,,sci5ce ,,& ,,culture ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays ,illu/ration ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,culture ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays ,,by ,,?omas ,,h5ry ,,huxley1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4 ,,& ,,new ,,york #ahhh ,all rights res]v$ ,fir/ ,edition pr9t$ #ahha ,repr9t$ #ahhb1 #ahhh4 ,,preface4 ,! ,addresses1 ,lectures1 & ,essays ga!r$ toge!r 9 ?is volume h appe>$ at int]vals dur+ ! pa/ sev5 ye>s1 & ,i c give no bett] reason = republi%+ !m 9 _! pres5t =m1 ?an ! fact t ?ree e>li] collections ( a simil> nature h be5 receiv$ ) fav\r1 &1 inde$1 h n yet ceas$ to be 9 reque/4 ,i beg leave to (f] my be/ ?anks to ! ,editors & ,publi%]s ( ! v>i\s publications 9 :i* ^! pieces h appe>$1 = _! k9dly accord$ p]mission to repr9t !m4 ,,london4 ,octob] #ahha4 ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,culture4 ,an ,address deliv]$ at ! ,op5+ ( ,sir ,josiah ,mason's ,sci5ce ,college1 at ,birm+ham1 on ! #a/ ( ,octob] #ahhj ,pages #a to #bc ,,ii4 ,,univ]sities3 ,,actual ,,& ,,ideal4 ,! ,inaugural ,address ( ! ,"l ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de51 #bg? ,febru>y #ahgd4--;,contempor>y ,review1 #ahgd #bd to #fd ,,iii4 ,,te*nical ,,education4 ,an ,address deliv]$ to ! ,work+ ,m5's ,club & ,in/itute1 #a/ ,decemb] #ahgg4--,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #ahgh #fe to #he ,,iv4 ,,elem5t>y ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,physiology4 ,read at ! ,meet+ ( ! ,dome/ic ,economy ,congress at ,birm+ham1 #ahgg #hf to #ic ,v4 ,,joseph ,,prie/ley4 ,an ,address deliv]$ on ! occasion ( ! ,pres5tation ( a ,/atue ( ,prie/ley to ! ,t[n ( ,birm+ham1 on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ #ahgd4--,macmillan's ,magaz9e1 #ahgd #id to #abg ,,vi4 ,,on ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,zadig4 ,a ,lecture deliv]$ at ! ,work+ ,m5's ,college1 ,great ,ormond ,/reet1 #ahhj4--,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #ahhj #abh to #adh ,,vii4 ,,on ,,! ,,bord] ,,t]ritory ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,animal ,,& ,,! ,,vegetable ,,k+doms4 ,an ,ev5+ ,lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,friday1 ,janu>y #bh1 #ahgf4--,macmillan's ,magaz9e1 #ahgd #adi to #agi ,,viii4 ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,errors ,,respect+ ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,he>t ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,ari/otle4 ,nature1 #f? ,novemb] #ahgi #ahj to #aih ,,ix4 ,,on ,,! ,,hypo!sis ,,t ,,animals ,,are ,,automata1 ,,& ,,its ,,hi/ory4 ,an ,address deliv]$ at ! ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 at ,belfa/1 #ahgd4--;,=tnightly ,review1 #ahgd #aii to #bde ,x4 ,,on ,,s5sation ,,& ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,s5sif]\s ,,organs4 ,an ,ev5+ ,lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,friday1 ,m>* #g1 #ahgi4--,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #ahgi #bdf to #bgc ,,xi4 ,,evolution ,,9 ,,biology4 ,! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,n9? ,edition1 vol4 viii4 #ahgh #bgd to #cji ,,xii4 ,,! ,,com+ ,,( ,,age ,,( 8,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species40 ,an ev5+ ,lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,friday1 #i? ,april #ahhj4--,nature1 #ahhj #caj to #cbd ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,connection ,,( ,,! ,,biological ,,sci5ces ,,) ,,m$ic9e4 ,an ,address deliv]$ at ! ,meet+ ( ! ,int]national ,m$ical ,congress 9 ,london1 #i? ,augu/ #ahha #cbe to #cdi ,i4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,culture4 ,six ye>s ago1 z "s ( my pres5t he>]s may rememb]1 ,i _h ! privilege ( address+ a l>ge assemblage ( ! inhabitants ( ?is city1 :o _h ga!r$ toge!r to d hon\r to ! memory ( _! fam\s t[nsman1 ,joseph ,prie/ley2#a &1 if any satisfaction atta*es to po/hum\s glory1 we may hope t ! manes ( ! burnt-out philosoph] 7 !n f9ally appeas$4 ,no man1 h[ev]1 :o is end[$ ) a fair %>e ( common s5se1 & n m ?an a fair %>e ( vanity1 w id5tify ei!r contempor>y or po/hum\s fame ) ! highe/ good2 & ,prie/ley's life leaves no d\bt t he1 at any rate1 set a mu* high] value ^u ! advancem5t ( k1 & ! promotion ( t fre$om ( ?\ght :i* is at once ! cause & ! consequ5ce ( intellectual progress4 ,h5ce ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t1 if ,prie/ley c\ld be among/ u to-day1 ! occasion ( our meet+ w\ld af=d him ev5 great] pleasure ?an ! proce$+s :i* celebrat$ ! c5t5>y ( 8 *ief discov]y4 ,! k9dly he>t w\ld be mov$1 ! high s5se ( social duty w\ld be satisfi$1 by ! spectacle ( well-e>n$ weal?1 nei!r squ&]$ 9 tawdry luxury & va+lori\s %[1 nor scatt]$ ) ! c>eless *>ity :i* blesses nei!r him t gives nor him t takes1 b exp5d$ 9 ! execution ( a well-consid]$ plan = ! aid ( pres5t & future g5]ations ( ^? :o are will+ to help !mselves4 ,we %all all be ( "o m9d ?us f>4 ,b x is ne$ful to %>e ,prie/ley's ke5 int]e/ 9 physical sci5ce2 & to h le>n$1 z he _h le>n$1 ! value ( sci5tific tra9+ 9 fields ( inquiry app>5tly f> remote f physical sci5ce2 9 ord] to appreciate1 z he w\ld h appreciat$1 ! value ( ! noble gift :i* ,sir ,josiah ,mason has be/[$ ^u ! inhabitants ( ! ,midl& di/rict4 ,= u *ildr5 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a college "u ! conditions ( ,sir ,josiah ,mason's ,tru/1 has a significance ap>t f any :i* x c\ld h possess$ a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x appe>s to be an indication t we are rea*+ ! crisis ( ! battle1 or r ( ! long s]ies ( battles1 :i* h be5 f\ght ov] education 9 a campaign :i* began long be=e ,prie/ley's "t1 & w probably n be f9i%$ j yet4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury1 ! combatants 7 ! *ampions ( anci5t lit]ature1 on ! "o side1 & ^? ( mod]n lit]ature on ! o!r2 b1 "s ?irty ye>s#b ago1 ! conte/ became complicat$ by ! appe>ance ( a ?ird army1 rang$ r\nd ! bann] ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,i am n aw>e t any "o has au?ority to speak 9 ! "n ( ?is new ho/4 ,= x mu/ be admitt$ to be some:at ( a gu]illa =ce1 compos$ l>gely ( irregul>s1 ea* ( :om fights pretty mu* = 8 own h&4 ,b ! impressions ( a full private1 :o has se5 a good deal ( s]vice 9 ! ranks1 respect+ ! pres5t position ( affairs & ! conditions ( a p]man5t peace1 may n be devoid ( int]e/2 & ,i d n "k t ,i c\ld make a bett] use ( ! pres5t opportunity ?an by lay+ !m be=e y4 ,f ! "t t ! fir/ sugge/ion to introduce physical sci5ce into ord9>y education 0 timidly :isp]$1 until n[1 ! advocates ( sci5tific education h met ) opposition ( two k9ds4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y h be5 pooh-pooh$ by ! m5 ( bus9ess :o pride !mselves on be+ ! repres5tatives ( practicality2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !y h be5 excommunicat$ by ! classical s*ol>s1 9 _! capacity ( ,levites 9 *>ge ( ! ark ( culture & monopoli/s ( lib]al education4 ,! practical m5 believ$ t ! idol :om !y wor%ip--rule ( ?umb--has be5 ! s\rce ( ! pa/ prosp]ity1 & w suffice = ! future welf>e ( ! arts & manufactures4 ,!y 7 ( op9ion t sci5ce is speculative rubbi%2 t !ory & practice h no?+ to d ) "o ano!r2 & t ! sci5tific habit ( m9d is an imp$im5t1 r ?an an aid1 9 ! conduct ( ord9>y affairs4 ,i h us$ ! pa/ t5se 9 speak+ ( ! practical m5--= al?\gh !y 7 v =midable ?irty ye>s ago1 ,i am n sure t ! pure species has n be5 extirpat$4 ,9 fact1 s f> z m]e argum5t goes1 !y h be5 subject$ to su* a feu d'enf] t x is a miracle if any h escap$4 ,b ,i h rem>k$ t y\r typical practical man has an unexpect$ resemblance to "o ( ,milton's angels4 ,8 spiritual w\nds1 su* z are inflict$ by logical weapons1 may be z deep z a well & z wide z a *ur* door1 b beyond %$d+ a few drops ( i*or1 cele/ial or o!rwise1 he is no :it ! worse4 ,s1 if any ( ^! oppon5ts be left1 ,i w n wa/e "t 9 va9 repetition ( ! demon/rative evid5ce ( ! practical value ( sci5ce2 b kn[+ t a p>able w sometimes p5etrate :]e syllogisms fail to effect an entrance1 ,i w (f] a /ory = _! consid]ation4 ,once ^u a "t1 a boy1 ) no?+ to dep5d ^u b 8 own vigor\s nature1 0 ?r[n into ! ?ick ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 ! mid/ ( a great manufactur+ population4 ,he seems to h _h a h>d fight1 inasmu* z1 by ! "t he 0 ?irty ye>s ( age1 8 total disposable funds am\nt$ to tw5ty p\nds4 ,nev]!less1 middle life f\nd him giv+ pro( ( 8 compreh5sion ( ! practical problems he _h be5 r\ghly call$ ^u to solve1 by a c>e] ( rem>kable prosp]ity4 ,f9ally1 hav+ rea*$ old age ) its well-e>n$ surr\nd+s ( 8hon\r1 troops ( fri5ds10 ! h]o ( my /ory be?\ght himself ( ^? :o 7 mak+ a l />t 9 life1 & h[ he c\ld /ret* out a help+ h& to !m4 ,aft] long & anxi\s reflection ?is successful practical man ( bus9ess c\ld devise no?+ bett] ?an to provide !m ) ! means ( obta9+ 8s\nd1 ext5sive1 & practical sci5tific k40 ,& he devot$ a l>ge "p ( 8 weal? & five ye>s ( incessant "w to ?is end4 ,i ne$ n po9t ! moral ( a tale :i*1 z ! solid & spaci\s fabric ( ! ,sci5tific ,college assures u1 is no fable1 nor c any?+ :i* ,i c\ld say int5sify ! =ce ( ?is practical answ] to practical objections4 ,we may take x = grant$ !n1 t1 9 ! op9ion ( ^? be/ qualifi$ to judge1 ! diffusion ( ?or\gh sci5tific education is an absolutely ess5tial condition ( indu/rial progress2 & t ! ,college :i* has be5 op5$ to-day w conf] an ine/imable boon ^u ^? ^: livelihood is to be ga9$ by ! practice ( ! arts & manufactures ( ! di/rict4 ,! only "q wor? discussion is1 :e!r ! conditions1 "u :i* ! "w ( ! ,college is to be c>ri$ out1 are su* z to give x ! be/ possible *ance ( a*iev+ p]man5t success4 ,sir ,josiah ,mason1 )\t d\bt mo/ wisely1 has left v l>ge fre$om ( action to ! tru/ees1 to :om he proposes ultimately to commit ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,college1 s t !y may be able to adju/ its arrangem5ts 9 accordance ) ! *ang+ conditions ( ! future4 ,b1 ) respect to ?ree po9ts1 he has laid mo/ explicit injunctions ^u bo? adm9i/rators & tea*]s4 ,p>ty politics are =bidd5 to ent] into ! m9ds ( ei!r1 s f> z ! "w ( ! ,college is conc]n$2 !ology is z /]nly bani%$ f its prec9cts2 & f9ally1 x is especially decl>$ t ! ,college %all make no provision = 8m]e lit]>y in/ruction & education40 ,x does n conc]n me at pres5t to dwell ^u ! fir/ two injunctions any long] ?an may be ne$ful to express my full conviction ( _! wisdom4 ,b ! ?ird prohibition br+s u face to face ) ^? o!r oppon5ts ( sci5tific education1 :o are by no means 9 ! moribund condition ( ! practical man1 b alive1 al]t1 & =midable4 ,x is n impossible t we %all he> ?is express exclusion ( 8lit]>y in/ruction & education0 f a ,college :i*1 nev]!less1 pr(esses to give a high & effici5t education1 %>ply criticis$4 ,c]ta9ly ! "t 0 t ! ,levites ( culture w\ld h s\nd$ _! trumpets aga9/ its walls z aga9/ an educational ,j]i*o4 ,h[ (t5 h we n be5 told t ! /udy ( physical sci5ce is incompet5t to conf] culture2 t x t\*es none ( ! high] problems ( life2 &1 :at is worse1 t ! cont9ual devotion to sci5tific /udies t5ds to g5]ate a n>r[ & bigot$ belief 9 ! applicability ( sci5tific me?ods to ! se>* aft] tru? ( all k9ds4 ,h[ frequ5tly "o has reason to obs]ve t no reply to a tr\blesome argum5t tells s well z call+ its au?or a 8m]e sci5tific speciali/40 ,&1 z ,i am afraid x is n p]missible to speak ( ?is =m ( opposition to sci5tific education 9 ! pa/ t5se2 may we n expect to be told t ?is1 n only omission1 b prohibition1 ( 8m]e lit]>y in/ruction & education0 is a pat5t example ( sci5tific n>r[-m9d$ness8 ,i am n acqua9t$ ) ,sir ,josiah ,mason's reasons = ! action :i* he has tak52 b if1 z ,i appreh5d is ! case1 he ref]s to ! ord9>y classical c\rse ( our s*ools & univ]sities by ! "n ( 8m]e lit]>y in/ruction & education10 ,i v5ture to (f] sundry reasons ( my own 9 support ( t action4 ,= ,i hold v /rongly by two convictions--,! fir/ is1 t nei!r ! discipl9e nor ! subject-matt] ( classical education is ( su* direct value to ! /ud5t ( physical sci5ce z to ju/ify ! exp5diture ( valuable "t ^u ei!r2 & ! second is1 t = ! purpose ( atta9+ real culture1 an exclusively sci5tific education is at lea/ z effectual z an exclusively lit]>y education4 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out to y t ^! op9ions1 especially ! latt]1 are diametrically oppos$ to ^? ( ! great majority ( educat$ ,engli%m51 influ5c$ z !y are by s*ool & univ]sity traditions4 ,9 _! belief1 culture is obta9able only by a lib]al education2 & a lib]al education is synonym\s1 n m]ely ) education & in/ruction 9 lit]ature1 b 9 "o p>ticul> =m ( lit]ature1 namely1 t ( ,greek & ,roman antiquity4 ,!y hold t ! man :o has le>n$ ,lat9 & ,greek1 h[ev] little1 is educat$2 :ile he :o is v]s$ 9 o!r bran*es ( k1 h[ev] deeply1 is a m or less respectable speciali/1 n admissible into ! cultur$ ca/e4 ,! /amp ( ! educat$ man1 ! ,univ]sity degree1 is n = him4 ,i am too well acqua9t$ ) ! g5]\s ca?olicity ( _s1 ! true sympa?y ) sci5tific ?\ght1 :i* p]vades ! writ+s ( our *ief apo/le ( culture to id5tify him ) ^! op9ions2 & yet "o may cull f "o & ano!r ( ^? epi/les to ! ,phili/9es1 :i* s mu* delight all :o d n answ] to t "n1 s5t5ces :i* l5d !m "s support4 ,mr4 ,arnold tells u t ! mean+ ( culture is 8to "k ! be/ t has be5 ?\ght & said 9 ! _w40 ,x is ! criticism ( life conta9$ 9 lit]ature4 ,t criticism reg>ds 8,europe z be+1 = intellectual & spiritual purposes1 "o great conf$]ation1 b\nd to a jo9t action & work+ to a common result2 & ^: memb]s h1 = _! common outfit1 a k ( ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,ea/]n antiquity1 & ( "o ano!r4 ,special1 local1 & tempor>y advantages be+ put out ( acc\nt1 t mod]n nation w 9 ! intellectual & spiritual sph]e make mo/ progress1 :i* mo/ ?or\ghly c>ries out ?is programme4 ,& :at is t b say+ t we too1 all ( u1 z individuals1 ! m ?or\ghly we c>ry x out1 %all make ! m progress80#c ,we h "h to deal ) two di/9ct propositions4 ,! fir/1 t a criticism ( life is ! ess5ce ( culture2 ! second1 t lit]ature conta9s ! mat]ials :i* suffice = ! con/ruction ( su* a criticism4 ,i ?9k t we mu/ all ass5t to ! fir/ proposition4 ,= culture c]ta9ly means some?+ q diff]5t f le>n+ or te*nical skill4 ,x implies ! possession ( an ideal1 & ! habit ( critically e/imat+ ! value ( ?+s by comp>ison ) a !oretic /&>d4 ,p]fect culture %\ld supply a complete !ory ( life1 bas$ ^u a cle> k alike ( its possibilities & ( its limitations4 ,b we may agree to all ?is1 & yet /rongly diss5t f ! assumption t lit]ature alone is compet5t to supply ?is k4 ,aft] hav+ le>nt all t ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,ea/]n antiquity h ?\ght & said1 & all t mod]n lit]atures h to tell u1 x is n self-evid5t t we h laid a suffici5tly broad & deep f\ndation = t criticism ( life :i* con/itutes culture4 ,inde$1 to any "o acqua9t$ ) ! scope ( physical sci5ce1 x is n at all evid5t4 ,consid]+ progress only 9 ! 8intellectual & spiritual sph]e10 ,i f9d myself :olly unable to admit t ei!r nations or individuals w really advance1 if _! common outfit draws no?+ f ! /ores ( physical sci5ce4 ,i %\ld say t an army1 )\t weapons ( precision & ) no p>ticul> base ( op]ations1 might m hopefully ent] ^u a campaign on ! ,rh9e1 ?an a man1 devoid ( a k ( :at physical sci5ce has done 9 ! la/ c5tury1 ^u a criticism ( life4 ,:5 a biologi/ meets ) an anomaly1 he in/9ctively turns to ! /udy ( developm5t to cle> x up4 ,! rationale ( contradictory op9ions may ) equal confid5ce be s\ght 9 hi/ory4 ,x is1 happily1 no new ?+ t ,engli%m5 %\ld employ _! weal? 9 build+ & end[+ in/itutions = educational purposes4 ,b1 five or six hundr$ ye>s ago1 de$s ( f\ndation express$ or impli$ conditions z ne>ly z possible contr>y to ^? :i* h be5 ?\ght exp$i5t by ,sir ,josiah ,mason4 ,t is to say1 physical sci5ce 0 practically ignor$1 :ile a c]ta9 lit]>y tra9+ 0 enjo9$ z a means to ! acquirem5t ( k :i* 0 ess5tially !ological4 ,! reason ( ?is s+ul> contradiction betwe5 ! actions ( m5 alike animat$ by a /rong & dis9t]e/$ desire to promote ! welf>e ( _! fell[s1 is easily discov]$4 ,at t "t1 9 fact1 if any "o desir$ k beyond su* z c\ld be obta9$ by 8 own obs]vation1 or by common conv]sation1 8 fir/ necessity 0 to le>n ! ,lat9 language1 inasmu* z all ! high] k ( ! we/]n _w 0 conta9$ 9 works writt5 9 t language4 ,h5ce1 ,lat9 gramm>1 ) logic & rhetoric1 /udi$ ?r\gh ,lat91 7 ! fundam5tals ( education4 ,) respect to ! sub/ance ( ! k imp>t$ ?r\gh ?is *annel1 ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,scriptures1 z int]pret$ & supplem5t$ by ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 7 held to conta9 a complete & infallibly true body ( in=mation4 ,!ological dicta 71 to ! ?9k]s ( ^? days1 t :i* ! axioms & def9itions ( ,euclid are to ! geomet]s ( ^!4 ,! bus9ess ( ! philosoph]s ( ! middle ages 0 to d$uce f ! data furni%$ by ! !ologians1 conclusions 9 accordance ) ecclesia/ical decrees4 ,!y 7 all[$ ! high privilege ( %[+1 by logical process1 h[ & :y t :i* ! ,*ur* said 0 true1 mu/ be true4 ,& if _! demon/rations fell %ort ( or exce$$ ?is limit1 ! ,*ur* 0 mat]nally ready to *eck _! ab]rations1 if ne$ be1 by ! help ( ! secul> arm4 ,betwe5 ! two1 our ance/ors 7 furni%$ ) a compact & complete criticism ( life4 ,!y 7 told h[ ! _w began & h[ x w\ld end2 !y le>n$ t all mat]ial exi/5ce 0 b a base & insignificant blot ^u ! fair face ( ! spiritual _w1 & t nature 01 to all int5ts & purposes1 ! playgr\nd ( ! devil2 !y le>n$ t ! e>? is ! c5tre ( ! visible univ]se1 & t man is ! cynosure ( ?+s t]re/rial2 & m especially 0 x inculcat$ t ! c\rse ( nature _h no fix$ ord]1 b t x c\ld be1 & con/antly 01 alt]$ by ! ag5cy ( innum]able spiritual be+s1 good & bad1 accord+ z !y 7 mov$ by ! de$s & pray]s ( m54 ,! sum & sub/ance ( ! :ole doctr9e 0 to produce ! conviction t ! only ?+ really wor? kn[+ 9 ?is _w 0 h[ to secure t place 9 a bett] :i*1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ! ,*ur* promis$4 ,our ance/ors _h a liv+ belief 9 ?is !ory ( life1 & act$ ^u x 9 _! deal+s ) education1 z 9 all o!r matt]s4 ,culture meant sa9tl9ess--aft] ! fa%ion ( ! sa9ts ( ^? days2 ! education t l$ to x 01 ( necessity1 !ological2 & ! way to !ology lay ?r\gh ,lat94 ,t ! /udy ( nature--fur!r ?an 0 requisite = ! satisfaction ( ev]yday wants--%\ld h any be>+ on human life 0 f> f ! ?\ghts ( m5 ?us tra9$4 ,inde$1 z nature _h be5 curs$ = man's sake1 x 0 an obvi\s conclusion t ^? :o m$dl$ ) nature 7 likely to come into pretty close contact ) ,satan4 ,&1 if any born sci5tific inve/igator foll[$ 8 in/9cts1 he might safely reckon ^u e>n+ ! reputation1 & probably ^u suff]+ ! fate1 ( a sorc]]4 ,_h ! we/]n _w be5 left to itself 9 ,*9ese isolation1 !re is no say+ h[ long ?is /ate ( ?+s might h endur$4 ,b1 happily1 x 0 n left to itself4 ,ev5 e>li] ?an ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! developm5t ( ,moori% civilisation 9 ,spa9 & ! great movem5t ( ! ,crusades _h introduc$ ! leav5 :i*1 f t day to ?is1 has nev] ceas$ to "w4 ,at fir/1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( ,arabic translations1 aft]w>ds1 by ! /udy ( ! orig9als1 ! we/]n nations ( ,europe became acqua9t$ ) ! writ+s ( ! anci5t philosoph]s & poets1 &1 9 "t1 ) ! :ole ( ! va/ lit]ature ( antiquity4 ,:atev] !re 0 ( high intellectual aspiration or dom9ant capacity 9 ,italy1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&1 sp5t itself = c5turies 9 tak+ possession ( ! ri* inh]itance left by ! dead civilisations ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,m>vell\sly aid$ by ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 classical le>n+ spread & fl\ri%$4 ,^? :o possess$ x prid$ !mselves on hav+ atta9$ ! highe/ culture !n )9 ! rea* ( mank9d4 ,& ju/ly4 ,=1 sav+ ,dante on 8 solit>y p9nacle1 !re 0 no figure 9 mod]n lit]ature at ! "t ( ! ,r5asc5ce to comp>e ) ! m5 ( antiquity2 !re 0 no art to compete ) _! sculpture2 !re 0 no physical sci5ce b t :i* ,greece _h creat$4 ,above all1 !re 0 no o!r example ( p]fect intellectual fre$om--( ! unhesitat+ acceptance ( reason z ! sole guide to tru? & ! supreme arbit] ( conduct4 ,! new le>n+ necess>ily soon ex]t$ a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u education4 ,! language ( ! monks & s*oolm5 seem$ little bett] ?an gibb]i% to s*ol>s fre% f ,virgil & ,cic]o1 & ! /udy ( ,lat9 0 plac$ ^u a new f\ndation4 ,moreov]1 ,lat9 itself ceas$ to af=d ! sole key to k4 ,! /ud5t :o s\ght ! highe/ ?\ght ( antiquity1 f\nd only a second-h& reflection ( x 9 ,roman lit]ature1 & turn$ 8 face to ! full light ( ! ,greeks4 ,& aft] a battle1 n altoge!r dissimil> to t :i* is at pres5t be+ f\ght ov] ! tea*+ ( physical sci5ce1 ! /udy ( ,greek 0 recognis$ z an ess5tial elem5t ( all high] education4 ,?us ! ,humani/s1 z !y 7 call$1 won ! day2 & ! great re=m :i* !y effect$ 0 ( incalculable s]vice to mank9d4 ,b ! ,nemesis ( all re=m]s is f9ality2 & ! re=m]s ( education1 l ^? ( religion1 fell into ! pr(\nd1 h[ev] common1 error ( mi/ak+ ! beg9n+ = ! end ( ! "w ( re=mation4 ,! repres5tatives ( ! ,humani/s1 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 take _! /& ^u classical education z ! sole av5ue to culture1 z firmly z if we 7 /ill 9 ! age ( ,r5asc5ce4 ,yet1 surely1 ! pres5t intellectual relations ( ! mod]n & ! anci5t worlds are pr(\ndly diff]5t f ^? :i* obta9$ ?ree c5turies ago4 ,leav+ aside ! exi/5ce ( a great & *>act]i/ically mod]n lit]ature1 ( mod]n pa9t+1 &1 especially1 ( mod]n music1 !re is "o feature ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! civilis$ _w :i* sep>ates x m widely f ! ,r5asc5ce1 ?an ! ,r5asc5ce 0 sep>at$ f ! middle ages4 ,?is di/9ctive "* ( our own times lies 9 ! va/ & con/antly increas+ "p :i* is play$ by natural k4 ,n only is our daily life %ap$ by x1 n only does ! prosp]ity ( millions ( m5 dep5d ^u x1 b our :ole !ory ( life has long be5 influ5c$1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 by ! g5]al conceptions ( ! univ]se1 :i* h be5 =c$ ^u u by physical sci5ce4 ,9 fact1 ! mo/ elem5t>y acqua9tance ) ! results ( sci5tific inve/igation %[s u t !y (f] a broad & /rik+ contradiction to ! op9ions s implicitly cr$it$ & taught 9 ! middle ages4 ,! notions ( ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! _w ent]ta9$ by our =efa!rs are no long] cr$ible4 ,x is v c]ta9 t ! e>? is n ! *ief body 9 ! mat]ial univ]se1 & t ! _w is n subord9at$ to man's use4 ,x is ev5 m c]ta9 t nature is ! expression ( a def9ite ord] ) :i* no?+ int]f]es1 & t ! *ief bus9ess ( mank9d is to le>n t ord] & gov]n !mselves accord+ly4 ,moreov] ?is sci5tific 8criticism ( life0 pres5ts itself to u ) diff]5t cr$5tials f any o!r4 ,x appeals n to au?ority1 nor to :at anybody may h ?\ght or said1 b to nature4 ,x admits t all our int]pretations ( natural fact are m or less imp]fect & symbolic1 & bids ! le>n] seek = tru? n among words b among ?+s4 ,x w>ns u t ! ass]tion :i* out/rips evid5ce is n only a blund] b a crime4 ,! purely classical education advocat$ by ! repres5tatives ( ! ,humani/s 9 our day1 gives no inkl+ ( all ?is4 ,a man may be a bett] s*ol> ?an ,erasmus1 & "k no m ( ! *ief causes ( ! pres5t intellectual f]m5tation ?an ,erasmus did4 ,s*ol>ly & pi\s p]sons1 wor?y ( all respect1 fav\r u ) allocutions ^u ! sadness ( ! antagonism ( sci5ce to _! m$ival way ( ?9k+1 :i* betray an ignorance ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( sci5tific inve/igation1 an incapacity = und]/&+ :at a man ( sci5ce means by v]acity1 & an unconsci\sness ( ! weight ( e/abli%$ sci5tific tru?s1 :i* is almo/ comical4 ,!re is no great =ce 9 ! tu quoque argum5t1 or else ! advocates ( sci5tific education might fairly en\gh retort ^u ! mod]n ,humani/s t !y may be le>n$ speciali/s1 b t !y possess no su* s\nd f\ndation = a criticism ( life z des]ves ! "n ( culture4 ,&1 inde$1 if we 7 dispos$ to be cruel1 we might urge t ! ,humani/s h br\ght ?is reproa* ^u !mselves1 n because !y are too full ( ! _s ( ! anci5t ,greek1 b because !y lack x4 ,! p]iod ( ! ,r5asc5ce is commonly call$ t ( ! 8,revival ( ,lett]s10 z if ! influ5ces !n br\ght to be> ^u ! m9d ( ,we/]n ,europe _h be5 :olly exhau/$ 9 ! field ( lit]ature4 ,i ?9k x is v commonly =gott5 t ! revival ( sci5ce1 effect$ by ! same ag5cy1 al?\gh less conspicu\s1 0 n less mom5t\s4 ,9 fact1 ! few & scatt]$ /ud5ts ( nature ( t day pick$ up ! clue to h] secrets exactly z x fell f ! h&s ( ! ,greeks a ?\s& ye>s be=e4 ,! f\ndations ( ma!matics 7 s well laid by !m1 t our *ildr5 le>n _! geometry f a book writt5 = ! s*ools ( ,alex&ria two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,mod]n a/ronomy is ! natural cont9uation & developm5t ( ! "w ( ,hipp>*us & ( ,ptolemy2 mod]n physics ( t ( ,democritus & ( ,ar*im$es2 x 0 long be=e mod]n biological sci5ce outgrew ! k bequea!d to u by ,ari/otle1 by ,!ophra/us1 & by ,gal54 ,we _c "k all ! be/ ?\ghts & say+s ( ! ,greeks unless we "k :at !y ?\ght ab\t natural ph5om5a4 ,we _c fully appreh5d _! criticism ( life unless we und]/& ! ext5t to :i* t criticism 0 affect$ by sci5tific conceptions4 ,we falsely pret5d to be ! inh]itors ( _! culture1 unless we are p5etrat$1 z ! be/ m9ds among !m 71 ) an unhesitat+ fai? t ! free employm5t ( reason1 9 accordance ) sci5tific me?od1 is ! sole me?od ( rea*+ tru?4 ,?us ,i v5ture to ?9k t ! pret5sions ( our mod]n ,humani/s to ! possession ( ! monopoly ( culture & to ! exclusive inh]itance ( ! _s ( antiquity mu/ be abat$1 if n ab&on$4 ,b ,i %\ld be v sorry t any?+ ,i h said %\ld be tak5 to imply a desire on my "p to depreciate ! value ( classical education1 z x might be & z x sometimes is4 ,! native capacities ( mank9d v>y no less ?an _! opportunities2 & :ile culture is "o1 ! road by :i* "o man may be/ rea* x is widely diff]5t f t :i* is mo/ advantage\s to ano!r4 ,aga91 :ile sci5tific education is yet in*oate & t5tative1 classical education is ?or\ghly well organis$ ^u ! practical exp]i5ce ( g5]ations ( tea*]s4 ,s t1 giv5 ample "t = le>n+ & de/9ation = ord9>y life1 or = a lit]>y c>e]1 ,i d n ?9k t a "y ,engli%man 9 se>* ( culture c d bett] ?an foll[ ! c\rse usually m>k$ out = him1 supplem5t+ its defici5cies by 8 own ef=ts4 ,b = ^? :o mean to make sci5ce _! s]i\s occupation2 or :o int5d to foll[ ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e2 or :o h to ent] e>ly ^u ! bus9ess ( life2 = all ^!1 9 my op9ion1 classical education is a mi/ake2 & x is = ?is reason t ,i am glad to see 8m]e lit]>y education & in/ruction0 %ut out f ! curriculum ( ,sir ,josiah ,mason's ,college1 see+ t its inclusion w\ld probably lead to ! introduction ( ! ord9>y smatt]+ ( ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,nev]!less1 ,i am ! la/ p]son to "q ! importance ( g5u9e lit]>y education1 or to suppose t intellectual culture c be complete )\t x4 ,an exclusively sci5tific tra9+ w br+ ab\t a m5tal twi/ z surely z an exclusively lit]>y tra9+4 ,! value ( ! c>go does n comp5sate = a %ip's be+ out ( trim2 & ,i %\ld be v sorry to ?9k t ! ,sci5tific ,college w\ld turn out none b lop-sid$ m54 ,!re is no ne$1 h[ev]1 t su* a cata/rophe %\ld happ54 ,in/ruction 9 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man is provid$1 & ?us ! ?ree greate/ lit]atures ( ! mod]n _w are made accessible to ! /ud5t4 ,fr5* & ,g]man1 & especially ! latt] language1 are absolutely indisp5sable to ^? :o desire full k 9 any dep>tm5t ( sci5ce4 ,b ev5 suppos+ t ! k ( ^! languages acquir$ is n m ?an suffici5t = purely sci5tific purposes1 e ,engli%man has1 9 8 native tongue1 an almo/ p]fect in/rum5t ( lit]>y expression2 &1 9 8 own lit]ature1 models ( e k9d ( lit]>y excell5ce4 ,if an ,engli%man _c get lit]>y culture out ( 8 ,bible1 8 ,%akspe>e1 8 ,milton1 nei!r1 9 my belief1 w ! pr(\nde/ /udy ( ,hom] & ,sophocles1 ,virgil & ,horace1 give x to him4 ,?us1 s9ce ! con/itution ( ! ,college makes suffici5t provision = lit]>y z well z = sci5tific education1 & s9ce arti/ic in/ruction is also contemplat$1 x seems to me t a fairly complete culture is (f]$ to all :o are will+ to take advantage ( x4 ,b ,i am n sure t at ?is po9t ! 8practical0 man1 scot*$ b n sla91 may ask :at all ?is talk ab\t culture has to d ) an ,in/itution1 ! object ( :i* is def9$ to be 8to promote ! prosp]ity ( ! manufactures & ! indu/ry ( ! c\ntry40 ,he may sugge/ t :at is want$ = ?is end is n culture1 nor ev5 a purely sci5tific discipl9e1 b simply a k ( appli$ sci5ce4 ,i (t5 wi% t ?is phrase1 8appli$ sci5ce10 _h nev] be5 inv5t$4 ,= x sugge/s t !re is a sort ( sci5tific k ( direct practical use1 :i* c be /udi$ ap>t f ano!r sort ( sci5tific k1 :i* is ( no practical utility1 & :i* is t]m$ 8pure sci5ce40 ,b !re is no m complete fallacy ?an ?is4 ,:at p call appli$ sci5ce is no?+ b ! application ( pure sci5ce to p>ticul> classes ( problems4 ,x consi/s ( d$uctions f ^? g5]al pr9ciples1 e/abli%$ by reason+ & obs]vation1 :i* con/itute pure sci5ce4 ,no "o c safely make ^! d$uctions until he has a firm grasp ( ! pr9ciples2 & he c obta9 t grasp only by p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! op]ations ( obs]vation & ( reason+ on :i* !y are f\nd$4 ,almo/ all ! processes employ$ 9 ! arts & manufactures fall )9 ! range ei!r ( physics or ( *emi/ry4 ,9 ord] to improve !m1 "o mu/ ?or\ghly und]/& !m2 & no "o has a *ance ( really und]/&+ !m1 unless he has obta9$ t ma/]y ( pr9ciples & t habit ( deal+ ) facts1 :i* is giv5 by long-cont9u$ & well-direct$ purely sci5tific tra9+ 9 ! physical & ! *emical laboratory4 ,s t !re really is no "q z to ! necessity ( purely sci5tific discipl9e1 ev5 if ! "w ( ! ,college 7 limit$ by ! n>r[e/ int]pretation ( its /at$ aims4 ,&1 z to ! desirabl5ess ( a wid] culture ?an t yield$ by sci5ce alone1 x is to be recollect$ t ! improvem5t ( manufactur+ processes is only "o ( ! conditions :i* contribute to ! prosp]ity ( indu/ry4 ,indu/ry is a means & n an end2 & mank9d "w only to get some?+ :i* !y want4 ,:at t some?+ is dep5ds p>tly on _! innate1 & p>tly on _! acquir$1 desires4 ,if ! weal? result+ f prosp]\s indu/ry is to be sp5t ^u ! gratification ( unwor?y desires1 if ! increas+ p]fection ( manufactur+ processes is to be accompani$ by an increas+ debasem5t ( ^? :o c>ry !m on1 ,i d n see ! good ( indu/ry & prosp]ity4 ,n[ x is p]fectly true t m5's views ( :at is desirable dep5d ^u _! *>act]s2 & t ! innate proclivities to :i* we give t "n are n t\*$ by any am\nt ( in/ruction4 ,b x does n foll[ t ev5 m]e intellectual education may n1 to an indef9ite ext5t1 modify ! practical manife/ation ( ! *>act]s ( m5 9 _! actions1 by supply+ !m ) motives unkn[n to ! ignorant4 ,a pleasure-lov+ "* w h pleasure ( "s sort2 b1 if y give him ! *oice1 he may pref] pleasures :i* d n degrade him to ^? :i* d4 ,& ?is *oice is (f]$ to e man1 :o possesses 9 lit]>y or arti/ic culture a nev]-fail+ s\rce ( pleasures1 :i* are nei!r )]$ by age1 nor /al$ by cu/om1 nor embitt]$ 9 ! recollection by ! pangs ( self-reproa*4 ,if ! ,in/itution op5$ to-day fulfils ! int5tion ( its f\nd]1 ! pick$ intellig5ces among all classes ( ! population ( ?is di/rict w pass ?r\gh x4 ,no *ild born 9 ,birm+ham1 h5ce=w>d1 if he h ! capacity to pr(it by ! opportunities (f]$ to him1 fir/ 9 ! prim>y & o!r s*ools1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! ,sci5tific ,college1 ne$ fail to obta91 n m]ely ! in/ruction1 b ! culture mo/ appropriate to ! conditions ( 8 life4 ,)9 ^! walls1 ! future employ] & ! future artisan may soj\rn toge!r = a :ile1 & c>ry1 ?r\gh all _! lives1 ! /amp ( ! influ5ces !n br\ght to be> ^u !m4 ,h5ce1 x is n beside ! m>k to rem9d y1 t ! prosp]ity ( indu/ry dep5ds n m]ely ^u ! improvem5t ( manufactur+ processes1 n m]ely ^u ! ennobl+ ( ! individual "*1 b ^u a ?ird condition1 namely1 a cle> und]/&+ ( ! conditions ( social life on ! "p ( bo? ! capitali/ & ! op]ative1 & _! agreem5t ^u common pr9ciples ( social action4 ,!y mu/ le>n t social ph5om5a are z mu* ! expression ( natural laws z any o!rs2 t no social arrangem5ts c be p]man5t unless !y h>monise ) ! requirem5ts ( social /atics & dynamics2 & t1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 !re is an arbit] ^: decisions execute !mselves4 ,b ?is k is only to be obta9$ by ! application ( ! me?ods ( inve/igation adopt$ 9 physical rese>*es to ! inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a ( society4 ,h5ce1 ,i confess1 ,i %\ld l to see "o addition made to ! excell5t s*eme ( education prop\nd$ = ! ,college1 9 ! %ape ( provision = ! tea*+ ( ,sociology4 ,= ?\gh we are all agre$ t p>ty politics are to h no place 9 ! in/ruction ( ! ,college2 yet 9 ?is c\ntry1 practically gov]n$ z x is n[ by univ]sal suffrage1 e man :o does 8 duty mu/ ex]cise political functions4 ,&1 if ! evils :i* are insep>able f ! good ( political lib]ty are to be *eck$1 if ! p]petual oscillation ( nations betwe5 an>*y & despotism is to be replac$ by ! /eady m>* ( self-re/ra9+ fre$om2 x w be because m5 w gradually br+ !mselves to deal ) political1 z !y n[ deal ) sci5tific que/ions2 to be z a%am$ ( undue ha/e & p>tisan prejudice 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r2 & to believe t ! ma*9]y ( society is at lea/ z delicate z t ( a sp9n+-j5ny1 & z little likely to be improv$ by ! m$dl+ ( ^? :o h n tak5 ! tr\ble to ma/] ! pr9ciples ( its action4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i am sure t ,i make myself ! m\?piece ( all pres5t 9 (f]+ to ! v5]able f\nd] ( ! ,in/itution1 :i* n[ comm5ces its b5efic5t c>e]1 our congratulations on ! completion ( 8 "w2 & 9 express+ ! conviction1 t ! remote/ po/]ity w po9t to x z a crucial in/ance ( ! wisdom :i* natural piety leads all m5 to ascribe to _! ance/ors4 ,,ii4 ,,univ]sities3 ,,actual ,,& ,,ideal4 ,elect$ by ! suffrages ( y\r f\r ,nations1 ,rector ( ! anci5t ,univ]sity ( :i* y are s*ol>s1 ,i take ! e>lie/ opportunity :i* has pres5t$ itself s9ce my re/oration to heal?1 ( deliv]+ ! ,address :i*1 by long cu/om1 is expect$ ( ! hold] ( my (fice4 ,my fir/ duty 9 op5+ t ,address1 is to (f] y my mo/ he>ty ?anks = ! signal hon\r y h conf]r$ ^u me--an hon\r ( :i*1 z a man unconnect$ ) y by p]sonal or by national ties1 devoid ( political di/9ction1 & a plebeian :o /&s by 8 ord]1 ,i c\ld n h dream$4 ,& x 0 ! m surpris+ to me1 z ! five-&-tw5ty ye>s :i* h pass$ ov] my head s9ce ,i rea*$ intellectual manhood1 h be5 l>gely sp5t 9 no half-he>t$ advocacy ( doctr9es :i* h n yet f\nd fav\r 9 ! eyes ( ,academic respectability2 s t1 :5 ! proposal to nom9ate me = y\r ,rector came1 ,i 0 almo/ z mu* a/oni%$ z 0 ,hal o' ! ,wynd1 8:o f\ght = 8 own h&10 by ! ,black ,d\glas's pr(f] ( knigh?ood4 ,& ,i fe> t my acceptance mu/ be tak5 z evid5ce t1 less wise ?an ! ,arm\r] ( ,p]?1 ,i h n yet done ) soldi]+4 ,9 fact1 if1 = a mom5t1 ,i imag9$ t y\r int5tion 0 simply1 9 ! k9dness ( y\r he>ts1 to d me hon\r2 & t ! ,rector ( y\r ,univ]sity1 l t ( "s o!r ,univ]sities1 0 "o ( ^? happy be+s :o sit 9 glory = ?ree ye>s1 ) no?+ to d = x save ! mak+ ( a spee*1 a conv]sation ) my di/+ui%$ pr$ecessor soon dispell$ ! dream4 ,i f\nd t1 by ! con/itution ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de51 ! incumb5t ( ! ,rectorate is1 if n a p[]1 at any rate a pot5tial en]gy2 & t1 :atev] may be 8 *ances ( success or failure1 x is 8 duty to conv]t t pot5tial en]gy into a liv+ =ce1 direct$ t[>ds su* ends z may seem to him conducive to ! welf>e ( ! corporation ( :i* he is ! !oretical head4 ,i ne$ n tell y t y\r late ,"l ,rector took ?is view ( 8 position1 & act$ ^u x ) ! compreh5sive1 f>-see+ insight into ! actual condition & t5d5cies1 n m]ely ( 8 own1 b ( o!r c\ntries1 :i* is 8 hon\rable *>act]i/ic among /atesm54 ,i h already done my be/1 &1 z long z ,i hold my (fice1 ,i %all cont9ue my endeav\rs1 to foll[ 9 ! pa? :i* he trod2 to d :at 9 me lies1 to br+ ?is ,univ]sity ne>] to ! ideal--alas1 t ,i %\ld be oblig$ to say ideal--( all ,univ]sities2 :i*1 z ,i conceive1 %\ld be places 9 :i* ?\ght is free f all fett]s2 & 9 :i* all s\rces ( k1 & all aids to le>n+1 %\ld be accessible to all com]s1 )\t di/9ction ( cre$ or c\ntry1 ri*es or pov]ty4 ,d n suppose1 h[ev]1 t ,i am sangu9e en\gh to expect mu* to come ( any poor ef=ts ( m9e4 ,if y\r annals take any notice ( my incumb5cy1 ,i %all probably g d[n to po/]ity z ! ,rector :o 0 always beat54 ,b if !y add1 z ,i ?9k !y w1 t my defeats became victories 9 ! h&s ( my successors1 ,i %all be well cont5t4 ,! sc5es are %ift+ 9 ! great !atre ( ! _w4 ,! act :i* comm5c$ ) ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation is ne>ly play$ out1 & a wid] & a deep] *ange ?an t effect$ ?ree c5turies ago--a re=mation1 or r a revolution ( ?\ght1 ! extremes ( :i* are repres5t$ by ! intellectual heirs ( ,john ( ,leyd5 & ( ,ignatius ,loyola1 r ?an by ^? ( ,lu!r & ( ,leo--is wait+ to come on1 nay1 visible beh9d ! sc5es to ^? :o h good eyes4 ,m5 are beg9n+1 once m1 to awake to ! fact t matt]s ( belief & ( speculation are ( absolutely inf9ite practical importance2 & are draw+ (f f t sunny c\ntry 8:]e x is always aft]noon0--! sleepy holl[ ( broad indiff]5tism--to range !mselves "u _! natural bann]s4 ,*ange is 9 ! air4 ,x is :irl+ fea!r-heads into all sorts ( ecc5tric orbits1 & fill+ ! /eadie/ ) a s5se ( insecurity4 ,x insi/s on reop5+ all que/ions & ask+ all in/itutions1 h[ev] v5]able1 by :at "r !y exi/1 & :e!r !y are1 or are n1 9 h>mony ) ! real or suppos$ wants ( mank9d4 ,& x is rem>kable t ^! se>*+ inquiries are n s mu* =c$ on in/itutions f )\t1 z develop$ f )94 ,consummate s*ol>s "q ! value ( le>n+2 prie/s condemn dogma2 & wom5 turn _! backs ^u man's ideal ( p]fect womanhood1 & seek satisfaction 9 apocalyptic visions ( "s1 z yet unrealis$1 epic5e reality4 ,if !re be a type ( /ability 9 ?is _w1 "o w\ld be incl9$ to look = x 9 ! old ,univ]sities ( ,engl&4 ,b x has be5 my bus9ess ( late to he> a good deal ab\t :at is go+ on 9 ^! fam\s corporations2 & ,i h be5 fill$ ) a/oni%m5t by ! evid5ces ( int]nal f]m5tation :i* !y exhibit4 ,if ,gibbon c\ld revisit ! anci5t seat ( le>n+ ( :i* he has writt5 s cavali]ly1 assur$ly he w\ld no long] speak ( 8! monks ( ,ox=d sunk 9 prejudice & port40 ,!re1 z else:]e1 port has gone out ( fa%ion1 & s has prejudice--at lea/ t p>ticul> f9e1 old1 cru/$ sort ( prejudice to :i* ! great hi/orian alludes4 ,inde$1 ?+s are mov+ s fa/ 9 ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 t1 = my "p1 ,i rejoic$ :5 ! ,royal ,commission1 ( :i* ,i am a memb]1 _h f9i%$ & pres5t$ ! ,report :i* relat$ to ^! ,univ]sities2 = we %\ld h look$ l m]e plagi>i/s1 if1 9 consequ5ce ( a little long] delay 9 issu+ x1 all ! measures ( re=m we propos$ _h be5 anticipat$ by ! spontane\s action ( ! ,univ]sities !mselves4 ,a mon? ago ,i %\ld h gone on to say t "o might spe$ily expect *anges ( ano!r k9d 9 ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,a ,commission has be5 inquir+ into ! rev5ues ( ! _m weal?y societies1 9 m or less direct connection ) ! ,univ]sities1 resid5t 9 ^? t[ns4 ,x is said t ! ,commission has report$1 & t1 = ! fir/ "t 9 record$ hi/ory1 ! nation1 & p]haps ! ,colleges !mselves1 w "k :at !y are wor?4 ,& x 0 ann\nc$ t a /atesman1 :o1 :atev] 8 o!r m]its or defects1 has aims above ! level ( m]e p>ty fight+1 & a cle> vision into ! mo/ complex practical problems1 meant to deal ) ^! rev5ues4 ,b1 ,bos locutus e/4 ,t my/]i\s indep5d5t v>iable ( political calculation1 ,public ,op9ion--:i* "s :isp] is1 9 ! pres5t case1 v mu* ! same ?+ z publican's op9ion--has will$ o!rwise4 ,! ,heads may return to _! wont$ slumb]s--at any rate = a space4 ,is ! _s ( *ange1 :i* is work+ ?us vigor\sly 9 ! ,s\?1 likely to affect ! ,nor!rn ,univ]sities1 & if s1 to :at ext5t8 ,! viol5ce ( f]m5tation dep5ds1 n s mu* on ! quantity ( ! yea/1 z on ! composition ( ! wort1 & its ri*ness 9 f]m5table mat]ial2 &1 z a prelim9>y to ! discussion ( ?is "q1 ,i v5ture to call to y\r m9ds ! ess5tial & fundam5tal diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,scotti% & ! ,engli% type ( ,univ]sity4 ,d n *>ge me ) any?+ worse ?an (ficial egotism1 if ,i say t ^! diff]5ces appe> to be l>gely symbolis$ by my own exi/5ce4 ,!re is no ,rector 9 an ,engli% ,univ]sity4 ,n[1 ! organisation ( ! memb]s ( an ,univ]sity into ,nations1 ) _! elective ,rector1 is ! la/ relic ( ! primitive con/itution ( ,univ]sities4 ,! ,rectorate 0 ! mo/ important ( all (fices 9 t ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 ^u ! model ( :i* ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de5 0 fa%ion$2 & :i* 0 c]ta9ly a great & fl\ri%+ in/itution 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,en?usia/s = ! antiquity ( "o ( ! two ackn[l$g$ p>5ts ( all ,univ]sities1 inde$1 d n hesitate to trace ! orig9 ( ! 8,/udium ,p>isi5se0 up to t wond]ful k+ ( ! ,franks & ,lomb>ds1 ,k>l1 surnam$ ! ,great1 :om we all call$ ,*>lemagne1 & believ$ to be a ,fr5*man1 until a le>n$ hi/orian1 by b5efic5t it]ation1 taught u bett]4 ,k>l is said n to h be5 mu* ( a s*ol> himself1 b he _h ! wisdom ( :i* k is only ! s]vitor4 ,& t wisdom enabl$ him to see t ignorance is "o ( ! roots ( all evil4 ,9 ! ,capitul>y :i* enjo9s ! f\ndation ( mona/]ial & ca!dral s*ools1 he says3 8,"r action is bett] ?an k2 b 9 ord] to d :at is "r1 we mu/ "k :at is "r40#d ,an irrefragable tru?1 ,i fancy4 ,act+ ^u x1 ! k+ took pretty full compulsory p[]s1 & c>ri$ into effect a really consid]able & effectual s*eme ( elem5t>y education ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread? ( 8 dom9ions4 ,no d\bt ! idolat]s out by ! ,elbe1 9 :at is n[ "p ( ,prussia1 object$ to ! ,franki% k+'s measures2 no d\bt ! prie/s1 :o _h nev] hesitat$ ab\t sacrific+ all unbeliev]s 9 _! fanta/ic deities & futile conjurations1 7 ! l\de/ 9 *ant+ ! virtues ( tol]ation2 no d\bt !y d5\nc$ z a cruel p]secutor ! man :o w\ld n all[ !m1 h[ev] s9c]e !y might be1 to g on spread+ delusions :i* debas$ ! intellect1 z mu* z !y dead5$ ! moral s5se1 & und]m9$ ! bonds ( civil allegiance2 no d\bt1 if !y _h liv$ 9 ^! times1 !y w\ld h be5 able to %[1 ) ease1 t ! k+'s proce$+s 7 totally contr>y to ! be/ lib]al pr9ciples4 ,b x may be said1 9 ju/ification ( ! ,teutonic rul]1 fir/1 t he 0 born be=e ^? pr9ciples1 & did n suspect t ! be/ way ( gett+ disord] into ord] 0 to let x alone2 &1 secondly1 t 8 r\gh & que/ionable proce$+s did1 m or less1 br+ ab\t ! end he _h 9 view4 ,=1 9 a c\ple ( c5turies1 ! s*ools he s[$ broadca/ produc$ _! crop ( m51 ?ir/+ = k & crav+ = culture4 ,su* m5 gravitat+ t[>ds ,p>is1 z a light amid/ ! d>kness ( evil days1 f ,g]many1 f ,spa91 f ,brita91 & f ,sc&9avia1 came toge!r by natural aff9ity4 ,by degrees !y b&$ !mselves into a society1 :i*1 z its end 0 ! k ( all ?+s kn[able1 call$ itself a 8,/udium ,g5]ale20 & :5 x _h gr[n into a recognis$ corporation1 acquir$ ! "n ( 8,univ]sitas ,/udii ,g5]alis10 :i*1 m>k y1 means n a 8,useful ,k ,society10 b a 8,k-(-?+s-9-g5]al ,society40 ,& ?us ! fir/ 8,univ]sity10 at any rate on ?is side ( ! ,alps1 came into be+4 ,orig9ally x _h b "o ,faculty1 t ( ,arts4 ,its aim 0 to be a c5tre ( k & culture2 n to be1 9 any s5se1 a te*nical s*ool4 ,! s*ol>s seem to h /udi$ ,gramm>1 ,logic1 & ,rhetoric2 ,ari?metic & ,geometry2 ,a/ronomy2 ,!ology2 & ,music4 ,?us1 _! "w1 h[ev] imp]fect & faulty1 judg$ by mod]n lights1 x may h be51 br\ght !m face to face ) all ! lead+ aspects ( ! _m-sid$ m9d ( man4 ,= ^! /udies did really conta91 at any rate 9 embryo--sometimes1 x may be1 9 c>icature--:at we n[ call ,philosophy1 ,ma!matical & ,physical ,sci5ce1 & ,art4 ,& ,i d\bt if ! curriculum ( any mod]n ,univ]sity %[s s cle> & g5]\s a compreh5sion ( :at is meant by culture1 z ?is old ,trivium & ,quadrivium does4 ,! /ud5ts :o _h pass$ ?r\gh ! ,univ]sity c\rse1 & _h prov$ !mselves compet5t to tea*1 became ma/]s & tea*]s ( _! y\ng] bre?r54 ,:5ce ! di/9ction ( ,ma/]s & ,reg5ts on ! "o h&1 & ,s*ol>s on ! o!r4 ,rapid gr[? necessitat$ organisation4 ,! ,ma/]s & ,s*ol>s ( v>i\s tongues & c\ntries gr\p$ !mselves into f\r ,nations2 & ! ,nations1 by _! own votes at fir/1 & subsequ5tly by ^? ( _! ,procurators1 or repres5tatives1 elect$ _! supreme head & gov]nor1 ! ,rector--at t "t ! sole repres5tative ( ! ,univ]sity1 & a v real p[]1 :o c\ld defy ,provo/s int]f]+ f )\t2 or c\ld inflict ev5 corporal puni%m5t on disob$i5t memb]s )9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,su* 0 ! primitive con/itution ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,x is 9 ref]5ce to ?is orig9al /ate ( ?+s t ,i h spok5 ( ! ,rectorate1 & all t app]ta9s to x1 z ! sole relic ( t con/itution4 ,b ?is orig9al organisation did n la/ long4 ,society 0 n !n1 any m ?an x is n[1 pati5t ( culture1 z su*4 ,x says to ev]y?+1 8,be useful to me1 or away ) y40 ,& to ! le>n$1 ! unle>n$ man said !n1 z he does n[1 8,:at is ! use ( all y\r le>n+1 unless y c tell me :at ,i want to "k8 ,i am "h bl9dly grop+ ab\t1 & con/antly damag+ myself by collision ) ?ree mighty p[]s1 ! p[] ( ! invisible ,god1 ! p[] ( my fell[ ,man1 & ! p[] ( brute ,nature4 ,let y\r le>n+ be turn$ to ! /udy ( ^! p[]s1 t ,i may "k h[ ,i am to comport myself ) reg>d to !m40 ,9 answ] to ?is dem&1 "s ( ! ,ma/]s ( ! ,faculty ( ,arts devot$ !mselves to ! /udy ( ,!ology1 "s to t ( ,law1 & "s to t ( ,m$ic9e2 & !y became ,doctors--m5 le>n$ 9 ^? te*nical1 or1 z we n[ call !m1 pr(essional1 bran*es ( k4 ,l cleav+ to l1 ! ,doctors =m$ s*ools1 or ,faculties1 ( ,!ology1 ,law1 & ,m$ic9e1 :i* sometimes assum$ airs ( sup]iority ov] _! p>5t1 ! ,faculty ( ,arts1 ?\gh ! latt] always ass]t$ & ma9ta9$ its fundam5tal supremacy4 ,! ,faculties arose by process ( natural diff]5tiation out ( ! primitive ,univ]sity4 ,o!r con/itu5ts1 =eign to its nature1 7 spe$ily graft$ ^u x4 ,"o ( ^! extrane\s elem5ts 0 =c$ into x by ! ,roman ,*ur*1 :i* 9 ^? days ass]t$ ) effect1 t :i* x n[ ass]ts1 happily )\t any effect 9 ^! realms1 its "r ( c5sor%ip & control ov] all tea*+4 ,! local habitation ( ! ,univ]sity lay p>tly 9 ! l&s atta*$ to ! mona/]y ( ,s4 ,g5evive1 p>tly 9 ! diocese ( ! ,bi%op ( ,p>is2 & he :o w\ld tea* mu/ h ! lic5ce ( ! ,abbot1 or ( ! ,bi%op1 z ! ne>e/ repres5tative ( ! ,pope1 s to d1 :i* lic5ce 0 grant$ by ! ,*ancellors ( ^! ,ecclesia/ics4 ,?us1 if ,i am :at ar*ologi/s call a 8survival0 ( ! primitive head & rul] ( ! ,univ]sity1 y\r ,*ancellor /&s 9 ! same relation to ! ,papacy2 &1 ) all respect = 8 ,grace1 ,i ?9k ,i may say t we bo? look t]ribly %runk5 :5 comp>$ ) our great orig9als4 ,n s is x ) a second =eign elem5t1 :i* sil5tly dropp$ into ! soil ( ,univ]sities1 l ! gra9 ( mu/>d-se$ 9 ! p>able2 &1 l t gra91 grew into a tree1 9 ^: bran*es a :ole avi>y ( f[ls took %elt]4 ,t elem5t is ! elem5t ( ,end[m5t4 ,x diff]$ f ! prec$+1 9 its orig9al design to s]ve z a prop to ! "y plant1 n to be a p>asite ^u x4 ,! *>itable & ! humane1 bless$ ) weal?1 7 v e>ly p5etrat$ by ! mis]y ( ! poor /ud5t4 ,& ! wise saw t intellectual ability is n s common or s unimportant a gift t x %\ld be all[$ to run to wa/e ^u m]e h&icrafts & *>es4 ,! man :o 0 a bless+ to 8 contempor>ies1 b :o s (t5 has be5 conv]t$ into a curse1 by ! bl9d adh]5ce ( 8 po/]ity to ! lett]1 r ?an to ! _s1 ( 8 wi%es--,i mean ! 8pi\s f\nd]0--gave money & l&s1 t ! /ud5t1 :o 0 ri* 9 bra9 & poor 9 all else1 might be tak5 f ! pl\gh or f ! /i?y1 & enabl$ to devote himself to ! high] s]vice ( mank9d2 & built colleges & halls 9 :i* he might be n only h\s$ & f$1 b taught4 ,! ,colleges 7 v g5]ally plac$ 9 /rict subord9ation to ! ,univ]sity by _! f\nd]s2 b1 9 _m cases1 _! end[m5t1 consi/+ ( l&1 has und]gone an 8une>n$ increm5t10 :i* has giv5 ^! societies a cont9ually increas+ weight & importance z aga9/ ! un5d[$1 or fix$ly end[$1 ,univ]sity4 ,9 ,ph>aoh's dream1 ! sev5 lean k9e eat up ! sev5 fat ones4 ,9 ! reality ( hi/orical fact1 ! fat ,colleges h eat5 up ! lean ,univ]sities4 ,ev5 "h 9 ,ab]de51 ?\gh ! causes at "w may h be5 some:at diff]5t1 ! effects h be5 simil>2 & y see h[ mu* m sub/antial an entity is ! ,v ,rev]5d ! ,pr9cipal1 analogue1 if n homologue1 ( ! ,pr9cipals ( ,k+'s ,college1 ?an ! ,rector1 l9eal repres5tative ( ! anci5t mon>*s ( ! ,univ]sity1 ?\gh n[1 little m ?an a 8k+ ( %r$s & pat*es40 ,d n suppose t1 9 ?us briefly trac+ ! process ( ,univ]sity metamorphosis1 ,i h _h any int5tion ( qu>rell+ ) its results4 ,practically1 x seems to me t ! broad *anges effect$ 9 #aheh h giv5 ! ,scotti% ,univ]sities a v lib]al con/itution1 ) z mu* real approximation to ! primitive /ate ( ?+s z is at all desirable4 ,if y\r fat k9e h eat5 ! lean1 !y h n la9 d[n to *ew ! cud ev] s9ce4 ,! ,scotti% ,univ]sities1 l ! ,engli%1 h div]g$ widely en\gh f _! primitive model2 b ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! nor!rn =m has rema9$ m fai?ful to its orig9al1 n only 9 con/itution1 b1 :at is m to ! purpose1 9 view ( ! cry = *ange1 9 ! practical application ( ! end[m5ts connect$ ) x4 ,9 ,ab]de51 ^! end[m5ts are num]\s1 b s small t1 tak5 altoge!r1 !y are n equal to ! rev5ue ( a s+le ?ird-rate ,engli% college4 ,!y are s*ol>%ips1 n fell[%ips2 aids to d "w--n rew>ds = su* "w z x lies )9 ! rea* ( an ord9>y1 or ev5 an extraord9>y1 "y man to d4 ,y d n ?9k t pass+ a respectable exam9ation is a fair equival5t = an income1 su* z _m a gray-head$ vet]an1 or cl]gyman1 w\ld envy2 & :i* is l>g] ?an ! end[m5t ( _m ,regius *airs4 ,y d n c>e to make y\r ,univ]sity a s*ool ( mann]s = ! ri*2 ( sports = ! a?letic2 or a hot-b$ ( high-f$1 hyp]critical ref9em5t1 m de/ructive to vig\r & orig9ality ?an are />vation & oppression4 ,no2 y\r little ,burs>ies ( t5 & tw5ty 7,i believe ev5 fifty7 p\nds a ye>1 enable any boy :o has %[n ability 9 ! c\rse ( 8 education 9 ^? rem>kable prim>y s*ools1 :i* h made ,scotl& ! p[] %e is1 to obta9 ! highe/ culture ! c\ntry c give him2 & :5 he is arm$ & equipp$1 8 ,sp>tan ,alma ,mat] tells him t1 s f>1 he has _h 8 wages = 8 "w1 & t he may g & e>n ! re/4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ! ho/ ( pleasant1 moni$1 well-br$ "y g5tlem51 :o d a little le>n+ & mu* boat+ by ,cam & ,isis1 ! vision is a pleasant "o2 &1 z a patriot1 ,i rejoice t ! y\? ( ! upp] & ri*] classes ( ! nation receive a :olesome & a manly tra9+1 h[ev] small may be ! modicum ( k !y ga!r1 9 ! int]vals ( ?is1 _! s]i\s bus9ess4 ,i admit1 to ! full1 ! social & political value ( t tra9+4 ,b1 :5 ,i proce$ to consid] t ^! "y m5 may be said to repres5t ! great bulk ( :at ! ,colleges h to %[ = _! enorm\s weal?1 plus1 at lea/1 a hundr$ & fifty p\nds a ye> apiece :i* ea* und]graduate co/s 8 p>5ts or gu>dians1 ,i feel incl9$ to ask1 :e!r ! rate-9-aid ( ! education ( ! weal?y & pr(essional classes1 ?us levi$ on ! res\rces ( ! community1 is n1 aft] all1 a little heavy8 ,&1 /ill fur!r1 ,i am tempt$ to inquire :at has become ( ! indig5t s*ol>s1 ! sons ( ! masses ( ! p ^: daily lab\r j suffices to meet _! daily wants1 = ^: b5efit ^! ri* f\ndations 7 l>gely1 if n ma9ly1 in/itut$8 ,x seems z if ,ph>aoh's dream _h be5 rigor\sly c>ri$ out1 & t ev5 ! fat s*ol> has eat5 ! lean "o4 ,& :5 ,i turn f ?is picture to ! no less real vision ( _m a brave & frugal ,scot* boy1 sp5d+ 8 summ] 9 h>d manual lab\r1 t he may h ! privilege ( w5d+ 8 way 9 autumn to ?is ,univ]sity1 ) a bag ( oatmeal1 t5 p\nds 9 8 pocket1 & 8 own /\t he>t to dep5d ^u ?r\gh ! nor!rn w9t]2 n b5t on seek+ 8,! bubble reputation at ! cannon's m\?10 b det]m9$ to wr+ k f ! h>d h&s ( p5ury2 :5 ,i see him w9 ?r\gh all su* outw>d ob/acles to positions ( wide usefulness & well-e>n$ fame2 ,i _c b ?9k t1 9 ess5ce1 ,ab]de5 has dep>t$ b little f ! primitive int5tion ( ! f\nd]s ( ,univ]sities1 & t ! _s ( re=m has s mu* to d on ! o!r side ( ! ,bord]1 t x may be long be=e he has leisure to look ?is way4 ,z comp>$ ) o!r actual ,univ]sities1 !n1 ,ab]de51 may1 p]haps1 be well satisfi$ ) itself4 ,b d n ?9k me an impracticable dream]1 if ,i ask y n to re/ & be ?ankful 9 ?is /ate ( satisfaction2 if ,i ask y to consid] a:ile1 h[ ?is actual good /&s relat$ to t ideal bett]1 t[>ds :i* bo? m5 & in/itutions mu/ progress1 if !y w\ld n retrograde4 ,9 an ideal ,univ]sity1 z ,i conceive x1 a man %\ld be able to obta9 in/ruction 9 all =ms ( k1 & discipl9e 9 ! use ( all ! me?ods by :i* k is obta9$4 ,9 su* an ,univ]sity1 ! =ce ( liv+ example %\ld fire ! /ud5t ) a noble ambition to emulate ! le>n+ ( le>n$ m51 & to foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! explor]s ( new fields ( k4 ,& ! v air he brea!s %\ld be *>g$ ) t en?usiasm = tru?1 t fanaticism ( v]acity1 :i* is a great] possession ?an mu* le>n+2 a nobl] gift ?an ! p[] ( increas+ k2 by s mu* great] & nobl] ?an ^!1 z ! moral nature ( man is great] ?an ! intellectual2 = v]acity is ! he>t ( morality4 ,b ! man :o is all morality & intellect1 al?\gh he may be good & ev5 great1 is1 aft] all1 only half a man4 ,!re is beauty 9 ! moral _w & 9 ! intellectual _w2 b !re is also a beauty :i* is nei!r moral nor intellectual--! beauty ( ! _w ( ,art4 ,!re are m5 :o are devoid ( ! p[] ( see+ x1 z !re are m5 :o are born deaf & bl9d1 & ! loss ( ^?1 z ( ^!1 is simply inf9ite4 ,!re are o!rs 9 :om x is an ov]p[]+ passion2 happy m51 born ) ! productive1 or at l[e/1 ! appreciative1 g5ius ( ! ,arti/4 ,b1 9 ! mass ( mank9d1 ! /hetic faculty1 l ! reason+ p[] & ! moral s5se1 ne$s to be r\s$1 direct$1 & cultivat$2 & ,i "k n :y ! developm5t ( t side ( 8 nature1 ?r\gh :i* man has access to a p]5nial spr+ ( ennobl+ pleasure1 %\ld be omitt$ f any compreh5sive s*eme ( ,univ]sity education4 ,all ,univ]sities recognise ,lit]ature 9 ! s5se ( ! old ,rhetoric1 :i* is art inc>nate 9 words4 ,"s1 to _! cr$it1 recognise ,art 9 its n>r[] s5se1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & conf] degrees = pr(ici5cy 9 "s ( its bran*es4 ,if !re are ,doctors ( ,music1 :y %\ld !re be no ,ma/]s ( ,pa9t+1 ( ,sculpture1 ( ,ar*itecture8 ,i %\ld l to see ,pr(essors ( ! ,f9e ,arts 9 e ,univ]sity2 & in/ruction 9 "s bran* ( _! "w made a "p ( ! ,arts curriculum4 ,i j n[ express$ ! op9ion t1 9 our ideal ,univ]sity1 a man %\ld be able to obta9 in/ruction 9 all =ms ( k4 ,n[1 by 8=ms ( k0 ,i mean ! great classes ( ?+s kn[able2 ( :i* ! fir/1 9 logical1 ?\gh n 9 natural1 ord] is k relat+ to ! scope & limits ( ! m5tal faculties ( man2 a =m ( k :i*1 9 its positive aspect1 answ]s pretty mu* to ,logic & "p ( ,psy*ology1 :ile1 on its negative & critical side1 x corresponds ) ,metaphysics4 ,a second class compreh5ds all t k :i* relates to man's welf>e1 s f> z x is det]m9$ by 8 own acts1 or :at we call 8 conduct4 ,x answ]s to ,moral & ,religi\s philosophy4 ,practically1 x is ! mo/ directly valuable ( all =ms ( k1 b speculatively1 x is limit$ & criticis$ by t :i* prec$es & by t :i* foll[s x 9 my ord] ( enum]ation4 ,a ?ird class embraces k ( ! ph5om5a ( ! ,univ]se1 z t :i* lies ab\t ! individual man3 & ( ! rules :i* ^? ph5om5a are obs]v$ to foll[ 9 ! ord] ( _! occurr5ce1 :i* we t]m ! laws ( ,nature4 ,?is is :at ought to be call$ ,natural ,sci5ce1 or ,physiology1 ?\gh ^? t]ms are hopelessly div]t$ f su* a mean+2 & x includes all exact k ( natural fact1 :e!r ,ma!matical1 ,physical1 ,biological1 or ,social4 ,kant has said t ! ultimate object ( all k is to give replies to ^! ?ree que/ions3 ,:at c ,i d8 ,:at ought ,i to d8 ,:at may ,i hope =8 ,! =ms ( k :i* ,i h enum]at$1 %\ld furni% su* replies z are )9 human rea*1 to ! fir/ & second ( ^! que/ions4 ,:ile to ! ?ird1 p]haps ! wise/ answ] is1 8,d :at y c to d :at y ought1 & leave hop+ & fe>+ alone40 ,if ?is be a j & an exhau/ive classification ( ! =ms ( k1 no "q z to _! relative importance1 or z to ! sup]iority ( "o to ! o!r1 c be s]i\sly rais$4 ,on ! face ( ! matt]1 x is absurd to ask :e!r x is m important to "k ! limits ( "o's p[]s2 or ! ends = :i* !y ought to be ex]t$2 or ! conditions "u :i* !y mu/ be ex]t$4 ,"o may z well inquire :i* ( ! t]ms ( a ,rule ( ,?ree sum "o ought to "k1 9 ord] to get a tru/wor?y result4 ,practical life is su* a sum1 9 :i* y\r duty multipli$ into y\r capacity1 & divid$ by y\r circum/ances1 gives y ! f\r? t]m 9 ! proportion1 :i* is y\r des]ts1 ) great accuracy4 ,all agree1 ,i take x1 t m5 ought to h ^! ?ree k9ds ( k4 ,! s-call$ 8conflict ( /udies0 turns ^u ! "q ( h[ !y may be/ be obta9$4 ,! f\nd]s ( ,univ]sities held ! !ory t ! ,scriptures & ,ari/otle tak5 toge!r1 ! latt] be+ limit$ by ! =m]1 conta9$ all k wor? hav+1 & t ! bus9ess ( philosophy 0 to int]pret & co-ord9ate ^! two4 ,i imag9e t 9 ! twelf? c5tury ?is 0 a v fair conclusion f kn[n facts4 ,n[h]e 9 ! _w1 9 ^? days1 0 !re su* an encyclopdia ( k ( all ?ree classes1 z is to be f\nd 9 ^? writ+s4 ,! s*ola/ic philosophy is a wond]ful monum5t ( ! pati5ce & +5uity ) :i* ! human m9d toil$ to build up a logically consi/5t !ory ( ! ,univ]se1 out ( su* mat]ials4 ,& t philosophy is by no means dead & buri$1 z _m va9ly suppose4 ,on ! contr>y1 numb]s ( m5 ( no mean le>n+ & accompli%m5t1 & sometimes ( r>e p[] & subtlety ( ?\ght1 hold by x z ! be/ !ory ( ?+s :i* has yet be5 /at$4 ,&1 :at is /ill m rem>kable1 m5 :o speak ! language ( mod]n philosophy1 nev]!less ?9k ! ?\ghts ( ! s*oolm54 8,! voice is ! voice ( ,jacob1 b ! h&s are ! h&s ( ,esau40 ,e day ,i he> 8,cause10 8,law10 8,=ce10 8,vitality10 spok5 ( z entities1 by p :o c enjoy ,swift's joke ab\t ! meat-roa/+ quality ( ! smoke-jack1 & com=t !mselves ) ! reflection t !y are n ev5 z ^? b5ight$ s*oolm54 ,well1 ?is great sy/em _h its day1 & !n x 0 sapp$ & m9$ by two influ5ces4 ,! fir/ 0 ! /udy ( classical lit]ature1 :i* famili>is$ m5 ) me?ods ( philosophis+2 ) conceptions ( ! highe/ ,good2 ) ideas ( ! ord] ( ,nature2 ) notions ( ,lit]>y & ,hi/orical ,criticism2 &1 above all1 ) visions ( ,art1 ( a k9d :i* n only w\ld n fit into ! s*ola/ic s*eme1 b %[$ !m a pre-,*ri/ian1 & inde$ altoge!r un-,*ri/ian _w1 ( su* gr&eur & beauty t !y ceas$ to ?9k ( any o!r4 ,!y 7 z m5 :o _h kiss$ ! ,fairy ,que51 & w&]+ ) h] 9 ! dim lovel9ess ( ! und]world1 c>$ n to return to ! famili> ways ( home & fa!rl&1 ?\gh !y lay1 at arm's l5g?1 ov]head4 ,c>d9als 7 m famili> ) ,virgil ?an ) ,isaiah2 & ,popes lab\r$1 ) great success1 to re-paganise ,rome4 ,! second influ5ce 0 ! sl[1 b sure1 gr[? ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,x 0 discov]$ t "s results ( speculative ?\ght1 ( imm5se practical & !oretical importance1 c be v]ifi$ by obs]vation2 & are always true1 h[ev] sev]ely !y may be te/$4 ,"h1 at any rate1 0 k1 to ! c]ta9ty ( :i* no au?ority c\ld add1 or take away1 "o jot or tittle1 & to :i* ! tradition ( a ?\s& ye>s 0 z insignificant z ! he>say ( ye/]day4 ,to ! s*ola/ic sy/em1 ! /udy ( classical lit]ature might be inconv5i5t & di/ract+1 b x 0 possible to hope t x c\ld be kept )9 b\nds4 ,physical sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 0 an irreconcilable enemy1 to be exclud$ at all haz>ds4 ,! ,college ( ,c>d9als has n di/+ui%$ itself 9 ,physics or ,physiology2 & no ,pope has1 z yet1 set up public laboratories 9 ! ,vatican4 ,p d n always =mulate ! beliefs on :i* !y act4 ,! in/9ct ( fe> & dislike is quick] ?an ! reason+ process2 & ,i suspect t1 tak5 9 conjunction ) "s o!r causes1 su* in/9ctive av]sion is at ! bottom ( ! long exclusion ( any s]i\s discipl9e 9 ! physical sci5ces f ! g5]al curriculum ( ,univ]sities2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 classical lit]ature has be5 gradually made ! backbone ( ! ,arts c\rse4 ,i am a%am$ to repeat "h :at ,i h said else:]e1 9 season & out ( season1 respect+ ! value ( ,sci5ce z k & discipl9e4 ,b ! o!r day ,i met ) "s passages 9 ! ,address to ano!r ,scotti% ,univ]sity1 ( a great ?9k]1 rec5tly lo/ to u1 :i* express s fully1 & yet s t]sely1 ! tru? 9 ?is matt]1 t ,i am fa9 to quote !m3-- 8,to "q all ?+s2--nev] to turn away f any difficulty2 to accept no doctr9e ei!r f ourselves or f o!r p )\t a rigid scrut9y by negative criticism2 lett+ no fallacy1 or incoh]5ce1 or confusion ( ?