,,pax ,,mundi4 ,,pax ,,mundi ,a ,,concise ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,movem5t ,,= ,,peace ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,arbitration1 ,,neutralization1 ,,int]national ,,law ,,& ,,dis>mam5t ,,by ,k4,p4 ,,arnoldson ,memb] ( ! ,second ,*amb] ( ! ,sw$i% ,riksdag ,,au?oriz$ ,,engli% ,,edition ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,! ,,bi%op ,,( ,,durham ,illu/ration ,london ,,swan ,,sonn5s*e9 ,,co4 ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e #ahib ,,butl] ,,tann]1 ,,! ,,selwood ,,pr9t+ ,,works1 ,,frome1 ,,& ,,london4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,arbitration #h ,,neutrality #dj ,,fur!r ,,developm5ts #hb ,,! ,,prospects #ach ,,app5dix #afe ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,?is little "w1 writt5 by "o :o has long be5 kn[n z a consi/5t & able advocate ( ! views h]e9 ma9ta9$1 has be5 translat$ by a lady :o has already r5d]$ great s]vices to ! cause1 9 ! belief t x w be f\nd useful by ! increas+ numb] ( ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! movem5t = ! sub/itution ( ,law = ,w> 9 int]national affairs4 ,j4,f4,g4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,engli% ,,edition4 ,x is natural t ! advocates ( int]national ,peace %\ld sometimes gr[ disc\rag$ & impati5t ?r\gh :at !y are tempt$ to consid] ! sl[ progress ( _! cause4 ,sudd5 outbur/s ( popul> feel+1 selfi% plans = national aggr&isem5t1 unremov$ causes ( antipa?y betwe5 neighb\rs1 lead !m to ov]look ! g5]al t5d5cy ( circum/ances & op9ions :i*1 :5 x is reg>d$ on a l>ge scale1 is suffici5t to ju/ify _! l(tie/ hopes4 ,x is ?is g5]al t5d5cy ( ?\ght & fact1 correspond+ to ! matur] gr[? ( peoples1 :i* br+s to u ! c]ta9 assurance t ! ,angelic ,hymn :i* welcom$ ! ,bir? ( ,*ri/ advances1 sl[ly x may be z m5 c\nt sl[ness1 b at lea/ unmi/akably1 t[>ds fulfilm5t4 ,!re are pauses & int]ruptions 9 ! movem5t2 b1 on ! :ole1 no "o :o pati5tly reg>ds ! c\rse ( human hi/ory c d\bt t we are draw+ ne>] f g5]ation to g5]ation to a practical s5se ( t bro!rhood & t solid>ity ( m5--bo? words are necess>y--:i* f9d _! f\ndation & _! cr[n 9 ! message ( ! ,gospel4 ,"u ?is aspect ! ,essay ( ,mr4 ,arnoldson is ( great value1 z giv+ a calm & compreh5sive view ( ! progress ( ! c\rse ( ,peace dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 & ( ! influ5ces :i* are likely to accel]ate its progress 9 ! ne> future4 ,mr4 ,arnoldson1 :o1 z a memb] ( ! ,sw$i% ,p>liam5t1 is a practical /atesman1 indulges 9 no illusions4 ,! fulness ) :i* he dwells on ! political problems ( ,sc&9avia %[s t he is n incl9$ to =get practical que/ions "u ! attraction ( spl5did !ories4 ,he m>ks ! *ief dang]s :i* ?reat5 ! peace ( ,europe1 )\t ! lea/ sign ( dissembl+ _! gravity4 ,& look+ /eadily ^u !m1 he rema9s bold 9 hope2 = confid5ce 9 a great cause does n come f disreg>d+ or disp>ag+ ! difficulties by :i* x is beset1 b f ! reasonable conviction t !re are =ces at "w :i* are adequate to ov]come !m4 ,we believe t x is s 9 ! case ( a policy ( ,peace2 & ! facts to :i* ,mr4 ,arnoldson directs att5tion amply ju/ify ! belief4 ,x is ( great significance t s9ce #agid !re h be5 at lea/ sixty-sev5 in/ances 9 :i* disputes ( a m5ac+ "* h be5 av]t$ by arbitration2 & p]haps ! unque/ion+ acceptance by ,engl& ( ! ,g5evan aw>d w h]eaft] be reckon$ z "o ( h] noble/ s]vices to ! _w4 ,x is no less important t s9ce ! pr9ciple ( arbitration 0 solemnly recognis$ by ! ,congress ( ,p>is 9 #ahef1 arbitral clauses h be5 introduc$ into _m treaties1 :ile ! "q ( e/abli%+ a univ]sal sy/em ( int]national arbitration has be5 ent]ta9$ & discuss$ sympa!tically by _m p>liam5ts4 ,at ! same "t ,mr4 ,arnoldson ju/ly insi/s on ! /eady increase ( ! p[] ( neutrals4 ,)\t accept+ ! possibility ( a ,neutral ,league1 he po9ts out h[ a necess>y reg>d to ! int]e/s ( neutrals re/ra9s ! p[]s :i* are m$itat+ w>4 ,& ,i _c b believe t he is "r :5 he sugge/s t ! problems ( ! neutralization ( ,sc&9avia1 ( ,alsace & ,lorra9e1 ( ! ,balkan ,/ates1 ( ! ,bosphorus & ,d>danelles1 dem& ! att5tion ( all :o seek to ha/5 ! com+ peace4 ,x w\ld be easy to ov]rate ! direct value ( ^! facts2 b _! value z signs ( ! direction 9 :i* public op9ion is rapidly mov+ c h>dly be ov]rat$4 ,!y are symptoms ( a gr[+ recognition ( ! obligations ( man to man1 & ( p to p1 ( our common human int]e/s & ( our univ]sal int]dep5d5ce4 ,i %\ld n lay great /ress on ! det]r5t p[] ( ! prospect ( ! ru9\s losses & desolations likely to foll[ f future w>s4 ,a great pr9ciple might well dem& f a nation great sacrifices2 & ! v /r5g? ( a policy ( ,peace lies 9 ! po/ponem5t ( mat]ial int]e/s to human duties4 ,b none ! less ! wide expansion ( comm]cial & social int]c\rse1 jo9t ent]prises1 ev5 rivalries n always ung5]\s1 ex]cise a salut>y influ5ce ^u ! feel+ ( nation = nation1 & make :at 7 once reg>d$ z natural animosities no long] possible4 ,"u ! action ( ^! =ces we are le>n+ m & m to endeav\r to reg>d debat$ que/ions f ! po9t ( sight ( our adv]s>ies1 to take acc\nt ( _! reasonable aspirations1 to make all[ance = _! difficulties1 ev5 to consid] h[ !y c be/ r5d] _! appropriate s]vice to ! race1 :ile we /rive no less resolutely to keep or to secure ! p[] ( fulfill+ our own4 ,we c\ld n reg>d our enemies z our gr&fa!rs reg>d$ !irs4 ,already ! conviction beg9s to make itself felt t ! loss ( "o p is ! loss ( all4 ,mean:ile ! gr[? ( popul> p[] & popul> responsibility br+s a wid] & m collective judgm5t to be> ^u national que/ions4 ,! masses ( peoples h m 9 common ?an _! lead]s1 among :om individual "* has full] developm5t4 ,! av]age op9ion ( m51 :5 ! facts are set =?1 responds to pleas ( fell[%ip & righte\sness1 & t5ds to become dom9ant4 ,su* influ5ces 9 fav\r ( int]national ,peace spr+ out ( /eady movem5ts :i*1 z !y cont9ue1 w increase !m4 ,! pa/ does n limit _! p[]1 b simply reveals ! l9e ( _! action4 ,above all1 !y correspond ) t view ( our ,*ri/ian fai? :i* ! ,holy ,_s is disclos+ to u by means ( ! trials ( our age4 ,?r\gh _m sorr[s & _m disappo9tm5ts we are le>n+ t ! fact ( ! ,inc>nation assures to u ! unity ( m5 & classes & nations2 & a wid] /udy ( hi/ory1 :i* is n[ possible1 %[s t ! c\rse ( ev5ts makes = ! e/abli%m5t ( t unity = :i* we 7 creat$4 ,i _c !re=e b hope t ! ,essay ( ,mr4 ,arnoldson1 :i* gives sub/antial evid5ce ( ! reality & gr[? ( ?is movem5t t[>ds ,peace1 w confirm 9 c\rage\s & pati5t lab\r = an assur$ end all :o jo9 9 ! pray] t x may please ,god to give to all nations unity1 peace1 & concord4 ,b4,f4 ,,dunelm4 ,,auckl& ,,ca/le1 ,octob] #ad?1 #ahia4 ,,pax ,,mundi4 ,,introduction4 ,x 0 ! small beg9n+ ( a great matt] :51 on ,decemb] #bbnd1 #afbj1 a hundr$ ,puritans l&$ f ! %ip ,mayfl[] ^u ! rocky %ore ( ! ,new ,_w1 hav+1 dur+ ! voyage1 sign$ a con/itution to be obs]v$ by ! coloni/s4 ,^! pi\s pilgrims 7 guid$ by ! conception ( religi\s fre$om :i* %\ld con/ruct = !m !re a new k+dom4 ,!y _h1 say ! annali/s ( ! colony1 cross$ ! _w's sea & _h rea*$ _! goal2 b no fri5d came =? to meet !m2 no h\se (f]$ !m %elt]4 ,& x 0 mid-w9t]4 ,^? :o "k t di/ant clime1 "k h[ bitt] are ! w9t]s & h[ dang]\s ! /orms :i* at t season ravage ! coa/4 ,x 7 bad en\gh 9 simil> circum/ances to travel 9 a well-kn[n region2 b h[ mu* worse :5 x is a "q ( seek+ to settle on an entirely unkn[n %ore4 ,!y saw ar\nd !m only a b>e1 *e]less c\ntry1 fill$ ) wild animals & inhabit$ by m5 ( que/ionable disposition & 9 unkn[n numb]s4 ,! c\ntry 0 froz5 & ov]gr[n ) woods & ?ickets4 ,! :ole aspect 0 wild2 & beh9d !m lay ! measureless ocean1 :i* sev]$ !m f ! civiliz$ _w4 ,com=t & hope 7 to be f\nd only 9 turn+ _! gaze heav5w>d4 ,t !y did conqu] t ungrateful l& & op5 ! way = ! b\ndless /ream ( immigration :i* = wellnigh ?ree c5turies has unceas+ly p\r$ 91 mu/ f9d its explanation 9 ! fai? t upheld _! ways amid ! dang]s ( ! wild]ness1 amid ! hung]1 cold1 & all mann] ( di%e>t5+ ?+s1 & gave !m t p[] :i* remov$ m\nta9s & made ! des]t bloom4 ,^! ,puritans1 /rong 9 fai?1 7 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,new ,_w's greatness2 & _! _s spoke out to ! ,old ,_w 9 ! greet+ ) :i* ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates consecrat$ ! fir/ transatlantic telegraph cable 9 #ahff3-- ,glory be to ,god 9 ! highe/1 & on e>? peace1 goodwill to m54 ,:5 ?is message came to u1 ! ro> ( cannon 0 b newly hu%$1 & ! man ( blood & iron _h victori\sly set 8 foot ^u "o ( ,europe's great p[]s2 ! same ,au/ria :i* s9ce !n has1 by ! ,triple ,alliance1 unit$ its w>like /r5g? ) ,g]many4 ,b t message has n be5 an unhe$$ s\nd to all2 especially to ^? ^: w>n+ voices ! p nev] li/5 to be=e ! mis=tune falls1 b :o are always ju/ifi$ aft] x has /ruck4 ,yes6 p]*ance 9 ! ne> future x may aga9 appeal to _! reason1 & f9d a he>+ only :5 ,europe has fall5 into untold mis]ies aft] ano!r w>4 ,:ile m5ac+ =ebod+s ( ?is long expect$ w> 7 spread+ 9 ! summ] ( #ahhg ?r\gh v>i\s p>ts ( our cont95t1 a little company ( c\rage\s m51 /rong 9 fai?1 l ! pi\s pilgrims ( ! ,mayfl[]1 ga!r$ toge!r = ! voyage across ! sea to ! ,new ,_w1 !re to lay ! f\ndation ( a la/+ "w = peace4 ,_! fir/ object 0 to pres5t to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & to ,congress an address aim+ at ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,c\rt ( ,arbitration1 qualifi$ to deal ) disputes :i* might arise betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 t address1 sign$ by #bgj ,memb]s ( ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t1 allusion 0 made to ! resolutions on peace :i* f "t to "t _h be5 br\ght into ,congress2 & ^? :o und]sign$ x decl>$ !mselves ready to br+ all _! influ5ce to be> 9 induc+ ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,great ,brita9 to accept ! proposition :i* %\ld come f ! ,congress4 ,among/ ^? :o sign$ x 71 besides _m di/+ui%$ ,memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 sev]al pe]s1 includ+ "s ( ! bi%ops4 ,! address 0 pres5t$ to ,presid5t ,clevel& on ,octob] #ca/1 by a deputation ( twelve ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 ^: spokesman1 ,mr4 ,&rew ,c>negie1 9 8 introductory spee*1 said3 ,few ev5ts 9 ! _w's hi/ory w\ld rank ) ! mak+ ( su* a treaty4 ,p]haps only two 9 our own c\ntry's hi/ory c\ld fitly be comp>$ ) x4 ,wa%+ton's adm9i/ration e/abli%$ ! republic2 ,l9coln's adm9i/ration aboli%$ human slav]y4 ,we fondly hope1 sir1 t x may be res]v$ = y\rs to conclude a treaty n only ) ! gov]nm5t ( ! o!r great ,engli%-speak+ nation1 b ) o!r l&s z well1 :i* %all h5ce=? & = ev] secure to ^? nations ! bless+s ( mutual peace & goodwill4 ,! conclusion ( su* a treaty w h done mu* to remove f humanity its greate/ /a9--! kill+ ( man by man4 ,& we v5ture to hope1 t if ! two great nations "h repres5t$ set su* an example1 o!r nations may be induc$ to foll[ x1 & w> be ?us ultimately bani%$ f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! ,presid5t's fav\rable answ] he m5tion$ t no nation 9 its moral & mat]ial developm5t c\ld %[ m victories 9 ! doma9 ( peace ?an ! ,am]ican2 & x appe>$ to him t ! l& :i* _h produc$ su* pro(s ( ! bless+s ( peace1 & !re=e ne$ n fe> be+ accus$ ( weakness1 mu/ be 9 a specially fav\rable position to li/5 to a proposal l ! pres5t2 :]e=e he receiv$ x ) pleasure & satisfaction4 ,a week lat]1 ,nov4 #h?1 ! son-9-law ( ,que5 ,victoria1 ! ,m>quis ( ,lorne1 presid$ ov] a great meet+ 9 ,london1 at :i* _m em95t m5 7 pres5t4 ,! *airman emphatically rem>k$ 9 8 spee*1 t ! settlem5t ( int]national disputes by a ,c\rt ( ,arbitration has ! advantage t1 ?r\gh ! delay :i* is necess>y1 ! fir/ excitem5t has "t to cool4 ,! meet+ decl>$ itself unanim\sly 9 fav\r ( ! propos$ memorial4 ,!reupon foll[$ _m simil> expressions ( op9ion 9 ,engl&1 :il/ simultane\sly 9 tw5ty ( ! l>ge/ cities ( ,nor? ,am]ica mass meet+s 7 held1 :i* ) unanim\s en?usiasm gave adhesion to ! cause1 & petitions ( ! same "* fl[$ 9 to ! ,presid5t & ,congress f ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! great republic4 ,enc\rag$ by ^! prep>atory movem5ts among/ ! two great ,engli%-speak+ peoples1 ,m4 ,frdric ,passy1 ) o!r ,memb]s ( ! ,legislative ,assembly ( ,france1 plac$ himself at ! head ( a movem5t to petition ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 reque/+ t x %\ld conclude an ,arbitration ,treaty ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,su* a memorial1 be>+ ! signatures ( #aab deputies & #af s5ators1 0 receiv$ ) mu* int]e/ by ! ,presid5t4 ,on ,april #ba/1 #ahhh1 ,passy & =ty-f\r o!r deputies mov$ a resolution 9 ! ,*amb] to ! same effect2 & ! idea has be5 c>ri$ =w>d 9 _m ways s9ce !n1 especially by a petition to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ?ree ,int]national ,congresses held 9 ,p>is1 ,june #bcrd-#cj?1 #ahhi4 ,,arbitration4 ,%\ld ^! ef=ts lead 9 ! ne> future to ! int5d$ result1 ,int]national ,law w\ld !reby h made an important progress4 ,x c no long] be d5i$ t ,int]national ,law does actually exi/2 b we und]value its significance because we are impati5t4 ,we d n notice ! advances x has made because !y h be5 small2 b !y h be5 num]\s2 & sl[ly1 /ep by /ep1 int]national jurisprud5ce has progress$4 ,?is affects n only ! awak5+ s5se ( ju/ice & ackn[l$g$ pr9ciples1 b also _! application1 :i* f ! days ( ,hugo ,grotius1 #bej ye>s ago1 d[n to ,m>t5s1 ,blunts*li1 ,calvo1 & o!r mo/ di/+ui%$ juri/s ( our day1 has be5 ! subject ( great s*ol>ly activity1 by means ( :i* ! v>i\s regulations ( jurisprud5ce h little by little be5 piec$ toge!r into a f\ndation & sub/ance ( univ]sally accept$ law4 ,:at has be5 mo/ g5]ally done to ga9 ! object 9 view has be5 ! ,,ins]tion ,,( ,,arbitral ,,clauses 9 treaties :i* 7 be+ conclud$ or _h already be5 conclud$ 9 ref]5ce to o!r que/ions4 ,9 ?is direction ,,signor ,,manc9i ( ,italy has be5 especially active4 ,z dur+ ! "t he 0 ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs he _h ! conclud+ ( a great numb] ( treaties betwe5 ,italy & o!r c\ntries1 he made use ( ! opportunity to ins]t into almo/ all--9 n9ete5 in/ances#a--;an arbitral clause4 ,we h examples ( treaties ) su* clauses 9 ! comm]cial treaty betwe5 ,italy & ,engl&1 #ahhc2 ,norway1 ,sw$51 & ,spa91 by a supplem5t 9 #ahhg2 also ,engl& & ,greece1 #ahhf4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ two agreem5ts1 all disputes ab\t ! "r und]/&+ ( ! treaties %all be settl$ by arbitration1 z soon z x becomes app>5t t x is va9 to hope = a fri5dly arrangem5t4 ,9 ! ,greco-,engli% treaty x is fur!r /ipulat$ t all disputes :i* directly or indirectly may arise 9 consequ5ce ( t treaty always %all1 if !y _c be amicably arrang$1 be ref]r$ to a committee ( arbitration1 :i* %all be nom9at$ by ea* p>ty ) a l numb] ( memb]s2 also t if ?is committee _c agree1 !re %all be appo9t$ a tribunal ( arbitration1 ^: decision bo? nations b9d !mselves to accept4 ,! idea ( conclud+ di/9ct ,,treaties ,,( ,,arbitration1 or ( giv+ a widely ext5d$ range to arbitral clauses1 s t !y %\ld affect ! :ole relation ( ! contract+ p>ties to "o ano!r1 is comp>atively new4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ,mr4 ,william ,jay 0 ! fir/ :o 9 mod]n times advocat$ ?is idea1 9 a "w :i* came out 9 ,new ,york 9 #ahdb1 & 9 :i* he propos$3 t 9 ! next treaty betwe51 = example1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,france1 x %\ld be /at$ t 9 case any dispute %\ld arise betwe5 ! two nations1 n only 9 respect ( ! int]pretation ( t treaty1 b also 9 respect ( any o!r subject :atev]1 ! dispute %\ld be settl$ by means ( an arbitration by "o or m fri5dly p[]s4 ,a simil> proposition 0 pres5t$ to ,"l ,cl>5don 9 #ahec4 ,by s5d+ a deputation to ! pl5ipot5ti>ies at ! ,,congress ,,at ,,p>is 9 #ahef1 ! ,engli% ,peace ,society succe$$ 9 induc+ !m to introduce into1 "o ( ! protocols a solemn recognition ( ! pr9ciple ( ,arbitration4 ,9 ! "n ( _! gov]nm5ts !y express$ ! wi% t ! /ates betwe5 :i* any s]i\s misund]/&+ %\ld arise1 %\ld1 z f> z circum/ances p]mitt$1 submit ! "q to ! arbitration ( a fri5dly p[] be=e resort+ to arms4 ,?is proposition1 :i* 0 unanim\sly adopt$1 0 made by ,"l ,cl>5don1 ! repres5tative ( ,engl&1 & support$ by ! emiss>ies ( ,france1 ,prussia1 & ,italy1--,walewsky1 ,manteufel1 & ,cav\r4 ,b ! fir/ movem5t 9 fav\r ( indep5d5t ,treaties ( ,arbitration came up 9 a petition 9 #ahdg1 f ! ,engli% ,peace ,society to ,p>liam5t4 ,! next ye> ?is subject 0 discuss$ 9 ! ,peace ,congress at ,brussels4 ,a few mon?s lat]1 ,cobd5 br\ght =w>d 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons an address to ! ,gov]nm5t1 ) ! reque/ t ! ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs %\ld be *>g$ to invite =eign p[]s to ent] into treaties ) ?is object4 ,! proposal 0 9 ! beg9n+ receiv$ ) a/oni%m5t & scorn2 b call$ =? lat] an e>ne/ & important debate4 ,ab\t six ye>s lat]1 ,,h5ry ,,ri*>d drew ! att5tion ( _m influ5tial memb]s ( ! ,am]ican ,congress to ! relations :i* 7 felt to be fav\rable = try+ to arrange a treaty ( arbitration betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,am]ican /atesm51 less b\nd by ! old traditions ( ,european diplomacy w\ld1 x 0 ?\ght1 be able ) great] fre$om to attempt su* a novelty4 ,! replies to ?is application 7 v fav\rable & enc\rag+1 & 9 v>i\s ways s9ce !n attempts h be5 made to realize ! idea4 ,,9 ,,_m ,,p>liam5ts f "t to "t propositions 9 ?is direction h be5 br\ght =w>d & approv$4 ,on ,july #h?1 #ahgc1 ,h5ry ,ri*>d br\ght be=e ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t a proposition reque/+ ! ,gov]nm5t to invite negotiation ) =eign p[]s = creat+ a univ]sal & well-e/abli%$ int]national sy/em ( arbitration4 ,! !n ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,glad/one1 express$ himself z fav\rable to1 ! proposal1 b advis$ its be+ )drawn4 ,ri*>d1 nev]!less1 p]si/$ t x %\ld be dealt )1 & obta9$ ! rem>kable result1 t x 0 c>ri$ ) a majority ( t54 ,?is example 0 foll[$ by ! ,,italian ,,*amb] ,,( ,,deputies1 ,nov4 #bd? ( ! same ye>2 & aga9 on ,july #ab?1 #ahij2b by ! ,,/ates ,,g5]al ,,( ,,holl&1 ,nov4 #bg?1 #ahgd2 by ! ,,belgian ,,*amb] ,,( ,,repres5tatives1 ,dec4 #ai?1 #ahge2 & %ortly aft] by ! ,,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & ,,congress also1 ,june #ag?1 #ahgd2 & ,april #d?1 #ahij4 ,! la/-nam$ resolution ( ,congress _h be5 accept$ by ! ,s5ate1 ,feb4 #ae? ( ! same ye>1 be+ recomm5d$ by ! ,committee on ,=eign ,affairs1 & runs ?us3-- ,! ,presid5t be1 & is h]eby reque/$ to invite f "t to "t1 z fit occasions may arise1 negotiations ) any gov]nm5t ) :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates has or may h diplomatic relations1 to ! end t any difficulties or disputes aris+ betwe5 !m1 :i* _c be adju/$ by diplomatic ag5cy1 may be ref]r$ to arbitration1 & be peaceably adju/$ by su* means4 ,on ,may #i?1 #ahij1 ,don ,arturo de ,m>co>tu mov$ 9 ! ,,spani% ,,s5ate t ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t %\ld ent] into relations ) o!r ,european p[]s to br+ ab\t a p]man5t tribunal ( arbitration 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! mov] propos$ t ! /ates %\ld come to an agreem5t ^u a g5]al truce = five ye>s4 ,9 t int]val a congress ( emiss>ies f all ! ,european ,gov]nm5ts & ,p>liam5ts %\ld be call$ toge!r4 ,! bus9ess ( ! congress %\ld be to "w out a code ( int]national law4 ,! proposition 0 urg$1 especially ) reg>d to ! necessity ( f9d+ a reasonable solution ( ! great social "q1 s9ce all ef=t 9 t direction appe>s to be hopeless s long z ! sav+s ( ! nations are swall[$ up by milit>y exp5diture4 ,! ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs reque/$ ! ,s5ate to take ! proposition into s]i\s consid]ation1 & on ,june #ad? ! ,s5ate resolv$ to au?orize ! ,gov]nm5t to ent] into negotiations ) =eign p[]s = ! object indicat$4 ,nei!r are ! ,sc&9avian ,p>liam5ts unaffect$ by ?is movem5t4 ,z f> back z #ahfi ! "q ( arbitration 0 moot$ 9 ! ,,sw$i% ,,p>liam5t by ,jonas ,jonass54 ,9 #ahgd he propos$ 9 ! second *amb] t ,p>liam5t %\ld submit to ! ,k+ t x w\ld behove 8 maje/y on all occasions t might pres5t !mselves to support ! negotiations :i* =eign p[]s might op5 ) ,sw$5 or ) ea* o!r ) ref]5ce to ! creation ( a tribunal ( arbitration = ! solv+ ( int]national disputes4 ,! committee :i* dealt ) ! proposition advis$ its acceptance4 ,! ,l[] ,h\se pass$ x1 ,m>* #ba/1 by sev5ty-"o votes aga9/ sixty-f\r2 b ! ,upp] ,h\se reject$ x4 ,! mis]able deal+ ( ! ,p>liam5t ( #ahij ) ! "q ,i %all h occasion to ref] to fur!r on4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ! "q made surpris+ advance 9 ,,norway4 ,on ,m>* #e? ! ,/ort+ vot$ on ! motion ( ,ullmann & _m o!rs1 by eighty-n9e votes aga9/ tw5ty-f\r1 an address to ! ,k+1 :i* beg9s ?us3-- ,! ,/ort+ h]eby respectfully approa*es y\r ,maje/y1 ) ! reque/ t y\r ,maje/y w make use ( ! au?ority giv5 by ! con/itution 9 seek+ to ent] into agreem5ts ) =eign p[]s1 = ! settl+ by arbitration ( disputes :i* may arise betwe5 ,norway & ^? p[]s4 ,& concludes ) ^! words3-- ,9 ! full assurance t :at ! ,/ort+ "h reque/s w be an unqualifi$ b5efit to our p1 x is h]eby submitt$ t y\r ,maje/y %\ld take ! necess>y /eps indicat$4 ,a simil> resolution 0 v ne> be+ vot$ by ! ,,dani% ,,folket+ 9 #ahge4 ,! proposition z br\ght =w>d 01 ,may #ac?1 unanim\sly recomm5d$ by ! committee 9 *>ge1 b on acc\nt ( ! dissolution ( ! ,h\se two days lat]1 c\ld n be act$ ^u4 ,sev]al ye>s ago a petition 0 circulat$ 9 ! v>i\s di/ricts ( ,d5m>k1 by :i* ,p>liam5t 0 urg$ to co-op]ate z e>ly z possible 9 br++ ab\t a p]man5t ,sc&9avian treaty ( arbitration4 ,9 su* a treaty1 b9d+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance = ?irty ye>s1 ! petition affirms t ! ?ree nor!rn k+doms w h an effici5t moral support :5 !re is occasion to )/& ! ef=ts ( ! great p[]s to entice or to ?reat5 any ( !m to take "p 9 w> z allies on "o side or ! o!r4 ,su* a treaty w1 !re=e1 9 great measure s]ve to pres]ve ! neutrality ( ! nor!rn k+doms1 & !reby _! la/+ indep5d5ce4 ,?is petition 0 dealt ) 9 ! ,folket+1 ,m>* #bg?1 #ahhh4 ,aft] a %ort discussion1 ! foll[+ motion ( ,f4 ,baj] 0 pass$ by fifty votes aga9/ sixte54 ,s9ce ! ,folket+ agrees ) ! wi% express$ 9 ! petition1 provid$ x is %>$ by ! o!r ,/ates )\t :om x _c be c>ri$ out1 ! ,h\se passes on to ! ord] ( ! day4 ,9 8 little pap]3 ,on ! ,prev5tion ( ,w> by ,arbitration1 ,f4 ,baj] writes3 ,x may c]ta9ly be grant$1 t a little ,/ate l ,d5m>k _c well "w at ! creation ( a ,european tribunal ( arbitration1 s f> z t means sett+ itself at ! head ( a movem5t = invit+ ! o!r ,european ,/ates to a ,congress by :i* its creation %all be adopt$4 ,b a little ,/ate l ,d5m>k c always d some?+ 9 ! direction ( arbitration betwe5 ,/ates4 ,x c br+ ! matt] a practical /ep =w>d by apply+ fir/ to ! o!r small ,/ates1 especially to ! neighb\r ,/ates ( ,sw$5 & ,norway1 & propos+ to !m t mutual disputes %all 9 future1 z f> z possible1 be settl$ by arbitration :5 o!r means h fail$4 ,! relations betwe5 ! ?ree nor!rn k+doms are inde$ n[ s fri5dly t a w> betwe5 !m c h>dly be ?