,cantoni4 file which includes the original illustrations and a musical transcription4 ,see #ebejf-;h4htm or #ebejf-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#ebejf_/pg#ebejf-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#eb ejf_/ebejf-;h4zip7 ,images of the original pages are available through ,internet ,archive_/,american ,libraries4 ,see https3_/_/archive4org_/details_/scouting forgirls#jj;bade ,,scouting ,,for ,,girls ,adapted from ,girl ,guiding by ,,sir ,,robert ,,baden-,,powell ,k4,c4,b41 ,k4,c4,v4,o41 ,,ll4,d4 ,author of 8,scouting for ,boys10 etc4 ,new ,york #aiah ,copyright1 #aiah1 by ,juliette ,low ,,explanation ,girl ,scouting has a double meaning4 ,to some it means the fun of playing the games of the ,girl ,scouts2 to others1 the fun of 8playing the game0 in ,scouting ,girls4 ,our desire in producing this ,scout scheme is to offer help to parents1 teachers1 and patriots who may care to avail themselves of it when it comes to the duty of training girls4 ,the object of the ,scout training is to give our girls1 whatever may be their circumstances1 a series of healthy and jolly activities which1 while delighting them1 will afford them a course of education outside the school in four particular lines of which there is the greatest need3 #a4 ,,character ,,and ,,intelligence1 through games1 practices and activities1 and honours and tests for promotion4 #b4 ,,skill ,,and ,,handcraft1 encouraged through badges for proficiency4 #c4 ,,service ,,for ,,others and ,,fellowship1 through daily good turns1 organised public service1 etc4 #d4 ,,physical ,,health and ,,hygiene1 through development up to standard by games and exercises designed for the purpose4 ,i have ventured to describe the above as a course of education instead of a course of instruction since the girls are led to learn of their own desire--which is education--instead of having the knowledge impressed upon them from outside--which is instruction4 ,the ,scouts are divided into four grades1 to each of which a corresponding ,part of this book applies3-- ,,part ,i4 ,brownies1 under #aa4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,scouts1 #aa to #af4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,senior ,scouts1 over #af4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,scouts1 #ah to #ha4 ,the latter are what would otherwise be termed officers1 but their position is rather that of elder sisters reviving their youth by playing among and leading the girls than of officers ordering them about1 or repressing them4 ,in each grade the training runs on the same four lines as that shown on the preceding paragraph1 but on relatively higher standards at each stage1 according to the psychology of the girl concerned in it4 ,experience has shown that the scheme is easily applicable1 even by untrained leaders1 to all kinds of girls1 whether in town or country1 at home or overseas2 and that it is capable of bringing about most satisfactory results4 ,this book merely offers an outline of principles1 together with a few samples of details as an indication to guiders of the lines on which they can carry out the training4 ,further details are largely left to their own ingenuity to devise1 according to the condition and character of their girls and of their surroundings4 ,in any case the programme of the training should be kept as unlike a school syllabus as possible in order to give it novelty and freshness4 ,the book is worded in such a way that it can be studied by the girls themselves in the different grades4 ,the paragraphs in italics are more particularly addressed to the ,scouters4 ,in conjunction with this book the ,book of ,rules of the ,association should be read1 and where there may be any difference in detail between the two the ,book of ,rules should be taken as the guide1 being more frequently under revision and1 therefore1 up to date2 and also the monthly ,,girl ,,scouts' ,,gazette4 ,for further suggestions on the work of ,scouters and their aims and methods see ,part ,,iv4 ,perhaps the most important suggestion that ,i can offer here to ,scouters may be summed up in the motto3-- 8,laugh while you work40 ,illustration3 ,robert ,baden-,powell ,january1 #aiah4 ,,part ,i ,,the ,,brownies ,,chapter ,i ,,brownies ,a ,,brownie is a household fairy who lives under and in the trees4 ,this is the reason that the ,brownies badge is an acorn4 ,there are many kinds of ,brownies1 such as ,sprites1 ,elves1 ,gnomes1 ,fairies1 ,goblins1 ,pixies1 ,imps1 ,nymphs1 ,will-o'-the-wisps4 ,have you ever seen a fairy ring8 ,there are many in the woods and sometimes in the garden--just a wide circle in the ground of rather darker grass than the rest of the turf round about it4 ,it is said to be a track made by the ,brownies who come together and dance on the grass by moonlight1 round a toadstool in the middle4 ,illustration3 ,the ,brownies' ,totem4 ,so our ,brownies have a toadstool as their ,totem and they make their ring around it4 ,like true fairies they can make their ring anywhere1 not only in the woods or out on the grass1 but even in the town and in a room4 ,when they come together they plant the toadstool in the center and the ,brownie captain 7that is1 the leader of the ,pack7 takes her place by the toadstool4 ,the ,brownies then form a ring around her1 the ,elves together 7there must not be more than eight of them71 the ,goblins together1 the ,fairies together1 and so on4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,the ,fairy ,ring4 ,for the ,pow-wow 7or ,talking ,ring7 they stand close together1 so that their elbows are touching4 ,it is called the ,pow-wow ,ring1 or ,talking ,ring1 because they can hear the voice and the wise words of the ,captain4 ,for the ,dancing ,ring they all join hands1 and make the circle as wide as they can reach4 ,the ,promise ,any girl can become a ,brownie who is under ten1 and who does her best to carry out the ,promise of the ,brownies4 ,this is the ,promise3 #a4 ,to be obedient4 #b4 ,to help other people1 especially those at home4 ,the ,recruit ,brownie ,when a girl first joins the ,brownies she is only a recruit like a boy who joins the army1 and before she can count as a real ,brownie she must know and understand the ,promise1 and what is more she must have carried it out by doing a good turn in her own home4 ,the ,pack ,the ,goblins go together1 the ,fairies go together and so on1 each forming a ,pack4 ,some ,packs are numbered like ,girl ,scout troops instead of being named ,fairy1 ,pixie1 ,elf1 etc4 ,the ,eight ,the ,captain or ,leader of a pack is a grown-up person1 and in each pack there are several parties of eight under a ,leader who is selected if possible from a ,girl ,scout ,patrol1 and who is called a ,brownie ,lieutenant4 ,badge ,each ,brownie ,pack selects the leaf of any tree for its crest4 ,this may be a real leaf or any artificial one4 ,,list ,,of ,,trees ,oak ,sycamore ,elm ,maple ,pine ,ash ,chestnut ,beech ,willow ,cedar ,spruce ,poplar ,aspen ,dogwood ,laurel ,motto ,,be ,,prepared4 ,the ,yell or ,cry3 ,,lah1 ,,lah1 ,,lah4 ,it sounds nonsense but it is not1 because it means ,lend a ,hand1 and ,,lah are the initials4 ,l ,a ,h e a n n d d ,,war ,,cry4 ,illustration3 ,music3 ,we're the ,brownies4 ,here's our aim3 ,lend a hand and ,play the ,game4 ,uniform ,middy ,blouse in khaki4 ,bloomers ditto4 ,hat same as ,girl ,scout4 ,shoes and stockings brown4 ,hair ribbon brown4 ,badges worn on arm4 ,crest leaf of a tree worn on breast4 ,tests ,the ,recruit ,a ,brownie must know3 ,the ,brownie's ,promise4 ,the ,salute4 ,the ,good ,turn4 ,the ,motto4 and must be able to3 ,tie her hair ribbon4 ,wash dishes properly4 ,know how to sit tall4 ,to be ,obedient ,in the ,brownie ,pack every ,brownie obeys the wishes of the leader4 ,so it is in our nation4 ,the ,americans are a very big pack1 but they have their one chief1 the ,president4 ,to be successful as an army in a battle or as the team in a football match all should obey their captain4 ,if everybody started to play the game in his own way1 there would be confusion1 and there could be no results4 ,but if we 8play the game0 according to orders our country will always be successful4 ,and in the same way1 as a ,brownie you must obey the ,lieutenant of your ,eight4 ,the ,good ,turn ,but now about the second promise1 namely1 to do a good turn to somebody every day4 ,the ,brownies and the ,girl ,scouts have a patent dodge of making themselves happy4 ,how do you suppose they do it8 ,by running about and playing at scouting games8 ,by going out into camp8 ,by lighting fires and cooking their own grub8 ,by tracking down animals1 and getting to know all about their ways8 ,yes1 they do all these things1 and make themselves happy2 but they have a still better way than that4 ,it is very simple4 ,they do it by making other people happy4 ,that is to say1 every day they do a kindness to some one4 ,it does not matter who the person is 7so long as it is not themselves71 friend or stranger1 man or woman1 or child4 ,and the kindness1 or 8good turn10 need not be a big thing4 ,you can generally get a chance of doing a little kindness in your own home1 such as helping your mother or a servant to do some little job about the house2 or you can1 if away from home1 help an old lady to carry her parcel1 or take a little child safely across the street1 or do something of that sort4 ,but whatever you do1 you must not take any reward for doing it4 ,if you take money for it1 it is not a good turn1 but just a piece of work that has been paid for4 ,the ,brownies' ,smile ,brownies always smile1 and if they are in difficulty1 in pain1 in trouble1 or in danger1 they don't cry1 they just grin and bear it4 ,the ,salute ,when a ,brownie shakes hands with another ,brownie1 or with a ,girl ,scout or ,boy ,scout1 she does so with the left hand4 ,that is the secret sign of brotherhood between them all4 ,then also as a ,brownie you must understand and be able to make the salute1 which is done by holding up your hand with two fingers like this3 ,illustration3 ,how to salute4 ,the ,salute is another sign that you are a ,brownie1 even though you may not be dressed in uniform1 and that you recognize the person you are saluting also as a ,brownie4 ,investiture of a ,brownie ,when a girl has passed her test as a recruit she is admitted into her ,eight as a ,brownie1 and she can then go on and pass her tests for a ,second ,class ,brownie4 ,the pack is formed up in the dancing ring1 and the recruits stand in the ,pow-wow circle1 with the ,brownie ,captain in the center4 ,the ,brownie ,captain says to the ,recruit3 8,you have learnt what the ,brownies are1 and how they owe their duty to be obedient1 to help other people1 especially their own family1 every day4 ,what have you done to help in your home80 ,when the recruit has answered1 the ,brownie ,captain again asks3 8,what is your motto as a ,brownie80 8,be prepared40 8,do you know that if you now make the ,promise you must always stick to it afterwards and do your best to carry it out8 ,so do you still wish to make it80 ,if the recruit is willing the ,brownie ,captain then says3 8,come to the ,totem ,pole and repeat your promise as a ,brownie40 ,the recruit1 touching the ,totem ,pole with her left hand1 and with her right at the salute1 then repeats the ,brownie ,promise4 ,the ,brownie ,captain then pins on her left breast the badge of her ,eight1 and says3 8,you are now a ,brownie1 and wear the badge of the ,eight4 ,will you promise to try80 ,the ,brownie ,captain then shakes hands1 left handed with the ,brownie4 ,the ,brownie salutes with her right hand1 faces about and salutes the ,pack1 and then runs to join her ,eight4 ,her ,eight all shakes hands with her1 left-handed1 to welcome her into the ,eight4 ,second ,class ,brownie ,to become a ,second ,class ,brownie you must3 ,i4 ,intelligence4 ,describe the flag of the ,united ,states4 ,tie the following knots3 ,reef1 ,sheet1 ,bend1 ,clove hitch and ,fisherman's4 ,,ii4 ,handcraft4 ,hem a duster or darn a stocking4 ,do up a parcel4 ,set a table for two for dinner4 ,,iii4 ,service4 ,bind up a cut finger or grazed knee4 ,,iv4 ,health4 ,perform two physical exercises 7which should be selected by the ,captain74 ,know how and why you should keep your nails cut and clean2 why you should keep your teeth clean and why breathe through the nose4 ,bowl a hoop or hop around a figure #h course4 ,throw a ball ten yards with right hand and then with left hand4 ,throw a ball so that a girl #f yards away catches it #d times out of six4 ,tying up a ,parcel ,the first duty of a parcel is to be neatly and strongly tied up so that it does not come unfastened1 but1 poor thing1 it cannot do this for itself1 so you have to do it a good turn by tying it up4 ,wrap it neatly in strong paper4 ,just as you tuck in the corners of the blankets on your bed to keep you warm and snug1 so the corners of the paper should be tidily folded at the ends of a parcel and doubled over flat4 ,the string should be drawn quite tight1 and have only small knots which won't slip4 ,it is therefore most important that you should learn1 as ,scouts do1 how to tie knots properly4 ,when a parcel is going by post it gets thrown around a good deal and has to stand a lot of banging about1 so bear that in mind when you are tying it up4 ,it is always wisest to write the name and address of the person to whom you are sending the parcel on the parcel itself4 ,very often people write this only on labels which they tie on1 and then if this label gets torn off at all1 away goes the parcel to the dead letter office or gets quite lost4 ,hemming a ,handkerchief ,double the edges twice1 so that the rough edge of the square of linen or muslin are well inside the turning4 ,then baste all around so as to hold the turned edges in place1 and so that they are the same width all round4 ,then hem it with neat1 small stitches4 ,darning ,stockings ,you can do many a good turn by darning4 ,mind you get wool or thread the same color1 and if possible of the same thickness as the threads of the stockings you are going to darn4 ,you should put in your needle about an inch from the actual hole1 and push it up and down in straight lines1 taking a thread and missing a thread4 ,then repeat this again criss-cross1 leaving loops of the wool where you turn1 so that the new wool can shrink without tearing the stocking when washed4 ,setting a ,table ,spread the table-cloth smoothly and evenly4 ,put the knives1 spoons1 forks1 and other things also exactly in place1 but before putting them there see that there is not a speck of dirt on them1 no finger marks or dust4 ,although there is a regular way of setting a table1 and all tables look much alike when set1 there is a great difference between one by a ,scout and set by any other girl4 ,the ,scout thinks for herself what things will be needed for the meal1 how many courses there will be1 and therefore how many knives1 forks1 and spoons1 whether pepper will be wanted or sugar1 and puts them on the table accordingly4 ,she uses her wits as well as her hands4 ,binding up a ,finger or ,knee ,a cut on the hand4 ,if anybody cuts his hand1 and it is your job to render first aid1 the first thing to think about is how to stop the bleeding4 ,remember1 that just as important as stopping the bleeding is the keeping of any sort of dirt from getting near the wound4 ,now dirt here does not mean what you generally call dirt--mud and dust3 it means anything containing germs4 ,germs are tiny little insects1 so small that your eye can't see them2 if they get into a cut they may poison it so that it festers and becomes really dangerous1 ending1 possibly1 in the loss of a finger or hand4 ,the worst kind of germs are those that come out of earth--such as garden mold1 or mud from the road4 ,they cause a terrible disease known as lock-jaw1 so great care should be taken if any one gets a deep cut while gardening1 for instance4 ,but any dust1 or any soiled object may1 and does1 contain germs4 ,so if you are about to bandage a cut1 find the very cleanest thing you can think of to put next to the wound4 ,the inside part of a clean1 folded handkerchief would probably be the best you could do1 or failing this the inside of a clean sheet of notepaper1 or the inside of an envelope4 ,having put something clean over the wound1 you must add padding of some sort--several handkerchiefs or pieces of rag4 ,then bind up very firmly with tight1 even pressure so as to stop the bleeding4 ,you can do this with strips of rag or a large1 folded handkerchief4 ,make the patient keep his hand raised1 or put it in a sling1 which you can make from a scarf if you have one4 ,remember that your help is only first aid3 so take the patient to a grown-up person who will attend to the wound more thoroughly1 or take him to a doctor to be stitched up4 ,a graze4 ,a graze is a bad scrape which has taken the skin off1 and is usually covered with dirt--grit off the road1 and so on4 ,it will not be bleeding much1 as a rule4 ,the treatment should be to wash it well with clean warm water1 soaking it till the dirt comes away1 and clean it with little swabs of wool or cloth4 ,when all the grit is removed cover the graze with a clean piece of rag4 ,bandage firmly1 but not tight enough to be uncomfortable4 ,nails ,in the ,japanese army1 where soldiers keep themselves very clean1 they have the order that before eating a meal they must always wash their hands1 and they must at no time allow their nails to be dirty4 ,it is believed that it is this rule which has prevented a great deal of illness among the soldiers4 ,illustration3 ,toe-nail cutting4 ,right4 ,wrong4 ,the reason for it is that these poisonous little germs1 which float about in the air1 live on dirt and are very liable to get on to your hands and to hide under your fingernails1 therefore you should always be careful to keep these clean1 especially before handling your food4 ,nails1 both on fingers and toes1 should be kept properly trimmed with scissors4 ,soldiers as well as other people1 very often suffer lameness and great pain from the nail of their big toe growing down into the toe at one side4 ,toe-nail ,cutting ,this is often caused by letting the nail grow too long until by the pressure of the shoe1 it is driven to grow sideways into the toe4 ,so you should be careful to cut your toe-nails frequently every week or ten days1 and they should be cut square across the top1 not rounded1 and with sharp scissors4 ,finger nails should also be cut about once a week to keep them in good order4 ,they can be rounded to the shape of the finger to prevent the corners catching and getting torn4 ,biting the nails is very bad for them4 ,teeth ,there is no part of you that poisonous germs attack more readily than your teeth4 ,they get in between them and burrow inside them1 and bring about that awful pain known as toothache1 and the teeth decay and have to be pulled out2 and consequently your food after that does not get properly chewed4 ,but you can prevent this for yourself if you take the trouble to clean your teeth properly1 and to brush and wash away these germs out of your mouth4 ,the first thing is to have a toothbrush4 ,this you can buy for a few cents at any drugstore4 ,if you cannot afford to buy one you can at any rate make one for yourself4 ,there are no drug stores in the wilds of ,africa1 and yet the natives there have splendid teeth1 and they keep them clean by continually brushing them after every meal with little brushes made out of bits of stick4 ,they take a short stick and hammer the end of it until it is all frayed out like a paint brush4 ,it is a brush that any ,brownie can make for herself in a few minutes4 ,the thing is not to forget to use it every morning and every evening1 when you get up and before going to bed1 and also if possible after your midday meal4 ,illustration ,attack those germs with a brush and get them out from their hiding places between and behind the teeth1 and wash them out with mouthfuls of water1 so that they don't get a chance of burrowing and destroying your grinders4 ,in pioneer days when the ,indians scalped people they seized them by the hair growing on the crown of the head1 which they called the scalp lock4 ,a very good way to stand tall and sit tall is to imagine a string tied to your scalp lock1 drawing you up to the ceiling or the sky1 and all the rest of you1 both inside and out1 will fall into good position4 ,it is quite painless1 so try it4 ,games and ,practices ,a strict obedience to the rules of a game1 good temper1 pluck and honest1 unselfish play count as much as skill in playing4 ,a ,scout always shakes hands when she loses a game and congratulates the winner4 ,day and ,night ,the players divide into two parties and form in two lines1 back to back1 about three paces apart4 ,one of the lines is named the 8,day ,party10 the other the 8,night ,party40 ,the leader has a disk painted black on one side and a white on the other4 7,a coin may be used instead of the disk47 ,in front of each party is a goal4 ,the leader throws the disk into the air4 ,if the disk alights with the white side up the leader calls 8,day40 ,the 8,day ,party0 then rushes toward its goal and the 8,night ,party0 pursues1 tagging as many players of the 8,day ,party0 as possible4 ,these they take back to their own line4 ,the disk is thrown again1 and the party whose side turns up starts for their goal as before4 ,the game continues in this way until all the players on one of the sides are lost4 ,dodge ,ball ,of any even number of players1 half form a circle1 while the other half stand inside the ring1 facing outward4 ,the players in the center dodge the ball1 which1 while in play1 is thrown by any of those forming the circle4 ,those who are hit with the ball take their places among those around the circle1 and have an equal chance at those remaining in the center4 ,one is put out at a time4 ,this is kept up until no one is left in the circle1 after which the players exchange places1 that is1 those who were in the circle now form around the circle1 and vice versa4 ,cross ,tag ,any player who is chased may be relieved by any other player running between her and the one trying to tag her4 ,the latter must then run after the player who ran between1 till she in turn is relieved4 ,sculptor ,one of the players is chosen as the 8,sculptor0 and she arranges the other players in different positions and attitudes as statues4 ,no player dares move or speak1 for as soon as she does the sculptor punishes her by beating her with a knotted handkerchief or towel1 called the 8sack-beetle40 ,after having arranged the players to suit her fancy the sculptor leaves the playground1 saying3 8,the sculptor is not at home40 ,no sooner is she gone than the statues come to life1 sing1 dance1 jump and play havoc in general4 ,on the return of the sculptor she counts1 8,one1 two1 three10 and any player who is not in her former posture at 8three0 receives a beating with the knotted handkerchief from the sculptor4 ,should the sculptor punish the wrong statue all the players rush at her with knotted handkerchiefs and drive her to a goal previously decided upon1 and the game is resumed with some other player as sculptor4 ,inventory ,game ,let each girl go into a room for half a minute and when she comes out let her make a list of what she has seen4 ,then compare lists to find who has seen the most4 ,testing ,noses ,this is easiest with the competitors blindfolded4 ,let them smell different things and tell what they are4 ,also the objects may be placed in bags but this means much more work4 ,three ,deep ,twenty-four or more players form a circle of pairs with space enough between the players 7who stand closely one behind the other1 facing the center of the circle7 to allow the runners to turn and run in all directions4 ,two players on the outside of the circle and at a distance from each other begin the game4 ,one of these is called the 8tagger10 the other is 8,it40 ,she tries to tag 8,it0 before she can secure a place in front of any of the pairs forming the circle4 ,if she succeeds1 the player who has been tagged then becomes the 8tagger0 and the former 8tagger0 tries to secure a place in front of some pair4 ,but whenever the runner 7the player pursued7 has succeeded in getting in front of a pair before being tagged1 then the hindmost 7the last or third in the respective rank7 must take to her heels and seek to evade the unsuccessful 8tagger10 who now turns her attention to the runner4 ,in trying to evade a tagger the successive player may run in any direction1 either left or right1 outside the circle1 but not pass in front of any one rank to another rank in such a manner as to induce wrong starts4 ,a hindmost player may also form in front of his own rank1 making the second player in such rank hindmost or 8third40 ,the play is always directed against the third or last of a rank1 two players being the number limited to each place4 7,when numbers of players in the beginning are too large the circle may be formed by rows or ranks of threes1 instead of twos or pairs47 ,expert players may form several circles and run from circle to circle1 two pairs playing simultaneously4 ,the above play may be varied in a number of ways4 ,chasing an ,owl ,another good stalking game is chasing the owl4 ,this is done in thick woods where one ,scout represents the owl hooting at intervals and then moving to one side for a distance4 ,each pursuer when seen is called out of the game1 and the owl1 if a real good one1 may get safely back to her stump4 ,turkey and ,wildcat ,this is played by the turkey blindfolded 8going to roost0 in some place where there are plenty of twigs or dry leaves to crack and rustle4 ,at the first sound the turkey jumps4 ,if not then within reach of one wildcat1 she is safe and another wildcat has a chance4 ,this is sometimes very laughable for the turkey being blindfolded may jump right on the wildcat4 ,walking the ,plank ,lay on the ground a couple of boards edgewise with an apple or small prize on the ground at the end of the board for the ,brownie who can walk the plank1 squat or stoop and pick up the prize1 turn round and bring it safely back again4 7,this practice is most valuable in producing concentration of mind and action--the effort of body-balance develops mental balance47 ,stepping-,stones ,put down small bits of board1 or cardboard 7nailed to the ground7 or mark on the ground a twisty line of stepping stones as if for crossing a brook--some close together1 others far apart4 ,each ,brownie to try the course in turn1 two tries4 ,in the second try she carries in her hand a board about eight inches square on which is a small ball which1 of course1 must not be dropped4 7,object similar to that of 8,walking the ,plank407 ,first ,class ,brownie ,these are what you have to do to become a ,first ,class ,brownie4 ,i4 ,intelligence4 ,know the semaphore alphabet and know how to send and read #c letters out of #d correctly4 ,know how to count change of a dollar4 ,know first and last stanzas of ,star-,spangled ,banner4 ,know how to tell time by watch4 ,,ii4 ,handcraft4 ,know eight points of compass4 ,knit scarf or make sewing bag1 or make and dress a paper doll4 ,clean knives1 forks and spoons4 ,,iii4 ,service4 ,carry a message and remember it for five minutes and deliver it correctly4 ,fold clothes neatly4 ,,iv4 ,health4 ,apply triangular bandage4 ,perform five physical exercises4 ,,the ,,star-,,spangled ,,banner ,oh6 say1 can you see1 by the dawn's early light1 ,what so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming8 ,whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight1 ,o'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming8 ,and the rocket's red glare1 the bombs bursting in air1 ,gave proof through the night that our flag was still there4 ,,chorus3 ',tis the star-spangled banner1 ,oh6 long may it wave ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave6 ,on the shore1 dimly seen through the mists of the deep1 ,where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes1 ,what is that which the breeze1 o'er the towering steep ,as it fitfully blows1 half conceals1 half discloses8 ,now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam1 ,in full glory reflected1 now shines on the stream4 ,oh6 thus be it e'er when freemen shall stand ,between their loved homes and war's desolation2 ,blest with vict'ry and peace1 may the heaven rescued land ,praise the power that hath made and preserved us a nation1 ,then1 conquer we must1 when our cause it is just1 ,and this be our motto1 8,in ,god is our trust40 ,,my ,,country1 ',,tis ,,of ,,thee ,my country6 'tis of thee1 ,sweet land of liberty1 ,of thee ,i sing3 ,land where my fathers died6 ,land of the ,pilgrim's pride6 ,from every mountain side ,let freedom ring4 ,my native country1 thee1 ,land of the noble free1 ,thy name ,i love2 ,i love ,thy rocks and rills1 ,thy woods and templed hills2 ,my heart with rapture thrills1 ,like that above4 ,let music swell the breeze1 ,and ring from all the trees ,sweet freedom's song2 ,let mortal tongues awake1 ,let all that breathe partake1 ,let ,rocks their silence break1 ,the sound prolong4 ,our ,father's ,god1 to ,thee1 ,author of ,liberty1 ,to ,thee we sing2 ,long may our land be bright ,with freedom's holy light2 ,protect us by ,thy might1 ,great ,god1 our ,king6 ,how to ,change a ,dollar ,american money is divided into ,cents1 which are made of copper4 #e cent pieces1 commonly called nickels 7made of base metal74 #aj cents1 commonly called a dime 7made of silver74 #be cents1 commonly called a quarter 7silver74 #ej cents1 or half a dollar 7silver74 #ajj cents make a dollar1 which is sometimes made of paper and sometimes made of silver4 ,after you learn to count money up to one hundred cents or one dollar1 it is easy to handle larger sums1 such as five dollars1 ten dollars4 ,the abbreviation for cents is cts4 or 4 ,the abbreviation for dollar is this sign3 4 ,the monogram of the ,united ,states1 8,u4 ,s410 makes the dollar sign if you leave off the bottom of the ,u4 ,reading the ,compass ,some time ago some wild ,australian natives were taken for a voyage on a ship4 ,they had always been accustomed to finding their way by tracks on the ground1 so when they got to sea they wondered how the ,captain of the ship found his way across the trackless ocean and they kept a look-out in the bow looking over in the water to see if they could discover the footmarks or signs by which the ,captain was finding his way1 till at last they went to him and said1 8,how do you manage it80 ,so the ,captain showed them the compass which told him which way was north1 which south1 east and west1 and that by reading the compass1 and reading his map with it1 he was able to go into strange parts of the world without ever having been there before1 but always able to find his way because he knew which way was north by the compass4 ,he marked the points of the compass on his map and by comparing the map and the compass it led him north1 south1 east1 or west4 ,and so it is also necessary for a ,girl ,scout or a ,brownie to know the points of the compass1 because at any time you may be told to go off to the north or to the south with a message1 or you want to know which way the wind is blowing1 whether it is a north wind which is going to bring cold or an east wind1 rain1 and so on4 ,but how can you do this if you do not know which is the south or which is the north8 ,when you have not got a compass it is quite easy to judge this by the sun4 ,the sun gets up in the east and sets in the west and in the middle of the day it is due south of you if you are in the northern part of the world4 ,a ,brownie must understand this and the different points of the compass before she can be considered a good useful messenger4 ,clean ,knives1 ,forks and ,spoons ,use very hot water for first cleaning them to get off the grease4 ,that is the secret of success4 ,rinse them and use dry clean towels4 ,but mind you do not put the white handles of knives in the water1 because they are apt to crack if you do so4 ,make ,doll's ,clothes or ,brownie's ,overall ,in ,australia there is a school where the boys were taught farming1 but the first thing that a boy had to do when he got there was to make his own saddle and bridle for riding a horse4 ,he was only allowed to use that same saddle during the rest of his time at the school1 some three or four years1 so if he did not make it neatly and well1 he was the laughing-stock of the other boys for the rest of his time4 ,and it is much the same with the ,brownies4 ,they are given directions how to make their clothes but if they make them badly1 well then they will be ashamed of them for the rest of their time as ,brownies4 ,so be careful to listen to all that is told you as to how you should make the things and then make them as well as you possibly can4 ,knitting ,of course you can do knitting either with a machine or with knitting needles by hand1 but ,i strongly advise doing it by hand for though it is a little bit more difficult to learn at first it is much more pleasing afterwards4 ,by being able to knit you can do good turns to other people very often indeed4 ,all people1 men and women1 are glad to have warm things made for them in winter time1 and by being able to knit a ,brownie can lend a hand and give great happiness to other people4 ,fold ,clothes ,neatly ,a soldier or sailor on going to bed always puts his clothes neatly in some spot where he can find them readily in the dark and slip into them quickly in the case of alarm4 ,and so also ,boy ,scouts and ,girl ,scouts do the same1 because you never know when an accident may happen2 the house may be on fire1 or a thief may break in1 and you may want your clothes suddenly in the dark4 ,if you have them already folded in their place1 you can readily find them and be quickly dressed4 ,but if your clothes are lying all over the place it is impossible to find them in the dark4 ,but there is another reason also for keeping your clothes neatly folded4 ,and that is that they last much longer when properly taken care of1 and always look neat1 instead of getting baggy1 worn and thread-bare4 ,no true ,brownie ever leaves her clothes lying about in an untidy way4 ,to ,carry a ,message in ,your ,head ,scouts and ,brownies are very often employed as messengers and have done very good work4 ,that is why so many of them have won ,war ,service badges in the ,great ,war4 ,and the reason they are used is because they remember what is told them1 carry it in their heads and deliver it properly4 ,a ,brownie learns her message by heart as soon as it is given to her1 and repeats it to the person who gives it2 then she keeps on repeating it while she goes along1 and remembers that all the time she is going she is on duty1 and therefore it is her business not to stop and loiter and look at other things1 but to get her duty done4 ,in this way her attention fixed on her work she can always deliver her message at the end of the journey quite correctly as she got it in the first instance4 ,applying a ,triangular ,bandage ,this is a thing that every ,brownie ought to know how to do4 ,it looks quite easy when you see other people do it1 but it is most important that you should know how to do it yourself1 and to do it correctly1 because when people are injured it is necessary for a ,brownie to keep her head and to be able to put on the bandage so that it will do real good1 and not merely look like a good bandage4 ,there are a great many ways of applying the triangular bandage4 ,when you become a ,scout you will learn these4 ,at present the three most useful ways are given you1 and as you only have three to learn you will be expected to apply these really well4 ,the large arm-sling is used to support the forearm and hand4 ,this is how you put it on4 ,open out the triangular bandage1 lay it across the patient's chest so that the point comes under the elbow of the injured arm4 ,one of the ends will then be over the good shoulder4 ,take hold of the other end and bring it up over the bad shoulder1 round the neck1 and tie it in a square or reef knot4 ,then fold the point over the elbow and pin it neatly4 ,to apply a triangular bandage to a sprained ankle1 fold it into what is called a 8wide bandage40 ,this means bring the point down to the base1 then fold it once again4 ,illustration3 ,wide ,bandage ,apply the middle of this to the sole of the patient's foot1 bring the two ends up and cross the bandage firmly over the instep 7or top of foot74 ,bring the ends round the ankle tightly1 cross at the back1 bring up round again and tie in a square or reef knot4 ,this bandage is useless unless applied very firmly4 ,a good way of insuring its getting tighter instead of looser1 after it is applied is to wet the bandage3 it will then shrink in drying and tighten the pressure evenly all over4 ,proficiency ,badges for ,brownies ,now having won your ,first ,class as a ,brownie1 you can go on and do great things4 ,you can earn badges to wear on your arms4 ,look at these and see which you would like1 and go in and win4 ,these are the ,proficiency ,badges for which ,first ,class ,brownies may qualify4 ,they are in four groups4 ,group ,i4 ,,intelligence4 ,group ,,ii4 ,,handcraft4 ,group ,,iii4 ,,service ,,to ,,others4 ,group ,,iv4 ,,physical ,,health4 ,group ,i4 ,intelligence ,collector4--,for collecting stamps1 medal ribbons1 specimens1 crests1 etc41 or keeping a scrap-book4 7,neatness of arrangement to count47 ,illustration ,observer4--,study of animals1 birds1 plants1 etc4 ,tracking and ,kim's ,game4 ,illustration ,signaler4--,elementary signaling with flags1 etc41 and scout signs4 ,illustration ,group ,,ii4 ,handcraft ,artist4--,drawing or painting or modeling4 7,self-expression rather than artistic merit to count47 ,illustration ,weaver4--,knitting1 netting1 patch-work1 basket-making4 ,illustration ,wood-,worker4--,chip carving1 fretwork1 or carpentry4 ,illustration ,group ,,iii4 ,service for ,others ,first ,aider4--,know how to treat minor injuries and accidents4 ,illustration ,guide4--,must know how to show the way to strangers1 and know where to find ,police ,station1 ,fire ,station1 ,doctor1 etc41 and know the history of the place4 ,illustration ,house ,worker4--,make tea1 peel potatoes1 prepare vegetables1 clean up1 make bed4 ,illustration ,group ,,iv4 ,physical ,health ,athlete4--,able to run1 jump1 climb1 throw1 and catch4 ,illustration ,swimmer4--,able to swim twenty-five yards1 and float and dive in the water4 ,illustration ,team ,player4--,for hockey1 basket ball and other team games4 ,illustration ,note3--,the full details for these will be found in the ,leaders' ,manual4 ,,part ,,ii ,,girl ,,scouts 7#aa ,,to #ah7 ,,chapter ,i ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,tenderfoot ,,the ,,scout ,,promise ,,on my honour ,i will try-- ,,to ,,do ,,my ,,duty ,,to ,,god ,,and ,,to ,,my ,,country4 ,,to ,,help ,,other ,,people ,,at ,,all ,,times4 ,,to ,,obey ,,the ,,scout ,,law4 ,,the ,,scout ,,law #a4 ,a ,scout's honor is to be trusted4 #b4 ,a ,scout is loyal4 #c4 ,a ,scout's duty is to be useful and to help others4 #d4 ,a ,scout is a friend to all1 and a sister to every other ,girl ,scout4 #e4 ,a ,scout is courteous4 #f4 ,a ,scout ,keeps herself pure4 #g4 ,a ,scout is a friend to animals4 #h4 ,a ,scout obeys order4 #i4 ,a ,girl ,scout is cheerful4 #aj4 ,a ,scout is thrifty4 ,,what ,,is ,a ,,girl ,,scout8 ,this is a ,girl ,scout4 ,she is in her uniform1 wearing her badges of rank and awards for proficiency4 ,illustration3 ,a ,girl ,scout4 ,the stripes on her left breast and the badge in her hat show that she is a ,patrol ,leader--that is1 she commands a group of seven other ,scouts who form the 8,patrol40 ,she carries in her hand the flag of the ,patrol4 ,the badge on her right breast is that for 8,war ,service0--meaning that she has done public service during the war4 ,what ,do ,girl ,scouts ,do8 ,look on the cover and you will see that they are jolly people who enjoy themselves1 they are a happy sisterhood who do good turns to other people4 ,illustration3 ,as a ,munition ,worker4 ,in ,europe ,girl ,scouts are called ,girl ,guides and this is what they have done abroad during the ,great ,war4 ,in the towns they have helped at the ,military ,hospitals as assistants to the ward-maids1 cooks1 and laundry women4 ,in the ,government offices1 such as the ,war ,office1 the ,admiralty1 and other