 our class4     

,9 college our in/ructors 9 sci5ce p]=m$
 all ! exp]im5ts  = u :ile we look$ on4 
,:5 we w5t to ! libr>y we spoke to !    
libr>ian ?r\gh a wire nett+1 & 9 our    
company mann]s ask$ =  a book4    ,9 !  
normal s*ool :i* ,i att5d$ !re 0 a      
s-call$ *ildr5's  libr>y1 b ! books 7   
all text-books1 & we 7 n taught h[  to  
help ! *ildr5 to use !m4 ,we _h         
lit]ature1 b x 0 all  ab\t ,hamlet's be+
 or n be+ mad2 none ( x 0 taught 9 a way
  to make x a tool = ! elem5t>y tea*]4  
,aft] all ?is ,i began tea*+1 ) no k ( !
 res\rces (  a libr>y z an aid to ei!r  
tea*] or *ild1 & ,i felt no ne$ =  su*  
aid4 ,:at is true ( me is true ( ?\s&s (
 o!r tea*]s4    ,y mu/ make u feel our  
ne$ = y4 ,y mu/1 if y please1  intrude  
y\rselves ^u our notice4 ,g5]ations (   
tea*]s :o h  wor%ipp$ at ! %r9e ( !     
text-book c 9 no o!r way be  rea*$4     
,! ideals ( education today are broad]1 
our ne$s are great]1 &  y h ! mat]ial to
 help u to realize our ne$s4    ,9 !    
relatively few in/ances :]e co-op]ation 

betwe5 s*ool  & libr>y adm9i/ration has 
l$ to in/allation ( mod]n libr>y        
equipm5t 9 elem5t>y s*ools1 !           
difficulties h be5 exp]i5c$  :i* are    
usual :5 aft]?\ght supplies :at =e?\ght 
neglects to  include4 ,qu>t]s are       
ord9>ily unsuitable & insuffici5t4      
,adequate  provision %\ld be made :5    
s*ool build+s are plann$1 = libr>y      
qu>t]s t are ample z to size & /rategic 
z to location1  in/ead ( dep5d+ = space 
^u a room or enl>g$ closet n  o!rwise   
utiliz$1 = libr>y placem5t4 ,p]haps x is
 too optimi/ic  to hope = a *ange soon 9
 ! inconceivably /upid ar*itecture &    
design ( s*ool build+s1 despite a few   
rec5t /rik+ examples to  ! contr>y4     
,z n[ f9anc$1 no public libr>y sy/em c  
und]take to adm9i/] a  bran* libr>y 9 e 
grade s*ool build+ )9 its jurisdiction4 
,= s*ool s]vice on su* a lib]al scale   
!re w\ld be requir$ 9  ! city ( ,new    
,york at lea/ #d1cjj1jjj = equipm5t & at
 lea/  #ecg1jjj annually = curr5t       
ma9t5ance2 9 ,*icago1 #b1cej1jjj  =     

initial equipm5t & #bid1jjj annually =  
ma9t5ance2 9  o!r cities1 correspond+ly 
l>ge exp5ditures4 ,h[ev]1 9 mo/  ( !    
major cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x is    
entirely feasible to  make a reasonable 
beg9n+ by introduc+ "s features ( ! "w  
n n[ attempt$1 or tri$ 9 su* meagre     
fa%ion z to be useless  & di%e>t5+4 ,z  
!re are 9 _m places travel+ s*ool       
libr>ies1 s !re may well be add$ travel+
 s*ool libr>ians4 ,x  is imp]ative t =  
?is s]vice !re mu/ be s\ght a type (    
tea*]-libr>ian capable by reason (      
natural ability & education to  comm& ! 
confid5ce ( ! tea*+ corps z a c\nselor1 
& ( !  /ud5t body z a fri5dly elem5t 9 !
 s*ool1 disassociat$ f  ! ?\ght ( book  
use bas$ on compulsion4 ,a              
tea*]-libr>ian s  qualifi$ c\ld ex]t an 
important influ5ce 9 %ap+ ! future (  ! 
*ildr54    ,9 8 inimitable1 :imsical    
fa%ion1 ,b]n>d ,%aw br+s out )  sympa?y 
& humor some?+ ( ?is _s ( compulsion :i*
 s*ools  typify3     ,!re is1 on ! :ole1
 no?+ on e>? int5d$ = innoc5t p   s     

horrible z a s*ool4 ,to beg9 )1 x is a  
prison4 ,b x is 9   "s respects m cruel 
?an a prison4 ,9 a prison1 = in/ance1 y 
are n =c$ to read books writt5 by !     
w>d]s & ! gov]nor   7:o1 ( c\rse1 w\ld n
 be w>d]s & gov]nors if !y c\ld   write 
readable books71 & are !re=e beat5 or   
o!rwise torm5t$   if y _c rememb] _!    
utt]ly unmemorable cont5ts4 ,9 !        
prison y are n =c$ to sit li/5+ to      
turnkeys disc\rs+   )\t *>m or int]e/ on
 subjects t !y don't und]/& &   don't   
c>e ab\t1 & are !re=e incapable ( mak+ y
 und]/&   or c>e ab\t4 ,9 a prison !y   
may torture y\r body2 b !y d   n torture
 y\r bra9s2 & !y protect y aga9/ viol5ce
 &   outrage f y\r fell[ prison]s4 ,9 a 
s*ool y h none ( ^!   advantages4 ,) !  
_w's book-%elves load$ ) fasc9at+ &     
inspir$ books--! v manna s5t d[n f heav5
 to fe$ y\r   s\ls--y are =c$ to read a 
hide\s impo/ure call$ a s*ool   book1   
writt5 by a man :o _c write2 a book f   
:i* no human   be+ c le>n any?+2 a book 
:i*1 ?\gh y may deciph] x1   y _c 9 any 

fruitful s5se read1 ?\gh ! en=c$ attempt
   w make y loa! ! sight ( a book all ! 
re/ ( y\r life4 ,x   is a gha/ly        
bus9ess1 q beyond words1 ?is s*ool+4    
,! late ,pr(essor ,norton is cr$it$#g ) 
! /atem5t t a  ta/e = lit]ature is a    
result ( cultivation m (t5 ?an a  gift (
 nature1 & t ! ye>s ( ! elem5t>y s*ool  
seem  to be ! "t 9 :i* ! ta/e takes     
deepe/ root4 ,dr4 ,scott  ,ne>+#h po9ts 
out t ! old education presuppos$ an     
av]age  *ild & !n prep>$ a c\rse ( /udy 
:i* w\ld fit 8 ne$s4  ,! new education1 
he cont5ds1 recognizes ! absurdity (    
av]ag+  unlike quantities1 & accepts !  
ultimate tru? t ea* *ild is  an         
individual1 diff]+ 9 ne$s1 capacity1    
outlook1 en]gy1 &  en?usiasm f e o!r    
*ild4 ,an ari?metic av]age c be /ruck1  
b :5 x is appli$ to *ildr5 x is a       
hypo!tical & n a real  quantity4 ,!re is
 n1 & nev] w be1 an av]age *ild2 h5ce1 a
  s*ool sy/em plann$ to meet ! ne$s ( ! 
av]age *ild fits !  ne$s ( no *ild at   
all4    ,rightly direct$1 libr>y        

influ5ces 9 elem5t>y s*ools w\ld modify 
! ma*9e-l =mula giv+ to all *ildr5 alike
 at ! same "t  ! same m5tal food to eat 
& ! same moral g>b to we>4 ,z ,dr4      
,bird ,t4 ,baldw9 notes 9 8 +5i\s       
/atem5t ( ! five ages (  *ildhood1 s*ool
 *ildr5 are inevitably diff]5t2 ev5 :5  
*ildr5  are born on ! same day1 ! *ances
 t !y w gr[ physically1  m5tally &      
morally at exactly ! same rate1 & w make
 exactly  ! same progress 9 s*ool1 are  
remote inde$4    ,a tea*]-libr>ian hav+ 
special aptitude = ! po/ c\ld r5d]      
s]vice ( ine/imable value to tea*]s z   
well z to _! pupils1 9  becom+ ! active 
m$ium betwe5 public s*ool & public      
libr>y4  ,by secur+ ! "r books f !      
libr>y = home read+1 by  provid+ picture
 mat]ial & ref]5ce s\rces = class room  
use1  by conduct+ /ory h\rs & read+     
clubs1 by giv+ in/ruction 9  ! use ( !  
libr>y & ! keys t op5 books1 by giv+    
/imulus  to ! ambitions & capacities (  
individual pupils1 by intimate          
co-op]ation ) ! "w ( vocational         

guidance1 ! libr>ian w\ld  prove h]     
wor?4 ,nor w\ld ! lea/ useful function (
 ! s*ool  libr>ies be t ( an ev5+ /udy  
place = ^? t5s ( ?\s&s  ( *ildr5 ^: home
 conditions absolutely preclude ?\ght (1
 or  opportunity =1 /udy out ( s*ool    
h\rs4    ,x may be cont5d$ t ^! s]vices 
are provid$ by bran*  libr>ies & _!     
juv5ile dep>tm5ts4 ,:at are ! facts8    
,e>ly  9 ! pres5t mon? tw5ty million    
boys & girls w5t m or less  will+ly to  
s*ool4 ,our consolidat$ libr>y /ati/ics 
%[ t  consid]ably less ?an "o million ( 
!m use our public libr>ies4  ,despite   
our impos+ figures ( circulation1 we    
rea* b #e p] c5t (  ! juv5ile           
population4    ,if !re are urg5t reasons
 = increas$ libr>y ef=t 9 connection  ) 
grade s*ools1 ^! apply ) multipli$ =ce z
 to high  s*ools4 ,"h1 inde$1 ! det]r5t 
factor ( enorm\s & prohibitive  co/ w\ld
 n obta91 because !y are few] 9 numb]2 &
 9  proportion to total co/ ( ma9t5ance1
 ! add$ p]c5tage ( co/  w\ld be         
comp>atively small4 ,!re are 9 ! ,unit$ 

,/ates #h1cjj  high s*ools ) a f\r-ye>  
c\rse1 & #c1bej c>ry+ a ?ree-ye>  c\rse4
 ,9 e "o ( ! #aa1ejj high s*ools !re    
%\ld be a  well-equipp$ & well-adm9i/]$ 
libr>y4 ,pref]ably1 ^? t  are locat$ 9  
cities :]e !re are /rong public libr>ies
 %\ld  be conduct$ z bran*es ( ! local  
public libr>y4 ,su* managem5t  w\ld     
assure bett] adm9i/ration4 ,s*ool       
managem5t w\ld imp]il 9  _m in/ances !  
selection ( libr>ians fitt$ = ! task4   
,too  (t51 z exp]i5ce has demon/rat$1 ! 
gov]n+ body w\ld assign  to ! po/       
d]elict tea*]s unfitt$ by reason ( age  
or physical  h&icap1 & un=tunate        
defici5cies 9 o!r respects4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 public libr>y au?orities mu/        
recognize m tangibly ?an  !y d n[ t high
 s*ool libr>ians mu/ possess n only     
libr>y  tra9+ 9 ! ma*9]y ( r\t9e        
p]=mance1 b also univ]sity  education1  
tea*+ exp]i5ce1 & qualifications (      
p]sonality &  temp]am5t t w place !m on 
a level ) o!r memb]s ( !  faculty4    ,9
 ! high s*ools we f9d ! sift$ gra9 ( !  

elem5t>y s*ools4  ,x is !re t ! pot5tial
 qualities ( orig9ality & g5ius  :i* w  
lat] make _! impress ^u ! c\rse (       
indu/ry &  gov]nm5t mu/ be quick5$ &    
giv5 direction4 ,m & m x is  com+ to be 
realiz$ t to grasp )\t failure !        
complexities (  mod]n life native       
intellig5ce no long] suffices4          
,intellig5ce mu/ be %>p5$ by education &
 giv5 p[] by  exp]i5ce4 ,! self-made man
 :o a*iev$ success untaught1  unlett]$1 
& unaid$ save by 8 own ef=ts ( h& &     
bra91  has become a leg5d>y h]o4        
,appreciation ( *ang$ conditions may  be
 f\nd 9 ! records ( increas$ att5dance 9
 ! high s*ools4  ,t increase has be5 at 
a great] rate ?an t ( ! population4  ,9 
#ahij !re 7 b #ei pupils = e t5 ?\s&    
inhabitants2  9 #ahie !re 7 #gi2 9 #aijj
 !re 7 #ie2 9 #aiaj !re 7 #ajj2  & n[ ! 
numb] is consid]ably 9 excess1 /ati/ics 
= #aiad  %[+ #aag4 ,?us1 9 tw5ty-five   
ye>s1 ! p]c5tage ( high s*ool  att5dance
 has ne>ly d\bl$4    ,aga9 we f9d !     
s*ool p )\t p]ception ( ! great value   

