,illustration3 ,geology of ,colorado ,national ,monument ,illustration3 ,,balanced ,,rock1 near head of ,fruita ,canyon4 ,spire and rock are ,wingate ,sandstone resting on red ,chinle ,formation2 thin caprock is protective layer of resistant ,kayenta ,formation4 7,frontispiece7 ,illustration3 ,the ,geologic ,story of ,,colorado ,,national ,,monument ,the ,geologic ,story of ,,colorado ,,national ,,monument ,by ,s4 ,w4 ,lohman ,,geological ,,survey ,,bulletin #aejh ,,united ,,states ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior ,,james ,g4 ,,watt1 ,secretary ,,geological ,,survey ,doyle ,g4 ,frederick1 ,acting ,director ,illustration3 ,u4,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior ,,march #c1 #ahdi ,library of ,congress ,cataloging in ,publication ,data ,lohman1 ,stanley ,william1 #aijg- ,the geologic story of ,colorado ,national ,monument4 7,geological ,survey ,bulletin #aejh7 ,bibliography3 p4 #aca ,includes index4 #a4 ,geology--,colorado ,national ,monument4 #b4 ,colorado ,national ,monument4 ,i4 ,title4 ,,ii4 ,series3 ,united ,states ,geological ,survey ,bulletin #aejh ,,qe#ge4;,b#i no4 #aejh ,,qe#ib4;,c#f #eeg4cs #eeg4hhag #hj-fjgieb ,for sale by the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,u4,s4 ,government ,printing ,office ,washington1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb ,contents ,page ,preface ,,xi ,history of the ,monument #a ,early history of the region #e ,prehistoric people #e ,late arrivals #aj ,early settlement #aj ,the ,brown-,stanton river expedition #aa ,kodel's gold mine #ab ,recent cave dweller #ac ,artesian wells #ad ,geographic setting #af ,the geologic story begins #ag ,ancient rocks and events #bd ,a great gap in the rock record #bf ,the age of reptiles #bg ,early landscape #bh ,ancient sand dunes #bi ,the rains came #cb ,another gap in the rock record #ce ,the sea to the west #ci ,deposits and events east of the sea #ci ,dinosaurs roam the ,monument #dg ,dinosaurs on the move #ec ,yet another gap in the rock record #ed ,peat bogs #ee ,the sea covers the ,plateau #ef ,the sea's final retreat #ef ,end of the dinosaurs #fj ,the age of mammals #fa ,early deposits and events #fc ,lake ,uinta #fc ,the mountains rise again #fd ,nearby lava flows #ga ,ancestral ,colorado ,river #gb ,piracy on the high plateaus #gb ,the age of man #gf ,the ice age #gg ,capture of ,east ,creek #gh ,canyon cutting #gh ,a look into the future #hc ,how to see the ,monument #he ,trips through and around the ,monument #hh ,from ,grand ,junction through the ,redlands to the ,west ,entrance of the ,monument #hh ,from ,fruita to the ,west ,entrance of the ,monument #if ,through the ,monument from ,west to ,east ,entrances #ig ,from the ,east ,entrance to ,grand ,junction #aah ,through ,glade ,park from the northwest arm of ,ute ,canyon to ,columbus ,canyon #aai ,from ,glade ,park to ,grand ,junction via the ,little ,park ,road #aba ,rsum of geologic history and relation to other ,national ,parks and ,monuments in the ,colorado ,plateau #abe ,acknowledgments #acj ,references #aca ,additional reading #acc ,index #ace ,figures ,page ,frontispiece4 ,balanced ,rock ,,ii ,figure #a4 ,john ,otto #b #b4 ,john ,otto's ,monument #d #c4 ,map of ,colorado ,national ,monument #f #d4 ,petroglyphs #i #e4 ,cave #ad #f4 ,independence ,monument #ai #g4 ,rock ,column of ,colorado ,national ,monument #bj #h4 ,geologic ,map #bb #i4 ,block diagrams of early ,proterozoic events #be #aj4 ,petrified sand dunes #cj #aa4 ,the ,coke ,ovens #ca #ab4 ,red ,canyon #cc #ac4 ,thin-bedded ,kayenta ,formation #cd #ad4 ,kayenta ,formation #cf #ae4 ,gap in the rock record #cg #af4 ,entrada ,sandstone #da #ag4 ,moab ,member of ,entrada ,sandstone #db #ah4 ,mottled salmon-and-white ,slick ,rock ,member #dc #ai4 ,white ,entrada ,sandstone #dd #bj4 ,summerville ,formation #df #ba4 ,morrison ,formation #dh #bb4 ,excavating type specimen of ,brachiosaurus altithorax ,riggs #ea #bc4 ,skeletons of typical dinosaurs of ,morrison ,formation #eb #bd4 ,burro ,canyon ,formation and ,dakota ,sandstone #ed #be4 ,mount ,garfield #eg #bf4 ,photo index map #eh #bg4 ,common types of rock folds #fb #bh4 ,common types of faults #fe #bi4 ,ladder ,creek monocline and ,redlands fault #ff #cj4 ,lizard ,canyon monocline #fg #ca4 ,kodels ,canyon fault #fh #cb4 ,kodels ,canyon fault #fi #cc4 ,geologic structures at ,fruita entrance to ,colorado ,national ,monument #gj #cd4 ,probable drainage patterns and land forms near the ,monument at four successive stages of development #gd #ce4 ,fallen ,rock #ha #cf4 ,unaweep ,canyon #hb #cg4 ,redlands fault #hi #ch4 ,closeup of updragged ,wingate ,sandstone along ,redlands fault #ij #ci4 ,bronze plaque and monument marking the discovery of ,brachiosaurus altithorax ,riggs #ia #dj4 ,reverse part of ,redlands fault #ib #da4 ,northwest end of ,redlands fault #ic #db4 ,looking west into ,monument ,canyon #id #dc4 ,looking west from divide on ,broadway #b miles east of ,west ,entrance to ,monument #ie #dd4 ,new fill on ,rim ,rock ,drive between two tunnels on west side of ,fruita ,canyon #ih #de4 ,fruita ,canyon #ajj #df4 ,campsites at north end of campground #aja #dg4 ,picnic area and parking lot #ajb #dh4 ,window ,rock #ajc #di4 ,pipe ,organ #ajd #ej4 ,visitor ,center and the ,saddlehorn #ajf #ea4 ,independence ,monument #ajg #eb4 ,ute ,canyon #aaj #ec4 ,cold ,shivers ,point #aab #ed4 ,top of old ,serpents ,trail #aac #ee4 ,looking northeast from old ,serpents ,trail #aad #ef4 ,south portal of tunnel through ,wingate ,sandstone #aae #eg4 ,devils ,kitchen #aag #eh4 ,glade ,park fault viewed from the ground #abb #ei4 ,glade ,park fault viewed from the air #abc #fj4 ,ladder ,creek monocline and ,redlands fault #abd #fa4 ,geologic time spiral #abf ,preface ,from #aidf until about #aief ,i carried out fieldwork intermittently on the geology and artesian water supply of the ,grand ,junction area1 ,colorado1 the results of which have been published4#a ,the area mapped geologically contains about #ccb square miles in the west-central part of ,mesa ,county and includes all of ,colorado ,national ,monument4 ,during the fieldwork several successive custodians or superintendents and several park naturalists urged that upon completion of my professional paper ,i prepare a brief account of the geology of the ,monument in terms understandable by laymen1 and which could be sold at the ,visitor ,center4 ,this ,i was happy to do and there resulted 8,the geologic story of ,colorado ,national ,monument10#b published by the ,colorado and ,black ,canyon ,natural ,history ,association in cooperation with the ,national ,park ,service4 ,this report contained colored sketches