\ght ( = a mom5t4 ,b--z 0 said 9 confirmation ( ! resolution 9 ! fir/ nor!rn ,peace ,meet+1 respect+ a p]man5t arbitration treaty betwe5 ! ?ree k+doms--!y h c>ri$ on _m bloody int]nec9e w>s1 :i* h only b5efit$ _! p[]ful neighb\rs1 b h be5 9 ! highe/ degree injuri\s to !mselves2 & ! possibility ( w> betwe5 ! ?ree nor!rn k+doms is n exclud$ s long z !y are n simultane\sly neutraliz$1 or 9 "s o!r way engag$ to c>ry out a common =eign policy4 ,x is no long] ago ?an #ahgc t ! s-call$ pilots' w> 9 ,o]esund caus$ mu* bad blood among relatives on bo? sides ( ! s\nd4 ,t t 0 settl$ au?oritatively by ! mutual decl>ation ( ! #ad? ( ,augu/ is due to circum/ances on ^: cont9uance = ! future x is n possible to reckon4 ,_h a /ra9$ relation at ! same "t obta9$ betwe5 "o or m ( ! great p[]s )9 or )\t ! ,baltic ports1 & _h ^! endeav\r$ to s[ discord betwe5 ! coa/ p[]s1 t !y might fi% 9 ! tr\bl$ wat]s1 & fea!r _! own ne/s by gett+ ^! small /ates z _! allies2 & if "o p[] _h got ,d5m>k1 b its enemy got ,sw$5-,norway z an ally--a new nor!rn fratricidal w> w\ld h brok5 out4 ,ev5 if su* a future possibility _c be entirely eradicat$ by a mutual arbitration treaty among/ ! nor!rn nations1 a new gu>antee = peace w\ld be secur$4 7,blunts*li's expression47 ,= ! small nor!rn k+doms w\ld by su* a treaty acquire an excell5t moral support :5 x came to )/&+ ! attempt ( ! great p[]s to entice or ?reat5 !m into tak+ "p 9 w>s z _! allies4 ,su* a p>ticipation is always a dang]\s game1 because1 z hi/ory %[s1 ! small ,/ates lose r ?an ga94 ,! small ,/ates are us$ z c\nt]s = ! great ones to play )4 ,at ?is po9t we may rem>k1 t z f> back z #ahdh1 ! same ye> t ! ,peace ,congress 0 held 9 ,brussels1 ,feb4 #bnd1 a treaty 7! ,guadal\pe-,hidalgo ,treaty7 0 conclud$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica & ,mexico1 conta9+ a clause t a committee ( arbitration %all settle1 n only su* diff]5ces z may arise directly conc]n+ t treaty1 b also %all1 z ! highe/ au?ority1 adjudicate z f> z possible all disputes :i* may arise betwe5 ! high contract+ ,/ates4#c ,,switz]l& conclud$1 ,july #bj?1 #ahfd1 a simil> treaty ) ! ,,hawaian ,,isl&s1 & on ,octob] #cj? ) ,,san ,,salvador4#d ,siam1 ^: mon>* has giv5 _m pro(s ( sympa?y = ,osk> ,,ii41 conclud$ a simil> treaty1 ,may #ah?1 #ahfh1 ) ! ,,unit$ ,,k+doms1 & also ) ,,belgium1 ,aug4 #bi? ( ! same ye>4#e ,! ,,c5tral & ,,s\? ,,am]ican ,,republics1 ,,honduras1 & ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,colombia did ! same :5 on ,april #aj?1 #ahhb1 !y sign$ an arbitration treaty betwe5 !mselves4#f ,s9ce t "t ?is vigor\s idea has gr[n into ! ,,c5tral ,,& ,,s\? ,,am]ican ,,arbitration ,,league1 & is n[ mak+ good way t[>ds be+ appli$ to ! :ole ( ,am]ica4 ,! "q n[ is1 :e!r ! ,,value ,,( ,,peace ,,treaties1 9 g5]al or 9 p>ticul>1 :i* are e/abli%$ betwe5 mutually di/ant small ,/ates c be e/imat$ z highly z ! good int5tion ( _! creation1 :i* is habitually ackn[l$g$ to be good8 ,are !y some?+ to be dep5d$ ^u8 ,w !y be c>ri$ into effect8 ,t dep5ds 9 ! fir/ place ^u :at is meant by peace treaties4 ,if ref]5ce is made to c]ta9 int]national settlem5ts :i* ! conqu]$1 ) hatr$ 9 _! he>ts1 ble$+1 ^u _! knees 7 ,,=c$ to accept1 we may at once grant t !y imply no security = peace1 b1 on ! contr>y1 are a fre% s\rce ( w>like complications4 ,?us1 = example1 ! conclusion ( peace :i* ,france 0 ,,=c$ to sign at ,v]sailles1 ,feb4 #bf?1 #ahga1 & by :i* ,alsace-,lorra9e 0 torn f ,france1 became a volcano :i* n[ = n9ete5 ye>s has held ! nations 9 susp5se & unre/1 & /ill ?reat5s to ru9 ,europe4 ,nei!r w\ld x be advisable to set mu* /ore on su* obligations z ! ,we/]n ,p[]s und]took 9 ! agreem5t :i* goes by ! "n ( ! ,,novemb] ,,treaty1 to help u to def5d ! nor!rn "p ( our p59sula aga9/ ,russia2 because a gu>ante$ neutrality implies 9 reality m dang] ?an safety1 if ! gu>antee is n mutual2 t is1 9 ?is in/ance1 if our ea/]n neighb\r is n includ$ 9 ! gu>antee2 :i* is s f> f be+ ! case t ! treaty1 on ! contr>y1 is a s\rce ( m5ace & di/ru/ to him4#g ,) respect to c]ta9 treaties ( alliance1 ^: object is to collect ,,! ,,greate/ ,,possible ,,numb] ,,( ,,bayonets z a mutual security aga9/ o!r p[]s1 :o1 on _! side1 seek to protect !mselves by unit+ _! =ces1 nobody c see 9 !m any?+ else ?an a gu>antee = an arm$ peace1 :i*1 by ! necessity ( its nature1 leads to w>4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 by peace treaties are meant su* int]national contracts z are ,,n ,,writt5 ,,9 ,,blood2 su* z relate to trade & comm]ce1 indu/ry1 art1 sci5ce & s on1 x w\ld be 9 va9 to seek = a s+le in/ance ( ! brea* ( contract1 ei!r on ! side ( ! weak] or ! /rong]4 ,nei!r c any example 9 our "t be po9t$ to ( op5 violation ( ! rights ( a small c\ntry 9 its quality ( an indep5d5t ,/ate1 z long z ^! rights h /ood "u ! mutual gu>antee ( ! great p[]s4 ,z evid5ce to ! contr>y1 ! ,london treaty ( ,may #h?1 #ahec1 has be5 adduc$1 :i* 0 int5d$ to secure ,d5m>k's neutrality2 ! ,treaty ( ,p>is1 ,april #ad?1 #ahef1 respect+ ! ,black ,sea2 & ! fif? article ( ! ,peace ( ,prague 9 #ahff4 ,b "h ! fault lies 9 a misund]/&+4 ,:at ! ,treaty ( ,london e/abli%$ 0 n ! indivisibility ( ,d5m>k1 b ( ! ,dano-,g]man mon>*y4 ,! ,g]man t]ritory 0 to be fa/ l9k$ to ! ,dani%4 ,?is 0 admitt$1 z a pr9ciple1 by ! treaty to be fitt+ & "r1 b ! treaty conta9$ no trace ( /ipulations z to gu>antee4 ,) respect to ,russia's brea* ( treaty ( ! /ipulations z to h] bani%m5t f ! ,black ,sea z a milit>y p[]1#h x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! repres5tatives ( ! p[]s1 & ( ,russia also1 on ,janu>y #ag?1 #ahga1 sign$ a protocol1 :]eby x 0 settl$ z an ess5tial axiom 9 int]national law1 t no p[] c absolve itself f ! obligations :i* are ent]$ into by treaty )\t ! cons5t ( ! contract+ p>ties4 ,!re=e ,russia op5ly ackn[l$g$ t h] decl>ation ( n *oos+ to abide by ! injunctions /ipulat$ = 9 ! ,treaty ( ,p>is respect+ ! ,black ,sea1 0 precipitate1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! treaty 0 p]man5tly 9 =ce until x 0 =mally abrogat$4 ,?is took place 9 ! new treaty ( ,m>* #crd1 ( ! same ye>4 ,besides1 "h comes 9 :at 0 said above ab\t ! value ( su* treaties z are conclud$ aft] brute =ce has det]m9$ ! issue4 ,& ?is n only 0 ! case 9 ! ,black ,sea /ipulations1 b also ) respect to ! unfulfill$ promises ( article #e ( ! ,treaty ( ,prague1 :]eby ! ,dani% p 0 to be giv5 ! opportunity = a plebiscite 9 det]m9+ ^u _! reunion ) ,d5m>k4 ,z to ! peace treaties betwe5 ! less] ,/ates1 :i* c]ta9ly h important trade relations "o ) ano!r1 b :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! mutually di/ant position1 _c reasonably be expect$ to g to w> ) ea* o!r1 x is true t "o _c 9 g5]al attribute any special importance to !m4 ,no?+ is ga9$ by ov]-e/imat+ _! value4 ,b !y des]ve to be br\ght =w>d z enri*m5ts ( int]national law & guide-po/s = o!r ,/ates4 ,& t ! small ,/ates ne$ n wait until ! great ones are ready to unite appe>s j z mu* 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ! case z ) ! int]e/s ( _! own well-be+4 ,calvo1 und5iably ! fir/ au?ority 9 ^! matt]s1 emphasizes z a significant fact1 t no s+le example c be po9t$ to 9 :i* ,/ates1 aft] _! mutual disputes h be5 ref]r$ to ! consid]ation or judgm5t ( arbitrators1 h s\ght to )draw f ! op]ation ( ! decision4 ,& accord+ to ,h5ry ,ri*>d & o!r au?orities1 by all[+ int]national que/ions to be settl$ by arbitration1 at lea/ 9 sixty-sev5 in/ances1 disputes ( a m5ac+ "* h be5 av]t$4 ,i %all n "h give a detail$ acc\nt ( all ^! in/ances1 b only ) ! greate/ concis5ess ref] to "s ( !m4 ,9 #agid a conte/ betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica respect+ ,/4 ,croix riv] 0 settl$ by arbitration2 9 #ahjc ,france 0 9 ! same way condemn$ to pay #ah million francs to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica = unlawful seizure ( vessels2 9 #ahah a ?reat5+ dispute betwe5 ,spa9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 0 settl$ by arbitration1 & a cont5tion betwe5 ^! & ,engl& 0 arrang$ by ! ,emp]or ( ,russia1 :o 0 *os5 z arbitrator1 etc4 ,! be/ kn[n ( su* disputes 0 ! s-call$ ,alabama "q1 :i* ?reat5$ a desolat+ _w-w>4 ,?is affair sprang out ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican civil w> #ahfa-fe4 ,! ,s\!rn ,/ates _h private]s built 9 ,engl&1 among :i* ! ,alabama especially wr\ght great mis*ief to ! ,nor!rn]s4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,union consid]$ t ,engl& _h brok5 h] neutrality 9 all[+ ! equipm5t ( ! private]1 & reque/$ comp5sation4 ,a bitt] feel+ grew up & w> appe>$ inevitable4 ,b on ,janu>y #bd?1 #ahfi1 an agreem5t 0 happily ent]$ into1 :i*1 ) fre% negotiations1 l$ to ! ,wa%+ton treaty1 ,may #h?1 #ahga4 ,9 h>mony ) ?is ! dispute 0 ref]r$ = settlem5t to a ,c\rt ( ,arbitration consi/+ ( five memb]s1 ( :i* ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea* *ose "o1 & ! neutral /ates ( ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 & ,brazil1 likewise ea* *ose "o4 ,^! five met on ,decemb] #ae?1 #ahga1 z a tribunal ( arbitration1 at ,g5eva1 & deliv]$ _! judgm5t on ,septemb] #ad? foll[+ 7f\r votes aga9/ ,engl&'s "o71 t ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t _h made a brea* 9 its duty z a neutral p[] ) respect to "s ( ! private]s "u consid]ation1 & !re=e ,engl& w\ld h to pay an indemnity ( #ae-a_/b million doll>s to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#i ,engl& b[$ to ! aw>d & fulfill$ h] duty4 ,9 ! same way ! p[]ful insul> k+dom volunt>ily submitt$ to settlem5t 9 ! we>y cont5tion reg>d+ ! possession ( ,delagoa ,bay & ! surr\nd+ region on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,! dispute 0 entru/$ = settlem5t1 9 #ahgd1 to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,fr5* ,republic1 ,mac,mahon1 & he decid$ 9 ,july1 #ahge1 9 fav\r ( ,portugal4 ,t ! new cont5tion betwe5 ^! two ,/ates1 :i* = "s "t n[ has excit$ an inflammable _s1 n only 9 ,portugal1 b 9 o!r c\ntries z well1 w be arrang$ 9 ! same fri5dly mann]1 !re is b little d\bt4 ,! claim ( ,portugal is mu* old] ?an t ( ,engl&4 ,its special gr\nd is ! discov]y ( ! coa/ :i* 0 made by ,portuguese m>9]s ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! ,portuguese urge1 t s9ce ! coa/ is !irs1 !y h a "r to g z f> inl& z !y *oose & place ! c\ntry ?us ent]$ "u _! dom9ion4 ,!y say fur!r1 t !y h made a treaty ) a native rul] ov] a k+dom :i* /ret*es f> inl&1 & t ru9$ =tresses are /ill to be f\nd :i* %[ t !y once _h ?is di/ant region 9 possession4 ,to ?is ass]tion ,"l ,salisbury answ]s1 t :]e ru9$ =tresses are f\nd !y only te/ify to fall5 dom9ion4 ,! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t c\ld n recognise ,portugal's con/ruction ( ! conte/$ "q2 accord+ to t con/ruction ! "q w\ld virtually turn ^u ! possession ( ,%irel& & ,ma%onal& 7! inl& c\ntry nor? & s\? ( ! ,zambesi74 ,x d5i$ ,portugal's claim to ?is t]ritory z s entirely gr\ndless t x c\ld n ent] into su* a "q2 b has on ! o!r h& made a p]emptory claim1 aris+ f ,portugal's viol5ce t[>ds ! natives :o are "u ,engl&'s protection1 = di%on\r to ! ,engli% flag1 & = o!r int]national (f5ces1 etc4 ,! "r ( possession ( ! regions 9 "q c no long] be reg>d$ z d\btful1 s9ce ,portugal _h set aside ! g5]al int]national axiom1 t ! claim = possession accord+ to colonial usage c only be held valid :5 colonization is actually c>ri$ out to ! fur!rance ( civilization & public safety4 ,portugal's ass]tion t ! signatories ( ! ,congo ,act w\ld be ! "r adjudicators ( ! "q 0 d5i$1 ^u ! gr\nd t ,portugal _h delay$ to make h] claim valid :5 ,nyassal& 0 decl>$ to belong to ! sph]e ( ,engl&'s int]e/s4 ,on ,july #a/1 #ahhi1 ! ,"u-secret>y1 ,sir ,james ,f]gusson1 9 ! ,l[] ,h\se1 expla9$ t ! ,portuguese ,gov]nm5t _h be5 in=m$ t !y w\ld be held answ]able = all loss :i* ,engli%m5 might suff] by ! annull+ ( ! ,delagoa railway conv5tion4 ,! same day ,"l ,salisbury in=m$ ! ,upp] ,h\se t ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t w\ld s5d ?ree w>-%ips to ,delagoa ,bay1 to be ready 9 case ( ne$4 ,portugal's conduct 01 9 8 op9ion1 unju/ifiable4 ,!n came ! noble "l's ultimatum1 ) ! dem& t ,portugal %\ld recall all ,portuguese (fic]s & troops f ! t]ritory :i* /&s "u ! sov]eignty ( ,engl& or lies )9 ! sph]e ( ,engl&'s int]e/s1 & give an answ] )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 o!rwise ,engl& w\ld be compell$ to break (f h] relations ) ,portugal4 ,?is ?reat5+ mann] ( proc$ure1 by :i* a weak] nation 0 humbl$ by sup]ior p[]1 r\s$ bad blood 9 ,portugal & 0 %>ply c5sur$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe2 yes1 ev5 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ,p>liam5t1 9 ! press1 & at _m great public meet+s4 ,at "o ( ^! meet+s1 compos$ ( #gjj workm5 delegates f v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl& & #acj ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 9 quality ( vice-presid5ts1 x 0 unanim\sly resolv$ to prote/ aga9/ ,"l ,salisbury's conduct z at v>iance ) ! dignity ( ! ,briti% nation2 & to reque/ t ! dispute %\ld be settl$ by arbitration--s mu* ! r1 z ! m c]ta9 "o is ( be+ 9 ! "r1 ! m confid5tly c "o's cause be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( an imp>tial tribunal4 ,lat] on ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t1 toge!r ) ! ,nor? ,am]ican virtually resolv$ on ?is exp$i5t = solv+1 ! difficulties relat+ to ,delagoa ,bay4 ,portugal made difficulties & delays1 b at l5g? decl>$ h]self will+ to ent] into a proposal = arbitration4#aj ,all ?ree ,/ates 7 n[ unit$ 9 ask+ ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,switz]l& to *oose ?ree ( h] mo/ di/+ui%$ juri/ (ficials z arbitration judges4 ,at ! "t :5 ! fir/ ,anglo-,portuguese conte/ 0 settl$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,fr5* ,republic !re occurr$ a second example ( bo? importance & int]e/4 ,= _m ye>s !re _h be5 a m5ac+ b\nd>y dispute betwe5 ,italy & ,switz]l&1 j a little se$ ( qu>rel1 su* z =m]ly always broke out into bloody /rife1 s9ce accord+ to ! traditions ( national hon\r n an in* ( a pat* ( gr\nd mu/ be giv5 up except at ! sword's po9t4 ,b ! two k+doms decid$ to comm5d ! case to an arbitrator1 viz41 ! ,unit$ ,/ates m9i/] 9 ,rome1 ,p4 ,m>%1 :o1 aft] a c>eful /udy ( ! claims ( ! cont5d+ p>ties1 decl>$ judgm5t 9 fav\r ( ,italy1 & s ! cont5tion 0 adju/$4 ,two ,,dang]\s ,,disputes1 :i* 9 #ahgd-ge & #ahhj ?reat5$ an outbreak ( w> betwe5 ,,*9a & ,,japan1 b 7 happily solv$ by arbitration1 might be nam$1 b = fe> ( be+ prolix ,i d>e n g m p>ticul>ly into !m1 in/ructive z !y are4 ,! fir/ arose z a result ( a murd] ( "s ,japanese on ! isl& ( ,=mosa1 & 0 settl$ by ! ,engli% m9i/] 9 ,pek91 :o 0 *os5 by bo? p>ties z arbitrator1 :o decid$ t ,*9a %\ld give ,japan 9 r$ress a l>ge sum ( money1 :i* 0 done4#aa ,! second ( ^! disputes conc]n$ ! sov]eignty ( ! ,liu ,kiu ,isl&s1 & 0 adju/$ by a compromise br\ght ab\t by ex-presid5t ,grant1 :o 9 a conv]sation ) ! ,*9ese ,m9i/] utt]$ ^! memorable words3 ,an arbitration betwe5 two nations w nev] satisfy bo? nations alike2 b x always satisfies ! consci5ce ( humanity4#ab ,n to be t$i\s1 ,i pass ov] "h _m o!r rem>kable in/ances 9 :i* w> & less] mis=tunes h be5 av]t$ by arbitration2 & w n[ "n fur!r only "s ( ! late/ date4 ,9 #ahhg a l5g!n$ dispute ab\t b\nd>ies betwe5 ,,*ili & ! ,,arg5t9e ,,republic 0 adju/$ by arbitration1 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,m9i/]s 9 ! two c\ntries4 ,aft] a complete & precise fix+ ( ! b\nd>y l9e1 an agreem5t 0 add$3 ,t ! ,/raits ( ,magellan %all = ev] be neutraliz$2 free passage %all be secur$ to %ips ( all nations1 & ! erection ( =ts or o!r milit>y works on ei!r ( its %ores %all be =bidd54 ,fre% 9 ! memory is ! passionate qu>rel betwe5 ,,spa9 & ,,g]many ab\t ! ,,c>ol9e ,,isl&s4 ,t 0 submitt$1 on ,pr9ce ,bism>ck's proposal1 to ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 = settlem5t1 & 0 adju/$ by him4 ,mo/ p n[ liv+ rememb] ! ,,afghani/an ,,b\nd>y "q1 :i* 0 happily solv$ by ! fri5dl9ess on bo? sides ( ! ,,russian ,,& ,,engli% ,gov]nm5ts4 ,! :ole _w foll[$ = a :ile t dispute ) anxiety & disquietude4 ,! press unhappily1 z usual1 employ$ its influ5ce 9 /irr+ up ! national passions 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,b be=e x _h gone too f>1 =tunately ! feel+s 7 quiet$ by ! public be+ rem9d$ t bo? ,engl& & ,russia _h tak5 "p 9 ! resolution ( ! ,p>is ,congress1 :i* decl>$ t :5 any s]i\s dispute arose betwe5 any ( ! contract+ p[]s1 x %\ld be ref]r$ to ! m$iation ( a fri5dly p[]4 ,^u ?is gr\nd ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t propos$ to ! ,russian t ! dispute %\ld be ref]r$ to ! rul] ( a fri5dly ,/ate1 to be adju/$ 9 a mann] consi/5t ) ! dignity ( bo? l&s4 ,?is proposal 0 accept$1 b did n come into practice4 ,x 0 n ne$$4 ,! ,afghani/an b\nd>y commission itself c>ri$ out its duties to a successful issue4 ,/ill lat] _m small] ,,int]national ,,disputes h be5 solv$ by arbitration2 = in/ance3-- ,betwe5 ,,italy & ,,colombia 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 respect+ ,italian subjects :o _h suff]$ loss ?r\gh ! la/ revolution 9 ,colombia1 9 :i* ,spa9 z arbitrator decid$ 9 fav\r ( ,italy4 ,betwe5 ,,brazil & ,,arg5t9a respect+ _! b\nd>ies1 a dispute 9 :i* bo? p>ties appeal$ = a settlem5t to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & :i* 0 adju/$ by him4 ,betwe5 ! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,,d5m>k1 9 :i* ! latt] 01 by ! *os5 arbitrator1 ! ,engli% ,ambassador at ,a!ns1 ,sir ,edw>d ,monson1 aft] long delay fre$ f ! obligation to pay comp5sation to ! ,am]icans1 because ! ,dani% au?orities _h fir$ at an ,am]ican %ip :i* 9 #ahed 0 escap+ out ( ! h>b\r ( ,/4 ,?omas1 & :i* 0 suspect$ ( c>ry+ supplies to ,v5ezuela1 at t "t 9 insurrection4 ,9 conclusion x c be urg$1-- ,t ,,france & ,,holl& agre$ to h ! b\nd>y betwe5 _! possessions 9 ,guiana det]m9$ by arbitration4#ac ,t ! int]national committee :i* met 9 ,wa%+ton to arrange ! imp5d+ fi%]y "q betwe5 ,,great ,,brita91 ,,canada & ! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 decid$ to recomm5d ! creation ( a p]man5t tribunal ( arbitration = adju/+ future disputes respect+ ^! relations2 also3 ,t ! c\ncil ( ! ,swiss ,conf$]ation1 at ! comb9$ reque/ ( ,,portugal & ( ! ,,congo ,,/ate ,gov]nm5t has und]tak5 to arbitrate ! possible disputes :i* may arise respect+ ! regulation ( b\nd>ies among/ _! ,african t]ritories4 ,besides ^! & o!r in/ances :i* ,i am acqua9t$ )1 _m o!rs h c]ta9ly tak5 place1 ?\gh attract+ less att5tion4 ,! idea ( arbitration goes peacefully & quietly =w>d1 & ! _w !re=e takes little notice ( x4 ,x is q o!rwise ) ! cra% ( w>1 ^: ext]nal %[ ( greatness & glory1 & ^: inw>d hatr$ & crime1 are desolat+ ! happ9ess ( ! nations & are accompani$ by di/ress & gloom4 ,! "o is a fe>ful hurricane :i* r5ds ! m\nta9s & breaks 9 pieces ! rocks4 ,! o!r is ! /ill small voice1 mighti] ?an ! deva/at+ /orm1 s9ce x speaks to u 9 ! "n ( ev]la/+ righte\sness1 because x is ! voice ( ,god4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,mazzol5i1 9 8 ,l',italia nel movim5to p] la ,pace1 gives tw5ty in/ances4 ,see pp4 #eh1 #ei4 ,,trans4 ,footnote #b3 ,on a motion by ,ruggi]o ,bonghi1 support$ by ,crispi 9 a spee* 9 :i* he said t ! future dep5d$ ^u a ,european tribunal ( arbitration4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,m>t5s' ,n\veau recueil gnral1 xiv4 p4 #cb 7art xxi471 & ,calvo1 ,droit ,int]national1 ,,ii41 #adii4 ,footnote #d3 ,accord+ to a ,manuscript by ,presid5t ,l\is ,ru*onnet1 address$ to ,f4 ,baj]4 ,footnote #e3 ,see ,sv5sk frfaltn+ssaml+1 #ahfi1 ,no4 #gd1 page #bf1 & ,lois ,beiges1 #ahfi1 ,no4 #cf1 #bd4 ,9 ! ,sw$i%-,siamese treaty1 art4 #be1 x is /at$3 ,%\ld any disagreem5t arise betwe5 ! contract+ p>ties :i* _c be arrang$ by fri5dly diplomatic negotiation or correspond5ce1 ! "q %all be ref]r$ = solution to a fri5dly neutral p[]1 mutually *os51 ^: decision ! contract+ p[]s %all accept z f9al4 ,simil> agreem5ts are to be conclud$ betwe5 ,italy & ,switz]l&1 ,spa9 & ,uruguay1 ,spa9 & ,hawaii1 & betwe5 ,france & ,ecuador4 ,footnote #f3 ,! ,treaty is giv5 ^w = ^w 9 ! ,h]ald ( ,peace1 ,july1 #ahhc4 ,footnote #g3 ,9 ?is treaty1 :i* 0 conclud$ at ,/ockholm1 ,nov4 #ba/1 #ahee1 ! ,k+ ( ,norway & ,sw$5 b\nd himself n to resign to ,russia1 or to b>t] ) h]1 or o!rwise all[ h] to possess1 any portion ( ! t]ritory ( ! unit$ k+doms1 nor to grant to ,russia "r ( pa/ure or fi%]y1 or any simil> rights1 ei!r on ! coa/ ( ,norway or ,sw$54 ,any ,russian proposal :i* might be made "u ?is head mu/ be made directly to ,france or ,engl&1 :o !n by sea & l& mu/ support u by _! milit>y p[]4 ,a glori\s contra/ to ! decl>ation ( neutrality1 ,dec4 #ae?1 #ahec6 ,footnote #h3 ,conqu]$ ,russia _h to b9d h]self1 at ! conclusion ( peace1 n to keep w> %ips 9 ! ,black ,sea1 n to h any hav5 = w> %ips on h] coa/s4 ,/ipulations :i* 7 p]ceiv$ by all ?9k+ m5 at ! "t to be unt5able 9 ! long run4 ,footnote #i3 #c1aif1hgd 7 receiv$ by ,sec4 ,fi%1 ,sept4 #i?1 #ahgc4 ,see ,haydn's ,diction>y ( ,dates4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! ,arbitrator1 #ahij1 ,april4 ,footnote #aa3 ,! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t dem&$ r$ress1 :i* 0 at fir/ refus$ by ,*9a4 ,?is l$ to a /ormy correspond5ce1 :i* at la/ became s bitt] t bo? sides prep>$ = w>4 ,! ,japanese troops _h already tak5 possession ( ,=mosa4 ,dur+ ?is dang]\s juncture1 ! ,briti% m9i/] 9 ,pek91 ,sir ,?omas ,wade1 (f]$ to m$iate z an arbit]4 ,! (f] 0 accept$1 & l$ to an agreem5t betwe5 ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t & ! ,japanese ambassador 9 ,pek91 by :i* ,*9a 0 to pay ,japan #ej1jjj taels1 & ! ,japanese troops 7 to evacuate ,=mosa4 ,:5 ,"l ,d]by1 :o 0 at t "t ,=eign ,secret>y ( ,great ,brita91 receiv$ a telegram f ,sir ,?omas ,wade respect+ ?is happy result1 he answ]$ him3 ,x is a great pleasure to me to pres5t to y ! expression ( ! high e/eem ) :i* h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t reg>ds y = ! s]vice y h r5d]$ 9 ?us peaceably adju/+ a dispute :i* o!rwise might h _h unhappy consequ5ces1 especially to ! two c\ntries conc]n$1 b also = ! int]e/s ( ,great ,brita9 & o!r p>ties to treaties4 ,sir ,h>ry ,p>kes1 ! ,engli% m9i/] 9 ,japan1 wrote to ,"l ,d]by1 t ! ,mikado1 ! ,emp]or ( t l&1 _h invit$ him to an int]view = ! purpose ( express+ 8 satisfaction at ! result1 & ?r\gh him to pres5t 8 w>m ?anks = 8 brave & effici5t s]vice4 ,! ,japanese m9i/] 9 ,london also call$ ^u ,"l ,d]by & express$ ! ?anks ( 8 ,gov]nm5t to ,mr4 ,wade4 ,he c\ld assure me1 said ,"l ,d]by1 :5 he repeat$ ! words ( 8 excell5cy1 t ! s]vice :i* has ?us be5 r5d]$ w rema9 9 grateful remembrance among 8 c\ntrym54 ,footnote #ab3 ,?is dispute _h assum$ q a s]i\s & m5ac+ "* :5 ! ex-presid5t ,grant1 on 8 j\rney r\nd ! _w1 came to ,*9a4 ,:5 8 arrival became kn[n1 ! ,*9ese pr9ce1 ,kung1 submitt$ to him t he %\ld use 8 great influ5ce 9 m$iat+ betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,a specially int]e/+ conv]sation foll[$3 ,we h1 said ,pr9ce ,kung1 /udi$ int]national law z x is set =? by ,engli% & ,am]ican au?ors1 ^: works are translat$ into ,*9ese4 ,if any value is to be set ^u pr9ciples ( int]national "r1 z set =? by ! au?ors ( y\r nation1 ! do+ away ) ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,liu ,kiu ,isl&s is an inju/ice4 ,grant rem9d$ him t he 0 !re only z a private individual1 b add$1 ,x w\ld be a true joy to me if my advice or ef=ts c\ld be ! means ( pres]v+ peace1 especially betwe5 two nations = :om ,i *]i% su* int]e/ z = ,*9a & ,japan4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds he return$ to ,tokio1 ! capital ( ,japan1 call$ ^u ! ,emp]or & 8 ,m9i/]1 & advocat$ a peaceable settlem5t ( ! dispute4 ,he wrote to ,pr9ce ,kung ! result ( 8 m$iation1 & produc$ a s*eme = a ,c\rt ( ,arbitration4 ,footnote #ac3 ,at ! ,peace ( ,utre*t1 #agac1 x 0 decid$ t ! c\rse ( ! riv] ,m>onis 0 ! b\nd>y4 ,b t riv] divides itself into two bran*es :i* embrace a l>ge tract ( l&1 almo/ a fif? "p ( ,fr5* ,guiana4 ,nei!r ,france nor ,holl& _h claim$ t l& until gold b$s 7 discov]$ !re1 & x _h to be decid$ :i* ( ! two arms ( ! riv] 0 to be consid]$ z ! ,m>onis1 & :i* z a tribut>y4 ,,neutrality4 ,side by side ) ! idea ( arbitration1 ano!r pacific idea1 already p[]ful1 is press+ =w>d1 & gr[+ into an ,int]national ,law1 namely1 ! ,law ( ,neutrality4 ,he is neutral1 :o nei!r takes "p =1 nor aga9/1 9 a dispute4 ,neutrality is ! imp>tial position :i* is n associat$ ) ei!r p>ty4 ,! ,/ate is call$ neutral :i* nei!r takes "p 9 a w> itself1 nor 9 "t ( w> sides ) any ( ! w>r+ p>ties4 ,9 anci5t times neutrality 0 n und]/ood z a national "r4 ,nei!r ! ,greek nor ! ,lat9 language has any ^w to express ! idea4 ,9 ! days :5 ,roman policy 0 seek+ to drag all ! nations ( ! e>? into its net1 ! ,romans saw 9 o!r peoples only tribut>ies :o _h be5 subdu$ by _! armies1 subject nations :o _h submitt$ to ! ,roman yoke1 allies :o 7 compell$ to jo9 9 _! policy ( conque/1 or la/ly enemies1 :o soon] or lat] w\ld h to b[ be=e _! victori\s legions4 ,neutral ,/ates !re 7 none4 ,! c5turies imm$iately foll[+ ! dissolution ( ! ,we/]n ,roman ,empire 7 fill$ ) con/ant /rife4 ,?is cont9u$ long be=e ! ref9+ p[] :i* exi/s 9 ! he>t ( ,*ri/ianity began to %[ itself 9 ! =eign relations ( ,/ates4 ,! f\ndations ( mod]n ,europe 7 laid 9 w>4 ,dur+ ! ,crusades ! :ole ( our cont95t 0 "u arms4 ,! /ruggle aga9/ ! infidel 0 n simply a conte/ betwe5 "o ,/ate & ano!r1 x 0 also a conte/ betwe5 ,*ri/ian ,europe & ,mohamm$an ,asia4 ,to be neutral 9 su* a /ruggle w\ld1 accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ! "t1 h be5 equival5t to d5y+ ! fai?4 ,)9 ! ,european ,/ates1 feudalism ex]t$ no less a h9drance to ! embodim5t ( ! pr9ciple ( neutrality4 ,x w\ld h be5 ?\ght ! grave/ crime to loos5 ! bond ( milit>y s]vice :i* compell$ vassals to support ) arms ! cause ( _! feudal lords4 ,x 0 only ) ! close ( ! age ( feudalism1 :5 ,europe began to sep>ate into ?ree or f\r great mon>*ies1 t neutrality 9 politics became a means ( pres]v+ ! balance4 ,9 lat] times increas+ ,,communication & ,,trade h above all contribut$ to ! developm5t ( neutral laws4 ,)\t ! sanction ( ^!1 a naval w> betwe5 two great nations w\ld h made any m>itime trade all b impossible4 ,d[n to ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 h[ev]1 neutral rights 7 dep5d5t ei!r on national /atutes or on special treaties conclud$ betwe5 "o ,/ate & ano!r4 ,! law only ga9$ c]ta9 int]national importance t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury ?r\gh ! ,,neutral ,,alliances :i* f "t to "t 7 contract$ betwe5 ,/ates4 ,9 ! p]iod betwe5 #aghj & #ahef ! subject ga9$ an entrance by degrees among all m>itime nations except ,engl&1 :o1 indep5d5t ( x1 & always rely+ on h] own /r5g?1 cont9u\sly s\ght to ma9ta9 unlimit$ dom9ation at sea4 ,9 #ahed-ef beg9s1 s f> z neutrality is conc]n$1 a new era ( int]national law4 ,f ?is "t ! opposition :i* ,engl& rais$ to ! practical application ( neutrality 9 naval w> may be reg>d$ z hav+ brok5 d[n4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,m>*1 #ahed1 ! ,fr5* ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs1 ,dr\yn de ,lhuys1 publi%$ a communication1 includ+1 among/ o!r ?+s1 t ! neutral flag dur+ ! !n begun 7,crimean7 w>1 %\ld be reg>d$ z a protection = all neutral & ho/ile private prop]ty1 except contrab& ( w>4 ,! same day ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t gave =? 9 ! ,london ,gazette a simil> decl>ation1 & on ,april #ai? ( ! same ye> ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t notifi$ 9 ! ,(ficial ,gazette ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg t ,russia w\ld1 dur+ t w>1 act ^u ! same rules z ! ,alli$ p[]s4 ,! provisions1 :i* ?us ! ,we/]n p[]s on "o side1 & ,russia on ! o!r1 believ$ !mselves b\nd to obs]ve t[>ds neutral /ates1 7 at ! ,peace ( ,p>is1 #ahef1 solemnly ratifi$ z ,int]national ,law 9 =ce = all "t4 ,! pr9ciples :i* ! pl5ipot5ti>y signatories ( ! ,peace ,treaty ( ,p>is agre$ ^u 9 a proclamation ( ,april #af?1 #ahef1 are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,private]+ is & %all be aboli%$4 #b4 ,! neutral flag %all protect prop]ty belong+ to ! enemy1 ) ! exception ( contrab& ( w>4 #c4 ,neutral goods1 except contrab& ( w>1 may n be seiz$ "u ! enemy's flag4 #d4 ,blockades 9 ord] to be obligatory mu/ be fully effectual2 t is1 %all be ma9ta9$ ) a /r5g? really suffici5t to prev5t approa* to ! enemy's coa/4 ,! ,gov]nm5ts :i* sign$ ! treaty b\nd !mselves also1 9 ?is proclamation1 to communicate ! resolutions to ! ,/ates :i* 7 n call$ to take "p 9 ! ,p>is ,conf]5ce1 & to invite !m to agree 9 ^! decisions4 ,all ! ,european ,/ates except ,spa91 & a numb] ( p[]s outside ,europe1 decl>$ !mselves ready to c>ry out 9 practice ! entire resolutions ( ! proclamation4 ,_m w>s s9ce !n h %ak5 ,europe2 b "u all ^! mis=tunes ! w>r+ ,/ates h n only consci5ti\sly obs]v$ ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 #ahef1 b !y h gone fur!r1 9 c]ta9 po9ts1 9 apply+ !m1 ?an !y by x 7 b\nd to d4 ,?us ! ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t issu$ an ord]1 dur+ ! w> ) ,france & ,s>d9ia1 ) respect to m>itime national law1 9 _m po9ts f> beyond :at ho/ile or neutral p[]s _h any gr\nd = reque/+4 ,! ,imp]ial decree n only *>g$ its milit>y & civil (fic]s to foll[ /rictly ! injunctions ( ! proclamation1 b ,s>d9ian & ,fr5* vessels1 :i* lay moor$ 9 ,au/rian wat]s1 7 also to be p]mitt$ to load freight & proce$ to =eign seas1 on condition t !y took on bo>d no contrab& ( w> or prohibit$ goods ( any description4 ,imm$iately on ! outbreak ( w>1 ! same pr9ciples 7 adopt$ by ,france & ,s>d9ia4 ,^! ,/ates1 h[ev]1 w5t a /ep fur!r ?an ,au/ria1 inasmu* z !y unres]v$ly decl>$ t !y w\ld n reg>d coal z a contrab& ( w>4 ,dur+ ! ,dano-,g]man ,w>1 9 #ahfd1 & ! w> betwe5 ,au/ria & ,prussia & ,italy1 9 #ahff1 ! int]national pr9ciples ( m>itime law receiv$ a simil>ly wide int]pretation4 ,dur+ ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,civil ,w> important que/ions came up1 :i* m or less affect$ ! pr9ciple ( neutrality4 ,! "q1 :i* became "o ( ! greate/ importance1 arose 9 respect ( ! injury :i* ! comm]ce & navigation ( ! ,union suff]$ dur+ ! w> f v>i\s private]s :i* 7 built 9 ,engl& on ! ,s\!rn]s' acc\nt4 ,! ,,alabama ,,"q took its "n f ! private] :i* w5t out f ,liv]pool & occasion$ ! greate/ deva/ation :ile ! w> la/$4 ,al?\gh ! executive ( ! ,union at ,wa%+ton duly direct$ ! att5tion ( ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t to ! fact t all[+ ! pirate to leave ! ,engli% port w\ld be equival5t to a brea* ( ! peace1 yet ! ,gov]nm5t took no measures to prev5t ! vessel leav+4 ,! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 :o ) reason reg>d$ ?is omission z a violation ( ! laws ( neutrality1 claim$ f ,engl& full comp5sation = ! prop]ty :i* _h be5 de/roy$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! civil w> by ! ,s\!rn private] :i* came f an ,engli% port4 ,i h previ\sly giv5 m p>ticul>ly ! con/itution & functions ( ! ,c\rt ( ,arbitration appo9t$ to settle ! ?reat5+ dispute :i* arose on ?is occasion4 ,! arbitration aw>d _h to be adjudicat$ 9 accordance ) ! ?ree foll[+ fundam5tal pr9ciples ( int]national law3-- ,a neutral ,gov]nm5t is b\nd3-- #a4 ,to gu>d assidu\sly aga9/ any vessel be+ arm$ or equipp$ 9 its ports1 :i* !re is reason to believe w\ld be employ$ = w>like purposes aga9/ a peaceful p[]1 & ) equal assiduity to prev5t any vessel design$ = private]+1 or o!r ho/ility1 f leav+ ! doma9 ( ! neutral ,/ate3 #b4 ,n to all[ any bellig]5t p[] to make use ( its ports or h>b\rs z ! basis ( its op]ations1 or = /r5g!n+ or repair+ its milit>y /r5g?1 or = enli/+3 #c4 ,to use e c>e )9 its ports & h>b\rs & ov] all p]sons )9 its doma91 to prev5t any violation ( ! obligations nam$4 ,! contract+ p>ties to ?is treaty agre$ to hold !mselves responsible = ! future1 & to br+ !m be=e ! notice ( o!r ,m>itime p[]s1 ) ! recomm5dation t !y also %\ld ent] into !m4 ,! hi/orical facts "h produc$ %[ t ! mutual int]e/ nations h 9 ! inviolability ( ! seas has effectually contribut$ to ! developm5t ( an accept$ int]national law4 ,:5 ! necessity ( mak+ ! pr9ciples ( neutrality b9d+ at sea 0 once und]/ood1 x 0 n long be=e ! value ( adopt+ !m on l& became app>5t4 ,9 ! docum5ts1 = in/ance1 by :i* ,belgium1 ,switz]l& & ,luxemburg are neutraliz$1 x is di/9ctly /at$ t ! p]man5t neutrality ( ^! ,/ates is 9 full accord ) ! true int]e/s ( ,european policy4 ,accord+ to ! actual mod]n law ( nations1 !re is a p]man5t neutrality gu>ante$ by int]national de$s ( law & treaties1 & "o occasionally re/+ ^u free decisions4#ad ,z in/ances ( p]man5t & gu>ante$ neutrality1 we h3 ,! ,,neutralization ,,( ,,switz]l&4 ,ev] s9ce ! unhappy ,italian w> 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ,swiss ,conf$]ation has endeav\r$ to assure to ! c\ntry ! security :i* neutrality gives4 ,?is neutrality 0 recognis$ & gu>ante$ by ! great ,european p[]s at ! ,congress ( ,vi5na 9 #ahae 7art4 #hd & #ib71 & lat] 0 fur!r solemnly confirm$ by a special act ( ! p[]s at ,p>is1 ,nov4 #bj? ( ! same ye>1 9 :i* x 0 /at$3 ,! p[]s decl>e 444 by a p]man5t act t ! p]man5t neutrality & inviolability ( ,switz]l&1 z well z its indep5d5ce ( =eign influ5ce1 accords ) ! true int]e/s ( ,european policy4#ae ,,! ,,neutralization ,,( ,,belgium4 ,9 virtue ( ! ,treaty ( ,london1 ,nov4 #ae?1 #ahca 7art4 vii471 fur!r confirm$ by ! p[]s ,april #ai?1 #ahci1 a p]man5t neutrality 0 aw>d$ to ,belgium4 ,?is c\ntry1 :i* = c5turies _h s]v$ z a battle-gr\nd = =eign p[]s1 especially = ,france & ,g]many1 0 h]eby secur$ aga9/ su* dang]s1 & at ! same "t ! field = ,european w>f>e 0 mat]ially n>r[$4 ,article vii4 ( ! ,london protocol runs ?us3 ,belgium %all1 )9 ! b\nd>ies e/abli%$ 9 art4 i4 & iv41 =m an indep5d5t ,/ate4 ,! k+dom is b\nd to obs]ve ! same neutrality t[>ds all ,/ates4#af ,dur+ ! ,franco-,g]man w> #ahgj-a1 ! neutralization ( ,belgium 0 ?reat5$ ) violation by ,france1 & fur!r gu>antees 7 giv5 9 new protocols arrang$ by ,engl&4 ,,! ,,neutralization ,,( ,,! ,,ar*du*y ,,( ,,luxemburg result$ f ! ,london protocol ( ,may #aa?1 #ahfg4 ,z an evid5ce ( ! p[] & importance 9 our day ( ent]+ into agreem5ts ( neutrality1 ! foll[+ may be adduc$3-- ,dur+ ! ,franco-,g]man w>1 #ahgj-a1 ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t compla9$ to ! gu>antee+ p[]s ( conduct at v>iance ) neutrality on ! "p ( ,luxemburg1 & ?reat5$ no long] to respect ! neutrality ( ! ,ar*du*y4 7,despat* ( ,pr9ce ,bism>ck1 ,dec4 #crd1 #ahgj47 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ,c\nt ,beu/1 ! ,au/rian *ancellor1 9 an op9ion giv5 ,dec4 #bbnd ( ! same ye>1 rem>k$1 t ^u ! gr\nd ( ! pr9ciple ( ,european gu>antee1 x belong$ to ! p[]s :o _h sign$ ! docum5t ( neutralization1 to inquire into & to settle :e!r a violation _h tak5 place on ! "p ( ! neutral ,/ate1 & n to "o ( ! bellig]5t p[]s4#ag ,besides ! ,/ates nam$1 a p]man5t neutrality has be5 secur$ to ! ,,ionian ,,isl&s accord+ to ! treaties ( ,london1 #ahfc-fd2 & also to ! ,,samoan ,,isl&s1 9 virtue ( ! agreem5t betwe5 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]eby1 among/ o!r ?+s1 x 0 settl$ t 9 case ( any diff]5ce ( op9ion aris+2 an appeal %\ld be made to arbitration2 & t a supreme tribunal %\ld be creat$ ) a supreme judge1 :om ! ,k+ ( ,sw$5 & ,norway has be5 emp[]$ to "n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o g5]al advantage :i* neutralization af=ds is ! simplification ) respect to =eign policy !reby obta9$4 ,! attitude ( a neutraliz$ ,/ate c be reckon$ on be=eh& by all p>ties4 ,9 proportion to its milit>y importance & position1 a neutral c\ntry con/itutes 9 _m ways a security to all ! p[]s4 ,x is 9 close connection ) neutralization t 9 ^! days an ev]-gr[+ ne$ is becom+ app>5t to localize w>s z mu* z possible2 t is1 to conf9e !m to ^? :o beg9 !m4 ,z a result ( ! extraord9>ily rapid developm5t ( _w-wide trade & int]c\rse1 & ! consequ5t community ( int]e/s1 a w> betwe5 two ,/ates necess>ily occasions m or less d]angem5t to ! re/4 ,9 ?is increas+ solid>ity lies ! sure/ gu>antee t neutrality w be respect$4 ,we may already be ju/ifi$ 9 draw+ ! conclusion t ! security ( neutral ,/ates w cont9ually increase4 99 99 99 99 99 ,support$ ^u ^! f\ndations ( hi/ory & ( int]national law1 a discussion 0 rais$ on ! neutralization ( ,sw$51 9 ! ,fir/ ,*amb] by ,major ,c4,a4 ,adelskld1 & by myself 9 ! ,second1 9 ! hope !reby n only to oppose ! ,k+'s bill = ! ext5sion ( ! w> dep>tm5t1 b also especially to op5 ! way = a pr(itable solution ( ! t\gh1 old1 ?readb>e "q ( ,def5ce4#ah ,be=e ?is resolution 0 br\ght into ! ,riksdag1 ,i _h read x to sev5ty memb]s ( ! ,riksdag1 :o unanim\sly accept$ x1 z did also1 lat] on1 9 ! ma91 a majority ( ! ,norwegian ,/ort+4 #ai;,& z soon z ! purport ( ! resolution became g5]ally kn[n ?r\gh ! press1 !re came 9 f popul> meet+s all ov] ,sw$5 num]\s congratulatory addresses to ,major ,adelskld & myself4 ,b f its v comm5cem5t ! proposition met ) an unconqu]able opposition f ^? 9 p[]4 ,) great unanimity ef=ts 7 made 9 ?is qu>t] to depreciate ! value & ! hi/orical importance ( ! pr9ciple ( neutrality4 ,all possible means 7 us$ ) ?is object1 to t\* ! t5d]e/ fibres ( ! national feel+s4 ,x w\ld be a disgrace to u1 x 0 said1 to employ any o!r ?an milit>y p[] 9 ass]t+ our primeval fre$om4 ,we %\ld !reby break (f f our glori\s hi/ory1 & draw a black l9e ov] its brilliant w>like rem9isc5ces4 ,!re 7 c]ta9ly neutral c\ntries to be f\nd1 b _! neutrality 0 n ! result ( _! own desire1 b proce$$ f ! great p[]s !mselves4 ,%\ld we !n1 !y say fur!r1 be ! fir/ p to take su* a /ep8 ,w\ld x n be equival5t to begg+ peace ( our neighb\r1 & decl>+ ourselves incapable be=e ! :ole _w8 ,! s5sible ?+ w\ld be to fur!r develop & /r5g!n our army4 ,! resolution 0 call$ a political demon/ration ( indig5ce2 a disgu/+ nihili/ plot1 & s on4 ,"o memb] ( ! ,riksdag propos$ t x %\ld be consign$ to a committee *>g$ ) arrang+ = s5d+ bea/s abroad4 ,sc(fs came ?ick z hail2 & :5 x became kn[n t ! mov] 9 ! ,second ,*amb] 0 its au?or1 ! really guilty "o1 he 0 br&$ z a univ]sal traitor1--j z ! ye> be=e1 :5 he rais$ a peaceable "q ab\t ext5d$ lib]ty ( consci5ce4 ,9 my def5ce ( ! resolution 9 ! ,riksdag1 ,i s\ght to anticipate all objections to x :i* 7 wor?y ( notice4#bj ,among/ ^! ,i give special att5tion to ! foll[+ five3-- #a4 ,! p[]s w n ent] into ! neutralization ( ,sw$54 #b4 ,b if1 contr>y to expectation1 !y did1 ! safety ( ! c\ntry w\ld ga9 no?+ by x4 #c4 ,on ! contr>y1 our indep5d5ce w\ld be dim9i%$ by a gu>ante$ neutrality4 #d4 ,)\t less5+ our milit>y burd5s = def5ce4 #e4 ,! proposition is untimely4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ objection1 viz41 t ! p[]s w\ld n ent] ^u ,sw$5's neutralization1 x appe>s to me t circum/ances ( great weight imply ! contr>y4 ,we may be q sure t ! p[]s w fir/ & =emo/ consult _! own int]e/s4 ,sc&9avia may be c]ta9ly reg>d$ z specially valuable z a base ( milit>y op]ations to any ( ! great ,baltic & ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,b x w\ld be q a matt] ( consid]ation1 :e!r ^! p[]s w\ld n ga9 m by ! reciprocal security ( be+ all alike cut (f f ?is base1 ?an by ! d\btful advantage ( be+ possibly able to reckon ^u ,sc&9avia z an ally4 ,a neutraliz$ ,sc&9avia w\ld be a ,switz]l& among ! seas2 a breakwat] 9 ! way betwe5 ,engl& & ,france on ! "o side1 & ,russia & ,g]many on ! o!r4 ,9 case ( a w> betwe5 ^! great p[]s x w\ld n[ be ( consid]able mom5t = any ( !m to get ! p[]s along ! coa/s ( ! ,s\nd & ! ,belts1 ^u its side4 ,& h[ difficult x w\ld be = ! latt] to pres]ve _! neutrality dur+ su* a w>1 mu/ be evid5t to ev]ybody4 ,s ! int]e/s are se5 to be equally great on all sides4 ,x may !re=e be deem$ prud5t to e/abli%1 9 "t1 a p]man5t neutrality ( ! p[]s along ! coa/4 ,"h1 accord+ to my view1 lies a great problem = ! =eign secret>ies ( ! unit$ k+doms & ,d5m>k4 ,my reason = speak+ "h ( neutraliz+ ! :ole ( ,sc&9avia is1 t ,i am conv9c$ t ! bro!r-nations take entirely ! same view z ! ,sw$i%4 ,) respect to ! g5]al int]e/s ( ,european peace1 ! neutralization ( ,sc&9avia w\ld be m important ?an t ( ,switz]l& & ,belgium1 because ! int]e/s ( ! great p[]s are great] & m equally balanc$ ar\nd ! ,sc&9avian ,nor? ?an ar\nd ^? two small cont95tal ,/ates4 ,we h old fri5ds 9 ! ,we/]n p[]s2 we h ga9$ a new fri5d 9 unit$ ,g]many & by ! neutralization ( ,sc&9avia we %all n only make fri5d%ip ) ,russia1 b ,d5m>k w ga9 t ( ,g]many1 p]haps caus+ ! la/-nam$ p[] to fulfil its duty to ,d5m>k ) respect to ,nor? ,sleswick1 see+ t x ne$ no long] fe> t its small neighb\r w\ld ev] be =c$ into an alliance ) a p[]ful enemy ( ,g]many4 ,b x is n only ! political int]e/s ( ! p[]s :i* w\ld be advanc$ by ! neutralization ( ,sc&9avia4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ t5 ye>s _w-wide traffic has made an unhe>d-( gr[? & connect+ l9ks betwe5 nations h be5 =m$ 9 _m regions4 ,z an example ( ! effect ( ^! we may m5tion t ev5 ?irty ye>s ago ! normal freightage = corn 0 #ej-fj %ill+s /]l+ p] ton1 f ! ,black ,sea to ,nor? ,europe2 b ! freightage f ,cali=nia & ,au/ralia to ,europe1 n[1 h>dly exce$s ! half4 ,a ,european w> w\ld ex]cise a p>alyz+ effect "h4 ,e "o :o has any conception ( ! influ5ce ( ! price ( corn on1 to speak broadly1 ! :ole civilization ( mod]n times1 w easily und]/& ?is4 ,be=e ! c5tury closes ?is developm5t w h wov5 a net ( common int]e/ all ov] our cont95t1 & necess>ily call$ =? su* a s5sitiv5ess 9 ! corporate body ( ,europe1 t1 = example1 an injury 9 ! foot ( ,italy may be said to cause pa9 "r up to ,norway4 ,! m]*ant fleet ( ,norway1 alone1 is inde$ ! ?ird 9 rank ( all ! m]*ant fleets ( ! _w4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! unit$ k+doms take an advanc$ place 9 ! c>ry+ trade by sea4 ,accord+ to :at 0 told me by a di/+ui%$ m]*ant1 ! transport trade und]tak5 by ,norwegian & ,sw$i% %ips betwe5 =eign c\ntries is five times great] ?an t betwe5 home & =eign l&s4 ,consequ5tly1 z ! ke5 competition betwe5 /eam & sail+ vessels increases1 ! only c\ntry :i* c disp5se ) ! s]vice ( our sail+ vessels is ,engl&1 ! great p[] ^u :i* we may reckon always z an ally4 ,mo/ ( ! rema9+ c\ntries1 on ! o!r h&1 require our m]*ant fleet4 ,s9ce1 n[1 we c\ld n ( c\rse def5d our m]*ant s]vice 9 a w>1 & o!r & great] nations may be jeop>diz$ z mu* z we1 x may be assum$ t !y w\ld be will+1 ?r\gh ! neutralization ( ,sc&9avia1 to secure its fleet aga9/ ! ev5tualities ( w>4 ,if we add su* int]e/s z affect trade & cr$it1 civilization & humanity1 to ! political int]e/s1 x appe>s t we may plead on gr\nds ( /rong probability t ! great p[]s w\ld be will+ to gu>antee our neutrality4 ,accord+ to ! second objection1 ! c\ntry w\ld ga9 no security f a gu>ante$ neutrality1 ev5 if1 contr>y to expectation1 su* c\ld be obta9$4 ,p]fect safety _c be atta9$ "h on e>? by any sy/em4 ,?is is z true = nations z = individuals b ,i believe t a neutrality ?us gu>ante$ w\ld be a /rong protection to our national indep5d5ce1 :il/ 9 a n inconsid]able degree x w\ld contribute to ! pres]vation ( peace1 & gradually help to less5 ! milit>y burd5s ( all l&s2 consequ5tly1 & 9 ! fir/ place1 ( our own4 ,treaties1 x is said1 are brok5 z easily z !y are made4 ,ev5 if x be true t ?is has occurr$1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t x mu/ cont9ue to occur4 ,new factors may come 9 mak+ x m difficult to break engagem5ts t h be5 ent]$ into4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t righte\s laws h be5 transgress$1 b no "o w\ld av] t !y are !re=e unnecess>y4 ,z ! moral p[] ( ! law makes x possible to dim9i% ! police =ce1 s also treaties ( neutrality make x possible to dim9i% ! milit>y =ces4 ,besides1 our oppon5ts ought to br+ =w>d evid5ce t ! rights ( ,/ates at pres5t neutraliz$ h be5 violat$4 ,t !y h be5 ?reat5$ is true1 & x w\ld h be5 a wond] if ?is _h n happ5$ "u ! lawless condition :i* has obta9$ among nations4 ,! idea ( neutrality has1 nev]!less1 z ,i h tri$ to %[ by _m examples1 little by little develop$ into a valid pr9ciple ( ju/ice2 & ! gr[? cont9ues4 ,! neutralization ( ,sc&9avia w\ld br+ x a great /ep =w>d1 to ! bless+ bo? ( ourselves & ( o!r nations4 ,accord+ to objections #c & #d1 a gu>ante$ neutrality w\ld dim9i% our indep5d5ce )\t contribut+ to less5 our burd5s = def5ce4 ,! tru? is1 t int]national law z at pres5t con/itut$ does n p]mit ano!r p[] to int]f]e "u any pretext ) ! int]nal conc]ns ( a neutral /ate1 & !re=e n ) any?+ :i* affects its sy/em ( def5ce or its measures = pres]v+ its neutrality4 ,) ^! ! neutral ,/ate1 & x only1 c deal4 ,z a pro( ( ?is be+ s1 ,luxemburg 0 neutraliz$ 9 #ahfg ^u condition t ! /rong =tress be>+ t "n %\ld be demoli%$4 ,b ?is circum/ance1 imp]ative = ! g5]al peace ( ,europe1 %[s on ! o!r h& t gu>antee+ p[]s d n will+ly impose ^u a ,/ate any s]i\s duty ( =tify+ itself 9 ord] to def5d its rights4 ,nev]!less ! p[]s f\nd x ne$ful to make a supplem5t>y clause to ! protocol by :i* ! congress conclud$ ! neutrality ( ,luxemburg1 :]eby x 0 emphasiz$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t ! article respect+ ! de/ruction ( ! =tress ( ,luxemburg did n imply any sort ( limitation ( ! "r ( ! neutral ,/ate to ma9ta91 or1 if x *ose1 to improve its own works ( def5ce4 ,belgium did inde$ con/ruct ! great =tresses ar\nd ,antw]p long aft] ! c\ntry 0 neutraliz$4 ,9 ref]5ce to :at "o & ano!r has said ab\t ! value ( ! subject1 no?+ is ne$$ beyond ! fact t neutral rights h1 ev5 9 its pres5t position1 be5 respect$ 9 all ess5tials4 ,t a neutral p[] mu/ ab/a9 f mix+ itself up ) ! policy ( o!r p[]s _c imply a great] limitation ( its "r to self-regulation ?an t a gu>antee+ p[] %all ab/a9 f attack+ a neutraliz$ ,/ate or f mak+ milit>y alliance ) x4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a limitation = bo? p>ties1 z f> z is necess>y = adopt+ an intellig5t union betwe5 ,/ates1--a limitation ( physical =ce & ( love ( w>4 ,! neutral ,/ate has n to submit to any gu>dian%ip beyond :at any man mu/ d & does1 :5 he subjects 8 passions to ! control ( a moral purpose4 ,see+ t a gu>antee+ ,/ate has no "r to int]f]e 9 our int]nal conc]ns1 n ev5 9 any?