:i* a prop]ly conduct$ libr>y w\ld br+  
to a high s*ool4 ,9  8 rec5tly publi%$  
book1 ,! ,new ,education1 ,dr4 ,scott   
,ne>+  describes an up-to-date high     
s*ool3    ,! mod]n high s*ool1 he says1 
is h\s$ 9 a build+ :i*  conta9s1 9      
addition to ! regul> classrooms1        
gymnasiums1 a swimm+  tank1 physics &   
*emical laboratories2 cook+1 sew+1 &    
mill9]y  rooms2 woodwork+1 =ge1 & ma*9e 
%ops2 draw+ rooms2 a music  room2 a room
 devot$ to arts & crafts2 & an assembly 
room4 ,?is  arrangem5t ( rooms          
presupposes ,mr4 ,gilb]t's plan ( mak+ !
 high  s*ool1 l ! community1 an         
aggregation ( e sort ( p1  do+ e sort ( 
"w4    ,:5 "s ( ! =emo/ lead]s 9        
education leave out ( a li/  ( desid]ata
 = ! high s*ool :at ! univ]sities h come
 to  reg>d z ! v he>t ( ! in/itution--! 
libr>y--is !re  m>vel t ! love (        
lit]ature is be+ /rangl$ 9 ! s*ools8    
,requir$ read+ ( classics1 & ! use (    
lit]>y ma/]pieces =  classroom          
dissection has tak5 away ! pure joy (   

read+ & made  ! /udy ( lit]ature a m]e  
lit]>y autopsy4 ,"h is ! te/imony  ( a  
tea*] :o places h]self on ! witness     
/&3#i    ,sometimes ! high s*ool c\rse  
works z a sort ( vacc9ation to  prev5t  
_! tak+ lit]ature s]i\sly4    ,mo/      
tea*]s ( ,engli% h _h at times !        
exp]i5ce hold+ op5  a volume (          
,%akespe>e ) "o h&1 :ile ) ! o!r !y wav$
  "s sort ( s*ola/ic rod ov] ! head ( a 
rebelli\s "y mod]n4  ,?\gh 'classics'   
are probably swall[$ ) less =cible fe$+ 
?an gramm>1 spell+1 & rhetoric1 yet ev5 
^? dilutable bits  ( lit]ature t h be5  
consid]$ food = ! gods ( culture  are   
gulp$ d[n wry-fac$ly by "s b>b>ians4 ,by
 judici\s skimm+  & cramm+ !y may p]=ce 
capture ! irr$ucible m9imum (  scanty & 
fugitive facts ab\t ! ma/]pieces        
prescrib$ = _!  edification2 b at ! fir/
 safe mom5t !y joy\sly =get !m1  &      
betake !mselves to ! *eap] !at]s1 !     
?rill+ dailies1  & ! popul> noveli/s4   
,! tru? is t lit]ature tea*]s are devot$
 *ampions ( a lo/  cause4 ,"s ( ! dead  

au?ors appe> to be s irrevocably dead t 
no am\nt ( artificial respiration c put 
any brea? ( life into  _! works s f> z !
 ord9>y high s*ool /ud5t is conc]n$4    
,x w\ld be entic+ly easy to w9 ov]      
/ud5ts to a c\rse 9  j\rnalism1 mod]n   
magaz9es1 & contempor>y novels & dramas4
    ,we _c expect to ov]come all ! n>r[+
 & ev5 vulg>iz+  influ5ces t surr\nd _m 
( our "y p2 b at lea/ we  %\ld improve  
_! judgm5t en\gh to make !m reject !    
*eape/1  %all[e/1 & mo/ di/ort$         
contempor>y writ+s4    ,"o *apt] (      
,erne/ ,poole's /ory ( ,! ,h>bor tells (
 8  s*ool exp]i5ce4 ,a passage f x is   
wor? quot+3     ,:at a des]t ( k x 0    
back !re4 ,our placid tol]ance   ( !    
pr(s includ$ ! books !y gave u4 ,!      
hi/ory pr( gave   u t5 books ( collat]al
 read+4 ,ea* book1 if we c\ld pl$ge     
our honor z g5tlem5 t we _h read x1     
c\nt$ u five 9   exam9ation4 ,on ! night
 be=e ! exam9ation ,i happ5$ to ent]   !
 room ( "o ( our football giants1 & f\nd
 him surr\nd$ by   five fre%m51 all (   

:om 7 read+ al\d4 ,"o 0 read+ a   book  
on ,russia1 ano!r ! life ( ,fr$]ick !   
,great1 a ?ird 0   pati5tly dron+ =?    
,napoleon's w> on ,europe1 :ile ov] on !
   w9d[-seat ! o!r two 7 rac+ ?r\gh     
volumes "o & two (   ,c>lyle's ,fr5*    
,revolution4 ,! room 0 a p]fect babel ( 
s\nd4   ,b ! big man sat & smok$ 8 pipe1
 8 honor safe & ! morr[   secure4 ,9    
lat] ye>s1 :atev] might happ5 across !  
sea w\ld   f9d ?is fell[ fully prep>$1 a
 wise1 intellig5t judge ( !   _w1 ) a   
college education4    ,into ! atmosph]e 
( ! s*ool mu/ be introduc$ "s elem5t  t 
w br+ to ! gr[+ boys & girls a love (   
read+ &  a g5u9e desire = absorb+ ^?    
vital =ces ( life :i*  lit]ature images4
 ,if we believe t ! ultimate aim (      
education is  t ( ! ultimate aim ( life1
 !re mu/ be t att5tion to !  individual 
ne$ :i* 9 ! end makes = ! uplift+ ( all4
 ,to  t end ! means mu/ be wr\ght4 ,if !
 s*ool mu/ deal p]=ce  ) gr\ps r ?an )  
units1 ! me?ods ( ! libr>y adapt        
!mselves to ! conv]se plan ( individual 

treatm5t4 ,if ! s*ool  n>r[s ! pa?way by
 compulsion1 ! libr>y gives ! joy (     
fre$om  unre/rict$4 ,!re9 lies its      
pot5cy1 & !re9 does x make appeal  n to 
! few elect1 b to ! _m4 ,& h]e9 lies its
 great]  s]vice4                        
,progress is      ,! law ( life1 man is 
n man z yet1      ,nor %all ,i deem 8   
object s]v$1 8 end      ,atta9$1 8 g5u9e
 /r5g? put fairly =?1      ,:ile only "h
 & !re a /> dispels      ,! d>kness1 "h 
& !re a t[]+ m9d      ,o'erlooks its    
pro/rate fell[s3 :5 ! ho/      ,is out  
at once to ! despair ( night1      ,:5  
all mank9d alike is p]fect$1      ,equal
 9 full-bl[n p[]s--!n1 n till !n1       
,i say1 beg9s man's g5]al infancy4      
,:]e=e ?is emphasis ^u ! s*ool side (   
libr>y "w8 ,n1  ( c\rse1 at ! exp5se ( !
 s]vice :i* is furni%$ to "y  & old 9   
relief f ! drab dullness ( life1 b      
p>allel )  x1 mu/ ! libr>y labor4 ,= "h 
lies its mission ( p]man5t  influ5ces1 &
 at no "t has !re be5 great] ne$4       
,sudd5ly1 ! seem+ly well-=tifi$ pill>s (

 civilization h  crumbl$4 ,confus$1     
dismay$1 di%e>t5$1 society witnesses    
rapid  dis9tegration ( f\ndations :i*   
c5turies ( pati5t endeavor h  con/ruct$4
 ,sci5ce1 ?\ght to be ! in/rum5t ( man's
 weal1 has  become ! subtle & baleful   
ag5t ( de/ruction4 ,! racial hyph51     
long look$ ^u z ! symbol ( cohesion1 has
 become ! sign (  sep>ation4 ,! ,*ri/ian
 nations ( ! e>? are at ea* o!r's       
?roats ) a f]ocity & malignity          
unp>allel$4 ,"u a flag :i*  %elt]s n9ety
 millions ( individuals ^: =ebe>s peopl$
 e  l& ^u ! habitable globe1 & :o seek  
to m]ge ! be/ ( _!  racial qualities 9 a
 common life t %all typify a new /&>d  (
 civilization1 mu/ be wr\ght t miracle (
 human evolution  :i* %all e/abli%      
concord & good w betwe5 memb]s ( ali5   
races dwell+ toge!r4 ,to effect ?is x   
mu/ be demon/rat$  t assimilation is a  
matt] ( und]/&+ & ideas1 & n  m]ely (   
mann]s & cu/oms4 ,& s1 despite ! gloomy 
murk t  n[ envelops ! _w1 we mu/ realize
 ! ne$ ( beg9n+ !  recon/ruction ( our  

demoli%$ ideals4    ,?is is ! day (     
readju/m5ts4 ,we mu/ beg9 aga91 b we mu/
  beg9 at ! po9t ( beg9n+1 ) ! pla/ic   
m9d ( y\?4  ,happily1 if n n[1 g5]ations
 h5ce1 ! _w may realize !  poet's       
prophecy1 & ! hope x holds3        ,= no
 new s5se puts =? 9 u b we      ,ent]   
our fell['s lives !reby ! m4        ,&  
?ree great spirits ) ! _s ( man      ,g 
=? to d 8 bidd+4 ,"o is free1      ,& "o
 is %ackl$1 & ! ?ird1 unb\nd1           
,halts yet a little ) a brok5 *a9       
,( antique workman%ip1 n :olly loos$1   
,t dangles & imp$es 8 =?right way4      
,unfett]$1 swift1 hawk-ey$1 implacable1 
,! wond]-work]1 ,sci5ce1 ) 8 w&1        
,subdues an ali5 _w to man's desires4   
,& ,art ) wide imag9ative w+s      ,/&s 
by1 al]t = flight1 to be> 8 "l1         
,into ! /range he>t ( t ali5 _w         
,till he %all live 9 x z 9 himself      
,& "k its long+ z he kn[s 8 own4        
,beh9d a little1 :]e ! %ad[s fall1      
,l+]s ,religion ) deep-brood+ eyes1     
,s]5e1 imp5etrable1 transpicu\s      ,z 

! all-cle> & all-my/]i\s sky1      ,bid+
 h] "t to fuse into "o act      ,^? o!r 
twa91 man's "r h& & 8 left4        ,=   
all ! bonds %all be brok5 & r5t 9 sund]1
      ,& ! s\l ( man g free      ,=? )  
^? ?ree      ,into ! l&s ( wond]2       
,l "s undaunt$ y\?1      ,afield 9 que/ 
( tru?1      ,rejoic+ 9 ! road he       
j\rneys on      ,z mu* z 9 ! hope (     
j\rney done4      ,& ! road runs ea/1 & 
! road runs we/1      ,t 8 vagrant feet 
explore2      ,& he kn[s no ha/e & he   
kn[s no re/1      ,& e mile has a /rang]
 ze/      ,!n ! miles he trod be=e2     
,& 8 he>t leaps high 9 ! nasc5t ye>     
,:5 he sees ! purple buds appe>3      ,=
 he kn[s1 ?\gh ! great black fro/ may   
blight      ,! hope ( ,may 9 a s+le     
night1      ,t ! spr+1 ?\gh x %r9k back 
"u ! b>k1      ,b bides its "t some:]e 9
 ! d>k--      ,?\gh x come n n[ to its  
blossom+1      ,by ! ?rill 9 8 he>t he  
kn[s ! spr+2      ,& ! great] to-morr[  
is on its way4      ,x %all keep ) its  
roses yet 9 ,june2      ,& ! promise x  

makes p]*ance too soon1      ,= ! ages  
fret n ov] a day4          ,,! ,,_w ,,( 
,,pr9t ,,& ,,! ,,_w',s ,,"w#aj      ,i  
,turn+ = a text to ,victor ,hugo's /irr+
 epic ( ,p>is1 ^! words  may be f\nd 9 !
 section = ,may1 & 9 ! ?ird *apt] !re(3 
,a ,libr>y implies an act ( fai?        
,:i* g5]ations /ill 9 d>kness hid       
,sign 9 _! night1 9 witness ( ! dawn4   
,:5 ,johann ,gut5b]g 9 8 secret work%op 
p\r$ ! molt5 metal  into ! r\gh matrices
 he _h cut = sep>ate types1 ! in/rum5t  
= ! spread ( democracy 0 creat$4 ,:5    
e>ly ,cavali]s &  ,puritans plant$ !    
crude beg9n+s ( free public s*ools1 !   
=ces ( democracy 7 multipli$4 ,:5 half a
 c5tury ago !  fir/ meag] beg9n+s ( !   
public libr>y movem5t 7 evolv$1         
democracy 0 = all "t assur$4 ,?us h ?ree
 great /ages1  sep>at$ ea* by a span (  
two hundr$ ye>s f t prec$+1  m>k$ t _w  
developm5t ^: ultimate mean+ is n       
equality (  /ation or possession1 b     
equality ( opportunity4    ,n )\t /ress 
& /rife h ^! yet fragm5t>y results  be5 

a*iev$4 ,n )\t travail & difficulties w 
univ]sal  acceptance be accord$ 9 ! days
 to come4 ,b no "o may d\bt !  f9al     
outcome :i* %all cr[n ! /ruggle ( !     
c5turies4 ,!  _w 0 old :5 typography 0  
inv5t$4 ,less ?an five c5turies  h pass$
 s9ce !n1 & 9 ?is int]val--b a brief    
p]iod 9  ! long hi/ory ( human          
endeavor--!re has be5 m enl>gem5t (     
opportunity = ! av]age man & woman ?an 9
 all ! "t t  w5t be=e4 ,)\t !           
in/rum5tality ( ! pr9t$ page1 )\t  !    
reproductive processes t give to all !  
_w 9 myriad tongues  ! ?\ght ( all !    
c5turies1 slav]y1 s]fdom & feudalism    
w\ld  /ill %ackle ! millions n s =tunate
 z to be born to purple &  erm9e1 & f9e 
l954      ,,ii    ,! evolution ( ! book 
is !re=e ! hi/ory ( ! unfoldm5t  ( human
 rights4 ,! *a9$ tome 9 its m$ieval     
prison cell has  be5 supplant$ by ! h&y 
volume freely s5t f ! hospitable  public
 libr>y to ! homes ( ! common p4 ,!     
humble/ citiz51  today1 has at 8 comm&  
books 9 numb] & 9 k9d :i* royal         

treasuries c\ld n h pur*as$ five hundr$ 
ye>s ago4 ,9 !  sixte5? c5tury1 x took a
 flock ( %eep to furni% ! vellum =  "o  
edition ( a book1 & ! product 0 = ! v   
few2 9 !  tw5tie?1 a =e/ is fell$ to    
supply ! pap] = an edition1  & ! output 
goes to _m hundr$ ?\s& read]s4 ,z books 
h  multipli$1 le>n+ has be5 m widely    
dissem9at$4 ,z m p  h become educat$1 ! 
dem& = books has increas$ enorm\sly4  ,!
 multiplication ( books has /imulat$ !  
writ+ ( !m1 & !  inevitable result has  
be5 a det]ioration ( quality proportion$
 to  ! increase 9 quantity4 ,9 ! ,engli%
 language alone1 s9ce #ahhj1  #bjf1ije  
titles ( books pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h
 be5 li/$1  & #bbf1cfe 9 ,great ,brita9 
s9ce #ahhb4 ,( ^! #dcc1bgj titles1      
#hd1gbb repres5t novels--#cf1fjg issu$ 9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & #dh1aae  9 ,great    
,brita94 ,despite ! inclusion ( !       
trivial & ! uns\nd  9 ?is va/ mass (    
pr9t$ /uff1 no "o c d\bt ! magnitude  ( 
! s]vice p]=m$ 9 ! advancem5t ( human   
k9d4 ,!  univ]sities h felt ! t\* (     

popul> dem&1 & 9 ?is c\ntry  at lea/ "s 
( !m h attempt$ to respond4 ,?r\gh      
correspond5ce  c\rses1 %ort c\rses1     
univ]sity week conf]5ces1 summ] s*ools1 
local =ums1 travel+ in/ructors1 & o!r   
m$ia ( ext5sion1 _m  in/itutions ( high]
 le>n+ h giv5 recognition to ! appeal ( 
! masses4 ,logically ) ?is enl>gem5t (  
educational opportunity1  !             
amplification ( libr>y facilities has   
kept pace4 ,! libr>ies  h become 9 a    
real s5se ! laboratory ( le>n+4 ,int5d$ 
prim>ily z great /oreh\ses = !          
accumulation & pres]vation  r ?an ! use 
( manuscripts & books1 _! doors h be5   
op5$ wide to all f>]s 9 se>* ( tru? or  
m5tal /imulus4    ,9 a report to !      
,engli% ,k+1 ,sir ,william ,b]keley     
wrote z gov]nor  ( ,virg9ia 9 #afga3 ,i 
?ank ,god !re are no free s*ools nor    
pr9t+1 & ,i hope we %all n h !m ^!      
hundr$ ye>s2 =  le>n+ has br\ght        
disob$i5ce into ! _w1 & pr9t+ has       
divulg$ !m1 & libels aga9/ ! be/        
gov]nm5t4 ,god keep u f  bo?4           