by ,john ,r4 ,stacy and a colored cover1 but the photographs and many of the drawings were reproduced in black and white4 ,later1 after ,i had prepared popular style reports containing mostly color photographs on ,canyonlands#c and ,arches#d ,national ,parks1 officials of ,colorado ,national ,monument and ,i discussed the possibility of preparing a revised and enlarged edition of my #aife report containing mainly color photographs1 inasmuch as the supply of the black and white edition was nearing exhaustion1 and later became out of print4 ,at the meeting in the ,monument on ,june #h1 #aigf1 attended by ,robert 7,bob7 ,e4 ,benton1 ,superintendent1 ,a4 ,j4 7,jerry7 ,banta1 ,supervising ,park ,ranger1 ,margaret ,short1 ,park ,naturalist and ,secretary of the ,natural ,history ,association1 and me1 it was agreed that3 7#a7 ,a revised and enlarged edition containing mostly color photographs should be prepared for publication as a bulletin of the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 and 7#b7 that the ,colorado and ,black ,canyon ,natural ,history ,association gave its permission for use of any or all of the copyrighted material in the first edition4 ,the present report resulted4 ,the cover is a duotone of a #i- #ab-;cm infrared photograph of ,independence ,monument taken by me4 7,see also fig4 #f47 ,most of the color photographs were taken by me on #d- #e-;inch or #i- #ab-;cm tripod mounted cameras using lenses of several focal lengths1 but ,i took some with #ce-mm cameras4 ,some of the color photographs and all the black and white ones were taken by those credited in the captions1 to whom grateful acknowledgment is made4 ,the points from which most of the photographs were taken are shown in figure #bf4 ,illustration3 ,west side of ,otto's ,monument ,,rock ,,of ,,ages ,,cross ,,of ,,ages ,history of the ,monument ,the story of how ,colorado ,national ,monument came into being is as colorful as the canyons and cliffs themselves4 ,the fantastic canyon country had a magical attraction for ,john ,otto#e 7fig4 #a7 who1 in #aijf1 camped near the northeastern mouth of ,monument ,canyon and began building trails into the canyons and onto the mesas--the high tablelands that separate the deep canyons4 ,he did this back-breaking work simply because he wanted to and so that others could share the beauty of this wild country4 ,in #aijg ,otto got the ,grand ,junction ,chamber of ,commerce to petition ,secretary of the ,interior ,james ,a4 ,garfield to set aside the area as a ,national ,monument4 ,otto's dream came true on ,may #bd1 #aiaa1 when ,president ,william ,howard ,taft signed the proclamation creating the ,monument4 ,on ,june #ad1 ,otto climbed to the top of ,independence ,monument 7fig4 #f7 where he placed the ,stars and ,stripes to celebrate ,flag ,day4 ,for several years thereafter ,otto placed the flag atop ,independence ,monument on ,july #dth to celebrate ,independence ,day4 ,until about #aiba the only routes into the ,monument proper were ,john ,otto's trails1 but in that year the ranchers of ,glade ,park joined with ,otto in building the steep1 twisting ,serpents ,trail from ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon to the mesa above--a much shorter route to ,grand ,junction4 ,it had #ed switchbacks and climbed about #a1ejj feet in #b miles4 ,the ,serpents ,trail was included in the ,monument in #aicc and was used until #aiej when an easier route was built up the west side of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon and through a tunnel to the top of the mesa 7figs4 #c1 #ef74 ,the ,serpents ,trail has been preserved as an interesting foot trail 7fig4 #ee71 which can be hiked downhill in an hour or so4 ,a parking area near the foot of the trail allows one member of a group to drive ahead to await the others4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,otto1 fantastic father of ,colorado ,national ,monument1 and his helpers4 ,photograph courtesy ,grand ,junction ,chamber of ,commerce4 7,fig4 #a7 ,in #aibd ,john ,otto got the idea that the ,monument should include a herd of big game1 so he talked the ,colorado ,game and ,fish ,department into shipping six young elk1 and he got the local ,elks ,lodge to pay the transportation costs4 ,the elk were turned loose in ,monument ,canyon1 but they found the sparse vegetation and scant water supply ill suited to their needs1 so after a few years they found a way out over the rim and migrated about #bj miles south of the ,monument to lush high country where they joined with native elk and multiplied to become the ancestors of the present fine herd on ,pion ,mesa 7shown in fig4 #cd;,d74 ,occasionally a few return to the ,monument and may be seen mainly in ,ute ,canyon4 ,native mule deer are frequently seen in and near the ,monument4 ,far from being discouraged1 ,otto then hatched the idea to start a buffalo#f herd to be purchased by donations of buffalo nickels from school children and by contributions from the ,odd ,fellows and others4 ,he finally raised enough money to get the patient ,game and ,fish ,department to send him two cows and one bull4 ,unfortunately the bull died1 so ,otto talked the ,national ,park ,service into shipping him a bull from ,yellowstone ,national ,park4 ,this time success crowned his efforts1 and the small herd eventually multiplied to as many as #de animals1 but generally the herd has been kept at about #bj-be head ever since4 ,you may spot some of them when you gaze down into ,monument or ,ute ,canyons or when you drive past the northeastern boundary4 ,rarely1 you may spot one in ,red ,canyon4 ,at the northeast corner of ,fourth ,street and ,ute ,avenue in ,grand ,junction is a most unusual object1 which illustrates yet another peculiarity of ,john ,otto--fantastic father of ,colorado ,national ,monument 7fig4 #b74 ,its history is best told by quoting from ,al ,look1#g though its purpose still remains a mystery4 ,one day a horse drawn dray backed up to a vacant lot on ,grand ,junction's ,main ,street corner #fth and unloaded a granite cube four feet square1 carved on two sides4 ,it weighed more than a ton and ,otto supervised the setting4 ,one side now facing west and not visible in fig4 #b showed a three foot circle containing a swastika with a five pointed star in each quarter4 ,above the emblem was carved 8,rock of ,ages0 and below read 8,cross of ,ages40 ,the second side now facing south1 and shown in fig4 #b was beyond normal comprehension4 ,two large ,w's on either side of a small swastika were over the letters or initials ,p4,p41 then four chain links with the letters ,t1 ,h1 ,l1 ,j4 inscribed1 followed by the initials ,i4,e4 ,below on the left was 