+ we ?9k good = our def5ce1 we %all always be free to keep up a milit>y =ce1 l>ge or small4 ,b a neutraliz$ ,/ate is oblig$ to dis>m ! troops ( o!r bellig]5t p[]s t may ov]/ep its fronti]s1 j z ( c\rse1 "u ! lawless condition :i* w> is & :i* x entails1 x has1 accord+ to its ability1 to protect its b\nd>ies ) arms4 ,b if ?is duty _c exempt ,switz]l& & ,belgium f proportionately l>ge w> burd5s 9 "t ( peace1 ?is w\ld n at all 9 ! same degree affect ! neutralization ( ! ,sc&9avian p59sula1 s9ce !re c\ld nev] be a "q ( dis>m+ troops :i* _h ov]/epp$ its b\nd>ies1 b only ( prev5t+ ! w>-%ips ( a bellig]5t p[] f ent]+ ,norwegian or ,sw$i% seas1 a ?+ :i*1 "u ! protection ( a gu>ante$ neutrality1 c\ld n take place4 ,respect+ ! fif? objection1 :i* decl>es t ! proposition is untimely1 ,i d n hesitate to express my op9ion t j n[1 dur+ ! truce :i* prevails1 is ! "t to br+ x =w>d4 ,! ne$ ( a settl$ peace increases ev]y:]e1 & x is !re=e probable t a proposition to ! great p[]s respect+ a gu>ante$ neutrality = ! unit$ k+doms w\ld meet ) g5]al sympa?y 9 ,europe4 ,on ^! & _m o!r gr\nds ,i s\ght to ma9ta9 my proposition4 ,x 0 oppos$ by ! ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs1 ,b>on ,ho*s*ild1 among/ o!rs1 :o decl>$ t he c\ld n possibly support x4 ,he in=m$ u t ! :ole ( 8 colleagues 9 ! ,gov]nm5t took ! same view ( ! subject z himself4 ,he desir$ t ! bill z well z ! cont+5t appo9tm5t ( a committee %\ld be ?r[n out totally & entirely4 ,z ! m9i/] 9 ?is way has made ! matt] into a cab9et "q1 !re c\ld n well1 "u ! pres5t conditions1 be any "q ( ! adoption ( ! bill4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 ! reque/ ( ! ,=eign ,m9i/] 0 n compli$ )1 see+ ! ,second ,*amb] adopt$ an am5dm5t aft] fifty-?ree memb]s _h vot$ = ! acceptance ( ! orig9al bill4 ,by ! am5dm5t :i* 0 adopt$1 ! ,*amb] did n accept ! gr\nds ( ! committee's op9ion--:i* ! ,=eign ,secret>y approv$--b1 9 ! hope t ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld spontane\sly c>ry out ! *ief object ( ! bill1 accept$ = ! pres5t ! report ( ! committee t no address be s5t to ! ,k+ on ! subject4 ,by reason ( ?is result 9 ! ,second ,*amb] no action 0 tak5 9 ! ,fir/ on ! matt]4#ba ,dur+ ! debate 9 ! ,second ,*amb]1 ,april #bh1 ! ,=eign ,secret>y rem>k$ t ,i mu/ h ov]look$ ! fact t ! ,european p[]s _h1 ev] s9ce #ahad1 look$ ^u ! two k+doms ( ! ,sc&9avian p59sula z a political unity 9 que/ions relat+ to peace & w>2 :y o!rwise %\ld ,i propose f ! fir/ t ! si/] k+dom %\ld h ! opportunity ( express+ itself on a matt] :i* conc]n$ ,norway equally ) ,sw$54 ,?is objection 0 )\t f\ndation4 ,dur+ ! drawn debate1 ,m>* #c1 ,i _h already tak5 occasion to po9t out t x w\ld n be seemly = "o mov+ a resolution 9 ! ,sw$i% ,riksdag to act z spokesman = ,norway at ! same "t express+ my confid5ce t ! ,/ort+ w\ld meet u 9 a fri5dly mann]1 if ! ,riksdag approv$ ! bill ) respect to ,sw$54#bb ,t ! neutralization ought to include n only ,norway1 b ,d5m>k too1 seems to be obvi\s4 ,a highly e/eem$ juri/1 ,c\nt ,l4 ,,kam>[sky1 pr(essor ( law at ! ,univ]sity ( ,mosc[1 puts x z a matt] ( great importance 9 ! int]e/s ( ! _w's peace t int]national seas & coa/s %\ld be neutraliz$4#bc ,?is p>ticul>ly affects ,d5m>k 9 connection ) ! o!r two ,sc&9avian ,/ates4 ,su* a neutralization1 he says1 w lead to a dis>mam5t 9 ! ,s\nd & ,belts4 ,^! great traffic-ways w\ld !n be accessible = ! m]*ant & w> vessels ( all nations4 ,!y mu/ n be =tifi$1 b ! fre$om ( navigation w\ld be wat*$ ov] by an int]national committee4 ,at ! ,,conf]5ce at ,,b]l9 9 #ahhe1 :]e fifte5 ,/ates 7 repres5t$1 j pr9ciples 7 adopt$ = ! navigation ( ! ,congo & ! ,nig]4 ,free navigation & comm]ce on ^! riv]s 0 secur$ to ! flags ( all nations4 ,! same pr9ciple 0 likewise ext5d$ to _! tribut>ies & lakes1 toge!r ) canals & railroads :i* might 9 ! future be con/ruct$ to get pa/ ! unnavigable portions ( ! ,congo & ,nig]4 ,n ev5 9 "t ( w> may ! fre$om ( communication & comm]ce be int]rupt$4 ,! transport ( contrab& ( w> alone is =bidd54 ,an int]national commission takes c>e t all ^! int]national agreem5ts are kept 9 =ce4 ,?is au?ority1 compos$ ( delegates f ea* ( ! ,/ates :i* took "p 9 ! ,b]l9 ,conf]5ce1 is indep5d5t ( ! local au?orities 9 ,congo-l&4 ,n[1 e free p has naturally an indep5d5t "r to arrange its own affairs z x *ooses1 ^u condition t x grants ! same "r to e o!r ,/ate4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is pr9ciple 9 int]national law1 neutralization is appli$ 9 v v>i$ ways accord+ to ! v v>y+ conditions ( ^? :o h ! b5efit ( x1 & altoge!r 9 h>mony ) _! wi%es4 ,?us1 = example1 neutralization :5 x conc]ns a t]ritory1 consi/s n only 9 =bidd+ any w>like op]ation 9 ! doma9 ?us r5d]$ inviolate1 b involves a simil> prohibition ) respect to any m>*+ or c\nt]m>*+ ( armies1 or small] deta*m5ts1 ev5 ( s+le (fic]s or soldi]s4 ,a canal or a /rait may be s neutraliz$1 on ! o!r h&1 t all w>like op]ations are =bidd5 9 x1 b nev]!less x is op5 = passage ?r\gh1 yet ^u condition t no bellig]5t has a "r1 9 pass+ ?r\gh1 to l& ^u ! %ores ( ! neutraliz$ region4 ,?is is ! k9d ( neutralization :i* appe>s applicable to ! ,sc&9avian seas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o "q :i* = a long "t came up con/antly at ! congresses ( ,peace ,societies1 0 ! ,,neutralization ( ! ,,suez ,,canal1 until x became at la/ solv$ 9 practice4 ,aft] t$i\s negotiations1 ?is burn+ "q 0 settl$ by an agreem5t betwe5 ,engl& & ,france 9 ! treaty ( ,octob] #bd1 #ahhg1 :i* 0 lat] ent]$ into by ! o!r p[]s int]e/$ & t important *annel ( communication became at all times inviolate4#bd ,^u ! programme ( ! fri5ds ( peace que/ions h long be5 moot$ respect+ ! neutralization ( ,elsass-,lo?r+51 & ( ! ,balkan ,/ates1 toge!r ) t ( ! ,danube1 ,bosphorus1 ,sea ( ,m>mora1 ,d>danelles1 & _! ,european coa/s2 :]eupon %\ld foll[ ! r5d]+ inviolate ( ,con/ant9ople2 z also ( ! ,baltic1 & z a result ( ?is1 ! neutralization ( ! ,sc&9avian k+doms4 ,9 connection ) ! neutralization ( ! ,s\nd has aris5 ! /ill new] "q ( ! non-,g]man region nor? ( ! ,nor? ,sea ,canal1 n[ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,elbe & ! naval port ( ,kiel4 ,by con/itut+ ,elsass-,lo?r+5 into an indep5d5t neutral ,/ate1 a division w\ld be made betwe5 ,france & ,g]many1 & ^! great p[]s w\ld be sep>at$ by a huge wall ( neutral ,/ates :i* w\ld also n>r[ 9 an ess5tial degree ! ,european battle-field4 ,! same result is hop$ = f a conf$]acy ( neutral ,/ates on ! ,balkan1 ) respect to ! relations betwe5 ,russia & ,au/ria1 z well z ) respect to ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,! ,s\nd is "o ( ! mo/ important art]ies ( ! _w's comm]ce4 ,ab\t "o hundr$ vessels ( all nations pass daily ?r\gh ?is /rait1 b only ab\t t5 7on ! av]age1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly l>g] %ips7 pass ?r\gh ! ,suez ,canal1 :i* 9 ! int]e/s ( ! _w's trade has become neutral4 ,x c be no?+ b a ga9 to ,europe t ! entrances bo? into ! ,baltic & ! ,black ,sea %\ld be r5d]$ inviolate4 ,9 an address ^u ! importance ( ! ,s\nd to ! ,nor?1 giv5 to ! ,national ,economic ,society1 ,mr4 ,baj] po9t$ out t s long z ! ,s\nd & its coa/s 7 n r5d]$ inviolate1 milit>y deva/ations w be c>ri$ on 9 & ar\nd ! /rait by bellig]5t p[]s2 also t ! facts t ! ,s\nd is n ,dani% only1 b ,sw$i% also1 & t ,sw$5 has a common =eign policy ) ,norway1 make x probable t x may ! soon] be und]/ood to be = ! ,european int]e/ t all ?ree nor!rn k+doms %\ld be simultane\sly neutraliz$1 & n "o ( !m only4#be ,9 consequ5ce ( ,mr4 ,baj]'s indefatigable zeal = ! unit$ co-op]ation ( ! nor!rn k+doms 9 ! cause ( peace1 ?is idea has ga9$ _m influ5tial adh]5ts 9 =eign c\ntries also2 & on 8 proposition1 two int]national congresses1 ,g5eva1 ,sept4 #af?1 #ahhc1 & ,b]ne1 ,aug4 #f?1 #ahhd1 unanim\sly accept$ ! foll[+ resolution1 :i* 9 its g5]al mean+ 0 adopt$ by ! ,fir/ ,nor!rn peace ,meet+ at ,got5b]g1 ,aug4 #ai?1 #ahhe3-- ,consid]+ t1-- #a4 ,! geographical position ( ! ?ree nor!rn ,/ates1 is su*1 t !y might1 ) a l>g] milit>y & comm]cial naval p[] ?an !y n[ possess1 hold ! keys ( ! ,baltic3 #b4 ,:il/ ! v weakness ( ^! ,/ates probably removes all dang] ( _! us+ ! advantages ( ?is position aga9/ ,europe1 ! same weakness may "o day expose !m1 ei!r by =ce or fraud1 to be plund]$ by _! p[]ful neighb\rs3 #c4 ,! inviolability ( ! ?ree nor!rn ,/ates1 & _! indep5d5ce ( e =eign influ5ce1 is 9 ! true int]e/ ( all ,europe1 & _! neutralization w\ld t5d to ! g5]al ord]4 #d4 ,_! indep5d5ce1 :i* is inde$ a common "r ( all nations1 c only be secur$ to ! nor!rn nations by _! neutralization4 #e4 ,?is neutralization ought to h = its object & legal effect3 ,fir/ly1 ,to place beyond all dang] ( w> all ^? portions ( l& & sea :i* belong to ,sw$51 ,d5m>k & ,norway4 ,secondly1 ,to secure at all times1 ev5 dur+ w>1 to all m]*ant & w>-%ips1 :atev] flag !y c>ry1 :e!r t ( a bellig]5t or n1 full lib]ty to run into ! ,baltic f ! ,nor? ,sea1 or vice v]s1 :e!r sail+ s+ly or 9 fleets4 ,on ^! acc\nts ! meet+ decl>es1-- ,t ,d5m>k1 ,sw$5 & ,norway ought to be neutraliz$1 & t ?is neutralization ought to include3-- #a4 ,) respect to ! ma9l& & isl&s ( ,norway1 ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k1 t all p>ts ( ?is t]ritory %all be at all times entirely neutral4 #b4 ,) respect to ! ,s\nd & ! ,little ,belt1 t 9 "t ( w>1 %ips belong+ to any bellig]5t p[] %all be =bidd5 to %[ !mselves 9 ^! seas2 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 %all be always op5 = m]*ant craft1 ev5 ^? belong+ to bellig]5t p[]s1 z well z = w>-%ips belong+ to neutrals4 #c4 ,) respect to ! ,great ,belt1 t ?is /rait %all always be op5 = m]*ant & w>-%ips ( e flag1 includ+ bellig]5ts1 :e!r s+ly or 9 fleets2 b t ^! %ips %all be entirely =bidd5 to und]take any inimical action on ! coa/s ( ! above-nam$ /rait1 or 9 its seas1 )9 a di/ance exce$+ ! maximum range ( its artill]y be=e sail+ 9 or sail+ out1 or inde$ any attack1 seizure1 private]+1 blockade1 emb>go1 etc41 or any o!r w>like action :atev]4 ,! meet+ express$ its desire to see an int]national congress arrange & conclude a treaty :i* %\ld be op5 = all ,european nations to ent] into & sign1 :i* %\ld e/abli% on ! above-nam$ basis1 "u ! gu>antee ( ! signatory p[]s1 ! neutrality ( ! nor!rn ,/ates1 toge!r ) ! creation ( a really solid tribunal ( arbitration1 :i*1 z ! highe/ c\rt ( appeal1 %\ld solve all difficulties t might arise ) respect to ! said treaty4 ,t ! neutralization ( ! ,suez ,canal1 s long look$ ^u z a pi\s wi%1 may 9 ! ne> future lead to ! inviolability ( ,egypt1 w d\btless be sugge/$4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$1 ! good und]/&+ betwe5 ,france & ,engl& w be fur!r /r5g!n$1 & a f\ndation !reby laid = an ext5d$ co-op]ation 9 ! s]vice ( ! peace ( ! _w1 9 ! "y ,congo ,/ate1 ) its tw5ty millions ( inhabitants & a t]ritory equal to half ,europe2 a realm f\nd$ )\t co/+ a drop ( blood1 f its fir/ comm5cem5t sanction$ & decl>$ a neutral community by ! ,european p[]s unanim\sly1 :i* w "s day be look$ ^u z "o ( ! faire/ pages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ad3 ,?is & ! foll[+ regulations are tak5 f ,blunts*li's ,das mod]ne ,vlk]re*t d] civilizirt5 ,/aat5s1 ,nordl+51 #ahgb4 ,"s ( ! treaty provisions & que/ions are gr\nd$ ^u ,recueil des traits1 conv5tions1 etc41 p> ,*4 de ,m>t5s & ,f de ,cussy1 ,leipzig1 #ahdf1 & ,ar*ives diplomatiques3 --,s9ce practical ab/a9+ f w> is ! natural assumption ( neutrality1 a neutral ,/ate is b\nd n to assi/ any bellig]5t p[] 9 w>like purposes4 --,a neutral ,/ate may n supply a bellig]5t p[] ) weapons or o!r w> mat]ial4 --,if private p]sons furni% bellig]5t p[]s ) w> mat]ial z articles ( comm]ce1 !y assur$ly run ! risk ( confiscation by ! cont5d+ p>ties ( su* articles1 z contrab& ( w>2 b ! neutral ,/ate is n to be reg>d$ z hav+ violat$ its neutrality by tol]at+ trade 9 contrab& ( w>4 --,p]mission freely to pur*ase food ev5 ^u acc\nt ( a bellig]5t p[] is n reg>d$ z a s]i\s concession t[>ds t ,/ate1 provid$ t ! p]mission is g5]al1 apply+ alike to bo? p>ties4 --,a neutral ,/ate may n p]mit ! w>-%ips ( a bellig]5t p[] to run into its ports or 7) any o!r object ?an to procure provisions1 wat]1 coal1 etc47 to trav]se its s\nds1 riv]s & canals4 --,bellig]5t p[]s are b\nd fully to respect ! "r ( peace ( ! neutral ,/ates1 & to ab/a9 f any invasion ( _! t]ritories4 --,:]e a violation ( neutral t]ritory has tak5 place f ignorance ( ! b\nd>y & n f evil int5t1 ! neutral ,/ate %all imm$iately claim r$ress1 comp5sation1 & ! adoption ( measures necess>y to prev5t a simil> mi/ake 9 future4 ,footnote #ae3 ,see 9 respect ( ?is act1 ,recueil des traits1 conv5tions1 etc41 ,*4 de ,m>t5s & ,f4 de ,cussy1 ,"p iii4 p4 #bdc ,leipzig1 #ahdf4 ,footnote #af3 ,see ,*4 de ,m>t5s & ,f4 de ,cussy1 9 ! above-nam$ collection1 ,"p iv4 p4 #ege4 ,footnote #ag3 ,respect+ ! correspond5ce on ?is "q1 see ! rema9d] ( ,ar*ives diplomatiques1 #ahga-gb4 ,footnote #ah3 ,motion 9 ! ,second ,*amb]1 ,no4 #ig4 ,s9ce ! ,european ,/ates h settl$ into _! pres5t gr\p+1 ! mat]ial prepond]ance ( ! great p[]s ov] ! small] c\ntries has m & m dim9i%$ ! possibility ( ^! def5d+ _! ext]nal lib]ty & indep5d5ce by milit>y p[] only4 ,!re are ,/ates ^: :ole male population _c equal or b>ely exce$ ! numb]1 :i* a great p[] c comm& = its fully equipp$ army4 ,9 old5 "t1 a small high-spirit$ p might ) success fight aga9/ a great] & m p[]ful neighb\r4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! weak organization1 ! feeble _s ( cohesion & ! slightly develop$ art ( w>1 x 0 !n possible4 ,n[ ?is condition is *ang$4 ,z a rule we f9d t ! milit>y /r5g? ( a ,/ate is 9 direct proportion to its population & mat]ial weal?4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! small] ,/ates h virtually ceas$ to be bellig]5t p[]s4 ,su* examples z ,g]many's proce$+ aga9/ ,d5m>k 9 #ahfd1 & ,engl&'s aga9/ ,egypt 9 #ahhb1 or 9 g5]al1 :5 ! /rong] ,/ate only ne$s to consid] h[ l>ge a portion ( its =ces mu/ be employ$ to accompli% its object1 are n to be consid]$ z w>s1 b z milit>y executions4 ,z to our own c\ntry 7,sw$571 x c]ta9ly has1 toge!r ) ,norway1 an advantage 9 its situation above o!r small p[]s4 ,b x conc]ns u t we utilize ?is advantage ) wisdom & at ! "r "t4 ,?is is n to be done by turn+ ,sw$5 into a milit>y ,/ate1 because ev5 if we did s to ! greate/ possible ext5t1 we %\ld1 if left to ourselves1 n ev5 s be 9 a condition to def5d ourselves aga9/ our p[]ful neighb\rs4 ,9 proportion z a nation exhau/s its res\rces by milit>y prep>ations1 its ability less5s to cope ) an ov]-p[]+ enemy4 ,9 our day1 n only are great & well-discipl9$ ho/s requir$ = c>ry+ on w>1 b great mat]ial ri*es are equally indisp5sable4 ,! relation betwe5 a nation ( f\r or five millions1 & "o ( =ty or fifty millions1 is l t betwe5 ! dw>fs & ! giants4 ,x is easily und]/ood t patriotic feel+s may bewild] ! judgm5t1 & t our nation1 ) its brilliant w> memories1 c only ) difficulty p]ceive ?is simple tru?1 & ) reluctance accommodate itself to ! *ang$ condition :i* mod]n times h creat$4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 realize t we are /&+ at ! p>t+ ( ! ways2 t we h be=e u ! alt]native1 on ! "o h&1 ( a b>r5 & ru9\s milit>ism2 on ! o!r1 ! seek+ ( our def5ce 9 a neutrality gu>ante$ by ! unit$ p[]s2 mak+ x possible = u to get our def5ce adju/$1 )\t any v great difficulty1 & settl$ ^u a foot+ s satisfactory4 ,! fir/-nam$ alt]native w\ld1 9 our naturally poor l&1 excessively depress our natural vitality1 & 9 a great degree prev5t our progress z a cultur$ p keep+ pace ) great] & weal?i] nations4 ,! second w\ld put u into a position to conf9e our milit>y burd5s )9 reasonable limits1 & to exp5d ! p[]s & res\rces ( prosp]ity ?us reliev$1 9 means ( promot+ bus9ess1 trade1 sci5ce1 & well-be+ ( all k9ds4 ,! cle>-sight$ fri5d ( 8 c\ntry1 :o sees ! population 9 ev]-swell+ numb]s leav+ _! homes = a =eign %ore1 seek+ a new fa!rl&1 w surely n hesitate 9 8 *oice4 ,x w p]haps be said t su* a *oice does n n[ lie be=e u4 ,!re are two op9ions ab\t t4 ,b 9 "o ?+ we may all unite1 namely1 t a settl$ neutrality = ,sw$5 is a ?+ to be aim$ at4 ,"h almo/ e int]e/ ( ! fa!rl& conv]ges4 ,b if su* a neutralization is consid]$ by _m n a suffici5t peace-protection "u all circum/ances1 yet no "o ) reason c d5y t x does =m a security = our c\ntry aga9/ =eign p[]s4 ,accept+ ?is conclusion z correct1 x foll[s t we %\ld f9d "s practicable means ( realiz+ x2 & if h9drances d meet u1 we %all1 on ne>] inspection1 f9d t !y are n great1 b ) he>ty goodwill & p]sev]ance may be ov]come4 ,?is is my conviction4 ,9 draw+ att5tion to ! subjo9$1 ,i w\ld fur!r br+ to m9d t ! seat ( w> 9 ,europe is limit$ 9 ! proportion 9 :i* ! numb] ( neutraliz$ ,/ates gr[s1 a condition ( ?+s :i* may little by little 9 an ess5tial degree imp$e or prev5t ! outbreak ( w>2 t ! peculi> situation ( ,sw$5 7greatly sup]ior1 = example1 to ,belgium or ,switz]l&7 mu/ naturally facilitate its neutralization2 t1 la/ly1 ! neutrality propos$ does n /& 9 ! way ( arrang+ our own def5ce1 b t r1 9 case ,p>liam5t rejects 8 ,maje/y's army bill1 adapts itself p[]fully to contribute to a "r solution ( ! ,def5ce "q2 & s mu* ! m1 z all suspicion t t old vex$ "q aims p]haps at some?+ m & o!r ?an ,,def5ce ( ! c\ntry w\ld !reby disappe>4 ,= ?is reason--& s9ce we _c expect t o!r p[]s %\ld take ! fir/ /ep & (f] u :at we d n ask =--,i respectfully propose3-- ,t ,p>liam5t %all 9 writ+ express to ! k+ its desire t x might please 8 ,maje/y to initiate1 among/ ! /ates ) :i* ,sw$5 has diplomatic relations1 negotiations = br++ ab\t a p]man5t gu>ante$#bf neutrality ( ,sw$51 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciples ( mod]n int]national law4 ,k4,p4 ,,arnoldson4 ,,/ockholm1 ,febru>y1 #ahhc4 ,?is motion 0 support$ by-- ,s4,a4 ,,h$lund1 ,,w4 ,,f>up1 ,j4 ,,&]sson1 ,t5huset1 ,j4,e4 ,,ericsson1 ,alb]ta1 ,,p] ,,p]sson1 ,f4,f4 ,,borg1 ,j4 ,,jonass51 ,gullahs1 ,c4,j4 ,,sv5',s1 ,a4 ,,?4 ,,wayl5',s1 ,p4,m4 ,,l>son1 ,,la1 ,p4,g4 ,,pet]son1 ,,arvid ,,gumoelius1 ,j4 ,,jonass51 ,,eric ,,olsson1 ,j4,a4 ,,ericsson1 ,,l>s ,,nilsson1 ,c4,g4 ,,ott]borg4 ,footnote #ai3 ,tak5 f ! foll[+ communication3 ,at a meet+1 ,m>* #ca/1 #ahhc1 ( ! ,association ( memb]s ( ! ,/ort+1 a docum5t 0 pres5t$1 be+ a motion 9 ! ,second ,*amb]1 ,no4 #ig1 respect+ ! ,neutralization ( ,sw$52 :i* docum5t 0 s5t to ! presid5t ( ! meet+ by a ,sw$i% ,m4,p4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! foll[+ decl>ation & resolution 0 vot$ unanim\sly3 ,recognis+ t ! neutralization ( a s+le c\ntry is 9 ! int]e/ ( univ]sal peace2 t be+ secur$ f =eign attack by /rong] nations1 gives ability to use its own res\rces & develop its in/itutions1 includ+ its def5ce1 accord+ to its special requirem5ts2 t ! condition & situation ( our c\ntry give equal opportunity = work+ = ?is object1 & facilities = its atta9m5t2 & t ! action tak5 9 ! ,sw$i% ,rigsdag ^u ! "q1 s]i\sly calls our att5tion to x on ! gr\nd ( ! con/itutional relation betwe5 ! k+doms & _! union 9 w> & 9 peace2 a committee is reque/$ to take into consid]ation1 h[ ! "q may be subject$ to fur!r att5tion4 ,a4 ,,quam1 ,secret>y ( ! ,association4 ,footnote #bj3 ,protocol ( ! ,second ,*amb]1 ,no #cc1 ,april #bh?1 #ahhc4 ,footnote #ba3 ,see on ! deal+ ) ! "q 9 ,p>liam5t1 ,riksdag/rycket #ahhc4 ,motion 9 ! ,second ,*amb]1 ,no4 #ig1 pp4 #a-h2 ,fir/ ,*amb]1 protocol ,no4 #cc1 pp4 #c-d1 etc41 etc4 ,footnote #bb3 ,mr4 ,arnoldson's spee* ran ?us3-- ,! second speak] on ! ,"r prop\nd$ c]ta9 difficulties1 among/ o!rs1 "o ref]r+ to ,sw$5's union ) ,norway4 ,s9ce ,sw$5 & ,norway h ! same =eign policy1 & ! initiative 9 ?is "q comes f ,sw$51 ! ,union ,k+ ought c]ta9ly to be able to act freely 9 ! common int]e/ ( ! two k+doms4 ,9 any case1 x is probable1 z ,mr4 ,h$lund rem>k$1 t if ! ,riksdag takes ! fir/ /ep x w n be long be=e ! ,/ort+ comes to meet u4 ,x 0 *iefly on ! gr\nd ( c\rtesy t ,i did n und]take to speak = ,norway too 9 ! ,riksdag4 ,we "k t ! ,norse--& x does !m hon\r--are t5aci\s ( _! "r ( decid+ = !mselves4 ,i d n ?9k x w\ld be seemly = ! mov] ( su* a resolution z ?is to make himself _! spokesman 9 ! ,sw$i% ,riksdag--n to m5tion ! positive incorrectness ( ! proce$+4 ,?is is :y ,i limit$ ! matt] to ,sw$5 9 my proposition4 ,footnote #bc3 ,revue de droit int]national et de ,legislation comp>e1 #ahhh1 #b4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! mo/ important provisions ( ! treaty are ! foll[+3-- ,article #a4 ,! ,suez ,canal %all always be free & op5 :e!r 9 "t ( w> or peace1 = bo? m]*ant & w>-%ips1 :atev] flag !y c>ry4 ,! treaty-p[]s !re=e decide t ! use ( ?is canal %all n be limit$ ei!r 9 "t ( peace or w>4 ,! canal c nev] be blockad$4 ,article #d4 ,no =tifications :i* c be us$ = milit>y op]ations aga9/ ! ,suez ,canal1 may be erect$ at any po9t :i* w\ld comm& or m5ace x4 ,no po9ts :i* comm& or m5ace its entrance or c\rse may be occupi$ 9 a milit>y s5se4 ,article #e provides t1 al?\gh ! ,suez ,canal %all be op5 9 w>-"t1 no bellig]5t action %all take place 9 its vic9ity or 9 its h>b\rs1 or )9 a di/ance f its area :i* %all be det]m9$ by ! int]national committee t wat*es ov] ! canal4 ,article #f is a cont9uation ( ! =ego+ & runs ?us3 ,9 "t ( w> none ( ! bellig]5t p[]s are p]mitt$ to l&1 or to take on bo>d1 ammunition or o!r w> mat]ial1 ei!r 9 ! canal or 9 its h>b\rs4 ,article #h4 ,! p[]s are n all[$ to keep any w>%ip 9 ! wat]s ( ! canal4 ,b !y may lay up w>-%ips 9 ! h>b\rs ( ,port ,said & ,suez to a numb] n exce$+ two ( any nation4 ,article #i4 ,! repres5tatives 9 ,egypt ( ! p[]s :o sign$ ! treaty %all be *>g$ ) see+ to its fulfilm5t4 ,9 all cases :]e free passage ?r\gh ! canal may be m5ac$1 !y %all meet ^u ! summons ( ! s5ior memb] to inve/igate ! facts4 ,!y %all acqua9t ! ,kh$ive's ,gov]nm5t ) ! dang] anticipat$1 t x may take ! measures ne$ful to secure ! safety & unimp$$ use ( ! canal4 ,!y %all meet regul>ly once a ye> to asc]ta9 t ! treaty is prop]ly obs]v$4 ,!y %all mo/ especially require ! deposition ( all works & disp]sion ( all collections ( troops :i* on any "p ( ! area ( ! canal might ei!r design or cause a m5ace to ! free passage or to ! security !re(4 ,article #aj treats ( ! obligations ( ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t & runs ?us3-- ,! