,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is v]sion ( ! text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical effects4 ,italics are delimit$ ) ! #8' "* z italic4 ,a complex full-page *>t1 #8,,tabul> ,,geological ,,pr(ile'1 appe>$ z p4 #c1 9 mid-p>agraph1 & has be5 mov$ slightly =w>d4 ,9 g5]al1 ! position ( illu/rations h be5 adju/$ slightly1 :]e necess>y1 to avoid fall+ 9 mid-p>agraph4 ,m9or errors 9 punctuation & =matt+ h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,please see ! transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ?is text = details reg>d+ ! h&l+ ( any textual issues enc\nt]$ dur+ its prep>ation4 ,,! ,,subt]ranean ,,_w4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,& ,,p>liam5t ,,/reet ,illu/ration3 ,,c>bonif]\s ,,=e/1 ,,c>bonif]\s ,,p]iod4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,subt]ranean ,,_w4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,george ,,h>twig1 ,,au?or ,,( #8,,! ,,sea ,,& ,,its ,,liv+ ,,wond]s1' #8,,! ,,tropical ,,_w1' #8,,! ,,pol> ,,_w1' ,,& #8,,! ,,h>monies ,,( ,,nature4' ,,) ,,?ree ,,maps ,,& ,,num]\s ,,engrav+s ,,on ,,wood4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,scribn]1 ,,wel=d1 ,,& ,,co4 #ahga4 ,,preface4 ------- ,nature displays h] wond]s n only 9 ! />ry heav5s or 9 ! b\ndless v>iety ( animal & vegetable life on ! surface ( our e>?4 ,9 ! d>k regions und]gr\nd %e likewise %[s u mu* t is rem>kable or beautiful1 or c>ries on gigantic op]ations1 :i* are sometimes b5efic5t & sometimes disa/r\s to mank9d4 ,!re lie conceal$ ! my/]i\s laboratories ( fire1 :i* reveal to u _! exi/5ce 9 e>?quakes & volcanic explosions4 ,!re1 9 successive /rata1 repose ! rema9s ( ext9ct animals & plants4 ,!re _m a wond]ful cav]n may be se51 ) its fanta/ic /alactites1 its ru%+ wat]s1 & its noble halls4 ,!re h be5 deposit$ ! ri* /ores ( m9]al weal?--! metals1 ! coals1 ! salt1 ! sulphur1 c4--)\t ^: aid man w\ld nev] h be5 m ?an a savage4 ,! aim ( ! pres5t "w has be5 to describe ! wond]s ( ?is hidd5 _w 9 _! v>i\s relations to man1 n[ rais+ him to weal?1 & n[ doom+ him to de/ruction4 ,! au?or tru/s t he may h succe$$ 9 giv+ a sket* ( ! ph5om5a result+ f ! action ( subt]ranean =ces1 :i*1 ) 8 acc\nt ( ! wond]s ( ! sea1 ( ! tropics1 & ( ! froz5 regions1 may imp>t to ! read] a fair idea ( ! hi/ory & pres5t condition ( ! wond]ful _w 9 :i* we live4 ,,salon1 ,,ne> ,,ludwigsburg3 ,july #f1 #ahga4 ,,cont5ts4 ------- ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,geological ,,revolutions4 ,! ,et]nal ,/rife betwe5 ,wat] & ,fire--,/rata ( ,aque\s ,orig9--,tabul> ,view ( _! ,*ronological ,succession--,enorm\s ,"t requir$ = _! ,=mation-- ,igne\s ,action--,metamorphic ,rocks--,upheaval & ,depression---,fossils--,un9t]rupt$ ,succession ( ,organic ,life ,page #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,fossils4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks--,eozoon ,canad5se--,trilobites--,bra*iopods-- ,pt]i*?ys ,mill]i--,olde/ ,reptiles--,wond]ful ,pres]vation ( ,col\r 9 ,petrifi$ ,%ells--,primval ,corals & ,sponges--,sea-lilies--,or?oc]atites & ,ammonites---,belemnites--,i*?yosaurus & ,plesiosaurus-- ,pt]odactyli--,iguanodon--,t]ti>y ,quadrup$s--,d9o!rium-- ,colosso*elys ,atlas--,mega!rium--,mylodon--,glyptodon -- ,mammo?--,ma/odon--,siva!rium ,giganteum--,fossil ,ripple- m>ks1 ,ra9-drops1 & ,footpr9ts--,h>mony has reign$ f ! beg9n+ #h ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,subt]ranean ,,heat4 ,zone ( inv>iable ,temp]ature--,increas+ ,temp]ature ( ! ,e>? at a great] ,dep?--,pro(s f\nd 9 ,m9es & ,artesian ,wells1 9 ,hot ,spr+s & ,volcanic ,eruptions-- ,! :ole ,e>? probably at "o "t a fluid mass #ca ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,subt]ranean ,,upheavals ,,& ,,depressions4 ,oscillations ( ! ,e>?'s ,surface tak+ place 9 ! pres5t day--,fir/ asc]ta9$ 9 ,sw$5--,examples ( ,contemporane\s ,upheaval & ,depression 9 ,france & ,engl&--,probable ,causes ( ! ,ph5om5on #cd ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,subt]ranean ,,wat]s ,,& ,,artesian ,,wells4 ,subt]ranean ,di/ribution ( ! ,wat]s--,admirable ,provisions ( ,nature--,hydro/atic ,laws regulat+ ! ,fl[ ( ,spr+s--,!rmal ,spr+s--,int]mitt5t ,spr+s--,! ,geysir--,buns5's ,!ory--,artesian ,wells--,le ,puits de ,gr5elle--,deep ,bor+s--,v>i\s ,uses ( ,artesian ,wells-- ,artesian ,wells 9 ,v5ice & 9 ! ,des]t ( ,sah>a #ci ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,volcanoes4 ,volcanic ,m\nta9s--,ext9ct & active ,crat]s--,_! ,size-- ,dang]\s ,crat]-explorations--,dr4 ,judd 9 ! ,kilauea ,pit--,ext9ct ,crat]s--,_! ,beauty--,! ,crat] ( ,m\nt ,vultur 9 ,apulia--,volcanoes /ill con/antly =m+-- ,jorullo & ,isalco--,subm>9e ,volcanoes--,sabr9a & ,graham's ,isl&--,santor9--,numb] ( ,volcanoes--,_! ,di/ribution--,volcanoes 9 a con/ant /ate ( eruption-- ,/romboli--,fum>oles--,! ,lava-lakes ( ,kilauea--,volcanic ,p>oxysms--,column ( ,smoke & ,a%es--,detonations-- ,explosion ( ,cones--,disa/r\s ,effects ( ,%[]s ( ,a%es & ,lapilli--,mud ,/reams--,fi% disgorg$ f ,volcanic ,cav]ns--,eruptions ( ,lava--,p>asitic ,cones-- ,ph5om5a att5d+ ! ,fl[ ( a ,lava ,/ream--,b>on ,papal>do--,meet+ ( ,lava & ,wat]--,scori--,lava & ,ice-- ,va/ ,dim5sions ( sev]al ,lava ,/reams--,sc5es ( ,desolation--,volcanoes consid]$ z ,safety-valves-- ,probable ,causes ( ,volcanoes #ec ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,h]culaneum ,,& ,,pompeii4 ,/ate ( ,vesuvius be=e ! eruption 9 ! ye> #gi ,a4,c4-- ,sp>tacus--,premonitory ,e>?quakes--,lett] ( ,pl9y ! ,y\ng] to ,tacitus1 relat+ ! dea? ( 8 uncle1 ,pl9y ! ,eld]--,b5evol5ce ( ! ,emp]or ,titus-- ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii buri$ "u a muddy alluvium-- ,h]culaneum fir/ discov]$ 9 #agac #ha ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,gas ,,spr+s ,,& ,,mud ,,volcanoes4 ,c>bonic-acid ,spr+s--,grotto del ,cane--,! ,valley ( ,dea? 9 ,java--,exagg]at$ ,descriptions--,c>burett$ ,hydrog5 ,spr+s--,! ,holy ,fires ( ,baku--,description ( ! ,temple--,mud ,volcanoes--,! ,macaluba 9 ,sicily--,crimean ,mud ,volcanoes--,volcanic ,orig9 ( ,mud ,volcanoes #hh ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,e>?quakes4 ,ext5t ( ,mis]y inflict$ by great ,e>?quakes--,e>?quake ,regions--,e>?quakes 9 ,engl&--,great ,numb] ( ,e>?quakes--,v]tical & ,undulatory ,%ocks--,w>n+s ( ,e>?quakes--,s\nds att5d+ ,e>?quakes--,rem>kable ,displacem5ts ( ,objects--,ext5t & ,=ce ( ,seismic ,wave ,motion--,effects ( ,e>?quakes on ! ,sea--,enorm\s ,waves on ,coa/s--,oscillations ( ! ,ocean--,fissures1 ,l&slips1 & %att]+ ,falls ( ,rock caus$ by ,e>?quakes--,causes ( ,e>?quakes--,probable ,dep? ( ,focus--,op9ions ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & ,mr4 ,p\lett ,scrope--,impressions produc$ on ,man & ,animals by ,e>?quakes #ig ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,great ,,e>?quake ,,( ,,lisbon4 ,a dreadful ,all ,sa9ts' ,day--,! ,victims ( a ,m9ute--,report ( an ,eye-witness--,conflagration--,b&itti--, pombal br+s ,*aos into ,ord]--,intrigues ( ! ,jesuits--,damages caus$ by ! ,e>?quake 9 o!r places2 at ,cadiz2 9 ,b>b>y-- ,widespread ,al>m--,rem>ks ( ,goe! on ! ,e>?quake #aad ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,l&slips4 ,igne\s & ,aque\s ,causes ( ,l&slips--,fall ( ! ,diabl]ets 9 #agad & #agdi--;,escape ( a ,peasant f 8 liv+ ,tomb--,vitaliano ,donati on ! ,fall ( a ,m\nta9 ne> ,sall5*es--,! ,de/ruction ( ,goldau 9 #ahjf-- ,wond]ful ,pres]vation ( a ,*ild--,burial ( ,velleja & ,tauretunum1 ( ,plrs & ,scilano--,l&slip ne> ,axm\? 9 ,dorset%ire--,fall+ 9 ( ,cav]n-ro(s--,doll9as & ,jamas 9 ,c>niola & ,dalmatia--,bur/+ ( ,bogs-- ,crat]i=m ,holl[s 9 ! ,eifel #aba ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,on ,,caves ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,_! v>i\s ,=ms--,natural ,tunnels--,! ,v5tanillas ( ,gualgayoc--,eimeo--,torgatt5--,hole 9 ! ,mrts*5/ock--,! ,trebi* ,cave--,grotto ( ,antip>os--,va/ ,dim5sions ( ! ,cave ( ,adelsb]g & ( ! ,mammo? ,cave--,discov]y ( ,baumann's ,cave--,lime/one ,caves--,causes ( _! ,excavation--,/alactites & ,/alagmites--,_! ,orig9-- ,v>iety ( ,=ms--,m>9e ,caves--,%etl&--,f+al's ,cave--,! ,azure ,cave--,cave "u ,bonifacio--,grotta di ,nettuno1 ne> ,syracuse--,! ,bufador ( ,papa ,luna--,volcanic ,caves--,! ,fossa della ,palomba--,caves ( ,san ,miguel--,! ,surt%ellir #acc ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,cave ,,riv]s4 ,! ,f\nta9 ( ,vaucluse--,! ,fonta9e-sans-fond--,! ,katabo?ra 9 ,morea--,subt]ranean ,riv]s 9 ,c>niola-- ,subt]ranean ,navigation ( ! ,poik 9 ! ,cave ( ,plan9a--#8,! ,/alactital ,p>adise'--,! ,piuka ,jama #adi ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,subt]ranean ,,life4 ,subt]ranean ,vegetation--,fungi--,enorm\s ,fungus 9 a ,tunnel ne> ,donca/]--,artificial ,mu%room-b$s ne> ,p>is-- ,subt]ranean ,animals--,! ,gua*>o--,:olesale ,slaught]-- ,insects 9 ! ,cave ( ,adelsb]g--,! ,leptodirus & ! ,blo?rus--,! ,/alita tn>ia--,! ,olm or ,proteus--,! ,lake ( ,cirknitz--,! ,ar*duke ,f]d9& & ,*>on--,! ,bl9d ,rat & ! ,bl9d ,fi% ( ! ,mammo? ,cave #aef ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,caves ,,z ,,places ,,( ,,refuge4 ,! ,cave ( ,adullam--,mahomet 9 ! ,cave ( ,?aur--,! ,cave ( ,long>a--,! ,cave ( ,egg--,! ,caves ( ,ra?l9--,! ,cave ( ,ye]malik--,! ,caves ( ,gr5ada--,ab5 ,aboo1 ! ,morisco ,k+--,! ,caves ( ,gortyna & ,melidoni--,atrocities ( ,fr5* ,w>f>e 9 ,alg]ia--,! ,caves ( ! ,dahra--,! ,cave ( ,%elas--,/4 ,arnaud #afi ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,h]mit ,,caves--,,rock ,,temples--,,rock ,,*ur*es4 ,/4 ,paul ( ,!bes--,/4 ,an?ony--,8 visit to ,alex&ria1 & dea?--,num]\s ,cave ,h]mits 9 ! ,ea/--,/4 ,b5$ict 9 ! ,cave ( ,subiaco--,/4 ,cu?b]t--,/4 ,beatus--,rock ,temples ( ,kan>a--,! ,wond]s ( ,ellora--,ipsamb\l--,rock ,*ur*es ( ,lalibala 9 ,abyss9ia--,! ,cave ( ,trophonios--,! ,grotto ( ,/4 ,rosolia ne> ,pal]mo--,! ,*apel ( ,agios ,niketas 9 ,greece--,! ,*apel ( ,ob]/e9 on ! ,nahe--,! rep5tant fratricide #agh ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,ice ,,caves ,,& ,,w9d-,,holes4 ,ice-caves ( ,/4 ,georges & ,/4 ,livres--,beautiful ,ice- /alagmites 9 ! ,cave ( ,la ,baume--,! ,s*aflo*--,ice ,cat>act 9 ! ,upp] ,glacire ( ,/4 ,livres--,ice ,cav]n ( ,eis5]z--,! ,cave ( ,ye]malik--,volcanic ,ice-caves-- olian ,cav]ns ( ,t]ni--,causes ( ! l[ temp]ature ( ,ice-caves #aib ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,rock ,,tombs ,,& ,,catacombs4 ,biban-el-,moluk1 ! ,royal ,tombs ( ,!bes--,! ,roman ,catacombs--,_! ,ext5t--,_! ,mode ( ,excavation--,t\*+ ,sepul*ral ,inscriptions--,antony ,bosio1 ! ,columbus ( ! ,catacombs--,! ,cavali]e di ,rossi--,! ,catacombs ( ,naples & ,syracuse--,! ,catacombs ( ,p>is #bjb ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,caves ,,conta9+ ,,rema9s ,,( ,,ext9ct ,,animals4 ,! ,cave ,hy5a & ! ,cave ,be>--,! ,cav]n ( ,kirkdale-- ,! ,moa ,caves 9 ,new ,zeal&--,v>i\s ,species ( ,moas-- ,_! enorm\s size #bac ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,subt]ranean ,,relics ,,( ,,prehi/oric ,,man4 ,! ,peat ,mosses ( ,d5m>k--,%ell-,m\nds--,swiss ,lacu/r9e ,dwell+s--,anci5t ,m\nds 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,mississippi--,! ,caves 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,meuse--,dr4 ,s*m]l+--,human ,skulls 9 ! ,cave ( ,engis-- ,explorations ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 9 ! ,cave ( ,engih\l--,cav]ns ( ,brixham--,caves ( ,g[]--,! ,sepul*ral ,grotto ( ,aurignac--,fl9t ,implem5ts discov]$ 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,somme--,gray's ,inn ,lane an anci5t ,hunt+-,gr\nd = ,mammo?s #bba ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,troglodytes ,,or ,,cave-,,dwell]s4 ,,cannibal ,,caves4 ,cave ,dwell+s 9 ! ,val d',ispica--,! ,sicanians--,cannibal ,caves 9 ,s\? ,africa--,! ,rock ,city ( ! ,!mud-- ,leg5d>y ,tale ( its ,de/ruction #bcb ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,tunnels4 ,subt]ranean ,london--,! ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel--,its ,l5g?-- ,+5i\s ,bor+ ,app>atus--,! ,grotto ( ! ,pausilippo-- ,! ,tomb ( ,virgil #bcg ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,on ,,m9es ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,p]ils ( ! ,m9]'s ,life--,numb] ( ,casualties 9 ,briti% & ,=eign ,coal ,m9es--,life 9 a ,m9e--,occurr5ce ( ,ores--,ext5t & ,dep? ( ,metallic ,ve9s--,m9es frequ5tly discov]$ by ,*ance--,! ,div9+ ,rod--,exp]im5tal ,bor+s--,/irr+ ,emotions dur+ _! ,progress--,s9k+ ( ,%afts--,precautions aga9/ ,influx ( ,wat]--,exp5se-- ,%aft ,accid5ts--,v>i\s ,me?ods ( work+ ,m9]al ,sub/ances--,work+ 9 ,direct & ,rev]se ,/eps--,work+ by ,transv]se ,attacks--,op5 ,qu>ry ,work+s--,pill> & ,/all ,sy/em--,long ,wall ,sy/em--,dang]\s ,extraction ( ,pill>s--,m9+ ,implem5ts--,bla/+--,h]oes 9 ,humble ,life--,fir+ 9 ! ,m9e ( ,rammelsb]g--,transport ( ,m9]als ,und]gr\nd--,mod]n ,improvem5ts--,v>i\s ,modes ( ,desc5t--,corfs--,wond]ful ,pres]vation ( a ,girl at ,fahlun--,! ,loop--,safety ,cage--,man ,ma*9es--,timb]+ & ,wall+ ( ,gall]ies--,dra9age by ,adit ,levels--,rem>kable ,adits--,! ,great ,corni% ,adit--,! ,georg ,/oll5 9 ! ,h>tz--,! ,ern/ ,augu/ ,/oll5--,/eam ,pumps--,dr[n+ ( ,m9es--,irruption ( ! ,sea into ,work+ton ,colli]y-- ,hub]t ,g(f9--,irruption ( ! ,riv] ,g>nock into a ,m9e--,v5tilation ( ,m9es--,upca/ ,%afts--,fire ,damp-- ,dreadful ,explosions--,! ,safety ,lamp--,! ,*oke ,damp-- ,conflagrations ( ,m9es--,! ,burn+ ,hill 9 ,/af=d%ire #bdd ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,gold4 ,! ,gold5 ,fleece--,gold5 ,/atues 9 anci5t ,temples--,a ,free-?9k+ ,soldi]--,treasures ( anci5t ,mon>*s-- ,fir/ ,gold ,co9s--,ophir--,spani% ,gold ,m9es--,bohemian ,gold ,m9es--,discov]y ( ,am]ica--,sib]ian ,gold ,m9es-- ,cali=nia--,m>%all--,ru% to ! ,plac]s--,discov]y ( ,gold 9 ,au/ralia--,! ,*9aman's ,hole--,new ,el ,dorados-- ,alluvial ,gold ,deposits 9 ,cali=nia & ,au/ralia-- ,wa%+--,qu>tz-cru%+ #bhe ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,silv]4 ,its anci5t ,discov]y--,its ,uses among ! luxuri\s ,romans-- ,! ,m9es ( ,laurium--,silv] ,m9es ( ,bohemia1 ,saxony1 & ,hung>y--,colossal ,nuggets--,silv] ,ores--,silv] ,production ( ,europe--,mexican ,silv] ,m9es--,! ,veta ,madre ( ,guanaxuato--,! ,conde de la ,val5ciana--,zacatecas & ,catorce--,adv5tures ( a ,/eam ,eng9e--,la ,bolsa de ,dios ,padre--,! ,conde de la ,regia--,ill-fat$ ,engli% ,companies-- ,indian ,c>ri]s--,! ,dress+ ( ,silv] ,ores--,amalgamat+ ,process--,enorm\s ,production ( ,mexican ,m9es--,potosi-- ,c]ro de ,pasco--,gualgayoc--,! ,m9e ( ,salc$o--,ho/ility ( ! ,indians--,! ,monk's ,ros>y--,*ilian ,m9es--,! ,com/ock ,lode #big ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,copp]4 ,its valuable ,qualities--,engli% ,copp] ,m9es--,_! comp>atively rec5t ,importance--,dre>y ,aspect ( ! ,cornwall ,copp] ,c\ntry--,botallack--,subm>9e ,copp] ,m9es--,a ,bl9d ,m9]--,swansea--,smelt+ ,process--,! ,m9es ( ,fahlun--_! ,anci5t ,records--,alt5 ,fjord--,dron!im-- ,! ,m9es ( ,rraas--,! ,m9es ( ,mansfeldt--,lake ,sup]ior--,my/]i\s ,discov]ies--,burra ,burra--,rem>kable ,in/ances ( ,good ,=tune 9 ,copp] ,m9+ #cae ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,t94 ,t9 kn[n f ! mo/ remote antiquity--,phnician ,trad]s--,! ,cassit]ides--,diodorus ,siculus--,8 acc\nt ( ! ,corni% ,t9 ,trade--,! ,age ( ,bronze--,valuable ,qualities ( ,t9--,t9 ,c\ntries--,corni% ,t9 ,lodes--,t9 ,/reams--,:eal ,vor--,a ,subt]ranean ,blacksmi?--,huel ,:]ry1 a ,t9 ,m9e "u ! ,sea--,c>claze ,t9 ,m9e--,dress+ ( ,t9 ,ores--,smelt+--,! ,corni% ,m9] #ccb ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,iron4 ,iron ! mo/ valuable ( ,metals--,its wide ,diffusion ov] ! ,e>?--,meteoric ,iron--,iron v anci5tly kn[n-- ,ext5sion ( its ,uses 9 ,mod]n ,times--,briti% ,iron ,production--,causes ( its ,rise--,hot ,bla/--,puddl+--,coal ,smelt+--,! ,clevel& ,di/rict--,rapid ,rise ( ,middlesbor\gh--,briti% ,iron ,ores--,production ( ,=eign ,c\ntries--,! ,magnetic ,m\nta9 9 ,russia--,! ,eis5]z ,m\nta9 9 ,/yria--,dannemora--,elba--,! ,unit$ ,/ates--,! ,pilot ,knob--,! ,c]ro del ,m]cado #cde ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,lead4 ,its ,prop]ties & ext5sive ,uses--,al/on ,moor--,belgian ,lead ,m9es--,gal5a 9 ,am]ica--,extraction ( ,silv] f ,lead ,ores--,patt9son's ,process--,a great "p ( our weal? is due to ! laboratory #cfd ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,m]cury4 ,n consid]$ z a true ,metal by ! ,anci5ts--,its ,prop]ties & ,uses--,almad5--,=m]ly work$ by ,convicts-- ,diseases ( ! ,m9]s--,idria--,its ,discov]y--,conflagration ( ! ,m9e--,its ,produce--,huancavelica--,new ,almad5 #cgj ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,new ,,metals4 ,z9c--,! ,ores1 b n ! ,metal1 kn[n to ! ,anci5ts-- ,rapid increase ( its ,production--,*ief ,z9c-produc+ ,c\ntries--,plat9um--,antimony--,bismu?- -,cobalt & ,nickel-- ,wolfram--,ars5ic--,*rome--,manganese--, cadmium--,titanium-- ,molybd5um--,alum9ium--,alum9ium ,bronze--,magnesium--,sodium-- ,palladium--,rhodium--,?allium #chj ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,coal4 ,! ,age ( ,coal--,plants ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,age--,hugh ,mill]'s ,description ( a ,coal ,=e/--,va/ ,"t requir$ = ! ,=mation ( ! ,coal-fields--,d]angem5ts & ,dislocations--,faults--,_! ,disadvantages & ,advantages-- ,bitum9\s ,coals--,an?racites--,our ,black ,diamonds-- ,advantage\s ,position ( our ,coal-,m9es--,! ,s\? ,wel% ,coal-field--,great ,c5tral & ,man*e/] ,coal-fields--,! ,:itehav5 ,bas9 & ! ,dudley ,area--,newca/le & ,durham ,coal-fields--,co/ly ,w9n+s--,a ,ball 9 a ,coal-pit-- ,subm>9e ,coal ,m9es--,newca/le--,view f ,tynem\? ,priory--,hew]s--,cutt+ ,ma*9es--,putt]s--,onsett]s-- ,%ift]s--,trapp]-boys--,george ,/eph5son--,rise ( ,coal ,production--,probable ,duration ( our ,supply--,prussian ,coal ,m9es--,belgian ,coal ,m9es--,coal ,m9es 9 v>i\s o!r c\ntries--,maun* ,*unck #cij ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,bitum9\s ,,sub/ances4 ,=mation ( ,petroleum--,enorm\s ,production ( ! ,p5nsylvanian ,wells--,asphalte us$ by ! ,anci5ts-- ,asphalte ,pavem5ts--,! ,pit* ,lake ( ,tr9idad--,jet--,its ,manufacture 9 ,:itby #dbf ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,salt4 ,geological ,position ( ,rock ,salt--,m9es ( ,nor?wi*--,_! imm5se ,excavations--,droitwi* & ,/oke--,wieliczka-- ,b]*tesgad5 & ,rei*5hall--,admirable ,ma*9]y-- ,/assfurt--,processes employ$ 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,salt-- ,orig9 ( ,rock-salt ,deposits #dca ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,sulphur4 ,sulphur ,m9es ( ,sicily--,conflagration ( a ,sulphur ,m9e-- ,! ,solfat>as ( ,krisuvick--,iwogasima 9 ,japan--,solfat>a ( ,puzzuoli--,crat] ( ,t5]iffe--,alaghez--,bd%egy 9 ,transylvania--,sulphur f ! ,?roat ( ,popocatepetl-- ,sulphur\s ,spr+s--,pyrites--,m9es ( ,san ,dom+o 9 ,portugal--,! ,b>on ( ,pommoro #dda ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,amb]4 ,v>i\s ,modes ( its ,collection on ! ,prussian ,coa/--,:at is ,amb]8--,! ext9ct ,amb] ,tree--,insects ( ! ,mioc5e ,p]iod inclos$ 9 ,amb]--,=midable ,spid]s--,anci5t & ,mod]n ,trade 9 ,amb] #ddi ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,m9]al ,,sub/ances ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,arts4 ,alum--,alum ,m9es ( ,tolfa--,borax--,! ,suffioni 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,lagoons--,*9a-clay--,h[ =m$8--,its ,manufacture 9 ,cornwall--,plumbago--,em]y--,tripolite #deh ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,celebrat$ ,,qu>ries4 ,c>r>a--,! ,p5telikon--,! ,p>ian ,qu>ries--,rosso antico & ,v]de antico--,! ,porphyry ( ,elfdal--,! ,gypsum ( ,montm>tre--,! ,alaba/] ( ,volt]ra--,! ,slate ,qu>ries ( ,wales--#8,pr9cesses' & #8,du*esses'--#8,ladies' & #8,fat ,ladies'--,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nt ne> ,mae/ri*t--,egyptian ,qu>ries--,hagg> ,silsilis--,! ,latomi ( ,syracuse--,a ,triumph ( ,poetry #dfd ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,preci\s ,,/ones4 ,diamonds--,diamond ,cutt+--,rose ,diamonds--,brilliants--,! ,diamond ,di/rict 9 ,brazil--,diamond ,lavras--,! great ,russian ,diamond--,! ,reg5t--,! ,koh-i-,noor--,its ,hi/ory-- ,! ,/> ( ! ,s\?--,diamonds us$ = ,indu/rial ,purposes--,! ,ori5tal ,ruby & ,sapphire--,! ,sp9el--,! ,*rysob]yl--,! ,em]ald--,! ,b]yl--,! ,zircon--,! ,topaz-- ,! ,ori5tal ,turquoise--,! ,g>net--,lapis ,lazuli--,! ,noble ,opal--,inf]ior ,preci\s ,/ones--,! ,agate-,cutt]s ( ,ob]/e9--,rock ,cry/al--,! ,rock-cry/al ,grotto ( ! ,gal5/ock #dgg ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,maps4 ,( ! ,_w1 %[+ ! di/ribution ( ,volcanoes & ! ,di/ricts visit$ by ,e>?quakes to face page #fj ,( ,great ,brita91 %[+ ! ,coal-fields & *ief ,m9+ ,di/ricts #djj ,( ,am]ica1 %[+ ! ,coal-fields & ,m9]al ,di/ricts #daj ,,woodcuts4 ,,page ,c>bonif]\s ,=e/ engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son1 to face title ,tabul> ,geological ,pr(ile ( ,/rata ) correspond+ engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son ,fossils #c ,aque\s ,/rata di/urb$ by ,igne\s ,=mations 0 0 #d ,ammonites ,h5leyi 7,middle f ,haughton's #8,manual ( ,lias7 ,geology' #i ,trilobite f ,kemp's #8,phasis ( ,matt]' #aa ,magnifi$ ,eye ( ,trilobite 0 0 #aa ,pt]ygotus acum9atus f ,haughton's #8,manual ( 7,eurypt]id7 ,geology' #ab ,spirif] pr9ceps 7,bra*iopod7 0 0 #ab ,pt]i*?ys ,mill]i1 re/or$ 7,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl&7 0 0 #ad ,v5triculites1 ,fossil ,sponge 7,*alk7 0 0 #af ,siphonia co/ata1 ,fossil ,sponge1 7,gre5 ,s&1 0 0 ,w>m9/]7 #af ,encr9us lilii=mis 7,mus*elkalk1 ,g]many7 0 0 #ag ,p5tacr9us bri>eus 0 0 #ag ,m>supites ornatus 7,*alk7 0 0 #ah ,turrilites tub]culatum 0 0 #ai ,re/or$ ,belemnite 0 0 #ai ,i*?yosaurus communis 0 0 #bj ,plesiosaurus doli*odeirus 7,briti% ,museum--f\nd 9 ! f ,haughton's #8,manual ( ,lias ( ,/reet1 ne> ,geology' ,gla/onbury7 #ba ,glyptodon clavipes 0 0 #be ,diagram illu/rat+ action ( engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son ,syphon #dd ,section ( an ,int]mitt5t ,spr+ 0 0 #de ,geysirs ( ,icel& 0 0 #df ,por\s ,/rata1 ,artesian ,well sunk 9 ! ,london ,bas9 0 0 #di ,middle & ,valley ,lake ,crat]s1 f ,wood's #8,au/ralia' to face ,m\nt ,gambi]1 ,s\? page ,au/ralia #ec ,ext9ct ,crat] ( ,haleakala f ,webb's #8,cele/ial ,objects' #eg ,eruption ( ,vesuvius1 ,bay ( engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son1 to face ,naples page #ha ,mud ,volcanoes ( ,tr9idad engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son #id ,great ,e>?quake at ,lisbon engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son1 to face page #aad ,axm\? ,l&slip engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son #abh ,/alactital ,cav]n at ,aggtelek3 engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son1 to face ! ,cave ( ,borodla page #acc ,entrance to ! ,cave ( engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son ,adelsb]g #acg ,/alactital ,cav]n 9 ,au/ralia f ,wood's #8,au/ralia' #ada ,cave "u ,bonifacio f ,=e/]'s #8,corsica' #ade ,leptodirus ,h*5w>tii engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son #afc ,! ,proteus angu9us 0 0 #afe ,bl9d ,fi% 7,amblyopsis spelu7 0 0 #afh ,indian ,rock-cut ,temple engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son1 to face page #agh ,rock ,temples ( ,ajunta 7g5]al engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son view7 #ahb ,l[] ,glacire ( ,/4 ,livres f ,br[ne's #8,ice ,caves' #aic ,ice ,/reams 9 ! ,upp] ,glacire ( ,/4 ,livres 0 0 #aif ,entrance to ! ,glacire ( ,/4 ,georges 0 0 #bja ,gall]y ) ,tombs f ,nor?cote & ,br[nl['s #8,roma ,sott]ranea' #bjf ,cave 9 ,dream ,lead ,m9e1 ne> engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son ,wirkswor?1 ,d]by%ire #baf ,bor+ ,ma*9e 9 ! ,tunnel1 tak5 f ! #8,illu/rat$ ,mont ,c5is ,london ,news' by p]mission #bch ,bor+ ,ma*9e 9 ! ,second ,work+ ,gall]y1 ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel 0 0 #bci ,process ( ,bor+ engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son #bea ,section ( a ,lead ,m9e 9 f ,ure's #8,diction>y ( ,c>digan%ire ,arts1 ,manufacture1 & ,m9es'4 #beb ,"p ( a ,colli]y laid out 9 f\r panels 0 0 #bee ,g5]al ,view ( ,m9+ engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son ,op]ations #beg ,tools us$ by ,m9]s 9 f ,ure's #8,diction>y ( ,cornwall ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,m9es' #beh ,conveyance ( ,m9]als engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son und]gr\nd #bfb ,m9]s desc5d+ ,%aft 9 ,ow5's ,safety ,cage 0 0 #bfe ,timb]+ ( a ,m9e f ,ure's #8,diction>y ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,m9es' #beh ,transv]se ,sections ( ,wall$ ,dra9 ,gall]ies 0 0 #bfi ,dra9age ( a ,m9e by ,adit ,levels 0 0 #bfi ,safety ,lamp 0 0 #bhj ,gold-wa%+ 9 ,au/ralia engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son #bib ,/amp+ ,mill f ,ure's #8,diction>y ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,m9es' #cjf ,gr9d+ ,mill 0 0 #cjg ,! ,botallack ,m9e1 ,cornwall engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son #cag ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,m\nt1 ,cornwall 0 0 #ccc ,bla/ ,furnace f ,ure's #8,diction>y ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,m9es' #ceb ,pecopt]is adiantoides f ,haughton's #8,manual ( ,geology' #cia ,sph5opt]is aff9is 0 0 #cia ,lepidod5dron elegans 0 0 #cib ,a/]ophyllites comosa 0 0 #cib ,sigill>ia oculata 0 0 #cib ,calamites nodosus 0 0 #cic ,coalb$s r5d]$ available by f #8,our ,coal & ,our ,coal ,pits' elevation1 #cig ,section ( ,coal-field s\? ( f ,ure's #8,diction>y ( ,malmesbury ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,m9es' #cih ,coal-bas9 ( ,clackmannan%ire 0 0 #djc ,dudley ,coal-field f ,h[itt's #8,visits to ,rem>kable ,places' #djg ,%ipp+ ,coal 0 0 #dab ,coal ,hew]s at ,"w engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son #dae ,pit* ,lake ( ,tr9idad engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son1 to face page #dbi ,insects & ,vegetable engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son ,sub/ances inclos$ 9 ,amb]1 #deb ,p5rhyn ,slate ,qu>ry1 ,nor? engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son1 to face ,wales page #dfi ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! full-page illu/rations1 includ$ 9 ! =ego+ li/1 all ( :i*1 except ,no4 #b1 are engrav$ by ,g4 ,pe>son3-- #a4 ,c>bonif]\s ,=e/ to face title #b4 ,middle & ,valley ,lake ,crat]s1 ,m\nt ,gambi]1 ,s\? ,au/ralia to face page #ec #c4 ,eruption ( ,vesuvius1 ,bay ( ,naples 0 #ha #d4 ,great ,e>?quake at ,lisbon 0 #aad #e4 ,/alactital ,cav]n at ,aggtelek2 ! ,cave ( ,borodla 0 #acc #f4 ,indian ,rock-cut ,temple3 ,por* ( ! ,*aitya ,cave ,temple1 ,ajunta 0 #agh #g4 ,pit* ,lake ( ,tr9idad 0 #dbi #h4 ,p5rhyn ,slate ,qu>ry1 ,nor? ,wales 0 #dfi ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,geological ,,revolutions4 ,! ,et]nal ,/rife betwe5 ,wat] & ,fire--,/rata ( ,aque\s ,orig9-- ,tabul> ,view ( _! ,*ronological ,succession--,enorm\s ,"t requir$ = _! ,=mation--,igne\s ,action--,metamorphic ,rocks--,upheaval & ,depression--,fossils--,un9t]rupt$ ,succession ( ,organic ,life4 ,geology tea*es u t1 f times ( ! remot5ess ( :i* ! human m9d c =m no conception1 ! surface ( ! e>? has be5 ! sc5e ( p]petual *ange1 result+ f ! action & c\nt]-action ( two mighty ag5ts--wat] & subt]ranean heat4 ,ev] s9ce ! fir/ sep>ation betwe5 ! dry l& & ! sea took place1 ! break]s ( a turbul5t ocean1 ! tides & curr5ts1 ! torr5ts & riv]s1 ! expansive p[] ( ice1 :i* is able to split ! h>de/ rock1 & ! gr9d+ =ce ( ! glaci]1 h be5 con/antly we>+ away ! coa/s & ! m\nta9s1 & transport+ ! spoils ( cont95ts & isl&s f a high] to a l[] level4 ,dur+ our %ort hi/orical p]iod ( ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s1 ! wat]s1 9 spite ( _! re/less activity & ! consid]able local *anges effect$ by _! means1 h inde$ produc$ no m>k$ alt]ation 9 ! great outl9es ( ! sea & l&2 b :5 we consid] t _! influ5ce has ext5d$ ov] c\ntless ages1 we c no long] wond] at ! enorm\s ?ickness ( ! /ratifi$ rocks ( aque\s orig9 :i*1 sup]pos$ "o above ! o!r 9 successive lay]s1 con/itute by f> ! great] "p ( ! e>?-r9d4 ,our k ( ^! s$im5t>y =mations is inde$ z yet b incomplete1 = l>ge portions ( ! surface ( ! globe h nev] yet be5 sci5tifically explor$2 b a c>eful exam9ation & comp>ison ( ! v>i\s /rata compos+ ! rocky f\ndations ( num]\s c\ntries1 h already enabl$ ! geologi/ to classify !m into ! foll[+ *ronological sy/ems or gr\ps1 arrang$ 9 an asc5d+ s]ies1 or beg9n+ ) ! olde/4 #a4 ,laur5tian1 nam$ f its discov]y nor?w>d ( ! ,riv] ,/4 ,lawr5ce 9 ,canada4 #b4 ,cambrian ,^! ?ree gr\ps owe _! "n to _! #c4 ,silurian occurr5ce 9 ,wales & ,devon%ire1 #d4 ,devonian :]e !y 7 fir/ sci5tifically explor$4 #e4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,9 ?is gr\p ! mo/ important coal-fields are f\nd4 #f4 ,p]mian1 f ! ,russian prov9ce ( ,p]mia4 #g4 ,triassic4 #h4 ,lias4 #i4 ,oolite4 #aj4 ,cretace\s4 #aa4 ,t]ti>y3 subdivid$ into ,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,plioc5e4 #ab4 ,rec5t m>9e & lacu/r9e /rata4 ,ea* ( ^! sy/ems consi/s aga9 ( num]\s sections & alt]nate lay]s1 sometimes ( m>9e1 sometimes ( fre%wat] =mation1 ! m]e nam+ ( :i* w\ld fill sev]al pages4 ,:5 we reflect t ! ,laur5tian sy/em alone has a ?ickness ( #cj1jjj feet2 t _m ( ! num]\s subdivisions ( ! ,triassic or ,oolitic gr\p are #fjj1 #hjj1 or ev5 sev]al ?\s& feet ?ick1 & t ea* ( ^! enorm\s s$im5t>y =mations owes its exi/5ce to ! dis9tegration ( pre-exi/+ m\nta9 masses--we c =m at lea/ a fa9t notion ( ! enorm\s "t :i* ! :ole sy/em requir$ = its completion4 ,,tabul> ,,geological ,,pr(ile4 ,,/rata ,,*>act]i/ics ,,fossil ,,rema9s ---------------------------------------- ,t #a4 ,,rec5t ,,deposits #a4 ,,rec5t ,,deposits ,e ------------------- ,r #b4 ,,plioc5e ,i ,i ,t - ------------------- ,iri% ,elk4 ,i #c4 ,,mioc5e ,l ,l ,a ------------------- ,r #d4 ,,eoc5e ,l ,l ,y ------------------- ------------------------ ,u ,u #b4 ,,plioc5e4 ,ma/odon4 #e4 ,,cretace\s ,s ,s ------------------------ -------------------- ,t ,t #c4 ,,mioc5e4 ,s ,r ,r 7#a7 ,c]i?ium4 ,e 7#b7 ,segnoia4 ,c ,a ,a ------------------------ ,o #d4 ,,eoc5e4 ,n - ,t ,t ,d 7#a7 ,nummulites4 ,a #f4 ,,oolitic ,i ,i 7#b7 ,natica4 ,r ------------------------ ,y ,o ,o #e4 ,,cretace\s4 ,n ,n 7#a7 ,inoc]amus4 ------------------- 7#b7 ,turrilites4 #g4 ,,lias 7#c7 ,pect54 7#d7 ,hamites4 ------------------- ------------------------ #h4 ,,triassic #f4 ,,oolitic4 7#a7 ,pholadomya4 ------------------- 7#b7 ,trigonia4 #i4 ,,p]mian 7#c7 ,mantellia4 7#d7 ,n]9a4 ------------------- ------------------------ #g4 ,,lias4 7#a7 ,ic?yosaurus4 7#b7 ,ammonites4 ------------------------ #aj4 ,,c>bonif]\s #h4 ,,triassic4 7#a7 ,labyr9?odon4 7#b7 ,encr9us4 ------------------------ #i4 ,p]mian4 ------------------- 7#a7 ,bakewellia4 7#b7 ,productus4 ,i ,i 7#c7 ,paloniscus4 ------------------------ #aa4 ,,devonian ,l ,l #aj4 ,,c>bonif]\s4 ,l ,l 7#a7 ,goniatites4 7#b7 ,lepidod5dron4 ,l ,i 7#c7 ,calamites4 ------------------- ------------------------ ,p ,u ,u #aa4 ,,devonian4 ,r ,i ,s ,s ,pt]i*?ys4 ,m - ------------------------ ,a #ab4 ,,silurian ,t ,t #ab4 ,,silurian4 ,r ,y ,r ,r 7#a7 ,/rophom5a4 7#b7 ,l+ula4 ,a ,a 7#c7 ,p5tam]us4 7#d7 ,calym5e4 ------------------- ,t ,t ------------------------ #ac4 ,,cambrian4 ,i ,i #ac4 ,,cambrian ,oldhamia4 ,o ,o ------------------------ ------------------- #ad4 ,,laur5tian4 #ad4 ,,laur5tian ,n ,n ,eozoon4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,_h ! levell+ p[] ( wat] nev] met ) an antagoni/ic =ce1 !re c be no d\bt t ! la/ rema9s ( ! dry l&1 suppos+ x c\ld ev] h ris5 above ! ocean1 mu/ long s9ce h be5 swept into ! sea4 ,b :ile wat] has be5 con/antly t5d+ to r$uce ! irregul>ities ( ! e>?'s surface to "o dull level1 ! expansive =ce ( subt]ranean heat has be5 no less unceas+ly active 9 re/or+ ! unev5ness ( ! ext]nal cru/ by ! ejection or protrusion ( new masses ( /one 7porphyry1 tra*yte1 basalt1 lava1 c471 & by ! consequ5t di/urbance1 9 a v>iety ( ways1 ( ! /ratifi$ rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aque\s ,,/rata ,,di/urb$ ,,by ,,igne\s ,,=mations4 ,b ,c ,d1 aque\s /rata1 orig9ally horizontal1 rais$ by protrusion ( ,a1 granitic rock4 ,plutonic & volcanic eruptions & upheav+s1 9 _! reaction aga9/ ! levell+ t5d5cies ( wat]1 h 9 _m places d]ang$1 brok51 fractur$1 contort$1 or rais$ /rata deposit$ 9 horizontal lay]s at ! bottom ( ! sea1 or ( l>ge inl& lakes4 ,sometimes a huge mass ( cry/all9e rock1 gl[+ f ! furnaces ( ! deep1 has1 by its irresi/ible expansion1 sl[ly =c$ its way ?r\gh ! sup]9cumb5t s$im5t>y =mations1 :i*1 yield+ to ! pressure f bel[1 n[ =m va/ m\nta9 slopes1 or v]tical rock walls1 or h ev5 be5 s totally inv]t$ t /rata ( a m anci5t =mation n[ ov]lie ^? ( m mod]n date1 & excite ! wond] ( ! puzzl$ geologi/4 ,sometimes1 also1 volcanic eruptions1 repeat$ ?r\gh a long lapse ( ages & con/antly accumulat+ lavas & c9d]s1 h at l5g? pil$ up l>ge isl&s1 su* z ,icel& or ,madeira1 :i* n[ raise _! summits ?\s&s ( feet above ! ocean4 ,b subt]ranean fire1 & its assi/ant1 /eam1 h n only produc$ va/ me*anical *anges2 !y h also be5 ! frequ5t causes ( great *ymical metamorphoses 9 ! rocks subject$ to _! action4 ,to ! calc9+1 decompos+1 & vap\r-g5]at+ effects ( heat1 we trace ! orig9 ( ! m>ble ( ,c>r>a1 ( alaba/]1 ( gypsum1 & all ^? v>i\s species ( /one :i* geologi/s include "u ! "n ( metamorphic rocks4 ,besides ! m p>oxysmal & viol5t revolutions result+ f ! action ( subt]ranean fire1 we f9d t ! e>?-r9d has at all times be5 subject to sl[ oscillatory movem5ts ( upheaval & subsid5ce1 frequ5tly alt]nat+ on ! same spot ) long p]iods ( re/4 ,! great] "p ( ! actual dry l& has be5 deep sea1 & !n aga9 l& & ocean _m times 9 succession2 & d\btless ! actual sea bottom w\ld exhibit simil> alt]nations 7 we able to explore x4 ,! same mat]ials h repeat$ly be5 expos$ to all ^! *anges--n[ rais$ or p\r$ out by subt]ranean fires1 & !n aga9 swept away by ! wat]s2 n[ *ang$ f solid rock into s& & mud1 & !n aga9 conv]t$1 by pressure or heat1 into solid rock4 ,?us ! hi/ory ( ! e>?-r9d op5s to u a vi/a into "t no less gr& & magnific5t ?an ! vi/a into space af=d$ by ! contemplation ( ! />ry heav5s4 ,! olde/ & ! newe/ /ratifi$ rocks are compos$ ( ! same m9]al sub/ances2 = clay1 s&/one1 & lime/one occur 9 ! ,silurian & 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s =mation2 9 ! ,cretace\s & ,triassic sy/ems2 9 ! ,t]ti>y & 9 ! ,alluvial deposits1 :i* h imm$iately prec$$ ! pres5t epo*4 ,:]e !n1 x may be ask$1 does ! geologi/ f9d a *ronological guide to lead him ?r\gh ! va/ s]ies ( /rata :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( c\ntless ages1 h be5 deposit$ 9 ! wat]8 ,h[ is he able to di/+ui% ! b\nd>ies ( ! v>i\s p]iods ( creation8 ,:]e are ! precise indications :i* enable him to deciph] ! enigmas :i* ! endless feuds ( fire & wat] h writt5 9 ! annals ( our globe8 ,! fossil rema9s ( animals & plants wond]fully furni% ! guidance :i* he ne$s4 ,! corals & %ells1 ! f]ns & conif]a1 ! tee? & bones f\nd 9 ! v>i\s /rata ( ! e>?-r9d are ! l&m>ks :i* po9t out to him 8 way ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( ! primitive ages ( our globe1 z ! compass directs ! m>9] ov] ! pa?less sea4 ,e lead+ fossil has its fix$ *ronological "*1 & ?us ! age ( ! =mation 9 :i* x occurs may be asc]ta9$1 & its place det]m9$ 9 ! geological scale4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be errone\s to suppose t ea* successive =mation has be5 ! seat ( a totally di/9ct creation1 & t ! organic rema9s f\nd 9 "o p>ticul> /ratum are sep>at$ by an impassable b>ri] f ^? :i* *>act]ise ! prec$+ or foll[+ s$im5t>y deposits4 ,z on ! surface ( ! e>? or along ! %ores ( ! sea1 ea* l& or ea* coa/ has n only its peculi> plants or animals1 b also h>b\rs _m ( ! organic =ms ( ! neighb\r+ c\ntries or cont]m9\s %ores2 z ! tropical organisations gradually pass into ^? ( ! temp]ate zones1 & ^! aga9 m]ge into ^? ( ! pol> regions1 s also ! /ream ( life has f ! fir/ fl[$ un9t]rupt$ly1 9 gradually *ang+ =ms1 ?r\gh e foll[+ age4 ,new g5]a & species h aris51 & o!rs h disappe>$1 "s aft] a comp>atively %ort duration1 o!rs aft] hav+ outla/$ sev]al =mations2 b e ext9ct =m has b made way = o!rs1 & ?us ea* p]iod has n only witness$ ! decay ( _m previ\sly fl\ri%+ g5]a & species1 b has also m>k$ a new creation4 ,no d\bt ! num]\s local di/urbances above m5tion$ h frequ5tly brok5 ! *a9 ( creat$ be+s2 b a gradual progress f relat$ to relat$ =ms1 a cont9u\s developm5t f l[] to m highly organis$ species1 g5]a1 ord]s1 & classes1 has f ! beg9n+ be5 ! g5]al & con/ant law ( organic life4 ,univ]sal de/ructions ( exi/+ =ms1 revolutions cov]+ ! :ole surface ( ! e>? ) ru91 h mo/ assur$ly nev] occurr$ 9 ! annals ( our globe4 ,nor mu/ x be suppos$ t ! :ole scale ( s$im5t>y =mations is to be f\nd sup]impos$ 9 "o spot2 = z 9 our times new /rata are *iefly gr[+ at ! m\?s ( riv]s1 or :]e subm>9e curr5ts deposit at ! bottom ( ! ocean ! f9e mud or s& :i* is convey$ into ! sea by ! dis9tegration ( di/ant m\nta9 *a9s1 s also f ! beg9n+ ea* /ratum c\ld only h be5 deposit$ 9 simil> localities2 & :ile x 0 sl[ly increas+1 & n seldom acquir+ colossal dim5sions 9 "s p>ts ( ! globe1 o!rs rema9$ comp>atively b little alt]$1 until new oscillatory movem5ts produc$ a *ange 9 _! =m] position1 & op5+ new pa?s to ! roll+ wat]s1 "h set b\nds to ! progress ( "o =mation1 & !re fav\r$ ! deposition ( ano!r4 ,a complete /udy ( all ! v>i\s trans=mations by fire or wat] :i* ! surface ( our e>? has und]gone w\ld require an elaborate treatise ( geology1 & lies f> beyond ! scope or ! pret5sions ( a popul> volume :i* is *iefly devot$ to ! description ( caves & m9es4 ,b ,i %\ld be neglect+ "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ! subt]ranean _w1 7 ,i to omit all m5tion ( ! fossils imb$d$ 9 its v>i\s /rata2 ( its int]nal heat2 ( ! upheavals & subsid5ces :i* h play$ s conspicu\s a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?-r9d1 & are /ill proce$+ at ! pres5t day2 ( ! wat] p]colat+ or fl[+ b5ea? ! e>?'s cru/1 & f9ally ( ! volcanoes & e>?quakes1 :i* prove to u t ! anci5t subt]ranean fires1 f> f be+ ext9ct1 are /ill z p[]ful z ev] 9 remodell+ its surface4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,fossils4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks--,eozoon ,canad5se--,trilobites--,bra*iopods--,pt ]i*?ys ,mill]i--,olde/ ,reptiles--,wond]ful ,pres]vation ( ,col\r 9 ,petrifi$ ,%ells--,primval ,corals & ,sponges--,sea-lilies--,or?oc]atites & ,ammonites--,belemnites--,i*?yosaurus & ,plesiosaurus--,pt]odactyli-- ,iguanodon--,t]ti>y ,quadrup$s--,d9o!rium--,colosso*elys ,atlas-- ,mega!rium--,mylodon--,glyptodon--,mammo ?--,ma/odon--,siva!rium ,giganteum-- ,fossil ,ripple-m>ks1 ,ra9-drops1 & ,footpr9ts--,h>mony has reign$ f ! beg9n+4 ,! fossil rema9s ( plants & animals1 :i* h successively fl\ri%$1 & pass$ away s9ce ! fir/ dawn ( organic life1 occupy a prom95t place among ! wond]s ( ! subt]ranean _w4 ,a m$al t has surviv$ ! ru9 ( empires is no d\bt a v5]able relic1 b x seems to h be5 /ruck b ye/]day :5 comp>$ ) a %ell or a leaf t has be5 buri$ millions ( ye>s ago 9 ! drift ( ! primeval ocean1 & n[ s]ves ! geologi/ z a waym>k ?r\gh ! pa/ epo*s ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ammonites ,,h5leyi 7,,middle ,,lias74 ,if we exam9e ! condition 9 :i* ! fossils h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! /rata successively deposit$ on ! surface ( our globe1 we f9d t 9 g5]al only p>ts ( ! orig9al plant or animal h escap$ de/ruction1 & 9 ^! fragm5ts also ! primitive sub/ance has (t5 be5 replac$ by o!r mat]ials1 s t only _! =m or _! impression has triumph$ ov] "t4 ,:ile s(t & delicate textures h ei!r be5 utt]ly swept away1 or c\ld only be pres]v$ "u ! r>e/ circum/ances 7z1 = in/ance1 ! insects & fl[]s inclos$ 9 amb]71 a great] degree ( h>dness or solidity naturally gave a bett] *ance ( escap+ de/ruction4 ,?us among plants ! mo/ frequ5t fossil-rema9s are furni%$ by /ems1 roots1 bran*es1 fruit- /ones1 leaves2 &1 among animals1 by corals1 %ells1 calc>e\s cru/s1 tee?1 scales1 & bones4 ,b ! few memorials t h ?us surviv$ ! lapse ( ages enable u to =m "s idea ( ! multitudes t h entirely p]i%$2 & ! petrifi$ %ell ( ! ,ammonite1 or ! jo9t$ arms ( ! ,encr9ite1 are pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ! _w ( t9y be+s :i* s]v$ !m = _! n\ri%m5t & h be5 utt]ly swept away4 ,if we consid] t ! numb] ( all ! kn[n species ( fossil plants h>dly am\nts to #c1jjj1 :ile ! ,flora ( ! pres5t day1 z f> z x has be5 exam9$ by sy/ematical botani/s1 numb]s at lea/ #bej1jjj species2 t ! ho/ ( liv+ insects is probably /ill m num]\s1 al?\gh n mu* m ?an #a1ejj ext9ct species ( ?is class are kn[n to u2 & t1 f9ally1 ! rema9s ( all ! ext9ct cru/ace\s fi%es1 reptiles1 & w>m-blood$ animals are f> outnumb]$ by ! species actually liv+--we may =m "s idea ( ! va/ multitudes t h left no trace beh9d1 & ^: total loss w = ev] conf9e )9 n>r[ limits our k ( ! pa/ phases ( organic creation4 ,?is loss appe>s /ill great] :5 we consid] ! enorm\s ext5t ( "t dur+ :i* ! fossils kn[n to u h successively exi/$1 & t a "p only ( ! comp>atively small numb] ( ! ord]s1 g5]a1 & species to :i* !y belong exi/$ at "o & ! same epo*4 ,b z1 ow+ to ! h>d texture & mode ( life :i* are s em95tly fav\rable = ! pres]vation ( %ells1 we h be5 enabl$ to collect ab\t #aa1jjj fossil species1 a numb] n mu* inf]ior to t ( ! molluscs ( ! pres5t day1 we may ju/ly conclude t ! m p]i%able =ms ( life1 ( :i*1 consequ5tly1 few] ve/iges h be5 pres]v$1 7 comp>atively z num]\s1 & t ev] s9ce ! fir/ dawn ( organic life our e>? has borne an imm5se v>iety ( plants & animals4 ,?\gh comp>atively b few species h be5 pres]v$1 yet sometimes ! accumulation ( fossil rema9s is truly a/oni%+4 ,9 ! c>bonif]\s /rata we n seldom f9d m ?an "o hundr$ b$s ( coal int]/ratifi$ ) s&/ones1 %ales1 & lime/ones1 & ext5d+ = miles & miles 9 e direction4 ,h[ luxuriant mu/ h be5 ! gr[? ( ! =e/s t c\ld produce masses su* z ^!1 & :at c\ntless multitudes ( h]bivor\s insects mu/ h f$ ^u _! foliage or af=d$ food to c>nivor\s hordes sc>cely less num]\s ?an !mselves6 ,! rema9s ( corals1 encr9ites1 & %ells (t5 =m ! great] "p ( :ole m\nta9 ranges1 &1 :at is /ill m rem>kable1 mighty /rata ( lime/one or fl9t are n seldom almo/ entirely compos$ ( ! aggregat$ rema9s ( microscopical animals4 ,aft] ^! rem>ks on fossils 9 g5]al1 ,i w n[ briefly po9t out "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( ! species s pres]v$ to u z !y successively appe>$ ^u ! /age ( life4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,laur5tian ,rocks1 ! mo/ anci5t /rata kn[n1 only "o fossil has hi!rto be5 f\nd4 ,! ,eozoon canad5se1 z x has be5 call$1 belong$ to ! ,rhizopods1 :i* occupy ab\t ! l[e/ grade 9 ! scale ( animal exi/5ce4 ,its massive skeletons1 compos$ ( innum]able cells1 w\ld seem to h ext5d$ !mselves ov] subm>9e rocks1 _! base upw>ds ( twelve in*es 9 wid? & _! ?ickness f f\r to six in*es4 ,su* is ! antiquity ( ! ,eozoon t ! di/ance ( "t :i* sep>at$ x f ! ,trilobites ( ! ,cambrian =mation may be equal to ! va/ p]iod :i* elaps$ betwe5 ^! & ! ,t]ti>y ages4 ,9 o!r words1 x is beyond our imag9ation to conceive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trilobite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,magnifi$ ,,eye ,,( ,,trilobite4 ,9 ! next foll[+ ,cambrian =mation we f9d1 besides "s zoophytes & %ells1 a numb] ( ,trilobites1 :i*1 h[ev]1 appe> to h be5 mo/ abundant 9 ! ,silurian seas1 :]e !y probably sw>m$ z abundantly z ! crabs & %rimps 9 ! wat]s ( ! pres5t age4 ,few fossils are m curi\s ?an ^! /range cru/aceans1 :i* s widely diff] f _! mod]n relatives4 ,! jo9t$ c>apace is divid$ into ?ree lobes1 ! middle prom95t "o =m+ ! axis ( ! body1 :ile ! lat]al ones 7 free app5dages1 "u :i* ! s(t membranace\s swimm+ feet 7 conceal$4 ,l>ge eyes1 resembl+ ^? ( a dragon-fly1 project$ f ! odd cresc5t-%ap$ head1 &1 be+ compos$ ( _m hundr$ sph]ical facets1 comm&$ a wide view ( ! horizon4 ,provid$ ) su* complicat$ organs ( vision1 ! helpless animal c\ld betimes p]ceive ! approa*+ enemy1 or m easily espy its prey1 consi/+1 mo/ likely1 ( ! small] m>9e annelides or molluscs4 ,f ! /ructure ( ^! rem>kable eyes we may conclude t ! wat]s ( ! old ,cambrian or ,silurian ,ocean 7 z limpid z ^? ( ! pres5t seas1 & t ! natural relations ( light to ! eye & ( ! eye to light _c h greatly *ang$ s9ce t p]iod4 ,_m1 if n all1 ( ! ,trilobites 7 capable ( roll+ !mselves up into a ball1 l wood-lice2 & accord+ly x is f\nd t 9 _m ( !m ! cont\r ( ! head & tail is s con/ruct$ t !y fit accurately :5 roll$ up4 ,mo/ probably ! ,trilobites ei!r swam 9 an inv]t$ position1 ! belly upw>ds1 or crawl$ sl[ly along at ! bottom ( ! %all[ coa/ wat]s1 :]e !y liv$ greg>i\sly 9 va/ numb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pt]ygotus ,,acum9atus 7,,eurypt]id74 ,illu/ration3 ,,spirif] ,,pr9ceps 7,,bra*iopod74 ,contemporane\s ) ! ,trilobites 7 ! ,eurypt]ids1 :i* v>y f "o foot to five or six feet 9 l5g?4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( ?is rem>kable ord] ( cru/aceans is ! =midable pair ( p9c]s ) :i* !y 7 arm$4 ,z _! :ole /ructure %[s !m to h be5 active swimm]s1 !y mu/ h made consid]able havoc among ! small] fry ( ! ,devonian & ,silurian seas4 ,!n also ab\nd$ 9 hundr$s ( species ! ,bra*iopods1 a class ( molluscs n[ b feebly repres5t$ by a scanty remnant4 ,! great] "p ( ! int]ior ( ! %ell1 consi/+ ( two unequal valves1 is occupi$ ) bran*+ arms1 furni%$ ) cilia1 :i* cause a con/ant curr5t to fl[ t[>ds ! m\? ( ! mollusc1 & ?us provide = its n\ri%m5t4 ,! arms1 z 9 ! family ( ! ,spirif]id1 are sometimes support$ by calc>e\s skeletons1 arrang$ l loops or spirals4 ,"s ,bra*iopods are atta*$ to /ones1 l oy/]s2 9 o!rs ! l>g] valve is p]=at$1 & a s9ewy k9d ( foot1 pass+ ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 s]ves z a holdfa/ to ! animal4 ,mo/ ( ^! helpless creatures did n survive ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 b ! ,t]ebratul1 :i* /ill h _! repres5tatives 9 ! mod]n seas1 exi/$ ev5 !n1 s t _! g5ealogical tree may ju/ly boa/ ( a v high antiquity4 ,! fi%es1 ( :i* ! olde/ kn[n specim5 has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian gr\p 7,l[] ,ludl[71 become m frequ5t 9 ! next foll[+ ,devonian epo*1 :]e !y appe> 9 a v>iety ( wond]ful =ms1 widely diff]5t f ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,:ile 9 ne>ly all ! exi/+ fi%es ! scales are flexible1 & g5]ally ei!r ( a m or less circul> =m 7cycloid71 z 9 ! salmon1 h]r+1 roa*1 c41 or provid$ ) comb-l tee?1 project+ f ! po/]ior m>g9 7ct5oid71 z 9 ! sole or p]*1 ! fi%es ( ! ,devonian1 ,p]mian1 & ,c>bonif]\s p]iods 7 deck$ ) h>d bony scales1 ei!r cov]$ ) a brilliant enamel1 z 9 our /urgeons 7ganoid71 & arrang$ 9 regul> r[s1 ! po/]ior edges ( ea* slightly ov]lapp+ ! ant]ior ones ( ! next1 or irregul> 9 _! %ape1 & sep>ately imb$d$ 9 ! sk9 7placoid71 z 9 ! %>ks & rays ( ! pres5t day4 ,) r>e exceptions _! skeleton 0 c>tilag9\s2 b ! less p]fect ossification ( _! bones 0 amply comp5sat$ by ! solid texture ( _! enamell$ coat ( mail1 :i* af=d$ !m a bett] protection aga9/ enemies & injuries f )\t ?an is possess$ by any bony-skeleton$ fi% ( our days4 ,!y 71 9 fact1 comp>atively z well prep>$ = a ho/ile enc\nt] z an anci5t knight 9 arm\r1 or z "o ( our mod]n iron- plat$ w> %ips4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! mail-clad ,ganoids 0 ! ,pt]i*?ys ,mill]i ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl&4 ,9 mo/ ( our fi%es ! pectoral f9s are b weakly develop$2 "h !y con/itute real arms1 mov$ by /rong muscles1 & resembl+ ! paddle ( ! turtle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pt]i*?ys ,,mill]i--,,re/or$4 7,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one ,,( ,,scotl&47 ,besides ! enorm\s masses ( vegetable matt] :i* di/+ui% ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 ! /one b$s ( t =mation likewise conta9 a va/ numb] ( animal rema9s4 ,f ! reptiles & fi%es d[n to ! corals & sponges1 _m new families1 g5]a1 & species cr[d ^u ! sc5e1 :ile _m ( ! previ\sly fl\ri%+ races h ei!r entirely disappe>$1 or are evid5tly decl9+4 ,?us ! ,trilobites1 =m]ly s num]\s1 are r$uc$ to a few species 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 & vani% t[>ds its close4 ,9 #ahdg ! olde/ kn[n reptiles 7 f\nd 9 ! coal field ( ,sa>brck1 9 ! c5tre ( sph]oidal concretions ( clay iron-/one1 :i* n only fai?fully pres]v$ ! skulls1 tee?1 & ! great] portions ( ! skeletons ( ^! anci5t liz>ds1 b ev5 a l>ge "p ( _! sk91 consi/+ ( long1 n>r[1 w$ge-%ap$1 tile-l1 & horny scales1 arrang$ 9 r[s4 ,:at a lesson = human pride6 ,! pyramid ( ! ,ph>aoh ,*eops1 re>$ by ! lab\r ( ?\s&s ( slaves1 has be5 unable to pres]ve 8 rema9s f spoliation ev5 = ! %ort space ( a few ?\s& ye>s1 & "h a vile reptile has be5 safely imb$d$ 9 a s>cophagus ( iron ore dur+ ! va/ p]iod ( _m geological =mations4 ,/ill m rec5tly 7#ahed7 o!r wond]s h be5 br\ght to light 9 ! clay iron-/one ( ,sa>brck4 ,! w+ ( a gras%opp]1 ) all its n]ves z di/9ctly m>k$ z if ! creature _h be5 hopp+ ab\t b ye/]day1 "s :ite ants or t]mites 7n[ conf9$ to ! w>m] regions ( ! globe71 a beetle1 & sev]al cockroa*es1 give u "s idea ( ! insects t liv$ at ! "t :5 our coal-b$s 7 =m+4 ,ano!r highly int]e/+ circum/ance1 relat+ to ! fossils ( t di/ant p]iod1 is t 9 sev]al ( !m ! patt]ns ( _! col\r+ h be5 pres]v$4 ,?us ,t]ebratula ha/ata (t5 reta9s ! m>ks ( ! orig9al col\r$ /ripes :i* ornam5t$ ! liv+ %ell4 ,9 ,aviculopect5 sublobatus d>k /ripes alt]nate ) a light gr\nd1 & wavy blot*es are display$ 9 ,pleurotom>ia c>9ata4 ,f ^! facts ,pr(essor ,=bes inf]r$ t ! dep? ( ! seas 9 :i* ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one 0 =m$ did n exce$ fifty fa?oms1 z 9 ! exi/+ seas ! ,te/acea1 :i* h %ells & well-def9$ patt]ns1 r>ely inhabit a great] dep?4 ,! ,magnesian ,lime/one or ,p]mian gr\p is rem>kable *iefly = ! va/ numb] ( fi%es t h be5 f\nd 9 "s ( its memb]s1 su* z ! m>l slate ( ,durham & ! ,kupf]s*ief]1 or copp] slate1 ( ,?ur+ia4 ,f ! curv$ =m ( _! impressions1 z if !y _h be5 spasmodically contract$1 ! fossil fi% ( ! latt] locality are suppos$ to h p]i%$ by a sudd5 dea? be=e !y sank d[n into ! mud 9 :i* !y 7 entomb$4 ,probably ! copp] :i* impregnates ! /ratum 9 :i* !y occur is connect$ ) ?is ph5om5on4 ,mighty volcanic eruptions corrupt$ ! wat] ) poison\s metallic salts1 & de/roy$ 9 a %ort "t :ole legions ( its f9ny inhabitants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v5triculites--,,fossil ,,sponge 7,,*alk74 ,f ! e>lie/ ages ! corals play a conspicu\s "p 9 fossil hi/ory2 & z 9 our days we f9d !m encircl+ isl&s & fr++ cont95ts ) huge ramp>ts ( lime/one1 s _m an anci5t reef1 n[ f> inl&1 & rais$ sev]al ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea1 be>s witness to ! va/ t]re/rial *anges t h tak5 place s9ce x 0 fir/ pil$ up by ! gr[? ( c\ntless zoophytes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,siphonia ,,co/ata--,,fossil ,,sponge 7,,gre5 ,,s&1 ,,w>m9/]74 ,) reg>d to ! dim5sions ( ! fossil corals we d n f9d t any ( !m exce$$ 9 size _! mod]n relatives2 b _! con/ruction 0 widely diff]5t4 ,! fossil sponges ( ! primitive seas are likewise v unlike ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,?us 9 all ! anci5t /rata we f9d abundant spongid ) a /ony skeleton1 :ile all ! mod]n sponges possess a horny frame4 ,! ,petrospongid1 or /one sponges1 :i* h long s9ce disappe>$1 are frequ5tly %apeless masses2 b a l>ge numb] are cup-%ap$1 ) a c5tral tubul> cavity1 l9$1 z well z ! out] surface1 ) pores m or less regul>ly arrang$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,encr9us ,,lilii=mis4 7,mus*elkalk1 ,g]many47 ,illu/ration3 ,,p5tacr9us ,,bri>eus4 ,! ,cr9oids1 or ,sea-lilies1 n[ almo/ entirely ext9ct1 7 extremely common 9 ! primeval seas4 ,unlike our mod]n sea-/>s1 to :i* !y are allies1 !y did n move ab\t freely f place to place1 b 7 affix$1 l fl[]s1 to a sl5d] flexible /alk1 compos$ ( num]\s calc>e\s jo9ts connect$ toge!r by a fle%y coat4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s ,m\nta9 ,lime/one is load$ ) _! rema9s1 & ! ,encr9us lilii=mis is "o ( ! lead+ fossils ( ! ,mus*elkalk ( ! ,triassic gr\p4 ,! ,p5tacr9us bri>eus is ( m mod]n date1 & occurs 9 tangl$ masses1 =m+ ?9 b$s ( consid]able ext5t 9 ! ,l[] ,lias4 ,?is beautiful ,cr9oid1 ) its innum]able t5tacul> arms1 appe>s to h be5 frequ5tly atta*$ to ! drift wood ( ! ,liassic sea1 l ! float+ b>nacles ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! /ill m rec5t ,*alk gr\p is f\nd a rem>kable =m ( />-fi%1 ! ,m>supites ornatus1 :i* resembles 9 all respects ! ,cr9oids1 except t x is n & nev] 0 provid$ ) a /em4 ,x seems to h be5 roll$ lazily to & fro1 by ! influ5ce ( ! waves1 at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & to h be5 an*or$ 9 its place by ! action ( gravity alone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>supites ,,ornatus4 ,,*alk4 ,( all ! *anges t h tak5 place 9 organic life1 none p]haps are m rem>kable ?an ! trans=mations :i* ! ,cephalopod molluscs h und]gone dur+ ! v>i\s geological eras4 ,9 ! m anci5t ,palozoic seas fl\ri%$ ! ,or?oc]atites1 or /raight- *amb]$ %ells1 resembl+ a nautilus uncoil$4 ,9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ages ! ,goniatites acquir$ _! highe/ developm5t4 ,^! %ells 7 spirally w\nd1 hav+ ! lobes ( ! *amb]s free f lat]al d5ticulations or cr5atures1 s z to =m cont9u\s & un9t]rupt$ outl9es4 ,bo? ,or?oc]atites & ,goniatites disappe> 9 ! ,triassic times1 & are replac$ by ho/s ( ,ammonites1 :i* successively fl\ri%$ 9 m ?an #fjj species1 & are *>act]is$ by an ext]nal siphon & *amb]s ( complicat$1 (t5 foliat$1 patt]n4 ,?is foliat$ /ructure gives a rem>kable "* to ! int]section ( ! *amb] p>titions ) ! %ell1 & mu/ h add$ greatly to ! /r5g? ( ! %ell1 :i* 0 always delicate & (t5 v beautiful4 ,! ,ammonites1 :i* made _! fir/ appe>ance t[>ds ! end ( ! ,triassic p]iod1 ab\nd$ 9 ! ,oolitic & ,cretace\s p]iods1 & 7 replac$ by new =ms be=e ! ,t]ti>y b$s 7 deposit$4 ,among ^! we f9d ! ,ancyloc]as gigas1 :i* may be reg>d$ z an ,ammonite p>tially unroll$1 & ! ,turrilites tub]culatus1 :i* has ! =m & peculi> symmetry ( a univalve %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,turrilites ,,tub]culatus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,re/or$ ,,belemnite4 ,9 sev]al ( ! old] rocks1 especially ! ,lias & ,oolite1 ,belemnites are frequ5tly met )4 ,^! s+ul> d>t- or arr[-%ap$ fossils 7 suppos$ by ! anci5ts to be ! ?und]bolts ( ,jove1 b are n[ kn[n to be ! petrifi$ int]nal bones ( a race ( voraci\s cuttle-fi%es1 ^: importance 9 ! ,oolitic or ,cretace\s ,seas may be judg$ ( by ! frequ5cy ( _! rema9s & ! #abj species t h be5 hi!rto discov]$4 ,belemnites two feet long h be5 f\nd1 s t1 to judge by analogies1 ! animals to :i* !y belong$ z cuttle-bones mu/ h measur$ eighte5 or tw5ty feet f end to end4 ,provid$ ) preh5sile hooks on _! long arms1 & ) a =midable p>rot-l bill1 ^! huge creatures mu/ h prov$ mo/ dang]\s antagoni/s1 ev5 to ! well-protect$ fi%es t liv$ 9 ! same seas4 ,b ( all ! d5iz5s ( ! ,mesozoic ,ocean none 7 m p[]ful ?an ! l>ge m>9e or enaliosaurian reptiles1 :i*1 fl\ri%+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,triassic p]iod1 7 lords ( all !y survey$ d[n to ! end ( ! ,cretace\s epo*4 ,fir/ among ^! mon/]s appe>s ! gigantic ,i*?yosaurus1 :i* has be5 f\nd no less ?an =ty feet long--a creature half fi%1 half liz>d1 & comb9+1 9 /range juxtaposition1 ! sn\t ( ! porpoise1 ! tee? ( ! crocodile1 & ! paddles ( ! :ale4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable ( its features is ! eye1 surpass+ a man's head 9 size1 & wond]fully adapt$ = vision bo? f> & ne>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,i*?yosaurus ,,communis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plesiosaurus ,,doli*odeirus4 7,briti% ,museum--,f\nd 9 ! ,lias ( ,/reet1 ne> ,gla/onbury47 ,9 ! qu>ries ( ,ca5 9 ,norm&y1 at ,lyme ,regis 9 ,dorset%ire1 & p>ticul>ly at ,klo/] ,banz 9 ,franconia1 :]e ! l>ge/ kn[n specim5 has be5 discov]$1 entire skeletons ( ! =midable ,i*?yosaurus h be5 exhum$ f ! ,liassic %ale--memorials ( ! ages long s9ce pa/1 :5 l&s n[ f> remov$ f ! ocean /ill lay at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & =m$ ! doma9 ( gigantic liz>ds4 ,! enorm\s jaw-bones ( ! ,i*?yosauri1 :i* 9 ! full-gr[n animal c\ld be op5$ sev5 feet wide1 7 arm$ along _! :ole l5g? ) p[]ful conical tee?1 %[+ !m to h be5 c>nivor\s1 & ! half-dige/$ rema9s ( fi%es & reptiles f\nd )9 _! skeletons indicate ! precise nature ( _! food4 ,! size ( ! swall[$ object proves also t ! cavity ( ! /oma* mu/ h correspond$ ) ! wide op5+ ( ! jaws4 ,?us p[]fully equipp$ = (f5sive w>f>e2 excell5t swimm]s f _! compress$ cunei=m trunk1 _! long broad paddles1 & _! /\t v]tical tail-f92 provid$1 moreov]1 ) eyes capable ( pi]c+ ! dim light ( ! ocean dep?s1 !y mu/ h be5 =midable inde$ to ! contemporane\s fi%es4 ,! ,i*?yosaurus 0 admirably =m$ = cleav+ ! waves ( an agitat$ sea2 b ! ,plesiosaurus 0 equally well organis$ = pursu+ its prey 9 %all[ creeks & bays def5d$ f heavy break]s4 ,its long swan-l neck no d\bt enabl$ x to drag _m a victim f its hid+-place4 ,:ile ^! huge liz>ds 7 ! t]ror ( ! seas1 ! ,pt]odactyles1 a race ( w+$ liz>ds1 arm$ ) long jaws & %>p tee?1 hov]$ 9 ! air4 ,) ! exception ( ! greatly elongat$ fif? f+]1 to :i*1 z well z to ! :ole l5g? ( ! arm & body1 ! membran\s w+ or organ ( flight 0 atta*$1 ! f+]s ( ?is /range animal 7 provid$ ) %>p claws1 s t x 0 probably enabl$1 l ! bat1 to susp5d itself f precipit\s rock-walls4 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 t1 :]eas ! ,pt]odactyles ( ! old] ,lias b$s did n exce$ t5 or twelve in*es 9 l5g?1 ! lat] =ms1 f\nd fossil 9 ! ,gre5s& & ,weald5 b$s ( ! ,l[] ,cretace\s =mation1 mu/ h be5 at lea/ #af feet long4 ,t ^! reptiles 7 n ! only v]tebrat$ animals capable ( hov]+ 9 ! air at ! "t :5 ! huge ,i*?yosaurus 0 "l ( ! seas1 is prov$ by a bird ab\t ! size ( a rook1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 #ahfb1 9 ! li?ographic slate ( ,sol5h(5 9 ,bav>ia1 a /one-b$ belong+ to ! p]iod ( ! ,upp] ,oolite4 ,! skeleton ( ?is valuable specim51 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is almo/ entire1 ) ! exception ( ! head1 & reta9s ev5 its fea!rs4 ,/ill old] fossil mammalia h be5 f\nd ne> ,/uttg>d1 9 ! upp]mo/ b$ ( ! ,triassic deposits1 & 9 ! ,l[] ,oolite ( ,ox=d%ire4 ,^! int]e/+ rema9s1 :i* c>ry back ! exi/5ce ( ! mammals to a v remote p]iod1 belong to small m>supial1 or opossum-l1 animals4 ,! jaws1 :i* are ! pr9cipal p>ts pres]v$1 are exce$+ly m9ute1 & rem>kable = ! numb] & di/ribution ( _! tee?1 :i* prove !m to h be5 ei!r insectivor\s or rod5t4 ,! rema9s ( ! ,i*?yosauri & ,plesiosauri occur *iefly 9 ! ,liassic gr\p1 b ! m rec5t ,cretace\s 7,weald57 =mation is di/+ui%$ by ! pres5ce ( /ill m enorm\s l& saurians4 ,on _! massive legs & unwieldy feet ^! mon/]s /ood mu* high] ?an any reptile ( our days1 & resembl$ 9 bulk & /ature ! elephants ( ! pres5t _w4 ,! c>nivor\s ,megalosaurus 7= its %>ply s]rat$ tee? indicate ?is mode ( life7 appe>s to h prec$$ ! gigantic ,iguanodon1 ^: d5tition d5otes a vegetable food4 ,l ! giant slo?s ( ,s\? ,am]ica--! ,mega!rium & ! ,mylodon--! ,iguanodon 0 provid$ ) a long preh5sile tongue & fle%y lips to seize ! leaves & bran*es on :i* x f$4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 e/imates its probable l5g? at betwe5 fifty & sixty feet1 & to judge by ! proportions ( its extremities1 & p>ticul>ly ( its huge feet1 x mu/ h exce$$ ! bulk ( ! elephant eightfold4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ,upp] ,cretace\s epo* fl\ri%$ ! ,mosasaurus1 a m>9e saurian1 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! qu>ries ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nt1 ne> ,mae/ri*t1#a & suppos$ to h be5 tw5ty-f\r feet 9 l5g?4 ,b ! supremacy ( ! reptiles 0 n[ draw+ to its close1 & 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod we at l5g? see ! ,mammalia assume a prom95t place on ! sc5e ( life4 ,! olde/ ( ^! t]ti>y quadrup$s diff] s widely f ^? ( ! pres5t day z to =m di/9ct g5]a4 ,! ,palo!riums1 = in/ance1 ( :i* !re are sev5te5 species1 v>y+ 9 dim5sions f ! size ( a rh9oc]os to t ( a hog1 comb9e 9 _! skeleton _m ( ! *>act]s ( ! tapir1 ! rh9oc]os1 & ! horse1 :ile ! ,anoplo!riums1 ^: size v>i$ f t ( a h>e to t ( a dw>f ass1 resembl$ 9 "s respects ! rh9oc]os & ! horse1 & 9 o!rs ! hippopotamus1 ! hog1 & ! camel4 ,footnote #a3 ,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,9 ! ,mioc5e epo* _m ( ^! m anci5t quadrup$s no long] appe> ^u ! sc5e1 :ile o!rs /ill fl\ri% 9 its upp] p]iod along ) /ill exi/+ g5]a1 & ) =ms long s9ce ext9ct1 su* z ! ,d9o!rium4 ,?is huge animal is p>ticul>ly rem>kable = its two l>ge & heavy tusks1 plac$ at ! extremity ( ! l[] jaw1 & curv$ d[nw>ds l ^? 9 ! upp] jaw ( ! walrus4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$ to be an h]bivor\s cretacean1 & to h us$ its ant]ior limbs pr9cipally 9 ! act ( digg+ = roots4 ,! rema9s on :i* ^! speculations 7 f\nd$ 7 ! huge jaws & %\ld]-blade discov]$ at ,epple%eim 9 ,hesse ,d>m/adt2 b an imm5se pelvis ( ! animal1 measur+ six feet 9 bread? & f\r & a qu>t] feet 9 height1 discov]$ by ,fa!r ,sanno ,sol>o1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,haute ,g>onne1 proves t ?is suppos$ aquatic pa*yd]m 0 a gigantic m>supial1 & t ! dep5d5t trunks ( ! unwieldy animal1 in/ead ( s]v+ ! purpose ( an*or+ x to ! banks ( riv]s1 answ]$ ! m homely1 b equally important (fice1 ( lift+ ! "y into ! mat]nal p\*4 #8,! rem>kable hi/ory ( ! successive discov]y ( its bones1' says ,pr(essor ,haughton1 #8& ! *ange ( views consequ5t !reupon1 %\ld tea* geologi/s mode/y 9 ! expression ( _! op9ion4' ,dur+ ?is p]iod also fl\ri%$ 9 ,india1 along ) _m o!r /range =ms ( life1 ! ,colosso*elys ,atlas1 a tortoise ( ! mo/ gigantic proportions1 measur+1 probably1 ne>ly tw5ty feet on ! curve ( ! c>apace1 & dw>f+ into insignificance ! great ,indian tortoise ( ! pres5t day4 ,! ne>] we approa* our own times1 ! great] becomes ! proportion ( /ill exi/+ g5]a & species2 & x is rem>kable t z e>ly z ! ,plioc5e epo* we f9d a geographical di/ribution ( mammalian life analog\s to t :i* n[ *>act]ises ! v>i\s regions ( ! e>?4 ,?us ! fossil monkeys ( ,s\? ,am]ica h ! no/rils wide ap>t l all ! exi/+ simi ( ! new _w1 & fossil monkeys ) approximat$ no/rils1 ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( all ! old _w quadrumana1 are exclusively f\nd 9 ,asia & 9 ,europe1 :]e n[ a small species ( monkey is conf9$ to ! ,rock ( ,gibralt>1 b :]e1 9 ! ,upp] ,mioc5e times1 l>ge long-arm$ apes1 equall+ man 9 /ature1 liv$ 9 ! oak =e/s ( ,france4 ,?us also ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e alone slo?s & armadilloes exi/ at ! pres5t day1 is ! only "p ( ! _w :]e1 9 ! y\ng] t]ti>y rocks1 ! rema9s ( analog\s mammals--! ,mega!rium1 ! ,mylodon1 & ! ,glyptodon--h be5 f\nd4 ,! ,mylodon 0 a colossal slo?1 elev5 feet long & ) a correspond+ gir?4 ,:5 we consid] ! huge size ( ! pelvis & ! massiv5ess ( ! limbs1 we mu/ ne$s conclude t ,pr(essor ,ow5 c\ld n possibly h giv5 ! unwieldy animal a m appropriate surname ?an t ( robu/us4 ,! ,mega!rium 0 ( /ill l>g] size4 ,its l5g? 0 z mu* z eighte5 feet1 ! bread? ( its pelvis 0 six feet1 & ! tail1 :]e x 0 atta*$ to ! body1 mu/ h measur$ six feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! ?igh bone 0 ne>ly ?ree times z great z t ( ! l>ge/ kn[n elephant1 ! bones ( ! in/ep & ^? ( ! foot be+ also ( correspond+ size4 ,! g5]al proportions bo? ( ! ,mega!rium & ,mylodon resembl$ ^? ( ! elephant1 ! body be+ relatively z l>ge1 ! legs %ort] & ?ick]1 & ! neck v little long]4 ,! ,mega!rium may h _h a %ort proboscis1 b ! ,mylodon exhibits no m>k ( su* contrivance4 ,x is evid5t1 f ! bulk & con/ruction ( ^! huge animals1 t !y did n1 l ! slo?s ( ! pres5t day1 crawl along ! "u side ( ! b\ghs till !y _h rea*$ a commodi\s fe$+ place1 b t1 firmly seat$ on ! /rong tripod ( _! two h9d legs & p[]ful tail1 !y uproot$ trees or wr5*$ (f bran*es ) _! =e limbs1 :i* 7 well adapt$ = grasp+ ! trunk or l>g] bran*es ( a tree4 ,! long & p[]ful claws 7 also1 no d\bt1 useful 9 ! prelim9>y process ( scrat*+ away ! soil f ! roots ( ! trees to be pro/rat$4 ,?is task accompli%$1 ! long & curv$ =e claws w\ld next be appli$ to ! opposite sides ( ! loos5$ trunk4 #8,! tree be+ ?us p>tly und]m9$ & firmly grappl$ )1 ! muscles ( ! trunk1 ! pelvis1 & h9d limbs1 animat$ by ! n]v\s influ5ce ( ! unusually l>ge sp9al cord1 w\ld comb9e _! =ces ) ^? ( ! ant]ior memb]s 9 ! ef=ts at pro/ration4 ,if n[ we picture to ourselves ! massive frame ( ! ,mega!rium1 convuls$ ) ! mighty wre/l+1 e vibrat+ fibre react+ ^u its bony atta*m5t ) a =ce :i* ! %>p & /rong cre/s & apophyses l\dly bespeak1 we may suppose t t tree mu/ h be5 /rong inde$ :i*1 rock$ to & fro1 to "r & left1 9 su* an embrace1 c\ld long )/& ! ef=ts ( its pond]\s assailant4' ,illu/ration3 ,,glyptodon ,,clavipes4 ,! ,glyptodon1 a colossal armadillo ( ! size ( an ox1 0 cov]$ ) a ?ick heavy tessellat$ bony arm\r1 :i*1 :5 deta*$ f ! body1 resembl$ ! section ( a l>ge cask4 ,?is h>ness measur$ on its curve f head to tail at lea/ six feet1 & f\r feet f side to side1 s t a ,lapl&] might h squatt$ com=tably "u its ro(4 ,9 ! sup]ficial deposits ( diluvial drift1 9 ,g]many & ,engl&1 9 ,italy & ,spa91 9 ,nor!rn ,asia z well z 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 betwe5 ! latitudes ( #dj & #ge1 ! bones ( ! l>ge ext9ct ,pa*yd]ms h be5 f\nd1 & become m & m abundant z we approa* ! ice-b\nd regions )9 ! ,arctic ,circle4 ,! ,sib]ian tundras1 & ! isl&s 9 ! ,pol> ,sea beyond1 are1 above all1 s ri* 9 ! fossil rema9s ( ! ,mammo?1 or primitive elephant1 t its tusks =m a n unimportant bran* ( comm]ce4 ,f ! pres5ce ( s l>ge an animal 9 treeless wilds1 :]e n[ only small rod5ts or _! p]secutors1 ! ,arctic fox & sn[ owl1 f9d ! means ( subsi/5ce1 x has be5 inf]r$ t ,sib]ia mu/ 9 ^? times h enjoy$ a tropical climate2 b _m weighty argum5ts h be5 array$ aga9/ ?is op9ion4 ,! musk-ox1 x is well kn[n1 pref]s ! /9t$ h]bage ( ! ,arctic regions1 :ile ! alli$ buffalo c only ?rive 9 a w>m c\ntry1 & diff]5t species ( be>s are f\nd 9 all zones2 s also ! primitive elephant 0 =m$ = a temp]ate or cold climate4 ,in/ead ( be+ nak$1 l 8 liv+ ,asiatic & ,african relations1 ! ,mammo? 0 cov]$ ) a w>m clo?+1 well fitt$ to brave a l[ temp]ature1 a fact suffici5tly prov$ by ! c>cass ( "o ( ^! animals :i* 0 f\nd1 9 ! ye> #ahjc1 imb$d$ 9 a mass ( ice on ! bank ( ! ,l5a 9 latitude #gj4 ,its sk9 0 cov]$ fir/ ) black bri/les1 ?ick] ?an horse-hair1 f twelve to sixte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 secondly ) hair ( a r$di%-br[n col\r1 ab\t f\r in*es long1 & ?irdly ) wool ( ! same col\r z ! hair1 ab\t an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! discov]ies ( ,midd5dorff on ! banks ( ! ,taymur likewise %[ t 9 ^? times ! climate ( ,sib]ia 0 by no means tropical1 = 9 latitude #ge #ae he f\nd ! trunk ( a l>* imb$d$ ) ! bones ( a ,mammo? 9 an alluvial /ratum fifte5 feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,fragm5ts ( p9e leaves h likewise be5 extract$ f cavities 9 ! mol> tee? ( a fossil rh9oc]os1 discov]$ on ! banks ( ! ,wiljui1 9 latitude #fd4 ,! num]\s l& & fre%wat] %ells accompany+ ! ,mammo? 9 ! highe/ latitudes are also1 almo/ )\t exception1 id5tical ) ^? n[ exi/+ 9 ,sib]ia4 ,! ,ma/odon1 ?\gh n uncommon among ! fossils ( ! old _w1 is m abundantly f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! mol> tee? ( ?is huge animal1 ^: gr9d+ surfaces _h _! cr[ns /udd$ ) conical em95ces1 m or less resembl+ ! teats ( a c[1 diff]$ greatly f ! flat-cr[n$ gr9d]s ( ! ,mammo?2 b bo? _h tw5ty ribs l ! liv+ elephant1 & mu/ h be5 simil> 9 size & g5]al appe>ance4 ,! body ( ! ,ma/odon w\ld seem to h be5 long]1 its limbs ?ick] & %ort]1 &1 p]haps1 its =m1 on ! :ole1 r approa*+ t ( ! hippopotamus1 :i* x probably resembl$ also 9 "s ( its habits4 ,its m\? 0 broad] ?an t ( ! elephant1 & al?\gh x 0 c]ta9ly provid$ ) a long trunk1 x mu/ h liv$ on s(t succul5t food1 & x seems to h r>ely left ! m>%es & muddy ponds1 9 :i* x w\ld f9d ample food4 ,! mo/ complete1 & probably ! l>ge/1 specim5 ( ! ,ma/odon ev] f\nd 0 exhum$ 9 #ahde1 9 ! t[n ( ,newbury1 ,new ,york1 ! l5g? ( ! skeleton be+ tw5ty-five feet1 & its height twelve feet4 ,f ano!r specim51 f\nd 9 ! same ye>1 9 ,w>r5 ,c\nty1 ,new ,j]sey1 ! clay 9 ! int]ior )9 ! ribs1 j :]e ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* might naturally h be5 look$ =1 furni%$ "s bu%els ( vegetable sub/ance4 ,a microscopic exam9ation prov$ ?is matt] to consi/ ( pieces ( small twigs ( a conif]\s tree ( ! cypress family1 probably ! "y %oots ( ! :ite c$> 7,?uja occid5talis7 :i* is /ill a native ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?is int]e/+ discov]y likewise proves t ! climate ( ,nor? ,am]ica 0 !n1 l t ( ,sib]ia1 n v diff]5t f t ( ! pres5t day4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ! fossil ,rum9ants are f\nd among ! de] tribe4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is ! ,siva!rium giganteum1 discov]$ 9 ! ,t]ti>y b$s ( ! sub-,himalayan hills4 ,x 0 a de] ) f\r horns1 &1 to judge by ! size ( its bones1 mu/ h exce$$ ! elephant 9 its dim5sions4 ,ne> ?is huge #8antl]$ mon>* ( ! wa/e' ! ext9ct ,c]vus megac]os1 f\nd 9 ! bogs & %all[ m>ls ( ,irel&1 appe>s z a m]e dw>f1 9 spite ( its l>ge bran*+ palmate horns1 (t5 weigh+ eighty p\nds1 & a correspond+ /ature f> exce$+ t ( our mod]n de]4 ,! colossal size ( _m ( ! ext9ct plants & animals might seem to fav\r ! belief t organic life has deg5]at$ f its =m] p[]s2 b a survey ( exi/+ creation soon proves ! vital pr9ciple to be z /rong & fl\ri%+ z ev]4 ,no fossil tree has yet be5 f\nd to equal ! t[]+ height ( ! huge ,sequoias & ,well+tonias ( ,cali=nia2 & ?\gh ! ,horsetails & ,clubmosses ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ages may well be call$ colossal :5 comp>$ ) _! dim9utive repres5tatives ( ! pres5t day1 yet _! height by no means exce$$ t ( ! tall bamboo ( ,india4 ,no fossil bivalve is z l>ge z ! ,tridacna ( ! tropical seas2 & ?\gh our nautilus is a m]e pigmy :5 comp>$ ) _m ( ! ,ammonites1 our nak$ cuttlefi%es are probably z bulky z ^? ( any ( ! =m] geological =mations4 ,! liv+ cru/aceans & fi%es are n inf]ior to _! pr$ecessors 9 size1 & ?\gh ! giant saurians ( ! pa/ 7 mu* l>g] ?an our crocodiles1 yet !y d n completely dw>f !m by comp>ison4 ,! ext9ct ,d9ornis#b f> surpass$ ! o/ri* 9 size1 b ! ,mammo? & ! ,ma/odon f9d _! equal 9 our elephant2 & ?\gh ! slo?s ( ! pres5t day are m]e pigmies :5 comp>$ ) ! ,mega!rium1 yet no ext9ct mammal atta9s ! size ( ! ,gre5l& :ale4 ,footnote #b3 ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,! p]fect pres]vation ( s _m fossil rema9s ( animals & plants1 :i* enables u to trace ! progress ( organic life on e>? f "o va/ epo* to ano!r1 is surely wond]ful en\gh2 b we mu/ consid] x z a /ill great] wond] t ph5om5a usually s evanesc5t z foot-pr9ts1 ripple-m>ks1 & ra9-pr9ts %\ld 9 "s cases h be5 p]man5tly engrav$ 9 /one1 & appe> z di/9ct aft] millions ( ye>s z if _! traces _h be5 left b ye/]day4 ,all ^! m>ks 7 at fir/ pr9t$ on s(t argillace\s mud1 on ! sea-%ore1 or on ! bord]s ( lakes & riv]s1 :i* reta9$ !m z !y became dry4 ,s& or clay hav+ !n be5 drift$ into ! m\ld by ! w9d1 or deposit$ 9 its cavity by ! next tide1 a p]man5t ca/ 0 made1 ind5t$ 9 ! l[] /ratum & /&+ out 9 relief on ! upp] "o4 ,?us ra9-drops on gre5i% slates ( ! ,coal p]iod1 ) sev]al worm tracks1 su* z usually accompany ra9-m>ks on ! rec5t mud ( mod]n bea*es1 h be5 discov]$ ne> ,sydney1 9 ,cape ,breton4 ,z ! drops resemble 9 _! av]age size ^? :i* n[ fall f ! cl\ds1 we may presume t ! atmosph]e ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod correspond$ 9 d5sity ) t n[ inve/+ ! globe1 & t diff]5t curr5ts ( air v>i$ !n z n[ 9 temp]ature1 s z1 by _! mixture1 to give rise to ! cond5sation ( aque\s vap\r4 ,9 l mann] x has be5 possible to detect ! footpr9ts ( reptiles1 ev5 9 %ales z old z ! ,cambrian =mation1 & to foll[ _! trail z !y walk$ or crawl$ along4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,new ,r$ ,s&/one 7,l[] ,trias71 ne> ,hildburghaus51 9 ,saxony1 a /range unkn[n animal1 suppos$ to belong to ! frog ord]1 has left foot-pr9ts be>+ a /rik+ resemblance to ! impressions made by a human h&2 & 9 ! /ill old] r$ s&/one ( ,connecticut1 a gigantic bird has m>k$ a foot f\r times l>g] ?an t ( ! o/ri*4 ,x exi/$ long be=e ! ,i*?yosaurus 0 se5 on e>?1 & yet by a s+ul> *ance its traces1 pr9t$ on a f\ndation prov]bially un/able1 h outliv$ ! wreck ( s _m ages4 ,h[ev] brief & defective ! =ego+ review ( ! fossil _w may h be51 x has /ill suffic$ to po9t out ! exi/5ce on our planet ( s _m habitable surfaces1 ea* di/9ct 9 "t1 & peopl$ ) its peculi> races ( aquatic & t]re/rial be+s1 all admirably fitt$ = ! new /ates ( ! globe z !y arose1 or !y w\ld n h increas$ & multipli$ & endur$ = indef9ite p]iods4 #8,! pro(s n[ accumulat$1' says ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 #8( ! close analogy betwe5 ext9ct & rec5t species are su* z to leave no d\bt on ! m9d t ! same h>mony ( p>ts & beauty ( contrivance :i* we admire 9 ! liv+ creation has equally *>act]is$ ! organic _w at remote p]iods4 ,?us1 z we increase our k ( ! inexhau/ible v>iety display$ 9 liv+ nature1 our admiration is multipli$ by ! reflection t x is only ! la/ ( a great s]ies ( pre-exi/+ creations1 ( :i* we _c e/imate ! numb] or limit 9 times pa/4' ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,subt]ranean ,,heat4 ,zone ( inv>iable ,temp]ature--,increas+ ,temp]ature ( ! ,e>? at a great] ,dep?--,pro(s f\nd 9 ,m9es & ,artesian ,wells1 9 ,hot ,spr+s & ,volcanic ,eruptions--,! :ole ,e>? probably at "o "t a fluid mass4 ,born nei!r to so> into ! air1 nor to inhabit ! deep wat]s1 nor to pass 8 life 9 subt]ranean d>kness1 man is unable to dep>t to any consid]able di/ance f ! e>?'s surface4 ,if he asc5ds 9 a balloon1 he soon rea*es ! limits :]e ! r>efi$ atmosph]e r5d]s brea?+ impossible2 a few ?\s& feet limit 8 ef=ts to pi]ce ! e>?'s cru/2 & %\ld he be ca/ out into ! sea1 he is soon dr[n$4 ,b beyond ! limits to :i* 8 body is conf9$1 8 m9d so>s into space1 & plung+ into ! unkn[n int]ior ( our globe1 seeks to unravel ! my/]y ( its =mation4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i purpose briefly to po9t out ! circum/ances :i* guide him 9 8 speculations1 & enable him to roam1 at lea/ 9 _s1 ?r\gh ! pr(\nd abysses ( ! subt]ranean _w4 ,z we all "k1 ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e soon communicates its *anges to ! surface ( ! e>?2 & our mead[s1 :i* :5 w>m$ by ! rays ( ! sun are gre5 & cov]$ ) fl[]s1 h>d5 9 w9t] into a lifeless pla94 ,b ! influ5ce ( ! sun's heat ^u ! soil is m]ely sup]ficial1 s t 9 ! temp]ate zones ! annual fluctuations ( ! !rmomet] are no long] p]ceptible at a dep? ( f #fj to #hj feet4 ,?us1 9 ! cell>s ( ! ,p>isian obs]vatory1 a !rmomet]1 plac$ _m ye>s ago #hf feet bel[ ! surface1 inv>iably indicates #aag ,celsius2 ! summ] above may be ev] s int5sely hot1 or ! w9t] ev] s cold1 ! column ( m]cury nev] deviates a hair's bread? f ! height x has once atta9$4 ,bel[ ^! limits ! w>m? ( ! e>? gradually increases--a fact plac$ beyond all d\bt by ! innum]able obs]vations t h be5 made 9 m9es1 & dur+ ! bor+ ( ,artesian wells4 ,= :]ev] s9k+s h be5 made1 a ris+ ( ! !rmomet] has always be5 f\nd to take place z ! aug] p5etrates to a great] dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,?us1 to cite b a few examples1 ! temp]ature ( ! ,artesian well ( ,gr5elle 9 ,p>is1 :i*1 at a dep? ( #iag ,fr5* feet1 am\nt$ to #bbb ,c41 increas$ at ! dep? ( #a1eee feet to #bfdc1 & ! wat]1 :i* n[ ga%es =? f ! dep? ( #a1fhd feet1 con/antly ma9ta9s ! same lukew>m temp]ature ( #bggj4 ,dur+ ! bor+ ( ! well ( ,neusalzw]k1 9 ,we/phalia1 ! temp]ature rose at ! v>i\s dep?s ( #ehj1 #a1bhe1 & #a1ice feet f #aig ,c4 to #bge & #cad1 until1 f9ally1 :5 ! dep? ( #b1add feet 0 atta9$1 ! sal9e spr+ issu$ =? ) a con/ant temp]ature ( #ccf4 ,z f ! exp]i5ce acquir$ 9 m9es & ,artesian wells1 ! temp]ature is f\nd to increase by "o degree = ab\t e successive #hj or #ajj feet1 ! int]nal w>m? ( ! e>?1 suppos+ x to increase 9 ! same proportion t[>ds ! c5tre1 w\ld1 at ! dep? ( #aj1jjj feet1 be equal to t ( boil+ wat]1 & at t ( #hj or #ajj miles suffici5tly great to melt ! h>de/ rock4 ,:e!r ?is /eady increase really takes place is ( c\rse only matt] ( conjecture2 b ! hi/ory ( hot spr+s & volcanic eruptions %[s u t ev]y:]e a v high degree ( heat exi/s at consid]able dep?s bel[ ! surface4 ,mo/ spr+s 9 ! temp]ate zone1 )\t be+ w>m 9 a rem>kable degree1 /ill possess a high] temp]ature ?an ! av]age w>m? ( ! air 9 ! locality :]e !y gu% =?1 :ile 9 ! tropical zone !y are frequ5tly cool]--a pro( t 9 bo? cases !y issue f a dep? indep5d5t ( ! fluctuat+ atmosph]ical influ5ces ( ! surface4 ,:ile ^! cool or cold spr+s1 spread 9 imm5se numb]s ov] ! e>?1 atte/ ! exi/5ce ev]y:]e ( a subt]ranean s\rce ( heat1 ! w>m & hot spr+s rem9d u ( its int5sity at m consid]able dep?s4 ,^! !rmal s\rces are conf9$ to no climate1 = 9 ! cold l& ( ! ,ts*ukts*i1 :]e ! soil mu/ be p]petually froz5 to a dep? ( sev]al hundr$ feet1 boil+ wat] is f\nd to gu% =?1 z well z 9 ! tropical ,feejee ,isl&s4 ,! hot spr+s1 ?\gh ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 are n ! only or pr9cipal v5ts ( subt]ranean heat4 ,f> great] quantities ( caloric are con/antly p\r+ =? f ! num]\s volcanoes & solfat>as1 :i* are likewise di/ribut$ all ov] ! surface ( ! globe4 ,! viol5t convulsions :i* att5d e outfl[ ( lava are pro(s t ^! torr5ts ( liquid /one mu/ h be5 =c$ upw>ds f a f> great] dep? ?an ! wat] ( ! hot spr+s4 ,! temp]ature necess>y = _! production likewise po9ts to ?is fact1 = to melt /ones a heat ( at lea/ #b1jjj;,c4 is requir$4 ,b volcanoes1 l hot spr+s1 are f\nd 9 e zone2 beyond ! ,arctic ,circle1 z well z 9 ! mo/ s\!rn l& atta9$ by ,sir ,james ,ross 9 8 memorable voyage4 ,!y l9e ! coa/s ( ! ,pacific1 z well z ^? ( ! ,sea ( ,kamts*atka4 ,!y desolate ,icel&1 z !y dev\r$ ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum2 & ev]y:]e !y p\r =? ! same masses ( fluid /one2 s t ! geologi/ is n able to di/+ui% ! lavas ( ! ,&es *a9 f ^? ( ,etna or ,vesuvius4 ,b ph5om5a s mu* alike 9 "*1 common to all p>ts ( ! globe1 c h>dly be dep5d5t ^u m]e local circum/ances1 & speak l\dly 9 fav\r ( ! !ory :i* supposes our e>? to h be5 at "o "t a ball ( liquid fire4 ,w&]+ ?r\gh space dur+ a c\rse ( unnumb]$ ages1 ?is huge mass ( molt5 /ones & metals gradually cool$1 & at l5g? got cov]$ ) a solid cru/1 bel[ :i* ! anci5t furnaces are /ill burn+1 & /riv+ to bur/ _! fett]s4 ,well may we say ) ,horace-- #8,inc$imus p] ignes ,suppositos c9]i doloso4' ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,subt]ranean ,,upheavals ,,& ,,depressions4 ,oscillations ( ! ,e>?'s ,surface tak+ place 9 ! pres5t day-- ,fir/ asc]ta9$ 9 ,sw$5--,examples ( ,contemporane\s ,upheaval & ,depression 9 ,france & ,engl&--,probable ,causes ( ! ,ph5om5on4 ,:ile ! sea & ! atmosph]ic ocean are subject to p]petual fluctuations1 & ! poet ju/ly comp>es ! unc]ta9 t5ure ( human prosp]ity ) ! re/less wave or ! incon/ant w9d1 ! solid e>? is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! emblem ( /ability4 ,b an exam9ation ( ! v>i\s /rata ( aque\s orig9 :i* con/itute by f> ! great] "p ( ! actual dry l& soon %[s ! fallacy ( ?is op9ion4 ,! fossils ( m>9e orig9 :i* occur 9 s _m ( our olde/ rocks1 n[ situat$ f> above ! level ( ! ocean1 mu/ necess>ily h be5 rais$ f ! deep4 ,on ! t[]+ ,&es1 fifte5 ?\s& feet above ! tide-m>ks ( ! ,pacific1 ! geologi/ f9ds sea-%ells imb$d$ 9 ! rock1 & high above ! sn[-l9e ! *amois-hunt] ( ! ,alps wond]s at ! sight ( spirally-w\nd ,ammonites t once enjoy$ life at ! bottom ( ! ,liassic ,sea4 ,9 /rata ( a m mod]n date1 we f9d1 on ! banks ( ! riv] ,s5egal1 f> inl&1 l>ge deposits ( ! ,arca s5ilis1 a mollusc /ill liv+ on ! neighb\r+ coa/4 ,on ! bord]s ( ,lo* ,lomond1 tw5ty feet above ! level ( ! sea1 %ells ( ! edible cockle & sea-ur*9 repose 9 a lay] ( br[n clay1 & ! banks ( ! ,=? & ( ! ,clyde1 ?irty feet high] ?an ! /orm tides1 inclose rema9s ( common %ells ( ! pres5t p]iod1 su* z ! oy/]1 ! mussel1 & ! limpet4 ,along ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 at ,monte ,video & at ,valp>aiso1 9 ! isles ( ! ,pacific & at ! ,cape1 9 ,cali=nia & ,haiti1 we meet ) simil> in/ances ( elevation1 :i*1 ?\gh geologically rec5t1 may yet be ( a suffici5tly anci5t date to h prec$$ ! appe>ance ( man on e>?4 ,b pro(s are n want+ t ! upheav+ p[] :i* has wr\ght s _m *anges 9 ! pa/ is /ill actively employ$ 9 remodell+ ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,?is important geological fact 0 fir/ asc]ta9$ on ! coa/ ( ,sw$51 :]e ! peculi> configuration ( ! %ore makes x easy to appreciate slight *anges 9 ! relative level ( l& & wat]4 ,= ! cont95t is fr+$ ) c\ntless rocky isl&s1 call$ ! #8skr1' )9 :i* boats & small vessels sail 9 smoo? wat] ev5 :5 ! sea )\t is /rongly agitat$4 ,b ! navigation is v intricate1 & ! pilot mu/ possess a p]fect k ( ! bread? & dep? ( e n>r[ *annel1 & ! position ( innum]able sunk5 rocks4 ,on su* a coa/ ev5 a slight *ange ( level c\ld n fail to become kn[n to ! m>9]1 & to attract ! att5tion ( ! le>n$1 z soon z ! book ( nature began to be m accurately /udi$4 ,e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury ! ,sw$i% naturali/ ,celsius collect$ num]\s obs]vations1 all po9t+ to ! fact ( a sl[ elevation ( ! l&4 ,rocks bo? on ! %ore ( ! ,baltic & ! ,g]man ,ocean1 kn[n to h be5 once sunk5 reefs1 7 9 8 "t above wat]2 small isl&s 9 ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia _h be5 jo9$ to ! cont95t1 & old fi%+ gr\nds des]t$1 z be+ too %all[ or entirely dri$ up4 ,^! *anges ( level1 :i* he e/imat$ at ab\t ?ree feet 9 a c5tury1 ,celsius attribut$ to a s9k+ ( ! wat]s ( ! ,baltic1 ow+ possibly to ! *annel1 by :i* x dis*>ges its surplus wat]s into ! ,atlantic1 hav+ be5 gradually wid5$ & deep5$ by ! waves & curr5ts4 ,b ! l[]+ ( level w\ld 9 t case h be5 uni=m & univ]sal ov] t inl& sea1 & ! wat]s c\ld n h sunk at ,torneo :ile !y reta9$ _! =m] level at ,cop5hag51 ,wism>1 ,/ralsund1 & o!r t[ns :i* are n[ z close to ! wat]'s edge z at ! "t ( _! f\ndation4 ,playfair 7#ahjb7 & ,leopold von ,bu* 7#ahjg7 fir/ attribut$ ! *ange ( level to ! sl[ & ins5sible ris+ ( ! l&1 & ! subsequ5t inve/igations ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 9 #ahcd h plac$ ! fact beyond a d\bt4 ,! att5tion ( geologi/s hav+ once be5 direct$ to ! p>tial upheaval ( ! ,sc&9avian p59sula1 simil> facts 7 soon po9t$ out 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,at ,b\rgneuf1 ne> ,la ,ro*elle1 ! rema9s ( a %ip wreck$ on an oy/] bank 9 ! ye> #ageb1 n[ lie 9 a cultivat$ field1 fifte5 feet above ! level ( ! sea2 &1 )9 a p]iod ( tw5ty-five ye>s ! p>i% has ga9$ at lea/ #a1ejj acres1 a v acceptable gift ( ! subt]ranean plutonic p[]4 ,port ,bahaud1 :]e =m]ly ! ,dut*m5 us$ to take 9 c>goes ( salt1 is n[ #i1jjj feet f ! sea1 & ! ,isl& ( ,olonne is at pres5t surr\nd$ only by swamps & mead[s4 ,^! & simil> ph5om5a1 su* z ! con/ant rise ( ! *alk cliffs at ,m>5nes1 _c possibly be expla9$ by rec5t drift+s1 b evid5tly proce$ f a sl[ upheaval ( ! coa/s & ! adjac5t sea-b$4 ,on ! opposite %ores ( ! ,atlantic1 we f9d ,newf\ndl& und]go+ a simil> process ( elevation2 = cliffs ov] :i*1 ?irty or =ty ye>s ago1 s*oon]s us$ to sail ) p]fect safety1 are n[ q close to ! surface2 & 9 ! ,pacific ! dep? ( ! *annel lead+ to ! port ( ,honolulu is gradually decreas+ f ! same cause4 ,:ile _m coa/s ?us %[ signs ( progressive elevation1 o!rs af=d no less /rik+ pro(s ( subsid5ce1 frequ5tly 9 close proximity to regions ( upheaval4 ,?us on ! s\?-we/ coa/ ( ,engl&1 9 ,cornwall1 ,devon1 & ,som]set1 subm>9e =e/s1 consi/+ ( ! species /ill fl\ri%+ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 are ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce t1 accord+ to ,sir ,h5ry de la ,be*e1 #8x is difficult n to f9d traces ( !m at ! m\?s ( all ! num]\s valleys :i* op5 ^u ! sea4' ,sometimes !y are cov]$ ) mud or s&1 & g5]ally ! roots are f\nd 9 ! situation :]e !y orig9ally grew1 :ile ! trunks h be5 horizontally levell$4 ,at ,bann ,bridge1 specim5s ( anci5t ,roman pott]y h be5 discov]$ twelve feet bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 & ! rema9s ( an old ,roman road1 n[ subm]g$ six feet deep1 prove t ! subsid5ce ( ! l& has be5 go+ on s9ce ! times ( ,julius ,cs> & ,agricola4 ,on ! ea/ coa/ ! ph5om5on is /ill m /rik+1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,wa%1 t %all[ bay betwe5 ,l9coln%ire & ,norfolk on ^: opposite %ores a subm>9e =e/ ext5ds1 ! trunks & /ubbles ( :i* become app>5t at ebb-tide4 ,on ! coa/s ( ,norm&y & ,brittany we likewise f9d traces ( depression1 po9t+ to "s future "t :5 p]haps _m a bluff headl&1 n[ boldly front+ ! ocean1 may h disappe>$ b5ea? ! waves4 ,huts ( ! ,esquimaux & ( ! e>ly ,dani% coloni/s on ! coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 n[ subm]g$ at high tide1 c\ld n possibly h be5 orig9ally con/ruct$ 9 s inconv5i5t a situation2 & at ,puynipet1 9 ! ,s\? ,sea1 habitations sunk b5ea? ! wat] likewise prove a gradual subsid5ce ( ! l&4 ,on _m coa/s & isl&s mod]n sci5tific explor]s h hewn m>ks 9 ! rock1 to enable future g5]ations to judge ( ! *anges :i* are sl[ly b surely alt]+ ! configuration ( ! l& & trac+ new b\nd>ies to ! ocean4 ,_h our =efa!rs left u simil> memorials1 we %\ld "k mu* m ab\t ! oscillatory movem5ts ( ! e>?-r9d ?an we "k n[2 b1 un=tunately1 exp]im5tal natural philosophy is b ( rec5t date1 & ! m>ks *isell$ out ^u ! ,sw$i% rocks 9 ! ye>s #agca & #ageb are ! e>lie/ records by :i* ! *ronological progress ( elevation or subsid5ce c be di/9ctly asc]ta9$4 ,?is ph5om5on1 :i* has play$ s important a "p 9 ! physical annals ( our globe1 hav+ once be5 accurately det]m9$1 enables ! geologi/ to expla9 _m facts = :i*1 be=e x became kn[n1 x 0 impossible to acc\nt4 ,we n[ ne$ n wond] at see+ sea-%ells imb$d$ 9 ! highe/ m\nta9s or buri$ hundr$s ( fa?oms "u ! gr\nd1 at alt]nat+ lay]s ( m>9e & sweet-wat] deposits be+ frequ5tly /ori$ "o above ! o!r1 or at orig9ally horizontal /rata be+ n[ f\nd at e possible angle ( incl9ation4 ,! imp]ceptible sl[ness ) :i* _m ( ^! va/ *anges are actually tak+ place w>rants ! inf]5ce t viol5t volcanic revolutions h no d\bt be5 f> less in/rum5tal 9 m\ld+ ! e>?-r9d to its pres5t =m ?an ! sl[ oscillatory movem5ts ( elevation & depression :i* f "t immemorial h be5 con/antly alt]+ its surface4 ,! causes ( ^! oscillatory movem5ts are /ill v imp]fectly kn[n1 ?\gh a probable hypo!sis attributes !m to ! expansion by increas$ temp]ature ( ext5sive deep-seat$ masses ( matt]4 ,z ! elevation ( "s tracts seems to co9cide ) ! proportionate depression ( o!rs at a great] or less di/ance1 ^! alt]nat+ upheavals & subsid5ces may possibly be ! result r ( ! lat]al %ift+ ( ! fl[ ( heat f "o mass ( subt]ranean matt] to a neighb\r+ mass ?an ( its positive increase on ! :ole4 #8,su* a lat]al div]sion ( ! outw>d fl[ ( heat1' says ,mr4 ,p\lett ,scrope1 #8we may presume to be caus$ by ! deposition ov] c]ta9 areas ( ?ick newly-=m$ b$s ( any matt] imp]fectly conduct+ heat1 l s$im5t>y s&s1 gravels1 clays1 %ales1 or calc>e\s mud1 by :i* ! outw>d transmission ( heat be+ *eck$1 x mu/ accumulate b5ea?1 :ile a portion ( x w pass (f lat]ally to augm5t ! temp]ature ( m9]al matt] 9 neighb\r+ areas2 j z ! wat] ( a spr+1 if its usual issue is block$ up1 w accumulate 9 ! fissures or pores ( ! rock conta9+ x1 until x f9ds a v5t on ei!r side & at a high] level4 ,ow+ to ?is increase1 ! resi/ance oppos$ by ! ov]ly+ rocks 9 t qu>t] may be soon] or lat] ov]come1 & _! elevation br\ght ab\t1 ?r\gh ! dilatation ( ! m9]al matt] b5ea?4' ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,subt]ranean ,,wat]s ,,& ,,artesian ,,wells4 ,subt]ranean ,di/ribution ( ! ,wat]s--,admirable ,provisions ( ,nature-- ,hydro/atic ,laws regulat+ ! ,fl[ ( ,spr+s--,!rmal ,spr+s-- ,int]mitt5t ,spr+s--,! ,geysir--,buns5's ,!ory--,artesian ,wells--,le ,puits de ,gr5elle--,deep ,bor+s--,v>i\s ,uses ( ,artesian ,wells--,artesian ,wells 9 ,v5ice & 9 ! ,des]t ( ,sah>a4 ,9 e zone ! evaporat+ p[] ( ! sun raises f ! surface ( ! ocean vap\rs1 :i* hov] 9 ! air until1 cond5s$ by cold1 !y desc5d 9 ra9 ^u ! e>?4 ,"h "p ( !m are soon re/or$ to ! sea by ! swoll5 riv]s2 ano!r "p is once m volatilis$2 b by f> ! l>g] quantity f9ds its sl[ way into ! b[els ( ! e>?1 :]e x s]ves = ! p]5nial supply ( wells & spr+s4 ,! di/ribution ( ^! subt]ranean wat]s1 & ! simple laws :i* regulate _! circulation1 af=d u "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ glimpses into ! physical economy ( our globe4 ,we "k t ! great] "p ( ! e>?'s surface is compos$ ( /ratifi$ rocks1 or alt]nate b$s ( imp]meable clay & por\s lime/one or s&1 :i* 7 orig9ally deposit$ 9 horizontal lay]s1 b h s9ce be5 m or less displac$ & set on edge by upheav+ =ces4 ,:]ev] p]meable b$s ( lime/one or s& crop out on ! surface ( ! l&1 ! residu>y portions ( ra9-wat] :i* are n dispos$ ( by floods or by evaporation1 mu/ necess>ily p5etrate into ! pores & fissures1 & desc5d l[] & l[]1 until !y f9ally rea* an imp]meable /ratum :i* =bids _! fur!r progress to a great] dep?4 ,! granite1 gneiss1 porphyry1 lava1 & o!r un/ratifi$ & cry/all9e rocks ( igne\s orig91 :i* cov] ab\t a ?ird "p ( ! habitable globe1 are likewise int]sect$ by innum]able fissures & int]/ices1 :i*1 9 a simil> mann]1 collect & transmit ra9- wat]4 ,?us ! plutonic or volcanic =ces :i* h gradually m\ld$ ! dry l& into its pres5t =m h also provid$ x ) ! necess>y filt]s1 dra9s1 res]voirs1 & conduits1 = ! con/ant repl5i%m5t ( spr+s1 brooks1 & riv]s4 ,z e por\s lay] is m or less saturat$ ) moi/ure1 ! /ratifi$ rocks are frequ5tly trav]s$ at v>i\s dep?s by di/9ct %eets ( wat]1 or r1 9 mo/ cases1 by p]man5tly dr5*$ or wat]logg$ %eets ( *alk or s&4 ,?us1 9 a bor+ und]tak5 9 se>* ( coal at ,/4 ,nicolas d',ali]mont1 ne> ,dieppe1 no less ?an sev5 v abundant aquif]\s lay]s or b$s ( /one 7 met ) f ab\t #ge to #a1jjj feet bel[ ! surface4 ,9 an ,artesian bor+ at ,p>is1 five di/9ct %eets ( wat]1 ea* ( !m capable ( asc5sion1 7 asc]ta9$2 & simil> p]=ations execut$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & o!r c\ntries1 h 9 ! same mann] trav]s$ successive /ages ( aque\s deposits4 ,?us !re c be no d\bt t va/ quantities ( wat] are ev]y:]e accumulat$ 9 ! por\s /rata ( :i* a great "p ( ! sup]ficial e>?-r9d is compos$1 ! rapidity ) :i* !y circulate v>y+ ( c\rse ) ! am\nt ( hydro/atic pressure to :i* !y are subject$1 & ! m or less por\s & p]meable nature ( ! b$s ?r\gh :i* !y p]colate4 ,7 ! gr\nd we /& on compos$ ( transp>5t cry/al1 & ! subt]ranean wat]- c\rses t+$ ) "s vivid col\r1 we %\ld !n see ! upp] e>?-cru/ trav]s$ 9 e direction by aque\s ve9s1 & frequ5tly z saturat$ ) wat] z ! int]nal p>ts ( our body are ) blood4 ,b ,nature n only p]5nially fe$s our spr+s & brooks f ! inexhau/ible f\nta9s ( ! deep2 x is also "o ( h] inf9itely wise provisions t ! same wat] :i*1 if plac$ 9 casks or op5 tanks1 becomes putrid1 cont9ues fre% s long z x rema9s 9 ! cavities & int]/ices ( ! t]re/rial /rata4 ,:ile filt]+ ?r\gh ! e>?1 x is g5]ally cleans$ ( all ! organic sub/ances ^: decay w\ld inevitably ta9t its purity1 & comes =? salubri\s & refre%+1 a s\rce ( heal? & enjoym5t to ! :ole animal creation4 ,! extreme limits to :i* ! wat]s desc5d into ! e>? ( c\rse escape our direct obs]vation1 z ! l[e/ po9t to :i* ! subt]ranean regions h be5 prob$ is less ?an #b1jjj or #b1ejj feet bel[ ! level ( ! sea2 b z we "k f ! =mation ( _m bas9s t ! /rata ( :i* !y are compos$ atta9 9 _m cases a ?ickness ( f #bj1jjj to #cj1jjj feet1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt t !y are p]meat$ by wat] to an equal dep?4 ,z /eam plays s great a "p 9 volcanic ph5om5a1 ! seat or effective cause ( :i* mu/ ne$s be s\ght = at an imm5se di/ance bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?1 we h ano!r pro( ( ! va/ dep? to :i* ! subt]ranean migrations ( wat] are able to atta94 ,aft] ?is brief glimpse into ! res]voirs ( ! deep1 we h to asc]ta9 ! p[] :i* raises _! liquid cont5ts & =ces !m to reappe> ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,if we p\r wat] into a tube1 b5t 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,u1 x w rise to an equal level 9 bo? bran*es4 ,we w n[ suppose t ! left bran* ( ! tube op5s at ! top into a va/ res]voir1 :i* is able to keep x con/antly fill$1 & t ! "r bran* is cut (f ne> ! bottom1 s t only a small v]tical piece rema9s4 ,! pressure ( ! wat] column 9 ! left bran* w 9 ?is case =ce ! liquid to gu% out ( ! orifice ( ! %ort5$ "r bran* to ! level :i* x occupi$ :ile ! bran* 0 /ill entire4 ,^! two hydro/atic laws1 or r ^! two modifications ( ! same law1 h be5 frequ5tly put to practical uses1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! communicat+ tubes :i* di/ribute ! wat]s ( an elevat$ s\rce or res]voir to ! v>i\s di/ricts ( a t[n1 or 9 ! subt]ranean conduits :i* s]ve to create f\nta9s1 su* z ^? ( ,v]sailles or ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,:5 ! ,romans int5d$ to lead wat] f "o hill to ano!r1 !y con/ruct$1 at a va/ exp5se1 magnific5t aqu$ucts across ! int]m$iate valley2 b ! ,turks1 :om we look ^u z ignorant b>b>ians1 obta9 ! same result 9 a mu* m economical mann]1 & 9 ?is respect f> surpass ! anci5ts1 :o1 _h !y be5 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! fir/ pr9ciples ( hydro/atics1 w\ld inde$ h left u few] specim5s ( _! ar*itectural skill1 b w\ld at ! same "t h sav$ !mselves a great deal ( unnecess>y exp5se4 ,d[n ! slope ( ! hill f :i* ! wat] is to be conduct$1 ! ,turks lay a tube ( brick or metal1 :i*1 cross+ ! valley1 m\lds itself to its diff]5t inflections1 & ultimately asc5ds ! declivity ( ! hill on ! opposite side1 :]e1 9 virtue ( ! law above cit$1 ! wat] rises z high z on t f :i* x desc5d$4 ,if we suppose ! desc5d+ bran* ( ! tube to be prolong$ only z f> z ! level ( ! valley1 ) a sup]ficial orifice1 !n ! liquid w ( c\rse gu% =? 9 a v]tical column1 & =m a jet d'eau1 or f\nta91 its height be+ det]m9$ by ! elevation ( ! %eet ( wat] by :i* x is f$1 & ! consequ5t degree ( pressure :i* acts ^u x4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple on :i* all artificial f\nta9s are con/ruct$4 ,! conduit1 = in/ance1 :i* fe$s ! gr& f\nta9 ( ! ,tuil]ies receives its wat] f a res]voir situat$ on ! heights ( ,*aillot4 ,:atev] ! =m ( ! tube may be 9 :i* ! liquid is conta9$1 ! simple hydro/atic law :i* regulates its level rema9s unmodifi$4 ,let ! tube be circul>1 elliptic1 or squ>e1 ) a s+le orifice or ) _m--let x be op5 or *ok$ ) pebbles or p]meable s&--9 e case ! wat] w inv>iably rise to ! same height1 provid$ ! tube be p]fectly wat]-tight2 or else gu% =? :]ev] x f9ds an op5+ bel[ ! highe/ level4 ,?is hydro/atic pr9ciple s p]fectly illu/rates ! orig9 ( spr+s1 t x is almo/ sup]flu\s to ent] into any fur!r details on ! subject4 ,:5 we consid] t por\s or absorb5t /rata1 alt]nat+ ) imp]meable /rata1 frequ5tly crop out on ! back or on ! slope ( hills or m\nta9s1 & !n1 hav+ rea*$ _! base1 ext5d horizontally b5ea? ! pla91 !re c be no d\bt t !y are plac$ 9 ! same hydro/atic conditions z ord9>y wat]-conduct+ tubes1 & t :]ev] any fissure or op5+ occurs 9 ! sup]9cumb5t imp]vi\s /rata at any po9t bel[ ! highe/ level ( ! wat]1 spr+s mu/ necess>ily be =m$4 ,z ! same /rata (t5 ext5d ov] _m hundr$s ( miles1 we _c wond] t s\rces frequ5tly issue f ! c5tre ( imm5se pla9s1 = ! hydro/atic pressure :i* causes !m to gu% =? may h its seat at a v consid]able di/ance4 ,z ! wat]s by :i* ! spr+s are f$ h (t5 va/ subt]ranean j\rneys to p]=m1 _! temp]ature is naturally indep5d5t ( t ( ! seasons or ( ! *anges ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?us1 cold spr+s occur 9 a tropical climate1 :5 _! subt]ranean *annels desc5d f high m\nta9s1 & boil+ s\rces gu% =? 9 ! ,arctic regions :5 =c$ upw>ds f a consid]able dep?4 ,:ile ! wat]s filt] ?r\gh ! e>?1 !y also naturally dissolve a v>iety ( sub/ances1 & h5ce all spr+s are m or less impregnat$ ) extrane\s p>ticles4 ,b _m ( !m1 p>ticul>ly su* z are ( a high] temp]ature1 conta9 ei!r a l>g] quantity or s peculi> a comb9ation ( m9]al sub/ances z to acquire m$ic9al virtues ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,! geological ph5om5a :i* fav\r ! production ( !rmal spr+s are extremely int]e/+1 & po9t to a deep-seat$ orig94 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( ^! f\nta9s arise ne> ! sc5e ( "s great subt]ranean di/urbance1 ei!r connect$ ) volcanic action1 or ) ! elevation ( a *a9 ( m\nta9s1 or la/ly by cliffs & fissures caus$ by disruption4 ,?us ! !rmal spr+s ( ,matlock & ,ba? accompany great natural fissures 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one1 & ! hot spr+s ( ,wiesbad5 & ,ems1 ( ,c>lsbad & ,toeplitz1 all lie contigu\s to rem>kable dislocations1 or to great l9es ( elevation1 or to ! neighb\rhood ( a volcanic focus4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ph5om5a ( !rmal spr+s is ! con/ant inv>iabl5ess ( _! temp]ature & _! m9]al impregnation4 ,dur+ ! la/ fifty or sixty ye>s1 ev] s9ce accurate !rmometrical obs]vations & *emical analyses h be5 made1 ! mo/ celebrat$ m9]al s\rces ( ,g]many h be5 f\nd to conta9 ! same proportion ( m9]al sub/ances4 ,?is is truly a/oni%+ :5 we consid] t ! latt] are m]ely dissolv$ by ! wat]s :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & t a consid]able numb] ( !m are frequ5tly f\nd toge!r 9 ! same s\rce4 ,ano!r rem>kable fact is1 t1 ev5 9 c\ntries expos$ to viol5t & frequ5t e>?quakes1 s _m subt]ranean wat]c\rses h rema9$ unalt]$ = #b1jjj ye>s at lea/4 ,! s\rces ( ,greece /ill fl[ app>5tly z 9 ! times ( ,hell5ic antiquity4 ,! spr+ ( ,eras9os1 two leagues s\? ( ,argos1 on ! declivity ( ! ,*aonian m\nta9s1 is m5tion$ by ,h]odotus4 ,at ,delphi ! ,cassotis 7n[ ,wells ( ,sa9t ,ni*olas7 /ill fl[ "u ! ru9s ( ! temple ( ,apollo1 & ! hot ba?s ( ,aidepsos /ill exi/ 9 :i* ,sylla ba!d dur+ ! ,mi?ridatic w>4 ,_m spr+s exhibit ! s+ul> ph5om5on ( an int]mitt5ce :i* is indep5d5t ( ! quantity ( ra9 fall+ 9 ! di/rict1 or ( ! flux & reflux ( ! tide 9 a neighb\r+ riv]4 ,9 _m cases ! simple & well-kn[n hydro/atical law exemplifi$ 9 ! common siphon#c af=ds a v ready & suffici5t explanation ( ! ph5om5on4 ,footnote #c3 ,a siphon1 z is well kn[n1 is a b5t tube1 hav+ "o leg long] ?an ! o!r4 ,:5 ?is tube is fill$ ) any liquid1 & ! %ort] end is imm]s$ 9 a vessel conta9+ liquid ( ! same k9d1 ! weight ( ! column 9 ! long] leg w cause ! liquid to beg9 to run out1 & x w cont9ue runn+ till ! vessel is empti$4 ,?is arises f ! pressure ( air on ! expos$ surface ( fluid1 =c+ x up ?r\gh ! tube to prev5t vacuum1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be =m$ at ! highe/ po9t2 & ! extreme limit ( l5g? at :i* ! siphon w act is !re=e det]m9$ by ! height ( a column ( ! fluid equal to ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 7fifte5 p\nds on ! squ>e in*74 ,! limit 9 ! case ( wat] is some?+ m ?an ?irty feet4 ,illu/ration3 siphon ,9 ! annex$ diagram ! vessel a communicates1 by a tube c1 ) ! siphon tube b1 & x is manife/ t :5 ! wat] 9 a rises above ! level ( ! top ( b1 x w beg9 to fl[ ov] & escape1 z at d4 ,b z soon z ?is is ! case ! tube b beg9s to act z a siphon1 & draws (f all ! wat] 9 a1 s t if a con/ant supply is p\r$ into a1 b at a rate sl[] ?an ! rate ( ! dis*>ge at d1 !re w be an int]mitt5t dis*>ge1 ! int]val dep5d+ on ! relation ( ! rate ( fill+ to t ( empty+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,an ,,int]mitt5t ,,spr+4 ,! case ( a subt]ranean cavity 9 a lime/one rock1 sl[ly f$ by dra9age f ! cracks & fissures ( ! rock above1 & communicat+ at a di/ant po9t ) ! surface by a b5t or siphon tube1 is evid5tly /rictly analog\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,geysirs ,,( ,,icel&4 ,icel&1 pre-em95tly ! l& ( volcanic wond]s1 possesses 9 ! ,great ,geysir ! mo/ rem>kable int]mitt5t f\nta9 9 ! _w4 #8,at ! foot ( ! ,laug>fjall hill1 9 a gre5 pla91 ?r\gh :i* sev]al riv]s me&] l ?reads ( silv]1 & :]e *a9s ( d>k- col\r$ m\nta9s1 ov]topp$ "h & !re by di/ant sn[-peaks1 =m a gr& b melan*oly picture1 d5se volumes ( /eam indicate f af> ! site ( a :ole sy/em ( !rmal spr+s congregat$ on a small piece ( gr\nd n exce$+ twelve acres 9 ext5t4 ,9 any o!r spot ! smalle/ ( ^! boil+ f\nta9s w\ld arre/ ! travell]'s att5tion1 b "h 8 :ole m9d is absorb$ by ! ,great ,geysir4 ,9 ! c\rse ( c\ntless ages1 ?is mon>* ( spr+s has =m$ out ( ! silica :i* x deposits a m\nd :i* rises to ab\t ?irty feet above ! g5]al surface ( ! pla91 & slopes on all sides1 to ! di/ance ( a hundr$ feet or !reab\ts1 f ! bord] ( a l>ge circul> bas9 situat$ 9 its c5tre1 & measur+ ab\t fifty-six feet 9 ! greate/ diamet] & fifty-two feet 9 ! n>r[e/4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is bas91 =m+ z x 7 a gigantic funnel1 !re is a pipe or tube1 :i* at its op5+ 9 ! bas9 is eighte5 or sixte5 feet 9 diamet]1 b n>r[s consid]ably at a little di/ance f ! m\?1 & !n appe>s to be n m ?an t5 or twelve feet 9 diamet]4 ,x has be5 prob$ to a dep? ( sev5ty feet1 b x is m ?an probable t hidd5 *annels ramify fur!r into ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,! sides ( ! tube are smoo?ly poli%$1 & s h>d t x is n possible to /rike (f a piece ( x ) a hamm]4 ,g5]ally ! :ole bas9 is f\nd fill$ up to ! brim ) sea-gre5 wat] z pure z cry/al1 & ( a temp]ature ( f #ahj to #aij4 ,a/oni%$ at ! placid tranquillity ( ! pool1 ! travell] c h>dly believe t he is really /&+ on ! br9k ( ! f>-fam$ ,geysir2 b sudd5ly a subt]ranean ?und] is he>d1 ! gr\nd trembles "u 8 feet1 ! wat] 9 ! bas9 beg9s to simm]1 & l>ge bubbles ( /eam rise f ! tube & bur/ on rea*+ ! surface1 ?r[+ up small jets ( spray to ! height ( sev]al feet4 ,e in/ant he expects to witness ! gr& spectacle :i* has *iefly induc$ him to visit ?is nor!rn l&2 b soon ! bas9 becomes tranquil z be=e1 & ! d5se vap\rs produc$ by ! ebullition are waft$ away by ! breeze4 ,^! small] eruptions are regul>ly repeat$ e eighty or n9ety m9utes1 b frequ5tly ! travell] is oblig$ to wait a :ole day or ev5 long] be=e he sees ! :ole p[] ( ! ,geysir4 ,a detonation l\d] ?an usual prec$es "o ( ^! gr& eruptions2 ! wat] 9 ! bas9 is viol5tly agitat$2 ! tube boils vehem5tly2 & sudd5ly a magnific5t column ( wat]1 clo!d 9 vap\r ( a dazzl+ :it5ess1 %oots up into ! air ) imm5se impetuosity1 to ! height ( eighty or n9ety feet1 &1 radiat+ at its apex1 %[]s wat] & /eam 9 e direction4 ,a second eruption & a ?ird rapidly foll[1 & aft] a few m9utes ! fairy spectacle has pass$ away l a fanta/ic vision4 ,! bas9 is n[ completely dri$ up1 & on look+ d[n into ! %aft1 ! travell] is a/oni%$ to see ! wat] ab\t six feet f ! rim1 & z tranquil z 9 an ord9>y well4 ,aft] ab\t ?irty or =ty m9utes x aga9 beg9s to rise1 & aft] a few h\rs rea*es ! brim ( ! bas94 ,soon ! subt]ranean ?und]1 ! %ak+ ( ! gr\nd1 ! simm]+ above ! tube beg9 aga9--a new gigantic explosion takes place1 to be foll[$ by a new p]iod ( re/--& ?us ?is wond]ful play ( nature goes on1 day aft] day1 ye> aft] ye>1 & c5tury aft] c5tury4 ,! m\nd ( ! ,geysir be>s witness to its imm5se antiquity1 z its wat] conta9s b a m9ute portion ( silica4'#d ,footnote #d3 #8,! ,pol> ,_w1' p4 #ed4 ,! explanation ( ^! wond]ful ph5om5a has ex]cis$ ! +5uity ( _m natural philosoph]s2 b ,pr(essor ,buns5's !ory seems ! mo/ plausible4 ,hav+ fir/ asc]ta9$1 by exp]im5t1 t ! wat] at ! m\? ( ! tube has a temp]ature1 correspond+ to ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 ( ab\t #bab ,f41 he f\nd x mu* hott] at a c]ta9 dep? bel[2 a !rmomet]1 susp5d$ by a /r+ 9 ! pipe1 ris+ to #bff ,f41 or no less ?an #dh above ! boil+ po9t4 ,by lett+ d[n /ones1 susp5d$ by /r+s1 to v>i\s dep?s1 he next came to ! conclusion t ! tube itself is ! ma9 seat or focus ( ! me*anical p[] :i* =ces ! huge wat] column upw>ds4 ,= ! /ones :i* 7 sunk1 to great] di/ances f ! surface 7 n ca/ up aga9 :5 ! next eruption ( ! ,geysir took place1 :]eas ^? ne>] ! m\? ( ! tube 7 eject$ to a consid]able height by ! asc5d+ wat]-column4 ,o!r exp]im5ts also 7 made1 t5d+ to demon/rate ! s+ul> fact t !re is (t5 sc>cely any motion bel[ :5 a viol5t ru% ( /eam & wat] is tak+ place above4 ,x seems t :5 a l(ty column ( wat] possesses a temp]ature increas+ ) ! dep?1 any slight ebullition1 or di/urbance ( equilibrium1 9 ! upp] portion may fir/ =ce up wat] into ! bas91 & !n cause x to fl[ ov] ! edge4 ,a l[] portion1 ?us sudd5ly reliev$ ( "p ( its pressure1 exp&s1 & is conv]t$ into vap\r m rapidly ?an ! fir/1 ow+ to its great] heat4 ,?is all[s ! next subjac5t /ratum1 :i* is mu* hott]1 to rise & fla% into a gase\s =m2 & ?is process goes on till ! ebullition has desc5d$ f ! middle to ne> ! bottom ( ! funnel4#e ,footnote #e3 ,liebig's #8,annal51' translat$ 9 #8,reports & ,memoirs ( ! ,cav5di% ,society1' ,london1 #ahdh1 p4 #cea4 ,9 _m geological bas9s1 ! deep subt]ranean wat]s are frequ5tly inclos$ ov] a surface ( _m squ>e miles betwe5 imp]meable b$s ( clay or h>d rock1 :i* n[h]e p]mit !m to escape2 b if a hole be bor$ deep en\gh to rea* a p]meable b$1 x is evid5t t !y w !n gu% =? m or less viol5tly1 accord+ to ! degree ( hydro/atic pressure :i* acts ^u !m4 ,?is is ! simple !ory ( ! ,artesian ,wells1 s call$ f ! ,fr5* prov9ce ( ,artois1 :]e1 z f> back z ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 spr+s ( wat] 7 artificially obta9$ by p]=at+ ! soil to a c]ta9 dep? 9 places :]e no indication ( spr+s exi/$ at ! surface4 ,! b>b>\s inhabitants ( ! ,sah>a seem1 h[ev]1 to h long prec$$ ! ,artesians 9 ! art ( s9k+ deep wells1 = ,olympiodorus1 a writ] :o fl\ri%$ at ,alex&ria ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 m5tions pits sunk 9 ! oasis to ! dep? ( #bjj or #cjj y>ds1 & p\r+ =? /reams ( wat]1 us$ = irrigation4 ,by ! aid ( geological sci5ce1 & ( great] me*anical skill1 ,artesian bor+s#f are at pres5t frequ5tly und]tak5 9 civilis$ c\ntries1 :]ev] ! nature ( ! gr\nd promises success1 & ! want ( wat] is suffici5tly great to w>rant ! attempt4 ,sometimes ! wat] is rea*$ at a mod]ate di/ance f ! surface1 b n seldom x has be5 f\nd necess>y to bore to a dep? ( #bjj or #cjj fa?oms4 ,(t5 ef=ts1 ev5 on ?is l>ge scale1 h prov$ va91 & ! "w has be5 ab&on$ 9 despair4 ,footnote #f3 ,see ,*apt] on ,m9es 9 g5]al1 = a %ort acc\nt ( e>?-bor+ op]ations4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable in/ances on record ( a successful s9k+ = wat] is t ( ! ,artesian well ( ,gr5elle1 "o ( ! ,p>isian suburbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,por\s ,,/rata4 ,,artesian ,,well ,,sunk ,,9 ,,! ,,london ,,bas94 ,! "w 0 begun ) an aug] ( ab\t a foot 9 diamet]1 & ! bor+s %[$ successively ! alluvial soil & subsoil1 & ! t]ti>y s&s1 gravels1 clays1 lignite1 c41 until ! *alk 0 rea*$4 ,! "w 0 !n c>ri$ on regul>ly ?r\gh ! h>d upp] *alk d[n to ! l[] *alk ) gre5 gra9s1 ! dim5sion ( ! aug] be+ r$uc$ at #ejj feet to a n9e-in*1 & at #a1cjj feet to a six-in* ap]ture4 ,:5 ! calculat$ dep? ( #a1ejj feet _h be5 rea*$1 & z yet no result appe>$1 ! ,gov]nm5t began to be di%e>t5$4 ,/ill1 ^u ! urg5t repres5tations ( ! celebrat$ ,arago1 ! s9k+ 0 cont9u$1 until at l5g?1 at ! dep? ( #a1hjj feet1 ! aug]1 aft] a viol5t %ock :i* made ! gr\nd tremble1 sudd5ly turn$ )\t an ef=t4 #8,ei!r ! aug] is brok51 or we h ga9$ our end1' exclaim$ ! director ( ! "w2 & a few mom5ts aft]1 a l>ge column ( wat] gu%$ out ( ! orifice4 ,x took m ?an sev5 ye>s to accompli% ?is gr& "w 7#ahcc-da71 :i* 0 ret>d$ by numb]less difficulties & accid5ts4 ,ab\t half- a-million gallons ( p]fectly limpid wat] ( a temp]ature ( #hb ,fahr4 are daily suppli$ by ! ,puits de ,gr5elle1 & amply repay its co/ 7#cfb1dcb fr4 #fe c5times #ad1ejjl474 ,! high temp]ature ( ,artesian spr+s1 :5 ris+ f consid]able dep?s1 has be5 turn$ to v>i\s practical uses4 ,?us1 ne> ,can/adt1 9 ,wurtemb]g1 sev]al mills are kept 9 "w1 dur+ ! sev]e/ cold ( w9t]1 by means ( ! w>m wat] ( ,artesian wells :i* has be5 turn$ into ! mill-ponds1 & at ,heilbronn sev]al proprietors save ! exp5se ( fuel by lead+ ,artesian wat] 9 pipes ?r\gh _! gre5-h\ses4 ,9 "s localities ! pure & con/antly temp]ate ,artesian wat]s are made use ( = ! cultivation ( cress4 ,! vigor\s gr[? ( ?is salut>y h]b 9 ! b$s ( rivulets1 :]e natural spr+s gu% =?1 gave ! idea ( ?is application1 :i* is s pr(itable t ! cress nurs]ies ( ,erfurt yield a produce ( #ab1jjjl4 a ye>4 ,fi% ponds h also be5 improv$ by su* w>m spr+s be+ pass$ ?r\gh !m4 ,among ! localities b5efit$ by ! bor+ ( ,artesian wells1 ,v5ice des]ves to be p>ticul>ly notic$4 ,=m]ly ! ,city ( ! ,doges _h no o!r supply ( wat] b t :i* 0 convey$ by boats f ! ,br5ta1 or obta9$ f ! ra9 collect$ 9 ci/]ns4 ,h5ce ! joy ( ! inhabitants may be imag9$1 :51 9 #ahdf1 an ,artesian bor+ 9 ! ,piazza ,san ,paolo began to disgorge its wat] at ! rate ( =ty gallons p] m9ute1 & :5 o!r und]tak+s ( ! same k9d prov$ equally successful4 ,:]ev] a well gu%es =? 9 ! ,sah>a1 x br+s life into ! wild]ness2 ! date-tree fl\ri%es z f> z its f]tilis+ wat]s ext5d1 & ! w&]+ ,arab *anges into a s$5t>y cultivator ( ! soil4 ,?us ! bor+ ( ,artesian wells on ! des]t conf9es ( ,s\? ,alg]ia has be5 ! means ( wond]ful improvem5t1 & if ! ,fr5* h too (t5 m>k$ _! dom9ion 9 ,africa by a b>b>\s oppression ( ! ,arabs1 !y1 9 ?is respect at lea/1 appe> 9 ! m amiable light ( public b5efactors4 ,a bor+ app>atus 0 fir/ l&$ at ,philippeville 9 ,april #ahef1 & convey$ ) imm5se difficulty to ! ,oasis ,wad ,rir at ,tam]na4 ,! "w 0 begun 9 ,may1 & on ! #ai? ( ,june1 a spr+1 to :i* ! grateful inhabitants gave ! "n ( ! #8,well ( ,peace1' gu%$ =?4 ,soon aft] ano!r s\rce 0 tapp$ at ,tamelhat1 9 ! ,oasis ,temac51 & receiv$ ! "n ( ! #8,well ( ,god's bless+4' ,! b5efic5t in/rum5t ( abundance 0 n[ convey$ to ! ,oasis ,sidi ,ras*$1 fifte5 miles beyond ,tuggurt4 ,"h ! aug] _h sc>cely rea*$ a dep? ( #abj feet :5 a p]fect /ream gu%$ =?1 :i*1 accord+ to ! praisewor?y ,arab cu/om1 receiv$ ! "n ( ! #8,well ( ,?anks4' ,! op5+ ( ?is wond]ful s\rce gave rise to _m t\*+ sc5es4 ,! ,arabs came 9 ?rongs to witness ! joyful spectacle3 ea* ( !m p\r$ "s ( ! wat] ov] 8 head1 & ! mo!rs ba!d _! *ildr5 9 ! gu%+ flood4 ,an old s*eik1 unable to conceal 8 emotion1 fell d[n ^u 8 knees1 & %$d+ te>s ( joy1 f]v5tly ?ank$ ,god = hav+ all[$ him to witness su* a day4 ,! next triumph 0 ! bor+ ( f\r wells 9 ! des]t ( ,morran1 :]e previ\sly no spr+ _h exi/$4 ,9 ! full expectation ( success1 ev]y?+ _h be5 prep>$ to turn ?is new s\rce ( weal? to imm$iate use1 & "p ( a nomadic tribe in/antly settl$ on ! spot1 & plant$ #a1bjj date-trees4 ,a dre>y solitude 0 *ang$1 z if by magic1 into a sc5e ( busy life4 ,^! few examples suffice to %[ ! va/ s]vices :i* ,artesian wells are de/9$ at "s future "t to r5d] to _m ( ! arid regions ( ,africa4 ,bo? 9 ! ,sah>a & 9 ! bas9-%ap$ des]ts1 :i* ext5d1 "u v>i\s names1 f ! ,cape ,colony to ! neighb\rhood ( ,lake ,ngami1 !re are1 beyond all d\bt1 numb]less spots :]e wat]1 ! f]tilis+ elem5t1 may be extract$ f ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! dr\ghty pla9s ( ,au/ralia also a va/ sph]e ( utility is res]v$ to ! ,artesian wells4 ,"h1 also1 !y w subdue ! des]t1 unite "o coa/ to ano!r by creat+ /ations 9 ! wild]ness1 &1 ) e new s\rce :i* !y call to life1 promote bo? mat]ial progress & intellectual improvem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,middle ,,& ,,valley ,,lake ,,crat]s1 ,,m\nt ,,gambi]1 ,,s\? ,,au/ralia4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,volcanoes4 ,volcanic ,m\nta9s--,ext9ct & ,active ,crat]s--,_! ,size--,dang]\s ,crat]-explorations--,dr4 ,judd 9 ! ,kilauea ,pit--,ext9ct ,crat]s--,_! ,beauty--,! ,crat] ( ,m\nt ,vultur 9 ,apulia--,volcanoes /ill con/antly =m+--,jorullo & ,isalco--,subm>9e ,volcanoes--,sabr9a & ,graham's ,isl&--,santor9--,numb] ( ,volcanoes--,_! ,di/ribution--,volcanoes 9 a con/ant /ate ( eruption--,/romboli--,fum>oles--,! ,lava ,lakes 9 ,kilauea--,volcanic ,p>oxysms--,column ( ,smoke & ,a%es--,detonations-- ,explosion ( ,cones--,disa/r\s ,effects ( ,%[]s ( ,a%es & ,lapilli-- ,mud ,/reams--,fi% disgorg$ f ,volcanic ,cav]ns--,eruption ( ,lava-- ,p>asitic ,cones--,ph5om5a att5d+ ! ,fl[ ( a ,lava ,/ream--,b>on ,papal>do--,meet+ ( ,lava & ,wat]--,scori--,lava & ,ice--,va/ ,dim5sions ( sev]al ,lava ,/reams--,sc5es ( ,desolation--,volcanoes consid]$ z safety-valves--,probable ,causes ( ,volcanoes4 ,volcanoes are v5ts :i* ei!r h communicat$1 or /ill communicate1 by "o or sev]al *imney-l canals or %afts1 ) a focus ( subt]ranean fire1 emitt+1 or hav+ once emitt$1 heat$ matt] 9 a solid1 semi-liquid1 or gase\s /ate4 ,! fir/ eruption ( a volcano necess>ily leaves a m\nd ( scori & lava1 :ile num]\s eruptions at l5g? raise m\nta9s1 :i* are frequ5tly ( an amaz+ ext5t & height4 ,^! m\nta9s1 :i* are g5]ally call$ volcanoes1 ?\gh 9 reality !y are b an effect ( volcanic action situat$ f> b5ea? _! base1 are call$ ext9ct :5 = _m c5turies !y h exhibit$ no signs ( combu/ion--active1 :51 ei!r p]petually or f "t to "t1 eruptions or exhalations ( lava1 scori1 or gases take place f _! summits1 or f v5ts 9 _! sides4 ,_! %ape is g5]ally t ( a m or less truncat$ cone2 b :ile "s1 l ,cotopaxi or ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 rise ) abrupt declivities 9 ! %ape ( a sug>-loaf1 o!rs1 l ,mauna ,loa 9 ! isl& ( ,hawaii1 gradually1 & almo/ imp]ceptibly1 asc5d f a va/ base embrac+ _m miles 9 circuit4 ,_! heights also v>y greatly4 ,:ile "s1 l ,madana 9 ,santa ,cruz1 or ,djebel ,teir on ! coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 sc>cely raise _! summits a few hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! ocean1 o!rs1 l ,*uquibamba 7#ba1jjj feet71 or ,aconcagua 7#bb1dcd feet71 hold a conspicu\s rank among m\nta9s ( ! fir/ class4 ,! summit ( a volcano g5]ally t]m9ates 9 a c5tral cavity or crat]1 :]e ! eruptive *annel f9ds its v5t4 ,crat]s are sometimes regul>ly funnel-%ap$1 desc5d+ ) slant+ sides to ! eruptive m\?1 b m commonly !y are surr\nd$ ) high precipit\s rock- walls1 :ile _! bottom =ms a pla91 :i* is frequ5tly completely horizontal1 & sometimes ( a consid]able ext5t4 ,its surface is r\gh & unev51 f ! m\nds ( volcanic s&1 ( scori1 or ( h>d5$ lava ) :i* x is cov]$1 & g5]ally exhibits a sc5e ( dreadful desolation1 r5d]$ /ill m impressive by ! /eam & smoke1 :i*1 z long z ! volcano cont9ues 9 an active /ate1 issue f its crevices4 ,)9 ?is pla91 ! eruptive orifice or m\? ( ! volcano is almo/ univ]sally surr\nd$ by an elevation1 compos$ ( eject$ fragm5ts ( scori ?r[n f ! v5t4 ,su* cones are =m+ con/antly at ,vesuvius1 "o be+ no soon] de/roy$ by any great eruption1 be=e ano!r beg9s to take %ape & is enl>g$1 till (t5 x rea*es a height ( sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,?us ! crat] ( an active volcano is ! sc5e ( p]petual *ange--( a cont9ual con/ruction & re-con/ruction1 & ! s&s ( ! sea d n af=d a m /rik+ image ( incon/ancy4 ,! v>i\s crat]s are ( v diff]5t dim5sions4 ,:ile ! *ief crat] ( ,/romboli has a diamet] ( only fifty feet1 t ( ,gunong ,t5g]1 9 ,java1 measures f\r miles f end to end2 &1 ?\gh ! dep? ( a crat] r>ely exce$s #a1jjj or #a1ejj feet1 ! spectator1 /&+ on ! br9k ( ! great crat] ( ,popocatepetl1 looks d[n into a gulf ( #h1jjj feet4 ,f ! colossal dim5sions ( ! l>g] crat]s1 x may well be imag9$ t _! aspect exhibits "s ( ! sublime/ ?\gh mo/ gloomy sc5]y 9 nature--! picture ( old ,*aos ) all its horrors4 ,! volcano ,gunong ,tj]imai1 9 ,java1 :i* rises to ! height ( #i1jjj feet1 is cov]$ ) a d5se vegetation up to ! crat]'s br9k4 ,on em]g+ f ! ?icket1 ! w&]] sudd5ly /&s on ! v]ge ( an imm5se excavation encircl$ ) nak$ rocks4 ,he is oblig$ to hold himself by ! bran*es ( trees1 or to /ret* himself flat ^u ! gr\nd1 s z to be able to look d[n into ! yawn+ gulf4 ,! deep & inaccessible bottom ( ! crat] loses itself 9 mi/y obscurity1 & glimm]s indi/9ctly ?r\gh ! vap\rs :i* are !re sl[ly & incessantly asc5d+ f its my/]i\s dep?s4 ,all is desolate & sil5t1 save :5 a solit>y falcon1 hov]+ ov] ! va/ *asm1 awakes ) h] discordant scree* ! e*oes ( ! precipice4 ,?r\gh a telescope may be se51 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! huge crat] walls1 sw>ms ( small swall[s1 :i* h !re built _! ne/s1 fly+ backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,! eye c detect no o!r signs ( life1 ! e> di/+ui% no o!r s\nd4 ,humboldt describes ! view d[n ! crat] ( ! ,rucu-,pi*9*a--a volcano :i* t[]s above ! t[n ( ,quito to a height ( #ae1jjj feet-- z ! gr&e/ he ev] beheld dur+ all 8 long w&]+s4 ,guid$ by an ,indian1 he asc5d$ ! m\nta9 9 #ahjb1 & aft] scal+1 ) great difficulty & no small dang]1 its /eep & rocky sides1 he at l5g? look$ d[n ^u ! black & dismal abyss1 :5ce cl\ds ( sulphur\s vap\r 7 ris+ z f ! gates ( hell4 ,! desc5t into ! crat] ( an active volcano is at all times a difficult & haz>d\s ent]prise1 bo? f ! /eepness ( its encircl+ rock walls1 & ! suffocat+ vap\rs ris+ f its bottom2 b x is r>e inde$ t a travell] has ei!r ! tem]ity or ! good =tune to p5etrate z f> z ! v m\? ( ! eruptive *annel1 & to ga9 a glimpse ( its my/]i\s horrors4 ,:5 ,m4 ,h\el visit$ ,m\nt ,etna 9 #agfi1 he v5tur$ to scale ! cone ( /ones & a%es :i* _h be5 ?r[n up 9 ! c5tre ( ! crat]1 :]e ?irty ye>s be=e !re 0 only a prodigi\s *asm or gulf4 ,on asc5d+ ?is m\nd1 :i* emitt$ smoke f e pore1 ! adv5tur\s travell] sunk ab\t mid-leg at e /ep1 & 0 9 con/ant t]ror ( be+ swall[$ up4 ,at la/1 :5 ! summit 0 rea*$1 ! loos5ess ( ! soil oblig$ him to ?r[ himself d[n flat ^u ! gr\nd1 t s he might be 9 less dang] ( s9k+1 :ile at ! same "t ! sulphur\s exhalations aris+ f ! funnel-%ap$ cavity ?reat5$ suffocation1 & s irritat$ 8 lungs z to produce a v tr\blesome & incessant c\gh4 ,9 ?is po/ure ! travell] view$ ! wide unfa?omable gulf 9 ! middle ( ! crat]1 b c\ld discov] no?+ except a cl\d ( smoke1 :i* issu$ f a numb] ( small ap]tures scatt]$ all ar\nd4 ,f "t to "t dreadful s\nds issu$ f ! b[els ( ! volcano1 z if ! ro> ( artill]y 7 rebell[$ ?r\gh\t all ! holl[s ( ! m\nta94 ,!y 7 no d\bt occasion$ by ! explosions ( p5t-up gases /rik+ aga9/ ! sides ( ^! imm5se cav]ns1 & multipli$ by _! e*oes 9 an extraord9>y mann]4 ,aft] ! fir/ unavoidable impression ( t]ror _h be5 ov]come1 no?+ c\ld be m sublime ?an ^! awful s\nds1 :i* seem$ l a w>n+ ( ,etna n to pry too deeply into 8 secrets4 ,dr4 ,judd1 an ,am]ican naturali/1 :o1 9 #ahda1 desc5d$ into ! crat] ( ,kilauea1 on ,mauna ,loa1 9 ,hawaii1 well-nigh fell a victim to 8 curiosity4 ,at t "t1 ! smalle/ ( ! two lava pools :i* boil at ! bottom ( t extraord9>y pit appe>$ almo/ inactive1 giv+ out only vap\rs1 ) an occasional jet ( lava at its c5tre4 ,dr4 ,judd1 consid]+ ! quiet fav\rable = dipp+ up "s ( ! liquid ) an iron ladle1 desc5d$ = ! purpose to a n>r[ l$ge bord]+ ! pool4 ,:ile he 0 prep>+ to c>ry out 8 plans1 8 att5tion 0 excit$ by a sudd5 s9k+ ( its surface2 ! next in/ant x began to rise1 & !n foll[$ an explosion1 ?r[+ ! lava high] ?an 8 head4 ,he _h sc>cely escap$ f 8 dang]\s situation1 ! mom5t aft]1 by ! aid ( a native1 be=e ! lava boil$ up1 cov]$ ! place :]e he /ood1 &1 fl[+ out ov] ! nor!rn side1 ext5d$ 9 a /ream a mile wide to a di/ance ( m ?an a mile & a half6 ,9 ext9ct volcanoes1 ! picture ( desolation orig9ally %[n by _! crat]s has n seldom be5 *ang$ into "o ( *>m+ lovel9ess4 ,tall =e/ trees cov] ! bottom ( ! ,t(ua crat] 9 ,upolu1 "o ( ! ,samoan gr\p2 & 9 ! same isl&1 a circul> lake ( cry/al purity1 belt$ ) a girdle ( ! ri*e/ gre51 has =m$ 9 ! dep? ( ! ,lanuto crat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ext9ct ,,crat] ,,( ,,haleakala4 ,! lakes ( ,av]no ne> ,naples1 & ( ,bols5a1 ,bracciano1 & ,ronciglione1 likewise fill ! holl[s ( ext9ct crat]s1 con/itut+ sc5es ( surpass+ beauty1 r5d]$ /ill m impressive by ! remembrance ( ! /ormy pa/ :i* prec$$ _! pres5t epo* ( tranquillity & peace4 ,mr4 ,mallet describes1 ) gl[+ col\rs1 ! s+ul> beauty ( ! =e/ sc5]y ar\nd ! two ext9ct crat]s ( ,m\nt ,vultur 9 ,apulia1 :i* "t has conv]t$ into two deep circul> lakes4 #8,i desc5d among/ ag$ trunks & ov]>*+ limbs1 & pass ov] masses ( r\nd$ lava-blocks & cem5t$ lapilli4 ,all is quietude2 ! s(t breeze ( a quiet w9t]'s aft]noon fans across ! embosom$ wat]1 f ! e>ly :eat-fields & ! furr[$ acres ( ! opposite /eep slopes1 & br+s ! g5tle ripple lapp+ among/ ! roots ( ! old hazels at my feet4 #8,(f be=e me1 & to my left1 cr[n+ ! slope1 are ! grey ru9s ( "s anci5t *ur* or ca/le1 & f> above me to ! "r1 ne/l$ aga9/ ! lava crags1 beh9d & above x1 /&+ out :ite & cle>1 ,i see ! /rong buttress$ mass ( ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,mi*ael4 ,h[ h>d x is to realise t ?is noble & lovely sc5e1 full ( e leafy beauty1 0 once ! inn]mo/ b[l ( a volcano2 t e /one ar\nd me1 n[ glori\s 9 col\r ) moss & li*51 s$um & g]anium1 0 once a gl[+ mass1 vomit$ f out t fi]y & undiscov]$ abyss1 :i* ^! placid wat]s n[ bury 9 _! secret *amb]s4' ,! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 active & ext9ct volcanoes is n easily drawn1 z eruptions h sometimes tak5 place aft] su* long int]vals ( repose z to w>rant ! belief t ! v5ts f :i* !y issu$ _h long s9ce be5 completely oblit]at$4 ,?us1 ?\gh ne>ly six c5turies h pass$ s9ce ! la/ eruption ( ,epomeo 9 ! isl& ( ,is*ia1 we are n entitl$ to suppose x ext9ct1 s9ce ne>ly sev5te5 c5turies elaps$ betwe5 ?is la/ explosion & ! "o :i* prec$$ x4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ,vesuvius also enjoy$ a long re/ ( ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! crat] got cov]$ ) grass & %rubs1 oak & *e/nut trees grew ar\nd x1 & "s w>m pools ( wat] alone rem9d$ ! visitor ( ! =m] condition ( ! m\nta91 :51 sudd5ly1 9 ,decemb] #afca1 x resum$ its anci5t activity1 & sev5 /reams ( lava at once bur/ =? f its subt]ranean furnaces4 ,:ile1 9 _m volcanic di/ricts1 su* z t ( ! ,eifel on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e1 & ( ,auv]gne1 9 ,c5tral ,france1 ! once active subt]ranean fires h long s9ce be5 ext+ui%$1 & no eruption ( lava has be5 record$ dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! hi/oric ages1 new volcanoes1 situat$ at a consid]able di/ance f all previ\sly active v5ts1 h aris5 f ! b[els ( ! e>?1 almo/ )9 ! memory ( liv+ man4 ,f ! era ( ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w to ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! c\ntry betwe5 ! m\nta9s ,toluca & ,colima1 9 ,mexico1 _h rema9$ undi/urb$1 & ! space1 n[ ! site ( ,jorullo1 :i* is "o hundr$ miles di/ant f ea* ( ! above-m5tion$ volcanoes1 0 occupi$ by f]tile fields ( sug>cane & indigo1 & wat]$ by two brooks4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,june #agei1 holl[ s\nds ( an al>m+ nature 7 he>d1 & e>?quakes succe$$ ea* o!r = two mon?s1 until1 at ! end ( ,septemb]1 flames issu$ f ! gr\nd1 & fragm5ts ( burn+ rocks 7 ?r[n to prodigi\s heights4 ,six volcanic cones1 compos$ ( scori & fragm5t>y lava1 7 =m$ on ! l9e ( a *asm1 :i* ran 9 ! direction ( ,n4,e4 to ,s4,w4 ,! lea/ ( ! cones 0 #cjj feet 9 height1 & ,jorullo1 ! c5tral volcano1 0 elevat$ #a1fjj feet above ! level ( ! pla94 ,! gr\nd :]e n[1 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,isalco t[]s 9 pr\d em95ce1 0 =m]ly ! seat ( an e/ancia or cattle-e/ate4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ye> #agfi1 ! inhabitants 7 frequ5tly di/urb$ by subt]ranean rumbl+s & %ocks1 :i* con/antly increas$ 9 viol5ce1 until on ,febru>y #bc1 #aggj1 ! e>? op5$1 & p\r+ out quantities ( lava1 a%es1 & c9d]s gave bir? to a new volcanic m\nta94 ,besides ^? volcanic v5ts :i* are situat$ on ! dry l&1 !re are o!rs :i*1 hidd5 b5ea? ! surface ( ! sea1 reveal _! exi/5ce by subaque\s eruptions4 ,columns ( fire & smoke are se5 to rise f ! discol\r$ & agitat$ wat]s1 & sometimes new isl&s are gradually pil$ up by ! masses ( scori & a%es eject$ f ! m\? ( ! subm>9e volcano4 ,9 ?is mann] ! isl& ( ,sabr9a rose f ! bottom ( ! sea1 ne> ,/4 ,mi*ael's 9 ! ,azores1 9 ! ye> #ahaa2 & /ill m rec5tly1 9 #ahca1 ,graham's ,isl& 0 =m$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 betwe5 ! coa/ ( ,sicily & t project+ "p ( ! ,african coa/ :]e anci5t ,c>?age /ood4 ,slight e>?quake %ocks prec$$ its appe>ance1 !n a column ( wat] l a wat]-sp\t1 #fj feet high & #hjj y>ds 9 circumf]5ce1 rose f ! sea1 & soon aft]w>ds d5se volumes ( /eam1 :i* asc5d$ to ! height ( #a1hjj feet4 ,!n a small isl&1 a few feet high ) a crat] 9 its c5tre1 eject+ volcanic matt]1 & imm5se columns ( vap\r1 em]g$ f ! agitat$ wat]s1 & 9 a =tnight swell$ to ! ample proportions ( a height ( #bjj feet1 & a circumf]5ce ( ?ree miles4 ,b bo? ,sabr9a & ,graham's ,isl&1 be+ built ( loose scori1 7 soon corrod$ by ! waves1 & _! la/ traces h long s9ce disappe>$ "u ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,ne> ,pondi*]ry1 9 ,india2 ne> ,icel&1 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean2 half a degree to ! s\? ( ! equator 9 ! prolongation ( a l9e drawn f ,/4 ,hel5a to ,asc5sion2 ne> ,juan ,f]n&ez1 c41 simil> ph5om5a h occurr$ )9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 b1 probably1 n[h]e on a gr&] scale ?an 9 ! ,aleutian ,ar*ipelago1 :]e1 ab\t ?irty miles to ! nor? ( ,unalaska1 ne> ! isle ( ,umnack1 a new isl&1 n[ sev]al ?