\ght /ep by unp]ceiv$2 above all1 to insi/ ^u hav+ ! mean+ ( a ^w cle>ly und]/ood be=e us+ x1 & ! mean+ ( a proposition be=e ass5t+ to x2--^! are ! lessons we le>n0 f work]s 9 ,sci5ce4 8,) all ?is vigor\s managem5t ( ! negative elem5t1 !y inspire no scepticism ab\t ! reality ( tru? or indiff]5ce to its pursuit4 ,! noble/ en?usiasm1 bo? = ! se>* aft] tru? & = apply+ x to its highe/ uses1 p]vades ^? writ]s40 8,9 cultivat+1 !re=e10 sci5ce z an ess5tial +r$i5t 9 education1 8we are all ! :ile lay+ an admirable f\ndation = e?ical & philosophical culture40#e ,! passages ,i h quot$ 7 utt]$ by ,john ,/u>t ,mill2 b y _c he> inv]t$ commas1 & x is !re=e "r t ,i %\ld add1 )\t delay1 t ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty ( sub/itut+ 8work]s 9 sci5ce0 = 8anci5t dialecticians10 & 8,sci5ce z an ess5tial +r$i5t 9 education0 = 8! anci5t languages z our be/ lit]>y education40 ,mill did1 9 fact1 deliv] a noble panegyric ^u classical /udies4 ,i d n d\bt its ju/ice1 nor presume to "q its wisdom4 ,b ,i v5ture to ma9ta9 t no wise or j judge1 :o has a k ( ! facts1 w hesitate to say t x applies ) equal =ce to sci5tific tra9+4 ,b x is only fair to ! ,scotti% ,univ]sities to po9t out t !y h long und]/ood ! value ( ,sci5ce z a bran* ( g5]al education4 ,i obs]ve1 ) ! greate/ satisfaction1 t c&idates = ! degree ( ,ma/] ( ,arts 9 ?is ,univ]sity are requir$ to h a k1 n only ( ,m5tal & ,moral ,philosophy1 & ( ,ma!matics & ,natural ,philosophy1 b ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 9 addition to ! ord9>y ,lat9 & ,greek c\rse2 & t a c&idate may take hon\rs 9 ^! subjects & 9 ,*emi/ry4 ,i d n "k :at ! requirem5ts ( y\r exam9]s may be1 b ,i s9c]ely tru/ !y are n satisfi$ ) a m]e book k ( ^! matt]s4 ,= my own "p1 ,i w\ld n raise a f+]1 if ,i c\ld !reby introduce m]e book "w 9 sci5ce into e ,arts curriculum 9 ! c\ntry4 ,let ^? :o want to /udy books devote !mselves to ,lit]ature1 9 :i* we h ! p]fection ( books1 bo? z to sub/ance & z to =m4 ,if ,i may p>aphrase ,hobbes's well-kn[n aphorism1 ,i w\ld say t 8books are ! money ( ,lit]ature1 b only ! c\nt]s ( ,sci5ce10 ,sci5ce 79 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i n[ use ! t]m7 be+ ! k ( fact1 ( :i* e v]bal description is b an incomplete & symbolic expression4 ,& be assur$ t no tea*+ ( sci5ce is wor? any?+1 z a m5tal discipl9e1 :i* is n bas$ ^u direct p]ception ( ! facts1 & practical ex]cise ( ! obs]v+ & logical faculties ^u !m4 ,ev5 9 su* a simple matt] z ! m]e compreh5sion ( =m1 ask ! mo/ practis$ & widely in=m$ anatomi/ :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 k ( a /ructure :i* he has read ab\t1 & 8 k ( ! same /ructure :5 he has se5 x = himself2 & he w tell y t ! two ?+s are n comp>able--! diff]5ce is inf9ite4 ,?us ,i am v /rongly incl9$ to agree ) "s le>n$ s*ool-ma/]s :o say t1 9 _! exp]i5ce1 ! tea*+ ( sci5ce is all wa/e "t4 ,z !y tea* x1 ,i h no d\bt x is4 ,b to tea* x o!rwise1 requires an am\nt ( p]sonal lab\r & a developm5t ( means & appliances1 :i* mu/ /rike horror & dismay into a man accu/om$ to m]e book "w2 & :o has be5 9 ! habit ( tea*+ a class ( fifty )\t mu* /ra9 ^u 8 en]gies4 ,& ?is is "o ( ! real difficulties 9 ! way ( ! introduction ( physical sci5ce into ! ord9>y ,univ]sity c\rse1 to :i* ,i h allud$4 ,x is a difficulty :i* w n be ov]come1 until ye>s ( pati5t /udy h organis$ sci5tific tea*+ z well z1 or ,i hope bett] ?an1 classical tea*+ has be5 organis$ hi!rto4 ,a little :ile ago1 ,i v5tur$ to h9t a d\bt z to ! p]fection ( "s ( ! arrangem5ts 9 ! anci5t ,univ]sities ( ,engl&2 b1 9 _! provision = giv+ in/ruction 9 ,sci5ce z su*1 & )\t direct ref]5ce to any ( its practical applications1 !y h set a brilliant example4 ,)9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 ,ox=d alone has sunk m ?an a hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& p\nds 9 build+ & furni%+ ,physical1 ,*emical1 & ,physiological ,laboratories1 & a magnific5t ,museum1 arrang$ ) an almo/ luxuri\s reg>d = ! ne$s ( ! /ud5t4 ,cambridge1 less ri*1 b aid$ by ! munific5ce ( h] ,*ancellor1 is tak+ ! same c\rse2 &1 9 a few ye>s1 x w be = no lack ( ! means & appliances ( s\nd tea*+1 if ! mass ( ,engli% ,univ]sity m5 rema9 9 _! pres5t /ate ( b>b>\s ignorance ( ev5 ! rudim5ts ( sci5tific culture4 ,yet ano!r /ep ne$s to be made be=e ,sci5ce c be said to h tak5 its prop] place 9 ! ,univ]sities4 ,t is its recognition z a ,faculty1 or bran* ( /udy dem&+ recognition & special organisation1 on acc\nt ( its be>+ on ! wants ( mank9d4 ,! ,faculties ( ,!ology1 ,law1 & ,m$ic9e1 are te*nical s*ools1 int5d$ to equip m5 :o h receiv$ g5]al culture1 ) ! special k :i* is ne$$ = ! prop] p]=mance ( ! duties ( cl]gym51 lawy]s1 & m$ical practition]s4 ,:5 ! mat]ial well-be+ ( ! c\ntry dep5d$ ^u rude pa/ure & agriculture1 & /ill rud] m9+2 9 ! days :5 all ! innum]able applications ( ! pr9ciples ( physical sci5ce to practical purposes 7 non-exi/5t ev5 z dreams2 days :i* m5 liv+ may h he>d _! fa!rs speak (2 :at little physical sci5ce c\ld be se5 to be> directly ^u human life1 lay )9 ! prov9ce ( ,m$ic9e4 ,m$ic9e 0 ! fo/]-"m ( ,*emi/ry1 because x has to d ) ! prep>ation ( drugs & ! detection ( poisons2 ( ,botany1 because x enabl$ ! physician to recognise m$ic9al h]bs2 ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy & ,physiology1 because ! man :o /udi$ ,human ,anatomy & ,physiology = purely m$ical purposes 0 l$ to ext5d 8 /udies to ! re/ ( ! animal _w4 ,)9 my recollection1 ! only way 9 :i* a /ud5t c\ld obta9 any?+ l a tra9+ 9 ,physical ,sci5ce1 0 by att5d+ ! lectures ( ! ,pr(essors ( ,physical & ,natural ,sci5ce atta*$ to ! ,m$ical ,s*ools4 ,b1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 bo? fo/]-"m & *ild h gr[n s big1 t !y ?reat5 n only to cru% "o ano!r1 b to press ! v life out ( ! unhappy /ud5t :o ent]s ! nurs]y2 to ! great detrim5t ( all ?ree4 ,i speak 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? :o "k practically :at m$ical education is2 = ,i may assume t a l>ge proportion ( my he>]s are m or less advanc$ /ud5ts ( m$ic9e4 ,i appeal to ! mo/ indu/ri\s & consci5ti\s among y1 to ^? :o are mo/ deeply p5etrat$ ) a s5se ( ! extremely s]i\s responsibilities :i* atta* to ! call+ ( a m$ical practition]1 :5 ,i ask :e!r1 out ( ! f\r ye>s :i* y devote to y\r /udies1 y ought to sp>e ev5 s mu* z an h\r = any "w :i* does n t5d directly to fit y = y\r duties8 ,consid] :at t "w is4 ,its f\ndation is a s\nd & practical acqua9tance ) ! /ructure ( ! human organism1 & ) ! modes & conditions ( its action 9 heal?4 ,i say a s\nd & practical acqua9tance1 to gu>d aga9/ ! supposition t my int5tion is to sugge/ t y ought all to be m9ute anatomi/s & accompli%$ physiologi/s4 ,! devotion ( y\r :ole f\r ye>s to ,anatomy & ,physiology alone1 w\ld be totally insuffici5t to atta9 t end4 ,:at ,i mean is1 ! sort ( practical1 famili>1 f+]-end k :i* a wat*mak] has ( a wat*1 & :i* y expect t craftsman1 z an hone/ man1 to h1 :5 y entru/ a wat* t goes badly1 to him4 ,x is a k9d ( k :i* is to be acquir$1 n 9 ! lecture-room1 nor 9 ! libr>y1 b 9 ! dissect+-room & ! laboratory4 ,x is to be _h1 n by %>+ y\r att5tion betwe5 ^! & sundry o!r subjects1 b by conc5trat+ y\r m9ds1 week aft] week1 & mon? aft] mon?1 six or sev5 h\rs a day1 ^u all ! complexities ( organ & function1 until ea* ( ! great] tru?s ( anatomy & physiology has become an organic "p ( y\r m9ds--until y w\ld "k !m if y 7 r\s$ & que/ion$ 9 ! middle ( ! night1 z a man kn[s ! geography ( 8 native place & ! daily life ( 8 home4 ,t is ! sort ( k :i*1 once obta9$1 is a life-long possession4 ,o!r occupations may fill y\r m9ds--x may gr[ dim1 & seem to be =gott5--b !re x is1 l ! inscription on a batt]$ & defac$ co91 :i* comes out :5 y w>m x4 ,if ,i _h ! p[] to remodel ,m$ical ,education1 ! fir/ two ye>s ( ! m$ical curriculum %\ld be devot$ to no?+ b su* ?or\gh /udy ( ,anatomy & ,physiology1 ) ,physiological ,*emi/ry & ,physics2 ! /ud5t %\ld !n pass a real1 practical exam9ation 9 ^! subjects2 &1 hav+ gone ?r\gh t ordeal satisfactorily1 he %\ld be tr\bl$ no m ) !m4 ,8 :ole m9d %\ld !n be giv5 ) equal int5tness1 to ,!rapeutics1 9 its broade/ s5se1 to ,practical ,m$ic9e & to ,surg]y1 ) in/ruction 9 ,hygi5e & 9 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce2 & ( ^! subjects only--surely !re are en\gh ( !m--%\ld he be requir$ to %[ a k 9 8 f9al exam9ation4 ,i _c claim any special prop]ty 9 ?is !ory ( :at ! m$ical curriculum %\ld be1 = ,i f9d t views1 m or less closely approximat+ ^!1 are held by all :o h s]i\sly consid]$ ! v grave & press+ "q ( ,m$ical ,re=m2 & h1 inde$1 be5 c>ri$ into practice1 to "s ext5t1 by ! mo/ enlight5$ ,exam9+ ,bo>ds4 ,i h he>d b two k9ds ( objections to !m4 ,!re is1 fir/1 ! objection ( ve/$ int]e/s1 :i* ,i w n deal ) "h1 because ,i want to make myself z pleasant z ,i c1 & no discussions are s unpleasant z ^? :i* turn on su* po9ts4 ,& !re is1 secondly1 ! mu* m respectable objection1 :i* takes ! g5]al =m ( ! reproa* t1 9 ?us limit+ ! curriculum1 we are seek+ to n>r[ x4 ,we are told t ! m$ical man ought to be a p]son ( good education & g5]al in=mation1 if 8 pr(ession is to hold its own among o!r pr(essions2 t he ought to "k ,botany1 or else1 if he goes abroad1 he w n be able to tell poison\s fruits f edible ones2 t he ought to "k drugs1 z a druggi/ kn[s !m1 or he w n be able to tell %am b>k & s5na f ! real articles2 t he ought to "k ,zoology1 because--well1 ,i really h nev] be5 able to le>n exactly :y he is to be expect$ to "k zoology4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a popul> sup]/ition1 t doctors "k all ab\t ?+s t are que] or na/y to ! g5]al m9d1 & may1 !re=e1 be reasonably expect$ to "k ! 8b>b>\s b9omials0 applicable to snakes1 snails1 & slugs2 an am\nt ( in=mation ) :i* ! g5]al m9d is usually completely satisfi$4 ,& !re is a sci5tific sup]/ition t ,physiology is l>gely aid$ by ,comp>ative ,anatomy--a sup]/ition :i*1 l mo/ sup]/itions1 once _h a gra9 ( tru? at bottom2 b ! gra9 has become homopa?ic1 s9ce ,physiology took its mod]n exp]im5tal developm5t1 & became :at x is n[1 ! application ( ! pr9ciples ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry to ! elucidation ( ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,i hold z /rongly z any "o c d1 t ! m$ical practition] ought to be a p]son ( education & good g5]al culture2 b ,i also hold by ! old !ory ( a ,faculty1 t a man %\ld h 8 g5]al culture be=e he devotes himself to ! special /udies ( t ,faculty2 & ,i v5ture to ma9ta91 t1 if ! g5]al culture obta9$ 9 ! ,faculty ( ,arts 7 :at x ought to be1 ! /ud5t w\ld h q z mu* k ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,physics1 ( ,*emi/ry1 & ( ,biology1 z he ne$s1 be=e he comm5c$ 8 special m$ical /udies4 ,moreov]1 ,i w\ld urge1 t a ?or\gh /udy ( ,human ,physiology is1 9 itself1 an education broad] & m compreh5sive ?an mu* t passes "u t "n4 ,!re is no side ( ! intellect :i* x does n call into play1 no region ( human k into :i* ei!r its roots1 or its bran*es1 d n ext5d2 l ! ,atlantic betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new ,worlds1 its waves wa% ! %ores ( ! two worlds ( matt] & ( m9d2 its tribut>y /reams fl[ f bo?2 ?r\gh its wat]s1 z yet unfurr[$ by ! keel ( any ,columbus1 lies ! road1 if su* !re be1 f ! "o to ! o!r2 f> away f t ,nor?-we/ ,passage ( m]e speculation1 9 :i* s _m brave s\ls h be5 hopelessly froz5 up4 ,b :e!r ,i am "r or wrong ab\t all ?is1 ! pat5t fact ( ! limitation ( "t rema9s4 ,z ! song runs3-- 8,if a man c\ld be sure ,t 8 life w\ld endure ,= ! space ( a ?\s& long ye>s----0 he might d a numb] ( ?+s n practicable "u pres5t conditions4 ,me?uselah might1 ) mu* propriety1 h tak5 half a c5tury to get 8 doctor's degree2 & might1 v fairly1 h be5 requir$ to pass a practical exam9ation ^u ! cont5ts ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 be=e comm5c+ practice z a promis+ "y fell[ ( two hundr$1 or !reab\ts4 ,b y h f\r ye>s to d y\r "w 91 & are turn$ loose1 to save or slay1 at two or ?ree & tw5ty4 ,n[1 ,i put x to y1 :e!r y ?9k t1 :5 y come d[n to ! realities ( life--:5 y /& by ! sick-b$1 rack+ y\r bra9s = ! pr9ciples :i* %all furni% y ) ! means ( int]pret+ symptoms1 & =m+ a rational !ory ( ! condition ( y\r pati5t1 x w be satisfactory = y to f9d t ^? pr9ciples are n !re--al?\gh1 to use ! exam9ation slang :i* is un=tunately too famili> to me1 y c q easily 8give an acc\nt ( ! lead+ peculi>ities ( ! ,m>supialia10 or 8enum]ate ! *ief *>act]s ( ! ,composit10 or 8/ate ! class & ord] ( ! animal f :i* ,ca/oreum is obta9$40 ,i really d n ?9k t /ate ( ?+s w be satisfactory to y2 ,i am v sure x w n be s to y\r pati5t4 ,inde$1 ,i am s n>r[-m9d$ myself1 t if ,i _h to *oose betwe5 two physicians--"o :o did n "k :e!r a :ale is a fi% or n1 & c\ld n tell g5tian f g+]1 b did und]/& ! applications ( ! in/itutes ( m$ic9e to 8 art2 :ile ! o!r1 l ,talleyr&'s doctor1 8knew ev]y?+1 ev5 a little physic0--) all my love = bread? ( culture1 ,i %\ld assur$ly consult ! =m]4 ,x is n pleasant to incur ! suspicion ( an incl9ation to injure or depreciate p>ticul> bran*es ( k4 ,b ! fact t "o ( ^? :i* ,i %\ld h no hesitation 9 exclud+ f ! m$ical curriculum1 is t to :i* my own life has be5 specially devot$1 %\ld1 at any rate1 def5d me f ! suspicion ( be+ urg$ to ?is c\rse by any b ! v grave/ consid]ations ( ! public welf>e4 ,& ,i %\ld l1 fur!r1 to call y\r att5tion to ! important circum/ance t1 9 ?us propos+ ! exclusion ( ! /udy ( su* bran*es ( k z ,zoology & ,botany1 f ^? compulsory ^u ! m$ical /ud5t1 ,i am n1 = a mom5t1 sugge/+ _! exclusion f ! ,univ]sity4 ,i ?9k t s\nd & practical in/ruction 9 ! elem5t>y facts & broad pr9ciples ( ,biology %\ld =m "p ( ! ,arts ,curriculum3 & "h1 happily1 my !ory is 9 entire accordance ) y\r practice4 ,moreov]1 z ,i h already said1 ,i h no sort ( d\bt t1 9 view ( ! relation ( ,physical ,sci5ce to ! practical life ( ! pres5t day1 x has ! same "r z ,!ology1 ,law1 & ,m$ic9e1 to a ,faculty ( its own 9 :i* m5 %all be tra9$ to be pr(essional m5 ( sci5ce4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ,univ]sities are ! places = te*nical s*ools ( ,eng9e]+1 or ,appli$ ,*emi/ry1 or ,agriculture4 ,b !re c surely be little "q1 t in/ruction 9 ! bran*es ( ,sci5ce :i* lie at ! f\ndation ( ^! ,arts1 ( a f> m advanc$ & special "* ?an c\ld1 ) any propriety1 be includ$ 9 ! ord9>y ,arts ,curriculum1 ought to be obta9able by means ( a duly organis$ ,faculty ( ,sci5ce 9 e ,univ]sity4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( su* a ,faculty w\ld h ! additional advantage ( provid+1 9 "s measure1 = "o ( ! greate/ wants ( our "t & c\ntry4 ,i mean ! prop] support & enc\ragem5t ( orig9al rese>*4 ,! o!r day1 an emphatic fri5d ( m9e committ$ himself to ! op9ion t1 9 ,engl&1 x is bett] = a man's worldly prospects to be a drunk>d1 ?an to be smitt5 ) ! div9e dipsomania ( ! orig9al inve/igator4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k he 0 n f> wrong4 ,&1 be x obs]v$1 t ! "q is n1 :e!r su* a man %all be able to make z mu* out ( 8 abilities z 8 bro!r1 ( l ability1 :o goes into ,law1 or ,eng9e]+1 or ,comm]ce2 x is n a "q ( 8ma9ta9+ a due numb] ( saddle horses10 z ,george ,eliot some:]e puts x--x is a "q ( liv+ or />v+4 ,if a /ud5t ( my own subject %[s p[] & orig9ality1 ,i d>e n advise him to adopt a sci5tific c>e]2 =1 suppos+ he is able to ma9ta9 himself until he has atta9$ di/9ction1 ,i _c give him ! assurance t any am\nt ( pr(ici5cy 9 ! ,biological ,sci5ces w be conv]tible into1 ev5 ! mo/ mode/1 bread & *eese4 ,& ,i believe t ! case is z bad1 or p]haps worse1 ) o!r bran*es ( ,sci5ce4 ,9 ?is respect ,brita91 ^: imm5se weal? & prosp]ity hang ^u ! ?read ( ,appli$ ,sci5ce1 is f> beh9d ,france1 & inf9itely beh9d ,g]many4 ,& ! wor/ ( x is1 t x is v difficult to see "o's way to any imm$iate rem$y = ?is /ate ( affairs :i* %all be free f a t5d5cy to become worse ?an ! disease4 ,great s*emes = ! ,end[m5t ( ,rese>* h be5 propos$4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 t ,laboratories = all bran*es ( ,physical ,sci5ce1 provid$ ) e app>atus ne$$ by ! inve/igator1 %all be e/abli%$ by ! ,/ate3 & %all be accessible1 "u due conditions & regulations1 to all prop]ly qualifi$ p]sons4 ,i see no objection to ! pr9ciple ( su* a proposal4 ,if x be legitimate to sp5d great sums ( money on public ,libr>ies & public collections ( ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture1 9 aid ( ! man ( lett]s1 or ! ,arti/1 or = ! m]e sake ( af=d+ pleasure to ! g5]al public1 ,i appreh5d t x _c be illegitimate to d z mu* = ! promotion ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,to take ! l[e/ gr\nd1 z a m]e inve/m5t ( money1 ! latt] is likely to be mu* m imm$iately pr(itable4 ,to my m9d1 ! difficulty 9 ! way ( su* s*emes is n !oretical1 b practical4 ,giv5 ! laboratories1 h[ are ! inve/igators to be ma9ta9$8 ,:at c>e] is op5 to ^? :o h be5 ?us enc\rag$ to leave bread-w9n+ pursuits8 ,if !y are to be provid$ = by end[m5t1 we come back to ! ,college ,fell[%ip sy/em1 ! results ( :i*1 = ,lit]ature1 h n be5 s brilliant t "o w\ld wi% to see x ext5d$ to ,sci5ce2 unless "s mu* bett] securities1 ?an at pres5t exi/1 c be tak5 t x w fo/] real "w4 ,y "k t among ! ,bees1 x dep5ds on ! k9d ( cell 9 :i* ! egg is deposit$1 & ! quantity & quality ( food :i* is suppli$ to ! grub1 :e!r x %all turn out a busy little work] or a big idle que54 ,&1 9 ! human hive1 ! cells ( ! end[$ l>v are always t5d+ to enl>ge1 & _! food to improve1 until we get que5s1 beautiful to behold1 b :i* ga!r no honey & build no comb4 ,i d n say t ^! difficulties may n be ov]come1 b _! gravity is n to be lightly e/imat$4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 !re is "o /ep 9 ! direction ( ! end[m5t ( rese>* :i* is free f su* objections4 ,x is possible to place ! sci5tific inquir] 9 a position 9 :i* he %all h ample leisure & opportunity = orig9al "w1 & yet %all give a fair & tangible equival5t = ^? privileges4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a ,faculty ( ,sci5ce 9 e ,univ]sity1 implies t ( a correspond+ numb] ( ,pr(essorial *airs1 ! incumb5ts ( :i* ne$ n be s burd5$ ) tea*+ z to deprive !m ( ample leisure = orig9al "w4 ,i d n ?9k t x is any imp$im5t to an orig9al inve/igator to h to devote a mod]ate portion ( 8 "t to lectur+1 or sup]9t5d+ practical in/ruction4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i ?9k x may be1 & (t5 is1 a b5efit to be oblig$ to take a compreh5sive survey ( y\r subject2 or to br+ y\r results to a po9t1 & give !m1 z x 71 a tangible objective exi/5ce4 ,! besett+ s9s ( ! inve/igator are two3 ! "o is ! desire to put aside a subject1 ! g5]al be>+s ( :i* he has ma/]$ himself1 & pass on to some?+ :i* has ! attraction ( novelty2 & ! o!r1 ! desire = too mu* p]fection1 :i* leads him to 8,add & alt] _m times1 ,till all be ripe & rott520 to sp5d ! en]gies :i* %\ld be res]v$ = action1 9 :it5+ ! decks & poli%+ ! guns4 ,! obligation to produce results = ! in/ruction ( o!rs1 seems to me to be a m effectual *eck on ^! t5d5cies1 ?an ev5 ! love ( usefulness or ! ambition = fame4 ,b suppos+ ! ,pr(essorial =ces ( our ,univ]sity to be duly organis$1 !re rema9s an important "q1 relat+ to ! tea*+ p[]1 to be consid]$4 ,is ! ,pr(essorial sy/em--! sy/em1 ,i mean1 ( tea*+ 9 ! lecture-room alone1 & leav+ ! /ud5t to f9d 8 own way :5 he is outside ! lecture-room--adequate to ! wants ( le>n]s8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q1 ,i conf9e myself to my own prov9ce1 & ,i v5ture to reply = ,physical ,sci5ce1 assur$ly & und\bt$ly1 ,no4 ,z ,i h already intimat$1 practical "w 9 ! ,laboratory is absolutely indisp5sable1 & t practical "w mu/ be guid$ & sup]9t5d$ by a suffici5t /aff ( ,demon/rators1 :o are = ,sci5ce :at ,tutors are = o!r bran*es ( /udy4 ,& !re mu/ be a good supply ( su* ,demon/rators4 ,i d\bt if ! practical "w ( m ?an tw5ty /ud5ts c be prop]ly sup]9t5d$ by "o ,demon/rator4 ,if we take ! work+ day at six h\rs1 t is less ?an tw5ty m9utes apiece--n a v l>ge all[ance ( "t = help+ a dull man1 = correct+ an inaccurate "o1 or ev5 = mak+ an intellig5t /ud5t cle>ly appreh5d :at he is ab\t4 ,&1 no d\bt1 ! supply+ ( a prop] am\nt ( ?is tutorial1 practical tea*+1 is a difficulty 9 ! way ( giv+ prop] in/ruction 9 ,physical ,sci5ce 9 su* ,univ]sities z t ( ,ab]de51 :i* are devoid ( end[m5ts2 &1 unlike ! ,engli% ,univ]sities1 h no moral claim on ! funds ( ri*ly end[$ bodies to supply _! wants4 ,exam9ation--?or\gh1 se>*+ exam9ation--is an indisp5sable accompanim5t ( tea*+2 b ,i am almo/ incl9$ to commit myself to ! v het]odox proposition t x is a necess>y evil4 ,i am a v old ,exam9]1 hav+1 = "s tw5ty ye>s pa/1 be5 occupi$ ) exam9ations on a consid]able scale1 ( all sorts & conditions ( m51 & wom5 too1--f ! boys & girls ( elem5t>y s*ools to ! c&idates = ,hon\rs & ,fell[%ips 9 ! ,univ]sities4 ,i w n say t1 9 ?is case z 9 s _m o!rs1 ! adage1 t famili>ity bre$s contempt1 holds good2 b my admiration = ! exi/+ sy/em ( exam9ation & its products1 does n wax w>m] z ,i see m ( x4 ,exam9ation1 l fire1 is a good s]vant1 b a bad ma/]2 & !re seems to me to be "s dang] ( its becom+ our ma/]4 ,i by no means /& alone 9 ?is op9ion4 ,exp]i5c$ fri5ds ( m9e d n hesitate to say t /ud5ts ^: c>e] !y wat*1 appe> to !m to become det]iorat$ by ! con/ant ef=t to pass ?is or t exam9ation1 j z we he> ( m5's bra9s becom+ affect$ by ! daily necessity ( cat*+ a tra94 ,!y "w to pass1 n to "k2 & outrag$ ,sci5ce takes h] rev5ge4 ,!y d pass1 & !y don't "k4 ,i h pass$ sundry exam9ations 9 my "t1 n )\t cr$it1 & ,i confess ,i am a%am$ to ?9k h[ v little real k und]lay ! torr5t ( /uff :i* ,i 0 able to p\r out on pap]4 ,9 fact1 t :i* exam9ation1 z ord9>ily conduct$1 te/s1 is simply a man's p[] ( "w "u /imulus1 & 8 capacity = rapidly & cle>ly produc+ t :i*1 = ! "t1 he has got into 8 m9d4 ,n[1 ^! faculties are by no means to be despis$4 ,!y are ( great value 9 practical life1 & are ! mak+ ( _m an advocate1 & ( _m a s-call$ /atesman4 ,b 9 ! pursuit ( tru?1 sci5tific or o!r1 !y c\nt = v little1 unless !y are supplem5t$ by t long-cont9u$1 pati5t 8int5d+ ( ! m9d10 z ,newton phras$ x1 :i* makes v little %[ 9 ,exam9ations4 ,i imag9e t an ,exam9] :o kn[s 8 /ud5ts p]sonally1 mu/ n unfrequ5tly h f\nd himself 9 ! position ( f9d+ ,a's pap] bett] ?an ,b's1 ?\gh 8 own judgm5t tells him1 q cle>ly1 t ,b is ! man :o has ! l>g] %>e ( g5u9e capacity4 ,aga91 !re is a fallacy ab\t ,exam9]s4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t any "o :o kn[s a subject is compet5t to tea* x2 & no "o seems to d\bt t any "o :o kn[s a subject is compet5t to exam9e 9 x4 ,i believe bo? ^! op9ions to be s]i\s mi/akes3 ! latt]1 p]haps1 ! m s]i\s ( ! two4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i d n believe t any "o :o is n1 or has n be51 a tea*] is really qualifi$ to exam9e advanc$ /ud5ts4 ,& 9 ! second place1 ,exam9ation is an ,art1 & a difficult "o1 :i* has to be le>n$ l all o!r arts4 ,beg9n]s always set too difficult que/ions--p>tly because !y are afraid ( be+ suspect$ ( ignorance if !y set easy ones1 & p>tly f n und]/&+ _! bus9ess4 ,suppose t y want to te/ ! relative physical /r5g? ( a score ( "y m54 ,y d n put a hundr$weight d[n be=e !m1 & tell ea* to sw+ x r\nd4 ,if y d1 half ( !m won't be able to lift x at all1 & only "o or two w be able to p]=m ! task4 ,y mu/ give !m half a hundr$weight1 & see h[ !y manuvre t1 if y want to =m any e/imate ( ! muscul> /r5g? ( ea*4 ,s1 a practis$ ,exam9] w seek = in=mation respect+ ! m5tal vig\r & tra9+ ( c&idates f ! way 9 :i* !y deal ) que/ions easy en\gh to let reason1 memory1 & me?od h free play4 ,no d\bt1 a great deal is to be done by ! c>eful selection ( ,exam9]s1 & by ! copi\s introduction ( practical "w1 to remove ! evils insep>able f exam9ation2 b1 "u ! be/ ( circum/ances1 ,i believe t exam9ation w rema9 b an imp]fect te/ ( k1 & a /ill m imp]fect te/ ( capacity1 :ile x tells next to no?+ ab\t a man's p[] z an inve/igator4 ,!re is mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( re/rict+ ! highe/ degrees 9 ea* ,faculty1 to ^? :o h %[n evid5ce ( su* orig9al p[]1 by prosecut+ a rese>* "u ! eye ( ! ,pr(essor 9 ^: prov9ce x lies2 or1 at any rate1 "u conditions :i* %all af=d satisfactory pro( t ! "w is !irs4 ,! notion may s\nd revolution>y1 b x is really v old2 =1 ,i take x1 t x lies at ! bottom ( t pres5tation ( a !sis by ! c&idate = a doctorate1 :i* has n[1 too (t51 become little bett] ?an a matt] ( =m4 ,?us f>1 ,i h endeav\r$ to lay be=e y1 9 a too brief & imp]fect mann]1 my views respect+ ! tea*+ half--! ,magi/ri & ,reg5tes--( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,future4 ,n[ let me turn to ! le>n+ half--! ,s*ol>es4 ,if ! ,univ]sities are to be ! sanctu>ies ( ! highe/ culture ( ! c\ntry1 ^? :o w\ld ent] t sanctu>y1 mu/ n come ) unwa%$ h&s4 ,if ! good se$ is to yield its hundr$fold h>ve/1 x mu/ n be scatt]$ amid/ ! /ones ( ignorance1 or ! t>es ( undiscipl9$ indol5ce & wantonness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! soil mu/ h be5 c>efully prep>$1 & ! ,pr(essor %\ld f9d t ! op]ations ( clod-cru%+1 dra9+1 & we$+1 & ev5 a good deal ( plant+1 h be5 done by ! ,s*oolma/]4 ,t is exactly :at ! ,pr(essor does n f9d 9 any ,univ]sity 9 ! ?ree ,k+doms t ,i c he> (--! reason ( :i* /ate ( ?+s lies 9 ! extremely faulty organisation ( ! majority ( second>y ,s*ools4 ,/ud5ts come to ! ,univ]sities ill-prep>$ 9 classics & ma!matics1 n at all prep>$ 9 any?+ else2 & half _! "t is sp5t 9 le>n+ t :i* !y ought to h kn[n :5 !y came4 ,i sometimes he> x said t ! ,scotti% ,univ]sities diff] f ! ,engli%1 9 be+ to a mu* great] ext5t places ( comp>atively elem5t>y education = a y\ng] class ( /ud5ts4 ,b x w\ld seem d\btful if any great diff]5ce ( ?is k9d really exi/s2 = a high au?ority1 himself ,head ( an ,engli% ,college1 has solemnly affirm$ t3 8,elem5t>y tea*+ ( y\?s "u tw5ty is n[ ! only function p]=m$ by ! ,univ]sity20 & t ,colleges are 8bo>d+ s*ools 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( ! le>n$ languages are taught to y\?s40#f ,?is is n ! fir/ "t t ,i h quot$ ^? rem>kable ass]tions4 ,i %\ld l to engrave !m 9 public view1 = !y h n be5 refut$2 & ,i am conv9c$ t if _! import is once cle>ly appreh5d$1 !y w play no mean "p :5 ! "q ( ,univ]sity reorganisation1 ) a view to practical measures1 comes on = discussion4 ,y are n responsible = ?is anomal\s /ate ( affairs n[2 b1 z y pass into active life & acquire ! political influ5ce to :i* y\r education & y\r position %\ld entitle y1 y w become responsible = x1 unless ea* 9 8 sph]e does 8 be/ to alt] x1 by insi/+ on ! improvem5t ( second>y ,s*ools4 ,y\r pres5t responsibility is ( ano!r1 ?\gh n less s]i\s1 k9d4 ,in/itutions d n make m51 any m ?an organisation makes life2 & ev5 ! ideal ,univ]sity we h be5 dream+ ab\t w be b a sup]ior piece ( me*anism1 unless ea* /ud5t /rive aft] ! ideal ( ! ,s*ol>4 ,& t ideal1 x seems to me1 has nev] be5 bett] embodi$ ?an by ! great ,poet1 :o1 ?\gh lapp$ 9 luxury1 ! fav\rite ( a ,c\rt1 & ! idol ( 8 c\ntrym51 rema9$ ?r\gh all ! l5g? ( 8 hon\r$ ye>s a ,s*ol> 9 ,art1 9 ,sci5ce1 & 9 ,life4 8,w\ld'/ %ape a noble life8 ,!n ca/ ,no backw>d glances t[>ds ! pa/3 ,& ?\gh some:at be lo/ & gone1 ,yet d ?\ act z "o new-born4 ,:at ea* day ne$s1 t %alt ?\ ask2 ,ea* day w set its prop] task4 ,give o!r's "w j %>e ( praise2 ,n ( ?9e own ! m]its raise4 ,bew>e no fell[ man ?\ hate3 ,& s 9 ,god's h&s leave ?y fate40#g ,,iii4 ,,te*nical ,,education4 ,any c&id obs]v] ( ! ph5om5a ( mod]n society w readily admit t bores mu/ be class$ among ! enemies ( ! human race2 & a little consid]ation w probably lead him to ! fur!r admission1 t no species ( t ext5sive g5us ( noxi\s creatures is m objectionable ?an ! educational bore4 ,conv9c$ z ,i am ( ! tru? ( ?is great social g5]alisation1 x is n )\t a c]ta9 trepidation t ,i v5ture to address y on an educational topic4 ,=1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ t5 ye>s1 to g back no f>!r1 ,i am afraid to say h[ (t5 ,i h v5tur$ to speak ( education1 f t giv5 9 ! prim>y s*ools to t :i* is to be _h 9 ! univ]sities & m$ical colleges2 inde$1 ! only "p ( ?is wide region into :i*1 z yet1 ,i h n adv5tur$ is t into :i* ,i propose to intrude to-day4 ,?us1 ,i _c b be aw>e t ,i am dang]\sly ne> becom+ ! ?+ :i* all m5 fe> & fly4 ,b ,i h delib]ately elect$ to run ! risk4 ,= :5 y did me ! hon\r to ask me to address y1 an unexpect$ circum/ance _h l$ me to occupy myself s]i\sly ) ! "q ( te*nical education2 & ,i _h acquir$ ! conviction t !re are few subjects respect+ :i* x is m important = all classes ( ! community to h cle> & j ideas ?an ?is2 :ile1 c]ta9ly1 !re is none :i* is m des]v+ ( att5tion by ! ,work+ ,m5's ,club & ,in/itute ,union4 ,x is n = me to express an op9ion :e!r ! consid]ations1 :i* ,i am ab\t to submit to y1 w be prov$ by exp]i5ce to be j or n2 b ,i w d my be/ to make !m cle>4 ,among ! _m good ?+s to be f\nd 9 ,"l ,bacon's works1 none is m full ( wisdom ?an ! say+ t 8tru? m easily comes out ( error ?an out ( confusion40 ,cle> & consecutive wrong-?9k+ is ! next be/ ?+ to "r-?9k+2 s t1 if ,i succe$ 9 cle>+ y\r ideas on ?is topic1 ,i %all h wa/$ nei!r y\r "t nor my own4 8,te*nical education10 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! t]m is ord9>ily us$1 & 9 :i* ,i am n[ employ+ x1 means t sort ( education :i* is specially adapt$ to ! ne$s ( m5 ^: bus9ess 9 life x is to pursue "s k9d ( h&icraft2 x is1 9 fact1 a f9e ,greco-,lat9 equival5t = :at 9 good v]nacul> ,engli% w\ld be call$ 8! tea*+ ( h&icrafts40 ,& probably1 at ?is /age ( our progress1 x may occur to _m ( y to ?9k ( ! /ory ( ! cobbl] & 8 la/1 & to say to y\rselves1 ?\gh y w be too polite to put ! "q op5ly to me1 ,:at does ! speak] "k practically ab\t ?is matt]8 ,:at is 8 h&icraft8 ,i ?9k ! "q is a v prop] "o1 & unless ,i 7 prep>$ to answ] x1 ,i hope satisfactorily1 ,i %\ld h *os5 "s o!r !me4 ,! fact is1 ,i am1 & h be51 any "t ^! ?irty ye>s1 a man :o works ) 8 h&s--a h&icraftsman4 ,i d n say ?is 9 ! broadly metaphorical s5se 9 :i* f9e g5tlem51 ) all ! delicacy ( ,agag ab\t !m1 trip to ! hu/+s ab\t election "t1 & prote/ t !y too are work+ m54 ,i really mean my words to be tak5 9 _! direct1 lit]al1 & /raight=w>d s5se4 ,9 fact1 if ! mo/ nimble-f+]$ wat*mak] among y w come to my work%op1 he may set me to put a wat* toge!r1 & ,i w set him to dissect1 say1 a blackbeetle's n]ves4 ,i d n wi% to vaunt1 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ,i %all manage my job to 8 satisfaction soon] ?an he w d 8 piece ( "w to m9e4 ,9 tru?1 anatomy1 :i* is my h&icraft1 is "o ( ! mo/ difficult k9ds ( me*anical lab\r1 involv+1 z x does1 n only lightness & dext]ity ( h&1 b %>p eyes & endless pati5ce4 ,& y mu/ n suppose t my p>ticul> bran* ( sci5ce is especially di/+ui%$ = ! dem& x makes ^u skill 9 manipulation4 ,a simil> requirem5t is made ^u all /ud5ts ( physical sci5ce4 ,! a/ronom]1 ! electrician1 ! *emi/1 ! m9]alogi/1 ! botani/1 are con/antly call$ ^u to p]=m manual op]ations ( exce$+ delicacy4 ,! progress ( all bran*es ( physical sci5ce dep5ds ^u obs]vation1 or on t artificial obs]vation :i* is t]m$ exp]im5t1 ( "o k9d or ano!r2 &1 ! f>!r we advance1 ! m practical difficulties surr\nd ! inve/igation ( ! conditions ( ! problems (f]$ to u2 s t mobile & yet /eady h&s1 guid$ by cle> vision1 are m & m 9 reque/ 9 ! work%ops ( sci5ce4 ,inde$1 x has /ruck me t "o ( ! gr\nds ( t sympa?y betwe5 ! h&icraftsm5 ( ?is c\ntry & ! m5 ( sci5ce1 by :i* x has s (t5 be5 my good =tune to pr(it1 may1 p]haps1 lie "h4 ,y feel & we feel t1 among ! s-call$ le>n$ folks1 we alone are br\ght into contact ) tangible facts 9 ! way t y are4 ,y "k well en\gh t x is "o ?+ to write a hi/ory ( *airs 9 g5]al1 or to address a poem to a ?rone1 or to speculate ab\t ! occult p[]s ( ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet]2 & q ano!r ?+ to make ) y\r own h&s a v]itable *air1 t w /& fair & squ>e1 & af=d a safe & satisfactory re/+-place to a frame ( s5sitiv5ess & solidity4 ,s x is ) u1 :5 we look out f our sci5tific h&icrafts ^u ! do+s ( our le>n$ bre?r51 ^: "w is untrammell$ by any?+ 8base & me*anical10 z h&icrafts us$ to be call$ :5 ! _w 0 y\ng]1 &1 9 "s respects1 less wise ?an n[4 ,we take ! greate/ int]e/ 9 _! pursuits2 we are edifi$ by _! hi/ories & are *>m$ ) _! poems1 :i* sometimes illu/rate s rem>kably ! p[]s ( man's imag9ation2 "s ( u admire & ev5 humbly try to foll[ !m 9 _! high philosophical excursions1 ?\gh we "k ! risk ( be+ snubb$ by ! inquiry :e!r grovell+ dissectors ( monkeys & blackbeetles c hope to ent] into ! empyreal k+dom ( speculation4 ,b /ill we feel t our bus9ess is diff]5t2 humbl] if y w1 ?\gh ! dim9ution ( dignity is1 p]haps1 comp5sat$ by ! increase ( reality2 & t we1 l y1 h to get our "w done 9 a region :]e little avails1 if ! p[] ( deal+ ) practical tangible facts is want+4 ,y "k t clev] talk t\*+ jo9]y w n make a *air2 & ,i "k t x is ( ab\t z mu* value 9 ! physical sci5ces4 ,"m ,nature is s]5ely obdurate to honey$ words2 only ^? :o und]/& ! ways ( ?+s1 & c sil5tly & effectually h&le !m1 get any good out ( h]4 ,& n[1 hav+1 z ,i hope1 ju/ifi$ my assumption ( a place among h&icraftsm51 & put myself "r ) y z to my qualification1 f practical k1 to speak ab\t te*nical education1 ,i w proce$ to lay be=e y ! results ( my exp]i5ce z a tea*] ( a h&icraft1 & tell y :at sort ( education ,i %\ld ?9k be/ adapt$ = a boy :om "o want$ to make a pr(essional anatomi/4 ,i %\ld say1 9 ! fir/ place1 let him h a good ,engli% elem5t>y education4 ,i d n mean t he %all be able to pass 9 su* & su* a /&>d--t may or may n be an equival5t expression--b t 8 tea*+ %all h be5 su* z to h giv5 him comm& ( ! common implem5ts ( le>n+ & to h creat$ a desire = ! ?+s ( ! und]/&+4 ,fur!r1 ,i %\ld l him to "k ! elem5ts ( physical sci5ce1 & especially ( physics & *emi/ry1 & ,i %\ld take c>e t ?is elem5t>y k 0 real4 ,i %\ld l my aspirant to be able to read a sci5tific treatise 9 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 or ,g]man1 because an enorm\s am\nt ( anatomical k is lock$ up 9 ^? languages4 ,& especially1 ,i %\ld require "s ability to draw--,i d n mean arti/ically1 = t is a gift :i* may be cultivat$ b _c be le>n$1 b ) fair accuracy4 ,i w n say t ev]ybody c le>n ev5 ?is2 = ! negative developm5t ( ! faculty ( draw+ 9 "s p is almo/ miracul\s4 ,/ill ev]ybody1 or almo/ ev]ybody1 c le>n to write2 &1 z writ+ is a k9d ( draw+1 ,i suppose t ! majority ( ! p :o say !y _c draw1 & give copi\s evid5ce ( ! accuracy ( _! ass]tion1 c\ld draw1 aft] a fa%ion1 if !y tri$4 ,& t 8aft] a fa%ion0 w\ld be bett] ?an no?+ = my purposes4 ,above all ?+s1 let my imag9>y pupil h pres]v$ ! fre%ness & vig\r ( y\? 9 8 m9d z well z 8 body4 ,! educational abom9ation ( desolation ( ! pres5t day is ! /imulation ( "y p to "w at high pressure by incessant competitive exam9ations4 ,"s wise man 7:o probably 0 n an e>ly ris]7 has said ( e>ly ris]s 9 g5]al1 t !y are conceit$ all ! =5oon & /upid all ! aft]noon4 ,n[ :e!r ?is is true ( e>ly ris]s 9 ! common acceptation ( ! ^w or n1 ,i w n pret5d to say2 b x is too (t5 true ( ! unhappy *ildr5 :o are =c$ to rise too e>ly 9 _! classes4 ,!y are conceit$ all ! =5oon ( life1 & /upid all its aft]noon4 ,! vig\r & fre%ness1 :i* %\ld h be5 /or$ up = ! purposes ( ! h>d /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 practical life1 h be5 wa%$ out ( !m by precoci\s m5tal debau*]y--by book gluttony & lesson bibb+4 ,_! faculties are worn out by ! /ra9 put ^u _! call[ bra9s1 & !y are demoralis$ by wor?less *ildi% triumphs be=e ! real "w ( life beg9s4 ,i h no compassion = slo?1 b y\? has m ne$ = intellectual re/ ?an age2 & ! *e]fulness1 ! t5acity ( purpose1 ! p[] ( "w :i* make _m a successful man :at he is1 mu/ (t5 be plac$ to ! cr$it1 n ( 8 h\rs ( indu/ry1 b to t ( 8 h\rs ( idl5ess1 9 boyhood4 ,ev5 ! h>de/ work] ( u all1 if he has to deal ) any?+ above m]e details1 w d well1 n[ & aga91 to let 8 bra9 lie fall[ = a space4 ,! next crop ( ?\ght w c]ta9ly be all ! full] 9 ! e> & ! we$s few]4 ,?is is ! sort ( education :i* ,i %\ld l any "o :o 0 go+ to devote himself to my h&icraft to und]go4 ,z to kn[+ any?+ ab\t anatomy itself1 on ! :ole ,i w\ld r he left t alone until he took x up s]i\sly 9 my laboratory4 ,x is h>d "w en\gh to tea*1 & ,i %\ld n l to h sup]add$ to t ! possible ne$ ( untea*+4 ,well1 b1 y w say1 ?is is ,hamlet ) ! ,pr9ce ( ,d5m>k left out2 y\r 8te*nical education0 is simply a good education1 ) m att5tion to physical sci5ce1 to draw+1 & to mod]n languages1 ?an is common1 & !re is no?+ specially te*nical ab\t x4 ,exactly s2 t rem>k takes u /raight to ! he>t ( :at ,i h to say2 :i* is1 t1 9 my judgm5t1 ! prep>atory education ( ! h&icraftsman ought to h no?+ ( :at is ord9>ily und]/ood by 8te*nical0 ab\t x4 ,! work%op is ! only real s*ool = a h&icraft4 ,! education :i* prec$es t ( ! work%op %\ld be entirely devot$ to ! /r5g!n+ ( ! body1 ! elevation ( ! moral faculties1 & ! cultivation ( ! intellig5ce2 &1 especially1 to ! imbu+ ! m9d ) a broad & cle> view ( ! laws ( t natural _w ) ! compon5ts ( :i* ! h&icraftsman w h to deal4 ,&1 ! e>li] ! p]iod ( life at :i* ! h&icraftsman has to ent] into actual practice ( 8 craft1 ! m important is x t he %\ld devote ! preci\s h\rs ( prelim9>y education to ?+s ( ! m9d1 :i* h no direct & imm$iate be>+ on 8 bran* ( indu/ry1 ?\gh !y lie at ! f\ndation ( all realities4 ,n[ let me apply ! lessons ,i h le>n$ f my h&icraft to y\rs4 ,if any ( y 7 oblig$ to take an appr5tice1 ,i suppose y w\ld l to get a good heal?y lad1 ready & will+ to le>n1 h&y1 & ) 8 f+]s n all ?umbs1 z ! say+ goes4 ,y w\ld l t he %\ld read1 write1 & ciph] well2 &1 if y 7 an intellig5t ma/]1 & y\r trade involv$ ! application ( sci5tific pr9ciples1 z s _m trades d1 y w\ld l him to "k en\gh ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( sci5ce to und]/& :at 0 go+ on4 ,i suppose t1 9 n9e trades out ( t51 x w\ld be useful if he c\ld draw2 & _m ( y mu/ h lam5t$ y\r inability to f9d out = y\rselves :at =eign]s are do+ or h done4 ,s t "s k ( ,fr5* & ,g]man might1 9 _m cases1 be v desirable4 ,s x appe>s to me t :at y want is pretty mu* :at ,i want2 & ! practical "q is1 ,h[ y are to get :at y ne$1 "u ! actual limitations & conditions ( life ( h&icraftsm5 9 ?is c\ntry8 ,i ?9k ,i %all h ! ass5t bo? ( ! employ]s ( lab\r & ( ! employ$ z to "o ( ^! limitations2 :i* is1 t no s*eme ( te*nical education is likely to be s]i\sly ent]ta9$ :i* w delay ! entrance ( boys into work+ life1 or prev5t !m f contribut+ t[>ds _! own support1 z e>ly z !y d at pres5t4 ,n only d ,i believe t any su* s*eme c\ld n be c>ri$ out1 b ,i d\bt its desirabl5ess1 ev5 if x 7 practicable4 ,! p]iod betwe5 *ildhood & manhood is full ( difficulties & dang]s1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances2 &1 ev5 among ! well-to-d1 :o c af=d to surr\nd _! *ildr5 ) ! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 examples ( a c>e] ru9$1 be=e x has well begun1 are b too frequ5t4 ,moreov]1 ^? :o h to live by lab\r mu/ be %ap$ to lab\r e>ly4 ,! colt t is left at grass too long makes b a sorry draught-horse1 ?\gh 8 way ( life does n br+ him )9 ! rea* ( artificial temptations4 ,p]haps ! mo/ valuable result ( all education is ! ability to make y\rself d ! ?+ y h to d1 :5 x ought to be done1 :e!r y l x or n2 x is ! fir/ lesson t ought to be le>n$2 &1 h[ev] e>ly a man's tra9+ beg9s1 x is probably ! la/ lesson t he le>ns ?or\ghly4 ,!re is ano!r reason1 to :i* ,i h already adv]t$1 & :i* ,i w\ld reit]ate1 :y any ext5sion ( ! "t devot$ to ord9>y s*ool-"w is undesirable4 ,9 ! newly awak5$ zeal = education1 we run "s risk ( =gett+ ! tru? t :ile "u-in/ruction is a bad ?+1 ov]-in/ruction may possibly be a worse4 ,success 9 any k9d ( practical life is n dep5d5t solely1 or inde$ *iefly1 ^u k4 ,ev5 9 ! le>n$ pr(essions1 k1 alone1 is ( less consequ5ce ?an p are apt to suppose4 ,&1 if mu* exp5diture ( bodily en]gy is involv$ 9 ! day's "w1 m]e k is ( /ill less importance :5 weigh$ aga9/ ! probable co/ ( its acquirem5t4 ,to d a fair day's "w ) 8 h&s1 a man ne$s1 above all ?+s1 heal?1 /r5g?1 & ! pati5ce & *e]fulness :i*1 if !y d n always accompany ^! bless+s1 c h>dly 9 ! nature ( ?+s exi/ )\t !m2 to :i* we mu/ add hone/y ( purpose & a pride 9 do+ :at is done well4 ,a good h&icraftsman c get on v well )\t g5ius1 b he w f>e badly )\t a reasonable %>e ( t :i* is a m useful possession = workaday life1 namely1 "m-wit2 & he w be all ! bett] = a real k1 h[ev] limit$1 ( ! ord9>y laws ( nature1 & especially ( ^? :i* apply to 8 own bus9ess4 ,in/ruction c>ri$ s f> z to help ! s*ol> to turn 8 /ore ( "m-wit to acc\nt1 to acquire a fair am\nt ( s\nd elem5t>y k1 & to use 8 h&s & eyes2 :ile leav+ him fre%1 vigor\s1 & ) a s5se ( ! dignity ( 8 own call+1 :atev] x may be1 if fairly & hone/ly pursu$1 _c fail to be ( invaluable s]vice to all ^? :o come "u its influ5ce4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if s*ool in/ruction is c>ri$ s f> z to enc\rage booki%ness2 if ! ambition ( ! s*ol> is direct$1 n to ! ga9+ ( k1 b to ! be+ able to pass exam9ations successfully2 especially if enc\ragem5t is giv5 to ! mis*iev\s delusion t bra9work is1 9 itself1 & ap>t f its quality1 a nobl] or m respectable ?+ ?an h&iwork--su* education may be a deadly mis*ief to ! workman1 & lead to ! rapid ru9 ( ! indu/ries x is int5d$ to s]ve4 ,i "k t ,i am express+ ! op9ion ( "s ( ! l>ge/ z well z ! mo/ enlight5$ employ]s ( lab\r1 :5 ,i say t !re is a real dang] t1 f ! extreme ( no education1 we may run to ! o!r extreme ( ov]-education ( h&icraftsm54 ,& ,i appreh5d t :at is true = ! ord9>y h&-work] is true = ! =eman4 ,activity1 probity1 k ( m51 ready "m-wit1 supplem5t$ by a good k ( ! g5]al pr9ciples involv$ 9 8 bus9ess1 are ! mak+ ( a good =eman4 ,if he possess ^! qualities1 no am\nt ( le>n+ w fit him bett] = 8 position2 :ile ! c\rse ( life & ! habit ( m9d requir$ = ! atta9m5t ( su* le>n+ may1 9 v>i\s direct & indirect ways1 act z direct disqualifications = x4 ,keep+ 9 m9d1 !n1 t ! two ?+s to be avoid$ are1 ! delay ( ! entrance ( boys into practical life1 & ! sub/itution ( exhau/$ book-worms = %rewd1 h&y m51 9 our works & factories1 let u consid] :at may be wisely & safely attempt$ 9 ! way ( improv+ ! education ( ! h&icraftsman4 ,fir/1 ,i look to ! elem5t>y s*ools n[ happily e/abli%$ all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,i am n go+ to criticise or f9d fault ) !m2 on ! contr>y1 _! e/abli%m5t seems to me to be ! mo/ important & ! mo/ b5eficial result ( ! corporate action ( ! p 9 our day4 ,a great deal is said ( ,briti% int]e/s j n[1 b1 dep5d ^u x1 t no ,ea/]n difficulty ne$s our int]v5tion z a nation s s]i\sly1 z ! putt+ d[n bo? ! ,ba%i-,baz\ks ( ignorance & ! ,cossacks ( sect>ianism at home4 ,:at has already be5 a*iev$ 9 ^! directions is a great ?+2 y mu/ h liv$ "s "t to "k h[ great4 ,an education1 bett] 9 its processes1 bett] 9 its sub/ance1 ?an t :i* 0 accessible to ! great majority ( well-to-d ,britons a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 is n[ obta9able by e *ild 9 ! l&4 ,let any man ( my age g into an ord9>y elem5t>y s*ool1 &1 unless he 0 unusually =tunate 9 8 y\?1 he w tell y t ! educational me?od1 ! intellig5ce1 pati5ce1 & good temp] on ! tea*]'s "p1 :i* are n[ at ! disposal ( ! v]ie/ waifs & wa/rels ( society1 are ?+s ( :i* he _h no exp]i5ce 9 ^? co/ly middle-class s*ools1 :i* 7 s +5i\sly contriv$ z to comb9e all ! evils & %ortcom+s ( ! great public s*ools ) none ( _! advantages4 ,_m a man1 ^: s-call$ education co/ a good deal ( valuable money & occupi$ _m a ye> ( invaluable "t1 leaves ! inspection ( a well-ord]$ elem5t>y s*ool dev\tly wi%+ t1 9 8 "y days1 he _h _h ! *ance ( be+ z well taught z ^! boys & girls are4 ,b :ile1 9 view ( su* an advance 9 g5]al education1 ,i will+ly obey ! natural impulse to be ?ankful1 ,i am n will+ altoge!r to re/4 ,i want to see in/ruction 9 elem5t>y sci5ce & 9 art m ?or\ghly incorporat$ 9 ! educational sy/em4 ,at pres5t1 x is be+ adm9i/]$ by driblets1 z if x 7 a pot5t m$ic9e1 8a few drops to be tak5 occasionally 9 a teaspoon40 ,e ye> ,i notice t t e>ne/ & untir+ fri5d ( y\rs & ( m9e1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 /irs up ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! day 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ?is subject2 & also t1 e ye>1 he1 & ! few memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 su* z ,mr4 ,playfair1 :o sympa?ise ) him1 are met ) expressions ( w>m admiration = sci5ce 9 g5]al1 & reasons at l>ge = do+ no?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,b n[ t ,mr4 ,=/]1 to :om ! education ( ! c\ntry owes s mu*1 has ann\nc$ 8 conv]sion to ! "r fai?1 ,i beg9 to hope t1 soon] or lat]1 ?+s w m5d4 ,i h giv5 :at ,i believe to be a good reason = ! assumption1 t ! keep+ at s*ool ( boys1 :o are to be h&icraftsm51 beyond ! age ( ?irte5 or f\rte5 is nei!r practicable nor desirable2 &1 z x is q c]ta91 t1 ) ju/ice to o!r & no less important bran*es ( education1 no?+ m ?an ! rudim5ts ( sci5ce & art tea*+ c be introduc$ into elem5t>y s*ools1 we mu/ seek else:]e = a supplem5t>y tra9+ 9 ^! subjects1 &1 if ne$ be1 9 =eign languages1 :i* may g on aft] ! workman's life has begun4 ,! means ( acquir+ ! sci5tific & arti/ic "p ( ?is tra9+ already exi/s 9 full work+ ord]1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 ! classes ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t1 :i* are1 = ! mo/ "p1 held 9 ! ev5+1 s z to be accessible to all :o *oose to avail !mselves ( !m aft] work+ h\rs4 ,! great advantage ( ^! classes is t !y br+ ! means ( in/ruction to ! doors ( ! factories & work%ops2 t !y are no artificial creations1 b by _! v exi/5ce prove ! desire ( ! p = !m2 & f9ally1 t !y admit ( indef9ite developm5t 9 proportion z !y are want$4 ,i h (t5 express$ ! op9ion1 & ,i repeat x "h1 t1 dur+ ! eighte5 ye>s !y h be5 9 exi/5ce1 ^! classes h done incalculable good2 & ,i c say1 ( my own k1 t ! ,dep>tm5t sp>es no pa9s & tr\ble 9 try+ to increase _! usefulness & ensure ! s\ndness ( _! "w4 ,no "o kn[s bett] ?an my fri5d ,colonel ,donnelly1 to ^: cle> views & great adm9i/rative abilities s mu* ( ! successful work+ ( ! sci5ce classes is due1 t !re is mu* to be done be=e ! sy/em c be said to be ?or\ghly satisfactory4 ,! in/ruction giv5 ne$s to be made m sy/ematic & especially m practical2 ! tea*]s are ( v unequal excell5ce1 & n a few /& mu* 9 ne$ ( in/ruction !mselves1 n only 9 ! subjects :i* !y tea*1 b 9 ! objects = :i* !y tea*4 ,i d>esay y h he>d ( t proce$+1 reprobat$ by all true sportsm51 :i* is call$ 8%oot+ = ! pot40 ,well1 !re is su* a ?+ z 8tea*+ = ! pot0--tea*+1 t is1 n t y\r s*ol> may "k1 b t he may c\nt = paym5t among ^? :o pass ! exam9ation2 & !re are "s tea*]s1 happily n _m1 :o h yet to le>n t ! exam9]s ( ! ,dep>tm5t reg>d !m z poa*]s ( ! wor/ description4 ,)\t presum+ 9 any way to speak 9 ! "n ( ! ,dep>tm5t1 ,i ?9k ,i may say1 z a matt] :i* has come "u my own obs]vation1 t x is do+ its be/ to meet all ^! difficulties4 ,x sy/ematically promotes practical in/ruction 9 ! classes2 x af=ds facilities to tea*]s :o desire to le>n _! bus9ess ?or\ghly2 & x is always ready to aid 9 ! suppression ( pot-tea*+4 ,all ?is is1 z y may imag9e1 highly satisfactory to me4 ,i see t spread ( sci5tific education1 ab\t :i* ,i h s (t5 p]mitt$ myself to worry ! public1 become1 = all practical purposes1 an accompli%$ fact4 ,grateful z ,i am = all t is n[ be+ done1 9 ! same direction1 9 our high] s*ools & univ]sities1 ,i h ceas$ to h any anxiety ab\t ! weal?i] classes4 ,sci5tific k is spread+ by :at ! al*emi/s call$ a 8di/illatio p] asc5sum20 & no?+ n[ c prev5t x f cont9u+ to di/il upw>ds & p]meate ,engli% society1 until1 9 ! remote future1 !re %all be no memb] ( ! legislature :o does n "k z mu* ( sci5ce z an elem5t>y s*ool-boy2 & ev5 ! heads ( h\ses 9 our v5]able seats ( le>n+ %all ackn[l$ge t natural sci5ce is n m]ely a sort ( ,univ]sity back-door ?r\gh :i* inf]ior m5 may get at _! degrees4 ,p]haps ?is apocalyptic vision is a little wild2 & ,i feel ,i ought to ask p>don = an outbreak ( en?usiasm1 :i*1 ,i assure y1 is n my commone/ fail+4 ,i h said t ! ,gov]nm5t is already do+ a great deal 9 aid ( t k9d ( te*nical education = h&icraftsm5 :i*1 to my m9d1 is alone wor? seek+4 ,p]haps x is do+ z mu* z x ought to d1 ev5 9 ?is direction4 ,c]ta9ly !re is ano!r k9d ( help ( ! mo/ important "*1 = :i* we may look else:]e ?an to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! great mass ( mank9d h nei!r ! lik+1 nor ! aptitude1 = ei!r lit]>y1 or sci5tific1 or arti/ic pursuits2 nor1 inde$1 = excell5ce ( any sort4 ,_! ambition is to g ?r\gh life ) mod]ate ex]tion & a fair %>e ( ease1 do+ common ?+s 9 a common way4 ,& a great bless+ & com=t x is t ! majority ( m5 are ( ?is m9d2 = ! majority ( ?+s to be done are common ?+s1 & are q well en\gh done :5 commonly done4 ,! great end ( life is n k b action4 ,:at m5 ne$ is1 z mu* k z !y c assimilate & organise into a basis = action2 give !m m & x may become injuri\s4 ,"o kn[s p :o are z heavy & /upid f undige/$ le>n+ z o!rs are f ov]-fulness ( meat & dr9k4 ,b a small p]c5tage ( ! population is born ) t mo/ excell5t quality1 a desire = excell5ce1 or ) special aptitudes ( "s sort or ano!r2 ,mr4 ,galton tells u t n m ?an "o 9 f\r ?\s& may be expect$ to atta9 di/9ction1 & n m ?an "o 9 a million "s %>e ( t int5sity ( in/9ctive aptitude1 t burn+ ?ir/ = excell5ce1 :i* is call$ g5ius4 ,n[1 ! mo/ important object ( all educational s*emes is to cat* ^! exceptional p1 & turn !m to acc\nt = ! good ( society4 ,no man c say :]e !y w crop up2 l _! opposites1 ! fools & knaves1 !y appe> sometimes 9 ! palace1 & sometimes 9 ! hovel2 b ! great ?+ to be aim$ at1 ,i 0 almo/ go+ to say ! mo/ important end ( all social arrangem5ts1 is to keep ^! glori\s sports ( ,nature f be+ ei!r corrupt$ by luxury or />v$ by pov]ty1 & to put !m into ! position 9 :i* !y c d ! "w = :i* !y are specially fitt$4 ,?us1 if a lad 9 an elem5t>y s*ool %[$ signs ( special capacity1 ,i w\ld try to provide him ) ! means ( cont9u+ 8 education aft] 8 daily work+ life _h begun2 if1 9 ! ev5+ classes1 he develop$ special capabilities 9 ! direction ( sci5ce or ( draw+1 ,i w\ld try to secure him an appr5tice%ip to "s trade 9 :i* ^? p[]s w\ld h applicability4 ,or1 if he *ose to become a tea*]1 he %\ld h ! *ance ( s do+4 ,f9ally1 to ! lad ( g5ius1 ! "o 9 a million1 ,i w\ld make accessible ! highe/ & mo/ complete tra9+ ! c\ntry c\ld af=d4 ,:atev] t might co/1 dep5d ^u x ! inve/m5t w\ld be a good "o4 ,i weigh my words :5 ,i say t if ! nation c\ld pur*ase a pot5tial ,watt1 or ,davy1 or ,f>aday1 at ! co/ ( a hundr$ ?\s& p\nds d[n1 he w\ld be dirt-*eap at ! money4 ,x is a m]e commonplace & ev]yday piece ( k1 t :at ^! ?ree m5 did has produc$ untold millions ( weal?1 9 ! n>r[e/ economical s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!re=e1 z ! sum & cr[n ( :at is to be done = te*nical education1 ,i look to ! provision ( a ma*9]y = w9n[+ out ! capacities & giv+ !m scope4 ,:5 ,i 0 a memb] ( ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,i said1 9 ! c\rse ( a spee*1 t our bus9ess 0 to provide a ladd]1 rea*+ f ! gutt] to ! univ]sity1 along :i* e *ild 9 ! ?ree k+doms %\ld h ! *ance ( climb+ z f> z he 0 fit to g4 ,?is phrase 0 s mu* b&i$ ab\t at ! "t1 t1 to say tru?1 ,i am r tir$ ( x2 b ,i "k ( no o!r :i* s fully expresses my belief1 n only ab\t education 9 g5]al1 b ab\t te*nical education 9 p>ticul>4 ,! ess5tial f\ndation ( all ! organisation ne$$ = ! promotion ( education among h&icraftsm5 w1 ,i believe1 exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 :5 e work+ lad c feel t society has done z mu* z lies 9 its p[] to remove all ne$less & artificial ob/acles f 8 pa?2 t !re is no b>ri]1 except su* z exi/s 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 betwe5 himself & :atev] place 9 ! social organisation he is fitt$ to fill2 &1 m ?an ?is1 t1 if he has capacity & indu/ry1 a h& is held out to help him along any pa? :i* is wisely & hone/ly *os54 ,i h endeav\r$ to po9t out to y t a great deal ( su* an organisation already exi/s2 & ,i am glad to be able to add t !re is a good prospect t :at is want+ w1 be=e long1 be supplem5t$4 ,^? p[]ful & weal?y societies1 ! liv]y companies ( ! ,city ( ,london1 rememb]+ t !y are ! heirs & repres5tatives ( ! trade guilds ( ! ,middle ,ages1 are int]e/+ !mselves 9 ! "q4 ,s f> back z #ahgb ! ,society ( ,arts organis$ a sy/em ( in/ruction 9 ! te*nology ( arts & manufactures1 = p]sons actually employ$ 9 factories & work%ops1 :o desir$ to ext5d & improve _! k ( ! !ory & practice ( _! p>ticul> avocations2#h & a consid]able subsidy1 9 aid ( ! ef=ts ( ! ,society1 0 lib]ally grant$ by ! ,clo?work]s' ,company4 ,we h "h ! hopeful comm5cem5t ( a rational organisation = ! promotion ( excell5ce among h&icraftsm54 ,q rec5tly1 o!r ( ! liv]y companies h det]m9$ ^u giv+ _! p[]ful1 &1 inde$1 almo/ b\ndless1 aid to ! improvem5t ( ! tea*+ ( h&icrafts4 ,!y h already gone s f> z to appo9t a committee to act = !m2 & ,i betray no confid5ce 9 add+ t1 "s "t s9ce1 ! committee s\ght ! advice & assi/ance ( sev]al p]sons1 myself among ! numb]4 ,( c\rse ,i _c tell y :at may be ! result ( ! delib]ations ( ! committee2 b we may all fairly hope t1 be=e long1 /eps :i* w h a weighty & a la/+ influ5ce on ! gr[? & spread ( s\nd & ?or\gh tea*+ among ! h&icraftsm5#i ( ?is c\ntry w be tak5 by ! liv]y companies ( ,london4 ,?is hope has be5 fully ju/ifi$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,c[p] ,/reet ,s*ools1 & t ( ! ,c5tral ,in/itution ( ! ,city & ,guilds ( ,london ,in/itute4 ,septemb] #ahha4 ,,iv4 ,,on ,,elem5t>y ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,physiology4 ,! *ief gr\nd ^u :i* ,i v5ture to recomm5d t ! tea*+ ( elem5t>y physiology %\ld =m an ess5tial "p ( any organis$ c\rse ( in/ruction 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to dome/ic economy1 is1 t a k ( ev5 ! elem5ts ( ?is subject supplies ^? conceptions ( ! con/itution & mode ( action ( ! liv+ body1 & ( ! nature ( heal? & disease1 :i* prep>e ! m9d to receive in/ruction f sanit>y sci5ce4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 em95tly desirable t ! hygi5i/ & ! physician %\ld f9d some?+ 9 ! public m9d to :i* !y c appeal2 "s little /ock ( univ]sally ackn[l$g$ tru?s1 :i* may s]ve z a f\ndation = _! w>n+s1 & pr$ispose t[>ds an intellig5t ob$i5ce to _! recomm5dations4 ,li/5+ to ord9>y talk ab\t heal?1 disease1 & dea?1 "o is (t5 l$ to ent]ta9 a d\bt :e!r ! speak]s believe t ! c\rse ( natural causation runs z smoo?ly 9 ! human body z else:]e4 ,indications are too (t5 obvi\s ( a /rong1 ?\gh p]haps an unav[$ & half unconsci\s1 "u-curr5t ( op9ion t ! ph5om5a ( life are n only widely diff]5t1 9 _! sup]ficial *>act]s & 9 _! practical importance1 f o!r natural ev5ts1 b t !y d n foll[ 9 t def9ite ord] :i* *>act]ises ! succession ( all o!r occurr5ces1 & ! /atem5t ( :i* we call a law ( nature4 ,h5ce1 ,i ?9k1 arises ! want ( he>t9ess ( belief 9 ! value ( k respect+ ! laws ( heal? & disease1 & ( ! =esight & c>e to :i* k is ! ess5tial prelim9>y1 :i* is s (t5 noticeable2 & a correspond+ laxity & c>elessness 9 practice1 ! results ( :i* are too frequ5tly lam5table4 ,x is said t among ! _m religi\s sects ( ,russia1 !re is "o :i* holds t all disease is br\ght ab\t by ! direct & special int]f]5ce ( ! ,deity1 & :i*1 !re=e1 looks ) repugnance ^u bo? prev5tive & curative measures z alike blasphem\s int]f]5ces ) ! w ( ,god4 ,among ourselves1 ! 8,peculi> ,p0 are1 ,i believe1 ! only p]sons :o hold ! l doctr9e 9 its integrity1 & c>ry x out ) logical rig\r4 ,b _m ( u are old en\gh to recollect t ! adm9i/ration ( *lor(orm 9 assuagem5t ( ! pangs ( *ildbir? 01 at its introduction1 /r5u\sly resi/$ ^u simil> gr\nds4 ,i am n sure t ! feel+1 ( :i* ! doctr9e to :i* ,i h ref]r$ is ! full expression1 does n lie at ! bottom ( ! m9ds ( a great _m p :o yet w\ld vigor\sly object to give a v]bal ass5t to ! doctr9e itself4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! ma9 po9t is t suffici5t k has n[ be5 acquir$ ( vital ph5om5a1 to ju/ify ! ass]tion1 t ! notion1 t !re is any?+ exceptional ab\t ^! ph5om5a1 receives n a p>ticle ( support f any kn[n fact4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is a va/ & an increas+ mass ( evid5ce t bir? & dea?1 heal? & disease1 are z mu* p>ts ( ! ord9>y /ream ( ev5ts z ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 or ! *anges ( ! moon2 & t ! liv+ body is a me*anism1 ! prop] work+ ( :i* we t]m heal?2 its di/urbance1 disease2 its /oppage1 dea?4 ,! activity ( ?is me*anism is dep5d5t ^u _m & complicat$ conditions1 "s ( :i* are hopelessly beyond our control1 :ile o!rs are readily accessible1 & are capable ( be+ indef9itely modifi$ by our own actions4 ,! bus9ess ( ! hygi5i/ & ( ! physician is to "k ! range ( ^! modifiable conditions1 & h[ to influ5ce !m t[>ds ! ma9t5ance ( heal? & ! prolongation ( life2 ! bus9ess ( ! g5]al public is to give an intellig5t ass5t1 & a ready ob$i5ce bas$ ^u t ass5t1 to ! rules laid d[n = _! guidance by su* exp]ts4 ,b an intellig5t ass5t is an ass5t bas$ ^u k1 & ! k :i* is "h 9 "q means an acqua9tance ) ! elem5ts ( physiology4 ,x is n difficult to acquire su* k4 ,:at is true1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ( all ! physical sci5ces1 is em95tly *>act]i/ic ( physiology--! difficulty ( ! subject beg9s beyond ! /age ( elem5t>y k1 & increases ) e /age ( progress4 ,:ile ! mo/ highly tra9$ & ! be/ furni%$ intellect may f9d all its res\rces insuffici5t1 :5 x /rives to rea* ! heights & p5etrate into ! dep?s ( ! problems ( physiology1 ! elem5t>y & fundam5tal tru?s c be made cle> to a *ild4 ,no "o c h any difficulty 9 compreh5d+ ! me*anism ( circulation or respiration2 or ! g5]al mode ( op]ation ( ! organ ( vision2 ?\gh ! unravell+ ( all ! m9uti ( ^! processes1 may1 = ! pres5t1 baffle ! conjo9$ attacks ( ! mo/ accompli%$ physici/s1 *emi/s1 & ma!maticians4 ,to "k ! anatomy ( ! human body1 ) ev5 an approximation to ?or\ghness1 is ! "w ( a life2 b z mu* z is ne$$ = a s\nd compreh5sion ( elem5t>y physiological tru?s1 may be le>n$ 9 a week4 ,a k ( ! elem5ts ( physiology is n only easy ( acquirem5t1 b x may be made a real & practical acqua9tance ) ! facts1 z f> z x goes4 ,! subject ( /udy is always at h&1 9 oneself4 ,! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( ! skeleton1 & ! *anges ( =m ( contract+ muscles1 may be felt ?r\gh "o's own sk94 ,! beat+ ( "o's he>t1 & its connection ) ! pulse1 may be not$2 ! influ5ce ( ! valves ( "o's own ve9s may be %[n2 ! movem5ts ( respiration may be obs]v$2 :ile ! wond]ful ph5om5a ( s5sation af=d an endless field = curi\s & int]e/+ self-/udy4 ,! prick ( a ne$le w yield1 9 a drop ( "o's own blood1 mat]ial = microscopic obs]vation ( ph5om5a :i* lie at ! f\ndation ( all biological conceptions2 & a cold1 ) its concomitant c\gh+ & sneez+1 may prove ! sweet uses ( adv]sity by help+ "o to a cle> conception ( :at is meant by 8reflex action40 ,( c\rse !re is a limit to ?is physiological self-exam9ation4 ,b !re is s close a solid>ity betwe5 ourselves & our poor relations ( ! animal _w1 t our inaccessible inw>d p>ts may be supplem5t$ by !irs4 ,a comp>ative anatomi/ kn[s t a %eep's he>t & lungs1 or eye1 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ^? ( a man2 b1 s f> z ! compreh5sion ( ! elem5t>y facts ( ! physiology ( circulation1 ( respiration1 & ( vision goes1 ! "o furni%es ! ne$ful anatomical data z well z ! o!r4 ,?us1 x is q possible to give in/ruction 9 elem5t>y physiology 9 su* a mann] z1 n only to conf] k1 :i*1 = ! reason ,i h m5tion$1 is useful 9 itself2 b to s]ve ! purposes ( a tra9+ 9 accurate obs]vation1 & 9 ! me?ods ( reason+ ( physical sci5ce4 ,b t is an advantage :i* ,i m5tion only incid5tally1 z ! pres5t ,conf]5ce does n deal ) education 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x w n be suspect$ t ,i wi% to make physiologi/s ( all ! _w4 ,x w\ld be z reasonable to accuse an advocate ( ! 8?ree ,r's0 ( a desire to make an orator1 an au?or1 & a ma!matician ( ev]ybody4 ,a /umbl+ read]1 a pot-hook writ]1 & an ari?metician :o has n got beyond ! rule ( ?ree1 is n a p]son ( brilliant acquirem5ts2 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* a memb] ( society & "o :o c nei!r read1 write1 nor ciph] is almo/ inexpressible2 & no "o n[-a-days d\bts ! value ( in/ruction1 ev5 if x goes no f>!r4 ,! say+ t a little k is a dang]\s ?+ is1 to my m9d1 a v dang]\s adage4 ,if k is real & g5u9e1 ,i d n believe t x is o!r ?an a v valuable possession1 h[ev] inf9itesimal its quantity may be4 ,inde$1 if a little k is dang]\s1 :]e is ! man :o has s mu* z to be out ( dang]8 ,if ,william ,h>vey's life-long lab\rs _h reveal$ to him a t5? "p ( t :i* may be made s\nd & real k to our boys & girls1 he w\ld n only h be5 :at he 01 ! greate/ physiologi/ ( 8 age1 b he w\ld h loom$ ^u ! sev5te5? c5tury z a sort ( intellectual port5t4 ,our 8little k0 w\ld h be5 to him a great1 a/\nd+1 unlook$-= vision ( sci5tific tru?4 ,i really see no h>m :i* c come ( giv+ our *ildr5 a little k ( physiology4 ,b !n1 z ,i h said1 ! in/ruction mu/ be real1 bas$ ^u obs]vation1 ek$ out by good explanatory diagrams & models1 & convey$ by a tea*] ^: own k has be5 acquir$ by a /udy ( ! facts2 & n ! m]e cate*ismal p>rot-"w :i* too (t5 usurps ! place ( elem5t>y tea*+4 ,x is1 ,i hope1 unnecess>y = me to give a =mal contradiction to ! silly fiction1 :i* is assidu\sly circulat$ by fanatics :o n only ought to "k1 b d "k1 t _! ass]tions are untrue1 t ,i h advocat$ ! introduction ( t exp]im5tal discipl9e :i* is absolutely indisp5sable to ! pr(ess$ physiologi/1 into elem5t>y tea*+4 ,b :ile ,i %\ld object to any exp]im5tation :i* c ju/ly be call$ pa9ful1 = ! purpose ( elem5t>y in/ruction2 &1 :ile1 z a memb] ( a late ,royal ,commission1 ,i gladly did my be/ to prev5t ! infliction ( ne$less pa91 = any purpose2 ,i ?9k x is my duty to take ?is opportunity ( express+ my regret at a condition ( ! law :i* p]mits a boy to troll = pike1 or set l9es ) live frog bait1 = idle amusem5t2 &1 at ! same "t1 lays ! tea*] ( t boy op5 to ! p5alty ( f9e & imprisonm5t1 if he uses ! same animal = ! purpose ( exhibit+ "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & in/ructive ( physiological spectacles1 ! circulation 9 ! web ( ! foot4 ,no "o c\ld und]take to affirm t a frog is n inconv5i5c$ by be+ wrapp$ up 9 a wet rag1 & hav+ 8 toes ti$ out2 & x _c be d5i$ t inconv5i5ce is a sort ( pa94 ,b y mu/ n inflict ! lea/ pa9 on a v]tebrat$ animal = sci5tific purposes 7?