8#aiah10 over 8,year #a04 ,on the right was 8,old ,count0 and under it 8,new ,count40 ,between them stands the word #8,,march4' ,below this are abbreviations for the seven days of the week with the figure #a under ,,mon ending with a #f under ,,sat4 ,the bottom line most of which is barely visible in the photograph contained the figure #g in a circle1 a carpenter's square1 a small rectangle1 probably representing a level1 a plumb bob1 a carpenter's compass and a circle showing the western hemisphere4 ,that is all4 ,it made sense to ,john ,otto because from somewhere he gathered considerable money to have this monument carved by the local gravestone merchant4 ,it stood for several years to mystify pedestrians1 and was finally moved beside the ,redlands road to the east entrance of ,colorado ,monument where it is now hidden by weeds4#h ,it was still there in the #ej's when my family and ,i were startled to find it4 ,we were afraid it might be lost forever so are glad it finally found a safe resting place on a concrete slab at the museum4 ,i shall greatly appreciate hearing from any reader who can decipher this enigma4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,otto',s ,,monument1 at southwest corner of the ,historical ,museum and ,institute of ,western ,colorado1 at northeast corner of ,fourth ,street and ,ute ,avenue1 ,grand ,junction4 ,view looking north4 ,face is #d feet square4 7,fig4 #b7 ,otto's rock is at the southwest corner of ,the ,historical ,museum and ,institute of ,western ,colorado4 ,the main attraction inside is a life-size skeleton of ,allosaurus 7fig4 #bc71 whose bones are exact plastic replicas of real ones at the museum of ,brigham ,young ,university1 at ,provo1 ,utah4 ,the painstaking casting of the 8bones0 and assembly of the self-supporting skeleton was done by ,al ,t4 ,look1 son of author ,al ,look listed under 8,references40 ,the museum also houses other items of interest from the ,grand ,junction area4 ,construction of the scenic ,rim ,rock ,drive through the ,monument was begun by the ,national ,park ,service about #aica using workers from the ,civilian ,conservation ,corps1 and the drive eventually was completed to join roads from ,fruita and ,grand ,junction4 ,the route from ,fruita includes a winding road up ,fruita ,canyon and through two tunnels to the mesa 7figs4 #c1 #dd1 #de74 ,a modern ,visitor ,center1 new housing facilities for park personnel1 additions to the campgrounds1 the ,devils ,kitchen ,picnic ,area near the ,east ,entrance1 several self-guiding nature trails1 and additional overlooks and roadside exhibits were completed in #aifd as part of the ,mission #ff program of the ,national ,park ,service4 ,the ,monument originally included #ac1gdi acres1 but boundary changes in #aicc and #aici increased the total to #ag1ffj acres1 and the inclusion of all of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon and other boundary adjustments in #aigh increased the size to about #bj1deg acres1 or about #cb square miles 7see map1 fig4 #c74 ,early ,history of the ,region ,prehistoric ,people ,john ,otto1 early explorers1 and even the ,ute ,indians who once hunted in the area were by no means the first people to view the ,monument1 in fact they were 8,johnnies-come-lately40 ,considerable evidence indicates that prehistoric people inhabited the area thousands of years ago4 ,illustration3 ,,map ,,of ,,colorado ,,national ,,monument1 showing location in ,colorado1 boundaries1 streams1 highways and roads1 principal trails1 named features1 overlooks1 and--in triangles--trip guides localities4 ,the trip guides numbers correspond to the numbers in the right margins of the section entitled 8,trips through and around the ,monument40 ,visitors are given pamphlets at the two entrance stations and may purchase other reports and maps at the ,visitor ,center4 7,fig4 #c7 ,many years ago ,al ,look1 of ,grand ,junction1 discovered and excavated two caves in the part of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon formerly outside the ,monument4 ,he found stone projectile points1 knives1 awls1 milling stones1 parts of a sandal and coiled basket1 reed matting1 corn1 corncobs1 acorns1 and animal bones1 but no pottery--indicating that the people had not progressed beyond basket making4 ,similar artifacts were found in several other nearby places on the ,uncompahgre ,plateau4 ,archaeologists have named this old culture the ,uncompahgre ,complex1 and date it back to a few thousand years before the time of ,christ4#i ,it should be pointed out that it is unlawful to remove artifacts1 fossils1 rocks1 or minerals from a ,national ,park or ,monument4 ,in the summer of #aifc an archaeological survey of ,colorado ,national ,monument was carried out1 under the terms of an agreement between the ,national ,park ,service and the ,university of ,colorado1 by ,stroh and ,ewing and their field assistants4#aj ,a total of #ge aboriginal sites were found of which #ga were within the ,monument boundaries of that date1 and #d were closely adjacent4 ,these comprised #da open campsites1 #bd rock shelters1 #b small caves1 and #h chipping stations4 ,artifacts recovered included #fb projectile points1 #ba metates 7grinding stones71 #dj manos 7hand stones71 #aaa whole or fragments of blades or scrapers1 #f choppers1 several fragments of baskets1 potsherds 7bits of broken pottery7 at two sites1 #b wood awls1 several strands of yucca fibers1 #c corncobs1 #f kernels of corn1 several bone fragments1 storage cists at five sites1 and petroglyphs at three locations4 ,stroh and ,ewing concluded that the majority of the sites appear to have been the campsites of a hunting and gathering people1 and they speculated that there may have been aboriginal activity in the area from as long as several thousand years ago to relatively recent times4 ,the largest of the petroglyphs1#aa or rock drawings1 are on a fallen slab of ,wingate ,sandstone in ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon1 and are shown in figure #d4 ,archaeologist ,john ,crouch 7footnote #aj71 who kindly reexamined these petroglyphs in ,february #aihj1 told me that most of the figures appear to be ,shoshonian 7,ute71 but that some may be of the ,fremont culture#ab or even older4 ,illustration3 ,,petroglyphs1 on fallen slab of ,wingate ,sandstone in ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon4 ,figure of man at lower right is about #f inches high4 ,the fading designs were traced with chalk before photographing them4 ,photograph by ,t4 ,r4 ,giles1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 7,fig4 #d7 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,late ,arrivals ,early ,settlement#ac ,prior to #ahha the ,monument area was inhabited only by ,ute ,indians1 but it was visited from time to time by a few fur trappers1 explorers1 and geologists4 ,in #aggf an expedition led by ,fathers ,dominguez and ,escalante passed northward across ,grand ,mesa1 the high plateau just east of the area1 which is pointed out in many of the photographs4 ,a trading post was built by ,joseph ,roubidoux about #ahch just above the present site of ,grand ,junction4 ,in #ahec ,captain ,john ,w4 ,gunnison1 seeking a new route for a transcontinental railroad1 led an exploring party down what is now the ,gunnison ,river ,valley1 past the confluence with the ,grand ,river 7now called the ,colorado1 p4 #af71 and on down the valley4 ,geologists and topographers of the ,hayden ,survey found only ,ute ,indians in the area in #ahge and #ahgf1 and their field season of #ahge was abruptly cut short because of skirmishes with hostile ,utes4 ,after the ,meeker 7,colorado7 ,massacre of #ahgi1 believed by many to have been caused mainly by the ignorance and shortsightedness of ,meeker himself1 treaties were signed forcing the ,utes out of western ,colorado onto reservations in eastern ,utah1 and the last of the ,utes was reportedly out of the area by ,september #ahha4 ,the ,grand ,valley was immediately opened to settlement1 and the first ranch was staked out on ,september #g1 #ahha4 ,nineteen days later ,george ,a4 ,crawford founded ,grand ,junction as a townsite and formed the ,grand ,junction ,town ,company the next month4 ,the success of the new town was assured on ,november #ba1 #ahhb1 when the narrow-gage line of the ,denver and ,rio ,grande ,railroad 7now ,denver and ,rio ,grande ,western ,railroad7 reached it via the ,gunnison ,river valley4 ,the town of ,fruita was founded by ,william ,e4 ,pabor in #ahhc and incorporated the following year4 ,the ,brown-,stanton ,river ,expedition#ad ,of the many early expeditions down the ,colorado ,river1 only one went past what is now ,colorado ,national ,monument--the ill-fated ,brown-,stanton expedition4 ,after the pioneering expeditions of #ahfi and #ahga down the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers by ,major ,john ,wesley ,powell and his men1 the many ensuing river expeditions started in ,utah or ,wyoming2 but the first phase of the ,brown-,stanton expedition started in ,colorado--at ,grand ,junction4 ,in #ahhi ,frank ,m4 ,brown organized a company for the construction of the proposed ,denver1 ,colorado ,canyon1 and ,pacific ,railway1 which was to carry coal from mines in ,colorado over a 8water-level0 line through the mighty canyons of the ,colorado ,river to the ,gulf of ,california some #a1bjj miles away1 from which coal would be shipped to various ports in ,california4 ,on ,march #bf1 #ahhi1 president ,brown1 chief engineer ,f4 ,c4 ,kendricks1 and assistant engineer ,t4 ,p4 ,rigney drove the first stake at ,grand ,junction for a survey of the new line4 ,then ,brown left for the ,east to obtain financing1 and the other two men plus some hired hands took off in a boat down the ,grand ,river4 ,after reaching the confluence1 they towed the boat up the ,green ,river to the town of ,green ,river1 ,utah1 thus becoming the first to make this trip upstream1 albeit on foot and dragging their boats4 ,brown1 who had returned from the ,east1 his newly appointed chief engineer ,robert ,brewster ,stanton1 and #ad others in six ill-designed boats of cedar rather than oak1 left ,green ,river1 ,utah1 on ,may #be1 #ahhi4 ,against the advice of ,major ,powell and others1 they carried no life preservers4 ,after many mishaps1 ,brown and two others were drowned near the head of ,marble ,canyon1 and the ill-fated expedition temporarily ground to a halt4 ,however1 the indefatigable ,stanton had new boats built of oak1 and with a reorganized party of #ab left the mouth of the ,dirty ,devil ,river on ,november #be4 ,after many additional mishaps the party finally reached the ,gulf of ,california on ,april #bf1 #ahij4 ,in spite of ,stanton's heroic efforts1 the railroad was never built1 and the ,grand ,canyon was spared the huffing and puffing of locomotives4 ,kodel's ,gold ,mine#ae ,as shown in figures #c1 #h1 and #bf1 the first major canyon west of the ,west ,entrance of the monument is called ,kodels ,canyon 7pronounced #8kdls74 ,it was named after an early-day stonemason turned prospector1 a hermit1 who came to the ,fruita area before #aijj and prospected for gold until at least #aicj in the canyon that now bears his name4 ,he seemingly built a cabin or house near the mouth of the canyon1 spent most of the rest of his life in a vain quest for gold in the canyon1 barricaded his house against would-be intruders1 and took potshots at anyone approaching his home for fear they were after his 8gold40 ,some thought him only half crazy1 but when he took repeated shots at an ,indian named ,henry ,kadig1 he was adjudged wholly insane and sent to the mental hospital at ,pueblo1 ,colorado1 for several years4 ,when he got out he sold the grazing rights in his canyon to the late ,irving ,beard of ,fruita1 and seemingly was not heard from again4 ,according to various estimates1 ,kodel dug an adit between #ah and #aej feet into the dark ,proterozoic rock in the side of the canyon 7shown in fig4 #c71 then sunk a shaft somewhere between #cj and #ej feet deep4 ,he was always 8on the verge of a big strike10 but there is no record of any actual production4 ,later1 a prospector from the midwest spent several summers digging in ,devils ,canyon1 the next major canyon to the west1 but he was equally unsuccessful4 ,the unsuccessful attempts of ,kodel and others is not surprising1 for the two canyons are some #ajj miles north of the ,colorado mineral belt--a band extending roughly from ,boulder to the western part of the ,san ,juan ,mountains1 in which ore-bearing ,upper ,cretaceous or lower ,tertiary rocks were intruded into all overlying rocks of whatever age4 ,recent ,cave ,dweller ,about #c miles west of the ,glade ,park ,store and ,post ,office are three large caves in a cliff of the ,wingate ,sandstone on the north wall of a canyon containing a tributary of ,clark's ,wash4 ,the middle cave1 which formerly contained a small one-room framehouse and other improvements1 was occupied for about #dj years prior to #aieh by ,mrs4 ,laura ,hazel ,miller 7fig4 #e74 ,a large cave just to the west 7left7 was used for storage1 and another large cave just to the east formerly was fenced to shelter domestic animals4 ,mrs4 ,miller lived alone most of this time but had a dog for companionship the last few years she lived in the cave4 ,when my wife and ,i visited her in the