great departments of the ,state1 they have acted as orderlies and messengers4 ,they have taken up work in factories1 or as motor-drivers1 or on farms1 in order to release men to go to the front4 ,at home and in their club-rooms they have made bandages for the wounded1 and warm clothing for the men at the ,front and in the ,fleet4 7,s4,t4 stands for 8,stand tall and ,sit tall07 ,in the country they have collected eggs for the sick1 and on the moors have gathered sphagnum moss for the hospitals4 ,over in ,france a great ,recreation and ,rest ,hut for the soldiers has been supplied by the ,guides with funds earned through their work4 ,it is managed by ,guide officers1 or ex-,guides4 ,among the older ,guides there are many who have done noble work with the ,hospitals at home and overseas2 there was one in particular who went through great adventures in ,serbia during the invasion of that country4 ,illustration3 ,a ,hostel ,scout4 ,at home in many of the great cities the ,scouts have turned their ,headquarters' ,club-,rooms into 8,hostels40 ,that is1 they have made them into small hospitals ready for taking in people injured in air-raids by the enemy4 ,so altogether the ,scouts have shown themselves to be a pretty useful lot in many different kinds of works during the war1 and1 mind you1 they are only girls between the ages of #aa and #ah4 ,but they have done their bit in the ,great ,war as far as they were able1 and have done it well4 ,there are #fd1jjj of them1 and they are very smart1 and ready for any job that may be demanded of them4 ,they were not raised for this special work during the war1 for they began some years before it1 but their motto is 8,be ,prepared10 and it was their business to train themselves to be ready for anything that might happen1 even the most unlikely thing4 ,illustration3 ,scout ,orderly4 ,so even when war came they were 8all there0 and ready for it4 ,it is not only in ,great ,britain that they have been doing this1 but--in ,canada and ,australia1 ,west1 ,east1 and ,south ,africa1 ,new ,zealand1 the ,falkland ,islands1 ,west ,indies1 and ,india4 ,the ,scouts are a vast sisterhood of girls1 ready to do anything they can for their country and ,empire4 ,in this book ,i will show you as briefly as possible how you become a ,scout1 and what you have to do to make yourself fit for service4 ,and ,i can tell you right off now that one thing you've got to do is to laugh and enjoy it all2 you can't help doing so when you get into it4 ,what the ,guides ,do ,as a ,guide your first duty is to be helpful to other people1 both in small everyday matters and also under the worst of circumstances4 ,you have to imagine to yourself what sort of things might possibly happen1 and how you should deal with them when they occur4 ,then you will know what to do4 ,illustration3 ,finding the ,wounded4 ,i was present when a ,german aeroplane dropped a bomb on to a railway station in ,london4 ,there was the usual busy scene of people seeing to their luggage1 saying good-bye and going off by train1 when with a sudden bang a whole car was blown to bits1 and the adjoining ones were in a blaze2 seven or eight of those active in getting into the train were flung down--mangled and dead2 while some thirty more were smashed1 broken1 and bleeding1 but still alive4 ,the suddenness of it made it all the more horrifying4 ,but one of the first people ,i noticed as keeping their heads was a smartly dressed young lady kneeling by an injured working-man2 his thigh was smashed and bleeding terribly2 she had ripped up his trouser with her knife1 and with strips of it had bound a pad to the wound2 she found a cup somehow and filled it with water for him from the overhead hose for filling engines4 ,instead of being hysterical and useless1 she was as cool and ready to do the right thing as if she had been in bomb-raids every day of her life4 ,well1 that is what any girl can do if she only prepares herself for it4 ,illustration3 ,binding up ,injuries4 ,long before there was any idea of the war the ,scouts had been taught to think out and to practise what they should do supposing such a thing as war happened in their own country1 or that people should get injured by bombs or by accidents in their neighbourhood4 ,in order to be able to deal with such cases the first thing that you have to know is how to go out in the country and find the wounded by following their tracks to where they have crawled away to hide themselves or get water2 you must know how to bind up their wounds temporarily2 how to light a fire and boil up some hot soup1 or fomentations for their injuries2 you must be able to signal to other ,scouts in the distance in order to call up help2 you must be able to make a shelter out of the brush-wood around you1 or to rig up a stretcher or means of carrying the injured on carts or barrows and so to get them in to hospital4 ,then you have to know how to turn a room or a cellar into a ward1 how to make up beds and apparatus for the use of the sick and wounded2 how to nurse them2 how to change their bandages2 how to cook their food2 what sort of ventilation is necessary2 how to wash the linen and so on4 ,convalescent ,nursing ,finally there comes the convalescent stage when your patients are getting better1 and you have to give them more nourishing food1 cooked in a tempting manner1 and you have to keep their minds active and cheerful by being able to read or sing to them1 and so to cheer them back to life4 ,these are things which have to be learnt in peace-time1 and because they were learnt by the ,scouts beforehand1 these girls were able to do their bit so well when war came4 ,illustration3 ,cheering them back to life4 ,frontier ,life ,but they have to ,be ,prepared for many other things besides sickness4 ,it falls to the lot of very many girls to take up life ,overseas1 and very often it is a rough life1 and one full of adventures and romance4 ,but although this sounds nice in books and stories it is no fun for a girl who has had everything done for her at home1 to find herself stranded in an outlandish place with no one available to help her1 no water or gas laid on1 no shops1 or bakers1 no cooks1 no doctors4 ,illustration ,she has to do everything for herself4 ,this is where so many women1 who had charge of ambulances in ,serbia and other countries during the war1 came out so splendidly1 doing everything for themselves1 and showing the greatest possible courage and handiness in the difficulties and dangers of active service4 7,s4,t47 ,a story which should appeal with special force to ,girl ,scouts is that of ,emilienne ,moreau4 ,she is a ,french girl1 and was living at ,loos where the heavy fighting took place in ,october1 #aiae4 ,when the ,germans took the place and held it1 after their retreat from the ,marne a year before1 she1 with her family1 remained there and made the best of things under the ,german occupation4 ,she lived with her aged father and invalid mother1 a sister1 and a small brother of ten4 ,the father1 broken in health and spirits by the presence of the hated ,germans1 died4 ,loos was practically empty of inhabitants1 business was at a standstill--it was impossible to get a coffin even in which to bury the poor man4 ,so this girl1 with the help of her young brother1 got hold of some planks and themselves made one for their father's body4 ,illustration ,in ,september she noticed that the ,german garrison of the place were getting disturbed4 ,more men were put into the town1 and more defensive works were made4 ,shells began to fall1 and the firing to become more intense day by day4 ,instead of hiding in the cellar she climbed into the roof1 where through a hole in the tiles1 she was able to see the fighting that went on between the ,german defenders and the ,highlanders who were attacking4 ,for several days it continued1 but the ,scotsmen finally got into the town and drove the ,germans out from street to street with hand-to-hand fightings4 ,in a hidden corner five ,germans kept fighting our troops unseen until this girl discovered their position4 ,she got hold of some hand-grenades and threw them in among them1 killing three of them4 ,the two survivors attacked her with bayonets1 but she had armed herself with the revolver belonging to a dead ,british officer1 and as they came at her she turned it on them with quick and steady aim and shot them both4 ,then she went to work1 regardless of the danger of rifle fire and shrapnel1 tending the wounded1 rendering first-aid1 bringing water and blankets to them1 thereby saving their lives and easing the pain of a number of ,british soldiers4 ,illustration ,our officers found her doing these things4 ,she was personally thanked and congratulated by the ,british general for her valuable assistance to the medical staff1 and for her courage and gallant help against the enemy1 and she was later on awarded the ,french ,military ,cross 8for valour on the field of battle40 ,later we heard that ,emilienne ,moreau was a ,french ,girl ,scout1 and what this gallant ,french girl did1 her sister ,girl ,scouts in ,britain would1 ,i hope1 also do in similar circumstances4 ,but it could only be done when a girl has trained herself as the ,scouts do to be plucky1 to be handy1 to keep cool1 to know what is the right thing to do--and to do it at no matter what risk to herself4 ,frontierswomen ,i have met many fine frontierswomen in my time4 ,in ,matabeleland1 when the natives rose against us1 ,mrs4 ,selous1 the wife of the great elephant hunter1 was alone in her home1 thirty miles away from the nearest town4 ,some natives living close by came and asked her for the loan of as many axes as she could spare1 as they wanted to chop firewood4 ,shortly afterwards her husband1 who had been away shooting1 came galloping in1 and told her to saddle and mount her horse at once and to get away as the natives were 8up0 and murdering the white inhabitants4 ,illustration3 ,a ,frontier-woman's ,ride for ,life4 ,illustration ,being a frontierswoman it did not take her long to catch and saddle up her horse1 and in a few minutes she and her husband had left their home1 and were riding for their lives towards ,bulawayo4 ,before they were out of sight of their house they could see smoke and flames already issuing from it4 ,the natives who had borrowed the axes had done so with the object of murdering them1 and finding that they had escaped1 were now wreaking their vengeance on their property4 ,it was just ,mrs4 ,selous' promptness1 cool-headedness1 and ability to ride that saved her life4 ,illustration ,another woman at that time was similarly out on her farm1 while her husband was away in some other part of the country4 ,the natives surrounded her house in the night and attacked her faithful native servants4 ,knowing her danger1 she slept in her clothes1 and realising what was the matter when she heard the noise of the attack1 she seized her revolver and1 slipping out of the house through a back window1 she escaped into the garden and hid herself behind a tombstone there4 ,in the early dawn the marauders departed1 and she came out of her hiding-place to find her home wrecked and her faithful servants all killed4 ,a relief party of white men soon after arrived from the nearest township1 and found her quite self-possessed and calm4 ,the only excitement she showed was her intense relief at the fact that one of the attackers had seized her sewing machine and was making off with it when he was killed by one of her men1 and had dropped the machine at a spot where it just escaped falling down the well4 ,so she rode back to ,salisbury in triumph with her rescuers1 clutching her beloved sewing machine4 ,she had no sooner reached safety than she discovered that she had dropped her revolver1 and she insisted on going back again to find it4 ,you might think that she could have got a new revolver in the town1 but that was not the question4 ,the revolver was a favourite of hers1 because1 although old and rather out of gear1 she had once killed a lion with it4 ,she had many other exciting adventures in ,rhodesia which ,i have not space to tell here1 but she was a splendid type of what a ,london girl can do when put to it in places of difficulty and danger1 if only she has trained herself4 7,s4,t47 ,the story of ,laura ,secord1 the heroine of ,canada1 shows what a frontierswoman may be called upon to do1 and what she can do if only she has ,been ,preparing herself in strength of mind and body like a ,scout4 ,canada was at war with the ,united ,states over a hundred years ago4 ,battles between the ,americans and the ,english were being fought on all sides in that unhappy year #ahab4 ,after the engagement on ,queenstown ,heights a terror-stricken woman went tramping over the field where the slain were lying in search of her husband4 ,laura ,secord had heard that her husband had been wounded and left there for dead2 but on finding him1 to her joy she discovered that he was still alive1 though badly injured4 ,it was during his long illness that a report was brought to ,laura ,secord that the ,americans were again coming to surprise the ,english1 unknown to the general4 ,owing to her pluck and determination1 ,laura achieved a famous deed of heroism and saved her country by taking the information of the advance of the enemy right away to the commanding officer of the ,british troops4 ,through difficulties and dangers she sped without a fear for her own safety2 she trudged on through forests and bogs1 going twenty miles round out of the beaten track so as to avoid being traced4 ,in the dusk of the evening her path was checked by a deep stream4 ,here she felt almost hopeless1 until she found a tree-trunk fallen across the water1 and by this she managed to scramble to the opposite bank4 ,whilst dreading what might happen at home to her invalid husband and her little children left behind1 ,laura ,secord still pressed forward through the darkness1 tired and weak1 till she at length reached the ,british camp1 and was able to unburden her mind and give the news of the danger to the officer in command4 ,all present were struck with admiration for her gallant effort1 and with the knowledge of the impending danger thus gained1 the ,british were able to ,,be ,,prepared4 ,now1 did not this ,laura ,secord1 though quite untrained1 do every part of the duty of a ,girl ,scout8 ,she showed ,,sense ,,of ,,duty in leaving all that was dearest to her to go off to the commander4 ,she showed cleverness and ,,resource in getting through the ,american outposts by driving her cow in front of her1 pretending that she was merely taking her out to graze4 ,she showed ,,endurance going such a long journey rapidly and well1 being healthy and fit for hard work4 ,also ,,campaigning in being able to find her way by a circuitous route through forests and by night1 and yet not seen by the enemy--,,saving ,,life1 too1 not only of the soldiers in the force1 but eventually of all her nation1 by freeing her country of the enemy4 ,she showed ,,patriotism by sacrificing her own wishes for the good of her country1 and risking her life for the good of her nation4 ,why 8,scouts08 ,on the ,north-,west ,frontier of ,india there is a famous ,corps of soldiers known as the ,scouts1 and their duty is to be always ready to turn out at any moment to repel raids by the hostile tribes across the ,border1 and to prevent them from coming down into the peaceful plains of ,india4 ,this body of men must be prepared for every kind of fighting4 ,sometimes on foot1 sometimes on horseback1 sometimes in the mountains1 often with pioneer work1 wading through rivers and making bridges1 and so on4 ,but they have to be a skilful lot of men1 brave and enduring1 ready to turn out at any time1 winter or summer1 or to sacrifice themselves if necessary in order that peace may reign throughout ,india while they keep down any hostile raids against it4 ,so they are true handymen in every sense of the word1 and true patriots4 ,illustration3 ,facing a ,difficulty4 ,when people speak of ,scouts in ,europe one naturally thinks of those men who are mountaineers in ,switzerland and other mountainous place1 who can guide people over the most difficult parts by their own bravery and skill in tackling obstacles1 by helpfulness to those with them1 and by their bodily strength of wind and limb4 ,they are splendid fellows those guides1 and yet if they were told to go across the same amount of miles on an open flat plain it would be nothing to them1 it would not be interesting1 and they would not be able to display those grand qualities which they show directly the country is a bit broken up into mountains4 ,it is no fun to them to walk by easy paths1 the whole excitement of life is facing difficulties and dangers and apparent impossibilities1 and in the end getting a chance of attaining the summit of the mountain they have wanted to reach4 ,illustration3 ,why 8,scout08 ,well1 ,i think it is the case with most girls nowadays4 ,they do not want to sit down and lead an idle life1 not to have everything done for them1 nor to have a very easy time4 ,they don't want merely to walk across the plain1 they would much rather show themselves handy people1 able to help others and ready1 if necessary1 to sacrifice themselves for others just like the ,scouts on the ,north-west ,frontier4 ,and they also want to tackle difficult jobs themselves in their life1 to face mountains and difficulties and dangers1 and to go at them having prepared themselves to be skilful and brave2 and also they would like to help other people to get over their difficulties also4 ,when they attain success after facing difficulties1 then they feel really happy and triumphant4 ,it is a big satisfaction to them to have succeeded and to have made other people succeed also4 ,that is what the ,girl ,scouts want to do1 just like the mountaineer guides do among the mountains4 ,then1 too1 a woman who can do things is looked up to by others1 both men and women1 and they are always ready to follow her advice and example1 so there she becomes a ,scout too4 ,and later on if she has children of her own1 or if she becomes a teacher of children1 she can be a really good ,scout to them4 ,in fact1 if one caricatured a ,scout one would draw her thus3--8,turn to the right and keep straight on40 ,and for these reasons the name ,scout was given to them originally4 ,illustration ,by means of games and activities which the ,scouts practise they are able to learn the different things which will help them to get on in life1 and show the way to others to get on also4 ,thus camping and signalling1 first aid work1 camp cooking1 and all these things that the ,scouts practise are all going to be helpful to them afterwards in making them strong1 resourceful women1 skilful and helpful to others1 and strong in body as well as in mind1 and what is more it makes them a jolly cheery lot of comrades also4 8,be ,prepared60 ,the motto of the ,scouts on which they work is 8,be ,prepared10 that is1 be ready for any kind of duty that may be thrust upon them1 and what is more1 to know what to do by having practised it beforehand in the case of any kind of accident or any kind of work that they may be asked to take up4 ,thousands of women have done splendid work in this war1 but thousands more would have been able to do good work also had they only ,been ,prepared for it beforehand by learning a few things that are useful to them outside their mere school work or work in their own home4 ,and that is what the ,scouts are learning in all their games and camp work2 they mean to be useful in other ways besides what they are taught in school4 ,how to ,join ,you join a ,troop in your neighborhood and become a member of one of the ,patrols in it4 ,a ,patrol is a group of eight girls1 under the command of a ,patrol ,leader4 ,each ,patrol is called after a bird or a flower1 and has that flower or bird embroidered on its flag4 ,the ,patrol is the team for play or for work1 and each ,patrol endeavors--or at least considers itself--to be the best in the ,troop4 ,if there is no ,troop in your neighborhood you can become a 8,lone ,scout40 ,that is1 you can make the promise1 carry out the ,scout ,law and all the practices by yourself1 and you can wear the uniform and win the badges4 ,illustration ,for this you must report and be registered4 ,that is1 if you cannot hear of a ,scout officer near you1 write to the ,secretary at ,headquarters1 tell her where you live and she will put you in touch with the nearest officer who will register you and help you4 ,scout ,ranks ,at first you rank as a ,candidate until you pass your ,tenderfoot tests4 ,then you can go on and rise to the following ranks3-- ,candidate4 ,tenderfoot4 ,second-,class ,scout4 ,first-,class ,scout4 ,corporal4 ,patrol ,leader4 ,senior ,scout or ,citizen ,scout4 ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,tenderfoot 7,s4,t47 ,a4 ,you must learn the ,scout ,law4 ,b4 ,you must make the ,scout's ,promise4 ,c4 ,you must learn the ,salute and the ,woodcraft ,signs of the ,scouts4 ,d4 ,you must understand how the ,flag is made up1 and how it should be flown4 ,e4 ,you must be able to tie knots and know what they are used for2 any four of the following3-- ,reef-knot1 ,sheet bend1 ,clove-hitch1 ,bowline1 ,fisherman's knot1 ,sheepshank4 ,f4 ,elementary ,scout's ,drill4 ,this may seem to be rather a lot of things to learn1 but they are really very easy1 and ,i will show you in the next few pages how to do it without much trouble4 ,when you can do these you will no longer be a ,candidate1 you will be admitted into the ,scouts as a 8,tenderfoot10 and can then go on and win badges4 ,the ,tenderfoot ,badge ,the ,badge of the ,girl ,scouts is the 8,trefoil0 7three leaves71 which represent the three promises made on joining1 as the three fingers held up in the salute also do4 ,illustration ,the proper place for the ,tenderfoot ,badge is in the centre of the loose ends of the tie4 ,a4 ,,the ,,girl ,,scout',s ,,law #a4 ,a ,,girl ,,scout',s ,,honor ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,trusted4 ,if a ,scout says 8,on my honour it is so10 that means that it is so just as if she had taken a most solemn oath4 ,similarly1 if a captain says to a ,scout1 8,i trust you on your honor to do this10 the ,scout is bound to carry out the order to the very best of her ability1 and to let nothing interfere with her doing so4 ,if a ,scout were to break her honor by telling a lie1 or by not carrying out an order exactly when trusted on her honor to do so1 she would cease to be a ,scout1 for the time being1 and she may be required to hand over her ,scout badge4 #b4 ,a ,,scout ,,is ,,loyal to the ,president and to her officers1 to her mother and father1 to her employers1 to those who may be under her1 and to her friends4 ,she must stick to them through thick and thin against any one who is their enemy1 or who even talks badly of them4 ,a ,scout will not talk ill of them herself4 #c4 ,a ,,scout',s ,,duty ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,useful ,,and ,,to ,,help ,,others4 ,she is to do her duty before anything else1 even though she gives up her own pleasure1 or comfort1 or safety to do it4 ,when in difficulty to know which of two things to do1 she must ask herself1 8,which is my duty80--that is1 8,which is best for other people80--and do that one4 ,she must ,be ,prepared at any time to save life and to help injured persons4 ,and she should do at least one good turn to somebody every day4 #d4 ,a ,,scout ,,is ,a ,,friend ,,to ,,all1 ,,and ,a ,,sister ,,to ,,every ,,other ,,scout4 ,thus1 if a ,scout meets another ,scout1 even though a stranger to her1 she may speak to her1 and help her in any way that she can1 either to carry out the duty she is then doing1 or by giving her food1 or1 as far as possible1 anything that she may be in want of4 ,a ,scout must never be a ,,snob4 ,a snob is one who looks down upon another because she is poorer1 or who is poor and resents another because she is rich4 ,a ,scout is like ,kim--8,little friend to all the world40 #e4 ,a ,,scout ,,is ,,courteous-- that is1 she is polite to all--but especially to old people and invalids1 cripples1 etc4 ,and she must not take any reward for being helpful or courteous4 #f4 ,a ,,girl ,,scout ,,keeps ,,herself ,,pure4 ,,she ,,is ,,clean ,,in ,,word1 ,,in ,,thought1 ,,in ,,deed4 ,she is strong enough in her mind to be above talking or listening to dirty subjects4 ,she keeps herself pure1 clean-minded1 and womanly4 #g4 ,a ,,scout ,,is ,a ,,friend ,,to ,,animals4 ,she should save them as far as possible from pain1 and should not kill any animal unnecessarily1 not even the smallest of ,god's creatures4 #h4 ,a ,,scout ,,obeys ,,orders of her parents1 patrol leader1 or ,captain without question4 ,even if she gets an order she does not like she must do as soldiers and sailors do--she must carry it out all the same because it is her duty4 ,after she has done it she can come and state any reasons against it2 but she must carry out the order at once4 ,that is discipline4 #i4 ,a ,,girl ,,scout ,,is ,,cheerful under all difficulties4 ,when she gets an order she should obey it cheerily and readily1 not in a slow1 hang-dog sort of way1 and should sing even if she dislikes it4 ,when she is in trouble or in pain it will at once relieve her if she forces herself to smile--to 8grin and bear it40 ,scouts never grumble at hardships1 nor whine at each other1 nor frown when put out4 ,a ,scout goes about with a smile and singing4 ,it cheers her and cheers other people1 especially in time of danger1 for she keeps it up then all the same4 #aj4 ,a ,,scout ,,is ,,thrifty-- that is1 she saves every penny she can1 and puts it into the bank1 so that she may have money to keep herself when out of work1 and thus not make herself a burden to others2 or that she may have money to give away to others when they need it4 ,how ,camping ,teaches the ,scout ,law ,last year a man went out into the woods to try and see if he could live like the prehistoric men used to do2 that is to say1 he took nothing with him in the way of food or equipment or even clothing--he went just as he was1 and started out to make his own living as best he could4 ,of course the first thing he had to do was to make some sort of tool or weapon by which he could kill some animals1 cut his wood and make his fire and so on4 ,so he made a stone axe1 and with that was able to cut out branches of trees so that he could make a trap in which he eventually caught a bear and killed it4 ,he then cut up the bear and used the skin for blankets and the flesh for food4 ,he also cut sticks and made a little instrument by which he was able to ignite bits of wood and so start his fire4 ,he also searched out various roots and berries and leaves1 which he was able to cook and make into good food1 and he even went so far as to make charcoal and to cut slips of bark from the trees and draw pictures of the scenery and animals around him4 ,in this way he lived for over a month in the wild1 and came out in the end very much better in health and spirits and with a great experience of life4 ,for he had learned to shift entirely for himself and to be independent of the different things we get in civilisation to keep us going in comfort4 ,illustration3 8,he went just as he was60 ,that is why we go into camp a good deal in the ,boy ,scout and in the ,girl ,scout movements1 because in camp life we learn to do without so many things which while we are in houses we think are necessary1 and find that we can do for ourselves many things where we used to think ourselves helpless4 ,and before going into camp it is just as well to learn some of the things that will be most useful to you when you get there4 ,and that is what we teach in the ,headquarters of the ,girl ,scout ,troops before they go out and take the field4 ,for instance1 you must know how to light your own fire2 how to collect dry enough wood to make it burn2 because you will not find gas stoves out in the wild4 ,then you have to learn how to find your own water1 and good water that will not make you ill4 ,you have not a whole cooking range or a kitchen full of cooking pots1 and so you have to learn to cook your food in the simplest way with the means at your hand1 such as a simple cooking pot or a roasting stick or an oven made with your own hands out of an old tin box or something of that kind4 ,illustration3 8,you have not a whole cooking range40 ,nature ,study ,it is only while in camp that one can really learn to study ,nature in the proper way and not as you merely do it inside the school2 because here you are face to face with ,nature at all hours of the day and night4 ,for the first time you live under the stars and can watch them by the hour and see what they really look like1 and realise what an enormous expanse of almost endless space they cover4 ,you know from your lessons at school that our sun warms and lights up a large number of different worlds like ours1 all circling round it in the ,heavens4 ,and when you hold up a coin at arm's length and look at the sky1 the coin covers no less than two hundred of those suns1 each with their different little worlds circling round them4 ,and you then begin to realise what an enormous endless space the ,heavens comprise4 ,you realise perhaps for the first time the enormous work of ,god4 ,illustration3 ,green ,caterpillar4 ,then also in camp you are living among plants of every kind1 and you can study them in their natural state1 how they grow and what they look like1 instead of merely seeing pictures of them in books or dried specimens of them in collections4 ,illustration3 ,pupa4 ,all round you1 too1 are the birds and animals and insects1 and the more you know of them the more you begin to like them and to take an interest in them2 and once you take an interest in them you do not want to hurt them in any way4 ,you would not rob a bird's nest2 you would not bully an animal2 you would not kill an insect--once you have realised what its life and habits are4 ,in this way1 therefore1 you fulfil the ,scout ,law of becoming a friend to animals4 ,illustration3 ,cabbage ,butterfly4 ,by living in camp you begin to find that though there are many discomforts and difficulties to be got over1 they can be got over with a little trouble and especially if you smile at them and tackle them4 ,then living among other comrades in camp you have to be helpful and do good turns at almost every minute1 and you have to exercise a great deal of give and take and good temper1 otherwise the camp would become unbearable4 7,s4,t47 ,so you carry out the different laws of courteousness1 of helpfulness1 and friendliness to others that come in the ,scout ,law4 ,also you pick up the idea of how necessary it is to keep everything in its place1 and to keep your kit and tent and ground as clean as possible2 otherwise you get into a horrible state of dirt1 and dirt brings flies and other inconveniences4 ,you save every particle of food and in this way you learn not only cleanliness1 but thrift and economy4 ,and you very soon realise how cheaply you can live in camp1 and how very much enjoyment you can get for very little money4 ,and as you live in the fresh1 pure air of ,god you find that your own thoughts are clean and pure as the air around you4 ,there is hardly one of the ,scout ,laws that is not better carried out after you have been living and practising it in camp4 ,b4 ,,the ,,scout ,,promise ,on my honour ,i will try-- #a4 ,,to ,,do ,,my ,,duty ,,to ,,god ,,and ,,to ,,my ,,country4 #b4 ,,to ,,help ,,other ,,people ,,at ,,all ,,times4 #c4 ,,to ,,obey ,,the ,,scout ,,law4 ,duty to ,god ,an old ,british chieftain1 some thirteen hundred years ago1 said3 8,our life has always seemed to me like the flight of a sparrow through the great hall1 when one is sitting at meals with the log-fire blazing on the hearth1 while all is storm and darkness outside4 ,he comes in1 no one knows from where1 and hovers for a short time in the warmth and light1 and then flies forth again into the darkness4 ,and so it is with the life of a man2 he comes no one knows from where2 he is here in the world for a short time1 till he flies forth again1 no one knows whither4 ,but now you show us that if we do our duty during our life we shall not fly out into darkness again1 when life is ended1 since ,christ has opened a door1 for us to enter a brighter room1 a heaven where we can go and dwell in peace for ever40 ,religion seems a very simple thing3 #ast4 ,to trust in ,god4 #bnd4 ,to do good to other people4 ,the ,knights ,the old knights1 who were the scouts of the nation1 were very religious4 ,they were always careful to attend religious service1 especially before going into battle or undertaking any serious difficulty4 ,they considered it was the right thing always to be prepared for death4 ,in the great church of ,malta you can see to-day where the old knights used to pray1 and they all stood up and drew their swords during the reading of the ,creed1 as a sign that they were prepared to defend the gospel with their swords and lives4 ,besides worshipping ,god in church1 the knights always recognised ,his work in the things which ,he made1 such as animals1 plants1 and scenery4 ,and so it is with the ,scouts to-day1 that wherever they go they love the woodlands1 the mountains1 and the prairies1 and they like to watch and know about the animals that inhabit them1 and the wonders of the flowers and plants4 ,no man is much good1 either to himself or to others1 unless he believes in ,god and obeys ,his laws4 ,so every ,scout should have a religion4 ,regiments in ,god's ,army ,there are many kinds of religion1 such as ,roman ,catholics1 ,protestants1 ,jews1 ,mohammedans1 and so on1 but the main point about them is that they all worship ,god1 although in different ways4 ,they are like an army which serves one king1 though it is divided into different branches1 such as cavalry1 artillery1 and infantry1 and these wear different uniforms4 ,so1 when you meet a girl of a different religion from your own1 you should not be hostile to her1 but recognise that she is still serving the same king as you4 ,in doing your duty to ,god always be grateful to ,him4 ,whenever you enjoy a pleasure or a good game1 or succeed in doing a good thing1 thank ,him for it1 if only with a word or two1 just as you say grace after a meal4 ,and it is a good thing to bless other people4 ,for instance1 if you see a train starting off1 just pray for ,god's blessing on all that are in the train4 ,in doing your duty towards man be helpful and generous1 and also always be grateful for any kindness done to you1 and be careful to show that you are grateful4 ,how to ,become a ,star ,remember that a present given to you is not yours until you have thanked the giver for it4 ,while you are the sparrow flying through the hall1 that is to say1 while you are living your life on this earth1 try and do something good which may remain after you4 ,one writer says3 8,i often think that when the sun goes down the world is hidden by a big blanket from the light of heaven1 but the stars are little holes pierced in that blanket by those who have done good deeds in this world4 ,the stars are not all the same size2 some are big1 some little1 and some men have done great deeds and others have done small deeds1 but they have made their hole in the blanket by doing good before they went to heaven40 ,try and make your hole in the blanket by good work while you are on the earth4 ,,it ,,is ,,something ,,to ,,be ,,good1 ,,but ,,it ,,is ,,far ,,better ,,to ,,do ,,good4 ,duty to ,god and ,country ,have you ever thought what a lot we owe to the ,kaiser ,william of ,germany4 ,if he had not tried for world power1 we should never have come together so closely as we have done with all our brothers and sisters overseas4 ,c4 ,,signs ,,and ,,signals ,the ,scout's ,salute ,the right hand raised level with shoulder1 palm to the front1 thumb resting on the nail of the little finger1 and the other three fingers upright pointing upward4 ,that is the ,scout ,salute4 ,illustration3 ,not the best way to salute4 ,the three fingers held up 7like the three points of a ,scout ,badge7 remind her of her three promises in the ,scout ,promise4 #a4 ,to do her duty to ,god and ,country4 #b4 ,to help others4 #c4 ,to obey the ,scout ,law4 ,when a ,scout meets another for the first time in the day1 whether she is a comrade or a stranger1 she salutes4 ,she always salutes an officer--that is a ,patrol ,leader or a ,captain4 ,also the hoisting of the ,flag1 the colors of a regiment1 the playing of ,star ,spangled ,banner4 ,when the ,national ,anthem is played the ,scouts do not salute1 but merely stand at attention4 ,when marching in ,troop or ,patrol formation do not salute with the hand4 ,when passing other ,troops or a superior officer1 the officer or ,patrol ,leader in charge alone will salute with the hand1 at the same time giving the command1 8,eyes right10 or 8,eyes left10 as the case may be1 on which every ,scout will turn her head sharply in that direction till the officer gives the word 8,eyes front40 ,it is more than ever necessary to hold yourself smartly when giving the salute1 otherwise you would make a very slovenly show of it4 ,woodcraft ,signs ,scout signs on the ground or wall1 etc41 close to the right-hand side of the road4 ,road to be followed4 ,illustration3 ,turn to the right4 ,illustration3 ,trees blazed with axe1 paper or chalk4 ,illustration3 ,scratch or chalk on ground4 ,illustration3 ,grass or twigs4 ,illustration3 ,stones4 ,letter hidden five paces from here in the direction of the arrow4 ,illustration ,this path not to be followed4 ,illustration3 ,stop4 ,illustration 8,i have gone home40 ,illustration3 8,i've gone home60 7,signed7 ,patrol ,leader4 ,at night sticks with a wisp of grass round them or stones should be laid on the road in similar forms so that they can be felt with the hand4 ,practise this4 ,signals and ,signs ,when a ,captain wants to call her ,scouts together she sounds her whistle4 ,then they double to the ,captain4 ,whistle signals are there3-- ,one long blast means 8,halt10 8,silence10 8,alert10 8,look out for my next signal10 or 8,cease40 7,stop what you're doing1 look out for next command47 ,a succession of long1 slow blasts means 8,go out10 8,get farther away10 or 8,advance10 8,extend10 8,scatter40 ,a succession of short1 sharp blasts means 8,rally10 8,close in10 8,come together10 8,fall in40 ,a succession of short and long blasts alternately means 8,alarm10 8,look out10 8,be ready10 8,man your alarm posts40 ,three short blasts followed by one long one from ,scout ,captain calls up the patrol leaders--that is1 8,leaders come here60 ,any whistle signal must be instantly obeyed at the double as fast as ever you can run1 no matter what other job you may be doing at the time4 ,hand signals 7which can also be made by patrol leaders with their patrol flags when necessary73-- ,hand ,signals 8,advance10 8,forward40--,swing the arm from rear to front1 below the shoulder4 8,retire40--,circle the arm above the head4 8,halt40--,raise the arm to full extension above the head1 etc4 8,double40--,the closed fist moved up and down between your shoulder and thigh4 8,quick ,time40--,to change from the 8,double0 to the ,quick ,time1 raise the hand to the shoulder4 8,reinforce40--,swing the arm from the rear to the front above the shoulder4 8,lie down40--,with the open hand make two or three slight movements towards the ground4 8,wheel40--,extend your arm in line with your shoulder and make a circular movement in the direction required4 8,incline40--,extend your arm in line with your shoulder and make a turn with your body in the direction required4 ,observation ,stalking4--,a ,scout has to be sharp at seeing things if she is going to be any good as a ,scout4 ,she has to notice every little track and every little sign1 and it is this studying of tracks and following them out and finding out their meaning which we include under the name of stalking4 ,for instance1 if you want to find a bird's-nest you have to stalk4 ,that is to say1 you watch a bird flying into a bush and guess where its nest is1 and follow it up and find the nest4 ,with some birds it is a most difficult thing to find their nests2 take1 for instance1 the skylark or the snipe4 ,but those who know the birds1 especially the snipe1 will recognise their call4 ,the snipe when she is alarmed gives quite a