\gh y may d a good deal 9 t way = ga9 or = sport7 )\t due lic5ce ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ! ,home ,dep>tm5t1 grant$ "u ! au?ority ( ! ,vivisection ,act4 ,s x comes ab\t1 t1 9 ?is pres5t ye> ( grace #ahgg1 two p]sons may be *>g$ ) cruelty to animals4 ,"o has impal$ a frog1 & suff]$ ! creature to wri! ab\t 9 t condition = h\rs2 ! o!r has pa9$ ! animal no m ?an "o ( u w\ld be pa9$ by ty+ /r+s r\nd 8 f+]s1 & keep+ him 9 ! position ( a hydropa?ic pati5t4 ,! fir/ (f5d] says1 8,i did x because ,i f9d fi%+ v amus+10 & ! magi/rate bids him dep>t 9 peace2 nay1 probably wi%es him good sport4 ,! second pleads1 8,i want$ to impress a sci5tific tru?1 ) a di/9ctness atta9able 9 no o!r way1 on ! m9ds ( my s*ol>s10 & ! magi/rate f9es him five p\nds4 ,i _c b ?9k t ?is is an anomal\s & n :olly cr$itable /ate ( ?+s4 ,v4 ,,joseph ,,prie/ley4 ,if ! man to p]petuate ^: memory we h ?is day rais$ a /atue _h be5 ask$ on :at "p ( 8 busy life's "w he set ! highe/ value1 he w\ld und\bt$ly h po9t$ to 8 volum9\s contributions to !ology4 ,9 season & out ( season1 he 0 ! /eadfa/ *ampion ( t hypo!sis respect+ ! ,div9e nature :i* is t]m$ ,unit>ianism by its fri5ds & ,soc9ianism by its foes4 ,reg>dless ( odds1 he 0 ready to d battle ) all com]s 9 t cause2 & if no adv]s>ies ent]$ ! li/s1 he w\ld sally =? to seek !m4 ,to ?is1 8 highe/ ideal ( duty1 ,joseph ,prie/ley sacrific$ ! vulg> prizes ( life1 :i*1 assur$ly1 7 )9 easy rea* ( a man ( 8 s+ul> en]gy & v>i$ abilities4 ,= ?is object1 he put aside1 z ( second>y importance1 ^? sci5tific inve/igations :i* he lov$ s well1 & 9 :i* he %[$ himself s compet5t to enl>ge ! b\nd>ies ( natural k & to w9 fame4 ,9 ?is cause1 he n only *e]fully suff]$ obloquy f ! bigot$ & ! un?9k+1 & came )9 sight ( m>tyrdom2 b bore ) t :i* is mu* h>d] to be borne ?an all ^!1 ! unfeign$ a/oni%m5t & h>dly disguis$ contempt ( a brilliant society1 compos$ ( m5 ^: sympa?y & e/eem mu/ h be5 mo/ de> to him1 & to :om x 0 simply incompreh5sible t a philosoph] %\ld s]i\sly occupy himself ) any =m ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x appe>s to me t ! man :o1 sett+ be=e himself su* an ideal ( life1 act$ up to x consi/5tly1 is wor?y ( ! deepe/ respect1 :atev] op9ion may be ent]ta9$ z to ! real value ( ! t5ets :i* he s zeal\sly propagat$ & def5d$4 ,b ,i am sure t ,i speak n only = myself1 b = all ?is assemblage1 :5 ,i say t our purpose to-day is to d hon\r1 n to ,prie/ley1 ! ,unit>ian div9e1 b to ,prie/ley1 ! fe>less def5d] ( rational fre$om 9 ?\ght & 9 action3 to ,prie/ley1 ! philosophic ?9k]2 to t ,prie/ley :o held a =emo/ place among 8! swift runn]s :o h& ov] ! lamp ( life10#aj & transmit f "o g5]ation to ano!r ! fire k9dl$1 9 ! *ildhood ( ! _w1 at ! ,prome!an alt> ( ,sci5ce4 ,! ma9 incid5ts ( ,prie/ley's life are s well kn[n t ,i ne$ dwell ^u !m at no great l5g?4 ,born 9 #agcc1 at ,fieldhead1 ne> ,le$s1 & br\ght up among ,calv9i/s ( ! /raite/ or?odoxy1 ! boy's /rik+ natural ability l$ to 8 be+ devot$ to ! pr(ession ( a m9i/] ( religion2 &1 9 #ageb1 he 0 s5t to ! ,diss5t+ ,academy at ,dav5try--an in/itution :i* au?ority left undi/urb$1 ?\gh its exi/5ce contrav5$ ! law4 ,! tea*]s "u ^: in/ruction & influ5ce ! "y man came at ,dav5try1 c>ri$ out to ! lett] ! injunction to 8try all ?+s3 hold fa/ t :i* is good10 & enc\rag$ ! discussion ( e imag9able proposition ) complete fre$om1 ! lead+ pr(essors tak+ opposite sides2 a discipl9e :i*1 admirable z x may be f a purely sci5tific po9t ( view1 w\ld seem to be calculat$ to make acute1 r ?an s\nd1 div9es4 ,prie/ley tells u1 9 8 8,autobiography10 t he g5]ally f\nd himself on ! unor?odox side3 &1 z he grew old]1 & 8 faculties atta9$ _! maturity1 ?is native t5d5cy t[>ds het]odoxy grew ) 8 gr[? & /r5g!n$ ) 8 /r5g?4 ,he pass$ f ,calv9ism to ,arianism2 & f9ally1 9 middle life1 l&$ 9 t v broad =m ( ,unit>ianism1 by :i* 8 crav+ aft] a cr$ible & consi/5t !ory ( ?+s 0 satisfi$4 ,on leav+ ,dav5try1 ,prie/ley became m9i/] ( a congregation1 fir/ at ,ne$ham ,m>ket1 & secondly at ,nantwi*2 b :e!r on acc\nt ( 8 het]odox op9ions1 or ( ! /utt]+ :i* imp$$ 8 expression ( !m 9 ! pulpit1 little success att5d$ 8 ef=ts 9 ?is capacity4 ,9 #agfa1 a c>e] mu* m suit$ to 8 abilities became op5 to him4 ,he 0 appo9t$ 8tutor 9 ! languages0 9 ! ,diss5t+ ,academy at ,w>r+ton1 9 :i* capacity1 besides giv+ ?ree c\rses ( lectures1 he taught ,lat91 ,greek1 ,fr5*1 & ,italian1 & read lectures on ! ,!ory ( ,language & ,univ]sal ,gramm>1 on ,oratory1 ,philosophical ,criticism1 & ,civil law4 ,& x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t1 z a tea*]1 he enc\rag$ & *]i%$ 9 ^? :om he in/ruct$1 ! fre$om :i* he _h enjoy$1 9 8 own /ud5t days1 at ,dav5try4 ,"o ( 8 pupils tells u t1 8,at ! conclusion ( 8 lecture1 he always enc\rag$ 8 /ud5ts to express _! s5tim5ts relative to ! subject ( x1 & to urge any objections to :at he _h deliv]$1 )\t res]ve4 ,x pleas$ him :5 any "o comm5c$ su* a conv]sation4 ,9 ord] to excite ! free/ discussion1 he occasionally invit$ ! /ud5ts to dr9k tea ) him1 9 ord] to canvass ! subjects ( 8 lectures4 ,i d n recollect t he ev] %[$ ! lea/ displeasure at ! /ronge/ objections t 7 made to :at he deliv]$1 b ,i di/9ctly rememb] ! smile ( approbation ) :i* he usually receiv$ !m3 nor did he fail to po9t out1 9 a v enc\rag+ mann]1 ! +5uity or =ce ( any rem>ks t 7 made1 :5 !y m]it$ ^! *>act]s4 ,8 object1 z well z ,dr4 ,aik9's1 0 to engage ! /ud5ts to exam9e & decide = !mselves1 un9flu5c$ by ! s5tim5ts ( any o!r p]sons40#aa ,x w\ld be difficult to give a bett] description ( a model tea*] ?an t convey$ 9 ^! words4 ,f 8 e>lie/ days1 ,prie/ley _h %[n a /rong b5t t[>ds ! /udy ( nature2 & 8 bro!r ,timo?y tells u t ! boy put spid]s into bottles1 to see h[ long !y w\ld live 9 ! same air--a curi\s anticipation ( ! inve/igations ( 8 lat] ye>s4 ,at ,nantwi*1 :]e he set up a s*ool1 ,prie/ley in=ms u t he b\ght an air pump1 an electrical ma*9e1 & o!r in/rum5ts1 9 ! use ( :i* he in/ruct$ 8 s*ol>s4 ,b he does n seem to h devot$ himself s]i\sly to physical sci5ce until #agff1 :5 he _h ! great good =tune to meet ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ^: fri5d%ip he ev] aft]w>ds enjoy$4 ,enc\rag$ by ,frankl91 he wrote a 8,hi/ory ( ,electricity10 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #agfg1 & appe>s to h met ) consid]able success4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,prie/ley left ,w>r+ton to become ! m9i/] ( a congregation at ,le$s2 &1 "h1 happ5+ to live next door to a public brew]y1 z he says1 8,i1 at fir/1 amus$ myself ) mak+ exp]im5ts on ! fix$ air :i* ,i f\nd ready-made 9 ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,:5 ,i remov$ f t h\se ,i 0 "u ! necessity ( mak+ fix$ air = myself2 & "o exp]im5t lead+ to ano!r1 z ,i h di/9ctly & fai?fully not$ 9 my v>i\s publications on ! subject1 ,i by degrees contriv$ a conv5i5t app>atus = ! purpose1 b ( ! *eape/ k9d4 8,:5 ,i began ^! exp]im5ts ,i knew v little ( *emi/ry1 & _h1 9 a mann]1 no idea on ! subject be=e ,i att5d$ a c\rse ( *emical lectures1 deliv]$ 9 ! ,academy at ,w>r+ton1 by ,dr4 ,turn] ( ,liv]pool4 ,b ,i h (t5 ?\ght t1 ^u ! :ole1 ?is circum/ance 0 no disadvantage to me2 z1 9 ?is situation1 ,i 0 l$ to devise an app>atus & processes ( my own1 adapt$ to my peculi> views2 :]eas1 if ,i _h be5 previ\sly accu/om$ to ! usual *emical processes1 ,i %\ld n h s easily ?\ght ( any o!r1 & )\t new modes ( op]ation1 ,i %\ld h>dly h discov]$ any?+ mat]ially new40#ab ,! fir/ outcome ( ,prie/ley's *emical "w1 publi%$ 9 #aggb1 0 ( a v practical "*4 ,he discov]$ ! way ( impregnat+ wat] ) an excess ( 8fix$ air10 or c>bonic acid1 & !reby produc+ :at we n[ "k z 8soda wat]0--a s]vice to naturally1 & /ill m to artificially1 ?ir/y s\ls1 :i* ^? ^: p>*$ ?roats & hot heads are cool$ by morn+ draughts ( t bev]age1 _c too gratefully ackn[l$ge4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,prie/ley communicat$ ! ext5sive s]ies ( obs]vations :i* 8 indu/ry & +5uity _h accumulat$1 9 ! c\rse ( f\r ye>s1 to ! ,royal ,society1 "u ! title ( 8,obs]vations on ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air0--a memoir :i* 0 ju/ly reg>d$ ( s mu* m]it & importance1 t ! ,society at once conf]r$ ^u ! au?or ! highe/ di/9ction 9 _! p[]1 by aw>d+ him ! ,copley ,m$al4 ,9 #agga a proposal 0 made to ,prie/ley to accompany ,capta9 ,cook 9 8 second voyage to ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,he accept$ x1 & 8 congregation agre$ to pay an assi/ant to supply 8 place dur+ 8 abs5ce4 ,b ! appo9tm5t lay 9 ! h&s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 ( :i* c]ta9 cl]gym5 7 memb]s2 & :e!r ^! wor?y ecclesia/ics fe>$ t ,prie/ley's pres5ce among ! %ip's company might expose 8 ,maje/y's ,sloop ,resolution to ! fate :i* a=etime befell a c]ta9 %ip t w5t f ,joppa to ,t>%i%2 or :e!r !y 7 al>m$ le/ a ,soc9ian %\ld und]m9e t piety :i*1 9 ! days ( ,commodore ,trunnion1 s /rik+ly *>act]is$ sailors1 does n appe>2 b1 at any rate1 !y object$ to ,prie/ley 8on acc\nt ( 8 religi\s pr9ciples10 & appo9t$ ! two ,=/]s1 ^: 8religi\s pr9ciples10 if !y _h be5 kn[n to ^! well-mean+ b n f>-sight$ p]sons1 w\ld probably h surpris$ !m4 ,9 #aggb ano!r proposal 0 made to ,prie/ley4 ,"l ,%elburne1 desir+ a 8lit]>y companion10 _h be5 br\ght into communication ) ,prie/ley by ! good (fices ( a fri5d ( bo?1 ,dr4 ,price2 & (f]$ him ! nom9al po/ ( libr>ian1 ) a good h\se & appo9tm5ts1 & an annuity 9 case ( ! t]m9ation ( ! engagem5t4 ,prie/ley accept$ ! (f]1 & rema9$ ) ,"l ,%elburne = sev5 ye>s1 sometimes resid+ at ,calne1 sometimes travell+ abroad ) ! ,e>l4 ,:y ! connection t]m9at$ has nev] be5 exactly kn[n2 b x is c]ta9 t ,"l ,%elburne behav$ ) ! utmo/ consid]ation & k9dness t[>ds ,prie/ley2 t he fulfill$ 8 engagem5ts to ! lett]2 & t1 at a lat] p]iod1 he express$ a desire t ,prie/ley %\ld return to 8 old foot+ 9 8 h\se4 ,probably en\gh1 ! politician1 aspir+ to ! highe/ (fices 9 ! /ate1 may h f\nd ! position ( ! protector ( a man :o 0 be+ d5\nc$ all ov] ! c\ntry z an infidel & an a!i/ some:at emb>rass+4 ,9 fact1 a passage 9 ,prie/ley's 8,autobiography0 on ! occasion ( ! publication ( 8 8,disquisitions relat+ to ,matt] & ,_s10 :i* took place 9 #aggg1 indicates pretty cle>ly ! /ate ( ! case3-- 87#abf7 ,x be+ probable t ?is publication w\ld be unpopul>1 & might be ! means ( br++ odium on my patron1 sev]al attempts 7 made by 8 fri5ds1 ?\gh none by himself1 to dissuade me f p]si/+ 9 x4 ,b be+1 z ,i ?\ght1 engag$ 9 ! cause ( important tru?1 ,i proce$$ )\t reg>d to any consequ5ces1 assur+ !m t ?is publication %\ld n be injuri\s to 8 lord%ip40 ,x is n unreasonable to suppose t 8 lord%ip1 z a ke51 practical man ( ! _w1 did n d]ive mu* satisfaction f ?is assurance4 ,! 8evid5t m>ks ( dissatisfaction0 :i* ,prie/ley says he fir/ p]ceiv$ 9 8 patron 9 #aggh1 may well h aris5 f ! pe]'s n unnatural uneas9ess z to :at 8 dome/icat$1 b n tam$1 philosoph] might write next1 & :at /orm might !reby be br\ght d[n on 8 own head2 & x speaks v highly = ,"l ,%elburne's delicacy t1 9 ! mid/ ( su* p]plexities1 he made n ! lea/ attempt to int]f]e ) ,prie/ley's fre$om ( action4 ,9 #aghj1 h[ev]1 he intimat$ to ,dr4 ,price t he %\ld be glad to e/abli% ,prie/ley on 8 ,iri% e/ates3 ! sugge/ion 0 int]pret$1 z ,"l ,%elburne probably int5d$ x %\ld be1 & ,prie/ley left him1 ! annuity ( #aej a ye>1 :i* _h be5 promis$ 9 view ( su* a cont+5cy1 be+ punctually paid4 ,aft] leav+ ,calne1 ,prie/ley sp5t "s little "t 9 ,london1 & !n1 hav+ settl$ 9 ,birm+ham at ! desire ( 8 bro!r-9-law1 he 0 soon invit$ to become ! m9i/] ( a l>ge congregation4 ,?is settlem5t ,prie/ley consid]$1 at ! "t1 to be 8! happie/ ev5t ( 8 life40 ,& well he might ?9k s2 = x gave him compet5ce & leisure2 plac$ him )9 rea* ( ! be/ mak]s ( app>atus ( ! day2 made him a memb] ( t rem>kable 8,lun> ,society10 at ^: meet+s he c\ld ex*ange ?\ghts ) su* m5 z ,watt1 ,w$gewood1 ,d>w91 & ,b\lton2 & ?rew op5 to him ! pleasant h\se ( ! ,galtons ( ,b>r1 :]e ^! m51 & o!rs ( less note1 =m$ a society ( exceptional *>m & intellig5ce4#ac ,b ^! halcyon days 7 end$ by a bitt] /orm4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution broke out4 ,an electric %ock ran ?r\gh ! nations2 :atev] !re 0 ( corrupt & retrograde1 &1 at ! same "t1 a great deal ( :at !re 0 ( be/ & noble/1 9 ,european society %udd]$ at ! outbur/ ( long-p5t-up social fires4 ,m5's feel+s 7 excit$ 9 a way t we1 9 ?is g5]ation1 c h>dly compreh5d4 ,p>ty wra? & virul5ce 7 express$ 9 a mann] unp>allel$1 & x is to be hop$ impossible1 9 our times2 & ,prie/ley & 8 fri5ds 7 held up to public scorn1 ev5 9 ,p>liam5t1 z fom5t]s ( s$ition4 ,a 8,*ur*-&-,k+0 cry 0 rais$ aga9/ ! ,lib]al ,diss5t]s2 &1 9 ,birm+ham1 x 0 int5sifi$ & specially direct$ t[>ds ,prie/ley by a local controv]sy1 9 :i* he _h engag$ ) 8 usual vig\r4 ,9 #agia1 ! celebration ( ! second anniv]s>y ( ! tak+ ( ! ,ba/ille by a public d9n]1 ) :i* ,prie/ley _h no?+ :atev] to d1 gave ! signal to ! loyal & pi\s mob1 :o1 un*eck$1 & inde$ to "s ext5t enc\rag$1 by ^? :o 7 responsible = ord]1 _h ! t[n at _! m]cy = ?ree days4 ,! *apels & h\ses ( ! lead+ ,diss5t]s 7 wreck$1 & ,prie/ley & 8 family _h to fly = _! lives1 leav+ libr>y1 app>atus1 pap]s1 & all _! possessions1 a prey to ! flames4 ,prie/ley nev] return$ to ,birm+ham4 ,he bore ! outrages & losses inflict$ ^u him ) extreme pati5ce & sweetness1#ad & betook himself to ,london4 ,b ev5 8 sci5tific colleagues gave him a cold %\ld]2 & ?\gh he 0 elect$ m9i/] ( a congregation at ,hackney1 he felt 8 position to be insecure1 & f9ally det]m9$ on emigrat+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he l&$ 9 ,am]ica 9 #agid2 liv$ quietly ) 8 sons at ,nor?umb]l&1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :]e 8 po/]ity /ill fl\ri%2 &1 cle>-head$ & busy to ! la/1 di$ on ! #f? ( ,febru>y #ahjd4 ,su* 7 ! conditions "u :i* ,joseph ,prie/ley did ! "w :i* lay be=e him1 & !n1 z ! ,norse ,sagas say1 w5t out ( ! /ory4 ,! "w itself 0 ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9d4 ,no human int]e/ 0 )\t its attraction = ,prie/ley1 & few m5 h ev] _h s _m irons 9 ! fire at once2 b1 ?\gh he may h burn$ 8 f+]s a little1 v few :o h tri$ t op]ation h burn$ _! f+]s s little4 ,he made admirable discov]ies 9 sci5ce2 8 philosophical treatises are /ill well wor? read+2 8 political works are full ( insight & replete ) ! _s ( fre$om2 & :ile all ^! sp>ks flew (f f 8 anvil1 ! controv]sial hamm] ra9$ a hail ( bl[s on or?odox prie/ & bi%op4 ,:ile ?us engag$1 ! k9dly1 *e]ful doctor felt no m wra? or un*>itabl5ess t[>ds 8 oppon5ts ?an a smi? does t[>ds 8 iron4 ,b if ! iron c\ld only speak6--& ! prie/s & bi%ops took ! po9t ( view ( ! iron4 ,no d\bt :at ,prie/ley's fri5ds repeat$ly urg$ ^u him--t he w\ld h escap$ ! heavi] trials ( 8 life & done m = ! advancem5t ( k1 if he _h conf9$ himself to 8 sci5tific pursuits & let 8 fell[-m5 g _! way--0 true4 ,b x seems to h be5 ,prie/ley's feel+ t he 0 a man & a citiz5 be=e he 0 a philosoph]1 & t ! duties ( ! two =m] positions are at lea/ z imp]ative z ^? ( ! latt]4 ,moreov]1 !re are m5 7& ,i ?9k ,prie/ley 0 "o ( !m7 to :om ! satisfaction ( ?r[+ d[n a triumphant fallacy is z great z t :i* att5ds ! discov]y ( a new tru?2 :o feel bett] satisfi$ ) ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 :5 !y h be5 help+ ,provid5ce by knock+ an impo/ure on ! head2 & :o c>e ev5 m = fre$om ( ?\ght ?an = m]e advance ( k4 ,^! m5 are ! ,c>nots :o organise victory = tru?1 & !y are1 at lea/1 z important z ! g5]als :o visibly fight h] battles 9 ! field4 ,prie/ley's reputation z a man ( sci5ce re/s ^u 8 num]\s & important contributions to ! *emi/ry ( gase\s bodies2 & to =m a j e/imate ( ! value ( 8 "w--( ! ext5t to :i* x advanc$ ! k ( fact & ! developm5t ( s\nd !oretical views--we mu/ reflect :at *emi/ry 0 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! va/ sci5ce :i* n[ passes "u t "n _h no exi/5ce4 ,air1 wat]1 & fire 7 /ill c\nt$ among ! elem5tal bodies2 & ?\gh ,van ,helmont1 a c5tury be=e1 _h di/+ui%$ diff]5t k9ds ( air z gas v5tosum & gas sylve/re1 & ,boyle & ,hales _h exp]im5tally def9$ ! physical prop]ties ( air1 & discrim9at$ "s ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( ari=m bodies1 no "o suspect$ ! exi/5ce ( ! num]\s totally di/9ct gase\s elem5ts :i* are n[ kn[n1 or dream$ t ! air we brea! & ! wat] we dr9k are comp\nds ( gase\s elem5ts4 ,b1 9 #aged1 a "y ,scot* physician1 ,dr4 ,black1 made ! fir/ cle>+ 9 ?is tangl$ backwood ( k4 ,& x gives "o a wond]ful impression ( ! juv5ility ( sci5tific *emi/ry to ?9k t ,"l ,br\gham1 :om s _m ( u recollect1 att5d$ ,black's lectures :5 he 0 a /ud5t 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,black's rese>*es gave ! _w ! novel & />tl+ conception ( a gas t 0 a p]man5tly ela/ic fluid l air1 b t diff]$ f common air 9 be+ mu* heavi]1 v poison\s1 & 9 hav+ ! prop]ties ( an acid1 capable ( neutralis+ ! /ronge/ alkalies2 & x took ! _w "s "t to become accu/om$ to ! notion4 ,a doz5 ye>s lat]1 "o ( ! mo/ sagaci\s & accurate inve/igators :o has adorn$ ?is1 or any o!r1 c\ntry1 ,h5ry ,cav5di%1 publi%$ a memoir 9 ! 8,philosophical ,transactions10 9 :i* he deals n only ) ! 8fix$ air0 7n[ call$ c>bonic acid or c>bonic anhydride7 ( ,black1 b ) 8inflammable air10 or :at we n[ t]m hydrog54 ,by ! rigor\s application ( weight & measure to all 8 processes1 ,cav5di% impli$ ! belief subsequ5tly =mulat$ by ,lavoisi]1 t1 9 *emical processes1 matt] is nei!r creat$ nor de/roy$1 & indicat$ ! pa? along :i* all future explor]s mu/ travel4 ,nor did he himself halt until ?is pa? l$ him1 9 #aghd1 to ! brilliant & fundam5tal discov]y t wat] is compos$ ( two gases unit$ 9 fix$ & con/ant proportions4 ,x is a try+ ordeal = any man to be comp>$ ) ,black & ,cav5di%1 & ,prie/ley _c be said to /& on _! level4 ,nev]!less1 8 a*ievem5ts are n only great 9 !mselves1 b truly wond]ful1 if we consid] ! disadvantages "u :i* he lab\r$4 ,)\t ! c>eful sci5tific tra9+ ( ,black1 )\t ! leisure & appliances secur$ by ! weal? ( ,cav5di%1 he scal$ ! walls ( sci5ce z s _m ,engli%m5 h done be=e & s9ce 8 day2 & tru/+ to "m wit to supply ! place ( tra9+1 & to +5uity to create app>atus out ( wa%+ tubs1 he discov]$ m new gases ?an all 8 pr$ecessors put toge!r _h done4 ,he laid ! f\ndations ( gas analysis2 he discov]$ ! complem5t>y actions ( animal & vegetable life ^u ! con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e2 &1 f9ally1 he cr[n$ 8 "w1 ?is day "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 by ! discov]y ( t 8pure dephlogi/icat$ air0 to :i* ! ,fr5* *emi/s subsequ5tly gave ! "n ( oxyg54 ,its importance1 z ! con/itu5t ( ! atmosph]e :i* disappe>s 9 ! processes ( respiration & combu/ion1 & is re/or$ by gre5 plants gr[+ 9 sun%9e1 0 prov$ some:at lat]4 ,= ^! brilliant discov]ies1 ! ,royal ,society elect$ ,prie/ley a fell[ & gave him _! m$al1 :ile ! ,academies ( ,p>is & ,/4 ,pet]sburg conf]r$ _! memb]%ip ^u him4 ,ed9burgh _h made him an honor>y doctor ( laws at an e>ly p]iod ( 8 c>e]2 b1 ,i ne$ h>dly add1 t a man ( ,prie/ley's op9ions receiv$ no recognition f ! univ]sities ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,t ,prie/ley's contributions to ! k ( *emical fact 7 ( ! greate/ importance1 & t !y ri*ly des]ve all ! praise t has be5 aw>d$ to !m1 is unque/ionable2 b x mu/1 at ! same "t1 be admitt$ t he _h no compreh5sion ( ! deep] significance ( 8 "w2 &1 s f> f contribut+ any?+ to ! !ory ( ! facts :i* he discov]$1 or assi/+ 9 _! rational explanation1 8 influ5ce to ! end ( 8 life 0 w>mly ex]t$ 9 fav\r ( error4 ,f fir/ to la/1 he 0 a /iff adh]5t ( ! phlogi/on doctr9e :i* 0 preval5t :5 8 /udies comm5c$2 &1 by a curi\s irony ( fate1 ! man :o by ! discov]y ( :at he call$ 8dephlogi/icat$ air0 furni%$ ! ess5tial datum = ! true !ory ( combu/ion1 ( respiration1 & ( ! composition ( wat]1 to ! end ( 8 days f\ght aga9/ ! inevitable coroll>ies f 8 own lab\rs4 ,8 la/ sci5tific "w1 publi%$ 9 #ahjj1 be>s ! title1 8,! ,doctr9e ( ,phlogi/on e/abli%$1 & t ( ! ,composition ( ,wat] refut$40 ,:5 ,prie/ley comm5c$ 8 /udies1 ! curr5t belief 01 t atmosph]ic air1 fre$ f accid5tal impurities1 is a simple elem5t>y sub/ance1 inde/ructible & unalt]able1 z wat] 0 suppos$ to be4 ,:5 a combu/ible burn$1 or :5 an animal brea!d 9 air1 x 0 suppos$ t a sub/ance1 8phlogi/on10 ! matt] ( heat & light1 pass$ f ! burn+ or brea?+ body into x1 & de/roy$ its p[]s ( support+ life & combu/ion4 ,?us1 air conta9$ 9 a vessel 9 :i* a light$ c&le _h gone out1 or a liv+ animal _h brea!d until x c\ld brea! no long]1 0 call$ 8phlogi/icat$40 ,! same result 0 suppos$ to be br\ght ab\t by ! addition ( :at ,prie/ley call$ 8nitr\s gas0 to common air4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 rese>*es1 ,prie/ley f\nd t ! quantity ( common air :i* c ?us become 8phlogi/icat$10 am\nts to ab\t "o-fif? ! volume ( ! :ole quantity submitt$ to exp]im5t4 ,h5ce x appe>$ t common air consi/s1 to ! ext5t ( f\r-fif?s ( its volume1 ( air :i* is already 8phlogi/icat$20 :ile ! o!r fif? is free f phlogi/on1 or 8dephlogi/icat$40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,prie/ley f\nd t air 8phlogi/icat$0 by combu/ion or respiration c\ld be 8dephlogi/icat$10 or h ! prop]ties ( pure common air re/or$ to x1 by ! action ( gre5 plants 9 sun%9e4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 w\ld naturally arise--z common air c be :olly phlogi/icat$ by combu/ion1 & conv]t$ into a sub/ance :i* w no long] support combu/ion1 is x possible to get air t %all be less phlogi/icat$ ?an common air1 & consequ5tly support combu/ion bett] ?an common air does8 ,n[1 ,prie/ley says t1 9 #aggd1 ! possibility ( obta9+ air less phlogi/icat$ ?an common air _h n occurr$ to him4#ae ,b 9 pursu+ 8 exp]im5ts on ! evolution ( air f v>i\s bodies by means ( heat1 x happ5$ t1 on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ #aggd1 he ?rew ! heat ( ! sun1 by means ( a l>ge burn+ glass :i* he _h rec5tly obta9$1 ^u a sub/ance :i* 0 !n call$ m]curius calc9atus p] se1 & :i* is commonly kn[n z r$ precipitate4 8,i pres5tly f\nd t1 by means ( ?is l5s1 air 0 expell$ f x v readily4 ,hav+ got ab\t ?ree or f\r times z mu* z ! bulk ( my mat]ials1 ,i admitt$ wat] to x1 & f\nd t x 0 n imbib$ by x4 ,b :at surpris$ me m ?an ,i c well express1 0 t a c&le burn$ 9 ?is air ) a rem>kably vigor\s flame1 v mu* l t enl>g$ flame ) :i* a c&le burns 9 nitr\s air1 expos$ to iron or lime ( sulphur2 b z ,i _h got no?+ l ?is rem>kable appe>ance f any k9d ( air besides ?is p>ticul> modification ( nitr\s air1 & ,i knew no nitr\s acid 0 us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( m]curius calc9atus1 ,i 0 utt]ly at a loss h[ to acc\nt = x4 8,9 ?is case also1 ?\gh ,i did n give suffici5t att5tion to ! circum/ance at t "t1 ! flame ( ! c&le1 besides be+ l>g]1 burn$ ) m spl5d\r & heat ?an 9 t species ( nitr\s air2 & a piece ( r$-hot wood sp>kl$ 9 x1 exactly l pap] dipp$ 9 a solution ( nitre1 & x consum$ v fa/--an exp]im5t :i* ,i _h nev] ?\ght ( try+ ) nitr\s air40#af ,prie/ley obta9$ ! same sort ( air f r$ lead1 b1 z he says himself1 he rema9$ 9 ignorance ( ! prop]ties ( ?is new k9d ( air = sev5 mon?s1 or until ,m>* #agge1 :5 he f\nd t ! new air behav$ ) 8nitr\s gas0 9 ! same way z ! dephlogi/icat$ "p ( common air does2#ag b t1 in/ead ( be+ dim9i%$ to f\r-fif?s1 x almo/ completely vani%$1 &1 !re=e1 %[$ itself to be 8betwe5 five & six times z good z ! be/ common air ,i h ev] met )40#ah ,z ?is new air ?us appe>$ to be completely free f phlogi/on1 ,prie/ley call$ x 8dephlogi/icat$ air40 ,:at 0 ! nature ( ?is air8 ,prie/ley f\nd t ! same k9d ( air 0 to be obta9$ by moi/5+ ) ! _s ( nitre 7:i* he t]ms nitr\s acid7 any k9d ( e>? t is free f phlogi/on1 & apply+ heat2 & consequ5tly he says3 8,!re rema9$ no d\bt on my m9d b t ! atmosph]ical air1 or ! ?+ t we brea!1 consi/s ( ! nitr\s acid & e>?1 ) s mu* phlogi/on z is necess>y to its ela/icity1 & likewise s mu* m z is requir$ to br+ x f its /ate ( p]fect purity to ! mean condition 9 :i* we f9d x40#ai ,prie/ley's view1 9 fact1 is t atmosph]ic air is a k9d ( saltpetre1 9 :i* ! pota% is replac$ by "s unkn[n e>?4 ,& 9 speculat+ on ! mann] 9 :i* saltpetre is =m$1 he enunciates ! hypo!sis1 8t nitre is =m$ by a real decomposition ( ! air itself1 ! bases t are pres5t$ to x hav+1 9 su* circum/ances1 a ne>] aff9ity ) ! _s ( nitre ?an t k9d ( e>? ) :i* x is unit$ 9 ! atmosph]e40#bj ,x w\ld h be5 h>d = ! mo/ +5i\s p]son to h w&]$ f>!r f ! tru? ?an ,prie/ley does 9 ?is hypo!sis2 &1 ?\gh ,lavoisi] und\bt$ly treat$ ,prie/ley v ill1 & pret5d$ to h discov]$ dephlogi/icat$ air1 or oxyg51 z he call$ x1 indep5d5tly1 we c almo/ =give him1 :5 we reflect h[ diff]5t 7 ! ideas :i* ! great ,fr5* *emi/ atta*$ to ! body :i* ,prie/ley discov]$4 ,!y are l two navigators ( :om ! fir/ sees a new c\ntry1 b takes cl\ds = m\nta9s & mirage = l[l&s2 :ile ! second det]m9es its l5g? & bread?1 & lays d[n on a *>t its exact place1 s t1 !nce=?1 x s]ves z a guide to 8 successors1 & becomes a secure outpo/ :5ce new explorations may be pu%$4 ,nev]!less1 z ,prie/ley himself some:]e rem>ks1 ! fir/ object ( physical sci5ce is to asc]ta9 facts1 & ! s]vice :i* he r5d]$ to *emi/ry by ! def9ite e/abli%m5t ( a l>ge numb] ( new & fundam5tally important facts1 is su* z to entitle him to a v high place among ! fa!rs ( *emical sci5ce4 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ,prie/ley's philosophical1 political1 or !ological views 7 mo/ responsible = ! bitt] hatr$ :i* 0 borne to him by a l>ge body ( 8 c\ntrym51#ba & :i* f\nd its expression 9 ! malignant ins9uations 9 :i* ,burke1 to 8 ev]la/+ %ame1 indulg$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,)\t conta9+ mu* t w be new to ! read]s ( ,hobbes1 ,sp9oza1 ,coll9s1 ,hume1 & ,h>tley1 &1 inde$1 :ile mak+ no pret5sions to orig9ality1 ,prie/ley's 8,disquisitions relat+ to ,matt] & ,_s10 & 8 8,doctr9e ( ,philosophical ,necessity illu/rat$10 are among ! mo/ p[]ful1 cle>1 & unfl9*+ expositions ( mat]ialism & necess>ianism :i* exi/ 9 ! ,engli% language1 & are /ill well wor? read+4 ,prie/ley d5i$ ! fre$om ( ! w 9 ! s5se ( its self-det]m9ation2 he d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( a s\l di/9ct f ! body2 & z a natural consequ5ce1 he d5i$ ! natural immortality ( man4 ,9 relation to ^! matt]s ,engli% op9ion1 a c5tury ago1 0 v mu* :at x is n[4 ,a man may be a necess>ian )\t incurr+ grav] reproa* ?an t impli$ 9 be+ call$ a gloomy fanatic1 necess>ianism1 ?\gh v %ock+1 hav+ a note ( ,calv9i/ic or?odoxy2 b1 if a man is a mat]iali/2 or1 if good au?orities say he is & mu/ be s1 9 spite ( 8 ass]tion to ! contr>y2 or1 if he ackn[l$ge himself unable to see good reasons = believ+ 9 ! natural immortality ( man1 respectable folks look ^u him z an unsafe neighb\r ( a ca%-box1 z an actual or pot5tial s5suali/1 ! m virtu\s 9 outw>d seem+1 ! m c]ta9ly load$ ) secret 8grave p]sonal s9s40 ,nev]!less1 x is z c]ta9 z any?+ c be1 t ,joseph ,prie/ley 0 no gloomy fanatic1 b z *e]ful & k9dly a s\l z ev] brea!d1 ! idol ( *ildr52 a man :o 0 hat$ only by ^? :o did n "k him1 & :o *>m$ away ! bitt]e/ prejudices 9 p]sonal int]c\rse2 a man :o nev] lo/ a fri5d1 & ! be/ te/imony to ^: wor? is ! g5]\s & t5d] w>m? ) :i* 8 _m fri5ds vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 r5d]+ him sub/antial help1 9 all ! crises ( 8 c>e]4 ,! unspott$ purity ( ,prie/ley's life1 ! /rictness ( 8 p]=mance ( e duty1 8 transp>5t s9c]ity1 ! uno/5tati\s & deep-seat$ piety :i* brea!s ?r\gh all 8 correspond5ce1 are 9 !mselves a suffici5t refutation ( ! hypo!sis1 inv5t$ by bigots to cov] un*>itabl5ess1 t su* op9ions z 8 mu/ arise f moral defects4 ,& 8 /atue w d z good s]vice z ! braz5 image t 0 set ^u a pole be=e ! ,israelites1 if ^? :o h be5 bitt5 by ! fi]y s]p5ts ( sect>ian hatr$1 :i* /ill haunt ?is wild]ness ( a _w1 are made :ole by look+ ^u ! image ( a h]etic1 :o 0 yet a sa9t4 ,?\gh ,prie/ley did n believe 9 ! natural immortality ( man1 he held ) an almo/ nave realism1 t man w\ld be rais$ f ! dead by a direct ex]tion ( ! p[] ( ,god1 & !nce=w>d be immortal4 ,& x may be z well = ^? :o may be %ock$ by ?is doctr9e to "k t views1 sub/antially id5tical ) ,prie/ley's1 h be5 advocat$1 s9ce 8 "t1 by two prelates ( ! ,anglican ,*ur*3 by ,dr4 ,:ately1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl91 9 8 well-kn[n 8,essays20#bb & by ,dr4 ,c\rt5ay1 ,bi%op ( ,k+/on 9 ,jamaica1 ! fir/ edition ( ^: rem>kable book 8,on ! ,future ,/ates10 d$icat$ to ,ar*bi%op ,:ately1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdc & ! second 9 #aheg4 ,accord+ to ,bi%op ,c\rt5ay1 8,! dea? ( ! body w cause a cessation ( all ! activity ( ! m9d by way ( natural consequ5ce2 to cont9ue = ev] ,,unless ! ,creator %\ld int]f]e40 ,& aga93-- 8,! natural end ( human exi/5ce is ! #8fir/ dea?1' ! dreamless slumb] ( ! grave1 :]e9 man lies spellb\nd1 s\l & body1 "u ! dom9ion ( s9 & dea?--t :atev] modes ( consci\s exi/5ce1 :atev] future /ates ( #8life' or ( #8torm5t' beyond ,hades are res]v$ = man1 are results ( our bless$ ,"l's victory ov] s9 & dea?2 t ! resurrection ( ! dead mu/ be prelim9>y to _! entrance into ei!r ( ! future /ates1 & t ! nature & ev5 exi/5ce ( ^! /ates & ev5 ! m]e fact t !re is a futurity ( consci\sness1 c be kn[n only ?r\gh ,god's revelation ( ,himself 9 ! ,p]son & ! ,gospel ( ,8 ,son40--,p4 #chi4 ,& n[ he> ,prie/ley3-- 8,man1 accord+ to ?is sy/em 7( mat]ialism71 is no m ?an we n[ see ( him4 ,8 be+ comm5ces at ! "t ( 8 conception1 or p]haps at an e>li] p]iod4 ,! corporeal & m5tal faculties1 9 be+ 9 ! same sub/ance1 gr[1 rip51 & decay toge!r2 & :5ev] ! sy/em is dissolv$ x cont9ues 9 a /ate ( dissolution till x %all please t ,almighty ,be+ :o call$ x into exi/5ce to re/ore x to life aga940--8,matt] & ,_s10 p4 #di4 ,& aga93-- 8,! doctr9e ( ! ,scripture is1 t ,god made man ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 & by simply animat+ ?is organis$ matt]1 made man t liv+ p]cipi5t & intellig5t be+ t he is4 ,accord+ to ,revelation1 dea? is a /ate ( re/ & ins5sibility1 & our only ?\gh sure hope ( a future life is f\nd$ on ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! :ole man at "s di/ant p]iod2 ?is assurance be+ suffici5tly confirm$ to u bo? by ! evid5t tok5s ( a ,div9e commission att5d+ ! p]sons :o deliv]$ ! doctr9e1 & especially by ! actual resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* is m au!ntically atte/$ ?an any o!r fact 9 hi/ory40--,ibid41 p4 #bdg4 ,we all "k t 8a sa9t 9 crape is twice a sa9t 9 lawn20 b x is n yet admitt$ t ! views :i* are consi/5t ) su* sa9tl9ess 9 lawn1 become diabolical :5 held by a m]e diss5t]4#bc ,i am n "h ei!r to def5d or to attack ,prie/ley's philosophical views1 & ,i _c say t ,i am p]sonally dispos$ to atta* mu* value to episcopal au?ority 9 philosophical que/ions2 b x seems "r to call att5tion to ! fact1 t ^? ( ,prie/ley's op9ions :i* h br\ght mo/ odium ^u him1 h be5 op5ly promulgat$1 )\t *all5ge1 by p]sons occupy+ ! highe/ positions 9 ! ,/ate ,*ur*4 ,i mu/ confess t :at int]e/s me mo/ ab\t ,prie/ley's mat]ialism1 is ! evid5ce t he saw dimly ! se$ ( de/ruction :i* su* mat]ialism c>ries )9 its own bosom4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 read+ = 8 8,hi/ory ( ,discov]ies relat+ to ,vision1 ,light1 & ,col\rs10 he _h come ^u ! speculations ( ,boscovi* & ,mi*ell1 & _h be5 l$ to admit ! suffici5tly obvi\s tru? t our k ( matt] is a k ( its prop]ties2 & t ( its sub/ance--if x h a sub/ance--we "k no?+4 ,& ?is l$ to ! fur!r admission t1 s f> z we c "k1 !re may be no diff]5ce betwe5 ! sub/ance ( matt] & ! sub/ance ( _s 78,disquisitions10 p4 #af74 ,a /ep f>!r w\ld h %[n ,prie/ley t 8 mat]ialism 01 ess5tially1 v little diff]5t f ! ,idealism ( 8 contempor>y1 ! ,bi%op ( ,cloyne4 ,z ,prie/ley's philosophy is ma9ly a cle> /atem5t ( ! views ( ! deep] ?9k]s ( 8 day1 s are 8 political conceptions bas$ ^u ^? ( ,locke4 ,locke's aphorism t 8! end ( gov]nm5t is ! good ( mank9d10 is ?us exp&$ by ,prie/ley3-- 8,x mu/ necess>ily be und]/ood1 !re=e1 :e!r x be express$ or n1 t all p live 9 society = _! mutual advantage2 s t ! good & happ9ess ( ! memb]s1 t is1 ( ! majority ( ! memb]s1 ( any /ate1 is ! great /&>d by :i* ev]y?+ relat+ to t /ate mu/ f9ally be det]m9$40#bd ,! little s5t5ce "h int]polat$1 8t is1 ( ! majority ( ! memb]s ( any /ate10 appe>s to be t passage :i* sugge/$ to ,b5?am1 accord+ to 8 own ackn[l$gm5t1 ! fam\s 8greate/ happ9ess0 =mula1 :i* by sub/itut+ 8happ9ess0 = 8good10 has conv]t$ a noble into an ignoble pr9ciple4 ,b ,i d n call to m9d t !re is any utt]ance 9 ,locke q s outspok5 z ! foll[+ passage 9 ! 8,essay on ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,gov]nm5t40 ,aft] lay+ d[n z 8a fundam5tal maxim 9 all gov]nm5ts10 ! proposition t 8k+s1 s5ators1 & nobles0 are 8! s]vants ( ! public10 ,prie/ley goes on to say3-- 8,b 9 ! l>ge/ /ates1 if ! abuses ( ! gov]nm5t %\ld at any "t be great & manife/2 if ! s]vants ( ! p1 =gett+ _! ma/]s & _! ma/]s' int]e/1 %\ld pursue a sep>ate "o ( _! own2 if1 in/ead ( consid]+ t !y are made = ! p1 !y %\ld consid] ! p z made = !m2 if ! oppressions & violation ( "r %\ld be great1 flagrant1 & univ]sally res5t$2 if ! tyrannical gov]nors %\ld h no fri5ds b a few sycophants1 :o _h long prey$ ^u ! vitals ( _! fell[-citiz5s1 & :o might be expect$ to des]t a gov]nm5t :5ev] _! int]e/s %\ld be deta*$ f x2 if1 9 consequ5ce ( ^! circum/ances1 x %\ld become manife/ t ! risk :i* w\ld be run 9 attempt+ a revolution w\ld be trifl+1 & ! evils :i* might be appreh5d$ f x 7 f> less ?an ^? :i* 7 actually suff]$ & :i* 7 daily increas+2 9 ! "n ( ,god1 ,i ask1 :at pr9ciples are ^? :i* ought to re/ra9 an injur$ & insult$ p f ass]t+ _! natural rights1 & f *ang+ or ev5 puni%+ _! gov]nors--t is1 _! s]vants--:o _h abus$ _! tru/1 or f alt]+ ! :ole =m ( _! gov]nm5t1 if x appe>$ to be ( a /ructure s liable to abuse80 ,z a ,diss5t]1 subject to ! op]ation ( ! ,corporation & ,te/ ,acts1 & z a ,unit>ian1 exclud$ f ! b5efit ( ! ,tol]ation ,act1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t ,prie/ley _h v def9ite op9ions ab\t ,ecclesia/ical ,e/abli%m5ts2 ! only wond] is t ^! op9ions 7 s mod]ate z ! foll[+ passages %[ !m to h be53-- 8,ecclesia/ical au?ority may h be5 necess>y 9 ! infant /ate ( society1 &1 = ! same reason1 x may p]haps cont9ue to be1 9 "s degree1 necess>y z long z society is imp]fect2 & !re=e may n be entirely aboli%$ till civil gov]nm5ts h arriv$ at a mu* great] degree ( p]fection4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,i 7 ask$ :e!r ,i %\ld approve ( ! imm$iate dissolution ( all ! ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5ts 9 ,europe1 ,i %\ld answ]1 ,no4444 ,let exp]im5t be fir/ made ( alt]ations1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ( bett] e/abli%m5ts ?an ! pres5t4 ,let !m be re=m$ 9 _m ess5tial articles1 & !n n ?r[n aside entirely till x be f\nd by exp]i5ce t no good c be made ( !m40 ,prie/ley goes on to sugge/ f\r su* re=ms ( a capital nature3-- 8#a4 ,let ! ,articles ( ,fai? to be subscrib$ by c&idates = ! m9i/ry be greatly r$uc$4 ,9 ! =mul>y ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 might n ?irty-eight out ( ! ?irty-n9e be v well sp>$8 ,x is a reproa* to any ,*ri/ian e/abli%m5t if e man _c claim ! b5efit ( x :o c say t he believes 9 ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/ z x is set =? 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,y say ! t]ms are s g5]al t ev5 ,dei/s w\ld quibble & ins9uate !mselves4 ,i answ] t all ! articles :i* are subscrib$ at pres5t1 by no means exclude ,dei/s :o w prev>icate2 & ^u ?is s*eme y w\ld at lea/ exclude few] hone/ m540#be ,! second re=m sugge/$ is ! equalisation1 9 proportion to "w done1 ( ! /ip5ds ( ! cl]gy2 ! ?ird1 ! exclusion ( ! bi%ops f ,p>liam5t2 & ! f\r?1 complete tol]ation1 s t e man may enjoy ! rights ( a citiz51 & be qualifi$ to s]ve 8 c\ntry1 :e!r he belong to ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* or n4 ,op9ions su* z ^? ,i h quot$1 respect+ ! duties & ! responsibilities ( gov]nors1 are ! commonplaces ( mod]n ,lib]alism2 & ,prie/ley's views on ,ecclesia/ical ,e/abli%m5ts w\ld1 ,i fe>1 meet ) b a cool reception1 z altoge!r too cons]vative1 f a l>ge proportion ( ! l9eal desc5dants ( ! p :o taught _! *ildr5 to cry 8,damn ,prie/ley20 &1 ) t love = ! practical application ( sci5ce :i* is ! s\rce ( ! greatness ( ,birm+ham1 tri$ to set fire to ! doctor's h\se ) sp>ks f 8 own electrical ma*9e2 !reby giv+ ! man !y call$ an inc5di>y & rais] ( s$ition aga9/ ,*ur* & ,k+1 an appropriately exp]im5tal illu/ration ( ! nature ( arson & riot4 ,if ,i h succe$$ 9 putt+ be=e y ! ma9 features ( ,prie/ley's "w1 its value w become app>5t1 :5 we comp>e ! condition ( ! ,engli% nation1 z he knew x1 ) its pres5t /ate4 ,! fact t ,france has be5 = eighty-five ye>s try+1 )\t mu* success1 to "r h]self aft] ! great /orm ( ! ,revolution1 is n unfrequ5tly cit$ among u1 z an indication ( "s inh]5t incapacity = self-gov]nm5t among ! ,fr5* p4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ,engli%m5 :o argue ?us1 =get t1 f ! meet+ ( ! ,long ,p>liam5t 9 #afdj1 to ! la/ ,/u>t rebellion 9 #agde1 is a hundr$ & five ye>s1 & t1 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 we _h b j safely fre$ ourselves f our ,b\rbons & all t !y repres5t$4 ,! corruption ( our /ate 0 z bad z t ( ! ,second ,empire4 ,brib]y 0 ! in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t1 & peculation its rew>d4 ,f\r-fif?s ( ! seats 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 7 m or less op5ly dealt ) z prop]ty4 ,a m9i/] _h to consid] ! /ate ( ! vote m>ket1 & ! sov]eign secur$ a suffici5cy ( 8k+'s fri5ds0 by paym5ts allott$ ) retail1 r ?an royal1 sagacity4 ,b>efac$ & brutal immorality & intemp]ance p]vad$ ! l&1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ classes ( society4 ,! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* 0 torpid1 s f> z x 0 n a sc&al2 b ^? :o diss5t$ f x came )9 ! me%es ( ! ,act ( ,uni=mity1 ! ,te/ ,act1 & ! ,corporation ,act4 ,by law1 su* a man z ,prie/ley1 be+ a ,unit>ian1 c\ld nei!r tea* nor prea*1 & 0 liable to ru9\s f9es & long imprisonm5t4#bf ,9 ^? days1 ! guns t 7 po9t$ by ! ,*ur* aga9/ ! ,diss5t]s 7 %ott$4 ,! law 0 a cesspool ( iniquity & cruelty4 ,adam ,smi? 0 a new prophet :om few reg>d$1 & comm]ce 0 hamp]$ by idiotic imp$im5ts1 & ru9$ by /ill m absurd help1 on ! "p ( gov]nm5t4 ,birm+ham1 ?\gh already ! c5tre ( a consid]able indu/ry1 0 a m]e village z comp>$ ) its pres5t ext5t4 ,p :o travell$ w5t ab\t arm$1 by reason ( ! abundance ( highwaym5 & ! paucity & ineffici5cy ( ! police4 ,/age coa*es _h n rea*$ ,birm+ham1 & x took ?ree days to get to ,london4 ,ev5 canals 7 a rec5t & mu* oppos$ inv5tion4 ,newton _h laid ! f\ndation ( a me*anical conception ( ! physical univ]se3 ,h>tley1 putt+ a mod]n face ^u anci5t mat]ialism1 _h ext5d$ t me*anical conception to psy*ology2 ,l9nu & ,hall] 7 beg9n+ to introduce me?od & ord] into ! *aotic accumulation ( biological facts4 ,b ^? p>ts ( physical sci5ce :i* deal ) heat1 electricity1 & magnetism1 & above all1 *emi/ry1 9 ! mod]n s5se1 c h>dly be said to h _h an exi/5ce4 ,no "o knew t two ( ! old elem5tal bodies1 air & wat]1 are comp\nds1 & t a ?ird1 fire1 is n a sub/ance b a motion4 ,! great indu/ries t h gr[n out ( ! applications ( mod]n sci5tific discov]ies _h no exi/5ce1 & ! man :o %\ld h =etold _! com+ into be+ 9 ! days ( 8 son1 w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z a mad en?usia/4 ,9 common ) _m o!r excell5t p]sons1 ,prie/ley believ$ t man is capable ( rea*+1 & w ev5tually atta91 p]fection4 ,if ! temp]ature ( space pres5t$ no ob/acle1 ,i %\ld be glad to ent]ta9 ! same idea2 b judg+ f ! pa/ progress ( our species1 ,i am afraid t ! globe w h cool$ d[n s f>1 be=e ! adv5t ( ?is natural mill5nium1 t we %all be1 at be/1 p]fect$ ,esquimaux4 ,= all practical purposes1 h[ev]1 x is en\gh t man may visibly improve 8 condition 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury or s4 ,&1 if ! picture ( ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,prie/ley's "t1 :i* ,i h j drawn1 h any pret5ce to accuracy1 ,i ?9k x mu/ be admitt$ t !re has be5 a consid]able *ange = ! bett]4 ,i ne$ n adv]t to ! well-worn topic ( mat]ial advancem5t1 9 a place 9 :i* ! v /ones te/ify to t progress--9 ! t[n ( ,watt & ( ,b\lton4 ,i w only rem>k1 9 pass+1 t mat]ial advancem5t has its %>e 9 moral & intellectual progress4 ,becky ,%>p's acute rem>k t x is n difficult to be virtu\s on t5 ?\s& a ye>1 has its application to nations2 & x is futile to expect a hungry & squalid population to be any?+ b viol5t & gross4 ,b z reg>ds o!r ?an mat]ial welf>e1 al?\gh p]fection is n yet 9 sight--ev5 f ! ma/-head--x is surely true t ?+s are mu* bett] ?an !y 74 ,take ! upp] & middle classes z a :ole1 & x may be said t op5 immorality & gross intemp]ance h vani%$4 ,f\r & six bottle m5 are z ext9ct z ! dodo4 ,wom5 ( good repute d n gamble1 & talk modell$ ^u ,dean ,swift's 8,art ( ,polite ,conv]sation0 w\ld be tol]at$ 9 no dec5t kit*54 ,memb]s ( ! legislature are n to be b\ght2 & con/itu5ts are awak5+ to ! fact t votes mu/ n be sold--ev5 = su* trifles z rabbits & tea & cake4 ,political p[] has pass$ into ! h&s ( ! masses ( ! p4 ,^? :om ,prie/ley calls _! s]vants h recognis$ _! position1 & h reque/$ ! ma/] to be s good z to g to s*ool & fit himself = ! adm9i/ration ( 8 prop]ty4 ,no civil disability atta*es to any "o on !ological gr\nds1 & ! highe/ (fices ( ! /ate are op5 to ,papi/1 ,jew1 or ,secul>i/4#bg ,:atev] m5's op9ions z to ! policy ( ,e/abli%m5t1 no "o c hesitate to admit t ! cl]gy ( ! ,*ur* are m5 ( pure life & conv]sation1 zeal\s 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! duties2 &1 at pres5t1 app>5tly1 m b5t on prosecut+ "o ano!r ?an on m$dl+ ) ,diss5t]s4 ,!ology itself has broad5$ s mu*1 t ,anglican div9es put =w>d doctr9es m lib]al ?an ^? ( ,prie/ley2 &1 9 our /ate-support$ *ur*es1 "o li/5] may he> a s]mon to :i* ,bossuet might h giv5 8 approbation1 :ile ano!r may he> a disc\rse 9 :i* ,socrates w\ld f9d no?+ new4 ,b great z ^! *anges may be1 !y s9k into insignificance beside ! progress ( physical sci5ce1 :e!r we consid] ! improvem5t ( me?ods ( inve/igation1 or ! increase 9 bulk ( solid k4 ,consid] t ! lab\rs ( ,laplace1 ( ,"y1 ( ,davy1 & ( ,f>aday2 ( ,cuvi]1 ( ,lam>ck1 & ( ,rob]t ,br[n2 ( ,von ,ba]1 & ( ,s*wann2 ( ,smi? & ( ,hutton1 h all be5 c>ri$ on s9ce ,prie/ley discov]$ oxyg52 & consid] t !y are n[ ?+s ( ! pa/1 conceal$ by ! indu/ry ( ^? :o h built ^u !m1 z ! fir/ f\nd]s ( a coral reef are hidd5 b5ea? ! life's "w ( _! successors2 consid] t ! me?ods ( physical sci5ce are sl[ly spread+ into all inve/igations1 & t pro(s z valid z ^? requir$ by h] canons ( inve/igation1 are be+ dem&$ ( all doctr9es :i* ask = m5's ass5t2 & y w h a fa9t image ( ! a/\nd+ diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! n9ete5? c5tury & ! eighte5?4 ,if we ask :at is ! deep] mean+ ( all ^! va/ *anges1 ,i ?9k !re c be b "o reply4 ,!y mean t reason has ass]t$ & ex]cis$ h] primacy ov] all prov9ces ( human activity3 t ecclesia/ical au?ority has be5 relegat$ to its prop] place2 t ! good ( ! gov]n$ has be5 f9ally recognis$ z ! end ( gov]nm5t1 & ! complete responsibility ( gov]nors to ! p z its means2 & t ! dep5d5ce ( natural ph5om5a 9 g5]al1 on ! laws ( action ( :at we call matt] has become an axiom4 ,b x 0 to br+ ^! ?+s ab\t1 & to en=ce ! recognition ( ^! tru?s1 t ,joseph ,prie/ley lab\r$4 ,if ! n9ete5? c5tury is o!r & bett] ?an ! eighte5?1 x is1 9 great measure1 to him & to su* m5 z he1 t we owe ! *ange4 ,if ! tw5tie? c5tury is to be bett] ?an ! n9ete5?1 x w be because !re are among u m5 :o walk 9 ,prie/ley's foot/eps4 ,su* m5 are n ^? :om _! own g5]ation delights to hon\r2 su* m51 9 fact1 r>ely tr\ble !mselves ab\t hon\r1 b ask1 9 ano!r _s ?an ,fal/aff's1 8,:at is hon\r8 ,:o ha? x8 ,he t di$ o' ,w$nesday40 ,b :e!r ,prie/ley's lot be !irs1 & a future g5]ation1 9 ju/ice & 9 gratitude1 set up _! /atues2 or :e!r _! names & fame are blott$ out f remembrance1 _! "w w live z long z "t endures4 ,to all et]nity1 ! sum ( tru? & "r w h be5 increas$ by _! means2 to all et]nity1 falsehood & inju/ice w be ! weak] because !y h liv$4 ,,vi4 ,,on ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,zadig3 ,,retrospective ,,prophecy ,,z ,a ,,function ,,( ,,sci5ce4 8,une m>que plus sre que t\tes celles de ,zadig0--,,cuvi]4#bh ,x is a usual & a comm5dable practice to preface ! discussion ( ! views ( a philosophic ?9k] by "s acc\nt ( ! man & ( ! circum/ances :i* %ap$ 8 life & col\r$ 8 way ( look+ at ?+s2 b1 ?\gh ,zadig is cit$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ important *apt]s ( ,cuvi]'s greate/ "w1 little is kn[n ab\t him1 & t little might p]haps be bett] au!nticat$ ?an x is4 ,x is said t he liv$ at ,babylon 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,moabd>2 b ! "n ( ,moabd> does n appe> 9 ! li/ ( ,babylonian sov]eigns br\ght to light by ! pati5ce & ! indu/ry ( ! deciph]]s ( cunei=m inscriptions 9 ^! lat] ye>s2 nor inde$ am ,i aw>e t !re is any o!r au?ority = 8 exi/5ce ?an t ( ! biograph] ( ,zadig1 "o ,ar\et de ,voltaire1 among ^: m conspicu\s m]its /rict hi/orical accuracy is p]haps h>dly to be reckon$4 ,happily ,zadig is 9 ! position ( a great _m o!r philosoph]s4 ,:at he 0 l :5 he 0 9 ! fle%1 inde$ :e!r he exi/$ at all1 are matt]s ( no great consequ5ce4 ,:at we c>e ab\t 9 a light is t x %[s ! way1 n :e!r x is lamp or c&le1 tall[ or wax4 ,our only real int]e/ 9 ,zadig lies 9 ! conceptions ( :i* he is ! putative fa!r2 & 8 biograph] has /at$ ^! ) s mu* cle>ness & vivaci\s illu/ration1 t we ne$ h>dly feel a pang1 ev5 if critical rese>* %\ld prove ,k+ ,moabd> & all ! re/ ( ! /ory to be unhi/orical1 & r$uce ,zadig himself to ! %ad[y condition ( a sol> my?4 ,voltaire tells u t1 dis5*ant$ ) life by sundry dome/ic misadv5tures1 ,zadig )drew f ! turmoil ( ,babylon to a seclud$ retreat on ! banks ( ! ,euphrates1 :]e he beguil$ 8 solitude by ! /udy ( nature4 ,! manifold wond]s ( ! _w ( life _h a p>ticul> attraction = ! lonely /ud5t2 incessant & pati5t obs]vation ( ! plants & animals ab\t him %>p5$ 8 naturally good p[]s ( obs]vation & ( reason+2 until1 at l5g?1 he acquir$ a sagacity :i* enabl$ him to p]ceive endless m9ute diff]5ces among objects :i*1 to ! untutor$ eye1 appe>$ absolutely alike4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t ?is enl>gem5t ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d & ( its /ore ( natural k c\ld t5d to no?+ b ! increase ( a man's own welf>e & ! good ( 8 fell[-m54 ,b ,zadig 0 fat$ to exp]i5ce ! vanity ( su* expectations4 ,"o day1 walk+ ne> a little wood1 he saw1 ha/5+ t way1 "o ( ! ,que5's *ief eunu*s1 foll[$ by a troop ( (ficials1 :o appe>$ to be 9 ! greate/ anxiety1 runn+ hi!r & ?i!r l m5 di/raught1 9 se>* ( "s lo/ treasure4 8,"y man10 cri$ ! eunu*1 8h y se5 ! ,que5's dog80 ,zadig answ]$ mode/ly1 8,a bit*1 ,i ?9k1 n a dog40 8,q "r10 repli$ ! eunu*2 & ,zadig cont9u$1 8,a v small spaniel :o has lately _h puppies2 %e limps ) ! left =eleg1 & has v long e>s40 8,ah6 y h se5 h] !n10 said ! brea?less eunu*4 8,no10 answ]$ ,zadig1 8,i h n se5 h]2 & ,i really 0 n aw>e t ! ,que5 possess$ a spaniel40 ,by an odd co9cid5ce1 at ! v same "t1 ! h&some/ horse 9 ! ,k+'s /ables broke away f 8 groom 9 ! ,babylonian pla9s4 ,! gr& huntsman & all 8 /aff 7 seek+ ! horse ) z mu* anxiety z ! eunu* & 8 p ! spaniel2 & ! gr& huntsman ask$ ,zadig if he _h n se5 ! ,k+'s horse g t way4 8,a fir/-rate gallop]1 small-ho($1 five feet high2 tail ?ree feet & a half long2 *eek pieces ( ! bit ( tw5ty-?ree c>at gold2 %oes silv]80 said ,zadig4 8,:i* way did he g8 ,:]e is he80 cri$ ! gr& huntsman4 8,i h n se5 any?+ ( ! horse1 & ,i nev] he>d ( him be=e10 repli$ ,zadig4 ,! gr& huntsman & ! *ief eunu* made sure t ,zadig _h /ol5 bo? ! ,k+'s horse & ! ,que5's spaniel1 s !y hal$ him be=e ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,de/]ham1 :i* at once condemn$ him to ! kn\t1 & transportation = life to ,sib]ia4 ,b ! s5t5ce 0 h>dly pron\nc$ :5 ! lo/ horse & spaniel 7 f\nd4 ,s ! judges 7 "u ! pa9ful necessity ( reconsid]+ _! decision3 b !y f9$ ,zadig f\r hundr$ ounces ( gold = say+ he _h se5 t :i* he _h n se54 ,! fir/ ?+ 0 to pay ! f9e2 aft]w>ds ,zadig 0 p]mitt$ to op5 8 def5ce to ! c\rt1 :i* he did 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,/>s ( ju/ice1 abysses ( k1 mirrors ( tru?1 ^: gravity is z t ( lead1 ^: inflexibility is z t ( iron1 :o rival ! diamond 9 cle>ness1 & possess no little aff9ity ) gold2 s9ce ,i am p]mitt$ to address y\r augu/ assembly1 ,i swe> by ,ormuzd t ,i h nev] se5 ! respectable lady dog ( ! que51 nor beheld ! sacrosanct horse ( ! ,k+ ( ,k+s4 8,?is is :at happ5$4 ,i 0 tak+ a walk t[>ds ! little wood ne> :i* ,i subsequ5tly _h ! hon\r to meet ! v5]able *ief eunu* & ! mo/ illu/ri\s gr& huntsman4 ,i notic$ ! track ( an animal 9 ! s&1 & x 0 easy to see t x 0 t ( a small dog4 ,long fa9t /reaks ^u ! little elevations ( s& betwe5 ! footm>ks conv9c$ me t x 0 a %e dog ) p5d5t dugs1 %[+ t %e mu/ h _h puppies n _m days s9ce4 ,o!r scrap+s ( ! s&1 :i* always lay close to ! m>ks ( ! =epaws1 indicat$ t %e _h v long e>s2 &1 z ! impr9t ( "o foot 0 always fa9t] ?an ^? ( ! o!r ?ree1 ,i judg$ t ! lady dog ( our augu/ ,que5 01 if ,i may v5ture to say s1 a little lame4 8,) respect to ! horse ( ! ,k+ ( ,k+s1 p]mit me to obs]ve t1 w&]+ ?r\gh ! pa?s :i* trav]se ! wood1 ,i notic$ ! m>ks ( horse-%oes4 ,!y 7 all equidi/ant4 #8,ah6' said ,i1 #8?is is a fam\s gallop]4' ,9 a n>r[ alley1 only sev5 feet wide1 ! du/ ^u ! trunks ( ! trees 0 a little di/urb$ at ?ree feet & a half f ! middle ( ! pa?4 #8,?is horse1' said ,i to myself1 #8_h a tail ?ree feet & a half long1 &1 la%+ x f "o side to ! o!r1 he has swept away ! du/4' ,bran*es ( ! trees met ov]head at ! height ( five feet1 & "u !m ,i saw newly fall5 leaves2 s ,i knew t ! horse _h bru%$ "s ( ! bran*es1 & 0 !re=e five feet high4 ,z to 8 bit1 x mu/ h be5 made ( tw5ty-?ree c>at gold1 = he _h rubb$ x aga9/ a /one1 :i* turn$ out to be a t\*/one1 ) ! prop]ties ( :i* ,i am famili> by exp]im5t4 ,la/ly1 by ! m>ks :i* 8 %oes left ^u pebbles ( ano!r k9d1 ,i 0 l$ to ?9k t 8 %oes 7 ( f9e silv]40 ,all ! judges admir$ ,zadig's pr(\nd & subtle disc]nm5t2 & ! fame ( x rea*$ ev5 ! ,k+ & ! ,que54 ,f ! ante-rooms to ! pres5ce-*amb]1 ,zadig's "n 0 9 ev]ybody's m\?2 &1 al?\gh _m ( ! magi 7 ( op9ion t he ought to be burnt z a sorc]]1 ! ,k+ comm&$ t ! f\r hundr$ ounces ( gold :i* he _h be5 f9$ %\ld be re/or$ to him4 ,s ! (fic]s ( ! c\rt w5t 9 /ate ) ! f\r hundr$ ounces2 only !y reta9$ ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-eight = legal exp5ses1 & _! s]vants expect$ fees4 ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 le>n+ m ( ! fateful hi/ory ( ,zadig mu/ turn to ! orig9al2 we are deal+ ) him only z a philosoph]1 & ?is brief exc]pt suffices = ! exemplification ( ! nature ( 8 conclusions & ( ! me?od by :i* he arriv$ at !m4 ,^! conclusions may be said to be ( ! nature ( retrospective prophecies2 ?\gh x is p]haps a little haz>d\s to employ phraseology :i* p]il\sly sugge/s a contradiction 9 t]ms--! ^w 8prophecy0 be+ s con/antly 9 ord9>y use re/rict$ to 8=etell+40 ,/rictly1 h[ev]1 ! t]m prophecy z mu* applies to outspeak+ z to =etell+2 &1 ev5 9 ! re/rict$ s5se ( 8div9ation10 x is obvi\s t ! ess5ce ( ! prophetic op]ation does n lie 9 its backw>d or =w>d relation to ! c\rse ( "t1 b 9 ! fact t x is ! appreh5sion ( t :i* lies out ( ! sph]e ( imm$iate k2 ! see+ ( t :i* to ! natural s5se ( ! se] is invisible4 ,! =etell] ass]ts t1 at "s future "t1 a prop]ly situat$ obs]v] w witness c]ta9 ev5ts2 ! clairvoyant decl>es t1 at ?is pres5t "t1 c]ta9 ?+s are to be witness$ a ?\s& miles away2 ! retrospective prophet 7w\ld t !re 7 su* a ^w z 8backtell]607 affirms t s _m h\rs or ye>s ago1 su* & su* ?+s 7 to be se54 ,9 all ^! cases1 x is only ! relation to "t :i* alt]s--! process ( div9ation beyond ! limits ( possible direct k rema9s ! same4 ,no d\bt x 0 _! in/9ctive recognition ( ! analogy betwe5 ,zadig's results & ^? obta9$ by au?oris$ inspiration :i* inspir$ ! ,babylonian magi ) ! desire to burn ! philosoph]4 ,zadig admitt$ t he _h nev] ei!r se5 or he>d ( ! horse ( ! k+ or ( ! spaniel ( ! que52 & yet he v5tur$ to ass]t 9 ! mo/ positive mann] t animals answ]+ to _! description did actually exi/1 & ran ab\t ! pla9s ( ,babylon4 ,if 8 me?od 0 good = ! div9ation ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts t5 h\rs old1 :y %\ld x n be good = ^? ( t5 ye>s or t5 c5turies pa/2 nay1 might x n ext5d to t5 ?\s& ye>s & ju/ify ! impi\s 9 m$dl+ ) ! traditions ( ,oannes & ! fi%1 & all ! sacr$ f\ndations ( ,babylonian cosmogony8 ,b ?is 0 n ! wor/4 ,!re 0 ano!r consid]ation :i* obvi\sly dictat$ to ! m ?\ghtful ( ! magi ! propriety ( burn+ ,zadig out ( h&4 ,8 def5ce 0 worse ?an 8 (f5ce4 ,x %[$ t 8 mode ( div9ation 0 fraught ) dang] to magianism 9 g5]al4 ,swoll5 ) ! pride ( human reason1 he _h ignor$ ! e/abli%$ canons ( magian lore2 &1 tru/+ to :at aft] all 0 m]e c>nal common s5se1 he pr(ess$ to lead m5 to a deep] insight into nature ?an magian wisdom1 ) all its l(ty antagonism to ev]y?+ common1 _h ev] rea*$4 ,:at1 9 fact1 lay at ! f\ndation ( all ,zadig's argum5ts b ! co>se commonplace assumption1 ^u :i* e act ( our daily lives is bas$1 t we may conclude f an effect to ! pre-exi/5ce ( a cause compet5t to produce t effect8 ,! tracks 7 exactly l ^? :i* dogs & horses leave2 !re=e !y 7 ! effects ( su* animals z causes4 ,! m>ks at ! sides ( ! =e pr9ts ( ! dog track 7 exactly su* z w\ld be produc$ by long trail+ e>s2 !re=e ! dog's long e>s 7 ! causes ( ^! m>ks--& s on4 ,no?+ c be m hopelessly vulg>1 m unlike ! maje/ic developm5t ( a sy/em ( gr&ly un9telligible conclusions f sublimely inconceivable premisses1 su* z delights ! magian he>t4 ,9 fact1 ,zadig's me?od 0 no?+ b ! me?od ( all mank9d4 ,retrospective prophecies1 f> m a/oni%+ = _! m9ute accuracy ?an ^? ( ,zadig1 are famili> to ^? :o h wat*$ ! daily life ( nomadic p4 ,f fre%ly brok5 twigs1 cru%$ leaves1 di/urb$ pebbles1 & impr9ts h>dly disc]nible by ! untra9$ eye1 su* graduates 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nature w div9e1 n only ! fact t a p>ty has pass$ t way1 b its /r5g?1 its composition1 ! c\rse x took1 & ! numb] ( h\rs or days :i* h elaps$ s9ce x pass$4 ,b !y are able to d ?is because1 l ,zadig1 !y p]ceive endless m9ute diff]5ces :]e untra9$ eyes disc]n no?+2 & because ! unconsci\s logic ( common s5se compels !m to acc\nt = ^! effects by ! causes :i* !y "k to be compet5t to produce !m4 ,& su* m]e me?odis$ savag]y 0 to discov] ! hidd5 ?+s ( nature bett] ?an priori d$uctions f ! nature ( ,ormuzd--p]haps to give a hi/ory ( ! pa/1 9 :i* ,oannes w\ld be altoge!r ignor$6 ,decid$ly x 7 bett] to burn ?is man at once4 ,if in/9ct1 or an unwont$ use ( reason1 l$ ,moabd>'s magi to ?is conclusion two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 all t c be said is t subsequ5t hi/ory has fully ju/ifi$ !m4 ,= ! rigor\s application ( ,zadig's logic to ! results ( accurate & long-cont9u$ obs]vation has f\nd$ all ^? sci5ces :i* h be5 t]m$ hi/orical or paltiological1 because !y are retrospectively prophetic & /rive t[>ds ! recon/ruction 9 human imag9ation ( ev5ts :i* h vani%$ & ceas$ to be4 ,hi/ory1 9 ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! ^w1 is bas$ ^u ! int]pretation ( docum5t>y evid5ce2 & docum5ts w\ld h no evid5tial value unless hi/orians 7 ju/ifi$ 9 _! assumption t !y h come into exi/5ce by ! op]ation ( causes simil> to ^? ( :i* docum5ts are1 9 our pres5t exp]i5ce1 ! effects4 ,if a writt5 hi/ory c be produc$ o!rwise ?an by human ag5cy1 or if ! man :o wrote a giv5 docum5t 0 actuat$ by o!r ?an ord9>y human motives1 su* docum5ts are ( no m evid5tial value ?an s _m arabesques4 ,ar*ology1 :i* takes up ! ?read ( hi/ory beyond ! po9t at :i* docum5t>y evid5ce fails u1 c\ld h no exi/5ce1 except = our well-gr\nd$ confid5ce t monum5ts & works ( art or artifice1 h nev] be5 produc$ by causes diff]5t 9 k9d f ^? to :i* !y n[ owe _! orig94 ,& geology1 :i* traces back ! c\rse ( hi/ory beyond ! limits ( ar*ology1 c\ld tell u no?+ except = ! assumption t1 millions ( ye>s ago1 wat]1 heat1 gravitation1 friction1 animal & vegetable life1 caus$ effects ( ! same k9d z !y d n[4 ,nay1 ev5 physical a/ronomy1 9 s f> z x takes u back to ! utt]mo/ po9t ( "t :i* paltiological sci5ce c rea*1 is f\nd$ ^u ! same assumption4 ,if ! law ( gravitation ev] fail$ to be true1 ev5 to ! smalle/ ext5t1 = t p]iod1 ! calculations ( ! a/ronom] h no application4 ,! p[] ( pr$iction1 ( prospective prophecy1 is t :i* is commonly reg>d$ z ! great pr]ogative ( physical sci5ce4 ,& truly x is a wond]ful fact t "o c g into a %op & buy = small price a book1 ! 8,nautical ,almanac10 :i* w =etell ! exact position to be occupi$ by "o ( ,jupit]'s moons six mon?s h5ce2 nay m1 t1 if x 7 wor? :ile1 ! ,a/ronom] ,royal c\ld furni% u ) z infallible a pr$iction applicable to #aihj or #bihj4 ,b a/ronomy is n less rem>kable = its p[] ( retrospective prophecy4 ,?ales1 olde/ ( ,greek philosoph]s1 ! dates ( ^: bir? & dea? are unc]ta91 b :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #fjj ,b4,c41 is said to h =etold an eclipse ( ! sun :i* took place 9 8 "t dur+ a battle betwe5 ! ,m$es & ! ,lydians4 ,sir ,george ,airy has writt5 a v le>n$ & int]e/+ memoir#bi 9 :i* he proves t su* an eclipse 0 visible 9 ,lydia on ! aft]noon ( ! #bh? ( ,may 9 ! ye> #ehe ,b4,c4 ,no "o d\bts t1 on ! day & at ! h\r m5tion$ by ! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 ! p ( ,asia ,m9or saw ! face ( ! sun totally obscur$4 ,b1 ?\gh we implicitly believe ?is retrospective prophecy1 x is incapable ( v]ification4 ,9 ! total abs5ce ( hi/orical records1 x is impossible ev5 to conceive any means ( asc]ta9+ directly :e!r ! eclipse ( ,?ales happ5$ or n4 ,all t c be said is1 t ! prospective prophecies ( ! a/ronom] are always v]ifi$2 & t1 inasmu* z 8 retrospective prophecies are ! result ( foll[+ backw>ds1 ! v same me?od z t :i* inv>iably leads to v]ifi$ results1 :5 x is work$ =w>ds1 !re is z mu* reason = plac+ full confid5ce 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r4 ,retrospective prophecy is !re=e a legitimate function ( a/ronomical sci5ce2 & if x is legitimate = "o sci5ce x is legitimate = all2 ! fundam5tal axiom on :i* x re/s1 ! con/ancy ( ! ord] ( nature1 be+ ! common f\ndation ( all sci5tific ?\ght4 ,inde$1 if !re c be grades 9 legitimacy1 c]ta9 bran*es ( sci5ce h ! advantage ov] a/ronomy1 9 s f> z _! retrospective prophecies are n only susceptible ( v]ification1 b are sometimes /rik+ly v]ifi$4 ,su* a sci5ce exi/s 9 t application ( ! pr9ciples ( biology to ! int]pretation ( ! animal & vegetable rema9s imb$d$ 9 ! rocks :i* compose ! surface ( ! globe1 :i* is call$ ,palontology4 ,at no v di/ant "t1 ! "q :e!r ^! s-call$ 8fossils0 7 really ! rema9s ( animals & plants 0 hotly disput$4 ,v le>n$ p]sons ma9ta9$ t !y 7 no?+ ( ! k9d1 b a sort ( concretion1 or cry/allisation1 :i* _h tak5 place )9 ! /one 9 :i* !y are f\nd2 & :i* simulat$ ! =ms ( animal & vegetable life1 j z fro/ on a w9d[-pane imitates vegetation4 ,at ! pres5t day1 x w\ld probably be impossible to f9d any sane advocate ( ?is op9ion2 & ! fact is r surpris+1 t among ! p f :om ! circle-squ>]s1 p]petual-motion]s1 flat-e>? m5 & ! l1 are recruit$1 to say no?