,illu/ration3 ,geology ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t ,illu/ration3 ,,balanc$ ,,rock1 ne> head ( ,fruita ,canyon4 ,spire & rock are ,w+ate ,s&/one re/+ on r$ ,*9le ,=mation2 ?9 caprock is protective lay] ( resi/ant ,kay5ta ,=mation4 7,frontispiece7 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,geologic ,/ory ( ,,colorado ,,national ,,monum5t ,! ,geologic ,/ory ( ,,colorado ,,national ,,monum5t ,by ,s4 ,w4 ,lohman ,,geological ,,survey ,,bullet9 #aejh ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior ,,james ,g4 ,,watt1 ,secret>y ,,geological ,,survey ,doyle ,g4 ,fr$]ick1 ,act+ ,director ,illu/ration3 ,u4,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior ,,m>* #c1 #ahdi ,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog+ 9 ,publication ,data ,lohman1 ,/anley ,william1 #aijg- ,! geologic /ory ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t4 7,geological ,survey ,bullet9 #aejh7 ,bibliography3 p4 #aca ,includes index4 #a4 ,geology--,colorado ,national ,monum5t4 #b4 ,colorado ,national ,monum5t4 ,i4 ,title4 ,,ii4 ,s]ies3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey ,bullet9 #aejh ,,qe#ge4;,b#i no4 #aejh ,,qe#ib4;,c#f #eeg4cs #eeg4hhag #hj-fjgieb ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb ,cont5ts ,page ,preface ,,xi ,hi/ory ( ! ,monum5t #a ,e>ly hi/ory ( ! region #e ,prehi/oric p #e ,late arrivals #aj ,e>ly settlem5t #aj ,! ,br[n-,/anton riv] exp$ition #aa ,kodel's gold m9e #ab ,rec5t cave dwell] #ac ,artesian wells #ad ,geographic sett+ #af ,! geologic /ory beg9s #ag ,anci5t rocks & ev5ts #bd ,a great gap 9 ! rock record #bf ,! age ( reptiles #bg ,e>ly l&scape #bh ,anci5t s& dunes #bi ,! ra9s came #cb ,ano!r gap 9 ! rock record #ce ,! sea to ! we/ #ci ,deposits & ev5ts ea/ ( ! sea #ci ,d9osaurs roam ! ,monum5t #dg ,d9osaurs on ! move #ec ,yet ano!r gap 9 ! rock record #ed ,peat bogs #ee ,! sea cov]s ! ,plateau #ef ,! sea's f9al retreat #ef ,end ( ! d9osaurs #fj ,! age ( mammals #fa ,e>ly deposits & ev5ts #fc ,lake ,u9ta #fc ,! m\nta9s rise aga9 #fd ,ne>by lava fl[s #ga ,ance/ral ,colorado ,riv] #gb ,piracy on ! high plateaus #gb ,! age ( man #gf ,! ice age #gg ,capture ( ,ea/ ,creek #gh ,canyon cutt+ #gh ,a look into ! future #hc ,h[ to see ! ,monum5t #he ,trips ?r\gh & ar\nd ! ,monum5t #hh ,f ,gr& ,junction ?r\gh ! ,r$l&s to ! ,we/ ,entrance ( ! ,monum5t #hh ,f ,fruita to ! ,we/ ,entrance ( ! ,monum5t #if ,?r\gh ! ,monum5t f ,we/ to ,ea/ ,entrances #ig ,f ! ,ea/ ,entrance to ,gr& ,junction #aah ,?r\gh ,glade ,p>k f ! nor?we/ arm ( ,ute ,canyon to ,columbus ,canyon #aai ,f ,glade ,p>k to ,gr& ,junction via ! ,little ,p>k ,road #aba ,rsum ( geologic hi/ory & relation to o!r ,national ,p>ks & ,monum5ts 9 ! ,colorado ,plateau #abe ,ackn[l$gm5ts #acj ,ref]5ces #aca ,additional read+ #acc ,index #ace ,figures ,page ,frontispiece4 ,balanc$ ,rock ,,ii ,figure #a4 ,john ,otto #b #b4 ,john ,otto's ,monum5t #d #c4 ,map ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t #f #d4 ,petroglyphs #i #e4 ,cave #ad #f4 ,indep5d5ce ,monum5t #ai #g4 ,rock ,column ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t #bj #h4 ,geologic ,map #bb #i4 ,block diagrams ( e>ly ,prot]ozoic ev5ts #be #aj4 ,petrifi$ s& dunes #cj #aa4 ,! ,coke ,ov5s #ca #ab4 ,r$ ,canyon #cc #ac4 ,?9-b$d$ ,kay5ta ,=mation #cd #ad4 ,kay5ta ,=mation #cf #ae4 ,gap 9 ! rock record #cg #af4 ,entrada ,s&/one #da #ag4 ,moab ,memb] ( ,entrada ,s&/one #db #ah4 ,mottl$ salmon-&-:ite ,slick ,rock ,memb] #dc #ai4 ,:ite ,entrada ,s&/one #dd #bj4 ,summ]ville ,=mation #df #ba4 ,morrison ,=mation #dh #bb4 ,excavat+ type specim5 ( ,bra*iosaurus alti?orax ,riggs #ea #bc4 ,skeletons ( typical d9osaurs ( ,morrison ,=mation #eb #bd4 ,burro ,canyon ,=mation & ,dakota ,s&/one #ed #be4 ,m\nt ,g>field #eg #bf4 ,photo index map #eh #bg4 ,common types ( rock folds #fb #bh4 ,common types ( faults #fe #bi4 ,ladd] ,creek monocl9e & ,r$l&s fault #ff #cj4 ,liz>d ,canyon monocl9e #fg #ca4 ,kodels ,canyon fault #fh #cb4 ,kodels ,canyon fault #fi #cc4 ,geologic /ructures at ,fruita entrance to ,colorado ,national ,monum5t #gj #cd4 ,probable dra9age patt]ns & l& =ms ne> ! ,monum5t at f\r successive /ages ( developm5t #gd #ce4 ,fall5 ,rock #ha #cf4 ,unaweep ,canyon #hb #cg4 ,r$l&s fault #hi #ch4 ,closeup ( updragg$ ,w+ate ,s&/one along ,r$l&s fault #ij #ci4 ,bronze plaque & monum5t m>k+ ! discov]y ( ,bra*iosaurus alti?orax ,riggs #ia #dj4 ,rev]se "p ( ,r$l&s fault #ib #da4 ,nor?we/ end ( ,r$l&s fault #ic #db4 ,look+ we/ into ,monum5t ,canyon #id #dc4 ,look+ we/ f divide on ,broadway #b miles ea/ ( ,we/ ,entrance to ,monum5t #ie #dd4 ,new fill on ,rim ,rock ,drive betwe5 two tunnels on we/ side ( ,fruita ,canyon #ih #de4 ,fruita ,canyon #ajj #df4 ,campsites at nor? end ( campgr\nd #aja #dg4 ,picnic area & p>k+ lot #ajb #dh4 ,w9d[ ,rock #ajc #di4 ,pipe ,organ #ajd #ej4 ,visitor ,c5t] & ! ,saddlehorn #ajf #ea4 ,indep5d5ce ,monum5t #ajg #eb4 ,ute ,canyon #aaj #ec4 ,cold ,%iv]s ,po9t #aab #ed4 ,top ( old ,s]p5ts ,trail #aac #ee4 ,look+ nor!a/ f old ,s]p5ts ,trail #aad #ef4 ,s\? portal ( tunnel ?r\gh ,w+ate ,s&/one #aae #eg4 ,devils ,kit*5 #aag #eh4 ,glade ,p>k fault view$ f ! gr\nd #abb #ei4 ,glade ,p>k fault view$ f ! air #abc #fj4 ,ladd] ,creek monocl9e & ,r$l&s fault #abd #fa4 ,geologic "t spiral #abf ,preface ,f #aidf until ab\t #aief ,i c>ri$ out fieldwork int]mitt5tly on ! geology & artesian wat] supply ( ! ,gr& ,junction area1 ,colorado1 ! results ( :i* h be5 publi%$4#a ,! area mapp$ geologically conta9s ab\t #ccb squ>e miles 9 ! we/-c5tral "p ( ,mesa ,c\nty & includes all ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t4 ,dur+ ! fieldwork sev]al successive cu/odians or sup]9t5d5ts & sev]al p>k naturali/s urg$ t ^u completion ( my pr(essional pap] ,i prep>e a brief acc\nt ( ! geology ( ! ,monum5t 9 t]ms und]/&able by laym51 & :i* c\ld be sold at ! ,visitor ,c5t]4 ,?is ,i 0 happy to d & !re result$ 8,! geologic /ory ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t10#b publi%$ by ! ,colorado & ,black ,canyon ,natural ,hi/ory ,association 9 coop]ation ) ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 ,?is report conta9$ color$ sket*es by ,john ,r4 ,/acy & a color$ cov]1 b ! photographs & _m ( ! draw+s 7 reproduc$ 9 black & :ite4 ,lat]1 aft] ,i _h prep>$ popul> /yle reports conta9+ mo/ly color photographs on ,canyonl&s#c & ,ar*es#d ,national ,p>ks1 (ficials ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t & ,i discuss$ ! possibility ( prep>+ a revis$ & enl>g$ edition ( my #aife report conta9+ ma9ly color photographs1 inasmu* z ! supply ( ! black & :ite edition 0 ne>+ exhau/ion1 & lat] became out ( pr9t4 ,at ! meet+ 9 ! ,monum5t on ,june #h1 #aigf1 att5d$ by ,rob]t 7,bob7 ,e4 ,b5ton1 ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,a4 ,j4 7,j]ry7 ,banta1 ,sup]vis+ ,p>k ,rang]1 ,m>g>et ,%ort1 ,p>k ,naturali/ & ,secret>y ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,association1 & me1 x 0 agre$ t3 7#a7 ,a revis$ & enl>g$ edition conta9+ mo/ly color photographs %\ld be prep>$ = publication z a bullet9 ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 & 7#b7 t ! ,colorado & ,black ,canyon ,natural ,hi/ory ,association gave its p]mission = use ( any or all ( ! copyright$ mat]ial 9 ! fir/ edition4 ,! pres5t report result$4 ,! cov] is a duotone ( a #i- #ab-;cm infr>$ photograph ( ,indep5d5ce ,monum5t tak5 by me4 7,see also fig4 #f47 ,mo/ ( ! color photographs 7 tak5 by me on #d- #e-;in* or #i- #ab-;cm tripod m\nt$ cam]as us+ l5ses ( sev]al focal l5g?s1 b ,i took "s ) #ce-mm cam]as4 ,"s ( ! color photographs & all ! black & :ite ones 7 tak5 by ^? cr$it$ 9 ! captions1 to :om grateful ackn[l$gm5t is made4 ,! po9ts f :i* mo/ ( ! photographs 7 tak5 are %[n 9 figure #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,we/ side ( ,otto's ,monum5t ,,rock ,,( ,,ages ,,cross ,,( ,,ages ,hi/ory ( ! ,monum5t ,! /ory ( h[ ,colorado ,national ,monum5t came into be+ is z colorful z ! canyons & cliffs !mselves4 ,! fanta/ic canyon c\ntry _h a magical attraction = ,john ,otto#e 7fig4 #a7 :o1 9 #aijf1 camp$ ne> ! nor!a/]n m\? ( ,monum5t ,canyon & began build+ trails into ! canyons & onto ! mesas--! high tablel&s t sep>ate ! deep canyons4 ,he did ?is back-break+ "w simply because he want$ to & s t o!rs c\ld %>e ! beauty ( ?is wild c\ntry4 ,9 #aijg ,otto got ! ,gr& ,junction ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce to petition ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior ,james ,a4 ,g>field to set aside ! area z a ,national ,monum5t4 ,otto's dream came true on ,may #bd1 #aiaa1 :5 ,presid5t ,william ,h[>d ,taft sign$ ! proclamation creat+ ! ,monum5t4 ,on ,june #ad1 ,otto climb$ to ! top ( ,indep5d5ce ,monum5t 7fig4 #f7 :]e he plac$ ! ,/>s & ,/ripes to celebrate ,flag ,day4 ,= sev]al ye>s !reaft] ,otto plac$ ! flag atop ,indep5d5ce ,monum5t on ,july #d? to celebrate ,indep5d5ce ,day4 ,until ab\t #aiba ! only r\tes into ! ,monum5t prop] 7 ,john ,otto's trails1 b 9 t ye> ! ran*]s ( ,glade ,p>k jo9$ ) ,otto 9 build+ ! /eep1 twi/+ ,s]p5ts ,trail f ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon to ! mesa above--a mu* %ort] r\te to ,gr& ,junction4 ,x _h #ed swit*backs & climb$ ab\t #a1ejj feet 9 #b miles4 ,! ,s]p5ts ,trail 0 includ$ 9 ! ,monum5t 9 #aicc & 0 us$ until #aiej :5 an easi] r\te 0 built up ! we/ side ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon & ?r\gh a tunnel to ! top ( ! mesa 7figs4 #c1 #ef74 ,! ,s]p5ts ,trail has be5 pres]v$ z an int]e/+ foot trail 7fig4 #ee71 :i* c be hik$ d[nhill 9 an h\r or s4 ,a p>k+ area ne> ! foot ( ! trail all[s "o memb] ( a gr\p to drive ahead to await ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,john ,,otto1 fanta/ic fa!r ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t1 & 8 help]s4 ,photograph c\rtesy ,gr& ,junction ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce4 7,fig4 #a7 ,9 #aibd ,john ,otto got ! idea t ! ,monum5t %\ld include a h]d ( big game1 s he talk$ ! ,colorado ,game & ,fi% ,dep>tm5t into %ipp+ six "y elk1 & he got ! local ,elks ,lodge to pay ! transportation co/s4 ,! elk 7 turn$ loose 9 ,monum5t ,canyon1 b !y f\nd ! sp>se vegetation & scant wat] supply ill suit$ to _! ne$s1 s aft] a few ye>s !y f\nd a way out ov] ! rim & migrat$ ab\t #bj miles s\? ( ! ,monum5t to lu% high c\ntry :]e !y jo9$ ) native elk & multipli$ to become ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t f9e h]d on ,pion ,mesa 7%[n 9 fig4 #cd;,d74 ,occasionally a few return to ! ,monum5t & may be se5 ma9ly 9 ,ute ,canyon4 ,native mule de] are frequ5tly se5 9 & ne> ! ,monum5t4 ,f> f be+ disc\rag$1 ,otto !n hat*$ ! idea to />t a buffalo#f h]d to be pur*as$ by donations ( buffalo nickels f s*ool *ildr5 & by contributions f ! ,odd ,fell[s & o!rs4 ,he f9ally rais$ en\gh money to get ! pati5t ,game & ,fi% ,dep>tm5t to s5d him two c[s & "o bull4 ,un=tunately ! bull di$1 s ,otto talk$ ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice into %ipp+ him a bull f ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k4 ,?is "t success cr[n$ 8 ef=ts1 & ! small h]d ev5tually multipli$ to z _m z #de animals1 b g5]ally ! h]d has be5 kept at ab\t #bj-be head ev] s9ce4 ,y may spot "s ( !m :5 y gaze d[n into ,monum5t or ,ute ,canyons or :5 y drive pa/ ! nor!a/]n b\nd>y4 ,r>ely1 y may spot "o 9 ,r$ ,canyon4 ,at ! nor!a/ corn] ( ,f\r? ,/reet & ,ute ,av5ue 9 ,gr& ,junction is a mo/ unusual object1 :i* illu/rates yet ano!r peculi>ity ( ,john ,otto--fanta/ic fa!r ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t 7fig4 #b74 ,its hi/ory is be/ told by quot+ f ,al ,look1#g ?\gh its purpose /ill rema9s a my/]y4 ,"o day a horse drawn dray back$ up to a vacant lot on ,gr& ,junction's ,ma9 ,/reet corn] #f? & unload$ a granite cube f\r feet squ>e1 c>v$ on two sides4 ,x weigh$ m ?an a ton & ,otto sup]vis$ ! sett+4 ,"o side n[ fac+ we/ & n visible 9 fig4 #b %[$ a ?ree foot circle conta9+ a swa/ika ) a five po9t$ /> 9 ea* qu>t]4 ,above ! emblem 0 c>v$ 8,rock ( ,ages0 & bel[ read 8,cross ( ,ages40 ,! second side n[ fac+ s\?1 & %[n 9 fig4 #b 0 beyond normal compreh5sion4 ,two l>ge ,w's on ei!r side ( a small swa/ika 7 ov] ! lett]s or initials ,p4,p41 !n f\r *a9 l9ks ) ! lett]s ,t1 ,h1 ,l1 ,j4 inscrib$1 foll[$ by ! initials ,i4,e4 ,bel[ on ! left 0 8#aiah10 ov] 8,ye> #a04 ,on ! "r 0 8,old ,c\nt0 & "u x 8,new ,c\nt40 ,betwe5 !m /&s ! ^w #8,,m>*4' ,bel[ ?is are abbreviations = ! sev5 days ( ! week ) ! figure #a "u ,,mon end+ ) a #f "u ,,sat4 ,! bottom l9e mo/ ( :i* is b>ely visible 9 ! photograph conta9$ ! figure #g 9 a circle1 a c>p5t]'s squ>e1 a small rectangle1 probably repres5t+ a level1 a plumb bob1 a c>p5t]'s compass & a circle %[+ ! we/]n hemisph]e4 ,t is all4 ,x made s5se to ,john ,otto because f some:]e he ga!r$ consid]able money to h ?is monum5t c>v$ by ! local grave/one m]*ant4 ,x /ood = sev]al ye>s to my/ify p$e/rians1 & 0 f9ally mov$ beside ! ,r$l&s road to ! ea/ entrance ( ,colorado ,monum5t :]e x is n[ hidd5 by we$s4#h ,x 0 /ill !re 9 ! #ej's :5 my family & ,i 7 />tl$ to f9d x4 ,we 7 afraid x might be lo/ =ev] s are glad x f9ally f\nd a safe re/+ place on a concrete slab at ! museum4 ,i %all greatly appreciate he>+ f any read] :o c deciph] ?is enigma4 ,illu/ration3 ,,john ,,otto',s ,,monum5t1 at s\?we/ corn] ( ! ,hi/orical ,museum & ,in/itute ( ,we/]n ,colorado1 at nor!a/ corn] ( ,f\r? ,/reet & ,ute ,av5ue1 ,gr& ,junction4 ,view look+ nor?4 ,face is #d feet squ>e4 7,fig4 #b7 ,otto's rock is at ! s\?we/ corn] ( ,! ,hi/orical ,museum & ,in/itute ( ,we/]n ,colorado4 ,! ma9 attraction inside is a life-size skeleton ( ,allosaurus 7fig4 #bc71 ^: bones are exact pla/ic replicas ( real ones at ! museum ( ,brigham ,"y ,univ]sity1 at ,provo1 ,utah4 ,! pa9/ak+ ca/+ ( ! 8bones0 & assembly ( ! self-support+ skeleton 0 done by ,al ,t4 ,look1 son ( au?or ,al ,look li/$ "u 8,ref]5ces40 ,! museum also h\ses o!r items ( int]e/ f ! ,gr& ,junction area4 ,con/ruction ( ! sc5ic ,rim ,rock ,drive ?r\gh ! ,monum5t 0 begun by ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice ab\t #aica us+ work]s f ! ,civilian ,cons]vation ,corps1 & ! drive ev5tually 0 complet$ to jo9 roads f ,fruita & ,gr& ,junction4 ,! r\te f ,fruita includes a w9d+ road up ,fruita ,canyon & ?r\gh two tunnels to ! mesa 7figs4 #c1 #dd1 #de74 ,a mod]n ,visitor ,c5t]1 new h\s+ facilities = p>k p]sonnel1 additions to ! campgr\nds1 ! ,devils ,kit*5 ,picnic ,area ne> ! ,ea/ ,entrance1 sev]al self-guid+ nature trails1 & additional ov]looks & roadside exhibits 7 complet$ 9 #aifd z "p ( ! ,mission #ff program ( ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 ,! ,monum5t orig9ally includ$ #ac1gdi acres1 b b\nd>y *anges 9 #aicc & #aici increas$ ! total to #ag1ffj acres1 & ! inclusion ( all ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon & o!r b\nd>y adju/m5ts 9 #aigh increas$ ! size to ab\t #bj1deg acres1 or ab\t #cb squ>e miles 7see map1 fig4 #c74 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,region ,prehi/oric ,p ,john ,otto1 e>ly explor]s1 & ev5 ! ,ute ,indians :o once hunt$ 9 ! area 7 by no means ! fir/ p to view ! ,monum5t1 9 fact !y 7 8,johnnies-come-lately40 ,consid]able evid5ce indicates t prehi/oric p inhabit$ ! area ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,colorado ,,national ,,monum5t1 %[+ location 9 ,colorado1 b\nd>ies1 /reams1 highways & roads1 pr9cipal trails1 nam$ features1 ov]looks1 &--9 triangles--trip guides localities4 ,! trip guides numb]s correspond to ! numb]s 9 ! "r m>g9s ( ! section entitl$ 8,trips ?r\gh & ar\nd ! ,monum5t40 ,visitors are giv5 pamphlets at ! two entrance /ations & may pur*ase o!r reports & maps at ! ,visitor ,c5t]4 7,fig4 #c7 ,_m ye>s ago ,al ,look1 ( ,gr& ,junction1 discov]$ & excavat$ two caves 9 ! "p ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon =m]ly outside ! ,monum5t4 ,he f\nd /one projectile po9ts1 knives1 awls1 mill+ /ones1 p>ts ( a s&al & coil$ basket1 re$ matt+1 corn1 corncobs1 acorns1 & animal bones1 b no pott]y--indicat+ t ! p _h n progress$ beyond basket mak+4 ,simil> artifacts 7 f\nd 9 sev]al o!r ne>by places on ! ,uncompahgre ,plateau4 ,ar*aeologi/s h nam$ ?is old culture ! ,uncompahgre ,complex1 & date x back to a few ?\s& ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/4#i ,x %\ld be po9t$ out t x is unlawful to remove artifacts1 fossils1 rocks1 or m9]als f a ,national ,p>k or ,monum5t4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aifc an ar*aeological survey ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t 0 c>ri$ out1 "u ! t]ms ( an agreem5t betwe5 ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice & ! ,univ]sity ( ,colorado1 by ,/roh & ,ew+ & _! field assi/ants4#aj ,a total ( #ge aborig9al sites 7 f\nd ( :i* #ga 7 )9 ! ,monum5t b\nd>ies ( t date1 & #d 7 closely adjac5t4 ,^! compris$ #da op5 campsites1 #bd rock %elt]s1 #b small caves1 & #h *ipp+ /ations4 ,artifacts recov]$ includ$ #fb projectile po9ts1 #ba metates 7gr9d+ /ones71 #dj manos 7h& /ones71 #aaa :ole or fragm5ts ( blades or scrap]s1 #f *opp]s1 sev]al fragm5ts ( baskets1 pot%]ds 7bits ( brok5 pott]y7 at two sites1 #b wood awls1 sev]al /r&s ( yucca fib]s1 #c corncobs1 #f k]nels ( corn1 sev]al bone fragm5ts1 /orage ci/s at five sites1 & petroglyphs at ?ree locations4 ,/roh & ,ew+ conclud$ t ! majority ( ! sites appe> to h be5 ! campsites ( a hunt+ & ga!r+ p1 & !y speculat$ t !re may h be5 aborig9al activity 9 ! area f z long z sev]al ?\s& ye>s ago to relatively rec5t times4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! petroglyphs1#aa or rock draw+s1 are on a fall5 slab ( ,w+ate ,s&/one 9 ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon1 & are %[n 9 figure #d4 ,ar*aeologi/ ,john ,cr\* 7footnote #aj71 :o k9dly reexam9$ ^! petroglyphs 9 ,febru>y #aihj1 told me t mo/ ( ! figures appe> to be ,%o%onian 7,ute71 b t "s may be ( ! ,fremont culture#ab or ev5 old]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,petroglyphs1 on fall5 slab ( ,w+ate ,s&/one 9 ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon4 ,figure ( man at l[] "r is ab\t #f in*es high4 ,! fad+ designs 7 trac$ ) *alk be=e photograph+ !m4 ,photograph by ,t4 ,r4 ,giles1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 7,fig4 #d7 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,late ,arrivals ,e>ly ,settlem5t#ac ,prior to #ahha ! ,monum5t area 0 inhabit$ only by ,ute ,indians1 b x 0 visit$ f "t to "t by a few fur trapp]s1 explor]s1 & geologi/s4 ,9 #aggf an exp$ition l$ by ,fa!rs ,dom+uez & ,escalante pass$ nor?w>d across ,gr& ,mesa1 ! high plateau j ea/ ( ! area1 :i* is po9t$ out 9 _m ( ! photographs4 ,a trad+ po/ 0 built by ,joseph ,r\bid\x ab\t #ahch j above ! pres5t site ( ,gr& ,junction4 ,9 #ahec ,capta9 ,john ,w4 ,gunnison1 seek+ a new r\te = a transcont95tal railroad1 l$ an explor+ p>ty d[n :at is n[ ! ,gunnison ,riv] ,valley1 pa/ ! conflu5ce ) ! ,gr& ,riv] 7n[ call$ ! ,colorado1 p4 #af71 & on d[n ! valley4 ,geologi/s & topograph]s ( ! ,hayd5 ,survey f\nd only ,ute ,indians 9 ! area 9 #ahge & #ahgf1 & _! field season ( #ahge 0 abruptly cut %ort because ( skirmi%es ) ho/ile ,utes4 ,aft] ! ,meek] 7,colorado7 ,massacre ( #ahgi1 believ$ by _m to h be5 caus$ ma9ly by ! ignorance & %ortsight$ness ( ,meek] himself1 treaties 7 sign$ =c+ ! ,utes out ( we/]n ,colorado onto res]vations 9 ea/]n ,utah1 & ! la/ ( ! ,utes 0 report$ly out ( ! area by ,septemb] #ahha4 ,! ,gr& ,valley 0 imm$iately op5$ to settlem5t1 & ! fir/ ran* 0 /ak$ out on ,septemb] #g1 #ahha4 ,n9ete5 days lat] ,george ,a4 ,craw=d f\nd$ ,gr& ,junction z a t[nsite & =m$ ! ,gr& ,junction ,t[n ,company ! next mon?4 ,! success ( ! new t[n 0 assur$ on ,novemb] #ba1 #ahhb1 :5 ! n>r[-gage l9e ( ! ,d5v] & ,rio ,gr&e ,railroad 7n[ ,d5v] & ,rio ,gr&e ,we/]n ,railroad7 rea*$ x via ! ,gunnison ,riv] valley4 ,! t[n ( ,fruita 0 f\nd$ by ,william ,e4 ,pabor 9 #ahhc & incorporat$ ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! ,br[n-,/anton ,riv] ,exp$ition#ad ,( ! _m e>ly exp$itions d[n ! ,colorado ,riv]1 only "o w5t pa/ :at is n[ ,colorado ,national ,monum5t--! ill-fat$ ,br[n-,/anton exp$ition4 ,aft] ! pione]+ exp$itions ( #ahfi & #ahga d[n ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s by ,major ,john ,wesley ,p[ell & 8 m51 ! _m ensu+ riv] exp$itions />t$ 9 ,utah or ,wyom+2 b ! fir/ phase ( ! ,br[n-,/anton exp$ition />t$ 9 ,colorado--at ,gr& ,junction4 ,9 #ahhi ,frank ,m4 ,br[n organiz$ a company = ! con/ruction ( ! propos$ ,d5v]1 ,colorado ,canyon1 & ,pacific ,railway1 :i* 0 to c>ry coal f m9es 9 ,colorado ov] a 8wat]-level0 l9e ?r\gh ! mighty canyons ( ! ,colorado ,riv] to ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia "s #a1bjj miles away1 f :i* coal w\ld be %ipp$ to v>i\s ports 9 ,cali=nia4 ,on ,m>* #bf1 #ahhi1 presid5t ,br[n1 *ief eng9e] ,f4 ,c4 ,k5dricks1 & assi/ant eng9e] ,t4 ,p4 ,rigney drove ! fir/ /ake at ,gr& ,junction = a survey ( ! new l9e4 ,!n ,br[n left = ! ,ea/ to obta9 f9anc+1 & ! o!r two m5 plus "s hir$ h&s took (f 9 a boat d[n ! ,gr& ,riv]4 ,aft] rea*+ ! conflu5ce1 !y t[$ ! boat up ! ,gre5 ,riv] to ! t[n ( ,gre5 ,riv]1 ,utah1 ?us becom+ ! fir/ to make ?is trip up/ream1 albeit on foot & dragg+ _! boats4 ,br[n1 :o _h return$ f ! ,ea/1 8 newly appo9t$ *ief eng9e] ,rob]t ,brew/] ,/anton1 & #ad o!rs 9 six ill-design$ boats ( c$> r ?an oak1 left ,gre5 ,riv]1 ,utah1 on ,may #be1 #ahhi4 ,aga9/ ! advice ( ,major ,p[ell & o!rs1 !y c>ri$ no life pres]v]s4 ,aft] _m mi%aps1 ,br[n & two o!rs 7 dr[n$ ne> ! head ( ,m>ble ,canyon1 & ! ill-fat$ exp$ition tempor>ily gr\nd to a halt4 ,h[ev]1 ! indefatigable ,/anton _h new boats built ( oak1 & ) a reorganiz$ p>ty ( #ab left ! m\? ( ! ,dirty ,devil ,riv] on ,novemb] #be4 ,aft] _m additional mi%aps ! p>ty f9ally rea*$ ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia on ,april #bf1 #ahij4 ,9 spite ( ,/anton's h]oic ef=ts1 ! railroad 0 nev] built1 & ! ,gr& ,canyon 0 sp>$ ! huff+ & puff+ ( locomotives4 ,kodel's ,gold ,m9e#ae ,z %[n 9 figures #c1 #h1 & #bf1 ! fir/ major canyon we/ ( ! ,we/ ,entrance ( ! monum5t is call$ ,kodels ,canyon 7pron\nc$ #8kdls74 ,x 0 nam$ aft] an e>ly-day /onemason turn$ prospector1 a h]mit1 :o came to ! ,fruita area be=e #aijj & prospect$ = gold until at lea/ #aicj 9 ! canyon t n[ be>s 8 "n4 ,he seem+ly built a cab9 or h\se ne> ! m\? ( ! canyon1 sp5t mo/ ( ! re/ ( 8 life 9 a va9 que/ = gold 9 ! canyon1 b>ricad$ 8 h\se aga9/ w\ld-be intrud]s1 & took pot%ots at anyone approa*+ 8 home = fe> !y 7 aft] 8 8gold40 ,"s ?\ght him only half crazy1 b :5 he took repeat$ %ots at an ,indian nam$ ,h5ry ,kadig1 he 0 adjudg$ :olly insane & s5t to ! m5tal hospital at ,pueblo1 ,colorado1 = sev]al ye>s4 ,:5 he got out he sold ! graz+ rights 9 8 canyon to ! late ,irv+ ,be>d ( ,fruita1 & seem+ly 0 n he>d f aga94 ,accord+ to v>i\s e/imates1 ,kodel dug an adit betwe5 #ah & #aej feet into ! d>k ,prot]ozoic rock 9 ! side ( ! canyon 7%[n 9 fig4 #c71 !n sunk a %aft some:]e betwe5 #cj & #ej feet deep4 ,he 0 always 8on ! v]ge ( a big /rike10 b !re is no record ( any actual production4 ,lat]1 a prospector f ! midwe/ sp5t sev]al summ]s digg+ 9 ,devils ,canyon1 ! next major canyon to ! we/1 b he 0 equally unsuccessful4 ,! unsuccessful attempts ( ,kodel & o!rs is n surpris+1 = ! two canyons are "s #ajj miles nor? ( ! ,colorado m9]al belt--a b& ext5d+ r\ghly f ,b\ld] to ! we/]n "p ( ! ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s1 9 :i* ore-be>+ ,upp] ,cretace\s or l[] ,t]ti>y rocks 7 intrud$ into all ov]ly+ rocks ( :atev] age4 ,rec5t ,cave ,dwell] ,ab\t #c miles we/ ( ! ,glade ,p>k ,/ore & ,po/ ,(fice are ?ree l>ge caves 9 a cliff ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one on ! nor? wall ( a canyon conta9+ a tribut>y ( ,cl>k's ,wa%4 ,! middle cave1 :i* =m]ly conta9$ a small "o-room frameh\se & o!r improvem5ts1 0 occupi$ = ab\t #dj ye>s prior to #aieh by ,mrs4 ,laura ,hazel ,mill] 7fig4 #e74 ,a l>ge cave j to ! we/ 7left7 0 us$ = /orage1 & ano!r l>ge cave j to ! ea/ =m]ly 0 f5c$ to %elt] dome/ic animals4 ,mrs4 ,mill] liv$ alone mo/ ( ?is "t b _h a dog = companion%ip ! la/ few ye>s %e liv$ 9 ! cave4 ,:5 my wife & ,i visit$ h] 9 ! mid-fifties we _h a v pleasant conv]sation ) ?is v intellig5t woman & c\ld h>dly believe %e 0 #hg ye>s old4 ,%e c\ld n und]/& :y anyone c\ld live 9 cr[d$ cities z %e mu* pref]r$ ! peace & quiet ( h] cave4 ,once a week %e walk$ ! #f miles r\nd trip to & f ! ,glade ,p>k ,/ore & ,po/ ,(fice1 b\ght :at few necessities %e ne$$1 & telephon$ h] daught] 9 ,gr& ,junction4 ,maybe %e _h some?+ ! re/ ( u h miss$6 ,%e became sick 9 h] n9eties & mov$ to ,gr& ,junction to live ) h] daught]4 ,aft] %e di$1 ! prop]ty 0 sold1 & ,i h s9ce obs]v$ t v&als _h burn$ h] "o room h\se & _h de/roy$ mo/ ( ! o!r improvem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cave 9 ,w+ate ,s&/one inhabit$ by ,mrs4 ,laura ,hazel ,mill] 7visible betwe5 gate po/s7 until #aieh4 ,"o-room h\se 0 entirely )9 cave1 & small] /oreh\ses ext5d$ back ( ! h\se4 ,note black5+ ( cave ro( by soot4 7,fig4 #e7 ,artesian ,wells ,x may surprise y to le>n t sev]al s&/one =mations supply wat] to artesian wells nor!a/ ( ! ,monum5t 9 ,! ,r$l&s1 ,or*>d ,mesa1 & ! s\?we/]n side ( ! ,gr& ,valley1 mo/ ( :i* are #ejj to m ?an #a1jjj feet deep4 ,:5 fir/ drill$ & = "s ye>s lat] ^! wells fl[$ at ! l& surface1 b ev5tually aft] too _m wells _h be5 drill$ too close toge!r1 ea* well r$uc$ ! output ( neighbor+ wells until mo/ wells ceas$ to fl[ naturally4 ,?is made x necess>y = mo/ well own]s to in/all pumps1 :i* fur!r aggravat$ ! problem by r$uc+ ! artesian head 7! height to :i* ! wat] rises above ! =mation f :i* x issues74 ,?is creat$ a situation n unlike too _m *ildr5 suck+ on /raws 9 ! same ice cream soda1 & l$ to a detail$ inve/igation by ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey & ! ,colorado ,wat] ,cons]vation ,bo>d1#af outgr[?s ( :i* 7 ! pres5t report & its pr$ecessors4 ,! wat] sy/em ( ! ,ute ,cons]vancy ,di/rict 0 virtually complet$ by late #aifd & began to supply wat] to rural resid5ts ( ,gr& ,valley betwe5 ! t[ns ( ,palisade & ,mack ?r\gh a va/ network ( pipel9es4 ,! wat] is obta9$ f surface s\rces on ! nor? flank ( ,gr& ,mesa ea/ ( ! valley & is br\ght to ! valley via a pipel9e d[n ! valley ( ,plateau ,creek4 ,use ( ! new wat] has r$uc$ ! draft on _m ( ! artesian wells4 ,! r$uc$ draft has locally arre/$ ! decl9e 9 ! artesian head or has actually all[$ "s recov]y 9 head4 ,9 ord] ( _! importance & productivity ! wat]-be>+ s&/ones are ! ,entrada1 ! ,w+ate1 & local s&/one l5ses 9 ! l[] "p 7,salt ,wa% ,memb]7 ( ! ,morrison ,=mation 7fig4 #g74 ,9 a few places small fl[s or yields are obta9$ f wells t tap ! ,dakota ,s&/one & und]ly+ ,burro ,canyon ,=mation1 b inasmu* z ! ,dakota conta9s "s m>9e s&/ones f :i* all ! salt seem+ly has n yet be5 flu%$ out1 ! wat] f mo/ ( ^! wells is bracki% or salty4 ,z we w see on ! trip 8,f ,gr& ,junction ?r\gh ,! ,r$l&s to ! ,we/ ,entrance ( ! ,monum5t10 pages #hh-ie1 9 & ne> ! ,monum5t ^! s&/ones look bone dry1 s h[ c !y supply wat] to artesian wells8 ,!y are inde$ dry 9 all ! cliff exposures1 b z w be not$ lat] :5 ! b5d+ & break+ ( ! rocks are discuss$ 7p4 #fd-ga71 erosion has expos$ ! upturn$ s&/ones s t !y may take 9 wat] f ! _m small /reams t dra9 ! ,monum5t & adjac5t areas = %ort p]iods aft] summ] ?und]%[]s or dur+ spr+ ?aws4 ,! wat] moves sl[ly d[n ! dipp+ s&/ones & becomes trapp$ "u pressure b5ea? ov]ly+ b$s ( silt/one or mud/one--mat]ials t are ne>ly imp]vi\s4 ,geographic ,sett+ ,geologi/s & geograph]s h divid$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates into _m prov9ces1 ea* ( :i* has di/9ctive geologic & topographic *>act]i/ics t set x ap>t f ! o!rs4 ,colorado ,national ,monum5t is 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! ,canyon ,l&s section ( ! ,colorado ,plateau ,prov9ce--a prov9ce t conta9s #ae national p>ks & monum5ts1 ab\t #c times z _m z any o!r prov9ce4 ,?is prov9ce1 h]e9aft] ref]r$ to simply z ! ,colorado ,plateau1 or ! ,plateau1 cov]s "s #aej1jjj squ>e miles & ext5ds f ,rifle1 ,colo41 at ! nor!a/ to a little beyond ,flag/aff1 ,ariz41 at ! s\?we/1 & f ,c$> ,city1 ,utah1 at ! we/ ne>ly to ,albuqu]que1 ,n4 ,mex41 at ! s\!a/4 ,?is sc5ic prov9ce consi/s ( high plateaus g5]ally rang+ 9 altitude f #d1ejj feet to m ?an #g1jjj feet1 :i* are deeply & intricately dissect$ by lit]ally ?\s&s ( canyons4 ,colorado ,national ,monum5t is dra9$ entirely by ! ,colorado ,riv]1 :i* fl[s to ! nor?we/ 9 ! wide ,gr& ,valley j a few miles f ! nor!a/]n bord] 7fig4 #c74 ,! small /reams t dra9 ! ,monum5t conta9 wat] only aft] summ] ?und]%[]s or aft] rapid sn[melt4 ,:y is ! l>ge valley ( ! ,colorado ,riv] call$ ! ,gr& ,valley8 ,! ,colorado ,riv] nor!a/ f its conflu5ce ) ! ,gre5 ,riv] 9 ! middle ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k#ag =m]ly 0 call$ ! ,gr& ,riv]1 & ! ,gre5 & ,gr& jo9$ at ! conflu5ce to =m ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,! ,gr& ,riv] 0 r5am$ ,colorado ,riv] by act ( ! ,colorado ,/ate ,legislature approv$ ,m>* #bd1 #aiba1 & approv$ by act ( ,congress ,july #be1 #aiba4 ,b ! old t]m /ill rema9s 9 names su* z ,gr& ,c\nty1 ,colo41 ! headwat]s region2 ,gr& ,valley1 a t[n #af miles we/ ( ,rifle1 ,colo42 ,gr& ,valley betwe5 ,palisade & ,mack1 ,colo42 ,gr& ,mesa1 an ext5sive plateau :i* t[]s m ?an a mile above ! ,gr& & ,gunnison ,riv] ,valleys2 ,gr& ,junction1 ,colo41 a city appropriately situat$ at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,gr& & ,gunnison ,riv]s2 & ,gr& ,c\nty1 ,utah1 :i* ! riv] trav]ses aft] ent]+ ,utah4 ,! ,geologic ,/ory ,beg9s ,colorado ,national ,monum5t is a l& ( brightly color$ cliff-wall$ canyons & t[]+ monoli?s--a maje/ic sample ( my/]i\s canyonl&s t /ret* hundr$s ( miles to ! we/ & s\?4 ,n[ a des]t region m ?an a mile above ! sea1 x 0 n always s4 ,m ?an a billion ye>s ago ! site ( ! ,monum5t 0 deep b5ea? ! sea4 ,lat]1 l(ty m\nta9s 7 pu%$ up only to be oblit]at$ ev5tually by ! sl[ b rel5tless =ces ( erosion4 ,millions ( ye>s lat] ! e>? %ook to ! /ride ( #aj-ton d9osaurs--!n ! sea return$ aga9 & %>ks swam ov] ! region look+ = food4 ,^! are b a few samples ( ! int]e/+--ev5 excit+--ev5ts 9 ! long geologic hi/ory ( ! ,monum5t4 ,_m pages1 inde$ sev]al :ole *apt]s1 ( its hi/ory are miss+ & mu/ be inf]r$ f ne>by regions :]e ! /ory is m complete4 ,?us1 ! cliffs & canyons y are look+ at did n get t way ov]night4 ,an und]/&+ ( ! geologic processes & ev5ts t l$ to ! sc5ic features ( today %\ld help y t[>d a cle>] picture & great] appreciation ( nature's h&iworks 7fig4 #f74 ,geologi/s recognize rocks ( ?ree di/9ctly diff]5t modes ( orig9--s$im5t>y1 igne\s1 & metamorphic1 & !re are _m v>iations ( ea* type4 ,! s$im5t>y rocks ( ! ,monum5t are compos$ ( clay1 silt1 s&1 & gravel c>ri$ & deposit$ by mov+ wat]2 silt & f9e s& transport$ by w9d2 & "s lime/one1 compos$ ma9ly ( ! m9]al calcium c>bonate1 :i* 0 precipitat$ f wat] solutions 9 fre%wat] lakes4 ,9 areas n f> to ! nor!a/ & s\?we/ are _m s$im5t>y rocks ( m>9e orig91 t is1 mat]ials t 7 deposit$ 9 ! ocean or %all[ inl& seas1 b 9 ! ,monum5t m>9e s$im5t>y rocks occur only 9 p>ts ( ! ,dakota ,s&/one2 h[ev]1 ! ov]ly+ m>9e ,mancos ,%ale und]lies ! adjac5t ,gr& ,valley & =ms ! l[] slopes ( ! ,book ,cliffs across ! valley 7fig4 #be74 ,igne\s rocks 7 solidifi$ f liquid molt5 rock intrud$ upw>d into any preexi/+ rocks along cracks1 jo9ts1 & faults4 ,molt5 rock t rea*es ! l& surface & =ms volcanos or lava fl[s is call$ extrusive igne\s rock4 ,jo9ts are cracks or breaks 9 rocks along :i* no movem5t has tak5 place4 ,faults are cracks or jo9ts along :i* "o side has mov$ relative to ! o!r4 ,diff]5t types ( faults are %[n 9 figure #bh4 ,metamorphic rocks 7 =m$ f ei!r ( ! o!r types by great heat & pressure at extreme dep?s 9 ! ,e>?'s cru/4 ,metamorphic rocks & "s intrusive igne\s rocks make up ! h>d1 d>k rock t floors all ! deep canyons 9 & ne> ! ,monum5t4 ,! ne>e/ extrusive igne\s rocks are ! ?ick1 d>k lava fl[s t cap t[]+ ,gr& ,mesa to ! ea/ & ,battlem5t ,mesa to ! nor!a/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indep5d5ce ,,monum5t1 sep>at+ ! two entrances ( ,monum5t ,canyon4 ,look+ nor? f ,gr& ,view2 ,colorado ,riv]1 ,gr& ,valley1 & ,book ,cliffs 9 di/ance4 ,roan ,cliffs are :ite cliffs at extreme di/ance on "r skyl9e4 ,d>k rock floor+ canyon is ,prot]ozoic metamorphic rock1 r$ mat]ial 9 slope at base ( cliffs is ! ,*9le ,=mation1 v]tical cliffs are ,w+ate ,s&/one1 ?9 protective caprock on top ( cliffs is l[] s&/one ( ! resi/ant ,kay5ta ,=mation4 ,! top ( ,indep5d5ce ,monum5t is ne>ly #dej feet above ! floor ( ! canyon4 7,fig4 #f7 ,illu/ration3 ,,rock ,,column ,,( ,,colorado ,,national ,,monum5t4 #a foot #j4cje met]4 7,fig4 #g7 ,,age 7millions ( ye>s7 ,,geologic ,,age ,,"n ,,( ,,rock ,,=mation ,,k9d ,,( ,,rock ,,& ,,h[ ,,x ,,is ,,sculptur$ ,,by ,,erosion ,,?ickness 7feet7 ,,nam$ ,,= ,,occurr5ce ,,at ,,or ,,ne> #hj ,late ,cretace\s ,mancos ,%ale ,gray & black %ale1 & ?9 b$s ( s&/one & lime/one4 ,conta9s sea %ells4 ,erod$ f ,monum5t1 b und]lies ,gr& ,valley & =ms l[] "p ( ,book ,cliffs4 #c1hjj ,mancos1 ,colo4 ,dakota ,s&/one ,coaly %ale1 s&/one1 conglom]ate1 & lignite coal4 ,conta9s plant rema9s4 ,=ms b5*es & slopes4 ,caps highe/ hill 9 ,monum5t4 #aej ,dakota1 ,nebr4 #aae ,e>ly ,cretace\s ,burro ,canyon ,=mation ,gre5 silt/one & %ale1 & s&/one & conglom]ate4 ,=ms b5*es & slopes4 ,crops out on highe/ hill 9 ,monum5t4 #fj ,burro ,canyon ,san ,miguel ,co41 ,colo4 ,,erosional ,,uncon=mity #aej ,late ,jurassic ,morrison ,=mation ,brightly color$ silt/one & mud/one1 & s&/one & lime/one4 ,conta9s d9osaur bones & fre%-wat] %ells4 ,=ms slopes & badl&s4 ,l[] ?ird ) s&/one l5ses is ,salt ,wa% ,memb]1 upp] two ?irds is ,bru%y ,bas9 ,memb]4 #fjj ,morrison1 ,colo4 #agj ,middle ,jurassic ,summ]ville ,=mation ,brightly color$ silt/one & mud/one1 & ?9 s&/ones4 ,=ms slopes4 #ed ,summ]ville ,po9t ,san ,rafael ,swell1 ,utah ,entrada ,s&/one ,:ite & salmon-r$ s&/one4 ,upp] level-b$d$ ,moab ,memb] =ms /air /eps1 l[] mo/ly cross-b$d$ ,slick ,rock ,memb] =ms cliffs4 #aej ,entrada ,po9t ,moab1 ,utah ,slick ,rock1 ,colo4 #aie ,jurassic & ,triassic787 7miss+7 ,,erosional ,,uncon=mity #baj ,late ,triassic787 ,kay5ta ,=mation ,r$ & purple silt/one & %ale1 & s&/one & conglom]ate4 ,=ms b5* betwe5 two cliffs & mesas betwe5 canyons4 #de-hj ,kay5ta1 ,ariz4 ,late ,triassic ,w+ate ,s&/one ,buff & light r$ s&/one4 ,cross-b$d$ & level-b$d$4 ,=ms highe/ cliffs & mo/ ( nam$ rock features 9 ,monum5t4 #cej ,=t ,w+ate1 ,new ,mex4 ,*9le ,=mation ,r$ silt/one & %ale1 & "s lime/one conglom]ate4 ,=ms /eep slopes at foot ( cliffs4 #hj-ajj ,*9le ,valley ,n4,e4 ,ariz4 ,,great ,,uncon=mity #bdj-ajjj ,triassic1 ,paleozoic1 ,y\ng] ,prot]ozoic 7miss+7 ,unnam$ ,s*i/1 gneiss1 granite1 & pegmatite dikes4 ,floors ma9 canyons & =ms high bluff above ,! ,r$l&s4 ,unkn[n #aejj ,old] ,prot]ozoic ,aft] ! mat]ials ( ! s$im5t>y rocks 7 deposit$ & cov]$ by y\ng] lay]s1 !y g5]ally became saturat$ or p>tly saturat$ ) gr\nd wat] conta9+ small am\nts ( dissolv$ m9]als4 ,"s ( ^! m9]als precipitat$ f solution & cem5t$ ! loose p>ticles into rocks ( v>y+ h>dness4 ,?us1 mo/ ( ! s&/ones are p>tly cem5t$ ) ! m9]al calcite1 compos$ ( calcium c>bonate 7,ca,c,o71 b "s are cem5t$ also ) silica 7,si,o7 or hematite 7,fe,o74 ,look almo/ any:]e 9 ! ,monum5t & y w see t ! rocks are pil$ up 9 lay]s ( diff]5t color1 ?ickness1 & h>dness--mu* l a va/ lay] cake4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,monum5t1 ^! lay]s are flat or slope g5tly d[n to ! nor!a/1 b along ! nor!a/]n b\nd>y !y are %>ply b5t or brok5 z ?\gh ! cake _h be5 c>elessly plac$ ov] ! edge ( a table & _h sagg$4 ,let u consid] ^! lay]s "o by "o1 beg9n+ ) ! olde/ at ! bottom1 = ea* is a p>tial record ( ev5ts long pa/4 ,lay]s ( rock t c be easily recogniz$ & di/+ui%$ f o!r lay]s are call$ =mations & are nam$ aft] a place :]e !y are well expos$4 ,= ! "n to be accept$ = g5]al usage x mu/ be ! fir/ publi%$ description 9 a te*nical report ( a p>ticul> sequ5ce ( rock lay]s4 ,! places aft] :i* ! =mations ( ! ,monum5t 7 nam$ are giv5 9 ! rock column 7fig4 #g71 & ! outcrops ( ! =mations are %[n on ! geologic map 7fig4 #h74 ,9 ! pages t foll[1 ! geologic ev5ts t %ap$ ! ,monum5t we see today are discuss$ 9 *ronological ord]1 beg9n+ ) ! olde/ rocks t floor ! deep canyons4 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,illu/ration3 ,,geologic ,,map ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t & vic9ity1 simplifi$ & greatly r$uc$ f "p ( maps at scale #a3ca1fhj by ,lohman 7#aifc1 #aife;a74 ,= additional surficial deposits 9 ! ,gr& ,valley & ,or*>d ,mesa see ,ca%ion 7#aigc74 7,fig4 #h7 ,,explanation ,,quat]n>y ,qal--,,alluvium ,qls--,,l&slide ,,deposits ,,cretace\s ,km--,,mancos ,,%ale ,kdb--,,dakota ,,s&/one ,,& ,,burro ,,canyon ,,=mation1 ,,undivid$ ,,jurassic ,jms--,,morrison ,,& ,,summ]ville ,,=mations1 ,,undivid$ ,je--,,entrada ,,s&/one ,,triassic ,t,rk--,,kay5ta ,,=mation ,t,rwc--,,w+ate ,,s&/one ,,& ,,*9le ,,=mation1 ,,undivid$ ,,prot]ozoic ,,pl--,,s*i/1 ,,gneiss1 ,,granite1 ,,& ,,pegmatite ,,contact ,,fault--,da%$ :]e approximately locat$2 dott$ :]e conceal$4 ,u1 up?r[n side2 ,d1 d[n?r[n side ,,anticl9e ,,syncl9e ,,c5tral ,,axis ,,( ,,symmetrical ,,monocl9e--,%[+ direction ( plunge ,,upp] ,,b5d ,,( ,,monocl9e--,%[+ direction ( plunge ,,/rike ,,& ,,dip ,,( ,,b$s ,,ab&on$ ,,m9e ,geology simplifi$ f ,lohman1 #aife;a 7,%[+ location (--7 ,,devils ,,canyon ,,monocl9e ,,kodels ,,canyon ,,fault ,,liz>d ,,canyon ,,monocl9e ,,fruita ,,canyon ,,monocl9e ,,ladd] ,,creek ,,fault ,anci5t ,rocks & ,ev5ts ,! d>k rocks t floor all ! l>ge canyons ( ! ,monum5t 7fig4 #f7 & =m ! high bluffs along ! nor!a/]n b\nd>y 7figs4 #cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #da7 are ( e>ly ,prot]ozoic#ah age--among ! olde/ kn[n rocks ( ! ,e>?4 ,mo/ 7 once s& & mud t spread out on ! bottom ( ! sea & lat] h>d5$ into s$im5t>y rocks 7fig4 #i-a74 ,aft] ?\s&s ( feet ( su* rocks _h accumulat$1 !y 7 squeez$1 b5t1 & lift$ up by sl[ b mighty movem5ts ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ to =m high m\nta9s p]haps l ! ,rockies4 ,heat & pressure t develop$ at great dep? 9 ! roots ( ^! m\nta9s *ang$ ! s$im5ts into metamorphic rocks kn[n z s*i/ 7f9ely b&$7 & gneiss 7co>sely b&$7 7fig4 #i-b74 ,! rocks are ab\t #a billion ye>s old 7fig4 #g74 ,lat] 9 ,prot]ozoic "t1 ab\t a billion ye>s ago1 molt5 mat]ial f bel[ 0 =c$ upw>d along cracks or faults & cool$ sl[ly to =m ?9 seams or dikes & irregul> bodies ( granite 7fig4 #i-c74 ,dikes are call$ pegmatite :5 !y conta9 l>ge cry/als ( p9k feldsp>1 :ite or cle> qu>tz1 black t\rmal9e1 & l>ge flakes ( :ite mica4 ,small pegmatite dikes t pass ?r\gh ! old] s*i/ & gneiss may be se5 along roadcuts 9 ,fruita & ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,block ,,diagrams ,,( ,,e>ly ,,prot]ozoic ,,ev5ts 7aft] ,edw9 ,d4 ,mc,kee74 7,fig4 #i7 ,illu/ration3 ,lay]s ( s&1 mud1 & o!r s$im5t accumulat$ 9 ! sea & lat] 7 h>d5$ into s$im5t>y rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,! /rata 7 compress$1 b5t1 & uplift$ into high m\nta9s4 ,heat & pressure at great dep? *ang$ ! s$im5ts into b&$ s*i/ & gneiss4 ,illu/ration3 ,molt5 rock fl[$ upw>d along cracks or faults4 ,^u cool+ x =m$ lava at ! surface & granite or pegmatite b5ea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,dur+ eons ( "t ! =ces ( erosion wore d[n ! m\nta9s to a ne>ly level pla94 ,a ,great ,gap 9 ! ,rock ,record ,if y look d[n into any ( ! l>ge canyons 9 ! ,monum5t1 y w notice a brick-r$ =mation1 ! ,*9le1 :i* =ms /eep slopes at ! foot ( ! high cliffs & lies ^u ! d>k ,prot]ozoic rocks along ne>ly /raight l9es ( contact4 ,su* a /raight-l9e contact is p>ticul>ly well %[n ab\t midway up ! high bluffs along ! nor!a/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,monum5t 7fig4 #cg74 ,if ! r$ lay] & all ov]ly+ rocks 7 /ripp$ away1 ^! /raight l9es w\ld be ! expos$ edges ( a rem>kably smoo?1 ne>ly flat erosion surface on ! top ( ! d>k ,prot]ozoic rocks1 z %[n 9 ! la/ diagram ( figure #i4 ,a va/ am\nt ( "t pass$ betwe5 ! c>v+ ( ?is surface & ! deposition ( ! r$ ,*9le1 & no record ( ! ev5ts dur+ ?is "t is pres]v$ 9 ! ,monum5t4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,prot]ozoic ,eon & p>ts ( ! long ,paleozoic ,era t foll[$1 ! d>k rocks 7 subm]g$ b5ea? ! sea sev]al times & receiv$ s$im5ts n[ f\nd 9 areas to ! nor!a/ & s\?we/4 ,beg9n+ 9 ! ,p5nsylvanian ,p]iod "s #ccj million ye>s ago 7fig4 #fa71 a l>ge upfold ( ! rocks1 or anticl9e 7fig4 #bg71 kn[n to geologi/s z ! ,uncompahgre ,highl&1 rose high above sea level1 probably rea*+ its highe/ level 9 ,late ,p5nsylvanian or ,p]mian "t4 ,?is old highl& =m$ an impos+ *a9 ( m\nta9s 9 ab\t ! position ( ! pres5t ,uncompahgre ,plateau4 ,aft] ! old rocks 7 pu%$ up into ^! high m\nta9s :at became ( !m8 ,f ! mom5t ! m\nta9s began to rise1 _! rocks 7 buffet$ by w9d1 p\nd$ by ra91 pri$ op5 by fro/1 sc\r$ by debris-lad5 /reams &1 p]haps by glaci]s1 & ! loos5$ rock p>ticles 7 dissolv$ or c>ri$ to ! sea4 ,mo/ rocks are brittle en\gh to crack :5 b5t by ,e>? =ces4 ,su* cracks1 call$ jo9ts1 are easy t>gets = erosion4 ,! freez+ ( wat] 9 jo9ts t5ds to pry ! rocks ap>t4 ,! breakup ( ! rocks 0 ha/5$ by ! *emical attack on rock m9]als by wat] *>g$ ) oxyg5 & c>bon dioxide4 ,:5 l& plants became e/abli%$ 9 lat] geologic eras1 soil acids =m$ f decay+ vegetation also assi/$ mat]ially 9 break+ up ! rocks4 ,^! same erosion processes are go+ on today1 b _! effects are sc>cely noticeable f ye> to ye> except 9 s(t e>? aft] /orms or floods4 ,dur+ eons ( "t1 h[ev]1 ! m\nta9s 7 aga9 worn d[n to a ne>ly level pla94 ,miss+ betwe5 ! r$ ,*9le & ! d>k rocks are _m ?\s&s ( feet ( rocks1 "s ( :i* once cov]$ ?is surface & /ill occur 9 o!r regions less affect$ by erosion4 ,?is gap 9 ! rock record1 :i* repres5ts m ?an a billion ye>s1 is kn[n to geologi/s z a great uncon=mity4 ,miss+ are "p ( ! l[] ,prot]ozoic rocks1 all ! upp] ,prot]ozoic rocks1 all ^? ( ! ,paleozoic ,era1 & "p ( ^? ( ! ,triassic ,p]iod ( ! ,mesozoic ,era4 7,see figs4 #g & #fa47 ,traces ( primitive life h be5 f\nd 9 "s ,prot]ozoic rocks 9 ! =m ( lime-secret+ algae & ca/s ( worms1 b no fossils ( m advanc$ types h be5 f\nd because at t "t ! primitive animals seem+ly _h n yet develop$ %ells or skeletons4 ,! ensu+ ,paleozoic ,era saw ! appe>ance & great developm5t ( %ellfi%1 fi%1 amphibians1 reptiles1 & primitive plants4 ,"s ( ! rock lay]s ( ages miss+ at ! ,monum5t may be se5 z ne> z ,gl5wood ,spr+s to ! nor!a/ & ,gateway to ! s\?we/4 ,! ,age ( ,reptiles ,all ! lay]s ( s$im5t>y rocks pres]v$ 9 ! ,monum5t above ! d>k ,prot]ozoic ones 7 deposit$ by w9d & wat] dur+ ! ,mesozoic ,era4 ,?is long era has be5 call$ ! age ( reptiles1 = reptiles1 includ+ d9osaurs 7mean+ t]rible liz>ds71 7 !n ! dom9ant l& animals4 ,! ,mesozoic ,era has be5 divid$ into ?ree p>ts--! ,triassic1 ,jurassic1 & ,cretace\s ,p]iods4 ,rocks ( ea* ( ^! p]iods crop out 9 ! ,monum5t4 ,e>ly ,l&scape ,by late ,triassic "t ! ,monum5t 0 "p ( a ne>ly flat pla9 cut on ! d>k ,prot]ozoic rocks1 b !re 7 hills or l[ m\nta9s to ! nor!a/4 ,/reams f ^! hills dropp$ mud1 silt1 s&1 & "s gravel on ?is pla9 & into _m small lakes t occupi$ ! g5tle depressions4 ,lat]1 ^! deposits h>d5$ ma9ly into r$ silt/one & s&/one1 b ?9 b$s ( gravel 7 cem5t$ to =m conglom]ate1 & ?9 b$s ( lime/one =m$ 9 "s ( ! %all[ lakes by ! precipitation ( ! m9]al calcium c>bonate4 ,^! rocks1 :i* comprise ! ,*9le 7pron\nc$ ,*9-lee7 ,=mation1 are only #hj to #ajj feet ?ick 9 ! ,monum5t b are z mu* z #gjj feet ?ick ne> ,moab1 ,utah1 s\?we/ ( ! ,uncompahgre ,plateau1 :]e ! entire =mation is pres5t4 ,!re1 ! ,*9le re/s on /ill old] ,triassic & ,paleozoic rocks--all abs5t 9 ! ,monum5t = ! reasons not$ previ\sly4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,plateau1 s&/one or conglom]ate b$s 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ,*9le yield uranium ore1 b ^! b$s 7 n deposit$ 9 or ne> ! ,monum5t4 ,! r$ color ( ! ,*9le & "s ( ! ov]ly+ rocks is caus$ by m9ute am\nts ( iron oxide--! same pigm5t us$ 9 r\ge & r$ b>n pa9t4 ,v>i\s oxides ( iron1 "s includ+ wat]1 produce n only brick r$ b also p9k1 salmon1 br[n1 buff1 yell[1 & ev5 gre5 or blui% gre54 ,?is does n imply t ! rocks c\ld be consid]$ z s\rces ( iron ore1 = ! m]e/ trace ( iron1 g5]ally only #a to #c p]c5t1 is en\gh to produce ev5 ! d>ke/ %ades ( r$4 ,because x is s(t1 ! ,*9le is easily erod$ into /eep slopes at ! foot ( high s&/one cliffs 9 all canyons ( ! ,monum5t & on top ( ! high bluffs t face ,! ,r$l&s4 ,x also =ms ! broad base ( ,indep5d5ce ,monum5t4 ,rim ,rock ,drive crosses ! ,*9le ?ree times 9 ! l[] "p ( ,fruita ,canyon & twice 9 ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon4 ,fossil reptile bones1 petrifi$ wood1 & fre%wat] %ells come f ! ,*9le 9 p>ts ( ,arizona & ,utah4 ,reptiles probably roam$ ! ,monum5t 9 ,*9le "t1 b _! rema9s h n be5 locat$4 ,anci5t ,s& ,dunes ,/ill lat] 9 ! ,triassic ,p]iod ! ,monum5t became "p ( a va/ des]t4 ,w9ds bl[+ f ! nor?we/ br\ght great quantities ( f9e s& & pil$ !m up into l>ge dunes l ^? 9 ! ,sah>a or 9 ,great ,s& ,dunes ,national ,monum5t 9 ,colorado4 ,b l all des]ts1 x 0 n always dry--occasional ra9/orms produc$ _m small lakes & ponds4 ,"s ( ! s& 0 wa%$ into ^! lakes or ponds & settl$ 9 level lay]s4 ,?is huge s&pile ev5tually h>d5$ into ! buff & light-r$ s&/one t we n[ "k z ! ,w+ate4 ,! %apes ( ! old dunes are indicat$ by ! /eep dips ( s& lay]s1 call$ crossb$s1 :i* /& out 9 %>p contra/ to ! ne>ly level lay]s =m$ 9 ! lakes & ponds 7fig4 #aj74 ,! spectacul> sc5]y ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t owes its exi/5ce l>gely to ! #cej-;foot cliffs ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one 7fig4 #f7 & to ! des]t climate1 :i* all[s u to see virtually e foot ( ! vividly color$ rocks & has made possible ! creation & pres]vation ( su* a wide v>iety ( fanta/ic sculptures4 ,a wett] climate w\ld h produc$ a f> diff]5t & smoo!r l&scape 9 :i* mo/ ( ! rocks & l& =ms w\ld h be5 hidd5 by vegetation4 ,erod$ remnants ( ! ,w+ate =m mo/ ( ! nam$ rock features ( ! ,monum5t & are %[n 9 _m ( ! photographs4 ,indep5d5ce ,monum5t--a t[]+ slab ( s&/one t resembles a bridge pi] 7fig4 #f7--;is all t is left ( a high n>r[ wall t once connect$ ! po9t ea/ ( ,indep5d5ce ,view ) ! high mesa nor? ( ! slab & :i* once sep>at$ ! two entrances ( ,monum5t ,canyon4 ,9 a few ?\s& ye>s ?is remnant1 too1 may be gone4 ,v]tical cliffs & %afts ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one endure only :]e ! top ( ! =mation is capp$ by b$s ( ! next y\ng] rock unit--! ,kay5ta ,=mation4 ,! ,kay5ta is mu* m resi/ant to erosion ?an ! ,w+ate1 s ev5 a few feet ( ! ,kay5ta1 su* z ! cap on top ( ,indep5d5ce ,monum5t1 protect ! rock b5ea?4 ,once ?is cap has be5 erod$ away1 ! und]ly+ ,w+ate wea!rs into r\nd$ domes1 su* z ! ,coke ,ov5s4 ,cold ,%iv]s ,po9t 7fig4 #ec7--;a toad/ool %ap$ cap ( s&/one ( ! ,kay5ta above a v]tical cliff ( ! ,w+ate--is p]haps ! mo/ aptly titl$ feature ( ! ,monum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,petrifi$ ,,s& ,,dunes 9 ,w+ate ,s&/one along old ,s]p5ts ,trail4 ,look+ nor? across ,! ,r$l&s & ,gr& ,valley to ! ,book ,cliffs4 ,battlem5t ,mesa on "r skyl9e4 7,fig4 #aj7 ,! ,coke ,ov5s 7fig4 #aa7 & ,squaw ,f+]s 7 =m$ p>tly because mo/ ( ! caprock ( ,kay5ta has be5 wea!r$ away & also because ! brittle rocks 7 crack$ along an ev5ly spac$ set ( v]tical jo9ts4 ,^! jo9ts tr5d nor?w>d betwe5 ! two nam$ features4 ,m rapid wea!r+ along ^! jo9ts help$ =m ! sep>ate r\nd$ domes or spires betwe5 !m4 ,simil>ly1 nor?we/w>d-tr5d+ v]tical jo9ts connect & help$ %ape ,kiss+ ,c\ple1 ,pipe ,organ1 & ,s5t9al ,spire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,coke ,,ov5s1 look+ nor? f ov]look b5ea? ,arti/s ,po9t4 ,a set ( nor?