,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italic text is enclos$ 9 und]scores2 sup]scripts are indicat$ by c>ets3 #d;e4 ,,cave ,,hunt+4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #g4 ,fig4 #h4 ,c4 ,f4 ,kell ,la?4 ,london ,f4,c4 ,,enamels ,,f ,,! ,,victoria ,,cave4 p#ih4 ,london2 ,macmillan ,co4 #ahgd4 ,,cave ,,hunt+1 ,,rese>*es ,,on ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,caves ,,respect+ ,,! ,,e>ly ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,europe ,,by ,w4 ,,boyd ,,dawk9s1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,curator ( ! ,museum & ,lectur] 9 ,geology 9 ,! ,ow5s ,college1 ,man*e/]4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,col\r$ ,,plate ,,& ,,woodcuts4 ,london3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4 #ahgd4 ,! ,"r ( ,translation & ,reproduction is res]v$4 ,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,sons1 ,,& ,,taylor1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill4 ,,to ,,! ,,b>oness ,,burdett ,,c\tts1 ,,! ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,! ,,s*ol>%ips ,,= ,,! ,,enc\ragem5t ,,( ,,geological ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d1 ,?is ,"w is ,d$icat$1 ,,z ,a ,,slight ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,,f ,,h] ,,fir/ ,,s*ol>4 ,,preface4 ,! exploration ( caves is rapidly becom+ an important field ( inquiry1 & _! contributions to our k ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! soj\rn ( m5 9 ,europe are daily increas+ 9 value & 9 numb]4 ,s9ce ! ye> #ahbc1 :5 ,dr4 ,buckl& publi%$ 8 fam\s "w1 ! 8,reliqui ,diluvian10 no attempt has be5 made to correlate1 & br+ into ! compass ( "o "w1 ! crude mass ( facts :i* h be5 record$ 9 ne>ly e c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,9 ?is volume ,i h attempt$ to br+ ! hi/ory ( cave-exploration d[n to ! k ( to-day1 & to put its ma9 conclusions be=e my read]s 9 "o connect$ & cont9u\s n>rative4 ,s9ce ,dr4 ,buckl& wrote1 ! mom5t\s discov]y ( human relics along ) ! ext9ct animals 9 caves & riv] deposits has revolutionis$ ! curr5t ideas z to ! antiquity & condition ( man2 & works ( art ( a high ord]1 %[+ a famili>ity ) nature & an aptitude = ! del9eation ( ! =ms ( animals by no means despicable1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! caves ( ,brita91 ,france1 ,belgium1 & ,switz]l&1 t 7 ! dwell+s ( ! primeval ,european hunt]s ( re9de] & mammo?s4 ,! discov]ies 9 ,k5t's ,hole & 9 ! caves ( ,belgium l$ to ^? 9 ! caves ( ,brixham & ,wookey ,hole1 & f9ally to ^? ( ,auv]gne & ! s\? ( ,france1 z well z ( ,g]many & ,switz]l&4 ,ar*ology1 also1 by ! use ( /rictly inductive me?ods1 has gr[n f a m]e antiqu>ian speculation into a sci5ce2 & its /ud5ts h prov$ ! tru? ( ! ?ree divisions ( human progress famili> to ! ,greek & ,roman philosoph]1 & express$ 9 ! pages ( ,hesiod & ,lucretius--! ,ages ( ,/one1 ,bronze & ,iron4 ,! subdivision ( ! fir/ ( ^! into ! old]1 or paloli?ic1 & new]1 or neoli?ic1 by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 is ! only ref9em5t :i* has be5 made 9 ?is classification4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has discuss$ ! v>i\s problems (f]$ by ! g5]al consid]ation ( ! fir/ ( ^! divisions 9 8,! ,antiquity ( ,man20 :ile ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 9 8,prehi/oric ,man10 has foll[$ ,dr4 ,kell] & o!rs 9 work+ out ! pa/ hi/ory ( mank9d by a comp>ison ( ! habitations1 tombs1 implem5ts & weapons f\nd 9 ,europe1 ) ^? ( mod]n savages4 ,?is "w is int5d$ to be to a consid]able ext5t supplem5t>y to !irs1--to treat ( ! =mation ( caves1 & ( ! light ?r[n by _! cont5ts on ! soj\rn ( man 9 ,europe1 on ! wild animals1 & on ! *anges 9 climate & geography4 ,9 treat+ ( ! caves ( ! hi/oric p]iod1 ,i h giv5 consid]able prom95ce to ! exploration ( ! ,victoria ,cave1 ne> ,settle1 :i* has l$ to ! discov]y t _m cav]ns 7 inhabit$ 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! fif? & six? c5turies1 & t !y conta9 works ( art ( a high ord]4 ,9 ! difficult task ( br++ !m into relation ) ,briti% hi/ory & art1 ,i h to ackn[l$ge ! k9d assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,freeman1 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,gre51 & ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,franks4 ,9 ! neoli?ic division ( ! prehi/oric p]iod1 ,i h publi%$ at l5g? my rec5t discov]ies 9 ! sepul*ral caves ( ,d5bigh%ire1 & am all[$ by my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,busk1 to repr9t 8 description ( ! human bones4 ,to 8 sugge/ive essay on ! ,gibralt> caves1 z well z to ! works ( ! late ,dr4 ,?urnam1 & ( ,pr(essors ,broca & ,huxley1 ,i am indebt$ = ! clue to ! id5tification ( ! neoli?ic dwell]s 9 caves ) ! anci5t ,ib]ians or ,mod]n ,basques4 ,t portion ( ! evid5ce :i* relates to ,france ,i h v]ifi$ by a p]sonal exam9ation ( ! human rema9s f caves & tombs 9 ! ,museums ( ,bordeaux1 ,t\l\se1 ,lyons & ,p>is4 ,! results ( ! exploration ( ! ,hyna-d5 ( ,wookey ,hole h be5 giv5 9 great] detail 9 ! portion ( ! "w devot$ to ! paloli?ic age ?an !y w\ld h be51 _h !y be5 be=e fully record$4 ,& 9 ?is division ( ! subject ,i h l>gely made use ( ! 8,reliqui ,aquitanic10 :i* embodies ! discov]ies 9 ,auv]gne ( my late fri5ds ,pr(essor ,e4 ,l>tet & ,mr4 ,*ri/y4 ,to ! editors ( t "w ,i am indebt$ = p]mission to use "s ( ! plates & lett]press4 ,! hi/ory ( ! plei/oc5e mammalia1 9 :i* paloli?ic man =ms ! c5tral figure1 has be5 my especial /udy = _m ye>s4 ,& ! evid5ce :i* is (f]$ by ! animals z to ! geography & climate ( ,europe1 :i* ,i h publi%$ f "t to "t 9 ! works ( ! ,palontographical ,society1 ! ,geological ,j\rnal1 & 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce1 ,briti% ,qu>t]ly1 & ,ed9burgh ,reviews1 is collect$ toge!r 9 ?is "w1 & br\ght into relation ) ! inquiry into ! ext5sion ( ice ov] ,europe 9 ! glacial p]iod1 & into ! s\nd+s ( ! ,european seas4 ,9 approa*+ ^! & ! l problems1 ,i h done my be/ to arrive at ! tru? by visit+ z f> z possible ! =eign localities & collections1 & by correspond5ce ) ! discov]]s ( new facts4 ,9 addition to ^? names :i* ,i h already m5tion$1 ,i h to express my ?anks to ! ,c\ncils ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 ! ,geological ,society1 & ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute & to ,mr4 ,john ,evans1 = ! use ( woodcuts2 to ,mr4 ,rooke ,p5n+ton = look+ ov] "s ( ! pro( %eets2 & to ,pr(essors ,gaudry1 ,rtimey]1 ,lortet1 ,nilsson1 & ,/e5/rp1 & ! ,rev4 ,canon ,gre5well = aid ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,b especially d ,i feel grateful to my old fri5d & ma/]1 ! late lam5t$ ,pr(essor ,phillips1 = frequ5t help & prud5t c\nsel4 ,9 lay+ ?is book be=e my read]s ,i w\ld m]ely fur!r rem>k1 t x is a fa9t outl9e ( a new & va/ field ( rese>*1 9 :i* ,i h attempt$ to give prom95ce to ! m important po9ts1 r ?an a f9i%$ & detail$ hi/ory ( cave-exploration4 ,w4 ,b4 ,d4 ,,! ,,ow5s ,,college1 ,,man*e/]1 #bj? ,july1 #ahgd4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,,page ,leg5ds & ,sup]/itions connect$ ) ,caves #a-e ,! ,physical ,division ( ! ,subject #e1 #f ,! ,biological ,division #f ,m5 & ,animals #f ,e?nological1 ,ar*ological1 & ,geographical ,be>+s #g-i ,! ,?ree ,classes ( ,bone-,caves #aj1 #aa ,hi/ory ( ,cave-,exploration 9 ,europe #aa 0 0 ,g]many #aa1 #ab 0 0 ,great ,brita9 #ac-ah 0 0 ,france #ah-bj 0 0 ,belgium #bj1 #ba 0 0 ,s\!rn ,europe #ba1 #bb ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,physical ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,caves4 ,caves =m$ by ! ,sea & by ,volcanic ,action #bc ,caves 9 ,ar5ace\s ,rocks #bd ,caves 9 ,calc>e\s ,rocks ( v>i\s ages #be-bg ,_! ,relation to ,pot-holes1 8,cirques10 & ,rav9es #bg1 #bh ,wat]-,cave ( ,wookey ,hole #bi-ca ,goat*ur* ,cave #ca-cd ,wat]-,caves ( ,d]by%ire #cd ,wat]-,caves ( ,york%ire--,+lebor\gh #ce-ci ,rate ( ,deposit ( ,/alagmite #ci-da ,desc5t into ,helln ,pot #da-dg ,caves & ,pots r\nd ,wea!rcote #dg-ej ,=mation ( ,caves1 ,pot-holes1 & ,rav9es #ej-eg ,cav]ns n g5]ally =m$ 9 l9e ( ,faults #eg ,v>i\s ,ages ( ,caves #eh-fa ,fill+ up ( ,caves #fa ,cave ( ,caldy #fb-fh ,black-,rock ,cave1 ,t5by #fh ,c>bonate ( ,lime dissolv$ by ,atmosph]ic ,wat] #fi-gj ,circulation ( ,c>bonate ( ,lime #ga ,temp]ature ( ,caves #ga-gb ,conclusion #gc ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,hi/oric ,,caves ,,9 ,,brita94 ,def9ition ( ,hi/oric ,p]iod #gd ,wild ,animals 9 ,brita9 dur+ ! ,hi/oric ,p]iod #ge-gg ,animals liv+ "u ! c>e ( ,man #gg ,classificatory ,value ( ,hi/oric ,animals #gh-ha ,! ,victoria ,cave1 ,settle1 ,york%ire--,hi/ory ( ,discov]y #ha-he ,! ,romano-,celtic or ,brit-,wel% ,/ratum #hf-hh ,bones ( ! ,animals #hh-ij ,miscellane\s ,articles #ij-ib ,! ,co9s #ic ,! ,jewell]y1 & its relation to ,iri% ,art #id-aja ,simil> rema9s 9 o!r ,caves 9 ,york%ire #aja ,caves us$ z places ( ,refuge #ajb ,! evid5ce ( ,hi/ory z to ,date #ajc-aaa ,brita9 "u ! ,romans #ajc-aje ,! inroads ( ! ,picts & ,scots #aje ,! ,engli% ,conque/ #ajg ,! ,neoli?ic ,/ratum #aaa-aae ,approximate ,date ( ! ,neoli?ic ,occupation #aae ,! ,grey ,clays #aaf-aah ,! ,plei/oc5e ,occupation by ,hynas #aah-aba ,probable ,pre-glacial ,age ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,/ratum #aba-abe ,! ,kirkhead ,cave #abe ,poole's ,cav]n1 ,buxton #abf ,?or's ,cave1 ne> ,a%b\rne #abg-abi ,hi/oric ,value ( ,brit-,wel% gr\p ( ,caves #abi ,pr9cipal ,animals & ,articles 9 ,brit-,wel% ,caves #acj-acb ,! ,use ( ,horse-fle% #acb ,cave ( ,longb]ry ,bank1 ,pembroke%ire #acc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,caves ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,ages ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,bronze4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,hi/oric & ,prehi/oric ,"t #acd-acf ,! ,prehi/oric ,fauna #acf-ach ,ar*ological ,classification #ach-adj ,caves ( ! ,iron ,age #adj ,caves ( ! ,bronze ,age 9 ,brita9 #ada-ade ,! ,caves ( ! ,cs>$a 9 ,portugal probably occupi$ by ,cannibals #ade-adg ,cave ( ,reggio 9 ,mod5a #adh ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,caves ,,( ,,! ,,neoli?ic ,,age4 ,neoli?ic ,caves 9 ,great ,brita9--,p]?i-,*w>eu #adi-aef ,rhosdigre #aef-aeh ,neoli?ic ,caves 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cefn1 ,/4 ,asaph #aei-afa ,*amb]$ ,tomb ne> ,cefn #afa-afd ,correlation ( ,*amb]$ ,tomb ) ! ,caves ( ,p]?i-,*w>eu & ,cefn #afd ,cont5ts ( ,caves & ,tombs1 tabulat$ #afe-aff ,description ( ,human ,rema9s by ,pr(essor ,busk #aff-ahg ,g5]al conclusions z to ,human ,rema9s #aig-ahh ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,range ,,( ,,neoli?ic ,,doli*o-,,cephali ,,& ,,bra*y-,,cephali4 ,cranial ,t]m9ology #ahi-aij ,doli*o-cephali & ,bra*y-cephali #aia-aid ,range ( ! ,doli*o-cephali 9 ,brita9 & ,irel& #aid-aig ,range ( ! ,bra*y-cephali #aig ,_! ,range 9 ,france #aih ,cav]ne de l'homme ,mort #aih-bjb ,sepul*ral ,cave ( ,orr\y #bjb ,skulls f ,fr5* ,tumuli #bjc ,! ,doli*o-cephali ( ,ib]ian ,p59sula--,gibralt> #bjd-bjh ,spa9--,cueva de los ,murcilagos #bjh-baj ,! ,woman's ,cave ne> ,alhama #baj ,! ,guan*es ( ! ,can>y ,isles #baa ,ib]ic ,doli*o-cephali ( ! same race z ^? ( ,brita9 #bab ,doli*o-cephali cognate ) ! ,basque #bac-bae ,sepul*ral ,cave ( ,*auvaux #bae-bah ,cave ( ,sclaigneaux #bah-bbj ,evid5ce ( ,hi/ory z to ! ,peoples ( ,gaul & ,spa9 #bbj-bbc ,! ,basque ,population ! olde/ #bbc ,population ( ,brita9 #bbd ,basque ,*>act]s 9 ,briti% & ,fr5* ,populations pres5t #bbe-bbg ,:5ce come ! ,basques8 #bbg ,! ,celtic & ,belgic ,bra*y-cephali #bbh-bcj ,! ,anci5t ,g]man ,race #bcj ,g5]al conclusions #bca ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,caves ,,conta9+ ,,human ,,rema9s ,,( ,,d\btful ,,age4 ,! ,pavil& ,cave #bcb-bcd ,cave ( ,engis #bcd1 #bce ,tr\ du ,frontal #bcf-bci ,cave ( ,g5dron #bci 0 ,gail5reu? #bdj 0 ,ne&]?al #bdj-bda 0 ,aurignac #bdb-bdg 0 ,bruniquel #bdg1 #bdh 0 ,cro-,magnon #bdi-bef 0 ,lombrive #bef 0 ,cavillon1 ne> ,m5tone #beg ,grotta dei ,colombi1 ,palm>ia1 inhabit$ by ,cannibals #beh-bfa ,g5]al conclusions z to ,prehi/oric ,caves #bfa-bfc ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,caves ,,( ,,g]many ,,& ,,great ,,brita94 ,relation ( ,plei/oc5e to ,prehi/oric ,p]iod #bfd ,magnitude ( ,int]val #bfe ,animals #bfe1 #bff ,physical ,*anges--,excavation & fill+ up ( ,valleys #bfg-bgb ,fi%]ton1 ne> ,salisbury #bfg ,fre%=d1 ne> ,ba? #bfi ,comp>ison ( ,deposits 9 ,valleys ) ^? 9 ,caves #bgb ,diff]5ce ( ,m9]al ,condition #bgc ,plei/oc5e ,caves ( ,g]many--,gail5reu? #bgc-bgf ,khlo* #bgf-bgh ,plei/oc5e ,caves ( ,great ,brita9 #bgh 0 0 ,york%ire--,kirkdale #bgi-bhd 0 0 ,d]by%ire--,dream ,cave #bhd1 #bhe 0 0 ,nor? ,wales1 ne> ,/4 ,asaph #bhf1 #bhg ,caves ( ,s\? ,wales 9 ,glamorgan & ,c>m>!n #bhh 0 ,pembroke%ire #bhi 0 ,monm\? #bij 0 ,gl\ce/]%ire & ,som]set%ire #bia 0 ! ,m5dip ,hills--,hutton #bib ,banwell #bic ,uphill #bid ,hyna ,d51 ,wookey ,hole #bie-cad ,! di/rict ( ! ,m5dip high] 9 ,plei/oc5e ,age ?an n[ #cad ,! condition ( ,bones gnaw$ by ,hynas #cad-cag ,! ,caves ( ,devon%ire--,ore/on #cag1 #cah ,caves at ,brixham #cai-cbd ,k5t's ,hole #cbd-ccj ,probable ,age ( ! ,ma*airodus 9 ,k5t's ,hole #ccj-cce ,caves ( ,irel&--,%&on #cce ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,caves ,,( ,,nor?-,,we/]n ,,europe1 ,,& ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,fauna ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,atlantic ,,coa/-,,l9e4 ,! ,caves ( ,france #ccf ,cave ( ,baume #ccg ,caves ( ,prigord #ccg-cdg 0 ,belgium #cdg1 #cdh ,tr\ de ,naulette #cdi ,caves ( ,switz]l& #cej ,cave-dwell]s & ,paloli?ic ,m5 ( ! ,riv]-gravels #cea ,classification ( ,paloli?ic ,caves #cea-cec ,relation ( ,cave-dwell]s to ,eskimos #cec-cei ,plei/oc5e ,animals liv+ nor? ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees #cei ,relation ( ,cave to ,riv]-b$ ,fauna #cfb ,! ,atlantic ,coa/-l9e #cfb-cff ,di/ribution ( ,paloli?ic ,implem5ts #cff1 #cfg ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,fauna ,,( ,,! ,,caves ,,( ,,s\!rn ,,europe1 ,,& ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,m$it]ranean ,,coa/-,,l9e ,,9 ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,age4 ,*anges ( ,level 9 ,m$it]ranean ,area 9 ,meioc5e & ,pleioc5e ,ages #cfi ,bone-caves ( ,s\!rn ,europe #cgj ,caves ( ,gibralt> #cga1 #cgb ,bone-caves ( ,prov5ce & ,m5tone #cgc-cge 0 ,sicily #cge-cgg 0 ,malta #cgg ,range ( ,pigmy ,hippopotamus #cgh ,fossil ,mammalia 9 ,alg]ia #cgi ,liv+ ,species common to ,europe & ,africa #cgi ,evid5ce ( ,s\nd+s #chj-chb ,! ,glaci]s ( ,lebanon #chb ,glaci]s ( ,anatolia #chc-chf 0 ( ! ,atlas ,m\nta9s #chf 0 probably produc$ by elevation above ! ,sea #chg-chi ,m$it]ranean ,coa/-l9e comp>atively mod]n #chi ,*anges ( ,level 9 ! ,sah>a #cij ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,european ,,climate ,,9 ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,age4 ,evid5ce ( ! ,mammalia z to ,climate #cib ,s\!rn ,gr\p ( ,animals #cic-cie ,nor!rn ,gr\p #cie-cig ,probable cause ( ,association ( ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,gr\ps #cig1 #cih ,! ,temp]ate ,gr\p #cii ,species common to ,cold & ,tropical ,climates #djj ,ext9ct ,species #djj ,two ,p]iods ( ,glaciation 9 ,brita9 #dja-djc ,?ree ,climatal ,*anges on ! ,cont95t #djc ,europe invad$ by ,plei/oc5e ,animals be=e ! ,glacial ,p]iod #djd-djf ,mammalia liv$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! second ,glacial ,p]iod #djf ,! ,glacial ,p]iod does n sep>ate "o ,life-era f ano!r #djg ,bone-caves inhabit$ be=e & aft] ! ,glacial ,p]iod #djh ,relation ( ,paloli?ic ,man to ,glacial ,p]iod #dji ,age ( ,cont5ts ( ,caves 9 ,glacial ,di/ricts #daj ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,conclusion4 ,classification ( ,plei/oc5e ,/rata by ! ,mammalia #dab-dad ,late ,plei/oc5e ,division #dad ,middle ,plei/oc5e ,division #dae-dag ,e>ly ,plei/oc5e ,mammalia #dag-dbj ,! ,pleioc5e ,mammalia #dbj-dbc ,summ>y ( ,*>act]i/ic ,plei/oc5e & ,pleioc5e ,species #dbc1 #dbd ,antiquity ( ,man 9 ,europe #dbd-dbf ,man liv$ 9 ,india 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ,age #dbf-dbh ,are ! ,paloli?ic ,aborig9es ( ,india relat$ to ^? ( ,europe8 #dbh ,paloli?ic ,man 9 ,pale/9e #dbi ,conclusion #dcj ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,in/rum5ts ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cave-,,hunt+4 ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 ,cave-hunt+ #dce ,se>* aft] ,bone-caves #dcg ,?ree modes ( ,cave-digg+ #dch ,/alagmitic floors to be brok5 up #ddj ,! ,pres]vation ( ,fossil ,rema9s #ddj ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,obs]vations on ! ,accumulation ( ,/alagmite 9 ! ,+lebor\gh ,cave #ddb ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,fig4 ,,page ,col\r$ ,enamels f ,victoria ,cave ,front4 #a ,diagram ( ,wookey ,hole1 ,cave & ,rav9e #cj #b ,diagram ( ,helln ,pot & ! ,long ,*urn ,cav]n #da #c ,diagram ( ,helln ,pot #db #d ,diagram ( ,helln ,pot1 %[+ ,wat]fall at ! bottom #de #e ,wat]fall 9 ,pot-hole1 at ,wea!rcote #dh #f ,diagram ( ,subt]ranean ,c\rse ( ,dalebeck #di #g ,diagram ( an acid-worn jo9t1 ,doveholes1 ,d]by%ire #eb #h ,diagram ( ! ,s\rce ( ! ,aire at ,malham #ee #i ,a ,view 9 ! ,fairy ,*amb]1 ,caldy #fc #aj ,/alagmites 9 ! ,fairy ,*amb]1 ,caldy #fc #aa ,! ,fairy ,*amb]1 ,caldy #fd #ab ,pools 9 ,fairy ,*amb] #fe #ac ,pool 9 ,fairy ,*amb] #fe #ad ,edge ( ,pool 9 ,fairy ,*amb] #fe #ae ,cone ) ,/raw-column #fe #af ,bas9 conta9+ ,cave-pe>ls #fg #ag ,fungoid ,/ructures1 magnifi$ #fg #ah ,fungoid ,/ructure1 ,black-rock ,cave #fh #ai ,view ( ,k+'s ,sc>1 ,settle1 %[+ ! ,entrances ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,caves #hb #bj ,longitud9al ,section ( ,victoria ,cave #hf #ba ,v]tical ,section at ! ,entrance to ! ,victoria ,cave #hg #bb ,spoon-broo* #ia #bc ,ornam5t$ ,bone ,fa/5] #ib #bd ,two ,bone ,l9ks #ib #be ,bronze ,broo* #ie #bf ,bone ,h>poon #aab #bg ,bone ,bead #aac #bh ,/one ,adze ( d\btful orig9 #aad #bi ,section bel[ ,grey ,clay1 at ,entrance to ,victoria ,cave #aag #cj ,skull ( ,woolly ,rh9oc]os1 %[+ ! "p :i* is n eat5 by ,hynas #aai #ca ,bronze ,bracelet f ,?or's ,cave #abi #cb ,bronze ,knife1 ,hea!ry ,burn #adb #cc ,bronze ,armlet1 ,hea!ry ,burn #adc #cd ,bronze ,spe>-head1 ,hea!ry ,burn #adc #ce ,bronze ,m\ld = ca/+ a socket$ ,celt #adc #cf ,section ( ,cave at ,p]?i-,*w>eu #aeb #cg ,plan ( ,cave at ,p]?i-,*w>eu #aed #ch ,gre5/one ,celt1 ,rhosdigre ,cave #aeg #ci ,plan ( ,*amb]$ ,tomb at ,cefn #afb #dj1 #da1 #db ,skull f ,sepul*ral ,cave at ,p]?i-,*w>eu #afh #dc1 #dd1 #de ,skull f ,sepul*ral ,cave at ,p]?i-,*w>eu #afi #df ,section ( ,femur #agb #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ej1 #ea ,section ( ,tibi #agf #eb1 #ec1 #ed ,platy5emic ,tibi #agg #ee1 #ef1 #eg1 #eh ,human ,femora #ahb #ei1 #fj1 #fa ,skull f ,cave at ,cefn1 ,/4 ,asaph #ahe #fb1 #fc1 #fd ,skull f ,g5i/a ,cave #bjg #fe1 #ff ,skull f ,cave ( ,sclaigneaux #bai #fg ,platy5emic ,tibia f ,sclaigneaux #bai #fh ,map ( ! ,di/ribution ( ,ib]ic1 ,celtic1 & ,belgic ,peoples at dawn ( ,hi/ory #bba #fi ,section ( ! ,tr\ du ,frontal #bcg #gj ,diagram ( ! ,cave ( ,aurignac #bde #ga ,section across ! valley ( ! ,vezre & rock ( ,cro-,magnon #bdi #gb ,detail$ ,section ( ! ,cave ( ,cro-,magnon #bea #gc ,?igh-bone ( ,*ild f ,grotta dei ,colombi #bfj #gd ,section ( ,valley-gravels at ,fi%]ton #bfh #ge ,section ( ,valley-gravels at ,fre%=d1 ,ba? #bgj #gf ,section ( ,gail5reu? ,cave #bgd #gg ,plan ( ,kirkdale ,cave #bgi #gh ,sections ( ,kirkdale ,cave #bhj #gi ,mol> ( ,hippopotamus #bha #hj ,leg-bones gnaw$ by ,hynas #bhb #ha ,! ,dream-cave1 ,wirkswor? #bhe #hb ,left ,l[] ,jaw ( ,glutton1 ,plas ,heaton ,cave #bhg #hc ,plan ( ,hyna ,d51 ,wookey ,hole #big #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #hg ,f\r ,views ( ,fl9t ,implem5ts f ,wookey ,hole #bii #hh ,section %[+ ,cont5ts ( ,hyna ,d5 #cjd #hi ,transv]se section ( ditto #cje #ij ,longitud9al section #cjf #ia ,longitud9al section #caa #ib ,gnaw$ ,jaw ( ,hyna f ,wookey #cac #ic ,upp] & ,l[] ,jaws ( ,hyna ,:elp1 ,wookey #cae #id ,?igh-bone ( ,woolly ,rh9oc]os gnaw$ by ,hynas1 ,wookey #caf #ie ,diagram ( deposits 9 ,brixham ,cave #cbj #if ,lanceolate ,implem5t f ,k5t's ,hole #cbf #ig ,oval ,implem5ts f ,k5t's ,hole #cbf #ih ,h>poon f ,k5t's ,hole #cbg #ii ,h>poon-head f ,k5t's ,hole #cbg #ajj ,hamm]-/one #cbh #aja1 #ajb ,upp] ,can9e ( ,ma*airodus1 ,k5t's ,hole #cca #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje ,incisors ( ,ma*airodus1 ,k5t's ,hole #ccc #ajf ,fl9t-flake1 ,les ,eyzies #cci #ajg ,fl9t ,scrap]1 ,les ,eyzies #cci #ajh ,fl9t ,javel9-head1 ,laug]ie ,haute #cci #aji ,fl9t ,arr[-head1 ,laug]ie ,haute #cdj #aaj ,bone ne$le1 ,la ,madela9e #cdj #aaa1 #aab ,h>poons ( ,antl]1 ,la ,madela9e #cdb #aac1 #aad ,arr[-heads1 ,gorge d',enf] #cdb #aae ,bone ,awl1 ,gorge d',enf] #cdb #aaf ,c>v$ ,h&le ( ,re9de] ,antl] #cdc #aag ,two sides ( ,re9de] ,antl]1 ,la ,madela9e #cdd #aah ,horses engrav$ on ,antl]1 ,la ,madela9e #cdd #aai ,gr\p ( ,re9de]1 ,dordogne #cde #abj ,mammo? engrav$ on ,ivory1 ,la ,madela9e #cdf #aba ,c>v$ ,implem5t ( ,re9de] ,antl]1 ,goyet #cdh #abb ,eskimos ,spe>-head1 bone #cec #abc ,eskimos ,arr[-/raight5] ( ,walrus-too? #ced #abd ,eskimos ,plane1 or ,scrap] #cee #abe ,eskimos ,hunt+ ,sc5e #ceg #abf ,map ( ! ,physiography ( ,great ,brita9 9 ,late ,plei/oc5e ,age #cfc #abg ,mol> ( ,hippopotamus ,p5tl&i #cgg #abh ,mol> ( ,elephas ,melit5sis #cgh #abi ,map ( ! ,physiography ( ! ,m$it]ranean 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ,age #cha ,,li/s ,,( ,,species ,,& ,,tables ,,( ,,measurem5ts4 ,,page ,li/ ( ,animals ext9ct dur+ ! ,hi/oric ,age #gh 0 ,animals introduc$ dur+ ! ,hi/oric ,age #gi 0 ,co9s f\nd 9 ! ,victoria ,cave #ic 0 ,pr9cipal ,animals & ,objects f\nd 9 ,brit-,wel% ,/rata 9 ,caves #aca 0 ,animals f\nd 9 ! ,refuse-heap1 ,p]?i-,*w>eu #aej 0 ,cont5ts 9 ,neoli?ic ,caves & ,cairn1 ,nor? ,wales #aff ,dim5sions ( ,p]?i-,*w>eu ,skulls #aga ,dim5sions ( ,p]?i ,*w>eu ,tibi #agc ,proportions ( ord9>y ,tibi #agd ,comp>ative ,measurem5ts ( ,skulls #agi ,table ( ,long ,skulls f ,brita9 & ,irel& #aig 0 ,measurem5ts ( ,briti% ,bra*y-cephali1 & ,gauli% & ,belgic ,bra*y-cephali & ,doli*o-cephali #aii ,measurem5ts ( v>i\s ,skulls #bac ,measurem5ts ( ,skulls ( d\btful antiquity #bcf ,li/ ( ,late ,plei/oc5e ,animals unkn[n 9 ,brita9 9 ! ,prehi/oric ,age #bff 0 ,rema9s f\nd 9 ,wookey ,hyna ,d5 #caj ,late ,plei/oc5e ,fauna nor? ( ,alps & ,pyr5ees #cfj1 #cfa ,li/ ( ,animals f ! ,caves ( ,gibralt> #cgb ,fauna f ! ,caves ( ,m5tone #cgc 0 ,bone-caves ( ,sicily #cgf ,li/ ( ,animals f ! ,middle ,plei/oc5e #dae 0 0 0 ,e>ly ,plei/oc5e #dah 0 ,plei/oc5e ,mammalia #dbj1 #dbb 0 ,*>act]i/ic ,animals ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,p]iod #dbc 0 0 0 0 ,pleioc5e ,p]iod #dbd ,,additions ,,& ,,corrections4 ,page #a1 l9e #g1 = 8,cy?ron0 read 8,ci?ron40 ,page #h1 l9e #d1 = 8t0 read 8:o40 ,page #ag1 l9e #e1 = 8,se9e0 read 8,somme40 ,page #fj1 l9es #bi1 #cj1 = 8non-ossif]\s0 read 8no ossif]\s40 ,page #hb1 fig4 #ai1 = 8,a1 ,b1 ,alb]t1 ,c1 ,victoria0 read 8,a1 ,b1 ,victoria1 ,c1 ,alb]t40 ,page #ie1 fig4 #be4--,?is design is to be se5 9 ! *alice discov]$ 9 #ahfh1 9 a ra? at ,ardagh1 ,lim]ick1 & describ$ by ! ,e>l ( ,dunrav5 7,trans4 ,royal ,iri% ,acad4 xxiv4 ,antiquities74 ,! *alice is made ( gold1 silv]1 bronze1 brass1 copp]1 & lead1 & f ! id5tity ( its inscription & ornam5t ) ^? ( ,iri% ,,mss4 ( asc]ta9$ age1 may be ref]r$ to a date rang+ f ! #e? to ! #i? c5turies4 ,x is also adorn$ ) squ>es ( blue & r$ enamel ( ! same k9d z t ( ! broo*es f ! ,victoria ,cave1 figur$ 9 ! col\r$ plate4 ,! same design is also pres5t$ by ! 8bronze head-r+0 f\nd 9 #agdg at ,/it*el1 9 ,roxburgh1 7,wilson 8,prehi/oric ,annals ( ,scotl&10 ii4 #adf7 z well z by "o ( ! silv] articles kn[n z 8,! ,norrie ,law ,relics10 f\nd 9 a tumulus on ! %ore ( ! ,bay ( ,l>go1 ,fir? ( ,=?4 ,( ! co9s f\nd at ! same place1 ! late/1 belong+ to ,tib]ius ,con/ant9e 7d4 #fhb71 fixes ! date z n e>li] ?an ! #g? c5tury4 ,"s ( ! sculptur$ /ones ( ,scotl&1 su* z ! ,dunni*5 /one1 are ornam5t$ also 9 ! same /yle1 &1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,wilson1 belong to 8! transition p]iod f ! #d? to ! #h? c5turies1 :5 pagan & ,*ri/ian rites 7 obscurely m+l$10 7ii4 #bei74 ,9 ,scotl&1 !re=e1 z well z ,irel&1 ?is /yle ( ornam5tation is ( ! same age1 correspond+ 9 ! ma9 ) t ( ,brit-,wel% articles 9 ! ,victoria ,cave1 prov$ by ! associat$ co9s to be lat] ?an ! #d? c5tury4 ,page #abj1 l9e #d4--,^! tee? are consid]$ by ,dr4 ,lei? ,adams to belong to ,elephas antiquus1 :i* has be5 discov]$ 9 o!r places 9 ,york%ire4 ,!y may possibly belong to t animal2 b !y may1 ) equal ju/ice1 be id5tifi$ ) ! wide-plat$ v>iety ( ! tee? ( ! ,mammo?4 ,! great v>iation 9 ! wid? ( ! compon5t plates ( ! fossil tee? ( ,mammo? obs]vable 9 ! l>ge s]ies f ,cray=d & ! caves ( ! ,m5dip ,hills1 & 9 ^? 9 ! magnific5t ,museum ( ,lyons1 causes me to hesitate 9 consid]+ !m to belong to ! r>] species4 ,page #acj1 l9e #b4--,?is has be5 v]ifi$ :ile ^! %eets 7 pass+ ?r\gh ! press by ! discov]y ( ,brit-,wel% articles 9 a cave 9 ,kirkcudbright%ire by ,messrs4 ,a4 ,r4 ,hunt & ,a4 ,j4 ,corrie1 among :i* are bone fa/5]s simil> 9 outl9e to t f ! ,victoria ,cave 7,fig4 #bc74 ,page #aij4--;,9 us+ ?is classification ( crania1 ,i h purposely atta*$ high] value to ! two extremes ( skull =m1 or ! long & ! broad1 ?an to ! int]m$iate oval =ms1 :i* _c be view$ z di/9ctive ( race1 because !y may be ! results ei!r ( ! int]m>riage ( a long-head$ ) a %ort-head$ p1 or ( v>iation f ! type ( "o or o!r ( !m4 ,page #aif1 head+1 = 8,doli*o-cepha0 read 8,doli*o-cephali40 ,page #bja1 head+1 dele 8,a04 ,page #bac1 note #b4--,! 8tte annulaire10 or annul> depression1 is also visible on "s ( ! broad z well z ! long skulls f a 8,m]ov+ian0 cemet]y at ,*elles 9 ! same collection4 ,! association 9 ?is cemet]y ( ! two skull-=ms is probably due to ! ,m]ov+ians be+ ! ma/]s1 & ! ,celts ! s]vants1 & ! conqu]ors & ! vanqui%$ be+ buri$ 9 ! same spot4 ,page #bbj1 l9e #bd1 = 8,volsc0 read 8,volc40 ,page #bbc1 l9e #be1 = 8ea/0 read 8we/40 ,page #bbh1 l9e #c1 dele 8t40 ,page #bbi1 l9e #c1 = 8set foot0 read 8settl$40 ,! /atem5t 9 ! text is too /rong4 ,! conque/ ( ,gaul by ! ,huns "u ,attila 0 av]t$ by 8 defeat 9 ! fam\s battle ( ,*alons4 ,page #bge1 l9e #ba1 = 8are0 read 8is40 ,page #bgi4--,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 a new ossif]\s deposit has be5 f\nd 9 a fissure at ,lo?orsdale1 ne> ,skipton1 f :i* ! rema9s ( ! ,elephas antiquus & ,hippopotamus amphibius h be5 obta9$4 ,page #bhd4--,! ossif]\s fissure at ,w9dy ,knoll1 ne> ,ca/leton1 rec5tly explor$ by ,messrs4 ,tym1 ,p5n+ton1 ,plant1 ,walk] & o!rs1 has add$ sev]al animals to ! plei/oc5e fauna ( t di/rict--! bison1 roe1 re9de]1 be>1 wolf1 fox1 & hyna1 ! fir/ ( ^! species be+ rem>kably abundant1 & ( all ages4 ,! rema9s 7 probably introduc$ by a /ream f a high] level4 ,page #ccg1 note #b1 l9e #b1 = 8! ,revue0 & 8les ,matriaux0 read 89 ! ,revue0 & 89 ! ,matriaux40 ,page #ccg1 note #e1 = 8,aquita9ic0 read 8,aquitanic40 ,page #cdg1 l9e #f1 = 8m9d0 read 8m9ds40 ,page #cef1 l9e #ae1 = 8,port0 read 8,=t40 ,page #cfa4--,mr4 ,ay%=d ,san=d adds ! ,felis ,caff] to ! li/ f ,bleadon1 & ! ,gulo borealis to t ( ! animals f ,k5t's ,hole4 ,page #chf1 l9e #aj1 dele inv]t$ commas4 ,page #chf1 l9e #ag1 = 8or f #a1jjj to #b1jjj feet l[] ?an ! glacial cov]+0 read 8?us diff]+ by a l9e ( f #a1jjj to #b1jjj feet f ! glacial cov]+0 7,palgrave74 ,,cave-,,hunt+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,leg5ds & ,sup]/itions connect$ ) ,caves4--,! ,physical ,division ( ! ,subject4--,! ,biological4--,! ,inhabitants ( ,caves4--,m5 & ,animals4--,e?nological1 ,ar*ological1 & ,geographical ,be>+s4--,! ?ree ,classes ( ,bone-,caves3 ,hi/oric1 ,prehi/oric1 ,plei/oc5e4--,hi/ory ( ,cave ,exploration 9 ,europe3 ,g]many1 ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,caves h excit$ ! awe & wond] ( mank9d 9 all ages1 & h figur$ l>gely 9 _m leg5ds & sup]/itions4 ,9 ! ,roman ,my?ology1 !y 7 ! abode ( ! ,sibyls1 & ( ! nymphs1 & 9 ,greece !y 7 ! places :]e ,pan1 ,bac*us1 ,pluto1 & ! ,moon 7 wor%ipp$1 & :]e ! oracles 7 deliv]$1 z at ,delphi1 ,cor9?1 & ,m\nt ,ci?ron2 9 ,p]sia !y 7 connect$ ) ! obscure wor%ip ( ,mi?ras4 ,_! names1 9 _m cases1 are survivals ( ! sup]/iti\s ideas ( antiquity4 ,9 ,france & ,g]many !y are frequ5tly t]m$ 8,fairy1 ,dragons'1 or ,devils' ,caves10 &1 accord+ to ,m4 ,desnoy]s1 !y are m5tion$ 9 ! invocation ( c]ta9 canoniz$ an*orites1 :o dwelt 9 !m aft] hav+ dispossess$ & de/roy$ ! dragons & s]p5ts1 ! pagan sup]/ition appe>+ 9 a ,*ri/ian dress4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages !y 7 look$ ^u z ! dwell+s ( evil spirits1 into ! unfa?omable abysses ( :i* ! intrud] 0 lur$ to 8 own de/ruction4 ,long aft] ! fairies & little m5 _h =sak5 ! =e/s & gl5s ( ,nor!rn ,g]many1 !y dwelt 9 _! palaces deep 9 ! he>ts ( ! m\nta9s1--9 8! dw>f holes10 z !y 7 call$--:5ce !y came1 f "t to "t1 into ! upp] air4 ,ne> ,elb+rode1 = example1 9 ! ,h>tz1 ! leg5d 0 curr5t 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 t :5 a w$d+-d9n] 0 be+ prep>$ ! ne> relations ( ! bride & bridegroom w5t to ! caves1 & ask$ ! dw>fs = copp] & brass kettles1 pewt] di%es & plates1 & o!r kit*5 ut5sils4#a 8,!n !y retir$ a little1 & :5 !y came back1 f\nd ev]y?+ !y desir$ set ready = !m at ! m\? ( ! cave4 ,:5 ! w$d+ 0 ov] !y return$ :at !y _h borr[$1 & 9 tok5 ( gratitude1 (f]$ "s meat to _! b5efactors40 ,allusions1 su* z ?is1 to dw>fs1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,nilsson1 po9t back to ! remote "t :5 a small primeval race1 inhabit+ ,nor!rn ,g]many1 0 driv5 by invad]s to take refuge 9 cav]ns1--a view t d]ives support f ! fact t 9 ,sc&9avia ! tall ,nor?m5 7 accu/om$ to consid] ! small] ,lapps & ,f9ns z dw>fs1 & to inve/ !m ) magic p[]1 j z 9 ,pale/9e ! small] invad+ peoples consid]$ _! tall enemies giants4 ,! cave ( ,bauman's hole1 also 9 ! ,h>tz di/rict1 0 said1 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 to h be5 haunt$ by div]s app>itions1 & to conta9 a treasure gu>d$ by black ma/iffs2 & 9 ,burr+ton ,combe1 9 ,som]set%ire1 "s tw5ty ye>s ago1 a cave 0 dug out by a work+ man1 "u ! impression t x conta9$ gold4 ,! hills ( ,granada are /ill believ$1 by ! ,moori% *ildr51 to conta9 ! great ,boabdil & 8 sleep+ ho/1 :o w awake :5 an adv5tur\s mortal invades _! repose1 & w issue =? to re/ore ! glory ( ! ,moori% k+s4 ,x is1 inde$1 no wond] t leg5ds & poetical fancies su* z ^! %\ld clu/] r\nd caves1 = ! gloom ( _! recesses1 & ! %rill drip ( ! wat] f ! ro(1 or ! ro> ( ! subt]ranean wat]-falls e*o+ ?r\gh ! passages1 & ! :ite bosses ( /alagmite loom+ l /atues ?r\gh ! d>kness1 (f] ample mat]ials = ! use ( a vivid imag9ation4 ,! fact t (t5 _! l5g? 0 unkn[n1 naturally l$ to ! inf]5ce t !y 7 passages into ano!r _w4 ,& ?is is equally true ( ! /ory ( ,boabdil1 ( t ( ! ,purgatory ( ,/4 ,patrick1 9 ! nor? ( ,irel&1 & ( ! c\rse ( ! riv] ,/yx1 :i* s9ks into ! rocks & fl[s ?r\gh a s]ies ( cav]ns t are ! d>k entrance-halls ( ,hades4 ,! same idea is evid5t 9 ! rem>kable /ory1 relat$ by lian 7,lib4 xvi4 #af74 8,among ! ,indians ( ,areia !re is an abyss sacr$ to ,pluto1 & b5ea? x va/ gall]ies1 & hidd5 passages & dep?s1 t h nev] be5 fa?om$4 ,h[ ^! are =m$ ! ,indians tell n1 nor %all ,i attempt to relate4 ,! ,indians drive ?i!r 7e ye>7 m ?an #c1jjj diff]5t animals--%eep1 goats1 ox51 & horses--& ea* act+ ei!r f dread ( ! dreadful abyss1 or to av]t an evil om5 9 proportion to 8 means1 seeks 8 own & 8 family's safety by caus+ ! animals to tumble 92 & ^!1 nei!r b\nd ) *a9s nor driv51 ( _! own accord f9i% _! j\rney z if l$ on by "s *>m2 & aft] !y h come to ! m\? ( ! abyss !y will+ly leap d[n1 & are nev] m se5 by mortal eyes4 ,! l[+1 h[ev]1 ( ! cattle1 ! bleat+ ( ! %eep & ( ! goats1 & ! :9ny+ ( ! horses are he>d above gr\nd1 & if anyone li/5 at ! m\?1 he w he> s\nds ( ?is k9d la/+ = a long "t4 ,nor d !y ev] cease1 because bea/s are driv5 ?i!r e day4 ,b :e!r ! s\nd is made by ^? rec5tly driv5 91 or by "s ( ^? driv5 9 "s "t be=e1 ,i d n express an op9ion40 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* took advantage ( ?is feel+ ( sup]/iti\s awe1 z late z ! ,middle ,ages4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation x 0 believ$ t a cave at ,bi%(f]ode w\ld prove ! dea? ( "s p]son 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 unless a public ye>ly atonem5t 7 made4 ,accord+ly a prie/ came1 on a c]ta9 day1 to ! *apel on ! hill opposite1 :5ce he pass$ 9 solemn procession to ! cave1 8& let d[n into x a crucifix1 :i* he pull$ up aga91 & took ?is occasion to rem9d !m ( hell1 & to avoid ! puni%m5t due to _! s9s40 ,! beauty ( ! int]iors ( "s ( ! caves c\ld n fail to give rise to m graceful fancies ?an ^!4 ,! fanta/ic %apes ( ! drip/one1 ) :i* !y are adorn$1 n[ resembl+ ,go?ic pill>s support+ a cry/all9e arcade1 or jutt+ out 9 little spires & m9>ets1 & v g5]ally cov]+ ! floor ) a m>ble-l pavem5t1 & 9 "s cases l9+ ! pools ( wat] ) a fretwork ( cry/als t %9e l ! facets ( a diamond1 7 fitt+ ornam5ts = ! h\ses ( une>?ly be+s1 su* z fairies4 ,! ,physical ,division ( ! ,subject4 ,x is by no means my int5tion 9 ?is "w to give a hi/ory ( leg5ds su* z ^!1 b to take my read]s ) me into "s ( ! m important & m beautiful caves 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! exploration ( ! *amb]s & passages ( :i* !y are compos$1 ! =d+ ( ! subt]ranean /reams by :i* !y are frequ5tly trav]s$1 or ! desc5t into deep *asms :i* op5 9 _! floors1 h ! peculi> *>m ( m\nta9e]+1 n )\t a c]ta9 pleasurable am\nt ( risk4 ,b to physici/ & geologi/ !y (f] f> m ?an ?is4 ,!y give an insight into ! wond]ful *emi/ry by :i* *anges are be+ wr\ght1 at ! pres5t "t1 9 ! solid rock4 ,nor are ! conclusions to :i* we are l$ by ! inve/igation ( ^! *emical *anges m]ely conf9$ to ! int]ior ( caves4 ,!y enable u to und]/& h[ "s ( ! mo/ beautiful sc5]y 9 ,europe has be5 =m$1 & to realize ! mode by :i* all precipices & gorges h be5 c>v$ out ( ! calc>e\s rock4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all see :y x is t ! comb9ation ( hill & valley1 rav9e & precipice1 pres5t ! same g5]al features 9 all lime/one di/ricts--:y1 = in/ance1 ! rav9es ( ,pale/9e are ! same z ^? ( ,greece1 & bo? are id5tical ) ^? 9 ,york%ire4 ,! orig9 & ! hi/ory ( caves w be exam9$1 z well z _! relation to ! g5]al physical geography ( ! calc>e\s /rata4 ,all ^! subjects are compreh5d$ 9 ! fir/ or ! physical division ( cave-hunt+4 ,! ,biological ,division4 ,we mu/ n[ proce$ to ! def9ition ( ! scope & object ( ! second1 or ,biological1 division ( ! subject4 ,caves h be5 us$ by man1 & ! dome/ic animals liv+ "u 8 protection1 f ! e>lie/ times record$ by hi/ory d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,^? p5etrat+ ! rugg$ precipices ( ,pale/9e1 we read 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 s]v$ bo? = habitation & = burial1 &1 f ! notices :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! e>ly ,greek writ]s1 we may conclude t ^? ( ,greece 7 us$ = dwell+-places4 ,! /ory ( ! ,cyclops proves t !y 7 also us$ z folds = goats4 ,! "n ( ,troglodytes1 giv5 to _m peoples ( ! mo/ remote antiquity1 implies t !re 0 a "t 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d :5 ,pl9y's /atem5t 8specus erat pro domibus0 0 /rictly true 78,hi/4 ,nat40 ,i4 v4 c4 #ef74 ,! caves ( ,africa h be5 places ( retreat f ! remote/ antiquity d[n to ! ,fr5* conque/ ( ,alg]ia1 & 9 #ahde sev]al hundr$ ,arabs 7 suffocat$ 9 ^? ( ,dahra by ! smoke ( a fire k9dl$ at ! entrance by ,m>%al 7!n ,colonel7 ,pelissi]4 ,dr4 ,liv+/one alludes 9 8 rec5t lett]s to ! va/ caves ( ,c5tral ,africa1 :i* (f] refuge to :ole tribes ) _! cattle & h\sehold /uff4 ,9 ,france1 accord+ to ,m4 ,desnoy]s1 !re are at ! pres5t "t :ole villages1 includ+ ! *ur*1 to be f\nd 9 ! rock1 :i* are m]ely caves modifi$1 ext5d$1 & alt]$ by ! h& ( man4 ,! caves ( ! ,dordogne 7 inhabit$ 9 ! middle ages4 ,floras writes t ! ,aquitani1 8callidum g5us 9 speluncas se recipiebant1 ,cs> jussit includi10#b & ! same caves af=d$ %elt] to ! inhabitants ( ! same region 9 ! w>s ( ,k+ ,pep9 aga9/ ! la/ ,duke ( ,aquita9e4 ,9 ?is c\ntry a small cave 9 ,*$d> ,pass 0 occupi$ till )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! caves 9 ! nor!rn c\nties are /at$ by ,gildas to h (f]$ a refuge to ! ,brit-,wel% inhabitants ( ,brita9 dur+ ! raids ( ! ,picts & ,scots2 & 9 ! ye> #agde ^? ( ,york%ire 7 turn$ to ! same purpose dur+ ! invasion ( ! ,pret5d]4 ,we might reasonably expect to f9d 9 caves turn$ to ^! uses objects left beh9d1 :i* w\ld tell u some?+ ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( _! possessors1 & light up ! catalogue ( battles & intrigues ( :i* hi/ory g5]ally consi/s4 ,! results obta9$ f ! ,brit-,wel% gr\p ( caves1 treat$ 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 %[ t ?is hi!rto neglect$ bran* ( ! inquiry is n )\t value to ! hi/orian4 ,caves conta9+ rema9s ( ?is k9d may be conv5i5tly t]m$ hi/oric1 because !y may be br\ght into relation ) hi/ory4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be c>efully rem>k$ t ! t]m does n relate to hi/ory 9 g5]al1 b to t 9 p>ticul> ( ea* c\ntry :i* happ5s to be "u inve/igation4 ,! misappreh5sion ( ?is has caus$ great confusion1 & _m mi/akes 9 ar*ological classification & reason+4 ,aga91 our exp]i5ce ( ! habits ( rude & unciviliz$ peoples w\ld naturally lead u to look to caves1 z ! places 9 :i* we %\ld be likely to meet ) ! rema9s ( ! m5 :o liv$ 9 ,europe be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,su* rema9s we d f9d t1 plac$ side by side ) o!rs f ! tombs & dwell+s1 enable u to discov] "s1 at lea/1 ( ! races :o liv$ 9 ,europe 9 long-=gott5 times1 & to asc]ta9 r\ghly ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts 9 ! remote pa/1 f> away f ! hi/orical bord]4 ,x may1 inde$1 seem a hopeless que/ to recov] :at has be5 buri$ 9 oblivion s long1 & x is successful m]ely ?r\gh ! c>eful comp>ison ( ! human skeletons 9 ! caves & tombs ( ,brita91 ,france1 & ,spa91 ) ^? ( exi/+ races1 & ( ! implem5ts & weapons ) ^? :i* are n[ us$ among savage tribes4 ,by ?is means we %all see t !re are good gr\nds = ext5d+ ! range ( ! ,ib]ian p ov] a consid]able area 9 ,europe1 & = ! belief t ! ,eskimos once liv$ z f> s\? z ,auv]gne4 ,9 discuss+ bo? ^! problems x w be impossible to %ut our eyes to ! cont9uity t exi/s betwe5 geology1 ar*ology1 biology1 & hi/ory--sci5ces :i* at fir/ sight appe> isolat$ f ea* o!r4 ,! bones ( ! dome/ic animals 9 ! caves w necess>ily lead to ! fur!r exam9ation ( ! appe>ance & disappe>ance ( bre$s "u ! c>e ( man4 ,& ?is complicat$ "q has an important be>+ n m]ely on ! e?nology1 b also on ! hi/ory1 ( "s ( ! ,european peoples4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ?is bran* ( ! subject is1 z yet1 kn[n m]ely 9 outl9e1 & we c only hope to asc]ta9 a few facts :i* may =m a basis = future inve/igation4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view ! cont5ts ( caves are peculi>ly valuable4 ,!y h be5 us$ z places ( %elt]1 n m]ely by man1 b by wild animals1 f ! "t !y fir/ became accessible to ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! same way1 !re=e1 z n[ !y conta91 9 _! sup]ficial lay]s1 ! bones ( %eep1 ox51 & horses1 foxes1 rabbits1 & badg]s1 s 9 _! deep] /rata lie buri$ ! rema9s ( ! animals :i* 7 liv+ 9 ,europe long be=e ! hi/oric times4 ,9 o!r words1 !y enable u to make out ! gr\ps ( animals inhabit+ ! neighb\r+ di/ricts1 & :i* 9 _m cases h ei!r =sak5 _! orig9al abodes or h become ext9ct4 ,& s9ce ^? :i* are ext9ct1 or :i* h migrat$1 c\ld n h liv$ :]e _! rema9s are f\nd "u ! pres5t conditions ( life1 an inquiry into _! hi/ory leads u into ! g5]al "q ( ! anci5t ,european climate & geography4 ,x is obvi\s1 = example1 t ! spott$ hyna1 :i* =m]ly inhabit$ ! caves ( ,sicily1 c\ld n h cross$ ov] to t isl& aft] x 0 sep>at$ f ,africa & ,italy2 & x w\ld be impossible = ! musk-%eep1 ! mo/ arctic ( ! h]bivora1 to live z f> s\? z ,auv]gne "u ! pres5t climatal conditions4 ,! pres5ce1 !re=e1 ( ^! animals 9 ^! di/ricts is pro( 9 ! "o case ( a geographical1 & 9 ! o!r ( a climatal1 *ange4 ,! discussion ( all ^! que/ions is compreh5d$ "u ! second1 or biological1 division ( cave-hunt+1 :i* may be def9$ z an inquiry into ! rema9s ( man & animals f\nd 9 ! caves1 & into ! conditions "u :i* !y liv$ 9 ,europe4 ,! ?ree ,classes ( ,bone-caves4 ,9 ! biological bran* ( ! subject ! caves w be treat$ fir/ :i* are compreh5d$ )9 ! limits ( hi/ory2 !n we %all pass on to ! inve/igation ( ,prehi/oric caves1 or ^? :i* h be5 inhabit$ 9 ! int]val t sep>ates hi/ory f ! remote geological era1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! ext9ct mammalia 9 ,europe4 ,&1 la/ly1 ^? w be exam9$ :i* h furni%$ ! rema9s ( ! ext9ct animals1 & :i* are t]m$ by ! geologi/s ,plei/oc5e1 f ! fact t a l>g] p]c5tage ( exi/+ species 7 !n liv+ ?an 9 ! prec$+ ,pleio-1 ,meio-1 & ,eoc5e p]iods4 ,! equival5t t]ms 8,quat]n>y10 us$ by _m ,fr5* geologi/s1 & ! 8,po/-pleioc5e division ( ! ,po/-t]ti>y ,=mation10 us$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 are n adopt$ 9 ?is "w1 because !y imply a break 9 ! cont9uity ( life1 :i* does n exi/4 8,plei/oc5e0 0 inv5t$ & subsequ5tly disc>d$ by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell1#c & is at pres5t us$ by _m em95t writ]s1 su* z ,=bes1 ,phillips1 ,g]vais1 & o!rs4 ,! ossif]\s caves w !re=e be divid$ into ! ,hi/oric1 ,prehi/oric1 & ,plei/oc5e gr\ps4 ,& x w be m conv5i5t to "w backw>ds 9 "t f ! basis (f]$ by hi/ory1 ?an to beg9 ) ! ,plei/oc5e1 or olde/ division1 & br+ ! n>rative d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,?is classification1 f\nd$ 9 "p on ! pr9ciple ( *ange 9 ! animal _w1 & p>tly on ! basis (f]$ by hi/ory1 co9cides1 only 9 "p1 ) t ( ! ar*ologi/s bas$ on ! rema9s ( man's h&iwork4 ,! ,plei/oc5e age is ! equival5t ( ! ,paloli?ic1 or t ( rude unpoli%$ /one2 ! ,prehi/oric repres5ts ! ages ( poli%$ /one1 bronze1 & iron 9 "p1 or ^? /ages 9 human progress :5 ! use ( ^! mat]ials became g5]al = ! purposes ( e-day life2 :ile ! ,hi/oric cov]s m]ely ! lat] portion ( t ( iron4 ,hi/ory ( ,cave-,exploration 9 ,europe4 ,g]many4--,! re/ ( ?is *apt] mu/ be devot$ to an outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( cave-exploration dur+ ! la/ two c5turies4 ,! dread ( ! sup]natural1 :i* pres]v$ ! ,european caves f di/urbance1 0 de/roy$ 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies by ! se>* aft] 8ebur fossile10 or unicorn's horn1 :i* rank$ high 9 ! mat]ia m$ica ( ^? days z a specific = _m diseases1 & :i* 0 obta9$1 9 great abundance1 9 ! cav]ns ( ! ,h>tz1 & 9 ^? ( ,hung>y & ,franconia4 ,z ! true nature ( ! drug gradually reveal$ itself1 ! ,g]man caves became fam\s = ! rema9s ( ! lions1 hynas1 fossil elephants1 & o!r /range animals1 :i* _h be5 us$ = m$ic9e4 ,we owe ! fir/ philosophical discussion on ! po9t to ,dr4 ,gesn]1#d :o1 al?\gh he ma9ta9$ t ! fossil unicorn consi/$1 9 "s cases1 ( elephant's tee? & tusks1 & 9 o!rs ( its fossil bones1 did n altoge!r give up ! idea ( its m$ic9al value4 ,x is a s+ul> fact1 t fossil rema9s ( a simil> k9d are1 at ! pres5t "t1 us$ by ! ,*9ese = ! same purpose1 & sold 9 _! druggi/s' %ops4#e ,! cave :i* 0 mo/ fam\s at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 t ( ,bauman's ,hole1 9 ! ,h>tz1 9 ! di/rict ( ,blank5b\rg4 ,x is notic$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = ! ye> #affb1 & 0 subsequ5tly describ$ by ,dr4 ,behr5s1#f ,leibnitz1 ,de ,luc1 & ,cuvi]1 along ) o!rs 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,^? ( ,hung>y come next 9 po9t ( discov]y1 ! fir/ notice ( !m be+ due to ,patt]son ,hayne 9 #afgb4 ,!y p5etrate ! s\!rn slopes ( ! ,c>pa?ian ranges1 & are kn[n by ! "n ( dragons' caves1 because ! bones :i* !y conta9 _h be5 consid]$ f "t immemorial to belong to ^? animals by ! c\ntry p4 ,^! rema9s 7 id5tifi$ by ,b>on ,cuvi] z belong+ to ! cave-be>4#g ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury t ! explor+ ( caves 0 c>ri$ on sy/ematically1 or _! cont5ts exam9$ ) any sci5tific precision4 ,! caves ( ,franconia1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,mugg5dorf1 7 describ$ by ,esp] 9 #aggd1 by ,ros5mull] 9 #ahjd1 & six ye>s lat] by ,dr4 ,goldfuss4 ,! mo/ important 0 t ( ,gail5reu?1 bo? f ! va/ quantity ( rema9s :i* x 0 prov$ to conta91 & ! inve/igations to :i* x l$4 ,! bones ( ! hyna1 lion1 wolf1 fox1 glutton1 & r$ de] 7 id5tifi$ by ,b>on ,cuvi]2 :ile "s ( ! skulls :i* ,dr4 ,goldfuss obta9$ h be5 rec5tly prov$1 by ,pr(essor ,busk1 to belong to ! grizzly be>4 ,!y 7 associat$ ) ! bones ( ! re9de]1 horse & bison4 ,ros5mull] 0 ( op9ion t ! cave _h be5 inhabit$ by be>s = a long s]ies ( g5]ations2 & he ?us realiz$ t ^! rema9s prov$ t ! animals f\nd 9 ! cave _h once liv$ 9 t di/rict1 & _h n be5 swept f ! tropics by ! deluge4 ,! int]e/ 9 ^! discov]ies 0 at its height 9 ! ye> #ahaf1 :5 ,dr4 ,buckl& visit$ ! cave1 & acquir$ t k ( cave-explor+ :i* he 0 subsequ5tly to use ) su* good effect 9 ?is c\ntry4#h ,f ?is "t d[n to ! pres5t day1 no new fact ( importance has be5 add$ to our k ( caves by explorations 9 ,g]many4 ,great ,brita94--,! fir/ bone-cave sy/ematically explor$ 9 ?is c\ntry 0 t discov]$ by ,mr4 ,:idbey1#i 9 ! ,devonian lime/one at ,ore/on1 ne> ,plym\?1 9 #ahaf2 & ! rema9s obta9$ f x 7 id5tifi$ by ,sir ,ev]>d ,home z imply+ ! exi/5ce ( ! rh9oc]os 9 t region4 ,?is discov]y foll[$ close ^u ! rese>*es 9 ,gail5reu?1 & 0 due 9 "s degree to ! reque/ :i* ,sir ,joseph ,banks made1 t ,mr4 ,:idbey1 9 qu>ry+ ! /one = ! ,plym\? breakwat]1 %\ld exam9e ! cont5ts ( any cav]ns t he might happ5 to meet )4 ,x prec$$ ,dr4 ,buckl&'s exploration ( ,kirkdale by ab\t f\r ye>s4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahba a cave 0 discov]$1 9 a lime/one qu>ry at ,kirkdale1 9 ,york%ire1 :i* 0 f\nd to conta9 bones & tee? ( animals4 ,on he>+ ( ! discov]y1 ,dr4 ,buckl& po/$ at once f ,s\? ,wales to ! spot1 & publi%$ ! result ( ! explorations 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = ! next ye>4 ,he br\ght =w>d evid5ce t ! cave _h be5 inhabit$ by hynas1 & t ! brok5 & gnaw$ bones ( ! rh9oc]os1 mammo?1 /ag1 bison1 & horse belong$ to animals :i* _h be5 dragg$ 9 = food4 ,he also e/abli%$ ! fact t all ^! animals _h liv$ 9 ,york%ire 9 anci5t times1 & t x 0 impossible = ! c>cases ( ! hyna1 rh9oc]os1 & mammo? to h be5 float$ f ^? regions :]e !y are n[ liv+ into ! position :]e he f\nd _! bones4 ,he subsequ5tly foll[$ up ! subject by inve/igat+ bone-caves 9 ,d]by%ire1 ,s\? ,wales1 & ,som]set1 z well z 9 ,g]many1 & publi%$ 8 great "w1 8,reliqui ,diluvian10 9 #ahbb1 :i* laid ! f\ndations ( ! new sci5ce ( cave-hunt+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! exploration ( ,kirkdale foll[$ closely ^u t ( ,gail5reu?1 & 0 m]ely ! application ( ^? pr9ciples ( rese>* :i* _h be5 discov]$ 9 ,g]many to caves 9 a new di/rict4 ,f ?is "t =w>d bone-caves 7 discov]$ 9 ,great ,brita9 9 increas+ numb]s1 & explor$ by _m indep5d5t obs]v]s4 ,! fam\s cav]n ( ,k5t's ,hole1 ne> ,torquay1 furni%$ ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,mc,enery1 betwe5 #ahbe & ! ye> #ahda1 9 :i* he di$1 ) ! fir/ fl9t implem5ts ev] discov]$ 9 a cave along ) ! bones ( ext9ct animals4 ,he recogniz$ ! fact t !y may be pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( man dur+ ! "t t ^? animals 7 alive2 b ! sci5tific _w 0 n !n suffici5tly educat$ to accept ! antiquity ( ! human race on ! evid5ce br\ght =w>d1 & ,dr4 ,buckl& himself 0 s influ5c$ by ! op9ions ( 8 times1 t he refus$ ev5 to ent]ta9 ! idea4 ,al?\gh ! discov]y 0 v]ifi$ by ! indep5d5t rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,godw9 ,au/9 9 #ahdj1 & by ! ,torquay ,natural ,hi/ory ,society 9 #ahdf1 ! =ce ( prejudice 0 s /rong1 t ! matt] 0 n ?\ght ev5 wor?y ( inve/igation4 ,mr4 ,mc,enery's manuscripts 7 lo/ until ! ye> #ahei1 :5 an ab/ract ( !m 0 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,vivian1 & subsequ5tly !y 7 pr9t$ 9 full by ,mr4 ,p5gelly1 ! able sup]9t5d5t ( ! exploration :i* has be5 c>ri$ on by a committee ( ! ,briti% ,association s9ce #ahfe1 by :om sev]al ?\s& fl9t implem5ts h be5 obta9$1 "u ! conditions po9t$ out by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,mc,enery & ,mr4 ,godw9 ,au/54#aj ,:ile ! important "q ( ! antiquity ( man 0 be+ pass$ by z ( no acc\nt1 o!r caves 7 be+ exam9$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^? ( ,banwell1 ,burr+ton1 ,s&=d ,hill1 ,bleadon1 & ,hutton1 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ! ,m5dip hills1 7 be+ work$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,williams & ,mr4 ,be>d1 & furni%$ ! magnific5t collection ( mammalian bones n[ 9 ! museum at ,taunton4 ,9 ,nor? ,wales1 also1 ,mr4 ,lloyd discov]$ a simil> suite ( bones 9 ! lime/one caves 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,/4 ,asaph at ,cefn1 & 9 ,s\? ,wales num]\s rema9s 7 obta9$ by _m explor]s 9 ^? ( ,pembroke%ire & ,g[]4 ,! result ( ^! discov]ies 0 ! pro( t c]ta9 ext9ct animals1 su* z ! woolly rh9oc]os & ! mammo?1 _h liv$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 anci5t times1 along ) two o!r gr\ps ( species :i* are at pres5t kn[n only to live 9 hot & cold climates--! spott$ hyna & hippopotamus ( ,africa1 ) ! re9de] & ! m>mot ( ! cold] regions ( ! e>?4 ,! discov]y 9 #aheh1 & ! exploration1 ( ! n[ fam\s cave ( ,brixham1 by ! ,royal & ,geological ,societies1 m>k$ ! dawn ( a new era 9 cave-hunt+4 ,"u ! c>eful sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,p5gelly1 fl9t implem5ts 7 discov]$ und]nea? /alagmite1 & 9 association ) ! rema9s ( ! hyna & woolly rh9oc]os & mammo?1 9 undi/urb$ r$ loam1 "u conditions t prove man to h be5 liv+ 9 ,devon%ire at ! same "t z ^? animals4 ,?is s+ul>ly opportune discov]y de/roy$ = ev] ! d\bts t _h ov]hung ! "q ( ! antiquity ( man1 & ( 8 co-exi/5ce 9 ,europe 9 company ) ! animals ^: rema9s occur bo? 9 ! cav]ns & riv]-deposits4 ,9 #ahdg ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s describ$ c]ta9 rude fl9t implem5ts t he obta9$ f ! fluviatile gravels ( ,abbeville 78,antiquits ,celtiques10 vol4 i471 along ) ! bones ( ext9ct animals2 & 8 discov]y 0 treat$ ) ! same scepticism 9 ,france z t ( ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,mc,enery 9 ,engl&1 al?\gh x 0 v]ifi$ by fl9t implem5ts be+ discov]$1 "u exactly ! same conditions1 9 ! gravels ( ,ami5s1 "s =ty miles away1 by ,dr4 ,rigollot4#aa ,9 ! autumn ( #aheh1 ,dr4 ,falcon]1 :o _h be5 sup]9t5d+ ! "w 9 ! ,brixham cave1 visit$ ! collection made by ,m4 de ,p]!s1 :ile on 8 way to exam9e ! caves ( ,sicily1 & recogniz+ man's h&iwork 9 ! implem5ts1 he ask$ 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,pre/wi* to explore ! ,valley ( ! ,somme4 ,?is he accord+ly did1 & 9 company ) ,mr4 ,john ,evans1 ,f4,r4,s41 dug out ) 8 own h&s an implem5t f ! undi/urb$ /rata1#ab & ?us f9ally settl$ ! disput$ "q4 ,x is und\bt$ly true1 t sci5tific op9ion 0 t5d+ t[>ds ! acceptance ( ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( man hav+ liv$ 9 ,europe 9 ! ,plei/oc5e age2 b ! rese>*es 9 ,brixham cave e/abli%$ ! fact on ! highe/ possible au?ority1 & confirm$ ! long-neglect$ discov]ies 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme4 ,by ! end ( #ahei x 0 fully accept$ by ! sci5tific _w1 & caus$ ! exploration ( caves to be c>ri$ on ) increas$ vig\r4 ,9 ,decemb] #ahei1ac ,i began ! exploration ( ! hyna-d5 ( ,wookey ,hole1 ne> ,wells1 ,som]set1 9 company ) ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,williamson1 & obta9$ fl9t in/rum5ts along ) ! rema9s ( ! mammo?1 hyna1 woolly rh9oc]os1 & o!r animals1 "u conditions t prov$ ! contemporaneity ( man ) ! ext9ct mammalia4 ,& f t "t d[n to ! pres5t date ,i h c>ri$ on rese>*es 9 caves 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,great ,brita94 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,g[] also1 _m ossif]\s cav]ns 7 inve/igat$1 9 #aheh-i-fj-a by ,colonel ,wood & ,dr4 ,falcon]1 & 9 "o ( !m fl9t implem5ts 7 obta9$ along ) ! bones ( ! ext9ct mammalia4#ad ,k5t's ,hole1 begun 9 #ahfe by ! ,briti% ,association1 & /ill be+ work$1 furni%es annually a va/ numb] ( bones & tee? ( hynas1 rh9oc]oses1 cave-be>s1 & horses1 & o!r animals1 along ) fl9t & bone implem5ts4#ae ,9 #ahfi ,i _h ! good =tune to discov]1 & subsequ5tly to explore1 a gr\p ( sepul*ral caves 9 ,d5bigh%ire1 :i* _h be5 us$ by an ,ib]ian or ,basque race 9 ! ,neoli?ic age 7,*apt] ,v472 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! ,settle ,cave ,committee began _! "w 9 ,york%ire "u my advice4 ,& ?is has l$ to ! important conclusion1 t a gr\p ( caves1 ext5d+ ov] a wide area 9 ! c5tre & nor? ( ,engl&1 0 occupi$ by ! ,brit-,wel% 9 ! obscure int]val :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! dep>ture ( ! ,roman legions & ! ,engli% conque/4 ,france4--,! rese>*es ( ,buckl& into ! caves ( ,great ,brita91 & ( ,goldfuss & o!rs into ^? ( ,g]many1 & m especially ! publication ( ! 8,ossem5s ,fossiles10 by ,cuvi]1 gave an impetus to cave-exploration 9 ,france :i* yield$ ! same results z 9 our own c\ntry4 ,! mammalia obta9$ f ! cave ( ,f\v5t 7,haut ,saone7 9 #ahjj 7 describ$ 9 ! 8,ossem5s10 z well z ^? f ,gond5ans4 ,9 ! ,gironde1 ! ,cave ( ,avison 0 explor$ by ,m4 ,billaudel 9 #ahbf-bg4 ,9 ! s\?1 ,m>cel de ,s]res1 aid$ by ,,mm4 ,dubrueil & ,jeanjean1 exam9$ ! important ,cave ( ,lunel-viel 9 #ahbd1 & publi%$ _! results 9 a "w t holds ! same position 9 ,france z ! 8,reliqui ,diluvian0 9 ,engl&4 ,! cav]ns ( ,pondres1 ,s\vign>gues1 & ( ,bize 7 explor$1 ! two fir/ by ,m4 ,*ri/ol 9 #ahbi1 ! la/ by ,m4 ,t\rnal 9 #ahcc1 & ^? ( ,villefran*e 7,pyrnes-ori5t71 ,mialet 7,g>d71 & ,nabrigas 7,lozre7 7 describ$ by ,de ,s]res 9 #ahci1 :o subsequ5tly add$ ^? ( ,c>cas-sonne to ! li/ 9 #ahdb4 ,9 ?is ye> ,,mm4 ,prevo/ & ,j4 ,desnoy]s explor$ ! caves ( ,montmor5cy 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is1 & describ$ ! rema9s discov]$ 9 ^? ( ,bictre4 ,! ,cave ( ,pontil 7,hrault7 describ$ by ,m4 de ,s]res 9 #ahdg1 0 prov$ 9 #ahfd1 by ,pr(essor ,g]vais1 to conta9 two di/9ct /rata1 ! neoli?ic ly+ ov] ! paloli?ic1 z 9 ,k5t's ,hole4#af ,9 #ahfj1ag ! fam\s ,cave ( ,aurignac 0 prov$1 by ! inve/igations ( ,pr(essor ,l>tet1 to h be5 inhabit$ by man 9 ! life-"t ( ! ext9ct mammalia4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ! caves ( ,prigord 7 explor$ by t g5tleman1 along ) ,mr4 ,*ri/y1 & yield$ results :i* m>k a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( man 9 ! remote pa/4 ,f ! rem>kable collection ( implem5ts & weapons1 ! habits & mode ( life ( ! occupants c be asc]ta9$ ) tol]able c]ta9ty1 & f _! comp>ison ) ! l articles n[ 9 use among savage tribes1 x may be reasonably inf]r$ t !y 7 closely relat$ 9 blood to ! ,eskimos4 ,?is mo/ important "q w be inve/igat$ 9 its prop] place1 9 ! *apt] relat+ to ! paloli?ic caves ( ,france4 ,pr(essor ,l>tet1 ,m4 ,l\is ,l>tet1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 & o!r em95t obs]v]s believe fur!r1 t ! int]m5ts t h be5 discov]$ 9 ,aurignac & 9 ,cro ,magnon1#ah 9 ,prigord1 are to be assign$ to ! same relative age z ! occupation ( ! caves by man4 ,f ! fact1 h[ev]1 t ! skeletons 9 bo? ^! cases 7 above ! /rata accumulat$ by ! paloli?ic cave-dwell]s1 x may be conclud$ t !y 7 deposit$ aft] ^? /rata 7 =m$1 9 o!r words1 t !y are ( a lat] age4 ,f #ahfc d[n to ! pres5t "t v _m caves h be5 explor$ 9 ,france )\t any fur!r addition to our k1 except+ ! v]ification ( ! facts1 af=d$ by ! caves ( ,brixham & ( ,prigord1 z to ! co-exi/5ce ( man ) ! ext9ct mammalia1 & 8 probable id5tity 9 race ) ! ,eskimos4 ,belgium4--,! caves ( ,belgium#ai h af=d$ evid5ce ( precisely ! same nature z ^? ( ,engl& & ,france4 ,dr4 ,s*m]l+1 ( ,lige1 publi%$ ! results ( 8 rese>*es1 begun 9 #ahbi1 into ! bone-caves on ! banks ( ! ,meuse & its tribut>ies1 9 #ahcc-d1 & prov$ t ! mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 cave-be>1 & hyna =m]ly liv$ 9 t di/rict4 ,he also arriv$ at ! conclusion t man 0 liv+ at t remote "t1 f ! discov]y ( fl9t-flakes & human bones along ) ! rema9s ( ^? animals 9 ! caves ( ,engis & ,engih\l4 ,9 #ahec1bj ,pr(essor ,spr+ discov]$ a quantity ( burn$1 brok51 & cut bones belong+ to wom5 & *ildr51 9 ! ,cave ( ,*auvaux1 :i* he consid]$ to imply t x _h be5 inhabit$ by a family ( cannibals4 ,axes ( poli%$ /one 7 also met )1 t indicat$ ! relative age to be neoli?ic4 ,to pass ov] ! human skeleton f\nd 9 ! ,ne&]?al ,cave 9 #aheg by ,dr4 ,fuhlro?1 :i* is ( d\btful antiquity1 ! next discov]ies ( importance are ^? made by ,m4 ,dupont 9 ! ye>s #ahfd-gj1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,namur1 t e/abli%$ ! fact t ! same race ( m5 :o inhabit$ ,auv]gne 9 ! paloli?ic age _h also liv$ 9 ,belgium4 ,m4 ,dupont consid]s t ! int]m5ts 9 ! ,tr\ de ,frontal#ba belong also to ! paloli?ic age1 & t !re=e man at t remote "t 0 possess$ ( religi\s ideas4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ?is view c be accept$1 x w be necess>y to %[ ! exact relation ( ! bones ( ! re9de]1 *amois1 mammo?1 & o!r animals f\nd outside ! slab ( /one1 at ! m\? ( ! sepul*ral *amb]1 to ! human rema9s )94 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ,aurignac & ,cro ,magnon1 ! evid5ce seems to me insuffici5t to e/abli% s important a conclusion4 ,s\!rn ,europe4--,9 s\!rn ,europe ! bone-caves ( ,sicily1 work$ 9 #ahbi = ! sake ( ! animal rema9s to be us$ 9 sug> ref9+1 7 sci5tifically exam9$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] 9 #ahei2 ^? ( ,malta by ,capta9 ,spratt 9 ! same ye>2 & ^? ( ,gibralt> by ,capta9 ,broome 9 ! ye>s #ahfb-h4 ,!y e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce ( ! s]val & ! ,african elephant1 & o!r *>act]i/ic ,african species1 9 ,europe1 & (f] z we %all see 9 ?is "w1 important te/imony z to ! geography ( ! ,m$it]ranean area 9 ! ,plei/oc5e age4 ,9 ?is outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( cave-exploration x w be se51 t ! additions to our k ( ! pa/ h be5 nei!r few nor insignificant1 nor 9 "o l9e ( inquiry4 ,& if ! att5tion :i* is n[ be+ direct$ to ! subject be due to ! g5]al developm5t ( sci5tific ?\ght1 x is equally true1 t ! results h react$ on sci5tific ?\ght 9 g5]al1 & h especially b5efit$ ! sci5ces ( geology1 ar*ology1 & hi/ory4 ,a ri* field ( inve/igation lies be=e ! cave-hunt]1 9 ,greece1 ,pale/9e1 ,lycia1 ,p]sia1 & ! lime/one plateaux ( c5tral ,asia2 & s9ce ^! discov]ies h be5 s valuable 9 c5tral & nor?-we/]n ,europe1 :at may we n recov] f ! grasp ( oblivion1 ( ! infancy & e>ly culture ( mank9d 9 ! v bir?-place & 8pa?way ( ! nations08 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,physical ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,caves4 ,caves =m$ by ! ,sea & by ,volcanic ,action4--,caves 9 ,ar5ace\s ,rocks4--,caves 9 ,calc>e\s ,rocks ( v>i\s ages4 --,_! ,relation to ,pot-holes1 8,cirques10 & ,rav9es4-- ,! ,wat]-cave ( ,wookey ,hole4--,! ,goat*ur* ,cave4--,! ,wat]-caves ( ,d]by%ire4--,( ,york%ire4--,! ,+lebor\gh ,cave4--,! ,rate ( ,deposit ( ,/alagmite4--,! ,desc5t into ,helln ,pot4--,! ,caves & ,pots r\nd ,wea!rcote4--,! ,=mation ( ,caves1 ,pot-holes1 & ,rav9es4--,cav]ns n g5]ally =m$ 9 l9e ( ,faults4--,( v>i\s ,ages4--,_! ,fill+-up4-- ,! ,cave ( ,caldy4--,! ,blackrock ,cave4--,great quantity ( ,c>bonate ( ,lime dissolv$ by ,atmosph]ic ,wat]4--,! ,circulation ( ,c>bonate ( ,lime4--,! ,temp]ature ( ,caves4-- ,conclusion4 ,caves =m$ by ! ,sea & by ,volcanic ,action4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all treat ( ! orig9 ( caves & ( _! place 9 physical geography4 ,! mo/ obvi\s ag5t 9 holl[+ out caves is ! sea4 ,! set ( ! curr5t1 ! trem5d\s =ce ( ! break]s1 & ! gr9d+ ( ! %+le1 inevitably discov] ! weak places 9 ! cliff1 & leave caves z ! results ( _! "w1 modifi$ 9 ea* case by ! local conditions ( ! rock4 ,caves =m$ 9 ?is mann] h c]ta9 *>act]s :i* are easily recogniz$4 ,_! floors are v r>ely mu* out ( ! horizontal1 _! outlook is ov] ! sea1 & !y v seldom p5etrate f> into ! cliff4 ,a g5]al p>allelism is also to be obs]v$ 9 a gr\p 9 ! same di/rict1 & _! entrances are all 9 ! same horizontal plane1 or 9 a succession ( horizontal & p>allel planes4 ,9 "s cases !y are elevat$ above ! pres5t rea* ( ! waves1 & m>k ! l9e at :i* ! sea =m]ly /ood4 ,f _! g5]ally inaccessible position sea-caves h v r>ely be5 occupi$ by man1 & ! hi/ory ( _! =mation is s obvi\s t x requires no fur!r notice4 ,among !m ! fam\s ,f+al's ,cave1 (f ! nor? coa/ ( ,irel&1 & t ( ,/affa1 on ! opposite %ore ( ,scotl&1 holl[$ out ( column> basalt1 are p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ,europe4 ,9 volcanic regions also !re are caves =m$ by ! passage ( lava to ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 or by ! imprison$ /eam & gases 9 ! lava :ile x 0 9 a molt5 /ate3 b ^! are ( comp>atively little importance s f> z relates to ! g5]al "q ( caves1 f ! v small areas :i* are occupi$ by active volcanoes 9 ,europe4 ,!y h be5 obs]v$ 9 ,vesuvius1 ,etna1 ,icel&1 & ,t5]iffe4 ,caves 9 ,ar5ace\s ,rocks4 ,caves also occur sometimes 9 s&/ones1 9 :i* case !y are ! result ( ! erosion ( ! l9es ( ! jo9ts by ! passage ( subarial wat]1 & if ! jo9ts happ5 to trav]se a /ratum less compact$ ?an ! re/1 ! weak po9t is discov]$1 & a holl[ is =m$ ext5d+ lat]ally f ! orig9al fissure4 ,! massive mill/one grit ( ,d]by%ire & ,york%ire pres5t _m examples ( ?is1 z = in/ance 9 ,k9d]sc\t 9 ! =m] c\nty4 ,! rocks at ,tunbridge ,wells also %[ to :at ext5t ! jo9ts 9 ! ,weald5 s&/ones may become op5 fissures1 m or less connect$ ) caves1 on a small scale1 by ! m]e me*anical action ( wat]4 ,m4 ,desnoy]s gives in/ances ( ! same k9d 9 ! ,t]ti>y s&/ones ( ! ,p>is bas91 :i* h furni%$ rema9s ( rh9oc]os1 re9de]1 hyna1 & be>4 ,cav]ns1 h[ev]1 9 ! s&/one are r>ely ( great ext5t1 & may be pass$ ov] z be+ ( small importance 9 comp>ison ) ^? 9 ! calc>e\s rocks4 ,caves 9 ,calc>e\s ,rocks ( v>i\s ages4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t :]ev] ! calc>e\s /rata are suffici5tly h>d & compact to support a ro(1 caves are to be f\nd 9 great] or less abundance4 ,^? ( ,devon%ire occur 9 ! ,devonian lime/one2 ^? ( ,som]set1 ,nott+ham%ire1 ,york%ire1 ,d]by%ire1 & ,nor?umb]l&1 z well z ( ,belgium & ,we/phalia1 9 t ( ! c>bonif]\s age4 ,9 ,france also1 ^? ( ,ma9e & ,anj\1 & mo/ ( ^? ( ! ,pyr5ees & 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,aude1 are holl[$ 9 c>bonif]\s lime/one1 z well z ! great] "p ( ^? 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ,virg9ia1 & ,k5tucky4 ,! cave ( ,kirkdale 9 ,york%ire1 & mo/ ( ^? 9 ,franconia & 9 ,bav>ia p5etrate ,jurassic lime/ones1 :i* h receiv$ ! "n ( ,hohl5kalk/e9 f ! abundance ( cav]ns :i* !y conta94 ,!y are develop$ on a l>ge scale 9 ! ,swiss & ,fr5* ,jura1 & 9 "s cases af=d passage to p[]ful /reams1 & 9 o!rs are m or less fill$ ) ice1 ?us con/itut+ ! s+ul> 8glacires0 t h be5 s ably explor$ by ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,f4 ,br[ne4#bb ,! compact ,neocomian & ,cretace\s lime/ones conta9 mo/ ( ! cav]ns ( ,prigord1 ,qu]cy1 & ,ang\mois1 & "s ( ^? 9 ,prov5ce & ,langu$oc1 ^? ( ,nor!rn ,italy1 ,sicily1 ,greece1 ,dalmatia1 ,c>niola1 & ,turkey 9 ,europe1 ( ,asia ,m9or & ,pale/9e4 ,! t]ti>y lime/ones1 writes ,m4 ,desnoy]s1#bc (f] sometimes1 b v r>ely1 caves t h become celebrat$ = ! bones :i* !y conta91 su* z ^? ( ,lunel-,viel1 ne> ,montpeli]1 ^? ( ,pondres & ,s\vign>gues1 ne> ,sommires 7,g>d71 & ( ,sa9t ,macaire 7,gironde74 ,! same may also be said ( ! calcaire grossi] ( ! bas9 ( ,p>is4 ,c]ta9 rocks compos$ ( gypsum also conta9 cav]ns ( ! same sort z ^? 9 ! lime/ones4 ,9 ,?ur+ia1 = example1 ne> ,eisleb51 !y occur 9 ! salif]\s & gypse\s /rata ( ! ze*/e91 & are connect$ ) l>ge gulfs & cirques on ! surface1 :i* are sometimes fill$ ) wat]4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is1 & especially at ,montmor5cy1 !y conta9 num]\s bones ( ! ext9ct mammalia4 ,m4 ,desnoy]s po9ts out _! id5tity1 9 all ess5tials1 ) ^? 9 calc>e\s /rata1 & inf]s t !y h be5 produc$ 9 ! same way4 ,"s ( !m may h be5 =m$ by ! removal ( ! salt1 :i* is v frequ5tly int]b$d$ ) ! gypsum1 by ! passage ( wat]4 ,9 ,*e%ire ! pump+ ( ! br9e f ! salif]\s & gypse\s /rata produces subt]ranean holl[s1 :i* sometimes fall 9 & ev5tually cause depressions on ! surface1 su* z ^? :i* are n[ de/roy+ ! t[n ( ,nor?wi*1 & caus+ ! neighb\r+ tidal e/u>y to ext5d ov] :at 0 =m]ly mead[ l&4 ,?is explanation1 h[ev]1 w n apply to ^? 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is1 because !re is no trace ( _! ev] hav+ conta9$ salt4 ,! ,relation ( ,caves to ,pot-holes1 8,cirques10 & ,rav9es4 ,! cav]ns holl[$ 9 calc>e\s rocks pres5t features by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ f any o!rs4 ,!y op51 = ! mo/ "p1 on ! abrupt sides ( valleys & rav9es at v>i\s levels1 be+ arrang$ r\nd ! ma9 axis ( erosion j z bran*es are arrang$ r\nd ! trunk ( a tree--z1 = example1 9 ,*$d> ,pass4 ,! transition 9 "s cases f ! valley to ! rav9e1 & f ! rav9e to ! cave1 is s gradual1 t x is impossible to d5y t all ?ree are due to ! same cause4 ,! caves !mselves ramify 9 ! same irregul> fa%ion z ! valleys1 & are to be view$ m]ely z ! capill>ies 9 ! g5]al valley sy/em1 ?r\gh :i* ! ra9fall passes to jo9 ! ma9 *annels4 ,v frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! dra9age has f\nd an outlet at a l[] level1 & its anci5t passage is left dry2 b 9 all cases unmi/akeable pro( ( ! erosive action ( wat] is to be se5 9 ! s&1 gravel1 & clay :i* compose ! floor1 z well z 9 ! worn surfaces ( ! sides & ! bottom4 ,9 all di/ricts 9 :i* caves occur are funnel-%ap$ cavities ( v>i\s sizes1 kn[n z 8pot-holes0 or 8swall[-holes0 9 ,brita91 z 8betoires10 8*aldrons du diable10 8m>mites de gants10 9 ,france1 & z 8kata-vo?ra0 9 ,greece1 9 :i* ! ra9fall is collect$ be=e x f9ally disappe>s 9 ! subt]ranean passages4 ,!y are to be se5 9 all /ages2 sometimes be+ m]e %all[ funnels1 t only conta9 wat] aft] excessive ra91 & at o!rs z pr(\nd v]tical %afts1 into :i* ! wat] is cont9ually fall+1 z 9 ,helln ,pot1 9 ,york%ire4 ,! cirques1 also1 describ$ by ,m4 ,desnoy]s1 belong to ! same class ( cavities1 al?\gh all ^? :i* are m5tion$ by ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney1#bd at ! head ( valleys1 & 9 "s cases holl[$ 9 %ale & igne\s rocks1 are mo/ probably to be ref]r$ to ! v]tical1 *isel-l action ( /reams fl[+ "u physical conditions1 t resemble ^? "u :i* ! caons ( ! ,colorado1 or ( ! ,zambesi1 are be+ excavat$1 & 9 :i* fro/1 ice1 & sn[ h play$ a v subord9ate "p4 ,! intimate relation betwe5 pot-holes1 caves1 rav9es1 & valleys w be discuss$ 9 ! re/ ( ?is *apt]1 & illu/rat$ by ,engli% examples2 & !n we %all proce$ to %[ t ! *emical action ( ! c>bonic acid 9 ! ra9-wat]1 & ! me*anical friction ( ! s& & gravel1 set 9 motion by ! wat]1 by :i* ,pr(essor ,phillips expla9s ! orig9 ( caves1 w equally expla9 ! pot-holes & rav9es by :i* !y are inv>iably accompani$4 ,! ,wat]-,cave ( ,wookey ,hole1 ne> ,wells1 ,som]set4 ,caves may be divid$ into two classes3 ^? :i* are n[ m]e passages = wat]1 9 :i* ! hi/ory ( _! =mation may be /udi$1 & ^? :i* are dry1 & capable ( af=d+ %elt] to man & ! l[] animals4 ,among ! wat]-caves1 t ( ,wookey ,hole#be is to be notic$ fir/1 s9ce its v "n implies t x 0 kn[n to ! ,celtic inhabitants ( ! s\? ( ,engl&1 & s9ce x 0 among ! fir/1 if n ! fir/1 ( ^? exam9$ ) any c>e 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,mr4 ,john ,beaumont#bf hav+ br\ght x be=e ! notice ( ! ,royal ,society 9 ! ye> #afhj4 ,! hamlet ( ,wookey ,hole ne/les 9 a valley1 ?r\gh :i* fl[s ! riv] ,axe1 & ! valley passes ins5sibly1 at its upp] end1 into a rav9e1 :i* is clos$ abruptly by a wall ( rock 7,fig4 #a71 ab\t two hundr$ feet high1 cov]$ ) long /ream]s & fe/oons ( ivy1 & af=d+ scanty hold1 on its l$ges & 9 its fissures1 to f]ns1 brambles1 & a% sapl+s4 ,at its base ! riv] ,axe issues1 9 full curr5t1 out ( ! cave1 ! l[] entrance ( :i* x completely blocks up1 s9ce ! wat] has be5 kept back by a weir1 = ! use ( a pap]-mill a little di/ance away4 ,a n>r[ pa? ?r\gh ! wood1 on ! nor? side ( ! rav9e1 leads to ! only entrance n[ op54#bg ,!nce a n>r[ passage leads d[nw>d into ! rock1 until1 sudd5ly1 y f9d y\rself 9 a l>ge *amb]1 at ! wat] level4 ,!n y pass ov] a ridge1 cov]$ ) a delicate fretwork ( drip/one1 ) ea* t9y holl[ full ( wat]1 & ornam5t$ ) brilliant lime cry/als4 ,"o %apeless mass ( drip/one is kn[n 9 local tradition z ! ,wit* ( ,wookey1 turn$ into /one by ! pray]s ( a ,gla/onbury monk4 ,beyond ?is ! *amb] exp&s consid]ably1 be+ "s sev5ty or eighty feet high1 & adorn$ ) beautiful /alactites1 f> out ( ! rea* ( visitors4 ,! wat]1 :i* b>s fur!r entrance1 =ms a deep pool1 :i* ,mr4 ,james ,p>k] manag$ to cross on a raft 7see ,app5dix ,i47 into ano!r *amb]1 :i* 0 app>5tly easy ( access be=e ! con/ruction ( ! weir4 ,x 0 9 ?is fur!r *amb] t ,dr4 ,buckl& f\nd human rema9s & pott]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,diagram ( ,wookey ,hole ,cave & ,rav9e4 ,! cave has be5 prov$ to ext5d z f> z ! village ( ,priddy1 ab\t two miles (f1 on ! ,m5dip hills1 by ! fact obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,beaumont1 t ! wat] us$ 9 wa%+ ! lead ore at t spot1 9 8 "t1 f\nd its way into ! riv] ,axe1 & poison$ cattle 9 ! valley ( ,wookey4 ,& ?is obs]vation has be5 v]ifi$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s by ?r[+ 9 col\r & *opp$ /raw4 ,! /ream at ,priddy s9ks into a swall[-hole 7,fig4 #a71 & has its subt]ranean c\rse det]m9$ by ! s\!rly dip ( ! rock1 by :i* ! jo9ts runn+ nor? & s\? af=d a m free passage to ! wat] ?an ^? runn+ ea/ & we/4 ,! cave is m]ely a subt]ranean ext5sion ( ! rav9e 9 ! same l9e1 z f> z ! swall[-hole1 & all ?ree h be5 holl[$1 z we %all see pres5tly1 by ! action ( ! /ream & ( c>bonic acid 9 ! wat]4 ,! ,goat*ur* ,cave4 ,! l>ge/ cav]n 9 ! ,m5dip hills is t locally kn[n z ! ,goat*ur*1 :i* op5s on ! ea/]n side ( ! l[] ( ! two rav9es t bran* f ! magnific5t defile ( ,burr+ton ,combe1 ab\t two miles f ! village ( ,wr+ton1 at ! height ( ab\t #abj feet f ! bottom ( ! rav9e4 ,aft] creep+ along a n>r[1 muddy passage1 ) a /eep desc5t to ! we/1 at an angle ( ab\t #cj1 y sudd5ly pass into a /alactitic *amb] ( consid]able height & size4 ,f x two small v]tical %afts lead into ! l[] set ( *amb]s & passages2 ! fir/ be+ block$ up1 & ! second be+ close to a l>ge b>rel-%ap$ /alagmite1 to :i* ,mr4 ,ay%=d ,san=d1 ,mr4 ,james ,p>k]1 & myself fa/5$ our ropes :5 we explor$ ! cave 9 #ahfd4 ,! latt] af=ds access into a passage1 beautifully ar*$1 & pass+ horizontally ea/ & we/1 & j l>ge en\gh to admit a man walk+ upright4 ,at ! fur!r end num]\s op5 fissures1 caus$ by ! erosion ( ! jo9ts 9 ! lime/one1 cross x at "r angles1 & pass into sev]al ill-def9$ *amb]s1 p>tially /alactitic1 b = ! mo/ "p fill$ ) loose1 b>e1 cubical masses ( lime/one4 ,two ( ! transv]se fissures lead into a l>ge *amb]1 at a l[] level4 ,at its l[] end1 on crawl+ along a n>r[ passage1 we came into a second *amb]1 also ( consid]able height & dep?1 at ! bottom ( :i* ! noise ( fl[+ wat] c be he>d ?r\gh two v]tical holes1 j l>ge en\gh to admit ( access4 ,on slid+ d[n "o ( ^! we f\nd ourselves 9 a ?ird *amb]1 :i* 0 trav]s$ by a subt]ranean /ream1 d\btless 9 "p ! same :i* disappe>s 9 ! rav9e1 at a po9t eighty feet above by an]oid measurem5t4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! /ream outside 7#di 3 #ei71 r5d]s x v probable t1 betwe5 ! po9t ( disappe>ance 9 ! rav9e & reappe>ance 9 ! cave1 x is jo9$ by a /ream ( consid]able subt]ranean l5g?1 s9ce ! wat] c\ld n h lo/ t5 degrees 9 ! %ort int]val :i* x _h to trav]se1 7 x suppli$ only f ! /ream 9 ! rav9e4 ,f ! po9t ( its disappe>ance 9 ! cave1 ! wat] passes d[nw>ds to jo9 ! ma9 curr5t fl[+ und]nea? ,burr+ton ,combe1 t gu%es =? 9 great volume at ,rick=d4 ,! l[e/ portion ( ! cave 0 eighte5 or tw5ty feet bel[ ! /ream1 & #bbj feet bel[ ! entrance ( ! cav]n4 ,on exam9+ ! floors ( ! *amb]s & passages1 we discov]$ t !y 7 compos$ ( ! same k9d ( s$im5t z t :i* is n[ be+ deposit$ by ! wat] 9 ,wookey ,hole1 & !re c\ld be no d\bt b t !y _h be5 orig9ally trav]s$ by wat]4 ,= ?is to h tak5 place x is necess>y to suppose t1 :ile ! ,goat*ur* 0 a wat] cave1 ! rav9e on :i* x op5s 0 n deep] ?an ! entrance--9 o!r words1 t 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! =mation & excavation ( ! *amb]s & passages1 to ! pres5t "t1 ! rav9e has be5 excavat$ 9 ! lime/one to a dep? ( a hundr$ & tw5ty feet1 & ! wat] :i* orig9ally pass$ ?r\gh ! entrance has f\nd its way1 by a new s]ies ( passages1 to ! po9t :]e x appe>s at ! bottom ( ! cave4 ,we obta9$ evid5ce t ! horizontal passage1 imm$iately bel[ ! fir/ v]tical desc5t1 _h be5 inhabit$ at a v remote p]iod4 ,at ! spot :]e ,mr4 ,be>d1 ( ,banwell1 obta9$ a f9e tusk ( mammo?1 we f\nd a mol> ( be>1 & a fragm5t ( fl9t1 :i* 7 imb$d$ 9 r$ e>?1 & 7 und]nea? a cru/ ( /alagmite ( ab\t two in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,x w\ld foll[ f ?is1 t ! date ( ! =mation ( ?is "p ( ! cave 0 be=e ! "t :5 ! traces ( elephants1 be>s1 & ( man 7 introduc$4 ,! cave is ! resort ( num]\s badg]s4 ,on hid+ ourselves 9 "o ( ! transv]se fissures1 & ?r[+ our light across ! horizontal passage1 ^! animals ran to & fro across ! light$ field ) extraord9>y swiftness1 & _h x n be5 = ! :ite /reaks on ! sides ( _! heads1 :i* fla%$ back ! light1 !y w\ld n h be5 obs]v$4 ,?\gh !y are r>ely caught1 !y mu/ be abundant 9 ! di/rict4 ,l all ! o!r l>ge cav]ns 9 ! di/rict1 x has its leg5ds4 ,! dwell]s 9 ! neighb\rhood1 :o h nev] c>$ to explore its recesses1 relate t a c]ta9 dog put 9 "h f\nd its way out1 aft] _m days1 at ,wookey ,hole1 hav+ lo/ all its hair 9 scrambl+ ?r\gh ! n>r[ passages4 ,at ,*$d> ! same leg5d is appropriat$ to ! ,*$d> cave4 ,at ,wookey ! dog is said to h travell$ back to ,*$d>4 ,"s eighte5 ye>s ago1 :ile explor+ ! lime/one caves at ,llanamyne*1 on ! ,engli% bord] ( ,montgom]y%ire1 ,i met ) a simil> /ory4 ,a man play+ ! bagpipes is said to h ent]$ "o ( ! caves1 well provision$ ) ,wel% mutton1 & aft] he _h be5 9 = "s "t 8 bagpipes 7 he>d two miles f ! entrance1 und]nea? ! small t[n ( ,llanamyne*4 ,he nev] return$ to tell 8 tale4 ,! few bones f\nd 9 ! cave are suppos$ to be ^? :i* he _h pick$ on ! way4 ,?is is d\btless ano!r =m ( ! /ory ( ! dog2 bo? owe _! orig9 to ! vague impression1 :i* mo/ p h1 ( ! great ext5t ( cav]ns1 & bo? v]sions are equally curr5t 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,! ,wat]-caves ( ,d]by%ire4 ,! celebrat$ cav]n ( ! ,peak1 at ,ca/leton 9 ,d]by%ire1 pres5ts ! same ess5tial "* z t ( ,wookey ,hole4 ,x runs into ! hill-side at ! end ( ! rav9e1 & is trav]s$ by a p[]ful /ream ( wat]1 :i* has be5 met ) 9 driv+ an horizontal adit 9 lead-m9+ at a consid]able di/ance f ! entrance1 & f9ally trac$ to a di/ant swall[-hole4 ,at a little di/ance f ,buxton a small] cave1 kn[n z ,poole's ,cav]n1 is 9 "p trav]s$ by wat]1 :i* has f\nd an outlet at a l[] level1 & all[$ ( ! pres5t entrance be+ us$ by ! ,brit-,wel% 7,romano-,celtic7 inhabitants ( ! di/rict z a habitation 9 ! fif? & six? c5turies4#bh ,!re are1 besides ^!1 v _m o!rs1 "s kn[n1 o!rs unkn[n1 t deb\* on ! sides ( ! dales 9 ,d]by%ire & ,/af=d%ire1 & are all well wor?y ( exam9ation1 s9ce !y illu/rate n m]ely ! hi/ory ( ! =mation ( caves1 b also h be5 prov$ to conta9 works ( art1 pott]y & fl9t implem5ts1 & ! rema9s ( animals1 su* z ! mammo? & rh9oc]os4 ,! ,wat]-caves ( ,york%ire4 ,! caves 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ,york%ire rival 9 size ^? ( ,c>niola1 or ^? ( ,greece1 & !y are to be se5 9 all /ages ( =mation4 ,9 _! gloomy recesses all ! high] qualities ( a m\nta9e] may be ex]cis$1 & !re is suffici5t dang] to give a ke5 ze/ to _! exploration4 ,! m\nta9 /reams sometimes plunge into a yawn+ *asm1 locally kn[n z a pot1 & at o!rs em]ge f ! d>k portals ( a cave 9 full curr5t4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no place 9 ! _w :]e ! subt]ranean circulation ( wat] may be /udi$ ) bett] advantage4 ,+lebor\gh =ms a c5tre f :i* ! ra9fall on e side f9ds its way into ! dales1 ?r\gh a sy/em ( caves m or less complicat$1 :i* dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s h be5 ?or\ghly explor$ by ,mr4 ,f>r]1 ,mr4 ,birkbeck1 & ,mr4 ,metcalfe4 ,on ! s\? x collects 9 a rav9e1 & !n leaps into a deep bottle-%ap$ hole call$ 8,gap+ ,gill10 into :i* ,mr4 ,birkbeck unsuccessfully attempt$ to desc5d1 ! %>p edges ( ! rock cutt+ ! rope1 & v ne>ly caus+ a s]i\s accid5t4 ,9 dep? x is ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,! /ream !nce f9ds its way ?r\gh a s]ies ( *amb]s & passages until x reappe>s 9 ! fam\s ,+lebor\gh cave1 t 0 explor$ by ,mr4 ,f>r] 9 ! ye> #ahcg1 & prov$ to pass into ! rock betwe5 sev5 & eight hundr$ y>ds4 ,! pres5t entrance ( ! ,+lebor\gh cave#bi is dry1 except aft] heavy ra9s1 :5 ! curr5t rev]ts to its old passage4 ,! foll[+ admirable acc\nt ( ! int]ior is giv5 by ,pr(essor ,phillips3--#cj 8,f ,mr4 ,f>r]'s plan & description1 z giv5 9 ! #8,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society1' ,june #ad1 #ahdh1 & f in=mation oblig+ly communicat$ to me1 a cle> notion ( ! hi/ory ( ?is mo/ in/ructive sp> grotto may be =m$4 ,= ab\t eighty y>ds f ! entrance ! cave has be5 kn[n immemorially4 ,at ?is po9t ,josiah ,h>rison1 a g>d5] 9 ,mr4 ,f>r]'s s]vice1 broke ?r\gh a /alagmitical b>ri] :i* ! wat] _h =m$1 & obta9$ access to a s]ies ( exp&$ cavities & contract$ passages1 /ret*+ fir/ to ! ,n41 !n to ! ,n4,w42 aft]w>ds to ! ,n4 & ,n4,e41 & f9ally to ! ,e41 till aft] two ye>s sp5t 9 ! int]e/+ toil ( discov]y1 at a di/ance ( #gjb y>ds f ! m\?1 ! explor]s re/$ f _! lab\rs 9 a l>ge & l(ty irregul> grotto1 9 :i* !y he>d ! s\nd ( wat] fall+ 9 a /ill m advanc$ subt]ranean recess4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$1 at no inconsid]able p]sonal risk1 t ?is wat] falls into a deep pool or l9n at a l[] level1 beyond :i* fur!r progress appe>s to be impracticable4 ,9 fact ,mr4 ,f>r] explor$ ?is d>k lake by swimm+--a c&le 9 8 cap & a rope r\nd 8 body4 8,9 ?is long & w9d+ gall]y1 fa%ion$ by nature 9 ! m>ble he>t ( ! m\nta91 floor1 ro(1 & sides are ev]y:]e int]sect$ by fissures :i* 7 =m$ 9 ! consolidation ( ! /one4 ,to ^! fissures & ! wat] :i* has pass$ d[n !m1 we owe ! =mation ( ! cave & its ri* furniture ( /alactites4 ,! direction ( ! mo/ m>k$ fissures is almo/ inv>iably ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e41 & :5 c]ta9 ( ^! 7:i* 9 my geological "w ,i h call$ ma/] fissures7 occur1 ! ro( ( ! cave is usually m elevat$1 ! sides spread out "r & left1 & (t5 ribs & p5dants ( brilliant /alactite1 plac$ at regul> di/ances1 conv]t ! rude fissure into a beautiful aisle ( primval ar*itecture4 ,bel[ mo/ ( ! small] fissures hang multitudes ( delicate transluc5t tubules1 ea* giv+ passage to drops ( wat]4 ,splitt+ ! rock above1 ^! fissures admit1 or =m]ly admitt$1 dropp+ wat]3 cont9u$ ?r\gh ! floor1 ! l>g] rifts p]mit1 or =m]ly p]mitt$1 wat] to ent] or fl[ out ( ! cave4 ,by ?is passage ( wat]1 cont9u$ = ages on ages1 ! orig9al fissure 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance enl>g$1 ?r\gh ! corrosive action ( /reams ( acidulat$ wat]2 by ! )drawal ( ! /reams to o!r fissures1 a diff]5t process 0 call$ into op]ation4 ,! fissure 0 ba!d by drops in/ead ( /reams ( wat]1 & ^! drops1 expos$ to air curr5ts & evaporation1 yield$ up ! free c>bonic acid to ! air & ! salt ( lime to ! rock4 ,e l9e ( drip became ! axis ( a /alactitical pipe f ! ro(2 e surface ba!d by ?9 films ( liquid became a %eet ( sp>ry deposit4 ,! floor grew up "u ! dropp+s into fanta/ic heaps ( /alagmite1 :i*1 sometimes rea*+ ! pipes1 unit$ ro( & floor by pill>s ( exquisite beauty40 ,at ! "t ( its exploration1 ! wat] /ood at a consid]ably high] level inside ?an at ! pres5t "t1 & =m$ deep pools4 ,! b>ri] ( drip/one has be5 cut ?r\gh1 & ! wat] level l[]$1 & a passage made = a consid]able di/ance4 ,inside1 ! old wat] l9e1 :i* sep>at$ ! subarial f ! subaque\s drip/one1 is v di/9ct1 ! =m] be+ deposit$ 9 ?ick bosses1 crumpl$ curta9s1 drops1 /raws1 pyramids1 & o!r fanta/ic drip-/ructures1 :ile ! latt] is honeycomb$1 & compos$ ( r\nd$1 grape-l masses4 ,betwe5 !m an ice-l coat+ ( /alagmite =ms a divid+ l9e1 n[ support$ 9 mid air1 b t =m]ly %ot across ! surface ( ! pools t h be5 dra9$1 or re/$ on ! mud & /ones :i* _h be5 br\ght d[n by ! /ream 9 anci5t times4 ,9 "s places x /ill re/s on ! surface ( ! pools4 ,a /alactitic curta9 on ! "r-h& side pres5ts a v s+ul> appe>ance1 its surface be+ cov]$ ) an abundant crop ( t9y club-l bodies ab\t "o-t5? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & consi/+ ea* ( a %9+ drop ( wat]1 enclos+ a m9ute fungus4 ,^! may possibly expla9 9 "s degree ! peculi> fungoid-appe>ance ( c]ta9 small bosses ( drip/one :i* ,i h met ) 9 ! caves ( ,pembroke%ire3 = an accumulation ( c>bonate ( lime on su* a nucleus w\ld produce ! =ms :i* !y assume 7see ,fig4 #ag74 ,!re are also magnific5t gr\ps ( drip/one1 & ea* jo9t 9 ! rock is adorn$ ) l9es1 & pipes1 & fr+es ( calc sp>1 or wid5$ out into ro(-%ap$ holl[s1 & trav]s$ by deep1 v]tical grooves1 caus$ by ! passage ( wat] lad5 ) c>bonic acid4 ,! g5]al surface ( ! ro(1 :]e ! rock is b>e1 has _h its fossils et*$ out by ! acidulat$ wat]4 ,9 "o place y may /& "u a bran*+ coral1 ) its sides & base di/9ctly m>k$1 & 9 ano!r fossil %ells /& out almo/ 9 _! orig9al beauty4 ,rate ( ! ,accumulation ( ,/alagmite4 ,! rate at :i* ! calc>e\s matt] is be+ deposit$ at ! pres5t "t is v easy to be e/imat$1 = t accumulat$ s9ce ! passage 0 cle>$ out is :ite1 & contra/s ) ! dirty1 grey-r$ col\r ( ! old] k9d4 ,9 "o case a ?ickness ( #jbd _h be5 =m$ 9 ?irty-five ye>s1 by ! wat] fl[+ d[n ! side ( ! passage excavat$ by ,mr4 ,f>r]1 :ile 9 ano!r1 9 ab\t ! same "t1 #jje in* _h be5 =m$4 ,?is w\ld give an annual accumulation ( #jjjfh 9 ! "o case1 & 9 ! o!r ab\t "o-fif? ( t am\nt4 ,?is rate does n agree ) ! rate ( increase not$ by ,mr4 ,f>r] & ,pr(essor ,phillips 9 ! case ( a l>ge /alagmite call$ ! ,jockey ,cap1 on :i* a l9e ( drops is cont9ually fall+ f "o po9t 9 ! ro(4 ,its circumf]5ce 9 #ahci measur$ #aah in*es1 9 #ahde1 #abj in*es1 & 9 #ahgc1 ,i f\nd x to be #abh in*es4 ,! annual rate ( increase f #ahde to #ahgc is #bida in*1 & t f #ahci to #ahde is #bheg4 ,i f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! mo/ rem>kable increase 0 t 9 height4 ,9 #ahde its apex 0 #iebe in*es f ! ro(1 9 #ahgc1 #hg in*es1 :i* w\ld imply an annual deposit ( n less ?an #bidf4 7,see ,app5dix ,,ii47 ,at ?is rate x w arrive at ! ro( 9 ab\t #bie ye>s4 ,b ev5 ?is comp>atively %ort lapse ( "t w probably be dim9i%$ by ! gr[? ( a p5dant /alactite above1 t is n[ be+ =m$ 9 place ( t :i* measur$ #aj in*es 9 #ahde1 & has s9ce be5 accid5tally de/roy$4 ,x is v possible t ! ,jockey ,cap may be ! result1 n ( ! cont9u\s1 b ( ! int]mitt5t drip ( wat] conta9+ c>bonate ( lime1 & t !re=e ! pres5t rate ( gr[? is n a measure ( its pa/ or future condition4 ,its age 9 #ahde 0 e/imat$ by ,pr(essor ,phillips at #bei ye>s1 on ! supposition t all or ne>ly all ( ! c>bonate ( lime 9 ea* p9t 0 deposit$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x grew at its pres5t rate1 x may be n m ?an #ajj ye>s old2 & if x be tak5 z a measure ( ! rate g5]ally1 all ! /alagmites & /alactites 9 ! cave may n date fur!r back ?an ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,x is evid5t1 f ?is in/ance ( rapid accumulation1 t ! value ( a lay] ( /alagmite 9 measur+ ! antiquity ( deposits bel[ x1 is comp>atively little4 ,! lay]s1 = in/ance1 9 ,k5t's ,hole1 :i* are g5]ally believ$ to h dem&$ a consid]able lapse ( "t1 may possibly h be5 =m$ at ! rate ( a qu>t] ( an in* p] annum1 & ! human bones :i* lie buri$ "u ! /alagmite 9 ! cave ( ,bruniquel1 are n = t reason to be tak5 to be ( va/ antiquity4 ,x may be fairly conclud$1 t ! ?ickness ( lay]s ( /alagmite _c be us$ z an argum5t 9 support ( ! remote age ( ! /rata bel[4 ,at ! rate ( a qu>t] ( an in* p] annum1 tw5ty feet ( /alagmite might be =m$ 9 #a1jjj ye>s4 ,! ,desc5t into ,helln ,pot4 ,! subt]ranean passages gr\p$ r\nd ,helln ,pot1 a trem5d\s *asm ne> ,selside1 on ! ea/ ( ,simon's ,fell 9 ,ribblesdale1 illu/rate 9 a rem>kable degree ! mode 9 :i* ! wat] is at pres5t we>+ away ! rock4 ,^? :i* h be5 explor$ con/itute ! ,long ,*urn ,cav]n1 :i* is comp>atively easy ( access ?r\gh a hole kn[n z ,diccan ,pot 7,fig4 #b1 a74 ,on desc5d+ into x1 ! visitor f9ds himself 9 ! b$ ( a /ream t n[ ro>s 9 a wat]fall1 n[ gurgles ov] ! l>ge fall5 blocks f ! ro(1 & t "h & !re has worn = itself deep pools by ! me*anical friction ( ! s& & pebbles br\ght d[n by ! curr5t4 ,if x be foll[$ d[n aft] pass+ ov] a wat]fall1 ! light ( day is se5 /ream+ upw>ds b5ea? ! feet f ! po9t :]e ! wat] leaps into ! great *asm ( ,helln ,pot 7,figs4 #b1 b4 #c1 a74 ,above ! entrance !re is a complicat$ network ( passages1 "s dry1 & "s conta9+ /reams :i* h n yet be5 fully explor$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,diagram ( ,helln ,pot & ! ,long ,*urn ,cav]n4 ,! two actions by :i* caves are hewn out ( ! calc>e\s rock are se5 "h 9 op]ation side by side4 ,bel[ ! level ( ! /ream ! rock is se5 to be smoo!d & poli%$ by ! me*anical action ( ! mat]ials swept d[n by ! curr5t4 ,above ! wat]-level ! sides ( ! cave are honeycomb$ & eat5 into ! mo/ fanta/ic & complex %apes1 ! resultant surface 7see ,fig4 #g7 be>+ small po9ts & ke5 knife-edges ( /one1 t /& out 9 relief & m>k ! less soluble portions ( ! rock4 ,?is is due to ! *emical effect ( ! c>bonic acid 9 ! wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh ! /rata4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,diagram ( ,helln ,pot4 ,! ,helln ,pot1 into :i* ! /ream fl[+ ?r\gh ! ,long ,*urn ,cave falls1 is a fissure 7,figs4 #b1 #c1 #d7 a hundr$ feet long by ?irty feet wide1 t engulfs ! wat]s ( a little /ream on ! surface1 :i* are dissipat$ 9 spray long be=e !y rea* ! bottom4 ,f ! top y look d[n on a s]ies ( l$ges1 gre5 ) f]ns & mosses1 &1 ab\t a hundr$ feet f ! surface1 an enorm\s fragm5t ( rock =ms a natural bridge across ! *asm f "o l$ge to ano!r4 ,a little above ?is is ! deb\*em5t ( ! /ream fl[+ ?r\gh ! ,long ,*urn ,cave 7,fig4 #c1 a71 ?r\gh :i* ,mr4 ,birkbeck & ,mr4 ,metcalfe made ! fir/ p]il\s desc5t 9 #ahdg4 ,! p>ty1 consi/+ ( t5 p]sons1 v5tur$ into ?is awful *asm ) no o!r app>atus ?an ropes1 planks1 a turn-tree1 & a fire-escape belt4 ,on em]g+ f ! ,long ,*urn ,cave !y /ood on a l$ge ( rock ab\t twelve feet wide1 & :i* gave !m free access to ! 