+ ( table-turn]s & _s-rapp]s1 somebody has n p]ceiv$ ! easy av5ue to nons5sical notoriety op5 to any "o :o w take up ! good old doctr9e1 t fossils are all lusus natur4 ,! position w\ld be impregnable1 inasmu* z x is q impossible to prove ! contr>y4 ,if a man *oose to ma9ta9 t a fossil oy/] %ell1 9 spite ( its correspond5ce1 d[n to e m9ute/ p>ticul>1 ) t ( an oy/] fre% tak5 out ( ! sea1 0 nev] t5ant$ by a liv+ oy/]1 b is a m9]al concretion1 !re is no demon/rat+ 8 error4 ,all t c be done is to %[ him t1 by a p>ity ( reason+1 he is b\nd to admit t a heap ( oy/] %ells outside a fi%mong]'s door may also be 8sports ( nature10 & t a mutton bone 9 a du/-b9 may h _h ! l orig94 ,& :5 y _c prove t p are wrong1 b only t !y are absurd1 ! be/ c\rse is to let !m alone4 ,! :ole fabric ( palontology1 9 fact1 falls to ! gr\nd unless we admit ! validity ( ,zadig's great pr9ciple1 t l effects imply l causes2 & t ! process ( reason+ f a %ell1 or a too?1 or a bone1 to ! nature ( ! animal to :i* x belong$1 re/s absolutely on ! assumption t ! lik5ess ( ?is %ell1 or too?1 or bone1 to t ( "s animal ) :i* we are already acqua9t$1 is su* t we are ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ a correspond+ degree ( lik5ess 9 ! re/ ( ! two organisms4 ,x is on ?is v simple pr9ciple1 & n ^u imag9>y laws ( physiological correlation1 ab\t :i*1 9 mo/ cases1 we "k no?+ :atev]1 t ! s-call$ re/orations ( ! palontologi/ are bas$4 ,abundant illu/rations ( ?is tru? w occur to e "o :o is famili> ) palontology2 none is m suitable ?an ! case ( ! s-call$ ,belemnites4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! /udy ( fossils1 ?is "n 0 giv5 to c]ta9 elongat$ /ony bodies1 end+ at "o extremity 9 a conical po9t1 & truncat$ at ! o!r1 :i* 7 commonly reput$ to be ?und]bolts1 & z su* to h desc5d$ f ! sky4 ,!y are common en\gh 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl&2 &1 9 ! condition 9 :i* !y are ord9>ily f\nd1 x might be difficult to give satisfactory reasons = d5y+ !m to be m]ely m9]al bodies4 ,!y appe>1 9 fact1 to consi/ ( no?+ b conc5tric lay]s ( c>bonate ( lime1 dispos$ 9 subcry/all9e fibres1 or prisms1 p]p5dicul> to ! lay]s4 ,among a great numb] ( specim5s ( ^! ,belemnites1 h[ev]1 x 0 soon obs]v$ t "s %[$ a conical cavity at ! blunt end2 &1 9 /ill bett] pres]v$ specim5s1 ?is cavity appe>$ to be divid$ into *amb]s by delicate sauc]-%ap$ p>titions1 situat$ at regul> int]vals "o above ! o!r4 ,n[ !re is no m9]al body :i* pres5ts any /ructure comp>able to ?is1 & ! conclusion sugge/$ itself t ! ,belemnites mu/ be ! effects ( causes o!r ?an ^? :i* are at "w 9 inorganic nature4 ,on close exam9ation1 ! sauc]-%ap$ p>titions 7 prov$ to be all p]=at$ at "o po9t1 & ! p]=ations be+ situat$ exactly 9 ! same l9e1 ! *amb]s 7 se5 to be trav]s$ by a canal1 or siphuncle1 :i* ?us connect$ ! smalle/ or apical *amb] ) ! l>ge/4 ,!re is no?+ l ?is 9 ! vegetable _w2 b an exactly correspond+ /ructure is met ) 9 ! %ells ( two k9ds ( exi/+ animals1 ! pe>ly ,nautilus & ! ,spirula1 & only 9 !m4 ,^! animals belong to ! same division--! ,cephalopoda--z ! cuttle-fi%1 ! squid1 & ! octopus4 ,b !y are ! only exi/+ memb]s ( ! gr\p :i* possess *amb]$1 siphunculat$ %ells2 & x is utt]ly impossible to trace any physiological connection betwe5 ! v peculi> /ructural *>act]s ( a cephalopod & ! pres5ce ( a *amb]$ %ell4 ,9 fact1 ! squid has1 in/ead ( any su* %ell1 a horny 8p510 ! cuttle-fi% has ! s-call$ 8cuttle-bone10 & ! octopus has no %ell1 or1 at mo/1 a m]e rudim5t ( "o4 ,nev]!less1 see+ t !re is no?+ 9 nature at all l ! *amb]$ %ell ( ! ,belemnite1 except ! %ells ( ! ,nautilus & ( ! ,spirula1 x 0 legitimate to prophesy t ! animal f :i* ! fossil proce$$ mu/ h belong$ to ! gr\p ( ! ,cephalopoda4 ,nautilus & ,spirula are bo? v r>e animals1 b ! progress ( inve/igation br\ght to light ! s+ul> fact1 t1 ?\gh ea* has ! *>act]i/ic cephalopod\s organisation1 x is v diff]5t f ! o!r4 ,! %ell ( ,nautilus is ext]nal1 t ( ,spirula int]nal2 ,nautilus has f\r gills1 ,spirula two2 ,nautilus has multitud9\s t5tacles1 ,spirula has only t5 arms beset ) horny rimm$ suck]s2 ,spirula1 l ! squids & cuttle-fi%es1 :i* x closely resembles1 has a bag ( ink :i* x squirts out to cov] its retreat :5 al>m$2 ,nautilus has none4 ,no am\nt ( physiological reason+ c\ld enable any "o to say :e!r ! animal :i* fabricat$ ! ,belemnite 0 m l ,nautilus1 or m l ,spirula4 ,b ! accid5tal discov]y ( ,belemnites 9 due connection ) black elongat$ masses :i* 7 c]ta9ly fossilis$ ink-bags1 inasmu* z ! ink c\ld be gr\nd up & us$ = pa9t+ z well z if x 7 rec5t sepia1 settl$ ! "q2 & x became p]fectly safe to prophesy t ! creature :i* fabricat$ ! ,belemnite 0 a two-gill$ cephalopod ) suck]s on its arms1 & ) all ! o!r ess5tial features ( our liv+ squids1 cuttle-fi%es1 & ,spirul4 ,! palontologi/ 01 by ?is "t1 able to speak z confid5tly ab\t ! animal ( ! ,belemnite1 z ,zadig 0 respect+ ! que5's spaniel4 ,he c\ld give a v fair description ( its ext]nal appe>ance1 & ev5 ent] pretty fully into ! details ( its int]nal organisation1 & yet c\ld decl>e t nei!r he1 nor any "o else1 _h ev] se5 "o4 ,& z ! que5's spaniel 0 f\nd1 s happily has ! animal ( ! ,belemnite2 a few exceptionally pres]v$ specim5s hav+ be5 discov]$1 :i* completely v]ify ! retrospective prophecy ( ^? :o int]pret$ ! facts ( ! case by due application ( ! me?od ( ,zadig4 ,^! ,belemnites fl\ri%$ 9 prodigi\s abundance 9 ! seas ( ! mesozoic or second>y age ( ! _w's geological hi/ory2 b no trace ( !m has be5 f\nd 9 any ( ! t]ti>y deposits1 & !y appe> to h di$ out t[>ds ! close ( ! mesozoic epo*4 ,! me?od ( ,zadig1 !re=e1 applies 9 full =ce to ! ev5ts ( a p]iod :i* is immeasurably remote1 :i* long prec$$ ! orig9 ( ! mo/ conspicu\s m\nta9 masses ( ! pres5t _w1 & ! deposition1 at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 ( ! rocks :i* =m ! great] "p ( ! soil ( our pres5t cont95ts4 ,! ,euphrates itself1 at ! m\? ( :i* ,oannes l&$1 is a ?+ ( ye/]day comp>$ ) a ,belemnite2 & ev5 ! lib]al *ronology ( ,magian cosmogony fixes ! beg9n+ ( ! _w only at a "t :5 o!r applications ( ,zadig's me?od af=d conv9c+ evid5ce t1 c\ld we h be5 !re to see1 ?+s w\ld h look$ v mu* z !y d n[4 ,truly ! magi 7 wise 9 _! g5]ation2 !y =esaw rightly t ?is pe/il5t application ( ! pr9ciples ( common s5se1 inaugurat$ by ,zadig1 w\ld be _! ru94 ,b x may be said t ! me?od ( ,zadig1 :i* is simple reason+ f analogy1 does n acc\nt = ! mo/ /rik+ feats ( mod]n palontology--! recon/ruction ( entire animals f a too? or p]haps a fragm5t ( a bone2 & x may be ju/ly urg$ t ,cuvi]1 ! great ma/] ( ?is k9d ( inve/igation1 gave a v diff]5t acc\nt ( ! process :i* yield$ su* rem>kable results4 ,cuvi] is n ! fir/ man ( ability :o has fail$ to make 8 own m5tal processes cle> to himself1 & he w n be ! la/4 ,! matt] c be easily te/$4 ,se>* ! eight volumes ( ! 8,re*]*es sur les ,ossem5s fossiles0 f cov] to cov]1 & no?+ b ! application ( ! me?od ( ,zadig w be f\nd 9 ! argum5ts by :i* a fragm5t ( a skeleton is made to reveal ! *>act]s ( ! animal to :i* x belong$4 ,!re is "o well-kn[n case :i* may repres5t all4 ,x is an excell5t illu/ration ( ,cuvi]'s sagacity1 & he evid5tly takes "s pride 9 tell+ 8 /ory ab\t x4 ,a split slab ( /one arriv$ f ! qu>ries ( ,montm>tre1 ! two halves ( :i* conta9$ ! great] "p ( ! skeleton ( a small animal4 ,on c>eful exam9ations ( ! *>act]s ( ! tee? & ( ! l[] jaw1 :i* happ5$ to be expos$1 ,cuvi] assur$ himself t !y pres5t$ su* a v close resemblance to ! correspond+ p>ts 9 ! liv+ opossums t he at once assign$ ! fossil to t g5us4 ,n[ ! opossums are unlike mo/ mammals 9 t !y possess two bones atta*$ to ! =e "p ( ! pelvis1 :i* are commonly call$ 8m>supial bones40 ,! "n is a misnom]1 orig9ally conf]r$ because x 0 ?\ght t ^! bones h some?+ to d ) ! support ( ! p\*1 or m>supium1 ) :i* "s1 b n all1 ( ! opossums are provid$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !y h no?+ to d ) ! support ( ! p\*1 & !y exi/ z mu* 9 ^? opossums :i* h no p\*es z 9 ^? :i* possess !m4 ,9 tru?1 no "o kn[s :at ! use ( ^! bones may be1 nor has any valid !ory ( _! physiological import yet be5 sugge/$4 ,& if we h no k ( ! physiological importance ( ! bones !mselves1 x is obvi\sly absurd to pret5d t we are able to give physiological reasons :y ! pres5ce ( ^! bones is associat$ ) c]ta9 peculi>ities ( ! tee? & ( ! jaws4 ,if any "o kn[s :y f\r mol> tee? & an inflect$ angle ( ! jaw are v g5]ally f\nd along ) m>supial bones1 he has n yet communicat$ t k to ! _w4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,zadig 0 "r 9 conclud+ f ! lik5ess ( ! ho(-pr9ts :i* he obs]v$ to a horse's t ! creature :i* made !m _h a tail l t ( a horse1 ,cuvi]1 see+ t ! tee? & jaw ( 8 fossil 7 j l ^? ( an opossum1 _h ! same "r to conclude t ! pelvis w\ld also be l an opossum's2 & s /rong 0 8 conviction t ?is retrospective prophecy1 ab\t an animal :i* he _h nev] se5 be=e1 & :i* _h be5 dead & buri$ = millions ( ye>s1 w\ld be v]ifi$1 t he w5t to "w ^u ! slab :i* conta9$ ! pelvis 9 confid5t expectation ( f9d+ & lay+ b>e ! 8m>supial bones10 to ! satisfaction ( "s p]sons :om he _h invit$ to witness _! dis9t]m5t4 ,z he says3--8,cette opration se fit en prs5ce de quelques p]sonnes qui j'en avais annonc d'avance le rsultat1 dans l'int5tion de leur pr\v] p> le fait la ju/ice de nos ?ories zoologiques2 puisque le vrai ca*et d'une ?orie e/ sans contr$it la facult qu'elle donne de prvoir les phnomnes40 ,9 ! 8,ossem5s fossiles0 ,cuvi] leaves 8 pap] j z x fir/ appe>$ 9 ! 8,annales du ,musum10 z 8a curi\s monum5t ( ! =ce ( zoological laws & ( ! use :i* may be made ( !m40 ,zoological laws truly1 b n physiological laws4 ,if "o sees a live dog's head1 x is extremely probable t a dog's tail is n f> (f1 ?\gh nobody c say :y t sort ( head & t sort ( tail g toge!r2 :at physiological connection !re is betwe5 ! two4 ,s1 9 ! case ( ! ,montm>tre fossil1 ,cuvi]1 f9d+ a ?or\gh opossum's head1 conclud$ t ! pelvis also w\ld be l an opossum's4 ,b1 mo/ assur$ly1 ! mo/ advanc$ physiologi/ ( ! pres5t day c\ld ?r[ no light on ! "q :y ^! are associat$1 nor c\ld pret5d to affirm t ! exi/5ce ( ! "o is necess>ily connect$ ) t ( ! o!r4 ,9 fact1 _h x s happ5$ t ! pelvis ( ! fossil _h be5 orig9ally expos$1 :ile ! head lay hidd51 ! pres5ce ( ! 8m>supial bones10 h[ev] l !y might h be5 to an opossum's1 w\ld by no means h w>rant$ ! pr$iction t ! skull w\ld turn out to be t ( ! opossum4 ,x might j z well h be5 l t ( "s o!r ,m>supial2 or ev5 l t ( ! totally diff]5t gr\p ( ,monotremes1 ( :i* ! only liv+ repres5tatives are ! ,e*idna & ! ,orni?orhyn*us4 ,= all practical purposes1 h[ev]1 ! empirical laws ( co-ord9ation ( /ructures1 :i* are embodi$ 9 ! g5]alisations ( morphology1 may be confid5tly tru/$1 if employ$ ) due caution1 to lead to a j int]pretation ( fossil rema9s2 or1 9 o!r words1 we may look = ! v]ification ( ! retrospective prophecies :i* are bas$ ^u !m4 ,& if ?is be ! case1 ! late advances :i* h be5 made 9 palontological discov]y op5 out a new field = su* prophecies4 ,= x has be5 asc]ta9$ ) respect to _m gr\ps ( animals1 t1 z we trace !m back 9 "t1 _! ance/ors gradually cease to exhibit ^? special modifications :i* at pres5t *>act]ise ! type1 & m ne>ly embody ! g5]al plan ( ! gr\p to :i* !y belong4 ,?us1 9 ! well-kn[n case ( ! horse1 ! toes :i* are suppress$ 9 ! liv+ horse are f\nd to be m & m complete 9 ! old] memb]s ( ! gr\p1 until1 at ! bottom ( ! ,t]ti>y s]ies ( ,am]ica1 we f9d an equ9e animal :i* has f\r toes 9 front & ?ree beh9d4 ,no rema9s ( ! horse tribe are at pres5t kn[n f any ,mesozoic deposit4 ,yet :o c d\bt t1 :5ev] a suffici5tly ext5sive s]ies ( lacu/r9e & fluviatile b$s ( t age becomes kn[n1 ! l9eage :i* has be5 trac$ ?us f> w be cont9u$ by equ9e quadrup$s ) an increas+ numb] ( digits1 until ! horse type m]ges 9 ! five-to$ =m t[>ds :i* ^! gradations po9t8 ,b ! argum5t :i* holds good = ! horse1 holds good1 n only = all mammals1 b = ! :ole animal _w4 ,& z ! /udy ( ! p$igrees1 or l9es ( evolution1 to :i*1 at pres5t1 we h access1 br+s to light1 z x assur$ly w d1 ! laws ( t process1 we %all be able to reason f ! facts ) :i* ! geological record furni%es u to ^? :i* h hi!rto rema9$1 & _m ( :i*1 p]haps1 may = ev] rema91 hidd54 ,! same me?od ( reason+ :i* enables u1 :5 furni%$ ) a fragm5t ( an ext9ct animal1 to prophesy ! "* :i* ! :ole organism exhibit$1 w1 soon] or lat]1 enable u1 :5 we "k a few ( ! lat] t]ms ( a g5ealogical s]ies1 to pr$ict ! nature ( ! e>li] t]ms4 ,9 no v di/ant future1 ! me?od ( ,zadig1 appli$ to a great] body ( facts ?an ! pres5t g5]ation is =tunate en\gh to h&le1 w enable ! biologi/ to recon/ruct ! s*eme ( life f its beg9n+1 & to speak z confid5tly ( ! "* ( long ext9ct liv+ be+s1 no trace ( :i* has be5 pres]v$1 z ,zadig did ( ! que5's spaniel & ! k+'s horse4 ,let u hope t !y may be bett] rew>d$ = _! toil & _! sagacity ?an 0 ! ,babylonian philosoph]2 = p]haps1 by t "t1 ! ,magi also may be reckon$ among ! memb]s ( a =gott5 ,fauna1 ext+ui%$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce aga9/ _! great rival1 common s5se4 ,,vii4 ,,on ,,! ,,bord] ,,t]ritory ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,animal ,,& ,,! ,,vegetable ,,k+doms4 ,9 ! :ole hi/ory ( sci5ce !re is no?+ m rem>kable ?an ! rapidity ( ! gr[? ( biological k )9 ! la/ half-c5tury1 & ! ext5t ( ! modification :i* has !reby be5 effect$ 9 "s ( ! fundam5tal conceptions ( ! naturali/4 ,9 ! second edition ( ! 8,rgne ,animal10 publi%$ 9 #ahbh1 ,cuvi] devotes a special section to ! 8,division ( ,organis$ ,be+s into ,animals & ,vegetables10 9 :i* ! "q is treat$ ) t compreh5siv5ess ( k & cle> critical judgm5t :i* *>act]ise 8 writ+s1 & ju/ify u 9 reg>d+ !m z repres5tative expressions ( ! mo/ ext5sive1 if n ! pr(\nde/1 k ( 8 "t4 ,he tells u t liv+ be+s h be5 subdivid$ f ! e>lie/ times into animat$ be+s1 :i* possess s5se & motion1 & inanimat$ be+s1 :i* are devoid ( ^! functions1 & simply vegetate4 ,al?\gh ! roots ( plants direct !mselves t[>ds moi/ure1 & _! leaves t[>ds air & light1--al?\gh ! p>ts ( "s plants exhibit oscillat+ movem5ts )\t any p]ceptible cause1 & ! leaves ( o!rs retract :5 t\*$1--yet none ( ^! movem5ts ju/ify ! ascription to plants ( p]ception or ( w4 ,f ! mobility ( animals1 ,cuvi]1 ) 8 *>act]i/ic p>tiality = teleological reason+1 d$uces ! necessity ( ! exi/5ce 9 !m ( an alim5t>y cavity1 or res]voir ( food1 :5ce _! nutrition may be drawn by ! vessels1 :i* are a sort ( int]nal roots2 &1 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is alim5t>y cavity1 he naturally sees ! prim>y & ! mo/ important di/9ction betwe5 animals & plants4 ,foll[+ out 8 teleological argum5t1 ,cuvi] rem>ks t ! organisation ( ?is cavity & its appurt5ances mu/ ne$s v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! alim5t1 & ! op]ations :i* x has to und]go1 be=e x c be conv]t$ into sub/ances fitt$ = absorption2 :ile ! atmosph]e & ! e>? supply plants ) juices ready prep>$1 & :i* c be absorb$ imm$iately4 ,z ! animal body requir$ to be indep5d5t ( heat & ( ! atmosph]e1 !re 7 no means by :i* ! motion ( its fluids c\ld be produc$ by int]nal causes4 ,h5ce arose ! second great di/9ctive "* ( animals1 or ! circulatory sy/em1 :i* is less important ?an ! dige/ive1 s9ce x 0 unnecess>y1 & !re=e is abs5t1 9 ! m simple animals4 ,animals fur!r ne$$ muscles = locomotion & n]ves = s5sibility4 ,h5ce1 says ,cuvi]1 x 0 necess>y t ! *emical composition ( ! animal body %\ld be m complicat$ ?an t ( ! plant2 & x is s1 inasmu* z an additional sub/ance1 nitrog51 ent]s into x z an ess5tial elem5t2 :ile1 9 plants1 nitrog5 is only accid5tally jo9$ ) ! ?ree o!r fundam5tal con/itu5ts ( organic be+s--c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,inde$1 he aft]w>ds affirms t nitrog5 is peculi> to animals2 & h]e9 he places ! ?ird di/9ction betwe5 ! animal & ! plant4 ,! soil & ! atmosph]e supply plants ) wat]1 compos$ ( hydrog5 & oxyg52 air1 consi/+ ( nitrog5 & oxyg52 & c>bonic acid1 conta9+ c>bon & oxyg54 ,!y reta9 ! hydrog5 & ! c>bon1 exhale ! sup]flu\s oxyg51 & absorb little or no nitrog54 ,! ess5tial "* ( vegetable life is ! exhalation ( oxyg51 :i* is effect$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( light4 ,animals1 on ! contr>y1 d]ive _! n\ri%m5t ei!r directly or indirectly f plants4 ,!y get rid ( ! sup]flu\s hydrog5 & c>bon1 & accumulate nitrog54 ,! relations ( plants & animals to ! atmosph]e are !re=e inv]se4 ,! plant )draws wat] & c>bonic acid f ! atmosph]e1 ! animal contributes bo? to x4 ,respiration--t is1 ! absorption ( oxyg5 & ! exhalation ( c>bonic acid--is ! specially animal function ( animals1 & con/itutes _! f\r? di/9ctive "*4 ,?us wrote ,cuvi] 9 #ahbh4 ,b1 9 ! f\r? & fif? decades ( ?is c5tury1 ! greate/ & mo/ rapid revolution :i* biological sci5ce has ev] und]gone 0 effect$ by ! application ( ! mod]n microscope to ! inve/igation ( organic /ructure2 by ! introduction ( exact & easily manageable me?ods ( conduct+ ! *emical analysis ( organic comp\nds2 & f9ally1 by ! employm5t ( in/rum5ts ( precision = ! measurem5t ( ! physical =ces :i* are at "w 9 ! liv+ economy4 ,t ! semi-fluid cont5ts 7:i* we n[ t]m protoplasm7 ( ! cells ( c]ta9 plants1 su* z ! ,*>1 are 9 con/ant & regul> motion1 0 made out by ,bonav5tura ,corti a c5tury ago2 b ! fact1 important z x 01 fell into oblivion1 & _h to be r$iscov]$ by ,treviranus 9 #ahjg4 ,rob]t ,br[n not$ ! m complex motions ( ! protoplasm 9 ! cells ( ,tradescantia 9 #ahca2 & n[ su* movem5ts ( ! liv+ sub/ance ( plants are well kn[n to be "s ( ! mo/ widely-preval5t ph5om5a ( vegetable life4 ,ag>dh1 & o!r ( ! botani/s ( ,cuvi]'s g5]ation1 :o occupi$ !mselves ) ! l[] plants1 _h obs]v$ t1 "u p>ticul> circum/ances1 ! cont5ts ( ! cells ( c]ta9 wat]-we$s 7 set free1 & mov$ ab\t ) consid]able velocity1 & ) all ! appe>ances ( spontaneity1 z locomotive bodies1 :i*1 f _! simil>ity to animals ( simple organisation1 7 call$ 8zoospores40 ,ev5 z late z #ahde1 h[ev]1 a botani/ ( ,s*leid5's em95ce dealt v sceptically ) ^! /atem5ts2 & 8 scepticism 0 ! m ju/ifi$1 s9ce ,ehr5b]g1 9 8 elaborate & compreh5sive "w on ! ,infusoria1 _h decl>$ ! great] numb] ( :at are n[ recognis$ z locomotive plants to be animals4 ,at ! pres5t day1 innum]able plants & free plant cells are kn[n to pass ! :ole or "p ( _! lives 9 an actively locomotive condition1 9 no wise di/+ui%able f t ( "o ( ! simpl] animals2 &1 :ile 9 ?is condition1 _! movem5ts are1 to all appe>ance1 z spontane\s--z mu* ! product ( volition--z ^? ( su* animals4 ,h5ce ! teleological argum5t = ,cuvi]'s fir/ diagno/ic "*--! pres5ce 9 animals ( an alim5t>y cavity1 or int]nal pocket1 9 :i* !y c c>ry ab\t _! nutrim5t--has brok5 d[n1 s f>1 at lea/1 z 8 mode ( /at+ x goes4 ,&1 ) ! advance ( microscopic anatomy1 ! univ]sality ( ! fact itself among animals has ceas$ to be pr$icable4 ,_m animals ( ev5 complex /ructure1 :i* live p>asitically )9 o!rs1 are :olly devoid ( an alim5t>y cavity4 ,_! food is provid$ = !m1 n only ready cook$1 b ready dige/$1 & ! alim5t>y canal1 become sup]flu\s1 has disappe>$4 ,aga91 ! males ( mo/ ,rotif]s h no dige/ive app>atus2 z a ,g]man naturali/ has rem>k$1 !y devote !mselves entirely to ! 8,m9n$i5/10 & are to be reckon$ among ! few realisations ( ! ,byronic ideal ( a lov]4 ,f9ally1 amid/ ! l[e/ =ms ( animal life1 ! speck ( gelat9\s protoplasm1 :i* con/itutes ! :ole body1 has no p]man5t dige/ive cavity or m\?1 b takes 9 its food any:]e2 & dige/s1 s to speak1 all ov] its body4 ,b al?\gh ,cuvi]'s lead+ diagnosis ( ! animal f ! plant w n /& a /rict te/1 x rema9s "o ( ! mo/ con/ant ( ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( animals4 ,&1 if we sub/itute = ! possession ( an alim5t>y cavity1 ! p[] ( tak+ solid nutrim5t into ! body & !re dige/+ x1 ! def9ition s *ang$ w cov] all animals1 except c]ta9 p>asites1 & ! few & exceptional cases ( non-p>asitic animals :i* d n fe$ at all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! def9ition ?us am5d$ w exclude all ord9>y vegetable organisms4 ,cuvi] himself practically gives up 8 second di/9ctive m>k :5 he admits t x is want+ 9 ! simpl] animals4 ,! ?ird di/9ction is bas$ on a completely errone\s conception ( ! *emical diff]5ces & resemblances betwe5 ! con/itu5ts ( animal & vegetable organisms1 = :i* ,cuvi] is n responsible1 z x 0 curr5t among contempor>y *emi/s4 ,x is n[ e/abli%$ t nitrog5 is z ess5tial a con/itu5t ( vegetable z ( animal liv+ matt]2 & t ! latt] is1 *emically speak+1 j z complicat$ z ! =m]4 ,/>*y sub/ances1 cellulose & sug>1 once suppos$ to be exclusively conf9$ to plants1 are n[ kn[n to be regul> & normal products ( animals4 ,amylace\s & sac*>9e sub/ances are l>gely manufactur$1 ev5 by ! highe/ animals2 cellulose is widespread z a con/itu5t ( ! skeletons ( ! l[] animals2 & x is probable t amyloid sub/ances are univ]sally pres5t 9 ! animal organism1 ?\gh n 9 ! precise =m ( />*4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh x rema9s true t !re is an inv]se relation betwe5 ! gre5 plant 9 sun%9e & ! animal1 9 s f> z1 "u ^! circum/ances1 ! gre5 plant decomposes c>bonic acid & exhales oxyg51 :ile ! animal absorbs oxyg5 & exhales c>bonic acid2 yet1 ! exact rese>*es ( ! mod]n *emical inve/igators ( ! physiological processes ( plants h cle>ly demon/rat$ ! fallacy ( attempt+ to draw any g5]al di/9ction betwe5 animals & vegetables on ?is gr\nd4 ,9 fact1 ! diff]5ce vani%es ) ! sun%9e1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! gre5 plant2 :i*1 9 ! d>k1 absorbs oxyg5 & gives out c>bonic acid l any animal4#cj ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? plants1 su* z ! fungi1 :i* conta9 no *lorophyll & are n gre51 are always1 s f> z respiration is conc]n$1 9 ! exact position ( animals4 ,!y absorb oxyg5 & give out c>bonic acid4 ,?us1 by ! progress ( k1 ,cuvi]'s f\r? di/9ction betwe5 ! animal & ! plant has be5 z completely invalidat$ z ! ?ird & second2 & ev5 ! fir/ c be reta9$ only 9 a modifi$ =m & subject to exceptions4 ,b has ! advance ( biology simply t5d$ to break d[n old di/9ctions1 )\t e/abli%+ new ones8 ,) a qualification1 to be consid]$ pres5tly1 ! answ] to ?is "q is und\bt$ly 9 ! affirmative4 ,! fam\s rese>*es ( ,s*wann & ,s*leid5 9 #ahcg & ! foll[+ ye>s1 f\nd$ ! mod]n sci5ce ( hi/ology1 or t bran* ( anatomy :i* deals ) ! ultimate visible /ructure ( organisms1 z reveal$ by ! microscope2 &1 f t day to ?is1 ! rapid improvem5t ( me?ods ( inve/igation1 & ! en]gy ( a ho/ ( accurate obs]v]s1 h giv5 great] & great] bread? & firmness to ,s*wann's great g5]alisation1 t a fundam5tal unity ( /ructure obta9s 9 animals & plants2 & t1 h[ev] div]se may be ! fabrics1 or tissues1 ( :i* _! bodies are compos$1 all ^! v>i$ /ructures result f ! metamorphosis ( morphological units 7t]m$ cells1 9 a m g5]al s5se ?an t 9 :i* ! ^w 8cells0 0 at fir/ employ$71 :i* are n only simil> 9 animals & 9 plants respectively1 b pres5t a close resemblance1 :5 ^? ( animals & ^? ( plants are comp>$ toge!r4 ,! contractility :i* is ! fundam5tal condition ( locomotion1 has n only be5 discov]$ to exi/ f> m widely among plants ?an 0 =m]ly imag9$2 b1 9 plants1 ! act ( contraction has be5 f\nd to be accompani$1 z ,dr4 ,burdon ,s&]son's int]e/+ inve/igations h %[n1 by a di/urbance ( ! electrical /ate ( ! contractile sub/ance1 comp>able to t :i* 0 f\nd by ,du ,bois ,reymond to be a concomitant ( ! activity ( ord9>y muscle 9 animals4 ,aga91 ,i "k ( no te/ by :i* ! reaction ( ! leaves ( ! ,sundew & ( o!r plants to /imuli1 s fully & c>efully /udi$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 c be di/+ui%$ f ^? acts ( contraction foll[+ ^u /imuli1 :i* are call$ 8reflex0 9 animals4 ,on ea* lobe ( ! bilob$ leaf ( ,v5us's fly trap 7,diona muscipula7 are ?ree delicate filam5ts :i* /& out at "r angle f ! surface ( ! leaf4 ,t\* "o ( !m ) ! end ( a f9e human hair & ! lobes ( ! leaf in/antly close toge!r#ca 9 virtue ( an act ( contraction ( "p ( _! sub/ance1 j z ! body ( a snail contracts into its %ell :5 "o ( its 8horns0 is irritat$4 ,! reflex action ( ! snail is ! result ( ! pres5ce ( a n]v\s sy/em 9 ! animal4 ,a molecul> *ange takes place 9 ! n]ve ( ! t5tacle1 is propagat$ to ! muscles by :i* ! body is retract$1 & caus+ !m to contract1 ! act ( retraction is br\ght ab\t4 ,( c\rse ! simil>ity ( ! acts does n necess>ily involve ! conclusion t ! me*anism by :i* !y are effect$ is ! same2 b x sugge/s a suspicion ( _! id5tity :i* ne$s c>eful te/+4 ,! results ( rec5t inquiries into ! /ructure ( ! n]v\s sy/em ( animals conv]ge t[>ds ! conclusion t ! n]ve fibres1 :i* we h hi!rto reg>d$ z ultimate elem5ts ( n]v\s tissue1 are n su*1 b are simply ! visible aggregations ( va/ly m att5uat$ filam5ts1 ! diamet] ( :i* dw9dles d[n to ! limits ( our pres5t microscopic vision1 greatly z ^! h be5 ext5d$ by mod]n improvem5ts ( ! microscope2 & t a n]ve is1 9 its ess5ce1 no?+ b a l9e> tract ( specially modifi$ protoplasm betwe5 two po9ts ( an organism--"o ( :i* is able to affect ! o!r by means ( ! communication s e/abli%$4 ,h5ce1 x is conceivable t ev5 ! simple/ liv+ be+ may possess a n]v\s sy/em4 ,& ! "q :e!r plants are provid$ ) a n]v\s sy/em or n1 ?us acquires a new aspect1 & pres5ts ! hi/ologi/ & physiologi/ ) a problem ( extreme difficulty1 :i* mu/ be attack$ f a new po9t ( view & by ! aid ( me?ods :i* h yet to be inv5t$4 ,?us x mu/ be admitt$ t plants may be contractile & locomotive2 t1 :ile locomotive1 _! movem5ts may h z mu* appe>ance ( spontaneity z ^? ( ! l[e/ animals2 & t _m exhibit actions1 comp>able to ^? :i* are br\ght ab\t by ! ag5cy ( a n]v\s sy/em 9 animals4 ,& x mu/ be all[$ to be possible t fur!r rese>* may reveal ! exi/5ce ( some?+ comp>able to a n]v\s sy/em 9 plants4 ,s t ,i "k n :]e we c hope to f9d any absolute di/9ction betwe5 animals & plants1 unless we return to _! mode ( nutrition1 & inquire :e!r c]ta9 diff]5ces ( a m occult "* ?an ^? imag9$ to exi/ by ,cuvi]1 & :i* c]ta9ly hold good = ! va/ majority ( animals & plants1 are ( univ]sal application4 ,a bean may be suppli$ ) wat] 9 :i* salts ( ammonia & c]ta9 o!r m9]al salts are dissolv$ 9 due proportion2 ) atmosph]ic air conta9+ its ord9>y m9ute dose ( c>bonic acid2 & ) no?+ else b sunlight & heat4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 unnatural z !y are1 ) prop] managem5t1 ! bean w ?ru/ =? its radicle & its plumule2 ! =m] w gr[ d[n into roots1 ! latt] gr[ up into ! /em & leaves ( a vigor\s bean plant2 & ?is plant w1 9 due "t1 fl[] & produce its crop ( beans1 j z if x 7 gr[n 9 ! g>d5 or 9 ! field4 ,! weight ( ! nitrog5\s prote9 comp\nds1 ( ! oily1 />*y1 sac*>9e & woody sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! full-gr[n plant & its se$s1 w be va/ly great] ?an ! weight ( ! same sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! bean f :i* x sprang4 ,b no?+ has be5 suppli$ to ! bean save wat]1 c>bonic acid1 ammonia1 pota%1 lime1 iron1 & ! l1 9 comb9ation ) phosphoric1 sulphuric1 & o!r acids4 ,nei!r prote91 nor fat1 nor />*1 nor sug>1 nor any sub/ance 9 ! slighte/ degree resembl+ !m1 has =m$ "p ( ! food ( ! bean4 ,b ! weights ( ! c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 nitrog51 phosphorus1 sulphur1 & o!r elem5t>y bodies conta9$ 9 ! bean-plant1 & 9 ! se$s :i* x produces1 are exactly equival5t to ! weights ( ! same elem5ts :i* h disappe>$ f ! mat]ials suppli$ to ! bean dur+ its gr[?4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! bean has tak5 9 only ! raw mat]ials ( its fabric1 & has manufactur$ !m into bean /uffs4 ,! bean has be5 able to p]=m ?is great *emical feat by ! help ( its gre5 col\r+ matt]1 or *lorophyll2 = x is only ! gre5 p>ts ( ! plant :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight1 h ! m>vell\s p[] ( decompos+ c>bonic acid1 sett+ free ! oxyg5 & lay+ hold ( ! c>bon :i* x conta9s4 ,9 fact1 ! bean obta9s two ( ! absolutely indisp5sable elem5ts ( its sub/ance f two di/9ct s\rces2 ! wat]y solution1 9 :i* its roots are plung$1 conta9s nitrog5 b no c>bon2 ! air1 to :i* ! leaves are expos$1 conta9s c>bon1 b its nitrog5 is 9 ! /ate ( a free gas1 9 :i* condition ! bean c make no use ( x2#cb & ! *lorophyll#cc is ! app>atus by :i* ! c>bon is extract$ f ! atmosph]ic c>bonic acid--! leaves be+ ! *ief laboratories 9 :i* ?is op]ation is effect$4 ,! great majority ( conspicu\s plants are1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 gre52 & ?is arises f ! abundance ( _! *lorophyll4 ,! few :i* conta9 no *lorophyll & are col\rless1 are unable to extract ! c>bon :i* !y require f atmosph]ic c>bonic acid1 & lead a p>asitic exi/5ce ^u o!r plants2 b x by no means foll[s1 (t5 z ! /atem5t has be5 repeat$1 t ! manufactur+ p[] ( plants dep5ds on _! *lorophyll1 & its int]action ) ! rays ( ! sun4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is easily demon/rat$1 z ,pa/eur fir/ prov$1 t ! l[e/ fungi1 devoid ( *lorophyll1 or ( any sub/itute = x1 z !y are1 nev]!less possess ! *>act]i/ic manufactur+ p[]s ( plants 9 a v high degree4 ,only x is necess>y t !y %\ld be suppli$ ) a diff]5t k9d ( raw mat]ial2 z !y _c extract c>bon f c>bonic acid1 !y mu/ be furni%$ ) some?+ else t conta9s c>bon4 ,t>t>ic acid is su* a sub/ance2 & if a s+le spore ( ! commone/ & mo/ tr\blesome ( m\lds--,p5icillium--be s[n 9 a sauc]ful ( wat]1 9 :i* t>trate ( ammonia1 ) a small p]c5tage ( phosphates & sulphates is conta9$1 & kept w>m1 :e!r 9 ! d>k or expos$ to light1 x w1 9 a %ort "t1 give rise to a ?ick cru/ ( m\ld1 :i* conta9s _m million times ! weight ( ! orig9al spore1 9 prote9 comp\nds & cellulose4 ,?us we h a v wide basis ( fact = ! g5]alisation t plants are ess5tially *>act]is$ by _! manufactur+ capacity--by _! p[] ( work+ up m]e m9]al matt]s into complex organic comp\nds4 ,contr>iwise1 !re is a no less wide f\ndation = ! g5]alisation t animals1 z ,cuvi] puts x1 dep5d directly or indirectly ^u plants = ! mat]ials ( _! bodies2 t is1 ei!r !y are h]bivor\s1 or !y eat o!r animals :i* are h]bivor\s4 ,b = :at con/itu5ts ( _! bodies are animals ?us dep5d5t ^u plants8 ,c]ta9ly n = _! horny matt]2 nor = *ondr91 ! proximate *emical elem5t ( c>tilage2 nor = gelat9e2 nor = synton91 ! con/itu5t ( muscle2 nor = _! n]v\s or bili>y sub/ances2 nor = _! amyloid matt]s2 nor1 necess>ily1 = _! fats4 ,x c be exp]im5tally demon/rat$ t animals c make ^! = !mselves4 ,b t :i* !y _c make1 b mu/1 9 all kn[n cases1 obta9 directly or indirectly f plants1 is ! peculi> nitrog5\s matt]1 prote94 ,?us ! plant is ! ideal proltaire ( ! liv+ _w1 ! work] :o produces2 ! animal1 ! ideal ari/ocrat1 :o mo/ly occupies himself 9 consum+1 aft] ! mann] ( t noble repres5tative ( ! l9e ( ,zhd>m1 ^: epitaph is writt5 9 ,s>tor ,res>tus4 ,"h is our la/ hope ( f9d+ a %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 plants & animals2 =1 z ,i h already h9t$1 !re is a bord] t]ritory betwe5 ! two k+doms1 a sort ( no-man's-l&1 ! inhabitants ( :i* c]ta9ly _c be discrim9at$ & br\ght to _! prop] allegiance 9 any o!r way4 ,"s mon?s ago1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall ask$ me to exam9e a drop ( infusion ( hay1 plac$ "u an excell5t & p[]ful microscope1 & to tell him :at ,i ?\ght "s organisms visible 9 x 74 ,i look$ & obs]v$1 9 ! fir/ place1 multitudes ( ,bact]ia mov+ ab\t ) _! ord9>y int]mitt5t spasmodic wriggles4 ,z to ! vegetable nature ( ^! !re is n[ no d\bt4 ,n only does ! close resemblance ( ! ,bact]ia to unque/ionable plants1 su* z ! ,oscillatori1 & l[] =ms ( ,fungi1 ju/ify ?is conclusion1 b ! manufactur+ te/ settles ! "q at once4 ,x is only ne$ful to add a m9ute drop ( fluid conta9+ ,bact]ia1 to wat] 9 :i* t>trate1 phosphate1 & sulphate ( ammonia are dissolv$2 &1 9 a v %ort space ( "t1 ! cle> fluid becomes milky by reason ( _! prodigi\s multiplication1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 implies ! manufacture ( liv+ ,bact]ium-/uff out ( ^! m]ely sal9e matt]s4 ,b o!r active organisms1 v mu* l>g] ?an ! ,bact]ia1 atta9+ 9 fact ! comp>atively gigantic dim5sions ( #a_/cjjj ( an in* or m1 incessantly cross$ ! field ( view4 ,ea* ( ^! _h a body %ap$ l a pe>1 ! small end be+ slightly incurv$ & produc$ into a long curv$ filam5t1 or cilium1 ( extreme t5uity4 ,beh9d ?is1 f ! concave side ( ! incurvation1 proce$$ ano!r long cilium1 s delicate z to be disc]nible only by ! use ( ! highe/ p[]s & c>eful managem5t ( ! light4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! pe>-%ap$ body a cle> r\nd space c\ld occasionally be disc]n$1 b n always2 & c>eful wat*+ %[$ t ?is cle> vacuity appe>$ gradually1 & !n %ut up & disappe>$ sudd5ly1 at regul> int]vals4 ,su* a /ructure is ( common occurr5ce among ! l[e/ plants & animals1 & is kn[n z a contractile vacuole4 ,! little creature ?us describ$ sometimes propell$ itself ) great activity1 ) a curi\s roll+ motion1 by ! la%+ ( ! front cilium1 :ile ! second cilium trail$ beh9d2 sometimes x an*or$ itself by ! h9d] cilium & 0 spun r\nd by ! work+ ( ! o!r1 its motions resembl+ ^? ( an an*or buoy 9 a heavy sea4 ,sometimes1 :5 two 7 9 full c>e] t[>ds "o ano!r1 ea* w\ld appe> dext]\sly to get out ( ! o!r's way2 sometimes a cr[d w\ld assemble & jo/le "o ano!r1 ) z mu* semblance ( individual ef=t z a spectator on ! ,gr&s ,mulets might obs]ve ) a telescope among ! specks repres5t+ m5 9 ! valley ( ,*am\nix4 ,! spectacle1 ?\gh always surpris+1 0 n new to me4 ,s my reply to ! "q put to me 01 t ^! organisms 7 :at biologi/s call ,monads1 & ?\gh !y might be animals1 x 0 also possible t !y might1 l ! ,bact]ia1 be plants4 ,my fri5d receiv$ my v]dict ) an expression :i* %[$ a sad want ( respect = au?ority4 ,he w\ld z soon believe t a %eep 0 a plant4 ,naturally piqu$ by ?is want ( fai?1 ,i h ?\ght a good deal ov] ! matt]2 & z ,i /ill re/ 9 ! lame conclusion ,i orig9ally express$1 & mu/ ev5 n[ confess t ,i _c c]ta9ly say :e!r ?is creature is an animal or a plant1 ,i ?9k x may be well to /ate ! gr\nds ( my hesitation at l5g?4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 ord] t ,i may conv5i5tly di/+ui% ?is 8,monad0 f ! multitude ( o!r ?+s :i* g by ! same designation1 ,i mu/ give x a "n ( its own4 ,i ?9k 7?\gh1 = reasons :i* ne$ n be /at$ at pres5t1 ,i am n q sure7 t x is id5tical ) ! species ,monas l5s1 z def9$ by ! em95t ,fr5* microscopi/ ,duj>d91 ?\gh 8 magnify+ p[] 0 probably insuffici5t to enable him to see t x is curi\sly l a mu* l>g] =m ( monad :i* he has nam$ ,het]omita4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 call x n ,monas1 b ,het]omita l5s4 ,i h be5 unable to devote to my ,het]omita ! prolong$ /udy ne$ful to "w out its :ole hi/ory1 :i* w\ld involve weeks1 or x may be mon?s1 ( unremitt+ att5tion4 ,b ,i ! less regret ?is circum/ance1 z "s rem>kable obs]vations rec5tly publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,dall+] & ,drysdale#cd on c]ta9 ,monads1 relate1 9 "p1 to a =m s simil> to my ,het]omita l5s1 t ! hi/ory ( ! "o may be us$ to illu/rate t ( ! o!r4 ,^! mo/ pati5t & pa9/ak+ obs]v]s1 :o employ$ ! highe/ atta9able p[]s ( ! microscope &1 reliev+ "o ano!r1 kept wat* day & night ov] ! same individual monads1 h be5 enabl$ to trace out ! :ole hi/ory ( _! ,het]omita2 :i* !y f\nd 9 infusions ( ! heads ( fi%es ( ! ,cod tribe4 ,( ! f\r monads describ$ & figur$ by ^! inve/igators1 "o1 z ,i h said1 v closely resembles ,het]omita l5s 9 e p>ticul>1 except t x has a sep>ately di/+ui%able c5tral p>ticle or 8nucleus10 :i* is n c]ta9ly to be made out 9 ,het]omita l5s2 & t no?+ is said by ,messrs4 ,dall+] & ,drysdale ( ! exi/5ce ( a contractile vacuole 9 ?is monad1 ?\gh !y describe x 9 ano!r4 ,_! ,het]omita1 h[ev]1 multipli$ rapidly by fission4 ,sometimes a transv]se con/riction appe>$2 ! h9d] half develop$ a new cilium1 & ! h9d] cilium gradually split f its base to its free end1 until x 0 divid$ into two2 a process :i*1 consid]+ ! fact t ?is f9e filam5t _c be mu* m ?an #a_/ajjjjj ( an in* 9 diamet]1 is wond]ful en\gh4 ,! con/riction ( ! body ext5d$ inw>ds until ! two portions 7 unit$ by a n>r[ i/hmus2 f9ally1 !y sep>at$ & ea* swam away by itself1 a complete ,het]omita1 provid$ ) its two cilia4 ,sometimes ! con/riction took a longitud9al direction1 ) ! same ultimate result4 ,9 ea* case ! process occupi$ n m ?an six or sev5 m9utes4 ,at ?is rate1 a s+le ,het]omita w\ld give rise to a ?\s& l itself 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r1 to ab\t a million 9 two h\rs1 & to a numb] great] ?an ! g5]ally assum$ numb] ( human be+s n[ liv+ 9 ! _w 9 ?ree h\rs2 or1 if we give ea* ,het]omita an h\r's enjoym5t ( individual exi/5ce1 ! same result w be obta9$ 9 ab\t a day4 ,! app>5t sudd5ness ( ! appe>ance ( multitudes ( su* organisms z ^!1 9 any nutritive fluid to :i* "o obta9s access1 is ?us easily expla9$4 ,dur+ ^! processes ( multiplication by fission1 ! ,het]omita rema9s active2 b sometimes ano!r mode ( fission occurs4 ,! body becomes r\nd$ & quiesc5t1 or ne>ly s2 &1 :ile 9 ?is re/+ /ate1 divides into two portions1 ea* ( :i* is rapidly conv]t$ into an active ,het]omita4 ,a /ill m rem>kable ph5om5on is t k9d ( multiplication :i* is prec$$ by ! union ( two monads1 by a process :i* is t]m$ conjugation4 ,two active ,het]omit become appli$ to "o ano!r1 & !n sl[ly & gradually coalesce into "o body4 ,! two nuclei run into "o2 & ! mass result+ f ! conjugation ( ! two ,het]omit1 ?us fus$ toge!r1 has a triangul> =m4 ,! two pairs ( cilia are to be se51 = "s "t1 at two ( ! angles1 :i* answ] to ! small ends ( ! conjo9$ monads2 b !y ultimately vani%1 & ! tw9 organism1 9 :i* all visible traces ( organisation h disappe>$1 falls into a /ate ( re/4 ,sudd5 wave-l movem5ts ( its sub/ance next occur2 &1 9 a %ort "t1 ! apices ( ! triangul> mass bur/1 & give exit to a d5se yell[i%1 glairy fluid1 fill$ ) m9ute granules4 ,?is process1 :i*1 x w be obs]v$1 involves ! actual conflu5ce & mixture ( ! sub/ance ( two di/9ct organisms1 is effect$ 9 ! space ( ab\t two h\rs4 ,! au?ors :om ,i quote say t !y 8_c express0 ! excessive m9ut5ess ( ! granules 9 "q1 & !y e/imate _! diamet] at less ?an #a_/bjjjjj ( an in*4 ,"u ! highe/ p[]s ( ! microscope at pres5t applicable su* specks are h>dly disc]nible4 ,nev]!less1 p>ticles ( ?is size are massive :5 comp>$ to physical molecules2 :5ce !re is no reason to d\bt t ea*1 small z x is1 may h a molecul> /ructure suffici5tly complex to give rise to ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 by pati5t wat*+ ( ! place at :i* ^! inf9itesimal liv+ p>ticles 7 dis*>g$1 our obs]v]s assur$ !mselves ( _! gr[? & developm5t into new monads4 ,^!1 9 ab\t f\r h\rs f _! be+ set free1 _h atta9$ a six? ( ! l5g? ( ! p>5t1 ) ! *>act]i/ic cilia1 ?\gh at fir/ !y 7 q motionless2 &1 9 f\r h\rs m1 !y _h atta9$ ! dim5sions & exhibit$ all ! activity ( ! adult4 ,^! inconceivably m9ute p>ticles are !re=e ! g]ms ( ! ,het]omita2 & f ! dim5sions ( ^! g]ms x is easily %[n t ! body =m$ by conjugation may1 at a l[ e/imate1 h giv5 exit to ?irty ?\s& ( !m2 a result ( a matrimonial process :]eby ! contract+ p>ties1 )\t a metaphor1 8become "o fle%10 en\gh to make a ,mal?usian despair ( ! future ( ! ,univ]se4 ,i am n aw>e t ! inve/igators f :om ,i h borr[$ ?is hi/ory h endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 :e!r _! monads take solid nutrim5t or n2 s t ?\gh !y help u v mu* to fill up ! blanks 9 ! hi/ory ( my ,het]omita1 _! obs]vations ?r[ no light on ! problem we are try+ to solve--,is x an animal or is x a plant8 ,und\bt$ly x is possible to br+ =w>d v /rong argum5ts 9 fav\r ( reg>d+ ,het]omita z a plant4 ,= example1 !re is a ,fungus1 an obscure & almo/ microscopic m\ld1 t]m$ ,p]onospora infe/ans4 ,l _m o!r ,fungi1 ! ,p]onospor are p>asitic ^u o!r plants2 & ?is p>ticul> ,p]onospora happ5s to h atta9$ mu* notoriety & political importance1 9 a way n )\t a p>allel 9 ! c>e] ( notori\s politicians1 namely1 by reason ( ! frightful mis*ief x has done to mank9d4 ,= x is ?is ,fungus :i* is ! cause ( ! potato disease2 &1 !re=e1 ,p]onospora infe/ans 7d\btless ( exclusively ,saxon orig91 ?\gh n accurately kn[n to be s7 br\ght ab\t ! ,iri% fam9e4 ,! plants afflict$ ) ! malady are f\nd to be infe/$ by a m\ld1 consi/+ ( f9e tubul> filam5ts1 t]m$ hyph1 :i* burr[ ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! potato plant1 & appropriate to !mselves ! sub/ance ( _! ho/2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 directly or indirectly1 !y set up *emical *anges by :i* ev5 its woody framework becomes black5$1 sodd51 & )]$4 ,9 /ructure1 h[ev]1 ! ,p]onospora is z mu* a m\ld z ! common ,p5icillium2 & j z ! ,p5icillium multiplies by ! break+ up ( its hyph into sep>ate r\nd$ bodies1 ! spores2 s1 9 ! ,p]onospora1 c]ta9 ( ! hyph gr[ out into ! air ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( ! sup]ficial cells ( ! potato plant1 & develop spores4 ,ea* ( ^! hyph usually gives (f sev]al bran*es4 ,! ends ( ! bran*es dilate & become clos$ sacs1 :i* ev5tually drop (f z spores4 ,! spores fall+ on "s "p ( ! same potato plant1 or c>ri$ by ! w9d to ano!r1 may at once g]m9ate1 ?r[+ out tubul> prolongations :i* become hyph1 & burr[ into ! sub/ance ( ! plant attack$4 ,b1 m commonly1 ! cont5ts ( ! spore divide into six or eight sep>ate portions4 ,! coat ( ! spore gives way1 & ea* portion !n em]ges z an indep5d5t organism1 :i* has ! %ape ( a bean1 r n>r[] at "o end ?an ! o!r1 convex on "o side1 & depress$ or concave on ! opposite4 ,f ! depression1 two long & delicate cilia proce$1 "o %ort] ?an ! o!r1 & direct$ =w>ds4 ,close to ! orig9 ( ^! cilia1 9 ! sub/ance ( ! body1 is a regul>ly pulsat+1 contractile vacuole4 ,! %ort] cilium vibrates actively1 & effects ! locomotion ( ! organism1 :ile ! o!r trails beh9d2 ! :ole body roll+ on its axis ) its po9t$ end =w>ds4 ,! em95t botani/1 ,de ,b>y1 :o 0 n ?9k+ ( our problem1 tells u1 9 describ+ ! movem5ts ( ^! 8,zoospores10 t1 z !y swim ab\t1 8,=eign bodies are c>efully avoid$1 & ! :ole movem5t has a deceptive lik5ess to ! volunt>y *anges ( place :i* are obs]v$ 9 microscopic animals40 ,aft] sw>m+ ab\t 9 ?is way 9 ! moi/ure on ! surface ( a leaf or /em 7:i*1 film ?\gh x may be1 is an ocean to su* a fi%7 = half an h\r1 m or less1 ! movem5t ( ! zoospore becomes sl[]1 & is limit$ to a sl[ turn+ ^u its axis1 )\t *ange ( place4 ,x !n becomes q quiet1 ! cilia disappe>1 x assumes a sph]ical =m1 & surr\nds itself ) a di/9ct1 ?\gh delicate1 membran\s coat4 ,a protub]ance !n gr[s out f "o side ( ! sph]e1 & rapidly increas+ 9 l5g?1 assumes ! "* ( a hypha4 ,! latt] p5etrates into ! sub/ance ( ! potato plant1 ei!r by ent]+ a /omate1 or by bor+ ?r\gh ! wall ( an epid]mic cell1 & ramifies1 z a mycelium1 9 ! sub/ance ( ! plant1 de/roy+ ! tissues ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,z ^! processes ( multiplication take place v rapidly1 millions ( spores are soon set free f a s+le infe/$ plant2 &1 f _! m9ut5ess1 !y are readily transport$ by ! g5tle/ breeze4 ,s9ce1 aga91 ! zoospores set free f ea* spore1 9 virtue ( _! p[]s ( locomotion1 swiftly disp]se !mselves ov] ! surface1 x is no wond] t ! infection1 once />t$1 soon spreads f field to field1 & ext5ds its ravages ov] a :ole c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 x does n ent] into my pres5t plan to treat ( ! potato disease1 in/ructively z its hi/ory be>s ^u t ( o!r epidemics2 & ,i h select$ ! case ( ! ,p]onospora simply because x af=ds an example ( an organism1 :i*1 9 "o /age ( its exi/5ce1 is truly a 8,monad10 indi/+ui%able by any important "* f our ,het]omita1 & extraord9>ily l x 9 "s respects4 ,& yet ?is 8,monad0 c be trac$1 /ep by /ep1 ?r\gh ! s]ies ( metamorphoses :i* ,i h describ$1 until x assumes ! features ( an organism1 :i* is z mu* a plant z is an oak or an elm4 ,moreov]1 x w\ld be possible to pursue ! analogy f>!r4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances1 a process ( conjugation takes place 9 ! ,p]onospora4 ,two sep>ate portions ( its protoplasm become fus$ toge!r1 surr\nd !mselves ) a ?ick coat1 & give rise to a sort ( vegetable egg call$ an oospore4 ,aft] a p]iod ( re/1 ! cont5ts ( ! oospore break up into a numb] ( zoospores l ^? already describ$1 ea* ( :i*1 aft] a p]iod ( activity1 g]m9ates 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,?is process obvi\sly corresponds ) ! conjugation & subsequ5t sett+ free ( g]ms 9 ! ,het]omita4 ,b x may be said t ! ,p]onospora is1 aft] all1 a que/ionable sort ( plant2 t x seems to be want+ 9 ! manufactur+ p[]1 select$ z ! ma9 di/9ctive "* ( vegetable life2 or1 at any rate1 t !re is no pro( t x does n get its prote9 matt] ready made f ! potato plant4 ,let u1 !re=e1 take a case :i* is n op5 to ^! objections4 ,!re are "s small plants kn[n to botani/s z memb]s ( ! g5us ,coleo*te1 :i*1 )\t be+ truly p>asitic1 gr[ ^u c]ta9 wat]-we$s1 z li*5s gr[ ^u trees4 ,! little plant has ! =m ( an elegant gre5 />1 ! bran*+ arms ( :i* are divid$ into cells4 ,its gre5ness is due to its *lorophyll1 & x und\bt$ly has ! manufactur+ p[] 9 full degree1 decompos+ c>bonic acid & sett+ oxyg5 free1 "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight4 ,b ! protoplasmic cont5ts ( "s ( ! cells ( :i* ! plant is made up occasionally divide1 by a me?od simil> to t :i* effects ! division ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,p]onospora spore2 & ! sev]$ portions are !n set free z active monad-l zoospores4 ,ea* is oval & is provid$ at "o extremity ) two long active cilia4 ,propell$ by ^!1 x swims ab\t = a long] or %ort] "t1 b at l5g? comes to a /ate ( re/ & gradually gr[s into a ,coleo*te4 ,moreov]1 z 9 ! ,p]onospora1 conjugation may take place & result 9 an oospore2 ! cont5ts ( :i* divide & are set free z monadi=m g]ms4 ,if ! :ole hi/ory ( ! zoospores ( ,p]onospora1 & ( ,coleo*te 7 unkn[n1 !y w\ld und\bt$ly be class$ among 8,monads0 ) ! same "r z ,het]omita2 :y !n may n ,het]omita be a plant1 ev5 ?\gh ! cycle ( =ms ?r\gh :i* x passes %[s no t]ms q s complex z ^? :i* occur 9 ,p]onospora & ,coleo*te8 ,&1 9 fact1 !re are "s gre5 organisms1 9 e respect *>act]i/ically plants1 su* z ,*lamydomonas1 & ! common ,volvox1 or s-call$ 8,globe animalcule10 :i* run ?r\gh a cycle ( =ms ( j ! same simple "* z ^? ( ,het]omita4 ,! "n ( ,*lamydomonas is appli$ to c]ta9 microscopic gre5 bodies1 ea* ( :i* consi/s ( a protoplasmic c5tral sub/ance inve/$ by a /ructureless sac4 ,! latt] conta9s cellulose1 z 9 ord9>y plants2 & ! *lorophyll :i* gives ! gre5 col\r enables ! ,*lamydomonas to decompose c>bonic acid & fix c>bon z !y d4 ,two long cilia protrude ?r\gh ! cell-wall1 & effect ! rapid locomotion ( ?is 8monad10 :i*1 9 all respects except its mobility1 is *>act]i/ically a plant4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! ,*lamydomonas multiplies by simple fission1 ea* splitt+ into two or into f\r p>ts1 :i* sep>ate & become indep5d5t organisms4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! ,*lamydomonas divides into eight p>ts1 ea* ( :i* is provid$ ) f\r in/ead ( two cilia4 ,^! 8zoospores0 conjugate 9 pairs1 & give rise to quiesc5t bodies1 :i* multiply by division1 & ev5tually pass into ! active /ate4 ,?us1 s f> z outw>d =m & ! g5]al "* ( ! cycle ( modifications1 ?r\gh :i* ! organism passes 9 ! c\rse ( its life1 are conc]n$1 ! resemblance betwe5 ,*lamydomonas & ,het]omita is ( ! close/ description4 ,& on ! face ( ! matt] !re is no gr\nd = refus+ to admit t ,het]omita may be relat$ to ,*lamydomonas1 z ! col\rless fungus is to ! gre5 alga4 ,volvox may be comp>$ to a holl[ sph]e1 ! wall ( :i* is made up ( coh]5t ,*lamydomonads2 & :i* progresses ) a rotat+ motion effect$ by ! paddl+ ( ! multitud9\s pairs ( cilia :i* project f its surface4 ,ea* ,volvoxmonad1 moreov]1 possesses a r$ pigm5t spot1 l ! simple/ =m ( eye kn[n among animals4 ,! me?ods ( fissive multiplication & ( conjugation obs]v$ 9 ! monads ( ?is locomotive globe are ess5tially simil> to ^? obs]v$ 9 ,*lamydomonas2 &1 ?\gh a h>d battle has be5 f\ght ov] x1 ,volvox is n[ f9ally surr5d]$ to ! ,botani/s4 ,?us !re is really no reason :y ,het]omita may n be a plant2 & ?is conclusion w\ld be v satisfactory1 if x 7 n equally easy to %[ t !re is really no reason :y x %\ld n be an animal4 ,= !re are num]\s organisms pres5t+ ! close/ resemblance to ,het]omita1 &1 l x1 gr\p$ "u ! g5]al "n ( 8,monads10 :i*1 nev]!less1 c be obs]v$ to take 9 solid nutrim5t1 & :i*1 !re=e1 h a virtual1 if n an actual1 m\? & dige/ive cavity1 & ?us come "u ,cuvi]'s def9ition ( an animal4 ,num]\s =ms ( su* animals h be5 describ$ by ,ehr5b]g1 ,duj>d91 ,h4 ,james ,cl>k1 & o!r writ]s on ! ,infusoria4 ,inde$1 9 ano!r infusion ( hay 9 :i* my ,het]omita l5s occurr$1 !re 7 innum]able infusorial animalcules belong+ to ! well-kn[n species ,colpoda cucullus4#ce ,full-siz$ specim5s ( ?is animalcule atta9 a l5g? ( betwe5 #a_/cjj or #a_/djj ( an in*1 s t x may h t5 times ! l5g? & a ?\s& times ! mass ( a ,het]omita4 ,9 %ape1 x is n altoge!r unlike ,het]omita4 ,! small end1 h[ev]1 is n produc$ into "o long cilium1 b ! g5]al surface ( ! body is cov]$ ) small actively vibrat+ cili>y organs1 :i* are only longe/ at ! small end4 ,at ! po9t :i* answ]s to t f :i* ! two cilia arise 9 ,het]omita1 !re is a conical depression1 ! m\?2 &1 9 "y specim5s1 a tap]+ filam5t1 :i* rem9ds "o ( ! po/]ior cilium ( ,het]omita1 projects f ?is region4 ,! body consi/s ( a s(t granul> protoplasmic sub/ance1 ! middle ( :i* is occupi$ by a l>ge oval mass call$ ! 8nucleus20 :ile1 at its h9d] end1 is a 8contractile vacuole10 conspicu\s by its regul> rhy?mic appe>ances & disappe>ances4 ,obvi\sly1 al?\gh ! ,colpoda is n a monad1 x diff]s f "o only 9 subord9ate details4 ,moreov]1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 x becomes quiesc5t1 incloses itself 9 a delicate case or cy/1 & !n divides into two1 f\r1 or m portions1 :i* are ev5tually set free & swim ab\t z active ,colpod4 ,b ?is creature is an unmi/akable animal1 & full-siz$ ,colpod may be f$ z easily z "o fe$s *ick5s4 ,x is only ne$ful to diffuse v f9ely gr\nd c>m9e ?r\gh ! wat] 9 :i* !y live1 &1 9 a v %ort "t1 ! bodies ( ! ,colpod are /uff$ ) ! deeply-col\r$ granules ( ! pigm5t4 ,& if ?is 7 n suffici5t evid5ce ( ! animality ( ,colpoda1 !re comes ! fact t x is ev5 m simil> to ano!r well-kn[n animalcule1 ,p>amcium1 ?an x is to a monad4 ,b ,p>amcium is s huge a creature comp>$ ) ^? hi!rto discuss$--x rea*es #a_/abj ( an in* or m 9 l5g?--t !re is no difficulty 9 mak+ out its organisation 9 detail2 & 9 prov+ t x is n only an animal1 b t x is an animal :i* possesses a some:at complicat$ organisation4 ,= example1 ! surface lay] ( its body is diff]5t 9 /ructure f ! deep] p>ts4 ,!re are two contractile vacuoles1 f ea* ( :i* radiates a sy/em ( vessel-l canals2 & n only is !re a conical depression cont9u\s ) a tube1 :i* s]ve z m\? & gullet1 b ! food +e/$ takes a def9ite c\rse1 & refuse is reject$ f a def9ite region4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to fe$ ^! animals1 & to wat* ! p>ticles ( indigo or c>m9e accumulate at ! l[] end ( ! gullet4 ,f ?is !y gradually project1 surr\nd$ by a ball ( wat]1 :i* at l5g? passes ) a j]k1 oddly simulat+ a gulp1 into ! pulpy c5tral sub/ance ( ! body1 !re to circulate up "o side & d[n ! o!r1 until its cont5ts are dige/$ & assimilat$4 ,nev]!less1 ?is complex animal multiplies by division1 z ! monad does1 &1 l ! monad1 und]goes conjugation4 ,x /&s 9 ! same relation to ,het]omita on ! animal side1 z ,coleo*te does on ! plant side4 ,/>t f ei!r1 & su* an ins5sible s]ies ( gradations leads to ! monad t x is impossible to say at any /age ( ! progress--"h ! l9e betwe5 ! animal & ! plant mu/ be drawn4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t c]ta9 organisms :i* pass ?r\gh a monad /age ( exi/5ce1 su* z ! ,myxomycetes1 are1 at "o "t ( _! lives1 dep5d5t ^u ext]nal s\rces = _! prote9 matt]1 or are animals2 &1 at ano!r p]iod1 manufacture x1 or are plants4 ,& see+ t ! :ole progress ( mod]n inve/igation is 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e ( cont9uity1 x is a fair & probable speculation--?\gh only a speculation--t1 z !re are "s plants :i* c manufacture prote9 out ( su* app>5tly intractable m9]al matt]s z c>bonic acid1 wat]1 nitrate ( ammonia1 metallic & e>?y salts2 :ile o!rs ne$ to be suppli$ ) _! c>bon & nitrog5 9 ! some:at less raw =m ( t>trate ( ammonia & alli$ comp\nds2 s !re may be yet o!rs1 z is possibly ! case ) ! true p>asitic plants1 :i* c only manage to put toge!r mat]ials /ill bett] prep>$--/ill m ne>ly approximat$ to prote9--until we arrive at su* organisms z ! ,psorosp]mi & ! ,panhi/ophyton1 :i* are z mu* animal z vegetable 9 /ructure1 b are animal 9 _! dep5d5ce on o!r organisms = _! food4 ,! s+ul> circum/ance obs]v$ by ,mey]1 t ! ,torula ( yea/1 ?\gh an indubitable plant1 /ill fl\ri%es mo/ vigor\sly :5 suppli$ ) ! complex nitrog5\s sub/ance1 peps92 ! probability t ! ,p]onospora is n\ri%$ directly by ! protoplasm ( ! potato-plant2 & ! wond]ful facts :i* h rec5tly be5 br\ght to light respect+ insectivor\s plants1 all fav\r ?is view2 & t5d to ! conclusion t ! diff]5ce betwe5 animal & plant is "o ( degree r ?an ( k9d2 & t ! problem :e!r1 9 a giv5 case1 an organism is an animal or a plant1 may be ess5tially insoluble4 ,,viii4 ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,errors ,,respect+ ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,he>t ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,ari/otle4 ,9 all ! comm5t>ies ^u ! 8,hi/oria ,animalium0 :i* ,i h met )1 ,ari/otle's express & repeat$ /atem5t1 t ! he>t ( man & ! l>ge/ animals conta9s only ?ree cavities1 is not$ z a rem>kable error4 ,ev5 ,cuvi]1 :o _h a great advantage ov] mo/ ( ! comm5tators 9 8 famili>ity ) ! subject ( ,ari/otle's description1 & ^: habitual caution & mod]ation seem to des]t him :5 ! opportunity ( panegyris+ ! philosoph] pres5ts itself1 is betray$ into some?+ l a sne] on ?is topic4 8,du re/e il n'attribue cet organe que trois cavits1 erreur qui pr\ve au mo9s qu'il en avait reg>d la /ructure40#cf ,to :i* rem>k1 :at foll[s w1 ,i ?9k1 ju/ify ! reply1 t x 8pr\ve au mo9s0 t ,cuvi] _h n giv5 ord9>y att5tion1 to say no?+ ( ! c>eful /udy :i* !y des]ve1 to sundry passages 9 ! fir/ & ! ?ird books ( ! 8,hi/oria0 :i* ,i proce$ to lay be=e ! read]4 ,= conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce ^! passages are m>k$ ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc4#cg ,book i4 #ag4--7;,a7 8,! he>t has ?ree cavities1 x lies above ! lung on ! division ( ! w9dpipe1 & has a fatty & ?ick membrane :]e x is unit$ ) ! great ve9 & ! aorta4 ,x lies ^u ! aorta1 ) its po9t d[n ! *e/1 9 all animals t h a *e/4 ,9 all1 alike 9 ^? t h a *e/ & 9 ^? t h none1 ! =emo/ "p ( x is ! apex4 ,?is is (t5 ov]look$ ?r\gh ! turn+ upside d[n ( ! dissection4 ,! r\nd$ end ( ! he>t is upp]mo/1 ! po9t$ end ( x is l>gely fle%y & ?ick1 & 9 its cavities !re are t5dons4 ,9 o!r animals :i* h a *e/ ! he>t lies 9 ! middle ( ! *e/2 9 m51 m to ! left side1 betwe5 ! nipples1 a little incl9$ to ! left nipple 9 ! upp] "p ( ! *e/4 ,! he>t is n l>ge1 & its g5]al =m is n elongat$ b r\nd$1 except t ! apex is produc$ into a po9t4 7,b7 8,x has1 z already /at$1 ?ree cavities1 ! l>ge/ ( !m is on ! "r1 ! smalle/ on ! left1 ! middle-siz$ "o 9 ! middle2 !y h all1 also ! two small ones1 passages 77 t[>ds ! lung1 v evid5tly z respects "o ( ! cavities4 ,9 ! region ( ! union ) ! great ve9 & ! aorta ! l>ge/ cavity is connect$ ) ! l>ge/ ve9 7ne> :i* is ! mes5t]y72 ! middle cavity ) ! aorta4 7,c7 8,canals 77 f ! he>t pass to ! lung & divide 9 ! same fa%ion z ! w9dpipe does1 closely accompany+ ^? f ! w9dpipe ?r\gh ! :ole lung4 ,! canals f ! he>t are upp]mo/4 7,d7 8,no canal is common to ! bran*es ( ! w9dpipe & ^? ( ! ve9 7 ' 7 b ?r\gh ^? p>ts ( !m :i* are 9 contact 7 7 ! air passes 9 & !y ! c>ry x to ! he>t4 7,e7 8,"o ( ! canals leads to ! "r cavity1 ! o!r to ! left4 7,f7 8,( all ! visc]a1 ! he>t alone conta9s blood 9 itself4 ,! lung conta9s blood1 n 9 itself b 9 ! ve9s1 ! he>t 9 itself2 = 9 ea* ( ! cavities !re is blood2 ! ?9ne/ is 9 ! middle cavity40 ,book iii4 #c4--7;,g7 8,two ve9s lie 9 ! ?orax alongside ! sp9e1 on its inn] face2 ! l>g] m =w>ds1 ! small] beh9d2 ! l>g] m to ! "r1 ! small]1 :i* "s call aorta 7on acc\nt ( ! t5d9\s "p ( x se5 9 dead bodies71 to ! left4 ,^! take _! orig9 f ! he>t2 !y pass entire1 pres]v+ ! nature ( ve9s1 ?r\gh ! o!r visc]a t !y rea*2 :ile ! he>t is r a "p ( !m1 & m especially ( ! ant]ior & l>g] "o1 :i* is cont9u$ into ve9s above & bel[1 :ile betwe5 ^! is ! he>t4 7,h7 8,all he>ts conta9 cavities1 b1 9 ^? ( v small animals1 ! l>ge/ cavity is h>dly visible1 ^? ( middl+ size h ano!r1 & ! bigge/ all ?ree4 7,i7 8,! po9t ( ! he>t is direct$ =w>ds1 z 0 m5tion$ at fir/2 ! l>ge/ cavity to ! "r & upp] side ( x1 ! smalle/ to ! left1 & ! middle-siz$ "o betwe5 ^!2 bo? ( ^! are mu* small] ?an ! l>ge/4 7,k7 8,!y are all connect$ by passages 77 ) ! lung1 b1 on acc\nt ( ! smallness ( ! canals1 ?is is obscure except 9 "o4 7,l7 8,! great ve9 proce$s f ! l>ge/ cavity :i* lies upw>ds & to ! "r2 next ?r\gh ! holl[ middle "p 7 7 x becomes ve9 aga91 ?is cavity be+ a "p ( ! ve9 9 :i* ! blood /agnates4 7,m7 8,! aorta proce$s f ! middle cavity1 b n 9 ! same way1 = x is connect$ ) ! middle cavity by a mu* m n>r[ tube 774 7,n7 8,! great ve9 ext5ds ?r\gh ! he>t1 t[>ds ! aorta f ! he>t4 7,o7 8,! great ve9 is membran\s l sk91 ! aorta n>r[] ?an x & v t5d9\s1 & z x ext5ds t[>ds ! head & ! l[] p>ts x becomes n>r[ & altoge!r t5d9\s4 7,p7 8,9 ! fir/ place1 a "p ( ! great ve9 ext5ds upw>ds f ! he>t t[>ds ! lung & ! atta*m5t ( ! aorta1 ! ve9 be+ l>ge & undivid$4 ,x divides into two p>ts1 ! "o to ! lung1 ! o!r to ! sp9e & ! l[e/ v]tebra ( ! neck4 7,q7 8,! ve9 :i* ext5ds to ! lung fir/ divides into two p>ts = ! two halves ( x & !n ext5ds alongside ea* tube 77 & ea* passage 771 ! l>g] beside ! l>g] & ! small] beside ! small]1 s t no "p ( ! lung c be f\nd f :i* a passage 77 & a ve9 are abs5t4 ,! t]m9ations are invisible on acc\nt ( _! m9ut5ess1 b ! :ole lung appe>s full ( blood4 ,! canals f ! ve9 lie above ! tubes giv5 (f f ! w9dpipe40 ,! key to ! :ole ( ! =ego+ description ( ! he>t lies 9 ! passages 7,g7 & 7,l74 ,!y prove t ,ari/otle1 l ,gal51 five hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds1 & l ! great majority ( ! old ,greek anatomi/s1 did n reckon :at we call ! "r auricle z a con/itu5t ( ! he>t at all1 b z a holl[ "p1 or dilatation1 ( ! 8great ve940 ,ari/otle is c>eful to /ate t 8 obs]vations 7 conduct$ on suffocat$ animals2 & if any "o w lay op5 ! ?orax ( a dog or a rabbit1 :i* has be5 kill$ ) *lor(orm1 9 su* a mann] z to avoid w\nd+ any important vessel1 he w at once see :y ,ari/otle adopt$ ?is view4 ,=1 z ! subjo9$ figure 7p4 #ahe7 %[s1 ! v5a cava inf]ior 7b71 ! "r auricle 7,r4a471 & ! v5a cava sup]ior & innom9ate ve9 7,v4,i47 di/5d$ ) blood seem to =m "o cont9u\s column1 to :i* ! he>t is atta*$ z a sort ( app5dage4 ,?is column is1 z ,ari/otle says1 ve9 above 7a7 & ve9 bel[ 7b71 ! upp] & ! l[] divisions be+ connect$ --or by means ( ! int]v5+ cavity or *amb] 7,r4a47--:i* is t :i* we call ! "r auricle4 ,illu/ration3 ,a dog hav+ be5 kill$ by *lor(orm1 en\gh ( ! "r wall ( ! ?orax 0 remov$1 )\t any notable ble$+1 to expose ! ?oracic visc]a4 ,a c>efully measur$ outl9e sket* ( ! p>ts 9 situ 0 !n made1 & on dissection1 tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft]w>ds1 ! necess>y anatomical details 7 add$4 ,! woodcut is a fai?fully r$uc$ copy ( ! draw+ ?us con/ruct$2 & x repres5ts ! relations ( ! he>t & great vessels z ,ari/otle saw !m 9 a suffocat$ animal4 ,all b ! inn] lobe ( ! "r lung has be5 remov$2 z well z ! "r half ( ! p]ic>dium & ! "r walls ( ! "r auricle & v5tricle4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ?9 transp>5t p]ic>dial membrane appe>s no?+ l s di/9ct 9 nature4 a4b41 ,ari/otle's 8great ve902 ,v4,i41 "r v5a innom9ata & v5a cava sup]ior2 b1 ! inf]ior v5a cava2 ,r4a41 ! 8holl[ middle0 "p ( ! great ve9 or ! "r auricle2 ,r4v1 ! prolongation ( ! cavity ( ! "r v5tricle ,r4v t[>ds ! pulmon>y art]y2 tr1 "o ( ! tricuspid valves2 ,pc1 ! p]ic>dium2 ,i4sv1 sup]ior int]co/al ve92 ,az1 v5a azygos2 ,p4,a41 "r pulmon>y art]y2 ,br1 "r bron*us2 ,l1 inn] lobe ( ! "r lung2 1 sophagus2 ,ao1 desc5d+ aorta2 ,h1 liv]1 9 section1 ) hepatic ve91 v5a port1 & gall-bladd]1 gb1 sep>at$ by ! diaphragm1 also se5 9 section1 f ! ?oracic cavity4 ,b :51 f ! f\r cavities ( ! he>t recognis$ by u mod]ns1 "o is exclud$1 !re rema9 ?ree--:i* is j :at ,ari/otle says4 ,! solution ( ! difficulty is1 9 fact1 z absurdly simple z t pres5t$ by ! egg ( ,columbus2 & any error !re may be1 is n to be put d[n to ,ari/otle1 b to t inability to compreh5d t ! same fact may be accurately describ$ 9 diff]5t ways1 :i* is ! special *>act]i/ic ( ! comm5tatorial m9d4 ,t ! ?ree cavities m5tion$ by ,ari/otle are j ^? :i* rema9 if ! "r auricle is omitt$1 is pla9 en\gh f :at is said 9 7,b71 7,c71 7,e71 7,i71 & 7,l74 ,=1 9 a suffocat$ animal1 ! 8"r cavity0 :i* is directly connect$ ) ! great ve91 & is obvi\sly ! "r v5tricle1 be+ di/5d$ ) blood1 w look mu* l>g] ?an ! middle cavity1 :i*1 s9ce x gives rise to ! aorta1 c only be ! left v5tricle4 ,& ?is1 aga91 w appe> l>g] ?an ! ?9 & collaps$ left auricle1 :i* mu/ be ,ari/otle's left cavity1 inasmu* z ?is cavity is said to be connect$ by ) ! lung4 ,! reason :y ,ari/otle consid]$ ! left auricle to be a "p ( ! he>t1 :ile he m]g$ ! "r auricle 9 ! great ve91 is1 obvi\sly1 ! small relative size ( ! v5\s trunks & _! %>p] dem>cation f ! auricle4 ,gal51 h[ev]1 p]haps m consi/5tly1 reg>d$ ! left auricle also z a m]e "p ( ! 