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t %all1 s f> z its p[] by firman goes1 take ! measures necess>y = en=c+ ! treaty4 ,9 case ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t has n adequate means x %all apply to ! ,sublime ,porte1 :i* w !n consult ) ! o!r signatories ( ! ,london treaty ( ,m>* #ag1 & ) !m make provision 9 response to t application4 ,article #ad sets =?3 ,beyond ! duties express$ & /ipulat$ = 9 ! p>agraphs ( ?is treaty1 ! sov]eign rights ( 8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y ! ,sultan are 9 no way curtail$1 nor are ! privileges & rights ( 8 ,highness ! ,kh$ive z def9$ by ! firman4 ,footnote #be3 ,nationaloekonomisk ,tidsskrift1 xxii4 pp4 #aci-aee4 ,see also ,politik51 #ahij1 ,m>* #ca4 ,article ,o]esunds ,fr$1 sign$1 ,def5sor ,patri4 ,footnote #bf3 ,! ^w gu>ante$ 0 ins]t$ 9 ! motion contr>y to ! op9ion ( ! committee ,,fur!r ,,developm5ts4 ,9 o!r ways ! ,european p[]s h %[n t1 ) a little will+ness to d s1 !y c "w toge!r 9 ! int]e/s ( peace4 ,we h an illu/rative in/ance ( ?is 9 ! ,,danube ,,commission1 :i*1 s9ce #ahef1 has wat*$ ov] ! traffic 9 ! ,delta ( ! ,danube1 neutraliz$ by ! ,treaty ( ,p>is4 ,?is commission1 :i* is compos$ ( memb]s f all ! great p[]s & ,turkey & ,r\mania1 & 0 orig9ally appo9t$ only = a %ort "t1 has1 9 consid]ation ( its great value z an int]national in/itution1 be5 r5ew$ f ye> to ye>1 & has _h its p[] gradually ext5d$4 ,! commission possesses its own flag1 its cu/oms & pilotage1 its police1 its little fleet1 & s on4 ,x has = ?irty ye>s ex]cis$ an almo/ unlimit$ p[] ov] ! m\?s ( ! ,danube1 has made laws1 rais$ a loan1 c>ri$ out works1 & 9 _m o!r respects giv5 evid5ce ( ! possibility ( unit$ co-op]ation among/ ! p[]s "u _m *ang+ & intricate int]national relations4 ,9 ! s-call$ ,,european ,,conc]t is se5 a comm5cem5t ( an ext5d$ co-op]ation 9 a simil> direction4 ,! w> betwe5 ,s]via & ,bulg>ia 0 conf9$ )9 c]ta9 limits by ! unit$ w ( ! p[]s1 & ,greece 0 oblig$ to subdue h] fi]ce milit>y ard\r4 ,aga91 s f> z conc]ns su* coalitions z x is evid5t are n =m$ = ! :ole ( ,europe1 b are said to aim at secur+ peace by accumulat+ =ces1 x c\ld h>dly be expect$1 f _! v nature1 t !y w\ld fulfil ! alleg$ design 9 !mselves4 ,b1 on ! o!r side1 x w\ld be %ort-sight$ to ov]look _! importance z a l9k 9 ! gradually progressive developm5t ( ! int]e/s ( v>i\s nations 9 ! common conc]ns ( ,europe4 ,"o tok5 9 ?is direction is ! proposal :i* 0 br\ght =w>d 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahhh by a numb] ( deputies 9 ! ,au/rian ,p>liam5t1 urg+ ! ,gov]nm5t1 aft] procur+ ! cons5t ( ! ,hung>ian ,gov]nm5t1 to initiate negotiations ) ,g]many = ! purpose ( gett+ a ,,g]mano-,,au/rian ,,alliance adopt$ by ! ,p>liam5ts ( bo? realms1 & con/itutionally incorporat$ 9 ! fundam5tal law ( bo? ,/ates4 ,?is proposal may h h>dly any practical result1 b x is wor? notice z "o ( ! small rays ( light :i* f "t to "t po9t ! way to a common goal4 ,?i!r po9t too1 ?\gh inde$ f af>1 ^? propositions = ,,dis>mam5t :i* n[ & !n crop up1 b :i*1 q naturally1 fade away z quickly z !y come1 s long z ! pr9ciple ( arbitration does n prevail 9 ,europe4 ,europe's only salvation is a g5]al dis>mam5t1 cries ! illu/ri\s ,fr5*man ,jules ,simon1 & yet l\d] ! ,italian ex-m9i/]1 ,bonghi4 ,! latt] a di/+ui%$ ,cons]vative /atesman1 utt]s ^! p[]ful words 9 ! ,int]national ,review 7,rome74 ,! ideas ( peace1 :i* ,i h j express$ & :i* are also ent]ta9$ by ! masses1 s\nd almo/ l a je/ 9 ! m5aces ( w> :i* we he> ar\nd u4 ,& !y are ridicul\s if ! policy :i* ! ,gov]nm5t foll[s is consid]$ s]i\s4 ,! great ?+ is to be able to guess h[ long ! ludicr\s %all be reg>d$ z s]i\s1 & ! s]i\s z ludicr\s2 & h[ long a proce$+ s devoid ( s\nd reason z t ( ! great ,european p[]s w be c\nt$ z s5se4 ,i1 = my "p1 am p]suad$ t su* a confusion z to ! mean+ ( ! words _c endure cont9ually1 & t ! pres5t condition ( ?+s1 :e!r p w or n1 mu/ soon cease4 ,b we ought n to wait until ! *ange is br\ght ab\t by viol5ce1 nor inde$ till x comes by viol5ce f--bel[4 ,dyna/ies mu/ give he$ to ?is1 & mu/ hold me responsible = say+ x--,i1 :o am a royali/ by conviction4 ,9 ! ,engli% ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,ill+wor?1 ,may #cj?1 #ahhi1 que/ion$ ! ,fir/ ,"l ( ! ,treasury1 ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,smi?1 ,:e!r ! ,gov]nm5t _h rec5tly made a proposal to ! cont95tal ,gov]nm5ts t !y %\ld agree ^u a consid]able & e>ly r$uction ( armam5ts8 & ) :at result8 ,& if n1 :e!r ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t w\ld )\t delay initiate su* negotiations1 hav+ = _! object to less5 ! milit>y burd5s & ! dang]s :i* m5ace ! peace ( ,europe4 ,9 8 answ] ! ,fir/ ,"l ( ! ,treasury#bg said3 ,if any fav\rable opportunity manife/$ itself1 ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld h pleasure 9 us+ its influ5ce 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! hon\rable memb]4 ,b ! que/ion] %\ld be> 9 m9d1 t an int]f]5ce 9 a "q ( ?is sort (t5 does m h>m ?an good to ! object he wi%es to atta94 ,i c assure him t ! ,gov]nm5t is z deeply impress$ ) ?is "q z himself1 & x has (t5 express$ its view 9 ! ,h\se1 t ! pres5t arm$ condition ( ,europe is a great mis=tune & a dang] to ! peace ( ! _w4 ,9 ! ,g]man ,p>liam5t1 also1 simil> utt]ances may be he>d2 9 ! late/ in/ance f "o ( ! ,c5tre1 ,rei*5sp]g]1 :o 9 ! milit>y debate1 ,june #bh?1 #ahij1 express$ ! wi% t !y c\ld set 9 motion a g5]al dis>mam5t4 ,! speak] _h c]ta9ly spok5 9 fav\r ( ! ,gov]nm5t bill = add+ #ah1jjj m5 to ! peace foot+ ( ! army4 ,b he wi%$ alongside ( t to say1 t z ! decision ( ! ,emp]or 9 summon+ a conf]5ce ( work+ m5 f all p>ts ( ,europe _h be5 greet$ ) applause1 s w\ld ! civiliz$ _w1 ) /ill great] applause greet ! tid+s t ,william ,,ii4 _h advocat$ a g5]al dis>mam5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,_m ent]ta9 ! belief t ! fir/ condition ( su* a dis>mam5t mu/ be to absolve ! rul]s !mselves f ! dang]\s p[] !y possess 9 be+ able at _! discretion to decl>e w>1 conclude peace1 & make alliances "o ) ano!r = w>like aims4 ,9 our c\ntry _m propositions h be5 br\ght =w>d = limit+ ?is p[] especially ) reg>d to ! conclud+ ( treaties )\t s mu* z consult+ ! :ole ,sw$i% ,cab9et4 ,z is well kn[n1 ev5 9 ! "t ( ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 ! royal p[] did n ext5d beyond ! k+ hav+ to consult ! ,riksdag1 & to obta9 its cons5t1 :e!r he 7 engag+ 9 a w> or ent]+ into an alliance ) =eign p[]s4 ,! absolute mon>*s seiz$ ^u great] p[]1 & ! law-mak]s ( #ahji simply ratifi$ ?is dang]\s ext5sion ( x4 ,n[ we are unceas+ly told1 :5 ! subject ( def5ce is on1 ab\t sacrifices4 ,!y decl>e to u t no sacrifice %\ld be e/eem$ too great4 ,! ,/ate has ! "r ( enli/+ soldi]s by compulsion1 fa!rs1 husb&s & sons1 = ! def5ce ( ! c\ntry2 & n only :5 x is really a "q ( def5ce1 b :5 x is a matt] ( prep>ation = def5ce1 t is drill1 ev5 if ?is ext5d to ye>s ( b>rack life 9 "t ( peace4 ,^! are ! sacrifices dem&$ f ! p4 ,!re are ^? :o ?9k1 w\ld x n be mu* bett] if ! p1 on _! side1 dem&$ a little security t ! c\ntry %\ld n be f> too ?\ghtlessly plung$ into w>--w> :i* c no long] be c>ri$ on by paid volunte]s1 b ) memb]s ( families conscript$ by =ce1 by means ( compulsory s]vice8 ,su* security c\ld be effect$ by *ang+ ! =mulas ( gov]nm5t #ab & #ac1 & ! con/itutional law #bf1 p>tly s t ! conclusion ( treaties %\ld require ! confirmation ( a unit$ meet+ ( ! ,sw$o-,norse cab9et c\ncils1 & p>tly also1 t c]ta9 treaties1 namely su* z include a great] political intricacy1 %\ld be subject$ to ! confirmation ( ! ,riksdag & ! ,/ort+1 z has be5 ! case ) c]ta9 treaties ( comm]ce--bagatelles 9 comp>ison ) ! entanglem5t ( ! k+doms 9 w>4 ,x is simply an ass]tion1 refut$ by exp]i5ce1 t ! k+ _c make use ( ! law "h treat$ (4 ,dur+ ! ,crimean w>1 accord+ to a treaty1 we %\ld h be5 entangl$ 9 ! w>1 _h n ! ,peace ( ,p>is int]v5$4 ,s also dur+ ! la/ ,dano-,g]man w>1 :5 int]f]5ce on our "p1 z ! result ( a treaty1 w\ld h tak5 place1 _h n ! dea? ( ,k+ ,fr$]ic ,,vii4 occurr$4 ,! same ?+ w\ld h happ5$ dur+ ! la/ ,franco-,g]man w>1 if ! battle ( ,wr? _h n ?r[n out ! reckon+1 accord+ to a treaty :i* entail$ our int]f]5ce4 ,into all ^! treaties ! k+ c\ld ent] )\t giv+ ! :ole ,cab9et ! opportunity ( express+ its op9ion4 ,! dang] ( su* a p[] beg9s to be increas+ly felt1 especially 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #ahhf1 ,h5ry ,ri*>d rais$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons ! "q ( aboli%+ ! "r ( ! sov]eign to decl>e w> )\t ! cons5t ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! proposition 0 c]ta9ly reject$1 b ) ! l>ge m9ority ( #aji aga9/ #aae votes4 ,t ! proposition c\ld ga!r r\nd x su* a m9ority may c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z a rem>kable sign ( ! times4 ,9 #ahhi1 ,w4,r4 ,crem] made a simil> motion 9 ! ,h\se4 ,he propos$ t a p>liam5t>y committee %\ld be *os5 to exam9e & arrange =eign matt]s1 :i* 7 !n to be laid be=e ,p>liam5t4 ,?is proposal fell ?r\gh b progress 0 made1 & ,mr4 ,crem] /ill awaits a suitable occasion = r5ew+ x4 ,a *>act]i/ic exp$i5t is po9t$ out by ! well-kn[n ,belgian pr(essor ( political economy1 de ,mol9>i1 9 an article publi%$ 9 ! ,times4 ,he %[s1 9 ! fir/ place1 h[ solid>ity among ! civiliz$ ,/ates ( ! _w has lately increas$ 9 a m>vell\s degree1 = n long ago ! =eign trade ( a civiliz$ nation & ! capital inve/$ 9 o!r ,/ates 0 ( v small importance4 ,ea* c\ntry produc$ ne>ly all ! requisites = its own consumption1 & employ$ its capital 9 its own und]tak+s4 ,9 #afac1 ! :ole ( ,engl&'s imports & exports am\nt$ to only five million p\nds /]l+4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 inde$1 ! unit$ =eign trade ( ! :ole ( ,europe did n am\nt to s mu* z ! pres5t =eign trade ( little ,belgium4 ,/ill m unimportant 7 ! =eign loans4 ,holl& 0 ! only c\ntry ^: capitali/s l5t to =eign ,gov]nm5ts1 & p]sons 7 h>dly to be f\nd :o v5tur$ to put _! money into indu/rial und]tak+s 9 =eign l&s1 or ev5 beyond ! prov9ces 9 :i* !y dwelt4 ,consequ5tly at t "t a neutral ,/ate suff]$ little or no injury :5 two ,/ates 7 at w>4 ,a qu>rel betwe5 ,france & ,spa9 or ,g]many !n did no m h>m to ,engli% int]e/s ?an a w> betwe5 ,*9a & ,japan w\ld d n[4 ,at pres5t x is q o!rwise4 ,trade & capital h 9 our day become int]national4 ,:ile ! =eign traffic ( ! civiliz$ _w two hundr$ ye>s ago did n exce$ "o hundr$ millions /]l+1 x runs up n[ to ab\t five ?\s& millions2 & =eign loans h augm5t$ 9 ! same degree4 ,9 e c\ntry !re is a con/antly increas+ portion ( ! population dep5d5t = its subsi/5ce ^u relations ) o!r peoples1 ei!r = ! manufacture or exportation ( goods1 or = ! importation ( =eign necess>ies4 ,9 ,france a t5? "p ( ! population is dep5d5t 9 ?is way ^u =eign c\ntries1 a ?ird 9 ,belgium1 & 9 ,engl& probably n f> f a ?ird4 ,s long z !re is peace1 ?is increas+ community ( int]e/s is a s\rce ( well-be+1 & advances civilization2 b if a w> breaks out1 t :i* 0 a bless+ is turn$ into a common ill4 ,=1 n to m5tion ! burd5 :i* prep>ations = def5ce impose ^u ! neutral nations1 !y suff] f ! crisis :i* w> causes 9 ! money m>ket1 & f ! cessation or curtail+ ( _! trade ) ! bellig]5t p[]s4 ,f ^! facts1 de ,mol9>i d$uces a pr9ciple ( ju/ice--,,neutral ,,/ates ,,h ,,! ,,"r ,,to ,,=bid ,a ,,w>1 z x greatly injures _! own lawful int]e/s4 ,if two duelli/s fight out _! qu>rel 9 a solit>y place1 :]e nobody c be injur$ by _! balls or swords1 !y may be all[$ )\t any great h>m to ex]cise _! "r ( kill+4 ,b if !y set to "w to %oot "o ano!r 9 a cr[d$ /reet1 no "o c blame ! police if !y int]f]e1 s9ce _! action exposes peacable pass]s-by to dang]4 ,x is ! same ) w> betwe5 ,/ates4 ,neutral ,/ates w\ld h small int]e/ 9 h9d]+ w>1 if w> did n d !m any p>ticul> h>m2 & "u ^? circum/ances _! "r to int]f]e might be disput$4 ,b :51 z is n[ ! case1 w> _c be c>ri$ on )\t m5ac+ a great & con/antly increas+ portion ( ! int]e/s ( neutrals1 yes1 ev5 _! exi/5ce1 _! "r to come 9 & ma9ta9 ord] is indisputable4 ,! wor/ is t1 aft] all1 ! bellig]5t nation itself nev] decides its own fate4 ,t is settl$ by a few politicians & milit>y m51 :o h q o!r int]e/s ?an ^? ( bus9ess4 ,x is (t5 done by a s+le man2 & x may be said )\t exagg]ation1 t ! _w's peace dep5ds ^u ! pleasure ( ?ree or f\r m51 sov]eigns or m9i/]s1 :o c any day1 at _! discretion1 let slip all ! horrors ( w>4 ,!y c !reby br+ measureless mis]y & ills ^u ! :ole civiliz$ _w's peaceable indu/ries1 n except+ ev5 ^? ( neutral nations1 ) :om !y h no?+ to d4 ,! mo/ absolute despots ( ! rude old times _h no su* p[]4 ,self-int]e/s ( purely political nature give ! neutral ,/ates1 especially ! small] ones1 ! "r to d :at !y c to prev5t w> betwe5 o!r p[]s2 because x is an old exp]i5ce t w> among ! great p[]s readily spreads itself to ! little ones4 ,de ,mol9>i /ates fur!r t ! neutral ,/ates may s mu* ! m easily w>d (f all ?is evil1 z !y h n only ! "r1 b also ! p[]1 if !y w\ld set !mselves to d x4 ,!reupon he unfolds 8 proposition3-- ,) ,engl& at ! head1 & ) ,holl&1 ,belgium1 ,switz]l& & ,d5m>k z memb]s1 !re might be =m$ a conf$]ation1 ',,! ,,neutral ,,league1' = ! purpose ( attack+ any ( ! o!r p[]s :o %\ld beg9 a w>1 & ( help+ ! attack$4 ,! ,/ates nam$ h a unit$ /r5g? ( #dfj1jjj m51 & c place on a w> foot+ #a1bjj1jjj4 ,to ^! may be add$ ! fleets ( ,engl&1 ,holl& & ,d5m>k1 :i* toge!r =m ! /ronge/ naval p[] 9 ! _w4#bh ,suppose t a complication takes place betwe5 two great p[]s on ! cont95t ( ,europe--,g]many1 ,france1 ,au/ria1 or ,russia--!re c be no d\bt t if ! ,league unit$ its /r5g? ) ! ?reat5$ p[]1 t p[] w\ld become !reby s sup]ior to its oppon5t t victory w\ld be c]ta94 ,= ?is reason a peaceable int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! ,league be=e ! w> broke out1 w\ld make ! mo/ w>like among/ ! p[]s consid]4 ,b ! fact t no ,/ate c\ld /ir up a w> )\t meet+ a cru%+ sup]ior =ce w\ld lead to a con/ant & la/+ /ate ( peace1 & dis>mam5t4 ,de ,mol9>i ?9ks 8 plan w\ld be advanc$ by =m+ an association 9 ! c\ntries nam$1 :i* %\ld "w = an agreem5t betwe5 !m 9 ! above-nam$ direction4 ,! proposition w nev] ( itself lead to any practical result4 ,b x is at lea/ useful 9 hav+ po9t$ out ! gr[+ int]e/ :i* neutral p[]s h 9 ma9ta9+ peace unmole/$4 ,?is int]e/ %[s itself already 9 g5]al politics 9 ! zeal\s pa9s ) :i*1 on ! outbreak ( w>1 all p[]s n implicat$ unite to localize w>1 t is1 to limit x to z few p>tisans1 & to z1 small an area1 z possible4 ,! peace int]e/s ( neutral ,/ates become ye> by ye> m p[]ful factors 9 politics4 ,"h we mu/ be> 9 m9d t m ,/ates are cont9ually pass+ ov] into ! condition ( unconsci\sly =m+ a neutral league4 ,!y are approa*+ ! goal :i* !y h long be5 /riv+ aft] by arms & by diplomacy4 ,!y are1 to quote ,bism>ck1 satisfi$ & d n /rive = m4 ,su* ,/ates are ,g]many & ,italy1 :i* h a*iev$ _! unity1 & ,hung>y1 :i* has ga9$ its fre$om4 ,nev]!less all great causes ( w> are n !reby eradicat$ f ,europe4 ,9 ! =5am$ article by ! ,russian juri/1 ,kam>[ski1 light is ?r[n ^u ?is circum/ance ) sci5tific cle>ness4 ,he says respect+ ,g]many1 t ?is c\ntry has ess5tially realiz$ its national unity1 & !reby rea*$ a ju/ifiable object2 b at ! same "t has be5 guilty ( two s]i\s violations ( ! pr9ciples ( int]national "r4 ,x c>ri$ on ! w> aga9/ ,france ) an inflexible & altoge!r unnecess>y sev]ity1 & x tore f t ,/ate ,elsass-,lo?r+54 ,! attempt is c]ta9ly made to ju/ify ?is by ! fact t bo? ^! prov9ces =m]ly belong$ to ,g]many1 & t x 0 an absolute necessity = ,g]many to acquire a milit>y gu>antee aga9/ a fre% attack on ! "p ( ,france4 ,kam>[ski %[s bo? ^! gr\nds to be unt5able4 ,if nations %\ld cont9ually look back to ! pa/1 & /rive to r5ew ! old conditions1 !y nev] c\ld f\nd a m durable or righte\s /ate ( ?+s 9 ! pres5t4 ,:at ought to be decisive is1 t 9 ^! unhappy prov9ces ! sympa?y ( ! great "p ( ! population is completely on ! side ( ,france4 ,! possession ( ,/rasburg & ,metz has n only fail$ to give ,g]many ! anticipat$ security2 x has1 on ! o!r h&1 compell$ ! ,g]mans to live s9ce #ahga 9 p]petual unre/2 to keep on foot an imm5se army1 & to exp5d _! la/ res\rces 9 build+ =tresses4 ,besides1 ?is possession cripples ,g]man activity 9 bo? int]nal & ext]nal political que/ions4 ,! situation ( ,france is equally un5viable2 con/antly kept 9 susp5se1 & ) ! feel+ ( hav+ be5 unju/ly treat$1 & long+ = rev5ge4 ,is x possible1 ) ?is deadly hatr$ betwe5 two ( ,europe's mo/ civiliz$ /ates1 to ?9k ( a la/+ peace8 ,& :at c ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ^! nations d ) respect to ?is evil1 unless !y set !mselves to eradicate x8 ,kam>[ski proposes ?ree diff]5t solutions ( ! "q ( ,elsass-,lo?r+54 ,a ,european congress might arrange ! de/9y ( ^! prov9ces1 by divid+ !m1 = example1 s t ,elsass %\ld rema9 unit$ to ,g]many1 & ,lo?r+5 to ,france2 or by =m+ !m into two or m cantons unit$ to ,switz]l&2 or la/ly1 by lett+ !m become an indep5d5t ,/ate ) a self-*os5 mode ( gov]nm5t1 b ) ! s9e qu non t !y %all be neutraliz$1 & plac$ "u ! gu>antee ( comb9$ ,europe4 ,x w\ld be almo/ immat]ial to ,europe :i* ( ^! ?ree exp$i5ts 7 *os52 !re=e ! *oice might be left to ! inhabitants ( ,elsass-,lo?r+5 !mselves2 & ! opportunity might be giv5 !m ( express+ !mselves by a plebiscite1 uncontroll$ by any influ5ce f ei!r ! ,fr5* or ,g]man side4 ,?is naturally affects ,dani% ,s\? ,jutl& 9 an equal degree1 :i* ,g]many wr5*$ f ,d5m>k by a gross brea* ( int]national law4 ,t ! writ] does n adduce ?is in/ance may be simply because he does n reg>d x z involv+ any dang] ( w>4 ,kam>[ski f9ds ?is to be mu* m pron\nc$ ) reg>d to ! ,,ea/]n ,,"q4 ,?is is m ?reat5+ ?an t ( ,elsass-,lo?r+54 ,ev] s9ce ! close ( ! la/ c5tury ! ,turki% ,empire has1 on acc\nt ( its int]nal condition1 be5 doom$ to fall to pieces1 & its f9al dissolution is only a "q ( "t4 ,x is difficult to say :at is to be done ) ! rema9s4 ,! only reasonable & righte\s settlem5t is to all[ ! ,*ri/ian peoples :o 7 9 ! pa/ subject$ by ! ,turks1 & :o compose ! great majority ( ! population 9 ,european ,turkey1 to =m indep5d5t ,/ates4 ,manifold causes h hi!rto prev5t$ ! organization ( ! political life ( ^! nations1 %orn ( political maturity 9 consequ5ce ( protract$ ?raldom1 mutual jeal\sy1 & influ5ces ( ! great p[]s1 :o "u all mann] ( excuses h play$ _! own game at ! co/ ( ^! p1 pret5d+ to protect !m1 :ile !y s\ght to make !m into _! subjects4 ,russia has d\btless1 ev5 if un9t5tionally1 9 ! greate/ degree help$ to set ^! nations free1 & to produce ! pres5t position by :i* ,s]via & ,r\mania h be5 *ang$1 f be+ subject to ,turkey1 into indep5d5t ,/ates2 & ,bulg>ia1 in/ead ( be+ a ,turki% prov9ce1 has n[ a less subject position z reg>ds ,turkey4 ,x is1 says ! writ]1 n altoge!r )\t reason t ! ,russians accuse _! ,s\!rn ,sclav bre?r5 ( +ratitude2 b he admits t ,russia ought p>tly to blame h]self4 ,%e has1 = in/ance1 at times %[n a decid$ incl9ation to =ce h] =ms ( ?\ght & policy ^u !m1 & to get ! :ole ( _! inn] national life plac$ "u h] au?ority4 ,?is action ( ,russia is blamewor?y1 bo? because x violates ! indep5d5ce :i* belongs ( "r to e ,/ate1 & because x is fooli%ly oppos$ to ,russia's own well-kn[n int]e/s4 ,by su* a policy %e c only betray h] ,sclav mission1 create m ?an "o new ,pol& = h]self1 & artificially %ift h] political p[] f nor? to s\?1 !reby weak5+ h] national /r5g?4 ,kam>[ski fur!r describes ! selfi% s*emes ( ,engl& & ,au/ria 9 ! ,balkan p59sula4 ,^! plans are ev5 m di/a/eful to ! ,*ri/ian population ?an ,russia's1 because x /&s 9 ! close/ relation to t c\ntry bo? z to race & a common religion4 ,engl& & ,au/ria seek to entice ?is p by ! prospect ( fre] in/itutions & great] economic well-be+ b !y c only drag !m into _! net at ! co/ ( _! national & moral indep5d5ce4 ,& ! jeal\sy betwe5 ^! p[]s1 ,russia on ! "o h& & ,au/ria & ,engl& on ! o!r1 ea* want+ to get ! advantage1 or to possess itself ( ! rema9s ( ! dy+ realm1 is a /&+ m5ace to ! peace ( ,europe4 ,?is dang] w\ld disappe> if p c\ld be satisfi$ to let ^! nations belong to !mselves4 ,n[ t ,au/ria has c>ri$ out ! injunction laid ^u h] by ! ,b]l9 ,congress--= ! pres5t to und]take ! managem5t & adm9i/ration ( ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a--%e ought to )draw f ^! prov9ces1 ^: population %\ld be all[$ to decide _! own fate by univ]sal suffrage1 :e!r ?is w\ld result 9 ! union ( ,bosnia ) ,s]via1 & ( ,h]zegov9a ) ,mont5egro1 or :e!r ! situation %\ld be arrang$ 9 "s o!r way4 ,all t ,au/ria has any gr\nd = requir+ is1 ! free navigation ( ! ,danube & ! /raits 7,bosphorus & ,d>danelles71 & !re) h] true int]e/s 9 ?is region w\ld be abundantly satisfi$4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,/ates :i*1 alongside ( ,turkey1 h spread ov] ! ,balkan p59sula1 are ,greece1 ,r\mania1 ,s]via1 ,mont5egro & ,bulg>ia4 ,! la/ nam$ /ill /&s 9 subjection to ,turkey1 b has ! same "r to full indep5d5ce z ! neighb\r ,/ates4 ,x is evid5tly _! vocation to divide among/ !mselves ! rema9s ( ,turkey 9 ,europe1 = _! population 9 an ov]:elm+ proportion consi/s ( ,s\!rn ,sclavs & ,greeks4 ,b unhappily !y seem to h little conception ( ?is _! task1 because !y live 9 a con/ant /ate ( jeal\sy & bick]+4 ,^! ,/ates are all only j 9 ! embryo4 ,!y h n yet by a long way atta9$ _! natural b\nd>ies4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ,greeks & ,bulg>ians are /ill "u ! direct gov]nm5t ( ,turkey4 ,x w\ld be lab\r lo/ to attempt to guess h[ _m small ,/ates w =m !mselves out ( ! ru9s ( ,turkey1 or :at political =m !y w take4 ,! au?or rem>ks t x w\ld be be/ = !m to arrange !mselves into "o or m conf$]ations ) self-gov]nm5t = ea* s+le ,/ate compos+ ?is alliance4 ,europe1 9 h>mony ) int]national ju/ice1 %\ld see to x3 7#a7 t ! peoples ( ! ,balkan p59sula %\ld n become ! prey ( any =eign p[]2 7#b7 t !y %\ld n be all[$ to trespass ^u ea* o!r's doma9s2 7#c7 t _! developm5t %\ld z f> z possible proce$ 9 a peaceful & law-abid+ way2 7#d7 t !y %\ld divide ! inh]itance ( ,turkey 9 a ?or\ghly j mann]1 s t ! political b\nd>ies %\ld be m>k$ out 9 h>mony ) ! wi%es & int]e/s ( ! inhabitants2 7#e7 t !y !mselves d n invade ! doma9s ( o!r ,/ates1 & t !y recognise all ! maxims ( int]national ju/ice4 ,a ,european congress1 co-op]at+ 9 su* an arrangem5t ( ! conditions ( ! ,balkan p59sula1 w\ld contribute 9 no small degree to remove ! causes ( w> 9 ,europe1 & w\ld d effective "w 9 ! cause ( fre$om & civilization4 ,greece w\ld acquire all ! isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 toge!r ) ,c&ia & ,cyprus4 ,mac$onia w\ld1 accord+ to ! conditions ( its nationalities1 be divid$ betwe5 ,greece & ,bulg>ia4 ,! natural b\nd>y ( ! latt] w\ld be ! ,danube on ! "o side & ! ,ar*ipelago on ! o!r4 ,con/ant9ople w\ld rema9 ! capital ( a ,bulg>ian k+dom1 or ( a ,s\!rn ,sclav f$]ation2 or aga91 a free city ) a small indep5d5t t]ritory4#bi ,! =tifications on bo? sides ! ,bosphorus & ,d>danelles %\ld be de/roy$1 & bo? ^! /raits be ?r[n op5 to ! navigation ( all nations4 ,aft] be+ oblit]at$ f ! li/ ( ,european nations1 ,turkey w\ld peacefully cont9ue its exi/5ce 9 ,asia4 ,b n ev5 s are all ! causes ( w> remov$ f our cont95t4 ,_m are to be f\nd 9 ! ,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,russia ,,& ,,engl& especially two1 says ,kam>[ski4 ,"o is ! opposition betwe5 ! dissimil> =ms ( gov]nm5t 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,engl& is ! advocate ( lib]al social in/itutions all ov] ! cont95t1 b ,russia poses z ! ma9/ay ( unlimit$ sov]eign p[] & ( cons]vative pr9ciples4 ,yet d\btless ,russia w soon] or lat]1 ) a firmness & consi/5cy hi!rto lack+1 /rike into ! pa? ( political re=m1 & !n ?is contra/ w be assimilat$4 ,! o!r consi/s 9 ! oppos+ int]e/s ( ! two p[]s ^u ! ,ea/]n ,"q4 ,b if ?is "q is solv$ z ! au?or proposes1 by ! :ole ,balkan p59sula be+ p]mitt$ to =m itself into indep5d5t ,/ates "u ! gu>antee ( unit$ ,europe1 ?is cause ( /rife w\ld also be remov$4 ,russia ne$ no long] ?reat5 ,india4 ,russia's true well-be+ c nev] consi/ 9 spread+ h]self ov] ! des]ts & wa/es ( ,asia1 or 9 ! endless compulsory subjection ( ho/ile races "u h]4 ,%e w d\btless 9 "t p]ceive ?is4 ,hi/orical facts h already m>k$ out ! doma9 ( bo? realms & ! b\nd>ies ( _! influ5ce4 ,! great] "p ( ,s\!rn ,asia is m or less subject$ to ,engl&4 ,! :ole ( ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,asia belongs to ,russia4 ,russia & ,engl& h a common mission 9 ,asia--to promote ! ,*ri/ian civilization ( ! _w2 & 9 ?is direction ea* has h] special call4 ,also 9 ! relations betwe5 ,,russia ,,& ,,g]many are f\nd inde$ inflammable mat]ials2 b ) wise action on bo? sides !y may be got rid (4 ,russia has1 m ?an any o!r p[]1 promot$ ! unity & p[]ful position ( ,g]many4 ,except dur+ ! /rife betwe5 ! ,empress ,elizabe? & ,fr$]ic ,,ii41 con/ant fri5dly relations h obta9$ betwe5 ,russia & ,prussia2 s1 "u ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 & ,ca!r9e ,,ii41 & dur+ ,prussia's /ruggle aga9/ ,napoleon ,i4 :ile ! fri5d%ip betwe5 ,alex&] ,,ii4 & ,william ,i4 made possible ! w>s ( #ahff & #ahgj-ga4 ,! ,h\se ( ,hoh5zoll]n1 :i* has nev] be5 any fri5d ( popul> fre$om1 felt drawn to ,russia ^u ! gr\nd ( its devotion to cons]vative modes ( ?