8bridge0 7,fig4 #b1 b74 ,?is 0 a rock t5 feet long1 :i* re/$ obliquely on ! l$ges4 ,hav+ cross$ ov] ?is1 !y crept beh9d ! wat]fall :i* desc5d$ f ! top1 & fix$ _! pulley1 five be+ let d[n :ile ! re/ ( ! p>ty rema9$ beh9d to hoi/ !m up aga94 ,9 ?is way !y rea*$ ! bottom ( ! pot1 :i* be=e _h nev] be5 trod by ! foot ( man4 ,!nce !y foll[$ ! /ream d[nw>ds z f> z ! fir/ great wat]fall1 d[n :i* ,mr4 ,metcalfe 0 v5turesome en\gh to let himself ) a rope1 & to pu% onw>ds until daylight fail$4 ,he 0 )9 a v little ( arriv+ at ! end ( ! cave into :i* ! /ream fl[s1 b 0 oblig$ to turn back to ! daylight )\t hav+ accompli%$ 8 purpose4 ,! :ole p>ty ev5tually1 aft] consid]able dang] & tr\ble1 return$ safely f ?is mo/ bold adv5ture4 ,a second desc5t 0 made 9 #ahdh f ! surface1 & a ?ird 9 ! spr+ ( #ahgj1 9 bo? ( :i* ,mr4 ,birkbeck took ! lead4 ,! app>atus employ$ consi/$ ( a w9dlass 7,fig4 #c71 support$ on two baulks ( timb]1 & a bucket1 cov]$ ) a %ield1 suffici5tly l>ge to hold two p1 & two guid+ ropes to prev5t ! revolution ( ! bucket 9 mid air4 ,!re 0 also a p>ty ( navvies to look aft] ! me*anical contrivances1 & two ladd]s ab\t eight feet long to provide = cont+5cies at ! bottom4 ,?irte5 ( u w5t d[n1 includ+ ?ree ladies4 ,z we desc5d$1 ! fissure gradually n>r[$1 until at ! bottom x 0 n m ?an t5 feet wide4 ,! actual v]tical desc5t 0 a hundr$ & n9ety-eight feet4 ,aft] runn+ ! gauntlet ( ! wat]fall we l&$ 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream1 :i* hurri$ d[nw>ds ov] l>ge b\ld]s ( lime/one & lo/ itself 9 ! d>kness ( a l>ge cave1 ab\t sev5ty feet high4 ,we trac$ x d[nw>ds1 ?r\gh pools & rapids to ! fir/ wat]fall1 ( ab\t tw5ty feet4 ,?is ob/acle prev5t$ mo/ ( ! p>ty go+ fur!r1 = ! ladd]s 7 too %ort to rea* to ! bottom4 ,by la%+ !m toge!r1 h[ev]1 & lett+ !m d[n1 we 7 able to rea* ! fir/ r\nd ) ! aid ( a rope1 & to cross ov] ! deep pool at ! bottom4 ,!nce we w5t on d[nw>ds ?r\gh small] wat]falls & rapids1 until we arriv$ at a desc5t into a *amb]1 :]e ! ro> ( wat] 0 deaf5+4 ,d[n to ?is po9t ! daylight glimm]$ feebly1 b "h our tor*es made b little impression on ! d>kness4 ,"o ( ! p>ty volunte]$ to g d[n ) a rope1 & 0 sudd5ly imm]s$ 9 a deep pool2 ! re/1 pr(it+ by 8 misadv5ture1 manag$ to cl+ on to small po9ts ( rock1 & ev5tually to rea* ! floor ( ! *amb]4 ,we /ood at la/ on ! l[e/ accessible po9t ( ! cave1 ab\t #cjj feet f ! surface4 ,x 0 inde$ "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable sights t c\ld possibly be imag9$4 ,besides ! wat]fall d[n :i* we came1 a p[]ful /ream p\r$ out ( a cave too high up = ! tor*es to p5etrate ! d>kness1 & fell into a deep pool 9 ! middle ( ! floor1 caus+ su* a p[]ful curr5t ( air t all our tor*es 7 bl[n out except "o4 ,! two /reams ev5tually unit$ & disappe>$ 9 a small black circl+ pool1 :i* completely b>r$ fur!r +ress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,diagram ( ,helln ,pot1 %[+ ,wat]fall at ! ,bottom4 ,! floor ( ! pot & ! cave 0 /rewn ) masses ( lime/one r\nd$ by ! action ( ! /reams2 & ! wat]-*annels 7 smoo!d & groov$ & poli%$1 9 a mo/ extraord9>y way1 by ! silt & /ones c>ri$ along by ! curr5t4 ,"s ( ! lay]s ( lime/one 7 jet black1 & o!rs 7 ( a light fawn-col\r1 & z ! /rata 7 ne>ly horizontal1 ! alt]nation ( col\rs gave a peculi>ly /rik+ effect to ! walls4 ,b5ea? ea* wat]fall 0 a pool m or less deep1 & "h & !re 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream 7 holes1 drill$ 9 ! rock by /ones :irl$ r\nd by ! =ce ( ! wat]4 ,high up1 out ( ! pres5t rea* ( ! wat]1 7 old *annels1 :i* _h evid5tly be5 wat]c\rses be=e ! pot & cave _h be5 cut d[n to _! pres5t level4 ,9 ! sides ( ! pot !re are two v]tical grooves rea*+ v ne>ly f ! top to ! bottom1 :i* are unmi/akeably ! "w ( anci5t wat]falls4 ,!re 0 no /alactite1 b ev]y:]e ! wat] 0 we>+ away ! rock & enl>g+ ! cave4 ,we f\nd our way back )\t any difficulty1 a small passage on ! "r-h& side enabl+ u to avoid ! v unpleasant task ( scrambl+ up two ( ! wat]falls4 ,we arriv$ f9ally at ! top1 aft] ab\t five h\rs' "w 9 ! cave1 wet to ! sk94 ,we _h v little tr\ble 9 mak+ ?is desc5t1 because ( ! complet5ess ( ,mr4 ,birkbeck's prep>ations2 b we c\ld fully realize :at a dang]\s feat ! fir/ explor]s p]=m$ :5 !y v5tur$ into an unkn[n *asm1 comp>atively unprep>$4 ,! v "n 8,helln ,pot10 llan ,pot1 or ,m\? ( ,hell1 te/ifies to ! awe ) :i* ! ,angles look$ d[n into its recesses4#ca ,su* is ! int]ior ( "o ( ^? great natural laboratories 9 :i* wat] is we>+ away ! solid rock1 ei!r holl[+ x into caves or cutt+ x into rav9es4 ,at ! bottom ( ,helln ,pot x 0 impossible n to realize1 t ! enorm\s *asm _h be5 =m$ by ! same action z t by :i* x 0 be+ deep5$ be=e our eyes4 ,x 0 m]ely a portion ( ! va/ cave into :i* x l$1 :i* _h be5 depriv$ ( its ro(1 & op5$ out to ! light ( heav54 ,! bridge 0 b a fragm5t ( ! ro( :i* happ5$ to fall ^u ! two l$ges4 ,! r\nd$ masses ( rock at ! bottom are fragm5ts t h fall5 probably )9 comp>atively mod]n times4 ,! abs5ce ( /alactites & ( /alagmites proves t ! de/ructive action is rapidly go+ on4 ,! wat]-c\rse at ! bottom conta9$ pebbles & b\ld]s ( lime/one1 & grit/one r\nd$ by friction aga9/ "o ano!r & ! rocky floor4 ,! grit/one has probably be5 d]iv$ f ! wreck ( ! b\ld] clay on ! surface above ! ,helln ,pot1 & ultimately torn f ! mill/one grit ( ! high] hills 9 ! di/rict4 ,caves & ,pots at ,wea!rcote4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,wat]fall 9 ,pot-hole at ,wea!rcote4 ,on ! nor? side ( ,+lebor\gh ! s]ies ( caves & pots r\nd ! little ,*ur* ( ,*apel-en-le-,dale are especially wor?y ( att5tion4 ,! *asm at ,wea!rcote op5s sudd5ly 9 ! hill-side1 & is p]fectly accessible to visitors4 ,y come sudd5ly ^u a cleft a hundr$ feet deep1 ) its l$ges cov]$ ) mosses1 f]ns1 & brambles2 at "o end a body ( wat] ru%es f a cave1 & "u a great bridge ( rock1 & falls sev5ty-five feet1 a mass ( sn[-:ite foam fill+ ! bottom ) spray 7,fig4 #e74 ,! l>ge masses ( rock pil$ 9 wild confusion at ! bottom1 ! d>k %ad[s ( ! ov]hang+ l$ges1 & ! ?ick cov]+ ( gre5 moss1 to :i* ! spray cl+s 9 t9y glitt]+ drops1 =m a picture :i* _c easily be =gott54 ,9 ! sun%9e an almo/ circul> ra9b[ is to be se5 f ! bottom4 ,! /ream passes f ! bottom into a cave1 & !nce d[nw>ds to two l>ge pots 7,fig4 #f71 ab\t two hundr$ y>ds away4 ,9 flood-"t ! *annel has be5 kn[n to become block$ up1 & ,wea!rcote has be5 fill$ to ! brim4 ,usually aft] heavy ra9s ! curr5t is said to fl[ s viol5tly into ! fir/ ( ! pot-holes1 t x ?r[s up /ones at lea/ ?irty or =ty feet f ! bottom1 ) a peculi> rattl+ noise4 ,f ?is /range ph5om5on x is kn[n z ,j+le ,pot1 :ile ! l[] ( ! two is t]m$ ,hurtle ,pot1 because 9 flood-"t ! wat] :irls s fa/ r\nd1 t x is 8hurtl$0 out at ! top4 ,! wat] fl[+ ?r\gh ,wea!rcote is d]iv$ f ! little /ream ( ,ell]beck1 :i* disappe>s 9 ! lime/one hills ab\t a mile to ! nor?1 & runs at "r angles to ,dalebeck1 or ! /ream fl[+ d[n to ,+leton1 :i* x has be5 prov$ to jo9 at a spot bel[ ,j+le ,pot1 by ,mr4 ,metcalfe1 :o made 8 way d[n into x f ! *asm ( ,wea!rcote4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,diagram ( ,subt]ranean ,c\rse ( ,dalebeck4 ,! c\rse ( ,dalebeck1 z y pass up ! valley ( ,*apel-en-le-,dale1 af=ds a /rik+ in/ance ( ! dep5d5ce ( sc5]y ^u ! nature ( ! rock4 ,9 its l[] portion x has cut out = itself a deep rav9e 9 ! h>d ,silurian /rata1 9 :i* y come ^u ! wat]falls1 deep pools1 & trees1 t look z if !y _h be5 transport$ bodily f ! di/rict ( ,cad] ,idris1 & ins]t$ into ! lime/one sc5]y ( ! dales4 ,! ,silurian rocks are v mu* contort$1 & on _! wat]worn edges lie ! ne>ly horizontal lime/one /rata1 9 :i* ! upp] "p ( ! valley has be5 scoop$4 ,z we rise ! rav9e op5s into a valley 7,fig4 #f71 along :i* ! beck fl[s1 until sudd5ly x is lo/ 9 a fissure1 at a place call$ ,godsbridge4 ,its subt]ranean c\rse is m>k$1 fir/ ( all1 by a small depression kn[n z ,s&pot1 & /ill high] by ,hurtle ,pot4 ,x ultimately reappe>s at ! surface1 above ,wea!rcote1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh a picturesque cav]n1 kn[n z ! ,gatekirk1 its f\nta9head is rea*$4 ,! subt]ranean portions ( its c\rse are 9 ! same "r l9e z ! op5 valley1 & ! pot-holes h be5 =m$ 9 ! same mann] z ,helln ,pot1 by ! passage ( wat] at a "t :5 ! dra9age f\nd its way d[n ! valley at a high] level ?an at pres5t1 v mu* z x does n[ 9 times ( extraord9>y floods4 ,wat]-caves su* z ^! are by no means uncommon 9 ,york%ire4 ,9 ! dales !re is sc>cely a mass ( lime/one )\t its subt]ranean wat] sy/em1 z well z *annels des]t$ by wat]1 :i* are n[ dry caves situat$ at high] levels4 ,^! are always arrang$ on ! l9e ( ! natural dra9age1 & g5]ally op5 on ! sides ( ! valleys & precipices4 ,if y look nor?w>d f ! flat cr[n ( ,+lebor\gh1 y c see ! rav9es :i* radiate f x on ! surface ( ! %ale bel[1 abruptly end+ 9 pot-holes :5 !y rea* ! lime/one4 ,9 ea* case ! /reams reappe>1 issu+ out ( ! caves at ! po9ts 9 ,*apel-en-le-,dale1 :]e ! horizontal b$s ( lime/one re/ on ! upturn$ edges ( ! imp]meable ,silurian rocks4 ,! ,=mation ( ,caves & _! ,relation to ,pot-holes & ,rav9es4 ,! g5]al conditions "u :i* caves occur 9 lime/one rocks1 & ! ph5om5a :i* !y pres5t1 may be ga!r$ f ! above examples4 ,univ]sally ! pot-holes1 rav9es1 & cav]ns are s associat$ toge!r1 t !re c be b little d\bt t !y are due to ! op]ation ( ! same causes4 ,x requires b a cursory glance to see at once t runn+ wat] 0 ! ma9 ag5t4 ,! lime/one is s trav]s$ by jo9ts & l9es ( %r9kage1 t ! wat] rapidly s9ks d[n into its mass1 & collects 9 small /reams1 :i* owe _! direction to ! dip ( ! /rata & ! position ( ! fissures4 ,^! *annels are be+ cont9ually deep5$ & wid5$ by ! m]e me*anical action ( ! passage ( /ones & silt4 ,b ?is is n ! only way 9 :i* ! rock is gradually erod$4 ,! lime/one is compos$ 9 great "p ( pure c>bonate ( lime1 :i* is insoluble 9 wat]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 readily dissolv$ 9 any liquid conta9+ c>bonic acid1 :i* is an ess5tial "p ( our atmosph]e1 is inv>iably pres5t 9 ! ra9-wat]1 & is giv5 (f by all organic bodies4 ,by ?is invisible ag5t ! h>d cry/all9e rock is always be+ attack$ 9 "s =m or ano!r4 ,! v snails t take refuge 9 its crannies leave an endur+ m>k ( _! pres5ce 9 a surface frett$ ) _! acid exhalations1 :i* sometimes pass curr5t among geologi/s = ! bor+s ( pholades1 & are ! innoc5t cause ( mu* speculation z to ! depression ( ! m\nta9-tops b5ea? ! sea 9 comp>atively mod]n times4 ,! c>bonic acid tak5 up by ! ra9 is d]iv$1 9 ! ma91 f ! decompos+ vegetable matt] :i* g5]ally =ms ! surface soil on ! lime/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,diagram ( an acid-worn jo9t1 ,doveholes1 ,d]by%ire4 ,! view f ! anci5t camp on ! top ( ,+lebor\gh (f]s a /rik+ example ( ! effect ( ra9-wat] 9 erod+ ! surface ( ! lime/one4 ,z y look d[n ov] ! d>k crags ( mill/one grit1 great1 grey1 pavem5t-l masses ( lime/one /rike ! eye1 /&+ above ! hea!r1 p]fectly b>e1 & 9 ! di/ance resembl+ cle>+s1 & 9 ra9y wea!r %eets ( sn[4 ,on approa*+ !m ! surface ( erosion becomes m & m app>5t1 & ! %apes due to ! m]e accid5t ( v>y+ h>dness 9 ! rock1 or ! v>y+ quantity ( wat] pass+ ov] x1 pres5t a mo/ a/oni%+ v>iety4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 g5]al pr9ciples und]ly+ ! confusion4 ,! l9es ( jo9ts 9 ! /rata be+ l9es ( weakness1 se>*$ out by ! acid-lad5 wat]1 h be5 wid5$ into *asms1 sometimes ( consid]able dep?2 & z !y cross at "r angles1 ! :ole surface is =m$ ( rectangul> masses1 ea* insulat$ f its fell[1 & "s ( !m deta*$ f ! /rata b5ea? s z to =m rock+-/ones4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! acid has attack$ "o ( ^! jo9ts 9 ! lime/one ( ,doveholes 9 ,d]by%ire is repres5t$ 9 ,figure #g1 ! surface be+ honeycomb$ & worn into %>p po9ts1 solely by *emical action4 ,! m9ute fossil-%ells also1 & fragm5ts ( cr9oid /&+ out 9 bold relief1 lead to ! same conclusion--t ! d5ud+ ag5t is *emical & n me*anical4 ,ea* ( ! upp] surfaces ( ! blocks is trav]s$ by small depressions1 :i* are valley sy/ems 9 m9iature1 9 :i* ! t9y valleys conv]ge into a ma9 trunk lead+ into ! ne>e/ *asm4 ,!re are also t9y caves & holl[s1 t are sometimes mi/ak5 = bor+s made by pholas4 ,9 ! *asms ! vegetation is mo/ luxuriant1 & ! d>k gre5 fronds ( h>ts-tongue1 ! delicate ,lady-f]n1 & ! graceful ,aspl5ium nigrum1 gr[ ) a r>e luxuriance4 ,9 ^! pavem5ts e feature ( lime/one sc5]y is repres5t$ on a m9ute scale4 ,!re are ! valley sy/ems on ! surface1 det]m9$ by ! direction ( ! dra9age2 ! long *asms repres5t ! op5 valleys & rav9es1 & ! caves & holl[s1 = ! mo/ "p1 run 9 ! l9e ( ! jo9ts4 ,! c>bonic acid has left precisely ! same k9d ( pro( ( its "w )9 ! caves z we f9d above-gr\nd2 & x w\ld necess>ily foll[1 t to x1 z well z to ! me*anical p[] ( ! wat]s fl[+ ?r\gh !m1 _! =mation & enl>gem5t mu/ be due1 z ,pr(essor ,phillips has po9t$ out 9 8 8,riv]s1 ,m\nta9s1 & ,sea ,coa/ ( ,york%ire10 pp4 #cj-a4 ,f ! prec$+ pages x w be se5 t caves 9 calc>e\s rocks are m]ely passages holl[$ out by wat]1 :i* has s\ght out ! l9es ( weakness1 or ! jo9ts =m$ by ! %r9kage ( ! /rata dur+ _! consolidation4 ,! "w ( ! c>bonic acid is prov$1 n m]ely by ! acid-worn surfaces ( ! int]ior ( ! caves1 b also by ! l>ge quantity ( c>bonate ( lime :i* is c>ri$ away by ! wat] 9 solution4 ,t1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! me*anical friction ( ! /ones & s& aga9/ ! sides & bottom ( ! wat]-c\rses1 is suffici5tly demon/rat$ by _! groov$1 scrat*$1 & poli%$ surfaces1 & by ! s&1 silt1 & gravel c>ri$ along by ! curr5ts4 ,! g5]ally receiv$ hypo!sis1 t !y h be5 ! result ( a subt]ranean convulsion1 is disprov$ by ! floor & ro( be+ =m$1 9 v ne>ly e case1 ( solid rock2 = x w\ld be unreasonable to hold t any subt]ranean =ce c\ld act f bel[1 9 su* a mann] z to holl[ out ! complicat$ & bran*+ passages1 at diff]5t levels1 )\t affect+ ! :ole mass ( ! rock4 ,nor is !re cause = hold+ ! view put =? by ,m4 ,desnoy]s#cb or ,m4 ,dupont1#cc t !y are ! result ( ! passage ( hydro!rmal wat]s4 ,! causes at pres5t at "w1 op]at+ ?r\gh long p]iods ( "t1 (f] a reasonable explanation ( _! exi/5ce 9 e lime/one di/rict2 & ^? :i* are no long] wat]c\rses c g5]ally be prov$ to h be5 =m]ly trav]s$ by runn+ wat]1 by ! silt1 s&1 & r\nd$ pebbles :i* !y conta94 ,9 _! case1 ei!r ! dra9age ( ! di/rict has be5 *ang$ by ! upheaval or depression ( ! rock1 or ! /reams h se>*$ out = !mselves a passage at a l[] level4 ,b if caves h be5 ?us excavat$1 x is obvi\s t rav9es & valleys 9 lime/one di/ricts are due to ! op]ation ( ! same causes4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we ref] to ,figures #a & #f1 we %all see t ! op5 valley passes ins5sibly into a rav9e1 & t into a cave4 ,! rav9e is m]ely a cave :i* has lo/ its ro(1 & ! valley is m]ely ! result ( ! wea!r+ ( ! sides ( ! rav9e4 ,!re c be no mann] ( d\bt b t1 9 bo? ^! cases1 ! rav9e is gradually encroa*+ on ! cave1 & ! valley on ! rav9e2 & if ! /rata be expos$ to atmosph]ic ag5cies long en\gh1 ! valley ( ! ,axe w ext5d z f> z ,priddy 7,fig4 #a71 & t ( ,dalebeck to ! wat]%$ above ! ,gatekirk cave 7,fig4 #f74 ,9 ! same mann] ! l(ty precipice ( ,malham ,cove1 ne> ,settle1 9 ,york%ire 7,fig4 #h71 is sl[ly fall+ away & uncov]+ ! subt]ranean c\rse ( ! ,aire4 ,ev5tually ! rav9e ?us =m$ w ext5d z f> z ,malham ,t>n1 & ! ,aire fl[ expos$ to ! light ( day f its s\rce to ! sea4#cd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,diagram ( ,s\rce ( ! ,aire at ,malham4 ,?is view is applicable to _m if n to all rav9es & valleys 9 calc>e\s rocks1 su* z ! ,pass at ,*$d>1 or ! gorge ( ! ,avon at ,clifton1 & ^? ( ,d]by%ire1 ,york%ire1 & ,wales4 ,& s9ce ! ag5ts by :i* ! "w is done are univ]sal1 & calc>e\s rock = ! mo/ "p ( ! same *emical composition1 ! results are ! same1 & ! calc>e\s sc5]y ev]y:]e ( ! same type4 ,9 ! lapse ( pa/ "t1 s enorm\s z to be incapable ( be+ grasp$ by ! human intellect1 ^! ag5ts are fully capable ( produc+ ! deepe/ rav9es1 ! wide/ valleys1 & ! l>ge/ caves4 ,?is view ( ! relation ( caves to rav9es 0 s /rongly held by ,m4 ,desnoy]s1 t he t]ms ! latt] 8cav]nes ciel ouv]t40 ,i arriv$ indep5d5tly at ! same conclusion aft] ! /udy ( ! sc5]y ( lime/one = _m ye>s4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 9 nor!rn latitudes & 9 high altitudes1 ! rav9e or valley s =m$ has be5 subsequ5tly wid5$ & deep5$ by glacial action4 ,t1 = in/ance1 ( ,*apel-en-le-,dale be>s unmi/akeable evid5ce ( ! =m] fl[ ( a glaci]1 9 ! ro*es m\tonnes & travell$ blocks t x conta9s4 ,to ?is is due ! fl[+ cont\r & ev5 slope ( its l[] portion4 ,! pot-holes & 8cirques0 9 calc>e\s rocks ) no outlet at ! surface1 may also be acc\nt$ = by ! op]ation ( ! same causes z ^? :i* h produc$ caves4 ,ea* repres5ts ! weak po9t t[>ds :i* ! ra9fall has conv]g$1 caus$ v g5]ally by ! int]section ( ! jo9ts4 ,?is has gradually be5 wid5$ out1 because ! upp] portions ( ! rock w\ld be ! fir/ to seize ! atoms ( c>bonic acid1 & ?us be dissolv$ m quickly ?an ! l[] portions4 ,h5ce ! funnel %ape :i* !y g5]ally assume1 & :i* c be /udi$ equally 9 ! compact lime/one or 9 ! s(t upp] *alk4 ,!y are to be se5 on a small scale also 9 all lime/one 8pavem5ts40 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ *ance :i* ! upp] portions ( ! funnels h ( be+ erod$ by ! acidulat$ wat]1 is m ?an c\nt]-balanc$ by ! increas$ quantity conv]g+ at ! bottom1 & ! funnel ends 9 a v]tical %aft4 ,if ! area 9 ! rock ?us excavat$ be suffici5tly l>ge to all[ ( ! developm5t ( a curr5t ( wat]1 ! me*anical action ( ! fragm5ts swept along its c\rse w h an important %>e 9 ! "w1 z we h se5 to be ! case 9 ,helln ,pot4 ,caves n g5]ally f\nd 9 ,l9e ( ,faults4 ,9 "s few cases ! l9es ( weakness :i* h be5 worn into caves1 pot-holes1 rav9es1 & valleys1 may h be5 produc$1 z ,m4 ,desnoy]s believes1 by subt]ranean movem5ts ( elevation & depression2 b 9 all ^? :i* ,i h inve/igat$ ! faults d n det]m9e ! direction ( ! cav]ns4 ,! m\nta9 lime/one ( ,ca/leton1 9 ,d]by%ire1 (f]s an example ( caves int]sect+ faults )\t any def9ite relation be+ traceable betwe5 !m4 ,! ramifications ( ! ,peak cav]n trav]se ! ,spe$well ,m9e ne>ly at "r angles1 & ! wat] fl[+ ?r\gh x has be5 trac$1 ,mr4 ,p5n+ton in=ms me1 to a swall[-hole ne> ,*apel-en-le-,fri?1 runn+ across two1 if n ?ree faults1 :i* are laid d[n 9 ! geological map4 ,z a g5]al rule cav]ns are z little affect$ by di/urbance ( ! rock z rav9es & valleys :i* h be5 =m$ 9 ! ma9 irrespective ( ! l9es ( fault4 ,m4 ,desnoy]s po9ts out ! close analogy betwe5 cav]ns & m9]al ve9s1 & inf]s t bo? are due to ! same causes4 ,?is1 und\bt$ly1 exi/s 9 t class ( ve9s :i* are kn[n to m9]s z 8pipe0 & 8flat ve9s20 & !re is cle> pro(1 9 ! majority ( cases1 t ! cavities 9 :i* ! m9]als occur h be5 =m$ by ! action ( runn+ wat]1 & h subsequ5tly be5 m or less fill$ ) _! m9]al cont5ts2 & ^! h be5 deposit$ on ! sides ( ! cavity by ! same 8incretion>y#ce0 action1 z t by :i* drip/one is n[ be+ =m$ 9 ! pres5t caves f ! solution ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,su* ve9s pres5t e conceivable =m ( irregul>ity1 & frequ5tly conta9 silt1 s&1 & gravel1 :i* h be5 left beh9d by _! /reams1 & _! hi/ory is id5tical ) t ( ! cav]ns4 ,x is n s1 h[ev]1 ) ! second class ( ve9s1 ! 8rake10 8"r runn+10 & 8cross c\rses10 z ! m9]s t]m !m1 or ^? :i* occupy l9es ( fault4 ,! fissures :i* conta9 ! ore are prov$ v frequ5tly1 by _! scrat*$ & groov$ sides1 & poli%$ surfaces or slick5-sides1 to h be5 ! result ( subt]ranean movem5ts by :i* ! rock has be5 brok5 by me*anical =ce4 ,!y h be5 subsequ5tly modifi$1 9 v>i\s ways1 by ! passage ( wat]1 & fill$ ) m9]als1 9 ! same mann] z ! prec$+ class4 ,) ?is exception !y pres5t no analogy to ! cav]ns1 ) :i* !y contra/ /rongly 9 _! rectil9e> direction1 z well z 9 _! purely me*anical orig94 ,! v>i\s ,ages ( ,caves4 ,x is v probable t caves 7 =m$ 9 calc>e\s rocks f ! "t t !y 7 rais$ to ! level ( ! sea1 s9ce !y ab\nd 9 ! ,coral ,isl&s4 8,cav]ns10 writes ,pr(4 ,dana1#cf 8are /ill m rem>kable on ! ,isl& ( ,atiu1 on :i* ! coral-reef /&s at ab\t ! same height above ! sea z on ,oahu4 ,! ,rev4 ,john ,williams /ates--t !re are sev5 or eight ( l>ge ext5t on ! ,isl& ( ,tuto2 "o he ent]$ by a desc5t ( tw5ty feet1 & w&]$ a mile 9 "o only ( its bran*es1 )\t f9d+ an end to #8its int]m9able w9d+s4' ,he says--#8,innum]able op5+s pres5t$ !mselves on all sides z we pass$ along1 _m ( :i* appe>$ to be equal 9 height1 beauty1 & ext5t to ! "o we 7 foll[+4 ,! ro(1 a /ratum ( coral-rock fifte5 feet ?ick1 0 support$ by massy & sup]b /alactitic columns1 besides be+ ?ickly hung ) /alactites f an in* to _m feet 9 l5g?4 ,"s ( ^! p5dants 7 j ready to unite !mselves to ! floor1 or to a /alagmitic column ris+ f x4 ,_m *amb]s 7 pass$ ?r\gh ^: fret-"w ceil+s & columns ( /alactites sp>kl$ brilliantly1 amid ! d>kness1 ) ! reflect$ light ( our tor*es4 ,! effect 0 produc$ n s mu* by s+le objects1 or gr\ps ( !m1 z by ! amplitude1 ! dep?1 & ! complications ( ?is subt]ranean _w4'0 ,calc>e\s rocks might1 !re=e1 be expect$ to conta9 fissures & caves ( v>i\s ages4 ,9 ! ,m5dip ,hills !y h be5 prov$ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,moore to conta9 fossils ( ,rhtic age1 ! *>act]i/ic dog-fi%es1 ,acrodus m9imus1 & ,hybodus reticulatus1 ! elegant sculptur$ ,ganoid fi%1 ,gryrolepis t5ui/riatus1 & ! t9y m>supials1 ,microle/es & its allies4 ,?is s+ul> association ( t]re/rial ) m>9e creatures is due to ! fact1 t :ile t area 0 be+ sl[ly depress$ b5ea? ! ,rhtic & ,liassic seas1 ! rema9s 7 m+l$ toge!r on ! coa/-l9e1 & wa%$ into ! crevices & holes 9 ! rock4 ,! old] caves & fissures h v g5]ally be5 block$ up by accumulations ( calc-sp> or o!r m9]als1 & !y are arrang$ on a plan altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! exi/+ sy/ems ( dra9age4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t no fissures or caves %\ld1 ) ! above exception1 conta9 ! rema9s ( animals ( a date be=e ! ,plei/oc5e age4 ,!re c be b little d\bt t !y 7 us$ z places ( %elt] 9 all ages1 & !y mu/ h entomb$ ! rema9s ( ! animals t fell into !m1 or 7 swept into !m by ! /reams4 ,caves !re mu/ h be5 long be=e1 & ! ,eoc5e ,palo!res1 & ,anoplo!res met _! dea? 9 ! op5 pit-falls1 j z ! %eep & cattle d at ! pres5t "t4 ,! ,hynodon ( ! ,meioc5e _h1 probably1 ! same cave-haunt+ ta/es z 8 desc5dant1 ! liv+ ,hyna1 & ! m>supials ( ! ,mesozoic age might be expect$ to be pres]v$ 9 caves1 l ! fossil m>supials ( ,au/ralia4 ,! *ances ( pres]vation ( ! rema9s :5 once cem5t$ into a f9e breccia1 or seal$ d[n ) a cry/all9e cov]+ ( /alagmite1 are v ne>ly ! same z ^? "u :i* ! ,plei/oc5e animals h be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,! only reasonable explanation ( ! non-discov]y ( su* rema9s seems to be1 t ! anci5t suites ( caves & fissures conta9+ !m1 & = ! mo/ "p ne> ! !n surface ( ! rock1 h be5 completely swept away by d5udation1 :ile ! pres5t cav]ns 7 ei!r !n n excavat$ or inaccessible4 ,su* an hypo!sis w expla9 ! fact t ! no ossif]\s cav]ns are old] ?an ! ,plei/oc5e age1 n m]ely 9 ,europe1 b 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,zeal&4 ,! effect ( d5udation 9 r5d]+ ! geological record imp]fect1 may be ga!r$ f ! e/imate1 :i* ,mr4 ,pre/wi* has =m$1 ( ! am\nt ( rock remov$ f ! cre/s ( ! ,m5dips & ! ,ard5nes1 :i* is 9 ! "o case a ?ickness 8( two miles & m10 & 9 ! o!r z mu* z 8?ree or f\r miles40#cg ,"u ^! conditions we c\ld n expect to f9d a s]ies ( bone caves rea*+ f> back into ! remote geological pa/1 s9ce ! caves & _! cont5ts w\ld inevitably be de/roy$4 ,! ,fill+ up ( ,caves4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! condition "u :i* caves become fill$ up ) v>i\s deposits4 ,if ! velocity ( ! /ream 9 a wat]-cave be less5$1 ! silt1 s&1 or pebbles x 0 hurry+ along w be dropp$1 & may ultimately block up ! entire wat]c\rse4 ,9 br++ ?is to pass1 h[ev]1 ! c>bonate ( lime 9 ! wat] plays a mo/ important "p4 ,if ! excess ( c>bonic acid by :i* x is held 9 solution be lo/ by evaporation1 x imm$iately reassumes its cry/all9e =m1 & %oots ov] ! surface ( ! pool l plates ( ice1 or is deposit$ 9 loose botryoidal masses at _! sides & on _! bottoms2 &1 s9ce ! atmosph]ic wat] v g5]ally p]colates ?r\gh ! crannies 9 ! rock1 ! sides & ro( ( ! *annel1 above ! level ( ! wat]1 are adorn$ ) a /ony drap]y ( e conceivable %ape4 ,! rate at :i* ?is accumulation takes place dep5ds ^u ! free access ( air necess>y = evaporation1 & is !re=e v>iable1--z 9 ! case ( ! ,+lebor\gh cave4 ,9 all ! caves :i* ,i h exam9$ !re is a free curr5t ( air4 ,if a wat]-*annel becomes block$ up by ei!r or bo? ^! causes1 ! jo9ts & fissures 9 ! rock (f] an outlet to ! dra9age1 m or less free1 at a l[] level1 z 9 ! ,+lebor\gh cave1 ,poole's cave1 ne> ,buxton1 & _m o!rs4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! increas$ ra9-fall1 or to ! ob/ruction ( ! l[] *annels1 ! wat] re-excavates ! old passages1 z we %all see to h be5 ! case ) ! fam\s cav]ns ( ,k5t's ,hole & ,brixham4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahgb1 a sudd5 ra9-fall n m]ely op5$ out = itself a new passage into a swall[-hole close to ,gap+ ,gill1 on ! flanks ( ,+lebor\gh1 b =c$ its way out ?r\gh ! old entrance ( ! ,+lebor\gh cave1 break+ up ! calc>e\s breccia1 & remov+ ! l>ge /ones 9 its c\rse4 ,a cave obvi\sly may become dry1 ei!r by ! dra9age pass+ along a l[] level1 or by ! elevation ( ! di/rict by subt]ranean en]gy4 ,aft] x has be5 =sak5 by ! /ream1 ! p>ticles br\ght d[n by ! atmosph]ic wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh ! jo9ts1 t5d to fill x up on ! surface1 & ^! may be ei!r ( clay1 loam1 or s&4 ,^! actions may be /udi$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! well-kn[n caves ( ,+lebor\gh1 ,buxton1 ,*$d>1 ,wookey ,hole1 & a great _m o!rs 9 ,d]by%ire1 ,york%ire1 ,/af=d%ire1 ,durham1 ,cumb]l&1 & ,wales4 ,! ,cave ( ,caldy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,a ,view 9 ! ,fairy ,*amb]1 ,caldy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,/alagmites 9 ! ,fairy ,*amb]1 ,caldy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,! ,fairy ,*amb]1 ,caldy4 ,among ! mo/ beautiful /alactite cav]ns 9 ?is c\ntry is t on ! isl& ( ,caldy1 imm$iately opposite to ,t5by 9 ,pembroke%ire1 discov]$ "s ye>s ago 9 ! lime/one cliff1 & explor$ by ,mr4 ,ay%=d ,san=d & ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,w9wood1 9 #ahff1 & subsequ5tly by ! writ] 9 #ahga & #ahgb4 ,on creep+ ?r\gh a n>r[ entrance ) an outlook to ! sea on a precipit\s side ( a qu>ry1 a passage leads to a *amb] ( consid]able horizontal ext5t1 ! bottom be+ cov]$ ) silt1 on :i* /& p$e/als ( drip/one f an in* to two feet 9 l5g?1 ea* ris+ f a ?9 calc>e\s cru/ :i* does n altoge!r conceal ! silt bel[4 ,f x a l[ entrance leads into a fairy-l *amb]1 ! floor consi/+ ( a ri* r$1 cry/all9e pavem5t1 p]fectly horizontal1 & /udd$ "h & !re ) r\nd bosses 7,figs4 #i1 #aj1 #aa71 ei!r r$ or sn[-:ite4 ,f ! ro( hang /alactites (f]+ ! same beautiful contra/ ( col\rs1 =m+ a delicate canopy ( tassels1 or pass+ d[nw>ds to ! floor & con/itut+ sl5d] %afts ab\t ?ree feet long1 & ab\t ! diamet] ( /raws4 ,ea* ( ^! is holl[1 transluc5t1 & m or less trav]s$ by wat]1 & 9 "s places ea* /ood next its fell[1 almo/ z close z ! /raws 9 a cornfield4 ,sometimes ! %aft /&s on a cone 7,fig4 #aa7 ( drip/one1 m or less rais$ above ! floor4 ,small pools ( wat] occupy holl[s 9 ! pavem5t1 ea* l9$ ) glitt]+ cry/als ( calcite 7,fig4 #ab71 :i* are sl[ly %oot+ ov] ! surface1 & conv]t+ "s ( ! op5 holl[s into bottle-%ap$ cavities 7,fig4 #ac74 ,_! sides & bottoms are cov]$ ) a cry/all9e gr[? ( s+ul> beauty1 ( :i* an idea may be =m$ by woodcut #ad1 :i* repres5ts ! edge4 ,:]e ! drip happ5$ to fall into a %all[ pool1 x gradually built up = itself a cone1 on ! l[] portion ( :i* ! v>y+ wat]-level is m>k$ by horizontal r+s ( cry/als 7,fig4 #ae71 & ! normal wat]l9e by ! upp] horizontal plate4 ,sometimes ^! 7 unit$ to ! ro( by a sl5d] /raw-%aft4 ,9 ,figure #aa ! orig9al %aft has be5 brok5 away1 & z ! direction ( ! drip has slightly %ift$1 a new "o gradually desc5d$1 until f9ally x became cem5t$ to ! side ( ! cone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,pools 9 ,fairy ,*amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,pool 9 ,fairy ,*amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,edge ( ,pool 9 ,fairy ,*amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,cone ) ,/raw-column4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! /ructures is v evid5t4 ,! /raw-l /alactites 7 =m$ by ! evaporation ( ! c>bonic acid f ! surface ( ea* drop ( wat]1 z x accumulat$ 9 "o spot1 & ! consequ5t deposit ( c>bonate ( lime ar\nd its circumf]5ce4 ,x c\ld n be =m$ 9 ! c5tre1 because ( ! cont9ual movem5t ( ! successive drops 9 fall+4 ,by a circumf]5tial gr[? ( ?is k9d a small cry/al tube1 ( ! diamet] ( a drop1 is sl[ly develop$1 :i* cont9ues to l5g!n until ! result is "o ( ! /raw-columns1 ) a hole 9 ! c5tre = ! passage ( ! wat]1 :i* _c readily "p ) its c>bonic acid till x arrives at ! end ( ! tube4 ,sometimes ! hole has be5 subsequ5tly block$ up by calc-sp>1 or ! g5]al surface be5 cov]$ ov] ) successive lay]s1 until x becomes a mass ( consid]able diamet]4 ,if ! drop fell into a deep pool1 ! /raw-column 0 cont9u$ d[n to ! wat]-l9e2 if 9 %all[ wat]1 or on ! floor1 a p$e/al 0 built up1 z is repres5t$ 9 ! prec$+ figures4 ,! cry/allization go+ on 9 ! pools is great] at ! surface ?an bel[1 because ( ! great] evaporation1 & consequ5tly ! /alagmitic film is gradually ext5d+ ov] x on e side f ! edges 7,figs4 #ab1 #ac74 ,z ,i broke my way into "s ( ! unexplor$ recesses1 ?r\gh ! ?ickly plant$ /raw-%afts1 & sc5e aft] sc5e ( fairy beauty1 unsulli$ by man1 op5$ ^u my eyes1 ! r++ ( ! fragm5ts on ! cry/all9e floor t accompani$ almo/ e movem5t made me feel an intrud]1 & sorry = ! de/ruction4 ,9 "s places1 :]e ! drip 0 cont9u\s1 & ! calc>e\s bas9 :i* x _h built up = itself %all[1 small sph]ical bodies ( calcite 7 s beautifully poli%$ by friction 9 ! agitat$ wat]1 t !y des]ve ! "n ( cave-pe>ls f _! lu/re4 ,9 ,fig4 #af ,i h repres5t$ a t9y bas9 ) its pe>ly cont5ts4 ,:]e ! drip _h ceas$ to be cont9u\s ea* ( ^! =m$ a nucleus = ! deposit ( calcite cry/als1 by :i* !y 7 unit$ to ! bottom ( ! bas94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,bas9 conta9+ ,cave-pe>ls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,fungoid ,/ructures1 magnifi$4 ,9 ! pr9cipal *amb] 9 ! cave1 :i* is v ne>ly free f drip1 ! upp] surfaces ( ! /ones & /alagmites on ! floor are cov]$ ) a peculi> fungoid-l deposit ( calcite1 consi/+ ( r\nd$ bosses1 atta*$ to ! g5]al surface by a p$icle 7see ,figs4 #ag1 #ah7 sometimes n mu* ?ick] ?an a hair4 ,!y /ood close toge!r at v>i\s levels1 foll[+ ! inequalities ( ! surface ( atta*m5t1 & be+ on an av]age ab\t #jb in* long4 ,sev]al microscopical sections 7,fig4 #ag7 %[$ t ea* 0 =m$ orig9ally on a slight elevation ( ! g5]al surface1 :i* w\ld cause a great] evaporation ( wat] ?an ! surr\nd+ portions1 & !re=e be cov]$ ) a great] deposit ( calcite4 ,?is process w\ld g on until ! height 0 rea*$ to :i* ! wat] sl[ly pass+ ov] ! g5]al surface w\ld no long] rise4 ,h5ce ! rem>kable uni=mity ( ! height ( ! bosses4 ,! evaporation is great] at ! po9t fur!/ remov$ f ! g5]al surface1 & !re=e ! apex is l>g] ?an ! base 7see ,fig4 #ag74 ,9 ,figure #ah !y /& z ?ickly toge!r z trees 9 a virg9 =e/1 & are develop$ 9 greate/ vig\r :]e ! small em95ces cause a great] evaporation ?an ! small depressions1 & are /\te/ & /ronge/ at ! free edges4 ,"s ( ! p$icles1 z 9 ! figure1 pres5t traces ( erosion1 ! out] lay]s hav+ be5 eat5 away by acid-lad5 wat]4 ,"s ( ^! s+ul> little bosses may h be5 m\ld$ on m9ute fungi1 su* z ^? 9 ! cave ( ,+lebor\gh1 b _! pres5ce is n reveal$ by ! microscope4 ,! ,black-rock ,cave1 ne> ,t5by4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,fungoid ,/ructure1 ,black-rock ,cave4 ,i met ) ?is rem>kable k9d ( calc>e\s deposition 9 a second cave 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,t5by4 ,:5 exam9+ ! ,black-rock qu>ries 9 #ahga1 ! workm5 po9t$ out a small op5+ :i* !y believ$ to be ! entrance ( a cave1 b :i* 0 too small = !m to ent]4 ,by knock+ (f1 h[ev]1 a few %>p angles1 ,i got into a small *amb] ab\t five feet high1 ) sides1 ro(1 & bottom cov]$ ) massive drip/one4 ,a few loose /ones re/$ on ! bottom4 ,! :ole surface1 ev5 includ+ ! /ones ^u ! floor1 "o ( :i* is figur$ 7,fig4 #ah71 0 s completely cov]$ ) ^! peculi> fungoid bodies1 t x 0 impossible to move )\t de/roy+ hundr$s ( !m4 ,all 7 ab\t ! same height1 #jb in*es1 sn[-:ite1 or ( a ri* r$di% br[n1 & con=m$ to ! unequal surface on :i* !y /ood4 ,x is q impossible to describe ! effect ( a :ole *amb] bri/l+ ) ^! peculi> /ructures4 ,! only au?or by :om !y are m5tion$1 ,mr4 ,john ,beaumont--:o describ$ ! caves ( ,m5dip 9 #afhj1 consid]$ !m to be v]itable plants ( /one4#ch ,! beautiful =ms assum$ by ! drip/one 9 ! caves ( ,caldy & ,black-rock are by no means uncommon1 b ,i h nev] met ) !m any:]e else 9 su* p]fection4 ,!y may be /udi$ 9 all /alactitic cav]ns4 ,great ,quantity ( ,c>bonate ( ,lime dissolv$ by ,atmosph]ic ,wat]4 ,a small portion only ( ! c>bonate ( lime is deposit$ z tufa or drip/one 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! rock f :i* x has be5 d]iv$1 z comp>$ ) t c>ri$ by ! /reams into ! riv]s1 & ! riv]s into ! sea4 ,an idea ( ?is quantity may be =m$ f ! calculation ( ! solid matt] convey$ d[n by ! ,?ames1 giv5 by ,mr4 ,pre/wi* 9 8 ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,geological ,society 9 #ahga1 p4 lxvii4 8,tak+ ! mean daily dis*>ge ( ! ,?ames at ,k+/on at #a1bej1jjj1jjj gallons1 & ! salts 9 solution at n9ete5 gra9s p] gallon1 ! mean quantity ( dissolv$ m9]al matt] !re c>ri$ d[n by ! ,?ames e tw5ty-f\r h\rs is equal to #c1cfd1bhf lbs41 or #aej tons1 :i* is equal to #edh1bcj tons 9 ! ye>4 ,( ?is daily quantity ab\t two-?irds1 or say #a1jjj tons1 consi/ ( c>bonate ( lime & #bch tons ( sulphate ( lime1 :ile limit$ proportions ( c>bonate ( magnesia1 *lorides ( sodium & potassium1 sulphates ( soda & pota%1 silica & traces ( iron1 alum9a1 & phosphates1 con/itute ! re/4 ,if we ref] a small portion ( ! c>bonates & ! sulphates & *lorides *iefly to ! imp]meable argillace\s =mations wa%$ by ! ra9-wat]1 we %all /ill h at lea/ t5 gra9s p] gallon ( c>bonate ( lime1 due to ! *alk1 upp] gre5s&1 oolitic /rata1 & m>l/one1 ! sup]ficial area ( :i*1 9 ! ,?ames bas9 above ,k+/on1 is e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,h>rison at #b1jgb squ>e miles4 ,!re=e ! quantity ( c>bonate ( lime c>ri$ away f ?is area by ! ,?ames is equal to #gig tons daily1 or #bij1ije tons annually1 :i* gives #adj tons remov$ ye>ly f ea* squ>e mile2 or1 ext5d+ ! calculation to a c5tury1 we h a total removal ( #bi1jij1ejj tons1 or ( #ad1jjj tons f ea* squ>e mile ( surface4 ,tak+ a ton ( *alk1 z a mean1 z equal to fifte5 cubic feet1 ?is is equal to ! removal ( #baj1jjj cubic feet p] c5tury = ea* squ>e mile1 or ( #i_/ajj ( an in* f ! :ole surface 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury1 s t 9 ! c\rse ( #ac1bjj ye>s a quantity equal to a ?ickness ( ab\t "o foot w\ld be remov$ f our *alk & oolitic di/ricts40 ,?is de/ructive action1 op]at+ ?r\gh long p]iods ( "t1 de/roys n m]ely ! g5]al surface ( ! lime/one1 b1 :]e x is localiz$ by ! conv]g5ce ( wat]1 is capable ( excavat+ ! deepe/ gorges & ! longe/ caves4 ,! quantity ( mat]ial c>ri$ away 9 solution is a measure ( ! p[] ( c>bonic acid 9 ! g5]al "w ( d5udation4 ,! ,circulation ( ,c>bonate ( ,lime4 ,! circulation ( c>bonate ( lime 9 nature pres5ts u ) a nev]-end+ cycle ( *ange4 ,x is convey$ into ! sea to be built up into ! tissues ( ! animal & vegetable inhabitants4 ,x appe>s 9 ! gorge\s corall9es1 nullipores1 calc>e\s sea-we$s1 sea-%ells1 & 9 ! arm\r ( cru/aceans4 ,9 ! tissues ( ! coral-zoophytes x assumes ! =m ( /ony groves1 ( :i* ea* tree is a colony ( animals1 & 9 ! wave-defy+ reef x rev]ts to its orig9al /ate ( lime/one4 ,or1 aga91 x is seiz$ ^u by t9y masses ( /ructureless protoplasm1 & fa%ion$ into *amb]s ( endless v>iety & ( inf9ite beauty1 & accumulat$ at ! bottom ( ! deep] seas1 =m+ a deposit analog\s to our *alk4 ,9 ! revolution ( ages ! bottom ( ! sea becomes dry l&1 ! calc>e\s dbris ( animal & vegetable life is m or less compact$ toge!r by pressure & by ! infiltration ( acid-lad5 ra9-wat]1 & appe>s z lime/one ( v>i\s h>dness & con/itution4 ,!n ! de/ruction beg9s aga91 & caves1 pot-holes1 & rav9es are aga9 c>v$ out ( ! solid rock4 ,! ,temp]ature ( ,caves4 ,! air 9 caves is g5]ally ( ! same temp]ature z ! mean annual temp]ature ( ! di/rict 9 :i* !y occur1 & !re=e cold 9 summ] & w>m 9 w9t]4 ,?is w\ld be a suffici5t reason :y !y %\ld be *os5 by unciviliz$ peoples z habitations4 ,! v rem>kable glacires1 or caves conta9+ ice in/ead ( wat]1 9 ! ,jura1 ,pyr5ees1 9 ,t5]iffe1 ,icel&1 & o!r di/ricts ( high altitude & l[ temp]ature1 9 :i* ! temp]ature ev5 9 summ] does n rise mu* above freez+-po9t1 may be expla9$ by ! !ory advanc$ indep5d5tly by ,de ,luc & ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,f4 ,br[ne4 8,! heavy cold air ( w9t]10 writes ! latt]1 8s9ks d[n into ! glacires1 & ! light]1 w>m air ( summ] _c on ord9>y pr9ciples dislodge x1 s t heat is v sl[ly spread 9 ! caves2 & ev5 :5 "s am\nt ( heat does rea* ! ice1 ! latt] melts b sl[ly1 s9ce a kilogramme ( ice absorbs #gi ,c4 ( heat 9 melt+2 & ?us :5 ice is once =m$1 x becomes a mat]ial gu>antee = ! p]man5ce ( cold 9 ! cave4 ,= ?is explanation to hold good x is necess>y t ! level at :i* ! ice is f\nd %\ld be bel[ ! level ( ! entrance to ! cave2 o!rwise ! m]e weight ( ! cold air w\ld cause x to leave its prison z soon z ! spr+ w>m? arriv$40 ,x is also necess>y t ! cave %\ld be protect$ f direct radiation & f ! action ( w9d4 ,^! conditions are satisfi$ by all ! glacires explor$ by ,mr4 ,br[ne4#ci ,! app>5t anomaly t "o only out ( a gr\p ( caves expos$ to ! same temp]atures %\ld be a glacire1 may be expla9$ by ! fact t ^! conditions are f\nd 9 comb9ation b r>ely1 & if "o 7 abs5t !re w\ld be no accumulation ( p]petual ice4 ,x is v probable t ! /ore ( cold laid up 9 ^! caves1 z 9 an ice-h\se1 has be5 ultimately d]iv$ f ! great refrig]ation ( climate 9 ,europe 9 ! ,glacial ,p]iod4 ,conclusion4 ,9 ?is *apt] we h exam9$ ! physical hi/ory ( caves1 _! =mation1 & _! relation to pot-holes1 cirques1 & rav9es2 & we h se5 t !y are n ! result ( subt]ranean di/urbance1 b ( ! me*anical action ( ra9-wat] & ! *emical action ( c>bonic acid1 bo? op]at+ f above4 ,we h se5 t cave-hunt+ is n m]ely an adv5tur\s amusem5t1 b also a que/ t br+s u into a great laboratory1 s to speak1 9 :i* we c see ! natural ag5ts at "w t h c>v$ out ! valleys & gorges1 & %ap$ ! hills :]ev] ! calc>e\s rocks are to be f\nd4 ,! re/ ( ?is treatise w be devot$ to ! evid5ce :i* !y (f] z to ! =m] inhabitants1 bo? m5 & animals1 ( ,europe4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,hi/oric ,,caves ,,9 ,,brita94 ,def9ition ( ,hi/oric ,p]iod4--,wild ,animals 9 ,brita9 dur+ ! ,hi/oric ,p]iod4--,animals liv+ "u ! c>e ( ,man4-- ,classificatory value ( ,hi/oric ,animals4--,! ,victoria ,cave1 ,settle1 ,york%ire4--,hi/ory ( ,discov]y4--,! ,romano-,celtic or ,brit-,wel% ,/ratum4--,! ,bones ( ! ,animals4--,miscellane\s ,articles4--,! ,co9s4--,! ,jewelry1 & its ,relation to ,iri% ,art4--,simil> ,rema9s 9 o!r ,caves 9 ,york%ire4--,^! ,caves us$ z ,places ( ,refuge4--,! evid5ce ( ,hi/ory z to ,date4--,brita9 "u ! ,romans4--,! ,inroads ( ! ,picts & ,scots4--,! ,engli% ,conque/4--,! ,neoli?ic ,/ratum4--,! approximate ,date ( ! ,neoli?ic ,occupation4--,! ,grey ,clays4 --,! ,plei/oc5e ,occupation by ! ,hynas4--,! probable ,preglacial ,age ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,/ratum4--,! ,kirkhead ,cave4 --,poole's ,cave1 ne> ,buxton4--,?or's ,cave1 ne> ,a%b\rne4-- ,hi/oric value ( ,brit-,wel% ,gr\p ( ,caves4--,pr9cipal ,animals & ,articles4--,! use ( ,horse-fle%4--,! ,cave ( ,long-b]ry ,bank4 ,def9ition ( ,hi/oric ,p]iod4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] ! orig9 ( caves has be5 discuss$1 z well z _! relation to ! physical geography ( ! di/ricts 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,we mu/ n[ pass on to ! biological division ( ! subject1 :i* relates to ! animals t !y conta9 & ! inf]5ces t may be drawn f _! occurr5ce4 ,! caves w be divid$ into hi/oric1 prehi/oric1 & plei/oc5e1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ! fir/ *apt]4 ,x is extremely difficult1 if n impossible1 to def9e ) precision ! po9t :]e leg5d ends & hi/ory beg9s2 b ! l9e may be drawn ) conv5i5ce at ! fir/ beg9n+ ( a connect$ & cont9u\s n>rative1 r ?an at ! fir/ isolat$ notice ( a c\ntry4 ,if we accept ?is def9ition1 ! hi/oric p]iod 9 ,great ,brita9 _c be ext5d$ fur!r back ?an ! tempor>y invasion ( ,julius ,cs>1 ,b4,c4 #ee1 ev5 if s f>1 s9ce ( ! int]val t elaps$ betwe5 t ev5t & ! subjugation "u ,claudius1 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #dc1 we "k sc>cely any?+4 ,( ! ev5ts :i* happ5$ 9 ?is c\ntry be=e ,cs>'s invasion !re is no docum5t>y evid5ce1 al?\gh1 by ! mod]n me?od ( sci5tific rese>*1 we are able to ext5d ! n>rative away f ! bord]s ( hi/ory f> back into ! ar*ological & geological pa/4 ,wild ,animals 9 ,brita9 dur+ ! ,hi/oric ,p]iod4 ,dur+ ! hi/oric p]iod great *anges h tak5 place 9 ! animals inhabit+ ,great ,brita94 ,! wild animals h be5 dim9i%$ 9 numb]1 & _! area ( occupation has be5 n>r[$ by ! increase ( population & ! improvem5t 9 weapons ( de/ruction4 ,! br[n be>1 inhabit+ ,brita9 dur+ ! "t ( ! ,roman occupation1 0 extirpat$ probably be=e ! t5? c5tury4 ,! curr5t belief t x 0 de/roy$ 9 ,scotl& by ! f\nd] ( ! ,gordon family 9 #ajeg is unsupport$ by any docum5t>y evid5ce :i* ,i h be5 able to discov]2 ! cre/ ( ! ,gordons1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f ! la/ ( ^? animals sla9 9 ! isl&1 consi/+ ( ?ree bo>s'1 n be>s'1 heads4 ,! la/ wolf is said to h be5 de/roy$ 9 ,scotl& 9 #afhj1 :ile 9 ,irel& ! animal l+]$ ?irty ye>s lat] to be a t]ror to ! def5celess begg>s4 ,x 0 deem$ wor?y ( a special decree = its de/ruction 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i4 ,! wild bo> 0 ext9ct be=e ! reign ( ,*>les ,i41 :ile ! beav]1 :i* 0 hunt$ = its fur on ! banks ( ! ,teivi 9 ,c>digan%ire dur+ ! "t ( ! fir/ ,crusade1 became ext9ct %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,! /ag 0 s abundant 9 ! s\? ( ,engl& z rec5tly z ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne1 t %e saw a h]d ( no less ?an five hundr$ betwe5 ,london & ,portsm\?4 ,at pres5t ! animal lives only 9 a half-wild condition1 9 ! =e/ ( ,exmoor & ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&2 :ile ! ro$e] is n[ only f\nd wild 9 ,scotl&1 al?\gh x =m]ly rang$ ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! c\ntry4 ,! re9de] is prov$ to h be5 liv+ 9 ,cai?ness z late z ! ye> #aaei1 by a passage 9 ! ,orkney+a ,saga4 ,! common rat1 ,mus decumanus1 is ! only wild or semi-wild animal t has migrat$ into ?is c\ntry dur+ ! hi/oric p]iod contr>y to ! w ( man4 ,9 #agbg x 7,pallas1 ,glires7 _h begun to invade ,s\!rn ,russia f ! regions ( ,p]sia & ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,!nce x swiftly spread ov] ,asia ,m9or1 & :ile x 0 advanc+ to ! we/ ov]l&1 x 0 c>ri$ by %ips to ne>ly all ! ports 9 ! _w4 ,x arriv$ 9 ,brita9 c]ta9ly be=e ! ye> #agcj1 & has s9ce ne>ly ext]m9at$ ! black indig5\s species4 ,x is ! only wild animal :i* is kn[n to h invad$ ,europe s9ce ! plei/oc5e age1 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( ! true elk4 ,animals liv+ "u ! c>e ( ,man4 ,! fall[-de]1 indig5\s 9 ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean1 0 probably introduc$ by ! ,romans1 s9ce its rema9s occur 9 refuse-heaps ( ,roman age1 su* z t ( ,london ,wall1 & ( ,col*e/]1 :ile x has n be5 met ) 9 old] deposits4 ,to !m1 also1 we probably owe ! introduction ( ! pheasant1 :i* 0 suffici5tly abundant 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london 9 ! "t ( ,h>old to be m5tion$ z "o ( ! articles ( food eat5 on fea/-days by ! h\seholds ( ! ,canons at ,wal?am ,abbey 9 #ajei4 ,! dome/ic f[l has left ! fir/ traces ( its pres5ce 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! ,roman refuse-heaps1 al?\gh x 0 kn[n to ! ,belg1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,cs>1 be=e ! fir/ ,roman invasion4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( ! dome/ic cat 9 ?is c\ntry is to be f\nd 9 ! laws ( ,h[el ,dha1#dj t 7 probably codifi$ at ! end ( ! t5? or 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 al?\gh _m ( ! enactm5ts may be ( a mu* e>li] date4 ,! k+'s cat is assess$ at eightp5ce1 or twice z mu* z t belong+ to any subject4 ,! ass#da 0 c]ta9ly kn[n 9 ,brita9 9 ! days ( !lr$ 7,a4,d4 #hff-hga71 :51 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,bell1 its price 0 fix$ at ! l>ge sum ( twelve %ill+s4 ,! l>g] bre$ ( cattle repres5t$ by ! ,*ill+ham ox1 & desc5d$ f ! great ,urus1 fir/ appe>s 9 ?is c\ntry ab\t ! "t ( ! ,engli% invasion4 ,x gradually spread ov] ^? di/ricts conqu]$ by ! ,engli%1 until ! small aborig9al d>k-col\r$1 %ort-horn ,bos longifrons1 :i* 0 ! only dome/ic bre$ 9 ! prehi/oric & ,roman times1 is n[ only to be met ) 9 ! hill c\ntry ( ,wales & ( ,scotl&1 9 :i* ! ,brit-,wel% or ,romano-,celtic inhabitants /ill survive4 ,classificatory value ( ,hi/oric ,animals4 ,! pr9cipal *anges 9 ! fauna ( ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! hi/oric age are ! ext9ction ( ! be>1 wolf1 beav]1 re9de]1 & wild bo>1 & ! introduction ( ! dome/ic f[l1 ! pheasant1 fall[-de]1 ass1 ! dome/ic cat1 ! l>g] bre$ ( ox51 & ! common rat2 & z ?is took place at diff]5t times1 x is obvi\s t ^! animals enable u to asc]ta9 ! approximate date ( ! deposit 9 :i* _! rema9s happ5 to occur4 ,& = ?is purpose ! foll[+ table#db may be consult$3-- ,,animals ,,ext9ct4 ,a4,d4 ,br[n be> circa #ejj-ajjj ,re9de] 0 #abjj ,beav] 0 #aa-abjj ,wolf 0 #afhj ,wild bo> 0 #afbj ,,animals ,,introduc$4 ,dome/ic f[l be=e #ee ,b4,c4 ,fall[-de] circa 0 ,pheasant 0 0 ,dome/ic ox ( ,urus type 0 #ddi ,a4,d4 ,ass 0 #hjj-hej ,cat 0 #hjj-ajjj ,common rat 0 #agbg-cj ,"s or o!r ( ^! animals are met ) 9 ! peat-bogs & alluvia1 & 9 caves1 b f> m abundantly 9 ! refuse-heaps left beh9d by man1 by :om !y h "h be5 us$ ei!r = s]vice or = food4 ,! disappe>ance ( c]ta9 wild species1 f ! areas 9 :i* !y liv$ on ! cont95t1 9 hi/oric times1 has n be5 asc]ta9$ s accurately z 9 ?is c\ntry1 & _m animals1 :i* h become ext9ct 9 our re/rict$ & highly-cultivat$ isl&1 are /ill to be f\nd 9 ! cont95tal =e/s1 morasses1 & m\nta9s4 ,! br[n be> is /ill to be met ) 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 ! ,vosges1 & 9 ! wild] & m inaccessible portions ( nor!rn1 middle1 & s\!rn ,europe4 ,! wolf /ill survives 9 ,france1 & dur+ ! late ,g]man w> prey$ ^u ! sla9 aft] "s ( ! battles4 ,x1 z well z ! wild bo>1 ranges ?r\gh\t ! uncultivat$ regions ( ! cont95t4 ,! beav] /ill lives 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,rhone1 z well z 9 ! riv]s ( ,li?uania & ( ,sc&9avia1 & ! re9de]1 n[ re/rict$ to ! regions nor? ( a l9e pass+ ea/ & we/ ?r\gh ! ,baltic1 ext5d$ fur!r s\?1 9 suffici5t numb]s to be rem>k$ by ,cs>1 among ! m notewor?y animals liv+ 9 ! great ,h]cynian =e/1 :i* ov]%ad[$ nor!rn ,g]many 9 8 days4 ,?is =e/ also af=d$ %elt] to ! true elk & ! bison1 bo? ( :i* /ill live 9 ,li?uania1 z well z to ! ,urus1 :i* 0 hunt$ by ,*>les ! ,great1 ne> ,aa*51 & probably became ext9ct 9 ! fifte5? or sixte5? c5tury4 ,! lion inhabit$ ! m\nta9s ( s\!rn ,?race 9 ! days ( ,h]odotus & ( ,ari/otle1 & became ext9ct 9 ,europe betwe5 #ccj ,b4,c4 & ! days ( ,dio ,*ryso/om ,rhetor 7,a4,d4 #ajj71 :o expressly says t !re 7 no lions 9 ,greece 9 8 "t4 ,! pan!r also inhabit$ ! same di/rict :5 ,x5ophon wrote 8 8,treatise on ,hunt+40 ,! fall[-de] 0 believ$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,ed\>d ,l>tet to h be5 introduc$ into ,france by ! ,romans4 ,on a visit1 h[ev]1 to ,p>is 9 ,septemb] #ahgc1 ,pr(essor ,g]vais call$ my att5tion to an antl] ( ! animal 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 said to h be5 f\nd 9 a refuse-heap along ) axes ( poli%$ /one4 ,x mu/ !re=e h liv$ 9 ,france 9 ! ,neoli?ic age1 if x 7 obta9$ f an undi/urb$ deposit4 ,x gradually spread into ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 until 9 ! elev5? c5tury x 0 suffici5tly abundant to be m5tion$ among ! articles ( food 9 a metrical grace ( ! monks ( ,/4 ,gall4 8,imbellem damam faciat b5$ictio summam40#dc ,! dome/ic f[l is to be recogniz$ on ,gallic co9s be=e ! ,roman invasion1 & !re=e 0 probably kn[n at ! v dawn ( ,gallic hi/ory4 ,! l>g] bre$ ( ox51 desc5d$ f ! ,urus type1 has be5 kn[n 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,lomb>dy1 ,sc&9avia1 & ,switz]l&1 9 ! remote division ( ! prehi/oric age kn[n z ! ,neoli?ic4#dd ,! buffalo1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! ,roman ,campagna1 0 introduc$ into ,italy1 accord+ to ,paulus ,diaconus1 9 ! ye> #eif1 & ! dome/ic cat1#de kn[n to ! ,greeks f _! int]c\rse ) ,egypt1 became famili> to ! eyes ( ! inhabitants ( ,rome & ,con/ant9ople z e>ly z ! f\r? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,x is evid5t f ! survival ( ! wolf1 ! be>1 beav]1 re9de]1 & ! wild bo> on ! cont95t at ! pres5t "t1 t ! *ronological table :i* ,i h con/ruct$ = ,brita9 is inapplicable to ,europe 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k ( ! v>y+ ranges ( ! animals1 x seems impossible to =m any simil> s*eme4 ,! hi/oric caves are *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce ( "s ( ^! animals1 z well z ( co9s & pott]y1 & o!r articles by :i* ! date ( _! occupation may be asc]ta9$4 ,! ,victoria ,cave1 ,settle1 ,york%ire4 ,! mo/ important hi/oric cave 9 ?is c\ntry is t discov]$ by ,mr4 ,joseph ,jackson1 ne> ,settle1 9 ,york%ire1 on ! coronation day ( ,que5 ,victoria1 9 #ahch1 & :i* has !re=e be5 call$ ! ,victoria ,cave4 ,x runs horizontally into ! precipit\s side ( a lonely rav9e kn[n z ,k+'s ,sc> 7,fig4 #ai71 at a height ( ab\t #a1dej feet above ! sea1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,tiddeman1 & x consi/s ( ?ree l>ge ill-def9$ *amb]s fill$ ) dbris ne>ly up to ! ro(4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,view ( ,k+'s ,sc>1 ,settle1 %[+ ! entrances ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,caves 7f a photograph74 ,a1 ,b1 ,victoria2 ,c1 ,alb]t4 ,! entrances face to ! s\?-we/1 & op5 at ! bottom ( an ov]hang+ cliff at ! po9t :]e a scree1 or accumulation ( fragm5ts f ! cliff above1 gradually slopes d[n to ! bottom ( ! valley1 ab\t "o hundr$ feet bel[4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,jackson made 8 discov]y1 he pass$ inw>ds ?r\gh a small entrance1#df & 0 rew>d$ by f9d+ 9 ! e>? on ! floor a numb] ( ,roman co9s1 toge!r ) ornam5ts & implem5ts ( bronze1 & "s broo*es ( s+ul> ta/e & beauty1 ) implem5ts ( bone1 & l>ge quantities ( brok5 bones & fragm5ts ( pott]y4 ,! collection 0 v miscellane\s2 = besides iron spe>-heads1 nails1 dagg]s1 spoon-broo*es ( bone1 sp9dle-:orls1 beads ( amb] & ( glass1 !re 7 bronze broo*es1 f+]-r+s1 armlets1 bracelets1 buckles1 & /uds4 ,all 7 ly+ ple-mle toge!r1 side by side ) ! brok5 bones ( ! animals1 & ! :ole set ( rema9s1 ) ! exception ( "s ( ! broo*es1 0 ( ! k9d :i* is usually met ) 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,roman camps1 cities1 & villas :i* h be5 sack$4 ,! fragm5ts ( ,samian w>e & ,roman pott]y scatt]$ ?r\gh ! mass1 z well z co9s ( ,trajan & ,con/ant9e1 prov$ fur!r1 t ! cave _h be5 inhabit$ aft] ! ,roman invasion1 & n e>li] ?an ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury2 & ! rude imitations ( ,roman co9s 71 accord+ to ,mr4 ,roa* ,smi?1#dg probably 9 circulation = "s c5turies aft] ! dep>ture ( ! ,romans f ,brita94--8,& al?\gh "s ( ^! rema9s are indicative ( sepulture1 yet f ! evid5ce furni%$ !re appe>s no positive pro( ( _! hav+ =m$ "p ( fun]eal deposits4 ,a m satisfactory conclusion seems to arise 9 consid]+ t ^! caves 7i4e4 ! gr\p7 may h be5 us$ z places ( refuge by ! ,romaniz$ ,britons dur+ ! tr\bl\s times at & aft] ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury40 ,?is conclusion we %all see fully borne out by ! evid5ce subsequ5tly obta9$4 ,mr4 ,jackson gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! discov]y3-- 8,! entrance 0 ne>ly fill$ up ) rubbi%1 & ov]gr[n ) nettles4 ,aft] remov+ ^! ob/ructions1 ,i 0 oblig$ to lie d[n at full l5g? to get 94 ,! fir/ appe>ance t /ruck me on ent]+ 0 ! l>ge quantity ( clay & e>?1 :i* seem$ z if wa%$ 9 f )\t1 & pres5t$ to ! view r\nd pieces l balls ( diff]5t sizes4 ,( ?is clay !re mu/ be sev]al hundr$ waggon loads1 b ab\nd+ m 9 ! fir/ ?an 9 ! bran* caves4 ,9 "s p>ts a /alagmitic cru/ has =m$1 mix$ ) bones1 brok5 pots1 c4 ,x 0 on ?is cru/ ,i f\nd ! pr9cipal "p ( ! co9s1 ! o!r articles be+ mo/ly imb$d$ 9 ! clay4 ,9 ! o!r caves v little has be5 f\nd4 ,:5 we get ?r\gh ! clay1 :i* is v /iff & deep1 we g5]ally f9d ! rock cov]$ ) bones1 all brok5 & pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 gnaw$4 ,! entrance into ! inn] cave has be5 wall$ up at ! sides4 ,9 ! inside 7 sev]al l>ge /ones ly+ ne> ! hole1 any "o ( :i* w\ld h completely block$ x up by m]ely turn+ ! /one ov]4 ,i pull$ ! wall d[n1 & ! ap]ture 0 n[ ab\t a y>d wide1 & two feet high4 ,on digg+ up ! clay at ab\t n9e or t5 in*es deep1 ,i f\nd ! orig9al floor2 x 0 h>d & gravelly1 & /rew$ ) bones1 brok5 pots1 & o!r objects4 ,! ro( ( ! cave 0 beautifully hung ) /alactites 9 v>i\s fanta/ic =ms & z :ite z sn[40#dh ,! int]e/ 9 ^! discov]ies l$ ,mr4 ,d5ny1 ,mr4 ,f>r]1 & o!r g5tlem5 to exam9e ! sup]ficial /ratum f "t to "t1 until1 9 #ahgj1 ,sir ,james ,kay-,%uttlewor?1 ,mr4 ,walt] ,morrison1 ,mr4 ,birkbeck1 & o!r g5tlem5 9 ! neighb\rhood =m$ a committee = ! inve/igation ( ! cont5ts ( ! cave1 :i* _h be5 plac$ at _! disposal by ! c\rtesy ( ! own]1 ! late ,mr4 ,/ackh\se4 ,!y 7 aid$ by ! assi/ance ( ,sir ,c4 ,lyell1 ,sir4 ,j4 ,lubbock1 & ,mr4 ,d>w91 ,pr(essor ,phillips1 ,mr4 ,franks1 & o!rs1 & by a grant obta9$ f ! ,briti% ,association1 & h c>ri$ on ! "w s9ce t "t ) comp>atively little int]ruption4 ,mr4 ,jackson1 ! orig9al discov]]1 sup]9t5d$ ! workm52 :ile ,i id5tifi$ ! works ( art & ! mammalian rema9s t 7 discov]$1 & drew up = ! committee ! reports br\ght be=e ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahgj1 #ahga1 & #ahgb1 & be=e ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute 9 #ahga4 ,mr4 ,tiddeman also contribut$ a report on ! physical hi/ory ( ! cave1 :i* is pr9t$ 9 ! ,briti% ,association ,report = #ahgb1 & subsequ5tly 9 ! ,geological ,magaz9e1 ,janu>y #ahgc4di ,! ,romano-,celtic or ,brit-,wel% ,/ratum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,longitud9al ,section ( ,victoria ,cave4 ,! committee resolv$ n to beg9 at ! entrance :i* ,mr4 ,jackson discov]$ 9 #ahch 7,fig4 #ai ,a71 b to make a new passage1 at a po9t :]e daylight c\ld be se5 ?r\gh ! *9ks ( ! brok5 dbris1 :i* !re prev5t$ access4 ,gr\nd 0 brok5 on a small plateau 9 front ( ?is 7,figs4 #ai ,b1 #bj71 :i*1 f ! sunny aspect & comm&+ view1 w\ld naturally be *os5 by ! dwell]s 9 ! cave z _! m usual place = eat+ & l\ng+1 & 9 :i* we might !re=e expect to f9d ! rema9s ( :atev] !y _h dropp$ or lo/4 ,! gloomy recesses ( a cave1 inde$1 ev5 if lit up by l>ge fires or by tor*es1 are n fitt$ = any o!r purpose ?an = sleep+ or concealm5t2 & if we add 9 ?is case ! damp cold clay "u foot & ! con/ant drip ( ! wat] ov]head1 x 0 only reasonable to inf] t mo/ ( _! life 0 sp5t out ( doors1 & t ! cave 0 us$ m]ely z a place ( retirem5t = %elt]4 ,z ! tr5* progress$ we dug fir/ ( all ?r\gh a ?ickness ( two feet 7,figs4 #bj1 #ba7 ( angul> blocks ( lime/one1 t _h fall5 f ! cliff above1 & t re/$ on a black lay] 7,no4 #d7 conta9+ ! k9d ( rema9s :i* we _h expect$4 ,! lay] 0 compos$ ( fragm5ts ( bone & *>coal1 surr\nd+ ! burnt /ones :i* _h =m$ ! anci5t he>?s1 & conta9$ l>ge quantities ( ! brok5 bones ( animals :i* _h be5 us$ = food1 & co9s & articles ( luxury1 z well z ^? in/rum5ts :i* 7 m naturally suit$ = ! half-savage life ( dwell]s 9 caves4 ,z we op5$ out ! new m\?1 ! angul> fragm5ts disappe>$ & ! black lay] rose to ! surface1 compos+ ! floor1 & ly+ 9 "s places b5ea? enorm\s blocks ( lime/one :i* _h fall5 f ! ro( s9ce its accumulation1 & be+ cont9u\s ) ! lay] 9 :i* ,mr4 ,jackson fir/ made 8 discov]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,v]tical ,section at ! ,entrance to ! ,victoria ,cave4 ,x 0 evid5t t ?is /ratum _h be5 =m$ dur+ ! soj\rn ( man 9 ! cave1 & we %all f9d1 9 ! exam9ation ( ! rema9s :i* x furni%$1 pro( t x is connect$ ) ! obscure hi/ory ( ,brita9 dur+ ! fif? & six? c5turies4 ,we w take ea* gr\p ( objects 9 its prop] class1 beg9n+ ) :at at fir/ sight seems ! lea/ promis+1 ! brok5 bones ( ! animals t suppli$ ! inhabitants ) food4 ,! ,bones ( ! ,animals4 ,! bones ( ! ,celtic %ort-horn 7,bos longifrons7 7 v abundant1 & prov$ t a v>iety ( ox1 indi/+ui%able f ! small d>k m\nta9 cattle ( ,wales & ,scotl&1 0 ! *ief food ( ! inhabitants4 ,a v>iety ( ! goat ) simple recurv$ horns1 :i* is commonly met ) 9 ! ,york%ire tumuli explor$ by ,canon ,gre5well1 & 9 ! deposits r\nd ,roman villas 9 ,great ,brita91 furni%$ ! mutton2 :ile ! pork 0 suppli$ by a dome/ic bre$ ( pigs ) small can9es2 & s9ce ! bones ( ! la/ animal belong = ! mo/ "p to "y individuals1 x is cle> t ! "y pork] 0 pref]r$ to ! old] animal4 ,! bill ( f>e 0 occasionally v>i$ by ! use ( horse-fle%1 :i* =m$ a common article ( food 9 ?is c\ntry d[n to ! n9? c5tury4 ,to ?is li/ mu/ be add$ ! v5ison ( ! ro$e] & /ag1 b ! rema9s ( ^! two animals 7 s+ul>ly r>e4 ,two spurs ( ! dome/ic f[l1 & a few bones ( wild duck & gr\se1 complete ! li/ ( animals :i* c ) c]ta9ty be affirm$ to h be5 eat5 by ! dwell]s 9 ! cave4 ,! num]\s unbrok5 bones1 "s v gigantic1 ( ! badg]1 & ^? ( ! fox1 wildcat1 h>e1 & wat]-vole1 commonly call$ wat]-rat1 h probably be5 introduc$ subsequ5tly1 f ^? animals hav+ us$ ! cave z a place ( %elt]4 ,!re 7 also bones ( ! dog1 :i* f _! unbrok5 condition prov$ t ! animal _h n be5 us$ = food1 z x c]ta9ly 0 us$ by ! m5 :o liv$ 9 ! caves ( ,d5bigh%ire 9 ! ,neoli?ic age4 ,! :ole gr\p ( rema9s implies t ! dwell]s 9 ! ,victoria ,cave liv$ ^u _! flocks & h]ds1 r ?an by ! *ase4 ,& s9ce ! dome/ic f[l 0 n kn[n 9 ,brita9 until ab\t ! "t ( ! ,roman invasion1 ! pres5ce ( its rema9s fixes ! date ( ! occupation z n e>li] ?an t "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s9ce ! small ,celtic %ort-horn 7,bos longifrons7 0 ! only dome/ic ox 9 use kn[n 9 ,roman ,brita91 & s9ce x disappe>$ f ^? portions ( ! c\ntry :i* 7 conqu]$ by ! ,engli%1 along ) its ,celtic possessors1 ! date is fix$ 9 ! o!r direction z be+ n mu* lat] ?an ! ,nor?umbrian conque/ ( t portion ( ,york%ire4 ,i %all return to ?is "p ( ! subject pres5tly2 "h ,i w only rem>k1 t ! pres5t di/ribution ( ! l9eal desc5dants ( ! ,celtic %ort-horn1 ! small1 d>k-col\r$ ,scot* & ,wel% cattle1 corresponds ) ^? regions on :i* ! ,celtic population fell back be=e ! ,engli%4 ,& its survival 9 ,wales1 & until comp>atively rec5tly 9 ,cornwall1 ,cumb]l&1 & ,we/morel&1 may be acc\nt$ = by ! fact1 t 9 ^? di/ricts ! ,celtic populations ( ,roman ,brita9 7 n displac$ by ! ,engli% invad]s4#ej ,! l>g] bre$ ( cattle kn[n 9 its purity z ! :ite ox ( ,*ill+ham1 f :i* all our purely ,engli% bre$s h be5 d]iv$1 0 import$ orig9ally by ! ,engli%1 & spread ov] ! :ole c\ntry :i* !y occupi$1 until at la/ ! small] & m anci5t ox5 surviv$ only 9 a few isolat$ areas 9 ! nor? & we/ ( ,brita94 ,?is displacem5t ( ! ,celtic %ort-horn by ! ,engli% ox5 ( ! ,urus type corroborates1 9 a /rik+ degree1 ! tru? ( ,mr4 ,freeman's view ( ! ru?less de/ruction ( ev]y?+ ,roman & ,celtic at ! h&s ( ! ,engli%4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t f ! exam9ation ( ! bones we may inf] t ! cave 0 occupi$ be=e ! ,celtic %ort-horn 0 supplant$ 9 ?is di/rict by ! l>g] dome/ic bre$ ( ox51 & aft] ! introduction ( ! dome/ic f[l1 t is to say1 9 ! int]val :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! ,roman & ,engli% invasions4 ,we mu/ n[ treat ( ! rema9s ( man's h&iwork 9 ! cave4 ,miscellane\s ,articles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,spoon-broo* 7natural size74 ,! ornam5ts & implem5ts ( bone consi/ ( c>efully smoo!d p9s1 & po9ts int5d$ to be fitt$ to a h&le1 knife-h&les made ( bone & antl]2 ?ree sp9dle-:orls made ( ! p]=at$ head ( a femur2 a /ud2 a p]fect spoon-%ap$ fibula 7,fig4 #bb71 :i* corresponds ) "o ( ^? 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 z well z sev]al fragm5ts1 & :i* :5 9 use 0 pass$ ?r\gh holes 9 ! clo!s1 9 su* a mann] t ! two ends alone 7 visible4 ,^! are ornam5t$1 & ! %aft & ! :ole back is m or less poli%$ by we>4 ,eight articles be> a close resemblance to ! h&les ( gimlets 7,figs4 #bc1 #bd71 & mo/ probably h be5 us$ z /uds1 or l9ks1 = fa/5+ toge!r clo?+4 ,! fact1 inde$1 t "s h ! c5tral hole worn by ! friction ( a ?ong or /r+ ( "s k9d1 c\pl$ ) ! worn /ate ( "s ( _! surfaces1 r5d]s ?is guess v likely to be true4 ,9 ,fig4 #bd1 a1 ! ornam5t 9 "r l9es1 :i* once cov]$ ! surface z 9 ,fig4 #bd1 b1 is v ne>ly oblit]at$ by friction aga9/ "s s(t body su* z clo?+4 ,a ref]5ce to ! figures w give a bett] idea ( _! %ape & ornam5tation ?an a m]e description4 ,two p]=at$ discs may h be5 us$ z /uds4 ,!re are also _m nondescript articles1 consi/+ ( sockets made ( antl] ( /ag1 & bone rods c>efully r\nd$1 toge!r ) cut bones ( unc]ta9 use4 ,= ! id5tification ( ! ivory boss ( a sword-hilt ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,franks4 ,besides ! ornam5ts 9 bone & antl]1 !re 7 sev5 glass beads1 five transp>5t & two ( a blui% t9t1 & "o ( jet turn$ 9 a la!2 z well z a fragm5t ( a jet bracelet4 ,among ! articles ( daily use 7 _m r\nd$ pebbles1 ) m>ks ( fire ^u !m1 :i* _h probably be5 heat$ = ! purpose ( boil+ wat]4 ,pot-boil]s1 z !y are call$1 ( ?is k9d are us$ by _m savage peoples at ! pres5t day1 & if we wi%$ to heat wat] 9 a vessel t w\ld n /& ! fire1 we %\ld be oblig$ to employ a simil> me?od4 ,o!r /ones =m$ p>ts ( anci5t he>?s1 & two or ?ree groov$ slabs ( s&/one _h evid5tly be5 us$ = r\nd+ & %>p5+ bone p9s4 ,! fragm5ts ( pott]y 7 v abundant1 & 7 all ( ! type usually f\nd r\nd ,roman villas4 ,"o fragm5t ( ,samian w>e 0 ornam5t$ ) ! repres5tation ( a hunt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,ornam5t$ ,bone-fa/5] 7natural size74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,two ,bone-l9ks2 a worn1 b unworn 7natural size74 ,?is gr\p ( articles ?r[s b little light on ! date ( ! occupation ( ! cave4 ,! ,samian w>e1 & ! ivory boss ( a ,roman sword1 m]ely imply t x 0 ei!r ,roman or po/-,roman4 ,! ,co9s4 ,if we turn n[ to ! co9s1 we %all f9d ! date to lie )9 n>r[] limits ?an ^? fix$ by ! animals4 ,!y consi/ (3-- ,two silv] ( ,trajan1 d4 #aag4 ,f\r bronze ( ,tetricus ,i41 #bfg-bgd4 ,"o bronze ( ,tetricus ,,ii41 #bfg-bgd4 ,"o bronze ( ,galli5us1 d4 #bfh4 ,"o bronze ( ,con/ant9e ,,ii41 d4 #cdc4 ,"o bronze ( ,con/ans1 d4 #cec4 ,?ree b>b>\s imitations 9 bronze ( co9s ( ,tetricus1 circa #djj-ejj ,a4,d4 ,9 a gr\p ( co9s su* z ?is ! late/ only give a clue to ! date1 s9ce ! e>li] may h rema9$ 9 circulation long aft] !y 7 /ruck4 ,9 ,india1 = example1 ^? ( ,alex&] ! ,great h n yet disappe>$ f ! c\ntry1 & 9 ,spa91 9 ! %ops ( ,malaga1 ,moori%1 ,roman1 & ev5 ,phnician co9s 7 curr5t 9 #ahfc1 z well z all ^? :i* h be5 /ruck s9ce4#ea ,we may !re=e disreg>d ! e>lie/ co9s1 & fix our att5tion m p>ticul>ly on ^? ( ! ,con/ant9e family1 & ! bronze m9imi m5tion$ la/ 9 ! li/4 ,! pres5ce ( ! co9 ( ,con/ans implies t ! cave 0 occupi$ ei!r dur+ or aft] #ccg ,a4,d41 :5 he asc5d$ ! ?rone2 :ile ! date ( ! m9imi has n be5 asc]ta9$ ) accuracy4 8,!y ab\nd ^u all ,roman sites1 su* z ,v]ulam & ,ri*bor\gh4 ,9 size !y come ne>e/ to ^? /ruck "u ,arcadius & 8 successors1 & ,i ?9k t y w n be f> wrong 9 assign+ !m to ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! late/ ( ! g5u9e ,roman co9s f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry are ^? ( ,arcadius & ,honorius2 at lea/1 ! f9d+ ( any ( lat] date is q exceptional4 ,:at ! curr5cy 0 betwe5 t "t & ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,saxon co9age x is h>d to say4 ,x seems probable1 h[ev]1 t gold & silv] _h ne>ly disappe>$1 & t ! ne$s ( a small local comm]ce 7 suppli$ by ! ,roman copp] co9s ( :i* abundance rema9$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & by small pieces /ruck aft] _! model1 n improbably by private speculators40 ,?is op9ion1 :i* ,mr4 ,john ,evans1 ,f4,r4,s41 has be5 k9d en\gh to write me1 co9cides ) t ( ,mr4 ,newton1 z well z t ( ,mr4 ,roa* ,smi?2 & we may !re=e assume1 ) tol]able c]ta9ty1 t ! cave 0 inhabit$ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury or aft]w>ds1 at a "t :5 ! )drawal ( ! ,roman ,legions _h left ! colony ( ,brita91 ^: y\? & vig\r _h be5 consum$ 9 ! fi]ce /ruggle ( ! rivals = ! ?rone ( ! ,we/1 a prey to ! b>b>ian invad]s4 ,x is ( c\rse conceivable t "s ( ^! co9s may h be5 dropp$ at "o "t1 & "s at ano!r1 b nev]!less x seems v probable t ! :ole accumulation belongs to ! same relative age4 ,b :e!r ?is be accept$ or n1 x is c]ta9 ! cave 0 inhabit$ dur+ ! "t t ! m9imi 7 9 circulation1--t is to say1 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury1 or f t "t =w>ds4 ,! ,jewell]y1 & its ,relation to ,iri% ,art4 ,?is conclusion z to ! date1 d]iv$ f ! co9s1 is confirm$ 9 a rem>kable degree by ! exam9ation ( ! articles ( luxury4 ,besides two bronze broo*es ( ! ,roman patt]n1 kn[n by ar*ologi/s z h>p-%ap$ 7,col\r$ ,plate1 fig4 #e71 0 "o ( ! split-r+ type1 ) a moveable p91 :i* is g5]ally assign$ to ! lat] p]iod ( ! ,roman occupation ( ?is c\ntry4 ,"o type ( broo* 0 compos$ ( two circul> plates ( bronze1 sold]$ toge!r1 ! front be+ v ?9 & be>+ flamboyant & spiral patt]ns 9 relief 7,fig4 #be71 ( admirable design & execution4 ,! orig9al ( ! figure 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,jackson1 & is m p]fect ?an any ( ^? :i* we obta9$ 9 our excavations4 ,x is altoge!r unlike any ,roman broo* prop]ly s call$1 bo? 9 its composite make & /yle ( ornam5t4 ,a simil> broo* has be5 discov]$ at ,br\gh ,ca/le1 9 ,we/morel&1 & 0 figur$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,antiqu>ian ,society 7vol4 iv4 #abi71 by ,sir ,james ,musgrave1 & a second is pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy 7#dib74 ,! /yle corresponds ) t ( a m$allion on a ,runic casket ( silv]-bronze1 figur$ by ,pr(4 ,/ev5s1 & /at$ to h be5 obta9$ f ,nor?umbrian ,brita91 z well z t ( a broo* 9 ! ,museum at ,ma9z1 assign$ by ! same au?ority to ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury4 ,x is also to be met ) 9 ! illum9ations ( "o ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,gospels at ,/ockholm1 z well z 9 ^? ( ! ,gospels ( ,s4 ,columban1 pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 & 9 ! 8,book ( ,kells0 7#h-ijj74eb ,9 all ^! cases x _c be affirm$ to be ,roman1 & x is n pres5t$ by ornam5ts ( ei!r purely ,engli% or ,teutonic orig94 ,x is mo/ closely alli$ to t "w :i* is t]m$ by ,mr4 ,franks 8late ,celtic40 ,f its localization 9 ,brita9 & ,irel&1 x seems to be probable t x is ( ,celtic d]ivation2 & if ?is view be accept$1 !re is no?+ at all extraord9>y 9 its be+ recogniz$ 9 ! illum9at$ ,iri% ,gospels4 ,irel&1 9 ! six? & sev5? c5turies1 0 ! great c5tre ( art1 civilization1 & lit]ature2 & x is only reasonable to suppose t !re w\ld be int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,iri% ,*ri/ians & ^? ( ! we/ ( ,brita9 dur+ ! "t t ! ,romano-,celts1 or ,brit-,wel%1 7 be+ sl[ly pu%$ to ! we/w>d by ! hea!n ,engli% invad]4 ,pro( ( su* an int]c\rse we f9d 9 ! brief notice 9 ! 8,annales ,cambri10 9 :i* ,gildas1 ! ,brit-,wel% hi/orian1 is /at$ to h sail$ ov] to ,irel& 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #efe4 ,x is by no means improbable t ab\t ?is "t !re 0 a ,brit-,wel% migration into ,irel&1 z well z into ,brittany4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,bronze ,broo* 7natural size74 ,nor is x at all /range t ! same /yle ( ornam5t %\ld occur 9 "s few cases 9 ,nor? ,g]many4 8,! conque/ ( ,brita910 writes ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,gre5 78,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p10 p4 #afec71 8_h ?ru/ a w$ge ( hea!ndom into ! he>t ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*4 ,on ! "o side lay ,italy & ,gaul1 ^: ,*ur*es own$ ob$i5ce to ! see ( ,rome1 on ! o!r ! free ,celtic ,*ur* ( ,irel&4 ,b ! condition ( ! two portions ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom 0 v diff]5t4 ,:ile ! vig\r ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity 0 exhau/$ 9 a b>e /ruggle = life1 ,irel& z yet unsc\rg$ by invad]s _h drawn f its conv]sion an en]gy su* z x has nev] kn[n s9ce4 ,*ri/ianity _h be5 receiv$ !re ) a bur/ ( popul> en?usiasm4 ,lett]s & arts sprang up rapidly 9 its tra92 ! sci5ce & ,biblical k :i* _h fl$ f ! cont95t took refuge 9 fam\s s*ools :i* made ,durr[ & ,armagh ! univ]sities ( ! ,we/4 ,! new life soon beat too /rongly to brook conf9em5t )9 insul> b\nds4 ,patrick1 ! fir/ mission>y ( ,irel&1 _h n be5 half a c5tury dead1 :5 ,celtic ,*ri/ianity flung itself ) a fi]y zeal into battle ) ! mass ( hea!nism :i* _h roll$ 9 ^u ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,iri% mission>ies lab\r$ among ! ,picts ( ! ,highl&s1 among ! ,frisians ( ! nor!rn seas2 ,columban f\nd$ mona/]ies 9 ,burgundy & ! ,ap5n9es2 ! canton ( ,/4 ,gall /ill commemorates 9 its "n ! mission>y be=e :om ! spirits ( flood & fell fl$ wail+ ov] ! wat]s ( ! ,lake ( ,con/ance4 ,= a "t x seem$ z if ! c\rse ( ! _w's hi/ory 0 to be *ang$1 z if ! old] race t ,roman & ,teuton _h swept be=e !m _h turn$ to ! moral conque/ ( its conqu]ors1 z if ,celtic & n ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity 0 to m\ld ! de/9ies ( ! ,*ur*es ( ! ,we/40 ,x is impossible t ,iri%-,celtic art %\ld n h made itself felt :]ev] ! ,iri% mission>ies p5etrat$1 & especially 9 ! gorge\s illum9at$ ,gospels1 :i* x 0 ! pride ( ,s4 ,columban & 8 s*ool to h made1 & :i* n[ excite our wond] & admiration4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian art 9 ,irel& grew out ( ! late ,celtic1 & 01 to a great ext5t1 free f ! influ5ce ( ,rome1 :i* is /amp$ on ! ,brit-,wel% art ( ! same age 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! /yle1 !re=e1 ( ^! circul> broo*es1 f its correspond5ce ) t ( ! ,iri% illum9at$ gospels1 af=ds reasonable gr\nds = ! belief t ! ,victoria ,cave 0 inhabit$ 9 ! six? c5tury1 or possibly lat]1 b be=e ! ,engli% invad]s _h swept ! ,brit-,wel% away f ! di/rict4 ,two o!r broo*es 7 also discov]$ 9 ! black lay]1 :i* are ev5 ( great] int]e/ ?an ^? :i* h j be5 describ$4 ,! "o repres5ts a dragon 7color$ ,plate1 fig4 #c71 ) its eye made ( r$ enamel2 ! o!r 7color$ ,plate1 fig4 #g7 %ap$1 l ! lett] ,s1 has its front compos$ ( an elaborate cloissonne patt]n 9 r$1 blue1 & yell[ enamels1 & is ( ! same design z two broo*es 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 discov]$1 "o ne> ,:itt+ton ,hill1 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & ! o!r ne> ,malton1 9 ,york%ire4 ,all ?ree 71 und\bt$ly1 turn$ out ( ! same arti/ic s*ool1 & !y may h be5 made by "o workman4 ,! enamel1 9 all ^! examples1 seems to h be5 ins]t$ into holl[s 9 ! bronze1 & !n to h be5 heat$ s z to =m a close union ) !m1 & 9 "s cases :]e x has be5 brok51 z 9 color$ ,plate1 fig4 #g1 small fragm5ts /ill rema9 to atte/ ! complet5ess ( ! fusion ) ! bronze4 ,! /yle ( workman%ip is nei!r ,roman nor ,teutonic4 ,an enamell$ fibula ) spirals 9 relief1 f\nd at ,rei*5ba*#ed 7,soleure7 9 a po/-,roman sepul*re1 & figur$ by ,bon/ett91 is ( a simil> design1 & x may be trac$ also 9 two broo*es obta9$ by ! ,abb ,co*et1 f ! ,m]ov+ian ,cemet]y ( ,env]meu1#ee al?\gh !y are ( m massive & squ>e con/ruction ?an ^? ( ,york%ire4 ,"o h>p-%ap$ broo* 7color$ ,plate1 fig4 #a7 is ornam5t$ ) diamonds ( blue enamel1 sep>at$ by small triangles ( r$1 & %[s 9 its ,roman design & ,celtic ornam5tation ! union betwe5 ,celtic & ,roman art4 ,a simil> specim5 f ,br\gh ,ca/le1 ,we/morel&1 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & may h be5 turn$ out ( ! same work%op4 ,we also met ) an enamell$ disk 7color$ ,plate1 fig4 #f71 & a f+]-r+ 7fig4 #d7 ( bronze-gilt1 ornam5t$ ) blue enamel4 ,sev]al enamell$ fibul 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 obta9$ by ,sir ,james ,musgrave1 at ,kirby ,?ore1 ,we/morel&1 belong to ! same /yle ( art z ^? ( ! ,victoria cave1 & 7 associat$ ) ! same class ( rema9s4 ,%ields1#ef scabb>ds1 horse trapp+s1 & o!r articles h also be5 discov]$ 9 ?is c\nty1 decorat$ 9 ! same fa%ion ) col\r$ enamels1 & especially a bronze vase f ! late ,roman tumuli1 call$ ! ,b>tl[ ,hills4 ,!y all belong to ! class t]m$ 8late ,celtic0 by ,mr4 ,franks1 & are consid]$ by him to be ( ,briti% manufacture4 ,?is view is support$ by ! only ref]5ce to ! art ( enamell+ :i* is furni%$ by ! classical writ]s4 ,philo/ratus1 a ,greek sophi/1 :o left ,a!ns 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury to jo9 ! ,c\rt ( ,julia ,domna1 ! wife ( ! ,emp]or ,sev]us1 writes3--8,x is said t ! b>b>ians liv+ 9 or by ! ocean1 p\r ^! colors 7^? ( ! horse trapp+s7 on heat$ bronze1 t ^! adh]e1 gr[ z h>d z /one1 & pres]ve ! designs t are made 9 !m40#eg ,mr4 ,franks' op9ion t ?is passage relates to ,brita91 seems to be m probable ?an t ( ! em95t ,fr5* ar*ologi/1 ,m4 de ,laborde1 :o holds t x relates to ,gaul & especially to 8,belgica40#eh ,:5 we consid] ! v>iety ( enamell$ objects :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 x seems to be by no means improbable t ! pr9cipal c5tre ( ! art enamell+ 0 "h r ?an 9 ! s\?2 & ?is conclusion is consid]ably /r5g!n$ by ! fact t "u ! ,romans political p[] c5t]$ 9 ! di/rict betwe5 ! ,humb] & ! ,tyne1 & t ,york1 & n ,london1 0 ! capital ( ,brita9 & ! seat ( ! ,roman ,prefect4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t s9ce ! ,emp]or ,sev]us built ! wall :i* be>s 8 "n1 m>*$ 9 p]son aga9/ ! ,cal$onians1 & di$ at ,york1 ! acc\nt ( ! enamels may h be5 br\ght to ! c\rt ( ! ,empress ,julia f ?is v region1 & ?us come to be record$ by ,philo/ratus4 ,two h>p-%ap$ fibul1 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,jackson f ! ,victoria cave1 & ornam5t$ ) enamel1 are coat$ ) silv]1 & 9 "o ( !m two small blocks ( t metal /ill rema9 firmly imb$d$ 9 ! bronze4 ,x is v probable t mo/ ( ! ornam5ts 7 plat$ ei!r ) silv] or gold1 traces ( :i*1 9 "s cases1 /ill rema94 ,among ! miscellane\s objects 9 metal are a bronze wire broo* 7color$ ,plate1 fig4 #h71 two bracelets1 compos$ ( twi/$ bronze-gilt wire2 & "o fragm5t 9 solid bronze1 ornam5t$ ) "r l9es2 "o pla9 bronze f+]-r+2 two small buckles1 respectively ( bronze & ( iron1 & a small bronze flatt5$ p9 7color$ ,plate1 fig4 #b71 end+ 9 two po9ts to :i*1 at fir/1 we 7 unable to assign a use4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! two po9ts 7 comp>$ ) ! circles on ! ornam5ts ( bone 7,fig4 #bb71 !re 0 b little d\bt t ?is curi\s object 0 employ$ z a pair ( fix$ compasses4 ,!re 7 also iron articles :i* 7 too mu* corrod$ to admit ( a guess at _! probable use1 besides a ,roman key1 knife-blades1 & a spe>-head discov]$ by ,mr4 ,jackson4 ,! numb] ( ornam5ts f\nd 9 ! ,victoria ,cave f "t to "t by v>i\s explor]s is v consid]able4 ,!y are scatt]$ 9 ! private collections ( ,messrs4 ,jackson & ,eckroyd ,smi?1 & 9 ! ,museums ( ,giggleswick ,gramm>-s*ool1 & ( ,le$s1 & ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,simil> rema9s 9 o!r ,caves 9 ,york%ire4 ,! ,victoria cave is by no means ! only "o 9 ! di/rict t has furni%$ works ( art & ! rema9s ( animals4 ,! ,alb]t cave 7,fig4 #ai1 c47 close by is1 z yet1 only explor$ suffici5tly to prove t x conta9s ! same k9d ( objects2 & f t ( ,kelko1 ov]look+ ,giggleswick1 !y h be5 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,jackson2#ei z well z f t ( ,d[k]-bottom betwe5 ,arncliffe & ,kilnsay1 by ,mr4 ,james ,f>r] & ,mr4 ,d5ny4#fj ,f ! la/1 sev5 spoon-%ap$ broo*es ( bone1 & two sp9dle-:orls ( ,samian w>e ( ! bottom ( a vase1 are pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 z well z a bronze ne$le1 & broo*es bo? h>p-%ap$ & discoid1 & fragm5ts ( pott]y4 ,?ree co9s 9 bronze1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,f>r]1#fa prove t ! date ( ! accumulation is late or po/-,roman1 "o be+ ( ,claudius ,go?icus1 ^: reign end$ ,a4,d4 #bgj1 & two belong+ to ! ,tetrici1 ,a4,d4 #bfg-bgc1 s9ce !y w\ld rema9 9 circulation = "s "t aft] !y 7 /ruck4 ,a bronze p91 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,jackson1 f ,d[k]-bottom1 is rem>kable = ! head be+ plat$ ) silv]4 ,! fragm5t ( flatt5$ antl] f ?is cave1 ref]r$ by ,mr4 ,d5ny to ! elk1 mo/ probably belongs to ! cr[n ( an old antl] ( ! /ag1 & ! rema9s ( ! 8,canis primvus0 ( t au?or _c be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( a l>ge dog4 ,! bones ( ! wolf1 & an enorm\s /ag 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,philosophical ,society at ,le$s1 are probably mu* old] ?an ! ,brit-,wel% /ratum4 ,^! ,caves us$ z ,places ( ,refuge4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! works ( art1 9 association ) ! rema9s ( ! dome/ic animals us$ = food1 is only to be satisfactorily acc\nt$ = 9 ! way propos$ by ,mr4 ,dixon4 ,m5 accu/om$ to luxury & ref9em5t 7 compell$1 by ! pressure ( "s great calamity1 to flee = refuge1 & to lead a half-savage life 9 ^! inclem5t caves1 ) :atev] !y c\ld transport ?i!r ( _! prop]ty4 ,!y 7 also accompani$ by _! families1 = ! numb] ( p]sonal ornam5ts & ! sp9dle-:orls imply ! pres5ce ( ! female sex4 ,we may also inf] t !y 7 cut (f f ! civilization to :i* !y _h be5 accu/om$1 s9ce !y 7 compell$ to extemporize sp9dle-:orls out ( ! pieces ( ! vessels t !y br\ght ) !m1 in/ead ( us+ ^? :i* _h be5 manufactur$ = ! purpose4 ,! evid5ce ( ,hi/ory z to ! ,date4 ,we h already se5 f ! exam9ation ( ! co9s1 t ! ,victoria cave 0 occupi$ dur+ or aft] ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury1 & f ! works ( art t x may h be51 & probably 01 occupi$ at a lat] "t4 ,to fix ! late/ possible limit to ! occupation ( ! gr\p ( caves to :i* x belongs1 we mu/ appeal to contempor>y hi/ory4 ,dur+ ! fir/ f\r c5turies ( ,roman dom9ion 9 ,brita91 ! spread ( ! mann]s & arts ( ! great mi/ress ( ! _w foll[$ close ^u h] success 9 arms2 & ! policy ( "o ( ! greate/ ( h] g5]als1 ,agricola1 bore fruit 9 ! adoption ( h] civilization by ! ,briti% prov9cials4 ,! population clu/]$ r\nd ! ,roman /ations1 & cities sprang up1 su* z ,*e/]1 ,ba?1 ,york1 & ,l9coln1 betwe5 :i* a ready communication 0 ma9ta9$ by ! roads t /ill rema9 z monum5ts ( eng9e]+ skill1 & :i*1 9 _m cases1 h be5 us$ un9t]rupt$ly f t "t to ! pres5t day4 ,agriculture 0 c>ri$ on to su* an ext5t1 t ,brita9 became "o ( ! pr9cipal corn-produc+ regions ( ! ,roman ,empire2 & a comm]ce ) =eign c\ntries 0 c>ri$ on f ! ports on ! banks ( ! ,?ames & ! ,sev]n 7,gildas1 i474 ,! m9]al s\rces 7 also fully explor$2 t9 0 s\ght 9 ! m9es ( ,cornwall1 lead 9 ^? ( ,d]by%ire & ,som]set%ire1 & iron 9 ! =e/ ( ,dean1 ,sussex1 & ,nor?umb]l&4 ,nor 0 ?is mat]ial prosp]ity unaccompani$ by ! signs ( luxury & culture4 ,num]\s villas 7 dott$ ?r\gh\t ! prov9ce1 resembl+ 9 size & plan ! quadrangle ( a m$ival college at ,ox=d or ,cambridge1 & ev5 9 ru9s a/oni%+ u by _! magnitude & ! beauty ( _! tessellat$ pavem5ts4 ,york 0 ! capital ( ! prov9ce & ! c5tre ( gov]nm5t1 & consequ5tly ,york%ire mu/ h be51 if any?+1 m completely p5etrat$ ) ! ,roman arts & civilization ?an any o!r "p ( ,brita94 ,! relation ( ! ,roman conqu]ors to ! conqu]$ ,celtic inhabitants 0 some:at analog\s to t :i* n[ exi/s betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! subject nations 9 ,india4 ,lat9 0 ! language spok5 by ! high] classes 9 ! cities1 ( ! army1 & probably ( ! c\rts ( law2 :ile 9 ! c\ntry ! ,celtic tongue held its gr\nd1 & /ill survives 9 ! language ( ,wales4 ,*ri/ianity 0 probably pr(ess$ 9 ?is c\ntry ab\t ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 & became ! dom9ant religion by ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury1 if n be=e4 ,und]nea? all ! outw>d signs ( prosp]ity dur+ ! ,roman rule 9 ,brita91 !re 7 causes at "w :i* ensur$ ! ru9 ( ! prov9ce4 ,! policy ( c5tralization1 & ! v p]fection ( ! ma*9]y = gov]nm5t on autocratic pr9ciples1 :i* br\ght ab\t ! de/ruction ( ! ,roman ,empire1 z 9 our own days !y h ne>ly ru9$ ,france1 bore fruit 9 ,brita9 9 ! helpless apa?y ( ! prov9cials :5 ! ma*9]y 0 brok5 up4 ,x is !re=e no wond] t :5 ! ,roman g>rison 0 f9ally )drawn f ?is c\ntry1 9 ! ye> #dji1 ! prov9cials 7 left an easy prey to _! enemies4 ,nor ne$ we wond] t !y set up isolat$ c5tres ( gov]nm5t1 :i* we may t]m communes1 9 ! ye> #daj1 9 :i* ea* city /ood out = itself1 in/ead ( comb9+ toge!r = ! common weal4 ,f ?is "t =w>d ! inhabitants ( ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,brita91 sev]$ f ! ,roman ,empire1 became a prey to ! _m tyrants :o sprang up1 & ! an>*y foll[$ s pa!tically describ$ by ,gildas4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ! co9age became debas$1 & ,roman co9s af=d$ ! patt]ns = ! small bronze m9imi ( ! ,settle cave1#fb :i* are s abundant among ! ru9s ( ,roman cities 9 ?is c\ntry1 su* z ,/4 ,alban's4 ,! invad]s ( ,brita9 mu/ n[ be consid]$4 ,! ,picts & ,scots _h secur$ a rude lib]ty "u ! protection ( _! m\nta9s & morasses1 r ?an by _! success 9 arms aga9/ ! ,roman legions1 & _! raids into ! ,roman prov9ce _h be5 curb$ by ! walls & l9es ( =ts1 ext5d+1 ! "o f ! ,fir? ( ,=? to ! ,fir? ( ,clyde1 ! o!r f ! ,solway ,fir? to ! ,tyne4 ,9 spite ( ^!1 h[ev]1 f "t to "t1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 !y c>ri$ desolation into ,nor?umb]l& & ,york%ire1 ev5 if !y did n p5etrate f>!r into ! s\?4 ,& on ! )drawal ( ! ,roman legions1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 _! raids 7 organiz$ on a mu* l>g] scale4 ,9 ! pages ( ,gildas we h a melan*oly picture ( _! results4 ,9 ! lett] writt5 to tius1 ! ,roman comm&] 9 ,gaul1 9 #ddf1 ! ,brita9s are describ$ z %eep1 & ! ,picts & ,scots z wolves4 8,! b>b>ians drive u back to ! sea2 ! sea drives u back aga9 to p]i% at ! h&s ( ! b>b>ians10 are ! words put into ! m\? ( ! embassy4#fc ,"o plea = aid1 :i* !y advanc$1 is especially int]e/+1 because x %[s incid5tally t ! ,roman civilization did n disappe> ) ! )drawal ( ! legions--! plea t unless !y 7 succ\r$ ! "n ( ,rome w\ld be di%on\r$4 ,n]v$ by despair1 ! ,briti% 9 ! foll[+ ye> take up arms1 &1 accord+ to ,gildas1 leave _! h\ses & l&s1 & tak+ %elt] 9 m\nta9s & =e/s1 & 9 caves1#fd succe$ 9 driv+ back _! ,picti% & ,scotti% enemies4 ,x is v significant t caves %\ld be m5tion$ 9 ?is acc\nt2 = ! region ( ,crav5 is "o ( ! v few 9 ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y are suffici5tly abundant to all[ ( _! be+ us$ z places ( %elt] on a scale suffici5tly l>ge to be record$ 9 hi/ory2 & :5 we consid] t "o ( ! natural highways f ,scotl& into c5tral ,engl& lies ?r\gh t di/rict1 x seems to me extremely probable t ! gr\p ( caves ( :i* ,victoria is "o is t ref]r$ to4 ,on ?is po9t x is wor?y ( record1 t 9 ! ye> #agde1 :5 ! y\ng] ,pret5d] 0 at ,%ap1 & x 0 d\btful :e!r he w\ld take ! r\te ?r\gh ,ribblesdale or by way ( ,pre/on1 ! elde/ son ( "o ( ! l&[n]s ne> ,settle1 0 hidd51 along ) ! family plate1 9 a ,cave close to ! ,victoria1 9 ! belief t ! ,highl&]s 7 9 ! habit ( eat+ *ildr5 z well z ( lay+ h&s on ! preci\s metals4 ,! hi/orical notice tallies exactly ) ! geographical position1 & is n inconsi/5t ) ! evid5ce (f]$ by ! co9s & o!r rema9s4 ,! date1 !re=e1 ( ! occupation may probably be assign$ z ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! late/ date t c be assign$4 ,9 ! ye> #ddi1 ! ?ree %ips :i* conta9$ ,h5gi/ & 8 w>riors1 l&$ at ,ebbsfleet1 9 ,?anet1 & ! fir/ ,engli% colony 0 f\nd$ among a p :o 7 kn[n to ! /rang]s z 8,brit-,wel%40#fe ,f t "t a /eady immigration ( ,angle1 ,jute1 ,saxon1 & ,frisian set 9 t[>ds ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,brita91 z f> nor? z ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 until1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury1 ! :ole ( ! ea/]n "p ( our isl& 0 tak5 possession ( by v>i\s tribes1#ff ^: names1 = ! mo/ "p1 /ill survive 9 ! names ( our c\nties4 ,! pr9cipal riv]s also af=d$ !m a free passage into ! he>t ( ! c\ntry1 & ! k+dom ( ,m]cia gradually exp&$ until x embrac$1 n only ! bas9 ( ! ,tr5t1 b rea*$ z f> z ! l9e ( ! ,sev]n4 ,! riv] ,humb] af=d$ a base ( op]ations = ! ,anglian freeboot]s1 :o f\nd$ ! k+dom ( ,deira or mod]n ,york%ire2 :ile ! camp ( ,bambor\gh 0 ! c5tre f :i* ,ida1 :o l&$ ) fifty %ips 9 ! ye> #edg1 conqu]$ ,b]nicia1 or ! region ext5d+ f ! riv] ,tees to ,ed9burgh4 ,! tide ( ,engli% colonization roll$ /eadily we/w>d1 until1 at ! close ( ! six? c5tury1 ! hilly & impassable di/ricts culm9at+ 9 ! ,p5n9e ,*a91 & ext5d+ s\?w>ds f ,cumb]l& & ,we/morel&1 ?r\gh ,york%ire & ,d]by%ire1 =m$ ! b>ri] betwe5 ! ,brit-,wel% k+doms ( ,elmet & ,/ra?clyde on ! ea/1 & ! ,engli% on ! we/4 ,to ! s\? ( ?is ! ,brit-,wel% dom9ion 0 b\nd$ by ! riv] ,sev]n1 & includ$ ,*e/] & ! :ole ( ! bas9 ( ! ,dee2 :ile ,som]set1 ,devon1 & ,cornwall1 & ! di/rict r\nd ,brad=d & ,malmesbury =m$ ! k+dom ( ,we/ ,wales4#fg ,! long w> by :i* ! bord]s ( ,engl& 7 gradually pu%$ to ! we/1 at ! exp5se ( ! ,brit-,wel%1 0 "o ( ! mo/ fe>ful ( :i* we h any record4 ,! ,engli% invad]s came ov]1 ) _! wives & *ildr5 & h\sehold /uff1 9 su* =ce t ! c\ntry :i* !y left beh9d 0 left desolate = sev]al c5turies4 ,wor%ipp]s ( ,?or & ,od91 & liv+ a free life1 equally divid$ betwe5 f>m+1 hunt+1 & w>1 !y 7 mortal foes to ,*ri/ianity & to ,roman civilization4 ,!y de/roy$ ! ,brit-,wel% cities ) fire & sword2 & ! a%es ( ! ,roman villas1 :i* are to be f\nd 9 ne>ly e "p ( ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,brita91 te/ify to ! ke5ness ( _! hate to ev]y?