\s& feet high & two or ?ree miles 9 circumf]5ce1 0 =m$ 9 #agif4 ,! :ole bottom ( ! sea betwe5 ?is new creation ( ! volcanic p[]s & ,umnack has be5 rais$ by ! eruptive ?roes :i* gave x bir?2 & :]e ,cook freely sail$ 9 #aggh1 numb]less cliffs & reefs n[ ob/ruct ! passage ( ! m>9]4 ,! fam\s subaque\s volcano :i*1 9 ! ye> #ahf be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 began its s]ies ( hi/orically record$ eruptions1 by rais+ ! islet ( ,hi]a 7! #8,sacr$'7 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,bay ( ,santor91 op5$ two new v5ts 9 #ahff4 ,amid a trem5d\s ro> ( /eam & ! %oot+ up ( prodigi\s masses ( rock & a%es1 two islets 7 =m$1 :i* ultimately rose to ! height ( #fj & #bjj feet4 ,! eruption cont9u$ = _m mon?s1 to ! delight & wond] ( ! num]\s geologi/s :o came f all sides to witness ! extraord9>y spectacle4 ,?us1 9 _m p>ts ( ! ocean1 we see ! subm>9e volcanic fires lay+ ! f\ndations ( new isl&s & ar*ipelagos1 :i*1 aft] repeat$ eruptions foll[+ ea* o!r 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 w probably1 l ,icel&1 ext5d ov] a consid]able space & become ! seats ( civilis$ man4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ! ,_w ,%[+ ! ,di/ribution ( ,,volcanoes ! ,di/ricts visit$ by ,,e>?quakes ,z a v consid]able "p ( ! globe has nev] yet be5 sci5tifically explor$1 x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to det]m9e ! exact numb] ( ! ext9ct & active volcanoes :i* are scatt]$ ov] its surface4 ,w]n] gives a li/ ( #aic volcanoes1 & ,humboldt m5tions #djg1 ( :i* #bbe are /ill 9 a /ate ( activity4 ,! newe/ computation ( ,dr4 ,fu*s1 ( ,heidelb]g1#g increases ! numb] to a total ( #fgb1 ( :i* #bgj are active4 ,future geographical discov]ies w1 no d\bt1 make fur!r additions to ! li/1 & %[ t at lea/ ?r\gh a ?\s& diff]5t v5ts ! subt]ranean fires h1 at v>i\s p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 pil$ up _! cones ( scori & lava4 ,footnote #g3 #8,die vulcanis*5 ,ers*e9ung5 d] ,erde4' ,liepzig1 #ahfe4 ,! volcanoes are v unequally di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( ! globe1 =1 :ile 9 "s p>ts !y are ?ickly clu/]$ toge!r 9 gr\ps or r[s1 we f9d 9 o!r p>ts va/ areas ( l& )\t ! lea/ sign ( volcanic action4 ,an almo/ un9t]rupt$ range ( volcanoes ext5ds 9 a s9u\s l9e f ! ,gulf ( ,b5gal1 ?r\gh ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ! ,moluccas1 ! ,philipp9es1 ,=mosa1 ,japan1 & ! ,kuriles1 to ,kamts*atka4 ,?is desolate p59sula is p>ticul>ly rem>kable = ! en]gy ( its subt]ranean fires1 z ,ermann m5tions no less ?an tw5ty-"o active volcanoes1 rang$ 9 two p>allel l9es ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?1 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a c5tral range ( m\nta9s1 conta9+ a l>ge & unkn[n numb] ( ext9ct crat]s4 ,9 ,java1 :]e m ?an ?irty volcanoes are m or less active1 ! furnaces ( ! subt]ranean _w are /ill m conc5trat$ & dreadful4 ,! imm5se m\nta9-*a9s :i* run p>allel to ! we/]n coa/s ( ,am]ica are likewise cr[n$ ) num]\s volcanic peaks4 ,*ili alone has f\rte5 active volcanoes1 ,bolivia & ,p]u ?ree1 ,quito elev54 ,9 ,c5tral ,am]ica we f9d tw5ty-"o volcanoes1 :i* are *iefly gr\p$ ne> ! ,lake ( ,nic>agua1 & to ! we/ ( ! t[n ( ,guatemala4 ,! p59sula ( ,aljaska1 & ! *a9 ( ! ,aletes1 possess no less ?an ?irty-six volcanos1 scatt]$ ov] a l9e ab\t #gjj miles long2 & ?us we f9d ! ea/]n1 we/]n1 & nor!rn b\nd>ies ( ! ,pacific encircl$ ) a girdle ( volcanic v5ts1 :ile ! subt]ranean fires h left ! we/]n %ores ( ! ,atlantic comp>atively undi/urb$4 ,) ! exception ( ,icel&1 :i* is fam\s = ! widely deva/at+ eruptions ( its burn+ m\nta9s1 ! volcanic en]gies ( ,europe are at pres5t limit$ to ! subm>9e crat] ( ,santor91 & to ! small area ( ,etna1 ,vesuvius1 & ! ,lip>i ,isl&s4 ,b1 situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! anci5t seats ( civilisation1 & = s _m c5turies ! object ( ! naturali/'s rese>*es1 ( ! travell]'s curiosity1 & ( ! poet's song1 !y surpass 9 r5[n all o!r volcanic regions 9 ! _w4 ,mo/ o!r volcanoes v5t _! fury ov] l&s ei!r s wild or s remote t ! hi/ory ( _! eruptions almo/ s\nds l a leg5d f ano!r planet2 b ?\s&s ( u h visit$ ,etna & ,vesuvius1 & ! explosion ( _! rage m5aces t[ns & c\ntries :i* classical remembrances h almo/ inve/$ ) ! int]e/ ( home4 ,"s volcanoes are 9 a cont9ual /ate ( eruption4 ,isalco1 born1 z we h se51 9 #aggj1 has rema9$ ev] s9ce s active z to des]ve ! "n ( ! ,f>o 7ligh?\se7 ( ,san ,salvador4 ,its explosions occur regul>ly1 at int]vals ( f t5 to tw5ty m9utes1 & ?r[ up a d5se smoke & cl\ds ( a%es & /ones4 ,^!1 z !y fall1 add to ! height & bulk ( ! cone1 :i* is n[ ab\t #b1ejj feet high4 ,= m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 ! fires ( ,/romboli h nev] be5 ext9ct1 nor has x ev] fail$ to be a beacon to ! m>9] :ile sail+ aft] nightfall ?r\gh ! ,tyrrh5ian ,sea4 ,mr4 ,p\lett ,scrope1 :o visit$ ,/romboli 9 #ahbj1 & look$ d[n f ! edge ( ! crat] into ! m\? ( ! volcano1 "s #cjj feet b5ea? him1 f\nd ! ph5om5a precisely su* z ,spallanzani describ$ !m 9 #aghh4 #8,two rude op5+s %[ !mselves among ! black *aotic rocks ( scori=m lava :i* =m ! floor ( ! crat]4 ,"o1 is to appe>ance1 empty1 b f x !re proce$s1 at int]vals ( a few m9utes1 a ru% ( vap\r1 ) a ro>+ s\nd1 l t ( a smelt+ furnace :5 ! door is op5$1 b inf9itely l\d]4 ,x la/s ab\t a m9ute4 ,)9 ! o!r ap]ture1 :i* is p]haps tw5ty feet 9 diamet]1 & b a few y>ds di/ant1 may be di/9ctly p]ceiv$ a body ( molt5 matt]1 hav+ a vivid gl[ ev5 by day1 approa*+ to t ( :ite heat1 :i* rises & falls at int]vals ( f t5 to fifte5 m9utes4 ,ea* "t t x rea*es 9 its rise ! lip ( ! orifice1 x op5s at ! c5tre1 l a great bubble bur/+1 & dis*>ges upw>ds an explosive volume ( d5se vap\r1 ) a %[] ( fragm5ts ( inc&esc5t lava & ragg$ scori1 :i* rise to a height ( sev]al hundr$ feet above ! lip ( ! crat]4' ,! volcanoes ( ,masaya1 ne> ! lake ( ! same "n 9 ,nic>agua2 ( ,sioa1 9 ! ,moluccas2 & ( ,t(ua1 9 ! ,fri5dly ,isl&s1 are also1 l ,/romboli1 9 a /ate ( p]man5t eruption4 ,b f> m commonly ! volcanoes bur/ =? only f "t to "t 9 viol5t p>oxysms1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by long] phases ( mod]ate activity1 dur+ :i* _! ph5om5a are conf9$ to ! exhalation ( vap\rs & gases1 sometimes also to ! ejection ( scori or a%es2 to ! oscillations ( lava ris+ or subsid+ 9 ! %aft ( ! crat]1 to ! g5tle outfl[ ( small /reams ( lava f its eruptive cone1 & to slight commotions ( its bord]4 ,a cont9ual or p]iodical exhalation ( /eam & gases f ! %aft ( ! crat] or f *asms & fissures 9 its bottom1 is ! commone/ ph5om5on %[n by an active volcano :ile 9 a /ate ( tranquillity4 ,aque\s vap\rs compose ! *ief "p ( ^! exhalations1 & along ) o!r volatile sub/ances1 su* z sulphurett$ hydrog51 sulphur\s acid1 muriatic acid1 & c>bonic acid1 =m ! /eam-jets or fum>oles1 :i* escape ) a hiss+ or ro>+ noise f all ! crevices & *asms ( ! crat]1 &1 unit+ z !y asc5d 9 a s+le vap\r-cl\d1 ultimately compose ! l(ty column ( /eam :i* =ms s conspicu\s a feature 9 ! picturesque beauty ( ,etna or ,vesuvius4 ,high on ! summit ( ,mauna ,loa1 :]e all vegetation has long s9ce ceas$1 ! w>m /eam ( ! fum>oles gives rise to a spl5did gr[? ( f]ns 9 crevices %elt]$ f ! w9d2 & on ! isl& ( ,pantell>ia1 ! %eph]ds1 by lay+ bru%wood be=e ! fum>oles1 cond5se ! /eam1 & ?us procure a supply ( wat] = _! goats4 ,! g5tle fluctuations ( lava 9 a crat] :ile 9 a /ate ( mod]ate activity are n[h]e exhibit$ on a gr&] scale ?an 9 ! pit ( ,kilauea on ,mauna ,loa4 ,! m\nta9 rises s gradually z almo/ to resemble a pla91 & ! crat] appe>s l a va/ gulf excavat$ 9 its flanks4 ,! travell] p]ceives 8 approa* to x by a few small cl\ds ( /eam1 ris+ f fissures n f> f 8 pa?4 ,:ile gaz+ = a second indication1 he /&s unexpect$ly ^u ! br9k ( ! pit4 ,a va/ amphi!atre sev5 miles & a half 9 circuit has op5$ to view4 ,b5ea? a gray rocky precipice ( #fej feet1 a n>r[ pla9 ( h>d5$ lava ext5ds1 l a va/ gall]y1 ar\nd ! :ole int]ior4 ,)9 ?is gall]y1 bel[ ano!r simil> precipice ( #cdj feet1 lies ! bottom1 a wide pla9 ( b>e rock m ?an two miles 9 l5g?4 ,"h all is black monoton\s desolation1 except+ c]ta9 spots ( a blood-r$ col\r1 :i* appe> to be 9 con/ant yet g5tle agitation4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,dana visit$ ,kilauea 7,decemb] #ahdj71 he 0 surpris$ at ! /illness ( ! sc5e4 ,! incessant motion 9 ! blood-r$ pools 0 l t ( a cauldron 9 con/ant ebullition4 ,! lava 9 ea* boil$ ) su* activity z to cause a rapid play ( jets ov] its surface4 ,"o pool1 ! l>ge/ ( ! ?ree !n 9 action1 0 aft]w>ds asc]ta9$ by survey to measure #a1ejj feet 9 "o diamet] & #a1jjj 9 ano!r2 & ?is :ole area 0 boil+1 z seem$ f above1 ) ne>ly ! mobility ( wat]4 ,/ill all w5t on quietly4 ,n a :isp] 0 he>d f ! fires bel[4 ,:ite vap\rs rose 9 fleecy wrea?s f ! pools & num]\s fissures1 & above ! l>ge lake !y collect$ into a broad canopy ( cl\ds1 n unlike ! sn[y heaps or cumuli t lie ne> ! horizon on a cle> day1 ?\gh _! fanciful %apes *ang$ m rapidly4 ,on desc5d+ aft]w>ds to ! black l$ge or gall]y at ! v]ge ( ! l[] pit1 a half-smo!r$ gurgl+ s\nd 0 all t c\ld be he>d f ! pools ( lava4 ,occasionally1 !re 0 a report l t ( musketry1 :i* di$ away1 & left ! same murmur+ s\nd1 ! /ifl$ mutt]+s ( a boil+ fluid4 ,su* 0 ! sc5e by day--awful1 melan*oly1 dismal--b at night x assum$ a "* ( indescribable sublimity4 ,! l>ge cauldron1 9 place ( its bloody gl>e1 n[ gl[$ ) int5se brilliancy1 & ! surface sp>kl$ ) %ift+ po9ts ( dazzl+ light1 occasion$ by ! jets 9 con/ant play4 ,! broad canopy ( cl\ds above ! pit1 :i* seem$ to re/ on a column ( wrea?s & curl+ heaps ( light$ vap\r1 & ! amphi!atre ( rocks ar\nd ! l[] dep?s1 7 brightly illum9at$ f ! boil+ lavas1 :ile a lurid r$ t+$ ! di/ant p>ts ( ! inclos+ walls & ?rew _! cav]n\s recesses into deep] %ades ( d>kness4 ,ov] ?is sc5e ( re/less fires & fi]y vap\rs1 ! heav5s by contra/ seem$ unnaturally black1 ) only "h & !re a />1 l a dim po9t ( light4 ,a p>oxysmal eruption is g5]ally ann\nc$ by ! int5sification ( ! ph5om5a above describ$4 ,slight e>?quakes are felt 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! volcano1 & foll[ ea* o!r 9 m rapid succession & ) great] viol5ce z ! cata/rophe draws ne>4 ,a deep noise l ! roll+ ( ?und]1 or l ! ro> ( di/ant artill]y1 is he>d "u ! gr\nd2 ! :ite /eam f ! crat] asc5ds 9 d5s] cl\ds1 :i* soon acquire a d>k] t+e2 & n[ ! bottom ( ! crat] sudd5ly bur/s ) a t]rific cra%1 & ) ! rapidity ( lightn+1 an imm5se column ( black smoke %oots up into ! air1 &1 exp&+ at its upp] end into a broad horizontal canopy1 assumes a %ape :i* has be5 comp>$ ) t ( ! ,italian p9e1 ! graceful tree ( ! ,s\?4 ,z ! column ( smoke spreads ov] ! sky1 x obscures ! light ( ! sun & *anges day into night4 ,along ) ! smoke1 %[]s ( gl[+ lava are ca/ high up into ! air1 &1 ris+ l rockets1 ei!r fall back into ! crat] or rattle d[n ! declivity ( ! cone4 ,at night ! sc5e assumes a "* ( mat*less gr&eur1 :5 ! column ( smoke--or1 m prop]ly speak+1 ( scori1 vap\r1 & impalpable du/--is illum9at$ by ! vivid light ( ! lava gl[+ 9 ! crat] b5ea?4 ,x !n appe>s z an imm5se pill> ( fire1 ris+ ) /eady maje/y 9 ! mid/ ( ! upro> ( all ! elem5ts1 & ev] & anon trav]s$ by fla%es ( /ill great] brilliancy f ! masses ( liquid lava hurl$ =? by ! volcano4 ,! detonations :i* accompany an eruption are sometimes he>d z s+le cra%es1 at o!rs z a roll+ ?und] or z a cont9u\s ro>+4 ,!y are frequ5tly audible at an a/oni%+ di/ance1 ov] areas ( _m ?\s& squ>e miles1 & ) su* viol5ce t !y may be suppos$ to proce$ f ! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,?us1 dur+ ! eruption ( ,cosigu9a 9 ,nic>agua1 :i* took place 9 ! ye> #ahcd1 ! detonations 7 he>d z l\d z a ?und]/orm 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,k+/on 9 ,jamaica1 & ev5 at ,santa ,f de ,bogota1 :i* is a ?\s& miles di/ant f ! volcano4 ,) ! increase ( /eam g5]at$ dur+ an eruption1 ! quantity ( eject$ scori likewise increases 9 an a/oni%+ mann]1 s t ! volcano's m\? resembles a con/antly dis*>g+ m9e ( ! mo/ gigantic dim5sions4 ,! /ones & a%es project$ dur+ a volcanic eruption v>y consid]ably 9 size1 f blocks twelve or fifte5 feet 9 diamet] to ! f9e/ du/4 ,bo? _! imm5se quantity1 & ! =ce ) :i* !y are hurl$ into ! air1 %[ ! utt] insignificance ( ! /r5g? display$ by ! mo/ =midable eng9es inv5t$ by man :5 comp>$ ) elem5t>y p[]4 ,huge blocks are %ot =?1 z f ! cannon's m\?1 to a p]p5dicul> elevation ( #f1jjj feet1 & ,la ,condam9e relates t 9 #aecc ,cotopaxi hurl$ /ones ( eight feet 9 diamet] 9 an oblique direction to ! di/ance ( sev5 miles4 ,! light] scori1 c>ri$ f> away by ! w9ds1 n seldom bury :ole prov9ces "u a deluge ( s& & a%es2 & _! disa/r\s effects1 spread+ ov] an imm5se area1 are frequ5tly great] ?an ^? ( ! lava-/reams1 ^: de/ructive p[] is necess>ily conf9$ to a n>r[] space4 ,to cite b a few examples1 ! ra9 ( s& & a%es :i* 9 #ahab m5ac$ ! ,isl& ( ,/4 ,v9c5t ) ! fate ( ,pompeii soon buri$ e trace ( vegetation1 & ! affright$ plant]s & negroes fl$ to ! t[n4 ,b "h also ! black s&1 along ) _m l>g] /ones1 fell rattl+ l hail ^u ! ro(s ( ! h\ses1 :ile at ! same "t a trem5d\s subt]ranean ?und] increas$ ! horrors ( ! sc5e4 ,ev5 ,b>badoes1 ?\gh eighty miles f ,/4 ,v9c5t's1 0 cov]$ ) a%es4 ,a black cl\d1 approa*+ f ! sea1 br\ght ) x su* pit*y d>kness t 9 ! rooms x 0 impossible to di/+ui% ! w9d[s1 & a :ite pocket-h&k]*ief c\ld n be se5 at a di/ance ( five in*es4 ,! fall ( a%es caus$ 9 ,april #ahae by ! eruption ( ! ,temboro1 9 ,sumbawa1 n only deva/at$ ! great] "p ( ! isl&1 b ext5d$ 9 a we/]ly direction to ,java1 & to ! nor?1 z f> z ,celebes1 ) su* an int5sity t x became p]fectly d>k at noon4 ,! ro(s ( h\ses at ! di/ance ( =ty miles 7 brok5 9 by ! weight ( ! a%es t fell ^u !m4 ,to ! we/ ( ,sumatra ! surface ( ! sea 0 cov]$ two feet deep ) a lay] ( float+ pumice or scori1 ?r\gh :i* %ips ) difficulty =c$ _! way4 ,by ! t]rific eruption ( ,cosigu9a 9 ! ,gulf ( ,fonseca1 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 9 #ahce1 all ! gr\nd )9 a radius ( tw5ty-five miles 0 load$ ) scori & a%es to ! dep? ( t5 feet & upw>ds1 :ile ! lighte/ & f9e/ a% 0 c>ri$ by ! w9ds to places m ?an #gjj miles di/ant4 ,eight leagues to ! s\?w>d ( ! crat] ! a%es cov]$ ! gr\nd to ! dep? ( ?ree y>ds & a half1 de/roy+ ! woods & dwell+s4 ,?\s&s ( cattle p]i%$1 _! bodies be+ 9 _m in/ances "o mass ( scor*$ fle%4 ,de] & o!r wild animals s\ght ! t[ns = protection2 birds & bea/s 7 f\nd suffocat$ 9 ! a%es1 & ! neighb\r+ /reams 7 /rew$ ) dead fi%4 ,:5 we consid] ! amaz+ quantity ( /ones & a%es eject$ 9 ^! & simil> in/ances by volcanic p[]1 we _c wond] t consid]able m\nta9s h frequ5tly be5 pil$ up by "o s+le eruption4 ,?us 9 ! ,bay ( ,bai ne> ,naples1 ,monte ,nuovo1 a hill #ddj feet high1 & ) a base ( m ?an a mile & a half 9 circumf]5ce1 =m$1 9 less ?an twelve h\rs1 on ,septemb] #bi1 #aech2 & a few days gave bir? to ,monte ,m9>do1 ne> ,bronte1 on ! slopes ( ,etna1 :i* rises to ! /ill m consid]able height ( #gjj feet4 ,x w\ld be curi\s to calculate h[ _m ?\s&s ( workm51 & :at l5g? ( "t1 man w\ld ne$ to raise m\nds l ^!1 produc$ by an almo/ in/antane\s ef=t ( nature4 ,9 o!r cases ! expansive p[] ( ! ela/ic vap\rs1 :i* ca/ up ^! prodigi\s masses f ! b[els ( ! e>?1 is su* z to bl[ to pieces ! volcanic cone ?r\gh :i* x seeks its v5t4 ,9 ,quito !re is an anci5t tradition t ,capac ,urcu1 :i* means #8! *ief1' 0 once ! highe/ volcano ne> ! equator1 be+ high] ?an ,*imborazo1 b at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury a prodigi\s eruption took place :i* broke x d[n4 ,! fragm5ts ( tra*yte1 says ,mr4 ,b\ss+ault1 :i* once =m$ ! conical summit ( ?is celebrat$ m\nta91 are at ?is day spread ov] ! pla94 ,on ,augu/ #aa1 #aggb1 ! ,pep&ajan1 9 ,java1 =m]ly "o ( ! highe/ m\nta9s ( ! isl&1 broke out 9 eruption2 ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry ar\nd prep>$ = flight1 b1 be=e !y c\ld escape1 ! great] "p ( its summit 0 %iv]$ to pieces & cov]$ ! neighb\rhood ) its ru9s1 s t 9 ! upp] "p ( ! ,gurat valley =ty villages 7 completely buri$4 ,dur+ ! dreadful eruption ( #ahae1 ! ,temboro1 9 ,sumbawa1 is said to h lo/ at lea/ "o-?ird ( its height f ! explosion ( its summit1 & simil> in/ances are m5tion$ z hav+ occurr$ among ! volcanoes ( ,japan4 ,9 ! ye> #afch a colossal cone call$ ! ,peak1 9 ! ,isle ( ,timor1 "o ( ! ,moluccas1 0 entirely de/roy$ by a p>oxysmal explosion4 ,! :ole m\nta91 :i* 0 be=e ?is cont9ually active1 & s high t its light 0 visible1 x is said1 ?ree hundr$ miles (f1 0 bl[n up & replac$ by a concavity n[ conta9+ a lake4 ,aga91 accord+ to ,m4 ,moreau de ,jonnes1 9 #agah1 on ,m>* #f-g1 at ,/4 ,v9c5t's1 "o ( ! ,leew>d ,isles1 ! %ock ( a t]rific e>?quake 0 felt1 & cl\ds ( a%es 7 driv5 into ! air1 ) viol5t detonations1 f a m\nta9 situat$ at ! ea/]n end ( ! isl&4 ,:5 ! eruption _h ceas$1 x 0 f\nd t ! :ole m\nta9 _h disappe>$ l ! baseless fabric ( a dream4 ,! disa/r\s effects ( ! %[]s ( s&1 pumice1 & lapilli eject$ by a volcanic eruption are increas$ by ! transport+ p[] ( wat]4 ,! aque\s vap\rs :i* are evolv$ s copi\sly f volcanic crat]s dur+ eruptions1 & (t5 = a long "t subsequ5tly to ! dis*>ge ( scori & lava1 are cond5s$ z !y asc5d 9 ! cold atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! high volcanic peak2 & ! cl\ds ?us =m$1 be+ 9 a /ate ( high electrical t5sion1 give rise to t]rific ?und]/orms4 ,! lightn+ fla%es 9 all directions f ! black canopy ov]hang+ ! m\nta91 ! p]petually roll+ ?und] adds its l\d voice to ! dreadful ro> ( ! lab\r+ volcano1 :ile torr5ts ( ra91 sweep+ along ! light du/ & scori :i* !y c>ry d[n ) !m f ! air1 or meet ) on _! way1 produce curr5ts ( mud1 (t5 m dread$ ?an /reams ( lava1 f ! f> great] velocity ) :i* !y move4 ,x n seldom happ5s t ! eruptions ( volcanoes ris+ above ! limits ( p]petual sn[ are prec$$ or accompani$ by ! rapid dissolution ( ! ice :i* clo!s _! summits or _! sides1 ow+ to ! high temp]ature imp>t$ to ! :ole mass ( ! m\nta9 by ! va/ conflict rag+ )94 ,?us 9 ,janu>y #ahjc "o s+le night suffic$ to dissolve or sweep away ! enorm\s b$ ( sn[ :i* 9 times ( re/ cov]s ! /eep cone ( ,cotopaxi 7#ah1heh feet high71 s t on ! foll[+ morn+ ! d>k m\nta91 dive/$ ( its brilliant robe1 gave w>n+ to ! affright$ neighb\rhood ( ! t]rific sc5es t 7 ab\t to foll[4 ,! volcanoes ( ,icel&1 :i* mo/ly rise 9 ! mid/ ( va/ fields ( p]petual ice1 frequ5tly exhibit ?is ph5om5on4 ,on ,octob] #ag1 #ageh1 ! eruptive lab\r+ ( ,ktl+ia gave bir? to ?ree enorm\s torr5ts1 :i* c>ri$ along ) !m su* masses ( glaci] fragm5ts1 s&1 & /ones z to cov] a space fifty miles long & tw5ty-five miles broad4 ,blocks ( ice z l>ge z h\ses1 & p>tly be>+ imm5se pieces ( /one on _! backs1 7 hurri$ along by ! floods2 & soon aft] ! eruption took place ) a t]rific noise4 ,a v s+ul> ph5om5on sometimes occurs 9 ! gigantic volcanoes ( ! ,&es4 ,by ! infiltration ( wat] into ! crevices ( ! tra*ytic rock ( :i* !y are compos$1 ! cav]ns situat$ at _! declivities or at _! foot are gradually *ang$ into subt]ranean lakes or ponds1 :i* frequ5tly communicate by n>r[ ap]tures ) ! ,alp9e brooks ( ! highl&s ( ,quito4 ,! fi% f ^! brooks live & multiply 9 ^! subt]ranean res]voirs ?us =m$1 & :5 ! e>?quakes :i* prec$e e eruption ( ! ,&es *a9 %ake ! :ole mass ( ! volcano1 ! cav]ns sudd5ly op5 & dis*>ge enorm\s quantities ( wat]1 mud1 & small fi%4 ,:5 9 ! night betwe5 ! #ai? & #bj? ( ,june #afih1 ! summit ( ,c>guairazo 7#ah1jjj feet high7 0 bl[n up1 s t ( ! :ole crat]-rim b two enorm\s peaks rema9$1 ! inundat$ fields 7 cov]$1 ov] a surface ( ne>ly fifty squ>e miles1 ) fluid tuff & clay-mud envelop+ ?\s&s ( dead fi%4 ,sev5 ye>s be=e1 ! malignant fev] :i* prevail$ 9 ! m\nta9-t[n ( ,ib>ra to ! nor? ( ,quito 0 attribut$ to ! effluvia aris+ f ! putrid fi% eject$ by ! volcano ( ,imbaburu4 ,amid/ all ^! t]rible ph5om5a--! dreadful noise1 ! quak+ ( ! e>?1 ! ejection ( /ones & a%es--:i*1 (t5 cont9u+ = weeks or mon?s1 %ake ! deepe/ f\ndations ( ! volcano1 fi]y /reams ( liquid lava gu% =? soon] or lat] z f a vase t is boil+ ov]4 ,_! appe>ance g5]ally indicates ! crisis ( ! subt]ranean revolution1 = ! rage ( ! elem5ts1 :i* until !n _h be5 con/antly increas+1 dim9i%es z soon z ! torr5t has f\nd an outlet4 ,! lava r>ely issues f ! summit crat] ( ! m\nta92 mu* m frequ5tly x fl[s f a lat]al r5t 9 ! volcano's side1 :i*1 weak5$ & dislocat$ 9 its texture by repeat$ %ocks1 at l5g? gives way to ! imm5se pressure ( ! lava column boil+ )94 ,f ! va/ size ( ^! eruptive r5ts1 we may =m "s idea ( ! gigantic p[] ( ! =ces :i* give !m bir?4 ,?us dur+ ! great eruption ( ,etna 9 #affi1 ! s\?-ea/ flank ( ! m\nta9 0 split op5 by an enorm\s r5t twelve miles long1 at ! bottom ( :i* inc&esc5t lava 0 se54 ,! extreme l5g? ( ! fissure :i* gave lat]al issue to ! lava ( ,kilauea 9 #ahdj 0 tw5ty-five miles1 z c\ld di/9ctly be trac$ ?r\gh ! di/urbance ( ! surface rocks above2 & 9 ! t]rific eruption ( ,skapt> ,jkul1 :i* deva/at$ ! we/ coa/ ( ,icel& 9 #aghc1 lava gu%$ =? f sev]al v5ts along a fissure ( n less ?an #ajj miles 9 l5g?4 ,9 "s cases ! :ole mass ( ! volcano has be5 cleft 9 two4 ,vesuvius 0 ?us r5t 9 ,octob] #ahbb by an enorm\s fissure brok5 across its cone 9 a direction ,n4,w4--,s4,e4 ,"h & !re along ! l9e ( su* a r5t1 cones ( eruption are ?r[n up 9 succession at po9ts :]e ! gase\s matt] obta9s ! free/ access to ! surface1 & has p[] to =ce up lava & scori4 ,few inde$1 if any1 ( ! great] volcanic m\nta9s are unatt5d$ by su* m9or elevations1 clu/]+ ab\t its sides l ! satellites ( a planet4 ,pr(essor ,dana f\nd ,mauna ,loa cov]$ ) num]\s p>asitic cones1 & ,mr4 ,d>w9 c\nt$ sev]al ?\s&s on "o ( ! ,gallapagos ,isl&s4 ,on ! flanks ( ,etna1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,s>torius von ,walt]%aus51 m ?an #gjj ( !m are to be se51 almo/ all possess+ crat]s1 & ea* m>k+ ! s\rce ( a curr5t ( lava4 ,?\gh !y appe> b trifl+ irregul>ities :5 view$ f a di/ance z subord9ate p>ts ( s impos+ & colossal a m\nta91 _m ( !m w\ld nev]!less be deem$ hills ( consid]able height 9 almo/ any o!r region4 ,! d\ble hill ne> ,nicolosi1 call$ ,monte ,rossi1 =m$ 9 #affi1 is #dej feet high & two miles 9 circumf]5ce at its base2 & ,monte ,m9>do1 ne> ,bronte1 on ! ea/ ( ! great volcano1 is upw>ds ( #gjj feet 9 height4#h ,footnote #h3 ,see p4 #fg4 #8,on look+ d[n f ! l[] bord]s ( ! des]t region ( ,etna1' says ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 #8^! m9or volcanoes1 :i* are mo/ abundant 9 ! woody region1 pres5t u ) "o ( ! mo/ delightful & *>act]i/ic sc5es 9 ,europe4 ,!y af=d e v>iety ( height & size1 & are arrang$ 9 beautiful & picturesque gr\ps4 ,h[ev] uni=m !y may appe> :5 se5 f ! sea1 or ! pla9s bel[1 no?+ c be m div]sifi$ ?an _! %ape :5 we look f above into _! crat]s1 "o side ( :i*1 z we h se51 is g5]ally brok5 d[n4 ,!re are inde$1 few objects 9 nature m picturesque ?an a wood$ volcanic crat]4 ,! cones situat$ 9 ! high] p>ts ( ! =e/ zone are *iefly clo!d ) l(ty p9es1 :ile ^? at a l[] elevation are adorn$ ) *e/nuts1 oaks1 & bee*-trees4' ,z ! po9t :]e a lava-curr5t f9ds a v5t is (t5 situat$ at a consid]able di/ance bel[ ! surface ( ! liquid column 9 ! int]nal *imney ( ! volcano1 ! pressure f above n seldom causes ! lava to sp\t =? 9 a jet1 until its level 9 ! crat] %aft has be5 r$uc$ to t ( ! newly-=m$ orifice4 ,?us1 :5 ,vesuvius 0 r5t by ! dreadful p>oxysmal eruption ( #agid1 ! lava 0 se5 to %oot up 9 magnific5t f\nta9s z x issu$ f ! op5+s along ! fissure4 ,fur!r on1 ! lava fl[s d[n ! m\nta9's side accord+ to ! same laws :i* regulate ! movem5ts ( any o!r /ream1 :e!r ( wat]1 mud1 or ice3 m rapidly d[n an abrupt declivity1 sl[] :]e ! slope is m gradual2 n[ accumulat+ 9 n>r[ rav9es1 !n spread+ out 9 pla9s2 sometimes ru%+ 9 fi]y cascades d[n precipices1 &1 :]e insurm\ntable ob/acles oppose its progress1 n seldom break+ (f into sev]al bran*es1 ea* ( :i* pursues its indep5d5t c\rse4 ,at ! po9t :]e x issues1 ! lava fl[s 9 p]fect solution1 b1 z its surface rapidly cools :5 expos$ to ! air1 x soon gets cov]$ ) scori1 :i* are da%$ ov] ea* o!r 9 wild confusion1 by successive floods ( liquid /one1 s z to resemble a /ormy sea cov]$ ) ice-blocks4 ,b ! liquefi$ /one n only h>d5s on its ext]nal surface2 x also becomes solid bel[1 :]e x t\*es ! cold] soil1 s t ! fluid lava lit]ally moves along 9 a cru/ ( scori1 :i* l5g!ns 9 ! same proportion z ! /ream advances4 ,! movem5ts ( ! lava-curr5t are ( c\rse consid]ably ret>d$ by ! =mation ( scori1 s t1 unless :]e a great] incl9ation ( ! soil gives x a new impulse1 x fl[s sl[] & sl[]4 ,?us ! lava-/ream :i* 0 eject$ by ,etna dur+ ! great eruption ( #affi1 p]=m$ ! fir/ ?irte5 ,italian miles ( its c\rse 9 tw5ty days1 or at ! av]age rate ( #afb feet p] h\r1 b requir$ no less ?an tw5ty-?ree days = ! la/ two miles4 ,:ile mov+ on1 its surface 0 9 g5]al a mass ( solid rock2 & its mode ( advanc+1 z is usual ) lava /reams1 0 by ! occasional fissur+ ( ! solid walls4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ! t>d9ess ( its progress1 ! inhabitants ( ,catania wat*$ its advance ) dismay1 & ru%$ into ! *ur*es to invoke ! aid ( ! ,madonna & ! ,sa9ts4 ,"o citiz5 only1 a c]ta9 ,b>on ,papal>do1 reli$ m ^u 8 own ef=ts ?an ^u sup]natural assi/ance1 & set out ) a p>ty ( fifty m51 dress$ 9 sk9s to protect !m f ! heat1 & arm$ ) iron cr[s & hooks = ! purpose ( break+ op5 "o ( ! solid walls ( scori t flank$ ! liquid curr5t1 s z to div]t x f ! m5ac$ city4 ,a passage 0 ?us op5$ = a rivulet ( melt$ matt]1 :i* fl[$ 9 ! direction ( ,pat]no2 b ! inhabitants ( t t[n be+ al>m$ = _! safety1 took up arms aga9/ ,papal>do1 ^: fifty workm5 w\ld h>dly h be5 able to cope ) ! p[]s ( nature4 ,?us1 sl[ly b irresi/ibly1 ! lava advanc$ up to ! walls ( ,catania1 :i*1 be+ =m$ ( huge ,cyclopean blocks1 & no less ?an sixty feet high1 at fir/ /emm$ ! fi]y /ream4 ,b ! gl[+ floods1 press+ aga9/ ! ramp>t1 rose high] & high]1 & f9ally rea*+ its summit1 ru%$ ov] x 9 fi]y cat>acts1 & de/roy+ "p ( ! t[n1 at l5g? disgorg$ !mselves into ! sea1 :]e !y =m$ a n inconsid]able promontory4 ,a truly gigantic conflict might naturally be expect$ f ! meet+ ( two su* p[]ful & ho/ile bodies z fire & wat]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is by no means ! case1 = z soon z ! lava ent]s ! sea1 ! rapid evaporation ( ! wat] t comes into imm$iate contact ) x accel]ates ! cool+ ( ! surface & ?ick5s ! h>d ext]nal cru/ to su* a degree t v soon all communication is cut (f betwe5 ! wat] & ! fi]y mass4 ,:ile ! lava cont9ues to advance f ! l&1 ! cru/ ( scori is prolong$ 9 ! same proportion1 & %\ld x be r5t "h & !re1 /eam is at once develop$ ) su* viol5ce z to prev5t all fur!r access ( ! wat] into ! int]ior ( ! fissures4 ,?us1 ,breislak in=ms u t1 9 #agid1 ! eruption ( a lava-/ream into ! ,bay ( ,naples1 ne> ,torre del ,greco1 took place ) ! greate/ tranquillity1 s t he himself 0 able to obs]ve ! advanc+ ( ! lava into ! sea :ile seat$ 9 a boat imm$iately ne> x1 )\t be+ di/urb$ by explosions or any o!r viol5t ph5om5on4 ,z ! cru/ ( scori is s bad a conductor ( heat1 x occasions a v sl[ cool+ & h>d5+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! lava-/ream1 =m+ z x 7 a vessel 9 :i* ! liquid fire c be reta9$ & pres]v$ = a long "t4 ,:5 ,elie de ,beaumont visit$ ! lava-/ream ( ,etna1 ne>ly two ye>s aft] its eruption 9 #ahcb1 its int]ior 0 /ill s w>m t he c\ld n hold 8 f+] 9 ! hot /eam issu+ f its crevices4 ,x has also be5 prov$1 on tru/wor?y evid5ce1 t aft] tw5ty-five & ?irty ye>s1 _m lava-/reams ( ,etna /ill cont9u$ to emit heat & /eam2 & aft] tw5ty-"o ye>s x 0 possible to light a cig> 9 ! crevices ( ! lava t issu$ f ,jorullo 9 #agei4 ,ano!r extremely curi\s effect ( ! scori be+ su* bad conductors ( heat is1 t masses ( sn[ w rema9 unmelt$1 ?\gh a lava- /ream rolls ov] !m4 ,?us1 9 #aghg1 ! lava ( ,etna fl[$ ov] a l>ge deposit ( sn[1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 by no means fully liquefi$1 b rema9$ = ! greate/ "p entire1 & gradually *ang$ into a granul> & solid mass ( ice4 ,?is 0 trac$ 9 #ahbh1 by ! geologi/ ,gemell>o1 = a di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ feet "u ! lava1 & mo/ likely /ill reposes "u x z 9 an ice-cell>4 ,! cliffs :i* =m ! va/ crat]-r+ ( ! ,isle ( ,deception1 9 ! extreme ,s\!rn ,atlantic1 are likewise compos$ ( alt]nate lay]s ( ice & lava4 ,probably 9 bo? ^! cases ! ice-b$s _h be5 cov]$ be=e ! lava fl[$ ov] !m1 by a ra9 ( scori & volcanic s&1 :i* is s well kn[n among ! %eph]ds 9 ! high] regions ( ,etna z a bad conductor ( caloric1 t1 to obta9 a supply ( wat] = _! h]ds dur+ ! summ]1 !y cov] "s sn[ a few in*es deep ) volcanic s&1 :i* entirely prev5ts ! p5etration ( sol> heat4 ,mo/ ( ! rec5t lava-/reams evolve f all _! fissures & r5ts a quantity ( vap\r1 s z to be dott$ ) innum]able fum>oles1 & to exhibit1 z !y fl[ along1 a smok+ surface by day & a lum9\s "o by night4 ,at fir/ ^! fum>oles are s impetu\s t !y frequ5tly puff up ! lava-cru/ ar\nd _! orifices into little cones or hillocks1 consi/+ ( blocks ( scori irregul>ly pil$ up ov] ea* o!r1 & f ^: summit ! vap\rs cont9ue to asc5d4 ,z ! mass cools1 !y are naturally less5$ 9 numb]s & 9 p[]2 b 9 #ahjc ,humboldt /ill saw fum>oles f tw5ty to ?irty feet high1 ris+ f ! small cones :i* cov]$ by ?\s&s ! great lava-/ream ( ,jorullo ( ! ye> #agei4 ,! va/ dim5sions ( s+le lava-/reams give pro( ( ! enorm\s p[]s :i* =c$ !m out ( ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,! lava-/ream ( ,vesuvius :i* de/roy$ ,torre del ,greco 9 #agid1 is #ag1ejj ,fr5* feet long1 & :5 x rea*$ ! t[n 0 m ?an #b1jjj feet wide & =ty feet deep4 ,:ile ?is mighty mass ( molt5 /one1 ! volume ( :i* has be5 reckon$ at ab\t #deg millions ( cubic feet1 0 desc5d+ t[>ds ! sea1 ano!r /ream1 ^: mass is comput$ at ab\t "o-half ( t ( ! =m]1 0 fl[+ 9 ! direction ( ,mauro4 ,?is s+le eruption has !re=e furni%$ m ?an #fhe millions ( cubic feet ( lava1 equal to a cube ( #hhb feet1 9 :i* at lea/ a doz5 ( ! l>ge/ *ur*es1 palaces1 & pyramids on e>? might conv5i5tly f9d room4 ,if to ! solid lava we add ! a/oni%+ quantities ( scori1 s&1 & a%es ?r[n out by ?is same eruption1 we may =m "s idea ( ! masses ( matt] :i* 7 9 ?is "o in/ance eject$ f ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,! volume ( ! lava-/ream :i* fl[$ f ! volcano ( ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon 9 ! ye> #aghg is e/imat$ at #b1ebf millions ( cubic feet2 b ev5 ?is a/oni%+ ejection ( molt5 /one is surpass$ by t :i* took place dur+ ! eruption ( ,skapt> ,jkull#i 9 #aghc1 :5 ! lava roll$ on to a l5g? ( fifty miles1 &1 on rea*+ ! pla91 exp&$ into broad lakes1 twelve & fifte5 miles 9 diamet] & a hundr$ feet deep4 ,footnote #i3 ,a detail$ acc\nt ( ?is eruption1 "o ( ! mo/ dreadful on record1 is giv5 9 #8,! ,pol> ,_w1' *ap4 vi4 p4 #ha4 ,9 ! great eruption ( ,mauna ,loa1 :i* comm5c$ on ! #cj? ( ,may #ahdj1 ! lava began to fl[ f a small pit-crat] call$ ,av>e1 ab\t six miles f ,kilauea4 ,! light 0 se5 at a di/ance1 b1 z !re 0 no population 9 t direction1 x 0 suppos$ to proce$ f a jungle on fire4 ,! next day ano!r outbreak 0 p]ceiv$ f>!r t[>ds ! coa/1 & g5]al al>m prevail$ among ! natives1 n[ aw>e ( ! imp5d+ cata/rophe4 ,o!r op5+s foll[$1 & by ,monday ! #a/ ( ,june ! l>ge fl[ _h begun1 :i* =m$ a cont9u\s /ream to ! sea1 :i* x rea*$ on ! #crd4 ,?is flood issu$ f sev]al fissures along its :ole c\rse1 in/ead ( be+ an ov]fl[ ( lava f a s+le op5+2 x />t$ f an elevation ( #a1bdd feet1 z det]m9$ by ,capta9 ,wilkes1 at a po9t tw5ty-two miles di/ant f ! fir/ outbreak1 & twelve f ! %ore4 ,! sc5e ( ! fl[+ lava1 z we are told by ^? :o saw x1 0 indescribably magnific5t4 ,z x roll$ along x swept away =e/s 9 its c\rse1 at times p>t+ & inclos+ islets ( e>? & %rubb]y1 & at o!r times und]m9+ & be>+ along masses ( rock & vegetation on its surface4 ,f9ally1 x plung$ into ! sea ) l\d detonations1 & = ?ree weeks cont9u$ to disgorge itself ) little abatem5t4 ,! light :i* x emitt$ conv]t$ night into day ov] all ea/]n ,hawaii4 ,x 0 di/9ctly visible = m ?an "o hundr$ miles at sea1 & at ! di/ance ( =ty miles f9e pr9t c\ld be read at midnight4 ,z previ\s to ! eruption1 ! :ole va/ pit ( ,kilauea _h be5 fill$ to ! brim ) ! lava1 :i*1 bur/+ ?r\gh ! flanks ( ! m\nta91 ?us f\nd a v5t t[>ds ! sea1 we h "s means ( e/imat+ ! volume ( ! eject$ masses 9 ! actual cubic cont5ts ( ! empti$ pit4 ,! area ( ! l[] pit1 z det]m9$ by ! surveys ( ! ,am]ican ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 is equal to #ch1ejj1jjj squ>e feet4 ,multiply+ ?is by #djj feet1 ! dep? ( ! pit aft] ! eruption1 we h #ae1djj1jjj1jjj cubic feet = ! solid cont5ts ( ! space occupi$ by lava be=e ! eruption1 & !re=e ! actual am\nt ( ! mat]ial :i* fl[$ f ,kilauea4 ,?is is equival5t to a triangul> range #hjj feet high1 two miles long1 & ov] a mile wide at base6 ,?\gh g5]ally symptoms ( viol5t di/urbance1 su* z %ak+s ( ! e>? & l\d ?und]+ noises1 prec$e ! eruption ( lava1 yet ?is is n always ! case4 ,?us ! crat]s ( ,m\nt ,kea h frequ5tly disgorg$ _! masses ( molt5 /one )\t su* accompany+ ph5om5a4 ,9 #ahdc1 :5 ! volcano p\r$ out a flood ( lava1 rea*+ = tw5ty-five miles d[n its side1 all took place s quietly t p]sons at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 7 unaw>e ( x1 except f ! gl>e ( light aft] ! action _h begun4 ,?r\gh its progress no s\nds 7 he>d bel[1 nor did x cause any p]ceptible vibrations1 except 9 ! region ( ! outbreak1 & !re none ( mu* viol5ce4 ,! lava sometimes cools d[n ) a smoo?1 solid1 undulat+ surface1 m>k$ ) rope-l l9es & conc5tric folds1 su* z are se5 on any d5sely viscid liquid if drawn out z x h>d5s2 b mu* m frequ5tly x appe>s z if %att]$ to a *aos ( ru9s4 ,! fragm5ts v>y f "o to hundr$s ( cubic feet1 or f a half-bu%el measure to a h\se ( mod]ate size4 ,!y are ( all %apes1 (t5 9 angul> blocks1 & sometimes 9 slabs1 & are horribly r\gh1 hav+ deep recesses ev]y:]e among !m4 ,! travell] %udd]s z 8 pa? leads him ov] a lava-field1 ?us bri/l+ ) myriads ( spikes1 :]e ! lea/ false /ep w\ld precipitate him into ! deep cavities1 among ! jagg$ surfaces & edges4 ,?is sc5e ( horrid confusion (t5 ext5ds = miles 9 e direction1 &1 view$ f its c5tral "p1 ! :ole horizon ar\nd is "o wide wa/e ( gray & black desolation1 beyond ! p[] ( words to describe4 ,! break+ up ( a lava-field into *aotic masses evid5tly proce$s f a tempor>y cessation1 ei!r complete or p>tial1 & a subsequ5t fl[ ( a /ream ( lava4 ,! surface cools & h>d5s z soon z ! /ream slack5s2 aft]w>ds !re is ano!r heav+ ( ! lava1 & an onw>d move1 ow+ to a succe$+ ejection or ! remov+ ( an ob/acle1 & ! motion breaks up ! h>d5$ cru/1 pil+ ! masses toge!r1 ei!r 9 slabs or huge angul> fragm5ts1 accord+ to ! ?ickness to :i* ! cru/ _h cool$4 ,if ! motion ( a lava-/ream be q sl[1 ! cool+ ( ! front ( x may cause its cessation1 ?us damm+ x up & hold+ x back1 till ! pressure f gradual accumulation beh9d sweeps away ! b>ri]4 ,x !n fl[s on aga91 c>ry+ on its surface masses ( ! h>d5$ cru/--"s1 x may be1 to s9k & melt aga91 b ! l>g] portion to rema9 z a field ( cl9k]s4 ,! break+-up ( ! ice ( "s /reams 9 spr+ gives "s idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! h>d5$ masses ( a lava-field are pil$ up z x moves along2 b to =m a j idea ( ! greatness ( ! effect1 ! m9d mu/ br+ be=e x a /ream1 n ( ! scanty limits ( mo/ riv]s1 b "o1 n unfrequ5tly1 ( sev]al miles 9 bread?3 besides1 9 place ( slabs ( pure & cle> ice1 !re %\ld be sub/itut$ %aggy heaps ( black scori1 & a dep? or ?ickness ( _m y>ds 9 place ( a few in*es4 ,:]e volcanic mud-/reams h flood$ ! l&1 or a ra9 ( a%es & light scori has desc5d$ ^u ! soil1 its f]tility may soon be re/or$ "u ! influ5ce ( a sunny sky2 b z f> z ! lava rea*es1 a /ony wild]ness (t5 rema9s = ages1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! cold] regions ( ! e>?4 ,?us1 ?\gh _m ( ! lava-fields ( ,icel& h exi/$ long be=e ! fir/ ,sc&9avian coloni/s settl$ 9 ! l&1 _! surface is g5]ally z nak$ z :5 !y fir/ issu$ f ! volcano2 & :]e signs ( vegetation may be se5 among _! fragm5ts1 ! eye f9ds no?+ to relieve ! horrid monotony ( ! sc5e b sp>e pat*es ( li*5 & mosses1 or "h & !re "s dw>f h]b or %rub t h>dly v5tures to peep =? f ! crevice 9 :i* x has f\nd a %elt]4 ,b 9 a mild] climate1 su* z t ( ,italy1 & /ill m rapidly 9 ! torrid zone1 ! horrid nak$ness ( a lava-field und]goes a m rapid trans=mation1 provid$ a suffici5t moi/ure fav\rs ! gr[? ( plants4 ,! ra9s promote ! decomposition ( ! lava1 & a rank vegetation succe$s1 :i* 9 its turn assi/s ! "w ( decomposition1 & ?us ha/5s ! accumulation ( soil4 ,f]ns & grasses spr+ up 9 ! nooks & crevices1 & f9ally ! v9e or ! t>o fl\ri% luxuriantly1 = no?+ c exce$ ! f]tility ( a dis9tegrat$ lava-field4 ,volcanoes h frequ5tly be5 consid]$ z safety-valves1 :i*1 by af=d+ a v5t to subt]ranean vap\rs1 pres]ve ! neighb\r+ regions f ! f> m disa/r\s & wide-spread+ effects ( e>?quakes2 & facts are n want+ :i* seem to ju/ify ?is op9ion4 ,aft] ! soil _h trembl$ = a long "t ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,syria1 9 ! ,cyclades1 & 9 ,euba1 ! %ocks sudd5ly ceas$ :51 9 ! pla9s ne> ,*alcis1 a /ream ( #8gl[+ mud' 7lava f a crevice7 issu$ f ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,/rabo1 :o relates ?is incid5t1 adds t #8s9ce ! crat]s ( ,etna h be5 op5$1 ?r\gh :i* fire asc5ds1 ! l& on ! sea-coa/ is less subject to e>?quakes ?an at ! "t :5 all v5ts on ! surface 7 /opp$ up4' ,be=e ! e>?quake :i* de/roy$ ! t[n ( ,riobamba1 ! smoke ( ! volcano ( ,pa/o1 :i* is #bjj miles di/ant1 disappe>$4 ,! ,neapolitans & ,sicilians consid] ! eruptions ( ,vesuvius & ,etna1 or ev5 a m lively activity ( ^! volcanoes1 z a c]ta9 pres]vative aga9/ deva/at+ e>?quakes1 & we meet ) ! same belief among ! inhabitants ( ,quito & ,p]u4 ,b 9 _m cases ?is fanci$ security has prov$ to be delusive1 z v viol5t e>?quakes h n seldom be5 f\nd to accompany volcanic eruptions4 ,! great ,*ilian e>?quake ( #ahce co9cid$ ) an eruption ( ,antuco2 & ! %ocks :i* agitat$ all ,kamts*atka & ! long *a9 ( ! ,kurilian ,isl&s1 9 #agcg1 occurr$ simultane\sly ) an eruption ( ,kluts*ewskaja ,skopa4 ,pr(essor ,dana d\bts :e!r action s deep-seat$ z t ( ! e>?quake mu/ be c (t5 f9d relief 9 ! n>r[ *annels ( a volcano miles 9 l5g?4 ,he po9ts out ! example ( ,mauna ,loa1 :]e lavas are frequ5tly p\r$ out f ! summit crat]1 at an elevation ( m ?an #aj1jjj feet above ,kilauea1 s t ! latt]1 not)/&+ its ext5t1 ! size ( its great lakes ( lava1 & ! fre$om ( ! incessant ebullition1 is n a safety-valve t c protect ev5 its own imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,9 8 op9ion volcanoes might m fitly be call$ indexes ( dang]4 ,!y po9t out ^? portions ( ! globe :i* are mo/ subject to e>?quakes1 & are results ( ! same causes t r5d] a c\ntry liable to su* convulsions4 ,! ph5om5a att5d+ an eruption c leave no d\bt t bel[ e active volcano a l>ge subt]ranean cavity mu/ exi/ 9 :i* melt$ lava accumulates4 ,! p>tisans ( ! !ory :i* supposes ! e>? to consi/ ( a c5tral fluid mass ) a solid %ell re/+ ^u x1 attribute ! =mation ( volcanoes to r5ts or fissures 9 ?is cru/ ?r\gh :i* ! lava is ca/ =?2 b ! local developm5t ( heat by *emical action1 or "s o!r unkn[n cause1 is q suffici5t to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( fi]y lakes imb$d$ 9 a solid mass1 & :i*1 ?\gh insignificant :5 comp>$ ) ! surface ( ! globe1 may /ill be l>ge en\gh to produce volcanic ph5om5a on ! gr&e/ scale4 ,! cause ( ! reaction ( su* a res]voir aga9/ ! surface ( ! e>? mu/ 9 all probability be s\ght = 9 ! expansive =ce ( /eam2 = :5 wat]1 p5etrat+ ?r\gh crevices or por\s /rata1 comes 9 contact ) ! heat$ subt]ranean mass1 x is evid5t t ! /eam ?us g5]at$ mu/ press ^u ! lava1 &1 :5 =m$ 9 suffici5t quantity1 ultimately =ces x up ! duct ( ! volcano4 ,9 o!r cases1 we may suppose a cont9u\s column ( lava mix$ ) liquid wat] rais$ to a r$-hot1 or :ite-hot1 temp]ature "u ! influ5ce ( pressure4 ,a di/urbance ( equilibrium may fir/ br+ on an eruption ne> ! surface1 by ! expansion & conv]sion into gas ( ! entangl$ wat]1 s z to less5 pressure4 ,m & m /eam w\ld !n be lib]at$1 br++ up ) x jets ( liquid rock1 & ultimately eject+ a cont9u\s /ream ( lava4 ,its =ce be+ sp5t1 a p]iod ( re/ succe$s1 until ! conditions = a new outbur/ 7accumulation ( /eam & melt$ rock7 are obta9$1 & ano!r cycle ( simil> *anges is r5ew$4 ,! important "p :i* wat] plays 9 volcanic action is moreov] suffici5tly prov$ by ! enorm\s quantity ( /eam :i* is p\r$ =? dur+ e eruption1 or is con/antly escap+ 9 ! fum>oles ( a crat]4 ,! v>i\s gases 7c>bonic1 muriatic1 sulphur\s7 :i* are likewise exhal$ by volcanoes may also h be5 r5d]$ liquid by pressure at great dep?s1 & may assi/ ! action ( wat] 9 caus+ eruptive outbur/s4 ,! great numb] ( active volcanoes on sea-coa/s & 9 isl&s likewise po9ts to ! ag5cy ( wat] 9 volcanic op]ations2 & 9 ! few cases :]e eruptive cones are situat$ f> inl&1 _! situation on ! bord]s ( a lake1 or _! cav]n\s & por\s /ructure1 acc\nts = ! absorption ( a quantity ( atmosph]ic wat]1 suffici5t = ! production ( volcanic ph5om5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eruption ,,( ,,vesuvius1 ,,bay ,,( ,,naples4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,h]culaneum ,,& ,,pompeii4 ,/ate ( ,vesuvius be=e ! eruption 9 ! ye> #gi ,a4,c4--,sp>tacus-- ,premonitory ,e>?quakes--,lett] ( ,pl9y ! ,y\ng] to ,tacitus1 relat+ ! dea? ( 8 ,uncle1 ,pl9y ! ,eld]--,b5evol5ce ( ! ,emp]or ,titus--,h]culaneum & ,pompeii buri$ "u a muddy alluvium-- ,h]culaneum fir/ discov]$ 9 #agac4 ,( all ! volcanic eruptions record$ 9 hi/ory !re is none m celebrat$ ?an t :i*1 on ! #bcrd ( ,augu/1 ,a4,d4 #gi1 buri$ ! t[ns ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii "u a deluge ( mud & a%es4 ,_m o!r eruptions h no d\bt be5 on a gr&] scale1 or may h spread ru9 & desolation ov] a wid] area1 b nev] has a volcano1 awak5+ f ! slumb] ( a ?\s& ye>s1 deva/at$ a m smil+ p>adise ?an ! fields ( happy ,campania1 or buri$ m beautiful cities4 ,be=e t t]rible cata/rophe1 ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 n[ con/antly smok+1 ev5 9 times ( re/1 _h1 ev] s9ce ! fir/ colonisation ( ,s\? ,italy by ! ,greeks1 exhibit$ no signs ( volcanic activity4 ,ev5 tradition knew ( no previ\s di/urbance4 ,no subt]ranean ?und]1 or sulphur\s /eams1 or ca/-up a%es1 gave tok5 ( ! fires slumb]+ b5ea? its basis2 & ! real nature ( ! app>5tly s peaceful m\nta9 c\ld only be conjectur$ f ! simil>ity ( its /ructure to o!r volcanoes1 or f ! anci5t lava-/reams t furr[$ its abrupt declivities4 ,at t "t also its %ape 0 v diff]5t f its pres5t =m1 = in/ead ( two apices1 x exhibit$1 f a di/ance1 ! regul> outl9es ( a %>ply truncat$ cone4 ,plut>* relates t r\gh rock walls1 pil$ r\nd its summit1 & ov]gr[n ) wild v9es1 inclos$ ! wa/e ( ! crat]4 ,:51 9 #gc ,b4,c41 ,sp>tacus1 ) sev5ty ( 8 comrades1 broke ! fett]s ( an insupportable slav]y1 he f\nd a secure retreat 9 ?is natural /ronghold1 :i* c\ld only be scal$ by a s+le n>r[ & difficult pa?4 ,by degrees #aj1jjj fugitive slaves ga!r$ r\nd 8 /&>d1 & ,rome began to tremble = h] safety4 ,! prtor ,clodius l$ an army aga9/ ! rebels1 & surr\nd$ ! m\nta92 b ,sp>tacus caus$ ropes to be made ( ! bran*es ( wild v9es1 by means ( :i* he1 ) ! bolde/ ( 8 foll[]s1 0 let d[n f ! rocks1 :]e !y 7 suppos$ to be totally inaccessible1 &1 fall+ unaw>es ^u ! prtor1 put 8 troops to flight & took 8 camp4 ,! declivities ( ! m\nta91 ?us become hi/orically r5[n$1 7 cov]$ ) ! ri*e/ fields & v9ey>ds1 & at its foot1 along ! beautiful ,bay ( ,naples1 lay ! fl\ri%+ t[ns ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 ! seats ( luxury & ref9em5t4 ,:o c\ld1 !n1 h imag9$ t ?is *>m+ sc5e 0 s soon to be di/urb$ 9 s t]rible a mann]1 & t ! "t 0 nigh :5 ! anci5t volcanic *annels1 f :i*1 9 unkn[n ages1 lava-/reams & a%es _h s frequ5tly brok5 =?1 7 once m to be re-op5$8 ,! fir/ sign :i* ann\nc$ ! awak5+ en]gies ( ! volcano 0 an e>?quake1 :i*1 9 #fc ,a4,d4 deva/at$ ! f]tile regions ( ,campania4 ,f t "t to ! cr[n+ disa/] ( #gi1 slight tremors ( ! e>? frequ5tly occurr$1 until1 f9ally1 ! dreadful eruption took place :i* ,pl9y ! ,y\ng] s vividly describes 9 8 celebrat$ lett] to ,tacitus4 #8,my uncle1' says ! ,roman1 #80 at ,mis5um1 :]e he comm&$ ! fleet4 ,on ! #bcrd ( ,augu/1 ab\t "o o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 my "m in=m$ him t a cl\d ( an uncommon size & =m 0 se5 to arise4 ,he _h sunn$ himself 7accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! anci5t ,romans71 & tak5 8 usual cold ba?1 !n d9$1 & /udi$4 ,he ask$ = 8 s&als1 & asc5d$ an em95ce1 f :i* ! wond]ful ph5om5on c\ld be pla9ly se54 ,! spot f :5ce ! cl\d asc5d$1 9 a %ape l t ( an ,italian p9e-tree1 c\ld n be asc]ta9$ on acc\nt ( ! di/ance2 its aris+ f ,vesuvius only subsequ5tly became kn[n4 #8,9 "s p>ts x 0 :ite1 9 o!rs black & spott$1 f ! a%es & /ones :i* x c>ri$ along4 ,to my uncle1 be+ a le>n$ man1 ! ph5om5on seem$ important1 & wor?y ( a clos] inve/igation4 ,he ord]$ a light %ip to be got ready1 & left x to my option to accompany him4 ,i answ]$ t ,i pref]r$ /udy+1 & by *ance he himself _h giv5 me some?+ to write4 ,he 0 on ! po9t ( leav+ ! h\se :5 he receiv$ a lett] f ,res9a1 ! inhabitants ( :i*1 al>m$ at ! imp5d+ dang]--! place lay at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 & escape 0 only possible by sea--begg$ him to help !m 9 _! great di/ress4 ,he n[ *ang$ 8 plan1 & execut$ z a h]o ! und]tak+ to :i* he _h be5 prompt$ z a natural philosoph]4 #8,he ord]$ ! galleys ( w> to set sail1 & emb>k$ to br+ help1 n only to ,res9a1 b to _m o!r places along ! coa/1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its lovel9ess1 0 v d5sely peopl$4 #8,he ha/5s to ! spot f :i* o!rs are tak+ flight1 & /e]s 9 a direct l9e t[>ds ! seat ( dang]1 s unconc]n$ z to dictate 8 obs]vations ^u all ! ev5ts & *anges ( ! cata/rophe1 z !y pass$ be=e 8 eyes4 #8,already a%es fell ^u ! %ip1 hott] & ?ick] on approa*+1 z also pumice & o!r /ones black5$ & burnt by fire4 ,sudd5ly a %all[ bottom1 & ! masses eject$ by ! eruption1 r5d]$ ! coa/ inaccessible4 ,he hesitat$ = a mom5t :e!r he %\ld sail back aga91 b1 soon resolv$1 said to ! /e]sman :o advis$ him to d s1 8,=tune fav\rs ! bold2 /e] t[>ds ! villa ( ,pomponianus40 ,?is fri5d resid$ at ,/abi1 on ! opposite side ( ! bay1 :]e ! dang]1 al?\gh z yet at "s di/ance1 0 /ill )9 sight1 & m5ac+ en\gh4 ,pomponianus _h !re=e caus$ 8 effects to be convey$ on bo>d a %ip1 int5t on flight s soon z ! contr>y w9d %\ld h abat$4 ,z soon z my uncle1 to :om x 0 v fav\rable1 has l&$1 he embraces1 consoles1 enc\rages 8 t]rifi$ fri5d1 takes a ba? to relieve 8 fe>s by 8 own confid5ce1 & d9es aft] ! ba? ) p]fect composure1 or1 :at is no less great1 ) a s]5e c\nt5ance4 #8,mean:ile high columns ( flame bur/ =? f ,vesuvius 9 v>i\s places1 _! brilliancy be+ increas$ by ! d>kness ( ! night4 ,my uncle1 ) ! int5tion ( reliev+ appreh5sion1 said t !y proce$$ f ! villas :i*1 ab&on$ by _! t]rifi$ proprietors & left a prey to ! flames1 7 n[ burn+ 9 solitude4 ,he !n retir$ & slept s\ndly1 = 8 att5dants be=e ! door he>d him fet* 8 brea?1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( 8 corpul5ce1 0 deep & l\d4 ,b n[ ! c\rt1 into :i* ! room op5$1 became fill$ to su* a height ) a%es & pumice t by a long] delay he w\ld n h be5 able to leave x4 ,!y awak5 him1 he rises1 & greets ,pomponianus & ! o!rs :o _h wat*$4 ,!y consult toge!r1 :e!r to rema9 9 ! h\se or to flee into ! op5 air1 = ! gr\nd trembl$ f ! repeat$ & viol5t %ocks ( ! e>?1 & seem$ to reel backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y fe>$ 9 ! op5 air ! fall+ ( ! pumice-/ones & c9d]s4 ,on comp>+ ^! two dang]s1 flight 0 *os52 &1 z a protection aga9/ ! %[] ( /ones1 !y cov]$ _! heads ) cu%ions4 ,ev]y:]e else ! day 0 already f> advanc$1 b ! blacke/ night /ill reign$ at ,/abi4 ,provid$ ) tor*es1 !y resolv$ to seek ! %ore1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r !y c\ld v5ture to emb>k1 b ! sea 0 f\nd to be too wild & boi/]\s4 #8,my uncle n[ lay d[n ^u a c>pet1 & ask$ = "s cold wat]1 ( :i* he repeat$ly drank4 ,! flames & _! sulphur\s od\r drove away 8 companions1 & =c$ him to rise4 ,lean+ on two slaves1 he tri$ to move1 b imm$iately sank d[n aga91 suffocat$ z ,i believe by ! d5se smoke1 & by ! clos+ ( 8 l>ynx1 :i* 0 by nature weak1 n>r[1 & subject to frequ5t spasms4 ,on ! ?ird morn+ aft] 8 dea?1 ! body 0 f\nd )\t any m>ks ( viol5ce1 cov]$ ) ! clo!s he _h worn1 & m l a p]son sleep+ ?an a corpse4' ,?us p]i%$1 9 8 fifty-six? ye>1 "o ( ! greate/ naturali/s & noble/ *>act]s ( anci5t ,rome1 ! philosoph] to :om we are indebt$ = ! fir/ g5]al description ( ! _w--a "w :i*1 9 spite ( its num]\s imp]fections & errors1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ monum5ts ( classical lit]ature4 ,:5 ! rage ( ! volcanic p[]s _h subsid$1 ! sun1 n[ no long] obscur$ by cl\ds ( a%es1 %one ^u a sc5e ( utt] desolation1 :]e nature1 embelli%$ by art1 _h1 b a few days be=e1 appe>$ 9 all h] lovel9ess4 ,! m\nta9 itself _h *ang$ its =m1 & rose ) new peaks to ! skies2 a ?ick lay] ( /ones & du/ _h settl$ ) ! curse ( /]ility on ! fields2 ?\s&s ( homeless wret*es w&]$ ab\t disconsolate1 & ?ree t[ns--,pompeii1 ,h]culaneum1 ,/abi--_h disappe>$ to be br\ght to light aga9 9 a wond]ful mann] aft] ! lapse ( _m c5turies4 ,?is great cata/rophe gave ! ,emp]or ,titus a f9e opportunity = display+ ! b5evol5ce :i* entitl$ him to be call$ #8! delight ( mank9d4' ,he imm$iately ha/5$ to ! sc5e ( de/ruction1 appo9t$ gu>dians ( consul> rank to di/ribute among ! ne$y survivors ! prop]ty ( ^? :o _h p]i%$ )\t heirs2 & enc\rag$ ! weak-he>t$1 assi/+ !m by lib]al donations1 until a no less t]rible mis=tune recall$ him to ,rome1 :]e a fire1 :i* laid almo/ half ! t[n 9 a%es1 0 foll[$ by a plague1 :i*1 = "s "t1 daily swept away ?\s&s4 ,x has (t5 be5 ask$ h[ s _m ( ! relics buri$ 9 ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii c\ld h be5 s p]fectly pres]v$ z to =m a ,museum ( ! ,pa/ = ! admiration & in/ruction ( future ages4 ,a /ream ( lava w\ld und\bt$ly h consum$ ev]y?+ on its fi]y track1 b1 =tunately = po/]ity1 x 0 n a flood ( molt5 /one1 b a curr5t ( mud :i* ov]:elm$ ! devot$ cities4 ,we le>n f hi/ory t a heavy %[] ( s&1 pumice1 & lapilli 0 eject$ by ,vesuvius = eight successive days & nights1 9 ! ye> #gi1 accompani$ by viol5t ra9s1 & ?us all ^! volcanic matt]s 7 conv]t$ into mud-/reams1 :i*1 ru%+ d[n ! sides ( ! m\nta91 desc5d$ ^u ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii4 ,?is circum/ance satisfactorily expla9s h[ ! int]ior ( ! build+s1 ) all ! und]gr\nd vaults & cell>s1 0 fill$ up1 & h[ all ! objects !y conta9$ c\ld be z p]fectly m\ld$ z 9 a pla/] ca/ by ! muddy alluvium1 :i* subsequ5tly h>d5$ into pumice tuff4 ,h5ce ?is wond]ful pres]vation ( pa9t+s1 :i*1 %ield$ f ! de/ructive influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e1 /ill reta9$ _! orig9al fre%ness ( col\r :5 aga9 br\ght to light by a late g5]ation2 ^! rolls ( papyrus :i* x has be5 f\nd possible to deciph]2 ?is p]fect ca/ ( a woman's =m1 ) a *ild 9 h] arms6 ,no lava has fl[$ ov] ,pompeii s9ce t city 0 buri$1 b ) ,h]culaneum ! case is diff]5t4 ,al?\gh ! sub/ance :i* fills ! int]ior ( ! build+s 9 t doom$ city mu/ h be5 introduc$ 9 a /ate ( mud l t f\nd 9 simil> situations 9 ,pompeii1 yet ! sup]9cumb5t mass diff]s :olly 9 composition & ?ickness4 ,h]culaneum 0 situat$ sev]al miles ne>] to ! volcano1 & has1 !re=e1 be5 always m liable to be cov]$1 n only by %[]s ( a%es1 b by alluvium & /reams ( lava4 ,accord+ly1 masses ( bo? h accumulat$ on ea* o!r above ! anci5t site ( ! city1 to a dep? ( n[h]e less ?an #gj1 & 9 _m places ( #aab feet2 :ile ! dep? ( ! b$ ( a%es "u :i* ,pompeii lies buri$ seldom exce$s #ab or #ad feet above ! h\ses1 & x is ev5 said t ! high] "p ( ! amphi!atre always project$ above ! surface4 ,yet1 /range to say1 ,h]culaneum1 ?\gh f> m pr(\ndly hidd51 0 discov]$ be=e ,pompeii1 by ! accid5tal circum/ance t a well sunk 9 #agac came "r d[n ^u ! !atre :]e ! /atues ( ,h]cules & ,cleopatra 7 f\nd4 ,_m o!rs 7 aft]w>ds dug out & s5t to ,france by ! ,pr9ce ( ,elbeuf1 :o1 hav+ m>ri$ a ,neapolitan pr9cess1 became proprietor ( ! field "u :i* ! !atre lies buri$4 ,fur!r excavations 71 h[ev]1 =bidd5 by ,gov]nm5t1 & only resum$ 9 #agcf4 ,b ! difficulty ( remov+ ! l>ge masses ( lava accumulat$ above ! city1 & ! circum/ance ( its p>tly ly+ "u ! mod]n t[ns ( ,portici & ,res9a h conf9$ ! exploration ( ,h]culaneum )9 n>r[ limits4 ,! l>ge !atre alone is op5 = inspection1 & c be se5 only by tor*light1 s t its d>k gall]ies1 cut ?r\gh ! tuff1 are b seldom visit$ by /rang]s2 :ile no travell] leaves ,naples )\t hav+ w&]$ ?r\gh ! ru9s ( ,pompeii1 = ,italy h>dly af=ds a m int]e/+ sight ?an t ( ^! /reets & =ums1 ^! !atres & temples1 ^! h\ses & villas1 :i* require b ! pres5ce ( _! anci5t inhabitants to complete ! picture ( a ,roman t[n1 su* z x 0 eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,gas ,,spr+s ,,& ,,mud ,,volcanoes4 ,c>bonic-acid ,spr+s--,grotto del ,cane--,! ,valley ( ,dea? 9 ,java-- ,exagg]at$ ,descriptions--,c>burett$ ,hydrog5 ,spr+s--,! ,holy ,fires ( ,baku--,description ( ! ,temple--,mud ,volcanoes--,! ,macaluba 9 ,sicily--,crimean ,mud ,volcanoes--,volcanic ,orig9 ( ,mud ,volcanoes4 ,! num]\s gas spr+s :i* 9 _m c\ntries are evolv$ f an unkn[n dep?1 af=d u a conv9c+ pro( t ! rem>kable *emical trans=mations ( :i* we f9d s _m traces 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( our planet are /ill p]petually tak+ place 9 _m ( ! my/]i\s crevices & holl[s ( ! e>?-r9d4 ,9 ,auv]gne1 ! ,viv>rais1 ! ,eifel1 & along ! :ole basaltic range f ! ,rh9e to ! ,ries5gebirge 9 ,silesia1 c>bonic acid gas is exhal$ 9 incr$ible quantities f ! va/ laboratories ( ! subt]ranean _w4 ,pr(essor ,bis*(f f\nd t a s+le gas spr+ ne> ,burgbrohl daily produc$ #e1fej cubic feet ( c>bonic acid1 a quantity am\nt+ 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> to no less ?an #bfb1jjj p\nds 9 weight2 &1 accord+ to ,bromeis1 ! great ,artesian spr+ at ,nauheim evolves e m9ute #ga cubic feet ( c>bonic acid1 equal to a weight ( #e1jjj1jjj p\nds annually4 ,if f ^! two in/ances we judge ( ! produce ( ! _m c>bonic acid gas spr+s ( ,g]many1 & if we f>!r ext5d our view to ! re/ ( ! _w1 9 _m p>ts ( :i* c>bonic acid probably escapes 9 /ill great] quantities1 we c =m "s idea ( ! geological importance ( ^! spr+s1 :i* also ex]cise no small influ5ce ^u ! organic _w4 ,= ! incalculable masses ( c>bonic acid :i* are ?us con/antly p\r+ f subt]ranean v5ts into ! atmosph]ic ocean are aga9 absorb$ by millions ( plants4 ,!y fe$ ! =e/s & ! fields2 & ?us ^! *emical *anges1 :i* are incessantly b imp]ceptibly modify+ ! e>?-r9d1 ultimately t5d to ! advantage ( man4 ,z a light dipp$ 9 c>bonic acid gas is imm$iately ext+ui%$1 & e animal inhal+ x is liable to in/ant suffocation1 ^! prop]ties are sometimes made use ( = cruel exp]im5ts1 = :i*1 among o!rs1 ! insignificant ,grotto del ,cane1 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples--a cave or hole 9 ! side ( a m\nta9 ne> ! ,lake ,agnano--has become notori\s4 ,"s mis]able dogs are ?ru/ into ! /ratum ( fix$ air :i* cov]s ! bottom ( ! hole1 & are alt]nately almo/ *ok$ & resuscitat$ to satisfy ! idle curiosity ( t\ri/s4 ,_! viol5t ef=ts to escape1 :5 ab\t to be plung$ into ! poison\s vap\r1 prove ! horrible cruelty ( ! practice4 ,! c>bonic-acid spr+s 9 ! gl5 ( ! ,brohl1 a small rivulet fl[+ into ! ,rh9e1 ne> ,&]na*1 are turn$ to a bett] purpose1 = ! manufacture ( :ite lead4 ,! fam\s #8,valley ( ,dea?1' or ,poison ,valley1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,java1 is no?+ m ?an a funnel-%ap$ holl[1 measur+ ab\t #ajj feet 9 diamet] at ! top1 & ) a b>e space 9 its c5tre fifte5 feet broad & long1 :i* is frequ5tly cov]$ ) a /ratum ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,! sides ( ! holl[1 & ev5 ! bottom1 ) ! exception ( ! above-m5tion$ nak$ spot1 are ev]y:]e clo!d ) %rubb]y1 or ev5 ) =e/ trees4 ,! dead bodies ( /ags1 tig]s1 wild bo>s1 & birds are said to h be5 frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! holl[2 b ,dr4 ,junghuhn1 ! au?or ( a classical "w on ,java1 saw 9 #ahch b "o human corpse ly+ on its back 9 ! c5tre ( ! b>e spot4 ,x 0 /ill !re 9 #ahdj1 & b slightly decompos$4 ,9 #ahde x _h be5 remov$1 mo/ likely by "s compassionate w&]]s desir\s ( giv+ x a dec5t burial1 = n ! slighte/ trace ( ! skeleton rema9$4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahch1 #ahdj1 & #ahde ,junghuhn visit$ ! ,valley ( ,dea? no less ?an ?irte5 times4 ,:5 he la/ saw x1 ! bodies ( six wild hogs 7 ly+ at ! bottom1 all m or less 9 a /ate ( putrefaction4 ,! cr[s t 7 fea/+ ^u _! rema9s prov$ t a desc5t might be effect$ )\t dang]1 =1 on see+ !m hopp+ ab\t on ! nak$ soil1 ev5 ! ,javanese ent]$ ! circle )\t hesitation4 ,n a s+le trace ( c>bonic acid 0 to be p]ceiv$1 n ev5 :5 ! bold naturali/ /ret*$ himself out ^u ! gr\nd & drew 8 brea? 9 ! crevices & r5ts ) :i* x is furr[$4 ,probably ! gas nev] rises m ?an ?ree feet above ! level ( ! soil1 z at ?is height a luxuriant vegetation beg9s4 ,?is simple description ( an accurate obs]v] =ms a /range contra/ to ! gross exagg]ation ( o!r travell]s1 ^: acc\nts1 copi$ 9 _m h&-books1 h puff$ up a ph5om5on h>dly sup]ior to t ( ! ,grotto del ,cane into some?+ l an eigh? wond] ( ! _w4 ,l\don1 :o 9 ,july #ahcj visit$ ! ,pakam>an 7z ! natives call ! pit71 swells its dim5sions to a va/ crat] ab\t half a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 ?ickly /rewn ) skeletons ( m51 tig]s1 game1 & birds ( all k9ds2 & ano!r rec5t travell] goes s f> z to give x an ext5t ( tw5ty miles4 ,next to c>bonic acid1 b ( f> less g5]al occurr5ce1 c>burett$ hydrog51 :i* gives rise to ! wond]ful ph5om5on ( fi]y spr+s1 is ! gas mo/ frequ5tly evolv$ by volcanic spiracles4 ,ne> ,pietra ,mala1 betwe5 ,bologna & ,flor5ce1 on a spot ab\t twelve feet 9 diamet]1 sev]al flames rise f ! e>?1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* asc5ds to a height ( five feet1 & is se5 burn+ at night ) a pale yell[ flame1 :ile its m9or satellites ar\nd are blue tipp$ ) :ite4 ,no d\bt _m a t]rible leg5d is atta*$ to ?is inf]nal spectacle4 ,ne> ,b>igazzo1 betwe5 ,mod5a & ,pi/oja1 ne> ! ru9s ( ,velleji1 & 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! volcanic region ( ! ,ap5n9es1 simil> flames gu% out ( ! gr\nd4 ,! neat little t[n ( ,fr$onia1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 on ! ea/]n %ore ( ,lake ,erie1 is light$ by natural spr+s ( c>burett$ hydrog51 :i*1 be+ l$ into a gasomet]1 fe$ ! sev5ty or eighty lamps ( ! t[n4 ,! ?rifty & practical ,*9ese1 :o h prec$$ u 9 s _m useful discov]ies1 h = c5turies made a l use ( ! _m gase\s emanations 9 ! prov9ces ( ,yunnan1 ,szuts*uan1 ,kuangsi1 & ,s*ansi1 by lead+ ! inflammable air 9 pipes1 :]ev] !y want x = light+ or cook+4 ,b !re is no place 9 ! _w m rem>kable = its burn+ spr+s ?an ,baku1 on ! we/]n coa/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 :]e ! holy & et]nal fires are wor%ipp$ by ! pi\s ,p>sees z ! special symbol ( ! ,almighty4 ,l mo/ ( ! cloi/]s & conv5ts ( ! ,ori5t1 :i* are expos$ to ! incursions ( plund]+ hordes1 ,ales*ga1 ! temple d$icat$ to ! wor%ip ( fire1 is a =tifi$ squ>e inclos+ a l>ge c\rty>d1 & capable ( be+ def5d$ f ! t]rac$ ro(4 ,! out] wall =ms at ! same "t ! back ( ! cells1 :i* front ! y>d4 ,ov] ! entrance gate1 :i* is situat$ to ! nor?1 rises a high ba/ion or t[]1 s]v+ z an additional def5ce1 f ! summit1 ( :i* ! visitor enjoys aft] sunset ! fanta/ic view ( ! flames :i*1 unt>ni%$ by smoke1 rise on all sides f r5ts & crevices 9 ! neighb\r+ /eppe1 & wave _! bright summits to & fro l tongues ( fire4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! c\rt /&s a squ>e t[] support$ by f\r columns1 & inclos+ a bas9-l excavation1 ?ree or f\r feet 9 diamet]1 into :i* ! gas is conduct$ by a pipe f s\rces beyond ! walls ( ! temple4 ,f\r *imneys at ! f\r corn]s ( ! t[] are f$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! t[] rises a trid5t1 call$ ,?irsul4 ,! ,p>sees relate t ! ,devil once got possession ( ! e>?1 & reign$ ) despotic fury4 ,b man 9 8 di/ress pray$ to ! ,almighty1 & an angel came d[n & plant$ ?is id5tical trid5t 9 ! e>? z a tok5 t ! dom9ion ( 8 ,satanic ,maje/y _h ceas$4 ,r\nd ! c\rt are tw5ty- two cells1 l ^? ( a ,ca?olic conv5t4 ,!y are v small1 &1 ) ! exception ( a ragg$ rug1 :olly )\t furniture2 b ea* ( !m is provid$ ) a gas pipe1 :i* c be op5$ or clos$ at pleasure1 & furni%es light & w>m? to ! inmate4 ,ne> ! temple a well has be5 dug fifty feet deep1 9 :i* ! gas accumulates 9 l>g] quantities4 ,ko* 7#8,w&]ung5 im ,ori5te1' #ahdc-d7 tells u t he "h enjoy$ a sight m wond]ful & surpris+ ?an any he _h ev] witness$ be=e4 ,a c>pet 0 spread ov] ! m\? ( ! well to prev5t ! gas f escap+4 ,aft] a few m9utes1 a prie/ seiz$ a bundle ( bru%wood1 9 :i* a piece ( burn+ pap] _h be5 /uck1 & flung x into ! well1 aft] quickly remov+ ! c>pet4 ,! /rang]s _h previ\sly be5 w>n$ to keep at "s di/ance1 & ! prie/ & 8 assi/ants likewise ran (f z fa/ z !y c\ld4 ,ab\t half a m9ute aft] ! fire-br& _h be5 ca/ into ! pit1 a t]rific explosion took place1 & a va/ column ( fire1 9 ! %ape ( an inv]t$ cone 7f ! gas spread+ out z soon z x em]ges f ! pit71 asc5d$ to ! skies4 ,h[ long ! fires ( ,baku may h be5 burn+ is unkn[n1 b x is v probable t !y did n exi/ be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,no ,greek or ,roman au?or m5tions !m1 & x is n be=e ! t5? c5tury t ,arab writ]s take notice ( ,baku & its wond]s4 ,:5 ! ,sassanides re/or$ ! religion ( ,zoroa/]1 ! att5tion ( ^! fire-wor%ipp+ pr9ces 0 naturally direct$ to a place :]e fire gu%es pure & unbidd5 f ! e>?4 ,!y rais$ a temple on ! spot1 & ?\s&s ( pilgrims w&]$ to ! holy fires ( ,baku4 ,b :5 ! fanatical ,arabs ov]?rew ! ,p]sian ,empire1 times ( p]secution & di/ress began = ! ,p>sees2 & /ill lat] !y 7 almo/ entirely extirpat$ by ! hordes ( ,tam]lane4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5turies fire-wor%ipp+ 0 aga9 introduc$ by ! ,indians1 :o1 aft] ! ,sefides _h asc5d$ ! ,p]sian ?rone1 gradually settl$ 9 ! ,caspian prov9ces1 & ^: numb] mu/ h be5 consid]able1 z travell]s in=m u t 9 ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury #bjj ri* ,indian m]*ants 7 resid+ 9 ! t[n ( ,s*ema*i4 ,b ! an>*ical times :i* foll[$ ! usurpation ( ,nadir ,s*ah =c$ mo/ ( ^! ,indians to leave _! adopt$ c\ntry1 & s9ce !n only solit>y pilgrims h f\nd _! way to ,baku4 ,b ! numb] ev5 ( ^! is con/antly dim9i%+1 al?\gh ! ,russians1 to :om ! sanctu>y n[ belongs1 all[ !m full fre$om ( access4 ,:5 ,ko* 0 at ,baku1 he f\nd !re only five ,indians f ,mooltan1 :i!r ! majority w\ld gladly h return$1 _h !y b possess$ ! necess>y means4 ,_! squalid appe>ance & tatt]$ raim5t =m$ ! /ronge/ imag9able contra/ to ! spl5d\r ( ! elem5t !y wor%ipp$4 ,among !m 0 a ,fakir1 :o _h made a v[ con/antly to rema9 9 ! same position absorb$ 9 religi\s contemplation1 & :o = sixte5 ye>s _h nev] mov$ f ! spot4 ,! burn+ spr+s gu% out n only f ! gr\nd ne> ! temple & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! p59sula ( ,abs*]on1 b ev5 f ! bottom ( ! neighb\r+ ,caspian ,sea2 & z ,sir ,*>les ,lyell saw c>burett$ hydrog5 rise 9 c\ntless bubbles ?r\gh ! cry/al wat]s above ! falls ( ! ,niag>a1 & %oot up 9 bright flames at ! approa* ( a light1 s ,dr4 ,abi* m5tions a spot 9 ! ,gulf ( ,baku :]e ! inflammable gas issues ) su* =ce1 & 9 s great a quantity1 f ! bottom1 :i* is !re ?ree fa?oms deep1 t a small boat is 9 dang] ( be+ ov]turn$ :5 com+ too ne> x4 ,z gas spr+s mo/ frequ5tly occur 9 di/ricts :i* h be5 ! =m] seats ( volcanic action1 & z simil> exhalations (t5 arise f /ill active crat]s1 !y are suppos$ by _m geologi/s to be ! la/ rema9+ traces ( an expir+ volcanic en]gy4 ,bis*(f consid]s ! c>bonic acid ( ! ,g]man gas spr+s to be develop$ by ! decomposition ( c>bonate ( lime by volcanic heat or heat$ wat]4 ,a ph5om5on :i* is sometimes f\nd connect$ ) gas spr+s is t ( ! mud volcanoes1 :i* may be describ$ z cones ( a ductile1 unctu\s clay1 =m$ by ! cont9u$ evolution ( a sulphur\s & inflammable gas1 spurt+ up waves & lumps ( liquid mud4 ,^! rem>kable cauldrons are f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,milo1 9 ,italy1 9 ,icel&1 9 ,india1 ab\t #abj miles f ! m\?s ( ! ,indus1 on ! coa/ ( ,arracan1 9 ,birmah1 9 ,java1 ,columbia1 ,nic>agua1 & ,tr9idad1 b probably n[h]e on a gr&] scale ?an at ei!r extremity ( ! *a9 ( ! ,caucasus1 t[>ds ! ,caspian on ! ea/ & ! ,sea ( ,az( on ! we/1 :]e 9 ! p59sula ( ,taman1 & on ! opposite coa/ ( ! ,crimea1 ne> ,k]ts*1 va/ numb]s ( mud volcanoes are scatt]$1 "s ( !m #bej feet high4 ,_! op]ations h app>5tly be5 go+ on = c\ntless ages1 & h cov]$ a great ext5t ( l& ) _! products4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mud ,,volcanoes ,,( ,,tr9idad4 ,! ,macaluba1 9 ,sicily1 :i* owes its "n to ! ,arabs1 is ! mud volcano mo/ anci5tly kn[n4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,plato 9 8 #8,phdon1' & has be5 describ$ by ,/rabo4 ,x is situat$ five miles to ! nor? ( ,girg5ti1 on a hill ( a conical %ape1 truncat$ at ! top1 & #aej feet high4 ,! summit is a pla9 half a mile r\nd1 & ! :ole surface is cov]$ ) ?ick mud4 ,! dep? ( ! mud1 :i* is suppos$ to be imm5se1 is unkn[n4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ appe>ance ( vegetation ^u x4 ,9 ! ra9y season ! mud is mu* s(t5$2 ! surface is ev51 & !re is a g5]al ebullition ov] x1 :i* is accompani$ ) a v s5sible rumbl+ noise4 ,9 ! dry season ! mud acquires great] consi/5cy1 b its motion /ill goes on4 ,! pla9 assumes a =m some:at convex2 a numb] ( little cones are ?r[n up1 :i* r>ely rise to ! height ( two feet4 ,ea* ( !m has a crat]1 :]e black mud is se5 9 con/ant agitation1 & incessantly emitt+ bubbles ( air4 ,) ^! ! mud ins5sibly rises1 & z soon z ! crat] is full ( x1 x disgorges4 ,! residue s9ks1 & ! cone has a free crat]1 until a new emission takes place4 ,su* is ! ord9>y /ate ( ! ,macaluba2 b f "t to "t ! hill becomes subject to al>m+ convulsions4 ,slight e>?quake %ocks are felt at ! di/ance ( two or ?ree miles1 accompani$ ) int]nal noises resembl+ ?und]4 ,^! increase = sev]al days1 & are foll[$ at la/ by a prodigi\s sp\t ( mud1 e>?1 & /ones1 :i* rises two or ?ree hundr$ feet 9 ! air4 ,simil> p>oxysmal explosions h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,caucasian mud volcanoes4 ,9 ,febru>y #agid1 ! ,obu1 9 ! p59sula ( ,taman1 _h an eruption accompani$ ) a dreadful noise1 & an e>?quake :i* radiat$ f ! cone1 & 0 felt z f> z ,ekat]9odor1 at a di/ance ( fifty-five leagues4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! eruption flames 7 se51 :i* rose to a prodigi\s height1 & la/$ ab\t half an h\r4 ,at ! same "t d5se cl\ds ( smoke escap$ f ! crat]1 & mud & /ones 7 ca/ up to ! height ( #c1jjj feet4 ,six /reams ( mud1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* 0 half a mile long1 fl[$ f ! volcano1 & _! volume is said to h be5 equal to tw5ty-two millions ( cubic feet4 ,viol5t eruptive symptoms accompani$ ! =mation ( a new mud volcano 9 ! vic9ity ( ,baku on ! ,caspian4 ,on ,novemb] #bg1 #ahbg1 flames blaz$ up to an extraord9>y height = ?ree h\rs1 & cont9u$ = tw5ty h\rs m to rise ab\t ?ree feet above a crat] f :i* mud 0 eject$4 ,at ano!r po9t 9 ! same di/rict1 :]e flames issu$1 fragm5ts ( rock1 ( l>ge size1 7 hurl$ up into ! air & scatt]$ ar\nd4 ,! ph5om5a exhibit$ by ! ,macaluba & o!r mud cauldrons are c]ta9ly v di/9ct f ^? ( true volcanoes1 s9ce no scori or lava or heat$ matt]s ( any k9d are s5t =?1 ! mud be+ describ$ z cold :5 emitt$1 al?\gh ! gas1 ^: viol5t escape ?r[s x up1 is sometimes ignit$4 ,h5ce geologi/s commonly reg>d ^! ph5om5a z entirely di/9ct f ! volcanic1 & ascribe _! orig9 to *emical action go+ on at no great dep? b5ea? ! surface1 among ! con/itu5ts ( c]ta9 /ratifi$ matt]s2 :ile o!r sci5tific au?orities decl>e !m to be z mu* connect$ ) int]nal igne\s ag5cy z any o!r eruptive ph5om5a4 ,_! occurr5ce 9 di/ricts n remote f ! sites ( va/ volcanic di/urbance1 & _! occasional viol5t p>oxysms1 c]ta9ly af=d mu* support to ?is view1 & %[ t x is probably ! same p[]1 9 diff]5t degrees ( en]gy1 :i* ca/s up ! mud ( ! ,macaluba & p\rs =? ! lava-/reams ( ,cotopaxi4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,e>?quakes4 ,ext5t ( ,mis]y inflict$ by great ,e>?quakes--,e>?quake ,regions-- ,e>?quakes 9 ,engl&--,great ,numb] ( ,e>?quakes--,v]tical & undulatory ,%ocks--,w>n+s ( ,e>?quakes--,s\nds att5d+ ,e>?quakes--,rem>kable ,displacem5ts ( ,objects--,ext5t & ,=ce ( ,seismic ,wave ,motion--,effects ( ,e>?quakes on ! ,sea--,enorm\s ,waves on ,coa/s--,oscillations ( ! ,ocean--,fissures1 ,l&slips1 & %att]+ ,falls ( ,rock caus$ by ,e>?quakes--,causes ( ,e>?quakes-- ,probable ,dep? ( ,focus--,op9ions ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & ,mr4 ,p\lett ,scrope--,impressions produc$ on ,man & ,animals by ,e>?quakes4 ,( all ! de/ructive ag5cies ( nature !re is none to equal ! e>?quake4 ,! hurricane is comp>atively weak 9 its fury2 ! volcanic eruption g5]ally conf9es its rage to ! neighb\rhood ( ! lab\r+ m\nta91 b a great e>?quake may cov] a :ole l& ) ru9s4 ,! t]rible subt]ranean revolution :i* convuls$ all ,asia ,m9or & ,syria 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 de/roy$ twelve celebrat$ cities 9 a s+le night4 ,! sun1 :i* on sett+ _h gild$ _! temples & palaces ) 8 p>t+ rays1 beheld !m pro/rate on ! foll[+ morn+4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #aae ,antio* 0 ! c5tre ( a great commotion4 ,! city 0 full ( soldi]s "u ,trajan2 heavy ?und]1 excessive w9ds1 & subt]ranean noises 7 he>d2 ! e>? %ook1 ! h\ses fell2 ! cries ( p buri$ 9 ! ru9s pass$ unhe$$4 ,! ,emp]or leap$ f a w9d[1 :ile m\nta9s 7 brok5 & ?r[n d[n1 & riv]s disappe>$1 & 7 replac$ by o!rs 9 a new situation4 ,f\r c5turies lat] 7,may #bj1 #ebf7 ! same doom$ city 0 totally subv]t$ by an e>?quake1 :5 x is report$ t #bej1jjj p]sons p]i%$4 ,simil> cata/rophes1 9 :i* ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( victims 7 sudd5ly de/roy$1 h frequ5tly occurr$ 9 ,p]u & ,*ili1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 9 ! ,moluccas & ,java1 9 ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,r$ ,sea2 b a b>e m5tion ( ! loss ( life conveys b a fa9t idea ( ! ext5t ( mis]y inflict$ by "o ( ^? great e>?quakes :i* m>k ) an om9\s %ade _m l>ge tracts ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,we mu/ picture to ourselves ! sl[ l+]+ dea? :i* is ! fate ( _m--"s buri$ alive1 o!rs burnt 9 ! fire :i* almo/ inv>iably bur/s out 9 a city :]e hundr$s ( dwell+s h sudd5ly be5 laid pro/rate--! numb]s :o escap$ ) loss ( limbs or s]i\s bodily injuries1 & ! surviv+ multitude1 sudd5ly r$uc$ to p5ury & want4 ,9 ! ,calabrian e>?quake ( #aghc1 x is suppos$ t ab\t a f\r? "p ( ! inhabitants ( ,poli/5a & ( "s o!r t[ns 7 buri$ alive1 & might h be5 sav$ _h !re be5 no want ( h&s2 b 9 s g5]al a calamity1 :]e ea* 0 occupi$ ) 8 own mis=tunes or ^? ( 8 family1 help c\ld seldom be procur$4 #8,x frequ5tly happ5$1' says ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 #8t p]sons 9 se>* ( ^? mo/ de> to !m c\ld he> _! moans1 c\ld recognise _! voices1 7 c]ta9 ( ! exact spot :]e !y lay buri$ b5ea? _! feet1 yet c\ld af=d !m no succ\r4 ,! pil$ mass resi/$ all _! /r5g?1 & r5d]$ _! ef=ts ( no avail4 ,at ,t]ranuova f\r ,augu/9 monks1 :o _h tak5 refuge 9 a vault$ sacri/y1 ! ar* ( :i* cont9u$ to support a va/ pile ( ru9s1 made _! cries he>d = ! space ( f\r days4 ,"o only ( ! bre?r5 ( ! :ole conv5t 0 sav$1 & ( :at avail 0 8 /r5g? to remove ! enorm\s weight ( rubbi% :i* _h ov]:elm$ 8 companions8 ,he he>d _! voices die away gradually1 & :5 aft]w>ds _! f\r corpses 7 dis9t]r$1 !y 7 f\nd clasp$ 9 ea* o!r's arms4' ,affect+ n>ratives are pres]v$ ( mo!rs sav$ aft] ! fif?1 six?1 & ev5 sev5? day ( _! int]m5t1 :5 _! infants or *ildr5 _h p]i%$ ) hung]4 ,9 8 "w on ! great ,neapolitan e>?quake ( #aheg1 ,mr4 ,mallet1 f innum]able n>ratives ( p]sonal p]il & sad adv5ture1 selects ! di/ress+ case ( a noble family ( ,monte ,murro1 z af=d+ a vivid picture ( ! t]rors ( an e>?quake night4 ,don ,&rea del ,f9o1 ! own] ( "o ( ! few h\ses 9 ! city :i* escap$ total de/ruction1 0 ) 8 wife 9 b$1 8 daught] sleep+ 9 an adjac5t *amb] on ! pr9cipal floor4 ,at ! fir/ %ock 8 wife1 :o 0 awake1 leap$ f b$1 & imm$iately aft]1 a mass ( ! vault+ above came d[n1 & buri$ h] sleep+ husb&4 ,at ! same mom5t1 ! vault above _! daught]'s room fell 9 ^u h]4 ,f ! light & holl[ con/ruction ( ! vaults nei!r 0 at once kill$4 ,! signora escap$ by leap+ f ! front w9d[1 %e sc>cely knew h[4 ,= m ?an two h\rs %e w&]$1 unnotic$1 among/ ! mass ( t]rifi$ survivors 9 ! /reets1 be=e %e c\ld obta9 aid f h] own t5ants & dep5dants1 to extricate h] husb&4 ,!y got him out aft] m ?an eighte5 h\rs' entombm5t--alive1 inde$1 b maim$ & lame = life4 ,8 daught] 0 dead4 ,z he lay long+ despair+ly = release f ! rubbi%1 :i* a second %ock1 an h\r aft] ! fir/1 _h s %ak5 & clos$ 9 ar\nd him t he c\ld sc>cely brea!1 he he>d1 b a few feet (f1 h] agonis+ cries & groans gr[ fa9t] & fa9t]1 until at la/ !y di$ away4 ,8 wife1 to ^: devotion 8 own life 0 ow+1 _h escap$ unhurt4 ,un=tunately man too (t5 vies ) ! brute =ces ( nature to increase ! horrors ( a great e>?quake4 ,z ! arm ( ! law is p>alys$ by ! g5]al panic1 ?ieves & ruffians are n sl[ to avail !mselves ( _! opportunity4 ,?us 9 ! ,calabrian cata/rophe ( #aghc1 no?+ c\ld be m atroci\s ?an ! conduct ( ! peasants1 :o ab&on$ ! f>ms & flock$ 9 great numb]s into ! t[ns--n to rescue _! c\ntrym5 f a l+]+ dea?1 b to plund]4 ,!y da%$ ?r\gh ! /reets amid tott]+ walls & cl\ds ( du/1 trampl+ b5ea? _! feet ! bodies ( ! w\nd$ & half buri$1 & (t5 /ripp+ !m1 :ile yet liv+1 ( _! clo!s4 ,f ! va/ ru9 & mis]y !y entail1 x is evid5t t :]e e>?quakes are frequ5t1 !re c nev] be p]fect security ( prop]ty ev5 "u ! be/ gov]nm5t2 & z ! fruits collect$ by ! lab\r ( _m ye>s may be lo/ 9 an in/ant1 ! progress ( civilisation & national weal? mu/ necess>ily be ret>d$4 #8,e>?quakes alone1' says ,mr4 ,d>w91 #8are suffici5t to de/roy ! prosp]ity ( any c\ntry4 ,if b5ea? ,engl& ! n[ in]t subt]ranean =ces %\ld ex]t ^? p[]s :i* mo/ assur$ly 9 =m] geological ages !y h ex]t$1 h[ completely w\ld ! entire condition ( ! l& be *ang$6 ,:at w\ld become ( ! l(ty h\ses1 ?ickly pack$ cities1 great manufactories1 ! beautiful public & private edifices8 ,if ! new p]iod ( di/urbance 7 fir/ to comm5ce by "s great e>?quake 9 ! dead ( ! night1 h[ t]rific w\ld be ! c>nage6 ,engl& w\ld at once be bankrupt2 all pap]s1 records1 & acc\nts w\ld f t mom5t be lo/4 ,gov]nm5t1 be+ unable to collect ! taxes1 & fail+ to ma9ta9 its au?ority1 ! h& ( viol5ce & rap9e w\ld rema9 uncontroll$4 ,9 e l>ge t[n fam9e w\ld g =?1 pe/il5ce & dea? foll[+ 9 its tra94' ,=tunately ! exp]i5ce ( _m ages %[s t ! regions subject to ^! t]rible cata/rophes are conf9$ to a comp>atively small "p ( ! surface ( ! globe4 ,?us ,s\!rn ,italy & ,sicily2 ! tract embrac+ ! ,can>ies1 ! ,azores1 ,portugal1 & ,morocco2 ,asia ,m9or1 ,syria1 & ! ,caucasus2 ! ,arabian %ore ( ! ,r$ ,sea2 ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago2 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,nic>agua1 ,quito1 ,p]u1 & ,*ili1 are p>ticul>ly liable to de/ructive %ocks4 ,b beyond ^! limits slight] e>?quakes are ( f> m common occurr5ce ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 & probably !y leave no "p ( ! _w entirely undi/urb$4 ,f ! ye> #ahba to #ahcj no less ?an #aae e>?quakes h be5 felt to ! nor? ( ! ,alps1 & s9ce ! ye> #ajhi1 #bbe are cit$ 9 ! annals ( ,engl&4 ,"s ( ^! e>?quakes seem to h b j /opp$ at ! po9t :5 a slight increase ( _! =ce w\ld h cov]$ ! l& ) ru9s4 ,9 #aegd1 on ! #bf? ( ,febru>y1 betwe5 five & six 9 ! ev5+1 an e>?quake 0 felt at ,york1 ,worce/]1 ,h]e=d1 ,gl\ce/]1 & ,bri/ol4 ,norton ,*apel 0 fill$ ) wor%ipp]s2 !y 7 ne>ly all ov]?r[n1 & fl$ 9 t]ror1 ?9k+ t ! dead 7 une>!d or t ! *apel 0 fall+4 ,six ye>s lat]1 on ! #f? ( ,april1 at #f ,p4,m41 all ,engl& 0 ?r[n into con/]nation4 ,! great bell at ,we/m9/] began to toll2 ! /ud5ts at ! ,temple />t$ up f table & ru%$ into ! /reet1 knives 9 h&2 a "p ( ! ,temple ,*ur* fell1 & /ones dropp$ f ,/4 ,paul's4 ,two /ones fell 9 ,*ri/'s ,*ur*1 & cru%$ two p]sons4 ,9 ru%+ out ( ! *ur* _m 7 lam$1 & !re 0 a %[] ( *imneys 9 ! /reets4 ,at ,s&wi*1 ! occurr5ce 0 m>k$ by ! viol5ce ( ! sea1 :i* made %ips run f\l ( ea* o!r2 & at ,dov] a "p ( ! =tifications fell ) ! rock :i* support$ x4 ,on ! #f? ,octob] #ahfc1 a movem5t1 ?\gh g5tle :5 comp>$ to ! prec$+ in/ances1 0 felt f ! ,engli% ,*annel to ! ,m]sey1 & f ,h]e=d to ,leam+ton & ,ox=d4 ,! ,malv]n range 0 ab\t ! c5tre ( ! area1 z x has (t5 be5 be=e4 ,ev5 9 alluvial ,holl&1 six or eight slight e>?quakes h be5 felt dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,! indu/ri\s rese>*es ( ,kluge %[ t1 dur+ ! eight ye>s f #ahej to #aheg1 no less ?an #d1fbj e>?quakes--a great proportion ( :i* 7#eji7 fell to ! %>e ( ,s\!rn ,europe--h be5 notic$ 9 bo? hemisph]es2 & :5 we rememb] t a v consid]able "p ( ! globe is /ill ei!r totally unkn[n or remov$ by ! b>b>\s condition ( its inhabitants f all int]c\rse ) ! sci5tific _w1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! above li/ mu/ necess>ily be incomplete1 x is v probable t n a day passes )\t "s agitation ( ! surface ( ! e>? 9 "s place or o!r4 ,a viol5t e>?quake almo/ always consi/s ( sev]al %ocks foll[+ ea* o!r 9 rapid succession4 ,sometimes !y are prec$$ by slight] vibrations2 at o!r times !y sudd5ly convulse ! l& )\t any previ\s notice4 ,9 mo/ in/ances1 ea* %ock la/s b a few seconds2 b ?is is en\gh to ru9 ! "w ( ages4 ,?ree viol5t commotions )9 five m9utes de/roy$ ! t[n ( ,c>accas on ,m>* #bf1 #ahab2 & ! e>?quake :i*1 9 #afib1 desolat$ ,jamaica la/$ b ?ree m9utes4 ,on ,janu>y #aa1 #ahci1 two %ocks )9 ?irty seconds cov]$ ,m>t9ique1 & ! :ole range ( ! ,less] ,antilles1 ) ru9s4 ,b a viol5t e>?quake1 ?\gh itself b ( %ort duration1 is g5]ally foll[$ by a s]ies ( second>y %ocks1 :i* are repeat$ at gradually wid5+ int]vals & ) decreas+ en]gy1 s t if ^! subsequ5t tremors be tak5 into acc\nt1 x may (t5 be said to la/ = weeks1 or ev5 mon?s4 ,?us1 to cite b "o in/ance1 ! e>?quake ( ,octob] #ba1 #agff1 de/roy$ ! :ole t[n ( ,cumana 9 a few m9utes1 b dur+ ! foll[+ f\rte5 mon?s ! e>? 0 9 a con/ant vibratory motion1 & sc>ce an h\r pass$ )\t a %ock be+ felt4 ,9 c\ntries :]e e>?quakes are comp>atively r>e 7= in/ance 9 ! s\? ( ,europe7 ! belief is v g5]al t oppressive heat1 /illness ( ! air1 & a mi/y horizon are always =]unn]s ( ! ph5om5on4 ,b ?is popul> op9ion is n confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce ( tru/wor?y obs]v]s1 :o h liv$ = ye>s 9 c\ntries su* z ,cumana1 ,quito1 ,p]u1 & ,*ili1 :]e ! gr\nd trembles frequ5tly & viol5tly4 ,humboldt exp]i5c$ e>?quakes dur+ e /ate ( ! wea!r1 s]5e & dry1 ra9y & /ormy4 ,brute animals1 be+ m s5sitive ?an m5 ( ! slighte/ movem5t ( ! e>?1 are said to ev9ce extraord9>y al>m1 & x has be5 (t5 obs]v$ t ev5 ! dull hog %[s symptoms ( uneas9ess previ\s to ! %ock4 ,dur+ ! great ,neapolitan e>?quake ( #aheg an unusual halo-l light 0 se5 9 ! sky be=e1 & n long be=e1 ! %ock4 ,mr4 ,mallet 0 at fir/ incl9$ to look ^u ?is notion z a sup]/iti\s tale2 b1 f9d+ x widely diffus$ 9 a c\ntry :]e communication is bad & news travels sl[ly1 no long] d\bt$ t x 0 f\nd$ on fact4#aj ,conjectures w\ld be useless z to its nature1 b future obs]vation direct$ to ! po9t may det]m9e :e!r "s sort ( auroral light may emanate f ! va/ dep?s ( rock =mation "u ! enorm\s t5sions & compressions t mu/ prec$e ! f9al cra% & rupture2 or :e!r volcanic action1 go+ on 9 ! unse5 dep?s bel[1 may give rise to p[]ful di/urbances ( electric equilibrium1 & h5ce to ! developm5t ( light2 j z f volcanic m\nta9s 9 eruption lightn+s cont9ually fla% f ! huge volumes ( /eam & float+ a%es above ! crat]4 ,humboldt is also ( op9ion t1 ?\gh 9 g5]al ! revolutions :i* take place bel[ ! surface ( ! e>? are n ann\nc$ be=eh& by any meteorological process1 or a peculi> appe>ance ( ! sky1 x is n improbable t dur+ viol5t %ocks "s *ange may occur 9 ! condition ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?us1 dur+ ! e>?quake 9 ! ,pi$montese valleys ( ,pelis & ,clusson1 great alt]ations 7 obs]v$ 9 ! electrical t5sion ( ! atmosph]e )\t any appe>ance ( a ?und]-/orm4 ,footnote #aj3 ,mallet1 #8,! ,great ,neapolitan ,e>?quake ( #aheg1' vol4 i4 p4 #cbc4 ,e>?quakes are g5]ally att5d$ ) s\nds1 sometimes l ! h[l+ ( a /orm1 or ! rumbl+ ( subt]ranean ?und]1 at o!rs l ! cla%+ ( iron *a9s1 or z if a numb] ( heavily lad5 waggons 7 roll+ rapidly ov] ! pavem5t1 or z if enorm\s masses ( glass 7 sudd5ly %iv]$ to pieces4 ,z solid bodies are excell5t conductors ( s\nd 7burnt clay1 = in/ance1 propagat+ x t5 or twelve times m rapidly ?an ! air71 ! subt]ranean noise may be he>d at a va/ di/ance f ! prim>y seat ( ! e>?quake4 ,9 ,c>accas1 9 ! grass-pla9s ( ,calabozo1 & on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,apure1 :i* falls into ! ,or9oco1 a dreadful ?und]-l s\nd 0 ev]y:]e he>d on ,april #cj1 #ahab1 )\t any simultane\s trembl+ ( ! e>?1 at ! "t :51 at ! di/ance ( #aeh geographical miles1 ! volcano ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 9 ! ,less] ,antilles1 0 p\r+ out ( its crat] a mighty lava-/ream4 ,?is 01 accord+ to di/ance1 z if an eruption ( ,vesuvius 7 he>d 9 ! nor? ( ,france4 ,9 ! ye> #agdd1 dur+ ! great eruption ( ! volcano ,cotopaxi1 a subt]ranean noise l ! fir+ ( cannon 0 he>d at ,honda on ! ,magdal5a riv]4 ,b ! crat] ( ,cotopaxi is #ag1jjj feet high] ?an ,honda1 & bo? po9ts1 situat$ at a di/ance ( #aji geographical miles1 are moreov] sep>at$ by ! colossal m\nta9 masses ( ,quito1 ,pa/o1 & ,popayan1 & by numb]less rav9es & deep valleys4 ,! s\nd 0 c]ta9ly transmitt$1 n ?r\gh ! air1 b ?r\gh ! e>?1 & mu/ h proce$$ f a v consid]able dep?4 ,b noise is n ! necess>y att5dant ( an e>?quake1 = _m in/ances are kn[n 9 :i* ! mo/ viol5t %ocks h be5 completely noiseless4 ,no subt]ranean s\nds 7 he>d dur+ ! t]rific e>?quake :i* de/roy$ ,riobamba on ,febru>y #d1 #agig1 & ! same circum/ance is m5tion$ 9 ! n>ratives ( _m ( ! ,*ilian e>?quakes4 ,! ph5om5on ( s\nd1 :5 unaccompani$ by any p]ceptible vibration1 makes a peculi>ly deep impression on ! m9d1 ev5 ( ^? :o h long inhabit$ a c\ntry subject to frequ5t e>?quakes4 ,!y tremble at ! idea ( ! cata/rophe :i* may foll[4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( a long protract$ noise )\t any trembl+ ( ! e>? occurr$ 9 #aghd1 at ! weal?y m9+ t[n ( ,guanaxuato 9 ,mexico1 :]e ! roll+ ( subt]ranean ?und]1 ) n[ & !n a l\d] cra%1 0 he>d = m ?an a mon?1 )\t ! slighte/ %ock1 ei!r on ! surface ( ! e>?1 or 9 ! neighb\r+ silv] m9es1 :i* are #a1ejj feet deep4 ,! noise 0 conf9$ to a small space1 s t a few miles f ! t[n x 0 no long] audible4 ,nev] be=e _h ?is ph5om5on be5 kn[n to occur 9 ! ,mexican highl&s1 nor has x be5 repeat$ s9ce4 ,e>?quake %ocks are ei!r v]tical or undulatory4 ,a v]tical %ock1 :i* is felt imm$iately above ! seat or focus ( ! subt]ranean di/urbance1 causes a movem5t up & d[n4 ,l an explod+ m9e1 x frequ5tly j]ks movable bodies high up into ! air4 ,?us1 dur+ ! great e>?quake ( ,riobamba1 ! bodies ( _m ( ! inhabitants 7 ?r[n ^u ! hill ( ,la ,culla1 :i* rises to ! height ( sev]al hundr$ feet at ! o!r side ( ! ,lican torr5t2 & dur+ ! e>?quake ( ,*ili 9 #ahcg1 a l>ge ma/1 plant$ ?irty feet deep 9 ! gr\nd at ,=t ,san ,c>los1 & propp$ ) iron b>s1 0 ?r[n upw>ds1 s t a r\nd hole rema9$ beh9d4 ,al?\gh to ! inhabitants ( a %ak5 di/rict ! undulatory wave or vibration ( an e>?quake appe>s to radiate horizontally outw>ds f ! spot on ! surface :]e x is fir/ felt1 ! =ce does n really op]ate 9 a horizontal direction1 l a wave caus$ by a pebble on ! surface ( a pond2 = at e po9t1 except t imm$iately above ! focus ( ! %ock1 x comes up obliquely f bel[1 caus+ ! gr\nd to move =w>ds & !n backw>ds 9 a1 m or less horizontal direction4 ,z a %ip1 yield+ to ! oscillatory movem5ts ( ! waves1 alt]nately incl9es to "o side or ! o!r1 s1 dur+ ! m viol5t undulations ( ! soil1 ! objects on its surface are mom5t>ily mov$ f _! v]tical position1 & (t5 consid]ably incl9$ t[>ds ! horizon4 ,?us dur+ ! great e>?quake :i* convuls$ ! valley ( ! ,mississippi 9 #ahaa-ab1 ,mr4 ,br+i]1 an eng9e] ( ,new ,orleans1 :o 0 on horseback ne> ,new ,madrid1 :]e "s ( ! sev]e/ %ocks 7 exp]i5c$1 saw ! trees b5d z ! wave-motion ( ! e>?quake pass$ "u !m1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds recov] _! position4 ,! transit ( ! wave ?r\gh ! woods 0 m>k$ by ! cra% ( c\ntless bran*es1 fir/ he>d on "o side & !n on ! o!r4 ,x mu/ h be5 awful to see ! giants ( ! =e/ ?us move to & fro l a corn-field agitat$ by ! w9d6 ,v rem>kable displacem5ts ( objects are n seldom caus$ by e>?quakes1 su* z ! rotation ( ! blocks ( columns or ! turn+ ( /atues on _! p$e/als4 ,at ,lima1 :i*1 ow+ to its repeat$ de/ructions by e>?quakes1 is prop]ly a city ( ru9s1 ,pr(essor ,dana saw two obelisks ) ! upp] /one on ea* displac$ & turn$ r\nd on its axis ab\t fifte5 degrees 9 a direction f nor? to ea/4 ,^! rotations by e>?quakes h be5 attribut$ by "s au?ors to an actual rotatory movem5t 9 ! e>?quake vibration2 b x has lately be5 %[n by ,mr4 ,mallet t ?is hypo!sis is unt5able & unnecess>y1 z a simple vibration back & =? is all t is requir$ to produce a rotatory motion 9 ! /one ( a column1 provid$ t /one be atta*$ bel[ m /rongly on "o side ( ! c5tre ?an on ! opposite4 ,! wave-motion ( an e>?quake sometimes spreads ov] enorm\s spaces4 ,! %ocks ( ! e>?quake ( ,new ,granada :i* took place 9 ! night f ! #af? to ! #ag? ( ,june #ahbf1 7 notic$ ov] a surface ( #gej1jjj squ>e miles4 ,! e>?quake ( ,valdivia 7,febru>y #bj1 #ahce7 0 felt s\?w>ds on ! di/ant isl& ( ,*iloe to ! nor? z f> z ,copiapo1 9 ,m5doza to ! ea/ ( ! ,&es1 & on ! ,isl& ( ,juan ,f]n&ez1 #cjj miles f ! coa/4 ,suppos+ ^! effects to h tak5 place at correspond+ di/ances 9 ,europe1 all ! l& w\ld h trembl$ f ! ,nor? ,sea to ! ,m$it]ranean1 & f ,irel& to ! c5tre ( ,france4 ,x is evid5t t ! ext5t & =ce ( ! wave-motion ( an e>?quake mu/ 9 a great measure dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! rocks ?r\gh :i* x is transmitt$4 ,x w vibrate m easily ?r\gh solid homog5e\s masses1 :ile 9 alluvial deposits1 or 9 a soil compos$ ( s& & loose conglom]ate1 its undulations w be propagat$ irregul>ly & its effects be f> m de/ructive4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case :]e ! alluvial deposits repose on a sub/ratum ( h>d rock4 ,?us ! deva/ations ( ! ,calabrian e>?quake ( #aghc 7 mo/ app>5t 9 ! pla9 ( ,oppido1 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! new] t]ti>y /rata re/ ^u granite4 ,! e>?quake wave g5]ally foll[s ! direction ( m\nta9-*a9s1 & b r>ely crosses !m4 ,! great ,*ilian e>?quakes1 :i* (t5 propagate _! vibrations to di/ances ( _m hundr$ miles along ! we/]n foot ( ! ,&es1 rema9 unfelt on _! ea/]n bord]2 :ile ! e>?quakes along ! %ores ( ,v5ezuela1 ,c>accas1 & ,new ,granada r>ely transmit _! vibrations beyond ! high m\nta9-*a9s :i* run p>allel ) ! coa/4 ,?is is probably due to ! num]\s dislocations1 r5ts1 & cav]ns :i* are produc$ by ! elevation ( ! m\nta9-*a9s1 & necess>ily s]ve z b>ri]s to ! propagation ( ! e>?quake wave4 ,sev]e e>?quakes are n seldom accompani$ by a viol5t agitation ( ! sea4 ,fir/1 at ! in/ant ( ! %ock1 ! wat] swells high up on ! bea* ) a g5tle motion1 & !n z quietly rec$es2 secondly1 "s "t aft]w>ds1 ! :ole body ( ! sea retires f ! coa/1 & !n returns 9 waves ( ov]:elm+ =ce4 ,! fir/ movem5t seems to be an imm$iate consequ5ce ( ! e>?quake affect+ diff]5tly a fluid & a solid1 s t _! respective levels are slightly d]ang$2 b ! second is a f> m important ph5om5on4 #8,"s au?ors1' says ,mr4 ,d>w91 #8h attempt$ to expla9 x by suppos+ t ! sea reta9s its level1 :ile ! l& oscillates upw>ds2 b surely ! wat] close to ! l&1 ev5 on a r /eep coa/1 w\ld p>take ( ! motion ( ! bottom2 moreov]1 simil> movem5ts ( ! sea h occurr$ at isl&s f> di/ant f ! *ief l9e ( di/urbance4 ,i suspect 7b ! subject is a v obscure "o7 t a wave1 h[ev] produc$1 fir/ draws ! wat] f ! %ore on :i* x is advanc+ to break4 ,i h obs]v$ t ?is happ5s ) ! little waves f ! paddles ( a /eamboat4 ,f ! great wave n imm$iately foll[+ ! e>?quake1 b sometimes aft] ! int]val ( ev5 half-an-h\r1 & f di/ant isl&s be+ affect$ simil>ly ) ! coa/s ne> ! focus ( ! di/urbance1 x appe>s t ! wave fir/ rises 9 ! (f+1 &1 z ?is is ( g5]al occurr5ce1 ! cause mu/ be g5]al4 ,i suspect we mu/ look to ! l9e :]e ! less di/urb$ wat]s ( ! deep ocean jo9 ! wat] ne>] ! coa/ :i* has p>tak5 ( ! movem5ts ( ! l&1 z ! place :]e ! great wave is fir/ g5]at$2 x w\ld also appe> t ! wave is l>g] or small] accord+ to ! ext5t ( %oal wat] :i* has be5 agitat$ toge!r ) ! bottom on :i* x re/$4' ,! foll[+ examples suffici5tly prove t no /orm1 h[ev] viol5t1 is capable ( rais+ su* prodigi\s waves z an e>?quake4 ,9 ! ye> #afib ! t[n ( ,k+/on 9 ,jamaica 0 almo/ totally de/roy$ by a huge e>?quake wave4 ,a frigate :i* lay 9 port 0 c>ri$ =w>ds ov] ! h\ses & /r&$ 9 ! middle ( ! t[n4 ,9 8 #8,pr9ciples ( ,geology1' ,sir ,*>les ,lyell relates t1 dur+ ! ,calabrian e>?quake ( #aghc ! ,pr9ce ( ,scilla _h p]suad$ a great "p ( 8 vassals to betake !mselves to _! fi%+ boats = safety1 & he himself _h gone on bo>d4 ,on ! night ( ,febru>y #e1 :5 "s ( ! p 7 sleep+ 9 ! boats1 & o!rs on a level pla9 slightly elevat$ above ! sea1 ! e>? rock$ & l>ge masses ( rock 7 ?r[n d[n ) a dreadful cra% ^u ! pla94 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds ! sea1 ris+ m ?an tw5ty feet above ! level ( ?is l[ tract1 roll$ foam+ ov] x & swept away ! multitude4 ,x !n retreat$1 b soon ru%$ back aga9 ) great] viol5ce1 br++ back ) x "s ( ! bodies x _h c>ri$ away4 ,at ! same "t e boat 0 sunk or da%$ aga9/ ! bea*1 & "s ( !m 7 swept f> inl&4 ,! ag$ pr9ce 0 kill$1 ) #a1dcj ( 8 p4 ,aft] ! e>?quake :i* deva/at$ ! t[n ( ,lima on ! #bh? ( ,octob] #agdf1 ! sea rose on ! ev5+ ( ! same day eighty feet above its usual level 9 ! neighb\r+ ,bay ( ,callao1 ov]:elm$ ! t[n1 & de/roy$ ne>ly all ! inhabitants4 ,( ! tw5ty-?ree %ips :i* 7 ly+ 9 ! h>b\r at ! "t1 n9ete5 imm$iately sank1 :ile ! f\r o!rs 7 ?r[n ^u ! l& at ! di/ance ( ne>ly a league4 ,%ortly aft] ! %ock :i* desolat$ ,*ili on ! #bj? ( ,febru>y #ahce1 a great wave 0 se5 f ! di/ance ( ?ree or f\r miles1 approa*+ 9 ! middle ( ! ,bay ( ,talcahuano ) a smoo? outl9e1 b te>+ up cottages & trees along ! %ore1 z x swept onw>ds ) irresi/ible =ce4 ,at ! head ( ! bay x broke 9 a fe>ful l9e ( :ite break]s1 :i* ru%$ up to a height ( tw5ty- ?ree v]tical feet above ! highe/ spr+ tides4 ,_! =ce mu/ h be5 prodigi\s1 = at ! ,=t a cannon ) its c>riage1 e/imat$ at f\r tons 9 weight1 0 mov$ fifte5 feet inw>ds4 ,! :ole coa/ 0 /rew$ ov] ) timb] & furniture1 z if a ?\s& %ips _h be5 wreck$4 ,z ,mr4 ,d>w9 walk$ along ! %ore1 he obs]v$ t num]\s fragm5ts ( rock1 :i*1 f ! m>9e productions adh]+ to !m1 mu/ rec5tly h be5 ly+ 9 deep wat]1 _h be5 ca/ up high on ! bea*4 ,"o ( ^! 0 six feet long1 ?ree broad1 & two ?ick4 ,dur+ ! dreadful e>?quake :i* 9 #ahfh rais$ ! /rip ( l& at ! we/]n foot ( ! ,&es f ,iburra 9 ,ecuador1 to ,iquique 9 ,p]u1 #a1bjj miles 9 l5g?1 ! rec$+ sea uncov]$ ! bay at ,iquique to ! dep? ( f\r fa?oms1 & !n1 return+ 9 an imm5se wave1 a mass ( d>k blue wat]1 =ty feet high1 ru%$ ov] ! already ru9$ city1 & swept away e trace ( :at _h be5 a t[n4 ,"o spectator1 see+ ! :ole surface ( ! sea rise l a m\nta91 ran = 8 life to ! ,pampa4 ,! waves ov]took him4 ,fight+ ) ! d>k wat]1 amid/ wreck & ru9 ( e k9d1 c>ri$ back into ! bay1 & aga9 ?r[n back to ! ,pampa1 w\nd$ & half-nak$1 he crept = safety into a hole ( ! s&1 & wait$ sadly = ! dawn4 ,at ,arica1 ! ,briti% ,vice-,consul1 al>m$ at ! fir/ %ock1 ru%$ out ( ! h\se ) 8 family1 & made = ! high gr\nd1 9 j t]ror ( ! expect$ sea-wave4 ,?r\gh ! ru9$ t[n1 amid/ dead & dy+1 half /ifl$ ) du/1 !y rea*$ ris+ gr\nd1 &1 look+ back1 saw a dreadful sequel--! sea ru%$ 9 & left n a ve/ige rema9+ ( ! l[] "p ( ,arica4 ,six vessels 7 lo/ 9 ! bay or toss$ ov] rocks & h\ses2 an ,am]ican gunboat 0 :irl$ away f h] moor+s1 & laid1 )\t a brok5 sp> or t>ni%$ flag1 high & dry on ! s&-hills1 a qu>t] ( a mile f ! sea4 ,z might be expect$ f ! movable nature ( wat]1 ! wave-motion ( e>?quakes is frequ5tly propagat$ to surpris+ di/ances ov] ! sea4 ,! ,*ilian e>?quake ( #ahce produc$ oscillations ( ! ocean t made !mselves felt on ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s at a di/ance ( #e1jjj nautical miles4 ,on ,mauai1 ! sea retreat$ #abj feet1 & !n sudd5ly return$ ) a trem5d\s wave t swept away ! trees & h\ses on ! bea*4 ,9 ,hawaii1 a l>ge congregation _h assembl$ = div9e s]vice ne> ,byron's ,bay4 ,sudd5ly ! wat] began to s9k1 s t soon a great "p ( ! h>b\r 0 laid dry4 ,! spectators hurri$ to ! %ore to admire ! a/oni%+ spectacle1 :5 a wave1 ris+ tw5ty feet above ! usual tide-m>k1 inundat$ ! l&1 de/roy$ sixty-six huts1 & dr[n$ elev5 ( ! isl&]s1 ?\gh ! be/ swimm]s 9 ! _w4 ,s f> f its />t+-po9t did ! ,s\? ,am]ican e>?quake seek its victims4 ,fifte5 h\rs & a half aft] ! great e>?quake ( ,arica 7#ahfh7 ! wat]-wave undulat+ ov] ! va/ ,pacific 0 felt at ,*a?am ,isl&s1 a di/ance ( #f1cjj miles1 & an h\r lat] at ,new ,zeal&4 ,! enorm\s p[]s :i* come into action dur+ a great e>?quake %[ !mselves n only 9 ! de/ruction ( edifices & ! wide- spread ru9 s produc$1 b 9 ! *anges :i* !y effect 9 ! configuration ( ! soil4 ,:]ev] masses ( e>? re/ loosely ^u a slop$ surface ( subjac5t rock1 or :]e /eep m\nta9 cre/s ov]lie wet & unctu\s b$s ( %ale1 or :]e ! rock itself is compos$ ( coh]5t mat]ial1 or :]e riv]-banks are =m$ ( precipit\s masses ( clays1 or :]e ! corrod+ wat]s h und]m9$ ! gr\nd1 ! viol5t commotion caus$ by an e>?quake _c fail to produce l&slips1 fissures1 & falls ( rock4 ,9 #aega1 on ! #ag? ( ,febru>y1 ! gr\nd op5$ all at once at ! #8,wond]1' ne> ,putley1 n f> f ,m>cle 9 ,h]e=d%ire2 & a l>ge "p ( ! slop+ surface ( ! hill--tw5ty-six acres1 x is said--desc5d$ ) ! trees & %eep-folds1 & cont9u$ 9 motion f ,saturday to ,monday1 masses ( gr\nd be+ turn$ r\nd ?r\gh half a circle 9 _! desc5t4 ,?is 0 a great l&slip1 said to h be5 occasion$ by an e>?quake4 ,e>?-fissures 7 =m]ly suppos$ to be occasion$ by a /ret*+ ( ! gr\nd1 occasion$ by ! wavy nature ( ! %ocks2 b ,mr4 ,mallet has %[n t no e>?quake wave c possibly produce any su* /ret*+1 & consid]s !m z cases ( small & incipi5t l&slips caus$ by ! %ak+ d[nw>ds ( a loose mass4 ,8 own obs]vations left no d\bt 9 8 m9d t ! descriptions1 giv5 by ! ,neapolitan ,academy 9 _! ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ! ,e>?quake ( #aghc1 ( ! e>?-fissures !re9 produc$1 & designat$ con/antly by ! pomp\s t]m #8vorag9es1' are gross exagg]ations1 & t ! well- kn[n ,jamaica e>?-fissures1 t 7 said to h op5$ & clos$ ) ! wave1 & to h bitt5 p 9 two1 mu/ be reg>d$ z audaci\s fables4 #8,! vulg> m9d1 fill$ f infancy ) sup]/iti\s t]rors z to 8! ?+s "u ! e>?10 is seiz$ at once by ! notion ( ^! fissures ( pr(\nd & fabul\s dep? ) fire & vap\r ( smoke issu+ f )9 _! murky abysses2 b !y %\ld cease to belong to sci5ce4' ,enorm\s l&slips are sometimes occasion$ by e>?quakes1 b _! ext5t dep5ds less ^u ! p[] & en]gy ( ! %ock ?an ^u ! conditions ( un/able equilibrium pres5t$ by great masses ( loose mat]ial1 ?r\gh ! configuration ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 consequ5ce ( l&slips or dislodgem5ts ( l>ge masses ( rock1 alt]ations 9 ! fl[ or di/ribution ( ! wat]s frequ5tly take place4 ,?us1 brooks or riv]s are n seldom damm$1 & tempor>y ponds or lakes creat$4 ,p]man5t elevations ( ! l& h be5 obs]v$ aft] "s e>?quakes4 ,?us1 aft] ! viol5t %ocks ( ,novemb] #ai1 #ahbb1 a great "p ( ! coa/ ( ,*ili 0 f\nd to be rais$ sev]al feet above its previ\s level1 & aft] ! great e>?quake :i* occurr$ 9 ,new ,zeal& 9 ! night ( ,janu>y #bc1 #ahee1 a l>ge tract ( l& 0 f\nd to be p]man5tly uprais$ f "o to n9e feet4 ,be=e ! %ock !re _h be5 no room to pass betwe5 ! sea & ! base ( a p]p5dicul> cliff call$ ,muka-,muka1 except = a %ort "t at l[ wat]1 & ! h]dsm5 7 oblig$ to wait = l[ tide 9 ord] to drive _! cattle pa/ ! cliff4 ,b imm$iately aft] ! upheaval1 a g5tly slop+ rais$ bea*1 m ?an #ajj feet wide1 0 laid dry1 af=d+ ample space at all /ates ( ! tide = ! passage ( man & bea/4 ,^! p]man5t elevations h (t5 be5 attribut$ to ! imm$iate ag5cy ( e>?quakes2 b ,mr4 ,mallet proves ?is assumption to be a fallacy1 z ! impulse ( ! e>?quake wave ev5 "r above ! focus is utt]ly incapable ( rais+ ! level ( ! l& by a height mu* m ?an in/rum5tally appreciable1 & !re is n ! lea/ evid5ce t any "p ( ev5 ?is elevation is p]man5t4 ,t e>?quakes occur along )1 & z "p (1 a tra9 ( o!r circum/ances :i* d produce p]man5t elevation occasionally1 & t e>?quakes are probably always ! signals t ! =ces produc+ elevation are op]ative1 is ano!r matt]1 ) :i* t errone\s or loosely express$ view %\ld n be conf\nd$4 ,! causes ( e>?quakes are /ill hidd5 9 obscurity1 & probably w ev] rema9 s1 z ^! viol5t convulsions orig9ate at dep?s f> bel[ ! rea* ( human obs]vation4 ,mr4 ,mallet came to ! conclusion t ! dep? ( ! orig9al ,calabrian %ock 9 #aheg did n exce$ sev5 or eight miles1 & d$uces f all ! facts kn[n z to ! movem5ts ( e>?quakes1 t ! subt]ranean po9ts :]e ! %ocks orig9ate p]haps nev] exce$ ?irty geographical miles1 s t1 ev5 suppos+ ! c5tral nucleus ( ! e>? to be fluid1 !y _c possibly be due to ! reaction ( ! int]nal ocean ( molt5 /one ^u ! solid %ell ) :i* x is envelop$1 b mu/ h _! seat )9 ! latt]4 ,! exi/5ce ( res]voirs ( fus$ matt] at v>i\s dep?s 9 ! solid e>?-r9d is q suffici5t to acc\nt = all seismic & volcanic ph5om5a2 = x is evid5t t :5ev] ra9-wat]1 or ! wat]s ( ! sea p]colat+ ?r\gh rocks1 ga9 access to ^! subt]ranean lakes ( molt5 /one1 /eam mu/ be g5]at$1 ! pressure ( :i* w 9 _m cases r5d & dislocate ! incumb5t masses4 #8,dur+ su* movem5ts1' says ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 #8fissures may be =m$ & inject$ ) gase\s or fluid matt]1 :i* may sometimes fail to rea* ! surface1 :ile at o!r times x may be expell$ ?r\gh volcanic v5ts1 /ufas1 & hot spr+s4 ,:5 ! /ra9 on ! rocks has caus$ !m to split1 or ! ro(s ( pre-exi/+ fissures or cav]ns h be5 made to fall 91 vibratory j>s w be produc$ & propagat$ 9 all directions1 l waves ( s\nd ?r\gh ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 ) v>y+ velocity1 accord+ to ! viol5ce ( ! orig9al %ock1 & ! d5sity or ela/icity ( ! sub/ance ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,!y w travel1 = example1 fa/] ?r\gh granite ?an ?r\gh lime/one1 & m rapidly ?r\gh ! latt] ?an ?r\gh wet clay1 b ! rate w be uni=m ?r\gh ! same homog5e\s m$ium4' ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,p\lett ,scrope1 ! orig9at+ cause ( ! e>?quake mu/ be s\ght 9 ! expansion ( "s deeply seat$ mass ( m9]al matt]1 ow+ to augm5tation ( temp]ature or dim9ution ( pressure4 ,by ?is expansive =ce1 ! solid rocks above are sudd5ly r5t asund]1 & :e!r bel[ ! sea or n1 _! viol5t disruption produces a j>r+ vibration1 :i* is propagat$ on ei!r side ?r\gh _! cont9u\s masses 9 undulatory pulsations4 ,"s geologi/s are ( op9ion t e>?quakes are frequ5tly ! result ( ! subsid+1 s9k+ 91 or crack+ ( subt]ranean cav]n ro(s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t rocks4 ,small local e>?quakes may be expla9$ by ?is !ory2 b t]rible convulsions :i* %ake a :ole cont95t evid5tly proce$ f a f> m =midable cause1 & are m satisfactorily expla9$ by ! ag5cy ( subt]ranean heat & ela/ic vap\rs4 ,if1 ev5 dur+ an ord9>y /orm1 ! black cl\ds1 ! h[l+ ( ! w9d1 ! fla%es ( lightn+1 & ! l\d claps ( ?und] /rike m5 & brutes ) fe>1 we may naturally expect to see t]ror c>ri$ to its highe/ pit* by s dreadful a ph5om5on z an e>?quake4 ,all creatures liv+ or burr[+ "u ! e>?--rats1 mice1 moles1 snakes-- ha/ily creep =? f _! subt]ranean abodes1 ?\gh _m no d\bt are gripp$ & suffocat$ by ! sudd5ly mov$ soil be=e !y c effect _! escape2 ! crocodile1 g5]ally sil5t1 l our little liz>ds1 ru%es out ( ! riv] & runs bell[+ into ! woods2 ! hogs %[ symptoms ( uneas9ess2 ! horses tremble2 ! ox5 huddle toge!r2 & ! f[ls run ab\t ) discordant cries4 ,on man1 ! ph5om5on makes a peculi>ly deep impression4 #8,a bad e>?quake1' says ,mr4 ,d>w91 #8at once de/roys our olde/ associations4 ,! e>?1 ! v emblem ( solidity1 has mov$ b5ea? our feet l a ?9 cru/ ov] a fluid4 ,"o second ( "t has creat$ 9 ! m9d a /range idea ( insecurity1 :i* h\rs ( reflection w\ld n h produc$4' ,we c no long] tru/ ! soil on :i* we /&1 & feel ourselves completely at ! m]cy ( "s unkn[n de/ructive p[]1 :i* at any mom5t1 )\t =ew>n+1 c de/roy our prop]ty or our lives4 ,b z fir/ impressions are always ! deepe/1 s habit r5d]s man call\s ev5 to ! t]rors ( an ord9>y e>?quake4 ,9 c\ntries :]e slight %ocks are ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 almo/ e ve/ige ( fe> vani%es f ! m9ds ( ! natives1 or ( ! /rang]s :om a long resid5ce has famili>is$ ) ! ph5om5on4 ,on ! ra9less coa/ ( ,p]u1 ?und]/orms & hail are unkn[n4 ,! ?und] ( ! /orm is !re replac$ by ! ?und] :i* accompanies ! e>?quake4 ,b ! frequ5t repetition ( ?is subt]ranean tumult1 & ! g5]al belief t dang]\s %ocks occur only twice or ?rice 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury1 produce 9 ,lima s great an indiff]5ce t[>ds slight] oscillations ( ! soil t !y h>dly attract m att5tion ?an a hail-/orm 9 ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,great ,,e>?quake ,,( ,,lisbon4 ,a dreadful ,all ,sa9ts' ,day--,! ,victims ( a ,m9ute--,report ( an ,eye- witness--,conflagration--,b&itti--,pomba l br+s ,ord] into ,*aos-- ,intrigues ( ! ,jesuits--,damages caus$ by ! ,e>?quake 9 o!r ,places--at ,cadiz--9 ,b>b>y--,widespread ,al>m--,rem>ks ( ,goe! on ! ,e>?quake4 ,hi/ory exhibits few cata/rophes m t]rible ?an t :i* 0 caus$ by ! great e>?quake :i*1 on ,novemb] #a1 #agee1 levell$ ! t[n ( ,lisbon to ! du/4 ,on o!r occasions1 su* z t ( a siege1 a fam9e1 or a plague1 calamity approa*es by degrees1 giv+ its victims "t to measure its gr[?1 & prep>+ !m1 z x 71 to su/a9 an increas+ weight ( mis]y2 b "h de/ruction fell ^u ! devot$ city ) ! rapidity ( a fla% ( lightn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,e>?quake ,,at ,,lisbon ,,9 #agee4 ,a bright sun %one ov] ,lisbon on t fatal morn+4 ,! wea!r 0 z mild & beautiful z on a f9e summ]'s day 9 ,engl&1 :51 ab\t =ty m9utes pa/ n9e1 9 ! morn+1 an e>?quake %ock1 foll[$ almo/ imm$iately by ano!r & ano!r1 br\ght d[n conv5ts1 *ur*es1 palaces1 & h\ses 9 "o common ru91 &1 at a v mod]ate computation1 occasion$ ! loss ( ?irty ?\s& lives4 #8,! %ock+ sight ( ! dead bodies1' says an eye-witness ( ! sc5e1 #8toge!r ) ! %rieks & cries ( ^? :o 7 half buri$ 9 ! ru9s1 exce$s all description2 = ! fe> & con/]nation 7 s great t ! mo/ resolute p]son dur/ n /ay a mom5t to remove a few /ones (f ! fri5d he lov$ mo/1 ?\gh _m might h be5 sav$ by s do+2 b no?+ 0 ?\ght ( b self-pres]vation4 ,gett+ into op5 places1 & into ! middle ( /reets1 0 ! mo/ probable security4 ,su* z 7 9 ! upp] /oreys ( h\ses 71 9 g5]al1 m =tunate ?an ^? :o attempt$ to escape by ! doors2 = !y 7 buri$ "u ! ru9s ) ! greate/ "p ( ! foot- pass5g]s2 su* z 7 9 equipages escap$ be/1 ?\gh _! cattle & driv]s suff]$ sev]ely2 b ^? lo/ 9 h\ses & ! /reets are v unequal 9 numb] to ^? t 7 buri$ 9 ! ru9s ( *ur*es2 = z x 0 a day ( great devotion1 & ! "t ( celebrat+ mass1 all ! *ur*es 9 ! city 7 va/ly cr[d$2 & ! numb] ( *ur*es "h exce$s t ( bo? ,london & ,we/m9/]2 & z ! /eeples are built high1 !y mo/ly fell ) ! ro( ( ! *ur*1 & ! /ones are s l>ge t few escap$4'#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 xlix4 "p i4 p4 #djd4 ,_m ( ^? :o 7 n cru%$ or disabl$ by ! fall+ build+s fl$ to ! ,tagus1 va9ly hop+ t !y might f9d !re ! safety :i* !y _h lo/ on l&4 ,=1 soon aft] ! %ock1 ! sea also came ru%+ 9 l a torr5t1 ?\gh aga9/ w9d & tide1 & ris+ 9 an enorm\s wave1 ov]fl[$ its banks1 dev\r+ all x met on its de/ructive pa?4 ,_m l>ge vessels sank at once2 o!rs1 torn f _! an*ors1 disappe>$ 9 ! vortex1 or1 /rik+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 7 %att]$ to pieces4 ,a f9e new /one quay1 :]e ab\t ?ree ?\s& p]sons _h assembl$ = safety1 slipp$ into ! riv]1 & e "o 0 lo/2 nor did s mu* z a s+le body appe> aft]w>ds4 ,_h ! mis]y end$ "h1 x might 9 "s degree h admitt$ ( r$ress2 =1 ?\gh lives c\ld n be re/or$1 yet a great "p ( ! imm5se ri*es t 7 9 ! ru9s might h be5 recov]$2 b a new calamity soon put an end to su* hopes1 =1 9 ab\t two h\rs aft] ! %ock1 fires broke out 9 ?ree diff]5t p>ts ( ! city1 caus$ by ! goods & ! kit*5 fires be+ all jumbl$ toge!r4 ,ab\t ?is "t also1 a fre% gale sudd5ly spr++ up1 made ! fire rage ) su* viol5ce t1 at ! end ( ?ree days1 ! greate/ "p ( ! city 0 r$uc$ to a%es4 ,:at ! e>?quake _h sp>$ fell a prey to ! fire1 & ! flames consum$ ?\s&s ( mutilat$ victims1 :o1 incapable ( flight1 lay half-buri$ 9 ! ru9s4 ,accord+ to a popul> report1 :i*1 true or n1 %[s ! hatr$ 9 :i* ! ,holy ,(fice 0 held1 ! ,inquisition 0 ! fir/ build+ t fell d[n1 & probably m ?an "o inquisitor1 :o1 9 8 life- "t1 _h s5t scores ( ,jews or h]etics to ! /ake1 0 n[1 9 8 turn1 burnt alive4 ,z if ! un%ackl$ elem5ts 7 n suffici5t ag5ts ( de/ruction1 ! prisons also ca/ =? _! lawless d5iz5s1 & a ho/ ( malefactors1 rejoic+ 9 ! public calamity :i* p>alys$ ! arm ( ju/ice1 add$ rap9e & murd] to ! mis]ies ( ! city4 ,m ?an #fj1jjj p]sons are suppos$ to h p]i%$ 9 ,lisbon f all ^! v>i\s causes4 ,! total loss ( prop]ty 0 e/imat$ at fifty millions ( doll>s1 an enorm\s sum = a small c\ntry1 & 9 times :5 money 0 f> m valuable ?an at pres5t4 ,a few %ocks suffic$ to de/roy ! treasures accumulat$ by ! sav+s ( _m g5]ations4 ,! royal family 0 at ?is "t resid+ 9 ! small palace ( ,belem1 ab\t a league out ( t[n1 & ?us escap$ be+ buri$ among ! ru9s ( ! capital--a =tunate occurr5ce 9 ! mid/ ( s _m mis=tunes2 = ! an>*y t mu/ h ensu$ f ! de/ruction ( all au?ority w\ld h fill$ ! cup ( mis]y to ! brim4 ,z x 01 ,gov]nm5t seem$ utt]ly incapable ( cont5d+ ) a disa/] ( su* colossal proportions4 #8,:at is to be done8' said ! helpless k+ to 8 m9i/] ,c>valho1 ,m>quis ( ,pombal1 :o1 on ent]+ ! c\ncil-*amb]1 f\nd 8 sov]eign va9ly seek+ = advice among 8 weep+ & irresolute c\rti]s3 #8h[ c we alleviate ! *a/isem5t :i* ,div9e ju/ice has impos$ ^u u8' #8,sire6 by bury+ ! dead & tak+ c>e ( ! liv+1' 0 ! ready answ] ( ! great /atesman1 ^: noble be>+ & confid5t mi5 at once re/or$ ! k+'s c\rage4 ,f t mom5t ,jos be/[$ a b\ndless confid5ce ^u ,pombal4 ,)\t los+ a s+le mom5t1 ! m9i/]1 inve/$ ) full p[]s1 ?rew himself into a c>riage1 & ha/5$ ) all spe$ to ! sc5e ( de/ruction4 ,:]ev] 8 pres5ce 0 mo/ ne$$1 !re 0 he sure to be f\nd4 ,= sev]al days & nights he nev] left 8 c>riage1 :5ce1 incessantly active 9 8 ef=ts to r$uce *aos to ord]1 he issu$ no less ?an two hundr$ decrees1 all be>+ ! /amp ( a ma/]-m9d4 ,troops f ! prov9ces 7 summon$ 9 all ha/e1 & conc5trat$ r\nd ! capital1 :i* no "o 0 all[$ to leave )\t p]mission1 s t ! robb]s1 :o _h enri*$ !mselves ) ! plund] ( palaces & *ur*es1 7 unable to escape ) _! spoils4 ,9 all 8 num]\s ord9ances ,c>valho neglect$ none ( ! details necess>y = insur+ _! practical utility1 writ+ _m ( !m on 8 knees ) a p5cil1 & s5d+ !m1 )\t loss ( "t1 to ! v>i\s (fic]s *>g$ ) _! execution4 ,8 wise regulations = ensur+ a spe$y supply & a regul> di/ribution ( provisions av]t$ fam9e4 ,great fe>s 7 ent]ta9$ ( pe/il5tial disord]s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! putrid exhalations ( s _m corpses1 :i* x 0 impossible to bury4 ,to prev5t ?is additional mis=tune1 ,c>valho induc$ ! ,patri>* to give ord]s t ! bodies ( ! dead %\ld be ca/ into ! sea1 ) only su* religi\s c]emonies z circum/ances p]mitt$4 ,b ! ,jesuits1 ! mortal enemies ( ! enlight5$ m9i/]1 did n lose ?is opportunity ( intrigu+ aga9/ him1 & op5ly ascrib$ ! cata/rophe to ! wra? ( ,god aga9/ an impi\s ,gov]nm5t4 ,?us ,pombal _h n only to cope ) ! disa/r\s effects ( ! e>?quake1 b also ) ! v5om\s attacks ( hypocritical bigots1 9 spite ( ^: clam\rs he int]dict$ all public processions & devotional ex]cises t 7 calculat$ /ill fur!r to inflame ! excit$ m9ds ( ! populace4 ,?\gh ,lisbon 0 ! *ief suff]] f ! great e>?quake ( #agee1 ! %ocks :i* de/roy$ ! capital ( ,portugal prov$ disa/r\s 9 _m o!r places1 & vibrat$ f> & wide ov] a consid]able portion ( ! globe4 ,/4 ,ubes 0 ne>ly swall[$ up by ! sudd5 ris+ ( ! sea4 ,at ,cadiz ! %ocks 7 s viol5t t ! wat] 9 ! ci/]ns wa%$ backw>ds & =w>ds s z to make a great fro? ^u x4 ,no damage 0 done1 on acc\nt ( ! excessive /r5g? ( ! build+s2 b1 ab\t an h\r aft]1 an imm5se wave1 at lea/ #fj feet high] ?an common1 0 se5 approa*+ f ! sea4 ,x broke aga9/ ! we/ "p ( ! t[n1 :i* is v rocky1 & :]e1 =tunately1 ! cliffs abat$ a great deal ( its =ce4 ,at la/ x bur/ ^u ! walls1 de/roy$ "p ( ! =tifications1 & swept away huge pieces ( cannon4 ,! /rong causeway :i* connects ! t[n ) ! ,isl& ( ,leon1 0 utt]ly de/roy$1 & m ?an fifty p dr[n$ t 7 on x at ! "t4 ,9 ,seville a numb] ( h\ses 7 ?r[n d[n1 & ! bells 7 set a-r++ 9 ,malaga4 ,9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,france1 9 ,holl& & 9 ,sw$51 9 ,great ,brita9 & 9 ,irel&1 ! lakes & riv]s 7 viol5tly agitat$4 ,! wat] 9 ,lo* ,lomond rose sudd5ly & viol5tly aga9/ its banks1 s t a l>ge /one ly+ at "s di/ance f ! %ore1 9 %all[ wat]1 0 mov$ f its place1 & c>ri$ to dry l&1 leav+ a deep furr[ 9 ! gr\nd along :i* x _h mov$4 ,at ,k9sale1 9 ,irel&1 a great body ( wat] sudd5ly bur/ into ! h>b\r1 & ) su* viol5ce t x broke ! cables ( two vessels1 ea* moor$ ) two an*ors1 & ( sev]al boats :i* lay ne> ! t[n4 ,! vessels 7 :irl$ r\nd sev]al times by an eddy =m$ 9 ! wat]1 & !n hurri$ back aga9 ) ! same rapidity z be=e4 ,london 0 %ak51 ! midl& c\nties di/urb$1 & "o high cliff 9 ,york%ire ?rew d[n its half-sep>at$ rocks4 ,at ,tplitz1 9 ,bohemia1 betwe5 elev5 & twelve o'clock1 ! m9]al wat]s increas$ s mu* 9 quantity t all ! ba?s ran ov]4 ,ab\t half an h\r be=e1 ! spr+ grew turbid & fl[$ muddy1 &1 hav+ /opp$ entirely = ne>ly a m9ute1 broke =? aga9 ) prodigi\s viol5ce1 driv+ be=e x a consid]able quantity ( r$di% o*re4 ,aft] ?is1 x became cle>1 & fl[$ z pure z be=e1 b supply+ m wat] ?an usual1 & t hott] & m impregnat$ ) its m$ic9al sub/ances4 ,9 ,b>b>y1 ! e>?quake 0 felt ne>ly z sev]ely z 9 ,portugal4 ,great "p ( ! city ( ,algi]s 0 de/roy$2 at ,fez1 ,mequ9ez1 & ,morocco _m h\ses 7 ?r[n d[n1 & numb]s ( p]sons 7 buri$ 9 ! ru9s4 ,at ,tangi]s & ,sallee ! wat]s ru%$ into ! /reets ) great viol5ce1 & :5 !y retir$ !y left beh9d !m a great quantity ( fi%4 ,%ips sail+ on ! di/ant ,atlantic receiv$ su* viol5t concussions t x seem$ z if !y _h /ruck ^u a rock1 & ev5 ,am]ica 0 di/urb$4 ,at ! ,isl& ( ,antigua ! sea rose to su* a height z _h nev] be5 kn[n be=e1 & at ,b>badoes a trem5d\s wave ov]fl[$ ! :>fs & ru%$ into ! /reets4 ,! remote ,canadian lakes 7 se5 to ebb & fl[ 9 an extraord9>y mann]1 & ! ,r$ ,indian hunt] felt ! la/ expir+ pulsations ( ! great t]re/rial %ock :i* a few h\rs be=e _h ov]?r[n ! di/ant capital ( ,portugal4 ,su* 7 ! extraord9>y effects ( ?is t]rible e>?quake1 :i* ext5d$ ov] a space ( n less ?an f\r millions ( squ>e miles6 ,( ! enorm\s s5sation x produc$ ov] all ,europe1 z well z ( ! deep impression x made ^u 8 own y\?ful m9d1 ,goe!1 !n ab\t six ye>s old1 has giv5 u a ma/]ly acc\nt 9 8 autobiography 7#8,di*tung und ,wahrheit'74 #8,= ! fir/ "t1' says ! illu/ri\s poet1 #8! boy's peace ( m9d 0 di/urb$ by an extraord9>y ev5t4 ,on ,novemb] #a1 #agee1 ! e>?quake ( ,lisbon took place1 & spread con/]nation ov] a _w :i* _h long be5 accu/om$ to tranquillity & peace4 ,a l>ge & spl5did capital1 ! seat ( weal? & comm]ce1 sudd5ly falls a prey to ! mo/ t]rible disa/]4 ,! e>? %akes1 ! sea rises1 %ips are da%$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 h\ses1 *ur*es1 & t[]s fall 92 ! k+'s palace is p>tly engulf$ by ! waves2 ! bur/+ e>? seems to vomit flames1 = smoke & fire appe> ev]y:]e among ! ru9s4 ,sixty ?\s& p]sons1 b a mom5t be=e 9 ! enjoym5t ( a com=table exi/5ce1 are swept away1 & !y are ! mo/ =tunate :o no long] feel or rememb] _! mis]y4 ,! flames cont9ue to rage1 along ) a ho/ ( crim9als :om ! cata/rophe has set at lib]ty4 ,! un=tunate survivors are expos$ to robb]y1 to murd]1 to e act ( viol5ce2 & ?us on all sides ,nature replaces law by ! reign ( unfett]$ an>*y4 ,swift] ?an ! news c\ld travel1 ! effects ( ! e>?quake _h already spread ov] a wide ext5t ( l&2 9 _m places slight] commotions _h be5 felt2 m9]al spr+s _h sudd5ly ceas$ to fl[2 & all ^! circum/ances increas$ ! g5]al al>m :5 ! t]rible details ( ! cata/rophe became kn[n4 ,! pi\s 7 n[ n sp>+ ( moral reflexions1 ! philosoph]s ( consolations1 ! cl]gy ( admonitions4 ,?us ! att5tion ( ! _w 0 = "s "t conc5trat$ ^u ?is s+le topic1 & ! public1 excit$ by ! mis=tunes ( /rang]s1 began to feel an increas+ anxiety = its p]sonal safety1 z f all sides intellig5ce came p\r+ 9 ( ! widely-ext5d$ effects ( ! e>?quake4 ,! demon ( fe> has inde$1 p]haps1 nev] spread t]ror s rapidly & s p[]fully ov] ! e>?4 ,! boy :o he>d ! subject frequ5tly discuss$ 0 n a little p]plex$4 ,god1 ! ,creator & ,pres]v] ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 :om ! fir/ article ( fai? repres5t$ z supremely wise & m]ciful1 appe>$ by no means pat]nal :ile ?us envelop+ ! j & ! unju/ 9 indiscrim9ate ru94 ,x 0 9 va9 t 8 y\?ful m9d endeav\r$ to %ake (f ^! impressions1 nor c ?is be wond]$ at1 z ev5 ! wise & ! le>n$ did n agree 9 _! op9ions on ! subject4' ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,l&slips4 ,igne\s & ,aque\s ,causes ( ,l&slips--,fall ( ! ,diabl]ets 9 #agad & #agdi--;,escape ( a ,peasant f 8 liv+ ,tomb--,vitaliano ,donati on ! ,fall ( a ,m\nta9 ne> ,sall5*es--,! ,de/ruction ( ,goldau 9 #ahjf--,wond]ful ,pres]vation ( a ,*ild--,burial ( ,velleja & ,tauretunum1 ( ,plrs & ,scilano--,l&slip ne> ,axm\? 9 ,dorset%ire-- ,fall+ 9 ( ,cav]n-ro(s--,doll9as & ,jamas 9 ,c>niola & ,dalmatia--,bur/+ ( ,bogs--,crat]i=m ,holl[s 9 ! ,eifel4 ,l&slips1 or sudd5 subsid5ces & displacem5ts ( portions ( l&1 result bo? f igne\s & aque\s causes4 ,:]ev] cavities h be5 =m$ b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 :e!r 9 consequ5ce ( volcanic eruptions or by ! erosive & dissolv+ action ( subt]ranean wat]s1 ! %ock ( an e>?quake or ! m]e weight ( ! sup]9cumb5t mass may cause ! ro( to fall 91 or ! sup]ficial gr\nd1 no long] su/a9$ by its und]m9$ f\ndations1 to slide away & s9k to a l[] level4 ,9 m\nta9\s regions x frequ5tly occurs t ! f\ndations ( a rock1 und]m9$ by filt]+ wat]s1 give way1 & t huge masses ( /one & e>?1 n[ no long] repos+ on a solid basis1 are precipitat$ into ! valley bel[4 ,m ?an once1 ! slipp+ or fall+ 9 ( a m\nta9 has br\ght dea? & de/ruction ^u ! humble dwell+s ( ! ,alp9e peasants1 & add$ _m a m\rnful page to _! simple annals4 ,?us1 9 ! ye>s #agad & #agdi1 l>ge b$s ( /one 7 deta*$ f ! ,diabl]ets1 a m\nta9 /ock betwe5 ! cantons ( ,vaux & ,valais1 & bury+ ! mead[s ( ,*eville & ,leytron "u a m\nd ( rubbi% #cjj feet deep1 kill$ _m h]ds & %eph]ds4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! cata/rophes1 ! life ( a peasant 0 pres]v$ 9 a wond]ful mann]4 ,an imm5se block came toppl+ d[n close to 8 *let & cov]$ x l a %ield1 s z to pres]ve x f be+ cru%$ by ! foll[+ dbris1 ?\gh pil$ up two hundr$ feet above x4 ,?us1 immur$ z x 7 9 a liv+ tomb1 ! un=tunate man sp5t mis]able weeks & mon?s1 subsi/+ on ! /ores ( *eese ho>d$ 9 8 hut1 )\t light & air1 & 9 con/ant fe> t ! rocks above 8 head might give way & bury him "u _! ru9s4 ,) all ! en]gy ( despair1 he endeav\r$ to f9d 8 way out ( ! mighty m\nd ( rubbi%1 & at l5g?1 aft] incr$ible toil1 em]g$ into ! op5 daylight4 ,m l a spectre ?an a human be+1 pale & emaciat$1 ) torn clo!s1 & cov]$ ) bruises1 he knock$ at ! door ( 8 h\se#ab 9 ! l[] valley1 :]e 8 wife & *ildr51 :o _h already long reckon$ him among ! dead1 7 at fir/ t]rifi$ at 8 gho/-l appe>ance1 & call$ 9 ! village pa/or to conv9ce !m ( 8 id5tity1 be=e !y v5tur$ to rejoice at 8 return4 ,footnote #ab3 ,x is almo/ sup]flu\s to m5tion t 9 ! ,alps _m ( ! peasants lead a migratory exi/5ce4 ,dur+ ! summ] !y asc5d1 ) _! h]ds1 into ! high] valleys1 :]e !y rema91 sep>at$ f _! families1 until ! fir/ night-fro/s =ce !m to return to _! homes on a l[] level4 ,on ! road f ,sall5*es to ,s]voz1 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,arve1 well kn[n to all ! visitors ( ,mont ,blanc1 may be se5 ! ru9s ( a high m\nta9 :i* collaps$ 9 ! ye> #agea1 caus+ s dreadful a cra% & rais+ su* cl\ds ( du/ t ! :ole neighb\rhood ?\ght ! _w 0 at an end4 ,! black du/ 0 tak5 = smoke2 flames _h be5 se5 d>t+ ab\t 9 ! murky cl\ds1 & ! report spread to ,tur9 t a new ,vesuvius _h sudd5ly op5$ its subt]ranean furnaces among ! highe/ ( ! ,alp9e m\nta9s4 ,! k+1 al>m$ or int]e/$ at ! news1 imm$iately s5t ! fam\s geologi/ ,vitaliano ,donati to ga!r accurate in=mation on ! spot4 ,donati1 travell+ night & day1 ) all ! eag]ness ( a zeal\s naturali/1 arriv$ :ile ! appall+ ph5om5on 0 /ill 9 full activity4 #8,! peasants1' writes ,donati to a fri5d1 #8_h all fl$ f ! neighb\rhood1 & did n v5ture to approa* ! cra%+ m\nta9 )9 a di/ance ( two ,italian miles4 ,! c\ntry ar\nd 0 cov]$ ) du/1 :i* closely resembl$ a%es1 & _h be5 c>ri$ by ! w9d to a di/ance ( five miles4 ,i exam9$ ! du/1 & f\nd x to consi/ ( pulv]is$ m>ble4 ,i also att5tively obs]v$ ! smoke1 b c\ld see no flames1 nor c\ld ,i p]ceive a sulphur\s smell2 ! wat] also ( ! rivulets & s\rces %[$ no trace ( sulphur\s matt]4 ,?is conv9c$ me at once t no volcanic eruption 0 tak+ place1 & p5etrat+ into ! cl\d ( du/ :i* envelop$ ! m\nta91 ,i advanc$ close to ! sc5e ( ! commotion4 ,i !re saw enorm\s rocks tumbl+ piecemeal into an abyss ) a dreadful noise1 l\d] ?an ! roll+ ( ?und] or ! ro> ( heavy artill]y1 & di/9ctly saw t ! smoke 0 no?+ b ! du/ ris+ f _! fall4 #8,fur!r inve/igations also %[$ me ! cause ( ! ph5om5on1 = ,i f\nd ! m\nta9 to consi/ ( horizontal /rata1 ! l[e/ be+ compos$ ( a loose /one ( a slaty texture1 :ile ! upp] ones1 ?\gh ( a m compact nature1 7 r5t ) num]\s crevices4 ,on ! back ( ! m\nta9 7 ?ree small lakes1 ! wat] ( :i*1 p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! fissures ( ! /rata1 _h gradually loos5$ _! f\ndations4 ,! sn[1 :i* _h fall5 dur+ ! previ\s w9t] m abundantly ?an _h ev] be5 kn[n )9 ! memory ( man1 ha/5$ ! progress ( de/ruction1 & caus$ ! fall ( six hundr$ million cubic feet ( /one1 :i* alone w\ld h suffic$ to =m a great m\nta94 ,six %eph]ds1 z _m h\ses1 & a great numb] ( c[s & goats h be5 buri$ "u ! ru9s4 #8,9 my report to ! k+ ,i h accurately describ$ ! causes & effects ( ! cata/rophe1 & =etold its spe$y t]m9ation--a pr$iction :i* has be5 fully v]ifi$ by ! ev5t--& ?us ! new volcano has become ext9ct almo/ z soon z its =mation 0 ann\nc$4' ,=tunately1 ?is gr& convulsion ( nature1 :i* spread con/]nation f> & wide1 caus$ ! dea? ( b a few victims4 ,! l&slip ( ! ,rufi or ,rossb]g1 :i*1 on ,septemb] #b1 #ahjf1 deva/at$ ! lovely ,vale ( ,goldau1 & ov]:elm$ f\r villages1 ) _! ri* pa/ure- gr\nds & g>d5s1 0 f> m disa/r\s4 ,! prec$+ ye>s _h be5 unusually wet1 ! filt]+ wat]s _h loos5$ ! ,nagelfluh1 or co>se conglom]ate ( :i* ! m\nta9 is compos$1 & ! ra9s hav+ latt]ly be5 almo/ cont9u\s1 a great "p ( ! m\nta91 und]m9$ by ! subt]ranean action ( ! wat]s1 at l5g? gave way & 0 hurl$ into ! valley bel[4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ! %eph]ds :o 7 t5d+ _! h]ds on ! m\nta9s p]ceiv$ fre% crevices 9 ! gr\nd & on ! rock walls4 ,9 _m p>ts ! turf appe>$ z if turn$ up by a pl\gh%>e1 & a crack+ noise z if roots 7 viol5tly snapp$ asund] 0 he>d 9 ! neighb\r+ =e/4 ,f h\r to h\r1 ! r5ts1 ! crack+1 ! roll+ d[n ( s+le /ones increas$1 until f9ally1 at ab\t five 9 ! aft]noon1 a l>ge *asm op5$ 9 ! flanks ( ! m\nta91 gr[+ e in/ant deep]1 long]1 & broad]4 ,!n f ! opposite ,righi ! =e/ might be se5 to wave to & fro l a /orm- toss$ sea1 & ! :ole flank ( ! m\nta9 to slide d[n ) a con/antly increas+ velocity1 until f9ally hundr$s ( millions ( cubic feet ( rock came sweep+ d[n into ! valley ) a noise z if ! f\ndations ( ! e>? 7 giv+ way4 ,! friction or cla% ( ! huge /ones1 hurl$ aga9/ ea* o!r 9 _! fall1 produc$ s int5se a heat t flames 7 se5 to fla% =? f ! avalan*e1 & ! moi/ure ) :i* !y 7 saturat$1 be+ sudd5ly *ang$ into /eam1 caus$ explosions l ^? f ! crat] ( a volcano4 ,d5se cl\ds ( du/ veil$ ! sc5e ( de/ruction1 & x 0 n be=e !y sl[ly roll$ away t ! :ole ext5t ( ! disa/] became visible4 ,:]e1 b a few h\rs s9ce1 f\r prosp]\s villages-- ,goldau1 ,bus+51 ,upp] & ,l[] ,r!n1 & ,l[]z--_h be5 gild$ by ! sun1 & num]\s h]ds _h be5 graz+ on ! ri* pa/ures along ! bord]s ( ! lake ( ,l[]z1 no?+ 0 n[ to be se5 b a desolate *aos ( rocks1 b5ea? :i* #deg p]sons lay buri$4 ,f ?is t]rible disa/] "s wond]ful escapes are record$4 ,high on ! slope ( ! ,rossb]g1 liv$ ,blsi ,mettl]1 ) 8 "y wife ,aga?a4 ,:51 9 ! morn+1 ! fir/ premonitory signs ( ! disa/] appe>$1 & ! lab\r+ m\nta9 began to raise its w>n+ voice1 ! sup]/iti\s peasant1 fancy+ he he>d ! jubilee ( demons1 ha/5$ d[n to ,ar?1 on ! bank ( ! lake ( ,zug1 & begg$ ! p>i% prie/1 ) te>s & lam5tations1 to accompany him1 & exorcise ! evil spirits ) a copi\s spr9kl+ ( holy wat]4 ,:ile he 0 /ill speak+1 ! cata/rophe took place1 & he n[ ru%$ back aga9 to 8 hut1 :]e beyond all d\bt 8 belov$ wife & 8 only *ild1 :i* 0 b f\r weeks old1 _h f\nd a premature grave4 ,mean:ile ,aga?a _h sp5t sev]al anxi\s h\rs4 ,%e 0 prep>+ h] humble ev5+ meal :5 ! ?und]+ upro> & ! %ak+ ( ! hut fill$ h] ) ! t]rors ( dea?4 ,seiz+ ! infant1 :i* lay awake 9 its cradle1 %e cross$ ! ?re%old1 :ile ! soil "u h] feet slid d[n into ! valley4 ,escap+ into ! op5 air1 %e look$ back & saw h] hut & a sea ( huge /one blocks roll d[n into ! vale bel[1 :ile ! spot on :i* %e /ood rema9$ unmov$4 ,9 ?is situation %e 0 f\nd by ,blsi1 :o1 ?\gh a poor & ru9$ man1 /ill ?ank$ ,god = ! wond]ful pres]vation ( 8 family4 ,ab\t a ?\s& feet l[] d[n ! m\nta9 liv$ ,blsi's bro!r ,ba/ian1 :o1 :5 ! m\nta9 slipp$1 0 t5d+ 8 h]d on ! opposite ,righi4 ,b 8 wife & h] two little *ildr5 7 9 8 hut :5 x 0 buri$ b5ea? ! /ony avalan*e4 ,aft] ! t]rible commotion _h subsid$1 ! relations ( ,frau ,mettl]1 anxi\s to asc]ta9 h] fate1 ha/5$ to ! sc5e ( desolation4 ,! hut _h disappe>$1 ! gre5 ,alp9e mead[ 0 cov]$ ) a heap ( ru9s1 b1 n f> f ! =m] site ( ! humble cottage1 ! y\nge/ *ild lay quietly sleep+4 ,at ! p]il ( 8 life1 "o ( ! infant's relations clamb]$ ov] ! ru9s & rescu$ ! little sleep]1 :o1 unhurt amid/ ! fall+ raft]s ( ! hut & ! ru9s ( ! crumbl+ m\nta91 _h be5 c>ri$ away ) ! b$ on :i* he 0 repos+4 ,on my la/ visit to ,switz]l&1 ,i 0 in=m$ t ,seba/ian ,me9h>dt ,mettl]1 ! *ild ?us wond]fully sav$1 di$ 9 ! ye> #ahfg1 at ! age ( sixty-"o4 ,"s ( ! victims :o _h be5 buri$ 9 ! ru9s ( ! villages 7 dug out & re/or$ to daylight2 o!rs1 less =tunate1 may h sl[ly p]i%$1 immur$ 9 a liv+ grave2 b by f> ! great] numb] 7 no d\bt sudd5ly kill$4 ,! total numb] ( ^? :o 7 sav$1 ei!r by ! assi/ance ( _! fri5ds1 or by a timely flight1 or by abs5ce f _! homes at ! "t ( ! disa/]1 am\nt$ to #bbj2 b m ?an d\ble t numb] p]i%$1 & probably !re 0 n "o among ! survivors :o _h n to lam5t ! loss ( fri5ds & k9sfolk4 ,?is dreadful cata/rophe also levi$ its tribute among ! /rang]s :om ! beauties ( ,alp9e sc5]y annually attract to ,switz]l&4 ,a p>ty ( t\ri/s _h left ,ar? 9 ! aft]noon ) ! int5tion ( sp5d+ ! night 9 ,s*wyz4 ,"p ( ! company _h already ent]$ ! ill-fat$ village ( ,goldau1 & ! o!rs 7 ab\t to foll[1 :5 sudd5ly ! ?und]+ ro> ( ! slid+ m\nta9 caus$ !m to /op4 ,look+ up & see+ rocks1 =e/s1 huts1 all ru%+ d[n 9 horrible confusion1 !y in/9ctively ran back = _! lives4 ,! w>n+ came n "o in/ant too soon1 = close beh9d ! spot :]e !y /opp$ pant+ = brea?1 ! /ones /ill fell l hail4 ,b _! un=tunate companions1 ! wife & daught] ( ,b>on ,diesba*1 ,colonel ,victor von ,/eig]1 & "s boys1 ^: tutor _h be5 sl[ly foll[+ !m ) ! ,b>on1 7 buri$ b5ea? ! ru9s4 ,f ! ,righi ! travell] /ill looks d[n ^u ! avalan*e ( /ones1 & ! flank ( ! ,rossb]g /ill pla9ly %[s ! spot :]e1 m ?an half a c5tury ago1 ! masses ( rock n[ repos+ 9 ! valley deta*$ !mselves f ! m\nta94 ,b ! beautify+ h& ( vegetation has already done mu* to adorn ! sc5e ( ru94 ,gre5 mosses h wov5 _! s(t c>pet ov] ! nak$ /ones1 :ile grasses & fl[]s1 & 9 "s places ev5 %rubs & trees1 h sprung up betwe5 !m4 ,! te>s also :i* once 7 %$ ov] ! victims ( ! great cata/rophe h long s9ce be5 dri$1 & its la/ witnesses h pass$ away to make room = a new g5]ation1 :o rememb] ! m\nta9-slip :i* buri$ _! fa!rs only z a leg5d ( ! pa/4 ,?is t]rible disa/]1 h[ev] appall+ ?r\gh ! f>-spread desolation x entail$1 has yet be5 equall$ or surpass$ by o!rs ( a l nature4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury1 ! old ,roman t[n ( ,velleja 0 buri$ "u ! ru9s ( ! ,rav9azzo ,m\nta91 & ! bones & co9s dug out ( its anci5t site prove t no "t 0 left to ! inhabitants = flight4 ,tauretunum 0 once a fl\ri%+ ,roman t[n1 situat$ on ! s\? bank ( ! lake ( ,g5eva1 at ! foot ( ! ,d5t d',o*e4 ,9 #efc x 0 utt]ly de/roy$ by a disruption ( ! ov]hang+ m\nta94 ,! avalan*e ( /ones :i* at t "t 0 hurl$ d[n ^u ! devot$ city is /ill visible z a promontory project+ f> into ! lake1 :i* is "h at lea/ #ejj feet deep4 ,! imm5se wave caus$ by ! rocky mass z x plung$ into ! wat] inundat$ ! opposite %ore f ,morges to ,vevay1 & swept away e home/ead t lay on its pa?4 ,9 ! night ( ,septemb] #d1 #afah1 ! fall+ ( ! ,monte ,conto1 9 ! ,vale ( ,*iav5na1 s completely buri$ ! small t[n ( ,plrs & ! village ( ,scilano1 t ( _! #b1dcj inhabitants b ?ree rema9$ alive1 & b "o s+le h\se escap$ ! univ]sal de/ruction4 ,at pres5t1 magnific5t *e/nut-trees gr[ ^u ! m\nd ( ru9s & ca/ _! %ade ov] ! graves ( ! long-=gott5 victims4 ,?ree villages1 ) _! :ole population1 7 cov]$ 9 ! di/rict ( ,treviso :5 ! ,piz m\nta9 fell 9 #aggb2 & ! enorm\s masses ( rock :i* 9 #abdh deta*$ !mselves f ,m\nt ,gr5i]1 s\? ( ,*amb]y 9 ,savoy1 buri$ five p>i%es1 includ+ ! t[n & *ur* ( ,sa9t ,&r1 ! ru9 occupy+ an ext5t ( ab\t n9e squ>e miles4 ,sometimes ! same village has be5 repeat$ly de/roy$ by m\nta9- slips4 ,?us excavations h %[n t ,bri5z1 a hamlet built on ! bord]s ( ! lake ( ! same "n1 on a m\nd ( accumulat$ ru9s1 has be5 twice ov]:elm$ by a deluge ( /ones & mud1 & twice recon/ruct$4 ,x w\ld be useless to multiply examples ( ! und]m9+ p[] ( wat]4 ,i w m]ely add t x is impossible to w&] ?r\gh ! valleys ( ,switz]l& )\t be+ /ruck by ! sight ( ! slop+ hillocks ( rubbi% pil$ up aga9/ ! foot ( e gigantic rock wall1 :i* 9 _m cases c only be attribut$ to t cause4 ,"s are entirely ov]gr[n ) l>ge firs1 ?us %[+ t ! la/ /ony avalan*e took place at a remote p]iod2 o!rs are desolate heaps ( rubbi%1 :i* evid5tly prove t ! "w ( de/ruction is con/antly go+ on1 & t ! highe/ peaks w ultimately be levell$ ) ! pla94 ,ov] _m a hamlet ! sword ( ,damocles is cont9ually susp5d$ 9 ! %ape ( a precipit\s rock-wall1 or ( a =e/-cr[n$ m\nta9-br[4 ,= ye>s ! und]m9+ wat]s are sl[ly & secretly at "w1 & !n sudd5ly ! crisis takes place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,axm\? ,,l&slip4 ,7 ! hi/ory ( ! ,&es or ( ! ,himalayas z famili> to u z t ( ! ,alps1 we %\ld be able to relate _m l in/ances ( disa/r\s m\nta9-slips4 ,b ! high places ( ! e>? d n alone be> witness to ! p[] ( aque\s erosion1 = :]ev] ! soil is und]m9$1 x may be precipitat$ to a l[] level4 ,?us1 ! ph5om5on is by no means uncommon 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh r>ely occurr+ on s l>ge a scale z 9 ! l&slip :i* took place at ,axm\? 