mid-fifties we had a very pleasant conversation with this very intelligent woman and could hardly believe she was #hg years old4 ,she could not understand why anyone could live in crowded cities as she much preferred the peace and quiet of her cave4 ,once a week she walked the #f miles round trip to and from the ,glade ,park ,store and ,post ,office1 bought what few necessities she needed1 and telephoned her daughter in ,grand ,junction4 ,maybe she had something the rest of us have missed6 ,she became sick in her nineties and moved to ,grand ,junction to live with her daughter4 ,after she died1 the property was sold1 and ,i have since observed that vandals had burned her one room house and had destroyed most of the other improvements4 ,illustration3 ,,cave in ,wingate ,sandstone inhabited by ,mrs4 ,laura ,hazel ,miller 7visible between gate posts7 until #aieh4 ,one-room house was entirely within cave1 and smaller storehouses extended back of the house4 ,note blackening of cave roof by soot4 7,fig4 #e7 ,artesian ,wells ,it may surprise you to learn that several sandstone formations supply water to artesian wells northeast of the ,monument in ,the ,redlands1 ,orchard ,mesa1 and the southwestern side of the ,grand ,valley1 most of which are #ejj to more than #a1jjj feet deep4 ,when first drilled and for some years later these wells flowed at the land surface1 but eventually after too many wells had been drilled too close together1 each well reduced the output of neighboring wells until most wells ceased to flow naturally4 ,this made it necessary for most well owners to install pumps1 which further aggravated the problem by reducing the artesian head 7the height to which the water rises above the formation from which it issues74 ,this created a situation not unlike too many children sucking on straws in the same ice cream soda1 and led to a detailed investigation by the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey and the ,colorado ,water ,conservation ,board1#af outgrowths of which were the present report and its predecessors4 ,the water system of the ,ute ,conservancy ,district was virtually completed by late #aifd and began to supply water to rural residents of ,grand ,valley between the towns of ,palisade and ,mack through a vast network of pipelines4 ,the water is obtained from surface sources on the north flank of ,grand ,mesa east of the valley and is brought to the valley via a pipeline down the valley of ,plateau ,creek4 ,use of the new water has reduced the draft on many of the artesian wells4 ,the reduced draft has locally arrested the decline in the artesian head or has actually allowed some recovery in head4 ,in order of their importance and productivity the water-bearing sandstones are the ,entrada1 the ,wingate1 and local sandstone lenses in the lower part 7,salt ,wash ,member7 of the ,morrison ,formation 7fig4 #g74 ,in a few places small flows or yields are obtained from wells that tap the ,dakota ,sandstone and underlying ,burro ,canyon ,formation1 but inasmuch as the ,dakota contains some marine sandstones from which all the salt seemingly has not yet been flushed out1 the water from most of these wells is brackish or salty4 ,as we will see on the trip 8,from ,grand ,junction through ,the ,redlands to the ,west ,entrance of the ,monument10 pages #hh-ie1 in and near the ,monument these sandstones look bone dry1 so how can they supply water to artesian wells8 ,they are indeed dry in all the cliff exposures1 but as will be noted later when the bending and breaking of the rocks are discussed 7p4 #fd-ga71 erosion has exposed the upturned sandstones so that they may take in water from the many small streams that drain the ,monument and adjacent areas for short periods after summer thundershowers or during spring thaws4 ,the water moves slowly down the dipping sandstones and becomes trapped under pressure beneath overlying beds of siltstone or mudstone--materials that are nearly impervious4 ,geographic ,setting ,geologists and geographers have divided the ,united ,states into many provinces1 each of which has distinctive geologic and topographic characteristics that set it apart from the others4 ,colorado ,national ,monument is in the northeastern part of the ,canyon ,lands section of the ,colorado ,plateau ,province--a province that contains #ae national parks and monuments1 about #c times as many as any other province4 ,this province1 hereinafter referred to simply as the ,colorado ,plateau1 or the ,plateau1 covers some #aej1jjj square miles and extends from ,rifle1 ,colo41 at the northeast to a little beyond ,flagstaff1 ,ariz41 at the southwest1 and from ,cedar ,city1 ,utah1 at the west nearly to ,albuquerque1 ,n4 ,mex41 at the southeast4 ,this scenic province consists of high plateaus generally ranging in altitude from #d1ejj feet to more than #g1jjj feet1 which are deeply and intricately dissected by literally thousands of canyons4 ,colorado ,national ,monument is drained entirely by the ,colorado ,river1 which flows to the northwest in the wide ,grand ,valley just a few miles from the northeastern border 7fig4 #c74 ,the small streams that drain the ,monument contain water only after summer thundershowers or after rapid snowmelt4 ,why is the large valley of the ,colorado ,river called the ,grand ,valley8 ,the ,colorado ,river northeast from its confluence with the ,green ,river in the middle of ,canyonlands ,national ,park#ag formerly was called the ,grand ,river1 and the ,green and ,grand joined at the confluence to form the ,colorado ,river4 ,the ,grand ,river was renamed ,colorado ,river by act of the ,colorado ,state ,legislature approved ,march #bd1 #aiba1 and approved by act of ,congress ,july #be1 #aiba4 ,but the old term still remains in names such as ,grand ,county1 ,colo41 the headwaters region2 ,grand ,valley1 a town #af miles west of ,rifle1 ,colo42 ,grand ,valley between ,palisade and ,mack1 ,colo42 ,grand ,mesa1 an extensive plateau which towers more than a mile above the ,grand and ,gunnison ,river ,valleys2 ,grand ,junction1 ,colo41 a city appropriately situated at the confluence of the ,grand and ,gunnison ,rivers2 and ,grand ,county1 ,utah1 which the river traverses after entering ,utah4 ,the ,geologic ,story ,begins ,colorado ,national ,monument is a land of brightly colored cliff-walled canyons and towering monoliths--a majestic sample of mysterious canyonlands that stretch hundreds of miles to the west and south4 ,now a desert region more than a mile above the sea1 it was not always so4 ,more than a billion years ago the site of the ,monument was deep beneath the sea4 ,later1 lofty mountains were pushed up only to be obliterated