-s\? jo9ts has all[$ erosion ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one to proce$ m rapidly along ^! zones ( weakness & has help$ create ! f\r ov5s %[n4 ,wea!r+ away ( ! protective caprock ( ! ov]ly+ ,kay5ta ,=mation has produc$ r\nd$ tops on all b ! left-h& %aft1 :i* is /ill protect$ by ! ,kay5ta4 ,note alcoves & ar*es 9 cliff ( ! ,w+ate beyond1 ! =mation ( ! "o on ! "r hav+ be5 aid$ by removal ( ! und]ly+ s(t ,*9le ,=mation4 ,b5* cov]$ by pion & junip] above ,w+ate is resi/ant ?9-b$d$ ,kay5ta ,=mation4 ,cliff above ! b5* is ! ,slick ,rock ,memb] ( ! ,entrada ,s&/one4 ,! ,coke ,ov5s 7 nam$ f _! resemblance to ! beehive-%ap$ brick ov5s =m]ly us$ to conv]t bitum9\s coal into coke = smelt+ iron4 7,fig4 #aa7 ,_m ( ! cliff walls ( ! ,w+ate are v]tical1 "s ev5 ov]hang1 yet 9 "s places ! slopes are g5tle en\gh to hold talus & to be climb$ 7fig4 #ab74 ,:y is ?is8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is giv5 9 a lat] section on 8,canyon ,cutt+40 ,ar*es or %all[ caves wea!r$ out ( "s cliff faces ( ! ,w+ate1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! und]ly+ ,*9le ,=mation has be5 p>tly sc\r$ away4 ,al?\gh !re are no l>ge caves )9 ! ,monum5t1 !re are ?ree 9 a r[ along ! road #c miles we/ ( ! ,glade ,p>k ,po/ ,(fice4 ,"o ( ^! 0 inhabit$ until #aieh 7fig4 #e74 ,_m ( ! cliff faces ( ! ,w+ate are d>k5$ or black5$ by des]t v>ni%--a natural pigm5t ( iron & manganese oxides1 silica1 & clay4#ai ,d9osaurs left _! footpr9ts 9 ! s&s ( ! ,w+ate 9 p>ts ( ! ,colorado ,plateau1 b no tracks or fossils h yet be5 f\nd 9 ?is =mation 9 or ne> ! ,monum5t4 ,! ,ra9s ,came ,! arid climate ( ,w+ate "t 0 foll[$ by a wet p]iod1 :5 /reams f ! nor!a/ gradually cov]$ ! s& dunes ) mud1 s&1 & "s gravel4 ,! s& & gravel ( ! /ream *annels 7 cem5t$ into h>d s&/one & conglom]ate1 & ! mud ( ! flood pla9s h>d5$ into r$ & purple silt/one & mud/one4 ,! result+ ,kay5ta ,=mation makes up ! b5* betwe5 ! two cliffs ^u :i* ! ,visitor ,c5t]1 campgr\nds1 & mo/ ( sc5ic ,rim ,rock ,drive 7 built4 ,"h1 nature 0 k9d1 = ?is g5tly slop+ b5* 0 an ideal place to build ! road f :i* to look d[n into ! deep *asms4 ,! ,kay5ta also caps ! broad mesas betwe5 ! canyons4 ,x is ab\t #cej feet ?ick 9 ea/]n ,utah1 only #de to #hj feet ?ick 9 ! ,monum5t1 & x is abs5t altoge!r n f> ea/ ( ! ,monum5t4 ,! reasons = ! ea/w>d ?9n+ & ultimate disappe>ance ( ! ,kay5ta & "s y\ng] rocks are giv5 9 ! next section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$ ,,canyon1 look+ nor!a/ t[>d ,gr& ,junction f ,r$ ,canyon ,ov]look4 ,d>k not* at ! bottom ( ! nor!a/ end ( ! canyon is kn[n z ! ,gunsight4 ,l9e> feature 9 ! ,gr& ,valley beyond is ! ,d5v] & ,rio ,gr&e ,we/]n ,railroad4 ,prom95t po9t ne> middle ( ,book ,cliffs is ,m\nt ,g>field 7,fig4 #be74 ,battlem5t & ,gr& ,mesas =m left & "r skyl9es1 respectively4 ,d>k gre5 bu% 9 "r =egr\nd is ,mormon ,tea4 7,fig4 #ab7 ,illu/ration3 ,,?9 ,,b$d$ ,,kay5ta ,,=mation protect+ und]ly+ cliff ( s(t] ,w+ate ,s&/one4 ,rim ,rock ,drive is on b5* ( ! ,kay5ta close to ?9n] cliff ( ,entrada ,s&/one 9 backgr\nd4 ,look+ nor?we/ f a po9t nor!a/ ( ,monum5t ,canyon ,view4 7,fig4 #ac7 ,z not$ e>li]1 ! s&/one b$s & l5ses ( ! ,kay5ta g5]ally are co>s] gra9$ 7"s ev5 conta9 small pebbles7 & mu* h>d] ?an ! und]ly+ ,w+ate ,s&/one--p>ticul>ly ! l[] b$s ( ! ,kay5ta1 :i* s]ve z a protective capp+1 z %[n 9 figure #ac & 9 _m ( ! o!r photographs4 ,unlike ! dom9antly f9e gra9$1 well sort$1 w9dbl[n s&s ( ! ,w+ate1 ! co>s] /ream-laid s&s ( ! ,kay5ta are angul> & poorly sort$1 s t small gra9s fill spaces betwe5 l>g] ones4 ,moreov]1 9 addition to ! calcite cem5t 7:i* also holds toge!r ! s& gra9s 9 ! ,w+ate & ,entrada ,s&/ones71 mo/ ( ! s& gra9s & pebbles 9 ! ,kay5ta are cov]$ by int]connect$ 8ov]gr[?s0 ( silica 7,si,o71 :i* make up ab\t #aj p]c5t ( ! rocks & s]ve z a ne>ly insoluble h>d cem5t4#bj ,! comb9ation ( ! co>se & f9e gra9s & int]lock+ silica 8ov]gr[?s0 makes ! ,kay5ta "o ( ! mo/ resi/ant rocks 9 ! ,colorado ,plateau4 ,9 di/ant views ( wea!r$ outcrops ! ,kay5ta appe>s to consi/ ma9ly ( ?9 b$s or l5ses ( s&/one1 :i* inde$ x does1 b 9 "s fre% exposures1 su* z roadcuts1 ! highly l5ticul> r$ flood-pla9 deposits =m /rik+ features :i* may w$ge out f #c or #d feet ?ick to a fea!r$ge )9 horizontal di/ances ( only a few feet 7fig4 #ad74 ,! ,kay5ta has yield$ fossil bones ( d9osaurs & o!r reptiles 9 nor!a/]n ,arizona & fre%wat] %ells 9 ea/]n ,utah4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 no fossils h be5 report$ f x 9 or ne> ! ,monum5t4 ,ano!r ,gap 9 ! ,rock ,record ,foll[+ ! wet int]val :5 ! ,kay5ta ,=mation 0 deposit$ ov] wide areas ( ! ,colorado ,plateau by /reams1 ! ,plateau once aga9 became a va/ des]t1 & ?is "t ! dry climate p]si/$ f ! ,late ,triassic into ! ,jurassic4 ,! h[l+ w9ds pil$ up enorm\s s& dunes1 lay] ^u lay]1 to a total ?ickness ( m ?an #b1bjj feet at ,zion ,national ,p>k1 & z mu* z #ejj feet rema9s 9 ea/]n ,utah & p>ts ( s\?we/]n ,colorado4 ,?is imm5se s&pile ev5tually 0 cem5t$ by calcite into ! ,navajo ,s&/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kay5ta ,,=mation1 %[+ l5ses ( h>d *annel s&/ones & w$ge ( r$ silt/one & mud/one4 ,along road cut ( ,rim ,rock ,drive ne> head ( ma9 /em ( ,ute ,canyon4 ,v]tical grooves rema9 f drill holes us$ 9 bla/+ roadcut4 7,fig4 #ad7 ,beautifully sculptur$ rema9s ( ! ,navajo are featur$ attractions at ,zion1 ,capitol ,reef1 & ,ar*es ,national ,p>ks1 ,ra9b[ ,bridge1 ,navajo1 & ,d9osaur ,national ,monum5ts2 bord] _m miles ( beautiful ,lake ,p[ell2 & =m ! ea/]n flank ( ! ,san ,rafael ,swell4 ,= reasons to be expla9$1 ?is s&/one ?9s to ! nor!a/1 & is abs5t entirely at ab\t ! ,utah-,colorado ,/ate l9e1 "s #ce miles s\?we/ ( ! ,monum5t4 ,?us1 9 ! ,monum5t1 ! ,navajo1 mo/ ( ! ,kay5ta1 & ! l[] "p ( ! ,entrada ,s&/one are miss+ at ano!r gap 9 ! rock record1 z %[n 9 figure #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gap ,,9 ,,! ,,rock ,,record1 betwe5 ,kay5ta ,=mation bel[ #c- #f-;in* gre5 notebook & ,slick ,rock ,memb] ( ,entrada ,s&/one above4 ,! reasons = ?is gap are giv5 9 ! text on page #ch4 ,t ?is is an erosional uncon=mity is cle>ly indicat$ by ! unev5 top ( ! ,kay5ta1 p>ticul>ly to ! left ( ! notebook4 ,note solution pits & op5+s 9 ! ,entrada ne> top ( photograph4 7,fig4 #ae7 ,h[ is x possible t ! ,navajo ,s&/one is m ?an #b1bjj feet ?ick 9 ,zion ,national ,p>k1 is sev]al hundr$ feet ?ick 9 mu* ( ! ,plateau 9 ,utah & p>ts ( s\?we/]n ,colorado1 yet is abs5t entirely1 toge!r ) a consid]able ?ickness ( y\ng] rocks 9 & ne> ,colorado ,national ,monum5t8 ,h[ mu* ( ! miss+ /rata once 7 pres5t 9 ! ,monum5t is n kn[n1 b x seems cle> t at lea/ "p 0 pres5t b 0 erod$ away be=e ! ,entrada ,s&/one 0 deposit$4 ,!re is evid5ce#ba t foll[+ ! deposition & consolidation ( ! ,navajo ,s&/one ! ,plateau & adjac5t areas 7 uplift$1 tilt$ g5tly we/w>d1 & erod$ = a consid]able p]iod ( "t4 ,erosion naturally 0 mo/ pron\nc$ 9 ! ea/]n areas1 includ+ ! ,monum5t1 :]e ! uplift 0 greate/4 ,?us1 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! ,plateau all ! ,navajo & mo/ ( ! ,kay5ta 7 erod$ away1 & erosion cont9u$ !re :ile ! l[e/ memb] ( ! ,entrada1 ! ,dewey ,bridge ,memb]1 & ! l[] "p ( ! ov]ly+ ,slick ,rock ,memb] 7 be+ laid d[n 9 ! ,moab1 ,utah1 area4#bb ,?is old erosion surface is cle>ly visible 9 _m places along ! cliff wall on ! s\?we/ side ( ,rim ,rock ,drive betwe5 ! ,visitor ,c5t] & ,kiss+ ,c\ple4 ,! r$uction 9 ?ickness ( ! ,navajo ,s&/one f s\?we/ to nor!a/ & abs5ce ( ! ,navajo & "s y\ng] rocks 9 & ne> ! ,monum5t are %[n on an isometric 7?ree dim5sional7 block diagram prep>$ by arti/ ,john ,r4 ,/acy & me1 :i* is display$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,visitor ,c5t]4 ,?is block diagram portrays ! surface & subsurface rocks f ,zion ,national ,p>k1 ,utah1 to ,black ,canyon ( ! ,gunnison ,national ,monum5t1 ,colo41 via ,capitol ,reef ,national ,p>k1 ! ,h5ry ,m\nta9s1 & ,colorado ,national ,monum5t4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,plateau & p>ts ( adjac5t areas1 ! erosion surface on top ( ! ,navajo ,s&/one is cov]$ by scatt]$ pebbles ( *]t--a h>d v>iety ( silica 7,si,o7 d]iv$ f *]ty b$s ( fre%wat] lime/one 9 ! ,navajo4#bc ,:]e ! ,navajo has be5 completely erod$ away & ! anci5t erosion surface is on ! ,kay5ta ,=mation1 z 9 ,colorado ,national ,monum5t1 scatt]$ pebbles 7"s ( :i* are *]t7 d]iv$ f ! conglom]ate l5ses 9 ! ,kay5ta are f\nd locally on ! old surface4#bd ,because ( ?is gap 9 ! rock record we w cont9ue "p ( our /ory f>!r we/1 :]e ! rock record is m ne>ly complete4 ,! ,sea to ! ,we/ ,9 ,middle ,jurassic "t ! l& n[ call$ c5tral ,utah1 :i* !n 0 ! erod$ surface ( ! ,navajo ,s&/one1 sank b5ea? an arm ( a %all[ sea t came 9 f ! nor?1 & mo/ ( ! area rema9$ b5ea? ?is sea until ,late ,jurassic "t4 ,s$im5t c>ri$ into ?is sea & into bord]+ lagoons & e/u>ies lat] h>d5$ into ! s$im5t>y rocks ( ! ,c>mel ,=mation1 ,entrada ,s&/one1 & ,curtis & ,summ]ville ,=mations4 ,! ,c>mel & ,curtis conta9 abundant m>9e fossils ( ,middle ,jurassic age1 & 9 c5tral ,utah ! int]v5+ unfossilif]\s ,entrada also is believ$ to h be5 deposit$ 9 or ne> ! sea1 & ! unfossilif]\s ,summ]ville ,=mation probably 0 deposit$ ^u a tidal flat t 0 subm]g$ "p ( ! "t4 ,deposits & ,ev5ts ,ea/ ( ! ,sea ,9 ea/]n ,utah1 ea/ ( ! anci5t ,jurassic sea1 ! ,entrada ,s&/one is entirely unfossilif]\s1 0 p>tly wat] laid & p>tly w9d bl[n1 & has be5 divid$ into ?ree di/9ctive p>ts1 :i* 9 asc5d+ ord] are ! ,dewey ,bridge1 ,slick ,rock1 & ,moab ,memb]s4#be ,9 & ne> ! ,colorado ,national ,monum5t1 ! long p]iod ( erosion discuss$ 9 a prec$+ section probably cont9u$ well into ! ,jurassic1 s only ! upp] "p ( ! ,slick ,rock ,memb] & ! ov]ly+ ,moab ,memb] 7 deposit$ on ! erod$ surface ( :at little rema9$ ( ! ,kay5ta ,=mation 7fig4 #ad74 ,! ,slick ,rock ,memb] 0 nam$ f its occurr5ce at & ne> ! m9+ t[n ( ,slick ,rock1 ,colo41 :i* orig9ally 0 nam$ aft] ! appe>ance ( ! rock because x g5]ally =ms slick1 smoo? cliffs4 ,x rem9ds "o ( ! *ick5 & egg conundrum4 ,! ,slick ,rock is compos$ ma9ly ( s& dunes t 7 pil$ up on ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,jurassic sea by w9ds bl[+ f ! nor!a/4 ,occasional ra9y spells creat$ lakes & ponds 9 :i* "s ( ! s& 0 laid d[n 9 level b$s4 ,?is pile ( s& lat] h>d5$ into ! cliff-=m+ ,slick ,rock ,memb]1 :i* looks some?+ l ! ,w+ate b is g5]ally only half z ?ick1 wea!rs into less abrupt cliffs1 is mo/ly salmon r$1 & is almo/ free ( jo9ts4 ,! jo9ts 9 ! ,w+ate 7fig4 #aa7 probably result$ f ! uplift & tilt+ ( ! ,plateau be=e ! long p]iod ( pre-,entrada erosion2 :]eas ! l& seems to h be5 m /able dur+ ,entrada "t4 ,! ,slick ,rock is cem5t$ ) calcium c>bonate 7,ca,c,o71 :i* is soluble ev5 9 weak acid1 su* z ra9 or sn[ wat] conta9+ dissolv$ c>bon dioxide4 ,= ?is reason solution op5+s or pits occur 9 "s ( ! cliff faces1 ! mo/ /rik+ ( :i* are ^? %[n ne> ! top ( figure #ae4 ,! ,slick ,rock ,memb] ( ! ,entrada ,s&/one =ms a l9e ( cliffs & isolat$ monoli?s t are second 9 height & gr&eur only to ^? ( ! ,w+ate4 ,! ,memb] is be/ display$ s\?we/ ( ,rim ,rock ,drive betwe5 ! ,visitor ,c5t] & ! ,coke ,ov5s & along ! we/]n arm ( ,ute ,canyon 7fig4 #af74 ,x also =ms ! ,saddlehorn j s\? ( ! camp & picnic gr\nds ne> ! ,visitor ,c5t] 7fig4 #ej74 ,mo/ ( ! smoo? cliff faces %[ bo? ! /eeply dipp+ crossb$s ( ! old s& dunes & ! flat-ly+ b$s ( ! lake or pond deposits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,entrada ,,s&/one1 j above normally dry wat]fall 9 we/ arm ( ,ute ,canyon4 ,note smoo? unjo9t$ cliff ( ,slick ,rock ,memb] protect$ at left by ov]hang+ basal b$ ( ,moab ,memb]1 :i* =ms ab\t l[] half ( slope 9 di/ance4 ,upp] "p ( di/ant slope is ! ,summ]ville ,=mation ov]la9 by ,salt ,wa% ,memb] ( ! ,morrison ,=mation4 ,note ,slick ,rock at left re/+ ^u erod$ crossb$d$ s&/one 9 ,kay5ta ,=mation1 9 :i* ! canyon 0 cut4 7,fig4 #af7 ,! ov]ly+ ,moab ,memb] ( ! ,entrada is a :ite level-b$d$ s&/one t g5]ally wea!rs into /air/eps or l$ges4 ,"o ( ! be/ exposures ( ! ,moab ,memb] is %[n 9 figure #ag1 b good exposures also are se5 along ! we/ side ( ,rim ,rock ,drive j nor!a/ ( ! ,coke ,ov5s ,ov]look4 ,9 "s places ! ,moab ,memb] =ms cliffs cont9u\s ) ^? ( ! und]ly+ ,slick ,rock ,memb]4 ,x appe>s to consi/ ( h>d5$ bea* or lagoon s& t 0 deposit$ along ! ea/]n %ore ( ! sea1 :i* sugge/s t ! sea ext5d$ f>!r ea/ dur+ ,moab & ,summ]ville times ?an x did dur+ ,dewey ,bridge & ,slick ,rock times4 ,l ! ,slick ,rock1 ! ,moab also is cem5t$ by calcium c>bonate1 b ! l[] s&/one l$ges ( ! ,moab ,memb] are m resi/ant to erosion ?an ! ,slick ,rock ,memb]1 s ! ,moab helps pres]ve ! und]ly+ cliffs4 ,! top ( ! ,moab ,memb] =ms pat*es ( b>e pavem5t ea/ ( ! ,monum5t1 kn[n z ! 8,slick ,rim10 :i* may be obs]v$ f ! ,little ,p>k ,road4 ,illu/ration3 ,,moab ,,memb] ,,( ,,entrada ,,s&/one1 %[+ typical /eplike wea!r+4 ,9 we/ arm ( ,ute ,canyon ab\t a qu>t] mile above ! view %[n 9 figure #af4 ,moab ,memb] caps & protects ov]hang ( ,slick ,rock ,memb]4 ,moab is ov]la9 by unexpos$ slope ( ,summ]ville ,=mation & l[] "p ( ,morrison ,=mation4 7,fig4 #ag7 ,al?\gh ! ,slick ,rock ,memb] normally is salmon color$ or p9k1 ! upp] half ( an outcrop j nor? ( ! highe/ po9t on ,rim ,rock ,drive at ! head ( ma9 ,ute ,canyon has a di/9ctly mottl$ appe>ance1 :]e9 mu* ( ! color has be5 lea*$ to :ite1 b irregul> splot*es ( color appe> 9 ! dom9antly :ite upp] "p1 & :ite splot*es appe> 9 ! color$ "p1 z %[n 9 figure #ah4 ,by way ( contra/1 9 an outcrop ( ! two memb]s ( ! ,entrada ab\t #b miles nor? ( ! ,glade ,p>k ,/ore & ,po/ ,(fice 7fig4 #ai71 ! entire ,slick ,rock ,memb] is z :ite z ! ,moab ,memb]1 & ! =m] is :ite = "s di/ance to ! ea/4 ,:y is ! salmon color entirely miss+ f ! ,slick ,rock ne> ,glade ,p>k1 p>tly miss+ 9 figure #ah1 b pres5t virtually ev]y:]e else 9 & ne> ! ,monum5t8 ,! answ]s to ?is seem+ my/]y involve ev5ts t occurr$ long ago1 s only ! high po9ts w be t\*$ ^u "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mottl$ ,,salmon-,,&-,,:ite ,,slick ,,rock ,,memb]1 ov]la9 by :ite level-b$d$ ,moab ,memb]1 on we/ side ( ,rim ,rock ,drive ab\t f\r-t5?s ( a mile nor? ( head ( ma9 ,ute ,canyon4 7,fig4 #ah7 ,x seems reasonable to suppose t ! ,slick ,rock ,memb] at bo? localities orig9ally 0 salmon color$ or p9k1 z x is ev]y:]e else1 b t lat]1 ! color+ ag5t1 r$ f]ric iron oxide 7,fe,o71 0 *emically r$uc$1 or lea*$ to f]r\s iron oxide 7,fe,o71 by acidic gr\nd wat]1 & 0 c>ri$ away to ! nor!a/ by ! sl[ly mov+ gr\nd wat]4 ,b z ,i h already po9t$ out1 ! cliff exposures ( ! s&/ones are n[ bone dry1 s :at happ5$ to ! gr\nd wat] & :y 0 x acidic "h & n else:]e8 ,illu/ration3 ,,:ite ,,entrada ,,s&/one1 9 outcrop j ea/ ( gravel road ab\t #b miles nor? ( ,glade ,p>k ,/ore & ,po/ ,(fice4 ,reasons = abs5ce ( salmon color 9 ,slick ,rock ,memb] are giv5 9 text4 7,fig4 #ai7 ,be=e ! cutt+ ( ! deep canyons ( ! ,monum5t1 :i* foll[$ ! la/ major uplifts ( ! region accompani$ by b5d+ & break+ ( ! rocks1 ! n[ dry s&/ones 7 saturat$ ) gr\nd wat] t mov$ v sl[ly nor!a/w>d4 ,some:]e to ! s\?we/ ! ,entrada ,s&/one seem+ly took 9 wat] conta9+ dissolv$ hydrog5 sulfide gas 7,h,s71 *ang+ ! gr\nd wat] to a weak acid4 ,! ,h,s c\ld h be5 produc$ by a type ( ana]obic bact]ia t has ! ability to r$uce dissolv$ sulfates 7,,s7 9 wat] to ! dissolv$ hydrog5 sulfide gas1 !reby obta9+ ne$$ oxyg54 ,! next que/ions y might logically ask are 7#a7 if ! above d$uctions h any m]it1 h[ d we "k ! acid wat] 0 caus$ by dissolv$ hydrog5 sulfide1#bf 7#b7 :at is ! s\rce ( ! sulfate ions 7,,s7 f :i* ! ,h,s 0 obta9$1 & 7#c7 :y is ! color ( ! ,slick ,rock ,memb] 9 figure #ai completely r$uc$ to :ite :]eas t 9 figure #ah is only p>tly r$uc$ 9 ! upp] "p8 ,al?\gh ! gr\nd wat]s f artesian wells 9 ! ,gr& ,junction area conta9 small am\nts ( sulfate z d mo/ gr\nd wat]s1 ! am\nt ne$$ = ! results obs]v$ m likely came f solution ( ! common m9]al gypsum 7calcium sulfate conta9+ "s wat]1 ,ca,s,o#b;,h,o74 ,! ov]ly+ ,summ]ville & ,morrison ,=mations conta9 "s gypsum 9 _m places 9 ,utah1 s x is n improbable t ^! =mations conta9 gypsum locally 9 ,colorado4 ,if s1 sulfate-be>+ wat] c\ld h p]colat$ d[nw>d into ! ,entrada at "s po9t s\?we/ ( ,glade ,p>k4 ,b z ?is mu/ h happ5$ sev]al million ye>s ago1 ! clues z to j :]e ?is occurr$ h gr[n q cold4 ,seem+ly1 ! color 9 ! ,slick ,rock ,memb] ne> & ea/ ( ,glade ,p>k 0 entirely remov$ by ! process describ$1 b ! v sl[ mov+ gr\nd wat] _h "t to lea* only ! upp] "p ( ! ,slick ,rock 7! mo/ p]meable "p7 9 ,ute ,canyon be=e ! process 0 halt$ =ev] by ! dra9+ ( wat] f ^! b$s by canyon cutt+4 ,%ortly be=e ! ,jurassic sea to ! we/ dri$ up1 silt1 mud1 & "s s& 7 c>ri$ into ei!r a %all[ arm ( ! sea or a broad bay or lagoon ne> x1 & lat] ! silt1 mud1 & s& h>d5$ to become ! ,summ]ville ,=mation4 ,! ,summ]ville is only #dj to #fj feet ?ick 9 ! ,monum5t b is mu* ?ick] 9 ,utah4 ,! ,summ]ville ,=mation is s s(t t x wea!rs v rapidly & h5ce is expos$ at only a few places4 ,x is be/ display$ 9 ! high roadcut at ,arti/s ,po9t & along ! road to ! s\? = ! next mile 7fig4 #bj71 b x is also expos$ 9 roadcuts along ! we/ arm ( ,ute ,canyon4 ,ev5 ! ?9ne/ b$s ( ! ,summ]ville c be trac$ = hundr$s ( y>ds1 & individual b$s h a ne>ly con/ant ?ickness = su* di/ances4 ,?is greatly facilitat$ ! detail$ measurem5t ( a section ( ! ,summ]ville#bg by my son ,bill & me f ,arti/s ,po9t to ! base ( ! ov]ly+ ,morrison ,=mation ab\t a mile s\?4 ,us+ a #f-;foot fold+ /eel rule we measur$ & describ$ ea* ?9 b$ f "s key b$ at ab\t gr\nd level to "o at eye level1 foll[$ ! upp] key b$ s\?w>d to gr\nd level1 !n repeat$ ! process until ! entire #ed feet _h be5 measur$ & describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,summ]ville ,,=mation1 at ,arti/s ,po9t 7fig4 #c74 ,base ( =mation re/s ^u ,moab ,memb] ( ,entrada j b5ea? ! pavem5t4 ,note geologi/'s pick re/+ ^u l[] l$ge ( s&/one j to ! left ( middle4 ,top ( ! ,summ]ville "h has be5 remov$ by erosion4 7,fig4 #bj7 ,! ,summ]ville at ! type locality 9 ! ,san ,rafael ,swell1 ,utah1 is mu* ?ick] ?an 9 ! ,monum5t & conta9s _m *ocolate-br[n b$s2 b ! ,summ]ville exhibits ! same lat]al cont9uity ( ev5 ! ?9ne/ b$s4 ,?9 s$im5t>y b$s ( su* uni=m ?ickness are ?\ght to h accumulat$ 9 relatively quiet bodies ( wat]4 ,if y look at ! und]sides ( "s ( ! blocks ( h>d light-gray s&/one t h brok5 (f1 y may see corrugations l ^? on "s metal b>n ro(s4 ,^! are ripplem>ks produc$ by wave or curr5t action :ile ! s& 0 /ill loose1 :i* indicates t ! wat] 0 n always entirely quiet4 ,al?\gh mu* ( ! ,summ]ville is r$1 y w see b$s ( _m o!r colors includ+ gray1 blue gray1 gre5i% gray1 *ocolate br[n1 & r$di% br[n4 ,d9osaurs ,roam ! ,monum5t ,9 ,late ,jurassic "t ! sea to ! we/ ev5tually dri$ up1 ei!r because x 0 fill$ ) s$im5ts or because ! l& rose above sea level1 or bo?4 ,?is br\ght ab\t a *ange f ! p>allel b$d+ 9 ! m>g9al m>9e environm5t ( ! ,summ]ville to irregul> /ream-*annel s&/ones1 flood-pla9 silts & muds1 & fre%wat] lake deposits4 ,/reams f high] l&s to ! s\? br\ght 9 mud1 silt1 & s& t pil$ up hundr$s ( feet ?ick ov] ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 includ+ ! ,monum5t4 ,^! s$im5ts 7 lat] compact$ into ! brightly color$ silt/one1 mud/one1 s&/one1 & lime/one n[ kn[n z ! ,morrison ,=mation4 ,! colors are ab\t ! same z ^? ( ! ,summ]ville4 ,algae & o!r microscopic organisms extract$ calcium c>bonate f ! lake wat]s1 & :5 !y di$ ?is mat]ial settl$ on ! lake bottoms to make lime/one4 ,! s(t silt/one & mud/one ( ! ,morrison ,=mation wea!r rapidly into /eep or fairly /eep slopes1 b ! h>d] b$s ( s&/one1 mo/ ( :i* are 9 ! l[] ?ird ( ! =mation1 kn[n z ! ,salt ,wa% ,memb]1 are sculptur$ into bold l$ges or l[ cliffs4 ,! g5]ally s(t] upp] two-?irds ( ! =mation is call$ ! ,bru%y ,bas9 ,memb]4 ,! ,morrison is be/ expos$ 9 & s\!a/ ( ,! ,r$l&s1 :]e ! b>e rocks are c>v$ into badl&s l ! fam\s ones ( ,s\? ,dakota4 ,bo? ! ,fruita ,canyon & ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon approa*es to ! ,monum5t pass typical badl&s 9 ! ,morrison4 ,! entire #fjj feet ( ?is =mation is be/ se5 9 ! high bluff on ! ea/ side ( ! m\? ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon 7fig4 #ba74 ,illu/ration3 ,,morrison ,,=mation1 on ea/ side ( m\? ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon4 ,=ty feet ( ,summ]ville ,=mation at base is conceal$ by slope wa%1 b und]ly+ :ite- & salmon-color$ memb]s ( ,entrada ,s&/one are cle>ly expos$ at l[] left4 ,protective caprock at upp] "r is l[]mo/ s&/one ( ,cretace\s ,burro ,canyon ,=mation4 ,upp] two-?irds ( ,morrison is typical ( ! ,bru%y ,bas9 ,memb]2 l[] "o-?ird is n typical ( ! ,salt ,wa% ,memb]1 :i* g5]ally conta9s m & ?ick] l5ses ( s&/one1 "s ( :i* are j ar\nd ! corn] to ! "r4 ,mesa on left skyl9e is above ,s]p5ts ,trail 9 ! ,monum5t4 ,look+ we/ f ,little ,p>k ,road4 ,see also figures #ee & #fj4 7,fig4 #ba7 ,9 p>ts ( ! ,colorado ,plateau s\?we/ ( ! ,uncompahgre ,plateau1 ! s&/one l5ses 9 ! ,salt ,wa% ,memb] ( ! ,morrison conta9 uranium & vanadium ore associat$ ) c>bonace\s matt]1 includ+ coalifi$ wood4 ,no ores h be5 f\nd 9 or ne> ! ,monum5t presumably because su* c>bonace\s matt]1 :i* help$ precipitate ! ores1 is lack+ on ! nor!a/]n side ( ! ,uncompahgre ,plateau4 ,"s ( ! b$s ( silt/one & mud/one 9 ! ,bru%y ,bas9 ,memb] ( ! ,morrison %[n 9 figure #ba conta9 b5tonite1 a clay d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( volcanic a%1 :i* indicates ! pres5ce ( active volcanos 9 or ne> ! ,plateau at ! "t ^! b$s 7 deposit$4 ,b5tonite swells :5 wett$1 s x is widely us$ 9 well-drill+ muds1 seal+ canals1 etc4 ,"s b5tonitic mat]ial has be5 dug f ! ,bru%y ,bas9 along ! ,little ,p>k ,road j s\? ( ! po9t f :i* ! photograph 9 figure #ba 0 tak5 & 0 us$ = seal+ irrigation canals 9 ! ,gr& ,valley4 ,! ,morrison is n well expos$ 9 ! ,monum5t1 z ! =mation is re/rict$ to ! high] p>ts :]e mo/ ( x is hidd5 by vegetation4 ,! l[] "p is se5 9 roadcuts & outcropp+ l$ges along a high /ret* ( ,rim ,rock ,drive betwe5 ,arti/s ,po9t & ! head ( ! we/ arm ( ,ute ,canyon1 :]e s&/one l5ses 9 ! ,salt ,wa% ,memb] are especially ?ick4 ,! climate dur+ ,morrison "t 0 wet en\gh to support abundant vegetation along ! _m lakes & /reams--at lea/ en\gh to fe$ ! hungry d9osaurs & o!r reptiles t roam$ ! area4 ,_m bones & p>ts ( sev]al skeletons ( d9osaurs h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,morrison at sev]al places 9 ,! ,r$l&s n f> nor!a/ & nor?we/ ( ! ,monum5t4 ,! mo/ fam\s d9osaur locality ne> ! ,monum5t is ,riggs ,hill :]e1 9 #aijj1 ! late ,elm] ,s4 ,riggs ( ! ,field ,columbian ,museum 7n[ ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory7 dug out "p ( ! fir/ kn[n skeleton ( a huge ,bra*iosaurus 7fig4 #bb74 ,?is discov]y made q a spla% 9 ! sci5tific _w1 = x 0 ! fir/ & only type ( d9osaur f\nd ^: front legs 7 long] ?an its h9d legs4 ,! fossiliz$ ?igh bone 7femur7 alone is #f feet #h in*es long & weighs #edi p\nds2 ! arm bone 7hum]us71 ?\gh incomplete1 is ev5 long]4 ,! ribs are #i feet long4 ,a bronze plaque n[ m>ks ! site ( ! excavation 7fig4 #ci74 ,9 #aija1 ,riggs remov$ all b ! =ep>t ( a skeleton ( ,apatosaurus f ! s\!a/ side ( a l>ge hill ( ! ,morrison ,=mation j s\? ( ! old ,fruita bridge4 ,riggs also f\nd rema9s ( ,diplodocus1 ,cam>asaurus1 & ,morosaurus1 &1 9 #aicg1 ,al ,look1 prom95t writ] & amateur paleontologi/ ( ,gr& ,junction1 & ,edw9 ,l4 ,holt1 an in/ructor 9 ,mesa ,college at ,gr& ,junction1 f\nd ! closely associat$ rema9s ( ,allosaurus1 ,/egosaurus1 & ,bra*iosaurus at ! we/]n end ( ,riggs ,hill4 ,d9osaurs g5]ally are ?