9 ,dorset%ire1 on ,decemb] #bd1 #ahci4 #8,! tract ( d[ns rang+ !re along ! coa/1' says ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 7#8,pr9ciples ( ,geology'71 #8is capp$ by *alk1 :i* re/s on s&/one1 b5ea? :i* is m ?an #ajj feet ( loose s&1 ! :ole ( ^! masses repos+ on ret5tive b$s ( clay %elv+ t[>ds ! sea4 ,num]\s spr+s1 issu+ f ! loose s&1 h gradually remov$ portions ( x1 & ?us und]m9$ ! sup]/ratum4 ,9 #ahci1 an excessively wet season _h saturat$ all ! rocks ) moi/ure1 s z to increase ! weight ( ! incumb5t mass1 f :i* ! support _h already be5 )drawn by ! action ( spr+s4 ,?us1 ! sup]/rata 7 precipitat$ into holl[s prep>$ = !m1 & ! adjac5t masses ( p>tially und]m9$ rock to :i* ! motion 0 communicat$1 7 made to slide d[n1 on a slipp]y basis ( wat]y s&1 t[>ds ! sea4 ,^! causes gave rise to a convulsion1 :i* began on ! morn+ ( ,decemb] #bd1 ) a cra%+ noise2 &1 on ! ev5+ ( ! same day1 fissures 7 se5 op5+ 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! walls ( t5em5ts r5d+ & s9k+1 until a deep *asm or rav9e 0 =m$1 ext5d+ ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile 9 l5g?1 ) a dep? ( f #ajj to #aej feet1 & a bread? exce$+ #bdj feet4 ,at ! bottom ( ?is deep gulf lie fragm5ts ( ! orig9al surface1 ?r[n toge!r 9 ! wilde/ confusion4 ,9 consequ5ce ( lat]al movem5ts1 ! tract int]v5+ betwe5 ! new fissure & ! sea1 includ+ ! anci5t und]cliff1 0 fractur$1 & ! :ole l9e ( sea-cliff c>ri$ bodily =w>ds = _m y>ds4 ,?is motion ( ! sea-cliff produc$ a fur!r effect1 :i* may rank among ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5a ( ?is cata/rophe4 ,! lat]al pressure ( ! desc5d+ rocks urg$ ! neighb\r+ /rata1 ext5d+ b5ea? ! %+le ( ! %ore1 by _! /ate ( unnatural cond5sation1 to bur/ upw>ds 9 a l9e p>allel to ! coa/1 s t an elevat$ ridge1 m ?an a mile 9 l5g? & ris+ m ?an =ty feet1 cov]$ by a confus$ assemblage ( brok5 /rata & imm5se blocks ( rock1 inve/$ ) seawe$ & corall9es1 & scatt]$ ov] ) %ells & />fi%1 & o!r productions ( ! deep1 =ms an ext5d$ reef 9 front ( ! pres5t range ( cliffs4' ,l&slips caus$ by ! fall+ 9 ( cav]n ro(s are n[h]e m common ?an 9 ! cretace\s /rata1 :i* are m liable ?an o!rs to be und]m9$ by ! action ( runn+ wat]s4 ,9 ! va/ *alk- range ext5d+ f ,c>9?ia to ! ,morea1 !y occur ( all sizes1 f a diamet] ( a few fa?oms to "o ( _m ?\s& feet1 & are n seldom ( consid]able dep?4 ,!y are g5]ally funnel-%ap$1 sometimes elongat$2 & ! bottom ( ! l>g] ones is g5]ally cov]$ ) villages1 or*>ds1 v9ey>ds1 or consid]able tracts ( arable l&4 ,9 ,dalmatia1 ,c>9?ia1 ,c>niola1 & ,i/ria1 :]e ! c\ntry consi/s *iefly ( arid plateaux or m\nta9-*a9s1 expos$ to ! dry nor?-ea/]ly w9ds1 ! cultivation ( ! soil is almo/ exclusively conf9$ to ^! depressions or doll9as1 :i*1 z a fur!r protection aga9/ ! cutt+ bla/s1 are inclos$ ) walls ( loose /ones4 ,besides ! funnel-%ap$ l&slips or doll9as1 !re are o!rs ) p]p5dicul> sides l walls or %afts1 :i* are call$ jamas or m\?s4 ,"o ( ^! 7ne> ,bres*iak7 desc5ds to a dep? ( #chd feet4 ,! h>es seek a w9t] refuge 9 ! doll9as1 & ! jamas1 z ! fav\rite resort ( pigeons1 are also call$ pigeon-holes or golub9as4 ,_m a p$e/rian has lo/ 8 life by fall+ into a jama1 p>ticul>ly 9 =m] times1 :5 few] precautions 7 tak5 to protect ! /rang] aga9/ ^! trea*]\s precipices4 ,9 ! ,jura ,m\nta9s !re are also :ole r[s ( cauldron-%ap$ depressions2 & 9 ,nor? ,jutl&1 :]e ! *alk =mation is likewise v ext5sive1 a rec5t l&slip sudd5ly empti$ ! ,norr ,lake1 :i* lo/ itself 9 subt]ranean *annels4 ,effects v simil> to ^? ( an ord9>y l&slip are sometimes produc$ by ! bur/+ ( a bog4 ,on ! we/]n conf9es ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 ! ,solway ,moss occupies a flat area ab\t sev5 miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,its surface is cov]$ ) grass & ru%es1 pres5t+ a dry cru/ & a fair appe>ance2 b x %akes "u ! lea/ pressure1 ! bottom be+ uns\nd & semi-fluid4 ,! adv5tur\s pass5g] !re=e1 :o sometimes1 9 dry seasons1 trav]ses ?is trea*]\s wa/e1 mu/ pick 8 way ov] ! ru%y tussocks z !y appe> be=e him1 = "h ! soil is firme/4 ,if 8 foot slip1 or if he v5ture to move 9 any o!r "p1 x is possible he may s9k nev] to rise aga94 ,on ,decemb] #af1 #aggb1 ?is quagmire1 hav+ be5 fill$1 l a great sponge1 ) wat]1 dur+ heavy ra9s1 swell$ to an unusual height above ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & !n bur/4 ,! turfy cov]+ seem$ = a "t to act l ! sk9 ( a bladd] reta9+ ! fluid )91 till x =c$ a passage = itself1 :5 a /ream ( black half- consolidat$ mud began at fir/ to creep ov] ! pla91 resembl+ 9 ! sl[ rate ( its progress an ord9>y lava-curr5t4 ,no lives 7 lo/1 b ! deluge totally ov]:elm$ "s cottages1 & cov]$ #djj acres ) a mass ( mud & vegetable matt]1 :i* 9 ! l[e/ p>ts ( ! subm]g$ area 0 at lea/ fifte5 feet deep4 ,x may easily be imag9$ t 9 ,irel&1 ! classic l& ( bogs1 su* ph5om5a are n uncommon4 ,9 ! peat ( ,donegal an anci5t log- cab9 0 f\nd1 9 #ahcc1 at ! dep? ( f\rte5 feet4 ,! cab9 0 fill$ ) peat1 & 0 surr\nd$ by o!r huts1 :i* 7 n exam9$4 ,trunks & roots ( trees1 pres]v$ 9 _! natural position1 lay ar\nd ^! huts4 ,!re c be little d\bt t we h "h "o in/ance out ( _m 9 :i* villages h be5 ov]:elm$ by ! bur/+ ( a moss4 ,9 _m volcanic regions we f9d circul> cauldron-%ap$ depressions 9 ! e>?'s surface1 :i* might easily be mi/ak5 = l&-slips1 b :i* h 9 reality be5 =m$ by explosive dis*>ges ( conf9$ vap\rs4 ,:5 v5ts or fissures are produc$ by a p>oxysm ( volcanic en]gy1 we c easily und]/& h[ 9 "s cases ! p5t-up gases1 f9d+ a sudd5 outlet ?r\gh "s weak] "p ( ! surface1 mu/ act l a p[d] m9e1 & scatt]+ ! rocks t surr\nd$ ! orifice1 leave a deep holl[ beh9d z a mem5to ( _! fury4 ,! depressions ?us caus$ be> a great resemblance to real crat]s1 f :i* !y are1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( a cone ( scori & f _! nev] hav+ eject$ lava4 ,^! curi\s crat]i=m holl[s are v common 9 ! ,eifel1 a volcanic region 9 ,rh5i% ,prussia1 :]e1 probably ow+ to ! clayey nature ( ! soil1 !y h become res]voirs ( wat]1 or ,ma>e1 z !y are call$ by ! natives4 ,mo/ ( !m /ill h small lakes at _! bottom1 :ile o!rs h be5 dra9$ = ! sake ( cultivation1 or by ! spontane\s rupture or erosion ( _! banks4 ,"s ( !m are ( consid]able dim5sions1 su* z t ( ,me]feld1 ! diamet] ( :i* falls v little %ort ( a mile2 or ! ,pulv]ma> ( ,gill5feld1 rem>kable = ! extreme regul>ity ( its magnific5t oval bas94 ,simil> lakes or ,ma>e occur 9 ,auv]gne1 9 ,java1 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 9 ,new ,zeal&1 & 9 ! volcanic di/ricts ( ,italy4 ,! beautiful lakes ( ,albano & ,nemi1 :i* h be5 s (t5 sung by anci5t & mod]n poets1 belong to ?is class2 b ,fr4 ,h(fmann1 a celebrat$ ,g]man geologi/1 ascribes ! orig9 ( ! =m] to a l&slip caus$ by ! fall+ 9 ( ! ro( ( a va/ subt]ranean cav]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/alactite ,,cav]n ,,at ,,aggtelek1 ,,hung>y3 ,,! ,,cave ,,( ,,borodla4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,on ,,caves ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,_! v>i\s ,=ms--,natural ,tunnels--,! ,v5tanillas ( ,gualgayoc--,eimeo-- ,torgatt5--,hole 9 ! ,mrts*5/ock--,! ,trebi* ,cave--,grotto ( ,antip>os--,va/ ,dim5sions ( ! ,cave ( ,adelsb]g & ( ! ,mammo? ,cave--,discov]y ( ,baumann's ,cave--,lime/one ,caves--,causes ( _! ,excavation--,/alactites & ,/alagmites--,_! ,orig9--,v>iety ( ,=ms-- ,m>9e ,caves--,%etl&--,f+al's ,cave--,! ,azure ,cave--,cave "u ,bonifacio--,grotta di ,nettuno1 ne> ,syracuse--,! ,bufador ( ,papa ,luna-- ,volcanic ,caves--,! ,fossa della ,palomba--,caves ( ,san ,miguel--,! ,surt%ellir4 ,! natural excavations :i* ab\nd 9 _m m\nta9 *a9s1 or on rocky %ores wa%$ by ! /ormy sea1 are extremely v>i\s 9 _! =ms4 ,_m are m]e r5ts or crevices 9 ! disruptur$ rocks2 o!rs wide vaults1 n seldom ( hall or dome-l dim5sions1 or long & n>r[ passages bran*+ out 9 num]\s ramifications4 ,n seldom ! same cave alt]nately exp&s into spaci\s *amb]s1 & !n aga9 contracts into n>r[ tunnels or gall]ies4 ,! walls ( _m are smoo? & ne>ly p>allel2 ! sides ( o!rs are irregul> & rugg$4 ,_m h n>r[ entrances & swell at great] dep?s into maje/ic proportions2 :ile o!rs op5 ) wide portals1 & gradually dim9i% 9 size z !y p5etrate into ! rock4 ,sometimes an excavation pi]ces a m\nta9 f side to side l a natural tunnel1 s z to all[ a passage to ! light ( day4 ,su*1 among o!rs1 are ! num]\s p]=ations or w9d[s 7v5tanillas7 9 ! s]rat$ ba/ions ( ! ri* silv] m\nta9 ,gualgayoc 9 ! ,p]uvian ,&es1 or ! op5+ ?r\gh "o ( ! high peaks ( ! romantic isl& ( ,eimeo :i* rises )9 sight ( ,tahiti out ( ! d>k blue ocean4 ,accord+ to a popul> tradition1 ?is hole owes its orig9 to ,oro1 ! p[]ful god ( w>1 :o1 hav+ "o day qu>rell$ ) ! m9or god ( ,eimeo1 hurl$ 8 mighty spe> at him ov] ! sea4 ,z ev5 gods1 :5 los+ _! temp]1 are apt to miss _! aim1 ! puny del9qu5t escap$ unhurt1 :ile ! dreadful lance flew l a ?und]bolt ?r\gh ! m\nta91 leav+ ! p]=ation z a la/+ memorial ( its passage4 ,9 ,europe we likewise meet ) sev]al rem>kable in/ances ( su* natural tunnels4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ is ! grotto ( ,torgatt5 9 ,norway1 :i* p]=ates a huge rock1 #djj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,its proportions are truly colossal1 z x is no less ?an #ijj feet long by f #hj to #ajj feet broad2 & ! ar*es ( its va/ portals measure respectively #bjj & #abj feet4 ,its floor is ne>ly horizontal1 & cov]$ ) f9e s&2 its sides are smoo?1 z if !y _h be5 *isell$ by ! h& ( man4 ,! sea1 ) its numb]less cliffs & :ite-cre/$ break]s1 appe>s ?r\gh ! imm5se gall]y z ?r\gh ! tube ( a gigantic telescope1 & 9 f9e sunny wea!r af=ds a spectacle ( incomp>able beauty4 ,:oev] has visit$ ! romantic lake ( ,wall5/dt1 9 ,switz]l&1 w h _h 8 att5tion direct$ to a tunnel ne> ! summit ( ! almo/ inaccessible ,mrts*5/ock1 a fav\rite resort ( ! *amois4 ,x is visible f ! lake ne> ! hamlet ( ,mhlehorn1 &1 ?\gh ( consid]able dim5sions1 appe>s to ! eye l a m]e speck ( sn[ on ! huge grey rockwall1 :i* t[]s to a height ( #g1eag feet4 ,f ! #a/ to ! #crd ( ,febru>y1 at #b o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 ! inhabitants ( ,mhlehorn see ?r\gh ?is ap]ture ! disk ( ! sun = ! fir/ "t aft] a long w9t]4 ,9 ! /ructure ( "s caves a v]tical direction pr$om9ates2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,trebi* ,cave1 ?ree leagues f ,trie/e1 :i* consi/s ( sev]al p]p5dicul> %afts1 connect$ by n>r[ transv]sal passages1 & desc5d+ "o aft] ano!r1 until f9ally1 at a dep? ( m ?an a ?\s& feet1 ! cav]n t]m9ates 9 a wide vault$ space spann+ a subt]ranean riv]4 ,su*1 also1 is ! r5[n$ ,grotto ( ,antip>os1 into :i* ! visitor is let d[n by a rope to a dep? ( ab\t tw5ty fa?oms4 ,aft] rea*+ a tol]ably ev5 plat=m1 he is oblig$ to desc5d ano!r precipice1 & !n to proce$ ov] slipp]y rocks until he f9ally rea*es ! t]m9al vault4 ,9 mo/ cav]ns1 h[ev]1 ! *ief direction is horizontal1 ei!r on sev]al planes1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by m or less /eep passages1 or on a s+le level4 ,! dim5sions ( caves are z v>i\s z _! =ms4 ,_m are small & ( inconsid]able dep?--m]e holes worn 9 ! rock2 :ile o!rs are ( a truly a/oni%+ size1 & fatigue ! wond]+ spectator z he w&]s ?r\gh _! l(ty halls or endless gall]ies4 ,! fam\s ,cave ( ,adelsb]g 9 ,c>niola has be5 explor$ to a di/ance ( #a1bdc fa?oms f ! *ief entrance2 & 9 ! ,mammo? ,cave 9 ,k5tucky no less ?an #bbf av5ues bran* out to ! "r & left f ! ma9 gall]y1 s z to =m a network ( subt]ranean passages & halls ( v>i\s dim5sions1 ^: total l5g? has be5 comput$ at ab\t #afj miles6 ,z _m caves are )\t any visible communication ) ! ext]nal _w1 & ! entrance ( o!rs is frequ5tly n>r[1 & conceal$ beh9d rocks 9 solit>y rav9es on wild hill slopes or /eep sea %ores1 f> f ! busy haunts ( man1 we _c wond] t *ance has frequ5tly be5 in/rum5tal 9 _! discov]y4 ,sometimes a hunt] pursu+ a wild animal has be5 l$ to ! hidd5 cave 9 :i* x s\ght a refuge1 or ! workm5 9 a qu>ry h be5 sudd5ly surpris$ at meet+ ) a holl[ 9 ! rock1 :i* op5$ an unexpect$ passage into ! b[els ( ! m\nta94 ,! digg+ ( wells1 ( cell>s1 ( f\ndations1 ! bor+ = m9es or ,artesian wells1 has (t5 reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( unkn[n subt]ranean *amb]s2 & s rec5tly z #ahfh1 "o ( ! f9e/ kn[n cav]ns1 :i* already attracts a numb] ( delight$ visitors1 0 discov]$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ?riv+ manufactur+ t[n ( ,is]lohn 9 ,we/phalia1 on bla/+ a rock = ! mak+ ( a railway4 ,we may ?us inf] t a va/ numb] ( caves mu/ /ill be totally unkn[n2 _m s situat$ t *ance may "o day lead to _! discov]y2 :ile o!rs are holl[$ out at su* va/ dep?s 9 ! e>?-r9d z to be = ev] inaccessible to man4 ,ev5 ( ^? caves :i* h be5 objects ( curiosity = c5turies1 _m h /ill be5 by no means ?or\ghly explor$4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdh an ,am]ican g5tleman p]suad$ ! guides ( ,baumann's ,cave 9 ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s to accompany him on a voyage ( discov]y ?r\gh p>ts ( ! cav]n hi!rto untrodd5 by man4 ,x 0 no easy task to clamb] ov] slipp]y rocks & deep *asms yawn+ into black abysses2 b curiosity & ! _s ( adv5ture kept lead+ !m on f passage to passage & vault to vault1 :5 sudd5ly ! lights began to burn m dimly2 & ! glass ( ! guid+ compass hav+ be5 accid5tally brok5 w>n$ !m to retrace _! /eps4 ,!y _h be5 w&]+ = tw5ty- f\r h\rs 9 ! subt]ranean labyr9?1 & aft] s long an abs5ce f ! light ( day1 joyfully hail$ ! gre5 hill slope :i* decks t my/]i\s palace ( ! gnomes4 ,franz ,baumann1 ! fir/ discov]] ( ! cav]n1 0 less =tunate4 ,its tortu\s w9d+s confus$ ! exp]t & intrepid m9]1 :o lo/ 8 way 9 ! recesses ( ! cave4 ,:ile seek+ 9 va9 = an outlet1 8 sp>+ light w5t out4 ,?ree days he grop$ ab\t 9 d>kness1 until at l5g?1 worn out & exhau/$1 he 0 l$ by a wond]ful *ance to ! m\? ( ! cave4 ,be=e he di$ he _h yet suffici5t /r5g? briefly to m5tion ! wond]s he _h se5 dur+ 8 fatal exp$ition4 ,8 desc5dants /ill enjoy ! privilege ( s]v+ z guides to ! visitors ( ! cave1 & nev] fail to relate ! melan*oly end ( _! ill-fat$ =efa!r4 ,grottoes & caves occur 9 e k9d ( rock1 9 lavas1 basalt1 slate1 & granite1 z well z 9 lime/one1 dolomite1 & gypsum2 = ! volcanic p[]s are capable ( r5d+ ! h>de/ /one1 & ! foam+ break]s ( a turbul5t ocean meet ) no cliff t is able ultimately to resi/ _! nev]-tir+ assaults4 ,illu/ration3 ,,entrance ,,to ,,! ,,cave ,,( ,,adelsb]g4 ,b1 ow+ to _! great fragility & to ! solubility ( lime/one 7c>bonate ( lime7 9 wat] conta9+ c>bonic acid1 calc>e\s rocks are m liable ?an any o!rs to be %att]$ & und]m9$1 bo? by volcanic & aque\s causes4 ,its wat] readily absorbs c>bonic acid gas4 ,e drop ( ra9 t falls ^u ! gr\nd necess>ily conta9s "s small portion ( ?is gas1 :i*1 z we all "k1 is con/antly mix$ ) ! atmosph]e1 & ?us becomes a solv5t = *alk2 m p>ticul>ly if ! latt]1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,k>/ ,m\nta9s ( ,c>niola1 conta9s "s proto-c>bonate ( iron1 :i*1 *ang+ into an oxide :5 9 contact ) wat]1 yields its c>bonic acid to ! p]colat+ fluid1 & consequ5tly increases its solv5t p[]s4 ,h5ce e %[] ( ra9 t filt]s ?r\gh ! crevices ( a lime/one rock we>s away "s "p ( its mass2 & if we consid] ! va/ numb] ( ye>s ov] :i* ^! op]ations h ext5d$1 & add to _! effects ! transport+ p[]s ( ! wat]s on _! progress ?r\gh ! subt]ranean *annels :i* !y h excavat$ or enl>g$1 we c easily compreh5d h[ 9 ! c\rse ( ages :ole m\nta9s may be holl[$ out4 ,z ! /reams t fl[ on ! surface ( ! e>? are con/antly alt]+ _! c\rses1 ?us also ! subt]ranean wat]s are ev] active 9 excavat+ new *annels 9 ! bosom ( ! rock4 ,f9d+ at l5g? new outlets on a l[] level1 !y ab&on _! anci5t b$s1 & ! explor] n[ w&]s dry-foot$ :]e once a foam+ riv] gu%$ along4 ,! ,cave ( ,adelsb]g is a rem>kable example ( ! *anges :i* ! subt]ranean wat]s1 aid$ by "t or by ! disrupt+ p[] ( e>?quakes1 may ?us br+ ab\t2 = ! ,poik n[ fl[s b5ea? its gall]ies 9 ! same nor?-ea/]ly direction1 9 a *annel :i* is = ! greate/ "p unkn[n & inexplorable1 s t ! dry cave ( ! pres5t day mu/ evid5tly h be5 ! old riv]- b$4 ,b n[h]e c be f\nd su* p]fect1 unequivocal1 & abundant pro(s ( ! action ( runn+ wat] 9 corrod+ & excavat+ new passages 9 a soluble rock z 9 ! huge ,mammo? ,cave4 ,! r\gh-hewn block 9 ! qu>ry does n be> m di/9ct pro( ( ! hamm] & ! *isel ( ! workman ?an ^! int]m9able gall]ies af=d ( its d5ud+ & dissolv+ p[]4 ,at ,niag>a we see a va/ *asm evid5tly cut by wat] = sev5 miles1 & /ill 9 progress2 b we _c see b5ea? ! cat>act ! wat]-worn surface1 nor ! r\nd$ angles ( ! precipice2 :ile ! fro/s & ra9s ( c\ntless w9t]s h r$uc$ ! walls ( ! *asm itself to a talus ( crumbl+ & moss-gr[n rocks4 ,b 9 ! ,mammo? ,cave we see a fre%ness & p]fection ( surface su* z c be f\nd only :]e ! de/ructive ag5cies ( meteoric causes are :olly abs5t4 ,"h we h ! dry b$s ( subt]ranean riv]s exactly z !y 7 left ?\s&s ( ye>s ago by ! /reams :i* fl[$ ?r\gh !m :5 ,niag>a 0 "y4 ,no angle is less %>p1 no groove or excavation less p]fect1 ?an x 0 orig9ally left :5 ! wat]s 7 sudd5ly dra9$ (f by cutt+ _! way to "s l[] level4 ,! v s& & r\nd$ pebbles1 :i* n[ pave ! gall]ies & :i* anci5tly =m$ ! b$ ( ! /ream1 h rema9$ 9 _m ( ! m di/ant gall]ies untrodd5 ev5 by ! foot ( man4 #8,! ru% ( ideas 0 /range & ov]p[]+1' says ,pr(essor ,silliman1 #8z ,i /ood 9 "o ( ^! be=e unvisit$ av5ues1 9 :i* ! gl[ ( a lamp _h nev] be=e %one1 & consid]$ ! complex *a9 ( ph5om5a :i* 7 be=e me4 ,!re 7 ! delicate silici\s =ms ( cya?ophylli & encr9ites protrud+ f ! s(t] lime/one1 :i* _h yield$ to ! dissolv+ p[] ( ! wat]2 ^! c>ri$ me back to t va/ & desolate ocean 9 :i* !y fl\ri%$1 & 7 entomb$ z ! cry/all9e matrix 0 sl[ly ca/ ar\nd !m1 mute *ronicl]s ( a di/ant epo*4 ,!n succe$$ ! long p]iods ( ! upp] second>y1 &1 ^! pa/1 ! sl[ b resi/less =ce ( ! contract+ sph]e elevat$ & dra9$ ! rocky b$s ( ! anci5t ocean4 ,! action ( ! meteorological causes comm5c$1 & ! dissolv+ p[] ( fre% wat]1 foll[+ ! almo/ invisible l9es ( /ructure 9 ! rocks1 began to holl[ out ^! w9d+ pa?s sl[ly & yet surely4' ,:at a lesson = ! ?\ghtful spectator1 & h[ va/ a prospect into ! d>k abysses ( ! pa/ "h unrolls itself be=e him6 ,aft] ab&on+ ! vaults :]e !y once collect$ & =m$ a runn+ /ream1 ! wat]s1 filt]+ ?r\gh ! por\s lime/one1 beg9 to ornam5t !m ) lu/r\s petrifactions2 = :e!r bel[ or above ! surface ( ! e>?1 ,nature ev] loves to decorate h] works4 ,! moi/ure1 *>g$ ) c>bonate ( lime1 evaporates or p>ts ) its free c>bonic acid 9 com+ into contact ) ! air ( ! cave2 ! c>bonate1 n[ no long] held 9 solution1 precipitates & =ms calc>e\s incru/ations or excresc5ces1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t assume e v>iety ( fanta/ic %ape1 ei!r hang+ l icicles f ! vault 7/alactites71 or ris+ 9 columns 7/alagmites7 f ! floor ( ! cave :]e ! dripp+ wat] deposit$ its sp>4 ,sometimes /alactites & /alagmites jo9 z !y cont9ue to gr[ 9 opposite directions1 & ultimately =m pill>s :i* appe> to su/a9 ! ro(4 ,on consid]+ ! simple physical & *emical ag5cies :i* are at "w 9 ! =mation ( ^! beautiful productions--solution1 me*anical dripp+1 evaporation1 & precipitation--a great simil>ity might naturally be expect$ 9 _! =ms2 b "h also ,nature %[s h]self z a consummate arti/1 & ) ! simple/ means br+s =? an a/oni%+ v>iety ( effects4 ,z among ! leaves ( a =e/ !re are n two p]fectly alike1 ?us also e /alactite diff]s f ano!r2 & ! celebrat$ travell] ,kohl affirms t e /alactital cave has its peculi> /yle or "* ( decoration4 ,! causes to :i* /alactites owe _! exi/5ce are inde$ ev]y:]e ! same1 b ! circum/ances "u :i* ! drops fall & evaporate are s v>i\s t 9 ea* case "s new %ape is produc$4 ,?us all ! inf9ite div]sity ( =ms :i* we admire 9 ! corals & sponges ( ! seas1 is wond]fully repeat$ 9 ! d>k vaults ( ! subt]ranean _w4 ,! v>iety & beauty ( _! col\r+ likewise contribute to adorn ^! =mations4 ,!y are g5]ally :ite1 sometimes rivall+ ! purity ( sn[1 & transluc5t1 ev5 :5 ( consid]able ?ickness1 b (t5 also gre51 br[n1 yell[1 r$1 orange--a v>iety ( t9ts :i* produces ! mo/ pleas+ effects1 & is *iefly ow+ to ! metallic salts ) :i* ! wat] has be5 impregnat$ :ile filt]+ ?r\gh ! calc>e\s rock4 ,all ^! wond]ful plays ( ,nature1 9 :i* =m & col\r contribute to delight ! eye or to *>m ! fancy ( ! spectator1 are1 h[ev]1 /ill less int]e/+ ?an ! reflections sugge/$ by ! sl[ gr[? ( /alactites 9 g5]al1 & ! enorm\s size :i* "s ( !m atta94 ,illu/ration3 ,,/alactital ,,cav]n ,,9 ,,au/ralia4 ,inscriptions sev5ty or eighty ye>s old appe> cov]$ only ) a ?9 transluc5t coat ( s9t]1 & 9 ! ,cave ( ,adelsb]g names scrat*$ 9 ! walls m ?an six c5turies ago are /ill p]fectly legible4 ,h[ _m ages mu/1 !n1 h pass$ be=e su* colossal /alagmites c\ld h be5 =m$ z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,au/ralian cav]n explor$ by ,mr4 ,woods1#ac or 9 ! ,cave ( ,corneale1 ne> ,trie/e1 :]e we f9d "o ( ^! =mations measur+ fifty feet 9 circumf]5ce1 & ano!r ris+ ?irty-five feet above ! gr\nd1 ) a trunk z massive z t ( an old oak4 ,! ru9s ( ,!bes1 or ! rock-temples ( ,ipsamb\l1 appe> almo/ z works ( ! pres5t day :5 comp>$ ) ^? amaz+ monum5ts ( "t4 ,b1 :ile m$itat+ on _! colossal dim5sions1 ! m9d is necess>ily c>ri$ /ill fur!r back1 & w&]s ?r\gh ! c\ntless ages :i* ! filt]+ wat]s1 collect+ into subt]ranean /reams1 requir$ = holl[+ out ! va/ cavities on ^: floor ^? gigantic /alagmites 7 subsequ5tly deposit$4 ,an epo* ( /ill old] date pres5ts itself :5 ! lime/one rocks1 n[ pi]c$ ) va/ /alactital cav]ns1 7 fir/ sl[ly =m+ at ! bottom ( ! primeval sea by ! accumulation ( c\ntless exuvi ( zoophytes1 />- fi%es1 & =am9if]a1 & aft] gr[+ into /rata _m hundr$ feet ?ick1 7 !n =c$ upw>ds by plutonic p[]s1 & became portions ( ! dry l&4 ,nor is ?is ! end ( ! va/ p]spective1 = *anges /ill m remote loom 9 ! fa?omless di/ance4 ,! m9d gr[s giddy :ile ?us plung+ into ! abyss ( "t1 &1 9 spite ( ! ideas ( sublimity awak5$ by su* m$itations1 feels a pa9ful s5se ( its incapacity to conceive a plan ( su* inf9ite ext5t4 ,footnote #ac3 #8,! ,geology ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4' ,:ile on l& ! runn+ or filt]+ wat]s re/lessly pursue _! "w ( excavation1 ! tumultu\s waves ( ! ocean impress on e rocky %ore ! seal ( _! trem5d\s p[]4 ,z1 day aft] day1 & ye> aft] ye>1 ! bill[s /rike aga9/ ! cliffs t oppose _! progress1 !y und]m9e _! f\ndations1 scoop out wide portals 9 _! project+ headl&s1 & holl[ out deep cav]ns4 ,"h also wat] appe>s z ! beautify+ elem5t1 decorat+ inanimate nature ) picturesque =ms2 & ! sea n[h]e exhibits m romantic sc5es ?an on ! bold coa/s aga9/ :i* h] waves h be5 beat+ = _m a mill5nium4 ,dur+ ! calm ebb tide seals are (t5 se5 sunn+ !mselves at ! entrance ( ! oceanic grottoes1 :ile cormorants /& be=e !m z gu>dians ( ! d>k gall]ies beyond2 ! waves murmur 9 s(t] /ra9s1 & ! scree*+ sea-mew glides ) 8 silv]y p9ions ?r\gh ! tranquil air2 b :5 ! /ormy flood batt]s aga9/ ! coa/1 ! bill[s ru% into ! cav]ns1 sc>+ all animal life away1 & no voice is he>d b t ( ! ocean4 ,our coa/s ab\nd 9 beauties su* z ^!1 p>ticul>ly on ! wild %ores ( ,%etl& or ! /ormy ,hebrides-- #8,:]e rise no groves & :]e no g>d5s bl[1 ,:]e ev5 ! h>dy hea? sc>ce d>es to gr[2 ,b rocks on rocks1 9 mi/ & /orm array$1 ,/ret* f> to sea _! giant colonnade4'--,,scott4 ,along ! coa/ ( ! ma9l& ( ,%etl& & ! neighb\r+ islets ( ,bressay & ,noss1 cape foll[s ^u cape1 consi/+ ( bold cliffs holl[$ into cav]ns1 or divid$ into pill>s & ar*es ( fanta/ic appe>ance1 by ! con/ant action ( ! waves4 ,z ! voyag] passes ! mo/ nor!rly ( ^! headl&s1 & turns into ! op5 sea1 ! sc5es become yet m sublime4 ,rocks1 upw>ds ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ feet 9 height1 pres5t !mselves 9 colossal succession1 s9k+ p]p5dicul>ly into ! sea1 :i* is v deep1 ev5 )9 a few fa?oms ( _! base4 ,all ^! huge precipices ab\nd ) caves1 _m ( :i* run mu* f>!r into ! rock ?an ! bolde/ isl&] has ev] v5tur$ to p5etrate4 ,"o ( ^! m>9e excavations1 call$ #8,! ,orkneyman's ,h>b\r1' is rem>kable = ! circum/ance ( an ,orkney vessel hav+ once run 9 !re to escape a ,fr5* private]4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 :o visit$ ?is int]e/+ spot1 f\nd ! entrance l(ty en\gh to admit 8 six-o>$ boat )\t /rik+ ! ma/1 b a sudd5 turn 9 ! direction ( ! cave w\ld h consign$ him to utt] d>kness if he _h gone 9 fur!r4 ,! dropp+ ( ! sea f[l & cormorants into ! wat] f ! sides ( ! cav]n1 :5 di/urb$ by 8 approa*1 _h some?+ 9 x wild & t]rible4 ,! %ores ( ,cai?ness & ( ,su!rl&1 & ( _m ( ! islets 9 ! ,highl& seas1 likewise exhibit _m wond]ful specim5s ( ! fanta/ic ar*itecture ( ! ocean2 b pre-em95t above all 9 gr&eur & r5[n is ,f+al's ,cave4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 :o twice visit$ ?is celebrat$ grotto 79 #ahaj & #ahad71 pron\nc$ x above all description sublime4 #8,! /up5d\s columns & side-walls1 ! dep? & /r5g? ( ! ocean ) :i* ! cav]n is fill$1 ! v>iety ( t9ts =m$ by /alactites dropp+ & petrify+ betwe5 ! pill>s1 & resembl+ a sort ( *as+ ( yell[ or cream-col\r$ m>ble1 fill+ ! int]/ices ( ! ro(--! correspond+ v>iety bel[1 :]e ! ocean rolls ov] a r$1 & 9 "s places a violet-col\r$ rock1 ! basis ( ! basaltic pill>s--! dreadful noise ( ^? augu/ bill[s1 s well correspond+ ) ! gr&eur ( ! sc5e--are all circum/ances else:]e unp>allel$4' ,9 ! ,azure ,cave ( ,capri1 ! ,m$it]ranean possesses a m>9e grotto rivall+ ,f+al's ,cave 9 celebrity1 & no less wond]ful 9 its peculi> /yle ( beauty4 ,z ! ro( ( its n>r[ entrance rises only a few feet above ! level ( ! sea1 x is probable t no human eye _h ev] be5 delight$ ) its *>ms be=e #ahbf1 :5 x 0 accid5tally discov]$ by two ,prussian arti/s :o 7 swimm+ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,aft] pass+ ! l[ portal ! cave wid5s to gr& proportions1 #abe feet long & #ade feet broad1 & except a small l&+-place on a project+ rock at ! fur!r end1 its precipit\s walls are on all sides ba!d by ! influx ( ! wat]s1 :i*1 9 t sea1 are s cle> t ! smalle/ objects may be di/9ctly se5 on ! bottom ( ! deep bas91 ! mo/ beautiful ba?+-place a m]maid might wi% =4 ,all ! light t ent]s ! grotto mu/ fir/ p5etrate ! :ole dep? ( ! wat]s be=e x c be reflect$ into ! cave1 & x ?us acquires s blue a t+e1 f ! l>ge body ( cle> wat] ?r\gh :i* x has pass$1 t ! walls ( ! cav]n are illum9$ by a radiance ( ! pure/ azure4 ,_h ,byron kn[n ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is magic cave1 ,*ilde ,h>old w\ld surely h devot$ "s ( 8 mo/ brilliant /anzas to its praise4 ,9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean ! lime/one rocks t fr+e its %ores h be5 worn into magnific5t cav]ns1 less s+ul>1 inde$1 ?an ! fairy grot ( ,capri1 b /ill ( r>e & wond]ful beauty4 ,su*1 among o!rs1 is ! ,antro di ,nettuno1 9 ! isl& ( ,s>d9ia1 ab\t twelve miles f ! small seaport ( ,algh]o4#ad ,footnote #ad3 #8,! ,sea & its ,liv+ ,wond]s1' #crd edit4 p4 #di4 ,exce$+ly picturesque cav]ns h also be5 worn by ! *af+ wat]s 9 ! *alk cliffs "u ,bonifacio1 9 ! isl& ( ,corsica4 ,_! entrances fe/oon$ ) hang+ b\ghs1 !y p5etrate f> into ! int]ior ( ! rocks1 & ! wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh _! vault$ ro(s has =m$ /alactites ( fanta/ic %apes4 ,! boat glides ?r\gh ! ar*$ entrance1 & ! gl>+ sun%9e )\t is replac$ by cool & grateful %ade4 ,fi%es are flitt+ 9 ! cle> wat]2 limpid /reams ooz+ ?r\gh ! rocks =m cry/al bas9s ) pebbly bottoms2 & ! *annels f ! blue sea1 fl[+ ov] ! *alk1 become c]ulean4 ,poetic fancy has nev] pictur$ any?+ m en*ant+ ?an ^! lovely caves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cave ,,"u ,,bonifacio4 ,! rocky coa/ ( ,sicily is likewise holl[$ out ) num]\s m>9e grottoes1 :i*1 ?\gh r>ely notic$ by travell]s1 may well be rank$ among/ ! greate/ natural beauties ( ! isl&4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable is ! ,grotta di ,nettuno1 ne> ,syracuse1 :i*1 9 calm wea!r1 admits a boat to a consid]able di/ance4 ,its rugg$ vaults rise to a height ( ab\t tw5ty or ?irty feet1 & are cov]$ ) /alactites :]ev] ! wat] does n rea*4 ,!re is no l&+- place1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole cave ! wat] is z deep z 9 ! op5 sea beyond4 ,no?+ c be m *>m+ ?an to look back f ! d>k recesses ( ! grotto ^u ! bright sun%9e )\t1 & to li/5 to ! soo?+ murmurs ( ! cle> waves z !y ripple aga9/ ! rocky walls4 ,! atmosph]e is s pure 9 ?is delici\s climate t n a trace ( fog or mi/ obscures ev5 ! remote/ p>ts ( ! cave1 & ! s]5e daylight fall+ ?r\gh ! entrance r5d]s ev5 its deepe/ %ad[s transluc5t4 ,"h a lov] ( nature might l+] = h\rs enjoy+ ! mo/ delici\s coolness1 & wat*+ ! *>m+ effects ( light & %ade 9 _! ev]-v>y+ play4 ,on _m rocky %ores ! ocean has worn out subt]ranean *annels 9 ! cliffs1 aga9/ :i* x has be5 beat+ = ages1 & !n frequ5tly em]ges 9 wat]-sp\ts1 or f\nta9s1 f ! opposite end4 ,?us 9 ! ,sk]ries1 "o ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 a deep *asm or inlet1 :i* is op5 ov]head1 is cont9u$ und]gr\nd1 & !n aga9 op5s to ! sky 9 ! middle ( ! isl&4 ,:5 ! tide is high1 ! waves rise up ?r\gh ?is inl& ap]ture1 ) a noise l ! bl[+ ( a :ale4 ,simil> ph5om5a occur on ! s\? side ( ! ,mauritius1#ae on ! nor? coa/ ( ,newf\ndl&1 ne> ,huatulco on ! ,mexican coa/ ( ! ,pacific1 & ne> ,p5iscola1 9 ,spa91 :]e a cave1 ?r\gh ^: ro( at /orm tides ! sea bur/s ) a t]rific noise1 has receiv$ ! "n ( ! #8,bufador1 or ! wat]-sp\t ( ,pope ,luna1' ! family "n ( ,b5$ict ,,xiii41 :o1 hav+ be5 depos$ by ! ,c\ncils ( ,pisa & ,con/ance1 retir$ to ! small ,spani% t[n :]e he 0 born4 ,z ! *ief occupation ( ! holy fa!r 9 exile 0 to v5t a cont9u\s torr5t ( curses & excommunications ^u 8 num]\s enemies1 x is probable t ?is circum/ance caus$ 8 "n to be giv5 to ! noisy b h>mless ,bufador4 ,footnote #ae3 #8,! ,sea & its ,liv+ ,wond]s1' #crd edit4 p4 #eb4 ,?\gh wat]1 aid$ by "t1 is probably ! *ief excavat+ p[]1 !re c be no d\bt t ! action ( subt]ranean fire has likewise produc$1 & /ill produces1 _m holl[s 9 ! h>d cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,:]ev] a volcano has be5 pil$ up to ! skies1 ! matt] eject$ f its v5ts mu/ necess>ily h left a void beh9d1 & giv5 rise to correspond+ cavities 9 ! space b5ea?4 ,! %ock ( an e>?quake mu/ frequ5tly r5d asund] deep-seat$ rocks1 & ! sl[ upheaval ( consid]able tracts ( l& c h>dly be suppos$ to take place )\t ! =mation ( holl[s & crevices4 ,:5 ! lavas p\r$ =? dur+ an eruption are 9 a liquid /ate1 !y d n =m on cool+ a compact homog5e\s mass1 b g5]ally exhibit a por\s1 spongy texture1 due to ! bubbles ( ! vap\r g5]at$ ?r\gh1 or entangl$ 91 _! mass4 ,^! bubbles frequ5tly unite 9 l>g] volumes1 :i*1 influ5c$ by _! ela/icity & inf]ior specific gravity1 rise t[>ds ! surface ( ! lava z x fl[s on1 &1 :5 suffici5tly p[]ful1 raise its cru/ 9 dome-l or conical protub]ances1 :i* n seldom bur/ op5 at ! summit1 or crack at ! sides4 ,! holl[s ?us =m$ are (t5 s l>ge z to entitle !m to ! "n ( caves4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ! sudd5 conv]sion into /eam ( lakes or /reams ( wat]1 ov]:elm$ by a fi]y curr5t1 may p]haps expla9 ! =mation ( _m ( ! ext5sive und]gr\nd passages or cav]ns :i* =m a common feature 9 ! /ructure ( a volcano4 ,great volumes ( vap\r1 ?us produc$1 may =ce _! way ?r\gh liquid lava1 already coat$ ov] ext]nally ) a solid cru/1 & may cause ! sides ( su* passages1 z !y h>d51 to assume a v irregul> outl9e4 ,! fam\s cave on ,etna1 call$ ! ,fossa della ,palomba1 :i* op5s ne> ,nicolosi1 n f> f ,monte ,rossi1 has n improbably be5 ?us =m$4 ,aft] rea*+ ! bottom ( a holl[ #fbe feet 9 circumf]5ce at its m\?1 & #gh feet deep1 ! explor] ent]s ano!r d>k cavity1 & !n o!rs 9 succession1 sometimes desc5d+ precipices by means ( ladd]s4 ,at l5g? ! vaults t]m9ate 9 a great gall]y n9ety feet long1 & f fifte5 to fifty feet broad1 beyond :i* !re is /ill a passage nev] yet visit$1 s t ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,fossa rema9s unkn[n4 ,! volcanic caves ( ,punta ,delgada 9 ! ,isl& ( ,san ,miguel1 "o ( ! ,azores1 are /ill m gr&4 ,_! entrance is ?r\gh a n>r[ crevice1 :i* soon1 h[ev]1 exp&s into an enorm\s hall1 ^: vault ev5 ! /ronge/ tor*-light is unable to illum9e4 ,9 "o spot1 an op5+ 9 ! floor %[s t ! lava1 :i* is "h b a foot ?ick1 =ms ! ro( ( a second cave1 situat$ bel[ ! fir/1 into :i* ev5 ! bolde/ explor] has nev] v5tur$1 b ! noise ( /ones ca/ into ! abyss proves x to be ( consid]able size4 ,! fir/-m5tion$ cave leads into ano!r1 ! wid? ( :i* is e/imat$ by ,web/]#af at #abj feet2 b ! height he 0 unable to measure4 ,gradually ?is cave becomes n>r[] & l[]1 until1 ab\t #dej feet f ! entrance1 x t]m9ates 9 a l[ vault4 ,black lava /alactites ev]y:]e hang d[n f ! ro(1 & ! floor is s cov]$ ) %>p-sid$ blocks ( ! same volcanic mat]ial t walk+ among !m becomes a task ( ! greate/ difficulty4 ,footnote #af3 #8,description ( ! ,isl& ( ,sa9t ,mi*ael4' ,:ile a lava-/ream is fl[+ along1 a slag-cru/ =ms on its surface1 inclos+ ! int]nal fluid matt] z 9 a canal4 ,b :5 ! supply ( fre% lava f ! v5t dim9i%es or entirely ceases1 ! /ill liquid int]ior at ! c5tral "p ( ! curr5t cont9u+ = "s "t to fl[ on1 (t5 leaves beh9d holl[ gutt]s1 ar*$ ov] by a ?9 & brittle ro(--s ?9 sometimes z to yield to ! weight ( a p]son /epp+ on !m4 ,su* vault$ ro(s h pseudo-/alactitic projections left by ! subsid5ce ( ! liquid1 & are coat$ ) a glossy v>ni%4 ,sometimes1 v l>ge cav]ns are ?us =m$ b5ea? ! surface ( a lava-/ream1 & ev5 rival 9 _! ext5t & w9d+s ! caves worn by wat] 9 lime/one rocks4 ,! fam\s ,surt%ellir1#ag situat$ ne> ,kalman/unga 9 ,icel&1 is a rem>kable in/ance ( a va/ lava excavation ow+ its orig9 to ?is cause4 ,x has v appropriately be5 nam$ aft] ,surt1 ! pr9ce ( d>kness & fire1 ( ! anci5t ,sc&9avian my?ology2 = ?is gloomy deity c\ld n possibly h *os5 a fitt] resid5ce ?an its va/ & dismal halls1 once gl[+ ) subt]ranean fires1 & n[ ! seat ( p]petual d>kness4 ,footnote #ag3 #8,! ,pol> ,_w1' p4 #eh4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,cave ,,riv]s4 ,! ,f\nta9 ( ,vaucluse--,! ,fonta9e-sans-fond--,! ,katabo?ra 9 ,morea-- ,subt]ranean ,riv]s 9 ,c>niola--,subt]ranean ,navigation ( ! ,poik 9 ! ,cave ( ,plan9a--#8,! ,/alactital ,p>adise'--,! ,piuka ,jama4 ,:]ev] l>ge bodies ( wat] gu% =? 9 a rapid /ream f ! b[els ( ! e>?1 !y mu/ ei!r h fl[$ ?r\gh wide und]gr\nd *annels1 or !y mu/ come f ext5sive lake-l res]voirs1 = ! m]e dra9age ( a por\s /ratum is evid5tly incapable ( acc\nt+ = _! production4 ,?us ! celebrat$ f\nta9 ( ,vaucluse1 ne> ,avignon1 :i* has ! volume & p[] ( a riv] at its v s\rce1 is und\bt$ly f$ by a subt]ranean %eet ( wat] ( consid]able ext5t4 ,ev5 :5 lea/ abundant1 x p\rs =? upw>ds ( #ac1jjj cubic feet ( wat] 9 a m9ute2 & aft] ! c\ntry has be5 flood$ ) abundant ra9s1 ?is volume is increas$ f\rfold4 ,! environs ( ! f\nta9 are extremely picturesque1 & ju/ify ! praises :i* h be5 lavi%$ ^u x 9 ! immortal /ra9s ( ,petr>*4 ,x fills a l>ge oval bas91 vault$ by a spaci\s cave1 & its wat]s1 :i*1 :5 l[1 escape ?r\gh subt]ranean *annels into ! deep b$ ( ! ,sorgue1 rise1 :5 high1 ov] ! rock-wall at ! m\? ( ! grotto1 & =m a broad cat>act1 ru%+ d[n ) a dreadful noise4 ,ne> ,sable 9 ,anj\1 a s\rce1 or r a pit f eighte5 to tw5ty- f\r feet 9 diamet]1 well kn[n 9 ! c\ntry "u ! "n ( ! ,bottomless ,f\nta9 7,fonta9e-sans-fond7 sometimes ov]fl[s its br9k1 & !n ca/s =? a l>ge quantity ( fi%1 s t x is evid5tly a m]e ap]ture 9 ! vault ( a l>ge subt]ranean pool4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,haute ,sane1 ano!r pit1 call$ ! ,frais ,puits1 pres5ts a simil> ph5om5on4 ,aft] abundant ra9s1 ! wat] gu%+ =? f its m\? inundates ! neighb\rhood1 & on its retir+1 pikes are n seldom f\nd scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! flood$ fields or mead[s1 a sure pro( t ! ,puits mu/ communicate ) a l>ge subt]ranean cavity4 ,no?+ is m common 9 lime/one di/ricts ?an ! engulfm5t ( riv]s1 :i*1 aft] hold+ a subt]ranean c\rse ( _m miles1 escape aga9 by "s new outlet4 ,! ,guadiana loses itself 9 a flat c\ntry 9 ! mid/ ( an imm5se savannah1 & h5ce ! ,spani>ds1 :5 ! magnific5t bridges ( ,london or ,p>is are m5tion$ to !m1 boa/fully reply t !y h "o 9 ,e/ramadura on :i* m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& ox5 graze at a "t4 ,9 ! va/ lime/one =mation :i*1 "u v>i\s names1 ext5ds ?r\gh ,c>9?ia1 ,c>niola1 ,i/ria1 ,dalmatia1 ,albania1 & ,greece1 ! :ole c\ntry is p]=at$ l a sponge by an intricate sy/em ( subt]ranean wat]-c\rses4 ,9 ! m elevat$ di/ricts ( ! ,morea !re are _m deep l&-lock$ valleys or bas9s inclos$ on all sides by m\nta9s ( cav]n\s lime/one4 ,:5 ! torr5ts are swoll5 by ! ra9s1 !y ru% f ! surr\nd+ heights into ^! bas9s2 b1 in/ead ( =m+ tempor>y lakes1 z w\ld be ! case 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries1 !y are swall[$ by *asms1 :i* are sometimes situat$ 9 ! middle ( ! pla91 con/itut+ ! bottom ( ! clos$ bas91 b m commonly at ! foot ( ! surr\nd+ esc>pm5t ( lime/one4 ,dur+ ! dry season1 :i* 9 ,greece alt]nates almo/ z di/9ctly z betwe5 ! tropics ) a p]iod ( ra91 ^! *asms are ! fav\rite retreats ( wild animals4 ,sometimes1 9 ! lime/one =mation1 ! same /ream repeat$ly gu%es =? f "s cav]n\s recess1 & !n aga9 disappe>s4 ,! caves ( ,adelsb]g1 ,plan9a1 & ,upp] ,laiba* 9 ,c>niola are trav]s$ by ! same riv]1 :i*1 los+ its "n e "t x plunges into a new subt]ranean *annel1 is call$1 fir/1 ! ,poik1 !n ! ,unz1 & f9ally ! ,laiba*4 ,9 ! same mann] ! ,tem5itz1 an afflu5t ( ! ,save1 ?rice disappe>s "u ! e>?1 & ?rice em]ges z a new- born riv] ) ano!r "n4 ,z f> z ^! subt]ranean /reams h be5 explor$1 _! c\rse exhibits a wond]ful v>iety ( int]e/+ und]gr\nd sc5]y4 ,sometimes !y =m high cat>acts1 leap+ ov] rocks s picturesquely gr\p$ t1 7 !y illum9$ by ! sun1 & ( m easy access1 !y w\ld be admir$ by numb]less t\ri/s2 & n seldom !y exp& into d>k & melan*oly lakes4 ,sometimes !y ) difficulty =ce a passage ?r\gh a *aos ( rocks1 & !n aga9 !y fl[ g5tly 9 a deep & ev5 *annel1 s z to be navigable to a consid]able di/ance4 ,g5]ally1 n ! lea/ brea? ( air sweeps ov] _! placid wat]s1 b sometimes _! surface is rippl$ by ! w9d p\r+ 9 ?r\gh "s unse5 *asm4 ,among ! bold explor]s :o h laun*$ =? _! b>ques on unkn[n subt]ranean riv]s1 ! late ,adolph ,s*midl1 ( ,vi5na1 holds a conspicu\s rank4 ,9 a canoe specially con/ruct$ = ! purpose he tru/$ himself to ! d>k /reams ( ,c>niola1 :i* rew>d$ 8 adv5tur\s zeal ) _m a sc5e ( incomp>able beauty1 :]e ! wat]-spirits & ! gnomes seem$ to h rivall$ ea* o!r 9 ! "w ( decoration4 ,to give an idea ( ! difficulties & ( ! enjoym5ts ( ^! subt]ranean explorations1 we w foll[ ! intrepid naturali/ on 8 voyages ( discov]y ?r\gh ! fam\s ,cave ( ,plan9a1 ?r\gh :i* fl[s ! ,poik1 a riv] :i* is at all times deep en\gh to c>ry a boat4 ,! c\rse ( ! navigation is /ream- upw>ds1 & consequ5tly mu* saf] ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5 ! case2 b 9 _m places ! rapidity ( ! curr5t calls = great caution1 & consid]able /r5g? is ne$$ to ov]come its viol5ce2 :ile at ! same "t great c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid /rik+ aga9/ ! rocks t lie hidd5 "u ! wat]4 ,z f> z ! end ( a magnific5t dome1 situat$ ab\t #fjj feet f its entrance1 ! cave c be trav]s$ on foot2 b "h ! sull5 /ream1 completely fill+ its :ole wid?1 compels ! explor] to tru/ to 8 canoe4 ,:5 he has pass$ a portal ab\t eight fa?oms high & half z broad1 ) proportions z symmetrical z if x _h be5 sculptur$ by ! h& ( man1 ! ?und]+ ro> ( a di/ant cat>act ann\nces /ill gr&] sc5es4 ,! portal wid5s1 & ! a/oni%$ explor] sudd5ly em]ges on a lake #bej feet long & #aej feet broad1 beyond :i* ! cave is se5 to divide into two arms1 giv+ passage to two /reams1 ^: conflu5t wat]s =m ! lake4 ,?is broad %eet ( wat] af=ds an impos+ b melan*oly sight4 ,! walls ( ! cave rise ev]y:]e abruptly out ( ! wat]1 ) ! exception ( "o small l&+-place opposite to ! portal at ! foot ( a project+ rock or promontory4 ,"h & !re l>ge masses ( /alactite hang l petrifi$ cascades f ! rocks1 :i* are g5]ally nak$ & black4 ,! vault is s high t ! light ( a few tor*es fails to pi]ce its gloom1 :i* is r5d]$ /ill m impressive by ! ro> ( ! wat]fall 9 ! left bran* ( ! cav]n4 ,z f> z ! lake1 ! cave is ( comp>atively easy access1 & has be5 repeat$ly visit$1 b ! subt]ranean c\rse ( ! two brooks beyond 0 fir/ explor$ by ,dr4 ,s*midl4 ,9 ! left or we/]n bran* ( ! cave1 into :i* he p5etrat$ to a di/ance ( m ?an a mile1 8 boat _h to be unload$ no less ?an elev5 times on acc\nt ( ! reefs t ob/ruct$ its passage1 :ile ! explor]s1 wad+ ?r\gh ! wat]1 dragg$ x ov] ! %all[s4 ,once ev51 :]e ! navigation 0 int]rupt$ by l>ge masses ( rock1 "u :i* ! tumultu\s wat]s disappe> ) a dreadful ro>1 !y 7 oblig$ to take ! little %allop to pieces1 & to recon/ruct x on ! opposite side ( ! m\nd4 ,! navigable "p ( ?is we/]n bran* ends 9 a circul> dome1 ! floor ( :i* is entirely fill$ ) a lake #ahj feet long1 & f #dj to #de feet deep4 ,on ! we/]n bank ( ?is lake1 a *asm op5s at ! top ( a m\nd ( rubbi%1 ! only place :]e x is possible to l&4 ,a viol5t gu/ ( w9d desc5ds f ?is *asm1 :i*1 slop+ upw>ds1 soon n>r[s to a small crevice1 ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t ( air sets 94 ,to a lat]al gall]y1 op5+ beyond ! m\? ( ! *asm1 ,dr4 ,s*midl gave ! "n ( #8,! ,/alactital ,p>adise1' on acc\nt ( ! uncommon beauty ( ! sp>-cry/als ) :i* its walls 7 incru/$4 ,x 0 ! fir/ "t t ! foot ( man _h ev] p5etrat$ into ?is *>m+ laboratory ( nature2 no tor* _h ev] soil$ its brilliant decorations2 no pr(ane h& _h ev] damag$ its gem-l tape/ry4 ,"h :ole gr\ps ( /alagmitic cones1 ( all %apes & sizes1 "s l t9y icicles1 o!rs six feet high & z ?ick z a man's wai/1 rose f ! gr\nd1 :ile fur!r on ! br[n wall =m$ a d>k backgr\nd1 f :i* project$ 9 bold relief ! colossal /atue ( a scept]$ k+4 ,ne> ! entrance /ood a magnific5t :ite figure1 :i* fancy might h suppos$ to be a *]ub ) a flam+ sword1 m5ac+ all ^? :o %\ld d>e to injure ! wond]s :i* he gu>d$4 #88,! ,/alactical ,p>adise0 rema9$ intact1' says ,dr4 ,s*midl4#ah #8,i begg$ my companions n to /rike (f ! smalle/ piece ( sp> z a memorial ( our visit1 & !y all joyfully cons5t$4 ,our feet c>efully avoid$ trampl+ d[n any ( its delicate ornam5ts2 we left x ) no o!r memorial ?an our admiration ( its beauty4 ,! nymphs ( ! grot w no d\bt h p>don$ u = hav+ intrud$ ^u ! sanctu>y1 :]e = c\ntless c5turies !y _h reign$ 9 undi/urb$ solitude & sil5ce4' ,footnote #ah3 #8,die ,hhl5kunde des ,k>/es4' ,wi51 #ahed4 ,! ea/]n bran* ( ! cave1 ?r\gh :i* ! ma9 /ream fl[s1 is mu* l>g] ?an ! bran* above describ$2 x is also easily navigat$1 z x conta9s b two reefs & a small numb] ( cliffs4 ,on fir/ asc5d+ ! /ream1 ! cont9ually increas+ ro> ( wat]s ann\nces a consid]able wat]fall4 ,enorm\s masses ( /one1 pil$ up by ! fall+ 9 ( ! ro(1 h block$ up & n>r[$ ! b$ ( ! riv] to fifte5 feet1 & cause ! /ream to %oot d[n 9 a broad %eet t5 feet high4 ,! cat>act1 madly ru%+ ov] ! jet-black rocks & ca/+ up flakes ( milk-:ite foam1 is v beautiful1 &1 :5 brightly illum9at$1 mu/ produce a truly magical effect4 ,beyond ! cat>act ! riv] fl[s = a %ort space 9 an invisible *annel1 z its wat]s are completely hidd5 "u rocks4 ,x 0 no easy task to c>ry ! planks ( ! dismemb]$ boat ov] ^! rugg$ blocks ( /one1 b aft] recon/ruct+ x on ! opposite side ( ! m\nd1 & ov]com+ ! m9or ob/acles ( a c\ple ( reefs1 ! riv] 0 f\nd to fl[ 9 a deep *annel betwe5 /eep walls1 & a free navigation op5$ to a di/ance ( at lea/ a league & a half4 #8,no description1' said ,dr4 ,s*midl1 #8c d ju/ice to ! fasc9ation ( ?is subt]ranean voyage4 ,9 "s p>ts ! ro( is adorn$ ) coral-%ap$ drap]ies ( sn[-:ite /alactites1 b g5]ally ! walls are m]e black1 nak$ /one4 ,"h & !re s\rces gurgle d[n _! sides1 &1 along ) ! melan*oly trickl+ ( s+le drops ( wat] f ! vault1 alone break ! sil5ce ( ! d>k int]m9able cave4 ,! brea?less att5tion we be/[$ on ! guidance ( our boat & on ! wond]s t surr\nd$ u seal$ our lips1 & we glid$ sil5tly along ?r\gh ! d>k wat]s1 t n[1 = ! fir/ "t s9ce !y began to fl[1 reflect$ ! gl>e ( a tor*4' ,?r\gh\t ! :ole di/ance ( #a1adj fa?oms beyond ! second reef1 !re is b "o l&+-place2 ev]y:]e else ! walls rise precipit\sly f ! wat]4 ,9 "s p>ts ! ro( desc5ds s l[ t ! explor]s 7 oblig$ to lie d[n 9 ! boat & to %ove x along by hold+ to ! projections ( ! vault1 :i* f9ally left b a few in*es' space above ! wat]1 & ?us oppos$ an inv9cible ob/acle to all fur!r progress4 ,9 ano!r grotto--call$ ! ,piuka ,jama--! ,poik aga9 fl[s 9 ! mid/ ( ! gr&e/ subt]ranean sc5]y4 ,ab\t a league to ! nor? ( ,adelsb]g1 ! w&]]1 aft] trav]s+ a ?icket ( und]wood1 sudd5ly f9ds himself on ! br9k ( a yawn+ precipice1 f ! bottom ( :i* is he>d di/9ctly ! noise ( a ru%+ /ream4 ,! walls ( ! *asm are almo/ p]p5dicul>1 except :]e a small rav9e1 ov]gr[n ) %rubs1 leads to an enorm\s rock1 on :i* x is possible to /&1 &1 if p]fectly free f gidd9ess1 to look d[n into ! gulf bel[1 :]e ! huge portal ( a cave is se5 to op54 ,f ?is rock1 :i* projects ov] ! abyss1 ! only desc5t is by means ( a rope or a rope-ladd]4 ,! bottom ( ! pit is cov]$ ) l>ge blocks ( /one irregul>ly pil$ up1 & "h "o fir/ sees ! riv] ru%+ ?r\gh ! cave f "r to left4 ,! ,piuka ,jama may ?us be comp>$ to a w9d[ pi]c$ ?r\gh a vault ov]spann+ a subt]ranean /ream4 ,clamb]+ d[n a heap ( rubbi%1 ! explor] at l5g? /&s ^u ! floor ( ! cave1 & rea*es ! bank ( ! ,poik4 ,/ream-upw>ds1 ab\t #cjj fa?oms f ! ap]ture1 he meets ) a rock gate1 ?r\gh :i* ! riv] ru%es s viol5tly t a boat c ma/] ! curr5t only :5 ! wat] is unusually l[4 ,aft] cross+ ?is broad portal1 ! la/ fa9t traces ( daylight glimm]+ f ! di/ant ap]ture 9 ! ,piuka entirely disappe>1 & ! sc5e sudd5ly *anges4 ,! exp&+ cav]n assumes ! proportions ( an impos+ dome4 ,on its left side a m\nd has be5 =m$ by ! fall+ 9 ( ! ro(2 b e block ( /one is completely cov]$ ) calc>e\s incru/ations ( ! pure/ :ite4 ,f ! floor to ! c5tre ( ! vault millions ^u millions ( brilliant sp>s reflect ! light3 e holl[ 9 ! walls is a cab9et ( gems4 ,! backgr\nd ( ! dome completes ! beauty ( ! sc5e1 & exhibits "o ( ! mo/ impos+ cav]n decorations x is possible to imag9e4 ,a mon/r\s pill> rises f its c5tre1 =m+ two colossal ogival portals4 ,! l>g] "o is on ! left1 & at its entrance a mighty /alagmite1 above twelve feet high1 seems to =bid intrusion4 ,! pill> itself & ! vaults ( bo? ! portals are ornam5t$ ) ! ri*e/ /alactital drap]y4 ,:5 ! riv] is swoll5 x ru%es tumultu\sly ?r\gh bo? ! gates1 :]e n[ ,dr4 ,s*midl f\nd b a scanty rill :isp]+ & babbl+ among ! /ones4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,subt]ranean ,,life4 ,subt]ranean ,vegetation--,fungi--,enorm\s ,fungus 9 a ,tunnel ne> ,donca/]--,artificial ,mu%room-b$s ne> ,p>is--,subt]ranean ,animals--,! ,gua*>o--,:olesale ,slaught]--,insects 9 ! ,cave ( ,adelsb]g--,! ,leptodirus & ! ,blo?rus--,! ,/alita tn>ia--,! ,olm or ,proteus--,! ,lake ( ,cirknitz--,! ,ar*duke ,f]d9& & ,*>on--,! ,bl9d ,rat & ! ,bl9d ,fi% ( ! ,mammo? ,cave4 ,( all ! ph5om5a :i* attract ! naturali/'s att5tion1 z he w&]s ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 !re is none :i* makes a deep] impression on 8 m9d ?an ! omnipres5ce ( life4 ,on ! sn[-clad cone ( ,*imborazo1 #ah1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 ,humboldt f\nd butt]flies & o!r w+$ insects1 :ile1 high ov] 8 head1 ! condor 0 so>+ 9 solit>y maje/y4 ,at ! /ill great] elevation ( #ah1dfj feet1 at ! ,doonkiah ,pass 9 ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s1 ,dr4 ,hook] pluck$ fl[]+ plants1 & saw l>ge flocks ( wild geese w++ _! flight above ,kun*9j+a 7#bb1gej feet7 t[>ds ! unkn[n regions ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,?us man meets ) life z f> z he is able to asc5d1 or z f> z 8 sight plunges into ! atmosph]ic ocean4 ,besides ! objects visible to 8 eye1 innum]able microscopical organisms p]vade ! realms ( air4 ,accord+ to ,ehr5b]g's brilliant discov]y1 ! impalpably f9e du/ :i*1 waft$ by ! ,h>mattan1 (t5 falls on %ips :5 hundr$s ( miles f ! coa/ ( ,africa1 consi/s ( agglom]ations ( silica-coat$ diatoms1 individually s small z to be invisible to ! nak$ eye2 & ev]y:]e numb]less m9ute g]ms ( future life--eggs ( insects & sporules ( cryptogamic plants--well fitt$ by cilia & fea!ry cr[ns = an arial j\rney1 float up & d[n 9 ! atmosph]e2 :ile ! wat]s ( ocean are f\nd1 9 l mann]1 fill$ ) myriads ( animat$ atoms4 ,b organic life n only occupies ^? p>ts ( our globe :i* are accessible to sol> light2 x also dives pr(\ndly into ! subt]ranean _w1 :]ev] ra91 or ! melt$ sn[1 filt]+ ?r\gh ! por\s e>?1 or ?r\gh v5ts & crevices1 is able to p5etrate into natural cav]ns or artificial m9es4 ,= ! comb9ation ( moi/ure1 w>m?1 & air is able to develop organic life ev5 ?\s&s ( feet bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?2 :ile light1 ?\gh indisp5sable to mo/ creatures1 w\ld blight & de/roy ! inhabitants ( ! subt]ranean vaults4 ,on survey+ ! flora ( ^! dismal recesses1 we f9d x consi/+ exclusively ( mu%rooms or fungi1 ! l[e/ =ms ( vegetation1 :i*1 %unn+ ! light1 love d>kness & damp4 ,_! appe>ance 9 ! caves is1 z ev]y:]e else1 dep5d5t ^u ! exi/5ce ( an organic basis1 & ?us !y are mo/ commonly f\nd g]m9at+ on pieces ( wood1 p>ticul>ly 9 a /ate ( decomposition1 :i* h be5 convey$ into ! cav]ns ei!r ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( man or by ! influx ( wat]4 ,species ( a peculi>ly luxuriant gr[? are sometimes se5 to spread ov] ! neighb\r+ /ones1 or app>5tly to spr+ f ! rocky gr\nd1 :]e1 h[ev]1 on clos] inspection1 ve/iges ( decay$ organic sub/ances w g5]ally be detect$4 ,?us vegetation 9 caves mo/ commonly keeps pace ) ! quantity ( m\ld]+ wood :i* !y conta91 & fl\ri%es n only ne> _! entrance b 9 _! deepe/ recesses1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,cave ( ,adelsb]g1 :]e1 at a di/ance ( m ?an a ?\s& fa?oms f its entrance1 ! pegs :i* h be5 driv5 into ! /alactital walls = ! purpose ( measur+ its l5g? are cov]$ ) a ri* coat ( fungi4 ,no?+ c be m curi\s ?an to see ^! plants1 ?riv+ & luxuriat+ 9 deep /illness & gloom1 "u circum/ances s ali5 to ! ord9>y conditions ( life4 ,among ! fungi f\nd 9 caves1 _m also vegetate ^u ! surface ( ! e>? expos$ to ! influ5ce ( light1 & n seldom deg5]ate into mon/r\s =ms 9 _! less cong5ial subt]ranean abodes2 b _m are ! exclusive *ildr5 ( d>kness4 ,! ,au/rian naturali/ ,scopoli publi%$ 9 #aggb ! fir/ exact description ( m ?an sev5ty subt]ranean fungi1 collect$ *iefly 9 ! m9es ( ,s*emnitz & ,idria2 & ab\t tw5ty ye>s lat] ,humboldt wrote 8 celebrat$ treatise on ! same subject4#ai ,s9ce !n ,g4 ,f4 ,h(fmann has describ$ ! subt]ranean flora ( ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s2#bj & latt]ly ! botani/s ,welwits* & ,pokorny h exam9$ ! caves ( ,c>9?ia1 :]e !y discov]$ no less ?an eighte5 species ( fungi1 among o!rs ! m\se-tail mu%room 7,ag>icus myurus1 ,h(fm471 :i* is also f\nd 9 ! ,h>z1 & be>s on a sl5d] hairy /alk1 m ?an a foot long1 a small hat1 sc>cely a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,"s ( ^! fungi are rem>kable = _! size 7,!lephora rubig9osa sangu9ol5ta71 o!rs = _! elegance 7,did]ma nigripes74 ,footnote #ai3 #8,flora ,frib]g5sis ,plantas ,cryptogamicas prs]tim subt]raneas exhib5s4' ,footnote #bj3 #8,vegetabilia 9 ,h]cyni ,subt]raneis collecta ,nor9b]g4' #ahaa4 ,"s ye>s ago a gigantic fungus1 f\nd gr[+ f ! woodwork ( a tunnel ne> ,donca/]1 af=d$ a /rik+ pro( ( ! luxuriancy ( subt]ranean vegetation4 ,x measur$ no less ?an fifte5 feet 9 diamet]1 & 01 9 its way1 z great a curiosity z "o ( ! colossal trees ( ,cali=nia4 ,ev5 ! plants t fl\ri% 9 ! d>kness ( caves h be5 r5d]$ subs]vi5t to our use4 ,! cultivation ( ! edible mu%room 9 spaci\s cav]ns or anci5t qu>ries is practis$ to a great ext5t 9 ! environs ( ,p>is1 at ,arcueil1 ,m\l9 de la ,ro*e1 & ,/4 ,g]ma91 b p>ticul>ly at ,montr\ge1 on ! s\!rn side ( ! city4 ,! mu%room-b$s are entirely und]gr\nd1 sev5ty or eighty feet bel[ ! surface1 at a dep? :]e ! temp]ature is ne>ly uni=m all ! ye> r\nd4 ,^! ext5sive catacombs1 =m$ by long burr[+ gall]ies1 h no op5+ b by a circul> %aft1 to be desc5d$ by clamb]+ d[n a p]p5dicul> pole or ma/1 into ! sides ( :i* l>ge wood5 pegs are fix$1 at int]vals ( t5 or twelve in*es1 to re/ ! feet ^u4 ,! baskets conta9+ ! ripe mu%rooms are hoi/$ f bel[ by a pulley & rope4 ,! compo/ 9 :i* !y gr[ consi/s ( a :ite gritty e>?1 mix$ ) good /able manure1 & is m\ld$ into n>r[ b$s ab\t tw5ty in*es high1 rang$ along ! sides ( ! passages or gall]ies1 & kept exquisitely neat & smoo?4 ,! mu%room sporules are introduc$ to ! b$s ei!r by flakes ( e>? tak5 f an old b$1 or else f a heap ( decompos+ /able manure 9 :i* mu%rooms h naturally be5 eng5d]$4 ,! b$s are cov]$ ) a lay] ( e>? an in* ?ick1 ! e>? be+ m]ely ! :ite rubbi% left by ! /one-cutt]s above4 ,!y mu/ be well wat]$1 & remov$ aft] two or ?ree mon?s1 :5 _! be>+ qualities are exhau/$4 ,9 "o ( ! caves at ,montr\ge alone !re are six or sev5 miles ( mu%room-b$d+1 a pro( t ?is bran* ( indu/ry is by no means unimportant4 ,:ile subt]ranean vegetation is exclusively conf9$ to mu%rooms1 animal life ( almo/ e class has f> m abundant repres5tatives1 = plants are 9 g5]al mu* m dep5d5t on ! vivify+ influ5ce ( light4 ,! v>i\s animals :i* are f\nd dwell+ 9 caves may be subdivid$ into two gr\ps2 "o1 :i*1 ?\gh pref]r+ d>kness1 & sp5d+ a great "p ( its exi/5ce "u ! e>?1 yet (t5 volunt>ily seeks ! light ( day1 or at lea/ w&]s =? at night2 :ile ! o!r is exclusively subt]ranean1 & is nev] se5 above ! surface ( ! e>?1 unless by *ance or :5 driv5 up by viol5ce4 ,to ! fir/ gr\p belong mo/ ( ! insectivor\s & rod5t quadrup$s t dwell 9 self-made burr[s1 or pursue a subt]ranean prey1 su* z ! armadilloes & ! moles4 ,! l>ge family ( ! bats likewise love to sleep by day1 or to hib]nate 9 w>m & solit>y caves1 :]e !y are sometimes f\nd 9 numb]s z c\ntless z ! sea-birds :i* flock r\nd "s rocky isl& ( ! nor?4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,silliman visit$ ! ,mammo? ,cave 7,octob] #af1 #ahbb71 he ev]y:]e saw !m susp5d$ 9 d5se clu/]s f ! ro(s1 ?\gh a l>ge numb] _h n yet retir$ into w9t]-qu>t]s4 ,9 a small space1 sc>cely f\r or five in*es squ>e1 he c\nt$ no less ?an =ty bats1 & conv9c$ himself t at lea/ "o hundr$ & tw5ty f9d room on a squ>e foot1 z !y held n only by ! surface ( ! walls ( _! retreat1 b by ea* o!r1 "o closely cr[d+ ov] ano!r4 ,su* clu/]s are f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( ! cav]n1 :i* bran*es out 9 _m directions z f> z two miles f ! entrance1 s t a v sup]ficial survey all[s !m to be c\nt$ by millions4 ,:o1 9 ^! dismal regions1 :]e no *ange ( temp]ature or ( light ann\nces ! v>i\s seasons1 tells !m t ! reign ( w9t] is pa/8 :o awakes !m at ! prop] "t out ( ! deep sleep 9 :i* !y rema9 plung$ = mon?s8 ,! same my/]i\s voice ( in/9ct :i* regulates ! migrations ( ! birds & ! w&]+s ( ! fi%es1 & :i* 9 ?is case1 z 9 e o!r1 is equally wond]ful & incompreh5sible4 ,9 ! class ( birds we f9d _m cave-haunt+ species4 ,! pigeons l to ne/le 9 grottoes1 :i* also s]ve z welcome retreats to ! mop+ owl2 & v>i\s swall[s & swifts bre$ *iefly 9 ! d>kness ( cav]ns4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! troglodytic birds is ! ,gua*>o1 :i* inhabits a l>ge cave 9 ! ,valley ( ,c>ipe1 ne> ! t[n ( ,cumana1 & ( :i* an int]e/+ acc\nt has be5 giv5 by ,humboldt1 :o fir/ introduc$ x to ! notice ( ,europe4 ,! ,gueva del ,gua*>o is pi]c$ 9 ! v]tical pr(ile ( a rock1 & ! entrance is t[>ds ! s\?1 =m+ a noble vault eighty feet broad & sev5ty-two feet high4 ,! rock surm\nt+ ! cav]n is cov]$ ) trees ( gigantic gr[?1 & all ! luxuriant pr(usion ( an int]-tropical vegetation4 ,planta9-leav$ heliconias1 & wondr\s or*ids1 ! ,praga palm1 & tree arums1 gr[ along ! banks ( a riv] t fl[s out ( ! cave1 :ile lianas1 & a v>iety ( creep+ plants1 rock$ to & fro by ! w9d1 =m elegant fe/oons be=e its entrance4 ,:at a contra/ betwe5 ?is magnific5tly decorat$ portal & ! gloomy m\? ( ! ,surt%ellir1 imb$d$ 9 ! lava wild]nesses ( ,icel&8 ,z ! cave at fir/ p5etrates into ! m\nta9 9 a /raight direction1 ! light ( day does n disappe> = a consid]able di/ance f ! entrance1 s t visitors are able to g =w>d = ab\t f\r hundr$ & ?irty feet )\t be+ oblig$ to light _! tor*es2 & "h1 :]e light beg9s to fail1 ! ho>se cries ( ! nocturnal birds are he>d f af>4 ,! gua*>o is ( ! size ( ! common f[l4 ,its hook$ bill is wide1 l t ( ! goat-suck]1 & furni%$ at ! base ) /iff hairs direct$ =w>ds4 ,! plumage1 l t ( mo/ nocturnal birds1 is sombre br[ni% grey1 mix$ ) black /ripes & l>ge :ite spots4 ,! eyes are incapable ( be>+ ! light ( day1 & ! w+s are disproportionately l>ge1 measur+ n less ?an f\r feet & a half f tip to tip4 ,x quits ! cav]n only at nightfall1 especially :5 !re is moonlight2 & ,humboldt rem>ks t x is almo/ ! only frugivor\s nocturnal bird yet kn[n1 = x does n prey ^u insects l ! goatsuck]1 b fe$s on v h>d fruits1 :i* its /rong hook$ beak is well fitt$ to crack4 ,! horrible noise made by ?\s&s ( ^! birds 9 ! d>k recesses ( ! cav]n c be comp>$ only to ! wild %rieks ( ! sea-mews r\nd a solit>y bird m\nta91 or to ! deaf5+ upro> ( ! cr[s :5 assembl$ 9 va/ flocks 9 ! d>k fir-=e/s ( ! ,nor?4 ,! clam\r increases on advanc+ deep] into ! cave1 ! birds be+ di/urb$ by ! tor*- light2 & z ^? ne/l+ 9 ! side av5ues ( ! cave beg9 to utt] _! m\rnful cries :5 ! fir/ s9k into sil5ce1 x seems z if _! troops 7 alt]nately compla9+ to ea* o!r ( ! intrud]s4 ,by fix+ tor*es to ! end ( long poles1 ! ,indians1 :o s]ve z guides into ! cav]n1 %[ ! ne/s ( ^! birds1 fifty or sixty feet above ! heads ( ! explor]s1 9 funnel-%ap$ holes ) :i* ! cav]n ro( is pi]c$ l a sieve4 ,once a ye>1 ab\t midsumm]1 ! ,gua*>o ,cav]n is ent]$ by ! ,indians4 ,arm$ ) poles !y ransack ! great] "p ( ! ne/s1 :ile ! old birds1 utt]+ lam5table cries1 hov] ov] ! heads ( ! robb]s4 ,! "y :i* fall d[n are op5$ on ! spot4 ,! p]itonum is f\nd load$ ) fat1 & a lay] ( ! same sub/ance rea*es f ! abdom5 to ! v5t1 =m+ a k9d ( cu%ion betwe5 ! birds' legs4 ,! ,european nocturnal birds are meagre1 z1 in/ead ( fea/+ on fruits & oily k]nels1 !y live ^u ! scanty produce ( ! *ase2 :ile 9 ! gua*>o1 z 9 our fatt5$ geese1 ! accumulation ( fat is promot$ by d>kness & abundant food4 ,at ! p]iod above m5tion$1 :i* is kn[n at ,c>ipe z ! #8oil h>ve/1' huts are erect$ by ! ,indians ) palm leaves ne> ! entrance1 & ev5 9 ! v por* ( ! cav]n4 ,!re ! fat ( ! "y birds j kill$ is melt$ 9 clay pots ov] a bru%wood fire1 & is said to be v pure & ( a good ta/e4 ,its small quantity1 h[ev]1 is q out ( proportion to ! numb]s kill$1 z n m ?an #aej or #afj j>s ( p]fectly cle> oil are collect$ f ! massacre ( ?\s&s4 ,! way into ! int]ior ( ! cav]n leads along ! banks ( ! small riv] :i* fl[s ?r\gh its d>k recesses2 b sometimes l>ge masses ( /alactites ob/ruct ! passage1 & =ce ! visitor to wade ?r\gh ! wat]1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 n m ?an two feet deep4 ,z f> z #a1deh feet f ! entrance ! cave ma9ta9s ! same direction1 wid?1 & height ( sixty or sev5ty feet1 s t x w\ld be difficult to f9d ano!r m\nta9 cav]n ( s regul> a =mation4 ,humboldt _h great difficulty 9 p]suad+ ! natives to pass beyond ! "p ( ! cave :i* !y usually visit to collect ! oil1 z !y believ$ its deep] p5etralia to be ! abode ( _! ance/ors' spirits2 b s9ce ! great naturali/'s visit1 !y seem to h ab&on$ _! anci5t sup]/itions1 or to h acquir$ a great] c\rage 9 fac+ ! my/]ies ( ! grotto1 =1 :ile !y w\ld only accompany ,humboldt z f> z #bcf fa?oms into ! int]ior ( ! cave1 lat] travell]s1 su* z ,codazzi & ,beaup]tuis1 h advanc$ ) _! guides to d\ble ! di/ance1 ?\gh )\t rea*+ its end4 ,!y f\nd t beyond ! fur!/ po9t explor$ by ,humboldt ! cave loses its regul>ity1 & has its walls cov]$ ) /alactites4 ,9 ! embran*m5ts ( ! grotto ,codazzi f\nd innum]able birds4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$ t ! gua*>o 0 exclusively conf9$ to ?is cave2 latt]ly1 h[ev]1 x has also be5 f\nd 9 ! prov9ce ( ,bogota4 ,! discov]y ( animals adapt$ = p]petual d>kness is b ( mod]n date1 & z ! va/ majority ( caves h n yet be5 ?or\ghly explor$ by zoologi/s1 ! numb] ( g5]a & species already kn[n gives u reason to believe t future inve/igations w add consid]ably to _! numb]4 ,9 ! ,adelsb]g1 ,lueg1 & ,magdal5a grottoes1 :i* =m b an inconsid]able "p ( ! ext5sive cav]n\s regions ( ,c>niola1 sev5 exclusively subt]ranean insects1 "o spid]1 two scorpionides1 "o millep$e1 two cru/aceans1 "o snail1 & "o reptile--9 all fifte5 diff]5t species ( animals1 belong+ to no less ?an six diff]5t classes--h be5 f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leptodirus ,,ho*5w>tii4 ,among ^! dwell]s ( ! d>k1 w>f>e is z rife z 9 ! regions ( light4 ,?us1 9 ! recesses ( ! ,grotto ( ,adelsb]g1 ! cav]n beetle 7,leptodirus ,ho*5w>tii7 is p]secut$ & dev\r$ by ! scorpioni=m ,blo?rus spelu1 & by ! eyeless spid] 7,/alita tn>ia74 ,! black & br[n ,leptodirus discov]$ 9 ! ,grotto ( ,adelsb]g 9 #ahca1 by ,c\nt ,ho*5w>t1 is di/+ui%$ by long & delicate ant5n & legs1 & comp>atively small transluc5t & smoo? elytra4 ,! unique specim5 f\nd at ! "t 0 un=tunately lo/1 & al?\gh tw5ty-five flor9s 7 (f]$ to ! cav]n guides = "o ( ^! beetles1 f\rte5 ye>s pass$ be=e x 0 re- discov]$ 9 ! same cave4 ,s9ce !n o!r collectors h be5 m =tunate1 p>ticul>ly ,pr9ce ,rob]t ,khev5hll]1 :o1 dur+ 8 repeat$ visits to ! ,cave ( ,adelsb]g1 captur$ no less ?an tw5ty specim5s ( ! ,leptodirus4 ,cauti\sly feel+ its way ) its long ant5n1 ! beetle sl[ly asc5ds ! damp /alactital columns1 & accel]ates its movem5ts at ! approa* ( a light4 ,! great] numb] 7 f\nd 9 ! ev5+1 ?us giv+ reason = suppos+ t ! ,leptodirus is a noctural beetle1 al?\gh x is h>dly possible to conceive h[ ! alt]nat+ influ5ce ( night & day c /ill be felt 9 ^! regions ( d>kness4 ,! mann] 9 :i* x is pursu$ by ! eyeless ,blo?rus 7discov]$ 9 #ahcc1 by ,mr4 ,f4 ,s*midt71 has be5 sev]al times obs]v$ by ,pr9ce ,khev5hll]4 ,he once saw "o ( ^! cav]n scorpions sl[ly crawl+ along1 /ret*+ out its palpi 9 all directions1 & evid5tly on ! se>*4 ,he imm$iately guess$ t ! animal 0 engag$ 9 a hunt+ exp$ition1 & soon f\nd t he 0 n mi/ak51 = a f9e ,leptodirus 0 crawl+ ab\t f\r feet high] on ! opposite wall4 ,= a long "t ! ,pr9ce left ! two insects undi/urb$1 until he _h ?or\ghly conv9c$ himself t ! movem5ts ( ! ,blo?rus 7 evid5tly regulat$ by ^? ( ! ,leptodirus1 & t ! =m] 01 beyond all d\bt1 9 pursuit ( ! beetle4 ,a ,leptodirus hav+ be5 ?r[n along ) a ,blo?rus into a phial1 0 imm$iately cut to pieces & dev\r$4 ,! eyeless cav]n spid] 7,/alita tn>ia71 ) br[ni% palp & a sn[-:ite abdom51 is n seldom f\nd 9 ! holl[s ( ! /alactites1 ly+ 9 wait = ! un=tunate ,leptodirus4 ,on ! surface ( ! e>? spid]s are frequ5tly oblig$ to fa/ = a v long "t2 b 9 cav]ns :]e life is s sp>+ly di/ribut$1 ! pati5ce ( ! ,/alita mu/ be exempl>y1 ev5 among spid]s4 ,h] appe>ance on ! sn[-:ite /alactital columns1 :]e %e only becomes visible :5 illum9$ by ! full light ( a tap]1#ba is v /rik+4 ,l a vision1 %e sweeps away 9 h] ivory robe1 accompani$ by h] increas+ %ad[1 until %e f9ally disappe>s 9 ! d>kness4 ,footnote #ba3 ,tor*es are n all[$ to be c>ri$ 9 ! ,grotto ( ,adelsb]g1 t ! :it5ess ( ! /alactites may n be t>ni%$ by ! smoke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,proteus ,,agu9us4 ,b ! l>ge/ & mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! ,european cave animals is und\bt$ly ! ,olm 7,proteus angu9us2 ,hypo*?on74 ,?is enigmatic reptile 0 fir/ f\nd 9 ! fam\s ,lake ( ,cirknitz1 :i*1 communicat+ ) num]\s subt]ranean caves1 alt]nately receives & loses its wat]s ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! rock4 ,aft] long & heavy ra9s ! floods1 :i* ! hidd5 vaults are no long] able to conta91 gu% =? 9 foam+ cat>acts1 & ! lake1 :i* g5]ally =ms b a long & n>r[ *annel1 !n swells to at lea/ ?ree times its ord9>y wid?4 ,sometimes1 aft] a long dr\ght1 ! contr>y takes place1 & ! :ole lake disappe>s "u gr\nd4 ,?us1 f ,decemb] #ahcc to ,octob] #ahcd1 n a trace ( x 0 visible1 s ?or\ghly _h x conceal$ itself 9 its subt]ranean res]voirs1 :]e its fi%es1 secure f ! p]secutions ( man1 multipli$ 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,! ,olm1 :i* only casually comes to ! light ( day1 along ) ! ov]fl[+ wat]s ( ! ,cirknitz ,lake1 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 #ahad1 9 "o ( its p]man5t subt]ranean abodes4 ,! ,magdal5a or #8,black ,grotto' situat$ ab\t a league to ! nor? ( ,adelsb]g1 slants abruptly into ! b[els ( ! m\nta94 ,aft] a long & difficult passage ov] blocks ( /one or ?r\gh s(t mud1 a tranquil pool is at l5g? rea*$1 :i* rises or falls simultane\sly ) ! wat]s ( ! ,poik1 & proves1 by ?is reciprocal action1 t1 9 all probability1 all ! num]\s grottoes & subt]ranean riv] *annels ( ?is s /rangely und]m9$ c\ntry =m b "o va/ & intricate network4 ,x 0 9 ?is pool1 :i* no light illum9es & no w9d ev] /irs1 t num]\s ,protei 7 fir/ discov]$2 b z hundr$s ( specim5s h s9ce f\nd _! way to ! cab9ets ( naturali/s1 to be obs]v$1 dissect$1 or bottl$ up 9 spirits1 _! numb] has v mu* decreas$1 & ! "t is p]haps n f> di/ant :5 !y w be entirely extirpat$ 9 ! grotto1 :]e f "t immemorial !y _h enjoy$ an undi/urb$ security4 ,! ,proteus is "o ( ^? rem>kable reptiles :i* brea! at ! same "t ?r\gh lungs & gills1 hav+ on ea* side ( ! neck ?ree rose-r$ bran*i1 :i* x reta9s ?r\gh life1 z its lungs are b imp]fectly develop$4 ,x has a long1 eel-l body ) an elongat$ head1 a compress$ tail1 & f\r v %ort & ?9 legs4 ,! sk9 is fle%-col\r$1 & s transluc5t t ! liv] & ! he>t1 :i* beats ab\t fifty times 9 a m9ute1 c be di/9ctly se5 und]nea?4 ,9 spite ( its app>5t weakness1 x is able to glide rapidly ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,its f\r little legs rema9 immovable :ile swimm+2 !y are only us$ = creep+1 & !n 9 a v imp]fect mann]4 ,dur+ rapid movem5ts ! gills swell & assume a lively sc>let col\r2 :5 quiet1 !y collapse & become :ite l ! re/ ( ! body4 ,sometimes ! animal raises its head above ! wat] to brea!1 b pulmon>y respiration evid5tly plays b a second>y "p 9 its economy1 z x c only live a v %ort "t out ( ! wat]4 ,! skeleton consi/s almo/ entirely ( c>tilage4 ,! eyes1 two little black spots1 lie buri$ "u ! sk91 &1 z may well be imag9$1 are v imp]fectly develop$4 ,al?\gh m ?an a ?\s& specim5s h be5 obs]v$1 yet b little is kn[n ab\t its mode ( life1 nor has x be5 asc]ta9$ :e!r x is ovip>\s or br+s =? live "y4 ,9 a captive /ate ! ,proteus is able to live = sev]al ye>s )\t any app>5t food2 b on fa/5+ a small worm to ! extremity ( a ?9 /ick1 & hold+ x "u ! wat] close to ! head ( ! reptile1 x %oots rapidly t[>ds x1 swall[s x ) ! same velocity1 !n ejects x aga91 & repeats ?is manuvre sev]al times1 until x f9ally reta9s ! morsel4 ,! untir+ zeal ( ! ,g]man naturali/s has discov]$ ! ,proteus 9 ?irty-"o diff]5t cav]ns1 & asc]ta9$ sev5 di/9ct species1 v>y+ by _! size1 ! =m ( ! head1 ! position ( ! eyes1 & ! col\r ( ! sk94 ,six ( ^! species belong to ! cav]ns ( ,c>niola1 & ! sev5? to ^? ( ,dalmatia4 ,two diff]5t species nev] inhabit ! same cav]n4 ,dur+ ! visit :i* ! ,ar*duke ,f]d9& paid1 9 #ahai1 to ! ,magdal5a ,grotto1 ! mo/ rem>kable p>ts ( ! cave 7 brilliantly illum9at$1 s z to produce a magical effect4 ,*>on's boat1 issu+ f a d>k recess1 came glid+ along ov] ! black surface ( ! pool4 ,! grim f]ryman drew up 8 net be=e ! augu/ visitors1 & pres5t$ !m ) six ,protei t _h be5 entangl$ 9 its me%es4 ,dr4 ,s*midl m5tions "p ( ! subt]ranean riv] 9 ! ,plan9a ,cave1 #a1gae fa?oms f ! entrance1 z ! spot :]e ! ,protei are mo/ abundant4 ,ne> to a small cascade :i* ! rivulet "h =ms ov] a reef1 ! wat]s absolutely sw>m ) !m1 & ! light-col\r$ animals1 d>t+ ab\t 9 all directions 9 ! d>k /ream1 af=d a /range & picturesque spectacle4 ,z ! cav]n is ( mo/ difficult access1 !y "h enjoy a tranquillity r>ely di/urb$1 & no d\bt !y h _m o!r /ill m hidd5 retreats1 to :i* man is incapable ( p5etrat+4 ,! be/ me?od = transport+ ! ,proteus is n[ p]fectly und]/ood1 & liv+ specim5s h be5 convey$ z f> z ,russia1 ,hung>y1 & ,scotl&4 ,all t !y ne$ is a frequ5t supply ( fre% wat]1 & a c>eful removal ( all light4 ,_! food ne$ cause no tr\ble1 z ! wat] conta9s all !y require4 ,x is recomm5d$ to lay a piece ( /alactite f _! native grotto 9 ! vase 9 :i* !y are transport$4 ,:5 re/+ or sleep+1 !y !n coil !mselves r\nd ! /one1 z if t5d]ly embrac+ x4 ,9 ?is mann] !y h already be5 kept above five ye>s out ( _! cav]ns4 ,! guides to ! ,grotto ( ,adelsb]g h always got a supply on h&1 & sell !m = ab\t two flor9s a-piece4 ,on turn+ our att5tion f ! grottoes ( ,c>niola to ^? ( ! ,new ,_w1 we f9d1 9 ! va/ ,mammo? ,cave 9 ,k5tucky1 a no less int]e/+ animal creation1 :i*1 ?\gh diff]5t f t ( ! ,au/rian cav]ns1 /ill %[s a c]ta9 family resemblance1 & af=ds ano!r pro( t a simil>ity ( ext]nal circum/ances always produces analog\s =ms ( organic life4 ,?us1 ! two bl9d beetles :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,mammo? ,cave belong to ! same g5]a 7,anoph?almus & ,adelops7 t h also _! repres5tatives 9 ! ,grotto ( ,adelsb]g4 ,! l>ge/ insect is "h a species ( cricket1 ) enorm\sly long ant5n2 !re are also two small :ite eyeless spid]s & a few cru/aceans4 ,! ,mammo? ,cave has no protei=m reptile to boa/ (1 b a peculi> bl9d rat & a peculi> bl9d fi%4 ,! cav]n rat1 :i* is tol]ably num]\s1 b :i*1 on acc\nt ( its rem>kable timidity1 seldom %[s itself1 diff]s f ! common or ,norway rat1 by its blui% col\r1 its :ite abdom51 neck1 & feet1 & its s(t hair4 ,x has l>ge black eyes1 l ^? ( a rabbit1 b entirely de/itute ( an iris1 & uncommonly long :isk]s1 z if ,nature _h wi%$ to indemnify x = ! loss ( sight by a m p]fect developm5t ( ! s5se ( t\*4 ,al?\gh ! eyes ( ?is rat are l>ge & brilliant1 yet ,pr(essor ,silliman conv9c$ himself ( _! p]fect ins5sibility to light4 ,all pro( is want+ t x ev] visits ! upp] _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bl9d ,,fi% 7,,amblyopsis ,,spel,,u74 ,! bl9d fi% 7,amblyopsis spelu7 is n[ become tol]ably r>e f its hav+ be5 s frequ5tly fi%$ out ( ! ,le! /ream1 z ! subt]ranean riv] ( ! ,mammo? ,cave is call$4 ,_m physiologi/s h already made x ! subject ( _! obs]vations1 & are g5]ally ( op9ion t ! ,amblyopsis 0 n orig9ally bl9d1 b t1 hav+ f\nd its way into ! cave1 x gradually lo/ its p[]s ( vision4 ,! celebrat$ naturali/ ,agassiz1 h[ev]1 be+ p]fectly conv9c$ t all animals exi/+ 9 a wild /ate h be5 creat$ )9 _! actual b\nds ) all ! peculi>ities ( /ructure :i* di/+ui% !m at ! pres5t day1 is ( op9ion t ! bl9d fi% & all ! o!r bl9d animals ( ! ,mammo? ,cave are ! aborig9al *ildr5 ( d>kness1 & h at no "t be5 connect$ ) ! _w ( light4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,caves ,,z ,,places ,,( ,,refuge4 ,! ,cave ( ,adullam--,mahomet 9 ! ,cave ( ,?aur--,! ,cave ( ,long>a--,! ,cave ( ,egg--,! ,caves ( ,ra?l9--,! ,cave ( ,ye]malik--,! ,caves ( ,granada--,ab5 ,aboo1 ! ,morisco k+--,! ,caves ( ,gortyna & ,melidoni-- ,atrocities ( ,fr5* ,w>f>e 9 ,alg]ia--,! ,caves ( ! ,dahra--,! ,cave ( ,%elas--,/4 ,arnaud4 ,9 times ( w> or p]secution1 cav]ns h (t5 s]v$ z places ( concealm5t4 ,x 0 9 ! cave ( ,adullam t ,david hid himself to escape f ! fury ( ,saul2 & on ! flight f ,mecca to ,m$9a1 ,mahomet & 8 disciple ,abu ,bekr took refuge 9 a cave 9 ,m\nt ,?aur4 ,!y left ,mecca :ile x 0 yet d>k1 mak+ _! way on foot by ! light ( ! />s1 & ! day dawn$ z !y f\nd !mselves at ! foot ( ! hill1 ab\t an h\r's di/ance f ! holy city4 ,sc>cely 7 !y )9 ! cave :5 !y he>d ! s\nd ( pursuit4 ,abu ,bekr1 ?\gh a brave man1 quak$ ) fe>4 #8,our pursu]s1' said he1 #8are _m1 & we are b two4' #8,nay1' repli$ ,mahomet1 #8!re is a ?ird3 ,god is ) u6' ,& "h ! ,moslem writ]s relate a miracle de> to ! m9ds ( true believ]s4 ,by ! "t1 say !y1 t 8 pursu]s1 ! ,korei%ites1 rea*$ ! m\? ( ! cave1 an acacia-tree _h sprung up be=e x1 9 ! spread+ bran*es ( :i* a pigeon _h made its ne/ & laid its eggs1 & ov] ! :ole a spid] _h wov5 its web4 ,:5 ! ,korei%ites beheld ^! signs ( undi/urb$ quiet1 !y conclud$ t no "o c\ld rec5tly h ent]$ ! cav]n1 s !y turn$ away & pursu$ _! se>* 9 ano!r direction4 ,b cav]ns h n always prov$ safe places ( refuge1 & a b>b>\s enemy has (t5 us$ !m = ! de/ruction ( ^? :o !re va9ly s\ght safety4 ,?us1 9 ,pale/9e1 ! ,jews1 :o hid !mselves ) _! wives & *ildr5 9 deep cav]ns holl[$ 9 ! flanks ( a precipit\s m\nta91 c\ld n escape ! satellites ( ,h]od1 :o1 let d[n f above 9 l>ge baskets or tubs1 put ^! def5celess fugitives to ! sword4 ,dur+ ! ,gallic w> ,cs> ord]$ 8 lieut5ant ,crassus to wall up ! m\?s ( ! caves 9 :i* ! inhabitants ( ,aquita9e _h s\ght a refuge1 & _m ( !m 7 ?us immur$ alive4 ,9 ! ye> #aeaj1 :5 ! ,fr5* army1 on its retreat f ,italy1 0 trav]s+ ! defiles ( ,pi$mont1 ! re>gu>d1 comm&$ by ! fam\s ,*evali] ,bay>d1 ! good knight #8)\t fe> or reproa*1' hav+ halt$ at ,long>a1 ! m]c5>ies1 :o =m$ a consid]able "p ( 8 troops1 spread ov] ! c\ntry1 pillag+ & de/roy+ :]ev] !y w5t4 ,to escape f ^! savage b&s1 ! nobles ( ! di/rict p]suad$ ab\t two ?\s& ( ! peasantry to accompany !m1 ) _! families & an abundant supply ( provisions1 into ! ,cave ( ,long>a1 :i* =ms a va/ ?\gh l[ vault$ hall1 ab\t #a1bjj feet long & #cjj feet broad1 b ) an entrance s n>r[ t only a s+le p]son c pass at a "t4 ,! m]c5>ies1 hav+ discov]$ ! secret ( ! cave1 ru%$ to ! spot1 eag] = pillage4 ,! un=tunate refugees va9ly /rove to s(t5 ! he>ts ( ^! b>b>ians1 b1 f9d+ all supplications va91 !y took c\rage f despair1 &1 fav\r$ by ! natural /r5g? ( ! cave1 repell$ ! attack ( ! fir/ b&itti :o attempt$ to =ce an entrance4 ,! ruffians n[ return$ to ! *>ge 9 great] numb]s2 b be+ /ill unable to accompli% _! object1 !y =m$ ! diabolical plan ( sett+ fire to a heap ( hay1 /raw1 & gre5wood1 :i* !y pil$ up be=e ! m\? ( ! grotto4 ,! smoke p5etrat$ into ! cave & 9 a %ort "t ! two ?\s& wret*es x conta9$--mo/ly wom5 & *ildr5--7 suffocat$4 ,bay>d1 enrag$ at ?is b>b>\s act1 :i* sulli$ 8 own hon\r1 ord]$ ! r+lead]s to be seiz$ & hang$ be=e ! entrance ( ! cave4 ,:ile ^! malefactors 7 9 ! h&s ( ! execution]1 a lad ( f\rte51 ! only survivor ( ! cata/rophe1 0 se5 to crawl out ( ! grotto4 ,bay>d ord]$ e aid to be r5d]$ him :i* 8 /ate requir$1 & c\ld n refra9 f te>s :ile li/5+ to 8 lam5table tale4 ,! boy relat$ t :5 ! smoke began to spread 9 ! cav]n1 ! nobles1 resolv+ to die at lea/ l soldi]s1 want$ to sally =?1 sword 9 h&1 b 7 prev5t$ by ! peasants1 :o fell ^u !m & dis>m$ !m1 say+1 #8,y h l$ u hi!r1 & "h ) u y %all die6' ,?us1 a few mom5ts be=e a common doom 0 to de/roy bo? nobles & s]fs1 a horrible /rife _h aris5 betwe5 !m 9 ! d>kness ( ! cave4 #8,& ?\1 my fri5d1' ask$ ,bay>d1 #8by :at miracle ha/ ?\ escap$ dea?8' #8,i _h rem>k$1' answ]$ ! lad1 #8a feeble ray ( daylight 9 a corn] ( ! grotto1 & appli$ my m\? to ! crevice ?r\gh :i* x pass$4 ,i soon fa9t$1 b ?is small portion ( fre% air pres]v$ my life4 ,:5 ,i recov]$ my s5ses1 ,i rememb]$ all t _h pass$1 b ,i 0 alone1 & x took me a long "t to crawl out ( ! grotto4' #8,all ?y companions1' answ]$ ,bay>d1 #8h be5 buri$1 by my ord]s1 9 consecrat$ gr\nd2 & behold6 !re hang _! assass9s6' ,un=tunately ! hi/ory ( our l& is t>ni%$ ) simil> de$s ( atrocity4 ,a cave 9 ! ,isle ( ,egg1 "o ( ! ,hebrides1 has a v n>r[ entrance1 ?r\gh :i* "o c h>dly creep on knees & h&s1 b x rises /eep & l(ty )91 & runs into ! b[els ( ! rock to ! dep? ( #bee measur$ feet4 ,! rude & /ony bottom ( ?is cave is /rew$ ) ! bones ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 ! sad relics ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( ! isl&1 #bjj 9 numb]1 ( ^: de/ruction ! foll[+ /ory is relat$4 #8,! ,macdonalds1 ( ! ,isle ( ,egg1 a p dep5d5t on ,clanranald1 _h done "s injury to ! ,laird ( ,macleod4 ,! tradition ( ! isle says t x 0 by a p]sonal attack on ! *iefta91 9 :i* 8 back 0 brok52 b t ( ! o!r isles be>s t ! injury 0 (f]$ to two or ?ree ( ! ,macleods1 :o1 l&+ ^u ,egg1 & behav+ insol5tly t[>ds ! isl&]s1 7 b\nd h& & foot1 & turn$ adrift 9 a boat1 :i* ! w9ds & waves safely conduct$ to ,skye4 ,to av5ge ! (f5ce giv51 ,macleod sail$ ) su* a body ( m5 z r5d]$ resi/ance hopeless4 ,! natives1 fe>+ 8 v5geance1 conceal$ !mselves 9 ! cav]n2 &1 aft] /rict se>*1 ! ,macleods w5t on bo>d _! galleys1 aft] do+ :at mis*ief !y c\ld1 conclud+ ! inhabitants _h left ! isle4 ,b next morn+ !y espi$ f _! vessels a man ^u ! isl&1 &1 imm$iately l&+ aga91 !y trac$ 8 retreat1 by means ( a light sn[ on ! gr\nd1 to ! cav]n4 ,macleod !n summon$ ! subt]rane\s g>rison1 & dem&$ t ! inhabitants :o _h (f5d$ him %\ld be deliv]$ up4 ,?is 0 p]emptorily refus$4 ,! *iefta9 !reupon caus$ 8 p to div]t ! c\rse ( a rill ( wat]1 :i*1 fall+ ov] ! m\? ( ! cave1 w\ld h prev5t$ 8 purpos$ v5geance4 ,he !n k9dl$ at ! entrance ( ! cav]n a huge fire1 & ma9ta9$ x until all )9 7 de/roy$ by suffocation4'#bb ,footnote #bb3 ,voyages 9 ! ,ligh?\se ,ya*t1 publi%$ 9 ,lockh>t's #8,life ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott4' ,9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 a no less horrible de$ occurr$ dur+ ! campaign ( ,essex aga9/ ! ,iri% rebels4 ,:5 ! ,engli% =ces ent]$ ,antrim1 ! ,scots ( t c\nty _h s5t _! wives & *ildr51 _! ag$ & _! sick1 to ! isl& ( ,ra?l9 = safety4 ,sir ,john ,norris 0 direct$ by ! ,e>l to cross ov] & kill all t he c\ld f9d4 ,! run up ! ,antrim coa/ 0 rapidly & quietly accompli%$4 ,be=e an al>m c\ld be giv5 ! ,engli% _h l&$ close to ! *ur* :i* be>s ,columba's "n4 ,! ca/le 0 tak5 by /orm1 & e s\l 9 x--ab\t two hundr$--put to ! sword4 ,x 0 !n discov]$ t ! great] "p ( ! fugitives1 *iefly mo!rs & _! little ones1 7 hidd5 9 ! caves ab\t ! %ores4 #8,!re 0 no remorse1' says ,fr\de1 #8n ev5 ! fa9te/ %ad[ ( p]ception t ! occasion call$ = x4 ,!y 7 hunt$ out z if !y _h be5 seals or ott]s1 & all de/roy$4' ,:5 ! b>b>ian ,g5ghis ,khan invad$ ,koondooz 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 #gjj m5 took refuge1 ) _! wives & families1 9 ! cave ( ,ye]malik1 & def5d$ !mselves s valiantly t1 aft] try+ 9 va9 to de/roy !m by fire1 ! invad] built !m 9 ) huge natural blocks ( /one1 & left !m to die ( hung]4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdj1 ! cave 0 visit$ by ,capta9 ,burslem & ,lieut5ant ,/urt1 probably ! only ,europeans t ev] ent]$ its sepul*ral recesses1 z ! p 9 ! neighb\rhood believe x to be ! abode ( ,%eitan 7! devil71 & are z reluctant to guide a /rang] z to explore x !mselves4 ,! entrance is halfway up a hill1 & is fifty feet high1 ) ab\t ! same bread?4 ,n f> f ! entrance ! travell]s f\nd a passage betwe5 two jagg$ rocks1 possibly ! rema9s ( ,g5ghis ,khan's fatal wall1 s n>r[ t !y _h "s difficulty 9 squeez+ ?r\gh1 & !n be=e long came to a drop ( sixte5 feet1 d[n :i* !y 7 l[]$ by ropes4 ,"h !y left two m5 to haul !m up on _! return1 & bade f>ewell to ! light ( day4 ,! n>r[ pa?1 :i* l$ by ! edge ( a black abyss1 sometimes ov] a floor+ ( smoo? ice = a few feet1 wid5$ gradually till !y rea*$ a damp & dripp+ hall1 s va/ 9 size t ! light ( _! tor*es did n enable !m to =m any idea ( its size4 ,9 ?is colossal hall1 or r tomb1 !y f\nd ! rema9s ( ! victims ( ,g5ghis ,khan3 hundr$s ( skeletons 9 a p]fectly undi/urb$ /ate-- "o1 = in/ance1 /ill hold+ ! skeletons ( two infants 9 its long arms--:ile "s ( ! bodies _h be5 pres]v$1 & lay %rivell$1 l ! mummies repos+ 9 ! sepul*ral vault ( ! ,great ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,9 ! d>k hi/ory ( ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa91 "o ( ! d>ke/ passages is t ( ! rebellion & f9al de/ruction ( ! ,moors ( ,granada4 ,driv5 to despair by an intol]able tyranny1 ! un=tunate p at l5g? rose 9 arms aga9/ _! oppressors2 b all _! brav]y1 aid$ by ! natural /r5g? ( _! m\nta9 fa/nesses1 fail$ to def5d !m aga9/ ! sup]ior arms ( _! pitiless enemy4 ,defeat$ 9 e enc\nt]1 driv5 f e /ronghold1 ?\s&s p]i%$ by fam9e or ! sword1 & ^? :o submitt$ 7 ei!r condemn$ to a cruel dea? or exil$ f _! native soil4 ,_m 7 driv5 to seek a refuge 9 ! caves ( ! ,alpuj>ras1 s\?-ea/ ( ,granada1 & ( ! bold si]ras t /ret* along ! s\!rn %ores ( ,spa94 ,_! pursu]s foll[$ up ! *ase ) ! fi]ce glee ( ! hunt] track+ ! wild bea/ ( ! =e/ to 8 lair4 ,!re !y 7 huddl$ toge!r1 "o or two hundr$ frequ5tly 9 ! same cav]n4 ,x 0 n easy to detect ! hid+-place amid/ ! rocks & ?ickets :i* cov]$ up & conceal$ ! entrance4 ,b :5 x 0 detect$1 x 0 no difficult matt] to de/roy ! inmates4 ,! gre5 bu%es furni%$ ! mat]ial = a sm\ld]+ fire1 & ^? )9 7 soon suffocat$ by ! smoke1 or1 ru%+ out1 ?rew !mselves on ! m]cy ( _! pursu]s4 ,"s 7 but*]$ on ! spot2 o!rs 7 s5t to ! gibbet or ! galleys2 :ile ! great] "p1 ) a fate sc>cely less t]rible1 7 giv5 up z ! booty ( ! soldi]s1 & sold into slav]y4 ,ab5 ,aboo1 ! la/ *ief ( ! insurg5ts1 :o _h hi!rto elud$ e attempt to seize him1 b ^: capture 0 ( m importance ?an t ( any o!r ( 8 nation1 _h a n>r[ escape 9 "o ( ^! cav]ns n f> f ,b]*al1 :]e he lay hid ) a wife & two ( 8 daught]s4 ,! wom5 7 suffocat$1 ) ab\t sev5ty o!r p]sons2 b ! ,morisco *ief succe$$ 9 mak+ 8 escape ?r\gh an ap]ture at ! fur!r end1 :i* 0 unkn[n to 8 enemies4 ,un=tunately1 ! little k+ ( ! ,alpuj>ras1 z he 0 contemptu\sly call$ by ! ,spani>ds1 0 soon aft] kill$ 9 ano!r cav]n by a traitor's h&1 & ) him fell ! la/ hope ( ! ,moriscos4 ,8 corpse1 set a/ride on a mule1 & support$ erect 9 ! saddle by a wood5 frame1 conceal$ b5ea? ample robes1 0 l$ 9 triumphal procession ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,granada1 & !n decapitat$4 ,! body 0 giv5 to ! rabble1 :o1 aft] dragg+ x ?r\gh ! /reets ) sc(fs & imprecations1 committ$ x to ! flames1 :ile ! head1 inclos$ 9 a cage1 0 set up ov] ! gate :i* op5$ on ! ,alpuj>ras4 ,!re x rema9$ = _m a ye>1 no "o v5tur+ to remove x1 = on ! cage 0 inscrib$1 #8,?is is ! head ( ! traitor ,ab5 ,aboo4 ,let no "o take x d[n1 "u pa9 ( dea?4' ,! neighb\rhood ( ,gortyna1 9 ! isl& ( ,crete1 has become celebrat$ 9 mod]n times = a m\nta9-labyr9?1 ) num]\s & intricate passages1 :i* exi/s 9 a valley ne> x1 & 9 :i* ! my? ( ! ,ddalean labyr9? 0 probably localis$4 ,dur+ ! revolution>y w> aga9/ ! ,turki% yoke 7#ahbb-ahbh7 ! ,*ri/ian inhabitants ( ! adjac5t villages1 = mon?s toge!r1 liv$ 9 ?is cav]n1 m]ely sally+ out by day to till _! l&s1 or to ga!r _! crops1 :5 x 0 safe to d s4 ,?\gh ! d>k recesses ( ! cav]n 7 n v invit+ abodes = human be+s = any long p]iod1 yet ! s5se ( safety gave x1 d\btless1 a peculi> *>m2 = no "o c\ld approa* )9 range ( ! num]\s muskets po9t$ f mask$ loopholes at its entrance1 )\t be+ imm$iately %ot d[n2 nor c\ld ei!r fire or smoke suffocate or dislodge its inmates1 z ! entrance is 9 ! side ( a /eep hill1 #ejj or #fjj feet above ! b$ ( ! wild valley 9 :i* x is situat$1 & ?us is safe f attack 9 e direction4 ,hi/ory z well z tradition /ates t1 9 all tr\bl$ times 9 ,crete1 ! labyr9? ( ,gortyna has be5 ! retreat ( ! inhabitants ( ! neighb\rhood2 b :5 ,capta9 ,spratt visit$ x 9 #aheb1 its only inhabitants 7 bats1 :o1 by _! mode ( hook+ on to ea* o!r1 7 hang+ f ! ceil+ l clu/]s ( bees4 ,"u good native guides1 he sp5t ne>ly two h\rs 9 ?read+ its tortu\s passages1 :i* turn 9 s _m ways & h s _m bran*es z to ju/ify ! conclusion t a ma/] h& mu/ h direct$ ! excavation4 ,! m>k ( ! tool is se5 ^u e side ( ! av5ues & *amb]s1 indicative ( its artificial "*4 ,less =tunate ?an _! bre?r5 ( ,gortyna 7 ! un=tunate ,cretans :o1 dur+ ! same w>1 took refuge 9 ! cave ( ,melidoni4 ,9 #ahbb1 :5 ,husse9 ,bey m>*$ aga9/ ! neighb\r+ village1 ! inhabitants1 to ! numb] ( ?ree hundr$1 repair$ to ! cave1 tak+ ) !m _! valuables & provisions suffici5t = six mon?s4 ,! entrance is s n>r[ & /eep t !y 7 p]fectly secur$ aga9/ an attack1 & ! ,turks 9 _! fir/ attempt lo/ tw5ty-five m54 ,f9d+ t !y refus$ submission on any t]ms1 ,husse9 ,bey ord]$ a quantity ( combu/ibles to be br\ght to ! entrance & set on fire4 ,! smoke1 roll+ into ! cav]n 9 imm5se volumes1 drove ! mis]able fugitives into ! remot] *amb]s1 :]e !y l+]$ a little :ile long]1 b 7 all ev5tually suffocat$4 ,! ,turks wait$ "s days1 b /ill did n d>e to ent]1 & a ,greek captive 0 f9ally s5t d[n on ! promise ( 8 life be+ sp>$4 ,! ,turks !n desc5d$ & plund]$ ! bodies4 ,a week aft]w>ds1 ?ree natives ( ! village /ole into ! cav]n to see :at _h become ( _! fri5ds & relatives4 ,x is said t !y 7 s ov]come by ! t]rible spectacle t two ( !m di$ )9 a few days4 ,ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 ! la/ ve/iges ( ! insurrection _h be5 suppress$1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,crete bless$ ! cav]n1 mak+ x consecrat$ gr\nd2 & ! bones ( ! victims 7 ga!r$ toge!r & p>tially cov]$ up1 9 ! out] *amb]--a va/ elliptical hall1 ab\t eighty feet 9 height1 & propp$ 9 ! c5tre by an enorm\s /alactitic pill>4 ,on all sides ! /alactites hang l flut$ curta9s f ! ro(1 "h 9 broad %eet$ masses1 !re dropp+ into s+le %>p folds1 b all on a scale ( ,titanic gr&eur4 ,9 ?is impos+ & sil5t hall1 "u ! black bann]s ( et]nal ,night1 lay heap$ ! m\ld]+ skulls & bones ( ! poor ,*ri/ians4 ,!y c\ld n h _h a m appropriate sepul*re4 ,su* h be5 ! atrocities ( ,turki% w>f>e )9 ! memory ( liv+ man2 b ,fr5* (fic]s h 9 our days emulat$ ! cruelty ( ,ottoman comm&]s1 & %[n t ! nation :i* boa/s ( m>*+ at ! head ( civilisation has /ill reta9$ mu* ( its anci5t ,gallic b>b>ism4 ,:5 ,m>%al ,pelissi] fill$ ) smoke ! cr[d$ caves ( ! ,dahra 9 #ahdd1 & de/roy$ _m hundr$s ( ,kabyls ^: great crime x 0 to def5d _! c\ntry aga9/ ! ,fr5* hordes1 x has be5 /at$1 z an excuse = ?is atrocity1 t he left op5 "s ( ! entrances to ! caves1 & t he only resort$ to ! smoke z a means ( compell+ ! fugitives to come out & surr5d]2 b no su* excuse c be plead$ 9 fav\r ( 8 successor1 ,/4 ,arnaud4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahde1bc ?is ,fr5* comm&] receiv$ private in=mation t a body ( ,arabs _h tak5 refuge 9 ! cave ( ,%elas4 ,?i!r he m>*$ a body ( troops4 ,elev5 ( ! fugitives came out & surr5d]$2 b x 0 kn[n to ,/4 ,arnaud1 ?\gh n to any o!r ,fr5*man1 t five hundr$ m5 rema9$ 9 ! cave4 ,all ^! p ,colonel ,/4 ,arnaud det]m9$ to kill1 & at ! same "t to keep ! de$ secret ev5 f ! troops engag$ 9 ! op]ation1 z ! smok+ ( ! ,caves ( ! ,dahra _h n greatly t5d$ to raise ,france 9 ! public op9ion ( ,europe4 ,except 8 bro!r & ,m>%al ,bugeaud1 ^: approval 0 ! prize he s\ght1 no "o 0 to "k :at he did4 ,he contriv$ to execute bo? 8 purposes4 ,?us he writes to 8 bro!r3--#8,i _h all ! ap]tures h]metically /opp$ up4 ,i made "o va/ sepul*re4 ,no "o w5t into ! cav]ns2 no "o b myself knew t "u ^! !re are #ejj brig&s :o w nev] aga9 slaught] ,fr5*m54 ,a confid5tial report has told all to ! m>%al1 )\t t]rible poetry or imag]y4 ,bro!r1 no "o is s good z ,i am by ta/e & by nature4 ,f ! #h? to ! #ab? ,i h be5 ill1 b my consci5ce does n reproa* me4 ,i h done my duty z a comm&]1 & to-morr[ ,i w\ld d ! same ov] aga92 b ,i h tak5 a disgu/ to ,africa4' ,) su* nause\s s5tim5t wrote ! man1 #8good by ta/e & nature1' :o sev5 ye>s lat] 0 to atta* ! memory ( 8 "n to ! bloody days ( ,decemb]1 & to deal ) _m a ,fr5* republican z he _h dealt ) ! ,arabs4 ,footnote #bc3 ,k+lake4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,h]mit ,,caves--,,rock ,,temples--,,rock ,,*ur*es4 ,/4 ,paul ( ,!bes--,/4 ,an?ony--,8 ,visit to ,alex&ria1 & dea?-- ,num]\s ,cave ,h]mits 9 ! ,ea/--,/4 ,b5$ict 9 ! ,cave ( ,subiaco-- ,/4 ,cu?b]t--,/4 ,beatus--,rock ,temples ( ,kan>a--,! ,wond]s ( ,ellora-- ,ipsamb\l--,rock ,*ur*es ( ,lalibala 9 ,abyss9ia--,! ,cave ( ,trophonios--,! ,grotto ( ,/4 ,rosolia ne> ,pal]mo--,! ,*apel ( ,agios ,niketas 9 ,greece--,! ,*apel ( ,ob]/e9 on ! ,nahe--,! rep5tant fratricide4 ,! dim twilight ( a =e/1 its leafy vaults1 its maje/ic sil5ce1 or its foliage moan+ 9 ! w9d1 are all apt to /rike ! m9d ) a religi\s awe4 ,b ! solitude & /illness ( cav]ns is equally well adapt$ to awak5 feel+s ( devotion1 & ?us we f9d t contemplative m9ds 9 e age1 & ( e cre$1 h f\nd 9 !m cong5ial retreats4 ,! ,indian fakir & ! ,mahometan d]vi% love ! seclusion ( ! sil5t grotto1 & "h also ! ,hebrew prophets n seldom enjoy$ _! ec/atic visions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,rock-,,cut ,,temple3 ,,por* ,,( ,,! ,,*aitya ,,cave ,,temple1 ,,ajunta4 ,!re c be no d\bt t1 dur+ ! fir/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity _m an unkn[n an*orite retir$ to "s solit>y cave1 z to a h>b\r ( refuge f ! rude contact ( ! _w2 b ! fir/ h]mit m5tion$ 9 ecclesia/ical hi/ory is ,/4 ,paul ( ,!bes1 9 ,egypt1 :o1 dur+ ! p]secution ( ,decius1 9 ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 retreat$ to ! des]t1 :]e1 dwell+ 9 a cave1 & liv+ on ! fruits ( trees1 he rea*$ 8 hundr$? ye>4 ,8 fri5d & disciple1 ,/4 ,an?ony1 :o fir/ r\s$ among 8 contempor>ies a wide- spread incl9ation = h]mit seclusion1 plays a f> m conspicu\s "p 9 ! annals ( ! ,*ur*4 ,born ( weal?y ,coptic peasants1 ?is rem>kable man1 at ! age ( tw5ty1 divid$ 8 :ole prop]ty among ! poor1 & !nce=? devot$ himself to a life ( ! /ricte/ ascetism4 ,he retir$ fir/ to a rock-cave 9 ! neighb\rhood ( 8 native village1 & !n to ! m di/ant ru9s ( a des]t$ ca/le1 :]e he sp5t tw5ty ye>s z a h]mit4 ,mean:ile 8 reputation = sanctity _h spread ?r\gh\t all ,egypt1 & num]\s c&idates = a h]mit life bes\ght him to take !m "u 8 spiritual c>e4 ,he yield$ to _! entreaties1 & soon ! neighb\r+ des]t 0 cr[d$ ) ! huts ( zeal\s an*orites1 :o rev]$ him z _! model4 ,b he 0 surr\nd$ n only by ^! pi\s disciples2 ! worldly-m9d$ also came flock+ to 8 cave = advice or assi/ance2 = ! belief 0 g5]al t1 l ! fir/ ,apo/les1 he 0 gift$ ) ! p[] ( ca/+ out devils & =etell+ future ev5ts4 ,an?ony1 ?us di/urb$ 9 8 solit>y m$itations1 resolv$ to bury himself /ill deep] 9 ! des]t1 & fl$ to a cave 9 ! fur!/ p>ts ( ,egypt1 ne> a s\rce %ad$ by a few date-palms4 ,"h he hop$ to be able to live entirely = pray] & contemplation1 b 8 hopes prov$ va91 =1 aft] a long se>*1 8 disciples discov]$ 8 retreat1 & aga9 an*orites & worldl+s broke 9 ^u 8 solitude4 ,9 8 hundr$? ye> he 0 prevail$ ^u by ,/4 ,a?anasius to visit ,alex&ria1 :]e1 :5ev] he appe>$1 cr[ds ga!r$ r\nd him to kiss ! hem ( 8 g>m5t & to implore 8 bless+4 ,ev5 ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ! ,great wrote to him2 yet s indiff]5t _h he become to all worldly di/9ctions t he c\ld ) difficulty be prevail$ ^u to h ! lett] read to him4 ,?us1 hon\r$ by high & l[1 & yet avoid+ all hon\r1 ,an?ony rea*$ ! patri>*al age ( #aje4 ,at ! approa* ( dea? he begg$ two ( 8 mo/ belov$ disciples to conduct him to ! wilde/ "p ( ! des]t4 ,"h he di$ 9 _! arms1 aft] hav+ fir/ made !m promise to keep ! place ( 8 burial secret1 z he fe>$ t an undue rev]5ce might be paid to 8 bones4 ,an?ony's example 0 foll[$ f> & wide ov] ! ea/]n _w4 ,:ole colonies ( h]mits settl$ 9 ! des]t ( ,!bes1 ne> ,lake ,mo]is1 9 ,s\!rn ,pale/9e1 9 ,arm5ia1 & ,pontus4 ,_! numb]s am\nt$ to ?\s&s1 _m liv+ 9 rude huts1 :i* !y erect$ ) _! own h&s1 :ile o!rs f\nd a cong5ial retreat 9 ! grottoes & rock-tombs :i* ab\nd 9 _m ( ! c\ntries :]e !y dwelt4 ,f ! ,ea/ ! _s ( mona/ic seclusion soon spread to ,we/]n ,europe4 ,/4 ,b5$ict1 ! f\nd] ( ! ord] :i* has r5d]$ su* signal s]vice to le>n+ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 sp5t ?ree ye>s 9 an inaccessible cave ne> ,subiaco1 five leagues f ,tivoli4 ,romanus1 a monk 9 a neighb\r+ conv5t1 alone knew ( 8 retreat1 & daily let d[n by a rope1 f ! top ( ! rock 9 :i* ! cave 0 situat$1 ! small quantity ( bread :i* he ne$$ = 8 subsi/5ce4 ,"h he 0 at l5g? discov]$ by "s %eph]ds1 :o at fir/ sight took him = a wild bea/1 z he 0 clo!d 9 sk9s1 b soon discov]$ t he 0 a sa9t by ! wise lessons he gave !m4 ,a simil> long+ = a life ( pi\s seclusion induc$ ,/4 ,cu?b]t to quit ! ,conv5t ( ,l9disf>ne1 ( :i* he _h be5 prior1 & to seek a retreat 9 a grotto excavat$ by 8 own h&s1 on "o ( ! ,f>ne ,isl&s1 on ! coa/ ( ,nor?umb]l&4 ,an ox-hide1 :i* he hung be=e its entrance & turn$ t[>ds ! side :5ce ! w9d blew1 af=d$ a scanty %elt] aga9/ ! rig\rs ( a nor!rn w9t]4 ,b ! fame ( 8 sanctity spread ov] all ,engl&1 & num]\s pilgrims resort$ to 8 cave1 to pr(it by 8 advice1 or to seek consolation 9 _! tr\bles4 ,"o day1 :5 he _h sp5t eight ye>s 9 seclusion1 ! k+ ( ,nor?umbria1 att5d$ by 8 pr9cipal nobles1 l&$ on ,cu?b]t's isl&-rock to beg him to accept ! episcopal dignity ( ,durham1 to :i* he _h be5 elect$4 ,! holy an*orite yield$1 ) _m te>s1 & aft] an ob/9ate resi/ance1 = he 0 lo? to accept duties :i* tore him f 8 solitude4 ,aft] two ye>s he resign$ 8 bi%opric1 & return$ to 8 belov$ cave1 :]e he %ortly aft] di$4 ,accord+ to a popul> leg5d ! ,entro*i1 or calc>e\s jo9ts ( ! petrifi$ ,lily-,encr9ites1 :i* are f\nd among ! rocks ( ! ,f>ne ,isl&s1 are =g$ by 8 _s1 & pass !re by ! "n ( #8,/4 ,cu?b]t's beads4' ,:ile at ?is task1 he is suppos$ to sit dur+ ! night ^u a c]ta9 rock1 & to use ano!r z 8 anvil4 #8,su* tales _h ,:itby's fi%]s told1 ,& said !y might 8 %ape behold1 ,& he> 8 anvil s\nd2 ,a dead5$ clang--a huge dim =m1 ,se5 b1 & he>d1 :5 ga!r+ /orm ,& night 0 clos+ r\nd4'--,m>mion4 ,! ,beat5b]g1 situat$ on ! nor!rn side ( ! lake ( ,?un1 is nam$ aft] a celebrat$ cave 9 :i* ,/4 ,beatus1 orig9ally a ,briti% noble1 :o _h come to prea* ! ,gospel to ! wild m5 ( ! di/rict1 dwelt = _m ye>s1 & di$ at ! advanc$ age ( n9ety4 ,8 relics rema9+ !re1 8 fte-day attract$ su* cr[ds ( pilgrims t re=m+ ,b]ne s5t two deputies 9 #aebh to c>ry (f ! sa9t's skull & bury x betwe5 ! lakes ( ,?un & ,bri5z2 b /ill ! pilgrimages cont9u$1 & at l5g?1 9 #aeff1 ! ,prote/ant zeal ( ,b]ne w5t to ! exp5se ( a wall1 & ?us effectually %ut out ! pilgrims1 :o1 9 m mod]n times1 h be5 pr(itably replac$ by cr[ds ( t\ri/s4 ,bo? 9 ! hea!n & ! ,*ri/ian _w1 grottoes1 p>ticul>ly su* z _h be5 hall[$ by ! lives ( sa9t$ an*orites1 h frequ5tly be5 consecrat$ to div9e s]vice2 & to r5d] !m /ill m wor?y ( _! de/9ation1 ! rude excavations ( nature h n seldom be5 enl>g$ & beautifi$ ) all ! res\rces ( art4 ,among ^! subt]ranean places ( wor%ip1 ^? ( ,india are des]v$ly r5[n$ = _! colossal size1 & = ! va/ lab\r be/[$ ^u ! sculptures ) :i* !y are adorn$4 ,a description ( ! fam\s rock-temples ( ,kan>a1 9 ! isl& ( ,salsette1 ne> ,bombay1 w give ! read] "s idea ( _! magnific5ce4 ,! way leads ov] a n>r[ m\nta9-pa?1 ?r\gh a jungle s d5se t ! travell] is oblig$ to quit 8 palanqu91 & to asc5d on foot ! /eep acclivity1 f :i*1 at "s di/ance f ! summit1 ! l>ge temple ov]looks ! c\ntry4 ,?is colossal "w is hewn out ( ! solid rock1 n9ety feet long & ?irty-eight feet broad1 ) a correspond+ height1 & =ms an oblong squ>e ) a vault$ ro(4 ,two colossal r[s ( columns divide ! hall into ?ree naves or av5ues1 & give x ! =m ( an anci5t basilica4 ,z ! ,temple ( ,kan>a s]v$ ! ,portuguese = "s "t z a *ur*1 dur+ _! occupation ( ! small ar*ipelago ( ,bombay1 ! hea!n sculptures :i* decorat$ ! int]ior h naturally be5 mo/ly de/roy$4 ,?is is ! m to be regrett$ z ! well-pres]v$ & ma/]ly-execut$ capitals ( ! mighty columns ju/ify ! belief t _! arti/ic m]it mu/ h be5 wor?y ( ! gr& dim5sions ( ! hall4 ,! beautiful portico1 h[ev]1 is /ill ri*ly decorat$4 ,on ea* side a recess conta9s a colossal1 well-execut$ /atue1 & long inscriptions 9 unkn[n *>act]s are c>v$ on ! squ>e pill>s ( ! entrance4 ,! *>ms ( a my/]i\s pa/ ?us add to ! int]e/ ( ?is beautiful monum5t1 ! "w ( an a/oni%+ pati5ce & p]sev]ance4 ,! out] face ( ! portico1 z well z ! ve/ibule ext5d+ be=e x1 tw5ty-eight feet deep1 h be5 consid]ably injur$ by ! ravages ( "t3 _m /ones h />t$ f _! jo9ts1 & a multitude ( creep+ plants cl+ to ! m\ld]+ /atues4 ,?us ! ef=ts ( man to re> et]nal monum5ts are va92 !y mu/ necess>ily yield to ! liv+ p[]s ( nature4 #8,! cl\d-capp$ t[]s1 ! gorge\s palaces1 ,! solemn temples1 ! great globe itself1 ,yea1 all :i* x inh]it1 %all dissolve1 ,&1 l ?is unsub/antial pageant fad$1 ,leave n a rack beh9d4'#bd ,footnote #bd3 ,%akespe>e1 #8,tempe/1' iv4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rock-,,temples ,,( ,,ajunta4 ,/eps are hewn 9 ! rock to ! summit ( ! m\nta91 & v>i\s intricate pa?s lead to small] excavations1 consi/+ mo/ly ( two cells & a portico4 ,ne> ea* ( !m is a well or bas91 likewise hewn out ( ! rock1 9 :i* ! ra9-wat] collects1 af=d+ a grateful bev]age to ! tir$ w&]]4 ,_m ( ^! caves are l>g] & m p]fect ?an ! o!rs1 & "s 9 _! g5]al effect resemble ! great temple1 al?\gh f> inf]ior 9 size & decoration4 ,! :ole aspect ( ?is p]=at$ m\nta9 %[s t a complete cave- t[n1 capable ( conta9+ sev]al ?\s& inhabitants1 has be5 holl[$ out 9 its flanks4 ,! l>ge/ excavation 01 beyond a d\bt1 ! *ief temple4 ,! small] caves1 arrang$ accord+ to ! same plan1 likewise s]v$ = devotional purposes2 & ! re/ 7 dwell+s m or less commodi\s & l>ge accord+ to ! rank or means ( _! possessors1 or1 :at is /ill m likely1 ! abode ( pi\s ,brahmans & _! s*ol>s at ! "t :5 ,india 0 ! cradle ( arts & sci5ces1 :ile ! nations ( ,europe 7 /ill plung$ 9 b>b>ism4 ,f ! summit ( ?is wond]ful m\nta9 ! spectator enjoys a beautiful prospect4 ,! isl& ( ,salsette lies be=e him z if spread out on a map1 af=d+ a mo/ agreeable v>iety ( rice-fields & cocoa-nut groves1 ( villages & mead[s1 ( woody hills & fruitful vales4 ,! surr\nd+ m\nta9s =m a =egr\nd ( grey rocks1 dott$ ) trees1 or excavat$ into d>k grottoes1 once ! abode ( fakirs1 b n[ ! retreats ( tig]s1 snakes1 huge bats1 & enorm\s sw>ms ( bees1 :ile t[>ds ! s\? ! horizon is b\nd$ by ! isl& ( ,bombay1 ) its =e/ ( ma/s1 t[>ds ! ea/ by ! ma9l&1 t[>ds ! nor? by ,basse9 & ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s1 & t[>ds ! s\? by ! ocean4 ,! enjoym5t ( ! picturesque sc5e is m>r$ only by ! _m tig]s :i* infe/ ! m\nta9s1 & frequ5tly desc5d into ! pla91 :]e !y n only c>ry away %eep & ox51 b also te> _m a poor ,h9doo to pieces4 ,! rock-temples ( ,kan>a are rivall$ by ^? ( ,elephanta1 ,k>li1 & ,ajunta1 & f> surpass$ 9 magnific5ce & ext5t by ! excavations ( ,ellora1 ne> ! t[n & =t ( ,d[latabad1 :]e a :ole m\nta9 ( h>d r$ granite has be5 holl[$ out into an imm5se range ( highly ornam5t$ grottoes & temples1 fit = ! resid5ce ( a :ole pan!on ( deities1 & = ! reception ( a :ole nation ( pilgrims4 ,ab\t ?ree miles to ! nor? ( ,madras1 :]e ! rock t\*es ! sea1 navigators _h long rem>k$ "s pill>s ( /one ris+ f ! wat] & cov]$ ) rude sculptures4 ,f ^! ! spot receiv$ ! "n ( ! ,sev5 ,pagodas4 ,mo/ ( !m h s9ce be5 de/roy$ by ! tides1 & "o only is /ill /&+1 ?\gh tott]+ to its fall4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 b ! advanc$ po/s ( ! colossal excavations 9 ! rocky wall beh9d2 = "h also are se5 l>ge grottoes1 porticoes1 & temples1 z at ,ellora1 ?\gh ( some:at small] proportions1 & ( less beautiful execution4 ,!y are d$icat$ to ! wor%ip ( ,vi%nu & ,siva1 & cov]$ ) inscriptions4 ,a :ole rock- t[n1 or at lea/ a va/ sanctu>y1 ?us lies conceal$ on ?is solit>y coa/4 ,simil> cave-temples are met ) 9 ,co*9 ,*9a1 ,birmah1 ,malwah1 & ,ceylon1 :]e ! spaci\s rock-temple ( ,dambool is des]v$ly celebrat$ = its antiquity1 & = its num]\s /atues ( ,buddha1 9 ! v>i$ attitudes ( exhortation & repose4 ,on ! banks ( ! my/]i\s ,nile we f9d rock-temples rivall+ ^? ( ,india 9 colossal gr&eur1 & among ^! ,ipsamb\l is pre-em95t 9 spl5d\r4 #8,aft] sail+ = "s h\rs1' says ,w>burton1#be #8?r\gh a c\ntry q level on ! ea/]n bank1 we come ^u a precipit\s rocky m\nta91 />t+ up s sudd5ly f ! riv]'s edge1 t its v summits are reflect$ 9 ! wat]4 ,we moor$ "u a s&-bank1 &1 accompani$ by half-a-doz5 ( ! crew ) tor*es1 approa*$ ?is isolat$ & /up5d\s rock4 ,yet ev5 "h ! d>+ g5ius ( ,e?iopian ar*itecture v5tur$ to ent] into rivalry ) ,nature's greatness1 & f\nd h] mat]ial 9 ! v m\nta9s t seem$ to bid defiance to h] ef=ts4 ,footnote #be3 #8,! ,cresc5t & ! ,cross4' #8,on ! face ( ! v]tical cliff a recess is excavat$ to ! ext5t ( ab\t a hundr$ feet 9 wid?4 ,f ?is f\r gigantic figures /& out 9 v bold relief4 ,betwe5 ! two c5tral /ony giants1 a l(ty doorway op5s into a va/ hall1 support$ by squ>e pill>s1 ea* ! size ( a t[]1 & cov]$ ) hi]oglyphics4 ,j en\gh pa9t+ /ill glimm]s fa9tly on ^! columns to %[ t !y 7 =m]ly cov]$ ) x2 & ! walls are c>v$ into hi/oric figures 9 slight relief2 ^!1 z our tor*es ?rew an unc]ta9 gl>e ov] !m1 seem$ to move & become in/9ct ) life4 #8,?is temple 0 d$icat$ to ,a?or1 ! lady ( ,aboccis 7! anci5t "n ( ,ipsamb\l71 :o is repres5t$ )9 "u ! =m ( ! sacr$ b[4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 a m]e 8*apel ( ease0 to ! great temple1 excavat$ f a l(ti] rock1 ab\t fifty y>ds di/ant4 ,betwe5 ^! two a deep gorge once ran to ! riv]1 b ?is is n[ *ok$ up ) s&1 9 ^: burn+ waves we wad$ knee-deep to ! ,temple ( ,osiris4 #8,"h a space ( ab\t #ajj feet 9 height is hewn f ! m\nta92 smoo?1 except = ! reliefs4 ,along ! summit runs a frieze ( little monkeys 9 long array1 z if ! ar*itect felt ! absurdity ( ! :ole bus9ess1 or z ,byron sometimes f9i%es (f a sublime s5t5ce ) a sc(f4 ,!n succe$s a l9e ( hi]oglyphics & "s fa9tly- c>v$ figures1 also 9 relief1 & !n f\r colossal giants t seem to gu>d ! portal4 ,!y are seat$ on ?rones 7:i* =m1 ) !mselves1 "p ( ! liv+ rock71 & are ab\t sixty feet high4 ,"o is q p]fect1 admirably cut1 & ! proportions admirably pres]v$2 ! second is defac$ z f> z ! knee2 ! ?ird is buri$ 9 s& to ! wai/2 & ! f\r? has only ! face & neck visible above ! des]t's s&y avalan*e4 #8,! doorway /&s betwe5 ! two c5tral /atues1 & is surm\nt$ by ! /atue ( ,isis we>+ ! moon z a turban4 #8,on ent]+1 ! travell] f9ds himself 9 a temple1 :i* a few days' "w might re/ore to ! /ate 9 :i* x 0 left1 j f9i%$1 ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! dry climate & its extreme solitude h pres]v$ its mo/ delicate details f injury2 besides :i* x 0 h]metically seal$ by ! des]t = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 until ,burckh>dt discov]$ x1 & ,mr4 ,hay cle>$ away its protect+ s&s4 #8,a va/ & gloomy hall1 su* z ,eblis might h giv5 ,va!k audi5ce 91 receives y 9 pass+ f ! flam+ sun%9e into t %ad[y portal4 ,x is "s "t be=e ! eye c asc]ta9 its dim5sions ?r\gh ! impos+ gloom1 b gradually !re reveals itself1 ar\nd & above y1 a va/ aisle1 ) pill>s =m$ ( eight colossal giants1 ^u :om ! light ( heav5 has nev] %one4 ,^! images ( ,osiris are back$ by enorm\s pill>s1 beh9d :i* run two great gall]ies2 & 9 ^! tor*light alone enabl$ u to p]use a s]ies ( sculptures 9 relief repres5t+ ! triumphs ( ,rameses ! ,second1 or ,seso/ris4 ,! pa9t+1 :i* once enhanc$ ! effect ( ^! spirit$ repres5tations1 is n dimm$1 b crumbl$ away2 :]e x exi/s ! col\rs are z vivid z ev]4 #8,?is unequall$ hall is "o hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 & f x eight less] *amb]s1 all sculptur$1 op5 to ! "r & left4 ,/raight on is a l[ doorway op5+ into a second hall ( simil> height1 support$ by f\r squ>e pill>s1 & )9 all is ! adytum1 :]e9 /&s a simple alt> ( ! liv+ rock 9 front ( f\r l>ge figures seat$ on rocky ?rones4 ,?is inn] %r9e is hewn at lea/ "o hundr$ y>ds into ! rock1 & "h1 9 ! sil5t dep? ( t great m\nta91 ^! awful idols1 ) _! my/]i\s alt> ( human sacrifice1 look$ v preadamitic & impos+4 ,!y seem$ to sit !re wait+ = "s great summons :i* %\ld awak5 & reanimate ^! 8k+s ( ! e>?1 :o lie 9 glory1 e "o 9 8 own h\se40 #8,we w&]$ ?r\gh _m *amb]s1 9 :i* ! air is s calm & undi/urb$ t ! v smell ( ! tor*es ( ! la/ explor]s ( ^! cav]ns 0 p]ceptible4' ,9 ,abyss9ia ! rock-*ur*es ( ,lalibala likewise give pro( ( an anci5t /ate ( civilisation1 /rongly contra/+ ) ! b>b>ism ( ! pres5t times4 ,l ! temples ( ,ellora1 "s ( ^! curi\s /ructures h be5 holl[$ out ( s+le blocks ( /one left /&+ 9 ! c5tre ( op5 c\rts excavat$ 9 ! bosom ( ! rock1 :ile o!rs are completely subt]ranean4 ,?\gh f> inf]ior 9 magnific5ce & ext5t to ^? wond]ful edifices1 !y are yet v rem>kable4 ,! c\rts1 9 :i* ! ?ree pr9cipal monoli?ic *ur*es are respectively d$icat$ to our ,savi\r1 to ! ,holy ,virg91 & to ,/4 ,emmanuel1 communicate ) ea* o!r by n>r[ passages1 ! :ole ?us =m+ a cont9u$ s]ies ( excavations4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,emmanuel is =ty- eight feet long1 ?irty-two feet broad1 & =ty feet high1 b x is surpass$ 9 size by ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,virg91 :]e ! rock-walls ( ! c\rt are moreov] p]=at$ ) sepul*ral vaults & ) cells = ! habitation ( monks4 ,! t[n ( ,lalibala is situat$ 9 a beautiful c\ntry1 #g1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 on ! slope ( ! mighty ,as*et5 m\nta91 & comm&s a prospect ( ,alp9e magnific5ce4 ,?\gh x is n[ r$uc$ to ab\t #b1jjj inhabitants1 its eight rock-*ur*es 7five monoli?ic & subarial1 ?ree subt]ranean71 prove t x mu/ once h be5 a place ( consid]able importance4 ,div9e s]vice is /ill p]=m$ 9 all ^! *ur*es1 :i* are ! resort ( num]\s pilgrims1 & to ^: s]vice above #ejj prie/s1 monks1 & nuns are atta*$4 ,?\gh anci5t ,greece has no su* huge rock-temples to boa/ ( z ,india or ,egypt1 yet cav]ns play$ an important "p 9 h] anci5t religi\s hi/ory4 #8,be=e ! old tribes ( ,hellas erect$ temples to ! div9ities1' says ,porphyry1 9 8 treatise ,de ,antro ,nymph>um1 #8!y consecrat$ caves & grottoes to _! s]vice2 9 ! isl& ( ,crete to ,zeus1 9 ,arcadia to ,artemis & to ,pan2 9 ! isle ( ,naxos to ,dionysos4' ,caves 7 ! site ( "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ,grecian oracles4 ,! tripod ( ! ,delphian py?oness /ood ov] a subt]ranean holl[1 f :i* ! div9e inspiration 0 suppos$ to asc5d2 & pilgrims f all p>ts ( ,hellas resort$ to a cave 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lebadeia1 a city ( ,botia1 & nam$ aft] ,trophonios1 a my?ical p]sonage :o 0 suppos$ to h liv$ !re = _m ye>s1 & 0 subsequ5tly deifi$ z an oracul> god4 ,^? :o repair$ to ?is cave = in=mation 7 requir$1 aft] pass+ "s prep>atory days 9 a *apel d$icat$ to ,=tune & to ! #8good g5ius1' to ano9t !mselves ) oil1 to ba! 9 a c]ta9 riv]1 & to dr9k ( ! wat] ( two neighb\r+ spr+s call$ ,l? & ,mnmosyn1 ! fir/ ( :i* made !m =getful ( ! pa/1 :ile ! second fix$ 9 _! memory all !y he>d & saw 9 ! cav]n4 ,!y 7 !n clo!d 9 a l95 robe1 took a honey$ cake 9 _! h&s1 &1 aft] pray+ be=e an anci5t /atue ( ,trophonios1 desc5d$ into ! subt]ranean *amb] by a n>r[ passage4 ,"h x 0 t ! future 0 unfold$ to !m1 ei!r by visions or extraord9>y s\nds4 ,! return f ! cave 0 by ! same passage1 b ! p]sons consult+ 7 oblig$ to walk backw>ds4 ,!y g5]ally came out a/oni%$1 melan*oly1 & deject$4 ,! prie/s on _! return plac$ !m on an elevat$ seat1 call$ ! seat ( ,mnmosyn or remembrance1 & ! brok5 s5t5ces !y utt]$ 9 _! confus$ /ate ( m9d 7 consid]$ z ! answ] ( ! oracle4 ,!y 7 !n conduct$ to ! *apel ( ! #8good g5ius1' :]e by degrees !y recov]$ _! usual composure & *e]fulness4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! prie/s introduc$ !mselves into ! cave by secret passages1 & work$ ^u ! excit$ imag9ation ( _! dupes by t]rible s\nds & app>itions4 ,dur+ ! palmy days ( ! oracle1 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,cave ( ,trophonios 0 decorat$ ) temples & /atues2 at pres5t its v site is unc]ta94 ,l anci5t paganism1 ,*ri/ianity n seldom celebrates h] rites 9 caves hall[$ by ! memory ( sa9ts & an*orites4 ,a /ately *ur* rises ov] ! ,grotto ( ! ,nativity1 at ,be?lehem1 & a magnific5t pile has be5 con/ruct$ at ,j]usalem ov] ! rock-tomb 9 :i* our ,savi\r 0 buri$4 ,! grotto on ,m\nt ,c>mel1 to :i* ! prophet ,elijah retreat$ f ! _w1 is n[ d$icat$ to div9e wor%ip1 9 ! conv5t :i* be>s 8 "n2 & ! cave 9 :i* ,john ! ,evangeli/ is said to h writt5 ! ,apocalypse dur+ 8 exile 9 ! isl& ( ,patmos has also be5 conv]t$ into a *apel4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ rock-*ur*es is ! grotto ( ,/4 ,rosolia1 ! patroness ( ,pal]mo4 ,?is illu/ri\s lady 0 niece to ,k+ ,william ! ,good1 &1 z ! leg5ds in=m u1 no less rem>kable = h] beauty ?an = h] virtues1 :i* made h] ! admiration ( all ,sicily4 ,nev] 0 a pr9cess m fitt$ to adorn society2 b ! _w _h s few attractions = a _s t c\ld only brea! 9 ! pure regions ( piety1 t1 at ! age ( fifte51 %e retir$ to ! solit>y m\nta9s1 &1 f ! date ( h] disappe>ance1 9 #aaei1 0 nev] m he>d ( = ab\t five hundr$ ye>s4 ,! p ?\ght %e _h be5 tak5 up to heav51 z ! fitt+ abode = h] m ?an human p]fections2 b 9 ! ye> #afbd1 dur+ ! "t ( a dreadful plague1 a holy man _h a vision t ! sa9t's bones 7 ly+ 9 a cave ne> to ! top ( ! ,monte ,pellegr9o1 & t if ^! 7 tak5 up ) due rev]5ce & c>ri$ 9 procession ?rice r\nd ! walls ( ! city1 !y %\ld imm$iately be deliv]$ f ! sc\rge4 ,! bones 7 accord+ly s\ght & f\nd1 ?rice c>ri$ r\nd ! t[n1 z ! vision _h describ$1 & ! plague sudd5ly ceas$4 ,f t "t ,/4 ,rosolia 0 rev]$ z ! patron sa9t ( ,pal]mo1 & ! remote cave :]e %e probably sp5t _m ye>s ( h] solit>y life1 became "o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ sanctu>ies ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & ! resort ( innum]able pilgrims4 ,! m\nta9 is extremely high1 & s /eep t be=e ! discov]y ( ,/4 ,rosolia x 0 look$ ^u z almo/ inaccessible2 b a f9e road1 v prop]ly t]m$ ,la ,scala1 or ! /air1 has be5 cut out 9 ! rock1 & leads f t]race to t]race1 ov] almo/ p]p5dicul> precipices1 to ! entrance ( ! holy grotto1 :i* is situat$ ne> ! v top ( ! m\nta91 & comm&s a magnific5t prospect4 ,)9 two miles ( ! foot ( ! m\nta91 ! eye disc]ns ! city ( ,pal]mo1 ) its beautiful villas & luxuriant g>d5s1 & !n1 tak+ a wid] range1 glances to ! nor?1 ov] ! d>k blue sea b\nd$ by ! ,lip>i ,isl&s & ! ev]-fum+ cone ( ,/romboli2 :ile to ! ea/ a l>ge portion ( ,etna1 al?\gh at ! di/ance ( almo/ ! :ole l5g? ( ,sicily1 t[]s l a giant above ! m9or m\nta9 *a9s4 ,a *ur* & o!r build+s1 =m+ a k9d ( c\rt y>d1 :]e "s prie/s reside1 appo9t$ to wat* ov] ! treasures ( ! place1 & to receive ! (f]+s ( pilgrims t visit !m1 h be5 erect$ r\nd ! grotto4 ,z may easily be imag9$1 ! hi/ory ( rock-*apels has frequ5tly be5 embelli%$ ) leg5d>y tales4 ,! *apel ( ,agios ,niketas 7,/4 ,ni*olas7 9 ,crete1 is at pres5t m]ely a smoky-look+ cave b5ea? a l>ge deta*$ mass ( rock1 ly+ on ! slope ( an abrupt m\nta92 b !re are /ill ! rema9s ( a build+ :i* once ext5d$ f> beyond ! pres5t limits4 ,! ro( ( ! cav]n1 al?\gh v unev51 is also elaborately ornam5t$ ) pa9t+s1 repres5t+ ! rem>kable ev5ts 9 ! life ( ! ,savi\r & ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 & %[+ t consid]able co/ & arti/ic c>e h be5 be/[$ ^u x4 ,?\gh x is n[ ab&on$1 an ev5t t is said to h happ5$ ab\t f\r or five c5turies ago gives ?is cave a special int]e/ ) ! natives4 ,! *ur* 0 cr[d$ ) ,*ri/ians f ! adjac5t villages on ! eve ( ! fe/ival ( _! patron sa9t ,agios ,niketas1 s z to be ready 7z is usual ) ! ,greeks7 = ! mat9 s]vice at daybreak4 ,b ! fires :i* ! assembl$ p>ty _h light$ ne> x _h be5 obs]v$ at sea by a ,b>b>y corsair !n cruis+ (f ! isl&1 & guid$ him to ! spot1 :]e1 "u ! d>kness ( ! night1 he l&$ 8 crew 9 a neighb\r+ cove4 ,?us unobs]v$1 !y /ole up to ! *ur*1 &1 f9d+ x full ( ! natives1 clos$ ! door & w9d[s ^u !m1 & wait$ = day1 ! bett] to secure _! captives = emb>kation4 ,9 ?is dreadful plight ! un=tunate ,cretans rais$ _! voices 9 a g5]al pray] to ,sa9t ,niketas4 ,_! supplications 7 he>d1 = ! prie/ soon aft] in=m$ !m t ! sa9t _h %[n him a way ( escape--?r\gh ! back "p ( ! cav]n1 by op5+ a small ap]ture communicat+ ) ano!r cav]n t l$ f9ally out ^u ! m\nta9 slope ov] ! rock4 ,?r\gh ?is ap]ture !y all sil5tly crept unse5 & unhe>d by ! corsairs4 ,ano!r int]e/+ leg5d is atta*$ to a small rock-*apel situat$ b5ea? ! ru9s ( ! anci5t ,ca/le ( ,ob]/e91 on ! ,nahe4 ,! ,b>on ( ,ob]/e91 hav+1 9 a fit ( jeal\sy1 hurl$ 8 y\ng] bro!r f ! balcony ( ! ca/le1 fl$ f ! sc5e ( 8 crime4 ,= ye>s he w&]$1 a wret*$ outca/1 f l& to l&2 b :]ev] he w5t ! curse ( ,ca9 0 ^u him1 & left him no re/ by night or day4 ,at l5g? he came to ,rome1 to confess 8 fratricide at ! feet ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 :o com=t$ him ) ! assurance t he w\ld recov] 8 lo/ peace by return+ to ,ob]/e9 & excavat+ ) 8 own h&s a rock-*apel = ! int]m5t ( 8 bro!r on ! spot :]e he fell4 ,soon aft] ! self-bani%$ "l made 8 appe>ance at ,ob]/e9 9 a h]mit's g>b1 & set to "w ^u ! h>d rock ) indefatigable zeal4 ,nev] 0 lab\r p]=m$ ) bett] w1 & su*1 consequ5tly1 0 ! progress ( ! excavation t x seem$ z if he 7 assi/$ by ! angels 9 8 p5it5tial task4 ,at ! expiration ( f\r ye>s1 ! rock-*apel 0 complet$1 & ! bones ( ! murd]$ man 7 convey$ ) great c]emony to ! tomb :i* _h be5 prep>$ = _! reception at ! foot ( ! alt>4 ,z soon z !y 7 l[]$ into ! grave1 ! murd]] b5t ov] !m2 a smile ( ineffable happ9ess 0 se5 to illum9e 8 emaciat$ features1 & he dropp$ d[n dead ^u ! rema9s ( 8 bro!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,ice-,,caves ,,& ,,w9d-,,holes4 ,ice-caves ( ,/4 ,georges & ,/4 ,livres--,beautiful ,ice-/alagmites 9 ! ,cave ( ,la ,baume--,! ,s*aflo*--,ice ,cat>act 9 ! ,upp] ,glacire ( ,/4 ,livres--,ice ,cav]n ( ,eis5]z--,! ,cave ( ,ye]malik--,volcanic ,ice- caves--olian ,cav]ns ( ,t]ni--,causes ( ! l[ temp]ature ( ,ice- caves4 ,"s caves1 rem>kable = an extremely l[ temp]ature ev5 9 summ]1 =m natural ice-cell>s1 ?\gh unconnect$ ) glaci]s or sn[ m\nta9s1 & 9 latitudes & at altitudes :]e ice c\ld n "u ord9>y circum/ances be suppos$ to exi/4 ,besides ! int]e/ atta*+ to ^! natural curiosities1 ^! ice-caves are sometimes lucrative s\rces ( rev5ue to _! own]s1 or answ] v>i\s purposes ( use or com=t4 ,9 hot summ]s1 :5 ! supplies ( ! artificial ice-h\ses fail 9 ,g5eva & ,lausanne1 ! hotel-keep]s h rec\rse to ! /ores laid up = !m by nature 9 ! ice-caves or glacires ( ,/4 ,georges & ,/4 ,livres1 situat$ 9 ! canton ( ,vaud1 on ! slope ( ! ,jura4 ,o!r ice-caves are made use ( z dairies1 or z /oreh\ses = *eese2 & ! qu>ries ( ,ni$]m5dig1 ne> ! small t[n ( ,&]na*1 on ! ,rh9e1 :i* are likewise rem>kable = a glacial temp]ature1 s]ve z excell5t be]-cell>s4 ,to ,mr4 ,br[ne1 :o has made !m 8 special /udy1 we are indebt$ = an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! ice-caves ( ,france & ,switz]l&1#bf :i*1 z may naturally be expect$ 9 halls & gall]ies hung ) drap]y ( transp>5t silv]1 n seldom (f] sc5es ( beauty rivall+ ! mo/ r5[n$ /alactital grottoes4 ,footnote #bf3 #8,ice ,caves ( ,france & ,switz]l&3 a ,n>rative ( ,subt]ranean ,exploration4' ,by ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,f4 ,br[ne4 ,longmans1 #ahfe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l[] ,,glaci,,re ,,( ,,/4 ,,livres4 ,9 ! ,glacire ( ,grce-,dieu1 or ,la ,baume1 ne> ,besanon1 ,mr4 ,br[ne 0 p>ticul>ly /ruck ) ?ree l>ge /alagmites ( ice ris+ 9 a l9e across ! middle ( ! cave4 ,! c5tral mass 0 rem>kable only = its size1 ! gir? be+ sixty-six & a half feet at "s di/ance f ! ice-floor1 ) :i* x bl5d$2 b no?+ c\ld be m /rik+ly lovely ?an ! /alagmite to its "r1 ow+ to ! good ta/e ( "s "o1 :o _h f\nd t mu* ice 0 wont to accumulate on t spot1 & _h accord+ly fix$ ! trunk ( a small fir-tree1 ) ! upp] bran*es complete1 to receive ! wat] f ! correspond+ fissure 9 ! ro(4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t1 :ile ! actual tree _h vani%$ f sight "u its cry/al cov]+1 ! ice ) :i* x 0 incru/$ %[$ e elegance ( =m :i* a m\ld s graceful c\ld sugge/1 ea* twig ( ! diff]5t b\ghs becom+1 to all appe>ance1 a solid b> ( fro/$ ice1 f :i* complicat$ gr\ps ( icicles /ream$ d[n4 ,b ! mass to ! left 0 ! gr&e/ & mo/ beautiful ( all4 ,x consi/$ ( two l(ty heads1 l weep+ will[s 9 ,c>r>a m>ble1 ) ?ree or f\r o!rs less l(ty1 resembl+ a family gr\p ( lions' heads 9 a subdu$ attitude ( grief1 ri*ly deck$ ) icy manes4 ,simil> heads seem$ to gr[ out "h & !re f ! solid sides ( ! huge mass1 :i* measur$ sev5ty-six & a half feet 9 gir? ab\t two feet f ! floor4 ,:5 ?is column 0 look$ at f ! side remov$ f ! entrance to ! cave1 s t x /ood 9 ! c5tre ( ! light :i* p\r$ d[n ! long slope f ! out] _w1 ! transp>5cy ( ! ice made ! :ole look z if x 7 set 9 a n>r[ frame ( impalpable liquid blue--! effect ( light p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! mass at its extreme edges4 ,o!r & no less /rik+ beauties rew>d$ our subt]ranean explor] on 8 visit to ! ,s*aflo* or ,tr\-aux-,m\tons1 a va/ ice-cave on ! ,ro?horn1 9 ! canton ( ,b]ne1 :i* takes its "n f ! fact t1 :5 a sudd5 /orm comes on1 ! %eep & goats make _! way to x = %elt]1 ?\gh nev] go+ s f> z ! spot :]e ! ice beg9s4 ,on ent]+ ! cave ! way lies ov] a wild confusion ( loose masses ( /one1 :i* soon1 h[ev]1 beg9 to be int]m+l$ ) ice1 until ! latt] entirely hides ! nak$ rock "u a cry/al mantle4 #8,on ei!r side ( ! cave 0 a gr& column ( ice1 =m+ ! portal1 z x 71 ?r\gh :i* we mu/ pass to fur!r beauties4 ,! ice-floor rose to meet ^! columns 9 a graceful swell+ curve1 p]fectly cont9u\s1 s t ! g5]al effect 0 t ( two columns ^: roots exp&$ & met 9 ! middle ( ! cave4 ,conv9c$ t int]nal inve/igations w\ld prove int]e/+1 ,i began to *op a hole 9 "o ( ! pill>s ab\t two feet f ! gr\nd1 & hav+ made an entrance suffici5tly l>ge1 proce$$ to get into ! cavity :i* pres5t$ itself4 ,! floor+ ( ! dome-%ap$ grotto 9 :i* ,i f\nd myself 0 loose rock1 at a level ( ab\t two feet bel[ ! surface ( ! ice-floor1 on :i* my guide ,*ri/ian /ill /ood4 ,! dome itself 0 n high en\gh to all[ me to /& upright1 & f ! ro(1 pr9cipally f ! c5tral "p1 a complex mass ( delicate icicles pass$ d[n to ! floor1 leav+ a n>r[ burr[+ passage r\nd1 :i* 0 itself invad$ by icicles f ! l[] "p ( ! slop+ ro(1 & by /ubborn /alagmites ( ice ris+ f ! floor4 ,! details ( ?is c5tral clu/] ( icicles1 &1 9 fact1 ( e portion ( ! int]ior ( ! /range grotto 7 exce$+ly lovely1 & ,i cru%$ ) mu* regret1 on h&s & knees1 ?r\gh fair cry/al =e/s & froz5 dreams ( beauty4 ,9 mak+ ! t\r ( ?is grotto1 contort+ my body l a snake1 to get 9 & out among ! ice- pill>s1 & d z little damage z might be1 ,i yet1 ) all my c>e1 0 accompani$ by ! incessant %iv] & clatt] ( break+ & fall+ ice4 ,hav+ squeez$ myself out aga9 ?r\gh ! n>r[ hole1 ,i n[ pass$ betwe5 ! two gigantic columns1 & f\nd t ! sea ( ice became /ill broad] & bold]1 until we came to ! edge ( a glori\s ice-fall1 r\nd & smoo? & p]fectly unbrok51 pass+ d[n l ! rapids ( "s riv] too deep = its surface to be di/urb$1 & plung+ maje/ically into a d>k gulf1 ( :i* we c\ld see nei!r ! ro( nor ! end4' ,we w n[ foll[ ,mr4 ,br[ne to ! ,upp] ,glacire ( ,/4 ,livres1 :]e ! int]e/+ discov]y 0 made t ! ice-/ream :i* fill$ ! cave1 in/ead ( t]m9at+ ) ! wall ( rock at its end1 turn$ (f to ! "r1 & 0 lo/ 9 d>kness4 ,by ty+ a c&le to a long /ick1 & ?ru/+ x d[n ! slope ( ice1 x 0 fur!r f\nd t ! /ream pass$ d[n at a v /eep incl9e1 & p\r$ "u a n>r[ & l[ ar* 9 ! wall ( ! cave1 beyond :i* no?+ c\ld be se54 ,/eps 7 n[ cut d[n ! slope by "o ( ! p>ty1 :o 0 c>efully let d[n1 &1 8 "w be+ complet$1 ! o!rs foll[$ him ?r\gh ! ar*--a r awkw>d und]tak+1 =1 on pu%+ ?r\gh1 _! brea/s 7 press$ on to ! ice1 :ile _! backs scrap$ aga9/ ! rock :i* =m$ ! ro(4 #8,z soon z ?is tr\gh 0 pass$1' says ,mr4 ,br[ne1 #8! ice spread out l a fan1 & f9ally l&$ u 9 a second cav]n1 #gb feet long by #cf feet broad1 to :i* ?is 0 ! only entrance4 ,! bread? ( ! fan at ! bottom 0 #bg feet1 & ne> ! ar*way a v /rik+ column p\r$ f a v]tical fissure 9 ! wall1 & jo9$ ! ma9 /ream4 ,! fissure 0 p>tially op5 to ! cave1 & %[$ ! solid r\nd column )9 ! rock3 ?is column measur$ #ah feet 9 circumf]5ce1 a little bel[ ! po9t :]e x became free ( ! fissure1 & x _h a /ream ( ice #bb feet long p\r+ f its base4 ,! peculi> /ructure ( ! ice gave ! :ole mass ! appe>ance ( c\rs+ d[n v rapidly1 z if ! wat] _h be5 froz5 :ile ?us mov+1 & _h n !re=e ceas$ s to move4444 ,at ! f>!/ end ( ! cave1 a l(ty dome op5$ up 9 ! ro(1 b5ea? :i* a v lovely clu/] ( columns _h gr\p$ itself1 =m$ ( cle> porcela9- l ice1 & frett$ & fe/oon$ ) ! utmo/ delicacy1 z if ,&]s5's ,ice ,maid5 _h be5 !re 9 "o ( h] amiable moods & _h built h]self a palace4' ,illu/ration3 ,,ice ,,/reams ,,9 ,,! ,,upp] ,,glaci,,re ,,( ,,/4 ,,livres4 ,9 ,upp] ,/yria1 ! ,frau5mau] ,m\nta91 :i* ov]looks ! m9+ t[n ( ,eis5]z1 conta9s a rem>kable ice-*amb]1 consi/+ ( a grotto f ?irty to =ty fa?oms long1 deck$ ) ice-cry/als1 pill>s ( ice1 & cascades ( ! same mat]ial1 ! floor be+ compos$ ( ice z smoo? z glass4 ,9 ! summ] pleasure p>ties assemble 9 ! cave1 & amuse !mselves ) slid+ d[n its slop+ ice-floors4 ,9 8 "w on ! ,natural ,wond]s ( ! ,au/rian ,empire1 ! naturali/ ,s>tori describes 8 visit to an ice-cave on ! ,br&/e91 a peak situat$ 9 ! same di/rict1 :i* ?us appe>s to be ri* 9 glacires4 ,he f\nd crimpons necess>y = desc5d+ ! froz5 sn[1 :i* l$ f ! entrance to ! floor ( ! cave1 :]e he discov]$ pill>s & capitals & pyramids ( ice ( e possible %ape & v>iety1 z if ! cave _h conta9$ ! ru9s ( a ,go?ic *ur* or a fairy palace4 ,at ! fur!r end1 aft] pass+ l>ge cascades ( ice1 8 p>ty rea*$ a d>k grey hole1 :i* light$ up into blue & gre5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! tor*es2 !y c\ld n discov] ! end ( ?is hole1 & ! /ones :i* !y roll$ d[n into x seem$ to g on = ev]4 ,o!r natural glacires are also m5tion$ z occurr+ 9 ,bohemia1 ,hung>y1 ! ,h>z1 9 sev]al places 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & probably !re are few m\nta9\s regions )\t !m4 ,! ,cave ( ,y]malik1 already m5tion$ among ! sil5t retreats ( nature :i* h be5 r5d]$ infam\s by ! cruelty ( man1 is likewise highly int]e/+ z a natural glacire4 ,aft] leav+ ! roomy dome 9 :i* !y f\nd ! skeletons ( ! victims ( ,g5ghis ,khan1 ,capta9 ,burslem & ,lieut5ant ,/urt proce$$ ?r\gh sev]al l[ ar*es & small] caves1 & rea*$ at l5g? a va/ hall1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* 0 an enorm\s mass ( cle> ice1 smoo? & poli%$ z a mirror1 & 9 ! =m ( a gigantic beehive1 ) its dome-%ap$ top j t\*+ ! long icicles :i* dep5d$ f ! jagg$ surface ( ! rock4 ,a small ap]ture l$ to ! int]ior ( ?is wond]ful congelation1 :i* 0 divid$ into sev]al comp>tm5ts ( e fanta/ic %ape4 ,9 "s ! glitt]+ icicles hung l curta9s f ! ro(2 9 o!rs1 ! vault 0 smoo? z glass4 ,beautifully brilliant 7 ! prismatic col\rs reflect$ f ! v>i$ surface ( ! ice :5 ! tor*es fla%$ sudd5ly ^u !m z !y pass$ f cave to cave4 ,ar\nd1 above1 b5ea?1 ev]y?