different call from when she is happy and flying about4 ,she has a particular call when she has young ones about4 ,so that those who have watched and listened and know her call when they hear it know pretty well where the young ones are or where the nest is and so on4 ,illustration3 ,a few tracks which you may see some day4 ,tracking4--,the native hunters in most wild countries follow their game by watching for tracks on the ground1 and they become so expert at seeing the slightest sign of a footmark on the ground that they can follow up their prey when an ordinary civilized man can see no sign whatever4 ,but the great reason for looking for signs and tracks is that from these you can read a meaning4 ,it is exactly like reading a book4 ,you will see the different letters1 each letter combining to make a word1 and the words then make sense2 and there are also commas and full-stops and colons2 all of these alter the meaning of the sense4 ,they are all little signs which one who is practised and has learnt reading makes into sense at once1 whereas a savage who has never learned could make no sense of it at all4 ,and so it is with tracking4 ,reading ,signs4--,as you know a soldier ,scout in war can only get his information about the enemy by watching for the smallest signs both on the ground and in the far distance4 ,in the war of ,texas against ,mexico in the last century1 it was very important that the general commanding the ,mexican ,army should be captured when the defeat of that army was accomplished by the ,texans4 ,he had disappeared2 but some of the ,scouts of the ,texan force were out scouting for the enemy when they saw in the distance some deer were suddenly startled by something they could not see and ran away4 ,the ,texan ,scouts were at once suspicious1 and went to the spot as fast as they could4 ,there they found a soldier of the ,mexicans evidently trying to escape4 ,when they caught him and opened his tunic they found underneath he was wearing a silk shirt1 which was not usual with a private in the ,army4 ,they took him to ,headquarters1 and there found that he was the ,commander-in-,chief of the ,mexican ,army1 trying to escape disguised as a soldier4 ,and had it not been that they had noticed the deer being startled1 it is probable that they would not have caught him4 ,sherlock ,holmesing4--,in just the same way detectives1 when they are following up a crime1 have to act on the very smallest clues1 and if they did not use their wits and notice these the criminal would probably escape4 ,well1 ,i want ,girl ,scouts to learn to be almost like detectives in their sharpness in noticing small signs and reading the meaning of them1 not merely for the purpose of studying animals and birds1 but also for studying their human fellow creatures4 ,it is by noticing small signs of distress or poverty in people that you can often help them in the best way4 ,generally those people who most need help are the ones who hide their distress2 and if you are clever and notice little signs such as unhappiness1 you can then give them or offer them help in some way or other4 ,in this way you learn sympathy for fellow-creatures--not merely to be a friend of animals1 but also to be a friend of your fellow-men in this world2 and that again is carrying out the ,girl ,scout ,law of helping others and being friendly to all4 ,nature in the ,city4--,this noticing of small things1 especially in animal life1 not only gives you great interest1 but it also gives you great fun and enjoyment in life4 ,even if you live in a city you can do a certain amount of observation of birds and animals4 ,you would think there is not much fun to be got out of it in a city1 and yet if you begin to notice and know all about the sparrows you begin to find there is a great deal of character and amusement to be got out of them1 by watching their ways and habits1 their nesting1 and their way of teaching their young ones to fly4 ,dissecting4--,if you go to the butcher's and get him to give you a sheep's foot and you carefully open it up with a sharp penknife you will see how wonderfully every bone and joint and sinew is made and fitted into the machine which enables the foot to move and the sheep to get along4 ,then1 if you think it out1 you know that if you go away across the sea to the other end of the world1 to ,australia or ,new ,zealand1 and take a sheep's foot there and dissect it in the same way you find it exactly and identically the same over there as it is here4 ,god's work is the same all over the world4 ,people don't notice these things and don't think about them as a rule1 and when you begin to think it out you begin to see what a wonderful work it is of ,god's1 who made all these different animals in their own form1 all alike1 and yet so different from the other kind of animals1 fishes1 or birds4 ,you begin to realise then what a wonderful ,creator has made the world and all that is in it4 ,d4 ,,our ,,flag ,scouts in uniform will always salute the colors 7or standard of a regiment7 when they pass4 ,there are generally two such standards1 one the 8,stars and ,stripes10 and the other the 8,regimental ,colors40 ,the ,army and ,government buildings fly the stars and stripes4 ,description of the ,american ,flag ,the flag to-day has thirteen alternate stripes of red and white1 with a blue field in the corner bearing forty-eight stars4 ,the thirteen stripes symbolize the thirteen original states1 and the stars stand for the states now in the ,union4 ,the five pointed star is used1 it is said at ,betsey ,ross's suggestion4 ,this five pointed star is the seal of ,king ,solomon1 and the sign of infinity4 ,even the colors of the flag mean something3 red stands for valor1 blue for justice1 and white for purity4 ,pledge of ,allegiance ,i ,,pledge ,,allegiance ,,to ,,the ,,flag1 ,,and ,,to ,,the ,,republic ,,for ,,which ,,it ,,stands1 ,,one ,,nation ,,indivisible1 ,,with ,,liberty ,,and ,,justice ,,for ,,all4 ,when you pledge your allegiance make the full salute1 keeping the hand at the brow until you say 8flag10 when you extend the hand1 still in the salute position1 palm up1 pointing toward the flag4 ,hold the hand out thus until the end of the pledge4 ,how to ,fly the ,flag and ,show ,respect to ,it #a4 ,the flag should not be hoisted before sunrise nor allowed to remain up after sunset4 #b4 ,at retreat1 sunset1 civilian spectators should stand at attention1 ,scouts may give their salute4 #c4 ,when the national colors are passing on parade or review the spectators should if walking1 halt1 and if sitting1 rise and stand at attention and uncover4 #d4 ,when the flag is flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning it should be hoisted to full staff at the conclusion of the funeral4 ,in placing the flag at half-mast1 it should first be hoisted to the top of the staff and then be lowered to position4 ,preliminary to lowering from half-mast it should first be raised to top4 #e4 ,on ,memorial ,day1 ,may #cjth1 the flag should fly at half-mast from sunrise till noon1 and at full mast from noon to sunset4 #f4 ,the flag at half-mast is a sign of mourning4 #g4 ,the flag flown upside down is a signal of distress4 #h4 ,no national flag is ever hung above the flag of another nation4 ,when the flags of two or more nations are displayed they should be on separate staffs or on separate halyards1 and on the same level4 ,in ,america the ,stars and ,stripes are always given the place of honor on the right4 #i4 ,an old torn or soiled flag should be destroyed privately and respectfully1 preferably by burning4 ,e4 ,,knots ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,tie ,,them ,illustration3 #a4 ,,the ,,reef ,,knot1 for tying two ropes together4 ,being a flat knot1 it is much used in ambulance work4 ,the best simple knot1 as it will not slip and is easy to untie4 ,illustration3 #b4 ,,sheet ,,bend1 for tying two rope-ends together4 ,make loop ,a ,b with one rope and pass rope-end ,c through and round whole loop and bend it under its own standing part4 ,illustration3 #c4 ,,half ,,hitch1 made by passing rope-end round standing part and behind itself4 ,if free end is turned back and forms a loop1 the hitch can be easily loosened4 ,a double half hitch is required to make a secure knot4 ,illustration3 #d4 ,,the ,,sheep ,,shank1 for shortening ropes4 ,gather up the amount to be shortened as in first illustration4 ,then with parts ,a and ,b make a half hitch round each of the bends1 as in finished drawing4 ,illustration3 #e4 ,,the ,,bowline1 a loop that will not slip1 to tie round a person being lowered from a building1 etc4 ,form a loop1 then in the standing part form a second and smaller loop4 ,through this pass the end of the large loop and behind the standing part and down through the small loop4 ,illustration3 #f4 ,,clove ,,hitch1 for fastening a rope to a pole4 ,either end will stand a strain without slipping1 either lengthways or downwards4 ,illustration3 #g4 ,,fisherman',s ,,knot1 used to tie two lines or ropes of different sizes together4 ,a knot quickly made1 and is easy to undo1 the ends being simply pulled apart4 ,illustration3 #h4 ,,middleman',s ,,knot4 ,made in similar fashion to fisherman's knot4 ,this loop will not slip when knots are drawn together1 and can safely be used as a halter4 ,while making your knots ,s4,t4 ,knots ,strings or ropes are used almost daily by every one in some form or other1 and yet people often break their nails and teeth gnawing at their own knots to untie them4 ,time spent in learning a few simple reliable knots is not time wasted1 but quite the contrary4 ,to tie a knot seems a very simple thing and yet there are right and wrong ways of doing it1 and ,scouts ought to know the right way4 ,for sometimes even lives depend on a knot being properly tied1 as with sailors or men in building trades1 and in case of fire-rescue4 ,the right kind of a knot is one which you can tie easily and be certain it will hold under any normal strain1 and which you can easily undo4 ,a bad knot called a 8granny0 is one which slips when you pull hard1 or which gets jammed so tight that you cannot untie it4 ,of course there are several ways of tying the same knot1 and so if your sailor uncle can show you a good way to make a bowline don't tell him the one in this book is the only way4 ,the ,parts of a ,rope ,the ,end4 ,the ,bight or ,loop1 formed by turning the rope back on itself4 ,the ,standing ,part1 or long portion of the rope4 ,whipping ,rope ends that ravel are annoying and before working your scout rope too hard in practicing all these knots it is a good plan to whip the ends4 ,this is how you do it4 ,hold the rope end in your right hand4 ,take about #aj inches of twine1 make a loop and lay it parallel on the rope so that the end of the twine extends about two inches beyond the end of the rope4 ,hold it firmly and with your left hand wind the standing part of your twine around your rope neatly up toward your right thumb4 ,when you have bound the twine loop on to the rope for say an inch1 then tuck your winding end through the loop1 pull both ends of the twine1 and cut them off close to the rope4 ,now you are ready to work4 ,there are two simple devices which will help you to learn the knots in the ,tenderfoot test more easily1 so it is well to master them first4 ,one is the ,overhand ,knot which is the very easiest of all to make4 ,it is the first half of the square knot1 and is a part of many other knots4 ,back the end around the standing part and through the bight and draw tight4 ,the other is the ,running ,noose ,if you hang out some clothes on the line when there is a thunderstorm in the air1 it will be well to tie up your clothes line with a slip knot at each end1 as clothes and all can be taken down in a hurry4 ,a slip knot made in one end of your cord1 can be useful when you want to tie up a big parcel1 for you can get a good 8purchase0 on the cord2 it is also good in hitching a horse to a post4 ,make a bight4 ,put your thumb and finger through it and pull up a loop of the free end of the rope4 ,reef or ,square ,knot ,the square knot 7or reef knot7 is the best simple all round knot1 as it will not slip or jam and is easily untied4 ,it is the safest knot to tie your parcels with when mailing them4 ,it is also used to join two ropes1 mend the clothes line1 and for a hundred other uses4 ,it is called a reef knot because it is used to reduce the size of a sail on a boat4 ,as it is flat it is much used in ,first ,aid1 for tying a sling or triangular bandage4 ,take an end of rope in each hand4 ,cross right end over the left and twist2 then the same end 7which is now in your left hand7 over the other end1 and twist again4 ,then pull the standing parts4 ,if you are left-handed1 of course you would naturally first put your left end over your right4 ,the thing to remember in tying a square knot is that the ends must alternate2 otherwise you get a 8granny10 or 8lubber's0 knot4 ,sheet ,bend ,the ,sheet ,bend 7or ,weaver's knot7 is good to use when you want to join a thick line to a thin one1 or attach a rope to a loop or ring4 ,they use this knot on steamboats when the big hawser can't be thrown on shore1 but a light line can be attached and easily thrown to the dock4 ,it is a good knot for ,scouts to use when making a guard line to keep back crowds1 at a rally for instance4 ,with this knot you can join your wool when knitting1 and it is an excellent way to attach a fly to a fishing line4 ,make a loop ,,ab with one rope2 pass the end1 ,c1 of your other rope through this loop1 round both sides of the loop and down under its own standing part4 ,pull firmly4 ,clove ,hitch 7or ,builder's ,knot7 ,the clove hitch is used when fastening two poles together as in scaffolding1 as either end will stand a strain without slipping either lengthwise or downwards4 ,it is also used to tie a boat to a stake1 or in ,first ,aid to tie on a splint4 ,pass the end around the post1 below the standing part2 around the post again1 over the standing part1 and tuck it down between the standing part and the turn4 ,half ,hitch ,the half hitch is a very useful thing to know4 ,it is not really a knot1 but a loop used in tying many of the harder knots4 ,a double half hitch is needed to make a secure knot and is used for fastening awning ropes1 flag rope1 etc4 ,the more it is strained the faster it holds4 ,it is a simple way of making a rope fast in a hurry1 where a long continued strain is not expected1 thus it is used in tying a boat's painter1 which is not a man but a rope fastened to the bow of a small boat4 ,bowline ,a ,bowline makes a noose that is permanent1 neither jamming nor slipping4 ,it is useful in hoisting and lowering1 as in case of fire1 rescuing from drowning1 a painter's chair1 etc4 ,it is also used in a guard line1 as a halter for animals1 or wherever a safe loop is needed4 ,take end in right hand3 measure with your left sufficient rope for the loop you want2 make a bight in your left hand and hold it4 ,now take the end of the rope in your right hand1 put it up through the bight1 round the standing part1 and down through the bight again3 pulling the end and both sides of your permanent loop with the right hand against the standing part in your left hand2 7three against one74 ,sheepshank ,a scout would not waste a rope by cutting it but would shorten it by making a sheepshank4 ,this will stand a great strain without slipping1 but will loosen when held slack4 ,lay the rope out straight4 ,cross your hands and take hold of the rope4 ,take up the slack by drawing your hands past each other4 ,hold the three parts of the rope between the loop and the end1 and put it over the loop1 leaving sufficient loop sticking out so the half hitch won't slip off it2 then pull4 ,do the same at the other end1 and put it over the loop1 leaving sufficient loop sticking out so the half hitch won't slip off it2 then pull4 ,it can be untied by a quick jerk of the outside ropes forming the bights4 ,to shorten a rope permanently this way1 pass the ends through the loops1 and the knot will hold for any length of time4 ,fisherman's ,knot ,this knot is used to tie two unequal thicknesses of rope4 ,it gets its name from the fact that it is always employed in joining silkworm gut for fishing purposes4 ,lay the two ropes parallel1 the ends pointing different ways4 ,tie an overhand knot on rope one with the end of rope two1 and then tie an overhand knot on rope two with the end of rope one4 ,now pull the standing parts and the knots will jam against each other and remain firm4 ,to untie1 pull the short ends apart1 and then loosen4 ,when a girl has passed her ,tenderfoot test1 she is ready to become a full-fledged ,scout4 ,she pays to ,headquarters her registration fee1 #be cents1 and receives the registration card which is a sort of certificate of membership and shows that her name is registered at ,headquarters4 ,now she is entitled to wear the uniform4 ,and more than all1 she makes her ,scout promise solemnly before the troop1 and thus becomes one of the ,scout sisterhood4 ,this is not an appropriate occasion on which to admit the public1 or to make any great show or fuss4 ,f4 ,,drill ,,and ,,exercise ,scouts learn drill to enable them to be moved quickly from one point to another in good order4 ,drill also sets them up1 and makes them smart and quick4 ,it strengthens the muscles which support the body1 and by keeping the body upright the lungs and heart get plenty of room to work1 and the inside organs are kept in the proper position for good digestion of food1 and so on4 ,a slouching position1 on the other hand1 depresses all the organs1 and prevents them doing their work properly1 so that a stooping person is generally weak and often ill4 ,growing girls are very apt to slouch1 and should therefore do all they can to get out of the habit by plenty of physical exercises and drill4 ,stand upright when you are standing1 and when you are sitting down sit upright1 with your back well into the back part of the chair4 ,on the word 8,alert10 the ,scout stands upright with both feet together1 hands hanging naturally at the sides1 fingers straight1 and looking straight to her front4 ,a ,scout will never build up a healthy1 sound body if she is not prudent about her health4 ,elder girls can easily help the younger ones by leading them to tell of their state1 and should urge them not to go long marches if they are not fit1 or allow their feet to remain damp or cold at such times1 as it is very bad for them4 ,they may not feel it at the time1 but it may lead to illnesses years afterwards4 ,it is their duty to promote their health and to nurse it into a good sound condition1 which will make them hardy in after life4 ,illustration3 8,growing girls are very apt to slouch40 ,scout ,setting ,up ,exercises ,i4 ,positions #a4 ,standing3 ,feet parallel1 few inches apart4 ,stand erect1 top of head high 7note3 top of head is above ears4 ,forehead is not the top71 chin parallel with floor1 arms easy at side4 ,the ears1 shoulders1 hips and ankles should be in a straight line1 weight over ankles4 #b4 ,sitting3 ,keep back straight in sitting1 lower back against the back of the chair1 and feet on the floor4 ,note3 ,arm stretch positions named in exercises --downward straight at sides4 --upward close to ears4 --sideward on shoulder level4 --forward at shoulder level4 ,when doing exercises1 remember always to keep good standing position4 ,execute the exercises in brisk rhythm1 without jerks4 ,repeat each several times1 but not so much that it tires you4 ,,ii4 ,breathing #a4 ,arms from downward through forward1 to upward stretch counting 8one40 ,arms down counting 8two40 ,take deep breath as arms go up1 and breathe out as arms come down4 #b4 ,arms from downward through forward1 to upward1 counting 8one10 to side stretch1 counting 8two10 taking full breath1 accenting 8two0 with side stretch4 ,down to side counting 8three40 ,count while doing these exercises1 accent on 8one40 ,,iii4 ,arms #a4 ,from downward to side stretch counting 8one10 return to downward counting 8two40 #b4 ,from side to upward stretch counting 8one0 7look up71 return to side1 counting 8two40 #c4 ,from downward to forward stretch1 counting 8one0 7don't slump71 return to down1 counting 8two40 #d4 ,from arms easy1 at side1 to down stretch1 counting 8one0 7don't hump71 return to arms easy1 counting 8two40 #e4 ,arms easy1 turn palms out1 expanding chest and flattening shoulder blades1 stretching down1 counting 8one10 return to arms easy1 counting 8two40 #f4 ,elbows1 on shoulder line1 and bent1 palms horizontal1 tips of middle fingers together1 thumb touching chest4 ,move elbows back1 flattening shoulder blades1 finger tips separating 7thumbs make a line outward on chest71 counting 8one10 return1 counting 8two40 #g4 ,from last position1 elbows bent1 stretch arms1 sideways1 backwards1 counting 8one10 return1 counting 8two40 #h4 ,arms upward stretch1 close to ear1 body bent continuously side to side4 7,do not twist47 ,,iv4 ,legs 7,these exercises cannot be done in stiff shoes47 #a4 ,from good standing position1 roll feet outward1 weight on outside of feet1 toes curled in1 counting 8one10 return counting 8two40 #b4 ,alternate foot stretch4 ,foot stretch is done by raising the heel1 bending the knee1 the toes and ball of foot remaining on floor4 ,count 8one10 8two10 one count for each foot4 #c4 ,alternate foot stretch1 at same time bending the knee1 of weight bearing leg1 count as in ex4 #b4 ,keep body straight1 hips steady4 #d4 ,double knee bend 7bend both knees1 raising heels1 keeping back straight74 ,the knees should bend straight forward over the feet4 ,count 8one0 on bend1 8two0 on return4 #e4 ,alternate backward kick1 bending at knee only1 counting as in ex4 #b4 #f4 ,same as exercise #e in double quick time4 7,this is running in place47 #g4 ,alternate front high knee bend1 raising foot from floor4 ,count as in ex4 #b4 ,keep body straight4 #h4 ,same as exercise #g1 in double quick time4 #i4 ,deep double knee bend1 raising heels from floor1 bringing arms from downward to side stretch with the bend4 7,this helps to keep balance47 #aj4 ,arms upward stretch1 body bent front1 hands touching floor4 ,v4 ,from ,lying ,position #a4 ,legs alternately upward stretch1 making right angle with the body4 #b4 ,same exercise both legs together4 #c4 ,same as exercise #b1 letting feet go back over head4 ,,note3 ,the best time to take these exercises is before dressing in the morning or the last thing at night before going to bed4 ,corsets should never be worn during exercises where the arms are raised above the height of the shoulders4 ,no matter how loose they may be1 it causes actual injury4 ,keep watch and see that the feet remain parallel4 ,the tendency with most people is for them to turn out4 ,a ,new ,england farmer's wife was baking several kinds of pies for ,thanksgiving4 ,to distinguish them she marked some ,t4 ,m4 for 8'tis mince0 and the rest she marked ,t4 ,m4 for 8'tain't mince40 ,when you are reading this book you will now and then see two mysterious letters which you will promptly obey whether you are sitting or standing4 ,they are the letters ,s4 ,t4 and they mean ,sit ,tall and ,stand ,tall4 ,illustration3 ,horseshoe ,formation ,tenderfoot ,investiture ,the ,captain calls 8,fall in40 ,the troop is formed in a horse shoe1 with the ,captain and the ,lieutenant in the gap4 ,when ordered to come forward by the ,captain the ,patrol ,leader brings the ,tenderfoot to be invested to the center1 where they stand facing the ,captain4 ,the ,captain then asks3 8,do you know what your honor means80 ,the ,tenderfoot replies3 8,yes1 it means that ,i can be trusted to be truthful and honest0 7or words to that effect74 ,captain3 8,can ,i trust you on your honor to do your duty to ,god and to your country1 to help other people at all times1 and to obey the ,scout ,law40 ,tenderfoot3 8,on my honor ,i will try to do my duty to ,god and to my country1 to help other people at all times1 and to obey the ,scout ,law40 ,the ,captain then says3 8,i trust you1 on your honor1 to keep this promise40 ,while the recruit is making her promises aloud1 all the ,scouts remember their own promises1 and vow anew to keep them4 ,the ,captain orders3 8,invest10--and pins on her trefoil badge1 explaining that it is her ,scout's life4 ,if1 for misbehavior her trefoil or life has to be taken from her1 she becomes a dead ,scout for the time the ,captain orders--a day or a week--and is in disgrace4 ,the badge may be worn at all times1 but the uniform is worn only when the patrol meets4 ,the new ,scout is then initiated into the mysteries of the secret passwords1 8,be ,prepared0 7said backwards71 or 8,little ,friend of all the ,world40 ,the ,scout should salute the ,captain1 when she gives her her badge4 ,the lieutenant hands the new ,tenderfoot her registration card1 and her hat4 7,this part of the ceremony may be omitted if desired47 ,captain orders3 8,about ,face0--8,salute0-- ,tenderfoot faces the troop1 who give her the full salute to welcome her into the troop1 and then she and her ,patrol ,leader march back to their places4 ,now the ,scout is a regular member of one of the ,patrols in the troop4 ,a ,patrol is a group of six or eight ,scouts who work together as comrades under a girl who is the ,patrol ,leader4 ,the ,leader has an assistant called a ,corporal4 ,all ,scouts must obey the ,leader and ,corporal4 ,each troop is called after a bird or flower4 ,when the ,scouts first started troops they were only called after flowers but there were many girls who felt that though a flower is very pretty and gives out a sweet influence round it1 it doesn't last long1 nor does it 8hustle around and do things02 they wanted something more active as their emblem4 ,so now a troop can choose which it likes1 a bird1 or a flower1 or tree or shrub4 ,the troop may have a flag1 which has the number of the troop on it1 and besides this each ,patrol ,leader may have a small flag1 ten inches deep1 on a staff1 with the crest of her troop in cloth stitched on to it on both sides4 ,illustration ,each member of the troop wears an emblem badge sewn over her left pocket flap1 and a shoulder knot of the colors chosen by her troop4 ,every ,scout is expected to know all about the life history of the emblem of her troop4 ,if it is a flower1 she should know what it looks like1 when and where it blooms1 and she should if possible grow it herself4 ,if the emblem is a bird the ,scout should know what it looks like1 its call or song1 its food1 where to look for its nest1 the color of its eggs and time of migration4 ,,bird4 ,,attribute4 ,,color4 ,robin4 ,brave and friendly4 ,brown and red4 ,swallow4 ,a quick home worker4 ,dark blue and white4 ,wren4 ,modest and plucky4 ,brown4 ,sparrow4 ,busy and home-loving4 ,black and brown4 ,bantam4 ,plucky and strong4 ,red and yellow4 ,canary4 ,makes sunshine in the ,yellow and white4 house4 ,thrush4 ,gives joy to all4 ,brown and yellow4 ,blackbird4 ,happy and helpful4 ,black and yellow4 ,cardinal ,bird4 ,beautiful and lively4 ,rosy red4 ,mocking ,bird4 ,courageous and singing ,greyish brown and while he works4 white4 ,list of ,troop ,crests ,always ,kept in ,stock ,sunflower4 ,red ,rose4 ,white ,rose 7,cherokee74 ,oak4 ,pansy4 ,fuchsia4 ,poppy4 ,narcissus4 ,jonquil4 ,holly ,leaf and ,berries4 ,red ,clover4 ,lily-of-the-,valley4 ,daisy4 ,goldenrod4 ,forget-me-not4 ,lilac4 ,violet4 ,iris4 ,pink ,carnation4 ,morning ,glory4 ,pink ,wild ,rose4 ,thistle4 ,nasturtium4 ,daffodil4 ,dogwood4 ,holly4 ,a ,cuckoo ,patrol ,a jay is a showy1 gaudy kind of bird and1 like her bigger friend the peacock1 has a rasping1 raucous voice1 and she eats other birds' eggs1 and generally does more harm than good in the world4 ,there are human jays and peacocks1 but you won't find them among the ,scouts4 ,the ,english cuckoo is a curious bird of another kind4 ,she makes herself out to look somewhat like a hawk1 and somewhat like a dove1 you don't know whether she is very bold or very peaceful2 at any rate she lets you know that she's there4 ,she uses her voice freely4 ,but she's a lazy creature1 does not bother to make a nest of her own1 but goes and puts her eggs in other birds' nests--rather deceitful1 because she often makes her eggs match those in the nest she is using--gives them all the trouble of bringing up her young ones4 ,she leaves them and goes off ,south in ,july1 before her offspring can fly with her4 ,in fact1 she is a fraud1 she imitates others and blusters about a lot for a short time1 but she does not do any real work4 ,sometimes there have been imitation ,girl ,scouts1 who dressed themselves up in our uniform1 gave themselves similar badges1 made themselves unpleasantly conspicuous1 but never really grasped the ,scout spirit nor did the ,scout work1 and so they won for themselves the name of cuckoo4 ,so don't belong to a cuckoo patrol4 ,if you are the ,scout you ought to be1 you will start to work to make your own patrol the best in the troop and to make yourself the best ,scout in the patrol--for smartness1 for efficiency1 and for happiness4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,the ,second ,class badge is a green trefoil embroidered on a tan background1 and is worn on the left sleeve above the elbow4 ,the occasion of awarding ,second ,class badges gives ,scouts an opportunity to arrange a ceremony for themselves following more or less the lines of the ,tenderfoot investiture4 ,,signalling ,general ,service ,code ,the ,general ,service ,code1 also called the ,continental and the ,international ,morse ,code1 is the code used by the ,army and ,navy1 cables1 wireless telegraphy1 and all commercial communications except short distance telegraphing1 within the ,united ,states4 ,avoid the term ,international ,morse as both these names apply to other codes4 ,the ,international code is made up of flags each one of which stands for a letter or other signal1 and the ,morse is used of the ,american ,morse or telegraph alphabet4 ,there is ,visual signalling by hand flag torches1 lanterns1 etc42 and ,sound signalling with buzzer1 whistle1 drum1 etc4 ,signalling by ,single ,flag1 or ,wig-wagging ,the flag used is square with a smaller square of another color in the center4 ,it may be either white with the smaller square red1 or red with white4 ,a good size for ,girl ,scouts to use is #bd inches square with the center #h inches square1 and the pole #db inches long4 ,there are but three motions to make with the flag1 and all start from ,,position1 which means that the signaller stands erect facing the person with whom she is communicating holding the flag perpendicularly in front of her4 ,,dot4--,to make a dot1 swing the flag down to the right and bring it back to ,position4 ,,dash4--,to make a dash1 swing the flag down to the left1 and bring it back again to ,position4 ,,front4--,the third motion is front1 made by swinging the flag down directly in front and returning to ,position4 ,in order to keep the flag from 8fouling0 when making the motions1 make1 by a turn of the wrist1 a sort of figure #h with the end of the staff1 as shown in the picture4 ,in learning signalling try to master these motions first2 then it is easy to put them together in letters4 ,make no pause between dots or dashes in a single letter1 but have a continuous motion4 ,indicate the end of a ,letter by a distinct pause at ,position4 ,indicate the end of a ,word by one ,front4 ,indicate the end of a ,sentence by two ,fronts4 ,indicate the end of a ,message by three ,fronts4 ,many ,scouts have found it easier to learn the motions required in flag signalling with a light stick about #ah or #bd inches long2 you will be surprised to see how simple it is to handle a flag1 when the motions have been mastered with a stick4 ,don't try for speed4 ,accuracy is the most important thing1 for unless the letters are accurately made they may be confused and your message will be read as something quite different from what you intended4 ,fall into a regular easy rhythm4 ,speed will come with practice4 ,when signalling a message go slowly enough for the receiver to read it4 ,semaphore ,the 8,semaphore0 is really a machine1 with two arms which may be moved into various positions to indicate letters4 ,it is especially used on railroads4 ,the semaphore code may also be employed by a person using two flags4 ,it is the quickest method of flag signalling but is only available for comparatively short distances1 seldom over a mile1 unless extra large flags are used1 or there are some extraordinary conditions of backgrounds1 atmosphere1 etcetera4 ,the semaphore code is not adapted to all sorts of uses as is the general service code1 but for very quick communications over short distances it is most useful4 ,the regulation ,semaphore flag is #ah inches square1 divided diagonally into two triangles1 a red and a white1 with the red one fastened to a staff which is #bd inches long4 ,the staff must be carefully held1 to move in one piece with the arm1 as a 8break0 at the wrist would make an entirely different angle4 ,pass the arms smoothly from one letter to another4 ,don't let them 8flop0 about between letters4 ,hold each letter long enough so that it is distinct4 ,at the end of a word make 8,interval0 hands crossed downward in front of body1 right over left4 ,indicate the end of the sentence by one 8chop-chop0--made by placing both arms at the right1 horizontal1 and moving them up and down in cutting motion4 ,indicate end of the message by three 8chop-chops40 ,while signalling maintain fixed position1 head upright4 ,be accurate in making the letters4 ,it is the angle between your arms that counts4 ,speed will soon come with practice4 ,don't look in a mirror1 or you will get it all backwards4 ,signalling with a ,lantern ,the motions used in signalling with a lantern are very like those with the single flag4 ,for ,position1 hold a lantern directly in front of you2 for a dot swing it to the right and back2 for a dash swing it to the left and back2 and for ,front move it up and down in a vertical line1 directly in front of you4 ,you should have a stationary light1 in front of your feet1 as a point of reference for the various motions4 ,signalling with a ,flash ,light ,use a short flash for a dot1 and a long steady flash for dash4 ,pause between letters1 longer pause between words1 still longer at end of sentence4 ,signalling by ,sound ,whistle3--,use a short blast for a dot1 and a long steady blast for a dash4 ,indicate the end of a letter by a short pause1 end of word by a longer pause1 and the end of a sentence by a still longer pause4 ,on the telegraph instrument the dot makes one distinct click4 ,the dash a double click4 ,try and you will see4 ,practice tapping with a pencil1 a stick or even your fingers1 to make the ear familiar with the sound2 single tap for a dot1 double for a dash4 ,the code must be absolutely mastered so that you know a letter the minute you see it4 ,counting off dots and dashes1 is a sign of a beginner who doesn't yet know her code4 ,it is a bad plan to try to learn code by writing it out4 ,you never use it written1 and you should learn it as you are going to use it with flags1 lights or sounds4 ,from the very first1 practice reading as well as sending4 ,it is harder to do1 and requires more practice4 ,if another ,scout facing you will signal the same letter at the same time you are signalling to her1 then you read and send that letter simultaneously and thus recognize the letter when receiving a message4 ,you will find it a curious fact that it is easier to learn the letters by signalling them in words and messages1 than by trying to master them singly1 in their order in the alphabet4 ,a good way to learn the general service code is this4 ,learn first the four letters made all of dots1 and then the three made all of dashes4 ,e 4 ,i 44 ,s 444 ,h 4444 ,t - ,m -- ,o --- ,fix these in your mind by using them in words like--to1 she1 some1 time1 etc4 ,then take the words 8,girl ,scouts0 and learn them4 ,with the new letters in these added to the dot and dash letters you can make any number of words1--stone1 lost1 curl1 etc4 ,to these add 8,be ,prepared10 8,come quickly10 8,joyful ,scouts never are lazy0 and now you can signal all the ,scout laws1 and you know all the letters of the alphabet except w1 x and z4 ,you may learn these separately or in 8,buzzing bees make wax40 ,the semaphore code may be learned in the same way1 and ,scouts can easily make up other sentences on the same principle1 to suit the semaphore code4 ,games4--,there are a great many games which will give practice in the signalling tests and the signs4 ,perhaps a simple one to start with is 8,follow the ,trail40 ,a party of cowboys are to start off for a long journey across the prairie4 ,they are expecting a party of their mates to follow them in a week's time4 ,so they agree to make scout signs and leave messages all the way4 ,the ,scouts1 having divided into two parties1 one starts away across the fields and woods--preferably along a path or track4 ,they make arrows pointing in the direction they are following1 either on the ground or on fences or stones4 ,they hide messages1 written on paper or on white stones or pieces of wood1 saying how they are getting on2 where water may be found2 or warning their pals of various dangers4 8,don't follow this road10 7,x7 is also made when necessary4 ,meanwhile the second party of ,scouts start 7having given the cowboys ten minutes' start7 not as the expected friends1 but as a party of ,indians1 who have picked up the trail and are hot on the track of the 8palefaces40 ,they follow1 destroying all the cowboys' tracks and signs1 and reading their messages4 ,indian scouts may be sent on1 singly 7fast runners7 to reconnoitre1 and report on the number and deportment of the cowboys4 ,but the ,indian scout does this at her own peril4 ,if she is seen by the palefaces she becomes their prisoner1 and must go on with them4 7,any cowboy seeing an enemy scout calls out her name1 whereupon the ,indian must play fair and surrender47 ,the palefaces eventually run short of provisions1 at the end of a half a mile 7or more7 and are obliged to halt4 ,believing ,indians to be following them1 they take cover4 ,the ,indians1 finding that the trail has come to an end1 search for the cowboys 7seeing and calling out the name being equal to killing71 but any paleface who manages to creep out of her cover and touch an ,indian before she is seen herself kills her 7puts her out of action74 ,the game is won by the party having the largest number of survivors when the ,captain blows her whistle4 ,a game by which reading ,morse may be practised is as follows3 ,about twelve ,scouts can play at it4 ,the ,scouts each choose a letter of the alphabet4 ,this 7printed large in ink on a card7 is pinned on her chest4 ,each then is allotted a place to stand1 in a field or open space 7her distance away can be arranged by the ,captain to suit the capability of the ,scout74 ,the ,captain stands so that the ,scouts are before her in a large semicircle1 and all can see her4 ,her object is to signal in ,morse and move the ,scouts--two changing places 7as in the game of 8,general ,post074 ,if she sends ,a1 ,p1--,a and ,p each start forward1 and run across the field1 taking up each other's positions4 ,this means that every ,scout must have her eyes fixed very attentively on the ,captain4 ,each ,scout has five 8lives40 ,if she starts forward when her letter has not been sent she loses one 8life03 if she fails to start before the ,captain has counted six from signalling the second letter1 she loses a life4 ,at the end of a given time1 ,scouts who have lost least lives are considered the winners4 ,of course all speaking must be strictly forbidden during this game4 ,the ,captain must arrange to give each ,scout an equal number of chances to move4 ,it should not be played too long at a time4 ,more than twelve should not play1 or the letters cannot each be sent often enough to keep up the interest4 ,this game teaches the ,scouts to read ,semaphore1 and also absolute concentration and alertness4 7,notice that this concentration is not an undue strain1 as it is relaxed while the two ,scouts are running across to change places47 ,if the ,leaders are sufficiently good signallers they may be allowed to do the sending1 the ,captain acting as umpire and scorer4 ,it is difficult to describe any actual games which will incorporate signals by smoke1 