eventually by the slow but relentless forces of erosion4 ,millions of years later the earth shook to the stride of #aj-ton dinosaurs--then the sea returned again and sharks swam over the region looking for food4 ,these are but a few samples of the interesting--even exciting--events in the long geologic history of the ,monument4 ,many pages1 indeed several whole chapters1 of its history are missing and must be inferred from nearby regions where the story is more complete4 ,thus1 the cliffs and canyons you are looking at did not get that way overnight4 ,an understanding of the geologic processes and events that led to the scenic features of today should help you toward a clearer picture and greater appreciation of nature's handiworks 7fig4 #f74 ,geologists recognize rocks of three distinctly different modes of origin--sedimentary1 igneous1 and metamorphic1 and there are many variations of each type4 ,the sedimentary rocks of the ,monument are composed of clay1 silt1 sand1 and gravel carried and deposited by moving water2 silt and fine sand transported by wind2 and some limestone1 composed mainly of the mineral calcium carbonate1 which was precipitated from water solutions in freshwater lakes4 ,in areas not far to the northeast and southwest are many sedimentary rocks of marine origin1 that is1 materials that were deposited in the ocean or shallow inland seas1 but in the ,monument marine sedimentary rocks occur only in parts of the ,dakota ,sandstone2 however1 the overlying marine ,mancos ,shale underlies the adjacent ,grand ,valley and forms the lower slopes of the ,book ,cliffs across the valley 7fig4 #be74 ,igneous rocks were solidified from liquid molten rock intruded upward into any preexisting rocks along cracks1 joints1 and faults4 ,molten rock that reaches the land surface and forms volcanos or lava flows is called extrusive igneous rock4 ,joints are cracks or breaks in rocks along which no movement has taken place4 ,faults are cracks or joints along which one side has moved relative to the other4 ,different types of faults are shown in figure #bh4 ,metamorphic rocks were formed from either of the other types by great heat and pressure at extreme depths in the ,earth's crust4 ,metamorphic rocks and some intrusive igneous rocks make up the hard1 dark rock that floors all the deep canyons in and near the ,monument4 ,the nearest extrusive igneous rocks are the thick1 dark lava flows that cap towering ,grand ,mesa to the east and ,battlement ,mesa to the northeast4 ,illustration3 ,,independence ,,monument1 separating the two entrances of ,monument ,canyon4 ,looking north from ,grand ,view2 ,colorado ,river1 ,grand ,valley1 and ,book ,cliffs in distance4 ,roan ,cliffs are white cliffs at extreme distance on right skyline4 ,dark rock flooring canyon is ,proterozoic metamorphic rock1 red material in slope at base of cliffs is the ,chinle ,formation1 vertical cliffs are ,wingate ,sandstone1 thin protective caprock on top of cliffs is lower sandstone of the resistant ,kayenta ,formation4 ,the top of ,independence ,monument is nearly #dej feet above the floor of the canyon4 7,fig4 #f7 ,illustration3 ,,rock ,,column ,,of ,,colorado ,,national ,,monument4 #a foot #j4cje meter4 7,fig4 #g7 ,,age 7millions of years7 ,,geologic ,,age ,,name ,,of ,,rock ,,formation ,,kind ,,of ,,rock ,,and ,,how ,,it ,,is ,,sculptured ,,by ,,erosion ,,thickness 7feet7 ,,named ,,for ,,occurrence ,,at ,,or ,,near #hj ,late ,cretaceous ,mancos ,shale ,gray and black shale1 and thin beds of sandstone and limestone4 ,contains sea shells4 ,eroded from ,monument1 but underlies ,grand ,valley and forms lower part of ,book ,cliffs4 #c1hjj ,mancos1 ,colo4 ,dakota ,sandstone ,coaly shale1 sandstone1 conglomerate1 and lignite coal4 ,contains plant remains4 ,forms benches and slopes4 ,caps highest hill in ,monument4 #aej ,dakota1 ,nebr4 #aae ,early ,cretaceous ,burro ,canyon ,formation ,green siltstone and shale1 and sandstone and conglomerate4 ,forms benches and slopes4 ,crops out on highest hill in ,monument4 #fj ,burro ,canyon ,san ,miguel ,co41 ,colo4 ,,erosional ,,unconformity #aej ,late ,jurassic ,morrison ,formation ,brightly colored siltstone and mudstone1 and sandstone and limestone4 ,contains dinosaur bones and fresh-water shells4 ,forms slopes and badlands4 ,lower third with sandstone lenses is ,salt ,wash ,member1 upper two thirds is ,brushy ,basin ,member4 #fjj ,morrison1 ,colo4 #agj ,middle ,jurassic ,summerville ,formation ,brightly colored siltstone and mudstone1 and thin sandstones4 ,forms slopes4 #ed ,summerville ,point ,san ,rafael ,swell1 ,utah ,entrada ,sandstone ,white and salmon-red sandstone4 ,upper level-bedded ,moab ,member forms stair steps1 lower mostly cross-bedded ,slick ,rock ,member forms cliffs4 #aej ,entrada ,point ,moab1 ,utah ,slick ,rock1 ,colo4 #aie ,jurassic and ,triassic787 7missing7 ,,erosional ,,unconformity #baj ,late ,triassic787 ,kayenta ,formation ,red and purple siltstone and shale1 and sandstone and conglomerate4 ,forms bench between two cliffs and mesas between canyons4 #de-hj ,kayenta1 ,ariz4 ,late ,triassic ,wingate ,sandstone ,buff and light red sandstone4 ,cross-bedded and level-bedded4 ,forms highest cliffs and most of named rock features in ,monument4 #cej ,fort ,wingate1 ,new ,mex4 ,chinle ,formation ,red siltstone and shale1 and some limestone conglomerate4 ,forms steep slopes at foot of cliffs4 #hj-ajj ,chinle ,valley ,n4,e4 ,ariz4 ,,great ,,unconformity #bdj-ajjj ,triassic1 ,paleozoic1 ,younger ,proterozoic 7missing7 ,unnamed ,schist1 gneiss1 granite1 and pegmatite dikes4 ,floors main canyons and forms high bluff above ,the ,redlands4 ,unknown #aejj ,older ,proterozoic ,after the materials of the sedimentary rocks were deposited and covered by younger layers1 they generally became saturated or partly saturated with ground water containing small amounts of dissolved minerals4 ,some of these minerals precipitated from solution and cemented the loose particles into rocks of varying hardness4 ,thus1 most of the sandstones are partly cemented with the mineral calcite1 composed of calcium carbonate 7,ca,c,o71 but some are cemented also with silica 7,si,o7 or hematite 7,fe,o74 ,look almost anywhere in the ,monument and you will see that the rocks are piled up in layers of different color1 thickness1 and hardness--much like a vast layer cake4 ,in most of the ,monument1 these layers are flat or slope gently down to the northeast1 but along the northeastern boundary they are sharply bent or broken as though the cake had been carelessly placed over the edge of a table and had sagged4 ,let us consider these layers one by one1 beginning with the oldest at