,gov]nor ,b]keley's s5tim5ts1 express$  
by him 9 turgid rhetoric1  7 held 9 8   
day by mo/ m5 9 au?ority1 b t did n     
prev5t  ! plant+ ( little s*oolh\ses "h 
& !re1 & m5 ( mu*  vision & little      
prop]ty bequea!d _! possessions =       
ma9ta9+  !m4 ,_m a s*ool _h its orig9 9 
a beque/ compris+ a few  mil* k9e1 a    
horse or two1 or a crop ( tobacco2 9 "s 
in/ances1  slaves4 ,f su* beg9n+s1 ) su*
 end[m5ts1 0 evolv$ ?ree  hundr$ ye>s   
ago ! public sy/em ( education :i* today
 prodigally  promises1 ?\gh x b nigg>dly
 realizes1 sixte5 ye>s ( s*ool+  = e boy
 & girl 9 ! l&4    ,if ! span ( ye>s    
ne$$ = ! developm5t ( ! free libr>y     
sy/em has be5 mu* %ort]1 ! ho/ile       
attitude ( influ5tial m5  & ! privations
 t att5d$ pione] ef=ts 7 no less m>k$4  
,z rec5tly z #ahhi ! writ] ( an article 
9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican  ,review label$ 8    
attack3 ,are public libr>ies public     
bless+s8  & answ]$ 8 own "q 9 no unc]ta9
 negative4 ,n only h  ! public libr>ies1
 z a :ole1 fail$ to rea* _! prop] aim ( 

giv+ ! means ( education to ! p1 he     
prote/$1 b !y  h gone aside f _! true   
pa? to furni% amusem5t1 & t 9  "p ( a   
p]nici\s "*1 *iefly to ! "y4 ,& he add$3
 ,i  might h m5tion$ o!r possible       
dang]s1 su* z ! p[] ( !  directors ( any
 libr>y to make x a propag&a ( any      
delusive ism  or doctr9e subv]sive (    
morality1 society or gov]nm5t2 b ,i     
pref]  to re/ my case "h4    ,& x 0     
some:at lat] ?an ?is t ! pages ( !      
,c5tury  gave space to correspond5ce 9  
opposition to ! e/abli%m5t ( a  public  
libr>y sy/em = ! city ( ,new ,york4     
,^! 7 b e*oes ( e>li] antagonisms4      
,,iii    ,= ! docum5t>y mat]ial deal+ ) 
! beg9n+s ( ! public  libr>y movem5t1 ! 
se>*] mu/ delve )9 ! ?\s& pages  ( a    
portly folio volume issu$ by ! ,briti%  
gov]nm5t sixty ye>s  ago4 ,if "o        
possesses pati5ce suffici5t to read !   
imm5se mass (  dry evid5ce compil$ by a 
p>liam5t>y commission & pres5t$ to  bo? 
h\ses ( p>liam5t by comm& ( ,h] ,maje/y1
 "s int]e/+  facts 9 libr>y hi/ory w be 

f\nd4 ,a "y man ( tw5ty-?ree1  !n an    
und]l+ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,briti% ,museum1  
aft]w>ds an  em95t libr>ian1 0 "o ( !   
pr9cipal witnesses4 ,edw>d ,edw>ds  _h !
 gift ( vision4 ,half a c5tury be=e     
public libr>ies became  ! p's           
univ]sities1 z !y are today1 8 prophetic
 tongue  gave utt]ance to :at has s9ce  
become ! keynote ( libr>y aims  &       
policies4 ,badg]$ by ho/ile inquisitors1
 ridicul$ by press &  politicians1 he   
undeviat+ly clung to 8 views1 & he liv$ 
to see  8 prophecy realiz$4    ,great   
libr>ies !re _h be5 be=e 8 day2         
rem>kable z a  /oreh\se ( k 9 pr9t$ =m  
01 & is 9 our own day1 !  in/itution )  
:i* he 0 associat$4 ,b 9 ^! ri* ref]5ce 
collections int5d$ = ! /ud5t ( rese>*1 !
 elem5t (  popul> use 0 lack+4 ,to h    
sugge/$ ! loan ( a s+le book  = use     
outside ! f\r walls ( ! libr>y w\ld h   
/>tl$ &  b5umb$ ev]yone 9 au?ority--&   
)\t au?ority--f ! memb]s  ( ! gov]n+    
bo>d to libr>ian1 sublibr>ians1 &       
mess5g] boys4  ,?is /ripl+ fac$ ! memb]s

 ( p>liam5t1 & )\t hesitation  proclaim$
 8 !sis4    ,x is n m]ely to op5 !      
libr>y to p]sons :o1 f !  engross+      
nature ( _! engagem5ts ( bus9ess1 are at
 pres5t  utt]ly exclud$ f x1 b x is also
 t ! libr>y may be made a  direct ag5t 9
 "s degree 9 ! "w ( national education4 
,let n  anyone be al>m$ le/ some?+ v    
!oretical or v revolution>y  %\ld be    
propos$4 ,i m]ely sugge/ t ! libr>y %\ld
 be op5$  to a class ( m5 q %ut out f x 
by its pres5t regulations4    ,!n he    
add$3 ,9 su* a c\ntry z ?is1 !re %\ld be
 "o great  national /oreh\se4 ,b 9      
addition to ?is1 !re %\ld be libr>ies  9
 diff]5t qu>t]s on a humbl] scale1 v    
freely accessible4    ,"o ( ! able/     
memb]s ( p>liam5t1 ,william ,ew>t1 (    
,liv]pool1  became int5sely int]e/$ 9 ! 
views express$ by "y ,edw>ds1  & f t day
 0 c\nt$ ! consi/5t *ampion ( libr>y    
privileges = ! common p4 ,l>gely ?r\gh 8
 in/rum5tality1  aid$ by su* m5 z ,ri*>d
 ,cobd51 ,john ,bright & ,joseph        
,bro!rton1  p>liam5t pass$ an act = !   

enc\ragem5t ( museums4 ,out (  ?is      
measure grew ! lat] ,public ,libr>ies   
,act4 ,?is notable /ep 0  n accompli%$  
)\t bitt] opposition4    ,! next ?+ we w
 be ask$ to d1 said "o indignant memb]  
on  ! floor ( ! ,h\se1 is to furni% p ) 
quoits & peg-tops  & footballs at !     
exp5se ( taxpay]s4 ,soon we w be ?9k+ ( 
introduc+ ! p]=mances ( ,pun* = !       
amusem5t ( ! p4    ,ev5ts 9 ,engl&      
influ5c$ simil> movem5ts 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates4 ,9  a lett] to ,edw>d ,ev]ett1 9
 #ahea1 ,mr4 ,george ,ticknor gave !    
fir/  impetus to ! e/abli%m5t ( a free  
public libr>y 9 ,bo/on--!  fir/ 9 ! new 
_w to be ma9ta9$ p]man5tly by ! p =  !  
p4    ,i w\ld e/abli% a libr>y :i*      
diff]s f all free libr>ies yet          
attempt$1 he wrote4 ,i mean "o 9 :i* any
 popul> books1 t5d+  to moral &         
intellectual improvem5t1 %all be furni%$
 9 su*  numb]s ( copies t _m p]sons c be
 read+ ! same book at !  same "t2 9     
%ort1 t n only ! be/ books ( all sorts1 
b !  pleasant lit]ature ( ! day1 %all be

 made accessible to ! :ole  p :5 !y mo/ 
c>e = x2 t is1 :5 x is new & fre%4      
,sixty ye>s aft] ! date ( ,mr4          
,ticknor's lett]1 & *iefly )9  ! la/ two
 decades ( ! p]iod1 ! public libr>y     
movem5t has  assum$ a place 9 public    
education :i*1 relatively1 ! public     
s*ool movem5t atta9$ only aft] ?ree     
hundr$ ye>s ( ef=t4  ,:5 ,?omas ,bodley 
di$1 9 #afac1 9 all ,europe !re 7 b ?ree
  libr>ies accessible to ! public--!    
,bodleian1 ! ,angelo ,rocca at  ,rome & 
! ,ambrosian at ,milan4 ,9 #ahda ! ,p5ny
 ,cyclop$ia devot$  ab\t f\r in*es ( a  
n>r[ column to ! subject ( libr>ies1    
anci5t & mod]n1 & limit$ its ref]5ce to 
,am]ican libr>ies to  "o s5t5ce1 obta9$ 
at second h& f an old] contempor>y4     
,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 accord+ to
 ! ,encyclop$ia  ,am]icana1 ! pr9cipal  
libr>ies are1 or 7 9 #ahca1 t (  ,h>v>d 
,college1 conta9+ #cf1jjj volumes2 !    
,philadelphia ,libr>y1  conta9+ #bg1jjj2
 t ( ! ,bo/on ,a!naeum1 conta9+ #bf1jjj2
  t ( ,congress1 conta9+ #af1jjj1 & t ( 

,*>le/on1 conta9+  #ac1jjj4    ,x is    
only s9ce #ahfg t ! f$]al gov]nm5t has  
deem$ x wor?  :ile to compile libr>y    
/ati/ics1 & ! fir/ compreh5sive  figures
 7 ga!r$ 9 #ahge4 ,x is wor? not+ t !n  
!y  embrac$ all libr>ies compris+ #cjj  
volumes1 & t 9 #ahic no  m5tion is made 
( collections conta9+ less ?an a ?\s&   
volumes1  :ile ! mo/ rec5t (ficial      
enum]ation makes #e1jjj volumes ! unit  
( consid]ation4 ,f ^! (ficial figures   
may be glean$ some?+  ( ! extraord9>y   
gr[? ( libr>ies1 bo? num]ically & 9     
size4  ,9 #ahge1 includ+ s*ool libr>ies1
 !re 7 #b1jci conta9+ a  ?\s& volumes1  
t5 ye>s lat] !re 7 #d1jbf1 t5 ye>s aft] 
t #h1jjj1 & at ?is date !re are 9 ?is   
class n less ?an  #ab1jjj1 :ile !       
record$ numb] compris+ ?ree hundr$      
volumes  or m rea*es ! sub/antial total 
( #ae1fcd1 & #b1bih ( ^!  catalog 9     
excess ( #e1jjj volumes ea*4      ,,iv  
,^! figures %[ ph5om5al gr[?1 b ev5 m   
impressive are  ! facts t give _! full  
mean+ 9 detail4 ,f a /rik+  compilation 

issu$ 9 ,g]many by ,die ,brcke a few    
weeks ago1 toge!r  ) figures extract$ by
 means ( a que/ionnaire1 supplem5t$ by  
/ati/ical mat]ial ga!r$ by ! ,bureau (  
,education1 ! facts  :i* foll[ h be5    
d$uc$3 ,c\nt+ ! great libr>ies ( !  _w1 
! six cont95ts abutt+ ! sev5 seas       
possess #cbd libr>ies  ^: book          
collections numb] 9 excess ( #ajj1jjj   
volumes ea*1 &  ( ^! #gi--or            
approximately "o-f\r?--are locat$ 9 !   
,am]icas4  ,( ! #gi ,am]ican libr>ies   
#gb are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+      
univ]sity1 public1 gov]nm5tal &         
miscellane\s in/itutions1 )  a comb9$   
collection ( #ai1bie1jjj volumes4 ,if   
?is /ati/ical  inquiry is pursu$ fur!r1 
a reason becomes app>5t :y millions  are
 />v$ = want ( books :ile o!r millions  
seem+ly h a  surfeit ( !m4 ,! rural     
regions1 save 9 a h&ful ( commonweal?s  
^: libr>y commissions or /ate libr>ies  
actively adm9i/]  travel+ libr>ies1 !   
book supply is practically negligible4  
,ev5  ! hundr$s ( it9]at+ libr>ies b    

meag]ly meet ! want4 ,all  ! travel+    
libr>ies 9 all ! ,unit$ ,/ates h a total
 issue  annually less ?an t ( any "o    
tw5ty municipal sy/ems t c  be nam$4 ,! 
public libr>y facilities 9 at lea/ six  
?\s& (  ! small] t[ns are pitifully     
insuffici5t & 9 hundr$s ( !m  :olly     
abs5t4 ,! movem5t to supply books to ! p
 0 fir/  laun*$ 9 ! rural regions sev5ty
 ye>s ago4 ,inde$1 ! movem5t  = popul>  
education kn[n z ! ,am]ican ,lyceum1 :i*
 =eca/  ! activities ( ! mod]n public   
libr>y j z ! me*anics'  in/itutes (     
,great ,brita9 prep>$ ! soil = !m 9 t   
c\ntry1  fl\ri%$ *iefly 9 ! less ?ickly 
settl$ c5t]s ( population4  ,! e>ly     
di/rict s*ool libr>ies melt$ away 9 ,new
 ,york /ate &  ,wiscons9 & o!r /ates1 & 
! deva/at$ %elves h nev] be5  amply     
r5ew$4 ,! libr>y commissions are        
valiantly & en]getically  endeavor+ to  
supply ! want1 b _! ef=ts are all too   
feebly  support$ by _! respective /ates4
 ,9 ?is p>ticul>1 ! policy  is t :i*    
un=tunately obta9s z to all educational 

ef=t4 ,m  ?an #ee p] c5t ( ! "y p f #f  
to #bj ye>s old--ab\t  #ag1jjj1jjj (    
!m--live 9 ! c\ntry or 9 t[ns ( less ?an
 two  ?\s& inhabitants4 ,accord+ to an  
(ficial report f :i* ?is  /atem5t is    
extract$1 !re are #e1jjj c\ntry s*ools  
/ill taught  9 primitive log h\ses1     
uncom=table1 unsuitable1 unv5tilat$1    
unsanit>y1 illy equipp$1 poorly light$1 
imp]fectly heat$--boys  & girls 9 all   
/ages ( advancem5t receiv+ in/ruction f 
"o  tea*] ( v l[ grade4 ,x is pla9 :y1 9
 ! summ+ up ( ?is  report1 illit]acy 9  
rural t]ritory is twice z great z 9     
urban  t]ritory1 not)/&+ t ?\s&s (      
illit]ate immigrants  are cr[d$ 9 !     
great manufactur+ & indu/rial c5t]s4 ,! 
illit]acy among native-born *ildr5 (    
native p>5tage is m ?an  ?ree times z   
great z among native *ildr5 ( =eign     
p>5tage1  l>gely on acc\nt ( ! lack (   
opportunities = education 9 rural       
,am]ica4 ,9 ,indian leg5d ,nokomis1 !   
e>?1 symbolizes ! /r5g?  ( mo!rhood2 x  
may yet *ance t ! classic my? ( ! h]o :o