\ght & its absolutism4 ,b s9ce ,prussia has realiz$ h] goal--t ( be+ ! lead+ p[] 9 ,g]many--! relations ) ,russia h become m & m /ra9$4 ,"o ( ! *ief causes has be5 ! disputes caus$ by economic que/ions1 & t ( ! cu/oms 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 addition to ?is is ! g5]al misund]/&+ fom5t$ by ! press4 ,! political press1 says ,kam>[ski1 ought to s]ve ! cause ( peace to-day m ?an ev]4 ,unhappily x by no means does4 ,) few exceptions x helps to fan & fe$ national hatr$1 & to /ir up enmity betwe5 ! ,european ,/ates4 ,mo/ ( ! pr9cipal organs h a n>r[] horizon ?an ?is4 ,"s ( ^! pap]s & p]iodicals are work$ only z bus9ess und]tak+s1 to make ! greate/ possible pr(it to ! %>ehold]s2 ! be/ ( !m def5d ) gross "o-sid$ness ! int]e/s ( _! own c\ntry2 seldom d !y disclose any insight into great1 purely humanit>ian int]e/s4 ,! political press is1 !re=e1 = ! mo/ "p a con/ant s\rce ( reciprocal suspicion & hatr$1 :i* h9d]s ! ,/ates ( ,europe f ent]+ into ! condition ( peace !y all inw>dly s long =4 ,dip at r&om into a heap ( mo/ ( ! great pap]s1 & y w f9d ! /range/ ideas respect+ int]national ju/ice2 rank self-ass]tion 9 judgm5t1 & purely b>b>\s s5tim5ts respect+ subjugat+ & de/roy+ s-call$ h]$it>y enemies4 ,la/ly1 !re is a cause ( t5sion betwe5 ,russia & ,g]many 9 _! oppos+ attitude ) reg>d to ! ,sclav "q2 & if a satisfactory solution is n f\nd = ?is "q 9 a peaceable way1 a cr[d ( complications w arise1 into :i* ,russia w inevitably be drawn4 ,we h fir/ ! ,poli% "q4 ,9 our day ,russia is ent]+1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( circum/ances1 m & m into h] hi/oric vocation ( giv+ fre$om & unity to ! ,sclavs4 ,b ?is und]tak+ /&s 9 direct opposition to ! policy :i* 0 express$ 9 ! p>tition ( ,pol&4 ,russia's future rle may be to fav\r a conf$]ation ( all ! ,sclav peoples4 ,h] true mission _c be to subdue or trample d[n any ,sclav nationality1 b mu* r to emancipate !m all4 ,emancipate f :at8 ,f ! yoke ( ,turkey & ( ,g]many4 ,s f> z ! =m] is conc]n$1 a great "p ( ! "w has be5 already c>ri$ out4 ,) reg>d to ! ,g]mans1 ,russia _c ?9k ( ! re/oration ( ! disput$ & long oblit]at$ b\nd>ies ( ! ,sclav races1 :i* 7 lo/ 9 ! /ruggle ) ! ,g]mans2 b %e may assi/ ! organization ( ! bodies politic ( ! ,sclav races1 & co-op]ate 9 revivify+ ^? bran*es ( ! nation :i* are n altoge!r dead4 ,! au?or desires1 !re=e1 t ,pol& %\ld be re/or$ by ,russia's own act4 ,yet ,pol& mu/ n dem& h] b\nd>ies z !y 7 be=e #aggb 7t is1 ! possession ( ,li?uania74 ,once admitt$ into a ,sclav conf$]ation1 %e w\ld cease to be a m5ace to any "o1 b w\ld s]ve z a bulw>k betwe5 ,russia & ,g]many4 ,! solution ( ! ,sclav "q might1 accord+ to ! au?or's idea1 br+ ) x ! dismemb]m5t ( ! ,au/rian ,empire4 ,! ,g]man "p w\ld g to ,g]many1 & ,trie/e & ,s\? ,tyrol fall to ,italy4 ,au/ria's ,sclav prov9ces w\ld be ackn[l$g$ z indep5d5t1 & ei!r unite !mselves ) ! ,sclav f$]ation on ! ,balkan p59sula1 or =m a sep>ate ,/ate4 ,! situation 9 ,bohemia w\ld be ! mo/ difficult to arrange1 s9ce 9 "p x is a ,g]man-speak+ c\ntry2 b z a ,sclav l&1 x ought "u no circum/ances to be entirely giv5 ov] to ! ,g]mans4 ,hung>y also w\ld obta9 its indep5d5ce1 b mu/1 on its own "p1 recognise ! fre$om ( ,croatia4 ,! inhabitants ( ! v>i\s portions ( ! ,au/rian ,empire w\ld !mselves h to decide _! fate1 & 9 ! int]e/s ( all1 a ,european congress %\ld be summon$1 to ma9ta9 ! g5]al peace1 & to prev5t "o nationality f subject+ or swall[+ up ano!r4 ,b :ile ,pr(essor ,kam>[ski "h & else:]e 9 8 treatise speaks ( congresses1 he does n mean !reby ! meet+s ( diplomati/s to :i* t "n n[ applies4 ,congresses ought1 he says1 to be actual int]national organs1 ^: object is n to s]ve ! fluctuat+ & conflict+ int]e/s ( policy1 b ! /rict pr9ciples ( ju/ice4 ,!y mu/ be p]man5t in/itutions1 & be+ s1 help on int]national re=ms1 su* z a gradual dis>mam5t & a codification ( int]national law2 t is1 a correct dige/ ( ! v>i\s regulations & pr9ciples ( int]national law1 =m+ a common law = all civiliz$ nations4 ,9 ! la/ nam$ direction !re is 9 ! field already ,,! ,,association ,,= ,,! ,,re=m ,,& ,,codification ,,( ,,int]national ,,law1 f\nd$ at ,brussels1 ,oct4 #aj?1 #ahgc1 & 9 an important degree consi/+ ( ! mo/ em95t juri/s ( ! nations4 ,?is association1 :i* meets annually = ! discussion ( int]national law 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 deals also ) ! s*ol>ly inquiry into ! cont9ually gr[+ mat]ial1 spr++ f ! _m int]national congresses1 :i* s (t5 n[1 ) v>i\s objects1 meet fir/ 9 "o "p !n 9 ano!r ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,z examples ( "s ( ! mo/ rec5t ( ^! may be nam$3 ,! po/ & telegraph conf]5ces2 ! conf]5ce on m>itime law 9 ,wa%+ton1 repres5t+ tw5ty-"o sep>ate ,/ates1 ) ! purpose ( work+ out a univ]sal sy/em ( signals = prev5t+ collisions2 ! ,african conf]5ce at ,brussels1 ) repres5tatives ( mo/ ( ! ,european p[]s = consid]+ ! be/ way ( civiliz+ ,africa1 gett+ rid ( ! slave trade1 & limit+ ! exportation ( alcohol2#cj ! railway meet+ at ,lugano1 = introduc+ a uni=m "t table & scale ( freight1 on all railways ( ! ,european cont95t2 ! ,madrid conf]5ce1 = int]national protection ( indu/rial prop]ty1 & above all ! ,lab\r ,congress held at ,b]l9 by ,william ,,ii4's invitation4 ,:il/ 9 ?is way ! nations' own desire & ! ne$s ( ! case gr[ & bran* into great common int]e/s1 ! fri5ds ( peace unceas+ly set be=e !mselves ?is di/9ct goal1 ,"r be=e might4 ,to pa9t ! hi/oric backgr\nd ( ! activity ( ! fri5ds ( peace w\ld be almo/ synonym\s ) br++ =w>d all t is unit+1 important & la/+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! nations4 ,x w\ld be a saga on ! welf>e ( ! human race ?r\gh all "t4 ,su* a task ,i d n und]take4 ,i give only a %ort indication ( :at1 9 our own "t1 organiz$ peace-"w is4 ,its activity 0 almo/ a result ( ! w>s ( ,napoleon1 :i* 7 t]m9at$ by ! ,peace ( ,p>is1 ,novemb]1 #ahae4 ,^! w>s _h deeply /irr$ ! m9ds ( _m1 bo? 9 ! old & new _w1 & direct$ _! ?\ghts to ! apa?y ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es 9 n proclaim+1 ) unmi/akable emphasis1 t w> is irreconcilable ) ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,?is view 0 repres5t$ 9 ,am]ica by ,dr4 ,w4 ,,ell]y ,,*ann+1 & ,dr4 ,,noah ,,worce/]1 :o z e>ly z #ahad /irr$ up ! fri5ds ( peace to organize !mselves into unit$ "w4 ,a ,peace ,society 0 =m$ 9 ,new ,york 9 ,augu/1 #ahae2 & 9 ,novemb] ( ! same ye> ! ,ohio ,peace ,society4 ,! ,massa*usetts ,peace ,association 7,bo/on7 />t$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahaf1 & a simil> society 0 begun 9 ,rhode & ,ma9e 9 #ahag4 ,^!1 ) t ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 unit$ 9 #ahbh1 & =m$ ! ,,am]ican ,,peace ,,society1 an association :i* is /ill 9 active op]ation4 ,also 9 ,philadelphia an association 0 =m$1 :i* 0 succe$$ 9 #ahfh by ! ,,univ]sal ,,peace ,,union4 ,9 #ahad a zeal\s philan?ropi/1 ,mr4 ,william ,all51 a memb] ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 invit$ a numb] ( p]sons to 8 h\se 9 ,london to =m a peace association4 ,!y did n at once agree ^u ! be/ me?od1 & ! proposal 0 def]r$ = a "t4 ,b aft] ! conclusion ( peace 0 sign$ 9 #ahaf1 ,mr4 ,all51 ) ! assi/ance ( 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,joseph ,tregelles ,price1 also a memb] ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 call$ 8 fri5ds toge!r aga91 & succe$$ 9 br++ into exi/5ce ! ,engli% peace association1 "u ! "n ( ! ,,peace ,,society4 ,! s\rce f :i* ! association sprang is to be f\nd 9 ! ,society ( ,fri5ds 7,quak]s71 t sect :i* has always be5 a fai?ful proclaim] ( ! peace pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ! f\nd]s 7 n all ( ?is society4 ,"s 7 memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & ( o!r religi\s p]suasions4 ,z ! f\ndation ( its ef=t1 ! association advanc$ ! great pr9ciple t w> is contr>y to ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity & to ! true int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,x has always be5 op5 to p]sons ( all p]suasions4 ,"o ( its fir/ /ipulations 01 t ! society %all consi/ ( all ranks ( society :o w unite 9 =w>d+ peace on e>? & goodwill among/ m54 ,! association has always be5 int]national4 ,f its comm5cem5t x proclaim$ its desire to br+ o!r nations z f> z possible )9 ! rea* ( its op]ations4 ,"s ( ! fir/ acts ( ! f\nd]s 7 to translate its mo/ important writ+s into ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,spani% & ,italian4 ,imm$iately aft]1 9 #ahaf1 ,mr4 ,j4,t4 ,price1 ! mo/ zeal\s among/ ! f\nd]s1 und]took a j\rney to ,france to ga9 adhesion & co-op]ation among/ ,*ri/ians & philan?ropi/s 9 t c\ntry4 ,_m h9drances lay 9 ! way ( =m+ an association 9 t c\ntry :i* %\ld h peace only = its object4 ,^! difficulties 7 ov]come by f\nd+ a ,society ( ,*ri/ian ,morals 7,la ,socit de morale ,*rti5ne71 ^: aim 0 to br+ ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity to be> ^u ! social "q4 ,?is society cont9u$ = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury & numb]$ among/ its memb]s _m illu/ri\s ,fr5*m54 ,its fir/ presid5t 0 ! ,duke ( ,ro*ef\cauld-,lianc\rt2 its vice-presid5t 0 ! ,m>quis ( ! same "n1 ! son ( ! above4 ,among/ ! memb]s 7 ,b5jam9 ,con/ant1 ! ,duke ( ,broglie1 de ,lam>t9e1 ,guizot1 ,c>not1 & ,du*atel4 ,! promotion ( peace 0 "o ( ! objects ( ! ,society4 ,a bran* ( x 0 =m$ 9 ,g5eva1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,c\nt ,sellon1 & ! ,engli% p>5t society /ood 9 close & lively connection ) bo? ^! associations4 ,x _h = _m ye>s 9 its s]vice an active man1 ,/eph5 ,rigaud1 :o travell$ ?r\gh ,france1 ,belgium1 ,g]many & ,holl&1 held meet+s1 di/ribut$ tracts1 & =m$ committees & associations 9 fur!rance ( peace4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahdh & #ahea a /ill great] aggressive peace movem5t 0 set on foot ^u ! ,european cont95t1 by means ( congresses held at ,brussels1 ,p>is & ,frank=t1 & by ! att5dance ( _m hundr$ delegates f all ! c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,?is ef=t = peace 0 ent]$ ^u by ! ,secret>y1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,ri*>d4 ,at lea/ tw5ty times he visit$ ! ,cont95t1 speak+ = peace & arbitration 9 _m1 if n mo/1 ( ! l>ge/ cities--,p>is1 ,b]l91 ,vi5na1 ,pe/h1 ,dresd51 ,leipsic1 ,muni*1 ,frank=t1 ,brussels1 ,antw]p1 ,brem51 ,cologne1 ! ,hague1 ,am/]dam1 ,g5oa1 ,rome1 ,flor5ce1 ,v5ice1 ,milan1 ,tur91 etc4 ,^! ef=ts bore good fruit4 ,! fri5ds ( peace began to /ir4 ,peace societies 7 =m$1 devot$ atta*m5ts 7 made1 & p]sonal int]c\rse creat$ betwe5 ! adh]5ts ( peace pr9ciples 9 v>i\s l&s4 ,?is 0 especially ! case 9 ,france1 :]e la ,ligue ,int]nationale de la ,paix 0 f\nd$ by ,m4 ,frdric ,passy4 ,9 #ahgb ! "n ( ! league 0 *ang$ to ! ,socit ,franaise des ,amis de la ,paix4 ,?is "n x reta9$ until its amalgamation ) ! ,comit de ,p>is de la ,fdration ,int]nationale de l',arbitrage et de la ,paix1 f\nd$ by ,mr4 ,hodgson ,pratt 9 #ahhc4 ,! new society1 =m$ ( ! union ( ! two1 be>s ! "n ( ! ,socit ,franaise de l',arbitrage entre ,nations4 ,! ,ligue ,int]nationale de la ,paix el de la ,lib]t 0 f\nd$ at ,g5eva by ,m4 ,*>les ,lemonni] z f> back z #ahfg4 ,"u ! p[]ful lead]%ip ( ?is ag$ capta9 ( peace ! league has1 by its activity 9 promot+ ! idea ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,europe1 con/antly s\ght to "w 9 a practical way = its object1--peace & fre$om4 ,! same ye>1 too1 7 f\nd$ ! ,ligue du ,ds>mem5t & ! ,union de la ,paix1 at ,havre4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable occurr5ce 9 ?is doma9 0 ! spontane\s int]*ange ( addresses & greet+s betwe5 workm5 9 ,france & ,g]many1 :i* l$ to ! =mation1 9 ,biebri* on ! ,rh9e1 ( an ,,association ,,( ,,g]man ,,& ,,fr5* ,,work+m54 ,z a result ( a visit f ,mr4 ,ri*>d ?ree ye>s lat]1 !re 0 f\nd$ at ! ,hague1 ,sept4 #h?1 #ahgj1 ,,! ,,dut* ,,peace ,,society1 by ,mr4 ,van ,eck & o!rs4 ,lat] 9 ! same ye> t5 simil> associations sprang up 9 ! ,hague1 ,am/]dam1 ,zwolle1 ,gron+5 & o!r places4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,wom5's ,peace ,society1 9 ,am/]dam1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,miss ,b]g5dahl1 des]ves to be nam$1 on acc\nt ( its advanc$ "*4 ,9 #ahga ?is union took ! "n ( ! ,peace ,society's ,national ,union = ,holl&1 & 9 #ahgh ( ! ,peace ,league ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,its pres5t "n is ! ,univ]sal ,peace ,association = ! ,ne!rl&s 7,algeme5 ,n$]l&s* ,vr$esbond74 ,= sev5te5 ye>s ,mr4 ,geo4 ,bel9fante z ! indefatigable secret>y ( ?is ,union4 ,he di$ 9 #ahhh1 & 0 succe$$ by ,m4,c4 ,bake1 ( ! ,hague4 ,9 #ahga ! ,,belgian ,,association 0 =m$ at ,brussels1 & at ! same "t a local association at ,v]vi]s4 ,lat] on1 ,april #ae?1 #ahhi1 0 f\nd$ ! ,belgian bran* ( ! ,int]national ,arbitration & ,peace ,association 7,f$]ation ,int]nationale de l',arbitrage et de la ,paix1 section ,belge71 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,m4,e4 de ,laveleye4 ,! ,,engli% ,,p>5t ,,society has1 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury1 employ$ e means t c s]ve to advance a public cause4 ,by lectures & public meet+s2 by ! di/ribution ( lit]ature & a dilig5t use ( ! press2 by appeals to ! peoples2 petitions to ! ,gov]nm5ts2 resolutions 9 p>liam5t2 by adapt+ !mselves to ,sunday & o!r s*ools1 by influ5c+ ! religi\s community1 ! cl]gy & tea*]s2 by comb9ations & int]views ) peace fri5ds 9 all l&s--by all practicable means x has s\ght to "w t[>ds its goal4 ,fir/ & =emo/1 x has advocat$ arbitration z a sub/itute = w>1 lab\r$ = ! f9al e/abli%m5t ( an ,int]national ,law1 & a ,tribunal = ! nations1 & = a gradual r$uction ( /&+ armies2 at ! same "t x has nev] ceas$ to raise its voice aga9/ ! w>s 9 :i* ,engl& & o!r nations h engag$4 ,at a ,univ]sal ,int]national ,peace ,congress1 held 9 ,london "u ! auspices ( ! society 9 #ahdc1 x 0 resolv$ to s5d an address to ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ! civiliz$ _w1 :]eby !y %\ld be e>ne/ly conjur$ to consid] ! pr9ciple ( arbitration1 & to recognise x4 ,?is address 0 s5t to =ty-five ,gov]nm5ts4 ,by a deputation to ! p[]s at ! ,p>is ,congress 9 #ahef1 ?is society succe$$1 z be=e said1 9 gett+ ! pr9ciple ( arbitration recognis$1 etc4 ,f ! comm5cem5t1 ! ,engli% & ,am]ican peace societies h work$ side by side ) bro!rly concord4 ,!re are ov] =ty peace societies 9 ,am]ica4 ,besides ^! already nam$--viz41 ! ,am]ican ,peace ,society1 & ! ,univ]sal ,peace ,union--! foll[+ are mo/ important3 ,! ,*ri/ian ,arbitration & ,peace ,society1 ,philadelphia2 ! ,national ,arbitration ,league1 ,wa%+ton2 ! ,am]ican ,fri5ds' ,peace ,society1 = ,indiana & ,ohio1 f\nd$ ,decemb] #a1 #ahgc2 & ! ,int]national ,code ,committee1 ,new ,york1 ( :i* ,david ,dudley ,field is presid5t4 ,on ! #be? ( ,july1 #ahgj1 ! ,engli% ,,workm5',s ,,peace ,,association1 n[ call$ ! ,,int]national ,,arbitration ,,league1 0 f\nd$ by memb]s ( ! ,re=m ,league1 a great union ( workm5 9 ,london4 ,two ye>s lat] ?is ,arbitration ,league1 "u ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,crem]'s p[]ful lead]%ip1 _h well-appo9t$ local associations all ov] ! c\ntry1 & ne>ly a hundr$ zeal\s lead]s 9 v>i\s t[ns4 ,s9ce !n ,mr4 ,crem] has become a ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 & z su* has _h ! opportunity ( help+ ! peace cause 9 _m ways2 = example1 z a zeal\s p>ticipant 9 ! deputation ( twelve to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* has be5 m5tion$ m p>ticul>ly 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is "w4 ,9 ,april1 #ahgd1 0 =m$ ! ,,wom5',s ,,auxili>y ,,( ,,! ,,peace ,,society4 ,?is cont9u$ to "w 9 connection ) ! ,engli% p>5t society until #ahhb1 :5 a division took place4 ,"p ( ! memb]s ga!r$ !mselves into an auxili>y1 n[ call$ ! ,,local ,,peace ,,association ,,auxili>y ,,( ,,! ,,peace ,,society1 :i* has ?irty-?ree sub-associations 9 ,engl& only4 ,! o!r "p =m$ ! ,,wom5',s ,,peace ,,& ,,arbitration ,,association4#ca ,at ! same "t great progress 0 made ^u ! ,cont95t4 ,9 ,italy a ,,league ,,( ,,peace ,,& ,,bro!rhood 0 f\nd$ z e>ly z #ahgh1 by ,signor ,e4,t4 ,moneta4 ,a workm5's peace association 0 =m$ at ,p>is 9 #ahgi1 by ,m4 ,desm\l9s & o!rs1 "u ! "n ( ! ,socit des travailleurs de la ,paix4 ,at ! close ( #ahhb1 ,! ,,dani% ,,peace ,,society1 or ,society = ! ,neutralization ( ,d5m>k1 0 f\nd$ 9 ,cop5hag51 ) ,,fr$rik ,,baj]1 ,m4,p41 z *airman1 & tw5ty-five local associations 9 ,d5m>k4#cb ,!re is also at ,cop5hag5 a ,wom5's ,progress ,society1 :i*1 ) ,mrs4 ,baj] z presid5t1 plac$ ! cause ( peace prom95tly ^u its programme4 ,at a meet+ ( memb]s ( ! ,riksdag1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahhc1 a ,,sw$i% ,,peace ,,society 0 =m$1 :i* has = its object to co-op]ate ) ! ,int]national ,arbitration & ,peace ,association ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 9 work+ = ! pres]vation ( peace among nations1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( an ,int]national ,tribunal ( ,arbitration1 "u ! mutual protection ( ! ,/ates1 to :i* disputes t may arise may be ref]r$4 ,! fir/ *airman ( ! society 0 ,s4,a4 ,,h$lund1 :o has long lab\r$ 9 ,sw$5 = ! spread ( in=mation z to ! ef=ts ( ! fri5ds ( peace4 ,! same ye> a ,,norwegian ,,peace ,,society 0 =m$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 l ! ,sw$i% si/] association1 has be5 app>5tly only dead-alive ( late4 ,?is is ! result1 c]ta9ly 9 great degree1 ( ! sl5d] int]e/ tak5 by ! cultivat$ classes1 :o 9 g5]al pose z ei!r indiff]5t or antagoni/ic to peace "w2 indiff]5t1 because1 9 ignorance ( ! subject1 !y look ^u organiz$ peace ef=t z fanciful & fruitless2 antagoni/ic1 because !y see 9 ^! ef=ts a h9drance to gett+ ! national def5ce /r5g!n$ by increas$ milit>y =ces4 ,z reg>ds ,norway1 !re are1 h[ev]1 signs t a diff]5t view ( ?+s has lately begun to make itself felt4#cc ,9 ,france ! peace societies receiv$ /r5g? 9 #ahhd1 ?r\gh ! f\ndation by ,m4 ,,god9 ( ! ,socit de ,paix et d' ,arbitrage ,int]national du ,famili/re de ,guise 7,aisne71 ,god9's activity has embrac$ n less ?an =ty-two dep>tm5ts 9 ,france4 ,besides ^! may be nam$ ! ,socit d',aide ,frat]nelle et d',etudes ,sociales1 ! ,socit de ,paix p> l',education at ,p>is1 ! ,gr\pe des ,amis de la paix ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 ,la ,frat]nit ,univ]selle ,grammond1 ,canton de ,/4 ,galmi] 7,loire71 & ! ,association des ,jeunes ,amis de la ,paix1 ,nmes4 ,! ,,int]national ,,arbitration ,,& ,,peace ,,association = ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahhj4cd ,?is association1 ) :i* ! ,sc&9avian society %\ld co-op]ate ! mo/ closely1 has a wor?y *airman 9 ,mr4 ,,hodgson ,,pratt1 a man ^: devot$ & untir+ zeal has made him a di/+ui%$ lead] ( ! peace movem5t1 to :i* he has d$icat$ ! :ole bus9ess ( 8 life4 ,8 sph]e ( action has also includ$ ! ,cont95t1 & borne good fruit4 ,among/ o!rs he succe$$ 9 in/itut+ peace societies at ,,d>m/adt1 ,,/uttg>t & ,,frank=t2 a committee ( ! association at ,,budape/2 & 9 ,,rome1 ! ,associazione p] l',arbitrato e la ,pace tra le ,nazione1 ) ,,ruggi]o ,,bonghi z presid5t2 & also 9 ,,milan1 ! ,unione ,lomb>da p] la ,pace e l',arbitrato ,int]nazionale4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 #ahhf-ij1 ! idea ( peace has made great progress 9 ,italy4 ,! movem5t has n be5 conf9$ to any special class ( society1 or to any p>ticul> political or religi\s p>ty1 b has spread alike among/ all4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahhh ! c5tral committee ( ! ,italian ,league ( ,peace & ,lib]ty s5t out a leaflet1 ) a prote/ aga9/ any w> ) ,france4 ,! c5tral committee1 :i* numb]s among/ its memb]s1 s5ators1 deputies1 & _m ( ,g>ibaldi's =m] companions 9 arms1 decl>es3 ,! league requires all ,italians1 "y & old1 wom5 & m51 philosoph]s1 tradesm5 & work+ m51 to unite all _! en]gies 9 ! great "w ( peace2 t !re may be an end ( armam5ts1 :i* are a positive ru9 to all nations4 ,9 ! c\rse ( #ahhi sev]al important peace congresses 7 held4 ,9 ,milan1 su* a congress met = ! fir/ "t1 ,janu>y #ac?1 repres5t+ #bjj associations 9 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,spa9 & = ! second "t1 ,april #bh?1 :5 fifty-f\r ,italian societies 7 repres5t$4 ,eight days aft] ! fir/ ,milan meet+1 a simil> "o took place 9 ,naples1 att5d$ by #c1jjj p]sons1 :i* express$ ! unit$ views ( five hundr$ associations4 ,la/ly1 a congress 0 held 9 ,rome1 ,may #aj-ad1 :i* repres5t$ ?irty-n9e peace associations1 ! ex-m9i/] ,bonghi 9 ! *air4 ,! meet+ express$ ! desire t gov]nm5ts w\ld f9d means to dim9i% ! w> burd5s by int]national agreem5ts simil> to ^? by :i* economic & sci5tific matt]s are already arrang$1 z well z que/ions deal+ ) g5]al sanit>y conc]ns4 ,a committee1 consi/+ ( six s5ators & deputies1 0 aft]w>ds *os5 = fur!r "w 9 ! cause ( peace4 ,a specially notewor?y feature 9 ^! ,italian peace congresses is ! deep repugnance to ! ,triple ,alliance--:i* is reg>d$ z a /&+ m5ace ( w>1--& a /rong crav+ = good relations ) ,france4 ,! way to ?is lies ?r\gh increas$ peaceful connection4 ,?is 0 especially manife/ 9 ! meet+ at ,rome1 :i* _h to prep>e = ! p>ticipation ( ,italians 9 ! ,peace ,congress at ,p>is 9 ! summ] ( #ahhi4 ,! ,congresses ( #ahhi =m$ "p ( ! great commemoration ( ! ,revolution2 t meet+ ( int]national frat]nity :i*1 9 ! words ( ,presid5t ,c>not 9 8 op5+1 spee*1 %all ha/5 ! "t :5 ! res\rces ( ! nations1 & ! lab\r ( mank9d1 %all be d$icat$ only to ! works ( peace4 ,"o ( ^! ga!r+s1 ! ,univ]sal ,peace ,congress1 ,june #bc-bg1 :i* 0 compos$ ( delegates f ! peace societies ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 _h1 among/ o!r vocations1 to express itself on c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples = c>ry+ =w>d ! idea ( arbitration4 ,x specially ma9ta9$ & emphasiz$ t ! pr9ciple ( arbitration ought to =m a "p ( fundam5tal law 9 ! con/itution ( e ,/ate4#ce ,be=e ! meet+ clos$1 x 0 decid$ t ! next ,univ]sal ,congress %\ld be held 9 ,london 9 #ahij4 ,! o!r assembly1 an ,,int]p>liam5t>y ,,conf]5ce 7,june #bi-cj71 compos$ exclusively ( legislators f _m l&s1 0 entitl$ to express itself m def9itely on ! adoption ( actual measures2 notably1 on ! be/ means ( br++ ab\t arbitration treaties betwe5 c]ta9 ,/ates & gr\ps ( ,/ates4 ,) ?is ,int]p>liam5t>y ,conf]5ce1 ?is int]national p>liam5t>y meet+1 we come to ! beg9n+ ( a new & exalt$ organization1 =m+ almo/ a p[]ful prelude to co-op]ation betwe5 ,engl&1 ,am]ica & ,france1 su* z ,i spoke ( 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ?is book4 ,aft] ! emiss>ies ( ! #bgj memb]s ( ! legislature _h 9 ! autumn ( #ahhg fulfill$ _! mission to ,am]ica1 & _h />t$ an active movem5t !re :i* has s9ce spread ov] ! :ole ,am]ican cont95t1 ,engli% & ,fr5* repres5tatives ( ! p met 9 ,p>is1 ,octob] #ca/1 #ahhh1 & decid$ on behalf ( _m hundr$s ( _! abs5t associates t a meet+ ( memb]s ( z _m p>liam5ts z possible %\ld take place dur+ ! ,univ]sal ,exposition 9 #ahhi4 ,?is resolution 0 c>ri$ into effect4 ,on ,june #aj? ab\t "o hundr$ p>liam5t>y repres5tatives assembl$ 9 ,p>is f ,belgium1 ,d5m>k1 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,hung>y1 ,italy1 ,lib]ia1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,spa94 ,ne>ly f\r hundr$ memb]s ( v>i\s p>liam5ts _h giv5 _! adhesion to ! design ( ! meet+4 ,jules ,simon op5$ ! proce$+s4 ,_m important resolutions 7 pass$1 ) a view to practically c>ry+ into effect ! pr9ciple ( arbitration4 ,aft] ?is x 0 arrang$ t a simil> assembly %\ld meet annually 9 "o or o!r ( ! capital cities ( ! c\ntries 9 sympa?y2 9 #ahij1 9 ,london2 & la/ly1 a committee ( =ty 0 *os51 compos$1 accord+ to resolution1 ( six memb]s ( e nationality1 :i* %\ld und]take ! prep>ation ( ! next conf]5ce1 s5d out ! invitations1 collect ! necess>y contributions1 & 9 ! int]im d all 9 _! p[] to remove ! misund]/&+s :i* might possibly arise1 :5 x appeal$1 z x w\ld be ne$ful to d1 to public op9ion4 ,pursuant to ! invitation ( ?is committee1 ! second ,int]national ,assembly ( ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t met 9 ,london1 ,july #bb-bc1 #ahij4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! second ,univ]sal ,peace ,congress1 ! c5tral ga!r+ ( ! peace societies1 be+ held only a %ort "t previ\sly 7,july #ad-ai71 a l>ge numb] ( influ5tial m5 att5d$ ?is int]national meet+ ( legislators2 b :il/ among/ ^? :o took "p 9 ! fir/ nam$ conf]5ce1 ! ,univ]sal ,peace ,congress1 7 a fair numb] ( ,m4,p4s ( v>i\s c\ntries1 yet 7) few exceptions7 all ^? :o took "p 9 ! int]p>liam5t>y meet+ 7 memb]s ( "o or o!r national legislative assembly4 ,! second ,int]p>liam5t>y ,conf]5ce1 9 ,london1 #ahij1 _h d\ble ! att5dance ( ! fir/1 9 ,p>is1 memb]s f ,au/ria1 ,belgium1 ,d5m>k1 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 ,hung>y1 ,italy1 ,norway1 ,spa9 & ,sw$52 besides :i*1 m ?an a ?