sound1 movement1 etc4 ,but picnics and outings in the country may be treated as one great 8make believe40 ,the party becomes a band of marooned sailors1 an exploring expedition1 survivors from a torpedoed ship1 or nurses on the battlefield1 and the picnic turns into a bivouac1 the fire being used to send smoke signals 7either to another pack or to a party sent out for this purpose74 ,all communications with this party should be carried on by signal--flag1 whistle1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,survivors from a torpedoed ship4 ,for simple practice of the sound and movement signals the ,scouts should be scattered over a field1 while the ,captain gives the signal1 which is to be obeyed promptly4 ,she should watch carefully1 and might call out the name 7or number7 of the ,scout last in obeying the order4 ,this will make for alertness4 ,it would be a good plan to arrange some 8as you were0 signal1 to give after each command has been obeyed 7say1 two sharp notes74 ,,woodcraft3 ,,or1 ,,knowledge ,,of ,,animals ,,and ,,nature ,habits of ,animals4--,if you live in the country it is1 of course quite easy to observe and watch the habits of all sorts of animals great and small4 ,but if you are in a town there are many difficulties to be met with4 ,but at the same time if you can keep pets of any kind1 rabbits1 rats1 mice1 dogs or ponies you can observe and watch their habits and learn to understand them well2 but generally for ,scouts it is more easy to watch birds1 because you see them both in town and country2 and especially when you go into camp or on walking tours you can observe and watch their habits1 especially in the spring-time4 ,illustration3 ,training young ones to fly4 ,then it is that you see the old birds making their nests1 hatching out their eggs and bringing up their young2 and that is of course the most interesting time for watching them4 ,a good observant scout will get to know the different kinds of birds by their cry1 by their appearance1 and by their way of flying4 ,she will also get to know where their nests are to be found1 what sort of nests they are1 what are the colors of the eggs and so on4 ,and also how the young appear4 ,some of them come out fluffy1 others covered with feathers1 others with very little on at all4 ,the young pigeon1 for instance1 has not feathers at all1 whereas a young moorhen can swim about as soon as it comes out of the egg2 while chickens run about and hunt flies within a few minutes2 and yet a sparrow is quite useless for some days and is blind1 and has to be fed and coddled by his parents4 ,then it is an interesting sight to see the old birds training their young ones to fly by getting up above them and flapping their wings a few times until all the young ones imitate them4 ,then they hop from one twig to another1 still flapping their wings1 and the young ones follow suit and begin to find that their wings help them to balance2 and finally they jump from one branch to another for some distance so that the wings support them in their effort4 ,the young ones very soon find that they are able to use their wings for flying1 but it is all done by degrees and by careful instruction4 ,if you think there is no natural history or observation of bird life possible in the city1 get hold of that delightful book 8,lives of the ,hunted10 by ,ernest ,seton ,thompson4 ,there you will find a ripping story of ,randy and ,biddy1 the two sparrows1 who built a nest between them after wonderful differences of opinion4 ,randy started to make it of sticks1 and ,biddy almost declined to live with him in consequence1 so he carefully pulled every stick out and dropped them on the pavement and gave in to her preferring for hay and straw4 ,then they used string4 ,but when she brought feathers he drew the line and argued the point4 ,however1 the story should be read to be enjoyed as it stands in that book4 ,then a large number of our birds do not live all the year round in ,england1 but they go off to ,southern climes such as ,africa when the winter comes on4 ,in ,september you will see the migrating birds collecting to go away1 the starlings in their crowds and the swallows for the ,south1 and the warblers1 the flycatchers1 and the swifts4 ,and yet about the same time the large are arriving1 so there is a good deal of travelling to and from among the birds in the air at all times of the year4 ,how to draw4--,by the way1 talking of birds1 every ,scout ought to be able to draw one4 ,first1 of course1 you lay the egg4 ,then put a watch on it1 with the second dial to show the time4 ,but before you put in the hands it becomes a bird4 ,then you add the outline1 thus3-- ,illustration ,try it yourself4 ,it is quite easy4 ,reptiles4--,there is a lot of interest to be got out of watching reptiles1 such as frogs1 which begin as tadpoles1 eating weeds1 and gradually lose their tails and gills1 which they begin with1 and end up as frogs1 eating worms and slugs as food4 ,insects4--,insects1 too1 are very interesting little people when you get to know their ways and habits4 ,among them you can generally find moths1 ants1 gnats1 butterflies1 bees1 beetles1 ladybirds1 and all such4 ,though most girls do not care very much about them1 ,scouts who have studied them get to like them1 even spiders and daddy-longlegs1 and to take a close interest in them4 ,caddis worms1 for instance1 build the most beautiful houses of mosaic work1 all formed of tiny stones and bits of shell glued on to a silken lining which the caddis worms make themselves4 ,the caddis worm has extraordinary jaws which he can fold up when they are in the way1 and he can also push himself along in the water by squirting out a strong jet of water all round him4 ,a caddis worm is really only the larva of a large sort of dragon fly2 so when he wants to change into a winged insect1 he cleverly spins a silken door across each end of his tubular house1 and fixes it on to the stalk of a plant near the water4 ,then he waits till his wings have grown1 and at last he crawls out and runs up the plant out of the water1 and flies away into the sunshine4 ,butterfly-hunting is a most exciting pastime4 ,you go out with your net and your box1 and chase the pretty creatures over field and swamp1 and hedge and ditch4 ,if possible1 try not to spoil the wings1 and then keep them alive in a cage or a greenhouse4 ,you can keep the eggs they lay1 and bring up a large family for next year4 ,you can make your own net if you buy a yard of stout wire1 and bend it round1 and bind the ends tightly and neatly to a cane or stick4 ,make your net long enough to hang across the wire1 when your butterfly is caught1 thus3-- ,illustration ,examine the wings carefully with a magnifying glass1 as the tiny scarlet and yellow feathers are easily rubbed off and spoilt1 especially if the creature flutter about4 ,personally ,i don't use a net2 ,i catch them by drawing their portraits in my sketch-book4 ,it saves a lot of trouble to them and to me4 ,trees4--,then ,scouts should know all about the different trees in their country and know their names by their appearance in summer and also in winter2 and what they are good for1 and what their leaves are like and their flower or their fruit as the case may be4 ,it helps you very much in camp to know what kind of wood burns well1 such as pine wood or sugar bush or gum tree4 ,also which kinds of wood are best for carving1 for making walking sticks1 for painting on4 ,the common trees which a ,scout should know by sight are3 ,oak ,elm ,plane ,cedar ,fir ,poplar ,pine ,sycamore ,larch ,willow ,holly ,horse ,chestnut ,ash ,lime ,beech ,birch ,spanish ,chestnut ,walnut ,flowers4--,flowers1 of course1 interest girls as much as any kind of plant1 because they are easily cultivated1 and every ,scout ought to know the names of most of the common flowers and to understand how they live and how they ought to be treated2 when to plant them and when to expect them coming up2 and how they produce their seed and how they send it about and re-plant themselves in different parts near them4 ,for instance1 if you have a magnifying glass you can examine a dandelion seed with it4 ,few things are more beautiful4 ,it is much the same as a thistle seed1 tucked away cleverly till it is ripe1 and it all opens into a delicate feathery kind of parachute each carrying a seed4 ,this blows about with the wind many miles before it actually falls to the ground and there sows itself4 ,illustration3 ,poplar4 ,illustration3 ,elm4 ,illustration3 ,plane4 ,illustration3 ,sycamore4 ,illustration3 ,ash4 ,illustration3 ,spanish ,chestnut4 ,most flowers seem to have the wish to scatter their seed far away from them4 ,even the modest little violet sows its seed out of a little boat-shaped pod with great force and a loud report to a distance of some three feet2 and so does the iris1 the pansy1 the wall-flower1 and many others4 ,many flowers and plants produce berries and fruits which are good to eat1 others produce those that are poisonous2 and a ,scout should know which are which1 since when you are in camp some of them may come in very useful1 whereas others which look tempting to eat may cause you a great deal of trouble and illness4 ,eatable ,plants ,but especially you ought to know what kind of plants are useful to you in providing you with food4 ,supposing you were out in a jungle without any food1 as very often happens2 if you knew nothing about plants you would probably die of starvation1 or of poisoning1 from not knowing which fruit or roots were wholesome and which dangerous to eat4 ,there are numbers of berries1 nuts1 roots1 barks1 and leaves that are good to eat4 ,the same with crops of different kinds of corn and seed1 vegetable roots1 and even grasses and vetches4 ,seaweed is much eaten in ,ireland and ,scotland4 ,such as laver1 sloke1 dulse1 ulva1 etc4 ,no less than fifteen kinds of fungi 7that's the plural of fungus671 or mushrooms1 are good to eat if you can only tell them from the poisonous kinds4 ,dandelions1 nettles1 rose berries1 bracken roots1 lime buds1 and many other common plants make useful foods4 ,but you have to know which is which when you see them1 and then know how to cook or prepare them4 ,woodland cooking is great fun when you care to do it4 ,nature ,study in ,towns ,many people seem to think that you cannot get ,nature study unless you are out in the fields or woods studying the animals or noticing the plants1 but you can do a great deal in town and even in your own room with others1 or even by yourself4 ,for one thing1 just think of the wonder of your own eye if you study it in the glass1 and the delicacy of its construction2 how it is like a bubble which a very slight blow would destroy altogether4 ,then from the eye go the nerves carrying back what it has seen of visible things to the brain1 where the thoughts which are invisible take it over1 the thought then gives the desire or the power to move4 ,that is to say1 your eyes show you something on the table and the invisible thought comes in your mind that you would like to catch hold of it1 and the thought then makes the material sinews of your arm get to work and grasp it4 ,you cannot see your thought1 but you know it is there1 and you see the result of your thought when you grasp the thing4 ,in the same way ,god is not visible1 but all the same he is there1 and you see the result when you do a good act4 ,sometimes you don't do that good act1 or you may do one that is not suggested by ,god4 ,you may well feel ashamed when this happens and refuse to let yourself do it again4 ,therefore1 try and think before doing a thing and ask yourself the question 8,does ,god want me to do this80 ,if the reply in your mind says 8,yes10 then do it2 and if it says 8,no10 then don't do it4 ,it is not a difficult thing to live a straight and clean life if you only ,,remember to think first and do after4 ,stalking ,how to ,hide ,yourself4--,when you want to observe wild animals you have to stalk them1 that is1 creep up to them without their seeing or smelling you4 ,a hunter when he is stalking wild animals keeps himself entirely hidden1 so does the war scout when watching or looking for the enemy2 a policeman does not catch pickpockets by standing about in uniform watching for them2 he dresses like one of the crowd1 and as often as not gazes into a shop window and sees all that goes on behind him reflected as if in a looking-glass4 ,if a guilty person finds himself being watched1 it puts him on his guard1 while an innocent person becomes annoyed4 ,so1 when you are observing people1 don't do so by openly staring at them1 but notice the details you want to at one glance or two1 and if you want to study them more1 walk behind them2 you can learn just as much from a back view1 in fact more than you can from a front view1 and1 unless they are scouts and look round frequently1 they do not know that you are observing them4 ,war scouts and hunters stalking game always carry out two important things when they don't want to be seen4 ,background4--,one is--they take care that the ground behind them1 or trees1 or buildings1 etc41 are of the same color as their clothes4 ,and the other is--if an enemy or a deer is seen looking for them1 they remain perfectly still without moving so long as he is there4 8,freezing40--,in that way a scout1 even though he is out in the open1 will often escape being noticed4 ,this is called by scouts 8,freezing40 ,tracking 8,sign0 is the word used by ,scouts to mean any little details1 such as footprints1 broken twigs1 trampled grass1 scraps of food1 old matches1 etc4 ,any one of you might win the reward of #ajj for tracing the writer of a typewritten paper which nearly caused the ruin of a large bank4 ,it was noticed by signs that the writer must have used a ,remington machine ,no4 #g1 because of the shape of the letters4 ,the type was much worn1 therefore it is supposed the machine was four or five years old4 ,now1 who bought one at that time8 ,then you could see that the letter 8o0 had a bent bar1 the letter 8r0 had a faulty spring1 and the top of the capital letter 8,c0 was worn away4 ,so you see that if you found a machine with all these faults you could trace the person who used it1 from even such very small signs4 ,some native ,indian trackers were following up the footprints of a panther that had killed and carried off a young kid4 ,he had crossed a wide bare slab of rock1 which1 of course1 gave no mark of his soft feet4 ,the tracker went at once to the far side of the rock where it came to a sharp edge2 he wetted his finger1 and just passed it along the edge till he found a few kid's hairs sticking to it4 ,this showed him where the panther had passed down off the rock1 dragging the kid with him4 ,those few hairs were what ,scouts call 8sign40 ,this tracker also found bears by noticing small 8sign40 ,on one occasion he noticed a fresh scratch in the bark of a tree1 evidently made by a bear's claw1 and on the other he found a single black hair sticking to the bark of a tree1 which told him that a bear had rubbed against it4 ,illustration3 ,a ,scout should have her head screwed on the right way1 not as in this picture4 ,one of the most important things that a ,scout has to learn is to let nothing escape her attention2 she must notice small points and signs1 and then make out the meaning of them2 but it takes a good deal of practice before a tenderfoot can get into the habit of really noting everything and letting nothing escape her eye4 ,it can be learnt just as well in a town as in the country1 provided that your head is screwed on the right way4 ,and in the same way you should notice any strange sound or any peculiar smell1 and think for yourself what it may mean4 ,unless you learn to notice 8sign0 you will have very little of 8this and that0 to put together1 and so you will be of no use as a ,girl ,scout4 ,it comes by practice4 ,remember a ,scout always considers it a great disgrace if an outsider discovers a thing before she herself does1 whether that thing is far away or close by4 ,don't only look at the path before you1 but frequently turn and look back4 ,notice the features of the country behind you1 to see what your road will look like in coming back again4 ,in the streets of a strange town a ,girl ,scout will mark her way by the principal buildings and side-streets1 and in any case she will notice what shops she passes and what is in their windows2 also what vehicles pass her1 and such details as whether the horses' harness and shoes are all right2 and most especially what people she passes1 what their faces are like1 their dress1 their boots1 and their way of walking1 so that if1 for instance1 she should be asked by a policeman1 8,have you seen a man with dark overhanging eyebrows1 dressed in a blue suit1 going down this street80 she should be able to give some such answer as 8,yes2 he was walking a little lame with the right foot1 wore foreign-looking boots1 was carrying a parcel in his hand2 he turned down ,gold ,street1 the second turning on the left from here1 about three minutes ago40 ,information of that kind has often been of the greatest value in tracing out a criminal1 but so many people go along with their eyes shut and never notice things4 ,horses' ,tracks ,illustration3 ,walking4 ,illustration3 ,trotting4 ,illustration3 ,canter4 ,illustration3 ,galloping4 ,illustration3 ,lame ,horse ,walking3 ,which leg is he lame in8 ,n4,b4--,the long feet are the hind feet4 ,illustration3 ,these are the tracks of two birds on the ground4 ,one lives generally on the ground1 the other in bushes and trees4 ,which track belongs to which bird8 ,wheel tracks should also be studied till you can tell the difference between the track of a gun1 a carriage1 a country car1 motor-car or a bicycle1 and the direction they were going in4 ,in the story of ,kim1 by ,rudyard ,kipling1 there is an account of two boys being taught 8observation10 in order to become detectives by means of a game in which a trayful of small objects was shown to them for a minute and was then covered over1 and they had to describe all the things on it from memory4 ,we will have that game1 as it is excellent practice for ,scouts4 ,details of ,people4--,it is of interest when you are travelling by train or tram to notice little things about your fellow-travellers--their faces1 dress1 way of talking1 and so on--so that you could describe them each pretty accurately afterwards2 and also try and make out from their appearance and behavior whether they are rich or poor 7which you can generally tell from their boots71 and what is their probable business1 whether they are happy1 or ill1 or in want of help4 ,but in doing this you must not let them see you are watching them1 else it puts them on their guard4 ,reading a ,meaning in ,sign4--,it is said that you can tell a man's character from the way he wears his hat4 ,if it is slightly on one side1 the wearer is good-natured2 if it is worn very much on one side1 he is a swaggerer2 if on the back of his head1 he is bad at paying his debts2 if worn straight on the top1 he is probably honest but very dull4 ,the way a man 7or a woman7 walks is often a good guide to his character--witness the fussy1 swaggering little man paddling along with short steps and much arm-action2 the nervous man's hurried1 jerky stride2 the slow slouch of the loafer2 the smooth1 quick1 and silent step of the ,scout1 and so on4 ,illustration3 ,judging character by the gait of a man4 ,with a little practice in observation you can tell pretty accurately a man's character from his dress4 ,how would you recognize that a gentleman was fond of fishing8 ,if you see his left cuff with little tufts of cloth sticking up1 you may be sure he fishes4 ,when he takes his flies off the line he will either stick them into his cap to dry1 or hook them into his sleeve4 ,when dry he pulls them out1 which often tears a thread or two of the cloth4 ,it is surprising how much of the sole of the shoes you can see when behind a person walking--and it is equally surprising how much meaning you can read from that shoe4 ,it is said that to wear out soles and heels equally is to give evidence of business capacity and honesty2 to wear your heels down on the outside means that you are a person of imagination and love of adventure2 but heels worn down on the inside signify weakness and indecision of character1 and this last sign is more infallible in the case of man than in that of woman4 ,remember how 8,sherlock ,holmes0 met a stranger and noticed that he was looking fairly well-to-do1 in new clothes with a mourning band on his sleeve1 with a soldierly bearing and a sailor's way of walking1 sunburns1 with tattoo marks on his hands1 and he was carrying some children's toys in his hand4 ,what would you have supposed that man to be8 ,well1 ,sherlock ,holmes guessed correctly that he had lately retired from the ,marines as a sergeant1 that his wife had died1 and that he had some small children at home4 ,details in the ,country4--,if you are in the country1 you should notice landmarks--that is1 objects which help you to find your way or prevent you getting lost--such as distant hills and church towers2 and nearer objects1 such as peculiar buildings1 trees1 gates1 rocks1 etc4 ,and remember in noticing such landmarks that you may want to use your knowledge of them some day for telling some one else how to find his way1 so you must notice them pretty closely so as to be able to describe them unmistakably and in their proper order4 ,you must notice and remember every by-road and footpath4 ,remembrance of these things will help you to find your way by night or in fog when other people are losing themselves4 ,using your ,eyes4--,let nothing be too small for your notice--a button1 a match1 a hair1 a cigar ash1 a feather1 or a leaf might be of great importance1 even a fingerprint which is almost invisible to the naked eye has often been the means of detecting a crime4 ,not long ago a lady reported to the police that she was sitting in her room reading quietly in the corner when a ragged-looking man crept in at the open window1 seized hold of a silver vase1 and was in the act of making off with it when a sound outside disturbed him4 ,he put down the vase again1 ran away across the lawn1 jumped a low hedge1 and got away4 ,detectives came and examined the ground1 but could find no footmarks even at the spot where the man had landed from his jump4 ,then they inspected the vase very carefully1 and examined the fingers of the different people in the house4 ,they then reported that nobody except the maid had handled the vase and that nobody had gone across the lawn or jumped the hedge4 ,it was afterwards found that the lady was subject to delusions1 and had imagined the whole thing1 but the detectives had arrived at the same conclusion through examining the fingermarks and signs4 ,when out in the country you must keep your eyes about you and not merely notice small signs close to you1 but other signs far away as well--such as dust flying1 birds startled1 unnatural movements of bush or grass1 and also keep your ears open for sounds such as cracking of a twig1 dogs suddenly barking and so on4 ,the battle of ,boomplatz1 fought by the ,british against the ,boers1 was successful for us partly because ,sir ,harry ,smith1 the ,commander1 noticed some buck in the distance suddenly startled and running for no apparent reason1 but his suspicions being aroused he sent scouts to investigate1 and they found a ,boer force trying to form an ambush for him1 and he was able to defeat their aims in consequence4 ,by night of course you must use your ears instead of your eyes and practice at this helps to make perfect4 ,a trained ,scout will see little signs and tracks1 she puts them together in her mind1 and quickly reads a meaning from them such as an untrained woman would never arrive at4 ,and from frequent practice she gets to read the meaning at a glance1 just as you do a book1 without the delay of spelling out each word1 letter by letter4 ,i was one day1 during the ,matabele ,war show on map with a native out scouting near to the ,matopo ,hills over a wide grassy plain4 ,suddenly we crossed a track freshly made in grass1 where the blades of grass were still green and damp1 though pressed down2 all were bending one way1 which showed the direction in which the people had been travelling4 ,following up the track for a bit it got on to a patch of sand1 and we then saw that it was the spoor of several women 7small feet with straight edge1 and short steps7 and boys 7small feet1 curved edge1 and longer strides71 walking1 not running1 towards the hills1 about five miles away1 where we believed the enemy to be hiding4 ,then we saw a leaf lying about ten yards off the track4 ,there were no trees for miles1 but we knew that trees having this kind of leaf grew at a village fifteen miles away1 in the direction from which the footmarks were coming4 ,it seemed likely therefore that the women had come from that village1 bringing the leaf with them1 and had gone to the hills4 ,on picking up the leaf we found it was damp1 and smelled of native beer4 ,the short steps showed that the women were carrying loads4 ,so we guessed that according to the custom they had been carrying pots of native beer on their heads1 the mouths of the pots being stopped up with bunches of leaves4 ,one of these leaves had fallen out2 but we found it ten yards off the track1 which showed that at the time it fell a wind was blowing4 ,there was no wind now1 i4 e41 seven o'clock1 but there had been some about five o'clock4 ,so we guessed from all these little signs that a party of women and boys had brought beer during the night from the village #ae miles away1 and had taken it to the enemy on the hills1 arriving there soon after six o'clock4 ,the men would probably start to drink the beer at once 7as it goes sour in a few hours71 and would1 by the time we could get there1 be getting sleepy and keeping a bad look-out1 so we should have a favourable chance of looking at their position4 ,we accordingly followed the women's track1 found the enemy1 made our observations1 and got away with our information without any difficulty4 ,and it was chiefly done on the evidence of that one leaf4 ,so you see the importance of noticing even a little thing like that4 ,games in ,stalking ,girl ,scout ,hunting4--,one ,scout is given time to go out and hide herself1 the remainder then start to find her2 she wins if she is not found1 or if she can get back to the starting-point within a given time without being touched4 ,dispatch ,running4--,a ,scout is told to bring a note to a certain spot or house from a distance within a given time3 other hostile ,scouts are told to prevent any message getting to this place1 and to hide themselves at different points to stop the dispatch carrier getting in with it4 ,to count as a capture1 two ,scouts must touch the dispatch runner before she reaches the spot for delivering the message4 ,relay ,race4--,one patrol pitted against another to see who can get a message sent a long distance in shortest time by means of relays of runners or cyclists4 ,the patrol is ordered out to send in three successive notes or tokens 7such as sprigs of certain plants71 from a point1 say1 two miles distant or more4 ,the leader in taking her patrol out to the spot1 drops ,scouts at convenient distances1 who will then act as runners from one post to the next and back4 ,if relays are posted in pairs1 messages can be passed both ways4 ,stalking4--,captain acts as a deer--not hiding1 but standing1 moving a little now and then if she likes4 ,scouts go out to find1 and each in her own way tries to get up to her unseen4 ,directly the ,captain sees a ,scout she directs her to stand up as having failed4 ,after a certain time the ,captain calls 8,time10 all stand up at the spot which they have reached1 and the nearest wins4 ,the same game may be played to test the ,scouts in stepping lightly--the umpire being blindfolded4 ,the practice should preferably be carried out where there are dry twigs lying about1 and gravel1 etc4 ,the ,scout may start to stalk the blind enemy at #ajj yards' distance1 and she must do it fairly fast--say1 in one minute and a half--to touch the blind man before she hears her4 ,stalking and ,reporting4--,the umpire places herself out in the open and sends each ,scout or pair of ,scouts away in different directions about half a mile off4 ,when she waves a flag1 which is the signal to begin1 they all hide1 and then proceed to stalk her1 creeping up and watching all she does4 ,when she waves the flag again1 they rise1 come in1 and report each in turn all that she did1 either by handing in a written report or verbally1 as may be ordered4 ,the umpire meantime has kept a look-out in each direction1 and1 every time she sees a ,scout1 she takes two points off that ,scout's score4 ,she1 on her part1 performs small actions1 such as sitting down1 kneeling up1 looking through glasses1 using handkerchief1 taking hat off for a bit1 walking round in a circle a few times1 to give ,scouts something to note and report about her4 ,scouts are given three points for each act reported correctly4 ,it saves time if the umpire makes out a scoring card beforehand1 giving the name of each ,scout1 and a number of columns showing each act of her1 and what mark that ,scout wins1 also a column of deducted marks for exposing themselves4 ,the 8,spider and ,fly0 game as described in the ,english book 8,scouting for ,boys0 is also a proper one and useful for training in observation4 ,plant ,race4--,the ,scouts start off either cycling or on foot1 to go in any direction they like to get a specimen of any ordered plants1 a horseshoe mark from a chestnut tree1 a briar rose or something of the kind1 whichever the ,captain may order1 such as will tax their knowledge of plants and will test their memory as to where they noticed one of the kind required1 and will also make them quick in getting there and back4 ,leaf ,trail4--,it is supposed that a crime has been done1 and in the search for the culprits who have hidden themselves1 the police were helped in tracing the track by articles left behind them4 ,the fugitives leave behind a dozen of certain leaves1 such as oak1 or chestnut or fir1 laid in the order in which those trees come on the track4 ,the trackers take note of these during the fifteen minutes start4 ,the trackers must then follow wherever these trees are to be found1 in the right order1 until they can find the fugitives4 ,should they not be successful another day may be spent over it4 ,house ,hunting ,it is an interesting thing to take as the object of a walk the selection of a house where you would like to live4 ,notice the position1 estimate the cost of rent1 rates1 taxes1 etc41 notice its garden and how you would utilise it1 and1 inside1 what kind of wall-paper1 etc41 you would select so it would be homely and not merely for show1 in good taste and not tawdry1 airy and not stuffy with too many hangings1 which will clean1 and so on4 ,proximity to the necessary supply shops1 doctor1 telephone1 post office1 and so on should all be taken into consideration1 and it is rather amusing to compare notes with the rest of your ,patrol at the end of your expedition1 and see how many got on the same house4 ,hints to ,instructors ,,practices ,,in ,,observation4--,instructor can take the finger-marks of each girl4 ,lightly rub the thumb on blacklead or on paper that is blackened with pencil1 then press the thumb on paper and examine with magnifying glass4 ,show that no two people's prints are alike4 ,,in ,,towns4--,practice your girls first in walking down a street to notice the different kinds of shops as they pass1 and to remember them in their proper sequence at the end4 ,then to notice and remember the names of the shops4 ,then to notice and remember the contents of a shop window after two minutes' gaze4 ,finally1 to notice the contents of several shop windows in succession with half a minute at each4 ,give marks for the fullest list4 ,the ,scouts must also notice prominent buildings as landmarks1 and the number of turnings off the street they are using4 ,,in ,,the ,,country4--,take the patrol out for a walk and teach the girls to notice distant prominent features such as hills1 church steeples1 and so on2 and as nearer landmarks such things as peculiar buildings1 trees1 rocks1 gates1 by-roads or paths1 nature of fences1 crops1 different kinds of trees1 birds1 animals1 tracks1 people1 vehicles1 etc4 ,also any peculiar smells of plants1 animals1 manure1 etc42 whether gates or doors were open or shut1 whether any smoke from chimney1 etc4 ,send ,scouts out in pairs4 ,it adds to the value of the practice if the instructor makes a certain number of small marks in the ground beforehand1 or leaves buttons or matches1 etc41 for the girls to notice or to pick up and bring in 7as a means of making them examine the ground close to them as well as distant objects47 ,,practices ,,in ,,natural ,,history4--,take out ,scouts to get specimens of leaves1 fruits1 or blossoms of various trees1 shrubs1 etc41 and observe the shape and nature of the tree both in summer and in winter4 ,collect leaves of different trees2 let ,scouts make tracings of them and write the name of the tree on each4 ,in the country make ,scouts examine crops in all stages of their growth1 so that they know pretty well by sight what kind of crop is coming up4 ,start gardens if possible2 either a patrol garden or individual ,scout gardens4 ,let them grow flowers and vegetables for profit to pay for their equipment1 etc4 ,show all the wild plants which may be made use of for food4 ,find yew trees2 report if any good branches to make archers' bows of4 ,encourage the keeping of live pets1 whether birds1 animals1 reptiles1 insects4 ,show how to keep illustrated diary-records of plants1 insects1 birds1 etc41 giving dates when seen for comparison following year and showing their peculiar markings1 form1 etc4 ,if in a town take your ,scouts to the ,zoological ,gardens1 menagerie1 or ,natural ,history ,museum1 and show them particular animals on which you are prepared to lecture4 ,not more than half a dozen for one visit4 ,if in the country get farmer or shepherd to help with information on the habits of farm animals1 e4g41 how a cow lies down and when4 ,how to milk1 stalk rabbits1 water voles1 trout1 birds1 etc41 and watch their habits4 ,the aim in your ,nature study is to develop a realisation of ,god the ,creator1 and to infuse a sense of the beauty of ,nature4 ,,campcraft ,how to make a ,fire4--,you should learn how to lay and light a fire out of doors4 ,remember the usual fault of a 8tender-pad0 or beginner1 is to try to make too big a fire4 ,you will never see a backwoodsman do that--he uses the smallest possible amount of wood for his fire4 ,first collect your firewood4 ,green1 fresh-cut wood is no good1 nor is dead wood that has lain long on the ground4 ,get permission to break off dead branches for it4 ,to make your fire you put a few sticks flat on the ground1 especially if the ground be damp4 ,on this flooring lay your 8punk0--that is1 paper1 shavings1 inner skin of the bark of the tree1 splinters1 or any other material that will easily catch fire from your match4 ,illustration3 ,firewood ,kindling ,punk ,foundation ,on this you pile1 in pyramid fashion1 thin twigs1 splinters1 and slithers of dry wood1 leaning on the 8punk0 and against each other4 ,these are called kindling4 ,a few stouter sticks are added over them to make the fire4 ,a good kind of kindling can easily be made by slitting a stick into several slices or shavings1 as shown4 ,this is called a firestick4 ,if stood up1 with the shavings downwards towards the ground1 it quickly catches light and flares up4 ,illustration3 ,log fire ,set light to this1 putting your match under the bottom of the 8punk40 ,when the wood has really got on fire1 add more and larger sticks1 and finally logs1 which should be placed star-shape1 like spokes of a wheel4 ,for a cooking fire you want to make lots of red-hot embers1 so use sticks about half or three-quarters of an inch thick4 ,illustration3 ,fire stick ,for a signalling fire to make a flare at night use dry gorse1 straw1 or dry twigs in large quantities4 ,for a smoke signalling fire use plenty of thin dry sticks and twigs to give burning flame1 and add leaves and grass to make the smoke4 ,camping ,one of the ripping things about ,girl ,scout work is the camp life4 ,you go out either to live in farm buildings1 or in an empty house1 or in tents4 ,people talk of 8roughing it0 in tents1 but those people are generally ,tenderfoots4 ,a wise ,scout does not 8rough it02 she knows how to look after herself and how to make herself comfortable by a hundred little dodges4 ,for instance1 if the tents have not turned up she doesn't sit down to shiver and grumble1 but at once sets to work to rig up a shelter or hut for herself4 ,she chooses a good spot for it where she is not likely to be flooded out if a rainstorm comes4 ,then she lights up a camp fire1 cooks her food1 and makes herself comfortable on her mattress of ferns or straw4 ,but to do this she must1 of course1 have first learnt how to light a fire1 how to prepare and cook her food1 and how to weave a camp mattress1 and so on1 all of which she learns in her ordinary training as a ,girl ,scout4 ,illustration3 ,camp cooking4 ,in camp you learn to make all the different things you want1 because there is not always a shop round the corner where you can go and buy them4 ,the following are a few out of the many things that ,scouts learn to do for themselves4 ,in the ,tent4--,scouts are always tidy1 whether in camp or not1 as a matter of habit4 ,if you are not tidy at home1 you won't be tidy in camp2 and if you're not tidy in camp1 you will never be a thorough ,scout4 ,a ,scout is tidy alike in her tent1 bunk1 or room1 because she may be suddenly called upon to go off on an alarm1 or something unexpected2 and if she does not know exactly where to lay her hand on her things1 she will be a long time in turning out1 especially if called up in the middle of the night4 ,so on going to bed1 even when at home1 practise the habit of folding up your clothes and putting them where you can at once find them in the dark1 and get into them quickly4 ,cleaning ,camp ,ground4--,never forget also that the state of an old camp ground after the camp has finished1 tells exactly whether the patrol or troop which has used it was a smart one or not4 ,no ,scouts who are any good ever leave a camp ground dirty2 they sweep up and bury or burn every scrap of rubbish4 ,illustration3 ,woodpecker cleaning up debris ,it is important to get into this habit of cleaning up your camp ground before leaving it1 as then farmers don't have the trouble of having to clean their ground after you leave1 and they are1 therefore1 all the more willing to let you use it4 ,the ,woodpecker4--,when you find that the ground round a tree is strewn with tiny chips of wood you may know at a glance that a woodpecker is making her nest there4 ,the woodpecker chips away the bark and makes a deep hollow in the trunk4 ,but she has sense enough to know that the chips which fall are telltales1 so you may see her making efforts to tidy up the place1 and in the end she will go to the trouble of flying away with every little chip and scrap in her beak to a distance1 so that no enemy can see that she has been cutting a hole in that tree4 ,illustration3 8,no more of their camping on my ground60 ,bathing4--,when in camp1 bathing will be one of your joys and one of your duties1 a joy because it is such fun1 a duty because no ,scout can consider herself a full-blown ,scout until she is able to swim and to save life in the water4 ,but there are dangers about bathing for which every sensible ,scout will be prepared4 ,first1 there is the danger of cramp4 ,this comes very often from staying in the water too long4 ,ten minutes is ample time as a rule for a girl to be in the water1 five minutes is safer4 ,if you bathe within an hour and a half of taking a meal1 that is before your food is digested1 you are very likely to get cramp4 ,cramp doubles you up in extreme pain so that you cannot move your arms or legs1 and down you go and drown4 ,when bathing is going on there should always be one or two good swimmers on duty as 8life savers40 ,they should not bathe themselves till the others are