  ga9$ 8 /r5g? because he kiss$ ! e>?   
may be fully und]/ood  9 ,am]ica only :5
 ! p le>n t !y w rema9 /rong1 z  ,mr4   
,mn/]b]g has put x1 only by return+ ) e 
g5]ation to  ! soil4    ,if ! /ates h   
prov$ recreant to duty 9 ?is p>ticul>1 !
  municipalities h %[n an increas+      
conception ( educational  values4 ,!    
figures make an impos+ /ati/ical array4 
,9 !  ,unit$ ,/ates !re are #a1bbb      
incorporat$ places ( #e1jjj or m        
inhabitants1 & _! libr>ies h\se         
#ij1jjj1jjj volumes1 ) a total  ye>ly   
use aggregat+ #aaj1jjj1jjj issues4 ,f\r 
million volumes a ye>  are add$ to _!   
%elves1 & collectively !y d]ive an      
income (  #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,_! p]man5t      
end[m5ts1 :i* x mu/ be regretfully  said
 b #fjj ( !m %>e1 n[ aggregate          
#dj1jjj1jjj4 ,ne>ly all (  ^! libr>ies  
occupy build+s ( _! own1 ,mr4 ,&rew     
,c>negie  hav+ suppli$ approximately    
#db1bbf1cch = ! purpose 9 ! ,unit$      
,/ates1 & ! balance ( ! #ajj1jjj1jjj    
repres5t$ 9 build+s  hav+ be5 donat$ by 

local b5efactors or rais$ by taxation4  
,! population ( ^! #a1bbb places is     
#ch1geh1ehd1 consid]ably less  ?an half 
t ( ! entire ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_! book    
possessions1  on ! o!r h&1 are n9e times
 z great z ^? 9 ! re/ (  ! c\ntry2 !    
circulation ( ! books ne>ly twelve times
 9  volume4 ,clos] analysis ( ^! figures
 en=ces /ill m /rongly  ! actual        
conc5tration ( ! available book supply4 
,! hundr$  l>ge/ cities ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates1 v>y+ 9 size f a m9imum (        
#ec1fhd to a maximum ( #d1gff1hhc1      
possess 9 ! aggregate m books  ?an all !
 re/ ( ! c\ntry toge!r1 & repres5t !    
bulk (  ! tra9$ pr(essional s]vice      
r5d]$4 ,! great majority ( !  #c1jjj    
graduates :om ! libr>y s*ools h s5t into
 s]vice s9ce  ! fir/ class 0 organiz$ 9 
#ahhg1 are 9 ^! libr>ies & 9  !         
univ]sity libr>ies4 ,=ty p] c5t ( !     
books circulat$ are  issu$ to ! dwell]s 
9 ^! "o hundr$ cities1 & 9 fifte5 (  !m 
! /up5d\s total ( #cj1jjj1hcd issues =  
home read+ 0  record$ la/ ye>4 ,)\t su* 

analysis z ?is1 ! /ati/ical  totals w\ld
 be mislead+4 ,! conc5tration ( res\rces
 & (  tra9$ s]vice 9 l>ge c5t]s (       
population1 comp>atively few 9  numb]1  
makes evid5t ! und]ly+ cause = ! mod]n  
tr5d (  libr>y developm5t4 ,a fur!r /udy
 ( conditions 9 ^! human hives  ju/ifies
 ! specializ$ =ms ( s]vice :i* h become 
a m>k$  factor 9 libr>y ext5sion )9 a   
decade4 ,) increas$ res\rces1  ) va/ly  
improv$ int]nal ma*9]y1 ) enl>g$        
conception (  opportunity = useful      
s]vice1 h come great] lib]ality ( rules 
& ev] wid5+ circles ( activity1 until   
today no individual & no  gr\p (        
individuals1 rema9s outside ! radius (  
libr>y influ5ce4  ,if ?is awak5$ zeal   
has spurr$ to ef=ts t seem outside !    
legitimate sph]e ( libr>y "w1 no undue  
conc]n ne$ be felt4  ,nei!r ! g5ius &   
en?usiasm ( ! individual nor ! ent]prise
  ( a gr\p ( individuals w ev] be       
p]mitt$ to g too rapidly or  too f>3 !  
_w's natural cons]vatism & inh]it$      
unbelief /&  ev] ready to ret>d or      

prev5t4      ,v    ,specialization has  
be5 incorporat$ into libr>y adm9i/ration
  *iefly to give exp$iti\s & ?or\gh aid 
to seek]s ( in=mation  t\*+ a wide      
v>iety ( int]e/s--bus9ess m51           
legislators1  craftsm51 special         
inve/igators & /ud5ts ( e sort4 ,?is    
add$ duty has n dim9i%$ its initial     
function to make available  ! lit]ature 
( all "t1 nor to satisfy ^? :o g to     
books  = ! pure joy ( read+4 ,!         
recreative s]vice ( ! libr>y  is z      
important z ! educative1 or ! in=mative4
 ,= ! great  mass ( p1 ! problem has be5
 ! problem ( toil long &  un9t]rupt$4 ,!
 successful /ruggle ( ! unions to       
re/rict !  h\rs ( labor has develop$    
ano!r problem almo/ z s]i\s--!  problem 
( leisure4 ,int]wov5 ) ?is acute problem
 is ano!r  :i* subdivision ( labor has  
introduc$ into mod]n indu/rial          
occupations--! t]rible fatigue :i*      
results f a monoton\s  repetition ( !   
same process h\r aft] h\r1 day aft] day1
 week  aft] week4 ,su* bl9d conc5tration

 9 ! mak+ ( b "o piece  ( a ma*9e1 or a 
g>m5t1 or a wat*1 or any o!r article (  
m]*&ise1 )\t k ( its relation%ip to !   
re/1 soon  we>s ! human work] out4 ,!re 
mu/ be an outlet ( play1 ( fun1  or     
recreation4 ,! libr>ian ne$ n feel      
apologetic to ! public  because p]*ance 
8 circulation /ati/ics %[ t #gj p] c5t (
  x is class$ z fiction4 ,if he wi%es to
 r$uce ?is p]c5tage to #fi  or #fh or   
#fa1 let him d x n by disc\rag+ ! read+ 
( novels1  b by /imulat+ ! use ( books 9
 o!r classes ( lit]ature4 ,b  well does 
he m]it 8 own s5se ( humiliation & !    
condemnation (  ! critics if he ne$s mu/
 feel a%am$ ( ! k9d ( novels t  he puts 
^u 8 %elves4 ,to quote a fell[ libr>ian 
:o expresses  admirably ! value ( su*   
lit]ature1 ,a good /ory has creat$ _m   
an oasis 9 _m an o!rwise arid life4     
,_m-sid$ness ( int]e/  makes = good     
morals1 & millions ( our fell[s /ep     
?r\gh !  pages ( a /ory book into a     
broad] _w ?an _! nature & _!            
circum/ances ev] p]mit !m to visit4 ,if 

any?+ is to /ay !  n>r[+ & h>d5+ process
 :i* specialization ( le>n+1            
specialization ( inquiry & ( indu/ry1 & 
swift accumulation (  weal? are sett+ up
 among u1 x is a return to romance1     
poetry1  imag9ation1 fancy1 & ! g5]al   
culture we are n[ taught to  despise4 ,(
 all ^! ! novel is a "p2 r1 9 ! novel   
are all  ( ^!4 ,b a race may surely f9d 
spr++ up 9 itself a fre%  love (        
romance1 9 ! high s5se ( t ^w1 :i* c    
keep x  active1 hopeful1 ard5t1         
progressive4 ,p]haps ! novel is to be1 9
  ! next decades1 "p ( ! outw>d         
manife/ation ( a new bir? (  ?is love ( 
bread? & happ9ess4      ,,vi    ,_m ( ! 
factory work]s are "y m5 & "y wom51 ^:  
/>v$ imag9ations seek an outlet t w n be
 d5i$4 ,9 lieu  ( :olesome recreation & 
mat]ial1 !y w f9d clues to life's       
p]plexities 9 salaci\s plays1 9 *eap    
vaudeville p]=mances1 9  ! sugge/ive    
pages ( railway lit]ature1 9 o!r ways t 
make =  a l[]+ ( moral tone4 ,! reaction
 t craves amusem5t ( any  sort is       

manife/ 9 ! nightly cr[d$ /alls ( ! *eap
 !at]s4  ,eight million spectators view 
e mov+ picture film t is  manufactur$4  
,x is e/imat$ t "o-six? ( ! entire      
population  ( ,new ,york ,city & (      
,*icago att5ds ! !at]s on any ,sunday ( 
! ye>4 ,"o ,sunday ev5+1 at ! in/ance ( 
,miss ,jane ,addams1 an  inve/igation 0 
made ( #dff !at]s 9 ! latt] city1 & x 0 
discov]$ t 9 ! majority ( !m ! lead+ !me
 0 rev5ge2  ! lov] foll[+ 8 rival2 !    
outrag$ husb& seek+ 8 wife's  betray]2  
or ! wip+ out by dea? ( a blot on a     
hi!rto un/a9$  honor4 ,& ( c\rse ^!     
influ5ces ext5d to ! *ildr5 :o are      
always ! mo/ ard5t & responsive (       
audi5ces4 ,!re is grave  dang] t ! race 
w develop a ragtime disposition1 a mov+ 
picture habit & a comic supplem5t m9d4  
,,vii    ,x is p]haps too e>ly to po9t  
to ! specializ$ att5tion :i*  libr>ies h
 giv5 to ! ne$s ( "y p z a di/9ct       
contribution to society4 ,ano!r g5]ation
 mu/ come be=e mat]ial  evid5ce = good  
or ill becomes app>5t4 ,t ! "w is well  

wor?  ! ?\ght be/[$1 :e!r pres5t me?ods 
survive or are modifi$1  may n be       
ga9said4 ,! d]elicts ( humanity are !   
wrecks :o knew  no guid+ light4 ,!      
re=matories & ! workh\ses1 ! p5al       
in/itutions g5]ally & ! *>itable ones   
pr9cipally1 are n  m]ely a burd5 ^u     
society1 b a reproa* = duty unp]=m$4    
,society is at la/ beg9n+ to realize t x
 is bett] to p]fect  ma*9]y ( production
 ?an to m5d ! imp]fect product2 t to    
disp5se *>ity may ameliorate individual 
suff]+1 b does n  prev5t recurr5ce4 ,& s
 m att5tion is be+ giv5 prev5tion  ?an  
cure4        ,i gave a begg> f my little
 /ore      ,( well-e>n$ gold4 ,he sp5t !
 %9+ ore      ,& came aga91 & yet aga91 
/ill cold            ,& hungry z be=e4  
,i gave a ?\ght1 & ?r\gh t ?\ght ( m9e1 
,he f\nd himself a man1 supreme1 div9e1 
,bold1 clo!d1 & cr[n$ ) bless+s         
manifold1            ,& n[ he begs no m4
      ,,viii    ,if numb]s & social &   
indu/rial importance w>rant special     
libr>y  facilities = *ildr51 c]ta9ly !  

same reasons und]lie !  special libr>y  
"w ) =eign]s :i* has )9 rec5t ye>s  be5 
c>ri$ on ext5sively 9 ! l>g] cities4    
,la/ mon? !  c5sus bureau issu$ an      
ab/ract ( />tl+ import to ^? :o view  9 
! com+ ( va/ numb]s f across ! wat]s a  
m5ace to !  in/itutions ( ?is democracy4
 ,accord+ to ?is (ficial enum]ation1  9 
b f\rte5 ( fifty cities hav+ ov]        
#ajj1jjj inhabitants 9 #aiaj  did native
 :ites ( native p>5tage contribute z mu*
 z "o-half  ! total population4 ,!      
proportion exce$$ ?ree-fif?s 9 only  f\r
 cities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 tw5ty-two      
cities ( ?is class1 (  :i* fifte5 are 9 
,new ,engl& & ! ,middle ,atlantic       
divisions1  less ?an "o-?ird ( !        
population 7 native :ites ( native      
p>5tage1 ov] two-?irds 9 all b "o ( ^!  
cities consi/+ (  =eign-born :ites & _! 
*ildr54    ,9 8 ,ode deliv]$ at ,h>v>d1 
,l[ell eloqu5tly ref]r$ to        ,! pi?
 & m>r[ ( a ,nation      ,draw+ =ce f   
all h] m51      ,highe/1 humble/1       
weake/1 all1      ,= h] "t ( ne$1 & !n  

,puls+ x aga9 ?r\gh !m1      ,%e t lifts
 up ! manhood ( ! poor1      ,%e ( ! op5
 s\l & op5 door1      ,) room ab\t h]   
he>? = all mank9d6    ,?is 0 writt5 9   
#ahfe4 ,s9ce !n ! rim ( ! ,m$it]ranean  
has  s5t its enorm\s contribution (     
unskill$ & unlett]$ human be+s  to !    
,new ,_w4 ,!re h be5 ?ree great tides ( 
migration f  ov]seas4 ,! fir/ came to   
secure lib]ty ( consci5ce2 ! second     
s\ght lib]ty ( political ?\ght & action2
 ! ?ird came 9  que/ ( bread4 ,& ( !    
?ree1 incomp>ably ! great] problem  (   
assimilation is t pres5t$ by ! la/      
com]s4 ,inextricably  int]wov5 are all !
 complexities :i* face ! great & gr[+   
municipalities1 politically &           
indu/rially & socially4 ,^! are  ! awful
 problems ( conge/ion & fe/]+ slums1 (  
corruption 9  public life1 ( !          
exploitation ( womanhood1 ( t]rible     
/ruggle  ) wret*$ness & pov]ty4 ,rightly
 direct$1 ! native qualities  & /r5g? ( 
^! peoples w br+ a spl5did contribution 
9  ! mak+ ( a virile citiz5%ip4 ,wrongly