8art]ia v5osa40 ,! canal :i* leads f ! "r cavity ( ! he>t to ! lung 7or1 z ,ari/otle puts x 7,e71 f ! lung to ! he>t7 is1 )\t d\bt1 ! pulmon>y art]y4 ,b x may be said t1 9 ?is case1 ,ari/otle contradicts himself1 inasmu* z 9 7,p7 & 7,q7 a vessel1 :i* is obvi\sly ! pulmon>y art]y1 is describ$ z a bran* ( ! great ve94 ,h[ev]1 ?is difficulty also disappe>s1 if we reflect t1 9 ,ari/otle's way ( look+ at ! matt]1 ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! great ve9 & ! he>t co9cides ) ! "r auriculo-v5tricul> ap]ture2 & t1 inasmu* z ! conical prolongation ( ! "r v5tricle :i* leads to ! pulmon>y art]y 7,r4v 9 ! ,figure71 lies close 9 front ( ! auricle1 its base may v easily 7z ! figure %[s7 be reg>d$ z "p ( ! g5]al op5+ ( ! great ve9 into ! "r v5tricle4 ,9 fact1 x is cle> t ,ari/otle1 hav+ fail$ to notice ! valves ( ! he>t1 did n di/+ui% ! "p ( ! "r v5tricle f :i* ! pulmon>y art]y arises 7,r4v7 f ! prop] trunk ( ! art]y on ! "o h&1 & f ! "r auricle 7,r4a7 on ! o!r4 ,?us ! root1 z we may call x1 ( ! pulmon>y art]y & ! "r auricle1 tak5 toge!r1 are spok5 ( z ! 8"p ( ! great ve9 :i* ext5ds upw>ds0 7,p72 &1 z ! v5a azygos 7,az7 0 "o bran* ( ?is1 s ! 8ve9 to ! lung0 0 reg>d$ z ano!r bran* ( x4 ,b ! latt] bran*1 be+ giv5 (f close to ! connection ( ! great ve9 ) ! v5tricle1 0 also c\nt$ z "o ( ! two by :i* ! 8he>t0 7t is to say ! "r v5tricle1 ! left v5tricle1 & ! left auricle ( our nom5clature7 communicates ) ! lung4 ,! only o!r difficulty t ,i obs]ve is connect$ ) 7,k74 ,if ,ari/otle int5d$ by ?is to affirm t ! middle cavity 7! left v5tricle71 l ! o!r two1 is directly connect$ ) ! lung by a 1 he w\ld be 9 error4 ,b he has exclud$ ?is int]pretation ( 8 words by 7,e71 9 :i* ! numb] & relations ( ! canals1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* he admits1 are di/9ctly def9$4 ,i c only imag9e !n1 t1 s f> z ?is passage applies to ! left v5tricle1 x m]ely ref]s to ! indirect communication ( t cavity ) ! vessels ( ! lungs1 ?r\gh ! left auricle4 ,on ?is evid5ce ,i submit t !re is no escape f ! conclusion t1 in/ead ( hav+ committ$ a gross blund]1 ,ari/otle has giv5 a description ( ! he>t :i*1 s f> z x goes1 is rem>kably accurate4 ,he is 9 error only 9 reg>d to ! diff]5ces :i* he imag9es to exi/ betwe5 l>ge & small he>ts 7,h74 ,cuvi] 7:o has be5 foll[$ by o!r comm5tators7 ascribes ano!r error to ,ari/otle3-- 8,ari/ote suppose que la tra*e-artre se prolonge jusqu'au cur1 et semble croire1 en consqu5ce1 que l'air y pntre 7l4 c4 p4 #aeb740 ,^u :at f\ndation ,cuvi] re/$ ! fir/ ( ^! two ass]tions1 ,i am at a loss to div9e4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x w appe> f ! foll[+ exc]pts t ,ari/otle gives an acc\nt ( ! /ructure ( ! lungs :i* is almo/ z good z t ( ! he>t1 & t x conta9s no?+ ab\t any prolongation ( ! w9dpipe to ! he>t4 8,)9 ! neck lie :at is call$ ! sophagus 7s nam$ on acc\nt ( its l5g? & its n>r[ness7 & ! w9dpipe 774 ,! position ( ! w9dpipe 9 all animals t h "o1 is 9 front ( ! sophagus4 ,all animals :i* possess a lung h a w9dpipe4 ,! w9dpipe is ( a c>tilag9\s nature & is exsangu9e1 b is surr\nd$ by _m little ve9s4444 8,x goes d[nw>ds t[>ds ! middle ( ! lung1 & !n divides = ea* ( ! halves ( ! lung4 ,9 all animals t possess "o1 ! lung is divid$ into two p>ts2 b1 9 ^? :i* br+ =? _! "y alive1 ! sep>ation is n equally well m>k$1 lea/ ( all 9 man4 8,9 ovip>\s animals1 su* z birds1 & 9 quadrup$s :i* are ovip>\s1 ! "o half ( ! lung is widely sep>at$ f ! o!r2 s t x appe>s z if !y _h two lungs4 ,& f be+ s+le1 ! w9dpipe becomes 7divid$ into7 two1 :i* ext5d to ea* half ( ! lung4 ,x is fa/5$ to ! great ve91 & to :at is call$ ! aorta4 ,:5 ! w9dpipe is bl[n up1 ! air passes into ! holl[ p>ts ( ! lung4 ,9 ^!1 are c>tilag9\s tubes 77 :i* unite at an angle2 f ! tubes passages 77 trav]se ! :ole ( ! lung2 !y are cont9ually giv5 (f1 ! small] f ! l>g]40 7,book i4 #af47 ,t ,ari/otle %\ld speak ( ! lung z a s+le organ divid$ into two halves1 & %\ld say t ! division is lea/ m>k$ 9 man1 is puzzl+ at fir/2 b ! /atem5t becomes intelligible1 if we reflect ^u ! close union ( ! bron*i1 ! pulmon>y vessels & ! m$ia/9al walls ( ! pleur1 9 mammals2#ch & x is q true t ! lungs are mu* m obvi\sly di/9ct f "o ano!r 9 birds4 ,aub]t & ,wimm] translate ! la/ p>agraph ( ! passage j cit$ z foll[s3-- 8,diese hab5 ab] knorpelige ,s*eidewnde1 wel*e unt] spitz5 ,w9keln zusamm5tret51 und aus ihn5 fhr5 ,oeffnung5 dur* die ganze ,lunge1 indem sie si* 9 imm] kle9]5 v]zweig540 ,b ,i _c ?9k t by & 1 9 ?is passage1 ,ari/otle meant ei!r 8p>titions0 or op5+s 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! latt] ^w4 ,=1 9 ,book iii4 ,cap4 #c1 9 describ+ ! di/ribution ( ! 8ve9 :i* goes to ! lung0 7! pulmon>y art]y71 he says t x 8ext5ds alongside ea* tube 77 & ea* passage 771 ! l>g] beside ! l>g]1 & ! small] beside ! small]2 s t no "p 7( ! lung7 c be f\nd f :i* a passage 77 & a ve9 are abs5t40 ,moreov]1 9 ,book i4 #ag1 he says-- 8,canals 77 f ! he>t pass to ! lung & divide 9 ! same fa%ion z ! w9dpipe does1 closely accompany+ ^? f ! w9dpipe ?r\gh ! :ole lung40 ,& aga9 9 ,book i4 #ag-- 8,x 7! lung7 is entirely spongy1 & alongside ( ea* tube 77 run canals 77 f ! great ve940 ,on comp>+ ! la/ ?ree /atem5ts ) ! facts ( ! case1 x is pla9 t by 1 or tubes1 ,ari/otle means ! bron*i & s _m ( _! l>g] divisions z obvi\sly conta9 c>tilages2 & t by he d5otes ! same ?+s2 &1 if ?is be s1 !n ! mu/ be ! small] bron*ial canals1 9 :i* ! c>tilages disappe>4 ,?is view ( ! /ructure ( ! lung is p]fectly correct s f> z x ext5ds2 &1 be>+ x 9 m9d1 we %all be 9 a position to und]/& :at ,ari/otle ?\ght ab\t ! passage ( air f ! lungs into ! he>t4 ,9 e "p ( ! lung1 he says1 9 effect1 !re is an air tube :i* is d]iv$ f ! tra*ea1 & o!r tubes :i* are d]iv$ f ! :i* connect ! lung ) ! he>t 7supr1 ,c74 ,_! appli$ walls con/itute ! ?9 8synapses0 7 7 ?r\gh :i* ! air passes out ( ! air tubes into ! 1 or blood-vessels1 by transudation or diffusion2 = !re is no community betwe5 ! cavities ( ! air tubes & cavities ( ! canals2 t is to say1 no op5+ f "o into ! o!r 7supr1 ,d74 ,on ! words 8 0 ,aub]t & ,wimm] rem>k 7l4 c4 p4 #bci71 8,da ,a4 die ,ansi*t hat die ,lung5luft wrde dem ,h]z5 zugefhrt1 s po/ulirt er /att viel] kle9] ,v]b9dung5 e95 gross5 ,v]b9dungsgang zwis*5 ,lunge und ,h]z40 ,b does ,ari/otle make ?is assumption8 ,! only evid5ce s f> z ,i "k 9 fav\r ( ! affirmative answ] to ?is "q is ! foll[+ passage3-- 8 1 4 1 0 7i4 cap4 #af74 8,! he>t & ! w9dpipe are connect$ by fatty & c>tilag9\s & fibr\s b&s2 :]e !y are connect$ x is holl[4 ,bl[+ into ! w9dpipe does n %[ cle>ly 9 "s animals1 b 9 ! l>g] animals x is cle> t ! air goes into x40 ,aub]t & ,wimm] give a some:at diff]5t r5d]+ ( ?is passage3-- 8,au* das ,h]z hngt mit d] ,luftrhre dur* fettrei*e1 knorpelige und fas]ige ,bnd] zusamm52 und da1 wo sie zusamm5hng51 i/ e9e ,hhlung4 ,beim ,aufblas5 d] ,lunge wird es bei man*5 ,?i]5 ni*t wahrnehmb>1 bei d5 grss]5 ab] i/ es (f5b>1 dass die ,luft 9 das ,h]z gelangt40 ,! s5se "h turns ^u ! signification :i* is to be ascrib$ to 4 ,b if ^! words ref] to ! he>t1 !n ,ari/otle has di/9ctly po9t$ out ! road :i* ! air1 9 8 op9ion1 takes1 namely1 ?r\gh ! 8synapses0 7,d72 & !re is no reason t ,i c discov] to believe t he 8po/ulat$0 any o!r & m direct communication4 ,) respect to ! mean+ ( 1 ,aub]t & ,wimm] obs]ve3-- 8,dies s*e9t wohl die kurze ,lung5v5e zu se94 ,s*neid] bezieht dies auf die ,vorkamm]n1 alle9 diese w]d5 unt5 als ,hhl5 des ,h]z5s bes*rieb540 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k1 on ! contr>y1 t ! words ref] simply to ! cavity ( ! p]ic>dium4 ,= a "p ( ?is cavity 7s9us transv]sus p]ic>dii7 lies betwe5 ! aorta1 on ! "o h&1 & ! pulmon>y vessels ) ! bifurcation ( ! tra*ea1 on ! o!r h&1 & is mu* m conspicu\s 9 "s animals ?an 9 man4 ,x is /rictly correct1 !re=e1 9 ,ari/otle's words1 to say t :]e ! he>t & ! w9dpipe are connect$ 8x is holl[40 ,if he _h meant to speak ( "o ( ! pulmon>y ve9s1 or ( any ( ! cavities ( ! he>t1 he w\ld h us$ ! t]ms or :i* he always employs = ^! p>ts4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 !n1 ! air tak5 into ! lungs passes1 f ! f9al ramifications ( ! bron*ial tubes into ! correspond+ bran*es ( ! pulmon>y blood-vessels1 n ?r\gh op5+s1 b by transudation1 or1 z we %\ld n[adays say1 diffusion1 ?r\gh ! ?9 p>titions =m$ by ! appli$ coats ( ! two sets ( canals4 ,b ! 8pneuma0 :i* ?us rea*$ ! int]ior ( ! blood-vessels 0 n1 9 ,ari/otle's op9ion1 exactly ! same ?+ z ! air4 ,x 0 8 0 78,de ,mundo10 iv4 #i7--subtilis$ & cond5s$ air2 & x is h>d to make out :e!r ,ari/otle consid]$ x to possess ! physical prop]ties ( an ela/ic fluid or ^? ( a liquid4 ,z he affirms t all ! cavities ( ! he>t conta9 blood 7,f71 x is cle> t he did n hold ! errone\s view prop\nd$ 9 ! next g5]ation by ,erasi/ratus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t he supposes t ! sp]matic art]ies d n conta9 blood b only an 78,hi/4 ,animalium10 iii4 #a71 %[s t 8 notions respect+ ! cont5ts ( ! art]ies 7 vague4 ,nor does he seem to h kn[n t ! pulse is *>act]i/ic only ( ! art]ies2 & z he ?\ght t ! art]ies end 9 solid fibr\s b&s1 he naturally c\ld n h ent]ta9$ ! fa9te/ conception ( ! true motion ( ! blood4 ,b1 )\t attempt+ to read into ,ari/otle mod]n conceptions :i* nev] ent]$ 8 m9d1 x is only j to obs]ve t 8 view ( :at becomes ( ! air tak5 into ! lungs is by no means wor?y ( contempt z a gross error4 ,on ! contr>y1 "h1 z 9 ! case ( 8 anatomy ( ! he>t1 :at ,ari/otle ass]ts is true z f> z x goes4 ,some?+ does actually pass f ! air conta9$ 9 ! lungs ?r\gh ! coats ( ! vessels into ! blood1 & !nce to ! he>t2 to wit1 oxyg54 ,& ,i ?9k t x speaks v well = anci5t ,greek sci5ce t ! inve/igator ( s difficult a physiological problem z t ( respiration1 %\ld h arriv$ at a conclusion1 ! /atem5t ( :i*1 aft] ! lapse ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 c be accept$ z a ?or\ghly e/abli%$ sci5tific tru?4 ,i tru/ t ! case 9 fav\r ( remov+ ! /atem5ts ab\t ! he>t1 f ! li/ ( ! 8errors ( ,ari/otle0 is n[ cle>2 & t ! evid5ce proves1 on ! contr>y1 t !y ju/ify u 9 =m+ a v fav\rable e/imate ( ! olde/ anatomical inve/igations among ! ,greeks ( :i* any suffici5t record rema9s4 ,b is ,ari/otle to be cr$it$ ) ! m]it ( hav+ asc]ta9$ s mu* ( ! tru?8 ,?is "q w n appe> sup]flu\s to ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! extraord9>y hi/ory ( ,ari/otle's works1 or :o adopt ! conclusion ( ,aub]t & ,wimm]1 t1 ( ! t5 books ( ! 8,hi/oria ,animalium0 :i* h come d[n to u1 ?ree are l>gely or entirely spuri\s1 & t ! o!rs conta9 _m int]polations by lat] writ]s4 ,x s happ5s1 h[ev]1 t1 ap>t f o!r reasons1 !re are satisfactory int]nal gr\nds = ascrib+ ! acc\nt ( ! he>t to a writ] ( ! "t at :i* ,ari/otle liv$4 ,=1 )9 ?irty ye>s ( 8 dea?1 ! anatomi/s ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool _h ?or\ghly inve/igat$ ! /ructure & ! functions ( ! valves ( ! he>t4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ! manuscripts ( ,ari/otle 7 9 ! possession ( ,!ophra/us2 & no int]polator ( lat] date w\ld h %[n t he 0 ignorant ( ! nature & significance ( ^! important /ructures1 by ! brief & obscure allusion--89 its cavities !re are t5dons0 7,a74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,polybus1 ^: acc\nt ( ! vascul> sy/em is quot$ 9 ! 8,hi/oria ,animalium0 0 an eld] contempor>y ( ,ari/otle4 ,h5ce1 if any "p ( ! "w fai?fully repres5ts t :i* ,ari/otle taught1 we may safely conclude t ! description ( ! he>t does s4 ,hav+ grant$ ?is mu*1 h[ev]1 x is ano!r "q1 :e!r ,ari/otle is to be reg>d$ z ! fir/ discov]] ( ! facts :i* he has s well /at$1 or :e!r he1 l o!r m51 0 ! intellectual *ild ( 8 "t & simply c>ri$ on a /ep or two ! "w :i* _h be5 comm5c$ by o!rs4 ,on ! subject ( ,ari/otle's significance z an orig9al work] 9 biology extraord9>ily div]g5t views h be5 put =w>d4 ,if we are to adopt ,cuvi]'s e/imate1 ,ari/otle 0 simply a miracle3-- 8,avant ,ari/ote la philosophie1 entirem5t spculative1 se p]dait dans les ab/ractions dp\rvues de fondem5t2 la sci5ce n'exi/ait pas4 ,il semble qu'elle soit sortie t\te faite du c]veau d',ari/ote comme ,m9]ve1 t\te arme1 du c]veau de ,jupit]4 ,seul1 en effet1 sans antcd5ts1 sans ri5 emprunt] aux sicles qui l'avai5t prcd1 puisqu'ils n'avai5t ri5 produit de solide1 le disciple de ,platon dc\vrit et dmontra plus de vrits1 executa plus de travaux sci5tifiques en un vie de soixante-deux ans1 qu'aprs lui v+t sicles n'en ont pu faire10#ci etc4 etc4 8,ari/ote e/ le premi] qui ait introduit la m?ode de l'induction1 de la comp>aison des obs]vations p\r en faire sortir des ides gnrales1 et celle de l'expri5ce p\r multipli] les faits dont ces ides gnrales peuv5t tre dduites40--ii4 p4 #eae4 ,! late ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes1#dj on ! contr>y1 tells u 8on a sup]ficial exam9ation1 !re=e1 he ,ari/otle w seem to h giv5 tol]able descriptions2 especially if approa*$ ) t disposition to discov] m>vels :i* unconsci\sly det]m9es u 9 our /udy ( em95t writ]s4 ,b a m unbiass$ & imp>tial criticism w disclose t he has giv5 no s+le anatomical description ( ! lea/ value4 ,all t he knew may h be5 kn[n1 & probably 0 kn[n1 )\t dissection4444 ,i d n ass]t t he nev] op5$ an animal2 on ! contr>y x seems highly probable t he _h op5$ _m4444 ,he nev] foll[$ ! c\rse ( a vessel or a n]ve2 nev] laid b>e ! orig9 & ins]tion ( a muscle2 nev] discrim9at$ ! compon5t p>ts ( organs2 nev] made cle> to himself ! connection ( organs into sy/ems40--7pp4 #aef-g47 ,9 ! face ( ! description ( ! he>t & lungs1 j quot$1 ,i ?9k we may v5ture to say t no "o :o has acquir$ ev5 an elem5t>y practical acqua9tance ) anatomy1 & kn[s ( 8 own k t :i* ,ari/otle describes1 w agree ) ! op9ion express$ by ,mr4 ,lewes2 & ^? :o turn to ! acc\nts ( ! /ructure ( ! rock lob/] & ! common lob/]1 or to t ( ! ,cephalopods & o!r ,mollusks1 9 ! f\r? book ( ! 8,hi/oria ,animalium0 w probably feel incl9$ to object to x /ill m /rongly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,cuvi]'s exagg]at$ panegyric w z little be> ! te/ ( cool discussion4 ,9 ,greece1 ! c5tury be=e ,ari/otle's bir? 0 a p]iod ( great intellectual activity1 9 ! field ( physical sci5ce no less ?an else:]e4 ,! me?od ( induction has nev] be5 us$ to bett] effect ?an by ,hippocrates2 & ! lab\rs ( su* m5 z ,alkmeon1 ,demokritus1 & ,polybus1 among ,ari/otle's pr$ecessors2 ,diokles1 & ,praxagoras1 among 8 contempor>ies1 laid a solid f\ndation = ! sci5tific /udy ( anatomy & developm5t1 indep5d5tly ( 8 lab\rs4 ,ari/otle himself in=ms u t ! dissection ( animals 0 commonly practis$2 t ! aorta _h be5 di/+ui%$ f ! great ve92 & t ! connection ( bo? ) ! he>t _h be5 obs]v$ by 8 pr$ecessors4 ,:at !y ?\ght ab\t ! /ructure ( ! he>t itself or t ( ! lungs1 he does n tell u1 & we h no means ( kn[+4 ,s f> f arrogantly sugge/+ t he ow$ no?+ to 8 pr$ecessors1 ,ari/otle is c>eful to ref] to _! obs]vations1 & to expla9 :y1 9 8 judgm5t1 !y fell into ! errors :i* he corrects4 ,ari/otle's k1 9 fact1 appe>s to h /ood 9 ! same relation to t ( su* m5 z ,polybus & ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 z t ( ,h]ophilus & ,erasi/ratus did to 8 own1 s f> z ! he>t is conc]n$4 ,he c>ri$ sci5ce a /ep beyond ! po9t at :i* he f\nd x2 a m]itori\s1 b n a miracul\s1 a*ievem5t4 ,:at he did1 requir$ ! possession ( v good p[]s ( obs]vation2 if !y _h be5 p[]s ( ! highe/ class1 he c\ld h>dly h left su* conspicu\s objects z ! valves ( ! he>t to be discov]$ by 8 successors4 ,& ?is leads me to make a f9al rem>k ^u a s+ul> feature ( ! 8,hi/oria ,animalium40 ,z a :ole1 x is a mo/ notable production1 full ( accurate in=mation1 & ( extremely acute g5]alisations ( ! obs]vations accumulat$ by naturali/s up to t "t4 ,& yet1 e "h & !re1 "o /umbles ^u ass]tions respect+ matt]s :i* lie )9 ! scope ( ! commone/ inspection1 :i* are n s mu* to be call$ errors1 z /upidities4 ,:at is to be made ( ! /atem5t t ! sutures ( wom5's skulls are diff]5t f ^? ( m52 t m5 & sundry male animals h m tee? ?an _! respective females2 t ! back ( ! skull is empty2 & s on8 ,x is simply incr$ible to me1 t ! ,ari/otle :o wrote ! acc\nt ( ! he>t1 also committ$ himself to absurdities :i* c be excus$ by no !oretical prepossession & :i* are contradict$ by ! pla9e/ obs]vation4 ,:at1 aft] all1 7 ! orig9al manuscripts ( ! 8,hi/oria ,animalium08 ,if !y 7 notes ( ,ari/otle's lectures tak5 by "s ( 8 /ud5ts1 any lectur] :o has *anc$ to look ?r\gh su* notes1 w\ld f9d ! int]sp]sion ( a f\ndation ( g5]al & sometimes m9ute accuracy1 ) pat*es ( transc5d5t blund]+1 p]fectly intelligible4 ,"s compet5t ,greek s*ol> may p]haps ?9k x wor? :ile to tell u :at may be said = or aga9/ ! hypo!sis ?us h9t$4 ,"o obvi\s difficulty 9 ! way ( adopt+ x is ! fact t1 9 o!r works1 ,ari/otle ref]s to ! 8,hi/oria ,animalium0 z if x _h already be5 made public by himself4 ,,ix4 ,,on ,,! ,,hypo!sis ,,t ,,animals ,,are ,,automata1 ,,& ,,its ,,hi/ory4 ,! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is "o ( ! great epo*s ( biological sci5ce4 ,= ?\gh sugge/ions & indications ( ! conceptions :i* took def9ite %ape1 at t "t1 are to be met ) 9 works ( e>li] date1 !y are little m ?an ! %ad[s :i* com+ tru? ca/s =w>d2 m5's k 0 nei!r ext5sive en\gh1 nor exact en\gh1 to %[ !m ! solid body ( fact :i* ?rew ^! %ad[s4 ,b1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! idea t ! physical processes ( life are capable ( be+ expla9$ 9 ! same way z o!r physical ph5om5a1 &1 !re=e1 t ! liv+ body is a me*anism1 0 prov$ to be true = c]ta9 classes ( vital actions2 &1 hav+ ?us tak5 firm root 9 irrefragable fact1 ?is conception has n only successfully repell$ e assault :i* has be5 made ^u x1 b has /eadily gr[n 9 =ce & ext5t ( application1 until x is n[ ! express$ or impli$ fundam5tal proposition ( ! :ole doctr9e ( sci5tific ,physiology4 ,if we ask to :om mank9d are indebt$ = ?is great s]vice1 ! g5]al voice w "n ,william ,h>vey4 ,=1 by 8 discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood 9 ! high] animals1 by 8 explanation ( ! nature ( ! me*anism by :i* t circulation is effect$1 & by 8 no less rem>kable1 ?\gh less kn[n1 inve/igations ( ! process ( developm5t1 ,h>vey solidly laid ! f\ndations ( all ^? physical explanations ( ! functions ( su/5tation & reproduction :i* mod]n physiologi/s h a*iev$4 ,b ! liv+ body is n only su/a9$ & reproduc$3 x adju/s itself to ext]nal & int]nal *anges2 x moves & feels4 ,! attempt to r$uce ! endless complexities ( animal motion & feel+ to law & ord] is1 at lea/1 z important a "p ( ! task ( ! physiologi/ z ! elucidation ( :at are sometimes call$ ! vegetative processes4 ,h>vey did n make ?is attempt himself2 b ! influ5ce ( 8 "w ^u ! man :o did make x is pat5t & unque/ionable4 ,?is man 0 ,r5 ,desc>tes1 :o1 ?\gh by _m ye>s ,h>vey's junior1 di$ be=e him2 & yet1 9 8 %ort span ( fifty-f\r ye>s1 took an undisput$ place1 n only among ! *iefs ( philosophy1 b among/ ! greate/ & mo/ orig9al ( ma!maticians2 :ile1 9 my belief1 he is no less c]ta9ly entitl$ to ! rank ( a great & orig9al physiologi/2 inasmu* z he did = ! physiology ( motion & s5sation t :i* ,h>vey _h done = ! circulation ( ! blood1 & op5$ up t road to ! me*anical !ory ( ^! processes1 :i* has be5 foll[$ by all 8 successors4 ,desc>tes 0 no m]e speculator1 z "s w\ld h u believe3 b a man :o knew ( 8 own k :at 0 to be kn[n ( ! facts ( anatomy & physiology 9 8 day4 ,he 0 an unwe>i$ dissector & obs]v]2 & x is said1 t1 on a visitor once ask+ to see 8 libr>y1 ,desc>tes l$ him into a room set aside = dissections1 & full ( specim5s "u exam9ation4 8,!re10 said he1 8is my libr>y40 ,i anticipate a smile ( incr$ulity :5 ,i ?us *ampion ,desc>tes' claim to be consid]$ a physiologi/ ( ! fir/ rank4 ,i expect to be told t ,i h read into 8 works :at ,i f9d !re1 & to be ask$1 ,:y is x t we are left to discov] ,desc>tes' des]ts at ?is "t ( day1 m ?an two c5turies aft] 8 dea?8 ,h[ is x t ,desc>tes is utt]ly ignor$ 9 "s ( ! late/ works :i* treat expressly ( ! subject 9 :i* he is said to h be5 s great8 ,x is mu* easi] to ask su* que/ions ?an to answ] !m1 especially if "o desires to be on good t]ms ) "o's contempor>ies2 b1 if ,i mu/ give an answ]1 x is ?is3 ,! gr[? ( physical sci5ce is n[ s prodigi\sly rapid1 t ^? :o are actively engag$ 9 keep+ up ) ! pres5t1 h mu* ado to f9d "t to look at ! pa/1 & ev5 gr[ into ! habit ( neglect+ x4 ,b1 natural z ?is result may be1 x is none ! less detrim5tal4 ,! intellect loses1 = !re is assur$ly no m effectual me?od ( cle>+ up "o's own m9d on any subject ?an by talk+ x ov]1 s to speak1 ) m5 ( real p[] & grasp1 :o h consid]$ x f a totally diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,! p>allax ( "t helps u to ! true position ( a conception1 z ! p>allax ( space helps u to t ( a />4 ,& ! moral nature loses no less4 ,x is well to turn aside f ! fretful /ir ( ! pres5t & to dwell ) gratitude & respect ^u ! s]vices ( ^? 8mighty m5 ( old :o h gone d[n to ! grave ) _! weapons ( w>10 b :o1 :ile !y yet liv$1 won spl5did victories ov] ignorance4 ,x is well1 aga91 to reflect t ! fame ( ,desc>tes fill$ all ,europe1 & 8 au?ority ov]%ad[$ x1 = a c5tury2 :ile n[1 mo/ ( ^? :o "k 8 "n ?9k ( him1 ei!r z a p]son :o _h "s prepo/]\s notions ab\t vortices & 0 des]v$ly annihilat$ by ! great ,sir ,isaac ,newton2 or z ! apo/le ( an ess5tially vici\s me?od ( d$uctive speculation2 & t1 nev]!less1 nei!r ! *att] ( %ift+ op9ion1 nor ! sil5ce ( p]sonal oblivion1 has 9 ! slighte/ degree affect$ ! gr[? ( ! great ideas ( :i* he 0 ! in/rum5t & ! m\?piece4 ,x is a matt] ( fact t ! greate/ physiologi/ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,hall]1 9 treat+ ( ! functions ( n]ve1 does little m ?an reproduce & enl>ge ^u ! ideas ( ,desc>tes4 ,x is a matt] ( fact t ,david ,h>tley1 9 8 rem>kable "w ! 8,essay on ,man10 expressly1 ?\gh /ill insuffici5tly1 ackn[l$ges ! resemblance ( 8 fundam5tal conceptions to ^? ( ,desc>tes2 & ,i %all n[ endeav\r to %[ t a s]ies ( propositions1 :i* con/itute ! f\ndation & ess5ce ( ! mod]n physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 are fully express$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! works ( ,desc>tes4 ,i4 ,! bra9 is ! organ ( s5sation1 ?\ght1 & emotion2 t is to say1 "s *ange 9 ! condition ( ! matt] ( ?is organ is ! inv>iable antec$5t ( ! /ate ( consci\sness to :i* ea* ( ^! t]ms is appli$4 ,9 ! 8,pr9cipes de la ,philosophie0 7 #afi71 ,desc>tes says3--#da 8,al?\gh ! s\l is unit$ to ! :ole body1 its pr9cipal functions are1 nev]!less1 p]=m$ 9 ! bra92 x is "h t x n only und]/&s & imag9es1 b also feels2 & ?is is effect$ by ! int]m$iation ( ! n]ves1 :i* ext5d 9 ! =m ( delicate ?reads f ! bra9 to all p>ts ( ! body1 to :i* !y are atta*$ 9 su* a mann]1 t we c h>dly t\* any "p ( ! body )\t sett+ ! extremity ( "s n]ve 9 motion4 ,?is motion passes along ! n]ve to t "p ( ! bra9 :i* is ! common s5sorium1 z ,i h suffici5tly expla9$ 9 my ,treatise on ,dioptrics2 & ! movem5ts :i* ?us travel along ! n]ves1 z f> z t "p ( ! bra9 ) :i* ! s\l is closely jo9$ & unit$1 cause x1 by reason ( _! div]se *>act]s1 to h diff]5t ?\ghts4 ,& x is ^! diff]5t ?\ghts ( ! s\l1 :i* arise imm$iately f ! movem5ts t are excit$ by ! n]ves 9 ! bra91 :i* we prop]ly t]m our feel+s1 or ! p]ceptions ( our s5ses40 ,else:]e1#db ,desc>tes1 9 argu+ t ! seat ( ! passions is n 7z _m suppose7 ! he>t1 b ! bra91 uses ! foll[+ rem>kable language3-- 8,! op9ion ( ^? :o ?9k t ! s\l receives its passions 9 ! he>t1 is ( no weight1 = x is bas$ ^u ! fact t ! passions cause a *ange to be felt 9 t organ2 & x is easy to see t ?is *ange is felt1 z if x 7 9 ! he>t1 only by ! int]m$iation ( a little n]ve :i* desc5ds f ! bra9 to x2 ,j z pa9 is felt1 z if x 7 9 ! foot1 by ! int]m$iation ( ! n]ves ( ! foot2 & ! />s are p]ceiv$1 z if !y 7 9 ! heav5s1 by ! int]m$iation ( _! light & ( ! optic n]ves4 ,s t x is no m necess>y = ! s\l to ex]t its functions imm$iately 9 ! he>t1 to feel its passions !re1 ?an x is necess>y t x %\ld be 9 ! heav5s to see ! />s !re40 ,?is def9ite allocation ( all ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness to ! bra9 z _! organ1 0 a /ep ! value ( :i* x is difficult = u to appraise1 s completely has ,desc>tes' view incorporat$ itself ) e-day ?\ght & common language4 ,a lunatic is said to be 8crack-bra9$0 or 8t\*$ 9 ! head10 a confus$ ?9k] is 8muddle-head$10 :ile a clev] man is said to h 8pl5ty ( bra9s20 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury a consid]able1 ?\gh mu* ov]-e/imat$1 anatomi/1 ,bi*at1 s f> f hav+ rea*$ ! level ( ,desc>tes1 c\ld gravely argue t ! app>atuses ( organic life are ! sole seat ( ! passions1 :i* 9 no way affect ! bra91 except s f> z x is ! ag5t by :i* ! influ5ce ( ! passions is transmitt$ to ! muscles4#dc ,mod]n physiology1 aid$ by pa?ology1 easily demon/rates t ! bra9 is ! seat ( all =ms ( consci\sness1 & fully be>s out ,desc>tes' explanation ( ! ref]5ce ( ^? s5sations 9 ! visc]a :i* accompany int5se emotion1 to ^! organs4 ,x proves1 directly1 t ^? /ates ( consci\sness :i* we call s5sations are ! imm$iate consequ5t ( a *ange 9 ! bra9 excit$ by ! s5sory n]ves2 &1 on ! well-kn[n effects ( injuries1 ( /imulants1 & ( n>cotics1 x bases ! conclusion t ?\ght & emotion are1 9 l mann]1 ! consequ5ts ( physical antec$5ts4 ,,ii4 ,! movem5ts ( animals are due to ! *ange ( =m ( muscles1 :i* %ort5 & become ?ick]2 & ?is *ange ( =m 9 a muscle arises f a motion ( ! sub/ance conta9$ )9 ! n]ves :i* g to ! muscle4 ,9 ! 8,passions de l'me10 ,art4 vii41 ,desc>tes writes3-- 8,moreov]1 we "k t all ! movem5ts ( ! limbs dep5d on ! muscles1 & t ^! muscles are oppos$ to "o ano!r 9 su* a mann]1 t :5 "o ( !m %ort5s1 x draws along ! "p ( ! body to :i* x is atta*$1 & s gives rise to a simultane\s elongation ( ! muscle :i* is oppos$ to x4 ,!n1 if x happ5s1 aft]w>ds1 t ! latt] %ort5s1 x causes ! =m] to elongate1 & draws t[>ds itself ! "p to :i* x is atta*$4 ,la/ly1 we "k t all ^! movem5ts ( ! muscles1 z all ! s5ses1 dep5d on ! n]ves1 :i* are l little ?reads or tubes1 :i* all come f ! bra91 &1 l x1 conta9 a c]ta9 v subtle air or w9d1 t]m$ ! animal spirits40 ,! prop]ty ( muscle m5tion$ by ,desc>tes n[ goes by ! g5]al "n ( contractility1 b 8 def9ition ( x rema9s unt\*$4 ,! long-cont9u$ controv]sy :e!r contractile sub/ance1 speak+ g5]ally1 has an inh]5t p[] ( contraction1 or :e!r x contracts only 9 virtue ( an influ5ce ex]t$ by n]ve1 is n[ settl$ 9 ,hall]'s fav\r2 b ,desc>tes' /atem5t ( ! dep5d5ce ( muscul> contraction on n]ve holds good = ! high] =ms ( muscle1 "u normal circum/ances2 s t1 al?\gh ! /ructure ( ! v>i\s modifications ( contractile matt] has be5 work$ out ) a/oni%+ m9ut5ess--al?\gh ! delicate physical & *emical *anges :i* accompany muscul> contraction h be5 det]m9$ to an ext5t ( :i* ,desc>tes c\ld n h dream$1 & h q upset 8 hypo!sis t ! cause ( ! %ort5+ & ?ick5+ ( ! muscle is ! fl[ ( animal spirits into x f ! n]ves--! important & fundam5tal "p ( 8 /atem5t rema9s p]fectly true4 ,! l may be affirm$ ( :at he says ab\t n]ve4 ,we "k n[ t n]ves are n exactly tubes1 & t 8animal spirits0 are my?s2 b ! exquisitely ref9$ me?ods ( inve/igation ( ,dubois-,reymond & ( ,helmholz h no less cle>ly prov$ t ! antec$5t ( ord9>y muscul> contraction is a motion ( ! molecules ( ! n]ve go+ to ! muscle2 & t ?is motion is propagat$ ) a measurable1 & by no means great1 velocity1 ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! n]ve t[>ds ! muscle4 ,) ! progress ( rese>*1 ! t]m 8animal spirits0 gave way to 8n]v\s fluid10 & 8n]v\s fluid0 has n[ giv5 way to 8molecul> motion ( n]ve-sub/ance40 ,our conceptions ( :at takes place 9 n]ve h alt]$ 9 ! same way z our conceptions ( :at takes place 9 a conduct+ wire h alt]$1 s9ce electricity 0 %[n to be n a fluid1 b a mode ( molecul> motion4 ,! *ange is ( va/ importance1 b x does n affect ,desc>tes' fundam5tal idea1 t a *ange 9 ! sub/ance ( a motor n]ve propagat$ t[>ds a muscle is ! ord9>y cause ( muscul> contraction4 ,,iii4 ,! s5sations ( animals are due to a motion ( ! sub/ance ( ! n]ves :i* connect ! s5sory organs ) ! bra94 ,9 ,la ,dioptrique 7,disc\rs ,quatrime71 ,desc>tes expla9s1 m fully ?an 9 ! passage cit$ above1 8 hypo!sis ( ! mode ( action ( s5sory n]ves3-- 8,x is ! little ?reads ( :i* ! inn] sub/ance ( ! n]ves is compos$ :i* subs]ve s5sation4 ,y mu/ conceive t ^! little ?reads1 be+ inclos$ 9 tubes1 :i* are always di/5d$ & kept op5 by ! animal spirits :i* !y conta91 nei!r press ^u nor int]f]e ) "o ano!r1 & are ext5d$ f ! bra9 to ! extremities ( all ! memb]s :i* are s5sitive--9 su* a mann]1 t ! slighte/ t\* :i* excites ! "p ( "o ( ! memb]s to :i* a ?read is atta*$1 gives rise to a motion ( ! "p ( ! bra9 :5ce x arises1 j z by pull+ "o ( ! ends ( a /ret*$ cord1 ! o!r end is in/antane\sly mov$4444 ,& we mu/ take c>e n to imag9e t1 9 ord] to feel1 ! s\l ne$s to behold c]ta9 images s5t by ! objects ( s5se to ! bra91 z our philosoph]s commonly suppose2 or1 at lea/1 we mu/ conceive ^! images to be some?+ q diff]5t f :at !y suppose !m to be4 ,=1 z all !y suppose is t ^! images ought to resemble ! objects :i* !y repres5t1 x is impossible = !m to %[ h[ !y c be =m$ by ! objects receiv$ by ! organs ( ! ext]nal s5ses & transmitt$ to ! bra94 ,& !y h _h no reason = suppos+ ! exi/5ce ( ^! images except ?is2 see+ t ! m9d is readily excit$ by a picture to conceive ! object :i* is depict$1 !y h ?\ght t x mu/ be excit$ 9 ! same way to conceive ^? objects :i* affect our s5ses by little pictures ( !m =m$ 9 ! head2 in/ead ( :i* we ought to recollect t !re are _m ?+s besides images :i* may excite ! m9d1 z1 = example1 signs & words1 :i* h n ! lea/ resemblance to ! objects :i* !y signify40#dd ,mod]n physiology am5ds ,desc>tes' conception ( ! mode ( action ( s5sory n]ves 9 detail1 by %[+ t _! /ructure is ! same z t ( motor n]ves2 & t ! *anges :i* take place 9 !m1 :5 ! s5sory organs ) :i* !y are connect$ are excit$1 are ( j ! same nature z ^? :i* occur 9 motor n]ves1 :5 ! muscles to :i* !y are di/ribut$ are made to contract3 !re is a molecul> *ange :i*1 9 ! case ( ! s5sory n]ve1 is propagat$ t[>ds ! bra94 ,b ! great fact insi/$ ^u by ,desc>tes1 t no lik5ess ( ext]nal ?+s is1 or c be1 transmitt$ to ! m9d by ! s5sory organs2 on ! contr>y1 t1 betwe5 ! ext]nal cause ( a s5sation & ! s5sation1 !re is int]pos$ a mode ( motion ( n]v\s matt]1 ( :i* ! /ate ( consci\sness is no lik5ess1 b a m]e symbol1 is ( ! pr(\nde/ importance4 ,x is ! physiological f\ndation ( ! doctr9e ( ! relativity ( k1 & a m or less complete idealism is a necess>y consequ5ce ( x4 ,= ( two alt]natives "o mu/ be true4 ,ei!r consci\sness is ! function ( a some?+ di/9ct f ! bra91 :i* we call ! s\l1 & a s5sation is ! mode 9 :i* ?is s\l is affect$ by ! motion ( a "p ( ! bra92 or !re is no s\l1 & a s5sation is some?+ g5]at$ by ! mode ( motion ( a "p ( ! bra94 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! ph5om5a ( ! s5ses are purely spiritual affections2 9 ! latt]1 !y are some?+ manufactur$ by ! me*anism ( ! body1 & z unlike ! causes :i* set t me*anism 9 motion1 z ! s\nd ( a repeat] is unlike ! pu%+ ( ! spr+ :i* gives rise to x4 ,! n]v\s sy/em /&s betwe5 consci\sness & ! assum$ ext]nal _w1 z an int]pret] :o c talk ) 8 f+]s /&s betwe5 a hidd5 speak] & a man :o is /one deaf--& ,realism is equival5t to a belief on ! "p ( ! deaf man1 t ! speak] mu/ also be talk+ ) 8 f+]s4 8,les extrmes se t\*5t20 ! %ibbole? ( mat]iali/s t 8?\ght is a secretion ( ! bra910 is ! ,fi*tean doctr9e t 8! ph5om5al univ]se is ! creation ( ! ,ego10 express$ 9 o!r language4 ,,iv4 ,! motion ( ! matt] ( a s5sory n]ve may be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! bra9 to motor n]ves1 & !reby give rise to contraction ( ! muscles to :i* ^! motor n]ves are di/ribut$2 & ?is reflection ( motion f a s5sory into a motor n]ve may take place )\t volition1 or ev5 contr>y to x4 ,9 /at+ ^! important tru?s1 ,desc>tes def9$ t :i* we n[ t]m 8reflex action40 ,inde$ he almo/ uses ! t]m itself1 z he talks ( ! 8animal spirits0 z 8rfl*is10#de f ! s5sory into ! motor n]ves4 ,& t ?is use ( ! ^w 8reflect$0 0 no m]e accid5t1 b t ! importance & appropriat5ess ( ! idea x sugge/s 0 fully und]/ood by ,desc>tes' contempor>ies1 is app>5t f a passage 9 ,willis's well-kn[n essay1 8,de ,anim ,brutorum10 publi%$ 9 #afgb1 9 :i*1 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( ,desc>tes' views1 he speaks ( ! animal spirits be+ div]t$ into motor *annels1 8velut undulatione reflex40#df ,no?+ c be cle>] 9 /atem5t1 or 9 illu/ration1 ?an ! view ( reflex action :i* ,desc>tes gives 9 ! 8,passions de l'me10 ,art4 xiii4 ,aft] recapitulat+ ! mann] 9 :i* s5sory impressions transmitt$ by ! s5sory n]ves to ! bra9 give rise to s5sation1 he proce$s3-- 8,& 9 addition to ! diff]5t feel+s excit$ 9 ! s\l by ^! diff]5t motions ( ! bra91 ! animal spirits1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! s\l1 may take _! c\rse t[>ds c]ta9 muscles1 r ?an t[>ds o!rs1 & ?us move ! limbs1 z ,i %all prove by an example4 ,if "s "o moves 8 h& rapidly t[>ds our eyes1 z if he 7 go+ to /rike u1 al?\gh we "k t he is a fri5d1 t he does x only 9 je/1 & t he w be v c>eful to d u no h>m1 nev]!less x w be h>d to keep f w9k+4 ,& ?is %[s1 t x is n by ! ag5cy ( ! s\l t ! eyes %ut1 s9ce ?is action is contr>y to t volition :i* is ! only1 or at lea/ ! *ief1 function ( ! s\l2 b x is because ! me*anism ( our body is s dispos$1 t ! motion ( ! h& t[>ds our eyes excites ano!r movem5t 9 our bra91 & ?is s5ds ! animal spirits into ^? muscles :i* cause ! eyelids to close40 ,s9ce ,desc>tes' "t1 exp]im5t has em95tly enl>g$ our k ( ! details ( reflex action4 ,! discov]y ( ,bell has enabl$ u to foll[ ! tracks ( ! s5sory & motor impulses1 along di/9ct bundles ( n]ve fibres2 & ! sp9al cord1 ap>t f ! bra91 has be5 prov$ to be a great c5tre ( reflex action2 b ! fundam5tal conception rema9s z ,desc>tes left x1 & x is "o ( ! pill>s ( n]ve physiology at ! pres5t day4 ,v4 ,! motion ( any giv5 portion ( ! matt] ( ! bra9 excit$ by ! motion ( a s5sory n]ve1 leaves beh9d a read9ess to be mov$ 9 ! same way1 9 t "p4 ,any?+ :i* resuscitates ! motion gives rise to ! appropriate feel+4 ,?is is ! physical me*anism ( memory4 ,desc>tes imag9$ t ! p9eal body 7a curi\s app5dage to ! upp] side ( ! bra91 ! function ( :i*1 if x h any1 is :olly unkn[n7 0 ! in/rum5t ?r\gh :i* ! s\l receiv$ impressions f1 & communicat$ !m to1 ! bra94 ,& he ?us endeav\rs to expla9 :at happ5s :5 "o tries to recollect some?+3-- 8,?us :5 ! s\l wills to rememb] any?+1 ?is volition1 caus+ ! p9eal gl& to incl9e itself 9 diff]5t directions1 drives ! animal spirits t[>ds diff]5t regions ( ! bra91 until !y rea* t "p 9 :i* are ! traces1 :i* ! object :i* x desires to rememb] has left4 ,^! traces are produc$ ?us3 ^? pores ( ! bra9 ?r\gh :i* ! animal spirits h previ\sly be5 driv51 by reason ( ! pres5ce ( ! object1 h !reby acquir$ a t5d5cy to be op5$ by ! animal spirits :i* return t[>ds !m1 m easily ?an o!r pores1 s t ! animal spirits1 imp++ on ^! pores1 ent] !m m readily ?an o!rs4 ,by ?is means !y excite a p>ticul> movem5t 9 ! p9eal gl&1 :i* repres5ts ! object to ! s\l1 & causes x to "k :at x is :i* x desir$ to recollect40#dg ,t memory is dep5d5t ^u "s condition ( ! bra9 is a fact e/abli%$ by _m consid]ations--among ! mo/ important ( :i* are ! rem>kable ph5om5a ( aphasia4 ,& t ! condition ( ! bra9 on :i* memory dep5ds1 is l>gely det]m9$ by ! repeat$ occurr5ce ( t condition ( its molecules1 :i* gives rise to ! idea ( ! ?+ rememb]$1 is no less c]ta94 ,e boy :o le>ns 8 lesson by repeat+ x exemplifies ! fact4 ,desc>tes1 z we h se51 supposes t ! pores ( a giv5 "p ( ! bra9 are /ret*$ by ! animal spirits1 on ! occurr5ce ( a s5sation1 & t ! "p ( ! bra9 ?us /ret*$1 be+ imp]fectly ela/ic1 does n return to exactly its previ\s condition1 b rema9s m di/5sible ?an x 0 be=e4 ,h>tley supposes t ! vibrations1 excit$ by a s5sory1 or o!r1 impression1 d n die away1 b are repres5t$ by small] vibrations or 8vibratiuncules10 ! p]man5cy & int5sity ( :i* are 9 relation ) ! frequ5cy ( repetition ( ! prim>y vibrations4 ,hall] has sub/antially ! same idea1 b cont5ts himself ) ! g5]al t]m 8mutationes10 to express ! c]ebral *ange :i* is ! cause ( a /ate ( consci\sness4 ,^! 8mutationes0 p]si/ = a long "t aft] ! cause :i* gives rise to !m has ceas$ to op]ate1 & are arrang$ 9 ! bra9 accord+ to ! ord] ( coexi/5ce & succession ( _! causes4 ,& he gives ^! p]si/5t 8mutationes0 ! picturesque "n ( ve/igia r]um1 8qu non 9 m5te s$ 9 ipso corpore et 9 m$ulla quidem c]ebri ineffabili modo incr$ibilit] m9utis notis et copia inf9ita1 inscript sunt40#dh ,i d n "k t any mod]n !ory ( ! physical conditions ( memory diff]s ess5tially f ^!1 :i* are all *ildr5--mutatis mut&is--( ! ,c>tesian doctr9e4 ,physiology is1 at pres5t1 incompet5t to say any?+ positively ab\t ! matt]1 or to g f>!r ?an ! expression ( ! high probability1 t e molecul> *ange :i* gives rise to a /ate ( consci\sness1 leaves a m or less p]si/5t /ructural modification1 ?r\gh :i* ! same molecul> *ange may be reg5]at$ by o!r ag5cies ?an ! cause :i* fir/ produc$ x4 ,?us f>1 ! propositions respect+ ! physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em :i* are /at$ by ,desc>tes h simply be5 m cle>ly def9$1 m fully illu/rat$1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 demon/rat$1 by mod]n physiological rese>*4 ,b !re rema9s a doctr9e to :i* ,desc>tes atta*$ great weight1 s t full acceptance ( x became a sort ( note ( a ?or\gh-go+ ,c>tesian1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 is s oppos$ to ord9>y prepossessions t x atta9$ m g5]al notoriety1 & gave rise to m discussion1 ?an almo/ any o!r ,c>tesian hypo!sis4 ,x is ! doctr9e1 t brute animals are m]e ma*9es or automata1 devoid n only ( reason1 b ( any k9d ( consci\sness1 :i* is /at$ briefly 9 ! 8,disc\rs de la ,m?ode10 & m fully 9 ! 8,rponses aux ,quatrimes ,objections10 & 9 ! correspond5ce ) ,h5ry ,m4#di ,! process ( reason+ by :i* ,desc>tes arriv$ at ?is />tl+ conclusion is well %[n 9 ! foll[+ passage ( ! 8,rponses30-- 8,b z reg>ds ! s\ls ( bea/s1 al?\gh ?is is n ! place = consid]+ !m1 & ?\gh1 )\t a g5]al exposition ( physics1 ,i c say no m on ?is subject ?an ,i h already said 9 ! fif? "p ( my ,treatise on ,me?od2 yet1 ,i w fur!r /ate1 "h1 t x appe>s to me to be a v rem>kable circum/ance t no movem5t c take place1 ei!r 9 ! bodies ( bea/s1 or ev5 9 our own1 if ^! bodies h n 9 !mselves all ! organs & in/rum5ts by means ( :i* ! v same movem5ts w\ld be accompli%$ 9 a ma*9e4 ,s t1 ev5 9 u1 ! _s1 or ! s\l1 does n directly move ! limbs1 b only det]m9es ! c\rse ( t v subtle liquid :i* is call$ ! animal spirits1 :i*1 runn+ cont9ually f ! he>t by ! bra9 into ! muscles1 is ! cause ( all ! movem5ts ( our limbs1 & (t5 may cause _m diff]5t motions1 "o z easily z ! o!r4 8,& x does n ev5 always ex]t ?is det]m9ation2 = among ! movem5ts :i* take place 9 u1 !re are _m :i* d n dep5d on ! m9d at all1 su* z ! beat+ ( ! he>t1 ! dige/ion ( food1 ! nutrition1 ! respiration1 ( ^? :o sleep2 &1 ev5 9 ^? :o are awake1 walk+1 s++1 & o!r simil> actions1 :5 !y are p]=m$ )\t ! m9d ?9k+ ab\t !m4 ,&1 :5 "o :o falls f a height ?r[s 8 h&s =w>ds to save 8 head1 x is 9 virtue ( no ratioc9ation t he p]=ms ?is action2 x does n dep5d ^u 8 m9d1 b takes place m]ely because 8 s5ses be+ affect$ by ! pres5t dang]1 "s *ange arises 9 8 bra9 :i* det]m9es ! animal spirits to pass !nce into ! n]ves1 9 su* a mann] z is requir$ to produce ?is motion1 9 ! same way z 9 a ma*9e1 & )\t ! m9d be+ able to h9d] x4 ,n[ s9ce we obs]ve ?is 9 ourselves1 :y %\ld we be s mu* a/oni%$ if ! light reflect$ f ! body ( a wolf into ! eye ( a %eep has ! same =ce to excite 9 x ! motion ( flight8 8,aft] hav+ obs]v$ ?is1 if we wi% to le>n by reason+1 :e!r c]ta9 movem5ts ( bea/s are comp>able to ^? :i* are effect$ 9 u by ! op]ation ( ! m9d1 or1 on ! contr>y1 to ^? :i* dep5d only on ! animal spirits & ! disposition ( ! organs1 x is necess>y to consid] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 :i* ,i h expla9$ 9 ! fif? "p ( ! ,disc\rse on ,me?od 7= ,i d n ?9k t any o!rs are discov]able71 & !n x w easily be se51 t all ! actions ( bea/s are simil> only to ^? :i* we p]=m )\t ! help ( our m9ds4 ,= :i* reason we %all be =c$ to conclude1 t we "k ( ! exi/5ce 9 !m ( no o!r pr9ciple ( motion ?an ! disposition ( _! organs & ! cont9ual afflu5ce ( animal spirits produc$ by ! heat ( ! he>t1 :i* att5uates & subtilises ! blood2 &1 at ! same "t1 we %all ackn[l$ge t we h _h no reason = assum+ any o!r pr9ciple1 except t1 n hav+ di/+ui%$ ^! two pr9ciples ( motion1 & see+ t ! "o1 :i* dep5ds only on ! animal spirits & ! organs1 exi/s 9 bea/s z well z 9 u1 we h ha/ily conclud$ t ! o!r1 :i* dep5ds on m9d & on ?\ght1 0 also possess$ by !m40 ,desc>tes' l9e ( argum5t is p]fectly cle>4 ,he />ts f reflex action 9 man1 f ! unque/ionable fact t1 9 ourselves1 co-ord9ate1 purposive1 actions may take place1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( consci\sness or volition1 or ev5 contr>y to ! latt]4 ,z actions ( a c]ta9 degree ( complexity are br\ght ab\t by m]e me*anism1 :y may n actions ( /ill great] complexity be ! result ( a m ref9$ me*anism8 ,:at pro( is !re t brutes are o!r ?an a sup]ior race ( m>ionettes1 :i* eat )\t pleasure1 cry )\t pa91 desire no?+1 "k no?+1 & only simulate intellig5ce z a bee simulates a ma!matician8#ej ,! ,port ,royali/s adopt$ ! hypo!sis t brutes are ma*9es1 & are said to h c>ri$ its practical applications s f>1 z to treat dome/ic animals ) neglect1 if n ) actual cruelty4 ,z late z ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! problem 0 discuss$ v fully & ably by ,b\illi]1 9 8 8,essai philosophique sur l'me des ,btes10 :ile ,condillac deals ) x 9 8 8,trait des ,animaux20 b s9ce !n x has receiv$ little att5tion4 ,nev]!less1 mod]n rese>* has br\ght to light a great multitude ( facts1 :i* n only %[ t ,desc>tes' view is def5sible1 b r5d] x f> m def5sible ?an x 0 9 8 day4 ,x mu/ be premis$1 t x is :olly impossible absolutely to prove ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( consci\sness 9 any?+ b "o's own bra91 ?\gh1 by analogy1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ its exi/5ce 9 o!r m54 ,n[ if1 by "s accid5t1 a man's sp9al cord is divid$1 8 limbs are p>alys$1 s f> z 8 volition is conc]n$1 bel[ ! po9t ( injury2 & he is incapable ( exp]i5c+ all ^? /ates ( consci\sness1 :i*1 9 8 un9jur$ /ate1 w\ld be excit$ by irritation ( ^? n]ves :i* come (f bel[ ! injury4 ,if ! sp9al cord is divid$ 9 ! middle ( ! back1 = example1 ! sk9 ( ! feet may be cut1 or p9*$1 or burn$1 or wett$ ) vitriol1 )\t any s5sation ( t\*1 or ( pa91 aris+ 9 consci\sness4 ,s f> z ! man is conc]n$1 !re=e1 ! "p ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em :i* lies beyond ! injury is cut (f f consci\sness4 ,x mu/ inde$ be admitt$1 t1 if any "o ?9k fit to ma9ta9 t ! sp9al cord bel[ ! injury is consci\s1 b t x is cut (f f any means ( mak+ its consci\sness kn[n to ! o!r consci\sness 9 ! bra91 !re is no means ( driv+ him f 8 position by logic4 ,b assur$ly !re is no way ( prov+ x1 & 9 ! matt] ( consci\sness1 if 9 any?+1 we may hold by ! rule1 8,de non app>5tibus et de non exi/5tibus eadem e/ ratio40 ,h[ev] ne> ! bra9 ! sp9al cord is injur$1 consci\sness rema9s intact1 except t ! irritation ( p>ts bel[ ! injury is no long] repres5t$ by s5sation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 pressure ^u ! ant]ior division ( ! bra91 or ext5sive injuries to x1 aboli% consci\sness4 ,h5ce1 x is a highly probable conclusion1 t consci\sness 9 man dep5ds ^u ! integrity ( ! ant]ior division ( ! bra91 :ile ! middle & h9d] divisions ( ! bra91 & ! re/ ( ! n]v\s c5tres1 h no?+ to d ) x4 ,& x is fur!r highly probable1 t :at is true = man is true = o!r v]tebrat$ animals4 ,we may assume1 !n1 t 9 a liv+ v]tebrat$ animal1 any segm5t ( ! c]ebro-sp9al axis 7or sp9al cord & bra97 sep>at$ f t ant]ior division ( ! bra9 :i* is ! organ ( consci\sness1 is z completely incapable ( giv+ rise to consci\sness1 z we "k x to be incapable ( c>ry+ out volitions4 ,nev]!less1 ?is sep>at$ segm5t ( ! sp9al cord is n passive & in]t4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! seat ( extremely rem>kable p[]s4 ,9 our imag9>y case ( injury1 ! man w\ld1 z we h se51 be devoid ( s5sation 9 8 legs1 & w\ld h n ! lea/ p[] ( mov+ !m4 ,b1 if ! soles ( 8 feet 7 tickl$1 ! legs w\ld be drawn up1 j z vigor\sly z !y w\ld h be5 be=e ! injury4 ,we "k exactly :at happ5s :5 ! soles ( ! feet are tickl$2 a molecul> *ange takes place 9 ! s5sory n]ves ( ! sk91 & is propagat$ along !m & ?r\gh ! po/]ior roots ( ! sp9al n]ves1 :i* are con/itut$ by !m1 to ! grey matt] ( ! sp9al cord4 ,?r\gh t grey matt]1 ! molecul> motion is reflect$ into ! ant]ior roots ( ! same n]ves1 con/itut$ by ! filam5ts :i* supply ! muscles ( ! legs1 &1 travell+ along ^! motor filam5ts1 rea*es ! muscles1 :i* at once contract1 & cause ! limbs to be drawn up4 ,9 ord] to move ! legs 9 ?is way1 a def9ite co-ord9ation ( muscul> contractions is necess>y2 ! muscles mu/ contract 9 a c]ta9 ord] & ) duly proportion$ =ce2 & moreov]1 z ! feet are drawn away f ! s\rce ( irritation1 x may be said t ! action has a f9al cause1 or is purposive4 ,?us x foll[s1 t ! grey matt] ( ! segm5t ( ! man's sp9al cord1 ?\gh x is devoid ( consci\sness1 nev]!less responds to a simple /imulus by giv+ rise to a complex set ( muscul> contractions1 co-ord9at$ t[>ds a def9ite end1 & s]v+ an obvi\s purpose4 ,if ! sp9al cord ( a frog is cut across1 s z to provide u ) a segm5t sep>at$ f ! bra91 we %all h a subject p>allel to ! injur$ man1 on :i* exp]im5ts c be made )\t remorse2 z we h a "r to conclude t a frog's sp9al cord is n likely to be consci\s1 :5 a man's is n4 ,n[ ! frog behaves j z ! man did4 ,! legs are utt]ly p>alys$1 s f> z volunt>y movem5t is conc]n$2 b !y are vigor\sly drawn up to ! body :5 any irritant is appli$ to ! foot4 ,b let u /udy our frog a little f>!r4 ,t\* ! sk9 ( ! side ( ! body ) a little acetic acid1 :i* gives rise to all ! signs ( great pa9 9 an un9jur$ frog4 ,9 ?is case1 !re c be no pa91 because ! application is made to a "p ( ! sk9 suppli$ ) n]ves :i* come (f f ! cord bel[ ! po9t ( section2 nev]!less1 ! frog lifts up ! limb ( ! same side1 & applies ! foot to rub (f ! acetic acid2 &1 :at is /ill m rem>kable1 if ! limb be held s t ! frog _c use x1 x w1 by-&-by1 move ! limb ( ! o!r side1 turn x across ! body1 & use x = ! same rubb+ process4 ,x is impossible t ! frog1 if x 7 9 its entirety & c\ld reason1 %\ld p]=m actions m purposive ?an ^!3 & yet we h mo/ complete assurance t1 9 ?is case1 ! frog is n act+ f purpose1 has no consci\sness1 & is a m]e ins5sible ma*9e4 ,b n[ suppose t1 in/ead ( mak+ a section ( ! cord 9 ! middle ( ! body1 x _h be5 made 9 su* a mann] z to sep>ate ! h9d]mo/ division ( ! bra9 f ! re/ ( ! organ1 & suppose ! =emo/ two-?irds ( ! bra9 entirely tak5 away4 ,! frog is !n absolutely devoid ( any spontaneity2 x sits upright 9 ! attitude :i* a frog habitually assumes2 & x w n /ir unless x is t\*$2 b x diff]s f ! frog :i* ,i h j describ$ 9 ?is1 t1 if x be ?r[n into ! wat]1 x beg9s to swim1 & swims j z well z ! p]fect frog does4 ,b swimm+ requires ! comb9ation & successive co-ord9ation ( a great numb] ( muscul> actions4 ,& we are =c$ to conclude1 t ! impression made ^u ! s5sory n]ves ( ! sk9 ( ! frog by ! contact ) ! wat] into :i* x is ?r[n1 causes ! transmission to ! c5tral n]v\s app>atus ( an impulse1 :i* sets go+ a c]ta9 ma*9]y by :i* all ! muscles ( swimm+ are br\ght into play 9 due co-ord9ation4 ,if ! frog be /imulat$ by "s irritat+ body1 x jumps or walks z well z ! complete frog c d4 ,! simple s5sory impression1 act+ ?r\gh ! ma*9]y ( ! cord1 gives rise to ^! complex comb9$ movem5ts4 ,x is possible to g a /ep f>!r4 ,suppose t only ! ant]ior division ( ! bra9--s mu* ( x z lies 9 front ( ! 8optic lobes0--is remov$4 ,if t op]ation is p]=m$ quickly & skilfully1 ! frog may be kept 9 a /ate ( full bodily vig\r = mon?s1 or x may be = ye>s2 b x w sit unmov$4 ,x sees no?+2 x he>s no?+4 ,x w />ve soon] ?an fe$ itself1 al?\gh food put into its m\? is swall[$4 ,on irritation1 x jumps or walks2 if ?r[n into ! wat] x swims4 ,if x be put on ! h&1 x sits !re1 cr\*$1 p]fectly quiet1 & w\ld sit !re = ev]4 ,if ! h& be incl9$ v g5tly & sl[ly1 s t ! frog w\ld naturally t5d to slip (f1 ! creature's =e paws are %ift$ on to ! edge ( ! h&1 until he c j prev5t himself f fall+4 ,if ! turn+ ( ! h& be sl[ly cont9u$1 he m\nts up ) great c>e & delib]ation1 putt+ fir/ "o leg =w>d & !n ano!r1 until he balances himself ) p]fect precision ^u ! edge2 &1 if ! turn+ ( ! h& is cont9u$1 ov] he goes ?r\gh ! ne$ful set ( muscul> op]ations1 until he comes to be seat$ 9 security1 ^u ! back ( ! h&4 ,! do+ ( all ?is requires a delicacy ( co-ord9ation1 & a precision ( adju/m5t ( ! muscul> app>atus ( ! body1 :i* are only comp>able to ^? ( a rope-danc]4 ,to ! ord9>y influ5ces ( light1 ! frog1 depriv$ ( its c]ebral hemisph]es1 appe>s to be bl9d4 ,nev]!less1 if ! animal be put ^u a table1 ) a book at "s little di/ance betwe5 x & ! light1 & ! sk9 ( ! h9d] "p ( its body is !n irritat$1 x w jump =w>d1 avoid+ ! book by pass+ to ! "r or left ( x4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ! frog appe>s to h no s5sation ( light1 visible objects act ?r\gh its bra9 ^u ! motor me*anism ( its body4#ea ,x is obvi\s1 t _h ,desc>tes be5 acqua9t$ ) ^! rem>kable results ( mod]n rese>*1 !y w\ld h furni%$ him ) f> m p[]ful argum5ts ?an he possess$ 9 fav\r ( 8 view ( ! automatism ( brutes4 ,! habits ( a frog1 lead+ its natural life1 involve su* simple adaptations to surr\nd+ conditions1 t ! ma*9]y :i* is compet5t to d s mu* )\t ! int]v5tion ( consci\sness1 might well d all4 ,& ?is argum5t is va/ly /r5g!n$ by :at has be5 le>n$ 9 rec5t times ( ! m>vell\sly complex op]ations :i* are p]=m$ me*anically1 & to all appe>ance )\t consci\sness1 by m51 :51 9 consequ5ce ( injury or disease1 !y are r$uc$ to a condition m or less comp>able to t ( a frog1 9 :i* ! ant]ior "p ( ! bra9 has be5 remov$4 ,a case has rec5tly be5 publi%$ by an em95t ,fr5* physician1 ,dr4 ,mesnet1 :i* illu/rates ?is condition s rem>kably1 t ,i make no apology = dwell+ ^u x at consid]able l5g?4#eb ,a s]geant ( ! ,fr5* army1 ,f----1 tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 0 w\nd$ dur+ ! battle ( ,bazeilles1 by a ball :i* fractur$ 8 left p>ietal bone4 ,he ran 8 bayonet ?r\gh ! ,prussian soldi] :o w\nd$ him1 b almo/ imm$iately 8 "r arm became p>alys$2 aft] walk+ ab\t two hundr$ y>ds1 8 "r leg became simil>ly affect$1 & he lo/ 8 s5ses4 ,:5 he recov]$ !m1 ?ree weeks aft]w>ds1 9 hospital at ,may5ce1 ! "r half ( ! body 0 completely p>alys$1 & rema9$ 9 ?is condition = a ye>4 ,at pres5t1 ! only trace ( ! p>alysis :i* rema9s is a slight weakness ( ! "r half ( ! body4 ,?ree or f\r mon?s aft] ! w\nd 0 inflict$1 p]iodical di/urbances ( ! functions ( ! bra9 made _! appe>ance1 & h cont9u$ ev] s9ce4 ,! di/urbances la/ f fifte5 to ?irty h\rs2 ! int]vals at :i* !y occur be+ f fifte5 to ?irty days4 ,= f\r ye>s1 !re=e1 ! life ( ?is man has be5 divid$ into alt]nat+ phases--%ort abnormal /ates int]v5+ betwe5 long normal /ates4 ,9 ! p]iods ( normal life1 ! ex-s]geant's heal? is p]fect2 he is intellig5t & k9dly1 & p]=ms1 satisfactorily1 ! duties ( a hospital att5dant4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! abnormal /ate is u%]$ 9 by uneas9ess & a s5se ( weight ab\t ! =ehead1 :i* ! pati5t comp>es to ! con/riction ( a circle ( iron2 &1 aft] its t]m9ation1 he compla9s1 = "s h\rs1 ( dulness & heav9ess ( ! head4 ,b ! transition f ! normal to ! abnormal /ate takes place 9 a few m9utes1 )\t convulsions or cries1 & )\t any?+ to indicate ! *ange to a by/&]4 ,8 movem5ts rema9 free & 8 expression calm1 except = a contraction ( ! br[1 an incessant movem5t ( ! eyeballs1 & a *ew+ motion ( ! jaws4 ,! eyes are wide op51 & _! pupils dilat$4 ,if ! man happ5s to be 9 a place to :i* he is accu/om$1 he walks ab\t z usual2 b1 if he is 9 a new place1 or if ob/acles are int5tionally plac$ 9 8 way1 he /umbles g5tly aga9/ !m1 /ops1 & !n1 feel+ ov] ! objects ) 8 h&s1 passes on "o side ( !m4 ,he (f]s no resi/ance to any *ange ( direction :i* may be impress$ ^u him1 or to ! =cible accel]ation or ret>dation ( 8 movem5ts4 ,he eats1 dr9ks1 smokes1 walks ab\t1 dresses & undresses himself1 rises & goes to b$ at ! accu/om$ h\rs4 ,nev]!less1 p9s may be run into 8 body1 or /rong electric %ocks s5t ?r\gh x1 )\t caus+ ! lea/ indication ( pa92 no odor\s sub/ance1 pleasant or unpleasant1 makes ! lea/ impression2 he eats & dr9ks ) avidity :atev] is (f]$1 & takes asaftida1 or v9eg>1 or qu99e1 z readily z wat]2 no noise affects him2 & light influ5ces him only "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,dr4 ,mesnet rem>ks1 t ! s5se ( t\* alone seems to p]si/1 & inde$ to be m acute & delicate ?an 9 ! normal /ate2 & x is by means ( ! n]ves ( t\*1 almo/ exclusively1 t 8 organism is br\ght into relation ) ! ext]nal _w4 ,"h a difficulty arises4 ,x is cle> f ! facts detail$1 t ! n]v\s app>atus by :i*1 9 ! normal /ate1 s5sations ( t\* are excit$1 is t by :i* ext]nal influ5ces det]m9e ! movem5ts ( ! body1 9 ! abnormal /ate4 ,b does ! /ate ( consci\sness1 :i* we t]m a tactile s5sation1 accompany ! op]ation ( ?is n]v\s app>atus 9 ! abnormal /ate8 or is consci\sness utt]ly abs5t1 ! man be+ r$uc$ to an ins5sible me*anism8 ,x is impossible to obta9 direct evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! "o conclusion or ! o!r2 all t c be said is1 t ! case ( ! frog %[s t ! man may be devoid ( any k9d ( consci\sness4 ,a fur!r difficult problem is ?is4 ,! man is ins5sible to s5sory impressions made ?r\gh ! e>1 ! nose1 ! tongue1 &1 to a great ext5t1 ! eye2 nor is he susceptible ( pa9 f causes op]at+ dur+ 8 abnormal /ate4 ,nev]!less1 x is possible s to act ^u 8 tactile app>atus1 z to give rise to ^? molecul> *anges 9 8 s5sorium1 :i* are ord9>ily ! causes ( associat$ tra9s ( ideas4 ,i give a /rik+ example ( ?is process 9 ,dr4 ,mesnet's words3-- 8,il se prom5ait dans le j>d91 s\s un massif d'arbres1 on lui remet la ma9 sa canne qu'il avait laiss tomb] quelques m9utes avant4 ,il la palpe1 promne plusieurs reprises la ma9 sur la poigne c\de de sa canne--devi5t att5tif--semble prt] l'oreille--et1 t\t--c\p1 appelle #8,h5ri6' ,puis1 #8,les voil6 ,ils sont au mo9s une v+ta9e6 n\s deux1 n\s en vi5drons b\t6' ,et alors portant la ma9 d]rire son dos comme p\r pr5dre une c>t\*e1 il fait le m\vem5t de *>g] son arme1 se c\*e dans l'h]be plat v5tre1 la tte ca*e p> un arbre1 dans la position d'un tirailleur1 et suit1 l'arme paule1 t\s les m\vem5ts de l'ennemi qu'il croit voir c\rte di/ance40 ,9 a subsequ5t abnormal p]iod1 ,dr4 ,mesnet caus$ ! pati5t to repeat ?is sc5e by plac+ him 9 ! same conditions4 ,n[1 9 ?is case1 ! "q arises :e!r ! s]ies ( actions con/itut+ ?is s+ul> pantomime 0 accompani$ by ! ord9>y /ates ( consci\sness1 ! appropriate tra9 ( ideas1 or n8 ,did ! man dream t he 0 skirmi%+8 or 0 he 9 ! condition ( "o ( ,vaucauson's automata--a s5seless me*anism work$ by molecul> *anges 9 8 n]v\s sy/em8 ,! analogy ( ! frog %[s t ! latt] assumption is p]fectly ju/ifiable4 ,! ex-s]geant has a good voice1 & _h1 at "o "t1 be5 employ$ z a s+] at a caf4 ,9 "o ( 8 abnormal /ates he 0 obs]v$ to beg9 humm+ a tune4 ,he !n w5t to 8 room1 dress$ himself c>efully1 & took up "s p>ts ( a p]iodical novel1 :i* lay on 8 b$1 z if he 7 try+ to f9d some?+4 ,dr4 ,mesnet1 suspect+ t he 0 seek+ 8 music1 made up "o ( ^! into a roll & put x into 8 h&4 ,he appe>$ satisfi$1 took up 8 cane & w5t d[n-/airs to ! door4 ,"h ,dr4 ,mesnet turn$ him r\nd1 & he walk$ q cont5t$ly1 9 ! opposite direction1 t[>ds ! room ( ! concirge4 ,! light ( ! sun %9+ ?r\gh a w9d[ n[ happ5$ to fall ^u him1 & seem$ to sugge/ ! footlights ( ! /age on :i* he 0 accu/om$ to make 8 appe>ance4 ,he /opp$1 op5$ 8 roll ( imag9>y music1 put himself into ! attitude ( a s+]1 & sang1 ) p]fect execution1 ?ree songs1 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,aft] :i* he wip$ 8 face ) 8 h&k]*ief & drank1 )\t a grimace1 a tumbl] ( /rong v9eg> & wat] :i* 0 put into 8 h&4 ,an exp]im5t :i* may be p]=m$ ^u ! frog depriv$ ( ! =e "p ( its bra91 well kn[n z ,gltz's 8,quak-v]su*10 af=ds a p>allel to ?is p]=mance4 ,if ! sk9 ( a c]ta9 "p ( ! back ( su* a frog is g5tly /rok$ ) ! f+]1 x imm$iately croaks4 ,x nev] croaks unless x is s /rok$1 & ! croak always foll[s ! /roke1 j z ! s\nd ( a repeat] foll[s ! t\*+ ( ! spr+4 ,9 ! frog1 ?is 8song0 is innate--s to speak priori--& dep5ds ^u a me*anism 9 ! bra9 gov]n+ ! vocal app>atus1 :i* is set at "w by ! molecul> *ange set up 9 ! s5sory n]ves ( ! sk9 ( ! back by ! contact ( a =eign body4 ,9 man !re is also a vocal me*anism1 & ! cry ( an infant is 9 ! same s5se innate & priori1 inasmu* z x dep5ds on an organic relation betwe5 its s5sory n]ves & ! n]v\s me*anism :i* gov]ns ! vocal app>atus4 ,le>n+ to speak1 & le>n+ to s+1 are processes by :i* ! vocal me*anism is set to new tunes4 ,a song :i* has be5 le>n$ has its molecul> equival5t1 :i* pot5tially repres5ts x 9 ! bra91 j z a musical box w\nd up pot5tially repres5ts an ov]ture4 ,t\* ! /op & ! ov]ture beg9s2 s5d a molecul> impulse along ! prop] aff]5t n]ve & ! s+] beg9s 8 song4 ,aga91 ! mann] 9 :i* ! frog1 ?\gh app>5tly ins5sible to light1 is yet1 "u "s circum/ances1 influ5c$ by visual images1 f9ds a s+ul> p>allel 9 ! case ( ! ex-s]geant4 ,sitt+ at a table1 9 "o ( 8 abnormal /ates1 he took up a p51 felt = pap] & ink1 & began to write a lett] to 8 g5]al1 9 :i* he recomm5d$ himself = a m$al1 on acc\nt ( 8 good conduct & c\rage4 ,x occurr$ to ,dr4 ,mesnet to asc]ta9 exp]im5tally h[ f> vision 0 conc]n$ 9 ?is act ( writ+4 ,he !re=e int]pos$ a scre5 betwe5 ! man's eyes & 8 h&s2 "u ^! circum/ances he w5t on writ+ = a %ort "t1 b ! words became illegible1 & he f9ally /opp$1 )\t manife/+ any discont5t4 ,on ! )drawal ( ! scre5 he began to write aga9 :]e he _h left (f4 ,! sub/itution ( wat] = ink 9 ! ink/& _h a simil> result4 ,he /opp$1 look$ at 8 p51 wip$ x on 8 coat1 dipp$ x 9 ! wat]1 & began aga91 ) ! same effect4 ,on "o occasion1 he began to write ^u ! topmo/ ( t5 sup]impos$ %eets ( pap]4 ,aft] he _h writt5 a l9e or two1 ?is %eet 0 sudd5ly drawn away4 ,!re 0 a slight expression ( surprise1 b he cont9u$ 8 lett] on ! second %eet exactly z if x _h be5 ! fir/4 ,?is op]ation 0 repeat$ five times1 s t ! fif? %eet conta9$ no?+ b ! writ]'s signature at ! bottom ( ! page4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ! signature 0 f9i%$1 8 eyes turn$ to ! top ( ! blank %eet1 & he w5t ?r\gh ! =m ( read+ ov] :at he _h writt51 a movem5t ( ! lips accompany+ ea* ^w2 moreov]1 ) 8 p51 he put 9 su* corrections z 7 ne$$1 9 t "p ( ! blank page :i* correspond$ ) ! position ( ! words :i* requir$ correction1 9 ! %eets :i* _h be5 tak5 away4 ,if ! five %eets _h be5 transp>5t1 !re=e1 !y w\ld1 :5 sup]pos$1 h =m$ a prop]ly writt5 & correct$ lett]4 ,imm$iately aft] he _h writt5 8 lett]1 ,f---- got up1 walk$ d[n to ! g>d51 made himself a cig>ette1 light$ & smok$ x4 ,he 0 ab\t to prep>e ano!r1 b s\ght 9 va9 = 8 tobacco-p\*1 :i* _h be5 purposely tak5 away4 ,! p\* 0 n[ ?ru/ be=e 8 eyes & put "u 8 nose1 b he nei!r saw nor smelt x2 b1 :5 x 0 plac$ 9 8 h&1 he at once seiz$ x1 made a fre% cig>ette1 & ignit$ a mat* to light ! latt]4 ,! mat* 0 bl[n out1 & ano!r light$ mat* plac$ close be=e 8 eyes1 b he made no attempt to take x2 &1 if 8 cig>ette 0 light$ = him1 he made no attempt to smoke4 ,all ?is "t ! eyes 7 vacant1 & nei!r w9k$1 nor exhibit$ any contraction ( ! pupils4 ,f ^! & o!r exp]im5ts1 ,dr4 ,mesnet draws ! conclusion t 8 pati5t sees "s ?+s & n o!rs2 t ! s5se ( sight is accessible to all ?+s :i* are br\ght into relation ) him by ! s5se ( t\*1 &1 on ! contr>y1 ins5sible to ?+s :i* lie outside ?is relation4 ,he sees ! mat* he holds1 & does n see any o!r4 ,j s ! frog 8sees0 ! book :i* is 9 ! way ( 8 jump1 at ! same "t t isolat$ visual impressions take no effect ^u him4#ec ,z ,i h po9t$ out1 x is impossible to prove t ,f---- is absolutely unconsci\s 9 8 abnormal /ate1 b x is no less impossible to prove ! contr>y2 & ! case ( ! frog goes a long way to ju/ify ! assumption t1 9 ! abnormal /ate1 ! man is a m]e ins5sible ma*9e4 ,if su* facts z ^! _h come "u ! k ( ,desc>tes1 w\ld !y n h =m$ an apt comm5t>y ^u t rem>kable passage 9 ! 