out of the water1 but should be in bathing-dress1 ready to jump in at any moment to help any one that they see in difficulties4 ,this plan is always strictly carried out by ,boy ,scouts and ,girl ,scouts in camp1 and has already been the means of saving many lives and from changing a joy-camp into a camp of mourning4 ,water ,supply4--,a ,tenderfoot drinks any kind of water that she finds handy1 and consequently gets ill after the first day camping out1 and has to go home again4 ,the old campaigner is very careful indeed about getting clean drinking water1 and if she is not certain that it is wholesome she will take care to boil it well before drinking it1 as this kills all the little germs of disease which exist more or less in all water1 however clear it may be4 ,cleanliness4--,take special care to keep your kitchen clean1 and it will make you more comfortable and more healthy in camp4 ,more comfortable because flies will not infest the place unless they find dirt and scraps to feed upon4 ,more healthy because if there are flies they always bring poison on to your food4 ,so keep the camp kitchen and ground round it very clean at all times4 ,dig a small pit a couple of feet deep near the kitchen and throw all refuse that won't burn into this1 and fill in the pit with earth every night4 ,tidy up as neatly as the woodpecker does4 ,drains4--,also do not neglect to dig a long trench to serve as a latrine4 ,every camp1 even if only for one night1 should have a sewer trench two or three feet deep1 quite narrow1 not more than one foot wide1 with screens of canvas or branches on all sides4 ,earth should always be thrown in after use1 and the trench must be filled up before leaving the place4 ,even away from camp a small pit should always be dug and filled in with earth after use4 ,it is a cleanly habit for the sake of other people1 and also makes the camp healthier4 ,neglect of this not only makes a place unhealthy1 but it also makes farmers and landowners disinclined to give the use of their ground for ,scouts to camp on or to work over4 ,so don't forget it4 ,tidiness4--,tidiness in camp means tidiness in the home and also tidiness in the streets or parks or when out picnicing4 ,scouts have got a splendid name for cleaning up their camp ground when they leave1 although it is not a pleasant duty4 ,they do it because a dirty littered bit of ground is not pleasant for other people to look on or use4 ,therefore out in the streets or parks or country don't throw away the bit of paper that held your candy or cake4 ,it not only makes the place look untidy1 but it means work for someone else to clear it up4 ,therefore1 carry your paper to the waste-paper bin1 or burn or bury it4 ,how to make a ,bed4--,to manufacture a bed in camp is a different thing from 8making your bed0 in a house4 ,to make a bed for camp use the following is the dodge3-- ,illustration3 ,using a camp loom4 ,to make a ,camp ,loom4--,plant a row 7#a7 of five stakes1 #b ft4 #f in4 long1 firmly in the ground2 opposite to them at a distance of #f ft4 to #g ft41 drive in a row of two and a crossbar 7#b74 ,fasten a cord or gardener's twine to the head of each stake in ,no4 #a row and stretch it to the crossbar in ,no4 #b and make it fast there1 then carry the continuation of it back over ,no4 #a row for some #e ft4 extra1 and fasten it to a loose crossbar or 8beam0 at exactly the same distance apart from the next cord as it stands at the stakes4 ,this beam is then moved up and down at slow intervals by one ,scout1 while the others lay bundles of fern1 straw1 or heather1 etc41 alternately under and over the stretched strings1 which are thus bound in by the rising or falling on to them4 ,bleeding4--,when a man is bleeding badly from a wound1 press the wound or the flesh just above it--that is between the wound and the heart--press it hard with your thumb to try and stop the blood running in the artery4 ,then make a pad with something like a flat rounded pebble1 and bind it over the wound4 ,if bleeding violently1 tie a handkerchief loosely round the limb above the wound1 and twist it tight with a stick4 ,demonstrate this4 ,keep the wounded part raised above the rest of the body if possible4 ,apply cold water1 or ice1 if possible1 wet rags1 etc4 ,bleeding from the ears and insensibility after a fall mean injury to the skull4 ,the patient should not be moved at all if possible4 ,it is best even to keep him lying on the spot1 and put cold water or ice to his head and keep him quiet till a doctor comes4 ,spitting or throwing up blood means internal injury or bursting of a small blood-vessel inside the patient4 ,the case often looks more serious than it really is4 ,if the blood is light red in colour and mixed with froth it means injury to the lungs4 ,in either case keep the patient quiet and give ice to suck or cold water to sip4 ,don't be alarmed at the amount of blood that flows from a patient4 ,it used to be a common thing for the barber to bleed a man to the extent of five or six cupfuls of blood1 and the patient feels all the better for it4 7,s4,t47 ,,how ,,to ,,be ,,healthy--,,and ,,wise ,in addition to the exercises for your body which are given earlier in this book you should understand what they do for you and why you are advised to practise them4 ,it is not for ,,my amusement6 ,it is for your own health and happiness4 ,and here are a few more tips that will help you to be healthy1 and possible wealthy1 and certainly wise--if you carry them out4 ,exercises and ,their ,object ,to make yourself strong and healthy it is necessary to begin with your inside and to get the blood into good order and the heart to work well2 that is the secret of the whole thing1 physical exercises should be taken with that intention4 ,this is the way to do it3-- 7a7 ,make the heart strong in order to pump the blood properly to every part of the body1 and so to build up flesh1 bone1 and muscle4 ,exercise3 8,swimming0 and 8,wrist ,pushing40 7b7 ,make the lungs strong in order to provide the blood with fresh air4 ,exercise3 8,deep breathing40 7c7 ,make the skin perspire to get rid of the dirt from the blood4 ,exercise3 ,bath1 or rub with a damp towel every day4 7d7 ,make the stomach work to feed the blood4 ,exercise3 8,body bending40 7e7 ,make the bowels active to remove the remains of food and dirt from the body4 ,exercise3 8,body bending0 and 8,kneading the abdomen40 ,drink plenty of good water4 ,punctual daily move of bowels4 7f7 ,work muscles in each part of the body to make the blood circulate to that part1 and so increase your strength4 ,exercise3 ,walking and special exercises of special muscles4 ,the blood thrives on simple good food1 plenty of exercise1 plenty of fresh air1 cleanliness of the body both inside and out1 and proper rest of body and mind at intervals4 ,the ,japs are particularly strong and healthy4 ,they eat very plain food1 chiefly rice and fruit1 and not much of it4 ,they drink plenty of water1 but no spirits4 ,they take lots of exercise4 ,they make themselves good-tempered4 ,they live in fresh air as much as possible day and night4 ,their particular exercise is 8,ju-,jitsu10 which is more of a game than drill1 and is generally played in pairs4 ,by ,ju-,jitsu1 the muscles and body are developed in a natural way1 in the open air as a rule4 ,it requires no apparatus4 ,the ,nose ,always breathe through the nose4 ,shut your ,mouth and ,save your ,life4 ,indians for a long time adopted that method with their children to the extent of tying up their jaws at night1 to ensure their breathing only through their nose4 ,breathing through the nose prevents germs of disease getting from the air into the throat and stomach2 it also prevents a growth in the back of the throat called 8adenoids10 which are apt to stop the breathing power of the nostrils1 and also to cause deafness4 ,for a ,scout nose-breathing is also specially useful4 ,illustration3 ,indian cradle3 the mouth bandage to induce nose breathing ,by keeping the mouth shut you prevent yourself from getting thirsty when you are doing hard work4 ,and also at night1 if you are in the habit of breathing through the nose1 it prevents snoring4 ,therefore practise keeping your mouth shut and breathing through your nose4 ,ears ,a ,scout must be able to hear well4 ,generally the ears are very delicate1 and once damaged are apt to become incurably deaf4 ,people are too apt to fiddle about with their ears in cleaning them by using things which are dangerous with such a sensitive organ as the ear1 the drum of the ear being a very delicate1 tightly-stretched skin which is easily damaged4 ,very many children have had the drums of their ears permanently injured by getting a box on the ear1 or cleaning them out roughly with the hard corner of a towel4 ,eyes ,a ,scout1 of course1 must have particularly good eye-sight2 she must be able to see anything very quickly1 and to see at a long way off4 ,by practising your eyes in looking at things at a great distance they will grow stronger4 ,while you are young you should save your eyes as much as possible1 or they will not be strong when you get older2 therefore avoid reading by lamp-light or in the dusk1 and also sit with your back or side to the light when doing any work during the day2 if you sit facing the light it strains your eyes4 ,the strain of the eyes is a very common failure with growing girls1 although very often they do not know it1 and headaches come most frequently from the eyes being strained2 frowning on the part of a girl is very generally a sign that her eyes are being strained4 ,reading in bed brings headaches4 ,teeth ,bad teeth are troublesome1 and are often the cause of neuralgia1 indigestion1 abscesses1 and sleepless nights4 ,during the ,boer war over three thousand of our soldiers had to be sent away1 unfit to fight1 because their teeth were so bad that they could not eat the food out there4 ,good teeth depend greatly on how you look after them when you are young4 ,attention to the first set of teeth keeps the mouth healthy for the second teeth1 which begin to come when a child is seven1 and these are meant to last you to the end of your life if you keep them in order4 ,if one tooth is allowed to decay1 it will spread decay in all the others1 and this arises from scraps of feed remaining between the teeth and decaying there4 ,a thorough ,scout always brushes her teeth inside and outside and between all1 just the last thing at night as well as other times1 so that no food remains about them to rot4 ,scouts in camps or in the wilds of the jungle cannot always buy tooth-brushes1 but should a tiger or a crocodile have borrowed yours1 you can make your teeth just as bright and white as his are by means of a frayed-out1 dry1 clean1 stick4 ,,ceremony ,,for ,,investing ,,second ,,class ,,girl ,,scouts ,the troop forms in horseshoe formation1 as in the case of ,tenderfoot ceremony1 the ,captain and ,lieutenant standing facing the troop4 ,captain3 8,the ,scouts 7calling the list of names7 have satisfactorily passed all the tests required for a ,second ,class badge1 and are duly qualified to receive that badge40 ,the ,captain then calls forward1 one by one1 the girls who are to receive the badge4 ,if there is more than one in a patrol1 call all those in the same patrol together with their patrol leader1 but go through the form with each individual girl4 ,captain3 8---- 7name of girl71 do you now pledge yourself to renew your ,scout promise1 and to fulfill the ,scout ,law80 ,scout3 8,on my honor1 ,i now pledge myself to renew the ,scout promise and to fulfill the ,scout law40 ,captain3 8,invest40 ,the ,scout comes forward and stands at salute while the ,captain pins on her sleeve 7where it is afterwards to be sewed7 the ,second ,class badge4 ,then the ,scout salutes and is saluted by the rest of the troop1 and returns to her place4 ,measurement of the ,girl ,it is of paramount importance to teach the young citizen to assume responsibility for her own development and health4 ,physical drill is all very well as a disciplinary means of development1 but it does not give the girl any responsibility in the matter4 ,it is therefore deemed preferable to tell each girl1 according to her age1 what ought to be her height1 weight1 and various measurements 7such as chest1 waist1 arm1 leg1 etc474 ,she is then measured and learns in which points she fails to come up to the standard4 ,she can then be shown which exercises to practise for herself in order to develop those particular points4 ,encouragement must afterwards be given by periodical measurements1 say1 every three months or so4 ,cards can be obtained from the 8,girl ,scouts0 ,headquarters1 which1 besides giving the standard measurements for the various ages1 give columns to be filled in periodically1 showing the girl's remeasurements and progress in development4 ,if each girl has her card it is a great incentive to her to develop herself at odd times when she has a few minutes to spare4 ,games to ,develop ,strength ,skipping1 rowing1 fencing1 swimming1 tennis1 and hand-ball are all valuable aids to developing strength4 ,remember that sitting still is one form of exercise4 ,how can that be8 ,well1 if you remember how you ought to sit and keep yourself up to it you will gradually strengthen the muscles of your back so that in a few weeks you will sit upright naturally without any effort or thought4 ,you may ask why shouldn't ,i sit like that if it is more comfortable4 ,well1 do it if you like1 but remember that a large part of your time is spent sitting1 sitting at lessons1 at meals1 when reading or talking1 and so on4 ,nearly one-third of each day you are sitting1 and therefore forming yourself into one shape or the other4 ,the thing is to form yourself into the right one4 ,the wrong one makes you look pretty dowdy and sloppy when you are going about1 but worse than that it lets your lungs slack down and the muscles of the stomach relax1 so that instead of drawing the full breath of air into your chest for renewing your blood you are only breathing in a little driblet almost down in your stomach4 ,so buck up3 correct your position while your muscles are still young and forming themselves2 later on1 when they are 8set0 you won't be able to alter them4 ,so it just depends on you yourself whether you are going to be a fine upstanding healthy woman or a sloppy old thing4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,first ,,class ,,scout ,,why is a ,second-,class ,scout like an advertisement of ,pears' ,soap8 ,because she sees the ,first ,class ,badge within her reach if she only tries for it and 8she won't be happy till she get it40 ,at any rate ,i hope she won't1 because a ,scout who is content to sit down and be a ,second ,class ,scout is only a third class girl4 ,illustration3 ,she won't be happy till she gets it4 ,it is true that when she has got her ,second ,class1 she can go in for ,proficiency ,badges and cover her arm with them1 but ,i would much rather see a ,scout with the one ,badge of ,first ,class on her left arm than one with a dozen on her right4 ,after all the ,first ,class tests are not so very hard4 ,they look a lot1 but like many other difficulties in this world they are not so bad as they look when you smile at them and tackle them4 ,here are the tests that you have to go through for becoming ,first ,class ,scouts3-- ,first ,class ,girl ,scout ,to become a ,first ,class ,girl ,scout1 she must have been a ,second ,class ,scout4 ,i4 ,,intelligence4 ,,be ,,able to draw a rough sketch of the district around the troop meeting place1 locating the important landmarks1 and be able to direct a stranger to the nearest doctor1 fire station1 telephone1 postoffice1 etc41 from any point within that district1 and to judge distances4 ,,be ,,able to send and receive messages1 in the general service code at the rate of thirty letters a minute4 ,,have ,,fifty cents in the savings banks earned by herself4 ,,present a girl trained by herself in the test for ,tenderfoot4 ,,know ,,how to distinguish and name ten animals1 ten wild birds1 ten wild flowers and ten trees4 ,illustration3 #ast ,class ,scout ,,ii4 ,,handicraft ,,and ,,skill4 ,,be ,,able to prepare1 cook and serve one simple meal1 of three courses4 ,,must ,,bring a shirt waist or skirt made by herself or the equivalent in needlework and be able to put in patches4 ,,iii4 ,,service4 ,,be ,,able to dress and bathe a child two years old or younger4 ,know the proper food to give a child before it is a year old1 and up to the age of two years4 ,know how to clothe the child in winter and summer4 ,,must ,,know how to behave in case of accidents2 and what methods of rescue and restoration to use in two cases such as drowning1 ice accident1 gas poisoning and electric shock4 ,,iv4 ,,health4 ,,must ,,know the simple laws of sanitation1 health and ventilation2 and be able to walk a mile in #bj minutes4 ,,must ,,swim #be yds4 in her clothes1 and undress in the water4 or ,,where ,,swimming is impossible because of weak heart or lack of swimming facilities2 must win the other proficiency badges not already held4 ,how to ,draw a ,map ,once ,i paid a ,boer five pounds for a map which he drew for me with a stub of a pencil on a bit of brown paper4 ,he had never learnt drawing or mapping1 but he was able to jot down a map that was of great value to me in a campaign against the ,zulus4 ,almost any savage can draw you a map in the sand with the point of his stick3 so ,i am sure that any ,scout could do it on paper with a pencil--especially after a little practice4 ,you know how useful it is to be able to read a map4 ,well1 it is still more useful to be able to draw one for helping other people to find their way4 ,you would not be a real ,scout unless you could do this4 ,illustration3 ,a sketch map4 ,illustration3 ,how to indicate roads4 ,illustration3 ,more ways to show roads4 ,illustration3 ,paths and boundaries4 ,illustration3 ,on highroads between large towns you can show the mileage like this4 ,illustration3 ,bridges are indicated this way4 ,illustration3 ,trains and trams4 ,illustration3 ,this is the way to show buildings1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,rivers1 etc1 ,illustration3 ,woods1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,signs for north on map4 ,illustration3 ,contour mapping4 ,the above signs are the conventional signs used in map-making4 ,contouring is most easily explained by cutting an apple in half and placing the halves face downwards1 to represent a hill4 ,you can then slice the pieces horizontally at regular distances to illustrate heights1 as shown on a map4 ,judging ,heights and ,distances ,every ,scout must be able to judge distance from an inch up to a mile and more4 ,you ought1 first of all1 to know exactly what is the span of your hand and the breadth of your thumb1 and the length from your elbow to your wrist1 and the length from one hand to the other with your arms stretched out to either side1 and also the length of your feet and of your stride2 if you remember these accurately1 they are a great help to you in measuring things4 ,judging the distance of objects from you is only gained by practice1 and judging the distance of a journey is generally estimated by seeing how long you have been travelling1 and at what rate2 that is to say1 supposing you walk at the rate of four miles an hour1 if you have been walking for an hour and a half you know that you have done about six miles4 ,illustration3 ,a ,scout must be able to estimate heights4 ,distance can also be judged by sound2 that is to say1 if you see a gun fired in the distance1 and you count the number of seconds between the flash and the sound of the explosion reaching you1 you will be able to tell how far off you are from the gun4 ,illustration ,sound travels at the rate of #cfe yards in a second2 that is1 as many yards as there are days in the year4 ,a ,scout must also be able to estimate heights1 from a few inches up to three thousand feet or more4 ,illustration ,the way to estimate the distance across a river is to take an object ,x1 such as a tree or rock on the opposite bank2 start off at right angles to it from ,a1 and pace1 say1 ninety yards along your bank2 on arriving at sixty yards1 plant a stick or stone1 ,b2 on arriving at ,c1 thirty yards beyond that1 that is ninety from the start1 turn at right angles and walk inland1 counting your paces until you bring the stick and the distant tree in line2 the number of paces that you have taken from the bank ,c ,d will then give you the half distance across ,a ,x4 ,to find the height of an object such as a tree 7,a ,x71 or a house1 pace a distance of1 say1 eight yards away from it1 and there at ,b plant a stick1 say1 six feet high2 then pass on until you arrive at a point where the top of the stick comes in line ,c with the top of the tree2 then the whole distance ,a ,c from the foot is to ,a ,x1 the height of the tree1 the same as the distance ,b ,c1 from the stick1 is to the height of the stick2 that is1 if the whole distance ,a ,c is thirty-three feet1 and the distance ,b ,c from the stick is nine 7the stick being six feet high71 the tree is twenty-two feet high4 7,s4,t47 ,games in ,pathfinding ,learn how to recognize the ,great ,bear and the ,pole ,star and ,orion2 to judge time by the sun2 find the south by the watch4 ,practise map reading and finding the way by the map2 and mark off roads by blazing1 broken branches1 and signs drawn on the ground4 ,captain takes a patrol in patrolling formation into a strange town or into an intricate piece of strange country1 with a cycling map4 ,she then gives instructions as to where she wants to go to1 makes each ,scout in turn lead the patrol1 say1 for seven minutes if cycling1 fifteen minutes if walking4 ,this ,scout is to find the way entirely by the map1 and points are given for ability in reading4 ,how to ,bank ,your ,money ,to be a first-class ,scout you have to have at least a shilling 7or a dollar or a rupee7 in the ,savings ,bank4 ,to do this you apply at your post office to start a deposit4 ,the postmaster will take your money and keep it for you1 and whenever you can get a few more pennies or dimes go and hand them in to be added to your account4 ,as these sums mount up you will begin to be paid back a little 8interest0 by the postmaster4 ,this you can spend on candy--if you are foolish2 but being a ,scout you will add it to the money already in the bank and so increase your pile4 ,how to ,train a ,tenderfoot ,you know the things that you had to do as a ,tenderfoot4 ,it is now your business to do a good turn to another girl by showing her how to become a ,scout4 ,mind you1 it is all done by kindness and example4 ,perhaps you will find your pupil very shy or slow or stupid4 ,well1 ,be ,prepared1 for that and--smile4 ,be jolly with her4 ,don't try and teach her everything all at once4 ,show her generally all that she has to do and then begin with one thing and do it for her--then repeat it with her--and finally let her do it for herself4 ,let her make her mistakes at first and show her afterwards where she went wrong4 ,she will soon get the hang of it all4 ,then your own example is what will influence her a lot4 ,if you get impatient and short-tempered so will she4 ,if you laugh and enjoy the lesson so will she1 and between you1 you will get along like a house on fire4 ,,cooking ,cooking is great fun--sometimes quite exciting1 when you try inventing new dishes4 ,you can only become a cook by practice under the help of an experienced cook4 ,but here are a few practical hints that will be helpful4 ,eggs4--,is an egg lighter or heavier when cooked8 ,an experienced cook is experienced in eggs4 ,there are 8new laid0 eggs which are fresh and 8fresh0 eggs which are not2 there are 8cooking0 eggs which are liable to squeak4 ,eggs are safe in their shells1 and think you don't know whether they are fresh or not1 or whether they are raw4 ,any egg can be thrown out of a first-floor window on to the lawn without the shell breaking1 it falls like a cat1 right end upwards1 and this is not a boiled egg1 either6 ,you can tell that because it will not spin on the table1 so it must have been a raw egg4 ,a cooked egg would spin4 ,to tell a stale egg1 you will see it is more transparent at the thick end when you hold it up to the light4 ,fresh eggs are more transparent in the middle4 ,very bad eggs will float in a pan of water4 ,poached ,eggs4--,break each egg separately into a cup4 ,when your water is boiling fast1 drop in an egg sharply4 ,use a large deep pan1 with salt and vinegar in the water4 ,lift the egg very carefully in a ladle before it is set too hard4 ,place the eggs all round a soup plate1 pour over them a nice sauce1 made with flour and butter1 a little milk1 and some grated cheese and salt4 ,meat4--,examine the meat before you accept it4 ,if you do not know the looks of good meat1 you should go to a butcher's shop and ask him to show you how to know it4 ,much gristle is a sign of old age4 ,you can easily tell if meat smells disagreeable4 ,beef should be of a bright red color1 and juicy and elastic4 ,the fat should be firm and of a pale straw color4 ,mutton should feel dryish and the fat look white4 ,all papers must be taken off at once4 ,the feet of fowls should be soft and flexible1 not dry1 and the skin of the back should not be discolored4 ,beef and mutton1 when underdone1 are more easily digested than when cooked through4 ,roasting and grilling of meat is done to so heat the outside that the juices are kept in4 ,the meat has to be frequently turned to prevent it burning1 but allow plenty of salt to melt into the meat with the dripping1 or it will taste just as good as a sole of a boot4 ,as ,mr4 ,holding said3 8,the only method ,i know of for properly making your meat thoroughly indigestible0 is to hurry a stew4 ,to stew or braise any meat or fowl you must leave it long and keep it slow4 ,the flavor is improved if the meat be fried first4 ,then put in flavoring vegetables1 bacon1 herbs1 and a little stock1 and by the time you have done a day's work you will find a dish fit for a king4 ,even tough meat can be made delicious in this way1 so long as it never gets near boiling and is closely covered4 ,this is a case of 8,sow hurry1 and you reap indigestion40 ,fish4--,a most unwholesome food is stale fish4 ,the gills1 if fresh1 should be bright red4 ,canned fish is often poisonous4 ,fish is a food which you can get more good from1 considering the price1 than if you bought meat1 and the most nourishing fish and the cheapest are the herring mackerel4 ,pieces of fish1 buttered1 can be deliciously steamed or baked if laid between two plates over a saucepan of water4 ,oatmeal4--,oats1 too1 are full of value2 a pound and a half a day will keep a hard-working man1 for oatmeal increases the power of the muscles1 and is rich in bone and flesh-forming materials4 ,what you can get out of oats for #e cents would cost you #ge cents in lean beef4 ,oats give increased mental vigour and vitality1 as they have so much nerve and brain nourishment in them4 ,oatmeal should be kept fresh in a shut case or package4 ,if you think your brain requires a fillip1 eat plenty of beans1 but they must be very much cooked1 and should be well buttered4 ,vegetables4--,of vegetables ,i should like to say they can scarcely be too much cooked4 ,wash well in salted water2 let leafy ones have a swim to get rid of grasshoppers and caterpillars and sand1 then put them into boiling salted water and take off the lid4 ,roots may be allowed covers4 ,peel and slice your onions under water or at a tap4 ,i once watched a grand chef cooking potatoes1 and he told me that the best of the potato lies next the skin1 so he never cuts it1 but he peels his potatoes on a fork after boiling4 ,the cunning cook boils a bunch of mint with the potatoes4 ,excellent food for workers are parsnips1 beetroots1 or onions4 ,boiling ,meat4--,if you want the meat and not the juice1 you should have your pot boiling fast when the meat is put in4 ,but if you want gravy or beef-tea 7not meat71 put your meat into cold water and bring it slowly to the boil4 ,stock ,pot4--,keep a pot going all day1 into which you can put any broken-up bones or scraps left over1 to make nourishing broth4 ,clean turnips1 carrots1 and onions improve it4 ,before using let it get cold1 so as to skim off the fat4 ,barley1 rice1 or tapioca may be added1 and for flavoring add salt1 pepper1 chopped parsley1 celery1 a clove1 or mace4 ,milk4--,milk will take the flavor of any strong smell near it4 ,stale milk added to fresh will turn the whole of it sour4 ,sour milk need not be wasted4 ,you can use it for baking or cooking1 by adding bicarbonate of soda4 ,sour milk will clean ink or fruit stains1 and in washing it bleaches linen4 ,yellowed linen should soak in it1 so should spoons and forks4 ,sour milk cleanses oil-cloth as well as women's faces and hands4 ,chickens and turkeys get fat and lay better for being fed on it4 ,illustration ,to weigh roughly1 tie a loop of string to your package of tea1 sugar1 etc41 and pass it on to your first finger4 ,i find three pounds is as much as ,i can hold on my nail4 ,if the loop is shifted to the root of the nail1 four pounds is all one can hold4 ,if the string is placed on the first joint1 ,i find the parcel weighs seven pounds4 ,each person will be different1 but you can find out your own power of lifting1 and then you will know exactly for the future4 ,,fireless ,,cooker ,a jolly useful thing for saving coal1 saving time1 and saving money is a ,fireless ,cooker4 ,the ,fireless ,cooker is a very valuable help to you in your enjoyment of camp1 because once you have started the food cooking you shove it in the ,fireless ,cooker1 you press the lid1 and the ,fireless ,cooker does the rest6 ,and you can leave the dinner to cook itself while you go out and play camp games4 ,and so1 too1 in your own home1 once you have started the food cooking you can put out the fire1 and thus save fuel or gas1 and let the ,fireless ,cooker finish the job for you4 ,construction of ,box ,obtain a large wooden box1 such as a soap box4 ,line with double newspaper4 ,fill the box to within two or three inches of the top with very tightly packed hay1 scoop out of the centre of the hay a cavity large enough to hold the cooking utensil4 ,make a cushion of house flannel to fit the top of the box exactly and stuff it tightly with hay4 ,rules for ,use of ,fireless ,cooker ,use saucepans with tightly fitting lids and short handles4 ,those made of aluminum or earthenware are preferable4 ,jam jars or large tins tightly covered may be used4 ,bring the food to boiling point on the gas cooker or kitchen range and while boiling place it at once in the box4 ,some foods require a certain amount of cooking previous to being placed in the ,fireless ,cooker4 7,see table below47 ,wrap the cooking utensil in newspaper1 and place in the prepared nest in the ,fireless ,cooker4 ,over this place the hay cushion and close the lid firmly4 ,there must be no space between the cushion and the lid4 ,,note4--,to obtain satisfactory results1 pack the stew-pan as quickly and firmly as possible2 this is to prevent loss of heat4 ,average ,time for ,various ,foods ,meat4--,cook for about half the usual time on the gas or kitchen range1 and about four to six hours in the ,fireless ,cooker4 ,dried ,beans4--,soak overnight4 ,boil for #cj minutes4 ,allow three to four hours in the cooker4 ,fresh ,fruit4--,bring to boiling point and place in the cooker at once4 ,allow one or two hours1 according to the firmness of the fruit4 ,dried ,fruit4--,soak overnight1 bring to boiling point and put in the cooker for three to five hours4 ,oatmeal4--,boil for five minutes and leave in the cooker all night4 ,quaker ,oats4--,bring to boiling point and leave in the cooker two hours4 ,other foods1 such as vegetables1 bacon1 etc41 can be cooked by this method4 ,small ,economics ,in the preparation and cooking of food there should be very little for the garbage can1 and only cabbage or egg water for the drain4 ,rinds and bones of bacon4 ,outside stalks of celery4 ,the young green parts of vegetables4 ,flavor soup or stock4 ,pieces of gristle1 skin and bone4 ,pea pods4 ,thick stems of cabbage or cauliflower leaves may be served with the vegetables or separately1 if given sufficient time to cook4 ,water from boiled cauliflower makes a good soup4 ,apple skins--stones from jam--the surplus water from bottled fruit--boiled with a little sugar and water make a very good fruit syrup to serve with milk or suet puddings4 ,the sugar from candied peel will sweeten and flavor a rice pudding4 ,water from boiled rice makes a thin stock for soups1 or can be used to stiffen articles of clothing in place of starch4 ,the grease-proof paper from margarine1 etc41 will cover steamed puddings4 ,salt removes stains from enamel4 ,tissue paper cut into rounds and dipped in warm milk will make air-tight covers for jam-pots1 or can be used for polishing glass or metal4 ,newspapers can be used for lining the fireless cooker1 wiping greasy saucepans or knives before washing1 making fire lighters1 rubbing over the stoves--the dirty pieces can be soaked in water1 made into balls and put on the fire to keep it at a steady heat4 ,dried orange skins1 nutshells1 used matches1 matchboxes1 empty reels1 fruit stones1 are useful for fire lighting4 ,vegetable parings not fit for food should be dried and used as fuel unless animals are kept4 ,gas ,stove ,the stove and utensils should be kept clean4 ,shallow flat-bottomed vessels should be used4 ,a compartment steamer cooks three or four different foods on one burner4 ,a pudding in a basin can be raised out of water by a meat stand placed at the bottom of an ordinary saucepan--and vegetables cooked in a perforated steam pan above4 ,where possible arrange a meal to be cooked all on the top of the stove1 or all in the oven4 ,avoid heating the oven to cook a single dish4 ,utilise all space when the oven is heated--food may be partly or wholly cooked for following day4 ,in a gas oven three or four small tins are better than one large tin which fills the shelf4 ,by the former method free circulation of heat is not prevented1 and cooking is more efficient4 ,if a large tin is used1 have holes drilled in it to allow passage of heat4 ,fill the kettle before lighting the gas1 and turn out the gas before emptying the kettle4 ,don't fill the kettle if only a pint of water is wanted4 ,tips for ,cleaning4--,directly your cooking pot is empty pour cold water into it and put it on the fire to prevent the leavings getting hard1 it will then be quite easy to clean later on4 ,personally ,i like washing up1 though some people don't1 but the main thing is to keep the greasy things to the last4 ,wash the cleaner things first in hot water with a clean dishcloth1 then add hotter water and deal with the greasy things4 ,dry the utensils with a dry towel1 then dry further in warm air1 and finally polish with a soft cloth4 ,,needlewoman ,needlework4--8,a stitch in time saves nine40 ,i cannot agree with this favorite saying1 because ,i feel sure it saves so many more than nine1 besides saving time and preventing looking untidy4 ,i will tell you another thing ,i don't believe in4 ,tailors1 who are such neat workers1 will say that they never pin their work first4 ,if you are not a tailor1 it is much better to place your work before you begin1 with plenty of pins4 ,you will never get straight lines or smooth corners if you do not plan and place it all first1 just as it has got to be1 and tack it there4 ,have you noticed that thread is very fond of tying itself into a bow2 but this can be prevented by threading the needle before you cut the thread off the spool1 making your knot at the end you cut4 ,rough measures may be said to be one inch across a #be cent piece1 and a yard from nose to thumb as far as you can reach4 ,needle-work is good for all of us2 it rests and calms the mind4 ,you can think peacefully over all the worries of ,europe whilst you are stitching4 ,sewing generally solves all the toughest problems1 chiefly other people's4 ,the ,scouts' ,patch4--,i don't know whether you ever did such a thing as burn a hole in your dress1 but ,i have1 and if it is in the front1 oh1 dear6 what will mother say8 ,now1 there is a very good way that ,scouts have of making it all right and serviceable2 they put in a piece and darn it in all round4 ,if possible1 get a piece of the same stuff1 then it will not fade a different tint1 and will wear the same as the rest4 ,you may undo the hem and cut out a bit1 or perhaps you may have some scraps over from cutting out your dress4 ,the piece must be cut three or four inches larger than the hole and frayed out on all four sides4 ,trim the hole with your scissors neatly all round quite square with the thread4 ,then lay your piece over the hole--of course1 on the back or 8wrong side0--and tack it there with cotton4 ,now take a darning needle1 and thread each thread in turn and darn each one into the stuff4 ,if the ends of stuff are very short1 it is best to run your needle in and out where you are going to darn1 and then1 before pulling it through1 thread it with the wool4 ,this patching is excellent for table-linen4 ,i once had an aunt who was a thorough old ,scout1 and was rather proud of her mending1 and she always said that she didn't mind what colored cotton you gave her to sew with1 because her stitches hardly ever showed1 they were so small1 and also she put them inside the stuff4 ,if she was putting on a patch to blue stuff1 she could do it with red cotton1 and you would never have noticed it on the right side2 her stitches were all under the edge4 ,or else she sewed it at the back1 on the 8wrong0 side1 so that it looked perfectly neat4 ,if you are not able to match the wool for a darn1 it is a good plan to use the ravellings of the stuff itself4 ,sometimes1 away in the country1 you can't go to shop and you have nothing like the piece you want to mend4 ,a ,scout would turn it inside out and undo a little of the hem and ravel out the edge4 ,suppose you were to cut a hole in the front of your blue serge skirt2 if you darn it with the ravellings of the turnings of the seam or the hem1 that will be exactly the same color and the same thickness as your dress4 ,no wool you could buy would match as well4 ,or if you want to mend a jersey or knitted gloves1 you never could buy such a good match--the same sized wools and the tints4 ,,how ,,to ,,deal ,,with ,,fires ,,and ,,accidents ,fire4--,if you discover a house on fire you should-- #ast--,alarm the people inside4 #bnd--,warn the nearest policeman or fire-brigade station4 #crd--,rouse neighbours to bring ladders1 mattresses1 carpets1 to catch people jumping4 ,after arrival of fire engines the best thing girls can do is to help the police in keeping back the crowd out of the way of the firemen1 hose1 etc4 ,if it is necessary to go into a house to search for feeble insensible people1 the thing is to place a wet handkerchief or worsted stocking over your nose and mouth and walk in a stooping position1 or crawl along on your hands and knees quite near the floor1 as it is here that there is least smoke or gas4 ,also1 for passing through fire and sparks1 if you can1 get hold of a blanket1 and wet it1 and cut a hole in the middle through which to put your head2 it forms a kind of fireproof mantle1 with which you can push through flames and sparks4 ,practice this4 ,if you find a person with his clothes on fire1 you should throw him flat on the floor1 because flames only burn upwards1 then roll him up in the hearthrug or carpet1 coat or blanket1 and take care in doing so that you don't catch fire yourself4 ,the reason for doing this is that fire cannot continue to burn where it has no air4 ,when you find an insensible person 7and very often in their fright they will have hidden themselves under beds and tables1 etc471 you should either carry him out on your shoulder1 or1 what is often more practicable in the case of heavy smoke1 gas fumes1 or in battle when under heavy fire1 etc41 harness yourself on to him with sheets or cords and drag him out of the room along the floor1 crawling on all fours yourself4 ,a soldier was recently awarded the ,distinguished ,conduct ,medal for thus getting his wounded officer into safety while being fired at by the enemy4 ,to do this you lay the patient on his back1 make a bowline at each end of your