the bottom1 for each is a partial record of events long past4 ,layers of rock that can be easily recognized and distinguished from other layers are called formations and are named after a place where they are well exposed4 ,for the name to be accepted for general usage it must be the first published description in a technical report of a particular sequence of rock layers4 ,the places after which the formations of the ,monument were named are given in the rock column 7fig4 #g71 and the outcrops of the formations are shown on the geologic map 7fig4 #h74 ,in the pages that follow1 the geologic events that shaped the ,monument we see today are discussed in chronological order1 beginning with the oldest rocks that floor the deep canyons4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,illustration3 ,,geologic ,,map of ,colorado ,national ,monument and vicinity1 simplified and greatly reduced from part of maps at scale #a3ca1fhj by ,lohman 7#aifc1 #aife;a74 ,for additional surficial deposits in the ,grand ,valley and ,orchard ,mesa see ,cashion 7#aigc74 7,fig4 #h7 ,,explanation ,,quaternary ,qal--,,alluvium ,qls--,,landslide ,,deposits ,,cretaceous ,km--,,mancos ,,shale ,kdb--,,dakota ,,sandstone ,,and ,,burro ,,canyon ,,formation1 ,,undivided ,,jurassic ,jms--,,morrison ,,and ,,summerville ,,formations1 ,,undivided ,je--,,entrada ,,sandstone ,,triassic ,t,rk--,,kayenta ,,formation ,t,rwc--,,wingate ,,sandstone ,,and ,,chinle ,,formation1 ,,undivided ,,proterozoic ,,pl--,,schist1 ,,gneiss1 ,,granite1 ,,and ,,pegmatite ,,contact ,,fault--,dashed where approximately located2 dotted where concealed4 ,u1 upthrown side2 ,d1 downthrown side ,,anticline ,,syncline ,,central ,,axis ,,of ,,symmetrical ,,monocline--,showing direction of plunge ,,upper ,,bend ,,of ,,monocline--,showing direction of plunge ,,strike ,,and ,,dip ,,of ,,beds ,,abandoned ,,mine ,geology simplified from ,lohman1 #aife;a 7,showing location of--7 ,,devils ,,canyon ,,monocline ,,kodels ,,canyon ,,fault ,,lizard ,,canyon ,,monocline ,,fruita ,,canyon ,,monocline ,,ladder ,,creek ,,fault ,ancient ,rocks and ,events ,the dark rocks that floor all the large canyons of the ,monument 7fig4 #f7 and form the high bluffs along the northeastern boundary 7figs4 #cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #da7 are of early ,proterozoic#ah age--among the oldest known rocks of the ,earth4 ,most were once sand and mud that spread out on the bottom of the sea and later hardened into sedimentary rocks 7fig4 #i-a74 ,after thousands of feet of such rocks had accumulated1 they were squeezed1 bent1 and lifted up by slow but mighty movements of the ,earth's crust to form high mountains perhaps like the ,rockies4 ,heat and pressure that developed at great depth in the roots of these mountains changed the sediments into metamorphic rocks known as schist 7finely banded7 and gneiss 7coarsely banded7 7fig4 #i-b74 ,the rocks are about #a billion years old 7fig4 #g74 ,later in ,proterozoic time1 about a billion years ago1 molten material from below was forced upward along cracks or faults and cooled slowly to form thin seams or dikes and irregular bodies of granite 7fig4 #i-c74 ,dikes are called pegmatite when they contain large crystals of pink feldspar1 white or clear quartz1 black tourmaline1 and large flakes of white mica4 ,small pegmatite dikes that pass through the older schist and gneiss may be seen along roadcuts in ,fruita and ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyons4 ,illustration3 ,,block ,,diagrams ,,of ,,early ,,proterozoic ,,events 7after ,edwin ,d4 ,mc,kee74 7,fig4 #i7 ,illustration3 ,layers of sand1 mud1 and other sediment accumulated in the sea and later were hardened into sedimentary rocks4 ,illustration3 ,the strata were compressed1 bent1 and uplifted into high mountains4 ,heat and pressure at great depth changed the sediments into banded schist and gneiss4 ,illustration3 ,molten rock flowed upward along cracks or faults4 ,upon cooling it formed lava at the surface and granite or pegmatite beneath4 ,illustration3 ,during eons of time the forces of erosion wore down the mountains to a nearly level plain4 ,a ,great ,gap in the ,rock ,record ,if you look down into any of the large canyons in the ,monument1 you will notice a brick-red formation1 the ,chinle1 which forms steep slopes at the foot of the high cliffs and lies upon the dark ,proterozoic rocks along nearly straight lines of contact4 ,such a straight-line contact is particularly well shown about midway up the high bluffs along the northeastern boundary of the ,monument 7fig4 #cg74 ,if the red layer and all overlying rocks were stripped away1 these straight lines would be the exposed edges of a remarkably smooth1 nearly flat erosion surface on the top of the dark ,proterozoic rocks1 as shown in the last diagram of figure #i4 ,a vast amount of time passed between the carving of this surface and the deposition of the red ,chinle1 and no record of the events during this time is preserved in the ,monument4 ,during the latter part of the ,proterozoic ,eon and parts of the long ,paleozoic ,era that followed1 the dark rocks were submerged beneath the sea several times and received sediments now found in areas to the northeast and southwest4 ,beginning in the ,pennsylvanian ,period some #ccj million years ago 7fig4 #fa71 a large upfold of the rocks1 or anticline 7fig4 #bg71 known to geologists as the ,uncompahgre ,highland1 rose high above sea level1 probably reaching its highest level in ,late ,pennsylvanian or ,permian time4 ,this old highland formed an imposing chain of mountains in about the position of the present ,uncompahgre ,plateau4 ,after the old rocks were pushed up into these high mountains what became of them8 ,from the moment the mountains began to rise1 their rocks were buffeted by wind1 pounded by rain1 pried open by frost1 scoured by debris-laden streams and1 perhaps by glaciers1 and the loosened rock particles were dissolved or carried to the sea4 ,most rocks are brittle enough to crack when bent by ,earth forces4 ,such cracks1 called joints1 are easy targets for erosion4 ,the freezing of water in joints tends to pry the rocks apart4 ,the breakup of the rocks was hastened by the chemical attack on rock minerals by water charged with oxygen and carbon dioxide4 ,when land plants became established in later geologic eras1 soil acids formed from decaying vegetation also assisted materially in breaking up the rocks4 ,these same erosion processes are going on today1 but their effects are scarcely noticeable from year to year except in soft earth after storms or floods4 ,during eons of time1 however1 the mountains were again worn