\ght ( z huge creatures--_m 7 huge inde$ 7fig4 #bc7--;b !y came 9 v>i\s sizes & "s 7 q small4 ,an int]e/+ ,late ,jurassic v]tebrate fossil locality 9 ! ,salt ,wa% ,memb] ( ! ,morrison ,=mation1 ab\t #c miles nor?we/ ( ! ,we/ ,entrance ( ! ,monum5t & ab\t #c miles s\?we/ ( ,fruita1 0 discov]$ 9 ,june #aige by ,george ,callison1 ,associate ,pr(essor ( ,biology & ,rese>* ,associate 9 ,v]tebrate ,paleontology at ! ,cali=nia ,/ate ,univ]sity at ,long ,bea*4 ,dur+ ! summ]s ( #aige & #aigf ,dr4 ,callison & 8 assi/ants remov$ ! closely associat$ skeletal rema9s ( _m small1 primitive mammals & bo? small & l>ge d9osaurs & o!r reptiles4 ,"p ( ! results 7 pres5t$ 9 an unpubli%$ manuscript4#bh ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aigg & lat]1 additional mammalian fossils 7 remov$ by ,callison & assi/ants & additional reptilian fossils 7 remov$ by ,lance ,erickson1 paleontologi/ ( ! ,hi/orical ,museum & ,in/itute ( ,we/]n ,colorado 7fig4 #b74 ,hopefully1 ! "w w be cont9u$ ) ! aid ( grants f sev]al s\rces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,excavat+ ,,type ,,specim5 ,,( ,,bra*iosaurus ,,alti?orax ,,riggs f s\? side ( ,riggs ,hill4 ,photograph tak5 9 #aijj1 reproduc$ by p]mission ( ! ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 7,*icago74 ,see also figure #ci4 7,fig4 #bb7 ,! locality1 :i* cov]s p>ts ( ab\t #ahj acres ( public l& adm9i/]$ by ! ,bureau ( ,l& ,managem5t1 has be5 f5c$ & po/$ to disc\rage v&alism1 & has be5 designat$ ! ,fruita ,paleontological ,area4 ,9 ord] to evaluate ! importance ( ! locality & to make plans = its future developm5t & protection1 ! ,bureau ( ,l& ,managem5t held ! ,fruita ,paleontological ,work%op on ,m>* #bh-cj1 #aigg1 to :i* 7 invit$ sev]al r5[n$ v]tebrate paleontologi/s & ar*aeologi/s toge!r ) int]e/$ local p]sonnel ( ! ,bureau1 ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice1 & ! ,museum4 ,all rem>ks & prep>$ spee*es 7 tak5 d[n by a %or?& report] & 7 reproduc$ = ! att5dees 9 ! #hc page unpubli%$ 8,! ,fruita ,paleontological ,report40 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeletons ,,( ,,typical ,,d9osaurs ,,( ,,morrison ,,=mation4#bi ,a1 ,camptosaurus1 a small d9osaur ab\t #aa feet long2 ,b1 ,apatosaurus1 a gigantic d9osaur ab\t #gf feet long2 ,c1 ,allosaurus1 a l>ge c>nivor\s d9osaur ab\t #cj feet long2 & ,d1 ,/egosaurus1 a l>ge armor$ d9osaur ab\t #bd feet long4 7,fig4 #bc7 ,! close association ( ,late ,jurassic mammalian & reptilian fossils1 z f\nd at ! ,fruita site1 is ( consid]able int]e/ & importance1 b is by no means unique1 = simil> associations occur else:]e 9 ,colorado1 & 9 ,wyom+1 ,europe1 & ,africa4 ,( ^? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! qu>ry at ,como ,bluff1 ne> ,l>amie1 ,wyo41 is consid]$ by mo/ ( ! exp]ts to be ! mo/ out/&+4 ,( ! mat]ial une>!d at ,fruita ?us f>1 :i* includes bones ( "s ( ! l>ge d9osaurs f\nd e>li] by ,riggs1 rema9s ( "s ( ! small] d9osaurs & a complete skull ( ! mod]ately l>ge fle% eat] ,c]atosaurus are consid]$ ! mo/ important4 ,fre%wat] clam & snail %ells ab\nd 9 "s b$s ( ! ,morrison1 p>ticul>ly 9 lime/ones1 & occur sp>+ly 9 o!r types ( b$s4 ,! %ells occur ma9ly 9 ,! ,r$l&s1 p>ticul>ly ab\t #a miles we/ ( ! ,fruita bridge4 ,"s ( ^! %ells t are fill$ ) agate are s\ght by rockh\nds4 ,d9osaurs on ! ,move ,! wet climate ( ,late ,jurassic "t 0 foll[$ by arid or semi>id climate 9 ! ,e>ly ,cretace\s4 ,/reams cont9u$ to deposit gravel1 s&1 silt1 & mud1 b at a mu* sl[] rate4 ,^! deposits ev5tually h>d5$ into ! conglom]ate1 s&/one1 & gre5 %ale or silt/one ( ! ,burro ,canyon ,=mation4 ,?is =mation1 toge!r ) "p ( ! ov]ly+ ,dakota ,s&/one1 caps ,black ,ridge1 ! highe/ "p ( ! ,monum5t 7#g1jjj feet7 ab\t a mile we/ ( ! ,coke ,ov5s4 ,sev]al airway beacons on ?is high ridge may be se5 = _m miles4 ,! ,burro ,canyon is be/ se5 bel[ ! ,monum5t on ! we/ side ( ,monum5t ,road along ! l[] "p ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon1 :]e x is ab\t #fj feet ?ick 7fig4 #bd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,burro ,,canyon ,,=mation ,,& ,,dakota ,,s&/one1 along we/ side ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon1 ab\t #b miles nor!a/ ( ! ,monum5t's ,ea/ ,entrance4 ,basal s&/one above road & unexpos$ gre5 %ale 7br[n 9 photograph7 comprise ! ,burro ,canyon1 "h #eh feet ?ick4 ,:ite b& two-?irds ! way up ! slope is #dj-;foot basal conglom]ate ( ! ,dakota ,s&/one1 above :i* is #eh feet ( c>bonace\s %ale1 a #ad-;foot b$ ( s&/one1 & #ag feet ( s&y %ale to ! top ( ! hill4 ,! top ( ! ,dakota has be5 erod$ away4 7,fig4 #bd7 ,a few fossil plants & %ells h come f ! ,burro ,canyon ,=mation1 b ! seem+ abs5ce ( d9osaur bones sugge/s t possibly ^! reptiles _h to move to areas ( great] precipitation1 :]e food 0 m abundant4 ,"s d9osaurs may h liv$ 9 ! area at ?is "t1 b _! bones ei!r 7 n fossiliz$ or !y h n yet be5 f\nd4 ,yet ,ano!r ,gap 9 ! ,rock ,record ,deposition ( ! ,burro ,canyon ,=mation 0 br\ght to a close by ano!r uplift ( ! ,plateau1 & ( c\rse ! uplift 0 foll[$ by ano!r p]iod ( erosion1 :i* cont9u$ ?r\gh ! end ( ,e>ly ,cretace\s "t4 ,z not$ 9 ! caption = figure #bd1 seem+ly all b #eh feet ( ! ,burro ,canyon 0 erod$ away1 b #abj feet rema9s along ,ea/ ,creek1 only ab\t #ab miles to ! s\!a/1 :i* sugge/s t ! old erosion surface 0 a bit unev54 ,t ?is p]iod ( erosion 0 ( consid]able duration is sugge/$ by ! abundance ( ! :ite clay m9]al1 kaol9ite1 b5ea? & 9 ! ov]ly+ :ite basal conglom]ate ( ! ,dakota ,s&/one4 ,?is type ( clay commonly results f prolong$ wea!r+ ( _m types ( rocks & indicates t ! p]iod ( pre-,dakota erosion 0 ( long duration4 ,peat ,bogs ,by ! beg9n+ ( ,late ,cretace\s "t ! erod$ surface ( ! ,monum5t 0 "p ( a l[ pla9 ne> sea level1 & ! sea 0 gradually encroa*+ f ! ea/ or nor!a/4 ,gravel & s& c>ri$ 9 by /reams comb9$ ) ! :ite kaol9ite on ! surface to =m ! #dj-;foot basal conglom]ate ( ! ,dakota ,s&/one 7fig4 #bd74 ,z ! l& gradually subsid$ ne>] to sea level1 swamps :i* 7 =m$ along ! coa/ support$ consid]able vegetation4 ,z ! trees & plants di$ & 7 cov]$ by silt & mud1 !y gradually *ang$ to peat :i* f9ally became compact$ into coal & br[n or black coaly %ale conta9+ plant rema9s4 ,y c dig out "s ( ?is coal & p]haps f9d "s plant rema9s ne> ! top ( ! we/ canyon wall j bel[ ! highe/ s&/one b$ 9 figure #bd1 :i* is outside ! ,monum5t4 ,= a:ile ! coa/ alt]nately sank slightly bel[ & rose slightly above sea level4 ,bea* s& cov]$ ! swamp deposits1 !n m swamp deposits cov]$ ! s&4 ,"s ( ! s& conta9s sea%ells1 su* z oy/]s & clams4 ,except on ,black ,ridge1 ! ,dakota has be5 entirely erod$ f ! ,monum5t1 b x crops out ) ! und]ly+ ,burro ,canyon 9 a s]ies ( l[ hills s\? ( ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,! ,dakota ,s&/one is ab\t #bjj feet ?ick4 ,! ,sea ,cov]s ! ,plateau ,/ill lat] 9 ! ,cretace\s ,p]iod ! :ole region sank b5ea? ! sea & /ay$ !re a long "t4 ,silt & limy mud 7 pil$ lay] ^u lay] on ! sea floor & h>d5$ into ! gray & black ,mancos ,%ale4 ,?9 lay]s ( s& 7 cem5t$ into s&/one1 & lay]s ( calcium-c>bonate mud became *alk or lime/one4 ,sea%ells & bones ( %>ks & seago+ reptiles h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,mancos 9 _m places4 ,! ,mancos & all y\ng] rocks h be5 /ripp$ (f ! ,monum5t1 b !y may be se5 "o aft] ! o!r z y travel nor!a/w>d4 ,?9 remnants ( ! ,mancos cap l[ hills j s\? ( ! ,colorado ,riv]1 & ! entire #c1hjj feet ( ! ,mancos und]lies ! ,gr& ,valley & ,book ,cliffs4 ,! upp] "p is cle>ly expos$ 9 ! t[]+1 b>r5 ,book ,cliffs1 :]e ! s(t %ale is protect$ by a caprock ( h>d s&/one--! l[]mo/ unit ( ! ov]ly+ ,late ,cretace\s ,mesav]de ,gr\p 7fig4 #be74 ,! ,sea's ,f9al ,retreat ,sl[ uplift ( ! ,plateau1 includ+ ! ,monum5t region1 caus$ ! gradual retreat ( ! ,mancos sea4 ,deposition ( mud on ! sea bottom gave way to deposition ( bea* s&1 coal swamps1 & !n m bea* s& & coal swamps4 ,f9ally1 9 ,late ,cretace\s "t1 ! sea )drew entirely1 nev] aga9 to return to ! ,colorado ,plateau region4 ,/reams deposit$ s&1 silt1 & mud on ! newly uplift$ coa/al areas4 ,all ^! deposits1 includ+ "s high-grade bitum9\s coal t 0 =m$ 9 ! swamps1 we n[ "k z ! ,mesav]de ,gr\p4 ,! ?ick cliff-=m+ s&/ones ( ?is unit are beautifully display$ 9 ,de,beque ,canyon ( ! ,colorado ,riv] betwe5 ,palisade & ,de,beque1 j up/ream f ! ,gr& ,valley4 ,!re are sev]al active coal m9es 9 ! ,mesav]de betwe5 ,palisade & ,cameo1 & outcrops ( coal may be se5 on ! ea/ side ( ! road j s\? ( ,cameo4 ,! electric g5]at+ /ation ( ! ,public ,s]vice ,company ( ,colorado at ,cameo is conv5i5tly situat$ ov] a coal m9e & next to ! ,colorado ,riv]1 :i* supplies cool+ wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m\nt ,,g>field1 a prom95t po9t on ! ,book ,cliffs bord]+ ! nor!a/]n side ( ! ,gr& ,valley4 ,slopes are ,mancos ,%ale2 l$ge ab\t halfway upslope is ! toe ( an anci5t l&slide deposit ( ,mesav]de s&/one blocks m>k+ ! level ( an ance/ral ,gr& ,valley2 capp+ b$s ( s&/one at cre/ are basal b$s ( ,mesav]de ,gr\p4 7,fig4 #be7 ,illu/ration3 ,,photo ,,index ,,map1 %[+ localities :]e mo/ ( ! photographs 7 tak54 ,arr[s po9t to di/ant views4 ,numb]s ref] to figure numb]s4 7,fig4 #bf7 ,photographs = f\r figures are n %[n because figures #e1 #be & #cf 7 tak5 outside ! map bord]s & figure #a 0 tak5 at an undisclos$ locality 9 ! monum5t ,! rema9s ( d9osaurs h be5 discov]$ 9 rocks ( ?is age else:]e1 b ne> ! ,monum5t only _! tracks h be5 f\nd4 ,"s ( ^!1 9 coal m9es along ! ,book ,cliffs & ne> ,c$>$ge1 are #ch in*es across & _! placem5t indicates an incr$ible /ride ( #af feet6 ,_h !re be5 highways 9 ,mesav]de "t1 ?is bip$al giant c\ld h cross$ !m 9 two /rides4 ,bo? ! ,mancos & ,mesav]de once cov]$ ! ,monum5t area b 7 remov$ long ago by erosion4 ,end ( ! ,d9osaurs ,! end ( ! ,cretace\s ,p]iod 0 also ! end ( ! d9osaurs4 ,exactly :y ! 8t]rible liz>ds0 di$ out aft] dom9at+ ! _w = m ?an #aej million ye>s is n kn[n = sure1 b _m guesses h be5 made4 ,"o likely idea is t widespread uplift & m\nta9 build+ t began late 9 ,cretace\s "t1 accompani$ by *anges 9 climate1 may h greatly r$uc$ ! supply ( s(t edible plants4 ,if s1 x is easy to imag9e h[ huge d9osaurs accu/om$ to a ton or m ( lu% plant food ea* day w\ld soon />ve to dea?4 ,_m d9osaurs 7 veget>ians4 ,z !y di$ out1 ! fle%eat]s1 su* z ,tyrannosaurus1 soon ran %ort ( food also1 & probably began to eat ea* o!r4 ,tyrannosaurus closely resembl$ ! ,jurassic ,allosaurus %[n 9 figure #bc1 except t ,tyrannosaurus 0 mu* l>g] & m =midable--9 fact x probably 0 ! mo/ t]rible pr$ator t ev] roam$ ! surface ( ! ,e>?4 ,! d9osaurs _h become too highly specializ$ to _! environm5t to adapt !mselves to *anges ( ?is k9d4 ,ano!r fasc9at+ notion is t ! gr[+ population ( small primitive mammals dev\r$ d9osaur eggs 7:i* 7 left unatt5d$ l ^? ( turtles & alligators7 ne>ly z fa/ z mamma d9osaur c\ld lay !m4 ,b :atev] ! reason1 x is cle> t "s worldwide condition caus$ ! gradual ext9ction ( ! pond]\s ov]-specializ$ d9osaurs & all[$ ! rise to p[] ( ! next types ( animals de/9$ to rule ! ,e>?--! bra9i] & m adaptable mammals4 ,at ?is "t ! rocks 7 g5tly b5t into upfolds1 call$ anticl9es or ar*es1 & d[nfolds1 call$ syncl9es or bas9s 7fig4 #bg74 ,"o upfold t began to take =m 0 ! ,uncompahgre ar*1 ! cre/ ( :i* %apes ,pion ,mesa j s\? ( ! ,monum5t4 ,b ?is g5tle upfold 0 to gr[ l>g] & to h its flanks wr9kl$ & brok5 9 ! next geologic era--! ,c5ozoic4 ,! ,age ( ,mammals ,! beg9n+ ( ! ,c5ozoic ,era #fe million ye>s ago--give or take a few million ye>s--m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( a long span ( geologic "t dur+ :i* mammals became ! rul+ l& animals4 ,rema9s ( "s small primitive mammals h be5 f\nd 9 ,mesozoic rocks 7p4 #ej71 b ^! t9y newcom]s did n h a *ance to fl\ri% until ! =midable d9osaurs di$ out4 ,! ,c5ozoic ,era is divid$ into ! long ,t]ti>y ,p]iod--,! ,age ( ,mammals--& ! %ort 7ab\t #b million ye>s7 ,quat]n>y ,p]iod--,! ,age ( ,man4 ,! ,t]ti>y 9 turn is divid$ into five epo*s--! ,paleoc5e1 ,eoc5e1 ,oligoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,plioc5e 7fig4 #fa74 ,ev5ts dur+ p>ts ( ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod _h an important be>+ ^u ! ,monum5t ev5 ?\gh no rocks ( ?is p]iod n[ occur 9 ! area4 ,illu/ration3 ,,common ,,types ,,( ,,rock ,,folds4 ,top1 anticl9e1 or upfold2 clos$ anticl9es are call$ domes4 ,middle1 syncl9e or d[nfold2 clos$ syncl9es are call$ /ructural bas9s4 ,bottom1 monocl9e1 a common type on ! ,plateau 9 :i* ! dip ( ! b$s *anges 9 am\nt b n 9 direction2 axes may be mapp$ along tr5ds ( upp] fold1 middle flexure1 or l[] fold4 ,top & middle diagrams f ,hans5 7#aifi1 p4 #ca1 #ajh74 7,fig4 #bg7 ,e>ly ,deposits & ,ev5ts ,! broad inl& bas9s t 7 =m$ late 9 ! ,cretace\s ,p]iod receiv$ s&1 silt1 & mud br\ght 9 by /reams f ! uplift$ or fold$ areas4 ,^! mat]ials became compact$ into ! ,wasat* ,=mation--! r$ or p9k rock f :i* ,bryce ,canyon ,national ,p>k 0 sculptur$4 ,"o su* bas9 lay j nor!a/ ( ! ,monum5t4 ,! ,monum5t probably 0 cov]$ by "s ( ^! /ream deposits aft] ! ma9 bas9 0 p>tly fill$4 ,! mammals t roam$ ! area dur+ ! ,paleoc5e ,epo* 7 primitive1 b m advanc$ =ms appe>$ lat]1 9 ,eoc5e "t4 ,"s ( _! fossil rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,wasat* ,=mation 9 ,plateau ,creek ,valley nor? ( ,gr& ,mesa & ne> ,rifle1 ab\t #fj miles nor!a/ ( ,gr& ,junction4 ,! entire #e1jjj feet ( ! ,wasat* may be se5 along ,u4,s4 ,highway ,i-#gj betwe5 ! t[ns ( ,de,beque & ,gr& ,valley1 & mu* ( x helps support t[]+ ,gr& & ,battlem5t ,mesas4 ,lake ,u9ta ,9 ,eoc5e "t ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,colorado ,plateau sagg$ d[nw>d & gradually fill$ ) wat] until x became a huge lake1 n[ kn[n z ,lake ,u9ta4 ,! wat]s 9 x teem$ ) plants & animals1 p>ticul>ly micro-organisms su* z algae1 ^: rema9s1 coat$ ) calcium c>bonate1 settl$ to ! bottom along ) ! s&1 silt1 & mud wa%$ into ! lake by /reams4 ,^! s$im5ts compact$ into ! rem>kable ,gre5 ,riv] ,=mation :i* conta9s1 among _m rock types1 l>ge deposits ( ri* oil %ale4 ,! light-color$ ,gre5 ,riv] ,=mation1 :i* is ab\t #c1hjj feet ?ick1 may be se5 f ,u4,s4 ,highway ,i-#gj 9 ! upp] "p ( ! t[]+ ,roan ,cliffs on ! nor?we/ side ( ! ,colorado ,riv] betwe5 ,de,beque & ,rifle4 ,x also und]lies ! volcanic caprock ( ,gr& & ,battlem5t ,mesas4 ,john ,r4 ,donnell1 ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 e/imat$ t ! oil %ale 9 ! ,piceance ,creek ,bas91 nor?we/ ( ! ,colorado ,riv] alone1 conta9s m ?an "o trillion b>rels ( oil4 ,! ,monum5t 0 at or ne> ! s\? %ore ( ?is lake1 & may h be5 cov]$ ) a few hundr$ feet ( ! ,gre5 ,riv] ,=mation4 ,! ,m\nta9s ,rise ,aga9 ,lakes1 l m\nta9s1 are tempor>y ?+s4 ,ev5 z lakes are =m+1 s$im5t beg9s to fill !m until ultimately !y are oblit]at$4 ,s x 0 ) ,lake ,u9ta4 ,sometime aft] ?is lake dri$ up1 ! ,e>?'s cru/ aga9 became re/less4 ,! g5tle folds t 7 =m$ late 9 ! ,cretace\s 7 lift$ high] & b5t m %>ply1 & ! flanks ( "s folds 7 wr9kl$ & brok5 7figs4 #bg1 #bh74 ,! %>ply b5t or brok5 rocks along ! nor!a/]n bord] ( ! ,monum5t are ?\ght to h be5 de=m$ ma9ly at ?is "t1 b 9 "p bo? e>li] & lat]4 ,t pron\nc$ fold+ ( ! rocks foll[$ ! deposition ( ! ,eoc5e ,gre5 ,riv] ,=mation is cle>ly %[n along ! ,gr& ,hogback monocl9e betwe5 ! t[ns ( ,rifle & ,meek]1 ,colorado1 :]e ! once flat ly+ b$s ( ! ,gre5 ,riv] & ,wasat* ,=mations n[ /& v]tical4 ,! folds & faults along ! nor!a/]n bord] ( ! ,monum5t1 :i* are %[n on ! geologic map 7fig4 #h71 are discuss$ briefly "h--m details are giv5 lat] 9 8,trips ?r\gh & ar\nd ! ,monum5t40 ,! fold$ & fault$ nor!a/]n bord] ( ! ,monum5t1 :i* is %[n 9 figure #bi & 9 sev]al ensu+ photographs1 is believ$ to h result$ f r5ew$ uplift ( ! area s\?we/ ( ! folds & faults1 includ+ ! ,monum5t4 ,! ,r$l&s fault 7figs4 #h1 #bi1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #da7 g5]ally is a normal fault b locally is a rev]se fault1 z discuss$ on page #ib & z %[n 9 figure #dj & 9 ! cross section ( figure #h4 ,?is fault has a maximum v]tical displacem5t ( #gjj or #hjj feet1 b dies out 9 scissors fa%ion at ea* end4 ,beyond ! end ( ! ,r$l&s fault 9 ! upp] "r ( figure #bi may be se5 ano!r unbrok5 monocl9e4 ,a close-up view ( ! nor?we/]n end ( ?is fold 9 %[n 9 figure #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,common ,,types ,,( ,,faults4 ,top1 normal1 or gravity1 fault :i* g5]ally results f t5sion 9 & l5g!n+ ( a segm5t ( ! ,e>?'s cru/1 :i* all[s ! l[] block to subside4 ,h[ev]1 "s normal faults1 p>ticul>ly "s t are v]tical or ne>ly s1 may result f uplift ( ! upp] block4 ,l[-angle rev]se faults g5]ally are call$ ov]?ru/ faults or simply ov]?ru/s4 ,9 bo? ! normal & rev]se faults note am\nt ( displacem5t & repetition ( /rata4 ,displacem5t ( su* faults may range f a few in*es to _m ?\s&s ( feet1 & 9 ov]?ru/s may rea* _m miles4 ,f ,hans5 7#aifi1 p4 #aaf74 7,fig4 #bh7 ,if we proce$ ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile nor!a/ ( ! po9t f :i* figure #cj 0 tak51 walk ab\t #ej feet nor?1 & look to ! nor?we/1 we see q a diff]5t /ructure1 = "h ! g5tle l[] fold ( ! ,liz>d ,canyon monocl9e has become ! ea/ end ( ! ,kodels ,canyon fault 7fig4 #ca74 ,illu/ration3 ,,ladd] ,,creek ,,monocl9e ,,& ,,r$l&s ,,fault1 telephoto view look+ nor?we/ f po9t ne> ,little ,p>k ,road ea/ ( ! ,monum5t4 ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon 9 =egr\nd1 :i* is bord]$ on ! left by nor!a/w>d-dipp+ b$s ( ,w+ate ,s&/one at nor?we/ end ( ,ladd] ,creek monocl9e4 ,! old ,s]p5ts ,trail1 ! l[] "p ( :i* is b>ely visible1 asc5ds ?is dipp+ block ( rock4 ,! d>k ,prot]ozoic rocks =m ! flat-topp$ bluff to ! "r & are expos$ by ! ,r$l&s fault :i* lies j above ! %>ply upturn$ remnants ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one4 7,fig4 #bi7 ,illu/ration3 ,,liz>d ,,canyon ,,monocl9e1 look+ s\!a/w>d across m\? ( ,liz>d ,canyon f s\!a/]nmo/ loop ( ,rim ,rock ,drive j be=e x asc5ds ,fruita ,canyon4 ,note g5tle l[] b5d at l[] left & %>p] upp] "o at upp] "r4 ,l[] b5d *anges to ,kodels ,canyon fault 9 ,fruita ,canyon beh9d cam]a /ation4 ,gr& ,mesa =ms left skyl9e4 7,fig4 #cj7 ,illu/ration3 ,,kodels ,,canyon ,,fault1 look+ nor?we/ across m\? ( ,fruita ,canyon f po9t on ,rim ,rock ,drive j describ$ 9 text4 ,"h1 along a normal fault dipp+ /eeply nor!a/w>d1 ! #cej-;foot cliff ( ,w+ate ,s&/one at upp] left has be5 %e>$ & squeez$ into only a few feet ( brok5 rock ov]la9 by a /eep slope ( ! ,kay5ta ,=mation cov]$ by pion & junip]4 ,! ?9n] cliff at "r is ! ,entrada ,s&/one :i* belongs high atop ! cliffs at left4 ,book ,cliffs =m di/ant skyl9e at "r4 7,fig4 #ca7 ,if y d\bt t figure #ca %[s a fault1 a glance at figure #cb 9 ! next major canyon eight-t5?s ( a mile to ! nor?we/ %\ld conv9ce y4 ,"h1 on ! nor?we/ side ( ,kodels ,canyon1 ! ,w+ate 0 n ?9n$ b 0 r5t completely asund] by ! v]tical ,kodels ,canyon fault 7fig4 #cb74 ,kodels ,canyon is n readily accessible to visitors4 ,! ,liz>d ,canyon monocl9e1 ,kodels ,canyon fault1 & o!r /ructures are cle>ly %[n 9 ! /]eoscopic pair ( a]ial photographs 9 figure #cc4 ,ano!r /ructural feature )9 ! ,monum5t is ! ,glade ,p>k fault 7fig4 #h71 :i* lies ma9ly s\? ( ! ,monum5t b j cuts across ! s\? end ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon 9 ! late/ addition to ! ,monum5t4 ,x is well %[n bo? f ! air & ! gr\nd 9 figures #eh & #ei4 ,x is unique among all ! major faults 9 ! area 9 t ! rocks s\? ( ! fault subsid$ ) respect to ^? on ! nor? side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kodels ,,canyon ,,fault1 look+ nor?we/w>d across canyon ( same "n4 ,base ( ,w+ate cliff on left is j ab\t opposite ! top ( ! ,w+ate on "r4 ,"h1 nature 0 k9d to ! geologi/1 = ! v]tical displacem5t 7rise ( left side ) respect to "r side7 is virtually ! ?ickness ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one--ab\t #cej feet4 ,! ,w+ate on ! "r is light] color$ ?an t on ! left seem+ly because rockfalls remov$ des]t-v>ni%-coat$ rocks & expos$ ! true color ( ! s&/one4 7,fig4 #cb7 ,illu/ration3 ,,geologic ,,/ructures ,,at ,,fruita ,,entrance ,,to ,,colorado ,,national ,,monum5t4 ,! /]eoscopic pair ( a]ial photographs may be view$ )\t optical aids by ^? accu/om$ to ?is proc$ure1 or by use ( a simple d\ble-l5s /]eoscope1 su* z ! fold+ ones us$ by ! arm$ =ces dur+ & aft] ,_w ,w> ,,ii4 ,geologic details may be id5tifi$ by comp>+ photographs ) ! geologic map1 figure #h4 ,if view] is unable to see /]eoscopic pairs 9 ?ree dim5sions1 look+ at ei!r photograph alone w convey a good idea ( ! geologic /ructure4 ,! monocl9e ne> top ( ! photographs may be se5 on ! "r-h& side ( ! highway 9 figure #dc4 ,photographs tak5 9 #aicg by ,u4,s4 ,soil ,cons]vation ,s]vice1 h5ce1 al9em5t ( !n unpav$ ,colorado ,highway #cdj diff]s f ! pav$ pres5t highway4 7,fig4 #cc7 ,at ?is po9t 9 our /ory x might be well to po9t out t ! fold+ & fault+ ( ! rocks j describ$ occurr$ :5 ?\s&s ( feet ( y\ng] rocks cov]$ ! area4 ,additional fold+ & fault+1 dra9age *anges1 & gradual removal ( ! ov]ly+ rocks occurr$ dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! ,t]ti>y & ,quat]n>y ,p]iods1 z w be discuss$ fur!r4 ,ne>by ,lava ,fl[s#cj ,gr& & ,battlem5t ,mesas1 respectively ea/ & nor!a/ ( ! ,monum5t1 are capp$ by sev]al resi/ant ?ick fl[s ( d>k basaltic lava4 ,! molt5 rock well$ up ?r\gh fissures at ! ea/ end ( ,gr& ,mesa & fl[$ we/w>d & nor?we/w>d ov] ! erod$ surface ( ,eoc5e rocks4 ,radiometric dat+ ( a sample ( ! basalt indicat$ an age ( #i million ye>s plus or m9us half a million ye>s1 plac+ ! ev5t 9 ! ,mioc5e ,epo* ( ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod 7fig4 #fa74 ,a small remnant ( ! lava on ! cre/ ( ! ,roan ,cliffs j s\?we/ ( ! pres5t t[n ( ,gr& ,valley indicates t ! fl[s cross$ ?is "p ( ! ance/ral ,colorado ,riv] ,valley & may h pu%$ ! "y /ream we/w>d4 ,! lava fl[s are ab\t #hjj feet ?ick on ! ea/]n "p ( ,gr& ,mesa b are only ab\t #bjj feet ?ick above ! we/]n rim ( ! mesa4 ,z ! ance/ral ,gunnison ,riv] is believ$ to be pre-,mioc5e 9 age1 x is n kn[n :e!r or n ! lava fl[s cross$ ! old riv] valley & rea*$ z f> we/ z ! ,monum5t4 ,ance/ral ,colorado ,riv] ,dur+ mo/ ( ! ,plioc5e ,epo* ! ance/ral ,colorado ,riv] did n fl[ pa/ :at is n[ ,gr& ,junction2 in/ead1 x jo9$ ) ! ance/ral ,gunnison ,riv] ab\t #aj miles s\!a/ ( ! pres5t city1 & ! comb9$ /reams fl[$ s\?we/w>d across ! sl[ly ris+ ,uncompahgre ar* ?r\gh :at 0 lat] to be call$ ,unaweep ,canyon 7fig4 #cf74 ,s\?we/ ( ! canyon1 ne> ! site ( ! pres5t t[n ( ,gateway1 ! ance/ral ,colorado ,riv] 0 jo9$ by ! comb9$ fl[s ( ! ance/ral ,san ,miguel ,riv] & ! previ\sly div]t$ ance/ral ,dolores ,riv]1 !n x fl[$ nor?we/w>d to :at is n[ ! ma9/em ( ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,i h attempt$ to %[ my ideas ( ?is anci5t dra9age sy/em z x may h exi/$ 9 middle to late ,plioc5e "t 9 figure #cd4 ,b ! /age 0 set = m spectacul> dra9age *anges to foll[4 ,piracy on ! ,high ,plateaus ,riv]s1 l p1 d n always *oose _! c\rses wisely4 ,aft] a few million ye>s ( d[ncutt+ ?r\gh ! s(t s$im5t>y rocks1 ma9ly :at is n[ call$ ! ,mancos ,%ale1 ! ance/ral ,colorado & ,gunnison ,riv]s f\nd !mselves cutt+ ?r\gh ! h>d ,prot]ozoic rocks 9 a deep gorge a?w>t ! sl[ly ris+ ,uncompahgre ar*1 :i* greatly sl[$ ! d[ncutt+ p[] ( ! comb9$ /reams4 ,note 9 figure #cd;,a t :ile ! mighty ance/ral ,colorado & ,gunnison ,riv]s 7 9 ?is fru/rat+ pr$icam5t1 a "y up/>t tribut>y began cutt+ nor?w>d f :at is n[ ! m\? ( ! ,dolores ,riv] 7fig4 #cd;,d74 ,al?