8,trait de l',homme10 :i* ,i h quot$ else:]e1#ed b :i* is wor? repetition8-- 8,all ! functions :i* ,i h attribut$ to ?is ma*9e 7! body71 z ! dige/ion ( food1 ! pulsation ( ! he>t & ( ! art]ies2 ! nutrition & ! gr[? ( ! limbs2 respiration1 wakefulness1 & sleep2 ! reception ( light1 s\nds1 od\rs1 flav\rs1 heat1 & su* l qualities1 9 ! organs ( ! ext]nal s5ses2 ! impression ( ! ideas ( ^! 9 ! organ ( common s5sation & 9 ! imag9ation2 ! ret5tion or ! impression ( ^! ideas on ! memory3 ! int]nal movem5ts ( ! appetites & ! passions2 & la/ly ! ext]nal movem5ts ( all ! limbs1 :i* foll[ s aptly1 z well ! action ( ! objects :i* are pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 z ! impressions :i* meet 9 ! memory1 t !y imitate z ne>ly z possible ^? ( a real man2 ,i desire1 ,i say1 t y %\ld consid] t ^! functions 9 ! ma*9e naturally proce$ f ! m]e arrangem5t ( its organs1 nei!r m nor less ?an d ! movem5ts ( a clock1 or o!r automaton1 f t ( its weights & its :eels2 s t1 s f> z ^! are conc]n$1 x is n necess>y to conceive any o!r vegetative or s5sitive s\l1 nor any o!r pr9ciple ( motion or ( life1 ?an ! blood & ! spirits agitat$ by ! fire :i* burns cont9ually 9 ! he>t1 & :i* is no wise ess5tially diff]5t f all ! fires :i* exi/ 9 inanimate bodies40 ,& w\ld ,desc>tes n h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 ask+ :y we ne$ d5y t animals are ma*9es1 :5 m51 9 a /ate ( unconsci\sness1 p]=m1 me*anically1 actions z complicat$ & z seem+ly rational z ^? ( any animals8 ,b ?\gh ,i d n ?9k t ,desc>tes' hypo!sis c be positively refut$1 ,i am n dispos$ to accept x4 ,! doctr9e ( cont9uity is too well e/abli%$ = x to be p]missible to me to suppose t any complex natural ph5om5on comes into exi/5ce sudd5ly1 & )\t be+ prec$$ by simpl] modifications2 & v /rong argum5ts w\ld be ne$$ to prove t su* complex ph5om5a1 z ^? ( consci\sness1 fir/ make _! appe>ance 9 man4 ,we "k1 t1 9 ! individual man1 consci\sness gr[s f a dim glimm] to its full light1 :e!r we consid] ! infant advanc+ 9 ye>s1 or ! adult em]g+ f slumb] & swoon4 ,we "k1 fur!r1 t ! l[] animals possess1 ?\gh less develop$1 t "p ( ! bra9 :i* we h e reason to believe to be ! organ ( consci\sness 9 man2 & z1 9 o!r cases1 function & organ are proportional1 s we h a "r to conclude x is ) ! bra92 & t ! brutes1 ?\gh !y may n possess our int5sity ( consci\sness1 & ?\gh1 f ! abs5ce ( language1 !y c h no tra9s ( ?\ghts1 b only tra9s ( feel+s1 yet h a consci\sness :i*1 m or less di/9ctly1 =e%ad[s our own4 ,i confess t1 9 view ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* goes on 9 ! animal _w1 & ( ! frightful quantity ( pa9 ) :i* x mu/ be accompani$1 ,i %\ld be glad if ! probabilities 7 9 fav\r ( ,desc>tes' hypo!sis2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 consid]+ ! t]rible practical consequ5ces to dome/ic animals :i* might ensue f any error on our "p1 x is z well to err on ! "r side1 if we err at all1 & deal ) !m z weak] bre?r51 :o are b\nd1 l ! re/ ( u1 to pay _! toll = liv+1 & suff] :at is ne$ful = ! g5]al good4 ,z ,h>tley f9ely says1 8,we seem to be 9 ! place ( ,god to !m20 & we may ju/ly foll[ ! prec$5ts ,he sets 9 nature 9 our deal+s ) !m4 ,b ?\gh we may see reason to disagree ) ,desc>tes' hypo!sis t brutes are unconsci\s ma*9es1 x does n foll[ t he 0 wrong 9 reg>d+ !m z automata4 ,!y may be m or less consci\s1 s5sitive1 automata2 & ! view t !y are su* consci\s ma*9es is t :i* is implicitly1 or explicitly1 adopt$ by mo/ p]sons4 ,:5 we speak ( ! actions ( ! l[] animals be+ guid$ by in/9ct & n by reason1 :at we really mean is t1 ?\gh !y feel z we d1 yet _! actions are ! results ( _! physical organisation4 ,we believe1 9 %ort1 t !y are ma*9es1 "o "p ( :i* 7! n]v\s sy/em7 n only sets ! re/ 9 motion1 & co-ord9ates its movem5ts 9 relation ) *anges 9 surr\nd+ bodies1 b is provid$ ) special app>atus1 ! function ( :i* is ! call+ into exi/5ce ( ^? /ates ( consci\sness :i* are t]m$ s5sations1 emotions1 & ideas4 ,i believe t ?is g5]ally accept$ view is ! be/ expression ( ! facts at pres5t kn[n4 ,x is exp]im5tally demon/rable--any "o :o c>es to run a p9 into himself may p]=m a suffici5t demon/ration ( ! fact--t a mode ( motion ( ! n]v\s sy/em is ! imm$iate antec$5t ( a /ate ( consci\sness4 ,all b ! adh]5ts ( 8,occasionalism10 or ( ! doctr9e ( 8,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony0 7if any su* n[ exi/71 mu/ admit t we h z mu* reason = reg>d+ ! mode ( motion ( ! n]v\s sy/em z ! cause ( ! /ate ( consci\sness1 z we h = reg>d+ any ev5t z ! cause ( ano!r4 ,h[ ! "o ph5om5on causes ! o!r we "k1 z mu* or z little1 z 9 any o!r case ( causation2 b we h z mu* "r to believe t ! s5sation is an effect ( ! molecul> *ange1 z we h to believe t motion is an effect ( impact2 & !re is z mu* propriety 9 say+ t ! bra9 evolves s5sation1 z !re is 9 say+ t an iron rod1 :5 hamm]$1 evolves heat4 ,z ,i h endeav\r$ to %[1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ t some?+ analog\s to :at happ5s 9 ourselves takes place 9 ! brutes1 & t ! affections ( _! s5sory n]ves give rise to molecul> *anges 9 ! bra91 :i* aga9 give rise to1 or evolve1 ! correspond+ /ates ( consci\sness4 ,nor c !re be any reasonable d\bt t ! emotions ( brutes1 & su* ideas z !y possess1 are simil>ly dep5d5t ^u molecul> bra9 *anges4 ,ea* s5sory impression leaves beh9d a record 9 ! /ructure ( ! bra9--an 8ideag5\s0 molecule1 s to speak1 :i* is compet5t1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 to reproduce1 9 a fa9t] condition1 ! /ate ( consci\sness :i* corresponds ) t s5sory impression2 & x is ^! 8ideag5\s molecules0 :i* are ! physical basis ( memory4 ,x may be assum$1 !n1 t molecul> *anges 9 ! bra9 are ! causes ( all ! /ates ( consci\sness ( brutes4 ,is !re any evid5ce t ^! /ates ( consci\sness may1 conv]sely1 cause ^? molecul> *anges :i* give rise to muscul> motion8 ,i see no su* evid5ce4 ,! frog walks1 hops1 swims1 & goes ?r\gh 8 gymna/ic p]=mances q z well )\t consci\sness1 & consequ5tly )\t volition1 z ) x2 &1 if a frog1 9 8 natural /ate1 possesses any?+ correspond+ ) :at we call volition1 !re is no reason to ?9k t x is any?+ b a concomitant ( ! molecul> *anges 9 ! bra9 :i* =m "p ( ! s]ies involv$ 9 ! production ( motion4 ,! consci\sness ( brutes w\ld appe> to be relat$ to ! me*anism ( _! body simply z a collat]al product ( its work+1 & to be z completely )\t any p[] ( modify+ t work+ z ! /eam-:i/le :i* accompanies ! "w ( a locomotive eng9e is )\t influ5ce ^u its ma*9]y4 ,_! volition1 if !y h any1 is an emotion indicative ( physical *anges1 n a cause ( su* *anges4 ,?is conception ( ! relations ( /ates ( consci\sness ) molecul> *anges 9 ! bra9--( psy*oses ) neuroses--does n prev5t u f ascrib+ free w to brutes4 ,= an ag5t is free :5 !re is no?+ to prev5t him f do+ t :i* he desires to d4 ,if a greyh\nd *ases a h>e1 he is a free ag5t1 because 8 action is 9 entire accordance ) 8 /rong desire to cat* ! h>e2 :ile s long z he is held back by ! lea% he is n free1 be+ prev5t$ by ext]nal =ce f foll[+ 8 incl9ation4 ,& ! ascription ( fre$om to ! greyh\nd "u ! =m] circum/ances is by no means inconsi/5t ) ! o!r aspect ( ! facts ( ! case--t he is a ma*9e impell$ to ! *ase1 & caus$1 at ! same "t1 to h ! desire to cat* ! game by ! impression :i* ! rays ( light proce$+ f ! h>e make ^u 8 eyes1 & ?r\gh !m ^u 8 bra94 ,mu* +5i\s argum5t has1 at v>i\s times1 be5 be/[$ ^u ! "q3 ,h[ is x possible to imag9e t volition1 :i* is a /ate ( consci\sness1 &1 z su*1 has n ! slighte/ community ( nature ) matt] 9 motion1 c act ^u ! mov+ matt] ( :i* ! body is compos$1 z x is assum$ to d 9 volunt>y acts8 ,b if1 z is "h sugge/$1 ! volunt>y acts ( brutes--or1 9 o!r words1 ! acts :i* !y desire to p]=m--are z purely me*anical z ! re/ ( _! actions1 & are simply accompani$ by ! /ate ( consci\sness call$ volition1 ! inquiry1 s f> z !y are conc]n$1 becomes sup]flu\s4 ,_! volitions d n ent] into ! *a9 ( causation ( _! actions at all4 ,! hypo!sis t brutes are consci\s automata is p]fectly consi/5t ) any view t may be held respect+ ! (t5 discuss$ & curi\s "q :e!r !y h s\ls or n2 &1 if !y h s\ls1 :e!r ^? s\ls are immortal or n4 ,x is obvi\sly h>moni\s ) ! mo/ lit]al adh]5ce to ! text ( ,scripture conc]n+ 8! bea/ t p]i%e?20 b x is n inconsi/5t ) ! amiable conviction ascrib$ by ,pope to 8 8untutor$ savage10 t :5 he passes to ! happy hunt+-gr\nds 9 ! sky1 88 fai?ful dog %all be> him company40 ,if ! brutes h consci\sness & no s\ls1 !n x is cle> t1 9 !m1 consci\sness is a direct function ( mat]ial *anges2 :ile1 if !y possess immat]ial subjects ( consci\sness1 or s\ls1 !n1 z consci\sness is br\ght into exi/5ce only z ! consequ5ce ( molecul> motion ( ! bra91 x foll[s t x is an indirect product ( mat]ial *anges4 ,! s\l /&s relat$ to ! body z ! bell ( a clock to ! works1 & consci\sness answ]s to ! s\nd :i* ! bell gives out :5 x is /ruck4 ,?us f> ,i h /rictly conf9$ myself to ! problem ) :i* ,i propos$ to deal at />t+--! automatism ( brutes4 ,! "q is1 ,i believe1 a p]fectly op5 "o1 & ,i feel happy 9 runn+ no risk ( ei!r ,papal or ,presbyt]ian condemnation = ! views :i* ,i h v5tur$ to put =w>d4 ,& !re are s v few int]e/+ que/ions :i* "o is1 at pres5t1 all[$ to ?9k out sci5tifically--to g z f> z reason leads1 & /op :]e evid5ce comes to an end--)\t spe$ily be+ deaf5$ by ! tattoo ( 8! drum ecclesia/ic0--t ,i h luxuriat$ 9 my r>e fre$om1 & w\ld n[ will+ly br+ ?is disquisition to an end if ,i c\ld hope t o!r p w\ld g no f>!r4 ,un=tunately1 pa/ exp]i5ce deb>s me f ent]ta9+ any su* hope1 ev5 if 8444 t drum's discordant s\nd ,p>ad+ r\nd & r\nd & r\nd10 7 n1 at pres5t1 z audible to me1 z x 0 to ! mild poet :o v5tur$ to express 8 hatr$ ( drums 9 g5]al1 9 t well-kn[n c\plet4 ,x w be said1 t ,i mean t ! conclusions d$uc$ f ! /udy ( ! brutes are applicable to man1 & t ! logical consequ5ces ( su* application are fatalism1 mat]ialism1 & a!ism--:]eupon ! drums w beat ! pas de *>ge4 ,"o does n d battle ) drumm]s2 b ,i v5ture to (f] a few rem>ks = ! calm consid]ation ( ?\ghtful p]sons1 untrammell$ by =egone conclusions1 unpl$g$ to %ore-up tott]+ dogmas1 & anxi\s only to "k ! true be>+s ( ! case4 ,x is q true t1 to ! be/ ( my judgm5t1 ! argum5tation :i* applies to brutes holds equally good ( m52 &1 !re=e1 t all /ates ( consci\sness 9 u1 z 9 !m1 are imm$iately caus$ by molecul> *anges ( ! bra9-sub/ance4 ,x seems to me t 9 m51 z 9 brutes1 !re is no pro( t any /ate ( consci\sness is ! cause ( *ange 9 ! motion ( ! matt] ( ! organism4 ,if ^! positions are well bas$1 x foll[s t our m5tal conditions are simply ! symbols 9 consci\sness ( ! *anges :i* take place automatically 9 ! organism2 & t1 to take an extreme illu/ration1 ! feel+ we call volition is n ! cause ( a volunt>y act1 b ! symbol ( t /ate ( ! bra9 :i* is ! imm$iate cause ( t act4 ,we are consci\s automata1 end[$ ) free w 9 ! only intelligible s5se ( t mu*-abus$ t]m--inasmu* z 9 _m respects we are able to d z we l--b none ! less p>ts ( ! great s]ies ( causes & effects :i*1 9 unbrok5 cont9uity1 composes t :i* is1 & has be51 & %all be--! sum ( exi/5ce4 ,z to ! logical consequ5ces ( ?is conviction ( m9e1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to rem>k t logical consequ5ces are ! sc>ecr[s ( fools & ! beacons ( wise m54 ,! only "q :i* any wise man c ask himself1 & :i* any hone/ man w ask himself1 is :e!r a doctr9e is true or false4 ,consequ5ces w take c>e ( !mselves2 at mo/ _! importance c only ju/ify u 9 te/+ ) extra c>e ! reason+ process f :i* !y result4 ,s t if ! view ,i h tak5 did really & logically lead to fatalism1 mat]ialism1 & a!ism1 ,i %\ld pr(ess myself a fatali/1 mat]iali/1 & a!i/2 & ,i %\ld look ^u ^? :o1 :ile !y believ$ 9 my hone/y ( purpose & intellectual compet5cy1 %\ld raise a hue & cry aga9/ me1 z p :o by _! own admission pref]r$ ly+ to tru?1 & ^: op9ions !re=e 7 unwor?y ( ! smalle/ att5tion4 ,b1 z ,i h endeav\r$ to expla9 on o!r occasions1 ,i really h no claim to rank myself among fatali/ic1 mat]iali/ic1 or a!i/ic philosoph]s4 ,n among fatali/s1 = ,i take ! conception ( necessity to h a logical1 & n a physical f\ndation2 n among mat]iali/s1 = ,i am utt]ly incapable ( conceiv+ ! exi/5ce ( matt] if !re is no m9d 9 :i* to picture t exi/5ce2 n among a!i/s1 = ! problem ( ! ultimate cause ( exi/5ce is "o :i* seems to me to be hopelessly out ( rea* ( my poor p[]s4 ,( all ! s5seless babble ,i h ev] _h occasion to read1 ! demon/rations ( ^! philosoph]s :o und]take to tell u all ab\t ! nature ( ,god w\ld be ! wor/1 if !y 7 n surpass$ by ! /ill great] absurdities ( ! philosoph]s :o try to prove t !re is no ,god4 ,& if ?is p]sonal disclaim] %\ld n be en\gh1 let me fur!r po9t out t a great _m p]sons ^: acut5ess & le>n+ w n be conte/$1 & ^: ,*ri/ian piety1 &1 9 "s cases1 /rict or?odoxy1 are above suspicion1 h held m or less def9itely ! view t man is a consci\s automaton4 ,x is held1 = example1 9 sub/ance1 by ! :ole s*ool ( pr$e/9>ian !ologians1 typifi$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,calv91 & ,jona?an ,edw>ds--! great "w ( ! latt] on ! w %[+ 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases1 t ! gr[? ( physical sci5ce has introduc$ no new difficulties ( pr9ciple into !ological problems1 b has m]ely giv5 visible body1 z x 71 to ^? :i* already exi/$4 ,among philosoph]s1 ! pi\s ,geul9cx & ! :ole s*ool ( occasionali/ ,c>tesians held ?is view2 ! or?odox ,leibnitz inv5t$ ! t]m 8automate spirituel10 & appli$ x to man2 ! f]v5t ,*ri/ian1 ,h>tley1 0 "o ( ! *ief advocates & be/ expositors ( ! doctr9e2 :ile ano!r zeal\s apologi/ ( ,*ri/ianity 9 a sceptical age1 & a contempor>y ( ,h>tley1 ,*>les ,bonnet1 ! ,g5evese naturali/1 has embodi$ ! doctr9e 9 language ( su* precision & simplicity1 t ,i w quote ! little-kn[n passage ( 8 8,essai de ,psy*ologie0 at l5g?3-- 8,,ano!r ,,hypo!sis ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,ideas4#ee 8,philosoph]s accu/om$ to judge ( ?+s by t :i* !y are 9 !mselves1 & n by _! relation to receiv$ ideas1 w\ld n be %ock$ if !y met ) ! proposition t ! s\l is a m]e spectator ( ! movem5ts ( its body3 t ! latt] p]=ms ( itself all t s]ies ( actions :i* con/itutes life3 t x moves ( itself3 t x is ! body alone :i* reproduces ideas1 comp>es & arranges !m2 :i* =ms reason+s1 imag9es & executes plans ( all k9ds1 etc4 ,?is hypo!sis1 ?\gh p]haps ( an excessive boldness1 nev]!less des]ves "s consid]ation4 8,x is n to be d5i$ t ,supreme ,p[] c\ld create an automaton :i* %\ld exactly imitate all ! ext]nal & int]nal actions ( man4 8,i und]/& by ext]nal actions1 all ^? movem5ts :i* pass "u our eyes2 ,i t]m int]nal actions1 all ! motions :i* 9 ! natural /ate _c be obs]v$ because !y take place 9 ! int]ior ( ! body--su* z ! movem5ts ( dige/ion1 circulation1 s5sation1 etc4 ,moreov]1 ,i include 9 ?is category ! movem5ts :i* give rise to ideas1 :atev] be _! nature4 8,9 ! automaton :i* we are consid]+ ev]y?+ w\ld be precisely det]m9$4 ,ev]y?+ w\ld occur accord+ to ! rules ( ! mo/ admirable me*anism3 "o /ate w\ld succe$ ano!r /ate1 "o op]ation w\ld lead to ano!r op]ation1 accord+ to inv>iable laws2 motion w\ld become alt]nately cause & effect1 effect & cause2 reaction w\ld answ] to action1 & reproduction to production4 8,con/ruct$ ) def9ite relations to ! activity ( ! be+s :i* compose ! _w1 ! automaton w\ld receive impressions f x1 &1 9 fai?ful correspond5ce !reto1 x w\ld execute a correspond+ s]ies ( motions4 8,indiff]5t t[>ds any det]m9ation1 x w\ld yield equally to all1 if ! fir/ impressions did n1 s to speak1 w9d up ! ma*9e & decide its op]ations & its c\rse4 8,! s]ies ( movem5ts :i* ?is automaton c\ld execute w\ld di/+ui% x f all o!rs =m$ on ! same model1 b :i*1 n hav+ be5 plac$ 9 simil> circum/ances1 w\ld n h exp]i5c$ ! same impressions1 or w\ld n h exp]i5c$ !m 9 ! same ord]4 8,! s5ses ( ! automaton1 set 9 motion by ! objects pres5t$ to x1 w\ld communicate _! motion to ! bra91 ! *ief motor app>atus ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is w\ld put 9 action ! muscles ( ! h&s & feet1 9 virtue ( _! secret connection ) ! s5ses4 ,^! muscles1 alt]nately contract$ & dilat$1 w\ld approximate or remove ! automaton f ! objects1 9 ! relation :i* !y w\ld be> to ! cons]vation or ! de/ruction ( ! ma*9e4 8,! motions ( p]ception & s5sation :i* ! objects w\ld h impress$ on ! bra91 w\ld be pres]v$ 9 x by ! en]gy ( its me*anism4 ,!y w\ld become m vivid accord+ to ! actual condition ( ! automaton1 consid]$ 9 itself & relatively to ! objects4 8,words be+ only ! motions impress$ on ! organ ( he>+ & t ( voice1 ! div]sity ( ^! movem5ts1 _! comb9ation1 ! ord] 9 :i* !y w\ld succe$ "o ano!r1 w\ld repres5t judgm5ts1 reason+1 & all ! op]ations ( ! m9d4 8,a close correspond5ce betwe5 ! organs ( ! s5ses1 ei!r by ! op5+ into "o ano!r ( _! n]v\s ramifications1 or by int]pos$ spr+s 7ressorts71 w\ld e/abli% su* a connection 9 _! work+1 t1 on ! occasion ( ! movem5ts impress$ on "o ( ^! organs1 o!r movem5ts w\ld be excit$1 or w\ld become m vivid 9 "s ( ! o!r s5ses4 8,give ! automaton a s\l :i* contemplates its movem5ts1 :i* believes itself to be ! au?or ( !m1 :i* has diff]5t volitions on ! occasion ( ! diff]5t movem5ts1 & y w on ?is hypo!sis con/ruct a man4 8,b w\ld ?is man be free8 ,c ! feel+ ( our lib]ty1 ?is feel+ :i* is s cle> & s di/9ct & s vivid z to p]suade u t we are ! au?ors ( our actions1 be conciliat$ ) ?is hypo!sis8 ,if x removes ! difficulty :i* att5ds ! conception ( ! action ( ! s\l on ! body1 on ! o!r h& x leaves unt\*$ t :i* meets u 9 endeav\r+ to conceive ! action ( ! body on ! s\l40 ,b if ,leibnitz1 ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 & ,h>tley--m5 :o rank among ! giants ( ! _w ( ?\ght--c\ld see no antagonism betwe5 ! doctr9e "u discussion & ,*ri/ian or?odoxy1 is x n j possible t small] folk may be wrong 9 mak+ su* a coil ab\t 8logical consequ5ces08 ,&1 see+ h[ l>ge a %>e ( ?is clam\r is rais$ by ! cl]gy ( "o d5om9ation or ano!r1 may ,i say1 9 conclusion1 t x really w\ld be well if ecclesia/ical p]sons w\ld reflect t ord9ation1 :atev] deep-seat$ graces x may conf]1 has nev] be5 obs]v$ to be foll[$ by any visible increase 9 ! le>n+ or ! logic ( its subject4 ,mak+ a man a ,bi%op1 or entru/+ him ) ! (fice ( m9i/]+ to ev5 ! l>ge/ ( ,presbyt]ian congregations1 or sett+ him up to lecture to a ,*ur* congress1 really does n 9 ! smalle/ degree augm5t su* title to respect z 8 op9ions may intr9sically possess4 ,&1 :5 su* a man presumes on an au?ority :i* 0 conf]r$ ^u him = o!r purposes1 to sit 9 judgm5t ^u matt]s 8 incompet5ce to deal ) :i* is pat5t1 x is p]missible to ignore 8 sac]dotal pret5sions1 & to tell him1 z "o w\ld tell a m]e common1 unconsecrat$1 layman3 t x is n necess>y = any man to occupy himself ) problems ( ?is k9d unless he s *oose2 life is fill$ full en\gh by ! p]=mance ( its ord9>y & obvi\s duties4 ,b t1 if a man elect to become a judge ( ^! grave que/ions2 /ill m1 if he assume ! responsibility ( atta*+ praise or blame to 8 fell[-m5 = ! conclusions at :i* !y arrive t\*+ !m1 he w commit a s9 m griev\s ?an mo/ brea*es ( ! ,decalogue1 unless he avoid a lazy reliance ^u ! in=mation t is ga!r$ by prejudice & filt]$ ?r\gh passion1 unless he g back to ! prime s\rces ( k--! facts ( nature1 & ! ?\ghts ( ^? wise m5 :o = g5]ations pa/ h be5 h] be/ int]pret]s4 ,x4 ,,on ,,s5sation ,,& ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,/ructure ,,( ,,s5sif]\s ,,organs4 ,! maxim t metaphysical inquiries are b>r5 ( result1 & t ! s]i\s occupation ( ! m9d ) !m is a m]e wa/e ( "t & lab\r1 f9ds mu* fav\r 9 ! eyes ( ! _m p]sons :o pride !mselves on ! possession ( s\nd common s5se2 & we sometimes he> x enunciat$ by weighty au?orities1 z if its natural consequ5ce1 ! suppression ( su* /udies1 _h ! =ce ( a moral obligation4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 z 9 "s o!rs1 ^? :o lay d[n ! law seem to =get t a wise legislator w consid]1 n m]ely :e!r 8 propos$ enactm5t is desirable1 b :e!r ob$i5ce to x is possible4 ,=1 if ! latt] "q is answ]$ negatively1 ! =m] is surely h>dly wor? debate4 ,"h1 9 fact1 lies ! pi? ( ! reply to ^? :o w\ld make metaphysics contrab& ( intellect4 ,:e!r x is desirable to place a prohibitory duty ^u philosophical speculations or n1 x is utt]ly impossible to prev5t ! importation ( !m into ! m9d4 ,& x is n a little curi\s to obs]ve t ^? :o mo/ l\dly pr(ess to ab/a9 f su* commodities are1 all ! :ile1 unconsci\s consum]s1 on a great scale1 ( "o or o!r ( _! multitud9\s disguises or adult]ations4 ,) m\?s full ( ! p>ticul> k9d ( heavily butt]$ toa/ :i* !y affect1 !y inveigh aga9/ ! eat+ ( pla9 bread4 ,9 tru?1 ! attempt to n\ri% ! human intellect ^u a diet :i* conta9s no metaphysics is ab\t z hopeful z t ( c]ta9 ,ea/]n sages to n\ri% _! bodies )\t de/roy+ life4 ,ev]ybody has he>d ! /ory ( ! pitiless microscopi/1 :o ru9$ ! peace ( m9d ( "o ( ^! mild en?usia/s by %[+ him ! animals mov+ 9 a drop ( ! wat] ) :i*1 9 ! innoc5cy ( 8 he>t1 he slak$ 8 ?ir/2 & ! unsuspect+ devotee ( pla9 common s5se may look = z unexpect$ a %ock :5 ! magnifi] ( sev]e logic reveals ! g]ms1 if n ! full-gr[n %apes1 ( lively metaphysical po/ulates rampant amid/ 8 mo/ positive & matt]-(-fact notions4 ,by way ( escape f ! metaphysical ,w-o'-!-wisps g5]at$ 9 ! m>%es ( lit]ature & !ology1 ! s]i\s /ud5t is sometimes bidd5 to betake himself to ! solid gr\nd ( physical sci5ce4 ,b ! fi% ( immortal memory1 :o ?rew himself out ( ! fry+-pan into ! fire1 0 n m ill advis$ ?an ! man :o seeks sanctu>y f philosophical p]secution )9 ! walls ( ! obs]vatory or ( ! laboratory4 ,x is said t 8metaphysics0 owe _! "n to ! fact t1 9 ,ari/otle's works1 que/ions ( pure philosophy are dealt ) imm$iately aft] ^? ( physics4 ,if s1 ! accid5t is happily symbolical ( ! ess5tial relations ( ?+s2 = metaphysical speculation foll[s z closely ^u physical !ory z black c>e ^u ! horseman4 ,"o ne$ b m5tion su* fundam5tal1 & inde$ indisp5sable1 conceptions ( ! natural philosoph] z ^? ( atoms & =ces3 or t ( attraction consid]$ z action at a di/ance2 or t ( pot5tial en]gy2 or ! ant9omies ( a vacuum & a pl5um2 to call to m9d ! metaphysical backgr\nd ( physics & *emi/ry2 :ile1 9 ! biological sci5ces1 ! case is /ill worse4 ,:at is an individual among ! l[] plants & animals8 ,are g5]a & species realities or ab/ractions8 ,is !re su* a ?+ z ,vital ,=ce8 or does ! "n d5ote a m]e relic ( metaphysical feti*ism8 ,is ! doctr9e ( f9al causes legitimate or illegitimate8 ,^! are a few ( ! metaphysical topics :i* are sugge/$ by ! mo/ elem5t>y /udy ( biological facts4 ,b1 m ?an ?is1 x may be truly said t ! roots ( e sy/em ( philosophy lie deep among ! facts ( physiology4 ,no "o c d\bt t ! organs & ! functions ( s5sation are z mu* a "p ( ! prov9ce ( ! physiologi/1 z are ! organs & functions ( motion1 or ^? ( dige/ion2 & yet x is impossible to ga9 an acqua9tance ) ev5 ! rudim5ts ( ! physiology ( s5sation )\t be+ l$ /raight to "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal ( all metaphysical problems4 ,9 fact1 ! s5sory op]ations h be51 f "t immemorial1 ! battle-gr\nd ( philosoph]s4 ,i h m ?an once tak5 occasion to po9t out t we are indebt$ to ,desc>tes1 :o happ5$ to be a physiologi/ z well z a philosoph]1 = ! fir/ di/9ct enunciation ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! true !ory ( s5sation4 ,9 lat] times1 x is n to ! works ( ! philosoph]s1 if ,h>tley & ,james ,mill are except$1 b to ^? ( ! physiologi/s1 t we mu/ turn = an adequate acc\nt ( ! s5sory process4 ,hall]'s lum9\s1 ?\gh summ>y1 acc\nt ( s5sation 9 8 admirable 8,prim ,l9e10 ! fir/ edition ( :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 #agdg1 (f]s a /rik+ contra/ to ! prolixity & confusion ( ?\ght :i* p]vade ,reid's 8,inquiry10 ( sev5te5 ye>s' lat] date4#ef ,ev5 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 le>n$ hi/orian & acute critic z he 01 n only fail$ to appreh5d ! philosophical be>+ ( long-e/abli%$ physiological tru?s2 b1 :5 he affirm$ t !re is no reason to d5y t ! m9d feels at ! f+] po9ts1 & none to ass]t t ! bra9 is ! sole organ ( ?\ght1#eg he %[$ t he _h n appreh5d$ ! significance ( ! revolution comm5c$1 two hundr$ ye>s be=e 8 "t1 by ,desc>tes1 & effectively foll[$ up by ,hall]1 ,h>tley1 & ,bonnet1 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,9 tru?1 ! !ory ( s5sation1 except 9 "o po9t1 is1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 v mu* :]e ,h>tley1 l$ by a h9t ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton's1 left x1 :51 a hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s s9ce1 ! 8,obs]vations on ,man3 8 ,frame1 8 ,duty1 & 8 ,expectations10 0 laid be=e ! _w4 ,! :ole matt] is put 9 a nut%ell 9 ! foll[+ passages ( ?is notable book4 8,ext]nal objects impress$ ^u ! s5ses occasion1 fir/ on ! n]ves on :i* !y are impress$1 & !n on ! bra91 vibrations ( ! small &1 z we may say1 inf9itesimal m$ull>y p>ticles4 8,^! vibrations are motions backw>ds & =w>ds ( ! small p>ticles2 ( ! same k9d ) ! oscillations ( p5dulums & ! trembl+s ( ! p>ticles ( s\nd+ bodies4 ,!y mu/ be conceiv$ to be exce$+ly %ort & small1 s z n to h ! lea/ efficacy to di/urb or move ! :ole bodies ( ! n]ves or bra940#eh 8,! :ite m$ull>y sub/ance ( ! bra9 is also ! imm$iate in/rum5t by :i* ideas are pres5t$ to ! m9d2 or1 9 o!r words1 :atev] *anges are made 9 ?is sub/ance1 correspond+ *anges are made 9 our ideas2 & vice v]sa40#ei ,h>tley1 l ,hall]1 _h no conception ( ! nature & functions ( ! grey matt] ( ! bra94 ,b1 if = 8:ite m$ull>y sub/ance10 9 ! latt] p>agraph1 we sub/itute 8grey cellul> sub/ance10 ,h>tley's propositions embody ! mo/ probable conclusions :i* are to be drawn f ! late/ inve/igations ( physiologi/s4 ,9 ord] to judge h[ completely ?is is ! case1 x w be well to /udy "s simple case ( s5sation1 &1 foll[+ ! example ( ,reid & ( ,james ,mill1 we may beg9 ) ! s5se ( smell4 ,suppose t ,i become aw>e ( a musky sc5t1 to :i* ! "n ( 8musk9ess0 may be giv54 ,i call ?is an od\r1 & ,i class x along ) ! feel+s ( light1 col\rs1 s\nds1 ta/es1 & ! l1 among ^? ph5om5a :i* are kn[n z s5sations4 ,to say t ,i am aw>e ( ?is ph5om5on1 or t ,i h x1 or t x exi/s1 are simply diff]5t modes ( affirm+ ! same facts4 ,if ,i am ask$ h[ ,i "k t x exi/s1 ,i c only reply t its exi/5ce & my k ( x are "o & ! same ?+2 9 %ort1 t my k is imm$iate or intuitive1 &1 z su*1 is possess$ ( ! highe/ conceivable degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,! pure s5sation ( musk9ess is almo/ sure to be foll[$ by a m5tal /ate :i* is n a s5sation1 b a belief1 t !re is some:]e close at h& a some?+ on :i* ! exi/5ce ( ! s5sation dep5ds4 ,x may be a musk-de]1 or a musk-rat1 or a musk-plant1 or a gra9 ( dry musk1 or simply a sc5t$ h&k]*ief2 b =m] exp]i5ce leads u to believe t ! s5sation is due to ! pres5ce ( "o or o!r ( ^! objects1 & t x w vani% if ! object is remov$4 ,9 o!r words1 !re arises a belief 9 an ext]nal cause ( ! musk9ess1 :i*1 9 common language1 is t]m$ an odor\s body4 ,b ! mann] 9 :i* ?is belief is usually put into words is /rangely mislead+4 ,if we are deal+ ) a musk-plant1 = example1 we d n conf9e ourselves to a simple /atem5t ( t :i* we believe1 & say t ! musk-plant is ! cause ( ! s5sation call$ musk9ess2 b we say t ! plant has a musky smell1 & we speak ( ! od\r z a quality1 or prop]ty1 inh]5t 9 ! plant4 ,& ! inevitable reaction ( words ^u ?\ght has 9 ?is case become s complete1 & has p5etrat$ s deeply1 t :5 an accurate /atem5t ( ! case--namely1 t musk9ess1 inasmu* z ! t]m d5otes no?+ b a s5sation1 is a m5tal /ate1 & has no exi/5ce except z a m5tal ph5om5on--is fir/ br\ght "u ! notice ( common-s5se folks1 x is usually reg>d$ by !m z :at !y are pleas$ to call a m]e metaphysical p>adox & a pat5t example ( useless subtlety4 ,yet ! slighte/ reflection mu/ suffice to conv9ce any "o possess$ ( s\nd reason+ faculties1 t x is z absurd to suppose t musk9ess is a quality inh]5t 9 "o plant1 z x w\ld be to imag9e t pa9 is a quality inh]5t 9 ano!r1 because we feel pa9 :5 a ?orn pricks ! f+]4 ,ev5 ! common-s5se philosoph]1 p> excell5ce1 says ( smell3 8,x appe>s to be a simple & orig9al affection or feel+ ( ! m9d1 altoge!r inexplicable & unacc\ntable4 ,x is inde$ impossible t x c be 9 any body3 x is a s5sation1 & a s5sation c only be 9 a s5ti5t ?+40#fj ,t :i* is true ( musk9ess is true ( e o!r od\r4 ,lav5d]-smell1 clove-smell1 g>lic-smell1 are1 l 8musk9ess10 names ( /ates ( consci\sness1 & h no exi/5ce except z su*4 ,b1 9 ord9>y language1 we speak ( all ^! od\rs z if !y 7 indep5d5t entities resid+ 9 lav5d]1 cloves1 & g>lic2 & x is n )\t a c]ta9 /ruggle t ! false metaphysic ( s-call$ common s5se1 ?us +ra9$ 9 u1 is expell$4 ,= ! pres5t purpose1 x is unnecess>y to inquire into ! orig9 ( our belief 9 ext]nal bodies1 or into t ( ! notion ( causation4 ,assum+ ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w1 !re is no difficulty 9 obta9+ exp]im5tal pro( t1 z a g5]al rule1 olfactory s5sations are caus$ by odor\s bodies2 & we may pass on to ! next /ep ( ! inquiry--namely1 h[ ! odor\s body produces ! effect attribut$ to x4 ,! fir/ po9t to be not$ "h is ano!r fact reveal$ by exp]i5ce2 t ! appe>ance ( ! s5sation is gov]n$1 n only by ! pres5ce ( ! odor\s sub/ance1 b by ! condition ( a c]ta9 "p ( our corporeal /ructure1 ! nose4 ,if ! no/rils are clos$1 ! pres5ce ( ! odor\s sub/ance does n give rise to ! s5sation2 :ile1 :5 !y are op51 ! s5sation is int5sifi$ by ! approximation ( ! odor\s sub/ance to !m1 & by snuff+ up ! adjac5t air 9 su* a mann] z to draw x into ! nose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 look+ at an odor\s sub/ance1 or rubb+ x on ! sk91 or hold+ x to ! e>1 does n awak5 ! s5sation4 ,?us1 x c be readily e/abli%$ by exp]im5t t ! p]vi\sness ( ! nasal passages is1 9 "s way1 ess5tial to ! s5sory function2 9 fact1 t ! organ ( t function is lodg$ some:]e 9 ! nasal passages4 ,&1 s9ce odor\s bodies give rise to _! effects at consid]able di/ances1 ! sugge/ion is obvi\s t some?+ mu/ pass f !m into ! s5se organ4 ,:at is ?is 8some?+10 :i* plays ! "p ( an int]m$i>y betwe5 ! odor\s body & ! s5sory organ8 ,! olde/ speculation ab\t ! matt] dates back to ,democritus & ! ,epicurean ,s*ool1 & x is to be f\nd fully /at$ 9 ! f\r? book ( ,lucretius4 ,x comes to ?is3 t ! surfaces ( bodies are con/antly ?r[+ (f excessively att5uat$ films ( _! own sub/ance3 & t ^! films1 rea*+ ! m9d1 excite ! appropriate s5sations 9 x4 ,ari/otle did n admit ! exi/5ce ( any su* mat]ial films1 b conceiv$ t x 0 ! =m ( ! sub/ance1 & n its matt]1 :i* affect$ s5se1 z a seal impresses wax1 )\t los+ any?+ 9 ! process4 ,:ile _m1 if n ! majority1 ( ! ,s*oolm5 took up an int]m$iate position & suppos$ t a some?+1 :i* 0 n exactly ei!r mat]ial or immat]ial1 & :i* !y call$ an 8int5tional species10 effect$ ! ne$ful communication betwe5 ! bodily cause ( s5sation & ! m9d4 ,b all ^! notions1 :atev] may be said = or aga9/ !m 9 g5]al1 are fundam5tally defective1 by reason ( an ov]sight :i* 0 inevitable1 9 ! /ate ( k at ! "t 9 :i* !y 7 promulgat$4 ,:at ! old] philosoph]s did n "k1 & c\ld n "k1 be=e ! anatomi/ & ! physiologi/ _h done _! "w1 is t1 betwe5 ! ext]nal object & t m9d 9 :i* !y suppos$ ! s5sation to inh]e1 !re lies a physical ob/acle4 ,! s5se organ is n a m]e passage by :i* ! 8t5uia simulacra r]um10 or ! 8int5tional species0 ca/ (f by objects1 or ! 8=ms0 ( s5sible ?+s1 pass /raight to ! m9d2 on ! contr>y1 x /&s z a firm & imp]vi\s b>ri]1 ?r\gh :i* no mat]ial p>ticle ( ! _w )\t c make its way to ! _w )94 ,let u consid] ! olfactory s5se organ m ne>ly4 ,ea* ( ! no/rils leads into a passage completely sep>at$ f ! o!r by a p>tition1 & ^! two passages place ! no/rils 9 free communication ) ! back ( ! ?roat1 s t !y freely transmit ! air pass+ to ! lungs :5 ! m\? is %ut1 z 9 ord9>y brea?+4 ,! floor ( ea* passage is flat1 b its ro( is a high ar*1 ! cr[n ( :i* is seat$ betwe5 ! orbital cavities ( ! skull1 :i* s]ve = ! lodgm5t & protection ( ! eyes2 & x !re=e lies beh9d ! app>5t limits ( t feature :i*1 9 ord9>y language1 is call$ ! nose4 ,f ! side walls ( ! upp] & back "p ( ^! ar*$ *amb]s1 c]ta9 delicate plates ( bone project1 & ^!1 z well z a consid]able "p ( ! p>tition betwe5 ! two *amb]s1 are cov]$ by a f9e1 s(t1 moi/ membrane4 ,x is to ?is 8,s*neid]ian10 or olfactory1 membrane t odor\s bodies mu/ obta9 direct access1 if !y are to give rise to _! appropriate s5sations2 & x is ^u ! relatively l>ge surface1 :i* ! olfactory membrane (f]s1 t we mu/ seek = ! seat ( ! organ ( ! olfactory s5se4 ,! only ess5tial "p ( t organ consi/s ( a multitude ( m9ute rod-l bodies1 set p]p5dicul>ly to ! surface ( ! membrane1 & =m+ a "p ( ! cellul> coat1 or epi!lium1 :i* cov]s ! olfactory membrane1 z ! epid]mis cov]s ! sk94 ,9 ! case ( ! olfactory s5se1 !re c be no d\bt t ! ,democritic hypo!sis1 at any rate = su* odor\s sub/ances z musk1 has a good f\ndation4 ,inf9itesimal p>ticles ( musk fly (f f ! surface ( ! odor\s body1 &1 becom+ diffus$ ?r\gh ! air1 are c>ri$ into ! nasal passages1 & !nce into ! olfactory *amb]s1 :]e !y come into contact ) ! filam5t\s extremities ( ! delicate olfactory epi!lium4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! 8m9d0 is n1 s to speak1 ^u ! o!r side ( ! epi!lium4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! inn] ends ( ! olfactory cells are connect$ ) n]ve fibres1 & ^! n]ve fibres1 pass+ into ! cavity ( ! skull1 at l5g? end 9 a "p ( ! bra91 ! olfactory s5sorium4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! integrity ( ea*1 & ! physical int]-connection ( all ^! ?ree /ructures1 ! epi!lium ( ! s5sory organ1 ! n]ve fibres1 & ! s5sorium1 are ess5tial conditions ( ord9>y s5sation4 ,t is to say1 ! air 9 ! olfactory *amb]s may be *>g$ ) p>ticles ( musk2 b1 if ei!r ! epi!lium1 or ! n]ve fibres1 or ! s5sorium is injur$1 or if !y are physically disconnect$ f "o ano!r1 s5sation w n arise4 ,moreov]1 ! epi!lium may be said to be receptive1 ! n]ve fibres transmissive1 & ! s5sorium s5sifaci5t4 ,=1 9 ! act ( smell+1 ! p>ticles ( ! odor\s sub/ance produce a molecul> *ange 7:i* ,h>tley 0 9 all probability "r 9 t]m+ a vibration7 9 ! epi!lium1 & ?is *ange be+ transmitt$ to ! n]ve fibres1 passes along !m ) a measurable velocity1 &1 f9ally rea*+ ! s5sorium1 is imm$iately foll[$ by ! s5sation4 ,?us1 mod]n inve/igation supplies a repres5tative ( ! ,epicurean simulacra 9 ! volatile p>ticles ( ! musk2 b x also gives u ! /amp ( ! p>ticles on ! olfactory epi!lium1 )\t any transmission ( matt]1 z ! equival5t ( ! ,ari/otelian 8=m20 :ile1 f9ally1 ! modes ( motion ( ! molecules ( ! olfactory cells1 ( ! n]ve1 & ( ! c]ebral s5sorium1 :i* are ,h>tley's vibrations1 may /& v well = a d\ble ( ! 8int5tional species0 ( ! ,s*oolm54 ,& ?is la/ rem>k is n int5d$ m]ely to sugge/ a fanciful p>allel2 =1 if ! cause ( ! s5sation is1 z analogy sugge/s1 to be s\ght 9 ! mode ( motion ( ! object ( s5se1 !n x is q possible t ! p>ticul> mode ( motion ( ! object is reproduc$ 9 ! s5sorium2 exactly z ! diaphragm ( a telephone reproduces ! mode ( motion tak5 up at its receiv+ end4 ,9 o!r words1 ! second>y 8int5tional species0 may be1 z ! ,s*oolm5 ?\ght ! prim>y "o 01 ! la/ l9k betwe5 matt] & m9d4 ,none ! less1 h[ev]1 does x rema9 true t no simil>ity exi/s1 nor inde$ is conceivable1 betwe5 ! cause ( ! s5sation & ! s5sation4 ,att5d z closely to ! s5sations ( musk9ess1 or any o!r od\r1 z we w1 no trace ( ext5sion1 resi/ance1 or motion is disc]nible 9 !m4 ,!y h no attribute 9 common ) ^? :i* we ascribe to matt]2 !y are1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! words1 immat]ial entities4 ,?us1 ! mo/ elem5t>y /udy ( s5sation ju/ifies ,desc>tes' position1 t we "k m ( m9d ?an we d ( body2 t ! immat]ial _w is a firm] reality ?an ! mat]ial4 ,= ! s5sation 8musk9ess0 is kn[n imm$iately4 ,s long z x p]si/s1 x is a "p ( :at we call our ?9k+ selves1 & its exi/5ce lies beyond ! possibility ( d\bt4 ,! k ( an objective or mat]ial cause ( ! s5sation1 on ! o!r h&1 is m$iate2 x is a belief z contradi/+ui%$ f an intuition2 & x is a belief :i*1 9 any giv5 in/ance ( s5sation1 may1 by possibility1 be devoid ( f\ndation4 ,= od\rs1 l o!r s5sations1 may arise f ! occurr5ce ( ! appropriate molecul> *anges 9 ! n]ve or 9 ! s5sorium1 by ! op]ation ( a cause di/9ct f ! affection ( ! s5se organ by an odor\s body4 ,su* 8subjective0 s5sations are z real exi/5ces z any o!rs1 & z di/9ctly sugge/ an ext]nal odor\s object z _! cause2 b ! belief ?us g5]at$ is a delusion4 ,&1 if beliefs are prop]ly t]m$ 8te/imonies ( consci\sness10 !n und\bt$ly ! te/imony ( consci\sness may be1 & (t5 is1 untru/wor?y4 ,ano!r v important consid]ation arises out ( ! facts z !y are n[ kn[n4 ,t :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( a k ( ! physiology ( s5sation1 we call ! cause ( ! smell1 & t]m ! odor\s object1 is only su*1 m$iately1 by reason ( its emitt+ p>ticles :i* give rise to a mode ( motion 9 ! s5se organ4 ,! s5se organ1 aga91 is only a m$iate cause by reason ( its produc+ a molecul> *ange 9 ! n]ve fibre2 :ile ?is la/ *ange is also only a m$iate cause ( s5sation1 dep5d+1 z x does1 ^u ! *ange :i* x excites 9 ! s5sorium4 ,! s5se organ1 ! n]ve1 & ! s5sorium1 tak5 toge!r1 con/itute ! s5sif]\s app>atus4 ,!y make up ! ?ickness ( ! wall betwe5 ! m9d1 z repres5t$ by ! s5sation 8musk9ess10 & ! object1 z repres5t$ by ! p>ticle ( musk 9 contact ) ! olfactory epi!lium4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! s5sif]\s wall & ! ext]nal _w are ( ! same nature2 :atev] x is t con/itutes !m bo? is expressible 9 t]ms ( matt] & motion4 ,:atev] *anges take place 9 ! s5sif]\s app>atus are cont9u\s )1 & simil> to1 ^? :i* take place 9 ! ext]nal _w4#fa ,b1 ) ! s5sorium1 matt] & motion come to an end2 :ile ph5om5a ( ano!r ord]1 or immat]ial /ates ( consci\sness1 make _! appe>ance4 ,h[ is ! relation betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! immat]ial ph5om5a to be conceiv$8 ,?is is ! metaphysical problem ( problems1 & ! solutions :i* h be5 sugge/$ h be5 made ! corn]-/ones ( sy/ems ( philosophy4 ,?ree mutually irreconcilable read+s ( ! riddle h be5 (f]$4 ,! fir/ is1 t an immat]ial sub/ance ( m9d exi/s2 & t x is affect$ by ! mode ( motion ( ! s5sorium 9 su* a way z to give rise to ! s5sation4 ,! second is1 t ! s5sation is a direct effect ( ! mode ( motion ( ! s5sorium1 br\ght ab\t )\t ! int]v5tion ( any sub/ance ( m9d4 ,! ?ird is1 t ! s5sation is nei!r directly nor indirectly an effect ( ! mode ( motion ( ! s5sorium1 b t x has an indep5d5t cause4 ,prop]ly speak+1 !re=e1 x is n an effect ( ! motion ( ! s5sorium1 b a concomitant ( x4 ,z none ( ^! hypo!ses is capable ( ev5 an approximation to demon/ration1 x is almo/ ne$less to rem>k t !y h be5 sev]ally held ) t5acity & advocat$ ) passion4 ,i d n ?9k x c be said ( any ( ! ?ree t x is inconceivable1 or t x c be assum$ on priori gr\nds to be impossible4 ,consid] ! fir/1 = example2 an immat]ial sub/ance is p]fectly conceivable4 ,9 fact1 x is obvi\s t1 if we possess$ no s5sations b ^? ( smell & he>+1 we %\ld be unable to conceive a mat]ial sub/ance4 ,we might h a conception ( "t1 b c\ld h none ( ext5sion1 or ( resi/ance1 or ( motion4 ,& )\t ! ?ree latt] conceptions no idea ( matt] c\ld be =m$4 ,our :ole k w\ld be limit$ to t ( a %ift+ succession ( immat]ial ph5om5a4 ,b1 if an immat]ial sub/ance may exi/1 x may h any conceivable prop]ties2 & s5sation may be "o ( !m4 ,all ^! propositions may be affirm$ ) complete dialectic safety1 inasmu* z !y _c possibly be disprov$2 b nei!r c a p>ticle ( demon/rative evid5ce be (f]$ 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( an immat]ial sub/ance4 ,z reg>ds ! second hypo!sis1 x c]ta9ly is n inconceivable1 & !re=e x may be true1 t s5sation is ! direct effect ( c]ta9 k9ds ( bodily motion4 ,x is j z easy to suppose ?is z to suppose1 on ! =m] hypo!sis1 t bodily motion affects an immat]ial sub/ance4 ,b nei!r is x susceptible ( pro(4 ,&1 z to ! ?ird hypo!sis1 s9ce ! logic ( induction is 9 no case compet5t to prove t ev5ts app>5tly /&+ 9 ! relation ( cause & effect may n bo? be effects ( a common cause--t also is z safe f refutation1 if z incapable ( demon/ration1 z ! o!r two4 ,9 my own op9ion1 nei!r ( ^! speculations c be reg>d$ s]i\sly z any?+ b a m or less conv5i5t work+ hypo!sis4 ,b1 if ,i mu/ *oose among !m1 ,i take ! 8law ( p>simony0 = my guide1 & select ! simple/--namely1 t ! s5sation is ! direct effect ( ! mode ( motion ( ! s5sorium4 ,x may ju/ly be said t ?is is n ! slighte/ explanation ( s5sation2 b !n am ,i really any ! wis]1 if ,i say t a s5sation is an activity 7( :i* ,i "k no?+7 ( a sub/ance ( m9d 7( :i* also ,i "k no?+78 ,or1 if ,i say t ! ,deity causes ! s5sation to arise 9 my m9d imm$iately aft] ,he has caus$ ! p>ticles ( ! s5sorium to move 9 a c]ta9 way1 is any?+ ga9$8 ,9 tru?1 a s5sation1 z we h already se51 is an intuition--a "p ( imm$iate k4 ,z su*1 x is an ultimate fact & inexplicable2 & all t we c hope to f9d out ab\t x1 & t inde$ is wor? f9d+ out1 is its relation to o!r natural facts4 ,t relation appe>s to me to be suffici5tly express$1 = all practical purposes1 by say+ t s5sation is ! inv>iable consequ5t ( c]ta9 *anges 9 ! s5sorium--or1 9 o!r words1 t1 s f> z we "k1 ! *ange 9 ! s5sorium is ! cause ( ! s5sation4 ,i p]mit myself to imag9e t ! untutor$1 if noble1 savage ( 8common s5se0 :o has be5 misl$ into read+ ?us f> by ! hope ( gett+ positive solid in=mation ab\t s5sation1 giv+ way to n unnatural irritation1 may "h int]pellate3 8,! up%ot ( all ?is long disquisition is t we are pr(\ndly ignorant4 ,we knew t to beg9 )1 & y h m]ely furni%$ ano!r example ( ! empt9ess & uselessness ( metaphysics40 ,b ,i v5ture to reply1 ,p>don me1 y 7 ignorant1 b y did n "k x4 ,on ! contr>y1 y ?\ght y knew a great deal1 & 7 q satisfi$ ) ! p>ticul>ly absurd metaphysical notions :i* y 7 pleas$ to call ! tea*+s ( common s5se4 ,y ?\ght t y\r s5sations 7 prop]ties ( ext]nal ?+s1 & _h an exi/5ce outside ( y\rself4 ,y ?\ght t y knew m ab\t mat]ial ?an y d ab\t immat]ial exi/5ces4 ,& if1 z a wise man has assur$ u1 ! k ( :at we don't "k is ! next be/ ?+ to ! k ( :at we d "k1 ?is brief excursion into ! prov9ce ( philosophy has be5 highly pr(itable4 ,( all ! dang]\s m5tal habits1 t :i* s*oolboys call 8cocksur5ess0 is probably ! mo/ p]il\s2 & ! ine/imable value ( metaphysical discipl9e is t x furni%es an effectual c\nt]poise to ?is evil proclivity4 ,:oso has ma/]$ ! elem5ts ( philosophy kn[s t ! attribute ( unque/ionable c]ta9ty app]ta9s only to ! exi/5ce ( a /ate ( consci\sness s long z x exi/s2 all o!r beliefs are m]e probabilities ( a high] or l[] ord]4 ,s\nd metaphysic is an amulet :i* r5d]s its possessor pro( alike aga9/ ! poison ( sup]/ition & ! c\nt]-poison ( nihilism2 by %[+ t ! affirmations ( ! =m] & ! d5ials ( ! latt] alike deal ) matt]s ab\t :i*1 = lack ( evid5ce1 no?+ c be ei!r affirm$ or d5i$4 ,i h dwelt at l5g? ^u ! nature & orig9 ( our s5sations ( smell1 on acc\nt ( ! comp>ative fre$om ( ! olfactory s5se f ! complications :i* are met ) 9 mo/ ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,s5sations ( ta/e1 h[ev]1 are g5]at$ 9 almo/ z simple a fa%ion z ^? ( smell4 ,9 ?is case1 ! s5se organ is ! epi!lium :i* cov]s ! tongue & ! palate3 & :i* sometimes1 becom+ modifi$1 gives rise to peculi> organs t]m$ 8gu/atory bulbs10 9 :i* ! epi!lial cells elongate & assume a some:at rod-l =m4 ,n]ve fibres connect ! s5sory organ ) ! s5sorium1 & ta/es or flav\rs are /ates ( consci\sness caus$ by ! *ange ( molecul> /ate ( ! latt]4 ,9 ! case ( ! s5se ( t\* !re is (t5 no s5se organ di/9ct f ! g5]al epid]mis4 ,b _m fi%es & amphibia exhibit local modifications ( ! epid]mic cells :i* are sometimes extraord9>ily l ! gu/atory bulbs2 m commonly1 bo? 9 l[] & high] animals1 ! effect ( ! contact ( ext]nal bodies is int5sifi$ by ! developm5t ( hair-l filam5ts1 or ( true hairs1 ! bases ( :i* are 9 imm$iate relation ) ! ends ( ! s5sory n]ves4 ,e "o mu/ h notic$ ! extreme delicacy ( ! s5sations produc$ by ! contact ( bodies ) ! ends ( ! hairs ( ! head2 & ! 8:isk]s0 ( cats owe _! functional importance to ! abundant supply ( n]ves to ! follicles 9 :i* _! bases are lodg$4 ,:at "p1 if any1 ! s-call$ 8tactile corpuscles10 8end bulbs10 & 8,pac9ian bodies10 play 9 ! me*anism ( t\* is unkn[n4 ,if !y are s5se organs1 !y are exceptional 9 "*1 9 s f> z !y d n appe> to be modifications ( ! epid]mis4 ,no?+ is kn[n respect+ ! organs ( ^? s5sations ( resi/ance :i* are gr\p$ "u ! head ( ! muscul> s5se2 nor ( ! s5sations ( w>m? & cold2 nor ( t v s+ul> s5sation :i* we call tickl+4 ,9 ! case ( heat & cold1 ! organism n only becomes affect$ by ext]nal bodies1 f> m remote ?an ^? :i* affect ! s5se ( smell2 b ! ,democritic hypo!sis is obvi\sly no long] p]missible4 ,:5 ! direct rays ( ! sun fall ^u ! sk91 ! s5sation ( heat is c]ta9ly n caus$ by 8att5uat$ films0 ?r[n (f f t lum9>y1 b is due to a mode ( motion :i* is transmitt$ to u4 ,9 ,ari/otelian phrase1 x is ! =m )\t ! matt] ( ! sun :i* /amps ! s5se organ2 & ?is1 translat$ into mod]n language1 means ne>ly ! same ?+ z ,h>tley's vibrations4 ,?us we are prep>$ = :at happ5s 9 ! case ( ! auditory & ! visual s5ses4 ,= nei!r ! e>1 nor ! eye1 receives any?+ b ! impulses or vibrations orig9at$ by sonor\s or lum9\s bodies4 ,nev]!less1 ! receptive app>atus /ill consi/s ( no?+ b specially modifi$ epi!lial cells4 ,9 ! labyr9? ( ! e> ( ! high] animals1 ! free ends ( ^! cells t]m9ate 9 excessively delicate hair-l filam5ts2 :ile1 9 ! l[] =ms ( auditory organ1 its free surface is beset ) delicate hairs l ^? ( ! surface ( ! body1 & ! transmissive n]ves are connect$ ) ! bases ( ^! hairs4 ,?us !re is an ins5sible gradation 9 ! =ms ( ! receptive app>atus1 f ! organ ( t\*1 on ! "o h&1 to ^? ( ta/e & smell2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to t ( he>+4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ! mo/ ref9$ ( all ! s5se organs1 t ( vision1 ! receptive app>atus dep>ts b little f ! g5]al type4 ,! only ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! visual s5se organ is ! ret9a1 :i* =ms s small a "p ( ! eyes ( ! high] animals2 & ! simple/ eyes are no?+ b portions ( ! integum5t1 9 :i* ! cells ( ! epid]mis h become conv]t$ into glassy rod-l ret9al corpuscles4 ,! out] ends ( ^! are turn$ t[>ds ! light2 _! sides are m or less ext5sively coat$ ) a d>k pigm5t1 & _! inn] ends are connect$ ) ! transmissive n]ve fibres4 ,! light1 imp++ on ^! visual rods1 produces a *ange 9 !m :i* is communicat$ to ! n]ve fibres1 &1 be+ transmitt$ to ! s5sorium1 gives rise to ! s5sation--if inde$ all animals :i* possess eyes are end[$ ) :at we und]/& z s5sation4 ,9 ! high] animals1 a complicat$ app>atus ( l5ses1 arrang$ on ! pr9ciple ( a cam]a obscura1 s]ves at once to conc5trate & to individualise ! p5cils ( light proce$+ f ext]nal bodies4 ,b ! ess5tial "p ( ! organ ( vision is /ill a lay] ( cells1 :i* h ! =m ( rods ) truncat$ or conical ends4 ,by :at seems a /range anomaly1 h[ev]1 ! glassy ends ( ^! are turn$ n t[>ds1 b away f1 ! light2 & ! latt] has to trav]se ! lay] ( n]v\s tissues ) :i* _! out] ends are connect$1 be=e x c affect !m4 ,moreov]1 ! rods & cones ( ! v]tebrate ret9a are s deeply seat$1 & 9 _m respects s peculi> 9 "*1 t x appe>s impossible1 at fir/ sight1 t !y c h any?+ to d ) t epid]mis ( :i* gu/atory & tactile1 & at any rate ! l[] =ms ( auditory & visual1 organs are obvi\s modifications4 ,:atev] be ! app>5t div]sities among ! s5sif]\s app>atuses1 h[ev]1 !y %>e c]ta9 common *>act]s4 ,ea* consi/s ( a receptive1 a transmissive1 & a s5sificatory portion4 ,! ess5tial "p ( ! fir/ is an epi!lium1 ( ! second1 n]ve fibres1 ( ! ?ird1 a "p ( ! bra92 ! s5sation is always ! consequ5ce ( ! mode ( motion excit$ 9 ! receptive1 & s5t along ! transmissive1 to ! s5sificatory "p ( ! s5sif]\s app>atus4 ,&1 9 all ! s5ses1 !re is no lik5ess :atev] betwe5 ! object ( s5se1 :i* is matt] 9 motion1 & ! s5sation1 :i* is an immat]ial ph5om5on4 ,on ! hypo!sis :i* appe>s to me to be ! mo/ conv5i5t1 s5sation is a product ( ! s5sif]\s app>atus caus$ by c]ta9 modes ( motion :i* are set up 9 x by impulses f )\t4 ,! s5sif]\s app>atuses are1 z x 71 factories1 all ( :i* at ! "o end receive raw mat]ials ( a simil> k9d--namely1 modes ( motion--:ile1 at ! o!r1 ea* turns out a special product1 ! feel+ :i* con/itutes ! k9d ( s5sation *>act]i/ic ( x4 ,or1 to make use ( a clos] comp>ison1 ea* s5sif]\s app>atus is comp>able to a musical-box w\nd up2 ) z _m tunes z !re are sep>ate s5sations4 ,! object ( a simple s5sation is ! ag5t :i* presses d[n ! /op ( "o ( ^! tunes1 & ! m feeble ! ag5t1 ! m delicate mu/ be ! mobility ( ! /op4#fb ,b1 if ?is be true1 if ! recipi5t "p ( ! s5sif]\s app>atus is1 9 all cases1 m]ely a me*anism affect$ by co>s] or f9] k9ds ( mat]ial motion1 we might expect to f9d t all s5se organs are fundam5tally alike1 & result f ! modification ( ! same morphological elem5ts4 ,& ?is is exactly :at does result f all rec5t hi/ological & embryological inve/igations4 ,x has be5 se5 t ! receptive "p ( ! olfactory app>atus is a slightly modifi$ epi!lium1 :i* l9es an olfactory *amb] deeply seat$ betwe5 ! orbits 9 adult human be+s4 ,b1 if we trace back ! nasal *amb]s to _! orig9 9 ! embryo1 we f9d1 t1 to beg9 )1 !y are m]e depressions ( ! sk9 ( ! =e "p ( ! head1 l9$ by a cont9uation ( ! g5]al epid]mis4 ,^! depressions become pits1 & ! pits1 by ! gr[? ( ! adjac5t p>ts1 gradually acquire ! position :i* !y f9ally occupy4 ,! olfactory organ1 !re=e1 is a specially modifi$ "p ( ! g5]al integum5t4 ,! human e> w\ld seem to pres5t great] difficulties4 ,= ! ess5tial "p ( ! s5se organ1 9 ?is case1 is ! membran\s labyr9?1 a bag ( complicat$ =m1 :i* lies buri$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! floor ( ! skull1 & is surr\nd$ by d5se & solid bone4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 rec\rse to ! /udy ( developm5t readily unravels ! my/]y4 ,%ortly aft] ! "t :5 ! olfactory organ appe>s1 z a depression ( ! sk9 on ! side ( ! =e "p ( ! head1 ! auditory organ appe>s z a simil> depression on ! side ( its back "p4 ,! depression1 rapidly deep5+1 becomes a small p\*2 & !n1 ! communication ) ! ext]ior becom+ %ut (f1 ! p\* is conv]t$ into a clos$ bag1 ! epi!lial l9+ ( :i* is a "p ( ! g5]al epid]mis segregat$ f ! re/4 ,! adjac5t tissues1 *ang+ fir/ into c>tilage & !n into bone1 enclose ! auditory sac 9 a /rong case1 9 :i* x und]goes its fur!r metamorphoses2 :ile ! drum1 ! e> bones1 & ! ext]nal e>1 are sup]add$ by no less extraord9>y modifications ( ! adjac5t p>ts4 ,/ill m m>vell\s is ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! organ ( vision4 ,9 ! place ( ! eye1 z 9 t ( ! nose & t ( ! e>1 ! "y embryo pres5ts a depression ( ! g5]al integum5t2 b1 9 man & ! high] animals1 ?is does n give rise to ! prop] s5sory organ1 b only to "p ( ! accessory /ructures conc]n$ 9 vision4 ,9 fact1 ?is depression1 deep5+ & becom+ conv]t$ into a %ut sac1 produces only ! cornea1 ! aque\s hum\r1 & ! cry/all9e l5s ( ! p]fect eye4 ,! ret9a is add$ to ?is by ! outgr[? ( ! wall ( a portion ( ! bra9 into a sort ( bag1 or sac1 ) a n>r[ neck1 ! convex bottom ( :i* is turn$ outw>ds1 or t[>ds ! cry/all9e l5s4 ,z ! developm5t ( ! eye proce$s1 ! convex bottom ( ! bag becomes pu%$ 91 s t x gradually oblit]ates ! cavity ( ! sac1 ! previ\sly convex wall ( :i* becomes deeply concave4 ,! sac ( ! bra9 is n[ l a d\ble nightcap ready = ! head1 b ! place :i* ! head w\ld occupy is tak5 by ! vitre\s hum\r1 :ile ! lay] ( nightcap next x becomes ! ret9a4 ,! cells ( ?is lay] :i* lie f>!/ f ! vitre\s hum\r1 or1 9 o!r words1 b\nd ! orig9al cavity ( ! sac1 are metamorphos$ into ! rods & cones4 ,suppose n[ t ! sac ( ! bra9 c\ld be br\ght back to its orig9al =m2 !n ! rods & cones w\ld =m "p ( ! l9+ ( a side p\* ( ! bra94 ,b "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful revelations ( embryology is ! pro( ( ! fact t ! bra9 itself is1 at its fir/ beg9n+1 m]ely an infold+ ( ! epid]mic lay] ( ! g5]al integum5t4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! rods & cones ( ! v]tebrate eye are modifi$ epid]mic cells1 z mu* z ! cry/all9e cones ( ! insect or cru/acean eye are2 & t ! inv]sion ( ! position ( ! =m] 9 relation to light arises simply f ! r\ndab\t way 9 :i* ! v]tebrate ret9a is develop$4 ,?us all ! high] s5se organs />t f "o f\ndation1 & ! receptive epi!lium ( ! eye1 or ( ! e>1 is z mu* modifi$ epid]mis z is t ( ! nose4 ,! /ructural unity ( ! s5se organs is ! morphological p>allel to _! id5tity ( physiological function1 :i*1 z we h se51 is to be impress$ by c]ta9 modes ( motion2 & !y are f9e or co>se1 9 proportion to ! delicacy or ! /r5g? ( ! impulses by :i* !y are to be affect$4 ,9 ultimate analysis1 !n1 x appe>s t a s5sation is ! equival5t 9 t]ms ( consci\sness = a mode ( motion ( ! matt] ( ! s5sorium4 ,b1 if inquiry is pu%$ a /age f>!r1 & ! "q is ask$1 ,:at !n d we "k ab\t matt] & motion8 !re is b "o reply possible4 ,all t we "k ab\t motion is t x is a "n = c]ta9 *anges 9 ! relations ( our visual1 tactile1 & muscul> s5sations2 & all t we "k ab\t matt] is t x is ! hypo!tical sub/ance ( physical ph5om5a--! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* is z pure a piece ( metaphysical speculation z is t ( ! exi/5ce ( ! sub/ance ( m9d4 ,our s5sations1 our pleasures1 our pa9s1 & ! relations ( ^!1 make up ! sum total ( ! elem5ts ( positive1 unque/ionable k4 ,we call a l>ge section ( ^! s5sations & _! relations matt] & motion2 ! re/ we t]m m9d & ?9k+2 & exp]i5ce %[s t !re is a c]ta9 con/ant ord] ( succession betwe5 "s ( ! =m] & "s ( ! latt]4 ,?is is all t j metaphysical criticism leaves ( ! idols set up by ! spuri\s metaphysics ( vulg> common s5se4 ,x is consi/5t ei!r ) pure ,mat]ialism1 or ) pure ,idealism1 b x is nei!r4 ,= ! ,ideali/1 n cont5t ) decl>+ ! tru? t our k is limit$ to facts ( consci\sness1 affirms ! :olly unprovable proposition t no?+ exi/s beyond ^! & ! sub/ance ( m9d4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,mat]iali/1 hold+ by ! tru? t1 = any?+ t appe>s to ! contr>y1 mat]ial ph5om5a are ! causes ( m5tal ph5om5a1 ass]ts 8 unprovable dogma1 t mat]ial ph5om5a & ! sub/ance ( matt] are ! sole prim>y exi/5ces4 ,/rike out ! propositions ab\t :i* nei!r controv]siali/ does or c "k any?+1 & !re is no?+ left = !m to qu>rel ab\t4 ,make a des]t ( ! ,unkn[able1 & ! div9e ,a/ra ( philosophic peace w comm5ce h] bless$ reign4 ,,xi4 ,,evolution ,,9 ,,biology4 ,9 ! =m] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! t]m 8evolution0 0 introduc$ into biological writ+s1 9 ord] to d5ote ! mode 9 :i* "s ( ! mo/ em95t physiologi/s ( t "t conceiv$ t ! g5]ation ( liv+ ?+s took place2 9 opposition to ! hypo!sis advocat$1 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 by ,h>vey 9 t rem>kable "w#fc :i* w\ld give him a claim to rank among ! f\nd]s ( biological sci5ce1 ev5 _h he n be5 ! discov]] ( ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,"o ( ,h>vey's prime objects is to def5d & e/abli%1 on ! basis ( direct obs]vation1 ! op9ion already held by ,ari/otle2 t1 9 ! high] animals at any rate1 ! =mation ( ! new organism by ! process ( g5]ation takes place1 n sudd5ly1 by simultane\s accretion ( rudim5ts ( all1 or ( ! mo/ important1 ( ! organs ( ! adult2 nor by sudd5 metamorphosis ( a =mative sub/ance into a m9iature ( ! :ole1 :i* subsequ5tly gr[s2 b by epig5esis1 or successive diff]5tiation ( a relatively homog5e\s rudim5t into ! p>ts & /ructures :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! adult4 8,et prim1 quidem1 quoniam p] epig5es9 sive p>tium sup]exori5tium additam5tum pullum fabric>i c]tum e/3 qunam p>s ante alias omnes ex/ruatur1 et quid de illa ejusque g5]&i modo obs]v&um v5iat1 dispiciemus4 ,ratum sane e/ et 9 ovo manife/ app>et quod ,ari/oteles de p]fectorum animalium g5]atione enuntiat3 nimirum1 non omnes p>tes simul fi]i1 s$ ord9e aliam po/ aliam2 primmque exi/]e p>ticulam g5italem1 cujus virtute po/ea 7tanquam ex pr9cipio quodam7 reliqu omnes p>tes prosiliant4 ,qualem 9 plant>um sem9ibus 7fabis1 put1 aut gl&ibus7 gemmam sive apicem protub]antem c]nimus1 totius futur arboris pr9cipium4 ,e/que hc p>ticula velut filius emancipatus seorsumque collocatus1 et pr9cipium p] se viv5s2 unde po/ea membrorum ordo describitur2 et qucunque ad absolv5dum animal p]t95t1 disponuntur4#fd ,quoniam enim nulla p>s se ipsam g5]at2 s$ po/quam g5]ata e/1 se ipsam jam auget2 ideo eam primm oriri necesse e/1 qu pr9cipium aug5di cont9eat 7sive enim planta1 sive animal e/1 que omnibus ine/ quod vim habeat veget&i1 sive nutri5di71#fe simulque reliquas omnes p>tes suo quamque ord9e di/+uat et =met2 pro9deque 9 eadem primog5ita p>ticula anima prim>io ine/1 s5sus1 motusque1 et totius vit auctor et pr9cipium40 7,ex]citatio #ea47 ,h>vey proce$s to contra/ ?is view ) t ( ! 8,m$ici10 or foll[]s ( ,hippocrates & ,gal51 :o1 8badly philosophis+10 imag9$ t ! bra91 ! he>t1 & ! liv] 7 simultane\sly fir/ g5]at$ 9 ! =m ( vesicles2 &1 at ! same "t1 :ile express+ 8 agreem5t ) ,ari/otle 9 ! pr9ciple ( epig5esis1 he ma9ta9s t x is ! blood :i* is ! primal g5]ative "p1 & n1 z ,ari/otle ?\ght1 ! he>t4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! doctr9e ( epig5esis1 ?us advocat$ by ,h>vey1 0 controv]t$1 on ! gr\nd ( direct obs]vation1 by ,malpighi1 :o affirm$ t ! body ( ! *ick is to be se5 9 ! egg1 be=e ! punctum sangu9eum makes its appe>ance4 ,b1 f ?is p]fectly correct obs]vation a conclusion :i* is by no means w>rant$ 0 drawn2 namely1 t ! *ick1 z a :ole1 really exi/s 9 ! egg antec$5tly to incubation2 & t :at happ5s 9 ! c\rse ( ! latt] process is no addition ( new p>ts1 8alias po/ alias natas10 z ,h>vey puts x1 b a simple expansion1 or unfold+1 ( ! organs :i* already exi/1 ?\gh !y are too small & inconspicu\s to be discov]$4 ,! weight ( ,malpighi's obs]vations !re=e fell into ! scale ( t doctr9e :i* ,h>vey t]ms metamorphosis1 9 contradi/9ction to epig5esis4 ,! views ( ,malpighi 7 w>mly welcom$1 on philosophical gr\nds1 by ,leibnitz1#ff :o f\nd 9 !m a support to 8 hypo!sis ( monads1 & by ,malebran*e2#fg :ile1 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 n only speculative consid]ations1 b a great numb] ( new & int]e/+ obs]vations on ! ph5om5a ( g5]ation1 l$ ! +5i\s ,bonnet1 & ,hall]1#fh ! fir/ physiologi/ ( ! age1 to adopt1 advocate1 & ext5d !m4 ,bonnet affirms t1 be=e fecundation1 ! h5's egg conta9s an excessively m9ute b complete *ick2 & t fecundation & incubation simply cause ?is g]m to absorb nutriti\s matt]s1 :i* are deposit$ 9 ! int]/ices ( ! elem5t>y /ructures ( :i* ! m9iature *ick1 or g]m1 is made up4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is intussusceptive gr[? is ! 8developm5t0 or 8evolution0 ( ! g]m into ! visible bird4 ,?us an organis$ individual 7t\t organis7 8is a composite body consi/+ ( ! orig9al1 or elem5t>y1 p>ts & ( ! matt]s :i* h be5 associat$ ) !m by ! aid ( nutrition20 s t1 if ^! matt]s c\ld be extract$ f ! individual 7t\t71 x w\ld1 s to speak1 become conc5trat$ 9 a po9t1 & w\ld ?us be re/or$ to its primitive condition ( a g]m2 8j z by extract+ f a bone ! calc>e\s sub/ance :i* is ! s\rce ( its h>dness1 x is r$uc$ to its primitive /ate ( gri/le or membrane40#fi 8,evolution0 & 8developm5t0 are1 = ,bonnet1 synonym\s t]ms2 & s9ce by 8evolution0 he means simply ! expansion ( t :i* 0 invisible into visibility1 he 0 naturally l$ to ! conclusion1 at :i* ,leibnitz _h arriv$ by a diff]5t l9e ( reason+1 t no su* ?+ z g5]ation1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 exi/s 9 nature4 ,! gr[? ( an organic be+ is simply a process ( enl>gem5t1 z a p>ticle ( dry gelat9e may be swell$ up by ! intussusception ( wat]2 its dea? is a %r9kage1 su* z ! swell$ jelly might und]go on desiccation4 ,no?+ really new is produc$ 9 ! liv+ _w1 b ! g]ms :i* develop h exi/$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ?+s2 & no?+ really dies1 b1 :5 :at we call dea? takes place1 ! liv+ ?+ %r9ks back into its g]m /ate4#gj ,! two p>ts ( ,bonnet's hypo!sis1 namely1 ! doctr9e t all liv+ ?+s proce$ f pre-exi/+ g]ms1 & t ^! conta91 "o inclos$ )9 ! o!r1 ! g]ms ( all future liv+ ?+s1 :i* is ! hypo!sis ( 8embotem5t20 & ! doctr9e t e g]m conta9s 9 m9iature all ! organs ( ! adult1 :i* is ! hypo!sis ( evolution or developm5t1 9 ! prim>y s5ses ( ^! words1 mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$4 ,9 fact1 :ile hold+ firmly by ! =m]1 ,bonnet m or less modifi$ ! latt] 9 8 lat] writ+s1 &1 at l5g?1 he admits t a 8g]m0 ne$ n be an actual m9iature ( ! organism2 b t x may be m]ely an 8orig9al pre=mation0 capable ( produc+ ! latt]4#ga ,b1 ?us def9$1 ! g]m is nei!r m nor less ?an ! 8p>ticula g5italis0 ( ,ari/otle1 or ! 8primordium vegetale0 or 8ovum0 ( ,h>vey2 & ! 