+ :i* 0 at once ,*ri/ian1 ,roman1 & ,celtic4 ,gildas =cibly describes ! de/ruction :i* !y wr\ght among 8 c\ntrym51 by ! metaphor t 8! flame k9dl$ 9 ! ea/1 rag$ ov] ne>ly all ! l&1 until x fl>$ r$ ov] ! we/]n ocean40#fh ,9 ! conqu]$ di/ricts ! ,brit-,wel% 7 ei!r ext]m9at$ or enslav$1 & _! civilization 0 :olly replac$ by ! rude culture ( ! ,engli%4 ,x foll[s1 f ! nature ( ?is conque/1 t any gr\p ( rema9s1 su* z ^? 9 ! caves "u consid]ation1 mu/ be assign$ to ! "t be=e ! ,engli% _h possession ( ! di/rict1 & we mu/ !re=e see :at hi/orical pro( is to be f\nd on ! po9t4 ,at ! close ( ! six? c5tury ! ,brit-,wel% k+dom ( ,elmet 79 ! bas9 ( ! riv] ,aire7--a "n :i* /ill survives 9 ,b>wick-9-,elmet1 a little village ab\t sev5 miles to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,le$s--ext5d$ ov] ! c\ntry r\nd ,le$s & ,brad=d1 pass+ we/w>ds t[>ds1 if n into1 ,lanca%ire1 & nor?w>ds probably s z to embrace ,ribblesdale1 & =m+ a b>ri] to ! we/w>d advance ( ! ,engli% possessors ( ea/]n ,york%ire4 ,its d[nfall w give u ! late/ possible limit :i* we are seek+ = ! ,brit-,wel% occupation ( ! ,victoria ,cave4 ,! two k+doms ( ,deira & ,b]nicia _h unit$ to =m ! p[]ful /ate ( ,nor?umbria1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury1 "u !lfri?1 :o c>ri$ on ! w> aga9/ ! ,brit-,wel% ) great] vig\r ?an 8 pr$ecessors4 ,9 #fjgfi he m>*$ along ! l9e ( ! ,tr5t1 ?r\gh ,/af=d%ire1 avoid+ !reby ! difficult & easily-def5d$ hilly c\ntry ( ,d]by%ire & ,ea/ ,lanca%ire1 to ! battle ne> ,*e/]1 fam\s = ! de/ruction ( ! p[] ( ,/ra?clyde1 & ! dea? ( ! monks ( ,bangor1 :o f\ght aga9/ him ) _! pray]s4 ,by ?is decisive bl[1 ! ,engli% fir/ set foot on ! coa/ ( ! ,iri% ,*annel1 & ,/ra?clyde & ,elmet1 on ! "o h&1 7 cut asund] f ,wales4 ,on ! o!r ,*e/] 0 s ?or\ghly de/roy$ t x rema9$ 9 ru9s = ne>ly ?ree c5turies1 to be rebuilt by !lfld1 8! ,lady ( ! ,m]cians10 9 #ijg1 & ! pla9s ( ,lanca%ire lay op5 to ! invad]4#gj ,?is we/]n advance ( ! ,nor?umbrians 0 complet$ by ! conque/ ( ,elmet1 9 #faf1 by ,eadw9e1 & ! :ole di/rict f ,ed9burgh1 z f> s\? z ! ,humb]1 & z f> we/ z ,*e/]1 became subject to 8 rule4#ga ,! late/ possible date1 !re=e1 t c be assign$ = ! occupation ( ^! caves by ! ,brit-,wel% is det]m9$ by t ev5t4 ,x _c be lat] ?an ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sev5? c5tury1 or ! "t :5 :at rema9$ ( ,roman art & civilization 9 t di/rict 0 swept away by ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t dalesm54 ,! relics 9 ! caves mu/ h be5 accumulat$ 9 ! two c5turies :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! recall ( ! legions 9 ! days ( ,honorius & ! ,engli% conque/4 ,!y are traces ( ! an>*y :i* exi/$ 9 ^? times1 & !y tell a tale ( woe1 wr\ght on ! ,brit-,wel%1 by ,pict1 ,scot1 or ,engli%man1 z eloqu5tly z ! lam5t ( ,gildas1 or ! m\rnful v]ses ( ,tallies94 ,!y complete ! picture ( ! desolation ( ^? times reveal$ by ! a%es ( ! villas & cities :i* 7 burn$ by ! invad]s4 ,we h n[ exam9$ ! evid5ce z to date (f]$ by ! cont5ts ( ^! caves1 & we h se5 t x agrees ) ! contempor>y hi/ory4 ,x may !re=e be conclud$ t x lies 9 ! fif? & six? c5turies1 possibly ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sev5?4 ,! ,neoli?ic ,/ratum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,bone ,h>poon 7natural size74 ,?is occupation ( ! ,victoria ,cave by ! ,brit-,wel% is a m]e episode 9 its hi/ory4 ,x 0 inhabit$ by man 9 ! neoli?ic age1 at a "t s remote t ! int]val betwe5 x & ! hi/orical p]iod c only be measur$ by ! rude me?od by :i* geologi/s e/imate ! relative age ( ! rocks4 ,at ! entrance ! d>k ,romano-,celtic or ,brit-,wel% /ratum 7,fig4 #bj1 ,no4 #d2 ,fig4 #ba1 ,no4 #d7 lay buri$1 z we h se51 "u an accumulation ( angul> fragm5ts ( /one :i* _h fall5 f ! cliff4 ,x re/$ on a simil> accumulation 7,fig4 #bj1 ,no4 #c2 ,fig4 #ba1 ,no4 #c7 :i* 0 no less ?an six feet ?ick1 & at ! bottom ( ?is1 at ! po9t :]e x 0 bas$ on a /iff grey clay1 a bone h>poon 7,fig4 #bf7 0 discov]$1 z well z *>coal2 a bone bead 7,fig4 #bg71 ?ree rude fl9t flakes1 & ! brok5 bones ( ! br[n be>1 /ag1 horse1 & ,celtic %or?orn 7,bos longifrons74 ,! h>poon is a little m ?an ?ree in*es long1 ) ! head arm$ ) two b>bs on ea* side1 & ! base pres5t+ a mode ( secur+ atta*m5t to ! h&le :i* has n be=e be5 discov]$ 9 ,brita94 ,in/ead ( a m]e projection to cat* ! ligatures by :i* x 0 b\nd to ! %aft1 !re is a well-cut b>b on ei!r side1 po9t+ 9 a contr>y direction to ^? :i* =m ! head4 ,ample use = su* an in/rum5t w\ld be f\nd 9 ,malham t>n1 "s ?ree miles (f1 & v probably also 9 t :i* =m]ly exi/$ close by at ,att]mire1 b :i* has be5 *ok$ up by peat1 & is n[ turn$ into grass-l& by dra9age4 ,! rema9s ( ! br[n be> consi/ ( num]\s holl[ bones & tee?1 & ! %aft ( a femur ) its articul> ends brok5 (f1 has be5 poli%$ by friction aga9/ "s s(t sub/ance1 s t its surface has a lu/re l t ( glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,bone-bead 7natural size47 ,! "q naturally arises1 :o 7 ! anci5t inhabitants ( ! cave ^: rude implem5ts occur 9 ?is l[] /ratum8 ,f ! few rema9s :i* we discov]$1 !y 7 hunt]s & fi%]m51 & ! possessors ( dome/ic ox51 & possibly horses1 & 9 a mu* l[] /ate ( civilization ?an ! ,brit-,wel% inhabitants :o succe$$ !m 9 ! cave aft] a long int]val4 ,!re is no pro( t !y us$ a co9age1 or t !y 7 acqua9t$ ) metal4 ,! conclusion t !y 7 neoli?ic is bas$ on ! foll[+ evid5ce3--,9 #ahga ! ,exploration ,committee exam9$ a small cave ab\t #bjj y>ds (f1 9 ,k+'s ,sc>1 & obta9$ ! brok5 bones ( ! /ag1 ,celtic %ort-horn 7,bos longifrons71 goat1 & horse1 a :et/one1 & a rudely *ipp$ scrap]1 to :i*1 subsequ5tly1 ,mr4 ,john ,birkbeck1 jun41 made ! important addition ( "p ( a human ?igh-bone4 ,?is set ( rema9s1 ! human ?igh-bone except$1 agrees ) ^? 9 ! l[] /ratum 9 ! ,victoria ,cave1 n m]ely 9 ! abs5ce ( metal1 b also 9 af=d+ signs ( a comp>atively rude civilization2 & we might reasonably expect t ! two caves s close to ea* o!r1 w\ld h be5 occupi$ by ! same p at approximately ! same "t4 ,if ?is be all[$1 ! ?igh-bone may be assign$ to "o ( ^! e>li] inhabitants1 ! place ( habitation be+1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 subsequ5tly us$ = purposes ( burial4 ,! ?igh-bone itself is *>act]iz$ by ! great developm5t ( ! muscul> ridge kn[n to anatomi/s z ! l9ea asp]a1 imply+ ! peculi> flatness ( %9 :i* is t]m$ by ,pr(essor ,busk platycnemism4 ,?is peculi> =m has be5 met ) 9 ! neoli?ic tumuli ( ,york%ire1 explor$ by ! ,rev4 ,canon ,gre5well1 z well z 9 ! human rema9s :i* ,i h discov]$ 9 ! neoli?ic caves & *amb]$ tombs ( ,d5bigh%ire2 & s9ce x has n be5 obs]v$ 9 any human skeletons 9 ?is c\ntry :i* are n ( t age1 x may be fairly tak5 to prove t a neoli?ic p =m]ly liv$ 9 ,ribblesdale4 ,& fur!r1 s9ce ! traces ( rude culture met ) 9 ^! two caves are ! same z ^? :i* *>act]ize neoli?ic burial & dwell+ places ?r\gh\t ,europe1 !y may be assign$ to t remote age4 ,simil> human rema9s 7 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,f>r] f ! ,d[k]-bottom ,cave1 & imply t t cave also 0 us$ z a neoli?ic burial-place4 ,! id5tification ( ?is race ) ! ,basque or ,ib]ian /ock1 f :i* are desc5d$ ! small1 d>k peoples ( ,d]by%ire1 ,wales1 & c]ta9 p>ts ( ,irel&1 mu/ be ref]r$ to ! *apt]s on ! ,neoli?ic ,caves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,/one ,adze3 a1 side view2 b1 edge 7natural size74 ,! reput$ discov]y ( an adze 7,fig4 #bh71 ( a v>iety ( gre5/one :i* ,mr4 ,wyndham id5tifies ) melaphyr1 _m ye>s ago 9 ! ,victoria ,cave1 may (f] additional evid5ce z to its hav+ be5 occupi$ by a neoli?ic tribe4 ,x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,museum ( ! ,philosophical ,society at ,le$s by ,mr4 ,jackson1 & figur$ by ,mr4 ,d5ny among ! rema9s f ! ,caves ( ,crav51 & pres5ts *>act]s t h n1 to my k1 be5 met ) 9 any o!r neoli?ic implem5t f\nd 9 ,great ,brita93 "o end be+ r\ghly *ipp$ = ins]tion into a socket1 :ile ! o!r is c>efully gr\nd into a *isel edge4 ,9 ^! respects1 z ,mr4 ,o',callaghan & ,mr4 ,d5ny h obs]v$1 x be>s a /rik+ resemblance to ! /one adzes us$ by ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s1 & especially 9 ,tahiti2--a resemblance s /rong t1 unless x _h be5 trac$ f ! h&s ( ! discov]] into ! ,museum at ,le$s1 x w\ld be consid]$ by _m ar*ologi/s z an implem5t actually obta9$ f ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,x may h be5 d]iv$ f ! l[] /ratum1 :i* furni%$ ! equally peculi> h>poon1 ,fig4 #bf4 ,! ,approximate ,date ( ! ,neoli?ic ,occupation4 ,f ! position 9 :i* ^! rema9s occurr$1 x is obvi\s t a neoli?ic tribe occupi$ ! cave be=e ! accumulation ( ! angul> fragm5ts1 six feet 9 ?ickness 7,fig4 #bj1 ,no4 #c2 ,fig4 #ba1 ,no4 #c71 j z ! date ( ! ,brit-,wel% occupation is fix$ z be+ aft] ?is1 & be=e ! accumulation ( ! two feet ( dbris above 7,no4 #e74 ,& 9 ?is we h a means ( r\ghly e/imat+ ! int]val ( "t betwe5 !m4 ,x is cle> t ! accumulation ( two feet ( angul> fragm5ts1 torn away by ! action ( ! wea!r f ! cliff1 has be5 =m$ 9 ab\t #a1bjj ye>s1 i4e4 betwe5 ! ,brit-,wel% occupation & ! pres5t "t4 ,if x be admitt$ t equal quantities ( ! cliff h be5 wea!r$ away 9 equal times1 x w foll[ t ! ?ickness ( six feet betwe5 ! ,brit-,wel% /ratum & t "u exam9ation 0 =m$ dur+ a "t ?rice z long1 or #c1fjj ye>s2 & t consequ5tly ! date ( ! e>li] occupation ( ! cave by man is fix$ z be+ ab\t #d1hjj1 or #e1jjj ye>s ago4 ,x is p]fectly true1 t 9 anci5t times ! fro/s may h be5 m int5se ?an !y are n[1 & !re=e t ! rate ( wea!r+ may h be5 fa/]4 ,to ! objection t possibly a l>ge mass ( cliff may h tumbl$ d[n at "o "t1 & subsequ5tly be5 dis9tegrat$1 x may be answ]$1 t at ! po9t at ! entrance :]e ! section 0 tak5 !re 0 no evid5ce ( any su* fall2 ! angul> blocks1 bo? above & bel[ ! ,brit-,wel% /ratum1 be+ z ne>ly z possible ( ! same size1 & n ly+ ) _! faces p>allel to ea* o!r1 z w\ld h be5 ! case _h !y be5 dis9tegrat$ fall5 blocks4 ,nev]!less ?is attempt to fix a date _c lay claim to sci5tific precision1 & 9 t respect is nei!r bett]1 nor worse1 ?an any o!r simil> attempt f\nd$ on ! rate at :i* a valley is be+ excavat$1 or alluvium be+ deposit$1 or on ! retrocession ( a wat]fall1 su*1 = example1 z ,niag>a4 ,x is m]ely valuable z enabl+ u to =m "s sort ( idea ( ! high antiquity ( ! neoli?ic m5 :o left ^! rema9s beh9d 9 ! cave4 ,z ! tr5* 7see ,figs4 #bj1 #ba7 begun on ! outside pass$ into ! entrance ( ! cave1 ! accumulation ( /ones above ! neoli?ic /ratum disappe>$1 & ! latt] became int]m+l$ ) ! ,brit-,wel% lay] above1 s t x w\ld h be5 impossible to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r _h n ! talus m>k$ ! int]val 9 ! plateau outside4 ,! talus also above ! ,brit-,wel% /ratum ceas$ at ! entrance1 al?\gh "h & !re l>ge blocks ( /one1 fall5 f "t to "t f ! ro(1 re/$ on its upp] surface4 ,! ,grey ,clays4 ,imm$iately bel[ ! neoli?ic /ratum1 a deposit ( /iff grey clay ( unkn[n dep? occupies bo? ! entrance & ! inside ( ! cave 7,figs4 #bj1 #ba71 conta9+ fragm5ts ( lime/one & l>ge angul> blocks :i* _h fall5 f ! ro(4 ,a %aft sunk to a dep? ( tw5ty-five feet ne> ! entrance fail$ to arrive at ! bottom1 b pres5t$ ! foll[+ section 9 desc5d+ ord]3 /iff grey clay ) lay] ( /alagmite six feet ?ick2 a f9ely lam9at$ calc>e\s clay twelve feet ?ick2 & bel[1 a simil> b$ ( clay to t on ! surface4 ,9 a second %aft sunk to ! dep? ( twelve feet f>!r )9 ! cave1 ! base ( ! grey clay 0 n rea*$4#gb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,section bel[ ,grey ,clay at entrance4 ,a ?ird %aft1 at ! entrance1 h[ev]1 p5etrat$ ! clay1 ,no4 #a ( ,figs4 #bj1 #ba1 #bi1 at a dep? ( ab\t five feet1 & reveal$ ! exi/5ce bel[ ( a r$di%-grey loamy cave-e>? 7,fig4 #bi1 ,a71 conta9+ bones & tee? ( ! same animals z ^? f ! cav]ns ( ,k5t's ,hole1 ,wookey ,hole1 & o!rs1 :i* belong$ to a gr\p t invad$ ,europe be=e ! glacial p]iod1 & t inhabit$ ! region nor? ( ! ,alps & ! ,pyr5ees 9 pre- & po/-glacial times4#gc ,we subsequ5tly discov]$ ! cave-e>? to be f ?ree to f\r feet ?ick1 & t x re/$ on an accumulation 7,fig4 #bi1 ,b7 ( l>ge blocks ( lime/one1 ! int]/ices betwe5 :i* 7 fill$ ) clay1 sometimes lam9at$ & at o!rs homog5e\s1 z well z ) co>se s&4 ,bel[ ?is we broke into an empty passage1 "o side ( :i* 0 =m$ by ! solid rock1 & ! o!r ( blocks ( /one imb$d$ 9 ! clay4 ,z we op5$ out a horizontal passage t[>ds ! cave-e>?1 ,a1 f ! outside1 ! talus 7,fig4 #bi1 ,c7 ( angul> dbris 0 cut ?r\gh fir/1 :i* gradually became m & m clayey 9 its l[] portions3 at "o po9t1 ,d1 !re 7 sev]al glaciat$ blocks1 "s imb$d$ 9 clay & o!rs p]fectly free4 ,x re/$ obliquely on ! edges ( ! cave-e>?1 & pass$ gradually at ! entrance into ! clay occupy+ ! int]ior ( ! cave4 ,! ,plei/oc5e ,occupation by ,hynas4 ,! rema9s ( ! spelan v>iety ( ! spott$ hyna 7 v abundant 9 ! cave-e>?1 consi/+ ( fragm5ts ( skulls1 jaws1 & bones1 & especially ( coprolites1 :i* =m$ irregul> floors1 accumulat$ dur+ successive occupations ( ! cave by t animal4 ,all ! bones 7 gnaw$ & scor$ by tee?1 ! l[] jaws 7 )\t ! angle & coronoid process 7see ,fig4 #ib71 & ! holl[ bones :i* conta9 m>r[ 7 brok51 :ile ^? :i* 7 solid & m>r[less 7 = ! mo/ "p p]fect3 & ?is held good1 n m]ely ( ! rema9s ( ! hyna1 b ( ^? ( all ! animals :i* con/itut$ _! prey4 ,! bones1 = example1 ( ! woolly rh9oc]os are repres5t$ m]ely by ! h>d di/al portion ( ! %aft ( ! hum]us1 & ( ! solid bones ( ! ulna & radius1 :ile ! only portions ( skull are ! solid p$e/al (f]$ by ! nasal bones on :i* ! front horn 0 support$1 & a few small] fragm5ts4 ,! p$e/al 9 "q is depict$ by ! d>k %ad$ portion ( ,fig4 #cj1 ! outl9e ( ! skull & l[] jaw be+ tak5 f "o ( ,pr(essor ,br&t's plates ( ! ,woolly ,rh9oc]os f\nd 9 ,sib]ia4#gd ,! tee? :i* imply ! pres5ce ( ! mammo? 7milk mol>s #c & #d7 7 ^? ( a "y individual1 z is v g5]ally ! case 9 caves :i* h be5 occupi$ by hynas4 ,! "y w\ld naturally be m expos$ to ! attack ( ^? c[>dly bea/s ( prey ?an ! adult1 arm$ ) its long curv$ tusks1 & def5d$1 n m]ely by its ?ick sk91 b also by ! cov]+ ( wool & long hair :i* is peculi> to ! species4 ,besides ^! animals1 ! re9de]1 r$-de]1 bison1 horse1 ! br[n1 grizzly1 & great cave be>s1 7 prey$ ^u by ! hynas & dragg$ into ! cave4 ,all ^! species 7 discov]$ )9 an area ( a few squ>e y>ds ( cave-e>?1 :i* passes into ! int]ior ( ! cave "u ! grey clay4 ,!y belong to t well-def9$ gr\p kn[n z plei/oc5e1 quat]n>y1 or po/-pleioc5e1 :i* 0 prov$ to h inhabit$ ,york%ire#ge 9 anci5t times f ,dr4 ,buckl&'s discov]ies 9 ,kirkdale1 & ,mr4 ,d5ny's exam9ation ( ! riv]-deposit at ,le$s1 9 :i* ! rema9s ( ! hippopotamus 7 obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,skull ( ,woolly ,rh9oc]os1 %[+ ! "p :i* is n eat5 by ! hynas4 ,! la/ & mo/ important addition to ?is fauna is t ( man1 a fragm5t ( fibula 9 ! same m9]al condition z ! re/ ( ! plei/oc5e bones1 hav+ be5 id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,busk ) an unusually massive rec5t human fibula4 ,al?\gh ! fragm5t is v small1 its comp>ison ) ! abnormal specim5 9 ,pr(essor ,busk's possession removes all d\bt f my m9d1 z to its hav+ belong$ to a man1 :o 0 contempor>y ) ! cave-hyna & ! o!r plei/oc5e animals f\nd 9 ! cave4 ,! probable ,pre-glacial ,age ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,/ratum4 ,is ?is occupation ( ! ,victoria ,cave by ! plei/oc5e mammalia pre-glacial or po/-glacial8--be=e1 or aft]1 ! great l[]+ ( ! temp]ature 9 nor!rn ,europe8 ,?is difficult "q c only be answ]$ by an appeal to ! physical hi/ory ( ! clay & cave-loam1 & to ! evid5ce z to glacial action 9 ! di/rict1 & to ! di/ribution ( ! mammalia 9 ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,glaci]s h left _! m>ks 9 ne>ly e "p ( ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire1 & especially 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,victoria ,cave4 ,! hill-sides ar\nd are /udd$ ) l>ge ice-borne ,silurian rocks2 b\ld]-clay occupies ne>ly e holl[ on ! elevat$ plateaux2 & mora9es are to be obs]v$ 9 ne>ly e valley4 ,at ! entrance ( ! cave itself1 ice-scrat*$ ,silurian grit-/ones are imb$d$ 9 ! clay1 :i* abuts directly on ! cave-loam1 & passes ins5sibly into ! clay1 ) angul> blocks ( lime/one )9 ! cave4 ,!y may possibly be ! con/itu5ts ( a lat]al mora9e 9 situ1 z ,mr4 ,tiddeman sugge/s1 or !y may m]ely be d]iv$ f ! wa/e ( b\ld]-clay :i* has dropp$ f a high] level4 ,! latt] view seems to me to be mo/ likely to be true1 because "s ( ! b\ld]s h be5 depriv$ ( ! clay 9 :i* !y 7 imb$d$1 & are pil$ on ea* o!r ) empty space betwe5 !m1 ! clay be+ c>ri$ d[n to a l[] level & re-deposit$4 ,_! position1 h[ev]1 on ! edges ( ! cave-e>? implies1 9 any case1 t !y _h be5 dropp$ aft] its accumulation4 ,!re is ano!r po9t to be consid]$ 9 ! physical evid5ce4 ,! deposits above ! cave-e>?1 occupy+ ! int]ior & entrance ( ! cave1 h be5 introduc$ by ! ra9s1 ei!r ?r\gh ! entrance1 or ?r\gh ! crevices :i* p5etrate ! ro(1 & consi/ ( a f9] detritus wa%$ out ( ! b\ld]-clay on ! surface at a high] level4 ,! cave-e>?1 h[ev]1 al?\gh x has be5 introduc$ 9 ! same way1 _c be acc\nt$ = on ! supposition t x 0 d]iv$ f ! b\ld]-clay1 ) :i* x contra/s 9 ! fact t x is a loam1 ( a r$di% grey col\r1 conta9+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( c>bonate & phosphate ( lime4 ,simil> deposits1 *>act]iz$ by _! r$ col\r1 are to be f\nd 9 ne>ly all ! caves ( ! s\? ( ,engl&1 9 ,france1 & s\!rn ,europe1 n complicat$1 z "h1 by ! glacial ph5om5a ( ! di/rict4 ,_h ! lay] be5 =m$ 9 ! ,victoria ,cave1 f ! de/ruction ( ! b\ld]-clay1 x w\ld h be5 id5tical 9 composition ) ! deposits above4 ,! lam9at$ portions ( ! grey clay are consid]$ by ,mr4 ,tiddeman to h be5 =m$ by ! fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh ! entrance1 d]iv$ f ! daily melt+ ( ! glaci] :i* occupi$ ! valley 9 anci5t times1 & he comp>es x ) a simil> lam9ation 9 ! b\ld]-clay at ,+leton1 :i* has be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,b9ney 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,clifton1 ne> ,man*e/]1 "u ! expressive "n ( 8book-leaves40 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 simil> accumulations are be+ =m$ at ! pres5t "t at ! bottom ( pools 9 _m caves1 z1 = example1 9 t ( ,+lebor\gh1 !y _c be tak5 to imply a glacial orig94 ,!y are n f\nd m]ely 9 "o spot 9 ! ,victoria ,cave1 b are scatt]$1 m or less1 ?r\gh ! g5]al mass ( ! clay1 & occur abundantly ev5 bel[ ! cave-e>?1 hav+ be5 deposit$ 9 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! l>ge blocks ( lime/one4 ,9 ^! positions !y are ( unc]ta9 age1 & !re is no reason :y "s ( ! holl[s :i* we discov]$ bel[ ! cave-e>? 7,fig4 #bi1 ,b7 %\ld n be fill$ ) !m at ! pres5t "t by ! heavy ra9s4 ,!y dip at all angles1 & are con=mable to ! surfaces on :i* !y h be5 dropp$4 ,! mo/ important argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! pre-glacial age ( ! mammalif]\s cave-e>? is af=d$ by ! range ( ! animals 9 ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! "t t c]ta9 areas 7 occupi$ by glaci]s4 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,geological ,society 9 #ahfi1 ,i %[$ t ^? areas 9 ,great ,brita9 9 :i* ! m>ks ( glaci]s 7 ! fre%e/ & mo/ abundant co9cid$ ) ^? :i* 7 b>r5 ( ! rema9s ( ! plei/oc5e mammalia1 & ,i !re=e inf]r$ t ?is 0 due to ! fact1 t ! areas 9 "q 7 cov]$ by ice at ! "t t plei/oc5e animals 7 s num]\s 9 ! caves1 & riv]-deposits ( s\!rn & ea/]n ,engl&1 & on ! cont95t4 ,9 a map publi%$ 9 #ahga1 ,cumb]l&1 ,we/morel&1 ,lanca%ire1 & ! great] portion ( ,york%ire are repres5t$ z be+ "o ( ^! b>r5 areas1 9 :i* no plei/oc5e mammalia h be5 obs]v$4 ,x is obvi\s t ! hynas1 be>s1 mammo?s1 & o!r creatures f\nd 9 ! plei/oc5e /ratum1 c\ld n h occupi$ ! di/rict :5 x 0 cov]$ by ice2 & _h !y liv$ soon aft] ! retreat ( ! ice-%eet1 _! rema9s w\ld occur 9 ! riv]-gravels1 f :i* !y are abs5t ?r\gh\t a l>ge area to ! nor? ( a l9e drawn betwe5 ,*e/] & ,york1 :il/ !y occur abundantly 9 ! glacial riv] deposits s\? ( t l9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y belong to a fauna1 t ov]ran ,europe1 & mu/ h occupi$ ?is v region be=e ! glacial p]iod1 s9ce _! rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 pre-glacial /rata to ! nor? 9 ,scotl&1 to ! s\? at ,selsea1 & to ! ea/ 9 ,norfolk & ,suffolk4 ,x may1 !re=e1 reasonably be conclud$ t !y occupi$ ! cave 9 pre-glacial times1 & t ! /ratum 9 :i* _! rema9s lie buri$1 0 protect$ f ! gr9d+ ( ! ice-%eet1 :i* de/roy$ ne>ly all ! surface accumulations 9 ! riv]-valleys1 by ! walls & ro( ( rock1 :i* has s9ce1 to a great ext5t1 be5 wea!r$ away4#gf ,?is view is also held by ,mr4 ,tiddeman4 ,! exploration ( ! ,victoria ,cave1 :i* has hi!rto yield$ su* int]e/+ evid5ce ( ?ree di/9ct occupations--fir/ by hynas1 !n by neoli?ic m51 & la/ly by ! ,brit-,wel%1 is by no means complete4 ,! cave itself is ( unkn[n dep? & ext5t1 & ! m]e removal ( s mu* e>? & clay z x is at pres5t kn[n to conta9 w be a lab\r ( ye>s4 ,! results ( ! exploration1 up to ! pres5t "t1 are ( almo/ equal value to ! ar*ologi/1 to ! hi/orian1 & ! geologi/1 & prove h[ close is ! bond ( union betwe5 ?ree bran*es ( human ?\ght :i* at fir/ sight appe> remote f ea* o!r4 ,! discussion ( ! problems connect$ ) ! neoli?ic & plei/oc5e /rata mu/ be ref]r$ to ! fif? & foll[+ *apt]s4 ,! ,kirkhead ,cave4 ,o!r caves 9 ?is c\ntry1 besides ! gr\p "u consid]ation 9 ,york%ire1 h be5 occupi$ by ! ,brit-,wel%4 ,t kn[n z ! ,kirkhead ,cave1 on ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,promontory ( ,c>tmell1 on ! nor!rn %ore ( ,morecambe ,bay1 explor$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,morris1#gg & a ,committee ( ! ,an?ropological ,society 9 #ahfd-e1 conta9$ rema9s ( ! same type z ^? ( ! ,brit-,wel% /ratum 9 ! ,victoria ,cave4 ,9 ! dbris :i* =m$ ! floor & ext5d$ to an unkn[n dep? bel[1 a co9 ( ,domitian1 8a trefoil-%ap$ ,roman fibula10 a p91 ornam5t$ ) gre5 enamel1 & a bronze r+ 7 discov]$ 9 association ) brok5 rema9s ( dome/ic animals--,bos longifrons1 pig & goat1 dog & horse1 z well z /ag1 roe1 wild goose1 & _m human bones4 ,a bronze celt & a spe>-head 7 also f\nd1 at a dep? respectively ( five & six feet1 & a fl9t flake at a dep? ( sev5 feet2 & fragm5ts ( pott]y1 a bead ( amb]1 cut bones1 ! p]=at$ head ( ! femur1 & o!r articles4 ,f ?is gr\p ( rema9s x may be inf]r$ t ! cave 0 occupi$ by ! ,brit-,wel%1 & be=e !m by ! us]s ( bronze1 & possibly by a neoli?ic p1 & t x _h at "s "t or ano!r be5 us$ z a place ( burial4 ,j inside ! entrance1 :i* ov]look$ ! sea at a height ( #de feet1 a semi-circul> brea/work ( l>ge /ones r5d]$ ! cave habitable1 & capable ( easy def5ce4 ,mr4 ,morris's view t ! discov]y ( a bronze celt1 fl9t flakes1 & co9s 9 ?is cave proves t all ?ree 7 9 use at ! same "t1 & by ! same p1 is n borne out by ! publi%$ acc\nt ( ! excavation4 ,!re is no pro( t ! deposit _h n be5 di/urb$1 or t ! articles 7 n dropp$ at diff]5t times4 ,& 9 support ( ?is conclusion1 x may be advanc$1 t !re is no case on record ( ! discov]y ( bronze celts or swords along ) any ,roman co9s "u conditions :i* w\ld prove t !y 7 9 use at ! same "t4 ,_h su* be5 ! case ! ru9s ( ! _m ,roman villas & cities1 de/roy$ by ! ,engli%1 w\ld h furni%$ "s examples4 ,at ,sil*e/]1 ev5 su* a r>e article z a ,roman eagle has be5 met )4 ,!re is e reason to believe ) ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 ,mr4 ,evans1 & o!r em95t ar*ologi/s1 t ! use ( bronze = weapons _h be5 sup]s$$ by t ( iron be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! fl9t flakes2 s9ce my discov]y ( sev]al inside a ,roman c(f9 at ,h>dham1 ne> ,pulbor\gh1 9 ,sussex1 9 a cemet]y t belongs to ! lat] portion ( ! ,roman dom9ion 9 ,brita91 proves t !y 7 us$ = "s purpose at t "t4#gh ,poole's ,cave1 ne> ,buxton4 ,9 ! collection ( articles obta9$ f ,poole's ,cave1 9 ,buxton1 9 ,d]by%ire1 ,i id5tifi$1 9 #ahga1 9 company ) ,mr4 ,p5n+ton1 bronze ,roman co9s1 m9imi1 ,samian & o!r w>e1 & l>ge quantities ( brok5 bones ( ! same animals z ^? f ! ,victoria ,cave4 ,a bronze h>p-%ap$ fibula ( ! type ( ,fig4 #e ( ! col\r$ ,plate is inlaid ) silv]1 & is s p]fect t x might /ill be us$4 ,?or's ,cave1 ne> ,a%b\rne4 ,a cave also1 9 ,/af=d%ire1 f\r miles f ,ilam1 explor$ by ! ,midl& ,sci5tific ,association 9 #ahfd1gi "u ! sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,c>r+ton1 has furni%$ articles ( ! same k9d z ^? ( ,york%ire4 ,x is kn[n z ,?or's cave1 & p5etrates ! l(ty cliff ( lime/one1 on ! s\? side ( ! riv] ,manifold1 at a height ( ab\t #bed feet f ! bottom ( ! valley1 & ab\t #ijj feet above ! sea1 runn+ horizontally inw>ds1 & be+ divid$ inside by a r[ ( buttress$ columns into two noble go?ic aisles4 ,its bottom 0 occupi$ by clay1 9 :i*1 ne> ! entrance1 !re 7 ?ick lay]s ( *>coal at dep?s ( two1 ?ree1 & f\r feet bel[ ! surface1 m+l$ ) brok5 bones & pott]y1 t indicat$ ! spots :]e fires _h be5 k9dl$4 ,! articles discov]$ 7 z foll[s3-- 8,bronze4--,armlet1 two fibul ( h>p patt]n 7see col\r$ ,plate1 ,fig4 #e71 two pla9 brea/-p9s & r+s1 a curi\s :eel-%ap$ in/rum5t4 8,iron4--,l>ge triangul> =k1 arr[-heads1 lance-heads1 sev]al knives & a *opp]1 ( s+ul> %apes1 reap+ hook 7871 adze1 p9s1 two girdle hooks 7871 c4 8,bone4--,sev5 snags ( de]'s horns1 v>i\sly cut & p]=at$1 sev]al o!rs n p]=at$1 curi\s bone comb ornam5t$ ) circles1 flat bone p]=at$ ) f\r holes1 two leg-bones c>v$ at ! ends1 p91 a l>ge quantity ( bones ( animals t _h be5 consum$ = food4 8,/one4--,gre5/one p\nd]1 fragm5ts ( qu]ns1 p]=at$ disk1 c4 8,pott]y4--,a l>ge collection ( fragm5ts ( v>i\s p]iods1 among ! re/ sev]al pieces ( true ,samian w>e40 ,mr4 ,edw9 ,br[n1 f ^: report ?is li/ is tak51 concludes t ,?or's cave 0 occupi$ dur+ 8! late ,celtic & ,romano-,celtic p]iods40 ,! h>p-fibul are ( a patt]n id5tical ) sev]al ( ^? discov]$ 9 ! ,victoria ,cave1 & ! holes at _! upp] ends 7 probably int5d$ = ! reception ( enamel4 ,! bronze in/rum5t1 consi/+ ( a disk cut out into a flamboyant patt]n l t ( ! r\nd broo* f ! ,victoria ,cave 7,fig4 #be71 & jo9$ to a c5tral /em ornam5t$ ) wav$ l9es1 0 int5d$ = susp5sion2 possibly1 z ,mr4 ,c>r+ton sugge/s1 x may h be5 us$ = sp9n+4 ,x is a rem>kably f9e example ( ,brit-,wel% or late ,celtic art4 ,! bone comb is ( ! same type z ^? f ! ,brit-,wel% caves ( ,york%ire4 ,x is evid5t1 f ,mr4 ,br[n's acc\nt1 t !re 7 di/9ct lay]s ( occupation2 b1 un=tunately1 ! articles f\nd 9 ea* 7 n sep>at$ f ! re/4 ,"o armlet 7,fig4 #ca71 compos$ ( a ?9 plate ( bronze1 & ornam5t$ ) a dott$-l9e patt]n1 is ( ! peculi> type :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! bronze age4 ,! cave _h also be5 us$ z a place ( sepulture1 = ne> 8! pulpit rock10 & at a dep? ( five feet f ! surface1 a skeleton re/$ 9 ! sitt+ po/ure :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( neoli?ic int]m5ts 9 ,europe4 ,x _h also be5 ent]$ by man ev5 be=e any ( ^! accumulations4 8,9 ! s\? recess1 beh9d & bel[ any traces ( man's occupation1 ! digg]s came ^u a k9d ( floor+ ( tabul> masses ( breccia /ret*+ almo/ across ! cave1 & on "o side atta*$ firmly to ! wall10 b5ea? :i* re/$1 9 ! undi/urb$ clay1 a de]'s horn1 rudely sawn across & p]=at$ by two holes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,bronze ,bracelet f ,?or's ,cave4 ,?or's ,cave1 !re=e1 l ! ,victoria1 has be5 occupi$ by man 9 ! ,brit-,wel% /age ( ! hi/oric p]iod1 z well z 9 ! bronze1 & possibly 9 ! neoli?ic ages4 ,hi/oric ,value ( ,brit-,wel% ,gr\p ( ,caves4 ,! discov]y t caves 7 us$ z habitations by m5 accu/om$ to ! elegance ( civiliz$ life1 n m]ely 9 ,york%ire1 b 9 di/ricts s f> remov$ f ea* o!r z ,/af=d%ire & ! extreme nor? ( ,lanca%ire1 dur+ ! fif? & six? c5turies1 implies ! pressure ( a f>-rea*+ calamity by :i* !y 7 driv5 f _! homes4 ,x completes & r\nds (f ! /ory ( ! social condition ( ! c\ntry dur+ ^! tr\bl$ times1 :i* is reveal$ 9 ! sack$ & burn$ ,brit-,wel% cities & villas1 z well z 9 ! scanty records ( ! ,engli% invasion4 ,subsequ5t inve/igation w probably %[ t caves 7 occupi$ at ?is "t 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry :i* 0 conqu]$ by ! ,engli%4 ,9 ! upp] /ratum ( ,k5t's ,hole1 = example1 ne> ,torquay1 simil> articles1 ) ! exception ( ! enamels1 h be5 discov]$4 ,!re1 h[ev]1 ! occupation may h be5 consid]ably lat] ?an 9 ! caves ( ,york%ire1 because ! ,roman civilization 0 n supplant$ 9 ,devon%ire by ! ,engli% until ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,! riv] ,tam> !n m>k$ ! fronti] betwe5 ! ,engli%1 & ! ,brit-,wel% ( ! promontory ( ,cornwall1 :i* repres5t$ ! dom9ion ( ,we/ ,wales 9 ! days ( ,ecgb]ht4#hj ,9 ! num]\s caves ( ,wales1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* ,i h explor$1 !re is no trace ( inhabitants ( ! fif? & six? c5turies1 a circum/ance t is easily acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ,wales 0 n invad$ at t "t by ! ,engli%4 ,!re w\ld !re=e be no reason = ! civiliz$ ,brit-,wel% to fly to caves = refuge4 ,pr9cipal ,animals & ,articles 9 ,brit-,wel% ,caves4 ,! foll[+ are ! m important animals & articles f\nd 9 ! gr\p ( caves "u consid]ation4 ,! species are id5tical ) ^? :i* ,i h tabulat$ f refuse-heaps ( ,roman age4#ha ,li/ ( ,pr9cipal ,animals & ,objects f\nd 9 ,brit-,wel% ,/rata 9 ,caves4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,animals4 ,victoria,kelko,d[k] ,kirk ,poole's,?or's ,bottom4head4,cav]n4,cave4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,dome/ic4 ,canis famili>is--,dog ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x 8 ,sus scr(a--,pig ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x 8 ,equus caballus--,horse ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x 8 ,bos longifrons--,celtic ,%ort-horn ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x 8 ,capra hircus--,goat ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x 8 ,,wild4 ,canis vulpes--,fox ,x 444 ,x ,x ,x 8 ,meles taxus--,badg] ,x 444 ,x 444 444 x ,c]vus elaphus--,/ag ,x 444 ,x ,x ,x 8 ,c]vus capreolus--,roe ,x 444 ,x ,x 444 8 ,roman co9s or imitations ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,enamell$ ornam5ts 9 bronze ,x ,x ,x ,x 444 444 ,bronze ornam5ts inlaid ) silv] ,x ,x ,x 444 ,x 444 ,iron articles ,x ,x ,x 444 ,x ,x ,samian w>e ,x 444 ,x 444 ,x ,x ,black w>e ,x ,x ,x 444 ,x ,x ,bone-spoon fibul 7,fig4 #bb7 ,x ,x ,x 444 444 444 ,bone combs ,x ,x ,x 444 444 ,x ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,all ! less important animals & articles are omitt$ f ?is li/4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! br[n be>1 ! wolf1 & ! fall[-de] are abs5t4 ,! br[n be> 0 probably at ?is "t v r>e 9 ,brita91 s9ce its rema9s h be5 met ) 9 b two out ( ! _m ,roman refuse-heaps 9 ! c\ntry1 at ,london & ,col*e/]4 ,! well-kn[n l9es ( ,m>tial1 h[ev]1 imply t x 0 import$ f ,brita9 to ,rome at ?is "t-- 8,nuda ,cal$onio sic pectora prbuit urso1 ,haud falsa p5d5s 9 cruce ,laureolus40 ,x probably became ext9ct ab\t ! n9? or t5? c5tury4 ,! wolf obvi\sly w\ld n be likely to be us$ = food1 al?\gh x probably 0 abundant 9 ! di/rict4 ,! fall[-de] also _h n p5etrat$ into ! hilly di/ricts1 al?\gh x _h become naturaliz$ 9 ?is c\ntry by ! ,romans1 s z to h be5 frequ5tly us$ z an article ( food be=e ! ,engli% invasion4 ,i h se5 its *>act]i/ic antl]s 9 refuse-heaps1 bo? 9 ,london & ,col*e/]1 :i* h furni%$ ,roman co9s & pott]y4 ,! beav] 0 probably v r>e 9 ! fif? & six? c5turies1 & has be5 met ) 9 no cave-deposit1 ei!r hi/oric or prehi/oric1 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 kn[n to ! ,anglian conqu]ors ( ,york%ire 7,nor?umbria71 :o call$ ,bev]ley 7lea1 leag-7 aft] its "n4 ,! ,use ( ,horsefle%4 ,! brok5 bones ( ! horse1 9 all ! caves above m5tion$1 leave no room to d\bt t horsefle% 0 a common article ( food at t "t4 ,x 0 s1 inde$1 ?r\gh\t ,roman ,brita91 & aft] ! ,engli% invasion 0 us$ z late z ! ,c\ncil ( ,cel*y?1#hb 9 ! ye> #ghg4 ,x 0 =bidd5 by ! ,*ur* because x 0 eat5 by ! ,sc&9avian peoples 9 hon\r ( ,od94 ,9 ,norway1#hc ,hacon1 ! fo/]-son ( !l/an1 0 compell$ to eat x by ! bond]s1 9 #ief1 & ! revolt ( ! bond]s :i* end$ 9 ! bloody battle ( ,/ikkle/adt1 9 :i* ,olaf met 8 dea?1 9 #ajcj1 0 caus$ by 8 cruelties to ! eat]s ( horsefle%4 ,z ,*ri/ianity prevail$ ov] ! wor%ip ( ,?or & ,od91 x 0 bani%$ f ! table4 ,! pres5t prejudice aga9/ its use is a rem>kable in/ance ( ! *ange 9 ta/e1 :i* has be5 br\ght ab\t by an ecclesia/ical rule aim$ aga9/ a long-=gott5 fai?4 ,! rule 0 n1 h[ev]1 always obey$1 = ! ,monks ( ,/4 ,gall1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 n only ate horsefle%1 b return$ ?anks = x1 9 a metrical grace1 writt5 by ,ekkeh>d ! ,y\ng] 7di$ #ajcf73-- 8,sit f]alis equi c>o dulcis sub cruce ,*ri/i40#hd ,! ,cave ( ,longb]ry ,bank4 ,! cave ( ,longb]ry ,bank1 ne> ,p5ally1 9 ,pembroke%ire1 may also be class$ ) ^? :i* 7 inhabit$ 9 hi/oric times1 s9ce x conta9$ r$ f9e-gra9$ pott]y ( a k9d commonly f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,roman villas4 ,x 0 explor$ by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,w9wood1 9 #ahff1 9 ^: collection are ! rema9s ( ! ,bos longifrons1 goat1 badg]1 dog1 z well z %ells ( oy/]1 l>ge limpets & mussel f ! neighb\r+ %ore4 ,"s ( ! bones are burn$4 ,sev]al human v]tebr & a metac>pal 7 probably ! traces ( an int]m5t ( unkn[n date2 & ! two fl9t flakes are ( unc]ta9 age4 ,! results obta9$ by ! exploration ( ! caves describ$ 9 ?is *apt] are to be tak5 m]ely z ! fir/-fruits ( a new l9e ( inquiry1 :i* is likely to ?r[ light on _m po9ts relat+ to art1 hi/ory1 & ! range ( ! animals1 & n z be+ p]fect or f9al4 ,on ! cont95t1 no hi/oric caves ( importance h z yet be5 explor$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,caves ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,ages ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,( ,,bronze4 ,! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,hi/oric & ,prehi/oric ,"t4--,! ,prehi/oric ,fauna4--,! ,ar*ological ,classification4--,caves ( ! ,iron ,age4--,caves ( ! ,bronze ,age 9 ,brita94--,! ,caves ( ,cs>$a 9 ,portugal probably occupi$ by ,cannibals4--,! ,cave ( ,reggio 9 ,apulia4 ,! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,hi/oric & ,prehi/oric ,"t4 ,x w be necess>y be=e we exam9e ! gr\p ( caves us$ by man 9 prehi/oric times1 to po9t out ! important diff]5ce 9 ! measurem5t ( "t )9 & beyond ! bord]s ( hi/ory4 ,:5 we speak1 = example1 ( ! date ( ! ,norman ,conque/1 we imply t we c asc]ta9 by hi/orical records1 n m]ely t x succe$$ ! invasion ( ,brita9 by ! ,engli% or ,danes1 & happ5$ be=e our own "t1 b t ! int]val :i* sep>ates x f ^? ev5ts c be accurately measur$ by ! unit ( ye>s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we attempt to asc]ta9 ! date ( any ev5t :i* happ5$ outside ! hi/orical limit1 we %all f9d t x is a "q solely ( relation4 ,:5 we speak1 = example1 ( ! neoli?ic age1 we m]ely mean a c]ta9 /age ( human progress :i* succe$$ ! paloli?ic1 & prec$$ ! bronze age1 b we h no pro( ( ! l5g? ( ! int]val divid+ x f ! "o or ! o!r4 ,! hi/oric 8:580 implies 8h[ long ago80 ! prehi/oric 8:580 m]ely implies a def9ition be=e & aft] c]ta9 ev5ts1 )\t any idea ( ! measurem5t ( ! int]vals4 ,an attempt to asc]ta9 ! absolute date ( prehi/oric ev5ts mu/ ( necessity fail1 s9ce x is bas$ on ! improbable assumption t ! physical ag5ts h act$ uni=mly1 & t !re=e ! results may be us$ z a natural *ronomet]4 ,! pres5t rate ( ! accumulation ( dbris1 z at ! ,victoria ,cave ( ! prec$+ *apt]1 or ( t ( silt 9 ! deltas ( riv]s1 su* z ! ,nile1 or ! ,t9ire1 may convey a r\gh idea ( ! high antiquity ( prehi/oric deposits2 b a slight *ange ei!r ( ! climate1 or ( ! ra9fall1 w\ld invalidate ! conclusion4 ,:5 ! great] "p ( ,europe lay buri$ "u =e/1 :5 ,pale/9e support$ a l>ge population1 & :5 glaci]s cr[n$ "s ( ! high] m\nta9s ( ,africa1 su* z ! ,atlas1 ! ,european & ,egyptian climates 7 probably moi/] ?an at ! pres5t "t1 & ! ra9fall & ! floods great]1 & consequ5tly ! accumulation ( s$im5t quick] ?an ! obs]v$ rate "u ! pres5t conditions4 ,& 9 ! same way all e/imates ( ! lapse ( pa/ "t1 bas$ ^u ! excavation ( a riv] valley1 or ! retrocession ( a wat]fall1 su* z ,niag>a1 lie op5 to ! same k9d ( objection4 ,x is n at all reasonable to suppose t ! complex conditions :i* regulate ! pres5t rate ( erosion1 h be5 ! same dur+ ! "t ! "w has be5 done1 & x !re=e foll[s t ! "w done is a measure ( ! p[] employ$1 & n ( ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* x has be5 9 op]ation4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 give up ! idea ( measur+ ! pa/ beyond ! memory ( man1 z repres5t$ 9 hi/orical docum5ts1 by ! hi/oric unit ( ye>s4 ,we c m]ely trace a def9ite sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 sep>at$ "o f ano!r by unc]ta9 int]vals4 ,& = t s]ies ( ev5ts :i* ext5ds f ! bord]s ( hi/ory back to ! remote age :]e ! geologi/1 desc5d+ ! /ream ( "t1 meets ! ar*ologi/1 ,i h adopt$ ! t]m prehi/oric4#he ,! ,prehi/oric ,fauna4 ,! prehi/oric p]iod is *>act]iz$ by ! arrival ( ! dome/ic animals 9 ,europe1 "u ! c>e ( man4 ,! dog1 sw9e1 horse1 horn$-%eep1 goat1 ,bos longifrons1 & ! l>g] ox desc5d$ f an ance/or1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,rtimey]1 ( ! type ( ! great ,urus1 make _! appe>ance toge!r1 9 association ) ! rema9s ( man1 9 ! neoli?ic /age ( civilization4#hf ,subsequ5tly !y spread ov] ! :ole ( our cont95t1 = ! mo/ "p "u ! c>e ( man4 ,! ,bos longifrons1 h[ev]1 & possibly also ! ,urus1 rev]t$ to f]al conditions1 j z ! horses & ox51 9 ! ,am]icas & ,au/ralia1 h done at ! pres5t "t1 & _! rema9s are !re=e frequ5tly f\nd 9 association ) animals und\bt$ly wild4 ,! dome/ic horse1 ! v>iety ( hog desc5d$ f ! wild bo>1 & ! dome/ic cattle d]iv$ f ! ,urus1 may possibly h pass$ "u ! yoke ( man1 9 ,europe1 s9ce _! wild /ocks 7 to be f\nd 9 t area1 bo? 9 ! prehi/oric & plei/oc5e times4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c be affirm$ ( ! sw9e desc5d$ f ! s\!rn v>iety ( ,sus ,indica1 or ( ! ,celtic %or?orn1 ( ! %eep1 or goat1 s9ce _! wild ance/ors 7 n indig5\s 9 ,europe4 ,^! animals mu/ h be5 dome/icat$ 9 "s area outside ,europe2 & s9ce c5tral ,asia is ! region :]e ! wild /ocks /ill exi/1 f :i* all ! dome/ic animals are desc5d$1 x is reasonable to suppose t !y 7 dome/icat$ 9 t region1 & !nce introduc$1 by a race ( %eph]ds & h]dsm51 into our qu>t] ( ! _w4 ,?is conclusion is consid]ably /r5g!n$ by ! evid5ce :i* ,pr(essor ,he] has advanc$1 z to ! vegetables us$ by ! dwell]s on piles 9 ! ,swiss lakes1 among :i* "s1 su* z ! two k9ds ( millet1 ! six-r[$ b>ley 7hordeum hexa/i*on71 ! ,egyptian :eat 7triticum turgidum71 & a we$ 7,sil5e cretica71 accid5tally br\ght along ) !m1 are di/9ctively ( s\!rn d]ivation4 ,! mo/ important wild animals liv+ 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! prehi/oric p]iod are ! urus1 ! gigantic skulls ( :i* occur 9 ! peat bogs ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 ! ,iri% elk1 ! moose 7,c]vus alces71 & ! re9de]4 ,! two la/ are f> m abundant 9 ! nor? ?an 9 ! s\? ( ,brita92 _! rema9s h be5 discov]$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london1 ^? ( bo? animals at ,wal?am/[1 & ^? ( ! latt] at ,crossness 9 ,k5t1 on ! banks ( ! ,?ames4 ,! rema9s ( ! bison h n be5 record$ f any prehi/oric deposit 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,iri% elk is ! only animal :i* has become ext9ct2 :ile ! moose1 or true elk1 is ! only wild species :i* has n be5 prov$ to h be5 liv+ 9 ! prec$+ age4 ,! /ag 0 v abundant4 ,! prehi/oric fauna is di/+ui%$ f t ( ! plei/oc5e n m]ely by ! appe>ance ( ! animals above m5tion$1 :i* 7 hi!rto unkn[n1 b by ! abs5ce ( _m species :i* 7 liv+ dur+ ! latt] p]iod4 ,! cave be>1 woolly rh9oc]os1 & mammo?1 = example1 became ext9ct1 ! musk-%eep & lemm+ 7 bani%$ f a temp]ate latitude to take refuge 9 ! regions ( ! nor?1 :ile ! spott$ hyna1 ! hippopotamus1 & ,felis caff]1 retir$ to ! w>m regions ( ,africa1 :]e !y are /ill liv+4 ,! ,ar*ological ,classification4 ,! prehi/oric p]iod has be5 classifi$ by ! ar*ologi/s accord+ to ! /ages ( human progress :i* x pres5ts4 ,at ! fronti] ( hi/ory1 9 ea* c\ntry1 we f9d t ! dwell]s 7 acqua9t$ ) ! use ( iron1 & _h f\nd x to be ! mo/ conv5i5t mat]ial = ! manufacture ( cutt+ weapons & implem5ts4 ,be=e ?is ! voice ( tradition po9ts out t bronze 0 ! only mat]ial us$ = ^! purposes1 & /one be=e bronze4 ,^! ?ree /ages ( human culture1 or ! ages ( iron1 bronze1 & /one1 h be5 fully v]ifi$ by inve/igations :i* h be5 made 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 into ! prehi/oric habitations & burial-places ( man4 ,?is classification by no means implies an exact *ronology1 or t any "o ( ^! ages1 ) ! exception p]haps ( ! fir/1 cov]$ ! :ole ( ,europe at ! same po9t ( "t1 b t ! ord] 9 :i* !y foll[$ ea* o!r is ! same 9 ea* c\ntry :i* has be5 explor$4 ,!re is good reason = ! belief1 t at ! "t ! ,egyptian & ,assyrian empires 7 9 ! height ( _! glory1 ,nor!rn ,europe 0 inhabit$ by rude poli%$-/one-us+ races4 ,& x is a well-asc]ta9$ fact1 t :ile ! inhabitants ( ,brita9 & ,sc&9avia 7 9 _! bronze age1 ! ,etruscans & ,phnicians 7 9 _! full p[] 9 ! s\?4 ,x is obvi\s aga91 t1 ev5 9 ! same c\ntry1 ! poor] classes mu/ h be5 long cont5t to use ! rud] & m common mat]ials = _! daily ne$s1 :ile ! ri*] & m p[]ful us$ ! r>] & m co/ly4 ,^! ?ree ages mu/ !re=e necess>ily ov]lap4 8,l ! ?ree pr9cipal col\rs ( ! ra9b[10 writes ,mr4 ,evans1#hg 8^! ?ree /ages ( civilization ov]lap1 int]m+le1 & %ade (f ! "o into ! o!r2 & yet _! succession1 z f> z ,we/]n ,europe is conc]n$1 appe>s to be equally well def9$ ) t ( ! prismatic col\rs1 ?\gh ! proportions ( ! spectrum may v>y 9 diff]5t c\ntries40 ,!y _c reasonably be view$ z h>d & fa/ l9es ( division1 mapp+ (f successive quantities ( "t4 ,! age ( /one is subdivid$ by ,sir ,john ,lubbock into ! neoli?ic p]iods1 or t 9 :i* poli%$ /one 0 ! only mat]ial us$ = cutt+1 & ! paloli?ic1 9 :i* mank9d _h n le>nt to gr9d & poli% 8 implem5ts4 ,! latt] belongs to ! plei/oc5e1 or quat]n>y p]iod1 s9ce ! paloli?ic implem5ts are f\nd 9 association ) ! rema9s ( ! animals *>act]i/ic ( t age4 ,! prehi/oric caves1 !re=e1 may be divid$ into ?ree classes if ! ar*ological me?od ( analysis be employ$3 #a1 into ^? conta9+ evid5ce ( ! use ( iron2 #b1 ^? conta9+ pro( ( ! k ( bronze2 #c1 & la/ly1 ^? 9 :i* traces ( poli%$ /one weapons h be5 discov]$ unassociat$ ) metals4 ,by ! animal rema9s :i* !y conta9 !y may be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! plei/oc5e age1 bo? by ! abs5ce1 z well z ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 species :i* h be5 enum]at$4 ,f ! ar*ological po9t ( view1 two out ( ! f\r ages are /ill repres5t$4 ,/one is1 at ! pres5t "t1 ! only mat]ial us$ 9 ! m remote regions ( ,au/ralia1 al?\gh x is fa/ be+ replac$ by iron1 :i* has sup]s$$ bronze1 & is spread+ rapidly ov] ! :ole e>?4 ,! gr\p ( hi/oric caves describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] may be said to belong to ! iron age1 t is to say1 to t lat] portion ( x 9 :i* ! ev5ts are record$ 9 hi/ory4 ,! traces ( ! occupation ( caves by man 9 ! iron & bronze ages are s extremely sc>ce1 t x is c]ta9 t !y 7 b r>ely us$ z habitations4 ,man _h suffici5tly advanc$ 9 civilization 9 ^? times to con/ruct artificial dwell+s & tombs = himself1 in/ead ( us+ ! natural %elt]s :i* 7 s v g5]ally occupi$ 9 ,europe by 8 rud] neoli?ic pr$ecessors4 ,cave ( ! ,iron ,age4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! sy/ematic exploration ( caves 9 ! ,m5dip ,hills1 c>ri$ on by ,messrs4 ,ay%=d ,san=d1 ,p>k]1 & myself1 a cave 0 exam9$ 9 ,burr+ton ,combe1 ne> ,wr+ton1 9 ,som]set1 :i* may be ref]r$ to ! iron age1 & :i* we nam$ ,:itcombe's ,hole4 ,x op5$ ^u ! side ( t magnific5t combe1 at a height ( ab\t #ace feet f ! bottom & fifte5 f ! top1 & ran horizontally inw>ds1 ! floor be+ =m$ ( an accumulation ( e>? m+l$ ) *>coal1 & conta9+ num]\s brok5 bones & tee?4 ,! latt] belong$ to ! wolf1 fox1 badg]1 rabbit1 h>e1 /ag1 goat1 & ,celtic %or?orn4 ,9 ! l[] portion 7 ! fragm5ts ( a rude1 unornam5t$ urn ( a co>se black w>e1 ) ! rim turn$ at "r angles1 along ) a b5t piece ( iron1 :i* be>s a /rong resemblance to ^? f\nd /r5g!n+ ! corn]s ( wood5 c(f9s 9 ! ,gallo-,roman graves on ! banks ( ! ,somme4 ,! fractures ( ! bones1 ) "o exception1 7 caus$ by ! h& ( man1 & n by ! tee? ( ! c>nivora4 ,! position r5d]s ! cave em95tly fitt$ = concealm5t1 = :ile comm&+ an ext5sive view d[n ! ,combe1 x is invisible bo? f above & bel[1 & op5+ on ! face ( an almo/ v]tical cliff1 x is easily def5d$4 ,if ! urn be sepul*ral1 ! int]m5t mu/ be ( a lat] date ?an ! occupation1 because x is made 9 ! dbris :i* result$ f ! latt]4#hh ,caves ( ! ,bronze ,age 9 ,brita94 ,! cave ( ,hea!ry ,burn1#hi ne> ,/anhope1 9 ,we>dale1 co4 ,durham1 is ! only "o 9 ?is c\ntry t has furni%$ a l>ge s]ies ( articles ( ! bronze age4 ,x is describ$ by ,mr4 ,elliott z runn+ into ! precipit\s side ( a rav9e1 at a height ( ab\t #aj to #ab feet above ! level ( ! ,/anhope ,burn1 & z be+ p>tially trav]s$ by wat]4 ,s9ce its discov]y 9 #ahfa1 x has be5 altoge!r de/roy$ by ! removal ( ! /one to be us$ z a flux 9 smelt+ ! ore ( ! ,we>dale ,iron ,company1 & an admirable section ( its cont5ts 0 !re=e visible f "t to "t4 ,a /ratum ( s& at ! bottom1 two feet n9e in*es ?ick1 deposit$ by ! /ream1 & conta9+ angul> masses ( lime/one t _h dropp$ f ! ro(1 0 cov]$ by a %eet ( /alagmite ?ree in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,on ?is re/$ a mass ( bones & implem5ts imb$d$ 9 silt or s&1 & seal$ ov] by a ?ickness ( /alagmite ( f two to eight in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,bronze ,knife1 ,hea!ry ,burn 7natural size74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,bronze ,armlet1 ,hea!ry ,burn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,bronze ,spe>head1 ,hea!ry ,burn 7 size74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,bronze ,m\ld = ca/+ a socket$ celt4 ,on remov+ ! upp] ( ^! two /alagmitic floors a p]fect human skull 0 discov]$1 along ) brok5 bones ( animals1 *>coal1 limpet %ells1 bone p9s1 an in/rum5t ( bone l a pap]-knife1 co>se pott]y ) fragm5ts ( *]t imb$d$ 9 its mass1 a portion ( a jet armlet1 z well z sev]al bo>s' tusks4 ,! same /ratum at ano!r place furni%$ a s+ul> bronze knife ) a socket = ! h&le 7,fig4 #cb71ij bronze p9s1 celts1 an armlet ( twi/$ wire 7,fig4 #cc71 along ) %ells ( limpet1 mussel1 & oy/]1 & *>coal1 & at a ?ird1 on ! o!r side ( ! wat]c\rse1 a bronze spe>-head4 ,subsequ5tly1 _m articles 7 add$ to ! above li/1 sev5 p9s1 ?ree r+s1 two split-r+s1 a 8razor10 disk1 ?ree socket$ celts1 "o *isel1 two g\ges1 & f\r spe>-heads ( bronze1 & a f9e bracelet1 & two ornam5ts ( ! horse-%oe1 or split-r+ type1 made ( ?9 plates ( gold4 ,"o ( ! spe>-heads1 9 ! collection ( ! ,rev4 ,canon ,gre5well1 is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cd4 ,!re 7 also wa/e pieces ( bronze1 & ! half ( a bronze m\ld = ca/+ celts1 ,fig4 #ce1 9 :i* "o ( ! associat$ celts _h actually be5 ca/1 s9ce x is ( ! same patt]n4 ,^! articles 7 probably conceal$ 9 ! cav]n by work]s 9 bronze1 :o 7 prev5t$1 by "s un=ese5 accid5t1 f obta9+ !m aga94 ,! *>coal & ! brok5 bones ( ! ,bos longifrons1 badg]1 & dog1 imply t ! cave _h be5 us$ z a habitation2 & possibly ! two human skulls1 :i* h be5 describ$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley & ,mr4 ,c>t] ,blake1 may h belong$ to ! possessors ( ! ho>d ( bronze & gold4 ,bo? 7 discov]$ 9 ! same /ratum & bel[ ! floor ( /alagmite4 ,! m p]fect ( ! two skulls is consid]$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley to belong to ! same long-head$ race ( m5 z t f\nd at ,muskham1 9 ! valley ( ! ,tr5t1--to a =m :i* he t]ms ! ,riv]-b$ type1 & t _c be sep>at$ f ^? obta9$ f ! long tumuli ( ! ,s\? ( ,engl&1 & consid]$ by ,dr4 ,?urnam to belong to a ,neoli?ic ,basque1 or ,ib]ian population4 ,articles di/9ctly ( ! bronze age h be5 already notic$ z hav+ be5 met ) 9 ! caves ( ,kirkhead1 9 ,c>tmell1 & 9 ,?or's ,cave1 9 ,/af=d%ire4 ,f ! latt] ! bracelet ( ?9 bronze1 ,fig4 #ca1 0 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,c>r+ton1 ( ,wetton4 ,! r>ity ( bronze implem5ts 9 caves 9 ,brita9 & ! ,cont95t is probably1 to a l>ge ext5t1 due to ! value ( ! mat]ial1 & to ! fact t x c\ld be re-melt$4 ,if a bronze article happ5$ to be brok51 ! pieces w\ld naturally be kept = future use1 & n ?r[n away1 z 9 ! case ( a fractur$ /one implem5t4 ,! =m]1 !re=e1 are r>e1 ! latt] comp>atively abundant4 ,! cave call$ ! ,cat-,hole1 9 ,g[] 7,glamorgan71 explor$ by ,colonel ,wood 9 #ahfd1 conta9$ sev]al human skeletons1 fl9t flakes1 fragm5ts ( r$ pott]y m>k$ ) a /r+1 cut bones1 a /one mull]1 & a bronze socket$ celt4 ,! la/ is ( ! same patt]n z "s ( ^? 9 ! collection ( ! ,rev4 ,canon ,gre5well1 f ,hea!ry ,burn1 & has be5 ca/ 9 a m\ld simil> 9 size & ornam5tation to t figur$ 9 woodcut #ce4 ,! ,caves ( ,cs>$a probably occupi$ by ,cannibals4 ,! cont5ts ( ?ree caves#ia 9 ! ,ib]ian p59sula1 ref]able to ! dawn ( ! bronze age1 r5d] x v probable t ! use ( human fle% 0 n unkn[n 9 ^? times4 ,9 #ahfg ,s5hor ,j4 ,l4 ,delgado describ$ 8 rese>*es 9 ! cav]ns ( ,cs>$a1 9 ! valley ( ! ,tagus1 9 ! ,casa da ,maura1 ,lapa ,furada1 & ,cova da ,maura4 ,! fir/ ( ^! conta9$ two di/9ct /rata4 ,! l[]1 consi/+ ( s& mix$ ) fragm5ts ( rock1 re/$ on ! /alagmite1 & conta9$ fragm5ts ( *>coal1 "o implem5t ( bone1 & _m ( fl9t1 a scrap]1 a flake1 & an arr[-head4 ,! brok5 bones & tee? belong$ to ! foll[+ animals3--,! lynx1 fox1 br[n-be>1 dog & wolf1 a species ( de]1 ! wat]-vole1 & ! rabbit4 ,none ( ! rema9s ( ! c>nivora _h be5 subject$ to ! action ( fire1 or _h be5 us$ = food4 ,a human skull ) l[] jaw 0 dug out ( ! deepe/ "p1 b1 s9ce ! matrix _h be5 di/urb$1 x _h probably be5 int]r$ aft] ! accumulation ( ! deposit4 ,x is recogniz$ by ,pr(essor ,busk#ib z belong+ to ! same long type z ! skulls ( ! caves ( ,gibralt> & ! ,basque gravey>d1 measur+ 9 l5g? #fg in*es1 9 bread? #ec1 9 height #ee1 & !re=e possess+ cephalic & latitud9al indices ( #ghe & #hbj4ic ,! upp] /ratum1 a s&y loam1 conta9$ a l>ge quantity ( /ones1 & num]\s articles fabricat$ by man3 poli%$-/one axes1 flakes1 & o!r in/rum5ts ( fl9t1 bone1 & antl]1 fragm5ts ( co>se black pott]y1 ) bits ( calc>e\s sp> imb$d$ 9 its sub/ance1 & two plates ( s*i/ ornam5t$ ) a rude design1 :i* may h be5 us$ z amulets4 ,fragm5ts ( *>coal 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! matrix1 & adh]$ to "s ( ! pott]y & to ! burnt pebbles4 ,! mo/ abundant rema9s 7 ^? ( man4 ,!y 7 to be c\nt$ by ?\s&s1 & 7 s fragm5t>y & scatt]$ t x 0 impossible to put toge!r "o p]fect skeleton4 ,! tee?1 belong+ = ! mo/ "p to *ildr5 or fully-gr[n adults1 7 p>ticul>ly abundant4 ,! long bones _h lo/1 v g5]ally1 _! articul> ends1 _h be5 fractur$ longitud9ally1 & "s ( !m _h be5 cut & scrap$4 ,x is !re=e probable t ?is accumulation 0 =m$ by a tribe ( cannibals3 ! evid5ce t human fle% =m$ _! pr9cipal food be+ precisely ( ! same nature z t by :i* ! fl9t-folk ( ! ,prigord are prov$ to h subsi/$ on ! fle% ( ! re9de]4 ,pr(essor ,busk1#id h[ev]1 is incl9$ to believe ! facts 9 support ( cannibalism insuffici5t4 ,! associat$ animals consi/$ ( ! bat1 dorm\se1 rabbit1 horse1 a small ox1 alli$ to ,bos longifrons1 %eep or goat1 wild cat1 wolf1 fox1 & dog4 ,! cont5ts ( ! o!r two caves 7 precisely ( ! same nature1 & _h be5 accumulat$ "u ! same conditions4 ,a bronze arr[-head1 discov]$ 9 ! upp] /ratum1 & ! ornam5tation ( ! /one amulet1 consi/+ ( alt]nate triangles & zigzag ladd]s1 z rem>k$ by ,mr4 ,john ,evans1 indicate t ! upp] deposit belongs to ! age ( bronze1 & probably to an e>ly /age1 :5 /one 0 be+ sup]s$$ by bronze1 s9ce _m /one celts 7 f\nd 9 ! same spot4 ,! anci5t burial-places ( ,ultz1 9 ,we/phalia1 furni% a second case ( ! practice ( cannibalism1 accord+ to ,m4 ,s*aaffhaus5 ( ,bonn#ie4 ,!y are probably ( ! age ( bronze4 ,! ,cave ( ,reggio1 9 ,mod5a4 ,! human rema9s 9 a cave 9 ! prov9ce ( ,reggio1#if on ! nor!rn flank ( ! ,ap5n9es1 br\ght be=e ! ,prehi/oric ,congress at ,bologna by ,m4 l',abb ,*i]ici1 & consid]$ by him to be pro(s ( cannibalism1 are probably m]ely ! result ( int]m5t 9 a refuse-heap t _h previ\sly be5 accumulat$4 ,!y 7 associat$ ) bronze p9s1 rivets1 poli%$-/one axes1 & v>i\s implem5ts ( bone1 fragm5ts ( pott]y & ( *>coal1 bones ( pig1 %eep1 & dog1 & belong !re=e to ! p]iod ( transition f ! neoli?ic to ! bronze age4 ,! caves h contribut$ b v little to our k ( ! bronze-folk 9 any "p ( ,europe4 ,examples1 su* z ^? giv5 above1 are scatt]$ ?r\gh ,france & ,spa91 b !y are n suffici5tly important to require notice4 ,we c\ld n expect t m51 9 ! high /ate ( civilization impli$ by ! beautiful jewell]y & ornam5ts :i* are di/9ctive ( ! bronze-folk1 w\ld h *os5 ! wild1 half-savage life :i* is involv$ 9 cave-habitation4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,caves ,,( ,,! ,,neoli?ic ,,age4 ,neoli?ic ,caves 9 ,great ,brita94--,! ,refuse-heap at ,p]?i-,*w>eu4--,! ,sepul*ral ,caves4--,! ,neoli?ic ,caves 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cefn1 ,/4 ,asaph4--,! ,*amb]$ ,tomb ne> ,cefn4--,int]m5ts 9 ,tomb & ,caves ( ! same age4--,cont5ts ( ,tomb & ,caves4--,description ( ,human ,rema9s by ,pr(essor ,busk--,f ,cave ,no4 #a at ,p]?i-,*w>eu--f ,cairn at ,cefn--f ,cave at ,cefn4--,g5]al ,conclusions z to ,human ,rema9s4 ,x is evid5t1 f ! scanty rema9s f\nd 9 caves1 t !y 7 n ! normal habitations ( m5 9 ! ,bronze or ,iron /ages ( culture4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 f9d t !y 7 us$ by ! neoli?ic peoples1 bo? = %elt] & = burial1 9 ne>ly e portion ( ,europe :i* has be5 explor$4 ,neoli?ic ,caves 9 ,great ,brita94--,p]?i-,*w>eu4 ,! mo/ rem>kable examples ( caves1 turn$ to bo? ^! uses1 9 ,brita91 are (f]$ by ! gr\p clu/]+ r\nd a refuse-heap at ,p]?i-,*w>eu1 a f>m high up 9 ! ,wel% hills1 ab\t t5 miles to ! ea/ ( ,corw51 & a mile to ! we/ ( ! little village ( ,ll&egla1 9 ,d5bigh%ire4 ,! ,refuse-heap4 ,! fir/ intimation ( any prehi/oric rema9s 9 t locality 0 af=d$ by a small box ( bones =w>d$ to me by ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 #ahfi2 & ?is ,i 0 able to foll[ up1 ?r\gh ! k9d assi/ance ( ,mrs4 ,lloyd1 ! own] ( ! prop]ty on :i* !y 7 f\nd1 f "t to "t1 dur+ #ahfi-gj-ga-b4 ,! m\nta9 lime/one1 :i* !re =ms hill & valley1 consi/s ( ?ick masses ( h>d rock1 sep>at$ by s(t b$s ( %ale1 & conta9s l>ge quantities ( producti1 cr9oids & corals4 ,! /rata dip to ! s\?1 at an angle ( ab\t #a 9 #be1 & =m two p>allel ridges1 ) abrupt faces to ! nor?1 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a n>r[ valley1 pass+ ea/ & we/ along ! /rike4 ,! rema9s s5t by ,mr4 ,d>w9 7 obta9$ f a space betwe5 two /rata ne> ! top ( ! nor!rn ridge1 :5ce ! int]v5+ s(t] mat]ial _h be5 c>ri$ away by wat]4 ,its maximum height 0 #f in*es1 & its wid? #bj feet or m2 & x ext5d$ 9 a direction p>allel to ! b$ ( ! rocks4 ,! bones1 :i* _h evid5tly be5 wa%$ 9 by ! ra91 & n c>ri$ 9 by any c>nivora1 belong to ! foll[+ species3-- ,canis famili>is--,! ,dog4 ,canis vulpes--,! ,fox4 ,meles taxus--,! ,badg]4 ,sus scr(a--,! ,pig4 ,c]vus capreolus--,! ,roe-de]4 ,c]vus elaphus--,! ,r$-de]4 ,capra hircus--,! ,goat4 ,bos longifrons--,! ,celtic ,%ort-horn4 ,equus caballus--,! ,horse4 ,arvicola amphibius--,! ,wat]-rat4 ,lepus timidus--,! ,h>e4 ,lepus cuniculus--,! ,rabbit4 ,! ,eagle4 ,ne>ly all ! bones 7 brok51 & belong$ to "y animals4 ,^? ( ! ,celtic %ort-horn1 ( ! %eep or goat1 & ( ! "y pig1 7 v abundant2 :ile ^? ( ! roe & /ag1 h>e & horse1 7 comp>atively r>e4 ,! rema9s ( ! dome/ic dog 7 r abundant1 & ! p]c5tage ( "y puppies implies also t !y1 l ! o!r animals1 _h be5 us$ = food4 ,possibly ! h>e may also h be5 eat51 b its rema9s 7 sc>ce1 & belong$ to adults4 ,"s ( ! bones _h be5 gnaw$ by dogs4 ,! only reasonable cause t c be assign$ = ! accumulation ( ! rema9s ( ^! animals is1 t ! locality 0 inhabit$ by m5 ( pa/oral habits1 b yet to a c]ta9 ext5t dep5d5t on ! *ase1 & t ! relics ( _! food 7 ?r[n out to =m a refuse-heap4 ,! latt] _h altoge!r disappe>$ f ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 f ! action ( ! ra9 & o!r atmosph]ic causes1 :ile ^? portions ( x :i* *anc$ to be wa%$ into ! n>r[ int]space betwe5 ! /rata 7 pres]v$1 to m>k ! spot :i* x once occupi$4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! deposit t fixes ! date ( its accumulation4 ,x may h be5 ( ! /one1 bronze1 or iron age2 b f ! pres5ce ( ! goat1 %ort-horn$ ox1 & dog1 x c]ta9ly does n date s f> back z ! epo* ( ! re9de]1 mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 & cave-hyna4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,celtic %ort-horn ?r[s no light ^u ! antiquity1 because = c5turies aft] x _h ceas$ to be ! dome/ic bre$ 9 ,engl& x rema9$ 9 ,wales1 & /ill lives 9 ! small black ,wel% cattle1 t are l9eal desc5dants ( ^? :i* furni%$ beef to ! ,roman prov9cials 9 ,brita94 ,! ,sepul*ral ,caves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,section ( ,cave at ,p]?i-,*w>eu4 ,scale #ab feet to #a in*4 ,:ile ! refuse-heap 0 be+ explor$1 ,i *ose a small depression 7,fig4 #cf ,a7 9 ! precipit\s side ( ! s\!rn ridge1 t =m$ a k9d ( rock %elt] ov]look+ ! valley1 & t seem$ to be a likely place = ! abode ( man1 or ( wild animals4 ,on sett+ ! m5 to "w1 9 a few m9utes we began to discov] ! rema9s ( dog1 m>t5-cat1 fox1 badg]1 goat1 ,celtic %ort-horn1 roe-de] & /ag1 horse1 & l>ge birds4 ,mix$ ) ^!1 z we proce$$1 we began to f9d human bones1 betwe5 & und]nea? l>ge masses ( rock1 t 7 completely cov]$ up ) r$ silt & s&4 ,z ^! 7 cle>$ away1 we gradually realiz$ t we 7 on ! ?re%old ( a sepul*ral cave4 ,9 ! small space !n excavat$1 human rema9s1 belong+ to no few] ?an five individuals1 7 f\nd4 ,subsequ5tly ! "w 0 c>ri$ on by ,mrs4 ,lloyd1 "u ! c>eful sup]vision ( h] ag5t ,mr4 ,reid4 ,! rock-%elt] n>r[$ into a 8tunnel cave10 t p5etrat$ ! rocks 9 a l9e p>allel to ! b$d+1 &1 r\ghly speak+1 at "r angles to ! valley1 hav+ a wid? v>y+ f #c feet #d in*es to #e feet #f in*es1 & a height f #c feet #d in*es to #d feet #f in*es4 ,! entrance 0 completely block$ up ) r$ e>? & loose /ones1 ! latt]1 app>5tly1 hav+ be5 plac$ !re by design 7,figs4 #cf1 #cg74 ,! inside ( ! cave 0 fill$ ) r$ e>? & s& to )9 ab\t a foot ( ! ro(4 ,! rema9s 7 f\nd1 = ! mo/ "p1 on or ne> ! top2 b 9 "s cases !y 7 deep d[n4 ,"o human skull1 = example1 0 f\nd six in*es only above ! rocky floor4 ,! human bones 7 associat$ ) ^? ( ! animals ( :i* a li/ has be5 giv51 & occurr$ 9 little confus$ heaps4 ,"o human femur 0 9 a p]p5dicul> position4 ,! acc\nt ( ! cont9uation ( ! digg+ is giv5 almo/ 9 ! words ( ,mrs4 ,lloyd4 ,on ! second day1 aft] an h\r's "w1 a human skull 0 f\nd ne> ! ro( ( ! cave1 re/+ on a femur2 !n elev5 feet explor$ br\ght to light a l>ge quantity ( human bones1 includ+ n9e femurs4 ,! ?ird & f\r? days 7 devot$ to cle>+ out ! cave 7,fig4 #cf-g ,b7 up to ?is po9t1 & to excavat+ ab\t f\r feet fur!r 91 or fifte5 f ! entrance4 ,dur+ ! "w two tee? ( a horse 7 f\nd1 re/+ on ! floor ne> ! entrance1 & n9e m ab\t t5 feet )9 ! cave2 also a bo>'s tusk ( rem>kable size1 & close by a mussel & cockle-%ell1 & valve ( ,mya truncata1 along ) a quantity ( human & o!r bones2 includ+ five skulls1 m or less p]fect1 & _m fragm5ts4 ,all ^! skulls 7 f\nd betwe5 ! t5? & fifte5? feet f ! entrance4 ,dur+ ! fif? & six? days1 ! "w 0 sup]9t5d$ by ,mr4 ,reid1 :o entirely cle>$ ! cave = ab\t ?irte5 feet fur!r3 ! fir/ eight feet yield$ a small quantity ( human & o!r bones1 includ+ ! p]fect skull ( a m>t5-cat & ! incisor ( a wild bo>4 ,! only implem5t f\nd 9 ! cave1 a brok5 fl9t flake1 occurr$ "h1 & a ne>ly p]fect human skull1 ly+ face d[nw>ds1 ) ! pelvis adh]+ to "o side4 ,! la/ five feet furni%$ only two bones1 bo? ( ! %ort-horn$ ox4 ,! end ( ! cave 0 compos$ ( unproductive grey clay4 7,figs4 #cf-g ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,plan ( ,cave at ,p]?i-,*w>eu4 ,small fragm5ts ( *>coal occurr$ ?r\gh\t ! cave1 & a great _m r\nd$ pebbles f ! b\ld] clay ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,! human rema9s belong = ! mo/ "p to v "y or adolesc5t individuals1 f ! small infant to y\?s ( tw5ty-"o4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 belong to m5 9 ! prime ( life4 ,all ! tee? t _h be5 us$ 7 gr\nd p]fectly flat4 ,! skulls belong to t type :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley t]ms ! 8riv]-b$ skull40 ,"s ( ! tibi pres5t ! peculi> flatt5+ p>allel to ! m$ian l9e1 :i* ,pr(essor ,busk d5otes by ! t]m platycnemic1 & "s ( ! femora 7 trav]s$ by a l>gely develop$ & prom95t l9ea asp]a2 b ^! peculi>ities 7 n se5 on all ! femora & tibi1 & _c !re=e be consid]$ *>act]i/ic ( race1 b mo/ probably ( sex4 ,!y 7 n pres5t$ by any ( ! y\ng] bones4 ,all ! human rema9s _h und\bt$ly be5 buri$ 9 ! cave1 s9ce ! bones 7 9 ! ma9 p]fect1 or only brok5 by ! l>ge /ones :i* _h subsequ5tly fall5 f ! ro(4 ,f ! juxtaposition ( "o skull to a pelvis1 & ! v]tical position ( "o ( ! femora1 z well z ! fact t ! bones lay 9 confus$ heaps1 x is cle> t ! corpses _h be5 buri$ 9 ! contract$ po/ure1 z is usually ! case 9 neoli?ic int]m5ts4 ,& s9ce ! area 0 insuffici5t = ! accommodation ( s _m bodies at "o "t1 x is c]ta9 t ! cave _h be5 us$ z a cemet]y at diff]5t times4 ,! /ones block+ up ! entrance 7 probably plac$ z a b>ri] aga9/ ! inroads ( wild bea/s4 ,^! rema9s are ! fir/ 9 ?is c\ntry :i* pres5t ! peculi> "* ( platycnemism1 notic$ by ,pr(essor ,busk & ,dr4 ,falcon] 9 human rema9s 9 ! caves ( ,gibralt>1 & by ,dr4 ,broca 9 "s ( ^? f ! dolm5s ( ,france1 & subsequ5tly 9 ! celebrat$ skeletons f\nd 9 ! cave ( ,cro-magnon4 ,i h also obs]v$ ! same peculi> flatt5+ ( ! tibia 9 ! only fragm5t ( human bone obta9$ by ,mr4 ,foote1 9 ! ,lat]itic deposits ( ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,s\!rn ,india1 along ) ! /one implem5ts figur$ 9 ! ,norwi* ,volume ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology 7#ahfh1 p4 #bbd74 ,! rema9s ( ! animals associat$ ) ! human bones belong to ! same species z ^? m5tion$ above f ! dbris ( a refuse-heap1 & are 9 a simil> brok5 & split condition4 ,!y may h be5 deposit$ at ! same "t z ! human skeletons1 b1 f ! fact t "s ( !m are gnaw$ by dogs1 x is mo/ probable t !y 7 accumulat$ :ile ! cave 0 us$ z a dwell+4 ,if ! bodies 7 plac$ on an old floor ( occupation1 & aft]w>ds di/urb$ by rabbits & badg]s1 ! rema9s w\ld be m+l$ toge!r z !y 7 f\nd to be m+l$4 ,! cont5ts _h evid5tly be5 di/urb$ by ! burr[+ ( all ^! animals4 ,subsequ5tly we discov]$ & explor$ no less ?an f\r o!r sepul*ral caves1 )9 a few hundr$ y>ds ( ! refuse-heap1 9 :i* ! corpses _h be5 buri$ 9 ! same cr\*+ po/ure4 ,f "o on ! f>m ( ,rhosdigre we obta9$ a p]fect celt ( poli%$ gre5/one :i* _h nev] be5 us$ 7,fig4 #ch71 toge!r ) sev]al fl9t flakes1 & num]\s fragm5ts ( pott]y1 rude1 black inside1 h&-made1 & conta9+ 9 _! sub/ance small fragm5ts ( lime/one4 ,simil> pot%]ds are pres]v$ 9 ! ,ox=d ,museum1 f ! sup]ficial deposits ( ! caves ( ,gail5reu? & ,kuhlock1 & ,i h obs]v$ !m also among ! rema9s f ,k5t's ,hole4 ,! celt 0 mo/ probably1 f its unworn condition1 buri$ ) ! dead1 & x /amps ! neoli?ic age ( ! int]m5ts ( ! :ole gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,gre5/one ,celt1 ,rhosdigre ,cave4 7,nat4 size47 ,among ! brok5 bones f ?is cave 7 ! tee? ( ! br[n be>1 & ! l[] jaw ( a wolf2 & ! fractur$ bones ( ! dog impli$ t t animal m9i/]$ to ! appetite1 z well z obey$ ! comm&s1 ( ! neoli?ic inhabitants4 ,i h met ) simil> evid5ce ( ! use ( dog's fle% = food among ! brok5 bones :i* ,canon ,gre5well obta9$ f ! neoli?ic tumuli ( ! ,york%ire ,wolds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m>ks ( ! tee? ( dogs1 or wolves1 on "s ( ! human femora1 impli$ t ^? animals made _! way into ?is cave & fea/$ on ! corpses4 ,! neoli?ic age ( ^! int]m5ts is prov$1 n m]ely by ! pres5ce ( ! /one axe1 or ( ! fl9t flakes1 b by ! burial 9 a contract$ po/ure1#ig & ! fact t ! skulls are id5tical ) ^? obta9$ f *amb]$ tombs 9 ! s\? ( ,engl& prov$ to be neoli?ic by ,dr4 ,?urnam4 ,! numb] ( skeletons ( all ages1 & ( bo? sexes1 buri$ 9 ^! caves 0 v consid]able2 & !y _h be5 plac$ on ! old floor ( occupation at successive times4 ,9 t ( ,rhosdigre ! accumulation ( *>coal1 brok5 bones1 & fragm5ts ( pott]y bel[ "s ( ! human skeletons1 prov$ t x _h be5 us$ = a habitation be=e x 0 us$ = a burial-place4 ,x is v probable t orig9ally ! head ( a family1 or a clan1 or a tribe1 0 buri$ 9 8 own cave-dwell+1 & t x 0 aft]w>ds us$ z a cemet]y = 8 blood relations & foll[]s4 ,! ,neoli?ic ,caves 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cefn1 ne> ,/4 ,asaph4 ,! same class ( rema9s1 ref]able to ! neoli?ic age1 h be5 met ) 9 ! caves 9 ! lime/one cliffs ( ! beautiful valleys ( ! ,clwyd & ! ,elwy1 ne> ,/4 ,asaph4 ,9 ! collection ( fossil bones 9 ! possession ( ,mrs4 ,williams ,wynn1 discov]$ 9 #ahcc1 9 a cave at ,cefn1 by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,lloyd1#ih is a human skull & l[] jaw1 along ) platycnemic limb-bones4 ,!y 7 f\nd m+l$ ) ! bones ( goat1 pig1 fox1 & badg]1 & cut antl]s ( ! r$-de]1 inside ! l[] entrance ( ! cave1 9 :i* ! ext9ct plei/oc5e animals 7 f\nd 9 ! valley ( ! ,elwy4 ,f\r fl9t flakes also 7 discov]$ along ) !m4 ,! skull 9 its g5]al features /rongly resembles ^? f\nd 9 ! gr\p ( caves at ,p]?i-,*w>eu1 & pres5ts a cephalic index#ii ( #ggj1 :i* comes )9 ! limits ( ! extreme =ms f t locality4 ,pr(essor ,busk1 h[ev]1 z w be se5 9 8 acc\nt ( ?is skull1 because ( its l[ altitud9al index--#gjb1 z comp>$ ) #gaj ( ! l[e/ ,p]?i-,*w>eu skull--is incl9$ to view x z ( a diff]5t type4 ,! conditions1 on ! o!r h&1 "u :i* x 0 f\nd appe> to me to be circum/antial evid5ce t ! int]m5t is ( ! same relative age z t ( ,p]?i-,*w>eu4 ,bo? 7 9 caves3 9 bo? ! rema9s ( ! same dome/ic & wild animals 7 f\nd 9 ! same fragm5t>y condition4 ,fl9t flakes also occurr$ 9 bo?2 & :at is m important1 ! platycnemic limb-bones 9 bo? imply a some:at simil> mode ( life 9 ! p to :om !y belong$4 ,?is body ( evid5ce1 9 fav\r ( ! int]m5ts hav+ be5 made by ! same race ( m5 :o liv$ "s "t 9 ,d5bigh%ire1 seems to me ( great] weight ?an t to ! contr>y af=d$ by ! diff]5ce ( #jjh 9 ! altitud9al indices ( ! skulls4 ,aft] a comp>ison ( ! c>efully prep>$ measurem5ts ( ! crania publi%$ 9 ! 8,crania ,britannica0 ) ^? publi%$ else:]e1 ,i _c resi/ ! conviction1 t if simil> modes ( life & ( burial 9 ,brita9 imply an id5tity ( race1 cranial v>iation )9 ! limits ( t race is by no means v small4 ,absolute purity ( blood 9 an isl& s ne> ! ,cont95t z ,brita9 _c be look$ =2 & unity ( type result+ f isolation f o!r races1 su* z t pres5t$ by ! ,au/ralians1 is n likely to be met )4 ,x is !re=e v probable t "s ( ! v>iations may be acc\nt$ = by ! bl5d+ ( diff]5t e?nical elem5ts 9 "o race4 ,i am consequ5tly incl9$ to view ! int]m5ts 9 ^! two caves z hav+ be5 made by ! same p1 9 spite ( ! small cranial diff]5ce manife/$ by ! ,cefn skull4 ,! cave 9 ,brysgill1 a small rav9e lead+ into ! valley ( ! ,elwy1 explor$ by ,mr4 ,ma9w>+ & ,mrs4 ,williams ,wynn 9 #ahga1 furni%$ evid5ce ( ! occupation ( man1 probably ( ! neoli?ic age4 ,f a d>k lay] compos$ ( loam1 black ) fragm5ts ( *>coal1 a fl9t arr[-head1 a core1 a flake1 & brok5 bones ( ! horse1 ,bos longifrons1 goat1 & dog1 7 obta9$1 z well z a few human bones :i* _h n be5 brok5 by design4 ,! excavations c>ri$ on 9 ! small tunnel-cave ( ,plas-,heaton1 by ,mr4 ,heaton & ,pr(essor ,hughes1 h %[n t x 0 inhabit$ at two diff]5t ages4 ,9 ! upp] or prehi/oric /ratum 7 brok5 bones ( ! dog1 badg]1 goat1 ,bos longifrons1 & /ag2 :ile 9 ! l[]1 or plei/oc5e1 7 ! rema9s ( ! hyna1 re9de]1 cave-be>1 & ! l[] jaw ( ! glutton4 ,! ,*amb]$ ,tomb ne> ,cefn1 ,/4 ,asaph4 ,:ile ! caves at ,p]?i-,*w>eu 7 be+ explor$1 ! accid5tal discov]y ( human rema9s 9 ! cairn ( ,tyddyn ,bleiddyn1 ne> ,cefn1 ,/4 ,asaph1 9 #ahfi1 l$ to a sy/ematic exam9ation ( its cont5ts by ,mrs4 ,williams ,wynn1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,r4 ,?omas1 myself1 & ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,w9wood1 :i* has result$ 9 ! pro(1 t ! p :o buri$ _! dead 9 caves us$ /one-*amb]$ tombs = ! same purpose4 ,! cairn ( loose fragm5ts ( lime/one _h be5 remov$ = road-m5d+ be=e ! cap-/ones ( ! /one *amb] 7 expos$1 & ^! 7 brok5 be=e any sci5tific obs]vation 0 made4 ,! ,rev4 ,d4 ,r4 ,?omas1 h[ev]1 rescu$ _m ( ! human rema9s f de/ruction1 & began ! exploration :i* def9$ ! ext5t ( ! *amb] ,a 7,fig4 #ci74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,pla9 ( ,*amb]$ ,tomb at ,cefn4 ,subsequ5tly x 0 resum$ 9 my pres5ce1 & ! *amb] ,a 7,fig4 #ci7 fully cle>$ out4 ,at ! po9t c x 0 p>tially %ut (f f ! passage ,b by a slab ( /one #ah in*es high4 ,! passage l$ f ! *amb] 9 a nor!rn direction1 & 0 #f feet long by #b wide4 ,! *amb] gradually n>r[$ t[>ds ! passage1 be+ #e feet wide at its broad end1 & #i feet long4 ,9 ! passage1 z well z 9 ! *amb]1 !re 7 human bones belong+ to individuals :o _h be5 buri$ 9 a cr\*+ po/ure4 ,un=tunately1 z ! rema9s h be5 scatt]$1 x is impossible to asc]ta9 ! exact numb] ( ! burials4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 re/or$ "o skull & exam9$ sev5 frontal bones1 & o!r rema9s1 :i* indicate t !re 7 at lea/ twelve p]sons1 v>y+ 9 age f infancy to full prime1 buri$ 9 ?is tomb4 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re is a l>ge box ( bones 9 ! possession ( ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,r4 ,?omas1 z well z o!r rema9s 9 o!r h&s4 ,b al?\gh ! exact numb] ( bodies int]r$ _c be made out1 !re is full pro( t !re 7 too _m to h be5 deposit$ at "o "t 9 s small a cubic area2 & !re=e !y mu/ h be5 deposit$ at diff]5t times1 z 9 ! caves at ,p]?i-,*w>eu4 ,!re 7 no rema9s ( ei!r wild or dome/ic animals2 & ! only =eign object 0 a small slightly *ipp$ fl9t pebble4 ,f ! rem>kable con=mation ( ! nasal bones ( "s ( ! skulls1 x w\ld seem likely t ! burial-place belong$ to "o family2 b1 = a reason 7see ,notes on ,human ,rema9s1 p4 #ahc7 /at$ by ,pr(essor ,busk1 ?is is by no means a c]ta9 inf]5ce4 ,! plan ( ! *amb] & passage corresponds ) t ( ! long b>r[ ( ,we/ ,k5net1 figur$ 9 ! 8,crania ,britannica10 & ) t ( ! cromle* ( ,le ,creux des ,fes1 ,gu]nsey1 describ$ by ,lieut5ant ,oliv]4#ajj ,9 ! =m] ( ^! ! corpses 7 buri$ 9 a contract$ po/ure1 along ) fl9t scrap]s & fragm5ts ( rude pott]y4 ,9 ! latt] ! orig9al cont5ts h disappe>$4 ,to speak 9 g5]al t]ms1 ! *amb] & passage belong to ! class ( tombs :i* ,dr4 ,?urnam names 8,long ,b>r[s10 & ,pr(essor ,nilsson 8,ganggrb510 & :i* are f\nd 9 ,sc&9avia & ,france1 z well z 9 ,brita94 ,& x is wor?y ( note t ! p>tial insulation ( ! *amb] ,a 7,fig4 #ci7 f ! passage ,b by a slab 7c71 :i* does n rea* up to ! height ( ! walls1 is to be se5 9 simil> tombs bo? 9 ,gu]nsey & 9 ,brittany4 ,a second & l>g] *amb]1 compos$ ( cave slabs ( lime/one1 0 discov]$ 9 ! same cairn 9 #ahga by ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,r4 ,?omas1 & completely excavat$ by him along ) myself & ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,w9wood4 ,x 0 ( a rudely triangul> =m1 #aj feet long by #f wide1 trav]s$ by a p>tition ( slabs1 & provid$ ) a n>r[ passage #aj feet long by #b feet #f 9 wid?1 op5+ to ! nor?1 & f5c$ (f completely f ! *amb] by a slab1 z 9 ! prec$+ case4 ,bo? ! *amb] & ! passage 7 full ( human rema9s ( all ages1 buri$ 9 a contract$ po/ure2 ! numb] ( int]m5ts be+ f> too great to h all[$ ! bodies to h be5 deposit$ at "o "t4 ,f ! =m] ,i id5tifi$ ! brok5 jaw ( a roebuck & rema9s ( goat1 a brok5 fl9t1 & r\nd pebbles ( qu>tz1 :ile 9 ! latt] !re 7 ! tee? & bones ( ! dog & ! pig4 ,"s ( ! tibi f bo? ! *amb]s 7 platycnemic1 b t "* 0 only to be recogniz$ 9 ! old] bones4 ,! skulls1 f ! second ( ! two *amb]s1 agree s exactly ) ^? f ! caves1 t x is n necess>y to add to ! table ( measurem5ts :i* ,pr(essor ,busk has drawn up 7p4 #aga74 ,correlation ( ,*amb]$ ,tomb ) ,int]m5ts 9 ! ,caves ( ,p]?i-,*w>eu & ,cefn4 ,nor are we )\t evid5ce t ! build]s ( ?is cairn belong$ to ! same race z ^? :o buri$ _! dead 9 ! caves ( ,p]?i-,*w>eu & ( ,cefn4 ,! crania & ! limb-bones are id5tical1 & 9 bo? ! tombs & caves ! dead 7 buri$ 9 a contract$ po/ure4 ,:y !n1 x may be ask$1 7 ! rema9s ( animals s r>e 9 ! "o & s abundant 9 ! o!r8 ,9 my op9ion ?is diff]5ce may be expla9$ by ! hypo!sis1 inv5t$ by ,pr(essor ,nilsson1 ( ! orig9 ( *amb]$ tombs4#aja ,! idea ( ! 8gall]y graves10 accord+ to t high au?ority1 0 d]iv$ f ! subt]ranean h\se 9 :i* ! deceas$ liv$1 & 9 :i* he 0 buri$ aft] 8 dea?1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,eskimos at ! pres5t day4 ,! plan ( ! h\ses1 l t ( ! anci5t ,lycian dwell+s describ$ by ,sir ,*>les ,fell[es1 0 pres]v$ 9 ! tombs1 & probably = _m ages aft] h\ses 7 no long] made 9 t fa%ion2 s9ce ! pr9ciple ( cons]vatism & ! =ce ( cu/om are m deeply root$ 9 religi\s & solemn c]emonial ?an 9 ! *anges ( e-day life4 ,! r>ity ( ! rema9s ( ! animals may be expla9$ by ! fact ( ^! tombs nev] hav+ be5 us$ z dwell+s1 :ile _! abundance 9 ! caves may be acc\nt$ = by ! latt] hav+ be5 inhabit$ by man1 & ?us ! idea ( ! dead re/+ 9 8 own h\se w\ld be ! cause ( burial bo? 9 caves & *amb]$ tombs4 ,x is n at all /range t ! same race %\ld h us$ bo? = sepulture1 :5 we consid] t a 8gall]y grave0 is an artificial cave1 & t natural caves are few 9 numb]4 ,?is anci5t race is prov$ by ! rema9s to h be5 pa/oral1 r ?an dep5d5t on ! *ase1 _! pr9cipal food be+ ! dome/ic goat1 ! %ort-horn 7,bos longifrons71 ! horse1 & hog4 ,!y are also prov$ to h be5 neoli?ic1 n m]ely by ! discov]y ( a poli%$ /one axe 9 "o ( ! caves1 b also by ! %ape ( ! 8gall]y graves10 :i* ,pr(essor ,nilsson & ,dr4 ,?urnam agree 9 ref]r+ to t /age ( culture4 ,table ( ,cont5ts ( ,caves & ,*amb]$ ,tomb4 ,! cont5ts ( ! caves & ! /one *amb]s may be ga!r$ f ! ,table :i* we give on ! next page4 ,! brok5 bones ( ! h>e prove t !re 0 no prejudice aga9/ its fle%1 z 0 ! case among ! neoli?ic dwell]s 9 ! ,swiss ,pfahlbaut54 ,we %all see 9 ! next *apt] t ! animal 0 also eat5 by ! dwell]s 9 ! neoli?ic caves bo? ( ,france & ,belgium4 ,li/ ( ,objects 9 ,neoli?ic ,caves & ,cairn 9 ,nor? ,wales4 ,column-head+ ,key3 ,a ,refuse-heap1 ,p]?i-,*w>eu4 ,b ,cave ,no4 #a4 ,c ,cave ,no4 #b4 ,d ,cave ,rhosdigre ,no4 #a4 ,e ,cave ,rhosdigre ,no4 #b4 ,f ,cave ,rhosdigre ,no4 #c4 ,g ,! ,cefn ,cave4 ,h ,cairn ( ,tyddyn ,bleiddyn1 ne> ,cefn4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,animals4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,dome/ic4 ,canis famili>is--,dog ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,sus scr(a--,pig ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,equus caballus--,horse ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,bos longifrons--,celtic ,%ort-horn ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,capra hircus--,goat ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,,wild4 ,canis lupus--,wolf ,x ,canis vulpes--,fox ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,meles taxus--,badg] ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,ursus arctos--,be> ,x ,sus scr(a--,wild ,bo> ,x ,c]vus elaphus--,/ag ,x ,x ,x ,c]vus capreolus--,roe ,x ,x ,x ,lepus cuniculus--,rabbit ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,lepus timidus--,h>e ,x ,x ,x ,x ,poli%$ ,celts ,x ,fl9t ,flakes or ,*ips ,x ,x ,x ,x ,pott]y ,x ,x ,x ,x ,human ,skeletons ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,platycnemic bones ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,description ( ! ,human ,rema9s by ,pr(essor ,busk4 ,= ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! human rema9s1 repr9t$ f ! 8,j\rnal ( ! ,e?nological ,society10 ,janu>y #ahga1 ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( my fri5d ,pr(essor ,busk1 to :om examples ( all ! =ms 7 =w>d$3-- ,notes on ! ,human ,rema9s4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,busk1 ,f4,r4,s4 #a4 ,,introduction4 ,! rema9s discov]$ 9 ! sepul*ral cave at ,p]?i-,*w>eu1 accord+ to a li/ furni%$ by ,mr4 ,boyd ,dawk9s1 are z "u2 b ,i believe ?is catalogue does n include all t 7 f\nd 9 ! locality4#ajb #a4 ,elev5 m or less p]fect skulls1 "s1 h[ev]1 repres5t$ by m]e fragm5ts4 #b4 ,twelve m&ibles4 #c4 ,sev5 arm-bones or hum]i--f\r "r & ?ree left4 #d4 ,six uln4 #e4 ,tw5ty-two ?igh-bones1 includ+ five pairs1 five odd ones ( ! "r side1 & sev5 ( ! left2 & among/ !m are ?ree ( v "y *ildr54 #f4 ,sev5te5 tibi or leg-bones1 n9e ( ! "r & eight ( ! left side1 & app>5tly none ( !m 9 pairs2 s t !re mu/ probably h be5 a good _m m4 #g4 ,eight a/ragali4 #h4 ,n9e calcanea1 or heel-bones4 ,! numb] ( individuals1 !re=e1 ^: relics 7 deposit$ 9 ?is cav]n c\ld n h be5 less ?an sixte51 & may h be5 _m m4 ,!y appe> to h be5 ( all ages & ( bo? sexes4 ,( ! o!r bones ( ! skeleton1 ( :i* !re mu/ h be5 abundance1 ,i h receiv$ no in=mation4 ,9 ! ,cefn ,cave !re 7 discov]$3-- #a4 ,"o m&ible4 #b4 ,"o hum]us4 #c4 ,two uln4 #d4 ,a pair ( ?igh-bones4 #e4 ,a pair ( leg-bones4 & 9 ! tumulus3-- #a4 ,portions ( sev5 skulls4 #b4 ,two "r hum]i4 #c4 ,a pair ( uln4 #d4 ,a "r femur4 ,f ,/4 ,asaph ! only bone t has come "u my obs]vation is a s+le calv>ia4 #b4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,bones ,,f ,,! ,,cav]n ,,at ,,p]?i-,,*w>eu4 7a47 ,g5]al ,condition4--,9 g5]al condition1 z reg>ds col\r & texture1 ^! bones pres5t "s1 b no v /rik+1 diff]5ces2 on ! :ole !y are mu* alike1 ?\gh x might be suppos$ t "s h la9 long] 9 ! gr\nd ?an ! o!rs4 ,"o or two among !m 7b ^! are app>5tly ! y\ng] bones7 are fragile2 ! majority1 h[ev]1 are z firm z common *ur*y>d bones1 & "s h q ! natural degree ( h>dness4 ,!y are ( a lighti%-yell[ col\r1 d n adh]e to ! tongue1 & af=d sc>cely any e>?y smell :5 brea!d ^u or moi/5$3 only "o among !m pres5ts any /a9+ f oxide ( manganese2 & ?is exi/s 9 diffuse blot*es1 & is n at all ( ! d5dritic =m4 ,_m are p>tially cov]$ ) a v ?9 film ( cry/all9e c>bonate ( lime4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #dj1 #da1 #db4--,skull f ,sepul*ral ,cave at ,p]?i-,*w>eu4 7b47 ,! ,skulls4--,( ^! only ?ree ( ! m p]fect h come "u my obs]vation4 ,^! alone w =m ! subject ( :at ,i h to rem>k on ?is portion ( ! skeleton4 ,b 9 ! subjo9$ ,table ,i4 7p4 #aga7 ,i h giv51 toge!r ) ! dim5sions ( ^! ?ree1 ^? ( five o!rs :i* h be5 furni%$ to me by ,mr4 ,dawk9s4 ,9 ! specim5 ,no4 #a 7,figs #dj1 #da1 #db7 ! entire facial "p is want+1 toge!r ) ! :ole ( ! base & a great "p ( "o side ( ! calv>ia4 ,! skull is ( an oval =m1 symmetrical1 ) a r prom95t occiput4 ,! region ( ! v]tex is slightly & ev5ly ar*$2 & ! =ehead1 ?\gh n high1 is v]tical1 & slightly compress$ on ! sides4 ,! sutures are all op5 & f9ely s]rat$4 ,! frontal s9uses are di/9ct ?\gh small4 ,! supra-orbital ridge is ?91 b r prom95t t[>ds ! ext]nal angul> process4 ,! ma/oid processes are v l>ge1 & ! diga/ric fossa rem>kably deep4 ,! occipital sp9e is v prom95t1 z are ! lat]al ridges4 ,! temporal ridges1 also1 &1 9 %ort1 all ! muscul> impressions1 are v /rongly m>k$4 ,! skull is evid5tly t ( a p[]ful1 muscul> man1 9 ! prime ( life1 & app>5tly ( robu/1 b n co>se build4#ajc ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #dc1 #dd1 #de4--,skull f ,sepul*ral ,cave at ,p]?i-,*w>eu4 ,skull ,no4 #b 7,figs4 #dc1 #dd1 #de7 is t ( an adult male1 pres5t+ z ne>ly z possible ! same dim5sions1 =m1 & o!r *>act]s z t above describ$1 except t ! bone is some:at ?ick] & heavi]4 ,! muscul> ridges & impressions are ev5 m /rongly develop$ ?an 9 ! =m]1 & especially ! temporal ridges imm$iately above ! ext]nal angul> processes4 ,! left maxilla rema9s loosely atta*$1 conta9+ ! two bicuspid tee?1 :i* are ( small size1 & worn q flat1 & to su* an ext5t z to r5d] x probable t ! man 0 some:at advanc$ 9 ye>s1 al?\gh none ( ! sutures are clos$4 ,! face is /rictly or?ogna?\s1 & ! skull doli*ocephalic & aphanozyg\s4#ajd ,skull ,no4 #c is ! entire calv>ia ( a v "y individual4 ,! two milk-mol>s rema9 on ei!r side2 & beh9d !m ! fir/ true mol> is fully out1 b n 9 ! lea/ worn4 ,! incisors & can9es h fall5 out4 ,! =m]1 f ! size ( ! alveoli1 7 ( ! p]man5t set1 b n ! latt]4 ,! age ( ! individual1 !re=e1 may be e/imat$ z ab\t sev5 or eight4 ,! only po9t wor?y ( notice 9 ?is calv>ia is ! exi/5ce ( a well-m>k$ depression across ! middle ( ! occipital bone1 :i* appe>s exactly z if x _h be5 caus$ by ! con/riction ( a b&age4 ,! depression b>ely ext5ds beyond ! lambdoidal suture into ! p>ietals4 ,x requires1 p]haps1 "s imag9ation to p]ceive ! slight traces ( a correspond+ depression 9 ! =ep>t ( ! skull2 b ,i ?9k a fa9t depression may be !re p]ceiv$ on c>eful inspection4 ,! effect ( ! occipital con/riction1 if x be su*1 rem9ds "o ( "s ( ! de=m$ ,fr5* skulls describ$ by ,m4 ,foville#aje & by ,m4 ,gosse4#ajf ,9 all o!r respects ! skull is well =m$ & symmetrical4 ,x is /rictly or?ogna?\s1 & ( a broad oval %ape4 ,if de=m$ artificially1 x w\ld come "u ! head ( 8tte annulaire0 ( ,m4 ,gosse2 & ,dr4 ,foville %[s t ?is k9d ( de=mation arises f ! popul> cu/om ( apply+ a k9d ( b&age r\nd ! head ( ! new-born infant1 :i*1 pass+ ov] ! ant]ior fontanelle1 desc5ds obliquely1 & is cross$ beh9d ! occiput & br\ght back & ti$ 9 front4 ,?is b&1 or 8s]re-tte10 he /ates1 is worn dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 & = a long] p]iod by female *ildr5 ?an by males4 ,dr4 ,luni] gives pretty ne>ly ! same acc\nt1 add+1 h[ev]1 fur!r p>ticul>s4#ajg ,x may be rem>k$1 also1 t ! ,b]b]s1 :o =m$ great "p ( ! ,moori% =ces t invad$ ,europe 9 ! eigh?1 n9?1 & t5? c5turies1 us$ to elongate ! skull po/]iorly & flatt5 ! =ehead4 ,,table ,i4--,dim5sions ( ,p]?i-,*w>eu ,skulls4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,lea/ ,greate/ frontal frontal ,p>ietal ,no4 ,l5g?4,bread?4,height4bread?4bread?4brea d?