+ 0 ( solid ice1 & be+ unable to /& on acc\nt ( its slipp]y nature1 !y slid1 or r glid$ my/]i\sly1 along ! glassy surface ( ?is hall ( spells4 ,9 "o ( ! l>ge/ comp>tm5ts ! icicles _h rea*$ ! floor1 & gave ! idea ( pill>s support+ ! ro(4'#bg ,footnote #bg3 ,burslem1 #8,a ,peep into ,toorki/an4' ,rocks ( volcanic =mation seem to af=d fav\rable opportunities = ! congelation ( wat]4 ,ice-caves are f\nd 9 ,m\nt ,etna1 on ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 & among ! lava-curr5ts ( ,icel&4#bh ,scrope visit$ "o ( ^! natural glacires ne> ! village ( ,ro?1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,&]na*1 on ! ,rh9e4 ,x =m$ ! m\? ( a deep fissure 9 a curr5t ( basalt d]iv$ f an anci5t volcanic cone above x1 & its floor 0 cov]$ ) a cru/ ( ice at ! "t ( 8 visit1 ab\t noon on a v hot day 9 ,augu/4 ,footnote #bh3 ,! ,cave ( ,suit%ellir4 ,! ph5om5on ( w9d-grottoes is analog\s to t ( ice-caves1 & n seldom associat$ ) x4 ,"h cold curr5ts ( air1 increas+ 9 viol5ce z ! day is hott]1 are f\nd to bl[ f ! int]/ices ( rocks4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! olian cav]ns is f\nd ne> ,t]ni 9 ,italy4 ,! entrance is clos$ by an old gate1 ?r\gh ! crevices ( :i* ! w9d issues ) a ru/l+ noise1 :ile 9 ! grotto itself ! curr5t is suffici5tly /rong to ext+ui% a tor*4 ,! proprietors ( "s neighb\r+ villas h put ! ph5om5on to an +5i\s use4 ,lead5 pipes1 bran*+ out f ! grotto1 convey on sultry summ] days an agreeable coolness ?r\gh masks ( gypsum ) wide di/5d$ m\?s1 :i* are fix$ 9 ! walls ( ! ap>tm5ts4 ,! small t[n ( ,roque=t 9 ,france has be5 r5[n$ ev] s9ce ! "t ( ! ,romans = ! delici\s flav\r ( its *eese1 :i* is said to owe its excell5ce to ! cool cell>s 9 :i* x is matur$4 ,^! are excavat$ on ! nor!rn slope ( a great *alk plateau1 & communicate ) num]\s fissures 9 ! rock1 f :i* air-curr5ts /ream =? ( s l[ a temp]ature z to cause a !rmomet] m>k+ #bc ,r4 9 ! %ade1 & 9 ! ext]nal atmosph]e1 to fall to #d ,r4 :5 expos$ to _! influ5ce4 ,! cell>s are s valuable t "o1 :i* co/ #ab1jjj francs 9 con/ruction1 sold = #bae1jjj francs4 ,9 times ( ignorance1 sup]/ition c\ld n fail to atta* its fables to ! ph5om5on ( w9d-grottoes4 ,a cave ne> ,eis5a* 0 suppos$ to be ! seat ( purgatory1 & popul> cr$ulity or t]ror will+ly trans=m$ ! s\nds produc$ by ! ru%+ air-curr5ts into ! wail+s ( torm5t$ s\ls4 ,=tunately1 mod]n sci5ce af=ds u a m satisfactory explanation ( ! ph5om5on4 ,pictet repres5ts ! case ( a cave ) cold curr5ts ( air to be mu* ! same z t ( a m9e ) a v]tical %aft end+ 9 a horizontal gall]y1 ( :i* "o extremity is 9 communication ) ! op5 air1 at a po9t mu* l[]1 ( c\rse1 ?an ! upp] extremity ( ! %aft4 ,! cave or w9d-hole corresponds to ! horizontal gall]y1 & ! v>i\s fissures 9 ! rock take ! place ( ! v]tical %aft1 & communicate freely ) ! ext]nal air4 ,9 summ] ! columns ( air conta9$ 9 ^! fissures assume ne>ly ! temp]ature ( ! rock 9 :i* !y re/--t is to say1 ! mean temp]ature ( ! di/rict2 & !re=e !y are heavi] ?an ! correspond+ ext]nal columns ( air :i* t]m9ate at ! m\? ( ! cave4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! heavy cool air desc5ds f ! fissures1 & /reams out into ! cave1 appe>+ z a cold curr5t1 & ! hott] ! day--t is1 ! light] ! columns ( ext]nal air--! m viol5t w be ! di/urbance ( equilibrium1 & !re=e ! m palpable ! curr5t4 ,! evaporation :i* takes place z ! air-curr5ts desc5d ?r\gh ! moi/ rock-fissures likewise t5ds to l[] _! temp]ature4 ,sev]al naturali/s h attempt$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( ice-caves 9 a simil> mann]1 z be+ produc$ by cold curr5ts /ill fur!r refrig]at$ by ! evaporation caus$ 9 ! moi/ & por\s rocks ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,b to ?is !ory !re are weighty objections1 z 9 _m ice-caves !re is no curr5t :atev]1 & 9 all ! cases ( cold air /reams inve/igat$ or m5tion$ by ,de ,saussure1 ! l[e/ temp]atures obs]v$ 7 /ill consid]ably above ! freez+-po9t1 & consequ5tly incapable ( conv]t+ wat] into ice4 ,mr4 ,br[ne believes t1 9 _m cases1 ! ph5om5on may be satisfactorily acc\nt$ = by ! position & surr\nd+s ( ! caves 9 :i* x occurs2 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 cold curr5ts & evaporation may (t5 h an influ5ce 9 ma9ta9+ ! l[ temp]ature ( ice-caves4 ,9 e "o ( ! f\rte5 natural glacires :i* he visit$1 ! level at :i* ! ice 0 f\nd 0 consid]ably bel[ ! level at ! entrance ( ! cave2 s t1 on ord9>y pr9ciples ( gravitation1 ! heavy cold air )9 c\ld n be dislodg$ by ! light] w>m summ] air )\t4 ,heat naturally spreads v sl[ly 9 a cave l ?is2 & ev5 :5 "s am\nt ( heat does rea* ! ice1 ! latt] melts b sl[ly1 = ice absorbs #fj ,c4 9 melt+2 & ?us :5 ice is once =m$1 x becomes a mat]ial gu>antee = ! p]man5ce ( cold 9 ! cave4 ,ano!r means = prev5t+ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! hott] seasons is ! d5se cov]+ ( trees & %rubs1 :i*1 9 ! case ( _m ( ! glacires1 %ields _! entrance or _! ro( f ! rays ( ! sun1 & ?us keeps (f ! effects ( direct radiation4 ,mr4 ,br[ne f\nd all ! glacires t came "u 8 obs]vation ?us protect$1 ) ! s+le exception ( t ( ,/4 ,georges1 :]e1 9 consequ5ce ( an incauti\s fell+ ( wood imm$iately ne> ! m\?1 trunks ( trees _h be5 laid horizontally ov] x1 to prev5t ! rays ( ! sun f /rik+ d[n on to ! ice4 ,he moreov] inv>iably f\nd t ! entrances to ! caves 7 m or less %elt]$ aga9/ all w9ds--a v important condition1 z air-curr5ts f )\t w\ld infallibly br+ 9 heat$ air1 9 spite ( ! specific weight ( ! cold air /or$ )94 ,!re c be no d\bt1 too1 t ! l>ge surfaces :i* are available = evaporation h mu* to d ) ma9ta9+ a some:at l[] temp]ature ?an ! mean temp]ature ( ! place :]e ! cave occurs4 ,ano!r great advantage :i* "s glacires possess mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 namely1 ! collection ( sn[ at ! bottom ( ! pit 9 :i* ! entrance lies4 ,?is sn[ absorbs1 9 ! c\rse ( melt+1 all ! heat :i* /rikes d[n by radiation1 or is driv5 d[n by accid5tal turns ( ! w9d2 & ! sn[ wat] ?us =c$ into ! cave w1 at any rate1 n s]i\sly injure ! ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,entrance ,,to ,,! ,,glaci,,re ,,( ,,/4 ,,georges4 ,x is easy to und]/& h[1 9 caves ?us protect$ aga9/ ! influ5ce ( summ] heat1 a great "p ( ! ice accumulat$ dur+ ! w9t] may be pres]v$1 & t1 = an explanation ( ! ph5om5on1 x is by no means necess>y to h rec\rse to cold bla/s desc5d+ f ! int]ior ( ! rock 9 :i* !y are situat$4 ,x is inde$ a common belief t ! ice-caves are cold] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]1 & consequ5tly conta9 a great] abundance ( ice dur+ ! =m] season2 b ?is belief may well be consid]$ z "o ( ^? popul> fallacies1 :i*--?\gh1 by d9t ( repetition1 !y come to be common articles ( fai?--h 9 fact no sub/antial pro(s to support !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,rock ,,tombs ,,& ,,catacombs4 ,biban-el-,moluk1 ! ,royal ,tombs ( ,!bes--,! ,roman ,catacombs--,_! ,ext5t--,_! ,mode ( ,excavation--,t\*+ ,sepul*ral ,inscriptions-- ,antony ,bosio1 ! ,columbus ( ! ,catacombs--,! ,cavali]e di ,rossi--,! ,catacombs ( ,naples & ,syracuse--,! ,catacombs ( ,p>is4 ,! remot5ess ( caves & grottoes f ! busy haunts ( life1 _! et]nal sil5ce & _! nightly gloom1 h ev] po9t$ !m out z fit re/+-places = ! dead4 ,f ! e>lie/ times !y h be5 us$ z sepul*ral vaults1 & :]e nature neglect$ to holl[ out ! rock1 x has (t5 be5 excavat$ = ?is purpose by ! h& ( man4 ,?us ! ,ph>aohs ( ,egypt re/$ n 9 temples & mausoleums re>$ 9 ! he>t ( cities1 b !y *ose ! des]t-rav9e = _! sepul*re1 & hid _! tombs 9 deep excavations 9 ! e>?4 ,a m impressive sc5e c h>dly be imag9$ ?an t :i* is af=d$ by ^! spl5did memorials4 ,( all su* monum5ts :i* /ill m>k ! site ( anci5t ,!bes1 p]haps none are m /rik+ to ! travell] ?an ! royal tombs--,biban-el-,moluk--:i* ! pride ( mon>*s1 ^: v "n is n[ a my/]y1 excavat$ f\r ?\s& ye>s ago 9 ! bosom ( ! ,libyan m\nta9s4 #8,! next morn+ at daybreak1' says ,w>burton1#bi #8we />t$ = ! ,tombs ( ! ,k+s4 ,i 0 m\nt$ on a f9e horse1 belong+ to ! %eikh ( ! village1 & ! cool air ( ! morn+1 ! ri* prospect be=e u1 & ! cl\dless sky1 all conspir$ to imp>t life & pleasure to my relax$ & languid frame4 ,i _h be5 = a mon? almo/ conf9$ to my pallet by illness1 & n[1 m\nt$ on a gallant b>b1 sweep+ across ! des]t1 ) ! m\nta9 breezes brea?+ r\nd me1 ,i felt a gl[ ( spirits & exhil>ation ( m9d & body to :i* ,i _h be5 long a /rang]4 ,= a c\ple ( h\rs we cont9u$ along ! pla91 :i* 0 p>tially cov]$ ) wavy corn1 b fleck$ widely "h & !re ) des]t tracts4 ,!n we ent]$ ! gloomy m\nta9 gorges1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,!ban mon>*s pass$ to _! tombs4 ,our pa? lay ?r\gh a n>r[ defile1 betwe5 precipit\s cliffs ( rubble & calc>e\s /rata1 & "s l>ge b\ld]s ( co>se conglom]ate lay /rewn along ?is desolate valley1 9 :i* no liv+ ?+ ( e>? or air ev] met our view4 ,! pla9s bel[ may h be51 p]haps1 once sw>m+ ) life & cov]$ ) palaces2 b ! gloomy defile we 7 n[ trav]s+ mu/ h ev] be5 z !y n[ are1 lonely1 lifeless1 desolate--a fit av5ue to ! tombs = :i* we 7 b\nd4 ,footnote #bi3 #8,! ,cresc5t & ! ,cross4' #8,aft] five or six miles' travel1 our guide /opp$ at ! base ( "o ( ! precipices1 &1 lay+ 8 long spe> aga9/ ! rock1 proce$$ to light 8 tor*es4 ,!re 0 no entrance app>5t at ! di/ance ( a few y>ds1 nor 0 ?is great tomb betray$ to ! out] _w by any visible ap]ture1 until discov]$ by ,belzoni4 ,?is extraord9>y man seems to h be5 "o ( ! few :o h hit (f 9 life ! lot = :i* ,nature de/9$ !m4 ,8 sepul*ral in/9cts might h be5 matt] ( envy to ! gh\ls2 ) su* un]r+ c]ta9ty did he guess at ! place conta9+ ! embalm$ corpses mo/ wor?y ( 8 body-snat*+ en]gies4 #8,we desc5d$ by a /eep pa? into ?is tomb1 ?r\gh a doorway cov]$ ) hi]oglyphics1 & ent]$ a corridor t ran "s hundr$ y>ds into ! m\nta94 ,x 0 ab\t tw5ty feet squ>e1 & pa9t$ ?r\gh\t mo/ elaborately 9 ! mann] ( ,raphael's ,loggia at ! ,vatican1 ) little inf]iority ( skill or col\r+4 ,! doorways 7 ri*ly ornam5t$ ) figures ( a l>g] size1 & ov] ea* 0 ! w+$ globe or a huge sc>abu4 ,9 allusion1 probably1 to ! w&]+s ( ! fre$ _s1 almo/ all ! l>g] emblems on ^! walls wore w+s1 h[ev] incompatible ) _! usual vocations2 boats1 globes1 fi%es1 & suns1 all 7 w+$4 ,on "o ( ! corridors !re is an allegory ( ! progress ( ! sun ?r\gh ! h\rs1 pa9t$ ) great detail2 ! god ( day sits 9 a boat 79 complim5t to ! ,nile he lays aside 8 *>iot "h71 & /e]s ?r\gh ! h\rs ( ! day & night1 ea* ( ! latt] be+ di/+ui%$ by a />4 ,! ,nile 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r circum/ances ( ,egyptian life1 figures z ! mo/ important elem5t2 ev5 ! bless$ s\ls = its sake assume ! =m ( fi%es1 & swim ab\t ) angelic f9s 9 ?is ,riv] ( ,life4 ,"o gorge\s passage makes way into ano!r m gorge\s /ill1 until y arrive at a /eep desc5t4 ,at ! base ( ?is1 p]haps #djj feet f daylight1 a doorway op5s into a vault$ hall ( noble proportions1 ^: gloom consid]ably increases its app>5t size4 ,"h ! body ( ,osirei1 fa!r ( ,rameses ! ,second1 0 laid ab\t #c1bjj ye>s ago1 9 ! beautiful alaba/] s>cophagus :i* ,belzoni drew f h5ce1 ! rew>d ( 8 ent]prise4 ,its poor occupant1 :o _h tak5 su* pa9s to hide himself1 0 8undone0 = ! amusem5t ( a ,london conv]sazione4 #8,!re are num]\s o!r tombs1 all full ( int]e/2 b z ! read] :o is int]e/$ 9 su* ?+s w consult high] au?orities ?an m9e1 ,i %all only add t ! :ole circum/ance ( anci5t ,egyptian life1 ) all its vicissitudes1 may be read 9 pictures out ( ^! extraord9>y tombs1 f ! bir?1 ?r\gh all ! joys & sorr[s ( life1 to ! dea?1 ! lam5tations ov] ! corpse1 ! embalm]'s op]ations1 & f9ally ! judgm5t & ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,9 "o in/ance ! ,judge is measur+ all m5's good actions 9 a balance aga9/ a fea!r f an angel's w+2 9 ano!r1 a great s]p5t is be+ b\nd head & foot1 & ca/ into a pit2 & !re are _m o!r pro(s1 equally conv9c+1 ( ! k t ?is my/]i\s p possess$ ( a future life & judgm5t4' ,b n ! k+s alone2 ! illu/ri\s1 ! weal?y1 ! :ole nation repos$ 9 rock-tombs magnific5tly sculptur$ or rudely excavat$1 accord+ to ! means ( ! defunct4 ,beh9d ! ru9s ( ! /ately temples ( anci5t ,!bes1 :i* ext5d f ,g\rna to ,m$9et ,ab\1 & fill ! n>r[ /rip ( des]t betwe5 ! inundat$ fields & ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 lies an int]m9able necropolis1 ^: graves1 l ! cells ( a bee-hive1 "o close to ! o!r1 are hewn 9 ! rocky gr\nd ( ! pla91 or 9 ! slopes ( ! neighb\r+ hills4 ,^! grottoes1 orig9ally de/9$ = s>cophagi & mummies1 are n[ occupi$ by fellahs & _! h]ds1 z !y 7 9 ! fif? & six? c5tury by pi\s an*orites2 &1 be+ roomy & situat$ at a consid]able height above ! pla91 may be consid]$ z ! mo/ heal?y dwell+s ( ! c\ntry4 ,! olde/ graves are hewn 9 ! m\nta9s2 & at a lat] p]iod1 :5 ! rocky pla9 at _! foot alone gave room = ^! excavations1 x gradually became invad$ by ! dead4 ,9 ! m spl5did ( ^! mausoleums1 high gates & walls inclos$ deep c\rty>ds1 scoop$ out ( ! rock1 & f ^! long corridors l$ to subt]ranean halls1 pr(usely decorat$ ) sculptures & pa9t+s4 ,simil> cities ( ! dead 7 f\nd 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 ne> ! cities ( ! liv+1 :]ev] ! adjo9+ rocks all[$ !m to be excavat$4 ,^? ( ,sy\t--! anci5t ,lycopolis1 :]e along an ext5t ( sev]al miles ! :ole declivity ( ! ,libyan m\nta9s is p]=at$ ) graves ris+ 9 t]races to _! v summit--( ,el ,kab 7,eilei?yia71 ( ,assuan 7,sy5e71 ( ,madfuneh 7,abydos71 ( ,kan 7,antopolis71 & ( a hundr$ o!r places1 w\ld 9 any o!r c\ntry excite ! wond] ( ! travell]2 "h1 :]e along ! ,nile "o gigantic necropolis foll[s ^u ano!r1 !y h>dly attract any att5tion4 ,b ! anci5t ,egyptians n only embalm$ human bodies & pres]v$ !m 9 rock-tombs1 !y also conv]t$ into mummies ! v>i\s animals to :i* !y paid div9e homage1 & deposit$ !m 9 subt]ranean cavities4 ,?is hon\r 0 paid to ,apis1 ! ox-god1 to ! sacr$ ,ibis1 to dogs1 cats1 & ev5 to ! repulsive crocodile4 99 99 99 99 99 ,besides ! ,rome ( ! ,cs>s & ! ,rome ( ! ,popes1 !re is a ?ird ,rome1 sc>cely less rem>kable ?an ! o!r two4 ,! two =m]1 gild$ by ! w>m sunbeam1 pr\dly rise above ! banks ( ! ,tib] ) _! ru9s1 palaces1 & *ur*es1 :ile ! latt] lies hidd5 b5ea? ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y ,,) ,,tombs4 ,f ! cupola ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ! mo/ fav\rable /ation = a panoramic view ( all ! monum5ts & build+s ( ! ,et]nal ,city1 ! eye is also be/ able to embrace at "o glance ! g5]al topography ( ! catacombs or ( subt]ranean ,rome4 ,fifte5 great consul> roads1 ov] :i* ! victori\s legions once m>*$ out to subjugate ! _w1 radiate f ! c5tre ( ! t[n1 & furr[ ! arid ,campagna1 until !y are f9ally lo/ 9 ! hazy di/ance4 ,to ! "r & left ( ^! causeways ! catacombs h be5 holl[$ out 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 &1 ?\gh sep>at$ by ! ,tib] into two di/9ct regions1 yet _! v>i\s subdivisions trace a va/ circle1 ! size ( :i* may be measur$ by ! circumf]5ce ( ! t[n itself4 ,to =m "s idea ( _! ext5t1 we mu/ fancy an intricate wild]ness ( gall]ies & ar*$ alcoves ) _! lay]s ( s>cophagi1 "o above ano!r2 _! luc]n>ia1 = light or v5tilation2 _! /airs1 /raight or w9d+2 & all ?is1 n on "o level only1 b floor b5ea? floor--"o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five--hewn out on a labyr9?9e1 yet h>moni\s & economic plan4 ,network is p]haps a feeble description ( ^! va/ & intricate mazes2 a spid]'s web se5 ?r\gh ! glass ( a naturali/1 or r f\r or five spid]s' webs1 "o )9 ! o!r1 w\ld seem a m fitt+ illu/ration4 ,su* is ! imm5sity ( ?is city ( ! dead t1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ^? :o h made !mselves be/ acqua9t$ ) all its subdivisions1 _! gall]ies1 suppos+ !m rang$ 9 a l9e1 w\ld =m a /reet #ijj miles long1 & l9$ by no less ?an six millions ( tombs6 ,s va/ a necropolis w\ld comm& att5tion 9 any c\ntry1 or z ! memorial ( any age1 or ( any "p ( ! human race2 b to u ! catacombs ( ,rome are d\bly int]e/+1 z ! my/]i\s crypts :i* s]v$ ! fir/ confessors ( our fai? = ! purposes ( sepulture & sometimes ( concealm5t4 ,_! ext5t at once precludes ! idea ( _! hav+ be5 excavat$ 9 a cl&e/9e mann]1 z 0 at "o "t errone\sly believ$2 &1 moreov]1 hi/ory tells u t1 ap>t f "s pass+ /orms ( p]secution1 ! ,*ri/ians _h z little reason z ! ,jews1 _! religi\s ance/ors1 = mak+ a secret ( _! fai?1 or ( _! places ( int]m5t4 ,f ! times ( ! ,apo/les _! community con/antly grew & multipli$ ?r\gh\t ! ,roman _w--9 ,rome especially1 ! c5tre ( t _w--& !re c be little d\bt t f ,n]va to ! middle ( ! reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius 7f #if to ab\t #aff7 & s onw>d to ! great p]secution "u ,decius 7,a4,d4 #bdi-bef71 ! ,*ri/ians1 if expos$ "h & !re & at times to local p]secutions1 7 gr[+ 9 un*eck$ & /ill exp&+ numb]s4 ,b z ! liv+ community increas$1 s also mu/ ! numb] ( its dead1 a rev]5ce = :om 01 among ! survivors1 n only a solemn duty b a deep-root$ passion4 ,! ,*ri/ians n only inh]it$ f ! ,jews ! anci5t usage ( int]m5t1 b ?is respect = ! dead 0 /r5g!n$ by ! belief t ,*ri/ _h ris5 bodily f ! grave1 & t a bodily resurrection 0 to be _! own glori\s privilege4 ,h5ce ! burn+ ( ! dead1 cu/om>y among ! weal?i] pagans1 0 to !m a pr(anation2 & z ! body ( ! slave 0 z holy z t ( 8 ma/]1 x claim$ ! same "r ( dec5t burial4 ,b :]e 0 room = ! spaci\s burial-places requir$ = s va/ a community8 ,)9 ! walls ( ! city int]m5t 0 v prop]ly =bidd5 by ! law1 & at a conv5i5t di/ance beyond its cr[d$ prec9cts1 l>ge plots ( gr\nd c\ld h>dly be obta9$2 b ! =mation ( subt]ranean cemet]ies on a va/ scale 0 greatly facilitat$ by ! geological =mation ( ! l&4 ,?ree diff]5t k9ds ( /one compose ! gr\ndwork ( ! ,roman campagna3 ! tufa litoide1 z h>d & durable z granite1 :i* furni%$ ! mat]ials = ! palaces & temples ( ! ,cs>ian city2 ! tufa granol>e1 :i*1 ?\gh consi/5t en\gh to reta9 ! =m giv5 x by ! excavators1 _c be hewn or extract$ 9 blocks1 & ! loose tufa friabile1 or pozzuolana1 :i* has be5 ext5sively us$ f ! e>lie/ ages = mort> or ,roman cem5t4 ,x is evid5t t nei!r ! h>d li?oid nor ! loose tuff 7 suitable = ! excavation ( ! catacombs1 :ile ?is purpose c\ld be admirably atta9$ 9 ! c\rses ( ! granul> tuff1 :i*1 ?\gh n too h>d to be work$1 is yet solid en\gh to make walls = long & intricate passages1 to be hewn into ar*es vault+ ov] deep recesses = ! reception ( c(f9s1 & to support floor bel[ floor d[n to ! utmo/ dep? to :i* ! =mation rea*es4 ,nei!r 9 ! /one qu>ries nor 9 ! s&-pits ( anci5t ,rome is !re ! slighte/ sign t !y 7 ev] us$ = ! purposes ( sepulture1 :ile 9 ! granul> tuff n a y>d seems to h be5 excavat$ except = ! mak+ ( tombs1 :i* l9e ! walls ?r\gh\t _! prodigi\s l5g?1 z close to "o ano!r z ! b]?s 9 ! sides ( a %ip4 ,?\gh ! mo/ anci5t catacombs 7 excavat$ by ! ,jews1 yet ^! excavations are ( a v limit$ ext5t :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ,*ri/ian orig91 :]e1 in/ead ( ! sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick & o!r sacr$ emblems ( ! ,jewi% p]suasion1 e ornam5t or inscription m>k$ or pa9t$ ^u ! walls be>s witness to ! fai? ( ^? :o 7 deposit$--to use ! peculi> & appropriate expression--)9 ^! n>r[ cells4 ,ev]y:]e we see ,*ri/ian symbols only--! horse1 emblematic ( /r5g? 9 ! fai?2 ! hunt$ h>e1 ( p]secution2 ! dove & ! cock1 ( ! ,*ri/ian virtues ( vigilance & meekness2 ! peacock & ! phnix1 ( resurrection2 ! an*or1 ( hope 9 immortality2 ! palm-leaf1 ( ! m>tyr's triumph ov] dea?1 & _m o!rs4 ,! sepul*ral inscriptions are %ort & simple1 b (t5 extremely t5d] & t\*+1 recall+ to memory1 9 a few brief words1 ! innoc5ce & purity ( life1 ! beauty & ! wisdom1 or ! amiable1 peace-lov+ "*1 ( ! deceas$4 ,! pomp\s or despond+ tone ( ! hea!n mortu>y inscriptions disappe>s2 ! ,*ri/ian #8sleeps & sleeps 9 peace4' ,!re is no sign ( affectation or hypocrisy 9 ^! simple epitaphs1 & ! ennobl+ influ5ce ( ! new cre$ ^u ! _s ( man is1 p]haps1 n[h]e m conspicu\s ?an 9 ! uno/5tati\s inscriptions trac$ ^u ! tombs ( its fir/ confessors4 ,! use ( ! catacombs = ! v>i\s purposes ( int]m5t1 assembly1 or concealm5t began1 no d\bt1 ) ! fir/ p]secution "u ,n]o4 ,mo/ ( ! inscriptions h[ev]1 be> ! date ( ! f\r? or fif? c5tury1 & "s are evid5tly ( a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,:5 ?is cu/om may h ceas$ is unc]ta91 b 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! catacombs 7 entirely =gott51 & rema9$ block$ up1 until t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 !y 7 reop5$ & explor$ by ! indefatigable & c\rage\s ,antony ,bosio1 :o devot$ ?irty-?ree ye>s ( 8 life to ?is lab\r4 ,dur+ 8 frequ5t w&]+s ?r\gh ! ,roman ,campagna1 ?is zeal\s ar*ologi/ once f\nd1 to ! left ( ! ,appian ,way1 ne> to ! *ur* ( ,sancta ,m>ia 9 ,palmis1 a brick vault 9 a field cov]$ ) rubbi%4 ,he imm$iately presum$ x to be ! entrance ( a catacomb1 & desc5d$ ?r\gh ! n>r[ op5+4 ,fir$ ) sci5tific ard\r1 he p5etrat$ fur!r & fur!r into recesses untrodd5 = c5turies by ! foot ( man4 ,! passage soon became s n>r[ & l[ z to oblige him to creep1 b nei!r ! difficulty ( ! exploration1 nor ! fe> ( be+ cru%$ to dea? by ! crumbl+ /ones1 c\ld re/ra9 him2 & ?us1 day aft] day1 he cont9u$ 8 p]il\s se>*1 until1 f9ally1 a complete subt]ranean city reveal$ itself1 al?\gh he c\ld n asc]ta9 its limits1 =1 h[ev] f> he might probe its intricacies1 new passages 7 /ill bran*+ out on e side1 & ! maze desc5d$ 9 sev]al successive /ories deep] & deep] into ! e>?4 ,aft] ,bosio1 o!r ar*ologi/s h cont9u$ 8 rese>*es1 & 9 our days ! ,cavali]e de ,rossi--to ^: indefatigable zeal is due1 among/ o!rs1 ! discov]y ( ! ,catacomb ( ,calli/us1 :]e _m ( ! e>ly popes h be5 entomb$--has all b complet$ ! topography ( subt]ranean ,rome4 ,besides ! anci5t metropolis ( ! _w1 sev]al o!r old ,italian t[ns possess rem>kable catacombs or subt]ranean burial-places4 ,^? ( ,naples1 hi/orically f> less int]e/+ ?an ^? ( ,rome1 are execut$ on a f> m spaci\s plan4 ,!y are situat$ n b5ea? ! t[n itself1 b 9 a neighb\r+ m\nta91 :]e !y h be5 excavat$ to a di/ance ( m ?an two miles4 ,l>ge gall]ies1 eighte5 feet broad1 & f\rte5 or fifte5 high1 bran* out into a numb] ( small] passages1 :ile ! walls on bo? sides are pi]c$1 l ^? 9 ,rome1 ) horizontal sepul*ral cavities1 six1 or ev5 sev51 "o above ! o!r4 ,! ,catacombs ( ,syracuse1 "u ! site ( ! anci5t ,a*rad9a1 are ! l>ge/ & be/ pres]v$ kn[n4 ,!y are all excavat$ 9 ! solid rock1 & =m l(ty vaults1 v diff]5t f ! n>r[ & dang]\s burr[s ( subt]ranean ,rome4 ,a broad gall]y runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! labyr9?1 & f ?is _m o!r passages ( an inf]ior wid? bran* out1 lead+ to l>ge circul> vaults ) op5+s at ! top = ! admission ( light4 ,_m ( ^! h be5 clos$1 z !y 7 equally dang]\s = ! p 9 _! neighb\rhood & _! cattle1 s t tor*es are necess>y = visit+ !m4 ,along ! walls are a numb] ( ni*es1 :i* s]v$ z sepul*res1 s t ^! excavations1 :i* orig9ally 7 qu>ries1 & dur+ ! fl\ri%+ times ( ! city 7 us$ by its va/ population = v>i\s h\sehold purposes1 7 ultimately conv]t$ into a city ( ! dead4 ,! ,catacombs ( ,p>is1 ?\gh anci5t z qu>ries1 are ( a v mod]n date z places ( sepulture4 ,until ! end ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ! pr9cipal bury+-gr\nd ( ,p>is _h be5 ! ,cemet]y ( ! ,innoc5ts1 ne> ! *ur* ( ! same "n4 ,orig9ally situat$ beyond ! walls ( ! t[n1 x _h 9 c\rse ( "t be5 s surr\nd$ by ! gr[+ metropolis z to occupy its c5tre4 ,"h1 dur+ ne>ly t5 c5turies1 numb]less bodies _h be5 deposit$1 s t1 f ! mal>ia x eng5d]$1 x became a con/ant s\rce ( dang] to ! liv+4 ,at l5g? ! cemet]y became s intol]able a nuisance t its suppression & conv]sion into a public m>ket-place 0 decre$ 9 #aghe4 ,! "q n[ arose :]e ! bones to be displac$ %\ld be deposit$1 &1 f _! proximity to ! t[n & _! ext5t1 ! anci5t qu>ries 7 *os5 z ! mo/ fav\rable spot = a va/ subt]ranean necropolis4 ,b ^! imm5se excavations1 :i*1 hav+ be5 ab&on$ = sev]al c5turies1 _h 9 _m places fall5 91 ne$$ a full ye> = repairs be=e !y c\ld be safely us$ = _! new purpose4 ,at l5g?1 on ,april #g1 #aghg1 !y 7 solemnly consecrat$1 & ! same day ! workm5 began to remove ! bones f ! ,cemet]y ( ! ,innoc5ts--an op]ation :i* ne$$ m ?an fifte5 mon?s = its completion4 ,gradually _m o!rs ( ! anci5t cemet]ies ( ,p>is 7 9 l mann] remov$ to ! catacombs1 s t !y are said to conta9 ! bones ( m ?an ?ree millions ( bodies4 ,all ^! bones are symmetrically pil$ up along ! sides ( ! gall]ies2 ! apophyses ( ! l>ge ?igh & arm bones are dispos$ 9 front1 s z to make a ne>ly uni=m surface1 int]rupt$ f space to space by a r[ ( skulls4 ,"s ( ! crypts or sepul*ral *amb]s are r lugubri\sly decorat$ ) fe/oons or pyramids ( skulls & cross-bones1 & _m ( ! /one pill>s :i* support ! vaults h likewise receiv$ ornam5ts ( ! same sexton ta/e4 ,sixty- ?ree /aircases lead f diff]5t p>ts ( ! t[n into ! catacombs1 & are us$ by ! workm5 & ag5ts appo9t$ to take c>e ( ! subt]ranean necropolis2 b visitors are admitt$ only e ?ree mon?s by ! entrance at ! ,b>rire du ,ma9e4 ,a desc5t ( n9ety /eps br+s !m to a n>r[ gall]y1 :i* conducts !m1 aft] sev]al w9d+s to ! m roomy vaults :]e ! bones are deposit$2 & aft] w&]+ = "s "t among ^! gloomy memorials :i* are pil$ up on ei!r side1 !y f9ally em]ge into daylight ?r\gh ano!r gall]y1 simil> to ! fir/4 ,no d\bt ,p>is af=ds _m a m pleasant ramble1 b h>dly "o m int]e/+1 or capable ( mak+ a deep] impression on ! m9d4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,caves ,,conta9+ ,,rema9s ,,( ,,ext9ct ,,animals4 ,! ,cave ,hy5a & ! ,cave ,be>--,! ,cav]n ( ,kirkdale--,! ,moa ,caves 9 ,new ,zeal&--,v>i\s ,species ( ,moas--,_! enorm\s size4 ,besides _! picturesque beauty or _! solemn gr&eur1 "s caves are extremely int]e/+ z conta9+ ! bones ( ext9ct quadrup$s or birds4 ,unrivall$ 9 po9t ( antiquity by ! olde/ tombs erect$ by man1 !y c>ry u back to times :i*1 ?\gh ( comp>atively rec5t date1 are /ill s f> remov$ f ! pres5t day z almo/ to t]rify ! imag9ation--= h[ _m ages mu/ h elaps$1 & :at *anges ( climate mu/ h tak5 place1 s9ce ! hy5a or ! tig] inhabit$ ! grottoes ( nor!rn ,europe8 ,9 _m cases ! bones f\nd 9 ossif]\s caves mu/ h be5 wa%$ into !m by curr5ts ( wat]1 or else !y may be ! rema9s ( animals t accid5tally dropp$ 9 ?r\gh holes 9 ! ro(2 b !re c be no d\bt t frequ5tly ! caves 9 :i* ! bones ( ext9ct c>niv]\s animals h be5 f\nd1 s]v$ z _! d5s :ile !y 7 liv+4 ,! abundance ( bony dung associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ! hy5a1 z well z ! great numb] ( bones all belong+ to "o species :i* are frequ5tly f\nd congregat$ 9 ! same cave1 is /rongly confirmatory ( ?is op9ion1 no less ?an ! circum/ance t ! walls ( sev]al ossif]\s caves1 :5 depriv$ ( _! /alactital cov]+1 h be5 f\nd smoo!d or r\nd$ (f f ! frequ5t +ress & egress ( _! =m] inhabitants z !y squeez$ !mselves or dragg$ _! prey ?r\gh a n>r[ passage4 ,besides1 ! hy5as & be>s ( ! pres5t day frequ5tly live 9 caves1 ?us ju/ify+ ! inf]5ce t _! ext9ct pr$ecessors _h ! same habit4 ,! antiquity ( _m ( ! animal rema9s f\nd 9 caves is prov$ n only by _! be+ dissimil> to exi/+ species1 b by ! mann] 9 :i* !y are entomb$4 ,= ages !y accumulat$ on ! floor ( ! cave1 (t5 to a consid]able dep?1 mix$ ) mud or s& or fragm5ts ( rock--!n1 :51 f a *ange ( level or "s o!r cause1 ! cav]n became un9habit$1 a ?ick cru/ ( /alagmite 0 sl[ly =m$1 & bury+ !m all1 z "u solid /one1 pres]v$ !m undi/urb$1 until "s accid5t reveal$ _! exi/5ce aft] a "t ! l5g? ( :i* escapes all calculation4 ,! dim vi/a into ! pa/ appe>s /ill m %ad[y 9 ! case ( ! cav]n discov]$ by ,dr4 ,s*m]l+ at ,*oqui] ab\t two leagues f ,lige1 :]e ?ree di/9ct b$s ( /alagmite 7 f\nd1 & betwe5 ea* ( !m a mass ( breccia & mud1 mix$ ) qu>tz1 pebbles1 & 9 ! ?ree deposits ! bones ( ext9ct quadrup$s6 ,ossif]\s caves h be5 f\nd & exam9$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w3 9 ,france1 9 ,belgium1 *iefly 9 ! valleys ( ! ,meuse & its tribut>ies2 9 ,au/ria & ,hung>y1 9 ,g]many & ,engl&4 ,x is rem>kable t :ile ! rema9s ( a l>ge & ext9ct species ( be>1 al?\gh f\nd 9 our caves1 are mu* m common on ! ,cont95t1 ! bones ( ! hy5a =m by f> ! l>ge/ proportion ( ^? obta9$ f ! ,engli% cav]ns4 ,?us "u ! incru/at$ floors ( our rock-crevices & holl[s1 we ,& ! pro(s t our isl& 0 once inhabit$ by brutes :i* are n[ conf9$ to ,africa & ! adjac5t p>ts ( ,asia4 ,b ! ext9ct hy5a ( ,engl& 0 a mu* l>g] & m =midable animal ?an ei!r ! /rip$ hy5a ( ,abyss9ia or ! spott$ hy5a ( ! ,cape1 ! latt] ( :om x mo/ resembl$4 ,! abundance ( ^! animals1 & ! l5g? ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* !y inhabit$ ,engl&1 may be inf]r$ f ,dr4 ,buckl&'s acc\nt ( ! op5+ ( ! celebrat$ cav]n ( ,kirkdale4 #8,! bottom ( ! cave1 on fir/ remov+ ! mud1 0 f\nd to be /rew$ all ov]1 l a dog-k5nel1 f "o end to ! o!r1 ) hundr$s ( tee? & bones1 & on "s ( ! bones m>ks c\ld be trac$1 :i*1 on apply+ "o to ! o!r1 appe>$ exactly to fit ! =m ( ! can9e tee? ( ! hy5a t occurr$ 9 ! cave4 ,mr4 ,gibson alone collect$ m ?an ?ree hundr$ can9e tee? ( ! hy5a1 :i* mu/ h belong$ to at lea/ sev5ty-five individuals1 & add+ to ^! ! simil> tee? ,i h se5 9 o!r collections1 ,i _c calculate ! total numb] ( hy5as1 ( :i* !re is evid5ce1 at less ?an two or ?ree hundr$4' ,! grisly be> ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7,ursus f]ox7 is ! mo/ f]oci\s ( its race at ! pres5t day4 ,x is ab\t n9e feet long1 & is said to atta9 ! weight ( #hjj p\nds4 ,its /r5g? is s prodigi\s t ev5 ! bison cont5ds ) x 9 va94 ,b ?is huge & =midable animal 0 surpass$ 9 size & /r5g? by ! ext9ct be> 7,ursus spelaeus7 :i* once inhabit$ ! cav]ns ( ,europe1 at a "t :5 va/ & int]m9able =e/s cov]$ ! l&1 & ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube fl[$ ?r\gh wa/es l ^? ?r\gh :i* ! ,mack5zie or ! ,y5issei n[ f9d _! way to ! ocean4 ,f ! proportions ( ! mol> tee?1 & f "s peculi>ities ( appe>ance & we>+1 x has be5 inf]r$ t ?is ext9ct species liv$ *iefly on vegetable food2 b its prodigi\s /r5g?1 & ! huge can9es ) :i* its jaws 7 arm$1 enabl$ x to cope ) its contempor>ies1 ! l>ge ,au]ox & ! tei*orh9e rh9oc]os1 & to def5d itself successfully aga9/ ! l>ge lion or tig] ^: rema9s h also be5 f\nd 9 ! cav]ns ( we/]n ,europe1 & :i*1 if we may judge by ! size ( _! can9e tee?1 mu/ h be5 m ?an a mat* = ! l>ge/ felides ( ! pres5t day4 ,besides ! hy5a & ! be>1 m ?an a hundr$ species ( ext9ct animals h be5 discov]$ 9 our ossif]\s caves4 ,9 ^? ( ,pavil&1 ,glamorgan%ire1 bones ( a primeval elephant h be5 f\nd2 & 9 t ( ,wirkswor?1 ,d]by%ire1 ! almo/ entire skeleton ( a rh9oc]os lay buri$ 9 a consid]able mass ( gravel & osse\s fragm5ts4 ,h[ ! l>ge creature came !re is a "q t may well ex]cise ! +5uity ( a geologi/4 ,?\gh 9 ^! & simil> cases1 ! bone-caves h be5 f\nd to conta9 ! rema9s ( animals v diff]5t f ^? n[ exi/+ 9 ! same region1 yet 9 g5]al !y %[ a rem>kable relation%ip1 9 ! same l& or cont95t1 betwe5 ! dead & ! liv+4 ,?us 9 ! caves ( ,brazil !re are ext9ct species ( all ! ?irty-two g5]a1 except+ f\r1 ( ! t]re/rial quadrup$s n[ inhabit+ ! prov9ces 9 :i* ! caves occur1 su* z fossil ant-eat]s1 armadilloes1 tapirs1 pecc>ies1 guanacoes1 opossums1 & num]\s ,s\? ,am]ican gnaw]s1 monkeys & o!r animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cave ,,9 ,,dream ,,lead ,,m9e1 ,,ne> ,,wirkswor?1 ,,d]by%ire4 ,! kang>oo1 z is well-kn[n1 is peculi> to ,au/ralia1 & cav]ns 9 t c\ntry h be5 describ$ by ,sir ,t4 ,mit*ell1 conta9+ fossil bones ( a l>ge ext9ct kang>oo4 ,a s+ul> w+less bird1 ! ,apt]yx au/ralis1 is f\nd only 9 ! wilds ( ! int]ior ( ,new ,zeal&1 :]e x takes refuge 9 ! clefts ( rocks1 holl[ trees1 or 9 deep holes :i* x excavates 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! caves ( t c\ntry %[ u t x 0 prec$$ by o!r w+less birds ( a gigantic /ructure--! ,moas1 by ! side ( :i* ev5 ! o/ri*es ( ! pres5t day w\ld %r9k into comp>ative insignificance4 ,^! wond]ful creatures w\ld probably h rema9$ unkn[n to ! pres5t day1 if1 9 #ahci1 ! ?igh-bone ( a ,moa _h n fall5 by *ance into ! h&s ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 :o f ?is s+le fragm5t drew up a surpris+ly correct notice ( ! bird4 ,?is memoir1 s5t out to ,new ,zeal&1 gave a /imulus to fur!r rese>*es1 & f ! l>g] quantity ( ! ,moa's bones n[ s5t to ,engl&1 ,pr(essor ,ow5 built up ! beautiful skeleton :i*1 along ) ^? ( ! ,mylodon robu/us1 ( ! ,mammo?1 & ( ! primeval /ag1 =ms "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ornam5ts ( ! spl5did ,museum 9 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields4 ,b ! recon/ructive g5ius ( our great palontologi/1 n satisfi$ ) ?is triumph1 has detect$ a :ole gr\p ( o/ri*-l birds among ! remnants ( ! pa/1 :i* ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 :o1 z we may suppose1 are no adepts 9 comp>ative anatomy1 all conf\nd "u ! common "n ( ! ,moa2 & ?us five species ( ,d9ornis1 ! ,palaeopt]yx1 ! ,aptornis1 & ! comp>atively small ,notornis1 h be51 z x 71 resuscitat$ by a miracle ( sci5ce4 ,a specim5 ( ! la/-nam$ species ( ^! birds 0 caught alive 9 a remote1 unfrequ5t$ "p ( ! s\? isl& ( ,new ,zeal& 9 #ahej by "s seal]s1 :o1 ignorant ( ! value ( _! prize1 kill$ & dev\r$ x z if x _h be5 a common turkey4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! sk9 ( ?is unique bird1 ! l9k betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead1 ! la/ p]haps ( a race coeval ) ! gigantic ,moas1 0 pres]v$ f de/ruction4 ,! l>ge/ species ( ,moa 7,d9ornis robu/us7 mu/ h /ood1 :5 alive1 ab\t ?irte5 or f\rte5 feet high1 s9ce ,dr4 ,?omson saw a complete leg1 :i* /ood six feet f ! gr\nd4 ,l ! o/ri*1 ?is fea!r$ giant 0 incapable ( flight1 its rudim5t>y w+s be+ unable to raise x f ! gr\nd4 ,x _h ?ree toes on ea* foot1 & tradition says t its fea!rs 7 beautiful & gaudy4 ,portions ( ! eggs ( ! bird h be5 f\nd among _! bones1 ( a suffici5t size to e/imate ! probable size ( a :ole egg1 & ! conclusion is t ! hat ( a full-gr[n man w\ld h be5 a prop]- siz$ egg-cup = x4 ,f ! /ructure ( ! toes1 :i* 7 well adapt$ = digg+ up roots1 & f ! traditional report t ! ,moas 7 9 ! habit ( swall[+ /ones to promote dige/ion1 x may be conclud$ t !y 7 h]bivor\s4 ,?is is ab\t z mu* z we "k ( ! aspect & habits ( ?is colossal ,/ru?ionide1 ^: app>5t conf9em5t to ! small ,new ,zeal&ic gr\p is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s enigmas ( its hi/ory4 ,z x is extremely improbable t s gigantic a race 0 orig9ally =m$ = s n>r[ a sph]e1 we are l$ to believe t ,new ,zeal& is b ! remnant ( a va/ cont95t n[ :elm$ "u ! waves ( ! ,pacific4 ,:5 ! gr\p 0 fir/ peopl$ by ! ,maories1 ab\t five hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! ,moas _h already become excessively r>e1 & ! la/ ( !m seem to h p]i%$ dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ?\gh ! ,new ,zeal&]s believe t "s ( !m /ill live 9 ! remote & unfrequ5t$ wilds ( _! native l&4 ,! bones ( ! v>i\s species ( ,moa h be5 p>tly f\nd 9 morasses1 p>tly 9 ! b$s ( m\nta9 torr5ts1 b *iefly 9 v>i\s caves1 :i*1 no d\bt1 s]v$ ! liv+ animals z dwell+s or places ( refuge4 ,"o ( ^! cav]ns1 call$ by ! ,new ,zeal&]s #8,te ,anaoteatua1' or ! ,cave ( ! ,_s1 0 visit$ by ,dr4 ,?omson1#cj :o describes x z v rem>kable4 ,x is situat$ 9 ! t]ti>y1 extremely cav]n\s1 & und]m9$ lime/one m\nta9 *a9 :i* ext5ds along ! we/ coa/ ( ! nor!rn isl&1 & ^: picturesque beauties & natural curiosities are de/9$ to occupy a conspicu\s place 9 "s future guide-book4 ,its entrance1 resembl+ ! gateway ( an old ca/le1 is conceal$ by a ?ick foliage ( %rubs1 & a d>k gre5 creep] adh]es to ! lime/one rock & cov]s ! op5+4 ,! cave ext5ds 9 a tortu\s direction und]nea? ! hill = upw>ds ( a mile1 & consi/s ( sev]al diff]5t passages4 ,f its ro( & sides num]\s /alactites are hang+1 "s ( !m six feet long1 & compos$ ( transp>5t calc>e\s sp>1 :ile o!rs h a r$ t9t4 ,9 t "p ( ! cave :i* ,dr4 ,?omson explor$1 !re 7 ?ree op5+s 9 ! ro( at diff]5t places1 ea* f t5 to fifte5 feet 9 circumf]5ce1 ?r\gh :i* light 0 se5 /ream+ 91 "o hundr$ & fifty feet above ! head4 ,imm$iately bel[ ^! op5+s !re 7 heaps ( wood & dbris wa%$ d[n f ! surface2 b ^! op5+s did n ?r[ mu* light into ! cave1 s t ev5 dur+ ! day x 0 p]fectly d>k4 ,a subt]ranean /ream ( wat] runs ?r\gh "p ( x1 & !n disappe>s "u ! rock4 ,footnote #cj3 #8,on ! ,moa ,caves ( ,new ,zeal&4' ,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 vol4 lvi4 #ahed4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?is cave 0 held 9 ! greate/ t]ror by all ,new ,zeal&]s1 & no "o w\ld h v5tur$ to ent] x2 b z ,moa bones fet* a high price1 ! love ( money at l5g? conqu]$ ! sup]/iti\s fe>s ( "s ,*ri/ian natives1 & _! boldness 0 rew>d$ by a tol]ably ri* h>ve/ ( bones1 al?\gh _! se>* 0 made 9 a v ha/y & imp]fect mann]4 ,ano!r cave situat$ 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 & be>+ ! indig5\s "n ( #8,te ,anaotemoa' or ! ,cave ( ! ,moa1 did n enjoy ! privilege ( spiritual protection1 & ! ,maories 7 9 ! habit ( resort+ to x to procure ! skulls ( ! ,moas1 to keep ! p[d] :i* !y us$ = tattoo+1 & _! long bones = ! manufacture ( fi%-hooks1 be=e !y became acqua9t$ ) ! use ( iron4 ,! ,cave ( ! ,moa is 9 a lime/one hill1 ) two op5+s1 "o t[>ds ! nor?-ea/ & ! o!r t[>ds ! s\?-we/4 ,! nor?- ea/ op5+ has evid5tly be5 caus$ by ! fall+ 9 ( ! ro(1 & is app>5tly ( no great age2 ! s\?-we/ entrance is #ad feet high & #aj feet broad1 & cov]$ ov] ) trees & bu%es4 ,! cave is #afe feet long1 ! greate/ bread? #bh feet1 & ! height #fj feet4 ,! ro( is oval1 & num]\s /alactites drop gracefully f x1 giv+ a ca!dral-l effect to ! :ole4 ,"o "p ( ! floor is cov]$ ov] ) calc>e\s sp>1 ano!r "p ) a l>ge deposit ( s(t /alagmites1 & ! "p ( ! floor fur!/ di/ant f ! s\?-we/ op5+ is cov]$ ) e>?1 lime/ones1 & mud1 :i* appe> to h fall5 d[n :5 ! ro( ( ! cave gave way1 :i* n[ =ms ! nor?-ea/ op5+4 ,x is "u ?is e>?1 & ! s(t deposit ( c>bonate ( lime1 t ! ,moas' bones are f\nd4 ,dr4 ,?omson got only f\r skulls 9 ?is cave1 & ! sc>city ( !m 0 acc\nt$ = by _! use 9 =m] days z p[d]-hold]s4 ,!re 0 no?+ to lead him to ?9k t ^! bones _h be5 deposit$ 9 ! cave by wat]1 = he f\nd a remnant ( almo/ e bone 9 ! body1 f ! sp9e & ! r+s ( ! tra*ea d[n to ! la/ bone ( ! toes4 ,! bones belong$ to ! l>ge/ & also to ! small] species ( ,moas4 ,x w\ld require sev]al days' lab\r ( _m m5 to cle> out ! bottom ( ?is cave prop]ly1 9 ord] to see :at bones x conta9s2 b1 z f> z ,dr4 ,?omson saw1 !re 7 no osse\s rema9s ( man or ( any animals1 except ,moas1 9 x1 nor any m>ks ( fire1 sculpture1 nor figures ( any k9d on ! walls ( ! cave4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 _m o!r grottoes & cavities conta9+ ,moas' bones 9 ! isl&s1 b !y are c>efully kept secret by ! natives1 z1 on acc\nt ( ! high price paid = ! bones1 !y may almo/ be reg>d$ z small gold-m9es4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,subt]ranean ,,relics ,,( ,,prehi/oric ,,man4 ,! ,peat ,mosses ( ,d5m>k--,%ell ,m\nds--,swiss ,lacu/r9e ,dwell+s-- ,anci5t ,m\nds 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,mississippi--,! ,caves 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,meuse--,dr4 ,s*m]l+--,human ,skulls 9 ! ,cave ( ,engis-- ,explorations ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 9 ! ,cave ( ,engih\l--,cav]ns ( ,brixham--,caves ( ,g[]--! ,sepul*ral ,grotto ( ,aurignac--,fl9t ,implem5ts discov]$ 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,somme--,gray's ,inn ,lane an anci5t ,hunt+ ,gr\nd = ,mammo?s4 ,among ! v>i\s rese>*es ( geologi/s1 !re are p]haps none ( a m g5]al int]e/ ?an ^? :i* relate to ! antiquity ( ! human race4 ,we w\ld gladly "k :e!r ^? /rata & caves :i* conta9 s _m relics ( ! pa/ af=d u also "s insight into ! primitive condition ( man--"s indication ( ! times :5 he fir/ appe>$ ^u ! /age ( life4 ,)9 ! la/ ye>s _m discov]ies h be5 made :i* h ?r[n light ^u ! subject1 & prov$ t1 ?\gh man1 geologically speak+1 is ( rec5t orig91 & probably ! y\nge/ born ( creation1 8 ance/ry /ill /ret*es back at lea/ z f> z t remote p]iod :5 ! huge ,mammo? rang$ ov] ! nor?1 :5 ! cav]n be> & ! cav]n hy5a t5ant$ ! excavations ( our lime/one hills1 & ! unc\? =m ( ! rh9oc]os bru%$ ?r\gh ! d5se primeval =e/s ( our l&4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i int5d briefly to po9t out "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! discov]ies4 ,! peat-mosses ( ,d5m>k1 v>y+ 9 dep? f t5 to ?irty feet1 %[ _! enorm\s antiquity by ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! vegetation ( ! l& s9ce ! fir/ p]iods ( _! gr[?4 ,at _! l[e/ levels lie ?ick pro/rate trunks ( ! ,scot* fir1 :i* mu/ once h gr[n on _! m>g91 b :i* is n n[1 nor has ev] be5 9 hi/orical times1 a native ( ! ,dani% isles4 ,at high] levels ! p9es disappe>1 & are supplant$ by ! sessile v>iety ( ! common oak1 :ile /ill high] occurs ! p$unculat$ v>iety ( ! same oak1 n[ 9 its turn almo/ sup]s$$ by ! common bee*4 ,x is impossible to calculate ! numb] ( ages ne$$ to br+ ab\t ^! va/ *anges 9 ! =e/ sc5]y ( ,d5m>k--a v mod]ate e/imate c>ries !m back sev5 ?\s& ye>s--b at e dep? 9 ! peat1 & "u all ^! v>i\s trees1 implem5ts & o!r articles ( human workman%ip h be5 f\nd1 :i* %[ t1 s9ce ! appe>ance ( man1 ! fir & ! oak h successively fl\ri%$ & disappe>$4 ,9 addition to ! peat-mosses1 ! ,dani% #8%ell-m\nds' ?r[ "s light on ! prehi/oric ages ( t nor!rn l&4 ,^! m\nds1 or #8refuse-heaps1' consi/+ *iefly ( ?\s&s ( ca/-away %ells ( ! oy/]1 cockle1 & o!r molluscs ( exi/+ species1 may be se5 at c]ta9 po9ts along ! %ores ( ne>ly all ! ,dani% isl&s4 ,! %ells are pl5tifully mix$ up ) ! bones ( v>i\s quadrup$s1 birds1 & fi%es1 :i* s]v$ z ! food ( ! savages by :om ! m\nds 7 accumulat$1 :ile scatt]$ all ?r\gh !m are rude implem5ts ( /one1 horn1 wood1 & bone1 ) fragm5ts ( co>se pott]y1 mix$ ) *>coal & c9d]s1 b nev] any implem5ts ( bronze or ( iron4 ,simil> refuse-heaps are f\nd ne> ! huts ( _m wild nations ( ! pres5t day1 z1 = in/ance1 ne> ! mis]able wigwams ( ! ,fuegians1 :o live *iefly ^u limpets4 ,! mo/ /rik+ pro( t ! ,dani% refuse-heaps are v old is d]iv$ f ! "* ( _! imb$d$ %ells4 ,^!1 inde$1 belong entirely to liv+ species1 b ! common eatable oy/] is n[ unkn[n 9 ! bracki% wat]s ( ! ,baltic1 & ! eatable mussels1 cockles1 & p]iw9kles1 :i* 9 ! refuse-heaps are z l>ge z ^? :i* gr[ 9 ! op5 sea1 n[ only atta9 a ?ird ( _! natural size4 ,h5ce we may confid5tly inf] t 9 ! days :5 ! savage inhabitants ( ! ,dani% coa/s accumulat$ ^! heaps1 ! ocean mu/ h _h fre] access ?an n[ to ! ,baltic1 & mix$ its wat]s ?r\gh broad] *annels ) ^? ( t inl& sea4 ,z 9 ! peat-bogs ! implem5ts & weapons f\nd buri$ ) ! ,scot* fir are all made ( /one1 :]eas ^? co9cid+ ) ! oak epo* are made ( bronze1 we may f>!r conclude t ! /one hat*ets & knives ( ! refuse-heaps likewise belong to ! same di/ant p]iod :5 ev]gre5 =e/s fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,dani% isles4 ,! anci5t ,swiss lacu/r9e dwell+s1 s frequ5tly m5tion$ ( late ye>s1 af=d u ano!r highly int]e/+ glimpse into remote prehi/oric ages4 ,!y seem fir/ to h attract$ att5tion dur+ ! dry season ( #ahec-d1 :5 ! lakes & riv]s 7 unusually l[1 & :5 ! inhabitants ( ,meil5 on ! ,lake ( ,zuri* resolv$ to raise ! level ( "s gr\nd1 by ?r[+ ^u x ! mud obta9$ by dr$g+ 9 ! adjo9+ %all[ wat]4 ,dur+ ^! dr$g+ op]ations !y discov]$ a numb] ( wood5 piles deeply driv5 into ! b$ ( ! lake1 &1 among !m1 _m /one in/rum5ts1 fragm5ts ( rude pott]y1 fi%+ ge>1 & ! bones ( v>i\s animals2 ^? :i* conta9$ m>r[ be+ split op51 9 ! same way z ^? f\nd 9 ! ,dani% %ell-m\nds4#ca ,footnote #ca3 ,see also ! article on ,lacu/r9e ,abodes1 9 ! ,ed94 ,review1 ,july #ahfb4 ,! ru9s ?us unexpect$ly br\ght to light 7 evid5tly ^? ( a village ( unkn[n date1 & s9ce !n _m o!r hill-dwell+s 7m ?an a hundr$ & fifty 9 all7 h be5 detect$ ne> ! bord]s ( ! ,swiss lakes1 at po9ts :]e ! dep? ( wat] does n exce$ fifte5 feet4 ,su* aquatic sites 7 probably select$ z places ( safety1 s9ce !y c\ld be approa*$ only by a n>r[ bridge or by boats1 & ! wat] w\ld s]ve = protection alike aga9/ wild animals & human foes4 ,! relative age ( ! pile-dwell+s is cle>ly illu/rat$ by ! nature ( ! relics t lie scatt]$ among _! ru9s4 ,9 "s1 only bronze ut5sils or ornam5ts are f\nd2 9 o!rs all ! articles are ( /one4 ,! =m]1 indicat+ an advance 9 civilisation1 are evid5tly ( a m rec5t age1 b1 ev5 among ! villages ( ! /one p]iod1 "s are ( lat] date ?an o!rs1 z !y exhibit signs ( an improv$ /ate ( ! arts4 ,?us we h "h a long p]spective into an unkn[n pa/1 = ev5 ! bronze villages are probably ( an age long antec$5t to ! ,roman p]iod4 ,! olde/ /one settlem5ts are p]haps z old z ! times ( ! ,dani% refuse-heaps2 b ev5 among _! ru9s1 "s dome/icat$ animals occur1 namely1 ! ox1 %eep1 goat1 & dog1 & ! appe>ance ( ?ree c]eals indicates t ! population _h already made "s progress 9 ! agricultural arts4 ,amb] ornam5ts1 :i* c\ld only h f\nd _! way f ! ,baltic1 z also hat*ets & w$ges ( jade1 ( a k9d n occurr+ 9 ,switz]l& or 9 ! adjo9+ p>ts ( ,europe1 & :i* "s m9]alogi/s w\ld d]ive f ! ,ea/1 prove ! exi/5ce ( an active comm]cial int]c\rse1 ev5 at t e>ly age1 :i* ! ,swiss ar*ologi/s & geologi/s c>ry back z f> z #g1jjj ye>s4 ,9 ! bas9 ( ! ,mississippi1 & especially 9 ! valley ( ! ,ohio & its tribut>ies1 _m l>ge m\nds h be5 f\nd1 :i* h s]v$ 9 "s cases = temples1 9 o!rs = outlook or def5ce1 & 9 o!rs = sepulture4 ,"s ( ^! e>?works are on s gr& a scale z to embrace areas ( fifty or a hundr$ acres )9 a simple inclosure2 & ! solid cont5ts ( "o m\nd are e/imat$ at tw5ty millions ( cubic feet1 equal to ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! bulk ( ! ,great ,pyramid ( ,egypt4 ,f sev]al ( ^! repositories pott]y & ornam5tal sculpture h be5 tak51 z also weapons made ( unpoli%$ horn/one & v>i\s articles 9 silv] & copp]4 ,an active comm]cial int]c\rse mu/ h exi/$ betwe5 ! ,ohio m\nd-build]s & ! natives ( di/ant regions1 z mica f ! ,alleghanies1 sea- %ells f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 obsidian f ! ,mexican m\nta9s1 & implem5ts made ( native copp] f ,lake ,sup]ior1 h be5 f\nd among ! buri$ articles4 ,! extraord9>y numb] ( ! m\nds implies a long p]iod dur+ :i* a settl$ agricultural population1 consid]ably advanc$ 9 ! indu/rial arts1 occupi$ ! f]tile valleys or ! alluvial pla9s 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,mississippi1 cov]$1 s9ce !n1 ) va/ =e/s1 & t5ant$ by wild hunt]s )\t any tradition>y connexion ) _! m civilis$ pr$ecessors4 ,! epo* :5 ?is p fl\ri%$1 or ! adv]se circum/ances :i* swept !m away1 are all equally unkn[n2 b ! age & nature ( ! trees f\nd gr[+ on "s ( _! e>?works af=d at lea/ "s data = e/imat+ ! m9imum ( "t :i* mu/ h pass$ s9ce ! m\nds 7 ab&on$4 ,trunks1 display+ eight hundr$ r+s ( annual gr[?1 h be5 cut d[n f !m1 & sev]al g5]ations ( trees mu/ h liv$ & di$ be=e ! m\nds c\ld h be5 ov]spread ) t v>iety ( species :i* !y support$ :5 ! :ite man fir/ set foot 9 ! valley ( ! ,ohio4 ,9 a memoir on ?is subject1 ,g5]al ,h>rison1 :o 0 skill$ 9 woodcraft1 obs]ves t #8beyond all d\bt no trees 7 all[$ to gr[ s long z ! e>?works 7 9 use2 & :5 !y 7 =sak51 ! gr\nd1 l all newly cle>$ gr\nd 9 ,ohio1 w\ld = a "t be monopolis$ by "o or two species ( tree1 su* z ! yell[ locu/ & ! black or :ite walnut4 ,:5 ! individuals :i* 7 ! fir/ to get possession ( ! gr\nd _h di$ out "o aft] ! o!r1 !y w\ld 9 _m cases1 in/ead ( be+ replac$ by ! same species1 be succe$$ 7by virtue ( ! law :i* makes a rotation ( crops pr(itable 9 agriculture7 by o!r k9ds1 till at la/1 aft] a great numb] ( c5turies 7sev]al ?\s& ye>s1 p]haps71 t rem>kable div]sity ( species *>act]i/ic ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & f> exce$+ :at is se5 9 ,european =e/s1 w\ld be e/abli%$4' ,9 all ! cases hi!rto m5tion$1 ! rema9s or relics ( prehi/oric man1 h[ev] remote a date we may assign to !m1 h be5 f\nd associat$ ) fossil %ells & mammalia ( liv+ species4 ,9 ! in/ances ,i am n[ ab\t to relate1 we advance a /ep fur!r back1 & f9d man ! contempor>y ei!r ( ext9ct mammalia or su* z c\ld n[ no long] exi/ 9 ! l&s :]e once !y ?rove4 ,z ! m]e m5tion ( ! num]\s caves 9 ,belgium1 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 9 :i* human bones or articles ( human workman%ip h be5 f\nd emb$d$ along ) ! fossil rema9s ( ext9ct animals1 w\ld tire ! read]'s pati5ce1 ,i select f ! numb] a few :i* h af=d$ ! mo/ conv9c+ pro(s ( ! antiquity ( man4 ,! cr$it ( hav+ giv5 ! fir/ impulse to ^! fruitful inve/igations is due to ! late ,dr4 ,s*m]l+1 ( ,lige1 :o1 ) untir+ zeal1 devot$ sev]al ye>s ( 8 life to ! explor+ ( ! ossif]\s cav]ns :i* bord] ! valley ( ! ,meuse & its tribut>ies4 ,to ga9 access to _m ( ! caves 0 9 itself no easy task1 z _! op5+s c\ld be rea*$ only by a rope ti$ to a tree2 & :5 we consid] t1 aft] ^! ardu\s prelim9>ies1 ,dr4 ,s*m]l+ _h frequ5tly to creep on all f\rs ?r\gh contract$ passages lead+ to l>g] *amb]s1 !re to sup]9t5d by tor*light1 week aft] week1 & ye> aft] ye>1 ! workm5 :o 7 break+ ?r\gh a /alagmitic cru/ z h>d z m>ble1 9 ord] to remove1 piece by piece1 ! und]ly+ bone breccia ne>ly z h>d1 & t :ile ?us direct+ _! lab\rs he /ood = h\rs ) 8 feet 9 ! mud1 & ) wat] dripp+ f ! ro( on 8 head1 9 ord] to m>k ! position & gu>d aga9/ ! loss ( ea* s+le bone :i* !y br\ght to light1 we c sc>cely praise too highly 8 r>e devotion to ! cause ( sci5ce4 ,among ^! cav]ns ?us labori\sly explor$1 t ( ,engis 0 f\nd to conta9 ! rema9s ( at lea/ ?ree human be+s deeply buri$ "u a ?ick floor ( /alagmite4 ,! skull ( "o ( ^!1 :o may h be5 a beauty :5 ! ,meuse fl[$ at lea/ fifty feet above its pres5t *annel1 0 emb$d$ by ! side ( a mammo?'s too?4 ,ano!r skull 0 buri$ five feet deep 9 a breccia 9 :i* ! too? ( a rh9oc]os1 sev]al bones ( a horse1 & "s ( ! re9de]1 toge!r ) "s rum9ants1 occurr$4 ,on ! "r bank ( ! ,meuse1 on ! opposite side ( ! riv] to ,engis1 is ! cav]n ( ,engih\l1 :]e likewise bones ( ext9ct animals1 m+l$ ) ^? ( man1 7 obs]v$ to ab\nd2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t :]eas 9 ! ,engis cave !re 7 sev]al human crania & b v few o!r bones1 9 ,engih\l !re occurr$ num]\s bones ( ! extremities belong+ to at lea/ ?ree human be+s1 & only two small fragm5ts ( a cranium4 ,none ( ! caves exam9$ by ,s*m]l+ conta9$ an example ( an entire skeleton1 & ! bones 7 inv>iably s roll$ & scatt]$ z to preclude all idea ( _! hav+ be5 int5tionally buri$ on ! spot4 ,z no gnaw$ bones nor any coprolites 7 f\nd1 he inf]r$ t ! cav]ns ( ! prov9ce ( ,lige _h n be5 ! d5 ( wild bea/s1 b t _! organic & inorganic cont5ts _h be5 swept into !m by /reams communicat+ ) ! surface ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 #ahfj ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 on a visit to ,lige1 det]m9$ /ill fur!r to exam9e ! ,cave ( ,engih\l1 into :i* ,s*m]l+ _h delv$ 9 #ahca1 & engag$ "s workm5 to break ?r\gh ! cru/ ( /alagmite ) ! int5tion ( se>*+ = bones 9 ! undi/urb$ e>? b5ea?4 ,bones & tee? ( ! cave-be> 7 soon f\nd1 &1 at ! dep? ( two feet bel[ ! cru/ ( /alagmite1 ?ree fragm5ts ( a human skull1 & two p]fect l[] jaws ) tee?1 all associat$ ) ! bones ( be>s1 l>ge pa*yd]ms & rum9ants1 & s precisely resembl+ ^! 9 col\r & /ate ( pres]vation z to leave no d\bt t man 0 contempor>y ) ! ext9ct animals4 ,our ,engli% bone-caves h likewise af=d$ abundant pro(s ( ! antiquity ( our race4 ,9 #aheh a new s]ies ( cav]ns hav+ be5 accid5tally discov]$ ne> ! sea at ,brixham1 by ! ro( ( "o ( !m be+ brok5 ?r\gh 9 qu>ry+1 ! ,royal ,society resolv$ to h x sci5tifically & ?or\ghly exam9$4 ,! unit$ l5g? ( ! gall]ies :i* 7 cle>$ out "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( exp]i5c$ geologi/s am\nt$ to sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,_! wid? nev] exce$$ eight feet4 ,!y 7 sometimes fill$ up to ! ro( ) mud1 b occasionally !re 0 a consid]able space betwe5 ! ro( & floor4 ,! num]\s fossils discov]$ dur+ ! progress ( ! excavations 7 all numb]$ & labell$ ) ref]5ce to a j\rnal 9 :i* ! geological position ( ea* specim5 0 record$ ) scrupul\s c>e4 ,z 9 _m o!r bone-cav]ns1 ! und]gr\nd passages & *annels 7 g5]ally f\nd floor$ ) a lay] ( /alagmite1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f "o to fifte5 in*es1 & next bel[ occurr$ loam or bone-e>? f two to fifte5 feet 9 ?ickness4 ,9 ! latt] 7 f\nd rema9s ( ! mammo?1 ( ! cave-be>1 ( ! cave-lion1 & o!r ext9ct mammalia4 ,no human bones 7 obta9$1 b _m fl9t knives1 *iefly f ! l[e/ "p ( ! bone-e>?1 & "o ( ! mo/ p]fect lay at ! dep? ( ?irte5 feet f ! surface1 & 0 cov]$ ) bone-e>? ( t ?ickness4 ,at "o po9t 9 ! ov]ly+ /alagmite a p]fect re9de]'s horn 0 f\nd /ick+1 & 9 ano!r an entire hum]us ( ! cave-be>--a conv9c+ pro( t bo? ^! animals mu/ h liv$ aft] ! fl9t tools 7 manufactur$1 or 9 o!r words t man 9 ?is di/rict prec$$ ! cave-be>4 #8,a glance at ! position ( ,w9dmill ,hill1 9 :i* ! cav]ns are situat$1 & a brief survey ( ! valleys :i* b\nd x on ?ree sides1 are en\gh to satisfy a geologi/ t ! dra9age & geographical features ( ?is region h und]gone great *anges s9ce ! gravel & bone-e>? 7 c>ri$ by /reams into ! subt]ranean cavities4 ,"s worn pebbles ( hematite1 9 p>ticul>1 c only h come f _! ne>e/ p>5t rock at a p]iod :5 ! valleys imm$iately adjo9+ ! caves 7 mu* %all[] ?an !y n[ are4 ,! r$di% loam 9 :i* ! bones are emb$d$ is su* z may be se5 on ! surface ( lime/one 9 ! neighb\rhood1 b ! curr5ts :i* 7 =m]ly *>g$ ) su* mud mu/ h run at a level sev5ty-eight feet above t ( ! /ream n[ fl[+ 9 ! same valley4'#cb ,footnote #cb3 ,lyell1 #8,antiquity ( ,man1' p4 #aja4 ,9 #ahfa1 ,colonel ,wood f\nd1 9 a newly discov]$ cave ( ! p59sula ( ,g[]1 9 ,glamorgan%ire1 ! rema9s ( two species ( rh9oc]os1 ,r4 tei*orh9us & ,r4 hemit*us1 9 an undi/urb$ deposit1 9 ! l[] "p ( :i* 7 "s well-%ap$ fl9t knives1 evid5tly ( human workman%ip4 ,?is is ! fir/ well-au!nticat$ example ( ! occurr5ce ( human implem5ts 9 connexion ) ,r4 hemit*us--! fir/ pro( t ?is ext9ct brute1 else:]e ! usual companion ( ! mammo?1 has be5 coeval ) man4 ,9 #aheb1 on ! side ( a hill ne> ! small t[n ( ,aurignac 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 a sepul*ral grotto 0 discov]$ :i*1 ?\gh unadorn$ & rude1 is ( ! highe/ int]e/1 z 9 po9t ( antiquity x surpasses all o!r burial-places kn[n1 & leads u back to times long ant]ior to ! olde/ traditions ( our race4 ,9 t ye> a lab\r] obs]v$ t rabbits1 :5 hotly pursu$ by ! sportsman1 ran into a hole :i* !y _h burr[$ 9 a talus ( rubbi% wa%$ d[n f ! hill above4 ,expect+ no d\bt to #8drag "s /ruggl+ savage into day' he rea*$ z f> into ! op5+ z ! l5g? ( 8 arm1 & drew out1 to 8 surprise1 "o ( ! long bones ( a human skeleton4 ,8 curiosity be+ excit$ he !n began to dig a tr5* ?r\gh ! middle ( ! talus1 & 9 a few h\rs f\nd himself opposite a l>ge heavy slab ( rock1 plac$ v]tically aga9/ ! entrance4 ,hav+ remov$ ?is1 he discov]$ on ! o!r side ( x an ar*$ cavity almo/ fill$ ) bones1 among :i* 7 two entire skulls1 :i* he recognis$ at once z human4 ,! good p ( ,aurignac1 highly int]e/$ 9 ! discov]y1 flock$ to ! cave1 & z !y probably express$ a wi% to see ! bones ( :at !y suppos$ to be _! =efa!rs enjoy a ,*ri/ian burial1 ! mayor ord]$ ^! human relics to be remov$ f ! lonely spot 9 :i* !y _h s long repos$ 9 peace1 & to be re-int]r$ 9 ! p>i% cemet]y4 ,b be=e ?is 0 done--hav+1 z a m$ical man1 a k ( anatomy1 ?\gh1 z x seems1 a v imp]fect idea ( ! e?nological value ( ! discov]y--he asc]ta9$ t ! bones mu/ h =m$ p>ts ( no less ?an sev5te5 skeletons ( bo? sexes4 ,un=tunately1 ! skulls 7 injur$ 9 ! transf]1 & ! int]m5t 0 s neglig5tly conduct$ t :51 aft] ! lapse ( eight ye>s1 ,m4 ,l>tet visit$ ,aurignac1 ev5 ! place c\ld n be po9t$ out into :i* ! skeletons _h be5 ?r[n4 ,! em95t antiqu>y1 h[ev]1 resolv$ sy/ematically to inve/igate ! gr\nd inside & outside ! vault1 &1 hav+ obta9$ ! assi/ance ( "s intellig5t workm51 made ! foll[+ int]e/+ discov]ies1 :i* amply rew>d$ him = 8 tr\ble4 ,outside ! grotto1 he f\nd a lay] ( a%es & *>coal1 ab\t six in*es ?ick1 ext5d+ ov] an area ( six or sev5 squ>e y>ds1 & go+ no fur!r ?an ! entrance ( ! cave1 !re be+ no c9d]s or *>coal 9 ! int]ior4 ,among ! a%es 7 fragm5ts ( s&/one1 r$d5$ by heat1 :i* _h once =m$ a he>?1 n few] ?an a hundr$ fl9t articles1 & knives1 projectiles1 sl+-/ones1 & *ips4 ,"h also lay scatt]$ ! bones ( v>i\s animals1 "s belong+ to species ext9ct = ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ,france1 su* z ! mammo?1 ! ,sib]ian rh9oc]os1 ! re9de]1 & ! gigantic ,iri% de]2 & among ^! bones ^? :i* _h conta9$ m>r[ 7 inv>iably split op51 z if = its extraction1 _m ( !m be+ also burnt4 ,! spongy p>ts1 moreov]1 7 want+1 hav+ be5 eat5 (f & gnaw$ aft] !y 7 brok5--! "w1 accord+ to ,m4 ,l>tet1 ( hy5as1 ^: bones & coprolites 7 mix$ ) ! c9d]s & disp]s$ ?r\gh ! ov]ly+ soil4 ,^! bea/s ( prey are suppos$ to h pr[l$ ab\t ! spot1 & f$ on su* relics ( ! fun]al fea/s z rema9$ aft] ! retreat ( ! human visitors4 ,9 ! cave itself1 along ) "s deta*$ human bones :i* _h escap$ removal to ! *ur*y>d1 7 also f\nd ! bones ( animals & "s rude works ( art1 flat pieces ( %ell pi]c$ ?r\gh ! middle z if = be+ /rung into a bracelet1 & ! c>v$ tusk ( a "y bo>1 p]=at$ l5g?wise z if = susp5sion z an ornam5t4 ,! bones ( animals inside ! vault diff]$ 9 a rem>kable mann] f ^? ( ! ext]ior1 z none ( !m 7 brok51 gnaw$1 half- eat51 or burnt1 l ^? :i* 7 f\nd ly+ among ! a%es on ! o!r side ( ! great slab :i* =m$ ! portal4 ,!y seem$ also to h be5 clo!d ) _! fle% :5 buri$ 9 ! lay] ( loose soil /rew$ ov] ! floor1 z !y 7 (t5 obs]v$ to be 9 juxtaposition1 & 9 "o spot all ! bones ( ! leg ( an ,ursus spelu 7 ly+ toge!r un9jur$4 ,:5 we consid] t x is /ill ! cu/om ( _m savage tribes to bury ) ! bodies ( ! dead pieces ( meat1 su* z ! be>'s fat haun*1 s t !y may n lack food on _! long j\rney to ! l& ( spirits1 we ga9 a mo/ int]e/+ glimpse into ! life ( prehi/oric man1 ! contempor>y ( ! re9de]1 ! cave-be>1 & ! mammo? 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,arm$ ) fl9t weapons1 he _h e/abli%$ 8 supremacy ov] ! wild bea/s ( ! =e/4 ,rude & f]oci\s z no d\bt he 01 he c>efully pres]v$ ! rema9s ( 8 fri5ds & k9sfolk1 & p]=m$ fun]al fea/s be=e ! vaults 9 :i* _! bodies 7 int]r$4 ,! l[] p>ts ( ! ,valley ( ! ,somme1 f> above ,ami5s & bel[ ,abbeville1 z f> z ! sea1 are cov]$ ) a b$ ( peat1 9 "s places m ?an ?irty feet ?ick4 ,ne> ! surface ( ^! moor gr\nds ,gallo-,roman rema9s h be5 f\nd1 &1 /ill deep]1 ,celtic weapons ( ! /one p]iod2 b ! ?ickness ( ! sup]9cumb5t vegetable matt] is f> inf]ior to t ( ! und]ly+ peat1 s t _m ?\s&s ( ye>s mu/ necess>ily h pass$ s9ce ! fir/ gr[? ( t swampy vegetation4 ,b1 h[ev] remote its age1 x is /ill ( lat] date ?an ! adjo9+ or und]ly+ alluvial deposits ( clay1 gravel1 & s&1 :i* _c orig9ally h end$ abruptly z !y d n[1 b mu/ h once be5 cont9u\s fur!r t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! valley4 ,a long "t mu/ necess>ily h elaps$ betwe5 _! deposition & subsequ5t d5udation1 & ! fir/ gr[? ( ! peat4 ,9 ! l[e/1 & consequ5tly olde/1 ( ^! b$s1 !re has be5 f\nd also a mixture ( fre%wat] & m>9e %ells1 bones ( ! primitive elephant & tei*orh9e rh9oc]os1 & a numb] ( fl9t implem5ts %ap$ by ! h&s ( man4 ,?us we h "h conv9c+ pro(s t a race ( savages inhabit$ ! ,valley ( ! ,somme long be=e x 0 scoop$ out to its pres5t dep?1 & :5 z yet n a trace exi/$ ( ! ?ick b$ ( peat :i* n[ cov]s its l[] gr\nds1 & requir$ s _m ?\s& ye>s = its =mation4 ,simil> fl9t implem5ts1 9 connexion ) ! bones ( ext9ct animals1 h be5 dis9t]r$ f anci5t drift =mations 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl&--9 ,surrey1 ,middlesex1 ,k5t1 ,b$=d%ire1 & ,suffolk4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is1 among o!rs1 a fl9t spe>-head$ weapon :i* 0 f\nd ) an elephant's too? ne> ,gray's ,inn ,lane 9 #agae4 ,:51 accord+ to ! old my?1 ,ev&] l$ neas ov] ! site ( future ,rome1 !y saw ! cattle graz+ 9 :at 0 to be ! ,=um1 & he>d !m bell[+ among ! future dwell+s ( ! ri* s5ators & knights1 ----#8passimque arm5ta videbant ,romanoque ,=o et lautis mugire ,c>9is4' ,! *ange ?us po9t$ out by ,virgil 0 f> less ?an t exemplifi$ by ^! few relics ( a "t :5 possibly no int]v5+ sea sep>at$ ,brita9 f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,troglodytes ,,or ,,cave-,,dwell]s--,,cannibal ,,caves4 ,cave ,dwell+s 9 ! ,val d',ispica--,! ,sicanians--,cannibal ,caves 9 ,s\? ,africa--,! ,rock ,city ( ! ,!mud--,leg5d>y ,tale ( its ,de/ruction4 ,caves 7 probably ! e>lie/ habitations ( primitive man1 ! fir/ rude %elt] = :i* he _h to d battle ) ! hy5a or ! be>4 ,z we h se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 "s ( ! olde/ relics ( 8 prehi/oric exi/5ce h be5 discov]$ 9 caves2 & at a f> lat] p]iod1 :5 he _h already made "s progress 9 ! arts1 we f9d _m races /ill adh]+ to ! subt]ranean dwell+s ( _! =efa!rs4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s may possibly be indicat$ 9 ! my?ical /ories ( ! ,greek & ,trojan h]oes1 :o1 ne> ! base ( ,m\nt ,etna1 are said to h f\nd cav]ns t5ant$ by ! troglodytic tribe ( ! ,cyclops4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ,sicily ! old cave-dwell+s ( ! ,val d',ispica des]v$ly attract ! antiqu>ian's att5tion4 ,! vale is a n>r[ gorge1 situat$ betwe5 ,modica & ,spaccafurno2 & ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g? ( ab\t eight ,italian miles1 ! rock-walls on bo? sides are pi]c$ ) innum]able grottoes1 :i* at fir/ sight might be tak5 = ! productions ( nature1 b on a clos] inspection evid5tly %[ t !y are ! "w ( man1 & h be5 orig9ally excavat$ to s]ve z dwell+s4 ,! luxuriant vegetation ( ! ,val =ms a pleas+ contra/ ) ! nak$ /]ility ( ! pla9 9 :i* x is imb$d$2 a small rivulet fl[s along ! bottom1 & irrigates wild fig-trees & /ately ole&]s2 on a high] level gr[ broad-leav$ acan?uses & wild arti*okes1 :ile ?ick fe/oons ( cactus hang d[n f ! top ( ! rocks & %ade ! entrance ( ! grottoes4 ,^! are excavat$ at v>i\s heights above ! bottom ( ! vale1 & (t5 consi/ ( two or ?ree /ories1 "o above ! o!r4 ,a great "p ( ! rock-wall on ! "r bank ( ! brook has fall5 91 & exposes to sight ! int]nal arrangem5t ( ! dwell+s4 ,on ! m\nds ( rubbi% ! visitor is able to asc5d to ! entrances ( ! caves1 :i* orig9ally c h be5 accessible only by ladd]s4 ,! *amb]s are seldom m ?an tw5ty feet deep & six feet high & broad4 ,! above-m5tion$ rock-slip has laid op51 among o!rs1 a dwell+ ( ?ree /ories1 ) flights ( /eps 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation1 to :i*1 on acc\nt ( its sup]ior dim5sions1 ! neighb\r+ peasants h giv5 ! "n ( ,ca/ello d',ispica1 & :i* may h be5 ! abode ( a *iefta94 ,sev]al mort>-l bas9s or tr\ghs1 holl[$ 9 ! rock1 evid5tly s]v$ = ! p\nd+ ( corn1 s t ! inhabitants1 :oev] !y 71 mu/ h kn[n at lea/ "s ( ! arts ( civilis$ life4 ,a few ( ! rooms or burr[s 7= _! size h>dly w>rants a bett] "n7 are /ill t5ant$ by %eph]ds1 ^: :ole furniture consi/s ( a kettle1 a few pots1 & "s sk9s to lie ^u4 ,p>!y1 a le>n$ ,g]man travell]1#cc :o visit$ _m ( ! caves 7! :ole numb] probably exce$+ #a1ejj71 n[h]e f\nd ! lea/ traces ( ornam5t ab\t !m2 ! doors & w9d[s 7 m]e r\gh holes brok5 ?r\gh ! rock4 ,?us !re c be no d\bt t ! fragm5ts ( pa9t$ vases & sculptur$ m>ble t h be5 f\nd "h & !re 9 ! caves belong to a mu* lat] p]iod1 = a p suffici5tly advanc$ 9 ! arts to pa9t vases & to *isel m>ble c\ld n possibly h be5 cont5t ) a mole-l exi/5ce4 ,if we seek to asc]ta9 ! probable age ( ?is cav]n city1 all circum/ances comb9e to ?r[ back its orig9 to a v anci5t date4 ,! total want ( arti/ic decoration at once =bids u to assign ^! ext5sive b rude excavations to "o ( ! ,greek tribes :i* successively f\nd$ colonies 9 ! isl& aft] expell+ ! aborig9es f _! ance/ral seats4 ,9 ! ,roman1 ! ,s>ac5ic1 or "s lat] p]iod a b& ( fugitives might inde$ h f\nd a tempor>y retreat 9 ?is remote vale1 b c\ld h>dly h rema9$ conceal$ long en\gh to execute a "w :i* evid5tly requir$ long ye>s ( undi/urb$ toil4 ,?us x has be5 conjectur$ t ^! caves 7 ! dwell+s ( ! anci5t ,sicanians1 a p :o became kn[n to hi/ory only :5 ab\t to disappe> = ev] f ! /age ( ! _w1 hav+ left no memorial ( _! exi/5ce save p]haps ^! rude ve/iges ( an infant /ate ( society4 ,footnote #cc3 #8,w&]ung5 dur* ,sicili54' ,we may ju/ly presume t ! aborig9es ( ,malta1 ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s1 & ,s>d9ia 7 likewise troglodytes :5 ! fir/ =eign coloni/s l&$ on ! %ores ( ^! isl&s4 ,& su*1 aft] ! lapse ( m ?an ?irty c5turies1 are ! ,s>de %eph]ds ( ! pres5t day1 :o frequ5tly h no bett] dwell+s ?an ! caves ( ! rocks4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,italy ! travell] meets ) traces ( ! same primitive mode ( life4 ,ne> a place call$ ,iscalonga1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,basilicata ,mr4 ,mallet f\nd _m inhabit$ caves1 excavat$ 9 dry tufa ( extreme antiquity4 ,"s ( ! troglodytes came out to see him pass1 & look$ savage & que] en\gh 9 _! r\gh br[n blanket-cloaks1 ) peak$ hoods & %eepsk9s4 ,irrespective ( climate1 we at ! pres5t day f9d cave-dwell]s among ! tribes ( ! froz5 regions ( ! ,nor? & ! ,arabs ( ! /ony wa/es bord]+ on ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 ! ,libyan des]ts1 & 9 ! s&/one rocks ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 :]ev] nature has =m$ grottoes or ! s(t mat]ial admits ( an easy excavation4 ,among/ ! _m int]e/+ objects ( ! ,transg>iep c\ntry are ! celebrat$ cannibal cav]ns :i* ext5d f ! ,moluta riv] to ! ,cal$on riv]4 ,?irty ye>s ago !y 7 inhabit$ by a race ( m5 :o1 l ! lion or ! pan!r1 7 ! sc\rge ( ! :ole neighb\r+ c\ntry4 ,_! mode ( liv+ 0 to s5d out hunt+ p>ties1 :o w\ld conceal !mselves among ! rocks & bu%es1 & lie 9 ambu% ne> roads1 drifts1 g>d5s1 or wat]+-places = ! purpose ( surpris+ & captur+ wom51 *ildr51 or travell]s4 ,! influ5ce ( ! *iefta9 ,mo%e% induc$ !m to *ange _! evil practices = a bett] mode ( life1 & !y are n[ said to be an in(f5sive p ( agriculturi/s & trad]s4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,james ,h5ry ,b[k] visit$ ! caves ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,cal$on riv]1 9 #ahfh1 he met at "o ( !m an old savage1 "o ( ! mo/ ill-look+ ruffians he _h ev] beheld1 :o _h =m]ly assi/$ at ! cook+ & bone-pick+ ( _m a human victim1 &1 l ! ,la/ ,m9/rel1 seem$ greatly to regret t #8,old times 7 *ang$1 ,old mann]s gone2' & t #8,! bigots ( ! iron "t ,_h call$ 8 h>mless life a crime4' ,! l>ge/ cav]n is situat$ among/ ! m\nta9s beyond ,?aba ,bosigo1 ! resid5ce ( ! old *ief ,mo%e%1 ab\t t5 miles di/ant f ! des]t$ mission>y /ation ,cana4 ,! entrance to ?is cav]n is =m$ by ! ov]hang+ cliff1 & its ar*$ & l(ty ro( is black5$ ) ! smoke & soot ( ! fires :i* s]v$ = ! prep>ation ( _m a horrible repa/4 ,at ! fur!r end ( ! cave "s r\gh irregul> /eps l$ up to a gloomy-look+ natural gall]y :]e ! victims n requir$ = imm$iate consumption 7 conf9$4 ,! cannibals1 consi/+ ( ,bet%uana & ,kafir tribes1 _h ! less excuse = _! b>b>ity z !y inhabit a f9e agricultural c\ntry1 :i* likewise ab\nds 9 game2 b x is said t1 hav+ 9 a "t ( fam9e be5 r$uc$ to ! horrible extremity ( eat+ human fle%1 !y acquir$ a ta/e = x1 & cont9u$ to reli% x z a delicacy ev5 9 times ( abundance4 ,?\gh !y are n[ report$ to be no long] cannibals1 !re is reason to fe> t !y h n yet entirely ab&on$ _! diabolical way ( liv+1 = among ! num]\s bones :i* /rew$ ! floor ( ! cav]n & _h *iefly belong$ to *ildr5 & "y p]sons1 ,mr4 ,b[k] f\nd "s t c\ld h>dly h be5 !re _m mon?s4 ,! skull ( a *ild :i* lay be=e ! m\? ( ! cav]n af=d$ a t\*+ example ( #8life 9 dea?1' = a little bulb _h sprung up f its cavity & cov]$ x ) a graceful tuft ( droop+ leaves4 ,at ! di/ance ( a t5 days' j\rney f ,m$9a on ! road ( ! pilgrim c>avans f ,damascus1 lies ! des]t$ rock-city ( ! ,!mud1 :]e a :ole p _h hewn _! dwell+s 9 ! black rock1 decorat+ ! entrances ) small columns on bo? sides1 & trac+ num]\s inscriptions on ! walls4 ,no ,european travell] has ev] visit$ ?is curi\s spot1 = ! ,b$\9s r5d] ! neighb\rhood insecure1 & ! pilgrims to ! holy cities all[ no infidel to accompany !m on _! j\rney4 ,h[ ! subt]ranean city came to be des]t$ is /ill a secret ( ! pa/2 b probably its ru9 mu/ be trac$ back z f> z ! fir/ or second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 = ,mahomet cites x m ?an once 9 8 ,koran z a w>n+ to all true believ]s4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d ! prophet ,saleh once came to ,!mud to conv]t ! idolatr\s inhabitants to ! belief ( ! "o true ,god4 ,z a pro( ( 8 div9e mission !y requir$ a miracle to be p]=m$1 ^u :i* ! prophet1 rais+ 8 /aff1 /ruck ! rock1 :i* imm$iately op5$ & gave passage to a %e-camel ) its "y4 ,b ! obdurate pagans1 /ill p]si/+ 9 _! incr$ulity1 kill$ ! camel1 & ! "y w\ld no d\bt h %>$ its "m's fate1 if x _h n spe$ily retir$ into ! rock :5ce x _h come =?4 ,! sacrilegi\s crime ( ! ,!mud did n long rema9 unpuni%$4 ,a dreadful e>?quake de/roy$ !m to ! la/ man1 & ev] s9ce ! place is curs$4 ,:5 ! c>avan passes by1 ! pilgrims raise l\d %\ts & hurry along z fa/ z !y c1 fe>ful ( _! drom$>ies becom+ %y f ! wail+s ( ! "y camel1 :i* is /ill suppos$ to exi/ 9 ! rock4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,tunnels4 ,subt]ranean ,london--,! ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel--,its ,l5g?--,+5i\s ,bor+ ,app>atus--,! ,grotto ( ! ,pausilippo--,! ,tomb ( ,virgil4 ,! mo/ r5[n$ subt]ranean works ( previ\s ages are g5]ally ( a religi\s "*1 z !y h be5 execut$ to s]ve ei!r z re/+-places = ! dead1 or z temples 9 :i* gods or sa9ts 7 wor%ipp$4 ,?us ! rock-tombs ( ! ,egyptian ,ph>aohs & ! sacr$ grottoes ( ,india /ill be> witness to ! feel+s :i* conceiv$ & realis$ ! idea ( ^! /up5d\s excavations4 ,our own times furni% no simil> examples ( und]gr\nd temples or mausoleums on a scale s gr& z to comm& ! admiration ( po/]ity4 ,we nei!r scoop out :ole m\nta9s nor deeply plunge into ! entrails ( ! e>? to rev]5ce ! dead or to te/ify our devotion2 our subt]ranean lab\rs all be> ! /amp ( practical utility4 ,b nev] yet has ! g5ius ( man execut$ su* wondr\s excavations z ^? ( ! pres5t day2 & ?\gh ! purposes = :i* !y are p]=m$ may seem commonplace & prosaic :5 comp>$ ) ! ideal aims ( ! unkn[n arti/s :o plann$ ! ,ph>aonic rock-tombs1 or ! temples ( ,ellora1 yet ! boldness ( _! conception entitles !m to rank among ! gr&e/ ar*itectural works1 :ile ! difficulty ( _! execution w\ld h appall$ ! mo/ ent]pris+ eng9e]s ( any age4 ,mod]n ,london alone has m subt]ranean wond]s to boa/ ( ?an all ! capitals ( ! anci5t _w4 ,z 9 ! human frame numb]less vessels & n]ves provide = ! circulation ( ! blood1 & convey telegraphic signals ?r\gh e "p1 s 9 ! va/ body ( our metropolis an amaz+ sy/em ( subt]ranean communication c>ries (f ! sew]age ( its millions ( inhabitants1 provides !m ) light & wat]1 conveys intellig5ce f "o end to ! o!r ( its enorm\s circuit almo/ ) ! rapidity ( ?\ght1 transports ?\s&s ( travell]s bel[ ! cr[d$ /reets1 &1 n satisfi$ ) all ^! a*ievem5ts1 op5s passages "u ! broad riv] to :i* x owes its b\ndless weal?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bor+ ,,ma*9e ,,9 ,,! ,,tunnel1 ,,mont ,,c5is4 ,b ev5 ! wond]s ( subt]ranean ,london1 or ( ,p>is--:]e troops mov+ und]gr\nd c m>* f "o =tifi$ cas]ne to ! o!r1 s t1 9 a m lit]al s5se ?an ,pompey1 ! rul]s ( ,france c say t !y h b to /amp ^u ! gr\nd to make legions />t up f ! soil--are surpass$ by ^? :i* ! railroad calls =? 9 its triumphal progress ?r\gh ! _w4 ,! ,alps !mselves1 ) _! et]nal sn[s1 no long] oppose a b>ri] to ! locomotive2 & we h liv$ to witness ! completion ( ! mo/ gigantic tunnel ev] yet devis$ by man4 ,! bor] has sl[ly b indefatigably done its "w 9 ! entrails ( ,mont ,c5is1 & ! subt]ranean junction ( ,france & ,italy has be5 at l5g? a*iev$4 ,! tunnel1 :i* pi]ces #ab1bja metres1 or ne>ly sev5 miles1 ( solid rock1 op5s on ! ,italian side at ,b>donne*e1 #a1bia metres 7ab\t #d1jjj feet7 above ! level ( ! sea1 & on ! ,fr5* side at ,modane1 at a height ( #a1afc metres4 ,f ea* op5+ ! tunnel g5tly asc5ds t[>ds its culm9at+ po9t 9 ! c5tre ( ! m\nta91 s z to all[ ! wat]s to dra9 (f on ei!r side4 ,! direction ( ! excavations 0 det]m9$ by trigonometrical measurem5t1 :i* ( c\rse requir$ ! nice/ accuracy1 z a deviation ( b half a c5timetre on bo? sides w\ld am\nt to no less ?an #abj metres 9 ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bor+ ,,ma*9e ,,9 ,,! ,,second ,,work+ ,,gall]y1 ,,mont ,,c5is ,,tunnel4 ,= ?is purpose a signal 0 erect$ on ! m\nta9 above ! culm9at+ po9t or ! c5tre ( ! tunnel2 & opposite to ea* entrance1 9 ! same longitud9al axis1 a l>ge !odolite po9t$ to ! above-m5tion$ signal & t[>ds a light 9 ! int]ior ( ! tunnel1 s t ! slighte/ deviation f ! requisite direction 0 r5d]$ ma!matically impossible4 ,! ma*9es us$ 9 ! drivage ( ! tunnel 7 work$ by means ( compress$ air4 ,! comm9ut$ rock produc$ dur+ ! bor+ 0 cont9u\sly remov$ by a jet ( wat] squirt$ into ! hole by ! ma*9e--a precaution :i* 0 f\nd to be ( great economy 9 ! we> ( ! tools4 ,"u ord9>y conditions ! work+ spe$ 0 ab\t #bjj /rokes p] m9ute1 at :i* rate f eight to t5 holes1 ( #af in*es diamet] & #ce in*es deep1 c\ld be bor$ 9 ! %ift ( six h\rs4 ,! tunnel is ( an #ah section1 #ac feet broad & #i feet high2 eight ma*9es 7 employ$ at "o "t2 !y 7 m\nt$ on a wr\ght-iron frame1 :i* travell$ on a railway1 & c\ld be remov$ to a safe di/ance :5 ! bla/+ took place4 ,f #fe to #gj holes 7 bor$ 9 ! face ( ! rock1 & !n load$ ) uni=m *>ges1 made up into c>tridges1 & prim$ ) fuses ( diff]5t l5g?s1 s z to explode 9 gr\ps at def9ite int]vals4 ,a horizontal s]ies at ab\t mid height 0 fir/ fir$1 !n foll[$ two v]tical side r[s1 !n a gr\p ne> ! cr[n ( ! ar*1 & f9ally a horizontal s]ies ne> ! floor4 ,9 ?is way ! rock 0 bl[n d[n 9 ne>ly uni=m fragm5ts ( f six to eight in*es 9 ! side4 ,at fir/1 ow+ to ! h>dness ( ! qu>tz-slate :i* _h to be pi]c$1 ! "w w5t on v sl[ly2 b at a great] dep?1 ! m\nta9 0 f\nd to consi/ ( lime/one /rata1 s t at l5g? x advanc$ ab\t ?irte5 feet p] day4 ,! compress$ air :i* set ! bor]s 9 motion s]v$ also = ! v5tilation ( ! tunnel1 z e /roke ( ! pi/on lib]at$ suffici5t pure air to drive back to a consid]able di/ance f ! workm5 ! suffocat+ gases1 produc$ by ! bla/+1 :i* o!rwise w\ld r5d] brea?+ impossible4 ,air-pumps plac$ be=e ! entrance f9ally conduct$ ! fumes ( ! gunp[d] or dynamite into ! op5 air4 ,x is evid5t t ! diff]5ce 9 height ( ! two op5+s1 & ! gradual asc5t t[>ds ! c5tre1 w insure a ?or\gh v5tilation4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb] #ahfi ! ,italian side ( ! tunnel1 :i* is #e1iac metres long1 0 complet$1 :ile on ! ,fr5* side only #d1bbb metres 7 accompli%$ & #bjef rema9$ to be bor$1 & x 0 calculat$ t ?is gigantic ent]prise w\ld mo/ probably be t]m9at$ by ! beg9n+ ( #ahga4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 complet$ a few days e>li]4 ,:5 ,l\is ,quatorze1 t model ( regal pomposity1 succe$$ 9 plac+ ! cr[n ( ,spa9 on ! head ( 8 gr&son ,philip ( ,anj\1 he bid him gr&iloqu5tly f>ewell ) ! words3 #8,g1 my son6 ! ,pyr5ees no long] exi/4' ,) m tru? is our age able n[ to decl>e t ! ,alps h ceas$ to be a b>ri] betwe5 nations4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! ,mont ,c5is tunnel w soon be foll[$ by simil> und]tak+s1 "s probably on a /ill gr&] scale4 ,! gov]nm5ts ( ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 & ,g]many h already decid$ ^u pi]c+ a tunnel ?r\gh ! ,m\nt ,/4 ,go?>d4 ,9 w9t] ! travell] w no long] be oblig$ to asc5d ! solitudes ( ! ,s*ll551 to cross ! ,devil's ,bridge1 & !n1 aft] trav]s+ ! valley ( ,urs]51 to pursue 8 p]il\s way up to ! summit ( ! pass1 be=e a zigzag desc5t1 along yawn+ precipices1 leads him into ! sunny vale ( ! ,tic9o2 b at ,gs*55 on ! nor? he w plunge at once into ! b[els ( ! m\nta91 & 9 an h\r w sudd5ly em]ge at ,airilo into ! g5ial s\?4 ,9 e>ly spr+ ! *ange ( climate w be almo/ miracul\s2 on "o side w9t] /ill reign+ supreme1 ! e>? cov]$ ) deep sn[ & ! cold w9d moan+ ?r\gh ! leafless trees--& !n1 aft] a %ort int]val ( d>kness1 ! ri* vegetation ( an ,italian vale bur/+ =? 9 all its fir/ luxuriance1 birds s++ 9 ! *e/nut groves1 & ! gre5 meads enamell$ ) myriads ( fl[]s4 ,x is curi\s to comp>e ^! /up5d\s works ) ! mo/ celebrat$ tunnel ( anci5t times1 ! ,grotto ( ! ,pausilippo1 ne> ,naples1 :i* s]ves z a passage = ! travell]s :o int5d visit+ ,puzzuoli1 ,bai1 or ,cum1 )\t be+ oblig$ to asc5d ! m\nta9 or to cross ! bay4 ,x is ab\t a mile long1 f ?irty to eighty feet high & tw5ty-eight feet broad1 s z to all[ ?ree c>riages to pass abrea/4 ,twice a ye>1 9 ,febru>y & ,octob]1 ! la/ rays ( ! sun d>t = a few m9utes ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! grotto2 at all o!r times a speck ( gray unc]ta9 light t]m9ates ! long & solemn p]spective4 ,! orig9 ( ?is celebrat$ grotto is unkn[n4 ,"s old *ronicl]s h imag9$ x z anci5t z ! ,trojan w>2 o!rs attribute x to ! my/]i\s race ( ! ,cimm]ians4 ,! ,neapolitans attribute a m mod]n1 ?\gh n m c]ta91 orig9 to _! fam\s cav]n1 & mo/ pi\sly believe x to h be5 =m$ by ! en*antm5ts ( ,virgil1 :o1 z ,addison v ju/ly obs]ves1 is bett] kn[n at ,naples 9 8 magical "* ?an z ! au?or ( ! #8neid4' ,?is /range infatuation mo/ probably arose f ! fact t ! tomb1 9 :i* 8 a%es are suppos$ to h be5 deposit$1 is situat$ above ! grotto1 & t1 accord+ to popul> tradition1 x 0 gu>d$ by ^? v spirits :o assi/$ 9 con/ruct+ ! cave4 ,k+ ,rob]t1 a wise1 ?\gh f> f poetical1 mon>*1 conduct$ 8 fri5d ,petr>* ) great solemnity to ! spot1 &1 po9t+ to ! entrance ( ! grotto1 v gravely ask$ him :e!r he did n adopt ! g5]al belief1 & conclude t ?is /up5d\s passage d]iv$ its orig9 f ,virgil's p[]ful incantations4 #8,:5 ,i _h sat = "s "t1' says ,beck=d1#cd #8on a loose /one imm$iately b5ea? ! fir/ gloomy ar* ( ! grotto1 contemplat+ ! dusky av5ue1 & try+ to p]suade myself t x 0 hewn by ! ,cimm]ians1 ,i retreat$1 )\t proce$+ any fur!r1 & foll[$ a n>r[ pa? :i* l$ me1 aft] "s w9d+s & turn+s1 along ! br9k ( ! precipice1 across a v9ey>d1 to t retir$ nook ( ! rocks :i* %elt]s ,virgil's tomb1 mo/ v5]ably moss$ ov] & m ?an half conceal$ by bu%es & vegetation4 ,! cl[n :o conduct$ me rema9$ alo( at awful di/ance :il/ ,i sat commun+ ) ! manes ( my belov$ poet1 or /raggl$ ab\t ! %rubb]y :i* hangs directly above ! m\? ( ! grot4 ,footnote #cd3 #8,italy4' #8,advanc+ to ! edge ( ! rock1 ,i saw cr[ds ( p & c>riages1 dim9i%$ by di/ance1 issu+ f ! bosom ( ! m\nta91 & disappe>+ almo/ z soon z discov]$ 9 ! w9d+s ( ! road4 ,clamb]+ high above ! cav]n1 ,i haz>d$ my neck on ! top ( "o ( ! p9es1 & look$ contemptu\sly d[n on ! race ( pigmies t 7 s busily mov+ to & fro4 ,! sun 0 fi]c] ?an ,i c\ld h wi%$1 b ! sea breezes fann$ me 9 my arial situation1 :i* comm&$ ! gr& sweep ( ! bay1 v>i$ by conv5ts1 palaces1 & g>d5s1 mix$ ) huge masses ( rock1 & cr[n$ by ! /ately build+s ( ! ,c>?usians & =tress ( ,/4 ,elmo4 ,add a glitt]+ blue sea to ?is p]spective1 ) ,caprea ris+ f its bosom1 & ,vesuvius brea?+ =? a :ite column ( smoke into ! !r1 & y w !n h a sc5e ^u :i* ,i gaz$ ) delight = m ?an an h\r1 =gett+ t ,i 0 p]*$ ^u ! head ( a p9e ) no?+ b a frail bran* to uphold me4 ,h[ev]1 ,i desc5d$ alive1 z ,virgil's g5ii1 ,i am resolv$ to believe1 7 my protectors4' ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,on ,,m9es ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,p]ils ( ! ,m9]'s ,life--,numb] ( ,casualties 9 ,briti% & ,=eign ,coal ,m9es--,life 9 a ,m9e--,occurr5ce ( ,ores--,ext5t & ,dep? ( ,metallic ,ve9s--,m9es frequ5tly discov]$ by ,*ance--,! ,div9+ ,rod-- ,exp]im5tal ,bor+s--,/irr+ ,emotions dur+ _! ,progress--,s9k+ ( ,%afts--,precautions aga9/ ,influx ( ,wat]--,exp5se--,%aft ,accid5ts-- ,v>i\s ,me?ods ( work+ ,m9]al ,sub/ances--,work+ 9 ,direct & ,rev]se ,/eps--,work+ by ,transv]se ,attacks--,op5 ,qu>ry ,work+s-- ,pill> & ,/all ,sy/em--,long ,wall ,sy/em--,dang]\s ,extraction ( ,pill>s--,m9+ ,implem5ts--,bla/+--,h]oes 9 ,humble ,life--,fir+ 9 ! ,m9e ( ,rammelsb]g--,transport ( ,m9]als ,und]gr\nd--,mod]n ,improvem5ts--,v>i\s ,modes ( ,desc5t--,corfs--,wond]ful ,pres]vation ( a ,girl at ,fahlun--,! ,loop--,safety ,cage--,man ,ma*9es--,timb]+ & ,wall+ ( ,gall]ies--,dra9age by ,adit ,levels--,rem>kable ,adits--,! ,great ,corni% ,adit--,! ,georg ,/oll5 9 ! ,h>z--,! ,ern/ ,augu/ ,/oll5--,/eam ,pumps--,dr[n+ ( ,m9es--,irruption ( ! ,sea into ,work+ton ,colli]y--,hub]t ,g(f9--,irruption ( ! ,riv] ,g>nock into a ,m9e--,v5tilation ( ,m9es--,upca/ ,%afts--,fire ,damp--,dreadful ,explosions--,! ,safety ,lamp--,! ,*oke ,damp--,conflagrations ( ,m9es--,! ,burn+ ,hill 9 ,/af=d%ire4 ,few metals are f\nd 9 a native /ate1 nor are !y commonly scatt]$ 9 loose masses1 nuggets1 gra9s1 or scales ov] ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,h5ce ! seek]'s tr\ble is by no means conf9$ to ! task ( ga!r+ ^! masses1 or ( sep>at+ !m by wa%+ f ! alluvial s& or gravel ) :i* !y are mix$2 mu* m frequ5tly !y are *emically comb9$ ) o!r sub/ances f :i* a f> advanc$ /ate ( sci5ce is alone able to sep>ate !m1 or deeply imb$d$ 9 subt]ranean m9es1 (t5 s difficult ( access z to tax = _! work+ all ! en]gies ( man & all ! res\rces ( 8 metallurgic skill4 ,! lab\rs ( ! m9] require inde$ no less c\rage & pres5ce ( m9d ?an ^? ( ! m>9]4 ,he no m kn[s :e!r he %all ev] return f ! pit into :i* he desc5ds 9 ! morn+ = 8 h>d day's "w ?an ! sailor kn[s :e!r he %all ev] revisit ! port :i* he is leav+4 ,he is p]petually at w> ) fire & e>?1 ) air & wat]1 & ?is et]nal /rife levies a no less heavy tribute ( dea? & suff]+ ?an ! /orms ( ! rag+ seas4 ,9 ! ye> #ahfg1 #a1aij p]sons p]i%$ 9 our #c1aib colli]ies1 :i* employ a total ( #ccc1aaf workm54 ,( ^!1 #bhf 7 kill$ by explosions2 #ddi by falls ( rock2 #baa by o!r subt]ranean causes2 #aef 9 ! %afts2 & #hh above gr\nd4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #bic lives 7 lo/ 9 ! ,prussian colli]ies1 :]e #ajb1ggc workm5 f9d employm5t4 ,( ^!1 #ci p]i%$ by fire-damp2 #ajf by fall ( ro(2 #fe 9 %afts2 #gd by casualties "u gr\nd2 & #i by casualties above gr\nd4 ,^! melan*oly li/s may give u "s idea ( ! numb] ( s]i\s b non- fatal accid5ts :i* are n m5tion$ 9 ! (ficial acc\nts4 ,e visitor to a coal-m9e w meet ) _m pit lads :o h be5 #8lam$' 7or injur$7 sev]al times 9 a few ye>s1 & :o reckon ev5ts by ! m\rnful *ronology ( _! v>i\s #8lam+s4' ,colli]ies1 z w be se5 9 ! sequel1 are inde$ peculi>ly liable to frightful accid5ts2 yet ! numb] ( lives lo/ 9 ! inspect$ iron/one m9es ( ,great ,brita91 9 #ahff1 am\nt$ to #ha4 ,ext5d+ our view to ! m9es ( ,au/ria & ,russia1 ( ,france & ,belgium1 ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 c41 c41 :]e ! same dang]s cause1 no d\bt1 an equal am\nt ( dea? or suff]+1 we may ju/ly conclude t n a day1 probably n an h\r1 passes t does n doom m ?an "o m9] to an untimely grave or to p]man5t mutilation4 ,b if m9+ is att5d$ ) a lam5table am\nt ( individual suff]+1 ! b5efits d]iv$ f x by mank9d 9 g5]al are s important t ! :ole fabric ( mod]n civilisation may be said to re/ ^u its basis4 ,coal & ! useful metals rule ! _w4 ,:]ev] !y occur 9 l>ge masses !y e/abli% ! prosp]ity ( a p on ! sure/ f\ndations2 & ,engl& is 9 a great measure indebt$ = h] high /ation among ! nations ( ! e>? to ! treasures hidd5 b5ea? h] soil4 ,a l>ge m9e displays unque/ionably "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ sc5es ( human activity4 ,! re/less indu/ry p]vad+ its subt]ranean caves & gall]ies impresses ! visitor ) feel+s ( wond] ak9 to ^? :i* he exp]i5ces :5 he fir/ sets foot on a man-(-w>2 & if he feels giddy on see+ ! sailor climb ! l(tie/ ma/s1 ! sight ( ! yawn+ abyss into :i* ! m9] undaunt$ly desc5ds seems t]rible to 8 unaccu/om$ eye2 & z he p5etrates fur!r & fur!r into ! recesses ( ?is unkn[n _w1 8 s5sations are n r5d]$ m agreeable4 ,! intricate passages bran*+ out into a my/]i\s di/ance2 ! vaults & high halls fa9tly illum9$ "h & !re by a glimm]+ lamp2 ! d>k =ms em]g+ e n[ & !n f "s obscure recess1 & !n aga9 plung+ into night1 l demon %ades2 ! clank+ ( hamm]s1 ! ru%+ ( wat]s1 ! creak+ ( :eels1 ! monoton\s s\nd ( ma*9]y1 or ! l\d explosion :i*1 repeat$ by subt]ranean e*oes1 rolls l mutt]+ ?und] f vault to vault1 ! oppressive air 9 ! l[ gall]ies1 ?r\gh :i* he c only move 9 a /oop+ position2 ! fe> ( be+ cru%$ any mom5t by a fall+ rock1 or %iv]$ to atoms by fire-damp combu/ion1--all comb9e to produce an impression :i* c seldom be made by any sc5es above gr\nd4 ,! admiration :i* ?is impos+ spectacle necess>ily calls =? 9 8 m9d increases :5 he reflects h[ mu* skill & exp]i5ce 0 requir$1 & h[ _m improvem5ts & inv5tions _h to be made1 be=e m9+ c\ld be br\ght to its pres5t /ate ( p]fection4 ,ores sometimes occur1 l coal1 9 lay]s or b$s1 runn+ p>allel ) ! /rata ( ! inclos+ rocks1 or 9 prodigi\s irregul> masses4 ,mo/ commonly1 h[ev]1 !y are f\nd 9 ve9s trav]s+ ! rocks 9 e conceivable direction1 & fill+ ! crevices & *asms :i* =m] t]re/rial revolutions h r5t 9 ! h>d /one4 ,f ! wild & titanic p[]s t h "h be5 at "w1 x may easily be imag9$ h[ irregul> ! direction ( ^! ve9s mu/ be1 & "u h[ _m v>i\s =ms !y mu/ appe>4 ,"h !y are horizontal1 !re v]tical2 "h !y =m ?9 lay]s1 !re !y fill *asms sev]al hundr$ feet ?ick4 ,sometimes !y split into sev]al m9or bran*es1 or make abrupt b5ds1 & frequ5tly !y h be5 r5t1 torn1 or displac$ 9 e possible mann] by subsequ5t revolutions4 ,_! l5g? is z v>i\s z _! ?ickness or _! direction4 ,"s are %ort1 :ile o!rs trav]se ! rocks to a di/ance ( _m miles4 ,?us ! arg5tif]\s ve9s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,clau/hal1 9 ! ,h>z1 are ?ree leagues long1 & ! fam\s ,veta ,madre1 or *ief lode ( ,guanaxuato 9 ,mexico1 has be5 trac$ = a l5g? ( eight miles4 ,) reg>d to dep?1 ! l[] extremity ( h>dly a s+le m9]al b$ or ve9 ( any note has z yet be5 po9t$ out1 ?\gh _m h be5 work$ to a consid]able dep?4 ,?us1 "o ( ! pits ( ,/4 ,&reasb]g1 9 ! ,h>z1 is #b1dhe feet deep1 ?\gh1 on acc\nt ( its high situation 9 ! m\nta9s1 n mu* m ?an #bhj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! sea1 :ile1 9 ! coal m9es ( ,val5ci5nes & ,lige1 ! deepe/ %afts are sunk f #a1cjj to #a1fjj feet bel[ ! level ( ! ocean4 ,! %aft ( ! colli]y ( ,sacre ,madame1 ne> ,*>l]oi1 is #hjj y>ds deep1 & t ( ,duk9field ,colli]y #b1jej feet4 ,! great difficulty ( c>ry+ on m9+ op]ations at great dep?s w1 probably1 = ev] prev5t mo/ metallif]\s ve9s f be+ foll[$ to _! orig9 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?2 = :ile on high m\nta9s ! r>efaction ( ! atmosph]e prev5ts respiration1 ! increas+ pressure or impurity ( ! air at a dep? ( f\r or five ?\s& feet bel[ ! level ( ! sea mu/ necess>ily h9d] ! free expansion ( ! lungs4 ,! weakness ( our organisation soon sets limits to our progress1 :e!r we wi% to rise into ! air or to p5etrate into ! int]ior ( ! e>?2 & x is only on spiritual w+s t we so> al(t to ! />s1 or w&] ?r\gh ! my/]i\s dep?s ( our planet4 ,h[ h ! ores be5 collect$ or precipitat$ 9 ! ve9s or /rata :]e !y are (t5 f\nd 9 su* enorm\s quantities8 ,p>tly !y asc5d$ z vap\r f unkn[n dep?s1 & !n 7 cond5s$ 9 ! crevices1 mix+ ) ! gangue or ! /ones :i* fill$ ! volcanic *asms2 & p>tly _! solutions1 ( :i* ! m9]al spr+s ( ! pres5t day af=d u s _m examples1 p]meat$ ! por\s rocks1 & saturat$ !m on cool+1 or 7 =c$ to rel9qui% _! valuable cont5ts by "s m p[]ful *emical aff9ity4 ,?us1 numb]less ye>s be=e man appe>$ ^u ! /age ( 8 future empire1 ! means 7 provid$ )\t :i* x w\ld nev] h be5 possible = him to e/abli% 8 dom9ion ov] ! e>?1 & to make himself ma/] ( ! treasures x be>s on its surface4 ,:5 we consid] ! frequ5t upheav+s & subsid5ces ( ! e>?- r9d & ! d5ud+ p[] ( wat]1 :i*1 9 ! long s]ies ( ages1 cuts deep rav9es into ! m\nta9s & wa%es away :ole /rata1 we _c wond] t _m metallif]\s ve9s em]ge or crop out on ! surface ( ! e>?1 s t a =tunate *ance suffic$ = _! discov]y4 ,?us1 a poor ,indian look+ = wood fir/ f\nd ! ri* deposits ( silv] t _h s long be5 buri$ 9 obscurity "u ! /]ile soil ( ,copiapo 9 ,*ili 7#afcb74 ,p>tridges1 9 ^: /oma*s gra9s ( gold 7 f\nd1 are said to h l$ to ! discov]y ( ! ri* m9es ( ,kremnitz & ,s*emnitz 9 ,hung>y2 & ,ramm1 a huntsman ( ! emp]or ,o?o ! ,great1 hav+ b\nd 8 horse to a tree 9 a =e/ ne> ,gosl> 9 ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s1 ! fretful /e$1 /amp+ ) impati5ce & te>+ up ! soil1 po9t$ out ! celebrat$ lode ( ! ,rammelsb]g1 :i* is /ill work$ to ! pres5t day4 ,b if 9 ^! & simil> in/ances ! treasures ( ! subt]ranean _w h reveal$ !mselves spontane\sly to man1 9 _m o!r cases labori\s & co/ly inve/igations h be5 f\nd necess>y = _! discov]y4 ,z civilisation advanc$1 & ! value ( ! metals1 ( coal & salt1 came to be m & m appreciat$1 no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an ! desire ( no long] rely+ ^u ! discov]ies ( *ance or ^u ! m9es bequea!d by =m] ages1 b ( s\nd+ ! my/]i\s recesses ( ! e>?1 & =c+ h]1 by d9t ( pati5t exploration1 to reveal ! ri*es %e conceals "u h] surface4 ,?us1 z f> back z ! elev5? c5tury1 ! div9+ rod came into practice1 & f\nd full cr$5ce 9 a sup]/iti\s age4 ,a =k$ bran* ( ! hazel-tree1 cut dur+ a peculi> phase ( ! moon1 0 ! means employ$ 9 ,g]many = ! discov]y ( buri$ treasures1 ( ve9s ( metal1 ( deposits ( salt1 or ( subt]ranean s\rces4 ,b ! miracul\s rod did n indiscrim9ately %[ its p[]s 9 e h&2 x 0 necess>y to h be5 born 9 c]ta9 mon?s1 & s(t & w>m-- or1 accord+ to ! mod]n expression1 magnetic--f+]s 7 indisp5sable = h&l+ x ) effect4 ,! div9] possess+ ^! necess>y qualifications took hold ( ! rod by its bran*es s t ! /em into :i* !y unit$ 0 direct$ upw>ds4 ,on approa*+ ! spot :]e ! s\ght-= treasure lay conceal$1 ! magical rod sl[ly turn$ t[>ds x1 until f9ally ! /em _h fully *ang$ its position & po9t$ v]tically d[nw>ds4 ,to increase ! solemnity ( ! sc5e1 ! wily conjurors g5]ally trac$ magical circles t 7 n to be pass$1 burnt /rong smell+ h]bs & spices1 & utt]$ p[]ful *>ms to dis>m ! enmity ( ! evil spirits t 7 suppos$ to gu>d ! hidd5 treasures4 ,at pres5t1 ! div9+-rod has lo/ its old reputation1 & m rational means are employ$ = ! discov]y ( m9]al weal?4 ,rely+ on exp]i5ce1 tact1 & geological k1 ! inve/igator c>efully exam9es ! c\ntry :]e ores or coal are suppos$ to be conceal$1 & hav+ fix$ ^u an appropriate spot1 has rec\rse ei!r to exp]im5tal digg+ or to bor+ = te/+ ! tru? ( 8 op9ion4 ,^! exp5sive explorations1 ?\gh (t5 unsuccessful1 frequ5tly prove highly remun]ative1 & _m a sal9e spr+1 or coal seam1 or metallic ve9 w\ld1 )\t _! assi/ance1 h rema9$ unkn[n & unproductive4 ,bor+ ?r\gh h>d /one is necess>ily a v t$i\s "w1 b z x proce$s x awak5s n only 9 ^? :o are directly int]e/$ 9 its success1 b 9 e intellig5t witness1 all ! /irr+ emotions ( a game ( *ance4 #8,( all bran*es ( bus9ess1' says ,williams1 a ?or\ghly devot$ m9]--#8( all ! exp]im5ts t a man ( s5sibility c be engag$ 91 or att5d to1 !re is1 p]haps1 none s amus+1 s engag+1 & delightful z a successful trial ^u ! ve/igia1 or appe>ances1 ( a seam ( coal1 or o!r m9]al discov]ies4 ,:5 y are att5d+ ! p :o are digg+ d[n or =w>d ^u ! ve/ige ( ! coal1 & ! indications are increas+ & /ill gr[+ bett] "u y\r eye1 ! _s ( curiosity & att5tion is awak5$1 & all ! p[]s ( expectation are elevat$ 9 pleas+ hopes ( success4 ,& :5 y\r wi%es are at l5g? actually fulfill$--:5 y h discov]$ a good coal ( suffici5t ?ickness1 & all circum/ances are fav\rable1 ! he>t !n triumphs ) solid & satisfactory joy4' ,9 a m9+ c\ntry l ,engl&1 :]e ! _s ( ent]prise is cont9ually on ! look-out = new s\rces ( pr(it1 x may naturally be suppos$ t se>*es = coal or metallic ore mu/ be frequ5tly und]tak54 ,?us 9 all our m9+ di/ricts !re are pr(essional ma/]-bor]s1 :o engage = a fix$ price to drill ! h>de/ rock to any dep? t may be requir$4#ce ,_! *ief implem5ts are bor+- rods1 made ( ! be/ & mo/ t5aci\s ,sw$i% iron2 *isels fitt$ ) screws1 tipp$ ) good /eel1 ) a face ( two & a half to ?ree & a qu>t] in*es1 & g5]ally eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?2 & a wimble1 :i* is a holl[ iron in/rum5t l an aug]1 ^: cavity is f six to t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 ) an op5+ up at "o side1 ) p>tial ov]lap1 ! bett] to receive & hold ! *opp$ /rata4 ,footnote #ce3 ,9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& ! prices ( bor+ 9 ! ord9>y /rata ( t coal-field are z foll[s3-- s4 d4 ,fir/ five fa?oms #e #f p] fa?om4 ,second five 0 #aa #j 0 ,?ird five 0 #af #f 0 ,f\r? five 0 #bb #j 0 & s increas+ #es4 #f;d4 p] fa?om on ea* succe$+ dep? ( five fa?oms4 ,9 bor+ ?r\gh v h>d /rata ! prices are f #hj to #ajj p] c5t4 high]4 ,:5 ! bore is int5d$ to p5etrate to a consid]able dep?1 a l(ty triangle ( wood is set above ! bore-hole4 ,9 bor+1 ! l[]mo/ rod is ! *isel1 :i* cont9ually op]ates on ! rock or /ratum4 ,! upp]mo/ rod t]m9ates 9 a /\t r+1 ?r\gh :i* passes a cross-piece held by two m5 9 work+1 & :i* is also susp5d$ to a spr++ pole by a *a94 ,"o or m rods be+ pu%$ into ! gr\nd1 two m5 on a wood5 /age take hold ( a cross /ave at ! end ( ! spr++ pole & "w x /eadily up & d[n1 :ile two m5 bel[1 by means ( ! cross-piece1 at ! same "t heave ! susp5d$ rods a few in*es1 & !n all[ !m to fall by _! own weight1 walk+ sl[ly r\nd ! hole4 ,by ^! comb9$ op]ations ( *opp+ & scoop+ ! workm5 make sl[ b sure way ?r\gh :atev] sub/ance may be 9 contact ) ! *isel4 ,:5 ! hole is too deep1 & ! add$ rods become too heavy to be conv5i5tly lift$ by manual lab\r1 a brake or lev]1 or a horse-g9 or /eam-eng9e1 is employ$4 ,z ! bor+ proce$s1 x is also frequ5tly necess>y to l[] pipes into ! hole made1 to prev5t ! fall+ ( fragm5ts f ! sides ( ! cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,process ,,( ,,bor+4 ,:5 ! position ( a m9]al ve9 is asc]ta9$1 its direction kn[n1 & "s reasonable conjecture made conc]n+ its ext5t1 ?ickness1 & value1 measures mu/ be tak5 to obta91 by subt]rane\s excavation1 ! buri$ m9]al1 & = ?is purpose v]tical pits or %afts mu/ be sunk1 & horizontal gall]ies1 or1 z !y are sometimes call$1 levels1 mu/ be driv51 to prep>e ! way = its conv5i5t extraction1 & at ! same "t to c>ry (f1 s f> z may be1 ! wat] :i* ei!r rises into ! m9e f spr+s1 or dra9s into x f ! surr\nd+ /rata4 ,"s idea may be =m$ ( ! ext5t ( ^! works 9 _m ( ! m consid]able m9es1 :5 we le>n t ! total am\nt ( s9k+ 9 ! ,consolidat$ ,m9es 9 ,cornwall is /at$ to am\nt to m ?an twelve miles ( p]p5dicul> dep? 7includ+1 ( c\rse1 ! w9zes or und]gr\nd %afts71 & t ! horizontal gall]ies ext5d to z mu* z =ty miles 9 l5g?4 ,a m9e l ?is is1 9 fact1 a l>ge subt]ranean t[n1 ) num]\s lanes & av5ues1 passages & ?or\ghf>es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,a ,,lead ,,m9e ,,9 ,,c>digan%ire4 a4 ,%afts4 b4 ,levels4 ,9 s9k+ a %aft1 dang] is to be appreh5d$ bo? f ! fall+ 9 ( loose & incoh]5t /rata1 & f ! lat]al spr+s1 :i* sometimes empty !mselves into ! work+s to an ext5t :i* x w\ld at fir/ appe> hopeless to cont5d aga9/4 ,9 su* cases !re is no safety to be obta9$ )\t wall+ ! %aft ) brick or /one1 or secur+ x by timb] or metal tubb+4 ,= ?is purpose _m ( our coal pits 7 =m]ly l9$ ?r\gh\t ) ?ree-in* bo>ds1 nail$ to a circul> wood5 framework call$ a crib1 :i* 0 firmly atta*$ to ! sides ( ! pit at conv5i5t di/ances4 ,b ?is me?od1 al?\gh x has be5 kn[n to keep out a pressure ( wat] equal to #ajj p\nds on ! squ>e in*1 is n consid]$ s safe z ! metal tubb+ n[ adopt$ 9 all difficult works4 ,9 comp>atively solid gr\nd ! ca/-iron tubs are =c$ d[n ! %aft1 b 9 s(t gr\nd !y s9k by _! own weight4 ,z !y desc5d1 fre% tubs are add$1 until ! "w is f9i%$4 ,:5 we consid] t1 9 ! coal-pits 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 _m %afts h a diamet] ( z mu* z fifte5 feet1 t 9 "s cases !y are sunk to a dep? ( ne>ly #cjj fa?oms1 & t1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 ev5 :]e tubb+ is n requir$ to gu>d aga9/ ! influx ( spr+s1 x is necess>y to l9e almo/ ! :ole ( ! int]ior ) bricks1 to prev5t ! loose /rata f fall+ or be+ wa%$ 91 we _c wond] t z mu* z #ajj1jjjl4 & t5 ye>s ( lab\r h1 9 "s cases1 be5 exp5d$ be=e ! seam ( coal has be5 rea*$ t 0 to repay all ?is va/ outlay ( capital & "t4 ,unsightly & fil?y z su* a %aft may be1 x is 9 reality a great triumph ( ar*itectural skill4 ,9 mo/ ( our colli]ies "o %aft s]ves = w9d+ up ! coal1 = ! passage ( ! m5 up & d[n1 = v5tilation1 & = dra9age by means ( ! eng9e-pumps4 ,to answ] ^! v>i\s purposes x is subdivid$ or brattic$ by brick or wood5 p>titions into two1 ?ree1 or f\r comp>tm5ts2 b ?is arrangem5t is v defective1 = ! safety ( ! workm5 requires t 9 e l>ge coal-pit1 & inde$ 9 e m9e1 !re %\ld be at lea/ two sep>ate %afts4 ,:5 ! p>titions ( ! s+le %aft become injur$ or burnt1 :i* has n unfrequ5tly be5 ! case1 ! v5tilation ( ! pit may sudd5ly be d]ang$1 & _m lives h ?us be5 endang]$4 ,! ob/ruction ( a %aft by ! breakage ( an eng9e has caus$ "s ( ! mo/ appall+ trag$ies 9 m9+ hi/ory4 ,on ,janu>y #aj1 #ahfb1 ! beam ( ! pump+ eng9e broke at ! ,h>tley ,colli]y 9 ! ,newca/le coalfield1 & /rik+1 l a huge catapult1 ) its enorm\s weight ( =ty tons1 aga9/ ! sides ( ! %aft z x desc5d$1 accumulat$ an enorm\s mass ( rubbi% & brok5 timb]s at ! dep? ( #ach y>ds f ! surface4 ,two hundr$ & f\r colli]s 7 ?us %ut out f all hope ( rescue1 = no ex]tion c\ld possibly remove1 9 "t en\gh to save !m1 ! va/ pile ( ru9s t ob/ruct$ _! escape to ! upp] _w4 ,! me?ods ( work+1 w9n+1 or excavat+ m9]al sub/ances naturally v>y1 accord+ to ! magnitude & direction ( ! b$s1 lodes1 or seams 9 :i* !y are conta9$4 ,) a ve9 ( mod]ate wid?1 z soon z ! prep>atory lab\rs h br\ght ! m9]s to ! po9t ( ! ve9 f :i* ! ult]ior work+s are to ramify1 ! fir/ object is to divide ! mass ( ore into solid rectangul> comp>tm5ts by means ( oblong gall]ies1 g5]ally pi]c$ t5 fa?oms bel[ "o ano!r1 ) pits ( communication op5$ up1 ?irty1 =ty1 or fifty y>ds asund]1 :i* foll[ ! slope ( ! ve94 ,^! gall]ies & %afts are usually ( ! same bread? z ! ve91 unless :5 x is v n>r[1 9 :i* case x is necess>y to cut out a portion ( ! ro( or ! floor4 ,su* work+s s]ve at once ! purposes ( m9+1 by af=d+ a portion ( ore1 & = ! complete inve/igation ( ! nature & ri*es ( ! ve91 a c]ta9 ext5t ( :i* is ?us prep>$ be=e remov+ ! cubical masses4 ,x is prop] to advance fir/ ( all 9 ?is mann] to ! greate/ di/ance f ! c5tral po9t :i* c be m9$ ) economy1 & aft]w>ds to remove ! rectangul> blocks 9 work+ back to t po9t4 ,?is latt] op]ation may be c>ri$ on 9 two diff]5t ways1 by attack+ ! ore f above or f bel[4 ,9 ei!r case ! excavations are dispos$ 9 /eps1 simil> to a /air1 ^u _! upp] or "u side4 ,! fir/ is /yl$ a work+ 9 direct or desc5d+ /eps2 ! second a work+ 9 rev]se1 or asc5d+ /eps4 ,by ?is me?od a numb] ( m9]s are able to proce$ simultane\sly )\t int]f]+ ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ri* lodes & 9 ! case ( ?ick masses1 ! sy/em ( work+ 9 l>ge *amb]s or ext5sive excavations1 or by transv]se attacks1 is employ$4 ,sup]ficial deposits are work$ l op5 qu>ries4 ,9 ,briti% practice1 coal is g5]ally work$ on ! po/ 7or pill> & /all7 sy/em1 or on ! long-wall sy/em4 ,! pill> & /all pr9ciple is c>ri$ out 9 ! work+ away ( a c]ta9 portion ( ! coal z a fir/ measure1 & 9 leav+ ! rema9d] 9 pill>s1 :i* are ei!r to s]ve p]man5tly = ! support ( ! ro(1 or to be at "s future "t p>tially or totally remov$4 ,9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 :]e ?is sy/em has be5 br\ght to p]fection1 x is also nam$ panel-"w1 because ! :ole area is divid$ into quadrangul> panels1 ea* panel conta9+ an area ( f eight to twelve acres1 & r\nd ea* panel is at fir/ left a solid wall ( coal ( f =ty to fifty y>ds ?ick4 ,?r\gh ! panel walls roads & air-c\rses are driv5 9 ord] to "w ! coal conta9$ )9 ^! walls4 ,?us all ! panels are connect$ toge!r ) ! %aft z to roads & v5tilation1 & ea* di/rict or panel has a p>ticul> "n1 s t any circum/ance relat+ to ! details ( ! colli]y c be readily ref]r$ to a specifi$ place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,colli]y ,,laid ,,out ,,9 ,,f\r ,,panels4 ,a4 ,eng9e %aft3 divid$ ,f1 ,g4 ,two panels complet$ z into ?ree comp>tm5ts1 to ! fir/ "w4 an eng9e pit & two coal pits4 ,b1 ,c4 ,dip head level4 ,d4 ,panel1 ) ! rooms a a 9 regul> progress to ! rise4 ,a1 ,e4 ,! rise or crop gall]y4 ,h4 ,panel fully work$ out4 ,k1 ,k4 ,panel walls4 ,by ?is plan1 ( :i* ! above illu/ration gives a di/9ct idea1 ! pill>s ( a panel may be work$ out at any "t mo/ suitable = ! economy ( ! m9e1 & ! loss ( coal am\nts to no m ?an ab\t a t5?1 in/ead ( a ?ird or a half by ! old me?ods4 ,:5 ! pill>s ( a panel are to be work$ out1 ! mo/ di/ant range is fir/ attack$1 & z ! workm5 cut away ! fur!/ pill>s1 props ( wood are plac$ betwe5 ! pavem5t & ! ro(1 )9 a few feet ( ea* o!r1 z %[n by ! dots at ,i4 ,?is is cont9u$ till an area ( "o hundr$ squ>e y>ds is cle>$ ( pill>s4 ,?is op]ation is t]m$ #8work+ ! goaf4' ,! only use ( ! prop-wood is to prev5t ! /ratum :i* =ms ! ceil+ ov] ! workm5's heads f fall+ d[n & kill+ !m by its spl9t]y fragm5ts4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t be=e proce$+ to take away ano!r set ( pill>s1 x is necess>y to all[ ! la/ made goaf to fall4 ,! workm5 !n beg9 to draw out ! props4 ,?is is a mo/ haz>d\s employm5t4 ,knock+ d[n ! m remote props "o aft] ano!r1 !y quickly retreat "u ! protection ( ! rema9+ props4 ,mean:ile ! ro( /ratum beg9s to break by ! sides ( ! pill>s & falls d[n 9 imm5se pieces2 :ile ! workm5 /ill p]sev]e1 boldly draw+ & retreat+ till e prop is remov$4 ,nay1 %\ld any props be s firmly fix$ by ! top pressure t !y w n give way to ! bl[s ( heavy mauls1 !y are cut ?r\gh ) axes1 ! workm5 mak+ x a po9t ( hon\r to leave n a s+le prop 9 ! goaf4 ,if any props are left1 x causes an irregul> subsid5ce ( ! /rata1 & ?r[s m pressure on ! adjac5t pill>s4 ,! m9]s next proce$ to cut away ! pill>s ne>e/ to ! sides ( ! goaf1 sett+ prop- wood1 !n draw+ x1 & retreat+ z be=e1 until e panel is remov$ except+ small portions ( pill>s :i* require to be left "u dang]\s /ones1 to protect ! retreat ( ! workm54 ,:ile ?is op]ation is go+ =w>d & ! goaf ext5d+1 ! sup]9cumb5t /rata1 be+ expos$ )\t support ov] a l>g] area1 break progressively high] up2 & :5 /rong b$s ( s&/one are ?us giv+ way1 ! noise ( ! r5d+ rocks is v peculi> & t]rific2 at "o "t l\d & %>p1 at ano!r holl[ & deep4 ,z ! pill>s ( ! panels are tak5 away1 ! panel walls are also work$ progressively backw>ds to ! pit-bottom1 s t only a small portion ( ! coal is ev5tually lo/4 ,:5 m9es are fully work$1 ! ma9 %aft is frequ5tly cont9u$ d[n to o!r seams ( coal1 :i* are excavat$ 9 ! same way z ! fir/ seam4 ,9 su* cases ! work+s communicate ) ea* o!r by %afts call$ #8/aples1' :i* are sunk at int]vals betwe5 ! seams ( coal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,m9+ ,,op]ations4 ,! pr9ciple ( long-wall work+ 7,%rop%ire & ,d]by%ire me?od7 is ! extraction ( all ! available coal by ! s+le process ( fir/ work+1 ma9ta9+ ! roads by means ( /one-walls or wood5 props4 ,?is sy/em is applicable ) advantage only to ?9 seams :i* lie ne> to ! surface1 & 9 :i* ! work+s may be ( a v limit$ ext5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tools ,,us$ ,,by ,,m9]s ,,9 ,,cornwall4 a4 ,pick4 b4 ,gad4 c4 ,%ovel4 d4 ,mallet4 e4 ,bor]4 f4 ,clay+-b>4 g4 ,ne$le or nail4 h4 ,scrap]4 i4 ,tamp+-b>4 ,accord+ to ! v>i\s h>dness ( ! m9]als or ( ! rocks 9 :i* !y are emb$d$1 diff]5t means & implem5ts = divid+ ! masses are employ$4 ,9 loose e>?1 s&1 & clay1 %ovels & scrap]s suffice2 9 gypsum1 coal1 & rock-salt1 ! pick becomes necess>y2 9 _m h>d slates1 gads mu/ be driv5 into ! small op5+s made ) ! po9t ( ! pick4 ,9 /ill h>d] /ones1 =m+ ! great majority ( ^? :i* occur 9 ve9s & /rata1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! explosive p[] ( gunp[d]1 :i* is also l>gely employ$ 9 our coal-m9es4 ,! tools us$ = ?is purpose are ! bor]1 an iron b> tipp$ ) /eel1 =m$ l a ?ick *isel1 :i* is held by "o man /raight 9 ! hole ) con/ant rotation on its axis1 :ile ano!r /rikes ! head ( x ) ! iron sl$ge or mallet2 ! scrap] = cle>+ out ! hole f "t to "t2 ! clay+-b>1 a tap]+ iron rod1 :i*1 aft] ! introduction ( "s t5aci\s clay into ! cavity1 is =c$ into x ) great viol5ce1 &1 cond5s+ ! clay into all ! crevices ( ! rock1 secures ! dryness ( ! hole2 & ! nail1 a small tap] rod ( copp]1 :i*1 aft] ! *>ge has be5 introduc$1 is ins]t$ to rea* ! bottom ( ! hole1 :i* is n[ ready = tamp+4 ,= ?is purpose1 any s(t species ( rock free f fl9ty p>ticles1 :i* might provoke a premature explosion1 is introduc$ 9 small quantities at a "t1 & ramm$ v h>d by ! tamp+ b>1 :i* is held /eadily by "o man & /ruck ) a sl$ge by ano!r4 ,! hole be+ ?us fill$1 ! nail is )drawn by putt+ a b> ?r\gh its eye & /rik+ x upw>ds4 ,?us a small p]=ation or v5t is left = ! safety fuse1 a wov5 cyl9d] conta9+ gunp[d]1 & protect$ by a coat+ ( t>4 ,! fire be+ appli$1 ! m5 retire to a safe di/ance4 ,(t51 9 ord] to lose z little "t z possible1 a numb] ( %ots are fir$ toge!r1 s t ! explosions1 p\r+ out _! tongues ( flame 9 rapid succession1 & awak5+ ! subt]ranean e*oes f> & wide1 af=d a highly int]e/+ spectacle4 ,b woe to ! m9] if he be too ha/y to return to 8 po/1 = x (t5 happ5s t a trea*]\s %ot goes (f sev]al m9utes aft] be+ light$1 &1 explod+ 9 ! face ( ! imprud5t workman1 disfigures him = life1 or kills him on ! spot4 ,accid5ts 9 bla/+ arise also f o!r causes1 su* z a neglig5t h&l+ ( ! p[d] :ile prep>+ ! *>ge1 or "s delay 9 retir+ aft] ! fuse has be5 k9dl$4 ,x 0 an incid5t ( ! latt] k9d :i* "s ye>s back call$ =? ! foll[+ in/ance ( h]oism4 #8,9 a c]ta9 ,corni% m9e1' says ,?omas ,c>lyle1#cf #8two m9]s1 deep d[n 9 ! %aft1 7 engag$ 9 putt+ 9 a %ot = bla/+2 !y _h complet$ _! affair1 & 7 ab\t to give ! signal = be+ hoi/$ up4 ,"o at a "t 0 all _! coadjutor at ! top c\ld manage1 & ! second 0 to k9dle ! mat* & !n m\nt ) all spe$4 ,n[ x *anc$1 :ile !y 7 /ill bel[1 "o ( !m ?\ght ! mat* too long1 tri$ to break x %ort]1 took a c\ple ( /ones1 a flat & a %>p1 to cut x %ort]1 did cut x (f ! due l5g?1 b1 horrible to relate1 k9dl$ x at ! same "t1 & bo? 7 /ill bel[4 ,bo? %\t$ vehem5tly to ! coadjutor at ! w9dlass1 bo? sprang at ! basket2 ! w9dlass-man c\ld n move x ) !m bo?4 ,"h 0 a mom5t = poor m9] ,jack & m9] ,w6 ,in/ant horrible dea? hangs ov] bo?1 :5 ,w g5]\sly resigns himself4 8,g al(t1 ,jack1 & sit d[n4 ,away6 ,9 "o m9ute ,i %all be 9 heav560 ,jack b\nds al(t1 ! explosion in/antly foll[s1 bruises 8 face z he looks ov]2 he is safe above gr\nd2 & poor ,w8 ,desc5d+ eag]ly1 !y f9d poor ,w1 too1 z if by miracle1 buri$ "u rocks :i* _h ar*$ !mselves ov] him1 & little injur$2 he too is br\ght up safe2 & all ends joyfully1 say ! newspap]s1 :i* h duly specifi$ ! ev5t4 ,footnote #cf3 #8,life ( ,/]l+1' p4 #bgh4 #8,su* a piece ( manly promptitude & salut>y human h]oism 0 wor? inve/igat+4 ,x 0 inve/igat$ & f\nd to be accurate to ! lett]1 ) ?is addition & explanation1 t ,w ,v]ran1 an hone/1 ignorant1 good man1 entirely giv5 up to ,me?odism1 _h be5 p]fect 9 ! 8fai? ( assurance20 c]ta9 t he %\ld get to heav5 if he di$1 c]ta9 t ,jack ,rob]ts w\ld n1 :i* _h be5 ! gr\nd ( 8 decision 9 t great mom5t2 = ! re/ t he mu* wi%$ to le>n read+ & writ+1 & f9d "s way ( life above gr\nd in/ead ( bel[4 ,by aid ( ! ,misses ,fox & ! re/ ( t family1 a subscription 7mode/ ,anti-,hudson ,te/imonial7 0 rais$ = ?is ,me?odi/ h]o2 he em]g$ into daylight ) fifty p\nds 9 8 pocket2 did /r5u\sly try1 = c]ta9 mon?s1 to le>n read+ & writ+2 f\nd he c\ld n le>n ^? arts1 or ei!r ( !m2 took 8 money & b\ght c[s ) x1 w$d+ at ! same "t "s likely milkmaid4' ,sev]al attempts h rec5tly be5 made to dim9i% ! dang]s ( bla/+1 by sub/itut+ gun-cotton or nitroglyc]9e = gunp[d]2 or by fir+ *>ges by means ( ! electric batt]y1 b hi!rto )\t mu* success4 ,an enorm\s quantity ( gunp[d] is consum$ = bla/+ 9 _m ( ! l>g] m9es4 ,9 #ahcf1 #fd1jjj p\nds 7 us$ 9 ! ,consolidat$ ,m9es 9 ,cornwall1 & #ij1ajj p\nds 9 ! ,f[ey ,consolidat$ ,copp] ,m9es4 ,! total am\nt ( gunp[d] consum$ 9 ! ,corni% & ,devonian ,m9es 9 ! ye> #ahcg rea*$ #cjj tons1 :i* co/ #ac1bjjl4 ,?is "o item may s]ve to give "s idea ( ! enorm\s work+ exp5ses ( a l>ge m9+ conc]n4 ,sometimes ! rock is s t5aci\s z to r5d] bor+ too t$i\s & exp5sive an op]ation1 & fire becomes necess>y = subdu+ ! solidity ( ! /one4 ,9 ?is mann] ! anci5t m9e ( ,rammelsb]g1 ne> ,gosl>1 is =c$ to yield its treasures1 & :ole =e/s are annually consum$ 9 ord] to loos5 ! horn/one & inde/ructible sp> ( its metallif]\s ve9s4 ,e ,saturday morn+ ! fire is appli$ to ! num]\s piles ( billets & faggots t h be5 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ! week4 ,^? 9 ! upp] floors ( exploitation are fir/ burn$1 9 ord] t ! inf]ior piles may n ob/ruct by _! vitiat$ air ! combu/ion ( ! =m]4 ,?us at f\r o'clock 9 ! morn+ ! fires are k9dl$ 9 ! upp] ranges1 & !n f pile to pile ! firem5 desc5d t[>ds ! l[] floor1 :i* occupies !m till ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! vaults ( ,rammelsb]g n[ af=d a truly magnific5t spectacle4 ,! ris+ flames1 flick]+ aga9/ ! walls ( ! vaults1 & asc5d+ 9 broad %eets t[>ds _! ro(2 ! d5se cl\ds ( smoke roll+ t[>ds ! air v5ts2 ! crackl+ ( ! wood2 ! l\d detonations ( ! /ones r5t by ! expansive =ce ( heat f ! primitive rock2 ! lurid gl>e ( ! conflagration2 ! nak$ workm5 ) _! mighty /irr+-poles1 flitt+ l d>k spirits be=e ! blaz+ pile2 ! int5se heat1 & ! air load$ to suffocation ) sulphur\s fumes1-- all comb9e to produce a picture wor?y ( ,dante's #8,inf]no4' ,dur+ ! ,sunday ! noxi\s vap\rs eng5d]$ by ! conflagration h "t to disp]se2 & on ! ,monday morn+ ! workm5 deta*1 ) long =ks ( iron1 ! ores t h be5 loos5$ by ! flames4 ,! ore be+ extract$ f its b$1 x becomes necess>y to br+ x to ! light ( day1 an op]ation :i* is ( c\rse ( ! greate/ importance1 & n seldom requires ! aid ( complicat$ ma*9]y1 p>ticul>ly 9 coal m9es1 :]e l>ge masses h to be convey$ z economically & spe$ily z possible to ! upp] _w4 ,a great improvem5t has be5 effect$ ( late ye>s 9 ! facility ( transport+ m9]als und]gr\nd1 by ! introduction ( small tramroads1 & ! sav+ ( exp5se ?us effect$ sometimes am\nts to "o-half ! =m] co/4 ,_m ( our l>g] m9es are provid$ ) miles ( ?is subt]ranean railroad1 & ! advantage is great]1 because = ! mo/ "p !re is a slight desc5t f ! work+s to ! bottom ( ! %aft1 to all[ ( a m complete sy/em ( dra9age ?an c\ld o!rwise be atta9$4 ,b frequ5tly :]e ! gall]ies are l[1 n>r[1 & crook$1 ! c>riage is /ill effect$ by means ( sl$ges1 b>r[s1 or little waggons1 :i* are ) difficulty dragg$ or pu%$ along1 ov] planks or unev5 & muddy roads2 & sometimes ev5 ! int]ior transport ( ! ore is execut$ on ! backs ( m5--a mo/ disadvantage\s practice1 :i* is gradually we>+ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,conveyance ,,( ,,m9]als ,,und]gr\nd4 ,9 great m9es1 su* z ! coal & salt m9es ( ,great ,brita91 ! salt m9es ( ,wielitzka1 ! copp] m9es ( ,fahlun1 ! lead m9es ( ,al/on ,moor1 horses h long be5 introduc$ into ! work+s1 to drag heavi] waggons1 or a tra9 ( waggons atta*$ to "o ano!r4 ,9 "s cases ^! animals are br\ght to ! surface at /at$ int]vals1 b g5]ally :5 once let d[n ! pit !y = ev] bid adieu to ! light ( day4 ,/range to say1 ?is unnatural mode ( exi/5ce1 :i* w\ld soon und]m9e ! vig\r & spirits ( man1 agrees admirably well ) _! heal?1 ( :i* ! greate/ c>e is tak51 z _! useful s]vices are duly appreciat$ by _! own]s4 ,!y are abundantly f$ ) hay & oats ( ! be/ quality2 _! /alls are l>ge & well v5tilat$2 & z !y lab\r 9 a mild & equable temp]ature1 !y rema9 free f _m compla9ts to :i* horses are liable4 ,_! good condition & sleek1 %9+ coats prove t !y h no s5tim5tal long+ = gre5 fields or ! bright sun%9e4 ,9 a few ( ! l>ge/ colli]ies x has be5 f\nd advantage\s to e/abli% und]gr\nd /ation>y eng9es1 :i* br+ ! tra9s ( waggons1 by means ( an endless rope1 along ! gall]ies to ! bottom ( ! %aft4 ,9 o!r m9es1 su* z ^? ( ,worsley 9 ,lanca%ire1 subt]ranean canals are cut1 ^u :i* ! m9]al is transport$ 9 boats4 ,9 ! ,european m9es1 ! ores are usually lift$ f ! bottom ( ! %aft to ! surface by /eam-p[]1 or horse-g9s2 b 9 ,spani% ,am]ica1 m51 & ev5 wom51 are employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,! /eep ladd]s :i* !y asc5d ) heavy weights ^u _! backs1 consi/ m]ely ( ! ?ick trunks ( fir-trees1 into :i*1 at int]vals ( e t5 or elev5 in*es1 deep not*es h be5 cut2 b ^! rude /eps are m\nt$ ) p]fect security & ease by ! sure-foot$ ,indians4 ,9 _m ,european m9es1 :]e ! workm5 are let d[n or rais$ by means ( ropes1 wire cables1 or *a9s1 !y sometimes sit on transv]se r\nd pieces ( wood or 9 a k9d ( *air1 consi/+ ( two /rong lea!r belts1 "o ( :i* s]ves z a seat1 & ! o!r = support+ ! back4 ,9 ,wielitzka t5 ( ^! *airs are atta*$ to ! cable at di/ances ( sev5 or eight feet "o f ano!r4 ,! p]sons seat$ 9 ! upp]mo/ & l[e/ *airs direct ! desc5t1 & take great c>e to prev5t ! conveyance graz+ aga9/ ! sides ( ! %aft1 = 7 x to be hook$ fa/ by a nail or any o!r projection1 a fall into a deep precipice ( sev]al hundr$ feet w\ld be ! almo/ inevitable & fatal consequ5ce4 ,! old me?od ( desc5d+ into a colli]y 0 by a corf or /rong basket1 hook$ on by a *a9 to ! rope t hung d[n ! %aft4 ,/epp+ into ?is1 ! m5 w\ld sw+ d[n ! d>k holl[1 gaily & readily1 b n always safely4 ,?us1 9 ! ye> #ahce1 9 a colli]y ne> ,lige1 sev5 workm5 7 already seat$ 9 a corf t 0 ab\t to desc5d into ! %aft1 :5 "o ( _! comrades1 anxi\s to seize ! opportunity1 came hurry+ along1 &1 9 spite ( all remon/rances1 jump$ into x2 b ! rope1 unable to be> ! %ock & ! increas$ weight1 sudd5ly snapp$1 & all eight 7 precipitat$ into ! abyss1 f :i* n "o ( !m came =? alive4 ,9 ! ,sw$i% m9es small b>rels or tuns are g5]ally us$ z vehicles ( desc5t1 & ! workm5 are uncommonly dext]\s 9 prev5t+ _! little arial skiff f /rik+ aga9/ ! rugg$ rock-walls1 :5 x w\ld run ! dang] ( be+ wreck$4 ,wom51 & ev5 *ildr51 :o f9d occupation 9 ! m9es1 are (t5 se5 /&+ on ! n>r[ edge ( "o ( ^! sw++1 turn+1 or oscillat+ tuns1 ) an arm slung r\nd ! rope2 & su* is ! p[] ( habit t !y w quietly knit :]e ev5 a /\t-n]v$ man w\ld be appall$ by ! fr[n+ cliffs above or ! black abyss bel[4 ,9 ! ye> #aghe a girl1 desc5d+ alone into ! pit ( ,fahlun1 & unable to direct ! tun1 c\ld n prev5t x f /rik+ aga9/ a rock4 ,j]k$ out ( h] conveyance by ! viol5ce ( ! %ock1 %e fell ^u a n>r[ l$ge1 ab\t "o hundr$ feet f ! bottom ( ! pit1 to :i* %e clung ) all ! en]gy ( despair4 ,h] position 0 inde$ t]rific1 = ! lea/ motion w\ld h precipitat$ h] into ! d>k grave :i* seem$ to yawn = h] reception1 & to h giv5 h] b a mom5t>y respite 9 ord] to make h] feel m bitt]ly ! pangs ( approa*+ dea?4 ,already h] /r5g? 0 giv+ way1 already a cl\d swam be=e h] eyes1 :5 "s bold m9]s1 v5tur+ _! own lives 9 ! haz>d\s und]tak+1 succe$$ 9 rescu+ h] f h] awful position1 & snat*+ h] z x 7 f ! v jaws ( dea?4 ,ano!r me?od mu* adopt$1 & pref]r$ by ! pitm5 9 our colli]ies1 0 pass+ d[n & up 9 ! loop4 ,! pitman ins]t$ "o leg into a loop =m$ by curv+ ! t]m9al *a9 & hook+ x back ^u an upp] l9k1 & !n tw9$ 8 arm tightly r\nd ! rope above4 ,9 ?is way he desc5d$ ?r\gh any dep?1 &1 z he alleg$1 ) great] safety ?an 9 a bucket1 out ( :i* he might be eject$1 :ile no?+ except ! break+ ( ! rope c\ld h>m him 9 loop4 ,at pres5t ! safety-cage is g5]ally us$4 ,?is is simply a v]tical railway c>riage runn+ d[n & up ^u guides1 & !reby introduc+ into ! %aft ! improvem5ts ( ! iron road4 ,into "o ( its squ>e n>r[ comp>tm5ts two or ?ree m5 cr\* toge!r1 o!rs get into an upp] comp>tm5t1 & d[n ! cage moves easily & safely1 ! m5 ne$+ only to take c>e t h&s or f+]s d n hang beyond ! edge1 :ile f\r or five m9utes ( easy motion c>ry !m d[n a ?\s& or fifte5 hundr$ feet bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m9]s ,,desc5d+ ,,%aft ,,9 ,,ow5',s ,,safety ,,cage4 ,9 _m m9es ! workm5 climb up & d[n ! %afts on fix$ ladd]s1 ) l&+-/ages = re/+2 & x may easily be imag9$ h[ sev]ely _! /r5g? mu/ be tax$ :51 aft] _! h>d day's lab\r1 !y h /ill to asc5d /ep by /ep a ?\s& or ev5 two ?\s& feet1 be=e !y c return to _! families4 ,"s ( ! ,corni% m9es require a full h\r to rise f ! l[e/ dep?s to #8grass1' & besides ?is consid]able loss ( "t1 diseases ( ! lungs & he>t1 :i* (t5 t]m9ate fatally1 or prematurely make ! m9] an invalid1 are ! consequ5ce ( ^! fatigu+ j\rneys4 #8,o ?\ grumbl+ cl]k 9 ,london city1' exclaims ! au?or ( #8,cornwall & its ,m9es1'#cg #8^: daily fatigues only ext5d to ! asc5t into & desc5t f ! trim omnibus t takes y to or f ,peckham or ,k5n+ton6 ,only ?9k = a mom5t ( travell+ "s f\r or five times ! height ( ,/4 ,paul's daily--be=e & aft] "w6 ,o ?\ qu]ul\s sociali/1 demagogue1 or artisan1 :o can/ sit 9 a com=table c(fee-h\se1 "u a flam+ gas-light1 imm$iately be=e & aft] "w--or 9 y\r own snug p>l\r1 by y\r own fireside or murmur+ kettle--d b ?9k = a mom5t ( ! ,corni% m9]1 & :at he mu/ d be=e he c rea* home or h\se6 ,i fully believe t ! be/ cure = discont5t & gloom 9 =tunate workm5 w\ld be to put !m ^u ! treadmill ( a deep ,corni% m9e--= a tempor>y treadmill x is4' ,footnote #cg3 ,london3 ,longmans1 #aheg4 ,x _h long be5 deem$ ( ! utmo/ importance to devise "s easi] mode ( locomotion2 b x 0 n till #ahcc t ! circum/ance ( two wat]-:eels hav+ be5 ?r[n out ( "w by ! op5+ ( ! deep ,georg ,adit 9 ! ,h>tz m9es sugge/$ ! idea ( employ+ ! pump-rods = aid+ ! asc5t ( ! m9]s4 ,! trial 0 fir/ made ) a portion ( "o hundr$ fa?oms4 ,?is 0 divid$ into tw5ty-two portions2 & on ea* portion iron /eps 7 fix$1 at int]vals ( f\r feet1 :ile h&-holds 7 fix$ at conv5i5t di/ances4 ,a reciprocat+ motion ( f\r feet 0 giv5 to ea* rod1 & ! m9]s /epp$ to & fro f a bracket or l$ge on "o rod to ! p>allel "o on ! o!r4 ,z "o rod is always desc5d+ :ile ! o!r is asc5d+1 & vice v]s1 x is easy to und]/& h[ ?is alt]nate /epp+ on to ! little plat=ms mu/ lead to ! asc5t or desc5t ( ! m9]4 ,at ! division betwe5 ea* two ( ! tw5ty-two portions1 !re is a l>g] plat=m on :i* he may re/ a:ile2 & no?+ is lo/ by 8 re/1 = ! reciprocal motion goes on1 & is ready aga9 = 8 use :5 he is ready = x4 ,?is fir/ ma*9e surpass$ expectation4 ,%ort z ! l5g? ( asc5t 01 _m invalids ( ! di/rict 7 n[ able to resume _! und]gr\nd lab\rs1 z ! fatigue ( m\nt+ or desc5d+ 0 r$uc$1 by ! alt]nate action ( ! ma*9]y1 to a m]e easy lat]al motion4 ,! advantages ( ?is new me?od 9 sav+ bo? "t & p[] 7 s obvi\s t x 0 soon imitat$ 9 ! o!r deep metallif]\s ve9s ( ! ,h>tz2 & at pres5t p[]-ladd]s or man-eng9es ( an improv$ con/ruction1 su* z ! sub/itution ( a s+le rod = ! d\ble app>atus above describ$1 are 9 v g5]al use ov] ! ,cont95t1 :5ce !y h pass$ 9 a modifi$ =m into ,cornwall1 :]e !y are work$ by /eam4 ,9 ,f[ey ,consols ,m9e ! ma*9e ext5ds to a dep? ( #a1fhj feet4 ,! rod is eight in*es squ>e1 ) twelve-in* plat=ms at int]vals ( twelve feet2 & !re are /ation>y plat=ms equidi/ant at ! side ( ! %aft4 ,:5 a m9] is ab\t to desc5d ! /eps on a movable plat=m1 ! rod desc5ds & c>ries him d[n twelve feet2 he /eps ^u a fix$ plat=m :ile ! rod rises aga92 he !n /eps ^u ano!r movable plat=m1 & desc5ds ano!r twelve feet1 & s on to ! bottom4 ,9 asc5d+1 !re is simply a rev]s$ process4 ,x is a v int]e/+ sight to witness ! asc5t or desc5t ( bodies ( m9]s at c]ta9 h\rs ( ! day & night4 ,y see !m pass+ ea* o!r 9 ! %afts1 9 a k9d ( zig-zag c\rse1 ( z great regul>ity z any zig-zag w p]mit4 ,z "o m9] /eps (f ! rod plat=m to "o fix$ plat=m1 ano!r /eps on to x f ano!r fix$ plat=m on ! o!r side4 ,?us !re are two /reams ( m9]s mov+ 9 opposite directions along ! same rod at ! same "t1 & ?is curi\s spectacle is r5d]$ d\bly pleas+ :5 we consid] h[ mu* di/ress+ toil has be5 alleviat$ by ! employm5t ( ! man-eng9e4 ,ma*9]y con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple has be5 latt]ly adopt$ 9 ! m9es ( ,anz91 = transport+ ! coal /ep by /ep to ! surface2 & x is evid5t t :5 coal m9es are work$ at great] dep?s ?an at pres5t1 ropes1 h[ev] /rong1 w no long] be able to su/a9 ev5 _! own weight1 & ! :ole transport up & d[n a %aft ( p]haps #c1jjj or #c1ejj feet mu/ be p]=m$ by means ( simil> ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,timb]+ ,,( ,a ,,m9e4 ,:]ev] ! excavat$ rock is n h>d or solid en\gh to be> ! sup]9cumb5t weight1 ! gall]ies ( a m9e mu/ necess>ily be support$ by timb]+ or wall+4 ,timb]+ is mo/ us$1 frequ5tly 9 ! =m repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ woodcut2 & :5 we consid] h[ miles ^u miles ( gall]ies are ?us support$1 we c easily imag9e t :ole =e/s mu/ be engulf$ 9 our m9es4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t = ! total quantity ( timb] 9 use = m9+ purposes 9 ,cornwall1 x w\ld require no less ?an #adj squ>e miles ( =e/ ( ,norwegian p9e1 av]ag+ a gr[? ( #abj ye>s4 ,! exp5se ?us incurr$ is enorm\s2 ! co/ = timb]1 duty free1 9 ,corni% & ,devon m9es1 am\nt$ 9 #ahcf to #id1achl4 & is probably /ill l>g] at ! pres5t "t4 ,= timb]+1 no tree is m e/eem$ ?an ! l>* or ! ,norwegian p9e1 on acc\nt ( its great durability 9 ! wet2 b :atev] wood may be employ$1 x is necess>y to peel (f ! b>k1 exp]i5ce hav+ %[n t unless ?is is done ! wood rots mu* m easily1 z ! fibres ( ! r9d attract a f> great] quantity ( moi/ure ?an ! smoo? surface ( ! spl9t4 ,l ! potato & ! grape1 subt]ranean timb]+ is expos$ to ! attacks ( a fungus1 produc+ :at is call$ dry-rot4 ,! p>asite g]m9ates 9 ! sap :i* rema9s 9 ! wood1 or at lea/ d]ives its n\ri%m5t f x4 ,its vegetation is at fir/ sc>cely p]ceptible2 b soon its :ite fibres multiply1 & =m at l5g? small sponges on ! surface4 ,! decomposition ( ! wood n[ advances ) rapid /rides1 & t]m9ates at la/ 9 ! total de/ruction ( ! ligne\s fibres4 ,n satisfi$ ) depriv+ ! ro( ( its support1 ! dry- rot likewise produces a vitiation ( ! air1 s t :]ev] timb]+ is employ$1 x is reckon$ among ! great enemies ( ! m9e & ( ! m9]4 ,_m rem$ies h be5 recomm5d$1 among :i* kyaniz+1 or saturat+ ! wood ) a solution ( corrosive sublimate1 is "o ( ! mo/ efficaci\s1 ?\gh un=tunately too exp5sive to be ( univ]sal use4 ,mu%rooms ( v>i\s k9ds likewise fl\ri% ^u ! moi/ surface ( ! sp>s1 & v>i\s insects collect ne> ?is p>asitic vegetation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,transv]se ,,sections ,,( ,,wall$ ,,dra9 ,,gall]ies4 ,! timb]+ ( a m9e also af=ds v conv5i5t lurk+-places to ! num]\s rats :i* are met ) und]gr\nd1 :]e !y contrive to live ^u ! crumbs or (fal ( ! m9]s' meals1 or ^u c&le-ends & rema9s ( wicks4 ,n seldom ! timb]+ ( a gall]y1 weak5$ by rot1 gives way "u ! pressure ( ! ro(1 :i* falls 9 ) a trem5d\s cra%1 & sometimes buries ! un=tunate m9] "u its ru9s4 ,ano!r disadvantage att5d+ timb]+ is its liability to cat* fire1 & ?us1 :]ev] ! co/ is n f\nd too great1 ! *ief gall]ies ( a m9e are n[ usually con/ruct$ ( /one4 ,sometimes ! two sides ( a gall]y are l9$ ) v]tical walls1 & its ro( is support$ by an ogival vault or an ar*4 ,if ! sides ( ! m9e are solid1 a simple ar* is suffici5t to su/a9 ! ro(2 & at o!r times ! :ole surface ( a gall]y is =m$ ( a s+le elliptic vault1 ! great axis ( :i* is v]tical1 & ! bottom is surm\nt$ by a wood5 plank1 "u :i* ! wat]s run (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dra9age ,,( ,a ,,m9e ,,by ,,adit ,,levels4 a4 ,%aft4 b4 ,%all[ adit4 c4 ,deep adit4 d4 ,m9]al lode4 ,! m9] is g5]ally 9 a /ate ( p]petual w>f>e ) ! wat]1 :i* ?reat5s to inundate ! sc5e ( 8 lab\rs2 & z 9 a leaky %ip ! pumps mu/ be kept cont9ually work+ to prev5t ! vessel f s9k+1 s "h also p]petual ef=ts are necess>y to keep (f ! encroa*m5ts ( ?is nev]-tir+ foe4 ,:5 a m9e is situat$ above ! level ( a valley or ( ! neighb\r+ sea1 its dra9age may be effect$ 9 a comp>atively easy mann] by means ( slop+ gall]ies1 dry-levels or adits1 :i* 9 _m cases s]ve also = ! transport ( ! ore or coal4 ,9 "s m9es ^! dra9age levels are execut$ on a truly gigantic scale4 ,?us ! ,great ,corni% ,adit1 :i* ext5ds ?r\gh ! l>ge m9+ di/rict ( ,gw5nap1 beg9s 9 ! valley above ,c>non1 & receives ! bran* adits ( fifty m9es 9 ! p>i% ( ,gw5nap1 =m+ excavations & ramifications :i* h an aggregate ext5t ( betwe5 ?irty & =ty miles1 & :i* are 9 "s places #djj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! longe/ bran* is f ,c>drew m9e1 & is five & a half miles 9 l5g?4 ,?is great adit op5s into ! sea at ,re/ronget ,creek1 & empties its wat]s into ,falm\? ,h>b\r4 ,a simil> great dra9 is ,n5t ,=ce ,level1 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 :i* dra9s ! num]\s m9es 9 ,al/on ,moor4 ,x consi/s ( a /up5d\s aqu$uct n9e feet broad1 & 9 "s places f sixte5 to tw5ty feet high4 ,= m ?an ?ree miles x passes "u ! c\rse ( ! riv] ,n5t1 to ,n5tsbury eng9e-%aft1 & is navigat$ und]gr\nd by long n>r[ boats4 ,at ! di/ance ( a mile 9 ! int]ior1 daylight is se5 at its m\? l a />1 & ?is /> is cont9ually enl>g+ ^u y until y f9d y\rself 9 op5 daylight4 ,! ramifications ( ! ,great ,adit ,levels ( ! m9es ( ,freib]g 9 ,saxony h a total l5g? ( sev5ty-two miles2 b ! mo/ /up5d\s works ( ?is description are ^? 9 ! di/rict ( ,clau/hal & ,zell]feld1 9 ! ,h>tz1 :]e1 z ! m9+ op]ations h be5 c>ri$ on deep] & deep]1 adits h be5 successively driv5 bel[ adits4 ,f\r ( ^! levels date f times previ\s to ! sev5te5? c5tury2 b1 z !y 7 f\nd insuffici5t1 ! fam\s ,georg ,/oll5 0 add$ to _! numb] 9 #aggg4 ,?is gigantic tunnel1 :i*1 pi]c+ ! h>d rock1 requir$ tw5ty-?ree ye>s = its completion1 is above five miles long1 & passes #ijj feet bel[ ! *ur* ( ,clau/hal4 ,x s]ves ! d\ble purpose ( a dra9+ gall]y & ( a navigable canal4 ,! wat] is always kept at a height ( f fifty to sixty in*es2 & ! boats1 :i* c>ry ab\t five tons1 are propell$ by means ( a *a9 atta*$ to ! vault1 along :i* ! boatm5 drag or pu% !m =w>d4 ,9 ?is economical mann] ab\t #bj1jjj tons ( ore are annually br\ght to daylight4 ,! boats are made & repair$ 9 a subt]ranean :>f1 :i*1 ?\gh f> f be+ "o ( ! l>ge/1 may probably boa/ ( be+ ! deepe/4 ,until #ahea ! ,georg ,/oll5 answ]$ all ! purposes = :i* x 0 con/ruct$1 b at ! end ( t p]iod ! increas$ dep? & ext5sion ( ! m9es r5d]$ necess>y ! addition ( a new great adit level1 :i* has be5 nam$ ! #8,ern/ ,augu/ ,/oll51' 9 hon\r ( ! late k+ ( ,hanov]4 ,9 spite ( its va/ dim5sions1 ?is magnific5t "w1 :i* is six & ?ree-qu>t] miles long1 ab\t t5 feet high1 & six & a half broad1 requir$ only ?irte5 ye>s = its completion1 & may ju/ly be consid]$ z "o ( ! triumphs ( mod]n eng9e]+4 ,! excavation 0 begun simultane\sly at t5 diff]5t po9ts1 & su* 0 ! admirable precision ( ! plans t all ! junctions ( ! diff]5t sections ( ! gall]y fitt$ accurately into ea* o!r4 ,bel[ ! ,ern/ ,augu/ ,gall]y 7#dcg y>ds71 ! =m ( ! c\ntry all[s no deep] adit level to be driv52 b to provide = ! increas+ v]tical ext5sion ( ! work+s1 a new und]gr\nd gall]y1 )\t any op5+ to ! surface1 & at a dep? ( #bfb y>ds bel[ ! =m]1 is already 9 contemplation4 ,! wat] is to be rais$ to ! ,ern/ ,augu/ ,level by a special hydraulic ma*9e plac$ 9 a v]tical %aft1 :i* w s]ve at ! same "t = rais+ ! ore & = ! passage ( ! m9]s4 ,! exp5se is calculat$ at ab\t #fj1jjjl4 b w be amply repaid by ! new field ( m9]al weal? :i* x w op54 ,?us 9 ! ,h>tz "o magnific5t "w is b ! precursor ( ano!r4 ,:5 a m9e is s situat$ t dra9age gall]ies _c be e/abli%$1 eng9es mu/ be employ$ = pump+ up ! wat]s4 ,?us1 9 ,cornwall1 :]e mo/ ( ! copp] m9es op5 almo/ at ! sea level1 an enorm\s influx ( wat] c be kept 9 *eck only by an equally enorm\s /eam-p[]4 ,9 ! ,unit$ & ,consolidat$ ,m9es betwe5 ,truro & ,r$ru?1 sev5 /eam-pumps1 work+ ) ! unit$ /r5g? ( #b1jjj horses1 are kept con/antly 9 motion1 & raise above #b1ejj1jjj gallons ( wat] 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 #ahcg ! :ole quantity ( wat] pump$ out ( ! e>? by sixty ,corni% eng9es atta9$ ! amaz+ aggregate ( close ^u ?irty- sev5 millions ( tons2 b s9ce !n m9+ has be5 c>ri$ on m ext5sively & deep]1 & consequ5tly additional /eam-p[] has become necess>y to keep pace ) ! increas+ wat]s4 #8,ev5 to ! eye ( an obs]v] :o is practis$ 9 ma*9]y#ch ( great magnitude1 ! fir/ sight & ! subsequ5t exam9ation ( su* eng9es is v gratify+4 ,to wat* ! lab\r ( a giant w\ld be int]e/+2 b to see ! giant n only lab\r+ at ease amid/ 8 enorm\s "w b at ! same "t at ! comm& ( a *ild1 :o %\ld be able to /op him at any mom5t--?is w\ld be d\bly int]e/+4 ,su* is ! case ) ! great ,corni% eng9es1 = ev5 ! l>ge/ ( !m may be /opp$ by a *ild ( t5 or twelve ye>s ( age4 ,ano!r peculi> feature1 too1 ( ^! eng9es is ?is1 t !y "w ) a quietness--or abs5ce ( cla% & clatt]--:i* is 9 ! inv]se ratio ( _! magnitude4 ,! wat] makes a great ru% 9 ! pumps1 b ! eng9e itself is calm & comp>atively noiseless--l a great m\nta9 repos+ 9 calm greatness :ile a p]petual spr+ brawls at its feet4' ,footnote #ch3 #8,cornwall1 its ,m9es & ,m9]s4' ,9 ! coal-fields ( ! ,nor? equally gigantic ef=ts mu/ be made to keep d[n ! wat]4 ,9 s9k+ to ! coal at ,dalton-le-,dale1 eight or n9e miles f ,durham1 ! bor]s p5etrat$ ! va/ b$ ( s& b5ea? ! magnesian lime/one1 :i* appe>s to conta9 ! *ief subt]ranean wat]-/ores ( ! di/rict4 ,9 ?is case _! outbur/ 0 truly t]rific1 am\nt+1 on ,june #a1 #ahdj1 to ! enorm\s quantity ( #c1bhe gallons e m9ute4 ,to oppose ?is =midable enemy ! spirit$ proprietors ( ! m9e at once proce$$ to erect ! necess>y /eam-p[] = pump+ (f #c1jjj or #d1jjj gallons a m9ute2 b1 ! wat]s /ill increas+1 x became necess>y to meet !m ) a d\ble & treble =ce1 s t f9ally ! floods _h to be kept d[n by /eam eng9es ( an aggregate p[] equival5t to #a1ehd horses & sett+ tw5ty- sev5 sets ( pumps 9 motion4 ,sometimes ! influx ( wat] into a coal m9e is s enorm\s t no human contrivance c oppose x1 & man is oblig$ to give up ! conflict 9 despair4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! attempt$ w9n+ ( a pit at ,haswell 9 ! c\nty ( ,durham1 ! eng9e p[] erect$ pump$ out ! wat] to ! am\nt ( #bf1gjj tons p] day2 b /ill ! floods came 91 & at la/ won ! victory4 ,f ! same cause _m colli]ies h be5 clos$1 ( late ye>s1 on ! banks ( ! ,tyne1 & among ^! ! fam\s ,walls5d ,colli]y1 :i* has giv5 its "n to ! be/ k9ds ( coal4 ,! dr[n+ ( a coal m9e n seldom occurs f ! irruption ( wat] accumulat$ 9 old wa/es or anci5t work+s occupy+ a high] level 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! gr[+ pressure ( su* a body ( wat] ^u ! b$s or b>ri]s bel[ becomes enorm\s2 & !n ! wat]1 te/+ e weak po9t ( ! body oppos$ to its escape1 at l5g? unexpect$ly ru%es into ! space :i* x f9ds op5 be=e x4 ,all ! works bel[ are completely fill$1 & ! m9es are = a "t r5d]$ useless1 or1 x may be1 = ev] ab&on$4 ,?is 0 ! cause1 9 #ahae1 ( ! celebrat$ accid5t at ,heaton1 ne> ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 9 :i* n9ety lives 7 lo/4 ,! wat] fl[$ f two adjo9+ old colli]ies :i* _h be5 ab&on$ sev5ty ye>s be=e4 ,a b>ri] ( six feet )/ood a pressure ( ?irty fa?oms ( wat]4 ,b an irruption 0 aid$ at la/ by a natural fissure ( ! rock1 & ! cata/rophe foll[$ be=e any adequate protection c\ld be int]pos$4 ,ab\t ?irty ye>s lat] a trem5d\s calamity ( ! l k9d1 aft] an outlay ( #ajj1jjjl41 totally ru9$ ! ,baghilt coal m9es1 9 ,wales4 ,! wat] came f adjo9+ m9es1 :i* _h be5 long ab&on$4 ,if correct plans & descriptions ( all ! anci5t work+s _h be5 pres]v$1 ^! accid5ts1 :i* happ5 frequ5tly1 might easily be prev5t$1 z an exact k ( ! localities w\ld enable ! own]s to leave suffici5tly /rong b>ri]s 9 p>ts :]e !y are n[ (t5 mo/ inadequate4 ,su* is ! importance ( accurate m9+ records t ?