\gh ! comb9$ ma9 riv]s c\ld l[] _! *annel only v sl[ly because ( ! h>d rock 9 ,unaweep ,canyon1 ! tribut>y 0 able to cut d[nw>d & headw>d q rapidly ?r\gh ! s(t ,mancos ,%ale4 ,x ev5tually cut ar\nd ! nor?we/w>d dipp+ ,uncompahgre ar* & head$ s\!a/w>d t[>d ! ance/ral ,colorado ,riv] ne> ! pres5t site ( ,palisade4 ,!n occurr$ an act ( piracy t put to %ame ! mightie/ exploits ( ,blackbe>d & ,capta9 ,kidd4 ,9 late/ ,plioc5e or e>lie/ ,plei/oc5e "t additional uplift ( ! ,uncompahgre ar*1 an unusually l>ge flood1 or bo?1 caus$ ! ance/ral ,colorado ,riv] to ov]fl[ its banks & spill across a l[ %ale divide into ! headwat]s ( ! tribut>y4 ,"s pond+ may h prec$$ ! spillov]4 ,) ?is enorm\sly increas$ supply ( wat]1 ! tribut>y cut d[n rapidly ?r\gh ! s(t %ale & captur$ ! entire fl[ ( ! ,colorado ,riv]1 b ! ance/ral ,gunnison ,riv] /ill fl[$ ?r\gh ,unaweep ,canyon1 z %[n 9 figure #cd;,b4 ,/ream capture ( ?is type is appropriately call$ 8piracy40 ,b ! piracy _h n end$4 ,note 9 figure #cd;,b t ! 8new0 riv] s5t out sev]al tribut>ies1 "o ( :i* head$ = &1 ) ! aid ( yet additional & great] uplift1 soon captur$ ! ance/ral ,gunnison ,riv]1 z %[n 9 figure #cd;,c4 ,?is second act ( piracy left ,unaweep ,canyon really 8high & dry0 except = small /reams t c>ri$ (f :at little wat] ! canyon receiv$ f local ra9 & sn[4 ,:ile ^! piracies 7 tak+ place1 ! ,book ,cliffs & ! edge ( ,gr& ,mesa gradually retreat$ away f ! valley because ( erosion1 & m ( ! ,uncompahgre ar* 0 uncov]$4 ,! ris+ ,uncompahgre ar*1 ^: r5ew$ uplifts 9 late/ ,plioc5e or e>lie/ ,plei/oc5e times play$ su* an important role 9 ! ultimate ab&onm5t ( ance/ral ,unaweep ,canyon1 0 asymmetric 9 t ! cre/ 0 n 9 ! middle b 0 ne> ! s\?we/ side4 ,al?\gh %>p1 locally fault$ monocl9es are f\nd on bo? sides ( ! ar*1 includ+ ! "p )9 ! ,monum5t1 9 g5]al1 ! nor!a/]n flank has a r g5tle nor!a/w>d dip2 :]eas1 ! s\?we/]n flank ( ! ar* also is bord]$ by normal faults ( consid]able v]tical displacem5t4#ca ,?us1 aft] ab&onm5t1 ! m9or dra9age 9 ,unaweep ,canyon cont9u$ to fl[ nor!a/w>d f a new divide ne> ! s\?we/]n bord]1 & ance/ral ,we/ ,creek began cutt+ nor!a/w>d t[>d ! new divide4 ,! dra9age patt]n depict$ 9 figure #cd;,c diff]s slightly f my e>li] int]pretation & results f additional fieldwork4#cb ,illu/ration3 ,,probable ,,dra9age ,,patt]ns ,,& ,,l& ,,=ms ,,ne> ,,! ,,monum5t ,,at ,,f\r ,,successive ,,/ages ,,( ,,developm5t4 ,solid dra9age l9es tak5 f ! ,moab & ,gr& ,junction1 ,utah-,colorado1 topographic maps ( ! ,army ,map ,s]vice2 da%$ dra9age l9es are my own ideas4 ,a1 j prior to piracy ( ance/ral ,colorado ,riv]2 ,b1 aft] piracy ( ance/ral ,colorado ,riv] & j prior to piracy ( ance/ral ,gunnison ,riv]2 ,c1 ab&onm5t ( ,unaweep ,canyon aft] r5ew$ uplift ( ,uncompahgre ar* & piracy ( ance/ral ,gunnison ,riv]2 & ,d1 pres5t dra9age patt]n aft] additional uplift & piracy ( ,ea/ ,creek4 ,modifi$ f ,lohman 7#aifa1 #aife;a1 #aife;b74 7,fig4 #cd7 ,illu/ration3 ,a1 j prior to piracy ( ance/ral ,colorado ,riv] ,illu/ration3 ,b1 aft] piracy ( ance/ral ,colorado ,riv] & j prior to piracy ( ance/ral ,gunnison ,riv] ,illu/ration3 ,c1 ab&onm5t ( ,unaweep ,canyon aft] r5ew$ uplift ( ,uncompahgre ar* & piracy ( ance/ral ,gunnison ,riv] ,illu/ration3 ,d1 pres5t dra9age patt]n aft] additional uplift & piracy ( ,ea/ ,creek4 ,at ! "t ( ab&onm5t1 ance/ral ,unaweep ,canyon 0 a ,v-%ap$ canyon resembl+ ,gl5wood ,canyon j up/ream f ! city ( ,gl5wood ,spr+s1 ,colorado4 ,! reasons = its *ange 9 %ape & appe>ance to ! beautiful ,u-%ap$ canyon we f9d today & ! pr(\nd effect ! ab&onm5t ( ,unaweep ,canyon _h on ! deep5+ ( ! ,gr& ,valley & ! canyons ( ! ,monum5t w be br\ght out 9 ! section 8,canyon ,cutt+40 ,! ,age ( ,man ,l ! d9osaurs be=e !m1 a few ( ! ,t]ti>y mammals 7 s long on brawn & %ort on bra9s t !y evolv$ into grotesque mon/]s & ov]specializ$ !mselves into e>ly ext9ction4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 mo/ ( ! mammals evolv$ m sl[ly & mod]ately into ! =ms we f9d today4 ,"o gr\p--! an?ropoid primates--began to ?9k1 s !y develop$ _! bra9s r ?an _! brawn1 p>ticul>ly ! ,t]ti>y ance/ors ( man4 ,few rema9s ( ^! ance/ors h be5 f\nd 9 ,t]ti>y rocks1 b _m m h be5 discov]$ 9 rocks ( ! next geologic p]iod--! ,quat]n>y4 ,?us1 ?is p]iod may prop]ly be reg>d$ z ! age ( man1 = man !n began to dom9ate ! ,e>? = bett] or = worse4 ,! ,quat]n>y--late/ & %orte/ ( ! geologic p]iods--is divid$ into ! ,plei/oc5e & ,holoc5e 7rec5t7 ,epo*s 7fig4 #fa74 ,! ,ice ,age ,dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e ,epo*1 all cont95ts ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e & "s ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e 7 p>tly cov]$ at lea/ f\r times by huge glaci]s4 ,ea* glacial advance 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica 0 end$ by a w>m] int]val dur+ :i* ! glaci]s melt$ & retreat$ nor?w>d2 !n1 vegetation & soil _h "t to become re-e/abli%$4 ,?us1 ! ,plei/oc5e has prop]ly be5 call$ ! ice age4 ,none ( ! cont95tal glaci]s rea*$ ! ,monum5t or ! ,uncompahgre ,plateau1 or ar*1 b small alp9e glaci]s grew 9 ! high ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ! ea/1 sculptur+ %>p-cre/$ peaks & ridges & =m+ beautiful valleys & lakes4 ,_m ( ! beautiful lakes on ,gr& ,mesa 7 =m$ by glaciation1 b "s ne> ! edges 7 =m$ by l&slides4 ,! increas$ /reamfl[ f ! great] precipitation & f melt+ alp9e glaci]s 9 ! ,rockies1 p>ticul>ly dur+ times ( glacial retreat1 help$ ! ,colorado ,riv] cut ?r\gh ! rocks fa/]1 ?us assi/+ 9 ! =mation ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t z we see x today4 ,! riv] c>ri$ ?\s&s ( cubic miles ( s$im5t to ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 includ+ a lot ( rock t once cov]$ ! ,monum5t1 & ! riv] is /ill actively at "w on ?is imm5se e>?mov+ project4 ,if ! ance/ral ,colorado ,riv] c>ri$ s$im5t at ab\t ! same rate z ! pres5t riv] s9ce ! build+ ( ,hoov] ,dam1 x may h c>ri$ ab\t #c cubic miles ( s$im5t ea* c5tury4 ,n[ mo/ ( ! rock debris is be+ dump$ into ,lake ,p[ell--! new res]voir beh9d ,gl5 ,canyon ,dam4 ,:5 ?is1 ,lake ,mead1 & o!r res]voirs ultimately become fill$ ) s$im5t1 ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia w aga9 be ! burial gr\nd4 ,b o!r ev5ts dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e also play$ a role 9 %ap+ ! area4 ,! ,uncompahgre ar* 0 aga9 uplift$ & de=m$ 9 ! ,plei/oc5e soon aft] ! ab&onm5t ( ,unaweep ,canyon4 ,?is caus$ add$ tilt+ ( ! /rata & m b5d+ & break+ along "s ( ! folds & faults 9 ! ,monum5t4 ,capture ( ,ea/ ,creek ,ea/ ,creek1 :i* dra9s ! nor!a/]n half ( ,unaweep ,canyon1 0 =c$ to *ange its c\rse dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e ,epo* by ano!r act ( piracy4 ,aft] capture ( ! ,gunnison ,riv] by ! newly r\t$ ,colorado ,riv]1 ,ea/ ,creek jo9$ ! ,gunnison by way ( ,cactus ,p>k4 ,!n1 a tribut>y ( ,nor? ,ea/ ,creek head$ s\?w>d & captur$ ,ea/ ,creek1 z %[n 9 figure #cd;,d4 ,canyon ,cutt+ ,:5 ! ,colorado ,riv] 0 div]t$ into its new c\rse ?r\gh ! ,gr& ,valley pa/ ! ,monum5t1 ! /ream *annel seems to h be5 only ab\t #fjj to #hjj feet high] ?an x is today1 b ! pres5t divide 9 ,unaweep ,canyon is n[ ab\t #b1ejj feet high] ?an ! *annel4 ,! diff]5ce ( #a1gjj to #a1ijj feet 0 caus$ by ! additional uplift ( ! ,uncompahgre ar* dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,?us1 ! ,gr& ,valley & its tribut>y canyons1 su* z ^? ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t1 7 cut s9ce ! ab&onm5t ( ,unaweep ,canyon1 probably ma9ly dur+ ! ,quat]n>y ,p]iod4 ,?is sugge/s t ! cutt+ ( ! ,monum5t's canyons began only ab\t #b million ye>s ago1 b t mu* ( ! canyon cutt+ occurr$ only a few hundr$ ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,inde$1 ! canyons are /ill sl[ly be+ deep5$1 l5g!n$1 & wid5$4 ,z y /& on any ( ! look\t po9ts & gaze d[n into ! canyons ( ! ,monum5t1 y may well wond] h[ su* imm5se *asms c\ld h be5 cut by su* puny /reams t are dry mo/ ( ! "t4 ,! /reams fl[ only = %ort p]iods aft] heavy ?und]%[]s or aft] rapid melt+ ( sn[4 ,if y are lucky en\gh to see !m fl[1 y w notice t ! wat] is r$ or br[n because ( ! susp5d$ mud1 silt1 & s&4 ,if ! fl[ is l>ge1 y may see or he> pebbles & cobbles roll+ along ! b$4 ,accord+ly1 ! /reams & _! cutt+ tools are sl[ly deep5+ ! *annels4 ,b1 y may ask1 h[ does ?is acc\nt = su* wide1 broad-bottom$1 cliff-wall$ canyons8 ,su* /reams act ma9ly z /orm sew]s to c>ry (f ! rock debris =m$ by o!r types ( erosion4 ,:5 cutt+ fir/ began1 ! ,monum5t's canyons 7 n>r[1 /eep1 & ,v-%ap$4 ,:5 ! top ( ! h>d1 d>k ,prot]ozoic rocks 0 rea*$1 h[ev]1 d[ncutt+ sl[$ j z x _h e>li] 9 ,unaweep ,canyon4 ,:ile ! /reams 7 ?us hung up1 o!r erosional processes caus$ ! cliff walls to rec$e away f ! /reams1 =m+ broad1 flat-bottom$1 ,u-%ap$ canyons4 ,recession ( ! cliffs away f ! middle ( ! canyons probably 0 caus$ p>tly by und]cutt+ ( ! s(t ,*9le ,=mation by w9d & 9 places by /reams4 ,?is all[$ slabs ( ! ov]ly+ ,w+ate ,s&/one & y\ng] rocks to break (f & fall into ! canyons--ev5tually to break up & to be c>t$ (f z s& & mud by /reams4 ,b o!r processes are probably ! ones *iefly responsible = ! pres5t %ape & wid? ( ! canyons4 ,! summ] sun heats ! cliff faces until !y are hot to ! t\*1 b 9 ! pres5t des]t climate ( ! ,monum5t ! rocks cool rapidly aft] sund[n4 ,(t5times ! hot cliff faces are *ill$ rapidly by summ] ?und]%[]s4 ,repeat$ heat+1 cool+1 wett+1 & dry+ causes expansion & contraction ( ! rocks s t ?9 lay]s break (f & fall4 ,?is process goes on sl[ly ev5 9 w9t] on sun-fac+ cliffs1 b x does n occur on ! cliffs t face away f ! w9t] sun4 ,ev5 m important1 p]haps1 is ! alt]nate freez+ at night & ?aw+ by day on sun-fac+ cliff faces dur+ ! w9t]4 ,wat] 9 cracks ne> ! cliff faces alt]nately freezes & melts1 gradually pry+ (f slabs ( rock4 ,canyon walls t are %ad$ f ! sun mo/ ( ! w9t]1 h[ev]1 /ay cold or froz5 mu* ( ! w9t]2 h5ce1 !y are n subject to repeat$ heat+ & cool+ or freez+ & ?aw+4 ,?us1 y w notice t because ( talus accumulation _m su* canyon walls are slop+ r ?an v]tical4 ,to illu/rate ! above conjectures conc]n+ ! cutt+ & %ap+ ( ! canyons1 let u consid] sev]al canyons t tr5d 9 diff]5t directions4 ,we h se5 9 figure #ab t ! left side ( nor!a/w>d tr5d+ ,r$ ,canyon is a ne>ly v]tical cliff t faces ! sun mo/ ( ! w9t]2 :]eas1 ! "r side1 :i* is %ad$ mo/ ( ! w9t]1 slopes g5tly en\gh to be climb$ at _m places4 ,! sides ( ,ute ,canyon1 :i* tr5ds m ne>ly nor?w>d 7fig4 #eb71 slope ab\t equally1 z w\ld be expect$4 ,h[ev]1 ! we/ arm ( ! ,canyon1 :i* tr5ds slightly s\!a/w>d1 has sides ^: slopes diff] m>k$ly 7fig4 #ce74 ,?is br+s u to ! rem>kable trans=mation ( ! orig9al ,v-%ape ( ,unaweep ,canyon to ! beautiful ,u-%ape ( ! pres5t canyon1 :i* is %[n 9 figure #cf4 ,! ab&onm5t ( ,unaweep ,canyon discuss$ e>li] remov$ ! gigantic /orm sew] t = millions ( ye>s c>ri$ (f ! products ( vigor\s erosion ( ! canyon walls by ! processes j describ$4 ,rock mat]ials t n[ fall f ! cliffs ( ! inn] gorge 9 h>d ,prot]ozoic rocks & t fall f ! ov]ly+ s(t] s$im5t>y rocks simply pile up at ! foot ( ! cliffs to =m a canyon equally z ,u-%ap$ z ^? cut by glaci]s 9 ! high m\nta9s4 ,inde$1 ,unaweep ,canyon has be5 mi/ak5 = a glacial canyon by _m1 includ+ "s geologi/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,illu/ration3 ,,fall5 ,,rock1 9 we/ arm ( ,ute ,canyon bel[ wat]fall1 f ,fall5 ,rock ,ov]look4 ,note t ! sun-fac+ left side ( canyon1 conta9+ ! fall5 block ( ,w+ate ,s&/one1 is a v]tical cliff2 :]eas1 ! %ad$ "r side c be readily climb$4 ,! "r side conta9s a trail ne> ! middle ( ! picture1 b x is hidd5 by vegetation4 7,fig4 #ce7 ,illu/ration3 ,,unaweep ,,canyon1 look+ s\?we/ f rim ( inn] gorge cut 9 h>d ,prot]ozoic rocks1 j to ! "r side ( fir/ cattle gu>d on ,divide ,road1 ne> middle ( sec4 #af1 ,t4 #ad,s41 ,r4 #ajj ,w41 ab\t #e miles nor!a/ ( dra9age divide %[n 9 figure #cd;,d4 ,dra9age divide is j ar\nd ! corn] to ! "r ( ! mo/ di/ant "p ( ! canyon visible4 ,slope above v]tical cliff on "r consi/s ( ,*9le ,=mation1 ,w+ate ,s&/one1 & flat cre/ ( ,entrada ,s&/one 7,kay5ta ,=mation is abs5t74 ,pav$ road 9 canyon is ,colorado ,highway #ada4 7,fig4 #cf7 ,a ,look into ! ,future ,?is ends ! brief geologic /ory ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t1 except = a peek into ! future1 a description ( trips ?r\gh & ar\nd ! ,monum5t1 & a comp>ison ) o!r ,p>ks & ,monum5ts on ! ,plateau4 ,! tempor>y nature ( lakes1 riv]s1 & ev5 m\nta9s has be5 discuss$--! ,monum5t ( today & ! new c\rse ( ! ,colorado ,riv] are no exceptions4 ,! ,colorado ,riv] did n solve its problems by ab&on+ its h>d-rock c\rse 9 ,unaweep ,canyon 9 favor ( a s(t-rock c\rse ?r\gh ,ruby & ,we/wat] ,canyons--x j po/pon$ !m4 ,! riv] has aga9 cut d[n into its old nemesis--! h>d ,prot]ozoic rock--9 ,ruby ,canyon j )9 ! ,colorado bord]1 9 ,we/wat] ,canyon 9 ,utah1 & ! ,gunnison ,riv] has rea*$ ! h>d rock at its conflu5ce ) ,dom+uez ,creek1 n f> above ,:itewat]1 z %[n 9 figure #cd;,d4 ,?us1 once aga9 h>d rock is sl[+ d[n old man riv]1 & w sl[ him d[n = a long "t to come4 ,som$ay1 ,we/wat] & ,ruby ,canyons w be deep gorges l ,unaweep ,canyon4 ,!n x is q possible t ano!r "y tribut>y may sneak ar\nd ! ,uncompahgre ar* "s miles nor?we/ ( ^! canyons & pirate ! riv] into a new s(t-rock c\rse4 ,by ?is "t1 ! ,monum5t w h *ang$ appe>ance consid]ably4 ,"s ( ! canyons w h come toge!r by eat+ away ! ramp>ts t sep>at$ !m--j z ! two entrances ( ,monum5t ,canyon h already done4 ,b z ! l[] canyons ?us elim9ate !mselves1 ! headwat]s w bite deep] into ,pion ,mesa1 s p]haps ! ,monum5t w simply creep sl[ly s\?we/w>d4 ,h[ev]1 r5ew$ uplift1 m volcanos1 *anges 9 climate1 or o!r ev5ts c\ld alt] ! picture4 ,/ill1 if ! geologic clock ran z fa/ z ! ones we use1 ! picture ( ! ,monum5t we see today w\ld be on ! scre5 only a small fraction ( a split second4 ,b ! geologic clock ticks on1 sl[ly b surely1 &1 som$ay1 ! ,holoc5e ,epo* 9 :i* we live w become j ano!r brief *apt] 9 ! long geologic hi/ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,h[ to ,see ! ,monum5t ,h[ to see ! monum5t dep5ds 9 l>ge "p on h[ long y c /ay1 b x dep5ds also ^u ! direction y are travell+ to or ?r\gh ,gr& ,junction & ,fruita1 & on ! mode ( transportation4 ,moreov]1 ! ,monum5t has f\r entrances--two ma9 entrances f ,fruita 7,we/ ,entrance7 & ,gr& ,junction 7,ea/ ,entrance71 & two subord9ate entrances f ! ,glade ,p>k area to ! s\?we/4 ,?\gh by no means z well kn[n z our l>ge ,national ,p>ks1 ,colorado ,national ,monum5t is m readily accessible ?an _m4 ,x is on two transcont95tal highways 7,u4,s4 #f & #ej71 is ! we/]n t]m9us ( ,u4,s4 #bd1 & is on ne>ly complet$ ,int]/ate #gj1 "o ( ! mo/ sc5ic transcont95tal ,int]/ate ,highways4 ,highway ,i-#gj sup]s$es _m /ret*es ( ,u4,s4 #f1 #bd1 & #ej1 b ! latt] are /ill us$ 9 p>ts ( ! ,gr& ,valley & else:]e4 ,! ,monum5t also is on ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,d5v] & ,rio ,gr&e ,we/]n ,railroad1 :i* /ill ma9ta9s limit$ pass5g] s]vice betwe5 ,d5v] & ,salt ,lake ,city1 b ?is s]vice may ev5tually be t]m9at$4 ,gr& ,junction's ,walk] ,field is s]v$ by sev]al airl9es1 & bo? ,gr& ,junction & ,fruita are s]v$ by busses4 ,_m p driv+ ?r\gh ! ,gr& ,valley = ! fir/ "t are unaw>e ( ! ,monum5t's exi/5ce unless !y happ5 to see x on a roadmap or see road signs po9t+ t[>d x1 b un=tunately ! signs are unev5ly & poorly di/ribut$4 ,p ent]+ ,gr& ,junction f ! ea/ on ,u4,s4 #f & #bd or f ! s\!a/ on ,u4,s4 #ej are apt to see "o or m ( ! signs--p>ticul>ly :5 cross+ ,gr& ,av5ue on ,fir/ or ,fif? ,/reets4 ,if !y are head+ we/w>d & c devote at lea/ half a day1 !y may drive to ! ,ea/ ,entrance1 foll[ ,rim ,rock ,drive = #bb miles nor?we/w>d ?r\gh ! ,monum5t1 /op at "s or mo/ ( ! sc5ic ov]looks & ! ,visitor ,c5t]1 leave via ! ,we/ ,entrance1 & proce$ nor?we/w>d on ,u4,s4 #f & #ej or bett] yet on ,i-#gj4 ,h[ev]1 z w be describ$ bel[1 long] /ops are mu* m rew>d+4 ,^? driv+ ea/w>d on ,i-#gj may see ! sign at ! ,fruita int]*ange po9t+ s\?w>d t[>d ! ,monum5t--& may take ! above describ$ quickie trip 9 rev]se4 ,^? head+ nor?we/w>d on ,i-#gj1 h[ev]1 may n be aw>e ( ! ,monum5t until !y see ! sign at ! ,fruita int]*ange2 !n1 !y may n h or take "t to d\ble back s\!a/w>d ?r\gh ! ,monum5t4 ,if !y d drive s\!a/w>d ?r\gh ! ,monum5t1 h[ev]1 !y c return to ,fruita foll[+ a v sc5ic nor?we/]ly r\te ?r\gh ,! ,r$l&s on ,broadway 7,colo4 ,highway #cdj7 & ,s\? ,broadway1 or !y may take a pav$ %ortcut f ne> ! ,ea/ ,entrance to ,s\? ,broadway via ,s\? ,camp ,road 7p4 #aah74 ,dr9k+ wat] & sanit>y re/rooms are available 9 ! headqu>t]s area 9 ! campgr\nds & picnic gr\nds & ,visitor ,c5t]1 & 9 ! ,devils ,kit*5 ,picnic ,area4 ,food is n available 9 ! ,monum5t1 s ^? plann+ to rema9 all day %\ld br+ lun*es4 ,i h conduct$ _m gr\ps ?r\gh ! ,monum5t1 always *oos+ to travel nor?we/w>d f ,gr& ,junction ?r\gh ,! ,r$l&s1 j nor!a/ ( ! ,monum5t1 to ! ,we/ ,entrance1 !n return+ s\!a/w>d ?r\gh ! ,monum5t4#cc ,on mo/ days1 tak+ ! trip 9 ^! directions af=ds good light+ = photograph+ mo/ ( ! sc5ic features4 ,?is & o!r r\tes are describ$ 9 ! next section & are pla9ly label$ s t ! visitor may />t ) any trip he or %e *ooses4 ,reg>dless ( h[ long y /ay or :i* r\tes y foll[1 x is advisable to be well suppli$ ) color film4 ,"s ( ! view po9ts & ov]looks h displays or signs to help int]pret ! sc5ic features1 & m ( ^! aids are add$ f "t to "t4 ,!re are ?ree maps 9 ?is report 7figs4 #c1 #h1 #bf72 ^! maps w be helpful to anyone t\r+ ! ,monum5t4 ,figure #c %[s /reams1 highways & roads1 pr9cipal trails1 nam$ features1 ov]looks1 & trip-guide locations2 figure #h is a geologic map2 & figure #bf %[s localities :]e mo/ ( ! photographs 7 tak54 ,9 addition1 topographic maps ( ! ,monum5t & adjac5t areas by ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 scale #a3bd1jjj1 are available f sev]al s\rces & are a consid]able aid to visitors4 ,9 addition to cultural & dra9age features1 su* maps %[ ! exact %ape ( ! l& by means ( cont\r l9es1 :i* are level l9es t g 9 & out ( canyons1 ar\nd ridges1 & s =?4 ,a special map ( ! ,colorado ,national ,monum5t quadrangle is available also 9 a %ad$ relief edition1 :i* gives a ?ree dim5sional effect by prop] %ad+ ( canyons & ridges4 ,bo? types ( maps are = sale at ! ,visitor ,c5t]1 & ^! & adjac5t quadrangles1 su* z ! ,gr& ,junction1 ,fruita1 ,glade ,p>k1 & ,isl& ,mesa1 are sold at sev]al eng9e]+ & /ation]y /ores 9 ,gr& ,junction & at ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey's ,map ,di/ribution ,(fice1 ,build+ #da1 ,f$]al ,c5t]1 ,d5v]1 ,colorado1 #hjbbe4 ,! latt] (fice & ! ,visitor ,c5t] also sell copies ( my 8,geologic ,map ( ! ,gr& ,junction area1 ,colorado10 publi%$ 9 #aifc z ,miscellane\s ,inve/igations ,map ,i-#djd4 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,trips ,?r\gh & ,ar\nd ! ,monum5t#cd ,f ,gr& ,junction ?r\gh ! ,r$l&s to ! ,we/ ,entrance ( ! ,monum5t ,,/>t+ ,,po9t ,mile-m>k] #a ,we w beg9 our trip 9 ! s\?we/]n "p ( ,gr& ,junction at ! int]section ( ,fir/ ,/reet & ,gr& ,av5ue1 7?is is also ! int]section ( ,u4,s4 ,highways #f & #ej & ,colorado ,highway #cdj71 by foll[+ a sign on ,highway #cdj po9t+ we/w>d t[>d ! ,monum5t4 ,aft] cross+ a viaduct ov] ! railroad y>ds & a bridge across ! ,colorado ,riv]1 we come to a traffic light & a sign po9t+ left t[>d ! ,monum5t4 ,! road to ! left connects ) ,monum5t ,road :i* leads up ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon to ! ,ea/ ,entrance4 ,h[ev]1 we w cont9ue we/w>d t[>d ,! ,r$l&s4 ,,r$l&s ,,canal ,mile-m>k] #b ,j beyond ! /oplight we cross a bridge ov] ! ,r$l&s ,p[] ,canal :i* c>ries #fge cubic feet p] second 7cfs1 or fts7#ce f ! ,r$l&s ,div]sion ,dam on ! ,gunnison ,riv] ab\t #b miles s\? ( ,gr& ,junction4 ,a qu>t] ( a mile nor?we/ ( ! bridge1 mo/ ( ! wat] falls to a l[] p[]plant t g5]ates electricity = pump+ ! rema9+ #ej cfs to ?ree lift canals1 :i* are us$ ma9ly = irrigat+ pea* or*>ds 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,! ,r$l&s4 ,,s\? ,,broadway ,mile-m>k] #c ,aft] ,colorado ,highway #cdj curves "r x is kn[n z ,broadway--a pav$ road s]v+ mu* ( ,! ,r$l&s & connect+ ) ! ,we/ ,entrance ( ! ,monum5t4 ,we w foll[ ,broadway ab\t #c miles1 pass+ l[ outcrops & roadcuts ( ! ,dakota ,s&/one1 "s ( :i* conta9 coal b$s & "s ( :i* are cov]$ by a v5e] ( gravel laid d[n by ! riv] :5 ! *annel 0 high]4 ,!n1 at ! fir/ /ore & fill+ /ation we turn s\?we/ on ano!r pav$ road kn[n z ,s\? ,broadway4 ,,s\? ,,camp ,,road ,,side ,,trip ,mile-m>k] #d ,j ar\nd ! curve to ! "r is a ,t-int]section f :i* pav$ ,s\? ,camp ,road leads s\? to a gr[+ suburban area2 & #b miles to ! s\!a/ x connects ) ,monum5t ,road at a po9t only half a mile nor? ( ! ,ea/ ,entrance ( ! ,monum5t4 ,excell5t views ( ! cliffs ( d>k ,prot]ozoic rocks1 ! ov]ly+ cliffs ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one1 & ! ,r$l&s fault along ! nor!a/]n bord] ( ! ,monum5t are se5 all along ,s\? ,broadway1 b views f ,s\? ,camp ,road & sev]al connect+ roads to ! s\?we/ are especially good4 7,see figs4 #cg & #ch47 ,z not$ e>li]1 ! ,r$l&s fault has a maximum v]tical displacem5t ( #gjj or #hjj feet1 b dies out 9 scissors fa%ion at ea* end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$l&s ,,fault1 look+ we/ f ,s\? ,camp ,road ab\t "o mile s\? ( ,s\? ,broadway4 ,fault "h is ne>ly v]tical & normal1 & lies betwe5 updragg$ ,w+ate ,s&/one & d>k ,prot]ozoic s*i/1 gneiss1 & granite4 ,all or mo/ ( ! s(t ,*9le ,=mation has be5 squeez$ out along ! fault4 ,note smoo? erosion surface atop h>d1 d>k rocks surm\nt$ by slope ( r$ ,*9le ,=mation & cliffs ( ,w+ate ,s&/one capp$ by l[]mo/ resi/ant b$s ( ,kay5ta ,=mation4 7,fig4 #cg7 ,,bra*iosaurus ,,monum5t ,mile-m>k] #e ,z we cont9ue we/w>d on ,s\? ,broadway1 note on ! "r ! brightly color$ mud/one & silt/one ( ! ,bru%y ,bas9 ,memb] ( ! ,morrison ,=mation /rewn ) l>ge blocks ( ru/y-look+ s&/one f ! ,burro ,canyon ,=mation1 :i* caps ! high ridge on ! "r4 ,j above ! deep cut on ! "r f\r-t5?s ( a mile we/ ( ! int]section ) ,s\? ,camp ,road is a bronze plaque set 9 a masonry monum5t1 ^: lett]+ is easily readable 9 figure #ci4 ,_m ye>s aft] ! excavation 9 #aijj 7fig4 #bb71 ,elm] ,riggs contact$ ,al ,look1 ( ,gr& ,junction1 9 reg>d to ! ca/+ & erection ( ?is plaque4 ,al1 ,elm]1 ,ed ,fab]1 & a few o!r citiz5s put up ! necess>y funds & p]sonally erect$ ! plaque & monum5t4 ,someh[ or o!r1 ,bra*iosaurus 0 misspell$ ,bra*yosaurus1 z %[n 9 figure #ci1 b ! int5tions 7 good4 ,lat] ,i w call att5tion to ano!r simil> monum5t commemorat+ ! f9d+ by ,riggs ( ano!r d9osaur skeleton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,closeup ,,( ,,updragg$ ,,w+ate ,,s&/one ,,along ,,r$l&s ,,fault1 look+ nor?we/ f side road #a miles s\?we/ ( int]section ( ,s\? ,camp ,road & ,s\? ,broadway4 ,:ite 8pimple0 atop cliff ne> left skyl9e is ,lib]ty ,cap1 an erosional remnant ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one1 rea*able via ! ,lib]ty ,cap ,trail 7fig4 #c2 & p4 #ajh74 ,*9le ,=mation "h 0 l>gely squeez$ out along ! fault4 7,fig4 #ch7 ,,wat* ,,turns ,aft] a %>p turn to ! nor? & ano!r to ! we/1 ,s\? ,broadway rea*es ! top ( a hill j above ! ,elk's ,club & curves g5tly to ! "r pa/ s&/one l5ses 9 ! ,salt ,wa% ,memb] ( ! ,morrison ,=mation4 ,a #faj-;foot-deep well at ! h\se on ! left =m]ly fl[$ ab\t #a gallons a m9ute f ! ,entrada & ,w+ate ,s&/ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bronze ,,plaque ,,& ,,monum5t ,,m>k+ ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,bra*iosaurus ,,alti?orax ,,riggs1 above roadcut on ,s\? ,broadway f\r-t5?s ( a mile we/ ( ,s\? ,camp ,road4 ,see also figure #bb4 ,= discrepancy 9 spell+ text4 7,fig4 #ci7 ,,left ,,turn ,,wat* ,,= ,,buffalo ,mile-m>k] #f ,half a mile to ! nor?1 ,s\? ,broadway turns %>ply to ! left ev5 ?