 %ap$1 _! c\rse 9  ! life ( ! city may  
readily become ( s9i/] import4          
,frequ5tly  !y are misund]/ood1 & !y    
easily misund]/&4 ,! problem is  "o (   
education1 b x is t mo/ difficult       
problem1 ( education  = gr[n-ups4 ,"h   
p]haps ! libr>y may r5d] ! mo/ di/9ct   
s]vice1 9 t x c br+ to !m 9 _! own      
tongues ! ideals  & ! und]ly+ pr9ciples 
( life & cu/om 9 _! adopt$  c\ntry2 &   
?r\gh _! *ildr51 z !y sw>m into !       
*ildr5's  rooms1 is e/abli%$ a po9t (   
contact :i* no o!r ag5cy c\ld  s        
effectually provide4    ,"u ! repressive
 measures ( old-_w gov]nm5ts1 ! racial  
culture & national _s ( ,poles1         
,li?uanians1 ,f9ns1 ,balkan ,slavs1  &  
,russian ,jews h be5 /unt$4 ,"h bo? are 
w>m$ into life &  r5ew$ vigor1 & 9 g5]\s
 measure are giv5 back to ! l& (  _!    
adoption4 ,su* racial contribution mu/  
prove ( enorm\s value1  :e!r1 z _m      
sociologi/s believe1 ?is c\ntry is to   
prove a great  melt+ pot = ! fus+ ( _m  
races1 or :e!r z ,dr4 ,zhitl[sky        

cont5ds1 !re is to be "o c\ntry1 "o set 
( laws1 "o spee*1 b  a va/ v>iety (     
national cultures1 contribut+ ea* its   
due %>e to  ! enri*m5t ( ! common /ock4 
,,ix    ,great *anges h come ab\t 9 !   
me?ods t obta9 = !  ex]cise ( popul>    
gov]nm5t4 ,9 a democracy ^: *ief /r5g?  
is d]iv$ f an intellig5t public op9ion1 
! %>p5+ ( su*  intellig5ce & enl>gem5t (
 g5]al k conc]n+ affairs  ( common      
conc]n are ( p>am\nt importance4 ,/atute
 books are  heavily cumb]$ ) laws t are 
un5=c$ because public op9ion  goes c\nt]
 to !m4 ,non5=cem5t bre$s disrespect =  
law1 &  unsci5tific mak+ ( laws leads to
 _! disreg>d4 ,s ! e>lie/  attempts to  
f9d a rem$y contemplat$ m]ely !         
legislator &  ! (ficial1 br++ toge!r =  
_! use ?r\gh ! comb9$  s]vices ( tra9$  
economi/s & ( exp]t ref]5ce libr>ians  !
 pr9ciples & f\ndation = contemplat$    
legislation & !  data z to simil>       
attempts else:]e4 ,fruitful z ?is s]vice
 has  prov$ )9 ! limitation ( /ate &    
municipal (ficialdom1  a broad5$        

conception ( possibilities n[ enl>ges ! 
scope (  ! "w to include citiz5         
organizations int]e/$ 9 ! /udy  ( public
 que/ions1 /ud5ts ( sociology1 economics
 & political  sci5ce1 bus9ess m5 ke5ly  
alive to ! intimate association--9 a    
legitimate s5se--( bus9ess & politics1 &
 t new & p[]ful  elem5t 9 public affairs
 :i* has add$ ?ree million vot]s to !   
poll li/s 9 t5 /ates1 & w soon add elev5
 million vot]s  m 9 ! rema9+            
?irty-eight4 ,! new libr>y s]vice c5t]+ 
9 /ate & municipal legislative ref]5ce  
libr>ies1 & 9 civic  dep>tm5ts ( l>ge   
public libr>ies1 =eca/s ! era1 n[       
rapidly  approa*+1 :5 ald]m5 & /ate     
repres5tatives w /ill enact  laws & /ate
 & city (ficials w en=ce !m1 b _! mak+  
w be det]m9$ /rictly by public op9ion4  
,! local gov]nm5t  ( ! future w be by   
quasi-public citiz5 organizations       
direct+  ald]m5 & /ate legislators      
accurately to regi/] _! w4 ,:5          
repres5tative gov]nm5t becomes          
misrepres5tative1 9 ! words (  a mod]n  

humori/1 democracy w ask ! ,p[]s t ,be  
:e!r !y  are ! ,p[]s t ,ought to ,be4   
,to intellig5tly det]m9e ! answ]1       
public op9ion mu/ n ignorantly ask4     
,x    ,?is has be5 call$ ! age (        
utilit>ianism4 ,su* x unque/ionably  is1
 b its practicality is n disassociat$ f 
idealism4 ,!  res\rces ( numb]less      
comm]cial ent]prises are ea* 9 ?is day  
reckon$ 9 millions1 & _! products are   
figur$ 9 t]ms ( _m  millions m1 z once  
?\s&s repres5t$ ! spread ( ev5 !        
greate/ ( indu/ries4 ,b m & m bus9ess m5
 are com+ to  realize t bus9ess         
organization z x affects = weal or woe  
?\s&s :o contribute to _! success1 mu/  
be conduct$ z a tru/  = ! common good1 &
 n m]ely = selfi% exploitation1 or =    
oppression4 ,z ! trade guilds ( old     
wield$ _! va/ p[] =  common ends1 s all 
! work]s gave ! be/ at _! comm& to make 
_! articles ( m]*&ise ! mo/ p]fect t    
human skill &  c>e c\ld produce4 ,m5 (  
bus9ess ^: executive skill det]m9es  !  
de/9ies ( ?\s&s 9 _! employ1 are gr[+ m 

& m  to an appreciation ( ! tru/ee%ip t 
is !irs4 ,a humane _s  is ent]+ !       
relation%ip betwe5 employ] & employ$4   
,great  comm]cial organizations are     
conduct+ elaborate inve/igations into   
conditions ( h\s+1 sanitation1          
prolongation ( s*ool life1 social       
insurance & simil> subjects ( bett]m5t =
 ! toil]s2 b a  brief span ago !y 7     
conc]n$ *iefly ) trade ext5sion &  l[]+ 
( wages1 all unconc]n$ ab\t ! liv+      
conditions (  _! dep5d5ts4 ,!y too are  
n[ exemplify+ ! possession ( t          
con/ructive imag9ation :i* builds l>ge &
 beyond ! pres5t4  ,= results t gr[ out 
( exp]i5ce & ( exp]im5t !y also  are 9  
"p dep5d5t ^u ! sift$ facts t are f\nd 9
 pr9t4  ,! bus9ess h\se libr>y is a     
rec5t developm5t1 & 9 m9i/]+  9 diff]5t 
ways to bo? employ] & employ$1 gives    
promise (  widespread usefulness4       
,,xi    ,) ! trem5d\s rec5t gr[? (      
indu/rialism & ! rapid  multiplication (
 inv5tion1 ! manife/ ne$ = mak+         
available !  va/ sum ( ga!r$ k conc]n+ !

 discov]ies ( mod]n  sci5ce has evolv$ !
 great special libr>ies devot$ to ! v>i$
  subdivisions ( ! subject4 ,munific5tly
 end[$ z _m ( !m  are1 highly organiz$ =
 ready access to mat]ial1 adm9i/]$ to   
enc\rage use & to give exp]t aid z well1
 _! great importance  _c be ov]e/imat$4 
,:at !y accompli% is n :olly r$ucible   
to /ati/ics1 nor c _! influ5ce be       
readily trac$1 p]haps1 to  ! great      
und]tak+s ( today :i* ov]%ad[ ! sev5    
wond]s (  antiquity4 ,b !re c be no "q t
 )\t ! opportunities  t "h lie = /udy & 
rese>*1 &--no less important--)\t  !    
skill$ assi/ance freely r5d]$ by        
libr>ian & bibliograph]1  special tal5t 
w\ld (t5 rema9 dormant & its possessor  
unsatisfi$4 ,great] "h w\ld be ! loss to
 society ?an to !  individual4          
,,xii    ,?us ! libr>ies are endeavor+  
to make !mselves useful 9 e  field (    
human ent]prise or int]e/2 ) books (    
facts = !  in=mation !y possess2 ) books
 ( inspiration = ! /imulus  !y give & ! 
p[] !y g5]ate4 ,conjo9tly ^! yield !    

equipm5t :i* develops ! con/ructive     
imag9ation1 )\t :i*  ! _w w\ld seem b a 
sorry & a %rivel$ spot to dwell ^u4  ,! 
poet & ! dream] conceive ! great ?+s :i*
 are wr\ght2  ! sci5ti/ & ! craftsman   
a*ieve !m2 ! s*ol> & !  arti/ int]pret  
!m4 ,?us associat$1 !y make _! f9e/     
contribution to ! common life4 ,!       
build]s con/ruct ! great  monum5ts (    
iron & ( concrete :i* are ! expression (
 ?is  age1 z ! great ca!drals & abbeys 7
 ( g5]ations t h  pass$4 ,adapt$ z !y   
are to ! ne$s ( ?is day1 our arti/s &   
our writ]s h %[n u ! beauty & ! art :i* 
! mod]n  h&iwork ( man possesses4 ,)    
et*]'s tool "o man ( ke5 insight  has   
%[n u ! art t inh]es 9 ! l(ty /ructures 
:i* l9e  ! great ?or\ghf>es ( our *ief  
cities1 ! beauty ( ! skyl9es  !y trace )
 ro( & p$im5t4 ,) burn+ words ano!r has 
giv5  voice to ma*9]y & to ! vehicles ( 
mod]n indu/ry1 & we  ?rill to ! eloqu5ce
 & gl[ ( 8 poetic f]vor4    ,great works
 ( art are useful works greatly done1   
decl>es ,dr4 ,t4 ,j4  ,cobd5-,s&]son1 &1

 rightly view$1 ! mo/ prosaic a*ievem5ts
 (  ?is age1 :e!r !y be great canals or 
clu/]s ( workm5's homes  wor?ily built1 
or maybe m humble projects1 h a         
greatness (  mean+ t c>ries ) x ! s5se (
 beauty & ( art4    ,9 m$ieval days1 !  
h]alds ( civilization 7 ! w>rior1  !    
mission>y1 ! explor] & ! tr\bad\r2 9    
mod]n times1  civilization is c>ri$ =w>d
 by ! *emi/1 ! eng9e]1 !  capta9 (      
indu/ry1 & ! int]pret] ( life--:e!r !   
m$ium  utiliz$ be p5 or bru% or voice4  
,)\t vision1 civilization  w\ld )] &    
p]i%1 & s x may well be t ! pr9t$ page  
%all s]ve z symbol ( its supreme vision4
 ,)9 ! compass  ( ! book s9c]ely writt51
 rightly *os51 & well us$ are  conta9$ !
 ?ree *ief elem5ts :i* ju/ify ! libr>y (
 !  p--in=mation1 education1 recreation4
    ,! urge ( ! _w makes ^! dem&s2 ours 
is ! high privilege  to respond4        
,,libr>y ,,"w ,,) ,,*ildr5#aa      ,x is
 amid conditions t call = h]oic ef=t t !
 public  libr>y ( today mu/ d its "w )  
*ildr54 ,!re are n want+  critics :o    

decry "s pres5t-day t5d5cies4 ,!y saw t 
:5  libr>ians seek ! *ildr5 9 _! homes  
to =m gr\ps ( read]s1  !y encroa* ^u !  
doma9 ( ! settlem5t work]4 ,!y compla9  
t ! /ory h\r1 n[ s widely develop$1 is  
an invasion ( !  k9d]g>t52 !y view )    
al>m ! use ( ! /]eo-scope &  /]eopticon 
z be+ outside ! legitimate doma9 ( !    
in/itution4  ,p]haps !y are "r1 & p]haps
 !y are wrong2 maybe !y are bo?  "r &   
wrong4 ,if ! purposes s\ght by ^! means 
7 adequately  m9i/]$ to f o!r s\rces1 x 
may well be que/ion$ :e!r !  libr>y w\ld
 be ju/ifi$ 9 adopt+ ^! me?ods4 ,9 !    
admitt$  lack ( ag5cies to meet ^!      
conditions1 ! *ildr5's libr>ian may  f9d
 satisfaction 9 ! results obta9$1 ev5 if
 "s folks' notions  ( legitimate libr>y 
"w are sadly jolt$1 z 9 ! "t to come  !y
 w c]ta9ly h to be modifi$4 ,at be/1 !  
libr>y & all  alli$ ag5cies are /ruggl+ 
aga9/ trem5d\s odds 9 c\nt]act+  subtle 
influ5ces = evil & op5 influ5ces t bre$ 
co>s5ess  & vulg>ity4 ,to op]ate a      
mov+-picture %[ )9 ! sacr$  prec9cts ( a

 libr>y may be c\nt] to ! accept$ view (
 !  fitness ( ?+s1 b ^? :o h visit$ !   
*ildr5's dep>tm5t  ( ! ,c9c9nati ,public
 ,libr>y w recall ) a gl[ ( pleasure  ! 
sight ( ! int]e/$ gr\p ( *ildr5 await+  
ea* 8 turn  at ! ma*9e to g on a        
t>ry-at-home j\rney to ,switz]l& &      
,france & o!r c\ntries ov]-sea4 ,w\ld ! 
critics pref] to h  ! *ildr5 glue _!    
faces to ! glass 9 ! vulg> & sugge/ive  
%[s ( ! p5ny arcade8 ,! crav+ = novelty 
& amusem5t w  n be d5i$4 ,! in/9ct =    
dramatic action is inh]5t4 ,x is said  t
 !re are #e1jjj p5ny arcades &          
nickelodeons 9 ,new ,york ,city  alone1 
) an av]age daily att5dance ( #cjj1jjj  
*ildr51 & sc>ce  a hamlet 9 all ?is wide
 c\ntry t does n fo/] "o or two (  !m1 a
 l>ge proportion ( !m suppli$ ) pictures
 ( d\btful  propriety4    ,! av]age p5ny
 arcade is closely l9k$ ) ! ,sunday     
comic  supplem5t & ! yell[-back$        
pamphlet 9 ! vulg>ization &  decad5ce t 
?reat5s to ov]:elm ! y\? ( ! c\ntry4    
,p>5ts  :o w\ld be horrifi$ to note 9 ! 

h&s ( _! *ildr5 any  specim5 ( dime     
novel lit]ature1 complac5tly turn ov] to
 !m on  ,sunday morn+ ! %eet spla%$ )   
daubs ( r$ & yell[ &  gre5 t s]ve to    
r5d] attractive ! accompany+ pictures & 
_! slangy explanations4 ,! ,sunday comic
 supplem5t has done m  to debase & to   
brutalize :at is f9e 9 boys & girls1 to 
debau*  _! s5se ( fairness1 to blunt _! 
ideas z to :at is manly  & fair1 to     
dead5 _! respect = age & au?ority1 to   
prev5t  su* ae/hetic s5se z !y may h _h1
 ?an c be c\nt]act$  by all ! attempts  
be+ made by s*ool1 *ur*1 museum & libr>y
  to /imulate a ta/e = bett] ?+s4 ,!re  
is no escape f ^!  color$ atrocities4   
,millions ent] ! h\seholds weekly1 !y   
are  scatt]$ broadca/ 9 p>ks & on !     
/reets1 !y are left ^u !  seats (       
railway tra9s & /reet c>s--!y are       
ev]y:]e4 ,p>5tal  ef=t is p[]less4 ,9 a 
few h\seholds !y are ru?lessly b>r$1  b 
! neighbors' *ildr5 are will+ to %>e )\t
 demur4 ,9 an  address be=e ! ,am]ican  
,playgr\nds ,congress1 rec5tly held 9   