\s&s ( p\nds w\ld be freely giv5 at ?is mom5t by _m own]s = a k ( old works ( :i* no plan exi/s & :i* no memory c n[ recall4 ,=tunately1 ! legislature has n[ tak5 /eps to introduce a sy/em ( regi/ration su* z has already exi/$ long ago 9 ,prussia1 ,au/ria1 & ,belgium1 & :i*1 at lea/1 w answ] ! purpose ( obta9+ great] security = ! future4 ,sometimes an enorm\s fall ( ra91 desc5d+ on ! neighb\r+ c\ntry1 f9ds its way into ! m9es ?r\gh fissures 9 ! gr\nd or by break+ ?r\gh gall]ies1 & causes irrep>able mis*ief2 sometimes ev5 a :ole riv] bur/s into ! works & ru9s !m = ev]4 ,?us1 9 #ahef1 ! ,s\? ,tam> ,consols1 9 ,devon%ire1 0 flood$ by ! giv+ way ( ! b$ ( ! ,tam>1 "u :i* ! work+s 7 c>ri$4 ,ev5 ! ,sea has be5 kn[n to take fatal v5geance = ! und]m9+ ( h] doma94 ,work+ton ,colli]y ext5d$ to ! di/ance ( #a1ejj y>ds "u ! ,iri% ,*annel1 & ! work+s1 be+ driv5 consid]ably to ! rise1 7 br\ght at l5g? )9 fifte5 fa?oms ( ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! pill>s ( coal :i* support$ ! ov]ly+ /rata 7 h>dly /rong en\gh to support ! ro(1 b ! imprud5ce ( a manag] eag] to produce a l>g] quantity ( coal weak5$ ev5 ?is insuffici5t support by work+ x p>tly away4 ,heavy falls ( ! ro(1 accompani$ by dis*>ges ( salt wat]1 gave repeat$ w>n+s ( ! imp5d+ cata/rophe1 :i* took place on ,july #cj1 #ahcg4 ,s viol5t 0 ! irruption t _m p]sons at a di/ance ( hundr$s ( y>ds obs]v$ ! :irlpool commotion ( ! sea z x ru%$ into ! gulf b5ea?4 ,"s few workm5 ne> ! %aft _h "t to escape1 b ?irty-six m5 & boys & z _m horses 7 de/roy$ by ! wat]s1 :i* 9 a few h\rs entirely fill$ ! excavations1 ! ext5sion ( :i* _h task$ ! lab\r ( ye>s4 ,! h]oic devotion ( a m9] has inve/$ ) a m ?an ord9>y int]e/ ! inundation ( ! m9e ( ,beaujonc1 ne> ,lige1 :i* took place on ,febru>y #bh1 #ahab4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 p]sons 7 9 ! pit :5 ! wat]s bur/ 9 f "s old work+s4 ,?irty-five _h "t to make _! escape ?r\gh ! %aft2 tw5ty-two 7 dr[n$ 9 _! eag]ness to rea* x2 ! majority1 sev]$ f ! upp] _w by an impassable gulf1 rema9$ beh9d4 ,hub]t ,g(f91 ! ov]man1 c\ld h asc5d$ 9 ! tub2 b1 ?\gh ! fa!r ( six *ildr51 8 s5se ( duty w\ld n all[ him to des]t 8 po/1 & he resolv$ to save all 8 m5 or to p]i% ) !m4 ,z ! ris+ wat]s =c$ ! prison]s to seek a high] level1 ! boys bur/ out weep+ & ! bolde/ began to despair2 b ,g(f9 reviv$ _! c\rage by rem9d+ !m t _! fri5ds )\t w\ld make e ef=t to save !m4 ,z "o day aft] ano!r pass$1 ! prison]s suff]$ all ! horrors ( hung]1 :i* "s ( !m endeav\r$ to appease by dev\r+ ! c&les !y _h br\ght ) !m4 ,o!rs w5t to ! wat] 9 ! hopes ( f9d+ ! body ( "s dr[n$ comrade4 ,two ( ! pitm5 qu>rell$1 & 7 on ! po9t ( com+ to bl[s4 #8,let !m fight1' said ! o!rs2 #8if "o ( !m is kill$ we w eat him'--a decl>ation :i* at once put an end to ! dispute4 ,to satisfy _! ?ir/ !y _h no?+ b ! f\l wat] ( ! pit4 ,"s made v[s to all ! sa9ts1 o!rs compla9$ 9 _! delirium t !y _h to wait = _! meals4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! sc5es ( horror1 ,g(f9 alone reta9$ 8 c\rage1 &1 exhort+1 consol+1 enc\rag+1 & reprov+ on all sides1 appe>$ z ! gu>dian angel ( 8 despair+ comrades4 ,mean:ile e ef=t 0 be+ made f )\t to br+ !m succ\r4 ,al?\gh z soon z ! accid5t took place ! pumps 7 incessantly at "w1 ! wat] _h ris5 to a height ( #ad metres 9 ! %aft on ! foll[+ morn+1 & z x 0 /ill ris+ !re 0 reason to fe> t ! captives1 block$ up 9 a con/antly n>r[+ space1 w\ld soon be suffocat$4 ,x 0 resolv$ to /rike a gall]y f ! neighb\r+ pit ( ,mam\/] to ,beaujonc1 a di/ance ( #age metres4 ,un=tunately1 only two m5 c\ld hew at a "t1 b su* 0 ! ard\r ) :i* ! "w 0 prosecut$ t on ! morn+ ( ,m>* #d a %\t ( triumph ann\nc$ t ! long$-= communication 0 effect$1 & t ! prison]s 7 alive4 ,crawl+ ?r\gh ! n>r[ passage1 !y 7 wrapp$ up 9 wooll5 blankets & /r5g!n$ ) s\p & w9e be=e be+ hoi/$ to ! surface4 ,g(f9 & 8 son1 a lad ( twelve1 7 ! la/ to leave ! pit2 z a brave sea capta91 aft] "s great cata/rophe1 nev] ?9ks ( 8 own safety till he has satisfi$ himself ( t ( 8 m54 ,) ! exception ( ^? :o 7 dr[n$ imm$iately aft] ! accid5t took place1 all 7 sav$4 ,! joy ( "s families1 ! despair ( o!rs1 may be imag9$ :5 ! f9al c\nt 0 made4 ,z a rew>d = ,g(f9's admirable conduct1 he 0 decorat$ ) ! cross ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r & receiv$ a p5sion ( #fjj francs4 ,n9e ye>s lat] he 0 kill$ by an explosion ( fire-damp1 & ?us ! ho/ile elem5ts ) :i* he _h s long wag$ a successful w> triumph$ ov] him at la/4 ,! sudd5 irruption ( an imm5se body ( wat] into a m9e naturally causes a compression ( ! air 9 ^? gall]ies :i* are cut (f f all communication ) ! %aft4 ,?is pressure1 :i* may rise to ?ree or f\r atmosph]es--or1 9 o!r words1 may be ?ree or f\r times great] ?an t ( ! ext]nal air--n only produces symptoms ( suffocation & c]ebral conge/ion 9 ! un=tunate m9]s :o are expos$ to x1 b1 =c+ its way ?r\gh fissures 9 ! ro( or viol5tly ruptur+ x1 sometimes produces ! effect ( an explosion ( gunp[d]1 ?r[+ ! e>? to a di/ance1 & ev5 ov]turn+ h\ses4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! accid5ts ( ?is k9d on record occurr$ 9 #ahcc1 9 an ext5sive ,scot* colli]y1 into :i* ! wat]s ( ! riv] ,g>nock _h brok5 ?r\gh a cavity 9 its b$4 ,z ! /ream p\r$ into ! m9e ! op5+ gradually enl>g$1 until at l5g? ! :ole body ( ! riv] plung$ into ! excavations b5ea?4 ,! riv] 0 affect$ by ! tides1 & ?is engulfm5t took place at l[ wat]2 b z ! tide rose ! sea ent]$ ) prodigi\s =ce1 until ! :ole work+s1 ext5d+ = _m miles1 7 completely fill$4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 _h ?is tak5 place1 ?an ! pressure ( ! wat] 9 ! pits became s great t ! conf9$ air1 :i* _h be5 =c$ back into ! high work+s1 bur/ ?r\gh ! surface ( ! e>? 9 a ?\s& places1 & _m acres ( gr\nd 7 se5 to bubble up l ! boil+ ( a cauldron4 ,great quantities ( s& & wat] 7 also ?r[n up1 l %[]s ( ra91 dur+ a p]iod ( five h\rs1 & an ext5sive tract ( l& 0 laid wa/e4 ,besides ! dang] ( be+ cru%$ to dea? by a fall ( rock1 or immur$ 9 a liv+ tomb by an ob/ruction ( ! %aft or an irruption ( wat]1 ! m9] has ano!r1 & (t5 /ill m =midable1 enemy to enc\nt] 9 ! noxi\s gases frequ5tly evolv$ 9 coal-pits4 ,?us 9 all well-regulat$ m9es ! greate/ att5tion is paid to v5tilation1 s t no "p ( ! work+s may be left )\t a prop] supply ( air4 ,9 ord9>y cases ! natural curr5ts1 :i* set 9 diff]5t directions ?r\gh ! %afts & gall]ies1 may suffici5tly purify ! atmosph]e2 b 9 ! coal m9es :i* are peculi>ly subject to ! evolution ( f\l gases1 artificial or me*anical means mu/ be resort$ to = driv+ away ! hurtful vap\rs z quickly z !y =m4 ,to e/abli% a prop] air curr5t1 ! usual me?od is to keep a l>ge fire cont9ually burn+ at ! bottom ( "o ( ! two %afts ( ! pit1 or ( "o ( ! two comp>tm5ts ( ! s+le %aft1 & ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature ?us caus$ betwe5 ! column ( air ( ! upca/ %aft & ! d[nca/ becomes ! motive p[] :i* impels or drags ! air curr5t 9 ob$i5ce to x4#ci ,yet ?is meets b half ! difficulty2 = ! air curr5t1 :i* naturally t5ds to ! %orte/ passage1 mu/ be =c$ to d its duty 9 e corn] ( ! pit1 & n suff]$ to escape ?r\gh ! upca/ %aft be=e x has p]=m$ ! longe/ circuit4 ,= ?is purpose a great numb] ( me*anical contrivances are adopt$1 9 ! %ape ( #8/opp+s1' ( brick1 or wood1 or /one1 all s plac$ z to div]t ,footnote #ci3 ,mr4 ,samuel ,plimsoll 7#8,lett]s on ! ,iron ,trade1' ,times1 ,febru>y #aj1 #ahfh7 in=ms u t 9 ! ,belgian coal m9es ! v5tilation is c>ri$ on 9 a m economical & effective mann]4 ,"h no furnaces are light$ at ! bottom ( ! upca/1 because "o-tw5tie? ( ! coal requir$ = a furnace w make /eam = an eng9e to "w fans :i* act some:at 9 ! mann] ( huge paddle-:eels 9 /eam- %ips1 & by rapid rotation ov] ! %aft produce a draught :i* ! incom+ air ru%es to meet1 & ?us p[]fully promote v5tilation4 ,^! fans !y c "w & control1 & are !re=e indep5d5t ( ^? atmosph]ic influ5ces to :i* "s ( our greate/ calamities h be5 ascrib$--! damp1 heavy atmosph]e ( e>ly w9t]4 ,9 ! great colli]y ( ,sacre ,madame1 ne> ,*>l]oi1 "o ( ^! fans w draw #cd1jjj cubic metres 7ab\t #iah1jjj cubic feet7 p] m9ute4 & drive ! air curr5t into ! sev]al gall]ies ( ! pit1 & to make x p]=m e k9d ( complex movem5t1 f turn+ back ^u its own "r or left to turn+ ov] 9 a som]sault ^u itself4 ,! mo/ curi\s & admirably simple contrivance is t ( splitt+ ! air by means ( a wood5 erection1 :i* meets & cuts ! curr5t 9 two1 & s5ds "o "p on ! "o h& & ano!r on ! o!r h&4 ,9 fact1 :at is commonly practis$ 9 m9utely irrigat+ a mead[ is also effect$ 9 ?or\ghly air+ a m9e4 ,we may =m "s idea ( ! und]gr\nd travels :i* ! air is ?us oblig$ to p]=m1 by be+ =c$ along f split to split1 :5 we he> t at ,hetton ,colli]y ! v5tilat+ curr5t 9 ! total equals no less ?an #aif1jjj cubic feet ( air p] m9ute circulat+ ?r\gh ! m9e at a velocity ( #ah feet #c in*es p] second4 ,! f\l gases or damps evolv$ 9 m9es are ei!r heavy or light4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ! =m] is ! *oke-damp1 or black-damp1 ! "n giv5 by ! m9]s to c>bonic acid gas4 ,f its great specific gravity 7#aebg71 ?is gas re/s on ! floor ( ! m9e & gradually accumulates1 hav+ no t5d5cy to escape beyond a sl[ mixture :i* takes place ) atmosph]ic air2 :ile ! light fire-damp1 or c>burett$ hydrog51 :i*1 ?\gh n imm$iately fatal :5 brea!d1 explodes on ! slighte/ contact ) flame1 t5ds to rise to ! surface4 ,! quantity ( fire-damp :i* is p\r$ out into ! work+s ( "s m9es is v consid]able1 & con/antly v>y+4 ,"s seams ( coal are mu* m full ( x ?an o!rs1 & 9 work+ ^!1 :i* are te*nically call$ fi]y seams1 x is n uncommon = a jet ( inflammable air to issue out at e hole made = ! reception ( ! gunp[d] be=e bla/+4 ,9 ! celebrat$ ,walls5d ,colli]y1 9 an attempt made to "w ! ,b5%am ,seam 7an attempt :i* end$ 9 a fe>ful accid5t71 ,mr4 ,buddle said1 9 evid5ce be=e a committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons3--#8,i simply drill$ a hole into ! solid coal1 /uck a t9 pipe into ! ap]ture1 surr\nd$ x ) clay1 & light$ x4 ,i _h imm$iately a gas light4 ,! quantity evolv$ f ! coal 0 su* t 9 e "o ( ^? places ,i _h no?+ to d b to apply a c&le1 & !n c\ld set a ?\s& pipes on fire4 ,! :ole face ( ! work+ 0 a gas-pipe f e pore ( coal4' ,! =ce ) :i* ! gas escapes on "s occasions f clefts or jo9ts is s great z to prove mu* previ\s compression4 ,^! sudd5 outbur/s are locally t]m$ bl[]s4 ,_! issues & effects are surpris+4 ,9 "o m9ute !y h be5 kn[n to f\l ! air to a di/ance ( #cjj y>ds1 & _! noise is describ$ z l t ( ru%+ wat]s1 or ! ro> ( a bla/ furnace4 ,!y are n m]ely dang]\s f _! inflammable vap\rs1 b also f ! pieces ( coal :i* _! t5sion n seldom =ces f ! ro(1 & ^: fall maims or kills ! un=tunate workm5 b5ea?4 ,! fire-damp is v liable to accumulate 9 old work+s1 or goaves1 :i* ?us1 unless completely isolat$ by /one & mort>1 become a highly dang]\s neighb\rhood to ! o!r p>ts ( ! m9e4 ,! imm5se quantity ( gas evolv$ f a goaf ( ab\t five acres 9 ,walls5d old pit af=ds a /rik+ example ( ! dang] ( all su* accumulations4 ,a f\r-in* metallic pipe 0 conduct$ f ! bottom ( ! pit to ! surface ( ! gr\nd & a few feet above x1 :51 a light be+ appli$1 a hiss+ /ream] ( flame fla%$ =? & burn$ night & day4 ,! am\nt ( gas ?us drawn (f f ! m9e 0 at fir/ comput$ at ab\t #ae1jjj hog%eads 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,long did ! little pipe cont9ue to p\r out 9 /ream+ flame ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( hog%eads ( escap+ fire-damp4 ,! total issue might h illum9at$ a little t[n4 ,! explosion ( inflammable gas is ! mo/ fe>ful enemy ! colli] has to enc\nt]4 ,?ree or f\r cubic in*es ( c>burett$ hydrog51 :5 ignit$1 produce a detonation l t ( a pi/ol-%ot2 half a cubic foot1 enclos$ 9 a bottle & set fire to1 %iv]s ! bottle into fragm5ts2 h5ce we may judge h[ t]rific ! effects mu/ be :5 a bl[] p\rs =? its ?\s&s ( cubic feet into ! gall]ies ( a m9e1 & ! c>eless approa* ( a light lets loose ! demons ( de/ruction4 ,! explosion ( a l>ge subt]ranean p[d] magaz9e w\ld n be m t]rific4 ,(t5 )\t a mom5t's w>n+ ! un=tunate pitman is scor*$ & %rivell$ to a black5$ mass1 or is lit]ally %att]$ to pieces aga9/ ! rugg$ sides ( ! m9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,safety ,,lamp4 ,x may easily be imag9$ t _m ef=ts h be5 made1 & _m contrivances sugge/$1 to dis>m ! fire-damp ( its t]rors2 b ,sir ,humphry ,davy's safety-lamp 0 ! fir/ inv5tion :i* successfully cop$ ) x4 ,! p[] ( ! safety-lamp lies 9 ! non- communication ( explosions ?r\gh small ap]tures1 & ! discov]y ( ?is natural law1 z well z its practical application1 is "o ( ! greate/ exploits ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,a cyl9d] an in* & a half 9 diamet] & sev5 in*es long1 =m$ ( wire gauze1 ) #ghd ap]tures to ! squ>e in*1 surr\nds ! light ( ! lamp4 ,:5 ! m9]1 arm$ ) ?is app>atus1 ent]s an atmosph]e ta9t$ ) fire-damp1 a light blue flame fills ! cyl9d]2 b1 z if *a9$ by "s magic p[]1 x is unable to transgress its b\nds2 & z 9 our ,zoological ,g>d5s we quietly view ! bea/s ( ! =e/ beh9d _! iron grat+1 s ! m9] looks calmly ^u 8 p[]less foe4 ,un=tunately1 ! neglig5ce or ! ob/9ate & bl9d p]v]sity ( ! m9] too (t5 r5d]s ev5 ?is spl5did inv5tion ineffectual4 ,! safety-lamp requires to be kept 9 p]fect ord]1 & unless c]ta9 precautions are tak5 :ile us+ x1 x loses its protect+ p[]4 ,?us1 al?\gh p]fectly secure :5 at re/1 x seems c]ta9 t ! rapid motion communicat$ by ! sw+ ( ! arm dur+ a hurri$ transit ?r\gh ! m9e has 9 _m cases produc$ an explosion4 ,bl[+ out ! lamp is likewise att5d$ ) dang]1 z ! flame is !n easily driv5 ?r\gh ! gauze1 &1 l a tig] escap+ f 8 d51 may spread t]ror & havoc ar\nd2 b ! *ief cause ( accid5ts consi/s 9 ! small quantity ( light diffus$ by ! safety-lamp1 & ! consequ5t dislike acquir$ by ! m9]s to its use4 ,?\gh 9 all well-regulat$ coal-pits "o or sev]al workm5 are exclusively employ$ 9 keep+ ! lamps 9 ! mo/ p]fect ord]1 ?\gh !y are h&$ to ! m9]s burn+ & well clos$1 & f9es are impos$ ^u any attempt to remove ! gauze1 yet ! be/ regulations _c possibly exclude ! *ance ( accid5t result+ f ! almo/ inconceivable c>elessness ( m5 ^: daily tasks lead !m into imm95t dang]4 ,?us x is a melan*oly b unque/ionable fact t ! numb] ( accid5ts f fire-damp s9ce ! introduction ( ! ,davy lamp has be5 _m m 9 a giv5 numb] ( ye>s ?an be=e t inv5tion4 ,?is has1 no d\bt1 p>tly aris5 f ! l>g] numb] ( p]sons employ$ on ! :ole2 b x is to be fe>$ t x has *iefly happ5$ f dang]\s portions ( a m9e be+ tak5 into "w :i* )\t ! ,davy c\ld n h be5 attempt$1 & p>tly also f ! extreme c>elessness ( ! workm5 9 remov+ ! wire gauze4#dj ,footnote #dj3 ,rec5t improvem5ts h done mu* to r5d] ! ,davy lamp a m p]fect in/rum5t ( safety4 ,^! m or less insure increas$ illum9ation1 prev5tion ( bad usage by lock+1 & m p]fect combu/ion4 ,by an +5i\s contrivance1 "o ( ^! improv$ lamps _c be op5$ )\t previ\s ext+ui%m5t4 ,un=tunately1 ! fatal effects ( ?is ra%ness are n conf9$ to ! foolh>dy m9] :o ?us ca/s away ! %ield t pres]ves him f dang]1 b g5]ally ext5d to _m ( 8 innoc5t comrades4 ,9 ! ye> #ahef an explosion :i* took place 9 ! ,cymm] coal-pit kill$ #aaj p]sons1 & 9 ! ye> #aheg #agj workm5 9 ! ,lund%ill colli]y 7 swept f life to dea? ) ! rapidity ( lightn+4 ,9 ! ye> #aheh ! fire-damp levi$ a contribution ( #bae victims 9 ! coal-pits ( ,engl&1 :ile 9 #ahei x 0 satisfi$ ) #ie4 ,b 9 #ahfj1 z if to make up = ?is defici5cy1 x rag$ ) d\ble viol5ce2 =1 aft] hav+ already claim$ a tribute ( #hj lives1 ! dreadful explosion :i* took place 9 ! ,risca ,colli]y on ,decemb] #a de/roy$ no less ?an #adb m5 & boys4 ,! fire-damp explosion :i* occurr$ at ! ,oaks ,colli]y 9 #ahff swept away ! unprec$5t$ numb] ( #cfa victims1 & 9 ! same ye> #ia workm5 p]i%$ f ! same cause at ,talk-o'-?'-,hill ,colli]y4 ,9 ^! dreadful cata/rophes ! mo/ t]rible ag5t ( de/ruction is n always ! burn+ & concussion ( ! actual bla/ ( fire-damp1 b ! *oke-damp :i* succe$s ! explosion4 ,= ! c>bon ( ! inflammable gas1 unit+ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 produces t deadly poison1 c>bonic acid gas1 :i*1 f ! di/urb$ v5tilation ( ! pit1 soon spreads f> & wide ?r\gh ! gall]ies2 s t ! poor colli]s :o are caught 9 an explod$ pit h two *ances ( dea? aga9/ !m--"o f burn+1 & ! o!r f suffocation4 ,! effect ( dea? by ! "o gas or ! o!r is v di/9ctly se5 9 ! c\nt5ances ( ! dead4 ,! m5 kill$ by ! fire-damp are m>k$ ) burns & scor*+1 & _! features are m or less di/ort$ or disfigur$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e m5 h be5 suffocat$ by *oke-damp1 _! features are placid & simply inanimate4 ,! fragile & faulty sep>ations 7:e!r doors or /opp+s ( any k9d7 hav+ be5 brok5 d[n1 !re is an end to a hope ( safe retreat ev5 = m5 totally unh>m$ by ! flames1 = at once ! air takes ! %orte/ c\rse betwe5 ! entrance & exit1 & leaves ! %att]$ p>ts unv5tilat$4 ,:atev] aft]-damp is !n & !re g5]at$ ex]ts its effects 9 full1 & ^? :o _c ru% to ! %aft are suffocat$4 ,9 ! explosion at ,risca x 0 decl>$ by ! surgeon to ! pit t ( ^? :o 7 kill$ no less ?an sev5ty p]sons di$ f ! effects ( aft]-damp :o _h n be5 ne> ! fire4 ,9 ! great ,haswell explosion1 sev]al ye>s s9ce1 sev5ty-"o dea?s out ( n9ety-five 7 occasion$ by *oke-damp2 & at ! explosion 9 ! ,middle ,dyffryn ,pit 9 #aheb no less ?an sev5-eigh?s ( ! dea?s proce$$ f ?is cause4 ,p]sons ( great exp]i5ce attribute at lea/ sev5ty p] c5t4 ( ! dea?s 9 fi]y m9es to aft]-damp1 :ile "s advance !m ev5 to n9ety p] c5t4 ,aft] relat+ s _m frightful disa/]s1 too frequ5tly caus$ by imprud5ce & ra%ness1 x is a m pleas+ task to m5tion a few in/ances ( w>n+s tak5 9 "t4 ,at ,walk] ,colli]y on ! ,tyne1 9 ! ye> #ahdf1 a huge mass ( coal weigh+ ab\t elev5 tons 0 =c$ f its b$1 & a great dis*>ge ( gas succe$$4 ,two m5 :o 7 furni%$ ) ,davy lamps 7 work+ :]e ?is dis*>ge took place2 "o ( !m _h 8 lamp cov]$ ) ! fall+ coal1 & ! o!r _h 8 ext+ui%$4 ,!y grop$ _! way to w>n ! o!r m9]s1 & !n all1 ext+ui%+ _! lamps z !y w5t1 safely escap$ to ! bottom ( ! %aft1 & 7 drawn up4 ,a few mon?s aft] a second dis*>ge f ano!r "p ( ! same colli]y took place4 ,a bore-hole hav+ be5 made1 a viol5t noise l ! bl[+ (f ( /eam 0 he>d1 & a heavy dis*>ge ( gas fill$ ! air c\rses = a di/ance ( #fda y>ds & ov] an area ( #hf1cjf cubic feet4 ,at #djj y>ds f ! po9t ( efflux a m9+ (fic] met ! f\l air1 felt x bl[+ aga9/ him1 saw ! safety-lamp 9 8 h& enl>ge its flame1 & drew d[n ! wick4 ,/ill ! gas cont9u$ to burn 9 8 lamp = t5 m9utes1 mak+ ! wires r$ hot1 & !n ! light w5t out--a h9t n lo/ on ! own]1 :o quickly foll[$ its example4 ,at a di/ance ( #fda y>ds f ! efflux ( ! gas he met f\r m5 & boys ^: lamps 7 rapidly r$d5+4 ,at once !y _h ! self-possession to imm]se !m 9 wat]1 & ?us escap$ all dang] ( explosion4 ,! disa/r\s effects ( ! fire-damp are n conf9$ to ! loss ( human life2 !y are also extremely injuri\s to ! work+s1 te>+ up gall]ies1 %att]+ ma*9]y1 or ev5 sett+ fire to ! m9e--an accid5t :i* may also be caus$ by spontane\s combu/ion#da or by ! neglig5ce ( ! workm54 ,^! fires are (t5 subdu$ by isolat+ ! burn+ coal seam1 by means ( dams or clay walls1 or by fill+ ! m9e ) wat]2 b n seldom !y la/ = ye>s1 & assume dim5sions :i* mock all human ef=ts to ext+ui% !m4 ,footnote #da3 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t :5 sulphuret ( iron und]goes a *emical *ange into vitriol x dis5gages a suffici5t quantity ( heat to set fire to ! coal ) :i* x is (t5 f\nd mix$4 ,at ,brl1 ne> ,/4 ,eti5ne1 a coal m9e has be5 on fire = ages4 ,! soil on ! surface is b>r5 & calc9$1 & ! d5se sulphur\s fumes1 escap+ f innum]able crevices1 give ! c\ntry a complete volcanic aspect4 ,9 ! c>bonif]\s bas9s ( ,/af=d%ire & ( ,sa>brck & ,silesia !re are likewise coal m9es :i* h be5 on fire = a long p]iod4 ,at ,zwickau 9 ,saxony ! fir/ acc\nts ( "o ( ^! subt]ranean conflagrations date z f> back z ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ! fire /ill burns on4 ,! hot vap\rs :i* rise f ! surface h s9ce #ahcg be5 put to an +5i\s use4 ,conduct$ ?r\gh pipes into cons]vatories1 !y rip5 ! *oice/ fruits ( ! s\?1 & produce a tropical climate "u a nor!rn sky4 ,9 a ,/af=d%ire colli]y :i* _h be5 on fire = _m ye>s1 & :i* 0 call$ by ! inhabitants ,burn+ ,hill1 x 0 notic$ t ! sn[ melt$ on rea*+ ! gr\nd1 & t ! grass 9 ! mead[s 0 always gre54 ,"s speculators conceiv$ ! idea ( e/abli%+ a s*ool ( horticulture on ! spot1 & import$ colonial plants at a heavy exp5se4 ,^! fl\ri%$ = a "t1 b "o day ! subt]ranean fire w5t out1 & z ! heat x _h imp>t$ to ! soil gradually dim9i%$ & dep>t$1 ! exotic vegetation likewise droop$ & di$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,gold4 ,! ,gold5 ,fleece--,gold5 ,/atues 9 anci5t ,temples--,a ,free-?9k+ ,soldi]--,treasures ( anci5t ,mon>*s--,fir/ ,gold ,co9s--,ophir--,spani% ,gold ,m9es--,bohemian ,gold ,m9es--,discov]y ( ,am]ica--,sib]ian ,gold ,m9es--,cali=nia--,m>%all--,ru% to ! ,plac]s--,discov]y ( ,gold 9 ,au/ralia--,! ,*9aman's ,hole--,new ,eldorados--,alluvial ,gold ,deposits 9 ,cali=nia & ,au/ralia--,wa%+--,qu>tz-cru%+4 ,gold is probably ! metal :i* has be5 longe/ kn[n to man4 ,= z x is f\nd only 9 ! metallic /ate1 its weight & brilliancy mo/ naturally h attract$ att5tion or awak5$ gre$ at a v e>ly age4 ,?us we read 9 ! ,bible t "o ( ! riv]s fl[+ f ,p>adise #8compasse? ! :ole l& ( ,havilah1 :]e !re is gold1 & ! gold ( t l& is good4' ,gold is also m5tion$ among ! ri*es ( ,abraham1 & :5 ! patri>*'s s]vant met ,rebekah at ! f\nta9 ( ,nahor1 he pres5t$ ! damsel ) a #8gold5 e>r+ ( half a %ekel weight1 & two bracelets = h] h&s ( t5 %ekels weight ( gold1' und\bt$ly ! fir/ tr9kets on record4 ,! my?ical hi/ory ( ,greece has likewise be5 ?\ght to po9t to a v anci5t k ( gold1 & ! /ory ( ! se>* = ! #8,gold5 ,fleece' has by "s be5 expla9$ z an exp$ition und]tak5 9 que/ ( ! metal2 = ! use ( %eepsk9s or wooll5 cov]+s1 to collect & reta9 ! m9ute/ p>ticles ( gold dur+ ! op]ation ( wa%+1 is common 9 _m aurif]\s c\ntries4 ,f ! great value :i* ! anci5t nations atta*$ to its possession1 gold 0 l>gely us$ = ! decoration ( _! temples1 & _m ( _! idols 7 made ( gold4 ,su*1 among o!rs1 0 ! image ( ,belus1 seat$ on a gold5 ?rone 9 ! great temple ( ,babylon2 t ( ,apollo at ,delphi1 & ! magnific5t /atue ( ! ,olympian ,zeus1 compos$1 by ! h& ( ,phidias1 ( ivory & gold1 & /ill less rem>kable = its co/ly mat]ials ?an = ! consummate beauty ( its workman%ip4 ,pl9y relates t a massive gold5 /atue ( ! goddess ,anaitis 0 tak5 by ,m>c ,antony 9 8 w> aga9/ ! ,p>?ians4 ,! ,emp]or ,augu/us1 d9+ "o day at ,bononia ) an old vet]an :o _h tak5 "p 9 ! campaign1 ask$ him :e!r x 0 true t ! sacrilegi\s soldi] :o _h fir/ laid h&s on ! goddess _h be5 sudd5ly depriv$ ( ! use ( 8 eyes & limbs1 & _h ?us mis]ably p]i%$4 #8,i myself am ! man1' answ]$ ! smil+ ho/2 #8y are d9+ f (f h] ?igh1 & to h] am ,i indebt$ = all ! plate 9 my possession4' ,! weal? ( mon>*s 0 e/imat$ less by ! ext5t ( _! doma9s ?an by ! gold :i* !y possess$1 & z ea* successive conqu]or add$ to ! spoils ( vanqui%$ nations1 ! treasures accumulat$ by s+le despots grew to an almo/ fabul\s am\nt4 ,e s*oolboy kn[s t ! va/ treasures ( ,crsus fell into ! h&s ( ,cyrus1 :o1 accord+ to ! r que/ionable au?ority ( ,pl9y1 acquir$ 9 ,asia ,m9or no less ?an #bd1jjj p\nds weight ( gold1 )\t reckon+ ! vases & ! wr\ght metal4 ,to ?is treasure 8 son ,cambyses add$ ! gold ( ,egypt1 & ,d>ius ,hy/aspis ! tribute ( ! fronti] nations ( ,india4 ,?us ! gold ( almo/ ! :ole kn[n _w 0 accumulat$ 9 "o s+le ho>d1 :i*1 aft] ! tak+ ( ,p]sepolis1 fell into ! h&s ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,plut>* relates t #aj1jjj teams ( mules & #ejj camels 7 ne$$ = ! transport ( ?is weal? to ,susa1 :]e ,alex&] 0 *eat$ out ( a great "p ( x by 8 treasur]4 ,rome1 ! subsequ5t mi/ress ( ! _w1 naturally absorb$ ! great] "p ( ! ri*es ( ,tyre & ,c>?age1 ( ,asia & ,egypt4 ,sixty-six ye>s aft] ! ?ird ,punic w> ! public treasury conta9$ #a1fbj1hca p\nds weight ( gold1 & /ill great] weal? 0 accumulat$ "u ! ,cs>s4 ,z ! empire decl9$1 ! ho>ds amass$ 9 ! times ( its increas+ p[] 7 once m disp]s$4 ,a consid]able "p1 h[ev]1 f\nd its way to ,con/ant9ople1 & aft] _m a loss1 caus$ by ! repeat$ disa/]s ( a ?\s& ye>s1 ! remnant fell at l5g? into ! h&s ( ! victori\s ,turks4 ,! "t :5 gold 0 fir/ co9$ is unkn[n4 ,! olde/ specim5 9 ! ,imp]ial ,cab9et at ,vi5na is f ,cyzicus1 a t[n ( ,mysia1 & be>s ! date ( ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/2 ! next co9 9 po9t ( antiquity is ,p]sian1 & 0 probably /ruck "u ! reign ( ,cyrus4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 gold 0 fir/ co9$ by ! ,romans 9 ! ye> #edg aft] ! f\ndation ( ! city4 ,dur+ ! empire ( ! ,*alifes ,abus*af>-al-,monsur e/abli%$ a m9t at ,bagdad1 9 :i* silv] co9s 7dirhems7 & gold co9s 7d9>s7#db 7 /ruck4 ,! ,visigo?s 9 ,spa9 likewise _h gold5 co9s2 b 9 ! o!r we/]n m$ival ,/ates !y fir/ appe>1 aft] a long int]val1 "u ,lewis ! ,pi\s1 son ( ,*>lemagne1 9 ,v5ice1 9 #abij2 & 9 ,bohemia1 "u ,john ( ,luxemb\rg4 ,! gold ( ! ,c>ol+ian mon>* probably proce$$ f ! spoils ( ! old we/ ,roman ,empire2 t ( ! ,v5etians 7zec*9s or ducats7 01 no d\bt1 obta9$1 l t ( ! ,phnicians ( old1 by trad+ ) ! gold c\ntries ( ,africa & ( ! di/ant ,ea/4 ,! ,flor5t9es1 ! rivals ( ,v5ice1 likewise obta9$ weal? by trade1 & /ruck gold co9s1 :i*1 f _! be+ /amp$ ) a fl[]1 ! arms ( ,flor5ce1 7 call$ fior9i1 or flor9s4 ,footnote #db3 ,^! names 7 borr[$ f ! ,greek ,dra*ma & ! ,lat9 ,d5>ius4 ,! co9s ( ! k+s ( ,bohemia 7 made f indig5\s gold4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k t s9ce ^? times ! use ( gold co9s has be5 con/antly increas+ ) ! progress ( trade & civilisation2 b ev5 n[1 9 _m ,african & ,asiatic c\ntries :i* possess l>ge quantities ( gold1 no co9s are /ruck1 b ! metal is weigh$1 & ?us s]ves z a m$ium ( ex*ange1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! times ( ,abraham or ,jacob4 ,! c\ntries f :i* ! anci5ts obta9$ _! *ief supply ( gold 7 ! ,indian ,highl&s1 ,col*is1 & ,africa4 ,! seat ( ,ophir1 :i* furni%$ ?is preci\s metal to ! ,phnician & ,jewi% trad]s1 is unkn[n4 ,:ile "s au?orities place x on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 o!rs fix its situation some:]e on ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,indian p59sula2 & ,humboldt is ev5 ( op9ion t ! "n _h only a g5]al signification1 & t a voyage to ,ophir meant no m ?an a comm]cial exp$ition to any ( ! coa/s or isles ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 j z at pres5t we speak ( a voyage to ! ,levant or ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! gold5 s&s ov] :i* ! ,pactolus1 a small riv] ( ,lydia1 roll$1 gave rise1 x has be5 said1 to ! weal? ( ,crsus4 ,! ri*e/ aurif]\s l& 9 ,europe 0 ! ,ib]ian p59sula1 :i* = c5turies yield$ a gold5 h>ve/1 fir/ to ! ,c>?ag9ians1 !n to ! ,romans1 & at a /ill lat] p]iod to ! ,visigo?s & ! ,moors4 ,dur+ ! middle ages ,bohemia 0 r5[n$ = its gold1 & ! acc\nts t h rea*$ u ( ! times :5 h] aurif]\s deposits fir/ began to be ext5sively work$ rem9d u ( ! sc5es :i* our own age has witness$ 9 ,cali=nia or ,au/ralia4 ,bloody conflicts frequ5tly arose betwe5 gold-digg]s & peasants because ! =m] deva/at$ ! fields & mead[s & left !m p]man5tly /]ile4 ,ev5 n[ 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry long ranges ( s& hillocks & rubbi% m\nds rema9 z memorials ( ! m$ival gold-digg]s4 ,frequ5t fam9es arose 9 ! l&1 z _m ( ! inhabitants gave up agriculture = m9+4 ,a new epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( gold began ) ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,we all "k by :at prodigies ( val\r ! ,spani>ds obta9$ possession ( ! treasures ( ,montezuma & ( ! ,p]uvian ,incas1 & h[ frequ5tly acts ( a fi5di% cruelty1 inspir$ by ! love ( gold1 & aggravat$ by a blood?ir/y fanaticism1 t>ni%$ ! lu/re ( _! arms4 ,m rec5tly1 ab\t ! ye> #ahcf1 ri* deposits ( aurif]\s s& 7 discov]$ 9 ,sib]ia1 & soon rais$ ! froz5 regions ( ! ,j5isei to ! rank ( ! fir/ gold-produc+ c\ntry 9 ! _w4#dc ,b ! fame ( ! ,russian m9es 0 soon eclips$ by ! ev5tful discov]y ( ! ,cali=nian plac]s4 ,footnote #dc3 #8,! ,pol> ,_w1' p4 #bca4 ,x 0 9 ,janu>y #ahdh1 a %ort "t aft] ! incorporation ( ! prov9ce ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t "o ,james ,m>%all1 :o _h contract$ to build a saw-mill on ! l& ( ,capta9 ,sutt]1 ab\t sixty miles ea/ ( ,sacram5to1 discov]$ ! glitt]+ p>ticles 9 ! mud ( ! brook on :i* he 0 at "w4 ,trembl+ ) excitem5t1 he hurri$ to 8 employ]1 & told 8 /ory4 ,capta9 ,sutt] at fir/ ?\ght x 0 a fiction1 or ! wild dream ( a maniac2 b 8 d\bts 7 soon at an end :5 ,m>%all laid on ! table be=e him a few ounces ( ! %9+ du/4 ,! two agre$ to keep ! matt] secret1 & quietly to %>e ! gold5 h>ve/ betwe5 !m4 ,b1 z !y aft]w>ds se>*$ m n>r[ly1 _! eag] ge/ures & looks happ5$ to be closely wat*$ by a ,mormon lab\r] employ$ ab\t ! neighb\rhood4 ,he foll[$ _! movem5ts1 & ! secret 0 spe$ily divulg$4 ,x appe>s t ,m>%all did n escape ! ord9>y lot ( discov]]s1 = a few ye>s lat] he 0 w&]+1 poor & homeless1 ov] ! l& :i* 0 fir/ indebt$ to him = its enorm\s developm5t4 ,! intellig5ce ( ! ,cali=nian gold treasures soon spread ov] ! _w1 & a wond]ful flood ( immigration began into ! newly- proclaim$ ,eldorado4 ,an innum]able cr[d ( adv5tur]s f e "p ( ! ,new ,_w1 f ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 f ,europe1 f ,au/ralia1 came p\r+ 9 ov] ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ?r\gh ,mexico1 r\nd ,cape ,horn1 or across ! ,pacific1 all eag] to seize =tune 9 a b\nd or to p]i% 9 ! attempt4 ,e week dispat*$ its ?\s&s to ! digg+s1 & saw its hundr$s ( successful adv5tur]s return to dissipate _! e>n+s 9 ! gambl+ saloons ( ! infant metropolis4 ,9 less ?an t5 ye>s ,cali=nia numb]$ m ?an half a million ( inhabitants1 & ,san ,francisco1 f an obscure hamlet1 _h ris5 to ! rank ( "o ( ! great comm]cial emporiums ( ! _w4 ,sci5ce _h little to d ) ! discov]y ( gold 9 ,cali=nia2 b ! case 0 diff]5t 9 ,au/ralia4 ,z e>ly z #ahdd ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison direct$ att5tion to ! rem>kable resemblance betwe5 ! ,au/ralian cordill]a & ! aurif]\s ,uralian *a94 ,two ye>s lat]1 8 surmises ab\t ! hidd5 treasures ( t di/ant colony 7 confirm$ by "s samples ( aurif]\s qu>tz s5t to him f ,au/ralia4 ,rely+ ^u ?is fact1 he advis$ "s ,corni% emigrants to *oose ,au/ralia = _! new home1 & to seek = gold among ! dbris ( ! primitive rocks4 ,8 op9ion hav+ become kn[n at ,sydney1 ?r\gh ! newspap]s1 rese>*es 7 made1 :i* prov$ s f> successful t 9 #ahdh gold 0 f\nd 9 sev]al places 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,! fir/ important discov]y 01 h[ev]1 n made be=e ! ye> #ahea1 :5 ,mr4 ,h>graves made kn[n to ,gov]nm5t t ri* gold deposits 7 situat$ to ! nor?-we/ ( ,ba?ur/1 on ! ,summ]hill & ,lewis rivulets1 :i* fl[ into ! ,macqu>ie4 ,:5 ! geological ,gov]nm5t inspector arriv$ at ,summ]hill ,creek1 on ,may #ai1 he f\nd t ab\t f\r hundr$ p]sons _h already assembl$ !re1 :o1 )\t any o!r m9+ app>atus ?an a %ovel & a simple t9 pot1 ga9$1 on an av]age1 f "o to two ounces ( gold daily4 ,soon aft]1 /ill ri*] deposits 7 f\nd ne> ! ,turon & ! ,m]oo1 two o!r bran*es ( ! ,macqu>ie4 ,"h a native %eph]d1 9 ! s]vice ( ,dr4 ,k]r1 f\nd ?ree qu>tz blocks1 ( :i* ! l>ge/ conta9$ sixty p\nds weight ( pure gold4 ,x may easily be suppos$ t ! :ole neighb\rhood became at once ! sc5e ( active rese>*es1 :i* at fir/ prov$ fruitless1 until at l5g? a f\r? qu>tz block 0 discov]$1 & publicly sold = a ?\s& p\nds4 ,o!r discov]ies 7 made )9 ! b\nds ( ,new ,s\? ,wales2 b ev5 ! ri*e/ ( !m 7 soon to be obscur$ by ! treasures ( ! neighb\r+ colony4 ,z late z #ahcf ,port ,philip _h rema9$ an unkn[n l&1 = x 0 n until !n t its fir/ settl]s1 attract$ by ! ri*ness ( ! pa/ures1 arriv$ f ,tasmania4 ,soon a small t[n arose on ! ,y>ra- ,y>ra1 &1 ?\gh badly *os5 z a port1 ,melb\rne soon rose to importance4 ,9 #ahej ! di/rict 0 made an indep5d5t colony1 :i* receiv$ ! "n ( ,victoria4 ,"h ! trad]s & %eep-driv]s n[ m\rn$ ov] ! news f ,sydney4 ,! be/ workm5 _h already left = ! gold-fields1 & if ! exodus w5t on increas+1 no?+ rema9$ = !m b to foll[ ! example1 or quietly to await ! ru9 ( _! hopes--a pati5ce :i* agrees b little ) ! ,anglo-,saxon "*4 ,to prev5t ! imp5d+ evil1 a rew>d ( #bjj gu9eas 0 imm$iately set ^u ! discov]y ( a gold-field )9 #abj miles f ,melb\rne1 & soon aft] ! _w 0 a/oni%$ by ! intellig5ce ( ! fabul\s ri*es ( ,ball>at1 at ! s\rce ( ! ,riv] ,lea4 ,! fir/ consequ5ce ( ?is discov]y 0 t ! t[ns ( ,geelong & ,melb\rne1 bo? n above sixty miles f ,ball>at1 7 imm$iately des]t$ by _! inhabitants1 & t1 )9 a few weeks1 m ?an #c1jjj gold-digg]s _h collect$ on ! spot1 :o 7 ga9+1 on an av]age1 _! t5 or tw5ty p\nds a day4 ,b "h also !re 0 no def9ite re/+-place1 = new prospects ( dazzl+ weal? con/antly allur$ ! cr[d to new & /ill m di/ant fields ( ent]prise4 ,tw5ty ?\s& p1 meet+ ) fair success1 w\ld migrate 9 a day1 ab&on _! claims1 & ru% ^u ! new tract4 ,! passions ( human nature 7 r\s$ by "o ( ! /ronge/ ( its in/9cts2 & madness & suicide1 aris+ f excess ( joy & wild despair1 7 f> f uncommon occurr5ces4 ,! :ole ord] ( society 0 inv]t$1 & ! lab\r] became ( m importance ?an ! employ] ( lab\r4 ,! scum ( ! adjo9+ colonies boil$ ov] & delug$ ! l& ) vice & crime4 ,bu%-rang+ ext5d$ ov] e portion ( ! c\ntry1 & ev5 ! /reets ( ,melb\rne became ! sc5es ( robb]y & murd]4 ,! digg]s 7 ( all nations3 ,g]mans1 ,fr5*1 ,italians1 ,am]ican-,iri%1 ,cali=nians1 & ,*9ese--^! la/ be+ ! be/ conduct$ ( ?is motley population1 :o z e>ly z #ahfj numb]$ #ej1jjj4 ,to ?is /range p "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! ,au/ralian gold discov]ies is due4 ,! immigration-tax1 :i* _h be5 va9ly devis$ to *eck _! influx 7= !y are objects ( ! greate/ antipa?y to ! :ite gold-digg]s71 drove !m to a surreptiti\s mode ( ent]+ ! colony2 &1 l&+ at ,gur*5 ,bay 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 & tak+ a c\rse !nce ov] ! fronti] across ! ,grampian ranges1 !y came ^u a deposit ( m>vell\s ri*ness1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,m\nt ,ar>at4 ,9 "o ( _! fir/ encampm5ts1 :ile pick+ up ! roots ( grass & pry+ = gold1 !y f\nd ! celebrat$ #8,*9aman's ,hole1' :i* yield$ #c1jjj ounces 9 a few h\rs4 ,?is l$ to ! greate/ ru% :i* _h ev] be5 kn[n 9 ! gold- fields1 = #fj1jjj p congregat$ !re 9 a few weeks1 & be=e a mon? _h elaps$ an imm5se t[n 0 sy/ematically laid out4 ,%ops1 tav]ns & hotels1 !atres & billi>d-rooms1 sprang up 9 ! des]t1 l ! my/ic trees ( ,indian juggl]s1 & 7 quickly foll[$ by a daily mail & a daily newspap]4 ,?us1 )9 ! space ( two mon?s1 ! magical p[] ( gold conv]t$ a wild m\nta9 gorge into a teem+ city1 :]e frontages 7 ne>ly z valuable z 9 ! he>t ( ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gold-,,wa%+ ,,9 ,,au/ralia4 ,! great social disorganisation :i* di/+ui%$ ! fir/ few ye>s ( ! ,au/ralian gold discov]ies has long s9ce pass$ away1 toge!r ) mu* ( ! excitem5t natural to a transition /ate4 ,ord] n[ univ]sally prevails1 & ! occupations ( life are pursu$ ) z mu* regul>ity z 9 ! olde/ ,/ates4 ,! gr[? ( ! colony1 :i* sc>cely ?irty ye>s s9ce 0 a m]e unkn[n wa/e1 is n ! lea/ m>vell\s ( ! _m m>vels t h be5 work$ by gold4 ,9 ! ye> #ahea ! population ( ! prov9ce 0 #gg1cde p]sons1 ( :om #bh1adc 7 locat$ 9 ,melb\rne4 ,9 #ahfj1 x _h already increas$ to #dfb1jjj1 & probably ! next few ye>s w f9d x augm5t$ to a million1 :ile ,melb\rne already rivals our l>g] cities 9 size & weal?4 ,! wond]ful discov]ies 9 ,cali=nia & ,au/ralia hav+ made gold ! all-absorb+ topic ( ! day1 x is n surpris+ t new ,eldorados 7 n[ eag]ly s\ght = :]ev] ! geological =mation ( a c\ntry held out ! hope ( simil> treasures4 ,fre% & highly-productive gold-fields h1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 be5 op5$ 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 &1 /ill fur!r to ! nor?1 9 ! ,arctic wilds ( ! infant colony ( ,/ike54 ,num]\s digg]s are at "w 9 ,new ,zeal&1 & 9 ! des]ts to ! nor? ( ! ,cape4 ,a sy/em ( aurif]\s ve9s has be5 discov]$ 9 ,nor? ,wales2 ! c\nty ( ,su!rl&1 ! ,ultima ,?ule ( our isle1 claims to be rank$ among ! gold-produc+ regions2 & num]\s adv5tur]s are on _! way to ! froz5 des]ts ( ,lapl&1 :]e ! glitt]+ metal is said to ab\nd 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,ivalo4 ,at no =m] p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory has gold be5 s eag]ly s\ght = ov] su* ext5sive areas 9 all p>ts ( ! globe2 nev] h l>g] quantities ( ! preci\s metal be5 add$ to ! accumulat$ ho>ds ( ages4 ,no d\bt ?is va/ influx ( weal? has 9 _m cases be5 productive ( evil consequ5ces2 b its b5eficial influ5ce ^u ! progress & happ9ess ( mank9d f> outweighs ! injury x may too frequ5tly h caus$ by r\s+ ! wor/ passions ( our nature4 ,an a/oni%+ impetus has already be5 giv5 to comm]ce & indu/ry2 compet5ce & weal? h be5 diffus$ ov] _m l&s2 des]ts h be5 trans=m$ into gr[+ empires2 & a va/ cont95t1 long despis$ z ! convict's prison1 has be5 rais$ 9 ! social scale to a height almo/ comm5surate ) its geographical importance4 ,! m9]al =mations 9 :i* gold orig9ally occurs are ! cry/all9e primitive rocks1 ! compact transition rocks1 & ! tra*ytic & trap rocks1 :i*1 by _! dis9tegration h1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 enri*$ l>ge alluvial tracts ) p>ticles ( ! preci\s metal4 ,torr5ts & riv]s wa%$ !m d[n f ! heights1 along ) ! wor?less rubbi% ( _! orig9al matrix1 & f9ally deposit$ !m 9 ! gulleys & rav9es ( ! l[] gr\nds4 ,h5ce ! alluvial t]ritories h always be5 ! *ief s\rces ( aurif]\s weal?1 & ?is circum/ance expla9s h[ c\ntries :i* at "o "t ab\nd$ 9 gold h long s9ce ceas$ to be ( importance4 ,= ! comp>ative ease ) :i* ! metal c\ld g5]ally be obta9$ by digg+ & wa%+1 & ! gre$ :i* /imulat$ ! rese>*es ( ?\s&s1 c\ld n fail to exhau/ ev5 ! ri*e/ plac]s4 ,no "o n[ dreams ( se>*+ = gold 9 ! s&s ( ! ,pactolus or ( ! ,gold5 ,tagus2 no mod]n ,argonaut sails to ,col*is 9 que/ ( ! gold5 fleece2 ! fields ( ,bohemia are no long] ransack$ by gold-seek]s2 & a l fate probably awaits _m ( our mod]n ,eldorados4 ,a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! gold deposits ( ,au/ralia & ,cali=nia des]ves to be notic$4 ,! gold ( ,cali=nia is f\nd 9 ! mid/ (1 or contigu\s to1 ! exi/+ great m\nta9 ranges1 amid/ regions ( peak$1 jagg$1 irregul> cre/s1 & upheav$ & di/ort$ /rata1 ! und\bt$ effects ( int]nal convulsions4 ,x has n1 h[ev]1 select$ z its re/+-place ! smoo? levels & hang+ slopes ( ! contigu\s hills4 ,! metal1 gr\nd f9] & f9] z x is c>ri$ =w>d by ! torr5ts t ye> aft] ye> te> up ! riv]-b$s1 f9ally settles 9 ! =m ( f9e flakes or du/ along ! banks & at ! bottoms ( ! great /reams ( ! c\ntry4 ,h5ce ! ,cali=nian digg]s g5]ally f9d ! drifts ( ! preci\s metal 9 ! /rata imm$iately "u ! surface1 ei!r associat$ ) ! subsoil1 or 9 ! holes or #8pockets' ( wat]-worn rocks4 ,9 ,victoria ! mo/ prolific gold-fields are 9 regions :]e ! old =mations are pi]c$ by igne\s rocks :i* h fl[$ f ext9ct volcanoes2 & "s ( ! ri*e/ alluvial deposits h be5 f\nd on ! pipe-clay bottom ( flat1 wide-spread pla9s1 or settl$ 9 great subt]ranean gutt]s1 "u broad1 elongat$ slopes1 :i* ! m9] c rea* only by s9k+ 8 %aft ?r\gh /ratum aft] /ratum1 f fifty to ?ree hundr$ feet d[n1 be=e he rea*es ! buri$ treasure4 ,! inf]5ce necess>ily is t mu* ( ! gold-drift ( ,au/ralia is ( an e>li] orig9 ?an ! deposits ( ,cali=nia1 :i* are ! products ( ! exi/+ m\nta9 ranges1 & !re=e w be exhau/$ 9 a comp>atively brief p]iod4 ,9 ,victoria1 n seldom ?ree di/9ct aurif]\s deposits1 ! result ( successive upheavals & depressions1 occur 9 ! same locality2 & ! m9] f9ds1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 work+1 a fir/1 second1 & ?ird bottom1 ! la/ be+ always on ! solid & unmov$ palozoic rock1 f :i* all ! gold has be5 d]iv$4 ,ri* z ! aurif]\s drifts ( ! deep alluvial deposits are frequ5tly f\nd to be1 !y mu/ be )9 def9ite limits1 hav+ be5 deposit$ by curr5ts & ! cont9u\s action ( waves n f> f ! localities :]e ! gold 0 orig9ally =m$4 ,b ! alluvial gold ( ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales is n conf9$ to drifts & gutt]s4 ,!re are hundr$s1 probably ?\s&s1 ( squ>e miles1 :]e ! clay1 e>?1 & s& are impregnat$ ) gold 9 suffici5t quantities to pay well = wa%+4 ,besides ^! deposits ( incalculable weal?1 !re are va/ res]ves ( gold lock$ up 9 ! great m\nta9 ranges bo? ( ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ! hidd5 weal? ( :i* w ev5tually be br\ght to light by sy/ematic m9+4 ,z ev5 ! ri*e/ aurif]\s drift w\ld be comp>atively wor?less )\t ! assi/ance ( wat]1 ! div]sion ( a runn+ /ream ?r\gh a #8plac]' is (t5 "o ( ! mo/ labori\s und]tak+s ( ! gold-digg]4 ,pl9y speaks ( #8! br++ ( ! riv]s f ! m\nta9s1 9 _m in/ances = a hundr$ miles1 = ! purpose ( wa%+ ! dbris1' & ?is me?od ( hydraulic m9+ is n[ c>ri$ on 9 ,cali=nia on a /up5d\s scale4 ,?us1 nor? ( ,m>iposa ,c\nty1 ! ?ick deposits1 (t5 semi-indurat$1 are n[ wa%$ d[n by va/ /reams ( wat] 7?r[n by ! pressure ( a column ( wat] ( #aej feet71 t d ! "w ( runn+ (f ! e>? & gravel & ga!r+ ! gold 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t4 ,! ores ( aurif]\s qu>tz are treat$ 9 a diff]5t way f ! alluvial dbris4 ,aft] hav+ be5 cru%$ & pulv]is$ by p[]ful ma*9]y1 ! f9ely p[d]$ qu>tz is !n treat$ ) m]cury1 a me?od well kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,?is metal dissolves out ! gold1 produc+ an amalgam1 :i*1 by /ra9+ & di/illation1 yields ! gold4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,silv]4 ,its anci5t ,discov]y--,its uses among ! luxuri\s ,romans--,! ,m9es ( ,laurium--,silv] ,m9es ( ,bohemia1 ,saxony1 & ,hung>y--,colossal ,nuggets-- ,silv] ,ores--,silv] ,production ( ,europe--,mexican ,silv] ,m9es--,! ,veta ,madre ( ,guanaxuato--,! ,conde de la ,val5ciana--,zacatecas & ,catorce-- ,adv5tures ( a ,/eam-eng9e--,la ,bolsa de ,dios ,padre--,! ,conde de la ,regla--,ill-fat$ ,engli% ,companies--,indian ,c>ri]s--,! ,dress+ ( ,silv] ,ores--,amalgamat+ ,process--,enorm\s ,production ( ,mexican ,m9es-- ,potosi--,c]ro de ,pasco--,gualgayoc--,! ,m9e ( ,salc$o--,ho/ility ( ! ,indians--,! ,monk's ,ros>y--,*ilian ,m9es--,! ,com/ock ,lode4 ,l t ( gold1 ! fir/ discov]y ( silv] prec$es ! hi/oric times1 & mu/ no d\bt be s\ght = 9 ! remote/ antiquity2 = z x is n seldom f\nd 9 a native /ate1 its brilliancy c\ld n fail to attract att5tion at a v e>ly age4 ,ve9s ( silv] ore1 moreov]1 n seldom crop out on ! surface1 a circum/ance :i* likewise greatly facilitat$ ! accid5tal discov]y ( ! metal4 ,?us ,diodorus relates t /reams ( melt$ silv] fl[$ out ( ! calc9$ soil :]e "s %eph]ds _h set fire to a =e/ 9 ! ,pyr5ees4 ,! cunn+ ,phnician m]*ants1 :o 7 trad+ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 b\ght ! metal = a trifle f ! natives1 :o1 ignorant ( its value1 gladly ex*ang$ x = "s wor?less tr9kets4 ,our e>lie/ annals %[ u silv] 9 common use among ! m poli%$ nations ( antiquity1 bo? = ornam5tal purposes & z a means ( ex*ange4 ,:5 we read 9 ! ,bible t ,abraham weigh$ to ,ephron ! ,hittite #8f\r hundr$ %ekels ( silv]1 curr5t money ) ! m]*ant' = ! pur*ase ( ! field ( ,ma*pelah1 :]e ,s>ah 0 buri$1 we _c possibly d\bt t1 long be=e ! patri>*'s "t1 great quantities ( silv] mu/ h circulat$ among ! trad]s ( ! ,ea/1 & t ev5 !n x belong$ to ! discov]ies ( anci5t days4 ,hom] describes ! %ields & helmets ( 8 h]oes z inlaid ) silv]1 & 9 ,nor!rn ,asia silv] ornam5ts h be5 f\nd 9 ! tumuli ( ! ,ts*udi1 a my/]i\s p :o h left no ve/iges ( _! exi/5ce save _! tombs4 ,! ,babylonian1 ,assyrian1 & ,p]sian mon>*s impos$ l>ge tributes ( silv] on ! conqu]$ nations ( ,asia1 & at a lat] p]iod ! treasures ?us amass$ by a long l9e ( despots came into ! possession ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & f9ally ( ! ,romans1 :o absorb$ all ! ri*es ( ,c>?age & ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! reign ( ,augu/us1 ! tables ( ! weal?y s5ators groan$ "u silv] di%es weigh+ f "o hundr$ to five hundr$ p\nds2 silv] /atues ( _! ance/ors decorat$ _! ap>tm5ts1 & !y n seldom p]=m$ _! luxuri\s ablutions 9 ba?s ( silv]4 ,mirrors ( ?is metal 7 9 frequ5t use among a p to :om ! art ( apply+ a lu/r\s amalgam to ! back ( a plate ( glass 0 unkn[n4 ,! skill ( ! arti/ n seldom add$ an ine/imable value to ! intr9sic wor? ( an emboss$ or *isell$ silv] vase1 & ,pl9y m5tions sev]al works ( ?is k9d :i* enjoy$ a _w-wide celebrity4 ,! mo/ anci5t silv] m9es ( :i* we h any hi/orical acc\nt 7 situat$ 9 ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,*alda & 9 ,spa94 ,) ! developm5t ( ! ,grecian ,/ates1 ,ea/]n ,europe also began to furni% its cont+5t4 ,silv] m9es 7 discov]$ & work$ 9 ! ,pangan ,m\nta9s1 betwe5 ,mac$onia & ,?race1 9 ! isl&s ( ,siphnos & ,cyprus4 ,a!ns d]iv$ a consid]able "p ( its rev5ue f ! m9es ( ,laurium 9 ,attica4 ,at fir/ ! pr(its d]iv$ f ?is s\rce 7 di/ribut$ among ! citiz5s1 until ,!mi/ocles p]suad$ ! g5]al assembly ( ! p to devote !m to ! con/ruction ( %ips ( w>4 ,! battle ( ,salamis 0 won by ! galleys built ) ! money ?us obta9$1 s t ! silv] m9es ( ,laurium h be5 ! means ( add+ "s ( its brighte/ pages to ! hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,greece4 ,aft] ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ! exhau/$ or neglect$ m9es ( ! ,ea/1 & ( ! ,ib]ian p59sula1 ceas$ to be ! s\rces f :i* silv] fl[$ ov] ! _w4 ,! ri*es amass$ dur+ ages ( civilisation 7 n[ scatt]$ among b>b>\s hordes1 or buri$ 9 ! ru9s ( cities de/roy$ by fire2 & z no new influx replac$ ! losses caus$ by accid5t or ! sl[ we> ( "t1 ! preci\s metals gradually became m r>e & ( increas+ value1 until ,g]many began to op5 a new era 9 m9+ hi/ory1 & = a "t to take ! lead among ! silv]-produc+ c\ntries ( ! globe4 ,! fir/ discov]y ( ?is metal 9 ,bohemia dates back z f> z ! sev5? c5tury2 & 9 ! t5? ! ,rammelsb]g 9 ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s began to yield its /ill unexhau/$ treasures4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ! silv] m9es ( ,saxony & ,hung>y 7 discov]$1 & at a mu* lat] p]iod ^? ( ,kongsb]g 9 ,norway4 ,_m ( ^! deposits are rem>kable = ! ri*ness ( _! ores1 & = ! l>ge masses ( native or cry/allis$ silv] :i* !y h sometimes yield$4 ,f ! m9e ( ,himmelsfr/1 ne> ,freib]g 9 ,saxony1 lumps or nuggets weigh+ above a hundr$ p\nds h m ?an once be5 extract$4 ,! l>ge/ s+le block ev] kn[n 0 discov]$ at ,s*neeb]g1 9 ! ,saxon ,erzgebirge1 9 ! ye> #adgg4 ,x consi/$ ( silv]-glance & native silv]1 & measur$ no less ?an sev5 y>ds 9 l5g? & ?ree & a half 9 wid?4 ,on he>+ ( ?is magnific5t prize1 ,duke ,albre*t ( ,saxony visit$ ! m9e1 :]e he eat 8 d9n] f ! block4 ,agricola ,b]mannus relates t1 dur+ ! repa/1 he exclaim$1 #8,fr$]ick is a weal?y & p[]ful emp]or1 b he has nev] d9$ f a table su* z ?is4' ,! subsequ5t smelt+ ( ?is wond]ful mass produc$ #dj1jjj p\nds ( solid silv]4 ,l>ge nuggets ( solid silv] h likewise be5 f\nd at ,kongsb]g4 ,a block weigh+ #efj p\nds1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 #afff1 is /ill pres]v$ z a curiosity 9 ! ,cop5hag5 ,museum2 & z a conv9c+ pro( t ! anci5t ri*es ( ^! nor!rn m9es are n yet exhau/$1 a /ill l>g] block1 weigh+ #gej p\nds1 0 dis9t]r$ z late z ! ye> #ahcd4 ,?\gh native silv] is f\nd 9 _m localities1 our *ief supply ( ! preci\s metal is d]iv$ f ! ores 9 :i* x is f\nd comb9$ ) o!r sub/ances1 su* z silv]-glance 7sulphuret ( silv]72 antimonial silv]2 r$-silv] 7sulphuret ( silv] & antimony72 horn silv] 7*loride ( silv]71 c4 ,a consid]able quantity is likewise obta9$ z an accessory product f ! lead m9es1 by sep>at+ x f ! gal5a or lead-glance1 :i* usually conta9s a small p]c5tage ( silv]4 ,at pres5t ! m9es ( ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,empire1 :i* 9 ! ye> #ahea produc$ #abb1iej m>ks ( silv]1 are ! ri*e/ 9 ,europe4 ,9 ,bohemia ! m9es ( ,birk5b]g1 ne> ,przibram1 yield on an av]age #dj1jjj m>ks a ye>1 consid]ably m ?an ! celebrat$ m9e ( ,s*emnitz 9 ,hung>y1 :i* 9 ! ye> #ahed produc$ #bf1jfd m>ks4 ,prussia obta9s f h] m9es 9 ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s 9 ,nassau & ! c\nty ( ,mansfeld ab\t #ajj1jjj m>ks2 & ! k+dom ( ,saxony1 :i*1 9 proportion to its small ext5t1 holds ! fir/ rank among ! silv]-produc+ c\ntries ( ,europe1 produces annually ab\t #ec1jjj m>ks4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 silv] is accessorily obta9$ f ! lead m9es1 to an am\nt ( ab\t #hj1jjj m>ks p] annum4 ,france produces #bf1hjj m>ks1 ,sw$5 & ,norway #f1jjj m>ks1 & ,italy #d1ejj2 :ile ,spa91 :i* 9 anci5t times enri*$ ,tyre & ,c>?age ) ! ri* produce ( h] silv] m9es1 yields at pres5t b an insignificant quantity4 ,on add+ toge!r ! v>i\s sums above m5tion$1 we f9d t1 exclusively ( ! ,russian ,empire1 :i* obta9s ! great] "p ( its silv] 7ab\t #fe1jjj m>ks a ye>7 f ! ,altai ,m\nta9s 9 ,sib]ia1 ! :ole annual production ( ,europe may be e/imat$ at ab\t #djj1jjj m>ks4 ,?is quantity1 l>ge z x is1 s9ks into comp>ative insignificance :5 comp>$ ) ! enorm\s masses ( silv] ) :i*1 ev] s9ce _! discov]y & conque/ by ,cortez & ,piz>ro1 ,mexico & ,p]u h enri*$ ! _w4 ,! ,mexican silv] m9es1 :i* des]ve a p>ticul> notice f ! imm5sity ( _! produce & ! int]e/+ details ) :i* _! hi/ory ab\nds1 are mo/ly situat$ on ! back or on ! we/]n slopes ( ! ,cordill]a ( ,anahuac at elevations :i* sometimes approa* ! l9e ( p]petual sn[4 ,b little is kn[n ( _! fir/ hi/ory4 ,! lodes ( ,tasco & ,pa*uca appe> to h be5 work$ soon aft] ! conque/1 & 9 #aedh1 tw5ty-eight ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,montezuma1 ! m9es ( ,zacatecas 7 op5$1 ?\gh situat$ above #djj miles f ! capital4 ,mulete]s travell+ f ,mexico to ,zacatecas are said to h discov]$ ! silv] m9es ( ,guanaxuato4 ,_m ( my read]s w no d\bt be surpris$ to he> t ! ,mexican silv] ores are g5]ally poor4 ,on an av]age !y conta9 only f ?ree to f\r ounces ( silv] p] cwt41 mu* less ?an ! ores ( ,annab]g1 ,m>i5b]g1 & o!r di/ricts ( ,saxony4 ,_! comp>ative pov]ty is1 h[ev]1 amply r$eem$ by _! abundance & ! facility ) :i* !y are work$4 ,aft] ^! prelim9>y rem>ks ,i w n[ briefly describe ! *ief ,mexican silv] m9es4 ,! ,si]ra de ,santa ,rosa1 a gr\p ( porphyritic hills1 rises 9 ! c5tre ( ! prov9ce ( ,guanaxuato4 ,p>tly arid & p>tly cov]$ ) ! ev]gre5 oak1 x atta9s an absolute height ( f #h1jjj to #i1jjj feet2 b1 z ! neighb\r+ pla9 is ne>ly #f1jjj feet above ! sea1 x h>dly attracts ! notice ( ! travell] accu/om$ to ! va/ proportions ( ! ,&es4 ,! s\!rn slope ( ?is porphyritic range is cross$ by ! fam\s ,veta ,madre ( ,guanaxuato1 ! ri*e/ silv] lode z yet discov]$ 9 ,mexico4 ,?is enorm\s ve91 :i* trav]ses ! c\ntry = upw>ds ( eight miles1 ) an av]age wid? ( f #abj to #ace feet1 is1 h[ev]1 n productive ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t1 b ! ore occurs 9 bran*es & bun*es1 leav+ int]m$iate spaces ( dead & unproductive gr\nd4 ,among ! num]\s m9es t h be5 op5$ along its c\rse1 ! ,val5ciana exhibit$1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ! almo/ unp>allel$ example ( a m9e :i*1 dur+ a p]iod ( m ?an =ty ye>s1 nev] yield$ its proprietors less ?an an annual income ( f #hj1jjjl4 to #abj1jjjl4 ,! "p ( ! ,veta 9 :i* x is situat$ _h rema9$ unexplor$ till #agfj1 :5 ,obregon1 a "y ,spani>d1 began to "w x1 ) ! assi/ance ( "s fri5ds :o advanc$ him ! necess>y capital4 ,9 ! ye> #agff ! digg+s _h rea*$ a dep? ( #bdj feet1 & ! exp5ses 7 f> great] ?an ! proce$s4 ,b ,obregon clung ) ! passionate ard\r ( a gambl] to ! haz>d\s ent]prise on :i* he _h /ak$ all 8 hopes ( =tune4 ,9 #agfg he ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) a small %opkeep]1 ,ot]o1 :o 0 de/9$ soon to %>e ! fabul\s ri*es t 7 ab\t to rew>d 8 p]sev]ance4 ,already 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! produce ( ! m9e consid]ably increas$1 & 9 #agga x began to yield enorm\s masses ( sulphuret ( silv]4 ,f t "t till #ahjd1 :5 ,humboldt left ,mexico1 x nev] produc$ less ?an #efj1jjjl4 wor? ( silv] annually1 & ! net pr(its ( ! p>tn]s am\nt$ 9 "s ye>s to #bdj1jjjl4 ,"u ! title ( ,conde de la ,val5ciana1 ,obregon ma9ta9$ ! simple habits & ! urbanity ( "* :i* _h di/+ui%$ him 9 pov]ty4 ,:5 he began to "w 8 m9e1 ! goats 7 fe$+ on ! spot :]e t5 ye>s lat] a ?riv+ t[n ( #h1jjj s\ls _h />t$ into exi/5ce4 ,guanaxuato1 ! capital ( ! ,/ate ( ! same "n1 is indebt$ to ! neighb\rhood ( ! ri*e/ silv] m9es 9 ! _w = its orig9 & prosp]ity4 ,inclos$ 9 a n>r[ valley1 its h\ses rise 9 t]races "o above ! o!r2 & ! contra/ ( ! magnific5t abodes ( ! ri* m9+ proprietors ) ! mis]able huts ( _! dep5dants adds to ! s+ul> appe>ance ( ! place4 ,! ,mexican m9] is1 h[ev]1 n s poor z 8 wret*$ dwell+ might lead u to suppose4 ,9 "s measure he %>es ! =tunes ( ! proprietors ( ! m9es1 z he is entitl$ to "p ( ! ore2 s t :5 ! ve9 is m ?an usually productive 8 weekly pr(its may am\nt to z mu* z a hundr$ doll>s4 ,yet he nev] ?9ks ( pur*as+ a piece ( l&1 or ( repair+ 8 hut1 :5 fav\r$ by =tune2 b fooli%ly squ&]s 8 money 9 dr9k+ & gambl+1 & seldom returns to 8 "w be=e 8 la/ f>?+ has be5 sp5t4 ,! population ( ,guanaxuato naturally fluctuates ) ! prosp]ity ( ! m9es4 ,9 #ahjf & #ahjg1 :5 !y 7 9 ! highe/ /ate ( activity1 x am\nt$ to #ij1jjj s\ls2 dur+ ! w>s ( indep5d5ce x sank to #bj1jjj1 b s9ce !n x has aga9 ris5 to #fj1jjj4 ,next to ! m9es ( ,guanaxuato ^? ( ,zacatecas are di/+ui%$ by _! ri*ness4 ,!y are likewise situat$ on ! great c5tral plateau ( ! ,cordill]a 9 a wild m\nta9 region ^: =bidd+ aspect =ms a /range contra/ to ! ri*es conceal$ "u its surface4 ,9 #ahbf ! ,unit$ ,mexican & ! ,bolaos ,company und]took ! work+ ( ^! m9es2 & two ye>s aft]1 ! latt] _h ! good =tune to f9d an exce$+ly ri* ve91 :i* up to ! ye> #ahcd produc$ no less ?an #a1fhj1caf m>ks ( silv]4 ,be=e #aggj ! popul\s di/rict ( ,alamos de ,catorce 9 ! ,/ate ( ,san ,luis de ,potosi1 0 /ill a complete des]t4 ,ab\t ?is "t a free negro1 nam$ ,milagros1 :o made a scant livelihood z an it9]ant musician1 hav+ lo/ 8 way1 0 oblig$ to pass ! night 9 ! =e/4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+ he f\nd a few drops ( silv] on ! spot :]e he _h made a fire1 &1 on a clos] exam9ation1 discov]$ ! ri* cropp+ out ( a b$ ( arg5tif]\s ores4 ,he lo/ no "t 9 e/abli%+ ! "r ( prop]ty :i* he d]iv$ f 8 discov]y1 & op5$ ! %aft ,milagros1 :i*1 9 a few ye>s1 made him a weal?y man4 ,soon aft] ,don ,b>nab de ,zep$a discov]$ ! *ief ve9 ( ,catorce-- ! ,veta ,madre--:i* cont9u$ to be work$ ) great success until ! revolution4 ,?is ev5t hav+ prov$ z de/ructive to ! dra9+ ma*9es ( ,catorce z to ^? ( ,guanaxuato & ,zacatecas1 a contract 0 made ) an ,engli% h\se = ! furni%+ ( a /eam-eng9e1 ! fir/ ev] se5 9 ,mexico4 ,x 0 l&$ at ,tampico 9 ,may #ahbb1 b arriv$ at ,alamos six mon?s lat]1 z ! c>ts :i* dragg$ ! heavy piece ( ma*9]y broke d[n e mom5t on ! wret*$ roads :i* lead to ! c5tral plateau on :i* ! m9es are situat$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 b ! prelude ( new difficulties2 = z ! neighb\r+ =e/s c\ld n furni% wood fit = ! purpose1 x 0 necess>y to ord] iron pump-tubes 9 ,engl&1 :i* did n arrive be=e #ahbf1 s t ! eng9e c\ld n be set to "w until f\r ye>s _h pass$ aft] its arrival 9 ,mexico4 ,! hi/ory ( ,catorce af=ds _m rem>kable examples ( good =tune2 b z mo/ ( ! ri* m9]os 7m9e-proprietors7 7 m5 ( l[ bir? & )\t education1 !y squ&]$ _! treasures z fa/ z !y acquir$ !m4 ,m$ell91 ! proprietor ( ! m9e ,dolores1 once sp5t #cf1jjj doll>s on a *ri/5+ p>ty2 & at times1 :5 ! %>e ( ! hew]s am\nt$ to "o-?ird ( ! extract$ ores1 a common m9] w\ld /ake two or ?ree ?\s& doll>s on ! issue ( a cock-fight4 ,among ! fir/ settl]s at ,catorce 0 an ecclesia/ic nam$ ,flores1 :o b\ght = #gjj doll>s a newly-op5$ m9e1 :i* receiv$ ! significant "n ( #8,la ,bolsa de ,dios ,padre1' or #8,god ! ,fa!r's ,money-,bag4' ,nev] 0 a small capital m pr(itably inve/$1 =1 at a dep? ( ab\t tw5ty y>ds1 a deposit ( su* enorm\s ri*ness 0 discov]$ t 9 less ?an ?ree ye>s ! pr(its ( ,padre ,flores am\nt$ to ?ree millions & a half ( doll>s4 ,! m9es ( ,pa*uca1 ,real del ,monte1 & ,moran began to be work$ soon aft] ! conque/4 ,! ,veta de la ,biscayna1 ! *ief ve9 ( ! di/rict1 yield$ imm5se pr(its f ! sixte5? to ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :51 9 consequ5ce ( insuffici5t dra9age1 ! m9es 7 dr[n$4 ,an ent]pris+ hidalgo1 ,don ,jos ,bu/am5te1 !n began to drive a dra9+ gall]y1 #g1jjj feet long1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 only f9i%$ aft] 8 dea? by 8 p>tn]1 ,don ,p$ro ,t]r]os1 a m]*ant ( ,qu]et>o4 ,its imm5se co/ 0 amply repaid1 = ,t]r]os extract$ no less ?an fifte5 millions ( doll>s f ! m9e1 & 0 ennobl$ "u ! title ( ,conde de la ,regla4 ,8 lib]ality 0 wor?y ( 8 weal?1 = besides a gift ( two %ips ( ! l9e--"o ( !m ( #aab guns--to ,k+ ,*>les ,,iii4 ( ,spa91 he l5t ! c\rt ( ,madrid a million ( doll>s1 :i*1 x is almo/ sup]flu\s to rem>k1 7 nev] repaid4 ,he built ! enorm\s factories ( ,la ,regla at a co/ ( m ?an #djj1jjjl41 & left 8 *ildr5 a prop]ty rivall+ t ( ! ,conde de la ,val5ciana4 ,s9ce #aggd1 h[ev]1 ! pr(its ( ! ,biscayna1 :i* 0 n[ work$ #cjj feet bel[ ! adit1 began to dim9i%2 = ?\gh x /ill cont9u$ to yield enorm\s quantities ( ore1 ! wat] fl[$ 9 s abundantly t tw5ty-eight b>itels1#dd ea* requir+ =ty horses1 & work$ at an exp5se ( #b1jjjl4 p] week1 0 incapable ( ma/]+ x4 ,at ! dea? ( ! old ,conde ! works 7 ab&on$1 until #agia1 :5 8 heirs once m set all ! b>itels 9 motion2 b ! proce$s n cov]+ ! exp5ses1 ! works 7 aga9 ab&on$4 ,footnote #dd3 ,a v primitive contrivance = rais+ ! wat] 9 sk9 bags4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbd1 :5 ! fr5zy ( m9+ speculations 0 at its height1 a company 0 =m$ 9 ,london1 ) a capital ( #djj1jjjl41 = ! purpose ( work+ ! m9e ( ,tlalpujahua1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,mejoacan1 :i* _h long s9ce be5 ab&on$4 ,)\t any accurate in=mation1 a numb] ( sup]visors & workm5 7 s5t to ! spot 9 #ahbe1 :5 !y f\nd all ! m9es "u wat]4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ?is r unpromis+ /ate ( affairs1 ! company1 n satisfi$ ) its fir/ acquisitions1 ent]$ into new engagem5ts1 s t at ! end ( #ahbe x _h contract$ = no less ?an eighty m9es1 = :i* x b\nd itself to pay ! proprietors annuities am\nt+ to m ?an #ej1jjj doll>s dur+ ! fir/ ?ree ye>s4 ,op]ations 7 n[ begun 9 _m places at once1 b e "o ( !m end$ 9 disappo9tm5t2 & 9 #ahbh ! company1 aft] sp5d+ e f>?+ ( its capital1 vani%$ into #8airy no?+1' ab&on+ ! m9es to _! orig9al proprietors1 & leav+ ! ill-fat$ %>ehold]s to m\rn ov] _! cr$ulity & folly4 ,subsequ5tly ano!r ,engli% company und]took ! work+ ( ! m9es ( ,real del ,monte1 & aft] sp5d+ no less ?an #ae1cha1fcc doll>s1 aga9/ a produce ( #aj1dha1dge doll>s1 0 dissolv$ 9 #ahdh4 ,mr4 ,bu*an n[ und]took ! managem5t = a ,mexican company1 & almo/ imm$iately /ruck ! great ,ros>io ve91 :i* op5$ a long c>e] ( prosp]ity1 & yield$ a pr(it ( a million ( doll>s 9 #ahfg4 ,e =tnight a conducta1 or escort1 ( "o hundr$ & fifty arm$ m5#de conveys ! silv]1 9 b>s ( sev5ty p\nds1 inclos$ 9 an iron safe1 to ! capital4 ,footnote #de3 ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news1 ,no4 #adgg1 ,saturday1 ,april #aa1 #ahfh4 ,x w\ld be va9 to seek 9 ! ,mexican m9es = ! sci5tific arrangem5t :i* is to be f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! ,engli% or ,g]man subt]ranean work+s4 ,"o ( _! *ief faults consi/s 9 a want ( communication betwe5 _! v>i\s p>ts1 s t !y resemble ^? ill-arrang$ h\ses :]e1 to g f "o room to ano!r1 "o is oblig$ to trav]se long & crook$ passages4 ,h5ce ! impossibility ( introduc+ 9 mo/ ( ! m9es an economical transport by means ( tramroads & waggons1 & h5ce also ! necessity ( convey+ ! ore to ! surface by human lab\r4 ,! native ,indians1 h[ev]1 are admirable c>ri]s1 = !y w climb /eep ladd]s1 ) #bdj to #chj p\nds1 & p]=m ?is h>d "w = six h\rs consecutively4 ,_! muscul> /r5g? seem$ truly a/oni%+ to ,humboldt1 :o1 ?\gh hav+ no weight to c>ry b 8 own1 felt himself utt]ly exhau/$ aft] asc5d+ f a deep m9e4 ,mo/ ( ! ,mexican silv] is extract$ f ! ores by ! process ( amalgamation4 ,= ?is purpose ! ore is fir/ cru%$ ei!r by roll]s1 or1 m g5]ally1 by /amps1 call$ 9 ,mexico mol9os1 :i* 9 pr9ciple resemble ^? us$ 9 ! t9 m9es ( ,cornwall1 b are n s p[]ful1 & are work$ ei!r by wat]-p[] or by mules4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/amp+ ,,mill4 ,! cru%$ ores are !n convey$ to ! arra/res1 or gr9d+- mills1 :i* are usually arrang$ 9 r[s 9 a l>ge gall]y or %$4 ,! ore1 hav+ be5 br\ght into a f9ely divid$ /ate1 is next all[$ to run out ( ! arra/re into %all[ tanks or res]voirs1 :]e x rema9s expos$ to ! sun until x has ! appe>ance ( ?ick mud1 & 9 ?is /ate ! process is proce$$ )4 ,! lama1 z x is call$1 or slime1 is n[ laid out on ! patio1 or amalgamation floor 7:i* is 9 "s places bo>d$1 & 9 o!rs pav$ ) flat /ones71 9 l>ge masses call$ tortas1 f =ty to fifty feet 9 diamet]1 & ab\t a foot ?ick2 & s ext5sive are ! floors t a l>ge numb] ( ^! tortas are se5 9 progress at ! same "t4 ,:5 ! ore has be5 laid out 9 masses on ! patio1 ! op]ations necess>y to produce ! *emical *anges comm5ce4 ,! fir/ +r$i5t introduc$ is salt1 9 ! proportion ( fifty p\nds to e ton ( ore1 & a numb] ( mules are made to tread x1 s t x may be dissolv$ 9 ! wat] & intimately bl5d$ ) ! mass4 ,on ! foll[+ day ano!r +r$i5t is introduc$1 call$ 9 ,mexico magi/ral4 ,x is common copp]-pyrites1 or sulphide ( copp] & iron1 pulv]is$ & calc9$1 :i* conv]ts x into a sulphate4 ,ab\t tw5ty-five p\nds ( ?is magi/ral are add$ = e ton ( ore 9 ! torta1 & ! mules are aga9 put 91 & tread ! mass = sev]al h\rs4 ,*emical action n[ comm5ces1 & new comb9ations betwe5 ! decompos$ m9]al sub/ances are 9 progress4 ,quicksilv] is !n introduc$1 be+ spread ov] ! torta 9 v small p>ticles1 :i* is effect$ by pass+ x ?r\gh a co>se clo?4 ,! quantity requir$ is six times ! e/imat$ weight ( ! silv] conta9$ 9 ! ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr9d+ ,,mill4 ,! quicksilv] be+ spread ov] ! surface1 ! mules are once m put 91 & tread ! :ole until x is well mix$4 ,great skill is n[ requir$ to wat* ! progress ( ! amalgamation1 & to decide :e!r any "o ( ! +r$i5ts t h be5 add$ to ! ore is 9 defici5cy or excess4 ,! amalgamat+ process be+ at l5g? end$1 ! mass is wa%$ 9 l>ge vats1 ?r\gh :i* /reams ( wat] are made to pass1 s z to drive away ! light] p>ticles ( ! mud & to leave ! heavy amalgam at ! bottom ( ! tub4 ,aft] be+ /ra9$ ?r\gh ! /rong canvas bottom ( a lea!rn bag1 9 ord] to sep>ate ! sup]flu\s m]cury1 ! amalgam is f9ally heat$ 9 l>ge retorts1 :5 ! quicksilv] is volatilis$ & ! pure silv] rema9s beh9d4 ,z a consid]able quantity ( m]cury is ?us lo/1 ?is metal has always _h a great influ5ce on ! work+ ( ! ,mexican m9es4 ,:51 9 times ( w>1 ! importation ( quicksilv] f ,europe 0 /opp$1 ?us caus+ a consid]able increase 9 its price1 ! ores accumulat$ 9 ! magaz9es1 z _! pov]ty made x impossible to meet ! additional exp5se2 & !n x n unfrequ5tly happ5$ t proprietors1 possess+ ores to ! am\nt ( sev]al millions ( doll>s1 7 unable to pay _! curr5t exp5ses4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury1 ! ,mexican m9es annually requir$ sixte5 ?\s& hundr$weight ( m]cury1 :i* 0 furni%$ *iefly by ! m9es ( ,almad51 ,huancavelica1 & ,idria4 ,! sale ( m]cury to ! v>i\s m9+ proprietors 0 a ,gov]nm5t monopoly4 ,! quantity ( silv] produc$ by ! ,mexican m9es 9 #aaj ye>s1 end+ ) ! fir/ ye> ( ! pres5t c5tury1 am\nt$ to ab\t n9ety-eight millions ( p\nds troy1 & ! total value ( ! gold & silv] produc$ f #afhi to #ahjc to ab\t #bhe millions ( p\nds /]l+4 ,! production 0 mo/ abundant 9 ! ye>s #ahje1 #ahjf1 & #ahji1 :5 x rea*$ ! sum ( tw5ty-six & tw5ty-sev5 millions ( doll>s4 ,x !n fell enorm\sly dur+ ! revolution>y w>s2 b ! ,engli% m9+ mania ( #ahbd hav+ furni%$ ! necess>y capital = ! re- op5+ ( a l>ge numb] ( m9es1 x aga9 gradually rose1 & ev5 rea*$ dur+ "s ye>s ! rate ( its mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod4 ,b x nev] am\nt$ to "o-?ird ( ! value :i* is n[ annually extract$ f our coal m9es2 & :ile ! latt] op5 new & unb\nd$ s\rces ( weal? by ! activity !y communicate to numb]less bran*es ( indu/ry1 ,mexico--a prey to bigotry1 ignorance1 an>*y1 & slo?--rema9s1 9 spite ( h] silv] m9es1 z poor & z b>b>\s z ev]4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! m9es ( ,potosi1 ,c]ro di ,pasco1 & ,gualgayoc1 are ! mo/ r5[n$ = _! ri*ness4 ,9 #aede1 an ,indian1 :ile pursu+ "s de] along ! declivity ( a /eep m\nta91 took hold ( a %rub1 ! roots ( :i*1 giv+ way1 br\ght to view a mass ( silv]1 ! fir/ discov]y ( ! ri*es :i* h r5d]$ ,potosi ! prov]bial symbol ( weal?4 ,! ,indian1 wisely conceal+ 8 good =tune1 repeat$ly visit$ ! m9e1 b 8 improv$ circum/ances hav+ be5 rem>k$ by "o ( 8 c\ntrym51 he 0 oblig$ to take him into ! secret4 ,un=tunately a qu>rel ensu$1 & ! fai?less confidant betray$ x to 8 ma/]1 ,don ,jos ,vill>oel1 a ,spani>d1 ^: extraord9>y success 9 work+ ! m9es soon drew ! att5tion ( all ,am]ica to ! wild ,c]ro di ,potosi4 ,a t[n ( #ajj1jjj inhabitants soon rose 9 ! des]t1 9 spite ( ! w9try inclem5cy ( ! climate 7#ab1hdb feet above ! level ( ! sea7 & ( ! fabul\s prices ( provisions1 z all ! necess>ies ( life _h to be convey$ f a va/ di/ance ov] ! pa?less m\nta9s4 ,b if liv+ 9 ,potosi 0 extravagantly de>1 ,mammon took c>e to provide 8 vot>ies ) ! necess>y means2 = ! treasures :i* 7 "h extract$ f ! bosom ( ! e>? seem r to belong to ! _w ( ,ori5tal romance ?an to t ( sob] reality4 ,accord+ to ,humboldt1 ! m\nta9 ( ,potosi1 ^: topmo/ m9e is situat$ #ae1chd feet above ! level ( ! sea--consid]ably high] ?an ! et]nal sn[s ( ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc--produc$ f #aede to #ahjc no less ?an #bcj1jjj1jjjl41 besides ! silv] :i* 0 n regi/]$1 or _h be5 c>ri$ (f by fraud1 & :i* may probably h am\nt$ to z mu* aga94 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( _! greate/ prosp]ity--f #aehe to #afjf--:5 !y annually yield$ #hhb1jjj m>ks ( silv]1 #ae1jjj ,indians 7 occupi$ 9 ! m9es ( ,potosi4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 _! produce1 ?\gh /ill consid]able1 has dim9i%$ to "o-eigh?1 & ! population ( ! t[n has %runk 9 ! same proportion4 ,! ores 7 at fir/ r$uc$ 9 a v imp]fect mann]1 accord+ to ! old ,indian me?od4 ,on ! m\nta9s surr\nd+ ! t[n ( ,potosi1 :]ev] ! w9d blew ) suffici5t =ce1 portable smelt+ ov5s ( clay1 9 :i* num]\s holes kept up a /rong curr5t ( air1 receiv$ alt]nate lay]s ( ore & *>coal1 & ! lively bla/ soon sep>at$ ! metal f ! dross4 ,! fir/ travell]s 9 ! ,cordill]a describe ) en?usiasm ! magnific5t aspect ( m ?an #f1jjj fires1 :i* e ev5+ blaz$ on ! m\nta9 cre/s ( ,potosi4 ,amalgamation 0 fir/ introduc$ ab\t ! ye> #aega4 ,on ! bleak ,puna1 or high table-l& betwe5 ! p>allel *a9s ( ! ,cordill]a & ! ,&es1 is situat$ ! fam\s m9+ t[n ( ,pasco4 ,surr\nd$ by a cresc5t ( /eep & nak$ rocks1 its /raggl+ build+s ext5d ov] an unev5 gr\nd1 bord]$ by small m>%es & lagunes4 ,! %iv]+ travell]1 desc5d+ f ! w9dy heights1 is at fir/ agreeably surpris$ by ! sight ( a l>ge t[n 9 ! mid/ ( ^! dre>y solitudes2 b a ne>] inspection ( its n>r[ crook$ /reets1 & ( its mis]able huts1 ) "h & !re a /ately mansion1 soon dissipates ! fancies he may h =m$ at a di/ance4 ,! wild1 =bidd+ aspect ( ! neighb\rhood1 & ! rigor\s climate1 only a %ort day's j\rney f ! lovelie/ valleys1 prove ! greatness ( ! subt]ranean treasures :i* c\ld induce s l>ge a population to settle 9 s h>% a region4 ,! m9es ( ,pasco1 l ^? ( ,potosi1 7 discov]$1 x is said1 by an ,indian %eph]d1 :o1 accid5tally light+ a fire :]e ! ores cropp$ out1 f\nd silv] among ! a%es4 ,!re are two *ief lodes1 ) num]\s bran*es1 s t ! :ole neighb\rhood may be consid]$ z re/+ on a subt]ranean network ( silv]4 ,! entrances to mo/ ( ! m9es are situat$ 9 ! t[n itself2 &1 z e proprietor ?9ks only ( 8 pres5t pr(its1 !y are work$ 9 s slov5ly a mann] t !y frequ5tly fall 94 ,ts*udi1 :o visit$ "s ( ! deepe/ ( !m1 always ?\ght himself extremely =tunate :51 aft] desc5d+ on half-rott5 /eps or by m\ld]+ ropes & ru/y *a9s1 he return$ aga9 to daylight )\t accid5t1 & m5tions an in/ance :]e ?ree hundr$ workm5 7 buri$ 9 ! ru9s ( a m9e1 9 :i* ! necess>y props _h be5 %amefully neglect$4 ,:5 a m9e is v productive1 x is said to be 9 #8boya2' & :5 su* p]iods ( afflu5ce take place 9 sev]al ( ! m9es at once1 ! population ( ,pasco sometimes increases to d\ble or treble ! usual numb]4 ,! ,p]uvian m9]s are no less di%one/ ?an _! fell[-workm5 9 ,mexico1 & equally cunn+ 9 robb+ _! employ]s4 ,on ! o!r h& _! pati5ce & p]sev]ance are unrivall$4 ,satisfi$ ) ! co>se/ food1 & ) a /ill m mis]able hut1 !y und]go an am\nt ( bodily toil :i* no ,european c\ld endure4 ,_! only solace is ! *ew+ ( ,coca1 ! my/]i\s plant to :i* !y ascribe su* wond]fully /imulat+ p[]s1 & :i* has at l5g? begun to awak5 ! curiosity ( ,european *emi/s & naturali/s4#df ,:5 a #8boya' raises _! e>n+s to a consid]able sum1 !y sp5d x 9 drunk5ness1 & nev] ?9k ( return+ to _! "w until _! la/ f>?+ or _! la/ cr$it is exhau/$4 ,! m9]os1 or proprietors ( ! m9es1 are almo/ equally uncivilis$4 ,passionately devot$ to gambl+ & m9+ speculations1 !y are commonly deeply 9 debt to ! capitali/s ( ,lima1 :o advance !m money at ! rate ( #ajj & #abj p] c5t42 & :5 a #8boya' fav\rs !m1 ?is sudd5 increase ( weal? is m]ely ! prelude ( new emb>rassm5t4 ,footnote #df3 ,! sev5te5? *apt] ( #8,! ,tropical ,_w' is devot$ to ! ,ery?roxylon ,coca4 ,accord+ to law1 all ! produce ( ! silv] m9es %\ld be s5t to ! ,callana or ,gov]nm5t smelt+-h\se2 b 9 ord] to avoid ! heavy duties levi$ by ! ,/ate1 va/ quantities are smuggl$ to ! coa/4 ,! annual produce regi/]$ at ! ,callana am\nts to ab\t #cjj1jjj m>ks1 b p]haps z mu* aga9 is export$ 9 a cl&e/9e mann]4 ,besides ! m9es ( ,pasco1 ,p]u possesses _m o!rs ( consid]able value1 situat$ *iefly 9 ! prov9ces ( ,pataz1 ,huaman*uco1 ,caxam>ca1 & ,gualgayoc4 ,! fam\s ,c]ro de ,san ,f]n&o de ,gualgayoc1 f\rte5 leagues f ! t[n ( ,caxam>ca1 is an isolat$ m\nta9 trav]s$ by numb]less ve9s ( silv]4 ,its summit is %>ply s]rat$ by a multitude ( t[]-l or pyramidal p9nacles1 & its /eep sides are n only pi]c$ by sev]al hundr$ gall]ies = ! extraction ( ! ores1 b also by _m natural op5+s or cav]ns1 ?r\gh :i* ! d>k blue sky is visible to ! spectator /&+ at ! foot ( ! m\nta94 ,! s+ul>ity ( aspect is increas$ by ! numb]less huts1 /ick+ l ne/s to ! slopes ( ! =tress-l m\nta9 :]ev] a l$ge all[$ !m to be con/ruct$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ?irty ye>s aft] ! discov]y ( ! m9es f #agga to #ahjb1 !y yield$ consid]ably m ?an ?irty-two millions ( doll>s1 & are /ill v productive4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ silv] m9es ( ,p]u 0 t ( ,salc$o1 r5[n$ alike = its ri*ness & = ! tragical end ( its possessor4 ,don ,jos ,salc$o1 a poor ,spani>d :o _h settl$ 9 ,puno1 fell 9 love ) an ,indian girl1 ^: "m1 on condition ( 8 m>ry+ h] daught]1 reveal$ to him ! exi/5ce ( a ri* silv] lode4 ,! fame ( ,salc$o's weal? spread f> & wide1 & excit$ ! envy ( ,c\nt ,lemos1 ! vic]oy1 :o s\ght to obta9 possession ( ! m9e4 ,z ! good-natur$ & lib]al ,salc$o _h become v popul> among ! ,indians1 ?is circum/ance 0 made use ( by ! rapaci\s vic]oy to accuse him ( fom5t+ among ! natives a _s ( rebellion aga9/ ! ,spani% yoke4 ,he 0 ca/ into a dungeon1 & ! obsequi\s judges condemn$ him to dea?4 ,:ile 9 prison ,salc$o begg$ ! vic]oy to submit ! case to ! high c\rt ( ju/ice at ,madrid1 & to all[ him to appeal to ! m]cy ( ! k+4 ,at ! same "t he (f]$1 z an ackn[l$gm5t = ?is fav\r1 to give ! vic]oy daily a b> ( silv]1 f ! day ! %ip left ! port ( ,callao to its return f ,europe4 ,if we consid] t 9 ^? times a j\rney f ,p]u to ,spa9 & back requir$ at lea/ f twelve to sixte5 mon?s1 we may =m "s idea ( ,salc$o's weal?4 ,! vic]oy1 h[ev]1 w\ld n li/5 to ! proposal1 ! v brilliancy ( :i* probably inflam$ /ill m 8 cupidity1 & he ord]$ ,salc$o to be hung4 ,b 8 cruelty met ) ! disappo9tm5t x des]v$2 = :5 x became kn[n t no?+ c\ld save ,salc$o1 8 ,indian fri5ds de/roy$ ! works ( ! m9e1 & s c>efully conceal$ ! entrance t x has rema9$ undiscov]$ to ! pres5t day4 ,aft] p]=m+ ?is "w ( retribution1 ! ,indians disp]s$1 & nei!r promises nor tortures c\ld wr+ ! secret f ^? t 7 caught4 ,?\gh ! m9es ( ,p]u h yield$ & /ill yield va/ quantities ( silv]1 yet probably only a few ( ! ri*e/ lodes are work$2 = ! ,indians1 to :om o!r lodes are well kn[n1 w nev] reveal _! exi/5ce to ! :ite m54 ,!y "k by exp]i5ce h[ small a b5efit !y d]ive f ! m9es1 :i* are to !m b a s\rce ( sev]e lab\r4 ,?us !y pref] leav+ ! treasures ( ! e>? undi/urb$1 or use !m only 9 cases ( extreme necessity4 ,9 _m prov9ces und\bt$ pro(s exi/ t ! ri*e/ silv] m9es are secretly work$ by ! ,indians1 b all ef=ts to discov] !m h prov$ fruitless4 ,a ,franciscan monk at ,huancayo1 a desp]ate gambl] & almo/ always 9 want ( money1 _h by 8 fri5dly mann]s ga9$ ! goodwill ( ! ,indians4 ,"o day1 aft] a sev]e loss1 he bitt]ly compla9$ ( 8 di/ress to "o ( 8 ,indian fri5ds4 ,aft] "s hesitation ! man promis$ to assi/ him1 & br\ght him on ! foll[+ ev5+ a bag full ( ri* silv] ores4 ,?is gift he repeat$ sev]al times4 ,b ! monk1 gre$y aft] m1 begg$ ! ,indian to %[ him ! m9e--a reque/ :i*1 aft] repeat$ refusals1 0 at l5g? reluctantly grant$4 ,on ! appo9t$ night1 ! ,indian1 ) two ( 8 comrades1 came to ! ,franciscan's dwell+1 took him on 8 %\ld]s1 aft] fir/ c>efully bl9dfold+ him1 & c>ri$ him1 alt]nately ) 8 fri5ds1 a di/ance ( sev]al leagues into ! m\nta9s4 ,"h !y halt$1 & ! ,franciscan's b&age hav+ be5 remov$1 he f\nd himself 9 a subt]ranean gall]y1 :]e ! ri*e/ silv] ores sp>kl$ f ! walls4 ,aft] fea/+ on ! grateful sight & fill+ 8 pockets1 he 0 c>ri$ back aga9 9 ! same way4 ,on 8 return he secretly loos5$ ! /r+ ( 8 ros>y1 & let a bead drop f "t to "t1 hop+ by ?is means to be able to f9d ! m9e4 ,b1 on ! foll[+ morn+1 z he 0 ab\t to reconnoitre1 8 ,indian fri5d knock$ at ! door1 & say+1 #8,fa!r1 ?\ ha/ lo/ ?y ros>y6' br\ght him a :ole h&ful ( ! loose beads4 ,9 #ahej ! m9es 9 ! prov9ce ( ,copiapo 9 ,*ili yield$ #cce1jjj m>ks ( silv]1 ne>ly z mu* z ! entire production ( ,europe1 & ! ,/ate ( ,nevada 9 ,nor? ,am]ica bids fair to rival ! ri*es ( ,p]u4 ,! ores are f\nd on ! ea/]n slopes ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 9 ! region ( ! ,c>son ,riv]1 & h s9ce #ahei attract$ a /ream ( emigrants to ! ,wa%oe ,m9e4 ,at ! pres5t "t !y annually produce ab\t #af1jjj1jjj doll>s ( silv]1 *iefly f ! ,com/ock ,lode1 :i* may be rank$ among ! ri*e/ m9]al deposits ev] enc\nt]$ 9 ! hi/ory ( m9+ ent]prise4 ,?us we f9d ve9s & deposits ( silv] ore scatt]$ ?r\gh\t almo/ ! entire l5g? ( ,am]ica2 & no d\bt _m an unkn[n ,potosi /ill lies conceal$ 9 ! lonely rav9es or on ! bleak sides ( ! ,&es1 await+ b "s =tunate discov]] to a/oni% ! _w ) its treasures4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,copp]4 ,its valuable ,qualities--,engli% ,copp] ,m9es--,_! comp>atively rec5t ,importance--,dre>y ,aspect ( ! ,cornwall ,copp] ,c\ntry--,botallack-- ,subm>9e ,copp] ,m9es--,a ,bl9d ,m9]--,swansea--,smelt+ ,process--,! ,m9es ( ,fahlun--,_! ,anci5t ,records--,alt5 ,fjord--,dron!im--,! ,m9es ( ,rivaas--,! ,m9es ( ,mansfeldt--,lake ,sup]ior--,my/]i\s ,discov]ies-- ,burra ,burra--,rem>kable ,in/ances ( ,good ,=tune 9 ,copp] ,m9+4 ,copp] d]ives its "n f ! isl& ( ,cyprus1 :]e x 0 ext5sively m9$ & smelt$ by ! ,greeks2 b its fir/ discov]y is ( mu* m anci5t date1 & loses itself 9 ! d>kness ( ! prehi/oric ages4 ,weapons & tools ( bronze--its alloy ) t9--h be5 f\nd bo? 9 ! tumuli ( ext9ct nations & 9 ! lacu/r9e dwell+s ( ! ,swiss lakes1 erect$ by an unkn[n p 9 unkn[n times4 ,among ! ,egyptians1 ! ,greeks1 & ,etrurians1 copp] 0 9 immemorial use1 & ! anci5t ,celtic nations f\ght _! battles ) copp] or braz5 swords1 & fell$ ! trees = ! con/ruction ( _! rude hovels ) axes ( ! same metal4 ,z 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w native copp] is f\nd scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! e>? 9 l>ge lumps or masses1 x naturally attract$ ! att5tion ( b>b>\s tribes mu* soon] ?an iron1 :i* v r>ely occurs 9 ! native /ate2 & "s =tunate *ance or lucky exp]im5t hav+ %[n t1 :5 r5d]$ malleable by heat1 x c\ld easily be hamm]$ into any conv5i5t %ape1 x soon became1 & has ev] s9ce rema9$1 "o ( ! mo/ valuable metals4 ,=m+ important comp\nds ) t9 7bronze7 & z9c 7brass71 rem>kably incorrodible z comp>$ ) iron1 & ne>ly z t5aci\s 9 /ructure1 b n s h>d1 x is recomm5d$ by its qualities = a v>iety ( uses1 & its consumption ev]y:]e increases ) ! progress ( civilization & ! ext5sion ( comm]ce4 ,=tunately copp] is ( su* common occurr5ce t a m]e enum]ation ( ! localities :]e x is f\nd w\ld swell into a long & t$i\s li/2 x is en\gh to /ate t ri* copp] m9es exi/ bo? 9 ! ,old ,_w & ! ,new1 & promise an inexhau/ible supply to ! mo/ di/ant g5]ations4 ,9 ,europe ,engl& is ! *ief copp]-produc+ c\ntry4 ,ri* m9es h be5 discov]$ & work$ 9 ,anglesey1 ,%rop%ire1 ,*e%ire1 & ,/af=d%ire1 9 ! c\nties ( ,wickl[1 ,cork1 & ,wat]=d2 b by f> ! l>ge/ quantity is suppli$ by ,cornwall & ,devon4 #8,! hi/ory ( ,corni% copp]1' says ,mr4 ,w>n]1 #8is z a mu%room ( la/ night comp>$ ) t ( t94 ,ly+ deep bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?1 x w\ld be conceal$ f ! inquiries ( human indu/ry till su* "t z natural philosophy _h made consid]able progress1 & ! me*anical arts _h rea*$ _! pres5t /ate ( p]fection2 = not)/&+ t9 9 ,cornwall seldom runs deep] ?an fifty fa?oms bel[ ! surface1 good copp] is seldom f\nd at a less dep? ?an t4 ,accord+ly we d n f9d t any regul> rese>*es 7 made = copp] ores 9 ,cornwall till ! latt] end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 a few adv5tur]s work$ 9 an imp]fect mann] "s insignificant m9es4 ,half a c5tury aft]w>ds1 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 ?\gh ! product ( ! m9es w\ld naturally be great] ?an be=e1 yet little advantage seems to h be5 d]iv$ to ! c\ntry at l>ge f ! work+ ( its copp]4 ,writ]s h9t at ! my/]y made ( its uses by ! m]*ants4 ,9 ! next reign1 h[ev]1 all my/]y 0 disp]s$1 ! m9es 7 inspect$1 _! value det]m9$1 & a sy/em 0 introduc$ ( work+ !m to great] advantage4' ,yet s wret*$ 0 ! k ( m9]alogy be=e #agab t ! yell[ copp] ore1 at pres5t s highly valu$1 0 consid]$ ( no importance & ca/ aside z wor?less rubbi%4 ,s9ce ! reign ( ,george ,i4 !re has be5 s mu* improvem5t t1 next to iron & coal1 copp] is n[ ! mo/ important ( our m9]al products4 ,! *ief ,corni% copp] m9es are situat$ 9 ! di/ricts ( ,camborne1 ,r$ru?1 & ,gw5nap1 :i* are ab\t ! dre>ie/ ( all ,briti% wild]nesses4 ,few trees are to be se51 few fields2 furze & wild b]ries =m ! *ief vegetation ( ! nigg>d soil4 ,blocks ^u blocks ( /one are scatt]$ ov] ^! desolate moorl&s1 t h be5 excavat$1 dug into hillocks1 di/urb$ & turn$ ov] & ov] aga91 sometimes by ! primeval /ream-works ( ! old m5 or anci5t m9]s1 sometimes by m mod]n lab\r 9 se>* ( metallic weal?4 ,(f ! roads ^! di/ricts are utt]ly imp]vi\s on :eels or on horseback1 & ! travell] c only walk1 or r fl\nd]1 ov] !m by jump+ f pat* to pat* ( firm] l&4 ,yet ?is sc5e ( app>5t pov]ty is 9 reality "o ( ! v ri*e/ portions ( ! k+dom1 & conceals m weal? b5ea? its /]ile surface ?an has ev] be5 produc$ by a simil> ext5t ( ! faire/ fields & pa/ures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,botallack ,,m9e1 ,,cornwall4 ,! bluff promontory ( ,botallack1 n f> f ,cape ,cornwall1 conceals 9 its rocky entrails a copp] m9e1 ! mo/ s+ul>ly plac$1 probably1 ( any m9e 9 ! _w1 = n[h]e d ! triumphs ( indu/ry appe> 9 m picturesque connection ) ! magnific5t sc5]y ( ! ocean4 ,! metallif]\s ve9s runn+ along ! cliffs into ! sea va9ly conceal$ !mselves b5ea? ! swell+ surge2 9 va9 a huge b>ri] ( rocks seem$ to r5d] !m inaccessible to ! m9]1 z soon z x became kn[n t "h1 buri$ "u ! ocean1 lay treasures t w\ld amply repay ! co/ & lab\r exp5d$1 & ! dang] enc\nt]$ 9 seek+ = !m4 ,to ^? :o /& bel[ ! cliff & look up f ! sea1 ! view is fe>fully gr&1 & rem>kable = ! comb9ation ( ! wond]s ( art ) ! wond]s ( nature4 ,! sep>ate p>ts ( an enorm\s /eam- eng9e _h to be l[]$ #bjj feet d[n ! almo/ p]p5dicul> precipice1 & a tram-road runs "r up ! face ( ! cliff4 ,l(ty *imneys1 p\r+ out d5se volumes ( black smoke1 are se5 p]*$ on ! v]ge & ev5 on ! l$ges ( a trem5d\s precipice1 & ! m9] has built 8 hut ov] ! sea-bird's roo/4 ,all ^! con/ructions seem at ! m]cy ( e /orm1 & to ! behold] f b5ea? !y almo/ appe> susp5d$ 9 ! air & tott]+ to _! fall4 ,on "o side ( ! cliff tall ladd]s scale ! rock2 b he mu/ h /rong n]ves :o c tread !m fe>lessly1 ! sea ro>+ "u him & fl++ its rag+ spray aft] him z he asc5ds1 :ile 9 o!r p>ts mules & _! rid]s may be se5 trott+ up & d[n ! rocky tracks :i* ! p$e/rian visitor w\ld sc>cely d>e to pass4 ,a /range & re/less life p]vades a sc5e :i* nature seem$ to h = ev] remov$ f> f ! busy haunts ( man4 ,a visit to ?is rem>kable m9e leaves an in]adicable impression on ! m9d4 ,desc5d+ ladd] aft] ladd]1 & pass+ on f gall]y to gall]y1 /epp+ ov] r\gh /ones & awkw>d holes1 n[ /oop+ d[n "u masses ( ov]hang+ rock1 & n[ climb+ ov] /ony projections b5ea? y\r feet1 y are at l5g? in=m$ t y are v]tically #abj feet bel[ ! sea-level1 & horizontally #dhj feet "u ! bottom ( ! ocean or beyond l[-wat] m>k1 :ile /ill deep] d[n human be+s are hew+ ! h>d rock4 ,! br9e oozes ?r\gh ! metallic ceil+1 & ! s\nd ( di/ant wat]s falls fa9tly ^u ! e>4 ,!re are o!r subm>9e m9es 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,botallack4 ,9 ,little ,b\nds & ,:eal ,cock ! h>dihood ( ! m9]s tempt$ !m to foll[ ! ore upw>ds1 ev5 to ! sea2 b ! op5+s made 7 v small1 &1 ! rock be+ extremely h>d1 a cov]+ ( wood & cem5t 9 ! =m]1 & a small plug 9 ! latt] m9e1 suffic$ to exclude ! wat]1 & protect$ ! workm5 f ! fatal consequ5ces ( _! ra%ness4 #8,9 all ^!1 & 9 ,:eal ,edw>d & ,levant1' says ,mr4 ,h5wood1#dg #8,i h he>d ! da%+ ( ! bill[s & ! grat+ ( ! %+le ov]head ev5 9 calm wea!r4 ,i 0 once1 h[ev]1 und]gr\nd 9 ,:eal ,cock dur+ a /orm4 ,at ! extremity ( ! level seaw>d1 "s eighty or "o hundr$ fa?oms f ! %ore1 little c\ld be he>d ( its effects1 except at int]vals1 :5 ! reflux ( "s unusually l>ge wave project$ a pebble outw>d1 b\nd+ & roll+ ov] ! rocky bottom4 ,b :5 /&+ b5ea? ! base ( ! cliff1 & 9 t "p ( ! m9e :]e b n9e feet ( ! rock /ood betwe5 u & ! ocean1 ! heavy roll ( ! l>ge b\ld]s1 ! ceaseless gr9d+ ( ! pebbles1 ! fi]ce ?und]+ ( ! bill[s1 ) ! crackl+ & boil+ z !y reb\nd$1 plac$ a tempe/ 9 its mo/ appall+ =m too vividly be=e me ev] to be =gott54 ,m ?an once1 d\bt+ ! protection ( our work+ %ield1 we retreat$ 9 affright1 & x 0 only aft] repeat$ trials t we _h confid5ce to pursue our inve/igations4' ,footnote #dg3 #8,transactions ( ! ,royal ,geological ,society ( ,cornwall1' vol4 v4 p4 #aa4 ,x seems t at times ( great /orms1 ev5 ! m9]s1 accu/om$ = ye>s to ^! subm>9e cav]ns1 h be5 t]rifi$ by ! ro>+ ( ! sea4 ,!y h he>d1 z x 71 m\nta9 da%+ aga9/ m\nta91 or z if all ! artill]y ( ,engl& 0 boom+ ov] _! heads4 ,yet _! ro( ( rock1 ?9 z x is 9 "s p>ts1 has hi!rto %ield$ !m aga9/ ! sea1 & w no d\bt cont9ue to def5d !m aga9/ x4 ,on leav+ ^! wond]ful subm>9e excavations1 ! sc5]y ( ! upp] _w appe>s d\bly beautiful4 ,! #8,travell] ,und]gr\nd'#dh tells u a rem>kable /ory ( a bl9d man :o once work$ 9 ,botallack1 & cont9u$ 8 p]il\s toils und]gr\nd = a long p]iod1 f ! dread ( be+ compell$ to accept p>i% relief4 ,by ! fruits ( 8 lab\r he support$ a family ( n9e *ildr51 & su* 0 8 m>vell\s recollection ( e turn+ & w9d+ ( ! m9e t he became a guide to 8 fell[- lab\r]s if by any accid5t _! lights 7 ext+ui%$4 ,on be+ dis*>g$ f ?is employm5t 7& !y mu/ truly h _h rocky he>ts :o did dis*>ge him71 ?is poor bl9d man soon aft]w>ds met 8 dea? 9 a melan*oly mann]4 ,be+ engag$ z att5dant on "s brick-lay]s1 :o 7 build+ a h\se at ,/4 ,ives1 he _h to c>ry ! hods ( mort> up to ! scaffold+4 ,/epp+ too f> back f a plat=m1 he fell1 & di$ almo/ imm$iately4 ,footnote #dh3 #8,cornwall1 its ,m9es & ,m9]s4' ,london1 #ahfj4 ,! *ief copp] ores ( ,cornwall are ! bisulphuret 7conta9+ ne>ly equal p>ts ( copp]1 sulphur1 & iron71 ! sulphuret1 or grey ore ( ! m9]s 7conta9+ m ?an #gi p] c5t4 ( copp]71 & ! black ore1 an almo/ pure oxide2 b :5 extract$ f ! m9e1 ^! ores are g5]ally s mix$ up ) impurities t _! av]age cont5ts d n am\nt to m ?an #b or #c p] c5t4 ,!y h consequ5tly to und]go v>i\s processes ( pick+1 cru%+1 sort+1 & wa%+1 be=e !y are r5d]$ saleable & fit = export to ! smelt+ works ( ,swansea1 ! gr& emporium = copp]4 ,! reason :y !y are n smelt$ on ! spot is t ! fuel ne$$ is m bulky ?an ! ore1 & x is *eap] to br+ ! copp] ( ,cornwall to ! coal ( ,s\? ,wales ?an to take ! coal to ! copp]4 ,9 ,swansea--b half a c5tury ago a m]e hamlet1 & n[ a fl\ri%+ t[n ( #cf1jjj inhabitants--we f9d all ! conditions ne$$ = ! developm5t ( a va/ indu/ry4 ,coal & wat]-p[] 9 inexhau/ible abundance1 excell5t roads & railroads1 ! ne>ness ( ! sea1 canals :i* all[ vessels ( consid]able burd5 to load & unload close to ! smelt+ huts1 s t _! high ma/s rise alongside ( ! t[]+ *imneys--^! are ! natural & artificial advantages to :i* ,swansea owes its rank z ! fir/ copp] manufactur+ t[n 9 ! _w4 ,=1 n satisfi$ ) ! abundant ores ( ,great ,brita91 its smelt+ works seek _! mat]ials 9 almo/ e copp]-produc+ c\ntry ( ! globe4 ,! ri* ores ( ,*ili & ,au/ralia1 ( ,cuba & ,nor? ,am]ica1 ( ,norway & ,tuscany1 all f9d _! way to ,swansea1 :i* re- exports ! metal to e "p ( ! _w4 ,vivian's works1 ! mo/ important ( ! e/abli%m5ts ( ,swansea1 are situat$ 9 a vale a c\ple ( miles f ! t[n4 ,a m>itime canal enables brigs to sail at high tide up to ! smelt+ furnaces1 :5ce a second canal leads to ! coal-pits1 asc5d+ ! hill by a succession ( locks4 ,al?\gh 9 ! build+ ( ?is huge factory n a ?\ght 0 giv5 to grace or beauty ( =m1 utility be+ ! sole aim 9 view1 /ill its va/ ext5t leaves on ! m9d a c]ta9 impression ( gr&eur4 ,! :ole smelt+ process is c>ri$ on 9 rev]b]atory furnaces4#di ,9 ord] to dis5gage ! sulphur & o!r volatile impurities1 ! ore is fir/ roa/$ 9 at lea/ sixte5 ( ^! p[]ful ov5s1 ea* ( :i* holds =ty hundr$weight1 & p]=ms its (fice 9 six h\rs4 ,! smoke ( all ^! furnaces collects 9 a huge *imney1 :i*1 aft] climb+ ! hill = ab\t six hundr$ feet1 ends 9 a mighty column two hundr$ feet high4 ,! roa/$ ores are !n mix$ ) a c]ta9 proportion ( fluor sp>1 & smelt$ 9 tw5ty small] rev]b]atory furnaces4 ,a ton is introduc$ at a "t1 & 9 ea* ov5 sev5 tons c be smelt$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x w\ld lead me too f> 7 ,i to ent] into m m9ute details4 ,i w !re=e briefly /ate t ! copp] is /ill oblig$ to pass f\r times ?r\gh diff]5tly con/ruct$ furnaces be=e x is suffici5tly pure to be roll$ into %eets or to be granulat$1 a condition 9 :i* x is us$ = ! fabrication ( brass1 z x !n pres5ts m surface to ! action ( ! z9c1 & comb9es ) x m readily4 ,to produce ?is granulation1 ! metal is p\r$ into a l>ge ladle pi]c$ ) holes1 & plac$ above a ci/]n fill$ ) wat]1 :i* mu/ be hot or cold accord+ to ! =m ( ! gra9s requir$4 ,:5 x is hot1 r\nd gra9s are obta9$1 analog\s to lead %ot1 & ! copp] 9 ?is /ate is call$ bean %ot4 ,:5 ! melt$ copp] falls into cold wat] p]petually r5ew$1 ! granulations are irregul>1 ?91 & ramifi$1 con/itut+ fea!r$ %ot4 ,footnote #di3 ,a rev]b]atory furnace is a furnace 9 :i* int5se heat is produc$ by a flame :i*1 :ile pass+ ?r\gh a furnace1 rev]b]ates f ! ro( ov] ! sub/ance to be fus$1 ! draught be+ creat$ by means ( a l(ty *imney4 ,! process ( prep>+ ! copp] does n pres5t ! bu/le & activity nor ! gl>e & brilliancy ( an ironwork4 ,! smoke & vap\r dis5gag$ f ! ore are ( ! mo/ noxi\s & disagreeable k9d1 & imp>t to ! :ole neighb\rhood a s+ul>ly gloomy "*4 ,! /unt$ vegetation is s kept d[n by x t !re are no trees1 &1 in/ead ( grass1 a dry1 yell[1 sickly gr[? ( *amomile b>ely cov]s ! gr\nd4 ,:5 view$ f a neighb\r+ em95ce at night1 ! livid gl>e f ! *imneys1 ! roll+ :ite cl\ds ( smoke :i* fill up ! valley b5ea?1 ! desolate-look+ heaps ( slag1 & ! pung5t sulphur\s vap\rs rem9d ! spectator ( #8,! dismal situation1 wa/e & wild1 ,! dungeon horrible on all sides r\nd1' :]e ,satan lay welt]+ aft] 8 fall f heav54 ,aft] ,engl&1 ,sw$51 ,g]many1 & ,russia take ! lead among ! copp]-produc+ c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,! m9es ( ,fahlun 9 ,dalec>lia are no less rem>kable = _! picturesque appe>ance ?an ! celebrat$ iron m9es ( ,dannemora 9 ! same prov9ce4 ,a va/ pit1 #a1bjj feet long1 #fjj feet broad1 & above #ahj feet deep1 ) precipit\s1 sometimes v]tical1 & occasionally ev5 ov]hang+ walls1 op5s be=e ! spectator1 :o might fancy himself /&+ on ! br9k ( an enorm\s crat]4 #8,! aspect ( ?is deep *asm1' says ,pr(essor ,haussmann1#ej #8af=ds a desolate picture ( ru9 caus$ by improvid5ce & wa/e1 z x owes its orig9 to ! successive fall+s 9 ( subt]ranean excavations c>elessly wid5$ & left )\t suffici5t supports4 ,f ! va/ m\nds ( rubbi% accumulat$ at ! bottom ( ! pit1 remnants ( anci5t %afts1 =m$ ( ?ick beams ( wood1 are se5 protrud+1 b ^! %[ only a "p ( ! deva/ation produc$ by ! great fall+ 9 :i* took place 9 ! ye> #afgh4 ,on ! nor!rn side ( ! pit is a broad & conv5i5t wood5 /aircase1 by :i* n only ! m9]s1 b also ! horses us$ = work+ ! subt]ranean ma*9]y1 desc5d to ! bottom4 ,!nce x gradually w9ds und]gr\nd to a dep? ( #agg fa?oms4' ,footnote #ej3 #8,geological ,travels ?r\gh ,sw$54' ,z is g5]ally ! case 9 ,sw$51 ! ore ( ,fahlun =ms consid]able masses1 ! *ief be+ a va/ r5i=m lump #a1bjj feet long & #fjj broad at its upp] surface1 & gradually n>r[+ z x desc5ds4 ,ne> ?is gigantic /ock are situat$ simil> deposits1 :i* ?\gh ( small] dim5sions are /ill v consid]able4 ,f ! copp] pyrites be+ deposit$ *iefly on ! circumf]5ce or ! out] %ell ( ^! r5i=m masses1 :i* are !mselves ( extremely irregul> outl9e1 ! m9+ op]ations are c>ri$ on ) great difficulty1 & exhibit a p]fect labyr9? ( crook$ & w9d+ gall]ies1 situat$ at v>i\s dep?s1 & support$ by pill>s or sometimes by walls--a peculi>ity :i* expla9s ! successive fall+s 9 t h =m$ ! enorm\s pit ( ,fahlun4 ,! m9e has be5 work$ f "t immemorial1 & is said to h be5 kn[n ev5 be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! olde/ docum5t extant be>s ! date ( ! ye> #acdg1 & conta9s ! privileges grant$ to ! proprietors ( ! m9e by ,k+ ,olaus ,smek2 b /ill m anci5t docum5ts are m5tion$1 among o!rs a pur*ase-de$ ( ! ye> #abjj4 ,z ! ores are poor1 _! abundance alone r5d]s ! work+ ( ! m9e pr(itable2 b ,fahlun has se5 its be/ days & is doom$ to a gradual decl9e4 ,dur+ its greate/ prosp]ity x is said to h yield$ #e1jjj tons ( copp] annually1 b 9 #ahff x furni%$ no m t #fjj tons1 or ab\t "o-?ird ( ! entire production ( ,sw$54 ,9 #agai a body1 pres]v$ f corruption by ! vitriolic wat] ) :i* x _h be5 saturat$1 0 f\nd 9 an ab&on$ "p ( ! ,fahlun m9es4 ,:5 x _h be5 br\ght up to ! surface1 ! :ole neighb\rhood flock$ toge!r to see x2 b nobody c\ld recognise a lo/ fri5d or k9sman 9 its "y & h&some features4 ,at l5g? an old woman1 m ?an #hj ye>s ( age1 approa*$ ) tott]+ /eps1 & ca/+ a glance on ! corpse1 utt]$ a pi]c+ %riek & fell s5seless on ! gr\nd4 ,%e _h in/antly recognis$ h] affianc$ lov]1 :o _h my/]i\sly disappe>$ m ?an sixty ye>s previ\sly1 b ^: image %e /ill bore 9 h] fai?ful memory4 ,z he 0 n employ$ 9 ! m9es1 no se>* _h be5 made = him und]gr\nd at ! "t4 ,mo/ probably he _h fall51 by "s accid5t1 into "o ( ! num]\s crevices by :i* ! surface ( ! m9es is trav]s$4 ,?us ! tott]+ woman1 weigh$ d[n ) ! d\ble burd5 ( infirmity & age1 saw once m ! face ( h] lov] z %e _h look$ ^u x 9 ! days ( h] y\?4 ,9 ! si/] k+dom ( ,norway1 :i* produces annually ab\t #dhj tons ( copp]1 ! m9es ( ! ,alt5 ,fjord are rem>kable = _! high nor!rn situation 79 #gj ,n4 ,lat41 beyond ! ,arctic ,circle74 ,a piece ( copp] ore f\nd by a ,lap woman 9 #ahbe fell accid5tally into ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,cr[e1 an ,engli% m]*ant 9 ,hamm]fe/1 :o imm$iately took measures = obta9+ a privilege f ,gov]nm5t = ! work+ ( a m9e4 ,all prelim9>ies be+ arrang$1 he set (f = ,london1 :]e he f\nd$ a company ) a capital ( #ge1jjjl4 ,:5 ,m>mi] visit$ ! ,alt5 ,fjord 9 #ahdb1 m ?an #a1ajj workm5 7 employ$ 9 ^! mo/ nor!rly m9+ works ( ! _w2 b probably ! numb] has s9ce decreas$4 ,al?\gh ,dron!im or ,tronyem is r5[n$ 9 ,norse hi/ory z ! seat ( _m k+s1 yet ! t[n seems z if built b ye/]day4 ,repeat$ conflagrations h (t5 r$uc$ its wood5 h\ses to a%es4 ,! *oir ( ! anci5t ca!dral1 ! f9e/ edifice ev] built 9 s high a latitude1 is ! only rema9+ memorial ( old ,tronyem2 b ! mod]n city is rem>kably clean & well built1 & gives evid5ce1 by its outw>d appe>ance1 ( ! prosp]ity ( its citiz5s1 :i* is p>tly ow+ to ! fi%-trade & p>tly to ! neighb\r+ copp]-m9es ( ,rraas4 ,! tall *imneys ( ! smelt+ huts & o!r manufactories f\nd$ on ! m9]al ri*es ( ! c\ntry %[ t ! _s ( trade is p]fectly awake 9 ! old capital ( ,sa9t ,olaus1 & t ! abode ( ! anci5t sea-k+s is none ! worse = hav+ ab&on$ piracy = ! m homely pursuits ( mod]n comm]ce4 ,! copp] ores1 :i* 7 fir/ discov]$ 9 #afdd1 occur 9 ! ,rraas ,m\nta9s 9 ext5sive ve9s4 ,! entrance1 :i* resembles ! m\? ( a cave & leads into ! m9e by a gradual desc5t1 is s broad t c>ts lad5 ) ore & drawn by horses c freely pass 9 & out4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,haussmann1 ( ,gtt+51 visit$ ! m9e1 long /alactites ( ice hung f ! ro( ( ! entrance & cov]$ its rugg$ walls ) cry/al drap]y4 ,! lights ( ! num]\s workm5 :o op5$ ! m>* made ! ice glitt] ) all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 & !n1 z !y w5t onw>d1 illum9at$ ! broad gall]ies1 propp$ by mighty pill>s1 & bran*+ into gloomy recesses4 ,at l5g? !y halt$1 & all at once1 on a giv5 signal1 ! brilliant illum9ation 0 *ang$ into ! deepe/ d>kness4 ,a dea?like /illness n[ reign$ 9 ! vault1 :5 sudd5ly a fla% ( lightn+ blaz$ ?r\gh ! gloom1 a l\d clap ( ?und] in/antly foll[$1 &1 ) cra% on cra%1 ! explosions ( _m *>ges ( bla/+ p[d] %ook ! walls ( ! neighb\r+ gall]ies4 ,aft] ! la/ %ot 0 fir$1 ! tor*es 7 relit1 & joy\sly ex*ang+ ! usual salutation ( ,g]man m9]s3 #8,glck auf6'#ea ! company mov$ on4 #8,i _c f9d words1' says ! ,pr(essor1 9 ^: hon\r ! impressive sc5e _h be5 arrang$1 #8to express ! pleasure ,i felt at ?is cordial reception giv5 me 9 ! high nor? by m5 unkn[n to me a few days s9ce4 ,x confirm$ ! exp]i5ce ,i _h already s (t5 made be=e1 t probably no pr(ession s soon produces a fri5dly & intimate connexion betwe5 /rang]s z t ( ! m9]4' ,footnote #ea3 #8,good luck upw>ds6' or #8,a happy return to daylight4' ,! copp] production ( ,g]many is ab\t equal 9 am\nt to t ( ! ,sc&9avian k+doms4 ,! ,rammelsb]g1,b ne> ,gosl> 9 ! ,h>tz1 :i* has be5 work$ ev] s9ce ! ye> #ifh1 is probably ! olde/ m9e 9 ,europe4 ,! fam\s copp] m9es ( ! c\nty ( ,mansfeldt 9 ,prussia af=d a /rik+ example ( ! success obta9able 9 m9+ op]ations by p]sev]ance & a wise economy4 ,! :ole ?ickness ( ! cuprif]\s b$ ( bitum9\s %ale is no m ?an f eight to sixte5 in*es2 b z ! ore1 ?\gh poor1 conta9s a small quantity ( silv]1 ?is circum/ance1 assi/$ by good managem5t & ! application ( sci5ce1 has n only r5d]$ x possible to "w ! m9es = _m c5turies1 b to r5d] !m s fl\ri%+ t 9 #aheb !y produc$ #a1cej tons ( copp] & #ca1hjj m>ks ( silv]1 leav+ a net pr(it ( m ?an #bj1jjjl4 ,! hew]s are oblig$ to p]=m _! lab\r 9 gall]ies n m ?an tw5ty-two or tw5ty-eight in*es high1 ! n>r[e/ limits )9 :i* a man c possibly move & "w4 ,! boys :o transport ! ore slide or creep ) a truly wond]ful rapidity along ! floor1 dragg+ aft] !m1 by means ( a sl+ atta*$ to _! foot1 a waggon load$ ) z mu* z five hundr$weight ( ore4 ,! hew]'s wages = sev5 h\rs ( ?is h>d "w are no m ?an two %ill+s2 yet ! m9]s look v heal?y & *e]ful1 a rem>kable pro( ( ! wond]ful effects ( habit4 ,! va/ empire ( ,russia produces ab\t #e1jjj tons ( copp] annually1 *iefly f ! m9es ( ! ,ural1 belong+ to ,pr9ce ,demid(f2 b a l>ge proportion is furni%$ by ! ,asiatic m9es ( ! ,alta & ( ,n]ts*9sk 9 ,transbaikalia4 ,new deposits h lately be5 discov]$ 9 ! l& ( ! ,kirghise1 ne> ! ,irtys*2 &1 z ! ores are exce$+ly ri*1 & coal is f\nd ne> !m1 !y w1 no d\bt1 become valuable 9 "t4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ,am]ica has f> exce$$ ,europe 9 ! production ( copp]4 ,! inexhau/ible m9es ( ,*ili ext5d along ! :ole coa/ ( ! republic1 & are g5]ally situat$ )9 a conv5i5t di/ance f ! sea & ne> ! be/ ports ( ! ,pacific1 su* z ,cald]a1 ,coquimbo1 & ,valp>aiso4 ,orig9ally ! ores 7 all s5t to ,europe to be smelt$2 b s9ce #ahfe ! discov]y ( coal ne> v>i\s p>ts ( ! coa/ has enc\rag$ ! e/abli%m5t ( num]\s smelt+ furnaces1 s t ,*ili n[ exports no less ?an f #dj1jjj to #de1jjj tons ( metallic copp]1 besides furni%+ l>ge quantities ( ore to ! smelt+ works ( ,swansea4 ,aft] ,*ili no c\ntry has made su* rapid /rides 9 copp]-m9+ z ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! primeval =e/s ( ,nor!rn ,mi*igan & ,wiscons9 w\ld probably /ill be ! undisput$ doma9 ( ! ,indian hunt] if ! m9]al treasures ( ! soil _h n be5 a prize too valuable to escape ! notice ( our weal?-seek+ age4 ,soon aft] ! fir/ settlem5t ( ! ,fr5* 9 ,canada "s bold adv5tur]s _h inde$ p5etrat$ z f> z ! di/ant %ores ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 & giv5 wond]ful acc\nts ( ! l>ge masses ( copp] :i* !y _h se5 scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry2 b ! want ( all means ( communication h9d]$ = a long "t ! advance ( ! m9]4 ,! ,*ippeways1 :o = c5turies _h occupi$ ! banks ( ! lake1 :]e1 l all o!r ,indian tribes1 !y sp5t _! "t 9 hunt+ & fi%+1 nev] ?\ght ( avail+ !mselves ( ! m9]al ri*es ( _! t]ritory4 ,!y inde$ pick$ up n[ & !n "s pieces ( copp]1 & sold !m z curiosities to ! fur-deal]s ) :om !y trad$2 b !y 7 /ill f> too unciviliz$ to seek 9 ! neighb\r+ hills = deposits ( ! valuable metal4 ,_! traditions give no acc\nt ( _! fir/ settlem5t 9 ! c\ntry2 !y believ$ !mselves to be aborig9als4 ,?us1 :5 at l5g? ! l& came to be geologically survey$1 ! discov]y ( ext5sive prehi/oric m9+ works creat$ no small a/oni%m5t4 ,^! relics ( an unkn[n p1 ^: exi/5ce & disappe>ance is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ enigmas ( anci5t ,am]ican hi/ory1 are *iefly situat$ on ! hill-cre/s ( ,isle ,royale & 9 ! ,ontanagon di/rict1 :]e !y may be trac$ = miles4 ,trees1 _m hundr$ ye>s old1 n[ gr[ 9 ! holl[s labori\sly excavat$ by t ext9ct race 9 ! h>d rock ) tools ( /one or copp]4 ,%afts1 tw5ty or ?irty feet deep1 sunk 9 ! h>de/ gre5/one1 h be5 discov]$ aft] fell+ ! trees & remov+ ! rubbi% :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 _h be5 accumulat$ 9 ! cavities4 ,9 _m ! old tools 7 f\nd :i* s]v$ to excavate !m--/one hamm]s ( v>i\s sizes1 or *isels ( artificially h>d5$ copp]4 ,on ! hill beh9d ! ,m9nesota ,pit a mass ( copp] sev]al tons 9 weight 0 f\nd plac$ on wood5 roll]s1 :i* prov$ t ^? unkn[n m9]s mu/ h possess$ a consid]able me*anical k1 )\t :i* x w\ld h be5 impossible to remove su* heavy masses4 ,9 "s gall]ies copp] blocks 7 discov]$ f :i* pieces _h be5 *isell$ (f1 & ! :ole ( ! works gave pro(s ( a skill & p]sev]+ indu/ry q =eign to ! unsettl$ habits ( ! wild & indol5t race ( hunt]s :i*1 z f> z memory rea*$1 _h occupi$ ^! di/ant regions4 ,al?\gh ! exp$itions ( ,g5]al ,cass 9 #ahai & ( ,major ,long 9 #ahbc _h drawn public att5tion to ! copp] ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 /ill tw5ty ye>s m pass$ be=e !y became ! object ( m9+ speculations1 :i* at once rose to a fev]i% height4 ,num]\s companies 7 />t$ 9 #ahdc1 & m9es 7 op5$ 9 _m hundr$ places at once4 ,! natural consequ5ce ( ?is copp] mania 0 disappo9tm5t 9 mo/ cases1 & 9 #ahdg ! great] numb] ( ! m9es1 :i* _h be5 op5$ ) ! mo/ extravagant expectations1 7 ab&on$4 ,a few companies only )/ood ! crisis1 & ultimately prov$ s rem>kably successful z fully to retrieve ! lo/ cr$it ( ! copp] c\ntry1 ! annual yield ( :i* at ! pres5t "t is ab\t #aj1jjj tons1 & consequ5tly ne>ly equals t ( ,cornwall4 ,! copp] occurs 9 ! native /ate 9 ve9s int]sect+ ! trap & s&/one1 b also 9 scatt]$ sup]ficial masses along ! *a9 ( hills :i* ext5ds f ! we/]n to ! nor?-ea/]n extremity ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,9 no kn[n locality h su* l>ge masses ( copp] be5 f\nd4 ,an enorm\s block 0 discov]$ 9 ,febru>y #aheg 9 ! ,m9nesota m9e4 ,x 0 =ty-five feet 9 l5g?1 tw5ty-two feet at ! greate/ wid?1 & ! ?icke/ "p 0 m ?an eight feet4 ,x conta9$ ov] n9ety p] c5t4 ( copp]1 & weigh$ ab\t #dbj tons4 ,a /ill m prodigi\s mass1 sixty-five feet long1 ?irty-two feet broad1 & f\r feet ?ick1 0 f\nd 9 #ahfi4 ,?is k+ ( copp] nuggets weigh$ no less ?an #a1jjj tons1 & 0 wor? #hj1jjjl41 or m ?an ! greate/ lump ( gold t ev] came to light 9 ,au/ralia or ,cali=nia4 ,ri* copp] m9es h likewise be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,/ates ( ,m>yl&1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,new ,york1 b *iefly 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e s9ce #ahfa ! small t[n ( ,copp]opolis#eb has ris5 into importance4 ,m ?an #cj1jjj tons ( ,cali=nian copp] ores 7*iefly sulphurets7 are n[ annually export$ to ! smelt+-h\ses ( ! bay ( ,bo/on1 :i* are likewise suppli$ by ! ores ( ,*ili & ,canada1 & =m a new ,swansea on ! opposite %ore ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! :ole annual production ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at pres5t exce$s #bj1jjj tons ( metallic copp]1 mo/ly consum$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,footnote #eb3 ,?is hybrid "n1 a vile comp\nd ( ,engli% & ,greek1 is en\gh to excite ! wra? ( a philologi/4 ,! m9es ( ,cuba1 :i* 7 v important1 h latt]ly fall5 (f2 b 9 #ahff ! exportation to ,swansea /ill am\nt$ to #aa1bed tons ( ore4 ,among ! ri* copp] c\ntries ( ! _w ,i h f9ally to m5tion ,s\? ,au/ralia1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ,victoria4 ,! mo/ extraord9>y copp] m9e ( mod]n times = produce is t ( ,burra-,burra 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,x 0 />t$ 9 ,septemb] #ahde1 ) a capital ( #ab1jjjl41 subscrib$ by a few m]*ants & trad]s ( ,adelaide1 & 9 ! foll[+ five ye>s yield$ no less ?an #ef1dbh tons ( ore1 wor? #gch1ajhl4 ,! gold discov]ies mom5t>ily put a /op to its prosp]ity2 b ( late ye>s ! works h be5 resum$1 & o!r ri* m9es h be5 op5$1 s t copp] w long rema9 "o ( ! /aple productions ( ,au/ralia4 ,! hi/ory ( "s ( our copp] m9es af=ds examples ( good =tune no less rem>kable ?an ^? :i* we f9d m5tion$ 9 ! annals ( ! ,mexican silv]-m9+4 ,tresavean ,copp] ,m9e1 )9 a walk ( ,r$ru?1 _h once or twice be5 ab&on$ z a failure4 ,at l5g? x 0 tak5 up by p>ties :o p]sev]$ 9 explor+ x1 & succe$$ 9 discov]+ its weal? by an outlay ( little m ?an #a1jjjl4 ,f #ahch to #ahdc ! pr(its av]ag$ #cj1ficl4 p] annum1 & 9 #ahcc #fcjl4 7 divid$ p] %>e1 or 9 all #fj1dhjl4 ^u n9ety-n9e %>es1 ea* %>e hav+ ab\t #bjl4 paid up1 s t 9 "o ye> ! pr(its surpass$ m ?an ?irty times ! capital inve/$4 ,old ,cr9nis ,copp] ,m9e1 ne> ,/4 ,au/ell1 0 9 #ahjh ab&on$1 aft] repeat$ failures1 & decl>$ by ! be/ m9]s ( ! day to be n wor? #8a pipe ( tobacco4' ,9 #ahji ,mr4 ,jo%ua ,r[e1 ( ,torpo9t1 & "s co-adv5tur]s1 not)/&+ ! g5]al contempt = ! m9e1 began work+ x aga94 ,z x /ill rema9$ poor1 ! adv5tur]s dropp$ (f "o by "o1 leav+ ! entire co/ ( work+ ^u ,mr4 ,r[e1 :o1 aft] lay+ out a few additional hundr$s1 0 rew>d$ by ! discov]y ( a ri* mass ( ore at ab\t t5 fa?oms f ! surface4 ,^u ?is becom+ kn[n1 ! old adv5tur]s aga9 claim$ _! %>es2 b ,mr4 ,r[e resi/$ _! unju/ pret5tions & won 8 lawsuit4 ,9 ! %ort space ( f\r ye>s & a half1 ?is m9e made a cle> pr(it ( #afh1jjjl41 besides pay+ #bj1jjjl4 = law exp5ses4 ,ano!r in/ance ( rem>kable success is af=d$ by ! ,devon ,great ,consols ,m9es1 :i* 7 op5$ 9 ! ye> #ahdd4 ,! capital ( ! company :i* und]took _! work+ 0 p>t$ into #a1jbd %>es1 ) #al4 paid on ea* %>e4 ,9 ! same ye> by ,novemb] a ri* copp] lode 0 cut1 & ! pr(its paid work+ exp5ses )\t call4 ,! lodes soon began to turn out s ri* t 9 ! six ye>s betwe5 ! dates ( #ahdd & ( #ahej ! company extract$ & sold copp] ores to ! am\nt ( #fjj1jjjl4 ,aft] pay+ all exp5ses1 ! %>ehold]s receiv$ ab\t #bjg1jjjl41 or m ?an #bjjl4 p] %>e on #al4 paid4 ,no m 0 call$1 & ?us an av]age annual divid5d ( #cel41 equival5t to #c1ejj p] c5t41 fell to ! lot ( ea* %>e4 ,su* in/ances1 h[ev]1 ( good =tune are v r>e1 = m9+ 9 ,cornwall1 z else:]e1 is mu* m frequ5tly att5d$ ) disappo9tm5t & loss4 ,sometimes an app>5tly ri* produce is absorb$ by /ill great] exp5ses1 or ve9s v promis+ :5 fir/ op5$ fall (f bel[1 & occasion imm5se loss to ! adv5tur]s4 ,a sudd5 fall 9 ! price ( ! metal is alone suffici5t to r5d] _m ( ! poor] m9es p]fectly wor?less = a long "t4#ec ,h5ce no?+ c be m haz>d\s ?an to inve/ capital 9 a m9+ conc]n2 & if ,%akespe>e _h =ese5 ! delusions ( mod]n speculations 9 conc]ns ( ?is k9d1 he c\ld n m truly h *>act]is$ !m ?an by say+-- #8,! e>? ha? bubbles z ! wat] ha?1 ,& ^! are ( !m4' ,footnote #ec3 ,s9ce ! discov]y ( ! ri* ,nor? ,am]ican & ,*ilian m9es ! price ( copp] has fall5 ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ,! consequ5ce has be5 a great dim9ution ( our copp] production4 ,?us ,cornwall & ,devon%ire1 :i* 9 #ahef yield$ #bjf1agg tons ( copp] ore1 wor? #a1bda1hcel41 saw _! produce gradually dim9i% f t "t1 & 9 #ahfe furni%$ no m ?an #aei1dji tons1 wor? only #gec1dbgl4 ,9 #ahef ! mean av]age price ( copp] 0 #abcl4 p] ton2 9 #ahfe x 0 no m ?an #idl4 #gs4 ,yet ! hope ( sudd5ly gett+ ri*1 & ! v risks & d>+ att5d+ all m9+ und]tak+s1 h an almo/ magical attraction2 &1 9 spite ( numb]less in/ances ( loss or ru91 !re w probably nev] be a want ( speculators will+ to emb>k _! =tunes on ?is un/able f\ndation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,t94 ,t9 kn[n f ! mo/ remote antiquity--,phnician ,trad]s--,! ,cassit]ides--,diodorus ,siculus--,8 ,acc\nt ( ! ,corni% ,t9 ,trade--,! ,age ( ,bronze--,valuable ,qualities ( ,t9--,t9 ,c\ntries--,corni% ,t9 ,lodes--,t9 ,/reams--,:eal ,vor--,a ,subt]ranean ,blacksmi?--,huel ,:]ry1 a ,t9 ,m9e "u ! ,sea--,c>claze ,t9 ,m9e--,dress+ ( ,t9 ,ores-- ,smelt+--,! ,corni% ,m9]4 ,t9 is "o ( ! metals mo/ anci5tly kn[n to man4 ,its fir/ discov]y is hidd51 l t ( silv]1 gold1 copp]1 & iron1 9 complete obscurity1 = ev5 ! names ( ! nations :i* fir/ made use ( x are n kn[n4 ,axes & lances1 sickles & fi%hooks ( bronze--! well-kn[n alloy ( copp] & t9--occur among ! ru9s ( ! anci5t lacu/r9e habitations ( ,switz]l&1 & ! t9 ( ^! bronze ut5sils c\ld only be obta9$ by comm]ce f c\ntries f> remote1 :]e x mu/1 d\btless1 h be5 kn[n = _m ages1 be=e x f\nd its way into ! he>t ( ,c5tral ,europe4 ,?us a few bronze implem5ts pick$ up among o!r rubbi% 9 ! muddy b$ ( an ,helvetian lake op5 a long vi/a into ! obscure hi/ory ( primitive man4 ,on turn+ f ,europe to ! ,ea/ we f9d o!r pro(s t t9 has be5 kn[n f ! mo/ remote antiquity4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( ,numb]s 7xxxi4 #bb7 among ! spoil :i* ! *ildr5 ( ,israel ga9$ by _! victory ov] ! ,midianites2 & ,ezekiel1 9 8 prophetic w>n+ to ! ,tyrians1 enum]ates t9 z =m+ "p ( _! ri*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,mi*ael',s ,,m\nt1 ,,cornwall4 ,x is frequ5tly notic$ by ,hom] z a sub/ance us$ = ar*itectural ornam5ts or = ! embelli%m5t ( ! arm\r ( 8 h]oes1 & its ,greek "n #8,kassit]os1' :i* evid5tly repres5ts ! ,sanscrit #8,ka/ira1' leaves no d\bt z to ! "p ( ! _w f :i* x 0 fir/ obta9$4 ,! t9 :i*1 9 times unrecord$ by *ronology1 s]v$ = ! consumption ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,egypt1 & ,greece1 0 suppli$ by ! m9es ( ,india to ! ,phnician trad]s1 :o convey$ x1 ei!r by l& to ,babylon1 or by wat] to ! ports ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,at a mu* lat] p]iod t great m]*ant p ext5d$ _! m>itime exp$itions to ! ,we/1 & sail+ along ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,gaul1 ultimately discov]$ ,cornwall1 :i* af=d$ !m a new & inexhau/ible supply ( t94 ,) ! jeal\s _s ( trade1 !y long made a pr(\nd secret ( its position2 b ab\t #dej ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 ,h]odotus speaks ( ! ,cassit]ides1 or t9 isl&s1 :i* "s h suppos$ to be ,brita94 ,f\r c5turies lat] ,diodorus ,siculus1 :o liv$ 9 ! times ( ,julius ,cs> & ,augu/us1 gives u an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! anci5t t9 trade ( ,brita94 #8,! inhabitants ( t extremity ( ,brita9 :i* is call$ ,bol]ion' 7probably ,l&'s ,end71 says ! hi/orian ^: n>rative is ! m des]v+ ( att5tion z we are told t he visit$ all ! places he m5tions3 #8bo? excel 9 hospitality & also1 by reason ( _! int]c\rse ) =eign m]*ants1 !y are civiliz$ 9 _! mode ( life4 ,^! prep>e ! t91 work+ v skilfully ! e>? :i* produces x4 ,! gr\nd is rocky1 b x has 9 x e>?y ve9s1 ! produce ( :i* is br\ght d[n & melt$ & purifi$4 ,!n1 :5 !y h ca/ x into ! =m ( cubes1 !y c>ry x to a c]ta9 isl& adjo9+ to ,brita9 & call$ ,iktis 7probably ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,m\nt74 ,dur+ ! recess ( ! tide ! int]v5+ space is left dry1 & !y c>ry ov] abundance ( t9 to ?is place on _! c>ts2 & x is some?+ peculi> t happ5s to ! isl&s 9 ^! p>ts ly+ betwe5 ,europe & ,brita91 = at full tide1 ! int]v5+ passage be+ ov]fl[$1 !y appe> isl&s1 b :5 ! sea returns a l>ge space is left dry & !y are se5 z p59sulas4 ,f h5ce1 !n1 ! trad]s pur*ase ! t9 ( ! natives & transport x into ,gaul1 & f9ally1 travell+ ?r\gh ,gaul on foot1 9 ab\t ?irty days !y br+ _! burd5s on horseback to ! riv] ,rhone4' ,?us we le>n f an au!ntic s\rce h[ ! t9 ( ,cornwall f\nd its way to ,italy 9 ! times ( ! fir/ ,roman ,emp]ors2 b long be=e t p]iod ! wild inhabitants ( ,cornwall mu/ h discov]$ ! use ( ! metallic treasures ( _! b>r5 soil & ! way to b>t] !m = ! commodities ( ! rude tribes ( _! own isl& or ( ! neighb\r+ nations ( ,gaul4 ,:5 we consid] ! v>i\s & important uses to :i* t9 may be appli$1 we _c wond] at its importance 9 ! comm]ce ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! discov]y ( bronze m>ks "o ( ! great epo*s 9 ! progress ( human civilization1 & ! nations t c\ld comm& its use became at once sup]ior1 9 peace & w>1 to ! tribes :o _h only fl9t spe>-heads = _! def5ce or fl9t hat*ets = ! con/ruction ( _! huts4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 :5 iron gradually supplant$ ! use ( bronze = _m purposes1 t9 /ill cont9u$ to be highly e/eem$ = its _m excell5t qualities4 ,possess+ a lu/re b little inf]ior to t ( silv]1 x is n soon t>ni%$1 & n only reta9s its metallic brilliancy a long "t1 b :5 lo/ easily recov]s x4 ,"u ! hamm] x is ext5d$ into leaves call$ t9- foil1 :i* are ab\t "o-?\s&? ( an in* ?ick1 & might easily be beat5 into "o-half t ?ickness if ! purposes ( trade requir$ x4 ,! application ( t9 to ! coat+ ( o!r metals has be5 c>ri$ to great p]fection1 & x =ms ! *ief +r$i5t 9 v>i\s k9ds ( pewt] & o!r :ite metallic alloys1 su* z ,britannia metal1 :i* are manufactur$ into dome/ic ut5sils by ca/+1 /amp+1 & o!r +5i\s processes4 ,t9 is ! sub/ance :i*1 coat$ ) quicksilv]1 makes ! reflect+ surface ( glass mirrors4 ,x is also v important 9 dye+ processes1 z its solutions 9 nitric1 muriatic1 & o!r acids gives a degree ( p]man5cy & brilliancy to sev]al col\rs n to be obta9$ by ! use ( o!r mordants4 ,a comp\nd ( t9 ) gold gives ! f9e crimson & purple col\rs to /a9$ glass & artificial gems1 & enamel is produc$ by ! fusion ( oxide ( t9 ) ! mat]ials ( plate glass4 ,!re are only two ores ( t9--! p]oxide1 or t9/one1 & ! pyrites1 or /ann9e4 ,! =m] alone occurs 9 suffici5t abundance = metallurgic purposes1 & has be5 f\nd 9 few c\ntries 9 a workable quantity4 ,9 ,asia its ri*e/ deposits occur 9 ,sumatra1 ! p59sula ( ,malacca1 & "s small] isl&s1 p>ticul>ly ,banca & ,billiton4 ,! /annif]\s region 9 ?is "p ( ,asia ext5ds f #bj ,n4 ,lat4 to #e ,s4 ,lat41 & 9 _m places ! ore is f\nd 9 su* quantities 9 ! alluvial gr\nds z to be sep>at$ 9 ! easie/ mann]1 by wa%+ or #8/ream+1' f ! gravel or s& ) :i* x is mix$4 ,! facility ) :i* x is obta9$ r5d]s its co/ ( extraction s small t l>ge quantities f9d _! way to ! ,european m>kets4 ,9 #ahff ! m9es ( ,banca furni%$ #e1cfb tons ( t91 & ^? ( ! ,s\nd #e1bed tons ( ! same metal4 ,! port ( ,london alone receiv$ #d1djj tons ( t9 f ^! two s\rces4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! con/antly increas+ importation f ! ,malay c\ntries1 ! price ( ! metal has be5 con/antly decreas+ s9ce #ahef1 s t ! ton ( ore1 :i* at t "t 0 wor? #gjl41 n[ fet*es no m ?an #dhl4 ,un=tunately ^! l[ prices h mat]ially injur$ ! prosp]ity ( our ,corni% m9es1 :i* f ye> to ye> f9d x m difficult to compete ) ,banca & ,billiton4 ,_! production1 h[ev]1 /ill cont9ues to be imm5se1 = 9 #ahff !y yield$ #ae1jhj tons ( ore1 f :i* #i1iij tons ( metal 7 extract$4 ,?is quantity is great] ?an t ( any prec$+ ye>2 & z _m ( ! deep m9es ( ,cornwall are *ang+ f copp] into t9 ore1 increas$ supplies w be obta9$ to meet any dem&4 ,comp>$ ) ?is va/ production1 t ( ,saxony 7sev5ty-six tons71 ,bohemia 7tw5ty-"o tons71 ,spa91 & ,france is s insignificant z to be h>dly wor? m5tion+2 b our ,au/ralian possessions h lately increas$ ! small numb] ( t9-produc+ c\ntries1 & give promise ( future importance4 ,bo? ,cornwall & ,devon possess t9 m9es1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are mo/ important 9 ! c\nty #8,:]e ,engl&1 /ret*$ t[>ds ! sett+ sun1 ,n>r[ & long1 o'erlooks ! we/]n wave4'--,,c[p]4 ,! undulat+ surface ( ?is arid p59sula1 :i*1 be+ rem>kable nei!r = agricultural nor =eign comm]ce1 has be5 celebrat$ s9ce ! remote/ ages = ! m9]al ri*es conceal$ b5ea? its b>r5 soil1 consi/s almo/ exclusively ( slaty transition rocks or killas1 trav]s$ or int]sect$ by a c5tral granitic range & by dykes ( porphyry or elvan :i* cut ! slate & granite1 occasionally trav]s+ bo? 9 "o cont9u\s body ( rock1 some:at 9 ! mann] ( trap-dykes1 & evid5tly ( a lat] =mation4 ,! lodes or m9]al ve9s trav]se ! granite1 ! slate1 & ! elvan indiscrim9ately1 b !y occur m especially at ! junction ( granite & slate4 ,!y h commonly "o prevail+ direction1 b !y inv>iably ?r[ (f into ! conta9+ rock #8%oots1 /r+s1 & bran*es1' (t5 9 su* abundance t1 in/ead ( "o ma9 lode1 call$ a *ampion lode1 ! :ole is an irregul> network ( ve9s4 ,x is n at all c]ta9 t ! same lode has ev] be5 trac$ = m ?an a mile 9 l5g?4 ,v (t5 ! lode fir/ discov]$ dw9dles to a m]e l9e1 :il/ "s ( its (f%oots swell out1 enl>ge1 & rival1 or ev5 surpass1 bo? 9 size & ri*ness1 ! ve9s f :i* !y h sep>at$4 ,! metallif]\s or valuable cont5ts ( a lode g5]ally be> b a small proportion to its unpr(itable p>ts4 ,in/ead ( =m+ uni=m l9es ( metal or pure ore1 runn+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! ve91 !y g5]ally occur 9 :at ! m9]s t]m bun*es1 or 9 pat*es ( v>i\s sizes & %apes4 ,^! v r>ely occupy ! :ole space betwe5 ! walls or conta9+ sides ( ! lode1 b !y are mix$ up ) a v>iety ( o!r sub/ances1 ! *ief ( :i* is qu>tz4 ,sometimes a lode is fill$ ) a compact & p]fectly solid mass2 at o!r times x ab\nds 9 cavities :i* may occur 9 any "o ( ! +r$i5ts & also ( any size1 f ^? ( ! holl[s ( a honeycomb to holl[s ( sev]al fa?oms 9 l5g? & dep?4 ,9 _m lodes t9 is f\nd associat$ ) copp]1 & frequ5tly above ! latt]1 s t ! upp] "p ( _m a copp] lode has be5 work$ z a t9 lode4 ,! ve9s ( ,cornwall h no det]m9ate size1 be+ sometimes v n>r[1 & at o!rs exce$+ sev]al fa?oms 9 wid?2 sometimes !y ext5d to a great l5g? & dep?1 at o!rs !y end aft] a %ort c\rse4 ,!y v>y s 9 bread? t 9 ! same lode "o "p may consi/ ( a m]e l9e betwe5 ! oppos+ walls1 :ile ano!r swells to a wid? ( f ?irty to =ty feet4 ,^! great *anges1 h[ev]1 seldom happ5 )9 sev]al fa?oms ( ea* o!r4 ,lodes :i* yield bo? t9 & copp] 9 mixture are consid]ably l>g] ?an ^? :i* yield ea* metal s+ly4 ,x is also a g5]al fact t ! lodes dim9i% 9 bread? 9 proportion to _! dep?4 ,! ri*e/ t9 ores are m commonly f\nd betwe5 =ty & sixty fa?oms deep2 b 9 "s in/ances1 z 9 ,dolcoa? m9e1 ! dep? ( #bjj fa?oms has be5 atta9$ )\t exhau/+ ! supply1 & ,tresavean m9e has be5 work$ to great pr(it at m ?an #cbj fa?oms f ! surface4 ,t9 ve9s are consid]$ to be good work+ :5 only ?ree in*es wide1 provid$ ! ore be good = its wid?4 ,besides be+ conta9$ 9 lodes1 t9 is also f\nd 9 alluvial b$s1 probably result+ f ! dis9tegration ( ! =m] dur+ a long s]ies ( ages4 ,?is /ream-t91 z x is call$1 is met ) ei!r 9 a pulv]iz$ s&y /ate 9 sep>ate /ones1 call$ %odes1 or 9 a cont9u$ c\rse ( /ones1 :i* are sometimes f\nd toge!r 9 l>ge numb]s1 & occur at dep?s v>y+ f "o to fifty feet4 ,?is c\rse is call$ a /ream1 & :5 ri* 9 ore 0 =m]ly call$ ,beauheyl1 :i* is a ,corni% ^w signify+ a #8liv+ /ream4' ,9 ! same figurative /yle1 :5 ! /one 0 b lightly impregnat$ ) t91 x 0 said to be #8j alive1' & dead :5 x conta9$ no metal4 ,t9 /reams ( irregul> bread?1 ?\gh seldom less ?an a fa?om1 are (t5 scatt]$ 9 diff]5t quantities ov] ! :ole bread?s ( ! moor bottoms or valleys 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,z ! conflu5ce ( riv]s makes a flood1 s ! meet+ ( t9-/reams makes :at is call$ a ri* #8floor ( t94' ,! ore1 be+ ?us dissem9at$ bo? 9 ! alluvium :i* cov]s ! g5tle slopes ( ! hills1 & 9 t :i* fills ! valleys w9d+ r\nd _! base1 is easily obta9$ by convey+ ov] its b$ a /ream ( wat]1 :i*1 by wa%+ away ! light] matt]1 leaves ! heavy ore to be pick$ up :]e ! op]ation has be5 p]=m$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is 0 ! olde/ me?od ( t9-gett+1 & ! abundant traces ( anci5t /ream-works :i* are to be se5 f ,d>tmoor to ! ,l&'s ,end give pro( ( ! great accumulation :i* mu/ h be5 =m]ly work$ out by ?is me?od4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages mo/ ( ^! alluvial deposits h be5 exhau/$1 & :]e1 ?irty or =ty c5turies ago1 l>ge quantities ( t9 ore 7 sup]ficially ga!r$ ) little +5uity & lab\r1 ! m9] is n[ oblig$ to desc5d _m a fa?om deep into ! b[els ( ! e>? & "w 8 sl[ way ?r\gh ! h>d rock4 ,yet1 aft] s _m c5turies ( rese>* & extraction1 t9-/ream+ is /ill c>ri$ on 9 sev]al places1 z1 = in/ance1 at ,c>non1 nor? ( ,falm\?1 :]e a long l9e ( /ream-works ext5ds d[n ! valley4 ,! ore1 mix$ ) r\nd$ pieces ( slate1 granite1 & qu>tz1 lies buri$ ab\t fifty feet f ! surface1 b5ea? ! bottom ( an e/u>y1 :]e trees are discov]$ 9 _! place ( gr[?1 toge!r ) human skulls & ! rema9s ( de]1 amid/ ! vegetable accumulation :i* imm$iately cov]s ! /annif]\s b$s4 ,?us ru9s are "h pil$ up above ru9s4 ,9 #ahff ! numb] ( t9 m9es 9 activity am\nt$ to #aci 9 ,cornwall & to #bf 9 ,devon%ire4 ,9 #aheb ! mo/ important works 7 ,balleswidd51 ,great ,polg>?1 ,pollb]ro1 & ,drake ,wall2 b1 z no?+ is m fluctuat+ ?an ! =tunes ( m9es1 o!rs h probably tak5 ! lead s9ce t p]iod4 ,:eal ,vor1 9 ! p>i% ( ,breage1 ?ree miles f ,hel/on1 may be cit$ z a conspicu\s example ( ! *anges ( =tune s frequ5t 9 ! annals ( ,corni% m9+4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago x 0 consid]$ ! ri*e/ t9 m9e 9 ,cornwall4 ,m ?an #bjj1jjjl4 pr(it _h be5 divid$ among ! %>ehold]s4 ,9 #ahdc !re 7 fifte5 eng9es at "w on ?is ext5sive sett1 :i* _h ! appe>ance ( a t[n1 & ! ma*9]y 0 valu$ at #ajj1jjjl4 ,"h 0 put up ! fir/ /eam- eng9e ev] erect$ 9 ,cornwall1 betwe5 ! ye>s #agaj & #agad4 ,! lode f :i* ! *ief "p ( ! ore 0 rais$ 0 /ill productive 9 #ahdc1 :5 ! m9e employ$ #a1bjj p]sons1 & ! mon?ly co/ ( work+ _h be51 "s ye>s be=e #ahdc1 ab\t #ab1jjjl4 p] mon?4 ,! m9e1 h[ev]1 became less pr(itable1 &1 we>+ out by degrees1 f9ally /opp$4 ,!re 0 =m]ly a blacksmi?'s =ge at ! bottom ( ?is m9e1 9 full op]ation at #a1dgj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,all ! m9]s' tools 7 /eel$1 %>p5$1 & repair$1 & bucket-rods cut & weld$ 9 ?is subt]ranean smi?y1 :i* 0 cle> & free f du/1 smoke1 & sulphur1 & did n 9 ! lea/ annoy ! m9]s4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ! m9e has be5 resuscitat$ ) a capital ( #bjj1jjjl42 b1 z ! %>es h fall5 f #djl4 to #hl41 ! attempt seems to h be5 f> f pr(itable4 ,! hi/ory ( ! rise & fall ( ,huel ,:]ry1#ed a t9 m9e :i* 0 op5$1 m ?an a c5tury ago1 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea1 ne> ! t[n ( ,p5zance1 is too int]e/+ to be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,9 ?is place a gravelly bottom 0 left b>e at l[ wat]4 ,"h a multitude ( small ve9s ( t9 ore cross$ ea* o!r 9 e direction ?r\gh elvan rocks1 & 7 work$ :5ev] ! sea1 ! tide1 & ! season w\ld p]mit1 until ! dep? became unmanageable4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aggh ,?omas ,curtis1 a poor m9]1 0 bold en\gh to r5ew ! attempt4 ,! di/ance ( ! %oal f ! neighb\r+ bea* at high wat] is ab\t #abj fa?oms1 & ?is di/ance1 9 consequ5ce ( ! %all[ness ( ! bea*1 is n mat]ially less5$ at l[ wat]4 ,x is calculat$ t ! surface ( ! rock is cov]$ ab\t t5 mon?s 9 ! ye>1 & t ! dep? ( ! wat] ^u x at spr+ tide is n9ete5 feet4 ,a v great surf is caus$1 ev5 9 ! summ]1 by ! prevail+ w9ds1 :ile 9 w9t] ! sea bur/s ov] ! rock 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] useless all attempts to c>ry on m9+ op]ations4 ,yet all ^! difficulties _h to be ov]come by a poor un$ucat$ man4 ,z ! "w c\ld be prosecut$ only dur+ ! %ort "t ! rock appe>$ above wat]--a "t /ill fur!r abridg$ by ! necessity ( previ\sly empty+ ! excavation already made--?ree summ]s 7 sp5t 9 s9k+ ! pump-%aft1 :i* 0 a "w ( m]e bodily lab\r4 ,a frame ( bo>ds1 made wat]tight by pit* & oakum1 & c>ri$ up to a suffici5t height above ! spr+ tide1 0 !n appli$ to ! m\? ( ! %aft4 ,to support ?is bo>d$ turret--:i* 0 tw5ty feet high above ! rock1 & two feet "o in* squ>e-- aga9/ ! viol5ce ( ! surge1 eight /\t b>s 7 appli$1 9 an incl9$ direction1 to its sides1 f\r ( !m bel[1 & f\r1 ( an extraord9>y l5g? & ?ickness1 above4 ,a plat=m ( bo>ds 0 !n la%$ r\nd ! top ( ! turret1 support$ by f\r poles1 :i* 7 firmly connect$ ) ^! rods4 ,la/ly1 ^u ?is plat=m 0 fix$ a w9dlass = f\r m54 ,footnote #ed3 #8,cornwall1 its ,m9es & ,m9]s4' ,by su* an erection x 0 expect$ t ! m9]s w\ld be enabl$ to pursue _! op]ations at all times1 ev5 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 :5ev] ! wea!r 0 n p>ticul>ly unfav\rable4 ,b z soon z ! excavation 0 c>ri$1 to "s ext5t1 9 a lat]al direction1 ! hope 0 disappo9t$1 = ! sea wat] p5etrat$ ?r\gh ! fissures ( ! rock1 &1 9 proportion z ! work+s became enl>g$1 ! lab\r ( rais+ ! ore to ! m\? ( ! %aft increas$4 ,to add to all ?is1 x 0 f\nd impossible to prev5t ! wat] f =c+ its way ?r\gh ! %aft dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 or1 on acc\nt ( ! swell & surf1 to remove ! t9-/one f ! rock to ! bea* opposite4 ,h5ce ! :ole w9t] 0 a p]iod ( inaction1 & ! regul> work+ ( ! m9e c\ld n be resum$ be=e ,april4 ,nev]!less1 ! %ort int]val :i* 0 /ill all[$ = lab\r bel[ gr\nd 0 suffici5t to rew>d ! bold & p]sev]+ projector4 ,! close ( ?is wond]ful m9e1 f :i* _m ?\s& p\nds wor? ( t9 0 rais$1 0 z romantic z its comm5cem5t4 ,an ,am]ican vessel broke f its an*orage 9 ,gwavus ,lake1 &1 /rik+ aga9/ ! /age1 demoli%$ ! ma*9]y1 & ?us put an end to an adv5ture :i*1 bo? 9 +5uity & success1 0 9 all probability unequall$ 9 any c\ntry4 ,?is wond]ful m9e 0 work$ aga9 a few ye>s s9ce2 b1 al?\gh a v l>ge sum ( money 0 exp5d$1 & x _h all ! advantage ( improv$ ma*9]y1 yet x fail$ to be a pr(itable adv5ture1 & 0 ev5tually ab&on$4 ,! ,c>claze t9-m9e1 ne> ! t[n ( ,/4 ,au/ell1 ?\gh unimportant ) reg>d to its produce1 des]ves to be notic$ = its picturesque appe>ance & ! mann] 9 :i* x is work$4 ,x consi/s ( a l>ge op5 excavation1 ( a mile 9 circuit & f tw5ty to ?irty fa?oms 9 dep?1 look+ m l a va/ natural crat] ?an a holl[ made by human h&s2 & = h\rs ! visitor might trav]se ! dre>y & b>r5 hilly common 9 :i* x is situat$ )\t suspect+ t a m9e is close at h&4 ,no eng9e-h\se & *imney t[]+ al(t ann\nces x f af>2 ! :ole bus9ess is conf9$ to ! int]ior ( ! pun*-b[l holl[4 ,e detail ( ! works is "h expos$ to view1 & x w\ld seem z if a complete m9e _h be5 turn$ inside out = ! b5efit ( timid travell]s1 :o w\ld wi% to see ! v>i\s op]ations ( m9+ )\t ! risk ( a desc5t bel[ ! surface4 ,! walls ( ?is va/ holl[ or crat] are almo/ p]p5dicul>1 & ! view f ! ridge ( ! precipice1 into :i* b few footpa?s desc5d1 is r5d]$ int]e/+ by ! fanta/ic %ape ( ! rocks1 worn or hewn into a ?