\gh ano!r pav$ road cont9ues nor?w>d4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( a mile to ! we/1 we turn nor?we/w>d p>allel to ! ,monum5t b\nd>y f5ce = sev5-t5?s ( a mile be=e turn+ nor? aga94 ,! #g-;foot *a9-l9k f5ce j to ! left ( ! road is ! nor!a/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,monum5t & encloses ! h]d ( buffalo4 ,9 ! late =ties or e>ly fifties a "y bull *all5g$ ! old] lead] = possession ( ! h]d & gor$ & p\nd$ ! old bull s badly he _h to be %ot by a rang]4 ,dur+ ! furi\s battle #abe feet ( ?is /rong /eel f5ce 0 utt]ly demoli%$4 ,x is report$ t sometimes an old bull simply takes "o look at ! "y *all5g] & retreats )\t a battle1 b o!r lone or rogue bulls may tempor>ily or p]man5tly leave ! h]d = o!r reasons4 ,su* outca/s are dang]\s & unpr$ictable4 ,"o bull kept a rang] 8tre$0 = #d h\rs on a /eep rock l$ge 9 ! broil+ sun be=e mov+ on to a pat* ( grass4 ,f\r ( ^! critt]s delay$ by "o week my walk+ out a /ret* ( ! ,r$l&s fault on _! side ( ! f5ce4 ,i decid$ t a live geologi/ _h advantages ov] a dead h]o4 ,,r$l&s ,,fault ,,w+ate ,,drive ,,side ,,trip ,mile-m>k] #g ,?r\gh\t mo/ ( its #f-mile l5g? ! ,r$l&s fault is a v]tical or ne>ly v]tical normal fault1 b along & ne> ?is #j4g-mile /ret* x is a rev]se fault t dips f #de to #fj to ! s\?we/1 z %[n 9 figure #dj & 9 ! cross section ( figure #h4 ,good views ( ! fault are se5 all along ! f5ce1 b especially at po9ts "o-t5? & f\r-t5?s ( a mile nor?we/ ( ! fir/ turn1 ! second ( :i* is %[n 9 figure #dj4 ,j aft] turn+ nor? on ,s\? ,broadway1 let u turn we/ a few hundr$ feet on pav$ ,w+ate ,drive to see ! nor?we/ end ( ! ,r$l&s fault1 :i* passes ?r\gh a col to ! left ( updragg$ remnants ( ! ?9n$ r$ ,*9le ,=mation & ! ,w+ate ,s&/one1 z %[n 9 figure #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rev]se ,,"p ,,( ,,r$l&s ,,fault1 look+ ,n4 #fe ,w4 f po9t on ,s\? ,broadway along b\nd>y f5ce4 ,mo/ ( ,*9le ,=mation has be5 squeez$ out1 b l[] "p ( ,w+ate ,s&/one may be se5 dipp+ ab\t #de s\?we/w>d b5ea? d>k ,prot]ozoic rocks4 ,next p9k b& to "r is ,entrada ,s&/one4 ,jumbl$ mass ( :ite s&/one slabs at "r ( photograph is "p ( ,salt ,wa% ,memb] ( ,morrison ,=mation & is kn[n locally z 8,:ite ,rock04 7,fig4 #dj7 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor?we/ ,,end ,,( ,,r$l&s ,,fault1 pass+ ?r\gh col to left ( updragg$ remnants ( ,*9le ,=mation & ,w+ate ,s&/one4 ,fault1 :i* "h is normal1 ends aga9/ unbrok5 ,liz>d ,canyon monocl9e 9 next canyon to nor?we/4 ,look+ we/ f po9t j s\? ( ,w+ate ,drive a few hundr$ feet we/ ( ,s\? ,broadway4 7,fig4 #da7 ,,monum5t ,,canyon ,,trail ,ab\t half a mile nor? ( ! la/ turn1 ,s\? ,broadway rejo9s ,broadway 7,colo4 ,highway #cdj7 at a /op sign4 ,aft] we turn left on ,broadway & rea* ! fir/ curve1 we get a nice view we/w>d into ,monum5t ,canyon1 z %[n 9 figure #db4 ,! ,p>k ,s]vice hopes to e/abli% a new trailhead at ! bridge "o-t5? ( a mile we/ ( ! curve1 f :i* a new section ( trail w foll[ ! normally dry wa% s\?we/w>d to jo9 ! old ,monum5t ,canyon ,trail4 ,aft] we cross ! creek leav+ ! canyon1 we pass a l[ hill ( ! ,salt ,wa% ,memb] ( ! ,morrison ,=mation on ! left4 ,j beyond ! hill1 ! dirt road lead+ s\?we/ to a f>mh\se =m]ly 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,monum5t ,canyon ,trail 7fig4 #c74 ,!re is a new tempor>y trailhead a qu>t] ( a mile nor?1 b x is hop$ t a p]man5t "o c be built at ! bridge ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile to ! s\!a/1 z not$ above4 ,hik]s may see buffalo along ?is trail & %\ld wat* out = outca/ bulls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,we/ ,,into ,,monum5t ,,canyon1 f curve on ,broadway j nor?we/ ( end ( ,s\? ,broadway1 %[+ ,indep5d5ce ,monum5t4 ,?is monum5t 0 se5 9 figure #f & w be se5 aga9 9 figure #ea4 ,r$l&s fault ends 9 ?is canyon2 ,liz>d ,canyon monocl9e c be se5 on extreme "r4 7,fig4 #db7 ,,dra9age ,,divide ,mile-m>k] #h ,ab\t half a mile nor? ( ! f>m road we rea* ! highe/ po9t on ,broadway 7,colo4 #cdj7 at a dra9age divide4 ,inasmu* z ! ?ree ,r$l&s ,lift ,canals end ea/ ( ! divide1 !re is q a contra/ betwe5 ! lu% irrigat$ l&s ea/ ( ! divide & ! ne>ly b>r5 des]t to ! we/1 a view ( :i* is %[n 9 figure #dc4 ,to ! s\?we/ ( ! divide is an excell5t view ( ! nor!a/w>d-dipp+ b$s on ! ,liz>d ,canyon monocl9e4 ,on ! left ab\t a mile nor?we/ ( ! divide we pass ! o!r entrance ( ,monum5t ,canyon1 !n ,liz>d ,canyon1 & a swit*back on ,rim ,rock ,drive asc5d+ ! ridge betwe5 ,liz>d & ,fruita ,canyons4 ,! wat] well b5ea? elevat$ tank on left is #fej feet deep & =m]ly fl[$ at ab\t half a gallon a m9ute f ! ,w+ate ,s&/one4 ,h\sehold ne$s are obta9$ by pump+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,we/ ,,f ,,divide ,,on ,,broadway #b ,,miles ,,ea/ ,,( ,,we/ ,,entrance ,,to ,,monum5t4 ,monocl9al hill on "r is ,bru%y ,bas9 ,memb] ( ,morrison ,=mation capp$ by basal b$s ( ,burro ,canyon ,=mation4 ,rocks at left middle are blocks ( s&/one 9 ! ,salt ,wa% ,memb] ( ! ,morrison4 7,fig4 #dc7 ,,road ,,int]section ,at ! next int]section1 ,colorado ,highway #cdj turns "r & cont9ues ab\t #b miles to ,fruita2 ! highway to ! left rea*es ! ,we/ ,entrance ( ! ,monum5t 9 a qu>t] ( a mile4 ,be=e turn+ left into ! ,monum5t1 h[ev]1 we w int]rupt our description ( ! trip by mak+ a new />t f ,fruita = ! b5efit ( p travell+ f ?is direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,bison ,f ,fruita to ! ,we/ ,entrance ( ! ,monum5t ,,morrison ,,=mation ,mile-m>k] #i ,f ! ,fruita int]*ange on ,i-#gj1 ! ov]pass leads nor? into ! t[n ( ,fruita1 & ,colorado ,highway #cdj leads s\? ab\t #b miles to ! ,we/ ,entrance ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t4 ,"o mile s\? we cross ! new bridge ov] ! ,colorado ,riv]2 ! old bridge =m]ly connect+ ,fruita ) ! ,monum5t may be se5 half a mile up/ream4 ,j s\? ( ! new bridge we see s&/one on ! left & gre5 %ale on ! "r1 bo? "p ( ! ,burro ,canyon ,=mation4 ,! high hill on ! left is made up ( brightly color$ silt/ones & mud/ones ( ! ,bru%y ,bas9 ,memb] ( ! ,morrison ,=mation capp$ by ! basal s&/one ( ! ,burro ,canyon ,=mation4 ,on ! s\!a/ side ( ?is hill is ano!r bronze plaque set 9 a masonry monum5t1 simil> to ! "o at ,riggs ,hill 7fig4 #ci71 commemorat+ ! discov]y & removal 9 #aijj by ,elm] ,s4 ,riggs ( a skeleton ( ! imm5se d9osaur ,apatosaurus excelcus ,m>%4 7,see figure #bc;,b74 ,ab\t #a miles nor?we/ ( ! new bridge is ! ,fruita ,paleontological area discuss$ on page #ej4 ,j s\? ( ! hill1 ! highway curves g5tly to ! left across a relatively flat surface ( ! ,morrison ,=mation4 ,to ! "r may be se5 good exposures ( ! ,entrada ,s&/one1 at ! nor? end ( :i* curb/ones 7 qu>ri$ f ?9 b$s ( ! :ite ,moab ,memb] = use 9 "s ( ! p>k+ areas along ,rim ,rock ,drive4 ,"s ( ! b$s are ripple m>k$#cf f wave action along anci5t bea*es or )9 anci5t lagoons4 ,"s ripple-m>k$ curb/ones f ?is qu>ry may be se5 9 ! p>k+ area at ,r$ ,canyon ,ov]look1 & else:]e 9 ! ,monum5t4 ,z we approa* ! ,monum5t we see t to ! left ! rock /rata are b5t d[nw>d t[>d u along :at geologi/s call a monocl9e 7see figs4 #bg & #cj71 b to ! "r may be se5 cliffs ( d>k ,prot]ozoic rocks surm\nt$ by slopes ( ! r$ ,*9le ,=mation & cliffs ( ! buff ,w+ate ,s&/one capp$ by ! l[]mo/ b$s ( ! resi/ant ,kay5ta ,=mation4 ,! b5t & brok5 rocks ahead are well %[n 9 figure #cc4 ,ab\t #a miles s\? ( ! ,colorado ,riv] we rea* ! ,t-int]section not$ previ\sly--at ! end ( ! trip f ,gr& ,junction ?r\gh ,! ,r$l&s to ! ,we/ ,entrance ( ! ,monum5t--& we are ready = our trip ?r\gh ! ,monum5t4 ,?r\gh ! ,monum5t f ,we/ to ,ea/ ,entrances ,,we/ ,,entrance ,mile-m>k] #aj ,aft] turn+ s\? on ,rim ,rock ,drive f ! int]section ) ,colorado ,highway #cdj 7,broadway71 we cross ! ,monum5t's nor!rn b\nd>y & rea* ! *eck+ /ation at ! ,we/ ,entrance1 :]e a small entry fee is *>g$ dur+ ! summ]4 ,at ! fir/ left turn we are 9 r$ b$s ( ! ,*9le ,=mation1 !n 9 %e>$ & brok5 b$s ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one along ! ,kodels ,canyon fault4 ,at ! ea/]nmo/ loop ( ! road we may look s\!a/w>d across ,liz>d ,canyon to ! ,liz>d ,canyon monocl9e 7fig4 #cj71 & if we look d[n ! slope to ! ea/ we w see "o ( ,john ,otto's well-built trails t =m]ly asc5d$ ! we/ side ( ,liz>d ,canyon to :at is n[ ! campgr\nd1 long be=e ,rim ,rock ,drive 0 built4 ,d n try to /op at ! curve1 h[ev]2 play x safe1 drive on1 & p>k at ,r$l&s ,view a qu>t] ( a mile we/4 ,,r$l&s ,,view ,by walk+ ab\t #ej feet nor? ( ! turn\t1 we get an excell5t view to ! we/ ( ! ,kodels ,canyon fault1 z %[n 9 figure #ca4 ,j to ! nor? ( ! fault are ! %e>$ & brok5 b$s ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one along ! ea/ end ( ?is fault4 ,,new ,,e>?fill ,j beyond ! turn\t ! road curves left ?r\gh a cut 9 ! ,w+ate ,s&/one & asc5ds ! ea/ side ( ,fruita ,canyon4 ,ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile f ! p>k+ area we get a good view 7fig4 #dd7 to ! we/ ( ! new e>?fill on ,rim ,rock ,drive betwe5 ! two tunnels4 ,! orig9al fill 0 wa%$ out 9 a few m9utes on ,augu/ #h1 #aifh1 by a cl\dbur/ t dump$ an e/imat$ #d in*es ( ra9 on ! mesa we/ ( ,fruita ,canyon4 ,a culv]t b5ea? ! road j nor? ( ! nor? tunnel 0 :olly unable to cope ) ! result+ flood1 "p ( :i* plung$ ov] ! cliff b mo/ ( :i* ro>$ s\?w>d ?r\gh ! tunnel4 ,accord+ to ! only kn[n eyewitnesses--a c\ple f ,ohio ^: c> 0 /all$ 9 #ah in*es ( swift wat] 9 ! l[] tunnel--an e/imat$ #d feet ( wat] fl[+ ?r\gh ! nor? tunnel soon sep>at$ ! two tunnels by a gap+ *asm & fl[$ d[n :]e ! fill _h be5 b mom5ts e>li]4 ,!y jockey$ _! c> back & =? 9 ! s\? tunnel & retrac$ ! r\te back t[>d ,fruita4 ,lat] ,i view$ ! *asm f ! portal ( ! nor? tunnel & f\nd x awesome inde$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,fill ,,on ,,rim ,,rock ,,drive ,,betwe5 ,,two ,,tunnels ,,on ,,we/ ,,side ,,( ,,fruita ,,canyon1 look+ we/ f ea/ side ( canyon4 ,previ\s fill 0 wa%$ out by fla% flood1 z describ$ 9 text4 7,fig4 #dd7 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,! road rema9$ clos$ = #a ye>s until ,decemb] #bj1 #aifi1 mu* to ! annoyance & discom=t ( bo? visitors & ,monum5t p]sonnel--p>ticul>ly ! latt]4 ,dur+ ! summ]1 ! usual #af-mile daily r\nd trip to ! po/ (fice 9 ,fruita via ! ,we/ ,entrance 0 increas$ to ab\t #hj miles by way ( ! ,ea/ ,entrance4 ,dur+ ! s*ool season1 wives ( ,monum5t p]sonnel took turns driv+ a /ation wagon full ( *ildr5 on two daily r\nd trips to ! s*ools & po/ (fice 9 ,fruita4 ,note 9 figure #dd1 tak5 only #f ye>s aft] ! road 0 reop5$1 t small gullies already h be5 cut 9 ! l[] half ( ! new fill4 ,ano!r local cl\dbur/ c\ld remove ! new fill1 b let u hope ?is does n happ56 ,on ! next curve to ! ea/ ! road cuts entirely ?r\gh ! r$ ,*9le ,=mation1 :i* "h has a measur$ ?ickness ( #ajc feet4#cg ,f ! base ( ! ,*9le to ab\t ! creek cross+ ! road cuts expose ! old ,prot]ozoic metamorphic rocks1 :i* "h h a purple hue4 ,,balanc$ ,,rock ,mile-m>k] #aa ,at ! s\!rnmo/ loop ( ! road is a p>k+ area = view+ ,balanc$ ,rock4 ,! photograph = ! frontispiece 0 tak5 f ! hillside ne> ! foot ( ! monoli?4 ,,hi/oric ,,trails ,,view ,mile-m>k] #ab ,aft] ! road turns nor?1 we aga9 cross ! entire ,*9le ,=mation1 !n p5etrate ! ,w+ate ,s&/one ?r\gh ! two tunnels 7turn on y\r lights7 %[n on all ! maps & 9 figures #cc & #dd4 ,j beyond ! highe/ tunnel 7turn (f y\r lights7 we rea* ,hi/oric ,trails ,view1 ) a sign not+ ! e>ly exp$itions t trav]s$ ! area4 ,we/ f ! p>k+ area1 b bett] yet by walk+ to ! we/]nmo/ curve1 may be se5 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,black ,ridge ,trail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fruita ,,canyon1 look+ nor!a/ f po9t on ,rim ,rock ,drive above head ( canyon4 ,d>k ,prot]ozoic rocks floor ! canyon1 above :i* are ! slopes ( ! r$ ,*9le ,=mation & ! cliffs ( ,w+ate ,s&/one capp$ by ! l[] resi/ant b$s ( ! ,kay5ta ,=mation4 ,beyond ! ,gr& ,valley are ! d>k ,book ,cliffs & ! m di/ant1 light-color$ ,roan ,cliffs1 :i* are %[n m cle>ly 9 figure #dh4 7,fig4 #de7 ,,fruita ,,canyon ,,view ,mile-m>k] #ac ,?is foot trail is "p ( ! old /ock trail ov] :i* %eep & cattle once 7 driv5 d[n to ! ,gr& ,valley f ,glade ,p>k & ,pion ,mesa4 ,! road !n w9ds upw>d ?r\gh a s]ies ( swit*backs cut into ! ,kay5ta ,=mation to ,di/ant ,view & !n to a p>k+ spot at ! relatively new ,fruita ,canyon ,view1 :i* af=ds a spl5did view ( ,fruita ,canyon4 ,figure #de 0 tak5 f a po9t ab\t a t5? ( a mile to ! ea/4 ,on ! "r are h\s+ facilities = ,monum5t p]sonnel4 ,,campgr\nd ,,& ,,picnic ,,area ,mile-m>k] #ad ,at ! top ( ! hill j beyond ! head ( ,fruita ,canyon1 two roads turn left2 ! fir/ makes sev]al loops ?r\gh ! mod]n campgr\nd & picnic area !n returns to ,rim ,rock ,drive2 ! second ent]s a l>ge p>k+ lot at ! ,visitor ,c5t]4 ,let u take ! fir/ road1 !n turn %>p to ! left aga9 j we/ ( ! ,saddlehorn & explore ! camp & picnic areas1 :i* are on a g5tly slop+ mesa ( ! ,kay5ta ,=mation dott$ ) pion & junip] trees & bu%es ( _m k9ds4 ,! ,saddlehorn is an erosional remnant ( ! ,entrada ,s&/one4 7,see fig4 #ej47 ,! deluxe campgr\nd has bo? drive-?r\gh & back-9 campsites1 mod]n re/rooms1 tables1 pip$ wat]1 & grills4 ,two ( ! drive-?r\gh sites on ! nor!rnmo/ loop are %[n 9 figure #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,,campsites ,,at ,,nor? ,,end ,,( ,,campgr\nd1 ,gr& ,valley & ,book ,cliffs beyond4 7,fig4 #df7 ,a view ( ! picnic area & p>k+ lot is %[n 9 figure #dg4 ,dur+ ! summ]1 ev5+ slide talks are giv5 by rang]s at a small amphi!at] j nor? ( ! ,saddlehorn & to ! left ( ! view %[n 9 figure #dg4 ,,w9d[ ,,rock ,an int]e/+ qu>t]-(-a-mile self-guid+ ,w9d[ ,rock ,nature ,trail leads f ! nor!a/ corn] ( ! campgr\nd to ,w9d[ ,rock & loops back pa/ ,book ,cliffs ,view1 :i* conta9s a table b5ea? a ramada4 ,w9d[ ,rock ,trail connects ) ! sc5ic ,canyon ,rim ,trail1 :i* leads s\?we/w>d to ! ,visitor ,c5t]4 ,views ( ,w9d[ ,rock & ,monum5t ,canyon f ,canyon ,rim ,trail are %[n 9 figures #dh & #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,,picnic ,,area ,,& ,,p>k+ ,,lot1 look+ nor!a/ f top ( ! ,saddlehorn4 ,l>ge gr\ps c be accommodat$ by mak+ advance res]vations4 ,cliff ( ,w+ate ,s&/one on "r across ,monum5t ,canyon is "p ( ,liz>d ,canyon monocl9e4 7,see fig4 #bi47 7,fig4 #dg7 ,,visitor ,,c5t]--,,monum5t ,,headqu>t]s ,aft] we return to ,rim ,rock ,drive1 a d\ble left turn br+s u to a l>ge p>k+ lot4 ,we are n[ at ! ,visitor ,c5t] & ,monum5t ,headqu>t]s1 :i* is well wor? a visit4 ,9 ! front ( ! build+ are mod]n re/rooms & a dr9k+ f\nta94 ,inside ! lobby may be pur*as$ film1 slides1 po/ c>ds1 maps1 booklets1 & reports4 ,a n>rat$ slide %[ & museum help mat]ially 9 convey+ j :at ! ,monum5t has to (f]4 ,i 0 pleas$ at be+ ask$ to contribute sev]al ( ! geologic exhibits1 p>tly ) ! aid ( =m] ,survey arti/ ,john ,r4 ,/acy4 ,f ! back door a pa? leads to a f5c$ ov]look = view+ an arm ( ,monum5t ,canyon4 ,! ov]look also is ! beg9n+ ( ,canyon ,rim ,trail :i* connects ab\t half a mile to ! nor!a/ ) ,w9d[ ,rock ,trail at ,book ,cliff ,view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w9d[ ,,rock1 a w9d[ erod$ along a v]tical jo9t ne> ! top ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one4 ,telephoto view look+ nor!a/ f ,canyon ,rim ,trail4 ,note f5c$ ov]look on ,kay5ta ,=mation to left ( w9d[ to keep p f cross+ jo9t above w9d[1 = som$ay ! monoli? to ! "r w fall1 z did ,fall5 ,rock 7fig4 #ce74 ,note light-color$ ,roan ,cliffs ( ,gre5 ,riv] ,=mation beyond ,book ,cliffs4 7,fig4 #dh7 ,illu/ration3 ,,pipe ,,organ1 look+ s\!a/ across ,monum5t ,canyon f ,canyon ,rim ,trail1 & ,indep5d5ce ,monum5t to left beyond4 ,photograph by ,d>rell ,arnold1 ,gr& ,junction4 7,fig4 #di7 ,,gap ,,9 ,,rock ,,record ,mile-m>k] #ae ,half a mile s\?we/ ( ! p>k+ lot is "o ( ! n>r[e/ /ret*es ( ,rim ,rock ,drive at ! edge ( a ,w+ate cliff t actually ov]hangs4 ,b d n worry1 x is well protect$ by a rock wall4 ,at ! head ( ! canyon is a l>ge jumbl$ l&slide ( ! ,morrison ,=mation t has cov]$ ! cliff ( ,entrada ,s&/one4 ,along ! n>r[ /ret* & j beyond ! l&slide are excell5t views on ! "r ( ! erosional uncon=mity betwe5 ! erod$ surface ( ! ,kay5ta ,=mation & ! ov]ly+ ,slick ,rock ,memb] ( ! ,entrada ,s&/one1 a view ( :i* is %[n 9 figure #ae & a discussion ( :i* is giv5 on pages #ce to #ci4 ,,pipe ,,organ ,mile-m>k] #af ,f ! next p>k+ area to ! nor!a/ at ,pipe ,organ ,ov]look we may hike half a mile ov] ,otto's ,trail to an ov]look ( ! ,pipe ,organ2 a view ( ! ,pipe ,organ f ! nor?we/ is %[n 9 figure #di4 ,f ab\t ! middle ( ?is trail we may look to ! nor?we/ across ! canyon to ! ,visitor ,c5t] & ! ,saddlehorn 7fig4 #ej74 ,,dep5d5ce ,,view ,mile-m>k] #ag ,at ! next p>k+ area at ,indep5d5ce ,view we see ,indep5d5ce ,monum5t 7fig4 #ea7 f q a diff]5t angle ?an ! photograph %[n 9 figure #f4 ,?is view cle>ly %[s x to be a ?9 erosional remnant ( a n>r[ wall t once connect$ mesas to ! nor!a/ & s\?we/ & :i* sep>at$ ! two entrances ( ,monum5t ,canyon4 ,,gr& ,,view ,mile-m>k] #ah ,gr& ,view1 six-t5?s ( a mile f>!r s\!a/1 af=ds excell5t views ( sev]al features 9 & ne> ,monum5t ,canyon4 ,a %ort improv$ trail to ! nor!a/ leads to a s&/one l$ge f :i* ! infr>$ photograph = ! front cov] 0 tak54 ,! trail !n ve]s ea/w>d to a f5c$ cliff-top viewpo9t f :i* "o may look ne>ly /raight d[n to a /ret* ( ,monum5t ,canyon ,trail4 ,y may see hik]s on ! trail or buffalo 9 ! canyon4 ,! photograph = figure #f 0 tak5 f a po9t j nor? ( ! nor? end ( ! p>k+ area4 ,,monum5t ,,canyon ,,view ,mile-m>k] #ai ,ano!r #a miles takes u to ! next p>k+ area at ,monum5t ,canyon ,view1 f :i* "o may walk a %ort di/ance to ! nor!a/4 ,! photograph %[n 9 figure #ac 0 tak5 f a po9t nor!a/ ( ! p>k+ area4 ,f ! head ( ,fruita ,canyon to ,monum5t ,canyon ,view1 ,rim ,rock ,drive is on a b5* ( ! ,kay5ta ,=mation t sep>ates ! two l9es ( cliffs4 ,we mu/ n[ leave ?is b5*1 h[ev]1 because f ne> ,coke ,ov5s ,ov]look to beyond ,arti/s ,po9t ! b5* ceases to exi/1 & ! ,entrada1 ,kay5ta1 & ,w+ate =m virtually a s+le cliff4 ,moreov]1 we mu/ get up into ! ,morrison ,=mation 9 ord] to cross ! divide betwe5 ,monum5t & ,ute ,canyons4 ,= ^! reasons1 9 ! next ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile s\? ( ,monum5t ,canyon ,view ! road cuts upw>d ?r\gh ! entire ,entrada ,s&/one4 ,j beyond ! fir/ curve are qu>ries on ! "r f :i* curb & build+ /ones 7 cut by ! ,civilian ,cons]vation ,corps 9 ! #aicj's = protect+ ov]looks & n>r[ /ret*es ( road4 ,at ! s\?we/ end ( ?is /ret* is ano!r p>k+ area at ,coke ,ov5s ,ov]look1 :i* provides good views ( ! nor? side ( ! ,coke ,ov5s4 ,,coke ,,ov5s ,,ov]look ,mile-m>k] #bj ,! next p>k+ area a qu>t] ( a mile to ! s\?we/ is ! ,monum5t ,canyon ,trailhead ( ! long trail to ! m\? ( ,monum5t ,canyon & ( a %ort trail to ! ,coke ,ov5s4 ,,arti/s ,,po9t ,mile-m>k] #ba ,half a mile to ! s\!a/ takes u to a l>ge p>k+ area at ,arti/s ,po9t1 :i* (f]s a wide v>iety ( sc5ic views4 ,! be/ exposure ( ! ,summ]ville ,=mation 9 ! entire area t ,i mapp$#ch is on ! we/ side ( ! road1 z %[n 9 figure #bj4 ,a %ort trail leads d[n to a f5c$ ov]look = view+ ! ,coke ,ov5s to ! nor? 7fig4 #aa7 & ,monum5t ,canyon to ! nor!a/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,visitor ,,c5t] ,,& ,,! ,,saddlehorn1 look+ nor?we/ across canyon f ,otto's ,trail4 ,note ?9-b$d$ b5* ( ! ,kay5ta ,=mation sep>at+ cliffs ( ! ,entrada ,s&/one above ! ,w+ate ,s&/one bel[4 ,! ,saddlehorn is ! remnant ( ! ,entrada at ! extreme "r4 7,fig4 #ej7 ,illu/ration3 ,,indep5d5ce ,,monum5t1 look+ nor!a/ f ,indep5d5ce ,view4 ,note updragg$ block ( ,w+ate ,s&/one at nor?we/]n end ( ,r$l&s fault1 j to ! "r ( c5t]4 ,! o!r side ( ?is block is %[n 9 figure #da4 ,gr& ,mesa =ms "r skyl9e4 7,fig4 #ea7 ,,highl& ,,view ,,divide ,mile-m>k] #bb ,! ,summ]ville ,=mation is expos$ on ! "r = ab\t ! next half a mile4 ,9 ! next ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile to ,highl& ,view ! roadcuts are 9 ! s&/one l$ges ( ! ,salt ,wa% ,memb] ( ! ,morrison ,=mation4 ,ano!r half a mile ?r\gh massive ,salt ,wa% s&/ones takes u to ! second highe/ po9t on ,rim ,rock ,drive--! divide betwe5 ,monum5t & ,ute ,canyons1 altitude #f1eic feet4 ,f "h we may look f> to ! s\? across ,glade ,p>k to high ,pion ,mesa--! highe/ "p ( ! ,uncompahgre ,plateau nor?we/ ( ,unaweep ,canyon1 :]e ! altitude is ab\t #i1ejj feet4 ,,lib]ty ,,cap ,,trailhead ,mile-m>k] #bc ,halfway d[n ! hill to ! s\? is a p>k+ area on ! left at ! head ( ,lib]ty ,cap ,trail1 :i* goes ea/w>d ab\t #f miles to ,lib]ty ,cap--a prom95t conical po9t atop ! ,w+ate cliff j we/ ( ! m\? ( ,ute ,canyon1 :i* appe>s on ! left skyl9e ( figure #ch4 ,f !re1 ! trail desc5ds ab\t #b miles to a gate 9 ! b\nd>y f5ce at ! m\? ( ,ute ,canyon4 ,! roads connect+ ! gate ) ,s\? ,camp ,road 7fig4 #c7 7 report$ 7#aigi7 to be clos$ to foot travel by private l&[n]s1 s hik]s rea*+ ?is po9t mu/ ei!r retrace _! /eps to ! p>k+ area at ! head ( ! ,lib]ty ,cap trail1 or return by a primitive trail up ma9 ,ute ,canyon1 turn "r up ! we/ arm ( ! canyon1 & rega9 ,rim ,rock ,drive by a %ort swit*back trail not$ on page #aji4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,p>k ,s]vice hopes t 9 ! future "s sort ( corridor c be e/abli%$ to connect ! trailhead ) ! ne>by roads4 ,mo/ ( ! 