8evolution0 ( su* a g]m w\ld n be di/+ui%able f 8epig5esis40 ,support$ by ! great au?ority ( ,hall]1 ! doctr9e ( evolution1 or developm5t1 prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ,cuvi] appe>s to h sub/antially adopt$ ,bonnet's lat] views1 ?\gh probably he w\ld n h gone all l5g?s 9 ! direction ( 8embotem5t40 ,9 a well-kn[n note to ,laurill>ds' 8loge10 prefix$ to ! la/ edition ( ! 8,ossem5s fossiles10 ! 8radical de l'tre0 is mu* ! same ?+ z ,ari/otle's 8p>ticula g5italis0 & ,h>vey's 8ovum40#gb ,bonnet's em95t contempor>y1 ,buffon1 held ne>ly ! same views ) respect to ! nature ( ! g]m1 & expresses !m ev5 m confid5tly4#gc 8,ceux qui ont cru que le cur toit le premi] =m1 se sont tromps2 ceux qui dis5t que c'e/ le sang se tromp5t aussi3 t\t e/ =m en mme temps4 ,si l'on ne consulte que l'obs]vation1 le p\let se voit dans l'uf avant qui'il ait t c\v40 8,j'ai ouv]t une gr&e quantit d'ufs diff]5s temps avant et aprs l'incubation1 et je me suis conva9cu p> mes yeux que le p\let exi/e en enti] dans le milieu de la cicatricule au mom5t qu'il sort du corps de la p\le40#gd ,! 8m\le intrieur0 ( ,buffon is ! aggregate ( elem5t>y p>ts :i* con/itute ! individual1 & is ?us ! equival5t ( ,bonnet's g]m1#ge z def9$ 9 ! passage cit$ above4 ,b ,buffon fur!r imag9$ t innum]able 8molecules organiques0 are disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & t alim5tation consi/s 9 ! appropriation by ! p>ts ( an organism ( ^? molecules :i* are analog\s to !m4 ,gr[?1 !re=e1 01 on ?is hypo!sis1 a process p>tly ( simple evolution1 & p>tly ( :at has be5 t]m$ 8syng5esis40 ,buffon's op9ion is1 9 fact1 a sort ( comb9ation ( views1 ess5tially simil> to ^? ( ,bonnet1 ) o!rs1 some:at simil> to ^? ( ! 8,m$ici0 :om ,h>vey condemns4 ,! 8molecules organiques0 are physical equival5ts ( ,leibnitz's 8monads40 ,x is a /rik+ example ( ! difficulty ( gett+ p to use _! own p[]s ( inve/igation accurately1 t ?is =m ( ! doctr9e ( evolution %\ld h held its gr\nd s long2 = x 0 ?or\ghly & completely explod$1 n long aft] its enunciation1 by ,casp> ,fri$]i* ,wolff1 :o 9 8 8,!oria ,g5]ationis10 publi%$ 9 #agei1 plac$ ! opposite !ory ( epig5esis ^u ! secure f\ndation ( fact1 f :i* x has nev] be5 displac$4 ,b ,wolff _h no imm$iate successors4 ,! s*ool ( ,cuvi] 0 lam5tably defici5t 9 embryologi/s2 & x 0 only 9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ ?irty ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury1 t ,prvo/ & ,dumas 9 ,france1 &1 lat] on1 ,dll+]1 ,p&]1 ,von ,br1 ,ra?ke1 & ,remak 9 ,g]many1 f\nd$ mod]n embryology2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 !y prov$ ! utt] incompatibility ( ! hypo!sis ( evolution1 z =mulat$ by ,bonnet & ,hall]1 ) easily demon/rable facts4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh ! conceptions orig9ally d5ot$ by 8evolution0 & 8developm5t0 7 %[n to be unt5able1 ! words reta9$ _! application to ! process by :i* ! embryos ( liv+ be+s gradually make _! appe>ance2 & ! t]ms 8,developm5t10 8,entwickelung10 & 8,evolutio10 are n[ indiscrim9ately us$ = ! s]ies ( g5etic *anges exhibit$ by liv+ be+s1 by writ]s :o w\ld emphatically d5y t 8,developm5t0 or 8,entwickelung0 or 8,evolutio10 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ^! words 7 usually employ$ by ,bonnet or by ,hall]1 ev] occurs4 ,evolution1 or developm5t1 is1 9 fact1 at pres5t employ$ 9 biology z a g5]al "n = ! hi/ory ( ! /eps by :i* any liv+ be+ has acquir$ ! morphological & ! physiological *>act]s :i* di/+ui% x4 ,z civil hi/ory may be divid$ into biography1 :i* is ! hi/ory ( individuals1 & univ]sal hi/ory1 :i* is ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 s evolution falls naturally into two categories1--! evolution ( ! individual1 & ! evolution ( ! sum ( liv+ be+s4 ,x w be conv5i5t to deal ) ! mod]n doctr9e ( evolution "u ^! two heads4 ,i4 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,individual4 ,no exception is1 at ?is "t1 kn[n to ! g5]al law1 e/abli%$ ^u an imm5se multitude ( direct obs]vations1 t e liv+ ?+ is evolv$ f a p>ticle ( matt] 9 :i* no trace ( ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( ! adult =m ( t liv+ ?+ is disc]nible4 ,?is p>ticle is t]m$ a g]m4 ,h>vey#gf says-- 8,omnibus viv5tibus primordium insit1 ex quo et a quo prov5iant4 ,liceat hoc nobis primordium vegetale nom9>e2 nempe sub/antiam qu&am corpoream vitam hab5tem pot5ti2 vel quoddam p] se exi/5s1 quod aptum sit1 9 vegetativam =mam1 ab int]no pr9cipio op]ante1 mut>i4 ,quale nempe primordium1 ovum e/ et plant>um sem52 tale etiam vivip>orum conceptus1 et insectorum v]mis ab ,ari/otele dictus3 div]sa scilicet div]sorum viv5tium primordia40 ,! def9ition ( a g]m z 8matt] pot5tially alive1 & hav+ )9 itself ! t5d5cy to assume a def9ite liv+ =m10 appe>s to meet all ! requirem5ts ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,=1 not)/&+ x might be ju/ly que/ion$ :e!r a g]m is n m]ely pot5tially1 b r actually1 alive1 ?\gh its vital manife/ations are r$uc$ to a m9imum1 ! t]m 8pot5tial0 may fairly be us$ 9 a s5se broad en\gh to escape ! objection4 ,& ! qualification ( 8pot5tial0 has ! advantage ( rem9d+ u t ! great *>act]i/ic ( ! g]m is n s mu* :at x is1 b :at x may1 "u suitable conditions1 become4 ,h>vey %>$ ! belief ( ,ari/otle--^: writ+s he s (t5 quotes1 & ( :om he speaks z 8 precursor & model1 ) ! g5]\s respect ) :i* "o g5u9e work] %\ld reg>d ano!r--t su* g]ms may arise by a process ( 8equivocal g5]ation0 out ( n-liv+ matt]2 & ! aphorism s commonly ascrib$ to him1 8omne vivum ex ovo10 & :i* is inde$ a fair summ>y ( 8 reit]at$ ass]tions1 ?\gh incessantly employ$ aga9/ ! mod]n advocates ( spontane\s g5]ation1 c be hone/ly s us$ only by ^? :o h nev] read a score ( pages ( ! 8,ex]citationes40 ,h>vey1 9 fact1 believ$ z implicitly z ,ari/otle did 9 ! equivocal g5]ation ( ! l[] animals4 ,b1 :ile ! c\rse ( mod]n inve/igation has only br\ght out into great] prom95ce ! accuracy ( ,h>vey's conception ( ! nature & mode ( developm5t ( g]ms1 x has z di/9ctly t5d$ to disprove ! occurr5ce ( equivocal g5]ation1 or abiog5esis1 9 ! pres5t c\rse ( nature4 ,9 ! imm5se majority ( bo? plants & animals1 x is c]ta9 t ! g]m is n m]ely a body 9 :i* life is dormant or pot5tial1 b t x is itself simply a deta*$ portion ( ! sub/ance ( a pre-exi/+ liv+ body2 & ! evid5ce has yet to be adduc$ :i* w satisfy any cauti\s reason] t 8omne vivum ex vivo0 is n z well-e/abli%$ a law ( ! exi/+ c\rse ( nature z 8omne vivum ex ovo40 ,9 all in/ances :i* h yet be5 inve/igat$1 ! sub/ance ( ?is g]m has a peculi> *emical composition1 consi/+ ( at fewe/ f\r elem5t>y bodies1 viz4 c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog51 unit$ into ! ill-def9$ comp\nd kn[n z prote91 & associat$ ) mu* wat]1 & v g5]ally1 if n always1 ) sulphur & phosphorus 9 m9ute proportions4 ,moreov]1 up to ! pres5t "t1 prote9 is kn[n only z a product & con/itu5t ( liv+ matt]4 ,aga91 a true g]m is ei!r devoid ( any /ructure disc]nible by optical means1 or1 at mo/1 x is a simple nucleat$ cell4#gg ,9 all cases1 ! process ( evolution consi/s 9 a succession ( *anges ( ! =m1 /ructure1 & functions ( ! g]m1 by :i* x passes1 /ep by /ep1 f an extreme simplicity1 or relative homog5eity1 ( visible /ructure1 to a great] or less degree ( complexity or het]og5eity2 & ! c\rse ( progressive diff]5tiation is usually accompani$ by gr[?1 :i* is effect$ by intussusception4 ,?is intussusception1 h[ev]1 is a v diff]5t process f t imag9$ ei!r by ,buffon1 or by ,bonnet4 ,! sub/ance by ! addition ( :i* ! g]m is enl>g$ is1 9 no case1 simply absorb$ ready-made f ! n-liv+ _w & pack$ betwe5 ! elem5t>y con/itu5ts ( ! g]m1 z ,bonnet imag9$2 /ill less does x consi/ ( ! 8molecules organiques0 ( ,buffon4 ,! new mat]ial is1 9 great measure1 n only absorb$ b assimilat$1 s t x becomes "p & p>cel ( ! molecul> /ructure ( ! liv+ body into :i* x ent]s4 ,&1 s f> f ! fully develop$ organism be+ simply ! g]m plus ! nutrim5t :i* x has absorb$1 x is probable t ! adult conta9s nei!r 9 =m1 nor 9 sub/ance1 m ?an an inappreciable fraction ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! g]m1 & t x is almo/1 if n :olly1 made up ( assimilat$ & metamorphos$ nutrim5t4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases1 at any rate1 ! full-gr[n organism becomes :at x is by ! absorption ( n-liv+ matt]1 & its conv]sion into liv+ matt] ( a specific type4 ,z ,h>vey says 7,ex4 #de71 all p>ts ( ! body are n\ri%$ 8ab eodem succo alibili1 alit] alit]que cambiato10 8ut plant omnes ex eodem communi nutrim5to 7sive rore seu t]r humore740 ,9 all animals & plants1 above ! l[e/1 ! g]m is a nucleat$ cell1 us+ t t]m 9 its broade/ s5se2 & ! fir/ /ep 9 ! process ( ! evolution ( ! individual is ! division ( ?is cell into two or m portions4 ,! process ( division is repeat$1 until ! organism1 f be+ unicellul>1 becomes multicellul>4 ,! s+le cell becomes a cell-aggregate2 & x is to ! gr[? & metamorphosis ( ! cells ( ! cell-aggregate ?us produc$1 t all ! organs & tissues ( ! adult owe _! orig94 ,9 c]ta9 animals belong+ to e "o ( ! *ief gr\ps into :i* ! ,metazoa are divisible1 ! cells ( ! cell-aggregate :i* results f ! process ( yelk-division1 & :i* is t]m$ a morula1 div]ge f "o ano!r 9 su* a mann] z to give rise to a c5tral space1 ar\nd :i* !y dispose !mselves z a coat or envelope2 & ?us ! morula becomes a vesicle fill$ ) fluid1 ! planula4 ,! wall ( ! planula is next pu%$ 9 on "o side1 or invag9at$1 :]eby x is conv]t$ into a d\ble-wall$ sac ) an op5+1 ! bla/opore1 :i* leads into ! cavity l9$ by ! inn] wall4 ,?is cavity is ! primitive alim5t>y cavity or ar*5t]on2 ! inn]1 or invag9at$1 lay] is ! hypobla/1 ! out] ! epibla/2 & ! embryo1 9 ?is /age1 is t]m$ a ga/rula4 ,9 all ! high] animals1 a lay] ( cells makes its appe>ance betwe5 ! hypobla/ & ! epibla/1 & is t]m$ ! mesobla/4 ,9 ! fur!r c\rse ( developm5t1 ! epibla/ becomes ! ectod]m or epid]mic lay] ( ! body2 ! hypobla/ becomes ! epi!lium ( ! middle portion ( ! alim5t>y canal2 & ! mesobla/ gives rise to all ! o!r tissues1 except ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 :i* orig9ates f an +r[? ( ! epibla/4 ,) m or less modification 9 detail1 ! embryo has be5 obs]v$ to pass ?r\gh ^! successive evolutional /ages 9 sundry ,sponges1 ,cl5t]ates1 ,worms1 ,e*9od]ms1 ,tunicates1 ,ar?ropods1 ,mollusks1 & ,v]tebrates2 & !re are valid reasons = ! belief1 t all animals ( high] organisation ?an ! ,protozoa agree 9 ! g5]al "* ( ! e>ly /ages ( _! individual evolution4 ,ea*1 />t+ f ! condition ( a simple nucleat$ cell1 becomes a cell-aggregate2 & ?is passes ?r\gh a condition :i* repres5ts ! ga/rula /age1 be=e tak+ on ! features di/9ctive ( ! gr\p to :i* x belongs4 ,/at$ 9 ?is =m1 ! 8ga/ra !ory0 ( ,haeckel appe>s to ! pres5t writ] to be "o ( ! mo/ important & be/ f\nd$ ( rec5t g5]alisations4 ,s f> z individual plants & animals are conc]n$1 !re=e1 evolution is n a speculation b a fact2 & x takes place by epig5esis4 8,animal 444 p] epig5es9 procreatur1 mat]iam simul attrahit1 p>at1 concoquit1 et edem utitur2 =matur simul et augetur 444 primum futuri corporis concrem5tum 444 pr\t augetur1 dividitur s5sim et di/+uitur 9 p>tes1 non simul omnes1 s$ alias po/ alias natas1 et ord9e quasque suo em]g5tes40#gh ,9 ^! words1 by ! div9ation ( g5ius1 ,h>vey1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 summ$ up ! outcome ( ! "w ( all ^? :o1 ) appliances he c\ld n dream (1 are cont9u+ 8 lab\rs 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh ! doctr9e ( epig5esis1 z und]/ood by ,h>vey1 has def9itively triumph$ ov] ! doctr9e ( evolution1 z und]/ood by 8 oppon5ts ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 x is n impossible t1 :5 ! analysis ( ! process ( developm5t is c>ri$ /ill f>!r1 & ! orig9 ( ! molecul> compon5ts ( ! physically gross1 ?\gh s5sibly m9ute1 bodies :i* we t]m g]ms is trac$1 ! !ory ( developm5t w approa* m ne>ly to metamorphosis ?an to epig5esis4 ,h>vey ?\ght t impregnation influ5c$ ! female organism z a contagion2 & t ! blood1 :i* he conceiv$ to be ! fir/ rudim5t ( ! g]m1 arose 9 ! cle> fluid ( ! 8colliquam5tum0 ( ! ovum by a process ( concresc5ce1 z a sort ( liv+ precipitate4 ,we n[ "k1 on ! contr>y1 t ! female g]m or ovum1 9 all ! high] animals & plants1 is a body :i* possesses ! /ructure ( a nucleat$ cell2 t impregnation consi/s 9 ! fusion ( ! sub/ance#gi ( ano!r m or less modifi$ nucleat$ cell1 ! male g]m1 ) ! ovum2 & t ! /ructural compon5ts ( ! body ( ! embryo are all d]iv$1 by a process ( division1 f ! coalesc$ male & female g]ms4 ,h5ce x is conceivable1 & inde$ probable1 t e "p ( ! adult conta9s molecules1 d]iv$ bo? f ! male & f ! female p>5t2 & t1 reg>d$ z a mass ( molecules1 ! entire organism may be comp>$ to a web ( :i* ! w>p is d]iv$ f ! female & ! wo( f ! male4 ,& ea* ( ^! may con/itute "o individuality1 9 ! same s5se z ! :ole organism is "o individual1 al?\gh ! matt] ( ! organism has be5 con/antly *ang+4 ,! primitive male & female molecules may play ! "p ( ,buffon's 8m\les organiques10 & m\ld ! assimilat$ nutrim5t1 ea* accord+ to its own type1 into innum]able new molecules4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! process1 :i*1 9 its sup]ficial aspect1 is epig5esis1 appe>s 9 ess5ce1 to be evolution1 9 ! modifi$ s5se adopt$ 9 ,bonnet's lat] writ+s2 & developm5t is m]ely ! expansion ( a pot5tial organism or 8orig9al pre=mation0 accord+ to fix$ laws4 ,,ii4 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,sum ( ,liv+ ,be+s4 ,! notion t all ! k9ds ( animals & plants may h come into exi/5ce by ! gr[? & modification ( primordial g]ms is z old z speculative ?\ght2 b ! mod]n sci5tific =m ( ! doctr9e c be trac$ hi/orically to ! influ5ce ( sev]al conv]g+ l9es ( philosophical speculation & ( physical obs]vation1 none ( :i* g f>!r back ?an ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,^! are3-- #a4 ,! enunciation by ,desc>tes ( ! conception t ! physical univ]se1 :e!r liv+ or n liv+1 is a me*anism1 & t1 z su*1 x is explicable on physical pr9ciples4 #b4 ,! obs]vation ( ! gradations ( /ructure1 f extreme simplicity to v great complexity1 pres5t$ by liv+ ?+s1 & ( ! relation ( ^! graduat$ =ms to "o ano!r4 #c4 ,! obs]vation ( ! exi/5ce ( an analogy betwe5 ! s]ies ( gradations pres5t$ by ! species :i* compose any great gr\p ( animals or plants1 & ! s]ies ( embryonic conditions ( ! highe/ memb]s ( t gr\p4 #d4 ,! obs]vation t l>ge gr\ps ( species ( widely diff]5t habits pres5t ! same fundam5tal plan ( /ructure2 & t p>ts ( ! same animal or plant1 ! functions ( :i* are v diff]5t1 likewise exhibit modifications ( a common plan4 #e4 ,! obs]vation ( ! exi/5ce ( /ructures1 9 a rudim5t>y & app>5tly useless condition1 9 "o species ( a gr\p1 :i* are fully develop$ & h def9ite functions 9 o!r species ( ! same gr\p4 #f4 ,! obs]vation ( ! effects ( v>y+ conditions 9 modify+ liv+ organisms4 #g4 ,! obs]vation ( ! facts ( geographical di/ribution4 #h4 ,! obs]vation ( ! facts ( ! geological succession ( ! =ms ( life4 #a4 ,not)/&+ ! elaborate disguise :i* fe> ( ! p[]s t 7 l$ ,desc>tes to ?r[ ov] 8 real op9ions1 x is impossible to read ! 8,pr9cipes de la ,philosophie0 )\t acquir+ ! conviction t ?is great philosoph] held t ! physical _w & all ?+s 9 x1 :e!r liv+ or n liv+1 h orig9at$ by a process ( evolution1 due to ! cont9u\s op]ation ( purely physical causes1 out ( a primitive relatively =mless matt]4#hj ,! foll[+ passage is especially in/ructive3-- 8,et tant s'en faut que je veuille que l'on croie t\tes les *oses que j'crirai1 que mme je pret5ds en propos] ici quelques unes que je crois absolum5t tre fausses2 savoir1 je ne d\te po9t que le monde n'ait t cr au comm5cem5t avec autant de p]fection qu'il en a2 en sorte que le soleil1 la t]re1 la lune1 et les toiles ont t ds lors2 et que la t]re n'a pas eu seulem5t en soi les sem5ces des plantes1 mais que les plantes mme en ont c\v]t une p>tie2 et qu',adam et ,eve n'ont pas t crs enfans mais en ge d'hommes p>faits4 ,la religion *rti5ne veut que n\s le croyons a9si1 et la raison naturelle n\s p]suade entirem5t cette vrit2 c> si n\s considrons la t\te puissance de ,dieu1 n\s devons jug] que t\t ce qu'il a fait a eu ds le comm5cem5t t\te la p]fection qu'il devoit avoir4 ,mais nanmo9s1 comme on connitroit beauc\p mieux quelle a t la nature d',adam et celle des arbres de ,p>adis si on avoit exam9 comm5t les enfants se =m5t peu peu dans le v5tre de leurs mres et comm5t les plantes sort5t de leurs sem5ces1 que si on avoit seulem5t considr quels ils ont t qu& ,dieu les a crs3 t\t de mme1 n\s f]ons mieux ent5dre quelle e/ gnralem5t la nature de t\tes les *oses qui sont au monde si n\s p\vons imag9] quelques pr9cipes qui soi5t =t intelligibles et =t simples1 desquels n\s puissions voir clairem5t que les a/res et la t]re et enf9 t\t ce monde visible auroit pu tre produit a9si que de quelques sem5ces 7bi5 que n\s sa*ions qu'il n'a pas t produit en cette faon7 que si n\s la decrivions seulem5t comme il e/1 ou bi5 comme n\s croyons qu'il a t cr4 ,et p>ceque je p5se avoir tr\v des pr9cipes qui sont tels1 je ta*]ai ici de les expliqu]40#ha ,if we read betwe5 ! l9es ( ?is s+ul> exhibition ( =ce ( "o k9d & weakness ( ano!r1 x is cle> t ,desc>tes believ$ t he _h div9$ ! mode 9 :i* ! physical univ]se _h be5 evolv$2 & ! 8,trait de l'homme10 & ! essay 8,sur les ,passions0 af=d abundant additional evid5ce t he s\ght =1 & ?\ght he _h f\nd1 an explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( physical life by d$uction f purely physical laws4 ,sp9oza ab\nds 9 ! same s5se1 & is z usual p]fectly c&id-- 8,natur leges et regul1 secundum quas omnia fiunt et ex unis =mis 9 alias mutantur1 sunt ubique et semp] eadem40#hb ,leibnitz's doctr9e ( cont9uity necess>ily l$ him 9 ! same direction2 &1 ( ! inf9ite multitude ( monads ) :i* he peopl$ ! _w1 ea* is suppos$ to be ! focus ( an endless process ( evolution & involution4 ,9 ! 8,protoga10 xxvi41 ,leibnitz di/9ctly sugge/s ! mutability ( species-- 8,alii mirantur 9 saxis passim species vid]i quas vel 9 orbe cognito1 vel saltem 9 vic9is locis fru/ra quras4 ,ita 8,cornua ,ammonis10 qu ex nautilorum num]o habeantur1 passim et =ma et magnitud9e 7nam et p$ali diametro aliqu&o rep]iuntur7 ab omnibus illis naturis discrep>e dicunt1 quas prbet m>e4 ,s$ quis absconditos ejus recessus aut subt]raneas abyssos p]ve/igavit8 quam multa nobis animalia antea ignota (f]t novus orbis8 ,et cr$ibile e/ p] magnas illas conv]siones etiam animalium species plurimum immutatas40 ,?us1 9 ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! se$ 0 s[n :i* has1 at int]vals1 br\ght =? recurr5t crops ( evolutional hypo!ses1 bas$1 m or less completely1 on g5]al reason+s4 ,among ! e>lie/ ( ^! speculations is t put =w>d by ,b5oit de ,maillet 9 8 8,telliam$10 :i*1 ?\gh pr9t$ 9 #agce1 0 n publi%$ until tw5ty-?ree ye>s lat]4 ,consid]+ t ?is book 0 writt5 be=e ! "t ( ,hall]1 or ,bonnet1 or ,l9nu1 or ,hutton1 x surely des]ves m respectful consid]ation ?an x usually receives4 ,= ,de ,maillet n only has a def9ite conception ( ! pla/icity ( liv+ ?+s1 & ( ! production ( exi/+ species by ! modification ( _! pr$ecessors2 b he cle>ly appreh5ds ! c>d9al maxim ( mod]n geological sci5ce1 t ! explanation ( ! /ructure ( ! globe is to be s\ght 9 ! d$uctive application to geological ph5om5a ( ! pr9ciples e/abli%$ inductively by ! /udy ( ! pres5t c\rse ( nature4 ,some:at lat]1 ,maup]tuis#hc sugge/$ a curi\s hypo!sis z to ! causes ( v>iation1 :i* he ?9ks may be suffici5t to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( all animals f a s+le pair4 ,rob9et#hd foll[$ out mu* ! same l9e ( ?\ght z ,de ,maillet1 b less sob]ly2 & ,bonnet's speculations 9 ! 8,pal+nsie10 :i* appe>$ 9 #agfi1 h already be5 m5tion$4 ,buffon 7#agec-aggh71 at fir/ a p>tisan ( ! absolute immutability ( species1 subsequ5tly appe>s to h believ$ t l>g] or small] gr\ps ( species h be5 produc$ by ! modification ( a primitive /ock2 b he contribut$ no?+ to ! g5]al doctr9e ( evolution4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 78,zoonomia10 #agid71 ?\gh a zeal\s evolutioni/1 c h>dly be said to h made any real advance on 8 pr$ecessors2 &1 not)/&+ t ,goe! 7#agia-d7 _h ! advantage ( a wide k ( morphological facts1 & a true insight into _! signification1 :ile he ?rew all ! p[] ( a great poet into ! expression ( 8 conceptions1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r he suppli$ ! doctr9e ( evolution ) a firm] sci5tific basis ?an x already possess$4 ,moreov]1 :atev] ! value ( ,goe!'s lab\rs 9 t field1 !y 7 n publi%$ be=e #ahbj1 long aft] evolutionism _h tak5 a new dep>ture f ! works ( ,treviranus & ,lam>ck--! fir/ ( its advocates :o 7 equipp$ = _! task ) ! ne$ful l>ge & accurate k ( ! ph5om5a ( life1 z a :ole4 ,x is rem>kable t ea* ( ^! writ]s seems to h be5 l$1 indep5d5tly & contemporane\sly1 to inv5t ! same "n ( 8,biology0 = ! sci5ce ( ! ph5om5a ( life2 & ?us1 foll[+ ,buffon1 to h recognis$ ! ess5tial unity ( ^! ph5om5a1 & _! contradi/9ction f ^? ( inanimate nature4 ,& x is h>d to say :e!r ,lam>ck or ,treviranus has ! priority 9 prop\nd+ ! ma9 !sis ( ! doctr9e ( evolution2 = ?\gh ! fir/ volume ( ,treviranus's 8,biologie0 appe>$ only 9 #ahjb1 he says1 9 ! preface to 8 lat] "w1 ! 8,ers*e9ung5 und ,gesetze des organis*5 ,leb5s10 dat$ #ahca1 t he wrote ! fir/ volume ( ! 8,biologie0 8ne>ly five-&-?irty ye>s ago10 or ab\t #agif4 ,n[1 9 #agid1 !re is evid5ce t ,lam>ck held doctr9es :i* pres5t a /rik+ contra/ to ^? :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! 8,philosophic ,zoologique10 z ! foll[+ passages %[3-- 8#fhe4 ,quoique mon unique objet dans cet article n'ait t que de trait] de la cause physique de l'entreti5 de la vie des tres organiques1 malgr cela j'ai os avanc] en dbutant1 que l'exi/5ce de ces tres tonnants n'app>ti5n5t nullem5t la nature2 que t\t ce qu'on peut ent5dre p> le mot nature1 ne p\voit donn] la vie1 c'e/--dire1 que t\tes les qualits de la matire1 jo9tes t\tes les circon/ances possibles1 et mme l'activit rp&ue dans l'univ]s1 ne p\vai5t po9t produire un tre muni du m\vem5t organique1 capable de reproduire son semblable1 et sujet la mort4 8#fhf4 ,t\s les individus de cette nature1 qui exi/5t1 provi5n5t d'individus semblables qui t\s ensemble con/itu5t l'espce entire4 ,or1 je crois qu'il e/ aussi impossible l'homme de connitre la cause physique du premi] individu de *aque espce1 que d'assign] aussi physiquem5t la cause de l'exi/5ce de la matire ou de l'univ]s enti]4 ,c'e/ au mo9s ce que le rsultat de mes connaissances et de mes rflexions me port5t p5s]4 ,s'il exi/e beauc\p de v>its produites p> l'effet des circon/ances1 ces v>its ne dnatur5t po9t les espces2 mais on se trompe1 sans d\te s\v5t1 en indiquant comme espce1 ce qui n'e/ que v>it2 et alors je s5s que cette erreur peut tir] consqu5ce dans les raisonnem5ts que l'on fait sur cette matire40#he ,! fir/ ?ree volumes ( ,treviranus's 8,biologie10 :i* conta9 8 g5]al views ( evolution1 appe>$ betwe5 #ahjb & #ahje4 ,! 8,re*]*es sur l'organisation des corps vivants10 9 :i* ! outl9es ( ,lam>ck's doctr9es are giv51 0 publi%$ 9 #ahjb2 b ! full developm5t ( 8 views1 9 ! 8,philosophie ,zoologique10 did n take place until #ahji4 ,! 8,biologie0 & ! 8,philosophie ,zoologique0 are bo? v rem>kable productions1 & are /ill wor?y ( att5tive /udy1 b !y fell ^u evil times4 ,! va/ au?ority ( ,cuvi] 0 employ$ 9 support ( ! traditionally respectable hypo!ses ( special creation & ( cata/rophism2 & ! wild speculations ( ! 8,disc\rs sur les ,rvolutions de la ,surface du ,globe0 7 held to be models ( s\nd sci5tific ?9k+1 :ile ! really mu* m sob] & philosophical hypo!ses ( ! 8,hydrogeologie0 7 sc\t$4 ,= _m ye>s x 0 ! fa%ion to speak ( ,lam>ck ) ridicule1 :ile ,treviranus 0 altoge!r ignor$4 ,nev]!less1 ! "w _h be5 done4 ,! conception ( evolution 0 h5ce=w>d irrepressible1 & x incessantly reappe>s1 9 "o %ape or ano!r1#hf up to ! ye> #aheh1 :5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,wallace publi%$ _! 8,!ory ( ,natural ,selection40 ,! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 appe>$ 9 #ahei2 & x is )9 ! k ( all ^: memories g back to t "t1 t1 h5ce=w>d1 ! doctr9e ( evolution has assum$ a position & acquir$ an importance :i* x nev] be=e possess$4 ,9 ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 & 9 8 o!r num]\s & important contributions to ! solution ( ! problem ( biological evolution1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 conf9es himself to ! discussion ( ! causes :i* h br\ght ab\t ! pres5t condition ( liv+ matt]1 assum+ su* matt] to h once come into exi/5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]#hg & ,pr(essor ,haeckel#hh h dealt ) ! :ole problem ( evolution4 ,! pr(\nd & vigor\s writ+s ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] embody ! _s ( ,desc>tes 9 ! k ( our own day1 & may be reg>d$ z ! 8,pr9cipes de la ,philosophie0 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 :ile1 :atev] hesitation may n unfrequ5tly be felt by less d>+ m9ds1 9 foll[+ ,haeckel 9 _m ( 8 speculations1 8 attempt to sy/ematise ! doctr9e ( evolution & to exhibit its influ5ce z ! c5tral ?\ght ( mod]n biology1 _c fail to h a f>-rea*+ influ5ce on ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,if we seek = ! reason ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sci5tific position ( ! doctr9e ( evolution a c5tury ago1 & t :i* x occupies n[1 we %all f9d x 9 ! great accumulation ( facts1 ! sev]al classes ( :i* h be5 enum]at$ above1 "u ! second to ! eigh? heads4 ,= ^? :i* are gr\p$ "u ! second to ! sev5? ( ^! classes1 respectively1 h a cle> significance on ! hypo!sis ( evolution1 :ile !y are un9telligible if t hypo!sis be d5i$4 ,& ^? ( ! eigh? gr\p are n only un9telligible )\t ! assumption ( evolution1 b c be prov$ nev] to be discordant ) t hypo!sis1 :ile1 9 "s cases1 !y are exactly su* z ! hypo!sis requires4 ,! demon/ration ( ^! ass]tions w\ld require a volume1 b ! g5]al nature ( ! evid5ce on :i* !y re/ may be briefly indicat$4 #b4 ,! accurate inve/igation ( ! l[e/ =ms ( animal life1 comm5c$ by ,leeuw5hoek & ,swamm]dam1 & cont9u$ by ! rem>kable lab\rs ( ,reaumur1 ,trembley1 ,bonnet1 & a ho/ ( o!r obs]v]s1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? & ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5turies1 drew ! att5tion ( biologi/s to ! gradation 9 ! complexity ( organisation :i* is pres5t$ by liv+ be+s1 & culm9at$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ! 8*elle des tres10 s p[]fully & cle>ly /at$ by ,bonnet2 &1 be=e him1 adumbrat$ by ,locke & by ,leibnitz4 ,9 ! !n /ate ( k1 x appe>$ t all ! species ( animals & plants c\ld be arrang$ 9 "o s]ies2 9 su* a mann] t1 by ins5sible gradations1 ! m9]al pass$ into ! plant1 ! plant into ! polype1 ! polype into ! worm1 & s1 ?r\gh gradually high] =ms ( life1 to man1 at ! summit ( ! animat$ _w4 ,b1 z k advanc$1 ?is conception ceas$ to be t5able 9 ! crude =m 9 :i* x 0 fir/ put =w>d4 ,tak+ into acc\nt exi/+ animals & plants alone1 x became obvi\s t !y fell into gr\ps :i* 7 m or less %>ply sep>at$ f "o ano!r2 &1 moreov]1 t ev5 ! species ( a g5us c h>dly ev] be arrang$ 9 l9e> s]ies4 ,_! natural resemblances & diff]5ces are only to be express$ by dispos+ !m z if !y 7 bran*es spr++ f a common hypo!tical c5tre4 ,lam>ck1 :ile affirm+ ! v]bal proposition t animals =m a s+le s]ies1 0 =c$ by 8 va/ acqua9tance ) ! details ( zoology to limit ! ass]tion to su* a s]ies z may be =m$ out ( ! ab/ractions con/itut$ by ! common *>act]s ( ea* gr\p4#hi ,cuvi] on anatomical1 & ,von ,ba] on embryological gr\nds1 made ! fur!r /ep ( prov+ t1 ev5 9 ?is limit$ s5se1 animals _c be arrang$ 9 a s+le s]ies1 b t !re are sev]al di/9ct plans ( organisation to be obs]v$ among !m1 no "o ( :i*1 9 its highe/ & mo/ complicat$ modification1 leads to any ( ! o!rs4 ,! conclusions enunciat$ by ,cuvi] & ,von ,ba] h be5 confirm$1 9 pr9ciple1 by all subsequ5t rese>* into ! /ructure ( animals & plants4 ,b ! effect ( ! adoption ( ^! conclusions has be5 r to sub/itute a new metaphor = t ( ,bonnet ?an to aboli% ! conception express$ by x4 ,in/ead ( reg>d+ liv+ ?+s z capable ( arrangem5t 9 "o s]ies l ! /eps ( a ladd]1 ! results ( mod]n inve/igation compel u to dispose !m z if !y 7 ! twigs & bran*es ( a tree4 ,! ends ( ! twigs repres5t individuals1 ! smalle/ gr\ps ( twigs species1 l>g] gr\ps g5]a1 & s on1 until we arrive at ! s\rce ( all ^! ramifications ( ! ma9 bran*1 :i* is repres5t$ by a common plan ( /ructure4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 x is impossible to draw up any def9ition1 bas$ on broad anatomical or developm5tal *>act]s1 by :i* any "o ( ,cuvi]'s great gr\ps %all be sep>at$ f all ! re/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! l[] memb]s ( ea* t5d to conv]ge t[>ds ! l[] memb]s ( all ! o!rs4 ,! same may be said ( ! vegetable _w4 ,! app>5tly cle> di/9ction betwe5 fl[]+ & fl[]less plants has be5 brok5 d[n by ! s]ies ( gradations betwe5 ! two exhibit$ by ! ,lycopodiace1 ,rhizoc>pe1 & ,gymnosp]me4 ,! gr\ps ( ,fungi1 ,li*5es1 & ,alg h completely run into "o ano!r1 &1 :5 ! l[e/ =ms ( ea* are alone consid]$1 ev5 ! animal & vegetable k+doms cease to h a def9ite fronti]4 ,if x is p]missible to speak ( ! relations ( liv+ =ms to "o ano!r metaphorically1 ! similitude *os5 mu/ und\bt$ly be t ( a common root1 :5ce two ma9 trunks1 "o repres5t+ ! vegetable & "o ! animal _w1 spr+2 &1 ea* divid+ into a few ma9 bran*es1 ^! subdivide into multitudes ( bran*lets & ^! into small] gr\ps ( twigs4 ,z ,lam>ck has well said--#ij 8,il n'y a que ceux qui se sont longtemps et =tem5t occups de la dt]m9ation des espces1 et qui ont consult de ri*es collections1 qui peuv5t savoir jusqu' quel po9t les espces1 p>mi les corps vivants se fond5t les unes dans les autres1 et qui ont pu se conva9cre que1 dans les p>ties o n\s voyons des espces isols1 cela n'e/ a9si que p>cequ'il n\s en manque d'autres qui en sont plus vois9es et que n\s n'avons pas encore recueillies4 8,je ne veux pas dire p\r cela que les animaux qui exi/5t =m5t une srie trs-simple et p>t\t galem5t nuance2 mais je dis qu'ils =m5t une srie rameuse1 irrgulirem5t gradue et qui n'a po9t de discont9uit dans ses p>ties1 ou qui1 du mo9s1 n'en a t\j\rs pas eu1 s'il e/ vrai que1 p> suite de quelques espces p]dues1 il s'en tr\ve quelque "p4 ,il en resulte que les espces qui t]m95t *aque rameau de la srie gnrale ti5n5t1 au mo9s d'un ct1 d'autres espces vois9es qui se nuanc5t avec elles4 ,voil ce que l'tat bi5 connu des *oses me met ma9t5ant porte de demontr]4 ,je n'ai beso9 d'aucune hypo?se ni d'aucune supposition p\r cela3 j'en atte/e t\s les naturali/es obs]vateurs40 #c4 ,9 a rem>kable essay#ia ,meckel rem>ks-- 8,!re is no good physiologi/ :o has n be5 /ruck by ! obs]vation t ! orig9al =m ( all organisms is "o & ! same1 & t out ( ?is "o =m1 all1 ! l[e/ z well z ! highe/1 are develop$ 9 su* a mann] t ! latt] pass ?r\gh ! p]man5t =ms ( ! =m] z transitory /ages4 ,ari/otle1 ,hall]1 ,h>vey1 ,kielmey]1 ,aut5rie?1 & _m o!rs1 h ei!r made ?is obs]vation incid5tally1 or1 especially ! latt]1 h drawn p>ticul> att5tion to x1 & drawn !refrom results ( p]man5t importance = physiology40 ,meckel proce$s to exemplify ! !sis1 t ! l[] =ms ( animals repres5t /ages 9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( ! high]1 ) a l>ge s]ies ( illu/rations4 ,aft] comp>+ ! ,salam&]s & ! p]5ni-bran*iate ,urodela ) ! ,tadpoles & ! ,frogs1 & enunciat+ ! law t ! m highly any animal is organis$ ! m quickly does x pass ?r\gh ! l[] /ages1 ,meckel goes on to say-- 8,f ^! l[e/ ,v]tebrata to ! highe/1 & to ! highe/ =ms among ^!1 ! comp>ison betwe5 ! embryonic conditions ( ! high] animals & ! adult /ates ( ! l[] c be m completely & ?or\ghly in/itut$ ?an if ! survey is ext5d$ to ! ,inv]tebrata1 inasmu* z ! latt] are 9 _m respects con/ruct$ ^u an altoge!r too dissimil> type2 inde$ !y (t5 diff] f "o ano!r f> m ?an ! l[e/ v]tebrate does f ! highe/ mammal2 yet ! foll[+ pages w %[ t ! comp>ison may also be ext5d$ to !m ) int]e/4 ,9 fact1 !re is a p]iod :51 z ,ari/otle long ago said1 ! embryo ( ! highe/ animal has ! =m ( a m]e worm2 &1 devoid ( int]nal & ext]nal organisation1 is m]ely an almo/ /ructureless lump ( polype-sub/ance4 ,not)/&+ ! orig9 ( organs1 x /ill = a c]ta9 "t1 by reason ( its want ( an int]nal bony skeleton1 rema9s worm & mollusk1 & only lat] ent]s into ! s]ies ( ! ,v]tebrata1 al?\gh traces ( ! v]tebral column ev5 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods te/ify its claim to a place 9 t s]ies40--,op4 cit4 pp4 #d1 #e4 ,if ,meckel's proposition is s f> qualifi$1 t ! comp>ison ( adult ) embryonic =ms is re/rict$ )9 ! limits ( "o type ( organisation2 &1 if x is fur!r recollect$ t ! resemblance betwe5 ! p]man5t l[] =m & ! embryonic /age ( a high] =m is n special b g5]al1 x is 9 entire accordance ) mod]n embryology2 al?\gh !re is no bran* ( biology :i* has gr[n s l>gely1 & improv$ its me?ods s mu*1 s9ce ,meckel's "t1 z ?is4 ,9 its orig9al =m1 ! doctr9e ( 8arre/ ( developm5t10 z advocat$ by ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire & ,s]res1 0 no d\bt an ov]-/atem5t ( ! case4 ,x is n true1 = example1 t a fi% is a reptile arre/$ 9 its developm5t1 or t a reptile 0 ev] a fi%3 b x is true t ! reptile embryo1 at "o /age ( its developm5t1 is an organism :i*1 if x _h an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 mu/ be classifi$ among fi%es2 & all ! organs ( ! reptile pass1 9 ! c\rse ( _! developm5t1 ?r\gh conditions :i* are closely analog\s to ^? :i* are p]man5t 9 "s fi%es4 #d4 ,t bran* ( biology :i* is t]m$ ,morphology is a comm5t>y ^u1 & expansion (1 ! proposition t widely diff]5t animals or plants1 & widely diff]5t p>ts ( animals or plants1 are con/ruct$ ^u ! same plan4 ,f ! r\gh comp>ison ( ! skeleton ( a bird ) t ( a man by ,belon1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 7to g no f>!r back71 d[n to ! !ory ( ! limbs & ! !ory ( ! skull at ! pres5t day2 or1 f ! fir/ demon/ration ( ! homologies ( ! p>ts ( a fl[] by ,c4 ,f4 ,wolff1 to ! pres5t elaborate analysis ( ! floral organs1 morphology exhibits a cont9ual advance t[>ds ! demon/ration ( a fundam5tal unity among ! seem+ div]sities ( liv+ /ructures4 ,& ?is demon/ration has be5 complet$ by ! f9al e/abli%m5t ( ! cell !ory1 :i* involves ! admission ( a primitive con=mity1 n only ( all ! elem5t>y /ructures 9 animals & plants respectively1 b ( ^? 9 ! "o ( ^! great divisions ( liv+ ?+s ) ^? 9 ! o!r4 ,no priori difficulty c be said to /& 9 ! way ( evolution1 :5 x c be %[n t all animals & all plants proce$ by modes ( developm5t1 :i* are simil> 9 pr9ciple1 f a fundam5tal protoplasmic mat]ial4 #e4 ,! innum]able cases ( /ructures1 :i* are rudim5t>y & app>5tly useless1 9 species1 ! close allies ( :i* possess well develop$ & functionally important homolog\s /ructures1 are readily intelligible on ! !ory ( evolution1 :ile x is h>d to conceive _! raison d'tre on any o!r hypo!sis4 ,h[ev]1 a cauti\s reason] w probably r expla9 su* cases d$uctively f ! doctr9e ( evolution ?an endeav\r to support ! doctr9e ( evolution by !m4 ,= x is almo/ impossible to prove t any /ructure1 h[ev] rudim5t>y1 is useless--t is to say1 t x plays no "p :atev] 9 ! economy2 &1 if x is 9 ! slighte/ degree useful1 !re is no reason :y1 on ! hypo!sis ( direct creation1 x %\ld n h be5 creat$4 ,nev]!less1 d\ble-edg$ z is ! argum5t f rudim5t>y organs1 !re is probably none :i* has produc$ a great] effect 9 promot+ ! g5]al acceptance ( ! !ory ( evolution4 #f4 ,! old] advocates ( evolution s\ght = ! causes ( ! process exclusively 9 ! influ5ce ( v>y+ conditions1 su* z climate & /ation1 or hybridisation1 ^u liv+ =ms4 ,ev5 ,treviranus has got no f>!r ?an ?is po9t4 ,lam>ck introduc$ ! conception ( ! action ( an animal on itself z a factor 9 produc+ modification4 ,/>t+ f ! well-kn[n fact t ! habitual use ( a limb t5ds to develop ! muscles ( ! limb1 & to produce a great] & great] facility 9 us+ x1 he made ! g5]al assumption t ! ef=t ( an animal to ex]t an organ 9 a giv5 direction t5ds to develop ! organ 9 t direction4 ,b a little consid]ation %[$ t1 ?\gh ,lam>ck _h seiz$ :at1 z f> z x goes1 is a true cause ( modification1 x is a cause ! actual effects ( :i* are :olly inadequate to acc\nt = any consid]able modification 9 animals1 & :i* c h no influ5ce at all 9 ! vegetable _w2 & probably no?+ contribut$ s mu* to discr$it evolution1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury1 z ! floods ( easy ridicule :i* 7 p\r$ ^u ?is "p ( ,lam>ck's speculation4 ,! !ory ( natural selection1 or survival ( ! fitte/1 0 sugge/$ by ,wells 9 #ahac1 & fur!r elaborat$ by ,mat!w 9 #ahca4 ,b ! pregnant sugge/ions ( ^! writ]s rema9$ practically unnotic$ & =gott51 until ! !ory 0 indep5d5tly devis$ & promulgat$ by ,d>w9 & ,wallace 9 #aheh1 & ! effect ( its publication 0 imm$iate & pr(\nd4 ,^? :o 7 unwill+ to accept evolution1 )\t bett] gr\nds ?an su* z are (f]$ by ,lam>ck1 or ! au?or ( t p>ticul>ly unsatisfactory book1 ! 8,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,creation10 & :o !re=e pref]r$ to susp5d _! judgm5t on ! "q1 f\nd1 9 ! pr9ciple ( selective bre$+1 pursu$ 9 all its applications ) m>vell\s k & skill by ,mr4 ,d>w91 a valid explanation ( ! occurr5ce ( v>ieties & races2 & !y saw cle>ly t1 if ! explanation w\ld apply to species1 x w\ld n only solve ! problem ( _! evolution1 b t x w\ld acc\nt = ! facts ( teleology1 z well z = ^? ( morphology2 & = ! p]si/5ce ( "s =ms ( life un*ang$ ?r\gh long epo*s ( "t1 :ile o!rs und]go comp>atively rapid metamorphosis4 ,h[ f> 8natural selection0 suffices = ! production ( species rema9s to be se54 ,few c d\bt t1 if n ! :ole cause1 x is a v important factor 9 t op]ation2 & t x mu/ play a great "p 9 ! sort+ out ( v>ieties into ^? :i* are transitory & ^? :i* are p]man5t4 ,b ! causes & conditions ( v>iation h yet to be ?or\ghly explor$2 & ! importance ( natural selection w n be impair$1 ev5 if fur!r inquiries %\ld prove t v>iability is def9ite1 & is det]m9$ 9 c]ta9 directions r ?an 9 o!rs1 by conditions inh]5t 9 t :i* v>ies4 ,x is q conceivable t e species t5ds to produce v>ieties ( a limit$ numb] & k9d1 & t ! effect ( natural selection is to fav\r ! developm5t ( "s ( ^!1 :ile x opposes ! developm5t ( o!rs along _! pr$et]m9$ l9es ( modification4 #g4 ,no tru?s br\ght to light by biological inve/igation 7 bett] calculat$ to inspire di/ru/ ( ! dogmas intrud$ ^u sci5ce 9 ! "n ( !ology1 ?an ^? :i* relate to ! di/ribution ( animals & plants on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,v skilful accommodation 0 ne$ful1 if ! limitation ( slo?s to ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ( ! orni?orhyn*us to ,au/ralia1 0 to be reconcil$ ) ! lit]al int]pretation ( ! hi/ory ( ! deluge2 &1 ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! exi/5ce ( di/9ct prov9ces ( di/ribution1 any s]i\s belief 9 ! peopl+ ( ! _w by migration f ,m\nt ,ar>at came to an end4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 only "o alt]native 0 left = ^? :o d5i$ ! occurr5ce ( evolution--namely1 ! supposition t ! *>act]i/ic animals & plants ( ea* great prov9ce 7 creat$1 z su*1 )9 ! limits 9 :i* we f9d !m4 ,& z ! hypo!sis ( 8specific c5tres10 ?us =mulat$1 0 het]odox f ! !ological po9t ( view1 & un9telligible "u its sci5tific aspect1 x may be pass$ ov] )\t fur!r notice1 z a phase ( transition f ! creational to ! evolutional hypo!sis4 #h4 ,9 fact1 ! /ronge/ & mo/ conclusive argum5ts 9 fav\r ( evolution are ^? :i* are bas$ ^u ! facts ( geographical1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ^? ( geological1 di/ribution4 ,bo? ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,wallace lay great /ress on ! close relation :i* obta9s betwe5 ! exi/+ fauna ( any region & t ( ! imm$iately antec$5t geological epo* 9 ! same region2 & rightly1 = x is 9 tru? inconceivable t !re %\ld be no g5etic connection betwe5 ! two4 ,x is possible to put into words ! proposition t all ! animals & plants ( ea* geological epo* 7 annihilat$1 & t a new set ( v simil> =ms 0 creat$ = ! next epo*2 b x may be d\bt$ if any "o :o ev] tri$ to =m a di/9ct m5tal image ( ?is process ( spontane\s g5]ation on ! gr&e/ scale1 ev] really succe$$ 9 realis+ x4 ,)9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 ! att5tion ( ! be/ palontologi/s has be5 )drawn f ! hodman's "w ( mak+ 8new species0 ( fossils1 to ! sci5tific task ( complet+ our k ( individual species1 & trac+ out ! succession ( ! =ms pres5t$ by any giv5 type 9 "t4 ,^? :o desire to in=m !mselves ( ! nature & ext5t ( ! evid5ce be>+ on ^! que/ions may consult ! works ( ,rtimey]1 ,gaudry1 ,k[alewsky1 ,m>%1 & ! writ] ( ! pres5t article4 ,x mu/ suffice1 9 ?is place1 to say t ! successive =ms ( ! ,equ9e type h be5 fully work$ out2 :ile ^? ( ne>ly all ! o!r exi/+ types ( ,ungulate mammals & ( ! ,c>nivora h be5 almo/ z closely foll[$ ?r\gh ! ,t]ti>y deposits2 ! gradations betwe5 birds & reptiles h be5 trac$2 & ! modifications und]gone by ! ,crocodilia1 f ! ,triassic epo* to ! pres5t day1 h be5 demon/rat$4 ,on ! evid5ce ( palontology1 ! evolution ( _m exi/+ =ms ( animal life f _! pr$ecessors is no long] an hypo!sis1 b an hi/orical fact2 x is only ! nature ( ! physiological factors to :i* t evolution is due :i* is /ill op5 to discussion4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,com+ ,,( ,,age ,,( 8,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species40 ,_m ( y w be famili> ) ! aspect ( ?is small gre5-cov]$ book4 ,x is a copy ( ! fir/ edition ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 & be>s ! date ( its production--! #a/ ( ,octob] #ahei4 ,only a few mon?s1 !re=e1 are ne$$ to complete ! full tale ( tw5ty-"o ye>s s9ce its bir?day4 ,^? ^: memories c>ry !m back to ?is "t w rememb] t ! infant 0 rem>kably lively1 & t a great numb] ( excell5t p]sons mi/ook its manife/ations ( a vigor\s individuality = m]e naught9ess2 9 fact !re 0 a v pretty turmoil ab\t its cradle4 ,my recollections ( ! p]iod are p>ticul>ly vivid2 =1 hav+ conceiv$ a t5d] affection = a *ild ( :at appe>$ to me to be su* rem>kable promise1 ,i act$ = "s "t 9 ! capacity ( a sort ( "u-nurse1 & ?us came 9 = my %>e ( ! /orms :i* ?reat5$ ! v life ( ! "y creature4 ,= "s ye>s x 0 und\bt$ly w>m "w2 b consid]+ h[ exce$+ly unpleasant ! app>ition ( ! new-com] mu/ h be5 to ^? :o did n fall 9 love ) him at fir/ sight1 ,i ?9k x is to ! cr$it ( our age t ! w> 0 n fi]c]1 & t ! m bitt] & unscrupul\s =ms ( opposition di$ away z soon z !y did4 ,i speak ( ?is p]iod z ( some?+ pa/ & gone1 possess+ m]ely an hi/orical1 ,i _h almo/ said an antiqu>ian int]e/4 ,=1 dur+ ! second decade ( ! exi/5ce ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 opposition1 ?\gh by no means dead1 assum$ a diff]5t aspect4 ,on ! "p ( all ^? :o _h any reason to respect !mselves1 x assum$ a ?or\ghly respectful "*4 ,by ?is "t1 ! dulle/ began to p]ceive t ! *ild 0 n likely to p]i% ( any cong5ital weakness or infantile disord]1 b 0 gr[+ into a /alw>t p]sonage1 ^u :om m]e goody scold+s & ?reat5+s ) ! bir*-rod 7 q ?r[n away4 ,9 fact1 ^? :o h wat*$ ! progress ( sci5ce )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s w be> me out to ! full1 :5 ,i ass]t t !re is no field ( biological inquiry 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 is n traceable2 ! =emo/ m5 ( sci5ce 9 e c\ntry are ei!r av[$ *ampions ( its lead+ doctr9es1 or at any rate ab/a9 f oppos+ !m2 a ho/ ( "y & ard5t inve/igators seek = & f9d inspiration & guidance 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's great "w2 & ! g5]al doctr9e ( evolution1 to "o side ( :i* x gives expression1 obta9s1 9 ! ph5om5a ( biology1 a firm base ( op]ations :5ce x may conduct its conque/ ( ! :ole realm ( nature4 ,hi/ory w>ns u1 h[ev]1 t x is ! cu/om>y fate ( new tru?s to beg9 z h]esies & to end z sup]/itions2 &1 z matt]s n[ /&1 x is h>dly ra% to anticipate t1 9 ano!r tw5ty ye>s1 ! new g5]ation1 educat$ "u ! influ5ces ( ! pres5t day1 w be 9 dang] ( accept+ ! ma9 doctr9es ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 ) z little reflection1 & x may be ) z little ju/ification1 z s _m ( our contempor>ies1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 reject$ !m4 ,aga9/ any su* a consummation let u all dev\tly pray2 = ! sci5tific _s is ( m value ?an its products1 & irrationally held tru?s may be m h>mful ?an reason$ errors4 ,n[ ! ess5ce ( ! sci5tific _s is criticism4 ,x tells u t :5ev] a doctr9e claims our ass5t we %\ld reply1 ,take x if y c compel x4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce holds z mu* 9 ! intellectual z 9 ! physical _w4 ,a !ory is a species ( ?9k+1 & its "r to exi/ is coext5sive ) its p[] ( resi/+ ext9ction by its rivals4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 x appe>s to me t x w\ld be b a poor way ( celebrat+ ! ,com+ ( ,age ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 7 ,i m]ely to dwell ^u ! facts1 und\bt$ & rem>kable z !y are1 ( its f>-rea*+ influ5ce & ( ! great foll[+ ( ard5t disciples :o are occupi$ 9 spread+ & develop+ its doctr9es4 ,m]e insanities & inanities h be=e n[ swoll5 to port5t\s size 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty ye>s4 ,let u r ask ?is prodigi\s *ange 9 op9ion to ju/ify itself2 let u inquire :e!r any?+ has happ5$ s9ce #ahei1 :i* w expla91 on rational gr\nds1 :y s _m are wor%ipp+ t :i* !y burn$1 & burn+ t :i* !y wor%ipp$4 ,x is only 9 ?is way t we %all acquire ! means ( judg+ :e!r ! movem5t we h witness$ is a m]e eddy ( fa%ion1 or truly "o ) ! irrev]sible curr5t ( intellectual progress1 &1 l x1 safe f retrogressive reaction4 ,e belief is ! product ( two factors3 ! fir/ is ! /ate ( ! m9d to :i* ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( t belief is pres5t$2 & ! second is ! logical cog5cy ( ! evid5ce itself4 ,9 bo? ^! respects1 ! hi/ory ( biological sci5ce dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s appe>s to me to af=d an ample explanation ( ! *ange :i* has tak5 place2 & a brief consid]ation ( ! sali5t ev5ts ( t hi/ory w enable u to und]/& :y1 if ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 appe>$ n[1 x w\ld meet ) a v diff]5t reception f t :i* greet$ x 9 #ahei4 ,"o-&-tw5ty ye>s ago1 9 spite ( ! "w comm5c$ by ,hutton & cont9u$ ) r>e skill & pati5ce by ,lyell1 ! dom9ant view ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! e>? 0 cata/rophic4 ,great & sudd5 physical revolutions1 :olesale creations & ext9ctions ( liv+ be+s1 7 ! ord9>y ma*9]y ( ! geological epic br\ght into fa%ion by ! misappli$ g5ius ( ,cuvi]4 ,x 0 gravely ma9ta9$ & taught t ! end ( e geological epo* 0 signalis$ by a cataclysm1 by :i* e liv+ be+ on ! globe 0 swept away1 to be replac$ by a br&-new creation :5 ! _w return$ to quiesc5ce4 ,a s*eme ( nature :i* appe>$ to be modell$ on ! lik5ess ( a succession ( rubb]s ( :i/1 at ! end ( ea* ( :i* ! play]s upset ! table & call$ = a new pack1 did n seem to %ock anybody4 ,i may be wrong1 b ,i d\bt if1 at ! pres5t "t1 !re is a s+le responsible repres5tative ( ^! op9ions left4 ,! progress ( sci5tific geology has elevat$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( uni=mit>ianism1 t ! explanation ( ! pa/ is to be s\ght 9 ! /udy ( ! pres5t1 into ! position ( an axiom2 & ! wild speculations ( ! cata/rophi/s1 to :i* we all li/5$ ) respect a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 w\ld h>dly f9d a s+le pati5t he>] at ! pres5t day4 ,no physical geologi/ n[ dreams ( seek+1 outside ! range ( kn[n natural causes1 = ! explanation ( any?+ t happ5$ millions ( ye>s ago1 any m ?an he w\ld be guilty ( ! l absurdity 9 reg>d to curr5t ev5ts4 ,! effect ( ?is *ange ( op9ion ^u biological speculation is obvi\s4 ,=1 if !re h be5 no p]iodical g5]al physical cata/rophes1 :at br\ght ab\t ! assum$ g5]al ext9ctions & re-creations ( life :i* are ! correspond+ biological cata/rophes8 ,&1 if no su* int]ruptions ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature h tak5 place 9 ! organic1 any m ?an 9 ! inorganic1 _w1 :at alt]native is !re to ! admission ( evolution8 ,! doctr9e ( evolution 9 biology is ! necess>y result ( ! logical application ( ! pr9ciples ( uni=mit>ianism to ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,d>w9 is ! natural successor ( ,hutton & ,lyell1 & ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 ! logical sequ5ce ( ! 8,pr9ciples ( ,geology40 ,! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 z ( all =ms ( ! !ory ( evolution appli$ to biology1 is 8t ! innum]able species1 g5]a1 & families ( organic be+s ) :i* ! _w is peopl$ h all desc5d$1 ea* )9 its own class or gr\p1 f common p>5ts1 & h all be5 modifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( desc5t40#ib ,&1 9 view ( ! facts ( geology1 x foll[s t all liv+ animals & plants 8are ! l9eal desc5dants ( ^? :i* liv$ long be=e ! ,silurian epo*40#ic ,x is an obvi\s consequ5ce ( ?is !ory ( desc5t ) modification1 z x is sometimes call$1 t all plants & animals1 h[ev] diff]5t !y may n[ be1 mu/1 at "o "t or o!r1 h be5 connect$ by direct or indirect int]m$iate gradations1 & t ! appe>ance ( isolation pres5t$ by v>i\s gr\ps ( organic be+s mu/ be unreal4 ,no "p ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's "w ran m directly c\nt] to ! prepossessions ( naturali/s tw5ty ye>s ago ?an ?is4 ,& su* prepossessions 7 v excusable1 = !re 0 und\bt$ly a great deal to be said1 at t "t1 9 fav\r ( ! fixity ( species & ( ! exi/5ce ( great breaks1 :i* !re 0 no obvi\s or probable means ( fill+ up1 betwe5 v>i\s gr\ps ( organic be+s4 ,= v>i\s reasons1 sci5tific & unsci5tific1 mu* _h be5 made ( ! hiatus betwe5 man & ! re/ ( ! high] mammalia1 & x is no wond] t issue 0 fir/ jo9$ on ?is "p ( ! controv]sy4 ,i h no wi% to revive pa/ & happily =gott5 controv]sies2 b ,i mu/ /ate ! simple fact t ! di/9ctions 9 ! c]ebral & o!r *>act]s1 :i* 7 s hotly affirm$ to sep>ate man f all o!r animals 9 #ahfj1 h all be5 demon/rat$ to be non-exi/5t1 & t ! contr>y doctr9e is n[ univ]sally accept$ & taught4 ,b !re 7 o!r cases 9 :i* ! wide /ructural gaps ass]t$ to exi/ betwe5 "o gr\p ( animals & ano!r1 7 by no means fictiti\s2 &1 :5 su* /ructural breaks 7 real1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 c\ld acc\nt = !m only by suppos+ t ! int]m$iate =ms :i* once exi/$ _h become ext9ct4 ,9 a rem>kable passage he says-- 8,we may ?us acc\nt ev5 = ! di/9ctness ( :ole classes f ea* o!r--= in/ance1 ( birds f all o!r v]tebrate animals--by ! belief t _m animal =ms ( life h be5 utt]ly lo/1 ?r\gh :i* ! e>ly prog5itors ( birds 7 =m]ly connect$ ) ! e>ly prog5itors ( ! o!r v]tebrate classes40#id ,adv]se criticism made m]ry ov] su* sugge/ions z ^!4 ,( c\rse x 0 easy to get out ( ! difficulty by suppos+ ext9ction2 b :]e 0 ! slighte/ evid5ce t su* int]m$iate =ms betwe5 birds & reptiles z ! hypo!sis requir$ ev] exi/$8 ,& !n probably foll[$ a tirade ^u ?is t]rible =sak+ ( ! pa?s ( 8,baconian induction40 ,b ! progress ( k has ju/ifi$ ,mr4 ,d>w9 to an ext5t :i* c\ld h>dly h be5 anticipat$4 ,9 #ahfb1 ! specim5 ( ,ar*opt]yx1 :i*1 until ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 has rema9$ unique1 0 discov]$2 & x is an animal :i*1 9 its fea!rs & ! great] "p ( its organisation1 is a v]itable bird1 :ile1 9 o!r p>ts1 x is z di/9ctly reptilian4 ,9 #ahfh1 ,i _h ! hon\r ( br++ "u y\r notice1 9 ?is !atre1 ! results ( inve/igations made1 up to t "t1 into ! anatomical *>act]s ( c]ta9 anci5t reptiles1 :i* %[$ ! nature ( ! modifications 9 virtue ( :i* ! type ( ! quadrup$al reptile pass$ into t ( a bip$al bird2 & abundant confirmatory evid5ce ( ! ju/ice ( ! conclusions :i* ,i !n laid be=e y has s9ce come to light4 ,9 #ahge1 ! discov]y ( ! too!d birds ( ! cretace\s =mation 9 ,nor? ,am]ica by ,pr(essor ,m>% complet$ ! s]ies ( transitional =ms betwe5 birds & reptiles1 & remov$ ,mr4 ,d>w9's proposition t 8_m animal =ms ( life h be5 utt]ly lo/1 ?r\gh :i* ! e>ly prog5itors ( birds 7 =m]ly connect$ ) ! e>ly prog5itors ( ! o!r v]tebrate classes10 f ! region ( hypo!sis to t ( demon/rable fact4 ,9 #ahei1 !re appe>$ to be a v %>p & cle> hiatus betwe5 v]tebrat$ & inv]tebrat$ animals1 n only 9 _! /ructure1 b1 :at 0 m important1 9 _! developm5t4 ,i d n ?9k t we ev5 yet "k ! precise l9ks ( connection betwe5 ! two2 b ! inve/igations ( ,k[alewsky & o!rs ^u ! developm5t ( ,amphioxus & ( ! ,tunicata prove1 beyond a d\bt1 t ! diff]5ces :i* 7 suppos$ to con/itute a b>ri] betwe5 ! two are non-exi/5t4 ,!re is no long] any difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ ! v]tebrate type may h aris5 f ! inv]tebrate1 ?\gh ! full pro( ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! transition 0 actually effect$ may /ill be lack+4 ,aga91 9 #ahei1 !re appe>$ to be a no less %>p sep>ation betwe5 ! two great gr\ps ( fl[]+ & fl[]less plants4 ,x is only subsequ5tly t ! s]ies ( rem>kable inve/igations inaugurat$ by ,h(mei/] has br\ght to light ! extraord9>y & altoge!r unexpect$ modifications ( ! reproductive app>atus 9 ! ,lycopodiace1 ! ,rhizoc>pe1 & ! ,gymnosp]me1 by :i* ! f]ns & ! mosses are gradually connect$ ) ! ,phan]ogamic division ( ! vegetable _w4 ,s1 aga91 x is only s9ce #ahei t we h acquir$ t weal? ( k ( ! l[e/ =ms ( life :i* demon/rates ! futility ( any attempt to sep>ate ! l[e/ plants f ! l[e/ animals1 & %[s t ! two k+doms ( liv+ nature h a common bord]l& :i* belongs to bo? or to nei!r4 ,?us x w be obs]v$ t ! :ole t5d5cy ( biological inve/igation1 s9ce #ahei1 has be5 9 ! direction ( remov+ ! difficulties :i* ! app>5t breaks 9 ! s]ies creat$ at t "t2 & ! recognition ( gradation is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! acceptance ( evolution4 ,z ano!r great factor 9 br++ ab\t ! *ange ( op9ion :i* has tak5 place among naturali/s1 ,i c\nt ! a/oni%+ progress :i* has be5 made 9 ! /udy ( embryology4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago1 n only 7 we devoid ( any accurate k ( ! mode ( developm5t ( _m gr\ps ( animals & plants1 b ! me?ods ( inve/igation 7 rude & imp]fect4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 !re is no important gr\p ( organic be+s ! developm5t ( :i* has n be5 c>efully /udi$2 & ! mod]n me?ods ( h>d5+ & section-mak+ enable ! embryologi/ to det]m9e ! nature ( ! process1 9 ea* case1 ) a degree ( m9ut5ess & accuracy :i* is truly a/oni%+ to ^? ^: memories c>ry !m back to ! beg9n+s ( mod]n hi/ology4 ,& ! results ( ^! embryological inve/igations are 9 complete h>mony ) ! requirem5ts ( ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,! fir/ beg9n+s ( all ! high] =ms ( animal life are simil>1 & h[ev] div]se _! adult conditions1 !y />t f a common f\ndation4 ,moreov]1 ! process ( developm5t ( ! animal or ! plant f its prim>y egg or g]m is a true process ( evolution--a progress f almo/ =mless to m or less highly organis$ matt]1 9 virtue ( ! prop]ties inh]5t 9 t matt]4 ,to ^? :o are famili> ) ! process ( developm5t1 all priori objections to ! doctr9e ( biological evolution appe> *ildi%4 ,any "o :o has wat*$ ! gradual =mation ( a complicat$ animal f ! protoplasmic mass1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5tial elem5t ( a frog's or a h5's egg1 has _h "u 8 eyes suffici5t evid5ce t a simil> evolution ( ! :ole animal _w f ! l f\ndation is1 at any rate1 possible4 ,yet ano!r product ( inve/igation has l>gely contribut$ to ! removal ( ! objections to ! doctr9e ( evolution curr5t 9 #ahei4 ,x is ! pro( af=d$ by successive discov]ies t ,mr4 ,d>w9 did n ov]-e/imate ! imp]fection ( ! geological record4 ,no m /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is is ne$$ ?an a comp>ison ( our k ( ! mammalian fauna ( ! ,t]ti>y epo* 9 #ahei ) its pres5t condition4 ,m4 ,gaudry's rese>*es on ! fossils ( ,pik]mi 7 publi%$ 9 #ahfh1 ^? ( ,messrs4 ,leidy1 ,m>%1 & ,cope1 on ! fossils ( ! ,we/]n ,t]ritories ( ,am]ica1 h appe>$ almo/ :olly s9ce #ahgj1 ^? ( ,m4 ,filhol on ! phosphorites ( ,qu]cy 9 #ahgh4 ,! g5]al effect ( ^! inve/igations has be5 to introduce to u a multitude ( ext9ct animals1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 0 previ\sly h>dly suspect$2 j z if zoologi/s 7 to become acqua9t$ ) a c\ntry1 hi!rto unkn[n1 z ri* 9 novel =ms ( life z ,brazil or ,s\? ,africa once 7 to ,europeans4 ,inde$1 ! fossil fauna ( ! ,we/]n ,t]ritories ( ,am]ica bids fair to exce$ 9 int]e/ & importance all o!r kn[n ,t]ti>y deposits put toge!r2 & yet1 ) ! exception ( ! case ( ! ,am]ican t]ti>ies1 ^! inve/igations h ext5d$ ov] v limit$ areas2 &1 at ,pik]mi1 7 conf9$ to an extremely small space4 ,su* appe> to me to be ! *ief ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! progress ( k dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 :i* acc\nt = ! *ang$ feel+ ) :i* ! doctr9e ( evolution is at pres5t reg>d$ by ^? :o h foll[$ ! advance ( biological sci5ce1 9 respect ( ^? problems :i* be> indirectly ^u t doctr9e4 ,b all ?is rema9s m]e second>y evid5ce4 ,x may remove diss5t1 b x does n compel ass5t4 ,prim>y & direct evid5ce 9 fav\r ( evolution c be furni%$ only by palontology4 ,! geological record1 s soon z x approa*es complet5ess1 mu/1 :5 prop]ly que/ion$1 yield ei!r an affirmative or a negative answ]3 if evolution has tak5 place1 !re w its m>k be left2 if x has n tak5 place1 !re w lie its refutation4 ,:at 0 ! /ate ( matt]s 9 #ahei8 ,let u he> ,mr4 ,d>w91 :o may be tru/$ always to /ate ! case aga9/ himself z /rongly z possible4 8,on ?is doctr9e ( ! ext]m9ation ( an inf9itude ( connect+ l9ks betwe5 ! liv+ & ext9ct inhabitants ( ! _w1 & at ea* successive p]iod betwe5 ! ext9ct & /ill old] species1 :y is n e geological =mation *>g$ ) su* l9ks8 ,:y does n e collection ( fossil rema9s af=d pla9 evid5ce ( ! gradation & mutation ( ! =ms ( life8 ,we meet ) no su* evid5ce1 & ?is is ! mo/ obvi\s & plausible ( ! _m objections :i* may be urg$ aga9/ my !ory40#ie ,no?+ c\ld h be5 m useful to ! opposition ?an ?is *>act]i/ically c&id av[al1 twi/$ z x imm$iately 0 into an admission t ! writ]'s views 7 contradict$ by ! facts ( palontology4 ,b1 9 fact1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 made no su* admission4 ,:at he says 9 effect is1 n t palontological evid5ce is aga9/ him1 b t x is n di/9ctly 9 8 fav\r2 &1 )\t attempt+ to att5uate ! fact1 he acc\nts = x by ! scant9ess & ! imp]fection ( t evid5ce4 ,:at is ! /ate ( ! case n[1 :51 z we h se51 ! am\nt ( our k respect+ ! mammalia ( ! ,t]ti>y epo* is increas$ fifty-fold1 & 9 "s directions ev5 approa*es complet5ess8 ,simply ?is1 t1 if ! doctr9e ( evolution _h n exi/$1 palontologi/s mu/ h inv5t$ x1 s irresi/ibly is x =c$ ^u ! m9d by ! /udy ( ! rema9s ( ! ,t]ti>y mammalia :i* h be5 br\ght to light s9ce #ahei4 ,among ! fossils ( ,pik]mi1 ,gaudry f\nd ! successive /ages by :i* ! anci5t civets pass$ into ! m mod]n hynas2 ?r\gh ! ,t]ti>y deposits ( ,we/]n ,am]ica1 ,m>% track$ ! successive =ms by :i* ! anci5t /ock ( ! horse has pass$ into its pres5t =m2 & innum]able less complete indications ( ! mode ( evolution ( o!r gr\ps ( ! high] mammalia h be5 obta9$4 ,9 ! rem>kable memoir on ! phosphorites ( ,qu]cy1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 ,m4 ,filhol describes no few] ?an sev5te5 v>ieties ( ! g5us ,cynodictis1 :i* fill up all ! int]val betwe5 ! viv]9e animals & ! be>-l dog ,amphicyon2 nor d ,i "k any solid gr\nd ( objection to ! supposition t1 9 ?is ,cynodictis-,amphicyon gr\p1 we h ! /ock :5ce all ! ,viv]id1 ,felid1 ,hynid1 ,canid1 & p]haps ! ,procyonid & ,ursid1 ( ! pres5t fauna h be5 evolv$4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is a great deal to be said 9 fav\r4 ,9 ! c\rse ( summ+ up 8 results1 ,m4 ,filhol obs]ves3-- 8,dur+ ! epo* ( ! phosphorites1 great *anges took place 9 animal =ms1 & almo/ ! same types z ^? :i* n[ exi/ became def9$ f "o ano!r4 8,"u ! influ5ce ( natural conditions ( :i* we h no exact k1 ?\gh traces ( !m are discov]able1 species h be5 modifi$ 9 a ?\s& ways3 races h aris5 :i*1 becom+ fix$1 h ?us produc$ a correspond+ numb] ( second>y species40 ,9 #ahei1 language ( :i* ?is is an un9t5tional p>aphrase1 occurr+ 9 ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 0 sc\t$ z wild speculation2 at pres5t1 x is a sob] /atem5t ( ! conclusions to :i* an acute & critically-m9d$ inve/igator is l$ by l>ge & pati5t /udy ( ! facts ( palontology4 ,i v5ture to repeat :at ,i h said be=e1 t1 s f> z ! animal _w is conc]n$1 evolution is no long] a speculation1 b a /atem5t ( hi/orical fact4 ,x takes its place alongside ( ^? accept$ tru?s :i* mu/ be reckon$ ) by philosoph]s ( all s*ools4 ,?us :51 on ! fir/ day ( ,octob] next1 ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 comes ( age1 ! promise ( its y\? w be amply fulfill$2 & we %all be prep>$ to congratulate ! v5]at$ au?or ( ! book1 n only t ! greatness ( 8 a*ievem5t & its endur+ influ5ce ^u ! progress ( k h won him a place beside our ,h>vey2 b1 /ill m1 t1 l ,h>vey1 he has liv$ long en\gh to outla/ detraction & opposition1 & to see ! /one t ! build]s reject$ become ! head-/one ( ! corn]4 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,connection ,,( ,,! ,,biological ,,sci5ces ,,) ,,m$ic9e4 ,! great body ( !oretical & practical k :i* has be5 accumulat$ by ! lab\rs ( "s eighty g5]ations1 s9ce ! dawn ( sci5tific ?