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a4 #ge #eg -- #dj #ej #ee #b4 #gf #eg #ed #dj #di #ee #c4 #fe #eb #ee #cd #de #ea #d4 #gd #eh #eh #ci #ej #eh #e4 #fg #ej -- #ce #dd #ed #f4 #fh #ed -- #cf #dc #ec #g4 -- #ee -- -- -- #ec #h4 #gj #eb -- #cf #dd #eb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean,a #gjg #ee #ef #ch #dfd #ed ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,cefn ,cave #gd #eg #eb #ch #dg #ee ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,cefn ,tumulus #gch #efe -- #cf #de #eee ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,ditto #gb #ef #eg #cf #dce #ee ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ge #ed #ei #dj #df #ece ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,g5i/a ,cave1 #gie #ee #eg #ci #ej #ed ,gibralt> ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,ditto #gce #ef #fa #ch #di #ed ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,occipital,zygomatic,frontal,v]tical,p>i etal ,no4 bread?4 bread?4 radius4radius4 radius4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #a4 #df -- -- -- -- #b4 #dh -- #di #ej #eb #c4 #da #ci #db #de #dg #d4 #dd #dg #dd #df #dg #e4 #da -- #dj #dc #df #f4 #dj -- #dc #de #dh #g4 -- -- -- -- #df #h4 #da -- #da #dc #de ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,mean,a #dc -- #dc #de #dg ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,cefn ,cave #dh -- #df #df #dg ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,cefn ,tumulus -- -- #de #df #di ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,ditto #dce #df #dde #dh #di ---------------------------------------- --------------- #dce #di #ej #ej #eje ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,g5i/a ,cave1 #dde #eb #dg #dh #di ,gibralt> ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,ditto #de #eb #dge #di #ea ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,fronto- ,occipital,maxill>y nasal ,no4 radius4 radius4 radius4,circumf]5ce4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #a4 -- -- -- #bab #b4 #dd -- #cg #baf #c4 #da #cb #cj #aij #d4 #dc #ci #cf #bce #e4 #dj -- -- #ahe #f4 #db -- -- #aih #g4 #dj -- -- -- #h4 #da -- #cd #aie ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean,a #db #ce #cdb #bjj ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,cefn ,cave #dj -- #ch #ba4j ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,cefn ,tumulus #de -- #cf -- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,ditto #dc -- #cg #bja ---------------------------------------- ------------- #dce #db #db #bji ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,g5i/a ,cave1 #dbe #da #cge #bjf ,gibralt> ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,ditto #di #dj #cfe #bjh ---------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,longitud9al 7a7 7b7 ,no4 ,circumf]5ce4 arc4 ,frontal4,p>ietal4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a4 #bab -- #ej #ee #b4 #baf #aei #ee #ef #c4 #aij #adg #di #ec #d4 #bce #afi #ej #ej #e4 #ahe -- #dd #eb #f4 #aih #adf #dh #ec #g4 -- -- -- -- #h4 #aie -- #de #di ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,mean,a #bjj #aec #di #eb ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,cefn ,cave #ba4j #aea #ej #ee ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,cefn ,tumulus -- -- #eb #eb ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,ditto #bja -- #ej #ej ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #bji -- #di #ef ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,g5i/a ,cave1 #bjf #adj #eb #dh ,gibralt> ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,ditto #bjh #aec #dh #ef ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,frontal ,v]tical ,p>ietal 7c7 transv]setransv]setransv]se ,no4 ,occipital4 arc4 arc4 arc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a4 -- #abj #acj #adj #b4 #dh #acj #ace #ach #c4 #de #aaf #abde #acd #d4 #f8 #aaj #acj #adj #e4 -- #aaj #abe #acd #f4 #de #adj #abj #acj #g4 -- -- -- -- #h4 #dh #aaj #aae #acj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,mean,a #ej #abj #abe #ace ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,cefn ,cave #df #abb #abh #ach ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,cefn ,tumulus -- #abd #abd #abh ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,ditto #di #abj #aca #acbe ---------------------------------------- -------------- #df #abh #acbe #acbe ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,g5i/a ,cave1 #dj #abe #acb #acc ,gibralt> ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,ditto #di #abc #acb #acc ---------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,occipital ,latitud9al transv]seor cephalic,altitud9al ,no4 arc4 index4 index4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #a4 #abj #gfj -- #b4 #abd #gej #gaj #c4 #aab #hjj #hdf #d4 #abj #gig #gig #e4 -- #gdf -- #f4 #aaj #gid -- #g4 -- -- -- #h4 #abj #gdc -- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,mean,a #aah #gfe;,a -- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,cefn ,cave #abj #ggj #gjb ---------------------------------------- ------ ,cefn ,tumulus #aji #gfe -- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,ditto #aae -- -- ---------------------------------------- ------ #aje -- -- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,g5i/a ,cave1 #aad #gdh #gad ,gibralt> ---------------------------------------- ------ ,ditto #aaf #gfa #hhi ---------------------------------------- ------ ,a ,9 tak+ ?is mean1 ! cephalic index ( ! "y skull1 ,no4 #c1 is omitt$2 if includ$1 ! mean w\ld be #ghe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 7c47 ,?igh-bones4--,i h _h an opportunity ( exam9+ only a s+le p]fect specim5 ( ! ?igh-bones4 ,?is is an entire bone1 #ahb in*es long1 ) a lea/ circumf]5ce ( #ce4 ,its p]imetral index#ajh consequ5tly is #aib1 :i* is ab\t ! normal /&>d4 ,! l9ea asp]a1 at ! middle ( ! bone m especially1 is v prom95t1 s t ! bone may be t]m$1 9 "s degree1 c>9at$ 7,fig4 #df74 ,! %aft is /raight2 & ! *ief peculi>ities1 besides ! prom95t l9ea asp]a1 :i* x pres5ts1 are 7#a7 an unusual compression 9 ! ant]o-po/]ior direction 9 ! upp] "p1 = ! ext5t ( ab\t ?ree in*es bel[ ! tro*ant] m9or4 ,at ab\t two in*es bel[ t process1 or at a po9t correspond+ ) ! l[] "p ( ! ins]tion ( ! pect9eus muscle1 ! %aft measures #i #ade1 :il/ 9 ?ree o!r ord9>y femora ) :i* ,i h comp>$ x1 ! bone at ! correspond+ "p measures #i #abj1 #i #aaj1 #i #aae1 %[+ t ! ,p]?i-,*w>eu femur is unusually exp&$ lat]ally 9 ! upp] "p ( ! %aft4 ,! consequ5ce is to give ! bone at t "p a peculi> aspect1 :i* is especially se5 9 an acute int]nal angle1 & "o r less acute ext]nally1 in/ead ( ! usually r\nd$ int]nal & ext]nal bord]s4 7#b7 ,! di/al extremity appe>s to be r disproportionately l>ge z comp>$ ) a rec5t well-=m$ bone ( ! same l5g?1 ! condyles measur+ #be #cc in/ead ( #bd #cje2 & ! l[] "p ( ! %aft is also some:at exp&$4 ,b ! *ief peculi>ity1 z above rem>k$1 is ! compression ( ! %aft 9 ! upp] "p4 ,besides ! l9ea asp]a1 all ! muscul> impressions are /rongly m>k$1 & especially ^? = ! ins]tion ( ! gluteus maximus & ! tro*ant] m9or4 ,! neck is long & v oblique1 & ! head1 ^u :i* only a small portion ( ! articul> surface is left1 mu/ h _h a diamet] ( ab\t #ai4 ,mr4 ,boyd ,dawk9s has furni%$ me ) ! pr9cipal dim5sions ( sev]al o!r femora1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #af to #ah in*es1 & af=d+ an av]age l5g? ( ab\t #ag1 correspond+ to a mean height ( ! individuals ( ab\t #e ft4 #d 94 to #e ft4 #e 941 ! talle/ be+ p]haps #e ft4 #f 941 & ! %orte/ ab\t #e ft4 #b 941 no d\bt a woman4 ,! mean p]imetral index ( ! eight femora is #ahf1 :i* %[s1 9 comp>ison ) ! usual ?ickness ( well-=m$ male ?igh-bones ( ! pres5t day1 a c]ta9 degree ( sl5d]ness4 ,t ?is is n altoge!r ow+ to ! circum/ance t ! bones include ^? ( p]haps m ?an "o female is prov$ by ! fact t 9 no in/ance does ! p]imetral index exce$ #aib1 & 9 "o ?igh-bone1 #ahb long1 x is n m1 if ! circumf]5ce is correctly giv51 ?an #agh1 ! normal p]imetral index = ! adult male femur 9 ?is c\ntry be+ tak5 z ab\t #aid4 7d47 ,tibi4--,( ! leg-bones br\ght "u my notice1 five are entire & five m or less defective4 ,! pr9cipal dim5sions & proportions ( ^! bones1 s f> z !y c\ld be tak51 are giv5 9 ! subjo9$ ,table4 ,,table ,,ii4--,dim5sions1 c41 ( ,p]?i-,*w>eu ,tibi4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,ant]o- ,transv]se po/]ior diamet]1 ,lea/ diamet] ,p]imetral,latitud9al ,no4 ,l5g?4 proximal circum- & index4 index4 end4 f]5ce4transv]se diamet] ( %aft4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a4 #adi #bh #cb #adj #hj #bad #ega #b4 #acg #bg #bi #abj - #ge #baa #fbe #c4 #acb #cj #cj #ace #hj #bbg #eib #d4 #abi #be #be #abe #gj #aic #eda #e4 #abi #be #bge #ajj #gj #baa #gjj #f4 -- -- -- #ace #ij -- #fff #g4 -- -- -- #adj #ij -- #fdb #h4 -- -- -- #acj - #gj -- #ech #i4 -- -- -- #ace #he -- #fbi ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,mean4 #ace #bg #bhf #abi #gi #baa #faa ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,9 ?is ,table ! l5g? means ! extreme l5g? ( ! bone z measur$ f ! summit ( ! sp9\s process to ! po9t ( ! int]nal malleolus2 & ! numb]s 9 ! fif? column repres5t ! ant]o-po/]ior & ! transv]se diamet] ( ! %aft at ! po9t :]e ! popliteal l9e t]m9ates at ! inn] bord] ( ! bone1 :i* is usually ab\t an in* & a half bel[ ! nutritive =am54 ,! latitud9al index repres5ts ! relation t ! transv]se diamet] be>s to ! ant]o po/]ior1 & x is employ$ to indicate1 ) "s degree ( precision1 ! actual am\nt ( compression or flatt5+ ( ! %aft z comp>$ ) ! normal =m1 :i* may1 s f> z my obs]vations %[1 be tak5 = ! ord9>y ,engli% tibi z f #gjj or #hjj1 or 9 ! mean at #gcj1 z w be se5 9 ! subjo9$ ,table1 :i* conta9s ! proportions ( ?irte5 leg-bones tak5 indiscrim9ately f a draw] 9 ! ,college ( ,surgeons4 ,,table ,,iii4--,proportions1 c41 ( ord9>y ,tibi4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,ant]o- ,transv]se po/]ior diamet]1 ,lea/ diamet] ,p]imetral,latitud9al ,no4 ,l5g?4 proximal circum- & index4 index4 end4 f]5ce4transv]se diamet] ( %aft4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a4 #afg #cae #cd #acj #ajj #bjb #gfi #b4 #afd #cb #ce #aej #aae #bac #gff #c4 #aeh #bie #cj #abj #ij #ahi #gej #d4 #aee #bie #bi #adj #ij #abb #fdb #e4 #aec #bi #bh #acj #ij #aej #fib #f4 #aeb #cj #cb #adj #ij #bac #fdb #g4 #aej #bh #bh #adj #ij #ahg #fdb #h4 #aej #bf #bh #abj #he #ahg #gji #i4 #aej #bf #bh #abj #ij #ahg #ghb #aj4 #aee #cj #bi #abj #ie #aic #gia #aa4 #ace #bh #bi #abj #ij #bad #gej #ab4 #acd #bge #bg #abj #he #bja #gjh #ac4 #abh #be #bd #ajj #he #ahg #hej ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,mean4 #aea #bhh #bi #abf #ia #ahh #gcj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,comp>ison ( ! mean proportions giv5 9 ! two ,tables %[s3-- 7#a7 ,t ! ,p]?i-,*w>eu leg-bones are1 on ! :ole1 %ort]1 & absolutely small] 9 all dim5sions b "o1 viz4 9 ! ant]o-po/]ior diamet] ( ! %aft1 :i*1 not)/&+ ! small] size g5]ally ( ! bones1 is r great] 7t is to say1 9 ! proportion ( #abi to #abf7 ?an 9 ! ord9>y run ( ,engli% tibi4 7#b7 ,t _! p]imetral index is great]1 %[+ t1 9 proportion to _! l5g?1 ! ,wel% bones are some:at ?ick]1 or 9 ! proportion ( #baa to #ahh4 7#c7 ,b ! mo/ m>k$ diff]5ce is se5 9 ! latitud9al index1 :i* 9 ! ,p]?i-,*w>eu bones is #faa1 & 9 ^? ( ! ord9>y type #gcj1 v>y+ 9 ! =m] case f #ech to #gjj1 & 9 ! latt] f #fdb to #hej2 b ! la/ is probably an exceptional case4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 we f9d t ! mean transv]se diamet] ( ! %aft at ! po9t above indicat$ is greatly "u ! usual m>k1 viz4 z #gi to #ia4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! ,p]?i-,*w>eu tibi are m compress$ or flatt5$ ?an ! usual run ( mod]n ,european tibi2 9 o!r words1 !y belong to ! platycnemic type4 ,z ?is is1 ,i believe1 ! fir/ in/ance 9 :i* ! occurr5ce ( tibi ( ?is peculi> con=mation has be5 obs]v$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! circum/ance is ( "s int]e/1 especially ) relation to ! occurr5ce ( priscan bones ( ! same type else:]e4 ,?is peculi> con=mation ( ! tibia1 to :i* we gave ! "n ( 8platycnemic10 01 ,i believe1 fir/ notic$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] & myself1 9 #ahfc1 9 ! human rema9s procur$ by ,capta9 ,brome f ! ,g5i/a ,cave1 on ,w9dmill ,hill1 ,gibralt>1 ( :i* an acc\nt w be f\nd 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology = ! ye> #ahfh 7p4 #afa72 & ab\t ! same "t1 or 9 ,may #ahfd1 ,m4 ,broca#aji indep5d5tly obs]v$ ! same condition 9 tibi procur$ f ! dolm5 ( ,*amant 7,oise71 & aft]w>ds 9 bones f ! dolm5 ( ,ma9t5on 7,eure-et-,loire74 ,simil> bones h s9ce be5 notic$ 9 o!r localities on ! ,cont95t1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! diluvium ( ,montm>tre1 by ,m4 ,eugne ,b]tr&4 ,b t ! peculi>ity 9 "q is n common 9 all ! v>ieties ( priscan man belong+ to ! re9de] p]iod is %[n by ! fact t x has n be5 obs]v$ 9 any ( ! tibi exhum$ by ,m4 ,dupont 9 ! ,belgian caves4 ,m4 ,broca's almo/ exhau/ive rem>ks ^u ! anatomical1 physiological1 & pa?ological relations ( ?is =m ( tibia leave b little to be said "u ^? heads4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 v5ture to add a few words z to its e?nological significance4 ,b be=e do+ s ,i w\ld rem>k t !re appe> to be two =ms ( platycnemism1 app>5tly indicative ( "s diff]5ce 9 ! cause or nature ( ?is ab]ration f ! m usual %ape ( ! bone4 ,to save _m words1 ,i subjo9 outl9es ( sev]al well-m>k$ in/ances ( platycnemic bones1 all drawn ( ! natural size & 9 ! same position1 ! lett] 7a7 9 ea* correspond+ to ! int]osse\s ridge1 & 7b7 to ! cri/a or %94 ,! l9e b c1 drawn ?r\gh ! cri/a & ! middle ( ! po/]ior surface ( ! bone1 is bisect$ by ano!r 7a d71 drawn at "r angles to x1 at ! level ( ! int]osse\s ridge4 ,9 ,fig4 #dg1 :i* repres5ts :at may be reg>d$ z a normal tibia1 ! l5g? ( t portion ( ! ant]o-po/]ior l9e :i* is beh9d ! transv]se l9e is to t ( ! ant]ior z #bgd to #a1jjj1 :il/ 9 ,fig4 #dh1 tak5 f ,m4 ,broca's outl9e ( ! ,cro-magnon tibia1 :i* w\ld seem to repres5t ! extreme/ degree ( platycnemism z yet obs]v$1 ! proportion 9 "q is z #fbc to #a1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #dg1 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #di1 #ej1 #ea4 ,figs4 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 are tak5 f z _m ( ! ,gibralt> tibi1#aaj 9 :i* ! proportion v>ies f #fjj to #ebc1 :il/ x w be obs]v$ t 9 ,figs4 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 tak5 f ! mo/ platycnemic ( ! ,p]?i-,*w>eu tibi1 ! proportion 9 "o only diff]s 9 any consid]able degree f ! extreme normal proportion %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg2 & 9 ?is x is z #eab to #a1jjj1 :il/ 9 ,fig4 #ec1 :i* is nev]!less und\bt$ly platycnemic1 ! proportion is exactly ! same z 9 ! mo/ triangul> =m ( bone4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t platycnemism may arise f an unusual ant]o-po/]ior expansion ( ! bone1 ei!r 9 front or beh9d ! level ( ! int]osse\s ridge4 ,:at ?is diff]5ce may indicate1 or ( :at importance x may be 9 ! consid]ation ( que/ions relat+ to platycnemism1 ,i am n prep>$ to discuss2 b z 9 all probability x is connect$ ) a diff]5ce 9 ! cause ( ! de=mation 7if x be de=mation71 ,i h ?\ght t ! obs]vation %\ld be record$1 & w\ld m]ely1 9 addition1 rem>k t1 s f> z ,i h notic$1 ! occasional & n infrequ5t platycnemism obs]v$ 9 ! %9-bones ( negroes is :at may be t]m$ ant]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #eb1 #ec1 #ed4 ,) respect to ! e?nological value ( ! platycnemic tibia1 ,i conceive we are z yet v mu* 9 ! d>k4 ,t x is a race-"* w\ld seem to me 9 ! highe/ degree improbable1 see+ t x w\ld be difficult to f9d any o!r po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! ,cro-magnon platycnemic m5 & ^? ^: rema9s 7 met ) 9 ! ,gibralt> caves1 al?\gh ! platycnemism is ( ! same k9d 9 ea*2 & /ill less c\ld ! =m] gigantic race be id5tifi$ ) ! occupants ( ! ,p]?i-,*w>eu sepul*re1 f :om !y diff] n only 9 /ature1 b ev5 m rem>kably 9 cranial con=mation4 ,if1 !n1 platycnemism _c be reg>d$ z ( any value z a race-"*1 x c a =tiori be /ill less look$ ^u z indicative ( simian t5d5cies1 a notion t ,m4 ,broca seems some:at incl9$ to fav\r4 ,x is q true t ! tibi ( ! gorilla & ( ! *impanzee are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 platycnemic2 b x is by no means s mu* s z ! human platycnemic bone4 ,! tibia ( a male gorilla 9 ! ,college ( ,surgeons has a latitud9al index ( #fha1 & t ( a female ( #fej1 :il/ t ( ! *impanzee is #faa1 or exactly ! mean ( ! ,p]?i-,*w>eu bones4 ,x is ne$less to insi/ ^u ! o!r m>k$ di/9ctions betwe5 ! simian & ! human tibia2 b z reg>ds platycnemism x w be obvi\s1 if we are dispos$ to trace x to any g5etic desc5t1 t ! desc5dant has1 9 ?is respect1 at "o "t f> out-simianiz$ ! ,simi4 ,b ?is comp>ison ) ! an?ropoid apes may1 p]haps1 af=d gr\nd = a sugge/ion respect+ "s possible connection betwe5 ?is peculi> =m ( ! tibia & ! habits ( ! p among/ :om x has be5 obs]v$4 ,"o great di/9ction betwe5 ! human & ! simian foot consi/s 9 _! respective adaptations to totally di/9ct functions4 ,9 ! "o case x is simply an organ ( support & progression2 9 ! o!r1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( preh5sion4 ,?is necess>ily involves a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! proportions1 c41 ( ! muscles by :i* ! great] mobility & adaptability ( ! foot1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ! digits1 are ensur$4 ,w\ld x n1 !n1 be admissible to inquire h[ f>1 at any rate1 po/]ior platycnemism may be connect$ ) ! great] fre$om ( motion & g5]al adaptability ( ! toes enjoy$ by ^? peoples ^: feet h n be5 subject$ to ! conf9em5t ( %oes or o!r cov]+s1 & :o at ! same "t h be5 compell$ to lead an active exi/5ce 9 a rude & rugg$ or m\nta9\s & wood$ c\ntry1 :]e ! exig5cies ( ! *ase w\ld dem& ! utmo/ agility 9 climb+ & o!rwise8 ,"s common cause ( ?is k9d w\ld seem to be n improbable2 & x w\ld n1 p]haps1 be difficult to asc]ta9 :e!r x is a v]a causa or n4 ,b1 ) respect to ?is1 obs]vations are at pres5t want+4 ,f ! =ego+ data we may conclude3-- 7#a7 ,t ! ,p]?i-,*w>eu bones belong$ to a race *>act]iz$ by ! proportionally r l>ge dim5sions ( ! cranium1 ^: =m pres5ts no?+ v rem>kable1 & is pretty ne>ly con=mable to sev]al ( ^? f\nd by ,mr4 ,la+ 9 ! anci5t %ell-m\nds 9 ,%etl&4#aaa 7#b7 ,t ?is =m is di/9ctly diff]5t f t ( ! ,mewslade skull1 9 :i* ! v]tical region is some:at flatt5$1 z is ! case also ) sev]al ,anglesey crania1 :i*1 h[ev]1 appe> to pass1 by gradual transition1 into ! ,keiss & ,p]?i-,*w>eu %ape1 ?r\gh su* a =m z t ( ! ,t[yn-y-capel skull figur$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley2#aab & ! :ole ( !m consequ5tly may be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! s-call$ 8,riv]-b$ skulls0 ( t au?or1 except+ ! ,borris cranium1 :i* appe>s to belong to a diff]5t type altoge!r4 7#c7 ,t ! p ^: rema9s 7 f\nd 9 ?is locality 7 ( l[ /ature 7! mean height1 d$uc$ f ! l5g?s ( ! long bones1 be+ little m ?an #e feet71 ! talle/ be+ #e ft4 #f 941 & ! %orte/ adult n m ?an #d ft4 #aj 941 ! int]m$iate ones be+ #e ft4 #a 94 & #e ft4 #b 94 7#d7 ,t ! proportions ( ! long bones are r ?ick1 & ! muscul> impressions 9 all are v /rongly m>k$4 7#e7 ,t ! tibi are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( a mu* m compress$ =m ?an ^? ( ! mod]n ,engli%1 b t ?is platycnemism does n appe> to be exactly ( ! same k9d z t :i* is exhibit$ 9 ! ,gibralt> bones & 9 ^? f ,cro-magnon 7z figur$ by ,m4 ,broca71 ! diff]5ce consi/+ 9 ! fact t 9 ! two latt] in/ances ! bone is exp&$ backw>ds beh9d ! transv]se plane at ! int]osse\s ridge z mu* z x is 9 front ( t plane1 :il/ 9 ! ,wel% tibi x is ! ant]ior portion ( ! %aft only :i* is exp&$2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! platycnemism 9 !m is due simply to an absolute compression ( ! %aft4 #c4 ,,human ,,rema9s ,,f ,,! ,,cefn ,,tumulus4 ,^! rema9s1 z submitt$ to my inspection1 consi/ (3-- 7#a7 ,portions ( ?ree frontal bones1 two ( :i* are ne>ly complete1 & "o con/itut$ ( little m ?an ! sup]cili>y region4 7#b7 ,two p>ietals & a left temporal1 probably belong+ to ! same skull z ! m mutilat$ frontal4 7#c7 ,portions ( f\r ?igh-bones1 two left & two "r1 "o ( ! latt] want+ ! proximal1 ! o!r bo? extremities4 ,we h ?us ! rema9s ( ?ree individuals f ?is int]m5t4 ,i4 ,! ,frontal ,bones4--,no4 #a4 ,! lea/ transv]se diamet]1 imm$iately beh9d ! ext]nal angul> processes1 is #cf1 & its greate/ 7at ! coronal suture7 ab\t #dc4 ,longitud9al arc1 #da4 ,! pr(ile outl9e ( ! =ehead is slightly rec$+2 ! frontal s9uses mod]ately develop$2 & ! supraorbital bord] ?9 & acute1 :il/ ! glabell> em95ce is l>ge & prom95t4 ,! bone is a good deal compress$ on ! sides1 s z to h almo/ ! appe>ance ( hav+ =m$ "p ( a cymbecephalic skull4 ,! bone itself is ?91 & probably )\t any diplo4 ,no4 #b pres5ts exactly ! same *>act]s1 except t ! longitud9al arc is great]1 be+ #ec4 ,! po/orbital or lea/ transv]se diamet] is #cd1 & ! coronal or greate/ #dd4 ,! frontal s9uses are well develop$2 ! supraorbital ridge r prom95t1 b ?9 & %>p2 ! ext]nal angul> process prom95t & ?ick4 ,glabell> em95ce l>ge & prom95t4 ,! nasals rema9 9 situ1 & project almo/1 if n q1 horizontally =w>ds1 ) a rapid curve at fir/1 & !n /raight out4 ,! g5]al cont\r ( ! bone is exactly l t ( ,no4 #a1 9 :i* also1 al?\gh ! nasals are want+1 ! position ( ! surface by :i* !y 7 atta*$ %[s t !y mu/ 9 all probability h resembl$ ^? ( ,no4 #b4 ,! cri/a galli ( ! e?moid1 :i* is left 9 situ1 is rem>kably ?ick & high4 ,no4 #c is a portion ( a l>g] & wid] bone1 ! po/orbital diamet] be+ at lea/ #dj4 ,! frontal s9uses are v l>ge1 b di/9ctly def9$1 z ! rema9d] ( ! supraorbital bord] is n ?ick5$4 ,ow+ p]haps to ! great] prom95ce ( ! s9uses1 ! glabella does n appe> s protub]ant z 9 ! o!r in/ances4 ,! nasal bones rema9 & project =w>ds 9 ! same curi\s fa%ion z 9 ,no4 #b4 ,! frontal cre/ on ! inn] surface is rem>kably develop$1 be+ at lea/ half an in* high1 ?\gh x is sep>at$ by a wide not* f ! equally /rongly develop$ cri/a galli ( ! e?moid4 ,no4 #d1 :5 ! ?ree bones ( :i* x is compos$ are put toge!r1 consi/s ( ! great] "p ( ! p>ietal region ( ! skull1 to :i*1 z be=e said1 ! la/-describ$ frontal may h belong$4 ,! left p>ietal is q p]fect2 & a consid]able portion ( ! "r also rema9s1 toge!r ) ! entire left temporal2 s t a v suffici5t e/imate ( ! proportions ( ! p>ietal region ( ! skull c be obta9$4 ,z well z c be e/imat$1 ! p>ietal longitud9al arc1 or l5g? ( ! sagittal suture1 is #eb4 ,! v]tical transv]se arc1 or t drawn f "o auditory =am5 to ! o!r1 ov] ! po9t ( junction ( ! coronal & sagittal sutures1 is #abb1 ! p>ietal #ac1 & ! occipital #abb4 ,9 ! temporal bone1 ! ext]nal auditory =am5 is l>ge1 ! ma/oid process ( mod]ate size1 b ! diga/ric fossa is wide & deep4 ,! *annels = ! middle m5+eal art]y & its bran*es are l>ge & deep2 & v deep depressions on ! sides ( ! sagittal suture %[ t ! gl&ul ,pac*ioni mu/ h be5 greatly develop$4 ,! bone is v ?91 & ) sc>cely a trace ( diplo :]e its /ructure is visible4 ,none ( ! sutures1 h[ev]1 :i* are /rongly s]rat$1 are 9 ! slighte/ degree clos$1 al?\gh1 z ,i %\ld imag9e1 ! skull mu/ h be5 t ( a man beyond ! middle p]iod ( life4 ,,ii4 ,! ,?igh-bones4--,two ( ^! bones1 :i*1 ?\gh mu* alike1 diff] suffici5tly to %[ t !y did n belong to ! same individual1 are decid$ly c>9ate4 ,no4 #a wants ! upp] & l[] ends4 ,! lea/ circumf]5ce ( ! %aft1 :i* is at a po9t ab\t #c in*es bel[ ! tro*ant] m9or1 is #cb4 ,t process1 z well z all ! o!r muscul> impressions1 is /rongly develop$2 & t = ! ins]tion ( ! gluteus maximus is peculi> 9 pres5t+ ! =m ( a deep elongat$ pit in/ead ( a r\gh5$ elevation z usual4 ,! ant]o-po/]ior & transv]se diamet]s ( ! %aft1 ab\t #a in*es bel[ ! tro*ant] m9or1 are #he #ad2 & ! %aft at ?is "p1 l t ( ! above-describ$ f ,p]?i-,*w>eu1 pres5ts a r acute or n>r[ ext]nal & int]nal bord] in/ead ( ! usual m r\nd$ =m4 ,l[] d[n1 ! %aft becomes /rongly c>9ate2 &1 ow+ to ! flatt5$ =m ( ! ant]ior surface1 its transv]se section af=ds a subtriangul> figure 7fig4 #ee74 ,! walls1 or cortical sub/ance1 are r ?ick] ?an usual1 & ! sub/ance ( ! bone is d5se & h>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,no4 #b is v simil> 9 "* to ! =ego+1 b is n q s mu* compress$ 9 ! upp] "p1 measur+ #h #ab4 ,nev]!less ! inn] bord] is v acute1 & ! out] m s ?an 9 ! common =m ( femur4 ,! %aft l[] d[n is n s /rongly c>9ate z x is 9 ! =m] in/ance1 b is /ill s 9 "s degree 7,fig4 #ef72 & ! walls 7or cortical sub/ance7 are /ill ?ick] 9 proportion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,no4 #c4 ,a ?ird specim5 consi/s ( ! l[] half1 or r m1 ( ! "r femur4 ,! lea/ circumf]5ce is #cb4 ,! bone exhibits no special ext]nal *>act]s1 & is 9 no degree c>9at$4 ,! %aft1 at ab\t ! middle ( its l5g?1 is some:at angul> 9 front2 & ! pit = ! orig9 ( ! popliteus muscle is deep] & p]haps l>g] ?an 9 mo/ bones ( ! same size4 ,! texture ( ! cortical sub/ance is q eburne\s2 & x is extremely ?ick1 s t ! m$ull>y canal is r$uc$ to a calibre ( little m ?an #jbe 9 its longe/ diamet]4 ,! %aft1 h[ev]1 is /raight1 & exhibits no o!r sign :atev] ( hav+ be5 affect$ ) ra*itis4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a curi\s circum/ance t _m ( ! ,gibralt> ?igh-bones1 mo/ ( :i* are c>9ate1 pres5t ! same ?ick5+ ( ! cortical sub/ance 7,fig4 #eg74 ,no4 #d4 ,a f\r? specim5 is con/itut$ ( m]ely a portion ( ! %aft1 ab\t #ab in*es long1 & )\t ei!r extremity4 ,its lea/ diamet] is #cc1 & its ant]o-po/]ior & transv]se diamet]s1 at ! same po9t z 9 ! o!r bones1 #a #abe1 or pretty ne>ly 9 ! usual proportions4 ,nev]!less ! bone1 ?r\gh\t its :ole rema9+ ext5t1 is less r\nd$ on ! inn] side ( ! %aft ?an is usual4 ,! tro*ant] m9or is ( gigantic size2 & ! %aft ( ! bone1 ab\t & bel[ ! middle1 exhibits a subtriangul> aspect 7,fig4 #eh71 ?\gh sc>cely to be call$ c>9ate4 ,! cortical sub/ance is ( ! normal ?ickness4 ,,iii4 ,tibi4--,no4 #a consi/s ( ! great] portion ( ! left tibia1 want+ only ! l[] extremity4 ,! proximal end measures #bi #ai2 & ! diamet]s ( ! %aft1 ab\t ! middle1 are #ab #ge1 giv+ a latitud9al index ( #fbj4 ,! %9 is rem>kably %>p & prom95t1 & r curv$ ov] to ! out] side2 & ! app>5t compression or t5d5cy to platycnemism may 9 "s measure be ref]r$ m to ! production 9 front ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! bone ?an to actual n>r[+ ( ! po/]ior side ( ! triangle1 :i* is nev]!less r m r\nd$ ?an 9 mo/ cases4 ,! axis ( ! %aft is q /raight2 & ! bone has n ! lea/ rickety appe>ance4 ,no4 #b is also a portion ( ! left tibia4 ,bo? extremities are want+1 & ! bone (f]s no?+ wor?y ( rem>k4 ,its lea/ circumf]5ce is #bfe2 & ! %aft1 at ! middle1 measures #aa #fe2 s t ! latitud9al index is ab\t #fdj1 %[+ a slight degree ( compression4 ,! entire l5g? ( ! bone may be e/imat$ z r m ?an #ac in*es1 correspond+ to a height ( ab\t #e ft4 #d 94 or #e ft4 #e 941 s t ! subject may be suppos$ to h be5 a female4 ,^! rema9s repres5t at lea/ f\r individuals--"o probably some:at ag$1 ano!r ( /rong & robu/ make1 & "o1 9 all probability1 a woman--9 fact1 a family gr\p4 ,no correct idea c be =m$ ( ! cranial con=mation ( ^! p]sons4 ,9 g5]al %ape x w\ld seem to correspond ) t ( ! ,p]?i-,*w>eu skulls2 b two ( !m at any rate are ( small] size1 if we may judge f ! lea/ frontal diamet]4 ,! =ehead also is p]haps a little m recl9$4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature 9 two ( ! specim5s1 & :i* appe>s also to h exi/$ 9 a ?ird1 is ! extraord9>y projection =w>ds ( ! nasal bones4 ,9 ! pres5t case ?is may probably be reg>d$ z a family peculi>ity2 b ) ref]5ce to x1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,m4 ,broca#aac has describ$ a v simil> condition 9 ! skull ( ! 8,old man0 ( ,cro-magnon1 9 :om1 he says1 8! ridge ( ! nose1 slightly depress$ at its base1 rises aga9 almo/ imm$iately1 & advances boldly =w>d1 mak+ a rapid curve1 ) ! concavity direct$ r =w>d & especially upw>d1 s t ! l[] ends ( ! ossa nasi are plac$ #ah mm4 7#g in*7 9 front ( a l9e dropp$ v]tically f ! fronto-nasal suture40 ,! condition ( ! bones f ! ,cefn tumulus diff]s v consid]ably f t ( ! rema9s f ,p]?i-,*w>eu4 ,!y all h an appe>ance ( mu* great] antiquity4 ,) ! exception ( ! v d5se femur1 !y adh]e to ! tongue2 & !y are all deeply /a9$ ) mangan\s oxide1 by :i* ! sub/ance ev5 ( ! h>de/ portions is /a9$ to a dep? ( m ?an "o-eigh? ( an in*4 ,t ?is discoloration1 :i* = ! mo/ "p does n assume ! d5dritic appe>ance1 is due to manganese & n to any vegetable /a91 is q c]ta94 ,! =m ( ! skull1 s f> z x c be asc]ta9$ f su* imp]fect rema9s1 & ! r platycnemic %ape ( ! tibi1 may p]haps ju/ify our suppos+ t ! ,cefn bones belong to a cognate race to ^? ^: rema9s 7 deposit$ at ,p]?i-,*w>eu1 or to "o :i* _h liv$ "u simil> conditions4 ,b ! cranial data are h>dly suffici5t to all[ ( any satisfactory inf]5ce be+ drawn f !m3 & z reg>ds ! tibi1 x has already be5 po9t$ out t platycnemism _c1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 be reg>d$ z an important e?nological "* among/ priscan peoples1 ?\gh x may und\bt$ly be consid]$ a "* betok5+ remote antiquity4 #d4 ,,skull ,,f ,,! ,,cefn ,,cave1 ,,ne> ,,/4 ,,asaph4 ,! only specim5 ( human rema9s f ?is locality is a ne>ly entire calv>ia1 want+ ! :ole ( ! face bel[ ! sup]cili>y bord]4 ,9 ! middle ( ! left p>ietal bone is a small irregul> op5+1 ) %ort radiat+ l9es ( fracture proce$+ f x2 b ?is appe>s to h be5 rec5tly caus$1 & f ! inside4 ,! bone g5]ally is ( a br[n col\r1 &1 z reg>ds firmness1 9 a natural condition2 & x does n adh]e to ! tongue4 ,judg+ f its aspect alone1 x w\ld n appe> to be ( any v great antiquity2 b z x has la9 9 a dry soil1 & %elt]$ f ra9 or moi/ure1 ?is appe>ance may be deceptive4 ,its dim5sions are giv5 9 ,table ,i4 7supra71 f :i* x w be se5 t ! cephalic or latitud9al index is #ggj1 & ! altitud9al #gjb4 ,x belongs1 !re=e1 to ! category ( subbra*y-cephalic skulls ( ,?urnam & ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ei1 #fj1 #fa4--,skull f ,cave at ,cefn1 ,/4 ,asaph4 ,9 ! side view 7norma lat]alis--,plate #g1 ,fig4 #ei71 x s closely resembles1 except 9 "o respect1 t describ$ & figur$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley 7loc4 cit4 p4 #abe1 ,figs4 #fj1 #fa7 f ! b$ ( ! ,nore1 at ,borris1 9 ,irel&1 t we c sc>cely refuse to recognize a common "* betwe5 !m1 :i*1 s9ce 9 ! pres5t case x _c be look$ ^u z d5ot+ a m]e family relation%ip1 may reasonably be reg>d$ z indicative ( "s aff9ity ( race4 ,! *ief diff]5ce obs]vable 9 ?is view ( ! two skulls is ! great] developm5t ( ! frontal s9uses 9 ! ,borris calv>ia4 ,! occipital view 7norma occipitalis1 ,fig4 #h7 is also v simil>1 except t 9 ! ,borris skull ! greate/ wid? appe>s to be 9 ! temporal1 & 9 ! o!r ! p>ietal region4 ,9 ! ,borris skull1 also1 !re is a %all[ groove 9 ! c\rse ( ! sagittal suture1 :i* does n exi/ 9 t f ,/4 ,asaph4 ,! ,borris skull is said to be ( ! extraord9>y l5g? ( #h in*es2 & ?is may acc\nt = ! mu* l[] cephalic index ( ! skull1 ^: absolute wid? 9 reality some:at exce$s ! ,cefn specim5 7#ei & #eg71 :il/ ! altitud9al z comp>$ ) ! latitud9al is b v little great] ?an x w\ld be 7 ! skulls r$uc$ to ! same bread?4 ,!y may bo?1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z 8l[10 or1 z ?is class ( skull might be t]m$1 9 ! euphoni\s language ( craniologi/s1 8tap9ocephalic40 ,"o great peculi>ity ( ! ,cefn cranium 7:i* exi/s also1 b app>5tly n to q s great a degree1 9 ! o!r7 is ! absolute horizontality ( ! plane ( ! sub9ial portion ( ! occipital bone4 ,& x is to ?is flatt5+ t ! comp>ative l[ness may p]haps be *iefly attribut$4 ,! sutures1 :]e visible1 appe> to be op54 ,! ma/oid processes & all o!r muscul> impressions are /rongly m>k$4 ,a ?ird skull ( v simil> "*1 except t x is n s mu* depress$1 has come "u my obs]vation4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 a subm>9e or1 r1 subt]ranean peat-b$ or anci5t =e/1 #cj feet bel[ ! sea-level1 at ,s5n51 ne> ! ,l&'s ,end1 9 ,cornwall2 & a brief notice & outl9e figure ( x w be f\nd 9 ! 8,natural ,hi/ory ,review0 = #ahfa4aad ,! ,s5n5 skull has ! same elongat$ =m2 b x is high] ?an ei!r ! ,cefn1 ,/4 ,asaph1 or ,borris crania1 hav+ an altitud9al index ( #gcj4 ,on ! :ole1 ^! ?ree skulls 7i4e4 ^? f ,borris1 ,s5n51 & ,/4 ,asaph7 w\ld appe> to h a common "*1 & to be ( a diff]5t type f ei!r ! ,p]?i-,*w>eu or ! ,mewslade =m4 ,z a rule x may1 ,i ?9k1 be /at$ t 9 all bra*y-cephalic skulls ! bread? exce$s ! height1 :il/ ! rev]se is ! case 9 ! doli*o-cephalic4 ,individual exceptions are ( c\rse n unfrequ5tly met )1 m especially among v mix$ races1 su* z ! mod]n ,engli%2 b ,i am myself acqua9t$ ) only two doli*o-cephalic races1 prop]ly s t]m$1 9 :i* ! rule does n hold good4 ,^! are ! ,tasmanian 7n ,au/ralian7 & ! ,bu%man4 ,any exceptions1 !re=e1 to ei!r rule among anci5t &1 consequ5tly1 less mix$ races are wor?y ( be+ not$4 ,z reg>ds mod]n bra*y-cephalic skulls ! law holds almo/ univ]sally1 ! only m>k$ exception1 except 9 an individual "h & !re1 be+ 9 two ,k>n skulls1 9 :i*1 al?\gh bo? decid$ly bra*y-cephalic1 ! respective indices /& z #hdh to #ibd1 & z #gij to #hdb4 ,among priscan bra*y-cephalic skulls ! mo/ rem>kable & important exceptions ,i h met ) occur among ! neoli?ic crania 9 ! ,cop5hag5 ,museum1 m ?an half ( :i* are bra*y-cephalic1 & mo/ ( ! o!rs ne>ly s1 ! mean cephalic index ( #ba skulls be+ #gij1 :il/ ! mean altitud9al is z high z #haj4 ,9 fact1 out ( #ab skulls ^: indices v>y f #gie to #hch1 no few] ?an #aj h ! latitud9al index less ?an ! altitud9al4 ,! exceptions to ! rule z appli$ to doli*o-cephalic skulls also appe> to be f> m common among ! anci5t ?an among ! mod]n1 except+ ! two races ,i h above ref]r$ to4 ,9 a long li/ ( anci5t & priscan skulls1 ,i f9d ! foll[+ hav+ ! tap9o-cephalic "*3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,l4 ,ind4 ,alt4 ,ind4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a4 ,f ! ,?ames alluvium at ,old ,=d #gib #gec #b4 ,f ! same deposit at ,ea/ ,ham #ggd #fij #c4 ,f ! same deposit at ,batt]sea #gfc #gde #d4 ,f ! same deposit at ,london ,bridge #gfb #faa #e4 ,f tumulus at ,/an%ope #gfc #fhd #f4 ,a ,guan*e skull #gge #gcg #g4 ,a ,guan*e skull #gfc #fhd #h4 ,cefn1 ,/4 ,asaph's #ggj #gjb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! numb] is b small1 x mu/ be confess$1 & p]haps h>dly suffici5t to d m ?an prove ! rule2 b /ill ,i ?9k x w be f\nd wor? inquiry :e!r a dep>ture f ! rule 9 "q 0 m frequ5t among ! unmix$ or little-mix$ races ( anci5t times ?an x is among/ simil>ly unmix$ races ( ! pres5t day2 & :e!r consequ5tly its infraction 9 a consid]able numb] ( in/ances may or may n be indicative ( a l[] type1 z :i* we are accu/om$ to reg>d ! ,tasmanian & ,bu%man races4 ,g5]al ,conclusions z to ,human ,rema9s4 ,! human rema9s 9 ! caves ( ,p]?i-,*w>eu & ,cefn1 & 9 ! cairn ne> ! latt] place1 imply t ! m5 to :i* !y belong$ 7 a %ort race1 ! talle/ be+ ab\t #e feet #f in*es1 & ! %orte/ #d feet #aj in*es4#aae ,_! skulls are or?ogna?ic1#aaf or n pres5t+ a l[] jaw advanc+ beyond ! v]tical l9e dropp$ f ! =ehead2 9 %ape or?o-cephalic1 or subbra*y-cephal\s1 & ( fair av]age capacity4 ,! face 0 oval & ! *eek-bones 7 n prom95t4 ,"s ( ! individuals 7 *>act]is$ by ! peculi> flatt5+ ( %9 7platycnemism71 :i* probably /ood 9 relation to ! free action ( ! foot t 0 n imp$$ by ! use ( a rigid sole or s&al4 ,?is "*1 h[ev]1 is nei!r peculi> to race1 nor to be view$ z a t5d5cy t[>ds ! simian type ( leg4 ,^! conclusions1 :i* ,pr(essor ,busk has arriv$ at f ! exam9ation ( ! rema9s :i* 7 submitt$ to him1 h be5 fully borne out by ! num]\s skeletons :i* h be5 subsequ5tly discov]$1 bo? 9 ! sepul*ral caves at ,rhosdigre & 9 a second *amb] 9 ! cairn ( ,tyddyn ,bleiddyn ne> ,cefn4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,range ,,( ,,neoli?ic ,,doli*o-,,cephali ,,& ,,bra*y-,,cephali4 ,relation ( ,human ,rema9s to ^? f\nd 9 ,tumuli 9 ,brita94 --,! ,doli*o-cephali & ,bra*y-cephali4--,_! ,range 9 ,brita9 & ,irel&--9 ,france4--,! ,cav]ne de l',homme ,mort4 --,! ,sepul*ral ,cave ( ,orr\y4--,! ,tumuli4--,9 ,belgium4 --,! ,sepul*ral ,caves ( ,*auvaux & ,sclaigneaux4--,! ,doli*o-cephali ( ! ,ib]ian ,p59sula--,gibralt>--,spa94 --,cueva de los ,murcilagos4--,! ,woman's ,cave ne> ,alhama 9 ,granada4--,! ,guan*es ( ! ,can>y ,isles4--,ib]ic ,doli*o-cephali ( ! same race z ^? ( ,brita91 ,france1 & ,belgium--,cognate or ,id5tical ) ! ,basque ,race4--,evid5ce ( ,hi/ory z to ! ,peoples ( ,gaul & ,spa94--,! ,basque ,populations ! ,olde/4--,! ,population ( ,brita94--,basque *>act]s 9 ,pres5t ,population ( ,brita9 & ,france4--,:5ce came ! ,basques8--,! ,celtic & ,belgic ,bra*y-cephali4--,! ,anci5t ,g]man ,race4--,g5]al ,conclusions4 ,! ,relation ( ! ,human ,rema9s to ^? f\nd 9 ,briti% ,tumuli4 ,be=e we exam9e ! relation ( ?is anci5t neoli?ic race ( m5 to ^? :o h left _! rema9s 9 tumuli & caves 9 o!r regions1 x is necess>y to def9e ! cranial t]m9ology1 z adopt$ by ,pr(essors ,busk1 ,huxley1 ,dr4 ,?urnam1 & o!r high au?orities4 ,! t]m 8cephalic index0 indicates 8! ratio ( ! extreme transv]se to ! extreme longitud9al diamet] ( ! skull1 ! latt] measurem5t be+ tak5 z unity0 7,huxley74 ,! mo/ conv5i5t classification ( crania is t adopt$ by ,dr4 ,?urnam & ,pr(essor ,huxley1#aag & bas$ on ! cephalic index4 ,i4 ,doli*o-cephali1 or long skulls ) cephalic index at or bel[ #gc ,subdoli*o-cephali 0 0 f #gj to #gc ,,ii4 ,or?o-cephali1 or oval skulls 0 #gd to #gi ,subbra*y-cephali 0 #gg to #gi ,,iii4 ,bra*y-cephali or broad skulls at or above #hj ,x has be5 object$ t skull =m is ( no value 9 det]m9+ race1 because x v>ies s mu* at ! pres5t "t among ! same peoples1 pres5t+ ! extremes ( doli*o- & bra*y-cephalism z well z e k9d ( asymmetry4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is due to our v abnormal conditions ( life1 & to ! mixture ( diff]5t races br\ght ab\t by ! ne$s ( comm]ce1 z 9 ,man*e/] & ,vi5na1 z is po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,bradley4#aah ,9 prehi/oric times1 nei!r ( ^! causes ( v>iation made !mselves s]i\sly felt4 ,!re 0 little1 if any1 peaceful movem5t ( races1 b w> 0 ! normal condition1 & society 0 n suffici5tly advanc$ to remove man f ! influ5ce ( 8 natural environm5t4 ,! objection may !re=e be dismiss$ z n applicable to ! skulls 9 "q4 ,! ext5t to :i* abnormal conditions ( life are capable ( modify+ ! %ape ( skulls may be ga!r$ f ! comp>ison ( ! skull ( an ,iri% hog ) t ( its ance/or ! wild-bo>1 or ev5 t ( a hyna kept 9 conf9em5t ) t ( a wild animal ( ! same species4 7,see ,o/eol4 ,s]ies1 ,brit4 ,mus47 ,! ,briti% ,doli*o-cephali & ,bra*y-cephali4 ,! mat]ials = work+ out ! craniology ( ,europe1 9 prehi/oric times1 d n ju/ify any sweep+ conclusion z to ! di/ribution ( ! v>i\s races1 b ^? :i* ,dr4 ,?urnam 7op4 cit47 has collect$ 9 ,brita9 (f] a firm basis = su* an inquiry4 ,9 ! num]\s long b>r[s & *amb]$ 8gall]y graves0 ( our isl&1 :i* f ! inv>iable abs5ce ( bronze1 & ! frequ5t pres5ce ( poli%$ /one implem5ts1 may be ref]r$ to ! neoli?ic age1 ! crania belong1 ) sc>cely an exception1 to ! fir/ two ( ^! divisions4 ,9 ! r\nd b>r[s1 on ! o!r h&1 9 :i* bronze articles are f\nd1 !y belong ma9ly to ! ?ird division1 al?\gh "s are or?o-cephal\s4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( ,til%ead1 ! crania 9 ! prim>y int]m5t1 ov] :i* ! long b>r[ 0 rais$1 are long1 :ile ^? 9 ! second>y1 :i* h be5 made aft] ! heap+ up ( ! b>r[1 are broad4 ,on evid5ce ( ?is k9d ,dr4 ,?urnam concludes1 t ,brita9 0 inhabit$ 9 ! neoli?ic age by a long-head$ p1 & t t[>ds its close x 0 invad$ by a bronze-us+ race1 :o 7 dom9ant dur+ ! bronze age4 ,?is important conclusion has be5 v]ifi$ by ne>ly e discov]y :i* has be5 made 9 ?is c\ntry s9ce its publication4 ,! long skulls graduate into ! broad1 ! oval skulls be+ ! int]m$iate =ms2 & ?is w\ld naturally result f ! int]m+l+ ( ! blood ( ! two races4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 h be5 a t5d5cy t[>ds or?o-cephalism 9 ! doli*o-cephali1 )\t any admixture ( =eign blood1 s9ce absolute unity ( =m c\ld n be expect$4 ,! skull ( ! prim>y int]m5t 9 ! b>r[ ( ,w9t]b\rne ,/oke is tak5 by ,dr4 ,?urnam z typical ( ! doli*o-cephalic class4 8,! greate/ l5g? is #gc in*es 7! glabello-inial diamet] #ga in*es72 ! greate/ bread? is #ee in*es1 be+ 9 ! proportion ( #ge to ! l5g? tak5 z #ajj4 ,! =ehead is n>r[ & rec$+1 & mod]ately high 9 ! coronal region1 beh9d :i* is a trace ( transv]se depression4 ,! p>ietal tub]s are some:at full1 & add mat]ially to ! bread? ( ?is o!rwise n>r[ skull4 ,! po/]ior bord]s ( ! p>ietals are prolong$ backw>ds1 to jo9 a complex *a9 ( ,wormian bones 9 ! l9e ( ! lambdoid suture4 ,! sup]ior scale ( ! occiput is full1 r\nd$1 & prom95t2 ! inion m pron\nc$ ?an usual 9 ?is class ( doli*o-cephalic skulls4 ,! sup]cili>ies are well m>k$1 ! orbits r small & long2 ! nasals prom95t1 ! facial bones %ort & small2 ! mol>s flat & almo/ v]tical2 ! alveol>s %ort1 b r project+4 ,! m&ible is comp>atively small1 b angul>2 ! *9 squ>e1 n>r[1 & prom95t40#aai ,doli*o-cephalic skulls 9 g5]al 7& 9 "p or?o-cephalic7 are possess$1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,?urnam1 ( ! foll[+ *>act]s 7,vol4 iii4 p4 #fi73--8,! supracili>y ridges are less /rongly m>k$ ?an 9 ! bra*y-cephalic4 ,!re is none ( ! progna?ism1 exagg]at$ mal> bread? or great wid? ( ! nasal op5+s1 :i* give su* an air ( savag5ess & f]ocity to ! ,new ,cal$onians & ,c>ol9e ,isl&]s2 b ! v rev]se ( all ^!4 ,!y are inde$ m or?ogna?ic ev5 ?an _m ,europeans1 & ! facial *>act]s g5]ally are mild1 & )\t exagg]at$ developm5t 9 any "o direction40 ,_! faces are oval4 ,! upp] jaw is small1 & ! sockets ( ! incisors & can9e almo/ v]tical4 ,! supra-occipital region is full & r\nd$1 & !re is a po/-coronal annul> depression on ! skull1 t]m$ by ,dr4 ,gosse 8tte annulaire40 ,! l5g? is ma9ly due to ! developm5t ( ! occiput1 a condition t is t]m$ by ,m4 ,broca 8doli*o-cephalie occipitale10 z di/+ui%$ f ! 8doli*o-cephalie frontale0 ( o!r races4 ,! tee? are worn flat4 ,! bones associat$ ) ! skulls ( ?is "* %[ t ! /ature ( ! race 0 %ort1 #e feet #e in*es be+ ! av]age height4 ,9 ! bra*y-cephalic1 or broad skulls1 on ! o!r h&1 ! supracili>y ridges are m /rongly m>k$ ?an 9 ! prec$+ gr\p2 ! *eek-bones are high & broad1 ! sockets = ! front tee? are oblique1 & ! m\? projects beyond ! v]tical dropp$ f ! =ehead1 pres5t+ ! "* ( progna?ism4 ,! face1 in/ead ( be+ oval1 is angul> or loz5ge-%ap$4 ,on ! back ( ! head ! occipital tub]osity1 or probole1 is ! mo/ prom95t feature1 & !re is also g5]ally an occipital flatt5+1 :i* may h be5 caus$ by ! use ( an unyield+ cradle-bo>d 9 infancy4 ,! entire maxill>y app>atus is s l>gely develop$1 t ! t]m 8macrogna?ic10 introduc$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 is p>ticul>ly applicable to !m4 ,! 8type mongoloide0 ( ,dr4 ,prun]-,bey is closely alli$ to1 if n id5tical )1 ?is =m ( skull4 ,! /ature ( ! ,briti% bra*y-cephali is mu* great] ?an t ( ! doli*o-cephali1 ! av]age = ! adult male be+ #e feet #hd in*es1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,?urnam4 ,! human rema9s f ! caves & *amb]$-tombs ( ,d5bigh%ire belong to ! fir/ ( ^! divisions1 9 ! possession ( e "o ( ! *>act]s assign$ to x by ,dr4 ,?urnam1 al?\gh ! crania belong to ! or?o-cephal\s portion ( ! s]ies1 t is1 t5d+ t[>ds broad-head$ness4 ,x may !re=e be inf]r$ t !y belong to ! same race z ! neoli?ic rais]s ( ! long-b>r[s1 a race :i* we %all pres5tly see to be id5tical ) ! anci5t ,ib]ians & mod]n ,basques4 ,! ,range ( ! ,doli*o-cephali 9 ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,! same class ( human rema9s has be5 obta9$ f caves 9 o!r di/ricts 9 ,great ,brita94 ,9 ! ,ox=d ,museum a human skull1 f ! cave ( ,ll&ebie1 possesses cephalic index ( #gb2 :ile a second1 f ! cave ( ,uphill 9 ,som]set%ire1 explor$ by ,mr4 ,james ,p>k] 9 #ahfc1 measures #gbc4 7,see p4 #aig47 ,! latt] 0 associat$ ) rude pott]y1 *>coal1 & ! rema9s ( ! foll[+ animals3 ! wild-cat1 dog1 fox1 badg]1 pig1 /ag1 ,bos longifrons1 goat1 & wat]-rat4 ,mo/ ( ! rema9s belong to "y individuals1 & "s h be5 gnaw$ by dogs1 wolves1 or foxes4 ,9 ,york%ire a human femur pres5t+ an enorm\s developm5t ( ! l9ea asp]a1 :i* implies ! possession ( ! platycnemic "*1 has be5 met ) 9 a cave 9 ,k+'s ,sc>1 ne> ,settle 7see p4 #aac71 & fragm5ts ( a long skull are pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum at ,le$s f t ( ,d[k]bottom4 ,pr(essor ,turn] has describ$#abj ! rema9s f\nd 9 a cave 9 ! ,old ,r$ s&/one on ! %ore ( ! bay ( ,oban 9 #ahfi by ,mr4 ,mackay4 ,!re 7 two human skeletons1 along ) ! brok5 & burnt bones ( ! roe & /ag1 limpet-%ells1 fl9t nodules1 & fl9t flakes4 ,"o ( ! leg-bones is platycnemic1 & ! fragm5ts ( skull may probably be ref]r$ to ! doli*o-cephalic type4 ,! same type ( skull has also be5 obta9$ by ! ,rev4 ,canon ,gre5well1 f ! neoli?ic tumuli ( ,york%ire1 along ) ! same gr\p ( animals z 9 ! caves at ,p]?i-,*w>eu1 ! ,bos longifrons1 goat1 horse1 dog1 & /ag2 & ,pr(essor ,rolle/on1 ,f4,r4,s41 in=ms me t "s ( ! associat$ human leg-bones are platycnemic4 ,x is also recogniz$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley z id5tical ) 8 riv]-b$ type ( skulls f alluvial deposits ne> ,muskham 9 ! valley ( ! ,tr5t1 ,l$bury ,hall 9 ! valley ( ! ,dove1 & 9 ,irel& f ! b$ ( ! ,nore 9 ,que5's ,c\nty1 & f t ( ! riv] ,blackwat]4 ,to x also ,pr(essor ,huxley ref]s#aba five or six out ( ! sev5 skulls obta9$ by ,mr4 ,la+ f ! /one ci/s 9 ! burial m\nd at ,keiss 9 ,cai?ness1 & associat$ ) rude weapons & implem5ts ( bone & /one4 ,!y probably belong$ to ! inhabitants ( ! neighb\r+ burgh1 or circul> /one dwell+1 9 & ar\nd :i* 7 ! brok5 bones ( ! foll[+ animal rema9s3 ! ,bos longifrons1 goat1 /ag1 hog1 horse1 dog1 fox1 grampus or small :ale1 dolph9 or "s o!r small cetacean1 great auk 7,alca imp5nis1 n[ ext9ct 9 ,europe71 less] auk1 cormorant1 %ag1 solan goose1 cod1 lob/]1 & %ell-fi%4 ,a l[] jaw also ( a *ild1 brok5 aft] ! same mann] z o!r refuse bones1 is consid]$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 & ,mr4 ,la+ to prove t human fle% 0 sometimes us$ = food4 ,! re9de] 0 liv+ 9 ! di/rict at ?is "t1 s9ce its rema9s h be5 id5tifi$ by ,dr4 ,campbell f ! ,h>b\r m\nd1 "o ( ! _m refuse-heaps 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! same k9d ( skull is also describ$ by ,pr(essor ,wilson "u ! "n ( 8boat-%ap$0 or 8kumbe-cephalic10 f ! anci5t /one *amb]s & tumuli ( ,scotl&4#abb ,9 ! ,table on ! next page1 %[+ ! relative size & %ape ( ! m important long skulls ( ,brita9 & ,irel&1 x w be se5 t ! extreme long-head$ness ( ^? f ! long b>r[s is n possess$ by ^? ei!r ( ! caves & tombs ( ,d5bigh%ire or ( ! riv]-b$ type ( ,huxley1 repres5t$ by ! skulls f ,muskham1 ,l$bury1 ,blackwat] 7,irel&71 & ,keiss4 ,! great] bread? ( ! skulls f ! caves & tombs ( ,d5bigh%ire1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! typical long skulls f ! long b>r[s1 may possibly be due to a mixture ) ! broad-head$ race4 ,9 t case1 h[ev]1 none ( ! tallness1 or progna?ism1 ( ! latt] has be5 h&$ d[n4 ,x is mo/ probably a m]e v>iation )9 ! limits ( "o race1 & is unaccompani$ by ! fusion ( doli*o-cephalic ) bra*y-cephalic *>act]s1 su* z ,m4 ,broca & ,dr4 ,?urnam h obs]v$ 9 ! skulls f tombs & caves 9 ,france4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,latitud4 ,,skulls4 ,l5g?4,bread?4,height4,circum- or ,ceph4 ,alt4 f]5ce4 ,index4 ,index4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,mean ( #dh males1 ,brit41 ,?urnam1 #gg #ee #efb #bac #gae #gcj long b>r[s ,mean ( #ai females1 ,brit41 ,?urnam #gde #ec #ec #bjf #gaj #gcj long b>r[s ,mean ( #aj skulls1 ,p]?i-,*w>eu ,cave #gjg #ee #ef #bjj #gfe -- ,skull f ,ll&ebie ,cave #gc #ec -- -- #gbj -- 0 ,uphill #gcf #edc -- -- #gbc -- ,mean ( #f skulls f ,keiss4 7,huxley7 #gbb #ede #eai -- #gee #gaf ,skull f ,muskham 0 #gj #ed -- -- #ggj -- 0 ,l$bury ,hall 0 #gae #ee -- -- #ggj -- 0 ,blackwat]1 ,irel& 0 #gb #efe -- -- #ghj -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,f ! examples giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages x is evid5t t1 9 anci5t times1 long-head$ m5 ( small /ature inhabit$ ! :ole ( ,brita9 & ,irel&1 bury+ _! dead 9 caves1 b m g5]ally 9 *amb]$ tombs4 ,!y 7 f>m]s & %eph]ds1 & 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! neoli?ic /age ( culture4 ,9 ! solit>y case (f]$ by ! ,h>b\r m\nd at ,keiss !y 7 cannibals4#abc ,! ,range ( ! ,bra*y-cephali4 ,no human rema9s ( ! bra*y-cephalic1 or broad type1 z def9$ by ,dr4 ,?urnam h be5 obta9$ f ! caves 9 ,brita94 ,! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 is decisive t1 9 ! ,bronze age1 a tall1 r\nd-head$1 rugg$-featur$ race occupi$ all ^? p>ts ( ,brita9 & ,irel& t 7 wor? conqu]+1 & drove away to ! we/ or absorb$ ! small] neoli?ic inhabitants4 ,& ! id5tity ( _! skull-=m1 9 ! s]ies ( int]m5ts 9 ! r\nd & b[l-%ap$ b>r[s1 ext5d+ f ! ,bronze age d[n to ! date ( ! ,roman occupation ( ,brita91 %[s t1 bo? 9 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?1 ?is l>ge-siz$ co>se-featur$ p 0 9 possession at ! "t ( ! ,roman conque/4 ,! size & %ape ( ! typical broad crania may be ga!r$ f ! fir/ two columns ( ! foll[+ ,table1 :i* is an ab/ract ( ^? publi%$ by ,dr4 ,?urnam 9 8,crania ,britannica10 & ! 8,memoirs ( ! ,an?ropological ,society40 ,measurem5ts ( ,briti% ,bra*y-cephali1 & ,gauli% & ,belgic ,bra*y-cephali & ,doli*o-cephali4 ,column-head+ ,key3 ,a ,date4,b ,b ,l5g?4 ,c ,bread?4 ,d ,height4 ,e ,circumf]5ce4 ,f ,latitud9al or ,cephalic index4 ,g ,altitud9al index4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,skull4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,typical ,,broad ,,skulls4--,,brita94 ,mean ( #ef males1 ,brit4 ,r\nd ,n4 #gbhei #ef #baa #ha #gg ,b>r[s ,b4 ,mean ( #ad females1 ,brit4 ,r\nd ,i4 #fi #ef #ec #bj #ha #gg ,b>r[s ,,long ,,& ,,%ort ,,skulls4--,,france4 ----------------------------------- ,tumulus1 ,noyelles-sur-m]-,somme ,n4 #fi #efp #ee #bjc #ha #gi 8,grotto10 ,nog5t les ,virges1 ,oise ,n4 #gb #ehp #ee #ba #hj #gf 0 0 0 0 #gc #ebp #eb #bja #ga #ga 0 0 0 0 #ga #egp #eb #bjh #hj #gc 0 0 0 0 #fi #eip #ee #bji #he #gi 0 0 0 0 #gc #edp #ee #bjf #gd #ge 0 0 0 0 #gd #ebp #ef #bjh #gj #ge ,dolm5 ,du ,val1 ,s5lis1 ,oise ,n4 #ff #efp #ed #aig #hd #ha 0 0 0 0 #ga #eep #ef #bjb #gg #gh 0 0 0 0 #gb #ee #eh #bjh #gf #hj 0 0 0 0 #gb #eh -- -- #hj -- 0 ,*amant 0 0 ,n4 #gd #ec -- -- #ga -- 0 0 0 0 #ga #ee -- -- #gh -- 0 0 0 0 #gd #ee #ed -- #gd #gb ,cave1 ,orr\y1 ,oise ,n4,b4787#gd #eh #ec #bab #gh #gb 0 0 0 #ga #ehp #ec -- #gg #gd 0 0 0 #gb #edp #eg #bja #ge #ha 0 0 0 #ga #eip #ef #bjg #hc #gh 0 0 0 #fg #eep #ed #aib #hb #hj 0 0 0 #ff #efp #ee #aii #he #hc 0 0 0 #gb #ei #ed #bji #ha #ge 0 0 0 #fh #ege #ea #bjd #hd #ge 0 0 0 ,n4 #gd #eh #eg -- #gh #gg 0 0 0 #gb #ei -- #bjh #ha -- ,lombrive1 ,arige ,n4 #fg #ee #ee #aib #hb #hb ,dolm51 ,meudon1 ,se9e et ,oise #g #eiep#ei #bjg #he #hd 0 0 0 0 #gb #eg #ee #bjh #gi #gf ,loz]res #gc #ehp #eg #ba #gi #gh ,tomb1 ,ma9t5on2 ,eure et ,loire #gbeee -- #bjc #ge -- 0 0 0 0 #gg #ee -- #bjh #ga -- ,tumulus1 ,b\gon1 ,deux ,svres #fg #edp -- #bj #hj -- ,dolm51 ,meloisy1 ,cte d',or ,n4 #gc #ee -- #bji #ge -- ,avignon7871 ,vaucleuse #fi #eh -- #bjg #hd -- 0 0 #gh #eep -- #bah #gj -- ,g5?od1 ,g5eva ,i4 #gd #efp #ee #baa #ge #gd 0 0 #fi #efp #ed #bje #ha #gh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,mean #ga #ef #ee #bje #gh #gg ,judge's ,cave1 ,gibralt> 7,busk7 787 #fi #ed #ed #aie #gib -- ,*auvaux ,cave 7,vir*[7 ,n #gceec #ec -- #gah #ah ,sclaigneaux ,cave4 ,skull #a4 7,arn\ld7 ,n #gcefe #ed -- #haa #gcg 0 0 0 #b4 #gbefbe #ebe -- #haf #gjf 0 0 0 #c4 #fi #ege -- -- -- -- 0 0 0 #d4 #fie -- -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #abd ,n1 ,neoli?ic2 ,b1 ,bronze2 ,i1 ,iron4 ,! ,range ( ! ,doli*o-cephali & ,bra*y-cephali 9 ,france 9 ! ,neoli?ic ,age4--,! ,cav]ne de l',homme ,mort4 ,! rese>*es ( ,m4 ,broca & ,dr4 ,?urnam into ! caves & tombs ( ,france prove t ! small doli*o-cephali & ! tall bra*y-cephali liv$ 9 t c\ntry 9 ! neoli?ic age4 ,we are indebt$ to ! =m] = a mo/ important acc\nt ( ! ,cav]ne de l',homme ,mort1 :i* reproduces all ! ess5tial po9ts :i* we h obs]v$ 9 ! sepul*ral caves ( ,d5bigh%ire4 ,! ,cav]ne de l',homme ,mort#abd is situat$ 9 a lonely rav9e t p5etrates ! wild lime/one plateau1 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,lozre1 ne> ! hamlet ( ,vialle1 9 ! commune ( ,/4 ,pi]re des ,tripis4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ! peasants1 & its cont5ts 7 p>tially di/urb$ by _! se>* aft] hidd5 treasure be=e x 0 explor$ by ,dr4 ,prunires4 ,9 front ( ! cave 0 a plat=m1 compos$ ( e>? m+l$ ) fragm5ts ( *>coal1 =m+ a lay] ab\t =ty c5timetres ?ick1 9 :i* 7 ! /ones ( sev5 he>?s1 fl9t-flakes & scrap]s1 lance-heads1 brok5 bones ( ! h>e1 fall[-de]1 roe1 pig 7or wild-bo>74 ,all ! fl9ts 7 work$1 & "o lance-head _h be5 *ipp$ out ( ! /ump ( a celt & pres5t$ portions ( ! poli%$ surface1 ?us fix+ ! neoli?ic age ( ! accumulation4 ,co>se pott]y 0 also met )4 ,! bones ( ! h>e 7 v abundant1 & prov$ t !re 0 no prejudice aga9/ ! use ( its fle%4 ,9 ! caves ( ,p]?i-,*w>eu we h also se5 t ?is 0 ! case4 ,! refuse-heaps ceas$ abruptly at ! entrance ( ! cave1 at a po9t :]e ! traces ( a wall1 compos$ ( l>ge /ones1 0 visible4 ,imm$iately beh9d ?is 7 human bones1 9 a ?ick lay] ( dry s&1 scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! wilde/ confusion1 :i* 0 probably ! result ( successive int]m5ts1 z well z ( subsequ5t di/urbance by burr[+ animals & treasure-seek]s4 ,two bone-po9ts & a fl9t arr[-head 7 ! only implem5ts discov]$ )9 ! sepul*ral *amb]4 ,two small human bones1 be>+ und\bt$ m>ks ( hav+ be5 burnt1 7 discov]$ 9 ! refuse-heap2 b !y d n1 z ,m4 ,broca ju/ly obs]ves1 imply ! practice ( cannibalism1 s9ce !y may h fall5 out ( ! burial-place1 & subsequ5tly h come into contact ) ! fire on "o ( ! he>?s4 ,x is impossible to e/imate ! numb] ( int]m5ts 9 ?is cave4 ,exclusive ( ! _m skulls :i* h be5 de/roy$ or lo/1 ,m4 ,prunires obta9$ n9ete5 v ne>ly p]fect1 :i* are describ$ by ,m4 ,broca z sev5 male1 six female1 ?ree ( unc]ta9 sex1 & ?ree *ildr54 ,!y are rem>kable = ! s(tness ( _! cont\rs1 ! delicacy ( _! features1 & ! or?ogna?ism ( _! faces4 ,! =ehead is wide & high1 & ! v]tex & ! occipital region ( ! skull well r\nd$4 ,! cephalic index v>ies betwe5 #fhj & #gh1 ! mean ( ! :ole s]ies be+ #gcb4 ,m4 ,broca rem>ks1 t ^! crania contra/ /rongly ) ^? ( ! pres5t broad-head$ inhabitants ( ! di/rict1 & t !y diff] f ^? f\nd 9 ! dolm5s by ,m4 ,prunires 9 _! great] l5g?1 9 ! smallness ( _! features1 & ! weakness ( _! muscul> impressions4 ,! /udy ( ! bones ( ! skeleton confirms ^! diff]5ces4 ,! m5 :o buri$ _! dead 9 ! ,cav]ne de l',homme ,mort 7 small] ?an ! dolm5 build]s1 _! bones 7 m sl5d]1 & !y 7 altoge!r a less muscul> race4 ,!y are consid]$ by ,m4 ,broca to repres5t ! neoli?ic aborig9es2 & if 8 description & measurem5ts be comp>$ ) ^? ( ! doli*o-cephali ( ,brita91 giv5 by ,dr4 ,?urnam 7p4 #aia et seq471 x w be se5 t !y are id5tical ) ! latt]1 :i* is ! olde/ race yet kn[n to h occupi$ ,great ,brita9 s9ce ! close ( ! plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,at a little di/ance f ! sepul*ral cave1 & 9 ! same rav9e1 ,m4 ,broca explor$ a l>ge cav]n1 :i* _h be5 occupi$1 probably by ! same p1 s9ce ! same k9d ( in/rum5ts 7 discov]$ z 9 ! refuse-heap4 ,s t we h "h1 side by side1 ! abode & ! sepul*re ( ! same anci5t tribe4 ,! ,sepul*ral ,cave ( ,orr\y4 ,! sepul*ral cave ( ,orr\y 7,oise7 describ$ by ,m4 ,broca1 9 :i* ! rema9s ( ab\t fifty individuals 7 int]r$1 furni%$ bo? types ( skull1 unit$1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,?urnam & ,m4 ,broca1#abe by a s]ies ( int]m$iate =ms1 t prove a fusion ( blood betwe5 ! broad- & ! long-head$ peoples4 ,on ref]r+ to ! prec$+ ,table 7p4 #aii7 x w be se5 t ! cephalic index v>ies f #ge to #hh4 ,eight out ( ! s]ies ( tw5ty-"o skulls unit$ ! *>act]i/ic doli*o-cephal\s =e-head ) ! bra*y-cephal\s middle & h9d-head4 8,we h "h10 writes ,dr4 ,?urnam1 8a v]itable hybrid =m ( cranium1 result+ f ! mixture or cross+1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances unkn[n to u1 ( a doli*o-cephal\s ) a bra*y-cephal\s race40 8444 ,9 ! ,orr\y skulls ( hybrid =m1 two encephalic gr[?-t5d5cies appe> to me di/+ui%able2 "o1 ! longitud9al or fronto-occipital2 ! o!r a transv]se1 or bi-p>ietal & temporal "o4 ,n[ ! rem>kable suprama/oid depressions1 visible 9 ! h9dhead ( ^! skulls1 seem to be well expla9$ by ! idea ( an int]section or cross+ ( ^! two t5d5cies 9 ! bra9-gr[?2 correspond+1 z !y mu/ h done1 to ! angles =m$ by ! po/]ior surfaces ( ! middle1 ! l[] surfaces ( ! po/]ior & temporal lobes ( ! c]ebrum1 & ! upp] surface ( ! c]ebellum40#abf ,9 eight out ( ?irty-f\r hum]i ! fossa ( ! olecranon is p]=at$4 ,! human rema9s occurr$ 9 ! same confusion z at ,p]?i-,*w>eu1 & 7 associat$ ) fragm5ts ( co>se pott]y1 fl9t flakes1 & bones ( rum9ants4 ,! occurr5ce ( poli%$ /one celts indicates ! neoli?ic age ( ! int]m5t4 ,skulls f ,fr5* ,tumuli4 ,bo? long & broad skulls also occur 9 ! *amb]$ tombs ( ,france1 al?\gh ! latt] by f> pr$om9ate4 ,^? f ! ,long ,b>r[ at ,*amant are doli*o-cephalic & or?o-cephalic1 ) cephalic index rang+ f #ga to #gh 7,broca71 & o!r simil> cases are quot$ by ,dr4 ,?urnam f ,noyelles-sur-,m]1 ,font5ay1 & o!r tumuli4 ,9 ! l>ge sepul*ral *amb] at ,meudon1 t conta9$ #bjj skeletons1 ! majority ( ! skulls 7 bra*y-cephalic1 al?\gh tw5ty ( !m 7 ( ! or?o-cephalic type4 ,?is mixture may be acc\nt$ =1 mo/ probably1 by ! two races1 :i* are cle>ly def9$ f ea* o!r 9 ,brita91 be+ int]m+l$ 9 ,france4 ,dr4 ,?urnam1 summ+ up ! :ole evid5ce z reg>ds ! di/ribution ( races 9 ! tombs ( ,gaul1 concludes t ! two races came into contact 9 ,gaul at an e>li] p]iod 9 ! neoli?ic age ?an 9 ,brita94 ,& ?is mu/ necess>ily h be5 ! case f ! geographical position ( our isl&1 :i* c\ld only be invad$1 9 ^? times1 by ! races 9 possession ( ! contigu\s ma9l& ( ,france & ,belgium4 ,bo? ^! regions mu/ h be5 conqu]$ be=e an invasion c\ld h tak5 place4 ,! ,doli*o-cephali ( ! ,ib]ian ,p59sula1 ,gibralt>4 ,! rese>*es c>ri$ on f #ahfc to #ahfh1 by ,capta9 ,brome1 aid$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] & ,pr(essor ,busk1#abg into ! caves ( ,gibralt>1 h result$ 9 ! pro( t1 9 ! neoli?ic age1 t b>r5 rock 0 inhabit$ by a race ( m5 id5tical ) t :i* is f\nd 9 ! long b>r[s & caves ( ,great ,brita94 ,! enl>gem5t ( ! milit>y prison on ! top ( ,w9dmill ,hill reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( a deep fissure1 conta9+ d>k e>?1 m+l$ ) *>coal & brok5 bones1 :i* l$ into a s]ies ( *amb]s4 ,! upp] ( ^! is describ$ by ,capta9 ,brome z be+ completely *ok$ up to ! ro( ) e>?1 *>coal1 & decompos$ bones ( mammals1 birds1 & fi%es1 fl9t flakes1 & pott]y4 ,bel[ 7 two floors ( /alagmite1 fill$ ) loose /ones & e>?1 ?r\gh :i* a %aft p5etrat$ into a fissure at a l[] level1 lead+ into a l[] *amb] t _h a free communication ) ! surface1 s9ce ! curr5t ( air 0 s /rong z to ext+ui% ! lamps4 ,9 ?is also human rema9s & works ( art 7 met )4 ,! passages 7 v complicat$1 & 9 "s ( !m a r$ breccia conta9$ ! rema9s ( ! plei/oc5e mammals1 ! spott$ hyna1 ! ,rh9oc]os hemit*us1 & o!rs4 ,?is s]ies ( passages & *amb]s is describ$ by ,capta9 ,brome & ,pr(essor ,busk z 8,g5i/a ,cave ,no4 #a40 ,a second1 or 8,g5i/a1 ,no4 #b10 0 discov]$ by ,capta9 ,brome op5+ on ! surface ne> ! ,we/ ,cliff1 ) its floor cov]$ ) /alagmite1 "u :i* 0 ! same class ( rema9s z t above m5tion$4 ,subsequ5tly a ?ird & f\r?1 8,g5i/a1 #c & #d10 7 explor$ ) ! same results1 ( :i* ! latt]1 op5+ on ! face ( a v]tical cliff #dj feet bel[ ! summit1 f its difficulty ( access mu/ h be5 us$ z a place ( refuge r ?an ( habitation or burial4 ,) ?is exception1 ! :ole gr\p ( ,g5i/a ,caves conta9$ human bones1 re/+ 9 ! greate/ confusion1 & prov+ t s9ce ! bodies _h be5 int]r$ ! cont5ts _h be5 di/urb$1 ei!r by ! burr[+ ( animals or by ! action ( wat]1 pools ( :i* 7 pres5t 9 "s ( ! *amb]s4 ,evid5ce ( ! =m] pres5ce ( wat] 0 to be se5 9 ! %eets ( /alagmite on mo/ ( ! floors4 ,! same confusion w\ld result1 z is sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,busk1 by int]m5ts at successive times4 ,! intimate association ( ! fractur$ bones ( ! animals1 & ! *>coal1 brok5 pott]y1 & o!r traces ( occupation1 ) ! human bones1 may be acc\nt$ = 9 ! same mann] z ! simil> mixture ( rema9s 9 ! caves ( ,d5bigh%ire4 ,if ! caves _h be5 inhabit$ at "o "t1 & subsequ5tly set ap>t = burials1 ! human bones w\ld become int]m+l$ ) ! accumulation ( refuse on ! floors by ! causes above m5tion$4 ,! bones ( ! animals associat$ ) ! human rema9s belong1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,busk1 to ! dome/ic ox ( v>i\s sizes1 goat1 ibex1 hog1 arvicola1 h>e1 rabbit1 badg]1 dog1 & a species ( phocna1 fi%1 birds1 & m>9e & l& molluscs4 ,! pott]y is = ! mo/ "p h&-made1 co>se & imp]fectly burnt2 & ! vessels 9 "s cases _h s+ul> p]=at$ sp\ts1 simil> to ^? /ill 9 use by ! ,kabyles ( ,alg]ia1 & "s ( ! ,b]b] tribes4 ,"s ( x1 h[ev]1 is ( a f9e r$ w>e turn$ 9 ! la!1 & probably introduc$ at a lat] p]iod1 ev51 z rem>k$ by ,mr4 ,franks1 aft] ! ,roman occupation ( ,spa91 to :i* he ref]s a bronze fi%-hook1 ! only metallic article f\nd 9 ! gr\p ( caves4 ,! implem5ts ( bone consi/ ( a ne$le1 & r\nd$ p9s & spikes4 ,"o cannon-bone ( a small ox be>s m>ks ( %>p cuts ) an edge ( metal1 inflict$ probably1 z ,pr(essor ,busk sugge/s1 89 an attempt to ham/r+ ! animal1 z is sometimes done at ! pres5t day 9 ! ,spani% bull-r+40 ,x may possibly be m mod]n ?an ! /one implem5ts f\nd 9 ! same cave4 ,! associat$ /one articles are celts ( poli%$ gre5/one1 simil> to t f\nd 9 ! neoli?ic cave at ,p]?i-,*w>eu 7,fig4 #ch71 flakes1 a gre5/one *isel1 qu]ns & rubb+-/ones1 a :et/one p]=at$ = susp5sion1 & a fragm5t ( an armlet made ( alaba/]4 ,a small lump ( co>se plumbago may h be5 us$ = p]sonal ornam5t4 ,! human rema9s exam9$ by ,pr(essor ,busk belong$ to a l>ge numb] ( individuals ( all ages1 & are = ! mo/ "p 9 a fragm5t>y condition4 ,"s ( ! ?igh-bones are c>9ate1 & rem>kable = ! enorm\s developm5t ( ! l9ea asp]a & ! ?ickness ( _! walls 7,fig4 #eg71 ! m$ull>y cavity be+ r$uc$ to a small size1 z 9 ^? figur$ f ! tumulus at ,cefn4 ,"s ( ! tibi are platycnemic1 pres5t+ ! peculi> lat]al flatt5+ :i* fir/ attract$ ! att5tion ( ,dr4 ,falcon] & ,pr(essor ,busk 7,figs4 #di1 #ej1 & #ea71 b :i* ,m4 ,broca has s9ce det]m9$ 9 ! tumuli & caves ( ,france1 & ,i h discov]$ 9 ^? ( ,d5bigh%ire 7p4 #agg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #fb1 #fc1 #fd4--;,cranium f ,g5i/a ,cave 7,busk74 ,! only two crania suffici5tly p]fect to all[ ( a comp>ison be+ made1 f ,g5i/a ,cave ,no4 #c1 are p]fectly symmetrical1 & belong to a high type 7,figs4 #fb1 #fc1 & #fd74 8,!y are doli*o-cephalic1 q or?ogna?\s1 & :olly aphanozyg\s4 ,9 "o ! frontal s9uses are consid]ably m develop$ ?an !y are 9 ! o!r1 b 9 nei!r is !re any ?ick5+ ( ! supra-orbital bord]0 7,busk74 ,! tee? are worn flat4 ,!y bo? belong$ to m5 9 ! prime ( life4 ,a ?ird skull1 f ,g5i/a ,cave ,no4 #a1 belongs to ! same type4 ,! measurem5ts ( ! two mo/ p]fect skulls are giv5 9 ! same table z ^? f ,nor? ,wales 7p4 #aga74 ,gibralt> has also be5 occupi$ 9 anci5t times by broad-head$ m51 simil>1 9 ,m4 ,broca's op9ion1 to ^? int]r$ 9 ! cave ( ,orr\y4 ,9 #ahfd human bones1 toge!r ) a skull 7= measurem5ts see p4 #aii71 7 dug out ( ! ,judge's ,cave by ,sir ,james ,co*rane4 ,! tibi are platycnemic1 & ! skull is describ$ by ,pr(essor ,busk z be+ 8p]fectly symmetrical1 bra*y-cephalic1 slightly progna?\s1 b ) v]tical tee?1 aphanozyg\s4 ,! =ehead is well ar*$1 & ! supra-orbital bord] slightly elevat$1 ! orbits be+ squ>e1 & ! nasal op5+ elongat$ & pyri=m40 ,! cephalic index is #gib4 ,! age ( ^! skeletons is unc]ta94 ,spa94--,cueva de los ,murcilagos4 ,pr(essor ,busk#abh calls att5tion to ! fact1 t a long skull simil> to t f ,gibralt> has be5 f\nd 9 ,spa91 9 an anci5t copp]-m9e ( ! ,a/urias1 toge!r ) hamm]s made ( antl]1 & t x be>s 8! close/ possible resemblance0 to ! ,basque skulls1 describ$ by ,m4 ,broca1 f ,guipuscoa on ! ,spani% & ,/4 ,jean de ,luz on ! ,fr5* side ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,he po9ts out1 also1 ! resemblance :i* exi/s betwe5 ! crania figur$ by ,don ,gongora y ,m>t9ez1 f ! cav]ns & dolm5s ( ,&alusia & ^? "u consid]ation2 f9ally arriv+ at ! conclusion t 8a pretty uni=m priscan race at "o "t p]vad$ ! p59sula f "o end to ! o!r1 & t ?is race is at ! pres5t day repres5t$ by1 at any rate1 a "p ( ! population n[ inhabit+ ! ,basque prov9ces40 ,9 ! "w ( ,don ,manuel ,gongora y ,m>t9ez#abi ref]r$ to1 !re is a mo/ int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! prehi/oric antiquities ( ,&alusia4 ,sev]al int]m5ts are describ$ 9 ! ,cueva de los ,murcilagos1 a cave runn+ into ! lime/one rock1 out ( :i* ! gr& sc5]y ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada has be51 to a great ext5t1 c>v$4 ,9 "o spot1 a gr\p ( ?ree skeletons 0 met )1 "o ( :i* 0 adorn$ ) a pla9 coronet ( gold1 & clad 9 a tunic made ( esp>to-grass1 f9ely plait$1 s z to =m a patt]n :i* resembles "s ( ! designs on gold ornam5ts f ,etruscan tombs4 ,at a spot fur!r )91 a second gr\p ( twelve skeletons lay 9 a semicircle1 ar\nd "o consid]$ by ,don ,manuel to h belong$ to a woman1 cov]$ ) a tunic ( sk91 & we>+ a necklace ( esp>to-grass1 a m>9e %ell pi]c$ = susp5sion1 ! c>v$ tusk ( a wild bo>1 & e>r+s ( black /one4 ,!re 7 o!r articles ( plait$ esp>to-grass1 su* z baskets & s&als2 fl9t flakes1 pieces ( a :ite m>ble armlet1 poli%$ axes ( ! type ( fig4 #ch1 bone awls1 & a wood5 spoon1 toge!r ) pott]y ( ! same type z t f ,gibralt>1 fragm5ts ( *>coal1 & bones ( animals4 ,al?\gh1 9 ?is cave1 !re 7 no traces ( metal1 except gold1 9 a second1 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 simil> int]m5ts 7 met ) 9 association ) copp] 7bronze7 implem5ts1 & ) pott]y ( ! same k9d4 ,^! int]m5ts 9 caves are ( ! same ord] z ^? f ,gibralt>2 & s9ce ! skulls agree ) ^? f ! latt]1 !re c be little d\bt b t1 9 ! neoli?ic age1 ! long-head$ small race "u discussion _h possession ( ! s\!rn prov9ces4 ,! ,woman's ,cave1 ne> ,alhama4 ,?is conclusion d]ives additional support f ! discov]ies subsequ5tly made by ,mr4 ,mc,pherson#acj 9 ! ,woman's ,cave1 ne> ,alhama1 9 ,gr5ada1 ( implem5ts ( bone1 fl9t1 & gre5/one ( ! neoli?ic age1 m+l$ ) *>coal1 pott]y1 & human skeletons ( ! same type z ^? f ,gibralt>4 ,! human skull1 figur$ by ,mr4 ,mc,pherson1 is doli*o-cephalic1 & ! ?igh-bone is rem>kable = ! extreme developm5t ( ! l9ea asp]a1 :i* assumes ! =m ( a /\t ridge sweep+ f "o extremity ( ! %aft to ! o!r4 ,?is long-head$ race1 bury+ _! dead 9 caves1 also erect$ dolm5s 9 ,&alusia4 ,9 ! dolm5 ( ,de los ,eriales#aca human rema9s 7 discov]$ along ) bronze 7copp]87 lance-heads1 & pott]y ( ! same sort z t ( ! caves4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t ! practice ( burial 9 caves1 & ( erect+ dolm5s1 0 c>ri$ on by ! same p 9 ,brita91 9 ,france1 & 9 ,spa94 ,! ,guan*es ( ! ,can>y ,isles4 ,! ,guan*es1#acb ! anci5t inhabitants ( ! ,can>y ,isles1 are consid]$ by ,b]?ollet1 ,glas1 & o!r high au?orities1 to be alli$ to ! ,b]b]s ( ,nor? ,africa 9 language4 ,at ! "t ( _! discov]y & conque/ by ! ,spani>ds1 !y are describ$ by ,miss ,haigh z be+ unacqua9t$ ) ! use ( any metal1 & z fa%ion+ _! weapons out ( a black1 h>d /one4 ,! ,guan*es ( ,t5]iffe liv$ pr9cipally 9 caves1 pref]r+ = _! w9t] resid5ce ^? ne> ! coa/1 & 89 ! summ] ^? 9 ! high] p>ts 9 ! int]ior ( ! isl&1 :5ce !y c\ld enjoy ! fre% air ( ! hills40 ,"s ( ^! caves h be5 excavat$ by ! h& ( man1 & are divid$ into squ>e *amb]s1 conta9+ rock-hewn b5*es1 8& deep ni*es made to conta9 vessels ( milk or wat]40 ,!y _h also /one h\ses1 ?at*$ ) /raw or f]n4 ,!y also buri$ _! dead 9 sepul*ral caves1 belong+ ea* to a family or clan1 entrances to :i* are c>efully conceal$1 & are n[ discov]$ only by accid5t4 ,9 !m ! dead 7 plac$ ei!r upright1 or ly+ side by side on wood5 scaffolds1 aft] hav+ be5 prep>$ ) salt & butt] & ?or\ghly dri$ & wrapp$ 9 ! tann$ sk9s ( %eep or goat4 ,9 "s cases ! prep>$ body 0 plac$ 9 ! sitt+ po/ure4 ,!y 7 possess$ ( a settl$ gov]nm5t by 8,m5ceys10 or *iefs subord9ate to "o head1 & 7 divid$ into 8nobles & common p1 & _h a code ( puni%m5t = ! robb]1 murd]]1 & adult]]40 ,_! food consi/$ ( %eep & goats1 roa/$ b>ley gr\nd betwe5 two /ones1 & ! fruit ( ! arbutus1 date-palm & fig1 z well z fi% & rabbits4 ,_! f5ces 7 made ( re$1 _! ropes & nets ( ru%es1 & _! baskets1 mats1 & bags1 ( palm-leaves4 ,!y manufactur$ vessels out ( clay or h>d wood1 ne$les ( fi%bones1 beads ( clay1 & !y especially excell$ 9 ! art ( tann+4 ,! civilization ( ?is v int]e/+ p may fairly be tak5 to be a fragm5t ( t ( ,nor? ,africa & ( ,europe 9 ! neoli?ic age1 protect$ by insulation f ! influ5ces by :i* x 0 swept away f ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 j z ! old ,norse cu/oms & leg5ds are pres]v$ by ! pres5t inhabitants ( ,icel& 9 great] purity ?an 9 ,norway4 ,! ,b]b]s are view$ by ,pr(essor ,busk z ( ! same non-,aryan /ock z ! ,basque1 & ! civilization ( ! ,guan*es may !re=e be tak5 to repres5t t ( ! ,ib]ic peoples ( ,spa91 among :om caves 7 us$ 9 l mann] = habitation & burial4 ,ib]ic ,doli*o-cephali ( ! same ,race z ^? ( ,brita94 ,if ?is gr\p ( ,ib]ic skulls be comp>$ ) ^? f ! caves & tumuli ( ,great ,brita9 7see ,table1 p4 #aig & t bel[7 x w be se51 t :at ,pr(essor ,busk obs]ves ( ! anci5t population ( ,spa9 is equally true ( t ( our c\ntry 9 ! neoli?ic age4 ,& ! id5tity ( =m is especially rem>kable 9 ! crania f ! sepul*ral caves at ,p]?i-,*w>eu1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m be+ s small z to be ( little acc\nt3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,circum- ,ceph4 ,l5g?4 ,brd?4 ,height4f]5ce4index4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,mean ( #aj skulls f ,p]?i-,*w>eu #gjg #ee #ef #bjj #gfe ,mean ( #b skulls f ,g5i/a ,cave1 ,no4 #c 7,busk7 #gce #eee #ei #bjg #gee ,mean ( #dj male ,basque skulls f ,guipuscoa 7,?urnam7 #gb #ee #ed -- #gfj ,mean ( #bj female1 ditto #fi #ec #ej -- #gfj ,mean ( #ai skulls1 *iefly male #gd #ef #ed -- #gfj ,mean ( #eg female ditto1 ,/4 ,jean de ,luz #gjb #ef -- -- #gii ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! ,doli*o-cephali cognate ) ! ,basque4 ,nor c ! tru? ( ,pr(essor ,busk's conclusion1 t ! gr\p ( skulls 9 "q belong to a p ak9 9 blood to ! mod]n ,basques1 be disput$4 ,we are indebt$ to ,m4 ,broca#acc = ! elaborate description ( sev5ty-eight ,basque crania f a village cemet]y 9 ,guipuscoa1 & ( fifty-eight f an ossu>y at ,/4 ,jean de ,luz1 9 :i* !y _h be5 collect$ 9 ! reign ( ,francis ,i41 #aecb4 ,9 bo? ^! gr\ps ! long & oval types pr$om9at$1 ! broad type be+ repres5t$ by #fd 7,?urnam7 p] c5t4 9 ! "o1 & #cgcf p] c5t4 7,broca7 9 ! o!r2 a diff]5ce t is d\btless caus$ by ! great] mixture ( blood 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ,france ?an 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,spa91 %ut (f f ! broad-head$ ,gallic tribes by ! ,pyr5ees4#acd ,six skulls1 obta9$ by ,pr(essor ,vir*[ f ,bilbao1 agree 9 all p>ticul>s ) ^? f ,guipuscoa4 ,m4 ,broca has fur!r %[n1 t ?is gr\p ( ,spani% skulls (f]s all ! *>act]s ( ! black-hair$1 sw>?y1 oval-fac$1 ,basque population ( ! surr\nd+ region1 & x !re=e foll[s1 t !y may be tak5 z /&>ds ( comp>ison1 z typical ( ! anci5t ,basque crania1 modifi$1 x may be1 to "s ext5t1 by ! infusion ( o!r blood4 ,_! agreem5t1 !re=e1 ) ! skulls f ,gibralt> implies t ! latt] are also ,basque4 ,& s9ce !y agree also ) ^? f ! cave ( ,p]?i-,*w>eu1 z may be se5 9 ! prec$+ ,table1 ! m5 :o buri$ _! dead 9 ! caves ( ,nor? ,wales 9 ! neoli?ic age1 are prov$ to belong to ! same /ock4 ,! same long-head$1 small race also inhabit$ ,france1 side by side ) ! broad-head$ ,gallic tribes2 & s9ce to x belong ! skeletons 9 ! ,cave de l',homme ,mort1 :i* ,m4 ,broca ref]s to ! neoli?ic aborig9es1 x may reasonably be conclud$ t 9 ,gaul1 z 9 ,brita91 x 0 ! old] ( ! two races4 ,! two h also be5 met ) 9 ! caves ( ,belgium4 ,if we all[ t an aborig9al ,basque population spread ov] ! :ole ( ,brita91 ,france1 & ,belgium1 & t x 0 subsequ5tly dispossess$ by broad-head$ invad]s1 ! two extremes ( skull-=m & ( /ature1 & ( ! gradations betwe5 !m1 may be satisfactorily expla9$4 ,& ?is view co9cides ) ! well-asc]ta9$ facts ( hi/ory4 ,dr4 ,?urnam 0 ! fir/ to recognize t ! long skulls1 out ( ! long b>r[s ( ,brita9 & ,irel&1 7 ( ! ,basque or ,ib]ian type1 & ,pr(essor ,huxley holds t ! riv]-b$ skulls belong to ! same race4#ace 7,comp>e ,table p4 #aig ) ! prec$+47 ,we h !re=e pro(1 t an ,ib]ian or ,basque population spread ov] ! :ole ( ,brita9 & ,irel& 9 ! neoli?ic age1 inhabit+ caves1 & bury+ _! dead 9 caves & *amb]$ tombs1 j z 9 ! ,ib]ian ,p59sula also 9 ! neoli?ic age4 ,doli*o-cephali & ,bra*y-cephali 9 ,neoli?ic ,caves ( ,belgium4--,*auvaux4 ,bo? ^! =ms ( skull h be5 met ) 9 ,belgium1 ! "o 9 ! fam\s cave ( ,*auvaux1 ! o!r 9 t ( ,sclaigneaux4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is a rock-%elt] pass+ into a small cave1 at ! base ( ! lime/one cliff on ! ,meuse1 opposite ! little village ( ,rivire1 betwe5 ,d9ant & ,namur4 ,x 0 kn[n to conta9 human rema9s 9 #ahcg-h1 & 0 p>tially explor$ 9 #ahdb by ,dr4 ,spr+1 :o publi%$ 8 acc\nt ( ! discov]ies 9 #ahec1 & subsequ5tly 9 #ahfd & #ahff4 ,bel[ a ?9 lay] ( loam 0 a floor ( /alagmite1 conceal+ a va/ numb] ( brok5 human bones mix$ ple-mle ) ^? ( wild & dome/ic animals1 & associat$ ) *>coal & co>se pott]y4 ,two poli%$ /one celts indicat$ ! neoli?ic age ( ! accumulation2 "o ( !m re/+ close to a skull :i* _h be5 fractur$ by a bl[ f a blunt in/rum5t1 su* z x may h inflict$4 ,! human bones belong$ to infants & "y adults4 ,f ! fractur$ & burnt bones ( ! animals x is cle> t !y _h be5 accumulat$ 9 ! cave d>+ ! "t t x 0 inhabit$ by man4 ,dr4 ,spr+#acf inf]r$ t ! brok5 human bones prov$ t human be+s1 z well z ! animals1 =m$ ! food ( ! cave-dwell]s1 & fur!r1 s9ce all ! human rema9s belong to "y individuals1 t ! cannibalism 0 n accid5tal1 or caus$ by fam9e1 b ! result ( a delib]ate selection4 ,! facts :i* induc$ ,dr4 ,spr+ to come to ?is conclusion are int]pret$ by ,m4 ,dupont#acg 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,he holds1 t ! proportion ( "y individuals is n great] 9 ,*auvaux ?an t :i* he has obs]v$ 9 o!r sepul*ral caves 9 ,belgium1 & t !re is no?+ :i* =bids ! supposition t ?is also 0 us$ z a place ( int]m5t4 ,! human bones may h be5 brok5 by ! foxes & badg]s1 :i* are s abundant 9 ! di/rict1 & h be5 mix$1 by _! cont9ual burr[+1 ) ! rema9s ( ! animals 9 ! old refuse-heap accumulat$ on ! floor dur+ ! habitation ( man4 ,su* a mixture ( rema9s we h already obs]v$ 9 ! caves ( ,nor? ,wales & ,gibralt>4 ,! rec5t rese>*es ( ,m4 ,soreil#ach leave no room = d\bt+ ! tru? ( ,m4 ,dupont's int]pretation4 ,two p]fect human skeletons 7 discov]$ along ) fl9t flakes1 pott]y1 a b>b$ arr[-head1 & _m scatt]$ human bones n brok5 by design1 :ile ! long bones ( ! associat$ animals bore unmi/akeable traces ( hav+ be5 split = ! sake ( ! m>r[4 ,on "o long bone1 = example1 ( ! ox1 !re 7 cuts made by a fl9t implem5t1 z well z ! m>k ( ! bl[ by :i* x _h be5 split longitud9ally2 & ano!r ox-bone1 & ! can9e ( a bo>1 bore m>ks ( burn+4 ,! bones ( ! animals 7 v abundant1 & belong$ to ! foll[+ species3 beav]1 ham/]1 & o!r small rod5ts1 h>e1 badg]1 fox1 bo>1 /ag1 roe1 ox1 & goat4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! caves ( ,p]?i-,*w>eu1 & ( l',homme ,mort1 ! inhabitants _h us$ ! h>e = food1 z well z ! o!r animals1 & did n %>e ! prejudice aga9/ ! use ( its fle% = food1 :i* ,cs> rem>ks ( ! inhabitants ( ,brita9 7,comm4 #a1 xii474 ,! cave mu/1 !re=e1 be view$ z a place ( sepulture = a neoli?ic p1 ^: implem5ts ab\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & n z hav+ be5 inhabit$ by a race ( cannibals4 ,! bodies _h be5 int]r$ 9 ! cr\*+ po/ure1 ) _! ?ighs b5t1 _! heads re/+ on _! arms1 & _! faces turn$ t[>ds ! valley4 ,!y re/$ side by side 9 two small holes1 :i* _h be5 dug 9 ! deposit conta9+ ! bones ( ! animals1 & ! skeletons 7 cem5t$ to ! rock by /alagmite1 & surr\nd$ by l>ge /ones4 ,!y belong$ to individuals f> pa/ ! prime ( life4 ,bo? skulls 7 doli*o-cephalic1 & ! mo/ p]fect ( !m is describ$ by ,pr(essor ,vir*[ z pres5t+ a p>ietal flatt5+1 :i* is probably analog\s to ! 8tte annulaire10 s commonly pres5t 9 ! long skulls ( ! neoli?ic age4 ,x possesses a cephalic index ( #gb 7#gah ,vir*[74 ,! sutures 9 bo? ! skulls 7 v ne>ly oblit]at$4 ,! measurem5ts are giv5 9 ! ,table 9 page #aii4 ,! crania1 9 all ^! *>act]s1 are to be classifi$ ) ! long skulls f ! caves & *amb]$ tombs ( ,france1 ,brita91 & ,spa94 ,!y belong to p 9 ! same /age ( culture1 & practis+ ! same mode ( burial 9 a cr\*+ po/ure4 ,*auvaux is ! fur!/ cave to ! ea/ on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 9 :i* traces ( ?is long-head$ race h be5 obs]v$4 ,! ,cave ( ,sclaigneaux4 ,! cave ( ,sclaigneaux1#aci explor$ by ,m4 ,arn\ld1 ne> ! hamlet ( t "n1 f\rte5 miles f ,namur1 has be5 prov$ to conta9 human bones1 ly+ mix$ ) ^? ( ! animals 9 ! refuse-heap on ! floor1 z 9 ! cave ( ,*auvaux4 ,! animals belong$ to exi/+ species3-- ,h$gehog4 ,badg]4 ,bee*-m>t54 ,weazel4 ,fox4 ,dog4 ,wild ,cat4 ,h>e4 ,rabbit4 ,ox4 ,goat4 ,/ag4 ,bo>4 ,horse4 ,rod5ts4 ,bones ( birds1 frogs1 & fi%es 7 also met )4 ,int]m+l$ ) ^! 7 human skeletons1 dispos$ 9 a rude sort ( ord]1 & belong+ to bodies :i* _h be5 int]r$ at diff]5t times4 ,f ! l[] jaws ,m4 ,arn\ld calculates t ! numb] ( bodies int]r$ 0 n less ?an sixty-two1 ( :i* twelve belong$ to ag$ individuals1 tw5ty-"o to ^? 9 ! prime ( life1 sixte5 to "y adults1 & ?irte5 to *ildr54 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #fe1 #ff4--,skull f ,cave ( ,sclaigneaux4 7,arn\ld47 ,! crania 7,figs4 #fe1 #ff7 are bra*y-cephalic 7see ,table1 p4 #aii71 & are possess$1 accord+ to ,m4 ,arn\ld1 ( ! foll[+ *>act]s4 ,! apex ( ! cranial vault is flatt5$1 probably artificially1 & ! p>ietal bosses are l>gely develop$1 to :i* is due ! great wid? ( ! skull4 ,! surcili>y ridges are /rongly m>k$1 & ! mal> bones are prom95t4 ,9 all ^! p>ticul>s !y agree ) ! broad skulls1 z def9$ by ,dr4 ,?urnam1 discov]$ 9 ! r\nd tumuli ( ,brita9 & ! sepul*ral caves ( ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,platycnemic tibia1 f ,sclaigneaux4 ,"s ( ! leg-bones pres5t$ ! ant]o-po/]ior flatt5+1 or platycnemism1 obs]v$ 9 ! skeletons f ! caves ( ,gibralt>1 & 9 ,france & ,great ,brita9 7,fig4 #fg74 ,x is due1 z 9 ^? f ,nor? ,wales1 to ! ant]ior expansion ( ! bone1 & n to ! po/]ior1 z is ! case ) ^? f ! cave ( ,cro-,magnon4 ,a beautifully *ipp$ arr[-head1 ) b>bs & c5tral tongue = ins]tion into ! %aft1 ( ! same type z "o f ,*auvaux1 implies t ^! rema9s belong to ! neoli?ic age4 ,implem5ts ( bone1 & a %ell p]=at$ = susp5sion1 7 also f\nd4 ,! ,evid5ce ( ,hi/ory z to ! ,peoples ( ,gaul & ,spa94 ,! ext5sion ( ?is non-,aryan race ?r\gh ,france1 ,spa91 & ,brita91 9 anci5t times1 bas$ solely on ! evid5ce ( ! human rema9s1 is confirm$ by an appeal to ! e?nology ( ,europe )9 ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,9 ! ,ib]ian p59sula ! ,basque populations ( ! we/ are def9$ f ! ,celtic ( ! ea/ by ! ,celtib]i inhabit+ ! mod]n ,ca/ille 7see ,map1 ,fig4 #fh74 ,9 ,gaul ! prov9ce ( ,aquitania ext5d$ z f> nor?1 9 ,cs>'s "t1#adj z ! riv] ,g>onne1 con/itut+ ! mod]n ,gascony1 to :i* 0 add$1 9 ! days ( ,augu/us1 ! di/rict betwe5 t riv] & ! ,loire2 a *ange ( fronti] t 0 probably due to ! pr$om9ance ( ,basque blood 9 a mix$ race 9 t area simil> to ! ,celtib]i ( ,ca/ille4 ,! ,aquitani 7 surr\nd$ on e side1 except ! s\?1 by ! ,celt1 ext5d+ z f> nor? z ! ,se9e1 z f> to ! ea/ z ,switz]l& & ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy1 & s\?w>ds1 ?r\gh ! valley ( ! ,rhone & ! region ( ! ,volc1 ov] ! ,ea/]n ,pyr5ees into ,spa94 ,! di/rict r\nd ! ,phocan colony ( ,m>seilles 0 inhabit$ by ,ligurian tribes1 :o held ! region betwe5 ! riv] ,po & ! ,gulf ( ,g5oa1 z f> z ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ,etruria1 & :o probably ext5d$ to ! we/ along ! coa/ ( ,s\!rn ,gaul z f> z ! ,pyr5ees4#ada ,!y 7 di/+ui%$ f ! ,celt1 n m]ely by _! mann]s & cu/oms1 b by _! small /ature & d>k hair & eyes1 & are /at$ by ,pl9y & ,/rabo to h inhabit$ ,spa94 ,!y h also left m>ks ( _! pres5ce 9 ,c5tral ,gaul 9 ! "n ( ! ,loire 7,ligur71 & possibly 9 ,brita9 9 ! obscure "n ( ! ,lloegrians4 ,!y invad$ ,sicily#adb z ! ,sikelians1 & if ! latt] be id5tifi$ ) ! ,sikanians consid]$ by ,?ucydides#adc & o!r writ]s to be ( ,ib]ian /ock1 x w foll[ t !y are a cognate race4 ,_! /ature & sw>?y complexion1 z well z ! anci5t geographical position cont]m9\s ) ! ,ib]ic population ( ,gaul & ,spa91 confirm ?is conclusion4 ,! non-,aryan & probably ,basque population ( ,gaul 0 !re=e cut into two portions by a broad b& ( ,celts1 :i* crosses ! ,ea/]n ,pyr5ees1 & m>ks ! r\te by :i* ! ,ib]ian p59sula 0 invad$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--;,di/ribution ( ,basque1 ,celtic1 & ,belgic ,peoples1 at dawn ( ,hi/ory4 ,! anci5t population ( ,s>d9ia is /at$ by ,pausanias to be ( ,libyan extraction1 & to be> a /rong resemblance to ! ,ib]ians 9 physique & 9 habits ( life1 :ile t ( ,corsica is describ$ by ,s5eca z ,ligurian & ,ib]ian4 ,! anci5t ,libyans are repres5t$ at ! pres5t day by ! ,b]b] & ,kabyle tribes :i* are1 if n id5tical )1 at all ev5ts cognate ) ! ,basques4 ,we may !re=e inf] t ^! two isl&s 7 =m]ly occupi$ by ?is non-,aryan race1 z well z ! adjac5t cont95ts ( ,nor!rn ,africa & ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,! ,basque ,population ! ,olde/4 ,! relative antiquity ( ^! two races 9 ,europe may be arriv$ at by ?is di/ribution4 ,! ,basques1 ,sikani or ,ligurian1 are ! olde/ inhabitants1 9 _! respective di/ricts1 kn[n to ! hi/orian2 :ile ! ,celts appe> z invad]s1 press+ s\?w>ds & we/w>ds on ! populations already 9 possession1 flood+ ov] ! ,alps & "u ,br5nus sack+ ,rome1 & by _! union ) ! vanqui%$ 9 ,spa9 con/itut+ ! ,celtib]i4 ,we may !re=e be tol]ably c]ta9 t ! ,basques held ,france & ,spa9 be=e ! invasion ( ! ,celts1 & t ! non-,aryan peoples 7 cut asund]1 & c]ta9 p>ts ( !m left--,ligurians1 ,sikani1 & 9 "p ,s>d9ians & ,corsicans--z e?nological isl&s1 m>k+1 s to speak1 an anci5t ,basque non-,aryan cont95t :i* _h be5 subm]g$ by ! ,celtic populations advanc+ /eadily we/w>ds4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,roman conque/ ( ,gaul1 ! ,belg 7 press+ on ! ,celts1 j z ! latt] press$ ! ,basques1 ! ,se9e & ! ,m>ne =m+ _! s\!rn b\nd>y1 & 9 _! turn be+ pu%$ to ! we/ by ! advance ( ! ,g]mans 9 ! ,rh9e prov9ces4 ,?us we h ! olde/ population1 or ,basque1 invad$ by ! ,celts1 ! ,celts by ! ,belg1 & ^! aga9 by ! ,g]mans2 _! relative positions /amp+ _! relative antiquity 9 ,europe4 ,! ,population ( ,brita94 ,! ,celtic & ,belgic invasion ( ,gaul repeat$ itself1 z might be expect$1 9 ,brita94 ,j z ! ,celts pu%$ back ! ,ib]ian population ( ,gaul z f> s\? z ,aquitania1 & swept r\nd x into ,spa91 s !y cross$ ov] ! ,*annel & ov]ran ! great] portion ( ,brita91 until ! ,silures1 id5tifi$ by ,tacitus#add ) ! ,ib]ians1 7 left only 9 ^? fa/nesses t =m$ subsequ5tly a bulw>k = ! ,brit-,wel% aga9/ ! ,engli% invad]s4 ,& j z ! ,belg press$ on ! re> ( ! ,celts z f> z ! ,se9e1 s !y foll[$ !m into ,brita91 & took possession ( ! 8,p>s ,m>itima10#ade or s\!rn c\nties4 ,! unsettl$ condition ( ! c\ntry at ! "t ( ,cs>'s invasion 01 probably1 due to ! /ruggle !n go+ on betwe5 ,celts & ,belg4 ,! evid5ce (f]$ by hi/ory z to ! di/ribution ( ^! races confirms t :i* has be5 arriv$ at by ! exam9ation ( ! caves & tumuli4 ,9 ! "o case ! ,basque peoples are m]ely kn[n 9 a fragm5t>y condition 9 ,brita91 ,gaul1 & ,sicily1 :ile 9 ! o!r ^? fragm5ts are jo9$ toge!r 9 su* a way z to %[ t1 9 ! neoli?ic age1 !y ext5d$ un9t]rup$ly ?r\gh ,we/]n ,europe1 f ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules 9 ! s\? to ,scotl& 9 ! nor?1 be=e !y 7 dispossess$ by _! broad-head$ enemies4 ,x is impossible to def9e ) precision _! e?nological relation to ! non-,aryan inhabitants ( ,italy & ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 su* z ! ,etruscans & ,tyrrh5ians4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 incl9$ to hold t !y are all bran*es ( ! same race ( 8,melano*roi10 diff]+ f> less f ea* o!r ?an ! ,celtic f ! ,sc&9avian bran* ( ! ,aryan family4#adf ,basque ,elem5t 9 pres5t ,briti% & ,fr5* ,populations4 ,?is non-,aryan blood is /ill to be trac$ 9 ! d>k-hair$1 black-ey$1 small1 oval-featur$ peoples 9 our own c\ntry 9 ! region ( ! ,silures1 :]e ! hills h af=d$ %elt] to ! ,basque populations f ! invad]s4#adg ,! small sw>?y ,wel%man ( ,d5bigh%ire is 9 e respect1 except dress & language1 id5tical ) ! ,basque inhabitant ( ! ,we/]n ,pyr5ees1 at ,bagnres de ,bigorre4 ,! small d>k-hair$ p ( ,irel&1#adh & especially ^? to ! we/ ( ! ,%annon1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,?urnam & ,pr(essor ,huxley1 are also ( ,ib]ian d]ivation1 & s+ul>ly en\gh !re is a leg5d>y connection betwe5 t isl& & ,spa94 ,! human rema9s f ! *amb]$ tombs z well z ! riv]b$s prove t ! non-,aryan population spread ov] ! :ole ( ,irel& z well z ! :ole ( ,brita94 ,! ma9 mass ( ! ,iri% population is und\bt$ly ,celtic1 cross$ ) ,dani%1 ,norse1 & ,engli% blood4 ,! ,basque elem5t 9 ! population ( ,france is at ! pres5t "t c5t]$ 9 ! old prov9ce ( ,aquita9e1 9 :i* ! jet-black hair & eyes1 & sw>?y complexion1 /rike ! eye ( ! travell]1 n[ z 9 ! days ( ,/rabo1#adi & =m a vivid contra/ ) ! br[n hair & grey eyes ( ! inhabitants ( ,celtica & ,belgica 7see ,map1 ,fig4 #fh74 ,if ,fig4 #fh be comp>$ ) ! map publi%$ by ,dr4 ,broca 78,mmoires d',an?ropologie10 t4 i4 p4 #ccj71 :i* %[s at a glance ! av]age complexion prevail+ 9 ea* dep>tm5t1 & ! relative numb] ( exemptions p] #a1jjj conscripts1 on acc\nt ( _! n com+ up to ! /&>d ( height 7#aef metre #e feet #a in*es71 x w be se5 t ! only sw>?y p outside ! b\nd>y ( ,aquita9e con/itute five e?nological isl&s4 ,( ^! ,brittany is by f> ! l>ge/1 probably because its fa/nesses af=d$ a %elt] to ! ,basques1 :o 7 be+ driv5 to ! s\?