\s& grotesque =ms by ! action ( ! wat]s or ! pickaxe ( ! m9]2 by ! enorm\s numb] ( holes & holl[s result+ f anci5t excavations2 by ! :ite col\r ( ! granite1 ve9$ ) ! d>k] metallif]\s /reaks2 by ! wat]-:eels at ! bottom1 :i*1 work$ by /reams f ! neighb\r+ commons1 propel ! ma*9]y = cru%+ ! /ones1 loos5$ by ! wat] z x fl[s d[n ! sides ( ! cavity2 & by ! m51 wom51 & *ildr51 scatt]$ ov] ! works4 ,! ore is obta9$ )\t mu* difficulty1 & is easily sep>at$ f ! friable & decompos$ granite1 9 :i* x is emb$d$1 by repeat$ wa%+s 9 ! /reams t are made to fl[ out at ! bottom ( ! m9e ?r\gh a *annel or tunnel1 & :i* c>ry away ! s(t gr[an or granite by _! rapid curr5t1 :ile ! heavi] metallif]\s sub/ances are precipitat$4 ,z ! ores are v poor1 n ev5 conta9+ "o p] c5t4 ( t91 ,c>claze1 :i* has be5 already work$ = _m c5turies1 w\ld long s9ce h be5 ab&on$ b = ! abundance ( ! ores & ! comp>atively small exp5se ( _! extraction4 ,! dress+ ( ! t9 ores1 or ! process by :i* !y are sep>at$ z f> z possible f ! e>?y impurities :i* are mix$ up ) !m1 & are g5]ally mu* light]1 beg9s ) clean+ & sort+1 & !n goes on to wa%+ & /amp+1 & f9ally to calc9ation 9 ! burn+-h\se & to smelt+4 ,! t9 ores ( ,cornwall & ,devon%ire are all r$uc$ )9 ! c\nties :]e !y are m9$1 z ! law prohibits _! exportation--a mo/ absurd & antiquat$ regulation1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 ?is case is n injuri\s to private int]e/s1 z ! vessels :i* br+ ! fuel f ,wales = ! smelt+ furnaces return to ,swansea & ,nea? lad5 ) copp] ores4 ,! smelt+ works1 n exce$+ sev5 or eight 9 numb]1 belong g5]ally n to ! proprietors ( ! m9es1 b to o!r p>ties1 :o pur*ase ! ore f ! proprietors4 ,! smelt+ is effect$ by two diff]5t me?ods1 :i* may be briefly describ$ by /at+ t1 by ! fir/ & mo/ common1 ! ore1 mix$ ) culm1 is expos$ to heat ^u ! he>? ( a rev]b]at+ furnace1 9 :i* pit coal is us$ z fuel2 :ile by ! second me?od1 :i* is appli$ m]ely to /ream-t91 & :i* is foll[$ 9 ord] to obta9 t9 ( ! f9e/ quality1 ! ore is fus$ 9 a bla/-furnace call$ a bl[+-h\se1 9 :i* wood fuel or *>coal is us$4 ,! melt$ t9 runs (f f ! furnace into an op5 bas91 :5ce x fl[s into a l>ge vessel1 :]e x is all[$ to settle4 ,! scori are skimm$ (f1 & ! subsequ5t op]ations consi/ ( ref9+ by all[+ ! mass ( ! metal to re/1 !n submitt+ ! upp] & pure portion to ! ref9+ bas91 & remelt+ ! l[] "p4 ,9 ord] to conv]t ! blocks into gra9-t91 !y are heat$ until !y become brittle1 & made to fall f a consid]able height 9 a semi- fluid /ate1 ?us produc+ an agglom]at$ mass ( elongat$ gra9s4 ,! numb] ( p]sons t f9d occupation 9 & ab\t ! ,corni% & ,devonian t9 m9es may am\nt to ab\t #bj1jjj4 ,! wages are1 on an av]age1 mu* inf]ior to ^? ( ! pitm5 & pitlads 9 ! nor!rn coal-fields2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,corni% m9] is exempt f _m evils to :i* ! nor!rn m9]s are subject4 ,he has n to fe> ! fatal fire-damp1 & c sit at ease & he> or read ( explosions t h de/roy$ hundr$s 9 a few m9utes4 ,8 intellectual sup]iority to ! agricultural lab\r] may be at once inf]r$ f ! nature ( 8 pursuits4 ,! latt] plods on ?r\gh life l a m]e human ma*9e1 &1 z he is nev] ?r[n on 8 own res\rces 9 ! progress ( 8 monoton\s occupations1 8 /ock ( ideas rema9s scanty & conf9$4 ,b ! ,corni% m9] is ! rev]se ( all ?is4 ,he is engag$ mo/ly 9 "w requir+ ! ex]cise ( ! m9d4 ,he is con/antly tak+ a new #8pit*'#ee 9 a new situation1 :]e 8 judgm5t is call$ into action4 ,8 wages are n ! /9t$ recomp5se ( half-emancipat$ s]fdom2 b !y arise f contract1 & dep5d ^u "s degree ( skill & k4 ,9 fact ! *ances ( ! lode keep expectation con/antly awake1 & ?us3-- #8,hope reigns triumphant 9 ! m9]'s brea/1 ,:o nev] is1 b always to be ble/4' ,footnote #ee3 ,! lodes 9 ! ,corni% t9 & copp] m9es are divid$ by %afts & gall]ies into rectangul> comp>tm5ts1 call$ #8pit*es4' ,^! are op5 to ! inspection ( all ! lab\r+ m9]s 9 ! c\nty1 &1 by an admirable sy/em1 ea* #8pit*' is let by public competition1 = two mon?s1 to two or f\r or m m9]s1 :o may "w x z !y *oose4 ,^! m5 agree to break ! ores1 :eel !m1 raise !m to ! surface1 & br+ !m 7if desir$7 into a fit condition = ! m>ket4 ,! ores s rais$ are sold e week1 & ! m9] imm$iately receives 8 tribute1 or p]c5tage = :i* he agre$ to "w4 ,! s9k+ ( %afts & ! driv+ ( levels is paid by tut-"w1 or task "w1 at s mu* p] fa?om4 ,if he is at all imag9ative1 gold5 dreams enliv5 ! d>kness ( 8 und]gr\nd lab\r4 ,he is 9 fact a k9d ( subt]ranean /ock-jobb]1 & #8settl+ day' is z anxi\s a "t = ! humble tribut] at ! ,l&'s ,end z = ! bold speculator ( ! ,/ock ,ex*ange4 ,:5 n exhau/$ aft] 8 h>d day's lab\r1 ! m9] frequ5tly cultivates a small pat* ( l&4 ,_m h tol]able g>d5s1 & "s are able to p]=m _! own c>p5try1 :ile1 if ne> ! coa/1 o!rs are exp]t fi%]m54 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,iron4 ,iron ! mo/ valuable ( ,metals--,its wide ,diffusion ov] ! ,e>?-- ,meteoric ,iron--,iron v anci5tly kn[n--,ext5sion ( its ,uses 9 ,mod]n ,times--,briti% ,iron ,production--,causes ( its ,rise--,hot ,bla/-- ,puddl+--,coal-smelt+--,! ,clevel& ,di/rict--,rapid ,rise ( ,middlesbor\gh--,briti% ,iron ,ores--,production ( ,=eign ,c\ntries--,! ,magnetic ,m\nta9 9 ,russia--,! ,eis5]z ,m\nta9 9 ,/yria--,dannemora-- ,elba--,! ,unit$ ,/ates--,! ,pilot ,knob--,! ,c]ro del ,m]cado4 ,z an in/rum5t ( civilisation iron is ! mo/ valuable & ! mo/ indisp5sable ( all m9]al sub/ances4 ,ev5 coal is ( inf]ior importance to ! welf>e ( mank9d1 = iron may be obta9$ )\t its aid1 :ile coal c\ld n possibly be extract$ f ! b[els ( ! e>? )\t ! assi/ance ( iron4 ,h>d & malleable1 t5aci\s & ductile1 end[$ ) ! s+ul> prop]ty ( weld+1 :i* is f\nd 9 no o!r metal except plat9um1 & acquir+ new qualities by its conv]sion into /eel1 x accommodates itself to all our wants & ev5 to our caprices1 s t no o!r metal has su* v>i\s & ext5sive uses4 ,x clo!s our w> %ips ) a case ( imp5etrable arm\r1 & sets ! f9e/ wat* 9 motion2 x provides ! semp/ress ) h] ne$le1 & guides ! m>9] ov] ! ocean2 x furni%es ! husb&man ) 8 pl\gh%>e1 & ! soldi] ) 8 sword2 x conc5trates 9 ! /eam-eng9e ! s9ews ( a ?\s& horses1 & mocks on ! railroad ! fleetness ( ! swifte/ c\rs]4 ,x is1 9 "o ^w1 ! embodim5t ( p[]1 ! *ief ag5t ( all social progress4 #8,7 ! use ( iron lo/ among u1' says ! illu/ri\s ,locke1 #8we %\ld1 9 a few ages1 be unavoidably r$uc$ to ! wants & ignorance ( ! anci5t savage ,am]icans2' nor w ?is view be deem$ extravagant if we reflect t1 b = iron1 man w\ld be virtually )\t tools1 s9ce x is almo/ ! only metal capable ( tak+ a %>p edge & keep+ x4 ,! b\nty ( ! ,creator1 :i* be/[$ on man ?is ine/imable gift1 has also provid$ = its wid] diffusion ov] ! e>? ?an is ! case ) any o!r ( ! useful metals4 ,few m9]al sub/ances or /ones are )\t an admixture ( x4 ,s&s1 clays1 ! wat]s ( riv]s or spr+s1 are sc>cely ev] p]fectly free f iron1 :ile animal & vegetable sub/ances likewise af=d x 9 ! residues :i* !y leave aft] inc9]ation4 ,its m9es may truly be said to be inexhau/ible2 9 "s its ores occur 9 compact masses ( extraord9>y magnitude1 9 o!rs !y spread 9 va/ /rata or ext5d 9 ve9s ( a prodigi\s l5g?4 ,yet1 9 spite ( its wide diffusion1 ! extraction ( iron f its ores g5]ally requires s mu* metallurgic skill t its use w\ld probably h rema9$ undiscov]$ by ! anci5ts if ,provid5ce _h n 9 a wond]ful mann] reveal$1 z x 71 its exi/5ce to mank9d4 ,all iron ( a t]re/rial orig9 is comb9$ ) o!r sub/ances1 :i* conceal its true nature f ! un9itiat$ eye1 & f :i* x is ) difficulty sep>at$2 b "h & !re1 scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 are f\nd solit>y masses ( metallic iron1 :i*1 hav+ fall5 f ! skies1 may truly be call$ erratic b\ld]s f ano!r _w4 ,! idea ( _! hav+ dropp$ f ! cl\ds 0 long ridicul$ by ! le>n$2 b _! fall has be5 s (t5 obs]v$1 & s circum/antially record$ 9 ! annals ( almo/ e age1 t scepticism has be5 oblig$ to yield to ! weight ( accumulat$ evid5ce1 & sci5ce no long] d\bts _! meteoric orig94 ,no?+ c be m int]e/+ ?an ^! my/]i\s h]alds f ! di/ant fields ( e!r1 :i*1 aft] w&]+ ?r\gh space = c\ntless ages1 h at l5g? be5 br\ght )9 ! sph]e ( attraction ( our planet1 &1 alight+ on its surface1 af=d u tangible pro(s t _m ( ! sub/ances ( :i* our e>? is compos$--iron1 nickel1 silex1 c41 c4--exi/ beyond its limits1 & t mo/ probably our :ole sol> sy/em is con/ruct$ ( ! same mat]ials z our globe4 ,b meteoric iron--:i* sometimes occurs 9 enorm\s masses#ef--;is m ?an a m]e object ( curiosity1 = x has _h a mo/ important influ5ce on ! progress ( ! human race4 ,on su* a mass und\bt$ly ! fir/ smi? ex]cis$ 8 skill1 & x 0 ?is :i* fir/ made mank9d acqua9t$ ) a metal m valuable ?an copp] or gold4 ,footnote #ef3 ,! weight ( ! mass f\nd at ,otumpa1 9 ! ,gran ,*aco ,gualamba1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 by ,don ,rub9 de ,celis 7#aghc7 0 e/imat$ at ab\t fifte5 tons4 ,a piece f ?is mass1 weigh+ #a1djj p\nds1 is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,z we see f ! example ( ! ,esquimaux1 :om ,capta9 ,ross 7#ahai7 f\nd 9 possession ( knives & h>poons :i* !y _h made f masses ( meteoric iron1 ! discov]y 0 probably made at a v remote p]iod1 :ile man 0 /ill 9 ! savage /ate2 b iron hav+ once become kn[n1 ! desire to obta9 x 9 l>g] quantities f o!r s\rces naturally grew ) ! progress ( civilisation1 & gradually l$ to ! k ( its ores & ( ! art ( utilis+ !m4 ,?us !re c h>dly be a d\bt t iron-smelt+ 0 practis$ long be=e hi/oric times4 ,9 ,india & ,*9a ! orig9 ( its use loses itself 9 ! remote/ antiquity2 & ! impos+ monum5ts ( anci5t ,egypt1 _m ( :i* are at lea/ five ?\s& ye>s old1 c\ld n possibly h be5 erect$ )\t ! aid ( iron4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy 7iv4 #bj7 ! l& ( ,egypt is comp>$ to an iron-furnace--a figurative expression :i* %[s t ev5 at t e>ly p]iod iron- smelt+ mu/ h be5 a well-kn[n bran* ( indu/ry4 ,! iron weapons f\nd 9 ! lacu/r9e dwell+s ( ,switz]l& likewise po9t to a v anci5t use ( iron 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 no less ?an ! fact m5tion$ by ,cs>1 t dur+ ! siege ( ,av>icum 7,b\rges7 ! works erect$ by ! ,romans = tak+ ! t[n 7 repeat$ly de/roy$ by ! subt]ranean gall]ies ( ! besieg$1 :o1 z ! conqu]or relates1 7 accu/om$ to su* und]gr\nd lab\r f _! habitually work+ 9 iron-m9es1 an indu/ry :i*1 to judge f ?is passage1 mu/ ev5 !n h be5 ( anci5t date 9 ,gaul4 ,= _m ages ! uses ( iron rema9$ *iefly conf9$ to ! in/rum5ts ( agriculture & ( w>--to ! pl\gh%>e & ! sword4 ,) ! progress ( civilisation its employm5t ext5d$ to _m purposes unkn[n be=e2 & 9 our times ! con/ruction ( %ips & build+s1 ( railroads & bridges1 absorbs quantities :i* w\ld h appe>$ incr$ible almo/ )9 ! memory ( liv+ man4 ,h5ce ! manufacture ( iron has made m rapid progress s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury ?an 9 any =m] p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory1 & ev5 ! pres5t imm5se production sc>cely keeps pace ) a dem& to :i* x is n easy to assign a limit4 ,among ! iron-produc+ c\ntries ( ! globe ,great ,brita9 occupies by f> ! fir/ rank1 & !re is e reason to believe t x w long cont9ue to ma9ta9 x4 ,! ,briti% ores1 inde$1 are g5]ally poor1 z clay1 silica1 phosphorus1 & a v>iety ( impurities :i* are ) difficulty sep>at$ f ! metal1 ent] into ! composition ( ^? :i* supply ! greate/ "p ( our iron2 b ?is defici5cy is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by _m advantages4 ,mo/ ( ! ,briti% iron m9es are situat$ 9 ^? di/ricts :]e coal is *eape/1 ! ore be+ (t5 ev5 rais$ f ! same pit z t f :i* ! coal is extract$4 ,lime/one1 ! necess>y flux1 is at h&1 :ile fire-clay1 no unimportant article 9 ! build+ ( ! furnaces1 on ^: long- cont9u$ work+ s mu* dep5ds1 is f\nd 9 ! same gr\nd z ! ore itself4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ complete manufactories h long be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t places4 ,) an almo/ unlimit$ am\nt ( capital1 ! mo/ p]fect & ! *eape/ communication by wat] is op5 to all p>ts ( ! _w2 & ! fur!r processes :i* ! metal has to und]go are p]=m$ at once on ! spot 9 ! be/ mann] & at ! smalle/ possible exp5se4 ,no o!r l& c boa/ ( equal or great] facilities = ! production ( an unlimit$ quantity ( *eap iron1 s t1 ev5 ) ! assi/ance ( heavy protective duties1 mo/ ( ! iron-produc+ c\ntries ( ,europe f9d x difficult to compete 9 _! own m>kets ) ! produce ( ,great ,brita94 ,! art ( mak+ iron 9 ?is c\ntry is ( v anci5t ?\gh ( unasc]ta9$ date4 ,x 0 probably f\nd by ! ,romans 9 a f> advanc$ /ate4 ,x c]ta9ly 0 c>ri$ on by !m subsequ5tly to a great ext5t--a fact prov$ by ! imm5se b$s ( iron c9d]s discov]$ 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,dean2 nor has x ev] be5 discont9u$ by ! o!r races :o 9 succession h held sway 9 ! isl&4 ,b1 ?\gh ( su* anci5t orig91 & enjoy+ s _m natural advantages1 our iron manufacture rema9$ conf9$ )9 v n>r[ limits s long z ! ore 0 exclusively smelt$ by means ( *>coal made f wood4 ,! manufacture 0 ev5 = "s "t p>tially prohibit$ 9 ,engl&1 ! consumption ( wood-*>coal 9 ! process ( smelt+ be+ s great z to create appreh5sions t1 if c>e 7 n tak5 ( ! rema9+ =e/s1 en\gh timb] w\ld n be left to supply ! wants ( ! navy4 ,x seems almo/ incr$ible 9 our days t ,acts 7 pass$ 9 ! reigns ( ,elizabe? & ,james =bidd+ ! fell+ ( timb] = ! smelt+ ( iron1 except 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,k5t1 ,sussex1 & ,surrey1 !n ! pr9cipal seats ( ! manufacture1 & ev5 !re ! erection ( new works 0 expressly =bidd54 ,att5tion 0 !n direct$ to ! smelt+ ( iron/one by means ( pit coal4 ,among/ o!rs1 ,"l ,dudley gallantly /ruggl$ to e/abli% a manufactory 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,/\rbridge1 & p>tially succe$$2 b :at ) riots among ! ironwork]s1 :o de/roy$ 8 works1 & ! w>s ( ! ,great ,rebellion1 :i* ru9$ 8 =tune1 he reap$ no advantage f 8 ent]prise4 ,no?+ contribut$ to arre/ ! decl9e 9 ?is bran* ( trade1 & t[>ds ! middle ( la/ c5tury ! numb] ( furnaces1 :i* 9 ! reign ( ,james ,i4 _h am\nt$ to #cjj1 fell (f to #ei1 ! total make ( :i* am\nt$ to n m ?an #ag1cej tons1 be+ an av]age ( #bid tons p] annum = ea* furnace1 a quantity v little exce$+ t sometimes made 9 a s+le week 9 "s ( ! huge furnaces 9 ,wales 9 ! pres5t day4 ,! p>tial use ( pit coal 9 ! process ( smelt+ 0 reviv$ 9 ,coalbrookdale1 9 ,%rop%ire1 ab\t #agac4 ,! *ief difficulty 0 to keep ! coal 9 a /ate ( combu/ion suffici5tly int5se = ! purpose ( smelt+ ! ore2 ! h&-work$ bell[s1 or ! m p[]ful wat] movem5t1 :i* produc$ bla/ en\gh = *>coal1 hav+ comp>atively little effect ^u coal4 ,?is ob/acle 0 f9ally ov]come ?r\gh ! p]sev]ance & ent]prise ( ,dr4 ,john ,roebuck 7a physician 9 ,birm+ham1 & gr&fa!r ( ! late di/+ui%$ memb] = ,%effield71 :o1 seek+ = m economical me?ods ( smelt+ iron ore ?an ^? !n 9 use1 f\nd$ 9 #agei ! n[ celebrat$ ,c>ron ,works1 :]e ,john ,smeaton1 ! illu/ri\s ar*itect ( ! ,eddy/one ligh?\se1 fir/ introduc$ 7#agfj7 a new contrivance = ?r[+ a p[]ful & con/ant bla/ into ! furnace4 ,by means ( a =c+ pump1 a l>ge column ( air1 ( triple or quadruple d5sity to t :i* _h be5 previ\sly obta9$1 c\ld n[ be p\r$ into ! furnace2 & effects equival5t to ?is great improvem5t foll[$4 ,! same smelt+ ov5 t =m]ly yield$ t5 or twelve tons weekly n[ sometimes produc$ =ty tons 9 ! same p]iod2 & su* 0 ! impulse giv5 to ! trade by ?is unexpect$ success ( a p[]ful bla/ ) pit coal t 9 #aghh ! manufacture ( pig-iron 9 ,engl&1 ,wales1 & ,scotl& am\nt$ to #fh1cjj tons1 be+ an increase ( #ej1iej tons on ! quantity manufactur$ previ\s to ! introduction ( pit coal4 ,9 #aghb ,mr4 ,cort1 aft] _m ye>s ( exp]im5ts1 discov]$ ! means ( conv]t+ ca/ or pig-iron into malleable iron by a process :i* 0 at once sure1 rapid1 & economical4 ,! iron is remelt$ 9 a puddl+ furnace1 z x is call$1 :i* is heat$ ) raw coal1 & !re1 by a s]ies ( op]ations1 ! object ( :i* is to give ! iron malleability & t\ghness by expell+ ! c>bon1 x is manipulat$ until x acquires ! consi/5cy ( a solid :ite-hot ball4 ,9 ?is %ape x is subject$ to ! action ( an enorm\s hamm]1 by :i* ! co>s] p>ts are beat5 f x1 & x is =m$ into ! %ape ( ?ick %ort b>s1 call$ blooms or slabs4 ,:ile /ill r$-hot x is pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( groov$ roll]s1 till x is drawn out into a long b>1 ! exact dim5sions ( :i* are regulat$ by ! requirem5ts ( ! manufacture = :i* x is de/9$4 ,! b>s ?us made are te*nically call$ puddl$ b>s1 & consid]$ z half- manufactur$ iron4 ,to ref9e !m into m]*ant-iron1 !y are aga9 submitt$ to ! action ( fire1 &1 :5 hot en\gh1 are weld$ toge!r & =m$ into ! v>i\s d5om9ations ( b>s1 rods1 hoops1 %eets1 or plates4 ,mr4 ,cort's discov]y1 ?\gh ( imm5se importance1 w\ld yet h prov$ ( comp>atively small value )\t ! aid ( ! d\ble-p[] /eam-eng9e1 :i* 0 ab\t ! same "t inv5t$ by ,james ,watt1 & suppli$ ! p[] :i* 0 ne$$ to give our iron- works _! full developm5t4 ,hi!rto ! #8top measures' only ( ! m9]al _h be5 work$1 & g5]ally on #8! rise ( ! m9e1' :]e ! wat] w\ld n lie1 or ^? /rata fav\rably situat$ on ! side ( a hill :]e levels c\ld be driv5 9 & ! wat] releas$4 ,wat] 0 ! great enemy 9 ! pits1 & ev5 9 %all[ work+s x (t5 accumulat$ fa/] ?an a g9 turn$ by horse-p[] c\ld br+ x to ! surface4 ,by ! new ag5cy ( /eam ! deepe/ pits 7 dra9$1 & mat]ials 7 drawn up f ! b[els ( ! e>? 9 a quantity & ) a rapidity & security hi!rto unkn[n4 ,by ! same means t prodigi\s bla/ 0 obta9$ = ! furnaces to :i* all subsequ5t improvem5ts ( ! manufacture owe _! orig94 ,in/ead ( ! rude ma*9]y ( wat]:eels & bell[s1 huge eng9es ( enorm\s p[] =c$ an imm5se volume ( air ?r\gh sev]al small tuy]es or tubes s dispos$ at ! l[] "p ( ! furnaces t 9 ea* portion ( ! ignit$ mass an equally diffus$ bla/ might raise an equal int5sity ( heat4 ,furnaces ( great] height & mu* l>g] capacity ?an any hi!rto kn[n 7 erect$1 & 9 its g5]al aspect ! iron manufacture assum$ v mu* ! appe>ance :i* x ma9ta9s at ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bla/ ,,furnace4 a4 ,tuy]es4 ,mo/ read]s are aw>e#eg t ! flam+ t[]s :i* give su* an une>?ly effect at night to :at is call$ ! ,black ,c\ntry1 r\nd ,wolv]hampton1 are iron furnaces1 & t ! project+ circul> gall]ies :i* surr\nd _! tops are contriv$ = p\r+ d[n _! capaci\s ?roats1 by ap]tures plac$ at equal di/ances1 an equable & regul> supply ( ! mat]ials ) :i* !y are f$4 ,besides ! iron-/one & ! fuel1 !re is ne$$ a ?ird sub/ance1 :i* is call$ #8a flux1' because x =ms a fusible comp\nd ) ! e>?y matt] ( ! m9]al4 ,:5 we are acqua9t$ ) ! =eign matt] 9 comb9ation ) ! ore1 *emi/ry tells u :at sub/ance we ought to add = ! purpose ( elim9at+ ! metal4 ,among ! wond]ful provisions ( nature = ! conv5i5ce ( man1 none is m rem>kable ?an t by :i* _m sub/ances are fusible 9 conjunction at a temp]ature :i* ei!r c\ld resi/ sep>ately4 ,! ,briti% ores are = ! mo/ "p argillace\s1 t is to say1 !y are comb9$ ) :at1 9 its g5]al "* & appe>ance1 resembles clay4 ,to all su* lime/one 9 due proportion mu/ be add$2 b if ! e>?y matt] consi/s ( lime1 clay is ! prop] flux4 ,9 ei!r case ! =eign matt] & ! flux are fus$ into "o sub/ance4 ,! lib]at$ iron s9ks d[nw>ds1 & hav+ n[ itself become fusible by ! comb9ation ( c>bon1 ) :i* x has be5 impregnat$ by ! fuel1 x melts z x rea*es ! po9t ( fusion1 & settles d[n 9 ! l[e/ "p ( ! furnace1 o!rwise call$ ! he>?4 ,x is foll[$ by ! scoria1 slag1 or #8c9d]' 7z x is always call$ 9 ! trade71 compos$ ( ! flux1 ! =eign matt] ( ! ores1 & ! a%es ( ! fuel1 :i* are n[ 9 a vitrifi$ /ate2 & ?is artificial lava1 be+ ( mu* less specific gravity1 re/s on ! surface ( ! iron & protects x f ! action ( ! bla/4 ,! furnace is #8cont9u$ 9 bla/1' t is to say1 9 full op]ation1 & mu/ be f$ equably & con/antly night & day1 till ! manufactur] ?9ks fit to bl[ x out1 ei!r = ! purpose ( repair+ x1 or ( r$uc+ 8 make ( iron4 ,at c]ta9 int]vals1 g5]ally twice 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! furnace is tapp$2 t is to say1 ! /oppage ( s& :i* closes an orifice at ! bottom is knock$ away1 ! liquefi$ metal ru%es out1 & is guid$ successively into m\lds ( s& 9 ! =m ( %ort ?ick b>s1 :i*1 by a rude metaphor1 z old z ! inv5tion ( ca/+1 are call$ #8pigs1' :ile ! ma9 *annel d[n :i* ! r$-hot torr5t fl[s is call$ ! #8s[4' ,footnote #eg3 #8,qu>t]ly ,review1' vol4 cix4 p4 #aad4 ,! inv5tion ( ! hot bla/ gave a new & mighty impulse to ! production ( iron4 ,?\gh ,mr4 ,scriv5or#eh m5tions ! rem>kable fact t 9 ! furnaces ( ,p]u a contrivance has be5 notic$ = lett+ ! air pass ov] hot coals1 & ?us become heat$ 9 its passage to ! fire1 yet x 0 p]sonal obs]vation1 & n ar*ological rese>*1 t1 9 #ahbi1 sugge/$ to ,mr4 ,neilson1 ( ! ,clyde ,iron ,works1 ! possibility ( economis+ fuel by sub/itut+ hot = cold air 9 bl[+ 8 furnaces4 ,be=e ?is important discov]y m ?an eight tons ( coke _h be5 requir$ to produce "o ton ( pig-iron2 b on heat+ ! bla/1 previ\sly to its ent]+ ! smelt+-ov51 to a temp]ature ( #cjj ,f41 x 0 f\nd t a sav+ ( two & a half tons ( coal c\ld be made on e ton ( iron1 & on rais+ x to ! temp]ature ( #fjj ,f4--a heat some:at m ?an suffici5t to melt lead--a /ill m consid]able sav+ ( fuel 0 effect$1 :ile at ! same "t ! important discov]y 0 made t at ?is high temp]ature bitum9\s & ev5 an?racitic coal might be us$ in/ead ( coke4 ,ano!r advantage 0 t ! same /eam p[] n[ suffic$ = apply+ ! bla/ to f\r furnaces :i* _h =m]ly be5 requir$ = ?ree2 & ! total result ( ! improvem5t 0 a sav+ ( #gb p] c5t4 ( fuel4 ,?us we h "h ano!r in/ance ( ! important results t may be ga9$ f a s+le good idea :5 work$ out by clev] practical m51 = ! hot bla/ has mo/ assur$ly increas$ ! weal? ( ,engl& by _m millions a ye>6 ,footnote #eh3 #8,hi/ory ( ! ,iron ,trade4' ,ano!r circum/ance likewise t5d$ consid]ably to increase ! production ( pig-iron4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! hot bla/ n only _h p[] suffici5t to produce 9 ! raw coal ! requisite int5sity ( heat1 b also to expel f x1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! sulphur1 :i* injur$ ! quality ( ! iron1 & ?us a great economy 9 lab\r z well z 9 ! quantity ( fuel 0 effect$4 ,s9ce !n ! black-b&1 an iron-/one f\nd 9 great quantities 9 ,scotl&1 & also1 to a less ext5t1 9 ,wales1 b n readily conv]tible into iron by ! old me?ods1 & also ! ,nor?ampton%ire & ! ,clevel& ores1 discov]ies ( a lat] date & ( an incalculable ext5t1 h be5 made by ! hot bla/ to yield _! iron 9 great abundance4 ,! p[] ( us+ ! black-b& alone 9 ! furnace1 & n1 z be=e ! introduction ( ! hot bla/1 9 small quantities only1 & comb9$ ) o!r ores1 con/itut$ a new era 9 ! manufacture ( iron1 & gave to ,scotl&1 till !n an iron-mak+ di/rict ( little importance1#ei ! pre-em95ce ov] all o!rs = ! production ( s(t fluid iron1 be/ suit$ to ord9>y f\nd+ purposes4 ,footnote #ei3 ,! metal 0 =m]ly s sc>ce 9 _! c\ntry t 9 ! times ( ! ,edw>ds ! ,scot* 7 accu/om$ to make pr$atory incursions into ,engl& = ! sake ( ! iron !y c\ld c>ry (f4 ,n[ !y n only manufacture suffici5t = _! own use1 b actually export above half-a-million tons4 ,! ,clevel& di/rict1 =m]ly unkn[n 9 metallurgy1 is n[ ! seat ( a va/ indu/ry1 keep+ m ?an a hundr$ furnaces 9 bla/4 ,! head-qu>t]s ( ?is new iron-c\ntry are e/abli%$ at ,middlesbor\gh1 on ^: site !re exi/$ b "o h\se 9 #ahbi1 b :i* 9 #ahfa _h gr[n into a t[n ( #bd1jjj inhabitants1 & /ill increases at ! rate ( #a1jjj a ye>4 ,bran* railways br+ ! /one "h = smelt+ f all ! neighb\r+ qu>ries1 & ! d5se cl\d ( smoke t hangs ov] ! place s]ves z a l&-m>k1 n only f ! high gr\nd ( ,york%ire1 b ev5 f "s p>ts ( ,we/morel&4 ,b ,middlesbor\gh1 #8! y\nge/ *ild ( ,engl&'s ent]prise' z x has be5 call$ by ,mr4 ,glad/one1 is by no means "o ( ! lovelie/ ( h] (fspr+4 ,sc>cely a blade ( grass & n a s+le tree relieves ! dull monotony ( its dre>y /reets ( small h\ses1 d>k5$ by p]petual smoke1 :i*1 z ! w9d sways x1 af=ds1 at r>e int]vals1 glimpses ( di/ant hills or ( ! ,tees1 s]v+ only to make ! prison ( a t[n m gloomy4 ,m9es & furnaces h also be5 e/abli%$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! di/rict--9 ,rhosdale1 at ,grosmont ne> ,:itby1 & else:]e--& n a ye> passes )\t ! op5+ ( new ve9s & ! ris+ ( new smoke-cl\ds amid ! lovely dales ( nor?- we/]n ,york%ire4 ,! iron :i* ev5tually f9ds its way to ,middlesbor\gh is s5t !nce to e "p ( ! _w4 ,its quality is ess5tially inf]ior to t d]iv$ f ! coal-measures2 b = ord9>y purposes1 & = mix+ ) ! f9] classes1 x is ( great value4 ,look+ to ! future1 we _c d\bt t ! ,middlesbor\gh di/rict is de/9$ to h no rival 9 any "p ( ! _w1 = ev5 n[ its works compete 9 magnitude ) ^? ( our old iron fields4 ,a mat]ial :i* _h hi!rto be5 ?r[n away 0 also1 by ! ag5cy ( ! hot bla/1 made available = ! purposes ( ! iron ma/]4 ,! #8tap c9d]1' or refuse ( ! puddl+ furnace1 :i* is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! c9d] ( ! bla/ furnace1 conta9s a consid]able p]c5tage ( metal1 & :5 ?r[n aga9 into ! furnace greatly increases ! yield1 ?\gh x proportionally det]iorates ! quality ( ! iron4 ,! results ( all ^! successive discov]ies & innovations1 aid$ by ! facilities ( transport af=d$ by canals & railroads1 are truly a/oni%+4 ,! make ( iron :i*1 on ! introduction ( /eam1 _h sudd5ly ris5 to ne>ly #ej1jjj tons p] annum1 rea*$ #abe1jjj 9 #agif1 & 9 #ahjf _h advanc$ to ne>ly #bfj1jjj4 ,9 #ahbe ! make 0 ne>ly #fjj1jjj tons2 9 #ahdj x am\nt$ to #a1cjj1jjj tons2 & 9 #ahed to #b1gjj1jjj tons4 ,9 #ahfe x rea*$ ! enorm\s figure ( #d1hai1bed tons--z mu* z ! comb9$ production ( ,cont95tal ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & !re is little d\bt t ! pres5t yield does n fall mu* %ort ( #f1jjj1jjj tons6 ,a simil> colossal expansion is )\t a p>allel 9 ! annals ( metallurgic indu/ry4 ,! *ief di/ricts :i* furni% ?is incr$ible quantity ( iron are situat$ 9 ,york%ire1 ,s\? ,wales1 ,/af=d%ire1 ,durham1 ,lanca%ire1 ,cumb]l&1 ,%rop%ire1 ,d]by%ire1 & ! ,we/ ( ,scotl&4 ,! numb] ( furnaces 9 bla/ 9 #ahfe 71 9 ,engl& #cgf1 di/ribut$ ov] #agf iron-works2 9 ,wales #ace1 di/ribut$ ov] #di works2 & 9 ,scotl& #ada1 ov] #cb4 ,to supply ^! furnaces !re 7 rais$ #i1iaj1jde tons ( ore1 ! e/imat$ value ( :i* at ! place ( production 0 #c1cbd1hjdl41 t ( ! pig-iron1 at ! mean av]age co/ at ! place ( production1 be+ #ab1jdh1accl4 ,( ! iron-/one1 #a1chd1ejj tons 7 argillace\s c>bonate f ! coal-measures ( ,/af=d%ire & ,worce/]%ire2 #c1aff1jjj tons f ! ,york%ire m9es2 ne>ly #a1ejj1jjj tons f ! coal-measures ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,wales1 & #a1ejj1jjj tons argillace\s c>bonate f ,scotl&4 ,( ! r$ hematites ( ,:itehav5 & ,ulv]/one1 :i* consi/ almo/ entirely ( p]oxide ( iron1 & are reckon$ among our be/ ores1 #bad1dcc tons 7 smelt$ at ! spot1 & #icg1chf tons export$ = ! supply ( ,/af=d%ire1 ,s\? ,wales1 & o!r di/ricts4 ,! br[n hematite 7br[n oxide ( iron7 ( ! ,=e/ ( ,dean1 :]e ! ore exi/s 9 almo/ unlimit$ quantity1 is rais$ exclusively = %ipm5t to ! iron-works ( ,s\? ,wales4 ,?\gh n ri*1 yet1 f ! great masses 9 :i* x is f\nd1 its co/ ( production is v l[4 ,! f9e/ iron ores1 su* z ! black oxide or magnetite1 specul> iron1 & spa?ose iron1 or sphrosid]ite1 :i* furni% ! be/ k9ds ( iron1 are un=tunately b ( r>e occurr5ce 9 ,great ,brita94 ,z we see by ! foll[+ table#fj ( ! production ( ca/ iron 9 ! *ief ,european m9+ ,/ates-- ,c\ntries ,ye>s ,tons ,ye>s ,tons ,great ,brita9 #ahdj #a1djj1jjj #ahfe #d1ebg1jjj ,france #ahde #bga1jjj #ahfd #a1bac1jjj ,prussia #ahce #cb1hjj #ahfe #ggb1jjj ,belgium #ahde #acd1ejj #ahfd #dej1jjj ,russia #ahch #aga1jjj #ahfe #bgh1jjj ,au/ria #ahce #bjj1jjj #ahfe #bei1jjj ,sw$5 #ahce #ig1ejj #ahfe #bbg1jjj ,spa9 #ahej #bf1jjj #ahfe #dh1jjj ,italy #ahch #bj1jjj #ahfe #bg1jjj ,france occupi$ ! next rank to ,great ,brita9 9 #ahfd2 b s9ce #ahff ,prussia1 besides ! rapid developm5t ( ! iron indu/ry 9 ,we/phalia & ! ,rh5i% prov9ces1 has acquir$ new & valuable m9es by ! annexation ( ,hanov] & ,nassau4 ,h] production _h consequ5tly ris5 to #a1jjj1jjj tons 9 #ahfh1 & probably ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 %e w h out/ripp$ ,france4 ,nassau possesses inexhau/ible supplies ( specul> iron ore ( a rem>kable purity1 :i* n only fe$ ! bla/ furnaces ( ,we/phalia1 b are also l>gely export$ to ,engl&4 ,footnote #fj3 ,f ! (ficial reports ( ! ,int]national ,jury ( ! ,univ]sal ,exhibition ( #ahfg 9 ,p>is4 ,9 proportion to ! smallness ( h] t]ritory ,belgium rivals ,great ,brita9 9 ! production ( iron1 suppli$ exclusively by ! br[n oxide 7br[n hematite71 & surpasses ! va/ empire ( ! ,cz>4 ,b ,russia has ! advantage ov] all ! c\ntries previ\sly m5tion$ ( possess+ inexhau/ible deposits ( magnetic iron ore 7magnetic load/one--magnetite7 :i* af=ds b>-iron ( ! v be/ quality2 & ?\gh hi!rto ! imm5se di/ances :i* sep>ate ! m9es f ! l>g] c5tres ( consumption h ret>d$ ! progress ( ! iron manufacture1 ! con/ruction ( railroads is gradually ov]com+ ^! ob/acles1 & possibly ev5 ! n[ unwork$ ,sib]ian m9es ( ! ,alta & ( ,transbaikalia1 :]e coal is f\nd along ) iron1 may acquire importance at a n f> di/ant "t4 ,at pres5t ! *a9 ( ! ,oural 7,p]mia & ,or5burg7 furni%es n9e-t5?s ( all ! iron produc$ 9 ! empire4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ! ,ouralian m9es is ! fam\s magnetic m\nta9 ,wissokaja ,gora1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ni%ne- ,tagilsk1 :i* ,pet] ! ,great be/[$ 9 #agjb on ! arm\r] ,nikita ,demid(f ( ,tula1 along ) a va/ ext5t ( =e/s & arable l&4 ,?is magnetic m\nta9 or hill1 :i* is #cjj fa?oms long1 #bej broad1 & #bdj feet high1 rises f ! mid/ ( a pla91 9 ! =m ( a broad1 flat em95ce4 ,x consi/s almo/ entirely ( pure magnetic iron ore1 & is work$ l an op5 qu>ry2 b1 on acc\nt ( its h>dness1 ! ore requires to be bla/$ ) p[d]4 ,al?\gh _m millions ( tons h be5 extract$ f x s9ce x fir/ came into ! possession ( ! ,demid(f family1 x may easily be imag9$ t a mass ( at lea/ #fjj1jjj1jjj cubic feet ( iron-ore is n easily remov$1 & w outla/ ! lab\rs ( _m g5]ations4 ,! quantity ( ca/-iron annually produc$ am\nts to #be1ejj tons1 :i* is conv]t$1 p>tly at ,ni%ne-,tagilsk & p>tly 9 ! neighb\r+ =ges1 into b>-iron1 an*ors1 kettles1 scy!s1 nails1 wire1 c4 ,! excell5t quality ( ! iron all[s x to be roll$ into v ?9 plates1 :i* are frequ5tly made use ( 9 ,russia = ! ro(+ ( h\ses1 & are also manufactur$ at ,ni%ne-,tagilsk into lacqu]$ w>es1 :i* f9d a ready sale ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,european & ,asiatic ,russia4 ,! iron-work+ indu/ry ( ,au/ria has its *ief seats 9 ,/yria1 ,c>9?ia1 ,transylvania1 & ,bohemia1 &1 ?\gh out ( proportion ) ! va/ natural res\rces ( ! empire1 has ( late made rapid progress4 ,! ores1 :i* are ( an excell5t quality1 are mo/ly smelt$ ) *>coal1 z !y are g5]ally situat$ at a great di/ance f ! coal m9es4 ,! ,noric or ,/yrian iron has enjoy$ an excell5t reputation ev] s9ce ! "t ( ! ,romans1 :5 ! imp]ial manufactory ( ,laureacum on ! ,danube suppli$ ! legions ) swords & javel9s4 ,9 a pass ( ! ,/yrian ,alps1 betwe5 ! valleys ( ! ,mur & ! ,enns1 lies "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable iron m9es 9 ! _w1 ! fam\s ,erzb]g or iron-m\nta91 :i* rises to a height ( #c1jjj feet1 & ^: summit & sides are almo/ ev]y:]e coat$ ) a ?ick mantle ( ! ri*e/ ore4 ,au!ntic records %[ t x has be5 work$ ev] s9ce ! ye> #gab2 & probably ! ,romans d]iv$ a "p ( _! ,noric iron f ?is s\rce1 z ! ore is n "h conceal$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 b crops out on ! surface1 ne> a m\nta9 pass :i* 0 und\bt$ly kn[n to !m4 ,z at ,ni%ne-,tagilsk1 ! ore ?us conv5i5tly situat$ is qu>ri$ f ! m\nta91 & ?us 9 c\rse ( "t ext5sive excavations or grottoes h be5 =m$ all ov] its surface1 af=d+ a mo/ int]e/+ spectacle4 ,! bottom ( ^! iron-/one pits is irregul>ly /rewn ) l>ge blocks ( ore ?r\gh :i* w9d n>r[ footpa?s4 ,roads lead f "o pit to ! o!r1 & close by are situat$ ! small huts 9 ea* ( :i* t5 or tw5ty ( ! m9]s sleep z long z ! work+ season la/s1 = _! families g5]ally live l[] d[n 9 ! deep] valleys4 ,on ! top ( ! m\nta9 /&s a colossal crucifix ( iron1 ne> :i* an annual ?anksgiv+ fea/ is celebrat$4 ,?\gh ! m9es are easily work$1 ! conveyance ( _! produce to ! smelt+-ov5s ( ,eis5]z & ,vord]nb]g is a matt] ( mu* great] difficulty1 & requires num]\s tram-roads1 gall]ies1 & %afts1 ?r\gh :i* ! ore is precipitat$ f a high] to a l[] level4 ,at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 !y all unite 9 "o ma9 %aft1 :i* leads into a gall]y ornam5t$ ) a monum5tal gate4 ,?us ! :ole ( ! ,erzb]g is cov]$ ) v>i\s ma*9es1 pits1 horizontal & v]tical gall]ies1 tunnels1 & roads1 & repres5ts z x 7 a m9e turn$ inside out1 :]e all ! op]ations :i* are else:]e p]=m$ und]gr\nd are1 z at ! ,c>claze t9-m9e 9 ,cornwall1 expos$ to ! op5 day4 ,"h1 in/ead ( dirty & dang]\s ladd]s1 conv5i5t footpa?s1 bord]$ ) trees & illum9$ by ! sun1 lead f gall]y to gall]y & f pit to pit1 & in/ead ( be+ conf9$ 9 dismal passages1 ! m9] enjoys magnific5t views ( ! gr&e/ ,alp9e sc5]y4 ,! annual produce ( ! ,erzb]g am\nts to #be1jjj tons ( excell5t iron1 z ! ore 7sp>ry iron1 c>bonate ( iron1 sphrosid]ite7 is ne>ly z pure z ! magnetic iron-/one ( ,russia1 & af=ds natural /eel ) ! greate/ facility4 ,! railroad n[ be+ built 9 ,/yria w no d\bt greatly increase ?is production1 :i* might be cont9u$ = _m ?\s& ye>s )\t exhau/+ ! va/ m9]al weal? :i* ,nature has "h deposit$4 ,?\gh ,sw$5 furni%es b an insignificant quantity ( iron :5 measur$ by an ,engli% scale1 yet1 9 po9t ( quality1 its produce is unrivall$ 9 ! _w4 ,! pure/ iron-ores 7magnetic iron-/one7 ab\nd 9 ! m\nta9 *a9s :i* trav]se ! k+dom1 & imm5se =e/s af=d almo/ inexhau/ible supplies ( *>coal = _! smelt+1 s t hi!rto ! want ( roads has alone prev5t$ ! production ( iron f atta9+ dim5sions equal to ! natural res\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,_m ( ! ri*e/ m9es1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! m nor!rn prov9ces1 h nev] yet be5 work$1 z = in/ance ! enorm\s m\nds ( magnetic iron-ore at ,gelliv>a 7#fg ,n4 lat47 9 ,sw$i% ,lapl&1 beyond ! ,arctic circle1 :i*1 f _! situation 9 a pol> des]t1 h hi!rto be5 totally useless4 ,9 #ahfe an attempt 0 made to utilize !m by means ( a railroad & ! canalization ( ! riv] ,luleo1 b aft] a heavy exp5se ! works 7 f9ally ab&on$4 ,?us ! manufacture ( iron1 :i*1 "u m fav\rable circum/ances1 w\ld rea* z f> z its ores ext5d1 is conf9$ to ,dalec>lia1 ! m c5tral prov9ces ( ,kopp]b]g1 ,w]ml&1 & ,upsala1 :]e ! celebrat$ m9es ( ,dannemora1 :i* furni% ! f9e ,o]egrund iron1 l>gely import$ into ,engl& = ! manufacture ( /eel1 des]ve our p>ticul> notice1 bo? = _! anci5t r5[n & _! wild & colossal gr&eur4 ,an excell5t road leads f ! fam\s univ]sity t[n ( ,upsala to ,old ,upsala1 old & ho>y 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w1 = its *ur* dates f ! ,pagan times1 & close by rise ?ree tumuli :i*1 accord+ to popul> tradition1 conta9 ! rema9s ( no less important p]sonages ?an ,od91 ,?or1 & ! div9e ,freya4 ,fur!r on t[>ds ! nor?-ea/1 six geographical miles f ,upsala1 lie ! iron-works ( ,oe/]by1 rem>kable = _! beautiful situation 9 a natural p>k ( =e/s & lakes1 & !nce half an h\r's walk ov] ! pla9 br+s "o to ! f>-fam$ pit ( ,dannemora4 ,! c\ntry ar\nd is p]fectly level1 a succession ( p9e-woods & op5 gr\nds1 & no sign ann\nces ! vic9ity ( ! m9e1 until at l5g? ! travell] sees a few huts & "s ma*9es = lift+ ! ore1 & !n sudd5ly /&s on ! br9k ( an enorm\s pit1 or r ( a va/ crat]1 ^: black & precipit\s walls inclose an area ( at lea/ a mile 9 circumf]5ce4 ,on look+ d[n into ! abyss1 :i* desc5ds to a dep? ( #dej feet1 & is "h & !re enliv5$ ) pat*es ( p]5nial sn[1 he p]ceives along its black walls ! /ill black] entrances to labyr9?9e caves fr+$ 9 "s p>ts ) long /alactites ( ice ( aquam>9e transp>5cy & col\r4 ,f "s ( ^! holl[s ! flames ( piles ( fir-wood are se5 to creep along ! h>d rock :i* !y are to s(t51 & ! deep gulf is animat$ by troops ( m9]s1 ! di/ant clang ( ^: hamm]s1 closely resembl+ ! click+ ( a numb] ( clocks1 =ms a /range conc]t ) ! creak+ noise ( ! ma*9]y4 ,attract$ by ! novelty ( ! int]e/+ sight1 ! eye w&]s f "o object to ano!r1 & "t /eals on rapidly & unp]ceiv$--:5 sudd5ly a bell tolls1 & ! sc5e z sudd5ly *anges4 ,x is noon1 & ! tuns1 :i* be=e 7 haul$ up f ! deep lad5 ) ore1 are n[ se5 asc5d+ ) a liv+ freight--m51 wom51 & *ildr5--/&+ q unconc]n$ly on ! n>r[ edge ( ! tub1 & hold+ ) "o h& ! *a9 to :i* x is atta*$4 ,soon a dea?like sil5ce reigns 9 ! pit--a /rik+ contra/ ) ! noise & life x ere:ile display$--& n[ l\d %\ts are he>d1 w>n+ all ^? :o may h rema9$ beh9d t ! batt]y prep>$ dur+ ! previ\s work+ h\rs is ab\t to explode4 ,aga9 a pr(\nd sil5ce--& !n l\d ?und] bur/s =?1 ) _m an e*o1 f ! dep? ( ! abyss4 ,= sev]al m9utes ! :ole neighb\rhood trembles z if %ak5 by an e>?quake4 ,?r\gh ! black cl\ds ( smoke :i* asc5d f ! gulf1 pieces ( /one or ore are hurl$ upw>ds1 frequ5tly f> beyond ! br9k ( ! pit1 & mo/ ( ! detonations are foll[$ by ! cra% ( ! fall+ fragm5ts r5t by ! explosion f ! "m- rock4 ,= _m c5turies ?is rem>kable m9e has af=d$ employm5t to _m hundr$s ( workm51 )\t %[+ any signs ( exhau/ion1 = its mighty mass ( magnetic iron-ore desc5ds to an unkn[n dep? & seems to be practically inexhau/ible4 ,?\gh ! m9]al res\rces ( ,spa9 are imm5se1 yet its iron-indu/ry is s little develop$ t m ?an two-?irds ( ! excell5t ores ( ,biscay1 in/ead ( be+ smelt$ 9 ! c\ntry1 are export$ to ,france & ,engl&4 ,9 ,italy ! r$ oxide & magnetic iron-/one m9es ( ,elba h be5 celebrat$ s9ce ! remote/ antiquity1 b1 f ! want ( fuel on ! isl&1 _! entire produce1 :i* am\nts to ab\t #ajj1jjj tons1 is export$ to ! coa/ ( ,italy1 to ,france1 & to ,engl&4 ,! pr9cipal m9es are situat$ on ! slope ( a /eep m\nta9 front+ ! sea1 & are divid$ by horizontal t]races into five /ories or huge /eps communicat+ ) ea* o!r by means ( oblique roads1 on :i* c>ts convey ! ores to ! %ore4 ,?\gh work$ = m ?an #b1jjj ye>s1 ! m9es1 :i* occupy ab\t #gjj workm51 are app>5tly able to supply ! wants ( ! remote/ po/]ity4 ,on turn+ to ,am]ica we f9d ! ,unit$ ,/ates mak+ gigantic /rides 9 ! ext5sion ( _! iron manufacture1 :i* has ris5 f #cdg1jjj tons 9 #ahdj to #a1bjj1jjj tons 9 #ahfd2 & z "h none ( ! elem5ts ( progress are want+--a b\ndless m9]al weal?1 lib]al in/itutions1 :i* all[ ! free/ scope to individual en]gy1 & an unrivall$ _s ( ent]prise--!re c h>dly be a d\bt t f9ally ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ become ! fir/ iron-c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,! masses ( magnetic iron-/one & r$ oxide :i* ext5d along ,lake ,sup]ior1 ov] a l5g? ( #abj miles & a bread? ( f five to ?irty1 w\ld alone suffice to provide = ! wants ( ! :ole ( ! human race = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,!y only began to be work$ 9 #ahdi2 & 9 #ahff ! railroad :i* leads f ! m9es transport$ #bjd1ded tons ( ore4 ,! ?riv+ t[n ( ,m>quette1 ! c5tral po9t ( ?is new seat ( indu/ry1 01 sc>cely tw5ty ye>s ago1 a complete wild]ness1 :]e ! ,r$ ,indian pursu$ ! bea/s ( ! =e/1 unconsci\s t ! treasures conceal$ b5ea? 8 natal soil w\ld "o day be ! cause ( 8 expulsion f ! hunt+-gr\nds ( 8 fa!rs4 ,! ,/ate ( ,miss\ri possesses two #8iron-m\nta9s' simil> to ! magnetic m\nta9 ( ! ,demid(f3 "o ( !m call$ ,pilot ,knob is #fjj feet high1 ! o!r #bbj4 ,an imm5se mass ( magnetic oxide has also be5 discov]$ 9 ,cali=nia1 ne> ! nor!rn extremity ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,b ?\gh iron is f\nd 9 abundance 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,union1 7,t5nessee1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 c471 ! ,/ates ( ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania produce by f> ! greate/ quantity4 ,brazil & ! isl& ( ,cuba likewise conta9 va/ deposits ( ! ri*e/ iron-ores2 & 9 ,mexico we f9d ! fam\s ,c]ro del ,m]cado1 an iron-m\nta9 #fcc feet high1 :i* rises 9 grotesque =m f ! valley ( ,durango4 ,?is wond]ful m\nd has be5 calculat$ to conta9 #c1bdd1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 or #ded1jjj1jjj tons1 ( magnetic iron ore1 capable ( yield+ #bij1jjj1jjj tons ( ca/ iron1 or m ?an fifty times ! annual production ( ,great ,brita96 ,a m indu/ri\s & civilis$ race w\ld "h f9d a b\ndless field = pr(itable employm5t2 b ! indol5t ,mexican1 /eep$ 9 ignorance & fall+ f "o revolution into ano!r1 /ill leaves ^! treasures almo/ unt\*$1 &1 neglect+ ! va/ res\rces ( 8 c\ntry1 draws ne>ly 8 :ole supply ( iron f ! di/ant =ges ( ,great ,brita94 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,lead4 ,its ,prop]ties & ext5sive ,uses--,al/on ,moor--,belgian ,lead ,m9es--,gal5a 9 ,am]ica--,extraction ( ,silv] f ,lead ,ores--,patt9son's ,process--,a great "p ( our weal? is due to ! laboratory4 ,lead 0 b little priz$ by ! anci5ts1 :o1 unacqua9t$ ) gunp[d]1 ne$$ no bullets = w> or = ! *ase4 ,! hi/ory ( its fir/ discov]y is lo/ 9 obscurity1 b x probably became kn[n mu* lat] ?an copp] or t91 z less metallurgic skill is requir$ = ! smelt+ ( ! cupre\s or /annif]\s ores ?an = ! r$uction ( gal5a or sulphide ( lead1 :i* is ! mo/ abundant ( ! plumbif]\s ores1 & may inde$ be reg>d$ z ! only comm]cial ore ( any value1 if we except ! c>bonates1 :i* are probably =m$ by its decomposition4 ,lead1 h[ev]1 is m5tion$ bo? 9 ! ,book ( ,job & 9 ! f\r? book ( ,moses1 #8,oh6 t my words 7 grav5 ) an iron p5 on tablets ( lead1' exclaims ! long-suff]+ patri>*1 & ! legislator ( ! ,jews comm&s 8 p to #8make g ?r\gh ! fire1 gold1 silv]1 brass1 t91 & lead1 & ev]y?+ t may abide x4' ,! ,phnicians1 :o provid$ ,greece & ,egypt ) ,spani% lead1 frequ5tly made use ( ?is metal to increase ! weight ( _! an*ors2 & ,h]odotus1 describ+ a bridge 9 ,babylon1 m5tions t its /ones 7 fa/5$ ) clasps ( iron sold]$ ) lead4 ,! physical prop]ties ( ?is metal qualify x = a great v>iety ( uses4 ,z x is b little alt]$ by exposure to air or wat]1 x makes excell5t pump-tubes & ra9-gutt]s2 :ile its consid]able weight1 its s(tness1 its flexibility1 & ! facility ) :i* x melts at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature r5d] x an invaluable mat]ial = ! soldi]'s bullet or ! huntsman's %ot4 ,comb9$ ) oxyg5 x =ms ! pigm5t call$ r$-lead1 or m9ium1 & unit$ ) c>bonic acid :ite-lead1 or c]use1 :i* is /ill m frequ5tly us$ 9 pa9t+4 ,9 ! manufacture ( glass & cry/al x plays an important "p1 z x =ms "o ( ! *ief +r$i5ts ( fl9t-glass & cr[n-glass1 ( :i*1 z is well kn[n1 ! a*romatic l5ses are made :i* h s wond]fully improv$ ! di/9ctness ( our telescopes4 ,unit$ ) t9 x =ms an alloy :i* is m fusible ?an ei!r metal alone1 & :i* is consequ5tly us$ z a sold] by ! plumb]s1 :ile ) antimony x comb9es into a h>d mass :i* s]ves to make lett]s = ! pr9t+-press4 ,all ^! v>i\s uses absorb imm5se quantities ( lead1 & r5d] x "o ( ! mo/ valuable products ( ! subt]ranean _w4 ,among ! lead m9es ( ,europe we f9d ! fir/ rank occupi$ by ^? ( ,spa91 :i* 9 #ahfc furni%$ ! enorm\s mass ( #cji1idj tons ( gal5a4 ,! pr9cipal m9es are situat$ 9 ,guipuzcoa1 ,catalonia1 ,arragon1 ! ,si]ra ,mor5a1 &1 above all1 9 ! m\nta9 *a9 ( ! ,alpuj>ras1 :]e ! rocks ( ! ,si]ra ,gador are ev]y:]e trav]s$ by ve9s ( gal5a4 ,! production ( ,nor? ,g]many is also v consid]able4 ,9 #ahfe ,prussia furni%$ #eg1hjh tons ( gal5a1 & ! ,hanov]ian ,h>tz ,m\nta9s1 :i* produc$ #aja1daa tons 9 #ahfd1 & n[ belong to ! same mon>*y1 h rais$ its previ\s production to a ?reefold am\nt4 ,! *ief lead m9es ( ,engl& are situat$ ne> ,al/on ,moor1 :]e ! ?ree c\nties ( ,nor?umb]l&1 ,durham1 & ,cumb]l& meet toge!r4 ,! l(ty hills ( ! di/rict1 b>e ( wood & almo/ :olly cov]$ ) m>%y hea?s1 are int]sect$ by ! valleys ?r\gh :i* run ! ,tyne1 ! ,we>1 & ! ,tees1 ) _! num]\s bran*es4 ,! c\ntry1 ?\gh little frequ5t$ by t\ri/s1 is wild & picturesque2 b ! deep gorges ) :i* x is furr[$ h m ?an a m]e romantic int]e/1 = !y lay op5 to view num]\s ve9s ( ore1 & direct ! op]ations ( ! m9] to ! places :]e x is suffici5tly abundant to rew>d 8 toil4 ,! t[n ( ,al/on1 ! m9+ c5tre ( ! di/rict1 is beautifully situat$ close to ! riv] ,tyne1 :i*1 ab\t five miles above x1 asc5ds1 betwe5 l(ty hills1 to ! foot ( ,cross ,fell1 ?is picturesque m\nta9 giv+ a "* ( consid]able gr&eur to ! surr\nd+ sc5]y4 ,! m9es ( ! ,al/on ,moor di/rict produce annually ab\t #be1jjj tons ( lead4 ,! wat]s are drawn (f by long adit levels1 & ! ores are dragg$ out by horses to ! day4 ,?is region ext5ds s\?w>d to ! ,york%ire valleys ( ,swal$ale1 ,ark5dale1 & to ,grass+ton1 :]e num]\s lead m9es are work$ "u v simil> circum/ances4 ,! ,york%ire m9es yield$ 9 #ahef #h1ihf tons ( lead4 ,ano!r important lead di/rict lies 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,d]by%ire1 9 ! hilly c\ntry ( ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,peak1 s well kn[n & s (t5 visit$ = its picturesque beauty4 ,! m9es ( ,d]by%ire1 :i* yield annually #e1jjj tons ( lead1 are gett+ exhau/$2 !y are v num]\s1 b 9 g5]al inconsid]able4 ,next to ,al/on ,moor ! lead m9es ( ,fl9t%ire & ,d5bigh%ire are ! mo/ productive1 furni%+ annually ne>ly #f1jjj tons ( lead4 ,an important gr\p ( ve9s ( lead occurs 9 ! slaty rocks ( ,c>digan%ire & ,montgom]y%ire1 all ( :i* h an ,e4,w4 direction2 al?\gh s f> f p>allel t !y (t5 meet1 & frequ5tly =m at su* po9ts ( int]section #8c\rses' ( ore4 ,"s ( ^! m9es 7 v pr(itably work$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s sev]al ( !m h be5 highly productive4 ,!re are consid]able lead m9es 9 ! s\? ( ,scotl&1 at ,wanlockhead & ,leadhills 9 ,lan>k%ire2 & ^? ( ,/rontian1 9 ,argyle%ire1 likewise des]ve to be notic$4 ,! ,isle ( ,man has two important lead m9es1 ! ,foxdale & ,laxey1 ! =m] rem>kable = ! great size ( its ma9 lode4 ,! elevat$ tracts ( ,wickl[ likewise conta9 "s valuable lead m9es1 at ,luganure & ,gl5malure4 ,9 #ahff ! total produce ( our lead m9es am\nt$ to #ia1jdg tons ( gal5a1 :i* yield$ #fg1cij tons ( metal4 ,! isl& ( ,s>d9ia1 already r5[n$ among ! anci5ts = its ri* lead m9es1 produces ab\t #ae1jjj tons1 or ne>ly z mu* z ,france1 :]e h[ev] ! extraction ( gal5a has ( late ye>s made consid]able progress4 ,belgium1 :i* 9 #ahda produc$ no m ?an #cd tons1 rais$ 9 #ahfd no less ?an #af1ghj tons1 *iefly f ! m9es ( ,bleyb]g--,montz51 situat$ 9 ! c>bonif]\s lime/one ne> ,v]vi]s4 ,to r5d] ^! ri* deposits available1 va/ difficulties _h to be surm\nt$ by ! unit$ p[]s ( ent]prise1 capital1 & eng9e]+ skill4 ,riv]s & brooks1 div]t$ f _! anci5t c\rse1 7 made to fl[ ?r\gh new wat]-tight *annels1 & su* is ! am\nt ( dra9age requir$ 9 t aquif]\s region t eng9es ( two ?\s& horse-p[] h to raise f a dep? ( #cfj feet a daily quantity ( #hjj1jjj cubic feet ( wat]4 ,9 ,greece ! imm5se m\nds ( scori accumulat$ ne> ! anci5t silv] m9es ( ,laurium1 h be5 f\nd to conta9 ab\t t5 p] c5t4 ( lead4 ,_! total mass is e/imat$ at no less ?an #c1jjj1jjj tons1 & !y af=d a conv9c+ pro( bo? ( ! importance ( ! anci5t silv] production ( ,attica1 & ( ! imp]fection ( ! old ,a!nian m9+ op]ations4 ,a ,fr5* company has lately be5 =m$ = smelt+ ?is prodigi\s accumulation ( scori1 once ca/ aside z rubbi%4 ,9 ,sib]ia ! fam\s lead m9es ( ,n]ts*9sk1 :]e _m an un=tunate exile is doom$ to end 8 days1 are work$ m]ely = ! silv] conta9$ 9 !m4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,*ilian lead m9e ( ,m9a ,gr&e1 ne> ,coquimbo1 is r5[n$ = its extreme ri*ness1 & ,brazil has consid]able ve9s ( gal5a1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,m9as ,g]aes2 b probably ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7,wiscons91 ,arkansas1 ,i[a1 ,ill9ois71 possess ! l>ge/ gal5a deposits 9 ! _w4 ,9 ,wiscons91 !y ext5d all ov] a va/ t]ritory ( m ?an #d1jjj squ>e miles4 ,z yet ! works are conduct$ 9 ! mo/ neglig5t mann]1 by a cr[d ( adv5tur]s4 ,9 w9t]1 :5 ! air 9 ! pits is m salubri\s1 & agricultural lab\r ceases1 ne$y f>m]s1 bankrupt trad]s1 & ?riftless artisans flock f all p>ts to ! lead c\ntry = ! purpose ( repair+ _! brok5 =tunes4 ,9 summ] :5 mal>ia r5d]s ! pits extremely unheal?y1 ?is nomadic population melts away l *aff be=e ! w9d4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ! r\gh mode ( extraction :i* prevails 9 ! ,am]ican lead c\ntry1 ! m9es ( ,i[a1 ,wiscons91 & ,ill9ois yield$ ab\t #bj1jjj tons ( lead 9 #ahff1 & _! produce is con/antly increas+4 ,9 all lead m9es1 ! gal5a (t5 occurs 9 pieces s l>ge t !y d n require to be sep>at$ f ! ve9/one by ! processes ( /amp+ & wa%+4 ,!y are !n call$ pure ores1 & ! mo/ simple prep>ation is suffici5t to prep>e !m = ! smelt+ furnace4 ,:5 ! ore has be5 pick$ & s f> prep>$1 x is fir/ roa/$ or heat$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 an op]ation :i* causes ! oxyg5 ( ! air to comb9e ) ! two elem5t>y bodies ( :i* gal5a is compos$4 ,aft] und]go+ ?is *emical *ange1 ! ore is n[ mix$ ) coke1 *>coal1 or peat1 & r$uc$ by smelt+ 9 a small bla/ furnace ( a peculi> k9d4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( heat1 ! c>bon ( ! coal1 unit+ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! ore1 flies (f 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid gas1 :ile ! metallic lead1 :i* 9 ! f9] ores am\nts to #gj or #hj p] c5t41 s9ks to ! bottom ( ! furnace4 ,almo/ all ! v>ieties ( gal5a conta9 a great] or less proportion ( silv]1 :i* x is (t5 f\nd wor? :ile to sep>ate f !m4 ,?is process is at pres5t effect$ accord+ to a mo/ +5i\s me?od1 f\nd$ on ! circum/ance fir/ notic$ 9 ! ye> #ahbi1 by ! late ,h4 ,l4 ,patt9son1 ( ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 t :5 lead conta9+ silv] is melt$ 9 a suitable vessel1 aft]w>ds sl[ly all[$ to cool1 & at ! same "t kept con/antly /irr$ at a c]ta9 temp]ature ne> ! melt+ po9t ( lead1 cry/als beg9 to =m4 ,^!1 z rapidly z !y are produc$1 s9k to ! bottom1 & on be+ remov$ are f\nd to conta9 mu* less silv] ?an ! lead orig9ally melt$4 ,! /ill fluid portion1 f :i* ! cry/als h be5 remov$1 w at ! same "t be proportionally enri*$4 ,by repeat$ melt+s & cry/allisations 9 a s]ies ( ca/-iron pots ) fire-places b5ea?1 ! workman is ?us able to deprive almo/ entirely ( its silv] by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ! lead op]at$ ^u1 :ile ! rema9d] becomes an exce$+ly ri* alloy ( bo? metals1 s z to conta9 fifty times its orig9al proportion ( silv]4 ,?is ri* lead is subsequ5tly expos$ 9 a ref9+ furnace to a /rong bla/ ( air at a high temp]ature1 fre% supplies ( lead be+ con/antly introduc$ z ! op]ation proce$s4 ,by ?is means ! lead becomes rapidly oxidiz$ & conv]t$ into li?>ge1 :i* p>tly runs (f 9 ! fluid /ate1 & is p>tly 7ab\t #aj p] c5t47 lo/ by sublimation1 :ile ! silv] =ms a cake at ! bottom ( ! cupel4 ,! bright5+ ( ! silv]1 :i* lu/r\sly %9es =? at ! mom5t ( ! sep>ation ( ! la/ traces ( lead1 indicates ! precise p]iod at :i* ! op]ation %\ld be end$1 & ! bla/ is !n turn$ (f & ! fire remov$ f ! grate4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ,patt9son's +5i\s process1 ! sep>ation ( ! silv] f ! lead 0 att5d$ ) a mu* great] loss ( ! latt] metal1 z great] quantities _h to be cupell$ to effect ! same result4 ,! economy obta9$ am\nts to no less ?an #ih p] c5t42 = :]e =m]ly #ajj cwt4 ( lead 7 lo/ by sublimation1 ! same quantity ( silv] is n[ obta9$ ) a loss ( no m ?an #b cwt41 & at ! same "t ) a consid]able sav+ ( fuel4 ,ores v poor 9 silv]1 z = in/ance ^? ( ,al/on ,moor or ,d]by%ire1 :i* =m]ly c\ld n be pr(itably cupell$1 are n[ advantage\sly treat$ by ! ,patt9son process4 ,?is is b "o example ( ! valuable practical results :i* may be obta9$ f a s+le sci5tific discov]y4 ,b *emi/ry has introduc$ ?\s&s ( simil> te*nical improvem5ts 9 almo/ all bran*es ( manufactur+ indu/ry1 & 7 we to add toge!r ! pr(its ?us obta9$1 we %\ld f9d t a great "p ( our weal? is due to ! laboratory4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,m]cury4 ,n consid]$ z a true ,metal by ! ,anci5ts--,its ,prop]ties & ,uses-- ,almad5--,=m]ly work$ by ,convicts--,diseases ( ! ,m9]s--,idria--,its ,discov]y--,conflagration ( ! ,m9e--,its ,produce--,huancavelica--,new ,almad54 ,among ! metals kn[n to antiquity m]cury 0 ! la/ discov]$4 ,x is m5tion$ nei!r 9 ! ,bible nor 9 ,hom]1 :o accurately1 ?\gh briefly1 describes ! *>act]s & uses ( all ! o!r anci5t metals2 b we le>n f ! works ( ,ari/otle t its discov]y mu/ h prec$$ ! times ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,f its always rema9+ fluid 9 ! temp]ate climates ( ! e>?1 x 01 h[ev]1 n consid]$ z a true metal2 = ! anci5ts _h no means ( asc]ta9+ t at ! l[ temp]ature ( -#ci ,fahr41 x becomes malleable & assumes ! solid =m4 ,! ,greeks call$ x ,hydr>gyros or wat]-silv]1 f its fluidity & arg5t9e col\r2 ! ,romans1 #8arg5tum vivum1' or live silv]1 f :i* our #8quicksilv]' has be5 d]iv$1 & 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! al*emi/s gave x ! planet>y "n ( ,m]cury1 :i* has be5 g5]ally adopt$ 9 mod]n sci5tific language4 ,at a v e>ly age c9nab> 7sulphide ( m]cury71 ! beautiful sc>let ore f :i* x is *iefly obta9$1 0 employ$ by ! anci5ts z a col\r+ mat]ial = imp>t+ a florid complexion to triumphant g5]als or to gue/s at ! fe/ive bo>d4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is cosmetic 0 us$ may be inf]r$ f ! facts m5tion$ by ,pl9y1 t ! ,greeks import$ r$ c9nab> f ,almad5 #gjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & t ,rome 9 8 "t receiv$ #gjj1jjj p\nds f ! same m9es4 ,z ! al*emi/s consid]$ quicksilv] z ! fitte/ sub/ance = transmutation into gold1 x became ! subject ( innum]able exp]im5ts2 & ?\gh ^! manipulations _h n ! desir$ effect1 !y accid5tally l$ to ! discov]y ( sev]al ( its comb9ations1 :i* soon became kn[n z p[]ful m$ic9es4 ,b x 0 res]v$ = mod]n times to appreciate & und]/& ! full importance ( m]cury1 & to ext5d ! field ( its utility to a v>iety ( uses unkn[n to =m] ages4 ,alloy$ ) t9-foil1 x =ms ! reflect+ surface ( look+- glasses2 & by its ready solution ( gold & silv]1 & subsequ5t dissipation by a mod]ate heat1 x becomes ! great in/rum5t ( ! arts ( gild+ & silv]+ copp] & brass4 ,! same prop]ty makes x available 9 extract+ ^! preci\s metals f _! ores4 ,to sci5ce x is a sub/ance ( p>am\nt value4 ,its great d5sity1 & its regul> rate ( ext5sion & contraction by increase & dim9ution ( temp]ature1 give x ! pref]5ce ov] all liquids = fill+ b>omet] & !rmomet] tubes1 s t )\t m]cury we %\ld "k b little inde$ ab\t ! laws ( caloric & ( atmosph]ical pressure4 ,9 *emi/ry x furni%es ! only means ( collect+ & manipulat+1 9 ! pneumatic tr\gh1 su* gase\s bodies z are cond5sible ov] wat]4 ,to its aid1 9 ?is respect1 ! mod]n advancem5t ( *emical discov]y is pre-em95tly due1 & )\t its assi/ance _m a bran* ( indu/ry :i* n[ greatly adds to ! weal? ( ! nation c\ld nev] h exi/$4 ,m]cury does n rank among ^? metals :i* are copi\sly dissem9at$ ov] ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,consid]able deposits or ve9s ( ev5 its commone/ & mo/ abundant ores 7r$ c9nab>2 hepatic c9nab>7 are conf9$ to a few spots1 & all ,europe possesses b two important quicksilv] m9es--at ,almad5 9 ,spa91 & ,idria 9 ,c>niola4 ,! ,si]ra ,mor5a or ! ,black ,m\nta9s 9 ! ,ib]ian ,p59sula1 s well kn[n z ! sc5e ( ! exploits ( ,don ,quixote1 are no less r5[n$ 9 ! m9+ _w = _! subt]ranean ri*es1 among :i* ! fam\s quicksilv] m9es ( ,almad5 del ,azogue hold a conspicu\s rank4 ,?is small t[n ( ab\t #aj1jjj inhabitants is situat$ on ! nor!rn bord] ( ! above-m5tion$ m\nta9 *a91 at ! s\?- we/]n extremity ( ! prov9ce ( ,new ,ca/ile1 &1 unlike mo/ o!r ,spani% cities1 af=ds ! pleas+ sight ( well-built h\ses & clean & regul> /reets4 ,z is g5]ally ! case 9 m9+ di/ricts1 ! neighb\rhood is /]ile1 b picturesque1 & f ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s magnific5t prospects op5 on e side4 ,! m9es ( ,almad51 aft] hav+ be5 ! prop]ty ( ! religi\s knights ( ,calatrava1 :o _h assi/$ 9 expell+ ! ,moors1 7 f>m$ (f to ! ,fugg]s1 ! celebrat$ m]*ant pr9ces ( ,augsburg1 ^: desc5dants /ill rank among ! high ari/ocracy ( ,g]many4 ,aft]w>ds1 f ! date ( #afde till ! pres5t "t1 !y h ei!r be5 work$ on ,gov]nm5t acc\nt or f>m$ (f to private companies4 ,a visit to ^! celebrat$ m9es is highly int]e/+4 ,a spaci\s tunnel or gall]y1 completely wall$ ) solid masonry1 leads into ! bosom ( ! m\nta9 & bran*es out at its extremity into sev]al gall]ies hewn 9 ! slate :i* =ms ! matrix ( ! ve94 ,"o ( ^! gall]ies conducts to ! ,bov$a de ,santa ,cl>a1 a va/ circul> hall 9 :i* =m]ly /ood a horse-g91 = rais+ ! ore to ! surface4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ?is "w is p]=m$ ?r\gh a %aft :i* desc5ds to ! l[e/ level ( ! m9e4 ,f ano!r gall]y conv5i5t /airs lead d[n to ! fir/ work+ level ( ! m9e1 & !nce %ort ladd]s to ! deep] /ories4 ,! %afts are wide1 ! gall]ies high en\gh to all[ "o to walk upright ?r\gh !m4 ,! upp] /ories are almo/ ?or\ghly dry1 ! l[] ones humid2 ! wat]1 h[ev]1 is easily remov$ by h&-pumps1 :i* raise x f /ory to /ory into a l>ge subt]ranean res]voir1 empti$ once a week by a /eam-eng9e ( fifty-f\r horse-p[]4 ,! ve9s are s extremely ri* t1 ?\gh !y h be5 work$ pretty con/antly dur+ s _m c5turies1 ! m9es h h>dly rea*$ ! dep? ( #a1adj feet4 ,! lode actually "u exploration is f f\rte5 to sixte5 y>ds ?ick1 & x becomes ?ick] /ill at ! cross+ ( ! ve9s4 ,its pres5t annual produce am\nts to ab\t #hj1jjj cwt4 ( pure m]cury4 ,! ore pres5ts a beautiful sight 9 ! gall]ies :]e x is work$1 on acc\nt ( ! d>k r$ glitt]+ col\r ( ! c9nab>1 :i* is sometimes e>?y & sometimes =ms compact cry/all9e masses1 or f9e cry/als mix$ ) calc>e\s sp>4 ,(t5 :5 a hew] deta*es a block ( ore ) 8 pickaxe1 quicksilv] masses ( ! size ( a pigeon's egg roll f a crevice 9 :i* !y 7 lodg$1 &1 leap+ along ! floor1 divide into ?\s&s ( small drops4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no loss1 = all ! rubbi% :i* accumulates 9 ! gall]ies is c>efully collect$4 ,! ores are treat$ 9 ?irte5 d\ble di/illatory furnaces1 call$ alodels1 & yield only t5 p] c5t4 ^u an av]age4 ,b ! analysis ( ! ores leaves no d\bt t ! b>b>\s app>atus employ$ 9 its sublimation causes a loss ( ne>ly "o-half ( ! quicksilv]1 :i* is disp]s$ 9 ! air1 to ! great injury ( ! workm5's heal?4 ,?is app>atus has rema9$ )\t any mat]ial *ange = ! bett] s9ce ! days ( ! ,moori% dom9ion 9 ,spa94 ,! furnaces are heat$ ) bru%wood1 p>ticul>ly ) ! res9\s bran*es ( ! ,ci/us ladanif]us1 :i* gr[s ov] ! greate/ "p ( ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s4 ,?is d>k ev]gre5 %rub (t5 ext5ds ov] _m miles ( gr\nd1 & :5 9 fl[] cov]s ! hills ) a beautiful sn[-:ite c>pet4 ,=m]ly only crim9als condemn$ to h>d lab\r = life 7 employ$ to "w 9 ! m9es ( ,almad54 ,at sunrise !y 7 conduct$ f a prison1 :i* /ill exi/s1 ?r\gh a subt]ranean passage into ! m9es1 :]e !y 7 oblig$ to toil till ev5+1 :5 !y 7 l$ back aga9 to _! dungeons1 s t !y nev] saw ! light ( day4 ,aft] a few ye>s ^! poor wret*es g5]ally di$ f inhal+ ! poison\s vap\rs ( ! m]cury4 ,r$uc$ to despair1 !y set fire1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 to ! gall]ies1 :i* 7 !n con/ruct$ ( wood1 & ?us r5d]$ ! m9+ op]ations impossible = _m ye>s4 ,s9ce !n only free m9]s are employ$1 :o are well paid1 & n all[$ to "w long] ?an six h\rs a day4 ,mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 die at an e>ly age1 betwe5 ?irty & =ty1 & ^? :o live long] are affect$ by a spasmodic trembl+1 s z to be unable to keep a limb quiet4 ,aft] ! m9es ( ,almad5 ^? ( ,idria 9 ,c>niola are ! ri*e/ 9 ,europe4 ,?is neat little t[n lies 9 "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ picturesqe bas9s ( ! ,julian ,alps4 ,! gigantic & nak$ rock walls :i* inclose ! seque/]$ valley are only p>tially deck$ along _! summits ) clumps ( firs2 b l[] d[n ! slopes are cov]$ ) beautiful mead[s & =e/s1 & "h & !re on ! project+ spurs ( ! m\nta9s /& picturesque *apels1 :i* s]ve to height5 ! beauties ( ! magnific5t panorama4 ,*ance--to :i* man owes s mu* bo? ( good & evil--also l$ to ! discov]y ( ! subt]ranean treasures ( ,idria4 ,9 ! ye> #adig a peasant f\nd1 9 a tub :i* he _h plac$ "u a brook1 "s drops ( a heavy liquid %9+ l silv]4 ,al?\gh q ignorant ( ! value ( 8 discov]y1 he /ill 0 cunn+ en\gh to c>ry !m to a goldsmi? )\t m5tion+ ! place :]e he _h f\nd !m4 ,at l5g? a man nam$ ,&]le91 hav+ promis$ him a h&some rew>d1 became ma/] ( ! secret1 & associat+ himself ) sev]al weal?y p]sons1 began to "w ! m9e4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s ! prop]ty pass$ into ! h&s ( a company ( goldsmi?s ( ,salzburg & ,augsburg1 :i* d]iv$ su* pr(its f ! m9e z to excite ! gre$ ( ! neighb\r+ ,v5etians1 :o 9 ! ye> #aeaj =cibly drove away ! ,g]mans1 b 7 soon aft] expell$ by ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 :o1 z soon z he he>d ( ?is insol5t attack1 s5t "s troops into ! =e/ ( ,idria & re/or$ x to its rightful own]s4 ,9 #aegh ! m9e 0 incorporat$ among ! doma9s ( ! ,/ate1 & began to be work$ ) great] regul>ity4 ,! entrance lies to ! s\? ( ! t[n1 on ! slope ( a small hill project+ f ! circul> zone ( m\nta9s :i* gird ! bas94 ,! visitor may ei!r desc5d1 9 less ?an five m9utes1 to ! bottom ( ! pit1 ?r\gh a p]p5dicul> %aft1 9 "o ( ! l>ge tubs :i* s]ve to raise ! ore1 or he may make use ( conv5i5t /airs4 ,"h & !re are l&+-places1 :5ce gall]ies lead to ! v>i\s fields or /ories ( ! m9e1 ! l[e/ ( :i* is #ade fa?oms "u gr\nd4 ,! ve91 h[ev]1 desc5ds mu* fur!r1 to an unkn[n dep?1 & its horizontal ext5t has likewise n yet be5 measur$4 ,z ! lime/one 9 :i* ! ores are imb$d$ does n =m a solid compact mass1 b is ( a loose nature1 mo/ ( ! gall]ies _h1 f ! v beg9n+ ( ! m9+ op]ations1 to be artificially propp$4 ,until ! end ( ! la/ c5tury wood5 beams 7 *iefly us$ = ?is purpose--a con/ruction :i* frequ5tly gave rise to fe>ful fires4 ,?us on ,m>* #af1 #ahjc1 ! workm5 saw a ?ick smoke issu+ f sev]al ( ! deepe/ gall]ies4 ,x rose high] & high]1 & spread ?r\gh ! upp] gall]ies ( ! m9e4 ,no fire 0 to be se51 no s\nd ( flames 0 to be he>d1 yet !re c\ld be no d\bt t ! m9e 0 burn+4 ,"s ( ! workm5 boldly und]took to desc5d to ! sc5e ( ! fire1 b 9 va92 !y 7 oblig$ to flee be=e _! enemy1 = ! smoke 0 n only d5se & suffocat+1 b s impregnat$ ) poison\s vap\rs t no liv+ be+ c\ld exi/ )9 its rea*4 ,an attempt 0 n[ made to smo!r ! fire by %utt+ out ! air4 ,all ! gall]ies 7 block$ z ne> z possible to ! suppos$ seat ( ! fire1 z well z ! two %afts :i* l$ to ! upp] _w4 ,! m9e rema9$ ?us clos$ dur+ five weeks1 b to no purpose2 = :5 x 0 reop5$1 ! fire bur/ =? m furi\sly ?an be=e4 ,! flames n[ h[l$ fe>fully f ! bottom ( ! pit1 & ! m]curial & sulphur\s fumes :i* rose f x ?reat5$ in/ant dea? to anyone :o %\ld be ra% en\gh to approa* !m4 ,! director ( ! m9e n[ resolv$ to flood ! works z a la/ res\rce aga9/ ! ravages ( fire4 ,a riv] 0 turn$ into ! p]p5dicul> %aft1 & ran dur+ two days & ?ree nights into ! pit4 ,on ! fir/ day !re 0 no p]ceptible effect1 b on ! second--:e!r x 7 t ! vap\rs produc$ by ! meet+ ( ! antagoni/ic elem5ts 7 /riv+ = an outlet1 or t new inflammable gases _h be5 =m$--a mo/ t]rific explosion took place1 :i* made ! :ole m\nta9 tremble z if %ak5 by an e>?quake4 ,! huts close to ! op5+ ( ! %aft 7 r5t to pieces1 ! /one h\ses at ! foot or on ! slopes ( ! hill fell 9 ) a trem5d\s cra%1 & ! inhabitants ( ,idria1 fancy+ ! day ( judgm5t _h arriv$1 fl$ 9 t]ror to ! hills4 ,9 ! m9e itself ! explosion 0 aft]w>ds f\nd to h torn up ! gall]ies1 to h bur/ ! vault$ ro(s1 & to h hurl$ away ! /airs4 ,b ! victory 0 n[ won4 ,! vap\r gradually drew (f1 & aft] a few weeks x 0 possible once m to desc5d into ! pit4 ,two full ye>s1 h[ev]1 pass$ be=e ! wat] 0 fully pump$ out into ! ,idriza1 :]e x poison$ all ! fi%es1 ) ! exception ( ! eels1 :o1 x seems1 are pro( aga9/ ev]y?+ except roa/+ or boil+4 ,ev5 aft] all ! wat] _h be5 remov$1 x 0 /ill f\nd impossible to "w 9 ! m9es1 p>tly f ! heat1 b *iefly on acc\nt ( ! v5om\s fumes1 :i* soon produc$ all ! symptoms ( m]curial disease4 ,9 ord] to /imulate almo/ sup]human ex]tions1 an exorbitant sal>y 0 (f]$ to all ^? :o %\ld v5ture to explore ! mo/ dang]\s passages1 & ga!r ! quicksilv]1 :i* 9 "s places _h collect$ 9 consid]able masses4 ,b _m paid = _! gre$ ) _! lives1 & = _m mon?s aft]w>ds ! air rema9$ s noxi\s t ! ord9>y m9+ works c\ld n possibly be c>ri$ on4 ,to prev5t simil> accid5ts = ! future1 & also on acc\nt ( ! increas+ sc>city ( wood1 ! gall]ies h s9ce !n be5 wall$ ) /one2 b :5 we consid] t ! :ole l5g? ( ! subt]ranean passages am\nts to no less ?an fifty miles1 we _c wond] t _m ( !m are /ill propp$ ) wood1 & t z rec5tly z #ahdf fire rag$ 9 ! m9e1 :i* 0 aga9 qu5*$ by putt+ "p ( x "u wat]4 ,! /one gall]ies are vault$1 & ( a ma/]ly con/ruction1 sev5 feet high & six feet broad4 ,! co/ is less ?an "o w\ld suppose1 z ! progress ( ! m9+ op]ations furni%es ! necess>y mat]ials4 ,! temp]ature 9 _m gall]ies is equal to t ( a cons]vatory2 & if a floral hall1 ba!d 9 light & fill$ ) delici\s od\rs1 is felt to be disagreeably hot1 ! w>m? ( ! air is naturally f> m intol]able 9 dismal excavations1 :]e ! workman pursues 8 labori\s task by ! weak glimm]+ ( a lamp1 & 9 an atmosph]e full ( deadly vap\rs4 ,"h1 z 9 ,almad51 a premature old age is ! lot ( ! unhappy m9]s1 :o :ile "y tremble l old m54 ,yet "s atta9 a tol]ably good old age1 & he :o rea*es 8 =ty-fif? ye> ) trembl+ limbs is said to get accu/om$ to ! effects ( ! poison1 & may !n live1 or r vegetate1 till sixty or sev5ty4 ,sc>cely any animals live 9 ! m9es ( ,idria4 ,ev5 spid]s _c long resi/ ! noxi\s atmosph]e4 ,rats1 h[ev]1 =m]ly exi/$ !re 9 consid]able numb]s1 b h almo/ entirely disappe>$ s9ce ! la/ fire1 :i* prov$ too mu* ev5 = !m4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! m9e ! m]cury is inclos$ 9 ! clay-slate 9 extremely f9e globules1 s z sc>cely to be visible to ! nak$ eye2 b on remov+ ! ore _m ( !m fall out & collect on ! floor1 9 l>g] drops or small pools1 :i* are c>efully ga!r$ 9 lea!r p\*es or bags4 ,by f> ! greate/ "p ( ! m]cury ( ,idria1 h[ev]1 is comb9$ ) sulphur1 & is obta9$ by di/ill+ ! ore 9 va/ furnaces4 ,x may easily be imag9$ t ! c>riage ( a liquid body ( ! weight ( m]cury requires ! greate/ c>e4 ,! old mode ( pack+1 /ill p>tly 9 use1 is 9 %eep-sk9s1 :i* c acquire ! necess>y firmness only by be+ tann$ ) alum1 & are att5tively exam9$ be=e be+ us$4 ,aft] hav+ be5 fill$1 ! sack is fir/ tri$ on a wood5 table1 &1 hav+ successfully /ood ! ordeal ( sev]e press+ & pun*+1 is enclos$ 9 a second sk94 ,two ( ^! packages1 ea* conta9+ =ty-"o p\nds & a few ounces1 are !n plac$ 9 a small cask1 & ?ree ( ^! 9 a squ>e box4 ,b z1 9 spite ( all ^! precautions1 ! sacks w sometimes bur/1 ! m]cury is n[ frequ5tly transport$ 9 l>ge iron bottles1 ! /opp]s ( :i* are firmly screw$ d[n by means ( a ma*9e inv5t$ = ! purpose4 ,all ! quicksilv] pack$ up 9 ?is mann] is s5t to ,trie/e1 & !nce *iefly to ,engl&1 :ile t :i* is de/9$ = ,vi5na & ,g]many is export$ 9 sacks4 ,9 ! ye>s #ahef1 #aheg1 & #aheh1 #d1egj1 #g1agh1 & #d1cca hundr$weight ( m]cury 7 produc$ 9 ,idria1 & sold at an av]age price ( "o hundr$ flor9s4 ,9 #ahej m]cury 0 wor? two hundr$ & fifty flor9s ! hundr$weight1 & ?us we see h[ detrim5tal ! competition ( ,cali=nia has be5 to ! ,au/rian treasury1 :i*1 9 its *ronic /ate ( atrophy1 is little able to be> any dim9ution ( rev5ue4 ,a great "p ( ! produce ( ! m9es--ab\t #a1jjj hundr$weight--is manufactur$ into c9nab> 9 ,idria1 :i* supplies almo/ all ,europe ) ?is spl5did r$ col\r+ matt]4 ,all ! o!r ,european quicksilv] ve9s1 9 ,tyrol1 ,bohemia1 ,hung>y1 & ! ,bav>ian ,palat9ate1 are utt]ly insignificant :5 comp>$ ) ,almad5 & ,idria1 z none ( !m produce m ?an a few hundr$weight4 ,b ev5 ,almad5 & ,idria h lo/ mu* ( _! =m] importance s9ce ! discov]y ( ! ri* m9es ( ,new ,almad5 9 ,cali=nia1 :i* 9 #ahfe yield$ #d1jjj hundr$weight ( m]cury4 ,z ! uses ( m]cury are few1 ! fall+ (f 9 price has be5 ! consequ5ce4 ,b ! great] *eapness ( m]cury has _h a mo/ fav\rable influ5ce on ! production ( silv] 9 ,mexico1 ,p]u1 ,bolivia1 c41 z _m ( ! poor] ores c n[ be pr(itably work$2 & ?us ,cali=nia1 :i* by its gold plac]s ?reat5$ to di/urb ! relative value ( ! two preci\s metals1 has1 by promot+ at ! same "t ! production ( silv]1 l>gely help$ to ma9ta9 ! =m] equilibrium & to relieve ! fe>s ( _m political economi/s4 ,x is a rem>kable circum/ance t1 :ile ,europe has = ! la/ ?ree c5turies receiv$ almo/ all its silv] f ,am]ica1 ,mexico & ,p]u 7 all ! "t dep5d5t ^u ! old _w = ! m]cury )\t :i* ,potosi & ,guanaxuato w\ld h be5 comp>atively unproductive4 ,quicksilv]1 x is true1 _h be5 f\nd "h & !re1 b ! only m9e ( importance 0 t ( ,huancavelica 9 ,p]u1 ! discov]y ( :i* 9 ! ye> #aefg is attribut$ to ! ,indian ,gonzalo ,nav9copa1 ?\gh1 accord+ to ,humboldt1 x 0 already kn[n to ! ,incas1 :o made use ( c9nab> to pa9t _! *eeks1 z ,roman s5ators & ,a!nian ar*ons _h done be=e !m4 ,"h1 at a height surpass+ t ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe by #a1ejj feet1 f #d1jjj to #f1jjj cwt4 ( quicksilv] 7 annually obta9$1 until ! folly ( a director ru9$ ! *ief m9e4 ,ev] s9ce #aghj ,huancavelica _h ) difficulty suppli$ ! gr[+ wants ( ! ,p]uvian silv] m9es1 = at a great] dep? ! ore 0 f\nd to be mix$ ) sulphuret ( ars5ic1 :i* greatly det]iorat$ its quality4 ,z ! lode =ms an enorm\s mass1 /rong pill>s _h be5 left /&+ to support ! ro(1 & ^! props ! above-m5tion$ director _h ! improvid5t tem]ity to remove1 9 ord] to increase ! produce ( ! m9e4 ,:at anyone ) a little exp]i5ce or common-s5se might h =ese51 took place4 ,! rock1 depriv$ ( its supports1 gave way1 ! ro( fell 9 ) a trem5d\s cra%1 & ! m9e 0 ru9$--a memorable w>n+ aga9/ ! gre$ :i*1 snapp+ at a %ad[1 loses ! sub/ance4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,new ,,metals4 ,z9c--,! ,ores1 b n ! ,metal1 kn[n to ! ,anci5ts--,rapid ,increase ( its ,production--,*ief ,z9c-produc+ ,c\ntries--,plat9um--,antimony-- ,bismu?--,cobalt & ,nickel--,wolfram--,ars5ic--,*rome--,man ganese--,cadmium-- ,titanium--,molybd5um--,alum9ium--,alum9 ium ,bronze--,magnesium--,sodium-- ,palladium--,rhodium--,?allium4 ,! metals kn[n to ! anci5ts 7 ei!r su* z occur 9 a native /ate & ^: lu/re mu/ attract ev5 ! att5tion ( ! savage1 or su* z are easily extract$ f _! ores by ! simple ag5cy ( fire & c>bon1 & consequ5tly require no complicat$ metallurgic treatm5t4 ,_! numb] is limit$ to ! sev5 sub/ances describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s2 b ! art ( ! mod]n *emi/ has greatly ext5d$ our k ( metals1 & reveal$ to u ! exi/5ce ( no less t fifty-six ( ^! elem5t>y bodies4 ,"s h be5 f\nd to lurk "u ! obscure disguise ( alkal9e & e>?y matt]s1 su* z clay & *alk1 magnesia & s&1 soda & pota%2 o!rs h be5 discov]$ 9 ! wat] ( m9]al spr+s1 or "u ! brilliant mask ( preci\s /ones4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 unkn[n be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 nor c !re be a d\bt t future rese>*es w make u acqua9t$ ) _m metals ^: exi/5ce is /ill a secret to mank9d4 ,mo/ ( ^! new metals are z yet m]e objects ( curiosity1 ei!r f _! r>ity or ! great difficulty & co/ ( _! production2 b "s ( !m are already ( consid]able use1 & )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s z9c has obta9$ a rank among ! mo/ important products ( ! m9]al _w4 ,calam9e1 ! *ief ore :i* provides u ) ?is metal1 0 inde$ kn[n to ! anci5ts1 :o by smelt+ x ) copp] ores obta9$ an alloy simil> to our brass2#fa b ! metal itself seems to h be5 fir/ discov]$ by ! fam\s al*emi/ ,bomba/us ,p>acelsus1 :o fl\ri%$ t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,z9c1 h[ev]1 rema9$ unnotic$ z a useful metal until ! ye> #ahje1 :5 ,hobson & ,sylve/]'s discov]y t x is malleable at a temp]ature ( #cjj ,f41 & c !n be work$ to any %ape ) great facility1 caus$ x to replace lead = _m purposes1 9 :i* its h>dness & o!r valuable qualities r5d] x sup]ior4 ,z x is v easily ext5d$ into ?9 %eets1 & comb9es ! advantages ( lightness1 salubrity1 & durability1 x is frequ5tly us$ = ! ro(+ ( h\ses & = ! %ea?+ ( %ips4 ,_m ( our dome/ic ut5sils1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* s]ve = ! hold+ ( liquids1 are n[ made ( z9c4 ,l>ge quantities are m\ld$ into ar*itectural ornam5ts2 & ! spl5did :ite col\r ( ! oxide ( z9c has made x a triumphant rival ( c]use1 or :ite-lead4 ,to provide = s _m uses1 ! production ( z9c has 9 a %ort "t made /rides )\t a p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( metals4 ,:ile be=e #ahjh f #aej to #bjj tons suffic$ = ! annual consumption ( ,europe1 m ?an #aaj1jjj tons are n[ requir$1 s t 9 little m ?an half a c5tury ! dem& has increas$ m ?an five hundr$ times1 & a metal previ\sly almo/ unnotic$ is n[ produc$ 9 masses wor? sev]al millions ( p\nds4 ,footnote #fa3 ,a co9 ( ,n]o1 analys$ by ,ar?ur ,phillips1 0 f\nd to consi/ ( #hajg p] c5t4 copp]1 #ajf t91 & #aggc z9c2 ano!r1 ( ,hadrian1 ( #hegh copp]1 #aai t91 #aha lead1 #fdc z9c1 & #jgd iron4 ,! *ief z9c-produc+ c\ntries ( ,europe are ,prussia & ,belgium4 ,! ,prussian m9es1 :i* 9 #ahff yield$ #a1bjd1dai hundr$weight1 or ab\t #fj1jjj tons1 are situat$ 9 ,silesia1 ,we/phalia1 & ! ,rh5i% prov9ces4 ,9 ! same ye> ,belgium produc$ #ce1ejj tons1 *iefly f ! m9es ( ! ,vieille ,montagne1 ne> ,aix-la-,*apelle1 :]e calam9e occurs 9 a l>ge mass1 imb$d$ 9 *alk1 & is work$ l an op5 qu>ry4 ,9 ,engl& calam9e is1 next to gal5a1 ! mo/ important ore obta9$ f ! ,d]by%ire m9es1 & ( late ye>s l>ge quantities ( bl5de or sulphuret ( z9c--an ore :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! special difficulties (f]$ by its treatm5t1 _h hi!rto be5 neglect$--are likewise furni%$ by ! ,isle ( ,man1 ,d5bigh%ire1 ,fl9t%ire1 & ,cornwall4 ,9 #ahfd our entire production ( z9c am\nt$ to no m ?an #d1jdj tons2 b s9ce t p]iod x has be5 consid]ably increas$ by ! importation ( imm5se quantities ( ,s>d9ian1 ,sw$i%1 & ,spani% ores1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p r$uc$ 9 ! works ( ,messrs4 ,vivian1 at ,swansea4 ,= _m ye>s ! ,unit$ ,/ates dep5d$ ^u ,europe = _! :ole supply ( z9c2 b z nature seems to h d5i$ none ( h] m9]al ri*es to ! great republic1 ! discov]y ( imm5se deposits ( calam9e & bl5de 9 ! /ate ( ,t5nessee has enabl$ !m to compete successfully ) =eign produce1 & ! works ( ,leehigh & ,lasalle n[ furni% a l>ge proportion ( ! z9c consum$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,plat9um1 ! heavie/ body 9 nature1 0 fir/ discov]$ by ! ,spani>ds1 9 ! gold m9es ( ,d>i51 probably 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury2#fb b z x rema9$ infusible 9 ! /ronge/ heat1 & no me?od 0 kn[n = purify+ its ore1 9 :i* x is rem>kably comb9$ ) six or ev5 sev5 o!r metals1 x cont9u$ = a long "t to be a m]e object ( curiosity4 ,9 #aggb ,c\nt ,sick+5 discov]$ t x c be weld$ l iron :5 urg$ to a :ite heat1 & fir/ succe$$ 9 produc+ plat9um wire & plat9um leaves4 ,a few ye>s aft] ! celebrat$ ,sw$i% *emi/1 ,b]gmann1 isolat$ x f ! metallic sub/ances associat$ ) its ore1 & prov$ x to be a peculi> metal4 ,footnote #fb3 ,kopp1 #8,ges*i*te d] ,*emie1' vol4 iv4 p4#bba4 ,plat9um is f\nd 9 almo/ all ! aurif]\s di/ricts ( ! globe1 b g5]ally 9 su* small quantities z n to be wor? ! collect+4 ,kus*wa ,goroblagodat & ,ni%ne-,tagilsk1 9 ! ,ural1 furni% annually ab\t eight hundr$ hundr$weight1 :i* is ne>ly t5 times ! am\nt f ,brazil1 ,columbia1 ,/4 ,dom+o1 & ,borneo4 ,b1 9 spite ( ?is scanty production1 its discov]y mu/ be consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ important conque/s :i* sci5ce has made 9 ! mat]ial _w1 z its p]fect infusibility1 its h>dness1 its unalt]ability by air & wat]1 & its prop]ty ( )/&+ ! action ( ! mo/ corrosive simple acids1 r5d] x an invaluable mat]ial = ! fabrication ( v>i\s *emical vessels1 )\t ^: assi/ance _m important discov]ies c\ld n possibly h be5 made4 ,to ! manufactur]s ( sulphuric acid l>ge retorts ( plat9um are indisp5sable = conc5trat+ ?is highly corrosive fluid1 :i* dev\rs e o!r metallic vase ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,! price ( plat9um is int]m$iate betwe5 t ( gold & silv]4 ,! ores ( ,antimony play$ a great "p 9 ! lab\rs ( ! al*emi/s1 b ! metal is fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! works ( ,basilius ,val5t9us1 :o fl\ri%$ dur+ ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is us$ *iefly 9 sev]al important alloys4 ,comb9$ ) lead x con/itutes type-metal1 & unit$ ) lead & t9 x is employ$ = mak+ ,britannia metal1 & ! plates on :i* music is engrav$4 ,ne>ly all ! antimony ( comm]ce is furni%$ by ! grey sulphuret 7/ibnite71 :i* occurs 9 ,hung>y1 ,saxony1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,au/ralia4 ,?\gh ,cornwall produces a consid]able quantity ( antimonial ore1 our *ief supply is d]iv$ f ,s+apore1 ! emporium ( ! v>i\s m9es ( ,borneo & o!r p>ts ( ! ,malayan ,ar*ipelago4 ,! grey antimony ore 0 employ$ by ! anci5ts = col\r+ ! hair & ! eyebr[s1 & = /a9+ ! upp] & "u edges ( ! eyelids--a practice /ill 9 use among ,ori5tal nations = ! purpose ( increas+ ! app>5t size ( ! eye4 ,accord+ to ,dioscorides1 x 0 prep>$ = ?is purpose by inclos+ x 9 a lump ( d\gh1 & !n burn+ x 9 ! coals till x 0 r$uc$ to a c9d]4 ,x 0 !n ext+ui%$ ) milk & w9e1 & aga9 plac$ ^u coals & bl[n until x 0 ignit$1 aft] :i* ! heat 0 discont9u$1 le/1 z ,pl9y says1 #8plumbum fiat'--x become lead4 ,x h5ce appe>s t ! metal antimony 0 occasionally se5 by ! anci5ts1 ?\gh n di/+ui%$ f lead4 ,bismu?1 a metal ( a dull silv]-:ite col\r1 incl9+ to r$1 is fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! al*emi/s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x is almo/ exclusively furni%$ by ! m9es ( ,s*neeb]g 9 ,saxony1 :]e x is g5]ally f\nd 9 a native /ate4 ,on acc\nt ( its great fusibility & brittl5ess x is seldom us$ alone2 b associat$ ) o!r metals x =ms sev]al valuable alloys4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! ,saxon & ,bohemian m9]s believ$ all ^? ores f :i*1 9 spite ( _! promis+ appe>ance1 !y 7 unable to extract a useful metal1 to be a "w ( ! gnomes mock+ ! indu/ry ( man4 ,"s ( ^! ores !y call$ ,kobold--an opprobri\s "n giv5 to ^! evil subt]ranean spirits1 :o 7 suppos$ to be ( dw>fi% /ature & int5se ugl9ess2 o!rs ,nickel--a "n probably ( ! same mean+ z our old ,nick4 ,! progress ( metallurgic indu/ry has fully exculpat$ ! gnomes ( all evil int5tions1 = ! la/ c5tury succe$$ 9 extract+ ! metals ,cobalt & ,nickel f ^? rebelli\s ores4 ,cobalt1 ?\gh z yet b r>ely employ$1 gives promise ( "s future importance1 z x appe>s to be extremely t5aci\s4 ,a wire made ( pure cobalt w c>ry ne>ly d\ble ! weight t an iron wire ( ! same ?ickness w d4 ,! cobalt ores1 :i* imp>t a magnific5t blue col\r to glass1 h lo/ mu* ( _! importance z pigm5ts s9ce ! discov]y ( artificial ultram>9e1 :ile ! nickel ores :i* usually accompany !m1 & 7 =m]ly ?r[n away z rubbi%1 h become valuable1 s9ce ! metal :i* !y conta9 has f\nd "s important uses4 ,! small co9 ( ,belgium & ,switz]l& is n[ made ( nickel in/ead ( copp]1 & l>ge quantities are employ$ 9 ! fabrication ( ,g]man silv]1 or ,arg5t9e plate1 an alloy ( copp]1 nickel1 & z9c1 :i*1 f its h>dness & brilliant :ite col\r1 furni%es an excell5t mat]ial = tablespoons & =ks4 ,bo? ! nickel & cobalt ores are produc$ *iefly by ,sw$51 ,norway1 & ,g]many2 our own m9es furni% b insignificant quantities4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ,camd5 works 7,new ,j]sey7 n[ produce nickel at ! rate ( #aej1jjj p\nds a ye>4 ,tung/51 a metal discov]$ 9 #aghc by two ,spani% *emi/s1 ! bro!rs ,juan & ,fau/o d',elhuj>1 9 a black m9]al call$ wolfram1 :i* frequ5tly occurs along ) t9 ores 9 ,cornwall 7:]e x is kn[n "u ! names ( cal1 or call51 & gossan71 ,saxony1 ,au/ria1 c41 is 9 its isolat$ /ate a m]e object ( sci5tific curiosity1 b :5 melt$ ) ca/ /eel or ev5 ) iron only1 9 ! proportion ( f two to five p] c5t41 x produces a /eel :i* is v h>d & f9e-gra9$1 & = t5acity & d5sity is sup]ior to any o!r /eel made4 ,h5ce wolfram-/eel1 :i* is n[ com+ ext5sively into use 9 ,g]many1 makes ! be/ knives & razors2 b1 un=tunately1 ! r>ity & high price ( wolfram conf9e its production )9 n>r[ limits4 ,sev]al ( ! tung/ates1 or salts ( tung/51 are us$ z pigm5ts2 & ! tung/ate ( soda has ! highly valuable prop]ty ( r5d]+ fabrics un9flammable1 & ?us furni%es a means = prev5t+ ! accid5ts :i* con/antly occur f ! burn+ ( ladies' dresses4 ,alb]t ! ,great1 a fam\s al*emi/ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 is suppos$ to h be5 ! discov]] ( ,ars5ic1 a t9-:ite metal1 :i*1 h[ev]1 soon loses its brilliancy :5 expos$ to ! air1 & turns black4 ,f its poison\s qualities x is only us$ 9 "s unimportant alloys :i* s]ve = ! manufacture ( insignificant articles1 su* z buttons or buckles4 ,"s ( its ores & comb9ations1 :i*1 f _! lively yell[1 gre51 & r$ col\r1 w\ld o!rwise h be5 valuable pigm5ts1 are likewise = ! same reason seldom us$4 ,a great numb] ( copp]1 nickel1 lead1 cobalt1 z9c1 & iron ores conta9 "s ars5ic2 b ?is dang]\s sub/ance is obta9$ *iefly f ! common ars5ical pyrites 7,mispickel--sulphuret ( iron & ars5ic71 :i* occurs 9 ,cornwall & ,devon%ire4 ,! :ole supply ( ars5ical ores am\nt$ 9 #ahff to ab\t #b1faj tons1 ( :i* ,engl& & ,prussia furni%$ ! great] "p4 ,! metal ,uranium1 discov]$ 9 #aghi by ! celebrat$ ,klapro?1 9 a black heavy m9]al1 call$ ,pe*bl5de 7pit*-bl5de71 occurr+ 9 ! m9es ( ! ,erzgebirge1 is n us$ z su*1 b is v valuable 9 porcela9-pa9t+1 z x af=ds a beautiful orange col\r 9 ! enamell+ fire1 & a black col\r 9 t 9 :i* ! porcela9 is bak$4 ,a laboratory has be5 op5$ at ,joa*im/hal1 :]e ! ore is conv]t$ into uranate ( soda = ?is purpose4 ,*rome1 l cobalt1 is us$ *iefly z a pigm5t4 ,sev]al ( its salts are spl5did yell[ col\r+ matt]s1 & its oxide imp>ts ! f9e/ gre5 t9ts to porcela94 ,! metal itself1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,vauquel9 9 #agig1 is1 z yet1 an object ( int]e/ only to ! *emi/1 b may "o day become important1 z 9 its pure /ate x is v h>d1 unalt]able by air & wat]1 & ev5 less fusible ?an plat9a4 ,mo/ ( its ores belong to ! r>] m9]als1 & b "o1 *rome-iron1 occurs 9 suffici5t abundance = indu/rial purposes4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,hung>y1 9 ,norway 7:i* annually exports ab\t #af1jjj tons to ,hamburg & ,holl&71 9 ,sib]ia1 & 9 l>ge quantities 9 ,m>yl& & ,p5nsylvania4 ,! ore employ$ 9 ,engl& is obta9$ mo/ly f ,baltimore1 ,dron!im1 & ! ,%etl& ,isles1 & am\nts to ab\t #b1jjj tons annually4 ,manganese is likewise a metal :i* has n yet left ! doma9 ( ! laboratory1 b "s ( its ores are ( consid]able & increas+ importance4 ,! grey & black oxides ( manganese are l>gely us$ = ! manufacture ( ! *loride ( lime1 a sub/ance well kn[n = its blea*+ prop]ties4 ,!y also s]ve 9 ! fabrication ( fl9t-glass1 z a means = correct+ ! gre5 t+e :i* x is apt to d]ive f iron1 & are employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( v>i\s k9ds ( /eel4 ,! ores ( manganese are *iefly provid$ by ! m9es ( ,nassau1 :i* 9 #ahfd yield$ #ad1dfj tons1 & ( ,huelva 9 ,spa91 :i* furni%$ #bd1dcj tons 9 #ahfe4 ,our ,corni% m9es likewise produce consid]able quantities1 b are /ill f> f be+ able to supply ! wants ( our colossal indu/ry1 :i*1 9 #ahff1 requir$ ! importation ( no less ?an #dh1gjj tons ( oxide ( manganese f =eign c\ntries4 ,cadmium1 :i* accompanies mo/ ( ! z9c ores1 0 discov]$ by ,/romey] 9 #ahah4 ,its sulphuret af=ds a f9e yell[ pigm5t2 b ! metal itself1 :i* has ! col\r & lu/re ( t91 & is v fusible & ductile1 has no comm]cial value4 ,rutile1 a r$-br[n m9]al1 occurr+ 9 small quantities 9 ! ,alps1 ,norway1 & _m o!r localities1 :]e x is g5]ally f\nd 9 cry/als1 imb$d$ 9 qu>tz1 0 f\nd by ,klapro?1 9 #agie1 to be ! oxide ( a peculi> metal :i*1 accord+ to ! old fa%ion ( giv+ my?ological names to new planets & metals1 obta9$ ! "n ( ,titanium4 ,! metal1 :i* has a copp]-r$ col\r1 has n hi!rto be5 appli$ to use2 b rutile is employ$ z a yell[ col\r 9 pa9t+ porcela91 & also = giv+ ! requisite t9t to artificial tee?4 ,l ,titanium1 ! metal ,molybd5um1 discov]$ by ,hjelm 9 #aghb1 is z yet int]e/+ only 9 a sci5tific po9t ( view2 b "o ( its salts is us$ by ! cotton-pr9t]s z a valuable col\r+ matt]1 & ano!r is indisp5sable z a re-ag5t 9 _m *emical rese>*es4 ,?us m ?an "o ( ! mod]n metals has already become an important object to ! porcela9-pa9t] or ! dy]4 ,alum9ium1 ! metal :i* ,sir ,h4 ,davy discov]$ 9 clay or alum9a1 & ( :i* ! pure/ native oxides are ! v>ieties ( corundum 7ori5tal ruby1 sapphire1 c471 has ( late become ( te*nical importance1 & ?\gh ! co/ ( its production is v great1 z a p\nd ( alum9ium is wor? ab\t #dl41 yet x already s]ves = _m purposes4 ,its silv]y lu/re & p]fect unalt]ability by atmosph]ical influ5ces r5d] x an excell5t mat]ial = objects ( art & ornam5t1 & f its l[ specific gravity 7#b-efajj7 x makes excell5t tubes = telescopes & op]a-glasses1 :i* :5 compos$ ( any o!r metal are ( a fatigu+ weight4 ,ev5 cul9>y vases h already be5 made ( alum9ium1 =1 besides its p]fect innocu\sness1 x cools v sl[ly :5 heat$1 & greasy sub/ances d n adh]e to x4 ,its high price is ! only ob/acle :i* has hi!rto limit$ its uses4 ,) copp] x =ms an alloy 7alum9ium-bronze7 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,john ,p]cy1 :i* possesses ! h>dness1 t5acity1 & malleability ( iron )\t its liability to ru/1 & consequ5tly has already f\nd num]\s applications4 ,! beautiful gold col\r ( ?is alloy makes x a valuable mat]ial = ! fabrication ( ! vases & ornam5ts us$ 9 ,ca?olic *ur*es1 & a rec5t decree ( ! ,pope has au?oris$ its employm5t = ?is purpose4 ,magnesium1 ! metallic basis ( magnesia1 a native e>? widely dissem9at$ 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 & =m+ a con/itu5t "p ( :ole m\nta9 *a9s1 _h ev] s9ce its discov]y by ,sir ,humphry ,davy be5 a m]e object ( curiosity1 :5 a few ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,son/adt1 an ,engli% *emi/1 succe$$ 9 produc+ x 9 l>g] quantities4 ,its silv]y brilliancy1 h>dness1 & ductility1 its l[ specific gravity1 & unalt]ability by air & wat]1 are qualities :i* w probably lead to an ext5sive employm5t :5 a *eap] me?od ( production %all h be5 discov]$2 b ev5 n[ x has f\nd a highly int]e/+ use4 ,x is s easily inflammable t a wire ( consid]able ?ickness c be ignit$ 9 ! flame ( a c&le1 & ! light evolv$ by ! combu/ion is ( almo/ sol> int5sity4 ,9 ligh?\ses x s]ves to guide ! m>9] 9 8 c\rse2 x lights up ! obscure/ recesses ( /alactital cav]ns1 & ) its assi/ance ! photograph] no long] dep5ds ^u ! sun1 & reveals to u ! hidd5 pa9t+s & sculptures ( rock-tombs & temples z di/9ctly z if !y 7 expos$ to ! light ( day4 ,sodium1 ! metallic basis ( soda1 0 discov]$ by ,sir ,humphry ,davy 9 #ahjg4 ,x is light] ?an wat]1 & :ite & lu/r\s z silv]2 b exposure to air almo/ imm$iately conv]ts x into soda4 ,?us x c nev] become directly useful1 l alum9ium or magnesium2 b be+ indisp5sable = r$uc+ ! ores ( ^! two metals1 x r5d]s important indirect s]vices1 & is consequ5tly produc$ 9 consid]able quantities4 ,palladium1 "o ( ! h>de/ & heavie/ ( metals1 is ( a /eel grey col\r1 pass+ into silv] :ite4 ,its alloy ) silv]1 :i* has ! valuable prop]ty ( n t>ni%+ 9 air1 is em95tly fitt$ = ! manufacture ( delicate sci5tific in/rum5ts4 ,! ,wolla/on m$al1 giv5 by ! ,geological ,society1 is1 9 hon\r ( its discov]]1 made ( palladium1 :i* is consid]ably de>] ?an gold4 ,9 #ahjd1 ! same em95t philosoph] discov]$ ano!r metal 9 native plat9a1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,rhodium4 ,mix$ ) /eel 9 ! proportion ( "o to fifty1 rhodium produces an excell5t metal = mak+ ! %>pe/ cutt+ in/rum5ts1 & a mixture ( equal p>ts ( rhodium & /eel makes ! be/ telescopic mirrors1 z x is n liable to be t>ni%$4 ,x is also employ$ = mak+ ! unalt]able nibs ( ! s-call$ rhodium p5s4 ,?allium1 ?\gh "o ( ! newe/ metals1 z x 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,crookes z rec5tly z #ahfa1 already bids fair to r5d] "s important s]vices4 ,x imp>ts to optical glasses a consid]able d5sity & disp]sive p[]1 & %\ld no o!r use be f\nd = x1 ?is alone w\ld r5d] x a valuable acquisition4 ,su* is ! brief hi/ory ( ^? new metals :i* h already f\nd a useful employm5t 9 ! indu/rial arts4 ,x ?r[s a vivid light ^u ! rapid progress ( mod]n *emi/ry1 = ! v exi/5ce ( mo/ ( !m 0 undreamt ( at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & _! discov]y c\ld be atta9$ only by an am\nt ( analytical k beyond ! scope ( any previ\s age4 ,on witness+ ^! triumphs ( sci5ce we may well ask :]e !y w end1 & :5 ! goal w be rea*$ beyond :i* x w be impossible = ! human intellect to p5etrate8 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,coal4 ,! ,age ( ,coal--,plants ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,age--,hugh ,mill]'s ,description ( a ,coal ,=e/--,va/ ,"t requir$ = ! ,=mation ( ! ,coal-fields--,d]angem5ts & ,dislocations--,faults--,_! ,disadvantages & ,advantages--,bitum9\s ,coals--,an?racites--,our ,black ,diamonds--,advantage\s ,position ( our ,coal ,m9es--,! ,s\? ,wel% ,coal- field--,great ,c5tral & ,man*e/] ,coal-fields--,! ,:itehav5 ,bas9 & ! ,dudley ,area--,newca/le & ,durham ,coal-fields--,co/ly ,w9n+s--,a ,ball 9 a ,coal-pit--,subm>9e ,coal ,m9es--,newca/le ,view f ,tynem\? ,priory--,hew]s--,cutt+ ,ma*9es--,putt]s--,onsett]s-- ,%ift]s--,trapp] ,boys--,george ,/eph5son--,rise ( ,coal ,production--,probable ,duration ( our ,supply--,prussian ,coal ,m9es--,belgian--,coal ,m9es 9 v>i\s o!r c\ntries--,maun* ,*unck4 ,! hi/ory ( ! primitive races ( mank9d1 z f> z we are able to trace x 9 ! few relics t h surviv$ _! exi/5ce1 %[s u t an age ( /one 0 foll[$ by "o ( bronze1 :i* 9 its turn 0 succe$$ by "o ( iron4 ,! ,gold5 ,age has probably nev] exi/$ b 9 ! fancy ( poets :o s\ght 9 ! l& ( dreams a comp5sation = ! defici5cies ( ! real _w2 & !re c be no d\bt t1 despite ,cali=nia & ,au/ralia1 our own times are z f> f realis+ ! pleas+ vision z any be=e !m4 ,b a title to :i* !y h a bett] claim is f\nd$ ^u ! va/ use ( ! m9]al fuel )\t :i* ! glori\s inv5tions ( ,watt & ,/eph5son w\ld h be5 comp>atively va92 & :oev] has att5tively exam9$ ! f\ndations ( our indu/ry1 our comm]ce1 our weal?1 & our civilisation w h>dly d5y t we live 9 :at may ju/ly be t]m$ ! ,age ( ,coal4 ,?is m9]al1 ! importance ( :i* 9 ! political economy ( ! lead+ nations ( ! globe c h>dly be ov]rat$1 is also "o ( surpass+ int]e/ 9 a geological po9t ( view1 = ! hi/ory ( its =mation is "o ( ! great m>vels ( ! subt]ranean _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pecopt]is ,,adiantoides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sph5opt]is ,,aff9is4 ,! plants ^: gr[? & decay orig9ally furni%$ ! mat]ials ( :i* our black coal#fc is compos$1 fl\ri%$ 9 t f> di/ant p]iod :5 z yet no bird or mammalian quadrup$ _h made its appe>ance1 :5 ev5 ! gigantic ,i*?yosaurus 0 n yet born1 & ! progress ( organic life _h n advanc$ beyond ! creation ( "s unc\? reptiles or /rangely =m$ fi%es4 ,f ! va/ space ( "t :i* sep>ates u f ! c>bonif]\s age1 x may easily be imag9$ t ! /ate ( ! vegetable _w 0 !n extremely diff]5t f t n[ prevail+4 ,! vegetable rema9s :i* con/itute coal h g5]ally be5 s trans=m$ z to af=d no trace ( _! orig9al texture2 yet ! di/9ct plants f\nd "h & !re pres]v$ 9 ! mass1 & :i* am\nt to ab\t five hundr$ species1 pla9ly be> ! "* ( a swampy vegetation1 & %[ t !y mu/ h gr[n 9 subm]g$1 or at lea/ extremely humid1 situations4 ,!y consi/ *iefly ( f]ns1 ( ,lepidod5dra1 alli$ to ! club- mosses ( ! pres5t day1 ( a few conif]\s trees1 ! woody /ructure ( "s ( !m %[+ t !y 7 relat$ to ! ,arauc>ian division ( p9es1 m ?an to any ( our common ,european firs2 ( "s l>ge #8horsetails1' & ( ,sigill>i & ,calamites1 t seem to h be5 di/9ct f all tribes ( n[ exi/+ plants4 ,scanty z are ^! relics ( an ext9ct _w1 !y yet all[ ! fancy to recon/ruct ! =e/s ( :i* !y =m$ a "p1 & to w&] ?r\gh ^? dismal woods :]e g5]ations aft] g5]ations ( arboresc5t f]ns & moor-plants fl\ri%$ & decay$ = ! use ( be+s t 7 to appe> millions ( ye>s lat] ^u ! /age ( life4 ,footnote #fc3 ,lignite1 or br[n coal1 is ( m mod]n orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,,lepidod5dron ,,elegans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,a/]ophyllites ,,comosa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sigill>ia ,,oculata4 ,illu/ration3 ,,calamites ,,nodosus4 ,! foll[+ description by ,hugh ,mill] w assi/ our fancy 9 roam+ among ! primeval ?ickets f :i* coal 0 =m$3 #8,we h be=e u a l[ %ore1 cov]$ ) a d5se vegetation4 ,huge trees ( wond]ful =m /& out f> into ! wat]4 ,!re seems no int]v5+ bea*4 ,a ?ick h$ge ( re$s1 tall z ! ma/s ( p9naces1 runs along ! deep] bays1 l wat]-flags at ! edge ( a lake4 ,a riv] ( va/ volume comes roll+ f ! int]ior1 d>k5+ ! wat] = leagues ) its slime & mud1 & be>+ ) x to ! op5 sea re$s & f]ns & cones ( ! p9e1 & imm5se floats ( leaves1 & n[ & !n "s bulky tree und]m9$ & uproot$ by ! curr5t4 ,we ne> ! coa/1 & n[ ent] ! op5+ ( ! /ream4 ,a sc>ce p5etrable phalanx ( re$s1 t atta9 to ! height & wellnigh to ! bulk ( =e/ trees1 is rang$ on ei!r h&4 ,! bright & glossy /ems seem rodd$ l ,go?ic columns2 ! po9t$ leaves /& out gre5 at e jo9t1 ti] above ti]1 ea* ti] resembl+ a coronal wrea?1 or an anci5t cr[n ) ! rays turn$ outw>ds1 & we see atop :at may be ei!r l>ge spikes or catk9s4 ,:at /range =ms ( vegetable life appe> 9 ! =e/ beh9d6 ,c t be a club-moss t raises its sl5d] height = m ?an fifty feet f ! soil8 ,or c ^! tall palm-l trees be actually f]ns1 & ^! spread+ bran*es m]e fronds8 ,& !n ^! gigantic re$s6 are !y n m]e v>ieties ( ! common horsetail ( our bogs & m>%es1 magnifi$ "s sixty or a hundr$ times8 ,h we arriv$ at "s su* c\ntry z ! cont95t visit$ by ,gulliv]1 9 :i* he f\nd ?ickets ( we$s & grass tall z woods ( tw5ty ye>s' gr[?1 & lo/ himself amid a =e/ ( corn fifty feet 9 height8 ,! less] vegetation ( our own c\ntry1 its re$s1 mosses1 & f]ns1 seems "h z if view$ ?r\gh a microscope1 ! dw>fs h sprung up into giants1 & yet !re appe>s to be no proportional increase 9 size among :at are unequivocally its trees4 ,yond] is a gr\p ( :at seem to be p9es--tall & bulky1 'tis true1 b nei!r tall] nor bulki] ?an ! p9es ( ,norway & ,am]ica4 ,!re is an amaz+ luxuriance ( gr[? all ar\nd u4 ,sc>ce c ! curr5t make way ?r\gh ! ?ickets ( aquatic plants t rise ?ick f ! muddy bottom2 & ?\gh ! sun%9e falls bright on ! upp] b\ghs ( ! tangl$ =e/ beyond1 n a ray p5etrates ! m ?an twilight gloom t broods ov] ! m>%y plat=m bel[4 ,! rank /eam ( decay+ vegetation =ms a ?ick blue haze1 t p>tially obscures ! und]wood4 ,deadly lakes ( c>bonic acid gas h accumulat$ 9 ! holl[s2 !re is a sil5ce all ar\nd1 un9t]rupt$ save by ! sudd5 spla% ( "s reptile fi% t has ris5 to ! surface 9 pursuit ( its prey1 or :5 a sudd5 breeze /irs ! hot air1 & %akes ! fronds ( ! giant f]ns1 or ! catk9s ( ! re$s4 ,! wide cont95t be=e u is a cont95t devoid ( animal life1 save t its pools & riv]s ab\nd 9 fi% & mollusca1 & t millions & t5s ( millions ( ! infusory tribes sw>m 9 ! bogs & m>%es4 ,"h & !re1 too1 an insect ( /range =m flutt]s among ! leaves4 ,x is m ?an probable t no creature furni%$ ) lungs ( ! m p]fect con/ruction c\ld h brea!d ! atmosph]e ( ?is e>ly p]iod & h liv$4' ,z coal seams h be5 discov]$ z f> to ! nor? z ,gre5l&1 ,melville ,isl&1 & ,spitzb]g51 :]e n[ no trees w gr[1 x has be5 inf]r$ t1 9 ! primeval ages :i* witness$ _! bir?1 a tropical climate mu/ h reign$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! e>?2 b ! vegetation ( arboresc5t f]ns does n necess>ily imply a v w>m climate1 z su* plants are f\nd to fl\ri% 9 ,new ,zeal&1 toge!r ) _m conif]s & club-mosses1 s t a =e/ 9 t temp]ate c\ntry may make a ne>] approa* to ! c>bonif]\s vegetation ?an any o!r n[ exi/+ on ! globe4 ,s mu* is c]ta91 t a v diff]5t di/ribution ( sea & l& mu/ 9 ^? times h mitigat$ ! sev]ity ( ! ,arctic w9t]1 or1 p]haps1 z ,pr(essor ,oswald ,he] conjectures1 our sol> sy/em may !n h roll$ ?r\gh a space m d5sely clu/]$ ) />s1 ^: radiant heat gave to our e>? ! advantage ( a mild climate1 ev5 at ! poles4 ,! space ( "t requir$ = ! =mation ( ! coal-fields is z immeasurable z ! di/ance t sep>ates u f ,sirius4 ,we "k by exp]i5ce h[ ?9 ! %eet ( humus is :i* ! annual leaf-fall ( our trees1 or ! ye>ly decay ( our moor-plants1 leaves beh9d1 & h[ _m dec5niums mu/ elapse be=e "o s+le in* ( solid m\ld is =m$4 ,b !re are _m coal /rata eight1 t51 or ev5 =ty or fifty feet ?ick2 & if we consid] besides ! mighty pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t rocks :i* /ore !m 9 ! smalle/ compass1 we _c possibly d\bt t "o su* /ratum mu/ h requir$ ?\s&s ( ye>s = its =mation4 ,our wond] increases :5 we reflect t 9 _m coal-measures 7! s]ies ( b$s intimately associat$ ) ! seams ( coal7 no less ?an a hundr$ ?ick & ?9 seams ( coal alt]nate ) lay]s ( s&/one & %ale1 s t ! reckon+ w\ld swell to millions 7 we able to fa?om ! ages ( _! successive gr[?4 ,x may well be ask$ h[ su* va/ masses ( vegetable orig91 :i* requir$ ! sun's light = _! =mation1 came ?us to be incas$ 9 /one ?\s&s ( feet b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?8 ,m ?an "o !ory has be5 advanc$ to solve ?is difficult problem1 :i* c h>dly be expla9$ 9 any o!r mann] ?an by a g5]al1 sl[ly progress+ subsid5ce ( ! humid l[l&s1 alt]nat+ ) p]iods ( re/4 ,fancy a wide delta l&1 simil> to ,egypt or ! ,ne!rl&s1 cov]$ ) luxuriant =e/s1 ^: spoils1 accumulat+ :]e !y fall1 =m 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies a ?ick /ratum ( vegetable matt]4 ,?is l& !n s9ks1 sudd5ly or gradually1 "u wat]1 _m a fa?om deep1 & rema9s !re p]haps = t5 ?\s& ye>s1 till a va/ deposit is =m$ ( s&/one & %ale1 br\ght d[n f ! highl&s by ! riv]s t come roll+ f ! int]ior1 ! pressure ( :i*1 aid$ by wat]1 conv]ts ! /ratum ( wood into coal4 ,by ?is deposit ! bottom is gradually fill$ up1 & ! bay aga9 conv]t$ into m>% or mead[1 ^u :i* aga9 vegetation fl\ri%es = a ?\s& ye>s till ! mat]ials ( a second b$ ( coal are collect$4 ,a ?ird subm]g5ce takes place1 rocky /rata are aga9 deposit$1 ! wat] aga9 %oals into l& capable ( be>+ plants1 a ?ird p]iod ( =e/s comm5ces1 & cont9ues till ! mass ( vegetable matt] de/9$ to =m a new b$ ( coal is accumulat$4 ,x is unnecess>y to pursue ! s]ies any fur!r2 let x suffice to say t 9 ?is mann] coal foll[$ ^u s&1 or s& ^u coal1 till 9 ! c>bonif]\s bas9 ( ,nova ,scotia1 = in/ance1 a v]tical subsid5ce ( ?ree miles 0 gradually fill$ up by ! wa/e swept d[n f ! high] l&s1 or by ! accumulation ( vegetable matt]4 ,great z are ^! *anges ( level1 !y d n indicate any m consid]able or viol5t p]turbations ?an ^? :i* take place at ! pres5t day1 ei!r f e>?quakes or f sl[ oscillations ( ! soil4 ,l>ge areas 9 ! ,pacific & else:]e are kn[n to be actually subsid+ at ! rate ( ?ree or f\r feet 9 ! c5tury1 & :5 measur$ on ! scale ( geological "t1 ! depression :i* sunk ! fir/ c>bonif]\s =e/s ( ,s\? ,wales or ,nova ,scotia to ! dep? ( t5 or tw5ty ?\s& feet1 probably proce$$ at ! same sl[ rate4 ,add+ to ^! va/ epo*s ( gradual subsid5ce ! long p]iods ( re/ :i* int]v5$ betwe5 !m1 x is p]haps no exagg]ation to affirm t sev]al millions ( ye>s may h be5 requir$ = ! =mation ( a coal-field su* z t ( ,sa>brck5 or ,s\? ,wales4 ,! fossil rema9s inclos$ 9 ! v>i\s lay]s ( ! c>bonif]\s b$s alone suffice to prove ! imm5sity ( "t requir$ = _! accumulation1 = ! species ( f]ns or lycopods imb$d$ 9 ! l[] seams ( a coal-field are f\nd gradually to disappe> 9 ! high] ones1 :ile new species are cont9ually appe>+ on ris+ 9 ! s]ies1 until1 f9ally1 ! plants ( ! old] seams h completely made way = new] =ms4 ,?us ! coal =mation has1 dur+ ! va/ ages ( its gr[?1 *ang$ m ?an once ! aspect ( its flora1 & ! plants :i* fl\ri%$ 9 its y\? _h long s9ce disappe>$ f ! e>? :5 x approa*$ its end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,coal-,,b$s ,,r5d]$ ,,available ,,by ,,elevation4 a b c1 %afts4 ,a ,b ,c1 coal-b$s4 ,al?\gh all coal-fields mu/ h orig9ally be5 =m$ 9 horizontal or slightly undulat+ situations1 yet 9 _m cases !y h und]gone enorm\s d]angem5ts or dislocations f subsequ5t t]re/rial *anges2 & to ?is circum/ance is ma9ly due _! utility to man4 ,_h !y be5 p]mitt$ to rema9 9 _! primitive geological position1 we probably %\ld nev] h enjoy$ ! b5efit ( ! coal1 because x w\ld h be5 too deep = our rea*4 ,we might h kn[n x to be !re1 b x w\ld h be5 beyond our p[] to pi]ce a mile or two into ! e>?4 ,b1 by a wond]ful & m]ciful provid5ce1 ! oscillations to :i* ! e>?-r9d is subject1 h frequ5tly upheav$ !m enorm\sly out ( _! orig9al positions2 & ! elevat$ portions hav+ (t5 be5 d5ud$ by wat]1 l>ge pat*es ( coal h ?us be5 r5d]$ available to man4 ,! v>i\s subt]ranean *anges :i* h act$ ^u ! coal-fields dur+ ! c\rse ( unnumb]$ ages h n only rais$ or sunk1 b frequ5tly dislocat$1 contort$1 ruptur$1 or brok5 !m up 9 a mo/ extraord9>y mann]4 ,9 ! coal-field ne> ,mons1 9 ,belgium1 = in/ance1 a va/ lat]al pressure has curv$ ! /rata aga9 & aga91 & ev5 fold$ !m f\r or five times into zigzag b5d+s1 s t on s9k+ a %aft ! same cont9u\s lay] ( coal is cut ?r\gh sev]al times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,coal-,,field ,,s\? ,,( ,,malmesbury4 #a4 ,old r$ s&/one4 #b4 ,m\nta9 lime/one4 #c4 ,mill/one grit4 #d4 ,coal seams4 #e4 ,co>se s&/one4 #f4 ,new r$ s&/one4 #g4 ,lias4 #h4 ,inf]ior oolite4 #i4 ,great oolite4 #aj4 ,corn bra% & =e/ m>l4 ,frequ5tly a concave =m has be5 ! result ( ^! t]re/rial revolutions1 & h5ce coal-fields are (t5 call$ coal-bas9s4 ,?us1 9 ! coal-field s\? ( ,malmesbury1 ! /rata appe> to dip f ! surface1 & rise aga9 to x aft] atta9+ a c]ta9 dep?1 s t a section ( !m sugge/s ! idea ( a boat or bas94 ,v commonly "o portion ( a cont9u\s /ratum or s]ies ( /rata has be5 brok5 away f ! re/1 & has be5 displac$1 ei!r by elevation or depression1 or %ift+ on "o side1 = v>i\s di/ances4 ,! am\nt ( displacem5t is sometimes only a few in*es1 & at o!r times sev]al hundr$ fa?oms1 & ! ext5t may be tw5ty y>ds or tw5ty miles4 ,we may easily conceive ! difficulties :i* ^! disruptions frequ5tly ?r[ 9 ! way ( ! m9]1 :o 9 foll[+ :at he consid]s a valuable seam ( coal is sudd5ly /opp$ by com+ 9 contact ) a fault1 a tr\ble1 or a slip1 z ^! ph5om5a are expressively call$1 & f9ds ! coal %ift$ sev]al y>ds above or bel[1 or ev5 completely lo/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m9]1 ?us provok+ly /opp$ 9 8 lab\rs1 mu/ n =get t x is p]haps ow+ to ! v %ifts he compla9s ( t ! outcrop ( ! coal has occurr$ at all 9 8 neighb\rhood1 & t ! coal is workable ?r\gh\t a v l>ge portion ( ! di/rict 9 :i* he is int]e/$4 ,a mo/ important advantage is also d]iv$ f ! exi/5ce ( ^! num]\s faults 9 coal /rata2 namely1 t !y int]sect a l>ge field ( coal 9 all directions1 & by ! clayey cont5ts :i* fill up ! cracks accompany+ m9or faults1 !y become natural c(f]- dams1 :i* prev5t ! body ( wat] accumulat$ 9 "o "p ( ! field f fl[+ into any op5+ :i* might be made 9 x 9 ano!r "p4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ! advantage aris+ f ! pres5ce ( a great l9e ( fault occurr$ 9 ! ye> #ahbe at ,gos=?1 ne> ,newca/le1 :]e a %aft 0 dug on ! wet side ( :at is locally t]m$ ! ,great ,n9ety ,fa?om ,dyke1 :i* !re int]sects ! coal- field4 ,! work+s 7 imm$iately inundat$ ) wat]1 & x 0 f\nd necess>y to ab&on !m4 ,ano!r %aft1 h[ev]1 0 sunk on ! o!r side ( ! dyke1 only a few y>ds f ! =m]1 & 9 ?is !y desc5d$ ne>ly #bjj fa?oms1 or #a1bjj feet1 )\t any h9drance f ! wat]4 ,! sep>ation ( a coal-field into small areas by dykes or faults is likewise v b5eficial 9 case ( fire 9 a coal-pit1 = 9 ?is case ! combu/ion is prev5t$ f spread+ widely1 & de/roy+1 z x o!rwise w\ld1 ! :ole ( ! ignit$ seam4 #8,! natural disposition ( coal 9 deta*$ portions1' says ! au?or ( an excell5t article 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1#fd #8is n simply a ph5om5on ( geology1 b x also be>s ^u national consid]ations4 ,x is rem>kable t ?is natural disposition is t :i* r5d]s ! fuel mo/ accessible & mo/ easily m9$4 ,7 ! coal situat$ at its normal geological dep?1 t is1 suppos+ ! /rata to be all horizontal & undi/urb$ or upheav$ 7sic71 x w\ld be f> bel[ human rea*4 ,7 x deposit$ cont9u\sly 9 "o ev5 sup]ficial lay]1 x w\ld h be5 too readily1 & !re=e too quickly m9$1 & all ! sup]ior qualities w\ld be wr\ght out1 & only ! inf]ior left2 b z x n[ lies1 x is brok5 up by geological di/urbances into sep>ate portions1 ea* def9$ & limit$ 9 area1 ea* suffici5tly accessible to br+ x )9 man's rea* & lab\r1 ea* manageable by me*anical arrangem5ts1 & ea* capable ( gradual excavation )\t be+ subject to sudd5 exhau/ion4 ,selfi% plund]+ is p>tly prev5t$ by natural b>ri]s1 & we are w>n$ aga9/ reckless wa/e by ! comp>ative ?9ness ( coal-seams1 z well z by ! ev]-augm5t+ difficulty ( work+ !m at increas$ dep?s4 ,by ! sep>ation ( seams "o f ano!r1 & by v>i$ int]vals ( wa/e s&/ones & %ales1 su* a measur$ rate ( m9+ is necessitat$ z precludes u f entirely robb+ po/]ity ( ! mo/ valuable m9]al fuel1 :ile ! fuel itself is pres]v$ f ^? ext5d$ fractures & crumbl+s & falls :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be ! consequ5ce ( l>gely m9+ ! be/ bitum9\s coal1 7 x aggregat$ into "o va/ mass4 ,9 fact1 by an evid5t ex]cise ( =e?\ght & b5evol5ce 9 ! ,great ,au?or ( all our bless+s1 our invaluable fuel has be5 /or$ up = u 9 deposits ! mo/ comp5di\s1 ! mo/ accessible1 yet ! lea/ exhau/ible1 & has be5 locally di/ribut$ into ! mo/ conv5i5t situations4 ,our coal- fields are1 9 fact1 s _m bitum9\s banks1 9 :i* !re is abundance = an adequate curr5cy1 b aga9/ any sudd5 run ^u !m nature has int]pos$ num]\s *ecks1 by lock+ up :ole res]ves ( ! preci\s fuel 9 ! bank cell>1 "u ! inv9cible protection ( pond]\s /one-b$s4' ,footnote #fd3 ,vol4 cxi4 p4 #hj4 ,if we exam9e ! nature ( ! m9]al fuel ?us provid$ = u 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 we f9d a numb] ( v>ieties greatly diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 *emical composition & 9 combu/ible value4 ,?us ! an?racites or non-bitum9\s coals1 :i* conta9 f eighty- five to n9ety-sev5 p] c5t4 ( pure c>bon1 are n easily ignit$1 & yield no flame & b little or no smoke4 ,illu/ration3 ,map %[+ ! ,,coal ,,fields & ,,*ief ,,m9+ ,,di/ricts ( ,,great ,,brita9 ,! bitum9\s coals1 on ! contr>y1 conta9 a l>ge proportion ( volatile matt]1 am\nt+ to z mu* z ?irty1 =ty1 or fifty p] c5t41 & are consequ5tly v inflammable1 burn+ ) a bright flame1 consid]able smoke1 & a p5etrat+ od\r4 ,b z ,nature 9 g5]al does n love ^? %>p divisions to :i* !ori/s are s p>tial1 ?us also !re is no fix$ b\nd>y betwe5 ^! two classes ( m9]al fuel2 & we f9d an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( int]m$iate qualities betwe5 pure an?racite & ! fatte/ coal4 ,x may be rem>k$ t if coal 7 ( "o uni=m *emical composition1 its utility w\ld be conf9$ )9 n>r[] limits1 z ! bitum9\s1 semi-bitum9\s1 & an?racital v>ieties h ea* _! di/+ui%+ prop]ties :i* adapt ea* to special uses4 ,"s k9ds1 f _! ri*ness 9 volatile bitum9\s matt]1 are excell5t = ! manufacture ( illum9at+ gas1 :ile1 f _! small] proportion ( c>bon1 !y c\ld h>dly be us$ = ! mak+ ( iron2 & ! an?racites1 :i* yield little or no gas1 are v s]viceable = smelt+ or dome/ic purposes4 ,x appe>s f ! rese>*es ( mod]n *emi/ry t ! diff]5t v>ieties ( coal are due to ! progress ( decomposition :i* wood & vegetable matt] und]go :5 buri$ 9 ! e>?1 expos$ to moi/ure1 & p>tially or entirely exclud$ f ! air4 ,sl[ly evolv+ c>bonic acid gas1 & ?us p>t+ ) a portion ( _! orig9al oxyg51 !y become gradually conv]t$ into lignite or wood- coal1 :i* conta9s a l>g] proportion ( hydrog5 ?an wood does4 ,a cont9uance ( decomposition *anges ?is lignite into common or bitum9\s coal1 *iefly by ! dis*>ge ( c>burett$ hydrog51 or ! gas by :i* we illum9ate our /reets & h\ses2 & bitum9\s coal /ill cont9u+ to evolve its volatile matt]1 n only aft] its be+ cov]$ ) /rata ?\s&s ( feet 9 ?ickness1 b ev5 to ! pres5t day 7z ! fire-damp suffici5tly proves7 is ?us ultimately trans=m$ into an?racite1 to :i* ! v>i\s names ( spl9t-coal1 glance-coal1 h>d-coal1 & culm h be5 giv54 ,:5 we consid] ! mann] 9 :i* coal has be5 =m$ 9 swampy l[l&s1 or m p>ticul>ly 9 riv]-deltas1 :i* gradually subsid$ to a consid]able dep? b5ea? ! level ( ! sea1 we _c wond] t1 :5 comp>$ ) ! :ole ext5t ( ! globe1 ! area ( ! coal-fields is extremely limit$1 & conf9$ to b a few fav\r$ c\ntries4 ,9 our times delta l&s occupy b a small "p ( ! cont95ts & l>ge isl&s1 & !re is no reason to suppose t !y 7 m consid]able dur+ ! c>bonif]\s age1 or at any o!r epo*4 ,besides1 _m ( ! anci5t deltas1 probably1 nev] subsid$ at all1 s t no coal c\ld be =m$ on _! site2 & o!rs1 :]e coal /rata 7 gradually pil$ up1 may /ill be :elm$ b5ea? ! sea await+ "s future upheaval to become s]viceable to future g5]ations ( man4 ,aft] ! prelim9>y rem>ks on coal & ! coal =mation 9 g5]al1 ,i w n[ briefly describe ! *ief coal-produc+ c\ntries ( ! globe4 ,fir/ on ! li/ /&s ,great ,brita91 ^: pre-em95ce 9 indu/ry & comm]ce is entirely f\nd$ on h] va/ deposits ( coal4 ,x is ?is invaluable m9]al :i* sets ^? c\ntless /eam-eng9es 9 motion t p]=m ! lab\rs ( a hundr$ millions ( m52 :i* sp9s & weaves ! cotton ( ,am]ica1 ! silk ( ,*9a1 ! wool ( ,au/ralia1 & ! flax ( ,belgium into t amaz+ v>iety ( tissues t s]ve to clo! almo/ all ! nations ( ! globe2 & :i* f9ally produces a great] quantity ( ! *eape/ iron ?an ! comb9$ ef=ts ( all ! _w4 ,?us our coals may well be call$ our black diamonds1 & ! comp>ison is inde$ pay+ ! latt] too high a complim5t1 = l>g] masses ( diamonds w\ld be utt]ly wor?less1 :ile1 by means ( our coal1 we are able to enjoy ! produce ( e zone4 ,n only d our fifty-"o coal-fields surpass 9 magnitude ^? :i* are dissem9at$ ov] a f> great] t]ritory 9 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 & ,france2 b _! local di/ribution & geological =mation are z fav\rable z c\ld possibly be wi%$4 ,fur!/ nor? we see ! consid]able deposits ( ,scotl& ext5d+ f ! coa/ ( ,fife to ! valley ( ! ,clyde4 ,x is to !m t ,glasg[ owes its half-a- million ( inhabitants1 & a weal? f> surpass+ t ( all ,scotl& "u ! reign ( #8bonnie' ,que5 ,m>y4 ,9 ,engl&1 nor? ( ! ,tr5t1 along ! ,we> & ,tyne1 & ev5 ext5d+ f> b5ea? ! sea1 we h ! coal-fields ( ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham1 ) ,cumb]l& & ^? ( ,york%ire1 ,nott+ham%ire1 & ,d]by%ire4 ,aft] ^! comes ! l>ge field ( ,lanca%ire1 or1 z x is sometimes nam$1 ! ,man*e/] ,coal-field4 ,look+ to ! c5tral di/ricts1 we see ! coals ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,/af=d%ire & ( ,leice/]%ire4 ,9 ! nor?-we/ we h ! field ( ,nor? ,wales2 9 ! m c5tral we/1 ! deposits ( ! ,pla9 ( ,%rewsbury1 ,coalbrook ,dale1 & ! ,clee ,hills2 & 9 ! s\?-we/1 ! great coal-field ( ,s\? ,wales1 & ! m9or ones ( ! ,=e/ ( ,dean1 ( ,som]set%ire1 & ( ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,coal ,,bas9 ,,( ,,clackmannan%ire4 a1 b4 ,coal seams4 c4 ,lime/one /rata4 x1 y4 ,slips4 ,! inspection ( a good geological map %[s u at once h[ advantage\sly = comm]ce ^! sev]al coal-/ores are di/ribut$4 ,e l>ge coal-field 9 ,engl& & ,scotl& is h>dly ev] di/ant m ?an ?irty miles f ! next1 s t f ! ,clyde to ,som]set%ire ! :ole int]ior ( ! c\ntry c easily1 by means ( canals & railroads1 be provid$ ) fuel4 ,! ea/ & we/ coa/s ( ! l& are n[h]e above fifty miles f a coal-field2 & ev5 ! mo/ remote localities 9 ! ?ree k+doms are able to provide !mselves f di/ances )9 #aej miles4 ,b x is *iefly ! neighb\rhood ( ! sea :i* gives su* an incomp>able value to our mo/ important coal-fields2 z1 ?anks to ?is advantage\s situation1 :i* none ( ! ,fr5*1 ,belgian1 & ,g]man coal-fields possess1 ,great ,brita9 is enabl$ to provide n only h] own coa/-t[ns1 b almo/ all ! sea-ports 9 ! _w1 ) a *eap] fuel ?an c be produc$ 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,ev5 9 ,o/5d1 ,belgian coal1 r5d]$ de> by canal transport1 is unable to compete ) t :i* is br\ght ov] sea f ,engl&2 & ,hamburg provides h]self ) fuel f ,newca/le & ,h>tlepool1 & n f ! coal- fields ( ,saxony & ,we/phalia4 ,coal is f\nd 9 sev5te5 c\nties 9 ,irel&1 ov] an area ( ab\t #c1jjj squ>e miles4 ,yet1 not)/&+ ?is great abundance ( coal :i* ! c\ntry possesses1 & :i* is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t almo/ all p>ts ( ! isl&1 f ,lim]ick to ,antrim1 h] capital & *ief cities & ports h hi!rto dep5d$ ^u ,great ,brita9 = _! supplies ( m9]al fuel1 bo? = dome/ic & = manufactur+ purposes4 ,to ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! actual circum/ances1 x appe>s sc>cely cr$ible t ?is f9e c\ntry has made s little use ( ! coal :i* has be5 s b\ntifully be/[$ ^u h]4 ,among o!r causes n political1 :i* p]petuate ?is /ate ( ?+s1 is ! extraord9>y facility & *eapness ) :i* ! ports ( ,irel& c be suppli$ f ! great we/]n coal-fields ( ,great ,brita94 ,! excell5ce1 abundance1 & *eapness ( peat1 :i* is n only ! common fuel ( ! poor 9 ! int]ior1 &1 inde$1 ( all classes 9 "s di/ricts1 b is also br\ght 9 b>ges by ! great canal1 & consum$ to a consid]able am\nt 9 ! capital itself1 is ano!r reason :y ! ,iri% coal-m9es h1 z yet1 be5 s little work$4 ,:5 we consid] ! va/ importance ( coal1 we _c wond] at ! p>am\nt influ5ce :i* x has ex]cis$ ov] ! di/ribution ( our population 9 mod]n times4 ,:ile ,salisbury1 ,w9*e/]1 & ,cant]bury-- important t[ns ( m$ival ,engl&--are r$uc$ to atrophy f ! di/ance & abs5ce ( coal-fields1 ,newca/le1 ,le$s1 ,man*e/]1 ,%effield1 ,birm+ham1 ,glasg[1 & a ho/ ( o!r fl\ri%+ t[ns may truly be said to be built on coal4 ,:]e !re are l>ge coal-fields !re is life & a prospect ( almo/ unlimit$ prosp]ity1 = !y are sure to attract ma*9]y & man4 ,take a geological map ( a new & ?9ly-populat$ c\ntry2 & if x be m>k$ ) coal-fields ! spots :]e l>ge cities w exi/ h]eaft] may be safely det]m9$4 ,a m detail$ exam9ation ( ! *ief coal-fields ( ,engl& %[s u ! imm5sity ( ! m9]al ri*es :i* are "h /ill ho>d$ up = ! b5efit ( future g5]ations4 ,! sup]ficial ext5t ( ! ,s\? ,wel% coal-fields is ab\t a ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,on its nor!rn w+ we f9d on an av]age tw5ty-"o coal b&s1 =m+ an aggregate ?ickness ( eighty & a half feet4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! s\? w+ !re are ev5 z _m z ?irty-?ree b&s ( an aggregate ?ickness ( "o hundr$ & f\r feet ( pure coal1 s t ! av]age dep? ( ! field may be e/imat$ at n9ety-two feet4 ,num]\s transv]sal valleys int]sect ?is magnific5t coal-field1 & af=d ! easie/ means ( work+ x 9 e dep?4 ,!y also facilitate ! transport ( ! coal on ! canals & railroads :i* lead along _! bottom or along _! slopes to ! h>b\rs ( ! ,bri/ol ,*annel4 ,9 ! *apt]s on iron & copp]1 ,i h _h occasion to describe ! gigantic indu/ries1 f\nd$ on ^! natural advantages1 :i* h rais$ ,s\? ,wales f be+ "o ( ! mo/ insignificant into "o ( ! mo/ important prov9ces ( ! empire4 ,all ! coals ( ?is bas9 are s ri* 9 c>bon z to yield f sev5ty to n9ety p] c5t4 ( coke4 ,!y are ei!r an?racites or only semi-bitum9\s1 & are consequ5tly n suitable = mak+ gas1 nor are !y mu* lik$ = burn+ 9 op5 fire-places1 z !y d n emit a g5ial flame4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! semi-bitum9\s ,wel% coal is invaluable = burn+ 9 /eam-eng9es1 = x has be5 prov$ to g5]ate "o-qu>t] m /eam ?an any o!r k9d ( ,engli% coal4 ,"o ( its prop]ties--by no means unimportant--is its non-liability to spontane\s combu/ion1 :i*1 x is well kn[n1 occasionally takes place ) bitum9\s coals1 & by :i* vessels h be5 lo/ at sea1 & w>eh\ses ignit$ on l&4 ,! value ( ! ,wel% /eam or slightly bitum9\s coal is enhanc$ by its quality ( burn+ almo/ )\t smoke1 a prop]ty hi!rto slightly appreciat$1 b ! importance ( :i* 9 "t ( w> is evid5t4 ,/eam]s burn+ ! fat1 bitum9\s coal c be track$ at sea at lea/ sev5ty miles1 be=e _! hulls become visible1 by ! d5se columns ( black smoke p\r+ out ( _! pipes or *imneys1 & trail+ along ! horizon4 ,x is a complete tell-tale ( _! :]eab\ts1 :i* is n ! case ) vessels burn+ ,wel% or an?racital coal4 ,f its compactness & d5sity1 ! latt] has likewise great advantages 9 po9t ( /[age space ov] ! ord9>y weak bitum9\s coals4 ,= long voyages ?is conc5tration ( p[] & economy ( space may easily be appreciat$4 ,f its great sup]iority ov] o!r k9ds1 ,wel% coal has be5 exclusively us$ = "s "t pa/ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 & x is also employ$ 9 ,engl& by all ! *ief mail packet companies4 ,coal is n export$ f ! ,s\? ,wales bas9 z mu* z f "s o!r fields1 ow+ to ! enorm\s requirem5ts ( ! l>ge iron works1 mo/ ( :i* consume z mu* z c be suppli$ by _! colli]ies4 ,e week1 h[ev]1 sees increas$ supplies ( ,wel% coal ?r[n into ! ,london m>ket1 & e ye> fre% colli]ies are op5$ to meet ! dem&4 ,! total numb] ( pits 9 ,s\? ,wales 9 #ahfe 0 f\r hundr$ & eighte51 :i* produc$ betwe5 sev5 & eight million tons annually4 ,! ,new ,navigation ,pit at ,m\nta9 ,a% may be cit$ z an example ( ! gr& scale on :i* ! mo/ important ( ^! work+s are conduct$4 ,! %aft is eighte5 feet 9 diamet] inside ! wall+1 & divid$ into f\r comp>tm5ts1 two ( :i* are = ! draw+ ( coal1 "o = s5d+ ! workm5 up & d[n1 & ! f\r? = ! dra9age4 ,not)/&+ ! great dep? ( ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty y>ds1 a c>riage conta9+ two half-tons ( coal c be w\nd up 9 "o m9ute1 & ! :ole colli]y is e/imat$ to supply m ?an "o ?\s& tons a day4 ,! m9]al prop]ty ext5ds ov] an area ( sev5 miles long by ?ree miles 9 wid?1 cov]+ f f\r ?\s& to five ?\s& acres ( f\r-foot coal4 ,f ?is "o case ! read] may =m a slight e/imate ( ! b\ndless res\rces ( ! :ole bas94 ,! ,great ,c5tral ,coal-field1 :i* ranges ?r\gh ,s\? ,york%ire1 ,nott+ham%ire1 & ,d]by%ire1 has a sup]ficial ext5t ( ab\t "o ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,9 "* x is closely alli$ to t ( ,newca/le1 & is consid]$ by "s geologi/s to be a re-em]g5ce ( ! same /rata f b5ea? ! cov]+ ( ! magnesian lime/one "u :i* !y suppose x to be conceal$ ?r\gh ! int]v5+ space4 ,x ext5ds a little f ! nor?-ea/ ( ,le$s ne>ly to ,d]by1 a di/ance ( m ?an sixty-five miles4 ,its greate/ wid?--tw5ty- ?ree miles--is on ! nor?1 rea*+ ne>ly to ,halifax on ! we/4 ,on ! s\? x ext5ds t[>ds ! ea/ to ,nott+ham1 & is !re ab\t twelve miles wide4 ,?\gh possess+ "s f9e coal-seams1 x is ( f> inf]ior importance to ! ,man*e/] or ,s\? ,lanca%ire ,coal-field1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by a l(ty *a9 ( hills4 ,?is highly valuable bas91 :i* ext5ds ov] ab\t five hundr$ & fifty squ>e miles1 beg9s 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,d]by%ire1 & cont9ues !nce to ! s\?-we/ "p ( ,lanca%ire1 =m+ an area some:at 9 ! %ape ( a cresc5t1 hav+ ,man*e/] ne>ly 9 ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dudley ,,coal-,,field4 #a4 ,lime/one /rata4 #b4 ,coal4 ,( ! small] coal-fields1 ! mo/ important are ! ,:itehav5 bas9 7"o hundr$ & tw5ty squ>e miles7 & ! ,dudley or ,s\? ,/af=d%ire area 7n9ety squ>e miles7 :i* is p>ticul>ly valuable = ! ext5sive iron works :i* x ma9ta9s4 ,"o portion ( ?is coal-field is di/+ui%$ by ! pres5ce ( "o cont9u\s b$ ( coal ?irty feet ?ick1 :i* = ,briti% coal is a/oni%+2 & ?is mass ext5ds sev5 miles 9 l5g? & f\r 9 bread?4 ,9 ?is fav\r$ di/rict coal-seams five or six feet ?ick are call$ ?9 seams2 9 ,newca/le !y w\ld be call$ ?ick seams4 ,?\gh n s ext5sive z ! ,s\? ,wel% area1 ! coal-fields ( ,newca/le & ,durham are ( f> m anci5t celebrity4 ,_! produce is *iefly %ipp$ on ! ,tyne1 ,we>1 & ,tees1 small riv]s h>dly traceable on a map ( ! _w1 & yet f> m important to comm]ce ?an ! mighty ,or9oco or ! ?\s&-arm$ ,amazon4 ,?is magnific5t coal area is b\nd$ on ! nor? by ! riv] ,coquet1 & ext5ds s\?w>d ne>ly z f> z ,h>tlepool1 a di/ance ( ab\t =ty-eight miles4 ,its extreme bread? is ab\t tw5ty-f\r miles1 & ! :ole sup]ficial ext5t may am\nt to ab\t eight hundr$ squ>e miles4 ,!re are 9 all ab\t fifty-sev5 diff]5t seams ( coal 9 ! ,great ,nor!rn ,coal-field1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f an in* to five feet five in*es & six feet1 & compris+ an aggregate ( ab\t sev5ty-six feet ( coal4 ,! pits are e/abli%$ *iefly ) ref]5ce to "o or m ( ! ?ree foll[+ seams4 ,! mo/ valuable is call$ ! ,high ,ma9 ,seam1 & is ab\t six feet ?ick4 ,! next 9 value is ! ,b5%am ,seam1 ab\t ?ree feet ?ick1 :i* is rem>kable = its excell5t quality z a dome/ic coal1 & = ! enorm\s quantity ( gas evolv$ f x 9 ! m9e4 ,! ,hutton or ,l[ ,ma9 ,seam1 av]ag+ f ?ree feet six in*es to five feet n9e in*es1 is likewise ( v good quality1 & is ext5sively work$4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rem>k$ t ! same seam ( coal is n g5]ally valuable 9 all places4 ,?us ! ,high ,ma91 :i* furni%es excell5t coal on ! ,tyne1 becomes injur$ z x proce$s 9 a s\?-ea/]ly direction by be+ int]mix$ ) a b& ( coal ( inf]ior quality conta9+ iron pyrites1 c4 ,! ,newca/le ,coal-field is g5]ally work$ at a great dep?1 an exp5se ( upw>ds ( #ej1jjjl4 hav+ 9 "s in/ances be5 incurr$ be=e ! seam ( coal 0 rea*$ :i* 0 to rew>d all ?is va/ outlay & lab\r4 ,! mo/ rem>kable & ent]pris+ "w ( ?is k9d on record is a s9k+ at ,monk ,we>m\? ,colli]y ne> ,sund]l&4 ,aft] pi]c+ ! sup]9cumb5t b$s ( magnesian lime/one & l[] new r$ s&/one1 ! coal /rata 7 rea*$ at a dep? ( ?ree hundr$ & ?irty feet2 b at ! same "t a spr+ 0 tapp$ :i* p\r$ wat] into ! work+s at ! rate ( ?ree ?\s& gallons p] m9ute4 ,?is fe>ful influx 0 kept "u by a /eam-eng9e ( two hundr$ horse-p[]1 & ! "w 0 made sure by /rong metal tubb+1 & c>ri$ on successfully1 ?\gh n )\t extreme difficulty4 ,on ent]+ ! coal measures1 h[ev]1 a new & unexpect$ *eck 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ! extra ?ickness ( ! upp]mo/ coal /rata1 = :i* no calculation _h be5 made1 & ! difficulties 7 increas$ :5 at ! dep? ( "o ?\s& feet a fre% fe$] or spr+ ( wat] 0 tapp$4 ,additional exp5se & great loss ( "t 7 ?us caus$2 b ! proprietors p]sev]$ ) real ,anglo-,saxon p]t9acity1 undaunt$ by ! app>5tly hopeless nature ( ! und]tak+1 & by ! fe>ful exp5ses incurr$4 ,success cr[n$ _! ef=ts1 & f9ally1 at a dep? ( #a1gaj feet1 ! ,hutton seam ( coal 0 rea*$1 at a co/ :i*1 includ+ ! necess>y prelim9>y op]ations1 c\ld n h be5 less ?an #ajj1jjjl4 ,ano!r rem>kable & co/ly piece ( m9+ 0 t ( ,gos=? ,colli]y1 :i* lies ab\t ?ree miles nor? f ,newca/le1 on ! we/ bank ( a romantic #8dean' or little valley1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,ouseburn w9ds its way to ! ,tyne4 ,! s9k+ 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahbe1 & ! coal 0 won on ,saturday1 ,janu>y #ca1 #ahbi4 ,! ,high ,ma9 coal 0 rea*$ at tw5ty-five fa?oms bel[ ! surface1 b ne> its fir/ appe>ance ! seam 0 ?r[n d[n 9 an incl9$ direction by ! great ,n9ety ,fa?om ,dyke :i* !re int]sects ! coal-field4 ,h5ce x became necess>y to s9k ! %aft to ! dep? ( #aha fa?oms1 9 ord] to come at ! level ( ! l[] range ( coal4 ,?is hav+ be5 accompli%$1 a horizontal drift #gjj y>ds long 0 work$ ?r\gh ! face ( ! dyke to ! seam ( coal a little above its junction ) ! dyke4 ,a great "p ( ?is excavation _h to be made ?r\gh solid rock4 ,to celebrate ! completion ( ?is rem>kable "w1 a gr& subt]ranean ball 0 giv5 at ! v place ( triumph1 #a1ajj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,z ! gue/s arriv$ at ! bottom ( ! %aft !y w5t to ! end ( ! drift to ! face ( ! coal1 :]e ea* p]son hew$ a piece ( coal z a mem5to ( ! day1 & !n return$ to ! ball-room1 :i* 0 brilliantly lit up1 & :]e born-&-br$ ladies jo9$ 9 a g5]al dance ) born-&-br$ pitm5's daught]s4 ,betwe5 #bjj & #cjj p]sons 7 pres5t1 ne>ly "o-half ( !m belong+ to ! fair sex4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! pit _h n be5 work$1 s t no smoke & du/ exud$ f its m\? or defil$ ! ball-room4 ,"s ( ! old] coal-pits1 :]e excavations h be5 go+ on p]haps = a c5tury or m1 may be lik5$ to l>ge subt]ranean cities4 ,! gall]ies ( ,/4 ,hilda ,colli]y1 ne> ,s\? ,%ields1 are full sev5ty miles long2 & ,kill+wor? pits are said1 on good au?ority1 to h ne>ly "o hundr$ & sixty miles ( gall]y excavation4 ,9 "s p>ts ! op]ations ( ! colli] h encroa*$ ^u ! doma9s ( ! ocean4 ,at ! ,h[gill pits1 = in/ance1 we/ ( ,:itehav51 ! excavations h be5 c>ri$ m ?an #a1jjj y>ds "u ! sea1 & ab\t #fjj feet bel[ its bottom4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable m>9e colli]y :i* ,great ,brita9 has ev] possess$ 0 situat$ at ,borr[/\nness4 ,! coal 0 f\nd to cont9ue "u ! b$ ( ! sea 9 ?is place1 & ! colli]s _h ! c\rage to "w x half a mile f ! %ore1 :]e !re 0 an entry t w5t d[n into ! subm>9e coal-pit4 ,?is 0 made into a k9d ( r\nd quay1 built s z to keep out ! tide :i* fl[$ !re twelve feet4 ,"h ! coals 7 laid1 & a %ip ( t draught ( wat] c\ld lay h] side to ! quay & take 9 ! coal4 ,?is wond]ful pit1 :i* belong$ to ! ,e>l ( ,k9c>d9e's family1 cont9u$ to be wr\ght _m ye>s to ! great pr(it ( ! own]s1 & ! a/oni%m5t ( all t saw x2 b at la/ an unexpect$ high tide dr[n$ ! :ole at once1 toge!r ) ! lab\r]s :o 7 at "w4 #8,:ile1' says ! ,fr5* geologi/1 ,faujas de ,sa9t ,fond 7:o visit$ ?is rem>kable m9e ab\t ! end ( ! la/ c5tury71 #8! pitm51 by ! dismal %9e ( _! lamps1 make ! deep cav]ns res\nd ) ! bl[s ( _! pickaxes1 %ips driv5 by a fair w9d sail ov] _! heads1 & ! sailors1 rejoic+ at ! beautiful wea!r1 express _! joy 9 songs3 at ano!r "t a /orm arises2 ! horizon is 9 flames1 ! ?und] ro>s1 ! sea rages1 ! bolde/ tremble2 !n ! pitm51 unconsci\s ( ! t]rible sc5e1 calmly pursue _! lab\rs1 & ?9k ) pleasure ( _! homes1 :ile ! %ip above is %att]$ to pieces & s9ks2 un=tunately1 b too fai?ful a picture ( ! daily *anges ( human life4' ,illu/ration3 ,map %[+ ! ,,coal ,,fields & ,,m9]al ,,di/ricts ( ,,am]ica ,n[h]e 9 ! _w1 p]haps1 does human activity display a m re/less en]gy ?an on ! site ( ! ,newca/le ,coal-field1 :]e1 night & day1 successive tra9s heap$ ) ! black diamonds ( ,engl& spe$ along f>-/ret*+ railways1 & hurry d[n to riv] & ocean1 until !y are unload$ & _! cont5ts %ipp$ by ma*9]y4 ,/eam-eng9es are unceas+ly at "w draw+ coals & pump+ out wat]4 ,?