,new  ,york ,city1 ,miss ,maud ,summ]s  
utt]$ a w>n+ aga9/ ?is p]nici\s  fo/]+ (
 deceit1 cunn+1 & disrespect = age4     
,! *ild ( s5sible p>5ts w n see or "k   
ab\t !m1  ,mr4 ,l9dsay ,swift wrote 9 a 
contribution to ,! ,pr9t+ ,art two  ye>s
 ago1 b ! *ild ( ! /reet1 ! *ild ( !    
indiff]5t  h\sehold1 w w>m to !m l a cat
 to ! back ( ! /ove4 ,!re  are c]ta9    
negative results t p>5ts h a "r to      
expect f  e educative =ce :i* is br\ght 
to be> on _! *ildr52 t  ^! *ildr5 %all n
 be delib]ately taught disrespect = old 
age or = physical infirmities &         
de=mities2 t !y %all n  le>n to *]i%    
contempt = o!r races or religions ?an _!
 own2  t !y %all n take satisfaction 9 !
 torm5t+ ( animals  or weakl+s--9 %ort1 
t !y %all n acquire an habitually       
cynical & unsportsmanlike attitude (    
m9d4 ,a morbid gloat+ ov]  ! defici5cies
 & humiliations ( our neighbors is      
pretty sure to  develop vulg>ity & a lax
 moral fibre 9 ourselves2 = vulg>ity (  
m9d & mann]s seems to me to be prim>ily 

a lack ( re/ra9t 9  ?\ght1 feel+1 &     
expression reg>d+ ^? t5d5cies :i* e     
civiliz$ man & race is /riv+ to modify  
or to conqu]4    ,d\btless1 :5 fir/ ?is 
m$ium = purvey+ humor 0 devis$1 !       
t5d5cies n[ s app>5t 7 m9imiz$4 ,!re 71 
9 "s ( !  e>li] attempts1 real humor &  
"s skill ( p5cil1 b ! pictures  h       
deg5]at$ until !y cry al\d =            
suppression4    ,!re ne$ be no apology =
 ! /ory h\r4 ,a good /ory well told     
makes = pleasure1 makes = morals1 makes 
= intellectual gr[?4  ,mo/ libr>ians    
def5d x on ! gr\nd t ! tell+ ( ! /ory   
leads to ! read+ ( books on relat$      
topics4 ,to my m9d1 no su*  def5se or   
ev5 explanation is ne$$4 ,! /ory1 if    
well *os5  & fitt+ly told1 ju/ifies !   
tell] & ! tale4 ,x is a moot  "q 9      
educational circles :e!r ! e> is a bett]
 m$ium =  receiv+ impressions ?an is !  
eye4 ,"s s*ool-ma/]s av] t  !re are     
e>-m9d$ *ildr5 & !re are eye-m9d$       
*ildr54 ,a  good /ory1 well told1 is    
wor?y ( be+ c\nt$ 9 ! circulation       

/ati/ics z _m times z !re are *ildr5 to 
he> x1 & f>  wor?i] to s figure ?an _m a
 book t is tak5 out on a c>d  & leaves z
 fa9t & z durable an impression on !    
read]'s m9d  z foot/eps on ! %ift+ s&4  
,& ! m ! /orytell] c  lead back ! m9d ( 
*ildhood to ! he>t ( *ildhood1 ! tales  
( wond] & ( my? t grew to fulness :5 !  
race 0 "y1  ! great] ! s]vice & ! m     
fruitful 9 giv+ ! li/5]  some?+ t w     
endure4    ,nei!r is !re ne$ = apology 9
 ! exploitation ( home libr>y  gr\ps4   
,at be/1 ^! c b p>tially c\nt]act !     
flood ( *eap  & decad5t lit]ature ( !   
mo/ deprav$ "* t circulates  secretly   
among boys & girls4 ,9 ,buffalo1        
rec5tly1 ! public libr>y  has f\nd among
 ! p ( =eign bir? a mass ( mat]ial 9    
circulation ^: bad quality has surpris$ 
ev5 ! libr>ians4 ,!  home gr\ps t are   
be+ =m$ 9 "s ( ! l>g] cities f9d  an    
op5+ w$ge among p ( =eign bir? ^: read+ 
has be5  practically conf9$ to /uff (   
?is sort4 ,! reports f ,g]many  w\ld    
h>dly seem cr$ible 7 !y n v\*$ = by !   

,dur]  ,union1 ^: campaign aga9/ ! gr[+ 
t5d5cy to read tra%y  lit]ature has     
une>!d ^! facts4 ,9 a /atem5t issu$ by  
its  secret>y1 ! a/\nd+ decl>ation is   
made t #h1jjj e/abli%$  booksell]s &    
#cj1jjj p$dl]s 7 engag$ 9 sell+         
s5sational  s]ials & books conta9+      
complete tales ( a v l[ ord]4    ,no    
few] ?an #gej1jjj ( ^! wret*$ /ories h  
be5 sold 9 !  c\rse ( a s+le ye>4 ,!y   
are hawk$ f h\se to h\se1 f  factory to 
factory1 outside s*ools1 & among !      
peasants on e  f>m ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,! 
p$dl]s ne>ly always ent] by !  back door
 or ! kit*5 /airs4 ,s]vant girls &      
ignorant peasantry  are ! mo/ fruitful  
cu/om]s1 b x is ass]t$ by municipal     
(ficials t ev5 p :o are 9 receipt ( poor
 relief (t5  deprive !mselves (         
necessities 9 ord] to save two c5ts = a 
vile  reha% ( ! s5sationally embelli%$  
details ( a notori\s crime4    ,! ext5t 
( ! lit]ature ( ! /reets obta9able 9 ?is
 c\ntry  is little appreciat$4 ,an      
inve/igation1 in/itut$ sev]al ye>s  ago 

by ! ,libr>y ,commission ( "o ( !       
,middle ,we/ /ates1  demon/rat$ !       
exi/5ce ( tons ( x on ! upp] & back-r[  
%elves ( news /&s 9 all ! l>g] cities1 &
 9 _m ( !  villages & hamlets z well4   
,! desire to %[ a l>ge circulation has  
made _m libr>ians  yield to ! tyranny ( 
/ati/ics1 & "s errors ( libr>y          
adm9i/ration are attributable to ?is    
cause4 ,:ile x is und\bt$ly  true t !   
*ief function ( ! libr>y is to di/ribute
 z  _m :olesome books z possible1 among 
! p1 ! totals (  circulation are ( va/ly
 inf]ior importance to "s facts t are  n
 susceptible ( be+ arrang$ 9 /ati/ical  
uni=m4 ,& ?is is  m p>ticul>ly true (   
*ildr5's read+4 ,x is less a "q  ( h[ _m
 books are read ?an :at books are read &
 by :om !y  are read4 ,x may well be    
urg$ t !re is great] importance 9 !     
quality ( ! circulation ?an 9 ! size (  
x--n h[ _m1 b  h[ good1 %\ld be ! e>ne/ 
inquiry4 ,x may well be d\bt$ :e!r  "s  
*ildr5 d n read m books ?an !y c well   
assimilate4  ,!y are m5tally pr(it$ ab\t

 z mu* z _! physical condition  is      
n\ri%$ :5 !y quaff quantities ( soda    
wat]4 ,!y become  tr\bl$ ) m5tal        
dyspepsia4    ,ano!r criticism t is     
p]t95t applies to book selection4 ,!re  
are too _m books writt5 especially =    
*ildr54 ,!re are m  titles 9 ! av]age   
collection ( *ildr5's books ?an !       
libr>ian  ought to pur*ase4 ,!re are too
 _m books t are negative 9              
quality--pleasantly en\gh flavor$1 n    
h>mful 9 tone1 au!ntic  z to facts1 b   
colorless4 ,!re are usually too few ( ! 
_w's  endur+ books--classics--& too _m  
editions edit$ especially =  *ildr54 ,"s
 ( ! *ildr5's catalogues are ( appall+  
size4 ,"h  !re is abundant ne$ (        
excision4 ,five hundr$ titles1          
judici\sly  *os5 & pl5tifully duplicat$1
 w\ld meet ! ne$ ( mo/  libr>ies1 & w\ld
 immeasurably raise ! /&>d ( read+4 ,mu*
  might be asc]ta9$ by an analysis ( !  
individual c>ds ( juv5ile  patrons--a   
sort ( laboratory exp]im5t4    ,!re is  
ne$ = great] co-op]ation betwe5 tea*]s &

 libr>ians4  ,!re are t5d5cies 9 tea*+ t
 are /rangl+ r ?an  imp>t+ ! love ( f9e 
lit]ature4 ,x is no long] suffici5t  to 
give to ! read] ! music ( lyric1 ! /ir (
 epic--poetry  mu/ s]ve z an ex]cise 9  
gramm>4 ,x is n suffici5t t f  virile   
prose ! read] may obta9 ! gl[ ( !       
writ]'s fancy  or ?\ght--x mu/ d duty z 
a bit ( s5t5ce con/ruction1 or a        
companion piece to a lesson 9 geography 
or1 p]haps1 ( hi/ory4 ,we  are told t   
poetry is dead4 ,:o kill$ x8 & h[ long  
w\ld x take  to d ! l = prose8          
,:atev] ( criticism z to plan & me?od   
may be rightfully made  aga9/ public    
libr>y "w ) *ildr51 ! e>ne/ness t       
und]lies x all w1 9 ! end1 s]ve to      
elim9ate ! real causes  = su* criticism4
 ,its mean+ w unfold z "t goes on--!    
fir/  *ildr5's room op5$ 9 a public     
libr>y dates back n mu* m  ?an a doz5   
ye>s4 ,9 ! almonry ( ,we/m9/]1 ?ree &   
"o-half  c5turies ago1 ,william ,caxton 
*ose c>efully = 8 pr9t+ press1  ) deep  
rev]5ce 9 8 he>t = ! :ite s\ls ^u :i* 8 

*>act]s w\ld be pr9t$ z surely z ^u !   
:ite pap] be=e  him4 ,& ) t same ?\ght &
 c>e w be sift$1 9 ! "w  t is be+ c>ri$ 
on n[1 ! pr9t$ page t helps to m\ld &   
build ! "* ( ! new] g5]ations4          
,,travell+ ,,libr>ies#ab      ,foll[+ 9 
! wake ( ! great public libr>y movem5t1 
:i* 9  less ?an two decades has dott$ ! 
cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates )  build+s t   
h\se millions ( books = ! p1 came sy/ems
  ( travel+ libr>ies4 ,! in/itutions :i*
 ,j5k9 ,lloyd ,jones  satirically t]ms  
,c>neg]ies1 provide city dwell]s ) an   
amplitude  ( read+ mat]ial1 b !re 0     
until a few ye>s ago no provision  =    
simil>ly meet+ ! great] ne$s ( ! isolat$
 p]sons liv+  remote f c5t]s (          
population--9 ?\s&s ( little hamlets1 9 
m9+ & lumb] camps1 9 unc\nt$ f>mh\ses4  
,j fifte5 ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,melvil ,dewey1
 !n /ate libr>ian ( ,new  ,york1 ev]    
=emo/ 9 progressive libr>y "w &         
orig9ator ( mo/  ( ! f>-rea*+ me?ods =  
mak+ public libr>ies useful &  effici5t1
 solv$ ! problem :i* _h bo!r$ _m ?9k]s  

on !  subject3 ,h[ to give c\ntry p     
access to collections ( books  select$  
by exp]i5c$ & educat$ buy]s1 & h[ to    
r5ew ^!  collections s z to keep a fre% 
& pl5tiful supply on h& at all  times4  
,mr4 ,dewey's solution ( ! problem 0    
absurdly simple4 ,anybody  c\ld h ?\ght 
x out )\t ef=t--b nobody else did4 ,x 0 
?is3 ,f a c5trally adm9i/]$ libr>y1     
gr\ps ( books c>efully  select$ s z to  
comprise fifty or sixty volumes ea*1 7  
pack$  into suitable boxes or cases1 &  
s5t to small villages1 c\ntry           
s*oolh\ses1 & c5trally locat$ f>mh\ses1 
to be di/ribut$ to  ! neighborhoods on !
 same plan z books are giv5 out f bran* 
/ations 9 cities4 ,at ! end ( six mon?s1
 ! books w\ld be  ga!r$ by ! cu/odian1  
%ipp$ back to ! c5tral di/ribut+  ag5cy1
 & a fre% lot w\ld take _! place4 ,by   
?is simple &  economical me?od ! p ( ^! 
little neighborhoods w\ld secure  an    
opportunity to read ! be/ & mo/ int]e/+ 
books )\t  f9ancial burd54    ,9 ! "w ( 
popul> education1 said ,melvil ,dewey   

p]t95tly1 x  is1 aft] all1 n ! few great
 libr>ies1 b ! ?\s& small t  may d mo/ =
 ! p4    ,9 fifte5 ye>s1 ! fir/ little  
*e/ ( books t w5t ^u its  travels has   
multipli$ to m ?an #e1jjj4 ,probably a  
?ird ( a  million books are n[ con/antly
 on ! g 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,figures  are     
available = only tw5ty-two ( ! /ates1 & 
accord+ to  ^! ! circulation = ! /ates  
enum]at$ 0 #fjj1ddc books la/  ye>4 ,x  
mu/ be rememb]$ t = a few ye>s aft] !   
plan 0  transplant$ f ,new ,york to o!r 
/ates1 private contributions 7  ! only  
reliance = ma9ta9+ ! sy/ems ( travel+   
libr>ies4  ,x is only )9 ! la/ half doz5
 ye>s t ! demon/ration (  _! usefulness 
prompt$ /ate legislatures to make       
appropriations  = ?is purpose1 to enable
 /ate libr>y commissions to ext5d ?is   
great "w on a lib]al scale4 ,! ease )   
:i* ! travel+  libr>ies may be adapt$ to
 meet v>i\s ne$s may be %[n 9 a rapid   
summ>y compil$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,hut*9s1 
:o has be5 "o ( ! lead+  promot]s ( !m 9
 ?is /ate4    ,"s wom5 9 ,new ,j]sey h  

us$ !m to light5 ! long w9t]  days &    
ev5+s ( ! brave m5 :o belong to !       
life-sav+  s]vice1 & t /ate has n[ tak5 
up ! travel+ libr>y z a  def9ite "p ( ! 
"w ( its /ate libr>y2 o!r wom51 9 ,salt 
,lake ,city1 s5d !m regul>ly to remote  
valleys 9 ,utah2 a numb] (  /ate        
f$]ations ( wom5's clubs use !m to      
furni% books = /udy  to isolat$ clubs2  
,mrs4 ,eug5e ,b4 ,he>d ( ,middleton1    
,ga41 is devot+  h]self to ! sup]vision 
( an admirable sy/em :i* rea*es a l>ge  
numb] ( small villages on ! ,seabo>d    
,air ,l9e 9 five s\!rn  /ates2 an       
association 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 puts   
libr>ies on !  canal-boats :i* ply on ! 
,wa%+ton & ,potomac ,canal 9 !  summ] & 
tie-up 9 small hamlets 9 ! ,blue ,ridge 
,m\nta9s 9  ! w9t]2 ! color$ graduates (
 ,hampton ,in/itute c>ry libr>ies  to ! 
s*ools = _! own p at ! base ( ! ,cumb]l&
  ,m\nta9s1 :ile to ! m\nta9 :ites      
libr>ies are s5t by wom5's  clubs 9     
,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 & ,alabama4 ,9     
,idaho1 ,cali=nia1  ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 