-we/4 ,! dep>tm5t ( ! ,meuse1 9 ! nor?1 & ^? ( ,t>n & ,arrige1 9 ! s\?1 are also sund]$ f ! ma9 body1 :ile ^? ( ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,alps pres5t u ) ! desc5dants ( ! anci5t ,ligurian tribes4 ,! p ) d>k-br[n hair1 consid]$ by ,dr4 ,broca to be ! result ( ! int]m+l+ ( a d>k ) a fair race1 are scatt]$ ab\t ?r\gh ,aquita9e1 & occur only 9 two dep>tm5ts 9 nor!rn ,celtica4 ,! fair p1 on ! o!r h&1 are mass$ 9 nor!rn ,celtica & ,belgica4 ,! relation ( complexion to /ature may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ table ( exemptions p] #a1jjj = ea* dep>tm5t3-- ,dp>tem5ts noirs #ihe to #ahi 0 gris-foncs #fd 0 #ig 0 gris-clairs #dhh 0 #fch 0 blancs-clairs #bc 0 #dhe ,f ?is table x is evid5t t ! sw>?y p are ! smalle/ & ! fair ! talle/1 ! int]m$iate %ades be+ ! result ( fusion betwe5 ! two extremes4 ,! di/ribution !re=e ( ! small sw>?y ,basque1 & tall fair ,celtic & ,belgic races 9 ,france at ! pres5t "t1 corresponds ess5tially ) t :i* we might h expect$ f ! evid5ce bo? ( hi/ory & ( ! neoli?ic caves & tombs4#aej ,:5 we consid] ! _m invasions ( ,france1 & ! oscillations to & fro ( peoples1 ! p]si/5ce ( ! ,basque population is v rem>kable4 ,x is n a little /range t ! type %\ld be s slightly alt]$ by int]m>riage ) ! conqu]+ races4 ,:5ce came ! ,basques8 ,f :at region did ! ,basques invade ,europe8 ,m4 ,broca1 f _! id5tity ) ! ,kabyles & ,b]b]s1 holds t !y ent]$ ,europe f nor!rn ,africa1 spread+ ov] ,spa91 & pass+ ov] ! ,pyr5ees into s\!rn ,france4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 to me1 f _! range z f> nor? z ,scotl&1 & at lea/ z f> to ! ea/ z ,belgium1 t !y travell$ by ! same r\te t ! ,celtic1 ,belgic1 & ,g]manic tribes travell$ long ages aft]w>ds1 com+ f ! ea/ & pu%+ _! way to ! we/3 & t :ile "o section *ose ?is r\te1 ano!r ma/]$ nor!rn ,africa1 foll[+ ! same we/w>d direction z ! ,s>ac5s4 ,on ?is hypo!sis ?is great pre-,aryan migration w\ld />t f ! c5tral plateau ( ,asia1 f :i* all ! successive invad]s ( ,europe h sw>m$ (f4 ,?is view ( ! ea/]n d]ivation ( ! ,basque peoples is confirm$ by ! exam9ation ( ! bre$s ( dome/ic animals :i* !y possess$4 ,! ,bos longifrons1 ! %eep1 & ! goat are d]iv$ f wild /ocks t are n[ to be f\nd only 9 c5tral ,asia2 & ! dog & bre$ ( sw9e ) small can9es 7 also probably import$ aft] !y _h become ! s]vants ( man 9 ! ea/4#aea ,! ,celtic & ,belgic ,bra*y-cephali4 ,! occurr5ce ( broad-skulls 9 ! tumuli 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 caves & tumuli 9 ,france1 proves t ! ,basque peoples 7 invad$ dur+ ! neoli?ic age4 ,& s9ce ,dr4 ,?urnam has %[n t !y are id5tical 9 =m ) ,celtic & ,belgic skulls1#aeb x foll[s t "o or ! o!r ( ^!1 probably ! ,celtic or ! old]1 0 9 possession ( portions ( ,brita91 ,irel&1 & ,gaul at t remote "t4 ,x is ( c\rse conceivable t non-,celtic races1 physically alli$ to ! ,celts or ,belg1 are repres5t$ by ! human rema9s 9 "q2 b 9 t case !y h left no m>k beh9d by :i* !y c be id5tifi$4 ,& ! supposition is r5d]$ improbable to ! la/ degree by ! fact1 t ! old] or conqu]$ race--! ,basque--/ill survives1 9 ! area "u consid]ation1 ! invasions & vicissitudes :i* x has und]gone4 ,a =tiori1 w\ld _! conqu]ors h _h a /ill great] *ance ( survival1 9 ! fa/nesses :i* are (f]$ by ^! c\ntries4 ,x is !re=e reasonable to presume t ! broad-head$ peoples 9 ! neoli?ic caves & tombs are repres5t$ by ! ,celts1 & possibly1 ?\gh n probably1 9 "p by ! ,belg1 r ?an by ! equally broad-head$ ,w5ds1 ,sclavonians1 & ,f9s1 :i* are n kn[n by ! hi/orian to h settl$ 9 ,gaul or 9 ,brita94 ,! successive invasions ( ,europe h be5 inv>iably f ! ea/ to ! we/1 s f> z we h any c]ta9 k2 & x is mo/ improbable t ,w5ds1 ,f9s1 or ,sclaves %\ld h occupi$ ^! c\ntries & subsequ5tly h retreat$ ea/w>ds aga9/ ! curr5t ( ! ,celtic1 ,belgic1 & ,g]manic invasions4 ,! ,celt may1 !re=e1 be inf]r$ to h occupi$ ,gaul & ,brita9 9 ! ages ( poli%$ /one1 bronze1 & ( iron1 _! encroa*m5t on ! non-,aryan peoples be+ regulat$ by _! /r5g?1 & ! am\nt ( pressure on _! re>4 ,! ,belg probably 7 n kn[n 9 ,gaul until ! lat] portion ( ! iron age1 & 7 ( small importance z comp>$ ) ! ,celts1 ^: arms 7 felt alike 9 ,greece1 ,italy1 ,spa91 & ,asia ,m9or4 ,! ,celts 7 a tall1 fair-hair$1 blue-ey$ race 7,xan?o*roi71 contra/+ /rongly ) ! ,basque 8,melano*roi01 & 9 ^? p>ticul>s agree+ ) ! ,g]mans4#aec ,! ,anci5t ,g]man ,race4 ,! ,g]mans1 9 ! days ( ,cs>1 7 advanc+ on ! ,belg 9 ! ,rh9e prov9ces1 & on ! ,helvetii 9 ,switz]l&1 & are recogniz$ by ,tacitus1#aed 9 ,brita9 z ! r$-hair$1 tall inhabitants ( ,cal$onia4 ,subsequ5tly !y spread ov] ! we/ & s\? ( ,europe1 z ,go?s1 ,franks1 ,sc&9avians1 ,engli% & ,normans2 9 ?is c\ntry sweep+ ! ,brit-,wel% into ! hilly fa/nesses ( ,wales1 mak+ settlem5ts on _m po9ts ( ! coa/s ( ,irel&1 & leav+ beh9d !m1 to ?is day1 a consid]able infusion ( ,g]man blood 9 ! ,celtic & ,basque populations4 ,!y 71 unlike ! pres5t inhabitants ( ,nor? ,prussia & s\!rn & middle ,g]many1 a doli*o-cephalic p1 _! l5g? ( head be+ due1 accord+ to ,gratiolet1 to a frontal in/ead ( an occipital developm5t1 :i* causes ! long-head$ness ( ! ,basques4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon skull is def9$ by ,dr4 ,?urnam z progna?\s1 ) l>ge facial bones1 & ) a cephalic index av]ag+ #ge4 ,& ^! *>act]s are equally to be f\nd 9 ! ,go?ic1 ,franki%1 & ,sc&9avian crania4 ,g5]al ,conclusions4 ,9 ?is outl9e ( ! e?nology ( ,gaul & ,brita91 x w be se5 t two out ( ! ?ree e?nical elem5ts 7if ! ,belgic be class$ ) ! ,celtic71 ( :i* ! pres5t population is compos$1 c be recogniz$ 9 ! neoli?ic us]s ( caves & build]s ( *amb]$ tombs4 ,a non-,aryan race ei!r id5tical or cognate ) ! ,basque is ! e>lie/ traceable 9 ^! areas 9 ! neoli?ic age1 & x probably arriv$ 9 ,europe by ! same r\te z ! ,celtic & ,g]manic1 pass+ we/w>ds f ! pla9s ( c5tral ,asia4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( ,spa9 hav+ be5 peopl$ f nor!rn ,africa1 ! id5tity ( ! ,b]b] & ,kabyle ) ! ,basque be+ due to _! be+ desc5d$ f ! same non-,aryan /ock 9 possession ( s\!rn & we/]n ,europe1 & nor!rn ,africa4 ,!y are to be look$ ^u z c\s9s r ?an z connect$ by desc5t 9 a "r l9e4 ,! ,basque race 0 probably 9 possession ( ,europe = a long s]ies ( ages1 be=e hordes ei!r id5tical or cognate ) ! ,celts gradually crept we/w>d ov] ,g]many into ,gaul1 ,spa91 & ,brita91 driv+ away1 or absorb+1 ! inhabitants ( ! regions :i* !y conqu]$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,caves ,,conta9+ ,,human ,,rema9s ,,( ,,d\btful ,,age4 ,! ,caves ( ,pavil&4--,engis4--,tr\ du ,frontal4--,g5dron4 --,ne&]?al4--,gail5reu?4--,aurignac4--,b runiquel4-- ,cro-,magnon4-- ,lombrive4--,cavillon1 ne> ,m5tone4--,grotta dei ,colombi 9 ,isl& ( ,palm>ia1 inhabit$ by ,cannibals4--,g5]al ,conclusions4 ,!re are _m prehi/oric caves 9 ,brita9 & on ! ,cont95t :i* d n conta9 rema9s suffici5tly *>act]i/ic to fix ! date ( _! use1 ei!r = occupation or burial1 unless ! t]m neoli?ic be und]/ood to cov] ! wide int]val betwe5 ! paloli?ic /age ( ! plei/oc5e on ! "o h&1 & ! bronze age on ! o!r4 ,! ,pavil& ,cave4 ,! ,cave ( ,goat's ,hole#aee at ,pavil&1 9 ,glamorgan%ire1 explor$ by ,dr4 ,buckl& 9 #ahbc1 (f]s an in/ance ( an int]m5t hav+ be5 made 9 a pre-exi/5t deposit ( ! plei/oc5e age4 ,x consi/s ( a *amb] fac+ to ! sea1 9 a cliff ( lime/one #ajj feet high1 at a level ( f #cj to #dj feet above ! high-wat] m>k4 ,its floor 0 compos$ ( r$ loam1 conta9+ ! rema9s ( ! woolly-rh9oc]os1 hyna1 cave-be>1 & mammo?4 ,close to a skull ) tusks ( ! la/ animal a human skeleton 7equall+ 9 size ! l>ge/ male skeleton 9 ! ,ox=d ,museum7 0 discov]$2 & 9 ! soil1 8:i* _h app>5tly be5 di/urb$ by anci5t digg+s10 7 fragm5ts ( *>coal1 a small *ipp$ fl9t1 & ! sea-%ells ( ! neighb\r+ %ore4 ,c]ta9 small ivory ornam5ts1 f\nd close to ! skeleton1 are consid]$ by ,dr4 ,buckl& to h be5 c>v$ out ( ! tusks ( ! mammo? ne> :i* !y re/$2 & he ju/ly rem>ks t1 8z !y mu/ h be5 cut to _! pres5t %ape at a "t :5 ! ivory 0 h>d1 & n crumbl+ to pieces1 z x is at pres5t at ! slighte/ t\*1 we may f ?is circum/ance assume = !m a high antiquity40 ,may we n also inf]1 f ! fact ( ! manufactur$ ivory & ! tusks f :i* x 0 cut be+ 9 precisely ! same /ate ( decomposition1 t ! tusks 7 pres]v$ f decay1 dur+ ! plei/oc5e times1 by precisely ! same ag5cy z ^? n[ f\nd p]fect 9 ! pol> regions--namely1 ! int5se cold2 t aft] ! skull ( ! mammo? _h be5 buri$ 9 ! cave1 ! tusks1 ?us pres]v$1 7 us$ = ! manufacture ( ornam5ts2 & t1 at "s "t subsequ5t to ! int]m5t ( ! ornam5ts ) ! corpse1 a climatal *ange has tak5 place1 by :i* ! temp]ature 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many has be5 rais$1 & ! ivory became decompos$ t up to t "t _h pres]v$ its gelat9e8 ,on ?is po9t x is wor?y ( rem>k t fossil tusks h be5 discov]$ 9 ,scotl& suffici5tly p]fect to be us$ z ivory4 ,! ornam5ts may1 h[ev]1 n h be5 made f ! fossil tusks4 ,! pres5ce ( ! bones ( %eep und]nea? ! rema9s ( mammo?1 be>1 & o!r animals1 c\pl$ ) ! /ate ( ! cave e>?1 :i* _h be5 di/urb$ be=e ,dr4 ,buckl&'s exam9ation ( ! cave1 w\ld prove t ! int]m5t is n ( plei/oc5e date4 ,no traces ( %eep or goat h z yet be5 af=d$ by any plei/oc5e deposit 9 ,brita91 ,france1 or ,g]many4 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s conclusion1 t ! int]m5t is relatively m mod]n ?an ! accumulation ) rema9s ( ! ext9ct mammalia1 mu/ be accept$ z ! true int]pretation ( ! facts4 ,! intimate association ( ! two sets ( rema9s1 ( widely div]se ages1 9 ?is cave %[ t extreme c>e is necess>y 9 cave exploration4 ,! ,cave ( ,engis4 ,human rema9s h be5 obta9$ f "s ( ! caves ( ,belgium "u circum/ances :i* are g5]ally consid]$ to indicate t !y are ( ! same antiquity z ! skeletons ( ! animals ) :i* !y are associat$4 ,! possibility1 h[ev]1 ( ! cont5ts ( caves ( diff]5t ages be+ mix$ by ! action ( wat]1 or by ! burr[+ ( animals1 or by subsequ5t int]m5ts1 r5d]s su* an association ( little value1 unless ! evid5ce be v decid$4 ,! fam\s human skull discov]$ by ,dr4 ,s*m]l+#aef 9 ! cave ( ,engis1 ne> ,lige1 9 #ahcc1 is a case 9 po9t4 ,x 0 obta9$ f a mass ( breccia1 along ) bones & tee? ( mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 horse1 hyna1 & be>2 & subsequ5tly ,m4 ,dupont#aeg f\nd 9 ! same spot a human ulna1 o!r human bones1 work$ fl9ts1 & a small fragm5t ( co>se e>!nw>e4 ,! discov]y ( ?is la/ is an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! human rema9s be+ ( a lat] date ?an ! ext9ct mammalia1 s9ce pott]y has n yet be5 prov$ to h be5 kn[n to ! paloli?ic races :o co-exi/$ ) !m1 :ile x is v abundant 9 neoli?ic burial-places & tombs4 ,! fact ( all ! objects be+ cem5t$ toge!r by calc>e\s infiltration is no te/ ( relative age1 :i* _c be asc]ta9$ )\t di/9ct /ratification1 su* z t 9 ! caves ( ,wookey & ,k5t's ,hole4 ,x seems !re=e to me1 t ! conditions ( ! discov]y are too d\btful to admit ( ! conclusion ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & o!r em95t writ]s1 t ! human rema9s are ( paloli?ic age4 ,! skull is describ$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley#aeh z be+ ( av]age size1 its cont\r agree+ equally well ) "s ,au/ralian & ,european skulls2 x pres5ts no m>ks ( degradation1 8& is 9 fact a fair av]age human skull1 :i* might h belong$ to a philosoph]1 or might h conta9$ ! ?\ghtless bra9s ( a savage40 ,its measurem5ts fall )9 ! limits ( ! long-skulls describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 & x c]ta9ly belongs to ! same class4 ,! foll[+ ,table w %[ ! v>iation 9 size & =m ( ! skulls m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt]3 ,measurem5ts ( ,skulls ( d\btful antiquity4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,circum- ,cephalic,altitu- ,l5g?4,bread?4,height4f]5ce4 index4 d9al index4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,engis 7,huxley7 #gg #ed -- #bje #gjj -- ,tr\ du ,frontal 7,prun]-,bey7 #fi #ef -- #baee #haa #gjd ,gail5reu? 7,dawk9s7 #fhb #ee -- #baee #hac #hac ,ne&]?al 7,s*aaffhaus57 #abj #ege -- #bc #gbj -- ,cro-,magnon1 ,no4 #a 7,broca7 #gie #ehf -- #bbcf #gcj -- 0 0 #b 0 #geb #eci -- #babf #ga -- 0 0 #c 0 #gid #eid -- #bbbd #gd -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,tr\ du ,frontal4 ,! human skeletons 9 ! ,tr\ du ,frontal1 situat$ 9 a picturesque lime/one cliff on ! banks ( ! ,lesse1 ne> ,furfooz1 are consid]$ by ,m4 ,dupont to be ( ! same age z ! cont5ts ( ! caves close by ! ,tr\ des ,nutons & ,tr\ ,rosette1 :i* h be5 inhabit$ by paloli?ic savages4 ,! foll[+ is ! section 7,fig4 #fi7 :i* he gives ( ! deposits4 ,close to ! riv] ,lesse is ! alluvium 7,no4 #a71 bel[ :i* is a clay 7,no4 #b71 ) angul> blocks pass+ upw>ds "u ! rock %elt]1 & fill+ ! cave4 ,"u ?is is a /ratum ( loam 7,no4 #c71 re/+ on gravel 7,no4 #d74 ,sixte5 human skeletons 7 discov]$ 9 ! sepul*ral cavity 7,s71 at ! m\? ( :i* 0 a l>ge slab ( rock 7,d71 by :i* x 0 orig9ally block$ up4 ,a s+ul> urn1 ) a r\nd bottom & ) ! h&les p]=at$ = susp5sion1 0 f\nd at ! entrance1 toge!r ) fl9t flakes1 ornam5ts 9 fluor9e1 & eoc5e %ells p]=at$ = susp5sion4 ,outside1 at ! po9ts ,h ,h1 0 an accumulation ( brok5 bones1 belong+ to ! lemm+1 tailless h>e 7,lagomys71 beav]1 wild cat1 bo>1 horse1 /ag1 urus1 *amois1 goat1 & o!r animals1 birds & fi%es4 ,f ! occurr5ce ( fragm5ts belong+ to two re9de]1 x is consid]$ by ,m4 ,dupont to belong to ! re9de] age4 ,! old he>? 0 close by1 at ,f 7,fig4 #fi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,section ( ! ,tr\ du ,frontal4 7,dupont47 ,f ?is section we may inf]1 t ! rock-%elt] 0 us$ by man at ! po9ts ,h ,h & ,f be=e ! =mation ( ! /ratum ,no4 #b1 :i* is probably m]ely suba]ial ra9-wa%1 due to ! dis9tegration ( ! adjac5t rocks1 & t ! sepul*ral cavity 0 a place ( burial ei!r be=e1 or :ile ,no4 #b 0 accumulat$4 ,c we fur!r conclude t !re is any necess>y connection betwe5 ! refuse-heap & ! sepul*re 9 po9t ( "t8 ,m4 ,dupont holds t ! cont5ts ( all ! caves 9 ! cliff are paloli?ic1 & t ! sepul*ral cavity is !re=e ( t age4#aei ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 t ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is view is n conclusive4 ,! burial place may h belong$ to "o p1 & ! refuse-heaps 9 ! neighb\r+ caves & outside ! slab 9 ! rock-%elt] ( ! ,tr\ du ,frontal to ano!r4 ,! =m ( ! urn is rem>kably l "s ( ^? :i* h be5 obta9$ f ! neoli?ic pile-dwell+s ( ,switz]l&1 & !re=e may possibly imply t ! int]m5t is ( t age4 ,! human rema9s 7 mix$ ple mle ) /ones & yell[ clay )9 ! *amb]4 ,two skulls1 suffici5tly p]fect to all[ ( measurem5t1 %[ t _! possessors 7 broad-head$ 7bra*y-cephalic71 & ( ! same type z ^? ( ,sclaigneaux4 ,!y are consid]$ by ! late ,dr4 ,prun]-,bey to belong to ! 8type ,mongoloide10 & are believ$ by ,m4 ,dupont to prove t ! paloli?ic inhabitants ( ,belgium 7 a ,mongoloid race4 ,!y seem1 h[ev]1 to be ( ! same g5]al ord] z ! broad-skulls f ! neoli?ic caves & tombs ( ,france1 & f ! r\nd b>r[s ( ,great ,brita91 z well z ^? f ! neoli?ic tombs ( ,borreby & ,mon 9 ,sc&9avia4 ,& !y are look$ ^u by ,,mm4 de ,quatrefages1 ,vir*[1 & ,lagneaux1#afj z pres5t+ ! same type z t :i* is to be recogniz$ 9 ! pres5t population ( ,belgium1 9 ! neighb\rhood1 = example1 ( ,antw]p4 ,^! aff9ities may be expla9$ by ! view advanc$ by ,dr4 ,?urnam1 t ! broad-heads ( ! ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 & ,sc&9avian tombs are cognate ) ! mod]n ,f92 or by ! high] g5]alisation ( ,pr(4 ,huxley1 t ! ,swiss 8,diss5tis0 skull1 ! ,s\? ,g]man1 ! ,sclavonian1 & ! ,f9ni%1 belong to "o great race ( fair-hair$1 broad-head$1 ,xan?o*roi 8:o h ext5d$ across ,europe f ,brita9 to ,s>matia1 & we "k n h[ mu* fur!r to ! ea/ & s\?40#afa ,besides ^! broad crania1 ,m4 ,lagneaux#afb calls att5tion to a fragm5t1 suffici5tly p]fect to indicate a skull ( ! long type 7trs doli*o-cphale71 & t diff]$ f !m 9 _m o!r p>ticul>s4 ,9 ! ,tr\ du ,frontal1 !re=e1 !re is pro( t a long & a %ort-head$ race liv$ 9 ,belgium side by side1 j z a simil> association 9 ! cave ( ,orr\y e/abli%es ! same conclusion z to ! neoli?ic dwell]s 9 ,france4 ,& s9ce skulls ( bo? ^! types h be5 discov]$ 9 ! neoli?ic caves ( ,sclaigneaux & ,*auvaux1 ! int]m5t 9 ! ,tr\ du ,frontal may probably be ref]r$ to t date4 ,! ,cave ( ,g5dron4 ,! sepul*ral cave ( ,g5dron#afc on ! ,lesse1 9 :i* f\rte5 skeletons 7 discov]$ ly+ at full l5g?1 & 9 regul> ord]1 along ) "o flake & "s fragm5ts ( pott]y1 is ( unc]ta9 age1 s9ce ^? articles 7 f\nd at ! entrance1 & h no necess>y connection ) ! int]m5ts4 ,& if !y 7 deposit$ at ! same "t1 ,m4 ,dupont's view t !y /amp ! neoli?ic age is r5d]$ unt5able by ! fact t flakes & rude pott]y 7 9 use z late z ! date ( ! ,roman conque/ ( ,brita91 & are frequ5tly met ) 9 association ) articles ( bronze & ( iron4 ,& = ! same reasons ! neoli?ic age ( ! human bones 9 ! ,tr\ de ,sureau & ( ! ,tr\ de ,pont--,lesse is op5 to consid]able d\bt4 ,! cont5ts1 h[ev]1 prove ^! caves to be po/-plei/oc5e4 ,cave ( ,gail5reu?4 ,! same unc]ta9ty ov]hangs ! age ( ! int]m5ts 9 ! cave ( ,gail5reu?1 9 ,franconia1 f :i* ,dr4 ,buckl&#afd obta9$ a human skull ( ! same broad type z t f ,sclaigneaux1 along ) fragm5ts ( black co>se pott]y1 "o ( :i* is ornam5t$ ) a l9e ( f+]-impressions4 ,! skull is rem>kable = ! great wid? ( ! p>ietal protub]ances1 & ! flatt5+ ( ! upp] & po/]ior region ( ! p>ietal bone4 ,its measurem5ts are giv5 9 ! ,table1 p4 #bcf1 f :i* x w be se5 t x belongs to ! same class ( skulls z ^? f ! neoli?ic caves & tumuli ( ,france4 ,cave ( ,ne&]?al4 ,! extraord9>y skull f\nd 9 #aheg 9 ! cave ( ,ne&]?al1#afe by ,dr4 ,fuhlrott1 ) "s ( ! o!r bones ( ! skeleton1 0 n associat$ ) any o!r animals f :i* its age c\ld be inf]r$4 8,"u :atev] aspect10 writes ,pr(essor ,huxley1 8we view ?is cranium1 :e!r we reg>d its v]tical depression1 ! enorm\s ?ickness ( its supracili>y ridges1 its slop+ occiput1 or its long & /raight squamosal suture1 we meet ) ape-l *>act]s1 /amp+ x z ! mo/ pi!coid ( human crania yet discov]$4 ,b ,pr(4 ,s*aaffhaus5 /ates t ! cranium1 9 its pres5t condition1 holds #ajccbd cubic c5timetres ( wat]1 or ab\t #fc cubic in*es1 & z ! entire skull c\ld h>dly h held less ?an an additional #ab cubic in*es1 its capacity may be e/imat$ at ab\t #ge cubic in*es1 :i* is ! av]age capacity giv5 by ,morton = ,polynesian & ,hott5tot skulls4 ,s l>ge a mass ( bra9 z ?is w\ld alone sugge/ t ! pi!coid t5d5cies1 indicat$ by ?is skull1 did n ext5d deep into ! organization1 & ?is conclusion is borne out by ! dim5sions ( ! o!r bones ( ! skeleton1 giv5 by ,pr(4 ,s*aaffhaus51 :i* %[ t ! absolute height & relative proportions ( ! limbs 7 q ^? ( a ,european ( middle /ature4 ,! bones are inde$ /\t]1 b ?is1 & ! great developm5t ( ! muscul> ridges not$ by ,dr4 ,s*aaffhaus51 are *>act]s to be expect$ 9 savages4 ,! ,patagonians1 expos$ )\t %elt] or protection to a climate possibly n v dissimil> f t ( ,europe at ! "t dur+ :i* ! ,ne&]?al man liv$1 are rem>kable = ! /\tness ( _! limb-bones4 ,9 no s5se1 !n1 c ! ,ne&]?al bones be reg>d$ z ! rema9s ( a human be+ int]m$iate betwe5 m5 & apes2 at mo/ !y demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( a man ^: skull may be said to rev]t some:at t[>ds ! pi!coid type--j z a c>ri]1 or a p\lt]1 or a tumbl] may sometimes put on ! plumage ( its primitive /ock1 ! ,columba livia40 ,?is skull1 l ! prec$+1 belongs to ! doli*o-cephalic division1 rea*+ ! enorm\s l5g? ( twelve in*es1 ) a p>ietal bread? ( #ege4 ,a long-skull f\nd ne> ,l$bury ,hill 9 ,d]by%ire1 & belong+ to ! riv]-b$ type ( ,pr(4 ,huxley1 comes s close to ?is "o ( ,ne&]?al1 t 7 x flatt5$ a little & elongat$1 & possess$ ( l>g] supracili>y ridges1 x w\ld be conv]t$ into ! ne>e/ lik5ess :i* has yet be5 discov]$4#aff ,! ,caves ( ,france4--,aurignac4 ,9 ! cave ( ,ne&]?al1 ! "q ( ! antiquity ( ! human rema9s is n complicat$ by ! juxtaposition ( ext9ct plei/oc5e animals or ( paloli?ic implem5ts4 ,^? caves1 h[ev]1 9 ,france :i* claim especial att5tion1 ,aurignac1 ,bruniquel1 & ,cro-,magnon1 are equally fam\s = _! int]m5ts1 & ! paloli?ic implem5ts :i* !y h furni%$1 along ) ! rema9s ( ! mammo?1 woolly rh9oc]os1 & o!r ext9ct animals4 ,!y h bo? be5 inhabit$ by paloli?ic man1 & be5 us$ "s "t = burial4 ,does ! p]iod ( habitation co9cide ) t ( ! burial8 ,?is important "q has be5 answ]$ almo/ univ]sally 9 ! affirmative1 & ! int]m5ts are view$ z evid5ce ( a belief 9 ! supra-natural among ! mo/ anci5t inhabitants ( ,europe1 z well z (f]+ examples ( _! physique4 ,! fam\s cave ( ,aurignac1 ne> ! t[n ( t "n1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,haute ,g>onne1 0 explor$ & describ$ by ! late ,m4 ,ed4 ,l>tet1 & 8 conclusions 7 adopt$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 9 ! fir/ ?ree editions ( ! 8,antiquity ( ,man40 ,9 ! f\r? edition1#afg h[ev]1 ! latt] au?or1 aft] a reconsid]ation ( all ! circum/ances1 qualifies 8 acceptance ( ! paloli?ic age ( ! int]m5ts1 & %>es ! d\bts :i* h be5 express$ by ,sir ,john ,lubbock & ,mr4 ,john ,evans4 ,! evid5ce is z foll[s3-- ,m4 ,l>tet's acc\nt falls naturally into two p>ts3 fir/1 ! /ory :i* he 0 told by ! orig9al discov]] ( ! cave2 &1 secondly1 t 9 :i* ! results ( 8 own discov]ies are describ$4 ,we w beg9 ) ! fir/4 ,9 ! ye> #aheb1 a lab\r]1 nam$ ,bonnemaison1 employ$ 9 m5d+ ! roads1 put 8 h& into a rabbit-hole 7,fig4 #gj1 f71 & drew out a human bone1 & hav+ 8 curiosity excit$1 he dug d[n until1 z 8 /ory goes1 he came to a great slab ( rock4 ,hav+ remov$ ?is1 he discov]$ on ! o!r side a cavity sev5 or eight feet 9 height1 t5 9 wid?1 & sev5 9 dep?1 almo/ full ( human bones1 :i* ,dr4 ,amiel1 ! ,mayor ( ,aurignac1 :o 0 a surgeon1 believ$ to repres5t at lea/ sev5te5 individuals4 ,all ^! human rema9s 7 collect$1 & f9ally committ$ to ! p>i% cemet]y1 :]e !y re/ to ! pres5t day1 undi/urb$ by sacrilegi\s h&s4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ,bonnemaison 9 digg+ 8 way into ! grotto1 _h met ) ! rema9s ( ext9ct animals1 & works ( art2 & ^! 7 pres]v$ until1 9 #ahfj1 ,m4 ,l>tet accid5tally he>d ( ! discov]y1 & inve/igat$ ! circum/ances on ! spot4 ,he f\nd t ,bonnemaison1 & ! sexton :o _h buri$ ! human rema9s1 _h tak5 s little note ( ! place :]e !y 7 int]r$1 t x c\ld n be id5tifi$1 & on exam9+ ! cave he f\nd t ! int]ior _h be5 ransack$1 & ! orig9al /ratification to a great ext5t di/urb$4 ,m4 ,l>tet's exploration %[$ t a /ratum conta9+ ! rema9s ( ! cave-be>1 lion1 rh9oc]os1 hyna1 mammo?1 bison1 horse1 & o!r animals1 & paloli?ic implem5ts1 l ^? ( ,prigord1 ext5d$ f ! plateau 7d7 outside into 7b7 ! cave4 ,on ! outside he met ) a%es1 & burnt & split bones1 :i* prov$ t x _h be5 us$ z a fea/+-place by ! paloli?ic hunt]s2 )9 he detect$ no traces ( *>coal1 & no traces ( ! hynas1 :i* 7 abundant outside4 ,inside he met ) a few human bones 9 ! e>? :i* ,bonnemaison _h di/urb$1 :i* 7 9 ! same m9]al condition z ^? ( ! ext9ct animals1 & he1 !re=e1 inf]r$ t !y 7 ( ! same age4 ,su* is ! summ>y ( ! facts :i* ,m4 ,l>tet discov]$4 ,he has1 ( 8 own p]sonal k1 only prov$ t ,aurignac 0 occupi$ by a tribe ( hunt]s dur+ ! paloli?ic age1 & t x _h be5 us$ z a burial-place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--;,diagram ( ! ,cave ( ,aurignac4 ,is he fur!r ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ! p]iod ( paloli?ic occupation co9cides ) t 9 :i* ! burial took place8 ,bonnemaison's recollections may be e/imat$ at _! prop] value by ! significant fact1 t1 9 ! %ort space ( eight ye>s int]v5+ betwe5 ! discov]y & ! exploration1 he _h =gott5 :]e ! skeletons _h be5 buri$4 ,& ev5 if 8 acc\nt be true 9 ! m9ute/ detail1 x does n af=d a %ad[ ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! cave hav+ be5 a place ( sepul*re 9 paloli?ic times1 b m]ely t x _h be5 s us$ at "s "t or ano!r4 ,if we turn to ! diagram con/ruct$ by ,m4 ,l>tet to illu/rate 8 views 78,ann4 des ,sc4 ,nat4 ,zool410 #d;e sr41 t4 xv41 pl4 #aj71 & made = ! mo/ "p f ,bonnemaison's recollections2 or to ! am5d$ diagram 7,fig4 #gj7 giv5 by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 78,antiquity ( ,man10 #a/ ed41 ,fig4 #be71 we %all see t ! skeletons are depict$ above ! /ratum 7b7 conta9+ ! paloli?ic implem5ts & plei/oc5e mammalia2 & !re=e1 accord+ to ! laws ( geological evid5ce1 !y mu/ h be5 buri$ aft] ! subjac5t deposit 0 accumulat$4 ,! previ\s di/urbance ( ! cave-e>? does away ) ! conclusion1 t ! few human bones f\nd by ,m4 ,l>tet are ( ! same age z ! ext9ct mammalia 9 ! deposit4 ,! abs5ce ( *>coal inside 0 q z likely to be due to ! fact t a fire k9dl$ inside w\ld fill ! grotto ) smoke1 :ile outside ! paloli?ic savage c\ld fea/ 9 com=t1 z to ! view t ! a%es are ^? ( fun]eal fea/s 9 hon\r ( ! dead )91 held aft] ! slab _h be5 plac$ at ! entrance4 ,! abs5ce ( ! rema9s ( hynas f ! int]ior is also negative evid5ce1 disprov$ by subsequ5t exam9ation4 ,! rese>*es ( ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,w4 ,k+1 9 #ahfe1 complete ! case aga9/ ! curr5t view ( ! paloli?ic "* ( ! int]m5ts1 s9ce !y %[ t ,m4 ,l>tet did n fully explore ! cave1 & t he consequ5tly wrote )\t be+ 9 possession ( all ! facts4 ,! entrance 0 block$ up1 accord+ to ,bonnemaison1 by a slab ( /one1 :i*1 if ! measurem5ts ( ! entrance be correct1 mu/ h be5 at lea/ n9e feet long & sev5 feet high1 plac$1 accord+ to ,m4 ,l>tet1 to keep ! hynas f ! corpses ( ! dead4 ,x ne$ h>dly be rem>k$1 t ! access ( ^! bone-eat+ animals to ! cave w\ld be altoge!r incompatible ) ! pres]vation ( ! human skeletons1 _h !y be5 buri$ at ! same "t4 ,! enorm\s slab 0 nev] se5 by ,m4 ,l>tet1 & x did n keep out ! hynas4 ,9 ! collection made by ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,w4 ,k+ f ! int]ior !re are two hynas' tee?1 & ne>ly all ! antl]s & bones be> ! traces ( ! gnaw+ ( ^! animals4 ,! cave1 moreov]1 has two entrances in/ead ( "o1 z ,m4 ,l>tet suppos$ :5 8 pap] 9 ! 8,annales0 0 publi%$4 ,! bones ( ! %eep1 or goat1 also obta9$ f ! inside1 & pres]v$ 9 ! ,*ri/y ,museum1 af=d /rong evid5ce t ! int]m5t is n paloli?ic2 & a fragm5t ( pott]y1 agree+ exactly ) t us$ 9 ! neoli?ic age1 probably indicates its relative antiquity4 ,?is conclusion has also be5 arriv$ at by ! two mo/ rec5t explor]s1 ,,mm4 ,c>taillac & ,gauti]4 ,! skeletons1 !re=e1 9 ! ,aurignac cave _c be tak5 to be ( ! same age z ! /ratum on :i* !y re/$2 b1 s f> z !re is any evid5ce1 may probably be ref]r$ to ! neoli?ic age1 9 :i* ! cu/om ( burial 9 caves prevail$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,cav]n ( ,bruniquel4 ,! fam\s cav]n ( ,bruniquel1 explor$ by ! ,vicomte de ,la/ic 9 #ahfc-d1afh & describ$ by ,pr(essor ,ow51 is also "o ( ! class :i* has furni%$ human bones1 along ) ! rema9s ( ! ext9ct mammalia4 ,x p5etrates a cliff 9 ! ,jurassic lime/one1 opposite ! little village ( ,bruniquel 7,t>n & ,g>onne71 ab\t =ty feet above ! level ( ! riv] ,aveyron4 ,! bottom 0 cov]$ ) a %eet ( /alagmite1 re/+ on e>? & blocks ( /one1 = ! mo/ "p f9ely cem5t$ into a breccia1 t is black ) ! p>ticles ( c>bon con/itut+ ! 8limon noir0 ( ! workm51 f\r or five feet ?ick1 b5ea? :i* is ! 8limon r\ge10 or r$ e>? )\t *>coal1 f ?ree to f\r feet ?ick4 ,e "p ( ! breccia is *>g$ ) ! brok5 rema9s ( ! wolf1 rh9oc]os1 horse1 re9de]1 /ag1 ,iri% elk & bison1 & paloli?ic implem5ts ( fl9t & bone2 "s ( ! latt] hav+ well-execut$ designs ( ! heads ( horses & re9de]1 :i* prove t ! cave _h be5 us$ z a place ( habitation by ! hunt]s ( ^? animals4 ,imb$d$ 9 ! breccia at a dep? ( f ?ree to five feet human bones 7 met )1 & 9 two recesses sev]al individuals1 includ+ a *ild1 7 f\nd1 "o ( :i* ,pr(essor ,ow5 & ! ,vicomte de ,la/ic dis9t]r$ ) suffici5t c>e to prove t ! body _h be5 buri$ 9 ! cr\*+ po/ure4 ,! only calv>ium suffici5tly p]fect to all[ ( a comp>ison belong$ to ! doli*o-cephalic type1 & 0 v fairly develop$4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 inf]s1 f ! intimate association ( ! human bones ) ! paloli?ic implem5ts & mammalia1 t ! cave ( ,bruniquel 0 us$ z a burial-place by ! same p :o _h us$ x = habitation1 & advances1 9 support ( ?is1 t ! bones ( man & ( ! animals are exactly 9 ! same /ate ( pres]vation1 hav+ lo/ ! same am\nt ( gelat9e4 ,! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 does n seem to be altoge!r conclusive4 ,if ! int]m5t _h be5 made aft] ! paloli?ic inhabitants _h =sak5 ! cave1 ! association ( ! human bones ) ! refuse bones 9 _! old refuse-heap mu/ inevitably h tak5 place4 ,& if1 fur!r1 wat] *>g$ ) c>bonate ( lime p]colat$ ! mass1 x w\ld be conv]t$ into a h>d breccia1 & ultimately cov]$ ) a %eet ( /alagmite4 ,?is calcification may h tak5 place 9 mod]n times4 ,a mod]n bone1 z ,mr4 ,evans has obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ,aurignac1 may lose its gelat9e 9 a comp>atively %ort "t1 & become *emically id5tical ) ^? :i* h be5 imb$d$ 9 ! same matrix = long ages4 ,! m9]al condition1 !re=e1 is an unc]ta9 te/ ( relative antiquity4 ,= ^! reasons x seems to be d\btful :e!r ! int]m5t is ( ! same age z ! occupation4 ,! skull-%ape1 & ! burial 9 ! cr\*+ po/ure1 po9t r 9 ! direction ( ! long-head$ race1 t buri$ _! dead 9 caves1 9 ! neoli?ic age1 9 ,france1 ,spa91 ,belgium1 & ,great ,brita94 ,! ,cave ( ,cro-,magnon4 ,! human skeletons 9 ! cave ( ,cro-,magnon1 at ,les ,eyzies1 a little village on ! banks ( ! ,vezre 9 ,prigord1 fall into ! same d\btful category z ^? ( ,aurignac4 ,! cave 7,fig4 #ga1 f71 situat$ at ! base ( a l[ cliff1 0 completely conceal$ by a talus ( loose dbris1 f\r metres ?ick1 :i* _h fall5 f above4 7,fig4 #ga1 b47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,section across ! ,valley ( ! ,vezre1 & ?r\gh ! rock ( ,cro-,magnon4 ,level ( ! ,vezre at l[ wat]1 #ehbe metres above ! sea4 ,height ( cave above ! ,vezre1 #ae metres2 above ! sea-level1 #gcbe metres4 ,di/ance f ! cave to ! riv]1 #agg metres4 a ,railroad4 b ,talus4 c ,great block ( /one4 d ,l$ge ( rock4 ,p ,lime/one4 ,m ,detritus ( ! slopes & alluvium ( ! ,valley4 e ,rock ( ,cro-,magnon4 f ,cave4 g ,*teau & ,village ( ,les ,eyzies1 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,beaune4 h ,gatekeep]'s h\se4 i ,railway bridge ov] ! ,vezre4 j ,caves ( ,le ,c+le4 ,x =ms "o ( a gr\p ( caves at v>i\s heights above ! ,vezre1 :i* are v well repres5t$ 9 ! prec$+ figure1 :i* ,i am k9dly all[$ to borr[ f ! 8,reliqui ,aquitanic0 7,fig4 #ci74 ,at ! "t ( its discov]y 9 #ahfh1 9 ! c\rse ( mak+ an embankm5t = ! railway close by1 & ( obta9+ mat]ial = m5d+ ! roads1 x 0 completely block$ up4 ,on ! removal ( ?is 7b71 by ! contractors ,,mm4 ,b]to-,meyro & ,delm>s1 ! entrance 0 expos$1 & human rema9s & work$ fl9ts reveal$1 :i* 7 c>efully exhum$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,,mm4 ,laganne1 ,galy1 & ,simon4 ,at ?is /age ( ! exploration ,m4 ,l\is ,l>tet 0 deput$1 by ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction1 to sup]9t5d ! "w1 & f 8 report ! foll[+ acc\nt is tak5 7,l>tet & ,*ri/y1 8,rel4 ,aq410 p4 #ff7 by ! c\rtesy ( ! editors4 8,! cave ( ,cro-,magnon is =m$ by a project+ l$ge ( cretace\s lime/one 7ri* ) fossil corals & polyzoans71 hav+ a ?ickness ( #h metres & a l5g? ( #ag metres 7,fig4 #gb1 ,p74 ,! b$ :i* x ov]lies1 & ! de/ruction ( :i* has giv5 rise to ! cave1 ab\nds ) ,rhyn*onella vesp]tilio1 :i* is a type fossil1 fix+ ! geological horizon4 ,! dbris ( ?is m>ly & micace\s lime/one _h accumulat$ on ! orig9al floor ( ! cav]n to a great ?ickness1 at lea/ = #jgj metres 7see ,fig4 #gb1 ,a71 :5 ! hunt]s ( ! re9de] /opp$ "h = ! fir/ "t1 leav+ z a trace ( _! %ort /ay a blacki% lay] 7,fig4 #gb1 ,b71 f #jje to #jae metre ?ick1 conta9+ work$ fl9ts1 bits ( *>coal1 brok5 or calc9$ bones1 & 9 its upp] portion ! elephant tusk be=e allud$ to 7,fig4 #gb1 a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,detail$ ,section ( ! ,cave ( ,cro-,magnon1 ne> ,les ,eyzies4 ,scale #a_/ajj 7#a c5timetre to #a metre74 ,a ,dbris ( s(t lime/one4 ,b ,fir/ lay] ( a%es1 c4 ,c ,calc>e\s dbris4 ,d ,second lay] ( a%es1 c4 ,e ,calc>e\s dbris1 r$d5$ by fire "u ! next lay] ( a%es1 c4 ,f ,?ird lay] ( a%es1 c4 ,g ,r$ e>?1 ) bones1 c4 ,h ,?icke/ lay] ( a%es1 bones1 c4 ,i ,yell[i% e>?1 ) bones1 fl9ts1 c4 ,j ,?9 b$ ( he>?-/uff4 ,k ,calc>e\s dbris4 ,l ,rubbi% ( ! ,talus4 ,n ,crack 9 ! project+ l$ge ( rock4 ,p ,project+ %elf ( h>d lime/one4 ,y ,place ( ! pill> made to support ! ro(4 a ,tusk ( an elephant4 b ,bones ( an old man4 c ,block ( gneiss4 d ,human bones4 e ,slabs ( /one fall5 f ! ro( at diff]5t times4 8,?is fir/ he>? is cov]$ by a lay] 7,c71 #jbe metre ?ick1 ( calc>e\s dbris1 deta*$ bit by bit f ! ro(1 dur+ ! tempor>y disuse ( ! %elt]4 ,!n foll[s ano!r ?9 lay] ( he>?-/uff 7,d71 #jaj metre ?ick1 also conta9+ pieces ( *>coal1 bones1 & work$ fl9ts4 ,?is b$ is 9 its turn ov]la9 by a lay] ( fall5 lime/one rubbi% 7,e71 #jej metre ?ick4 ,la/ly1 !re is ov] ^! a s]ies ( m important lay]s1 all ( !m conta9+1 9 diff]5t proportions1 *>coal1 bones 7brok51 burnt1 & work$71 work$ fl9ts 7( diff]5t types1 b *iefly scrap]s71 fl9t cores1 & pebbles ( qu>tz1 granites1 c4 f ! b$ ( ! ,vezre1 & be>+ num]\s m>ks ( hamm]+4 ,altoge!r ^! lay]s seem to h ref]5ce to a p]iod dur+ :i* ! cave 0 inhabit$1 if n cont9u\sly1 at lea/ at int]vals s %ort z n to admit ( int]calations ( dbris fall+ f ! ro( betwe5 ! diff]5t he>?-lay]s :i* correspond ) ! successive phases ( ?is 7! ?ird7 p]iod ( habitation4 ,! fir/ 7l[e/7 ( ^! lay]s 7,f7 is full ( *>coal1 & has a ?ickness ( #jbj metre2 x does n t\* ! back ( ! cave1 b ext5ds a little fur!r ?an ! e>li] lay]s4 ,at its l9e ( contact ) ! calc>e\s dbris b5ea?1 ! latt] is /rongly r$d5$ ) ! action ( fire4 8,on ! la/-m5tion$ he>?-lay] is a b$ ( unctu\s r$di% e>? 7,g71 #jcj metre ?ick1 conta9+ simil> objects1 ?\gh 9 less quantities4 ,la/ 9 succession is a c>bonace\s b$ 7,h71 ! wide/ & ?icke/ ( all1 hav+ an av]age ?ickness ( #jcj metre2 at ! edges x is only #jaj metre ?ick2 b 9 ! c5tre1 :]e x cuts into ! subjac5t deposits1 :i* 7 excavat$ by ! inhabitants 9 mak+ ! pr9cipal he>?1 x atta9s a dep? ( #afj metre4 ,?is b$1 be+ by f> ! ri*e/ 9 pieces ( *>coal1 9 bones1 pebbles ( qu>tz1 work$ fl9ts1 fl9t cores1 & bone implem5ts1 su* z po9ts or d>t-heads1 arr[heads1 c41 may be reg>d$ z indicative ( a f> m prolong$ habitation ?an ! previ\s4 8,above ?is ?ick he>?-lay] is a b$ ( yell[i% e>? 7,i71 r argillace\s1 also conta9+ bones1 fl9ts1 & implem5ts ( bone1 z well z amulets or p5dants4 ,?is appe>s to be limit$ upw>ds by a c>bonace\s b$ 7,j71 v ?91 & ( little ext5t1 #jje metre ?ick1 :i* ,m4 ,laganne obs]v$ be=e my arrival1 b ( :i* only slight traces rema9$ aft]w>ds4 8,x 0 on ! upp] "p ( ?is yell[ b& 7,i71 & at ! back ( ! cave1 t ! human skeletons & ! accessories ( ! sepulture 7 met )2 & all ( !m 7 f\nd 9 ! calc>e\s dbris 7,k71 except 9 a small space 9 ! fur!/ holl[ at ! back ( ! cave4 ,?is la/ deposit also conta9s "s work$ fl9ts1 mix$ up ) brok5 bones1 & ) "s un9jur$ bones ref]able to small rod5ts & to a peculi> k9d ( fox4 8,la/ly1 above ^! diff]5t lay]s1 & all ov] ! %elt] itself1 lay ! rubbi% ( ! talus 7f\r to six metres ?ick71 suffici5t 9 itself1 accord+ to :at we h said above ab\t its mode ( =mation1 to c>ry back ! date ( ! sepulture to a v di/ant p]iod 9 ! prehi/oric age4 8,z = ! human rema9s1 & ! position !y occupi$ 9 b$ ,i1 ! foll[+ are ! results ( my c>eful inquiries 9 ! matt]4 ,at ! back ( ! cave 0 f\nd an old man's skull 7b71 :i* alone 0 on a level ) ! surface1 9 ! cavity n fill$ up 9 ! back ( ! cave1 & 0 !re=e expos$ to ! calc>e\s drip f ! ro(1 z is %[n by its hav+ a /alagmitic coat+ on "s p>ts4 ,! o!r human bones1 ref]able to f\r o!r skeletons1 7 f\nd ar\nd ! fir/1 )9 a radius ( ab\t #aej metre4 ,among ^! bones 7 f\nd1 on ! left ( ! old man1 ! skeleton ( a woman1 ^: skull pres5ts 9 front a deep w\nd1 made by a cutt+ in/rum5t1 b :i* did n kill h] at once1 z ! bone has be5 p>tly repair$ )92 inde$ our physicians ?9k t %e surviv$ sev]al weeks4 ,by ! side ( ! woman's skeleton 0 t ( an infant :i* _h n arriv$ at its full "t ( ftal developm5t4 ,! o!r skeletons 7,fig4 #gj1 d7 seem to h be5 ^? ( m54 8,amid/ ! human rema9s lay a multitude ( m>9e %ells 7ab\t #cjj71 ea* pi]c$ ) a hole1 & ne>ly all belong+ to ! species ,littor9a littorea s common on our ,atlantic coa/s4 ,"s o!r species1 su* z ,purpura lapillus1 ,turritella communis1 c41 occur1 b 9 small numb]s4 ,^! are also p]=at$1 &1 l ! o!rs1 h be5 us$ = necklaces1 bracelets1 or o!r ornam5tal attire4 ,n f> f ! skeletons1 ,i f\nd a p5dant or amulet ( ivory1 oval1 flat1 & pi]c$ ) two holes4 ,m4 ,laganne _h already discov]$ a small] specim52 & ,m4 ,*4 ,gr5i]1 s*oolma/] at ,les ,eyzies1 has k9dly giv5 me ano!r1 q simil>1 :i* he _h receiv$ f "o ( 8 pupils4 ,!re 7 also f\nd ne> ! skeletons sev]al p]=at$ tee?1 a l>ge block ( gneiss1 split & pres5t+ a l>ge smoo!d surface2 also work$ antl]s ( re9de]1 & *ipp$ fl9ts1 ( ! same types z ^? f\nd 9 ! he>?-lay]s und]nea?4 8444 ,! pres5ce1 at all levels1 ( ! same k9d ( fl9t scrap]s1 z f9ely *ipp$ z ^? ( ! ,gorge d',enf]1 & ( ! same animals z 9 t classic /ation1 evid5tly %[s !m to be relics ( ! successive habitation ( ! ,cro-,magnon %elt] by ! same race ( nomadic hunt]s1 :o at fir/ c\ld use x m]ely z a r5dezv\s1 :]e !y came to %>e ! spoils ( ! *ase tak5 9 ! neighb\rhood2 b com+ aga91 !y made a m p]man5t occupation1 until _! accumulat$ refuse & ! dbris gradually rais$ ! floor ( ! cave1 leav+ ! inconv5i5t height ( only #abj metre betwe5 x & ! ro(2 & !n !y ab&on$ x by degrees1 return+ once m at la/ to conceal _! dead !re4 ,no long] accessible1 except p]haps to ! foxes above notic$1 ?is %elt]1 & its /range sepulture1 7 sl[ly & completely hidd5 f sight by atmosph]ic degradation br++ d[n ! e>?y cov]+1 :i*1 by its ?ickness1 alone proves ! great antiquity ( ! burial 9 ! cave40 ,^! conclusions z to ! age ( ! burial d n seem to me to be support$ by ! facts ( ! case4 ,t ! cave 0 inhabit$ by a tribe ( paloli?ic hunt]s !re c be no d\bt1 b no evid5ce has be5 br\ght =w>d t x 0 us$ by !m = ! burial ( _! dead4 ,!y 8ab&on$ x by degrees10 b :at pro( is !re t !y 8return$ once m to conceal _! dead08 ,! int]m5ts are at a high] horizon ?an ! /rata ( occupation1 & !re=e lat]1 & al?\gh paloli?ic implem5ts h be5 f\nd 8ne>0 !m1 ! value ( ! latt]1 9 indicat+ ! date1 is de/roy$ by _! occurr5ce ?r\gh\t ! old floors bel[4 ,if we suppose t long aft] ! cave _h be5 inhabit$ by ! hunt]s ( ! re9de]1 x 0 *os5 by a family z a burial-place1 all ! conditions ( ! discov]y w be satisfi$4 ,! pre-exi/5t /rata w\ld be di/urb$ 9 ! process ( burial1 & ! burr[+ ( foxes1 & possibly ( rabbits1 might br+ ! paloli?ic implem5ts into close association ) ! human bones4 ,tak+ ! :ole evid5ce into acc\nt1 ,i %\ld feel incl9$ to assign ! int]m5t to ! neoli?ic age1 9 :i* cave-burial 0 s common2 b :atev] view be held1 ! facts d n w>rant ! human skeletons be+ tak5 z prov+ ! physique ( ! paloli?ic hunt]s ( ! ,dordogne1 or z a basis = an inquiry into ! e?nology ( ! paloli?ic races4 ,! l>ge/ cranium 7see ,table1 p4 #bcf71 belong+ to an old man1 _h ! frontal region well develop$1 is or?ogna?ic1 ) upturn$ nasals1 & doli*o-cephalic4 ,! occipital protub]ance1 or probole1 is small4 ,! bones ( ! extremity imply a /ature ( n less ?an five foot elev5 in*es = ! man2 ! femur is c>9ate1 & ! tibi platycnemic 7see ,fig4 #dh74 ,! ,cave ( ,lombrive4 ,! human bones1 obta9$ by ,,mm4 ,g>rig\1 ,filhol1 & ,rames1 f ! cave ( ,lombrive#afi 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,arige1 are1 equally ) ^? cit$ above1 ( d\btful antiquity4 ,!y 7 discov]$ on ! sup]ficial s&y loam1 pass+ 9 places into a calc>e\s breccia1 :i* re/s at v>i\s levels 9 ! *amb]s1 passages1 & fissures1 along ) bones ( ! br[n-be>1 urus1 small ox1 re9de]1 /ag1 horse1 & dog4 ,f ! occurr5ce ( ! re9de] ! deposit is assign$ to ! paloli?ic age4 ,b s9ce ?is animal has be5 prov$ to h be5 eat5 9 ,scotl& by ! neoli?ic m5 ( ,cai?ness1 & to h inhabit$ ,brita9 9 ! prehi/oric age1 x is by no means improbable t x may also h liv$ 9 ! region ( ! ,pyr5ees 9 po/-plei/oc5e times4 ,! pres5ce ( ! dog & ! small dome/ic ox 7,bos longifrons87 fixes ! date ( ! accumulation z n be+ e>li] ?an prehi/oric2 = bo? ^? animals 7 introduc$ into ,europe by neoli?ic peoples4 ,! two human skulls1 describ$ by ,pr(essor ,vogt1 f ?is deposit confirm ?is conclusion1 s9ce !y are ( ! broad type1 & diff] 9 no important "* 7,?urnam7 f ^? ( ! neoli?ic bra*y-cephali ( ,france & ,belgium4 ,! ,cave ( ,cavillon1 ne> ,m5tone4 ,! cave ( ,cavillon1 explor$ by ,m4 ,rivire1 9 #ahgb1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,m5tone1 a few hundr$ y>ds on ! ,italian side ( ! fronti] ( ,france1 is ano!r case ( ! occurr5ce ( human rema9s 9 association ) ^? ( ! ext9ct animals4 ,! floor is compos$ ( d>k e>?1 full ( *>coal & fragm5ts ( bones1 m+l$ ) blocks ( /one :i* h dropp$ f ! ro(4 ,bel[ x1 at a dep? ( six & a half metres1 a skeleton 0 met )1 z well z fl9t-flakes1 rude in/rum5ts ( bone1 & a numb] ( %ells p]=at$ = susp5sion4 ,! skull 0 cov]$ ) a head-dress ( m ?an #bjj p]=at$ sea-%ells4 ,x re/$ 9 an attitude ( repose1 ) ! legs & arms b5t1#agj z may be se5 9 ! admirable photo-li?ograph giv5 by ,m4 ,rivire 9 ! volume ( ! 8,int]national ,congress ( ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology10 publi%$ at ,brussels1 pl4 #f4 ,! tee? & bones ( hyna1 lion1 woolly rh9oc]os1 mammo?1 & o!r plei/oc5e animals occurr$ bo? 9 ! soil above & bel[1 & = t reason bo? ! discov]] & ,sir ,*>les ,lyell believe t ! int]m5t dates back to ! "t :5 ^? animals 7 liv+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 neoli?ic savages1 or ^? ( a lat] age1 _h buri$ ! skeleton 9 ! e>? conta9+ ! ext9ct animals1 all ! circum/ances :i* h be5 notic$1 ei!r by ,mr4 ,p5gelly or ,mr4 ,moggridge1#aga may be satisfactorily expla9$4 ,!re are no /alagmites to divide "o /ratum f ano!r1 & 7 an int]m5t made 9 ! cave at ! pres5t "t1 ! discov]] two or ?ree c5turies h5ce might ass]t1 ) equal ju/ice1 t x took place 9 ! plei/oc5e age1 because ( ! association ) ! animals *>act]i/ic ( t remote p]iod4 ,! sup]ficial portions ( ! cave-e>? _h c]ta9ly be5 di/urb$1 & !re is no evid5ce t ! di/urbance did n ext5d d[n to ! horizon :]e ! skeleton re/$4 ,nev]!less1 ,mr4 ,p5gelly concludes t ! int]m5t is ( paloli?ic age f its analogy ) t ( ,cro-,magnon & ,pavil&1 :i* we h se5 to be ( equally d\btful antiquity4 ,x seems to me t ?is conclusion1 :i* is almo/ univ]sally accept$1 is n w>rant$ by ! facts1 & t x _c be us$ 9 support ( any speculation z to ! condition ( man 9 ! plei/oc5e age4 ,! skull is describ$ by ,m4 ,rivire z long1 ! ?igh-bones are /rongly c>9ate1 & ! tibi are platycnemic z 9 ! case ( ^? f ,cro-,magnon1 ,gibralt>1 ,sclaigneaux1 & ,nor? ,wales4 ,grotta dei ,colombi 9 ,isl& ( ,palm>ia1 inhabit$ by ,cannibals4 ,we are indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,capell9i = an acc\nt ( ! exploration ( ! ,grotta dei ,colombi1 a cave 9 a v]tical cliff 9 ! isl& ( ,palm>ia1#agb ov]look+ to ! s\? ! ,gulf ( ,spezzia4 ,9 ! r$ loam1 compos+ ! floor1 7 num]\s flakes & scrap]s1 a r\nd$ 8/rik]0 ( ,saussurite1 qu>tz1 pebbles1 fragm5ts ( pott]y1 a bone ne$le1 a :i/le made ( ! fir/ phalange ( a goat's foot1 %ells p]=at$ = susp5sion1 ,natica mille-punctata1 ,pectunculus glycim]is1 & ,patella crulea1 toge!r ) bones ( goat1 hog1 ox1 wolf1 wild cat1 & brok5 & cut human bones belong+ to *ildr5 & "y adults4 ,among ! rema9s ,pr(essor ,capell9i draws att5tion 9 p>ticul> to ! ?igh-bones1 scor*$ by fire1 "o ( :i* be>s incisions on its po/]ior face made by a fl9t implem5t 9 cutt+ away ! fle% 7,pl4 #gc1 a71 & is also m>k$ by scrap+4 ,he consid]s t !y belong to an ape1 closely alli$ to ! ,macacus innuus ( ,gibralt> & ,nor? ,africa1 & concludes1 !re=e1 t ! animal 0 liv+ 9 ,palm>ia at ! "t t ! cave 0 inhabit$4 ,?is id5tification is =bidd5 by ! spongy texture1 ! r\nd$ cont\r1 & ! abs5ce ( epiphyses t imply t ! bone 0 v "y1 & t 9 ! adult x w\ld be f> l>g] ?an any ?igh-bone ( ! apes4 ,on comp>+ 8 figures ) eight femora belong+ to "y *ildr51 f ! cairn at ,cefn1 & ! caves at ,p]?i-,*w>eu1 ,i f9d t !y agree 9 e p>ticul> ) two1 ! flatt5+ ( ! inf]ior extremity1 consid]$ by ,pr(4 ,calori to be a non-human "*1 be+ equally met ) 9 all1 & be+ relatively great] 9 ! y\ng] ?an ! old]4 ,!y (f]1 !re=e1 unmi/akeable pro( t ! inhabitants ( ! cave 7 cannibals 7,fig4 #gc74 ,i am in=m$ by my fri5d1 ,pr(4 ,busk1 t ! bone figur$ belong$ to a *ild ab\t eight ye>s old4 ,! outl9e b 9 ! figure repres5ts ! cont\r ( "o ( ! femora f ! cav]n at ,cefn1 describ$ 9 ! fif? *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--,?igh-bone ( *ild f ,grotta dei ,colombi 7,capell9i74 a1 ,cuts2 b1 ,outl9e ( correspond+ ?igh-bone f cav]n at ,cefn4 ,9 ?is cave1 z 9 ^? quot$ above1 !re are no poli%$ /one implem5ts1 or works ( art1 t e/abli% t ^! fea/s 7 c>ri$ on 9 ! cave by neoli?ic cannibals1 = ! rude fl9t-flakes & bone articles1 tak5 by ,pr(essor ,capell9i to fix its date1 are common bo? to ! paloli?ic & ! bronze ages4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce ! inhabitants h left beh9d no trace ( any metal1 & s9ce _! food 0 :olly suppli$ by ! exi/+ animals1 !y 7 probably 9 ! neoli?ic /age ( culture1 if ?is be tak5 to cov] ! wide int]val ext5d+ f ! plei/oc5e to ! age ( bronze4 ,!y are prov$1 by ! rud5ess ( _! implem5ts1 to h be5 savages ( a v l[ ord]4 ,we may ga!r f v>i\s allusions1 & /ories scatt]$ ?r\gh ! classical writ]s1 su* = example z t ( ! ,cyclops1 t ! caves on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7 inhabit$ by cannibals 9 anci5t times4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,palm>ia we meet ) unmi/akeable pro( t x 0 no m]e idle tale or poetical dream4 ,b we h no pro( t cannibalism 0 univ]sally practis$ at any /age 9 ! hi/ory ( man4 ,all ! caves ( ,europe1 explor$ up to ! pres5t "t1 m]ely af=d "s ?ree or f\r examples 9 ! neoli?ic & bronze ages4 ,9 ! plei/oc5e !re is no in/ance :i* is devoid ( d\bt4 ,?is atroci\s practice is !re=e to be view$ z abnormal1 & x probably became +raft$ into ! religi\s ideas ( ! nations ( antiquity f ! horror by :i* x 0 surr\nd$1 ultimately surviv+ 9 ! =m ( human sacrifices to ! (f5d$ gods4 ,g5]al ,conclusions z to ,prehi/oric ,caves4 ,we h se5 9 ! fif? & six? *apt]s t ! prehi/oric caves :i* are s unimportant 9 ! ages ( bronze & iron1 7 us$ 9 ! neoli?ic age ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe bo? = habitation & burial1 & t !y !re=e (f] u mo/ valuable mat]ials = work+ out ! e?nology ( ,europe at t remote "t4 ,! two races ( m51 ! rema9s ( :i* !y conta91 are repres5t$ by ! mod]n ,basque & ,b]b] on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r by ! ,celt1 & 9 ,russia & ,g]many by ! cognate ,f9n1 ,sclave1 & ,w5d4 ,& s9ce all ! human rema9s describ$ 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 ^? ( ,cro-,magnon & possibly ( ! ,grotta dei ,colombi be+ exempt$1 belong to "o ( o!r ( ^! types1 !y may be ref]r$ to ! neoli?ic age ) a high degree ( probability4 ,9 ! pres5t /age ( ! inquiry1 x is mu* saf] to put !m into a di/9ct class1 ap>t f ^? to :i* we c assign a relative age ) tol]able c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! long ages :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! close ( ! plei/oc5e p]iod & ! dawn ( hi/ory o!r races ?an ^! may h occupi$ ,europe1 & h pass$ away )\t leav+ any clue z to _! id5tity4 ,b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k we are ju/ifi$ only 9 conclud+1 t ! olde/ population 9 prehi/oric times 0 non-,aryan1 ! traces ( :i* are left beh9d n m]ely 9 ! caves & tombs1 b 9 language1#agc & 9 ! small d>k-hair$ inhabitants ( we/]n & s\!rn ,europe4 ,! prehi/oric peoples liv$ "u physical conditions v diff]5t f ^? ( c5tral & we/]n ,europe at ! pres5t "t2 ! surface ( ! c\ntry be+ cov]$ ) rock1 =e/1 & morass1 :i* af=d$ %elt] to ! elk1 bison1 urus1 /ag1 megac]os1 & wild bo>1 z well z to innum]able wolves4 ,!y arriv$ f ! ea/ ) c]eals & dome/ic animals1 "s ( :i*1 su* z ! ,bos longifrons & ,sus palu/ris1 rev]t$ to _! orig9al wild /ate4 ,f ! v exig5cies ( _! position !y liv$ p>tly by hunt+1 & !y gradually pu%$ _! way we/w>d1 c>ry+ ) !m ! rudim5ts ( t civilization :i* we ourselves possess4 ,x is an op5 "q :e!r !y came into contact ) ! paloli?ic races :i* prec$$ !m4 ,! climate :i* !y enjoy$ 0 suffici5tly sev]e to all[ ! re9de] to inhabit ! di/rict on :i* n[ /&s ! city ( ,london1 & its sev]ity may also be inf]r$ f ! ?ickness ( ! b>k ( ! ,scot* firs1 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,godw9-,au/5 9 ! subm>9e =e/s ( ! s\? ( ,engl&1 & by ,mr4 ,james ,geikie 9 ^? ( ,scotl&4 ,! area ( ,great ,brita9 0 great] !n1 ?an n[1 s9ce a pla9 ext5d$ seaw>ds f ! coa/-l9e1 ne>ly ev]y:]e1 support+ a d5se =e/ ( ,scot* fir1 oak1 bir*1 & ald]1 ! relics ( :i* are to be se5 9 ! b$s ( peat1 & ! /umps ( ! trees1 ne> l[-wat] m>k on mo/ ( our %ores4 ,& x may be inf]r$ t ! =e/ ext5d$ a consid]able di/ance f ! pres5t sea m>g91 f ! l>ge size ( ! trunks ( ! trees4#agd ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,caves ,,( ,,g]many ,,& ,,great ,,brita94 ,relation ( ,plei/oc5e to ,prehi/oric ,p]iod4--,magnitude ( ! ,int]val4--,animals4--,physical *anges4--,excavation & fill+ up ( ,valleys3 ,fi%]ton2 ,fre%=d4--,comp>ison ( ,deposits 9 ,valleys ) ^? ( ,caves4--,diff]5ces ( ,m9]al ,condition4--,! ,plei/oc5e ,caves ( ,g]many3 ,gail5reu?2 ,khlo*4--,( ,great ,brita94--,! ,caves ( ,york%ire3 ,kirkdale4--,( ,d]by%ire3 ,! ,dream ,cave4--,( ,nor? ,wales1 ne> ,/4 ,asaph4--,( ,s\? ,wales1 9 c\nties ( ,glamorgan1 ,ca]m>!n1 ,pembroke4--,( ,monm\?4--,( ,gl\ce/]%ire4-- ,( ,som]set%ire3 ,uphill1 ,banwell1 ,bleadon1 ,s&=d ,hill1 ,wookey ,hole4--,! ,di/rict ( ,m5dip high] 9 ,plei/oc5e age ?an n[4--,! condition ( bones gnaw$ by ,hynas4--,! ,caves ( ,devon%ire3 ,ore/on2 ,brixham2 ,k5t's ,hole4--,! probable age ( ! ,ma*airodus ( ,k5t's ,hole4--,^? ( ,irel&1 ,%&on4 ,relation ( ,plei/oc5e to ,prehi/oric ,p]iod4 ,we h se51 9 ! fif? & six? *apt]s1 t ! caves (f] valuable in=mation z to ! prehi/oric e?nology ( ,europe1 & t !y prove ! anci5t neoli?ic population to /& directly relat$ to ! ,basque & ,celtic elem5ts 9 ! pres5t inhabitants ( ,brita91 ,france1 & ,spa94 ,we %all discov] 9 ! c\rse ( ?is & ! foll[+ *apt]s t no su* cont9uity c be made out betwe5 ! paloli?ic man ( ! plei/oc5e age & any ( ! races n[ liv+ 9 our qu>t] ( ! _w2 & we %all see t he is sep>at$ f 8 neoli?ic successor by an int]val ( "t1 ! l5g? ( :i* _c be measur$ 9 t]ms ( ye>s4 ,be=e ! plei/oc5e gr\p ( caves be exam9$1 x w be necess>y to def9e ! relation t exi/s betwe5 ! prehi/oric & ! plei/oc5e p]iods4 ,! ,animals--,magnitude ( ,int]val4 ,! prehi/oric mammalia consi/1 z we h se5 7p4 #acf71 ) ! solit>y exception ( ! ,iri% elk1 ( ! wild animals at pres5t liv+ 9 ,europe1 toge!r ) ! dome/ic species & v>ieties introduc$ by man1 probably f c5tral ,asia4 ,9 ! re/ ( ?is "w we %all h to deal1 n m]ely ) ! wild animals at pres5t inhabit+ ,europe1 b also ) ^? :i* h ei!r become ext9ct1 or h migrat$ to ,asia1 ,am]ica1 or ,africa4 ,besides ?is addition to ! ,european fauna 9 ! plei/oc5e age1 ! total abs5ce ( ! dome/ic animals is a mo/ important feature4 ,! dog1 goat1 %eep1 ,celtic %ort-horn1 & dome/ic sw9e are conspicu\s by _! abs5ce3 ! reput$ association ( _! rema9s ) ^? ( ! plei/oc5e mammals be+ due1 9 all ! cases :i* ,i h exam9$ 9 ,france & ,brita91 to a confusion betwe5 di/9ct /rata 9 ! same cave or riv]-deposit1 :i* are respectively ( plei/oc5e & prehi/oric or hi/oric ages4 ,?us 9 ! excavations 9 ! gravel und]nea? ,london1 ! ,celtic %ort-horn & goat ( ! sup]ficial /rata are v g5]ally mix$ ) ! re9de] & mammo? ( ! plei/oc5e gravels bel[1 by ! collectors1 & ! names ( ! dome/ic animals h crept into ! plei/oc5e li/s4 ,none ( ! dome/ic animals h be5 record$ f any c>efully explor$ /rata ( t age 9 any "p ( ,europe4 ,! foll[+ late plei/oc5e species 7 unkn[n 9 ,brita9 9 ! prehi/oric age3-- ,glutton4 ,spott$ hyna4 ,pan!r4 ,lion4 ,lynx4 ,felis ,caff]4 ,musk-%eep4 ,bison4 ,hippopotamus4 ,lemm+4 ,p\*$ m>mot4 ,tailless h>e4 ,lepus diluvianus4 ,arvicola ,gulielmi4 ,cave-be>4 ,rh9oc]os hemit*us4 ,r4 ti*orh9us4 ,elephas antiquus4 ,mammo?4 ,! glutton1 lynx1 bison1 & lemm+1 /ill live 9 ,europe1 ! spott$ hyna1 ,felis ,caff]1 & hippopotamus are peculi> to ,africa1 ! lion to ,africa & ,asia1 & ! la/ sev5 species are ext9ct4 ,! ,ma*airodus cultrid5s & ,rh9oc]os meg>h9us probably disappe>$ 9 an e>ly /age ( ! plei/oc5e4 ,x may reasonably be inf]r$1 f ! migration & ext9ction ( s _m species betwe5 ! close ( ! plei/oc5e & beg9n+ ( ! hi/oric p]iod1 t ! int]val 0 ( consid]able l5g?2 = x w\ld be impossible = su* *anges to h tak5 place 9 a %ort "t4 ,! same %>p l9e ( dem>cation exi/s betwe5 ! two faunas on ! cont95t4 ,! pan!r1 ,felis ,caff]1 lynx1 spott$ hyna1 musk-%eep1 hippopotamus1 & ! ext9ct gr\p disappe>$4 ,! ,african elephant =sook ,spa9 & ,sicily1 ! /rip$ hyna ! s\? ( ,france1 be=e ! prehi/oric p]iod2 :ile ! ,elephas m]idionalis & pigmy hippopotamus ( ,sicily1 & ! pigmy elephant & gigantic dorm\se ( ,malta1 became ext9ct4 ,speak+ 9 g5]al t]ms1 ! wild fauna ( ,europe1 z we h x n[1 dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! prehi/oric age1 & consi/s m]ely ( ^? animals :i* 7 able to survive ! *anges by :i* _! plei/oc5e cong5]s 7 bani%$ or de/roy$4 ,! arrival ( ! dome/ic animals "u ! c>e ( man 9 ! neoli?ic age1 & _! ext5sion ov] ! :ole ( ,europe 9 a wild or semi-wild /ate1 c\pl$ ) ! disappe>ance ( ! wild species m5tion$ above1 con/itutes a *ange 9 ! mammal life at lea/ z important z any ( ^? :i* def9e ! meioc5e f ! pleioc5e1 or ! pleioc5e f ! plei/oc5e p]iods4 ,physical *anges--,! excavation & fill+ up ( ,valleys4 ,! magnitude ( ! int]val betwe5 ! two p]iods may also be ga!r$ f ! great *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 physical geography4 ,9 ne>ly e valley 9 ,great ,brita91 c]ta9 areas to be m5tion$ pres5tly except$1 are /rata ( s& & gravel1 prov$ to be ( plei/oc5e age by _! fossil mammals1 & by _! fluviatile %ells to h be5 deposit$ by riv]s4 ,!y occur at v>i\s heights1 =m+ sometimes t]races1 & at o!rs isolat$ pat*es1 :i* 7 accumulat$ :5 ! riv] fl[$ at _! level1 & be=e ! valleys 7 cut d[n to _! pres5t dep?4 ,^? at ,fi%]ton ne> ,salisbury1 describ$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ,mr4 ,pre/wi*1 ,mr4 ,john ,evans1#age & o!rs1 may be tak5 z an example4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,section ( ,valley-gravels at ,fi%]ton4 7,evans47 ,! valley ?r\gh :i* ! riv] ,wily fl[s is excavat$ 9 ! *alk 7,fig4 #gd71 & on its nor!rn side fluviatile deposits occur at two levels1 repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ section4 ,"o pat* ( gravel1 ab\t twelve feet ?ick1 a1 lies ab\t eighty feet above ! pres5t level ( ! ,wily2 :ile a second1 b1 consi/+ ( clayey bricke>? or loam1 ) seams ( gravel1 & fluviatile %ells1 sweeps d[n f a l[] po9t to ! bottom ( ! valley1 & passes "u ! riv]4 ,f ! deposit a1 ,dr4 ,blackmore obta9$ _m rudely-*ipp$ implem5ts1 ( ! same paloli?ic type z ^? f\nd ) ! ext9ct mammalia 9 ! gravel b$s at ,ami5s & ,abbeville 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme4 ,9 ! deposit b1 fossil mammalia 7 met ) belong+ to ! foll[+ animals3-- ,spott$ hyna4 ,lion4 ,re9de]4 ,/ag4 ,bison4 ,urus4 ,musk-%eep4 ,wild bo>4 ,horse4 ,woolly rh9oc]os4 ,mammo?4 ,lemm+4 ,p\*$ m>mot4 ,h>e4 ,dr4 ,blackmore subsequ5tly discov]$ a fl9t implem5t along ) ^! animals1 ( ! same type z ^? previ\sly met ) 9 ! deposit a4 ,a horizontal /ret* ( alluvium1 c1 deposit$ by ! floods1 occupies ! pres5t bottom ( ! valley4 ,9 ?is section x is pla9 t ! gravels & bricke>? at a & b 7 deposit$ by a riv]1 :i* =m]ly fl[$ at ^? levels4 ,9 o!r words1 ! valley ( ! ,wily 0 excavat$ dur+ ! "t t ! plei/oc5e /rata a & b 7 be+ =m$1 :ile paloli?ic man & ! ext9ct animals 7 liv+ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! position also ( b bel[ ! pres5t bottom ( ! valley proves t ! latt] !n 0 deep] ?an x is n[4 ,! prehi/oric alluvium1 c1 repres5ts ! la/ /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! valley 9 :i* x is beg9n+ to be fill$ ) ! deposits ( floods4 ,:ile x 0 be+ accumulat$ none ( ! animals ( a & b 7 liv+ 9 ! di/rict except ! h>e1 urus1 /ag1 horse1 & wild bo>4 ,a some:at simil> section is expos$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,avon at ,fre%=d1 ne> ,ba?1 9 a railway cutt+1 at a height ( ab\t ?irty-five feet above ! riv]4 ,a ?ick mass ( gravel abuts directly aga9/ a cleft ( inf]ior oolite 7,fig4 #ge71 & gradually dies d[n to ! alluvium4 ,9 x ,mr4 ,*>les ,moore discov]$ ! rema9s ( ! musk-%eep1 & ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,w9wood ^? ( ! mammo?1 bison1 horse1 & re9de]4 ,9 ?is case ! plei/oc5e /rata occupi$ ! side ( "o ( ! valleys :i* _h be5 deep5$ s9ce ! "t ( _! deposit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--,section ( ,valley-gravels at ,fre%=d1 ,ba?4 #d1 ,r$ loam1 #e;ft4 #f;942 #c1 ,oolitic wa%1 #a;ft42 #b1 ,clay ) fl9ts1 #d;ft4 #aj;942 #a1 ,gravel ) fossil mammals1 #h;ft4 ,! alluvium 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ba? conta9s 9 its l[] portion a lay] ( peat1 ) bones ( ! ,celtic %ort-horn 7,bos longifrons71 /ag1 roe1 horse1 goat1 & pig2 & 9 its upp] "p are old refuse heaps1 prov$ to be ,roman by ! co9s & w>e1 :i* are also met ) at v>i\s po9ts und]nea? ! surface soil1 & sometimes at consid]able dep?s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( prehi/oric & hi/oric age1 & s9ce x is f\nd only 9 ! valley bottoms1 we may conclude t ! pres5t c\rses ( ! riv]s along ! sides ( :i* x is f\nd date back f ! prehi/oric age2 :ile _! anci5t c\rses are m>k$ by ! fluviatile deposits ) ! ext9ct mammalia /&+ at v>i\s levels1 ! high] be+ ! old]4 ,9 ! section at ,fi%]ton we h evid5ce t ! riv] fl[$ at a l[] level 9 ! plei/oc5e age ?an 9 ! prehi/oric1 & 9 t at ,fre%=d t ! l[] portion ( ! valley _h be5 excavat$ aft] ! plei/oc5e /rata _h be5 =m$4 ,"o or o!r ( ^! physical *anges is to be trac$ 9 ne>ly all riv] valleys4#agf ,we may conclude t bo? imply a consid]able lapse ( "t1 because simil> *anges are n[ produc$ ) extreme sl[ness4 ,9 ! plei/oc5e riv] deposits1 :i* lie scatt]$ ab\t at v>i\s heights on ! valley sides1 we seek 9 va9 = neoli?ic implem5ts1 or dome/ic animals4 ,9 ! l[-ly+ alluvia1 & accumulations ( peat1 we seek equally 9 va9 = traces ( paloli?ic man1 or ( ! ext9ct mammalia1 except ! ,iri% elk4 ,we may also ga!r1 f ! localization ( ! prehi/oric alluvia close to ! pres5t /reams1 t ! "t repres5t$ by its accumulation is insignificant 9 comp>ison ) ! long lapse ( ages impli$ by ! plei/oc5e gravels & bricke>?s1 t 7 deposit$ at v>i\s heights dur+ ! excavation ( ! valleys4 ,! g5]al surface ( ! valleys has und]gone b little *ange s9ce hi/ory began1 & ! excavation by ! riv]s has be5 s small z to h escap$ accurate measurem5t4 ,! alluvia repres5t ! pr9cipal "w done s9ce ! close ( ! plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,! mo/ important te/imony t ! int]val betwe5 ! two p]iods 0 v long1 is (f]$ by ! climatal *ange1 & ! sev]ance ( ,brita9 f ! cont95t4 ,! arctic sev]ity ( ! plei/oc5e w9t] 9 ^! latitudes _h pass$ away be=e ! prehi/oric age1 & ! plei/oc5e valleys ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 ,/4 ,george's ,*annel1 ! ,briti%1 & ,iri% ,*annels _h be5 depress$ b5ea? ! waves ( ! sea be=e any prehi/oric /rata yet kn[n _h be5 deposit$4 ,! evid5ce t ^! *anges actually took place mu/ be ref]r$ to ! two foll[+ *apt]s4 ,comp>ison ( ,deposits 9 ,valleys ) ^? 9 ,caves4 ,if ^! valley deposits be comp>$ ) ! cont5ts ( "s ( ! bone caves1 su*1 = example1 z ^? ( ! ,victoria ,cave 7comp>e ,figs4 #gd & #ge ) ,figs4 #bj1 #ba1 #bi71 x w be se5 t !y pres5t ! same section4 ,! plei/oc5e gravels & brick-e>?s ( ! "o correspond ) ! l[] /rata ( ! o!r1 & conta9 ! same ext9ct animals4 ,! prehi/oric alluvium ( ! "o is repres5t$ by ! lay] conta9+ neoli?ic bronze or iron implem5ts1 z well z ! same animals2 :ile ! hi/oric /rata are repres5t$ 9 bo? by ! sup]ficial accumulations4 ,! only diff]5ce inde$ betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r is1 t 9 ! =m] ! /rata ( ! ?ree p]iods are spread ov] a wide area1 :ile 9 ! latt] !y are sup]-impos$ 9 v]tical ord]1 ! plei/oc5e bel[1 ! prehi/oric 9 ! middle1 & ! hi/oric on ! surface4 ,diff]5ce 9 ,m9]al ,condition ( ,deposits 9 ,caves4 ,! prehi/oric1 & ! hi/oric /rata 9 caves diff] f ! plei/oc5e 9 _! physical con/itution4 ,!y are d>k] 9 col\r1 & m loosely /ratifi$1 & conta9 bones 9 a m friable & less m9]aliz$ condition1 & are m free f /alagmite4 ,! ,caves ( ,g]many3 ,gail5reu?4 ,! use ( fossil bones = m$ic9al purposes l$1 z ,i h already m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 to ! exploration ( caves1 :i* 7 fir/ sci5tifically exam9$ 9 ,g]many t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!y ab\nd 9 all ! lime/one plateaux1 especially 9 ! region ( ,franconia1 & 9 t ( ! ,h>tz4 ,among !m ! mo/ int]e/+1 p]haps1 is t ( ,gail5reu?1 explor$ by ,esp]1 ,ros5mll]1 ,goldfuss1 ,buckl&1 ,"l ,enniskill51 & ,sir ,philip ,eg]ton4 ,x p5etrates a l(ty cliff1 t =ms a side ( ! deep gorge :i* ! riv] ,weiss5t has cut 9 ! rock1 at a po9t ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet above ! wat] level4 ,! entrance1 ,dr4 ,buckl&#agg writes1 is ab\t sev5 feet high & twelve feet broad1 & )9 x a %ort passage leads into two *amb]s 7,fig4 #gf1 ,a & ,b71#agh hung ) /alactites1 & ) ! floors cov]$ by a d5se /alagmitic pavem5t1 t has be5 m or less brok5 up by repeat$ digg+s4 ,^! floors are p]fectly horizontal1 ! level ( t ( ,b be+ consid]ably bel[ t ( ,a4 ,!y re/ on an accumulation ( r$di% grey loam1 conta9+ pebbles1 & angul> lime/one blocks1 & va/ quantities ( ! bones & tee? ( ! animals =m]ly liv+ 9 ! di/rict4 ,! dep? ( ?is ossif]\s deposit has n be5 asc]ta9$1 b 9 ! fur!r end ( ! *amb] ,b1 x has be5 prov$ to be m ?an tw5ty-five feet ?ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,section ( ,gail5reu? ,cave4 7,buckl&47 ,! rema9s ( ! animals lie scatt]$ 9 ! wilde/ confusion2 sometimes be+ completely matt$ toge!r1 b m g5]ally ea* bone is envelop$ 9 e>?4 ,!y belong to ! lion1 ! cave v>iety ( ! spott$ hyna1 ! cave-be>1 grizzly be>1 mammo?1 ,iri% elk1 & re9de]1 z well z to ^? species :i* are /ill to be f\nd 9 ,g]many1 su* z ! glutton1 br[n be>1 wolf1 fox1 & /ag4 ,x is v difficult to acc\nt = su* an accumulation z ?is1 b x 0 probably introduc$ ?r\gh ! pres5t entrance1 & !nce into ! *amb] ,b1 pass+ f ! high] to ! l[] levels4 ,! tee?-m>ks on ! bones %[ t "s ( ! animals _h =m$ ! prey ( ! hynas1 b _h !y introduc$ all ! bones !re w\ld h be5 di/9ct /rata m>k+ ! floors ( occupation1 z 9 ,wookey ,hole 7,fig4 #hh74 ,moreov]1 no p]fect skulls1 su* z ^? ( ! be>s1 w\ld h escap$ _! p[]ful tee?4 ,! pebbles 9 ! loam be> te/imony to ! passage ( a curr5t ( wat]4 ,& if we suppose t ! cave 0 subject to floods1 su* z ^? 9 ! wat]-caves describ$ 9 ! second *apt]1 ! scatt]+ ( ! bones ?r\gh ! loam may be expla9$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c\ld n h happ5$ _h ! cave !n op5$ on ! face ( a ne>ly v]tical cliff1 & ! only condition "u :i* x w\ld h be5 possible is1 t ! pres5t entrance %\ld h be5 directly connect$ ) a /ream fl[+ f ! surface1 t is to say1 ov] ! space n[ occupi$ by ! gorge ( ! ,weiss5t4 ,if ?is view1 advanc$ by ,dr4 ,buckl&1 be accept$1 ! remot5ess ( ! date ( ! fill+ up ( ! cave may be measur$ by ! fact1 t s9ce t "t ! gorge has be5 cut d[n by ! ,weiss5t to a dep? ( m ?an #cjj feet4 ,! /ream by :i* ! cont5ts ( ! cave 7 introduc$ _h a c\rse probably analog\s to t ( ,dalebeck 7,fig4 #f7 & ! rema9s ( ! animals 7 caught up f ! surface1 & accumulat$ 9 ! subt]ranean *amb]s :i* x trav]s$4 ,_! abundance (f]s no ob/acle to ?is view1 s9ce wild animals frequ5t _! dr9k+ places 9 va/ numb]s1 & fall a prey to ! c>nivora :i* lurk ne> ! /reams1 & v _m tumble into ! natural pitfalls1 or swall[-holes1 s univ]sal 9 lime/one di/ricts4 ,! ,cave ( ,khlo*4 ,v _m o!r caves occur 9 ! neighb\rhood1 mo/ ( !m1 su* z ^? ( ,zahnlo*1 celebrat$ = ! abundance ( fossil tee?1 ,mokas1 ,rab5/e91 & o!rs1 ( :i* ! cave ( ,khlo* alone dem&s notice4 ,! cave ( ,khlo* is situat$ opposite to ! ca/le ( ,rab5/e91 9 ! gorge ( ! ,esba*1 at ab\t ?irty feet f ! bottom4 ,its ext]ior pres5ts a l(ty ar* 9 a ne>ly p]p5dicul> cliff1 ab\t ?irty feet wide & tw5ty feet high1 & ! entrance gradually leads into two l>ge *amb]s 8bo? ( :i* t]m9ate 9 a close r\nd end1 or cul-de-sac1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t #ajj feet f ! entrance4 ,x is int]sect$ by no fissures1 & has no lat]al communications connect+ x ) any o!r cav]ns1 except "o small hole close to its m\?1 & :i* op5s also to ! valley40 ,! fir/ ?irty feet pres5t a /eep slope t[>ds ! entrance4 ,dr4 ,buckl& describes ! cont5ts ( ! *amb]s 9 ! foll[+ words3#agi-- 8,x is lit]ally true t 9 ?is s+le cav]n 7! size & proportions ( :i* are ne>ly equal to ^? ( ! int]ior ( a l>ge *ur*7 !re are hundr$s ( c>t-loads ( black animal du/ entirely cov]+ ! :ole floor1 to a dep? :i* mu/ av]age at lea/ six feet1 & :i*1 if we multiply ?is dep? by ! l5g? & bread? ( ! cav]n1 w be f\nd to exce$ #e1jjj cubic feet4 ,! :ole ( ?is mass has be5 aga9 & aga9 dug ov] 9 se>* ( tee? & bones1 :i* x /ill conta9s abundantly1 ?\gh 9 brok5 fragm5ts4 ,! /ate ( ^! is v diff]5t f t ( ! bones we f9d 9 any ( ! o!r cav]ns1 be+ ( a black1 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 d>k umb] col\r ?r\gh\t1 l ! bones ( mummies1 & _m ( !m readily crumbl+ "u ! f+] into a s(t d>k p[d] resembl+ mummy p[d]1 & be+ ( ! same nature ) ! black e>? 9 :i* !y are emb$d$4 ,! quantity ( animal matt] accumulat$ on ?is floor is ! mo/ surpris+1 & ! only ?+ ( ! k9d ,i ev] witness$2 & _m hundr$--,i may say ?\s&--individuals mu/ h contribut$ _! rema9s to make up ?is appall+ mass ( ! du/ ( dea?4 ,x seems 9 great "p to be d]iv$ f comm9ut$ & pulv]iz$ bone2 = ! fle%y p>ts ( animal bodies produce by _! decomposition s small a quantity ( p]man5t e>?y residuum1 t we mu/ seek = ! orig9 ( ?is mass pr9cipally 9 decay$ bones4 ,! cave is s dry1 t ! black e>? lies 9 ! /ate ( loose p[d]1 & rises 9 du/ "u ! feet2 x also reta9s s l>ge a proportion ( its orig9al animal matt] t x is occasionally us$ by ! peasants z an enri*+ manure = ! adjac5t mead[s4 ,i h /at$ t ! total quantity ( animal matt] t lies )9 ?is cav]n _c be comput$ at less ?an #e1jjj cubic feet2 n[ all[+ two cubic feet ( du/ & bones = ea* individual animal1 we %all h 9 ?is s+le vault ! rema9s ( at lea/ #b1ejj be>s1 a numb] :i* may h be5 suppli$ 9 ! space ( #a1jjj ye>s by a mortality at ! rate ( two & a half p] annum40 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s explanation1 t ! cave 0 inhabit$ by be>s = long g5]ations1 is probably true4 ,! abs5ce ( pebbles & silt %[ t wat] _h no %>e 9 ! introduction ( ! rema9s2 _! pres]vation is due to ! dryness ( ! cave1 & to its proximity to ! out] atmosph]e4 ,! fam\s caves ( ,sundwig1 ,s*>tsfeld1 & ,bauman's ,hole1 belong to ! same class z ,gail5reu?1 & (f] no diff]5ces :i* ne$ be describ$4 ,^! explorations e/abli% ! fact t1 9 ! ant$iluvian age :i* we n[ t]m plei/oc5e1 ! lion1 ! cave-be> & grizzly be>1 & cave-hyna ab\nd$ 9 ,g]many1 & t !y s\ght z _! prey n m]ely ! wild animals n[ liv+ 9 t region1 b ! re9de]1 mammo?1 woolly rh9oc]os1 & ,iri% elk4 ,all ! discov]ies 9 ! ,g]man caves f ! date ( ! exploration ( ,gail5reu? h m]ely v]ifi$ ?is conclusion )\t add+ any new fact ( importance4 ,! ,caves ( ,great ,brita94 ,^! discov]ies 9 ! ,g]man caves l$ to ! exploration ( ^? 9 our c\ntry4 ,dr4 ,buckl& visit$ ,gail5reu? 9 #ahaf1 & 9 #ahba appli$ ! result ( 8 k ga9$ 9 ,g]many to ! inve/igation ( ! fam\s cav]n ( ,kirkdale4#ahj ,! ,hyna-d5 at ,kirkdale4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--,plan ( ,kirkdale ,cave4 7,taylor47 ,! cave ( ,kirkdale 7,figs4 #gg1 #gh7 0 discov]$ 9 a qu>ry 9 ! vale ( ,pick]+1 ab\t tw5ty-five miles to ! ,,nn4,e4 ( ,york1 at a po9t :]e ! dale ( ,holmbeck jo9s ,kirkdale4 ,! entrance1 eighty feet above ! valley bottom & tw5ty feet f ! surface ( ! plateau above1 0 ab\t ?ree feet high & six feet wide1 & l$ into a passage f five to t5 feet wide1 :i* ran ne>ly horizontally into ! rock1 & bran*$ (f into small] ramifications4 ,its g5]al =m & size may be ga!r$ f ! exam9ation ( ! accompany+ woodcuts1 :i* 7 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,taylor 9 8,macmillan's ,magaz9e10 9 ,septemb] #ahfb4 ,! ro( 0 = ! mo/ "p free f /alactite1 & !re 0 no cont9u\s coat+ ( /alagmite on ! floor1 b m]ely "h & !re a few calc>e\s bosses t]m$ 8c[s' paps0 by ! workm54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,sections ( ,kirkdale ,cave4 7,taylor47 ,a lay] ( f9e r$ loam cov]$ ! bottom1 9 ! l[] portions ( :i* 7 l>ge numb]s ( gnaw$ & brok5 bones1 & tee?1 = ! mo/ "p ( ! same species z ^? =m$ 9 ! ,g]man caves4 ,9 "s places !y 7 ly+ 9 little confus$ heaps1 & 9 o!rs1 :]e ! loam 0 ?91 7 expos$ to ! calc>e\s drip & cem5t$ into a mass1 _! upp] portions project+ ?r\gh ! /alagmite 8l ! legs ( pigeons ?r\gh pie-cru/10 & _! irregul> di/ribution resembl+ t ( ! fragm5ts scatt]$ on ! floor ( a dog-k5nel4 ,! rema9s ( ! animals 7 incr$ibly abundant1 :5 ! small space 9 :i* !y 7 pack$ 0 tak5 into consid]ation4 ,^? ( ! hyna are e/imat$ by ,dr4 ,buckl& z belong+ to betwe5 two or ?ree hundr$ individuals ( all ages4 ,! lion & ! cave-be>1 ! wild bo>1 ! hippopotamus 7,fig4 #gi7 an ext9ct k9d ( elephant 7,e4 antiquus71 & ! rh9oc]os nam$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] ,r4 hemit*us1 ! re9de]1 & ,iri% elk are also repres5t$1 b ! species ( mo/ common occurr5ce are ! bison & ! horse4 ,) a few exceptions all ! bones ) m>r[ 7 brok51 & sc>r$ by tee?1 :ile ! solid & m>r[less 7 m or less p]fect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,mol> ( ,hippopotamus4 7,buckl&47 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s me?od ( solv+ ! problem ( ! introduction ( rema9s ( s _m & diff]5t animals into s small a space1 is a model ( sci5tific analysis4 ,he argues f ! abundance ( ! rema9s ( ! hyna1 & f ! correspond5ce ( _! tee? ) ! m>ks on ! bones1 & f ! quantity ( _! coprolites1 t ! cave 0 inhabit$ by _m g5]ations ( ^? animals1 & t ! gnaw$ fragm5ts 7 relics ( _! prey4 ,! hynas ( ! pres5t day inhabit caves /rewn ) ! bones ( _! prey1 :i* are cru%$ by _! p[]ful jaws into ! same =m z ^? ( ,kirkdale4 ,he fur!r demon/rat$ ! tru? ( 8 conclusion by ! crucial exp]im5t ( subject+ ! leg-bone ( an ox to a spott$ hyna f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 9 ,wombwell's ,m5ag]ie4 8,i 0 able10 he writes1#aha 8to obs]ve ! animal's mode ( proce$+ 9 ! de/ruction ( bones3 ! %9-bone ( an ox be+ pres5t$ to ?is hyna1 he began to bite (f ) 8 mol> tee? l>ge fragm5ts f its upp] extremity1 & swall[$ !m :ole z fa/ z !y 7 brok5 (f4 ,on 8 rea*+ ! m$ull>y cavity1 ! bone split into angul> fragm5ts1 _m ( :i* he caught up gre$ily & swall[$ entire3 he w5t on crack+ x till he _h extract$ all ! m>r[1 lick+ out ! l[e/ portion ( x ) 8 tongue3 ?is done1 he left unt\*$ ! l[] condyle1 :i* conta9s no m>r[1 & is v h>d4 ,! /ate & =m ( ?is residu>y fragm5t are precisely l ^? ( simil> bones at ,kirkdale2 ! m>ks ( tee? on x are v few1 z ! bone usually gave (f a spl9t] be=e ! l>ge conical tee? _h =c$ a hole ?r\gh x2 ^! few1 h[ev]1 entirely resemble ! impressions we f9d on ! bones at ,kirkdale2 ! small spl9t]s also 9 =m & size1 & mann] ( fracture1 are n di/+ui%able f ! fossil ones4 ,i pres]ve all ! fragm5ts & ! gnaw$ portions ( ?is bone1 = ! sake ( comp>ison by ! side ( ^? ,i h f ! ant$iluvian d5 9 ,york%ire3 !re is absolutely no diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 except 9 po9t ( age4 ,! animal left unt\*$ ! solid bones ( ! t>sus & c>pus1 & su* p>ts ( ! cyl9drical bones z we f9d unt\*$ at ,kirkdale1 & dev\r$ only ! p>ts analog\s to ^? :i* are !re defici5t4 ,! keep]1 pursu+ ?is exp]im5t to its f9al result1 pres5t$ me ! next morn+ ) a l>ge quantity ( album grcum1 dispos$ 9 balls1 t agree entirely 9 size1 %ape1 & sub/ance ) ^? t 7 f\nd 9 ! d5 at ,kirkdale4 ,! p[] ( 8 jaws f> exce$$ any animal =ce ( ! k9d ,i ev] saw ex]t$1 & rem9d$ me ( no?+ s mu* z ( a m9]'s cru%+ mill1 or ! scissors ) :i* !y cut (f b>s ( iron & copp] 9 ! metal f\ndries40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--,leg-bones gnaw$ by ,hynas--#a1 ( ,ox 9 ,m5ag]ie2 #b1 ( ,bison 9 ,kirkdale4 7,buckl&47 ,! exact correspond5ce ( "o ( ! fragm5ts ( ! tibia ( an ox1 gnaw$ by ! ,cape hyna1 ) ! correspond+ bone ( ! bison f ,kirkdale1 may be ga!r$ f a comp>ison ( ! two figur$ 9 ,fig4 #hj1 9 :i* ! tee?-m>ks a1 b1 & c1 are v di/9ct4 ,! same k9d ( id5tity runs ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( bones gnaw$ by ! liv+ & fossil hynas4 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s conclusion1 t ! ,kirkdale cave 0 ! d5 ( ! spott$ hynas 7,h4 cr\ta7 t prey$ ^u ! animals ( ,york%ire 9 anci5t times1 & t x 0 undi/urb$ d[n to ! "t ( its exploration1 _c be disput$4 ,! tread ( ! hynas 9 _! passage to & fro _h poli%$ "s ( ! bones & jaws scatt]$ on ! floor1 & ! poli%$ surfaces 7 upp]mo/1 ! re/ ( ! fragm5ts be+ r\gh4 ,& ,pr(4 ,phillips in=ms me t ! leg-bone ( a rum9ant 0 discov]$ w$g$ into a small fissure 9 ! floor1 ) t portion :i* 0 )9 rea* ( ! hyna's tee? gnaw$ away1 :ile ! re/ 0 un9jur$4 ,! hyna _h lo/ 8 bone 9 ! fissure1 & 0 only able to nibble ! end :i* project$4 ,9 ^! incid5ts we h a vivid picture ( an hyna's d5 9 ,york%ire dur+ ! plei/oc5e age1 ) ! cont5ts left 9 _! natural ord] & n re>rang$ by ! passage ( wat]4 ,! ,victoria cave ne> ,settle1 9 ,york%ire1 describ$ 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 has also be5 occupi$ by hynas4 ,caves ( ,d]by%ire3 ! ,dream-cave ne> ,wirkswor?4 ,! ,dream-cave1 ne> ,wirkswor?1#ahb 9 ,d]by%ire1 contra/s ) t ( ,kirkdale 9 ! p]fect /ate ( ! bones :i* x conta9s4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 #ahbb1 9 foll[+ a ve9 ( lead 7,fig4 #ha74 ,! m9]s sudd5ly broke into a holl[1 c1 fill$ ) r$ e>? & /ones1 & z !y cont9u$ _! %aft d[nw>ds ! sides cont9ually clos$ ^u !m until ! ro( ( a cave 0 reveal$4 ,a ne>ly p]fect skeleton ( ! rh9oc]os 0 discov]$ 9 ! e>?1 z well z bones ( ! horse1 re9de]1 & urus4 ,aft] a l>ge quantity ( ! e>? _h be5 remov$1 ! surface soil1 i1 at a little di/ance began to s9k1 & ultimately a v]tical %aft 0 f\nd to connect ! cave ) ! surface4 ,into ?is ! animals _h fall51 j z at ! pres5t "t %eep & ox5 frequ5tly p]i% 9 simil> natural pitfalls 9 ! lime/one /rata4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--,! ,dream-cave1 ,wirkswor?4 7,buckl&47 ,a ,%aft foll[+ lead-ve94 ,b ,suppos$ cont9uation ( lead-ve94 ,c ,cave4 ,d ,swall[-hole4 ,e ,ossif]\s loam4 ,f ,antl] ( de]4 ,g ,rh9oc]os4 ,h ,lime/one4 ,i ,natural entrance4 ,o!r caves & fissures 9 ,d]by%ire h yield$ rema9s ( ! ext9ct animals3 ^? ( ,balleye1 ne> ,wirkswor?1 & ( ,doveholes1 ne> ,*aple-en-le-,fri?1 ! mammo?1 & a small cave 9 ,h>tle ,dale1 ne> ,ca/leton1 explor$ by ,mr4 ,p5n+ton & myself 9 #ahgb1 ! mammo? & ! woolly rh9oc]os4 ,! ,caves ( ,nor? ,wales1 ne> ,/4 ,asaph4 ,! ossif]\s caves & fissures at ,cefn1 ne> ,/4 ,asaph1 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one t =ms ! s\? side ( ! ,vale ( ,clwyd1 7 fir/ describ$ 9 #ahcc1ahc by ! ,rev4 ,edw>d ,/anley1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,norwi*1 :o explor$ t :i* ,mr4 ,e4 ,lloyd _h discov]$ ab\t half-way d[n ! v]tical cliff1 9 ! gr\nds ( ,cefn ,hall4 ,x consi/s ( a n>r[ passage1 turn+ on itself1 & communicat+ ) ! surface ( ! cliff by two entrances1 :i* 7 completely block$ up ) r$ silt1 conta9+ a va/ quantity ( bones 9 v bad pres]vation4 ,! bottom has n yet be5 rea*$4 ,9 "o portion ,i f\nd1 9 #ahgb1 a deposit ( comm9ut$ bone ) sc>cely any mixture ( loam1 t rose 9 cl\ds ( du/ z x 0 di/urb$4 ,! animals belong$ to ! same class z ^? ( ,g]many1 ! cave-be>1 spott$ hyna1 & re9de]1 z well z ! hippopotamus1 ,elephas antiquus & ,rh9oc]os hemit*us ( ! ,kirkdale cave4 ,pebbles d]iv$ f ! b\ld] clay1 & r\nd$ wat]worn fragm5ts ( bone1 %[$ t ! cont5ts _h be5 introduc$ into ?is cave by a /ream4 ,"s ( ! rema9s1 :i* 7 m>k$ ) tee?1 may h be5 introduc$ by ! hynas4 ,! fl9t-flakes f\nd ) ! human skull & cut antl]s ( /ag1 already ref]r$ to 9 ! fif? *apt]1 7 discov]$ 9 ! l[] entrance4 ,! same gr\p ( animals has be5 obta9$ by ,mrs4 ,williams ,wynn1 ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,r4 ,?omas1 & myself out ( a horizontal cave at ! head ( ! defile lead+ d[n f ,cefn to ,pont ,newydd1 9 :i* ! rema9s are emb$d$ 9 a /iff clay1 consi/+ ( re>rang$ b\ld] clay1 & are 9 ! condition ( wat]worn pebbles4 ,f x ,i h id5tifi$ ! br[n1 grizzly1 & cave-be>4 ,a fur!r exam9ation by ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,r4 ,?omas1 & ,pr(4 ,hughes1 has rec5tly result$ 9 ! discov]y ( rude implem5ts ( fel/one1 & a too? :i* has be5 id5tifi$ by ,pr(4 ,busk z a human mol> ( unusual size4#ahd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--,left ,l[] ,jaw ( ,glutton1 ,plas ,heaton ,cave4 ,a ?ird cave 9 ! neighb\rhood at ,plas ,heaton1 explor$ 9 #ahgj by ,mr4 ,heaton & ,pr(4 ,hughes1 furni%$ ! rema9s ( ! cave-be>1 spott$ hyna1 bison1 & re9de]1 & a rem>kably f9e specim5 ( ! l[] jaw ( a glutton 7,fig4 #hb71 :i* ,i h describ$ 9 ! 8,geological ,j\rnal0 7vol4 xxvii4 p4 #djf74 ,9 a f\r? cave1 at ,gallfa5an1 ! be> & re9de] 7 discov]$4 ,x is evid5t f ! pres5ce ( num]\s bones gnaw$ by hynas 9 ^! caves1 t ! valleys ( ! ,clwyd & ! ,elwy 7 ! fav\rite haunts ( t animal 9 ! plei/oc5e age4 ,caves ( ,s\? ,wales 9 ! c\nties ( ,glamorgan & ,ca]m>!n4 ,! e>lie/ cav]n explor$ 9 ,s\? ,wales is t ( ,crawley ,rocks1#ahe ,oxwi* ,bay1 ab\t twelve miles f ,swansea4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 qu>ry+ ! m\nta9 lime/one 9 #agib1 & conta9$ ! rema9s ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 ox1 /ag1 & hyna4 ,x 0 completely de/roy$ be=e ,dr4 ,buckl& id5tifi$ ^! animals 9 ! collection ( ,miss ,talbot ( ,p5rice ,ca/le4#ahf ,! l9e ( cliffs1 b\nd+ ! rocky p59sula ( ,g[]1 conta9s ! cave ( ,pavil&1 describ$ 9 ! sev5? *apt] 7p4 #bcb71 z well z ! gr\p explor$ by ,colonel ,wood ( ,/>t ,hall1 f ! ye> #ahdhahg to ! pres5t "t1 ,bacon ,hole1 ,m9*9 ,hole1 ,bosco's ,d51 ,devil's ,hole1 ,cr[ ,hole1 ,rav5's ,cliff1 ,spritsail ,tor1 & ,long ,hole1 :i* are describ$ by ! late ,dr4 ,falcon]4 ,! ,rh9oc]os hemit*us 0 met ) 9 comp>ative abundance1 & 9 association ) ! woolly rh9oc]os1 mammo?1 & ,e4 antiquus4 ,9 ,bosco's ,d5 !re 7 no less ?an #gej %$ antl]s ( re9de]2 & 9 ,long ,hole1 _m fl9t-flakes 7 discov]$ 9 #ahfj und]nea? ! /alagmite1 & 9 association ) ! ext9ct mammalia1 :i* prove1 z ,dr4 ,falcon] po9ts out1 t man inhabit$ t di/rict 9 ! plei/oc5e age4 ,^! caves & fissures 7 at all levels 9 ! cliff1 & 9 "s ! bottoms 7 cov]$ ) a /ratum ( m>9e s& ) sea %ells1 :i* %[$ t !y _h be5 wa%$ by ! sea be=e !y _h be5 fill$ by ! ossif]\s dbris4 ,mo/ ( !m _h probably be5 fill$ by /reams 9 ! same mann] z ,gail5reu? & ,wirkswor?4 ,!y ab\nd on ! coa/ m]ely because a cle> section has be5 worn by ! waves4 ,a /raight cut ?r\gh ! rocks 9 any "p ( ! di/rict w\ld probably %[ !m to occur 9 equal abundance inl&4 ,caves 9 ,pembroke%ire4 ,! pat*es ( lime/one on ! opposite side ( ,ca]m>!n ,bay1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,t5by1 also conta9 ossif]\s cav]ns4 ,! ,rev4 ,g4 ,n4 ,smi?1#ahh ( ,gumfri/on1 has made a f9e collection ( bones & tee? ( mammo? & hyna1 f a fissure 9 ! ,blackrock ,qu>ry1 close to ,t5by1 f a fissure 9 ! cliff on ,caldy ,isl&1 & f ! ,coygan cave 9 an outli] ( lime/one1 ne> ,p5d9e1 & has discov]$ flakes ( fl9t & ( a peculi> horn/one 9 ! 8tunnel cave0 t]m$ ! ,hoyle1 und]nea? /alagmite1 9 a /ratum conta9+ bones ( ! be> & re9de]4 ,) ! exception ( ! fissure 9 ! ,blackrock ,qu>ry none ( ^! h be5 fully explor$4 ,on a visit to ,t5by1 9 #ahgb1 ,i obta9$ _m fl9t flakes1 & bones brok5 by man1 f ! breccia 9 ! ,hoyle2 & f a fissure on ,caldy ,isl&1 num]\s bones & tee? ( "y wolves1 :i* repres5t$ a :ole litt]1 & two metat>sals ( bison1 cem5t$ toge!r into a compact mass4 ,! discov]y ( mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 horse1 ,iri% elk1 bison1 wolf1 lion1 & be>1 on s small an isl& z ,caldy1 indicates t a consid]able *ange has tak5 place 9 ! relation ( ! l& to ! sea 9 t di/rict s9ce ^? animals 7 alive4 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible = s _m & s l>ge animals to h obta9$ food on s small an isl&4 ,x may !re=e be reasonably conclud$ t1 :5 !y p]i%$ 9 ! fissures1 ,caldy 0 n an isl&1 b a precipit\s hill1 ov]look+ ! broad valley n[ cov]$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 b !n af=d+ abundant pa/ure4 ,! same inf]5ce may also be drawn f ! va/ numb]s ( animals f\nd 9 ! ,g[] caves1 :i* c\ld n h be5 support$ by ! scant h]bage ( ! lime/one hills ( t di/rict4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 picture to ourselves a f]tile pla9 occupy+ ! :ole ( ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 & support+ h]ds ( re9de]1 horses1 & bisons1 _m elephants & rh9oc]oses1 & n[ & !n be+ trav]s$ by a /ray hippopotamus1 :i* w\ld af=d abundant prey to ! lions1 be>s1 & hynas inhabit+ all ! accessible caves1 z well z to _! great enemy & de/roy] man4 ,we %all see 9 ! n9? *apt] t ! elevation ( ! :ole di/rict above its pres5t level is "p ( ! g5]al elevation ( nor?-we/]n ,europe1 & no m]e small or local ph5om5on4 ,cave 9 ,monm\?%ire4 ,k+ ,ar?ur's cave1#ahi on ! side ( a beautifully wood$ knoll1 ov]look+ ! valley ( ! ,wye1 ne> ,:it*ur*1 9 ,monm\?%ire1 explor$ by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,s4 ,symonds 9 #ahga1 is a hyna d51 l t ( ,kirkdale1 conta9+ ! gnaw$ rema9s ( ! lion1 ,iri% elk1 mammo?1 woolly rh9oc]os1 & re9de]4 ,fl9t flakes1 h[ev]1 occurr$ 9 ! undi/urb$ /rata1 :i* prove t x 0 also ! resort ( man4 ,mr4 ,symonds believes t ! s& & gravel inside 7 deposit$ by ! ,wye1 at a "t :5 x fl[$ #cjj feet above its pres5t c\rse1 or be=e ! valley 0 cut d[n to t dep?4 ,if ?is conclusion be true1 ! date ( ! occupation mu/ be sep>at$ f ! pres5t day by a va/ int]val1 :i* is only to be measur$ by ! subsequ5t erosion ( ! valley by ! sl[ op]ation ( ! suba]ial ag5ts1 runn+ wat]1 ice1 sn[1 & c>bonic acid4 ,! only rema9s ( ! mammo? :i* ,i h exam9$ belong to "y individuals1 & consi/ ( ! second & ?ird milk-mol>s1 a fact :i* ,i h v g5]ally obs]v$ 9 hynas' d5s4 ,! old] mammo?s w\ld n fall an easy prey to s c[>dly an animal4 ,! cave _h also be5 inhabit$ by man aft] ! plei/oc5e age1 = co>se pott]y ( ! neoli?ic k9d1 & fl9t flakes1 7 dug out ( an upp] /ratum1 :ile ,i 0 wat*+ ! excavation1 9 company ) ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,s4 ,symonds1 & ! 8,w&]]s0 field club4 ,caves ( ,gl\ce/]%ire & ,som]set%ire4 ,! outli]s ( m\nta9 lime/one1 on ! s\!rn side ( ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 h long be5 kn[n = _! ossif]\s cav]ns & fissures4 ,f a fissure 9 ,durdham ,d[n1#aij ne> ,bri/ol1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill] obta9$ fragm5ts ( bones1 ab\t ! ye> #ahbj1 & among !m ,dr4 ,buckl& notices ! fossil jo9t ( ! h9d-leg ( a horse1 ! a/ragalus be+ held 9 natural position1 betwe5 ! tibia & ! calcaneum1 by /alagmite4 ,subsequ5tly a l>ge s]ies ( animals ( ! same species z ^? ( ,g[] 7 discov]$ 9 x by ,mr4 ,/ut*bury1 & are pres]v$ 9 ! ,bri/ol ,museum4 ,caves ( ! ,m5dip ,hills4 ,! caves ( ! ,m5dip ,hills 7 kn[n to conta9 bones z e>ly z ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 t ( ,hutton1#aia ne> ,we/on-sup]-,m>e1 0 discov]$ 9 work+ ! o*re & calam9e :i* fills "s ( ! fissures4 ,! m9]s hav+ op5$ an o*re pit1 s\? ( ! little village ( ,hutton1 discov]$ a fissure 9 ! lime/one full ( good o*re1 :i* !y foll[$ to a dep? ( eight y>ds1 until x l$ into a cav]n1 ! floor ( :i* 0 =m$ ( o*re1 ) l>ge quantities ( :ite bones on ! surface1 & scatt]$ ?r\gh its mass4 ,dr4 ,calcott describes ! bones z project+ f ! sides1 ro(1 & floor ( ! excavation 9 su* quantities z to resemble ! cont5ts ( a *>nel-h\se4 ,subsequ5tly x 0 fully explor$ by ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,williams1 & ,mr4 ,be>d1 ( ,banwell4 ,we owe ! exploration ( ! neighb\r+ caves ( ,banwell1 ,s&=d ,hill1 ,bleadon1 ,goat's ,hole1 9 ,burr+ton ,combe1 & ,uphill1#aib to ! jo9t lab\rs ( ! two above-m5tion$ g5tlem51 ext5d+ ov] ! p]iod :i* elaps$ betwe5 #ahba & #ahfj4 ,! va/ quantity ( rema9s :i* !y obta9$ c only be realiz$ by a visit to ! ,museum ( ! ,som]set ,ar*ological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 at ,taunton4#aic ,!y belong to ! same species z ^? already m5tion$ f ! caves ( ,s\? ,wales4 ,! fauna ( ! ,m5dip is1 h[ev]1 *>act]iz$ by ! great numb] ( lions1 & by a few fragm5ts ( ! glutton4 ,( ! =m] animal1 ,mr4 ,ay%=d ,san=d & myself h met ) suffici5t rema9s to figure ne>ly e portion ( ! skeleton1 & ! skulls prove t x 0 n a tig]1 z x is consid]$ to be by "s naturali/s1 b a true lion1 diff]+ 9 no respect1 except 9 its l>ge size1 f ^? n[ liv+ 9 ,asia & ,africa4 ,all ^! cav]ns consi/ ( *amb]s at v>i\s levels m or less connect$ ) fissures1 &1 f ! p]fect condition ( ! bones !y mu/ h be5 inaccessible to ! bone-de/roy+ hyna4 ,_! cont5ts 7 introduc$1 z is sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,buckl&1 f ! surface by /reams fall+ into swall[-holes 7see ,fig4 #ha71 :i* h n[1 "u ! *ang$ physical conditions1 ceas$ to fl[4 ,! extraord9>y quantity ( rema9s pres]v$ 9 "o cave may be1 to "s ext5t1 v]ifi$ by a visit to t at ,banwell4 ,x consi/s ( two l>ge *amb]s1 ! upp] "o fill$ ) ?