rope1 one you put over the patient's chest and under his arms1 and the other over your own neck1 then with your back to his head you start on 8all fours0 to pull him along1 head first4 ,if the bowline is the right length it will keep his head up off the ground1 as the picture shows4 ,illustration3 ,moving an insensible girl4 ,burns4--,in treating a man who has been burnt1 remove his clothes1 not by peeling them off1 but by cutting them with a ,,sharp knife or scissors4 ,if any part of the dress sticks to the skin from having been burnt there do not tear it away1 but cut the cloth round it1 then as quickly as possible protect the burnt parts from the air1 which causes intense pain4 ,the best way to protect them is by dusting them with powdered chalk or flour1 or by laying strips of lint well soaked in sweet oil or linseed oil1 and covering the whole with cotton wool1 or by pouring on oil4 ,keep the patient warm1 and give warm drinks1 such as hot tea1 hot milk1 or salomonia and water4 ,major ,john ,garroway1 ,m4,d41 strongly recommends1 instead of flour or oil to stop the pain of a burn1 to put a piece of paper firmly over the wound1 and the pain will be relieved in a few seconds4 ,quite a large number of ,scouts have saved lives in the water through knowing how to swim and what to do4 ,several ,scouts have also saved life in fire1 and have received medals for saving life4 ,illustration ,saving ,life from ,drowning4--,a moderate swimmer can save a drowning man if she knows how1 and has practised it a few times with her friends4 ,the popular idea that a drowning person rises three times before he finally sinks is all nonsense4 ,he often drowns at once1 unless someone is quick to help him4 ,the important point is not to let the drowning person catch hold of you1 or he will probably drown you too4 ,keep behind him always4 ,if you find yourself clutched by the wrist1 turn your wrist against his thumb and force yourself free4 ,your best way in helping a drowning man is to keep behind and hold him up by the elbows1 or by the back of the neck1 or by putting your arms under his armpits and your hands across his chest1 and telling him to keep quiet and not to struggle4 ,if he obeys1 you can easily keep him afloat2 but otherwise be careful that in his terror he does not turn over and catch hold of you4 ,if he should seize you by the neck1 ,holbein says1 8,scrag him1 and scrag him quickly4 ,place your arm round his waist1 and the other hand1 palm upwards1 under his chin1 with your fingertips under his nose4 ,pull and push with all your might1 and he must perforce let go40 ,but you will never remember this unless you practise it frequently with other people first1 each taking it in turns to be the drowning man or rescuer4 ,practice this4 ,if you see a person fall into the water and begin to drown1 and you yourself are unable to swim1 you must throw a rope1 or an oar1 or plank right over him1 so that when he comes up again he may clutch at it and hold it4 ,drowning4--,to restore any one who is apparently drowned1 it is necessary at once to clear the water out of his lungs1 for which purpose1 therefore1 you should incline him face downwards and head downwards1 so that the water may run out of his mouth1 and to help it you should open his mouth and pull forward his tongue4 ,after running the water out of the patient1 place him on his side with his body slightly hanging down1 and keep the tongue hanging out4 ,if he is breathing1 let him rest2 if he is not breathing1 you must at once endeavour to restore breathing artificially4 ,illustration3 8,if ,i can't swim ,i have at least learnt how to fling a lifebuoy40 ,there are several ways of reviving persons apparently drowned4 ,you may find one person eager to do exactly the opposite of another1 but do not fight over it2 the best thing is to do quickly whatever you can4 ,probably 8,schfer's system0 is the simplest4 ,lay the patient down with his bent arm to support the forehead4 ,place your hands on the small of the patient's back1 one on each side1 with thumbs parallel and nearly touching1 and the fingers reaching only to the lowest ribs4 ,bend forward with the arms straight1 so as to allow the weight of your body to fall on your wrists1 and then make a firm1 steady downward pressure on the loins of the patient1 while you count slowly1 one--two--three1 to press the patient's stomach against the ground and to force the air from his chest4 ,then swing your body backwards so as to relieve the pressure1 and without removing your hands1 while you count slowly1 one--two4 ,continue this backward and forward movement1 alternately relieving and pressing the patient's stomach against the ground in order to drive the air out of his chest and mouth1 and allowing it to suck itself in again1 until gradually the patient begins to do it for himself4 ,the proper pace for the movement should be about twelve pressures to the minute4 ,as soon as the patient is breathing1 you can leave off the pressure2 but watch him1 and if he fails you must start again or get some one to take your place till he can breath for himself4 ,then let him lie in a natural position1 and set to work to get him warm by putting hot flannels or bottles of hot water between his thighs1 and under the arms1 and against the soles of his feet1 but not before he is breathing4 ,wet clothing should be taken off and hot blankets rolled round him4 ,the patient should be disturbed as little as possible1 and encouraged to sleep1 while carefully watched for at least an hour afterwards4 ,this is called the ,schfer method1 and can be used equally well for drowned people or for those overcome with smoke or gas fumes4 ,now just practise this with another ,scout a few times1 so that you understand exactly how to do it1 and so ,be ,prepared to do it to some poor fellow1 maybe1 really in need of it one day4 ,make the ,scouts1 in pairs1 practise above4 ,wounded3 taking off clothes4 ,pull off from the well or uninjured side first1 then when all is loose1 carefully uncover the injured part4 ,try not to move it1 cut the sleeve or trouser up the seam with the rounded end of scissors inside the cloth4 ,if clothes have to be put on again1 sew pairs of tapes to edges4 ,accidents ,electric ,shock4--,men frequently get knocked insensible by touching an electric cable or rail4 ,the patient should be moved from the rail1 but you have to be careful in doing this that you don't get the electric shock also4 ,in the first place put glass1 if possible1 for yourself to stand upon1 or dry wood if glass is not obtainable1 or put on india-rubber boots4 ,also put on india-rubber gloves before touching the patient4 ,if you have none1 wrap your hands in several thicknesses of dry cloth1 and pull the patient away with a stick4 ,a boy was hunting butterflies at ,st4 ,ouen1 in ,france1 the other day1 when he fell on the 8live0 rail of the electric railway and was instantly killed by the shock4 ,a passer-by1 in trying to lift him off1 fell dead beside him4 ,a brickmaker ran up and tried to rescue them1 and was himself struck dead in the same way4 ,the two would-be rescuers were killed through not having learned beforehand what was the right thing to do4 7,s4,t47 ,gas1 ,smoke1 or ,fumes4--,accidents are continually occurring from escapes of gas in mines1 sewers1 and houses4 ,in endeavoring to rescue a person1 keep your nose and mouth well covered with a wet handkerchief1 and get your head as close to the floor as possible1 and drag the insensible person out as ,i have suggested in case of a fire4 ,drag your patient as quickly as possible into the fresh air--7,i say as quickly as possible1 because if you delay about it you are very apt to be overcome by the noxious gas yourself7--then loosen all his clothing about the neck and chest1 dash cold water in his face4 ,if you find that he is no longer breathing1 then treat him as you would a drowned person1 and try and work back the breath into his body4 ,illustration3 ,push a long ladder or pole across the hole4 ,ice ,accidents4--,if a person falls through ice1 and is unable to get out again because of the edges breaking1 throw him a rope and tell him not to struggle4 ,this may give him confidence until you can get a long ladder or pole ,,across the hole1 which will enable him to crawl out1 or will allow you to crawl out to catch hold of him4 ,first ,aid ,when you see an accident in the street or people injured1 the sight of the torn limbs1 the blood1 the broken bones1 and the sound of the groans and sobbing all make you feel sick and horrified and anxious to get away from it--if you're not a ,girl ,scout4 ,but that is cowardice3 your business as a ,scout is to steel yourself to face it and to help the poor victim4 ,as a matter of fact1 after a trial or two you really get to like such jobs1 because with coolheadedness and knowledge of what to do you feel you give the much-needed help4 7,s4,t47 ,every ,scout should not only know how1 but should from frequent practice be able to do the right thing in every kind of accidental injury4 ,in an accident when you are alone with the injured person1 if he is unconscious lay him on his back with his head a little raised and on one side so that he does not choke1 and so that any vomit or water1 etc41 can run out of his mouth4 ,loosen the clothing about his neck and chest4 ,see where he is injured1 and treat him according to what you are taught in learn 8,first ,aid40 ,if you have found the man lying insensible you should carefully examine the ground round him for any 8sign10 and take note of it and of his position1 etc41 in case it should be afterwards appear that he had been attacked by others4 ,practise above1 one girl as patient1 the other to find her4 ,make 8sign0 round the patient4 ,if you are out with a patrol and an accident happens1 or you find an injured man1 the patrol leader should direct one scout to go for a doctor2 she herself will attend to the patient with one ,scout to help her4 ,the second will use the other ,scouts in assisting by getting water or blankets1 or making a stretcher1 or keeping the crowd back by forming a fence with their ropes4 ,as a rule it is best to keep the patient quite quiet at first2 unless it is necessary1 do not try to move him2 and don't bother him with questions until he recovers a bit4 ,broken ,limbs4--,how to tell when a limb is broken4 ,there is generally a swelling and pain about the place where the bone has broken1 and sometimes the limb is bent in an unnatural way and the patient cannot use it4 ,the broken limb should not be moved about at all1 but should be straightened and bound to something stiff that will keep it stiff and straight while the patient is being moved to hospital or home4 ,splints4--,the stiff thing that you tie to the injured limb is called a splint4 ,this may be anything such as a wooden batten1 ,scout's staff1 tightly rolled newspaper1 etc4 ,splints should be long enough to go beyond the joints above and below the break4 ,you should put a splint on each side of the limb if possible4 ,then bind the splints firmly from end to end with handkerchiefs or strips of linen or cloths1 but not so tightly as to stop the blood circulating or to press into the swelling4 ,practise this4 ,bandage4--,for binding a broken limb you want a good large three-cornered bandage4 ,its two sides should be each about forty inches long4 ,illustration3 ,bandaging4 ,to make a sling for broken arm or collarbone1 hang the bandage round the patient's neck1 tying the two ends together in a reef-knot with the point of the bandage towards the damaged arm4 ,rest the arm in this sling and bring the point round the back of the arm and pin it to hold the elbow in the sling4 ,fishhook in the ,skin4--,i got a fishhook into my finger the other day4 ,i got a knife and cut off all the fly which was on the hook1 then pushed the hook farther into my finger till the point began to push against the skin from inside4 ,with a sharp knife ,i cut a little slit in the skin so that the point came easily through1 and ,i was then able to get hold of it and to pull the whole hook through4 ,of course you cannot get a hook out backwards1 as the barb holds tight in the flesh all the time4 ,such fun6 ,frost-bite4--,in ,arctic countries or extreme cold men are liable to get frost-bitten4 ,that is1 their ears1 or nose1 or fingers1 or toes get killed by the cold4 ,the patient does not feel any pain2 the part becomes numb and turns very white and waxy1 and afterwards purple4 ,directly this is noticed the part should be rubbed with snow or with the hand until the blood comes back to it4 ,on no account should it be warmed by putting the patient in a warm room or near a fire2 that would kill the part at once4 ,hysterics4--,nervous people1 especially women1 get hysterics when excited1 crying1 laughing1 and screaming4 ,the best treatment is to shut the patient into a room and leave her entirely alone till she gets over it4 ,don't try and soothe her1 it only makes her worse4 ,fainting4--,if your patient faints and is pale--fainting comes from too little blood in the head--make him sit down1 and push his head down between his knees4 ,pressure on a nerve 7for instance1 in top of eye socket7 will often revive4 ,if his face is flushed raise the head--there is too much blood in it1 as in apoplexy or sunstroke4 ,toothache4--,this is not mentioned in most first aid instructions1 and yet you can earn many blessings by knowing how to relieve it4 ,here is a simple way that is generally successful1 especially if the offending tooth is in the upper jaw4 ,steep a little bit of cotton-wool in spirits of camphor4 ,stuff the wool into one nostril--hold the other nostril tight shut and make the patient draw in the air through the wool4 ,the spirit is thus sucked in on to the nerve1 which lies near the back of the nose1 and it very quickly relieves the pain4 ,fits4--,a man cries out and falls1 and twitches and jerks his limbs about1 froths at the mouth3 he is in a fit4 ,it is no good to do anything to him before the doctor comes except to put a bit of wood or cork between his jaws1 so that he does not bite his tongue4 ,let him sleep well after a fit4 ,poisoning4--,if a person suddenly falls very ill after taking food1 or is known to have taken poison1 the first thing to do is to make him swallow some milk or raw eggs4 ,these seem to collect all the poison that is otherwise spread about inside him4 ,then1 if the mouth is not stained or burnt by the poison1 make him vomit if possible by giving him salt and warm water1 and try tickling the inside of his throat with a feather4 ,then more eggs and milk1 and weak tea4 ,if the poison is an acid that burns1 the patient should not be made to vomit1 but milk or salad oil should be given4 ,the patient should be kept awake if he gets drowsy4 ,blood-,poisoning4--,this results from dirt being allowed to get into a wound4 ,swelling1 pain1 red veins appear4 ,fomenting with hot water is the best relief4 ,choking4--,loosen collar2 hold the patient's nose with one hand and with the forefinger of the other1 or with the handle of a spoon try and pull out whatever is stuck in his throat4 ,by pressing down the root of the tongue you may make him vomit and throw out the obstruction4 ,for slight choking make patient bend head well back and swallow small pills made of bread1 and sip water4 ,sometimes a good hard smack on the back will do him good4 ,choking sometimes comes from a sudden swelling inside the throat4 ,in this case put hot steaming flannel fomentations to the neck and give the patient ice to suck or cold water to sip4 ,quinsy4--,when ,i was in the ,andes ,mountains in ,south ,america recently1 ,i heard of two ,englishmen who had died there not long before from choking by quinsy1 simply because there was no one by who knew what to do in such a case4 ,everybody ought to ,be ,prepared to deal with quinsy if away from the help of doctors4 ,most people suffer from tonsillitis at one time or another in their lives--that is a swelling of the tonsils--the round lumps of flesh on each side of the back of the throat4 ,and sometimes1 on rare occasions1 the swelling becomes so great that the patient cannot breathe1 the throat becomes completely blocked up4 ,this is quinsy4 ,very hot fomentations is the best step towards easing the pain and reducing the swelling4 ,the extreme measure is to lance the patient's tonsils4 ,acid ,burning4--,a case occurred only the other day of a woman throwing vitriol over a man's face4 ,this is an awful acid1 which burns and eats away the flesh wherever it touches4 ,fortunately a policeman happened to be on the spot at the time1 and knew what to do4 ,he at once applied half warm water to which some soda had been added to wash off the acid1 and then applied flour or whitening to protect the wound from the air and ease the pain as you would do for a burn4 ,snake ,bite4--,fortunately poisonous snakes are uncommon4 ,if you go abroad you may come across them1 and you ought always to know how to deal with bites from them4 ,the same treatment does also for wounds from poisoned arrows1 mad dogs1 etc4 ,remember the poison from a bite gets into your blood1 and goes all through your body in a very few beats of your pulse4 ,therefore1 whatever you do must be done immediately4 ,the great thing is to stop the poison rushing up the veins into the body4 ,to do this bind a cord or handkerchief immediately round the limb above the place where the patient has been bitten1 so as to stop the blood flying back to the heart with the poison4 ,then try and suck the poison out of the wound1 and1 if possible1 cut the wound still more1 to make it bleed1 and run the poison out4 ,the poison1 when sucked into the mouth1 does no harm unless you have a wound in your mouth4 ,the patient should also be given stimulants1 such as coffee or spirits1 to a very big extent1 and not allowed to become drowsy1 but should be walked about and pricked and smacked in order to keep his senses alive4 ,practise this process in make-believe4 7,s4,t47 ,grit in the ,eye4--,do not let your patient rub the eye2 it will only cause inflammation and swelling1 and so make the difficulty of removing the grit all the greater4 ,if the grit is in the lower eyelid1 draw down the lid as far as you can1 and gently brush it out with the corner of a moistened handkerchief1 or with a paint brush1 or feather4 ,if it is under the upper lid1 pull the lid away from the eyeball and push the under lid up underneath the upper one4 ,in this way the eyelashes of the lower lid will generally clean the inside of the upper one4 ,another way1 which every ,scout must practise1 is to seat your patient and stand behind him yourself with the back of his head against your chest4 ,lay a card1 match1 or any flat substance under your own thumb on the upper part of the upper eyelid1 and then catch hold of the edge of the eyelid and draw it upwards over the match so that it turns inside out2 gently remove the grit with a feather or wet handkerchief1 and roll the eyelid down again4 ,if the eye is much inflamed1 bathe it with luke-warm weak tea4 ,if the grit is firmly imbedded in the eye1 drop a little oil 7olive or castor oil7 into the lower lid2 close the eye1 and bandage it with a soft wet pad and bandage1 and get a doctor to see it4 ,practise above4 ,how to make eye-tweezers for removing a piece of grit from eye4 ,fold a piece of paper in two4 ,with a sharp knife cut it to a point of an angle of #cj1 and slightly moisten the point4 ,then bring it straight down over the eyeball of the patient1 so that it can nip the obstruction1 which is generally removed at the first attempt4 ,,stretchers may be arranged in some of the following ways3 7a7 ,a hurdle1 shutter1 door1 gate1 covered well with straw1 hay1 clothing1 sacking4 7b7 ,a piece of carpet1 blanket1 sacking1 tarpaulin or ,girl ,scout skirts1 spread out1 and two stout poles rolled up in the sides4 ,put clothes for a pillow4 7c7 ,two coats1 with the sleeves turned inside out2 pass two poles through the sleeves2 button the coats over them4 7d7 ,two poles passed through a couple of sacks1 through holes at the bottom corners of each4 ,in carrying a patient on a stretcher be careful that he is made quite comfortable before you start4 ,let both bearers rise together2 they must walk out of step1 and take short paces4 ,it should be the duty of the hinder bearer to keep a careful watch on the patient4 ,if the poles are short four bearers will be necessary1 one at each corner of the stretcher4 ,practice these different methods4 ,how to ,practise ,in practising ,first ,aid it is a great thing to bespatter the patient with blood and mud to accustom the rescuer to the sight of it1 otherwise it will often unnerve him in a real accident4 ,sheep's blood can be got from the butcher's shop4 ,prepare a heavy smoke fire in a neighbouring room or building 7if possible on the first floor71 while you are lecturing in the club room4 ,secretly arrange with two or three ,scouts that if an alarm of fire is given they should run about frightened and try and start a panic4 ,have the alarm given either by getting some one to rush in and tell you of the fire1 or by having some explosive bombs fired4 ,then let a patrol1 or two patrols1 tackle the fire under direction of their patrol leaders4 ,they should shut windows and doors4 ,send ,scouts into different parts of the building to see if the fire is spreading1 and to search for people in need of rescue4 ,these ,scouts should have wet handkerchiefs over their mouths and noses4 8,insensible0 people 7or sack dummies7 should be hidden under tables1 etc4 ,scouts rescue them by shouldering or dragging them out and getting them down to the ground4 ,use jumping sheet1 chute1 etc4 ,other parties lay and connect the hose1 or make lines for passing fire buckets4 ,another party revive the rescued by restoring animation4 ,another party form 8fence0 to help the police and fire brigade by keeping the crowd back4 ,games 8,dragging ,race40--,a line of patients of one patrol are laid out at fifty yards distance from start4 ,another patrol1 each carrying a rope1 run out1 tie ropes to the patients1 and drag them in4 ,time taken of last in4 ,patrols change places4 ,the one which completes in shortest time wins4 ,knots must be correctly tied4 7,s4,t47 ,physical ,exercises and ,health ,rules ,the simple physical exercises given in the earlier chapters will give you all the movements needed to keep you well and to help your growth ,,if you only practise them4 ,that is the secret4 ,set apart certain minutes in the day1 especially in the early morning1 and make it your habit to go through these exercises and you will make for yourself a wonderful difference in your health4 ,but alongside this giving health to your body1 you must see to it that your surroundings1 your home1 the air1 your food1 and your clothing are also health-giving1 otherwise all the exercise in the world will not help you4 ,health ,rules for the ,home ,scouts should do everything in their power to make and keep their homes healthy as well as happy4 ,most of you cannot choose your own dwelling1 but whether you live in a house1 a cottage1 a flat1 in rooms1 or even in one room of a house1 you can do a very great deal to keep it healthy and pure4 ,fresh air is your great friend2 it will help you to fight disease better than anything else4 ,open all your windows as often as you can1 so that the air may get into every nook and corner4 ,never keep an unused room shut up4 ,disease germs1 poisonous gases1 mildew1 insects1 dust1 and dirt have it all their own way in stale1 used-up air4 ,air does not flow in and flow out of the same opening at the same time any more than water does1 so you want two openings in a room--an open window to let the good air in1 and a fireplace and chimney to let the stale air out1 or whether there is no fireplace1 a window open both at top and bottom4 ,the night air in large towns is purer than the day air1 and both in town and country you should sleep with your window open if you want to be healthy4 ,draughts are not good1 as they carry away the heat from your body too fast2 so if your bed is too near the window1 put up a shelter between it and the open window and cover yourself more4 ,at least one window on a staircase or landing should always be kept open1 and also the pantry and the closet windows4 ,tidiness4--,half your time will be saved if little things are kept tidy4 ,have a place for everything1 and have everything in its place4 ,if you are not sure which is the right place for a thing1 think 8,where1 if ,i wanted it1 should ,i go to look for it80 ,that place is the right one4 ,get into the habit of always making a ball of any string you get and collect them4 ,war must be waged against rats and mice1 or they will invade you and loot everything4 ,if you have no mouse-traps1 put a newspaper over a pail of water1 break a hole slightly in the centre in the form of a star1 and place a bit of cheese on the centre tips of star to entice the mouse4 ,let the paper reach to the floor1 not too upright1 for the mouse to climb up4 ,try putting broken camphor into their holes2 they dislike the smell4 ,fly and wasp traps are made by tying paper over a tumbler half-filled with water and beer or molasses4 ,break a hole in the paper1 and fit in a tube of rolled paper about one inch long and one inch across4 ,damp is never healthy1 and you can prevent it to a great extent by letting plenty of fresh air go through your house and rooms which have been shut up4 ,when you see signs of damp1 try to find out the cause2 it may be put right4 ,a pipe or gutter may have got blocked1 or there may be a loose shingle1 or the water pipes may be leaking4 ,in countries where there are mosquitoes people are very careful not to allow any water to lie near their houses1 for the poisonous mosquito breeds in stagnant water4 ,sunflowers planted near a house help to keep the soil dry2 also low bushes and plants4 ,consumption and other deadly disease germs flourish in damp1 ill-aired houses4 ,sunlight is a great health-giver and disinfectant1 and the more of it you have in your house the better4 ,long ago people used to shut out the sun and air for fear their curtains and carpets would fade1 but it is far better that the sun should fade your curtains than that the darkness should fade you4 ,cases of consumption are rare in dry1 sunny houses4 ,nurseries and bedrooms should have plenty of morning and mid-day sun4 ,motto3 8,tidy as you go40 ,cleanliness in every part of the house is most necessary1 especially kitchen and refrigerators4 ,do not let dust or rubbish collect anywhere1 behind furniture or pictures1 under beds1 or in cupboards4 ,if we realised what horrid things we may collect from pavement or street dust on our skirts and shoes1 we should be much more careful about the dusting of our rooms4 ,do not allow dogs1 cats1 or birds to be where they can touch your food or your cooking utensils2 animals have diseases too4 ,flies1 gnats1 and fleas are most dangerous pests2 they feed on decayed and diseased things1 and may carry poison on their feet and leave it on your food4 ,keep them out of your house1 and especially chase them out of your kitchen and larder4 ,any bad smell in a house is a danger signal2 find out its cause1 and get rid of it4 7,s4,t47 ,be sure your drinking water is pure4 ,if you are at all doubtful about it1 boil it well--that is1 for not less than fifteen minutes4 ,water cisterns should be often cleaned out4 ,see that all drains1 sinks1 and closets are in good order4 ,a very poisonous gas called sewer gas comes from bad drains1 and typhoid1 diphtheria1 etc41 are caused by drinking bad water and bad drainage4 ,the gas does not come up if there is a 8trap0 full of water in the pipe2 that is a curve in the pipe where water collects4 ,let water run down all sinks once or twice a day to rinse the pipes4 ,to sum up1 8,remember that nearly all the dangers to health in a house or room begin with a ,d1 and these dangers or destroyers are3 8,darkness4 8,damp4 8,dust4 8,dirt4 8,doubtful drinking water4 8,defective drains40 ,against these destroyers1 which bring debility1 disease and even death1 the ,scouts' defences are3 8,sunlight4 8,fresh air4 8,cleanliness40 ,housewifery4--,every ,scout is as much a 8housewife0 as she is a girl4 ,she is sure to have to 8keep house0 some day1 and whatever house she finds herself in1 it is certain that that place is the better for her being there4 ,too many odds and ends and draperies about a room are only dust-traps1 and rugs or carpet squares1 which can be taken up easily1 are better than nailed down carpets4 ,keep all the furniture clean and bright4 ,fresh air1 soap1 and water are the good housewife's best allies4 ,bars of soap should be cut up in squares and kept for six weeks before being used4 ,this hardens it and makes it last longer4 ,in scrubbing boarded floors1 the secret is not to deluge the floor2 change the water in the pail frequently4 ,in the work of cleaning think out your plan beforehand1 so as not to dirty what has been cleaned4 ,plan out certain times for each kind of work and have your regular days for doing each thing4 ,pasteboards and ,deal ,tables4--,scrub hard the way of the grain4 ,hot water makes boards and tables yellow4 ,rinse in cold water and dry well4 ,saucepans4--,new saucepans must not be used till they have first been filled with cold water and a little soda1 and boiled for an hour or so1 and must be well scoured4 ,after bowls or saucepans have been used1 fill them at once with cold water to the brim2 this will prevent anything hardening on the saucepan and will make cleaning easier4 ,swimming ,swimming4--,every #ast ,class ,scout ought to be able to swim4 ,it is not only for her own amusement that she should do so1 but so that she will not cause other people to risk their lives in rescuing her when she gets into difficulties in the water1 and that she may be able to help those in distress4 ,british girls are behindhand in learning to swim--it is very different in ,norway and ,sweden1 or in ,america1 where nearly every girl can swim4 ,where a doctor says swimming is bad for her1 or there is no possible means for her learning1 such other badges that she does not hold may be accepted instead towards qualifying the ,scout for her #ast ,class4 ,no ,scout can be of real use till she can swim1 and to learn swimming is no more difficult than to learn bicycling4 ,all you have to do is at first to try and swim like a dog1 as if trying to crawl slowly along in the water2 don't try all at once to swim with the ordinary breast stroke that swimmers use1 because this only lets your mouth go under water every time4 ,when paddling along like a dog get a friend to support you at first with a pole or his hand under your belly4 ,any of you who cannot swim as yet1 and who fall into the water out of your depth1 remember that you need not sink if you take care to do the following things4 ,first1 keep your mouth upwards by throwing the head well back4 ,secondly1 keep your lungs full of air by taking in long breaths1 but breathe out very little4 ,thirdly1 keep your arms under water4 ,to do this you should not begin to shout1 which will only empty your lungs1 and you should not throw your arms about or beckon for help1 else you will sink4 ,so the main thing of all is to keep cool and force yourself to remember and to carry out these things4 ,,child ,,welfare ,there always are and always will be children to be care of4 ,perhaps there is no better way for a girl to help her country than to fit herself to undertake the care of children4 ,she should learn all she can about them1 and take every opportunity of helping to look after these small ,boy and ,girl ,scouts of the future4 ,many girls are already doing this and are realizing that the ,child ,welfare badge is one of the most important in the whole list for a ,scout to win4 ,health ,habits ,children are trained to regular habits in three ways2 first1 by having meals at fixed hours2 second1 by having regular times for sleeping and waking2 and third1 by being taught when young to be clean and regular in their daily clear-out4 ,they must have plenty of healthful1 peaceful sleep and the earlier they go to bed the better for their brains and nerves in after life4 ,the bedroom must be airy and quiet2 the windows kept open4 ,bath ,nobody can be healthy unless he is clean1 and cleanliness is one of the first habits you want ,baby to form4 ,so he should have a daily bath4 ,the temperature for his bath should range from #hj to #ih and you should be able to read the bath thermometer as well as the room thermometer4 ,before you undress ,baby get together everything that you will need for the bath and dressing2 your hand basin of warm water1 soap1 soft wash cloths and towels1 comb and brush1 etc41 and his clothes laid out in the order in which you will put them on4 ,it is handier as well as safer to begin baby laid on a table or bed rather than on your lap4 ,he should of course have under him a soft towel or canton flannel4 ,first wash his head carefully and rub it dry gently4 ,do the outer parts of his ears and let no water get inside them4 ,the nose may be cleaned with a bit of cotton rolled to a point and the nails should be carefully cleaned4 ,then put him gently in the tub4 ,some people soap the baby first1 and a soapy little baby wiggles1 so hold him very firmly and comfortably1 supporting his head all the time he is kicking and splashing in the tub4 ,after you lift him out be careful to dry all the creases in his little body4 ,it is perfectly proper for a baby to cry as much as twenty minutes every day till he begins to talk1 and he may take his bath time for doing it1 so don't scold him4 ,a baby can be kept sweet and clean by a daily sponge bath4 ,food ,the baby needs proper food to build up his body4 ,milk is his only food for the first months of his life and even up to three years he takes mostly milk4 ,for the first eight or nine months of a baby's life mother's milk is the best food for him1 and if he is unfortunate enough to have to take his milk from a bottle you will have to learn the best kind of bottle to use and how to prepare it4 ,baby is very particular about his milk being fresh and good4 ,punctual feeding makes good digestion and even if he wants that extra nap it is better to wake a healthy baby to give him his meal at regular hours1 than to let his digestion get out of order4 ,some babies are very punctual and feel it keenly if you do not feed them at the fixed hour4 ,they will very likely let you know it too1 and woe betide you if they find you have not properly boiled the bottle after each meal to sterilize it4 ,between meals a little drink of water which has been boiled and cooled 7sterile water7 will wash out his mouth as well as refresh him4 ,do not give a baby too much food at a time1 and keep him on plain food4 ,this applies to you as well as to baby4 ,when the digestion is not right the appetite will not be good4 ,digestion makes the food you eat ready to be turned into muscle and bone and brain1 and indigestion means that you have not used up the food you ate and therefore you have those uncomfortable pains in the middle of the night4 ,eat only the foods you know you can digest comfortably4 ,by the time a child is two years old1 he should have a well varied though simple bill of fare4 ,this may include cereals such as well cooked oatmeal and cream of wheat1 soft boiled eggs1 fresh juice1 7beef7 milk puddings1 milk toast1 baked potatoes1 apple sauce and chicken broth4 ,clothing ,children's clothes should be warm but light1 and where possible should hang from the shoulders4 ,the legs1 particularly the ankles1 should be kept warm and the feet dry4 ,sunshine1 ,air and ,exercise ,give a baby plenty of fresh air1 out of doors if you can1 avoiding drafty places4 ,it gives him a better appetite1 makes him sleep sounder and also helps to give him rosy cheeks1 a sign of good red blood4 ,be careful that sheet and blankets do not get over a baby's head2 as this weight causes suffocation1 so pin the covers to the side of the bed and let him have fresh air while he sleeps4 ,no self respecting baby would ever by himself contract the 8pacifier0 habit and he should never be given a pacifier4 ,this article thrust into his mouth makes the upper jaw protrude1 carries germs into a baby's mouth1 sometimes causes adenoids1 is ugly to look at and finally doesn't really pacify4 ,it does a baby good to lie down and kick about4 ,crawling and climbing exercise his muscles4 ,don't let a baby walk too soon4 ,bow-legs come from standing and walking while the bones are soft2 also from under-nourishment4 ,but if a child wants to walk1 let him make the effort2 he will not pull himself up unless he wants to try his muscles4 ,childhood is a time to form the body2 it cannot be altered much when you are grown up4 ,playtime should not come directly after feeding or before sleeptime4 ,illnesses ,what will you do when you suddenly find that baby is ill8 ,to call in the doctor is the first thing1 that is1 if there is a doctor4 ,but when there is no doctor6 ,you will at once think of all the ,first ,aid you have learned1 and what you know of home nursing4 ,drugs are bad things4 ,you may lay up trouble for a child by giving it soothing drugs and advertised medicines which sometimes make the baby stupid and may cause constipation4 ,never neglect the bowels if they become stopped up4 ,this upsets digestion1 poisons the baby and may help to bring on convulsions or other serious illnesses4 ,if a child is suffering from a convulsion1 lay him flat with his head on a pillow4 ,pat his head with cold water and put a hot bottle at his feet4 ,if the convulsion continues put him in a warm bath of about #ajf which is as hot as is comfortable for your bare elbow1 but you must not keep cold cloths on his head4 ,use very gentle artificial respiration not trying to straighten the arms4 ,of course you will keep a baby away from anyone who has a contagious disease4 ,you can very easily train a young child to obey1 but after three years old it becomes more difficult unless a good start has been made4 ,children expect you to be just4 ,if you are good tempered and patient a child will stand a good deal of firmness1 but slapping and scolding ruin young tempers4 ,answer a child's question without ridicule4 ,he is feeling his way in this great big world1 and you once asked foolish questions1 too4 ,proficiency ,badges ,whenever ,i see a ,scout coming along ,i feel at once a friendly interest in her1 but when she comes nearer that interest either increases or goes off a bit when ,i look at her right arm and see on it badges--or no badges4 ,every ,scout1 as soon as she has passed the ,second ,class tests1 can go in for proficiency badges4 ,these badges are not intended for swagger1 but to show that you can do things4 ,on the left arm you will wear those badges which mean that you are good at work that is useful to other people1 and these are the important badges2 while on the right arm the badges show the sort of ,scout that you are1 that is whether you are efficient or not in different branches of ,scout work4 ,there are a very large number of badges on the list which you can go in for1 but it does not mean that you are to try and get them all1 but rather that you may look through the list and find out which are most likely to suit you and then to go in for one or two of those4 ,the most important of all the badges are those for nursing4 ,they are important to the ,scout herself1 because through practising this work she can most easily carry out the ,scout law of doing good turns to other people1 and these would be good turns which really are useful4 ,also by knowing how to nurse she can do good work for her country4 ,the ,value of ,nursing4--,in the great war hundreds and hundreds of women have gone to act as nurses in the hospitals1 for the wounded and have done splendid work ,they will no doubt be thankful all their lives that while they were yet girls they learnt how to nurse and how to do hospital work1 so that they were useful when the call came for them4 ,but there are thousands and thousands of others who wanted to do the work when the time came1 but they had not like ,scouts been ,prepared1 and they had never learnt how to nurse1 and so they were perfectly useless and their services were not required in the different hospitals4 ,so carry out