,ill9ois1 ,miss\ri1 ,m9nesota1 & _m o!r 
/ates1 wom5's clubs are do+ ! same "w = 
m9]s1 lumb]m51  f>m]s1 & sailors4 ,! p (
 ,briti% ,columbia & ,new ,zeal&  are   
successfully imitat+ _! ,am]ican c\s9s 9
 ?is "w4 ,9  ,massa*usetts1 :]e ne>ly e 
community has its public libr>y1 !      
,woman's ,educational ,association is   
do+ a mo/ helpful "w by us+  travel+    
libr>ies to /r5g!n ! weak public        
libr>ies 9 ! hill  t[ns4    ,( all !    
/ates ( ! ,union :i* report$ on travel+ 
libr>ies  la/ ye>1 ,wiscons9 /ood fir/ )
 a circulation ( #abb1jic4  ,wiscons9 0 
! ?ird /ate to adopt ?is me?od = br++   
:olesome books to p 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is 0 9
 #ahie4 ,! ,free  ,libr>y ,commission   
has *>ge ( #efc ( ^! little libr>ies1   
:i* are s5t to /ations scatt]$ all ov] !
 /ate & are  ex*ang$ e six mon?s4 ,ea*  
gr\p conta9s books ( hi/ory1  travel1   
fiction1 biography1 useful arts1 &      
miscellane\s lit]ature  s proportion$ z 
to meet ! ne$s ( ! av]age community z   
det]m9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,! ,wiscons9       

,commission also s5ds to  communities   
:]e !re are _m p]sons ( =eign bir?1 !   
be/  lit]ature 9 _! own tongues4 ,9 "s  
sections ( ! /ate1 p  g t5 to tw5ty     
miles at regul> int]vals to secure ^!   
books4  ,! ,commission also makes up    
/udy libr>ies = ! use ( clubs  engag$ 9 
s]i\s /udy4 ,! topics deal ) ,engli%    
lit]ature1 art1  hi/ory1 village & t[n  
improvem5t1 que/ions ( ! day1 etc4      
,,ii    ,fifte5 ye>s ago !re exi/$ )9 ! 
fifty-six ?\s& squ>e  miles ( ,wiscons9 
a m]e h&ful ( />vel+ public libr>ies1 & 
only 9 ?ree or f\r ( ! l>g] cities 7 ^! 
in/itutions  prop]ly h\s$4 ,mo/ ( !m    
exi/$ f =ce ( habit r ?an  f action4 ,b 
"o libr>y 9 ! /ate employ$ tra9$ s]vice4
  ,!re 7 no travel+ libr>ies4 ,! s*ool  
di/rict libr>ies _h  sc>cely made a     
beg9n+1 s t ev5 t s\rce fail$ to supply 
:olesome books = ! use ( ! p4 ,"h & !re 
a volunte]  fire dep>tm5t ga!r$ a bundle
 ( books1 or a lit]>y society w\ld      
secure a simil> collection f ! attics ( 
its memb]s4 ,naturally1  su* ef=ts      

result$ 9 dismal failures4 ,n9ety p] c5t
 ( !  population 0 absolutely )\t public
 libr>y facilities4    ,b fifte5 ye>s   
ago1 & n[6 ,scatt]$ all ov] ! /ate1 9   
cities & villages & hamlets1 are to be  
f\nd mod]n1 up-to-date  public libr>ies 
9 *>ge ( al]t1 tra9$1 int]e/$ libr>ians1
  eag] & active 9 ext5d+ ! radius ( _!  
influ5ce or helpful  9 e way to promote 
! int]e/s ( ! community & ( e           
individual 9 x4 ,!re are n[ #aeb public 
libr>ies 9 ,wiscons94  ,sixty-"o ( !m   
occupy build+s erect$ especially = !m1 &
  #bh o!rs h qu>t]s 9 city halls or o!r 
public build+s4 ,_m  ( !m h a *ildr5's  
dep>tm5t1 ) tra9$ libr>y work]s 9  *>ge 
( ! specializ$ activities !re conduct$4 
,9 ! l>g]  build+s1 lecture halls are an
 adjunct1 :]e x is possible to  provide 
univ]sity ext5sion & simil> lectures1 & 
:]e wom5's  /udy clubs1 "y m5's debat+  
societies & simil> gr\ps (  p]sons f9d  
hospitable meet+ places = c>ry+ on _!   
"w4 ,"w  ) s*ools is c>ri$ on to an     
ext5t1 & to a pr(itable degree1  little 

imag9$ z possible 9 ! e>ly days ( !     
libr>y ext5sion  movem5t4 ,free access  
to %elves is n[ p]mitt$ 9 e libr>y (  ! 
/ate except "o4    ,!re are n[ "s =ty   
libr>ians 9 ,wiscons9 :o come f libr>y  
tra9+ s*ools1 & ( ! o!r libr>ians &     
assi/ants employ$1  approximately #ajj h
 att5d$ ! summ] s*ool conduct$ by !     
,wiscons9 ,free ,libr>y ,commission4 ,! 
gr[+ importance ( !  relation betwe5    
libr>y & s*ool is evid5c$ by ! fact t   
libr>y in/ruction is n[ "p ( ! c\rse 9 e
 "o ( ! sev5  normal s*ools1 & a        
pr(essional s*ool = tra9+ libr>ians1 )  
a /aff ( pick$ in/ructors1 is ma9ta9$ at
 ,madison by ! /ate4  ,! c&idates =     
admission are select$ by competitive    
exam9ation1  & ) special reg>d to       
suitability = ! "w by reason (          
temp]am5t1 education1 address &         
exp]i5ce4      ,,iii    ,naturally1 !   
activity ( ! public libr>y movem5t 9    
rec5t  ye>s1 ) consequ5t multiplication 
( in/itutions1 has attract$  ! att5tion 
( ?\ghtful m5 & enli/$ ! cordial aid (  

public-spirit$ individuals4             
,philan?ropi/s h f\nd !re9 an  av5ue =  
_! b5efactions yield+ und\bt$ results4  
,_m weal?y  m51 in/ead ( re>+ to _! own 
honor %afts ( /one or images 9  bronze1 
h tak5 ! wis] & happi] me?od ( secur+ an
 endur+  monum5t 9 ! =m ( a public      
libr>y4 ,!re are n[ liv+ a numb]  (     
weal?y m5 :o h provid$ 9 _! wills =     
suitable beque/s  :]eby build+s ( ?is "*
 may be erect$ 9 ! places :i*  !y make  
_! home1 & simil>ly o!rs h provid$      
end[m5ts =  _! home libr>ies to come out
 ( _! e/ates4 ,?us does "o good  de$    
sugge/ ano!r4      ,,iv    ,! "w ( !    
,free ,libr>y ,commission may be briefly
 summ>iz$ z  foll[s3     ,sup]vision4   
,works = ! e/abli%m5t ( public libr>ies 
9   localities able to support !m4      
,visits libr>ies = ! purpose ( giv+     
advice & in/ruction4     ,collects &    
publi%es /ati/ics ( libr>ies = !        
guidance &   in=mation ( tru/ees4       
,pr9ts a bi-mon?ly bullet91 news notes &
 sugge/ions to keep   libr>ians &       

tru/ees in=m$ 9 reg>d to libr>y progress
   ?r\gh\t ! /ate4     ,gives advice &  
assi/ance 9 plann+ libr>y build+s &     
collects   mat]ial on ?is subject = !   
use ( libr>y bo>ds4       ,in/ruction4  
,aids 9 organiz+ new libr>ies4          
,assi/s 9 reorganiz+ old libr>ies       
accord+ to mod]n me?ods   :i* insure !  
be/ results & greate/ effici5cy ( !     
libr>y4     ,conducts a s*ool = libr>y  
tra9+ = ! purpose ( improv+   ! s]vice 9
 small libr>ies4     ,holds in/itutes = 
libr>ians to in/ruct ^? :o _c att5d     
summ] s*ool4       ,travel+ ,libr>ies4  
,ma9ta9s a sy/em ( travel+ libr>ies :i* 
furni%es books to rural communities &   
villages too small to support   local   
libr>ies1 & to l>g] villages & t[ns z an
 inducem5t to   e/abli% free public     
libr>ies4     ,aids 9 organization &    
adm9i/ration ( c\nty travel+ libr>y     
sy/ems4       ,cle>+ ,h\se4 ,op]ates a  
cle>+ h\se = magaz9es to build up       
ref]5ce collections ( b\nd p]iodicals 9 
! public libr>ies (   ! /ate4           

,docum5t ,dep>tm5t4 ,ma9ta9s a docum5t  
dep>tm5t = ! use (   /ate (fic]s1 memb]s
 ( ! legislature & o!rs int]e/$ 9   !   
gr[? & developm5t ( affairs 9 ! /ate1 & 
catalogues &   ex*anges /ate docum5ts = 
! b5efit ( public libr>ies4       ,book 
,li/s4 ,di/ributes a sugge/ive li/ (    
books = small   libr>ies to insure      
pur*ase ( ! books 9 ! be/ editions4     
,issues frequ5t buy+ li/s ( curr5t books
 to aid committees 9   secur+ ! be/     
inve/m5t ( book funds4     ,compiles    
buy+ li/s on special subjects or =      
special libr>ies   ^u reque/4      ,v   
,x mu/ n be suppos$1 because ! great    
libr>y gr[? has be5  manife/$ 9 ! la/   
decade1 t !re 7 want+ prior to t  p]iod 
int]e/$ m5 & wom5 hopeful & active to   
give impulse  = l conditions4 ,away back
 9 #ahdj1 :5 ,wiscons9 0 a fronti]      
t]ritory ambiti\s to advance to         
/atehood1 ! c\ncil & assembly  enact$ a 
law to enc\rage subscription libr>ies4  
,a public libr>y  support$ by taxation 0
 n !n dream$ (1 = !re 0 !n  none 9 !    

entire ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor = t5 ye>s     
!reaft]4 ,x is  int]e/+ to note t 9 ^!  
t]ritorial days1 ! little hamlet  ( log 
h\ses kn[n z ,madison enjoy$ !          
advantages ( a libr>y op5  to all :o c>$
 to use x4 ,x 0 ! private libr>y ( !    
gov]nor1  ,james ,duane ,doty1 :i* he   
?rew op5 to ! public4 ,col4 ,geo4 ,w4   
,bird1 9 8 acc\nt ( x1 says t x conta9$ 
ab\t five hundr$  volumes ( a g5]al     
hi/orical1 educational & lit]>y "*  & a 
numb] ( ! be/ maps kn[n at t "t4 ,x 0   
h\s$ 9 !  gov]nor's private (fice1 :i* 0
 a small "o-/ory frame build+  ( "o room
 situat$ among ! trees 9 ! little       
backwoods t[n4 ,!  books 7 arrang$ 9 l[ 
%elv+ ar\nd ! sides ( ! room1 &  !      
scanty furniture1 consi/+ ( a small     
desk1 a deal-bo>d table1  ?ree or f\r   
*airs1 a p9e b5*1 & a regi/] 9 :i* to   
ent]  ! tak+ & return+ ( books1 complet$
 ! equipm5t4    ,ov] ! %elv+ on ! we/]ly
 side ( ! room1 0 ?is direction1  pa9t$ 
9 black on a :ite field3 ,take1 ,read & 
,return4 ,!re  7 only two regulations z 

to ! use ( ! libr>y & !y 7  display$    
conspicu\sly 9 r$ ink ab\t ! room1 & !y 
7 z  foll[s3    #a4 ,any :ite resid5t   
betwe5 ! lakes1 ! ,catfi% & ! we/]ly    
hills1 8 wife & *ildr51 may h !         
privileges ( ?is libr>y  s long z !y d n
 soil or injure ! books1 & prop]ly      
return  !m4    #b4 ,any su* resid5t1 8  
wife or *ildr51 may take f ! libr>y  "o 
book at a "t & reta9 x n to exce$ two   
weeks1 & !n  return x1 & on failure to  
return promptly1 he or %e %all be       
consid]$1 & publi%$1 z an outca/ 9 !    
community4    ,i d n rememb] ( !re ev]  
hav+ be5 occasion = inflict+  ?is       
p5alty4 ,i d rememb] my fa!r s5d+ me "o 
day :5 !  "t-limit ( a book 0 ab\t to   
expire1 ) a note to a family1  requir+ !
 return ( a book t day1 & call+ att5tion
  po9t$ly to ! above p5alty ( failure2 &
 ,i rememb] h[ conc]n$  ! "m 01 & h[    
quickly %e got ! book & dragg+ me along 
aft] h]1 spe$ily return$ x to ! libr>y1 
& ?us escap$ !  s5t5ce ( outlawry1      
concludes ,col4 ,bird4      ,,vi    ,:at

 is kn[n f> & wide z ! ,maxon bookm>k   
orig9at$ 9  ,wiscons91 & 0 ! conception 
( ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,maxon1 !n resid5t  9    
,dunn ,c\nty4 ,x has be5 repr9t$ on     
little slips 9 hundr$s (  =ms1 has      
circulat$ 9 e /ate & t]ritory 9 !       
c\ntry1 &  d\btless a full million      
copies ( x h be5 slipp$ betwe5 !  leaves
 ( *ildr5's books4 ,x may fitt+ly be    
reproduc$ "h3     ,once on a "t ,a      
,libr>y ,book 0 ov]he>d talk+ to a      
little boy   :o _h j borr[$ x4 ,! words 
seem$ wor? record+ & "h   !y are3       
,please don't h&le me ) dirty h&s4 ,i   
%\ld feel a%am$ to be   se5 :5 ! next   
little boy borr[$ me4     ,or leave me  
out 9 ! ra94 ,books c cat* cold z well z
 *ildr54     ,or make m>ks on me ) y\r  
p5 or p5cil4 ,x w\ld spoil my looks4    
,or lean on me ) y\r elb[s :5 y are     
read+ me4 ,x hurts4     ,or op5 me & lay
 me face d[n on ! table4 ,y w\ld n l to 
be   treat$ s4     ,or put 9 betwe5 my  
leaves a p5cil or any?+ ?ick] ?an a s+le
   %eet ( ?9 pap]4 ,x w\ld /ra9 my back4