\s& repres5tatives ( ! p1 :o 7 prev5t$ att5d+1 signifi$ by lett] _! adhesion4 ,among/ ^! 7 ,glad/one1 ,clem5ceau1 ! ,vice-presid5t ( ! ,g]man ,rei*/ag1 ,baumba*1 ! ,italian ,prime ,m9i/] ,crispi1 ,&rassy1 & ?ree ,fr5* ,m9i/]s4 ,n9ety-f\r ,italian s5ators & deputies1 & ?irty-"o memb]s ( ! ,spani% ,cortes1 9 _! respective addresses1 express$ _! sympa?y ) ! "w ( ! conf]5ce4 ,! ex-,"l ,*ancellor1 ,"l ,h]s*ell1 act$ z *airman4 ,! mo/ important resolution ( ! meet+ 01 t all civiliz$ gov]nm5ts 7 urg$ to ref] all disputes 9 :i* !y might be involv$ to arbitration = solution4 ,^? pres5t b\nd !mselves to "w to ! be/ ( _! ability = ! object1 especially ?r\gh ! press & 9 ! national assembly ( _! own l&s1 & ?us gradually w9 public op9ion ov] to ! cause4 ,z a fir/ /ep t[>ds practically settl+ int]national disputes by arbitration1 ! conf]5ce urg$ t 9 all treaties affect+ trade1 lit]ature1 or o!r arrangem5ts1 a special arbitral clause %\ld be ins]t$4 ,among/ o!r resolutions x 0 vot$1 t a p>liam5t>y committee %\ld be creat$ 9 ea* c\ntry = mutual consultation on int]national matt]s4 ,la/ly1 a /&+ int]p>liam5t>y committee ( ?irty memb]s 0 *os51 to s]ve z a connect+ l9k 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! conf]5ces4 ,! ?ird ,int]p>liam5t>y ,conf]5ce w meet 9 ,rome 9 #ahia4 ,9 ! fact t ^! conf]5ces are compos$ ( legislators *os5 by ! p lies _! peculi> significance4 ,!y speak ) p[]1 because !y are support$ by millions ( electors 9 v>i\s l&s4 ,! weight ( _! utt]ances naturally increases 9 ! proportion 9 :i* ! numb] ( memb]s gr[s4 ,z yet ?is p>liam5t ( ! peoples repres5ts only a m9ority ( ! national assemblies2 b ! day may be com+ :5 x w express ! op9ion ( ! majority1 & t w\ld be ! triumph ( "r ov] might4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! ef=t to rea* ?is goal !re mu/ be no settl+ into /agnation4 ,! peace societies especially mu/ "w ) all _! might to get fri5ds ( peace into p>liam5t1 & subscribe to enable !m to take "p 9 ! int]p>liam5t>y meet+s4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be /ill bett] if ! means = _! att5dance 7 suppli$ by a public grant4 ,"h ! ,,norwegian ,,/ort+ has set an example :i* w be to its hon\r = all "t2 = aft] ab\t sixty memb]s _h jo9$ ! int]p>liam5t>y union1 & *os5 ,messrs4 ,ullmann1 ,hor/ & ,lund z repres5tatives to ! conf]5ce 9 ,london1 #ahij2 & aft] ! ,arbitration resolution mov$ _h be5 adopt$ by ! ,/ort+ 7vot$ ,july #bnd1 #ahij1 by eighty votes aga9/ tw5ty-n9e71 a subsidy ( #a1bjj kron] 0 grant$ = ! travell+ exp5ses ( ! ?ree delegates to1 ! ,london conf]5ce4 ,?is is probably ! fir/ "t 9 ! life ( ! nations t a ,/ate has grant$ money 9 support ( a direct ef=t to make a brea* 9 ! old sy/em ( ,ca94 ,!re is less /ra9 9 ,am]ica3 a simil> inception seems to be at h&4 ,long be=e ! great r\s+ 9 #ahhg1 ! pres5t ,unit$ ,/ates ,m9i/]1 ,,james ,g4 ,,bla9e1 0 possess$ ) ! idea ( br++ ab\t a peace-treaty betwe5 all ! indep5d5t ,/ates ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,he /ood at ! head ( ! ,=eign ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,union :5 ,g5]al ,g>field 0 ,presid5t1 #ahha1 & already at t "t ent]ta9$ ?is gr& idea4 ,he desir$1 9 ord] to realize x1 to invite all ! ,am]ican ,/ates1 by means ( gov]nm5t emiss>ies1 to take "p 9 an int]national congress at ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ! int]im ,g>field di$1 & :5 ,ar?ur became ,presid5t1 ,bla9e ceas$ to be ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs2 b z soon z1 ^u ,h>rison be+ *os5 to ! presid5cy1 he became ,=eign ,m9i/] aga91 he resum$ ! int]rupt$ "w4 ,9 ,june1 #ahhh1 ! ,presid5t confirm$ a resolution adopt$ by ,congress1 emp[]+ him to invite all ! ,am]ican ,/ates to a conf]5ce compos$ ( emiss>ies f _! gov]nm5ts1 ) ! view ( e/abli%+ a ,tribunal ( ,arbitration = settl+ diff]5ces t may arise betwe5 !m2 & = e/abli%+ by comm]cial treaties m facile trade comb9ations1 adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! v>i\s ,/ates1 & _! productive & economic well-be+4 ,! invitations 7 issu$1 & met ) approval by all ! indep5d5t ,/ates ?r\gh\t ,am]ica4 ,! repres5tatives ( ^! ,/ates met at ,wa%+ton1 ,oct4 #a/1 #ahhi1 9 a delib]ative assembly1 :i* 0 /yl$ ! ,,pan-,,am]ican ,,conf]5ce4 ,mr4 ,bla9e 0 vot$ to ! *air1 & "u 8 lead+ ! memb]s ( ! congress decid$ to beg9 ) a circul> t\r ( =ty days ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,its lab\rs 7 aft]w>ds cont9u$ until ,april #ah?1 #ahij4 ,! results ( ! ,conf]5ce z reg>ds ! common int]e/s ( trade & comm]ce1 etc41 w only be felt gradually1 s9ce _m ( ^! matt]s are ( intricate "*1 & 9 "s in/ances require entirely fre% int]national transactions4 ,b z reg>ds ! *ief ?+--viz41 ! e/abli%m5t ( a p]man5t tribunal ( arbitration--! object 0 a*iev$4 ,congress almo/ unanim\sly#cf adopt$ ! resolution ( ! report ( ! committee respect+ ! election ( su* a supreme judicial au?ority 9 case ( any m5ac+ int]national disagreem5t4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,conf]5ce 7 n au?oriz$ to conclude b9d+ treaties4 ,_! task 0 conf9$ to delib]at+ ^u affairs :i* might h a reciprocal int]e/ 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 & !n lay+ be=e _! gov]nm5ts su* resolutions z 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,conf]5ce might be/ promote ! well-be+ ( all ! ,/ates4 ,nev]!less ! majority ( ! ,/ates lat] b\nd !mselves to ! conclusions ( ! congress4 ,inde$1 a week be=e ! assembly broke up ! respective memb]s = ,brazil1 ,bolivia1 ,columbia1 ,equador1 ,guatemala1 ,hayti1 ,honduras1 ,nic>agua & ,salvador1 7 emp[]$ to sign at ,wa%+ton ! arbitration-treaty adopt$ by ! ,pan-,am]ican ,conf]5ce2 & ! o!r gov]nm5ts h s9ce 9 ! same way sanction$ x4#cg ,:5 ?is docum5t has be5 fully confirm$1 a qu>t] ( ! inhabit$ _w w be r5d]$ inviolate1 & #abj millions ( m5 set free f ! *ronic fr5zy ( w>4 ,if m9or brea*es ( ! peace possibly may n !reby be = ev] prev5t$1 yet c]ta9ly ! irresponsible sy/em ( viol5ce w become p[]less aga9/ ! =ce ( civilization :i* is spread+ ov] ! :ole ,we/]n hemisph]e4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bg3 ,z an adh]5t ( ! ,cons]vative p>ty1 he has always held to a /rong arm$ =ce1 & h>dly ev] support$ peace ef=ts4 ,footnote #bh3 ,t he does n take 9 ! ,sc&9avian p59sula1 mu/ be because he reg>ds ! position ( ! nor!rn k+doms z too remote f ! cont95tal qu>rels to be s5sibly di/urb$ by !m2 or because he has n a high op9ion ( ! fitness ( _! milit>y =ces = attack1 :i* is "h allud$ to4 ,footnote #bi3 ,accord+ to ! proposal ( an old diplomati/1 ! ,sultan %\ld be giv5 a simil> position 9 ,con/ant9ople to t ( ! ,pope1 n[1 9 ,rome4 ,!reby ! ,sultan w\ld become innocu\s to ,europe1 b cont9ue to be ! ,rul] ( ! ,fai?ful to ,asia4 7,la "q d',ori5t devant l',europe democratique4 ,p>is3 ,e4 ,d5tu1 libraire1 #ahhf74 ,footnote #cj3 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,congress1 ,mr4 ,bla9e has introduc$ a bill = call+ an int]national conf]5ce 9 ,wa%+ton1 9 #ahia1 = mak+ an alliance1 ^: object is ! suppression ( slav]y & ! prohibition ( alcohol 9 unciviliz$ c\ntries4 ,! conf]5ce is fur!r to discuss ! creation ( a tribunal ( ,arbitration1 = ! solution ( int]national que/ions1 & a g5]al dis>mam5t4 ,footnote #ca3 ,s9ce amalgamat$ ) ! ,wom5's ,committee ( ! ,int]national ,arbitration & ,peace ,association4 ,footnote #cb3 ,= ! objects ( ?is ,association see ,app5dix4 ,footnote #cc3 ,on ,augu/ #h?1 #ahia1 at a meet+ at ,seljord1 a ,new ,norwegian ,peace ,association 0 =m$1 & a provisional ,committee appo9t$4 ,,trans4 ,footnote #cd3 ,= programme ( ! ,association see ,app5dix4 ,footnote #ce3 ,?is pr9ciple is likely to be realiz$ by ! bill ( ! con/itution ( ! ,brazilian ,republic1 sanction$ by ! executive ( ! new free ,/ate1 :i* proclaims t ! ,gov]nm5t may n beg9 a w> )\t hav+ fir/ appeal$ to arbitration4 ,footnote #cf3 ,! scruples ent]ta9$ by ,*ili1 ,arg5t9a & ,mexico appe> to h be5 dropp$1 9 ! case at lea/ ( ! two la/ nam$4 ,footnote #cg3 ,= provisions ( ?is ,treaty see ,app5dix4 ,,! ,,prospects4 ,! ev5ts :i* ,i h "h describ$ w p]haps "o day be reg>d$ z ! transition into a new era4 ,b specially "h1 9 ! ,old ,_w1 ) its _m unsettl$ acc\nts1 we _c rely ^u bright pictures ( ! future4 ,we are conv9c$ ( no?+ beyond ! range ( our own k & exp]i5ce4 ,i h ?\ght s myself1 & !re=e ,i h endeav\r$ to keep to facts :i* no "o c d5y4 ,x is a fact t ,,w>s ,,cont9ually ,,dim9i% 9 proportion z peoples are br\ght ne>] to "o ano!r by trade & comm]ce4 ,! old w>like condition has ceas$4 ,=m]ly n a ye> pass$ )\t w> 9 ,europe--9 ! ,middle ,ages h>dly a week4 ,aft] #ahae an int]national peace reign$ ov] mo/ ( ! ,european ,/ates = =ty ye>s4 ,9 ! ,sc&9avian p59sula t peace is cont9u+ /ill4 ,be=e t "t1 at lea/ until #agba1 ,sw$5 0 almo/ cont9ually involv$ 9 w>4 ,we reckon two hundr$ & sixty ye>s ( w> to ! ,kalm> ,union1 & ! pron5ess to invade & def5d ! c\ntries on ! o!r side ! ,baltic4 ,! old ,,causes ,,( ,,w> ,,are ,,be+ ,,remov$4 ,c]ta9ly new ones arise z a result ( selfi% patriotism1 break+ out 9 new acts ( viol5ce4 ,b ^! outbreaks ( b>b>ism become cont9ually m r>e4 ,unhappily1 !y are s mu* ! m horrible :5 !y d occur1 b yet mu* ,m transitory4 ,?is is applicable to all ! great w>s 9 ! la/ half ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,no ?irty ye>s' w> is kn[n n[4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! %ort] fl[ ( blood ! w\nds get "t to heal1 & ! divid$ int]e/s are all[$ to gr[ toge!r aga94 ,! lev]s ( civilization are aga9 9 motion2 comm]ce spreads ov] l& & sea by /eam1 electricity1 & o!r motive p[]s4 ,! victories ( ,alex&] & ,napoleon are ca/ into ! %ade by ! triumphal procession ( ! t9y po/age /amp ar\nd ! _w4 ,trade & indu/ry1 art & sci5ce1 ef=ts 9 ! direction ( univ]sal morality & enlight5m5t1 all bran* out & weave ar\nd ! nations a b\ndless web ( common int]e/s1 :i*1 ?\gh at c]ta9 int]vals viol5tly torn asund] by brute =ce1 gr[s toge!r aga9 ) increas$ /r5g? & 9 broad] compass2 until "o day1 "u ! maje/y ( law1 x w =m an irresi/ible civiliz+ p[]4 ,?is is :at 9 ,,reality ,,is ,,tak+ ,,place4 ,m5 d n 9 g5]al see x2 & ?is1 because !y busy !mselves s mu* ) w>like notions1 & tr\ble !mselves s little ab\t ev5ts ( ! "* t ,i h dwelt ^u 9 ! =ego+ pages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fri5ds ( peace ought to /imulate "o ano!r1 especially :5 !re is gloom ov] ! great _w1 & no "o kn[s :5ce ! approa*+ calamity may spr+4 ,once x 0 w>d$ (f f our l& by a wise measure ( "o ( our k+s4 ,i ref] to ,osc> ,i41 :5 he sav$ u f be+ embroil$ 9 ! *ances ( w>1 by draw+ up a ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,neutrality 9 #ahed1 :i* 0 approv$ by ! unit$ p[]s1 & e>n$ = him ! homage & gratitude ( ! ,sw$i% ,riksdag1 9 an address :i* laud$ him z "o ( ! wise/ & noble/ ( k+s4#ch ,b !re is little security t ! same exp$i5t w always lead to a l successful result1 if p wait till w> is at ! door be=e sett+ to "w4 ,9 "t ( peace1 & dur+ ! specially good relations :i* obta9 betwe5 ! two ,engli%-speak+ nations1 z well z betwe5 ,france & ,am]ica1 our fell[-work]s on bo? sides ! ,atlantic are mak+ use ( ! fav\rable opportunity = try+ to get ?is good relation e/abli%$ by law4 ,x may well be ask$ :y we1 :o are fri5dly ) ! :ole _w1 %\ld n be able to d ! same1 n only ) respect to ,siam1 b also fir/ & =emo/ ) our ne> neighb\rs4 ,x 0 ?is ?\ght :i* l$ to ! ,arbitration resolution 9 #ahij1 9 ! ,/ort+ & 9 ! ,riksdag4 ,at ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,left 7,lib]als7 ( ! ,/ort+1 ,feb4 #d?1 ! subject 0 discuss$ & ga9$ unanim\s adhesion4 ,:]eupon foll[$ ! resolution 9 ! ,/ort+ on ! #ba/1 :i* 0 adopt$ by a l>ge majority1 ,m>* #e?1 aft] ! ,m9i/] ( ,/ate 7,/ang7 _h deliv]$ a long spee* aga9/ ! resolution 9 va94 ,aft] ?is successful result1 a simil> resolution = ,sw$5 0 br\ght into ! ,fir/ ,*amb] by ,f4,t4 ,borg1 & 9 ! ,second by ,j4 ,&]sson4 ,! reports ( ! committees ^u x ran div]sely4 ,! committee ( ! ,fir/ ,*amb] oppos$1 & t ( ! ,second ,*amb] approv$1 ! resolution4 ,on ,may #ab? ! "q 0 ?r[n out 9 bo? ,*amb]s4#ci ,mr4 ,borg spoke ) dignity = 8 resolution 9 a long spee*4 ,?is 0 answ]$ by ! *airman ( ! committee1 ) a rem9d] ( ! p]v]se condition ( ! _w & ( ! human race4 ,! resolution conta9$ a mean+less expression ( op9ion4 ,x 0 a real dang] = small nations to g to sleep1 hop+ & believ+ 9 a la/+ peace4 ,x 0 n[ j z 9 ! old5 times3 ^? :o lov$ peace & w\ld pres]ve x mu/ prep>e = w>4 ,! speak] _h1 z *airman ( ! committee1 express$ sympa?y ) ! resolution1 b he add$1 "o does n get f> ) pap] & words2 &1 accord+ to my op9ion1 ! hon\rable mov] ( ! resolution w c]ta9ly %[ m love = peace if he1 next ye>1 on com+ back ) ?is peace bus9ess1 w set ab\t x ) a proposition = "s ironclads & artill]y regim5ts or su* l ?+s1 ( m effectual s]vice ?an ! platonic love :i* he has express$2 & ,i v5ture to pr$ict t bo? ! committee & ! ,*amb] w support him m p[]fully ?an to-day4 ,aft] ano!r di/+ui%$ g5ius _h express$ himself 9 ! same well-kn[n fa%ion1 :]e9 pro(s 7 conspicu\s by _! abs5ce1 & ! n>r[ circle ( ?\ght 0 fill$ ) scorn & slight+ talk ab\t pi\s notions1 etc41 ! ,high ,*amb] ?rew out ! bill by fifty-six votes aga9/ f\r4 ,9 ! ,second ,*amb] ! debate 0 op5$ by ! ,=eign ,m9i/] ) a spee* :i* cle>ly en\gh ju/ifies ! ,,memorial ,,diplomatique :]e x po9ts to ! necessity ( ! /udy ( ! arbitration-sy/em hav+ a high place among/ ! requirem5ts made ( ^? :o ent] ! pa? ( diplomacy2--a ?+ t !y h actually begun s]i\sly to set be=e !mselves 9 ,engl&4 ,9 full accord ) ! evid5ce br\ght =w>d above1 ! judicial pr(essor ( ! ,*amb] decl>$ 9 %ort t ! ,*amb] w\ld disgrace itself by adopt+ ! resolution be=e x4 ,aft] ! mov] ( ! resolution & "s :o %>$ 8 views _h express$ _! hope t ! ,*amb] w\ld n fall back f ! position x took 9 #ahgd ^u ?is "q1 a speak] rose :o requires to be met1 ,h]r ,a4 ,h$94 ,he began ) ! ass]tion t if a refusal ( ! report ( ! committee w\ld %[ t ! ,*amb] _h n[ *ang$ its op9ion1 !y _h be=e !m suffici5t reason = ?is4 ,he wond]$ t a resolution ( su* a nature z ?is _h be5 br\ght =w>d1 s soon aft] ! unpleasant exp]i5ce :i* ! c\ntry & p ( ,sw$5 lately _h 9 a s-call$ decision by arbitration4 ,! ,*amb] w please to rememb]1 cont9u$ ! speak]1 t ! k+1 ) no au?ority f ! ,riksdag1 agre$ ) ,spa9 to appeal to arbitration ^u ! difficulties t _h aris5 on ! "r und]/&+ ( ! prolong$ comm]cial treaty ) ,spa94 ,also ! ,*amb] w please to rememb] t ?is arbitration tribunal nei!r act$ ^u ! plan settl$ 9 ! agreem5t1 nor did x act 9 h>mony ) ! in/ructions ( ! treaty2 & :at 0 worse1 ! s-call$1 or suppos$1 s5t5ce :i* ?is "o-man arbitration tribunal pass$ did n conc]n ! matt]1 :i* accord+ to ! agreem5t 0 to h be5 settl$ by arbitration1 b q ano!r1 :i* c\ld n reasonably be subject$ to arbitration--?\gh ! matt] 01 s f> z we 7 legally conc]n$1 made to appe> z ?\gh ,sw$5 _h receiv$ an inju/ice 9 ! pr9cipal matt] :i* %\ld h be5 tri$ by arbitration1 b :i* 0 n--a circum/ance :i*1 ) ! ,spani% au?orities1 has greatly weak5$ ! position 9 law due to ,sw$i% citiz5s1 ^: rights h be5 violat$ 9 s unprec$5t$ a mann] by ! mode ( proc$ure 9 consequ5ce ( :i* arbitration 0 appeal$ to4 ,all ?is _h tru? 9 x4 ,b does t prove any?+ aga9/ ! usefulness ( arbitration clauses 9 treaties ( comm]ce8 ,! agreem5t ref]r$ to betwe5 ! unit$ k+doms & ,spa91 ,janu>y #h?1 #ahhg1 e/abli%es3-- ,a "q :i* affects cu/oms or ! c>ry+ out ( comm]cial treaties1 or relates to results ( "s special violation ( ! same1 %all1 :5 all attempts to come to an amicable agreem5t & all fri5dly discussions h prov$ fruitless1 be ref]r$ to an arbitration tribunal1 ^: decision %all be b9d+ on bo? p>ties4 ,accord+ to ?is x may be pla9ly se51 t ! well-kn[n ,sw$o-,spani% ,,_s-,,dispute1 to :i* ,mr4 ,h$9 allud$1 ought to h be5 solv$ 9 its entirety by arbitration4 ,! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9$ t ?is affect$ ,spani% int]nal conc]ns1 s9ce 9 fact ! =c$ sale ( ,k>l/amms-,volagets br&y /ores 9 ,spa9 took place z a result ( a new _s law1 to :i* ! arbitration clause 9 ?is case c\ld n be appli$4 ,?is />t+-po9t = ! judgm5t ( ! :ole dispute 0 accept$ by ! ,sw$i% ,gov]nm5t2 :i* also agre$ to let an arbitrator settle :e!r ! "q ( ! _s tax 0 indep5d5t ( ! treaty or n4 ,bo? ,gov]nm5ts agre$ to *oose ! ,portuguese ex-,=eign ,m9i/]1 ,c\nt de ,casal ,rib]io1 z arbitrator1 & he express$ himself 9 fav\r ( ! ,spani% con/ruction4 ,& ) ?is ! :ole matt] 0 settl$4 ,no "o c s]i\sly ?9k t ! me?od ( proc$ure on ! ,sw$i% side1 :i* l$ to s di/ress+ a violation ( ju/ice z t ref]r$ to by ,h]r ,h$91 c\ld prove any?+ aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( arbitration4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x appe>s to betray ! "* ( ! /atesman%ip ( our !n ,=eign ,m9i/]2 :i* inde$ e>n$ = him a diamond-set snuffbox f ! ,emp]or ,william ,,ii41 b o!rwise1 ! blame only ( s5sible p4 ,h]r ,h$91 :o has a weakness = /rong expressions1 _h ! opportunity ( us+ "s su* 9 _! "r place4 ,unhappily1 ?is _c be said ) tru? ( ! clos+ words ( 8 spee*1 :]e he rem>ks t ! expressions ( ! ,=eign ,m9i/] are s decisive aga9/ ! bill t !y deal ! report ( ! committee ( ! ,second ,*amb] a "r deadly bl[4 ,! committee _h propos$ t ! k+1 ) ! au?ority :i* #aa 9 ! =m ( gov]nm5t accords him1 %\ld seek to br+ ab\t su* agreem5ts ) =eign p[]s1 t future possible diff]5ces betwe5 ! p[]s nam$ & ,sw$5 %\ld be settl$ by arbitration4 ,! deadly bl[ mu/ be ! rem>k ( ! ,=eign ,m9i/] t que/ions affect+ ! exi/5ce & indep5d5ce ( nations mu/ be except$ f decisions by arbitration4 ,?is pr9ciple is kn[n to be univ]sally accept$1 & 9 no way /&s 9 antagonism to ! report ( ! committee1 :i* ( c\rse left ! h&s ( ! k+ z free z possible to promote ! idea ( arbitration accord+ to circum/ances4 ,h[ev]1 ! report ( ! committee 0 ?r[n out by eighty-eight votes aga9/ eighty-?ree4 ,h]r ,h$9 got 8 way4 ,he has always be5 ! consi/5t oppos] ( ! active fri5ds ( peace2 & ?is "t he has besides won ! gratitude ev5 ( our ,gov]nm5t organ1 ,nya ,dagligt ,alleh&a1 :i* calls 8 spee* glitt]+2 mean+ t ^u ?is resolution !re 0 no ne$ to wa/e _m words1 & cont9ues ?us3-- ,! resolution is wor?y ( notice1 because x %[s ! return ( ! ,*amb] to a s\nd] p]ception ( ?is "q4 ,x seems at la/ to recognise ! extravagance ( ! expectation c]ta9 fanatics ent]ta9 ( br++ ab\t a la/+ peace by s app>5tly simple a means z a tribunal ( arbitration4 ,we h inde$1 z ,h]r ,h$9 rem9d$ u1 n[ _h exp]i5ce ourselves ( h[ unsatisfactory ?is c be2 & x c]ta9ly appe>s t !y mu/ be lack+ 9 common s5se :o w\ld "q ! ju/ice ( ! ,=eign ,m9i/]'s rem9d]1 t arbitration _c be appeal$ to :5 a nation's political fre$om or indep5d5ce is t\*$ by ! issue4 ,i may "h beg leave to calm ! ruffl$ feel+s ( ! hon\rable ,gov]nm5t organ by br++ to remembrance ! lesson1 o!rwise applicable also1 :i* our dismemb]$ si/]-l& on ! o!r side ( ! ,s\nd (f]s u4 ,at ! ,london ,conf]5ce 9 #ahfd1 ! repres5tative ( ,engl&1 ,"l ,russell1 ref]r$ to ! decision arriv$ at by ! ,p>is ,congress 9 #ahef1 t ,/ates :i* _h any s]i\s dispute %\ld appeal to ! m$iation ( a fri5dly p[] be=e tak+ to arms4 ,9 h>mony ) ?is ! ,briti% pl5ipot5ti>y propos$ t ! "q1 :e!r ! b\nd>y l9e %\ld be drawn betwe5 ! l9es ( ,aab5raa-,to5d]1 on ! "o side1 or ,dannew]ke-,sli on ! o!r1 %\ld be decid$ by arbitration4 ,prussia & ,au/ria cons5t$ to accept ! m$iation ( a neutral p[]2 b ,d5m>k repli$ to ! proposition ) a di/9ct refusal4 ,9 ! same way ,d5m>k refus$ ! proposal made fir/ by ,prussia1 & lat] by ,france1 t a means ( decid+ ! b\nd>y %\ld be s\ght 9 a plebiscite ( ! p 9 ,sleswick4 ,d5m>k tru/$ too mu* ^u might & too little ^u "r4 ,o!rwise ,sleswick _h /ill be5 ,dani%4 ,if ! axiom be correct1 t disputes :i* affect ! exi/5ce & indep5d5ce ( nations ought n to be submitt$ = solution to arbitration1 x is ( s mu* ! great] mom5t to try to get int]national complications settl$ 9 ?is way1 because !y may swell up into que/ions ( ! k9d fir/ nam$2 s9ce 9 any case ?is means c\ld be adopt$ z a la/ res\rce 9 "t ( ne$4 ,hi/ory kn[s ( no example ( ! de/ruction ( a free nation by ! imp>tial judgm5t ( arbitration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ x may well appe> hon\rable on ! "p ( ! free nations ( ! ,sc&9avian p59sula t !y %\ld op5ly %[ to ! :ole _w t !y are prep>$ 79 full h>mony ) ,k+ ,osc> ,,ii4's pacific expressions 9 ! spee* f ! ?rone to ! ,riksdag & ! ,/ort+ 9 #ahij71 = _! own "p1 9 all int]national circum/ances to sub/itute ju/ice = brute =ce1 & ?is )\t compromis+ & mean+less limitations4 ,9 ! ,sw$i% arbitration resolution1 z well z 9 ! ,norse1 lies ! road c]ta9ly to effici5tly c>ry+ out ! neutral policy s /rongly emphasiz$ 9 ! spee* f ! ?rone4 ,besides ! public ga91 :i* a fav\rable result 9 bo? ,*amb]s w\ld h be51 a unanim\s co-op]ation 9 ?is cause w\ld 9 a great degree h facilitat$ ! solv+ ( ! important ,,"q ,,( ,,! ,,union 7,,unionelle ,,tvi/emaal74 ,! la/ nam$ consid]ation w inde$ claim m att5tion z ! consequ5ces ( ! div]g5t decisions ( ! ,/ort+ & ! ,riksdag develop !mselves4 ,t ^! consequ5ces w be scatt]+1 r ?an unit+1 ! fri5ds ( peace 9 bo? l&s mu/ keep 9 view2 & mu/ look out1 9 "t1 = means to soo! !m1 z long z !y cont9ue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t :i* lies ne>e/ my he>t has be5 to help1 ) *e]+ words1 to /r5g!n ! fai? ( my fell[-work]s4 ,if ^! words h succe$$ also1 "h & !re1 9 scatt]+ d\bts1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,little-fai? is fa9t-he>t$4 ,)\t confid5ce 9 a cause1 !re is no action4 ,ignorance may be enlight5$1 sup]/ition wip$ out2 intol]ance may become tol]ant1 & hate be *ang$ into love2 ideas may be quick5$1 intellig5ce wid5$1 & m5's he>ts may be ennobl$2 b f pessimism :i* c see no?