\s&s ( m5 are und]nea? our feet cutt+ d[n ! coal by sev]e & peculi> lab\r1 :ile ?\s&s above are receiv+ ! loads & spe$+ !m =w>ds4 #8,g :]e y w1 !re is a network ( small railways1 lead+ f pit to pit 9 hopeless intricacy1 b all hav+ a common t]m9us on ! riv]'s bank or ! ocean's %ore4 ,g :]e y w1 tall *imneys rise up be=e y1 & "h & !re a l[ l9e ( black %$s1 flank$ by *imneys ( aspir+ altitude1 indicates t y are arriv+ at a colli]y4 ,z y draw ne>]1 m5 & boys ( blacke/ hue pass y & pe] at y ) inquir+ glances4 ,n[ tra9s ( coal- waggons ru% by m frequ5tly1 noises ( ! mo/ discordant "* increase1 & y "k t y are at ! pit's m\?1 :5 y behold two gigantic wood5 arms slant+ upw>ds1 ^u :i* are m\nt$ ! pulleys & :eels t c>ry ! huge flat wire ropes ( ! %aft4 ,= a mom5t ! :eels d n revolve--no load is asc5d+ or desc5d+-- b ! next m9ute !y turn rapidly1 & up comes ! load ( coals or human be+s to ! surface4 ,p]haps ! mo/ impressive sight is a l>ge colli]y fully engag$ at nightwork1 ) burn+ crates ( coal susp5d$ all ar\nd2 & aft] ?is a view f "s neighb\r+ em95ce ( all ! f>-flam+ wa/e coal-heaps1 burn+ up ! accumulation ( wa/e & small coal n wor? c>riage1 ev] add$ to ! ev]-consum+ m\nd1 until ! :ole di/rict appe>s l ! active crat] ( "s enorm\s volcano4'#fe ,footnote #fe3 #8,ed9burgh ,review1' vol4 cxi4 p4 #hf4 ,! banks ( ! ,tyne are 9 _m places v high & precipit\s1 & consequ5tly r5d] peculi> contrivances necess>y = ! %ipp+ ( ! coals4 ,! means us$ = ?is purpose are v>i\s3 sometimes incl9$ tunnels1 ?r\gh :i* ! tra9 ( waggons is l[]$ 9 *a9s to ! wat]2 sometimes slopes1 along :i* ! coals are %ovell$ into ! %ip1 or /ill bett]1 ! +5i\s me*anism ( :i* ,william ,h[itt gives u ! foll[+ description3-- #8,z y advance ov] ! pla9 y see a :ole tra9 ( waggons load$ ) coal1 c>e]+ by !mselves )\t horse1 )\t /eam-eng9e1 )\t man1 except t !re sits "o beh9d1 :o1 in/ead ( endeav\r+ to propel ^! mad waggons on _! way1 seems lab\r+ hopelessly by 8 weight to deta9 !m4 #8,b :at is y\r amazem5t :5 y come 9 sight ( ! riv] ,tyne1 & see ^! waggons /ill c>e]+ on to ! v br9k ( ! wat]6--to see a railway c>ri$ f ! high bank1 & support$ on tall piles1 horizontally1 above ! surface ( ! riv]1 & to "s di/ance into x1 z if to all[ ^? vagabond tra9s ( waggons to run "r (f1 & da% !mselves d[n into ! riv]6 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ipp+ ,,coal4 #8,!re !y g1 all mad toge!r6 ,ano!r mom5t1 & !y w %oot ov] ! end ( ! l(ty railway1 & g headlong into ! ,tyne1 helt]-skelt]4 ,b behold6 ^! creatures are n s mad z y imag9e !m4 ,!y are in/9ct ) s5se2 !y h a pr9ciple ( self-pres]vation1 z well z ( spe$1 9 !m4 ,see1 z !y draw ne> ! riv] !y pause1 !y /op6 "o by "o !y deta* !mselves2 & z "o devot$ waggon runs on1 l a victim giv5 up = ! salvation ( ! re/1 to p]=m a wild summ]sault into ! wat] bel[1 :at d we see8 ,x is caught6 ,a pair ( gigantic arms sep>ate !mselves f ! end ( ! railway4 ,!y cat* ! waggon1 !y hold x susp5d$ 9 ! air1 !y let x s(tly & g5tly desc5d--& :i!r8 ,into ! wat]8 ,no2 we see n[ t a %ip already lies bel[ ! end ( ! railway4 ,! waggon desc5ds to x2 a man /&+ !re /rikes a bolt1 ! bottom falls1 & ! coals :i* x conta9s are nicely deposit$ 9 ! hold ( ! vessel4 ,up1 aga91 so>s ! empty waggon 9 t pair ( gigantic arms4 ,x rea*es ! railway2 x glides l a black swan into its native lake ^u x2 & away x goes1 z ( its own accord1 to a di/ance1 to await its bre?r51 :o successively p]=m ! same exploit1 & !n jo9+ x1 all scamp] back aga9 z h>d z !y c ov] ! pla9 to ! di/ant pit4' ,! produce ( ! colli]ies situat$ fur!r up ! ,tyne1 :]e ! riv] is no long] navigable by sea-go+ craft1 is convey$ 9 a k9d ( oval vessels1 call$ keels1 to ! port ( ,newca/le1 or its out- /ations1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,%ields1 :]e x is dis*>g$ into l>g] %ips4 ,newca/le may well be call$ ! capital ( ,k+ ,coal4 ,once a t[n ( milit>y importance1 z ! old1 grim-look+ donjon-keep ( ,rob]t ,cur?ose1 ! son ( ! ,conqu]or1 /ill te/ifies1 x entirely owes its mod]n importance to ! treasures ( coal adjac5t to its walls4 ,its quays1 black & sooty z ! m9]al on :i* its prosp]ity is f\nd$1 are l9$ ) a d5se r[ ( c\nt+-h\ses1 & be=e !m 9 ! riv] /ill d5s] r[s ( colli]s lie at an*or2 :ile betwe5 bo? ebbs & fl[s a black-look+ cr[d--= all "h we> ! liv]y ( ! article to :i* all owe _! bread4 ,"s idea may be =m$ ( ! va/ activity wav+ to & fro 9 ?is *ief art]y ( ! coal trade1 f ! fact t ! annual arrivals 9 ! ,tyne are n less ?an #ac1jjj or #ad1jjj1 #aj1jjj ( :i* are on acc\nt ( ! coal trade4 ,sund]l&1 ! great port ( ! riv] ,we>1 :]e annually m ?an #aj1jjj c>goes ( coal are %ipp$ to all ports ( ! _w2 ,h>tlepool1 a t[n ( mod]n date ) magnific5t docks2 ,/ockton-on- ,tees1 & a numb] ( m9or places ( %ipm5t on ! coa/1 likewise owe _! prosp]ity to coal1 s t probably no o!r article ( trade gives con/ant employm5t to s _m vessels )9 s conf9$ a t]ritory4 ,f ,tynem\? ,priory1 a ru9 romantically situat$ on a bold promontory1 ! visitor frequ5tly enjoys a magnific5t m>9e picture2 = :51 aft] long-cont9u$ ea/]ly gales1 ! w9d *anges to a we/]ly breeze1 _m hundr$ vessels--mo/ly colli]s--put to sea toge!r 9 a s+le tide1 & di/ribute !mselves ov] ! ocean ) _! pr[s turn$ 9 almo/ e direction1 "s s\?w>d & coa/- wise1 = ,engli% ports1 = ! ,*annel1 & = ! s\!rn c\ntries ( ,europe2 o!rs1 nor?w>d = ,scotl& & ! ,norwegian coa/2 & o!rs1 aga91 due ea/1 = ,d5m>k & ! ,baltic--all s9k+ deep 9 ! wat]1 weigh$ d[n by t m9]al fuel :i* is m valuable = ,engl& ?an if x 7 replac$ by ! m9es ( ,mexico or ! digg+s ( ,au/ralia4 ,yet a few ye>s1 & probably ! d+y & crawl+ craft1 :i* p]=m ! *ief "p 9 ?is animat$ sc5e1 w be aboli%$4 ,clipp] screw /eam]s are rapidly tak+ _! place1 & ! railroads daily transport a great] proportion ( ! sev5 or eight million tons ( coal :i* are annually dev\r$ by our huge metropolis4 ,be=e quitt+ ! ,nor!rn coal di/ricts1 a few words may be add$ on ! sw>?y population ^: lab\rs br+ _! subt]ranean ri*es to ! light4 ,! *ief und]gr\nd workm5 are ! hew]s1 :o ei!r remove ! coal ) pickaxes1 or sometimes bla/ x ) p[d]4 ,to hew well is a "w ( skill z well z ( /r5g?1 & m5 mu/ be e>ly practis$ 9 x to e>n high wages by piece-"w4 ,9 tol]ably ?ick seams ( coal ( five & six feet & upw>ds1 hew+ is m a "w ( /r5g? ?an skill2 b 9 ! n>r[] seams skill pr$om9ates4 ,9 ^! ! arm is conf9$1 ! bl[ is %ort5$1 ! pick is imp$$4 ,to ga9 space by adaptation ( position1 y may see "o hew] kneel+ d[n on "o or bo? knees1 ano!r squatt+1 ano!r /oop+ or b5d+ d\ble1 & occasionally "o or m ly+ on _! sides or on _! backs1 pick+ & pegg+ away at ! seam above !m4 ,if ! seam be h>d z well z ?91 & ! man's position conf9$1 x is manife/ t he _c get 8 /r5g? to be> 9 full1 or 8 full measure ( coals4 ,9 su* cases he is ba!d 9 p]spiration1 9 a /ate ( semi-nudity1 envelop$ 9 float+ & cl++ coal-du/4 ,if to ?is we add ! v fa9t light imp>t$ by ! ,davy lamps1 ! con/antly ?ick5+ atmosph]e1 ! exhalations f liv+ be+s1 exagg]at$ by heat1 & n dim9i%$ by any free curr5t ( air1 & rememb] t eight h\rs is ! usual day's "w ( ! hew]1 we mu/ surely confess t few m5 h _! /r5g? m h>dly task$1 or e>n _! bread 9 a m labori\s mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,coal ,,hew]s ,,at ,,"w4 ,to relieve ?is ardu\s toil1 coal-cutt+ ma*9es h lately be5 devis$1 :i* are work$ ei!r by /eam or by compress$ air1 & w probably 9 "t p]=m a great "p ( ! hew]'s lab\r1 z ^? already 9 employm5t appe> to be well adapt$ to ! purpose = :i* !y are contriv$1 & fur!r improvem5ts 9 _! con/ruction w no d\bt be introduc$4 ,coal-cutt+ ma*9es1 :i* act ei!r by pick+ or g\g+1 h be5 f\nd to "w m economically ?an manual lab\r1 :ile at ! same "t mu* less coal is de/roy$ & r$uc$ to slack4 ,a matt] ( /ill m importance is ! dim9i%$ risk to ! p]sons & lives ( ! employ$1 :o1 :5 work+ 9 a con/ra9$ position1 & consequ5tly unable to relieve !mselves f ! fall ( a sup]9cumb5t mass ( coal1 are frequ5tly cru%$ to dea?4 ,! application ( ma*9]y to cutt+ coal gives ano!r advantage ( national importance1 z1 by enabl+ ! work+ to be c>ri$ into ! deep] seams ( coal :i* lie at s high a temp]ature z to pres5t s]i\s or insurm\ntable difficulty to h&work1 x w r5d] available to po/]ity new & hi!rto inaccessible /ores ( coal4 ,! hew]s may possibly fe> to be ?r[n out ( employm5t by its introduction on an ext5sive scale2 b z x w relieve !m f _! mo/ irksome drudg]y1 & all[ !m to res]ve _! /r5g? = less injuri\s trial1 !y _c b be ?ankful = ! aid :i* x af=ds !m4 ,!y are usually paid accord+ to ! numb] ( baskets or tubs !y are able to fill4 ,^! are !n convey$ by ! putt]s ?r\gh ! small] or l[] gall]ies ( ! pit to ! headways1 :]e !y are hoi/$ by ! cr[-m5 ^u ! rolleys or waggons = transport+ ! coals f ! cr[ to ! %aft4 ,! roads along :i* ! rolleys are driv5 are made suffici5tly high = an ord9>y horse by cutt+ away ! ro( or ! floor4 ,"s ( !m are two miles long1 & are kept 9 repair by a rolley-wayman4 ,:]e tubs are us$ = ! conveyance ( coal ! :ole way1 no cr[ is necess>y1 b a lad1 t]m$ a #8flatman1' :o l9ks ! tubs toge!r at ! level or ! flat4 ,next to ! hew]s1 ! putt]s are ! h>de/ lab\r]s 9 ! pit2 & 9 "s places _! lab\r is ev5 h>d]1 = x is no easy matt] to pu% corfs or tubs1 weigh+ f six to t5 hundr$weight1 along gall]ies :i* are (t5 b ?ree or f\r feet high1 :]e ! heat n seldom av]ages ab\t #gh ,fahr41 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! increas$ pressure ( ! air1 wat] boils at #bbj4 ,! t]m #8putt]' includes ! specific di/9ctions ( ! #8headsman1' #8half-m>r[1' & ! #8foal4' ,:]e full tubs or baskets are to be pu%$ along ! rails f ! hew]s to ! cr[ & ! rolley-driv]s1 ! headsm5 take ! *ief "p2 a half-m>r[ goes at ea* end ( ! tra9 alt]nately ) ano!r half-m>r[2 :ile a foal always prec$es ! tra94 ,at ! bottom ( ! %aft ! #8onsett]s' are /ation$1 :o atta* ! tubs to ! ropes :i* hoi/ !m to ! surface4 ,besides ^! v>i\s classes ( workm51 we f9d ! #8%ift]s1' :o keep ! gall]ies 9 repair1 & ! little #8trapp]-boys1' ^: duty x is to op5 ! v5tilat+-doors :5ev] !y he> ! driv]s or tra9s ( coal- waggons com+ on "o side or ! o!r4 ,_! task1 ?\gh humble1 t$i\s1 & requir+ ! lea/ am\nt ( intellig5ce1 is ( great importance1 z ! num]\s doors :i* !y gu>d mu/ rema9 op5 only long en\gh = ! passage ( ! tra9s1 & mu/ !n be clos$ aga9 imm$iately1 or ! curr5t ( air ne$$ to v5tilate ! m9e w\ld be div]t$ 9 its c\rse4 ,x is h>dly possible to imag9e a m joyless *ildhood ?an t ( ^! little fell[s1 condemn$ to sit 9 solit>y gloom dur+ ! great] "p ( ! day1 & only com=t$ by ! sudd5 %\t or song ( a team-driv]1 approa*+ ) 8 tra9 ( waggons1 & dem&+ ! op5+ ( ! door4 ,besides ! work]s und]gr\nd1 a numb] ( lab\r]s or artisans are con/antly employ$ above pit1 f ! #8banksm51' ^: duty x is to see all ?+s liv+ & lifeless up & d[n ! %aft1 to ! #8/ai?m51' :o att5d to ! /ai? or %ipp+ place ( coals4 ,_m f9d con/ant occupation 9 ! raff-y>d1 :]e old waggons1 ironwork1 & woodwork are duly hospitall$ & refitt$ = fre% duty4 ,! daily "w ( ! m9e is conduct$ accord+ to ! /ricte/ discipl9e4 ,! #8resid5t view]' is supreme1 & has subord9ate view]s1 ov]se]s1 & wa/em51 lamp-keep]s1 & o!r (fic]s1 :o h ea* _! dep>tm5ts1 & dis*>ge _! duties assidu\sly4 ,?us a fir/-rate nor!rn colli]y e/abli%m5t--:]e a total ( m ?an five hundr$ p]sons are v>i\sly employ$--resembles a little community 9 itself4 ,m5 ( all educations1 arts1 grades1 & duties1 & males ( almo/ all ages1 f t5 ye>s1 are "h2 m51 too1 ( all appe>ances--f ! g5tlemanly view] to ! d\btful wa/eman1 & f ! und]gr\nd work]s-9-*ief--! hew]s--to ! humble trapp]- boys4 ,! peculi> nature ( 8 und]gr\nd occupations1 :i* condemns ! pitman1 :ile work+1 to a position ( great re/ra9t1 & taxes ! limbs & muscles 9 a v unequal mann]1 naturally influ5ces 8 outw>d appe>ance1 s t he c be easily di/+ui%$ f e o!r op]ative4 ,8 /ature is dim9utive1 8 figure disproportion$ & mis%ap52 8 legs be+ mu* b[$1 & 8 *e/ protrud+ l t ( a pigeon4 ,8 arms are long1 & oddly susp5d$4 ,8 c\nt5ance is n less /range ?an 8 figure1 8 *eeks be+ g5]ally holl[1 8 br[ ov]hang+1 8 *eekbones high1 8 =ehead l[ & retreat+1 8 complexion pallid4 ,_m ( ^! bodily peculi>ities or mal=mations are probably h]$it>y4 ,pitm5 h always liv$ 9 communities2 !y h associat$ only among !mselves1 & h ?us acquir$ peculi> habits & ideas4 ,!y almo/ inv>iably int]m>ry1 & x is n uncommon 9 _! m>riages to comm+le ! blood ( ! same family4 ,!y h ?us transmitt$ natural & accid5tal defects ?r\gh a long s]ies ( g5]ations1 & may n[ be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( a di/9ct race ( be+s4 ,9 spite ( ! g5]al m>* ( intellig5ce1 _! education is /ill v imp]fect1 & !y are j em]g+ f ! greate/ possible moral & intellectual d>kness--an improvem5t due ma9ly to ! ,wesleyan ,me?odi/s4 ,! untir+ lab\rs ( ?is religi\s sect n only imp>t$ to ! colli]y population 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& a high] tone ( moral feel+1 b 9 _! ef=ts to in/il religi\s pr9ciples into _! m9ds1 af=d$ !m1 ?r\gh ,sunday-s*ools1 a slight am\nt ( education & an imp]fect capability ( read+4 ,^! fir/ se$s ( improvem5t w1 x is hop$1 gradually rip5 into fruit1 & oppose a /rong b>ri] to ! prom95t vices ( colli]s--gambl+ & intemp]ance4 ,a lack ( m5tal & p]sonal op5ness & boldness1 a great incl9ation to injury & !ft1 ! grosse/ sup]/ition1 & a want ( ! commone/ economy & =e?\ght1 are likewise faults :i* are said to be v common among !m4 ,deception is s mu* a practice ) !m t !y deceive :5 no e>?ly advantage c be obta9$ f _! di%one/y4 ,oh ! o!r h&1 ! pro(s ( filial affection :i* !y exhibit1 & ! noble feel+s & h]oism :i* !y display :5 explosions or accid5ts take place1 prove t ! gr\ndwork ( _! "* is good1 & m]ely requires ! influ5ce ( a bett] education to remove a great "p ( ! blemi%es :i* ignorance has engraft$ ^u an orig9ally :olesome /ock4 ,"u e disadvantage1 sev]al em95t m5 h sprung f _! class4 ,?omas ,bewick1 ! celebrat$ wood- engrav]1 0 e>ly immur$ 9 pits2 ! late celebrat$ ma!matician1 ,dr4 ,hutton1 0 orig9ally a hew] ( coal2 ,pr(essor ,hann1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 9 ,london1 0 a boy work+ und]gr\nd 9 a nor!rn colli]y2 & ,george ,/eph5son1 ! illu/ri\s eng9e] ^: wond]ful inv5tions h revolutionis$ ! _w1 & :o1 aft] ! lapse ( _m ages1 w /ill be reckon$ among ,engl&'s mo/ illu/ri\s sons1 began life z a trapp]4 ,?\gh ! use ( coal 0 already kn[n to ! anci5t ,britons1 yet ! fir/ public notice ( ! m9]al is m5tion$ by ,hume to h be5 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 :o1 9 ! ye> #abgb1 grant$ a lic5ce to dig coals to ! t[n ( ,newca/le4 ,some:at lat] 9 #abia1 ! abbot & mona/]y ( ,dunf]ml9e 9 ,scotl& obta9$ a simil> grant4 ,! fir/ coal is said to h be5 br\ght to ,london ab\t ! ye> #acje1 :]e x 0 us$ only by smi?s1 dy]s1 & soap-boil]s4 ,! smoke1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be injuri\s to heal?1 caus$ great annoyance to ! weal?i] inhabitants ( ! city1 s t 9 #acaf its use 0 prohibit$ by a decree ( ,edw>d ,i4 ,?is ord9ance seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 b little att5d$ to2 = a few ye>s lat] inspectors 7 nam$ to levy f9es 9 case ( its non-obs]vance1 & if ^! prov$ ineffectual1 to demoli% ! fireplaces arrang$ = ! burn+ ( coal4 ,! compla9ts aga9/ ?is fuel cont9u$ sev]al c5turies1 = z late z #affa ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 0 pray$ to rem$y ! nuisance by bani%+ f t[n manufactur]s :o requir$ l>ge quantities ( coal4 ,yet1 9 spite ( all ! int]dictions1 compla9ts1 & prejudices array$ aga9/ x1 coal cont9u$ to gr[ 9 use2 = z e>ly z #afae1 ,newca/le gave employm5t to ab\t f\r hundr$ vessels1 "o-half ( :i* numb] suppli$ ! dem&s ( ,london4 ,fr5* %ips ev5 !n fet*$ coals 9 t port1 & ! ,hanse t[ns convey$ !m to ,fl&]s4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! coal trade1 not)/&+ an increase ( price1 requir$ n9e hundr$ vessels2 & fifty ye>s lat]1 half a million ( tons 7 export$ f ,newca/le1 requir+ f\rte5 hundr$ vessels = _! c>riage4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury ! nor!rn coal trade con/antly increas$ ) ! /eady gr[? ( ,london1 :i* 9 #aggj1 al?\gh n possess+ "o- six? ( its pres5t population1 already consum$ sev5 hundr$ ?\s& tons2 & x w\ld h be5 impossible = ! colli]ies to satisfy ! con/antly gr[+ dem& if ! inv5tion ( ! /eam-eng9e _h n l5t its p[]ful aid to raise l>g] quantities ( coal f a great] dep?1 & to dra9 _m works :i* o!rwise w\ld h be5 delug$ ) wat]4 ,! o!r ,engli% coal-fields began to be work$ at a mu* lat] p]iod ?an t ( ,newca/le1 b rapidly grew 9 importance ) ! va/ increase ( our manufactories & smelt+ furnaces4 ,! extraction ( coal is inde$ con/antly increas+ at a truly gigantic rate4 ,?us1 9 #ahde our :ole annual production 0 rat$ at ?irty-five millions ( tons2 9 #ahei x am\nt$1 accord+ to tru/wor?y returns1 to sixty-eight millions2 9 #ahfe x _h advanc$ to n9ety-six million tons2 & n[ probably exce$s "o hundr$ million tons--a mass s enorm\s t ) x a girdle ( coal ?ree feet wide1 & ab\t sev5 high1 might be put r\nd ! e>?4 ,! "q ( ! duration ( our coal-fields is evid5tly "o ( great national int]e/4 ,x has ( late excit$ ! att5tion bo? ( /atesm5 & philosoph]s1 b un=tunately x is m easily put ?an answ]$4 ,:ile "s au?orities give u ! *e]+ assurance t we h en\gh to la/ u = ! next two ?\s& ye>s at lea/1 o!rs limit our supply to ?ree or f\r c5turies1 or assign ev5 a c\ple ( hundr$ ye>s z ! p]iod :5 our desc5dants w h to seek _! coals 9 ! m9es ( o!r c\ntries4 ,! quantity ( fuel left 9 ! ,newca/le bas9--! mo/ anci5tly work$ ( our coal-fields--0 e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,hall1 9 #ahed1 at #e1aba1hhh1ief tons4 ,divid+ ?is total by #bj1jjj1jjj ( tons z ! pres5t annual consumption1 ! future supplies ( ?is fam\s coal-field w\ld ?us be limit$ to ab\t two hundr$ & fifty ye>s--a v %ort p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( a nation4 ,! imm5se consumption ( coal 9 ! iron furnaces & f\ndries ( ,/af=d%ire w probably lead to an exhau/ion ( t coal-field ev5 be=e ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham1 = its area is sc>cely m ?an "o-half ( ! area ( ! ,nor!rn ,coal-field4 ,x has1 inde$1 "o v ?ick seam ( coal ( f ?irty to =ty feet1 b ?is w n alone comp5sate ! diff]5ce4 ,! coal-fields ( ,york%ire1 ,lanca%ire1 & ,d]by%ire1 situat$ among/ ! num]\s iron-works & manufactories1 z well z l>ge populations1 ju/ify a simil> prophecy2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 bett] prospects are held out by ! great coal-field ( ,s\? ,wales4 ,aft] d$uct+ ! coal practically unatta9able f its dep?1 sixty ?\s& millions ( tons may be consid]$ a lib]al e/imate ( ! available mass4 ,at ! pres5t rate ( extraction 7t5 millions ( tons7 ?is w\ld give a supply = ! next six ?\s& ye>s2 b suppos+ ! o!r s\rces to fail1 ! extraction ( coal f ! ,s\? ,wales bas9 w\ld ( c\rse be increas$ to su* an ext5t z to limit its duration to six or sev5 c5turies4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! l>ge/ e/imates ( future coal supply are bas$ on ! assumption t m9es may be work$ at a dep? ( f\r or five ?\s& feet2 b ?is is v problematical4 ,me*anical skill may inde$ pi]ce %afts to ?is dep?1 or ev5 deep]2 b ! increase ( temp]ature :i* is rais$ by "o degree = ab\t e successive sev5ty feet1 along ) ! increas+ d5sity ( ! air1 mu/ ev] oppose insup]able ob/acles to human lab\r at su* a di/ance bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,to ! natural heat & d5sity aris+ f dep? mu/ be add$ ! corruptions aris+ f human p]spiration1 :i* are con/antly on ! increase dur+ work+ h\rs 9 work+ places4 #8,we speak1' says ! au?or ( an excell5t article 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1#ff #8f "s brief p]sonal exp]i5ce ( :at ^! ?+s are at a dep? ( ne>ly eighte5 hundr$ feet1 :]e ! actual temp]ature v>i$ f eighty- five to eighty-six & a half degrees4 ,su* exp]i5ce is necess>y to qualify any man to judge ( ! v]tical limit ( human lab\r1 & we hesitate to fix x at m ?an two ?\s& five hundr$ feet1 & %\ld fix x at t dep? only = ! h>die/ ( hew]s & haul]s ( coal4' ,footnote #ff3 ,volume cx4 ,! pressure ( sup]9cumb5t /rata1 :i* r5d]s ! uphold+ ( ! ro(1 ev5 at f\rte5 or fifte5 hundr$ feet1 a problem ( ceaseless anxiety & exp5se1 mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,at dep?s mu* exce$+ two ?\s& feet1 x is v d\btful if ! ro(s c\ld be securely upheld except at su* an outlay z w\ld consid]ably raise ! co/ ( extraction1 :ile ! coal itself w\ld be m & m d5se1 & !re=e m & m difficult to dislodge4 ,= ^! v>i\s reasons1 all ! /rata ( coal situat$ bel[ ! dep? ( two ?\s& five hundr$ feet1 or at ! v utmo/ ?ree ?\s& feet1 may be consid]$ z practically unworkable2 & ?us sob]-m9d$ calculators1 on comp>+ ! available solid cont5ts ( our coal-fields ) ! rate ( extraction1 h come to ! conclusion t a ?\s& ye>s is ! maximum ( ! probable future supply ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,add+ to ?is ! ,scot* & ,iri% coal1 :i* are n includ$ 9 ! e/imate1 & swell+ our acc\nt ) lignite & peat1 we h at any rate suffici5t mat]ials = keep+ our fires burn+ = a good "t to come1 & may safely leave all despond+ views on ! subject to di/ant g5]ations4 ,next to ,engl&1 no ,european c\ntry has s rapidly increas$ its coal production z ! ,g]man empire1 :]e1 ?anks to ! railroads1 ! consumption ( m9]al fuel is ye>ly ext5d+ ov] a wid] range1 & gradually supplant+ 9 _m localities ! use ( wood4 ,! (ficial tables in=m u t 9 #ahff1 #dcb1eid1ibf cwt4 ( black coal1 & #acj1ffa1ahb cwt4 ( lignite--toge!r1 ab\t #bh million tons--7 produc$1 a mass consid]ably great] ?an ! jo9t production ( ,france & ,belgium1 & equal to ab\t sev5 tw5ty-fif?s ( ! production ( ,engl&4 ,! *ief coal-fields are ^? ( ,upp] ,silesia1 ( ! ,ruhr1 ( ! ,sa>1 ( ,wald5burg 79 ,l[] ,silesia71 ( ,dresd5 & ,zwickau 79 ,saxony71 ( ,aa*5 7,aix-la-,*apelle71 ,ibb5bur51 & ,m9d51 :i* n only supply ! great] "p ( ,g]many1 b also yield a consid]able exportation to ,france1 ,switz]l&1 & ,holl&4 ,! ,g]man ports on ! ,nor? ,sea & ! ,baltic /ill l>gely consume ,briti% coal1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has be5 entirely driv5 f ! ,rh9e2 & ,b]l91 :i* 9 #ahfj burnt #bjb1igj tons ( ,engli% coal1 consum$ little m ?an "o-half t quantity 7#abc1dja tons7 9 #ahfe1 9 spite ( a consid]able increase ( population2 :ile at ! same "t ! consumption ( coal f ,upp] ,silesia increas$ f #fa1gjj to #cbc1gab tons4 ,! small b ?riv+ k+dom ( ,belgium1 :]e ! colli]ies ( ,lige1 ,namur1 & ,ha9aut give rise to a comm]cial activity unequall$ on ! ,cont95t1 occupies ! ?ird rank among ! coal c\ntries ( ,europe1 its production 9 #ahfc hav+ am\nt$ to #aj1ejj1jjj tons4 ,! prov9ces ( ,namur & ,lige consume almo/ all ! coal !y produce1 :ile ,mons & ,*>l]oi1 9 ,ha9aut1 export m ?an ?ree millions ( tons to ,france4 ,?is c\ntry1 :i*1 9 #ahfb1 produc$ #i1djj1jjj tons ( coal1 requires at lea/ #af1jjj1jjj = its consumption1 & imports ! diff]5ce f ,belgium1 ,engl&1 & ,g]many4 ,! *ief coal-bas9s are situat$ 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ! ,loire1 du ,nord1 ,sane-et-,loire1 & ,g>d1 :i* furni% ab\t sev5-eigh?s ( ! :ole production4 ,au/ria1 ^: pr9cipal coal m9es are situat$ 9 ,bohemia1 produces ab\t #c1ejj1jjj tons4 ,spa9 possesses magnific5t coal-fields 9 ! ,a/urias & ,sant&]s1 b z yet !y h be5 b little work$4 ,besides ! coal-bas9s ( ! "m c\ntry1 ,brita9 is ri*ly provid$ ) coals 9 _m ( h] colonies4 ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,tasmania1 9 ,labuan & ,f>!r ,india1 9 ,h9do/an & ,new ,zeal&1 9 ,briti% ,columbia & ,honduras1 valuable bas9s or seams ( coal h be5 discov]$2 & a magnific5t coal-field1 f> surpass+ 9 magnitude ^? ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 ext5ds f ,newf\ndl&1 by ,cape ,breton1 ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&1 & ,nova ,scotia1 across a l>ge portion ( ,new ,brunswick4 ,?us f> x has be5 b little work$1 9 c\ntries b ?9ly peopl$1 & cov]$ = ! mo/ "p ) b\ndless =e/s2 b z f its g5]al proximity to ! sea x (f]s e advantage = m9+ op]ations1 a brilliant future may safely be pr$ict$ = ! l&s x und]lies4 ,! coal-fields ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ( /ill m ample proportions1 z !y surpass 9 ext5t all ! kn[n coal-bas9s ( ! _w besides4 ,beyond ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s we f9d ! magnific5t ,appala*ian ,coal-field1 trav]s+ eight ( ! pr9cipal ,/ates 9 ! ,am]ican ,union1 f ! nor!rn fronti]s ( ,p5nsylvania to ,alabama1 & cov]+ a space ( ab\t sixty-five ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,( sc>cely inf]ior ext5t are ! va/ coal-fields ( ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 & ,k5tucky1 :i* ne>ly equal 9 magnitude ! :ole ( ,engl&2 & ano!r small] b highly important coal region is situat$ betwe5 ! lakes ,erie1 ,huron1 & ,mi*igan1 n to m5tion ! m9or coal-bas9s scatt]$ "h & !re f ,texas to ,miss\ri1 & f ,new ,york to ,ma9e4 ,z yet1 ! ,am]icans h n d]iv$ full b5efit f _! extraord9>y coal deposits2 b ! possession ( s va/ an accumulation ( p[] all[s u to pr$ict a future ( almo/ b\ndless ent]prise & production = t wond]ful c\ntry4 ,:ile 9 mo/ ( our coal-seams deep %afts h to be sunk to obta9 ! coal1 & /eam p[] has to be con/antly employ$ to prev5t its subm]sion1 ! ,appala*ian ,coal-field is int]sect$ by ?ree great navigable riv]s1 ! ,monongahela1 ! ,alleghany1 & ! ,ohio1 all ( :i* lay op5 on _! banks ! level seams ( coal4 ,at ,br[nhill1 on ! fir/ ( ^! riv]s1 ! ma9 seam ( bitum9\s coal1 t5 feet ?ick1 breaks out 9 ! /eep cliff at ! wat]'s edge4 ,horizontal gall]ies may be driv5 ev]y:]e at v slight exp5se1 & s work$ z to dra9 !mselves1 :ile ! c>s lad5 ) coal1 & atta*$ to ea* o!r1 glide d[n on a railway s z to deliv] _! burd5 into b>ges moor$ to ! riv]'s bank4 ,! same seam may be foll[$ ! :ole way to ,pittsburg1 fifty miles di/ant4 ,be+ ne>ly horizontal1 x crops out1 z ! riv] desc5ds1 at a cont9ually increas+1 b nev] at an inconv5i5t1 height above ! ,monongahela4 ,besides ?is ma9 seam1 ano!r lay] ( workable coal1 six feet ?ick1 breaks out on ! slope ( ! hills at a great] height4 ,"h almo/ e proprietor c op5 a coal pit on 8 own l&1 & ! /ratification be+ v regul>1 he may calculate ) precision ! dep? at :i* coal may be won4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable colli]ies 9 ! _w is t ( ,maun* ,*unk 7or ! ,be> ,m\nta97 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :]e an enorm\s b$ ( an?racitic coal1 ne>ly sixty feet ?ick1 & probably caus$ by ! d\bl+ back ( a tw5ty-eight feet seam ^u itself1 is qu>ri$ 9 ! op5 air2 ! ov]ly+ s&/one1 =ty feet ?ick1 hav+ be5 remov$ bodily f ! top ( ! hill1 :i*1 to use ! m9]s' expression1 has be5 #8scalp$4' ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,bitum9\s ,,sub/ances4 ,=mation ( ,petroleum--,enorm\s ,production ( ! ,p5nsylvanian ,wells-- ,asphalte us$ by ! ,anci5ts--,asphalte ,pavem5ts--,! ,pit* ,lake ( ,tr9idad--,jet--,its ,manufacture 9 ,:itby4 ,! class ( bitum9\s m9]als exhibits a long s]ies ( inflammable sub/ances1 :i* are suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( organic matt] 9 ! rocks conta9+ !m4 ,"s 7,petroleum--,rock- naph?a7 issue 9 a fluid /ate f ! e>?1 :ile o!rs pass by ins5sible gradations f petroleum into pittasphalte or mal?a 7viscid bitum571 & ! latt] z ins5sibly into ! solid =m ( asphalte4 ,c]ta9 bitum5s1 aga91 diff] b slightly 9 composition f bitum9\s coals1 s t x is1 9 reality1 v difficult to draw a decid$ l9e betwe5 !m4 ,h5ce x is highly probable t 9 petroleum we see ! product ( a primeval vegetation :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( *emical *ange & heat1 has p>tly assum$ a liquid =m1 & ooz+ f ! deep-seat$ /rata 9 :i* x 0 conf9$ by t]re/rial revolution1 n[ p]meates ! sup]ficial rocks1 or exi/s collect$ 9 subt]ranean cavities1 :5ce x issues 9 jets & f\nta9s :5ev] an outlet is made by bor+4 ,petroleum spr+s h be5 kn[n = _m ages 9 ,burmah1 :]e !re are ab\t "o hundr$ wells f "o hundr$ & eighty to ?ree hundr$ & six feet deep1 ea* l9$ ) horizontal tubes1 b n all n[ work$2 at ,baku1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! holy fires1 already m5tion$2 ne> ! village ( ,amiano1 9 ,p>ma1 :5ce en\gh 0 =m]ly obta9$ to light ! /reets ( ,g5oa2 at ,zante1 "o ( ! ,ionian isl&s1 :i* has furni%$ oil = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 its petroleum spr+ hav+ be5 m5tion$ by ,h]odotus2 at ,agrig5tum1 9 ,sicily1 :i*1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 furni%$ a m9]al oil t 0 collect$ & us$ = burn+ 9 lamps2 on ! banks ( ! ,kuban1 & _m o!r localities2 b x is only s9ce ! discov]y ( ! imm5se s\rces ( supply 9 ! nor?-ea/]n ,/ates ( ,am]ica & 9 ,canada t petroleum has become n only an article ( ! greate/ comm]cial importance1 b a bless+ to millions 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x gladd5s ! long w9t] ev5+s ( ! ,icel&ic peasant1 & enliv5s ! hut ( ! ,au/ralian settl]2 x has f\nd its way into ! remote/ gl5s ( ! ,alps1 & to ! di/ant sea- ports ( ,*9a4 ,no wond] t its economical & *e]ful light has caus$ its consumption to increase ) a rapidity almo/ )\t a prec$5t 9 ! annals ( comm]ce4 ,?\gh sc>cely t5 ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! ,am]ican wells fir/ began to p\r =? _! /reams ( oil1 no less ?an #fgj1jjj1jjj gallons 7 export$ 9 #ahff f ! ports ( ,philadelphia & ,new ,york4 ,"o-?ird ( ?is enorm\s quantity f\nd its way to ,engl&2 "o-fif? to ! port ( ,antw]p1 its *ief /aple place = ,we/]n ,g]many & ! ,nor? ( ,france2 ! rema9d] 0 di/ribut$ among all ! sea-ports ( ! _w f ,hamburg to ,hong ,kong1 & f ! ,cape to ,valp>aiso4 ,:5 we reflect t ?is amaz+ mass ( liquid bitum51 :i* =m$ ! c>go ( no less ?an sev5 hundr$ & ?irty-"o l>ge vessels1 mu/ necess>ily be increas$ f ye> to ye> to meet a con/antly increas+ dem&1 x might almo/ be fe>$ t1 9 spite ( ! prodigality ( nature1 its subt]ranean res]voirs mu/ "o day be exhau/$4 ,asphalte1 a m9]al pit* ( a deep black col\r & a con*oidal brilliant fracture1 is frequ5tly f\nd swimm+ on ! surface ( ! ,lake ,asphaltites1 or ,dead ,sea1 9 ,juda1 :i* receives its "n f ! circum/ance4 ,x also occurs 9 _m p>ts ( ,egypt1 :]e x 0 us$ = embalm+4 ,! anci5ts also frequ5tly employ$ x1 comb9$ ) lime1 9 _! build+s4 ,n only d we f9d ! ru9$ walls ( temples & palaces 9 ! ,ea/ ) ! /ones cem5t$ ) ?is mat]ial1 b "s ( ! old ,roman ca/les 9 ?is c\ntry are f\nd to hold bitum5 9 ! cem5t by :i* _! /ones are secur$4 #8,x is a rem>kable fact1' says ! late ,dr4 ,ure1 #8t ! sub/ance ?us employ$ 9 ! e>lie/ con/ructions ^u record1 %\ld = s _m ?\s& ye>s h fall5 well-nigh into disuse among civilis$ nations2 = !re is c]ta9ly no class ( m9]als s well fitt$ z ! bitum9\s1 by _! pla/icity1 fusibility1 t5acity1 adhesiv5ess to surfaces1 imp5etrability by wat]1 & un*angeabl5ess 9 ! atmosph]e1 to ent] into ! composition ( t]races1 foot pavem5ts1 ro(s1 & e k9d ( hydraulic "w4 ,bitum51 comb9$ ) calc>e\s e>?1 =ms a compact semi-ela/ic solid1 :i* is n liable to suff] injury by ! greate/ alt]nations ( fro/ & ?aw1 :i* (t5 dis9tegrate 9 a few ye>s ! h>de/ /one1 nor c x be gr\nd to du/ & worn away by ! attrition ( ! feet ( m5 & animals1 z s&/one1 flags1 & ev5 blocks ( granite are4 ,an asphalte pavem5t rightly temp]$ 9 t5acity1 solidity1 & ela/icity1 seems to be incapable ( suff]+ abrasion 9 ! mo/ cr[d$ ?or\ghf>es2 a fact exemplifi$ ( late 9 a few places 9 ,london1 b mu* m ext5sively & = a mu* long] "t 9 ,p>is4' ,_m ( ! asphalte pavem5ts made 9 ,engl& h1 inde$1 prov$ failures2 b z ! prop] proportions ( ! respective +r$i5ts may n h be5 ma9ta9$1 fur!r trials are advisable4 ,at pres5t1 al?\gh bitum5 is employ$1 & ) seem+ advantage1 z a cem5t betwe5 pav+-/ones1 its use 9 ! =mation ( foot pavem5t has be5 conf9$ )9 n>r[ limits4 ,9 ,europe1 ! mo/ ext5sive m9e ( asphaltic rock is und\bt$ly t ( ! ,val de ,trav]s 9 ! canton ( ,neuf*tel2 b ! mo/ rem>kable deposit ( bitum5 9 ! _w is ! celebrat$ ,great ,pit* ,lake 9 ! isl& ( ,tr9idad4 ,) reg>d to its =mation1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell rem>ks t ! ,or9oco1 :i* dis*>ges its va/ volume ( wat] "r opposite to ! isl&1 has = ages be5 roll+ d[n great quantities ( woody & vegetable bodies into ! surr\nd+ sea1 :]e1 by ! influ5ce ( curr5ts & eddies1 !y may be arre/$ & accumulat$ 9 p>ticul> places4 ,! frequ5t occurr5ce ( e>?quakes & o!r indications ( volcanic action 9 ^! p>ts l5ds c\nt5ance to ! op9ion t ^! vegetable sub/ances may h und]gone1 by ! ag5cy ( subt]ranean fire1 ^? trans=mations or *emical *anges :i* produce petroleum2 & ?is may1 by ! same causes1 be =c$ up to ! surface1 :]e1 by exposure to ! air1 x becomes inspissat$1 & =ms ! diff]5t v>ieties ( pure & e>?y pit* or asphaltum s abundant 9 ! isl&4 ,! ,pit* ,lake is a mile & a half 9 circumf]5ce2 ! bitum5 is solid & cold ne> ! %ores1 b gradually increases 9 temp]ature & s(tness t[>ds ! c5tre1 :]e x is boil+4 ,! solidifi$ bitum5 appe>s z if x _h cool$ z ! surface boil$ 9 l>ge bubbles4 ,! asc5t f ! lake to ! sea1 a di/ance ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile1 is cov]$ ) a h>d5$ pit*1 on :i* trees & vegetables fl\ri%1 & ! be/ p9e-apples 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 call$ black p9es1 gr[ wild4 ,z ! ,tr9idad pit* has be5 f\nd by *emical analysis to be an excell5t mat]ial = ! mak+ ( gas1 x w probably become an important article ( comm]ce4 ,! wond] is t x has be5 s long neglect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pit* ,,lake1 ,,tr9idad4 ,,we/ ,,indies4 7,f an ,orig9al ,sket*47 ,?\gh ,jet is frequ5tly consid]$ to be wood 9 a high /ate ( bitum9isation1 yet ! fact t we f9d ?is beautiful sub/ance surr\nd+ fossils1 & cas+ adv5titi\s masses ( /one1 seems to %[ t a liquid1 or1 at all ev5ts1 a pla/ic condition mu/ at "o "t h prevail$ 9 its =mation4 ,?is op9ion is fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! circum/ance t petroleum /rongly impregnates ! rock 9 :i* x is f\nd1 giv+ out a /rong od\r :5 x is expos$ to ! air4 ,jet occurs *iefly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,:itby 9 ,york%ire1 ! e/ates ( ,"l ,mulgrave be+ especially productive4 ,! jet m9] se>*es ) great c>e ! slaty rocks1 & f9d+ ! jet spread out1 (t5 9 extreme ?9ness1 betwe5 ! lam9ations ( ! rock1 he foll[s x ) great c>e1 & is frequ5tly rew>d$ by its ?ick5+ out to two or ?ree in*es4 ,! art ( work+ jet is ( v anci5t date 9 ?is c\ntry1 = ! ,romans c]ta9ly employ$ x = ornam5tal purposes1 & probably f\nd x 9 use among ! ,britons :om !y conqu]$4 ,lionel ,*>lton1 9 ! #8,hi/ory ( ,:itby1' says t 9 "o ( ! ,roman tumuli1 ly+ close to ! jaw-bone1 he f\nd ! e>r+ ( a lady hav+ ! =m ( a he>t1 ) a hole 9 ! upp] end = susp5sion f ! e>4 ,!re exi/s no d\bt t1 :5 ! ,abbey ( ,:itby 0 ! seat ( le>n+ & ! resort ( pilgrims1 jet-ros>ies & crosses 7 common4 ,! manufacture 0 c>ri$ on till ! "t ( ,elizabe?1 :5 x seems to h ceas$ sudd5ly1 & 0 n resum$ till ! ye> #ahjj1 :5 ,rob]t ,jeff]son1 a pa9t]1 & ,john ,c>t] made beads & crosses ) files & knives4 ,a /rang] com+ to ,:itby1 & see+ !m work+ 9 ?is rude way1 advis$ !m to try to turn x2 !y foll[$ 8 advice1 & f\nd x answ]4 ,sev]al m !n jo9$ !m1 & ! trade has be5 gradually increas+ s9ce2 s t at pres5t ! total annual value ( ! m\rn+ ornam5ts made at ,:itby & ,sc>bor\gh am\nts to no less ?an #abe1jjjl4 ,ab\t #bej m5 & boys are employ$ 9 se>*+ = jet1 & betwe5 #fjj & #gjj are engag$ 9 its manufacture4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,salt4 ,geological ,position ( ,rock ,salt--,m9es ( ,nor?wi*--,_! imm5se ,excavations--,droitwi* & ,/oke--,wieliczka--,b]*tesgad5 & ,rei*5hall--,admirable ,ma*9]y--,/assfurt--,processes employ$ 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,salt--,orig9 ( ,rock-salt ,deposits4 ,common salt is s necess>y to man1 & ( su* va/ importance to ! manufactur] & agriculturi/1 t ! processes by :i* x is obta9$ are ju/ly reckon$ among ! *ief bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,9 _m ( ! w>m] c\ntries ( ! globe x is procur$ simply by ! evaporation ( sea-wat] 9 %all[ lagoons2 9 o!rs1 x gu%es =? 9 br9y spr+s1 or occurs 9 inl& lakes1 pools1 & m>%es1 or is extract$ 9 ! solid =m ( rock-salt f ! bosom ( ! e>?4 ,! geological position ( rock-salt is v v>iable2 x is f\nd 9 all s$im5t>y =mations1 & is g5]ally int]/ratifi$ ) gypsum1 & associat$ ) b$s ( clay4 ,9 ,engl& its *ief deposits occur 9 ! new r$ s&/one 9 ! region ar\nd ,nor?wi*1 9 ,*e%ire4 ,!y consi/ ( two b$s1 :i* are n less ?an "o hundr$ feet ?ick1 & are suppos$ to con/itute l>ge insulat$ masses ab\t a mile & a half long & ne>ly #a1cjj y>ds broad4 ,! upp]mo/ b$ occurs at sev5ty-five feet b5ea? ! surface1 & is sep>at$ f ! l[] mass by lay]s ( indurat$ clay1 ?irty-"o & a half feet ?ick1 ) ve9s ( rock-salt runn+ betwe5 !m4 ,hi!rto only ! l[] b$ has be5 work$1 = ! upp] deposits are ( inf]ior purity4 ,^! valuable m9es 7 accid5tally discov]$ 9 #afgj dur+ an unsuccessful s9k+ = coal2 & z ev] s9ce t "t !y h furni%$ a con/antly increas+ quantity ( salt1 am\nt+ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s to m ?an #hjj1jjj tons1 ! va/ness ( ! excavations may easily be imag9$4 ,to support ! ro(1 :i* is ab\t tw5ty feet above ! floor1 & ext5ds 9 "s cases ov] sev]al acres1 huge pill>s n less ?an fifte5 feet ?ick h be5 left /&+ at irregul> int]vals1 ?us =m+ imm5se r[s ( gall]ies1 :i* ev5 :5 illum9at$ by ?\s&s ( lights are lo/ 9 a dim & endless p]spective1 :i* may well rem9d ! spectator ( ! fabl$ ,hall ( ,eblis4 ,z ! salt is deta*$ f ! rock by bla/+1 ! gr&eur ( ! sc5e is n a little height5$ by ! frequ5t explosions re-e*o+ ?r\gh ! spaci\s vaults1 & boom+ l ?und] f "s d>k & di/ant gall]y4 ,= ! transport ( ! salt und]gr\nd1 ! roomy passages are trav]s$ 9 e direction by tram-roads1 on :i* waggons drawn by horses easily convey x f ! place ( extraction to ! bottom ( ! %aft4 ,! *ief "p ( ! ,*e%ire salt 7bo? fossil & rock7 manufactur$ is s5t by ! riv] ,weev] to ,liv]pool4 ,z x is r>ely f\nd ( suffici5t purity = imm$iate use1 x is fir/ dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & aft]w>ds r$uc$ to a cry/all9e /ate by evaporat+ ! solution4 ,! necess>y coals are mo/ly br\ght by canal f ! neighb\rhood ( ,/4 ,hel5s1 & salt tak5 z a return freight2 s t1 z 9 a clock-"w :]e "o :eel cat*es into ano!r1 no?+ is want+ to r5d] its manufacture z economical z possible4 ,among ! m9]al treasures :i* nature has s prodigally be/[$ ^u ,great ,brita91 ! salt-m9es ( ,*e%ire hold a conspicu\s rank1 z !y n only provide *iefly = our own va/ consumption1 b also = t ( _m o!r c\ntries4 ,9 #ahfd ! salt exports am\nt$ to #eif1jfc tons1 ! total value be+ #bha1ddcl4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ?is imm5se quantity 7#ahc1jig tons7 f\nd its way to ! ,briti% ,ea/ ,indies1 #gb1bja tons to ,russia1 & #hf1bjh tons to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,next 9 importance to ! ,*e%ire m9es are ! br9e-pits ( ,droitwi* & ,/oke1 9 ,worce/]%ire1 ! =m] ( :i* are said to h be5 work$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans1 & n[ *iefly supply ! ,london m>ket4 ,9 #ahfe _! produce am\nt$ to #ahe1jjj tons1 ( :i* ab\t #dj1jjj 7 export$4 ,at ,droitwi* ! bor+s are only #age feet deep1 & s abundant is ! supply ( br9e t1 if ! pumps cease work+1 x spe$ily rises to )9 n9e feet ( ! surface1 & if left unremov$1 soon ov]fl[s4 ,! mo/ r5[n$ salt-m9es on ! cont95t ( ,europe are und\bt$ly ^? ( ,wieliczka1 a small t[n ( ab\t #f1jjj inhabitants1 situat$ to ! s\? ( ,crac[1 9 a fruitful valley on ! nor!rn bord]s ( ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s4 #8,aft] desc5d+ #baj feet1' says ,mr4 ,bay>d ,taylor1 an ,am]ican travell] :o visit$ !m a few ye>s ago1 #8we saw ! fir/ ve9s ( rock-salt 9 a b$ ( clay & crumbl$ s&/one4 ,?irty feet m1 & we 7 9 a _w ( salt4 ,level gall]ies bran*$ (f f ! foot ( ! /aircase2 ov]head1 a ceil+ ( solid salt1 "u foot a floor ( salt1 & on ei!r side gray walls ( salt1 sp>kl+ "h & !re ) m9ute cry/als4 ,lights glimm]$ ahead1 & on turn+ a corn] we came ^u a gang ( workm51 "s hack+ away at ! solid floor1 o!rs trundl+ :eelb>r[s full ( ! preci\s cubes4 ,"h 0 ! *apel ( ,/4 ,an?ony--! olde/ 9 ! m9es--a ,byzant9e excavation1 support$ by columns1 ) alt>1 crucifix1 & life-size /atues ( sa9ts1 app>5tly 9 black m>ble1 b all z salt z ,lot's wife1 z ,i discov]$ by putt+ my tongue to ! nose ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,! humid air ( ?is upp] /ory ( ! m9es has damag$ "s ( ! sa9ts4 ,francis1 especially1 is runn+ away l a dip c&le1 & all ( 8 head is gone except 8 *94 ,! limbs ( ,joseph are dropp+ (f z if he _h ! ,norwegian leprosy1 & ,lawr5ce has deep] sc>s ?an 8 gridiron c\ld h made1 runn+ up & d[n 8 back4 ,a ,b5gal light1 burnt at ! alt>1 br\ght into sudd5 life ?is /range temple1 :i* pres5tly vani%$ into utt] d>kness1 z if x _h nev] be54 #8,i _c foll[1 /ep by /ep1 our j\rney ( two h\rs ?r\gh ! labyr9?s ( ?is wond]ful m9e4 ,x is a bewild]+ maze ( gall]ies1 gr& halls1 /aircases1 & vault$ *amb]s1 :]e "o soon loses all s5se ( di/ance or direction1 & drifts along bl9dly 9 ! wake ( 8 conductor4 ,ev]y?+ 0 solid salt except :]e great pi]s ( hewn logs _h be5 built up to support "s ?reat5+ ro(1 or va/ *asms1 left 9 qu>ry+1 _h be5 bridg$ across4 ,z we desc5d$ to l[] regions1 ! air became m dry & agreeable1 & ! sal9e walls m pure & brilliant4 ,"o hall1 #ajh feet 9 l5g?1 resembl$ a ,grecian !atre1 ! traces ( blocks tak5 out 9 regul> lay]s repres5t+ ! seats = ! spectators4 ,out ( ?is s+le hall #a1jjj1jjj cwt4 ( salt _h be5 tak51 or en\gh to supply ! #dj1jjj1jjj inhabitants ( ,au/ria = "o ye>4 #8,two obelisks ( salt commemorat$ ! visit ( ,francis ,i4 & 8 ,empress 9 ano!r spaci\s1 irregul> vault1 ?r\gh :i* we pass$ by means ( a wood5 bridge1 re/+ on pi]s ( ! cry/all9e rock4 ,aft] we _h desc5d$ to ! bottom ( ?is *amb]1 a boy ran along ! bridge above ) a burn+ ,b5gal-light1 ?r[+ fla%es ( blue lu/re on ! obelisks1 on ! sc>r$ walls1 va/ ar*es1 ! entrances to deep] halls1 & ! f> ro(1 frett$ ) ! picks ( ! workm54 ,! effect 0 truly magical4 ,pres5tly we ent]$ ano!r & l(ti] *amb]1 yawn+ d[nw>ds l ! m\? ( hell1 ) cav]n\s tunnels op5+ out ( ! fur!r end4 ,9 ^! tunnels ! workm51 half nak$1 ) tor*es 9 _! h&s1 wild cries1 fireworks1 & ! fir+ ( guns 7:i* "h s rev]b]ates 9 ! imprison$ air t "o c feel e wave ( s\nd71 give a r\gh repres5tation ( ! inf]nal regions1 = ! b5efit ( ! cr[n$ heads :o visit ! m9es4 ,a little fur!r1 we /ruck ^u a lake f\r fa?oms deep1 ^u :i* we emb>k$ 9 a heavy1 squ>e boat1 & ent]$ a gloomy tunnel1 ov] ! entrance ( :i* 0 inscrib$ 79 salt lett]s7 8,good luck to y60 ,midway 9 ! tunnel1 ! halls at ei!r ends 7 sudd5ly illum9at$1 & a cra%1 z ( a hundr$ cannon bell[+ ?r\gh ! holl[ vaults1 %ook ! air & wat] 9 su* wise t our boat _h n ceas$ trembl+ :5 we l&$ 9 ! fur!r hall4 ,a tablet inscrib$ 8,he>tily welcome60 salut$ u on l&+4 ,f9ally1 at ! dep? ( #dej feet1 our j\rney ceas$1 al?\gh we 7 b half way to ! bottom4 ,! rema9d] is a wild]ness ( %afts1 gall]ies1 & small] *amb]s1 ! ext5t ( :i* we c\ld only conjecture4 ,we !n return$ ?r\gh scores ( tortu\s passages to "s vaults1 :]e a lot ( gnomes1 nak$ to ! hips1 7 busy ) pick1 mallet1 & w$ge1 block+ out & sep>at+ ! solid pavem5t4 ,! process is q primitive1 sc>cely diff]+ f t ( ! anci5t ,egyptians 9 qu>ry+ granite4 ,! blocks are fir/ m>k$ out on ! surface by a s]ies ( grooves2 "o side is !n deep5$ to ! requir$ ?ickness1 & w$ges be+ ins]t$ "u ! block1 x is soon split (f4 #8,! numb] ( workm5 employ$ 9 ! m9es is #a1ejj1 all ( :om belong to ! #8upp] cru/1'--t is1 !y live on ! outside ( ! _w4 ,!y are divid$ into gangs1 & relieve ea* o!r e six h\rs4 ,ea* gang qu>ries out1 on an av]age1 a little m ?an #a1jjj cwt4 ( salt 9 t space ( "t1 mak+ ! annual yield #a1ejj1jjj cwt46 #8,! m5 we saw 7 f9e1 muscul>1 heal?y-look+ fell[s2 & ! (fic]1 9 answ] to my que/ions1 /at$ t _! sanit>y condition 0 q equal to t ( field lab\r]s4 ,he explicitly d5i$ ! ridicul\s /ory ( m5 hav+ be5 born 9 ^! m9es1 & hav+ gone ?r\gh life )\t ev] m\nt+ to ! upp] _w4' ,z f> z explor$1 ! salt-b$ occupies a space ( #i1jjj feet 9 l5g? & #d1jjj 9 wid?1 & consi/s ( five successive /ages or /ockw]ke1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by int]v5+ /rata ( f #ajj to #aej feet 9 ?ickness1 & rea*+ to a dep? ( #a1ejj feet4 ,not)/&+ ! imm5se am\nt ( salt already qu>ri$ f ?is wond]ful deposit1 :i*1 accord+ to au!ntic records1 has be5 work$ ev] s9ce ! twelf? c5tury1 & p]haps ev5 mu* e>li]1 x is e/imat$ t1 at ! pres5t rate ( exploitation1 ! kn[n supply _c be exhau/$ "u #cjj ye>s4 ,x is a rem>kable circum/ance t s\rces ( sweet wat] are f\nd 9 ! m9es 9 close proximity to ! salt1 a circum/ance :i* is ow+ to ! latt] n =m+ a cont9u\s /ratum1 b be+ imb$d$ 9 l>ge ne/s or insul> masses 9 ! t]ti>y clay ( ! m\nta91 s t 9 sev]al places ! wat] filt]+ f ! top is able to gu% =? 9 ! subt]ranean gall]ies )\t any sal9e admixture4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahfh a s]i\s accid5t happ5$ to ! m9es ( ,wieliczka1 :i* at "o "t 0 suppos$ to ?reat5 _! total de/ruction4 ,9 ! hope ( discov]+ valuable pota% salts1 su* z occur at ,/assfurt1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! rock-salt1 a bor+ 0 imprud5tly attempt$ at a great dep?1 ?r\gh a contigu\s aquif]\s /ratum1 & ! consequ5ce 0 t1 in/ead ( meet+ ) ! expect$ result1 a p[]ful spr+ 0 tapp$1 :i*1 p\r+ =? an imm5se volume ( wat]1 fill$ ! l[] gall]ies4 ,! inhabitants ( ! village ( ,wieliczka1 :i* is situat$ above ! m9es1 7 t]rifi$4 ,!y n only fe>$ = ! ru9 ( ! m9e1 :i* af=d$ !m _! *ief means ( subsi/5ce1 b dread$ also ! fall+ 9 ( _! h\ses1 9 consequ5ce ( ! melt+ ( ! salt-pill>s :i* upheld ! flood$ gall]ies4 ,=tunately _! fe>s prov$ to be exagg]at$1 z ! inundation1 :i* rema9$ conf9$ to ! l[] gall]ies1 is n[ be+ rapidly br\ght "u by means ( p[]ful /eam pumps1 & measures h be5 tak5 = block+ up ! spr+4 ,ev5 suppos+ ! wat] to h cont9u$ p\r+ 9 ) undim9i%$ =ce1 & )\t any ef=t be+ made to dra9 x (f1 ! excavations are s va/ t x w\ld h tak5 _m ye>s to fill !m4 ,besides ! m9es ( ,wieliczka1 ,au/ria possesses _m o!r consid]able deposits ( rock-salt 9 ,gallicia 7,bo*nia71 ,hung>y1 & ,transylvania4 ,9 ,salzburg 7,is*l1 ,hal/adt ,hall71 ,tyrol1 & ! neighb\r+ m9es ( ,b]*tesgad51 9 ,bav>ia1 ! salt does n occur 9 l>ge solid masses1 fit to be at once extract$ f ! bosom ( ! e>?1 b imbues masses ( gypsum & anhydrite1 :i* become q light & por\s :5 ! salt has be5 remov$ by wat]4 ,z x w\ld be too exp5sive to remove ?is comp\nd1 an +5i\s me?od has be5 contriv$ = introduc+ wat] into ! m9es f above1 & draw+ x (f aga9 ?r\gh an adit or l[] gall]y z soon z x is saturat$ ) salt4 ,! br9e ?us obta9$ at ,b]*tesgad5 is !n convey$1 by means ( pipes or conduits1 to ,rei*5hall & ,ros5ha91 :]e ! necess>y fuel = its evaporation is ne> at h&4 ,! di/ance f ,b]*tesgad5 to ,ros5ha9 is no less ?an ?irty leagues2 & betwe5 bo? places _m high m\nta9s1 /eep rocks1 & n>r[ gorges int]v5e4 ,! works :i* lead ! br9e ov] ?is di/ance1 & ?r\gh all ^! natural ob/acles1 may !re=e ju/ly be consid]$ z a ma/]piece ( me*anical skill4 ,z ! pipes mu/ (t5 asc5d m\nta9s1 ! highe/ elevation above ! pit be+ #a1bah feet1 & !n aga9 slant d[n into rav9es2 z 9 _m p>ts rocks _h to be levell$ & =e/s cut d[n = ! purpose ( lay+ !m1 & z !y are subject to frequ5t damage 9 a sev]e climate1 x may easily be imag9$ t ! greate/ eng9e]+ p[] 0 requir$ = ! execution ( s gr& a "w4 ,hydraulic ma*9es s]ve to raise ! br9e ov] ! m\nta9s1 & ! wat]-p[] ( ! rivulets desc5d+ f ! heights is us$ = =c+ x upw>ds4 ,! contrivance is s admirable t ! small ma*9e at ,b]*tesgad5 raises #bgj cwt4 ( br9e to a height ( #caa feet by means ( an equal weight ( wat] desc5d+ f a height ( #cge feet4 ,9 "s p>ts ! tubes ( ?is colossal duct run along ! high road1 9 o!rs tunnels h be5 pi]c$ to %ort5 ! di/ance4 ,?us ! ,alp9e rock-salt requires mu* +5uity to be r5d]$ productive1 :ile 9 o!r p>ts we f9d rock-salt cropp+ out on ! surface ( ! e>?1 s z to be v easily work$4 ,! soil ( _m ext5sive wa/es 9 ,asia & ,africa is cov]$ & impregnat$ ) salt1 :i* has nev] be5 inclos$ by sup]impos$ deposits4 ,ne> ,lake ,oroomiah1 9 ,p]sia1 x =ms hills & ext5sive pla9s1 & x ab\nds 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,9 ! valley ( ,c>dona 9 ! ,pyr5ees two ?ick masses ( rock-salt1 app>5tly unit$ at _! bases1 make _! appe>ance on "o ( ! slopes ( ! hill4 ,"o ( ! b$s1 or r masses1 has be5 work$1 & measures ab\t #acj y>ds by #bej1 b its dep? has n be5 det]m9$4 ,x consi/s ( salt 9 a lam9at$ condition & ) confus$ cry/allisation4 ,t "p :i* is expos$ is compos$ ( eight b$s1 ne>ly horizontal1 & hav+ a total ?ickness ( fifte5 feet1 b ! b$s are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by r$ & v>iegat$ m>ls & gypsum4 ,! second mass n work$ appe>s to be un/ratifi$1 b 9 o!r respects resembles ! =m]2 & ?is portion1 :]e x has be5 expos$ to ! action ( ! wea!r1 is /eeply sc>p$ & bri/les ) ne$lelike po9ts1 s t its appe>ance has be5 comp>$ to t ( a glaci]4 ,! rock-salt deposit ( ,ilezk1 ab\t fifty miles to ! s\? ( ,or5burg1 9 ,russia1 is /ill m rem>kable4 ,on ! sides ( a crat]- l pit1 :i* has be5 dug into ! mass :]e x mo/ ne>ly approa*es ! surface1 ! rock-salt is se5 /&+ 9 p]p5dicul> walls4 ,on ! we/ side ( ! gap a conv5i5t /aircase leads to ! bottom4 ,! salt is hewn 9 l>ge squ>e blocks1 :i* are aft]w>ds sawn into small] pieces ( eighty-five p\nds4 ,! regul> annual produce is fix$ by ,gov]nm5t at #gjj1jjj pud1 or ab\t #aj1jjj tons1 ( :i* "p is furni%$ gratuit\sly to ! neighb\r+ ,kirghise hordes1 :o no d\bt are made to pay de>ly = _! salt 9 "s o!r mann]4 ,! lab\rs 9 ! m9e are only c>ri$ on dur+ ! summ]1 & beg9 by pump+ out ! wat] :i* has settl$ at ! bottom ( ! pit f ! melt+ sn[2 :ile ! transport to ! next riv] by means ( sl$ges takes place dur+ ! w9t]4 ,7 ?is m9e situat$ 9 a less b>b>\s or m accessible c\ntry1 x might easily rival1 or ev5 surpass1 ! produce ( ,*e%ire4 ,to ! s\? ( ! pit1 :]e ! regul> m9+ op]ations1 su* z !y are1 take place1 a great numb] ( old pits or holes may be se51 9 :i* ! ,cossacks1 ,bas*kirs1 & ,kirghise us$ to provide !mselves ) salt be=e ,gov]nm5t und]took ! regul> work+ ( ! m9e 9 #aged4 ,^! pits1 "s ( :i* are sixty feet squ>e1 & f six to eight feet deep1 are g5]ally full ( a saturat$ br9e ( a br[ni% col\r1 & are made use ( = ba?+ by ! ,kirghise1 :o ju/ly consid] !m z an excell5t rem$y = _m diseases4 ,be=e #ahef all ! salt produc$ 9 ,prussia 0 obta9$ f br9e spr+s1 b s9ce t "t enorm\s b$s ( rock-salt h be5 discov]$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,^? ( ,/assfurt1 ne> ,magdeburg1 produc$ #b1bef1jjj cwt4 9 #ahff1 "p ( :i* 0 export$ into =eign c\ntries1 ?r\gh ! ports ( ,lubeck & ,hamburg4 ,b ! m9es ( ,/assfurt1 besides rock-salt1 conta9 also an inexhau/ible quantity ( highly valuable pota% salts1 :i* are l>gely us$ = agricultural purposes1 & supply ! wants ( ! num]\s *emical manufactories :i* h rapidly conv]t$ an obscure hamlet into a fl\ri%+ seat ( indu/ry4 ,at ,spe]5b]g1 ab\t tw5ty miles to ! s\? ( ,b]l91 ! e>?-bor] has pi]c$ ?r\gh an enorm\s deposit ( rock-salt1 m ?an two ?\s& feet ?ick1 & at ,segeb]g1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,sleswig-,hol/e91 a %aft is n[ be+ sunk into a ri* b$ ( rock-salt1 rec5tly discov]$4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ ! rock-salt1 & ! processes employ$ 9 manufactur+ salt f br9e spr+s1 are ne>ly ! same 9 all salt- works4 ,! fir/ process is to obta9 a prop] /r5g? ( br9e1 ei!r by saturat+ fre% wat] ) ! salt t has be5 br\ght up f ! m9e1 or pump+ up ! salt wat] f spr+s t h become saturat$ by pass+ ?r\gh salif]\s b$s4 ,! br9e obta9$ 9 a cle> /ate is put into evaporat+ pans & br\ght z quickly z possible to a boil+ heat 79 ! case ( /rong br9e #bbf ,f471 :5 a sk9 is =m$ on ! surface1 consi/+ *iefly ( impurities4 ,?is is tak5 (f1 & ei!r ?r[n away or us$ = agricultural purposes1 & ! fir/ cry/als :i* =m are likewise rak$ away & ?r[n aside z ( little value4 ,! heat is !n kept up to ! boil+ po9t = ab\t eight h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t evaporation goes on /eadily1 ! liquid gradually dim9i%+1 & ! salt be+ deposit$2 x is !n rak$ out1 put into m\lds1 & plac$ 9 a dry+ /ove1 to r5d] x p]fectly dry & ready = sale4 ,:5 salt is to be prep>$ f ! weak br9es :i* are ( common occurr5ce 9 ,france & ,g]many1 ! br9e is conc5trat$ by natural evaporation previ\s to ! m co/ly application ( artificial heat4 ,hav+ be5 fir/ rais$ by pumps1 x is !n all[$ to trickle 9 a cont9u\s /ream d[n ! surface ( bundles ( ?orns expos$ to ! sun & w9d1 & built up 9 regul> walls betwe5 p>allel wood5 frames4 ,^! evaporat+ works 7,gradirw]ke or graduation-h\ses7 are frequ5tly ( an imm5se ext5t4 ,at ,salza1 ne> ,s*nebeck1 = in/ance1 ! graduation-h\se is #e1hag feet long1 ! ?orn walls are f #cc to #eb feet high 9 diff]5t p>ts1 & pres5t a total surface ( #be1jjj feet4 ,accord+ to ! weakness ( ! br9e x mu/ be ! m frequ5tly pump$ up & made to fl[ d[n repeat$ly ov] ! ?orns 9 diff]5t comp>tm5ts ( ! build+4 ,an imm5se quantity ( fuel is sav$ by ?is economical mode ( evaporation4 ,! orig9 ( rock-salt deposits is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ geological que/ions4 ,accord+ to "s au?orities1 !y 7 ! result ( igne\s ag5cy1 :ile o!rs are ( op9ion t 9 e case !y h be5 deposit$ f solution 9 wat]4 ,_! usual occurr5ce 9 l5ticul> or irregul>ly-%ap$ b$s1 hav+ a great horizontal ext5sion1 fav\rs ! aque\s !ory1 = masses protrud$ upw>ds1 or sublimat$ by volcanic p[]1 are g5]ally f\nd to occupy v]tical fissures4 ,to acc\nt = _! =mation we mu/ suppose a sea su* z ! ,m$it]ranean cut (f by an elevation ( ! l& at its m\? f its previ\s communication ) ! ocean1 & gradually los+ m wat] by evaporation ?an x receives by ra9 & riv]s4 ,z ?us ! am\nt ( salt :i* x holds dissolv$ increases1 deposits ( rock-salt w ultimately =m at ! bottom ( its deepe/ p>ts1 & subsequ5t *anges 9 ! e>?'s surface may !n ei!r conceal !m "u sup]9cumb5t /rata1 z at ,nor?wi*1 or leave !m expos$1 z 9 _m ( ! ,african or ,asiatic wa/es4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,sulphur4 ,sulphur ,m9es ( ,sicily--,conflagration ( a ,sulphur ,m9e--,! ,solfat>as ( ,krisuvick--,iwogasima 9 ,japan--,solfat>a ( ,puzzuoli--,crat] ( ,t5]iffe--,alaghez--,bd%egy 9 ,transylvania--,sulphur f ! ,?roat ( ,popocatepetl--,sulphur\s ,spr+s--,pyrites--,m9es ( ,san ,dom+os 9 ,portugal--,! ,b>on ( ,pommoro4 ,?\gh 9 e volcanic region ( ! globe sulphur\s exhalations arise f a great numb] ( crat]s or solfat>as1 yet sulphur is b r>ely f\nd 9 suffici5t quantities to remun]ate ! m9]'s toil4 ,9 ?is respect ! isl& ( ,sicily is unrivall$1 = no o!r c\ntry possesses su* masses ( ?is valuable1 & 9 _m cases indisp5sable1 m9]al4 ,! num]\s sulphur pits ( ,sicily1 :i* occur 9 crevices or holl[s ov] a space ( #aej geographical miles1 are situat$ *iefly 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! isl&1 9 ! di/ricts betwe5 ! sea-bord] ( ! prov9ce ( ,girg5ti & ! m\nta9s ( ,etna1 ,mann>o1 ,ca/ro ,giovanni1 & ,catolica4 ,!y are no d\bt ! produce ( a va/ volcanic action :i* took place ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 :5 ! sulphur\s fumes1 ris+ ?r\gh c\ntless clefts or fum>oles f ! my/]i\s furnaces ( ! deep1 cond5s$ 9 ! *alk & clay gr\nds ( ! sup]ficial /rata4 ,9 =m] times1 z long z ! *ief use ( sulphur 0 conf9$ to ! fabrication ( gunp[d]1 its production 0 comp>atively insignificant2 b s9ce ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid has become a bran* ( indu/ry ( cont9ually increas+ importance1 sulphur1 ! +r$i5t necess>y to its =mation1 has consid]ably ris5 9 value1 & n[ con/itutes ! *ief article ( ,sicilian exportation4 ,girg5ti1 ! mo/ important t[n on ! s\? coa/ ( ! isl&1 ?\gh its dirty mis]able /reets & its #ae1jjj inhabitants =m a melan*oly contra/ to ! weal? & luxury ( anci5t ,agrig5tum1 )9 ^: l(ty walls a population ( #hjj1jjj s\ls is said to h exi/$1 owes to ! increase ( ! sulphur trade ! slight dawn ( prosp]ity :i* has enliv5$ x dur+ ^! latt] ye>s4 ,all ! sulphur-pits 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ! isl& s5d _! produce to ! port ( ,girg5ti1 & on e road "o meets ) long files ( mules & asses load$ ) sacks ( sulphur4 ,! grape disease1 aga9/ :i* ?is m9]al is ev]y:]e us$ 9 ,france & ,italy z ! only successful rem$y1 has giv5 a new impulse to ! sulphur trade by rais+ ! price to ab\t ?ree times its =m] value4 ,! m]*ants ( ,girg5ti did n neglect ?is opportunity = mak+ _! =tunes1 = z soon z ! grape disease became a national calamity = ! *ief w9e-produc+ c\ntries1 !y b\ght up l>ge tracts ( sulphur-gr\nds1 & ?us acquir$ consid]able weal?4 ,a visit paid by ,dr4 ,hckel#fg 9 #ahei to ! sulphur pits ne> ,girg5ti proves t m9+ op]ations 9 ,sicily are /ill 9 ! primitive condition describ$ by all =m] travell]s4 ,n ev5 our commone/ improvem5ts are kn[n2 ! pickaxe & ! spade are almo/ ! only implem5ts employ$1 & ) ^! ! e>? is excavat$ 9 ! mo/ slov5ly mann]1 :]ev] a ve9 promises to be productive4 ,! mat]ials ?us loos5$ f ! rock are c>ri$ out ( ! m9e 9 baskets & ?r[n into l>ge heaps1 f :i* ! sulphur is extract$ 9 ! foll[+ wa/eful mann]4 ,! conical m\nds are cov]$ ) a mantle ( moi/ clay1 9 :i* "s op5+s are left = ! emission ( ! smoke1 & set fire to at ! bottom4 ,! melt$ sulphur collects 9 grooves or *annels1 & fl[s into squ>e =ms1 :]e x congeals into a solid mass4 ,?is me?od1 :i* is said to h be5 fir/ introduc$ by ! ,s>ac5s1 causes1 ( c\rse1 a great loss ( sulphur2 b di/ill+ ov5s heat$ by coal h be5 f\nd too exp5sive to answ]4 ,dr4 ,hckel trav]s$ "o ( ! longe/ excavations1 :i* 0 sometimes s n>r[ t he c\ld only ) difficulty pass1 & !n exp&$ into high vaults ^: ro( 0 ornam5t$ ) beautiful cry/als ( cele/9e & gypsum4 ,! workm5 7 completely nak$1 on acc\nt ( ! oppressive heat :i* reigns 9 ^! pits2 & _! d>k br[n sk9s1 spr9kl$ ) light yell[ sulphur du/1 gave !m a v /range & savage appe>ance4 ,mo/ ( ! inhabitants ( ,girg5ti are at pres5t employ$ 9 ! sulphur m9es1 & comp>atively few are engag$ 9 cultivat+ ! beautiful g>d5s & fields t ext5d f ! foot ( ! t[n to ! sea1 & occupy ! site :]e once ! anci5t city ( ,agrig5tum rose f ! %ore to ! t]rac$ hills :i* are /ill cr[n$ ) ! ru9s ( h] colossal temples4 ,footnote #fg3 #8,zeits*rift fr allgeme9e ,erdkunde1' ,no4 #hd1 ,juni1 #ahfj4 ,on an av]age1 ! sulphur-ores ( ,sicily yield ab\t sixte5 p] c5t4 ( brim/one1 & ! quantity annually produc$ has increas$ f #id1ihe tons 9 #ahea to #ahd1agc tons 9 #ahff4 ,besides ,girg5ti1 ! *ief ports f :i* sulphur is export$ are ^? ( ,licata1 ,t]ranova1 ,siculiana1 ,pal]mo1 ,mess9a1 & ,catania4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,sicilian sulphur m9es occurr$ dur+ ! la/ c5tury 9 ! solfat>a ( ,sommat9o4 ,?is celebrat$ pit1 :i* is situat$ on ! precipit\s "r bank ( ! ,salso ,valley1 took fire 9 #aghg1 ?r\gh ! neglig5ce ( ! workm51 & z may easily be imag9$ f ! inflammable nature ( ! mat]ials1 ! conflagration caus$ ! complete ab&onm5t ( ! pit4 ,aft] two ye>s1 h[ev]1 dur+ :i* ! fire rag$ incessantly1 ! m\nta9 sudd5ly bur/ asund] on its s\?-ea/]n flank1 & a /ream ( melt$ sulphur1 gu%+ =? f ! cleft1 precipitat$ itself into ! neighb\r+ riv]4 ,?is ph5om5on1 :i* 0 evid5tly caus$ by ,nature hav+ p]=m$ on a va/ scale an op]ation simil> to t by :i* ! sulphur is usually extract$ f ! ore1 produc$ a mass ( ! pure/ brim/one1 am\nt+ to m ?an #dj1jjj tons1 s t ! own]s ( ! pit1 :o _h giv5 up _! prop]ty z totally lo/1 became enri*$ by ! v circum/ance :i* _h seem$ to m5ace !m ) utt] ru94 ,next to ! sulphur m9es ( ,sicily1 ^? ( ,t]uel & ,lorca1 9 ,spa91 :i* 9 #ahfb furni%$ #ab1fci tons1 are ! mo/ consid]able 9 ,europe4 ,! m9es ( ,p]tic>a di ,talamella1 9 ,italy1 annually yield ab\t #d1jjj tons2 & ! ,au/rian sulphur pits ( ,swosz[ice1 ne> ,cracovia1 & ( ,radoboy1 9 ,croatia1 produc$ #a1hfg tons 9 #ahfe4 ,9 all ^! m9es ! sulphur has be5 deposit$ or cond5s$ 9 times long pa/1 und\bt$ly 9 ! same mann] z x is =m$ 9 ! solfat>as ( ! pres5t day1 :]e ! decomposition ( ! volanic gases on rea*+ ! atmosph]e causes ! precipitation ( sulphur4 ,mo/ ( ^! /ill active solfat>as are unproductive 9 a comm]cial s5se1 ei!r f _! inaccessible position 9 ! crat] bas9s ( enorm\s volcanoes1 or f _! situation 9 remote des]ts1 or f ! small quantities ( ! m9]al =m+ on _! surface4 ,! solfat>as ( ,krisuvick 9 ,icel&1 = in/ance1 are sep>at$ f ! ne>e/ ports by su* rugg$ lava-fields z to r5d] ! co/ ( transport an almo/ insurm\ntable ob/acle to _! be+ work$ ) pr(it4 ,b ?\gh undes]v+ ( ! m]cantile speculator's att5tion1 ^! nor!rn sulphur pits rank among ! mo/ /rik+ natural wond]s ( ,icel&4#fh ,footnote #fh3 #8,! ,pol> ,_w1' p4 #eb4 ,! remote solfat>as ( ,japan af=d a m abundant supply4 #8,! sulphur1' says ,kmpf]1 9 8 hi/ory ( t s+ul> c\ntry1 #8is ! produce ( a small isl& :i*1 f ! great quantity x af=ds ( ?is sub/ance1 is call$ 8,iwogasima10 or ! ,sulphur ,isl&4 ,x is n above a hundr$ ye>s s9ce ! natives fir/ v5tur$ to explore t des]t spot1 :i*1 f ! smoke ris+ f its surface1 0 previ\sly suppos$ to be ! abode ( demons4 ,at l5g? a bold adv5tur] obta9$ leave to visit ! dread$ isl&4 ,he *ose fifty resolute m5 to accompany him on 8 haz>d\s exp$ition1 & on l&+ f\nd1 in/ead ( ! fi5ds he expect$ to enc\nt]1 a volcanic soil1 cov]$ 9 _m p>ts ) ?ick deposits ( sulphur1 & emitt+ d5se volumes ( smoke f c\ntless fum>oles4 ,ev] s9ce t "t ! isl& yields a consid]able rev5ue to ! ,pr9ce ( ,satzuma4' ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ solfat>as is t ( ,puzzuoli1 ne> ,naples4 ,x may be consid]$ z a ne>ly ext+ui%$ crat]1 & appe>s1 by ! acc\nts ( ,/rabo & o!rs1 to h be5 be=e ! ,*ri/ian era 9 v mu* its pres5t /ate1 giv+ v5t cont9ually to aque\s vap\rs1 toge!r ) sulphure\s & muriatic acid gases1 l ^? evolv$ by ,vesuvius4 ,?is rem>kable spot has attract$ ! att5tion ( naturali/s & poets s9ce ! remote/ antiquity1 & ,hom] m5tions x 9 8 immortal n>rative ( ! p]egr9ations ( ,ulysses4 ,! process = ! sep>ation ( ! sulphur1 :i* is cond5s$ 9 consid]able quantities among/ ! gravel collect$ 9 ! circle :i* =ms ! int]ior ( ! crat]1 is conduct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! mixture ( sulphur & gravel is dug up & submitt$ to di/illation1 to extract ! sulphur2 ! gravel is !n return$ to its orig9al place1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ab\t ?irty ye>s is aga9 s ri* 9 sulphur z to s]ve = ! same process once m4 #8,! crat] ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1' says ,leopold von ,bu*1 #8is n[ b an imm5se solfat>a4 ,! sulphure\s vap\rs :i* escape f e "p ( ! va/ cauldron1 decompose ! rock1 conv]t x into :ite clay1 & cov] x 9 _m places ) beautiful cry/als ( sulphur4 ,by ?is con/ant *emical action1 ! soil t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! crat] has be5 r5d]$ s s(t t 9 _m places great caution is necess>y to avoid s9k+ into ! yield+ mass1 :i* has a temp]ature high] ?an t ( boil+ wat]4' ,a rem>kable sulphur =mation occurs on ! rocks surr\nd+ ! crat] ( ! volcano ,alaghez1 situat$ 9 ,nor!rn ,arm5ia4 ,! sulphur is precipitat$ 9 ?ick cru/s on _! walls1 & z ! summit ( ! crat] is inaccessible1 ! p ( ! neighb\rhood1 9 ord] to collect ! sulphur1 fire at x ) musket balls1 & pick up ! fragm5ts ?us deta*$4 ,close b5ea? ! summit ( ! ,patuka1 9 ,java1 is a circul> lake ab\t fifte5 hundr$ feet 9 diamet]4 ,! bord]s are cov]$ ) a ri* vegetation2 ! wat] is cle> & col\rless1 b appe>s yell[i% f ! reflection ( ! sulphur :i* cov]s ! :ole bottom ( ! lake4 ,9 #ahah ,re9w>dt f\nd 9 ?is piece ( wat] an islet completely compos$ ( sulphur4 ,aft] ! eruption ( ! ,ta%em ,idjem1 ano!r ,javanese volcano1 9 #agif1 su* quantities ( sulphur 7 =m$ t sev]al hundr$ %iploads c\ld be ga!r$ & export$ z ! produce ( ?is s+le volcanic p>oxysm4 ,! m\nta9 ,bd%egy1 9 ,transylvania1 exhibits ! rem>kable ph5om5on ( sulphur caves4 ,on ent]+ "o ( ^! va/ subt]ranean crevices1 incru/ations ( sulphur are se5 to cov] ! l[] "p ( ! walls2 b respiration is /ill easy & free4 ,on advanc+ a few /eps ! air acquires a %>p acidul\s ta/e1 & ! feet beg9 to feel a w>m? :i* gradually increases to an intol]able heat4 ,on advanc+ /ill fur!r ! lights are ext+ui%$4 ,a spe$y retreat is necess>y1 & imprud5t visitors h be5 kn[n to pay = _! curiosity ) _! lives4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,milo !re are likewise num]\s cav]ns ! walls ( :i* are incru/$ ) sulphur & alum4 ,a visit to ^! grottoes1 :i* annually yield ab\t five hundr$ tons ( pure sulphur1 is n )\t dang] f ! suffocat+ fumes t issue f _! crevices4 ,"s ( ! ,arabian volcanoes also produce consid]able quantities ( sulphur1 su* z ! ,dufan1 :i* is call$ ,djebel-el-,kebril1 or #8,sulphur ,m\nta9' by ! ,arabs1 & is m5tion$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,h]odotus4 ,?\gh ! crat]s ( volcanoes are g5]ally almo/ inaccessible1 yet hi/ory m5tions a curi\s in/ance :]e ! mo/ extraord9>y ex]tions 7 made = collect+ sulphur above ! regions ( p]petual sn[4 ,dur+ ! wondr\s campaign :i* end$ 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! empire ( ,montezuma1 ,cortez1 be+ 9 want ( p[d]1 s5t a p>ty "u ,francisco ,montao1 a cavali] ( det]m9$ resolution1 to ga!r sulphur f ! smok+ ?roat ( ,popocatepetl1 :i* rises1 ) its silv]y %eet ( ev]la/+ sn[1 to ! height ( #ag1heb feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,aft] trav]s+ ! l[] region1 :i* 0 clo!d ) a d5se =e/1 s ?ickly matt$ t 9 "s places x 0 sc>cely possible to p5etrate x1 ! track ( ! ,spani>ds op5$ on a black surface ( glaz$ volcanic s& & ( lava1 ! brok5 fragm5ts ( :i*1 arre/$ 9 its boil+ process 9 a ?\s& fanta/ic =ms1 oppos$ cont9ual imp$im5ts to _! advance4 ,!y n[ came to ! limits ( p]petual sn[1 :]e new difficulties pres5t$ !mselves1 z ! trea*]\s ice gave an imp]fect foot+1 & a false /ep might precipitate !m into ! froz5 *asms t yawn$ ar\nd4 ,to increase _! di/ress respiration 9 ^! arial regions became s difficult t e ef=t 0 att5d$ ) %>p pa9s 9 ! head & limbs4 ,at l5g? !y rea*$ ! edge ( ! crat]1 :i* pres5t$ an irregul> ellipse at its m\? m ?an a league 9 circumf]5ce4 ,a lurid flame burn$ gloomily at ! bottom1 s5d+ up a sulphur\s /eam1 :i*1 cool+ z x rose1 0 precipitat$ on ! walls ( ! cavity4 ,! p>ty ca/ lots1 & x fell on ,montao himself to desc5d 9 a basket into ?is hide\s abyss1 into :i* he 0 l[]$ by 8 companions to ! dep? ( f\r hundr$ feet6 ,?is 0 repeat$ sev]al times1 till ! adv5tur\s cavali] _h collect$ a suffici5t quantity ( sulphur = ! wants ( ! army4 ,_m m9]al spr+s owe _! m$ic9al prop]ties to ! hydrosulphuric acid :i* !y conta91 & ^: decomposition frequ5tly gives rise to ! =mation ( sulphur4 ,:5 ! l>ge m>ble slab :i* cov]s ! imp]ial s\rce at ,aix-la-,*apelle is remov$ at ! end ( e tw5ty ye>s1 ab\t two hundr$ p\nds ( sulphur are collect$ f ! walls above ! spr+4 ,comb9ations ( sulphur ) metals1 p>ticul>ly ) iron & copp] 7pyrites71 occur 9 mu* m consid]able masses & 9 a f> great] numb] ( localities ?an ! pure uncomb9$ m9]al4 ,=m]ly ! sulphides ( iron 7#eb p] c5t4 sulphur1 #dg p] c5t4 iron7 & copp] s]v$ only = ! fabrication ( vitriol & alum2 b s9ce ! progress ( *emical sci5ce has all[$ !m to be pr(itably us$ = ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid1 !y h acquir$ a f> great] importance4 ,our own m9es1 :i* are situat$ *iefly 9 ! c\nty ( ,wickl[1 produc$ 9 #ahff at lea/ #ace1jjj tons ( iron pyrites1 besides :i* an additional quantity ( ab\t #ajj1jjj tons 0 import$ f o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,spa9 ! m9es ( cuprif]\s pyrites--p>ticul>ly 9 ! prov9ce ( ,huelva1 & 9 ! ,si]ra de ,?>sis1 :i* on acc\nt ( ! copp] !y conta9 7 already work$ 9 times ant]ior to ! ,roman occupation1 & give pro( ( _! anci5t importance by ! va/ dim5sions ( _! excavations--produc$ 9 #ahfc no less ?an #bdf1acg tons4 ,9 ,portugal ! m9es ( ,san ,dom+os1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,al5tejo1 likewise af=d a rem>kable example ( ! m9+ indu/ry ( ! ,romans1 9 ! anci5t adit :i* s]v$ = dra9+ ! works4 ,!y m]ely us$ ! ores t 7 ri*e/ 9 copp]1 & reject$ ! poor] qualities1 :i* =m ! imm5se m\nds ( scori r\nd ! m\? ( ! excavations4 ,aft] hav+ be5 ab&on$ = _m c5turies ! m9es ( ,san ,dom+os are once m dilig5tly work$4 ,_! newly acquir$ importance is due *iefly to ! ent]prise ( ,mr4 ,james ,mason1 n[ ,b>on ( ,pommoro4 ,a railroad n9e miles long unites ! m9e ) ! left bank ( ! ,guadiana1 :i* has be5 r5d]$ navigable = l>g] vessels = a l5g? ( t5 miles4 ,moreov] ! port ( ,pommoro has be5 excavat$ 9 ! /eep bank ( ! riv] = ! conv5i5t %ipp+ ( ! pyrites4 ,be=e #aheh a solit>y h]mitage 0 ! only dwell+ at ,san ,dom+os1 :i* is n[ a ?riv+ village ( five hundr$ h\ses1 ) a h&some *ur* & a railroad /ation4 ,! numb] ( ! workm5 employ$ 9 #ahff am\nt$ to two ?\s&1 & l>ge works 7 be+ erect$ = ! sep>ation ( ! copp]4 ,9 #ahei ! produce ( ^! m9es am\nt$ to #g1hhg tons1 & 9 #ahff x _h already ris5 to #afg1jbh tons1 :i* =m$ ! c>go ( #edd %ips4 ,su* are ! wond]ful *anges :i* c be br\ght ab\t :5 ! "r man f9ds ! "r place = ! employm5t ( 8 en]gies4 ,france produc$ 9 #ahff ab\t #ajj1jjj tons ( pyrites1 ,prussia #ch1bdh tons1 & ,belgium #bh1ief tons1 s t ! total production ( ,europe n[ probably am\nts to m ?an a million tons4 ,9 ,canada ! ore ( a va/ deposit ( pyrites is export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e x s]ves = ! fabrication ( sulphuric acid4 ,?us a sub/ance sc>cely notic$ tw5ty ye>s ago has become an important article ( comm]ce 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,amb]4 ,v>i\s ,modes ( its ,collection on ! ,prussian ,coa/--,:at is ,amb]8--,! ext9ct ,amb] ,tree--,insects ( ! ,mioc5e ,p]iod inclos$ 9 ,amb]-- ,=midable ,spid]s--,anci5t & ,mod]n ,trade 9 ,amb]4 ,amb] is a res9\s sub/ance1 ! produce ( ext9ct =e/s t n[ lie buri$ 9 ! e>? or "u ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,x is f\nd abundantly on ! ,prussian coa/ ( ! ,baltic1 :]e x is collect$ 9 _m ways4 ,aft] /ormy wea!r x is frequ5tly ca/ a%ore by ! surf1 or rema9s float+ on ! wat]4 ,! amb]-fi%]s1 clo!d 9 lea!r dresses1 !n wade into ! sea1 & secure ! amb] ) bag-nets1 hung at ! ends ( long poles4 ,!y conclude t mu* amb] has be5 deta*$ f its b$ :5 !y discov] _m pieces ( lignite float+ ab\t4 ,9 "s p>ts ! faces ( ! precipit\s cliffs along ! %ore are explor$ 9 boats1 & masses ( loose e>? or rock1 suppos$ to conta9 ! object ( se>*1 are deta*$ ) long poles hav+ iron hooks at _! ends4 ,x is also dr$g$ = on an ext5sive scale at ! bottom ( ! ,fris*e & ,curis*e ,haffs1 & fur!r inl& l>ge quantities are dug up out ( ! e>?4 ,t :i* is wa%$ a%ore g5]ally consi/s ( small pieces1 m or less damag$1 :ile ! specim5s obta9$ by digg+ or dr$g+ are frequ5tly ( l>ge size & ( a tub]\s =m1 s t1 ?\gh inf]ior 9 quantity to ! =m]1 _! value is probably t5 times great]4 ,digg+ = amb] is a fav\rite pursuit ( ! peasantry2 & ?\gh 9 _m cases x proves unsuccessful1 yet sometimes x is highly remun]ative4 ,ne> ! village ,k[all1 a few miles f ,dantzig1 av5ues ( trees 7 plant$ a few ye>s back along ! high road4 ,on digg+ "o ( ! holes de/9$ = _! reception1 a ri* amb] ne/ 0 f\nd4 ,fav\rable signs induc$ ! l&[n] to p]sev]e 9 digg+1 & at l5g?1 at a dep? ( ab\t ?irty feet1 su* ri* deposits ( amb] 7 f\nd z enabl$ him to pay (f all ! mortgages on 8 e/ate4 ,! t]ritories :]e amb] is f\nd ext5d ov] ,pom]ania & ,ea/ & ,we/ ,prussia1 z f> z ,li?uania & ,pol&1 b *iefly 9 ! =m] prov9ces1 :]e x is f\nd almo/ uni=mly 9 sep>ate nodules 9 ! s&1 clay1 or fragm5ts ( lignite ( ! upp] t]ti>y & alluvial =mations4 ,x also occurs 9 ! b$s ( /reams1 & 9 ! s&-banks ( riv]s4 ,h[ f> its seat may ext5d "u ! ,baltic is ( c\rse unkn[n4 ,amb] is likewise met ) on ! coa/ ( ,d5m>k & ,sw$51 9 ,gallicia & ,moravia1 ne> ,*ri/iania 9 ,norway1 & 9 ,switz]l&1 ne> ,basle4 ,x is occasionally f\nd 9 ! gravel-pits ne> ,london1 & specim5s h be5 dug up 9 ,hyde ,p>k4 ,at ,aldbor\gh1 aft] a rak+ tide1 x is ?r[n on ! bea* 9 consid]able quantities1 along ) masses ( jet4 ,on ! ,sicilian coa/1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,riv] ,gi>etta1 _m pieces ( a peculi> blue t+e are collect$ & s5t to ,catania to be cut & poli%$4 ,s+le pieces & ev5 l>ge deposits ( amb] are said to h be5 discov]$ on ! coa/s ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 9 ,sib]ia1 ,kamts*atka1 & ,*9a1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,madagasc>4 ,^! acc\nts1 h[ev]1 require confirmation1 z sev]al o!r fossil or non-fossil res9\s sub/ances s /rongly resemble amb] z to h deceiv$ ev5 well- in=m$ naturali/s4 ,:at is ?is sub/ance1 & h[ has x be5 produc$8 ,!re is n[ no long] any d\bt t1 l o!r vegetable res9s1 x has be5 secret$ by trees :i* h long s9ce disappe>$ f ! surface ( ! e>?1 b once =m$ ext5sive =e/s on ! isl&s or %ores ( ! va/ sea :i* at t "t cov]$ ! pla9s ( ,nor!rn ,europe z f> z ! foot ( ! ,ouralian *a94 ,h[ ^? isl&s disappe>$1 & h[ ^? primeval =e/s came to be buri$ "u l& & sea1 becomes app>5t f ! *anges t h tak5 place 9 ! ,s\? ,baltic l&s s9ce ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s 9 consequ5ce ( p>tial upheav+s & subsid5ces4 ,accord+ to ! olde/ ,prussian *ronicl]1 ,pet] ( ,duesburg1 ^: n>rative beg9s ) ! ye> #abbf1 ! waves ( ! ,baltic at t "t rea*$ z f> z ! pres5t t[n ( ,kulm1 & a c5tury lat] vessels sail$ z f> z ,?orn4 ,! pres5t delta ( ! ,vi/ula 0 a %all[ morass1 dott$ "h & !re ) a flat isl&1 & cont9u$ 9 t /ate until t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 dykes1 rais$ by ! indu/ry ( man1 prev5t$ ! con/antly recurr+ inundations ( ! riv]1 & conv]t$ gloomy swamps into f]tile mead[s4 ,9 o!r p>ts we f9d ! sea incroa*+ ^u ! l&4 ,s9ce ! times ( ! ,teutonic ,ord] a :ole prov9ce betwe5 ,pillau & ,balga has be5 subm]g$ by ! floods ( ! ,fris*e ,haff2 & ! fir/ ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 ,prussia1 orig9ally built five miles f ! sea1 n[ /&s close to ! %ore4 ,d5se fir-=e/s rose 9 gloomy monotony1 b a ?\s& ye>s back1 :]e n[ ! ,baltic rolls its wat]s2 & :]e at t "t %ips lay at an*or we n[ f9d hillocks ( s&4 ,aft] su* *anges 9 comp>atively s %ort a "t1 we _c wond] t ! isl&s ( ! amb] p]iod %\ld h be5 replac$ by o!r l&s & ano!r sea4 ,we are indebt$ = ! fir/ accurate obs]vations on ! nature ( ! amb]-tree to ,pr(essor ,goepp]t1 :o prov$1 by ! microscopical exam9ation ( ! cells ( fossil pieces ( wood t 7 ve9$ or /reak$ ) amb]1 & ?us evid5tly _h secret$ ! res91 t !y proce$$ f sev]al conif]1 belong+ to ! ext9ct g5us ,p9ites4 ,9 _m ( our p9es & firs we frequ5tly f9d betwe5 ! annual r+s crevices or int]/ices fill$ ) res9\s matt]1 b f> less abundantly ?an 9 ! amb]-trees4 ,! only exi/+ conif]\s plant t c 9 any way be comp>$ to !m is ! ,damm>a au/ralis1 ( ,new ,zeal&1 at ! base ( ^: trunk masses ( res91 weigh+ tw5ty or ?irty p\nds1 are frequ5tly f\nd4 ,9 ,brazil ,von ,m>tius (t5 saw simil> lumps at ! foot ( ! copal-tree1 :i* dropp+ f ! trunk _h collect$ 9 consid]able masses betwe5 ! roots1 ?us %[+ t ! l>ge r\nd$ or globul> pieces ( amb] mu/ h be5 =m$ 9 ! same mann]1 :ile ! ?9 & flat /raight or cupuli=m pieces 7 m\ld$ ^u ! r9d1 or betwe5 ! annual r+s ( ! tree4 ,:5 we consid] ! abundant secretion ( ! amb]-trees1 & ! numb]less ages dur+ :i* !y may h fl\ri%$1 we _c wond] t1 s9ce ! olde/ hi/oric times1 e viol5t /orm :i* /irs up ! anci5t =e/-gr\nds at ! bottom ( ! ,baltic ca/s ! valuable fossil a%ore1 & t 9 all probability future g5]ations w /ill be able to collect x 9 undim9i%$ quantities4 ,int]e/+ 9 itself1 amb] acquires a /ill great] sci5tific importance ?r\gh ! rema9s ( ext9ct plants & animals :i* are f\nd imb$d$ 9 its sub/ance1 z 9 a transp>5t %r9e4 ,z1 9 ! pres5t day1 _m a luckless fly is caught 9 ! rec5tly secret$ res9s ( ! conif] & hym5e1 ?us also amb]1 :ile /ill 9 a semi-fluid /ate1 became ! tomb ( num]\s insects & spid]s4 ,s wond]ful is _! pres]vation t !y seem to h liv$ b ye/]day1 & yet h[ _m mill5niums may s9ce h pass$ away2 = al?\gh ! amb] =mation belongs to ! mioc5e p]iod1 & is consequ5tly ( mod]n date :5 comp>$ ) ! =e/s ( ! coal- =mation1 we /ill are sep>at$ f x by a va/ s]ies ( ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,insects ,,or ,,vegetable ,,sub/ances ,,enclos$ ,,9 ,,amb]4 ,! ext9ct organic _w :i* is ?us beautifully reveal$ to u s greatly resembl$ ! pres5t vegetable & animal creation t1 on a sup]ficial exam9ation ( ! fossil rema9s conta9$ 9 a ri* amb] collection1 "o w\ld h>dly suppose !m to be any?+ v uncommon4 ,! unle>n$ obs]v] :o connects ! idea ( a pa/ _w ) grotesque or gigantic =ms1 %akes 8 head ) an incr$ul\s smile1 & ?9ks t he has (t5 se5 simil> fl[]s bloom+ 9 ! fields1 or met ) simil> insects 9 ! =e/4 ,ev5 ! naturali/ is unc]ta91 until a clos] inspection tea*es him t ea* ( ^! s wond]fully pres]v$ plants or animals possesses "s di/9ct *>act]i/ics :i* widely di/+ui% x f ! analog\s =ms ( ! pres5t day4 ,( ! plants ( ! coal p]iod we f9d n a s+le "o exi/+ 9 ! ,amb] ,=e/2 ! vegetation is mu* m complicat$ & v>i\s 9 its aspect2 & ! num]\s conif] indicate a climate simil> to t ( ! pres5t nor!rn regions4 ,b arboreal gr[? 0 by no means conf9$ to ! conif]1 = ev]gre5 oaks & popl>s fl\ri%$ along ) !m4 ,hea? plants1 *iefly belong+ to g5]a simil> to ,&rom$a1 ,kalmia1 ,rhodod5drum1 ,l$um1 & ,vacc9ium1 z te/ifi$ by num]\s leaves1 =m$ ! und]wood ( ^! =e/s1 a vegetation simil> 9 "* to t ( ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s4 ,! deep %ade ( ^! primitive woods prev5t$ ! evaporation ( wat]1 ! gr\nd rema9$ damp & swampy1 & ! m\ld]+ leaves produc$ a ?ick lay] ( humus1 on :i* fl\ri%$1 no d\bt1 a d5se cryptogam\s vegetation1 z well-pres]v$ f]ns1 mosses1 li*5s1 conf]v1 & small mu%rooms1 p>tly gr[+ z p>asites on dead insects1 suffici5tly te/ify4 ,b ! vegetable rema9s ( t anci5t p]iod are f> surpass$ 9 v>iety & numb] by ! embalm$ relics ( ! animal creation4 ,among #b1jjj specim5s ( insects collect$ by ,dr4 ,b]5dt1 to :om we owe ! be/ monograph on amb]1 ?is naturali/ f\nd m ?an #hjj diff]5t species4 ,flies1 phrygane1 & o!r neuropt]a1 cru/acea1 millep$es & spid]s1 blattid 9 e phase ( developm5t1 beetles1 bees1 & a l>ge v>iety ( ants1 %[ a great simil>ity to ! insect life ( ! pres5t day1 & ju/ify ! conclusion t ! contemporane\s animal =ms1 ^: size or peculi> habitat prev5t$ _! be+ embalm$ 9 amb]1 7 comp>atively no less abundant4 ,:e!r man already exi/$ at ! "t ( ! amb]-=mation is a "q :i*1 ( c\rse1 c\ld only be ?or\ghly settl$ by ! discov]y ( "s specim5 ( human workman%ip imb$d$ 9 ! fossilis$ res94 ,at all ev5ts1 ! amb]-r+s ( rude workman%ip :i* h be5 f\nd at a consid]able dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?1 along ) r\gh pieces1 suffici5tly prove t man mu/ h be5 a v old inhabitant ( ! ,baltic regions1 = ^? rem>kable specim5s ( 8 unskill$ indu/ry h evid5tly prec$$ ! cata/rophe :i* buri$ ! r\gh amb] "u ! e>?1 & mu/ h be5 expos$ = ! same lapse ( "t to ! influ5ces ( ! soil1 z !y are all f\nd cov]$ ) ! same dull & damag$ cru/4 ,t birds enliv5$ ! amb]-=e/ might well h be5 suppos$1 z !re 0 no want ( fruits & mealy se$s = _! subsi/5ce2 b _! exi/5ce is prov$ beyond all d\bt by a fea!r :i* ,dr4 ,b]5dt discov]$ 9 a piece ( pale yell[ transp>5t amb]4 ,to :at bird may ?is rem>kable relic ( ! pa/ h belong$1 & :5 may ! w+ to :i* x 0 atta*$ :ile liv+ h cleav$ ! air8 ,no fi% or reptile has ev] yet be5 f\nd 9 amb]1 h[ev] frequ5tly fraud may h attempt$ to imb$ !m 9 a res9\s case = ! deception ( ignorance4 ,x is1 inde$1 h>dly conceivable t ! f9ny & agile inhabitants ( ! wat]s c\ld ev] h all[$ !mselves to be caught 9 ! res9s ( a t]re/rial =e/1 ?\gh "s small & less active reptiles may occasionally h be5 entrapp$4 ,( all ! insects & spid]s1 & ! m r>e cru/aceans inclos$ 9 amb]1 n a s+le specim5 belongs to a species ( ! pres5t "t2 b ?\gh ! species h disappe>$1 almo/ all ! animals ( ^? primitive woods1 z f> z !y are kn[n1 belong to g5]a ( ! pres5t "t1 s t ^u ! :ole ! proportion ( ! /ill fl\ri%+ g5]a to su* z are ext9ct is z eight to "o4 ,x is rem>kable t1 along ) _m specim5s simil> to ! pres5t indig5\s types1 "s are f\nd ) a tropical "*1 ^: repres5tatives are at pres5t exi/+ 9 ! ,brazilian =e/s1 :ile o!rs are completely )\t any analog\s =ms 9 ! pres5t creation2 z1 = in/ance1 ^? /range ,ara*nidans1 ! ,ar*i1 :i*1 arm$ ) too!d m&ibles long] ?an ! head1 & provid$ ) /rong raptorial claws1 mu/ h be5 mo/ =midable enemies to ! contemporane\s insects4 ,amb] 0 held 9 high e/imation by ! nations ( antiquity1 & reckon$ among ! gems on acc\nt ( its r>ity & value4 ,ornam5ts made ( ?is sub/ance h be5 f\nd among ! ve/iges ( ! lacu/r9e dwell+s ( ,switz]l&1 & af=d a conv9c+ pro( t ev5 9 prehi/oric times x 0 an article ( comm]ce4 ,_m c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era ! ,phnician navigators pur*as$ amb] f ! ,g]man tribes on ! coa/ ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 ^!1 9 _! turn1 hav+ obta9$ x1 probably by b>t]1 f ! ,baltic l&s4 ,?us f h& to h& ! beautiful fossil res9 f\nd its way to ! c\rts ( ! ,indian pr9ces on ! ,ganges1 & ( ! ,p]sian k+s 9 ,susa & ,p]sepolis4 ,accord+ to ,b>?#fi ! se>* = ! ,amb] ,l& 0 mo/ probably ! aim ( ! j\rney :i* ! celebrat$ travell] ,py!as ( ,massilia und]took #ccj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 9 ! times ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,footnote #fi3 #8,urges*i*te ,deuts*l&s4' ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ,h]odotus & s*ylus1 h describ$ & laud$ 9 prose & v]se ! wond]ful prop]ties ( amb]1 :i* 0 n only highly valu$ = its beauty1 its aromatic smell1 & its electro- magnetic p[]1 b also = ! m$ic9al virtues ascrib$ to x by a cr$ul\s age4 ,"u ,n]o ! weal?y ,roman s5ators & knights lavi%$ imm5se sums on decorat+ ! seats & tables1 ! doors & columns1 ( _! /ate-rooms ) amb]1 ivory1 & tortoise%ell2 & ev5 at a lat] p]iod1 "u ,!odosius ! ,great1 :5 ! decl9+ empire 0 already v]g+ to its fall1 l>ge quantities /ill cont9u$ to be import$ f ,g]many4 ,?\gh no long] s highly priz$ z by ! anci5ts1 amb] /ill cont9ues to be a s\rce ( consid]able pr(it to ! ,baltic prov9ces4 ,almo/ all ! amb] collect$ ?r\gh\t ! l& f9ds its way to ! seaports ( ,knigsb]g & ,dantzig1 :]e x is sort$ accord+ to its size & quality4 ,good r\nd pieces ( a %ape fit to be work$ into ornam5ts1 & weigh+ ab\t half an ounce1 are wor? f n9e to t5 doll>s p] p\nd2 a good piece ( a p\nd weight fet*es z mu* z fifty doll>s2 & fir/-rate specim5s ( a /ill m consid]able size1 & faultless 9 =m & col\r1 are wor? at lea/ "o hundr$ doll>s1 or ev5 m1 p] p\nd4 ,a mass weigh+ ?irte5 p\nds has be5 f\nd1 ! value ( :i* at ,con/ant9ople 0 said to be no less ?an #cj1jjj doll>s4 ,small] pieces f ! size ( a bean to t ( a pea1 su* z are fit = ! beads ( necklaces or ros>ies1 are valu$ at f two to f\r %ill+s p] p\nd1 & ! grit or amb] rubbi% :i* is us$ = v>ni%+1 fumigat+1 or ! manufacture ( oil & acid ( amb]1 is wor? no m ?an f ?ree to eighte5 p5ce4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t amb]1 :5 melt$ or dissolv$1 is incapable ( coalesc+ into l>g] masses ) ! ret5tion ( all its =m] qualities1 z !n its value w\ld be consid]ably great]4 ,l>ge amb] vases w\ld !n ornam5t ! ap>tm5ts ( ! weal?y1 & ! corpses ( ! illu/ri\s dead might repose 9 transp>5t %r9es1 & _! features be pres]v$ f decay = _m ages4 ,! trade 9 r\gh amb] is almo/ exclusively 9 ! h&s ( ! ,jews1 :o pur*ase x f ! amb]-fi%]s1 or are int]e/$ 9 ! digg+s :i* are made on mo/ ( ! littoral e/ates4 ,?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! small] collectors1 x is !n conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ri* trad]s1 :o sell or export x 9 l>g] assortm5ts4 ,! be/ qualities only ( transluc5t1 milky1 or semi-opaque amb] f9d a ready sale 9 ! ,ori5tal m>ket1 :]e !y are almo/ exclusively us$ = mak+ ! m\?-pieces to pipes1 & ^! =m an ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! ,turki% ts*ib\que2 = !re is a curr5t belief among ! ,ea/]n nations t amb] is incapable ( transmitt+ infection4 ,e ,turki% pa%a sets 8 pride on a ri* collection ( pipes1 z x is ! hospitable cu/om ( ! ,ori5t to (f] a cup ( c(fee & a hookah or ts*ib\que to a /rang]2 & ?is fa%ion is ( no small importance to ! amb]-deal]s ( ! ,baltic4 ,a some:at inf]ior quality is s5t by way ( ,cop5hag5 & ,london to ,*9a1 ,japan1 & to ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies4 ,russia also consumes a consid]able quantity ( amb]1 :i* is v elegantly turn$ or manufactur$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg & ,polang51 & !nce f9ds its way ov] ! :ole empire4 ,"h1 z among ! ,turks1 only ! transluc5t & p]fectly opaque :ite qualities are e/eem$2 ! latt] be+ *iefly employ$ = ! manufacture ( ! calculat+ tables :i* are commonly us$ by ! ,russian m]*ants4 ,necklaces ( transp>5t amb] are 9 great reque/ among ! peasantry ( ,hanov] & ,brunswick1 :]e /r+s ( pale-col\r$ cry/all9e beads weigh+ f half a p\nd to a p\nd are wor? f fifty to sixty doll>s4 ,amb] ( a deep] col\r & ( a r\nd$ =m is *iefly export$ to ,spa91 ,france1 & ,italy4 ,?us ea* c\ntry *ooses accord+ to its ta/e among ! abundant amb]-masses :i* ext9ct =e/s furni% to ! inhabitants ( ! ,baltic coa/-l&s1 & :i* trade1 ?r\gh a hundr$ kn[n & unkn[n *annels1 scatt]s ov] ! :ole surface ( ! globe4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,m9]al ,,sub/ances ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,arts4 ,alum--,alum ,m9es ( ,tolfa--,borax--,! ,suffioni 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,lagoons-- ,*9a ,clay3 h[ =m$8--,its ,manufacture 9 ,cornwall--,plumbago--,em]y-- ,tripolite4 ,alum1 a d\ble salt1 consi/+ ( sulphate ( alum9a 7! peculi> e>? ( clay7 & sulphate ( pota%1 or sulphate ( alum9a & sulphate ( ammonia1 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 :o us$ x 9 m$ic9e1 z x is n[ us$1 & also z a mordant 9 dye+1 z at ! pres5t day4 ,_! alum 0 *iefly a natural production1 :i* 0 be/ & mo/ abundantly obta9$ 9 ,egypt4 ,9 lat] times ,phocis1 ,lesbos1 & o!r places suppli$ ! ,turks ) alum = _! magnific5t ,turkey r$2 & ! ,g5oese m]*ants import$ l>ge quantities f ! ,levant into ,we/]n ,europe = ! dy]s ( r$ clo?4 ,9 #adei ,b>?olomew ,p]dix1 a ,g5oese m]*ant :o _h be5 9 ,syria1 obs]v$ a /one suitable = alum 9 ! ,isl& ( ,is*ia1 & burn+ x ) a good result1 0 ! fir/ :o introduc$ ! manufacture into ,europe4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,john di ,ca/ro le>nt ! me?od at ,con/ant9ople1 & manufactur$ alum at ,tolfa4 ,?is discov]y ( ! m9]al ne> ,civita ,vec*ia 0 consid]$ s important by ,john di ,ca/ro t he ann\nc$ x to ! ,pope z a great victory ov] ! ,turks1 :o annually took f ! ,*ri/ians #cjj1jjj pieces ( gold = _! dy$ wool4 ,! manufacture ( alum 0 !n made a monopoly ( ! ,papacy2 & in/ead ( buy+ x z be=e f ! ,ea/1 x 0 consid]$ a ,*ri/ian duty to obta9 x only f ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur*4 ,) ! progress ( ,prote/antism1 h[ev]1 ! manufacture began to spread to o!r c\ntries4 ,hesse-,cassel began to make alum 9 #aeed1 & 9 #afjj alum slate 0 f\nd ne> ,:itby 9 ,york%ire4 ,alum-/one is a r>e m9]al1 :i* conta9s all ! elem5ts ( ! salt1 b mix$ ) o!r matt]s f :i* x mu/ be fre$4 ,= ?is purpose x is fir/ calc9$1 !n expos$ to ! wea!r1 9 heaps f two to ?ree feet high1 :i* are cont9ually kept moi/ by spr9kl+ !m ) wat]4 ,z ! wat] comb9es ) ! alum1 ! /ones crumble d[n & fall ev5tually into a pa/y mass1 :i* mu/ be lixiviat$ ) w>m wat]1 & all[$ to settle 9 a l>ge ci/]n4 ,! cle> liquor on ! surface1 be+ drawn (f1 is to be evaporat$ & !n cry/allis$4 ,a second cry/allisation f9i%es ! process1 & furni%es a m>ketable article4 ,?us ! ,roman alum is made2 b its production be+ f> f en\gh = ! supply ( ! _w1 ! great] portion ( ! alum f\nd 9 ,briti% comm]ce is made f alum- slate & analog\s m9]als1 :i* conta9 only ! elem5ts ( two ( ! con/itu5ts1 namely1 clay & sulphur1 & to :i*1 !re=e1 ! alkal9e +r$i5t mu/ be add$4 ,borax1 or ,borate ( ,soda1 is a sub/ance ext5sively us$ 9 ! glazes ( porcela91 & rec5tly 9 ! mak+ ( ! mo/ brilliant cry/al :5 comb9$ ) oxide ( z9c4 ,=m]ly its *ief supply 0 obta9$ "u ! "n ( ,t9cal1 f ,?ibet1 :]e ! crude product 0 dug 9 masses f ! edges & %all[ p>ts ( a salt lake2 &1 9 ! c\rse ( a %ort "t1 ! holes ?us made 7 aga9 fill$4 ,crude borax is also f\nd 9 ,*9a1 ,p]sia1 ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon1 & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 b at pres5t by f> ! l>ge/ quantity us$ 9 comm]ce is d]iv$ f ! lagoons ( ,tuscany1 :]e vap\rs *>g$ ) a m9ute quantity ( boracic acid rise f volcanic v5ts4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( ?is acid1 9 ! "t ( ! ,gr& ,duke ,leopold ,i41 by ! *emi/ ,hoef]1 ! fetid od\r develop$ by ! accompany+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 & ! disruptions ( ! gr\nd occasion$ by ! appe>ance ( new suffioni or v5ts ( vap\r1 _h made ! sup]/iti\s natives reg>d !m z a diabolical sc\rge1 :i* !y va9ly s\ght to remove by prie/ly exorcisms2 b s9ce #ahah ! skill1 or r ! indu/rial g5ius1 ( ,c\nt ,l>d]el1 orig9ally a simple w&]+ m]*ant1 has r5d]$ ^! once abhorr$ fugitive vap\rs a s\rce ( prosp]ity to ! c\ntry1 & 7 !y to cease1 all ! sa9ts ( ! cal5d> w\ld be invok$ = _! return4 ,by a mo/ +5i\s contrivance ! wat]s :i* h be5 impregnat$ by ! volcanic /eams are conc5trat$ 9 lead5 res]voirs by ! heat ( ! vap\rs !mselves4 ,! liquid1 aft] hav+ fill$ ! fir/ comp>tm5t1 is diffus$ v gradually into ! second1 !n into ! ?ird1 & successively to ! la/1 :]e x rea*es su* a /ate ( conc5tration t x deposits ! cry/allis$ acid1 :i* ! workm5 imm$iately remove by means ( wood5 scrap]s4 ,z ?is mode ( gradual conc5tration requires v few h&s & no artificial heat1 a circum/ance ( great importance 9 a c\ntry )\t fuel1 x may almo/ be said t ! acid is obta9$ )\t exp5se4 ,! produce ( ! lagoons am\nts to m ?an #b1jjj tons annually4 ,*9a-clay1 or kaol91 a sub/ance l>gely us$ = ! fabrication ( porcela9 & 9 pap]-mak+1 is qu>ri$ f amid/ ! granitic masses ( ,d>tmoor & ,cornwall4 ,x results f ! decomposition ( felsp>1 ! *ief con/itu5t ( granite1 & is ?us1 to a c]ta9 po9t1 provid$ by ,nature4 ,z x is1 h[ev]1 mix$ ) _m gross] p>ticles1 x requires repeat$ wa%+s 9 a s]ies ( small pits or tanks1 until f9ally ! wat]1 /ill hold+ 9 susp5sion ! f9] & pur] *9a-clay1 is admitt$ into l>g] ponds4 ,"h ! clay is gradually deposit$1 & ! cle> wat] on ! surface is f "t to "t dis*>g$ by plug-holes on "o side ( ! pond4 ,?is process is cont9u$ until by repeat$ accumulations ! ponds are fill$4 ,! clay is !n remov$ to l>ge pans ab\t a foot & a half 9 dep?1 :]e x rema9s expos$ to ! air until x is ne>ly dry--a t$i\s op]ation 9 our damp climate1 z dur+ ! w9t] at lea/ eight mon?s are necess>y1 :il/ dur+ ! summ] less ?an half ! "t suffices4 ,:5 ! clay is 9 a fit /ate x is cut into oblong masses & c>ri$ to ! dry+-h\se1 a %$ ! sides ( :i* are op5 wood5 frames con/ruct$ 9 ! usual way = keep+ (f ! ra91 b admitt+ ! free passage ( ! air4 ,! clay ?us prep>$ is next scrap$ p]fectly clean1 & is !n pack$ up into casks & c>ri$ to "o ( ! adjac5t ports1 to be %ipp$ = ! pott]ies or ! pap] manufactories4 ,x is ( a beautiful & uni=m :it5ess1 & is p]fectly smoo? & s(t to ! t\*4 ,*9a-clay is an important article ( comm]ce4 ,! av]age annual production ( ,cornwall & ,devon%ire am\nts to #aje1jjj tons1 & x is reckon$ t m ?an #bjj1jjjl4 is annually sp5t 9 ,cornwall 9 obta9+ & prep>+ x4 ,z 9 our times no bran* ( indu/ry rema9s unimprov$1 a ma*9e has rec5tly be5 inv5t$ :i* greatly accel]ates ! dry+4 ,! lumps ( *9a-clay are plac$ 9 ! comp>tm5ts ( ! dry+ ma*9e1 & ! :ole is !n rotat$ ) great velocity4 ,?us ! wat] is ?r[n (f by ! op]ation ( ! c5trifugal =ce1 & two tons ( clay c be dri$ 9 five m9utes4 ,! rem>kable contra/ betwe5 ! extreme h>dness & s(tness ( ! same primitive rock is a curiosity ( geology well wor? notice4 #8,a /one1' says ! au?or ( #8,cornwall & its ,m9es1' #8is primevally fus$ & cool$ into z h>d a sub/ance z nature af=ds2 s h>d t x paves our /reets 9 long endur+ slabs & blocks4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( feet pass+ daily ov] x make no impression ^u x4 ,ye>s ( travel only see x smoo? & %9+4 ,! m5 :o pass ov] x pass away1 b x is /ill durable & uns(t5$4 ,halls & mansions1 clubs & palaces1 are built ( x1 & x endures unm>k$ by ,"t's dev\r+ too?4 ,is x n adamant9e8 ,b lo6 :at is t elegant cup f :i* y are sipp+ y\r tea8 ,x is ( ,worce/]%ire *9a1 f9e & almo/ pellucid4 ,well1 x is made out ( ! s(t ru9s ( t v granite ^: endurance is prov]bial4 ,h[ rem>kable t ! be/ types ( firmness & fragility %\ld be f\nd 9 ! same /one6 ,:at ! imm5se bill[s ( ! ,atlantic are n[ beat+ ^u1 at ! ,l&'s ,end1 )\t effect1 t v sub/ance has be5 f\nd 9 su* a friable natural condition z to be f9ally m\ld$ into t vase :i* /&s1 elegant & admir$1 ^u y\r mantelpiece1 & :i* "o puff ( w9d1 or "o :irl ( a lady's silk dress1 w\ld da% d[n into innum]able & unm5dable fragm5ts4' ,valuable kaol9s are likewise f\nd 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 9 ,saxony & ,france2 b ! production is n[h]e s ext5sive z 9 ,cornwall4 ,! be/ quality ( ,plumbago1 graphite1 or black-lead1 f :i* ! f9e/ lead-p5cils 7 made1 0 =m]ly abundantly suppli$ by ! m9e ( ,borr[dale 9 ,cumb]l&4 ,at "o "t z mu* z #ajj1jjjl4 0 realis$ 9 a ye>1 ! plumbago sell+ at =ty-five %ill+s p] p\nd4 ,its high value1 h[ev]1 prov$ a s\rce ( loss to ! proprietors1 = robb]y f\nd "h a mo/ pr(itable field4 ,ev5 ! gu>d /ation$ ov] x by ! own]s 0 ( little avail aga9/ det]m9$ ?ieves1 = ab\t a c5tury ago a body ( m9]s broke into ! m9es by ma9 =ce1 & held possession ( x = a consid]able "t4 ,! treasure 0 !n protect$ by a build+ consi/+ ( f\r rooms ^u ! gr\nd floor1 & imm$iately "u "o ( !m is ! op5+1 secur$ by a trapdoor1 ?r\gh :i* alone workm5 c\ld ent] ! int]ior ( ! m\nta94 ,! m9e has n[1 h[ev]1 n be5 work$ = _m ye>s4 ,its #8ne/s' ( plumbago seem to be exhau/$1 & x is no long] an object capable ( excit+ gre$1 or wor?y ( anxi\s protection4 ,at pres5t ! m9es ( ,bat\gal1 ne> ,irkutsk 9 ,ea/ ,sib]ia1 furni% l>ge quantities ( graphite ( ! v be/ quality2 & ! plumbago f ,ceylon is likewise highly e/eem$4 ,inf]ior qualities--employ$ = c\nt]act+ friction betwe5 rubb+ surfaces ( wood or metal1 = mak+ crucibles & portable furnaces1 = giv+ a gloss to ! surface ( ca/ iron1 c4 c4--are suppli$ by ,l[] ,au/ria1 ,bohemia1 ,bav>ia1 ,ticond]ago 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ar5dal 9 ,norway1 ,f9l&1 c4 c4 ,! "n black-lead appli$ to plumbago1 f its resembl+ lead 9 its ext]nal appe>ance1 is v inappropriate1 z n a p>ticle ( t metal ent]s into its composition4 ,plumbago might inde$ m ju/ly be call$ black-diamond1 =1 consi/+1 9 its pure /ate1 ( c>bon1 x is consequ5tly b ano!r =m ( ! *ief ( preci\s /ones4 ,! beautiful ori5tal ruby has likewise a humble c\s9 among ! useful m9]als1 z x is id5tical 9 composition ) ,em]y1 :i*1 s9ce ! remote/ antiquity1 has be5 employ$ = ! gr9d+ ( metals & glass4 ,em]y 0 =m]ly almo/ exclusively furni%$ by ! isl& ( ,naxos2 b s9ce #ahdg new m9es h be5 discov]$ 9 "s o!r isles ( ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,smyrna1 f :i* place x is n[ import$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,9 #ahej ! total production ( ! ,ea/ am\nt$ to #a1ejj tons4 ,9 #ahfd a consid]able m9e ( em]y 0 discov]$ at ,*e/] 7,hampd5 ,c\nty1 ,massa*usetts71 & z might be expect$ 9 a c\ntry :]e none ( ! gifts ( nature are all[$ to be wa/$1 already provides = ! wants ( all ! manufactories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,tripolite1 a m9]al relat$ to ! preci\s opal1 z x consi/s almo/ entirely ( silica1 is likewise us$ = poli%+ /ones1 metals1 & glasses4 ,its composition is truly rem>kable1 z x is actually =m$ ( ! exuvi1 or r ! fl9ty envelopes ( diatoms1 :i* belong to ! m9ute/ =ms ( vegetable life4 ,!y are recognis$ ) su* di/9ctness 9 ! microscope t ! analogies betwe5 !m & liv+ species may be readily trac$1 & 9 _m cases !re are no appreciable diff]5ces betwe5 ! liv+ & ! petrifi$4 ,z e cubic in* ( tripolite conta9s millions ( ^! exuvi1 & ! /one n seldom occurs 9 deposits (t5 _m miles 9 area1 imag9ation is at a loss to conceive ! innum]able multitudes ( organis$ atoms ^: fl9ty rema9s h be5 pil$ up 9 ^! masses ( h>d rock4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,celebrat$ ,,qu>ries4 ,c>r>a--,! ,p5telikon--,! ,p>ian ,qu>ries--,rosso antico & ,v]de antico--,! ,porphyry ( ,elfdal--,! ,gypsum ( ,montm>tre--,! ,alaba/] ( ,volt]ra--,! ,slate ,qu>ries ( ,wales--#8,pr9cesses' & #8,du*esses'-- #8,ladies' & #8,fat ,ladies'--,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nt ne> ,mae/ri*t--,egyptian ,qu>ries--,hagg> ,silsilis--,! ,latomi ( ,syracuse--,a ,triumph ( ,poetry4 ,besides metals1 & ! v>i\s m9]als m5tion$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 ! solid e>?-r9d furni%es an inexhau/ible supply ( m>bles1 slates1 & /ones = build+ or pav+2 & _! extraction occupies a va/ numb] ( indu/ri\s h&s4 ,9 a popul> "w on geology1 publi%$ "s ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,burat in=ms u t ab\t #gj1jjj p]sons 7 employ$ 9 ! #ah1jjj m or less important qu>ries at t "t work$ 9 ,france1 & t ! produce ( _! lab\r am\nt$ to a value ( m ?an #b1jjj1jjjl4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! qu>ries ( ,engl& or ,g]many are at lea/ equally productive1 & ?us a v mod]ate e/imate leads u to ! conclusion t ! qu>ries ( ,europe1 f ^? :i* furni% ! co/lie/ m>ble to ^? :i* yield ! commone/ build+-/one1 employ at lea/ half a million ( workm51 & produce an annual value ( no less ?an #ab1jjj1jjjl41 a sum :i* is probably d\bl$ or trebl$ be=e ! heavy mat]ials c be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! consum]4 ,a l& ribb$ ) /one1 l ,engl&1 has !re=e a consid]able advantage ov] a flat alluvial pla91 l ,holl&1 z x possesses 9 its rocky f\ndations a s\rce ( weal? :i* nature has d5i$ to ! latt]4 ,?\gh sev]al o!r /ones1 su* z granite & porphyry1 are susceptible ( a f9e poli%$ surface1 & s]ve = ! decoration ( palaces & *ur*es1 yet m>ble or pure compact lime/one is *iefly us$ = ornam5tal purposes1 bo? on acc\nt ( its beautifully v>iegat$ t9ts1 & its inf]ior h>dness1 :i* all[s x to be m easily work$4 ,our ,d]by%ire & ,devon%ire qu>ries supply a great v>iety ( ri*ly col\r$ m>bles2 b ! be/ mat]ial = ! sculptor is suppli$ by ! lime/one m\nta9s ( ,c>r>a1 :i* furni% a homog5e\s m>ble ( ! pure/ :ite1 ) a f9e granul> texture1 resembl+ t ( loaf sug>4 ,^! f>-fam$ qu>ries1 :i* 7 work$ by ! anci5ts1 hav+ be5 op5$ 9 ! "t ( ,julius ,cs>1 are situat$ betwe5 ,spezzia & ,lucca1 9 ! ,alpe ,apuana1 a small m\nta9-gr\p no less rem>kable = its bold & %>p outl9es ?an = its almo/ total isolation f ! monoton\s *a9 ( ! ,ap5n9es1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by a wide semicircul> pla94 ,:]e ! ,alpe ,apuana faces ! sea1 x is *iefly =m$ ( magnesian & glimm] slate1 9 :i* l>ge masses ( lime/one are imb$d$2 b ! m inl& "p ( ! gr\p belongs entirely to ! lime/one =mation1 & ab\nds 9 romantic sc5]y & noble peaks t[]+ to a height ( six ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,t[>ds its nor?-we/]n extremity rises ,monte ,sacro 7#e1bjj feet 9 height71 ! fam\s m>ble m\nta9 on ^: slopes are scatt]$ ! qu>ries to :i* ! small t[n ( ,c>r>a owes its anci5t & _w-wide celebrity4 ,! qu>ries !mselves by no means af=d an impos+ sight1 z !y are mo/ly small1 & v badly work$2 b x is int]e/+ to wat* ! transport ( ! huge blocks ( sup]b mat]ial f ! v>i\s gl5s 9 :i* ! qu>ries are situat$1 :ile ! num]\s wat]-mills = cutt+ or poli%+ ! m>ble enliv5 ! :ole neighb\rhood4 ,9 ! t[n ( ,c>r>a num]\s sculptors are con/antly employ$ 9 r\gh-hew+ ! m>ble into v>i\s =ms1 su* z capitals1 friezes1 bu/s1 c41 c41 9 ord] to dim9i% ! co/ ( transport1 or to discov] faults 9 ! /one be=e x is %ipp$4 ,!re are also %ops :]e m>ble tr9kets or ornam5ts are expos$ = sale2 b ,flor5ce1 ,leghorn1 & ,g5oa are ! *ief dpts ( ready-made m>ble articles1 su* z vases1 urns1 sculptur$ *imney-pieces1 & copies ( r5[n$ /atues4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( fruit are also execut$ 9 m>ble1 & ) ! aid ( col\r made to imitate nature s closely z to deceive ! eye4 ,9 ,c>r>a ! inf]ior qualities ( m>ble are us$ = build+ & pav+1 z x is "h ! *eape/ mat]ial4 ,! w9d[ & door frames1 ! floor+ & ! *imney slabs1 9 ev5 ! meane/ h\ses1 are made ( m>ble1 & =m a /rik+ contra/ to ! squalid pov]ty ( ! rema9d] ( ! furniture4 ,! qu>ries :i* furni%$ ! mat]ial = ! f9e/ works ( ! ,grecian *isel p>take ( ! int]e/ :i* atta*es to e ve/ige ( anci5t art4 ,ab\t eight miles to ! nor? ( ,a!ns rises ! ,p5telikon1 or ,m\nt ,p5teles1 f ^: flanks 0 excavat$ ! m>ble t s]v$ = ! con/ruction ( ! ,p>!non1 ( ! ,temple ( ! ,olympian ,zeus1 & ( ! o!r mat*less edifices ( ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,no o!r qu>ries 9 ! _w c boa/ ( _! mat]ial hav+ und]gone a m beautiful trans=mation1 = nev] has m>ble be5 m highly ennobl$ ?an by ! g5ius ( ,pheidias6 ,! anci5t roads asc5d+ f ! foot ( ! m\nta9 to ! qu>ries /ill %[ ! traces ( ! sl$ges on :i* 7 transport$ ! huge blocks ( m ?an tw5ty tons 9 weight t n[ lie scatt]$ among ! ru9s ( ! ,acropolis4 ,on ! summit ( ! ,p5telikon ! ,a!nians _h plac$ a /atue ( ,pallas ,a!ne1 t ! goddess might ov]look ! l& devot$ to h] wor%ip4 ,"h1 f a height ( #c1ejj feet1 %e look$ d[n ^u ! pla9 ( ,m>a?on1 & _m o!r spots ( ev]la/+ r5[n2 b ! outl9es ( ! prospect are monoton\s & nak$1 & require = _! embelli%m5t ! beautify+ remembrances ( ! pa/4 ,m\nt ,m>p5a1 9 ! isl& ( ,p>os1 furni%$ ! mo/ r5[n$ /atu>y m>ble ( anci5t times4 ,x 0 call$ ,ly*nites because its qu>ries 7 work$ by lamp-light1 9 deep1 m9elike excavations2 & ! difficulty & co/ ( its extraction %[ h[ highly x 0 priz$4 ,x has a yell[i% :ite col\r & a texture compos$ ( f9e %9+ scales ly+ 9 all directions4 ,! celebrat$ ,arundelian m>bles at ,ox=d consi/ ( ,p>ian m>ble1 z does also ! ,m$icean ,v5us4 ,m ?an tw5ty c5turies h elaps$ s9ce ! ,p>ian qu>ries 7 ab&on$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! decay ( ,grecian art2 b 9 our ent]pris+ days a company has be5 =m$ 7#aheg7 = work+ ! beautiful m>ble :i* has be5 rec5tly discov]$ ne> ,/4 ,m9as1 n f> f ! site ( ! anci5t qu>ries1 & is said to be sup]ior n only to t ( ,c>r>a b ev5 to ! r5[n$ ,ly*nites ( ! anci5ts4 ,! qu>ries :i* 9 old5 times furni%$ ! beautifully col\r$ m>bles call$ ,rosso antico & ,v]de antico _h likewise = _m c5turies be5 ab&on$ & totally =gott54 ,9 #ahdf !y 7 r$iscov]$ on ! isl& ( ,t9o & 9 ! ,ma9a by ,pr(essor ,siegel1 :o soon aft] und]took to "w !m1 & has furni%$1 among o!rs1 a l>ge numb] ( ! beautiful columns ( ,rosso antico :i* decorate ! int]ior ( ! c\rt ( ! basilica ( ,/4 ,paul's 9 ,rome4 ,! hamm] ( ! qu>ryman once m res\nds 9 ! wilds ( ! ,taygetos1 & ! lawless robb] ( ! ,ma9a already feels ! b5eficial influ5ce ( indu/ry4 ,on ! slopes ( ! m\nta9s :i* b\nd ! impetu\s ,oe/]dal ,elbe 9 ,sw$51 9 a wild & desolate c\ntry1 :]e ! pov]ty ( ! p is s great t !y frequ5tly gr9d ! b>k ( fir-trees to mix x ) _! bread1 are situat$ ! f9e/ qu>ries ( porphyry :i* ,europe possesses4 ,?is beautiful /one1 :i* attracts ! eye ev5 9 its unpoli%$ /ate1 consi/s ( a r$-br[n or blood-r$ mass1 9 :i* num]\s small fle%-col\r$ felsp> pieces are emb$d$4 ,aft] hav+ be5 r\gh-hewn on ! spot1 ! blocks are transport$ to ! neighb\r+ works ( ,elfdal1 :]e !y are cut & poli%$ into slabs1 vases1 *imney-pieces1 & o!r articles fit = ! decoration ( palaces4 ,! contra/ is mo/ /rik+ :51 aft] hav+ trav]s$ ! b>r5 neighb\rhood1 & /ill deeply impress$ ) ! sight ( pov]ty & di/ress on 8 road1 ! travell] sudd5ly f9ds himself be=e a gr\p ( h&some build+s :i* at once be> witness to ! activity )94 ,besides ! r$ porphyry ( ,elfdal1 t ( ! ,altai ,m\nta9s 9 ,asia des]ves to be notic$4 ,x consi/s ( a br[n-r$ mass ) sn[-:ite cry/als1 & is capable ( a v f9e poli%4 ,! qu>ries are situat$ on ! face ( a high rock on ! left bank ( ! ,kurgun1 "o ( ! wilde/ m\nta9 /reams ( ! ,altai1 ab\t "o hundr$ miles f ! t[n ( ,kolywansk1 :]e x is cut & poli%$4 ,gypsum1 or sulphate ( lime1 & ! peculi> =m ( t m9]al call$ ,alaba/]1 are sub/ances ( consid]able importance 9 ! arts4 ,r5d]$ m valuable by a slight admixture ( c>bonate ( lime1 ! gypsum ( ,montm>tre1 ne> ,p>is1 has long be5 celebrat$ = its excell5ce z a cem5t or /ucco4 ,x is f\nd re/+ on a lime/one ( m>9e orig91 & 9 "s places appe>s imm$iately b5ea? ! vegetable soil1 s t x c be readily & conv5i5tly work$ )\t hav+ rec\rse to subt]ranean excavation4 ,^! qu>ries furni% ! :ole ( nor!rn ,france ) ! well-kn[n pla/] ( ,p>is1 & ! value ( _! annual produce am\nts to n less ?an #ajj1jjjl4 ,:5 sulphate ( lime or gypsum assumes ! opaque1 consi/5t1 & semi-transp>5t =m ( alaba/]1 x is work$ l m>ble4 ,! pure :ite & h>d] v>ieties are usually employ$ = ! sculpture ( /atues & bu/s2 :ile ! s(t] k9ds are cut into vases1 boxes1 lamps1 & o!r ornam5tal objects4 ,! alaba/] qu>ries 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! anci5t ,etruscan t[n ( ,volt]ra are ! mo/ fam\s 9 ,europe1 & h af=d$ employm5t = _m c5turies to h] indu/ri\s population4 ,volt]ra exports h] beautiful produce to all p>ts ( ! _w1 ev5 z f> z ! int]ior ( ,*9a4 ,begg>y is "h unkn[n 7a r>e case 9 ,italy71 = ev5 wom5 & *ildr5 are all employ$ 9 cutt+1 saw+1 rasp+1 or fil+ alaba/]4 ,9 ! remote/ antiquity1 :5 ! city 0 /ill call$ ,vola?ri or ,volat]r1 ?is indu/ry 0 practis$ )9 h] walls1 & a collection ( sepul*ral urns & o!r works ( ,etruscan art conta9$ 9 ! t[n-hall be>s te/imony to h] anci5t skill4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 art seems to h deg5]at$ into m]e manufactur+ ability2 ! /atues & o!r objects are almo/ always repetitions ( ! same models1 & b v r>ely "s speculative p]son introduces a novelty1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ a some:at high] price = 8 w>es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f5rhyn ,,slate ,,qu>ry1 ,,nor? ,,wales4 ,great ,brita9 possesses app>5tly inexhau/ible quantities ( alaba/] 9 ! r$ m>l =mation 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,d]by1 :]e x has be5 work$ = _m c5turies4 ,! great bulk ( x is us$ = mak+ pla/] ( ,p>is1 & z a manure1 or z ! basis ( _m k9ds ( cem5ts4 ,= ^! common indu/rial purposes x is work$ by m9+ und]gr\nd1 & ! /one is bla/$ by gunp[d]2 b ?is %akes x s mu* z to r5d] x unfit = works ( ornam5t1 to procure blocks = :i* x is necess>y to h an op5 qu>ry4 ,by remov+ ! sup]9cumb5t m>l1 & lay+ b>e a l>ge surface ( ! rock1 ! alaba/]1 be+ v irregul> 9 =m1 & jutt+ out 9 sev]al p>ts1 c be sawn out 9 blocks ( a consid]able size & comp>atively s\nd4 ,?is /one1 :5 pres]v$ f ! action ( wat]1 :i* soon decomposes x1 is extremely durable1 z may be se5 9 *ur*es all ov] ?is c\ntry1 :]e monum5tal effigies _m c5turies old are /ill z p]fect z :5 !y proce$$ f ! sculptor's *isel4 ,! ,d]by%ire alaba/]1 commonly call$ ,d]by%ire sp>1 gives employm5t to a good _m h&s 9 =m+ x into useful & ornam5tal articles4 ,ano!r k9d ( alaba/] also f\nd 9 ,d]by%ire is cry/allis$ 9 long ne$lelike silky fibres1 :i*1 be+ susceptible ( a high poli% & q lu/r\s1 is us$ = mak+ necklaces1 bracelets1 broo*es1 & o!r small articles4 ,besides h] inexhau/ible coal1 iron1 & lead m9es1 ,wales possesses 9 h] slate qu>ries a great s\rce ( m9]al weal?4 ,= ?is article1 :i* _m w\ld suppose to be b ( second>y importance1 is "h f\nd 9 su* abundance & p]fection z to comm& a ready m>ket all ov] ! _w4 ,?us1 9 ,nor? ,wales ! face ( ! m\nta9s is ev]y:]e dott$ or sc>r$ ) slate qu>ries1 ( :i* by f> ! mo/ important & l>ge/ are ^? ( ,ll&egui1 six miles f ,bangor1 9 :i* m ?an ?ree ?\s& p]sons are employ$4 ,?is circum/ance alone w give an idea ( _! ext5t1 b /ill m _! hav+ _! own h>b\r1 ,port ,p5rhyn1 :i* holds vessels ( f #cjj to #djj tons1 & :5ce slates are s5t n only to all p>ts ( ,great ,brita91 b ev5 to ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! co/ ( ! incl9$ planes & railroads :i* s]ve to transport ! slates f ! qu>ries to ! port is said to h am\nt$ to #agj1jjjl4 ,! masses ( slate are ei!r deta*$ f ! rock by bla/+1 or by w$ges & cr[b>s4 ,!y are !n %ap$ on ! spot into ! v>i\s =ms = :i* !y are de/9$ to be us$4 ,?\gh ! qu>ries ( ,ll&egui are unrivall$1 yet !re are o!rs :i* give employm5t to workm5 ^: numb]s range f a ?\s& to fifte5 hundr$4 ,9 ^? t export _! produce by way ( ,c>n>von1 :i* owes its prosp]ity almo/ entirely to ?is bran* ( indu/ry1 ab\t #b1cjj m5 7 employ$ 9 ! ye> #ahdb1 & s9ce !n _! numb] has v mu* increas$4 ,walk+ on ! h&some new quay ( ! t[n1 ! visitor ev]y:]e sees slates ready = %ipm5t 9 ! num]\s small vessels :i* cr[d ! picturesque h>b\r4 ,!y are heap$ up & arrang$ or sort$ 9 l>ge regul> piles accord+ to _! dim5sions or quality1 ! #8ladies' & #8fat ladies' ap>t1 z also ! #8c\ntesses1' #8m>*ionesses1' #8pr9cesses1' #8du*esses1' & #8que5s1' = by ^! ari/ocratic names ! slate m]*ants di/+ui% ! v>i\s sizes ( ! humble article !y deal 94 ,kohl1 ! celebrat$ travell]1 rem>ks t1 :5ev] a new bran* ( indu/ry spr+s up 9 ,engl&1 a numb] ( active h&s & inv5tive heads set to "w to ext5d its application4 ,?is 0 also ! case ) ! ,wel% slates1 :51 ab\t half a c5tury ago1 !y fir/ began to attract ! notice ( ! comm]cial _w4 ,a poli% 0 soon inv5t$ 9 ,london :i* gave !m ! appe>ance ( ! f9e/ black m>ble4 ,z !y are easily work$ ) ! aid ( a turn+ la!1 !y c ?us be us$ = ! manufacture ( _m useful & ornam5tal articles1 :i* h all ! lu/re ( ebony1 & may be obta9$ at a mu* *eap] rate4 ,! qu>ries ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nt1 ne> ,mae/ri*t 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 are probably ! mo/ ext5sive 9 ,europe4 ,= ! :ite tuface\s lime/one ( ! m\nta9 has be5 us$ f "t immemorial bo? = build+ & manur+1 & ! enorm\s ext5t ( its cav]ns is p]haps ev5 ow+ 9 a great] measure to ! agriculturi/ ?an to ! ar*itect4 ,& yet ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nt1 situat$ ne> a t[n ( mod]ate ext5t1 w\ld h>dly h be5 excavat$ beyond ! limits ( a common qu>ry if ! broad ,meuse1 fl[+ at its foot1 _h n op5$ t[>ds ,holl& an almo/ unlimit$ m>ket = its produce4 ,sure ( be+ able to dispose ( all ! mat]ials !y c possibly extract f ! e>?1 ! qu>rym5 ( ! neighb\rhood are ?us ye>ly add+ new passages to ! labyr9?s at :i* s _m g5]ations ( _! =efa!rs h toil$ f age to age4 ,9 spr+ & summ] !y are mo/ly occupi$ ) agricultural pursuits1 & !n b r>ely leave ! light ( day to burr[ 9 ! entrails ( ! e>? by ! dismal #8%e5' ( smoky lamps2 b z soon z ! approa* ( w9t] puts a /op to ! lab\rs ( ! field1 !y desc5d into ! cavities ( ! m\nta91 & beg9 to excavate ! va/ m\nds ( /one or grit :i* are to be %ipp$ 9 ! foll[+ spr+4 ,accompani$ by a guide1 ! /rang] ent]s ^! amaz+ qu>ries1 t ext5d = miles into ! int]ior ( ! m\nta91 & is soon lo/ 9 wond] at _! endless passages1 p]petually cross+ ea* o!r to ! "r & left1 & end+ 9 utt] d>kness4 ,! dismal gr&eur ( ^! d>k regions is increas$ by _! awful sil5ce1 = b r>ely a drop ( wat] falls f ! vaults into a small pool bel[1 & ev5 ! voice ( man dies away )\t awak5+ an e*o4 ,b 9 ord] to make "o feel ! full impression ( night & sil5ce1 ! guide1 aft] p5etrat+ to "s di/ance into ! int]ior ( ! cave1 ext+ui%es 8 tor*4 ,a /range s5sation ( awe !n creeps ov] ! bolde/ he>t1 & by an almo/ irresi/ible in/9ct ! /rang] seeks ! ne>e/ wall1 z if to conv9ce himself t he has at lea/ ! s5se ( t\* to dep5d ^u :]e ! eye va9ly seeks = ! lea/ ray ( light1 & ! e> z va9ly li/5s = a s\nd4 ,!n also he feels h[ dreadful mu/ h be5 ! agonies ( ! despair+ wret*es :o1 hav+ lo/ _! way 9 ^! d>k labyr9?s1 pray$ & wept & %\t$ 9 va91 until _! la/ groans di$ away unhe>d4 ,x has n seldom happ5$ t p]sons h hopelessly /ray$ ab\t 9 ^! va/ cav]ns1 & !re sl[ly p]i%$1 :ile b a few fa?oms above ! lab\r] 0 driv+ 8 pl\gh =w>d or ! reap] s++ 8 ev5+ song4 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ! cav]ns an inscription on ! walls po9ts out :]e & "u :at circum/ances a corpse has be5 f\nd1 or a few traces ( black *alk give a rude portrait ( ! victim4 ,"h we read ! %ort /ory ( a workman :o1 los+ 8 way1 roam$ ab\t till ! la/ glimm] f 8 tor* di$ out 9 8 burnt f+]s2 !re t ( ano!r ^: lamp by "s *ance 0 ov]turn$1 & :o1 plung$ 9 sudd5 d>kness1 0 no long] able to f9d 8 way out ( "s remote passage4 ,! ,fr5* geologi/1 ,faujas de ,sa9t-,fond1 :o1 9 ! ye> #agih m9utely explor$ ! ,m\nt1 relates t "o day ! tor*es t 7 c>ri$ be=e him discov]$ at "s di/ance a d>k object /ret*$ out ^u ! floor1 :i* on a clos] inspection prov$ to be a corpse4 ,x 0 a %rivell$ mummy1 completely dress$1 ! hat ly+ close to ! head1 ! %oes sep>at$ f ! feet1 & a ros>y 9 its h&4 ,f ! dress ,faujas conjectur$ x to be ! body ( a workman1 & p]haps m ?an half a c5tury might h pass$ s9ce ! poor man di$ 9 ! qu>ry :i* _h probably giv5 him bread = _m a ye>4 ,! dry air1 & ! total abs5ce ( insects 9 ^! subt]ranean vaults1 expla9$ ! mummy-l pres]vation ( ! corpse4 ,9 ! ye> #afdj f\r ,franciscan monks resolv$1 = ! great] glory ( ,god & ( _! tutel>y sa9t1 to con/ruct a *apel 9 a des]t$ "p ( ! cav]ns4 ,tak+ ) !m a ?ick pack ( ?read1 !y atta*$ "o end ( x to a spot :]e ! trodd5 pa? ceas$1 & p5etrat+ deep] & deep] into ! unkn[n vaults z long z _! ?read la/$1 f9ally came to a l>g] cavity or hall1 :i* _h probably n be5 visit$ = c5turies1 b :i* 9 consequ5ce ( _! mis=tune has s9ce become "o ( ! %[-places ( ! qu>ry4 ,at ! entrance "o ( !m drew ) a piece ( coal a /ill exi/+ sket* ( 8 conv5t on ! wall1 & wrote und]nea? ! date ( ! discov]y :i* 0 to be s fatal to him & 8 companions4 ,:at mu/ h be5 _! dismay :51 wi%+ to retrace _! /eps1 !y discov]$ t1 by "s accid5t1 ! ?read :i* alone c\ld lead !m out ( ! labyr9? _h be5 sev]$1 & t !y 7 left )\t guide or compass 9 ! inextricable maze ( ! cav]ns4 ,! prior1 al>m$ at _! prolong$ abs5ce1 & kn[+ t !y _h visit$ ! qu>ries1 ord]$ !m to be s\ght =4 ,b su* is ! va/ ext5t ( ! excavations t x 0 only aft] sev5 days t _! corpses 7 f\nd1 ly+ closely toge!r1 _! faces d[nw>ds & _! h&s fold$1 z if _! la/ mom5ts _h be5 sp5t 9 pray]4 ,! cav]ns ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nt1 g5]ally devot$ only to ! pacific lab\rs ( ! qu>ryman or to unbrok5 sil5ce1 h once be5 ! sc5e ( a bloody fight2 & z ! quiet wat]s ( ! ,todt5see1 on ! heights ( ! ,grimsel1 h witness$ a sangu9>y battle betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ! ,russians1 s ^! subt]ranean vaults h once res\nd$ ) ! d9 ( fire-arms & ! %\ts ( embitt]$ enemies4 ,dur+ ! siege above m5tion$1 :i* br\ght ,mae/ri*t into ! p[] ( ! ,fr5* ,republic1 "s %>p%oot]s ( ! besieg+ army took up _! position 9 ! qu>ries4 ,! ,au/rians1 :o occupi$ ,=t ,/4 ,pi]re1 on ! back ( ! m\nta91 & _h already made sev]al successful sorties1 =m$ ! plan ( p5etrat+ into ! cav]ns f ! int]ior ( ! =t1 9 ! hope ( surpris+ ! enemy :o occupi$ _! entrances4 ,b z ! tor*es :i* light$ _! sil5t m>* betray$ _! int5tions1 ! ,fr5*m5 cauti\sly & sl[ly advanc$ ^u !m1 surpris$ !m ) a sudd5 volley ( musketry1 & drove back into ! dep?s ( ! cav]ns all ^? :o 7 n made prison]s or kill$4 ,to ! geologi/ ! qu>ries ( ,/4 ,pet]'s are p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 z ! calc>e\s tuff ( :i* !y are compos$ is extremely ri* 9 valuable petrifactions4 ,"h1 among o!rs1 0 f\nd1 9 #aggj1 ! fam\s skull ( ! ,mososaurus ,h(fmanni1 a giant liz>d tw5ty feet long1 :i* be=e ! discov]y ( ! /ill m colossal ,i*?yosauri 9 ,engl& & ,bav>ia 0 consid]$ z ! mo/ rem>kable fossil kn[n1 & n[ =ms "o ( ! *ief ornam5ts ( ! ,museum ( ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes 9 ,p>is4 ,!re are no subt]ranean animals peculi> to ! cav]ns ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 su* z h be5 f\nd 9 l>ge natural caves2 b foxes & m>t5s n seldom f9d "h a secure retreat1 & _m a bat hib]nates 9 _! w>m recesses4 ,ne> ! small village ,el ,mass>a1 :i*1 l all ! hamlets on ! ,nile1 /&s 9 a grove ( date-palms1 are situat$ ! qu>ries :i* furni%$ mat]ials = ! temples & pyramids ( ,memphis4 ,aft] hav+ fir/ trav]s$ a wide pla9 ( s&1 ! visitor rea*es ! foot ( ! ,mokattam m\nta94 ,"h ! gr\nd is ev]y:]e cov]$ ) enorm\s heaps ( rubbi% f ! qu>ries1 :i* look m l an attempt to cut ! :ole m\nta9 into blocks & c>ry x away ?an simple excavations = build+ mat]ials4 ,at fir/ sight ! travell] might inde$ almo/ fancy t all ! eighte5 ?\s& t[ns ( anci5t ,egypt mu/ h be5 dug out ( ^! /up5d\s excavations4 ,"h he may see ! m\nta9 cut ?r\gh f top to bottom1 & op5 spaces z l>ge z ! squ>es ( a great capital on a level ) ! pla91 :ile !re ! rock has be5 holl[$ out into enorm\s halls1 _! ro(s repos+ on titanic pila/]s4 ,9 "o spot ! rocky wall has be5 cut rectangul>ly1 aft] :i* x runs p>allel to ! riv] = a di/ance ( ab\t fifte5 hundr$ feet1 & !n aga9 projects at a "r angle t[>ds ! pla91 s t 9 ! space betwe5 ! w+s !re w\ld be room en\gh = a small t[n1 yet all ! /one :i* once fill$ ?is va/ cavity has be5 sawn f ! rock & c>ri$ ov] ! ,nile4 ,"h & !re enorm\s masses ( /one1 l ^? :i* 9 w9t] roll f ! high ,alps into ! valleys1 h fall5 f ! ov]hang+ rock4 ,_m be> evid5t traces t ! h& ( man orig9ally sev]$ !m f ! m\nta92 b _! size 0 su* z to baffle ev5 ! p]sev]ance & me*anical skill ( ! ,egyptians4 ,no p[] c\ld remove !m f ! spot1 & ?us !y rema9$ to be worn away by "t1 :i* z yet1 h[ev]1 has h>dly left a trace ( its passage ^u _! *isell$ sides4 ,f ! m\nds ( rubbi% t lie be=e ! op5+s ( ! qu>ries !re is a magnific5t view ( ! long l9e ( pyramids :i* m>k1 to ! we/1 ! extreme limits ( ! f]tile l&4 ,"h1 inde$1 is a place = m$itation1 = n[h]e d /ones prea* a m impressive s]mon6 ,! qu>ries ( ,hagg> ,silsilis1 9 a wild m\nta9\s c\ntry betwe5 ,assuan & ,edfu1 are on a /ill gr&] scale4 ,passages z broad z /reets1 runn+ on bo? sides betwe5 walls fifty or sixty feet high1 n[ /ret*+ /raight =w>d1 n[ curv+1 ext5d f ! ea/]n bank ( ! riv] into ! he>t ( ! m\nta91 :]e spaces h be5 holl[$ out l>ge en\gh to embrace ! ,roman ,colosseum6 ,to ! nor? numb]less ,cyclopean cav]ns h be5 hewn out1 & enorm\s colonnades /ret* along ! foot ( ! m\nta94 ,! r\gh-hewn irregul> ro( re/s ^u imm5se squ>e1 or _m-sid$1 pill>s1 frequ5tly eighty or a hundr$ feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,enorm\s blocks1 already completely sep>at$ f ! rock1 re/ on small] ones1 ready to be transport$1 :ile 9 o!r p>ts ! lab\rs ( ! qu>rym5 7 sudd5ly arre/$ by ! invasion ( ! =eign conqu]or :o put a /op to ! dom9ion ( ! prie/s4 ,! ,b$\91 a/oni%$ at ^! va/ works1 s ali5 to 8 rov+ habits1 exclaims at _! aspect1 ) a wond]+ mi51 #8,wallah6 if ^! unbeliev]s _h liv$ until n[1 !y w\ld h c>ri$ away ! :ole m\nta9 & levell$ x ) ! gr\nd6' ,syracuse1 ! pr\d city t vi$ ) ,rome itself1 & ! remembrance ( ^: magnific5ce & glory1 bo? 9 arts & arms1 w live z long z classical lit]ature1 is n[ r$uc$ to a heap ( rubbi%1 = h] rema9s des]ve n ! "n ( a city4 ,b ?\gh ev5 h] ru9s h mo/ly disappe>$1 #8etiam p]i]e ru91' yet ! va/ qu>ries :i* furni%$ ! mat]ials = h] palaces & temples /ill be> witness to h] anci5t gr&eur4 ,! ,latomi ( ! ,capu*9s1 ?us nam$ f a conv5t ( t ord]1 situat$ on ! rock above1 n[ =m a noble subt]ranean g>d51 "o ( ! mo/ romantic & beautiful spots imag9able4 ,mo/ ( x is ab\t "o hundr$ feet bel[ ! level ( ! e>?1 & ( an incr$ible ext5t4 ,! :ole is hewn out ( a rock z h>d z m>ble1 compos$ ( a concretion ( %ells1 gravel1 & o!r m>9e bodies4 ,! bottom ( ?is imm5se qu>ry1 f :i* pro bably ! greate/ "p ( ,syracuse 0 built1 is n[ cov]$ ) an exce$+ly ri* soil2 & z no w9d f any po9t ( ! compass c t\* x1 x is fill$ ) a great v>iety ( ! f9e/ %rubs & fruit-trees1 :i* be> ) prodigal luxuriance1 & are nev] bla/$4 ,! oranges1 citrons1 pomegranates1 & figs are all ( a rem>kable size1 &1 frequ5tly gr[+ out ( ! h>d rock1 :]e !re is no visible soil1 exhibit a v uncommon & pleas+ appe>ance4 ,?is qu>ry is ! same t ,cic]o eloqu5tly describes z ! va/ & magnific5t "w ( ! k+s & tyrants ( anci5t ,syracuse1 hewn out ( ! rock to a prodigi\s dep?4 ,x also s]v$ z a prison = ! ,a!nian soldi]s t 7 made captives dur+ ! ,peloponnesian w>1 & ev5 n[ ^! va/ excavations might be us$ = a simil> purpose1 z _! high & ov]hang+ walls =bid ! possibility ( escape1 & t5 m5 w\ld be able to gu>d t5 ?\s& )\t dang]4 ,yet ! g5ius ( ,euripides lib]at$ _m ( 8 c\ntrym5 f ?is deep pit ( bondage1 = happ5+ to s+ a *orus ( "o ( 8 immortal trag$ies1 !y mov$ ! tyrant to re/ore !m to lib]ty1 9 hon\r ( _! illu/ri\s fell[-citiz54 ,nev] has a m grateful (f]+ be5 aw>d$ to a poet's g5ius1 & nev] has ! magical p[] ( ! ,muses celebrat$ a nobl] triumph4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,preci\s ,,/ones4 ,diamonds--,diamond ,cutt+--,rose ,diamonds--,brilliants--,! ,diamond ,di/rict 9 ,brazil--,diamond ,lavras--,! great ,russian ,diamond--,! ,reg5t--,! ,koh-i-,noor--,its ,hi/ory--,! ,/> ( ! ,s\?--,diamonds us$ = ,indu/rial ,purposes--,! ,ori5tal ,ruby & ,sapphire--,! ,sp9el--,! ,*rysob]yl--,! ,em]ald--,! ,b]yl--,! ,zircon--,! ,topaz--,! ,ori5tal ,turquoise--,! ,g>net--,lapis ,lazuli--,! ,noble ,opal--,inf]ior ,preci\s ,/ones--,! ,agate-,cutt]s ( ,ob]/e9--,rock ,cry/al--,! ,rock-cry/al ,grotto ( ! ,gal5/ock4 ,9 =m] ages sup]/ition ascrib$ a /range my/]i\s p[] to preci\s /ones4 ,gems ( conspicu\s size or lu/re 7 suppos$ to conf] heal? & prosp]ity on _! own]s1 to pres]ve !m 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ appall+ dang]s1 or ev5 to give !m a comm& ov] ! _w ( spirits4 ,! crucible ( mod]n *emi/ry has1 inde$1 effectually dispell$ ^! illusions ( a poetic fancy2 b ! preci\s /ones h lo/ no?+ 9 value by _! nature be+ bett] kn[n4 ,!y are /ill ! fav\rite & mo/ co/ly ornam5ts ( weal? & beauty1 & !y /ill des]v$ly rank among ! wond]s ( creation4 ,= surely no fabl$ talismanic virtues c be m wor?y ( admiration ?an t natural p[] :i* 9 ! secret laboratories ( ! subt]ranean _w has caus$ _! atoms to unite 9 lu/r\s cry/als1 & imp>t$ to su* vulg> mat]ials z c>bon1 clay1 or s& ! gorge\s reflections ( ! ra9b[ or ! glori\s col\rs ( ! sett+ sun4 ,! diamond1 x is almo/ unnecess>y to say1 is ! *ief ( preci\s /ones1 none o!r equall+ x 9 brilliancy & refractive en]gy4 ,al?\gh g5]ally col\rless1 l pure rock-cry/al1 yet x is also f\nd ( e v>iety ( t9t1 f a roseate hue to crimson r$1 or f a pale yell[ to d>k gre5 & blue1 or ev5 black4 ,col\rless diamonds are 9 g5]al mo/ highly e/eem$1 b col\r$ /ones are sometimes ( an exquisite beauty1 & ( correspond+ value4 ,blue is an exce$+ly r>e col\r1 & "o ( ?is %ade1 ! celebrat$ ,hope diamond1 :i* weighs =ty-f\r & a half c>ats1#gj & unites ! *>m+ col\r ( ! sapphire ) ! prismatic fire ( ! diamond1 is valu$ at #be1jjjl4 ,footnote #gj3 ,! c>at is equal to #c gra9s ,troy weight4 ,z ! r\gh /ones are r>ely f\nd ) an ev5 or transp>5t surface1 ! assi/ance ( art is requir$ to develop _! full beauty4 ,! diamond1 be+ by f> ! h>de/ ( all sub/ances1 c only be cut & poli%$ by itself4 ,h5ce ! lapid>ies beg9 _! op]ations by rubb+ sev]al diamonds aga9/ ea* o!r :ile r\gh1 aft] hav+ fir/ glu$ !m to ! ends ( two wood5 blocks ?ick en\gh to be held 9 ! h&4 ,x is ! p[d] ?us rubb$ (f ! /ones1 & receiv$ 9 a little box = ! purpose1 t s]ves to gr9d & poli% !m4 ,! process ( diamond-cutt+ is effect$ by a horizontal iron plate ( ab\t t5 in*es' diamet]1 call$ a s*yf or mill1 :i* revolves f two ?\s& to ?ree ?\s& times p] m9ute1 & is spr9kl$ ov] ) diamond du/ mix$ ) oil ( olives4 ,! diamond is fix$ 9 a ball ( pewt] at ! end ( an arm re/+ ^u ! table on :i* ! plate revolves2 ! o!r end1 at :i* ! ball conta9+ ! diamond is fix$1 is press$ ^u ! :eel by movable weights at ! discretion ( ! workman4 ,! me?od ( cutt+ & poli%+ diamonds 0 unkn[n 9 ,europe be=e ! fifte5? c5tury1 b appe>s to h be5 practis$ long be=e 9 ,india1 ?\gh 9 a rude mann]4 ,! orig9al facett+ ( ! ,koh-i-,noor 0 ! "w ( an unkn[n & prehi/oric age4 ,! diamonds :i* 7 employ$ z ornam5ts be=e t p]iod1 z = in/ance ! f\r l>ge /ones :i* enri* ! clasp ( ! imp]ial mantle ( ,*>lemagne1 z n[ pres]v$ 9 ,p>is1 rema9$ 9 _! r\gh & uncut /ate4 ,! inv5tion is ascrib$ to ,l\is von ,b]gu51 a native ( ,bruges1 !n ! great emporium ( ,we/]n trade & luxury1 :o 9 ! ye> #adgf cut ! f9e diamond ( ,*>les ! ,bold2 & ev] s9ce t "t ,antw]p & ,am/]dam h ma9ta9$ ! fir/ rank 9 ! practice ( an art :i* might be suppos$ to h a m appropriate seat 9 ,london or ,p>is1 ! c5tres ( mod]n weal? & fa%ion4 ,diamonds are g5]ally cut ei!r z rose diamonds or z brilliants4 ,! rose diamond is flat b5ea?1 :ile ! upp] face rises into a dome1 & is cut into facets4 ,! brilliant1 :i* is always ?ree times z ?ick z ! rose diamond1 is likewise cut into facets1 b s z to =m two pyramids ris+ f a common c5tral base or girdle4 ,ea* pyramid is truncat$ at ! top by a section p>allel to ! girdle1 :i* cuts (f -#eah ( ! :ole height f ! upp] "o1 & -#aah f ! l[] "o4 ,! sup]ior & l>g] plane ?us produc$ is call$ ! table2 & ! inf]ior & small] "o is call$ ! collet4 ,al?\gh ! rose diamond projects bright beams ( light 9 m ext5sive proportion (t5 ?an ! brilliant1 yet ! latt] %[s an incomp>ably great] play1 f ! diff]5ce ( its cutt+4 ,9 execut+ ?is !re are =m$ ?irty-two faces ( diff]5t figures1 & incl9$ at diff]5t angles all r\nd ! table on ! upp] side ( ! /one1 :ile on ! "u side tw5ty-f\r o!r faces are made r\nd ! small table4 ,x is ess5tial t ! faces ( ! top & ! bottom %all correspond toge!r 9 suffici5tly exact proportions to multiply ! reflections & refractions1 s z to produce ! gorge\s display ( prismatic col\rs :i* r5d]s ! brilliant s pre- em95tly beautiful4 ,f ! h>dness ( ! diamond1 its cutt+ is a v t$i\s & exp5sive op]ation1 requir+ m "t 9 ! proportion ( fifty to "o ?an ! cutt+ ( ! sapphire1 :i* comes next to x 9 h>dness4 ,exp]im5t has det]m9$ t ! diamond consi/s ( pure c>bon1 s t ! same sub/ance :i* 9 its common black /ate is utt]ly wor?less 9 v small quantities1 becomes ! mo/ co/ly ( preci\s /ones1 :5 x makes its appe>ance 9 ! cry/all9e =m4 ,already ,newton1 by obs]v+ ! extraord9>y refractive p[] ( ! diamond1 _h be5 l$ to place x among combu/ibles2 b ,cosmo ,,iii41 ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 0 ! fir/ :o prov$ ! tru? ( ?is bold conjecture by actual obs]vation4 ,he expos$ diamonds to ! heat ( ! p[]ful burn+ glass ( ,ts*rnhaus51 & saw !m vani% 9 a few mom5ts into air4 ,! =mation ( ! diamond 9 nature is "o ( ! _m problems :i* #8our philosophy' has n yet enabl$ u to solve4 ,"t is an elem5t :i* ent]s l>gely into nature's works2 %e occupies a ?