\ght 9 ,europe1 has no collective ,engli% "n to :i* an objection may n be rais$2 & ,i use ! t]m 8m$ic9e0 z t :i* is lea/ likely to be misund]/ood2 ?\gh1 z e "o kn[s1 ! "n is commonly appli$1 9 a n>r[] s5se1 to "o ( ! *ief divisions ( ! totality ( m$ical sci5ce4 ,tak5 9 ?is broad s5se1 8m$ic9e0 n m]ely d5otes a k9d ( k1 b x compreh5ds ! v>i\s applications ( t k to ! alleviation ( ! suff]+s1 ! repair ( ! injuries1 & ! cons]vation ( ! heal?1 ( liv+ be+s4 ,9 fact1 ! practical aspect ( m$ic9e s f> dom9ates ov] e o!r1 t ! 8,heal+ ,art0 is "o ( its mo/ widely-receiv$ synonyms4 ,x is s difficult to ?9k ( m$ic9e o!rwise ?an z some?+ :i* is necess>ily connect$ ) curative treatm5t1 t we are apt to =get t !re mu/ be1 & is1 su* a ?+ z a pure sci5ce ( m$ic9e--a 8pa?ology0 :i* has no m necess>y subs]vi5ce to practical ends ?an has zoology or botany4 ,! logical connection betwe5 ?is purely sci5tific doctr9e ( disease1 or pa?ology1 & ord9>y biology1 is easily trac$4 ,liv+ matt] is *>act]is$ by its innate t5d5cy to exhibit a def9ite s]ies ( ! morphological & physiological ph5om5a :i* con/itute organisation & life4 ,giv5 a c]ta9 range ( conditions1 & ^! ph5om5a rema9 ! same1 )9 n>r[ limits1 = ea* k9d ( liv+ ?+4 ,!y furni% ! normal & typical "* ( ! species1 &1 z su*1 !y are ! subject-matt] ( ord9>y biology4 ,outside ! range ( ^! conditions1 ! normal c\rse ( ! cycle ( vital ph5om5a is di/urb$2 abnormal /ructure makes its appe>ance1 or ! prop] "* & mutual adju/m5t ( ! functions cease to be pres]v$4 ,! ext5t & ! importance ( ^! deviations f ! typical life may v>y indef9itely4 ,!y may h no noticeable influ5ce on ! g5]al well-be+ ( ! economy1 or !y may fav\r x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y may be ( su* a nature z to imp$e ! activities ( ! organism1 or ev5 to involve its de/ruction4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ^! p]turbations are rang$ "u ! wide & some:at vague category ( 8v>iations20 9 ! second1 !y are call$ lesions1 /ates ( poison+1 or diseases2 &1 z morbid /ates1 !y lie )9 ! prov9ce ( pa?ology4 ,no %>p l9e ( dem>cation c be drawn betwe5 ! two classes ( ph5om5a4 ,no "o c say :]e anatomical v>iations end & tum\rs beg91 nor :]e modification ( function1 :i* may at fir/ promote heal?1 passes into disease4 ,all t c be said is1 t :atev] *ange ( /ructure or function is hurtful belongs to pa?ology4 ,h5ce x is obvi\s t pa?ology is a bran* ( biology2 x is ! morphology1 ! physiology1 ! di/ribution1 ! tiology ( abnormal life4 ,h[ev] obvi\s ?is conclusion may be n[1 x 0 n[ise app>5t 9 ! infancy ( m$ic9e4 ,= x is a peculi>ity ( ! physical sci5ces1 t !y are indep5d5t 9 proportion z !y are imp]fect2 & x is only z !y advance t ! bonds :i* really unite !m all become app>5t4 ,a/ronomy _h no manife/ connection ) t]re/rial physics be=e ! publication ( ! 8,pr9cipia20 t ( *emi/ry ) physics is ( /ill m mod]n revelation2 t ( physics & *emi/ry ) physiology1 has be5 /\tly d5i$ )9 ! recollection ( mo/ ( u1 & p]haps /ill may be4 ,or1 to take a case :i* af=ds a clos] p>allel ) t ( m$ic9e4 ,agriculture has be5 cultivat$ f ! e>lie/ times1 &1 f a remote antiquity1 m5 h atta9$ consid]able practical skill 9 ! cultivation ( ! useful plants1 & h empirically e/abli%$ _m sci5tific tru?s conc]n+ ! conditions "u :i* !y fl\ri%4 ,b1 x is )9 ! memory ( _m ( u1 t *emi/ry on ! "o h&1 & vegetable physiology on ! o!r1 atta9$ a /age ( developm5t su* t !y 7 able to furni% a s\nd basis = sci5tific agriculture4 ,simil>ly1 m$ic9e took its rise 9 ! practical ne$s ( mank9d4 ,at fir/1 /udi$ )\t ref]5ce to any o!r bran* ( k1 x long ma9ta9$1 inde$ /ill to "s ext5t ma9ta9s1 t indep5d5ce4 ,hi/orically1 its connection ) ! biological sci5ces has be5 sl[ly e/abli%$1 & ! full ext5t & intimacy ( t connection are only n[ beg9n+ to be app>5t4 ,i tru/ ,i h n be5 mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t an attempt to give a brief sket* ( ! /eps by :i* a philosophical necessity has become an hi/orical reality1 may n be devoid ( int]e/1 possibly ( in/ruction1 to ! memb]s ( ?is great ,congress1 pr(\ndly int]e/$ z all are 9 ! sci5tific developm5t ( m$ic9e4 ,! hi/ory ( m$ic9e is m complete & full] ?an t ( any o!r sci5ce1 except1 p]haps1 a/ronomy2 &1 if we foll[ back ! long record z f> z cle> evid5ce lights u1 we f9d ourselves tak5 to ! e>ly /ages ( ! civilisation ( ,greece4 ,! olde/ hospitals 7 ! temples ( sculapius2 to ^! ,asclepeia1 always erect$ on heal?y sites1 h>d by fre% spr+s & surr\nd$ by %ady groves1 ! sick & ! maim$ resort$ to seek ! aid ( ! god ( heal?4 ,votive tablets or inscriptions record$ ! symptoms1 no less ?an ! gratitude1 ( ^? :o 7 heal$2 &1 f ^! primitive cl9ical records1 ! half-prie/ly1 half-philosophic ca/e ( ! ,asclepiads compil$ ! data ^u :i* ! e>lie/ g5]alisations ( m$ic9e1 z an inductive sci5ce1 7 bas$4 ,9 ?is /ate1 pa?ology1 l all ! inductive sci5ces at _! orig91 0 m]ely natural hi/ory2 x regi/]$ ! ph5om5a ( disease1 classifi$ !m1 & v5tur$ ^u a prognosis1 :]ev] ! obs]vation ( con/ant co-exi/5ces & sequ5ces sugge/$ a rational expectation ( ! l recurr5ce "u simil> circum/ances4 ,fur!r ?an ?is x h>dly w5t4 ,9 fact1 9 ! !n /ate ( k1 & 9 ! condition ( philosophical speculation at t "t1 nei!r ! causes ( ! morbid /ate1 nor ! rationale ( treatm5t1 7 likely to be s\ght = z we seek = !m n[4 ,! ang] ( a god 0 a suffici5t reason = ! exi/5ce ( a malady1 & a dream ample w>ranty = !rapeutic measures2 t a physical ph5om5on mu/ ne$s h a physical cause 0 n ! impli$ or express$ axiom t x is to u mod]ns4 ,! great man ^: "n is insep>ately connect$ ) ! f\ndation ( m$ic9e1 ,hippocrates1 c]ta9ly knew v little1 inde$ practically no?+1 ( anatomy or physiology2 & he w\ld1 probably1 h be5 p]plex$1 ev5 to imag9e ! possibility ( a connection betwe5 ! zoological /udies ( 8 contempor>y ,democritus & m$ic9e4 ,nev]!less1 9 s f> z he1 & ^? :o work$ be=e & aft] him1 9 ! same _s1 asc]ta9$1 z matt]s ( exp]i5ce1 t a w\nd1 or a luxation1 or a fev]1 pres5t$ su* & su* symptoms1 & t ! return ( ! pati5t to heal? 0 facilitat$ by su* & su* measures1 !y e/abli%$ laws ( nature1 & began ! con/ruction ( ! sci5ce ( pa?ology4 ,all true sci5ce beg9s ) empiricism--?\gh all true sci5ce is su* exactly1 9 s f> z x /rives to pass out ( ! empirical /age into t ( ! d$uction ( empirical f m g5]al tru?s4 ,?us1 x is n wond]ful1 t ! e>ly physicians _h little or no?+ to d ) ! developm5t ( biological sci5ce2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! e>ly biologi/s did n mu* conc]n !mselves ) m$ic9e4 ,!re is no?+ to %[ t ! ,asclepiads took any prom95t %>e 9 ! "w ( f\nd+ anatomy1 physiology1 zoology1 & botany4 ,r d ^! seem to h sprung f ! e>ly philosoph]s1 :o 7 ess5tially natural philosoph]s1 animat$ by ! *>act]i/ically ,greek ?ir/ = k z su*4 ,py?agoras1 ,alcmeon1 ,democritus1 ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 are all cr$it$ ) anatomical & physiological inve/igations2 &1 ?\gh ,ari/otle is said to h belong$ to an ,asclepiad family1 & n improbably ow$ 8 ta/e = anatomical & zoological inquiries to ! tea*+s ( 8 fa!r1 ! physician ,nicoma*us1 ! 8,hi/oria ,animalium10 & ! treatise 8,de ,p>tibus ,animalium10 are z free f any allusion to m$ic9e z if !y _h issu$ f a mod]n biological laboratory4 ,x may be add$1 t x is n easy to see 9 :at way x c\ld h b5efit$ a physician ( ,alex&]'s "t to "k all t ,ari/otle knew on ^! subjects4 ,8 human anatomy 0 too r\gh to avail mu* 9 diagnosis2 8 physiology 0 too errone\s to supply data = pa?ological reason+4 ,b :5 ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 ) ,erasi/ratus & ,h]ophilus at _! head1 turn$ to acc\nt ! opportunities ( /udy+ human /ructure1 af=d$ to !m by ! ,ptolemies1 ! value ( ! l>ge am\nt ( accurate k ?us obta9$ to ! surgeon = 8 op]ations1 & to ! physician = 8 diagnosis ( int]nal disord]s1 became obvi\s1 & a connection 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 anatomy & m$ic9e1 :i* has ev] become clos] & clos]4 ,s9ce ! revival ( le>n+1 surg]y1 m$ical diagnosis1 & anatomy h gone h& 9 h&4 ,morgagni call$ 8 great "w1 8,de s$ibus et causis morborum p] anatom5 indagatis10 & n only %[$ ! way to se>* out ! localities & ! causes ( disease by anatomy1 b himself travell$ wond]fully f> ^u ! road4 ,bi*at1 discrim9at+ ! gross] con/itu5ts ( ! organs & p>ts ( ! body1 "o f ano!r1 po9t$ out ! direction :i* mod]n rese>* mu/ take2 until1 at l5g?1 hi/ology1 a sci5ce ( ye/]day1 z x seems to _m ( u1 has c>ri$ ! "w ( ,morgagni z f> z ! microscope c take u1 & has ext5d$ ! realm ( pa?ological anatomy to ! limits ( ! invisible _w4 ,?anks to ! intimate alliance ( morphology ) m$ic9e1 ! natural hi/ory ( disease has1 at ! pres5t day1 atta9$ a high degree ( p]fection4 ,accurate regional anatomy has r5d]$ practicable ! exploration ( ! mo/ hidd5 p>ts ( ! organism1 & ! det]m9ation1 dur+ life1 ( morbid *anges 9 !m2 anatomical & hi/ological po/mortem inve/igations h suppli$ physicians ) a cle> basis ^u :i* to re/ ! classification ( diseases1 & ) un]r+ te/s ( ! accuracy or inaccuracy ( _! diagnoses4 ,if m5 c\ld be satisfi$ ) pure k1 ! extreme precision ) :i*1 9 ^! days1 a suff]] may be told :at is happ5+1 & :at is likely to happ51 ev5 9 ! mo/ recondite p>ts ( 8 bodily frame1 %\ld be z satisfactory to ! pati5t z x is to ! sci5tific pa?ologi/ :o gives him ! in=mation4 ,b ,i am afraid x is n2 & ev5 ! practis+ physician1 :ile n[ise und]e/imat+ ! regulative value ( accurate diagnosis1 mu/ (t5 lam5t t s mu* ( 8 k r prev5ts him f do+ wrong ?an helps him to d "r4 ,a scorn] ( physic once said t nature & disease may be comp>$ to two m5 fight+1 ! doctor to a bl9d man ) a club1 :o /rikes into ! mele1 sometimes hitt+ ! disease1 & sometimes hitt+ nature4 ,! matt] is n m5d$ if y suppose ! bl9d man's he>+ to be s acute t he c regi/] e /age ( ! /ruggle1 & pretty cle>ly pr$ict h[ x w end4 ,he _h bett] n m$dle at all1 until 8 eyes are op5$--until he c see ! exact position ( ! antagoni/s1 & make sure ( ! effect ( 8 bl[s4 ,b t :i* x behoves ! physician to see1 n1 inde$1 ) 8 bodily eye1 b ) cle>1 intellectual vision1 is a process1 & ! *a9 ( causation involv$ 9 t process4 ,disease1 z we h se51 is a p]turbation ( ! normal activities ( a liv+ body1 & x is1 & mu/ rema91 un9telligible1 s long z we are ignorant ( ! nature ( ^! normal activities4 ,9 o!r words1 !re c\ld be no real sci5ce ( pa?ology until ! sci5ce ( physiology _h rea*$ a degree ( p]fection unatta9$1 & inde$ unatta9able1 until q rec5t times4 ,s f> z m$ic9e is conc]n$1 ,i am n sure t physiology1 su* z x 0 d[n to ! "t ( ,h>vey1 might z well n h exi/$4 ,nay1 x is p]haps no exagg]ation to say t1 )9 ! memory ( liv+ m51 ju/ly r5[n$ practition]s ( m$ic9e & surg]y knew less physiology ?an is n[ to be le>n$ f ! mo/ elem5t>y text-book2 &1 beyond a few broad facts1 reg>d$ :at !y did "k z ( extremely little practical importance4 ,nor am ,i dispos$ to blame !m = ?is conclusion2 physiology mu/ be useless1 or worse ?an useless1 to pa?ology1 s long z its fundam5tal conceptions are errone\s4 ,h>vey is (t5 said to be ! f\nd] ( mod]n physiology2 & !re c be no "q t ! elucidations ( ! function ( ! he>t1 ( ! nature ( ! pulse1 & ( ! c\rse ( ! blood1 put =? 9 ! ev]-memorable little essay1 8,de motu cordis10 directly work$ a revolution 9 m5's views ( ! nature & ( ! concat5ation ( "s ( ! mo/ important physiological processes among ! high] animals2 :ile1 indirectly1 _! influ5ce 0 p]haps ev5 m rem>kable4 ,b1 ?\gh ,h>vey made ?is signal & p]5nially important contribution to ! physiology ( ! mod]ns1 8 g5]al conception ( vital processes 0 ess5tially id5tical ) t ( ! anci5ts2 &1 9 ! 8,ex]citationes de g5]atione10 & notably 9 ! s+ul> *apt] 8,de calido innato10 he %[s himself a true son ( ,gal5 & ( ,ari/otle4 ,= ,h>vey1 ! blood possesses p[]s sup]ior to ^? ( ! elem5ts2 x is ! seat ( a s\l :i* is n only vegetative1 b also s5sitive & motor4 ,! blood ma9ta9s & fa%ions all p>ts ( ! body1 8idque summ cum provid5ti et intellectu 9 f9em c]tum ag5s1 quasi ratioc9io quodam ut]etur40 ,"h is ! doctr9e ( ! 8pneuma10 ! product ( ! philosophical m\ld into :i* ! animism ( primitive m5 ran 9 ,greece1 9 full =ce4 ,nor did its /r5g? abate = long aft] ,h>vey's "t4 ,! same +ra9$ t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to suppose t a process is expla9$ :5 x is ascrib$ to a p[] ( :i* no?+ is kn[n except t x is ! hypo!tical ag5t ( ! process1 gave rise1 9 ! next c5tury1 to ! animism ( ,/ahl2 &1 lat]1 to ! doctr9e ( a vital pr9ciple1 t 8asylum ignoranti0 ( physiologi/s1 :i* has s easily acc\nt$ = ev]y?+ & expla9$ no?+1 d[n to our own times4 ,n[ ! ess5ce ( mod]n1 z contra/$ ) anci5t1 physiological sci5ce appe>s to me to lie 9 its antagonism to animi/ic hypo!ses & animi/ic phraseology4 ,x (f]s physical explanations ( vital ph5om5a1 or frankly confesses t x has none to (f]4 ,&1 s f> z ,i "k1 ! fir/ p]son :o gave expression to ?is mod]n view ( physiology1 :o 0 bold en\gh to enunciate ! proposition t vital ph5om5a1 l all ! o!r ph5om5a ( ! physical _w1 are1 9 ultimate analysis1 resolvable into matt] & motion1 0 ,r5 ,desc>tes4 ,! fifty-f\r ye>s ( life ( ?is mo/ orig9al & p[]ful ?9k] are widely ov]lapp$1 on bo? sides1 by ! eighty ( ,h>vey1 :o surviv$ 8 y\ng] contempor>y by sev5 ye>s1 & takes pleasure 9 ackn[l$g+ ! ,fr5* philosoph]'s appreciation ( 8 great discov]y4 ,9 fact1 ,desc>tes accept$ ! doctr9e ( ! circulation z prop\nd$ by 8,h>vu mdec9 d',anglet]re10 & gave a full acc\nt ( x 9 8 fir/ "w1 ! fam\s 8,disc\rs de la ,m?ode10 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #afcg1 only n9e ye>s aft] ! ex]citation 8,de motu cordis20 &1 ?\gh diff]+ f ,h>vey on "s important po9ts 79 :i* x may be not$1 9 pass+1 ,desc>tes 0 wrong & ,h>vey "r71 he always speaks ( him ) great respect4 ,& s important does ! subject seem to ,desc>tes1 t he returns to x 9 ! 8,trait des ,passions10 & 9 ! 8,trait de l',homme40 ,x is easy to see t ,h>vey's "w mu/ h _h a peculi> significance = ! subtle ?9k]1 to :om we owe bo? ! spirituali/ic & ! mat]iali/ic philosophies ( mod]n times4 ,x 0 9 ! v ye> ( its publication1 #afbh1 t ,desc>tes )drew into t life ( solit>y inve/igation & m$itation ( :i* 8 philosophy 0 ! fruit4 ,&1 z ! c\rse ( 8 speculations l$ him to e/abli% an absolute di/9ction ( nature betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! m5tal worlds1 he 0 logically compell$ to seek = ! explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial _w )9 itself2 & hav+ allott$ ! realm ( ?\ght to ! s\l1 to see no?+ b ext5sion & motion 9 ! re/ ( nature4 ,desc>tes uses 8?\ght0 z ! equival5t ( our mod]n t]m 8consci\sness40 ,?\ght is ! function ( ! s\l1 & its only function4 ,our natural heat & all ! movem5ts ( ! body1 says he1 d n dep5d on ! s\l4 ,dea? does n take place f any fault ( ! s\l1 b only because "s ( ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! body become corrupt$4 ,! body ( a liv+ man diff]s f t ( a dead man 9 ! same way z a wat* or o!r automaton 7t is to say1 a ma*9e :i* moves ( itself7 :5 x is w\nd up & has1 9 itself1 ! physical pr9ciple ( ! movem5ts :i* ! me*anism is adapt$ to p]=m1 diff]s f ! same wat*1 or o!r ma*9e1 :5 x is brok51 & ! physical pr9ciple ( its movem5t no long] exi/s4 ,all ! actions :i* are common to u & ! l[] animals dep5d only on ! con=mation ( our organs1 & ! c\rse :i* ! animal spirits take 9 ! bra91 ! n]ves1 & ! muscles2 9 ! same way z ! movem5t ( a wat* is produc$ by no?+ b ! =ce ( its spr+ & ! figure ( its :eels & o!r p>ts4 ,desc>tes' 8,treatise on ,man0 is a sket* ( human physiology1 9 :i* a bold attempt is made to expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( life1 except ^? ( consci\sness1 by physical reason+s4 ,to a m9d turn$ 9 ?is direction1 ,h>vey's exposition ( ! he>t & vessels z a hydraulic me*anism mu/ h be5 supremely welcome4 ,desc>tes 0 n a m]e philosophical !ori/1 b a h>dwork+ dissector & exp]im5t]1 & he held ! /ronge/ op9ion respect+ ! practical value ( ! new conception :i* he 0 introduc+4 ,he speaks ( ! importance ( pres]v+ heal?1 & ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! m9d on ! body be+ s close t1 p]haps1 ! only way ( mak+ m5 wis] & bett] ?an !y are1 is to be s\ght 9 m$ical sci5ce4 8,x is true10 says he1 8t z m$ic9e is n[ practis$1 x conta9s little t is v useful2 b )\t any desire to depreciate1 ,i am sure t !re is no "o1 ev5 among pr(essional m51 :o w n decl>e t all we "k is v little z comp>$ ) t :i* rema9s to be kn[n2 & t we might escape an inf9ity ( diseases ( ! m9d1 no less ?an ( ! body1 & ev5 p]haps f ! weakness ( old age1 if we _h suffici5t k ( _! causes1 & ( all ! rem$ies ) :i* nature has provid$ u40#if ,s /rongly impress$ 0 ,desc>tes ) ?is1 t he resolv$ to sp5d ! re/ ( 8 life 9 try+ to acquire su* a k ( nature z w\ld lead to ! con/ruction ( a bett] m$ical doctr9e4#ig ,! anti-,c>tesians f\nd mat]ial = *eap ridicule 9 ^! aspirations ( ! philosoph]2 & x is almo/ ne$less to say t1 9 ! ?irte5 ye>s :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! publication ( ! 8,disc\rs0 & ! dea? ( ,desc>tes1 he did n contribute mu* to _! realisation4 ,b1 = ! next c5tury1 all progress 9 physiology took place along ! l9es :i* ,desc>tes laid d[n4 ,! greate/ physiological & pa?ological "w ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,borelli's treatise 8,de ,motu ,animalium10 is1 to all int5ts & purposes1 a developm5t ( ,desc>tes' fundam5tal conception2 & ! same may be said ( ! physiology & pa?ology ( ,bo]haave1 ^: au?ority dom9at$ 9 ! m$ical _w ( ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,) ! orig9 ( mod]n *emi/ry1 & ( electrical sci5ce1 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 aids 9 ! analysis ( ! ph5om5a ( life1 ( :i* ,desc>tes c\ld n h dream$1 7 (f]$ to ! physiologi/4 ,& ! great] "p ( ! gigantic progress :i* has be5 made 9 ! pres5t c5tury is a ju/ification ( ! prevision ( ,desc>tes4 ,= x consi/s1 ess5tially1 9 a m & m complete resolution ( ! gross] organs ( ! liv+ body into physico-*emical me*anisms4 8,i %all try to expla9 our :ole bodily ma*9]y 9 su* a way1 t x w be no m necess>y = u to suppose t ! s\l produces su* movem5ts z are n volunt>y1 ?an x is to ?9k t !re is 9 a clock a s\l :i* causes x to %[ ! h\rs40#ih ,^! words ( ,desc>tes might be appropriately tak5 z a motto by ! au?or ( any mod]n treatise on physiology4 ,b ?\gh1 z ,i ?9k1 !re is no d\bt t ,desc>tes 0 ! fir/ to prop\nd ! fundam5tal conception ( ! liv+ body z a physical me*anism1 :i* is ! di/9ctive feature ( mod]n1 z contra/$ ) anci5t physiology1 he 0 misl$ by ! natural temptation to c>ry out1 9 all its details1 a p>allel betwe5 ! ma*9es ) :i* he 0 famili>1 su* z clocks & pieces ( hydraulic app>atus1 & ! liv+ ma*9e4 ,9 all su* ma*9es !re is a c5tral s\rce ( p[]1 & ! p>ts ( ! ma*9e are m]ely passive di/ributors ( t p[]4 ,! ,c>tesian s*ool conceiv$ ( ! liv+ body z a ma*9e ( ?is k9d2 & h]e9 !y might h le>n$ f ,gal51 :o1 :atev] ill use he may h made ( ! doctr9e ( 8natural faculties10 nev]!less _h ! great m]it ( p]ceiv+ t local =ces play a great "p 9 physiology4 ,! same tru? 0 recognis$ by ,glisson1 b x 0 fir/ prom95tly br\ght =w>d 9 ! ,hall]ian doctr9e ( ! 8vis insita0 ( muscles4 ,if muscle c contract )\t n]ve1 !re is an end ( ! ,c>tesian me*anical explanation ( its contraction by ! influx ( animal spirits4 ,! discov]ies ( ,trembley t5d$ 9 ! same direction4 ,9 ! fre%wat] ,hydra1 no trace 0 to be f\nd ( t complicat$ ma*9]y ^u :i* ! p]=mance ( ! functions 9 ! high] animals 0 suppos$ to dep5d4 ,& yet ! hydra mov$1 f$1 grew1 multipli$1 & its fragm5ts exhibit$ all ! p[]s ( ! :ole4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! "w ( ,casp> ,f4 ,wolff1#ii by demon/rat+ ! fact t ! gr[? & developm5t ( bo? plants & animals take place antec$5tly to ! exi/5ce ( _! gross] organs1 & are1 9 fact1 ! causes & n ! consequ5ces ( organisation 7z !n und]/ood71 sapp$ ! f\ndations ( ! ,c>tesian physiology z a complete expression ( vital ph5om5a4 ,= ,wolff1 ! physical basis ( life is a fluid1 possess$ ( a 8vis ess5tialis0 & a 8solidescibilitas10 9 virtue ( :i* x gives rise to organisation2 &1 z he po9ts out1 ?is conclusion /rikes at ! root ( ! :ole iatro-me*anical sy/em4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ! great au?ority ( ,john ,hunt] ex]t$ a simil> influ5ce2 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ! too sibyll9e utt]ances :i* are ! outcome ( ,hunt]'s /ruggles to def9e 8 conceptions are (t5 susceptible ( m ?an "o int]pretation4 ,nev]!less1 on "s po9ts ,hunt] is cle> en\gh4 ,= example1 he is ( op9ion t 8,_s is only a prop]ty ( matt]0 78,introduction to ,natural ,hi/ory10 p4 #f71 he is prep>$ to r5\nce animism 7l4c4 p4 #h71 & 8 conception ( life is s completely physical t he ?9ks ( x z some?+ :i* c exi/ 9 a /ate ( comb9ation 9 ! food4 8,! alim5t we take 9 has 9 x1 9 a fix$ /ate1 ! real life2 & ?is does n become active until x has got into ! lungs2 = !re x is fre$ f its prison0 78,obs]vations on ,physiology10 p4 #aac74 ,he also ?9ks t 8,x is m 9 accord ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! animal ma*9e to suppose t none ( its effects are produc$ f any me*anical pr9ciple :atev]2 & t e effect is produc$ f an action 9 ! "p2 :i* action is produc$ by a /imulus ^u ! "p :i* acts1 or ^u "s o!r "p ) :i* ?is "p sympa?ises s z to take up ! :ole action0 7l4c4 p4 #aeb74 ,& ,hunt] is z cle> z ,wolff1 ) ^: "w he 0 probably unacqua9t$1 t 8:atev] life is1 x mo/ c]ta9ly does n dep5d ^u /ructure or organisation0 7l4c4 p4 #aad74 ,( c\rse x is impossible t ,hunt] c\ld h int5d$ to d5y ! exi/5ce ( purely me*anical op]ations 9 ! animal body4 ,b :ile1 ) ,borelli & ,bo]haave1 he look$ ^u absorption1 nutrition1 & secretion z op]ations effect$ by means ( ! small vessels1 he diff]$ f ! me*anical physiologi/s1 :o reg>d$ ^! op]ations z ! result ( ! me*anical prop]ties ( ! small vessels1 su* z ! size1 =m1 & disposition ( _! canals & ap]tures4 ,hunt]1 on ! contr>y1 consid]s !m to be ! effect ( prop]ties ( ^! vessels :i* are n me*anical b vital4 8,! vessels10 says he1 8h m ( ! polypus 9 !m ?an any o!r "p ( ! body10 & he talks ( ! 8liv+ & s5sitive pr9ciples ( ! art]ies10 & ev5 ( ! 8dispositions or feel+s ( ! art]ies40 8,:5 ! blood is good & g5u9e ! s5sations ( ! art]ies1 or ! dispositions = s5sation1 are agreeable4444 ,x is !n !y dispose ( ! blood to ! be/ advantage1 increas+ ! gr[? ( ! :ole1 supply+ any losses1 keep+ up a due succession1 etc40 7l4c4 p4 #acc74 ,if we foll[ ,hunt]'s conceptions to _! logical issue1 ! life ( "o ( ! high] animals is ess5tially ! sum ( ! lives ( all ! vessels1 ea* ( :i* is a sort ( physiological unit1 answ]+ to a polype2 &1 z heal? is ! result ( ! normal 8action ( ! vessels10 s is disease an effect ( _! abnormal action4 ,hunt] ?us /&s 9 ?\ght1 z 9 "t1 midway betwe5 ,borelli on ! "o h&1 & ,bi*at on ! o!r4 ,! acute f\nd] ( g5]al anatomy1 9 fact1 outdoes ,hunt] 9 8 desire to exclude physical reason+s f ! realm ( life4 ,except 9 ! int]pretation ( ! action ( ! s5se organs1 he w n all[ physics to h any?+ to d ) physiology4 8,to apply ! physical sci5ces to physiology is to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( liv+ bodies by ! laws ( in]t bodies4 ,n[ ?is is a false pr9ciple1 h5ce all its consequ5ces are m>k$ ) ! same /amp4 ,let u leave to *emi/ry its aff9ity2 to physics1 its ela/icity & its gravity4 ,let u invoke = physiology only s5sibility & contractility40#ajj ,( all ! un=tunate dicta ( m5 ( em95t ability ?is seems "o ( ! mo/ unhappy1 :5 we ?9k ( :at ! application ( ! me?ods & ! data ( physics & *emi/ry has done t[>ds br++ physiology into its pres5t /ate4 ,x is n too mu* to say t "o half ( a mod]n text-book ( physiology consi/s ( appli$ physics & *emi/ry2 & t x is exactly 9 ! exploration ( ! ph5om5a ( s5sibility & contractility t physics & *emi/ry h ex]t$ ! mo/ pot5t influ5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ,bi*at r5d]$ a solid s]vice to physiological progress by insi/+ ^u ! fact t :at we call life1 9 "o ( ! high] animals1 is n an indivisible unit>y ar*u dom9at+1 f its c5tral seat1 ! p>ts ( ! organism1 b a comp\nd result ( ! syn!sis ( ! sep>ate lives ( ^? p>ts4 8,all animals10 says he1 8are assemblages ( diff]5t organs1 ea* ( :i* p]=ms its function & concurs1 aft] its fa%ion1 9 ! pres]vation ( ! :ole4 ,!y are s _m special ma*9es 9 ! g5]al ma*9e :i* con/itutes ! individual4 ,b ea* ( ^! special ma*9es is itself comp\nd$ ( _m tissues ( v diff]5t natures1 :i* 9 tru? con/itute ! elem5ts ( ^? organs0 7l4c4 lxxix47 8,! conception ( a prop] vitality is applicable only to ^! simple tissues1 & n to ! organs !mselves0 7l4c4 lxxxiv47 ,& ,bi*at proce$s to make ! obvi\s application ( ?is doctr9e ( syn!tic life1 if ,i may s call x1 to pa?ology4 ,s9ce diseases are only alt]ations ( vital prop]ties1 & ! prop]ties ( ea* tissue are di/9ct f ^? ( ! re/1 x is evid5t t ! diseases ( ea* tissue mu/ be diff]5t f ^? ( ! re/4 ,!re=e1 9 any organ compos$ ( diff]5t tissues1 "o may be diseas$ & ! o!r rema9 heal?y2 & ?is is :at happ5s 9 mo/ cases 7l4c4 lxxxv47 ,9 a _s ( true prophecy1 ,bi*at says1 8,we h arriv$ at an epo*1 9 :i* pa?ological anatomy %\ld />t afre%40 ,=1 z ! analysis ( ! organs _h l$ him to ! tissues1 z ! physiological units ( ! organism2 s1 9 a succe$+ g5]ation1 ! analysis ( ! tissues l$ to ! cell z ! physiological elem5t ( ! tissues4 ,! contemporane\s /udy ( developm5t br\ght out ! same result2 & ! zoologi/s & botani/s1 explor+ ! simple/ & ! l[e/ =ms ( animat$ be+s1 confirm$ ! great induction ( ! cell !ory4 ,?us ! app>5tly oppos$ views1 :i* h be5 battl+ ) "o ano!r ev] s9ce ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 h prov$ to be ea* half ! tru?4 ,! proposition ( ,desc>tes t ! body ( a liv+ man is a ma*9e1 ! actions ( :i* are explicable by ! kn[n laws ( matt] & motion1 is unque/ionably l>gely true4 ,b x is also true1 t ! liv+ body is a syn!sis ( innum]able physiological elem5ts1 ea* ( :i* may ne>ly be describ$1 9 ,wolff's words1 z a fluid possess$ ( a 8vis ess5tialis10 & a 8solidescibilitas02 or1 9 mod]n phrase1 z protoplasm susceptible ( /ructural metamorphosis & functional metabolism3 & t ! only ma*9]y1 9 ! precise s5se 9 :i* ! ,c>tesian s*ool und]/ood me*anism1 is1 t :i* co-ord9ates & regulates ^! physiological units into an organic :ole4 ,9 fact1 ! body is a ma*9e ( ! nature ( an army1 n ( t ( a wat* or ( a hydraulic app>atus4 ,( ?is army ea* cell is a soldi]1 an organ a brigade1 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em headqu>t]s & field telegraph1 ! alim5t>y & circulatory sy/em ! commiss>iat4 ,losses are made good by recruits born 9 camp1 & ! life ( ! individual is a campaign1 conduct$ successfully = a numb] ( ye>s1 b ) c]ta9 defeat 9 ! long run4 ,! efficacy ( an army1 at any giv5 mom5t1 dep5ds on ! heal? ( ! individual soldi]1 & on ! p]fection ( ! ma*9]y by :i* he is l$ & br\ght into action at ! prop] "t2 &1 !re=e1 if ! analogy holds good1 !re c be only two k9ds ( diseases1 ! "o dep5d5t on abnormal /ates ( ! physiological units1 ! o!r on p]turbations ( _! co-ord9at+ & alim5tative ma*9]y4 ,h5ce1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! cell !ory1 9 normal biology1 0 swiftly foll[$ by a 8cellul> pa?ology10 z its logical c\nt]p>t4 ,i ne$ n rem9d y h[ great an in/rum5t ( inve/igation ?is doctr9e has prov$ 9 ! h&s ( ! man ( g5ius to :om its developm5t is due1 & :o w\ld probably be ! la/ to =get t abnormal conditions ( ! co-ord9ative & di/ributive ma*9]y ( ! body are no less important factors ( disease4 ,h5ce=w>d1 z x appe>s to me1 ! connection ( m$ic9e ) ! biological sci5ces is cle>ly def9$4 ,pure pa?ology is t bran* ( biology :i* def9es ! p>ticul> p]turbation ( cell-life1 or ( ! co-ord9at+ ma*9]y1 or ( bo?1 on :i* ! ph5om5a ( disease dep5d4 ,^? :o are conv]sant ) ! pres5t /ate ( biology w h>dly hesitate to admit t ! conception ( ! life ( "o ( ! high] animals z ! summation ( ! lives ( a cell aggregate1 br\ght into h>moni\s action by a co-ord9ative ma*9]y =m$ by "s ( ^! cells1 con/itutes a p]man5t acquisition ( physiological sci5ce4 ,b ! la/ =m ( ! battle betwe5 ! animi/ic & ! physical views ( life is se5 9 ! cont5tion :e!r ! physical analysis ( vital ph5om5a c be c>ri$ beyond ?is po9t or n4 ,!re are "s to :om liv+ protoplasm is a sub/ance1 ev5 su* z ,h>vey conceiv$ ! blood to be1 8summ cum provid5ti et intellectu 9 f9em c]tum ag5s1 quasi ratioc9io quodam20 & :o look ) z little fav\r z ,bi*at did1 ^u any attempt to apply ! pr9ciples & ! me?ods ( physics & *emi/ry to ! inve/igation ( ! vital processes ( gr[?1 metabolism1 & contractility4 ,!y /& ^u ! anci5t ways2 only1 9 accordance ) t progress t[>ds democracy1 :i* a great political writ] has decl>$ to be ! fatal *>act]i/ic ( mod]n times1 !y sub/itute a republic =m$ by a few billion ( 8animul0 = ! mon>*y ( ! all-p]vad+ 8anima40 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 support$ by a robu/ fai? 9 ! univ]sal applicability ( ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ,desc>tes1 & see+ t ! actions call$ 8vital0 are1 s f> z we h any means ( kn[+1 no?+ b *anges ( place ( p>ticles ( matt]1 look to molecul> physics to a*ieve ! analysis ( ! liv+ protoplasm itself into a molecul> me*anism4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ! receiv$ doctr9es ( physics1 t contra/ betwe5 liv+ & in]t matt]1 on :i* ,bi*at lays s mu* /ress1 does n exi/4 ,9 nature1 no?+ is at re/1 no?+ is amorph\s2 ! simple/ p>ticle ( t :i* m5 9 _! bl9dness are pleas$ to call 8brute matt]0 is a va/ aggregate ( molecul> me*anisms p]=m+ complicat$ movem5ts ( imm5se rapidity1 & s5sitively adju/+ !mselves to e *ange 9 ! surr\nd+ _w4 ,liv+ matt] diff]s f o!r matt] 9 degree & n 9 k9d2 ! microcosm repeats ! macrocosm2 & "o *a9 ( causation connects ! nebul\s orig9al ( suns & planet>y sy/ems ) ! protoplasmic f\ndation ( life & organisation4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 pa?ology is ! analogue ( ! !ory ( p]turbations 9 a/ronomy2 & !rapeutics resolves itself into ! discov]y ( ! means by :i* a sy/em ( =ces compet5t to elim9ate any giv5 p]turbation may be introduc$ into ! economy4 ,&1 z pa?ology bases itself ^u normal physiology1 s !rapeutics re/s ^u ph>macology2 :i* is1 /rictly speak+1 a "p ( ! great biological topic ( ! influ5ce ( conditions on ! liv+ organism1 & has no sci5tific f\ndation ap>t f physiology4 ,x appe>s to me t !re is no m hopeful indication ( ! progress ( m$ic9e t[>ds ! ideal ( ,desc>tes ?an is to be d]iv$ f a comp>ison ( ! /ate ( ph>macology1 at ! pres5t day1 ) t :i* exi/$ =ty ye>s ago4 ,if we consid] ! k positively acquir$1 9 ?is %ort "t1 ( ! modus op]&i ( ur>i1 ( atropia1 ( physo/igm91 ( v]atria1 ( casca1 ( /ry*nia1 ( bromide ( potassium1 ( phosphorus1 !re c surely be no gr\nd = d\bt+ t1 soon] or lat]1 ! ph>macologi/ w supply ! physician ) ! means ( affect+1 9 any desir$ s5se1 ! functions ( any physiological elem5t ( ! body4 ,x w1 9 %ort1 become possible to introduce into ! economy a molecul> me*anism :i*1 l a v cunn+ly-contriv$ torp$o1 %all f9d its way to "s p>ticul> gr\p ( liv+ elem5ts1 & cause an explosion among !m1 leav+ ! re/ unt\*$4 ,! se>* = ! explanation ( diseas$ /ates 9 modifi$ cell-life2 ! discov]y ( ! important "p play$ by p>asitic organisms 9 ! tiology ( disease2 ! elucidation ( ! action ( m$icam5ts by ! me?ods & ! data ( exp]im5tal physiology2 appe> to me to be ! greate/ /eps :i* h ev] be5 made t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( m$ic9e on a sci5tific basis4 ,i ne$ h>dly say !y c\ld n h be5 made except = ! advance ( normal biology4 ,!re c be no "q1 !n1 z to ! nature or ! value ( ! connection betwe5 m$ic9e & ! biological sci5ces4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! future ( pa?ology & ( !rapeutics1 &1 !re=e1 t ( practical m$ic9e1 dep5ds ^u ! ext5t to :i* ^? :o occupy !mselves ) ^! subjects are tra9$ 9 ! me?ods & impregnat$ ) ! fundam5tal tru?s ( biology4 ,&1 9 conclusion1 ,i v5ture to sugge/ t ! collective sagacity ( ?is ,congress c\ld occupy itself ) no m important "q ?an ) ?is3 ,h[ is m$ical education to be arrang$1 s t1 )\t entangl+ ! /ud5t 9 ^? details ( ! sy/emati/ :i* are valueless to him1 he may be enabl$ to obta9 a firm grasp ( ! great tru?s respect+ animal & vegetable life1 )\t :i*1 not)/&+ all ! progress ( sci5tific m$ic9e1 he w /ill f9d himself an empiric8 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,joseph ,prie/ley1 p4 #id1 infra4 #b ,! advocacy ( ! introduction ( physical sci5ce into g5]al education by ,george ,combe & o!rs comm5c$ a good deal e>li]2 b ! movem5t _h acquir$ h>dly any practical =ce be=e ! "t to :i* ,i ref]4 #c ,essays 9 ,criticism1 p4 #cg4 #d 8,quamvis enim melius sit b5e fac]e quam nosse1 prius tam5 e/ nosse quam fac]e40--8,k>oli ,magni ,regis ,con/itutio de ,s*olis p] s+ula ,episcopia et ,mona/]ia in/itu5dis10 address$ to ! ,abbot ( ,fulda4 ,baluzius1 8,capitul>ia ,regum ,francorum10 ,t4 i41 p4 #bjb4 #e ,inaugural ,address deliv]$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rew ,febru>y #a1 #ahfg1 by ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity 7pp4 #cb1 #cc74 #f 8,sugge/ions = ,academical ,organisation1 ) ,especial ,ref]5ce to ,ox=d40 ,by ! ,rector ( ,l9coln4 #g ,goe!1 ,zahme ,x5i51 ,vi]te ,ab!ilung4 ,i %\ld be glad to take cr$it = ! close & vigor\s ,engli% v]sion2 b x is my wife's1 & n m9e4 #h ,see ! 8,programme0 = #ahgh1 issu$ by ! ,society ( ,arts1 p4 #ad4 #i ,x is p]haps advisable to rem>k t ! important "q ( ! pr(essional education ( manag]s ( indu/rial works is n t\*$ 9 ! =ego+ rem>ks4 #aj 8,quasi cursores1 vita lampada tradunt40--,,lucr4 ,de ,r]um ,nat4 ii4 #gh4 #aa 8,life & ,correspond5ce ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley10 by ,j4 ,t4 ,rutt4 ,vol4 i4 p4 #ej4 #ab 8,autobiography10 #ajj1 #aja4 #ac ,see 8,! ,life ( ,m>y ,anne ,s*immelp5n9ck40 ,mrs4 ,s*immelp5n9ck 7ne ,galton7 rememb]$ ,prie/ley v well1 & h] description ( him is wor? quotation3--8,a man ( admirable simplicity1 g5tl5ess & k9dness ( he>t1 unit$ ) great acut5ess ( intellect4 ,i c nev] =get ! impression produc$ on me by ! s]5e expression ( 8 c\nt5ance4 ,he1 inde$1 seem$ pres5t ) ,god by recollection1 & ) man by *e]fulness4 ,i rememb] t1 9 ! assembly ( ^! di/+ui%$ m51 among/ :om ,mr4 ,b\lton1 by 8 noble mann]1 8 f9e c\nt5ance 7:i* mu* resembl$ t ( ,l\is ,,xiv471 & pr9cely munific5ce1 /ood pre-em95tly z ! great ,mecnas2 ev5 z a *ild1 ,i us$ to feel1 :5 ,dr4 ,prie/ley ent]$ aft] him1 t ! glory ( ! "o 0 t]re/rial1 t ( ! o!r cele/ial2 & utt]ly f> z ,i am remov$ f a belief 9 ! suffici5cy ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley's !ological cre$1 ,i _c b "h record ?is evid5ce ( ! et]nal p[] ( any portion ( ! tru? held 9 its vitality40 #ad ,ev5 ,mrs4 ,prie/ley1 :o might be =giv5 = reg>d+ ! de/roy]s ( h] h\sehold gods ) "s asp]ity1 cont5ts h]self1 9 writ+ to ,mrs4 ,b>bauld1 ) ! s>casm t ! ,birm+ham p 8w sc>cely f9d s _m respectable *>act]s1 a second "t1 to make a bonfire (40 #ae 8,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air10 vol4 ii4 p4 #ca4 #af ,ibid4 pp4 #cd1 #ce4 #ag 8,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air10 vol4 ii4 p4 #dj4 #ah ,ibid4 p4 #dh4 #ai ,ibid4 p4 #ee4 #bj 8,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air10 vol4 ii4 p4 #fj4 ,! italics are ,prie/ley's own4 #ba 8,9 all ! newspap]s & mo/ ( ! p]iodical publications ,i 0 repres5t$ z an unbeliev] 9 ,revelation1 & no bett] ?an an a!i/40--8,autobiography10 ,rutt4 vol4 i4 p4 #abd4 8,on ! walls ( h\ses1 etc41 & especially :]e ,i usually w5t1 7 to be se51 9 l>ge *>act]s1 #8,,madan ,,= ,,ev]2 ,,damn ,,prie/ley2 ,,no ,,presbyt]ianism2 ,,damn ,,! ,,presbyt]ians1' etc4 etc42 &1 at "o "t1 ,i 0 foll[$ by a numb] ( boys1 :o left _! play1 repeat+ :at !y _h se5 on ! walls1 & %\t+ out1 #8,damn ,prie/ley2 damn him1 damn him1 = ev]1 = ev]1' etc4 etc4 ,?is 0 no d\bt a lesson :i* !y _h be5 taught by _! p>5ts1 & :at !y1 ,i fe>1 _h le>n$ f _! sup]iors40--8,appeal to ! ,public on ! ,subject ( ! ,riots at ,birm+ham40 #bb ,fir/ ,s]ies4 8,on ,"s ( ! ,peculi>ities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion40 ,essay ,i4 ,revelation ( a ,future ,/ate4 #bc ,n only is ,prie/ley at "o ) ,bi%op ,c\rt5ay 9 ?is matt]1 b ) ,h>tley & ,bonnet1 bo? ( !m /\t *ampions ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,moreov]1 ,ar*bi%op ,:ately's essay is little bett] ?an an expansion ( ! fir/ p>agraph ( ,hume's fam\s essay on ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l3--8,by ! m]e light ( reason x seems difficult to prove ! immortality ( ! s\l2 ! argum5ts = x are commonly d]iv$ ei!r f metaphysical topics1 or moral1 or physical4 ,b x is 9 reality ! ,gospel1 & ! ,gospel alone1 t has br\ght life & immortality to light40 ,x is impossible to imag9e t a man ( ,:ately's ta/es & acquirem5ts _h n read ,hume or ,h>tley1 ?\gh he ref]s to nei!r4 #bd 8,essay on ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,gov]nm5t40 ,second edition1 #agga1 p4 #ac4 #be 8,utility ( ,e/abli%m5ts10 9 8,essay on ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,gov]nm5t10 p4 #aih1 #agga4 #bf ,9 #agcb ,doddridge 0 cit$ = tea*+ )\t ! ,bi%op's leave1 at ,nor?ampton4 #bg ,! rec5t proce$+s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons ?r[ a d\bt1 :i* x is to be hop$ may spe$ily be remov$1 on ! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t4 7,septemb] #ahha47 #bh 8,disc\rs sur les rvolutions de la surface du globe10 ,re*]*es sur les ossem5s fossiles1 ,ed4 iv4 t4 i4 p4 #ahe4 #bi 8,on ! ,eclipses ( ,aga?ocles1 ,?ales1 & ,x]xes10 ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 cxliii4 #cj ,!re is e reason to believe t liv+ plants1 l liv+ animals1 always respire1 &1 9 respir+1 absorb oxyg5 & give (f c>bonic acid2 b1 t 9 gre5 plants expos$ to daylight or to ! electric light1 ! quantity ( oxyg5 evolv$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! decomposition ( c>bonic acid by a special app>atus :i* gre5 plants possess exce$s t absorb$ 9 ! concurr5t respiratory process4 #ca ,d>w91 8,insectivor\s ,plants10 p4 #bhi4 #cb ,i purposely assume t ! air ) :i* ! bean is suppli$ 9 ! case /at$ conta9s no ammoniacal salts4 #cc ,! rec5t rese>*es ( ,pr+%eim h rais$ a ho/ ( que/ions z to ! exact %>e tak5 by *lorophyll 9 ! *emical op]ations :i* are effect$ by ! gre5 p>ts ( plants4 ,x may be t ! *lorophyll is only a con/ant concomitant ( ! actual deoxidis+ app>atus4 #cd 8,rese>*es 9 ! ,life-hi/ory ( a ,c]comonad3 a ,lesson 9 ,biog5esis20 & 8,fur!r ,rese>*es 9 ! ,life-hi/ory ( ! ,monads40--8,mon?ly ,microscopical ,j\rnal10 #ahgc4 #ce ,excell5tly describ$ by ,/e91 almo/ all ( ^: /atem5ts ,i h v]ifi$4 #cf 8,hi/oire des ,sci5ces ,naturelles10 i4 p4 #aeb4 #cg ,! text ,i h foll[$ is t giv5 by ,aub]t & ,wimm]1 8,ari/oteles ,?i]kunde2 kritis* b]i*tigt] ,text mit deuts*5 ,ueb]setzung20 b ,i h tri$ "h & !re to br+ ! ,engli% v]sion r clos] to ! orig9al ?an ! ,g]man translation1 excell5t z x is1 seems to me to be4 #ch ,9 mod]n works on ,vet]9>y ,anatomy ! lungs are sometimes describ$ z two lobes ( a s+le organ4 #ci 8,hi/oire des ,sci5ces ,naturelles40--t4 i4 p4 #acj4 #dj 8,ari/otle1 a ,*apt] f ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce40 #da ,i quote1 "h & always1 ,c\s9's edition ( ! works ( ,desc>tes1 z mo/ conv5i5t = ref]5ce4 ,x is entitl$ 8uvres compltes de ,desc>tes10 publies p> ,victor ,c\s94 #ahbd4 #db 8,les ,passions de l'me10 ,article xxxiii4 #dc 8,re*]*es physiologiques sur la ,vie et la ,mort40 ,p> ,xav4 ,bi*at4 ,art4 ,sixime4 #dd ,locke 7,human ,und]/&+1 ,book ,,ii41 *ap4 viii4 #cg7 uses ,desc>tes' illu/ration = ! same purpose1 & w>ns u t 8mo/ ( ! ideas ( s5sation are no m ! lik5ess ( some?+ exi/+ )\t u ?an ! names t /& = !m are ! lik5ess ( our ideas1 :i* yet1 ^u he>+1 !y are apt to excite 9 u10 a decl>ation :i* pav$ ! way = ,b]keley4 #de 8,passions de l'me10 ,art4 xxxvi4 #df 8,quamcumque ,bruti actionem1 velut automati me*anici motum artificialem1 9 eo consi/]e quod se prim s5sibile aliquod spiritus animales affici5s1 eosque introrsum conv]t5s1 s5sionem excitat1 qua mox iidem spiritus1 velut undulatione reflex d5uo retrorsum commoti atque pro conc9no ipsius fabric organorum1 et p>tium ord9e1 9 c]tos n]vos musculosque det]m9ati1 respectivos membrorum motus p]ficiunt40--,,willis3 8,de ,anim ,brutorum10 p4 #e1 ed4 #agfc4 #dg 8,les ,passions de l'me10 xlii4 #dh ,hall]1 8,prim ,l9e10 ed4 iii4 8,s5sus ,int]ni10 dlviii4 #di 8,rponse de ,m4 ,desc>tes ,m4 ,morus40 #afdi4 8uvres10 tome x4 p4 #bjd4 8,mais le plus gr& de t\s les prjugs que n\s ayons ret5us de notre enfance1 e/ celui de croire que les btes p5s5t10 etc4 #ej ,malebran*e /ates ! view tak5 by or?odox ,c>tesians 9 #afhi v =cibly3 8,a9si dans les *i5s1 les *ats1 et les autres animaux1 il n'y a ny intellig5ce1 ny me spirituelle comme on l'ent5d ord9airem5t4 ,ils mang5t sans plaisir2 ils cri5t sans d\leur2 ils croiss5t sans le savoir2 ils ne dsir5t ri52 ils ne connoiss5t ri52 et s'ils agiss5t avec adresse et d'une manire qui m>que l'intellig5ce1 c'e/ que ,dieu les faisant p\r les cons]v]1 il a con=m leurs corps de telle manire1 qu'ils vit5t organiquem5t1 sans le savoir1 t\t ce qui peut les dtruire et qu'ils sembl5t cra9dre40 78,feuillet de ,con*es4 ,mditations ,mtaphysiques et ,correspondance de ,n4 ,malebran*e4 ,neuvime ,mditation40 #ahda47 #ea ,see ! rem>kable essay ( ,gltz1 8,beitrge zur ,lehre von d5 ,function5 d] ,n]v5c5tr5 des ,fros*es10 publi%$ 9 #ahfi4 ,i h repeat$ ,gltz's exp]im5ts1 & obta9$ ! same results4 #eb 8,de l',automatisme de la ,mmoire et du ,s\v5ir1 dans le ,somnambulisme pa?ologique40 ,p> le ,dr4 ,e4 ,mesnet1 ,mdec9 de l',hpital ,sa9t-,anto9e4 8,l',union ,mdicale10 ,juillet #ba et #bc1 #ahgd4 ,my att5tion 0 fir/ call$ to a summ>y ( ?is rem>kable case1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! 8,j\rnal des ,dbats0 = ! #g? ( ,augu/ #ahgd1 by my fri5d ,g5]al ,/ra*ey1 ,f4,r4,s4 #ec ,^? :o h _h occasion to become acqua9t$ ) ! ph5om5a ( somnambulism & ( mesm]ism1 w be /ruck ) ! close p>allel :i* !y pres5t to ! proce$+s ( ,f4 9 8 abnormal /ate4 ,b ! great value ( ,dr4 ,mesnet's obs]vations lies 9 ! fact t ! abnormal condition is traceable to a def9ite injury to ! bra91 & t ! circum/ances are su* z to keep u cle> ( ! cl\d ( volunt>y & involunt>y fictions 9 :i* ! tru? is too (t5 smo!r$ 9 su* cases4 ,9 ! un=tunate subjects ( su* abnormal conditions ( ! bra91 ! di/urbance ( ! s5sory & intellectual faculties is n unfrequ5tly accompani$ by a p]turbation ( ! moral nature1 :i* may manife/ itself 9 a mo/ a/oni%+ love ( ly+ = its own sake4 ,&1 9 ?is respect1 also1 ,f4's case is s+ul>ly in/ructive1 = ?\gh1 9 8 normal /ate1 he is a p]fectly hone/ man1 9 8 abnormal condition he is an invet]ate ?ief1 /eal+ & hid+ away :atev] he c lay h&s on1 ) mu* dext]ity1 & ) an absurd indiff]5ce z to :e!r ! prop]ty is 8 own or n4 ,h(fman's t]rible conception ( ! 8,doppelt-gng]0 is realis$ by m5 9 ?is /ate--:o live two lives1 9 ! "o ( :i* !y may be guilty ( ! mo/ crim9al acts1 :ile1 9 ! o!r1 !y are em95tly virtu\s & respectable4 ,nei!r life kn[s any?+ ( ! o!r4 ,dr4 ,mesnet /ates t he has wat*$ a man 9 8 abnormal /ate elaborately prep>e to hang himself1 & has let him g on until asphyxia set 91 :5 he cut him d[n4 ,b on pass+ into ! normal /ate ! w\ld-be suicide 0 :olly ignorant ( :at _h happ5$4 ,! problem ( responsibility is "h z complicat$ z t ( ! pr9ce-bi%op1 :o swore z a pr9ce & n z a bi%op4 8,b1 highness1 if ! pr9ce is damn$1 :at w become ( ! bi%op80 said ! peasant4 #ed 8,lay ,s]mons1 ,essays & ,reviews10 p4 #cee4 #ee 8,essai de ,psy*ologie10 *ap4 xxvii4 #ef ,9 ju/ice to ,reid1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be /at$ t ! *apt]s on s5sation 9 ! 8,essays on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s0 7#aghe7 exhibit a great improvem5t4 ,he is1 9 fact1 9 advance ( 8 comm5tator1 z ! note to ,essay ,,ii4 *ap4 ii4 p4 #bdh ( ,hamilton's edition %[s4 #eg ,hall]1 amplify+ ,desc>tes1 writes 9 ! 8,prim ,l9e10 ,,ccclxvi4--8,non e/ adeo obscurum s5sum omnem oriri ab objecti s5sibilis impressione 9 n]vum quemcumque corporis humani1 et eamdem p] eum n]vum ad c]ebrum p]v5i5tem tunc demum repres5t>i anim1 qu&o c]ebrum adtigit4 ,ut etiam hoc falsum sit animam inproximo p] s5soria n]vorumque ramos s5tire40444 ,,dlvii4--8,dum ergo s5timus qu9que div]sissima entia conjunguntur3 corpus quod s5timus3 organi s5sorii adfectio ab eo corpore3 c]ebri adfectio a s5sorii p]cussione nata3 9 anima nata mutatio3 anim d5ique consci5tia et s5sationis adp]ceptio40 ,nev]!less1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton gravely in=ms 8 he>]s3--8,we h no m "r to d5y t ! m9d feels at ! f+] po9ts1 z consci\sness assures u1 ?an to ass]t t x ?9ks exclusively 9 ! bra940--8,lecture on ,metaphysics & ,logic10 ii4 p4 #abh4 8,we h no reason :atev] to d\bt ! report ( consci\sness1 t we actually p]ceive at ! ext]nal po9t ( s5sation1 & t we p]ceive ! mat]ial reality40--,ibid4 p4 #abi4 #eh 8,obs]vations on ,man10 vol4 i4 p4 #aa4 #ei ,ibid4 p4 #h4 ,! speculations ( ,bonnet are rem>kably simil> to ^? ( ,h>tley2 & !y appe> to h orig9at$ indep5d5tly1 ?\gh ! 8,essai de ,psy*ologie0 7#aged7 is ( five ye>s' lat] date ?an ! 8,obs]vations on ,man0 7#agdi74 #fj 8,an ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,common ,s5se10 *ap4 ii4 #b4 ,reid affirms t 8x is g5ius1 & n ! want ( x1 t adult]ates philosophy1 & fills x ) error & false !ory20 & no d\bt 8 own lucubrations are free f ! smalle/ ta9t ( ! impurity to :i* he objects4 ,b1 = want ( some?+ m ?an t sort ( 8common s5se10 :i* is v common & a little dull1 ! contemn] ( g5ius did n notice t ! admission "h made knocks s big a hole 9 ! bottom ( 8common s5se philosophy10 t no?+ c save x f f\nd]+ 9 ! dread$ abyss ( ,idealism4 #fa ,! foll[+ diagrammatic s*eme may help to elucidate ! !ory ( s5sation3-- ,m$iate ,k ,imm$iate ,s5sif]\s ,app>atus ,k ,objects ( s5se ,receptive ,transmissive ,s5sificatory ,s5sations & 7,s5se ,organ7 7,n]ve7 7,s5sorium7 o!r ,/ates ( ,consci\sness ,hypo!tical ,hypo!tical ,sub/ance ( ,sub/ance ( ,matt] ,m9d ,physical ,_w ,m5tal ,_w ,n ,self ,self ,non-,ego or ,object ,ego or ,subject ,imm$iate k is conf9$ to /ates ( consci\sness1 or1 9 o!r words1 to ! ph5om5a ( m9d4 ,k ( ! physical _w1 or ( "o's own body & ( objects ext]nal to x1 is a sy/em ( beliefs or judgm5ts bas$ on ! s5sations4 ,! t]m 8self0 is appli$ n only to ! s]ies ( m5tal ph5om5a :i* con/itute ! ego1 b to ! fragm5t ( ! physical _w :i* is _! con/ant concomitant4 ,! corporeal self1 !re=e1 is "p ( ! non-ego2 & is objective 9 relation to ! ego z subject4 #fb 8,*aque fibre e/ une espce de t\*e ou de m>teau de/9 r5dre un c]ta9 ton40--,bonnet1 8,essai de ,psy*ologie10 *ap4 iv4 #fc ,! 8,ex]citationes de ,g5]atione ,animalium10 :i* ,dr4 ,george ,ent extract$ f him & publi%$ 9 #afea4 #fd 8,de ,g5]atione ,animalium10 lib ii4 cap4 x4 #fe 8,de ,g5]atione10 lib4 ii4 cap4 iv4 #ff 8,cep5dant1 p\r rev5ir aux =mes ord9aires ou aux mes matrielles1 cette dure qu'il leur faut attribu] la place de celle qu'on avoit attribute aux atomes p\rroit faire d\t] si elles ne vont pas de corps en corps2 ce qui s]oit la mtempsy*ose1 peu prs comme quelques philosophes ont cru la transmission du m\vem5t et celle des espces4 ,mais cette imag9ation e/ bi5 loigne de la nature des *oses4 ,il n'y a po9t de tel passage2 et c'e/ ici o les trans=mations de ,messieurs ,swamm]dam1 ,malpighi1 et ,leew5hoek1 qui sont des plus excell5s obs]vateurs de notre tems1 sont v5ues mon sec\rs1 et m'ont fait admettre plus aism5t1 que l'animal1 et t\te autre sub/ance organise ne comm5ce po9t lorsque n\s le croyons1 et que sa g5]ation app>5te n'e/ qu'une dveloppem5t et une espce d'augm5tation4 ,aussi ai je rem>qu que l'auteur de la 8,re*]*e de la ,v]it10 ,m4 ,regis1 ,m4 ,h>tsock]1 et d'autres habiles hommes n'ont pas t =t loigns de ce s5tim5t40 ,leibnitz1 8,sy/me n\veau de la ,nature10 #afie4 ,! doctr9e ( 8,embotem5t0 is conta9$ 9 ! 8,considrations sur le pr9cipe de vie10 #agje2 ! preface to ! 8,!odice10 #agaj2 & ! 8,pr9cipes de la ,nature et de la ,grace0 7 #f71 #agah4 #fg 8,il e/ vrai que la p5se la plus raisonnable et la plus con=me l'exp]i5ce sur cette "q trs difficile de la =mation du ftus2 c'e/ que les enfans sont dja presque t\t =ms avant mme l'action p> laquelle ils sont conu2 et que leurs mres ne font que leur donn] l'accroissem5t ord9aire dans le temps de la grossesse40 8,de la ,re*]*e de la ,v]it10 livre ii4 *ap4 vii4 p4 #ccd1 #g? ed41 #agba4 #fh ,! writ] is indebt$ to ,dr4 ,all5 ,?omson = ref]5ce to ! evid5ce conta9$ 9 a note to ,hall]'s edition ( ,bo]haave's 8,prlectiones ,academic10 vol4 v4 pt ii4 p4 #dig1 publi%$ 9 #agdd1 t ,hall] orig9ally advocat$ epig5esis4 #fi 8,considrations sur les ,corps organiss10 *ap4 x4 #gj ,bonnet _h ! c\rage ( 8 op9ions1 & 9 ! 8,pal+nsie ,philosophique10 "p vi4 *ap1 iv41 he develops a hypo!sis :i* he t]ms 8volution naturelle20 & :i*1 mak+ all[ance = 8 peculi> views ( ! nature ( g5]ation1 be>s no small resemblance to :at is und]/ood by 8evolution0 at ! pres5t day3-- 8,si la volont div9e a cr p> un seul ,acte l',univ]salit des tres1 d'o v5oi5t ces plantes et ces animaux dont ,moyse n\s decrit la ,production au troisieme et au c9quieme j\r du r5\vellem5t de notre monde8 8,abus]ois-je de la lib]t de conjectures si je disois1 que les ,plantes et les ,animaux qui exi/5t auj\rd'hui sont p>v5us p> une sorte d'evolution naturelle des ,etres organiss qui peuplai5t ce premi] ,monde1 sorti immdiatem5t des ,,ma9s du ,,createur8444 8,ne supposons que trois rvolutions4 ,la ,t]re vi5t de sortir des ,,ma9s du ,,createur4 ,des causes prep>es p> sa ,,sagesse font dvelopp] de t\tes p>ts les ,g]mes4 ,les ,etres organiss comm5c5t j\ir de l'exi/5ce4 ,ils toi5t probablem5t alors bi5 diffr5s de ce qu'ils sont auj\rd'hui4 ,ils l'etoi5t autant que ce premi] ,monde diffroit de celui que n\s habitons4 ,n\s manquons de moy5s p\r jug] de ces dissemblances1 et peut-tre que le plus habile ,naturali/e qui auroit t plac dans ce premi] ,monde y auroit entirem5t mconnu nos ,plantes et nos ,animaux40 #ga 8,ce mot 7g]me7 ne dsign]a pas seulem5t un corps organis rduit en petit2 il dsign]a encore t\te espce de pr=mation orig9elle dont un ,t\t organique p5t rsult] comme de son pr9cipe immdiat40--8,pal+nsie ,philosophique10 "p x4 *ap4 ii4 #gb 8,m4 ,cuvi] considrant que t\s les tres organiss sont drivs de p>5s1 et ne voyant dans la nature aucune =ce capable de produire l'organisation1 croyait la pr-exi/5ce des g]mes2 non pas la pr-exi/5ce d'un tre t\t =m1 puisqu'il e/ bi5 vid5t que ce n'e/ que p> des dveloppem5s successifs que l'tre acqui]t sa =me2 mais1 si l'on peut s'exprim] a9si1 la pr-exi/5ce du radical de l'tre1 radical qui exi/e avant que la srie des volutions ne comm5ce1 et qui remonte c]ta9em5t1 suivant la belle obs]vation de ,bonnet1 plusieurs g5]ations40--,laurill>d1 8loge de ,cuvi]10 note #ab4 #gc 8,hi/oire ,naturelle10 tom4 ii4 ed4 ii4 #agej1 p4 #cej4 #gd ,ibid4 p4 #cea4 #ge ,see p>ticul>ly ,buffon1 l4c4 p4 #da4 #gf 8,ex]citationes de ,g5]atione40 ,ex4 #fb1 8,ovum esse primordium commune omnibus animalibus40 #gg ,9 "s cases ( sexless multiplication ! g]m is a cell-aggregate--if we call g]m only t :i* is already deta*$ f ! p>5t organism4 #gh ,h>vey1 8,ex]citationes de ,g5]atione40 ,ex4 #de1 8,qunam sit pulli mat]ia et quomodo fiat 9 ,ovo40 #gi ,n yet actually demon/rat$ 9 ! case ( phnogam\s plants4 #hj ,z ,buffon has well said3--8,l'ide de ram5] l'explication de t\s les phnomnes des pr9cipes mecaniques e/ assurem5t gr&e et belle1 ce pas e/ le plus h>di qu'on peut faire en philosophie1 et c'e/ ,desc>tes qui l'a fait40--l4c4 p4 #ej4 #ha 8,pr9cipes de la ,philosophie10 ,troisime p>tie1 #de4 #hb 8,e?ices10 ,p>s t]tia1 ,prfatio4 #hc 8,sy/me de la ,nature40 8,essai sur la ,=mation des ,corps ,organiss10 #agea1 xiv4 #hd 8,considrations ,philosophiques sur la gradation naturelle des =mes de l'tre2 ou les essais de la nature qui appr5d faire l'homme10 #agfh4 #he 8,re*]*es sur les causes des pr9cipaux faits physiques10 p> ,j4 ,b4 ,lam>ck4 ,p>is4 ,seconde anne de la ,rpublique4 ,9 ! preface1 ,lam>ck says t ! "w 0 writt5 9 #aggf1 & pres5t$ to ! ,academy 9 #aghj2 b x 0 n publi%$ be=e #agid1 &1 at t "t1 x presumably express$ ,lam>ck's mature views4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at br\ght ab\t ! *ange ( op9ion manife/$ 9 ! 8,re*]*es sur l'organisation des corps vivants10 publi%$ only sev5 ye>s lat]4 #hf ,see ! 8,hi/orical ,sket*0 prefix$ to ! la/ edition ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species40 #hg 8,fir/ ,pr9ciples0 & 8,pr9ciples ( ,biology10 #ahfj-ahfd4 #hh 8,g5]elle ,morphologie10 #ahff4 #hi 8,il s'agit donc de pr\v] que la srie qui con/itute l'*elle animale rside ess5tiellem5t dans la di/ribution des masses pr9cipales qui la compos5t et non dans celle des espces ni mme t\j\rs dans celle des g5res40--8,phil4 ,zoologique10 *ap4 v4 #ij ,philosophie ,zoologique1 premire p>tie1 *ap4 iii4 #ia 8,entwurf e9] ,d>/ellung d] zwis*5 dem ,embryozu/&e d] hh]5 ,?i]e und dem p]man5t5 d] ni$]5 /attf9d5d5 ,p>allele10 8,beytrge zur ,v]glei*5d5 ,anatomie10 ,bd4 ii4 #ahaa4 #ib 8,orig9 ( ,species10 ed4 #a1 p4 #deg4 #ic ,ibid4 p4 #deh4 #id 8,orig9 ( ! ,species10 p4 #dca4 #ie 8,orig9 ( ,species10 ed4 #a1 p4 #dfc4 #if 8,disc\rs de la ,m?ode10 #f;e p>tie1 ,ed4 ,c\s91 p4 #aic4 #ig ,ibid4 pp4 #aic & #baa4 #ih 8,de la ,=mation du ,ftus40 #ii 8,!oria ,g5]ationis10 #agei4 #ajj 8,anatomie gnrale10 i4 p4 liv4 ,,! ,,end4 ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,ed9burgh4 ,,messrs4 ,,macmillan ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,lay ,s]mons1 ,addresses1 & ,reviews4 ,eigh? ,edition4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts3--,! ,advisabl5ess ( improv+ ,natural ,k--,emancipation1 ,black & ,:ite--,a ,lib]al ,education1 & :]e to f9d x--,sci5tific ,education--,on ! ,/udy ( ,zoology--,on ! ,physical ,basis ( ,life--,! ,sci5tific ,aspects ( ,positivism--,on a ,piece ( ,*alk1 ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 etc4 ,essays select$ f ,lay ,s]mons1 ,addresses1 & ,reviews4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #as4 ,critiques & ,addresses4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts3--,adm9i/rative ,nihilism--,! ,s*ool ,bo>ds3 :at !y c d1 & :at !y may d--,on ,m$ical ,education--,yea/--,on ! ,=mation ( ,coal--,on ,coral & ,coral ,reefs--,on ! ,me?ods & ,results ( ,e?nology--,on "s ,fix$ ,po9ts 9 ,briti% ,e?nology--,palontology & ! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution--,biog5esis & ,abiog5esis--,mr4 ,d>w9's ,critics--,! ,g5ealogy ( ,animals--,bi%op ,b]keley on ! ,metaphysics ( ,s5sation1 etc4 ,am]ican ,addresses1 ) a ,lecture on ! ,/udy ( ,biology4 #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts3--,?ree ,lectures on ,evolution3 ,i4 ,! ,?ree ,hypo!ses respect+ ! ,hi/ory ( ,nature2 ,,ii4 ,! ,hypo!sis ( ,evolution1 ! ,neutral & ! ,fav\rable ,evid5ce2 ,,iii4 ,! ,demon/rative ,evid5ce ( ,evolution--,an ,address on ! occasion ( ! ,op5+ ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity--,on ! ,/udy ( ,biology1 etc4 ,physiography4 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,nature4 ,) ,col\r$ ,plates & ,woodcuts4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 7,?irty-?ird ,?\s&47 8,x w\ld h>dly be possible to place a m useful or sugge/ive book 9 ! h&s ( le>n]s & tea*]s1 or "o t is bett] calculat$ to make physiography a fav\rite subject 9 ! ,sci5ce ,s*ools40--,academy4 8,x is n too mu* to say t any "o :o w read ?r\gh ?is little volume w h a cle>] & m connect$ idea ( ! physical ph5om5a ( ! e>? ?an c\ld be obta9$ by ! p]usal ( _m elaborate treatises40--,! ,gu>dian4 ,lessons 9 ,elem5t>y ,physiology4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,new ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,introductory ,prim]4 #ahmo4 #as4 7,macmillan's ,sci5ce ,prim]s47 ,hume4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,pap] ,cov]s1 #as42 ,clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 7,engli% ,m5 ( ,lett]s47 8,x may fairly be said t no "o n[ liv+ c\ld h exp\nd$ ,hume ) m sympa?y or ) equal p]spicuity40--,a!num4 ,a ,c\rse ( ,practical ,in/ruction 9 ,elem5t>y ,biology4 ,by ,t4 ,h4 ,,huxley1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,ll4,d41 assi/$ by ,h4 ,n4 ,,m>t91 ,m4,a41 ,m4,b41 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,fell[ ( ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,new ,edition1 revis$ & ext5d$ by ,g4 ,b4 ,,h[es1 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,zoology1 ,normal ,s*ool ( ,sci5ce1 & ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es2 & ,d4 ,h4 ,,scott1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,botany1 ,normal ,s*ool ( ,sci5ce1 & ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,new ,edition1 ?or\ghly revis$4 ,) a ,preface by ,t4 ,h4 ,,huxley1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,clif=d1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,etc4 ,lectures & ,essays4 ,by ! late ,pr(essor ,w4 ,k4 ,,clif=d1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,edit$ by ,,leslie ,,/eph5 & ,,fr$]ick ,,pollock1 ) ,introduction by ,f4 ,,pollock4 ,) ,portraits4 ,two vols4 #hvo4 #bes4 ,popul> ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,ma!matical ,pap]s4 ,edit$ by ,,rob]t ,,tuck]4 ,) an ,introduction by ,h4 ,j4 ,,/eph5 ,,smi?1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 etc4 ,demy #hvo4 #cjs4 ,see+ & ,?9k+4 ,) ,diagrams4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 7,nature ,s]ies47 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,p4 ,g4 ,,tait4 ,lectures on "s ,rec5t ,advances 9 ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition4 ,revis$ & enl>g$1 ) ! ,lecture on ,=ce1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,briti% ,association4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #is4 ,,by ,,alfr$ ,,russel ,,wallace4 ,! ,malay ,ar*ipelago3 ,! ,l& ( ! ,orang ,utan & ! ,bird ( ,p>adise4 ,a ,n>rative ( ,travel4 ,) ,/udies ( ,man & ,nature4 ,) ,maps & ,illu/rations4 ,n9? ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,contributions to ! ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays4 ,new ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,! ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,animals1 ) a ,/udy ( ! ,relations ( ,liv+ & ,ext9ct ,faunas z elucidat+ ! pa/ *anges ( ! ,e>?'s ,surface4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations by ,,zweck]1 & ,maps4 ,two vols4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #dbs4 ,tropical ,nature2 & o!r ,essays4 #hvo4 #abs4 ,isl& ,life2 or1 ,! ,ph5om5a & ,causes ( ,insul> ,faunas & ,floras1 includ+ a revision & attempt$ solution ( ! ,problem ( ,geological ,climates4 ,) ,illu/rations & ,maps4 ,demy #hvo4 #ahs4 ,,by ,,sir ,,john ,,lubbock1 ,,b>t41 ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,fifty ,ye>s ( ,sci5ce4 ,be+ ! ,presid5tial ,address deliv]$ at ,york to ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahha4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,! ,orig9 & ,metamorphoses ( ,insects4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,new ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 7,nature ,s]ies47 ,on ,briti% ,wild ,fl[]s consid]$ 9 _! ,relation to ,insects4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,new ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 7,nature ,s]ies47 ,fl[]s1 ,fruits1 & ,leaves4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 7,nature ,s]ies47 ,sci5tific ,lectures4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,political & ,educational ,addresses4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,boyd ,,dawk9s1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,etc4 ,cave-,hunt+3 ,rese>*es on ! ,evid5ce ( ,caves respect+ ! ,e>ly ,inhabitants ( ,europe4 ,) ,col\r$ ,plate & ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,e>ly ,man 9 ,brita91 & 8 ,place 9 ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 #bes4 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,london1 ,w4,c4