8trail0 up ,ute ,canyon is ! normally dry *annel ( ! creek1 s hik]s %\ld wat* out = fla% floods4 ,! r\nd trip by ,lib]ty ,cap ,trail alone is ab\t #af miles1 & if ! return trip is made by ,ute ,canyon ! total di/ance is ab\t #ac miles4 ,accord+ly1 hik]s %\ld all[ a full day & c>ry food & wat]4 ,,glade ,,p>k ,,road ,a qu>t] ( a mile we/ ( ! ,lib]ty ,cap p>k+ area 9 ! we/ arm ( ,ute ,canyon is a junction ) a gravel road t leads #e miles s\? to ! ,glade ,p>k ,g5]al ,/ore & ,po/ ,(fice1 :]e groc]ies1 be]1 gasol9e1 & fi%+ & camp+ supplies are available4 ,glade ,p>k connects ) sc5ic roads lead+ ea/1 we/1 & s\?4 ,lat]1 we w cov] 9 m detail a r\nd trip f ! int]section 9 ,ute ,canyon to "o ne> ,cold ,%iv]s ,po9t1 & ano!r r\nd trip f ,glade ,p>k ar\nd ! head ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon & back to ,gr& ,junction via ! ,little ,p>k ,road4 ,b to cont9ue ) ! trip ?r\gh ! ,monum5t--f ! int]section ) ! gravel road to ,glade ,p>k1 ,rim ,rock ,drive turns abruptly to ! s\!a/ & foll[s ! we/ arm ( ,ute ,canyon = "s #c or #d miles1 pa/ _m int]e/+ po9ts4 ,= ! next #a miles to ! fir/ culv]t1 :i* crosses a l>ge tribut>y1 ! roadcuts are 9 ! ,summ]ville ,=mation & ,entrada ,s&/one4 ,! photographs 9 figures #af & #ag 7 tak5 look+ nor? f ! culv]t & f j nor?we/ ( ! culv]t1 respectively4 ,,flood ,mile-m>k] #bd ,"o day :5 my family & ,i 7 approa*+ ! culv]t f ! we/1 we he>d a ro> l an express tra94 ,look+ to ! s\? we saw t a sev]e ?und]%[] 0 occurr+ on ! headwat]s 9 ,glade ,p>k1 s we rac$ ahead & p>k$ ea/ ( ! culv]t j 9 "t to see & he> a #d-;foot wall ( r$ wat] come ro>+ d[n ! tribut>y1 roll+ b\ld]s along z if !y 7 basketballs4 ,un=tunately1 we _h no "t to ready or use a cam]a1 s we simply rac$ d[n ! road embankm5t & ?r\gh ! trees & bru% to ! nor? 9 "t to see ! flood plunge ea/w>d ov] a #cej-;foot cliff ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one to ! canyon bel[4 ,?is illu/rates ! ne$ = caution :5 foll[+ or cross+ 8dry0 wa%es 9 ! des]t 9 /ormy wea!r or :5 !re are /orms 9 ! di/ance4 ,,upp] ,,ute ,,canyon ,,view ,mile-m>k] #be ,ab\t two-t5?s ( a mile nor!a/ ( ! culv]t is ,upp] ,ute ,canyon ,view1 :i* af=ds good views ( ! nor!a/ cliff face ( ! we/ arm ( ,ute ,canyon4 ,,fall5 ,,rock ,,ov]look ,,ute ,,canyon ,,trailhead ,mile-m>k] #bf ,= ! next #g miles ,rim ,rock ,drive is once aga9 on a b5* ( ! ,kay5ta ,=mation betwe5 cliffs ( ! ,entrada & ,w+ate ,s&/ones4 ,f ,upp] ,ute ,canyon ,view ! road goes s\!a/w>d along ! canyon rim ab\t ?ree-t5?s ( a mile to a p>k+ area4 ,a %ort trail leads d[n f ! p>k+ area to f5c$ ,fall5 ,rock ,ov]look2 ! view %[n 9 figure #ce is f ?is po9t4 ,z not$ 9 ! caption ( figure #ce1 & on page #ajh1 ! ,ute ,canyon ,trail zigzags d[n ! slope f ! road a qu>t] ( a mile s\!a/ ( ! p>k+ area1 b !re is no p>k+ area at ! trailhead1 s x is saf] to p>k at ,fall5 ,rock ,ov]look & walk to ! trailhead4 ,! connection ) ?is trail & ! ,lib]ty ,cap ,trail also is discuss$ on page #ajh4 ,on "o hike d[n ?is trail we saw two elk1 :i* is a r>e sight at su* a l[ altitude1 = !y g5]ally /ay on or ne> ,pion ,mesa4 ,,ute ,,canyon ,mile-m>k] #bg ,ab\t a mile to ! s\!a/1 j beyond ! /eep drop(f on ! left1 !re is room to p>k1 walk a %ort di/ance ?r\gh ! trees to ! ea/1 & obs]ve a f9e view ( ma9 ,ute ,canyon1 z %[n 9 figure #eb4 ,j beyond on our "r are ! cliffs ( ! mottl$ salmon-&-:ite ,slick ,rock ,memb] ov]la9 by ! all :ite ,moab ,memb]1 z %[n 9 figure #ah & describ$ 9 ! accompany+ text4 ,half a mile s\!a/1 :]e ! road makes a g5tle ,u-turn & cont9ues nor!a/w>d1 we rea* ! highe/ po9t on ,rim ,rock ,drive at an altitude ( ab\t #f1fdj feet4 ,note t ! pion & junip] are l>g]1 & ! bu%es are l>g] & gre5] at ?is altitude1 = ! av]age precipitation increases z we g high]4 ,,l[] ,,ute ,,canyon ,,view ,mile-m>k] #bh ,ab\t a mile nor!a/ ( ! highe/ po9t on ! road is a l>ge p>k+ area on ! left1 f :i* a %ort1 %ad$ trail leads to a f5c$ ov]look call$ ,l[] ,ute ,canyon ,view1 :i* faces ! nor?we/ arm ( ,ute ,canyon across ! ma9 canyon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ute ,,canyon1 look+ nor!a/ f po9t describ$ 9 text4 ,note grass-cov]$ alluvium 9 di/ant "p ( canyon floor4 7,fig4 #eb7 ,,r$ ,,canyon ,,ov]look ,mile-m>k] #bi ,ab\t half a mile beyond ?is p>k+ area1 we rea* a small p>k+ area at ,r$ ,canyon ,ov]look1 f :i* ! photograph %[n 9 figure #ab 0 tak54 ,! d>k gre5 bu% ( ,mormon ,tea 9 ! "r =egr\nd ( figure #ab is "o ( ! l>ge/ ,i h se5 9 ! ,monum5t4 ,! reasons = ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! left & "r walls ( ! canyon are discuss$ on pages #gi & #hj4 ,! ripple-m>k$ curb/ones ( :ite s&/one 9 ! p>k+ area 7 qu>ri$ f ! ,moab ,memb] ( ! ,entrada ,s&/one nor?we/ ( ,fruita ,canyon1 z not$ on page #if4 ,,ds ,,road ,,cold ,,%iv]s ,,po9t ,mile-m>k] #cj ,ano!r #b miles ar\nd ! s\? rim ( ,r$ ,canyon & ! head ( ,columbus ,canyon takes u to ! junction ) ! pav$ c\nty road kn[n z ! ,,ds ,road1 :i* leads s\? & s\?we/ to ,glade ,p>k & to ! head ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon4 ,?is important int]section w be includ$ 9 trips ?r\gh ,glade ,p>k & ar\nd ! head ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon1 s x w be discuss$ lat]4 ,mean:ile1 we w cont9ue our trip ea/w>d f ?is int]section4 ,ab\t a ?ird ( a mile to ! nor!a/ is a l>ge p>k+ area1 ) a pa? lead+ to a f5c$ ov]look at ! rim ( ,columbus ,canyon = view+ ,cold ,%iv]s ,po9t--p]haps ! mo/ aptly titl$ feature 9 ! ,monum5t 7fig4 #ec74 ,a primitive pa? leads f ! ov]look to ! toad/ool-%ap$ plat=m at upp] "r1 on :i* "s visitors d>e to /&1 b n me4 ,:5 ! old1 /eep ,s]p5ts ,trail 0 ! only r\te = autos to asc5d f ! ,ea/ ,entrance1 b>rels ( wat] 7 kept at ?is p>k+ area to qu5* ! ?ir/ ( boil+ radiators4 ,,head ,,( ,,s]p5ts ,,trail ,mile-m>k] #ca ,aft] leav+ ! p>k+ area1 ! d[ngrade on ! ,kay5ta ,=mation beg9s to /eep5 to ! nor!a/ until x becomes advisable to %ift into second ge>4 ,9 ab\t half a mile we desc5d a s]ies ( /eep swit*backs cut into ! ,w+ate ,s&/one on ! /eep5+ ,ladd] ,creek monocl9e 7figs4 #h1 #bi71 & we rea* ! pres5t upp] end ( ! old ,s]p5ts ,trail 7fig4 #ed71 :i* is n[ an int]e/+ foot trail4 ,z not$ e>li]1 x is conv5i5t to hike d[n ?is /eep #b-mile trail & to h "o memb] ( ! p>ty drive ahead & await ! hik]s at ! p>k+ area 9 ! ,devils ,kit*5 ,picnic ,area1 ne> ! foot ( ! trail4 ,"o ( _m rew>d+ views se5 dur+ ! hike is %[n 9 figure #ee1 ano!r 0 se5 9 figure #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cold ,,%iv]s ,,po9t1 look+ nor? f f5c$ ov]look on ea/ edge ( ,columbus ,canyon4 ,nam$ feature is toad/ool-%ap$ rock at upp] "r4 ,note d>k ,prot]ozoic rocks 9 canyon bottom4 7,fig4 #ec7 ,illu/ration3 ,,top ,,( ,,old ,,s]p5ts ,,trail1 look+ nor!a/ f swit*backs above tunnel4 ,top ( trail is se5 at sign on l[] "r4 ,gr& ,mesa =ms "r skyl9e4 7,fig4 #ed7 ,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,nor!a/ ,,f ,,old ,,s]p5ts ,,trail1 be=e #aiej :5 ! trail 0 /ill us$ by autos & trucks4 ,"o ( ,john ,otto's old foot trails jo9s ! old road at l[] middle4 ,al?\gh no ?ick l5ses ( s&/one appe> 9 ! ,salt ,wa% ,memb] ( ! ,morrison ,=mation 9 figure #ba1 9 ?is view a l5s ab\t #ej feet ?ick beg9s j ar\nd ! corn] ne> ! base ( ! high bluff across ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon & is se5 ext5d+ z f> to ! left z ! normally dry wa% t dra9s ! canyon4 ,:5 wat] fl[s d[n ! wa% aft] ?und]%[]s 7see p4 #aah7 or f melt+ sn[1 ! s&/one l5s takes 9 wat] 7re*>ge7 :i* moves sl[ly d[n ! dip ( ! l5s to ! nor!a/ & supplies sev]al artesian wells4 ,9 turn1 ! light b& ( ! ,entrada ,s&/one b5ea? ! cottonwood trees at ! "r middle & ! d>k pat* ( ,w+ate ,s&/one at ! extreme l[] "r are re*>g$ 9 l mann]1 & !y supply wat] to artesian wells to ! nor!a/4 ,z ! old] & deep] s&/ones on ! "r take 9 wat] at high] altitudes1 ! wat] 9 !m is "u great] artesian head :5 tapp$ by wells4 ,if y ?9k y see cov]$ wagons ne> ! middle ( ! photograph arrang$ 9 a circle = def5se aga9/ attack by ,indians1 y are correct--a ,we/]n movie 0 ab\t to be film$4 7,fig4 #ee7 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,illu/ration3 ,,s\? ,,portal ,,( ,,tunnel ,,?r\gh ,,w+ate ,,s&/one1 on we/ side ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon above ,ea/ ,entrance4 7,fig4 #ef7 ,,foot ,,( ,,s]p5ts ,,trail ,j beyond ! l[e/ swit*back %[n 9 figure #ed1 we p5etrate ! ,w+ate ,s&/one ?r\gh a tunnel1 ! s\? portal ( :i* is %[n 9 figure #ef4 ,aft] we drive ?r\gh a deep cut 9 ! ,w+ate ,s&/one j s\? ( ! tunnel1 we cross ! entire r$ ,*9le ,=mation1 !n desc5d a s]ies ( swit*backs 9 old ,prot]ozoic rocks4 ,! ,*9le ,=mation is cross$ aga9 ne> ! foot ( ! hill1 :]e x is ab\t #hj feet ?ick1#ci !n we recross ! ,w+ate ,s&/one & ,kay5ta ,=mation to ! p>k+ area 9 ! ,devils ,kit*5 ,picnic ,area1 ne> ! foot ( ! old ,s]p5ts ,trail4 ,,devils ,,kit*5 ,mile-m>k] #cb ,an improv$ m>k$ trail leads s\?w>d f p>k+ area at ! foot ( ! ,s]p5ts ,trail1 crosses ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon1 & cont9ues z an unimprov$ trail to ! ,devils ,kit*51 a view ( :i* is %[n 9 figure #eg4 ,! petroglyphs %[n 9 figure #d are nor!a/ ( ?is p>k+ area4 ,^? int]e/$ 9 see+ !m %\ld inquire at ! rang] /ation or *eck+ /ation at ! ,ea/ ,entrance4 ,,ea/ ,,entrance ,j beyond ! p>k+ area1 ne> ! foot ( ! old ,s]p5ts ,trail1 a road turns left to a l>g] p>k+ area = ! ,devils ,kit*5 ,picnic ,area1 :]e cov]$ tables1 grills1 & wat] are available4 ,j beyond we pass ! *eck+ /ation & h\s+ facilities = ,monum5t p]sonnel at ! ,ea/ ,entrance ( ! ,monum5t4 ,dur+ ! summ]1 fees are collect$ at ?is *eck+ /ation f p]sons ent]+ ! ,monum5t4 ,a well j ea/ ( ! h\s+ area obta9s wat] f ! ,entrada ,s&/one to supply ! h\ses & picnic area4 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,illu/ration3 ,,devils ,,kit*51 look+ nor? f ridge 9 middle ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon4 ,an erosional remnant ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one capp$ by ! l[]mo/ s&/one ( ! ,kay5ta ,=mation4 ,photograph by ,t4 ,f4 ,giles1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 7,fig4 #eg7 ,f ! ,ea/ ,entrance to ,gr& ,junction ,,s\? ,,camp ,,road ,,%ortcut ,?ree f\r?s ( a mile beyond ! *eck+ /ation1 ,s\? ,camp ,road turns left & jo9s ,s\? ,broadway #b miles to ! nor?we/4 ,?is provides a f9e %ortcut = p]sons desir\s ( travell+ back nor?we/w>d ?r\gh ,! ,r$l&s to rega9 ! ,we/ ,entrance ( ! ,monum5t4 ,! int]section ( ,s\? ,camp ,road & ,s\? ,broadway1 a key po9t on ! trip 8,f ,gr& ,junction ?r\gh ,! ,r$l&s to ! ,we/ ,entrance ( ! ,monum5t10 is not$ on page #hi4 ,b let u cont9ue our #c-mile return trip to ,gr& ,junction1 9 ord] to po9t out sev]al ?+s ( int]e/ along ,monum5t ,road 9 ! l[] "p ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon4 ,z ! canyon n>r[s j beyond ! road int]section1 we see on bo? sides colorful badl&s ( ! ,morrison ,=mation capp$ by ! ru/y look+ basal s&/ones ( ! ,burro ,canyon ,=mation4 ,beh9d ! build+ on ! "r j be=e ! road curves to ! left is an artesian well #ege feet deep t taps bo? ! ,entrada ,s&/one & a s&/one l5s 9 ! ,morrison ,=mation#dj4 ,,gap ,,9 ,,rock ,,record ,mile-m>k] #cc ,ab\t #b miles bel[ ! *eck+ /ation1 we pass on ! left ! basal s&/one ( ! ,burro ,canyon ,=mation re/+ on ! ,morrison ,=mation1 z %[n 9 ! l[] left ( figure #bd4 ,j beyond we may look up ! hill to ! left & see ! #dj-;foot basal conglom]ate ( ! ,dakota ,s&/one re/+ uncon=mably on an old erosion surface atop ! ,burro ,canyon ,=mation4 ,,flood ,,damage ,j be=e we rea* ! ,t-int]section ) ! ea/]n segm5t ( ,s\? ,broadway we may /ill see on ! "r "s ( ! de/ruction caus$ by a deva/at+ flood t ro>$ d[n ,no ,?or\ghf>e & o!r canyons on ,septemb] #g1 #aigh1 z a result ( :at 0 t]m$ ! wor/ cl\dbur/ to hit ,glade ,p>k1 ! ,monum5t1 & ! ,gr& ,valley s9ce #aieh4 ,a h\se on ! flood pla9 j above ! bridge 0 badly damag$ & 0 fill$ ) #d feet ( mud1 & ! ,monum5t ,road bridge across ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon ne>e/ ! int]section 0 wa%$ out1 necessitat+ ! r]\t+ ( traffic to & f ! ,ea/ ,entrance ( ! ,monum5t4 ,moral--nev] build a h\se or ev5 pit* a t5t 9 a dry wa% or arroyo 9 des]t regions6 ,incid5tally1 indirect measurem5ts by eng9e]s ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey indicat$ a dis*>ge ( #i1bij cfs j above ! wa%$ out bridge 9 ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon1 & #b1ihj cfs 9 ,r$ ,canyon b5ea? ! ,broadway bridge4 ,,s\? ,,broadway ,inasmu* z ! bridge on ,monum5t ,road has long s9ce be5 rebuilt1 we w cross x1 turn "r on ,s\? ,broadway at ! ,t-int]section1 cross ! ,r$l&s ,p[] ,canal 7p4 #hh71 & jo9 ,colorado ,highway #cdj at ! traffic light2 ?us1 we complete a r\nd trip 8,f ,gr& ,junction ?r\gh ,! ,r$l&s to ! ,we/ ,entrance ( ! ,monum5t10 8,?r\gh ! ,monum5t f ,we/ to ,ea/ ,entrances10 & 8,f ! ,ea/ ,entrance to ,gr& ,junction40 ,?r\gh ,glade ,p>k f ! ,nor?we/ ,arm ( ,ute ,canyon to ,columbus ,canyon ,,glade ,,p>k ,,road ,mile-m>k] #cd ,a v pleasant #aa-mile drive ?r\gh ,glade ,p>k may be made f ! int]section :]e ,rim ,rock ,drive crosses ! nor?we/ arm ( ,ute ,canyon 7p4 #ajh7 to ! int]section ) ! same drive on ! rim ( ,columbus ,canyon a qu>t] ( a mile s\?we/ ( ,cold ,%iv]s ,po9t 7p4 #abj74 ,! "n ,glade ,p>k ref]s n only to ! ,/ore & ,po/ ,(fice m5tion$ e>li]1 b also to a ne>ly flat f>m+ & ran*+ area s\? ( ! ,monum5t--an area entirely diff]5t f ! ,monum5t or ,! ,r$l&s4 ,mo/ ( ! cultivat$ "p ( ,glade ,p>k is und]la9 by ne>ly flat ly+ ,entrada ,s&/one :i* 0 wea!r$ to a s&y soil1 b a few areas are und]la9 by ! ,morrison ,=mation4 ,?is drive %\ld appeal p>ticul>ly to p sp5d+ f a few days to a week or m 9 ! campgr\nd4 ,= ! m adv5turesome1 o!r int]e/+ roads jo9 ,glade ,p>k f sev]al directions1 z not$ bel[4 ,aft] leav+ ,rim ,rock ,drive at ,ute ,canyon1 on a good gravell$ road1 we trav]se attractive1 hilly1 wood$ c\ntry g5]ally s\?w>d = ab\t a mile & climb "s #cjj feet to a flat area cov]$ ma9ly by sagebru% & grass4 ,ab\t #c miles s\? ( ! int]section1 we see on ! left ! lea*$ :ite outcrops ( ! ,entrada ,s&/one %[n 9 figure #ai4 ,,glade ,,p>k ,mile-m>k] #ce ,ano!r #b miles takes u to ! ,glade ,p>k ,/ore & ,po/ ,(fice at a f\r-way int]section4 ,an improv$1 gravell$ road leads we/w>d ?r\gh pleasant c\ntry "s #bj miles to ! ,utah ,/ate l9e1 beyond :i* an unimprov$ road leads ei!r to ! ,colorado or ! ,dolores ,riv]s4 ,future plann+ calls = improv+ ! ,utah /ret* ( ?is road & = build+ a bridge across ei!r ! ,colorado or ,dolores ,riv]s to connect ) sc5ic ,utah ,highway #abh4 ,if & :5 complet$1 ?is w\ld af=d a v sc5ic %ortcut f ,moab1 ,utah1 to ,gr& ,junction via ! ,little ,p>k ,road 7to be describ$74 ,s\? f ! f\r-way int]section an improv$ gravell$ road takes u ?r\gh wood$ c\ntry1 pa/ lakes & campgr\nds1 to ! summit ( ,pion ,mesa1 z not$ e>li]4 ,,glade ,,p>k ,,fault ,mile-m>k] #cf ,also1 f ! int]section a pav$ c\nty road kn[n z ,,ds 7s\?7 ,road leads ea/w>d !n nor!a/w>d ?r\gh f>m+ & ran*+ c\ntry #f miles to ! int]section ) ,rim ,rock ,drive ne> ,cold ,%iv]s ,po9t4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( a mile ea/ ( ! ,glade ,p>k ,/ore & ,po/ ,(fice ! road crosses ! ,glade ,p>k fault 7fig4 #h7 along :i* ! ,morrison & ,summ]ville ,=mations on ! "r h dropp$ d[n ) respect to ! ,entrada ,s&/one on ! left4 ,"h1 ! ,entrada also has be5 lea*$ to :ite4 ,,little ,,p>k ,,road ,mile-m>k] #cg ,at #a miles ea/ ( ! ,glade ,p>k ,/ore & ,po/ ,(fice is ! int]section ) ! improv$ gravell$ ,little ,p>k ,road1 :i* w be describ$ lat]4 ,at #b miles beyond ?is int]section1 ! ,,ds ,road leaves ! ,entrada ,s&/one & is on a wood$ /ret* ( ! ,kay5ta ,=mation ! rema9+ #b miles to ,rim ,rock ,drive4 ,! la/ "o-t5? ( a mile is crook$ & /eep1 s please sl[ d[n be=e rea*+ ! /op sign at ! int]section4 ,"s ye>s ago ! brakes on a pickup truck fail$ z ! driv] approa*$ ! /op sign1 b he 0 lucky en\gh to jump out at ! top ( ! cliff j be=e ! truck plung$ to ! bottom ( ,columbus ,canyon4 ,f ,glade ,p>k to ,gr& ,junction ,via ! ,little ,p>k ,road ,,glade ,,p>k ,,fault ,mile-m>k] #ch ,f ! int]section #a miles ea/ ( ! ,glade ,p>k ,/ore & ,po/ ,(fice1 let u turn s\!a/ on ! rec5tly improv$ & gravell$ ,little ,p>k ,road ar\nd ! head ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon1 :i* 0 add$ to ! ,monum5t 9 #aigh 7fig4 #c74 ,f ! int]section x is ab\t #ad miles to ,gr& ,junction by ?is r\te4 ,9 half a mile we rea* ! new b\nd>y ( ! ,monum5t at a m9or dra9age divide1 & z we />t d[n a /eep hill beyond we may p>k on ! "r & look s\!a/w>d across ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon along ! ,glade ,p>k fault 7fig4 #eh7 :i* has produc$ ! fi%tail %ape ( ! head ( ! canyon1 z %[n 9 figures #h & #ei4 ,a diff]5t view ( ! fault & canyon head is %[n by ! /]eoscopic pair ( a]ial photographs 9 figure #ei4 ,! ,little ,p>k ,road closely foll[s ! new ,monum5t b\nd>y ar\nd ! s\? end ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon1 ei!r on ! ,kay5ta ,=mation or ,entrada ,s&/one1 & af=ds good views into ! canyon f sev]al places4 ,ea/ ( ! s\!a/ arm ( ! canyon1 ! road leaves ! b\nd>y & goes nor!a/w>d ab\t #d miles to ! end ( ! improv$ "p ( ! road1 b ! unimprov$ "p is good1 & ! l[] #e miles is pav$4 ,on my geologic maps#da ( ! area1 ,i call$ ?is road by its old] "n--! ,jacobs ,ladd] ,road4 ,,ladd] ,,& ,,r\gh ,,canyons ,mile-m>k] #ci ,ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile f ! end ( ! improv$ /ret*1 "o may turn "r on two tire tracks1 travel ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile f>!r1 & p>k ne> ! junction ( ,r\gh & ,ladd] ,canyons1 :]e int]e/+ geology is rea*able by %ort walks up ,ladd] ,canyon or d[n ,r\gh ,canyon4 ,ab\t a mile up ,ladd] ,canyon is an int]e/+ ab&on$ mica m9e4#db ,illu/ration3 ,,glade ,,p>k ,,fault ,,view$ ,,f ,,! ,,gr\nd1 cross+ head ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon4 ,look+ s\!a/ f ,little ,p>k ,road j s\!a/ ( new ,monum5t b\nd>y4 ,fault passes j to "r ( :ite cliff ( ,w+ate ,s&/one ne> bottom ( photograph ?r\gh not* 9 ea/ wall ( canyon4 ,note t surface to "r 7s\?7 ( fault has dropp$ ab\t #ej feet bel[ left side4 ,gr& ,mesa =ms skyl9e4 7,fig4 #eh7 ,f ! left side ( ! road1 ab\t #i miles nor!a/ ( our />t+ po9t1 we see ! view %[n 9 figure #fj4 ,ab\t #b miles f>!r nor?1 ,little ,p>k ,road is pav$ ?r\gh a suburban h\s+ developm5t all ! way to ,! ,r$l&s2 !re1 we may turn "r1 cross ! ,gunnison ,riv]1 & rea* ,u4,s4 ,highway #ej2 or we may turn left ?r\gh ,rosevale & rea* ,colorado ,highway #cdj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,glade ,,p>k ,,fault ,,view$ ,,f ,,! ,,air1 cross+ head ( ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon f left to "r4 ,l& s\? ( ! fault 0 dropp$ "s #ej feet bel[ t on ! nor? side4 ,primitive road ar\nd head ( canyon has be5 improv$ & real9$ s9ce photographs 7 tak54 ,! /]eoscopic pair ( a]ial photographs may be view$ )\t optical aids by ^? accu/om$ to ?is proc$ure or by use ( a simple d\ble l5s /]eoscope1 su* z ! fold+ ones us$ by ! arm$ =ces dur+ & aft] ,_w ,w> ,,ii4 ,comp>e ) ! geologic map1 figure #h4 ,photographs tak5 9 #aicg by ,u4,s4 ,soil ,cons]vation ,s]vice4 7,fig4 #ei7 ,illu/ration3 ,,ladd] ,,creek ,,monocl9e ,,& ,,r$l&s ,,fault1 look+ nor?we/ f look\t po9t ne> ,little ,p>k ,road4 ,telephoto view ( left half ( ?is sc5e is %[n 9 figure #bi2 photograph ( ,morrison ,=mation %[n 9 figure #ba 0 tak5 f po9t ab\t a mile f>!r nor?4 7,fig4 #fj7 ,rsum ( ,geologic ,hi/ory & ,relation to ,o!r ,national ,p>ks & ,monum5ts 9 ! ,colorado ,plateau ,9 ! geologic /ory ( ! ,monum5t discuss$ on pages #ag to #id1 ! geologic processes & ev5ts lead+ to ! ,monum5t ( today 7 told 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occurr$2 !re=e1 ! details ( ! geologic hi/ory h already be5 cov]$4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ?is /ory & ! trips ?r\gh & ar\nd ! ,monum5t1 let u see h[ ! colorful canyons1 cliffs1 & o!r erosion =ms fit into ! bigg] s*eme ( ?+s--! geologic age & ev5ts ( ! ,e>? z a :ole1 z depict$ 9 figure #fa4 ,z %[n 9 figure #g1 ! rock /rata /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,monum5t range 9 age f ,prot]ozoic to ,cretace\s1 or f ab\t #a1ejj million to #ajj million ye>s old--a span ( ab\t #a1djj million ye>s4 ,?is seems an incr$ibly long "t1 until "o comp>es figures #g & #fa1 & notes t ! ,e>? is "s #d1ejj million ye>s old1 & t ! rock pile 9 ! ,monum5t is only ab\t a ?ird ! age ( ! ,e>? z a :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,geologic ,,"t ,,spiral1 %[+ ! sequ5ce1 names1 & ages ( ! geologic p]iods & epo*s1 & ! evolution ( plant & animal life on l& & 9 ! sea4 ,! primitive animals t evolv$ 9 ! sea dur+ ! va/ ,ar*ean & ,prot]ozoic ,eons left few traces 9 ! rocks because !y _h n develop$ h>d p>ts1 su* z %ells1 b h>d-%ell or skeletal p>ts became abundant dur+ & aft] ! ,cambrian ,p]iod4 ,?is draw+ 0 made :5 ! ,geological ,survey & mo/ o!rs us$ ! t]m ,precambrian to embrace :at is n[ includ$ 9 ! ,ar*ean & ,prot]ozoic ,eons4 ,! end ( ! ,ar*ean ,eon & beg9n+ ( ! ,prot]ozoic ,eon has be5 plac$ at ab\t #b1ejj million ye>s ago4 ,also1 because ( m rec5t radiometric dat+1 ! ages ( ! b\nd>ies betwe5 "s ( ! geologic p]iods & epo*s h be5 *ang$ slightly4 ,( mo/ conc]n to ?is report1 ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e ,epo*s has be5 *ang$ f #c million to #b million ye>s4 ,drawn by ,john ,r4 ,/acy orig9ally = inclusion 9 a report by ,newman 7#aigf74 7,fig4 #fa7 ,! ,age ( ! ,e>? ,! ,e>? is v old--#d4e billion ye>s or m accord+ to rec5t e/imates4 ,mo/ ( ! evid5ce = an anci5t ,e>? is conta9$ 9 ! rocks t =m ! ,e>?'s cru/4 ,! rock lay]s !mselves--l pages 9 a long & complicat$ hi/ory--record ! surface-%ap+ ev5ts ( ! pa/1 & buri$ )9 !m are traces ( life--! plants & animals t evolv$ f organic /ructures t exi/$ p]haps #c billion ye>s ago4 ,also conta9$ 9 rocks once molt5 are radioactive elem5ts ^: isotopes provide ,e>? sci5ti/s ) an atomic clock4 ,)9 ^! rocks1 8p>5t0 isotopes decay at a pr$ictable rate to =m 8daught]0 isotopes4 ,by det]m9+ ! relative am\nts ( p>5t & daught] isotopes1 ! age ( ^! rocks c be calculat$4 ,?us1 ! results ( /udies ( rock lay]s 7/ratigraphy71 & ( fossils 7paleontology71 c\pl$ ) ! ages ( c]ta9 rocks z measur$ by atomic clocks 7geo*ronology71 atte/ to a v old ,e>?6 ,b ?is is n ! :ole /ory4 ,z indicat$ e>li]1 y\ng] ,mesozoic & ,t]ti>y rocks m ?an #a mile ?ick t once cov]$ ! area h be5 c>ri$ away by erosion1 &1 if we include ^!1 ! span is increas$ by ano!r #ej million ye>s or s4 ,if we consid] ! geologic =mations t make up ! national p>ks 7,n4,p471 national monum5ts 7,n4,m47 7exclud+ small hi/orical or ar*aeological ones71 ,monum5t ,valley1 ,san ,rafael ,swell1 & ,gl5 ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area1 all 9 ! ,colorado ,plateau1 x becomes app>5t t c]ta9 =mations or gr\ps ( =mations play />r+ roles 9 "s p>ks or monum5ts1 "s play support+ roles1 & 9 a few places ! entire ca/ ( rocks gets ab\t equal bill+4 ,let u comp>e !m & see h[ & :]e !y fit into ! 8,geologic ,"t ,spiral0 7fig4 #fa74 ,d9osaur ,n4,m4 & ,colorado ,n4,m41 ) expos$ rocks rang+ 9 age f ,prot]ozoic to ,cretace\s1 cov] ! greate/ "t spans 7ne>ly #b billion ye>s71 b mo/ ( ! rocks are miss+ at ,colorado ,n4,m41 z not$ bel[4 ,d9osaur ,n4,m4 has "o unit--! ,jurassic ,morrison ,=mation--9 ! />r+ role1 = ?is unit conta9s ! _m d9osaur fossils t give ! monum5t its "n & fame1 al?\gh !re are sev]al old] units 9 support+ roles4 ,gr& ,canyon ,n4,p4 is next1 ) rocks rang+ 9 age f ,prot]ozoic ?r\gh ,p]mian 7exclud+ ! ,quat]n>y lava fl[s71 b "h is truly a team ef=t1 = ! entire ca/ gets ab\t equal bill+4 ,canyonl&s ,n4,p4 /&s ?ird 9 ?is category1 ) rocks rang+ f ,p5nsylvanian to ,jurassic1 b we w\ld h to give top bill+ to ! ,p]mian ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one ,memb] ( ! ,cutl] ,=mation1 f :i* ,! ,ne$les1 ,! ,grab5s1 & mo/ ( ! ar*es 7 sculptur$4 ,! ,triassic ,w+ate ,s&/one & ! ,triassic787 ,kay5ta ,=mation get second bill+ = _! roles 9 =m+ & pres]v+ ,isl& 9 ! ,sky & o!r high mesas4 ,n[ let u consid] o!r areas ) only "o or few play]s 9 ! ca/1 beg9n+ at ! bottom ( ! "t spiral4 ,black ,canyon ( ! ,gunnison ,n4,m41 cut entirely 9 rocks ( e>ly ,prot]ozoic age ) only a v5e] ( mu* y\ng] rocks1 obvi\sly has b "o /> 9 its ca/4 ,colorado ,n4,m4 conta9s rocks rang+ f ,prot]ozoic to ,cretace\s 7equal to ,d9osaur 9 ?is respect71 b ,colorado is unique 9 t all rocks ( ! long ,paleozoic ,era & "s o!rs are miss+ f ! ca/4 ,( ^? t rema91 ! ,triassic ,w+ate & ! ,triassic787 ,kay5ta are ! />s1 ) /rong support f ! ,jurassic ,entrada ,s&/one & f ! ,prot]ozoic rocks1 :i* floor ! ,u-%ap$ canyons4 ,all ! bridges 9 ,natural ,bridges ,n4,m4 7 c>v$ f ! ,p]mian ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one ,memb] ( ! ,cutl] ,=mation1 also "o ( ! />s 9 ,canyonl&s ,n4,p4 ,9 ,canyon de ,*elly 7pron\nc$ dee %ay7 ,n4,m4 & ,monum5t ,valley 7nei!r a national p>k nor a national monum5t1 z x is own$ & adm9i/]$ by ! ,navajo ,tribe71 ! ,de ,*elly ,s&/one ,memb] ( ! ,cutl] ,=mation--a ,p]mian memb] y\ng] ?an ! ,c$> ,mesa--plays ! />r+ role4 ,wupatki ,n4,m4 ne> ,flag/aff1 ,ariz41 />s ! ,triassic ,mo5kopi ,=mation4 ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,n4,p4 7:i* n[ includes "p ( ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t7 has b "o />--! ,triassic ,*9le ,=mation1 9 :i* are f\nd _m petrifi$ logs & /umps ( anci5t trees4 ,! ,triassic-,jurassic ,gl5 ,canyon ,gr\p1 :i* includes ! ,triassic ,w+ate ,s&/one1 ! ,triassic787 ,kay5ta ,=mation1 & ! ,triassic787-,jurassic ,navajo ,s&/one1 receives top bill+ 9 rec5tly enl>g$ ,capitol ,reef ,n4,p41 b ! ,triassic ,mo5kopi & ,*9le ,=mations enjoy support+ roles4 ,! ,triassic787-,jurassic ,navajo ,s&/one1 :i* has a support+ role 9 ,ar*es ,n4,p41 is ! undisput$ /> ( ,zion ,n4,p41 ,ra9b[ ,bridge ,n4,m41 & ,gl5 ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area4 ,! ,navajo also =ms ! impressive reef at ! ea/ edge ( ! beautiful ,san ,rafael ,swell1 a dome1 or clos$ anticl9e1 n[ cross$ by ,highway ,i-#gj betwe5 ,gre5 ,riv] & ,fremont ,junction1 ,utah4 ,z we j\rney upw>d 9 ! "t spiral 7fig4 #fa71 we come to ! ,jurassic ,entrada ,s&/one1 :i* />s 9 ,ar*es ,n4,p41 ) help f ! und]ly+ ,navajo ,s&/one1 & a support+ ca/ ( bo? old] & y\ng] rocks4 ,! ,entrada also =ms ! grotesque erosion =ms call$ 8hoodoos & gobl9s0 9 ,gobl9 ,valley ,/ate ,p>k1 nor? ( ,hanksville1 ,utah4 ,mov+ ev] upw>d 9 ! spiral1 we come to ! ,cretace\s--! age ( ! />r+ ,mesav]de ,gr\p1 9 :i* ! caves ( ,mesav]de ,n4,p4 7 =m$1 & :i* n[ h\se beautifully pres]v$ ru9s once occupi$ by ! ,anasazi 7! anci5t p :o once dwelt 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,plateau74 ,?is br+s u up to ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod1 dur+ ! e>ly "p ( :i* ! p9k lime/ones & %ales ( ! ,paleoc5e & ,eoc5e ,wasat* ,=mation 7 laid d[n 9 inl& bas9s4 ,beautifully sculptur$ cliffs1 p9nacles1 & caves ( ! ,wasat* /> 9 ,bryce ,canyon ,n4,p4 & 9 ne>by ,c$> ,breaks ,n4,m4 ,?is concludes our climb up ! "t spiral1 except = ,quat]n>y volcanos & "s old] volcanic features at ,sunset ,crat] ,n4,m41 ne> ,flag/aff1 ,ariz4 ,?us1 "o way or ano!r1 _m rock units =m$ dur+ ! la/ c\ple ( billion ye>s h p]=m$ on ! /age ( ! ,colorado ,plateau &1 hamlike1 /ill lurk 9 ! w+s eag]ly await+ y\r applause to recall !m to ! footlights4 ,d n let !m d[n--visit & enjoy ! national p>ks & monum5ts ( ! ,plateau1 = !y probably are ! greate/ collection ( sc5ic wond]l&s 9 ! _w4 ,ackn[l$gm5ts ,i am grateful to _m fri5ds & colleagues n only = help on ! pres5t report1 b also = help on ! two prec$+ reports :i* made ?is "o possible4 ,i ref] to my ,pr(essional ,pap] #dea1dc :i* suppli$ ! detail$ geologic data & to ! fir/ popul>-/yle booklet4#dd ,fir/ ( all1 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge ! great help r5d]$ by memb]s ( my family--my elde/ son ,bill = s]v+ z my unpaid field assi/ant = mo/ ( ! detail$ mapp+ ( ! ,gr& ,junction area1 & my two y\ng] sons ,t]ry & ,bob = simil> s]vices dur+ ! la/ phases ( ! fieldwork4 ,i am especially indebt$ to my wife ,ru? = mat]ial assi/ance 9 all ! fieldwork1 includ+ ! road logg+ & ! color photography = ! pres5t report4 ,i am grateful to sev]al colleagues ( ! ,geological ,survey & ,national ,p>k ,s]vice = help1 data1 or reviews ( all ?ree reports not$1 & to memb]s ( my family = review+ bo? popul>-/yle reports4 ,= review+ ! pres5t report ,i am especially indebt$ to ,david ,v4 ,h>ris1 ,em]itus ,pr(essor ( ,geology1 ,colorado ,/ate ,univ]sity2 ,h>ry ,a4 ,t\rtelot1 ,geologi/1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 = review+ bo? popul>-/yle reports & contribut+ petrographic /udies to ! detail$ report2 & to my wife1 ,ru?4 ,! comm5ts & criticisms ( all review]s 7 c>efully consid]$ & mo/ 7 adopt$1 b 9 "s places ,i h pref]r$ to /ate ?