     ,:5ev] y are ?r\gh read+ me1 if y  
are afraid ( los+ y\r   place1 don't    
turn d[n ! corn] ( "o ( my leaves1 b h a
 neat   little ,book ,m>k to put 9 :]e y
 /opp$1 & !n close me &   lay me d[n on 
my side s t ,i c h a good com=table re/4
          ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,,libr>y   
,,funds#ac      ,j a few words on a     
matt] ( bus9ess address$ to bus9ess     
m5--= t1 ,i conceive1 is :at mayors &   
ald]m5 prim>ily are1  :e!r engag$ 9     
trade or 9 pr(essions4 ,i am aw>e t x is
 m  popul> to t]m !m politicians 9 !    
wor/ mean+ ( t abus$  ^w1 & to ascribe  
improp] motives to _! (ficial actions1 b
  p]sonal relations ) _m ( !m ?r\gh a   
long s]ies ( ye>s  conv9ces me t a v    
l>ge majority ( !m are m5 ( probity  &  
good int5tions1 seek+ to p]=m a public  
duty to ! ext5t  ( _! abilities4 ,!y are
 sure ( clamor\s condemnation = any     
errors ( commission or omission1 & v    
unc]ta9 ( comm5dation  = consci5ti\s    
att5tion to (ficial duties4 ,le/ ^!     
rem>ks  may be con/ru$ z undue flatt]y  

prompt$ by ! pres5ce "h (  s _m         
municipal (fic]s1 x may be add$ t !     
av]age ald]man  is incl9$ to be at times
 a bit self-op9ionat$ 9 8 views (       
public bus9ess1 or impati5t ) t phase ( 
x :i* he does n  directly control4 ,at  
lea/ ?is is s until 8 t]m is ne>+ its   
end4 ,un=tunately1 ! broad] & wid]      
outlook :i* exp]i5ce  always br+s to m5 
usually develops too late1 except 9     
cases (  re-election1 = s]vice dur+ 8   
own p]iod ( adm9i/ration1 &  _c be      
transmitt$ to 8 successor4 ,& t is :y1 r
 ?an  because ( d[nright di%one/y1 our  
city public works are frequ5tly         
defectively con/ruct$1 money is         
ne$lessly exp5d$ = c]ta9  purposes1 & n 
exp5d$ at all1 or insuffici5tly exp5d$ =
  o!rs1 :]e x w\ld br+ be/ results4     
,a municipality ought to be a bus9ess   
corporation purely1 manag$  on bus9ess  
pr9ciples by its bo>d ( tru/ees 7ald]m57
 & =  ! b5efit ( ! /ockhold]s 7taxpay]s 
& citiz5s74 ,l any  o!r bus9ess         
in/itution1 its managem5t %\ld c>efully 

consid]  its res\rces & apportion       
exp5ditures to secure l>ge/ returns  on 
inve/m5t4 ,& 9 ! case ( a municipality1 
! returns f  inve/m5ts embrace bo? !    
mat]ial com=ts & necessities (          
community life :i* are repres5t$ 9      
sanitation1 facilities =                
transportation1 = light+ & = adequate   
wat] supply1 & !  intellectual          
requirem5ts ( mod]n life :i* f9d _!     
expression 9  good public s*ools &      
well-adm9i/]$ libr>ies4    ,& ?is br+s u
 to a consid]ation ( ! "q imm$iately    
be=e u--! adm9i/ration ( public libr>y  
funds4 ,"s ye>s  ago a discussion ( ?is 
"q might h requir$ a prelim9>y          
apologetic ju/ification = ! exi/5ce (   
su* an in/itution z  a public libr>y4 ,!
 necessity = t sort ( ?+ has happily    
pass$1 j z ! ne$ = explanation 9 !      
reasonable exp5diture  ( public funds = 
public s*ools is no long] exi/5t4       
,nev]!less1  ! g5]al conception ( !     
possibilities ( usefulness 9 public     
libr>y "w rema9s imp]fectly develop$4 ,x

 w require "t &  pati5t ef=t to secure  
full recognition ( ! pot5t possibilities
  = ! good ( all ! p t may be realiz$   
?r\gh ! public  libr>y adequately       
ma9ta9$ & prop]ly adm9i/]$4 ,& h]e9     
lies ! crux ( ! "q4    ,t anecdote :i*  
,s\!r told ( himself w be> repetition4  
,meet+ an old woman "o /ormy day1 he    
resort$ to ! usual topic (  greet+3     
,dreadful wea!r1 isn't x8 he rem>k$4    
,?is 0 q obvi\s1 ( c\rse1 b ! old       
woman's rejo9d] 0  r philosophical4     
,any wea!r is bett] ?an none1 quo? %e4  
,?is philosophic way ( view+ a disc\rag+
 condition is1 ,i fe>1  b too true )    
ref]5ce to ! av]age public libr>y4 ,b   
any  libr>y is n necess>ily bett] ?an   
none4 ,! av]age municipality  is q      
likely to re/ satisfi$ ) prevail+       
conditions4 ,if  municipalities 71 l o!r
 bus9ess corporations1 subject$ to  !   
te/ ( competition1 _m ( !m w\ld be 9 !  
h&s ( !  %]iff4 ,no bus9ess man c       
survive today :o does n utilize mod]n   
progressive me?ods4 ,! successful       

bus9ess man today is he :o adopts  !    
pr9ciple t no results c be secur$ )\t   
c]ta9 outlays4  ,no f>m] w\ld conceive x
 prud5t to economize 9 ! plant+ ( 8     
se$4 ,if he did1 scanty crops w\ld      
conv9ce him ( ! error ( 8  me?ods4 ,&   
yet x is ?is error :i* _m cities & t[ns 
commit4  ,!y may possess libr>ies1 b !y 
grudg+ly all[ !m rev5ues  j suffici5t to
 keep !m f />vation4 ,9 ,wiscons9 we h a
  goodly p]c5tage ( public libr>ies t   
are 9 e way cr$itable1  b x is too true 
t !re are also _m :i* fail to realize _!
  full possibilities4    ,9 ord] t !    
maximum divid5d on ! inve/m5t may be    
realiz$1  x is ess5tial t a libr>y's    
res\rces %\ld p]mit3    #a4 ,! employm5t
 ( compet5t tra9$ s]vice4    #b4 ,!     
pur*ase ( books & magaz9es at frequ5t   
int]vals to keep  ! libr>y f go+ to se$4
    #c4 ,su* regulations t ! doors ( !  
in/itution %all be op5 at  lea/ z (t5 & 
z long e week z !y are all[$ to rema9   
clos$4    ,to effect ^! desid]ata1 !    
libr>y bo>ds %\ld be giv5  suffici5t    

funds1 ) due reg>d to economy (         
adm9i/ration4 ,x  is com+ to be         
recogniz$ t a libr>ian is expect$ to d m
  ?an h& out books ov] a c\nt] & take !m
 9 aga9--t !  up-to-date libr>ian mu/   
/udy ! social1 comm]cial & intellectual 
int]e/s ( ! community s z to make !     
libr>y a vital =ce  by provid+ !        
facilities = expansion ( ^! int]e/s4 ,! 
public s*ools educate ! av]age p]son    
dur+ an av]age p]iod  repres5t+ five    
ye>s ( 8 life2 ! public libr>y %\ld af=d
  facilities to p]sons ( e age & 9 e    
condition ( life =  cont9u+ "o's        
education indef9itely4 ,! public (fic]  
desir\s  ( asc]ta9+ ! be/ me?ods = pav+ 
/reets1 ! h\sewife  9 se>* ( receipts = 
! mo/ :olesome di%es = h] table1  !     
me*anic seek+ to bett] 8 condition by   
/udy+ ! late/  improvem5ts 9 8 craft1 ! 
=eign-born read] anxi\s =  lit]ature    
be>+ on ! duties ( citiz5%ip1 ! "y man  
engag$  9 s]i\s /udy ( curr5t           
que/ions--^! & e o!r man1  woman or *ild
 9 que/ ( in=mation1 %\ld h ! facilities

  (f]$ 9 ! public libr>ies to secure x  
fully1 n only by  p]sonal se>* along !  
%elves1 b ?r\gh ! ready1 helpful &      
sugge/ive assi/ance ( a libr>ian tra9$  
to f9d 9 a multitude  ( pr9t ! ess5tial 
facts :i* are want$4 ,individual cases  
c\ld  be cit$ by ! score to demon/rate  
:at a public libr>y c d =  ! p ( its    
community4 ,"o t came to my att5tion    
rec5tly  may be m5tion$4 ,a boy :o gave 
promise ( no virtues & _m  vices eng5d]$
 by idl5ess1 0 ! despair ( 8 p>5ts & !  
annoyance ( ! neighbors4 ,by *ance he   
w&]$ into ! ref]5ce  room ( ! libr>y 9 8
 t[n1 c>elessly pick$ up a book deal+  )
 inv5tions1 became int]e/$1 came aga91  
ask$ = & receiv$  m books on ! same     
topic & /udi$ !m ) increas+ int]e/4  ,f 
t day he became a *ang$ boy4 ,he _h f\nd
 a purpose 9  life4 ,today1 ?r\gh 8 own 
ef=ts1 he is tak+ ! eng9e]+  c\rse 9 a  
college1 he has secur$ a pat5t f !      
gov]nm5t =  a valuable inv5tion1 & he   
gives promise ( becom+ a lead] 9  8 *os5
 pr(ession4 ,9 a c]ta9 city ( ?is /ate  

:i* ne$ n  be designat$ by "n1 !re are  
l>ge manufactur+ int]e/s4 ,!re  is a    
public libr>y magnific5tly h\s$1 b until
 lately )\t an  appropriation = keep+ ! 
book pur*ases up-to-date4 ,workm5 7     
eag] to get books on electricity1 on    
g5]al me*anics & useful arts  effect+ _!
 daily labor1 b !re 7 no funds ) :i* to 
pur*ase !m2 naturally1 !y soon ceas$ _! 
visits to ! libr>y4  ,:5 ! ,free ,libr>y
 ,commission call$ ! att5tion ( ! heads 
(  ^! great indu/rial ent]prises to !   
condition ( affairs1 !y  imm$iately saw 
! advantage ( adequately support+ !     
libr>y4 ,x  did n take !m long to figure
 out t no *eap] me?od c\ld be  devis$ = 
improv+ ! product ( _! e/abli%m5ts & to 
create  an int]e/ among _! workm5 t w\ld
 make = great] indu/ry1  bett]          
workman%ip & consequ5tly increas$       
pr(its4 ,on _! "p  ! workm5 7 quick to  
see _! own advantage 9 increas$ wages 9 
proportion to increase 9 skill & output4
 ,z an economic proposition  ! net      
result is great] /ability 9 ! indu/rial 

life ( !  community--decreas$ labor     
tr\bles & increas$ confid5ce betwe5     
employ] & employ$4 ,a sociologi/ :o made
 a sy/ematic /udy (  a gr\p ( villages  
l>gely populat$ by work+m51 report$ t  !
 "o :i* %[$ greate/ evid5ce ( prosp]ity1
 cleanl9ess &  attractiv5ess ( homes    
g5]ally1 0 "o conspicu\s by reason ( its
  well-manag$ public libr>y4    ,!re is 
no *annel ( human usefulness :i* appeals
 s =cefully  to ! mod]n _s ( philan?ropy
 z ! public libr>y4 ,?is  g5]osity w\ld1
 ,i d\bt n1 be greatly multipli$ 7 !re  
any  assurance t ! communities to be    
b5efit$ w\ld prop]ly ma9ta9  !          
in/itution giv5 to x4 ,purely z a matt] 
( bus9ess1 x pays  to support a libr>y  
dec5tly4 ,b deep] ?an ?is lies ! motive 
t %\ld actuate any city or t[n to erect 
)9 its mid/ an  in/itution t mu/ /& z ! 
expon5t ( its intellectual & to  "s     
ext5t its social life4    ,! problem    
be=e u1 said ,l[ell _m ye>s ago1 is to  
make a  :ole ( _m discordant p>ts1 our  
_m =eign elem5ts2 & ,i "k  ( no way 9   

:i* ?is c bett] be done ?an by provid+ a
 common  sy/em ( education1 & a common  
door ( access to ! be/ books by  :i* t  
education may be cont9u$1 broad5$ & made
 fruitful4    ,^! words are z true today
 z :5 !y 7 utt]$4          ,,footnotes3 
#a ,address deliv]$ on behalf ,league ( 
,libr>y ,commissions1  ,a%eville        
,conf]5ce ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 ,may #bg1 #aijg4 
#b ,george ,eliot1 ,middlem>*4    #c    
,read be=e ! ,new ,york ,libr>y         
,association at ,ha9es ,falls1 ,sept4   
#bh1 #aiae4    #d ,pa9t]4 ,hi/ory (     
,education4    #e ,"o devotes !reto a   
column & a half ( #agcf columns 9 !     
volume1 & ! o!r devotes #cg columns to !
 subject ( ! #adhj  columns conta9$ 9 "o
 ( ! five volumes ( ! "w4    #f ,libr>y 
,j\rnal4    #g ,l[e4 ,lit]ature =       
,*ildr54    #h ,ne>+1 ,scott4 ,! ,new   
,education4    #i ,hodgson1 ,elizabe?4  
,! ,adolesc5t's ,prejudice ,aga9/ !     
,classics4 ,engli% ,j\rnal1 ,sept41     
#aiae4    #aj ,presid5t's address at    
,kaat]skill ,conf]5ce1 ,am]ican ,libr>y 

,association1 ,june1 #aiac4    #aa      
,extracts f a pap] 9 ! ,educational     
,bi-mon?ly1 ,april1  #aiaj1 entitl$1 ,! 
,*icago ,public ,libr>y & ,co-op]ation )
 !  ,s*ools4    #ab ,extracts f booklet1
 ,books = ! ,p1 #aijh4    #ac ,!        
,municipality1 ,dec41 #aije4            
,transcrib]'s ,notes3      ,"s spell+   
has be5 normaliz$4      ,v>iations 9    
hyph5ation & acc5tuation 7 ma9ta9$4     
,italiciz$ words & phrases are pres5t$  
by surr\nd+ ! text    ) und]scores4     
,! signature ( ,j4 ,*ri/ian ,bay :o     
wrote ! ,preface is 9 all    capitals4  
,9 orig9al book & 9 html v]sion x is 9  
small    capitals4