your motto and ,be ,prepared and learn all you can about hospital and child nursing1 sick nursing1 and every kind1 while you are yet a ,scout and have people ready to instruct you and to help you in learning4 ,child nursing is also very important1 because so many girls are wanted now to help mothers in looking after their children4 ,such a large number of babies die every year from being nursed by girls who have never taken the trouble to learn what they ought to do with children4 ,babies are delicate little things1 and a very little act of carelessness or want of knowledge of what to do often causes the death of one who might otherwise have grown up to be a valuable citizen for the country4 ,on becoming a ,scout you promise to ,be ,prepared to do your duty in every possible way1 and one very important way is that of nursing children as well as grown ups2 and therefore ,i hope that you will learn as quickly as possible how to carry out this duty and so to carry out your work as a ,scout in the proper spirit4 ,therefore ,i recommend you to take as the most important ones1 the ,ambulance ,badge1 the ,child ,nurse ,badge1 and the ,home ,nursing2 after which you can look through the list and pick out others for which you feel that you are particularly keen1 or for which there are instruction classes for ,scouts that you can attend4 ,set those badges up before you and do your best to win some of them4 ,where to wear the ,badges4--,the ,first and ,second ,class ,badge is worn on the left arm4 ,it should be placed about half-way between the elbow and the shoulder strap1 so as not to be covered by the shoulder knot4 ,illustration3 ,,be ,,prepared ,the ,ambulance1 ,home ,nurse1 and ,child ,nurse ,badges are also worn on the left arm1 just below the ,second and ,first ,class ,badges4 ,all the other ,proficiency ,badges are worn on the right arm4 ,they are sewn on as they are won1 starting at the bottom of the sleeve1 just above the cuff1 and growing upwards in couples as the ,scout becomes more and more proficient4 ,the ,war ,service ,badge is worn above the right-hand breast pocket4 ,the ,attendance ,stars are worn in a horizontal row just above the left-hand breast pocket4 ,the ,war ,service ,badge4--,is granted to ,scouts who have done special service for their country during the ,great ,war4 ,it is worn above the right breast pocket4 ,golden ,eaglet ,to secure this honor a ,girl ,scout must win the following badges3 ,ambulance and ,first ,aid1 ,clerk1 ,cook1 ,child ,nurse1 ,dairymaid1 ,matron1 ,musician1 ,needlewoman1 ,naturalist1 ,home ,nurse1 ,pathfinder1 ,pioneer1 ,signaler1 ,swimmer1 ,athletics1 ,health or ,civics4 7,in case a swimming badge is impossible two badges not already earned may be substituted47 ,life-,saving ,medals ,these are worn on the right breast and are awarded as follows3-- ,bronze ,cross 7,red ,ribbon74--,presented as the highest possible award for gallantry4 ,it can only be worn where the claimant has shown special heroism or has faced extraordinary risk of life in saving life4 ,illustration3 ,bronze and ,silver ,cross for ,saving ,life4 ,illustration3 ,gilt ,medal of ,merit4 ,silver ,cross 7,blue ,ribbon74--,for gallantry1 with considerable risk to herself4 ,badge of ,merit 7,gilt ,wreath--,white ,ribbon74--,for a ,scout who does her duty exceptionally well1 though without grave risks to herself4 ,thanks ,badge4--,it is the privilege of any ,scout1 of whatever rank1 to present this ,badge of ,thanks to any one who does a ,scout a good turn4 ,it entitles the wearer to make use of the services of any ,scout at any time1 but does not constitute membership4 ,hockey a ,fine ,game ,i should like to see everything that calls itself a girl playing it4 ,yet there are thousands and thousands of girls who have never yet even seen it played--much less played it themselves4 ,i should like all of them to play it1 not only once but regularly1 and this is why4 ,because it gives them health and strength through active exertion in the open air2 it gives them a jolly time and lots of excitement1 happiness1 and laughter2 it makes them quick with eye1 hand1 and foot2 it makes them all good pals together2 it teaches them to take hard knocks without winking such as at other times would make them faint or swear4 ,it teaches them to play unselfishly and to pass the ball on4 ,it gives them pluck1 it gives them hope1 for even when things look bad there is often the possibility of winning by an extra effort4 ,they learn to stick to rules and to obey orders1 to play fair and to stop sneaking1 underhand play4 ,in a word1 they learn to play the game for their side and not for themselves4 ,well1 that is just what our soldiers at the front are doing1 playing the game nobly for their country at no matter what danger to their own life or limb4 ,it's just what we want of all ,americans in the future--women as well as men--to think of their country and other people first2 to obey the laws and play the game for the good of others bravely and hopefully1 without caring what hard knocks they get themselves4 ,could not some of you who can afford to play hockey yourselves managed to help some other girls to play it too8 ,think what joy it would bring into their lives1 what health and brightness you could offer them and what good and friendly citizens you could make them4 ,a ,scout ,is a ,lady ,what is a ,lady8--,this is what ,i saw the other day in the ,subway4 ,the seats were all crowded when a smart-looking girl got in4 ,a wounded soldier with a bandaged foot and a walking stick stood up rather painfully and offered her his seat4 ,the girl plumped herself down comfortably and she did not give him a look or even a word of thanks4 ,a pale woman then rose and said to him1 8,i can stand better than you2 you got hurt for me10 and made him take her place4 ,one of these two women was a lady4 ,can you guess which8 ,the ,frogs in the ,cream ,oh1 there is one more thing that hockey teaches4 ,often you lose a game1 but you do not therefore lose your temper or lose your happiness for1 as a ,scout1 you at once cheer the winners and forget to be put out by it4 ,but you don't lose every game4 ,very often it will look as if it was going against you and there seems little chance of winning when1 just near the end1 the other side give out or get careless1 and by sheer sticking to it you win a goal or two in the last few minutes and come out victorious in the end4 ,illustration3 ,perseverance3 ,frogs in the cream4 ,well1 it is sticking to it which is so tremendously valuable1 not only in the game1 but also for getting on as a ,scout1 and afterwards in getting on in life4 ,two frogs1 out for a walk one day1 came upon a bowl of cream1 into which they fell4 ,thinking it a new kind of water and that it was hopeless trying to swim1 one was drowned through having no pluck4 ,the other struggled hard to keep afloat4 ,just when he felt he must give up a curious thing happened4 ,in his struggles he had churned up the cream so much that he found himself standing safe on a pat of butter6 ,if you learnt nothing else from ,scouting than this little story of the frogs1 try1 at any rate1 to remember that2 and when you feel you are failing at your job just think of it2 remind yourself of the frogs--and stick to it4 ,happy ,housemaids ,singing ,hymns ,someone asked me the other day why it is that housemaids1 when they are at work1 are always droning most dreary hymn tunes4 ,well1 ,i couldn't say exactly why they do it1 but ,i like to hear it1 because people who sing at their work evidently don't find it a drudgery or irksome4 ,i was at a great aeroplane factory the other day1 where the manager had encouraged his men in their spare time to form a band1 and he supplied the funds for helping them to get instruments1 music1 etc4 ,when they began to get rather good at it they1 like all amateur musicians1 began to fancy themselves1 and said that they would like to get some high-class classical music to play4 ,but he said3 8,not a bit of it1 ,i want you to play all the tunes that you can get1 provided that they are jolly ones40 ,then he used to make the men march to their workshops with their band playing1 and for the rest of the morning1 instead of working sullenly and grudgingly at their machines1 the men were whistling and singing the tunes that were running in their heads1 and the work consequently was better done and more of it was got through than would otherwise have been possible4 ,so the wretched ,girl ,scouts1 when they are forced to play these dull games and to do the terrible hard work of ,scouting1 need something to cheer them up4 ,all they have to do is to learn a few jingles and to sing them1 stamp1 bang1 or whistle them as they go along1 and they are sure to feel the better for it4 ,patrol ,leaders ,when you come to be a ,patrol ,leader you must remember that you are really taking up a very responsible and important position1 because you are going to be in charge of a number of girls under you1 who will form their characters entirely under your example and guidance1 and if you choose to be a slacker they will become slackers1 if you choose to be a good ,scout they will all become good ,scouts1 or nearly all of them4 ,that is very much dependent on you yourself4 ,so don't become a ,patrol ,leader merely for the swagger of it or the sake of wearing an extra badge or two1 but really think whether you are fitted to lead those girls1 and take it up with the best of your ability to make good ,scouts of them4 ,you have got to command your ,patrol2 well1 you can only command others if you have their confidence1 and you can only have their confidence if you have confidence in yourself2 you can only have confidence in yourself by knowing your work thoroughly and well4 ,you should therefore study the handbook1 learn all about ,scouting1 what it aims for1 and then how you can carry out the instructions given2 practise the things yourself that are shown you1 know that you can do the different things well2 and then you will be able to have confidence in yourself1 your ,scouts will obey your orders1 and so you will be able to carry out the training of them and their discipline perfectly well4 ,you lead entirely by your own personal example1 don't forget that2 that is what tells1 and that is the easy way to gain success2 not only the easy way1 but it is the only way4 ,as a ,leader you must be the best at carrying out the ,scout ,law in your ,patrol1 the others will follow you in it2 you must be the captain also in all the games2 you must be the first in every venture2 you must be the one to suggest good games1 good ideas1 good thoughts4 ,if you are the first in every way like this your girls will follow your leads and you will have good discipline among them4 ,your aim should1 of course1 be to make your ,patrol the best1 and if every ,patrol tries to be the best in the ,troop1 you may be sure that that ,troop will be a very good one amongst other ,troops4 ,you should take counsel among your ,scouts as to what they fancy themselves at1 and then challenge another ,patrol to have a competition in that particular line1 whatever it may be1 whether ,signalling1 or ,ambulance ,work1 or playing a game of ,hockey1 or baseball1 or anything you like2 but continually challenge other ,patrols to beat you at your own game1 and then practise your game well and make yourselves efficient at it1 so as you do not get beaten4 ,for every game the whole ,patrol should form the team4 ,don't have one or two good players and the rest no use at all2 and don't have individual competition1 one girl against another1 but always try and have your ,patrol as a team1 then the worst will try and make themselves better in order to play up the average of the lot1 and so play for the good of the ,patrol and not of themselves4 ,if possible1 give each of your ,scouts her own job to do in the ,patrol4 ,you may find one good at one thing1 another good at another2 well1 urge her to do her particular job1 and to do it well for the benefit and honour of the ,patrol4 ,you will have one little difficult point that you must keep an eye on2 when you are trying to lead the ,patrol and at the same time to show them the way1 don't forget that you must not do the work of other girls4 ,give each one her job and see that she does it1 but don't do it for her1 or else she will always be leaning on you and expecting you to do it4 ,a ,patrol can specialise1 that is1 all members to take one special badge1 or a bit of ribbon will do1 that a ,patrol may be a ,despatch ,riding ,patrol1 or a ,signalling ,patrol1 ,first ,aid ,patrol1 a ,home ,helping ,patrol1 or even an ,entertaining ,patrol4 ,all the members of the ,patrol win a certain ,proficiency ,badge1 then that ,patrol may be recommended by the ,captain to have the honour of wearing that badge on its flag4 ,i have known a great deal of good to come of a ,patrol challenging a ,patrol in another ,troop to some sort of competition1 and then going to visit the other ,patrol or inviting them to visit themselves at their own headquarters and entertaining them and having their competition and making great friends with them2 this leads to very good feeling between different ,troops1 and is very useful1 because you can often pick up ideas from ,patrols of another ,troop better than you can from one of your own ,troops4 ,in camp a ,patrol is a very useful unit because a whole ,patrol can just pitch into one tent or probably into one room or barn1 or wherever it may be1 and there the ,patrol ,leader's duties are very responsible1 because she has to keep order in her own tent and see that it is properly kept clean and tidy4 ,example of an ,english ,display ,a ,scout ,hostel4--,scene3 ,inside a ,scout ,headquarters1 fitted with bed1 stretcher table1 cooking stove1 cupboard1 ,scout ,law1 etc4 ,patrol at right of stage learning electricity and telegraphy4 ,patrol at left of stage bathing1 dressing1 and feeding model baby4 ,in centre ,brownies learning a dance2 all under their ,patrol ,leaders to demonstrate the method of instruction in the ,scouts4 ,after short demonstration one of the telegraph ,scouts stops all work by saying that she has intercepted a wireless message saying 8,air raid coming on40 ,patrols immediately fall in under their leaders1 one as stretcher party and the other as first-aiders1 with haversacks1 etc41 and march out to render assistance to police1 etc4 ,brownies1 meantime1 clear up the place1 make bed ready1 get out lint and bandages1 etc41 from cupboards1 boil up kettle1 put away electrical apparatus1 etc4 ,re-enter ,scout leading a fat old lady1 telling her she will be quite safe here4 ,old lady very flustered and very grateful4 ,brownies take charge of her1 giving her a chair1 and make her comfortable4 ,as the ,scout goes out the old lady calls after her and tells her she has dropped her handbag somewhere in the street4 ,doesn't know where1 dare not go out to look for it1 but hopes that the ,scout will2 which she does smilingly4 ,wretched woman with baby and crying children brought in next by another ,scout1 and made comfortable by ,brownies4 ,fussy old gentleman1 cantankerous old woman also come hustling in1 led by ,scouts1 some lost children are brought in howling1 also any number of other characters can be devised among your actors1 including one man who will insist on making speeches against the ,government for not stopping these raids4 ,when the room becomes full of them they all keep talking at once of their various grievances1 and the children howling2 bombs are heard without 7bang of a drum or box full of old tins dropped71 at each side of which all shriek1 are silent for a moment or two1 and then recommence their jabber4 ,finally1 half the ,scouts having returned1 they set to work to prepare food and hand it round to the people1 which very soon quiets them1 except the speech-maker1 who seizes the opportunity of the others becoming quiet to make his speech with greater fervor4 ,the ,scouts stop him by putting a sack over his head and bundling him into a corner4 ,then the stretcher party bring in an injured person1 who is bandaged and put to bed4 ,others have slight wounds bound up and treated1 and the ,scouts then set to work with rugs and blankets and make beds on the floor for the whole party4 ,they then all go to bed comfortably on the floor4 ,two ,scouts remain on duty1 the others lying down to sleep also4 7,curtain47 ,hints as to ,camp ,orders ,in going into camp it is essential to have a few 8,standing ,orders0 published1 which can be added to from time to time1 if necessary4 ,these should be carefully explained to patrol leaders1 who should then be held fully responsible for their ,scouts carrying them out exactly4 ,such orders might point out that each patrol will camp separately from the others1 and that there will be a comparison between the respective cleanliness and good order of tents and surrounding ground4 ,patrol leaders to report on the good work or otherwise of their ,captains1 which will be recorded in the ,captain's books of marks4 ,bathing under strict supervision to prevent non-swimmers getting into dangerous water4 ,no girl must bathe when not well4 ,bathing picket of two good swimmers will be on duty while bathing is going on1 and ready to help any girl in distress4 ,this picket will be in the boat 7undressed7 with bathing costume and overcoat on4 ,they may only bathe when the general bathing is over and the last of the bathers has left the water4 ,orders as to what is to be done in case of fire alarm4 ,orders as to boundaries1 grounds to be worked over1 damages to fences1 property1 good drinking water1 etc4 ,no ,scout allowed out of bounds without leave4 ,no boy allowed inside bounds without leave4 ,,part ,,iii ,,citizen ,,scouts 7,,over #af7 ,,senior ,,scouts ,illustration3 ,loafing on the pier4 ,,even before the war came girls had begun to find that there were better things in the world for them to do than merely spend half their time in getting up their dresses and the other half in showing them off3 there was enjoyment to be got without playing tennis1 reading novels and so on2 some of them had supposed that going to dances or loafing on the pier or in the street was the only way to get enjoyment1 but others saw that this was really a great waste of time that became very boring after a bit4 ,a vast number of them had seen that they were capable of doing a great many of the things that their brothers could do3 they could play in a lot of games and take part in activities and also could do a good deal in the direction of work and handcraft1 also they found that they could do well in professions and industries2 they found that careers were open to them4 ,girls found at last that they had the power to make some use of their lives instead of drifting through them aimlessly and getting only a very hollow enjoyment out of them4 ,,the ,,citizen ,,scout ,one of the most notable ,english statesman said in the fourth year of the ,great ,war3 8,i am anxious to bear testimony to the tremendous part played by the women in ,england in this vital epoch of human history4 ,they have not only borne their burden of sorrow and separation with unflinching fortitude and patience but they have an enormous share of the burdens necessary to the practical conduct of the war4 8,to their ennobling influence we look not only for strength to win the war1 but for inspiration during the great work of reconstruction we will have to undertake after victory is won40 ,this is becoming true in ,american also4 ,never before have our national ideals been so clearly defined2 never before have we realized the relative values of life4 ,one hundred years ago democracy was a masculine noun4 ,women worked loyally in the home for husband1 son and brother4 ,the war came and suddenly they found themselves working for all men who were holding high the ideals of the ,american home and the ,american nation4 ,by assuming these responsibilities1 women have entered unconsciously into active citizenship from which there is no retreat4 ,the great experiment is here4 ,american girls are showing that they are made of the same stuff as their sturdy forefathers1 and by thousands are entering untried and difficult fields and finding themselves capable of doing a great many things that their brothers and fathers have heretofore done4 ,handcraft1 industries and professions have all been opened to young women4 ,they are working in farm and field1 factory and railway1 bank and business office1 hospital and camp1 canteen and reconstruction4 ,girls and women with clear heads and adaptability are entering in amazing numbers into business and professional life1 proving that their brains are not inferior to those of men4 ,they have been keen to take up new tasks and quick to learn unfamiliar processes and their employers have been generous in acknowledging that skill comes only with practice4 ,but the authorities found on examining women for their new employments1 that the lack was not entirely or fundamentally that of technical training but that a preliminary course was needed particularly in health knowledge and in discipline4 ,these things would have been useful in any line of work1 whether for war or for peace1 and we are now awake to the necessity of such training4 ,if a girl is to be equally efficient with her brother for work in the world1 she must be given equal chances with him1 equal chances for gaining character and skill discipline and bodily health1 and equal chances for using these when she has got them4 ,therefore the ,citizen ,scout was started1 in order that girls with a sound body and disciplined mind should be able to help their country in many different ways after this tremendous world struggle4 ,every ,citizen ,scout should have a vocation which she has chosen and by which she can support herself4 ,if one can work at some congenial employment all the better1 but even an apparently stupid occupation can be made interesting by a realization of the part it plays in the world of industry by which we all live1 and one can get great pleasure out of work well done1 even if it is only oiling a machine successfully4 ,wouldn't it make the daily labor more interesting to combine head with hand8 ,for instance to put heads on pins all day long in a factory sounds monotonous1 but the people to whom pin making is interesting find out what pins are made of1 where the metal is found1 how many things pins are used for2 what people used as substitutes before pins were made4 ,once in ,england1 a man took so small a thing as a needle for the subject of a play which has been well known ever since2 ,gammer ,gurton's ,needle4 ,the machines which make the pins and needles are to-day marvels of skill developed through centuries of patient labor of head and hand4 ,farm labor is toilsome1 but the life of the race depends on the products of field and pasture1 and the ,citizen ,scout who works on the land is helping to feed the world4 ,but success in an industrial or professional career is neither the end nor the greatest joy of a girl's life4 ,home making is after all the vocation which calls most naturally and most deeply to a woman and is most worthy of her best efforts4 ,however independent and self reliant a girl may be1 the finding of her life comrade1 the settling of her own home and the bringing up of her little ones are the biggest happiness that can be had in this world4 ,nature never meant a man or woman to live alone1 and though bachelors may think themselves happy and free1 they cannot realize the intense delight that comes with the home1 the married comradeship and the children4 ,there a woman has her real opportunity and her kingdom1 and at the same time her responsibility4 ,she is the making or the marring of the house1 and her influence will rule her children all through their after life4 ,if she recognizes this and shoulders her duty with that idea in mind she can in forming her children's character do a tremendous thing for each of them and a valuable service for the nation4 ,but to be the right sort of comrade to her husband and her children a girl must have known work herself4 ,she must have gone through the struggle against failure and have enjoyed the triumph of success to be able fully to sympathize with her partner in his troubles and to be of use in helping him through them4 ,a house mother is a money spender not a money getter1 and her work is really much harder than his4 ,a wise educator has said3 8,i will undertake to guarantee the stability of our ,american democratic institutions if you will see to it that ,american wives are taught how best to spend the money their husbands earn4 ,somewhere in that last ten per cent of a man's income are hidden away his present happiness and future prospects10 and those of his children4 ,the women of ,america must see to it that as far as lies in their power the vast resources of this great country are carefully conserved and wisely expended4 ,to be a valuable citizen the first qualification is an understanding of the organization and administration of one's government4 ,with more knowledge of the principles for which our government really stands there will come to the thinking ,american girl a desire to help definitely in the administration of those principles4 ,real social service will develop every ,citizen ,scout1 give her a broader vision of life1 awaken her sympathy and clear her intellect so that when she casts her vote she will do it with intelligence and with civic pride4 ,qualifications for ,citizen ,scouts ,to become a ,citizen ,scout a girl must be #ag years old1 or over1 and she must declare her belief in the civic ideals of3 #a4 ,good health--by trying to attain the ,girl ,scout standard of physical health4 #b4 ,vocational ,skill--by being willing to perfect herself in some work by which she can earn her living4 #c4 ,public ,service--by pledging herself to some public service1 either individually or in her troop4 ,any ,girl ,scout over seventeen shall be eligible for promotion to 8,citizen ,scout40 ,when there are enough ,citizen ,scouts in any troop they may form a ,citizen ,scout patrol under their own patrol leader1 in the same troop where they were formerly ,scouts1 or separate troops of ,citizen ,scouts may be formed if desired1 either by ex-,scouts or by young women who have not been ,scouts before4 ,the number of members for ,citizen ,scout patrol or troop is not limited4 ,one member will be elected ,troop leader1 and other officers may be elected as found desirable4 ,a ,troop may1 if it likes1 choose a member of the ,local ,committee or any woman in the community in whose sympathy and judgment they have confidence to act as 8counsellor and friend40 ,or they may refer to the local director or to the chairman of ,girl ,scout ,captain ,association when any difficulty arises1 or they may be quite independent of any control outside of their own troop1 except the ,council and ,local ,committee4 ,a ,citizen ,scout troop may adopt any crest of the list authorized by ,headquarters but a crest is not obligatory4 ,each ,citizen ,scout must pay an annual registration fee of #be cents to ,national ,headquarters4 ,a ,citizen ,scout is expected to make the regular ,girl ,scout promise and in addition to accept for herself the three ideals of good citizenship4--,good ,health1 ,vocational ,skill1 and ,public ,service4 ,motto1 8,be ,prepared40 ,badge3 ,the ,trefoil4 ,to the ,citizen ,scout the badge stands not only for the three parts of the ,scout promise1 but also for the three civic ideals4 ,citizen ,scouts use the regular ,girl ,scout ,salute4 7,see p4 #fe47 ,the uniform consists of3 ,khaki long coat 7or ,norfolk suit74 ,khaki hat4 ,g4,s4 7,girl ,scout7 on collar1 or coat lapels4 ,hat band with ,tenderfoot badge on it4 ,instead of the full uniform a ,citizen ,scout may wear a brassard of khaki with stencilled trefoil and letters ,g4,s4 to which she may add the crest of her troop4 ,the ,troop leader's insignia is a inch red ribbon around the left arm above elbow4 ,this may be put on uniform or brassard4 ,citizen ,scouts may work for the same proficiency badges as ,girl ,scouts4 ,they are recommended to qualify for the progressive badge1 especially if they have already won the ,proficiency badges4 ,a ,citizen ,scout who has been a ,girl ,scout may continue wearing her badge or she may wear the stripes to indicate the number of badges secured4 ,one stripe denotes five badges2 two stripes denote ten1 and three denote fifteen badges4 ,citizen ,scout ,ideals ,under the three civic ideals of ,good ,health1 ,vocational ,skill and ,public ,service certain activities are suggested from which the ,citizen ,scout may choose4 ,i4 8,i ,,will ,,make ,,myself ,,physically ,,perfect40 ,the ,government requires that its employees shall pass a physical examination to determine their fitness for service4 ,it is strongly recommended that every ,citizen ,scout shall determine her own physical fitness by a similar examination given by some competent physician4 ,in this way she may discover any weakness or defect and remedy it by exercise1 rest or medical care4 ,an annual examination of one's body is a strong asset for a long life4 ,the best body to have is one which is in such good health that its owner does not need to think about it4 ,it serves her constantly and faithfully4 ,the rules for keeping such a servant are3 ,absolute cleanliness in body and clothing4 ,daily exercise and rest in proper amounts4 ,sufficient good plain food at regular intervals4 ,plenty of fresh air and sunshine4 ,a ,citizen ,scout should have a definite knowledge of personal health and of her own physical constitution and powers2 should know the dangers of disease1 and the effects of the social evil4 ,a ,citizen ,scout should also understand the health conditions in her own neighborhood and have full information as to food1 water1 and milk supply1 the ashes and garbage disposal1 street cleaning and other matters relating to the public health in her community4 ,suggested ,activities ,gymnasium ,exercises4 ,organized sports and games1 with teams for competitions against other ,scout troops1 ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a4 ,jewish ,alliance1 schools1 colleges or other organizations4 ,troop hikes1 indoor social games1 and dancing4 ,debates1 talks by public health officers1 readings on topics relating to household and civic sanitation4 ,these should be linked up with some sort of actual community public health work such as milk or food inspection1 school inspection1 work of visiting nurse and school doctor1 anti-tuberculosis campaigns1 etc4 ,advanced ,first ,aid4 ,advanced ,home ,nursing4 ,badges3 ,ambulance4 ,athletics4 ,public ,health4 ,home ,nursing4 ,special ,health ,award ,special ,health ,award ,citizen ,scouts who attain to the ,girl ,scout standard of health shall be known as ,super ,scouts or ,senior ,scouts1 and they shall be allowed to arrange the ,girl ,scout inter-troop athletic meets and competitions1 calling upon the various captains of ,girl ,scout troops in the community and also ,citizen ,scouts to furnish girls to make up the teams4 ,the ,citizen ,scouts may coach teams and shall act as umpires and referees in the games4 ,,ii4 8,i ,,will ,,be ,,able ,,to ,,earn ,,my ,,own ,,living40 ,among the subjects ,citizen ,scouts may take up are nursing1 child nursing1 wood working1 metal working1 design1 interior decoration1 stenographer1 typewriting1 journalism1 telegraphy1 dress-design1 dressmaking1 salesmanship1 cooking1 marketing1 farming1 gardening1 and all varieties of trades4 ,groups of ,citizen ,scouts would find much pleasure and profit1 if they would undertake some quite different line from their daily occupation such as basket making1 modeling1 pottery1 book-binding1 upholstery1 or any other branch of industrial or fine arts4 ,if a troop of ,citizen ,scouts wishes to study industrial problems in their own trade or trades where other girls are employed1 meetings may be arranged between the groups of girls in the different occupations4 ,a sympathetic understanding of others needs will tend to create a better social stability4 ,self perfection and vocational advancement need not necessarily lead to selfishness and fancied superiority4 ,in these discussions or debates outsiders may be invited to take part4 ,a successful business woman might come to give her experience and help in the discussion4 ,a troop scrap book of clippings from newspapers and magazines showing what is going on in the industrial world will be of interest4 ,badges ,artist ,automobiling ,child nurse ,clerk ,cook ,invalid ,dairy ,electricity ,farmer ,gardening ,home nursing ,housekeeper ,interpreter ,laundress ,music ,needlewoman ,photography ,scribe ,telegraphy ,special ,vocational ,award ,home maker4--,to win this a ,citizen ,scout must hold the cook1 laundress1 needlewoman1 housekeeper1 and home nurse's badges1 and must actually take charge of her home for a period of three months1 keeping the accounts1 and superintending all the housework that is done when she cannot do it all herself4 ,industrial ,worker4--,to win this badge a ,citizen ,scout must support herself for at least three months1 and bring a certificate from her employer to prove she has done this4 ,,iii4 8,i ,,will ,,serve ,,my ,,country40 ,each ,citizen ,scout troop should when possible1 take up some definite form of public service4 ,when such group work is not possible1 each individual can find real public service opportunities open in any number of fields4 ,scouting gets its 8punch0 from actual participation in doing things worth while4 ,therefore1 use study clubs1 lectures1 books1 etc42 as may be necessary but base your tests on actual deeds performed4 ,first a follower 7learner7 and then a leader4 ,a ,citizen ,scout can observe and study law-making in progress in a local board of supervisors of a county or city council or state legislature2 or report on a session of court covering at least one full legal case4 ,she might visit the freight terminal1 and follow the milk delivery to the door of the consumer2 or find a voluntary job in a creche1 hospital or old ladies' home1 and do something worth while for thirty hours4 ,she might attend a meeting of the ,school ,board2 help with school luncheons1 and follow the work of the school nurse in the home4 ,any girl who will follow up any department of government and actually take part in it for a week--whether in street cleaning or reading to blind old ladies--will always thereafter have a different attitude toward civic affairs in that field4 ,each ,citizen ,scout should find her own field and cultivate it3 devote so many hours actual participation and report on it2 develop qualities of leadership for her patrol2 assist a captain of younger ,girl ,scout troop2 take over the village park1 the care of a public library1 provide summer outings for poor children1 conduct a camp1 helping a teacher1 etc4 ,district nursing offers many chances for voluntary effort4 ,sunday school teaching1 ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a4 work1 ,girl's ,friendly ,societies1 ,big ,sisters1 all provide good opportunities4 ,red ,cross and other patriotic organizations need helpers4 ,no one should live to herself alone these days4 ,your country needs ,,you now--not next week or when you have leisure1 but ,,now4 ,the girl who doesn't respond never will be worth what she might be4 ,what are you going to do about it8 ,do it now6 ,badges ,public ,health4 ,civics4 ,special ,civic ,award4--,must hold a civics badge1 and carry out some definite investigation of civic matters1 and report on it in an article of #ejj words or more1 or must carry through some public service for a period of at least three months4 ,the ,badges are similar to those for ,girl ,scouts with a red border round them4 ,badges are also given to girls who qualify in technical or continuation schools1 or in some cases in their now factories or workshops4 ,these are grouped as follows3 ,activities for ,citizen ,scouts ,,group #a4 ,nursing ,service4 ,medical ,student4 ,home ,nursing4 ,convalescent ,nursing4 ,child ,nursing4 ,hospital ,nursing4 ,masseuse4 ,physical ,trainer4 ,,group #b4 ,arts and ,crafts4 ,architects4 ,artists4 ,embroiderer and ,lace ,maker4 ,designer4 ,wood-worker4 ,sculptor and ,modeller4 ,metal worker4 ,musician4 ,photographer4 ,acting and reciting4 ,dancing4 ,,group #c4 ,professional4 ,accountant4 ,school ,teacher4 ,secretary4 ,journalist4 ,motorist4 ,telegraphist4 ,,group #d4 ,manufacturer4 ,textile worker4 ,leather worker4 ,toy maker4 ,confectioner4 ,dressmaker4 ,,group #e4 ,commercial4 ,clerk4 ,saleswoman4 ,traveller4 ,foreign ,correspondent4 ,manager4 ,,group #f4 ,housework4 ,cook4 ,domestic ,science4 ,parlourmaid4 ,housemaid4 ,,group #g4 ,outdoor work4 ,agriculture4 ,dairy farming4 ,horticulture4 ,poultry farming4 ,bee keeping4 ,fruit growing4 ,market gardening4 ,naturalist4 ,the badge for these is a coloured ,badge round the arm4 ,when a ,student passes a higher examination of the technical school1 she obtains a further ,badge of a crown to add to the stripe4 ,in many places the leaders of ,scout troops have felt the need of more training for the work they were doing with their girls1 and so ,training ,schools have been established1 or classes have been organized under the auspices of a local ,council4 ,in some cases regular troops of older girls have been organized for the purpose of training them to be ,girl ,scout leaders4 ,such 8,officers' ,training ,troops0 offer excellent opportunities for girls to learn all the ,scout practices and activities1 and at the same time how to manage troops1 by the best possible method--that of actually doing it4 ,discipline ,in training yourself to be an officer you will recognise that in order to command obedience you have yourself to understand how to obey4 ,it is only by practising your own self-discipline that you will see how to develop it in others4 ,responsibility ,as an officer you will be a responsible person in authority4 ,you will not have others to turn to for instruction1 you will have to devise your own plans and to put them into action for yourself4 ,you will be trusted and expected to do these things4 ,sympathy and ,fairness ,in dealing with those under you you must have sympathy with each individual4 ,each one of them has a different mind and a different capacity2 this you have to take into account1 and you must remember that success will only come where you get their whole-hearted enthusiasm for the work4 ,the successful officer never drives--she leads4 ,leadership ,illustration3 8,come on1 ,lads60 ,illustration3 8,go on1 you ----0 ,so the ,scout officer leads her girls by her own example1 whether it is in her ,character that is patience1 good temper1 keenness1 and zeal1 or her ,skill at handcraft1 or her ,service in doing good turns and readiness to sacrifice her time1 money1 or even life itself for others1 or her ,development of her own health and strength in order to fit her to carry out her life's work4 ,the ,joy of ,scouting ,now after reading this don't1 for goodness' sake1 drop your jaw and think that 8this is not the sort of thing you want to learn in becoming a ,cadet40 ,there is no need to be downhearted because there is a serious side underlying all the jollity of ,scout games4 ,quite the opposite4 ,scout games and practices are just as lively and exciting as any others1 but they bring greater enjoyment in the end4 ,why8 ,because after all1 when you have played your tennis or your golf1 your hockey or even your humble hopscotch1 you begin to think it was very jolly but there was something lacking2 what good did it do to anyone8 ,it was to some extent time wasted4 ,the worst agony of death at the moment when the sands are running out and minutes are precious is the feeling that so many hours of life have been wasted on things that did not matter4 ,,part ,,iv ,,captains ,,what ,,is ,,girl ,,scouting8 ,,the ,girl ,scouts are a ,sisterhood4 ,this means that members of it1 from top to bottom1 are working together as sisters--elder and younger sisters--from joy of the work4 ,it is not a small army composed of officers1 non-commissioned officers and privates in their respective grades directing or directed under imposed instruction1 therefore the title of ,captain and ,lieutenant1 which1 although adopted in the ,association1 does not exactly describe their rle1 so ,i shall in these