+s 9 my own way1 & h includ$ topics t seem+ly 7 ( m int]e/ to me ?an to "s ( ! review]s4 ,! responsibility = ! =m & cont5t ( ?is report ?us rema9s m9e4 ,ref]5ces ,li/$ bel[ 9 alphabetical ord] are ! reports ref]r$ to 9 ?is report4 ,9 ! next section are li/$ reports = additional read+1 :i* ,i hope w be ( g5]al int]e/ to mo/ read]s ( ?is report4 ,beck)1 ,e4 ,g41 #ahed1 ,report ( explorations = a r\te = ! ,pacific ,railroad3 ,u4,s4 ,pacific ,r4,r4 ,explor41 v4 #b1 #abh p4 ,ca%ion1 ,w4 ,b41 #aigc1 ,geologic & /ructure map ( ! ,gr& ,junction ,quadrangle1 ,colorado3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,inv4 ,s]4 ,map ,i-#gcf repr9t$ #aigi4 ,cat]1 ,f4 ,w41 #aigj1 ,geology ( ! salt anticl9e region 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #fcg1 #hj p4 ,colorado ,/ate ,plann+ ,commission1 #aiei1 ,colorado ,ye> ,book1 #aief-aieh3 ,d5v]1 #hga p4 ,dell5baugh1 ,f4 ,s41 #aijb1 ,! romance ( ! ,colorado ,riv]3 ,new ,york1 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 #cii p4 repr9t$ #aifb by ,rio ,gr&e ,press1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,hamilton1 ,d4 ,l41 #aief1 ,colorado ,national ,monum5t1 pa/ & pres5t3 ,int]m\nta9 ,assoc4 ,petroleum ,geologi/s1 #g? ,ann4 ,field ,conf4 ,guidebook1 p4 #dh-di4 ,hans51 ,w4 ,r41 #aifi1 ,! geologic /ory ( ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s ) graphics by ,john ,r4 ,/acy3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #abia1 #add p4 ,hayd51 ,f4 ,v41 #ahgg1 ,report ( progress = ! ye> #ahge3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 & ,geog4 ,survey ,t]r41 embrac+ ,colorado & p>ts ( adjac5t t]ritories1 #hbg p41 #gj pls41 #fg figs4 ,hunt1 ,c4 ,b41 #aifi1 ,geologic hi/ory ( ! ,colorado ,riv]1 9 ,! ,colorado ,riv] region & ,john ,wesley ,p[ell3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #ffi1 p4 ,i-,,iv1 #ei-acj4 ,j5n+s1 ,j4 ,d41 #aigj1 ,canyonl&s--aborig9es3 ,naturali/1 v4 #ba1 ,summ]1 ,spec4 ,issue #b1 p4 #aj-ae4 ,lohman1 ,s4 ,w41 #aifj1 ,geology ( we/-c5tral ,colorado1 9 ,guide to ! geology ( ,colorado3 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]ican1 ,rocky ,mtn4 ,assoc4 ,geologi/s1 & ,colorado ,sci4 ,soc41 p4 #ff1 #hb-hd ) ,j4 ,r4 ,donnell1 #hf-ia4 ---- #aifa1 ,ab&onm5t ( ,unaweep ,canyon1 ,mesa ,c\nty1 ,colorado1 by capture ( ! ,colorado & ,gunnison ,riv]s3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #dbd-;,b1 art4 #fj1 p4 ,b#add-;,b#adf1 fig4 #fj-a4 ---- #aifc1 ,geologic map ( ! ,gr& ,junction area1 ,colorado3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,inv4 ,s]4 ,map ,i-#djd4 ---- #aife;a1 ,geology & artesian wat] supply ( ! ,gr& ,junction area1 ,colorado3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #dea1 #adi p4 ---- #aife;b1 ,! geologic /ory ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t ) graphics by ,john ,r4 ,/acy3 ,fruita1 ,colo41 ,colorado & ,black ,canyon ,natural ,hi/ory ,assoc41 #ef p4 ---- #aigd1 ,! geologic /ory ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k1 ) graphics by ,john ,r4 ,/acy3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #acbg1 #abf p4 ---- #aige1 ,! geologic /ory ( ,ar*es ,national ,p>k1 ) graphics by ,john ,r4 ,/acy3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #acic1 #aac p4 ,look1 ,al1 #aifa1 ,john ,otto & ! ,colorado ,national ,monum5t3 ,d5v]1 ,colo41 ,d5v] ,we/]n]s1 ,inc41 #hj p41 second edition #aifb by ,s&/one ,publi%+ ,co41 ,gr& ,junction1 ,colo44 ,newman1 ,w4 ,l41 #aigf1 ,geologic "t--! age ( ! ,e>?3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 #bj p4 ,pipir+os1 ,g4 ,n41 & ,o',sullivan1 ,r4 ,b41 #aige1 ,*]t pebble uncon=mity at ! top ( ! ,navajo ,s&/one 9 s\!a/]n ,utah1 9 ,canyonl&s ,c\ntry1 ,eigh? annual field conf]5ce1 ,sept4 #bb-be1 #aige1 ,guidebook3 ,durango1 ,colo41 ,f\r ,corn]s ,geol4 ,soc41 p4 #adi-aef4 ,pott]1 ,r4 ,m41 & ,rossman1 ,g4 ,r41 #aigg1 ,des]t v>ni%3 ,! importance ( clay m9]als3 ,sci5ce1 v4 #aif1 no4 #dbig1 p4 #addf-addh1 ,june #bd4 ,williams1 ,p4 ,l41 #aifd1 ,geology1 /ructure1 & uranium deposits ( ! ,moab ,quadrangle1 ,colorado & ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,inv4 ,s]41 ,map ,i-#cfj repr9t$ #aigf4 ,worm+ton1 ,h4 ,m41 & ,li/]1 ,rob]t ,h41 #aief1 ,ar*aeological inve/igation on ! ,uncompahgre ,plateau 9 we/-c5tral ,colorado3 ,d5v] ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/ory ,proc41 no4 #b1 #abi p41 #fi figs4 ,wright1 ,j4 ,c41 ,%awe1 ,d4 ,r41 & ,lohman1 ,s4 ,w41 #aifb1 ,def9ition ( memb]s ( ! ,jurassic ,entrada ,s&/one 9 ea/-c5tral ,utah & we/-c5tral ,colorado3 ,bull4 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,petroleum ,geologi/s1 v4 #df1 no4 #aa1 p4 #bjeg-bjgj4 ,additional ,read+ ,cat]1 ,f4 ,w41 #aiff1 ,age ( ! ,uncompahgre uplift & ,unaweep ,canyon1 we/-c5tral ,colorado3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #eej-;,c1 p4 ,c#hf-;,c#ib4 ,ev]h>t1 ,w4 ,c41 #aigb1 ,! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice1 ,praeg] ,libr>y ( ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5ts & ,ag5cies ,no4 #ac3 ,new ,york1 ,praeg] ,publi%]s1 p4 i-xii1 #a-bgf4 ,follansbee1 ,rob]t1 #aibi1 ,upp] ,colorado ,riv] & its utilization3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,wat]-,supply ,pap] #fag1 #cid p4 ,gilluly1 ,james1 ,wat]s1 ,a4 ,c41 & ,wood=d1 ,a4 ,o41 #aige1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology #d? ed43 ,san ,francisco1 ,w4 ,h4 ,freeman ,co41 #ebg p4 ,hans51 ,w4 ,r41 #aife1 ,! ,black ,canyon ( ! ,gunnison1 today & ye/]day3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #aaia1 #gf p4 ,h>ris1 ,d4 ,v41 #aigh1 ,! geologic /ory ( ! national p>ks & monum5ts #bnd ed43 ,ft4 ,coll9s1 ,colo41 ,colo4 ,/ate ,univ4 ,f\ndation ,press1 #cbe p4 ,hunt1 ,c4 ,b41 #aief1 ,c5ozoic geology ( ! ,colorado ,plateau3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #bgi1 #ii p4 ,keef]1 ,w4 ,r41 #aiga1 ,! geologic /ory ( ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k1 illu/rat$ by ,john ,r4 ,/acy3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #acdg1 #ib p4 ,look1 ,al1 #aiea1 ,9 my back y>d3 ,! ,univ4 ( ,d5v] ,press1 #cah p4 ---- #aiee1 #a1jjj million ye>s on ! ,colorado ,plateau1 l& ( uranium3 ,d5v]1 ,colo41 ,bell ,publications1 #cdd p4 ,mill]1 ,p4 ,h41 & ,coale1 ,b4 ,v41 #aifi1 ,colorado ,national ,monum5t1 a fanta/ic l&scape sculptur$ by erosion3 ,fruita1 ,colo41 ,! ,colorado-,black ,canyon ( ! ,gunnison ,nature ,assoc41 ,inc41 #gc p4 ,peale1 ,a4 ,c41 #ahgg1 ,geological report on ! ,gr& ,riv] di/rict ,colorado1 9 ,f4 ,v4 ,hayd51 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ( ! ,t]r41 ,ann4 ,rept4 #i1 #ahge3 p4 #ca-aja4 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyphs ,footnotes #a,reports ref]r$ to 9 ?is & "s ( ! subsequ5t footnotes are li/$ "u 8,ref]5ces0 by au?ors 9 alphabetical ord]1 foll[$ by ye> ( publication1 & o!r p]t95t data4 ,! report j ref]r$ to is li/$ z ,lohman1 #aife;a4 ,o!r reports ( int]e/ are simil>ly li/$ "u 8,additional read+40 #b,lohman1 #aife;b4 #c,lohman1 #aigd4 #d,lohman1 #aige4 #e;,= a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is colorful "*1 see ,look1 #aifa-fb4 ,my /atem5ts reg>d+ ,otto 7 tak5 ma9ly f ?is acc\nt4 #f,s-call$ buffalo are actually bison4 #gaifa-fb1 p4 #ai-ba4 #h;,j we/ ( ! ,t-int]section ( ,monum5t ,road & ! ea/]n segm5t ( ,s\? ,broadway4 #i,worm+ton & ,li/]1 #aief1 p4 #ha1 #aai-abb4 #aj;,ar*aeological survey ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t1 #aifc1 by ,george ,/roh1 ,jr41 & ,george ,h4 ,ew+1 ) laboratory assi/ance by ,william ,d4 ,wade4 ,unpubli%$ duplicat$ manuscript1 #fb p41 map1 ,m>* #aifd4 ,= copies ( ?is & o!r reports or discussions ( ! subject1 or bo?1 ,i am greatly indebt$ to3 ,adri5ne ,&]son1 ,regional ,ar*aeologi/1 ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region1 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice1 ,d5v]2 ,bruce ,rippeteau1 ,/ate ,ar*aeologi/1 ,d5v]2 ,john ,cr\*1 ,di/rict ,ar*aeologi/1 ,bureau ( ,l& ,managem5t1 ,gr& ,junction2 ,h4 ,m>ie ,worm+ton1 ,an?ropologi/ ,em]itus1 ,d5v] ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory2 & ,al ,look1 ,gr& ,junction4 ,copies ( ?is & o!r unpubli%$ reports ref]r$ to are on file at ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,monum5t4 #aa,_m ( ! cliff faces ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one1 & 9 p>ts ( ! ,plateau o!r s&/ones also1 are d>k5$ or black5$ by des]t v>ni%1 a natural pigm5t ( iron & manganese oxides1 silica1 & clay4 7,see fig4 #cb47 ,! v>ni% is d>k] on cliff faces t h be5 /&+ long]4 ,! prehi/oric inhabitants ( ! canyon c\ntry le>n$ t effective & endur+ designs c\ld be creat$ simply by *isel+ ?r\gh ! ?9 d>k lay] to reveal ! buff1 tan1 or p9k s&/one b5ea?4 ,^! petroglyphs 7 *isel$ :5 ! rock face 0 v]tical2 aft]w>ds ! slab fell to a horizontal position4 #ab,! ,fremont p 7 ma9ly hunt]s :o roam$ ! ,plateau ar\nd ,a4,d4 #hej or #ijj4 7,see ,j5n+s1 #aigj47 #ac,tak5 ma9ly f ,colorado ,/ate ,plann+ ,commission1 #aiei1 ,hamilton1 #aief1 ,beck)1 #ahed1 & ,hayd51 #ahgg4 #ad,tak5 l>gely f ,dell5baugh1 #aijb4 #ae;,in=mation reg>d+ ,kodel & 8 m9e 0 obta9$ ma9ly f ,al ,look & ,c4 ,frank ,moore ( ,gr& ,junction & ,mrs4 ,irv+ ,c4 ,be>d ( ,fruita4 #af;,= details see ,lohman1 #aife;a4 #ag,see ,lohman1 #aigd4 #ah,! ,geological ,survey has divid$ ! ,precambrian into1 f olde/ to y\nge/1 ! ,ar*ean & ,prot]ozoic ,eons1 ) ! b\nd>y at #b1ejj million ye>s4 ,! two eons n[ con/itute ,precambrian "t4 #ai,pott] & ,rossman1 #aigg4 #bj;,accord+ to ,rob]t ,a4 ,cadigan1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 #ba,see ,pipir+os & ,o',sullivan1 #aige4 #bb,see ,wright1 ,%awe1 & ,lohman1 #aifb4 #bc,pipir+os & ,o',sullivan1 #aige4 #bd;,accord+ to ,fr$ ,pet]son1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 #be,wright1 ,%awe1 & ,lohman1 #aifb2 ,lohman1 #aige4 #bf,paul ,l4 ,williams1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 told me 9 ,novemb] #aigh t he obs]v$ ,h,s-be>+ spr+ wat] lea*+ ! color f bo? ! ,entrada & ,w+ate ,s&/ones above ,tabegua*e ,creek "s #h or #aj miles nor? ( ,nucla1 ,colo41 & f ! ,w+ate alone along ,onion ,creek 9 ea/]n ,utah4 #bg,lohman1 #aife;a1 p4 #dg1 #dh4 #bh,/udy ( a fauna ( small v]tebrates f ! late ,jurassic ,morrison ,=mation ( we/]n ,colorado1 by ,george ,c4 ,callison1 #ba pages1 ,june #aigh4 #bi;,a1 modifi$ f ,gilmore1 c\rtesy ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum2 ,b1 modifi$ f ,gilmore1 c\rtesy ,c>negie ,museum2 ,c1 modifi$ f ,ma!w1 c\rtesy ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory2 & ,d1 modifi$ f ,rom]1 aft] ,m>% & ,gilmore1 c\rtesy ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press4 #cj;,f in=mation obta9$ 9 sev]al discussions ) ,john ,r4 ,donnell4 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 #ca,see ,cat]1 #aigj1 p4 #fg4 #cb,lohman #aifa1 #aife;a1 #aife;b2 ,hunt #aifi1 p4 #hg4 #cc,lohman1 #aifj1 p4 #ff-ajj1 #hh-ia4 #cd;,9 ! foll[+ sections ! small numb]$ triangles 9 ! "r m>g9 ref] to key po9ts along ! trip r\tes4 ,figure #c %[s ! locations ( ^! key po9ts4 ,^! numb]s %\ld be especially helpful if ! read] happ5s to foll[ ! road guides 9 rev]se4 #ce,"o cfs1 or "o fts1 #ddh4h gallons a m9ute or #bddf4f cubic met]s a day4 #cf,lohman1 #aife;a1 p4 #dd4 #cg,lohman1 #aife;a1 p4 #bb4 #ch,lohman1 #aifc1 #aife;a4 #ci,lohman1 #aife;a1 p4 #bb1 #bc4 #dj,lohman1 #aife;a1 p4 #ajf1 well #cc4 #da,lohman1 #aifc2 #aife;a1 pl4 #a4 #db,lohman1 #aife;a1 p4 #ae4 #dc,lohman1 #aife;a4 #dd,lohman1 #aife;b4 ,index ,italic page numb]s indicate major ref]5ces or pre-em95t views ,page ,a ,ackn[l$gm5ts1 #acj ,agate1 #ec ,airport1 ,walk] ,field1 #he ,albuqu]que1 ,n4 ,mex41 #af ,algae1 #bg1 #dg ,allosaurus1 #d1 #ej1 #eb1 #fj ,anasazi p1 #abi ,animals1 buffalo1 #c1 #ia1 #id1 #aje cattle1 #aja de]1 #b elk1 #b1 #aji %eep1 #ii ,an?ropoid primates1 #gf ,anticl9es1 #fa1 #fb ,apatosaurus1 #ej1 #eb excelcus1 #if ,ar*aeological survey1 #aifc1 #h ,ar*ean ,eon1 #bd1 #abe ,ar*es1 #fa ,ar*es ,national ,p>k1 ,,xi1 #cf1 #abi ,area1 ,colorado ,national ,monum5t1 #e ,artesian wells1 #ad ,artifacts1 ,indian1 #e1 #h ,artificial fill1 view1 #ih ,arti/s ,po9t1 #de1 #aje view1 #df ,b ,balanc$ ,rock1 #ii ,basalt1 #ga ,bas9s1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc ,battlem5t ,mesa1 lava fl[s1 #ba1 #fc1 #fd1 #ga views1 #cj1 #cc ,be>d1 ,irv+1 #ab ,b5tonite1 #di ,black ,canyon ( ! ,gunnison ,national ,monum5t1 #ch1 #abh ,black ,ridge1 #ec1 #ee ,black ,ridge ,trail1 #ii ,book ,cliffs1 #ah1 #ef1 #gc coal1 #fj views1 #cj1 #cc1 #eg1 #ajj ,book ,cliffs ,view1 #ajb1 #ajd ,bra*iosaurus1 #ej alti?orax1 #ia monum5t1 ,riggs ,hill1 #ij ,broadway1 #hf1 #hi1 #ib-ie ,br[n-,/anton riv] exp$ition1 #aa ,bru%y ,bas9 ,memb]1 ,morrison ,=mation1 #dg1 #ij1 #if b5tonite1 #di views1 #dh1 #ie ,bryce ,canyon ,national ,p>k1 #fc1 #acj ,buffalo1 #c1 #ia1 #id1 #aje ,burro ,canyon ,=mation1 #ec1 #ee1 #ij1 #if1 #aah uncon=mity1 #aah views1 #dh1 #ed wat]1 #ae ,c ,cactus ,p>k1 #gh ,calcite1 #ba1 #ce ,callison1 ,george1 #ej ,cam>asaurus1 #ej ,campgr\nd1 ,saddlehorn1 #e1 #cb1 #hf1 #aja view1 #aja ,camptosaurus1 view1 #eb ,canyon c\ntry1 #a ,canyon cutt+1 #gh ,canyon de ,*elly ,national ,monum5t1 #abi ,canyon ,l&s1 #af ,canyon ,rim ,trail1 #ajb1 #ajd views1 #ajc1 #ajd ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k1 ,,xi1 #abh ,capitol ,reef ,national ,p>k1 #cf1 #ch1 #abi ,c>mel ,=mation1 #ci ,cattle1 #aja ,caves1 ,w+ate ,s&/one1 #ac1 #cb ,c$> ,breaks ,national ,monum5t1 #acj ,c$> ,city1 ,utah1 #af ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one ,memb]1 #abh1 #abi ,c$>$ge1 coal1 #fj ,c5ozoic ,era1 #fa ,c]atosaurus1 #ec ,*]t1 #ch ,*9le ,=mation1 #bf1 #bh1 #gi1 #if1 #abi fault+1 #ig views1 #ib1 #ic road cut1 #ii1 #aaf views1 #ai1 #hb1 #hi1 #ajj ,clams1 #ec1 #ee ,cl>k's ,wa%1 cave1 #ac ,cliff faces1 erosion1 #gi ,coal1 #di1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg1 #fj1 #hi d9osaur tracks1 #fj ,coke ,ov5s1 #bi1 #cj1 #dj1 #ec1 #aje view1 #ca ,coke ,ov5s ,ov]look1 #db1 #aje ,cold ,%iv]s ,po9t1 #bi1 #aaa view1 #aab ,colorado ,highway #ada1 #hc ,colorado ,highway #cdj1 #hf1 #hh1 #hi1 #id1 #ig1 #abb ,colorado m9]al belt1 #ac ,colorado ,plateau1 #cb1 #fc1 #abh ,colorado ,plateau ,prov9ce1 #af ,colorado ,riv]1 #aa1 #ee1 #gh1 #abj ance/ral1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #gg future c\rse1 #hc "n *ange1 #af ,columbus ,canyon1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aai ,como ,bluff1 ,l>amie1 ,wyo41 #ec ,cottonwood trees1 view1 #aad ,craw=d1 ,george ,a41 #aj ,cretace\s ,p]iod1 #ec1 #ee1 #fj1 #fc ,curb/ones1 ripple-m>k$1 #if ,curtis ,=mation1 #ci ,cutl] ,=mation1 #abh1 #abi ,d ,dakota ,s&/one1 #ae1 #ah1 #ec1 #ee1 #hi uncon=mity1 #aah view1 #ed ,de ,*elly ,s&/one ,memb]1 #abi ,de,beque1 #eg1 #fc1 #fd ,de,beque ,canyon1 #eg ,de]1 mule1 #b ,d5v] & ,rio ,gr&e ,we/]n ,railroad1 #he ,des]t1 #bi ,des]t v>ni%1 #h1 #cb view1 #fi ,devils ,canyon1 #ac ,devils ,kit*51 #aaf1 #aag ,devils ,kit*5 ,picnic ,area1 #hf1 #aaa1 #aaf ,dewey ,bridge ,memb]1 #ch1 #ci ,dikes1 #bd ,d9osaur tracks1 coal1 #fj ,d9osaur ,national ,monum5t1 #cf1 #abh ,diplodocus1 #ej ,dirty ,devil ,riv]1 #ab ,di/ant ,view1 #aja ,divide ,road1 view1 #hb ,dolores ,riv]1 #gc1 #abj ance/ral1 #gb ,domes1 draw+1 #fb ,dom+uez1 ,fa!r1 #aj ,dom+uez ,creek1 #hc ,donnell1 ,john ,r41 oil %ale1 #fd ,,ds ,road1 #aaa1 #abj ,e ,e>?fill1 #ig1 #ih ,ea/ ,creek1 capture1 #ge1 #gh ,burro ,canyon ,=mation1 #ee ,ea/ ,entrance1 #he1 #aaf ,elk1 #b1 #aji ,elks ,lodge1 #b ,entrada ,s&/one1 #ci1 #dc1 #de1 #aja1 #aai ,dewey ,bridge ,memb]1 #ch1 #ci ,moab ,memb]1 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 #if1 #aaa views1 #da1 #db ripplem>ks1 #if road cuts1 #aje1 #ajh ,slick ,rock ,memb]1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 #de views1 #ca1 #cg1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd uncon=mity1 view1 #cg views1 #ca1 #cd1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #dh1 #hb1 #ib1 #ajf1 #aad wat]1 #ae1 #dd1 #ia1 #aaf1 #aah1 #abj ,eoc5e ,epo*1 #fa1 #fc1 #ga ,erickson1 ,lance1 #ej ,erosion1 #bf1 #gi ,escalante1 ,fa!r1 #aj ,exp$ition1 ,p[ell1 #aa ,explor]s1 #aj ,f ,fall5 ,rock1 view1 #ha ,fall5 ,rock ,ov]look1 #ha1 #aji ,faults1 #ah1 #fd1 #fe ,glade ,p>k1 #fi1 #abj1 #aba views1 #abb1 #abc ,kodels ,canyon1 #fe1 #fi1 #ig views1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi ,r$l&s1 #fd1 #fe1 #hi1 #ib1 #id views1 #ff1 #ij1 #ic1 #ajg1 #abd ,field ,columbian ,museum1 #ej ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #ej ,fieldwork1 ,,xi ,flag/aff1 ,ariz41 #af ,fla% floods1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajh1 #aah ,folds1 #fd draw+s1 #fb ,gr& ,hogback monocl9e1 #fd ,ladd] ,creek monocl9e1 #aaa view1 #ff ,liz>d ,canyon monocl9e1 #fe1 #fi1 #ic1 #ie1 #ig views1 #fg1 #gj1 #id ,san ,rafael ,swell1 #cf1 #de1 #abh1 #abi ,uncompahgre ar*1 #gb1 #gc1 #gg1 #gh draw+1 #ge ,=mations1 rock4 ,see ,rock =mations4 ,fossils1 algae1 #bg1 #dg ,allosaurus1 #d1 #ej1 #eb1 #fj ,apatosaurus1 #ej1 #eb excelcus1 #if ,bra*iosaurus1 #ej1 #ij alti?orax1 #ia ,burro ,canyon ,=mation1 #ed ,callison1 ,george1 #ej ,cam>asaurus1 #ej ,camptosaurus1 #eb ,c>mel ,=mation1 #ci ,c]atosaurus1 #ec ,*9le ,=mation1 #bh clams1 #ec1 #ee ,como ,bluff1 #ec ,curtis ,=mation1 #ci d9osaurs1 #cb1 #fj ,diplodocus1 #ej ,erickson1 ,lance1 #ej ,kay5ta ,=mation1 #ce ,morosaurus1 #ej ,morrison ,=mation1 #dg1 #ec oy/]s1 #ee ,r$l&s1 ,!1 #ej1 #ec reptiles1 sea-go+1 #ef ,riggs ,hill1 #ej ,salt ,wa% ,memb]1 #ej %>ks1 #ef snails1 #ec ,/egosaurus1 #ej1 #eb ,t]ti>y mammals1 #gf tracks1 #fj ,tyrannosaurus1 #fj ,w+ate ,s&/one1 #cb wood1 #bh worms1 #bg ,fremont culture1 #i ,fremont ,junction1 ,utah1 #abi ,fruita1 #aa1 #he ,int]/ate #gj1 #hf ,fruita ,canyon1 #e1 #di1 #ie1 #ig ,*9le ,=mation1 #bh dikes1 #bd ,kodels ,canyon fault1 view1 #fh views1 #fg1 #ajj ,fruita ,canyon ,view1 #aja ,fruita ,paleontological area1 #ea1 #if ,fruita ,paleontological ,work%op1 #ea ,future1 #hc ,g ,gap 9 ! ,rock ,record4 ,see ,uncon=mities4 ,g>field1 ,james ,a41 #a ,gateway1 #bg1 #gb ,geologic hi/ory1 #abe ,geologic "t spiral1 #abf ,glaci]s1 #gg1 #hj ,glade ,p>k1 ran*]s1 #a1 #ajg ,entrada ,s&/one1 #dc1 #de ,slick ,rock ,memb]1 #de ,glade ,p>k fault1 #fi1 #abj1 #aba view1 #abb1 #abc ,glade ,p>k ,g5]al ,/ore & ,po/ ,(fice1 #ac1 #ajh ,gl5 ,canyon ,dam1 #gg ,gl5 ,canyon ,gr\p1 #abi ,gl5 ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area1 #abh1 #abi ,gl5wood ,canyon1 #gf ,gl5wood ,spr+s1 #bg ,gneiss1 #bd ,gobl9 ,valley ,/ate ,p>k1 #abi ,grab5s1 ,!1 #abh ,gr& ,canyon ,national ,p>k1 #abh ,gr& ,c\nty1 ,utah1 #ag ,gr& ,hogback monocl9e1 #fd ,gr& ,junction1 f\nd$1 #aj ,otto's monum5t1 #d ,gr& ,junction ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 #a ,gr& ,mesa1 #ag1 #ba1 #cc1 #fc1 #fd1 #ga1 #gc lakes1 #gg views1 #cc1 #fg1 #ajg1 #aac1 #abb wat]1 #ae ,gr& ,riv]1 #aj1 #aa1 #af ,gr& ,valley1 #ag1 #ef1 #fc1 #gf1 #gh1 #he views1 #cj1 #eg1 #ajj1 #aja ,gr& ,view1 #aje view1 #ai ,granite1 #bd ,great ,s& ,dunes ,national ,monum5t1 #bi ,gre5 ,riv]1 ,utah1 #aa1 #ab1 #af1 #abi ,gre5 ,riv] ,=mation1 #fc1 #fd view1 #ajc ,gunnison1 ,john ,w41 #aj ,gunnison ,riv]1 #aj1 #ag1 #gh1 #hc1 #hh1 #abb ance/ral1 #gb1 #gc draw+1 #ge ,gunsight1 view1 #cc ,gypsum1 #de ,h ,hanksville1 ,utah1 #abi ,hayd5 ,survey1 #aj ,hematite1 #ba ,h5ry ,m\nta9s1 #ch ,highl& ,view1 #ajg ,highways4 ,see ,roads4 ,hi/oric ,trails ,view1 #ii ,hi/ory1 #a ,holoc5e ,epo*1 #gf1 #hd ,holt1 ,edw9 ,l41 #ej ,hoov] ,dam1 #gg ,i ,ice age1 #gg ,indep5d5ce ,monum5t1 ,,xii1 #a1 #bi1 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,coke ,ov5s1 #aje ,gr& ,view1 #aje ,lib]ty ,cap1 #ij1 #ajh ,liz>d ,canyon1 #ig ,l[] ,ute ,canyon ,view1 #aji ,monum5t ,canyon1 #id1 #aje ,no ,?or\ghf>e ,canyon1 #a ,otto's1 #ig1 #ajd1 #aad ,s]p5ts1 #a1 #b1 #aaa views1 #cj1 #di1 #ff1 #aac1 #aad ,ute ,canyon1 #ajh1 #aji ,w9d[ ,rock ,nature ,trail1 #ajb1 #ajd ,triassic ,p]iod1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #ce ,trip guides1 ,ea/ ,entrance to ,gr& ,junction1 #aah ,fruita to ,we/ ,entrance1 #if ,glade ,p>k1 #aai ,gr& ,junction to ,we/ ,entrance1 #hh ,little ,p>k ,road1 #aba ,we/ to ,ea/ ,entrances1 #ig ,tyrannosaurus1 #fj ,u ,u9ta ,lake1 #fc ,unaweep ,canyon1 #gb1 #gc1 #gh1 #hj ance/ral1 #gf piracy1 draw+1 #ge view1 #hb ,uncompahgre ar*1 #fa1 #gb1 #gc1 #gg1 #gh draw+1 #ge ,uncompahgre ,complex1 #h ,uncompahgre ,highl&1 #bf ,uncompahgre ,plateau1 #bf1 #bh1 #di1 #gg1 #ajg ,uncon=mities1 #bf1 #ce1 #ed1 #ajd views1 #cg1 #da1 #ed ,u4,s4 ,highway #f1 #he1 #hh ,u4,s4 ,highway #bd1 #he ,u4,s4 ,highway #ej1 #he1 #hh1 #abb ,u4,s4 ,int]/ate #gj1 #fc1 #he1 #if ,utah 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view1 #cj views1 #ad1 #ai1 #cj1 #ca1 #cd1 #ff1 #fi1 #hb1 #ajj1 #ajf1 #aad1 #aae1 #aag1 #abb wat]1 #ae1 #ia1 #ie ,worms1 #bg ,wupatki ,national ,monum5t1 #abi ,z ,zion ,national ,p>k1 #cf1 #ch1 #abi ,u4,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aiha--ggh-hcf ,illu/ration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 ,m>* #c1 #ahdi ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,includ$ a transcription ( ! text )9 "s images4 --,r5umb]$ footnotes1 & modifi$ ref]5ces to !m accord+ly4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4 --,! ,,html v]sion conta9s relative hyp]l9ks to ^! companion volumes1 s t (fl9e copies c be int]l9k$3 --,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k1 ,gut5b]g e,book #eajdh1 --,ar*es ,national ,p>k1 ,gut5b]g e,book #eaaaf4