\s&s ( bones ( bison1 horse1 & re9de]1 tak5 out ( ! r$ silt :i* orig9ally fill$ x to ! ro(2 ! l[] "o full ( ! undi/urb$ cont5ts1 f :i* ! bones project 9 ! wilde/ confusion4 ,?is accumulation has be5 introduc$ by wat]1 ?r\gh a v]tical fissure :i* op5$ on ! surface4 ,x is evid5t1 f ! v ne>ly p]fect skulls ( wolf & be> :i* 7 discov]$1 t ! cave 0 n us$ z a d5 by ! hynas4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 prov$ to h be5 liv+ close by at ! "t1 s9ce _! skulls1 & ! gnaw$ antl]s ( re9de]1 h be5 discov]$ inside4 ,!y 7 probably swept 9 by ! /ream along ) ! o!r bones4 ,! ,uphill ,cave4 ,! ,cave ( ,uphill1#aid discov]$ 9 #ahbf1 by "s workm51 & explor$ by ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,williams1 m]its especial notice1 f ! peculi> conditions "u :i* ! rema9s ( ! ext9ct animals occurr$4 ,l ! o!r caves ( ! ,m5dips1 x consi/s ( fissures op5+ into *amb]s4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( "o ( ^! fissures 7 ! rema9s ( rh9oc]os1 hyna1 be>1 horse1 bison1 & wild bo>1 imb$d$ 9 loam :i* re/$ on two l>ge masses ( lime/one t _h fall5 s z to block up ! fissure4 ,bel[ ?is 7 no rema9s ( ! ext9ct animals1 & ! fissure ultimately l$ into a cave op5+ ^u ! l9e ( cliffs4 ,?is latt] _h be5 inhabit$ )9 hi/oric times1 s9ce _m bones ( %eep1 or goat1 & pieces ( pott]y1 7 met )1 z well z a co9 ( ! ,emp]or ,julian4 ,9 ?is case1 ow+ to ! extraord9>y accid5t ( ! fissure be+ block$ up by a fall ( /one1 ! plei/oc5e accumulation is v]tically above ! hi/oric2 & _h ! b>ri] giv5 way1 ,mr4 ,williams w\ld und\bt$ly h discov]$ ! rema9s ( ! ext9ct mammalia1 ly+ 9 a heap above ! comp>atively mod]n hi/oric /ratum4 ,x seems to me v probable t "s su* accid5t may h caus$ ! occurr5ce ( ! pleioc5e ma*airodus 9 ! ,k5t's ,hole cav]n1 9 association ) ! plei/oc5e mammalia4 ,9 ! long lapse ( ages betwe5 ! plei/oc5e & ! pres5t day1 su* accid5ts w\ld be likely to occur 9 "s few cav]ns1 & we might expect to f9d rema9s ( widely diff]5t ages1 9 c]ta9 exceptional cases1 ly+ side by side1 or ev5 ! old] re/+ v]tically ov] ! new]4 ,at all ev5ts we mu/ conclude1 t sup]position1 or association1 _c be rigidly en=c$ z te/s ( relative age 9 all ossif]\s cav]ns4 ,! ,hyna-d5 ( ,wookey ,hole4 ,! ,hyna-d5 ( ,wookey ,hole1#aie ne> ,wells1 on ! s\? side ( ! ,m5dips1 :i* ,i explor$ ) ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,williamson 9 #ahei1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye>s ) ,messrs4 ,willett1 ,p>k]1 & ,ay%=d ,san=d1 is wor?y ( a m detail$ notice1 because x 0 among ! fir/ cav]ns 9 ?is c\ntry 9 :i* works ( art 7 f\nd "u conditions t prov$ ! co-exi/5ce ( man ) ! ext9ct mammalia4 ,! rav9e 9 :i* x 0 discov]$1 9 #aheb1 is "o ( ! _m :i* pi]ce ! dolomitic conglom]ate1 or petrifi$ sea-bea*1 ( ! ,triassic age1 re/+ at ! foot ( ! cliffs f :i* x 0 torn by ! waves1 & ov]ly+ ! l[] slopes ( ! ,m5dips 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,op5 to ! s\?1 x runs almo/ horizontally into ! m\nta9-side1 until clos$ abruptly nor?w>ds by a p]p5dicul> wall ( rock1 #bjj feet or m 9 height1 ivy-cov]$1 & af=d+ a dwell+-place to innum]able jackdaws4 ,out ( a cave at its base1 9 :i* ,dr4 ,buckl& discov]$ pott]y & human tee?1 fl[s ! riv] ,axe1 9 a canal cut 9 ! rock4 ,9 cutt+ ?is passage1 t ! wat] might be convey$ to a l>ge pap]-mill close by1 ! m\? ( ! hyna-d5 0 int]sect$ 9 #aheb1 & f t "t up to ,decemb] #ahei x 0 undi/urb$ save by rabbits & badg]s1 & ev5 !y did n p5etrate f> into ! int]ior1 or make deep burr[s4 ,close to ! m\? ( ! cave ! workm5 7employ$ 9 mak+ ?is canal7 f\nd m ?an #cjj ,roman co9s1 among :i* 7 ^? ( ,allectus & ( ,commodus4 ,:5 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,williamson & myself began our exploration1 ab\t twelve feet ( ! entrance ( ! cave _h be5 cut away1 & l>ge quantities ( ! e>?1 /ones1 & animal rema9s _h be5 us$ 9 ! =mation ( an embankm5t = ! /ream :i* runs pa/ ! pres5t entrance ( ! cave4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! workm51 ! bones & tee? =m$ a lay] ab\t twelve in*es 9 ?ickness1 :i* re/$ imm$iately ^u ! conglom]ate-floor1 :ile !y 7 comp>atively sc>ce 9 ! ov]ly+ mass ( /ones & r$ e>?4 ,! workm5 /ate also t at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ! cave ! hillside pres5t$ no concavity to m>k its pres5ce4 ,s completely 0 ! cave fill$ ) dbris up to ! v ro(1 t we 7 compell$ to cut our way into x4 ,( ! /ones scatt]$ irregul>ly ?r\gh ! matrix ( r$ e>?1 "s 7 angul>1 o!rs wat]-worn2 all are d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( ! dolomitic conglom]ate 9 :i* ! cave is holl[$4 ,ne> ! entrance1 & at a dep? ( five feet f ! ro(1 7 ?ree lay]s ( p]oxide ( manganese1 full ( bony spl9t]s1 &1 pass+ obliquely up t[>ds ! s\!rn side ( ! cave & ov] a l$ge ( rock t rises abruptly f ! floor3 fur!r inw>ds !y became int]bl5d$ "o ) ano!r1 & at a di/ance ( fifte5 feet f ! entrance 7 b>ely visible4 ,9 & betwe5 ^! ! animal rema9s 7 f\nd 9 ! greate/ abundance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--,plan ( ,hyna-d5 at ,wookey ,hole4 ,"r l9es sections2 dott$ areas bone-b$s2 %ad$ areas a%es & implem5ts4 ,:ile cutt+ our way inw>ds 7,figs4 #hc & #hh71 we f\nd an angul> piece ( fl9t1 :i* _h evid5tly be5 *ipp$ by human ag5cy1 & a wat]-worn fragm5t ( a belemnite1 :i* probably _h be5 d]iv$ f ! neighb\r+ m>l/one rocks4 ,bones & tee? ( ! woolly rh9oc]os1 re9de]1 /ag1 ,iri% elk1 mammo?1 hyna1 cave-be>1 lion1 wolf1 fox1 & horse rew>d$ our lab\rs2 & frogs' rema9s1 cem5t$ toge!r by /alagmite1 7 abundant at ! m\?4 ,! tee? prepond]at$ greatly ov] ! bones1 & ! great bulk 7 ^? ( ! horse4 ,! hyna-tee? also 7 v num]\s1 & 9 all /ages ( gr[?1 f ! "y unworn to ! old too? worn d[n to ! v gums4 ,^? ( ! mammo? _h belong$ to a "y animal1 & "o _h n be5 us$ at all4 ,! holl[ bones 7 completely sma%$ & spl9t]$1 & scor$ ) too?-m>ks1 :ile ! solid c>pal1 t>sal1 & sesamoid bones 7 un9jur$1 z 9 ! ,kirkdale ,cave4 ,! organic rema9s 7 9 all /ages ( decay1 "s crumbl+ to du/ at ! t\*1 :ile o!rs 7 p]fectly pres]v$ & _h lo/ v little ( _! gelat9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #hg4--;,f\r ,views ( ,fl9t ,implem5ts f\nd 9 ! ,hyna-d5 at ,wookey ,hole1 ne> ,wells4 ,9 #ahfj we resum$ our excavations2 &1 9 addition to ! above rema9s1 f\nd satisfactory evid5ce ( ! =m] pres5ce ( man 9 ! cave4 ,our se>* 0 rew>d$ by "o oval implem5t ( :ite fl9t1 ( rude workman%ip 7,figs4 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #hg71 "o *]t arr[-head1 a r\ghly-*ipp$ & a r\nd flatt5$ piece ( *]t1 toge!r ) v>i\s spl9t]s ( fl9t1 :i* _h app>5tly be5 knock$ (f 9 ! manufacture ( "s implem5t4 ,two rudely-fa%ion$ bone arr[-heads 7 also f\nd1 :i* un=tunately 7 subsequ5tly lo/ by ! photograph] to :om !y 7 s5t2 !y resembl$ 9 %ape an equilat]al triangle ) ! angles at ! base bevell$ (f4 ,all 7 f\nd 9 & ar\nd ! same spot1 9 contact ) "s hyna-tee?1 betwe5 ! d>k b&s ( manganese1 at a dep? ( f\r feet f ! ro(1 & at a di/ance ( twelve feet f ! pres5t entrance 7,fig4 #hc1 a74 ,t !re might be no mi/ake ab\t ! accuracy ( ! obs]vations1 ,i exam9$ e %ovelful ( dbris z x 0 ?r[n out by ! workman2 :ile ! exact spot :]e !y 7 excavat+ 0 wat*$ by my colleague4 ,! figur$ implem5t 0 pick$ out ( ! undi/urb$ matrix by him2 ! re/ 7 f\nd by me 9 ! e>? ?r[n out f ! same place4 ,! l9es ( p]oxide ( manganese mu/ h be5 accumulat$ on ! old floors ( ! cave1 because !y 7 associat$ ) num]\s spl9t]s & gnaw$ animal rema9s2 & !re c be no d\bt t ! latt] 7 introduc$ by ! hynas4 ,^? animals h a peculi> habit1 z ,dr4 ,buckl& prov$ by exp]im5t1 ( gnaw+ simil> bones 9 precisely ! same way2 & a comp>ison ( ! relics ( ! meals ( ! hynas 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ) ^? 9 ! cave1 %[s t ! latt] h pass$ betwe5 ! jaws ( a l animal t once inhabit$ ,som]set%ire4 ,coprolites ( ! same animal 7 v abundant1 & 9 "s places =m$ a greyi%-:ite lay] ( phosphate ( lime4 ,!re 7 also o!r equally unmi/akeable traces ( ! animal 9 fragm5ts ( bone1 poli%$ by _! tread1 z 9 ! ,kirkdale cave4 ,x is1 !re=e1 only reasonable to suppose t ^! rema9s ( animals 7 br\ght into ! cave f "t to "t by hynas1 & left on ! floors4 ,t !y 7 n introduc$ by wat] is prov$ by ! pres]vation ( ! delicate processes & po9ts ( bone1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 brok5 9 transitu4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! implem5ts1 :i*1 beyond d\bt1 _h be5 fa%ion$ by man1 7 und]nea? "o ( ^! old floors1 x 0 c]ta9 t man 0 contempor>y 9 ! di/rict ) ! hyna & ! animals on :i* x prey$1 & ! fact t !y 7 f\nd only on "o spot implies t !y 7 deposit$ by ! h& ( man4 ,to suppose t a savage w\ld take ! tr\ble to excavate a tr5* tw5ty-f\r feet long--= twelve feet ( ! =m] m\? ( ! cave _h be5 cut away--) mis]able implem5ts1 & consequ5tly ) great lab\r1 & hav+ excavat$ x aga9 to fill x up to ! v ro(1 is little less ?an absurd4 ,nor c\ld su* an op]ation take place 9 su* a deposit1 )\t ! /ratification ( ! lay]s be+ de/roy$4 ,! abs5ce ( pott]y & human bones precludes ! idea ( ! cave ev] hav+ be5 a place ( sepulture1 su* z ,aurignac or ,bruniquel4 ,?is discov]y1 !re=e1 ( itself /amps ! contemporaneity ( man ) ! ext9ct mammalia1 & foll[+ close on ! simil> discov]ies 9 ,brixham cave1 to be m5tion$ pres5tly1 puts ! "q beyond all d\bt4 ,9 ,april #ahfa we resum$ our excavations2 &1 z we made our way inw>ds1 f\nd t ! cave began to n>r[1 & ultimately to bifurcate1 "o bran* ext5d+ v]tically upw>ds1 :ile ! o!r appe>$ to ext5d almo/ horizontally to ! "r h&4 ,z we rea*$ ! middle con/rict$ passage1 ! tee? became few]1 :ile ! /ones 7 ( l>g] size ?an any t we _h hi!rto discov]$4 ,! great majority ( ! gnaw$ antl]s ( de] 7 f\nd at ?is "p1 also ! po/]ior half ( a c]v9e skull1 ! "r upp] jaw ( wolf1 &1 :at is m rem>kable1 a /one ) "o ( its surfaces coat$ ) a deposit app>5tly ( /alagmite3 ?is1 h[ev]1 0 mu* light] ?an /alagmite1 & n s good a conductor ( heat2 &1 on analysis1 ,i f\nd t x consi/$ ( phosphate ( lime1 ) a little c>bonate1 & a v small portion ( p]oxide ( manganese4 ,d\btless ! surface ( ! /one1 cov]$ ) phosphate ( lime1 =m$ "p ( ! anci5t floor ( ! cave1 & h5ce 0 coat$ ) album grcum2 :ile ! l[] "p1 be+ imb$d$ 9 ! e>? on ! floor1 0 n s coat$4 ,?is deposit may1 p]haps1 expla9 ! abs5ce ( r\nd balls ( coprolite1 :i*1 assum+ t ! cave at ! "t 0 m damp ?an t at ,kirkdale1 w\ld be trodd5 d[n on ! floor by ! hynas1 in/ead ( pres5t+ a r\nd$ =m4 ,! /one also itself exhibits too?-m>ks und]nea? ! coat+ ( album grcum1 & probably 0 gnaw$ by ! hynas1 l ! antl]s1 = amusem5t4 ,?is discov]y proves t viol5t wat]y action _h b small %>e1 if any1 9 fill+ ! cave2 = 9 t case ! s(t cov]+ w\ld h be5 remov$ f ! /one4 ,simil> evid5ce is (f]$ by ! wond]ful pres]vation ( "s ( ! m delicate fragm5ts ( bone1 su* z ! palat9e process ( ! maxilla ( ! wolf4 ,! section made 9 cutt+ ?is passage pres5t$ irregul> lay]s ( p]oxide ( manganese1 full ( bony spl9t]s1 & ea* m or less cov]$ by a lay] ( bones 9 v>i\s /ages ( decay4 ,^! lay]s 7 abs5t f ! upp] portion ( ! passage4 ,!re 7 masses ( prisms ( calc-sp> scatt]$ confus$ly ?r\gh ! matrix4 ,aft] excavat+ ! v]tical bran* z f> z we d>$ 7= ! l>ge /ones 9 x made ! task dang]\s71 we 7 compell$ to leave (f1 hav+ p5etrat$ altoge!r only ?irty-f\r feet f ! entrance4 ,no fl9t implem5ts rew>d$ our se>* ?is ye>4 ,tee? 7 f> m num]\s ?an bones1 probably because !y are m durable z well z because ( _! rejection by ! hynas4 ,"o jaw 0 bitt5 9 two1 & ! fragm5ts f\nd ab\t a foot ap>t 9 ! undi/urb$ matrix1 j z !y _h be5 dropp$ f ! m\? ( ! hyna4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahfb ,mr4 ,p>k]1 ,mr4 ,willett1 & myself resolv$ to v]ify ! association ( articles ( man's h&iwork along ) ! ext9ct mammalia1 by clean+ out ! cave1 :i* 0 c\rte\sly plac$ at our disposal by ! own]1 ,mr4 ,hodgek9son4 ,our fir/ task 0 to cle> ! cont5ts out ( ! portion ( ! cave ne>e/ ! m\?1 or ! antrum 7,fig4 #hc1 ,a71 & z we excavat$ onw>ds _m traces ( ! pres5ce ( man 7 met )4 ,a wide area on ! left-h& side 7b71 :]e ! ro( & floor ( ! cave gradually met toge!r1 furni%$ innum]able fragm5ts ( *>coal1 & _m fl9t implem5ts associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ! horse1 rh9oc]os1 & hyna4 ,"o fragm5t ( bone 9 p>ticul>1 belong+ to ! rh9oc]os1 _h be5 calc9$1 & its c>boniz$ condition bore unmi/akeable te/imony t x _h be5 burnt :ile ! animal juices 7 pres5t4 ,!re 7 _m o!r bones also burnt1 :i* indicat$ ! place :]e fires _h be5 k9dl$1 & food cook$4 ,z we dug our way =w>d we met ) a ?ird area 7c71 t furni%$ fl9t & *]t implem5ts "u ! same conditions ( deposit z t :i* tempt$ u to c>ry on our excavations4 ,its relation to ! old floors ( hyna-occupation is %[n by ! d>k l9es ov] ! area c 9 ,fig4 #hh4 ,at la/ ! l>ge op5 *amb] 7,a7 0 cle>$2 x measur$ ab\t ?irty feet wide by six feet high1 & x ext5d$ =ty feet inw>ds4 ,on ! left !re 0 a small upw>d-turn+ passage1 v ne>ly block$ up ) a mass ( /alagmite2 at ! f>!r end a v]tical fissure ext5d$ upw>ds 7,f71 to ! surface4 ,?is fissure has subsequ5tly be5 prov$ to ext5d d[nw>ds to ! "r1 & w d\btless furni% l>ge quantities ( animal rema9s to future explor]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,section ?r\gh ,a ( ,fig4 #hc1 %[+ cont5ts ( ,hyna-d54 c fl9t implem5ts2 ?ick l9es above old floors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--,transv]se ,section ?r\gh ,b ( ,fig4 #hc4 #a r$ e>?2 #b bone-b$2 #c d>k e>?4 ,! l>ge *amb] n[ turn$ abruptly to ! left1 & we gradually work$ our way into a small horizontal passage ab\t f\r feet high4 ,"h !re 0 an int]val ( f ?ree to f\r in*es betwe5 ! ro( & cont5ts1 trav]s$ by /alactites1 :i* 9 "s places =m$ a smoo? undulat+ drap]y ) /ony tassels1 & 9 o!rs t9y pill>s ext5d+ d[n to ! dbris1 &1 z x 71 propp+ up ! ro(4 ,^! p$e/als 7see ,fig4 #ae7 gradually exp&$ into r\nd plates ( /alagmite1 :i* sometimes met & =m$ a cont9u\s cru/4 ,9 "s places an infiltration ( c>bonate ( lime _h cem5t$ organic rema9s1 /ones1 & e>? into a h>d mass1 :i* _h to be brok5 up ) gunp[d] be=e x c\ld be remov$ out ( ! cave4 ,! excitem5t ( extract+ f ^! blocks _! treasures 0 ( ! v ke5e/1 = we c\ld n tell :at a /roke ( ! hamm] w\ld reveal4 ,sometimes an elephant's too? sudd5ly came to light1 at o!rs a hyna's jaw1 or a rh9oc]os' too?1 or ! antl] ( a re9de]1 or ! can9e ( a be>4 ,! bones 7 s num]\s t !y sc>cely attract$ att5tion4 ,9 "o fragm5t ( ?is breccia1 n[ 9 ! ,brighton ,museum1 are a tusk & c>pal ( mammo?1 ! "r ulna ( ! woolly rh9oc]os1 & an antl] ( re9de]4 ,9 a second1 two %\ld]-blades & two haun* bones ( ! woolly rh9oc]os1 ) a coprolite & l[] jaw ( cave hyna4 ,z ! m5 remov$ ! l>ge blocks !y 7 br\ght to ! m\? ( ! cave to be brok5 up by our small] in/rum5ts4 ,pres5tly ! passage n>r[$ to ab\t six feet1 & pres5t$ ! foll[+ section 7,fig4 #hi74 ,on ! floor ( ! cave !re 0 a lay] ( r$ e>? two feet 9 ?ickness1 &1 z usual1 conta9+ a few organic rema9s & _m /ones 7,fig4 #hi1 #a74 ,^u ?is re/$ a mo/ rem>kable accumulation ( bones1 & tee?1 matt$ & compact$ toge!r1 f ?ree to f\r in*es ?ick1 & ext5d+ horizontally f "o side ( ! passage to ! o!r 7,fig4 #hi1 #b74 ,next came a lay] ( d>k r$ e>? 7,fig4 #hi1 #c71 loose & friable1 ?ree to f\r in*es ?ick1 support+ 9 its surface a few r\nd$ /alagmites1 & a few /alactitic pill>s1 t spann$ ! int]val ( f ?ree to f\r in*es betwe5 x & ! ro(4 ,?is bone-b$ 0 ab\t sev5 feet wide & f\rte5 feet long1 af=d+1 !re=e1 a squ>e area ( n9ety-eight feet 7see dott$ area ,b ,fig4 #hc1 & 9 ,fig4 #ij74 ,! enorm\s quantity ( ! rema9s ( animals pres5t _c fairly be e/imat$ ev5 by ! l>ge numb] pres]v$1 because mo/ ( ! bones 7 z s(t z wet mort>4 ,! five hundr$ & fifty specim5s obta9$ mu/ be look$ ^u m]ely z a small fraction ( ! :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--,longitud9al ,section ?r\gh ,b & ,c ( ,fig4 #hc1 %[+ bone-b$s4 ,dott$ area bone-b$4 ,we pres5tly pass$ beyond ! bone-b$1 & f\nd t ! passage bifurcat$ 7,fig4 #hc1 ,c & ,d71 ! small] bran* go+ /raight =w>ds & g5tly upw>ds 7,fig4 #ij71 :ile ! l>g] /ret*$ at "r angles f x & pass$ g5tly d[nw>ds4 ,9 ! =m] !re 0 a second bone-b$ simil> 9 e respect to t already describ$1 :i* cont9u$ undim9i%$ 9 ?ickness until x re/$ directly on ! floor4 ,x af=d$ a squ>e area ( ab\t fifte5 feet4 ,! passage 0 ab\t sixte5 in*es high & ?ree feet wide1 & gradually n>r[$ until at a di/ance ( twelve feet f ! bifurcation a /alactite six in*es long rea*$ ! floor & =m$ a v]tical b>1 z if to =bid ano!r +ress4 ,:5 ?is _h be5 explor$ z f> z we c\ld crawl1 ! l>g] bran* 7,fig4 #hc1 ,d1 & ,fig4 #ia7 engag$ our att5tion1 & we soon discov]$ a ?ird lay] ( bones ( ! same "* z ! o!rs1 & 9 ! same position1 except+ t 9 "s places x 0 9 imm$iate contact ) ! ro(4 ,9 wid? x 0 six1 9 l5g? f\rte51 & 9 squ>e area eighty-f\r feet4 ,f its fur!r end to ! t]m9ation ( ! passage !re 0 n ! slighte/ ve/ige ( bones or tee?1 & a /iff grey clay re/$ on a horizontal lay] ( s& on ! floor4 ,"h ! passage sudd5ly turn$ upw>ds until x became s small & b>r5 t x 0 n wor? our :ile to pursue x f>!r4 ,x d\btless rises to ! surface1 l ! l>ge fissure opposite ! entrance ( ! cave %[n 9 ,fig4 #hh4aif ,! exploration 0 resum$ ! foll[+ ye> by ,mr4 ,ay%=d ,san=d & myself1 & yield$ va/ quantities ( fossil rema9s4 ,we cle>$ out ! space m>k$ #ahfc 9 ! plan1 & discov]$ a fl9t implem5t at ! po9t m>k$ d1 9 ,fig4 #hc4 ,my fri5d ! late ,mr4 ,wickham ,fl[] has also work$ ! cave1 m p>ticul>ly at ! "r-h& side ( ! entrance *amb]4 ,! a%es & implem5ts 7 f\nd 9 positions1 ne> ! m\? ( ! cave1 :]e man himself may h plac$ !m 7see ,figs4 #hc1 #hh71 ) ! exception ( ! fl9t implem5t at d1 & an a% ( bone imb$d$ 9 ! e>?y matrix betwe5 ! can9e too? & a coprolite ( ! hyna1 & cem5t$ to a fragm5t ( dolomitic conglom]ate4 ,?is 0 f\nd f> 9 ! cave1 ei!r at ! entrance ( ! passage ,b1 or 9 ! middle ( ! passage ,d4 ,! latt] passage yield$ ! only roll$ fl9t )\t traces ( man's h&iwork4 ,! mat]ials out ( :i* ! implem5ts 7 made 7 us$ pretty equally4 ,all ^?1 l ,fig4 #hd1 7 ( fl9t2 all ^? *ipp$ into a r\nd$ =m & flat-oval 9 section ( *]t f ! ,upp] ,gre5s&2 :ile ! flakes consi/$ ( bo? us$ indiff]5tly4 ,besides ^! ?ree typical =ms1 :i* 7 mo/ abundant1 is a f\r?1 9 =m r\ghly pyramidal1 ) a smoo? & flat base1 & a cutt+ edge all r\nd4 ,( ^! we f\nd b two examples1 bo? consi/+ ( *]t4 ,9 =m !y are exactly simil> to sev]al hundr$s f\nd 9 a ,briti% village at ,/anlake1 9 ,b]k%ire1 & to ^? ,i discov]$ 9 a cemet]y ( ! same age at ,y>nton1 ne> ,ox=d4 ,!y /rongly resemble a ca/ ,i h ( "o f\nd by ,m4 ,l>tet 9 ! cave ( ,aurignac4 ,7 x n = ?is simil>ity1 ,i %\ld look ^u !m z cores f :i* flakes _h be5 /ruck4 ,! re/ are m]e spl9t]s1 irregul> 9 =m1 & probably made 9 ! manufacture ( ! v>i\s fl9t & *]t implem5ts4 ,all ! fl9t implem5ts h be5 alt]$ 9 col\r & /ructure1 ei!r by heat or1 z is m probable1 by "s *emical action4 ,)\t exception1 ! old surfaces pres5t a waxy lu/re 7by ! abs5ce ( :i* =g]ies are easily detect$71 ! col\r is ( a uni=m milk-:ite1 & ! ord9>y con*oidal fracture is replac$ by t ( porcela94 ,"s are n h>d] ?an *alk4 ,i h met ) wea!r$ & calc9$ fl9ts 9 ,sussex 9 :i* simil> *anges are obs]vable1 & 9 :i* ! diff]5ce 9 ! results ( *emical action & heat c h>dly be detect$4 ,! *]t implem5ts1 on ! o!r h&1 %[ no traces ( any su* *anges1 b are simil> 9 col\r & /ructure to ! rocks f :i* !y came--! ,upp] ,gre5s& ( ! ,blackd[n ,hills4 ,all ! fragm5ts ( calc9$ bone1 ) ! exception ( "o already m5tion$1 7 f\nd ne> ! entrance 7see ,fig4 #hc1 b71 & 9 a place m suitable = a fire ?an any o!r 9 ! cave4 ,i c id5tify none ( !m z human4 ,! co>se texture1 ! /ructure1 & ! ?ickness ( "o indicate a fragm5t ( a long bone ( ! rh9oc]os4#aig ,all resemble _m spl9t]s /rewn ab\t 9 o!r p>ts ( ! cave1 :i* are n calc9$1 b 7 evid5tly introduc$ by ! hynas4 ,! calc9ation may !re=e be due to ! accid5t ( _! ly+ ^u ! surface at ! "t ! fire 0 k9dl$4 ,! rema9s obta9$ 9 #ahfb-c f ?ree to f\r ?\s& 9 numb]1 af=d a vivid picture ( ! animal life ( ! "t 9 ,som]set4 ,!y belong to ! foll[+ animals1 ! numb]s repres5t+ ! jaws & tee? only1 & ! implem5ts3-- ,man #ce ,cave-,hyna #dfg ,cave-,lion #ae ,cave-,be> #bg ,grizzly ,be> #aa ,br[n ,be> #aa ,wolf #g ,fox #h ,mammo? #cj ,woolly ,rh9oc]os #bcc ,rh9oc]os hemit*us #b ,horse #dja ,! ,great ,urus #af ,bison #cj ,! ,iri% ,elk #ce ,re9de] #cj ,r$ ,de] #b ,lemm+ #a ,! rema9s ( ^! animals 7 s int]m+l$ t !y mu/ h be5 liv+ toge!r at ! same "t4 ,!y lie l>ge ) small1 ! m ) ! less d5se1 & are n 9 ! lea/ degree sort$ by wat]4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( ! hyna succe$+ to ! cave-be>1 or ! re9de] to ! urus1 or t ! be>s came "h to die1 z 9 "s ( ! ,g]man caves1 or t ! h]bivores fell1 or 7 swept into op5 fissures1 & left _! rema9s1 z 9 ! caves ( ,hutton & ,plym\?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! num]\s jaws & tee? ( hyna1 & ! m>ks ( ^? tee? ^u ne>ly e "o ( ! specim5s1 %[ t !y alone introduc$ ! rema9s t 7 f\nd 9 su* abundance4 ,& !y prey$ n m]ely ^u horses1 uri1 & o!r h]bivores1 b ^u "o ano!r 7,figs4 #ib1 #ic71 & !y ev5 ov]came ! cave-be> & lion 9 _! full prime4 ,"s ( ! bones ( ! l>g] animals1 & 9 p>ticul> a leg-bone ( a gigantic urus1 h be5 brok5 %ort across & n bitt5 ?r\gh--a circum/ance :i* po9ts t[>ds "o ( ! causes ( ! va/ accumulation ( bones 9 s small a cave4 ,x is well kn[n t wolves & hynas at ! pres5t day are 9 ! habit ( hunt+ 9 packs1 & ( =c+ _! prey ov] precipices4 ,! ,wookey rav9e is admirably situat$ = ?is mode ( hunt+1 & w\ld n fail to de/roy any animal =c$ into x f ! hill-side4 ,x is !re=e v probable t ! hynas sometimes caught _! prey 9 ?is mann]4 ,!y w\ld n h d>$ to attack ! be>s & lions unless ^! _h be5 disabl$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,longitud9al ,section ?r\gh ,d ( ,fig4 #hc4 ,dott$ area bone-b$4 ,b if all ! rema9s ( ! animals 7 introduc$ by ! hynas1 !y c]ta9ly 9 "s cases d n occupy ! exact position 9 :i* !y 7 left by ^? animals4 ,"o ( ! bone lay]s 7,fig4 #ia7 = in/ance1 actually t\*$ ! ro(4 ,?is1 inde$1 has be5 us$ z an argum5t 9 fav\r ( _! hav+ be5 introduc$ by wat]1 f "s unkn[n repository4 ,b if ?is hypo!sis be admitt$1 we are l&$ 9 ! foll[+ dilemma3 ei!r ! introduc+ curr5t ( wat] mu/ h pass$ d[n ! v]tical passages1 or upw>ds ?r\gh ! horizontal m\? ( ! cave4 ,9 ! =m] case ! ?ree bone lay]s w\ld n h be5 f\nd 9 ! n>r[ passages1 b w\ld h be5 swept out into ! wide *amb]1 :]e ! =ce ( ! hypo!tical curr5t mu/ h abat$4 ,9 ! latt] case ! great bulk ( ! rema9s w\ld h be5 f\nd 9 ! *amb]1 & n 9 ! small] passages4 ,moreov]1 ! abs5ce ( m>ks ( transport by wat]1 & especially ( t sort+ action :i* wat] z a convey+ ag5t always manife/s1 r5d]s ! view ( _! be+ s introduc$ unt5able4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! horizontality ( ! lay]s ( bone1 & ! pres5ce ( s& & ( r$ e>?1 imply t wat] 0 an ag5t 9 re-arrang+ ! bones & 9 introduc+ "s ( ! cont5ts ( ! cave4 ,! only solution ( ! difficulty t ,i c haz>d is ! occurr5ce ( floods f "t to "t1 dur+ ! occupation ( ! hynas1 simil> to ^? :i* n[ take place 9 ! cav]ns ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,a few ye>s ago1 ! outlet ( ! ,axe 9 ! great cave 0 p>tially block$ up1 & ! wat] rose to a height ( upw>ds ( sixte5 feet1 leav+ a horizontal deposit ( r$ e>? ( ! same nature z t 9 ! hyna-d54 ,n[ if we suppose t simil> floods 7 caus$ by an ob/ruction 9 ! rav9e bel[ ! hyna-d51 x may h be5 flood$1 j z ! upp] gall]ies ( ! great cave1 & ! wat] lad5 ) s$im5t might h elevat$ ! lay]s ( matt$ bone1 & "s ( ! scatt]$ rema9s on ! surface1 :ile ! curr5t 0 insuffici5t to di/urb ! /ones1 or to affect to any ext5t ! deposits ( =m] floods4 ,! buoyancy ( ! organic rema9s is n requir$ to be great]1 on ?is hypo!sis1 ?an 9 t ( _! hav+ be5 introduc$ by a curr5t ?r\gh ! v]tical passages4 ,"s ( ! wet bones tak5 /raight f ! cave 7 suffici5tly light to be c>ri$ d[n by ! curr5t ( ! ,axe4 ,all ^! facts tak5 toge!r enable u to =m a cle> idea ( ! condition ( ?+s at ! "t ! hyna-d5 0 inhabit$4 ,! hynas 7 ! normal occupants ( ! cave1 & ?i!r !y br\ght _! prey4 ,we c realize ^? animals pursu+ elephants & rh9oc]oses along ! slopes ( ! ,m5dip1 till !y sc>$ !m into ! precipit\s rav9e1 or wat*+ until ! /r5g? ( a disabl$ be> or lion ebb$ away suffici5tly to all[ ( its be+ ov]come by _! c[>dly /r5g?4 ,man appe>$ f "t to "t on ! sc5e1 a mis]able savage arm$ ) b[ & spe>1 unacqua9t$ ) metals1 b def5d$ f ! cold by coats ( sk94#aih ,sometimes he took possession ( ! d5 & drove out ! hynas2 = x is impossible = bo? to h liv$ 9 ! same cave at ! same "t4 ,he k9dl$ 8 fires at ! entrance1 to cook 8 food1 & to keep away ! wild animals2 !n he w5t away1 & ! hynas came to _! old abode4 ,:ile all ?is 0 tak+ place !re 7 floods f "t to "t until ev5tually ! cave 0 completely block$ up ) _! deposits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--;,gnaw$ jaw ( ,hyna1 f ,hyna-d5 at ,wookey 7#a_/b74 ,dott$ outl9e portion eat54 ,! w9t] cold at ! "t mu/ h be5 v sev]e to admit ( ! pres5ce ( ! re9de] & lemm+4 ,! di/rict ( ! ,m5dip ,hills at a high] level ?an n[4 ,:5 we reflect on ! va/ quantities ( ! rema9s ( ! animals buri$ 9 ! caves ( s limit$ an area z ! ,m5dip ,hills1 x is evid5t t !re mu/ h be5 abundance ( food to h enabl$ !m to live 9 ! di/rict4 ,! great m>% n[ ext5d+ f ,wells to ! sea1 & cutt+ (f ! ,m5dips f ! f]tile region to ! s\?1 0 probably a ri* valley at a high] level ?an at pres5t1 jo9+ ! we/w>d pla9s n[ subm]g$ "u ! ,bri/ol ,*annel4 ,an elevation ( f #ajj to #cjj feet w\ld produce ! physical conditions necess>y = ! su/5ance ( ! h]bivora f\nd 9 ! caves bo? 9 ,s\? ,wales & ,som]set%ire4 ,! *>act]s ( a ,hyna-d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--;,a & ,b1 upp] & l[] jaws ( ,hyna-:elp1 ,wookey4 ,! rema9s ( ! animals :i* h be5 eat5 by ! cave-hyna1 may be recogniz$ by ! foll[+ *>act]s4 ,all are m or less scor$ by tee?1 & ! only p]fect bones are ^? :i* are solid1 or ( v d5se texture4 ,! skulls are repres5t$ m]ely by ! h>d] portions4 ,t ( ! woolly rh9oc]os1 = example1 by ! h>d p$e/al :i* supports ! ant]ior horn 7see ,fig4 #cj74 ,sev]al ( ^! p$e/als occurr$ 9 ! ,wookey hyna-d54 ,! l[] jaws also h lo/ _! angle & coronoid process1 & are gnaw$ to ! patt]n ( ! %ad$ portion ( ,fig4 #ib1 ! less succul5t "p be>+ ! tee? be+ reject$4 ,?is holds good ( ! jaws ( all ! animals s p]si/5tly1 t out ( m ?an two hundr$ f ,wookey !re 0 only "o exception4 ,! jaw ( ! glutton 7,fig4 #hb71 f ,plas ,heaton1 is also gnaw$ to ! same %ape1 & "o ( ^? ( ! cave-be> f ! cav]n ( ,lh]m1 consid]$ by ,m4 ,g>rig\ to h be5 fa%ion$ by ! h& ( man into an implem5t1 seems to me1 aft] a c>eful comp>ison 9 company ) ,dr4 ,falcon]1 ref]able solely to ! gnaw+ ( ! hyna4 ,9 ,fig4 #ib1 ! l[] jaw ( an adult hyna is repres5t$1 & 9 ,fig4 #ic 7#a7 ! upp] & l[] jaws ( a hyna-:elp4 ,9 ! latt] ! tee? m>ks a & b are rem>kably di/9ct4#aii ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--,left ,?igh-bone ( ,woolly ,rh9oc]os gnaw$ by ,hynas2 ,%ad$ p>ts left4 7,wookey ,hole47 ,! m>r[-conta9+ bones are also univ]sally spl9t]$ away1 until ei!r ! articul> ends alone are left1 z 9 ,fig4 #hj1 or 9 "s cases1 z 9 t ( ! femur ( woolly rh9oc]os 7,fig4 #id71 ! d5se c5tral portion be>+ ! ?ird tro*ant] is pres]v$4 ,?is fragm5t is extremely abundant 9 ne>ly all ! hyna-caves 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,f ! inv>iable habit ( ! hyna leav+ ! bones ( its prey 9 fragm5ts ( ?is k9d1 _! d5s are *>act]iz$ by ! abs5ce ( p]fect long-bones & skulls1 & consequ5tly1 :5 ^! occur 9 a cave x is c]ta9 pro( t x 0 n occupi$ by ^! animals4 ,9 a great _m caves1 h[ev]1 ! gnaw$ fragm5ts are associat$ ) ! p]fect bones1 z1 = example1 at ,banwell1 a circum/ance t may be acc\nt$ = by ! unt\*$ c>cases & ! gnaw$ fragm5ts be+ swept 9 f ! surface by a /ream fall+ into a swall[-hole4 ,9 all hyna-d5s also are l>ge quantities ( album grcum1 z well z fragm5ts ( bone m or less poli%$ by ! friction ( ! hyna's feet4 ,! ,caves ( ,devon%ire4 ,! ossif]\s caves on ! s\? coa/ ( ,devon%ire1 explor$ dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 are by f> ! mo/ important 9 ?is c\ntry1 s9ce !y 7 ! fir/ :i* 7 sci5tifically exam9$1 & ! fir/ :i* e/abli%$ ! co-exi/5ce ( man ) ! ext9ct mammalia4 ,we owe ! full details ( _! hi/ory to ! lab\rs ( ! di/+ui%$ cave-hunt] ,mr4 ,p5gelly1 ,f4,r4,s41#bjj ^: writ+s are freely us$ 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt4 ,! ,ore/on ,caves4 ,! fir/ intimation ( ! pres5ce ( fossil bones 9 ! di/rict 0 furni%$ by ,mr4 ,:idbey1 ! eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ! con/ruction ( ! ,plym\? breakwat]1 :o discov]$ num]\s bones & tee?1 imb$d$ 9 clayey loam1 9 "s cav]n\s fissures at ,ore/on1 :i* 7 br\ght be=e ! ,royal ,society by ,sir ,ev]>d ,home 9 #ahag4 ,?us ,dr4 ,buckl&'s rese>*es 9 ,kirkdale 7 anticipat$ by f\r ye>s4 ,f "t to "t1 s9ce t date1 sev]al o!r fissures & caves close by h furni%$ rema9s ( rh9oc]os1 mammo?1 hyna1 lion1 & o!r animals4 ,among ! bones & tee? orig9ally s5t up by ,mr4 ,:idbey are sev]al :i* 7 id5tifi$ by ,pr(4 ,busk1#bja z belong+ to ! ,rh9oc]os meg>h9us1 a species t is va/ly abundant 9 ! pleioc5e /rata ( nor!rn ,italy & is also repres5t$ 9 ! e>ly plei/oc5e =e/-b$ ( ,norfolk & ,suffolk1 & 9 ! l[] bricke>?s ( ! valley ( ! ,?ames at ,grays & ,cray=d4 ,?is is ! only case on record ( ! discov]y ( ! animal 9 a cav]n deposit4 ,! cav]n\s fissures 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,yealmpton1#bjb ab\t sev5 miles ea/-s\?-ea/ f ,plym\?1 explor$ by ,mr4 ,bellamy & ,colonel ,mudge1 ,r4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 9 #ahce-f1 conta9$ ! rema9s ( ! hyna & rh9oc]os1 & ! o!r animals m usually associat$ ) !m4 ,!y 7 probably fill$1 z 9 ! case ( ,ore/on1 ma9ly by ! /reams :i* introduc$ ! pebbles4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 f "t to "t h be5 inhabit$ by ! hynas1 al?\gh ! pres5ce ( ?ree skulls ( t animal =bids ! supposition t !y dragg$ 9 all ! fossil bones4 ,! ,caves at ,brixham4 ,! s]ies ( fissures accid5tally discov]$ 9 #aheh1 9 qu>ry+ ! rock :i* ov]looks ! little fi%+ t[n ( ,brixham1 kn[n z ! ,w9dmill cave1 0 select$ by ! late ,dr4 ,falcon]1#bjc z a spot 9 :i* ?or\gh inve/igation w\ld be likely to decide ! !n d\btful "q ( ! co-exi/5ce ( man ) ! ext9ct mammalia4 ,k5t's ,hole _h be5 di/urb$ by repeat$ digg+s1 & ! results might be view$ ) suspicion4 ,he1 !re=e1 urg$ ! importance ( a sy/ematic exam9ation ( ?is virg9 cave ) su* effect1 t x 0 und]tak5 by ! ,royal & ,geological ,societies1 & a committee 0 appo9t$1 compris+1 among/ o!rs1 ,dr4 ,falcon]1 ,pr(4 ,ramsay1 ,mr4 ,pre/wi*1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ,pr(4 ,ow51 ,mr4 ,godw9-,au/51 & ,mr4 ,p5gelly4 ,to ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! la/ is ma9ly due ! m9ute c>e ) :i* ! exploration 0 conduct$4 ,! rema9s h be5 id5tifi$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] & ,pr(4 ,busk4 ,! "w 0 comm5c$ 9 ,july #aheh1 & complet$ 9 ! summ] ( #ahei4bjd ,! cave consi/s ( ?ree pr9cipal gall]ies1 ) div]g+ passages1 runn+ 9 ! direction ( ! jo9ts f nor? to s\?1 & f ea/ to we/1 communicat+ ) ! surface at f\r po9ts4 ,! foll[+ is ! g5]al section 7,fig4 #ie7 ( ! deposits 9 desc5d+ ord]4 7,a47 ,on ! floor 0 a lay] ( /alagmite1 v>y+ f a few in*es to upw>ds ( a foot 9 ?ickness1 & conta9+ only tw5ty-five bones1 among :i* 7 ! hum]us ( a be>1 & ! antl] ( a re9de]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--;,diagram ( ,deposits 9 ,brixham ,cave4 7,p5gelly47 7,b47 ,r$di% cave-e>? ) fragm5ts & blocks ( lime/one1 & ( /alagmite1 g5]ally av]ag+ f two to f\r feet4 ,9 x #a1ajb bones 7 discov]$ irregul>ly scatt]$ ?r\gh its mass1 & belong+ to mammo?1 woolly rh9oc]os1 lion1 cave1 grizzly1 & br[n be>s1 re9de]1 & o!rs4 ,!y v>i$ 9 /ate ( pres]vation1 & "s 7 scor$ & m>k$ by tee?4 ,associat$ ) ^!1 ?irty-six rude fl9t implem5ts 7 met )1 ( indisputable human workman%ip1 & ( ! same g5]al ord] z ^? figur$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,mac,enery f ,k5t's ,hole4 ,among !m 0 "o lanceolate implem5t ) r\nd$ po9t & unwork$ butt end1 consid]$ by ,mr4 ,john ,evans1 ,f4,r4,s41 ( ! type ( ^? usually f\nd 9 ! valley gravels4#bje ,!re 01 !re=e1 ! mo/ conclusive evid5ce t man inhabit$ ! neighb\rhood1 ei!r be=e or dur+ ! "t ( ! accumulation ( ,b1 & be=e ^? physical *anges took place by :i* ! r$ silt ceas$ to be deposit$1 or ! /alagmite above began to be =m$4 7,c47 ,at ! bottom ( ! cave-e>? 0 a deposit ( gravel1 pr9cipally ( r\nd$ pebbles & devoid ( fossils4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! cave1 z %[n by ^! deposits1 is giv5 by ,mr4 ,pre/wi*1 9 ! report pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society1 z foll[s3-- 8,look+ at all ! ph5om5a ( ,brixham cave1 ! conclusion y\r report] has arriv$ at is1 t ! =mation ( ! cave comm5c$ & 0 c>ri$ on simultane\sly ) ! excavation ( ! valley2 t ! small /reams fl[+ d[n ! upp] tribut>y bran*es ( ! valley ent]$ ! we/]n op5+s ( ! cave &1 trav]s+ ! fissures 9 ! lime/one1 escap$ by l[] op5+s 9 ! *ief valley1 j z ! ,grotto d',arcy 0 =m$ by an ov]fl[ f ! cave tak+ a %ort cut ?r\gh ! lime/one hills1 r\nd :i* ! riv] w9ds4 ,^! tribut>y /reams br\ght 9 ! %+le b$ 7,fig4 #ie1 ,c71 :i* fills ! bottom ( ! fissure4 ,x 0 only dur+ occasional dr\ghts1 :5 ! /reams 7 dry1 t ! cave seems to h be5 frequ5t$ by animals1 _! rema9s be+ v sc>ce 9 t b$1 :ile indications ( man are comp>atively num]\s4 ,z ! excavation ( ! valley proce$$1 ! level ( ! /ream 0 l[]$ & became m re/rict$ to ! valley-*annel4 ,! cave consequ5tly became dri]1 & 0 m resort$ to by pr$atory animals1 :o c>ri$ 9 _! prey to dev\r1 & 0 less frequ5t$ by man4 ,at ! same "t ) ! p]iodical floods1 :i* !re is e reason to believe1 f o!r inve/igations1 7 s great dur+ ! quat]n>y p]iod1 ! cave w\ld long cont9ue to be subject to inundations1 ! muddy wat]s ( :i* deposit$ ! silt =m+ ! cave-e>?1 bury+ progressively ! bones left f season to season by succe$+ g5]ations ( bea/s ( prey4 ,by ! repetition at di/ant int]vals ( ^! inundations1 & by ! accumulation dur+ ! int]v5+ p]iods ( fre% crops ( bones1 ! bone-be>+ cave-e>?1 ,b1 0 gradually =m$4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! occasional visits ( man are indicat$ by ! r>e occurr5ce ( a fl9t implem5t1 lo/1 probably1 z he grop$ 8 way ?r\gh ! d>k passages ( ! cave4 ,z ! valley became deep]1 & z ) ! *ange ( climate at ! close ( ! 7plei/oc5e7 quat]n>y p]iod ! floods became less1 s did ! cave become dri] & m resort$ to by animals4 ,at la/ x seems to h become a place = p]man5t resort = be>s2 _! rema9s 9 all /ages ( gr[?1 includ+ ev5 suck+ cubs1 7 met ) 9 ! upp] "p ( ! cave-e>?1 9 great] numb]s ?an 7 ! bones ( any o!r animals4 ,^! animals resort$ especially to ! d>k] & m seclud$ fl9t-knife gall]y1 :]e #bba out ( #cff ( _! det]m9able bones 7 f\nd1 :]eas only tw5ty-six 7 met ) 9 ! re9de] gall]y4 8,f9ally1 z ! cave became out ( ! rea* ( ! flood wat]s1 ! dripp+s f ! ro(1 :i* up to ?is p]iod _h1 ) ! s+le exception be=e m5tion$1 be5 lo/ 9 ! accumulat+ cave-e>?1 or deposit$ 9 ?9 calc>e\s incru/ations on ! expos$ bones1 n[ comm5c$ t deposit ( /alagmite :i* seal$ up & pres]v$ undi/urb$ ! %+le & cave-e>? deposit$ "u =m] & diff]5t conditions4 ,! cave1 h[ev]1 /ill cont9u$ to be ! occasional resort ( bea/s ( prey2 = sp>se rema9s ( ! re9de]1 toge!r ) ^? ( ! be> & rh9oc]os1 7 f\nd 9 ! /alagmite floor4 ,aft] a "t ! fall+ 9 ( ! ro( at places 7& any e>?quake movem5t may h deta*$ blocks f x71 & ! ext]nal surface wea!r+1 /opp$ up "s p>ts ( ! cave1 & clos$ its entrances ) an accumulation ( dbris4 ,f t "t x ceas$ to be accessible1 except to ! small] rod5ts & burr[+ animals1 & s rema9$ unus$ & untrodd5 until its rec5t discov]y & exploration40#bjf ,mr4 ,p5gelly po9ts out#bjg an episode 9 ! hi/ory ( ! cave1 betwe5 ! =mation & ! fill+ up ) its pres5t cont5ts1 :i* is ( consid]able importance1 view$ 9 relation to ! deposits 9 ,k5t's ,hole4 ,ov] ! empty space 9 ,d1 ( ,fig4 #ie1 is an anci5t /alagmite floor1 ,e1 con/itut+ ! pres5t ceil+1 & %utt+ (f ,d f ! true ro( above1 ,e4 ,at ! "t ?is 0 =m$1 ! cave mu/ h be5 fill$ up to t level ) dbris1 fragm5ts ( :i* are set 9 ! inf]ior portion ( ! calc>e\s %eet4 ,subsequ5tly1 & be=e ! pres5t cont5ts1 ,a & ,b1 7 introduc$1 ! :ole ( ?is mat]ial has be5 swept away1 probably by an unusual flood simil> to t allud$ to 9 ! second *apt] 9 ! ,clapham cave4 ,! pieces ( /alagmite 9 ! cave-e>? are1 probably1 "s ( ! relics ( ! old] floor4 ,?is fill+ up1 re-excavat+1 & re-fill+ ) its pres5t cont5ts1 are ph5om5a :i* consid]ably complicate ! problems (f]$ n m]ely by ,brixham cave1 b also by ^? ( ,k5t's ,hole4 ,two o!r cav]ns 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,brixham1 ! 8,a% ,hole0 & 8,b5*10 h also yield$ ! rema9s ( ! re9de]1 hyna1 & sev]al o!r plei/oc5e species1 & are fully describ$ by ,mr4 ,p5gelly1 9 8 essays contribut$ to ! ,devon%ire ,association4#bjh ,k5t's ,hole4 ,! celebrat$ cave ( ,k5t's ,hole1#bji kn[n f "t immemorial1 0 fir/ f\nd to conta9 fossil bones by ,mr4 ,nor?more1 & ,sir ,w4 ,c4 ,trevelyan 9 #ahbd1 & 0 subsequ5tly explor$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,mac,enery 9 ! five foll[+ ye>s1 dur+ :i* he met ) fl9t implem5ts 9 association ) ! ext9ct animals 9 ! undi/urb$ /rata1 & obta9$ ! tee? ( ! sabre-too!d fel9e1 nam$ by ,pr(4 ,ow5 ,ma*airodus latid5s1 :i* has nev] be=e or s9ce be5 discov]$ 9 any o!r cav]n 9 ,brita94 ,8 manuscripts un=tunately 7 n us$ until !y pass$ into ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,vivian1 ( ,torquay1 :o publi%$ an ab/ract 9 #ahei4 ,subsequ5tly !y 7 publi%$ 9 full by ,mr4 ,p5gelly1 9 #ahfi4 ,! discov]y ( ! fl9t implem5ts1 v]ifi$ by ,mr4 ,godw9 ,au/5 9 #ahdj1 & six ye>s lat] also by a committee ( ! ,torquay ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 0 receiv$ ) incr$ulity by ! sci5tific _w1 until ! result ( ! exploration ( ! ,brixham cave _h plac$ ! fact ( ! co-exi/5ce ( man ) ! ext9ct mammalia beyond all d\bt4 ,9 #ahfd a committee#baj 0 appo9t$ by ! ,briti% ,association = ! c>ry+ on ! inve/igation1 :i* f t "t to ! pres5t has be5 conduct$ "u ! c>eful sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,p5gelly4 ,! cave consi/s ( two p>allel s]ies ( *amb]s & gall]ies1 an ea/]n & a we/]n1 :i* p5etrate ! l[ cliff ( ,devonian lime/one 9 ! direction ( ! jo9ts1 ) a nor!rn & s\!rn entrance1 v ne>ly at ! same level1 8ab\t fifty feet ap>t1 f #ahj to #aij feet above ! level ( mean tide1 & ab\t sev5ty feet above ! bottom ( ! valley imm$iately adjac5t40 ,! l>ge/ *amb] ( ! ea/]n s]ies is sixty-two feet f ea/ to we/1 & fifty-?ree f nor? to s\?4 ,! ext5t ( ! cave has n yet be5 asc]ta9$4 ,! cont5ts1 exam9$ ) ! m9ute/ c>e 7on ,mr4 ,p5gelly's me?od1 see ,app5dix ,i471 7 f\nd to be arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]4 7,a47 ,! surface 0 compos$ ( d>k e>? v>y+ 9 ?ickness f a few in*es to a foot1 on :i* re/$ l>ge blocks ( lime/one1 fall5 f ! ro(4 ,x conta9$ m$ival rema9s1 ,roman pott]y1 & combs fa%ion$ out ( bone1 simil> to ^? discov]$ 9 ! ,victoria & ,d[k]bottom caves 9 ,york%ire1 :i* prove t ! cave 0 frequ5t$ dur+ ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,a b>b$ iron spe>-head1 a bronze spe>-head1 o!r bronze articles1 & poli%$ /one celts1 e/abli% ! fact t x 0 also us$ dur+ ! iron1 bronze1 & neoli?ic ages4 ,?is /ratum conta9$ ! brok5 bones ( ! %ort-horn 7,bos longifrons71 goat1 & horse1 l>ge quantities ( *>coal1 & 0 to a great ext5t a refuse-heap l t 9 ! ,victoria cave4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--,lanceolate ,implem5t f ,k5t's ,hole 7#a_/a74 7,evans47#baa ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--,oval ,implem5t f ,k5t's ,hole 7#a_/a7 7,evans47 7,b47 ,bel[ ?is 0 a /alagmite floor1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f "o to ?ree feet1 cov]+ 7,c47 ,! r$ e>?1 ) /ones1 bones ( ! ext9ct animals1 & fl9t implem5ts1 associat$ toge!r 9 ! greate/ confusion1 z well z l>ge lumps ( /alagmite & ( breccia1 :i* _h be5 torn out ( a pre-exi/5t floor4 ,9 ! 8ve/ibule10 ne> "o ( ! entrances1 a black lay] b5ea? ! /alagmite1 compos$1 to a great ext5t1 ( *>coal1 indicat$ ! position ( ! fire-places1 & conta9$ a va/ numb] ( rude unpoli%$ paloli?ic implem5ts4 ,!re 7 also local /alagmitic b&s4 ,! fl9t implem5ts 7 met ) at v>i\s dep?s1 & consi/ ( ?ree di/9ct types3 ! lanceolate1 ,fig4 #if1 ! oval1 ) edge c>efully *ipp$ = cutt+1 ,fig4 #ig1 & ! flake 7see ,fig4 #ajf74 ,besides ^! a few implem5ts h be5 discov]$ ( ! same %ape z ^? f\nd 9 ! gravel b$s2 9 outl9e & section r\ghly triangul>1 & tap]+ to a po9t f a blunt base1 :i* 0 probably int5d$ to be held 9 ! h&4#bab ,sev]al articles ( bone & antl] 7 also met )1 compris+ an awl1 or pi]c]1 a ne$le ) ! eye l>ge en\gh to admit small pack?read1 & ?ree h>poon-heads1 "o ( :i* is b>b$ on bo? sides 7,fig4 #ih71 ! o!rs be+ m]ely b>b$ on "o side 7,fig4 #ii74 ,a r\nd$ pebble ( co>se r$ s&/one1 batt]$ into a *eese-l =m1 by be+ us$ z a hamm] 7,fig4 #ajj71 0 also f\nd4 ,all ^! articles br+ ! paloli?ic inhabitants ( ,k5t's ,hole into relation ) ^? ( ! caves & rock-%elt]s ( ! s\? ( ,france1 to be describ$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--;,h>poon f ,k5t's ,hole 7#a_/a74 7,evans47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--;,h>poon-head f ,k5t's ,hole 7#a_/a74 7,evans47 7,d47 ,! cave-e>? re/$ on a compact1 d>k r$ breccia compos$ ( angul> fragm5ts ( lime/one & pebbles ( s&/one emb$d$ 9 a s&y calc>e\s pa/e1 id5tical 9 con/itution ) ! fragm5ts ( ! old] breccia discov]$ 9 ! cave-e>?4 ,x has furni%$ bones ( be>s1 & f\r fl9t implem5ts4 ,! cave-e>?1 ,c1 & ! breccia1 ,e1 seem to /& to "o ano!r 9 an inv]se ratio z reg>ds ?ickness3 :]e ! =m] 0 ?91 ! latt] 0 sometimes z mu* z twelve feet ?ick4 ,f ?is relation1 z well z f ! imb$d$ fragm5ts ( ! latt]1 x may be conclud$ t ! =m] is ! m mod]n1 & t 9 ! int]val betwe5 _! accumulation ! latt] _h be51 to a consid]able ext5t1 brok5 up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--;,hamm]-/one 7#a_/b74 7,evans47 ,!re is v good reason = ! belief1 t be=e any ( ! pres5t cave-e>? 0 introduc$1 ,k5t's ,hole _h be5 fill$ ne>ly to ! ro( by an old] cave accumulation1 n[ repres5t$ by ! undi/urb$ breccia & ! includ$ fragm5ts4 ,9 a portion ( ! cave t]m$ ! 8gall]y10 !re is a %eet ( /alagmite1 ext5d+ ov]head f wall to wall1 & con/itut+ a ceil+ t rea*es f wall to wall1 )\t fur!r support ?an t (f]$ by its own cohesion4 ,above x1 9 ! lime/one rock1 !re is a consid]able alcove4 ,?is bran* ( ! cav]n1 !re=e1 is divid$ into ?ree /ories or flats1 t bel[ ! floor occupi$ ) cave-e>?1 t betwe5 ! floor & ! ceil+ entirely unoccupi$1 & t above ! ceil+ also )\t a deposit ( any k9d4 ,= su* a %eet ( /alagmite to h be5 =m$ x is absolutely necess>y = ! cave to h be5 fill$ up to its level ) mat]ials ( "s k9d1 j z x is necess>y = ! =mation ( a film ( ice t x %\ld be cry/alliz$ f ! surface ( wat]4 ,we may1 !re=e1 inf] t ,k5t's ,hole1 l ,brixham1 0 orig9ally fill$ up to ! level ( ! ceil+ 7see ,fig4 #ie1 ,e71 !n t ! cont5ts 7 swept out1 ) ! exception ( ! breccia1 & la/ly1 t ! pres5t cave-e>? 0 introduc$4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! rema9s ( be>1 & ( fl9t implem5ts1 9 ?is breccia also proves t man & be>s 7 liv+ 9 ! di/rict1 :ile x 0 be+ accumulat$1 probably by ! action ( ! floods to :i*1 f "t to "t1 ! cave 0 subject$4 ,all ! fl9t implem5ts 9 ! breccia are ( ! rud] & l>g] =m :i* is pres5t$ by ^? f ! plei/oc5e deposits ( ! ,somme1 ,se9e1 & ! riv]s ( ! s\? & ea/ ( ,engl&4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ! id5tification ( ! mammals 9 #ahfi1 ) ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,san=d1 ,i detect$ spl9t]s ( be>s' can9es1 f ! cave-e>?1 rem>kable = _! d5sity1 cry/all9e /ructure1 & semi-con*oidal fracture1 :i* 7 9 ! same m9]al /ate z ^? f ! old] breccia4 ,"o ( ^! _h be5 fa%ion$ into a flake aft] its m9]alization1 & pres5t$ an edge *ipp$ by use4 ,! too? f :i* x 0 /ruck 01 probably1 imb$d$ & m9]aliz$ 9 ! old] breccia1 !n wa%$ out ( x1 & aft]w>ds *os5 = ! manufacture ( an implem5t4 ,x 0 already fossil & alt]$ 9 /ructure 9 ! paloli?ic age4 ,! probable ,age ( ! ,ma*airodus ( ,k5t's ,hole4 ,! mo/ rem>kable animal discov]$ 9 ! cave1 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,mac,enery1 is ! ,ma*airodus latid5s1#bac or l>ge lion-l animal1 arm$ ) d\ble-edg$ can9es1 9 %ape l ! blade ( a sabre1 & ) two s]rat$ edges4 ,five can9es & two incisors 7 dug out ( ! cave-e>?1 ,c1 9 ! ,wolf's ,passage1 along ) va/ quantities ( bones & tee? ( ! mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 ,iri% elk1 horse1 & hyna4 ,"o ( ! can9es is repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #aja1 #ajb1 :i* are tak5 f "o ( ! orig9al plates drawn = ,dr4 ,buckl&1 & n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,torquay ,natural ,hi/ory ,society4 ,! two incisors1 ,figs4 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 are also *>act]is$ by _! s]rat$ edges4 ,a ?ird 0 discov]$ by ! exploration committee 9 ! same spot1 9 #ahgb1 sc>cely to be di/+ui%$ f t 9 ,figs4 #ajc1 #ajd1 :i* f9ally dispell$ ! scepticism ( "s em95t naturali/s z to :e!r any ( ^! tee? _h be5 obta9$ 9 ! cave by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,mac,enery4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #aja1 #ajb4--,upp] ,can9e ( ,ma*airodus1 ,k5t's ,hole 7#a_/a74 7,mac,enery47 ,! ,ma*airodus latid5s has be5 f\nd 9 plei/oc5e /rata 9 two localities 9 ,france3 9 a deposit ( diluvium1 ne> ,puy1 by ,m4 ,aym>d1 & 9 ! cav]n ( ,baume 9 ! ,jura1 consid]$ by ,m4 ,l>tet to be ( preglacial age4#bad ,9 ! latt] x 0 associat$ ) ! horse1 ox1 wild-bo>1 elephant1 a non-ti*or9e species ( rh9oc]os1 ! cave-be>1 & ! spott$ hyna4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahgc1 ,i met ) pro( t ! animal also liv$ 9 ,france 9 ! pleioc5e p]iod4 ,m4 ,lortet1 ! ,director ( ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 at ,lyons1 call$ my att5tion to a can9e1 9 ! ,palais des ,beaux ,arts1 :i* co9cides exactly 9 all its dim5sions ) "o ( ^? f ,k5t's ,hole4 ,x 0 f\nd at ,*agny 7,sane et ,loire7 ne> ,dijon1 along ) ,ma/odon arv]n5sis1 ! ,etruscan or meg>h9e species ( rh9oc]os1 horse1 beav] & hyna1 some:at resembl+ t f ! ,crag 7,hyna antiqua7 ( ,suffolk describ$ by ,mr4 ,lanke/]4 ,! species1 !re=e1 is pleioc5e1 & x belongs to a g5us :i* is widely di/ribut$ 9 ! meioc5e /rata ( ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 z well z 9 ! pleioc5e ( ,europe4 ,to :at era 9 ! complicat$ hi/ory ( ,k5t's ,hole is ?is animal to be assign$8 ,! m anci5t1 or ! m mod]n8 ,! evid5ce on ?is po9t is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 contradictory4 ,on ! "o h& x is a pleioc5e species1 belong+ to a gr\p ( animals t inhabit$ ,europe be=e ! l[]+ ( ! temp]ature caus$ ! invasion ( ! arctic mammalia f ! nor? & ! ea/3 x is moreov] ( a di/9ctly s\!rn type4 ,9 ! tee? m>ks on ! incisors1 ,figs4 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 z well z on ! can9es1 we h unmi/akeable traces ( ! pres5ce ( ! hyna2 & s9ce ! spott$ hyna ab\nds 9 ! cave1 to its tee? ! m>ks 9 "q may probably be ref]r$4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 probable t ! animal inhabit$ ,devon%ire dur+ an e>ly /age ( ! plei/oc5e p]iod1 be=e ! arctic invad]s _h tak5 full possession ( ! valley ( ! ,engli% ,*annel1 & ( ! l[ gr\nds :i* n[ lie )9 ! #ajj-;fa?om l9e (f ! ,atlantic %ore ( ,we/]n ,france4 ,!re mu/ necess>ily h be5 a sw++ to & fro ( animal life ov] ! great1 f]tile l[-ly+ region1 :i* is n[ subm]g$ 7see ,map1 ,fig4 #abf72 & be=e ! temp]ature ( ,france _h be5 suffici5tly l[]$ to ext]m9ate or drive out ! s\!rn =ms1 x is mo/ natural to suppose t 9 w>m seasons "s ( ! s\!rn mammalia w\ld f9d _! way nor?w>ds1 & especially a =midable c>nivore su* z ! ma*airodus4 ,! extreme r>ity ( its rema9s =bids ! hypo!sis t x 0 a regul> inhabitant ( ,brita9 dur+ ! plei/oc5e age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje4--;,incisors ( ,ma*airodus1 ,k5t's ,hole 7#a_/a74 7,mac,enery47#bae ,on ! o!r h&1 ! rec5t discov]y ( a second incisor 9 ! upp]mo/ portion ( ! cave-e>?1 9 ,july #ahgb1 9 ! same condition z ! rema9s usually f\nd1 & associat$ ) ! bones & tee? ( hyna1 horse1 & be>1 is consid]$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & ,mr4 ,p5gelly pro( ( ! animal hav+ liv$ dur+ ! deposition ( ! lat] cave-e>?1 or 9 ! lat] /age ( ! plei/oc5e4 ,! condition ( a bone1 h[ev]1 is a v fallaci\s guide to its antiquity1 & al?\gh ! fragm5ts ( ! old] cont5ts ( ! cave are 9 a diff]5t m9]al /ate1 x is improbable t ! ossif]\s cont5ts ( s l>ge a cave %\ld h be5 m9]aliz$ exactly 9 ! same way4 ,nor is an appeal to its p]fect /ate conclusive1 s9ce sev]al tee? ( be>1 :i* ,i h exam9$ f ! breccia1 are equally p]fect4 ,! view ( ! high antiquity ( ma*airodus 9 ,k5t's ,hole d]ives support f ! discov]y ( ,rh9oc]os meg>h9us at ,ore/on1 a species :i* is v abundant 9 ! ,italian pleioc5e /rata1 & n uncommon 9 ^? ( ,france1--a species ) its headqu>t]s 9 ! s\?1 b rang+ z f> nor? z ,norfolk 9 ! e>ly /age ( ! plei/oc5e age1 repres5t$ by ! =e/ b$ ( ,crom]1 & t liv$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,?ames1 :ile ! gravel-b$s ( ,cray=d & ,grays ,?urrock 7 be+ deposit$ by ! anci5t riv]4 ,! occurr5ce ( ei!r ( ^! animals 9 a cave is exceptional1 & ! pres5ce ( bo? 9 caves on ! edge ( ! great pla9 ext5d+ s\?w>ds f ! pres5t coa/l9e ( ,devon1 seems to me to imply t bo? 7 op5 dur+ ! e>ly /age ( ! plei/oc5e1 :ile ! pleioc5e mammalia 7 retreat+ be=e ! s\?w>d advance ( ! mammo?1 woolly rh9oc]os1 spott$ hyna1 re9de]1 & _! cong5]s1 at a "t ant]ior to ! l[]+ ( ! temp]ature t culm9at$ 9 ! glacial p]iod4 ,= ^! reasons x seems to me probable t ! ma*airodus belongs to an e>ly r ?an a late /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ,k5t's ,hole4 ,!re is an important po9t ( resemblance betwe5 ! mode ( ! occurr5ce ( ! ma*airodus 9 ,k5t's ,hole1 & ( ! meg>h9e rh9oc]os at ,ore/on4 ,! rema9s ( bo? 7 met ) only 9 "o spot1 & 7 n scatt]$ ?r\gh ! *amb]s & passages4 ,x may h happ5$ t 9 ! physical *anges :i* ^? caves h und]gone1 bo? 7 pres]v$ 9 a fissure l t describ$ 9 ! ,uphill cave 7p4 #bid71 & t subsequ5tly !y dropp$ d[n & became imb$d$ 9 a new] deposit4 ,9 fix+ ! age ( /rata 9 caves x seems to me t ! zoological evid5ce is ( f> great] weight ?an t ( m]e position1 :i* may be ! result ( accid5tal circum/ances4 ,! ,caves ( ,irel&4 ,! caves ( ,irel& w\ld probably af=d z ri* a fauna z ^? ( ,brita91 _h !y be5 explor$ ) equal c>e4 ,9 "o at ,%&on1 ne> ,dung>van1 ,wat]=d1 rema9s ( ! br[n be> 7,u4 arctos7 re9de]1 horse1 & mammo? 7 discov]$ 9 #ahei1 by ,mr4 ,br5an4#baf ,! fir/ ( ^! animals became ext9ct 9 ,irel& be=e ! hi/oric p]iod1 :ile x surviv$ 9 ,brita9 at lea/ z late z ! ,roman occupation4 ,! cave-be> is also record$ by ,dr4 ,c>te1#bag f ! same place1 b ! ?igh bone assign$ to x seems to me to belong to ! br[n1 or common species4 ,! mammo?1 s abundant 9 ,brita91 has only be5 discov]$ 9 two o!r localities 9 ,irel&1 at ,:ite*ur* ne> ,dung>van1 & at ,magh]ry ne> ,belturbet4#bah ,! range ( ^! animals ov] ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& 9 ! plei/oc5e age enables u to realize ! anci5t physical geography1 :i* w be treat$ 9 ! next & foll[+ *apt]s z "p ( ! g5]al "q ( ! physical condition ( nor?-we/]n ,europe at t "t4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,caves ,,( ,,nor?-,,we/]n ,,europe1 ,,& ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,fauna ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,atlantic ,,coa/l9e4 ,! ,caves ( ,france1 ,baume1 ( ,prigord4--,caves & ,rock-%elt]s ( ,belgium1 ,tr\ de ,naulette4--,caves ( ,switz]l&4-- ,cave-dwell]s & ,paloli?ic ,m5 ( ,riv]-deposits4-- ,classification ( ,paloli?ic ,caves4--,relation ( ,cave-dwell]s to ,eskimos4--,plei/oc5e animals liv+ nor? ( ,alps & ,pyr5ees4--,relation ( ,cave to ,riv]-b$ ,fauna4--,! ,atlantic ,coa/l9e4--,di/ribution ( ,paloli?ic ,implem5ts4 ,! ,caves ( ,france4 ,! caves ( ,france h be5 prov$1 by ! explorations c>ri$ on dur+ ! c\rse ( ! pres5t c5tury1 to conta9 ! same animals1 introduc$ "u ! same conditions z ^? :i* we h already describ$4 ,"s species1 h[ev]1 h be5 met ) :i* h n be5 discov]$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! cave ( ,lunel-viel1 = example1 ! common /rip$ hyna ( ,africa 7,hyna /riata7 has be5 f\nd by ,m>cel de ,s]res1 to :om belongs ! cr$it ( be+ ! fir/ sy/ematic explor] ( cav]ns 9 ,france4 ,9 t ( ,bruniquel1 ! ibex1 n[ f\nd only 9 ! high] m\nta9s 9 ,europe1 ! *amois & ! ,antelope saiga1 an animal inhabit+ ! pla9s ( ! region ( ! ,volga & ( s\!rn ,sib]ia1 h be5 id5tifi$ by ,pr(4 ,ow52 :ile 9 ! collection obta9$ by ,mr4 ,moggridge f ! caves ( ,m5tone1 ,pr(4 ,busk has recogniz$ ! m>mot4 ,) ^! exceptions !re is no di/9ction betwe5 ! faunas ( ! bone-caves ( ?is c\ntry & ( ,france4#bai ,! ,cave ( ,baume4 ,! ,ma*airodus latid5s1#bbj or great sabre-too!d fel9e ( ,k5t's ,hole1 has be5 discov]$ 9 ! cave ( ,baume 9 ! ,jura1 accord+ to ,m4 ,g]vais1#bba along ) ! horse1 ox1 wild-bo>1 elephant1 a non-ti*orh9e species ( rh9oc]os1 ! spott$ hyna1 & ! cave-be>1 or ! same gr\p ( animals z t ) :i* x is f\nd 9 ,k5t's ,hole4 ,! cave is consid]$ by ,m4 ,l>tet#bbb to be ( preglacial age4 ,! ,caves ( ,prigord4 ,! caves & rock-%elt]s ( ,prigord1 explor$ by ! late ,m4 ,l>tet & our c\ntryman1 ,mr4 ,*ri/y1#bbc #ahfc-d1 h n only af=d$ cumulative pro( ( ! co-exi/5ce ( man ) ! ext9ct mammalia1 b h giv5 u a clue z to ! race to :i* he belong$4 ,!y p5etrate ! sides ( ! valleys ( ! ,dordogne & ,vezre at v>i\s levels1 z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #ga1 & are full ( ! rema9s left beh9d by _! anci5t inhabitants1 :i* give z vivid a picture ( ! human life ( ! p]iod1 z t reveal$ ( ,italian mann]s 9 ! fir/ c5tury by ! buri$ cities ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii4 ,! old floors ( human occupation consi/ ( brok5 bones ( animals kill$ 9 ! *ase1 m+l$ ) rude implem5ts1 weapons ( bone1 & unpoli%$ /one1 & *>coal & burnt /ones :i* po9t out ! position ( ! he>?s4 ,flakes 7,fig4 #ajf7 )\t numb]1 rude /one-cutt]s1 awls1 lance-heads1 hamm]s1 saws made ( fl9t or ( *]t1 re/ ple-mle ) bone ne$les1 sculptur$ re9de] antl]s1 engrav$ /ones1 arr[-heads1 h>poons1 & po9t$ bones1 & ) ! brok5 rema9s ( ! animals :i* _h be5 us$ z food1 ! re9de]1 bison1 horse1 ! ibex1 ! saiga antelope1 & ! musk %eep4 ,9 "s cases ! :ole is compact$ by a calc>e\s cem5t into a h>d mass1 fragm5ts ( :i* are to be se5 9 ! pr9cipal museums ( ,europe4 ,?is /range accumulation ( dbris m>ks1 beyond all d\bt1 ! place :]e anci5t hunt]s _h fea/$1 & ! brok5 bones & implem5ts are m]ely ! refuse ca/ aside4 ,! re9de] =m$ by f> ! l>g] portion ( ! food1 & mu/ h liv$ 9 enorm\s h]ds at t "t 9 ! c5tre ( ,france4 ,! sev]ity ( ! climate at ! "t may be inf]r$ by ! pres5ce ( ?is animal1 z well z by ! accumulation ( bones on ! spots on :i* man _h fix$ 8 habitation4 ,inde$1 _h n ?is be5 ! case1 ! decomposition ( s mu* animal matt] w\ld h r5d]$ ! place un9habitable ev5 by ! l[e/ savage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--;,fl9t-flake1 ,les ,eyzies 7#a_/a74 7,l>tet & ,*ri/y47 ,,fig4 #ajg4--;,fl9t ,scrap]1 ,les ,eyzies 7#a_/a74 7,l>tet & ,*ri/y47 ,,fig4 #ajh4--;,fl9t ,javel9-head1 ,laug]ie ,haute 7#a_/a74 7,l>tet & ,*ri/y47 ,besides ! animals m5tion$ above1 ! cave-be> & lion h be5 met ) 9 "o1 & ! mammo? 9 five localities1 & _! rema9s be> m>ks ( cutt+ or scrap+1 :i* %[ t !y fell a prey to hunt]s4 ,! ,iri% elk1 also1 & ! hyna occur respectively 9 ! cave ( ,laug]ie ,basse1 & ( ,m\/i]1 b ! latt] c]ta9ly did n ga9 access to ! refuse-heaps1 because ! v]tebr are intact :i* x is 9 ! habit ( eat+4 ,= ! same reason also1 ,m4 ,l>tet inf]s t ! hunt]s 7 n aid$ 9 ! *ase by ! dog4 ,!re is no evid5ce t !y 7 possess$ ( any dome/ic animal4 ,!re 7 no sp9dle :eels to indicate a k ( sp9n+1 nor pot%]ds to %[ an acqua9tance ) ! pott]'s art4 ,9 bo? ^! respects !y resemble ! ,fuegians1 ,eskimos1 & ,au/ralians1 & contra/ /rongly ) ! neoli?ic races4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--;,fl9t ,arr[-head1 ,laug]ie ,haute 7#a_/a74 7,l>tet & ,*ri/y47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--;,bone ne$le1 ,la ,madela9e 7#a_/a74 7,l>tet & ,*ri/y47 ,! brok5 bones %[ t ! re9de] furni%$ ! m usual food1 & next to t ! horse1 & !n ! bison4 ,& f ! abs5ce ( ! v]tebr & pelvic bones ( ! two latt] animals1 ,m4 ,l>tet concludes t !y 7 cut up :]e !y 7 kill$1 & ! meat /ripp$ f ! backbone & ! pelvis4 ,_! food 0 probably cook$ by boil+1 ! numb] ( r\nd /ones us$ = heat+ wat] & be>+ m>ks ( fire1 l ! 8pot boil]s0 ( "s ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 be+ v consid]able4 ,among ! /one implem5ts fl9t flakes 7 incr$ibly num]\s1 & ! numb] ( *ips scatt]$ ab\t z well z ! blocks ( fl9t f :i* !y _h be5 /ruck1 prov$ t !y _h be5 made on ! spot2 mo/ ( ^! flakes 7 not*$ by use 7,fig4 #ajf74 ,in/rum5ts ) ! ends c>efully r\nd$ (f 7,fig4 #ajg7 7 also abundant1 & f _! analogy ) simil> in/rum5ts us$ by ! ,eskimos1 !re c be b little d\bt t !y 7 int5d$ = ! prep>ation ( sk9s 7comp>e ,fig4 #ajg ) ,fig4 #abd74 ,! ends ( "s 7 *ipp$ to a po9t = ins]tion into a h&le1 :ile o!rs r\nd$ at bo? ends 7 probably us$ freely 9 ! h&4 ,9 ! cave ( ,m\/i] oval implem5ts 7 met )1 resembl+ ^? figur$ f ! cav]ns ( ,k5t's ,hole & ,wookey 7,figs4 #hd & #ig74 ,! spe>1 javel91 & arr[-heads ( fl9t pres5t$ two modes ( atta*m5t to ! %aft1 ! base ( "s be+ squ>$ (f ) a not* above = ! ligature 7z 9 ,fig4 #ajh71 :ile 9 o!rs 7,fig4 #aji7 x tap]$ (f into a po9t int5d$ = ins]tion4 ,?is latt] =m has be5 obta9$ also 9 ,k5t's ,hole4 ,! bone ne$les are c>efully smoo!d1 & 7 pi]c$ ) a neatly-made eye 7,fig4 #aaj7 by means ( po9t$ flakes :i* 7 f\nd along ) !m1 & ! use ( :i* ,m4 ,l>tet demon/rat$ by exp]im5t4 ,!y _h be5 sawn out ( ! compact metac>pals & t>sals ( ! re9de]#bbd & ! horse1 & subsequ5tly r\nd$ on fragm5ts ( s&/one1 ! grooves ( :i* fitt$ !m4 ,9 ?is1 !re=e1 we h n m]ely ! evid5ce t ! hunt]s 7 9 ! habit ( sew+1 b also we h vividly br\ght be=e u ! v me?od by :i* _! ne$les 7 manufactur$4 ,!y 7 probably us$ = sew+ sk9s toge!r1 ! t5don ( a re9de] =m+ ! ?read1 z among ! mod]n ,eskimos4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #aaa1 #aab4--;,h>poons ( ,antl]1 ,la ,madela9e4 7,l>tet & ,*ri/y47 ,,figs4 #aac1 #aad4--;,arr[-heads1 ,gorge d',enf]4 7,broca47 ,,fig4 #aae4--;,bone ,awl1 ,gorge d',enf] 7#a_/a74 7,broca47 ,! heads ( arr[s & lances are made pr9cipally out ( re9de] antl]1 & are b>b$1 ! b>bs g5]ally be+ groov$1 & c>v$ on bo? sides ( ! axis 7,figs4 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac72 b 9 "s cases1 z 9 ,fig4 #aad1 ! b>bs are only on "o side4 ,_m bones & antl]s are v>i\sly c>v$ into %apes = :i* x is impossible to assign a def9ite use4 ,fig4 #aae is a bone awl4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4--;,c>v$ ,h&le ( ,re9de] ,antl] 7#a_/b74 7,l>tet & ,*ri/y47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--,two sides ( ,re9de] ,antl]1 ,la ,madela9e 7#a_/a74 7,l>tet & ,*ri/y47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--;,horses engrav$ on ,antl]1 ,la ,madela9e 7#a_/a74 7,l>tet & ,*ri/y47 ,! mo/ rem>kable rema9s left beh9d by man 9 ^! refuse-heaps are ! sculptur$ re9de] antl]s1 & ! figures engrav$ on fragm5ts ( s*i/ & on ivory4 ,a well-def9$ outl9e ( an ox /&s out boldly f "o piece ( antl]4 ,a second pres5ts u ) a mo/ elegant design3 a re9de] is kneel+ d[n 9 an easy attitude ) its head ?r[n up 9 ! air1 s t ! antl]s re/ on ! %\ld]s1 & ! back ( ! animal =ms an ev5 surface = a h&le1 :i* is too small to be grasp$ 9 an ord9>y ,european h& 7,fig4 #aaf74 ,9 a ?ird a man /&s close to a horse's head1 & h>d by is a fi% l an eel2 & on ! o!r side ( ! same cyl9d] are two heads ( bison1 drawn ) suffici5t cle>ness to ensure recognition by anyone :o _h ev] se5 t animal 7,fig4 #aag74 ,on a f\r? ! natural curvature ( "o ( ! t9es has be5 tak5 advantage ( by ! arti/ to engrave ! head1 & ! *>act]i/ic recurv$ horns ( ! ibex2 & on a fif? are figures ( horses 7,fig4 #aah71 9 :i* ! upright di%evel$ mane & %aggy ungroom$ tail are repres5t$ ) admirable _s4 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld appe> t ! arti/ _h drawn ! heads out ( all proportion to ! bodies4 ,a horse's skeleton1 h[ev]1 f ! paloli?ic 8/ation0 at ,solutr1 lately set up 9 ! ,museum at ,lyons1 proves t ?is is n ! case1 s9ce1 z ,m4 ,lortet po9t$ out to me1 x is rem>kable = its massive head1 & small body4 ,9 ,fig4 #aai a gr\p ( re9de] are se51 two on _! backs1 & two 9 ! act ( walk+4 ,! ,iri% elk1 r$-de]1 & probably rh9oc]os1 are also depict$1 ! figures ^u ! h>d s*i/ be+ feebly & unc]ta9ly drawn1 z might be expect$ f ! "* ( ! tools4 ,! mo/ clev] sculptor ( mod]n times w\ld1 probably1 n succe$ v mu* bett] if 8 grav] 0 a spl9t] ( fl9t1 & /one & bone 7 ! mat]ials to be engrav$4 ,"o peculi>ity runs ?r\gh ! figures ( animals4 ,) b two exceptions none ( ! feet are repres5t$1 a circum/ance :i* is probably due1 z ,mr4 ,franks has sugge/$ to me1 to ! fact t ! hunt]s m]ely repres5t$ :at !y saw ( ! animal1 ( :i* ! feet w\ld be conceal$ by ! h]bage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4--;,gr\p ( ,re9de]1 ,dordogne4 7,broca47 ,! mo/ /rik+ figure t has be5 discov]$ is t ( ! mammo?1#bbe ,fig4 #abj1 engrav$ on a fragm5t ( its own tusk1 ! peculi> spiral curvature ( ! tusk & ! long mane1 :i* are n n[ to be f\nd 9 any liv+ elephant1 prov+ t ! orig9al 0 famili> to ! eye ( ! arti/4 ,! discov]y ( :ole c>cases ( ! animal 9 nor!rn ,sib]ia1 pres]v$ f decay 9 ! froz5 cliffs & morasses1 has made u acqua9t$ ) ! exi/5ce ( ! long hairy mane4 ,_h n x ?us be5 h&$ d[n to our eyes1 we %\ld probably h treat$ ?is mo/ accurate draw+ z a m]e arti/'s freak4 ,its peculi>ities are s fai?fully depict$ t x is q impossible = ! animal to be conf\nd$ ) ei!r ( ! two liv+ species4 ,^! draw+s probably employ$ ! idle h\rs ( ! hunt]1 & p]petuate ! sc5es :i* he witness$ 9 ! *ase4 ,!y are full ( arti/ic feel+1 & are evid5tly drawn f life4 ,! mammo? is engrav$ on its own ivory1 ! re9de] g5]ally on re9de] antl]1 & ! /ag on /ag antl]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4--,mammo? engrav$ on ,ivory1 ,la ,madela9e 7#a_/b74 7,l>tet & ,*ri/y47 ,f all ^! facts we mu/ picture to our m9ds1 t ^! anci5t dwell]s 9 ! caves ( ,aquita9e liv$ by hunt+ & fi%+1 t !y 7 acqua9t$ ) fire1 & t !y 7 clad ) sk9s sewn toge!r ) s9ews or /rips ( inte/9es4 ,t !y did n possess ! dog is %[n1 n m]ely by ! negative evid5ce ( its n hav+ be5 discov]$1 b also by ! fact t ! bones :i* x inv>iably eats1 su* z ! v]tebr1 are pres]v$4 ,!y did n possess any dome/ic animals1 & !re is no evid5ce t !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ! pott]'s art4 ,m4 de ,mortillet's view1 t ! art ( mak+ pott]y 0 unkn[n 9 ! paloli?ic age1 seems to me to be probably true1 ! reput$ cases ( ! discov]y ( pot%]ds be+ always connect$ ) suspici\s circum/ances1 :i* r5d] x probable t !y 7 subsequ5tly introduc$4 ,besides ! rema9s ( ! animals 9 ! refuse-heaps 7 fragm5t>y portions ( human skeletons1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 n scrap$ or brok5 s z to imply ! practice ( cannibalism4 ,caves ( ,belgium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--;,c>v$ ,implem5t ( ,re9de] ,antl]1 ,goyet 7#a_/b74 7,dupont47 ,! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,s*m]l+#bbf into ! caves ( ,belgium1 9 #ahbi-cj1 reveal$ ! fact t ! animals s abundant 9 ! caves ( ,g]many1 7 equally num]\s 9 ^? 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lige1 & ! fl9t flakes1 & ! fragm5ts ( human bones1 :i* he f\nd may possibly be ( paloli?ic age4 ,he also discov]$ ! rema9s ( ! porcup9e1 a species no long] liv+ nor? ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees4 ,! sy/ematic exploration1 h[ev]1 ( ! paloli?ic caves 9 t di/rict 0 n c>ri$ out until1 9 ! ye> #ahfd1 ,m4 ,dupont#bbg began ! inve/igation ( ^? 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,d9ant-sur-,meuse1 on behalf ( ! ,belgian ,gov]nm5t4 ,8 results1 bas$ ^u ! exam9ation ( upw>ds ( tw5ty caves & rock-%elt]s1 are publi%$ 9 a s]ies ( pap]s read be=e ! ,royal ,academy ( ,belgium & subsequ5tly 9 a sep>ate "w4 ,besides ! rema9s ( ! animals liv+ 9 ,belgium )9 ! hi/oric p]iod1 he met ) ! ibex1 *amois1 & m>mot1 :i* are n[ to be f\nd only 9 ! m\nta9\s di/ricts ( ,europe1 ! tailless h>e1 lemm+1 & arctic fox1 ( ! nor!rn regions1 ! ,antelope saiga1 grizzly be>1 lion1 hyna1 & o!rs4 ,mo/ ( ^! species occurr$ 9 refuse accumulations1 _! rema9s be+ 9 ! fragm5t>y condition ( ^? ( ! ,fr5* caves4 ,! associat$ implem5ts are ( ! same type z ^? ( ,prigord1 & "s ( !m are ornam5t$ 9 ! same mann] z1 = example1 t f ! cav]n ( ,goyet1 ,fig4 #aba1 t]m$ a 8bton de comm&em5t10 b :i*1 f its analogy ) simil> articles 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is mo/ probably an arr[-/raight5]4 ,^? ( fl9t are also ( ! same k9d1 & 9 sev]al ( ! caves !re 0 ! same association ( fragm5t>y human rema9s ) ! relics ( ! fea/s z 9 ! ,fr5* refuse-heaps4 ,tr\ de ,naulette4 ,! human rema9s consi/+ ( a l[] jaw1 ulna & metat>sal1 discov]$ 9 ! l>ge cav]n ( ,naulette1#bbh on ! left bank ( ! ,lesse1 9 association ) ! brok5 rema9s ( ! rh9oc]os1 mammo?1 re9de]1 *amois1 & m>mot1 are und\bt$ly ( paloli?ic age1 s9ce !y re/$ 9 an undi/urb$ /ratum4 ,m4 ,dupont gives ! foll[+ section 9 desc5d+ ord]4 ,,metres4 #a4 ,s&y grey & yell[ clay #bij #b4 ,yell[ grey clay ) /ones & bones ( rum9ants #jde #c4 ,/alagmite4 #d4 ,tufa4 #e4 ,?ree b&s ( clay alt]nat+ ) /alagmite4 #f4 ,s&y clay ) human bones at ! dep? ( f\r metres4 #g4 ,/alagmite4 #h4 ,cave-e>? ) bones gnaw$ by hynas4 ,! human jaw is rem>kable = its progna?ism1 :i*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,hamy1 is great] ?an t :i* has be5 obs]v$ 9 any liv+ races4 ,! cave _h af=d$ %elt] to ! hynas be=e x _h be5 us$ by man4 ,! ,caves ( ,switz]l&4 ,! caves ( ,switz]l& also conta9 ! same class ( rude implem5ts & c>v+s4 ,pr(4 ,rup]t ,jones has call$ my att5tion to a rec5t discov]y ( c>v$ re9de] antl]s1 & h>poon-heads1 simil> to ^? figur$ f ! ,dordogne1 9 a cave 9 ! ,canton ( ,s*aaffhaus51#bbi along ) ! bones ( hyna1 re9de]1 & mammo?4 ,9 t ( ,veyri]1#bcj c>v$ implem5ts 7 f\nd along ) ! rema9s ( ! ox1 horse1 *amois1 & ibex1 "s ( :i*1 %[n to me by ,dr4 ,gosse1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,fr5* ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 at ,lyons 9 #ahgc1 are ( ! same =m & size z ! arr[-/raight5] f ! cave ( ,goyet 7,fig4 #aba74 ,we may1 !re=e1 inf] t ! same paloli?ic race ( m5 once rang$ ov] ! :ole region f ! ,pyr5ees & ,switz]l&1 z f> to ! nor? z ,belgium4 ,& s9ce ,pr(4 ,fraas has obta9$ simil> implem5ts f a refuse-heap at ,s*uss5reid 9 ,wrtemb]g1 !y w&]$ z f> to ! ea/ z t di/rict1 :ile ! discov]ies 9 ,k5t's ,hole & ,wookey ,hole prove t !y ext5d$ z f> to ! we/ z ,som]set%ire & ,devon%ire4 ,cave-dwell]s & ,paloli?ic ,m5 ( ! ,riv]-gravels4 ,^! paloli?ic cave-dwell]s are consid]$ by ,mr4 ,evans#bca to belong to ! same race z ^? :o h left _! rude fl9t implem5ts 9 ! riv]-gravels 9 ! valleys ( ! ,?ames1 ! ,somme1 ! ,se9e1 & 9 ! ea/]n c\nties1 z f> to ! nor? z ,pet]bor\gh4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 all[ t a m>k$ diff]5ce is to be obs]v$ betwe5 a s]ies ( fl9t implem5ts f\nd 9 ! caves1 z comp>$ ) a s]ies f\nd 9 ! riv]-/rata1 al?\gh "s =ms are common to ! two2 z = in/ance "s ( ^? f\nd 9 ,brixham & ,k5t's ,hole4 ,?is diff]5ce c sc>cely be expla9$ on ! supposition t ! small ?+s w\ld be less likely to be pres]v$ 9 ! fluviatile deposits1 because x leaves ! r>ity 9 ! caves ( ! l>g] fluviatile =ms unacc\nt$ =4 ,x is p]haps saf]1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 to consid] ! two sets to be di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,! direct sup]position 9 ,k5t's ,hole ( ! /ratum ) ! ord9>y cave-type ( implem5t1 ov] t ) ! ord9>y fluviatile type1 may p]haps prove t ! latt] is ! old]4 ,classification ( ,paloli?ic ,caves4 ,! paloli?ic caves are divid$ by ,m4 ,l>tet#bcb into f\r gr\ps1 accord+ to ! species ( animals :i* !y conta92 into ^? ( ! age ( ! cave-be>1 ( ! age ( ! mammo? & woolly rh9oc]os1 ( ! age ( ! re9de]1 & ( ! age ( bison4 ,dr4 ,hamy foll[s ,sir ,john ,lubbock1#bcc 9 consid]+ ! age ( ! cave-be> to be co-ext5sive ) t ( ! mammo?1 & 9 ! classification ( caves he adopts a s]ies ( transitions4 ,m4 ,dupont divides ! caves ( ,belgium into ^? belong+ to ! age ( ! mammo?1 & to t ( ! re9de]4 ,x is easy to ref] a giv5 cave to ! age ( ! re9de] or ( ! mammo? because x conta9s ! rema9s ( ^? animals1 b ! division has be5 r5d]$ wor?less = *ronological purposes1 by ! fact t bo? ^! animals inhabit$ ! region nor? ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees at ! same "t1 & are to be f\nd toge!r 9 ne>ly e bone-cave explor$ 9 t area4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cont5ts ( "o paloli?ic cave & ano!r1 is probably l>gely due to ! fact t man c\ld m easily cat* "s animals ?an o!rs1 z well z to ! pref]5ce = "o k9d ( food be=e ano!r4 ,& ! abundance ( ! re9de]1 :i* is suppos$ to *>act]ise ! re9de] p]iod1 may reasonably be acc\nt$ = by ! fact1 t x w\ld be m easily captur$ by a savage hunt]1 ?an ! mammo?1 woolly rh9oc]os1 cave-be>1 lion1 or hyna4 ,! classification w apply1 z ,i h %[n 9 my essay on ! plei/oc5e mammalia1#bcd nei!r to ! caves ( ?is c\ntry1 ( ,belgium1 nor ( ,france1 & my views are %>$ by ,m4 de ,mortillet1#bce aft] a c>eful & indep5d5t exam9ation ( ! :ole evid5ce4 ,! division ( ! caves also into ages1 accord+ to ! v>i\s types ( implem5ts f\nd 9 !m1 propos$ by ,m4 de ,mortillet1 seems to be equally unsatisfactory2 = !re is no great] diff]5ce 9 ! implem5ts ( any two ( ! paloli?ic caves1 ?an is to be obs]v$ betwe5 ^? ( two diff]5t tribes ( ,eskimos1 :ile ! g5]al resemblance is mo/ /rik+4 ,! pr9ciple ( classification by ! relative rud5ess1 assumes t ! progress ( man has be5 gradual1 & t ! rud] implem5ts are !re=e ! old]4 ,! diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 may h be5 due to diff]5t tribes1 or families1 hav+ co-exi/$ )\t int]c\rse ) ea* o!r1 z is n[ g5]ally ! case ) savage communities2 or to ! supply ( fl9t1 *]t1 & o!r mat]ials = cutt+ in/rum5ts1 be+ great] 9 "o region ?an 9 ano!r4 ,relation ( ,cave-dwell]s to ,eskimos4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4--;,eskimos ,spe>-head1 bone 7#a_/b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4--;,eskimos ,arr[-/raight5] ( ,walrus ,too? 7#a_/a74 7,brit4 ,mus47 ,c ^! cave-dwell]s be id5tifi$ ) any p n[ liv+ on ! face ( ! e>?8 or are !y z completely )\t repres5tatives z _! ext9ct contempor>ies1 ! mammo? & ! woolly rh9oc]os8 ,absolute c]ta9ty we _c hope to obta9 on ! po9t1 b ! cumulative evid5ce enables an answ] to be giv5 :i* is probably true4 ,along ! ,am]ican %ore ( ! great ,arctic ,ocean1 9 ! region ( ev]la/+ sn[1 dwell ! ,eskimos1 liv+ by hunt+ & fi%+1 speak+ ! same language1 & us+ ! same implem5ts f ! ,/raits ( ,behr+ on ! we/1 to ,gre5l& on ! ea/4 ,_! implem5ts & weapons1 br\ght home by ! arctic explor]s1 enable u to in/itute a comp>ison ) ^? f\nd 9 ! paloli?ic caves4 ,! h>poons 9 ! ,a%molean collection at ,ox=d1 br\ght ov] by ,capta9 ,bee*ey & ,lieut4 ,h>d+ f ,we/ ,georgia1 z well z ^? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 are almo/ id5tical 9 %ape & design ) ^? f ! caves ( ,aquita9e & ,k5t's ,hole2 ! only diff]5ce be+ t "s ( ! latt] h groov$ b>bs4 ,! heads ( ! f[l+ & fi%+ spe>s1 d>ts1 & arr[s1 z well z ! =m ( _! bases = ins]tion into ! %afts1 are also id5tical 7,fig4 #abb71 z may be se5 f a comp>ison ( ,fig4 #abb ) ,figs4 #ii & #aad4 ,! curi\sly c>v$ in/rum5t1 ,fig4 #abc1 :i* ! ,eskimos use = /raight5+ _! arr[s is v>i\sly ornam5t$ ) designs ( animals1 analog\s to ^? cut on ! re9de] antl]s 9 ,aquita9e2 & if x be comp>$ ) ! s-call$ 8bton de comm&em5t10 ,fig4 #aba1 x w be se51 t ! latt] also 0 probably int5d$ = ! same purpose2 ! diff]5ce 9 ! %ape ( ! hole 9 ! two figur$ specim5s be+ also obs]vable 9 ! s]ies ( ,eskimos arr[-/raight5]s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & be+ l>gely due to friction by use4 ,_m ( ! implem5ts are ! same 9 =m4 ,an ,eskimos /one scrap] = prep>+ sk9s1 or plane = smoo?+ wood1 is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #abd1 :i* is ins]t$ 9 a h&le ( fossil mammo? ivory1 obta9$ f ! froz5 ice-cliffs on ! %ores ( ! ,arctic sea4 ,if x be comp>$ ) ,fig4 #ajg f ! caves1 x w be se5 to be ( ! same patt]n4 ,x is inde$ n a little s+ul>1 t ! h&le 9 :i* x is imb$d$ %\ld h be5 =m$ out ( ! tusks ( ! same species ( elephant z t :i* 0 depict$ by ! paloli?ic hunt] 7see ,fig4 #abj71 9 ! s\? ( ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4--;,eskimos ,plane or ,scrap] 7#a_/a74 7,l>tet & ,*ri/y47 ,"s ( ! ,eskimos lance-heads ( /one 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are ( ! same type z t figur$ f ! caves ( ! ,dordogne 7,fig4 #ajh74 ,! mo/ rem>kable objects br\ght home f ! nor!rn regions are ! implem5ts ( bone & antl] :i* are ornam5t$ ) ! figures ( animals hunt$ by ! ,eskimos on sea or l&4 ,on ! side ( "o b[ 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum1 us$ = drill+ holes1 y see !m h>poon+ ! :ale f _! sk9 boats1 & cat*+ birds4 ,on a second !y are h>poon+ walrus & cat*+ seals2 on a ?ird ! seals are be+ dragg$ home4 ,! huts 9 :i* !y live1 ! te!r$ dogs1 ! boat support$ on its plat=m1 & _! daily occupations are fai?fully repres5t$4 ,"o b[ is ornam5t$ ) a l>ge numb] ( porpoises1 :ile on ano!r is a re9de] hunt 9 :i* ! animals are be+ attack$ :ile !y are cross+ a =d4 ,on a bone implem5t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f ,=t ,cl>5ce1 ! re9de] are be+ %ot d[n by ar*]s 7,fig4 #abe74 ,! arr[ /raight5]1 ,fig4 #abc1 is adorn$ ) a re9de] hunt+ sc5e1 9 :i* ! animals are se5 br[s+ & unsuspici\s ( ! approa* ( ! hunt]s1 :o are advanc+1 clad 9 re9de] sk9s & we>+ antl]s on _! heads4 ,a comp>ison ( ^! v>i\s designs ) ^? f ! caves ( ,france & ,belgium %[s an id5tity ( plan & workman%ip1 ) ?is diff]5ce only1 t ! hunt+ sc5es famili> to ! paloli?ic cave-dwell] 7 n ! same z ^? famili> to ! ,eskimos on ! %ores ( ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,ea* sculptur$ ! animals he knew1 & ! :ale1 walrus1 & seal 7 unkn[n to ! inl& dwell]s 9 ,aquita9e1 j z ! mammo?1 bison1 & wild horse are unkn[n to ! ,eskimos4 ,! re9de]1 :i* !y bo? knew1 is repres5t$ 9 ! same way by bo?4 ,! ,we/ ,georgians made _! dirks ( walrus too?1 & ornam5t$ !m ) c>v+s ( ! backbones ( fi%es2 ! p ( ,aquita9e us$ = ! same purpose re9de] antl]s1 & ornam5t$ !m ) figures ( t animal 7see ,fig4 #aaf74 ,& x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! latt] _h suffici5t arti/ic feel+ to depict ! mammo? on mammo? ivory1 ! re9de] g5]ally on re9de] antl]1 & ! /ag on its own antl]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4--;,eskimos ,hunt+-sc5e 7#a_/a74 7,=t ,cl>5ce47 ,an appeal to ! habits ( ^! two peoples1 n[ sep>at$ by s wide an int]val ( space & "t1 t5ds also to %[ t !y are desc5d$ f ! same /ock4 ,! me?od ( accumulat+ l>ge quantities ( ! bones ( animals ar\nd _! dwell+-places1 & ! habit ( splitt+ ! bones = ! sake ( ! m>r[1 is ! same 9 bo?4 ,_! hides 7 prep>$ by ! same sort ( in/rum5ts & 9 ! same mann]1 & ! ne$les ) :i* !y 7 sewn toge!r are ( ! same patt]n4 ,! few rema9s ( man among ! relics ( fea/s 9 ! caves ( ,belgium & ,france1 %[ ! same disreg>d ( sepulture z t impli$ by ! human skulls ly+ ab\t along ) num]\s bones ( walrus1 seal1 dog1 be>1 & fox1 9 an ,eskimos camp 9 ,igloolik1 :i* 7 c>ri$ away by ,capta9 ,lyon1 )\t ! slighte/ objection on ! "p ( ! relatives ( ! dead4 ,all ^! facts c h>dly be m]e co9cid5ces1 caus$ by bo? peoples lead+ a savage life "u simil> circum/ances3 !y af=d reasons = ! belief t ! ,eskimos ( ,nor? ,am]ica are connect$ by blood ) ! paloli?ic cave-dwell]s ( ,europe4 ,to ! objection t savage tribes liv+ "u simil> conditions use simil> in/rum5ts1 & t1 !re=e1 ! correspond5ce ( ^? ( ! ,eskimos ) ^? ( ! re9de] folk does n prove t !y belong to ! same race1 ! answ] may be made1 t !re are no two savage tribes n[ liv+ :i* use ! same set ( implem5ts1 )\t be+ connect$ by blood4 ,! agreem5t ( "o or two ( ! m common & rud] in/rum5ts may be p]haps ( no value 9 classification1 b if a :ole set agree1 fitt$ = v>i\s uses1 & "s ( !m ris+ above ! mo/ common wants ( savage life1 we mu/ admit t ! argum5t z to race is ( v great value4 ,! implem5ts f\nd 9 ,belgium1 ,france1 or ,brita9 diff] sc>cely m f ^? n[ us$ 9 ,we/ ,georgia1 ?an ! latt] d f ^? n[ 9 use 9 ,gre5l& or ,melville ,p59sula4 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 seems inevitable1 t s f> z we h any evid5ce ( ! race to :i* ! dwell]s 9 ! ,dordogne belong1 t evid5ce po9ts only 9 ! direction ( ! ,eskimos4 ,?is conclusion is to a great ext5t confirm$ by a consid]ation ( ! animals f\nd 9 ! caves4 ,! re9de] & ! musk %eep af=d food to ! ,eskimos n[1 j z !y af=d$ x to ! paloli?ic hunt]s 9 ,europe4 ,no naturali/ w\ld d5y t ! plei/oc5e musk %eep is ( ! same species z t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & al?\gh ! animal is ext9ct 9 ,europe & ,asia1 its rema9s1 scatt]$ ?r\gh ,g]many1 ,russia 9 ,europe1 & ,sib]ia1 %[ t x =m]ly rang$ 9 ! :ole ( t area4 ,! enorm\s di/ance1 !re=e1 ( s\!rn ,france f ! nor!rn %ores ( ,am]ica1 _c be consid]$ z an ob/acle to ?is view1 =1 to say ! lea/1 paloli?ic man w\ld h _h ! same *ance ( retreat+ to ! nor?-ea/ z ! musk %eep4 ,! mammo? & bison h also be5 track$ by _! rema9s 9 ! froz5 riv] gravels & morasses ?r\gh ,sib]ia1 z f> to ! nor?-ea/ z ! ,am]ican side ( ! ,/raits ( ,behr+4 ,paloli?ic man appe>$ 9 ,europe ) ! arctic mammalia1 liv$ 9 ,europe along ) !m1 & disappe>$ ) !m4 ,& s9ce 8 implem5ts are ( ! same k9d z ^? ( ! ,eskimos1 x may reasonably be conclud$ t he is repres5t$ at ! pres5t "t by ! ,eskimos1 = x is mo/ improbable t ! conv]g5ce ( ! e?nological1 & zoological evid5ce %\ld be an accid5t4 ,^! views1#bcf :i* ,i advanc$ 9 #ahff1 h be5 to a great ext5t accept$ by ,sir ,john ,lubbock 9 8 la/ edition ( ,prehi/oric ,man4 ,plei/oc5e ,animals liv+ to ! ,nor? ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees4 ,! pr9cipal mammalia inhabit+ ,brita91 ,france1 & ,g]many dur+ ! plei/oc5e age1 & contempor>y ) man 9 ,europe1 are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table1 :i* %[s t ! fauna ( ! region to ! nor? ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees 0 rem>kably uni=m4 ,! cave-fauna ( ,prov5ce1 ,italy1 & ,spa91 w be treat$ ( 9 ! next *apt]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,k+ ,ar?ur's ,cave ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,hoyle ,cave ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,coygan ,cave ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,caldy ,fissure ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,blackrock ,fissure ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,long ,hole ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,spritsail ,tor ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,rav5scliff ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,cr[ ,hole ---------------------------------------- --------- ,bosco's ,d5 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,m9*9 ,hole ---------------------------------------- ----- ,bacon's ,hole ---------------------------------------- --- ,pavil& ---------------------------------------- - ,gallfa5an --------------------------------------- ,plas ,heaton ------------------------------------- ,plas-newydd ----------------------------------- ,cefn --------------------------------- ,victoria ------------------------------- ,kirkdale ----------------------------- ,gail5reu? ,cave --------------------------- ,species4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,homo paloli?icus-- ,paloli?ic ,man x x x x xx ,sp]mophilus citillus-- ,p\*$ ,m>mot ,arctomys m>motta-- ,common ,m>mot ,ca/or fib]--,beav] ,lepus timidus--,h>e x xx ,lepus v>iabilis-- ,alp9e ,h>e ,lepus cuniculus--,rabbit xx x ,lepus diluvianus-- ,ext9ct ,h>e ,lagomys pusillus-- ,tailless ,h>e ,mus lemmus--,lemm+ ,hy/rix dorsata-- ,porcup9e x ,felis leo 7v>4 spela7--,lion x x xxx x ,felis p>dus--,leop>d ,felis ,lynx--,lynx ,felis caff]--,caffir ,cat ,felis catus--,wild ,cat x x x ,ma*airodus latid5s ,gulo borealis--,glutton x x ,hyna crocuta 7v>4 spela7--,spott$ ,hyna xxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxx ,hyna /riata--,/rip$ ,hyna ,mu/ela m>tes--,m>t5 xxx ,mu/ela putorius-- ,polecat x xx ,mu/ela erm9ea--,weasel x x ,lutra vulg>is--,ott] x ,ursus arctos--,br[n ,be> xxx 8 x x ,ursus f]ox--,grizzly ,be>xxxxx xx x ,ursus spelu--,cave-,be> xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx x ,canis lupus--,wolf xxxxxx xxxxxxxxx ,canis vulpes--,fox xxxxxx xxxxxxxx ,canis lagopus--,arctic ,fox ,elephas primig5ius-- ,mammo? x x x xxxxxx x ,elephas antiquus x xx xx xxxx ,elephas ,africanus-- ,african ,elephant ,equus caballus--,horse xxxx x x xxx xx x ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us-- ,woolly ,rh9oc]os x xx xxxxx ,rh9oc]os hemit*us x xx xx xx x ,rh9oc]os meg>h9us ,bos urus--,urus ,bos bison--,bison xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xx x ,ovibos mos*atus-- ,musk ,%eep ,capra ibex--,ibex ,capella rupicapra-- ,*amois ,antilope saiga--,saiga ,sus scr(a--,wild ,bo> xx x xxxxxxxx ,c]vus elaphus--,/ag xxxxx x xx x ,c]vus capreolus--,roe x x x x ,c]vus megac]os-- ,iri% ,elk xxxxx xx x ,c]vus t>&us-- ,re9de] xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxx x ,hippopotamus amphibius 7v>4 major7-- x xx x ,hippopotamus ---------------------------------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,riv] ,deposits1 ,france ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,riv] ,deposits1 ,brita9 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,belgian ,caves ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,lunel ,viel ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,les ,eyzies ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,cro ,magnon ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,gorge d',enf] ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,laug]ie ,basse ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,laug]ie ,haute ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,la ,madela9e ---------------------------------------- --------- ,m\/i] ---------------------------------------- ------- ,k5t's ,hole ---------------------------------------- --- ,brixham ---------------------------------------- - ,wookey ,hole --------------------------------------- ,s&=d ,hill ------------------------------------- ,uphill ----------------------------------- ,bleadon --------------------------------- ,banwell ------------------------------- ,hutton ----------------------------- ,durdham --------------------------- ,species4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,homo paloli?icus-- ,paloli?ic ,man xx x xxx x xxx xx x ,sp]mophilus citillus-- ,p\*$ ,m>mot xx xx xx ,arctomys m>motta-- ,common ,m>mot x ,ca/or fib]--,beav] x xxx x ,lepus timidus--,h>e xx x xxx8x8 xx xx x ,lepus v>iabilis-- ,alp9e ,h>e x ,lepus cuniculus--,rabbit x x x x x ,lepus diluvianus-- ,ext9ct ,h>e x xx x ,lagomys pusillus-- ,tailless ,h>e x x x x ,mus lemmus--,lemm+ x x x xx ,hy/rix dorsata-- ,porcup9e x ,felis leo 7v>4 spela7--,lion xxxxxxxx x xxxxxx x ,felis p>dus--,leop>d xxx x x ,felis ,lynx--,lynx x x x ,felis caff]--,caffir ,cat xx ,felis catus--,wild ,cat x8 x xxx x ,ma*airodus latid5s x ,gulo borealis--,glutton xx x ,hyna crocuta 7v>4 spela7--,spott$ ,hyna xxxxxxxx x x xxx x ,hyna /riata--,/rip$ ,hyna x ,mu/ela m>tes--,m>t5 x x ,mu/ela putorius-- ,polecat x ,mu/ela erm9ea--,weasel x xx ,lutra vulg>is--,ott] x x x xx ,ursus arctos--,br[n ,be> x x xxx x xx x ,ursus f]ox--,grizzly ,be> x xx x xx x ,ursus spelu--,cave-,be> xxx xxx x x xx xx 787 ,canis lupus--,wolf x xxxxx x xx x xxxxxx x ,canis vulpes--,fox x xxxxx x xx x xxxxxx x ,canis lagopus--,arctic ,fox x ,elephas primig5ius-- ,mammo? xxxx xxx x xxx x xx xx x ,elephas antiquus x x xx x ,elephas ,africanus-- ,african ,elephant ,equus caballus--,horse xxxxxxxx x xxx x xxxxx x ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us-- ,woolly ,rh9oc]os x xxx x xx x ,rh9oc]os hemit*us x x x x ,rh9oc]os meg>h9us x x ,bos urus--,urus xx xxx x xxx x ,bos bison--,bison xxxxxx 8 xxx x xxx xx x ,ovibos mos*atus-- ,musk ,%eep x x x x ,capra ibex--,ibex xx x xxx x x ,capella rupicapra-- ,*amois x x x x x ,antilope saiga--,saiga x x x ,sus scr(a--,wild ,bo> x xx x x x x xxx x ,c]vus elaphus--,/ag xx xx x xxx x xxxxx x ,c]vus capreolus--,roe x x xx x ,c]vus megac]os-- ,iri% ,elk xxx x x x xx x ,c]vus t>&us-- ,re9de] xxxxx xx x xx x xx xx x ,hippopotamus amphibius 7v>4 major7-- x 787 x x ,hippopotamus ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,cave ,fauna ! same z ,riv]-b$ ,fauna4 ,if ?is li/#bcg ( animals f ! caves be comp>$ ) t ( ! riv]-deposits ( ,brita9 & ! cont95t1 x w be se5 t ! same fauna is pres5t 9 bo?1 & t !y are !re=e ( ! same geological age4#bch ,?is 0 ! conclusion to :i* ,dr4 ,falcon] 0 l$ by ! exam9ation ( ! caves ( ,g[]1 & x has be5 confirm$ by e subsequ5t discov]y4 ,! ,plei/oc5e ,coa/-l9e ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,europe4 ,! id5tity ( ! ,briti% plei/oc5e fauna ) t ( ! cont95t1 leads to ! conclusion t 9 ! plei/oc5e age ,brita9 0 connect$ ) ! adjac5t c\ntries by a bridge ( l&1 ov] :i* ! wild animals _h free means ( migration4 ,& ?is might be br\ght ab\t by a comp>atively small elevation ( ! area4 ,! s\nd+s %[ t ,brita9 & ,irel& con/itute m]ely ! upl&s ( a plateau n[ subm]g$ to ! ext5t ( ab\t #ajj fa?oms1 on ! side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,on ! ea/ x ext5ds at a dep? ( f tw5ty to fifty fa?oms1 9 ! direction ( ,belgium2 & on ! s\? x is only sunk f tw5ty to =ty fa?oms bel[ ! sea-level4 ,imm$iately to ! we/w>d ( ?is l9e ! sea deep5s s sudd5ly1 t !re is sc>cely any diff]5ce betwe5 ! l9es ( #ajj & ( #bjj fa?oms1 & ! dep? rapidly increases to #b1jjj4 ,7 ?is plateau elevat$ above ! sea to an ext5t ( #ajj fa?oms1 ! tract %ad$ 9 ! map 7,fig4 #abf7 w\ld unite ! ,briti% ,isles to ! cont95t1 & ! ,?ames & o!r riv]s on ! ea/]n coa/ w\ld unite ) ! ,elbe & ! ,rh9e to =m a riv] deb\*+ on ! ,nor? ,sea1 some:at aft] ! mann] :i* ,i h repres5t$ by tak+ ! deepe/ l9e ( s\nd+s4 ,! ,/raits ( ,dov] w\ld !n be ! wat]%$ betwe5 ?is valley ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 z x may be t]m$1 & t ( ! ,engli% ,*annel1 9 :i* ! ,se9e & ! ,somme & o!r ,fr5* riv]s jo9$ ^? ( ! s\? coa/1 & ultimately rea*$ ! ,atlantic4 ,evid5ce t ! latt] riv] fl[$ 9 ! c\rse assign$ to x 9 ! map is af=d$ by ! discov]y ( ! fre%-wat] mussel 7,unio pictorum71 record$ by ,mr4 ,godw9 ,au/5#bci to h be5 dr$g$ up by ,capta9 ,:ite f a dep? ( f #ej to #ajj fa?oms1 n v f> f :at ,i h tak5 to be its m\?4 ,we are also indebt$ to ,mr4 ,godw9 ,au/5 = ! discov]y ne> ?is spot ( banks ( %+le & littoral %ells1 :i* indicate ! position ( ! anci5t coa/-l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4--,physiography ( ,great ,brita9 9 ,late ,plei/oc5e ,age4 ,%ad$ area l& n[ subm]g$2 dott$ area region occupi$ by animals2 pla9 area region occupi$ by glaci]s4 ,! view t ! #ajj-;fa?om l9e m>ks ! limit ( ! plei/oc5e l& surface to ! we/1 is held by ,sir ,h4 de la ,b*e1 ,mr4 ,godw9 ,au/51 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 & o!r em95t geologi/s1 & x is support$ by _m facts t c be expla9$ 9 no o!r mann]4 ,to pass ov] ! discov]y ( a fre%-wat] %ell at ! bottom ( ! ,engli% ,*annel1 quot$ above1 ! di/ribution ( fossil mammalia at ! bottom ( ! ,g]man ,ocean 7repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #abf by ! dott$ area7 is analog\s to t :i* we f9d 9 ! riv] gravels & brick-e>?s on ! l&4 ,! quantity ( tee? & bones belong+ to ! mammo?1 woolly rh9oc]os1 horse1 re9de]1 & spott$ hyna1 & o!r animals1 dr$g$ up by ! fi%]m5 9 ! ,g]man ,ocean is almo/ incr$ible4 ,mr4 ,owles1 ( ,y>m\?1 in=m$ me 9 #ahfh t (f t place !re is a bank on :i* ! fi%+ nets are r>ely ca/ )\t br++ up fossil rema9s4 ,x seems mo/ probable1 t ^! accumulations h be5 =m$ "u suba]ial conditions ne> ! dr9k+ places1 or bel[ ! =ds1 :i* 7 us$ = ages by ! plei/oc5e animals4 ,i might quote z an example ( a simil> deposit ( fossils on ! l&1 t discov]$ 9 #ahff by ,capta9 ,lu>d1 ,r4,e41 9 digg+ ! f\ndations ( ! new cavalry b>racks at ,w9dsor1 :i* consi/$ ma9ly ( bones & antl]s ( re9de]1 ) a few c>nivores1 su* z ! br[n be> & wolf1 t usually foll[ re9de] 9 _! migrations 9 ,sib]ia4#bdj ,7 ?is subm]g$ x w\ld be a case precisely simil> to t (f ,y>m\?4 ,! anci5t =e/1 expos$ at l[ wat] "u ! cliffs on ! ,norfolk & ,suffolk %ores1 fl\ri%$ :5 ! l& /ood high] ?an x does n[4 ,traces ( a simil> =e/1 also at1 & bel[1 l[-wat] m>k1 h be5 met ) on ! %ore at ,selsea1 ne> ,*i*e/]1 9 ,sussex2 & rema9s ( ! mammo? h be5 dr$g$ up 9 sev]al places (f ! coa/1 z = example 9 ,torbay & 9 ,holyhead h>b\r1 or f\nd 9 gravel b$s ne> l[-wat] m>k1 z 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 & on ! nor? coa/ ( ,som]set at ,/4 ,audries1 ne> ,wat*et1 :]e a skull ) gigantic tusks re/$ 9 ! gravel4 ,9 all ^! facts we h ample pro( t ,brita9 /ood at a high] level 9 ! plei/oc5e age ?an at ! pres5t day4 ,! va/ abundance also ( ! mammalia 9 ! caves ( ,s\? ,wales & ,som]set1 & _! pres5ce 9 ! ,isl& ( ,caldy1 & x may be add$ 9 ,irel&1 c only be acc\nt$ = by ! elevation ( ! pres5t sea-bottom1 s z to all[ ( _! migration ov] pla9s cov]$ ) abundant pa/ure4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 to me t ! accompany+ map1 ,fig4 #abf1 repres5ts ) tol]able accuracy ! anci5t coa/-l9e ( ,brita91 & ( ! adjac5t p>ts ( ! cont95t 9 ! plei/oc5e age4 ,! f]tile valleys ( ! ,engli% ,*annel1 ,bri/ol ,*annel1 & ! ,g]man ,ocean1 w\ld af=d su/5ance to a l>ge & v>i$ fauna1 & num]\s h]bivores1 su* z ! re9de]1 bison1 & horse1 w\ld supply food to ! paloli?ic hunt]s1 :o foll[$ !m 9 _! annual migrations4 ,& x mu/ be rem>k$ on ?is hypo!sis1 t ! valley ( ! ,g>onne w\ld (f] a free passage bo? to ! animals & to ! hunt]s ( ,auv]gne d[n to ! prairie1 ext5d+ z f> z ! #ajj-;fa?om l9e (f ! ,fr5* coa/1 & t ! hunt+ gr\nds w\ld rea* to ,devon%ire & ,som]set )\t any b>ri] except t (f]$ by ! riv]s4 ,x is !re=e no wond] t ! implem5ts 9 ! caves ( ,k5t's ,hole1 ,wookey ,hole1 & ! ,s\? ( ,france1 %\ld be ( ! same type4 ,di/ribution ( ,paloli?ic ,implem5ts 9 ?is ,area4 ,?is geographical configuration 9 plei/oc5e times may p]haps acc\nt = ! di/ribution ( ! paloli?ic implem5ts 9 ! riv] gravels4 ,! ,se9e & ! ,somme deb\* into ! same valley z ! riv]s ( ! s\? ( ,engl&1 & ! ,/raits ( ,dov] m>k ! position ( a l[ wat]%$ lead+ into ! valley ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 on ! sides ( :i*1 9 ! ea/]n c\nties1 riv]-b$ implem5ts are s num]\s4 ,^! are ( ! same type 9 nor!rn ,france1 ,sussex1 ,hamp%ire1 ,k5t1 & z f> nor? z ! ,wa%2 & 7 !re=e us$ by ! same race ( m54 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ^? ( ! cave-dwell]s 9 ! s\? & we/1 may be due to _! possessors occupy+ diff]5t hunt+ gr\nds4 ,ea* tribe ( ,am]ican ,indians at ! pres5t "t has its own t]ritory = hunt+1 :i* is jeal\sly gu>d$ aga9/ encroa*m5t1 & 9 :i* ! articles peculi> to ! tribe are be+ accumulat$ 9 ! refuse-heaps1 :ile o!r sets are be+ accumulat$ 9 o!r di/ricts4 ,if we suppose t ! paloli?ic savages divid$ up _! hunt+ gr\nds 9 ?is mann]1 ! diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 ! implem5ts ( ! riv]-b$s & caves may be readily expla9$1 z well z _! be+ f\nd = ! mo/ "p 9 diff]5t areas4 ,! plei/oc5e climate 9 ! area nor? ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees w be treat$ 9 ! elev5? *apt]1 aft] ! exam9ation ( ! cave-fauna ( s\!rn ,europe4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,fauna ,,( ,,! ,,caves ,,( ,,s\!rn ,,europe ,,& ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,m$it]ranean ,,coa/-,,l9e ,,9 ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,age4 ,*anges ( ,level 9 ! ,m$it]ranean area 9 ,meioc5e & ,pleioc5e ,ages4--,bone-caves ( ,s\!rn ,europe4--,( ,gibralt>4--,( ,prov5ce & ,m5tone4--,( ,sicily4--,( ,malta4--,range ( ,pigmy ,hippopotamus4--,fossil ,mammalia 9 ,alg]ia4--,liv+ ,species common to ,europe & ,africa4--,evid5ce ( ,s\nd+s4--,! ,glaci]s ( ,lebanon4--,( ,anatolia4--,( ,atlas4--,glaci]s probably produc$ by elevation above ! ,sea4--,m$it]ranean ,coa/-l9e comp>atively mod]n4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h se5 t nor?-we/]n ,europe 0 elevat$1 dur+ ! plei/oc5e age1 to an ext5t ( at lea/ #fjj feet above its pres5t level2 s t ,irel& 0 unit$ to ,brita91 & ,brita9 0 jo9$ to ! ma9l& ( ,europe1 pro( ( ?is elevation be+ dep5d5t ^u ! s\nd+s on "o h&1 & ! di/ribution ( ! fossil mammalia on ! o!r4 ,su* a *ange mu/ necess>ily h affect$ ! :ole physical conditions ( ! area1 s9ce ! sub/itution ( a mass ( l& = a /ret* ( sea1 & ! high] altitude ( ! l&1 w\ld t5d to produce climatal extremes ( consid]able sev]ity4 ,x is inde$ no wond] t dur+ ?is "t ( cont95tal elevation1 ! hills ( ,wales1 ,york%ire1 ,d]by%ire1 ,cumbria1 & ,scotl& %\ld be cr[n$ ) glaci]s1 or t !re %\ld h be5 a migration to & fro ( animals1 comp>able to t :i* is n[ go+ on 9 ,sib]ia & ! nor!rn portions ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! condition ( s\!rn ,europe at t "t has a mo/ important be>+ on any conclusion :i* may be drawn z to ! plei/oc5e climate 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 or ,brita94 ,= if x be prov$ t ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea 0 !n small] ?an x is n[1 ! great] l&-surface w\ld increase bo? ! heat ( ! summ] & ! cold ( ! w9t] 9 c5tral & nor?-we/]n ,europe4 ,*anges ( ,level 9 ,m$it]ranean area 9 ,meioc5e & ,pleioc5e ,ages4 ,! geological evid5ce t ! ,m$it]ranean region has be5 subject$ to oscillations ( level dur+ ! t]ti>y p]iod1 is cle> & decisive4 ,pr(4 ,gaudry#bda has prov$1 9 8 "w on ! fossil rema9s f\nd at ,pik]mi1 t ! pla9s ( ,m>a?on1 n[ s re/rict$1 mu/ h ext5d$ 9 ! meioc5e age f> s\? into ! ,m$it]ranean1 s z to af=d pa/ure to ! enorm\s troops ( hipp>ions & h]ds ( antelopes1 ! ma/odons & l>ge ed5tata1 reveal$ by 8 ent]prise4 ,! rocky area ( ,attica1 z n[ con/itut$1 c\ld n h support$ su* a l>ge & v>i$ gr\p ( animals1 nor c\ld ! brok5 hills & lime/one plateaux h be5 inhabit$ by hipp>ions & antelopes1 if _! habits at all resembl$ ^? ( _! desc5dants liv+ at ! pres5t "t4 ,x may1 !re=e1 reasonably be conclud$ t ,greece1 9 ^? times1 0 prolong$ s\?w>ds1 & unit$ to ! isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago by a /ret* ( l&4 ,if ,africa 7 !n z n[ ! head-qu>t]s ( ! antelopes1 x is v probable t "o ( ! l9es by :i* !y pass$ ov] into ,europe1 & spread ov] ,france & ,g]many1 0 9 ?is direction4 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! *anges ( level1 :i* h tak5 place s9ce ! meioc5e age 9 ^? regions1 are s complicat$ z to r5d] x almo/ impossible to re/ore ! meioc5e geography4 ,9 ! succe$+1 or ! pleioc5e age1 ! pres5ce ( ! ,african hippopotamus 9 ,italy1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 c only be acc\nt$ = by a m direct connection ) ! ,african ma9l& ?an is (f]$ by a r\te ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea c\ld n !n h =m$ ! same b>ri] to ! nor!rn migration ( ! animals :i* x does n[4 ,9 _m regions1 h[ev]1 ! pres5t l& 0 !n sunk b5ea? ! sea1 & m>9e /rata1 ( pleioc5e age1 7 accumulat$ 9 ! ,val d',arno1 ,sicily1 & s\!rn ,france4 ,! physical geography#bdb ( ! ,m$it]ranean 9 ! plei/oc5e age may be asc]ta9$ ) consid]able accuracy by ! di/ribution ( ! animals1 c\pl$ ) ! evid5ce ( ! s\nd+s4 ,bone-caves ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,! mammalia 9 ! bone-caves ( s\!rn ,europe diff] f ^? ( ! region nor? ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees 9 ! abs5ce ( ! arctic species1 & ! pres5ce ( "s :i* are ( a m /rictly s\!rn type4 ,nev]!less1 ! influ5ce ( ! m\nta9s 9 l[]+ ! temp]ature 9 _! neighb\rhood is to be trac$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! rema9s ( c]ta9 animals4 ,?us1 9 ! caves ( ,gibralt> we f9d an ibex1 :i* _c be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! ,spani% si]ras1 & 9 ,m5tone & ,prov5ce1 a m>mot1 specifically id5tical ) t ( ! ,alps4 ,! bone-caves 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,m$it]ranean af=d mo/ important te/imony z to ! geographical *anges :i* h tak5 place1 s9ce ! animals f\nd 9 !m liv$ 9 t region4 ,we w take ^? ( ! ,ib]ian p59sula fir/4 ,caves ( ,gibralt>4 ,ossif]\s cav]ns h long be5 kn[n to occur 9 ! =tifi$ rock ( ,gibralt>1#bdc b 7 n exam9$ sci5tifically until ! ye> #ahfc1 :5 ! rese>*es ( ,capta9 ,brome1 ,pr(4 ,busk1 & ,dr4 ,falcon]1 prov$ t plei/oc5e species 7 buri$ 9 consid]able numb]s 9 its cavities & fissures4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important is ! great p]p5dicul> fissure 9 ,w9dmill ,hill1 call$ ! ,g5i/a cave1 :i* has be5 trac$ d[n to m ?an a dep? ( #bjj feet4 ,f ! upp] portion 7 obta9$ ! poli%$ /one implem5ts1 human skulls1 & o!r neoli?ic rema9s describ$ 9 ! six? *apt]1 p4 #bjd1 :i* prove t ,gibralt> 0 inhabit$ by ! ,basques 9 ! neoli?ic age1 :ile ! rema9s f ! l[] reveal$ ! pres5ce ( a s+ul>ly mix$ gr\p ( animals4 ,! fossil bones h be5 ref]r$ by ,pr(4 ,busk & ,dr4 ,falcon] to ! foll[+ species3-- ,lepus cuniculus1 rabbit4 ,felis leo1 lion4 ,f4 p>dus1 pan!r4 ,f4 caff]4 ,f4 p>d9a1 lynx4 ,f4 s]val1 s]val4 ,ursus f]ox1 grizzly be>4 ,canis lupus1 wolf4 ,equus caballus1 horse4 ,rh9oc]os hemit*us4 ,capra ibex1 ibex4 ,sus scr(a1 wild-bo>4 ,c]vus elaphus1 r$ de]4 ,c4 capreolus1 roe4 ,c4 dama1 fall[ de]4 ,! spott$ hyna1 ! s]val1 & ,felis caff]1 are species n[ peculi> to ,africa1 & x is obvi\s t !y c\ld n h f\nd _! way into ,gibralt> "u ! pres5t physical conditions ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,elephants & rh9oc]oses c\ld n h liv$ on s b>r5 & treeless a rock1 unless x _h ov]look$ a f]tile pla91 nor w\ld ! c>nivora h *os5 x = _! d5s1 _h x !n be5 cut (f f ! fe$+-gr\nds ( ! h]bivores4 ,_! pres5ce1 !re=e1 z ,dr4 ,falcon] ju/ly rem>ks1 implies ! exi/5ce ( l& n[ sunk b5ea? ! waves1 b !n ext5d+ s\?w>ds to jo9 ,africa4 ,to ! ,african animals1 m5tion$ above z inhabit+ ! ,ib]ian p59sula 9 ! plei/oc5e age1 ,m4 ,l>tet has add$ ! ,african elephant 7,e4 ,africanus7 & ! /rip$ hyna 7,,ii4 /riata71 :i* h be5 f\nd 9 a /ratum ( gravel ne> ,madrid along ) fl9t implem5ts4#bdd ,none ( ! purely arctic mammalia1 su* z ! re9de]1 musk %eep1 or woolly rh9oc]os1 s abundant 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,brita91 h be5 met ) s\? ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,bone-caves ( ,prov5ce & ,m5tone4 ,! arctic animals are also abs5t f ! num]\s bone-caves & bone breccias ( ,prov5ce & ,m5tone4 ,! plei/oc5e fauna ( ,prov5ce consi/s1 accord+ to ,m4 ,m>ion1#bde ( ! spott$ hyna1 & lion1 ,elephas antiquus or /raight-tusk$ elephant1 ,rh9oc]os hemit*us1 wild-bo>1 urus1 /ag1 horse1 & rabbit4 ,! breccias 9 ! isl& ( ,ratonneau h also furni%$ ! porcup9e1 br[n be>1 & tailless h>e4 ,man is prov$ to h be5 liv+ 9 ! di/rict at ! "t by ! discov]y ( p]=at$ & cut bones1 9 ! cave ( ,rians4 ,! fissures & caves ( ,m5tone1 explor$ by ,mr4 ,moggridge#bdf 9 #ahga1 & subsequ5tly by ,m4 ,rivire1 conta9$ a fauna compos$1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,busk1 ( ! foll[+ species3-- ,m>mot4 ,field-vole4 ,lion4 ,pan!r4 ,lynx4 ,wild-cat4 ,spott$ hyna4 ,wolf4 ,fox4 ,br[n be>4 ,cave-be>4 ,roe4 ,/ag4 ,ibex4 ,urus4 ,horse4 ,wild-bo>4 ,rh9oc]os hemit*us4 ,along ) ^! 7 l>ge quantities ( *>coal & fl9t flakes1 :i* prov$ t man _h inhabit$ ! di/rict :ile ! deposits 7 be+ =m$4 ,mr4 ,moggridge gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! results ( 8 exploration3--#bdg 8,! caves ( ! r$ rocks1 half a mile out ( ,m5tone1 are 9 l(ty rocks ( jurassic lime/one on ! %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & at an av]age height ( #ajj feet above t sea1 ! rocks !mselves atta9+ an elevation ( #bfj feet4 ,!y h n[ be5 repeat$ly rifl$ by ! le>n$ or ! curi\s2 b :5 ! pr9cipal cave 7,cavillon7 0 ne>ly intact1 ! au?or made a section ( x f ! mod]n or highe/ floor1 d[n to ! solid rock4 ,!re 7 five floors =m$ 9 ! e>? by long-cont9u$ trampl+2 on ea*1 & ne> ! c5tre1 7 m>ks ( fire1 ar\nd :i* brok5 bones & fl9ts 7 abundant1 except ^u ! l[e/1 :]e b few bones occurr$1 & no fl9ts4 ,! bones 7 ^? ( animals /ill exi/+4 ,few implem5ts 7 f\nd1 b _m *ips ( fl9t1 "s cores & /ones us$ z hamm]s4 ,p]haps ?is cave 0 us$ z a place = manufactur+ fl9ts1 :i* mu/ h be5 c>ri$ f _! native b$1 di/ant ab\t "o mile4 8,!re is no?+ to ev9ce ! action ( wat]2 on ! contr>y1 ! num]\s /ones t occur are all angul>4444 ,bel[ ^! caves a slope ( ab\t #ahj feet desc5ds to ! edge ( ! sea4 ,?r\gh ! upp] "p ( ?is slope1 at di/ances f ! cave ( f #j to t5 feet1 is a railway cutt+ #fjj feet long1 fifty-f\r feet deep1 & sixty feet above ! sea4 ,! mass remov$ 9 mak+ ?is cutt+ 0 compos$ ( angul> /ones n wat]worn4 ,loose at ! surface1 x soon became a m or less mature breccia1 = ! mo/ "p s h>d t x 0 bla/$ ) gunp[d]40 ,9 ?is breccia1 & at v>i\s dep?s1 "s ( m ?an ?irty feet1 ! au?or has tak5 out tee? ( ! be> 7,ursus spelu7 & ( ! hyna 7,hyna spela7 :ile ) & bel[ ^? tee? he f\nd fl9ts work$ by man4 ,! subsequ5t exploration by ,m4 ,rivire#bdh has result$ 9 no important addition to ! fauna3 ! fam\s human skeleton hav+ be51 z ,i h already rem>k$ 9 ! sev5? *apt]1 int]r$ 9 ! plei/oc5e /rata1 & probably n paloli?ic4 ,x may possibly be ( ! era ( ! upp] floors describ$ by ,mr4 ,moggridge1 9 :i* all ! rema9s belong to liv+ species4#bdi ,?is cave-fauna is m closely relat$ to t ( s\!rn ,europe ?an to t nor? ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees4 ,! /rip$ hyna f\nd 9 ! cave ( ,lunel-viel1 ,hrault1 by ,m>cel de ,s]res1 along ) ! re9de] & o!r animals1 probably belongs to ! same s\!rn gr\p4 ,bone-caves ( ,sicily4 ,c]ta9 memb]s ( ! ,african fauna are also prov$ to h rang$ nor?w>ds ov] ,europe 9 ! direction ( ,sicily1 by ! discov]ies 9 ! caves ( t isl&4 ,! ,sicilian bone-caves h be5 work$ = ! sake ( ! bones s9ce ! ye> #ahbi2 & ( ^! _m %iploads 7 s5t to ,m>seilles f ,san ,ciro1 belong+1 accord+ to ,m4 de ,*ri/ol1 pr9cipally to ! hippopotamus4 ,9 #ahei1bej ,dr4 ,falcon] exam9$ ! collections made f ?is cave1 z well z ^? :i* rema9$ 9 situ1 & c>ri$ on fur!r rese>*es into a second 9 ! neighb\rhood1 kn[n z ! ,grotto di ,maccagnone1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> two o!rs 7 discov]$ & explor$ 9 nor!rn ,sicily by ,b>on ,anca4 ,! species 7 z foll[s3-- ,homo1 man4 ,felis leo1 lion4 ,hyna crocuta1 spott$ hyna4 ,ursus f]ox1#bea grizzly be>4 ,canis4 ,c]vus1 de]4 ,bos1 ox4 ,equus1 horse4 ,sus scr(a1 bo>4 ,elephas antiquus4 ,elephas ,africanus1 ,african elephant4 ,hippopotamus major1 hippopotamus4 ,hippopotamus ,p5tl&i4 ,lepus4 ,! pres5ce ( man 0 indicat$ by *>coal & fl9t flakes4 ,! ,african elephant 0 obta9$ f ?ree caves3 f t ( ,san ,teodoro1 by ,b>on ,anca2 f ,grotta ,santa1 ne> ,syracuse1 by ! ,canon ,alessi2 & f a cave ne> ,pal]mo1 by ,m4 ,*>les ,gaud94 ,x is obvi\s t ! pres5ce ( ?is animal1 z well z ( ! spott$ hyna1 9 ,sicily c only be acc\nt$ = on ! hypo!sis t a bridge ( l& =m]ly exi/$1 by :i* !y c\ld pass f _! head-qu>t]s1 t is to say ,africa4 ,on ! o!r h& ! pres5ce ( ! grizzly be>1 & ( ! ,elephas antiquus implies t !y pass$ ov] into ,sicily1 f _! ,european headqu>t]s1 be=e ! exi/5ce ( ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a1 s9ce bo? animals are abundant on ! ma9l& ( ,europe4 ,! l>g] species ( hippopotamus1 d\btfully ref]r$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] to ! ,h4 major 7 ,h4 amphibius71 may h cross$ ov] ei!r f ,italy1 :]e its rema9s are v abundant 9 ! pleioc5e & plei/oc5e /rata1 or f ,africa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4--,mol> ( ,hippopotamus ,p5tl&i 7#a_/a74 7,sicily47 ,a small species ( hippopotamus1 ,h4 ,p5tl&i1 ,fig4 #abg1 occurs 9 incr$ible abundance 9 ! ,sicilian caves4 ,x be>s ! same relation1 9 po9t ( size1 to ! fossil v>iety ( ! ,african hippopotamus1 z ! liv+ ,h4 lib]i5sis does to ! latt]4 ,bone-caves ( ,malta4 ,! bone-caves ( ,malta 7 fir/ sci5tifically explor$ by ,admiral ,spratt1 9 #aheh1 & subsequ5tly by ,dr4 ,lei? ,adams1 & o!rs4 ,! ,maghlak ,cave ne> ! t[n ( ,cr5di1 conta9$ l>ge quantities ( ! ,hippopotamus ,p5tl&i1 toge!r ) ! gigantic dorm\se1 nam$ ,myoxus ,melit5sis4 ,a %ort di/ance (f a second cav]n1 explor$ by ,dr4 ,lei? ,adams1 conta9$ num]\s rema9s ( at lea/ two species ( pigmy elephant ab\t ! height ( a small horse4 ,its small size may be ga!r$ f ! accompany+ woodcut 7,fig4 #abh7 ( ! la/ l[] true mol>1 tak5 f ! li?ograph publi%$ 9 ,dr4 ,falcon]'s 8,palontographical ,memoirs10 vol4 ii4 pl4 xii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--,mol> ( ,elephas ,melit5sis1 ,malta 7#b_/c74 7,falcon]47 ,range ( ,pigmy ,hippopotamus4 ,! pigmy hippopotamus has liv$ also 9 o!r di/ricts 9 ! ,m$it]ranean region4 ,"o ( its tee?1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 0 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,lei? ,adams1 9 ,c&ia4 ,9 #ahgb ,i id5tifi$ 9 ! ,ox=d ,museum a la/ l[] true mol>1 :i* ext5ds ! range ( ?is species to ! ma9l& ( ,europe4 ,x 0 obta9$ by ,dr4 ,rolle/on f a ,greek tomb at ,megalopolis1 9 ! ,peloponese1 & 0 probably d]iv$ f "o ( ! _m caves 9 ! lime/one ( t di/rict4 ,= ?is ext9ct animal to h spread f ,sicily to ,malta1 f ,malta to ,c&ia1 & f ,c&ia to ! ,peloponese1 or vice v]s1 ^! ?ree isl&s mu/ h be5 unit$ to ! ,peloponese & h be5 ! high] gr\nds ( l&1 n[ subm]g$ b5ea? ! waves ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! view !re=e1 advanc$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] & ,admiral ,spratt1 t ,europe 0 connect$ ) ,africa by a bridge ( l&1 ext5d+ nor?w>ds f ,sicily1 is fully borne out by an exam9ation ( ! fossil rema9s bo? ( t isl& & ( ,malta 7see ,fig4 #abi74beb ,fossil ,mammalia 9 ,alg]ia4 ,if ! ,african ma9l& ext5d$ to ,europe 9 ! direction ( ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 & ( ,malta & ,sicily1 s z to af=d passage = ! ,african mammalia into ,europe1 x w\ld equally af=d passage = ! s\!rn advance into ,africa ( "s ( ! ,european mammalia4 ,evid5ce ( ?is we meet ) 9 a /ratum ( clay at ,mans\rah1 ne> ,con/ant9e1 9 ,alg]ia1 describ$ by ,m4 ,bayle 9 #ahed4bec ,! animals :i* he obta9$1 consi/+ ( ! ox1 antelope1 hippopotamus1 & elephant1 h be5 describ$ by ,pr(4 ,g]vais4 ,an exam9ation ( 8 figure ( a fragm5t ( a mol> too? leaves no room = d\bt1 t ! ,elephas m]idionalis 0 liv+ 9 nor? ,africa dur+ ! plei/oc5e age2 t is to say an ext9ct animal1 ! head-qu>t]s ( :i* are to be f\nd 9 ,italy1 rang$ z f> s\? z nor!rn ,africa4 ,liv+ ,species common to ,europe & ,africa4 ,! =m] cont9uity ( ,africa by way ( ! ,ib]ian p59sula & ,sicily1 may also be inf]r$ by ! di/ribution ( ! mammalia at ! pres5t "t4 ,pr(4 ,g]vais#bed obs]ves t mo/ ( ! insectivora are ! same 9 ,europe & nor? ,africa4 ,! g5ette & f]ret 7,ftorius furo71 ! ,mang\/a ,widdr+toni 7,gray71 & ! fall[ de]1 are common to ,spa9 & ,africa4 ,! porcup9e ( ,alg]ia belongs to ! same species z t ( ,italy & ,sicily1 & ! wild bo> does n pres5t any *>act]s ( importance by :i* x c be sep>at$ f t ( ,europe4 ,f ! pres5t range1 !re=e1 ( ! mammalia ! same conclusion may be drawn z to ! cont9uity ( ,africa ) ,europe z is af=d$ by _! di/ribution 9 ! plei/oc5e age4 ,evid5ce ( ,s\nd+s4 ,^! conclusions d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ! mammalia1 are corroborat$ & supplem5t$ by ! evid5ce ( ! s\nd+s4 ,z we ent] ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> 7,fig4 #abi7 ! ,atlantic ,ocean %all[s1 until betwe5 ,tangi]s & ,t>ifa x is n m ?an f #bgj to #cjj fa?oms4 ,betwe5 ,t>ifa & ,ceuta ! sea measures f #cjj to #djj fa?oms1 & !nce1 9 pass+ ea/w>ds1 sudd5ly deep5s to ! ext5t ( ov] #a1ejj fa?oms4 ,an elevation ( #djj fa?oms w\ld be q suffici5t to raise a b>ri] ( l& betwe5 ,morocco & ,spa91 & to insulate ! deep ,m$it]ranean bas9 f ! ,atlantic4 ,! s\nd+s betwe5 ,sicily & ,tunis are #bfj fa?oms2 betwe5 ! =m] place & ,malta1 #ee fa?oms2 betwe5 ,malta & ! ,african ma9l&1 #cdd fa?oms4 ,an elevation ( #djj fa?oms w\ld suffice !re=e to connect ,africa ) ,sicily1 & to insulate ! ea/]n f ! we/]n ,m$it]ranean dep?s4 ,to ! ea/ ( ,sicily ! s\nd+s reveal a dep? ( ov] #b1jjj fa?oms1 & ?is deep bas9 ext5ds z f> to ! ea/ z ,cyprus & ,asia ,m9or4 ,betwe5 ,c&ia & ! ,peloponese1 ! sea is #dfj fa?oms deep4 ,an elevation !re=e f #djj to #ejj fa?oms w\ld all[ ( ! passage ( ,hippopotamus ,p5tl&i f ,c&ia to ! ,peloponese1 & !nce by s\!rn ,italy into ,sicily & ,malta4 ,i h !re=e repres5t$ 9 ! map :at w\ld be ! necess>y result ( ! elevation ( ! bottom ( ! ,m$it]ranean to t ext5t4 ,two great b>ri]s ( l& w\ld unite ,africa ) ,spa9 & ,italy1 & enable ! ,african mammalia to f9d _! way into ! regions nor? ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,! %all[ness ( ! sea at ^? two po9ts indicates ! exi/5ce ( ! sunk5 b>ri]s4 ,! ,african elephant h[ev] did n pass f> nor?w>ds1 s9ce x has only be5 met ) 9 ,spa9 & ,sicily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4--,physiography ( ,m$it]ranean 9 ,plei/oc5e ,age4 ,su* a *ange 9 level z ?is w\ld conv]t ! ,adriatic into dry l&1 & cause ! isl&s ( ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago to rise high above ! surr\nd+ pla9s4 ,! #ejj-;fa?om l9e is !re=e tak5 to repres5t ! probable sea m>g9 ( ! plei/oc5e age1 al?\gh 9 c5tres ( volcanic activity1 su* z ,sicily & ! ,ar*ipelago1 local *anges ( level1 ev5 ( great] magnitude1 may h tak5 place4 ,?is view ( ! =m] elevation ( ! ,m$it]ranean area to a height ( f two to ?ree ?\s& feet above ! pres5t level w g f> to expla9 ! rem>kable traces ( glaci]s discov]$ 9 ,syria1 ,anatolia1 & ,morocco4 ,! ,glaci]s ( ,lebanon4 ,dr4 ,hook]1 9 8 j\rney to ,syria 9 #ahfj1 discov]$ t ! c$>s ( ,lebanon grew pr9cipally on "o spot1 on old mora9es :i* trav]se ! head ( ! ,k$i%a valley4 ,?is valley t]m9ates 9 broad1 %all[1 op5 bas9s at a height ( ab\t #f1jjj feet above ! sea1 resembl+ ! corries ( ! ,highl&s2 & "o ( ^!1 9 :i* ! c$>s grew1 0 divid$ into two di/9ct flats by a transv]se range ( anci5t mora9es f #hj to #ajj feet high & ) p]fectly def9$ b\nd>ies4 8,! rills f ! surr\nd+ heights collect 9 ! upp] flat1 & =m "o /ream1 :i* w9ds among ! mora9es on its way d[n to ! l[] flat1 :5ce x is precipitat$ into ! gorge ( ! ,k$i%a4 ,! c$>s gr[ on t portion ( ! mora9e :i* imm$iately bord]s ?is /ream1 & n[h]e else2 !y =m "o gr\p ab\t #djj y>ds 9 diamet]1 ) an out/&+ tree or two n f> f ! re/1 & appe> z a black speck 9 ! great area ( ! corry & its mora9es1 :i* conta9 no o!r arbori\s vegetation1 nor any %rubs1 b a few b]b]ry & rose bu%es t =m no feature 9 ! l&scape40#bee ,9 anci5t times1 !re=e1 ! glaci]s desc5d$ to a height ( ab\t #f1jjj feet above ! sea1 & 7 f$ by ! p]5nial sn[-fields ( ! cre/ ( ,lebanon4 ,! ,glaci]s ( ,anatolia4 ,! =m] pres5ce ( glaci]s at ne>ly ! same altitude has also be5 prov$ by ! travels ( ,mr4 ,gif=d ,palgrave 9 ,anatolia1#bef especially 9 ! valley ?r\gh :i* ! ,*orok fl[s1 & 9 ! m\nta9\s c\ntry to ! nor?-ea/1 betwe5 ,georgia & ! ,black ,sea4 ,! riv] ,*orok runs ab\t #abj miles 9 a nor?-ea/]ly direction1 & is sep>at$ f ! ,eux9e by a m\nta9 *a9 rea*+ a height ( #aa1jjj feet1 ?us =m+ a long /rip ( l&1 :i* is call$ ,lazi/an aft] its inhabitants1 a tribe ( ,lazes4 ,x !n turns sudd5ly to ! nor?1 :]e x falls into ! sea4 ,! s\!rn side is det]m9$ by m\nta9s ( ,cretace\s1 ,jurassic1 & ,plutonic rocks1 :i* =m ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! tribut>ies ( ! ,black ,sea & ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,?ree l>ge mora9es are to be f\nd on ! s\!rn side ( ! valley1 _! l[] extremity ab\t #e1jjj1 _! upp] orig9 ne>ly #h1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,no mora9es are se5 :]e ! *a9 does n rea* an altitude ( #g1jjj feet1 ?\gh angul> b\ld]s are n uncommon4 ,! upp] m\nta9 cont\rs are inv>iably r\nd$1 & smoo!d (f1 & ! sides are scoop$ too widely = ! depressions to h be5 caus$ by wat]4 ,l[ d[n 9 ! valley ! slopes t]m9ate 9 rift$ precipices4 ,t ^! mora9es 7 po/]ior to ! volcanic eruptions 9 ! di/rict1 is evid5t f ! exam9ation ( a broad /one ridge1 ne> ! highe/ po9t to ! ea/ ( ,erz]\m1 :]e at a height ( #g1jjj feet ! ,jurassic lime/one 0 int]rupt$ by a volcanic outbreak ( sev]al miles 9 ext5t4 ,traces ( a crat] 7 visible4 ,above1 ! granite peaks rose to a height ( #i1jjj feet2 bel[1 a wide mora9e cross$ ! road1 compos$ ( volcanic fragm5ts mix$ ) granite4 ,consequ5tly1 x mu/ h be5 =m$ aft] ! volcano _h become ext9ct4 ,simil> traces are to be f\nd at ,keskeem ,b\ghaz4 ,mr4 ,palgrave concludes 8t ! ice-cap ( ! nor?-ea/]n ,anatolian wat]%$1 9 po/-pleioc5e 7plei/oc5e7 times1 mu/ h rea*$ d[nw>ds1 on ! nor!rn side ( ! range1 to #g1jjj feet above ! pres5t sea-level1 :ile "s ( ! glaci]s issu+ f x desc5d$ to ab\t #d1ejj ( ! same measurem5t40 ,/riat$ & ice-worn b\ld]s1 especially ( granite1 7 v abundant4 ,?is region1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 is )9 sight ( ! l(ty granite range ( ,tortoom1 :i* is 8/reak$ ) p]petual sn[40 ,aft] leav+ ! ,*orok valley & gett+ on to ! wat]%$1 at a di/ance ( fifty miles to ! nor?-ea/1 ,mr4 ,palgrave rea*$ ! ma9 ridge or backbone ( ! l&4 ,"h1 among ! lime/one l$ges1 ab\t #f1djj feet above ! sea1 is a colossal mora9e1 =m$ ( worn granite blocks1 p>tly ov]gr[n ) =e/1 & desc5d+ f a height ( ov] #h1jjj feet4 ,x is divid$1 by a valley1 f a l(ty undulat+ granite plateau t is scoop$ out "h & !re into deep oval lakes1 always full ( blue wat]4 ,! sides ( ! plateau are /rewn ) b\ld]s ( granite1 br\ght f ! high] peaks ab\t five miles (f4 ,^! b\ld]s occur 9 great] or less abundance d[n to ! bas9 ( ! ,ardahan1 ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,kur or ,cyras1 :i* jo9s ! ,araxes be=e fl[+ into ! ,caspian4 ,! height ( ?is ,ardahan bas9 is ab\t #f1ejj feet2 x is1 b = a slight ea/]ly slope1 a wat] level4 ,! bottom consi/s ( deep alluvial soil mix$ ) detritus & b\ld]s2 ! sides are r\nd$ & smoo!d1 & be> e m>k ( long ice-cov]+4 ,^! plateaux1 /udd$ ) lakes1 /ret* ea/ to ,russo-,georgia1 till _! greate/ height is ga9$ at ,kel ,dagh1 a m\nta9 ab\t #aa1jjj feet high3 !nce !y desc5d to ! pla9s ( ,georgia & ! ,black ,sea4 ,no glacial m>ks h be5 obs]v$ on ! seaw>d side ( ! range1 except at ,ham%un 9 ! ,lazi/an m\nta9s1 betwe5 ! ,riv] ,riom & ,trebizond4 ,"h1 at #f1ijj feet1 is a granite-/rewn plateau1 ?9ly gre5 ) grass1 %elt]$ f ! sea by l(ty peaks on ! nor?-we/1 & back$ to ! s\?-ea/ by trem5d\s jagg$ granite cliffs1 ! highe/ #ab1ejj feet above ! sea4 ,! plateau itself is ab\t =ty miles 9 l5g?1 irregul> 9 bread?1 its surface r\nd$ & jott$ ov] ) b\ld]s4 ,b j z my track l$ ne> "u ! base ( ,v]ehembek1 at an altitude ( #h1cjj feet1 x cross$ a l>ge broad mora9e1 desc5d+ f ! high] slopes1 & hav+ its base 9 a broad b>e valley n f> bel[1 :i* %[$ t "h1 at ! highe/ & wide/ "p ( ! ,lazi/an *a91 p]petual ice _h once exi/$ 9 suffici5t quantity to furni% at lea/ "o glaci]4 ,f ?is case x seems t ! limit$ ice-cap ( ! ,ham%un highl&s ext5d$ no fur!r d[n ?an #h1ejj or #i1jjj feet1 ?us diff]+ by a l9e ( f #a1jjj to #b1jjj feet f ! glacial cov]+ ( ! inl& range4 ,! ,glaci]s ( ! ,atlas ,m\nta9s4 ,simil> traces ( glaci]s h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,atlas m\nta9s by ,mr4 ,george ,maw1#beg 9 8 travels 9 ,morocco ) ,dr4 ,hook] & ,mr4 ,ball 9 #ahga4 8,aft] f\r h\rs' cont9u$ asc5t10 he writes 7p4 #ai71 8! t]m9ation ( ! gl5 comes into full view1 & we obs]ve ) great int]e/ t x is clos$ by a gr\p ( mora9es1 prov+ ! =m] exi/5ce ( glaci]s 9 ! ,atlas1 & confirm+ my op9ion t ! great b\ld] b$s flank+ ! *a9 are also ( glacial orig94 ,two villages1 probably ! highe/ 9 ! ,atlas1 are built on ! pr9cipal mora9e2 ,eitmasan1 at its base1 at a height ( #f1jjj feet1 & ,arroond1 ne> its summit1 at a height ( #f1hjj feet2 ! t]m9al angle ( ! l>g] mora9e hav+ a v]tical height ( #hjj feet4 ,x is compos$ ( imm5se blocks ( porphyry1 ly+ at a /eep angle ( repose1 up :i* x takes u ne>ly an h\r to climb4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! mora9es 9 latitude #cj ,n4 7! latitude ( ,alex&ria7 is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ fact we notic$ dur+ our j\rney1 = ?is is ! mo/ s\!rly po9t at :i* ! evid5ce ( ext9ct glaci]s has be5 obs]v$1 & t5ds to confirm ! op9ion ent]ta9$ by _m geologi/s1 t ! refrig]ation dur+ ! glacial p]iod 0 almo/ ,univ]sal40 ,glaci]s probably ! result ( elevation above ! ,sea4 ,! elevation ( ! ,african mora9es above ! sea1 ( ab\t #f1jjj feet & upw>ds1 is ne>ly ! same z ^? ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,if ! m\nta9s ( ! ,atlas1 ,lazi/an1 & ,lebanon %>$ 9 ! upw>d movem5t ( ! ,m$it]ranean area1 ! addition ( #c1jjj feet to ! height c\ld n fail to leave m>ks beh9d ( ! l[ temp]ature !reby caus$4 ,x is v probable1 t dur+ ! "t ! ,m$it]ranean 0 r$uc$ to two l&-lock$ seas1 ^! m\nta9s 7 cov]$ ) sn[-fields1 & con/itut$ ! ice-%$s ( glaci]s4 ,f ! range ( ! mammalia we h inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( l& b>ri]s1 ext5d+ across f ,africa to ,spa9 & ,italy1 & f ,c&ia to ,greece1 & _! actual exi/5ce b5ea? ! sea has be5 prov$ by s\nd+s1 :i* necessitate an elevation ( f #djj to #ejj fa?oms to br+ !m above ! sea-level4 ,we h also se5 t ! high] m\nta9s1 :i* mo/ probably p>ticipat$ 9 ?is upw>d movem5t1 be> traces ( a l[] temp]ature 9 ! mora9es ( ! ,atlas & ,lazi/an4 ,! hypo!sis ( su* an elevation dur+ ! plei/oc5e age may !re=e be tak5 to be prov$ s f> z x expla9s two widely diff]5t classes ( facts1 ! di/ribution ( ! mammals & ! exi/5ce ( glaci]s :]e !y are n[ unkn[n4 ,! physical condition ( ! ,m$it]ranean area1 9 ! plei/oc5e age1 may be summ$ up z foll[s4 ,! ma9l& ( ,africa ext5d$ nor?w>ds to jo9 ,europe1 9 ! direction ( ,gibralt> & ,italy4 ,! isl&s ( ,malta & ,sicily 7 hilly plateaux1 ov]look+ an undulatory pla94 ,corsica & ,s>d9ia 7 jo9$ to ,italy1 ,majorca & ,m9orca to ,spa91 ,c&ia to ,peloponese1 & ,cyprus to ,asia ,m9or4 ,! area n[ occupi$ by ! ,adriatic ,sea con/itut$ ! l[] valley ( ! ,po1 & ! ,ar*ipelago 0 a pla9 /udd$ ) volcanic cones2 & at ! same "t glaci]s cr[n$ ! high] m\nta9s ( nor!rn ,africa & ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! sub/itution ( l& = a /ret* ( sea1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 c\ld n fail to cause ! summ] heat to be m int5se 9 ! region to ! nor? ?an at ! pres5t "t1 :ile ! increas$ elevation w\ld produce a great] sev]ity ( w9t] cold1 z ,mr4 ,godw9 ,au/5 has po9t$ out 9 ! case ( ! hills ( ,devon%ire4 ,:51 inde$1 we consid] t ! plei/oc5e l& surface ext5d$ f ! sn[y heights ( ,atlas1 z f> nor? z ! #ajj-;fa?om l9e (f ! coa/ ( ,irel&1 we might expect to f9d ,african animals1 su* z ! spott$ hyna & ,felis caff]1 rang+ z f> nor? z ,york%ire1 = ! only b>ri] to _! migration w\ld be t (f]$ by ! sev]ity ( a plei/oc5e w9t]4 ,m$it]ranean ,coa/-l9e comp>atively mod]n4 ,! subm]g5ce ( ! b>ri]s1 & ! con/itution ( ! ,m$it]ranean z we f9d x n[1 h probably tak5 place b a %ort "t ago1 f ! geological po9t ( view1 ?\gh we "k t = ! la/ #c1jjj ye>s ! coa/-l9e has be5 on ! :ole un*ang$1 except f ! silt+ out ( ! sea by ! s$im5t ( riv]s1 su* z ! ,po1 & ! elevation & depression ( small areas by volcanic en]gy1 z at ,santor94 ,! physical "* ( ! %ores te/ifies to ! tru? ( ?is view4 8,on ent]+ ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>10 ,mr4 ,maw writes1 8f ! ,atlantic1 a notable *ange takes place 9 ! aspect ( ! coa/4 ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t1 on ! ,atlantic coa/1 pres5ts a bold l9e ( cliffs to ! sea1 & bluff cliffs ext5d _m miles t[>ds ! ,/raits2 b z soon z ^! are pass$1 a *ange ( coa/-=m takes place1 :i* mu/ be noticeable to e obs]v]4 ,cliffs on ! sea-bo>d become ! exception1 & ! g5]al l9e ( ! coa/ is m]ely a %elv+ "u ! sea ( ! g5]al hill-&-valley sy/em ( ! l&1 ! sea runn+ up all ! depressions1 & ! l& elevations spread+ out into ! sea ) sc>cely any abrupt cliff-l9e ( dem>cation4 ,! unev5 sea-bottom ( ! ,/raits seems to be a cont9uation ( ! cont\r ( ! adjac5t l&1 consi/+ ( roll+ alt]nations ( hill & valley1 :i* mu/ h receiv$ its con=mation by suba]ial ag5cies40 8,corsica1 & ! adjac5t isl&s ( ,elba1 ,capraja1 & ,monte ,*ri/o1 are also rem>kable = ! abs5ce ( cliffs1 & are want+ 9 ^? abrupt esc>pem5ts sep>at+ l& & wat] :i* are s abundant on our own coa/s4 ,_! aspect is t ( m\nta9-tops ris+ out ( ! sea1 sugge/+ to ! eye ! seaw>d prolongation ( _! suba]ial cont\r ( slop+ hillsides & riv]-cut valleys1 z ?\gh ! sea _h n /ood suffici5tly long at its pres5t level to excavate an esc>pem5t4 ,! deep int]sect+ bays t occur along ! coa/ f ,m>seilles to ! ,rivi]a sugge/ ! same conclusion1 ! undulat+ l& surface spread+ d[n to ! wat]'s edge1 & ! deep bays runn+ up ! int]v5+ valleys1 :i* mu/ h _h an orig9 common ) t ( _! l&w>d prolongations40 ,x is impossible to %ut our eyes to ! full =ce ( ?is reason+4 ,! pres5t aspect ( ! ,m$it]ranean is1 geologically speak+1 a ?+ ( ye/]day4 ,*anges ( ,level 9 ! ,sah>a co9cid5t ) ^? 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,b if ! ,m$it]ranean area has be5 depress$ to an am\nt ( f #b1jjj to #c1jjj feet s9ce ! plei/oc5e age1 we h pro( t ! region to ! s\? has be5 elevat$ to t ext5t 9 comp>atively mod]n times4 ,mr4 ,maw1#beh 9 8 j\rney 9 #ahgc to ! ,nor!rn ,sah>a1 obs]v$ rais$ bea*es at a height ( #b1jjj feet1 & loam & %+le-b$s z high z #b1gjj feet4 ,he !re=e concludes t ! "p ( ! ,sah>a :i* he explor$ _h be5 rais$ at lea/ #c1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,^! *anges ( level1 ! same 9 am\nt1 b 9 opposite directions1 7 probably comp5satory & simultane\s4 ,nor!rn ,africa may h be5 cut (f f ! c5tral & s\!rn portions ( ! cont95t by ! sea ext5d+ ov] ! ,sah>a1 dur+ ! "t t ! ,m$it]ranean 0 repres5t$ by ! two inl& salt lakes figur$ 9 ! accompany+ map 7,fig4 #abi74 ,& :ile ! region ( ! ,sah>a 0 be+ elevat$1 t ( ! ,m$it]ranean 0 probably be+ depress$4 ,^! *anges 9 ! relation ( sea to l&1 & ! great] elevation ( ! m\nta9s 9 ! neighb\r+ c\ntries1 mu/ h affect$ n m]ely ! climate ( s\!rn1 b also ( nor?-we/]n ,europe1 & ought n to be left out ( acc\nt 9 any !ory relat+ to plei/oc5e climate4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,european ,,climate ,,9 ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,age4 ,! evid5ce ( ! ,mammalia z to ,climate4--,! ,s\!rn ,gr\p4-- ,! ,nor!rn ,gr\p4--,probable cause ( ,association ( ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,gr\ps4--,! ,temp]ate ,gr\p4--,species common to ,cold & ,tropical ,climates4--,ext9ct ,species4--,two ,p]iods ( ,glaciation 9 ,brita94--,?ree ,climatal ,*anges repres5t$ on ! ,cont95t4--,europe invad$ by ,plei/oc5e ,mammals be=e ! ,glacial ,p]iod4--,mammals liv$ 9 ,brita9 dur+ ! ,second ,ice or ,glacial ,/age4--,! ,glacial ,p]iod does n sep>ate "o ,life-era f ano!r4--,relation ( ,paloli?ic ,man to ,glacial ,p]iod4--,age ( ,cont5ts ( ,caves 9 ,glaciat$ ,di/ricts4 ,! ,evid5ce ( ! ,mammalia z to ,climate4 ,9 ! la/ ?ree *apt]s we h se5 t ! cave-mammalia ?r[ great light on ! plei/oc5e geography ( ,europe1 & t !re is reason = ! belief t ! l& surface !n ext5d$ nor?w>ds & we/w>ds1 s z to include ,irel&2 & s\?w>ds to jo9 ,africa1 9 ! direction ( ,sicily1 ,malta1 & ,gibralt>4 ,we mu/ n[ pass on to ! consid]ation ( ! climate on ?is great cont95tal area1 :i* w\ld all[ ( s l>ge & v>i$ a fauna exi/+ 9 our qu>t] ( ! _w4 ,! ,s\!rn ,gr\p ( ,animals4 ,! plei/oc5e fauna is rem>kable = ! mixture ( species4 ,x consi/s ( =ms n[ bani%$ to ,s\? ,africa1 ,nor!rn ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 or to ! sev]e climate ( high m\nta9s1 m+l$ ) ^? :i* liv$ 9 ,europe 9 ! hi/oric age1 & ^? :i* h :olly disappe>$ f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,we w take ! liv+ species fir/4 ,! s\!rn gr\p consi/s ( ! foll[+ animals3-- ,lion4 ,caffir ,cat4 ,spott$ ,hyna4 ,/rip$ ,hyna4 ,s]val4 ,hippopotamus4 ,african ,elephant4 ,porcup9e4 ,at ! pres5t day ! lion ranges ov] ! :ole ( ,africa1 ) ! exception ( ,egypt & ! ,cape ,colony1 :5ce x has be5 driv5 out by ! h& ( man4 ,9 ,asia1 ! maneless v>iety inhabits ! valley ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 & ! di/ricts bord]+ on ! ,p]sian ,gulf2 & 9 ,india1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,bly?1 ! prov9ce ( ,kattyw> 9 ,guz]at4 ,al?\gh n[ only f\nd 9 ^! hot regions1 x is prov$1 by ! concurr5t te/imony ( ,h]odotus1 ,ari/otle1 ,x5ophon1 lian1 & ,pausanias1 to h inhabit$ ! m\nta9s ( ,?race1 & ( ,asia ,m9or1 & x probably became ext9ct 9 ,europe be=e ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/4#bei ,we may !re=e inf] t x possess$ a suffici5t ela/icity ( con/itution to endure a consid]able degree ( cold1 al?\gh its pres5t di/ribution implies t x is bett] fitt$ to ?rive 9 a tropical ?an 9 a cold climate4 ,! ,caffir cat 7,felis caff] ( ,desm>e/7 is an ,african species1 :i* has be5 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,ay%=d ,san=d & myself1 9 ,som]set%ire2 x also occurs 9 ! caves ( ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,gibralt>4 ,! spott$ hyna n[ lives only 9 ,s\? ,africa1 :ile ! /rip$ species ranges ?r\gh ,africa & ! w>m] regions ( ,asia4 ,x 0 extremely r>e 9 ,europe 9 ! plei/oc5e age1 & has n be5 id5tifi$ 9 any deposit fur!r nor? ?an ,lunelviel1 9 s\!rn ,france4 ,! hippopotamus1 n[ f\nd only 9 middle & s\!rn ,africa1 is prov$ by its fossil rema9s to h =m]ly dwelt 9 ! region ( ! ,l[] ,nile1 z well z 9 ,alg]ia4 ,! s]val & ,african elephant h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,ib]ian p59sula1 & ! latt] 9 ,sicily4 ,! evid5ce af=d$ by ! animals1 z to ! plei/oc5e climate ( ^? portions ( ,europe :i* !y inhabit$1 diff]s consid]ably 9 po9t ( value1 b on ! :ole indicates t x 0 temp]ate1 or comp>atively hot2 = al?\gh ! ela/icity ( con/itution :i* we "k to h be5 possess$ by ! lion1 0 probably %>$ by ! spott$ hyna1 x is v unlikely t s aquatic an animal z ! hippopotamus c\ld h rang$ f s\!rn ,europe1 z f> nor? z ,york%ire1 "u any o!r ?an temp]ate conditions4 ,x c\ld n h endur$ a w9t] suffici5tly sev]e to cov] ! riv]s ) a ?ick coat+ ( ice1 )\t hav+ its pres5t habits pr(\ndly modifi$2 & su* an alt]ation ( habits w\ld c]ta9ly leave its m>k1 9 o!r modifications 9 ! fossil skeleton ?an ^? m9ute diff]5ces :i* h be5 obs]v$1 :5 x is comp>$ ) t ( ! liv+ ,hippopotamus amphibius4 ,! porcup9e ( s\!rn ,europe has be5 f\nd z f> nor? z ! caves ( ,belgium 7,s*m]l+74 ,! ,nor!rn ,gr\p4 ,! nor!rn gr\p consi/s ( ^? animals :i* are n[ only to be met ) 9 ! cold] regions ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ei!r 9 l[ latitudes or at great altitudes4 ,m>mot4 ,p\*$ ,m>mot4 ,lemm+4 ,alp9e ,h>e4 ,tailless ,h>e4 ,glutton4 ,arctic ,fox4 ,musk-%eep4 ,re9de]4 ,ibex4 ,*amois4 ,to ?is li/ ! paloli?ic man ( ! caves mu/ be add$1 s9ce he is probably relat$ by blood to ! ,eskimos1 & appe>$ 9 ,europe simultane\sly ) ! arctic gr\p ( animals4 ,! te/imony ( ^! animals z to climate is directly oppos$ to t ( ! prec$+ gr\p1 s9ce !y n[ only fl\ri% 9 ! arctic regions1 or 9 m\nta9\s di/ricts 9 :i* ! climate is sev]e4 ,! m>mot1 9 ! plei/oc5e age1 liv$ 9 ,belgium1 & desc5d$ f ! ,alp9e heights z f> z ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e x has be5 met ) 9 ! cav]ns ne> ,nice4 ,! p\*$ m>mot1 ,sp]mophilus citillus ( ! ,don & ,volga1 p5etrat$ z f> to ! we/ z ,som]set%ire4 ,! ,alp9e h>e1 n[ f\nd only 9 ! cold] climates ( nor!rn ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica 7) ! solit>y exception ( ,irel&71 rang$ z f> d[n ! valley ( ! ,rh9e z ,s*uss5reid1 9 ,suabia4 ,! two c>nivores n[ dwell+ 9 ! cold] regions ( ! nor?1 ! glutton or wolv]9e1 & ! arctic fox1 h be5 discov]$1 ! "o z f> s\? z ,france1 ! o!r z f> z ,s*uss5reid1 & bo? probably occupi$ ! :ole ( ,g]many1 & ( nor!rn ,russia1 9 ! plei/oc5e age4 ,! musk-%eep1#bfj ! mo/ arctic 9 its habit ( all ! h]bivores1 is1 at ! pres5t "t1 re/rict$ to ! high latitudes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e x ?rives 9 ! desolate1 treeless1 b>r5 gr\nds1 n ev5 be+ driv5 f its haunts by ! extreme sev]ity ( ! w9t]4 ,x has be5 trac$1 by its fossil rema9s1 f its pres5t abode1 across ,behr+'s ,/raits1 & ?r\gh ! va/ ,sib]ian /eppes1 into ,russia 9 ,europe1 ,g]many1 ,brita91 & z f> s\? & we/ z ! b>ri] (f]$ by ! ,pyr5ees4 ,?r\gh\t ?is l>ge area its rema9s occur 9 association ) ! re9de]1 & bo? ^! animals1 z ,i h rem>k$ above1 7 hunt$ by ! paloli?ic dwell]s 9 ! caves ( ,aquita9e1 j z !y are n[ hunt$ by ! ,eskimos on ! %ores ( ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,if ! pres5t habits ( ^! animals be any index to _! mode ( life 9 ! plei/oc5e age1 _! pres5ce 9 ! area nor? ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees implies t ! climate 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,brita9 0 sev]e1 or analog\s to t :i* !y n[ enjoy on ! tops ( l(ty m\nta9s1 or 9 ! nor!rn ,asiatic /eppes1 or ! high nor!rn latitudes ( ,am]ica4 ,b ?is conclusion is diametrically oppos$ to t :i* is bas$ on ! evid5ce ( ! s\!rn gr\p ( animals4#bfa ,& ! rema9s ( ! two gr\ps ( animals are s associat$ toge!r 9 ! caves1 & riv]-deposits ( ,europe1 nor? ( ! ,pyr5ees1 t x is impossible to d5y ! fact t x 0 ! common fe$+-gr\nd ( bo? dur+ ! same era4#bfb ,probable ,cause ( ,association ( ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,gr\ps4 ,mu/ we !n inf] t 9 ! plei/oc5e age ! pres5t habits ( ! musk-%eep1 ! re9de]1 *amois1 or ibex1 7 s *ang$ z to all[ !m to fl\ri% side by side ) ! hippopotamus1 or vice v]s8 ,0 ! climate cold] ?an x is n[ 9 ,europe1 or 0 x hott]8 ,h[ 0 ?is s+ul> association ( nor!rn & s\!rn species br\ght ab\t8 ,! problem may be solv$ if we ref] to ! pres5t di/ribution ( animals 9 nor!rn ,asia & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,z ! w9t] comes on ! arctic species gradually retreat s\?w>ds1 & occupy ! summ] fe$+-gr\nds ( ! elk1 r$-de]1 & o!r creatures :i* are unable to endure ! extreme sev]ity ( an arctic w9t]4 ,9 ! spr+ ! latt] pass nor?w>ds1 to enjoy ! summ] h]bage ( t area1 :i* _h be5 ! w9t]-qu>t]s ( ! arctic gr\p ( animals4 ,?us !re is a cont9u$ sw++ to & fro1 ov] ! same region1 ( ! arctic & ! temp]ate animals1 & _! rema9s mu/ necess>ily become m or less associat$ 9 ! riv]-deposits1 z well z 9 caves1 :]e ^! la/ happ5 to occur4 ,9 nor!rn ,asia1 & 9 ,am]ica1 ! only b\nd>y betwe5 ! nor!rn & temp]ate zoological prov9ces is t con/itut$ by ! fluctuat+ annual temp]ature1 & !re are no great hilly b>ri]s runn+ ea/ & we/1 to prev5t free migration to ! nor? or s\?4 ,if ref]5ce be made to ! map1 ,fig4 #abf1 x w be se5 t ^! conditions 7 amply satisfi$ 9 ! plei/oc5e age4 ,!re 7 no physical b>ri]s to migration1 f ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 z f> nor? z ,irel&4 ,if ! w9t] cold 7 sev]e1 ! re9de] & musk-%eep might advance z f> s\? z ! ,pyr5ees1 & if ! summ] heat 7 int5se !re w\ld be no?+ to =bid ! hippopotamus & ! ,african c>nivores advanc+ nor?w>ds4 ,x seems to me t ?is is ! only hypo!sis :i* w satisfy all ! facts ( ! case4 ,! traces ( glaci]s & sn[-fields :]e !y are no long] f\nd prove t ! w9t] 0 sev]e2 :ile ! w>m? ( ! summ] seems to be suffici5tly demon/rat$ by ! pres5ce ( ,african species4 ,su* extremes ( temp]ature are pres5t$1 m or less1 by all cont95ts ext5d+ f high to l[ latitudes4 ,!y are modifi$ 9 ,europe at ! pres5t "t by ! w>m curr5t ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 by ! l>ge area n[ occupi$ by ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 & by ! subm]g5ce ( ! plei/oc5e l[l&s on ! ,atlantic bord]4 ,! ,temp]ate ,gr\p4 ,! ?ird gr\p ( plei/oc5e mammalia consi/s ( ^? /ill liv+ 9 ! temp]ate zones ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica3 ,beav]4 ,h>e4 ,rabbit4 ,wild ,cat4 ,m>t94 ,/oat4 ,weasel4 ,ott]4 ,br[n ,be>4 ,grizzly ,be>4 ,wolf4 ,fox4 ,horse4 ,urus4 ,bison4 ,antelope saiga4 ,wild ,bo>4 ,/ag4 ,roe4 ,! range ( _m ( ^! animals has be5 pr(\ndly modifi$ s9ce ! plei/oc5e age4 ,! ,antelope saiga ( ! ,don & ,volga liv$ z f> to ! we/ z ,aquita9e4 ,! grizzly be>1 in/ead ( be+ re/rict$ to its ,am]ican habitat 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 rang$ ov] ! :ole ( ,sib]ia into ,europe1 z f> to ! s\? z ! ,m$it]ranean1 & we/w>ds z f> z ,gibralt>4 ,! urus#bfc /ill lives 9 ! l>g] dome/ic cattle1 & ! bison is repres5t$ 9 ,europe by ^? :i* are protect$ by ! =e/ laws ( ,li?uania1 & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica by ! va/ h]ds :i* are rapidly be+ ext]m9at$1 l ! r$ ,indian1 by ! rifles ( ! settl]s4 ,! horse 0 z abundant1 & z widely spread ov] ,europe1 z ! urus & ! bison2 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,br&t x n[ no long] lives 9 ,sib]ia 9 a wild /ate4 ,species common to ,cold & ,tropical ,climates4 ,! pan!r or leop>d1 :i* has be5 f\nd alike 9 ,brita91 ,france1 & ,g]many1 has at ! pres5t day a mo/ ext5d$ range ?r\gh ,africa1 f ,b>b>y to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & ?r\gh\t ,p]sia into ,sib]ia4 ,9 ?is latt] c\ntry ,dr4 ,go!lf ,fis*] describes x z liv+ 9 ! same di/ricts 9 ! ,altai ,m\nta9s1 & 9 ,soong>ia1 z ! tig]4 ,! fox & wolf are l in/ances ( c>nivores be+ able to endure great v>iations 9 temp]ature )\t be+ specifically modifi$4 ,^! ?ree animals1 !re=e1 tell u no?+ z to ! plei/oc5e climate4 ,ext9ct ,species4 ,! ext9ct plei/oc5e species may also be divid$ into ! same classes z ! liv+1 by an appeal to _! geographical di/ribution4 ,two out ( ! ?ree species ( rh9oc]os f\nd 9 ! caves 7,r4 meg>h9us & ,r4 hemit*us71 & an elephant ) slightly curv$ tusks 7,e4 antiquus71 _h _! head-qu>t]s s\? ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees1 :5ce !y w&]$ nor?w>d z f> z ! latitude ( ,york%ire4 ,! pigmy elephant & ! dw>f hippopotamus are peculi> to ! s\?1 & ! ,ma*airodus latid5s1 or l>ge sabre-too!d felis1 is a survival1 f ! pleioc5e age1 ( a peculi>ly s\!rn type4 ,! woolly rh9oc]os1 on ! o!r h&1 may be view$ z a nor!rn =m1 s9ce x is met ) 9 va/ abundance 9 ! arctic regions ( ,sib]ia1 z well z 9 ,europe1 & has n be5 f\nd s\? ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees4 ,! cave-be> has n be5 discov]$ ei!r 9 ! extreme nor? or 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 & may !re=e be consid]$ ( temp]ate range2 & ! ,iri% elk1 id5tifi$ by ,pr(4 ,br&t1 f ! caves ( ! ,altai ,m\nta9s1 _h a simil> range 9 middle ,europe4 ,! mammo?1 end[$ ) an ela/ic con/itution1 0 able to endure ! sev]ity ( an arctic climate 9 ,sib]ia & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! temp]ature ( ! latitude ( ,rome & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1#bfd & consequ5tly tells u z little ( ! plei/oc5e climate z ! pan!r1 fox1 or wolf4 ,! evid5ce1 !re=e1 z to climate1 (f]$ by ! ext9ct animals 9 ! caves is ( ! same nature z t ( ! liv+4 ,!re is ! same mixture ( nor!rn & s\!rn =ms1 :i* c only be acc\nt$ = satisfactorily by seasonal migrations1 accord+ to ! summ] heat & w9t] cold1 su* z ^? :i* are n[ obs]v$ to take place 9 ,sib]ia & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,be=e we consid] ! relation ( ! plei/oc5e animals buri$ 9 ! caves & riv] deposits to ! glacial p]iod1 x is necess>y to def9e :at is meant by ! t]m glacial4 ,two ,p]iods ( ,glaciation 9 ,brita94 ,at ! close ( ! plei/oc5e p]iod ! climate gradually became cold]1 until ultimately x 0 arctic 9 sev]ity 9 nor!rn ,europe4 ,! rese>*es ( _m em95t obs]v]s prove t an enorm\s %eet ( ice1 l t "u :i* ,gre5l& n[ lies buri$1 ext5d$ ov] ,nor? ,brita91 ,wales1 & ,irel&1 leav+ its m>k 9 ! f>-travell$ blocks ( /one1 ! mora9es1 & ! grooves :i* pass ov] ! surface irrespective ( ! m9or cont\rs4 ,! l& !n1 mo/ probably1 z ,pr(4 ,ramsay & ,sir ,*>les ,lyell believe1 /ood high] ?an x does n[4 ,to ?is succe$$ a p]iod ( depression1 dur+ :i* ! m\nta9s ( ,wales 7 subm]g$ to a height ( at lea/ #a1cjj feet2 & ! waves ( ! sea wa%$ out ( ! pre-exi/+ glacial detritus ! %+le & s&1 t]m$ ! 8middle drift10 :i* occurs also 9 ,scotl& & ,irel&4#bfe ,!n ! l& 0 re-elevat$ above ! waves1 & a second p]iod ( glaci]s set 91 traces ( :i* occur abundantly 9 ,wales1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&1 9 ! :ite areas 9 ,fig4 #abf4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 ( f> less ext5t ?an ^? :i* prec$$ !m1 occupy+ isolat$ areas in/ead ( =m+ "o cont9u\s icy cov]+ to ! c\ntry4 ,! glacial ph5om5a may be briefly summ$ up z foll[s3 #a4 ,z ! pleioc5e temp]ature 0 l[]$1 ! glaci]s crept d[n f ! tops ( ! m\nta9s1 until at la/ !y unit$ to =m "o cont9u\s ice %eet1 mov+ resi/lessly ov] ! small] hills & valleys to ! l[] gr\nds1 & ! fir/ ice or glacial p]iod set 94 #b4 ,!n foll[$ ! era ( depression b5ea? ! sea4 #c4 ,&1 la/ly1 on ! l& re-em]g+ f ! sea ! second ice or glacial p]iod began4 ,! climate dur+ ! m>9e depression mu/ obvi\sly h be5 mild] ?an t ( ei!r ( ! glacial p]iods1 because ( ! mod]at+ effect ( ! wide ext5t ( sea4 ,! exact relation ( ! b\ld] clays ) m>9e %ells1 9 ! c5tre & s\? ( ,brita91 to ! detritus left beh9d by ! ice-%eet 9 ! nor?1 has n z yet be5 satisfactorily asc]ta9$4 ,x is v probable t ! elevation ( l& 9 ! nor? 0 simultane\s ) a s\!rn depression1 :i* all[$ ( iceb]gs deposit+ _! burd5s 9 ! ea/]n c\nties1 9 ! valley ( ! ,?ames1 & z f> s\? z ,selsea1 on ! coa/ ( ,sussex4 ,?ree ,climatal ,*anges repres5t$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,^! *anges ( climate h also be5 obs]v$ on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,! ,swiss geologi/s h %[n t ! ,alp9e glaci]s ext5d$ f>!r ?an !y d at ! pres5t "t1 & t !y pres5t two /ages ( ext5sion1 ! fir/ ( :i* is ( great] magnitude ?an ! second4 ,! ,alp9e blocks & mora9es h be5 trac$ f> d[n into ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy1 nor?w>ds into ! valley ( ! ,rh9e1 & 9 ,france z f> s\? 9 ! valley ( ! ,rhone z ,val5ce4 ,! admirable essay & map br\ght by ,,mm4 ,falsan & ,*antre1 be=e ! meet+ ( ! ,fr5* ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce at ,lyons1 9 #ahgc1 %[ t !re 7 two p]iods ( glaciation 9 ! valley ( ! ,rhone1 ! "o be+ due to ! movem5t ( an ice-%eet irrespective ( ! l[] hills1 ! o!r be+ m]ely ! "w ( ! glaci]s localiz$ 9 ! valleys4 ,^! 9 all probability correspond 9 po9t ( "t ) ! l /ages ( ! complicat$ glacial ph5om5a 9 ,brita94 ,at ?is "t ! glaci]s ( ! ,pyr5ees1 n[ s small1 ext5d$ at lea/ f ?irty to =ty miles f _! pres5t position d[n into ! pla9s1 leav+ beh9d mo/ a/\nd+ evid5ces ( _! pres5ce 9 ! valley ( ! ,g>onne & else:]e4 ,on ! ,spani% fronti]1 = example1 "o ( ! precipit\s sides ( ! valley1 ne> ! ,pont du ,roy1 is s smoo!d & poli%$ t x is b>e ( vegetation except 9 ! deep grooves1 :i* (f] a prec>i\s support to ! roots ( f]ns & ( dw>f bee*es4 ,! hills ( ,dauph9y also & ,auv]gne 7 cr[n$ ) glaci]s1 & ^? ( ! latt] h be5 %[n by ,,mm4 ,falsan & ,*antre to h be5 cont]m9\s ) ^? ( ! ,alps4 ,! int]glacial p]iod ( m>9e depression 9 ,brita9 is repres5t$ 9 ,switz]l& by ! lignite b$s ( ,drnt51 ,utzna*1 & ,pfaffikon1 ! la/ ( :i* re/s ^u & is cov]$ by ! b\ld] drift4 ,! fossil rema9s f ,drnt51 id5tifi$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] & ,pr(4 ,rtimey]1 prove t two s\!rn animals1 ,elephas antiquus & ,rh9oc]os meg>h9us1 inhabit$ ! di/rict 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! retreat ( "o set ( glaci]s & ! advance ( ano!r4 ,!y probably migrat$ f ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy1 :]e !y ab\nd$ 9 ! plei/oc5e age4 ,europe invad$ by ,plei/oc5e ,mammals be=e ! ,glacial ,p]iod4 ,:at is ! precise relation ( ! plei/oc5e mammals to ^! two p]iods ( cold8 ,did !y invade nor!rn & c5tral ,europe dur+ ! fir/ or ! second1 be=e or aft]1 ! m>9e subm]g5ce indicat$ by ! 8middle drift80 ,we might expect1 priori1 t z ! temp]ature became l[]$1 ! nor!rn mammalia w\ld gradually invade ! region occupi$ be=e by ! pleioc5e =ms1 & t ! re9de]1 ! mammo?1 & woolly rh9oc]os w\ld gradually supplant ! s\!rn ,rh9oc]os ,etruscus & ,elephas m]idionalis4 ,traces ( su* an occupation w\ld necess>ily be v r>e1 s9ce !y w\ld be expos$ to ! gr9d+ action bo? ( ! advanc+ glacial %eet1 & subsequ5tly to t ( ! waves on ! littoral zone dur+ ! depression & re-elevation ( ! l&4 ,at ! "t also t ! great] "p ( ,great ,brita9 0 buri$ "u an ice-%eet1 x c\ld n h be5 occupi$ by animals1 al?\gh !y may h be51 & mo/ probably 71 liv+ 9 ! di/ricts f>!r to ! s\?1 :i* 7 n cov]$ by ice4 ,! lab\rs1 h[ev]1 ( ,dr4 ,bryce1 ,pr(4 ,ar*ibald ,geikie1 & o!rs prove t "o at lea/ ( ! *>act]i/ic plei/oc5e mammalia--! mammo?--liv$ 9 ,scotl& along ) ! re9de] be=e ! deposit ( ! l[] b\ld]-clay2 :ile ,mr4 ,jamieson has po9t$ out t x c\ld n h occupi$ t area at ! same "t z ! ice1 & !re=e mu/ be ref]r$ to a /ill e>li] date4#bff ,! tee? & bones discov]$ 9 ! anci5t l& surface at ,selsea1 "u ! b\ld] drift1 also v probably indicate t ! mammo? liv$ 9 ,sussex be=e ! glacial subm]g5ce1 al?\gh !y 7 nev] admitt$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] to be ( ! same age z ! rema9s ( ,elephas antiquus f ! same preglacial horizon4 ,! animal also occurs 9 ! preglacial =e/-b$ ( ,norfolk & ,suffolk4 ,on a c>eful exam9ation ( ! :ole evid5ce1 ,i am compell$ to believe1 ) ,mr4 ,godw9-,au/5 & ,pr(4 ,phillips1 t ! priori belief t ! plei/oc5e mammalia occupi$ ,great ,brita9 be=e ! p]iod ( ! ice-%eet & subm]g5ce is fully borne out by ! few inconte/able pro(s t h be5 br\ght =w>d ( ! rema9s be+ f\nd 9 preglacial deposits4 ,& ! scanty evid5ce on ! po9t is j :at might be expect$ f ! r>e accid5ts "u :i* ! bones 9 sup]ficial deposits c\ld h )/ood ! gr9d+ ( ! ice-%eet1 & ! subsequ5t erosive action ( ! waves on ! coa/-l9e4 ,x may !re=e be conclud$1 t ! plei/oc5e mammalia arriv$ 9 ,europe be=e ! temp]ature _h rea*$ its m9imum 9 ! glacial p]iod4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! occurr5ce ( mammalif]\s riv] /rata1 ei!r 9 holl[s ( ! b\ld]-clay z at ,hoxne1 or 9 valleys excavat$ aft] its deposition z at ,b$=d1 prove t ! *>act]i/ic animals occupi$ ,brita9 aft] ! retreat ( ! ice-%eet1 & aft] ! re-em]g5ce ( ! l& f b5ea? ! glacial sea4 ,mammalia liv$ 9 ,brita9 dur+ ! ,second ,ice or ,glacial ,p]iod4 ,! di/ribution ( ! animals 9 ! riv] deposits gives u a clue to ! physical geography dur+ ! second ice p]iod4 ,9 an essay read be=e ! ,geological ,society 9 #ahfi1 & 9 a second pr9t$ 9 ! 8,popul> ,sci5ce ,review0 9 #ahgb1 ,i %[$ t !re 0 a s+ul> irregul>ity 9 ! cont5ts ( ! riv] /rata1 & t :ile ! fossil mammalia 7 abundant ?r\gh\t ! area 7m>k$ ) dots 9 ! map1 ,fig4 #abf71 !re 7 c]ta9 di/ricts 9 :i* !y _h n be5 met )4 ,"o ( ^! b>r5 areas comprises 7pla9 9 ! map1 ,fig4 #abf71 ne>ly ! :ole ( ,wales4 ,a second includes a l>ge portion ( ,lanca%ire1 ,york%ire1 ,cumb]l&1 ,we/morel&1 & ! :ole ( ,scotl& 7if ! preglacial mammals 9 ! l[ di/rict betwe5 ! ,fri? ( ,=? & ,fri? ( ,clyde 9 ! map be omitt$71 & a ?ird is repres5t$ by ne>ly ! :ole ( ,irel&4 ,^! areas are rem>kable = ! abs5ce ( ! mammalia f ! riv] deposits4 ,!y are also *>act]is$ by ! fre%ness ( ! ice m>ks :i* !y pres5t4 ,ne>ly e valley has its own sy/em ( grooves & its own set ( mora9es2 & ! m\nds ( clay & m>l left beh9d by ! local glaci]1 z x sl[ly retreat$ to high] levels till x f9ally disappe>$1 are to be obs]v$ 9 great abundance4 ,if we br+ ^! facts into relation1 ! b>r5ness ( ! areas may be reasonably expla9$ by ! pres5ce ( glaci]s1 :ile ! plei/oc5e mammals 7 liv+ 9 ! s\? & ea/ 7see map1 ,fig4 #abf74 ,a b>ri] ( "s k9d may reasonably be inf]r$ to h prev5t$ _! range ov] ^? di/ricts1 & its nature is indicat$ by ! ice m>ks4 ,x is v probable t ^! glaci]s _h n pass$ away be=e ! close ( ! plei/oc5e age3 = 9 t case ! *>act]i/ic animals w\ld be discov]$ 9 ! riv] gravels1 :i* are lat] ?an ! deposits ( local glaci]s 9 ^? di/ricts4 ,! ,glacial ,p]iod does n sep>ate "o ,life-era f ano!r4 ,! l[]+ ( ! temp]ature :i* culm9at$ 9 ! glacial p]iod has left palpable traces beh9d 9 ! *anges :i* x caus$ 9 ! ,european fauna4 ,z ! pleioc5e climate became cold]1 ! animals unfitt$ to endure ! cold1 su* z ! de] ( ! ,indian types ( ,axis & ,rusa1 ei!r migrat$ to ! s\? or became ext9ct1 :ile _! fe$+-gr\nds 7 invad$ by ! dwell]s 9 ! temp]ate zone1 ! /ag1 roe1 bison1 & o!r animals4 ,^! 9 _! turn 7 pu%$ =w>d by ! arctic gr\p ( animals1 ! musk-%eep1 lemm+1 re9de]1 & o!rs1 ! progress be+ 9 ! ma9 /eadily to ! s\? :ile ! cold 0 increas+1 & ! retreat be+ /eadily to ! nor? :ile x 0 decreas+4 ,x w foll[ f ?is1 t ! same di/rict 9 c5tral or nor?-we/]n ,europe w\ld be trav]s$ by ^! migratory bodies ( animals1 bo? 9 _! s\!rn advance 9 preglacial & glacial times & _! nor!rn retreat 9 po/glacial times1 & t1 !re=e1 _! fossil rema9s _c af=d a means ( fix+ ! preglacial1 glacial1 or po/glacial1 age ( ! deposit 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 :]e x is n m>k$ by traces ( glaciation4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's view1 t ! glacial p]iod _c be tak5 z a l&m>k 9 ! classification ( ! ,european plei/oc5e deposits1 is fully borne out by ! facts1 & /ill less c x be tak5 z a h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 "o fauna & ano!r4 ,x _c be consid]$ a life-era l ! eoc5e1 meioc5e1 pleioc5e1 or prehi/oric divisions ( ! t]ti>y p]iod4 ,bone-caves inhabit$ be=e & aft] ,ice ,p]iod4 ,if we all[ t ! l[]+ ( ! temp]ature 0 ! pr9cipal cause ( ! pres5ce ( temp]ate & arctic animals1 9 a region be=e inhabit$ by species fitt$ to live 9 a comp>atively w>m climate1 x w foll[ t bone-caves _c be said to be ei!r pre- or po/glacial1 by an appeal to _! fossil mammalia4 ,if !y 7 op5 be=e ! m9imum ( temp]ature 0 rea*$1 !y w\ld af=d %elt] to ! animals !n 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & !y w\ld cont9ue to be occupi$ 9 ! s\? dur+ ! va/ p]iod ( "t repres5t$ by ! enorm\s physical *anges 9 ! region nor? ( ! l9e ( ! ,?ames1 dur+ ! developm5t ( ! ice-%eet1 ! subm]g5ce & ! re-elevation ( ne>ly ! :ole ( ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! cold increas$1 ! p]c5tage ( arctic animals w\ld also increase1 & ! m temp]ate species be we$$ out4 ,= ^! reasons x has seem$ to me1 t ! ma*airodus ( ,k5t's ,hole1 & ! ,rh9oc]os meg>h9us ( ,ore/on1 repres5t an e>ly /age ( ! plei/oc5e p]iod1 be=e ! arctic mammalia 7 pres5t 9 full =ce 9 ! caves4 ,x is v probable t va/ h]ds ( re9de] liv$ 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 :ile nor!rn ,brita9 lay buri$ "u ! ice-%eet1 z well z dur+ ! two succe$+ physical *anges4 ,relation ( ,paloli?ic ,man to ,glacial ,p]iod4 ,:at !n is ! relation ( ! paloli?ic hunt] ( re9de] 9 ,france & ,brita9 to ! glacial p]iod8 ,is he pre- or po/glacial8 ,! only evid5ce on ! po9t is t (f]$ by ! associat$ mammalia :i* occupi$ ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,brita9 be=e & aft] ! po9t ( m9imum temp]ature 0 rea*$ 9 ^! latitudes4 ,man may h inhabit$ ! caves n m]ely ( ,france1 b ( ,devon%ire & ,som]set1 at any "t dur+ t long p]iod4 ,! position ( ! paloli?ic refuse-heap discov]$ by ,pr(4 ,fraas at ,s*uss5reid1 re/+ on a mora9e ( ! ext9ct glaci] ( ! ,rh9e1 proves t ! paloli?ic ,eskimos liv$ 9 ,suabia aft] ! retreat ( ! glaci] :5 ! temp]ature became w>m]1 t[>ds ! close ( ! plei/oc5e age or 9 ! lat] glacial /age4 ,! same conclusion has be5 arriv$ at by ,mr4 ,pre/wi* z to ! soj\rn ( paloli?ic man 7( ! riv]-b$ type7 9 ,b$=d%ire & ,suffolk1 ! gravels 9 :i* ! implem5ts are f\nd be+ ( a lat] age ?an ! b\ld]-clay ( ^? di/ricts4 ,we h !re=e pro( t man liv$ 9 ,g]many & ,brita9 aft] ! maximum glacial cold _h pass$ away1 & we may also inf] ) a high degree ( probability t he migrat$ into ,europe along ) ! plei/oc5e mammalia 9 ! preglacial age4 ,te/ ( age ( cont5ts ( caves 9 ,glaciat$ ,di/ricts4 ,! probable date ( ! introduction ( ! cont5ts into ossif]\s caves 9 glaciat$ areas may be asc]ta9$ by an exam9ation ( ! riv] deposits4 ,if ! animals f\nd 9 ! caves inhabit$ ! surr\nd+ c\ntry aft] ! melt+ ( ! ice1 _! rema9s w occur 9 ! po/glacial gravels4 ,if !y are n f\nd1 x may be inf]r$ t !y _h retreat$ f ! di/rict1 be=e ! latt] 7 deposit$4 ,x is obvi\s t !y c\ld n h liv$ 9 any di/rict :ile x 0 cov]$ ) ice or by ! sea4 ,x may !re=e be conclud$ t _! rema9s 9 ! caves 7 mo/ probably introduc$ be=e ! glacial conditions _h set 94 ,preglacial deposits 9 a cav]n w\ld be protect$ f ! gr9d+ ( ! ice-%eet1 ! action ( ! waves 9 ! depression1 & re-elevation ( ! l&1 & ! subsequ5t glacial erosion :i* w\ld inevitably de/roy ne>ly all ! fluviatile ossif]\s /rata4 ,by ?is te/ ! plei/oc5e /rata 9 ! ,victoria ,cave1 ne> ,settle1 may be consid]$ preglacial1 z well z ! hyna-d5 at ,kirkdale1 :i* has always be5 ref]r$ by ,pr(4 ,phillips to t age4 ,if ?is be all[$1 ! small fragm5t ( human bone f\nd by ! ,settle ,cave ,exploration ,committee 9 ! =m] cave 9 #ahgb e/abli%es ! fact t man liv$ 9 ,york%ire be=e ! glacial p]iod4 ,! man to :om x belong$ 0 probably dev\r$ by ! hynas :i* dragg$ into _! d5 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 re9de]1 & o!r creatures ^: gnaw$ bones 7 /rewn on ! floors4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,conclusion4 ,classification ( ,plei/oc5e ,/rata by means ( ! ,mammalia4--,! late1 middle1 & e>ly ,plei/oc5e ,divisions4--,! ,pleioc5e ,mammalia4--,summ>y ( *>act]i/ic ,pleioc5e & ,plei/oc5e ,species4--,antiquity ( ,man 9 ,europe4--,man liv$ 9 ,india 9 ,plei/oc5e ,age4--,are ! ,paloli?ic ,aborig9es ( ,india relat$ to ^? ( ,europe8--,paloli?ic ,man liv$ 9 ,pale/9e4-- ,conclusion4 ,! animals inhabit+ ! caves h be5 enum]at$ 9 ! la/ ?ree *apt]s1 & we h discuss$ ! inf]5ces drawn f _! di/ribution z to ! plei/oc5e climate & geography ( ,europe4 ,x rema9s = u n[1 9 conclusion1 to def9e ! plei/oc5e1 & to see 9 :at relation x /&s to ! pleioc5e p]iod4 ,classification ( ,plei/oc5e ,/rata by means ( ! ,mammalia4 ,! plei/oc5e p]iod 0 "o ( v long duration1 & embrac$ *anges ( great magnitude 9 ! geography ( ,europe1 z we h se5 9 ! n9? & t5? *apt]s4 ,! climate1 :i* 9 ! prec$+ pleioc5e age _h be5 temp]ate 9 nor!rn & middle ,europe1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! plei/oc5e gradually pass$ into ! extreme arctic sev]ity ( ! glacial p]iod4 ,?is *ange caus$ a correspond+ *ange ( ! =ms ( animal life2 ! pleioc5e species1 ^: con/itutions 7 adju/$ to temp]ate or hot climates1 yield+ place to ^? :i* 7 bett] adapt$ to ! new conditions4 ,& s9ce !re is reason = ! belief t x 0 n cont9u\s 9 "o direction1 b t !re 7 pauses or ev5 rev]sions t[>ds ! old temp]ate /ate1 x foll[s t ! two gr\ps ( animals w\ld at times ov]lap1 & _! rema9s be int]m+l$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! fronti]s also ( ea* ( ! geographical prov9ces mu/ naturally h v>i$ ) ! season2 & ! competition = ! same fe$+-gr\nds betwe5 ! invad+ & retreat+ =ms mu/ h be5 long1 fluctuat+1 & sev]e4 ,! passage1 !re=e1 f ! pleioc5e to ! plei/oc5e fauna might be expect$ to h be5 extremely gradual 9 ea* area4 ,! l9es ( def9ition betwe5 ! two are to a great ext5t arbitr>y1 in/ead ( be+ m>k$ ) suffici5t /r5g? to con/itute a b>ri] betwe5 ! t]ti>y & po/-t]ti>y gr\ps ( life ( ,lyell1 or betwe5 ! t]ti>y & quat]n>y ( ,fr5* geologi/s4 ,! pr9ciple ( classification :i* ,i h propos$#bfg is t (f]$ by ! gradual l[]+ ( ! temp]ature1 :i* has left its m>k 9 ! adv5t ( animals be=e unkn[n 9 ,europe2 & accord+ to x ,i h divid$ ! plei/oc5e deposits into ?ree gr\ps4 #a4 ,^? 9 :i* ! plei/oc5e immigrants _h begun to di/urb ! pleioc5e mammalia1 b _h n yet supplant$ ! m s\!rn animals4 ,no arctic mammalia _h z yet arriv$4 ,to ?is gr\p belongs ! =e/-b$ ( ,norfolk & ,suffolk1 & ! deposit at ,/4 ,pre/1 ne> ,*>tres4 #b4 ,t 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic pleioc5e de] _h disappe>$4 ,! ev5-to$ rum9ants are pr9cipally repres5t$ by ! /ag1 ! ,iri% elk1 ! roe1 bison1 & urus4 ,elephas m]idionalis & ,rh9oc]os etruscus _h retreat$ to ! s\?4 ,to ?is gr\p belong ! brick-e>?s ( ! l[] valley ( ! ,?ames1 ! riv]-deposit at ,clacton1 ! cave ( ,baume 9 ! ,jura1 & a riv]-deposit 9 ,auv]gne4 #c4 ,! ?ird division is t 9 :i* ! true arctic mammalia 7 among ! *ief inhabitants ( ! region2 & to x belong mo/ ( ! ossif]\s caves & riv]-deposits 9 middle & nor!rn ,europe4 ,^! ?ree d n correspond ) ! preglacial1 glacial1 & po/glacial divisions ( ! plei/oc5e /rata1 9 c5tral & nor? ,brita92 s9ce !re is reason to believe t all ! animals :i* occupi$ ,brita9 aft] ! maximum cold _h pass$ away1 _h arriv$ "h 9 _! s\!rn advance be=e t maximum cold _h be5 rea*$2 or1 9 o!r words1 7 bo? pre- & po/glacial4 ,?is classification does n apply to plei/oc5e riv]-/rata s\? ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees1 into :i* ! arctic mammalia nev] p5etrat$4 ,! ,late ,plei/oc5e ,division4 ,! late plei/oc5e division corresponds 9 "p ) ! re9de] p]iod ( ,m4 ,l>tet2 b x compreh5ds also 8 o!r ?ree p]iods2 = ! spott$ hyna1 ! lion1 ! cave-be>1 ! mammo?1 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 ! bison1 ! re9de]1 & ! urus are s associat$ toge!r 9 ! caves & riv] deposits ( ,great ,brita9 & ! cont95t t !y d n af=d a means ( classification4 ,! arctic division ( ! mammalia1 def9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 0 !n 9 full possession ( ! area nor? ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees1 & ! ,rh9oc]os meg>h9us & ,elephas m]idionalis _h disappe>$4 ,) ?ree exceptions1 to be notic$ pres5tly1 all ! ossif]\s cav]ns ( ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,brita91 belong to ?is division ( ! plei/oc5e4 ,! ,middle ,plei/oc5e ,division4 ,! middle division ( ! plei/oc5e mammalia may n[ be exam9$1 or t f :i* ! *>act]i/ic pleioc5e de] _h vani%$1 & 7 replac$ by ! invad+ =ms f ! temp]ate zones ( nor!rn ,asia4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ,brita9 by ! mammalia obta9$ f ! l[] brick-e>?s ( ! ,?ames valley1 at ,cray=d1 ,eri?1 ,il=d1 & ,gray's ,?urrock1 by ^? f ! deposit at ,clacton1 & mo/ probably by ^? ( ! old] deposit 9 ,k5t's ,hole1 & by ! ,rh9oc]os meg>h9us ( ,ore/on4#bfh ,!y consi/ (-- ,man1 ,homo4 ,lion1 ,felis leo spela4 ,wild ,cat1 ,f4 catus4 ,spott$ ,hyna1 ,hyna crocuta v>4 spela4 ,grizzly ,be>1 ,ursus f]ox4 ,br[n ,be>1 ,u4 arctos4 ,wolf1 ,canis lupus4 ,fox1 ,c4 vulpes4 ,ott]1 ,lutra vulg>is4 ,urus1 ,bos primig5ius4 ,bison1 ,bison priscus4 ,iri% ,elk1 ,c]vus megac]os4 ,/ag1 ,c4 elaphus4 ,br[n's ,fall[ ,de]1 ,c4 ,br[ni4 ,ro$e]1 ,c4 capreolus4 ,musk ,%eep1 ,ovibos mos*atus4 ,elephas antiquus4 ,mammo?1 ,e4 primig5ius4 ,horse1 ,equus caballus4 ,woolly ,rh9oc]os1 ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us4 ,r4 hemit*us4 ,r4 meg>h9us4 ,wild-bo>1 ,sus scr(a4 ,hippopotamus1 ,hippopotamus amphibius4 ,beav]1 ,ca/or fib]4 ,wat]-,rat1 ,arvicola amphibia4 ,! discov]y ( a fl9t-flake 9 ! undi/urb$ l[] brick-e>?s ( ,cray=d1 by ! ,rev4 ,o4 ,fi%]1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! writ]1 9 ,april #ahgb1 proves t man 0 liv+ :ile ^! fluviatile /rata 7 be+ deposit$4 ,if ^! mammalia be comp>$ ) ^? ( ! =e/-b$ or ! pleioc5e age on ! "o h&1 & ) ! late plei/oc5e on ! o!r1 x w be se5 t !y are l9k$ to ! =m] by ,rh9oc]os meg>h9us1 & to ! latt] by ! musk %eep4 ,! pres5ce ( ! latt]1 ! mo/ arctic ( ! h]bivores1 9 su* /range company is mo/ abnormal1 & sugge/s ! idea t ! rema9s belong to two di/9ct eras4 ,! skull1 h[ev]1 :i* ,i f\nd at ,cray=d 9 #ahfg1 & pres5t$ to ! ,museum ( ! ,geological ,survey1 re/$ 9 intimate association ) ! bones ( o!r species1 is 9 ! same m9]al /ate1 & be>s no m>ks ( be+ a 8d]iv$ fossil40 ,x is ! only trace ( ! animal z yet obta9$ f ! l[] brick-e>?s4 ,! abs5ce ( ! re9de]1 s num]\s 9 ! valley ( ! ,?ames1 :ile ! late plei/oc5e /rata 7 be+ accumulat$ by ! riv]1 & ! abundance ( rema9s ( ! /ag1 seem to me to po9t backw>ds r ?an =w>ds 9 "t1 & to imply t ! l[] brick-e>?s are n ( late plei/oc5e age2 j z ! abs5ce ( ! *>act]i/ic e>ly plei/oc5e species %[s t !y are n ( t age4 ,! evid5ce seems to be suffici5t to e/abli% a /age int]m$iate betwe5 ! two4 ,nev]!less1 x is suffici5tly conflict+ to cause ,dr4 ,falcon] to come to ! conclusion t ^! /rata are ( pleioc5e date1 & ,mr4 ,pre/wi* to believe t !y belong to a late /age 9 ! plei/oc5e4 ,dur+ ! middle plei/oc5e1 9 ! ,?ames valley1 & at ,clacton1 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 elephant1 & mammo? compet$ = ! same fe$+-gr\nds ) ,rh9oc]os hemit*us1 ,r4 meg>h9us1 hippopotamus1 & ,elephas antiquus4 ,al?\gh all ! *>act]i/ic pleioc5e de] _h retreat$1 ! re9de] _h n yet invad$ t area3 x 0 occupi$ by ! /ag1 roe1 ! ,iri% elk1 & ,br[n's fall[ de]4 ,! :ole assemblage ( animals1 ! musk %eep be+ except$1 implies t ! climate 0 less sev]e at ?is "t1 ?an :5 ! re9de] spread ov] ! same area 9 ! late plei/oc5e age1 & 0 f> m num]\s ?an ! /ag4 ,x may1 inde$1 be object$ t ! classificatory value ( ! musk %eep is q z great z t ( ,rh9oc]os meg>h9us2 b 9 ! case ( ! l[] brick-e>?s1 ! evid5ce ( ! latt] z to climate agrees ) t ( ! :ole assemblage ( animals1 :ile t ( ! =m] is altoge!r discordant4 ,!re are no caves ei!r 9 ,brita9 or on ! cont95t :i* c be ref]r$ ) c]ta9ty to ?is middle division4 ,! ma*airodus1 h[ev]1 ( ,k5t's ,hole1 & ( ! cav]n ( ,baume 9 ! ,jura 7see p4 #ccg71 & ! meg>h9e species ( rh9oc]os f ! fissures ( ,ore/on1 probably inhabit$ ^? regions1 :ile ! temp]ate gr\p ( animals held possession ( ! valley ( ! ,?ames1 & ( t n[ sunk b5ea? ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,! ,e>ly ,plei/oc5e ,mammalia4 ,! fossil mammalia mu/ n[ be exam9$1 :i* inhabit$ ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! e>ly plei/oc5e p]iod1 & be=e ! maximum sev]ity ( glacial cold _h z yet be5 rea*$4 ,! fossil bones f ! =e/-b$1 :i* und]lies ! b\ld]-clay on ! %ores ( ,norfolk & ,suffolk1 h = _m ye>s attract$ ! att5tion ( naturali/s & geologi/s4 ,! magnific5t collections ( ! ,rev4 ,john ,gunn1 & ! late ,rev4 ,s4 ,w4 ,k+1 gave ,dr4 ,falcon] ! means ( prov+ t ! fauna ( ! anci5t subm]g$ =e/ diff]$ f t ( any geological p]iod :i* we h hi!rto discuss$3 & ! c>eful diagnosis ( all ! fossils f ?is horizon :i* ,i h be5 able to meet )1 %[s t x 0 ( a v peculi> "*1 be+ closely alli$ to ! pleioc5e ( ! s\? ( ,france & ( ,italy1 & yet possess+ species :i* are und\bt$ly plei/oc5e4 ,! foll[+ li/ is necess>ily v imp]fect1 s9ce ! fragm5t>y nature ( ! fossils r5d]s a specific id5tification v haz>d\s2 & x only includes ^? :i* ,i h be5 able to id5tify ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,sorex mos*atus4 ,s4 vulg>is4 ,talpa ,europa4 ,trogon!rium ,cuvi]i4 ,ca/or fib]4 ,ursus spelu4 ,u4 arv]n5sis4 ,canis lupus4 ,c4 vulpes4 ,ma*airodus4 ,c]vus megac]os4 ,c4 capreolus4 ,c4 elaphus4 ,c]vus ,polignacus4 ,c4 c>nutorum4 ,c4 v]ticornis4 ,c4 ,s$gwickii4 ,bos primig5ius4 ,hippopotamus major4 ,sus scr(a4 ,equus caballus4 ,rh9oc]os etruscus4 ,r4 meg>h9us4 ,elephas m]idionalis4 ,e4 antiquus4 ,e4 primig5ius4 ,f ! exam9ation ( ?is li/1 ! peculi> mixture ( pleioc5e & plei/oc5e species is evid5t4 ,! ,ursus arv]n5sis1 ,c]vus ,polignacus1 ,hippopotamus major1 ,rh9oc]os etruscus1 & ,r4 meg>h9us1 ! horse1 ,elephas m]idionalis1 & ,e4 antiquus 7 liv+ 9 ! pleioc5e age 9 ,france & ,italy1 & probably 9 ,norfolk4 ,! cave-be>1 ! wolf1 fox1 mole1 beav]1 ,iri% elk1 roe1 /ag1 urus1 wild-bo>1 & ! mammo? h n z yet be5 discov]$ 9 ! cont95tal pleioc5es1 z judg$ by ! /&>ds (f]$ by ! ,val d',arno & ,s\!rn ,france4 ,!y are m or less abundant 9 ! late plei/oc5e age4 ,?is s+ul> association seems to me to imply t ! fauna ( ! =e/-b$ is int]m$iate betwe5 ! two1 &1 f ! fact t only ?ree out ( ! :ole s]ies1 viz4 ,ursus arv]n5sis1 ,rh9oc]os etruscus1 & ,c]vus ,polignacus1 are peculi> to ! cont95tal pleioc5e1 t x is m closely alli$ to ! plei/oc5e ?an to ! pleioc5e4 ,x is also v probable t ?is e>ly plei/oc5e age 0 ( consid]able duration2 = 9 x we f9d at lea/ two =ms 7& ! numb] w probably be v l>gely increas$7 :i* are unkn[n 9 cont95tal ,europe1 al?\gh pleioc5e & plei/oc5e /rata h be5 dilig5tly exam9$ 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,! v pres5ce ( ! ,c]vus ,s$gwickii & ,c4 v]ticornis implies t ! lapse ( "t 0 suffici5tly great to all[ ( ! evolution ( =ms ( animal life hi!rto unkn[n1 & :i* disappe>$ be=e ! middle & late plei/oc5e /ages4 ,! ,trogon!rium also1 z well z ! ,c]vus c>nutorum1 bo? ( :i* occur 9 ! =e/-b$ & 9 ! gravel-b$s ( ,/4 ,pre/1 ne> ,*>tres1 & :i* are peculi> to ?is horizon1 po9t to ! same conclusion4 ,! de] ( ! =e/-b$1 9 ?is li/1 d n repres5t approximately ! numb] ( species3 !re are at lea/ five1 & p]haps six1 repres5t$ by a s]ies ( antl]s1 :i* ,i d n v5ture to quote1 because ,i h n be5 able to comp>e !m ) ^? ( ! pleioc5es ( ! ,val d',arno1 ( ,m>seilles1 or ( ,auv]gne4 ,dr4 ,falcon] po9t$ out t "o ( ! peculi> *>act]s ( ! fauna ( ! =e/-b$ is ! pres5ce ( ! mammo?2 & ! evid5ce on :i* he consid]$ ! animal to be ( preglacial age 9 ,europe has be5 fully v]ifi$ by ! mol>s f ,bacton1 :i* are n[ 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum4 ,!y are associat$ ) ,elephas m]idionalis & ,e4 antiquus1 & are incru/$ ) precisely ! same matrix z ! tee? & bones ( ^? species4 ,no caves h be5 discov]$ conta9+ ?is peculi> assemblage ( fossil animals4 ,! ,pleioc5e ,mammalia4 ,! relation ( ! plei/oc5e to ! pleioc5e fauna is a "q ( v great difficulty1 because ! latt] has n yet be5 satisfactorily def9$1 al?\gh ,pr(4 ,g]vais & ,dr4 ,falcon] h giv5 ! m important species f ,auv]gne1 ,montpelli]1 & ! ,val d',arno4 ,! foll[+ li/ is tak5 f ,pr(4 ,g]vais's great "w 8,zoologie et ,palontologie ,franaises10 p4 #cdi1 ! t]m pseudo-pleioc5e m]ely imply+ t ! fauna diff]s f t ( ! m>9e deposit ( ,montpelli]1 :i* he takes z 8 /&>d4 ,pseudo-pleioc5e ( ,issoire4 ,hy/rix refossa4 ,ca/or issiodor5sis4 ,arctomys antiqua4 ,arvicola robu/us4 ,c]vus p>d95sis4 ,c4 arv]n5sis4 ,c4 causanus4 ,sus arv]n5sis4 ,lepus ,laco/i4 ,ma/odon arv]n5sis4 ,tapirus arv]n5sis4 ,rh9oc]os elatus8 ,bos elatus4 ,c]vus polycladus4 ,c4 ard5s4 ,c4 cladoc]us4 ,c4 issiodor5sis4 ,c4 ,p]ri]i4 ,c4 etu]i>um4 ,ursus arv]n5sis4 ,canis borbonidus4 ,felis p>d95sis4 ,f4 arv]n5sis4 ,f4 breviro/ris4 ,f4 issiodor5sis4 ,ma*airodus cultrid5s4 ,hyna arv]n5sis4 ,h4 ,p]ri]i4 ,lutra ,brav>di4 ,to ^! animals ,dr4 ,falcon]#bfi adds ,hippopotamus major1 ,elephas antiquus1 & ,rh9oc]os meg>h9us1 & he id5tifies ,rh9oc]os elatus ) 8 new species ,rh9oc]os etruscus4 ,pr(4 ,gaudry agrees ) me 9 ! belief t ,hyna ,p]ri]i is id5tical ) ,h4 /riata or ! /rip$ species4 ,pr(4 ,g]vais also id5tifies ! ,equus robu/us ( ,m4 ,pomel1 f ! same locality1 ) ! common ,horse1 ,equus fossilis4 ,! fauna ( ,montpelli] is c]ta9ly v diff]5t f t ( ,issoire2 b s9ce x is nei!r meioc5e nor plei/oc5e1 x mu/ belong to "o ( ! int]m$iate /ages ( ! pleioc5e4 ,x includes ,semnopi!cus monspessulanus4 ,macacus priscus4 ,*alicomys sigmodus4 ,lagomys loxodus4 ,ma/odon breviro/ris4 ,rh9oc]os meg>h9us4 ,tapirus m9or4 ,antilope ,cordi]i4 ,a4 ha/ata4 ,c]vus ,cuvi]i4 ,c4 au/ralis4 ,sus prov9cialis4 ,hynodon insignis4 ,hyna ----8 ,ma*airodus4 ,felis ,*ri/olii4 ,lutra aff9is4 ,! ,ma/odon breviro/ris ( ?is li/ is consid]$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] to be id5tical ) ,m4 arv]n5sis ( ,,mm4 ,croiset & ,job]t4 ,! fauna ( ! ,val d',arno diff]s f t ( ,montpelli] & ( ,auv]gne1 & yet is consid]$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] to be em95tly typical ( ! ,european pleioc5e4#bgj ,! animals id5tifi$ by him 9 ! museums ( ,italy are z foll[3-- ,felis4 ,hyna4 ,ma*airodus cultrid5s4 ,ma/odon arv]n5sis4 ,m4 ,borsoni4 ,elephas antiquus4 ,elephas m]idionalis4 ,rh9oc]os etruscus4 ,r4 meg>h9us4 ,r4 hemit*us4 ,hippopotamus major4 ,all ^! animals1 ) ! exception ( ,rh9oc]os hemit*us1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! pseudo-pleioc5e ( ,issoire1 :ile ! meg>h9e rh9oc]os & ,ma/odon arv]n5sis are ! only two :i* h be5 obta9$ f ! m>9e s&s ( ,montpelli]4 ,! pleioc5e animals1 !re=e1 inhabit+ ,nor!rn ,italy are m closely alli$ to ^? ( ,auv]gne ?an to ^? ( ,montpelli]4 ,if ^! ?ree localities be tak5 z typical ( ! pleioc5e /rata1 we %all f9d t sev]al ( ! species range z f> nor? z ,brita91 & occur 9 deposits :i* f ! evid5ce ( ! mollusca1 h be5 assign$ to t age4 ,ma/odon arv]n5sis1 ,elephas m]idionalis1 & ,ursus arv]n5sis1 h be5 obta9$ f ! old l&-surface :i* und]lies ! s& & %+le ( ! ,norfolk ,crag1 9 company ) _m =ms ( de] & antelopes :i* h n yet be5 id5tifi$1 :ile ! ,hipp>ion is f\nd 9 ! m>9e crags ( ,suffolk4 ,! animals :i* especially *>act]ize ! pleioc5e /rata ( ,europe are ,ma*airodus cultrid5s1 ,ma/odon arv]n5sis & ,m4 ,borsoni1 besides ! g5us ,tapir4 ,if ?is fauna be comp>$ ) t ( ! preglacial =e/-b$1 x w be se5 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is v great4 ,! pleioc5e ma/odon1 tapir1 ! majority ( ! de]1 & ! antelopes are replac$ by =ms su* z ! roe & ! r$-de]1 unkn[n up to t "t4 ,nev]!less _m ( ! pleioc5e animals 7 able to hold _! gr\nd aga9/ ! plei/oc5e invad]s1 al?\gh1 subsequ5tly1 z ,i h already %[n1 !y disappe>$ "o by "o1 be+ ultimately beat5 9 ! /ruggle = life by ! new com]s4 ,! progress ( ?is /ruggle has be5 us$ 9 ! prec$+ pages z a means ( classification4 ,?is fauna has n be5 discov]$ 9 any cave4 ,summ>y ( ,*>act]i/ic ,plei/oc5e & ,pleioc5e ,species4 ,! foll[+ are ! sali5t po9ts ( ! plei/oc5e age (f]$ by ! /udy ( ! l& mammalia 9 ! area nor? ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees4 ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,p]iod4 ,a4--,! late/ /age4 ,paloli?ic ,man4 ,woolly ,rh9oc]os1 abundant4 ,mammo?1 abundant4 ,re9de]1 abundant4 ,/ag1 comp>atively r>e4 ,nor!rn =ms ( life 9 full possession ( area nor? ( ,alps & ,pyr5ees4 ,b4--,! middle /age4 ,paloli?ic ,man4 ,ma*airodus latid5s4 ,/ag1 abundant4 ,nor!rn =ms ( life pres5t1 b n 9 =ce4 ,rh9oc]os meg>h9us1 /ill liv+4 ,woolly ,rh9oc]os1 pres5t4 ,c4--,! e>ly /age4 ,! foll[+ are animals peculi> to ?is /age3-- ,trogon!rium ,cuvi]i4 ,c]us v]ticornis4 ,c]vus ,s$gwickii4 ,c4 c>nutorum4 ,! foll[+ make _! appe>ance3--,! beav]1 musk-%rew1 cave-be>1 roe1 /ag1 ,iri% elk1 urus1 & bison1 wild-bo>1 horse1 7#b71 mammo?1 wolf1 & fox4 ,! pleioc5e ,ursus arv]n5sis1 ,c]vus ,polignacus1 ,rh9oc]os etruscus1 & ,elephas m]idionalis /ill liv+4 ,,! ,,pleioc5e4 ,ma/odon arv]n5sis4 ,m4 ,borsoni4 ,hipp>ion gracile4 ,no liv+ species ( ,european ,de]4 ,! ?ree subdivisions ( ! plei/oc5e d n apply to ! region s\? ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees1 because ! nor!rn gr\p ( animals did n pass into ,spa9 & ,italy4 ,9 ^! two c\ntries we f9d s\!rn & pleioc5e animals liv+ ?r\gh\t ! plei/oc5e age1 :i* 9 ,france & ,brita9 liv$ only 9 ! two e>li] /ages4 ,antiquity ( ,man 9 ,europe4 ,no rema9s h be5 discov]$ up to ! pres5t "t 9 any "p ( ,europe :i* c be ref]r$ ) c]ta9ty to a high] antiquity ?an ! plei/oc5e age4 ,! paloli?ic p or peoples arriv$ 9 ,europe along ) ! peculi> fauna ( t age1 & aft] dwell+ "h = a l5g? ( "t1 :i* is to be measur$ by ! va/ physical & climatal *anges1 describ$ 9 ! la/ ?ree *apt]s1 f9ally disappe>$1 leav+ beh9d z _! repres5tatives ! ,eskimos tribes ( arctic ,am]ica4 ,!re is no evid5ce t !y 7 inf]ior 9 intellectual capacity to _m ( ! l[] races ( ! pres5t "t1 or m closely l9k$ to ! l[] animals4 ,! traces :i* !y h left beh9d tell u no?+ z to ! tru? or falsehood ( ! doctr9e ( evolution1 = if x be ma9ta9$ on ! "o h&1 t ! fir/ appe>ance ( man z a man1 & n z a man-l brute1 is inconsi/5t ) t doctr9e1 x may be answ]$ t ! lapse ( "t betwe5 8 appe>ance 9 ! plei/oc5e age & ! pres5t day1 is too small to h produc$ appreciable physical or intellectual *ange4 ,also1 x mu/ n be =gott51 t we h m]ely inve/igat$ ! antiquity ( ! soj\rn ( man 9 ,europe1 & n ! g5]al "q ( 8 fir/ appe>ance on ! e>?1 ) :i* x is v g5]ally conf\nd$4 ,dr4 ,falcon] well rem>k$ t ! orig9es ( mank9d are to be s\ght1 n 9 ,europe1 b 9 ! tropical regions1 probably ( ,asia4 ,to ^! we h no clue 9 ! pres5t /age ( ! inquiry4 ,! high] apes are repres5t$ 9 ! ,european meioc5e & pleioc5e /rata1 by ext9ct =ms unit+ 9 "s cases ! *>act]s ( diff]5t liv+ species1 b !y d n %[ any t5d5cy to assume human *>act]s4 ,x mu/ inde$ be all[$1 t ! /udy ( fossil rema9s ?r[s z little light z ! docum5ts ( hi/ory on ! relation ( man to ! l[] animals4 ,! hi/orian comm5ces 8 lab\rs ) ! high civilization ( ,assyria & ,egypt1 & c m]ely guess at ! /eps by :i* x 0 a*iev$2 ! palontologi/ meets ) ! traces ( man 9 ! plei/oc5e /rata1 & he too c m]ely guess at ! antec$5t /eps by :i* man arriv$ ev5 at t culture :i* is impli$ by ! implem5ts4 ,! latt] has prov$ t ! antiquity ( man is great] ?an ! =m] _h suppos$4 ,nei!r has contribut$ any?+ t[>ds ! solution ( ! problem ( 8 orig94 ,man liv$ 9 ,india 9 ,plei/oc5e ,age4 ,! rese>*es ( ! ,geological ,surveyors has %[n t 9 anci5t times man1 9 ! same /age ( civilization z ! paloli?ic man ( ,europe1 liv$ 9 ,s\!rn ,india & 9 ! valley ( ! ,n>bad4 ,9 #ahfhbga ,mr4 ,bruce ,foote describ$ ! fl9t implem5ts :i* 7 discov]$ ov] a l>ge area 9 ! di/ricts ( ,madras1 ei!r 9 ! r$ clayey deposit kn[n z ,lat]ite1 or 9 su* positions z impli$ t !y _h be5 wa%$ out ( x4 ,!y all belong to ! same rude types z ^? ( ! plei/oc5e /rata ( ,nor?-we/]n ,europe4 ,a small fragm5t ( bone 0 ! only fossil :i* _h up to t "t be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,lat]ite1 & ?is ,i 0 able to id5tify 9 #ahfi z a portion ( a human tibia ( ! abnormal platycnemic v>iety1 :i* has be5 describ$ 9 ! fif? *apt] ( ?is "w1 f ! ,european caves & tombs4 ,! ,lat]itic deposits !mselves are /rictly analog\s to our riv]-/rata & brick-e>?s 9 _! con/itution1 & 9 _! re/+ at v>i\s levels above ! sea1 & 71 z ,mr4 ,foote rem>ks1 =m$ "u conditions diff]5t to ^? :i* are n[ go+ on 9 t di/rict4 ,!y prove t ! p]iod ( ! soj\rn ( paloli?ic man 9 ,s\!rn ,india is divid$ f ! pres5t day by consid]able geographical *anges1 su* z ! elevation ( l&1 & ! erosion & break+ up ( accumulations :i* 7 once cont9u\s4 ,we h se5 t some:at simil> *anges h happ5$ 9 ,europe1 9 ! int]val :i* sep>ates ! paloli?ic p]iod f our own "t4 ,! discov]y ( a rudely *ipp$ implem5t ( qu>tzite1 ( ! po9t$ oval %ape common 9 ! gravels ( ,brita9 & ,france1 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,m$licott 9 #ahgc1 9 ! 