notes refer to the seniors of all grades as ,i always think of them1 viz4 as the ,captains--those who1 like elder sisters1 show the younger ones how 8to turn to the right and keep straight on40 ,the secret of successful execution of a scheme or of an order is that those to whom it is imparted should not merely have the statement but understand the meaning that underlies it4 ,so ,i would propose here--without any idea of instructing my grandchildren how to masticate hen products--to help them to understand some of the methods of our movement so that those who are interested may the more easily take up the work of guiding girls in this happy sisterhood4 ,the ,need ,that nation comes to the fore which has the most character in its citizens4 ,it deserves its supremacy only when that character is a good character4 ,the character of a nation is not merely that of a few leaders but of the majority of the people4 ,character is largely a matter of environment and training1 and1 later on1 of experience4 ,undoubtedly the mother's influence gives as a rule the first impetus to character4 ,a mother cannot give that which she does not possess herself4 ,therefore it is all-important that the mothers of our country should possess character of a high quality in order to inculcate it in their children4 ,hitherto the girls1 some of the future mothers of our race1 have had little character training as a direct part of their education4 ,character includes self-reliance1 self-discipline1 cheerfulness1 consideration for others1 sense of duty1 patriotism1 and other such moral qualities4 ,but there are other things besides character needed to make a citizen1 especially3 ,skill in handicraft or other work4 ,sense of duty and service for others4 ,physical health and knowledge4 ,it is on these four lines therefore that the training of the ,girl ,scouts is carried out1 through games and practices which appeal to the girls4 ,what ,need ,is ,there for ,it8 #a4 ,war has shown how valuable women can be to the country and to themselves if only trained4 #b4 ,also peace has shown how far from happy life can be for some unless they are trained4 ,from want of proper training preventable misery exists among a very large class4 ,this is to be seen in the squalor in our great cities1 in the poverty and unhappiness1 the infant mortality1 the preventable diseases and social diseases due to ignorance1 carelessness1 and generally to want of character4 ,is ,not ,education ,good ,enough8 ,no4 ,though it is very good and vastly improved of late years and probably better than that of any other nation1 yet it cannot under existing conditions entirely prepare the girl for what is possible for her in the present day1 much less for what will be required of her in the near future4 ,the remedy largely needed is formation of character4 ,character is formed more by the environment outside the school walls than by the instruction within them2 that environment may be for good and at the same time it may very easily be for bad4 ,practical efficiency in homecraft or in mothercraft is essential1 but efficiency is desirable in many other spheres for professions1 and in the many fields in which woman has proved that she can shine4 ,the need of health for herself and knowledge of health for her children and for the service for others is essential on a far more general scale than has been heretofore possible through school training alone4 ,sense of ,duty to ,others ,though the war has brought a splendid exhibition of self-sacrifice and devotion on the part of women and a desire to be helpful and patriotic1 the sense of service is one which requires further education in the rising generation4 ,the results of such training can only mean a stronger patriotism and a sound practical ,christianity instead of a mere profession4 ,,what ,,remedy ,,is ,,proposed8 ,the aim of the ,girl ,scout ,movement is to assist parents and school teachers by supplying the desirable environment and healthy activities outside the school4 ,the first thing is to attract the girls by happy comradeship1 neat uniform1 games and competitions which will appeal to them4 ,then through these to develop in them the four points which ,i have mentioned as 8essential40 ,but please don't think that we want to make a school of it4 ,my harping on the 8training0 may lead you to think so4 ,we do not want to trespass on the school teacher's ground nor to adopt school curricula or examination systems4 ,quite the contrary4 ,the weak point of modern education is that though it recognises the value of more up-to-date subjects it has not yet broken away from old methods in presenting them to the child4 ,till it does so it will remain ,instruction instead of ,education4 ,our object in the ,scouts is to supply healthy play and recreation3 but play when organised need not be waste of time4 ,in these days we cannot afford1 nor is it fair on them1 to let children waste time and then to launch them 8half-baked0 into the sea of life-troubles4 ,the ,scout training offers them ideals and activities which supplement1 without tiring them1 the teaching of the school4 ,results and experience of five years shows that the scheme is successful in attracting girls of every class in every part of the world4 ,it can be applied equally well in town or country and it helps rather than interferes with every form of religion4 ,where properly handled it gives remarkable and satisfactory results in the directions looked for4 ,,what ,,is ,,the ,,organisation8 ,illustration3 ,a ,,national,,council ,b ,b ------------------ ,,federation ,,or ,,state ,,organization ,c ,c --------------------- ,,local ,,councils ,d ,d ----- ------ ,,troops ,e ,e ------ ------ ,,patrols ,f ,f ------------- ------------- ,,girl ,,scouts ,a--,national ,council--,officers1 ,executive ,board1 ,headquarters1 ,staff4 ,b--,federation or ,state ,organization4 ,commissioner4 ,c--,local ,council ,officers1 ,local ,director or ,secretary4 ,d--,troops--,captains and ,lieutenants4 ,e--,patrols--,patrol ,leaders and ,corporals4 ,f--,girl ,scouts--,brownies--,citizens ,scouts4 ,a4--,,national ,,council ,the ,national ,council is the governing body of the ,girl ,scout organization4 ,it is composed of delegates from ,local ,councils and of other elected members4 ,it holds one meeting a year to elect officers and the members of the ,executive ,board1 and to decide matters that concern the policy and welfare of the entire organization4 ,duties ,the duties of the ,national ,council are to ,charter ,local ,councils1 to commission officers1 and register ,scouts4 ,manufacture and copyright the ,badges4 ,select uniforms and other equipment4 ,determine the general policies and lay down the lines of ,girl ,scout training4 ,these functions are carried out by an ,executive ,board between the annual meetings of the ,national ,council4 ,the ,national ,headquarters and a staff of workers are employed to execute the orders of the ,national ,council4 ,officers ,the ,president4 ,two ,vice-,presidents4 ,the ,treasurer4 ,the ,chairman of the ,executive ,board4 ,executive ,board ,the ,executive ,board works through ,committees1 which act as advisers to the board in matters concerning ,field1 ,standards1 ,uniforms1 ,business1 ,education1 ,editorial1 ,publicity1 etc4 ,final action is in the hands of the ,executive ,board1 which is responsible to the ,national ,council4 ,national ,headquarters ,national ,headquarters is divided into departments for the more efficient handling of the work4 ,the head of the office staff is the ,national ,director4 ,the ,director is appointed by the ,executive ,board1 and serves as the ,secretary of the ,national ,council1 the ,executive ,board and the various committees thereof4 ,under the authority of the ,executive ,board she acts as the administrating officer of the ,girl ,scouts and has general direction of the administrative work4 ,uniform4 ,khaki ,norfolk suit4 ,scout hat1 gold and black hat cords 7see ,committee on ,uniforms1 ,jan4 #ab1 #aiah74 ,insignia4 ,four bands of half-inch black braid all around left cuff 7see ,committee on ,standards1 ,may #g1 #aiah74 ,national ,field ,captains are employed by the organization and assigned to work in the field4 ,uniform4 ,khaki ,norfolk suit4 ,scout hat1 gold and black hat cord 7see ,com4 on ,uniforms1 ,jan4 #ab1 #aiah74 ,insignia4 ,three bands of half-inch black braid all around left cuff 7see ,com4 on ,standards1 ,may #g1 #aiah74 ,,communications ,every ,girl ,scout1 every officer and councilor1 every troop and council has the right of direct communication with ,national ,headquarters and in cases of dispute an appeal may be made to the ,executive ,board4 ,it is1 however1 desirable that in all ordinary matters the lines of communication to ,headquarters should be as follows3-- ,from a troop1 through the ,captain1 or through the troop secretary giving name and number of troop1 and name of captain4 ,where a ,local ,council is established1 it is the normal medium of communication between the captains 7troop7 under its jurisdiction and ,national ,headquarters4 ,where a ,federation or ,state ,organization is established it may serve as the medium of communication between the ,local ,councils and ,national ,headquarters in matters that affect the general policy of all the ,local ,councils included in it4 ,local ,councils may also communicate direct with ,national ,headquarters in matters that concern their own locality4 ,b4--,,federation ,,or ,,state ,,organizations ,a number of ,local ,councils may join together to form a ,federation for mutual support4 ,local ,councils belonging to it may delegate their general policy to the ,federation but retain their power to control their ,councils in local matters4 ,the officers of the ,federation may be elected as required4 ,field ,captains may be employed for organizing their work4 ,the presiding officer is the ,commissioner4 ,membership in such a ,federation is voluntary4 ,or instead of a ,federation of ,councils a ,state ,organization may be formed4 ,the area under control will coincide with the ,state of the ,united ,states4 ,c4--,,local ,,councils ,in any community where there are ,girl ,scouts a ,local ,council may be organized4 ,this is a body of representative citizens of the community 7number varies according to size of the community7 who are organized for the purpose of promoting the welfare of the ,girl ,scouts of that district4 ,they determine the policies and direct the local work1 following the rules and regulations laid down in the official ,handbook and ,manual subject to the general policies determined by the ,national ,council or its ,executive ,board4 ,each ,chartered ,local ,council may send one delegate to the ,national ,council and one additional delegate for every #bjj registered ,scouts under its jurisdiction4 ,the ,national ,executive ,board is the court of last resort and every member of the ,girl ,scout ,organization has the right of appeal to that court4 ,the ,local ,council's officers recommend ,captains and ,lieutenants for commissions1 and have the power to request their resignation when desirable1 or they may appeal to ,national ,headquarters to dismiss an undesirable captain4 ,a ,local ,council may ask ,headquarters for the assistance of a ,field ,captain4 ,insignia for ,local ,councilors4 ,gray and black shoulder cord and fringe 7see minutes ,executive ,board1 ,april #aa1 #aiah74 ,gray and black hat cord4 ,the shoulder cords may be worn with any costume--the hat cords are generally worn only with the uniform hat4 ,the ,commissioner ,is the presiding officer of the ,local ,council4 ,she is chairman of the ,local ,executive ,board1 she is elected by the ,local ,council and receives a commission from the ,national ,headquarters4 ,duties4 ,her duties are to secure the harmonious coperation of the captains in her district1 to inspect ,scout patrols and troops and advise how to conduct them according to the principles found in the ,handbook1 to be the authority for recommending the issue or denial of captains' certificates and foster the movement generally4 ,uniform4 ,khaki ,norfolk suit4 ,scout hat with gray cord with gray acorns4 ,insignia4 ,gray shoulder cord and fringe 7may be worn with any costume if ,commissioner prefers not to have a uniform7 7see minutes ,executive ,board1 ,april #aa1 #aiah74 ,officers ,of ,local ,councils will be elected according to the needs of the community4 ,deputy ,commissioner ,stands in the relation of vice-president to the commissioner4 ,uniform4 ,khaki ,norfolk ,suit4 ,scout hat with gray cord with black acorns4 ,insignia4 ,gray shoulder cord with black and gray fringe and black center1 may be worn with any costume if the ,deputy ,commissioner prefers not to have a uniform 7see minutes ,executive ,board1 ,april #aa1 #aiah74 ,district ,commissioner ,in large communities it is possible to divide the territory into districts each with a ,district ,commissioner who is responsible for the work in that district to the ,commissioner4 ,uniforms4 ,khaki ,norfolk ,suit4 ,scout hat with gray cord with gray acorns4 ,insignia4 ,black shoulder cord with black and gray fringe with gray center4 ,may be worn with any costume if the ,district ,commissioner prefers not to have a uniform4 ,the ,local ,director ,is the title given to the executive officer of the local ,council4 7,this officer was formerly called ,secretary47 ,duties4 ,she has charge of ,headquarters and other property of the local organization1 has general supervision of the ,captains and instructs new captains in their duties1 organizes new troops1 receives and forwards to ,headquarters all applications for captains' certificates1 keeps all records of the council and of the troops and such information concerning them as may be necessary for the work4 ,she is secretary of the ,committees1 but her presence at each meeting is decided by the ,local ,council2 it is her duty to attend public meetings connected with the organization and she represents ,girl ,scouts at the meetings of other organizations unless otherwise directed by the ,council4 ,uniform4 ,khaki ,norfolk suit4 ,scout hat with gold and black hat cord 7see ,com4 on ,uniforms1 ,jan4 #ab1 #aiah74 ,insignia4 ,four bands one-fourth-inch black braid1 all around left cuff 7,com4 on ,standards1 ,may #g1 #aiah74 ,local ,field ,captains ,may be employed by ,local ,councils for organizing their work4 ,uniform4 ,khaki ,norfolk suit4 ,scout hat1 gold and black hat cord 7,com4 on ,uniforms1 ,jan4 #ab1 #aiah74 ,troops ,insignia4 ,three bands of one-fourth-inch black braid all around left cuff 7,com4 on ,standards1 ,may #g1 #aiah74 ,girl ,scouts are organized in troops under the direct charge of a ,captain who may or may not have one or more ,lieutenants to assist her4 ,a troop may be of any size1 although it is not advisable for a ,captain to have a troop of more than thirty girls unless she is assisted by a capable ,lieutenant4 ,the ,captain ,must not be less than twenty-one years old1 and must have a personal character and standing1 a good moral influence over girls1 and sufficient steadfastness of purpose to carry out the work with energy and perseverance4 ,she should have a general knowledge of the ,handbook1 and should appreciate the underlying aim and principles of ,girl ,scout training4 ,she must apply to ,national ,headquarters for her commission4 ,application should be made on blanks supplied from ,national ,headquarters and must be endorsed by three prominent citizens of the community4 ,where a ,local ,council is established the application must be sent through the ,local ,council4 ,the ,captain has the power to enroll ,scouts1 and to release a ,scout from her promise1 to suspend her for a certain period1 or withdraw her badges and discharge her4 ,a ,scout who considers herself unjustly treated may appeal to the ,local ,council or even to ,national ,council4 ,the ,captain directs the ,scout training of the girls in her troop1 and may examine them for the ,tenderfoot and ,second ,class tests4 ,where no court of honor exists she may secure examiners for them for the special subjects of proficiency badges or this may be done by the ,local ,council4 ,uniform4 ,khaki ,norfolk suit4 ,scout hat1 gold and black hat cord 7,com4 on ,uniforms1 ,jan4 #ab1 #aiah74 ,insignia4 ,gold and black shoulder cord 7,com4 on ,uniforms1 ,jan4 #ab1 #aiah71 two bands one-fourth-inch black braid all around left cuff 7,com4 on ,standards1 ,may #g1 #aiah74 ,captain's pin4 ,lieutenant ,should not be less than #ah years of age4 ,her qualifications are the same as those for ,captain and she receives her commission in the same way4 ,she is chosen by the ,captain1 performs the duties of the ,captain during her absence and such other duties as the ,captain may assign to her4 ,uniform4 ,khaki ,norfolk suit4 ,scout hat1 gold and black hat cord 7,com4 on ,uniforms1 ,jan4 #ab1 #aiah74 ,insignia4 ,one braid one-fourth-inch black braid all around left cuff 7,com4 on ,uniforms1 ,may #g1 #aiah74 ,lieutenant's pin4 ,captains and ,lieutenants on making their application to enter the organization pay a small fee which covers the entire period of membership4 ,commissions are issued for one year and must be renewed at the end of the period4 ,e4--,,patrols ,troops are divided into ,patrols of about eight girls each1 for convenience in work and play4 ,one of the eight girls is chosen ,patrol ,leader and another the ,corporal4 ,the ,patrol ,leader must be what her name implies1 a leader1 for she stands next to the ,captain and ,lieutenant and takes either's place in their absence4 ,she is responsible for her patrol4 ,she may be elected by the girls themselves or appointed by the captain1 with the consent of the girls4 ,she holds office for six months or a year1 and is eligible for relection4 ,her duties include calling the roll1 keeping records of the attendance and dues of her patrol1 and leaving the meeting place in order4 ,any of these duties may be delegated to the ,corporal1 or to some other member of the patrol1 particularly as the ,patrol ,leader becomes capable of assuming heavier responsibilities1 to relieve her of the routine duties4 ,uniform4 ,regular ,scout uniform4 ,insignia4 ,chevron1 two stripes1 on left sleeve above elbow4 ,the ,patrol ,leader carries the patrol pennon4 ,the ,corporal may be elected by the patrol1 appointed by the captain or by the ,patrol ,leader4 ,she takes the latter's place when she is absent1 and performs such other duties as may be assigned to her by the ,patrol ,leader or by the ,captain4 ,uniform4 ,regular ,scout uniform4 ,insignia4 ,chevron1 one bar2 on left sleeve above elbow4 ,want of space in the present book prevents me from going into the details of the dress1 administration1 and discipline of the ,movement1 but these can all be found in the ,book of ,rules1 which can be obtained from ,headquarters price #f;d4 ,discipline of the ,movement ,all these rules may appear rather alarming to an outsider1 but please remember that they are 8rules0 as for cricket and not 8regulations0 as for police purposes4 ,they are merely intended as indications for 8playing the game10 and that is the only form of discipline that we ask for in the sisterhood4 ,their object is to ensure that their policy is adhered to under which our ,charter of ,incorporation was granted1 and also to guarantee to parents that reliable officers are in charge of their girls to ensure fairness of standard in awards1 and to secure efficient training by having efficient ,scouters4 ,method ,method4--,our method of training is to educate from within rather than to instruct from without2 to offer games and activities which1 while being attractive to the girl1 will seriously educate her morally1 mentally1 and physically4 ,our aim is to promote 8not so much the acquisition of knowledge as the desire and capacity for acquiring knowledge40 ,in other words1 the ,captain's job is to enthuse the girl in the right direction4 ,by acting on this principle she will save herself considerable trouble in reaching her goal and in producing smart1 keen and capable girls4 ,it is the means by which the modern schoolmistress scores over her more old-fashioned sister1 since she develops a girl to be efficient rather than scholarly1 to have character rather than erudition--and that is what counts towards success in life nowadays4 ,by 8efficiency0 ,i don't mean mere money-making skill1 but a general intelligence and capability to live a free1 prosperous and happy life4 ,to preach 8don't0 is to incite the doing of wrong4 ,rather infuse the right spirit2 as powder is to the shot1 so is spirit to action4 ,moral ,instruction4--,direct moral instruction--like drill--produces a pleasing veneer1 but unless there is properly seasoned character below this will not stand wear4 ,wise old ,plato long ago gave us the right lead in education1 and one which only now is beginning to be followed1 when he said that there was innate good in every child1 and the aim of education should be to develop these natural 8instincts of virtue0 through suitable practices4 ,active versus passive education4--,no mention of reading1 writing1 and 'rithmetic as essentials1 but of enlarging the natural instincts1 i4e41 character by practices not merely by precepts4 ,the average girl 7if there is such a thing as an average girl7 does not want to sit down and passively receive theoretical instruction4 ,she wants to be up and actually doing things in practice1 and this is a good lever to work upon if only the teacher will recognise it as the instrument ready to her hand4 ,your first step then is to study the girl herself2 to recognise her likes and dislikes1 her good qualities and her bad1 and to direct her training on these4 ,how to ,apply the ,training ,the scheme given in this book is little more than a suggestive outline4 ,it is left to the ingenuity of the ,captain to devise generally on these lines further activities such as will best suit her local conditions4 ,games and practices selected or planned for the purpose can be made to teach1 through the youthful enthusiasm of the girls1 most of the moral attributes required1 such as self-restraint1 good temper1 obedience to leaders and to rules1 unselfishness1 pluck1 moral endurance1 fairness1 esprit de corps1 etc41 as well as physical hygiene4 ,further1 they teach soberness in success1 good humour in defeat1 and repression of show-off and hysterics4 ,for example1 if a girl faints on parade it should be a point of honour almost to take no notice of her beyond allowing her ,corporal and one other ,scout to look after her4 ,the business of the moment should go on as if nothing untoward were happening4 ,,the ,,psychology ,,of ,,the ,,scouter ,there are two fundamental points to be considered in dealing with ,scouts4 ,the first is that the only woman who can hope for real success as a trainer of ,scouts is the one who can be their elder sister4 ,the 8,commanding ,officer0 is no good and the 8,schoolmistress0 is doomed to failure 7though in neither case probably would the woman recognise it herself nor admit it74 ,this fact is being proved daily by the successful results already gained by our ,captain4 ,by the term 8elder sister0 ,i mean one who while commanding their respect can place herself on terms of comradeship with her girls1 entering into their games and laughter1 herself thereby winning their confidence and putting herself into that position which is essential for teaching1 namely1 where by her own example she leads them in the right direction instead of merely pointing the way4 ,the ,psychology of the ,girl ,the second item to recognise1 although as a point it is of first importance1 is that the girl of eight to ten is psychologically quite different from the girl of ten to fifteen4 ,i don't mean that the change comes about with a bang in the tenth year2 but the younger girl is growing relatively in mind and body more rapidly than the elder one1 and the transition gradually comes about approximately at those ages in the average girl4 ,the age at which crime begins among the poorer class of children points to the age at which character begins to form itself1 and it appears much earlier in life than is usually supposed2 that is to say1 the crime returns show a good deal of juvenile depravity at the early age of ten and eleven1 and at twelve it has mounted to its highest point in the young generation up to twenty4 ,between the ages of eight and nine1 therefore1 seem to be the right time to get hold of the girl when the seeds of character may begin to sprout into pliant tendrils ready to trail off in the wrong direction1 but easily taken in hand at that time and trained aright4 ,under eleven the following are common attributes in the average child3 make-believe1 appreciation of fairy tales1 eagerness for new experiences1 collection of stamps and other curios1 mental restlessness1 physical restlessness1 thoughtlessness1 untruthfulness1 etc4 ,over eleven the following attributes may be generally counted on3 constructiveness1 hero-worship1 liking for team games1 dawning conscience1 sense of humour1 of pathos and of sympathy4 ,character ,in any case sense of honour1 truth1 self-control1 fairness1 discipline1 responsibility and good humour have been too little inculcated among girls in the past1 and this important omission we endeavour to make good in the practices and activities of the ,scout work adapted to the psychology changes as they come4 ,the ,patrol ,system for ,scouts ,i remember when we first started the ,boy ,scout and ,girl ,scout ,movements in ,england1 ,i received some valuable advice from a prominent business man with regard to organising the ,headquarters ,office4 ,he told me that women were far the best clerks to employ in preference to men1 but he said the pity of it was that they only rose to a certain height in their work and they could not be made managers of departments because they could not take responsibility4 ,war conditions have since shown that if he meant this as a rule he was wrong4 ,women have risen splendidly to the occasion1 and in very many cases have shown themselves perfectly qualified to take higher duties upon themselves4 ,at the same time there is no doubt that if more of them were prepared for it early in life1 many more of them would be so employed in ordinary times of peace4 ,in the ,girl ,scout ,movement1 as in the ,boy ,scouts1 we also have the small unit--the ,patrol--commanded by its own girl ,leader4 ,this in the first place conduces to the ,patrol ,spirit among its members1 where each of them considers the honour of her unit to be always at stake1 and that it is up to her among its other members constantly to uphold its reputation4 ,this brings the development of self-discipline1 sense of duty and selflessness down to the individual4 ,emulation between ,patrols in a ,troop make for a higher standard of efficiency and collective discipline all round2 and this is a great help to the ,captain4 ,but also there is the ,patrol ,leader4 ,she is the responsible officer for leading her ,patrol to victory and for keeping each member of the unit up to the mark so that the ,patrol as a whole does not fall behind any other4 ,to do this effectively she soon discovers1 if it is not otherwise pointed out to her1 that she has to be a ,leader not only in name but in fact and in act4 ,she has to be an all-round efficient1 and she has to use her brain and thought1 her initiative and power of command to hold and lead those under her4 ,with a little practice this rle becomes a habit4 ,having learnt how to obey and how to restrain herself she develops the power of command and her own sense of responsibility1 thereby unconsciously preparing herself to take higher positions of trust in real life later on4 ,but above all this means for each individual the development of character4 ,and that is our aim4 ,the ,court of ,honour formed by ,patrol ,leaders and their ,assistants 78,corporals07 is also of untold value in founding and developing the strength of the ,scout spirit and the sense of responsibility to a further degree among the girls4 ,for these reasons the ,patrol ,system is the most important element in the ,girl ,scout ,training1 and it is1 as far as ,i know1 the only step so far made available towards educating girls practically in two points which have long been missing in their upbringing--namely1 in the sense and practice of ,self-discipline and ,responsibility4 ,how the ,scout ,training ,appeals ,from the parents' point of view ,scout work gives character to the girls1 also skill at handicrafts2 thirdly1 service and helpfulness to others2 fourthly1 physical health and development4 ,from the teacher's point of view it provides a healthy environment outside the school1 and activities which tend to develop in practice many of these attributes inculcated theoretically in the girls' lessons4 ,from the girls' point of view ,scouting puts them into fraternity gangs among jolly comrades and it gives them a smart dress and equipment1 it appeals to their imagination in results1 and it engages them in an active open-air and healthy life4 ,our aim is to give equal chances to all and to give the most help to the least fortunate4 ,the training applies equally well to girls of all classes and can be carried out in towns just as well as in the country4 ,camps ,camping1 which a few years ago was looked upon as impossible for girls1 has now become an institution in very many centres--or one that has brought the very best results4 ,it is what the girls look forward to with intense joy1 and it gives the ,captains their greatest opportunity4 ,large camps are1 for training purposes1 a mistake3 one troop of three or four patrols is as much as a ,captain and ,lieutenant can manage with due regard to the health and training of the girls4 ,they may be carried out in tents or in barns and farm buildings1 empty houses1 etc4 ,religion ,two authorities from very different points of view have gone so far as to describe ,scouting and ,scout work as 8a new religion and a practical one40 ,one of these was a clergyman and a schoolmaster1 and the other a statesman of strong human sympathies4 ,we have not ourselves pretended to claim any such standing for the teaching1 but we do find from experience that where rightly handled it can put the right spirit and the right grounding into children for developing religion through their inner consciousness instead of having theology imposed upon them through surface instruction of morality taught them through fear of punishment4 ,nature ,study and ,good ,turns ,to interest the child is our method of training in the ,scout movement1 whatever may be the subject taken up4 ,it can equally be used in the development of the elements of religion without in any way trenching on the teaching of any particular denomination--indeed it is helpful to all4 ,we use1 therefore1 the study of ,nature as a first step to the realisation of the ,creator4 ,the dissection of a plant or bird1 the observation of the habits of an animal or an insect1 or the study of the stars and planets all command the eager interest of the girl1 and if properly applied1 reveal to her with absorbing force the miracle laws of ,nature2 it gives her a sense of the beautiful2 it gives her an uplifting instinct of reverence for the power of ,god4 ,then1 on the moral side1 to be good is of little interest to the child2 to do good is another matter4 ,she has an innate predisposition to the active practice rather than to the passive reception1 and the ,scout encouragement to do the daily good turn meets her inclination and eventually leads her--bit by bit--to the practice of kindness and of self-sacrifice for others as her natural habit of mind and action4 ,in other words1 the germ of the ,divine ,love that is within her is developed along lines which appeal to her1 till it blossoms out as an integral part of her life and character1 as her soul4 ,in this way the soul is educated1 that is1 self-expanded from within3 it cannot be developed artificially by the application of book instruction and rules from without4 ,nature study should not be the mere formal class teaching of the school1 but should be the interested pursuit of each individual girl in that branch of it which particularly appeals to her1 through practical handling and dealing with it4 ,through such ,nature investigation1 and the consequent appreciation of ,god the ,creator1 the ,captain can lead the girl on to a right understanding of biology and of her own position in the order of nature2 to realise how she can be associated with the ,creator in ,his work and how she can have her part in the romance of reproduction and the carrying on of the race2 also that good motherhood is a wonderful gift of ,god1 at once a sacred and a patriotic privilege and duty4 ,many a girl has been ruined by ignorance on the subject1 and by the wrong or debased views picked up haphazard4 ,parents to a great extent evade their duties in this direction1 and yet they are apt to resent other people trying to remedy their neglect4 ,so it is often desirable for a ,captain to consult the mother before talking to a girl1 but the girl should not be left to slide in ignorance4 ,then it is not a thing to deal with before a number of girls1 but with the individual according to her psychology4 ,one of the objects in a ,captain being 8an elder sister rather than an officer0 to her girls is precisely that she can talk to them intimately and naturally on this very vital topic4 ,rallies ,rallies are useful for bringing together a number of ,troops to see each other and be seen by others whom it is desired to interest in the ,movement4 ,for either or both purposes it is a good thing to have displays of ,scout activities by the different patrols and companies1 and also to have competitions between them in various ,scout practices4 ,a too common fault about ,rallies is that the stage-managing is faulty--the way in which the thing is presented is as important as the thing presented1 so far as the outside impression is concerned4 ,the other fault is that generally the displays are chosen too much with a view to training the girls and too little with a view to interesting the onlookers4 ,this is a bad fault if you are trying to spread the ,movement and to get people keenly interested in it4 ,the two points can perfectly well be combined4 ,let the programme err on the short side1 and let it be full of variety1 novelty1 incident1 and interest4 ,long signalling tests and bandaging exhibitions are intensely boring to the onlookers who don't understand them4 ,whereas a realistic accident1 a pretty dance1 good acting1 and graceful gymnastics1 and exhibitions of work done1 or girls at work1 are pleasing and attractive4 ,let it go with a snap--short1 sharp and sweet4 ,often the ,rally includes inspection by a ,commissioner or other officers4 ,inspection of ,troops by ,commissioners ,there was in the early days of the ,movement a tendency to look upon the inspection of a ,troop rather in the light of a military parade or a social function1 when in point of fact it should be neither4 ,a cursory review by a visiting officer is bound to induce training for outward effect and appearance1 an entire perversion of our aims and methods4 ,i have seen it suggested1 even quite recently1 that the girls in the ,troop should be ranged for inspection in order of size so that they may please the eye of the inspector6 ,the up-to-date inspecting officer is not likely to be taken in by eye-wash4 ,her aim is to ascertain to what extent results have been attained by the ,captain among the girls in each ,patrol in her ,troop in the four main branches of our training4 ,character and ,intelligence4 ,skill and ,handicraft4 ,service for ,others4 ,physical ,health and ,health ,knowledge4 ,she will generally take each ,patrol separately1 or if there is not time for this1 one ,patrol selected at random from each ,troop4 ,she will then1 by questioning the ,patrol ,leader and some of the ,scouts1 judge for herself to what extent the leader is capable of responsibility and leadership1 and to what extent the girls are efficient1 keen1 and smart4 ,she can1 by a few simple tests1 soon see whether they have really earned their badges1 and she can offer them simple personal advice which will sink in and be valued4 ,the ,scout ,spirit and ,scout proficiency are to her the important points to look for4 ,accurate drill1 neat bandaging1 quick and legible signalling1 smart uniform1 are excellent steps1 but they are only steps among others towards the attainment of womanly efficiency on the part of the individual girl4 ,that is the aim of our training4 ,happy1 smiling face1 ready resourcefulness and quick intelligence in carrying out any job that may be given is the evidence of keen esprit de corps in the ,patrol1 are by far the best indications to the inspecting officer as to whether or not true ,scout training is practised by the ,captain in her ,troop4 ,give ,us the ,young6 ,as ,benjamin ,kidd has written1 let our cry be3---- 8,oh6 you wise men who would reconstruct the world6 ,give us the young4 ,give us the young4 ,do what you will with the world1 only give us the young4 ,it is the dreams which we teach them3 it is the ,utopias which we conceive for them3 it is the thoughts which we think for them1 which will rebuild the world4 ,give us the young before the evil has held them and we will create a new ,heaven and a new ,earth40 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,obvious punctuation errors were corrected4 ,some of the layout forms in the book were unable to be followed exactly4 ,changes are noted below4 ,page #ac1 8thy0 changed to 8they0 7they must always wash7 ,page #ai1 8simultaneuosly0 changed to 8simultaneously0 7two pairs playing simultaneously7 ,page #dh1 8throughtout0 changed to 8throughout0 7reign throughout ,india7 ,page #fe1 8salue0 changed to 8salute0 7the salute1 otherwise7 ,page #gd1 8strips0 changed to 8stripes0 7thirteen stripes symbolize7 ,page #hj1 8,,ab0 was originally positions with the ,a directly above the ,b4 ,page #hj1 8split0 changed to 8splint0 7tie on a splint7 ,page #he1 8parellel0 changed to 8parallel0 7chin parallel with floor7 ,page #hi1 the following line was the final line on the page but does not fit in the text and was deleted3 not feel it at the time1 but it may lead to illnesses years ,this line may be found on page #hd4 ,page #ajj1 8lettter0 changed to 8letter0 7choose a letter of the7 ,page #ajf1 8anl0 changed to 8and0 7and slugs as food7 ,page #abe1 8plans0 changed to 8plants0 7any ordered plants7 ,page #adi1 8find0 changed to 8five0 7,boer five pounds for7 ,page #aed1 8says0 changed to 8say0 7stick1 say1 six feet7 ,page #aef1 8which0 changed to 8when0 7when you hold it7 ,page #aeh1 8mackeral0 changed to 8mackerel0 7are the herring mackerel7 ,page #aeh1 8warking0 changed to 8working0 7keep a hard-working man7 ,page #aei1 8strip0 changed to 8string0 7string to your package of7 ,page #afa1 8bright0 changed to 8bring0 7overnight1 bring to boiling7 ,page #afi1 8medal0 changed to 8medals0 7received medals for saving7 ,page #agf1 8stragihtened0 changed to 8straightened0 7straightened and bound to7 ,page #agh1 8suck0 to 8sucked0 7spirit is thus sucked in7 ,page #agi1 8away0 to 8awake0 7be kept awake if7 ,page #ahj1 8tonsilitis0 changed to 8tonsillitis0 7suffer from tonsillitis7 ,page #ahj1 8vitrol0 changed to 8vitriol0 7throwing vitriol over7 ,page #aid1 8angles0 changed to 8ankles0 7the ankles1 should be7 ,page #bjd1 8dulll0 changed to 8dull0 7play these dull games7 ,page #bjf1 8,madge0 changed to 8,badge0 7a certain ,proficiency ,badge7 ,page #bag1 8,committe0 changed to 8,committee0 7of the ,local ,committee7 ,page #bag1 8#jjj0 changed to 8#fe0 7,see p4 #fe47 ,page #bbc1 8teach0 changed to 8teacher0 7helping a teacher7 ,page #bbd1 8,groud0 changed to 8,group0 7,,group #b4 ,arts and ,crafts47 ,page #bbi1 8,associaton0 changed to 8,association0 7adopted in the ,association7 ,page #bcj1 8mapority0 changed to 8majority0 7majority of the people7 ,page #bcf1 8back0 changed to 8black0 7gold and black hat cords7 ,page #bcf1 8,form0 changed to 8,from0 7,from a troop1 through7 ,page #bci1 8corporation0 changed to 8coperation0 7the coperation of the7 ,page #bdb1 8withdrew0 changed to 8withdraw0 7withdraw her badges7 ,page #bej1 8it0 changed to 8its0 7uphold its reputation7 ,page #bea1 8unbringing0 changed to 8upbringing0 7in their upbringing7