+ b gloomy visions no?+ is to be expect$4 ,?is (fspr+ ( mat]ialism is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful oppon5ts :i* ! cause ( int]national law & ju/ice has to enc\nt]4 ,x is only self-deception to conceal ! fact t x /ill reigns 9 our ,*ri/ian community4 ,^! gloomy-sight$ p ref] u to hi/ory1 :i* on e page tells ( crime & blood1 sorr[ & te>s4 ,we answ] by po9t+ to ! developm5t ( civilization1 & %[ h[ all ?+s sl[ly gr[ & rip51 :e!r 9 human life or 9 ! _w ( nature4 ,human p]fection does n provide = an individual be+ a law-abid+ memb] ( a human community1 & exclude a community f be+ a law-abid+ memb] ( an alliance ( ,/ates4 ,! abolition ( w> !re=e 9 no way pre-supposes univ]sal righte\sness1 b only a c]ta9 degree ( moral cultivation4 ,b t ?is p]fection is n atta9$ to _c be any rational objection aga9/ /riv+ aft] ! p]fect4 ,discont5t ) imp]fection ought mu* r to goad u on to "w = :at is bett]4 ,n[1 w> is n some?+ imp]fect only3 x is a summ+ up ( all human depravity--a condition :i* we might expect all enlight5$ m5 & wom5 w\ld turn aga9/ ) comb9$ en]gies4 ,t ?is does n take place is an evid5ce t ! enlight5m5t is n s great among s-call$ cultivat$ p4 ,! dazzl+ ext]nal %[ ( w> conceals f _m its inn] reality4 ,?is applies n only to ! horrors ( ! battle-field & _! gha/ly accompanim5ts4 ,fancy's wilde/ pictures ( ! inf]nal abyss are no?+ to ! descriptions eye-witnesses give ( ?is v]itable hell4 ,tol/o's p5 & ,v]ets*ag9's p5cil give u an idea ( x4#dj ,f ?is mis]y spr+ untold suff]+s = ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( innoc5t victims2 &1 besides1 x rema9s to be a fl[+ s\rce ( fre% calamities4 ,! ,,arm$ ,,peace is a simil> calamity1 :i* ?reat5s ,european civilization ) complete ov]?r[4 ,we h got s f> 9 ! g5]al race 9 ! sci5ce ( armam5ts t ! ye>ly outlay 9 ,europe = milit>y purposes1 includ+ ! int]e/ ( national debts1 is reckon$ z ab\t twelve milli>ds ( kron]1#da #fej millions /]l+1 :i* ( c\rse mu/ imply a correspond+ limitation ( productive lab\r4 ,9 "t ( peace ! ,european armies are reckon$ at f\r millions ( m54 ,9 "t ( w> ?is c gr[ to n9ete5 millions2 & 9 a few ye>s :51 z int5d$1 ! new conscription law comes into full effect1 to some?+ l ?irty millions4#db ,w>1 ! p]sonification ( all human depravity1 desolates ! progressive "w ( culture1 & ! arm$ peace :i* ru9s ! nations prep>es new w>s & augm5ts ! mis]y4 ,ignorance1 w>1 & pov]ty foll[ "o ano!r 9 an unv>y+ circle4 ,by ! side ( ?is wild race = armam5ts goes on a t]rible /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & discont5t reigns 9 all l&s4 ,?is condition ( ?+s1 :i* fills ! _w ) unre/ & fe>1 mu/ 9 ! ne> future h an end4 ,x w ei!r come 9 ! =m ( a social revolution1 :i* w embrace ! :ole ( our cont95t1 or x may come by ! introduction ( an e/abli%$ condition ( int]national law4 ,x is ! la/ nam$ outcome t active fri5ds ( peace lab\r =4 ,!y /rive to enlight5 ! nations z to ! means ( remov+ & prev5t+ ^! calamities2 & !y hope t ! s-call$ educat$ classes w cease to be inactive spectators ( ^! ef=ts4 ,:ile !y d n feel call$ ^u to oppose ! nons5se ( folly1 !y li/5 respectfully to objections dictat$ by a s9c]e patriotism4 ,9 t feel+ we ought all to be able to jo94 ,x dep5ds ^u ! way 9 :i* ?is is express$ :e!r we c "w toge!r or mu/ g on sep>ate l9es4 ,commonly1 we comm5d an action z virtu\s :5 x does n oppose our int]e/s1 b br& x z blamewor?y :5 x 9 "s way ?reat5s our position4 ,?us we read1 ) glad appreciation1 ! de$s ( our own w>riors2 b our admiration is *ang$ into res5tm5t :5 ! exploits are a*iev$ aga9/ ourselves by ! h]oes ( o!r nations4 ,:5 "o says 9 ,sw$51 ,i am n a ,russian1 inde$2 !y say 9 ,russia1 ,y behave y\rself l a ,sw$e4 ,x ne$s an indep5d5t ?ird p>ty to give an imp>tial judgm5t4 ,"r mu/ be "r4 ,if our s-call$ enemy is really 9 ! "r1 he does n become wrong because he is call$ our enemy2 & if we conqu] & kill him1 we only !reby increase a hundr$fold our t]rible guilt4 ,x is 9 ! long run a loss to bo? sides4 ,"h1 at any rate at lea/1 a compromise is ne$$1 = x is seldom ! fault ( "o :5 two qu>rel4 ,b ! endeav\r to get a p]man5t arbitration tribunal e/abli%$ _c1 9 any way1 be reasonably oppos$ to ef=ts = ! welf>e ( "o's own c\ntry4 ,! v consci\sness ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a tribunal w\ld little by little1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 br+ ab\t ! reign ( law4 ,x w\ld inde$ be a m>vell\s p]v]sion ( ideas :i* e/eem$ x di%on\rable to feel b\nd1 9 case ( disputes ) o!r c\ntries1 to appeal to law & ju/ice2 inasmu* z ?is v unwill+ness to seek ! pa? ( ju/ice mu/ excite a s]i\s suspicion z to ! cause y ma9ta94 ,to lay hold on ! sword "u ! influ5ce ( passion is l tak+ a knife :5 intoxicat$2 & x is a cry+ absurdity to expect p1 :o sob]ly "k :at !y are do+1 to g to homicide ) a light he>t4 ,t is to say1 t a good man 9 sev]e conflict z to 8 duty1 may possibly be =c$ to d a bad action to escape p>ticipation 9 a /ill worse4 ,if he =be>s to kill 8 bro!r1 ?is la/ w murd] 8 fa!r4 ,:5 w>riors are l$ out to battle1 ! brilliant uni=m ought to be laid aside1 & ! troops clad 9 sombre m\rn+1 :i* w\ld bett] accord ) ! nak$ reality4 ,:5 !y h sla9 _m & come back 9 triumph1 decorat$ ) hon\rable ,ca9-badges1 !y are wont 9 _! homes to po9t ) pride to _! bro!rs :o lie sil5t 9 _! blood4 ,!y e>n a "* = hav+ done some?+ great2 !y are receiv$ ) exultation & hon\rable di/9ctions1 & prais$ z gods 9 popul> /ory4 ,b ! :ole _s & conception is false ,,if ,*ri/'s tea*+ ( love is true2 & we %\ld long s9ce h gr[n out ( ?is hea!ni% religion if !re _h n be5 incorporat$ ) x s mu* patriotism1 bo? true & false--! false wrapp$ 9 ^? high s\nd+ words & phrases ( self-love & vanity :i* /ill ex]cise s great a p[] ov] ! easily excit$ _s ( ! nations4 ,b if we set our ?\ghts free1 conf9$ z !y are by w>m devotion to our h]$it>y soil1 & n[ & !n v5ture to look out ov] ! wide _w1 we %all see po9ts ( contact 9 ! progressive ef=t ( humanity2 & x is our highe/ hon\r to be able to take an active "p 9 ?is4 ,b>ri]s are crumbl+ away "o aft] ! o!r4 ,!y d n g d[n ) viol5ce2 !y vani% z new ideas smoo? ! way = a high] conception ( human dignity4 ,inquiry dissipates prejudice1 & cont9ually %[s u new phases ( ! inn] cohesion ( ! life ( nations4 ,! inhabitants ( ,europe1 says ,,drap]1 %[ a con/antly increas+ disposition t[>ds ! complete levell+ ( _! mutual dissimil>ities4 ,climatic & meteorological diff]5ces are m & m dissolv$ by artificial means & new inv5tions2 & !nce arises a simil>ity1 n only 9 habits ( life1 b 9 physical con=mation4 ,su* inv5tions s(t5 ! influ5ces to :i* m5 are subject$1 & br+ !m ne>] to an av]age type4 ,) ?is great] aff9ity "o to ! o!r 9 bodily =m1 foll[s also a great] simil>ity 9 feel+1 habit & ?\ght4 ,day by day1 too1 ! economic fell[%ip ( ,europe increases4 ,communications by %ip1 railroad1 po/ & telegraph are develop$2 by means ( ,/ate loans1 %>e & ex*ange connections1 int]e/s are knit toge!r4 ,!re=e we see ! ,b\rse1 ! b>omet] ( economic life1 fluctuate :5 s]i\s rum\rs ( w> are afloat2 an evid5ce t common economic int]e/s & w> are at v>iance "o ) ! o!r4 ,i %all n v5ture fur!r1 b simply indicate 9 clos+ t ev5 ! diff]5ces 9 language w c]ta9ly g on be+ gradually adju/$4 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 says ! above-nam$ inve/igator1 t 9 ne>ly all ,indo-,g]manic races1 family appellatives1 fa!r1 "m1 si/]1 bro!r1 daught]1 are ! same4 ,a simil> agreem5t may be obs]v$ 9 ! names ( a great numb] ( ev]yday ?+s1 su* z h\se1 door1 way2 b "o f9ds t :il/ ^! obs]vations hold good 9 respect to ! designation ( objects ( a peaceful "*1 _m ( ! words :i* h a milit>y signification are diff]5t 9 ! diff]5t languages4 ,"h lies1 p]haps1 ! g]m ( a future progressive gr[? :i* w rise high] heav5w>d ?an ! t[] ( ,babel4 ,i believe1 = my "p1 t ! ,engli% language1 bo? on ! gr\nd ( its cosmopolitan "* & ( its great expansion1 is already on ! pa? ( transition into a univ]sal common language4 ,accord+ to ,mulhall1 x has spread s9ce #ahja1 #caj p] c5t41 :il/ ,g]man has increas$ #gj1 & ,fr5* #cf p] c5t4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,glad/one says1 ! ,engli% tongue 0 spok5 by fifte5 millions2 x is n[ spok5 by #aej millions2 & accord+ to ! computation ( ,b>ham ,z9cke1 9 ano!r hundr$ x w be spok5 by at lea/ #a1jjj millions4 ,! computation is probably correct2 & !n n only 9 ,am]ica1 b 9 e "p ( our globe1 ! remembrance w be treasur$ ( ! little flock ( ,puritans :o1 ere !y l&$ f _! frail ,mayfl[] ^u ! desolate rocks ( a /range coa/1 drew up 9 t undevelop$ language ! great social law = _! future1 :i* beg9s ) ! words1 ,9 ! "n ( ,god be x enact$4 ,mank9d w hold !m 9 remembrance = _! fai? 9 a high ideal1 ^! p]secut$1 we>y1 sick1 & hungry m54 ,= x 0 t fai? :i* upheld !m "u cont9u$ trials & suff]+s1 & br\ght !m a victory guiltless ( blood1 b fraught ) bless+ to com+ g5]ations4 ,ev5 if _m ( u d n believe 9 ! way ^? ,*ri/ian h]oes believ$1 yet we may 9 ?is mat]iali/ic age h /rong confid5ce 9 ! p[] ( good1 & s pron\nc$1 t we %all ga9 some?+ = our cause4 ,9 ! life ( ,society1 h[ev]1 z 9 ext]nal nature ) all its teem+ v>iety1 we obs]ve a subs]vi5cy to law1 :i* may be tak5 z ! sure/ pl$ge ( ! f9al triumph ( ! cause ( peace4 ,= my "p1 ,i see h]e9 ! ,div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,& !re=e my love = ?is idea c nev] be ext+ui%$4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ch3 ,transactions ( ! ,riksdag1 #ahec-ahed1 ,no4 #d4 ,9 ! introduction to ! address to ! ,riksdag ! k+ obs]v$1 t he _h1 9 provid+ = ! welf>e ( ! nation1 f\nd himself oblig$ to decl>e ,sw$5 neutral2 consequ5tly he in=m$ ! ,riksdag ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,neutrality1 respect+ :i* ! k+ said3-- ,! sy/em :i* ! k+ int5ds /eadily to adh]e to & employ is a /rict neutrality1 f\nd$ ^u s9c]ity1 imp>tiality1 & full reg>d to ! rights ( all ! p[]s4 ,?is neutrality w entail ^u ! gov]nm5t ( 8 ,maje/y ( ,sw$5 & ,norway ! foll[+ duties1 & secure to x ! foll[+ b5efits3 #a4 ,to hold himself free f any p>ticipation 9 any cont5tions :i* directly or indirectly may be advantage\s to "o & injuri\s to ano!r ( ! bellig]5t ,/ates4444 ,su* are ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! neutral position1 :i* 8 ,maje/y ( ,sw$5 & ,norway designs to take 9 case w> %\ld break out 9 ,europe4 ,8 ,maje/y feels p]suad$ t x w be accept$ z 9 accordance ) int]national law1 & t ! exact & imp>tial obs]vance ( ^! pr9ciples w make x possible = 8 ,maje/y to cont9ue to su/a9 ^? connections ) fri5dly & alli$ p[]s :i* 8 ,maje/y1 = 8 p's weal1 s greatly desires to pres]ve f e infr+em5t4 ,to ?is communication1 satisfactory answ]s1 accept+ ! decision ann\nc$ by 8 ,maje/y1 arriv$ f ! v>i\s ,gov]nm5ts 9 ! foll[+ words3 444 ,8 ,maje/y has be5 pleas$ to ann\nce to ! assembl$ ,e/ates ( ! ,realm ! atta9m5t ( ?is result1 s satisfactory = ! undi/urb$ cont9uance ( peaceful transactions & ! un9t]rupt$ c\rse ( trade & navigation s mu* ! m z on acc\nt ( ! political relations ( ,sw$5 & ,norway ) =eign p[]s1 !y may be reg>d$ z = ! pres5t amply secur$4 ,8 ,maje/y gratefully ackn[l$ges t ! patriotism & ! reliance ^u ! pat]nal designs ( 8 ,maje/y :i* ! ,e/ates ( ! ,realm h manife/$ on ?is occasion may be reg>d$ z hav+ 9 an important degree contribut$ to ! atta9m5t ( ! desir$ object4 ,8 ,maje/y1 9 express+ 8 s9c]e satisfaction1 w cont9ue to devote incessant pa9s to all ! measures :i* ! ma9t5ance ( neutrality may require 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciples laid d[n & promulgat$ by 8 ,maje/y4 ,) 8 ,maje/y's royal fav\r & con/ant be/ wi%es to ! ,e/ates ( ! ,realm4 ,! address ( ?anks f ! ,riksdag to ! k+3-- ,aft] ! ,decl>ation ( ,neutrality made by y\r ,maje/y on behalf ( ! unit$ k+doms1 & 9 conc]t ) ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 _h be5 accept$ by ! ,european p[]s & also ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x pleas$ y\r ,maje/y to in=m ! ,e/ates ( ! ,realm ( ?is result1 s satisfactory = ! undi/urb$ cont9uance ( our peaceful transactions1 & = ! un9t]rupt$ c\rse ( our trade & navigation4 ,y\r ,maje/y has at ! same "t be5 pleas$ also to express y\r graci\s appreciation ( ! patriotism & reliance ^u y\r pat]nal designs :i* ! ,e/ates ( ! ,realm h on ?is occasion manife/$4 ,! repres5tatives ( ! ,sw$i% p hold 9 grateful remembrance ^! expressions ( y\r ,maje/y's high satisfaction1 & beg respectfully to assure y\r ,maje/y ( _! deep & w>m gratitude4 ,! ,fa!rl& is indebt$ to y\r ,maje/y's incessant & unremitt+ pa9s 9 secur+ ! fri5dly relations ( ! unit$ k+doms t[>ds =eign p[]s dur+ ! conte/s 9 :i* a great "p ( ,europe is at pres5t embroil$4 ,! ,e/ates ( ! ,realm (f] s9c]e homage to ! resolution & wise =e?\ght ) :i* y\r ,maje/y1 "u ^! tr\bl\s conditions1 has safegu>d$ ! int]e/s1 ! indep5d5ce & p[] ( ! unit$ k+doms4 ,) confid5ce betwe5 ! k+ & ! p1 ) mutual co-op]ation 9 work+ toge!r to promote ! true welf>e ( our belov$ ,fa!rl&1 !y w1 ) ! bless+ ( ! ,highe/1 be h5ce=? pres]v$4 ,! peace we enjoy is ! de>] because x is ! evid5ce ( ! fidelity ) :i* ! be/ int]e/s ( ! c\ntry are gu>d$ by y\r ,maje/y4 ,ready to foll[ h] noble k+ 9 all vicissitudes1 ! ,sw$i% nation implores ! bless+s ( ,provid5ce ^u ! vigilant fa!rly love ^: untir+ c>e = ! p's welf>e reaps its rew>d 9 ?is answ]+ love4 ,! ,e/ates ( ! ,realm1 rema91 etc4 ,footnote #ci3 ,riksdag5 protocol1 #ahij4 ,fir/ ,*amb]1 ,no4 #cg2 ,second ,*amb]1 ,no4 #de4 ,footnote #dj3 ,:5 ,well+ton once1 z a victor1 w5t ov] ! field ( battle1 he bur/ out ) ! cry1 ,!re is no?+ s disa/r\s z a victory1 except a defeat4 ,footnote #da3 ,t is #ab1jjj1jjj1jjj2 suffici5t to furni% ! annual p5sion ( a m9i/] ( ,/ate1 #b1jjj kron]1 = ,,e man & woman1 old man & suckl+ 9 ! :ole ( ,norway4--,,ed4 ( ,dani% edition4 ,footnote #db3 ,five times z _m able-bodi$ m5 z !re are m51 wom51 old m5 & *ildr5 9 ! :ole ( ,norway4--,d4 ,,app5dix4 ,note on page #abc4 ,! ,,association = ! ,,neutralization ( ,,d5m>k4 ,! objects ( ?is ,association are to "w =3 #a4 ,secur+ = ,d5m>k a p]man5t neutrality recognis$ by ,europe1 l t ( ,belgium or ,switz]l&2 #b4 ,! conclud+ ( ,arbitration treaties betwe5 ,d5m>k & o!r indep5d5t ,/ates1 especially ! two ,nor!rn ,k+doms2 #c4 ,! solution by a pacific means ( ! ,nor? ,sleswick "q 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( popul> veto4 ,note on page #abe4 ,,int]national ,,arbitration & ,,peace ,,association 7#dj & #da1 ,out] ,temple1 ,london1 ,w4,c474 ,,objects4 ,among ! objects ( ?is ,association are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,to create1 educate1 & organize public op9ion ?r\gh\t ,europe 9 fav\r ( ! sub/itution ( ,,arbitration = ,,w>4 #b4 ,to promote a bett] und]/&+ & m fri5dly feel+ betwe5 ! citiz5s ( diff]5t nations4 #c4 ,to correct errone\s /atem5ts 9 ! public press or 9 ,p>liam5ts on ,int]national que/ions4 ,,modes ,,( ,,action4 #a4 ,to e/abli% 9 ! *ief cities ( ,europe ,committees or ,societies :i* %all correspond ) ea* o!r on all matt]s likely to create disputes1 ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ ! facts & ( sugge/+ j & practical modes ( settlem5t4 #b4 ,:]e ,committees _c at pres5t be =m$1 to obta9 ! s]vices ( individuals act+ 9 co-op]ation = ! same purpose4 #c4 ,to =m a m$ium ( communication betwe5 m5 ( diff]5t c\ntries by a ,j\rnal devot$ to ^! purposes1 & to promote ,int]national frat]nity & co-op]ation1 mutual appreciation & e/eem4 #d4 ,to hold p]iodical conf]5ces & congresses 9 all p>ts ( ,europe4 #e4 ,to correspond & "w ) simil> ,associations & committees 9 ,am]ica4 ,,:at ,,! ,,association ,,has ,,done4 ,x has held two ,int]national ,congresses on ! ,european cont95t4 ,_m visits h be5 paid to cities 9 ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,france1 ,switz]l&1 ,belgium1 ,au/ria1 & ,hung>y1 = ! above purpose4 ,9 ^! c\ntries1 includ+ ,am]ica1 ! ,association has directly or indirectly correspond$ ) m ?an six hundr$ p]sons1 _m ( :om are ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 j\rnali/s1 lit]>y m51 pr(essors1 m]*ants1 & manufactur]s4 ,correspond+ ,committees & ,societies h be5 f\nd$ by ! ,association 9 ,g]many1 ,hung>y1 ,italy & ,france2 & ,societies are affiliat$ 9 ,belgium1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 & ,cali=nia4 ,,:at ,,x ,,desires ,,to ,,d4 ,to complete ! ,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,peace-mak]s propos$ by ! ,congress held at ,b]ne 9 #ahhc4 ,to promote ! =mation ( ,societies belong+ to ?is ,f$]ation 9 all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,to =m ,bran*es ( ! ,association 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,to publi% a =eign edition ( ! mon?ly pap]1 ,concord1 9 ,fr5* & ,g]man4 ,note on page #acg4 ,! foll[+ are ! provisions ( ! ,treaty agre$ to at ! ,,pan-,,am]ican ,,conf]5ce4 ,article ,i4--,! republics ( ,nor?1 ,c5tral1 & ,s\? ,am]ica h]eby adopt arbitration z a pr9ciple ( ,am]ican ,int]national ,law = ! settlem5t ( all diff]5ces1 disputes1 or controv]sies t may arise betwe5 !m4 ,article ,,ii4--,arbitration %all be obligatory 9 all controv]sies conc]n+ diplomatic & consul> privileges1 b\nd>ies1 t]ritories1 indemnities1 ! "r ( navigation1 & ! validity1 con/ruction1 & en=cem5t ( treaties4 ,article ,,iii4--,arbitration %all be equally obligatory 9 all cases o!r ?an ^? m5tion$ 9 ! =ego+ article1 :atev] may be _! orig91 nature1 or occasion2 ) ! s+le exception m5tion$ 9 ! next foll[+ article4 ,article ,,iv4--,! sole que/ions except$ f ! provisions ( ! prec$+ article are ^? :i*1 9 ! judgm5t ( any "o ( ! nations involv$ 9 ! controv]sy1 may imp]il its indep5d5ce4 ,9 :i* case1 = su* nation1 arbitration %all be optional2 b x %all be obligatory ^u ! adv]s>y p[]4 ,article ,v4--,all controv]sies or diff]5ces1 ) ! exception /at$ 9 ,article ,,iv41 :e!r p5d+ or h]eaft] aris+1 %all be submitt$ to arbitration1 ev5 ?\gh !y may h orig9at$ 9 occurr5ces ante-dat+ ! pres5t treaty4 ,article ,,vi4--,no "q %all be reviv$ by virtue ( ?is treaty conc]n+ :i* a def9ite agreem5t %all already h be5 rea*$4 ,9 su* cases arbitration %all be resort$ to only = ! settlem5t ( que/ions conc]n+ ! validity1 int]pretation1 or en=cem5t ( su* agreem5ts4 ,article ,,vii4--,any ,gov]nm5t may s]ve 9 ! capacity ( arbitrator :i* ma9ta9s fri5dly relations ) ! nation oppos$ to ! "o select+ x4 ,! (fice ( arbitrator may also be entru/$ to tribunals ( ju/ice1 to sci5tific bodies1 to public (ficials1 or to private individuals1 :e!r citiz5s or n ( ! ,/ates select+ !m4 ,article ,,viii4--,! c\rt ( arbitration may consi/ ( "o or m p]sons4 ,if ( "o p]son1 he %all be select$ jo9tly by ! nations conc]n$4 ,if ( sev]al p]sons1 _! selection may be jo9tly made by ! nations conc]n$4 ,%\ld no *oice be made1 ea* nation claim+ a di/9ct int]e/ 9 ! "q at issue %all h ! "r to appo9t "o arbitrator on its own behalf4 ,article ,,ix4--,:5 ! c\rt %all consi/ ( an ev5 numb] ( arbitrators1 ! nations conc]n$ %all appo9t an umpire1 :o %all decide all que/ions ^u :i* ! arbitrators may disagree4 ,if ! nations int]e/$ fail to agree 9 ! selection ( an umpire1 su* umpire %all be select$ by ! arbitrators already appo9t$4 ,article ,x4--,! appo9tm5t ( an umpire1 & 8 acceptance1 %all take place be=e ! arbitrators ent] ^u ! he>+ ( ! "q 9 dispute4 ,article ,,xi4--,! umpire %all n act z a memb] ( ! c\rt1 b 8 duties & p[]s %all be limit$ to ! decision ( que/ions ^u :i* ! arbitrators %all be unable to agree4 ,article ,,xii4--,%\ld any arbitrator1 or an umpire1 be prev5t$ f s]v+ by reason ( dea?1 resignation1 or o!r cause1 su* arbitrator or umpire %all be replac$ by a sub/itute to be select$ 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* ! orig9al arbitrator or umpire %all h be5 *os54 ,article ,,xiii4--,! c\rt %all hold its sessions at su* place z ! p>ties 9 int]e/ may agree ^u1 & 9 case ( disagreem5t or failure to "n a place ! c\rt itself may det]m9e ! location4 ,article ,,xiv4--,:5 ! c\rt %all consi/ ( sev]al arbitrators1 a majority ( ! :ole numb] may act not)/&+ ! abs5ce or )drawal ( ! m9ority4 ,9 su* case ! majority %all cont9ue 9 ! p]=mance ( _! duties1 until !y %all h rea*$ a f9al det]m9ation ( ! que/ions submitt$ = _! consid]ation4 ,article ,,xv4--,! decision ( a majority ( ! :ole numb] ( arbitrators %all be f9al bo? on ! ma9 & incid5tal issues1 unless 9 ! agreem5t to arbitrate x %all h be5 expressly provid$ t unanimity is ess5tial4 ,article ,,xvi4--,! g5]al exp5ses ( arbitration proce$+s %all be paid 9 equal proportions by ! gov]nm5ts t are p>ties !reto2 b exp5ses incurr$ by ei!r p>ty 9 ! prep>ation & prosecution ( its case %all be defray$ by x individually4 ,article ,,xvii4--,:5ev] disputes arise ! nations involv$ %all appo9t c\rts ( arbitration 9 accordance ) ! provisions ( ! prec$+ articles4 ,only by ! mutual & free cons5t ( all ( su* nations may ^? provisions be disreg>d$1 & c\rts ( arbitration appo9t$ "u diff]5t arrangem5ts4 ,article ,,xviii4--,?is treaty %all rema9 9 =ce = tw5ty ye>s f ! date ( ! ex*ange ( ratifications4 ,aft] ! expiration ( t p]iod1 x %all cont9ue 9 op]ation until "o ( ! contract+ p>ties %all h notifi$ all ! o!rs ( its desire to t]m9ate x4 ,9 ! ev5t ( su* notice ! treaty %all cont9ue obligatory ^u ! p>ty giv+ x = at lea/ "o ye> !reaft]1 b ! )drawal ( "o or m nations %all n invalidate ! treaty ) respect to ! o!r nations conc]n$4 ,article ,,xix4--,?is treaty %all be ratifi$ by all ! nations approv+ x1 accord+ to _! respective con/itutional me?ods2 & ! ratifications %all be ex*ang$ 9 ! city ( ,wa%+ton on or be=e ! fir/ day ( ,may1 ,a4,d4 #ahia4 ,any o!r nation may accept ?is treaty & become a p>ty !reto1 by sign+ a copy !re( & deposit+ ! same ) ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 :]eupon ! said ,gov]nm5t %all communicate ?is fact to ! o!r contract+ p>ties4 ,butl] ,tann]1 ,! ,selwood ,pr9t+ ,works1 ,frome1 & ,london4