8,records ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,india10 proves fur!r t man 0 a memb] ( ! rem>kable fauna :i* inhabit$ ! valley ( ! ,n>bad 9 anci5t times4 ,x 0 dug out ( r$di% un/ratifi$ clay by ,mr4 ,hacket at a dep? ( ?ree feet f ! upp] surface1 :i* 0 cov]$ by tw5ty feet ( ossif]\s gravel1 on ! left bank ( ! ,n>bad ne> ! valley ( ,bhutra4 ,! clay belongs to ! same fluviatile s]ies z t f :i* ! mammalia 7 obta9$ & nam$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] 9 #ahbh4 ,bo? clay & gravel are %[n to be ( fluviatile orig91 by ! pres5ce ( fre%-wat] mussels ( ! v>ieties /ill liv+ 9 ! adjac5t riv]4 ,! fossil bones belong to ext9ct & liv+ animals4 ,among ! =m] are two k9ds ( elephant 7,e4 namadicus7 & 7,e4 /egodon insignis71 "o ( :i* is closely alli$ to ! ,european ,e4 antiquus1 two species ( hippopotamus1 "o 7,h4 palindicus7 ) f\r incisors 9 front ( ! jaws l ! ,african1 & a second ) six incisors belong+ to ! ext9ct division ( hexaprotodon1 a l>ge ox 7,bos namadicus71 a de] & a be>4 ,! liv+ =ms are repres5t$ by ! buffalo 7,bubalus namadicus71 :i* is id5tical ) ! wild arnee f :i* ! ,indian dome/ic buffaloes h desc5d$1 & ! gavial1 or long-sn\t$ ,gangetic crocodile4 ,?is imp]fect li/1 borr[$ f ,dr4 ,falcon]1#bgb %[s t !re is ! same mixture ( ext9ct ) liv+ =ms 9 ! valley ( ! ,ganges1 :ile ! clays & gravels 7 be+ accumulat$1 z we h obs]v$ 9 ! plei/oc5e deposits ( ,europe1 & ! fauna may !re=e be ref]r$ to ! plei/oc5e age1 & probably1 z ,mr4 ,m$licott proposes1 to ! late division ( t age4 ,! exact correspond5ce ( ! qu>tzite implem5ts ) ^? :i* are s abundant 9 ! ,european riv]-/rata ( ! same age1 adds additional weight to ?is conclusion4 ,are ! ,paloli?ic ,aborig9es ( ,india relat$ to ^? ( ,europe8 ,x is n a little rem>kable t ,dr4 ,falcon]1 writ+ 9 #ahfe ( ! peculi> fauna ( ! ,n>bad1 %\ld h held ! view t man 0 liv+ 9 ,india at t "t1 & t ! memory ( ! hippopotamus 0 h&$ d[n 9 ,aryan traditions1 "u ! /rik+ "n ( ! wat] elephant4 8,aft] reflect+10 he writes1 8on ! "q dur+ _m ye>s 9 its palontological & e?nological be>+s1 my lean+ is to ! view t ,hippopotamus namadicus 0 ext9ct 9 ,india long be=e ! ,aryan invasion1 b t x 0 famili> to ! e>li] indig5\s races40 7ii4 p4 #fdd47 ,?is inf]5ce is prov$ to be lit]ally true by ! discov]y ( ! paloli?ic implem5ts 9 ! ossif]\s /rata ( ! ,n>bad1 :i* mu/ h requir$ long ages = _! accumulation & subsequ5t erosion4 ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude t paloli?ic man inhabit$ bo? ,europe & ,india 9 ! plei/oc5e age4 ,& possibly ! id5tity ( ! implem5ts1 9 ^! two remote regions1 may be acc\nt$ = 9 ! same mann] z ! id5tity ( ,aryan root-words1 by ! view t _! fabricators may h come f ! same c5tre ( disp]sal1 by ! same r\tes z ^? :i* 7 subsequ5tly us$ by ! pre-,aryan1 & ,aryan1 invad]s ( ,europe & ,india4 ,b :e!r ?is be accept$ or n1 x _c be d5i$ t ! man :o inhabit$ bo? ^! regions 0 9 ! same rude /age ( human progress1 & play$ 8 "p 9 ! same life-era4 ,paloli?ic ,man liv$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,! discov]y1 by ! ,abb ,ri*>d1#bgc ( a paloli?ic fl9t implem5t1 ( ! ord9>y riv]-b$ type1 on ! surface ( a /ratum ( gravel betwe5 ,m\nt ,tabor & ! lake ( ,tib]ias1 l5ds great weight to ! view t ! ,aborig9es ( ,india & ,europe1 ^: implem5ts are f\nd 9 ! deposits ( riv]s1 migrat$ f ! same c5tre1 s9ce x bridges ov] ! great int]val ( space by :i* !y 7 isolat$4 ,x is v probable1 t future discov]ies may reveal ! pres5ce ( a tol]ably uni=m priscan population1 9 ! plei/oc5e age1 ?r\gh\t ?is va/ area3 :i* z yet has only be5 explor$ by ar*ologi/s 9 a few isolat$ po9ts1 ) ! important results record$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,conclusion4 ,x n[ rema9s = u to sum up ! results ( ! exploration ( ,european caves1 ( :i* an imp]fect outl9e has be5 giv5 9 ?is "w4 ,_! =mation1 & fill+ up1 h an important be>+ on ! physical geography ( ! di/ricts 9 :i* !y occur1 & reveal ! great *anges :i* are go+ on1 9 ! calc>e\s rocks1 at ! pres5t "t4 ,! /udy ( ! rema9s :i* !y conta9 has l$ to ! recognition ( ! fact1 t ! climate & geography ( ,europe1 9 anci5t times1 7 altoge!r diff]5t f ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,x has also made l>ge additions to ! hi/ory ( ! soj\rn ( man 9 ,europe4 ,we f9d a hunt+ & fi%+ race ( cave-dwell]s1 9 ! remote plei/oc5e age1 9 possession ( ,france1 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 & ,brita91 probably ( ! same /ock z ! ,eskimos1 liv+ & =m+ "p ( a fauna1 9 :i* nor!rn & s\!rn1 liv+ & ext9ct1 species are /rangely m+l$ ) ^? n[ liv+ 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! neoli?ic age caves 7 inhabit$1 & us$ = tombs1 by m5 ( ! ,ib]ian or ,basque race1 :i* is /ill repres5t$ by ! small1 d>k-hair$1 peoples ( we/]n ,europe4 ,!y 7 r>ely us$ 9 ! bronze age4 ,:5 we arrive )9 ! bord]s ( hi/ory 9 ,brita91 we f9d !m (f]+ %elt] to ! ,brit-,wel% fly+ f _! enemies aft] ! ru9 ( ! ,roman empire1 & ?r[+ great light on ! fragm5t>y records ( ^? obscure times4 ,9 treat+ ( ^! que/ions1 x has be5 necess>y to discuss problems ( deep & v>i$ int]e/ to ! e?nologi/1 physici/1 & hi/orian1 "s ( :i* h be5 p>tially solv$1 :ile o!rs await ! light ( ! high] k :i* w be ! fruit ( a wid] exp]i5ce4 ,,app5dices4 ,,app5dix ,i4--,p4 #cj4 ,,on ,,! ,,in/rum5ts ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cave-,,hunt+4 ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 ,cave-hunt+4--,! ,se>* aft] ,bone-caves4-- ,! ?ree modes ( ,cave-digg+4--,/alagmitic ,floors to be brok5 up4--,pres]vation ( ,fossil ,bones4 ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 ,cave-hunt+4 ,! in/rum5ts :i* ,mr4 ,james ,p>k]1 ,mr4 ,ay%=d ,san=d & myself h f\nd mo/ valuable 9 cave-hunt+1 ap>t f ! tools ( ! workman1 are z foll[3-- #a4 ,a hamm] ) an a% h&le ab\t tw5ty in*es long1 ins]t$ into a squ>e head ( be/ /eel1 end+ 9 a *isel edge 9 ! same plane z ! h&le1 weigh+ almo/ eight ounces1 & sev5 in*es 9 l5g?4 #b4 ,a /eel *isel t5 in*es long4 #c4 ,a prismatic compass4 #d4 ,a !rmomet] = tak+ ! temp]atures ( ! air & wat]4 #e4 ,an an]oid4 #f4 ,a /eel measur+ tape4 #g4 ,abney's pat5t level :i* is us$ = lay+ d[n datum-l9e = plan1 z well z = tak+ ! dips & angles4 ,9 mak+ a plan we h f\nd x useful to m>k ! datum-l9e by a /\t /r+ or wire & to measure f x z ! "w proce$s1 indicat+ on ! sides & floor ( ! cave ! po9ts ( measurem5t1 ) pa9t or wood5 pegs4 #h4 ,a /\t rope n less ?an tw5ty feet long ) a horse's gir? at ! end is necess>y = ! exploration ( v]tical fissures1 s t ! explor] may be let d[n )\t any great dang]4 ,no l>ge unkn[n caves %\ld be explor$ )\t a rope1 or by a p>ty less ?an ?ree 9 numb]4 ,9 explor+ ! caves ( ,burr+ton ,combe we us$ a rope sixty feet long4 ,! desc5t into ,helln ,pot1 describ$ 9 ! second *apt]1 p4 #da1 0 effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a /rong plat=m ( timb] 0 made ov] ! op5 fissure1 & f x a squ>e 8cage0 or 8basket0 ( ! ord9>y k9d us$ 9 m9+ 0 let d[n = ! fir/ drop ( #aih feet4 ,x 0 prev5t$ f twi/+ r\nd by two guide ropes4 ,= ! re/ ( ! falls we _h two ladd]s eight feet long1 & a rope1 )\t :i* we %\ld h be5 unable to rea* ! bottom4 ,illu/ration3 a ---------------------------- g 444 444 g b e c d c e b g 444 444 g ---------------------------- a #i4 ,9 ! exploration ( wat]-caves1 9 :i* !re are sometimes %eets ( wat] ( consid]able size & dep?1 a raft may be us$1 su* z t devis$ by ,mr4 ,james ,p>k] = ! navigation ( ! great cave ( ,wookey ,hole4 ,x consi/$ ( a plat=m support$ on b>rels & built z foll[s3 ,a frame ( /\t poles 0 made2 two1 a a1 be+ eight feet long1 ) f\r o!rs1 b1 c1 la%$ firmly across1 ea* f\r feet 9 l5g?4 ,! space d 0 conv]t$ into a plat=m by nail+ bo>ds across1 & ?is 0 buoy$ up by a be]-b>rel at ea* end 9 ! int]space e4 ,! b>rels 7 atta*$ to ! raft by two loops ( rope g1 pass+ ov] f b to c1 & ?us kept 9 place1 al?\gh !y freely twi/$ & turn$ 9 actual use4 ,! ropes _h an advantage ov] iron hoops = ! atta*m5t ( ! b>rels1 because :5 !y 7 tight5$ ! plat=m 0 rais$ above ! wat]1 :5 !y 7 loos5$ x 0 l[]$1 & ?us ! raft c\ld be adju/$ to ! weight to be c>ri$1 to ! dep? ( ! wat]1 & ! di/ance ( ! wat]-l9e f ! ro(4 ,a raft ( ?is k9d w be> ?ree p]sons1 & is suffici5tly light to be c>ri$ ov] ! %all[s4 ,) x ,mr4 ,p>k] made 8 way = a consid]able di/ance 9 ! ,wookey ,hole cav]n1 & subsequ5tly ,i p5etrat$ z f> z ! wat]-l9e w\ld all[ me to get4 ,a long pole is also necess>y = punt+4 ,mr4 ,p>k] f\nd by exp]i5ce t a raft made ( bo>ds nail$ on ! top ( two be]-b>rels 0 too un/able to be ( any use4 ,9 mak+ 8 way across subt]ranean pools ! cave-hunt] ought to be prep>$ = accid5ts1 = ! dep? is v unc]ta91 & ! wat] suffici5tly cold to cause cramp4 ,= ! exploration ( ord9>y wat]-caves a raft is unnecess>y1 b no attempt %\ld be made )\t a rope4 ,9 ,york%ire & ,d]by%ire !re is an unlimit$ field = adv5ture 9 ! subt]ranean wat]-c\rses4 #aj4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t lights = use 9 caves are ! common composite c&les4 ,p>aff9 c&les are op5 to ! objection t !y gutt]1 lan?orns d n give a suffici5tly diffus$ light1 & ! smoke ( p>aff9 tor*es1 or flambeaux dipp$ 9 turp5t9e or t> is intol]able4 ,magnesium wire reveals ! beauties ( ! high] ro(s4 ,! ,se>* aft] ,ossif]\s ,caves4 ,_m ( ! ossif]\s caves1 & especially ^? ( ! neoli?ic & plei/oc5e ages1 h _! entrances mask$ by dbris :i* has be5 accumulat$ f ! surface above dur+ ! long lapse ( ages4 ,9 _! discov]y ,i h f\nd rabbits1 foxes1 & badg]s ( ! greate/ s]vice1 s9ce ^! animals g5]ally make _! burr[s 9 su* places4 ,& :]e _! e>?s are met ) at ! base ( a v]tical wall ( rock1 ,i h v g5]ally f\nd a cave4 ,!y 7 my sole guides to ! discov]y ( ! five sepul*ral caves at ,p]?i ,*w>eu1 describ$ 9 ! fif? *apt]1 9 a di/rict 9 :i* up to t "t caves 7 n kn[n to exi/4 ,! dwell]s 9 caves v g5]ally *ose = _! habitations ! sunny side ( ! rav9es & valleys1 & ! spots :i* comm&$ a wide view1 &1 !re=e1 _! rema9s are to be look$ = 9 ^? places1 r ?an on ! cold & sunless sides1 or :]e an enemy might approa* )\t obs]vation4 ,! ,sci5tific ,me?ods ( ,cave-digg+4 ,! exploration ( an ossif]\s cav]n ) suffici5t accuracy to be ( sci5tific value1 may be c>ri$ out 9 all tunnel caves1 or ^? ext5d+ horizontally into ! rock1 by "o ( ! ?ree foll[+ me?ods :i* may be adapt$ to ! local conditions3-- ,! fir/ /ep to take 9 all cases is to make a plan ( ! entrance1 & to cut a passage d[n to ! rock at ! entrance1 s z to obta9 a cle> idea ( ! sequ5ce ( ! /rata4 ,9 ! hyna-d5 at ,wookey ,hole1 we fir/ ( all cut a passage ?r\gh ! cave-e>? :i* ext5d$ f ! ro( to ! floor1 & !n remov$ ! e>? on ei!r side 9 blocks1 until ultimately ! *amb] & passages describ$ 9 ! eigh? *apt] 7 cle>$ ( _! cont5ts4 ,our "w 0 measur$ e ev5+1 & ea* bone & object f\nd 0 labell$ ) ! date :i* 0 record$ on ! gr\nd plan4 ,v]tical sections 7 also tak5 f "t to "t4 ,?is mode1 supplem5t$ by con/ant sup]vision ( ! workm51 0 suffici5tly accurate to satisfy ! dem&s ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! ,victoria ,cave1 :]e ! dem>cation betwe5 ! /rata 0 v di/9ct1 0 explor$1 :ile ! "w 0 "u my direction up to ,septemb] #ahgc1 9 a some:at simil> fa%ion4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 impossible on acc\nt ( ! great dep? ( ! deposits to cut a passage d[n to ! rock at ! entrance4 ,we !re=e exam9$ ! sup]ficial /rata ?r\gh\t ! cave1 m]ely gaug+ ! ?ickness ( ^? bel[ by s9k+ ?ree %afts4 ,:]e a cave is suffici5tly high to all[ ( ! "w be+ c>ri$ on1 x is bett] to cle> out "o /ratum be=e ano!r is di/urb$4 ,! mo/ elaborate & p]fect me?od ( cave exploration is t :i* has be5 us$ by ! committee 9 ,k5t's ,hole1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,mr4 ,p5gelly1 :o writes z foll[s3#bgd-- 8,! foll[+ is ! me?od ( exploration :i* has be5 obs]v$ f ! comm5cem5t1 & :i* x is believ$ af=ds a simple & correct me?od ( det]m9+ ! exact position ( e object :i* has be5 f\nd4 8#a4 ,! black soil accessible betwe5 ! masses ( lime/one on ! surface 0 c>efully exam9$ & remov$4 8#b4 ,! lime/one blocks occupy+ ! surface ( ! deposits 7 bla/$ & o!rwise brok5 up1 & tak5 out ( ! cav]n4 8#c4 ,a l9e t]m$ ! #8datum-l9e1' is /ret*$ horizontally f a fix$ po9t at ! entrance to ano!r at ! back ( ! *amb]4 8#d4 ,l9es1 "o foot ap>t1 are drawn at "r angles to ! datum-l9e1 & !re=e p>allel to "o ano!r1 across ! *amb] s z to divide ! surface ( ! deposit into belts t]m$ #8p>allels4' 8#e4 ,9 ea* p>allel ! black m\ld :i* ! lime/one masses _h cov]$ is fir/ exam9$ & remov$1 & !n ! /alagmite breccia1 s z to lay b>e ! surface ( ! cave-e>?4 8#f4 ,horizontal l9es1 a foot ap>t1 are !n drawn f side to side across ! v]tical face ( ! section s z to divide ! p>allel into f\r lay]s or #8levels1' ea* a foot deep4 8,f9ally ea* level is divid$ into l5g?s call$ #8y>ds1' ea* ?ree feet long1 & measur$ "r & left f ! datum-l9e z an axis ( absciss4 8,9 f9e1 ! cave-e>? is excavat$ 9 v]tical slices or p>allels f\r feet high1 "o foot ?ick1 & z long z ! *amb] is broad1 :]e ?is bread? does n exce$ ?irty feet4 ,ea* p>allel is tak5 out 9 levels "o foot high1 & 9 ea* level 9 horizontal prisms ?ree feet long & a foot squ>e 9 ! section1 s t ea* conta9s ?ree cubic feet ( mat]ial4 8,?is mat]ial1 aft] be+ c>efully exam9$ 9 situ by c&lelight1 is tak5 to ! door & re-exam9$ by daylight1 aft] :i* x is at once remov$ )\t ! cav]n4 ,a box is appropriat$ to ea* y>d exclusively1 & 9 x are plac$ all ! objects ( int]e/ :i* ! prism yields4 ,! boxes1 ea* hav+ a label conta9+ ! data necess>y = def9+ ! situation ( its cont5ts1 are daily s5t to ! honor>y secret>y ( ! committee1 by :om ! specim5s are at once clean$ & pack$ 9 fre% boxes4 ,! labels are numb]$ & pack$ ) ! specim5s to :i* !y respectively belong1 & a record ( ! day's "w is ent]$ 9 a di>y4 8,! same me?od is foll[$ 9 ! exam9ation ( ! black m\ld1 & also ( ! /alagmitic breccia1 ) ! s+le exception t 9 ^! cases ! p>allels are n divid$ into levels & y>ds40 ,a c>eful record ( ! "w1 & m9ute sections %\ld be tak5 daily on ! spot4 ,! ,/alagmitic ,floor to be brok5 up4 ,9 all cases ! cry/all9e floor+ ( /alagmite & /alagmitic breccias :i* (t5 occur1 %\ld be brok5 up1 or1 if necess>y1 bla/$ ) gunp[d]4 ,! =m] v frequ5tly conceals ! plei/oc5e rema9s1 & ! latt]1 :i* is 9 ,k5t's ,hole _m feet ?ick1 (t5 conta9s ! traces ( man & wild animals4 ,sometimes x is v difficult to di/+ui% ! breccia f ! rocky floor4 ,:]e ! ossif]\s deposit fills a v]tical fissure x mu/ be work$ on ! same plan z 9 o*re-m9+1 by s9k+ a %aft4 ,to dig into x f bel[ 7:]e ?is is possible7 is v dang]\s1 because ( ! l>ge imb$d$ /ones :i* fall sometimes )\t any w>n+4 ,! ,pres]vation ( ,fossil ,rema9s4 ,! fossil bones & tee?1 :i* h v g5]ally lo/ _! gelat9e & h a t5d5cy to crumble & split to pieces 9 dry+1 %\ld be gradually dri$1 & f "t to "t saturat$ ) a weak hot solution ( gelat9e or glue4 ,silicate ( soda1 sometimes call$ 8liquid glass10 or melt$ p>aff9 7n ! oil71 may also be us$ = ! same purpose4 ,if ! bones are extremely s(t1 !y may be rescu$ f de/ruction by lett+ !m dry 9 ! matrix1 saturat+ !m & ! matrix ) a solution ( gelat9e1 & !n cle>+ (f ! latt]4 ,9 ?is mann] ,i pres]v$ ! skull ( ! musk %eep :i* is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,geological ,survey 9 ,j]myn ,/reet1 ,london4 ,,app5dix ,,ii4--,p4 #dj4 ,obs]vations on ! ,rate at :i* ,/alagmite is be+ accumulat$ 9 ! ,+lebor\gh ,cave4 ,proce$4 ,lit4 & ,phil4 ,soc4 ,man*4 ,april #ahgc4 ,! only attempt to measure ) accuracy ! rate ( ! accumulation ( /alagmite 9 cav]ns1 9 ?is c\ntry1 is t made by ,mr4 ,james ,f>r] 9 ! ,+lebor\gh ,cave1 9 ! ye>s #ahci & #ahde1 & publi%$ by ,pr(4 ,phillips 9 ! 8,riv]s1 ,m\nta9s1 & ,sea ,coa/ ( ,york%ire0 7second edition1 #ahee1 pp4 #cd-ce74 ,! /alagmite ( :i* ! measurem5ts 7 tak5 is t t]m$1 f its %ape1 ! ,jockey ,cap4 ,x rises f a cry/all9e pavem5t to a height ( ab\t two & a half feet1 & is ! result ( a deposit ( c>bonate ( lime1 br\ght d[n by a l9e ( drops t fall into a bas9 at its top1 & fl[ ov] ! g5]al surface4 ,on ,m>* #ac?1 #ahgc1 9 company ) ,mr4 ,john ,birkbeck & ,mr4 ,walk]1 ,i 0 enabl$ by ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,f>r] to take a set ( measurem5ts1 to be record$ = use 9 aft] ye>s4 ,= ! sake ( insur+ accuracy 9 future obs]vations1 ?ree holes 7 bor$ at ! base ( ! /alagmite1 & ?ree gauges ( brass wire1 gilt1 ins]t$2 gauge ,no4 #a 9 ! foll[+ table be+ t on ! ,s4,s4,e41 ,no4 #b on ,n4,n4,e41 ,no4 #c on ! ,we/ side4 ,! curvil9e> dim5sions 7 tak5 ) f9e iron wire1 or ) a /eel measure2 & ! circumf]5tial ar\nd ! base along a l9e m>k$ by ! ?ree gauges4 ,! measurem5ts #b1 #c1 & #d ( ! table 7 tak5 on ! #ae? ( ,m>*1 by ,mr4 ,walk]1 & _! accuracy may be te/$ by ! fact t !y co9cide exactly ) ,no4 #a1 :i* ,i took two days be=e4 ,! l5g?s ( wire1 prop]ly labell$1 are deposit$ 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum1 ! ,ow5s ,college1 = future obs]v]s4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ,i h giv5 my own measurem5ts & comp>$ !m ) ^? tak5 by ,mr4 ,f>r]4 ,,table ,,( ,,measurem5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ac? ,rate ( ,m>4 #cj ,oct4 ,increase ,increase #ahgc4 #ahci4 #ahde4 s9ce p] ,in*es4,in*es4,in*es4#ahci4ahde4 annum4 ,in*es ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #a ,basal circumf]5ce at #bida- ,gauges #abh #aah #abj #aj #h #bheg #b ,gauge ,no4 #a to ,gauge ,no4 #b #ebfbe #c 0 #b 0 #c #cej #d 0 #c 0 #a #djcge #e ,gauge ,no4 #a to hole 9 c5tre ( bas9 at apex #cj #f 0 #b 0 0 #bie #g 0 #c 0 0 #cad #h ,height f ,gauge ,no4 #a #bji #i 0 0 #b m9 #bjd #aj ,maximum #big #aa ,tape measurem5t on slope ,gauge ,no4 #a to edge ( apex #bfg #ab 0 ,no4 #b 0 0 #bff #baj #ef #ac 0 0 maximum 0 #cfj #cbj #cej #dj #aj #ad ,ro( to apex ( ,jockey ,cap #hg #iebe #hbebidf #ae ,ro( to tip ( /alactite #aj #af ,/alactite to apex ( ,jockey ,cap #hebe ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,un=tunately ,i h be5 unable to id5tify ! exact spots :]e ! /alagmite 0 measur$ by ,mr4 ,f>r]1 s t ! only measurem5t :i* af=ds any tru/wor?y data = e/imat+ ! rate ( increase is numb] #ad4 ,) reg>d to ?is1 ! only possible gr\nd ( error is ! erosion ( ! g5]al surface ( ! solid lime/one1 ( :i* ! ro( is compos$1 by c>bonic acid1 s9ce ! ye> #ahde1 & ?is is s small z to be practically inappreciable4 ,we h1 !re=e1 evid5ce t ! ,jockey's ,cap is gr[+ at ! rate ( #bidf ( an in* p] annum1 & t if ! pres5t rate ( gr[? be cont9u$ x w f9ally arrive at ! ro( 9 ab\t #bie ye>s4 ,b ev5 ?is comp>atively %ort lapse ( "t w probably be dim9i%$ by ! gr[? ( a p5d5t /alactite above1 t is n[ be+ =m$ 9 place ( t :i* measur$ t5 in*es 9 #ahde1 & has s9ce be5 accid5tally de/roy$4 ,x is v possible t ! ,jockey ,cap may be ! result n ( ! cont9u\s b ( ! int]mitt5t drip ( wat] conta9+ a v>iable quantity ( c>bonate ( lime1 & t1 !re=e1 ! pres5t rate ( gr[? is n a measure ( its pa/ or future condition4 ,its possible age 9 #ahde 0 e/imat$ by ,pr(4 ,phillips at #bei ye>s1 on ! supposition t ! gra9 ( c>bonate ( lime 9 ea* p9t 0 deposit$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x grew at its pres5t rate x may be n m ?an #ajj ye>s old4 ,all ! /alagmites & /alactites 9 ! ,+lebor\gh ,cave may n date fur!r back ?an ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 if ! ,jockey ,cap be tak5 z a measure ( ! rate ( deposition4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,abbeville1 fl9t implem5ts (1 #af4 ,aborig9es 7paloli?ic7 ( ,india1 #dbh1 #dbi4 ,acid-worn jo9t1 ,doveholes1 ,d]by%ire1 #eb4 ,adams1 ,dr4 ,lei?1 explores bone-caves ( ,malta1 #cgg2 f9ds too? ( pigmy hippopotamus 9 ,c&ia1 #cgh4 ,adriatic ,sea1 !1 #chh4 ,africa1 ma9l& (1 #cgi2 mora9es 91 #chg2 physical geography (1 9 plei/oc5e age1 #cgj2 species ( ,european mammalia f\nd 91 #chj4 ,african animals 9 ! ,ib]ian p59sula1 #cgb2 elephant1 !1 #cgb1 #cgf4 ,age ( cav]n deposits1 te/ (1 #daj4 ,alb]t ,cave1 !1 ,settle1 #aja4 ,alessi1 ,canon1 cit$1 #cgf4 ,alg]ia1 fossil mammalia 91 #cgi4 ,alps1 !1 animals liv+ to ! ,nor? (1 #cei1 #cfj2 glaci]s (1 #djc4 ,altai m\nta9s1 !1 ,iri% elk 91 #dja2 pan!r 91 #djc4 ,am]ica1 animals 91 #cif-cii4 ,ami5s1 fl9t implem5ts 9 ! gravels (1 #af4 ,anatolia1 ! glaci]s (1 #chc-che4 ,anca1 ,b>on1 on caves ( nor!rn ,sicily1 #cgf4 ,&alusia1 prehi/oric antiquities 91 #bji4 ,animals 9 ,brit-,wel% caves1 #acj1 #aca2 classificatory value (1 #gh2 dome/ic1 d]iv$ f ,asia1 #acg2 evid5ce (1 z to climate1 #cib2 ext9ct species (1 #djj2 hi/oric1 #ge1 #gf2 liv+ "u ! c>e ( man1 #gg2 migration (1 #cff2 nor!rn gr\p (1 #cie2 plei/oc5e1 liv+ to ! nor? ( ! ,alps1 #cei-cfa2 unkn[n 9 ,brita9 9 ! prehi/oric age1 #bff2 prehi/oric1 #bfe2 probable cause ( association ( species1 #cig2 s\!rn gr\p (1 #cic2 temp]ate gr\p (1 #cii4 ,antelope saiga1 !1 #ccf1 #cdh1 #cii4 ,antelopes1 spread (1 into ,europe1 #cgj4 ,antiquity ( ,man 9 ,europe1 #dbd4 ,aquita9e1 implem5ts 9 ! caves (1 #ced1 #cee2 paloli?ic hunt]s 91 #cdg2 ! p (1 #cef1 #ceg4 ,ard5nes1 rock d5ud$ f !1 #fa4 ,ar5ace\s rocks1 caves 91 #bd4 ,arn\ld1 ,m41 on ! cave ( ,sclaigneaux1 #bah4 ,arr[s us$ by paloli?ic hunt]s1 #cdb4 ,art ( ! ,eskimos1 #cef4 ,ar?ur's cave1 ,k+1 #bij4 ,a%molean ,museum1 h>poons 9 !1 #ced1 #cef4 ,asia1 dome/ic animals ( ,europe d]iv$ f1 #acg2 ! lion 91 #cic4 ,ass1 !1 #gg4 ,atlantic ,ocean1 !1 #chj2 %ore1 !1 at "o hundr$ fa?om l9e1 #cfe4 ,atlas m\nta9s1 glaci]s ( !1 #chf4 ,aurignac1 ! cave (1 #ai2 bones f\nd 91 #bdf2 discov]y (1 #bdc2 int]m5t 91 #bdb2 skeletons ( man above paloli?ic /ratum (1 #bde4 ,au/51 ,mr4 ,godw9- 7see ,godw9-,au/574 ,auv]gne1 paloli?ic m5 91 #ba4 ,avison1 cave (1 #ah4 ,axe1 ! riv]1 #bi4 ,aym>d1 ,m41 cit$1 #ccj4 ,b4 ,badg]1 ! 7see ,meles taxus74 ,banwell1 cave at1 #bic4 ,basques1 !1 ea/]n d]ivation (1 #bbg1 #bbh2 elem5ts (1 9 ,briti% & ,fr5* populations1 #bbe2 9 ,brita9 & ,irel& 9 ! neoli?ic age1 #bae2 ! ,doli*o-cephali cognate )1 #bac2 ! olde/ neoli?ic population1 #bbc4 ,baumann's ,hole1 #ab4 ,baume1 ! cave (1 animals f\nd 91 #ccg4 ,bayle1 ,m41 on animals f ,mans\rah1 #cgi4 ,be>1 !1 #ge1 #gi1 #aca1 #adf2 9 ,g]many1 #bgh2 9 ! c>e ( ,khlo*1 #bg2 ! cave1 #ach1 #bgh1 #dja2 ! grizzly1 #bgh1 #cdh1 #cgf1 #cii4 ,be>d1 ,mr41 ( ,banwell1 cit$1 #ae1 #cc2 explorations (1 #bib4 ,beaumont1 ,mr4 ,john1 describes ,wookey ,hole1 #bi2 on fungoid /ructures1 #fi4 ,beav]1 !1 #gf1 #gi1 #acb4 ,behr5s1 ,dr41 cit$1 #ab4 ,belgium1 bra*y-cephalic skulls f\nd 91 #bbh2 caves 91 #bj1 #cdg2 doli*o-cephalic skulls 91 #bae4 ,bell1 ,pr(essor1 on ! ass1 #gg4 ,b]tr&1 ,m4 ,eugne1 cit$1 #age4 ,billaudel1 ,m41 cit$1 #ah4 ,birkbeck1 ,mr41 cit$1 #ce2 desc5ds into ,helln ,pot1 #dc4 ,bi%(f]ode1 cave at1 #d4 ,bison1 !1 #hj1 #bff1 #cei4 ,blackmore1 ,dr41 cit$1 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,black-,rock ,cave1 !1 ne> ,t5by1 #fh4 ,blake1 ,mr4 ,c>t]1 cit$1 #add4 ,bly?1 ,mr41 cit$1 #cic4 ,bo>1 ! wild1 #gf1 #gi4 ,bone-b$s1 !1 9 ,wookey ,hole ,hyna-d51 #cje-cjg4 ,bone-caves1 be=e & aft] ! ice-p]iod1 #djh2 exploration (1 9 ,great ,brita91 #ac2 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 #ba1 #cgj1 #cgc1 #cge1 #cgg2 ! ?ree classes (1 #aj4 ,bone h>poon1 f\nd 9 ,victoria ,cave1 #aaa4 ,bones gnaw$ by hynas1 #bhb4 ,bonney1 ,rev4 ,t4 ,g41 cit$1 #bh4 ,bos longifrons1 #gh1 #hh1 #abe1 #aca1 #acc1 #acf1 #add1 #aej1 #aff1 #aid1 #bef1 #bfb1 #bfi4 ,bos namadicus1 #dbh4 ,bosco's ,d51 #bhh4 ,b\ld] clays1 #djc4 ,bra*y-cephali1 ! ,belgian1 #aii1 #bai2 ,briti%1 #aic1 #aii2 ,fr5*1 #aii1 #bjb1 #bjc2 repres5t$ by ,celts1 #bbi4 ,bradley1 ,mr41 cit$1 #aij4 ,br&t1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #cii2 on ! ,iri% ,elk1 #dja4 ,br5an1 ,mr41 discov]ies (1 9 ,irel&1 #cce4 ,bri/ol ,*annel1 !1 #bij4 ,brita91 cave exploration 91 #ac2 dur+ ! second ice age1 #djf2 hi/oric caves 91 #ha2 hi/oric p]iod 91 #ge2 inhabitants (1 9 ! neoli?ic age1 #aia2 9 ! plei/oc5e age1 #cff2 mammalia 91 dur+ ! second ice age1 #djf2 population ( 9 "t ( ,cs>1 #bbd2 raids ( ,picts & ,scots 91 #aje2 range ( doli*o-cephali 91 & ,irel&1 #aid2 ,roman dom9ion 91 #ajc2 two p]iods ( glaciation 91 #dja2 wild animals 91 #ge4 ,briti% bra*y-cephali1 #aih1 #aii4 ,brit-,wel% caves1 #abi1 #acj4 ,brixham1 caves at1 #af1 #cai2 implem5ts & animals 91 #cbj2 hi/ory ( deposits 91 #cba4 ,broca1 ,m41 cit$1 #aef2 on ,basque crania1 #bac2 on ! ,cav]ne de l',homme ,mort1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bja2 d]ivation ( ! ,basques f ,africa1 #bbg1 #bbh2 on platycnemic tibi1 #age2 sepul*ral cave ( ,orr\y1 #bjb4 ,brome1 ,capta91 rese>*es (1 #ba1 #bjd4 ,bronze age 9 ,brita91 caves ( !1 #ada2 armlet f ,?or's cave1 #abh2 articles f ,hea!ry ,burn1 #adb4 ,broo*es f\nd 9 ! ,victoria cave1 #ih4 ,br[n1 ,mr4 ,edw91 on ,?or's cave1 #abh4 ,br[ne1 ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,f41 explorations (1 #bf2 on ! temp]ature ( caves1 #gb4 ,bruniquel1 cave (1 #dj2 description (1 #bdg2 int]m5ts ( d\btful age 91 #bdh4 ,bryce1 ,dr41 cit$1 #dje4 ,brysgill1 cave (1 #afj4 ,bubalus namadicus1 #dbh4 ,buckl&1 ,dr41 cit$1 #ac1 #ah1 #cj1 #abj1 #bdj1 #bic1 #bie1 #cjj2 on ,gail5reu? cave1 #bgc1 #bgd2 ,kirkdale1 #ad1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhc2 ,khlo*1 #bgf2 ,pavil&1 #bcd4 ,buffalo 9 ,italy1 #ha4 ,busk1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #ac1 #abj1 #aee1 #afb1 #ahi1 #bei2 on fossil bones 9 ! ,ib]ian p59sula1 #cgb2 human bones f ,p]?i-,*w>eu caves1 #aff-agi2 human rema9s f ,cefn tumulus1 #ahj-ahf2 human skull f caves ( ,cs>oda1 #adf1 #adg2 skulls f\nd 9 ,spa91 #bjh1 #bji2 ! ,b]b]s1 #bab2 ! fauna ( ,m5tone1 #cgc2 rese>*es (1 9 caves ( ,gibralt>1 #bjd-bjh1 #cga4 ,c4 ,calc>e\s rocks1 caves 91 #be4 ,caldy1 cave (1 #fb1 #fc2 cave-pe>ls 91 #ff2 fungoid /alagmites 91 #fg2 isl& (1 #bhi4 ,campbell1 ,dr41 cit$1 #aif4 ,canis famili>is1 #aca1 #add1 #aej1 #aeg1 #aff1 #bef2 lupus1 #aff2 vulpes1 #aca1 #aej1 #aff4 ,capell9i1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #beh2 on ! ,grotta dei ,colombi1 #bei4 ,capra hircus1 #aca1 #aej1 #aff4 ,c>bonate ( lime1 circulation (1 #ga2 9 ,?ames wat]1 #gj2 remov$ by /reams1 #fi4 ,c>taillac1 ,m41 cit$1 #bdg4 ,c>te1 ,dr41 cit$1 #cce4 ,cat1 ,caffir1 #cid2 dome/ic1 #gg1 #ha4 ,cat-,hole cave1 9 ,g[]1 #ade4 ,cave-pe>ls1 #ff4 ,caves1 biological division (1 #f-i2 classification ( paloli?ic1 #cea2 conclusions z to prehi/oric1 #bfa2 conta9+ rema9s ( d\btful age1 #bcb2 cont5ts ( hi/oric1 #aca2 deposits 9 valleys & 91 #bgb1 #bgc2 exploration ( ,european1 #aa2 fill+ up (1 #fa2 =mation (1 #ej2 hi/oric1 9 ,brita91 #ha2 9 ! region ( ,crav51 #ajf2 leg5ds & sup]/itions (1 #b2 n g5]ally f\nd 9 l9e ( faults1 #eg2 ( bronze age 9 ,brita91 #ada2 ( neoli?ic age1 #adi2 physical division (1 #e2 physical hi/ory (1 #bc1 #fe2 relation (1 to ,pot-holes1 8,cirques10 & ,rav9es1 #bg1 #ed2 results ( ! exploration ( ,european1 #dcj2 temp]ature (1 #ga2 te/ ( age ( deposits 91 #daj2 us$ z places ( refuge1 #ajb2 v>i\s ages (1 #eh2 ,alb]t1 #aja2 ( ,&alusia1 #bjh1 #bji2 ,aquita9e1 #cdg1 #ced2 ,aurignac1 #bdc2 ,avison1 #ah2 ,banwell1 #bic2 ,baumann's ,hole1 #ab2 ,baume1 #ccg2 ,belgium1 #cdg2 ,bi%(f]ode1 #d2 ,black ,rock1 #fh2 ,bosco's ,d51 #bhh2 ,brita91 #bgh2 ,brit-,wel%1 #acj2 ,brixham1 #cai2 ,bruniquel1 #bdg2 ,brysgill1 #afj2 ,caldy1 #fb2 ,can>y ,isles1 #baa2 ,cat-,hole1 #ade2 ,cavillon1 #beg2 ,cefn1 #afd1 #aff1 #bhf2 ,cs>$a1 #ade2 ,*auvaux1 #bae2 ,colombi1 #beh2 ,crawley ,rocks1 #bhh2 ,cro-,magnon1 #bdi2 ,d5bigh%ire1 #ah2 ,d]by%ire1 #bhd2 ,devon%ire1 #cag2 ,d[k]bottom1 #aja2 ,dream1 !1 #bhd2 ,engis1 #bcd2 ,f+al1 #bd2 ,france1 #ccf2 ,franconia1 #ab2 ,gail5reu?1 #bgc2 ,gatekirk1 #ej2 ,g5dron1 #bci2 ,g5i/a1 #bje1 #cga2 ,gibralt>1 #bjd1 #cga2 ,goat*ur*1 #ca-cd2 ,g[]1 #bhh2 ,hea!ry ,burn1 #ada2 ,hutton1 #bib2 ,+lebor\gh1 #cf2 ,irel&1 #cfe2 ,kelko1 #aja2 ,k5t's-,hole1 #cbd2 ,k+ ,ar?ur1 #bij2 ,k+'s ,sc>1 #aab2 ,kirkdale1 #bhj2 ,kirkhead1 #abe2 ,khlo*1 #bgf2 ,laug]ie ,basse1 #cci2 ,l',homme ,mort1 #aih1 #bjj2 ,ll&ebie1 #aid2 ,llanamyne*1 #cd2 ,lombrive1 #bef2 ,longb]ry ,bank1 #acc2 ,long ,*urn1 #da2 ,lunel-viel1 #ccf1 #cge2 ,maccagnone1 #cgf2 ,maghlak1 #cgg2 ,malta1 #cgg2 ,m\/i]1 #cda2 ,naulette1 #cdi2 ,ne&]?al1 #bdj2 ,nor? ,wales1 #bhf2 ,oban1 #aie2 ,orr\y1 #bjb2 ,pavil&1 #bcb2 ,peak1 #cd2 ,pembroke%ire1 #bhi2 ,prigord1 #ccg2 ,p]?i-,*w>eu1 #aeb1 #aeg1 #afg2 ,plas ,heaton1 #afj1 #bhg2 ,poole1 #cd1 #abf2 ,prov5ce & ,m5tone1 #cgc2 ,reggio1 #adh2 ,rians1 #cgc2 ,rhosdigre1 #aef1 #aff1 #ahh2 ,san ,ciro1 #cgf2 ,sclaigneaux1 #bah2 ,sicily1 #cge2 ,s\? ,wales1 #bhh2 ,?or's1 #abg2 ,uphill1 #bid2 ,victoria1 #ha1 #aaj1 #aah1 #aba1 #bhd1 #daa2 ,wea!rcote1 #dg2 ,:itcombe1 #adj2 ,woman's1 #baj2 ,wookey1 #ag1 #bi2 ,york%ire1 #aja1 #bgh4 ,cav]ne de l',homme ,mort1 #aih1 #bjj4 ,cavillon1 cave (1 #beg2 paloli?ic skeletons 91 #beg2 /rata 91 #cgd4 ,c$>s ( ,lebanon1 !1 ,dr4 ,hook] on1 #chb4 ,cefn1 caves at1 #bhf2 *amb]$ tomb ne>1 #afa2 discov]y ( bones at1 #ae1 #aei2 ,pr(essor ,busk on human rema9s f tumulus at1 #ahj-ahd2 on skull f1 #ahd-afg4 ,celts1 bra*y-cephali repres5t$ by1 #bbi4 ,c]vus alcis1 #acg2 capreolus1 #aca1 #aej1 #aff2 c>nutorum1 #dai1 #dbd2 elaphus1 #aca1 #aej1 #aff2 ,polignacus1 #dah1 #dai1 #dbd2 ,s$gwickii1 #dai1 #dbd2 v]ticornis1 #dai1 #dbd4 ,cs>$a1 caves (1 #ade2 evid5ce ( cannibalism 91 #adg4 ,*autre1 ,m41 cit$1 #djc4 ,*apel-en-le-,dale1 valley (1 #di1 #ef4 ,*auvaux1 cave (1 #bj1 #bae4 ,*e/]1 sack (1 #aaj4 ,*i]ici1 l',abb1 on rema9s f ! cave ( ,reggio1 #adh4 ,*ill+ham ox1 !1 #gg1 #ij4 ,*ri/ol1 ,m4 de1 cit$1 #cgf4 ,*ri/y1 ,mr41 cit$1 #ai2 on ! caves ( ,prigord1 #ccg4 8,cirques0 9 calc>e\s rocks1 #ef4 ,classification ( plei/oc5e /rata1 #dab-dad4 ,classificatory value ( hi/oric animals1 #gh4 ,close1 ,rev4 ,h4 ,m41 cit$1 #djb4 ,climate1 evid5ce ( animals z to1 #cib1 #dja2 plei/oc5e1 #cih4 ,coa/ l9e ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,europe 9 plei/oc5e age1 #cfb4 ,co*rane1 ,sir ,james1 cit$1 #bjh4 ,co9s 9 ! ,victoria cave1 ,settle1 #ic4 ,corsica1 abs5ce ( cliffs 91 #cij4 ,crania f ,g5i/a cave1 #bjg4 ,cranial t]ms1 def9ition (1 #aij4 ,crav51 caves ne>1 #ajf4 ,crawley ,rocks1 ! cav]n (1 #bhh4 ,cray=d1 discov]y ( a fl9t-flake at1 #daf4 ,cro-,magnon1 cave (1 #bdi2 ornam5ts f\nd 91 #bed2 position ( human skeletons 91 #bec2 section ( deposits 91 #bej2 ! human tibi (1 #agf2 traces ( occupation 91 #bea4 ,cuvi]1 ,b>on1 cit$1 #ab1 #ac1 #ah4 ,d4 ,dalebeck1 !1 c\rse (1 #di4 ,dana1 ,pr(essor1 on cav]ns1 #eh4 ,d>bi%ire1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,d41 ref]5ce to1 #ic4 ,dauph9y1 ! hills (1 #djd4 ,delgado1 ,s5hor ,j4 ,l41 on rese>*es 9 ! caves ( ,cs>$a1 #ade1 #adf4 ,de ,luc1 ,m41 cit$1 #ab4 ,d5bigh%ire1 sepul*ral caves 91 #ah4 ,d5ny1 ,mr41 cit$1 #abj4 ,d]by%ire1 caves (1 #bhd4 ,desnoy]s1 ,m41 cit$1 #be1 #bf1 #bh2 on ! analogy betwe5 cav]ns & m9]al ve9s1 #eg2 relation ( caves to rav9es1 #ee4 ,devon%ire1 caves (1 #cag4 ,dio ,*ryso/om ,rhetor on ! lion1 #hj4 ,dog1 ! 7see ,canis famili>is74 ,doli*o-cephali1 ,briti%1 #aia1 #aib2 _! range 9 ,brita9 & ,irel&1 #aid-aig2 cognate ) ! ,basque1 #bah2 ( ,gibralt>1 #bjd-bjg4 ,dorm\se ( ,malta1 !1 #bfg4 ,d[k]bottom cave1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,dream-cave1 ne> ,wirkswor?1 #bhd4 ,dubrueil1 ,m41 cit$1 #ah4 ,dupont1 ,m41 cit$1 #baf1 #bcg1 #bci2 discov]ies (1 #ba1 #bce2 inve/igations (1 9 ,d9ant-sur-,meuse1 #cdh2 on ! ,tr\ de ,naulette1 #cdi4 ,durdham ,d[n1 fissures (1 #bia4 ,drnt51 ! lignite b$ (1 #djd4 ,e4 ,eagle1 !1 #aej4 8,ebur fossile10 #aa4 ,eg]ton1 ,sir ,philip1 cit$1 #bgc4 ,elephant1 ! ,african1 #ba2 f\nd ne> ,madrid1 #cgb2 9 ,sicily1 #cgf1 #cid4 ,elephas antiquus1 #bff1 #bha1 #cgc1 #cgf1 #djj1 #djd1 #dag2 melit5sis1 #cgh1 #djj2 m]idionalis1 #bff1 #cgi1 #dai1 #dbb1 #dbd2 namadicus1 #dbg2 primig5ius 7see ,mammo?72 7/egodon7 insignis1 #dbg4 ,elk1 !1 #gi1 #acg4 ,elmet1 conque/ (1 #aji4 ,enamels 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 #ajj2 m5tion$ by ,philo/ratus1 #aja4 ,engis1 cave (1 #bcd4 ,engli% invasion1 !1 #ajg4 ,enniskill51 ,"l1 cit$1 #bgc4 ,equus fossilis ( pleioc5e age1 #dba4 ,eskimos1 art ( !1 #cef2 implem5ts ( !1 #ced2 9 ,europe1 #dbe2 probably ! repres5tatives ( cave-dwell]s1 #ceh2 relation ( cave-dwell]s to1 #cec4 ,esp]1 cit$1 #bgc4 ,europe1 ,antiquity ( man 91 #dbd2 climatal *anges on ! cont95t (1 #djc2 plei/oc5e mammalia pre-glacial 91 #djd2 species ( mammalia 9 ,africa1 &1 #chj2 ,s\!rn1 bone-caves (1 #cgj2 fauna 9 caves (1 #cfh4 ,evans1 ,mr4 ,john1 cit$1 #ag1 #adg1 #aeh1 #bdc1 #bdh1 #bfg2 on co9s1 #id2 on ! iron1 bronze1 & /one ages1 #aci2 on ! paloli?ic cave-dwell]s1 #cea4 ,evid5ce ( s\nd+s 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 #chj4 ,f4 ,fairy ,*amb]1 !1 ,caldy1 #fc1 #fd4 ,falcon]1 ,dr41 cit$1 #ag1 #ba1 #aef1 #age1 #bha1 #bhh1 #caf1 #cfb1 #djd1 #daf1 #dah1 #dba1 #dbe1 #dbg2 on bones f ,san ,ciro1 #cgf2 on mammals 9 ! ,ib]ian p59sula1 #cgb2 on ! fauna ( ! =e/ b$1 #dbj2 on ! hippopotamus1 #cgg2 on ! ,hippopotamus namadicus1 #dbh1 #dbi2 rese>*es (1 9 caves ( ,gibralt>1 #bjd-bjg4 ,fall[ de]1 !1 #gg2 9 ,brita91 #aca2 9 ,france1 #hj2 9 ,spa9 & ,africa1 #chj4 ,falsan1 ,m41 cit$1 #djc4 ,f>r]1 ,mr41 explorations (1 #cf2 on co9s1 #ajb2 on rema9s f ,d[k]bottom cave1 #aac2 /alagmite1 #ci4 ,fauna1 cave1 id5tical ) riv]-b$1 #cfb2 *anges 9 !1 ( ,great ,brita91 #gh2 ( ,montpelli]1 #dba2 ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 #cfh1 #cgc2 ! pleioc5e1 #dbj2 ! plei/oc5e1 #cic1 #dag2 ! prehi/oric1 #acf1 #acg4 ,felis caff]1 !1 #ach1 #bff1 #chh2 9 ,ib]ian p59sula1 #cgb2 9 ,som]set1 #cid4 ,fell[es1 ,sir ,*>les1 cit$1 #afd4 ,fibul1 enamell$1 #ii4 ,f+al's cave1 #bd4 ,fis*]1 ,dr4 ,go!lf1 on ! pan!r1 #djj4 ,fi%]1 ,rev4 ,o41 discov]s a fl9t-flake at ,cray=d1 #daf4 ,fi%]ton1 valley-gravels at1 #bfh4 ,fissures1 #cg1 #eh2 ( ,durdham ,d[n1 #bia2 ( ,m5tone1 #cgc2 ( ,w9dmill ,hill1 #cga4 ,fl9t flakes & scrap]s 9 caves ( ,prigord1 #cci2 9 caves ( ,m5tone1 #cgc2 9 ,p]?i-,*w>eu1 #aff2 ,wookey ,hole1 #bih4 ,florus on ! ,aquitani1 #g4 ,foote1 ,mr4 ,bruce1 cit$1 #aef2 on fl9t implem5ts f ,madras1 #dbf4 ,fossil mammalia f ! ,g]man ,ocean1 #cfd1 #cfe4 ,foville1 ,m41 cit$1 #agj4 ,f[l1 ! dome/ic1 #gg1 #hj4 ,fox1 ! ,arctic1 #cdh1 #cif1 #djj4 ,fraas1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #cej1 #dji4 ,france1 ,basque peoples 91 #bbf2 caves 91 #ah1 #bdb1 #ccf2 skulls f tumuli 91 #bjc2 ! doli*o-cephali & bra*y-cephali 91 #aih4 ,franconia1 caves (1 #ab4 ,franks1 ,mr41 cit$1 #bjf2 on draw+s ( paloli?ic hunt]s1 #cde2 on enamell+1 #ajj2 on 8late ,celtic0 art1 #if1 #ii4 ,freeman1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a41 on ! dom9ion ( ,we/ ,wales 9 ! days ( ,ecgb]ht1 #acj2 on ! ,norman ,conque/1 #ajh4 ,fre%=d1 plei/oc5e deposits at1 #bfi4 ,fuhlrott1 ,dr41 skull f\nd by1 #bdj4 ,g4 ,gail5reu?1 cave (1 #ab1 #bdj1 #bgc2 fill$ by a /ream1 #bge4 ,g>onne1 valley ( !1 #cff4 ,g>rig\1 ,m41 cit$1 #caf4 ,gatekirk cav]n1 #ej4 ,gaud91 ,m4 ,*>les1 cit$1 #cgf4 ,gaudry1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #dba2 on fossil rema9s at ,pick]mi1 #cfi4 ,gaul & ,spa91 ! peoples (1 #bbj4 ,gauti]1 ,m41 cit$1 #bdg4 ,geikie1 ,mr4 ,james1 cit$1 #bfc4 ,geikie1 ,pr(essor ,a41 cit$1 #dje4 ,g5dron1 cave (1 #bci4 ,g5i/a1 caves1 !1 #bje2 articles 91 #bjf2 human rema9s 91 #bjg1 #cga4 ,geography1 plei/oc5e1 #cih4 ,g]man ,ocean1 fossil mammalia 91 #cfd4 ,g]man race1 ! anci5t1 #bcj4 ,g]many1 be>s 91 #bgh2 cave-exploration 91 #aa1 #ab4 ,g]vais1 ,m41 cit$1 #ai2 li/ ( pleioc5e mammalia by1 #dbj2 on ,equus robu/us1 #dba2 on mammalia f ,alg]ia1 #cgi4 ,gesn]1 ,dr41 cit$1 #aa4 ,gibralt>1 ! neoli?ic caves (1 #bjd1 #cga2 ! ,/raits (1 #chi4 ,gildas on ! "* ( ! ,engli% conque/1 #ajd1 #ajh4 ,glacial p]iod1 !1 #djg2 ! relation ( paloli?ic man to1 #dji4 ,glaciation 9 ,brita91 two p]iods (1 #dja4 ,glaci]s ( ,alps1 #djc2 ( ,anatolia1 #chc2 ( ,lebanon1 #chb2 9 ,m$it]ranean area caus$ p>tly by elevation1 #chg2 ( ,pyr5ees1 #djd4 ,glutton1 !1 #bjf1 #bge1 #cif2 jaw (1 f ,plas ,heaton cave1 #bhg4 ,goat1 ! 7see ,capra hircus74 ,goat*ur* cave1 #ca1 #cb2 leg5d ( ! dog at1 #cd4 ,goldfuss cit$1 #ah1 #bgc4 ,godw9-,au/51 ,mr41 cit$1 #bfc1 #chh1 #dje2 on ! fre%-wat] mussel1 #cfd2 rese>*es (1 #ae4 ,gosse1 ,m41 cit$1 #agj1 #aic1 #cej4 ,g[]1 caves (1 #bhh4 ,great ,brita91 cave-exploration 91 #ac2 hi/oric p]iod 91 #ge4 ,gre51 ,rev4 ,j4 ,r41 on ! conque/ ( ,brita91 #if4 ,gre5well1 ,rev4 ,canon1 discov]ies (1 9 tumuli1 #aie4 ,grey clays 9 ,victoria cave1 #aaf4 ,grotto di ,maccagnone1 #cgf2 dei ,colombi inhabit$ by cannibals1 #beh2 ?igh-bone ( *ild f1 #bfj4 ,guan*es ( ! ,can>y ,isles1 !1 #baa4 ,gunn1 ,rev4 ,john1 cit$1 #dah4 ,h4 ,h>kness1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #djb4 ,hamy1 ,dr41 cit$1 #cdi1 #ceb2 on ! cave-be>1 #ceb4 ,h>e1 !1 at ,p]?i-,*w>eu1 #aej1 #aff2 9 ,suabia1 #cie2 m5tion$1 #bff1 #cdh2 us$ = food 9 neoli?ic times1 #afe1 #bag1 #cgc4 ,h>poons us$ by paloli?ic hunt]s1 #cdb4 ,hea!ry ,burn1 cave (1 #ada2 bronze articles 91 #add4 ,heaton1 ,mr41 cit$1 #bhg4 ,he]1 ,pr(essor1 on vegetables us$ 9 ,swiss lake dwell+s1 #acg4 ,helln ,pot1 desc5t into1 #da2 description (1 #de2 exploration (1 #dc4 ,hipp>ion f\nd 9 ,suffolk1 #dbb2 gracile1 #dbd4 ,hippopotamus1 #bff2 amphibius1 #ach1 #cgj1 #cid1 #cie1 #dag2 lib]i5sis1 #cgg2 major1 #cgg1 #dah2 namadicus1 #dbh2 palindicus1 #dbg2 ,p5tl&i 7pigmy71 #bfg1 #cgg1 #cgh1 #djj4 ,hi/oric animals1 #ge1 #gh2 p]iod1 def9ition (1 #ge2 p]iod1 diff]5ce betwe51 & prehi/oric1 #acd4 ,hi/ory1 ! evid5ce (1 z to ! peoples ( ,gaul & ,spa91 #bbj4 ,hook]1 ,dr41 cit$1 #chf2 on ! c$>s ( ,lebanon1 #chb1 #chc4 ,horse1 !1 #acf1 #aej1 #aff1 #cii1 #dah4 ,horsefle%1 ! use (1 #acb4 ,h[el ,dha1 ! laws (1 #gg4 ,hughes1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #bhg4 ,hull1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #djb4 ,hunt+ gr\nds ( paloli?ic tribes1 #cfg4 ,hutton1 cave (1 #bib4 ,huxley1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #add1 #aee1 #agi2 on bra*y-cephalic skulls1 #aic2 on doli*o-cephalic skulls1 #aie2 on ! classification ( crania1 #aij2 on ! skull f ,engis cave1 #bce2 on ! skull f ,ne&]?al cave1 #bda4 ,hyna1 !1 animals at ,wookey ,hole introduc$ by1 #caj2 bones gnaw$ by1 #bhb1 #caf2 gnaw$ jaw (1 f ,wookey1 #cac2 man coeval )1 9 ,som]set1 #cjj2 ,p]ri]i1 #dba2 !1 plei/oc5e occupation (1 9 ,victoria cave1 #aah2 spela 7spott$71 #ach1 #bff1 #cgb1 #cge1 #cid2 /rip$1 #bff1 #ccf1 #cid4 ,hyna-d51 *>act]s ( a1 #cad2 ,kirkdale1 #bgi4 ,i4 ,ib]ian peoples1 #bbe2 p59sula1 ! mammals 91 #cgb4 ,ib]ic doli*o-cephali1 !1 #bab4 ,ice p]iod 9 ,brita91 #djb1 #djf1 #djh4 ,implem5ts us$ by paloli?ic hunt]s1 #cdj1 #cff4 ,india1 man 91 9 plei/oc5e age1 #dbf4 ,+lebor\gh cave1 #cf1 #cg4 ,irel&1 caves 91 #cce2 doli*o-cephalic skulls 91 #aid-aig4 ,iri%-,celtic art1 #ig4 ,iri% ,elk1 !1 #gi1 #acg1 #bgh1 #dja4 ,iron age1 !1 cave (1 #adj1 #ada4 ,issoire1 pseudo-pleioc5e mammalia (1 #dbj4 ,italy1 animals 9 ! museums (1 #dbb4 ,j4 ,jackson1 ,mr4 ,joseph1 discov]s ! ,victoria cave1 #ha1 #hd4 ,jamieson1 ,mr41 cit$1 #dje4 ,jeanjean1 ,m41 cit$1 #ah4 ,jewell]y 9 ,victoria cave1 #ie4 ,jones1 ,pr(essor ,rup]t1 cit$1 #cej4 ,k4 ,kelko cave1 #aja4 ,k5t's ,hole cav]n1 #ad1 #ag1 #cbd1 #cbe2 age ( ma*airodus (1 #ccj2 deposits 91 #cbf1 #cbg2 ! breccia 91 #cbh1 #cbi4 ,k+1 ,rev4 ,s4 ,w41 rese>*es (1 #bdf4 ,k+'s ,sc>1 cave 91 c>9ate human femur 91 #aab1 #aie4 ,kirkdale cave1 #ad1 #bgi4 ,kirkhead cave1 #abe4 ,khlo* cave1 #bgf1 #bgg4 ,l4 ,la+1 ,mr41 cit$1 #agh2 skulls obta9$ by1 #aie1 #aif4 ,lagneaux1 ,m41 cit$1 #bch1 #bci4 ,lances us$ by paloli?ic hunt]s1 #cdb4 ,laug]ie ,basse1 cave at1 #cci4 ,l>tet1 ,pr(essor ,e41 cit$1 #ai1 #cdj1 #dad2 explorations (1 #bdd2 on fossil rema9s f\nd ne> ,madrid1 #cgb2 on ! cave ( ,aurignac1 #bdc2 on ! cave ( ,prigord1 #ccg2 on paloli?ic caves1 #cea4 ,l>tet1 ,pr(essor ,l\is1 on ! cave ( ,cro-,magnon1 #bej-beb4 ,la/ic1 ,vicomte de1 cit$1 #bdg4 ,lebanon1 ! glaci]s (1 #chb1 #chc4 ,l$bury ,hill1 skull f\nd ne>1 #bdb4 ,leibnitz1 cit$1 #ab4 ,lemm+1 !1 #ach1 #bcg1 #bff1 #cdh4 ,lepus cuniculus1 #adf1 #aej1 #aff1 #cgc2 timidus 7see ,h>e74 ,ligurian tribes1 !1 #bbj1 #bbb4 ,lime/one1 cav]ns 91 #bf2 composition (1 #ea2 erosion (1 #eb4 ,lion1 !1 #bff1 #cdh1 #cgc2 ext9ct 9 ,europe1 #hj2 range (1 #cic4 ,littor9a littorea f\nd 9 ,cro-,magnon cave1 #bed4 ,llanamyne*1 caves at1 #cd4 ,ll&ebie1 cave (1 #aid4 ,lloyd1 ,mr41 cit$1 #ae1 #bhf4 ,lombrive1 cave (1 #bef4 ,longb]ry ,bank1 cave (1 #acc4 ,long ,*urn cav]n1 !1 #da4 ,lortet1 ,m41 cit$1 #cdd4 ,lu>d1 ,capta91 discov]s fossil mammals at ,w9dsor1 #cfe4 ,lubbock1 ,sir ,john1 cit$1 #bdc1 #cei2 on ! /one age1 #aci4 ,lunel-viel1 cave (1 #ccf1 #cge4 ,luni]1 ,dr41 cit$1 #agj4 ,lyell1 ,sir ,*>les1 cit$1 #ai1 #bce1 #beg1 #bfg1 #ccc1 #djb2 on ! cave ( ,aurignac1 #bdc1 #bde2 on ! glacial p]iod1 #djh4 ,lynx1 !1 #adf1 #bff4 ,m4 ,maccagnone1 ,grotto di1 #cgf4 ,ma*airodus cultrid5s1 #bff2 latid5s1 #djj1 #dag2 a pleioc5e species1 #ccb2 at ,k5t's ,hole1 #cbd1 #ccd2 9 ! cave at ,baume1 #ccg2 probable age (1 #ccj4 ,mackay1 ,mr41 cit$1 #aie4 ,madras1 fl9t implem5ts f\nd ne>1 #dbf4 ,madrid1 fossil animals ne>1 #cgb4 ,maghlak cave1 #cgg4 ,malham ,cove1 #ee4 ,malta1 bone-caves (1 #cgg4 ,mammalia1 classification ( plei/oc5e /rata by means (1 #dab-dae2 e>ly plei/oc5e1 #dag2 evid5ce (1 z to climate1 #cib2 9 ,alg]ia1 #cgi2 9 ,brita9 dur+ ! second ice-age1 #djf2 9 ! ,ib]ian p59sula1 #cgb2 ! pleioc5e1 #dbj4 ,mammo?1 !1 #bff1 #bgh1 #cei1 #dja2 figure (1 #cdf4 ,man1 antiquity (1 9 ,europe1 #dbd2 coeval ) hynas 9 ,som]set1 #cjj2 9 ,india 9 plei/oc5e age1 #dbf2 9 ,pale/9e1 #dbi4 ,man*e/] ,museum1 mammo? f ,bacton 9 !1 #dbj4 ,mang\/a ,widdr+toni1 !1 9 ,spa9 & ,africa1 #chj4 ,m>cel de ,s]res1 cit$1 #ah1 #ccf1 #cge4 ,m>mot1 !1 #ccg1 #cie2 ! p\*$1 #cie4 ,m>ion1 ,m41 cit$1 #cgc4 ,m>t9ez1 ,don ,manuel ,gong>ay1 on ! prehi/oric antiquities ( ,&alusia1 #bji4 ,ma/odon arv]n5sis1 #cca1 #ccb1 #dbb-dbd2 ,borsoni1 #dbc1 #dbd2 breviro/ris1 #dbb4 ,maw1 ,mr4 ,george1 on coa/ ( ,m$it]ranean1 #chi2 on glaci]s ( ! ,atlas1 #chf2 on level 9 ! ,sah>a1 #cij4 ,mc,enery1 ,rev4 ,j41 discov]s ! ,ma*airodus latid5s 9 ,k5t's ,hole cav]n1 #ccj2 manuscripts (1 #ae4 ,mc,pherson1 ,mr41 cit$1 #baj4 ,m$it]ranean area 9 meioc5e age1 *anges ( level 91 #cfi1 #cij4 ,m$it]ranean1 !1 physical condition (1 9 plei/oc5e age1 #cha1 #chh2 ! %ores (1 #chb4 ,m$licott1 ,mr41 cit$1 #dbg4 ,meles taxus1 #aca1 #add1 #aej1 #aff4 ,m5dip ,hills1 !1 #ei2 ! caves (1 #bib2 ! di/rict (1 #cad4 ,m5tone1 bone-caves (1 #cgc4 ,metcalfe1 ,mr41 cit$1 #ce2 desc5ds into ,helln ,pot1 #dc4 ,m9]al condition ( deposits 9 caves1 #bgc4 ,moggridge1 ,mr41 cit$1 #cgc2 on ! exploration ( ,m5tone1 #cgd4 ,montpelli]1 ! fauna (1 #dba4 ,mora9es 9 ,anatolia1 #chd4 ,morris1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,p41 explores ,kirkhead cave1 #abe4 ,mortillet1 ,m4 de1 on paloli?ic caves1 #cec2 on pott]y 9 ! paloli?ic age1 #cdg4 ,m\/i]1 cave (1 #cda4 ,murcilagos1 ,cueva de los1 description (1 #bji4 ,musk %eep1 !1 #ach1 #bff2 at ,cray=d1 #daf2 range (1 #cif4 ,myoxus ,melit5sis1 #cgg4 ,n4 ,naulette1 ,tr\ de1 rema9s f\nd 9 !1 #cdi4 ,ne&]?al cave1 !1 #ba2 human skull f\nd 91 #bdj4 ,neoli?ic age1 int]m5ts (1 #aeh4 ,neoli?ic caves ( ,france1 #aih2 ( ,gibralt>1 #bjd2 ( ,spa91 #bjh2 ( ,wales1 #aei1 #aff4 ,neoli?ic races1 range (1 #ahi4 ,nilsson1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #afc2 on dw>fs1 #b2 on orig9 ( *amb]$ tombs1 #afd1 #afe4 ,nor? ,wales1 ! caves (1 #bhf4 ,o4 ,oban1 rema9s 9 a cave at1 #aie4 ,ore/on cave1 #ac1 #cag2 ,rh9oc]os meg>h9us (1 #dae4 ,orr\y1 ! sepul*ral cave (1 #bjb4 ,ow51 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #aif1 #cbd2 on ! cave ( ,bruniquel1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,ox=d ,museum1 !1 human skull f cave ( ,ll&ebie 91 #aid2 mol> ( pigmy hippopotamus 91 #cgh4 ,p4 ,paloli?ic art1 #beg2 caves1 classification (1 #cea1 #ceb2 hunt]s1 in/rum5ts us$ by1 #cdj2 hunt]s1 n cannibals1 #cdg2 implem5ts1 #ced1 #cff2 man 9 ,europe1 #cie1 #dbi2 man1 relation (1 to glacial p]iod1 #dji2 man 9 ,india1 #dbf2 man 9 ,pale/9e1 #dbi2 man ( ! riv]-gravels1 #cea2 tribes1 hunt+ gr\nds (1 #cfg4 ,pale/9e1 paloli?ic man 91 #dbi4 ,palgrave1 ,mr4 ,gif=d1 on glaci]s ( ,anatolia1 #chc-che4 ,pan!r1 !1 #bff1 #djj4 ,p>k]1 ,mr4 ,james1 cit$1 #cj1 #ada1 #aid4 ,pavil& cave1 #bcb4 ,peak1 cav]n ( !1 #cd4 ,pembroke%ire1 caves 91 #bhi4 ,p5gelly1 ,mr41 cit$1 #ccc2 on ,brixham cave1 #af1 #cbc2 on ,cavillon cave1 #beh2 on ,devon%ire caves1 #cag4 ,p5n+ton1 ,mr41 cit$1 #abf1 #bhe4 ,prigord1 caves (1 #ai2 articles f\nd 9 !1 #ccg-cci4 ,p]!s1 ,m4 ,b\*] de1 on fl9t implem5ts1 #af1 #ag4 ,p]?i-,*w>eu1 pott]y & implem5ts f1 #aeg2 ,pr(essor ,busk on human bones f1 #afg-agi2 refuse heap at1 #adi2 rema9s ( animals at1 #aea1 #aec-aee1 #ahg2 rema9s ( man at1 #aec-aee2 sepul*ral caves at1 #aeb4 ,phahlbaut51 ! ,swiss1 #afe4 ,phillips1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #bhd1 #dje1 #daa2 on =mation ( caves1 #ec2 on /alagmite1 #ci1 #dj2 on ! ,+lebor\gh cave1 #cf2 on ! orig9 ( caves1 #bf4 ,physiography ( ,great ,brita9 9 late plei/oc5e age1 #cfc2 ( ,m$it]ranean 9 plei/oc5e age1 #cha4 ,picts & ,scots1 raids (1 9 ,brita91 #aje4 ,pick]mi1 fossil rema9s at1 #cfi4 ,plas ,heaton1 ! tunnel-cave (1 #afj1 #bhg4 ,platycnemic leg-bones1 #agc-agf4 ,platycnemism1 ,pr(essor ,busk on1 #agg-agi4 ,pleioc5e & plei/oc5e *>act]i/ic animals1 #dbc2 species 9 ,europe1 mixture (1 #dah4 ,pleioc5e mammalia1 !1 #dbj2 p]iod1 !1 #dbd2 species1 ma*airodus a1 #ccb1 #ccc4 ,plei/oc5e age1 !1 #aj2 animals liv+ 91 #cei-cfa2 physiography ( ,m$it]ranean 91 #cha1 #chh2 rema9s ( animals be=e !1 #fj2 climate & geography1 #cie2 coa/-l9e ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,europe1 #cfb2 divisions1 e>ly1 #dag2 divisions1 late1 #dad2 divisions1 middle1 #dae2 relation (1 to prehi/oric p]iod1 #bfd1 #bfe2 /rata1 classification (1 #dab4 ,po1 ! riv]1 #chi4 ,poole's cav]n1 #cd1 #abf4 ,pot-holes & 8cirques0 9 calc>e\s rocks1 #ef4 ,porcup9e1 9 ,spa9 & ,africa1 #chj2 f\nd 9 ,belgium1 #cie4 ,prehi/oric p]iod1 !1 ar*ological classification (1 #ach2 conditions ( life 91 #bfb2 diff]5ce betwe5 ! hi/oric &1 #acd2 relation ( plei/oc5e to1 #bfd4 ,pre/wi*1 ,mr41 cit$1 #bfg1 #bga1 #daf2 on ,brixham cave1 #cba1 #cbb2 on c>bonate ( lime 9 ,?ames wat]1 #fi2 on ! discov]ies 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme1 #ag2 on ! d5udation ( ! ,m5dips & ,ard5nes1 #fa2 on paloli?ic man1 #daj4 ,prov5ce1 bone-caves (1 #cgc4 ,prun]-,bey1 ,dr41 cit$1 #aic4 ,prunires1 ,dr41 cit$1 #bjj4 ,purpura lapillus 9 cave ( ,cro-,magnon1 #bed4 ,pyr5ees1 !1 animals liv+ to ! ,nor? ( ! ,alps &1 #cei-cfa2 glaci]s (1 #djc4 ,q4 ,quatrefages1 ,m4 de1 cit$1 #bch4 ,r4 ,rabbit1 ! 7see lepus cuniculus74 ,ramsay1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #djb4 ,rat1 ! common1 migrations (1 #gf4 ,rattonneau1 isl& (1 #cgc4 ,rav9es1 #ed4 ,reggio1 cave (1 9 ,mod5a1 #adh4 ,re9de]1 !1 #gf1 #gi1 #bgh2 abs5ce (1 9 middle plei/oc5e division1 #daf2 engrav+ (1 #cde1 #cef2 9 ! cave ( ,lombrive1 #bef2 9 ! caves ( ,prigord1 #cch2 9 ! ,tr\ du ,frontal1 #bcg2 --p]iod ( ,m4 ,l>tet1 #dad2 range (1 #cif4 ,rhtic age1 fossils (1 #ei4 ,rh9oc]os etruscus1 #dah1 #dai1 #dbd2 hemit*us1 #bha1 #bhh1 #cgb1 #djj1 #dag2 meg>h9us1 #bff1 #ccd1 #djj1 #djd1 #dae1 #daf-dah2 ti*orh9us 7woolly71 #aai1 #ach1 #bgh1 #djj4 ,rhosdigre cave1 #ahh2 cont5ts (1 #aff2 gre5/one celt f1 #aef4 ,rians1 cave (1 #cgc4 ,ri*>d1 ! ,abb1 cit$1 #dbi4 ,rivire1 ,m41 explorations (1 #beg1 #cgc1 #cge4 ,ro$e]1 !1 #gf4 ,rolle/on1 ,dr41 cit$1 #aie2 discov]y ( pigmy hippopotamus by1 #cgh4 ,roman dom9ion 9 ,brita91 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,ros5mll]1 cit$1 #ab1 #ac1 #bgc4 ,rtimey]1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #acf1 #djd4 ,s4 ,sah>a1 !1 *anges ( level 91 #cji4 ,samian w>e 9 ! ,victoria cave1 #ib2 9 ! ,d[k]bottom cave1 #ajb4 ,san ,ciro1 cave (1 #cgf4 ,s*aaffhaus51 ,m41 cit$1 #adg2 on ! skull f ,ne&]?al1 #bda4 ,s*m]l+1 ,dr41 cit$1 #cie2 rese>*es (1 #bj1 #bcd1 #cdg4 ,sclaigneaux1 cave (1 #bah2 platycnemic tibia f1 #bai4 ,san=d1 ,mr41 ,ay%=d1 cit$1 #ca1 #fc1 #adj1 #bic1 #cjg1 #cid4 ,second ice or glacial p]iod1 #djf4 ,selsea1 rema9s f\nd at1 #dje4 ,s]res1 ,m4 de1 cit$1 #ai4 ,s]val1 !1 #ba1 #cgb1 #cid4 ,sicily1 bone-caves (1 #ba2 ! ,ib]ians 91 #bbb2 species f1 #cgf4 ,skulls1 measurem5ts ( bra*y-cephalic & doli*o-cephalic1 #aii2 f ,p]?i-,*w>eu1 #aga2 ( d\btful antiquity1 #bcf2 table ( doli*o-cephalic1 f\nd 9 ,brita9 & ,irel&1 #aig4 ,smi?1 ,mr4 ,roa*1 on ,roman co9s1 #hc4 ,smi?1 ,rev4 ,g4 ,n41 on ,t5by bone-caves1 #bhi4 ,solutr1 horse's skeleton f1 #cdd4 ,som]set1 hynas 91 #cja2 mammalia 9 ! caves (1 #cff4 ,soreil1 ,m41 on ! cave ( ,*auvaux1 #baf4 ,s\nd+s1 evid5ce (1 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 #chj4 ,s\? ,wales1 caves (1 #bhh2 mammalia 91 #cff4 ,s\!rn ,europe1 bone-caves (1 #ba4 ,spa91 articles f\nd 9 a copp]-m9e 91 #bjh2 hi/orical evid5ce z to ! peoples ( ,gaul &1 #bbj-bbb4 ,spratt1 ,admiral1 explorations (1 #ba1 #cgg4 ,spr+1 ,dr41 discov]ies (1 #bj2 on ! cave ( ,*auvaux1 #bae1 #baf4 ,/ag1 !1 #gf1 #ach4 ,/alagmite1 rate ( ! accumulation (1 #ci4 ,/anley1 ,rev4 ,e41 cit$1 #bhf4 ,sus ,indica1 !1 #acg4 ,sus palu/ris1 #bfb4 ,sus scr(a1 #aca1 #aej1 #aff4 ,switz]l&1 caves (1 #cej4 ,symonds1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,s41 explores ,k+ ,ar?ur's cave1 #bij1 #bia4 ,t4 ,tapir1 ! #dbc4 ,temp]ature ( caves1 #ga4 ,t5by1 cave ( ,caldy ne>1 #fb2 ! ,black ,rock ne>1 #fh4 ,?ames wat]1 c>bonate ( lime 91 #fi1 #gj4 ,?omas1 ,rev4 ,d4 ,r41 on *amb]$ tomb at ,cefn1 #afc4 ,?or's cave1 ne> ,a%b\rne1 #abg2 occupi$ by ,brit-,wel%1 #abi4 ,?urnam1 ,dr41 cit$1 #add2 on classification ( crania1 #aij2 on craniology ( ,brita9 9 neoli?ic age1 #aia2 on doli*o-cephalic skulls1 #aib2 on skulls f cave ( ,orr\y1 #bjb4 ,tiddeman1 ,mr41 on ! ,victoria cave1 #he1 #abb4 ,troglodytes1 "n (1 #f4 ,trogon!rium cuvi]i1 #dai1 #dbd4 ,tropical & cold climates1 animals common to1 #djj4 ,tr\ du ,frontal1 #bcf2 crania 91 #bch4 ,tunbridge ,wells1 rocks at1 #be4 ,turn]1 ,pr(essor1 on rema9s 9 a cave at ,oban1 #aie4 ,turritella communis 9 cave ( ,cro-,magnon1 #bed4 ,tuto1 isl&s (1 caves 91 #ei4 ,tyddyn ,bleiddyn1 cairn (1 #ahh4 ,u4 ,ultz1 burial-places (1 9 ,we/phalia1 #adg4 ,unio pictorum dr$g$ f bottom ( ,engli% ,*annel1 #cfd4 ,uphill1 cave (1 #bid2 skull f1 #aid4 ,urus1 !1 #gg1 #hj1 #acf1 #cgc1 #cii4 ,ursus arctos1 #aff1 #cce4 ,ursus arv]n5sis1 #dah1 #dai1 #dbb1 #dbd4 ,ursus spelu1 #cge4 ,v4 ,val d',arno1 fauna ( !1 #dbb4 ,valleys1 *ange 9 physical conditions (1 #bga2 deposits 9 caves &1 #bgb2 9 lime/one di/ricts1 #ed2 /rata ( s& & gravel 91 #bfg1 #bfh4 ,victoria cave1 !1 bones ( animals 91 #hh2 ,brit-,wel% /ratum 91 #hg2 bronze articles 91 #ij2 co9s 91 #ic2 date ( neoli?ic occupation 91 #aae2 discov]y (1 #ha2 exploration (1 #he2 grey clays 91 #aaf2 human bone f olde/ ossif]\s /ratum 91 #daa2 implem5ts & ornam5ts 91 #hc1 #ie2 miscellane\s articles 91 #ij2 p]iod ( ,brit-,wel% occupation 91 #aaj2 plei/oc5e occupation by hynas 91 #aah1 #bhd2 pre-glacial age ( plei/oc5e /ratum 91 #aba-abc1 #daa4 ,vivian1 ,mr41 cit$1 #ae4 ,vir*[1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #bch2 on doli*o-cephalic skulls1 #bag4 ,vogt1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #beg4 ,w4 ,wat]1 action (1 9 caves1 #fb4 ,wat] caves ( ,d]by%ire1 #cd2 ( ,som]set%ire1 #bi2 ( ,york%ire1 #ce1 #ej4 ,wea!rcote1 caves at1 #dg4 ,:idbey1 ,mr41 cit$1 #ac4 ,:itcombe's ,hole1 a cave ( ! ,iron ,age1 #adj1 #ada4 ,willett1 ,mr41 cit$1 #bie1 #cjc4 ,williams1 ,rev4 ,d41 explorations (1 #bib4 ,williams1 ,rev ,john1 on cav]ns 9 isl& ( ,tuto1 #ei4 ,williamson1 ,rev4 ,j41 cit$1 #bie1 #bif4 ,wilson1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #aif4 ,w9t]b\rne ,/oke1 ! b>r[ (1 #aib4 ,w9wood1 ,rev4 ,h4 ,h41 cit$1 #afc2 discov]s rema9s ( animals at ,fre%=d1 #bfi2 explores ! cave at ,longb]ry ,bank1 #acc4 ,wolf1 !1 #djj2 9 ,brita91 #aca2 9 ,spa91 #adf2 la/1 9 ,scotl&1 #gf4 ,woman's cave1 !1 ne> ,alhama1 #baj4 ,wood1 ,colonel1 cit$1 #ag4 ,wookey ,hole1 hyna d5 (1 #ag1 #bie1 #cja1 #cjb2 a%es & implem5ts f\nd at1 #cjh2 bone-b$s at1 #cje2 fl9t implem5ts f\nd at1 #bih2 hyna d5 (1 inhabit$ by man1 #cac2 leg5d ( ! dog at1 #cd2 ! wat] cave (1 #bi4 ,x4 ,x5ophon on ! pan!r1 #hj4 ,y4 ,york%ire1 caves 91 #aja1 #bgh4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,sons1 ,,& ,,taylor1 ,,pr9t]s4 ,,footnotes #a ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,h>tz ,=e/ 7,h]cynia ,curiosa71 translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,h4 ,behr5s1 ,m4,d41 by ,john ,&ree1 #afgj1 p4 #da4 #b ,florus1 lib4 iii4 c4 x4 ,delph94 #dto4 #agad1 p4 #aab4 #c ,s9ce ?is 0 writt51 ,sir ,c4 ,lyell has )drawn 8 t]m 8,po/-pleioc5e0 9 fav\r ( ,plei/oc5e4 78,antiquity ( ,man10 #d? edition1 #ahgc47 #d ,hi/4 ,anim4 vol4 i4 ,folio1 #afjc4 ,article 8,monoc]as40 #e ,describ$ by ,pr(essor ,ow51 ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 p4 #dag4 ,see ,hanbury on 8,*9ese ,mat]ia ,m$ica10 #ahfb1 #hvo4 p4 #dj4 ,"s ( ! dragons' tee? 7 f\nd 9 caves by ,mr4 ,sw9hoe4 #f ,h]cynia ,curiosa4 #g ,see ,cuvi]1 ,oss4 ,foss4 vol4 iv4 pp4 #bij et seq4 #h ,! ref]5ces are to be f\nd 9 ,cuvi]1 top4 cit4 & 9 ,buckl&1 8,reliqui ,diluvian10 #dto4 #ahbb4 ,mo/ ( !m ,i h v]ifi$4 #i ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahag1 p4 #agf4 #aj ,p5gelly1 8,lit]ature ( ,k5t's ,cav]n10 ,devon%ire ,association4 #ahfh-i4 8,k5t's ,hole10 ,lecture1 deliv]$ 9 ,hulme ,t[n ,hall1 #ahgb4 #aa ,comptes ,r5dus1 #ahdg1 pp4 #fdi-ej1 et #ahfd1 p4 #bcj4 #ab ,pre/wi*1 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahfj4 ,proce$4 ,royal ,soc4 #ahei4 #ac ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 ,jan4 #ahfa4 #ad ,falcon]1 ,palont4 ,mem4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dih4 #ae ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahfe-gb4 #af ,! au?orities = ?is p>agraph are ,cuvi] 7,oss4 ,foss471 ,desnoy]s 7,article 8,grottes10 ,dictionnaire ,univ4 d',hi/oire ,naturelle71 ,m>cel de ,s]res 7,cav]nes ,oss4 ,foss4 du ,dp>tem5t de l',aude1 #ahci71 ,g]vais 7,palontologie ,franaise1 #ahei1 & ,n\velles ,re*]*es sur les ,animaux ,v]tbrs1 ,vivants et ,fossiles1 #ahfh-i-gj74 #ag ,an4 des ,sc43 ,nat4 ,zool4 iv4 sr4 t4 xv4 #ah ,reliqui ,aquitanic4 #ai ,re*]*es sur les ,oss4 ,foss4 dc\v]ts dans les ,cav]nes de la ,prov9ce de ,lige1 #dto4 atlas folio4 #bj ,bull4 de l',acadmie ,royale de ,belgique1 #a sr4 t4 xx4 p4 #dbg1 #ahec2 #b sr4 t4 xviii4 p4 #dgi1 #ahfd2 xxii4 p4 #ahg1 #ahff4 #ba ,l',homme p5dant les ,ages de la ,pi]re dans les ,environs de ,d9ant sur ,meuse4 ,bruxelles1 #ahga4 #bnd edit41 #ahgb4 #bb ,ice-caves1 #hvo4 #ahfe1 ,longmans4 #bc ,d',orbigny1 ,dictionnaire ,univ]sel d',hi/oire ,naturelle1 ,article 8,grottes40 #bd ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 xxvii4 #cab4 #be ,:5 ! ,engli% conqu]$ ,som]set f ! ,brit-,wel%1 !y translat$ ! ,celtic ,ogo into ,hole1 :5ce ! cave & village ( ,wookey ,hole 7 nam$1 j z !y translat$ a neighb\r+ hill1 call$ ,p51 into ,kn[le1 ! g5]ic ,celtic t]m 9 ea* case be+ us$ to specify a p>ticul> object4 ,!re are _m o!r in/ances ( ! l use ( a ,celtic "n by ! ,engli% conqu]ors ( ! ,celts4 ,9 ! ,lime/one plateau ( ,llanamyne*1 ne> ,oswe/ry1 !re is a cave call$ 8,! ,ogo40 #bf ,phil4 ,trans4 #afhj1 p4 #a4 #bg ,! cave is accessible1 & c be exam9$ )\t any climb+4 #bh ,bo? ( ^! caves are kept 9 excell5t ord]1 & ! latt] is light$ ) gas4 #bi ,! cave is admirably pres]v$ by ! c>e ( ! own]1 ,j4 ,f>r]1 ,esq41 & may be visit$ )\t any difficulty4 #cj ,riv]s1 ,m\nta9s1 & ,sea-coa/ ( ,york%ire1 #hvo4 #ahed1 p4 #cd4 #ca ,on ! ,ordnance ,maps x is wrongly pr9t$ ,alum ,pot4 #cb ,op4 cit4 ,article ,grottes4 #cc ,l',homme p5dant les ,ages de la ,pi]re dans les ,environs de ,d9ant sur ,meuse1 ,bruxelles1 #ahga4 #cd ,! b>e pavem5ts above ,malham ,cove are wor?y ( a c>eful exam9ation4 #ce ,i h us$ ! t]m incretion>y z imply+ an accumulation ( m9]al matt] f ! circumf]5ce ( a cavity t[>ds its c5tre1 z 9 ! case ( an agate4 ,concretion>y action1 ) :i* x is g5]ally confus$1 ought to be def9$ z ! deposition ( successive lay]s ( matt] r\nd a nucleus or c5tre4 ,! "o action op]ates f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre1 ! o!r f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce4 #cf ,corals & ,coral ,isl&s1 #ahgb1 p4 #cfa4 #cg ,pre/wi*1 ,ann4 ,address ,geol4 ,soc4 #ahgb1 p4 #hd4 #ch ,phil4 ,trans4 ,april #g?1 #afhj1 p4 #gca4 #ci 8,ice-,caves 9 ,france & ,switz]l&40 ,longmans1 #ahfe1 p4 #bif4 #dj ,leges ,walli4 #da ,bell1 8,briti% ,quadrup$s10 #hvo4 p4 #chf4 #db ,! au?orities = ! prec$+ p>agraphs w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ( my ,prelim9>y ,treatise on ! 8,relation ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,mammalia to ^? n[ liv+ 9 ,europe0 7,palont4 ,soc4 #ahgd74 #dc ,b5$ict4 ad ,m5sas ,ekkeh>di ,mona*i ,sangall5sis1 l4 #abi4 #dd ,buffon1 ,quadrup$s1 l4 v4 p4 #eb2 l4 x4 p4 #fg4 ,sir ,g4 ,c4 ,lewis1 8,notes & ,qu]ies10 #bnd s]ies1 l4 ix4 pp4 #d1 #e4 #de ,see ,rolle/on1 ,j\rn4 ,anat4 & ,phys41 #ahfh1 pp4 #ea-b4 ,l5z1 8,zoologie d] ,alt540 #df ,fig4 #ai1 ,a4 #dg ,roa* ,smi?1 8,collectanea ,antiqua10 vol4 i4 ,no4 #e1 p4 #gb1 #ahdd4 ,x is notic$ by ,eckroyd ,smi?1 ,trans4 ,hi/oric ,society ( ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire1 ,may #aa1 #ahfe2 & by ,mr4 ,d5ny1 ,trans4 ,geol4 & ,polyte*nic ,soc4 ( ,we/ ,rid+1 #ahei4 #dh 8,collectanea ,antiqua10 vol4 i4 ,no4 #e1 pp4 #fi1 #gj4 #di ,! ,victoria ,cave has engag$ ! att5tion ( ! foll[+ writ]s3--,f>r]1 ,proce$4 ,soc4 ,antiqu>ies1 vol4 iv42--,roa* ,smi? & ,jackson1 8,collectanea ,antiqua10 vol4 i4 ,no4 #e1 #ahdd2--;,d5ny1 ,proce$4 ,geol4 & ,polyte*nic ,society ( ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 #ahei2--;,eckroyd ,smi?1 ,trans4 ,hi/oric ,society ( ,*e%ire1 ,may #aa1 #ahfe2--;,boyd ,dawk9s1 8,nature10 ,april #ba1 #ahgj2 ,briti% ,assoc4 ,reports1 #ahgj2 ,macmillan's ,magaz9e1 ,sept4 #ahga2 ,j\rn4 ,an?rop4 ,in/itute1 #ahga2--,tiddeman1 8,nature10 #ahgb2--;,boyd ,dawk9s & ,tiddeman1 ,briti% ,assoc4 ,reports1 #ahgb2--,tiddeman1 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,jan4 #ahgc2--;,boyd ,dawk9s1 ,proce$4 ,man*4 ,philosophical ,soc41 ,feb4 #ahgc2--;,brockbank1 ,proce$4 ,man*4 ,philosophical ,soc41 ,m>* #ahgc4 #ej ,see ,palont4 ,society1 #ahgd--;,boyd ,dawk9s' ,prelim9>y ,treatise1 ,*apt] ,,ii4 #ea ,r4 ,d4 ,d>bi%ire1 ,proce$4 ,man*e/] ,numismatic ,society1 ,"p ,,ii4 #ahfe3 8,on "s ,autonom\s ,co9s ( ,anci5t ,spa940 #eb ,vetu/a ,monum5ta1 vol4 vi4 #ec ,i h to ?ank ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,gre5 = all[+ me to quote ?is passage f 8 "w1 :i* is n[ 9 ! press4 #ed ,antiquits ,suisses1 ,second ,supplem5t2 ,lausanne1 #ahfg1 p4 #ae1 ,pl4 xii4 figs4 #c1 #d4 #ee ,la ,se9e ,infrieure1 #dto41 #ahfg1 p4 #bjc4 #ef ,see ,kemble1 8,hor ,f]ales10 #dto42 ,description ( ,plates by ,a4 ,w4 ,franks1 p4 #fd4 #eg 1 1 7,icon4 lib4 i4 c4 #bh74 ,! art 0 evid5tly unkn[n 9 ,rome at ?is "t4 #eh ,notice des maux du ,muse du ,l\vre1 #aheg1 pp4 #be1 #bf4 #ei ,eckroyd ,smi?1 ,trans4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire1 #ahff4 ,lime/one ,caves ( ,crav54 #fj ,proc4 ,geol4 & ,polyte*nic ,soc4 ( ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 #ahei1 p4 #de et seq4 #fa ,d5ny & ,f>r]1 op4 cit4 #ahfd-e1 #dad et seq42 ,f>r]1 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,antiq4 vol4 iv4 #fb ,! au?orities = ?is p>agraph are ,gildas1 ,n5nius1 & o!rs1 pr9t$ 9 8,monum5ta ,hi/orica ,britannica10 folio1 ,rolls ,publication4 #fc 8,repellunt nos ,b>b>i ad m>e1 repellit nos m>e ad ,b>b>os2 int] hc oriuntur duo g5]a fun]um2 aut jugulamur aut m]gimur40 ,,gildas1 xvii4 #fd 8,britones de ipsis montibus1 speluncis ac saltibus dumis cons]tis cont9ue rebellabant40 ,,gildas1 xvii4 ,bda1 ,hi/4 ,eccles4 lib4 i4 cxiv4 #fe ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle1 passim4 #ff ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle1 ,a4,d4 #ddi4 8,f ,anglia1 :i* has ev] s9ce rema9$ wa/e betwe5 ! ,jutes & ,saxons1 came ! m5 ( ,ea/ ,anglia1 ,middle ,anglia1 ,m]cia1 & all ,nor?-humbria40 ,! ,,ms4 ,a1 f :i* ?is 0 tak51 ends 9 ,a4,d4 #ige4 ,! passage 0 tak5 f ,bda :o liv$ 9 ! #h? c5tury4 #fg ,see ,e4 ,a4 ,freeman1 8,norman ,conque/10 vol4 i4 #fh 8,confovebatur 444 de m>i usque ad m>e ignis ori5talis sacrilegorum manu exagg]atus1 et f9itimas quasque civitates populans1 qui non quievit acc5sus donec cunctam p5e exur5s insul sup]ficiem1 rubra occid5talem trucique oceanum l+u delamb]et40--xxiv4 #fi ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle4 #gj ,on ! date ( ! conque/ ( ,lanca%ire see 8,man*e/] ,phil4 & ,lit4 ,soc4 ,proc40 #ahgc1 p4 #be4 ,9 work+ out ?is some:at difficult "q1 ,i am indebt$ to ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,gre5 = mo/ valuable aid4 #ga ,gildas1 ,n5nius1 ! ,annales ,cambri1 ,bda1 & ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle are ! au?orities = ^! /atem5ts4 #gb ,! section ( ! ,victoria ,cave publi%$ by ,mr4 ,tiddeman 9 ! ,geological ,magaz9e expresses ! relation ( ! clay ) b\ld]s to ! cave-e>? ) great] cle>ness ?an ,i c\ld obs]ve on ! gr\nd4 ,! lam9at$ clay is n yet prov$ to occupy su* a l>ge area 9 ! cave1 or to be s regul>ly deposit$1 or s cle>ly def9$4 ,x occurs at v>i\s levels 9 ! mass ( ! grey clay 9 ! section 7to be se5 on ,may #ba1 #ahgc71 above & bel[ ! cave-e>?4--8,! ,old] ,deposits 9 ! ,victoria ,cave10 ,geol4 ,mag4 x4 p4 #aa4 #gc ,see ,essays by ! writ] 9 8,pop4 ,sci4 ,rev40 ,oct4 #ahga3 8,on ! relation ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,mammalia to ! ,glacial p]iod40 8,on ! ,classification ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,/rata ( ,europe by means ( ! ,mammalia20 ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 ,june #ahgb4 #gd ,mm4 de l',acad4 ,imp4 des ,sci5ces de ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1 #f;e ,sr4 tome v4 #ahdi1 ,pl4 xiii4 ,fig4 #a4 #ge ,see my 8,plei/oc5e ,mammals ( ,york%ire10 ,geol4 & ,polyte*nic ,soc4 ( ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,yorks4 ,le$s1 ,aug4 #f?1 #ahff4 #gf ,see ,brit4 ,ass4 ,reports1 ,brad=d1 #ahgc4 #gg ,mem4 ,an?rop4 ,soc4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ceh4 #gh ,sussex ,ar*ol4 ,coll41 #ahfc4 #gi ,trans4 ,midl& ,sci4 ,ass41 ,sess4 #ahfd-e1 pp4 #a-f1 #ai1 #bi1 ,plates #a-ae1 8,report on ! ,exploration ( ,?or's ,cave10 by ,e4 ,br[n1 ,esq4 #hj ,see ,e4 ,a4 ,freeman1 8,norman ,conque/10 vol4 i4 p4 #dc4 #ha ,prelim9>y ,treatise on ! ,relation ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,mammalia to ^? n[ liv+ 9 ,europe4 ,palont4 ,soc4 #ahgd1 *ap4 ii4 #hb 8,equos etiam pl]ique 9 vobis com$unt1 quod nullus ,*ri/ianorum 9 ori5talibus facit40 ,haddan & ,/ubbs1 8,c\ncils & ,ecclesia/ical ,docum5ts relat+ to ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&10 vol4 ii4 p4 #dei4 #hc ,la+1 8,norway10 p4 #caf4 ,mr4 ,la+ ju/ly argues t ! habit ( eat+ horsefle% 9 ,norway1 :]e pa/urage is scant1 mu/ h be5 acquir$ 9 ! luxuriant grassy /eppes ( ,c5tral ,asia by ! ance/ors ( ! ,sc&9avians4 #hd ,b5$ict4 ad ,m5sas ,ekkeh>di ,mona*i ,sangall5sis1 ,p]tz4 ,mon4 ,g]m41 vol4 vi4 p4 #aag4 #he 8,plei/oc5e ,mammalia40 ,palont4 ,soc4 #ahff4 ,introd4 ,int]nat4 ,congress ( ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology1 ,p>is1 & ,norwi* volumes4 #hf ,^! que/ions are treat$ 9 detail 9 my ,prelim9>y ,treatise1 8,brit4 ,plei/4 ,mammalia40 ,palont4 ,soc4 #ahgd4 #hg 8,anci5t ,/one ,implem5ts ( ,great ,brita910 p4 #b4 #hh ,som]set ,ar*ol4 & ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 #ahfd4 8,on ! ,cav]ns ( ,burr+ton ,combe40 #hi ,elliott1 8,geologi/10 #ahfb1 p4 #cd1 ditto p4 #afg4 ,huxley1 ditto1 p4 #bje4 ,c>t] ,blake1 ditto1 p4 #cab4 ,mackie1 8,proce$4 ,soc4 ,antiq40 #bnd ,s]ies1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agg4 #ij ,?is woodcut1 z well z ,figs4 #cc & #ce1 h be5 k9dly l5t by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies4 #ia ,commissao ,geologica de ,portugal4 ,e/udos ,geoligicos4 ,da ,exi/5cia d hom5 no nosso solo em ,tempos mui remotos provada pelo e/udos des cav]nas4 ,primeiro opusculo4 ,noticea c]ca das ,grutas da ,cs>$a4 ,por ,j4 ,f4 ,n4 ,delgado com a v]sao em ,francez por ,m4 ,dalhunty4 #ib ,e?nol4 ,j\rn4 ,n4,s4 #g1 p4 #dc4 #ic ,= def9ition ( ^! t]ms1 see p4 #aij4 #id ,int]national ,congress ( ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology1 ,norwi* ,volume1 p4 #hd4 #ie ,int]national ,congress1 ,p>is ,volume1 p4 #aei4 #if ,prehi/oric ,congress1 ,brussels ,volume1 #ahgb1 p4 #cfc4 #ig ,burial 9 ! contract$ po/ure1 :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ! neoli?ic age1 0 probably due1 z is sugge/$ by my fri5d ,mr4 ,john ,evans1 ,f4,r4,s41 to ! habit ( sleep+ 9 t po/ure & n at full l5g? on a b$4 ,! body 0 n laid out aft] dea?1 b may h be5 fold$ toge!r1 z 9 ! case ( ! anci5t ,p]uvian mummies4 ,no regul>ity1 h[ev]1 9 ! contract$ po/ure c\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! _m tumuli & caves :i* ,i h explor$1 al?\gh v g5]ally ! corpse _h be5 int]r$ on its side4 #ih ,ed9burgh ,new ,phil4 ,soc4 7#ahcc71 ,no4 #bg1 p4 #dj4 #ii ,= ! def9ition ( ! t]m1 see p4 #aij4 #ajj ,j\rnal ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 vol4 ii4 ,new ,s]ies1 ,no4 #a1 ,april #ahgj1 p4 #de1 pl4 vii4 fig4 #c4 #aja ,nilsson's 8,/one ,age10 translat$ by ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock4 #ajb ,^! are m]ely samples ( ! l>ge numb] ( human skulls & bones :i* 7 discov]$4 #ajc ,among/ ! ,keiss crania describ$ by ,pr(4 ,huxley1 ?is mo/ closely resembles 8 ,no4 #e2 b x is ( ! same type z ,no4 #c & ,no4 #g1 & n v f> f t ( ! ,t[yn-y-capel cranium1 ?r\gh :i* ! transition to ! ,mewslade =m 78,nat4 ,hi/4 ,rev40 vol4 i4 p4 #agd1 pl4 v47 is v easy4 #ajd ,! =ms mo/ closely resembl+ ?is skull among/ ^? f ,keiss are ,nos4 #c & #g4 #aje ,d=mation du crne resultant de la m?ode la plus gnrale de c\vrir la tte des enfans4 ,p>is1 #ahcd4 #ajf ,essai sur les d=mations artificielles du crne1 p> ,l4 ,a4 ,gosse1 de ,g5ve4 ,p>is1 #ahee4 #ajg ,re*]*es sur quelques d=mations du crne obs]ves dans le ,dp>tem5t des ,deux-,svres 78,ann4 ,mdico-psy*ologique074 ,p>is1 #aheb4 #ajh ,?is index is obta9$ by divid+ ! lea/ circumf]5ce by ! l5g? ( ! bone4 #aji 8,mmoires sur les ossem5s des ,eyzies40 ,p>is1 #ahfh4 8,on ! ,human ,skulls & ,bones f\nd 9 ! ,cave ( ,cro-magnon10 ,reliqui ,aquitanic1 p4 #ig4 #aaj ,b ^! are by no means extreme in/ances ( ! ,gibralt> tibi4 #aaa ,z reg>ds ! absolute dim5sions ( ! skulls1 x w\ld seem t ! ,wel% crania /& high 9 ! scale--q z high z any ( ! exi/+ races ( mank9d4 ,i h made ! comp>ison 9 a r\gh way 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,if ! numb]s repres5t+ ! l5g?1 bread?1 & height ( ! skull are add$ toge!r1 a numb] is obta9$ :i* w1 ( c\rse1 9 "s measure1 indicate ! gross dim5sions ( ! skull4 ,f ! r num]\s data furni%$ by my own ,tables ( ,measurem5ts ,i obta9$ ! results /at$ 9 ! subjo9$ li/1 9 :i* ! gross mean dim5sions ( v>i\s sets ( crania are contra/$4 #a4 ,sc&9avian priscan skulls ( ! neoli?ic epo* #ahhh #b4 ,esquimaux & ,gre5l&]s #ahha #c4 ,p]?i-,*w>eu skulls #ahfe #d4 ,mod]n ,european #aheh #e4 ,v>i\s anci5t & priscan skulls #ahee #f4 ,burmese #ahee #g4 ,caffres & ,zooloos 7extratropical negroes7 #ahde #h4 ,d]by%ire tumuli #ahdb #i4 ,tasmanian #agie #aj4 ,hott5tot #aghj #aa4 ,negroes 7int]tropical7 #agfg #ab4 ,au/ralian #ageh #ac4 ,bu%m5 #agdh #ad4 ,v$dahs #agji #ae4 ,&amanese #agjj #aab 8,notes on ! ,human ,rema9s f ,keiss10 p4 #he4 #aac ,loc4 cit4 p4 #aad4 #aad ,vol4 i4 p4 #agd1 pl4 v4 #aae ,! /ature is obta9$1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,humphry's me?od1 f ! l5g? ( ! femur1 :i* is #bge ( /ature tak5 z #ajj4 #aaf /raight1 jaw1 ) pr(ile v]tical1 z oppos$ to 1 ) project+ jaws1 or 8sn\ty40 #aag 8,an?ropological ,memoirs10 vols4 i4 & iii42 ,huxley & ,la+1 8,prehi/oric ,rema9s 9 ,cai?ness40 #aah 8,mem4 ,lit4 & ,phil4 ,soc4 ,man*e/]10 vol4 v4 p4 #bac4 #aai 8,an?rop4 ,mem40 vol4 i4 p4 #add4 #abj ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,report1 #ahga1 p4 #afj1 8,on ,human & ,animal ,bones & ,fl9ts1 f a ,cave at ,oban1 ,argyle%ire10 by ,pr(4 ,turn]4 #aba ,huxley & ,la+1 8,prehi/oric ,rema9s ( ,cai?ness10 p4 #aai et seq4 #abb 8,prehi/oric ,annals ( ,scotl&40 #abc ,! evid5ce ( cannibalism 9 ! cont5ts ( ! tumuli seems to me to be d\btful4 #abd ,prehi/oric ,congress1 ,brussels ,volume1 #ahgb1 p4 #ahb4 #abe ,bull4 ,soc4 ,an?rop4 iv4 #abf ,an?rop4 ,mem4 i4 #dij4 #abg ,prehi/oric ,congress1 ,norwi* ,volume1 #ahfi4 #abh ,prehi/oric ,congress1 ,norwi* ,volume1 #ahfi4 #abi ,don ,manuel ,gongora y ,m>t9ez1 8,antigu$ades ,prehi/oricas de ,&alucia40 ,madrid1 #ahfh4 #hvo4 #acj 8,! ,woman's ,cave10 #dto4 ,p>ts ,i4 & ,,ii4 #ahgj-a4 ,cadiz1 ,f$]ico ,joly y ,velasco4 #aca ,don ,manuel ,gongora y ,m>t9ez1 op4 cit4 #acb ,e?nological ,j\rn4 ,n4,s4 vii4 p4 #ajg4 #acc ,broca1 8,bull4 ,soc4 ,an?rop40 s4s4 t4 i4 p4 #dgj2 t4 ii4 p4 #aj-cj2 s4s4 t4 iii4 p4 #dc-aja4 ,! cephalic index 9 ! prec$+ ,table diff]s slightly f t giv5 by ,m4 ,broca4 ,?urnam1 8,an?rop4 ,mem40 iii4 p4 #fd et seq4 #acd ,^! skulls are pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,an?ropological ,society at ,p>is1 :]e by ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,broca ,i 0 all[$ to /udy !m 9 ! autumn ( #ahgc4 ,"s 7 m>k$ ) ! 8tte annulaire40 #ace ,la+ & ,huxley1 8,prehi/oric ,rema9s ( ,cai?ness40 #acf ,spr+1 8,bull4 ,acad4 ,roy4 de ,belgique10 #a sr4 l4 xx4 p4 #dbg2 #b sr4 l4 xviii4 p4 #dgi2 l4 xxii4 p4 #ahg4 #acg ,dupont1 8,l',homme p5dant les ges de la ,pi]re dans les environs de ,d9ant sur ,meuse10 #b;d edit4 p4 #bbb4 #ach ,soreil1 8,sur ,n\velle ,exploration de la ,cav]ne de ,*auvau10 ,congrs ,int]n4 ,an?ropologie et d',ar*ologie ,prehi/oriques1 p4 #cha et seq4 ,bruxelles1 #ahgb4 #aci ,int]national ,congress1 ,bruxelles1 #ahgb1 p4 #cgj4 #adj ,cs>1 i4 #ej4 #ada 8,bull4 ,soc4 ,an?rop de ,p>is10 #b sr4 t4 #aaa41 p4 #aah4 #adb 8,diodorus ,siculus10 iv4 #f2 v4 #ci4 ,/eur1 8,e?nographie des ,peuples de l',europe10 p4 #ca et seq42 ,donaldson1 8,v>ronianw40 p4 #gj et seq4 ,dion4 ,hal4 i #bb4 ,see also ,niebuhr & ,momms54 ,! docum5t>y evid5ce is s unc]ta9 z to ! aff9ities ( ! ,ligurians t sc>cely any two writ]s agree4 8,quot hom9es tot s5t5ti40 #adc ,?ucydides1 vi4 #b4 #add ,tacitus1 8,agricola10 xi4 #ade ,cs>1 i4 #ab4 #adf ,pr(4 ,huxley br+s !m into relation ) ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ! 8,melano*roi0 ( ,india1 & ! ,au/ralians1 8,critiques & ,addresses10 p4 #acd2 ,prehi/oric ,congress1 ,norwi* ,volume1 p4 #ib et seq4 #adg ,see ,pr(4 ,huxley's 8,critiques & ,addresses10 p4 #afg4 #adh ,= a ma/]ly acc\nt ( ! v>y+ /ature 9 ,brita9 & ,irel&1 see ,dr4 ,b$doe's ,essay1 8,an?rop4 ,soc4 ,mem40 iii4 p4 #chd-egc4 #adi 8 1 1 ' 1 ' 40--,lib4 iv4 c4 #a1 #a4 #aej ,! correspond5ce ( my map1 ,fig4 #fh1 ) t ( ,m4 ,broca1 is "o ( ^? undesign$ co9cid5ces :i* are s valuable 9 arriv+ at tru?1 = 8 mo/ admirable essay on ! ,e?nology ( ,france did n come into my h&s until my own map 0 engrav$4 ,m4 ,broca takes a diff]5t po9t ( view to t advanc$ 9 ^! pages1 hold+ t ! ,celts 7 d>k & ! ,belgic 7 blue-ey$ tall ,kymri or ,cimbri4 ,! ,celts kn[n to hi/ory 7 und\bt$ly a tall fair race4 #aea ,9 treat+ ?is difficult subject1 ,i h purposely omitt$ to use ! unc]ta9 light ( philology4 ,we may expect to d]ive z mu* k z to ! relations betwe5 ,tyrrh5ian1 ,ligurian1 ,basque1 & o!r obscure non-,aryan peoples f ! /udy ( languages1 z we h already obta9$ ( ! ,aryans by ! same means4 ,x is v probable t1 l ! ,sanscrit1 ! ,basque roots w be f\nd widely spread bo? 9 ,asia1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,europe1 & ,n4 ,africa4 #aeb 8,an?rop4 ,mem40 ,vols4 i4 & iii4 7,crania ,britannica47 #aec ,see ,huxley's 8,critiques & ,addresses10 p4 #afg et seq4 #aed 8,rutil ,cal$oniam habitantium com1 magni artus ,g]manicam orig9em assev]ant40 ,agricola1 c4 xi4 #aee 8,reliqui ,diluvian10 p4 #hb et seq4 #aef ,s*m]l+1 8,re*]*es sur les ,ossem5ts ,fossiles dc\v]ts dans les ,cav]nes de la prov9ce de ,lige40 #dto4 #ahcc-d1 p4 #bi et seq4 #aeg ,dupont1 8,l',homme p5dant les ges de la ,pi]re1 dans les environs de ,d9ant-sur-,meuse10 p4 ix4 ,! implem5ts are paloli?ic 7see p4 #bb71 b !re is no evid5ce t !y are ( ! same antiquity z ! human rema9s4 ,!y may be1 & probably are1 mu* old]4 #aeh 8,man's ,place 9 ,nature10 *ap4 iii4 ,lyell's 8,antiquity ( ,man10 #a/ edition1 p4 #fc4 #aei ,dupont1 op4 cit4 p4 #ef4 #afj ,prehi/oric ,congress1 ,brussels1 #ahgb1 p4 #edi et seq4 #afa ,huxley & ,la+1 8,prehi/oric ,rema9s ( ,cai?ness40 #afb ,int]n4 ,congress1 ,brussels ,volume1 p4 #edi4 #afc ,dupont1 op4 cit4 p4 #adj4 #afd ,buckl&1 8,reliqui ,diluvian10 p4 #ace4 ,^! specim5s are 9 ! ,ox=d ,museum1 & are id5tifi$ by ,"l ,enniskill5 z hav+ be5 d]iv$ f ,gail5reu?4 #afe ,s*aaffhaus51 translat$ by ,busk1 8,nat4 ,hi/4 ,review10 ,april #ahfa4 ,huxley1 8,man's ,place 9 ,nature10 iii4 p4 #aef-aga4 ,lyell's 8,antiquity ( ,man10 #a/ edition1 p4 #ge4 #aff ,huxley & ,la+1 8,prehi/oric ,rema9s ( ,cai?ness10 p4 #aae4 #afg ,comp>e ,lyell1 #a/ edition1 p4 #ahb et seq41 ) #d? edition1 p4 #abb et seq4 #afh ,phil4 ,trans4 #aei1 p4 #eag4 #afi ,vogt1 8,lectures on ,man10 pp4 #cbi-chj4 ,?urnam1 8,an?rop4 ,mem40 i4 #eja4 #agj ,x has be5 dug out 9 its natural position1 & is n[ to be se5 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 9 ,p>is1 :]e ,i /udi$ x 9 ! summ] ( #ahgc4 #aga ,p5gelly1 8,! ,cave ,man ( ,m5tone10 ,trans4 ,devon ,ass4 #ahgc4 ,moggridge1 ,brit4 ,ass4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahgc4 #agb ,prehi/oric ,congress1 ,bologna ,volume1 p4 #cia1 #ahgc4 #agc ,see on ?is po9t a valuable essay by ,mr4 ,hyde ,cl>k1 8,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5t10 ,n4,s4 ,april #ahga1 p4 #ig et seq4 #agd ,! au?orities = ^! facts w be f\nd 9 my 8,prelim9>y ,treatise10 ,palont4 ,soc4 #ahgd4 ,! prehi/oric age ( ! =e/ is to be fix$ by ! pres5ce ( ! goat & ,bos longifrons1 bo? ( :i* 7 unkn[n 9 ,europe 9 ! plei/oc5e age4 #age 8,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn40 xx4 p4 #ahh et seq4 #agf ,see ,pre/wi*1 8,phil4 ,trans40 #ahfj1 p4 #bgg1 & #ahfd1 p4 #bdg1 & 8,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn40 passim #ahei-gj4 #agg 8,reliqui ,diluvian40 #dto4 #ahbd1 p4 #acc4 #agh ,i am indebt$ to ,"l ,enniskill51 :o explor$ ,gail5reu? along ) ,sir ,philip ,eg]ton1 = sev]al corrections 9 ,buckl&'s section4 #agi ,op4 cit4 p4 #acg4 #ahj ,op4 cit4 p4 #a4 et seq4 #aha ,op4 cit4 p4 #ch4 #ahb ,buckl&1 op4 cit4 p4 #fa4 #ahc 8,ed9burgh ,new ,phil4 ,soc40 ,no4 #bg1 p4 #dj4 ,falcon]1 8,palont4 ,mem40 ii4 p4 #eda4 ,i h exam9$ ne>ly all ! cont5ts ( ^! caves4 #ahd ,an?rop4 ,in/itute ,meet+1 #i ,dec4 #ahgc4 #ahe ,buckl&1 op4 cit4 #hj4 #ahf ,op4 cit4 p4 #hj4 #ahg ,falcon] 8,palont4 ,mem40 ii4 #dih4 #ahh 8,on ! ,t5by ,bone ,caves10 by a ,pembroke%ire ,rector4 ,london3 ,k5t & ,co4 #ahi ,see 8,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep40 #ahga4 8,geol4 ,mag40 viii4 #dcc4 #aij ,buckl&1 op4 cit4 p4 #fj4 #aia ,buckl&1 op4 cit4 ,rutt]1 8,del9eations ( ,som]set10 p4 #ajj4 #aib ,see ,buckl&1 op4 cit4 ,rutt]1 op4 cit4 #aic ,see 8,catalogue ( ,mammalia1 9 ,taunton ,museum10 by ,w4 ,a4 ,san=d1 ,esq4 ,som4 ,ar*ol4 ,soc4 #aid ,rutt] gives a v good section ( ?is cave 7op4 cit4 p4 #gh74 #aie 8,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn40 #ahfb3 ,on a ,hyna-d5 at ,wookey ,hole4 ,also 8,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn40 #ahfc4 #aif ,an incid5t connect$ ) our "w illu/rates rem>kably ! atta*m5t :i* a dog w sudd5ly %[ t[>ds a /rang]4 ,9 our lodg+ at ,wells !re 0 a beautiful ,scot* de]h\nd1 nam$ 8,luna10 ^: ma/] 0 away at ! "t4 ,luna p]si/$ 9 be+ ) u day & night4 ,9 ! morn+ %e walk$ ) u to ! cave1 & lay wat*+ at ! entrance till we came out1 = %e 0 afraid to v5ture into ! d>kness4 ,9 ! ev5+ %e return$ home ) u4 ,%e cont9u$ to d ?is ! :ole "t ( t ye>'s excavations4 ,x 0 only natural to suppose t :5 we left %e w\ld1 l o!r dogs1 pick up new fri5ds4 ,b %e did no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,:5 we inquir$ ! next ye> ^u our return1 we 7 told t poor ,luna refus$ food ! day we left1 & gradually p9$ away & di$4 #aig ,possibly x may h belong$ to ,elephas1 b its m compact texture seems to me to indicate rh9oc]os4 #aih ,bone ne$les 7 f\nd 9 ,k5t's ,hole & 9 _m =eign caves ( ?is age4 #aii ,^! woodblocks 7 us$ 9 my essay on ,hynas 9 ! 8,natural ,hi/ory ,review10 & h be5 l5t by ! k9dness ( ,messrs4 ,williams & ,norgate4 #bjj ,p5gelly1 8,lit]ature ( ! ,ore/on ,cav]ns10 ,trans4 ,dev4 ,ass4 #ahgb4 ,buckl&1 op4 cit4 #bja 8,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn40 xxvi4 #deg1 et seq4 #bjb 8,! ,lit]ature ( ! ,cav]ns ne> ,yealmpton1 ,s\? ,devon10 by ,w4 ,p5gelly1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,trans4 ,devon ,ass41 #ahgj4 #bjc ,falcon]1 8,palont4 ,mem40 ii4 #dhf1 #eia4 #bjd ,proce$4 ,royal ,soc4 xx4 p4 #ead4 8,report on ! ,exploration ( ,brixham ,cave10 by ,w4 ,p5gelly1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,g4 ,bu%1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,john ,evans1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,joseph ,pre/wi*1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,?is report 0 delay$ by ! dea? ( ,dr4 ,falcon]4 #bje 8,anci5t ,/one ,implem5ts10 p4 #df-h4 #bjf 8,proce$4 ,royal ,soc40 #ahgb1 vol4 xxii4 p4 #ebc-d4 #bjg 8,trans4 ,devon ,ass40 ,on ! ,introduction ( ,cav]n ,accumulations4 #bjh 8,trans4 ,devon ,ass40 #ahgj4 #bji ,p5gelly1 8,lit]ature ( ,k5t's ,hole30 ,trans4 ,ass4 ,devon4 #ahfh #i-gj4 ,godw9 ,au/51 8,proce$4 ,geol4 ,soc40 iii4 #bhf-g4 8,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc40 vi4 p4 #dcc1 et seq4 ,vivian1 8,brit4 ,ass4 ,rep40 #ahdg1 p4 #gc4 #baj ,! committee consi/$ ( ,sir ,c4 ,lyell1 ,pr(4 ,phillips1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 ,mr4 ,john ,evans1 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,vivian1 ,mr4 ,william ,p5gelly1 to :i* subsequ5tly ,mr4 ,george ,busk1 ,mr4 ,boyd ,dawk9s1 & ,mr4 ,ay%=d ,san=d 7 add$4 #baa ,= ,figs4 #if to #ajj ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,evans4 #bab ,see ,evans' 8,anci5t ,/one ,implem5ts10 ,fig4 #chh4 ,x is unnecess>y to describe ! implem5ts4 #bac ,= an acc\nt ( ,ma*airodus1 see 8,brit4 ,plei/oc5e ,mammalia10 ,palont4 ,soc41 ,felid1 cxxii4 p4 #ahd4 #bad ,g]vais1 8,zool4 et ,palont4 ,franaises10 #ahei1 p4 #bea4 8,animaux ,v]tbrs1 ,vivants et ,fossiles10 #ahfg-i1 p4 #gh1 pl4 xviii4 ,l>tet1 ,prehi/oric ,congress1 ,p>is ,volume1 #ahfh1 p4 #bfi4 #bae ,^! figures h be5 k9dly l5t by ! ,palontographical ,society4 #baf 8,j\rn4 ,royal ,dubl9 ,soc40 ii4 p4 #cdd4 #bag 8,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,dubl910 x4 p4 #adg4 8,j\rn4 ,royal ,dubl9 ,soc40 ii4 p4 #ceb4 #bah ,scott1 8,geol4 ,soc4 ,dubl910 ,feb4 #aj1 #ahfd4 #bai ,an acc\nt ( ! num]\s caves ( ,france w be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,m4 de ,s]res1 8,revue ,ar*ologique0 & 9 ! 8,matriaux p\r l',hi/oire de l',homme40 #bbj ,boyd ,dawk9s1 8,brit4 ,plei/4 ,mam4 ,palont4 ,soc40 #ahgb1 p4 #ahi4 #bba ,g]vais1 8,animaux ,v]tbrs10 p4 #gh1 pl4 xviii4 #bbb ,l>tet1 ,int]national ,congress1 ,p>is ,volume1 p4 #bfi4 #bbc 8,cav]nes du ,prigord10 8,revue ,ar*ologique10 #hvo4 #ahfd4 8,reliqui ,aquitanic10 #dto4 #ahfe-gd4 ,?is magnific5t hi/ory ( ! rese>*es1 9 ! prosecution ( :i* ,mr4 ,*ri/y lo/ 8 life1 0 publi%$ at 8 exp5se "u ! editor%ip ( ,pr(4 ,rup]t ,jones1 ,f4,r4,s41 to :om ,i am indebt$ = ! lib]ty to use ! lett]press & engrav+s quot$ 9 ?is book4 #bbd ,! same bones ( ! ox & horse are n[ import$ into ,brita9 f ,s\? ,am]ica = ! manufacture ( buttons4 #bbe ,boyd ,dawk9s1 8,range ( ! ,mammo?10 ,pop4 ,sc4 ,rev4 ,july1 #ahfh4 #bbf 8,re*]*es sur les oss4 foss4 dc\v]ts dans les ,cav]nes de ,lige40 #dto4 #bbg ,dupont1 8,l',homme p5dant les ,ages de la ,pi]re dans les ,environs de ,d9ant-sur-,meuse40 #bnd edit4 p4 #ahg4 #bbh ,dupont1 op4 cit4 8,bull4 ,acad4 ,roy4 de ,belgique10 xxii4 p4 #bj4 ,hamy1 8,palontologie ,huma9e10 p4 #bca4 #bbi ,! discov]y w %ortly be publi%$ by ,pr(4 ,he9e1 ( ,zuri*4 #bcj 8,matriaux p\r l',hi/oire de l',homme10 ,may #ahfi1 p4 #bgb4 #bca 8,anci5t ,/one ,implem5ts40 #bcb 8,ann4 des ,sc4 ,nat40 #d? sr4 t4 #ae1 p4 #bca4 #bcc ,hamy1 op4 cit4 ,lubbock1 8,prehi/oric ,man40 #bcd 8,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn40 ,june #e1 #ahgb4 #bce ,prehi/oric ,congress1 ,brussels ,volume1 #ahgb1 p4 #dcb4 8,mm4 ,an?rop4 ,soc4 de ,p>is10 #bnd sr4 t4 #f1 p4 #agj4 #bcf 8,eskimos 9 ! ,s\? ( ,gaul40 ,saturday ,review1 ,decemb] #h?1 #ahff4 ,ed9burgh ,review1 8,prehi/oric ,times40 ,octob] #ahgj4 #bcg ,! au?orities = ! =eign li/s ( animals w be f\nd 9 ! 8,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn40 #ahgb1 p4 #dbd4 ,! ,briti% animals h be5 det]m9$ pr9cipally by myself & ,dr4 ,falcon]4 #bch 8,classification ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,/rata10 ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 ,nov4 #ahgb1 p4 #daj4 #bci ,godw9 ,au/51 8,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn40 vol4 i4 p4 #fi4 ,de la ,b*e1 8,!oretical ,rese>*es10 p4 #aij4 ,lyell1 8,antiquity ( ,man10 #d? edit4 p4 #cbh4 #bdj ,! accumulation ( ! rema9s ( re9de] 9 ! limit$ area ( ! excavation 0 enorm\s4 #bda 8,les ,oss4 ,foss4 de ,pik]mi10 #dto4 #bdb ,"s p>ts ( ! re/ ( ?is *apt] h be5 publi%$ 9 ! 8,popul> ,sci5ce ,review10 ,m>* #ahgc4 #bdc 8,palontographical ,memoirs10 vol4 ii4 p4 #eed4 ,busk1 ,prehi/oric ,congress1 ,norwi* volume1 #ahfi4 #bdd 8,comptes ,r5dus10 xlvi4 #aheh4 #bde ,prehi/oric ,congress1 ,p>is volume1 p4 #if4 #bdf 8,brit4 ,ass4 ,reports10 ,ed9burgh1 #ahga4 #bdg 8,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep40 #ahga4 #bdh ,dc\v]te d'une ,squelette ,huma9e de l'poque ,paloli?ique dans les ,cav]nes de ,ba\ss-,r\ss1 dites ,grottes de ,m5ton1 #ahgc2 also ,prehi/oric ,congress1 ,brussels volume4 ,m4 ,rivire adds ! ,wapiti1 or l>ge v>iety1 & ! ,c]vus ,corsicanus1 or small v>iety ( ! /ag1 ! *amois1 & ! woolly rh9oc]os 7! two la/ ( :i* may be p]haps id5tical ) ! ibex & ,r4 hemit*us1 det]m9$ by ,pr(4 ,busk1 z nei!r is m5tion$ by ,m4 ,rivire71 & ! ,capra primig5ia ( ,g]vais1 a l>ge goat commonly f\nd 9 neoli?ic caves4 #bdi ,! dep? at :i* ! skeleton 0 f\nd is a matt] ( dispute1 ! e/imates v>y+ f sev5 feet 7,p5gelly7 to 7#fee m47 #badi feet 7,rivire74 ,p5gelly1 ,cave man ( ,m5tone1 8,trans4 ,devon ,ass40 #ahgc1 pp4 #aj & #ac4 #bej 8,palont4 ,mem40 ii4 p4 #edc4 #bea ,x is ( ! same species z ! be> f ,grays ,?urrock4 #beb ,falcon]1 8,palont4 ,mem40 vol4 ii4 p4 #eeb4 ,spratt1 8,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn40 xxiii4 p4 #bic4 #bec 8,bull4 ,soc4 ,gol4 ,fr40 #b;e sr4 t4 xi4 p4 #cdj4 #bed ,g]vais1 8,animaux ,v]tbrs ,vivants et ,fossiles10 #dto4 p4 #hh4 #bee ,hook]1 8,nat4 ,hi/4 ,review10 ,,ii4 p4 #ab1 #ahfa4 #bef ,nature1 vol4 v4 p4 #ddd2 vol4 vi4 #ecf4 #beg 8,a ,j\rney to ,morocco1 & ! ,asc5t ( ! ,great ,atlas10 #hvo4 ,slat]1 ,tr\bridge1 ,salop4 #beh 8,geological ,notes on a ,j\rney f ,algi]s to ,morocco40 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,feb4 #be1 #ahgd4 #bei ,see 8,briti% ,plei/oc5e ,mammalia10 ,palont4 ,soc4 ,felis spela1 c4 xviii4 #bfj 8,ovibos mos*atus10 ,palont4 ,soc4 #ahgb1 p4 #bg1 et seq4 #bfa ,?is is treat$ at great] l5g? 9 my 8,essay on ,classification10 ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 ,nov4 #ahgb1 & 9 ! 8,introduction to ,briti% ,plei/oc5e ,mammalia10 ,palont4 ,soc4 #bfb ,mr4 ,james ,geikie's view 78,! ,great ,ice-,age10 #hvo4 #ahgd7 t ! mixture ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn =ms is due to ! de/ruction ( ossif]\s /rata by /reams1 :i* subsequ5tly deposit$ rema9s ( widely diff]5t ages toge!r1 is r5d]$ unt5able by ! fact t !y are g5]ally pres]v$ 9 ! same m9]al /ate4 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible = ?is to h tak5 place )\t leav+ decid$ traces beh9d 9 ! roll$ & wat]-worn condition ( ! old] s]ies1 su* z may be se5 9 ! case ( ! eoc5e & meioc5e fossils 9 ! ,r$ ,crag ( ,suffolk4 #bfc 8,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn40 xxii4 #cia4 #bfd ,see ,falcon]1 8,palont4 ,mem40 #bfe ,i h to ackn[l$ge ! k9d assi/ance ( ,pr(essors ,hull & ,h>kness1 ,mr4 ,k9ahan1 & ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,m4 ,close1 9 correlat+ ! ,iri% ) ! ,engli% glacial deposits4 ,! read] w f9d ! glacial p]iod mo/ ably treat$ 9 ,lyell's 8,antiquity ( ,man40 #bff 8,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn40 xxi4 #afa4 #bfg 8,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn40 #ahgb1 p4 #daj4 #bfh 8,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn40 xx4 p4 #deg4 #bfi 8,palont4 ,mem40 vol4 ii4 p4 #di4 #bgj 8,palont4 ,mem40 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ahi1 #aij4 #bga 8,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn40 xxiv4 p4 #dhd4 8,int]national ,congress10 ,norwi* volume4 ,see also 8,evans' ,anci5t ,/one ,implem5ts10 p4 #egj4 #bgb 8,palont4 ,mem40 ii4 #fdb1 et passim4 #bgc ,?is implem5t 0 exhibit$ be=e ! ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,ed9burgh1 9 #ahga4 #bgd ,brit4 ,ass4 ,reports1 #ahfe1 p4 #ah4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,! corrections li/$ 9 8,additions & ,corrections0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! book h be5 made to ! ma9 text ( ?is e,book4 ,! additions h n be5 add$4 ,! errors li/$ = pages #aif & #bja 7 n f\nd 9 ! text1 & bo? ! op5+ & clos+ inv]t$ commas 7quotation m>ks7 h be5 remov$ on page #chf4 ,unlike ! pr9t$ book1 all illu/rations 9 ?is e,book appe> betwe5 p>agraphs1 s ! page ref]5ces 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations d n necess>ily mat* _! actual positions4 ,h[ev]1 l9ks1 9 v]sions ( ?is e,book t support !m1 d lead directly to ! correspond+ illu/rations4 ,! ,index 0 n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4 ,text has _m ref]5ces to 8,l>tet0 & j a few to 8,lortet04 ,!y seem to ref] to ! same p]son1 b bo? are li/$ 9 ! ,index1 s bo? spell+s h be5 reta9$4 ,text ref]s to 8,rev4 ,j4 ,mac,enery01 8,rev4 ,j4 ,mc,enery0 & 8,mc,enery04 ,^! all ref] to ! same p]son1 b ! correct spell+ is unc]ta91 s bo? v>iations h be5 reta9$4 ,"s ( ! fractional numb]s 7e4g41 #a_/a1 #a_/b7 9 illu/ration captions 7 uncle> & may h be5 incorrectly transcrib$4 ,mo/ tables wid] ?an #ge *>act]s h be5 made n>r[]1 ei!r by us+ ,keys to _! column head+s or1 9 ! table on page #agb1 by segm5t+ x & repeat+ ! fir/ column 9 ea* segm5t4 ,a few tables rema9 wid] ?an #ge *>act]s z !y o!rwise became unreadable4 ,page #b3 8dwell+s ( evil spirits0 0 mispr9t$ z 8swell+s04 ,page #adg3 ,footnote #ie 7orig9ally #b7 0 n ref]5c$ 9 ! text4 ,transcrib] has arbitr>ily plac$ a ref]5ce to x4 ,page #aii3 8,valcleuse0 curr5tly is spell$ 8,valcluse04 ,page #caj3 ,! ref]5ce to 8,figs4 #ib1 #ic0 0 mispr9t$ z 8,figs4 #ib1 #cc0 & has be5 correct$ "h4 ,page #cci3 ,id5tifications ( ! ?ree illu/rations 7 add$ by ,transcrib]4 ,page #cha3 ,! top ( ! map 0 close to ! physical book's b9d+ & 0 di/ort$ dur+ scann+4 ,! ,transcrib] attempt$ to rem$y ?is di/ortion4 ,page #dcf3 ,! lett]s 9 ! diagram 7 pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,= readability1 ! ,pla9 ,text v]sion ( ?is e,book omits ! und]scores t indicate italics4 ,! ,,html & mobile v]sions use an image ( ! diagram4 ,page #ddi 7,index73 8,caves1 us$ z places ( refuge0 gave no page ref]5ce4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts ref]s to page #ajb1 & ! ,transcrib] add$ t to ! index entry4