\s& or ev5 ?\s&s ( ye>s to produce a result1 :ile man 9 8 exp]im5ts is conf9$ to a few ye>s at mo/4 ,! mo/ anci5tly r5[n$ diamond di/ricts are situat$ 9 ! ,indian p59sula1 9 ! k+doms ( ,golconda & ,visap\r1 ext5d+ f ,cape ,comor9 to ,b5gal1 at ! foot ( a *a9 ( m\nta9s call$ ! ,orixa1 :i* appe> to belong to ! trap-rock =mation4 ,tav]ni] describes !m z giv+ employm5t to ?\s&s ( workm51 b !y seem n[ to be all b exhau/$4 ,we are b little acqua9t$ ) ! diamond m9es ( ,l&ak 9 ,borneo1 ?\gh ,ida ,pfeiff]1 on h] second voyage r\nd ! _w1 obta9$ p]mission to visit !m1 a fav\r b r>ely accord$ to /rang]s by ! suspici\s pot5tate to :om !y belong4 ,s mu* is c]ta91 t v few /ones f ?is qu>t] f9d _! way to ! civilis$ _w1 :i* at pres5t draws its *ief supplies f ! m9es ( ,s]ro d ,frio & ,s9cora 9 ,brazil4 ,:5 diamonds 7 fir/ f\nd 9 ! ,s]ro d ,frio1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! real value ( ! glitt]+ cry/als 0 s little kn[n t !y 7 made use ( z c>d-m>ks by ! plant]s ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,an inspector ( m9es1 :o _h be5 "s "t 9 ,india1 0 ! fir/ :o discov]$ _! true nature4 ,wisely keep+ 8 secret to himself1 he collect$ a l>ge quantity ( !m1 & escap$ ) 8 treasure to ,europe4 ,9 #agbi1 ! gov]nor ( ,brazil1 ,don ,l\r5o de ,almeida1 s5t "s ( ! transp>5t /ones ( ! ,s]ro to ! c\rt ( ,lisbon ) ! rem>k t he suppos$ !m to be diamonds1 & ?us ! att5tion ( ,gov]nm5t 0 at l5g? attract$ to _! value4 ,by a decree ( ! #h? ( ,febru>y1 #agcj1 ! diamond di/rict 0 plac$ "u ! rule ( an ,int5dant1 arm$ ) ! mo/ arbitr>y p[]s4 ,n only all /rang]s 7 c>efully exclud$ f its limits1 b n ev5 a ,portuguese or a ,brazilian 0 all[$ to tread its =bidd5 gr\nd )\t a special p]mission2 its population 0 limit$ to a scanty numb]1 nor dur/ ! f\ndation ( a new h\se be laid unless 9 ! pres5ce ( magi/rates & m9+ inspectors4 ,a sy/em ( secret delations 0 introduc$ wor?y ( ! wor/ times ( ! ,inquisition1 & _m an innoc5t p]son 0 bani%$1 imprison$1 or transport$ to ,africa1 )\t ev5 kn[+ 8 accus]1 or ! trespass laid to 8 *>ge4 ,9 "o ^w despotism seem$ to h exhau/$ all h] inv5tive p[]s = ! purpose ( secur+ to ! ,cr[n ! monopoly ( ! co/lie/ gem on e>?4 ,b 9 spite ( e precaution1 x 0 impossible to put d[n ! contrab& trade 9 diamonds4 ,! audacity ( ! smuggl]s increas$ ) ! ob/acles plac$ 9 _! way1 s t a f> m consid]able quantity ( diamonds 0 secretly sold & export$ ?an ev] came into ! h&s ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,trav]s+ ! deep =e/s on almo/ inaccessible m\nta9 pa?s1 ! bold free-trad]s met1 at "s place ( appo9tm5t1 ! negroes :o _h be5 able to secrete "s ( ! preci\s /ones1 & paid !m a trifle = diamonds :i* beyond ! limits ( ! di/rict 7 wor? at lea/ tw5ty times ! price giv54 ,sometimes ev5 ! smuggl]s se>*$ = diamonds !mselves 9 ! unfrequ5t$ wild]ness4 ,:ile "s 7 wa%+ ! s&s1 o!rs kept wat* ^u an em95ce1 & gave notice ( ! approa* ( ! soldi]s1 :o 7 con/antly patroll+ ! di/rict4 ,! heavie/ p5alties c\ld n prev5t ! inhabitants ( ! ,s]ra f defraud+ ! ,cr[n1 & ,h]r von ,ts*udi 7#8,travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica 9 #aheg-ahfa'7 0 told _m amus+ in/ances ( _! smuggl+ contrivances4 ,"o ( !m _h conceal$ a diamond ( tw5ty- five c>ats 9 ! h&le ( 8 rid+ :ip1 = :i* purpose he _h practis$ = _m weeks ! art ( plait+ ! ?9 lea!r /raps :i* cov]$ x1 & ano!r _h secret$ 8 preci\s /ones 9 a kettle ) a d\ble bottom4 ,:5 ! ,brazils became an indep5d5t c\ntry1 ! monopoly ( ! diamond trade 0 ab&on$ by ! new ,gov]nm5t1 & any speculator 0 all[$ to se>* = diamonds on paym5t ( a slight duty4 ,! preci\s /ones are f\nd *iefly 9 alluvial deposits 7,cascalho virgem71 9 ! b$s ( torr5ts1 or along l[ riv]-banks1 & frequ5tly l>ge quantities ( ov]ly+ rubbi%4 7,cascalho bravo7 h to be remov$ be=e ! diamond-b$ c be rea*$4 ,! m9+ lab\rs are g5]ally p]=m$ by slaves1 ?\gh "s ( ! poor] m9]s1 or ,faiscadores1 h no o!r assi/ance b t ( _! own families4 ,! "w v>ies ) ! seasons4 ,dur+ ! dry p]iod ( ! ye> ! cascalho is remov$ f ! b$s ( ! desiccat$ brooks1 & dams are rais$ or canals dug = ! purpose ( turn+ (f ! /ream into ano!r *annel1 :ile ! wet season is made use ( = wa%+ ! s&s4 ,:ile ?is op]ation is go+ on1 an ov]se]1 seat$ on a high *air1 keeps a %>p look-out ^u ! negroes2 b 9 spite ( all 8 att5tion1 & ( ! sev]e puni%m5ts t await !m 9 case ( discov]y1 !y "k h[ to secrete _m a diamond1 by rapidly ?r[+ x into _! m\?1 & conceal+ x "u _! tongue or swall[+ x4 ,9 ! ,portuguese times an ,int5dant1 compla9+ to ! ov]se]s ( ! frequ5cy ( !ft1 accus$ !m ( neglig5ce1 b 0 told t no vigilance 9 ! _w c\ld prev5t x4 ,to conv9ce himself ( ! fact1 he ord]$ a negro :o enjoy$ ! reputation ( be+ a mo/ exp]t h& at secret+ diamonds to be br\ght be=e him1 & plac+ a small /one 9 a heap ( s&1 promis$ him 8 lib]ty 9 case he %\ld succe$ 9 appropriat+ ! /one )\t be+ detect$4 ,! negro began to wa% ! s& accord+ to ! usual me?od1 :ile ! ,int5dant 0 obs]v+ him all ! "t ) ! eyes ( a lynx4 ,aft] a few m9utes he ask$ ! slave :e!r he _h f\nd ! /one4 #8,if ! ^w ( a :ite man c be tru/$1' answ]$ ! black1 #8,i am f ?is mom5t free2' & tak+ ! diamond out ( 8 m\?1 he h&$ x to ! ,int5dant4 ,! negroes employ$ 9 ! diamond wa%+s are g5]ally hir$ by ! m9]s at s _m milrees a week4 ,al?\gh _! lab\r is v sev]e1 !y g5]ally pref] x to any o!r1 z on ,sundays & ,fea/-days !y are all[$ to se>* on _! own acc\nt 7( c\rse 9 places n previ\sly occupi$71 & h1 moreov]1 an opportunity ( /eal+ diamonds4 ,! pr(its ?us lawfully or unlawfully made !y g5]ally sp5d 9 dr9k+1 a slave b v r>ely sav+ money = ! purpose ( pur*as+ 8 fre$om4 ,9 ! ,portuguese times1 :ile ! m9es 7 /ill work$ on acc\nt ( ,gov]nm5t1 a negro :o 0 =tunate en\gh to f9d a /one weigh+ an oitava 7#ag c>ats7 0 at once rew>d$ ) 8 lib]ty2 at pres5t only small rew>ds are giv54 ,=m]ly mo/ diamonds 7 f\nd 9 ! di/rict ( ,tejuco1 ! capital ( :i* receiv$ 9 #ahca ! significant "n ( ,diamant9a2 b 9 #ahdd new m9es 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,s]ro d ,s9cora1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,bahia1 ^: ri*ness eclipses t ( ! mo/ brilliant times ( ,tejuco4 ,! total produce ( ,brazil is e/imat$ at ab\t #cjj1jjj c>ats1 annually wor? on ! spot f #cjj to #ejj milrees ! oitava 7#ag c>ats74 ,! m9]s r>ely make a =tune1 z _! exp5ses are v great2 ! *ief pr(its ( ! diamond trade fall to ! %>e ( ! m]*ants1 :o pur*ase ! /ones 9 ! m9+ di/ricts & !n sort & export !m4 ,! price ( diamonds is subject to consid]able fluctuations1 :i*1 proce$+ f ! m>kets ( ,london1 ,p>is1 & ,am/]dam1 are mo/ s5sibly felt 9 ! diamond di/ricts1 = ! great ,european h\ses 9 ^: h&s ! trade ( ! r\gh /ones is conc5trat$1 & :o dispose ( consid]able capital1 are able to wait = bett] times1 :ile ! small ,brazilian trad] or m9] is soon oblig$1 = want ( money1 to sell 8 /ones at any price4 ,aft] ! break+ out ( ! ,crimean w>1 diamonds 7 v mu* depreciat$ at ,diamant9a4 ,!y 7 (f]$ = sale at absurdly l[ prices1 & ev5 !n a pur*as] 0 r>ely to be f\nd4 ,! m>ket improv$ v sl[ly2 b :5 ! w> 0 at an end1 ! prices once m rose to a height :i* _h nev] be5 kn[n be=e4 ,! comm]cial crisis 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe at ! end ( #aheg1 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( #aheh1 caus$ a new reaction1 ! effects ( :i* ,ts*udi 0 able to note dur+ 8 /ay at ,diamant9a4 #8,good w>e' 7faz5da regul> e boa71 consi/+ ( /ones av]ag+ a v9tem#ga 9 weight1 :i* a few mon?s be=e _h be5 paid ) #ejj milrees ! oitava1 7 n[ (f]$ = #cjj4 ,a /one ( six v9tems 0 sold 9 ,m>* #aheh = #agj milrees2 six mon?s be=e x w\ld h be5 wor? #bdj or #bfj4 ,footnote #ga3 ,9 ! ,brazilian diamond trade1 ! oitava 7#ag c>ats7 is consid]$ z ! unity ( weight4 ,x is subdivid$ into #d qu>tas or #cb v9tems2 ! v9tem is equal to #b-ahajj gra9s4 ,/ones ( half a v9tem /ill pass z good w>e 7faz5da a9da boa71 :5 well-%ap$ & col\rless4 ,middl+ w>e 7faz5da m$iana7 consi/s ( f #fd to #ajj /ones to ! oitava1 :ile all bel[ t weight is sold z refuse4 ,:ile ! price ( ! small] /ones ( ab\t a v9tem or less is regulat$ by ! export]s 9 ,rio1 conjo9tly ) ! ,european h\ses1 fancy prices are ask$ at ,diamant9a = l>g] /ones ( sev]al c>ats4 ,a f9e diamond ( an oitava sells = ab\t ?ree contos ( rees 7#cfjl471 & "o ( two oitavas1 or ?irty-five c>ats1 is (t5 sold on ! spot = t5 to twelve contos 7#abjjl4-#addjl474 ,dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 diamonds h ris5 ab\t =ty p] c5t4 9 price 9 ,europe1 a natural consequ5ce ( ! increase ( weal? & luxury :ile ! supply ( ! article cont9ues to be limit$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 _m l>ge /ones h rec5tly be5 f\nd 9 ,s\? ,africa1 & ,au/ralia n[ adds ! diamond to h] _m s\rces ( natural weal?1 its value w probably once m decl9e4 ,:5 cut & poli%$1 a brilliant ( ! fir/ or pure/ wat] 9 ,engl&1 weigh+ "o c>at1 is valu$ at #abl41 a rose diamond ( ! same weight at #hl41 :ile ! value ( all ^? ( a l>g] size is calculat$ by multiply+ ! squ>e ( ! weight 9 c>ats by twelve or eight1 except = ^? exce$+ tw5ty c>ats1 ! price ( :i* increases at a mu* m rapid rate4 ,! enorm\s value ascrib$ to l>ge diamonds is1 h[ev]1 m]ely fanciful1 = !y are wor? nei!r m nor less ?an :at pur*as]s may be incl9$ or able to give = !m4 ,accord+ to ! above valuation1 /ones weigh+ #ajj c>ats w\ld be wor? at lea/ 7#ajj #ajj #aj1jjj #ab7 #abj1jjjl42 a sum :i* has probably nev] yet be5 paid = a diamond ( t weight4 ,a v trifl+ spot or flaw ( any k9d l[]s exce$+ly ! comm]cial value ( a diamond4 ,! numb] ( l>ge diamonds is v small4 ,among t5 ?\s& /ones1 ! ,brazilian m9es furni% b "o t weighs t5 c>ats2 diamonds above tw5ty c>ats are v r>e1 & 9 all ,europe !re are b five diamonds ( m ?an "o hundr$ c>ats4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is ! magnific5t gem ( ! fir/ wat]1 )\t fault or blemi%1 :i* sp>kles 9 ! ,imp]ial sceptre ( ,russia4 ,x weighs #aid c>ats2 its l>ge/ diamet] is "o in* ?ree l9es & a half2 its height t5 l9es4 ,x is ( ,ea/ ,indian orig91 & once figur$ ) ano!r simil> /one 9 ! ?rone ( ,nadir ,%ah4 ,:5 ?is tyrant 0 murd]$1 x 0 /ol51 & ultimately came into ! possession ( an ,am]ican m]*ant nam$ ,s*afrass1 :o pur*as$ x ) sev]al o!r valuable /ones ( an ,afghan *iefta9 9 ,bagdad1 = ! r\nd sum ( #ej1jjj pia/]s4 ,9 #aggb ! ,empress ,ca?>9e ,,ii4 b\ght ! diamond ( ,s*afrass1 :o _h mean:ile settl$ 9 ,am/]dam1 = #dej1jjj silv] r\bles & a pat5t ( nobility4 ,( some:at small] size1 b ( unp>allell$ beauty1 is ! magnific5t diamond call$ ! ,pitt or ,reg5t1 :i* ,mr4 ,pitt1 gr&fa!r ( ! fam\s ,"l ,*a?am1 into ^: possession x _h come :ile gov]nor ( ,madras1 sold to ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 ,reg5t ( ,france1 = #ace1jjjl4 hav+ himself paid #ab1ejjl4 = x to ,tamohund1 ! mo/ fam\s native deal] 9 ,india4 ,x orig9ally weigh$ #daj c>ats1 b has be5 r$uc$ to #acf by cutt+ x into a brilliant-- an op]ation :i* is said to h la/$ two ye>s4 ,x is n[ ! fir/ among ! jewels belong+ to ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t2 ,napoleon us$ to we> x 9 ! hilt ( 8 sword4 ,dur+ ! five ye>s ! /one rema9$ 9 8 possession1 ,gov]nor ,pitt is said to h liv$ 9 su* con/ant dread ( hav+ x /ol51 t he nev] made kn[n be=eh& ! day ( 8 com+ to t[n1 nor slept two nights foll[+ 9 ! same h\se4 ,if ?is /ory be true1 great inde$ mu/ h be5 8 relief :5 he p>t$ ) 8 gem1 :i*1 ?\gh small 9 weight1 0 to him a true mill/one 9 anxiety4 ,! diamond ( ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 :i* weighs #aci c>ats1 & is consequ5tly a trifle l>g] ?an ! ,reg5t1 once belong$ to ,*>les ! ,bold ( ,burgundy1 & at ! battle ( ,nancy fell into ! h&s ( an ignorant troop]1 :o pluck$ ! gem f ! helmet ( ! un=tunate duke & sold x = a cr[n4 ,at a lat] p]iod x came into ! possession ( ! ,c\rt ( ,tuscany1 & is n[ ! fir/ cr[n jewel ( ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ diamond 9 ! _w is und\bt$ly ! ,koh-i-,noor1 or #8m\nta9 ( light1' :i*1 accord+ to ,h9du leg5d1 0 worn by "o ( ! h]oes ( ! ,great ,w> :i* took place ab\t f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 & :i* =ms ! subject ( ! epic poem ! ,maha- ,bhrata4 ,aft] numb]less vicissitudes & p]egr9ations1 we f9d x 9 ! possession ( ! ,gr& ,moguls1 & 9 #agci 9 t ( ,nadir ,%ah1 :o1 on 8 occupation ( ,delhi1 compell$ ,mohamm$ ,%ah1 ! great- gr&son ( ,aurungzeb1 to give up to him all ! valuables conta9$ 9 ! imp]ial treasury4 ,accord+ to ! family & popul> tradition1 ,mohamm$ ,%ah 0 imprud5t en\gh to we> ! ,koh-i-,noor 9 front ( 8 turban at 8 int]view ) 8 conqu]or1 :o be+ #8! milde/-mann]$ man ,) all true bre$+ ( a g5tleman1' insi/$ on ex*ang+ turbans 9 pro( ( 8 reg>d2 & is said to h be/[$ ^u ! diamond ?us politely annex$ ! "n ( ,koh-i- ,noor4 ,aft] ! fall ( 8 dyna/y1 ! /one became ! prop]ty ( ,ahm$ ,%ah1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,abdali dyna/y ( ,kabul1 &1 :5 ,mr4 ,elph9/one 0 at ,pe%awur1 0 worn by 8 successor ,%ah ,%uja1 on 8 arm4 ,:5 ,%ah ,%uja 0 driv5 f ,kabul1 he became ! nom9al gue/ & actual prison] ( ,runjeet ,s+h1 :o1 foll[+ ! good example ( ,nadir ,%ah1 g5tly p]suad$ 8 proteg to "p ) 8 diamond = ! rev5ues ( ?ree villages1 n "o rupee ( :i* he ev] realis$4 #8,by :at d y e/imate its value8' ask$ ! ,sikh ,mah>ajah ( 8 victim1 z ! surr5d]$ ,koh-i-,noor lay on ! arm ( 8 new ma/]4 #8,by its good luck1#8 said ,%ah ,%uja1 #8= x ha? ev] be5 8 :o ha? conqu]$ 8 enemies4' ,subsequ5t ev5ts fully prov$ ! tru? ( ?is rem>k1 = :5 ! ,punjab 0 annex$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 x 0 /ipulat$ among o!r conditions t ! ,koh-i-,noor %\ld be pres5t$ to ! ,que5 ( ,engl&4 ,b 9 spite ( its promis+ "n1 ! #8,m\nta9 ( ,light' 0 b ( inf]ior lu/re1 = ! ,ori5tals are m]e bungl]s 9 ! art ( diamond-cutt+1 & lay great] weight ^u ! size ?an ^u ! brilliancy ( a jewel4 ,h5ce x 0 resolv$ to h x recut by ! mo/ skilful ,am/]dam lapid>ies1 :o came ov] to ,engl& = ! purpose4 ,! op]ation1 :i* 0 p]=m$ ) ! assi/ance ( a small /eam-eng9e1 & co/ no less ?an #e1jjjl41 0 p]fectly successful2 & ?\gh ! ,koh-i-,noor1 :i* =m]ly weigh$ #ahf c>ats1 has be5 r$uc$ by its conv]sion into a brilliant ( #ajb-caf c>ats1 x has ga9$ s mu* 9 lu/re t x n[ fully des]ves ! "n assign$ to x by ! hyp]bolical phraseology ( ! ,ea/4 ,all ^! l>ge diamonds orig9ally came f ,india2 b latt]ly !y h be5 rivall$ by a /one ( ,brazilian orig91 orig9ally weigh+ #bed c>ats1 b r$uc$ by cutt+ to #abe1 :i* has receiv$ ! poetical "n ( #8,e/rella d ,sul' or ,/> ( ! ,s\?4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t z yet ?is beautiful gem has br\ght good luck to none ( its possessors4 ,an old negro woman accid5tally f\nd x 9 a diamond m9e at ! ,rio da ,bagagem1 9 ,m9as ,g]aes1 among a heap ( pebbles t _h be5 previ\sly wa%$4 ,%e gave x to h] ma/]1 :o did n ev5 rew>d h] ) h] lib]ty1 & sup]/ition has trac$ all ! ill-luck atta*$ to ! /one to t ung5]\s act4 ,! fir/ proprietor ( ! diamond 0 a ne$y man1 :o = a trifl+ sum _h be5 all[$ by ! proprietor ( ! m9e to se>* = /ones ) ! few slaves he possess$4 ,! proprietor n[ claim$ ! diamond1 alleg+ t x _h n be5 f\nd on ! premises hir$ by ! =m]2 & a law suit1 pr(itable ( c\rse to none b ! lawy]s1 0 ! consequ5ce4 ,to be able to def5d 8 cause1 ! possessor ( ! /one pawn$ x to ! ,brazilian ,bank = ab\t #h1jjjl41 = :i* he _h to pay fifte5 p] c5t4 commission & a high int]e/4 ,! law suit1 z may naturally be suppos$1 la/$ s long t ! man di$ be=e x 0 decid$1 & b a v small sum ( money rema9$ to 8 wid[4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh sev]al h&s1 ! /one 0 pur*as$ at ,rio = a million ( francs1 by a ,dut* jewell]1 :o1 to make up ?is consid]able sum1 0 oblig$ to borr[ money at ! usual high int]e/ ( ! place4 ,he took ! /one ) him to ,am/]dam1 :]e x 0 cut1 at an exp5se ( ab\t #d1jjjl4 ,! great desid]atum n[ 0 to f9d a pur*as] = ! magnific5t jewel1 :i*1 h[ev]1 did n prove ( ! fir/ wat]4 ,x 0 (f]$ = sale to sev]al cr[n$ heads1 & no pr9cely bridal 0 all[$ to pass )\t an attempt to dispose ( ! #8,/> ( ! ,s\?2' b all ef=ts prov$ fruitless1 = x seems t ! mon>*s ( our days are ( op9ion t ! exorbitant sums =m]ly paid = diamonds ( an uncommon size may be inve/$ 9 a mu* m pr(itable mann]4 ,! un=tunate speculator di$ ( a brok5 he>t4 ,by ! late/ acc\nts ! /one is /ill 9 ,p>is1 held 9 pawn by a comm]cial h\se1 :i* mo/ probably w keep x1 z ! accumulat$ int]e/ ( ye>s mu/ ( c\rse absorb its :ole value4 ,! uncut /one belong+ to ! ,k+ ( ,portugal1 & weigh+ #a1fhj c>ats1 is n[ well kn[n to be n1 z 0 suppos$1 ! greate/ diamond 9 ! _w1 b a m]e :ite topaz4 ,! quality ( ano!r /one ( #ach c>ats1 f\nd ne> ! ,rio ,abaete 9 #agia1 & likewise 9 ! ,portuguese treasury1 has n be5 det]m9$4 ,s mu*1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91 t ! ,portuguese ,cr[n possesses 7or possess$ a few ye>s ago7 ! ri*e/ collection ( diamonds 9 ! _w1 ! value ( :i* 0 e/imat$ at ab\t #c1jjj1jjjl4787 ,( all ! /ones annually s5t to ,lisbon by ! ,g5]al ,int5dant ( ! diamond di/ricts1 ! k+ select$ ! l>ge/ & f9e/ = ! royal treasury1 & ! o!rs 7 sold4 ,:5 ,k+ ,joao ,,vi4 return$ 9 #ahba f ,brazil to ,portugal1 he c>ri$ along ) him almo/ z _m diamonds z ,voltaire's ,c&ide on 8 escape f ,eldorado4 ,! jewels 7 deposit$ 9 seal$ bags 9 ! vaults ( ! ,lisbon ,bank1 :]e !y rema9$ =ty ye>s z a dead capital4 ,9 #ahfc x 0 at l5g? v wisely resolv$1 ) ! cons5t ( ! ,cortes1 to sell ^! r\gh diamonds1 & to inve/ ! proce$s = ! b5efit ( ! civil li/4 ,?\gh diamonds are usually wa%$ out f ! soil1 yet !y also g5]ally occur 9 regions t af=d a lam9at$ granul> qu>tz rock1 call$ ,itacolumite1 :i* 9 ?9 slabs is transluc5t & m or less flexible4 ,?is rock occurs 9 ! m9es ( ,brazil & ! ,urals1 & also 9 ,georgia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :]e a few diamonds h be5 f\nd4 ,be=e tak+ leave ( ! pr9ce ( gems1 ,i w n omit m5tion+ t x is n only ! co/lie/ ( all ornam5ts1 b s]ves also = sev]al m humble ?\gh m useful purposes1 z = cutt+ glass by ! glazi]1 & all k9ds ( h>d /ones by ! lapid>y4 ,small drills are made ei!r ( imp]fect diamonds1 or ( fragm5ts split (f f good /ones 9 _! manufacture = jewell+4 ,!y are us$ = drill+ small holes 9 rubies & o!r h>d /ones1 = pi]c+ holes 9 *9a :]e rivets are to be ins]t$1 or 9 any o!r vitre\s sub/ance1 h[ev] h>d4 ,diamonds h also be5 rec5tly us$ = arm+ ! end ( ! bor] 9 a new rock-bor+ ma*9e1 = scoop+ out holes 9 ! h>de/ rocks1 su* z granite & porphyry4 ,! use ( diamond du/ )9 a few ye>s has increas$ v mat]ially ) ! increas$ dem& = all articles wr\ght by x1 su* z cameos & intaglios4 ,! m9]al sub/ance t ranks next to ! diamond1 :e!r we e/imate x by its h>dness1 ! spl5d\r ( its col\r1 or its r>5ess1 is t call$ by ! m9]alogi/s ,corundum4 ,x consi/s ( pure cry/allis$ alum9a 7! oxide ( ! n[ well-kn[n metal alum9ium71 v>i\sly t9t$ by ! addition ( small quantities ( iron or *romium4 ,to ?is class belong ! ruby1 ! sapphire1 ! topaz1 ! em]ald1 ! ame?y/1 & o!r /ones ( gorge\s col\r1 di/+ui%$ by ! epi!t #8ori5tal' prefix$ to ! "n4 ,! ,ori5tal ,ruby1 or ,r$ ,sapphire1 is ! r$ /one p> excell5ce ( jewell]y1 &1 f its fi]y lu/re1 probably id5tical ) ! c>buncle ( ,pl9y1 & ! an?rax or #8burn+ coal' ( ,!ophra/us4 ,its f9e/ col\r is a mo/ ri* & lovely crimson1 kn[n z ! pigeon's blood t9t2 b its sc>let t9ts are also mo/ beautiful4 ,! r$ rays ( ! prism fall+ on a ruby produce a *>m+ effect4 ,pegu is ! l& ( rubies1 & ,au/ralia n[ likewise furni%es /ones ( excell5t quality4 ,a p]fect ruby above ?ree & a half c>ats is m valuable ?an a diamond ( ! same weight4 ,if x weigh "o c>at x is wor? t5 gu9eas2 two c>ats1 =ty gu9eas2 ?ree c>ats1 "o hundr$ & fifty gu9eas2 six c>ats1 above "o ?\s& gu9eas4 ,! l>ge/ ori5tal ruby kn[n to be 9 ! _w 0 br\ght f ,*9a to ,pr9ce ,gag>91 ,gov]nor ( ,sib]ia4 ,x came aft]w>ds into ! possession ( ,pr9ce ,m5s*ik(f1 & is n[ a jewel 9 ! imp]ial cr[n ( ,russia4 ,! blue v>iety ( ! corundum is ! ,ori5tal ,sapphire ( ! jewell]4 ,!re is "o hue ( x ( a s(t pure azure1 di/+ui%$ f ! common] k9ds by its reta9+ its f9e blue ev5 by c&lelight1 :5 an ord9>y sapphire looks purple or black4 ,unlike ! ruby1 x occurs 9 specim5s ( a consid]able size4 ,a good blue /one ( t5 c>ats is valu$ at fifty gu9eas4 ,if x weighs tw5ty c>ats its value is two hundr$ gu9eas1 b "u t5 c>ats ! price may be e/imat$ by multiply+ ! squ>e ( its weight 9 c>ats into half a gu9ea2 ?us "o ( f\r c>ats w\ld be wor? eight gu9eas4 ,a sapphire ( a b>bel-blue col\r1 weigh+ six c>ats1 0 dispos$ ( 9 ,p>is by public sale = #gjl42 & ano!r ( an indigo blue1 weigh+ #f c>ats & #c gra9s1 br\ght #fjl41 bo? ( :i* sums mu* exce$ :at ! prec$+ rule assigns1 f :i* we may p]ceive h[ f> fancy may g 9 su* matt]s4 ,! ,sp9els1 ^: transp>5t & m preci\s =ms consi/ ess5tially ( alum9a comb9$ ) magnesia1 & t9t$ p]haps ) iron1 include two respl5d5t /ones1 ! ,sp9el ,ruby1 a sc>let v>iety ( consid]able fire & ( ri* col\r1 & ! ,balais or ,balass ,ruby1 ?us call$ f "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ localities ( ! sp9el 9 =m] times1 namely ,beloo*i/an or ,bala/an4 ,! latt] is ( a delicate & r>ely deep rose-col\r1 %[+ a blue t9t :5 look$ ?r\gh1 & a r$d] "o :5 x is look$ at4 ,bo? ( ^! m9]als are t]m$ rubies by ! jewell]s1 & ! deep]-t9t$ k9ds are sometimes sold = ! true /one4 ,9 fact1 ne>ly all ! l>ge & fam\s gems t pass "u ! "n ( rubies belong to ?is species1 z = in/ance ! anci5t ruby 9 ! cr[n ( ,engl&1 :i* 0 pres5t$ to ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce by ,don ,p$ro ! ,cruel1 & ! enorm\s /one1 "t-hon\r$ 9 ,indian tradition1 t came along ) ! ,koh-i-,noor into ,h] ,maje/y's possession4 ,su* 0 ! sup]/iti\s value atta*$ to x by its =m] proprietor1 ,runjeet ,s+h1 t he w\ld soon] h lo/ a prov9ce ?an ?is /one4 ,:5 ! weight ( a good sp9el exce$s f\r c>ats1 x is said to be valu$ at half ! price ( a diamond ( ! same weight4 ,! ,*rysob]yl1 call$ also by ! jewell]s ! ,ori5tal ,*rysolite1 is a /one ( almo/ adamant9e lu/re & transp>5ce4 ,x is a comp\nd ( alum9a & ! r>e oxide gluc9a1 a con/itu5t ( ! b]yl4 ,x has usually a peculi>1 sometimes a v delicate gre5i% yell[ or primrose col\r1 & is !n "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( gems4 ,! f9] specim5s are f ,brazil4 ,! ,em]ald & ! ,b]yl are "o & ! same m9]al--a silicate ( alum9a & gluc9a1 :i* owes to a small trace ( iron its blue1 p9k1 or yell[ t9ts1 or else to a little *romium ! transc5d5t gre5 :i* *>act]ises x z ! em]ald4 ,! col\r ( ?is beautiful gem is s pleasant to ! eye t ! anci5ts attribut$ to x ! p[] ( /r5g!n+ & reliev+ ! sight :5 fatigu$ by previ\s ex]tions4 ,bo? f its beauty & r>5ess !y held x 9 high e/imation1 & ,pl9y ranks ! em]ald 9 value imm$iately aft] ! diamond & ! ori5tal pe>l4 ,9 ! ,egyptian tombs real em]alds are sometimes f\nd z ! ornam5ts ( regal mummies1 & !y h n seldom be5 discov]$ among ! ru9s ( ,rome1 or at ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii4 ,scy?ia1 ,bactria1 & ,egypt 7 r5[n$ among ! anci5ts z ! c\ntries :i* furni%$ ! mo/ beautiful em]alds4 ,at pres5t ^! preci\s /ones are obta9$ *iefly f ,new ,granada & ,sib]ia1 9 :i* latt] c\ntry !y occur ( mu* l>g] size1 b ( less beauty1 & consequ5tly f> inf]ior value4 ,! fir/ ,sib]ian em]alds 7 discov]$ 9 ! ye> #ahca1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ca?>95burg1 by "s peasants1 :ile mak+ t>1 & o!r m9es 7 op5$ 9 #ahcd t5 v]/s di/ant f ! =m]4 ,"h 0 f\nd an enorm\s /one1 f\rte5 in*es long & twelve broad1 & weigh+ #af lbs4 troy1 & ano!r sup]b specim5 consi/+ ( tw5ty cry/als1 f half an in* to five in*es long1 & z mu* z two in*es ?ick1 emb$d$ 9 a matrix ( mica-s*i/4 ,bo? ^! mon/r\s gems n[ rank among ! *ief ornam5ts ( ! ,imp]ial ,m9]alogical ,cab9et4 ,:5 ! ,spani>ds conqu]$ ,p]u1 !y f\nd _m beautiful em]alds 9 ! possession ( ! natives4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! /ones1 ab\t ! size ( an o/ri* egg1 0 ador$ z a god 9 "o ( ! temples1 & o!r em]alds ( a small] size plac$ ar\nd x 7 hon\r$ z its *ildr54 ,9 _! bl9d fanaticism1 ! o!rwise gre$y ,spani>ds %iv]$ ! god & 8 family to pieces1 b x is m ?an probable t ! wise/ ( ! b& quietly pick$ up ! fragm5ts & aft]w>ds dispos$ ( !m to advantage4 ,! f9e/ /ones us$ to be f\nd 9 ! valley ( ,manta2 b ! ,indians kept ! m9es secret1 to avoid be+ oblig$ to "w 9 !m1 or p]haps out ( hatr$ aga9/ _! oppressors4 ,at pres5t1 ! ,am]ican em]alds are *iefly obta9$ f ! valley ( ,tunka1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,santa ,f de ,bogota1 9 ,new ,granada4 ,! price ( em]alds v>ies consid]ably1 accord+ to _! purity1 ! beauty ( _! col\r1 _! lu/re1 & _! size4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 !y 7 uncommonly de>1 all k ( ! old m9es hav+ be5 lo/1 s t ! em]alds /ill us$ z ornam5ts 7 all anci5t4 ,aft]w>ds _! value decreas$1 :5 a great] quantity 0 import$ f ,p]u2 b rec5tly !y h aga9 ris5 9 price1 z ,am]ica at pres5t furni%es b few good /ones4 ,a spl5did specim5 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,hope1 weigh+ six ounces1 co/ #ejjl42 ano!r f9e ,am]ican em]ald belong+ to ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire is two in*es long1 & weighs above eight ounces1 b1 ow+ to flaws1 x is b p>tially fit = jewell]y4 ,! ,b]yl1 :i* exhibits e gradation ( t9t1 f a pale azure blue to a f9e m\nta9 gre51 & also occurs 9 a pale orange yell[ v>iety1 is f\nd 9 great p]fection at ,odunts*ilon & ,murs9sk 9 ,sib]ia4 ,a beautifully cle> cry/al1 t5 in*es long1 discov]$ 9 ! latt] locality 9 #ahbh1 & =m+ "p ( ! m9]alogical museum at ,pet]sburg1 is valu$ at #h1jjjl4 ,=m]ly ,brazil & ,cangayum 9 ! ,deccan 7 9 mu* repute z fields 9 :i* ! b]yl 0 f\nd1 & _m a brilliant little /one has be5 furni%$ by ! ,m\rne ,m\nta9s 9 ,irel&4 ,! ,zircon consi/s ( ! mix$ oxides ( silicon & ( ! r>e elem5t zirconium1 & is "o ( ! heavie/ & mo/ lu/r\s ( gem- /ones4 ,its col\rless v>iety is ! ne>e/ mat* 9 brilliancy & refractive en]gy = ! diamond1 :ile ! deep orange-t9t$ r$ zircon is t transc5d5t gem1 ! true hyac9?1 :i* makes a v sup]b r+-/one4 ,! ,topaz1 a silicate ( alum9a & fluor9e1 is f\nd *iefly 9 ,sib]ia1 ,brazil1 & ,saxony1 & is also met ) 9 ! granitic detritus ( ,cairngorm 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,! col\rless ,brazilian v>iety 7,p+o d'agoa1 or wat]drop7 surpasses rock-cry/al 9 purity & refractive p[]1 & be+ ( ! same weight z ! diamond1 is sometimes mi/ak5 = x4 ,! pale yell[ topaz :5 heat$ 9 a crucible assumes a rose-r$ col\r1 & is !n call$ by ! jewell]s ruby ( ,brazil4 ,! ,saxon topaz1 on ! o!r h&1 becomes :ite :5 expos$ to heat1 & ?us depriv$ ( col\r is sold = ! diamond4 ,9 anci5t times ! topaz 0 highly e/eem$2 b1 9 spite ( its beauty1 x is n n[ consid]$ ( v great value1 f its be+ too frequ5tly f\nd1 & is sold 9 ! r\gh = ab\t =ty %ill+s p] p\nd4 ,:5 ( a beautiful #8=get-me-n' blue1 & above ! size ( a pea1 ! ,ori5tal ,turquoise1 :i* 9 inf]ior specim5s is b ( little value1 fet*es a consid]able price1 s t f9e /ones ( ab\t half an in* 9 l5g? are wor? #ael4 or #bjl4 ,! turquoise1 :i* consi/s ( phosphate ( alum9a col\r$ by oxide ( copp]1 occurs *iefly 9 ! m\nta9\s range ( ,p]sia1 :5ce x is br\ght by ! m]*ants ( ,bo*>a to ,moskau2 b ! ,%ah is said to reta9 = 8 own use all ! l>g] & f9ely t9t$ specim5s4 ,major ,macdonald gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a new field = ! turquoise :i* he discov]$ 9 ,arabia ,petra4 #8,9 ! ye> #ahdi1 dur+ my travels 9 ,arabia 9 se>* ( antiquities1 ,i 0 l$ to exam9e a v l(ty range ( m\nta9s1 compos$ ( iron s&/one1 _m days' j\rney 9 ! des]t2 & :il/ desc5d+ a m\nta9 ( ab\t six ?\s& feet high1 by a deep & precipit\s gorge1 :i* 9 ! w9t] "t s]v$ to c>ry (f ! wat]1 ,i f\nd a b$ ( gravel1 :]e ,i p]ceiv$ a great _m small blue objects mix$ ) ! o!r /ones2 on collect+ !m ,i f\nd !y 7 turquoises ( ! f9e/ col\r & quality4 ,on cont9u+ my rese>*es ?r\gh ! entire range ( m\nta9s1 ,i discov]$ _m valuable deposits ( ! same /ones1 "s q pure 9 pebbles1 & o!rs 9 ! matrix4 ,! action ( ! wea!r gradually loos5s !m f ! rock1 & !y are roll$ into ! rav9es1 &1 9 ! w9t] season1 mix$ up by ! torr5ts ) b$s ( gravel1 :]e !y are f\nd4' ,! ,occid5tal or ,bone ,turquoise1 :i* has g5]ally b "o-f\r? ( ! value ( ! ori5tal1 is said to be fossil bones or tee?1 col\r$ ) oxide ( copp]4 ,! ,g>net1 a silicate ( "s base :i* may be lime1 magnesia1 oxide ( iron1 or *romium1 is 9 its f9] specim5s "o ( ! mo/ beautiful col\r$ products ( nature's laboratory4 ,by jewell]s ! g>nets are class$ z ,syrian1 ,bohemian1 or ,c+alese1 r f _! relative value & f95ess ?an ) any ref]5ce to ! c\ntry f :i* !y are suppos$ to h be5 br\ght4 ,^? mo/ e/eem$ are call$ ,syrian g>nets1 n because !y come f ,syria1 b aft] ,syrian1 ! capital ( ,pegu1 :i* city 0 =m]ly ! *ief m>t = ! f9e/ g>nets4 ,_! col\r is violet purple1 :i* 9 "s r>e in/ances vies ) t ( ! f9e/ ori5tal ame?y/2 b x may be di/+ui%$ f ! latt] by acquir+ an orange t9t by c&lelight4 ,! ,bohemian g>net is g5]ally ( a dull poppy-r$ col\r1 ) a v p]ceptible hyac9? orange t9t1 :5 held betwe5 ! eye & ! light4 ,:5 ! col\r is a full crimson1 x is call$ pyrope or fire-g>net1 a /one ( consid]able value :5 p]fect & ( l>ge size4 ,g>net is easily work$1 & :5 facet-cut is ne>ly always 7on acc\nt ( ! dep? ( its col\r7 =m$ into ?9 tables1 :i* are sometimes concave or holl[$ out on ! "u side4 ,cut /ones ( ?is latt] k9d1 :5 skilfully set1 ) a bright silv] foil1 h (t5 be5 sold z rubies4 ,?\gh ,lapis ,lazuli1 a silicate ( soda1 lime1 & alum9a1 ) ! sulphide ( iron & sodium 9 m9ute quantities1 is )\t transp>5cy1 & )\t mu* lu/re1 yet its beautiful azure-blue t9ts1 (t5 int]sp]s$ ) yell[ specks1 & ve9s ( iron pyrites1 :i*1 f _! brilliant appe>ance 9 ! comp>atively dull blue /one1 might easily be mi/ak5 = gold1 entitle x to be rank$ among ! semi-preci\s /ones4 ,! f9e/ quality1 :i* sells 9 ! mass = #cjl4 p] p\nd1 is us$ = jewell]y1 & = mak+ co/ly vases & ornam5tal furniture4 ,lapis lazuli 0 also ! s\rce f :i* ! beautiful pigm5t ultram>9e 0 obta9$2 b ?is col\r is n[ prep>$ artificially at a v *eap rate4 ,?is beautiful m9]al is f\nd 9 cry/all9e lime/one ( a greyi% col\r on ! banks ( ! ,indus1 & 9 granite 9 ,p]sia1 ,*9a1 & ,sib]ia4 ,9 ! long li/ ( ! cry/all9e or hyal9e qu>tzes1 consi/+ ( silex or silica 9 v>i\s degrees ( purity1 !re is b "o v>iety1 ! ,noble ,opal1 t ranks among preci\s /ones ( ! fir/ quality4 ,9 ?is beautiful gem1 m9ute fissures are app>5tly /riat$ ) microscopic l9es1 :i*1 diffract+ ! light1 fla% out ra9b[ t9ts ( ! pure/ & mo/ brilliant hues4 ,! ,noble ,opal1 :i* is "o ( ! fav\rite jewels ( mod]n times1 0 no less highly e/eem$ by ! anci5ts1 #8= 9 ?is /one1' says ,pl9y1 #8we admire ! fire ( ! ruby1 ! brilliant purple ( ! ame?y/1 ! lu/r\s gre5 ( ! em]ald1 all %9+ toge!r 9 a wond]ful mixture4' ,= ! sake ( a magnific5t opal1 set 9 a r+1 & valu$ at #bj1jjjl4 ( our money1 ! s5ator ,nonius 0 exil$ by ,m>k ,antony4 ,he might h escap$ bani%m5t by pres5t+ 8 opal to ! covet\s triumvir2 b he pref]r$ exile ) 8 gem to /ay+ 9 ,rome )\t x4 ,! ,preci\s ,opal is s r>e a /one t1 ) all our m9+ ent]prise & geological rese>*1 we "k ( only two c]ta9 localities = x1 namely1 9 ,hung>y & 9 ,mexico1 ?\gh "s specim5s are said to h be5 f\nd 9 ! prov9ce ( ,honduras & 9 ! /ormy ,f]oe ,isl&s4 ,! opal m9es ( ,hung>y1 situat$ at ,cz]newitza1 9 ! c\nty ( ,s>os1 belong to ! ,cr[n1 & are at pres5t f>m$ by ,h]r ,golds*midt ( ,vi5na1 = #aj1jjj flor9s annually4 ,ab\t #aej workm5 are employ$1 & z good /ones occur b r>ely1 & are ( a correspond+ value1 x may easily be imag9$ t1 :at ) ! con/ant fe> ( be+ robb$1 & t ( n be+ able to cov] 8 exp5ses1 poor ,h]r ,golds*midt is no less to be piti$ ?an ,gov]nor ,pitt :ile 9 possession ( 8 diamond4 ,! f9e/ & l>ge/ opal 9 ! _w is 9 ! ,imp]ial ,m9]alogical ,cab9et 9 ,vi5na4 ,x has ! mo/ magnific5t play ( col\rs1 *iefly gre5 & r$1 weighs sev5te5 ounces1 & is irregul>ly cut1 s z n to dim9i% ! mass4 ,an ,am/]dam jewell] is said to h (f]$ half a million ( flor9s = ?is unique gem4 ,un=tunately1 its l>ge size prev5ts its be+ us$ z an ornam5t1 z = ?is purpose x w\ld h to be cut to pieces1 :i* w\ld be an unp>donable piece ( ,v&alism4 ,_! relative beauty increases ! value ( opals s consid]ably t f9e /ones ( a mod]ate bulk h1 9 mod]n times1 be5 frequ5tly sold at ! price ( diamonds ( equal size4 ,! s-call$ #8,m\nta9 ( ,light1' an ,hung>ian opal 9 ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea1 weigh$ #ebf c>ats1 & 0 e/imat$ at #d1jjjl4 ,! black opals1 :i* all[ ! r$ fire ( ! ruby to fla% out f ! d>k gr\nd-col\r ( ! /one1 are also highly e/eem$4 ,besides ! common] v>ieties ( opal1 su* z semi-opal1 opal jasp]1 wood opal1 diff]5t k9ds ( qu>tz cry/al1 includ+ ame?y/1 ,cairngorm /one1 & a long & beautiful array ( jasp]s & *alc$onies1 su* z agate1 onyx1 s>d1 plasma1 & *rysoprase1 may be plac$ 9 a li/ ( /ones ( ! second degree 9 po9t ( value1 if t value be e/imat$ by r>ity & price4 ,! cutt+1 or gr9d+ & poli%+ ( mo/ ( ^! /ones1 :i* are commonly compris$ "u ! "n ( agates1 is *iefly c>ri$ on 9 ! small t[ns ( ,ob]/e9 & ,id>1 situat$ 9 ! picturesque valley ?r\gh :i* ! rapid ,id> fl[s into ! ,nahe1 a tribut>y ( ! ,rh9e4 ,! /]ile soil yields b a scanty produce1 b ! neighb\r+ hills ab\nd 9 *alc$onies1 :i* af=d ! p an ample indemnity = ! b>r5ness ( _! l&4 ,z e>ly z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! art ( agate-cutt+ 0 introduc$ into ?is remote valley1 f ,italy1 :]e x _h long be5 practis$2 b = a long "t ! trade 0 conduct$ 9 a v rude mann]4 ,! workm5 !mselves und]took ! sale ( _! w>e1 & w&]$ z p$l>s to ! neighb\r+ ca/les or t[ns1 :]e !y c\ld hope to dispose ( _! agates to ! be/ advantage4 ,x 0 n be=e ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury t ! indu/ry ( ,ob]/e9 made a consid]able progress4 ,gold & silv]smi?s settl$ 9 ! small t[n to set ! /ones z !y came out ( ! h&s ( ! gr9d]s1 & gradually a m weal?y class ( trad]s 0 =m$1 :o und]took long voyages1 & ext5d$ _! op]ations to di/ant c\ntries4 ,! fairs ( ,frank=t & ,leipzig 7 regul>ly att5d$ by ! m]*ants ( ,ob]/e9 & ,id>1 & "s ( !m ev5 v5tur$ z f> z ,smyrna or ,ar*angel4 ,! ta/e & ! ability ( ! workm5 improv$ z _! m>ket ext5d$1 b n[ ! want ( ! raw mat]ial began to be felt4 ,! neighb\r+ hills 7 no long] able to meet ! dem&1 ! /ones cont9ually rose 9 price1 ! bett] qualities c\ld h>dly be procur$1 & ?us ! agate manufactory 0 m5ac$ ) decl9e1 :5 a =tunate circum/ance gave x a new impulse4 ,"s ( ! inhabitants ( ,id> :o 9 #ahbg _h emigrat$ to ,brazil discov]$ 9 _! new home an inexhau/ible supply ( /ones4 ,enorm\s masses ( *alc$ony 7 f\nd scatt]$ z b\ld]s ne> ! banks ( "s riv]s or dissem9at$ 9 ! pla9s1 & c\ld be s5t z balla/ at a trifl+ exp5se across ! ocean4 ,?us almo/ all ! r\gh mat]ial t ,ob]/e9 ne$s comes at pres5t f ,brazil or ev5 ,india1 & only ! r>] v>ieties ( agate-jaspis are at pres5t collect$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,id>4 ,9 possession ( ! be/ mat]ials1 suppli$ by a numb] ( localities1 & compris+ all imag9able v>ieties ( *alc$ony--c>nelion1 plasma1 heliotrope1 jaspis1 rock-cry/al1 ame?y/1 topaz1 lapis lazuli1 mala*ite--& comm&+ a m>ket :i* ext5ds fur!r & fur!r ov] ! globe1 ! prosp]ity ( ,ob]/e9 & ,id> /eadily increases4 ,"o hundr$ & eighty-?ree wat]-mills 7) #gbd l>ge gr9d+-/ones71 situat$ along ! romantic ,id>1 give employm5t to ab\t #c1jjj workm51 & ! value ( ! manufactur$ /ones am\nts to at lea/ #bbj1jjjl4 annually4 ,no /ones are s por\s or s easily col\r$ by artificial means z ! v>ieties ( *alc$ony4 ,9 anci5t times ! onyxes f ! ,n]budda 7 #8bak$ 9 ov5s1' & to ?is day1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,broo*1 ! nodules ( onyx dug 9 ! dry season f ! b$s ( torr5ts are pack$ 9 e>!n pots ) dry goat's-dung1 :i* is set on fire4 ,by ?is bak+ process ! grey or d>k gre5 iron hydrate :i* p]meates _! pores & gives !m a dull col\r is *ang$ into ! r$ oxyde1 :i* imp>ts to ! improv$ /ones ri* hues ( orange & hyac9?9e r$1 & ! m ornam5tal ( ! mottl$ onyxes t come f ,cambay are ^? ?us artificially beautifi$4 ,! art ( bak+ & col\r+ is n[ fully und]/ood 9 ,ob]/e94 ,"s agates consi/ ( imp]meable :ite b&s or lay]s alt]nat+ ) o!rs ( a grey or dull col\r1 & ( a por\s nature4 ,:5 plac$ 9 honey & expos$ to a mod]ate heat = eight or t5 days1 ! sac*>9e matt] p5etrates into ! microscopical pores4 ,!n ! /ones are boil$ 9 sulphuric acid1 :i*1 c>bonis+ ! honey1 imp>ts a deep black col\r to ! por\s lay]s :i* x _h p]meat$1 & by ?us sett+-(f ! :ite lay]s to ! be/ advantage1 *anges a previ\sly almo/ wor?less /one into a beautiful onyx or s>donyx4 ,an ,italian :o came to ,ob]/e9 to buy r\gh agates = ! cameo- cutt]s ( ,rome made ! ,g]mans acqua9t$ ) ?is me?od1 :i* _h long be5 practis$ by 8 c\ntrym54 ,by o!r *emical processes1 "s ( :i* are g5]ally kn[n1 :ile o!rs are kept a secret1 ri* yell[1 or apple-gre51 or blue t9ts are imp>t$ by ! agate-deal]s ( ,ob]/e9 to ! r\gh produce ( nature4 ,a description ( all ! v>ieties ( qu>tz us$ = ornam5tal purposes w\ld lead me too f>2 b a few words on rock-cry/al may n be un9t]e/+4 ,?is beautiful m9]al occurs 9 _m v>ieties1 su* z ! violet1 rock-cry/al1 or ame?y/1 ! mo/ beautiful specim5s ( :i* are procur$ f ,india1 ,ceylon1 & ,p]sia2 ! false topaz :5 yell[1 ! morion :5 black1 ! smoky qu>tz :5 smoke-br[n4 ,! limpid & col\rless k9ds are (t5 call$ ,bri/ol or ,iri% diamonds1 aft] ! v>i\s localities 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,rock-cry/al frequ5tly occurs 9 ! ,alps1 z is well kn[n to e travell] 9 ,switz]l&4 ,small rock-cry/als h h>dly any value1 b consid]able prices are paid = v l>ge specim5s1 :i* are accord+ly mu* s\ght = by *amois-hunt]s & goa!rds4 ,ab\t a c5tury s9ce a qu>tz cave 0 op5$ at ,z9k51 :i* af=d$ #a1jjj cwt4 ( rock-cry/al1 & at t e>ly p]iod br\ght #cjj1jjj doll>s4 ,"o cry/al weigh$ #hjj p\nds4 ,9 #ahfg a p>ty ( t\ri/s1 desc5d+ f ! solitudes ( ! ,gal5/ock1 discov]$1 9 a b& ( :ite qu>tz trav]s+ a precipit\s rock-wall ab\t a hundr$ feet above ! ,tief5 ,glaci]1 "s d>k spots :i* ! guide1 ,pet] ,sulz]1 ( ,guttann51 decl>$ to be cavities 9 :i* und\bt$ly rock-cry/als w\ld be f\nd4 ,! wea!r be+ unpropiti\s1 no se>* 0 made at ! "t2 b a few weeks aft] ,sulz] & 8 son revisit$ ! spot1 & aft] hav+ clamb]$ up to ! holes ) great difficulty1 f\nd t !y communicat$ ) a d>k cavity1 f :i* ! intrepid explor]s extract$ "s pieces ( black rock-cry/al ) ! curv$ h&les ( _! alp5/ocks4 ,9 ! ,augu/ ( ! foll[+ ye> ! ,sulz]s1 accompani$ by a few fri5ds f ,guttann51 to :om !y _h imp>t$ ! secret1 made a m decisive attempt to =ce _! way into ! cave1 by wid5+ ! entrance ) gunp[d]4 ,to clamb] & ma9ta9 "o's position on a ne>ly v]tical rock on l$ges only a few in*es broad is at all times a matt] ( no small difficulty2 b ?is difficulty is v mu* increas$ :5 at ! same "t ! hamm] & o!r implem5ts = bla/+ are to be h&l$4 ,! wea!r 0 also v bad1 & e n[ & !n a dreadful gu/ ( w9d ?reat5$ to hurl ! h>dy adv5tur]s f ! rock ^u ! glaci]4 ,hail & ra9 /iff5$ _! limbs2 & ?us !y pass$ a mis]able night closely huddl$ toge!r on a n>r[ projection be=e ! cavity4 ,wet to ! sk91 & _! tee? *att]+ ) cold1 !y resum$ _! lab\rs on ! foll[+ morn+1 & at l5g? suffici5tly wid5$ ! entrance to op5 a passage into a cave :i* 0 f\nd to p5etrate to a consid]able dep? into ! m\nta94 ,! cave 0 fill$ ne>ly up to its ro( ) a m\nd consi/+ ( pieces ( granite & qu>tz mix$ ) *lorite s&2 b "h & !re1 imb$d$ 9 ! rubbi%1 gli/5$ ! l>ge planes ( jet black morions :i* %[$ t _! toil _h n be5 fruitless4 ,orig9ally ! cry/als _h gr[n f ! sides or ! ro( ( ! cave2 & :o c tell ! ages t 7 requir$ = _! =mation1 or ! my/]i\s circum/ances t fav\r$ _! gr[?8--!n at an equally unkn[n "t ! concussion ( an e>?quake1 or maybe _! own weight1 _h deta*$ !m f ! rock to :i* !y clung1 & precipitat$ !m ^u ! floor4 ,^u ! :ole m ?an a ?\s& l>ge cry/als 7 f\nd 9 ! cave1 _m ( !m weigh+ f fifty p\nds to m ?an ?ree cwt4 ,aft] ! fir/ explor]s _h collect$ ab\t a ton1 ! :ole able- bodi$ population ( ,guttann51 provid$ ) hamm]s1 spades1 ropes1 baskets1 & trucks1 came =? to c>ry away ! rema9d]4 ,z ! report _h spread t ! ,canton ( ,uri1 on ^: t]ritory ! cave 0 situat$1 int5d$ to /op _! proce$+s1 !y work$ night & day ) fev]i% ha/e1 & 9 ! space ( a week _h entirely /ripp$ x ( its treasures1 :i* 7 p>tly convey$ to ! new ,furca ,road1 & p>tly transport$ ov] ! glaci]s to ! ,grimsel4 ,"o ( ! p>ty fell into a crevice ) a cry/al ( a hundr$ p\nds ^u 8 back1 b extricat$ himself1 ?\gh he 0 oblig$ to ab&on 8 prize4 ,?us :5 ! au?orities f ,uri made _! appe>ance on ! spot ne>ly all ! cry/als _h be5 remov$ out ( _! rea*4 ,sev5 ( ! f9e/ specim5s1 ea* rejoic+ 9 an individual "n1 l ! mammo?-trees ( ,am]ica1 n[ =m a magnific5t gr\p 9 ! museum ( ,b]ne1 to :i* !y 7 sold = #h1jjj francs4 ,! #8k+1' #cb in*es high & #c feet 9 circumf]5ce1 weighs #bee p\nds2 ! 'gr&fa!r1' ?\gh ( inf]ior height1 makes up = ?is defici5cy by a sup]ior gir?1 & weighs #bgf p\nds4 ,_m o!r f9e cry/als 7 sold to v>i\s museums & private collections = six or sev5 francs p] p\nd1 s t ,sulz]'s discov]y w long be gratefully rememb]$ 9 ! annals ( ! poor village ( ,guttann54 ,,index4 ,ab5 ,aboo1 la/ ,morisco *ief ( ,granada1 8 end1 #agd ,abraham1 8 pur*ase ( ! field ( ,ma*pelah ) silv] money1 #big ,abydos1 rock-hewn cemet]ies (1 #bje ,abyss9ia1 rock-*ur*es (1 #ahf ,aconcagua1 height ( ! volcano (1 #ed ,adelsb]g1 cave (1 va/ dim5sions ( !1 #ace1 #ach entrance to ! ,cave (1 #acg /alagmital =mations (1 #adj trav]s$ by a riv]1 #aej fungi 9 !1 #aeg subt]ranean animals f\nd 9 !1 #afb1 #afc insects 9 !1 #afc ,adit levels1 dra9age by1 #bfi ,adullam1 ,david's refuge 9 ! cave (1 #afi olian cav]ns1 #aih-bjj ^? ( ,t]ni1 #aih fables respect+1 #aii ,africa1 future s]vices ( ,artesian wells to1 #ea cannibal caves ( ,s\?1 #bcd ,agates1 #dif ( ,ob]/e91 #dif1 #dih ,aidepsos1 antiquity ( ! hot ba?s (1 #dd ,ajunta1 rock-temples (1 #ahb1 #ahc ,alaba/]1 orig9 (1 #d ( ,montm>tre1 #dfh ( ,volt]ra1 #dfh ( ,engl&1 #dfi ,alaghez1 sulphur ( ! crat] ( ! volcano (1 #dde ,albania1 subt]ranean wat]-c\rses (1 #aej ,albano1 ,lake (1 ! crat]i=m holl[ =m+ !1 #acb ,alb]t ! ,great1 8 discov]y ( ars5ic1 #che ,al*emi/s1 _! se>* = gold1 #cga ,ales*ga1 fire temple (1 #ia ,aleutian ,m\nta9s1 volcanoes ( !1 #fa ,aleutian ,ar*ipelago1 =mation ( a new volcanic isl& 9 !1 #fj ,alex&] ! ,great1 weal? (1 #bhf1 #bih ,aldbor\gh1 amb] f\nd on ! coa/ at1 #dej ,alg]ia1 ,artesian wells (1 #ea ,algi]s1 great "p (1 de/roy$ by ! e>?quake ( #agee1 #aah ,aljaska1 volcanoes ( ! p59sula (1 #fa ,almad5 del ,azogue1 quicksilv] m9es (1 #cga-cgc m9es ( ,new ,almad5 9 ,cali=nia1 #cgh ,alpuj>ras1 de/ruction ( ! ,moors ( ,granada 9 ! caves (1 #agc1 #agd ,al/on1 situation ( ! t[n (1 #cff ,al/on ,moor1 horses us$ 9 ! m9es (1 #bfb great dra9 ( ,n5t ,=ce ,level1 #bgj lead m9es (1 #cfe1 #cff ,alta1 copp] m9es ( !1 #cbf porphyry ( !1 #dfh ,alt5 ,fjord1 copp] m9es (1 #cbd ,alum9ium1 discov]y & uses (1 #chg ,alum9ium-bronze1 #chg ,amb]1 modes ( collect+1 on ! ,prussian coa/1 #ddi digg+s ne> ,dantzig1 #ddi1 #dej v>i\s places 9 :i* x is f\nd1 #dej :at is amb]8 #dej ! ext9ct amb]-tree1 #dea insects inclos$ 9 amb]1 #deb-dee anci5t & mod]n trade 91 #dee-deg con/itu5ts (1 #deh m9es ( ,tolfa1 #deh manufacture (1 #dei ,amblyopsis spelu1 ( ! ,mammo? ,cave ( ,k5tucky1 #afh ,am]ica1 numb] ( active volcanoes 9 ,we/]n & ,c5tral1 #fa copp] m9es (1 #cbf anci5t copp] m9es (1 #cbg iron indu/ry (1 #cfb lead m9es (1 #cfg silv] m9es (1 #cjj-cad coal-fields ( ,nor?1 #dbd fossil monkeys ( ,s\?1 #bd animals ( ! ,plioc5e p]iod & ( ! pres5t day1 #bd ,ammonites1 numb] ( species ( !1#ah *>act]i/ics ( !1 #ah ,ammonites ,h5leyi1 #i ,anaitis1 gold5 /atue ( ! goddess1 #bhf ,an*orites1 caves (1 #agh ,ancyloc]as gigas1 #ai ,&]na*1 on ! ,rh9e1 glacial be] cell>s (1 #aib entrance to ! glacire (1 #bja ,&es1 sea-%ells f\nd on !1 #cd fi% disgorg$ f ! volcanic cav]ns ( !1 #fi ,&r1 ,/41 t[n & *ur* (1 buri$ by a l&slip ( ,m\nt ,gr5i]1 #abg ,&reasb]g1 ,/41 dep? ( "o ( ! pits (1 #bdg ,animals1 impressions produc$ on1 by an e>?quake1 #aac subt]ranean1 #aei-afh div9e hon\rs paid to !m by ! ,egyptians1 & conv]t$ into mummies1 #bje caves conta9+ rema9s ( ext9ct animals1 #bac ,anoplo!riums1 size & *>act]i/ics ( !1 #bc ,antopolis1 rock-hewn cemet]ies (1 #bje ,an?ony1 ,/41 ( ,egypt1 8 rock-cave1 life1 & dea?1 #agh1 #agi ,an?racites1 or non-bitum9\s coal1 #dja1 #djb value (1 = /eam-eng9es1 #dje ,antimony1 fir/ m5tion (1 #chc uses (1 #chc ,antio*1 e>?quake (1 9 ! reign ( ,trajan1 #ig its subsequ5t subv]sion by an e>?quake1 #ig ,antip>os1 ,grotto (1 #acd ,antuco1 eruption ( ! volcano (1 9 #ahce1 #gi ,apalla*ian coal-field1 its enorm\s ext5t1 #dbd ,apollo1 at ,delphi1 gold5 /atue (1 #bhe ,apt]yx au/ralis ( ,new ,zeal&1 #baf ,aptornis1 ,pr(essor ,ow5's resuscitation ( !1 #bag ,aqu$ucts ( ! ,romans1 #da ( ! ,turks1 #da1 #db ,aque\s rocks1 c\ntless ages ( ! =mation ( !1 #a1 #e incomplete k ( ^! s$im5t>y =mations1 #a aque\s /rata di/urb$ by igne\s =mations1 #d ,arabia1 sulphur (1 #ddf ,arcadia1 consecrat$ caves to ,artemis & ,pan 91 #ahg ,arcueil1 artificial mu%room-b$s at1 #aeh ,arica1 effects ( an e>?quake sea-wave at1 #aji ,arg5tif]\s ve9s ( ! ,clau/hal & ! ,veta madre1 _! l5g?1 #bdg ,arm5ia1 h]mits 91 #agi ,arnaud1 ,/41 ,colonel1 8 massacre ( ! ,arabs 9 ! cave ( ,%elas1 #agf ,arracan1 mud volcanoes ( ! coa/ (1 #ic ,ars5ic1 discov]y (1 #che supply (1 #che ,artesian wells1 subt]ranean heat %[n by1 #cb !ory (1 #dh ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,sah>a1 m5tion$ by ,olympiodorus1 #dh ! well ( ,gr5elle at ,p>is1 #di ,artesian well sunk 9 ! ,london bas91 #di v>i\s uses ( ,artesian wells1 #ej ^? ( ,alg]ia1 #ea future importance (1 9 ,africa & ,au/ralia1 #ea1 #eb ,a%es ?r[n out by volcanic eruptions1 #ff1 #fg ,asia ,m9or1 e>?quakes (1 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 #ig1 #ajj ,asphalte1 #dbf f\nd swimm+ on ! ,dead ,sea1 #dbg uses (1 #dbg pavem5ts made (1 #dbh ,assuan1 rock-hewn cemet]ies (1 #bje ,a/]ophyllites comosa1 #cib ,augu/us1 ,emp]or1 & ! sacrilegi\s soldi]1 /ory (1 #bhf ,aurignac1 sepul*ral grotto (1 #bbh1 #bbi ,au/ralia1 future importance ( ,artesian wells to1 #eb /alactital caves (1 #ada ossif]\s caves (1 #baf discov]y ( gold 91 #bhi ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison's surmises1 #bhi copp] m9es (1 #cbi ,au/ria1 coal-fields (1 #dbc salt m9es (1 #dcc-dcf ,auv]gne1 c>bonic acid gas spr+s (1 #hh ma>e1 or crat]i=m holl[s1 91 #acb ,av>icum 7,b\rges71 ,cs>'s siege (1 #cdg ,av]no1 ,lake (1 =m$ 9 an ext9ct crat] ( a volcano1 #eg ,aviculopect5 sublobatus1 fossils (1 #ae ,axm\?1 l&slip at1 #abh ,sir ,c4 ,lyell's acc\nt ( x1 #abh ,azores1 e>?quakes 9 !1 #ajj ,azure ,cave ( ,capri1 beauty ( ! m>9e excavation call$ !1 #adc ,babylon1 gold5 image ( ,belus at1 #bhe ,bagdad1 co9s (1 #bhg ,baghilt coal m9e1 9 ,wales1 dr[n$1 #bgc ,bahaud1 ,port1 upheaval ( ! l& at1 #cf ,baku1 burn+ spr+s (1 #ia new mud volcano ne>1 #ie ,bale>ic ,isl&s1 troglodytes (1 #bcd ,ball>at1 gold m9es (1 #bia ,baltic1 *anges on ! %ores ( !1 #dea ,banca1 t9/one (1 #cce ,bann ,bridge1 subsid5ce ( ! l& at1 #cf ,b>b>y1 e>?quake ( #agee 91 #aah ,b>igazzo1 burn+ spr+s ne>1 #ij ,ba?1 !rmal spr+s (1 #dc ,bats1 clu/]s (1 9 cav]ns1 #aei ,baumann's ,cave1 9 ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s1 #acf fatal exp$ition1 #acf ,bean %ot & fea!r$ %ot ( copp]works1 #cba1 #cbb ,be>1 grisly1 ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 #abe bones ( huge & =midable ext9ct species f\nd 9 cav]ns1 #abc1 #abe rema9s ( be>s f\nd 9 caves1 #bac ,beatus1 ,/41 8 cave on ! ,lake ( ,?un1 #aha pilgrimages to 8 cave1 #aha ,beauheyl1 or #8liv+ /reams' ( t91 #ccg ,beaujonc1 sc5es ( ! inundation ( ! m9e (1 #bgd ,beck=d1 8 rem>ks on ! ,grotto ( ,pausilippo & ,virgil's tomb1 #bdb1 #bdc ,beetle1 cav]n1 9 ! cave ( ,adelsb]g1 #afc 9 ! ,mammo? ,cave ( ,k5tucky1 #afg ,belemnites ( ! ,lias & ,oolite1 #ai size & *>act]i/ics ( !1 #ai1 #bj ,belemnite1 re/or$1 #ai ,belgium1 lead m9es (1 #cfg production ( z9c 91 #cha coal-fields (1 #dbc ,belus1 image (1 9 ! temple ( ,babylon1 #bhe ,belzoni1 8 aptitude = 8 "w1 #bjc ,b5$ict1 ,/41 8 cave ne> ,subiaco1 #ahj ,b]*tesgad51 salt m9es (1 #dcf ,b]gmann1 8 exp]im5ts ) plat9um1 #chb ,b]gu51 ,l\is von1 discov]s ! art ( cutt+ diamonds1 #dgh ,b]yl1 !1 #dia1 #dib ,be?lehem1 ,*ur* & ,grotto ( ! ,nativity at1 #ahh ,bewick1 ,?omas1 a coal-hew] 9 e>ly life1 #dai ,biban-el-,moluk1 ! royal tombs ( ,!bes1 #bjb-bjd ,biscayana1 ,veta de la1 silv] m9e (1 #cjd its great weal? & subsequ5t ab&onm5t1 #cjd ,billiton1 t9/one (1 #cce ,birds1 cave-haunt+1 #afj ,birmah1 mud volcanoes (1 #ic rock-temples1 #ahd ,bismu?1 fir/ m5tion (1 #chc :5ce furni%$1 #chc ,bitum9\s sub/ances1 #dbf ,black ,c\ntry1 iron furnaces ( !1 #cea ,black lead4 ,see ,plumbago4 ,bla/ furnaces = iron1 #ceb b5efits ( ! hot bla/1 #cec ,bla/+ 9 m9es & its dang]s1 #beh-bfj ,bleyb]g--,montz51 lead m9es (1 #cfg ,blo?rus spelu1 ( ! ,cave ( ,adelsb]g1 #afc its pursuit ( ! cav]n-beetle1 #afc ,bl[]s 9 coal-m9es1 #bgi ,bogs1 effects ( bur/+ (1 #acj ,bohemia1 ice-caves (1 #aig gold co9s (1 #bhg gold (1 #bhh silv] m9es (1 #bii _! produce1 #cjj t9 m9es (1 #ccf iron m9es (1 #ceh coal-fields (1 #dbc ,bolivia1 active volcanoes (1 #fa ,bols5a1 ,lake (1 =m$ 9 ! ext9ct crat] ( a volcano1 #eg ,bonifacio1 9 ,corsica1 cav]ns (1 #add1 #ade ,borax1 or borate ( soda1 =m] *ief supply (1 #dei obta9$ z a crude sub/ance 9 v>i\s places1 #dei ! suffioni ( ! ,flor5t9e lagoons1 #dfj ,bor+ = m9]als1 #bdi ,williams's acc\nt ( ! emotions ( ! bor+ p>ty1 #bdi mode ( op]ation1 #bej1 #bea prices 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& = bor+1 #bej note implem5ts us$ = bor+1 #bej ,borneo1 diamond m9es (1 #dhj ,borr[/oness ,colli]y1 #daj ,bosio1 ,an?ony1 8 discov]y ( ! catacombs1 #bji ,bo/on1 9 ,am]ica1 smelt+-h\ses ( ! ,bay (1 #cbh ,botallack m9e1 9 ,cornwall1 #cag-cai ! bl9d m9] (1 #cai1 #cbj ,b\rbon1 ,isle (1 volume ( ! lava /ream ( ! eruption ( #aghg1 #ge ,bracciano1 ,lake (1 =m$ 9 ! ext9ct crat] ( a volcano1 #eg ,bra*iopods ( ! ,silurian seas1 #ab1 #ac ,br&/e91 ice-cave (1 #aig ,brazil1 ossif]\s caves (1 #baf iron-ores (1 #cfc lead m9es (1 #cfg ,bressay1 islet (1 its m>9e cav]ns1 #adb ,breton1 ,cape1 ra9-drops ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod pres]v$ at1 #bi ,bri5z1 village (1 twice buri$ by a l&slip1 & twice recon/ruct$1 #abg ,brilliants1 #dgi1 #dhd ,britannia metal1 #cce manufacture (1 #chc ,brittany1 traces ( depression ( ! l& on ! coa/ (1 #cg ,brixham1 bone-caves (1 #bbg ,bronze1 an alloy ( copp] & t91 #ccb implem5ts (1 f\nd 9 ,switz]l&1 #ccb ,br[nhill1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 bitum9\s coal-field at1 #dbd ,brl1 ne> ,/4 ,eti5ne1 burn+ coalm9e at1 #bhc ,brunswick1 ,new1 coal-fields (1 #dbd ,bu*1 ,leopold von1 8 obs]vations z to ! rise ( ! l& ( ,sw$51 #ce ,bd%egy1 9 ,transylvania1 sulphur caves ( ! m\nta91 #ddf visit to ! caves1 #ddf ,bufador1 or ! wat]-sp\t ( ,pope ,luna1 #adf ,buffalo1 food ( !1 #bf ,burgbrohl1 c>bonic acid gas spr+ (1 & quantity x produces1 #hh ,burra-,burra copp] m9e1 9 ,au/ralia1 #cbi ,bus+51 de/ruction ( ! village (1 #abd ,bu/am5te1 ,don ,jos1 8 dra9+ gall]y1 #cjd ,cadiz1 effects ( ! great e>?quake ( #agee on1 #aag1 #aah ,cadmium1 discov]y & uses (1 #chf ,calabria1 e>?quake ( #aghc 91 #ih conduct ( ! peasants 9 !1 #ii movem5t ( ! sea dur+ ! e>?quake1 #ajg dep? ( ! orig9al %ock ( #aheg1 #aaa ,calam9e1 z9c produc$ f1 #chj work$ 9 ,prussia1 ,belgium1 & ,engl&1 #cha ,calamites nodosus1 #cic ,cald]a1 copp] m9es (1 #cbf ,cali=nia1 upheaval ( ! l& at1 #cd discov]y ( gold 91 #bhh imm5se flood ( emigration into1 #bhi gold-wa%+ at1 #bie copp] m9es (1 #cbh iron discov]$ 91 #cfb quicksilv] (1 #cgh ,calli/us1 catacomb (1 discov]y ( !1 #baj ,calobozo1 s\nds accompany+ e>?quakes at1 #ajc ,camborne1 copp] m9es (1 #cag ,cambrian rocks1 antiquity ( !1 #b1 #c1 #aj fossils ( !1 #aj1 #aa ,cambyses1 8 enorm\s weal?1 #bhf ,campagna1 diff]5t k9ds ( /one ( !1 #bjh ,canada1 iron pyrites (1 #ddh ,can>y ,isl&s1 e>?quakes ( !1 #ajj ma>e1 or crat]i=m holl[s1 ( !1 #acb ,cane1 ,grotto del1 cruel exp]im5ts on dogs at1 #hi ,can/adt1 9 ,wurtemb]g1 mills kept at "w 9 w9t] by ,artesian wells1 #ej ,capac ,urcu1 ! volcanic cone (1 bl[n to pieces1 #fg ,c>accas1 t[n (1 de/roy$ by an e>?quake1 #aja ,c>bonic acid gas spr+s1 #hh ^? ( ,g]many1 #hh ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 fi%es ( !1 #ac vegetable & animal rema9s ( !1 #ad1 #ah insects ( !1 #ae ra9-drops ( !1 pres]v$ at ,sydney1 9 ,cape ,breton1 #bi pro( ( ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e ( !1 #bi plants ( !1 #cia ,c>burett$ hydrog51 spr+s (1 #ij-ic ,c>claze t9 m9e1 #cda ,c>digan%ire1 lead m9es (1 #cff ,c>dona1 rock-salt ( ! valley (1 #dcg ,c>drew m9e1 9 ,cornwall1 dra9age (1 #bgj ,c>guairazo1 fi% disgorg$ f ! eruption ( ! volcano (1 #fi1 #gj ,c>9?ia1 doll9as & jamas (1 #acj subt]ranean wat]-c\rses (1 #aej fungi ( ! caves (1 #aeh iron (1 #ceh ,c>lsbad1 hot spr+s (1 #dc ,c>mel1 ,m\nt1 grotto ( ! prophet ,elijah on1 #ahh *ur* on1 #ahh ,c>niola1 doll9as & jamas (1 #acj subt]ranean wat]-c\rses (1 #aej ,c>non1 ne> ,falm\?1 t9-/ream (1 #cch ,c>r>a m>ble1 orig9 (1 #d qu>ries (1 #dfe situation ( ! qu>ries1 #dfe ! t[n (1 #dfe ,c>ron iron-works e/abli%$1 #cej ,c>son riv]1 silv] m9es ne> !1 #cad ,cass1 ,g5]al1 8 report on ! copp] m9es ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 #cbh ,cassit]ides1 or t9 isl&s1 ,h]odotus' m5tion (1 #ccc ,cassotis1 at ,delphi1 antiquity ( !1 #dd ,ca/ro1 ,john di1 8 manufacture ( alum at ,tolfa1 #deh ,catacombs ( ,rome1 #bje gall]y ) tombs1 #bjf sepul*ral inscriptions1 #bji ,bosio's discov]y ( ! catacombs1 #bji ,cavali]e de ,rossi's rese>*es1 #baj ^! ( ,naples & ,syracuse1 #baj ^? ( ,p>is1 #baj ,catania ?reat5$ by ! lava-/ream f ,etna1 #gb p>tly de/roy$ by ! lava1 #gc ,catorce1 ,alamos de1 silv] m9e (1 #cjc ,caucasus1 mud volcanoes ( !1 #ic1 #ie e>?quakes (1 #ajj ,cav]n-ro(s1 fall+ 9 (1 caus+ l&slips1 #abi ,caves1 9 g5]al1 #acc _! v>i\s =ms1 #acc natural tunnels1 #acc1 #acd dim5sions ( caves1 #ace discov]y ( caves1 #ace ! v>i\s rocks 9 :i* !y occur1 #acf m>9e caves1 #adb volcanic caves1 #adf cave riv]s1 #adi cave vegetation1 #aef subt]ranean animals1 #aei caves z places ( refuge1 #afi h]mit caves & rock-temples1 #agh subt]ranean places ( wor%ip1 #aha ice-caves & w9d-holes1 #aib rock-tombs & catacombs1 #bjb caves ) bones ( ext9ct animals1 #bac subt]ranean relics ( prehi/oric man1 #bba troglodytes1 or cave-dwell]s1 #bca cave ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nt1 ne> ,mae/ri*t1 #dgj ,celsius1 8 obs]vations ( ! rise ( ! l& 9 ,sw$51 #ce ,cemet]ies1 rock-hewn1 ( ,egypt1 #bjd1 #bje ,c5is1 ,mont1 railway tunnel ?r\gh1 #bch-bdj ma*9es = bor+ !1 #bch1 #bci mode ( proce$+1 #bch-bdj ,c]vus megac]os1 !1 ( ,irel&1 #bh ,ceylon1 rock-temples (1 #ahd ,*alc$ony1 #dig ,*alda1 silv] m9es (1 #bih ,*alk gr\p1 /> fi% ( !1 #ah ,*>lemagne1 imp]ial mantle (1 #dgh ,*e%ire1 salt m9es (1 #dca ,*ili1 numb] ( active volcanoes (1 #fa great e>?quake (1 9 #ahce1 #gi e>?quakes (1 g5]ally1 #ajj effects ( ! e>?quake sea-wave aft] ! %ock1 #ajh silv] m9es (1 #cac1 #cad copp] m9es (1 #cbf lead m9es (1 #cfg ,*9a-clay1 or kaol91 h[ =m$1 #dfj mode ( treat+ x1 #dfj export (1 f ,cornwall & ,devon%ire1 #dfa #8,*9aman's ,hole1' gold digg+s at1 #bib ,*9ese1 _! use ( spr+s ( c>burett$ hydrog51 #ij1 #ia at ! ,au/ralian gold digg+s1 #bia _! discov]y ( gold ne> ,m\nt ,ar>at1 #bia ,*oke-damp1 or black-damp1 #bgh de/ruction caus$ by1 #bha ,*oqui]1 bones ( ext9ct animals f\nd 9 ! cav]n (1 #bad ,*ri/ians1 tombs ( ! e>ly1 ne> ,rome1 #bjg1 #bjh ,*rome1 uses (1 #che discov]y (1 #chf :5ce obta9$1 #chf ,*rysob]yl1 or ori5tal *rysolite1 #dia ,*uquibamba1 height ( ! volcano (1 #ed ,c9nab>1 uses (1 9 e>ly ages1 #cgj ,cirknitz ,lake1 ! ,proteus fir/ discov]$ 9 !1 #afd1 #afe ,cl>a1 ,bov$a de ,santa1 at ,almad51 #cgb ,clevel& di/rict1 iron manufacture ( !1 #ced ,clau/hal1 l5g? ( ! arg5tif]\s ve9s (1 #bdg great adit levels ( ! m9es (1 #bgj ,clodius1 ,roman prtor1 defeat$ by ,sp>tacus at ,vesuvius1 #hb ,coal & coal m9es1 #bde1 #bdf age (1 #cij plants ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age1 #cia ext5t ( ! coal seams1 #cie va/ "t requir$ = ! =mation ( ! coal-fields1 #cie ! probable mode ( =mation1 #cif d]angem5ts & dislocation ( coal b$s1 #cig1 #cih sep>ation ( a coal-field into small areas by dykes or faults1 #cii bitum9\s & non-bitum9\s coals1 #dja *ief coal-produc+ c\ntries ( ! _w1 #djb ! coal-fields ( ,great ,brita91 #djb-dbb ! hew]s & _! "w1 #dae1 #dah o!r workm51 bel[ & above ! pit1 #daf1 #dag e>ly k ( coal1 #dai its use prohibit$ by ,edw>d ,i4 9 ,london1 #dai ! trade 9 coal 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #dbj increase 9 ! dem& & supply1 #dbj ! "q ( ! duration ( our coal-fields1 #dbj coal-fields ( =eign c\ntries1 #dbb-dbe ,coal-hew]s ( ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 #dad at "w1 #dae h[ !y are paid1 #daf ,coalbrookdale1 iron manufacture 91 #cdi ,coal-cutt+ ma*9es1 #dae ,cobalt1 "n (1 #chd uses (1 & :5ce obta9$1 #chd ,coca1 /imulat+ prop]ties (1 #caa ,co*9 ,*9a1 rock-temples (1 #ahd ,co9s1 ! olde/ kn[n gold1 #bhg ,colli]ies1 casualties 91 #bde dra9age ( ! wat] 91 #bgb ,colosso*elys ,atlas1 gigantic proportions ( !1 #bd ,columbia1 mud volcanoes (1 #ic ,columbia1 ,briti%1 gold-fields (1 #bic coal-fields (1 #dbd ,consolidat$ ,m9es 9 ,cornwall1 am\nt ( s9k+ 9 !1 #bea ,conto1 ,monte1 l&slip ( !1 #abg ,copal-tree1 res9 at ! foot ( !1 #dea ,copiapo1 9 ,*ili1 discov]y ( silv] at1 #bdh silv] m9es (1 #cac ,copp]1 "n & antiquity (1 #cae h[ f\nd1 #cae its uses & comp\nds1 #cae m9es ( ,cornwall1 #caf1 #cag ores & process ( smelt+1 #cbj1 #cba m9es ( ,sw$51 ,g]many1 & ,russia1 #cbb-cbf ^? ( ,am]ica1 #cbf-cbi & ( ,au/ralia1 #cbi hi/ory ( "s ( our copp] m9es1 #cbi lodes ( ,cornwall1 #ccg ,copp]opolis1 copp] m9es (1 #cbh ,coquimbo1 copp] m9es (1 #cbf ,corals1 primeval1 #af ,corneale1 ,cave (1 colossal /alagmites ( !1 #adj ,cornwall1 m9es (1 #caf t9 m9es (1 #ccf p]sons employ$ 9 !m1 #cdc z9c produc$ 91 #chb ,*9a-clay (1 #dfj1 #dfa ,corsica1 m>9e caves (1 #ade ,cort1 ,mr41 8 improvem5ts 9 iron manufacture1 #cej ,corundum1 #dhi ,cosigu9a1 ph5om5a ( an eruption (1 #fe1 #fg de/ruction caus$ by ! eruption ( #ahce1 #fg ,cosmo ,,iii41 ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 burns a diamond1 #dgi ,cotopaxi1 %ape (1 #ec enorm\s /ones hurl$ by an eruption (1 #ff ph5om5a ( ! eruption ( #ahjc1 #fi noises he>d #aji miles (f dur+ an eruption (1 #ajd ,cretace\s p]iod1 fossils ( !1 #ai1 #bb1 #bc causes ( l&slips 9 !1 #abi ,crete1 labyr9? (1 #agd1 #age consecrat$ caves & grottoes to ,zeus 91 #ahg ,crimea1 mud volcanoes ( !1 #ic ,cr9nis ,copp] ,m9e1 ,old1 ab&on$ b rework$1 #cbi1 #ccj ,cr9oids1 or sea-lilies1 fossil1 #ag ,crsus1 8 enorm\s weal?1 #bhf ,crookes1 ,mr41 8 discov]y ( ?allium1 #chh ,cr[e1 ,mr41 ( ,hamm]fe/1 =ms a copp]-m9+ company 9 ,norway1 #cbd ,cru/aceans ( ! ,silurian seas1 #aa1 #ab cav]n1 #afc1 #afg ,cuba1 copp] m9es (1 #cbi iron ores (1 #cfc ,cumana1 de/ruction ( ! t[n (1 by an e>?quake1 #ajb s\nds accompany+ ! %ocks1 #ajc ,cu?b]t1 ,/41 8 cave on ! ,coa/ ( ,nor?umb]l&1 #ahj acc\nt ( him1 #ahj #8beads ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t1' #ahj ,curtis1 ,?omas1 8 difficult "w 9 ! ,huel ,:]ry t9 m9e1 #cci1 #cdj ,cyclops1 troglodytic cav]ns ( !1 at ! base ( ,m\nt ,etna1 #bcb ,cyrus1 enorm\s treasures accumulat$ by1 #bhf ,cyprus1 anci5t silv] m9es (1 #bih ,cyzicus1 ! olde/ kn[n specim5 ( a gold co9 (1 #bhg ,dahra1 ,fr5* atrocities at ! caves ( !1 #agf ,dalec>lia1 iron ores (1 #cfj ,dalmatia1 doll9as & jamas (1 #acj subt]ranean wat]-c\rses (1 #aej ,dalton-le-,dale1 dra9age ( ! coal-m9e (1 #bgb ,dambool1 rock-temple (1 #ahd ,damm>a au/ralis1 masses ( res9 at ! base ( ! trunk ( !1 #dea ,dana1 ,pr(essor1 8 views respect+ volcanoes1 #gi ,dannemora1 iron-works (1 #cfj ,dantzig1 amb] f\nd ne>1 #ddi ,d>i51 plat9um discov]$ at1 #chb ,d>ius ,hy/aspis1 8 enorm\s weal?1 #bhf ,davy1 ,sir ,humphry1 8 safety-lamp1 #bhj 8 discov]y ( alum9ium & magnesium1 #chg & ( sodium1 #chh ,delgada1 ,punta1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,san ,miguel1 #adg ,delphi1 subt]ranean holl[ "u ! tripod ( ! prie/ess (1 #ahg ,demid(f1 ,pr9ce1 8 copp] m9es1 #cbf 8 iron m\nta9 9 ! ,oural1 #ceg1 #ceh ,d5bigh%ire1 lead m9es (1 #cff ,d]by%ire1 lead m9es (1 #cff ,d5m>k1 enorm\s antiquity ( ! peat mosses (1 #bba remnants ( a =m] vegetation & articles ( human workman%ip f\nd 9 ! mosses (1 #bbb ! #8%ell-m\nds' (1 #bbb ,depressions1 subt]ranean1 #cd1 #cf subm>9e =e/s 9 v>i\s places1 #cf evid5ces ( depression1 #cf1 #cg probable causes (1 #ch ,d]by%ire sp>1 #dfi ,devon ,great ,consols ,m9es1 success ( ! copp] m9es (1 #ccj ,devonian p]iod1 fi%es ( !1 #ac ,devon%ire1 t9 m9es (1 #ccf m9]s & wages (1 #cdc *9a-clay (1 #dfj1 #dfa ,diabl]ets1 falls ( !1 #aba escape ( a peasant f 8 liv+ tomb 9 !1 #abb causes ( ! ph5om5on1 #abc ,diamond1 !1 #dgg diamond-cutt+1 #dgh rose diamonds & brilliants1 #dgi de/roy$ by heat1 #dgi /ones ( ,india & ,brazil1 #dhj ! ,russian diamond1 & ! ,pitt or ,reg5t diamond1 #dhe t ( ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 #dhe ! ,koh-i-,noor1 #dhf diamonds & diamond-du/ us$ = indu/rial purposes1 #dhi ,d9ornis1 size ( !1 #bh ,pr(essor ,ow5's resuscitation ( !1 #bag ,d9o!rium1 size & *>act]i/ics ( !1 #bc ,diodorus ,siculus1 8 acc\nt ( ! t9 trade ( ,brita91 #ccc ,div9+ rod1 !1 #bdh h[ us$1 #bdi ,dolcoa? t9 m9e1 #ccg ,dolores1 m9e (1 #cjc ,dom+os1 ,san1 9 ,portugal1 ,roman m9es (1 #ddh n[ work$ by ! ,b>on ( ,pommoro1 #ddh acc\nt ( ! works1 #ddh ,donati1 ,vitaliano1 8 acc\nt ( ! fall ( a m\nta9 ne> ,sall5*es1 #abb ,donca/]1 gigantic fungus 9 a tunnel ne>1 #aeh ,donegal1 bur/+ ( bogs 91 #aca ,droitwi*1 salt-works (1 #dcb ,dron!im1 or ,tronyem1 city (1 #cbd ,dudley1 ,"l1 e/abli%es iron-works ne> ,/\rbridge1 #cdi ,dufan1 9 ,arabia1 sulphur ( !1 #ddf ,duk9field colli]y1 dep? (1 #bdg ,dunf]ml9e1 mona/]y (1 obta9s a lic5ce to dig coals1 #dai ,durham1 coal-fields (1 #djc1 #djg ,dye+1 use ( t9 9 ! processes (1 #cce ,e>?quakes1 prec$+ volcanic eruptions1 #fe volcanoes consid]$ z ! safety-valves (1 #gh1 #gi b sometimes accompany volcanic eruption1 #gi ext5t ( mis]y caus$ by1 #ig-ii ! horrors (1 increas$ by man1 #ii ! progress ( civilisation ret>d$ by e>?quakes1 #ii1 #ajj regions to :i* !y are conf9$1 #ajj duration ( ! %ocks1 #aja indications ( a com+ e>?quake1 #ajb s\nds accompany+ e>?quakes1 #ajc s\nds unaccompani$ by movem5t ( ! e>?1 #ajd v]tical or undulatory motion ( %ocks1 #ajd ext5t & =ce ( ! seismic wave motion1 #aje1 #ajf movem5ts ( ! sea 9 e>?quakes1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aag ext5t ( ! wave motion1 #aji *anges caus$ by e>?quakes 9 ! configuration ( ! soil1 #aji1 #aaj causes ( e>?quakes1 #aaa probable dep? ( ! focus1 #aaa1 #aab op9ions ( ,sir ,c4 ,lyell & ,mr4 ,p\lett ,scrope1 #aab effects ( an e>?quake on man & animals1 #aab1 #aac acc\nt ( ! great e>?quake ( ,lisbon1 #aad ,egg1 ,isle (1 atrocities ( ! ,macleods 9 ! cave ( !1 #aga ,egypt1 rock-temples (1 #ahd tombs ( ! k+s 9 ,!bes1 #bjb-bjd comp>$ to an iron furnace1 #cdg qu>ries (1 #dgd1 #dge ,ehr5b]g1 8 discov]y ( ! animat$ du/ ( ! ,h>mattan1 #aef ,eifel1 volcanic di/rict ( !1 #eh c>bonic acid gas spr+s ( !1 #hh crat]i=m holl[s1 or ma>e1 9 !1 #aca ,eilei?yia1 rock-hewn cemet]ies (1 #bje ,eimeo1 hole 9 ! isl& (1 #acc tradition respect+ ?is hole1 #acc ,elba1 iron indu/ry (1 #cfb ,elephanta1 rock-temples (1 #ahc ,elevations ( ! l& produc$ by e>?quakes1 #aaa ,elfdal1 porphyry (1 #dfg ,ellora1 rock-temples (1 #ahc ,em]ald1 or b]yl1 #dia1 #dib ,em]y1 :5ce obta9$1 #dfc total production (1 #dfc ,emmanuel1 ,/41 *ur* (1 9 ,abyss9ia1 #ahg ,ems1 hot spr+s (1 #dc ,enamel1 mat]ials us$ =1 #cce ,encr9ites lily1 call$ #8,/4 ,cu?b]t's beads1' #aha ,encr9us lilii=mis1 fossil1 #ag1 #ah ,engih\l1 human rema9s 9 ! cav]n (1 #bbf ,dr4 ,s*m]l+'s explorations1 #bbf ,sir ,c4 ,lyell's1 #bbg ,engis1 human bones discov]$ 9 ! cav]n (1 #bbf ,eng9es1 /ation>y1 us$ 9 m9es1 #bfc ,engl&1 subsid5ce ( ! l& on ! we/ & ea/ coa/s (1 #cf1 #cg effects ( a viol5t e>?quake 91 #ajj %ocks felt 91 at v>i\s times1 #ajj1 #aja effects ( ! great e>?quake ( #agee 91 #aah ! ext9ct hy5a (1 f\nd 9 caves1 #bad ossif]\s caves 91 #bbg fl9t implem5ts f\nd 91 #bca ma9 causes ( ! prosp]ity (1 #bde copp] m9es (1 #caf manufacture ( iron 91 #cdi lead m9es (1 #cfe1 #cff z9c produc$ 91 #cha1 #chb va/ deposits ( coal (1 #djb1 #djc & _! conv5i5t di/ribution1 #djc ext5t ( ! ,great ,c5tral ,coal-field1 #djf qu>ries (1 #dfd ,eozoon canad5se1 ! only fossil f\nd 9 ! ,laur5tian rocks1 #aj its extreme antiquity1 #aj ,epomeo1 volcano (1 its long p]iods ( re/1 #eh ,eras9os1 9 ,greece1 antiquity ( ! spr+ (1 #dd ,ern/ ,augu/ ,/oll51 9 ! ,h>z1 #bga ,erzb]g1 or iron m\nta91 9 ,/yria1 #ceh works at1 & produce (1 #cei ,esquimaux1 _! iron implem5ts1 #cdg ,e/rella d ,sul1 or ,/> ( ! ,s\?1 diamond1 #dhg ,etna1 ,m\nt1 ,m4 ,h\el's exploration ( ! crat] (1 #ee /reams ( lava 9 ! eruption ( #affi1 #gj numb]s ( p>asitic cones on ! flanks (1 #ga rate ( progress ( ! lava-/ream ( #afii1 #gb ret5tion ( heat 9 ! lava-/ream ( #ahcb1 #gc ! ,fossa della ,palomba on1 #adg ice-caves (1 #aih troglodytic cav]ns ( ! ,cyclops at ! base (1 #bcb ,euripides1 8 triumph1 #dgf ,europe1 volcanoes (1 #fa ,eurypt]ids1 ( ! ,silurian seas1 #ab ,fahlun1 horses us$ 9 ! copp] m9es (1 #bfb n>r[ escape 9 ! m9e1 #bfd copp]-m9e (1 #cbb ore ( ! m9e1 #cbc ! pres]v$ body f\nd 91 #cbc ,f]d9&1 ,ar*duke1 8 visit to ! ,cave ( ,magdal5a1 #aff ,fez1 effects ( ! e>?quake ( #agee at1 #aah ,f+al's ,cave1 ,sir ,w4 ,scott's description (1 #adc ,f9o1 ,don ,&rea del1 n>rative (1 9 an e>?quake1 #ii ,fire1 its et]nal /rife ) wat]1 #a1 #b ! subt]ranean =ces1 #g ,fire-damp1 or c>burett$ hydrog51 #bgh fatal explosions caus$ by1 #bha ,fi% disgorg$ by volcanoes f cav]ns1 #fi bl9d cav]n1 ( ! ,mammo? ,cave ( ,k5tucky1 #afh ( ! ,upp] ,silurian gr\p1 #ac de/ruction ( va/ numb]s (1 by volcanic eruption1 #ae1 #af ,fl9t%ire1 lead m9es (1 #cff ,flores1 ,padre1 8 silv] m9e ( #8,la ,bolsa de ,dios ,padre1' #cjd ,flor9s1 or fior9i1 orig9 (1 #bhg ,fonta9e-sans-fond1 !1 ne> ,sable1 #adi ,footpr9ts ( =m] ages1 pres]vation (1 #bh1 #bi ,=e/s1 subm>9e1 9 v>i\s places1 #cf ,fossils1 *ronological importance (1 to ! geologi/1 #e1 #f1 #h ext9ction ( species1 #i1 #aj1 #ad ^? ( ! olde/ & lat] p]iods1 #aj-bi ,f\nta9s1 artificial1 pr9ciple on :i* !y are con/ruct$1 #db ( lava1 #ga1 #gb ( m>9e cav]ns1 #adf ,foxdale lead m9e1 9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 #cff ,frais ,puits1 ph5om5on ( !1 #aej ,france1 effects ( ! great e>?quake ( #agee 91 #aah t9 m9es (1 #ccf consumption ( coal 91 #dbc ,frau5mau] ,m\nta9 9 ,upp] ,/yria1 ice-cave ( !1 #aif1 #aig ,fr$onia1 t[n (1 lit by spr+s ( c>burett$ hydrog51 #ij ,freib]g1 dra9age ( ! m9es (1 #bgj ,fr5*1 _! atrocities 9 ! ,cave ( ,long>a1 #agj _! cruelty 9 ,alg]ia1 #agf ,frio1 ,s]ro d1 diamonds ( !1 #dhj ,fuegians1 #8%ell m\nds' ( !1 #bbb ,fum>oles or /eam-jets ( volcanoes1 #fc ^? ( ,jorullo ( #agei se5 9 #ahjc1 #gd ,fungi1 subt]ranean1 #aeg ,scopoli's description (1 #aeg gigantic "o at ,donca/]1 #aeh ! artificial mu%room-b$s ne> ,p>is1 #aeh ,furnaces1 rev]b]atory1 #cba ,gallicia1 salt m9es (1 #dcf ,ganoid fi%es ( ! ,upp] ,silurian gr\p1 #ac ,g>net1 !1 #did ,g>nock riv] bur/s into a colli]y1 #bgf ,gas-spr+s1 #hh ,gelliv>a1 9 ,sw$i% ,lapl&1 m\nds ( magnetic iron-ore at1 #cfj ,gems1 sup]/iti\s p[] (1 #dgg ,geological revolutions1 influ5ce (1 on ! e>?-r9d1 #a tabul> geological pr(ile1 #c p]iods ( geological =mations1 #e ! same m9]al sub/ances 9 ! olde/ & newe/ =mations1 #e guidance ( ! geologi/ 9 asc]ta9+ ! p]iods ( ! =mations1 #e a cont9u\s developm5t to m highly organis$ species1 #f ,georges1 ,/41 ice-cave (1 #aib entrance to ! glacire (1 #bja ,georg ,/oll51 great adit levels ( !1 9 ! ,h>z1 #bgj ,g]ma91 ,/41 artificial mu%room-b$s at1 #aeh ,g]many1 effects ( ! great e>?quake ( #agee 91 #aah copp] m9es (1 #cbe lead m9es ( ,nor? ,g]many1 #cfe coal-fields (1 #dbb consumption ( coal 91 #dbc qu>ries (1 #dfd ,gibralt>1 ,rock (1 monkeys ( !1 #bd ,girg5ti1 t[n & trade (1 #ddb ! sulphur m9es (1 #ddb ,glass1 /a9$1 col\rs (1 h[ =m$1 #cce ,gl5malure1 lead m9es (1 #cff ,glyptodon1 size & *>act]i/ics ( !1 #be ,goaves1 or old work+s 9 coal m9es1 fire-damp 91 #bgi ,goepp]t1 ,pr(essor1 8 obs]vations on ! ext9ct amb]-tree1 #dea ,goe!1 8 rem>ks on ! great ,lisbon e>?quake1 #aai ,g(f91 ,hub]t1 8 h]oism1 #bge 8 future c>e]1 #bgf ,gold1 antiquity ( man's k (1 #bhe ! /ory ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece1 #bhe /atues ( gold 9 anci5t temples1 #bhe quantities ( gold possess$ by anci5t mon>*s1 #bhf e>lie/ use ( ! metal1 #bhg aurif]\s l& ( ! ,ib]ian p59sula1 #bhh ,cali=nia & ,au/ralia1 #bhh1 #bhi ,briti% ,columbia & o!r places1 #bic localities 9 :i* gold is deposit$1 #bic1 #bid ,goldau1 ,vale (1 deva/at$ by a l&slip1 #abc de/ruction ( ! village (1 #abd ,gold5 ,fleece1 /ory ( !1 #bhe ,golub9as1 or pigeon-holes1 9 ,dalmatia & ,c>niola1 #acj ,goniatites ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 #ah ext9ction ( !1 #ah ,good ,hope1 ,cape (1 upheaval ( ! l& at !1 #cd ,goroblagodat1 ,kus*wa1 plat9um (1 #chb ,gortyna1 9 ,crete1 labyr9? (1 #agd1 #age ,gos=? ,colli]y1 #dji ,go?>d1 ,m\nt ,/41 propos$ tunnel ?r\gh1 #bda ,g[]1 bone-cave (1 #bbh ,grce-,dieu1 glacire (1 #aib /alagmites ( ice 9 !1 #aic1 #aid ,graham's ,isl&1 volcanic =mation (1 #ei its disappe>ance1 #ei ,granada1 ,new1 ext5t ( ! wave-motion ( an e>?quake at1 #aje ,granada1 9 ,spa91 de/ruction ( ! ,moors (1 #agc ,graphite4 ,see ,plumbago4 ,gras%opp]1 w+ (1 ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 #ae ,greece1 subt]ranean wat]-c\rses (1 #aej consecrat$ caves & grottoes (1 #ahg ,gre5h\ses kept w>m by wat] f ,artesian wells1 #ej ,gre5l&1 evid5ce ( subsid5ce ( ! l& at1 #cg ,gr5elle1 heat ( ! ,artesian well (1 at v>i\s dep?s1 #cb1 #di ,gr5i]1 ,m\nt1 l&slip (1 #abg ,grosmont1 iron manufacture (1 #cee ,gua*>o1 ! ,cueva del1 #afj1 #afa ,gua*>o1 a troglodytic bird1 #afj1 #afa :olesale slaught] (1 by ! ,indians1 #afa1 #afb :]e f\nd1 #afj1 #afb ,gualgayoc1 ! v5tanillas (1 #acc ,gualgayoc1 ,c]ro de ,san ,f]n&o de1 silv] m9es (1 #cji1 #caa ,guanaxuato1 subt]ranean noises he>d at1 )\t e>?quake1 #ajd ,guanaxuato1 rise ( ! t[n (1 #cjb ,guatemala1 volcanoes ne> ! t[n (1 #fa ,guadiana1 engulfm5t ( ! riv]1 #aej ,gunp[d]1 am\nt (1 us$ 9 bla/+ 9 m9es1 #bfj ,gw5nap1 copp] m9es (1 #cag ,gypsum1 orig9 (1 #d ,hagg> ,silsilis1 9 ,egypt1 qu>ries (1 #dge ,haiti1 upheaval ( ! l& at1 #cd ,hann1 ,pr(essor1 a coal-hew] 9 e>ly life1 #dai ,hanov]1 iron manufacture (1 #ceg ,h>mattan1 animat$ du/ ( !1 #aef ,h>tlepool1 export ( coal f1 #dac ,h>tley ,colli]y1 accid5t 9 !1 #bec ,h>z ,m\nta9s1 subt]ranean flora ( !1 #aeh ice-caves ( !1 #aig great adit levels ( ! m9es 9 !1 #bgj ,haussmann1 ,pr(essor1 8 visit to ! ,norwegian copp] m9e ( ,rraas1 #cbd ,hawaii1 effect ( ! eruption ( ,mauna ,loa 9 #ahdj1 #gf effects ( an e>?quake sea-wave at1 #aji ,heat1 subt]ranean1 #ca zone ( inv>iable temp]ature1 #ca1 #cb increas+ temp]ature at a great] dep?1 #cb rate ( increase1 #cb pro( ev]y:]e ( a subt]ranean s\rce ( heat1 #cb ,heaton1 accid5t at ! colli]y (1 #bgc ,h]culaneum1 de/ruction ( ! t[n (1 #ha-he ! mud-/ream :i* caus$ ! de/ruction1 #he discov]y ( ! buri$ t[n1 #hf ,h]mits1 caves (1 #agh ,h]mits1 numb]s (1 9 rock-caves & huts 9 ! ,ea/1 #agi ,h]odotus1 8 m5tion ( ! ,cassit]ides1 #ccc ,hetton ,colli]y1 v5tilation ( !1 #bgh ,hi]a1 volcanic isl& (1 #fj ,hilda1 ,/41 colli]y & gall]ies (1 #daj ,himmelfr/1 9 ,saxony1 silv]-fields (1 #bii ,h9do/an1 coal-fields (1 #dbd ,h(fmann1 ,g4 ,f41 8 description ( ! subt]ranean flora ( ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s1 #aeh ,holl&1 e>?quakes felt 91 #aja effects ( ! great e>?quake ( #agee 91 #aah ,hom]1 t9 ornam5ts m5tion$ by1 #ccb ,honduras1 coal-fields (1 #dbd ,horses us$ 9 m9es1 #bfb ,hot-spr+s 9 ! froz5 l&s z well z 9 ! tropics1 #cc z a v5t ( subt]ranean heat1 #cc ,h\el1 ,m41 8 dang]\s exploration ( ! crat] ( ,m\nt ,etna1 #ee ,h[itt1 ,william1 8 description ( %ipp+ coal on ! ,tyne1 #dab ,huancayo1 ! ,franciscan monk (1 #cac ,huatulco1 f\nta9s ( m>9e cav]ns 91 #adf ,huel ,:]ry1 rise & fall ( ! t9-m9e (1 #cci ,humboldt1 ,m41 8 visit to ! volcano ( ,rucu-,p9*9*a1 #ee 8 treatise on subt]ranean fungi1 #aeh ,huancavelica1 quicksilv] m9e (1 #cgh ,hung>y1 ice-caves (1 #aig salt m9es (1 #dcf ,hutton1 ,dr41 a coal-hew] 9 e>ly life1 #dai ,hydro/atic laws reg>d+ ! fl[ ( spr+s1 #dj1 #da ,hy5a1 rema9s (1 f\nd 9 caves1 #bac1bad ,ib>ra1 suppos$ causes ( a fev] at1 #gj ,ib]ian p59sula1 aurif]\s l& (1 #bhh ,ice1 effect ( ! meet+ ( a lava-/ream )1 #gd ,ice-caves & _! ph5om5a1 #aic-bja ,icel&1 volcanic =mation (1 #d ,icel&1 geysirs (1 #de-dh ,buns5's !ory ( ! causes ( ! geysirs (1 #dg1 #dh volcanoes (1 #fa mud-volcanoes (1 #ic ice-caves (1 #aih ,i*?yosaurus communis1 *>act]i/ics & size ( !1 #bj1 #ba :]e f\nd1 #bb ,idria1 fungi ( ! m9es (1 #aeh quicksilv] m9es (1 #cgc-cgh ,iktis1 isl& (1 m5tion$ by ,diodorus ,siculus1 #ccc ,iguanodon1 size & *>act]i/ics ( !1 #bb ,ilezk1 rock-salt deposit (1 #dch ,ill9ois1 coal-fields (1 #dbd ,india1 mud-volcanoes (1 #ic rock-temples (1 #aha ,indiana1 coal-fields (1 #dbd ,indies1 ,we/1 e>?quakes (1 #ajj1 #aja ,insects enclos$ 9 amb]1 #deb-dee ,ipsamb\l1 rock-temple (1 #ahd ,w>burton's description ( x1 #ahd-ahf ,irel&1 effects ( ! great e>?quake ( #agee 91 #aah coal-fields (1 #djd :y !y are s little work$1 #djd ,iron1 its value1 #cde its wide diffusion1 #cde meteoric iron1 #cdg anci5t k (1 #cdg ext5sion ( its uses 9 mod]n times1 #cdh ,briti% iron production1 #cdh smelt+1 #cdi ! hot bla/1 #cec ! ,clevel& di/rict & ! trade ( ,middlesbor\gh1 #cfd am\nt & value ( ! ,briti% iron trade1 #cee o!r /ati/ics ( ! trade1 #cef production ( =eign c\ntries1 #ceg-cfc ,irtys*1 copp] & coal ne> !1 #cbf ,isalco1 =mation ( ! volcano (1 #ei 9 a con/ant /ate ( eruption1 #fb ,iscalonga1 9 ,basilicata1 cave-dwell+s (1 #bcd ,is]lohn1 9 ,we/phalia1 discov]y ( a cav]n at1 #ace ,ispica1 ,val d'1 cave-dwell+s 9 !1 #bcb ,i/ria1 subt]ranean wat]-c\rses (1 #aej ,italy1 mud-volcanoes (1 #ic e>?quakes (1 #ajj effects ( ! e>?quake ( #agee 91 #aah ma>e1 or crat]i=m holl[s1 (1 #acb cave-dwell+s ( ,s\!rn1 #bcd iron indu/ry (1 #cfb ,iwogasima1 or ,sulphur ,isl&1 ( ,japan1 #ddd ,japan1 sulphur (1 #ddd ,java1 numb] ( active volcanoes (1 #fa ! #8,valley ( ,dea?1' or ,poison ,valley1 (1 #hi mud-volcanoes (1 #ic ma>e1 or crat]i=m holl[s1 (1 #acb sulphur (1 #dde1 #ddf ,jesuits1 _! intrigues dur+ ! e>?quake at ,lisbon1 #aaf ,jet1 =mation (1 #dbi f\nd at ,:itby1 #dbi manufacture ( jet ornam5ts1 #dcj ,john ! ,evangeli/1 ,/41 8 cave 9 ! ,isle ( ,patmos1 #ahh ! cave conv]t$ into a *apel1 #ahh ,jorullo1 =mation ( ! volcano (1 #eh l5g? ( "t ! heat 0 reta9$ 9 ! lava-/ream ( #agei1 #gd ,judd1 ,dr41 8 dang]\s visit to ! crat] ( ,kilauea1 #ef ,jura ,m\nta9s1 cauldron-%ap$ depressions 9 !1 #acj ,kab1 ,el1 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 rock-hewn cemet]ies (1 #bje ,kamts*atka1 en]gy ( ! volcanoes (1 #fa e>?quakes 91 9 #agcg1 #gi ,kan1 rock-hewn cemet]ies (1 #bje ,kan>a1 rock-temples (1 #aha-ahc ,kaol91 or *9a-clay1 h[ =m$1 & :]e1 #dfj-dfb ,k>li1 rock-temples (1 #ahc ,kea1 ,m\nt1 tranquillity ( ! eruption (1 9 #ahdc1 #gf ,k5tucky1 coal-fields (1 #dbd ,k]ts*1 mud-volcanoes ne>1 #ic ,kilauea1 ! lava lakes (1 #fd l5g? ( ! lava-/ream 9 ! eruption ( #ahdj1 #gj am\nt ( lava ?r[n out by ! eruption ( #ahdj1 #gf ,kill+wor? ,colli]y1 #daj ,k+/on1 9 ,jamaica1 effects ( an e>?quake sea-wave at1 #ajg ,k9sale1 effect ( an e>?quake sea-wave 9 ! h>b\r (1 #aah ,kirghise hordes1 _! salt-works1 #dch ,kirkdale1 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s acc\nt ( ! ossif]\s cave (1 #bad1 #bae ,klapro?1 8 discov]y ( uranium1 #che works at ,joa*im/hal1 #che 8 discov]y ( rutile1 or titanium1 #chf ,kluts*ewskaja ,skopa1 eruption ( ! volcano (1 #gi ,koh-i-,noor1 or ,m\nta9 ( ,light1 diamond & its hi/ory1 #dhf ,kohl1 uses (1 #chc ,kongsb]g1 9 ,norway1 silv] m9es (1 #bii nuggets f\nd at1 #bii ,kopp]b]g1 iron manufacture (1 #cfj ,ktl+ia1 effects ( ! eruption (1 9 #ageh1 #fi ,kremnitz1 discov]y ( ! gold m9es (1 #bdh ,krisuvick1 9 ,icel&1 solfat>a (1 #ddd ,kupf]s*ief]1 or copp]-slate1 ( ,?ur+ia1 fossils ( !1 #ae ,labuan1 coal-fields (1 #dbd ,lacu/r9e dwell+s ( ,switz]l&1 #cae discov]y ( !1 #bbc anci5t iron weapons f\nd 9 !1 #cdg ,laiba*1 ,upp]1 riv] trav]s+ ! caves (1 #aej ,lalibala1 rock-*ur*es (1 #ahf t[n (1 & c\ntry r\nd1 #ahg ,l&slips1 effects ( e>?quakes 9 produc+1 #aaj t ( ,putley1 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 #aaj igne\s & aque\s causes ( l&slips1 #aba cases ( l&slips1 #aba-abh caus$ by ! fall+ 9 ( cav]n-ro(s1 #abi ,lanuto volcano1 lake =m$ 9 ! ext9ct crat] ( !1 #eg ,lapis lazuli1 #did ,lapl&1 aurif]\s ve9s 91 #bic ,laureacum1 on ! ,danube1 ,roman iron manufactures at1 #ceh ,laur5tian rocks1 #b1 #c _! ?ickness1 #b ! only fossil f\nd 9 !1 #aj ,laurium1 anci5t silv] m9es (1 #bih am\nt ( lead 9 ! scori ( ! anci5t silv] m9es (1 #cfg ,lava1 =mation ( fi]y /reams (1 dur+ volcanic eruptions1 #gj ph5om5a att5d+ ! fl[ ( a lava-/ream1 #gb effect ( ! meet+ ( a lava-/ream ) ! sea1 #gc & ) ice1 #gd va/ dim5sions ( lava-/reams1 #gd-gf wa/e ( desolation ( lava-fields1 #gg progress ( lava-/reams1 #gg ,laxey lead m9e1 9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 #cff ,lead1 m9e (1 9 ,c>digan%ire1 section ( a1 #beb its prop]ty & uses1 #cfd its antiquity1 #cfd ! m9es (1 9 ,europe1 #cfe production (1 9 =eign c\ntries1 #cff-cfh prep>ation ( ! ores1 #cfh ,patt9son's process1 #cfh ,leadhills1 9 ,lan>k%ire1 lead m9es (1 #cff ,lebadeia1 9 ,botia1 cave ( ,trophonios ne>1 #ahg ,lepidod5dron elegans1 #cib ,leptodirus ,ho*5w>tii1 ( ! ,cave ( ,adelsb]g1 #afc ,levant1 ,corni% copp] m9e (1 #cai ,levels1 9 m9+1 #bea ext5t ( ! works 9 "s cases1 #bea dra9age by adit levels1 #bfi1 #bgj ,lias1 fossils ( !1 #ai ,lige1 dep? ( ! coal m9es (1 #bdg accid5t 9 a colli]y at1 #bfc ,life1 organic1 progress (1 on e>?1 #bh1 #bi ev]y:]e pres5t on ! e>?1 #aef ,lignite1 or wood-coal1 #dja ,lima1 frequ5cy ( e>?quakes at1 #aje displacem5t ( /ones ( obelisks by e>?quake %ocks1 #aje effects ( ! e>?quake sea-wave ( #agdf1 #ajh indiff]5ce ( ! inhabitants (1 to e>?quakes1 #aac ,lime/one1 magnesian1 or ,p]mian gr\p1 animal rema9s ( !1 #ae ,lime/one caves1 #acf causes ( _! excavation1 #acf /alactites & /alagmites1 #aci1 #adj orig9 & sl[ =mation ( lime/one1 #ada ,lisbon1 great e>?quake (1 #aad effect ( ! %ock1 #aad fire & ?ieves 9 ! city1 #aae1 #aaf total loss ( life f all causes1 #aaf effects ( ?is e>?quake 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 #aag-aai ,little ,b\nds1 copp] m9e (1 #cai ,livres1 ,/41 ice-caves (1 #aib l[] glacire (1 #aic upp] glacire (1 #aie ice-/reams ( ! upp] glacire1 #aie1 #aif ,liz>ds1 olde/ kn[n fossils (1 #ad1 #ae ! enorm\s species ( ! ,mesozoic ocean1 #bj1 #ba ,ll&egui1 slate qu>ries (1 #dfi1 #dgj ,locke1 8 rem>k respect+ iron1 #cde ,lomond1 ,lo*1 sea-%ells f\nd on ! banks (1 #cd effects ( ! great e>?quake ( #agee 91 #aah ,london %ak5 by ! ,lisbon e>?quake ( #agee1 #aah subt]ranean wond]s (1 #bcg1 #bch ,long1 ,major1 8 report on ! copp] m9es ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 #cbh ,long>a1 ,cave (1 massacre by ! ,fr5* 9 !1 #agj ,lorca1 sulphur m9e (1 #ddd ,l[]z1 de/ruction ( ! village (1 by a l&slip1 #abd ,luganure1 lead m9es (1 #cff ,luna1 ,pope1 wat]sp\t (1 #adf ,lycopolis1 rock-hewn cemet]ies (1 #bje ,ma>e1 or crat]i=m holl[s1 ( ! ,eifel1 #aca 9 o!r places1 #acb ,macaluba1 mud volcano (1 #id kn[n to ! anci5ts1 #id ,madana1 9 ,santa ,cruz1 height ( ! volcano (1 #ed ,madeira1 volcanic =mation (1 #d ,madfuneh1 rock-hewn cemet]ies (1 #bje ,magdal5a ,grotto1 or #8,black ,grotto1' ,protei ( !1 #afe1 #aff visit ( ! ,ar*duke ,f]d9& to !1 #aff ,magnesium1 discov]y & uses (1 #chg ,magnetic m\nta9 9 ,russia1 #cfg ,ma9a1 m>ble (1 #dfg ,malacca1 t9/one (1 #cce ,malaga1 effects ( ! e>?quake ( #agee at1 #aah ,malmesbury1 section ( ! coal-field s\? (1 #cih ,malta1 troglodytes (1 #bcd ,malwah1 rock-temples (1 #ahd ,mammalia1 geological p]iod ( its prom95ce 9 life1 #bc ,mammo?1 or primitive elephant1 size & *>act]i/ics ( !1 #bf ,pr(essor ,ow5's skeleton ( !1 #bag ,gray's ,inn ,lane an anci5t hunt+-gr\nd =1 #bca ,mammo? ,cave1 9 ,k5tucky1 va/ dim5sions ( !1 #ace1 #ach ,pr(essor ,silliman on !1 #aci clu/]s ( bats 9 !1 #aei animals ( !1 #afg ,man1 ,isle (1 lead m9es (1 #cff z9c produc$ 91 #chb ,man1 prehi/oric1 subt]ranean relics (1 9 ,d5m>k1 #bba 9 ,switz]l&1 #bbc age ( human relics 9 caves1 #bbe ,man*e/] ,coal-field1 #djc ,manganese1 ores (1 #chf ,mansfeldt1 9 ,prussia1 silv] & copp] m9es (1 #cbe ,m>ble ( ,d]by%ire & ,devon%ire1 #dfe t ( ,c>r>a1 #d1 #dfe t ( ,p5telikon & ,p>ian1 #dff ,rosso antico & ,v]de antico1 #dfg ,m>5nes1 upheaval ( ! *alk cliffs at1 #cf ,m>p5a1 ,m\nt1 9 ,p>os1 m>ble (1 #dff ,m>quette1 ,am]ican t[n (1 its iron indu/ry1 #cfb ,m>%all1 ,james1 8 discov]y ( gold 9 ,cali=nia1 #bhh 8 subsequ5t life1 #bhi ,m>supites ornatus1 fossil1 #ah ,m>t9ique1 ,isl& (1 de/ructive e>?quake 9 !1 #aja ,m>yl&1 copp] m9es (1 #cbh ,masaya1 volcanoes (1 con/ant eruption ( !1 #fc ,massa*usetts1 copp] m9es (1 #cbh ,ma/]-bor]s 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 #bej _! *>ges p] fa?om1 #bej ,ma/odon1 :]e ! fossils (1 are mo/ly f\nd1 #bg size & *>act]i/ics ( !1 #bg ,matlock1 !rmal spr+s (1 #dc ,mauna ,loa1 9 ,hawaii1 %ape ( ! volcano (1 #ec1 #ed ,dr4 ,judd's visit to1 #ef gr[? ( f]ns on1 #fc ! lava-lakes (1 #fd l5g? ( ! lava-/ream ( an eruption (1 #gj p>asitic cones (1 #ga volume ( ! lava-/ream ( #ahdj1 #ge ,maun* ,*unk 7or ,be> ,m\nta971 9 ,p5nsylvania1 enorm\s coal-field (1 #dbe ,mauritius1 f\nta9s ( m>9e cav]ns 91 #adf ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 upheaval ( ! l& on ! %ores ( !1 #cd m>9e cav]ns ( ! coa/s ( !1 #add ,m$ell91 ! proprietor ( ! m9e ( ,dolores1 #cjc ,me]feld1 crat]i=m holl[ & lake (1 #acb ,mega!rium1 size & *>act]i/ics ( !1 #bd1 #be ,melidoni1 cave (1 ,turki% massacre 9 !1 #age ,mequ9ez1 effects ( ! e>?quake ( #agee at1 #aah ,m]cado1 ,c]ro del1 ( ,mexico1 #cfc ,m]cury1 its prop]ties & uses1 #cgj1 #cga kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans1 #cgj m9es ( ,almad51 #cga ^? ( ,idria1 #cgc diseases to :i* ! m9]s are liable1 #cgc m9es ( ,am]ica1 #cgh ,metallic ve9s1 h[ g5]ally f\nd 9 m9es1 #bdf h[ ores collect$ or precipitat$ 91 #bdg ,metamorphic rocks1 orig9 (1 #d1 #e ,meteoric iron1 #cdg ! mass f\nd at ,otumpa1 #cdg note ,mettl]1 ,blsi1 /ory ( ! escape ( him & 8 wife1 #abd ,mettl]1 ,seba/ian ,me9h>dt1 8 escape f de/ruction1 #abe ,meuse1 ossif]\s cav]ns ( ! valley ( !1 #bbf ,mexico1 silv] m9es (1 #cjj-cjh iron ores (1 #cfc ,mi*ael's ,m\nt1 ,/41 9 ,cornwall1 #ccc ,middlesbor\gh1 its rapid rise1 #ced its iron manufacture1 #cee ,miguel1 ,isl& (1 ! ,punta ,delgada ( !1 #adg ,milagros1 8 silv] m9e 9 ,san ,luis de ,potosi1 #cjh ,mill]1 ,hugh1 8 acc\nt ( a coal =e/1 #cic ,milo1 ,isl& (1 mud volcanoes (1 #ih sulphur caves ( ! isl& (1 #ddf ,m9a ,gr&e1 lead m9e (1 #cfg ,m9>do1 ,monte1 ne> ,bronte1 volcanic =mation (1 #fg height (1 #ga ,m9es1 9 g5]al1 #bdd lab\rs & p]ils ( ! m9]1 #bdd1 #bde casualties 9 m9es1 #bde life 9 a m9e1 #bde1 #bdf l5g? & dep? ( m9es1 #bdg discov]ies ( lodes1 #bdh ! div9+-rod1 #bdh bor+1 #bdi divisions 9 coal m9es1 #bee long-wall work+1 #beg g5]al view ( m9+ op]ations1 #beg tools employ$ 9 ,cornwall1 #beh mode ( bla/+1 #beh h]oism ( m9]s1 #bei1 #bgd mode ( loos5+ h>d /ones1 #bfj1 #bfa tramways und]gr\nd1 & ! conveyance ( m9]als1 #bfa1 #bfb me?ods ( desc5d+1 #bfc-bff man-eng9es = asc5d+ or desc5d+1 #bfg timb]+ & dra9+1 #bfh-bgb inundation1 or dr[n+ ( m9es1 #bgc evolution ( f\l gases1 #bgf1 #bgg v5tilation1 #bgg *oke-damp1 fire-damp1 & bl[]s1 #bgh1 #bgi ! safety-lamp1 #bhj burn+ m9es1 #bhc habits ( ! ,mexican m9]s1 #cjb ,m9nesota m9e1 copp] (1 #cbg1 #cbh enorm\s nugget ( copp] f\nd ne>1 #cbh ,mioc5e p]iod1 animals ( !1 #bc ,mirrors ( silv] among ! ,romans1 #bih sub/ance us$ = mak+1 #cce ,mississippi1 anci5t m\nds 9 ! valley ( !1 #bbd ,miss\ri1 #8iron-m\nta9s' (1 #cfb ,moa1 ! great ext9ct bird ( ,new ,zeal&1 #baf1 #bag ! cave ( ! ,moa1 #bai ,mo]is1 ,lake1 h]mits ne> !1 #agi ,mol9os ( ! silv] m9es ( ,mexico1 #cjf ,molybd5um1 discov]y & uses (1 #chg ,mon>*s1 va/ treasures (1 9 anci5t times1 #bhf ,monkeys1 fossil1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 *>act]i/ics ( !1 #bd small species (1 on ! ,rock ( ,gibralt>1 #bd ,monk ,we>m\? ,colli]y1 #djh ,montao1 ,francisco1 8 desc5t into ! crat] ( ,popocatepetl1 #ddf ,monte1 ,real del1 silv] m9es (1 #cjd pres5t yield (1 #cje ,monte ,video1 upheaval ( ! l& at1 #cd ,montgom]y%ire1 lead m9es (1 #cff ,montm>tre1 gypsum & alaba/] (1 #dfh ,montr\ge1 artificial mu%room-b$s at1 #aeh ,moors ( ,granada1 de/ruction (1 by ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa91 #agc ,moran1 silv] m9es (1 #cjd ,morocco1 e>?quakes (1 #ajj effects ( ! e>?quake ( #agee at1 #aah ,morran1 9 ,alg]ia1 ,artesian well 9 ! des]t (1 #ea ,mososaurus1 size & *>act]i/ics ( !1 #bc skull ( !1 f\nd1 #dgc1 #dgd ,m\l9 de la ,ro*e1 artificial mu%room-b$s at1 #aeh ,m\nta9 ,a%1 9 ,s\? ,wales1 coal work+s ( ! ,new ,navigation ,pit at1 #djf ,mud-/reams caus$ by volcanic eruptions1 #fi de/ruction ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii by1 #he ^? ( ,obu1 #ie ,mud-volcanoes1 #ic-if 9 v>i\s places1 #ic-ie orig9 (1 #ie1 #if ,mur*ison1 ,sir ,rod]ick1 8 surmises respect+ gold 9 ,au/ralia1 #bhi ,mrts*5/ock1 tunnel 9 !1 #acd ,mu%rooms1 subt]ranean1 #aeg ! artificial mu%room-b$s ne> ,p>is1 #aeh ,musk-ox1 food ( !1 #bf ,mylodon1 size & *>act]i/ics ( !1 #bd1 #be ,pr(essor ,ow5's skeleton ( !1 #bag ,naples1 e>?quake 91 9 #aheg1 #ih catacombs (1 #baj ,nassau1 iron manufacture (1 #ceg ,nativity1 grotto ( !1 at ,be?lehem1 #ahh *ur* ( !1 #ahh ,nauheim1 c>bonic acid gas spr+ (1 #hh ,naxos1 consecrat$ caves to ,dionysos 91 #ahg ,naxos1 em]y ( ! isl& (1 #dfc ,neilson1 ,mr41 8 discov]y ( ! hot bla/ = iron furnaces1 #cec ,nemi1 ,lake (1 ! crat]i=m holl[ =m+ !1 #acb ,n5t ,=ce ,level1 great dra9 (1 #bgj ,n]ts*9sk1 9 ,transbaikalia1 copp] m9es (1 #cbf lead m9es (1 #cfg ,nettuno1 ,antro di1 9 ,s>d9ia1 #add ,nettuno1 ,grotta di1 9 ,sicily1 #ade ,neusalzw]k1 temp]ature ( ! well (1 at v>i\s dep?s1 #cb ,nevada1 /ate ( silv] m9es ( !1 #cad ,newca/le1 coal-fields (1 #djg _! ext5t1 #djh ! v>i\s seams ( coal1 #djh human activity ( ! coal-fields1 #daa1 #dab appe>ance ( ! t[n1 #dac fir/ lic5ce to dig coals giv5 to ! t[n1 #dai ,newf\ndl&1 gradual upheaval ( ! l& (1 #cf f\nta9s ( m>9e cav]ns 91 #adf ,niag>a1 c>burett$ hydrog5 evolv$ ne> ! falls (1 #ic ,nic>agua1 ,lake (1 volcanoes ne> !1 #fa ,nic>agua1 mud-volcanoes (1 #ic e>?quakes (1 #ajj ,ni*olas1 ,/41 rock-*apel (1 9 ,crete1 #ahi leg5d (1 #aij ,nickel1 "n (1 #chd uses (1 & :5ce obta9$1 #chd ,nicolas d',ali]mont1 ,/41 aquif]\s lay]s or b$s ( /one at1 #dj ,noises1 subt]ranean1 accompany+ e>?quakes1 #ajc ,norm&y1 traces ( depression ( ! l& on ! coa/ (1 #cg ,norr ,lake1 empti$ by a l&slip1 #acj ,nor?umb]l&1 coal-fields (1 #djc ,nor?wi*1 salt m9es (1 #dca ,norway1 copp] m9es (1 #cbd ,noss1 islet (1 its m>9e caves1 #adb ,notornis1 ,pr(essor ,ow5's recon/ruction ( !1 #bag ,nuovo1 ,monte1 9 ! ,bay ( ,bai1 volcanic =mation ( !1 #fg ,ob]/e91 rock-*apel (1 #aij leg5d ( ! *apel1 #aij1 #aia ,obregon works ! silv] m9e ( ,guanaxuato1 #cja1 #cjb 8 title & urbanity ( "*1 #cjb ,obu1 eruption ( !1 #ie mud-/reams (1 #ie ,o*e1 ,d5t d'1 l&slip ( !1 #abg ,oe/]by1 iron-works (1 #cfj ,ohio1 anci5t m\nds 9 ! valley ( !1 #bbd #8,oil h>ve/' ( ,c>ipe1 #afa ,olm1 or ,proteus1 discov]y ( !1 #afd1 #afe v>i\s places 9 :i* x has be5 f\nd1 #aff description ( ! animal1 #afe-afg ,olonne1 ,isl& (1 upheaval ( ! l& r\nd !1 #cf ,onyx1 !1 #dig ,ontanagon di/rict1 9 ,am]ica1 anci5t copp] m9es1 #cbg ,oolite rocks1 _! ?ickness1 #b ,oolitic p]iod1 fossils ( !1 #ai1 #bb ,opal1 preci\s1 #die m9es (1 9 ,hung>y1 #die ,ophir1 seat (1 #bhg ,ores1 h[ g5]ally f\nd 9 m9es1 #bdf h[ !y h be5 collect$ or precipitat$1 #bdg #8,orkneyman's ,h>b\r1 ,!1' ! m>9e cav]n s call$1 #adc ,oroomiah1 ,lake1 9 ,p]sia1 salt ( ! hills & pla9s (1 #dcg ,or?oc]atites ( ! primitive seas1 #ah ext9ction ( !1 #ah ,oscillatory movem5ts ( ! e>?1 #cd-cg probable causes (1 #ch ,ot]o1 a %opkeep]1 jo9s 9 work+ ! m9e ( ,guanaxuato1 #cjb ,ow51 ,pr(essor1 8 memoir & skeleton ( ! great ,moa ( ,new ,zeal&1 #bag ,owls1 cave-haunt+1 #afj ,pa*uca1 silv] m9es (1 #cjd ,pa*yd]ms1 rema9s ( l>ge ext9ct1 #bf1 #bg ,palo!riums1 size & *>act]i/ics (1 #bc ,palopt]yx1 ,pr(essor ,ow5's recon/ruction ( !1 #bag ,palladium1 discov]y & uses (1 #chh ,pale/9e1 ,s\!rn1 h]mits 91 #agi ,palomba1 ,fossa della1 on ,etna1 #adg ,papal>do1 ,b>on1 8 ef=ts to div]t ! lava-/ream f ,catania1 #gb1 #gc ,p>ian m>ble1 or ,ly*nites1 #dff ,p>is1 artificial mu%room-b$s ne>1 #afh catacombs (1 #baj1 #baa old cemet]ies (1 #baa pla/] (1 #dfh ,p>sees1 _! wor%ip ( fire1 #ia _! leg5d ( ! devil1 #ia _! occupation & ab&onm5t ( ,baku1 #ib ,pasco1 ,c]ro di1 silv] m9es (1 #cji ,pasco1 m9+ t[n (1 #caj m9es (1 #caj1 #caa ,patmos1 cave & *ur* ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 #ahh ,paul1 ,/41 ( ,!bes1 ! fir/ h]mit1 8 cave1 #agh ,pausilippo1 ,grotto (1 #bda orig9 ( !1 #bdb ,pavil&1 ossif]\s caves (1 #bae ,peak1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,timor1 bl[n up & replac$ by a cavity1 #fh ,pecopt]is adiantoides1 #cia ,p5iscola1 f\nta9s ( m>9e cav]ns 91 #adf ,p5nsylvania1 copp] m9es (1 #cbh coal-fields (1 #dbe petroleum spr+s (1 #dbg ,p5tacr9us bri>eus1 fossil1 #ag1 #ah ,p5telikon1 or ,m\nt ,p5teles1 m>ble (1 #dff ,pep&ajan1 9 ,java1 ! volcanic cone (1 bl[n to pieces1 #fg ,p]cy1 ,dr4 ,john1 8 discov]y ( alum9ium-bronze1 #chg ,p]dix1 ,b>?olomew1 8 manufacture ( alum1 #deh ,p]mian p]iod1 fi%es ( !1 #ac fossils ( !1 #ae ,p]oxide ( t91 or t9/one1 #cce ri*e/ deposits (1 #cce ,p]tic>a di ,talamella 9 ,italy1 sulphur m9es (1 #ddd ,p]u1 active volcanoes (1 #fa e>?quakes (1 #ajj indiff]5ce ( man 91 to e>?quakes1 #aac silv] m9es (1 #cjj iron furnaces (1 #cec ,pet]'s ,m\nt1 ,/41 ne> ,mae/ri*t1 qu>ries (1 #dgj visit ( ,faujas de ,sa9t-,fond1 #dgb ,petroleum1 =mation (1 #dbf old spr+s (1 9 ,europe1 #dbf1 #dbg production ( ! spr+s ( ,am]ica1 #dbg ,petrospongid1 or /one sponges1 #ag ,pfeiff]1 ,ida1 h] visit to ! diamond m9es ( ,borneo1 #dhj ,ph>aohs1 rock-tombs ( !1 9 ,!bes1 #bjb-bjd ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa91 8 de/ruction ( ! ,moors ( ,granada1 #agc ,philip1 ,port1 t[n (1 #bij ,philo!us1 ,/41 8 cave on ,m\nt ,p5teles1 #dff ,phnicians1 _! t9-trade1 #ccc _! traffic 9 & uses ( lead1 #cfd ,pietra ,mala1 burn+ spr+s (1 #ij ,pigeons1 cave-haunt+1 #afj ,pilot ,knob #8iron m\nta91#8 #cfb ,p9es1 black1 ( ,tr9idad1 #dbi ,pitt1 or ,reg5t1 diamond1 #dhe ,pittasphalte1 =mation (1 #dbf ,piuka ,jama1 cave (1 #aed1 #aee ! ,riv] ,poik fl[+ bel[ !1 #aed ,piz ,m\nta91 de/ructive effects ( a l&slip ( !1 #abg ,plan9a1 riv] trav]s+ ! ,cave (1 #aej explor$ by ,adolph ,s*midl1 #aea abundance ( ,protei 9 !1 #aff ,plat9um1 discov]y (1 #chb :]e obta9$1 #chb its qualities1 #chc ,playfair1 8 obs]vations z to ! rise ( ! l& 9 ,sw$51 #ce ,plesiosaurus1 size & *>act]i/ics ( !1 #ba :]e f\nd1 #bb ,pleurotom>ia c>9ata1 fossils (1 #ae ,pl9y ! ,eld]1 dea? (1 z describ$ by 8 nephew1 #hb-hd ,plioc5e p]iod1 animals ( !1 #bd ,plumbago1 graphite1 or black lead1 =m] trade 91 9 ,cumb]l&1 #dfb ! m9e exhau/$1 #dfb places :]e f\nd at pres5t1 #dfb ,plrs1 t[n (1 buri$ by a l&slip1 #abg ,poli/5a1 effects ( an e>?quake at1 #ih ,poik ,riv]1 engulfm5t & re-appe>ance ( !1 #aej a subt]ranean canoe voyage on !1 #aea-aed ! riv] fl[+ b5ea? ! ,piuka ,jama1 #aed ,pombal1 ,m>quis (1 8 conduct 9 ! great e>?quake ( ,lisbon1 #aaf1 #aag ,pompeii1 de/ruction ( ! t[n (1 #ha-he ! mud-/ream :i* effect$ ! de/ruction1 #he pres5t /ate ( ! ,roman t[n (1 #hg ,pontus1 h]mits 91 #agi ,popocatepetl1 dep? ( ! crat] (1 #ed ,montao's visit to ! crat] (1 #ddf ,porphyry ( ,elfdal1 #dfg ( ! ,altai1 #dfh ,portugal e>?quakes (1 #ajj ,potosi1 ,san ,luis de1 silv] m9es (1 #cjc1 #cji ,preci\s /ones1 #dgg ,proteus angu9us1 discov]y ( !1 #afd1 #afe description ( ! animal1 #afe-afg its abundance 9 ! ,cave ( ,plan9a1 #aff diff]5t cav]ns 9 :i* x has be5 f\nd1 #aff ,prussia1 iron manufacture (1 #ceg production ( z9c 91 #cha salt-works (1 #dch ,pt]i*?ys ,mill]i ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl&1 #ac1 #ad ,pt]odactyli1 size & *>act]i/ics ( !1 #ba ,pt]ygotus acum9atus1 #ab ,pulv]ma> ( ,grill5feld1 lake or ma>e (1 #acb ,puzzuoli1 solfat>a (1 #ddd ,qu>ries1 celebrat$1 #dfd ^? ( ,france1 #dfd ^? ( ,engl& & ,g]many1 #dfd ( ,c>r>a & ! ,p5telikon1 #dfe1 #dff porphyry1 #dfg1 #dfh alaba/] & pla/] ( ,p>is1 #dfh slate1 #dfi ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nt1 ne> ,mae/ri*t1 #dgj ( ,egypt1 #dgd ,quicksilv]4 ,see ,m]cury4 ,quito1 active volcanoes (1 #fa tradition respect+ !m1 #fg e>?quakes (1 #ajj ,radoboy1 sulphur m9es (1 #ddd ,ra9-pr9ts ( =m] ages1 pres]vation (1 #bi ,rammelsb]g1 9 ! ,h>tz--silv] m9es ( !1 #bii discov]y ( ! lode ( !1 #bdh burn+ h>d m9]al /one 91 #bfj1 #bfa copp] f\nd 91 #cbe ,rat1 bl9d cav]n1 ( ! ,mammo? ,cave ( ,k5tucky1 #afg ,ra?l91 isl& (1 massacre by ! ,engli% "u ,sir ,john ,norris 9 !1 #agb ,rav9azzo ,m\nta91 l&slip ( !1 #abg ,r$-lead1 h[ made1 #cfe ,r$ru?1 copp] m9es (1 #cag ,regla1 ,conde de la4 ,see ,t]r]os4 ,reptiles1 olde/ kn[n fossils (1 #ad1 #ae enorm\s m>9e fossil reptiles ( ! ,mesozoic ocean1 #bj footpr9ts ( reptiles ( ! ,cambrian =mation1 #bj ,rhodium1 discov]y & uses (1 #chh ,rhosdale1 iron manufacture (1 #cee ,riobamba1 de/ruction ( ! t[n (1 #gh1 #gi de/roy$ by an e>?quake1 #ajd rem>kable displacem5t ( objects dur+ ! %ocks1 #ajd sil5ce dur+ ! %ocks1 #ajd ,ripple-m>ks ( =m] ages1 pres]vation (1 #bh1 #bi ,riv]s1 cave1 #adi-aea explorations ( ,adolph ,s*midl 9 ! ,cave ( ,plan9a1 #aea ,ro*elle1 ,la1 upheaval ( ! l& at1 #cf ,rock-tombs & catacombs1 #bjb ,rock-cry/al1 #dih ! grotto ( ! ,gal5/ock1 #dii ,roebuck1 ,dr4 ,john1 8 improvem5ts 9 iron manufacture1 #cej ,romanus1 ! monk1 fe$s ,/4 ,b5$ict 9 8 cave1 #ahj ,rome1 weal? (1 aft] ! ?ird ,punic w> & 9 ! "t ( ! ,cs>s1 #bhf1 #bih gold co9s (1 #bhg ,ronciglione1 ,lake (1 =m$ 9 ! ext9ct crat] ( a volcano1 #eg ,roque=t *eese1 #aih ,rraas ,m\nta9s1 copp] m9es (1 9 ,norway1 #cbd ,rosa1 ,si]ra de ,santa1 #cja silv] m9es ( !1 #cja ,rosalia1 ,/41 rock-*ur* (1 9 ,sicily1 #ahh1 #ahi /ory (1 & ( ! discov]y ( h] bones1 #ahh1 #ahi ,rossb]g1 or ,rufi1 l&slip ( !1 #abc causes ( ! cata/rophe1 #abd ,rossi1 ,monte1 height & area (1 #ga ,rossi1 ,cavali]e de1 8 rese>*es 9 ! catacombs ( ,rome1 #baj ,rosso antico1 #dfg ,ro?1 natural ice-cave (1 #aih ,r!n1 villages ( ,upp] & ,l[]1 de/roy$ by a l&slip1 #abd ,royale1 ,isle1 anci5t copp] m9es (1 #cbg ,ruby1 ! ori5tal1 #dhi 9 ! cr[n ( ,engl&1 #dij ,rucu-,p9*9*a1 ,humboldt's view d[n ! volcano (1 #ee ,russia1 copp] m9es (1 #cbf iron manufacture (1 #ceg1 #ceh salt-works (1 #dcg1 #dch amb] ornam5ts (1 #deg ! ,imp]ial diamond (1 #dhe ,rutile1 or ,titanium1 discov]y & uses (1 #chf1 #chg ,sa>brck1 olde/ kn[n reptiles f\nd 9 ! coal-field (1 #ad o!r wond]s ( ! coal-field (1 #ae va/ "t requir$ = ! =mation ( ! coal-fields ( !1 #cig ,sable1 9 ,anj\1 ! ,fonta9e-sans-fond ne>1 #adi ,sabr9a1 isl& (1 volcanic =mation ( !1 #ei its disappe>ance1 #ei ,sacre ,madame1 ne> ,*>l]oi1 dep? ( ! colli]y (1 #bdg mode ( v5tilation 9 ! m9e (1 #bgg note ,sacro1 ,monte1 m>ble m\nta9 (1 #dfe ,safety-cages1 us$ 9 desc5d+ m9es1 #bfd1 #bfe ,safety-lamp1 ,davy's1 #bhj improvem5ts 9 !1 #bha ,sah>a1 wells ( ! inhabitants ( !1 #dh1 #ej future importance ( ,artesian wells to1 #ea ,salamis1 fleet :i* ga9$ ! battle (1 #bih ,salc$o1 silv] m9e (1 #caa tragical end ( its proprietor1 ,don ,jos ,salc$o1 #cab ,sallee1 effects ( an e>?quake sea-wave at1 #aah ,sall5*es1 fall ( a m\nta9 ne>1 #abb ,salt1 geological position (1 #dca ! m9es ( ,nor?wi*1 #dca ^? ( ,droitwi* & ,/oke1 #dcb t ( ,wieliczka1 #dcc-dcf 9 o!r places1 #dcf-dci me?od ( prep>+ x1 #dci orig9 ( rock-salt1 #ddj ,salza1 manufacture ( salt at1 #dci ,salzburg1 salt m9es (1 #dcf ,san ,francisco1 its rapid rise1 #bhi ,santor91 subm>9e volcano (1 #fj1 #fa ,sapphire1 r$1 #dhi ori5tal1 #dij ,s>d9ia1 cave-dwell]s (1 #bcd ! dwell+s ( ! ,s>de %eph]ds ( ! pres5t day1 #bcd lead m9es (1 #cff ,savi\r's1 ,our1 tomb at ,j]usalem1 *ur* built ov] !1 #ahh ,saxony1 t9 m9es (1 #ccf coal-fields (1 #djd ,s*aflo*1 ice-cave (1 #aid1 #aie ,s*m]l+1 ,dr41 8 inve/igations respect+ ! antiquity ( man1 #bbf ,s*emnitz1 fungi ( ! m9es (1 #aeh discov]y ( ! ri* m9es (1 #bdh produce ( silv] 9 ! m9es (1 #cjj ,s*midl1 ,adolph1 8 explorations ( ! subt]ranean riv] ,poik & ,cave ( ,plan9a1 #aea ,s*neeb]g1 l>ge block ( silv] f\nd at1 #bii use made ( ! burn+ vap\rs1 #bhc bismu? (1 #chc ,scilano1 village (1 buri$ by a l&slip1 #abg ,scilla1 ,pr9ce (1 8 dea?1 #ajg1 #ajh ,scopoli1 8 description ( subt]ranean fungi1 #aeg ,scori1 l5g? ( "t ! liquid fire is reta9$ 9 ! int]ior ( a lava-/ream1 #gc ,scotl&1 lead m9es (1 #cff coal-fields (1 #djc ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1 8 visit to #8,! ,orkneyman's ,h>b\r1' #adc & to ,f+al's ,cave1 #adc ,scrope1 ,mr4 ,p\lett1 8 description ( ! ,volcano ( ,/romboli1 #fb ,sea-%ells f\nd on ! ,&es & ,alps1 #cd1 #cg & 9 o!r places at pres5t remov$ f ! sea1 #cd ,sea1 movem5ts ( !1 9 e>?quakes1 #ajf1 #ajg ext5t ( ! wave-motion1 #aje1 #ajf cases ( ! de/ructive effects ( ! e>?quake waves1 #ajg-aji1 #aag-aai ,segeb]g1 deposit ( salt at1 #dci ,s5egal1 deposits ( ! ,arca s5ilis on ! banks ( ! riv] inl&1 #cd ,sequoia1 gigantic trees ( !1 #bh ,sev5 ,pagodas1 rock-temples ne> ,madras s call$1 #ahd ,seville1 effects ( ! e>?quakes ( #agee at1 #aah ,%elas1 cave (1 ,colonel ,/4 ,arnaud's massacre 9 !1 #agf #8,%ell-m\nds' ( ,d5m>k1 #bbb ^? ( ! ,fuegians1 #bbb ,%etl&1 m>9e caves (1 #adb ,%ields inlaid ) silv] 9 ,hom]'s "t1 #bih ,sib]ia1 aurif]\s l& (1 #bhh lead m9es (1 #cfg em]alds (1 #dia ,sicanians1 cave-dwell+s ( ! anci5t1 #bcb ,sicily1 e>?quakes (1 #ajj m>9e grottoes (1 #ade sulphur m9es (1 #dda ,sick+51 ,c\nt1 8 exp]im5ts ) plat9um1 #chb ,sidi ,ras*e$1 9 ,alg]ia1 ,artesian well (1 #ea ,sigill>ia oculata1 #cib ,silurian p]iod1 cru/acea ( !1 #aj-ab bra*iopods ( !1 #ab1 #ac fi%es ( !1 #ac ,silv]1 discov]ies ( lodes (1 #bdh antiquity ( ! discov]y (1 #big mo/ anci5t silv] m9es1 #bih ,european silv]-fields1 #bii1 #cjj m9es ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 #cjj-cad mode ( cru%+ & decompos+ ! ores1 #cjf-cjg law ( ,p]u respect+ ! silv] m9es1 #caa m9es ( ,*ili & ,nevada1 #cac1 #cad ,s+apore1 antimony (1 #chc ,siphnos1 anci5t silv] m9es (1 #bih ,siphon1 pr9ciple ( a1 #dd note ,siphonia co/ata1 fossil1 #af ,sioa1 con/ant /ate ( eruption ( ! volcano (1 #fc ,siva!rium giganteum1 size & *>act]i/ics (1 #bg1 #bh ,skapt> ,jkul1 9 ,icel&1 lava-/ream ( ! eruption (1 9 #aghc1 #gj t ( #aghg1 #ge ,sk]ries1 wat]-sp\ts or f\nta9s ( !1 #adf ,slate qu>ries ( ,nor? ,wales1 #dfi ,smeaton1 ,john1 8 improvem5ts 9 iron manufacture1 #cej ,sodium1 discov]y & uses (1 #chh ,solway ,moss1 appe>ance & area ( !1 #acj bur/+ ( !1 #acj1 #aca ,sommat9o1 conflagration ( ! solfat]a (1 #ddc ,somme1 fl9t implem5ts ( ! ,valley ( !1 #bcj1 #bca ,spa91 gold co9s ( ! ,visigo?s (1 #bhg aurif]\s l& (1 #bhh anci5t silv] m9es (1 #bih t9 m9es (1 #ccf iron indu/ry (1 #cfa lead m9es (1 #cfe coal-fields (1 #dbc cuprif]\s pyrites (1 #ddg ,sp>tacus1 revolt (1 #hb 8 defeat ( ,clodius at ,vesuvius1 #hb ,spe]5b]g1 deposit ( salt at1 #dci ,sph5opt]is aff9is1 #cia ,spid]1 eyeless1 ( ! ,cave ( ,adelsb]g1 #afc ,sp9el1 !1 #dij ,spirif] pr9ceps1 #ab ,spirif]id1 #ac ,sponges1 fossil1 ( ! primitive seas1 #af ,spr+s1 always w>m] ?an ! air 9 ! locality :]e !y gu% =?1 #cb hydro/atic laws reg>d+ ! fl[ (1 #dj-db temp]ature ( ! wat] (1 #dc geological ph5om5a fav\r+ ! production ( !rmal spr+s1 #dc m9]al p>ticles 9 spr+s1 #dc1 #dd int]mitt5t spr+s1 #dd geysirs ( ,icel&1 #de-dh ,artesian wells1 #dh-eb c>bonic acid gas spr+s1 #hh-ij ( c>burett$ hydrog51 #ij-ic ,/af=d%ire1 burn+ m9es (1 #bhc ! ,burn+ ,hill (1 #bhc1 #bhd ,/ag1 ,pr(essor ,ow5's skeleton ( ! primeval1 #bag ,/alactites & /alagmites1 =mation (1 #aci1 #adj _! v>ieties ( =m & sl[ =mation1 #adj ,dr4 ,s*midl's #8,/alactital ,p>adise1' #aeb 9 ! ,cave ( ,gua*>o1 #afb ( ! ,cave ( ,melidoni1 #agf 9 ! ,norwegian copp] m9e ( ,rraas1 #cbe ,/alita tn>ia1 ! eyeless cav]n spid]1 #afc1 #afd ,/amp+-mill 9 ! silv] m9es ( ,mexico1 #cjf ,/> fi%1 ( ! ,*alk gr\p1 #ah ,/assfurt1 m9es (1 #dch ,/eam1 important "p play$ by1 9 volcanic ph5om5a1 #da ,/eam-jets1 or fum>oles1 ( volcanoes1 #fc ^? ( ! eruption ( ,jorullo 9 #agei1 se5 9 #ahjc1 #gd ,/eph5son1 ,george1 a coal-trapp] 9 life1 #dai ,/ike51 gold-fields (1 #bic ,/ockton-on-,tees1 export ( coal f1 #dac ,/oke1 9 ,worce/]%ire1 salt m9es (1 #dcb ,/one implem5ts ( ,d5m>k1 #bbb ( ! ,brixham cav]ns1 #bbg ( ! ,valley ( ! ,somme1 #bcj ,/romboli1 diamet] ( ! crat] (1 #ed con/ant activity ( ! volcano (1 #fb ,mr4 ,p\lett ,scrope's description ( x1 #fb ,/romey]1 8 discov]y ( cadmium1 #chf ,/rontian1 9 ,argyle%ire1 lead m9es (1 #cff ,/yria1 iron (1 #ceh ,subiaco1 ,/4 ,b5$ict's ,cave ne>1 #ahj ,suffioni ( ! ,flor5t9e lagoons1 #dfj ,sulphur ( ! m9es ( ,sicily1 #dda exports (1 #ddc conflagration ( a sulphur m9e1 #ddc m9es ( ,t]nel & ,lorca1 #ddd comb9ations ( sulphur ) metals1 #ddg ,sumatra1 deposits ( t9/one 91 #cce ,sund]l&1 export ( coal f1 #dac ,sup]ior1 ,lake1 copp] scatt]$ ne> ! %ore (1 #cbe1 #cbg anci5t copp] m9es ne>1 #cbg ,surt%ellir1 9 ,icel&1 =mation ( !1 #adh ,su!rl&1 gold-fields (1 #bic ,swall[s1 cave-haunt+1 #afj ,swansea1 copp]-works (1 #cbj1 #cba ,sw$51 effect ( ! great e>?quake ( #agee 91 #aah mode ( desc5d+ m9es 91 #bfd copp] m9es (1 #cbb ,swifts1 cave-haunt+1 #afj ,switz]l&1 subt]ranean relics ( prehi/oric man 91 #bbc anci5t iron implem5ts f\nd 91 #cdg ,swoszwice1 sulphur m9es (1 #ddd ,sy5e1 rock-hewn cemet]ies (1 #bje ,syracuse1 catacombs (1 #baj city (1 #dge ! ,latomi (1 #dge ,syria1 e>?quakes (1 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 #ig1 #ajj ,sy\t1 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 rock-hewn cemet]ies (1 #bje ,tagilsk1 ,ni%ne1 plat9um (1 #chb ,taman1 mud-volcanoes ( ! p59sula (1 #ic1 #ie ,tamelhat1 9 ,alg]ia1 ,artesian well at1 #ea ,tangi]s1 effects ( an e>?quake sea-wave 91 #aah ,tap c9d]s ( ! iron puddl+ furnaces1 #cee ,tasmania1 coal-fields (1 #dbd ,tauretunum1 ,roman t[n (1 de/roy$ by a l&slip1 #abg ,tees1 importance ( ! riv]1 #djg ,teir1 ,djebel1 height ( ! volcano (1 #ed ,temboro1 cone ( ! volcano (1 bl[n to pieces1 #fg ,tem5itz1 engulfm5t & reappe>ance ( ! riv]1 #aej ,temples1 rock1 ( ,india1 #aha ,t5]iffe1 ,peak (1 %ape ( !1 #ec ice-caves (1 #aih solfat>a ( !1 #dde ,t5g]1 ,gunong1 9 ,java1 diamet] ( ! crat] ( ! volcano (1 #ed ,t]ebratul ( ! ,silurian seas1 #ac ha/ata1 fossils (1 #ae ,t]nel1 sulphur m9e (1 #ddd ,t]ni1 olian cav]ns (1 #aih ,t]ranuova1 effects ( an e>?quake at1 #ih ,t]r]os1 ,don ,p$ro1 8 silv] m9e ( ,la ,regla1 #cjd ,t]ti>y p]iod1 mammalia ( !1 #bc ,?allium1 discov]y & uses (1 #chh ,?aur1 ,m\nt1 ,mahomet's refuge 9 a cave (1 #afi ,moslem miracle (1 #afi ,!bes1 h]mits 9 ! des]t (1 #agi ! royal tombs (1 #bjb-bjd ,!mud1 rock city ( !1 #bcf leg5d>y tale respect+ !1 #bcf ,?omson1 ,dr41 8 cave explorations 9 ,new ,zeal&1 #bah-bbj ,t91 antiquity ( ! k (1 #ccb m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1 #ccb ,phnician trade 91 #ccc uses & importance (1 #ccd ! two ores ( t91 #cce lodes ( ,cornwall1 #ccg numb] ( m9es 9 ,devon & ,cornwall at "w1 #cch smelt+ ( t91 #cdb numb] & wages ( ! m9]s1 #cdc nature ( ! m9]'s "w1 #cdc ,t9-foil1 #ccd ,t9o1 isl& (1 ,rosso antico1 #dfg ,titanium1 or rutile1 discov]y & uses (1 #chf1 #chg ,titus1 ! ,emp]or1 8 b5evol5ce to ! survivors ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 #he ,tj]imai1 ,gunong1 9 ,java1 ext9ct volcano (1 #ee its height & dep?1 #ee ,tlalpujahua1 silv] m9e (1 #cje ,toeplitz1 hot spr+s (1 #dc ,t(ua1 con/ant activity ( ! volcano (1 #fc lake =m$ 9 ! crat] ( ! ext9ct volcano (1 #eg ,tolfa1 manufacture ( alum at1 #deh ,tombs1 rock-hewn1 #bjb ,topaz1 !1 #dic ,tplitz1 effect ( ! ,lisbon e>?quake ( #agee on ! m9]al wat]s (1 #aah ,torgatt51 9 ,norway1 natural tunnel ( ! grotto (1 #acd ,trajan1 ! ,emp]or1 9 an e>?quake at ,antio*1 #ig ,transbaikalia1 iron (1 #ceg ,transg>iep c\ntry1 cannibal cav]ns ( !1 #bcd ,transylvania1 iron (1 #ceh salt m9es (1 #dcf ,trav]s1 ,val de1 asphalte m9e ( !1 #dbh ,trebi* ,cave1 ne> ,trie/e1 #acd ,tresavean ,copp] ,m9e1 weal? (1 #cbi t9 m9e1 #ccg ,treviso1 ?ree villages (1 buri$ by a l&slip ( ! ,piz ,m\nta91 #abg ,triassic rocks1 _! ?ickness1 #b fossils ( !1 #bb ,trilobites1 #aj1 #aa eye (1 magnifi$1 #aa gradually vani% 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 #ad ,tr9idad1 mud volcanoes (1 #ic1 #id ,tr9idad1 ! great ,pit* ,lake (1 #dbh ! black p9es (1 #dbi ,tripolite1 its composition & uses1 #dfc ,troglodytes1 or dwell]s 9 caves1 #bcb ,trophonios1 ,cave (1 #ahg visitors to ! cave = in=mation1 #ahh ,tr\-aux-,m\tons1 va/ ice-cave ( ! ,ro?horn1 #aid1 #aie ,ts*udi1 silv] ornam5ts ( !1 #bih ,tuil]ies1 pr9ciple on :i* ! gr& f\nta9 ( !1 is suppli$1 #db ,tung/ate ( soda1 uses (1 #che ,tung/51 discov]y (1 #chd uses (1 #che ,tunnels1 natural1 #aac1 #cd ,turks1 _! atrocities 9 mod]n w>f>e1 #agf _! use ( amb] 9 pipes1 #def ,turquoise1 !1 #dic ,turrilites tub]culatus1 #ai ,tuscany1 suffioni ( ! lagoons (1 #dfj ,tyne1 importance ( ! riv]1 #djg %ipp+ coal on ! banks ( !1 #daa1 #dab ,tynem\? ,priory1 view f !1 #dad ,ubes1 ,/41 ne>ly de/roy$ by an e>?quake sea-wave1 #aag ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 copp] m9es (1 #cbh1 #cbi ,upheavals1 subt]ranean1 #cd tak+ place at ! pres5t day1 #cd sl[ elevation ( ! l& 9 ,sw$51 #ce & 9 o!r places1 #ce1 #cf m>ks *isell$ on ! ,sw$i% rocks1 #cg probable causes (1 #ch ,upsala1 iron manufacture (1 #cfj ! old city (1 & ! burial-places ( ,od91 ,?or1 & ,freya1 #cfj ,ural1 or ,oural1 ,m\nta9s1 ! iron ( !1 #ceg copp] m9es ( !1 #cbf ,uranium1 discov]y & uses (1 #che ,val5ciana1 ,conde de1 8 silv] m9e & =tune1 #cjb1 #cjd ,val5ci5nes1 dep? ( ! coal m9es (1 #bdg ,val5t9us1 ,basilius1 8 m5tion ( antimony1 #chc ,valdivia1 ext5t ( wave-motion ( an e>?quake at1 #aje1 #ajf ,valp>aiso1 upheaval ( ! l& at1 #cd ,valp>aiso1 copp] m9es (1 #cbf ,vaucluse1 celebrat$ f\nta9 (1 #adi ,vegetation1 subt]ranean1 #aeg mu%rooms or fungi1 #aeg ,velleja1 ,roman t[n (1 buri$ by a l&slip1 #abg ,v5etian gold co9s1 #bhg ,v5triculites1 fossil1 #af ,v]de antico1 #dfg ,vesuvius1 its long p]iod ( re/1 & resumption ( its activity1 #eh ! lava-/ream ( ! eruption ( #ahbb1 #gj lava-f\nta9s ( ! eruption ( #agid1 #gb advance ( a lava-/ream into ! sea ne> ,torre del ,greco1 #gc va/ dim5sions ( ! lava-/ream (1 #ge /ate ( ! volcano previ\s to ! eruption ( #gi ,a4,c41 #ha fir/ indication ( ! cata/rophe1 #hb acc\nt ( ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 #he ,veta madre1 silv] m9e (1 #bdg1 #cja ,victoria1 colony (1 #bij gold-fields (1 #bid ,vill>oel ,don ,jos1 8 silv] m9e ( ! ,c]ro di ,potosi1 #cji ,v9c5t1 ,isl& (1 volcanic eruption on !1 #ff disappe>ance ( a m\nta9 at1 #fh ,virgil1 tomb (1 #bdb belief 9 8 incantations1 #bdb ,visigo?s ( ,spa91 _! gold co9s1 #bhg ,viv>rais1 c>bonic acid gas spr+s ( !1 #hh ,vivian's copp]-works at ,swansea1 #cba ,volcanoes1 heat requir$ = ! production ( ! lava (1 #cc ext5t ( ! action (1 #cc important "p play$ by /eam 9 volcanic ph5om5a1 #da ext9ct & active volcanoes1 #ec _! %apes & heights1 #ec1 #ed _! crat]s1 #ed desolation ne> !m1 #ed dim5sions & dep?s ( v>i\s crat]s1 #ed dang]s ( crat] explorations1 #ee1 #ef lakes 9 ! crat]s ( ext9ct volcanoes1 #eg l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 active & ext9ct volcanoes1 #eh volcanoes /ill con/antly =m+1 #eh subm>9e volcanoes1 #ei =mation ( volcanic isl&s1 #ei numb] ( kn[n volcanoes1 #fj unequal di/ribution (1 #fa 9 a con/ant /ate ( activity1 #fa1 #fb /eam-jets1 or fum>oles1 #fc1 #gd ph5om5a ( volcanic eruption1 #fe /ones & a%es ?r[n out1 #ff explosion ( cones1 #fg disa/r\s effects ( %[]s ( s&1 pumice1 & lapilli1 #fh mud-/reams =m$1 #fi torr5ts =m$ by melt$ sn[1 #fi =mation ( fi]y /reams ( liquid lava1 #gj p>asitic cones ( eruption1 #gj wood$ volcanic crat]s1 #ga ph5om5a att5d+ ! fl[ ( a lava-/ream1 #gb1 #gc effect ( ! meet+ ( lava & ! sea1 #gc & ( lava & ice1 #gd va/ dim5sions ( lava-/reams1 #ge1 #gf wa/e ( desolation 9 lava-fields1 #gg consid]$ z safety-valves1 #gh1 #gi probable causes (1 #gi1 #hj de/ruction ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 #ha-hg mud-volcanoes1 #ic-if =mation ( volcanic caves1 #adf-adh ,volt]ra1 alaba/] (1 #dfh ,vultur1 ,m\nt1 beauty ( ! =e/ sc5]y ar\nd ! ext9ct crat]s (1 #eg ,wales1 aurif]\s ve9s f\nd 91 #bic lead m9es (1 #cff "t requir$ = ! =mation ( ! coal-fields ( ,s\?1 #cig _! sup]ficial ext5t1 #dje ! coal-fields ( ,nor?1 #djc total numb] ( pits 9 ! ,s\?1 #djf slate qu>ries ( ,nor?1 #dfi ,new ,s\?1 copp] m9es (1 #cbi coal-fields (1 #dbd ,walk] colli]y1 on ! ,tyne1 disa/] 91 prev5t$1 #bhb ,walls5d colli]y1 dr[n$1 #bgc attempt made to "w a "p ( x1 #bgh ,wanlockhead1 lead m9es at1 #cff ,w>burton1 8 description ( ! rock-temple ( ,ipsamb\l1 #ahd-ahf 8 visit to ! tombs ( ! ,ph>aohs at ,!bes1 #bjb-bjd ,wa%1 evid5ces ( subsid5ce ( ! l& on ! %ores ( !1 #cg ,wa%oe silv] m9e1 #cad ,wat]1 its et]nal /rife ) fire1 #a1 #b ! wat]s ( ! ,cambrian or ,silurian ocean1 #aa filt]$ & made pure by ! e>?1 #dj temp]ature ( ! wat] ( spr+s1 #dc subt]ranean di/ribution ( ! wat]s1 #ci hydro/atic laws reg>d+ ! fl[ ( spr+s1 #dj1 #da ,buns5's !ory ( ! ,geysirs1 #dg geological ph5om5a fav\r+ ! production ( !rmal spr+s1 #dc geysirs ( ,icel&1 #de-dh ,artesian wells1 #dh-eb effect ( ! meet+ ( a lava-/ream & ! sea1 #gc movem5ts ( ! sea 9 e>?quakes1 #ajg action ( wat] 9 lime/one caves1 #ach1 #aci & 9 =m+ m>9e caves1 #adb ,wat]-sp\ts ( cav]ns 9 ! ,sk]ries1 #adf 9 m9es1 #bfi modes ( dra9+1 #bfi ,wat]fall1 a subt]ranean1 #aec ,watt1 ,james1 8 inv5tion & its importance 9 iron manufacture1 #cea ,we>1 importance ( ! riv]1 #djg ,w]ml&1 iron manufacture (1 #cfj ,we/phalia1 coal-fields (1 #dje ,:eal ,cock1 copp] m9e (1 #cai ,:eal1 ,edw>d1 ,corni% copp] m9e (1 #cai ,:eal ,vor1 rise & fall ( ! t9 m9e (1 #cci ,:itehav5 coal-bas91 ext5t ( !1 #djg excavations "u ! sea at !1 #daj ,:ite-lead manufacture ( ! ,brohl1 #hi ,:ite-lead1 h[ made1 #cfe ,wickl[1 lead m9es (1 #cff iron pyrites (1 #ddg ,wielitzka1 salt m9es (1 #bfb1 #dcc-dce me?od ( desc5d+ !1 #bfc accid5t 9 !1 #dce ,wiesbad51 hot spr+s (1 #dc ,w9d-grottoes1 #aih-bjj fables respect+1 #aii ,wirkswor?1 ossif]\s caves (1 #bae1 #baf ,wissokaja ,gora1 ! magnetic m\nta9 (1 #ceg ,wolfram1 discov]y (1 #chd ,wolla/on1 8 discov]y ( palladium1 #chh & ( rhodium1 #chh ,wood1 ,colonel1 8 discov]y ( a bone-cave at ,g[]1 #bbh ,work+ton ,colli]y1 dr[n$1 #bgd ,wor%ip1 subt]ranean places (1 #aha-ahc ,worsley1 9 ,lanca%ire1 subt]ranean canals 91 #bfc ,ye]malik1 massacre by ,g5ghis ,khan 9 ! cave (1 #agb1 #agc visit to ! cave1 #agc z a natural ice-cave1 #aig ,york1 ,new1 copp] m9es (1 #cbh ,york%ire1 lead m9es (1 #cff ,zacatecas1 silv] m9e (1 #cjb ,zeal&1 ,new1 effects ( ! e>?quake ( #ahee 9 uprais+ l&1 #aaa ma>e1 or crat]i=m holl[s (1 #acb ! ,apt]yx au/ralis (1 #baf ! gigantic ,moa (1 #baf1 #bag ,pr(essor ,ow5's memoir & skeleton ( ! bird1 #bag ossif]\s caves ( ! c\ntry1 #bah gold-fields (1 #bic vegetation (1 simil> to t ( ! coal-fields1 #cie coal-fields (1 #dbd ,zell]feld1 great adit levels ( ! m9es (1 #bgj ,zep$a1 ,don ,b>neb de1 8 discov]y ( ! silv] ve9 ( ,catorce1 #cjc ,zeus1 ,olympian1 ,phidias' ivory & gold /atue (1 #bhf ,z9c1 n kn[n to ! anci5ts1 #chj production (1 #chj1 #cha ! *ief z9c-produc+ c\ntries1 #cha1 #chb ,zircon1 !1 #dib ,zoroa/]1 religion (1 re/or$ by ! ,sassanides ( ,p]sia1 #ib ,zwickau1 9 ,saxony1 burn+ m9e at1 #bhc ,footnotes ,works by ! same ,au?or4 -------------- ,,! ,,sea ,,& ,,its ,,liv+ ,,wond]s4 ,) sev]al hundr$ ,wood ,engrav+s2 & an entirely ,new ,s]ies ( ,illu/rations 9 ,*romoxylography1 repres5t+ ! mo/ ,int]e/+ ,objects describ$ 9 ! ,"w1 f ,orig9al ,draw+s by ,h5ry ,noel ,humphreys4 ,?ird ,engli% ,copyright ,edition4 #hvo4 price #bas4 ----------------------- #8,dr4 ,,h>twig',s volume is a p]fect model ( ! popul> treatm5t ( a l>ge subject4 ,x is at once full1 cle>1 concise1 & attractive2 & x possesses ! m]it1 absolutely unique z f> z our exp]i5ce goes 9 works ( ?is k9d1 ( be+ readable f end to end4 ,?\gh closely pack$ ) details--suffici5tly s inde$ to be a good1 ?\gh ( c\rse n an exhau/ive1 book ( ref]5ce = practical use--^! are s well select$ & arrang$1 s concisely relat$1 & s c>efully subord9at$ to g5]al views1 t !y nev] produce any s5sation ( we>9ess1 monotony1 or confusion4 ,!re are "s admirable *romoxylographs1 & an inf9itude ( excell5t woodcuts scatt]$ up & d[n ! pages ) a pr(use h&4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,sea has receiv$ f ,dr4 ,,h>twig a recomm5dation to public att5tion :i* c sc>cely p]haps increase its popul>ity1 b :i* w c]ta9ly enable _m ( its admir]s to reg>d x ) a m enl>g$ & intellig5t admiration4 ,! title1 l>ge z x is1 does ! "w "s inju/ice1 = we are apt to =get ! ,sea itself 9 ! ,liv+ ,wond]s :i* x n\ri%es2 & we sc>cely include1 9 our conception ( life1 ! vegetation ( ! ocean4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no fault ( ,dr4 ,,h>twig',s2 = he fairly exhau/s 8 subject4 ,! fir/ sev5ty pages are devot$ to a v cle> acc\nt ( ! g5]al features ( ! sea4 ,its ext5t & dep? & col\r1 its coa/-l9e & curr5ts1 ! height & velocity ( its waves1 ! !ory ( its tides1 ! mighty circulation :]eby ! life-curr5ts ( ! e>? rise 9 evaporation f ! ocean surface1 are disp]s$ ?r\gh ! upp] regions ( ! air1 are cond5s$ 9 ra91 &1 trickl+ ?r\gh ! soil1 return 9 riv]s to _! native res]voir1 are all set =? ) great skill & beauty ( language4 ,dr4 ,,h>twig !n passes on to ! inhabitants ( ! sea4 ,fir/ come ! 8huge/ ( liv+ ?+s10 ! ,cetaceans1 ) _! k9dr$ ! seals & walruses--animals :i* 9 _! anatomy & habits =m a curi\s l9k betwe5 ! tribes ( e>? & wat]1 & 9 _! va/ size & outl&i% =ms seem1 at lea/ 9 fancy1 to connect ! pres5t age ) di/ant geological p]iods4444 ,p5gu9s & auks & albatrosses next come "u our notice3 !n turtles1 ! only mod]n repres5tatives ( ! anci5t saurians2 !n foll[s a description ( _m ( ! m curi\s fi%es--among :i* we notice "s s+ul> creatures ) f9s & tails & gills1 :i* c n only live = days out ( wat]1 b actually creep up trees & cat* insects4 ,crabs & b>nacles1 worms & molluscs1 />-fi%es1 sea-ur*9s1 coral- polyps1 & our famili> fri5ds ! sea-anemones1 all come 9 = _! fair %>e ( att5tion4 ,ev5 ! microscopic =am9if]a & diatomace are includ$3 "o *apt] is giv5 to m>9e plants1 & ano!r to ! primitive ocean2 :ile ! :ole is appropriately clos$ ) a brief sket* ( ! progress ( m>itime discov]y4 ,& all ?is is pack$ into an elegant volume ( #djj pages4 ,nev]1 surely1 0 su* a m9e ( in=mation pres5t$ 9 s pleas+ a %ape4 ,dr4 ,,h>twig has skimm$ ! v cream ( m>9e sci5ce1 & ?r[n all its da9tie/ morsels into a s+le attractive di%4' ,,gu>dian1 ,fir/ ,notice4 #8,?is is ! ?ird edition1 consid]ably enl>g$1 ( ! fir/ & be/ ( ,dr4 ,,h>twig',s beautiful & popul> volumes on natural hi/ory4 ,! size ( ! book is increas$ by a hundr$ pages2 a good deal ( x is rem\ld$2 two :ole new *apt]s h be5 add$1 "o on ,m>9e ,caves1 ! o!r on ,m>9e ,con/ructions1 su* z ,ligh?\ses & ,breakwat]s2 "s ( ! old illu/rations h disappe>$1 b _! place has be5 suppli$ by m & bett]2 s t ! new edition really am\nts to a reca/+ ( ! entire book4 ,x 0 a v good book be=e2 x is bett] & m complete n[4 ,:e!r we reg>d ! lett]press or ! num]\s illu/rations1 x takes a rank second to none among ornam5tal & popul> books ( sci5ce4' ,,gu>dian1 ,second ,notice4 ,,! ,,tropical ,,_w3 a ,popul> ,sci5tific ,acc\nt ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,animal & ,vegetable ,k+doms & ! ,equatorial ,regions4 ,) #h ,*romoxylographic ,plates & ab\t #hjj ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 price #bas4 ------------------------- #8,?is "w well des]ves popul>ity1 & is j ! book to int]e/ "y p]sons :o h ! s5se to p]ceive t ! tru?s ( nature are n only /rang] b f> m pr(itable ?an "s fictions4 ,all t intellig5t wom5 & *ildr5 desire to "k ab\t ! tropics w be f\nd "h--! aspects ( nature1 ! riv]s & coa/s1 ! great s&y des]ts1 ! gigantic vegetation1 & ! animal d5iz5s f insects to apes2 b exclud+ ! tropical v>ieties ( man4' ,,m$ical ,,times & ,,gazette4 #8,dr4 ,,h>twig has foll[$ up 8 admirable book on ! ,,sea by ano!r1 n less admirable1 on ! ,tropical ,_w4 ,! same wide erudition1 vivid p[]s ( description1 & happy int]mixture ( popul> & sci5tific treatm5t are display$ 9 x2 & its pages are adorn$ by ! same pr(usion ( elegant illu/ration4 ,)9 ! tropics ,nature revels 9 h] wilde/ luxuriance3 bird1 bea/1 reptile1 & plant take !re /range =ms & col\rs1 or atta9 unusual magnitude4 ,dr4 ,,h>twig has /eep$ 8 p5 9 ! gl[+ atmosph]e ( ! tropics2 & ) x1 z ) a w&1 he leads u ?r\gh successive regions ( a sunny fairyl& teem+ ) beautiful natural objects 9 inexhau/ible v>iety1 *angeful & brilliant z ! effulg5t l&scapes amid :i* !y fl\ri%4' ,,gu>dian4 #8,! tropics give u some?+ l a picture ( ! ant$iluvian _w4 ,! heat & moi/ure1 ) ! consequ5t luxuriance ( vegetation 9 tangl$ ov]gr[?1 ! viol5ce ( ! /orms1 & ! f]ocity & hide\sness ( _m animal =ms1 m>k out ^! equatorial regions z v /rik+1 v picturesque1 v int]e/+1 b n v agreeable z a resid5ce4 ,unless we are "y1 robu/1 & adv5tur\s1 x is pleasant] to read ( su* regions 9 our mild] ,europe1 & to visit !m 9 imag9ation1 foll[+ ! adv5tures ( o!rs4 ,& ?is j\rney ,dr4 ,,h>twig enables u to make ?r\gh 8 excell5t compilation4444 ,we h indicat$ ! nature ( ,dr4 ,,h>twig',s book1 & h only to add t x is compil$ ) great skill1 & writt5 9 a cle> & agreeable /yle4 ,x is seldom t we h occasion to notice a m satisfactory "w ( ! class to :i* x belongs4' ,,saturday ,,review4 #8,we ought n to conclude ^! glean+s )\t a brief notice ( ,dr4 ,,h>twig',s popul> book4 ,!re are ^? :o look ) contempt on popul> sci5ce ( all k9ds1 & reg>d ) undisguis$ av]sion su* compilations z ! "o be=e u4 ,we d n %>e ^! feel+s 9 ! lea/ degree2 on ! contr>y1 we welcome mo/ he>tily su* introductions to ! /udy ( natural hi/ory4 ,true1 !y may be sometimes ( little sci5tific value1 b !y are v useful /epp+- /ones to some?+ m solid4 ,!y are m especially int5d$ = ! "y1 b ^? ( mature ye>s may d]ive mu* pr(it by a p]usal ( _m ( ^! works1 & ev5 ! naturali/ may read !m ) pleasure & in/ruction4 ,! num]\s beautifully illu/rat$ & c>efully compil$ works on natural hi/ory1 su* z ! ,tropical ,_w1 toge!r ) ! ,sea & its ,liv+ ,wond]s1 by ! same writ]1 & sev]al o!rs :i* h appe>$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 are an enc\rag+ sign ( ! gr[+ int]e/ :i* ! ris+ g5]ation takes 9 ! /udy ( ! great ,creator's works1 & we he>tily wi% !m ,godspe$4' ,,qu>t]ly ,,review4 ,works by ! same ,au?or4 ,,! ,,h>monies ,,( ,,nature1 ,,or ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,creation4 ,) #h full-page ,engrav+s on ,wood1 f ,orig9al ,designs by ,f4 ,w4 ,keyl1 & ab\t #bjj ,woodcuts 9 ! ,text4 #hvo4 price #ahs4 #8,z a sort ( abridg$ ,,kosmos br\ght d[n s z to include ! late/ discov]ies ( sci5ce1 ,dr4 ,,h>twig',s ,h>monies ( ,nature is admirable = ! view x gives ( ! ord] ( nature z we c at pres5t conceive x4 ,su* a "w enl>ges & cle>s our conception ( ! univ]se1 & we c he>tily comm5d bo? ! ability ) :i* ! facts are elucidat$ & ! rev]5tial _s ) :i* !y are treat$4' ,,globe4 #8,dr4 ,,h>twig',s book at fir/ looks l a sy/em ( natural hi/ory3 x sw>ms ) woodcuts ( zoology & comp>ative anatomy4 ,b x prop]ly belongs to g5]al psy*ology2 = its object is comp>ison & d$uction1 & a view ( ! *a9 ( be+1 :i* 444 aft] "s g5]al cosmogony1 beg9s at ! l[e/ phases ( vegetable life & ends ) man4444 ,! book is v int]e/+1 & fills a v useful place4' ,,a!n,,um4 #8,! nature ( ,dr4 ,,h>twig',s ,h>monies ( ,nature w p]haps be bett] und]/ood if we call x a popul>is$ ,,kosmos4 ,beg9n+ ) ! />ry heav5s1 ! ,au?or leads u ?r\gh air & ocean1 & %[s 9 broad outl9e h[ mat]ial nature is adapt$ to ! organic life :i* fills x4 ,he !n traces out ! asc5d+ grades ( organic life itself f plants to sponges & jelly-fi%es1 & f !m up ?r\gh molluscs1 insects1 fi%es1 birds1 & mammals1 to man himself1 ! cr[n ( all4 ,?is great outl9e is fill$ up ) suffici5t detail to give x sub/ance & int]e/4 ,x is trac$ ) a fl[+ & expressive p51 & illu/rat$ by an elegant & abundant p5cil4 ,^? :o h se5 ,dr4 ,,h>twig',s =m] works w be satisfi$ to "k t ?is is no unwor?y companion to !m4' ,,gu>dian4 #8,! ,h>monies ( ,nature w add to its ,au?or's well-des]v$ reputation z ! mo/ correct & philosophic z well z ! mo/ ent]ta9+ writ] ( ! day on popul> natural hi/ory4 ,unlike mo/ ( ! compil]s ( ?is class ( works1 ,dr4 ,,h>twig has a v ext5sive k ( 8 subject1 a k suffici5t to enable him to pres5t to 8 read]s a well-arrang$ "w1 t may be read ) pr(it z well z ) pleasure4 ,! object ( ! "w is to po9t out & illu/rate ! unity ( plan :i* prevails ?r\gh\t creation4444 ,comp>$ ) ! popul> natural hi/ories curr5t 9 ,france & ,engl&1 ! works ( ,dr4 ,,h>twig are ( mu* high] excell5ce2 & = ^? read]s :o desire to "k some?+ ab\t physical sci5ce )\t becom+ pa9ful & dilig5t /ud5ts1 no volume c be recomm5d$ z m delightful ?an ! ,h>monies ( ,nature4' ,! ,,field4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,! ,,pol> ,,_w2 ,a ,,popul> ,,description ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,nature ,,9 ,,! ,,arctic ,,& ,,ant>ctic ,,regions ,,( ,,! ,,globe4 ,) #h ,*romoxylographic ,plates1 #c ,maps1 & #he ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 price #bas4 #8,! appe>ance ( ,dr4 ,,h>twig',s book at ?is "t is v opportune4 ,!re is e reason to believe t public att5tion w be direct$ dur+ ! next t5 or fifte5 ye>s to ! ,pol> regions & ! contemplat$ exp$itions to !m4 ,:e!r or n ! sugge/ions are c>ri$ out :i* 7 made at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,geographical ,society = an educat+ trial trip to ! ,arctic coa/1 !re c be no d\bt t !re w be an exp$ition 9 #ahha-ahhb = ! purpose ( obs]v+ ! transit ( ,,v5us 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,seas4 ,sabr9a ,l& & ,possession ,isl& are spok5 ( z suitable /ations = ! obs]vations4 ,mo/ read]s w\ld h to ref] to _! maps1 or to almo/ =gott5 books ( ,ant>ctic travel to make !mselves acqua9t$ ) ^? localities4 ,dr4 ,,h>twig',s volume gives maps1 description1 & hi/ory ( all t is kn[n conc]n+ ^! icy regions 9 a few comp5di\s pages4444 ,l ,dr4 ,,h>twig',s =m] works1 ! ,pol> ,_w is a model ( int]e/+ & au!ntic compilation4 ,/>t+ f ,icel&1 he takes u r\nd ! l&s :i* circle ab\t ! ,nor? ,pole1 describ+ _! natural features1 ! p :o inhabit !m1 ! birds1 bea/s1 & fi%es1 & ! scanty vegetation1 :i* is frequ5tly little m ?an v>ieties ( mosses & li*5s4 ,! same plan is foll[$ 9 ! regions ( ! ,s\? ,pole4 ,9 8 treatm5t ( all ^! subjects ! ,au?or comb9es ! qualities ( a clev] hi/orian1 a well-in=m$ geograph]1 & a correct naturali/4 ,ga!r+ up all ! in=mation suppli$ by num]\s explor]s1 he has pres5t$ to u ! result 9 a beautifully illu/rat$ volume1 conta9+ a cle>1 concise1 & fai?ful description ( man & nature 9 high latitudes4 ,! "w w be exce$+ly useful z well z int]e/+ to ! naturali/1 z ne>ly e *apt] 9 x conta9s c>eful acc\nts ( ! animals peculi> to ! regions describ$4444 ,! ,pol> ,_w w add greatly to ! already well-des]v$ reputation ( ! ,au?or4' ,,l& & ,,wat]4 ,london3 ,,longmans & ,,co4 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note ,at #cgj4af1 ! freez+ po9t ( m]cury is giv5 z #8-#ci ,fahr4'1 :i* %\ld be -#ci ,celsius4 ,at #aih4i1 ! p>agraph end+ #8pill>s support+ ! ro('1 includes a s+le clos+ quote1 ! op5+ ( :i* is ei!r miss+1 or x is itself a mi/ake4 ,giv5 ! word+ ( ! p>agraph1 x is likely ! latt]4 ,errors deem$ mo/ likely to be ! pr9t]'s h be5 correct$1 & are not$ "h4 ,! ref]5ces are to ! page & l9e 9 ! orig9al1 or :]e two columns 7 employ$1 ! page1 column1 & l9e4 ,:]e ! spell+ ( index entries disagree ) _! ref]5ces 9 ! text1 !y h be5 correct$4 xvii4#bd 7,gre5 ,add$4 #e4ac subt]rannean fires ,remov$4 #ih4cd 7 f\nd clasp$ 9 ea* o!r's arms4' ,add$4 #aje4aj valley ( ! ,mississippi ,add$4 #aji4aj a ve/a_/ige rema9+ ,replac$4 #aeh4dj prs]tim subt]raneas exhib5s4' ,add$4 #afd4bh communicat+ ) un_/num]\s subt]ranean ,transpos$4 #aih4i pill>s support+ ! ro(4' ,remov$4 #bag4aj =ms "o ( ! mo/ conspicuous ornam5ts ,add$4 #bhb4b ) ! oxgy_/ygen ( ! air1 ,transpos$4 #cda4af m l a va/ natural crat] ?at_/n a ,replac$4 holl[ #cef4bj ( ,nor? & & ,s\? ,wales ,remov$4 #cii4ah acccompany+ ,remov$4 #ddc4ai ,sicn_/uliana ,replac$4 #dif4ca an ample im_/ndemnity ,replac$4 #ejd4b4c ,can/adt1 9 ,wurtembu_/erg1 ,replac$4 #ejh4a4da ,e/rello_/a d ,sul1 or ,/> ( ! ,s\? ,replac$4 #ead4b4d ,mu%rooms1 subt]rannean ,remov$4 #ead4b4ag ,nan_/uheim1 c>bonic acid gas spr+ (1 #hh ,replac$4 #eag4b4de ,schaflock1 ice-cave (1 #aid1 #aie ,add$4