down to a nearly level plain4 ,missing between the red ,chinle and the dark rocks are many thousands of feet of rocks1 some of which once covered this surface and still occur in other regions less affected by erosion4 ,this gap in the rock record1 which represents more than a billion years1 is known to geologists as a great unconformity4 ,missing are part of the lower ,proterozoic rocks1 all the upper ,proterozoic rocks1 all those of the ,paleozoic ,era1 and part of those of the ,triassic ,period of the ,mesozoic ,era4 7,see figs4 #g and #fa47 ,traces of primitive life have been found in some ,proterozoic rocks in the form of lime-secreting algae and casts of worms1 but no fossils of more advanced types have been found because at that time the primitive animals seemingly had not yet developed shells or skeletons4 ,the ensuing ,paleozoic ,era saw the appearance and great development of shellfish1 fish1 amphibians1 reptiles1 and primitive plants4 ,some of the rock layers of ages missing at the ,monument may be seen as near as ,glenwood ,springs to the northeast and ,gateway to the southwest4 ,the ,age of ,reptiles ,all the layers of sedimentary rocks preserved in the ,monument above the dark ,proterozoic ones were deposited by wind and water during the ,mesozoic ,era4 ,this long era has been called the age of reptiles1 for reptiles1 including dinosaurs 7meaning terrible lizards71 were then the dominant land animals4 ,the ,mesozoic ,era has been divided into three parts--the ,triassic1 ,jurassic1 and ,cretaceous ,periods4 ,rocks of each of these periods crop out in the ,monument4 ,early ,landscape ,by late ,triassic time the ,monument was part of a nearly flat plain cut on the dark ,proterozoic rocks1 but there were hills or low mountains to the northeast4 ,streams from these hills dropped mud1 silt1 sand1 and some gravel on this plain and into many small lakes that occupied the gentle depressions4 ,later1 these deposits hardened mainly into red siltstone and sandstone1 but thin beds of gravel were cemented to form conglomerate1 and thin beds of limestone formed in some of the shallow lakes by the precipitation of the mineral calcium carbonate4 ,these rocks1 which comprise the ,chinle 7pronounced ,chin-lee7 ,formation1 are only #hj to #ajj feet thick in the ,monument but are as much as #gjj feet thick near ,moab1 ,utah1 southwest of the ,uncompahgre ,plateau1 where the entire formation is present4 ,there1 the ,chinle rests on still older ,triassic and ,paleozoic rocks--all absent in the ,monument for the reasons noted previously4 ,in some parts of the ,plateau1 sandstone or conglomerate beds in the lower part of the ,chinle yield uranium ore1 but these beds were not deposited in or near the ,monument4 ,the red color of the ,chinle and some of the overlying rocks is caused by minute amounts of iron oxide--the same pigment used in rouge and red barn paint4 ,various oxides of iron1 some including water1 produce not only brick red but also pink1 salmon1 brown1 buff1 yellow1 and even green or bluish green4 ,this does not imply that the rocks could be considered as sources of iron ore1 for the merest trace of iron1 generally only #a to #c percent1 is enough to produce even the darkest shades of red4 ,because it is soft1 the ,chinle is easily eroded into steep slopes at the foot of high sandstone cliffs in all canyons of the ,monument and on top of the high bluffs that face ,the ,redlands4 ,it also forms the broad base of ,independence ,monument4 ,rim ,rock ,drive crosses the ,chinle three times in the lower part of ,fruita ,canyon and twice in ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon4 ,fossil reptile bones1 petrified wood1 and freshwater shells come from the ,chinle in parts of ,arizona and ,utah4 ,reptiles probably roamed the ,monument in ,chinle time1 but their remains have not been located4 ,ancient ,sand ,dunes ,still later in the ,triassic ,period the ,monument became part of a vast desert4 ,winds blowing from the northwest brought great quantities of fine sand and piled them up into large dunes like those in the ,sahara or in ,great ,sand ,dunes ,national ,monument in ,colorado4 ,but like all deserts1 it was not always dry--occasional rainstorms produced many small lakes and ponds4 ,some of the sand was washed into these lakes or ponds and settled in level layers4 ,this huge sandpile eventually hardened into the buff and light-red sandstone that we now know as the ,wingate4 ,the shapes of the old dunes are indicated by the steep dips of sand layers1 called crossbeds1 which stand out in sharp contrast to the nearly level layers formed in the lakes and ponds 7fig4 #aj74 ,the spectacular scenery of ,colorado ,national ,monument owes its existence largely to the #cej-;foot cliffs of the ,wingate ,sandstone 7fig4 #f7 and to the desert climate1 which allows us to see virtually every foot of the vividly colored rocks and has made possible the creation and preservation of such a wide variety of fantastic sculptures4 ,a wetter climate would have produced a far different and smoother landscape in which most of the rocks and land forms would have been hidden by vegetation4 ,eroded remnants of the ,wingate form most of the named rock features of the ,monument and are shown in many of the photographs4 ,independence ,monument--a towering slab of sandstone that resembles a bridge pier 7fig4 #f7--;is all that is left of a high narrow wall that once connected the point east of ,independence ,view with the high mesa north of the slab and which once separated the two entrances of ,monument ,canyon4 ,in a few thousand years this remnant1 too1 may be gone4 ,vertical cliffs and shafts of the ,wingate ,sandstone endure only where the top of the formation is capped by beds of the next younger rock unit--the ,kayenta ,formation4 ,the ,kayenta is much more resistant to erosion than the ,wingate1 so even a few feet of the ,kayenta1 such as the cap on top of ,independence ,monument1 protect the rock beneath4 ,once this cap has been eroded away1 the underlying ,wingate weathers into rounded domes1 such as the ,coke ,ovens4 ,cold ,shivers ,point 7fig4 #ec7--;a toadstool shaped cap of sandstone of the ,kayenta above a vertical cliff of the ,wingate--is perhaps the most aptly titled feature of the ,monument4 ,illustration3 ,,petrified ,,sand ,,dunes in ,wingate ,sandstone along old ,serpents ,trail4 ,looking north across ,the ,redlands and ,grand ,valley to the ,book ,cliffs4 ,battlement ,mesa on right skyline4 7,fig4 #aj7 ,the ,coke ,ovens 7fig4 #aa7 and ,squaw ,fingers were formed partly because most of the caprock of ,kayenta has been weathered away and also because the brittle rocks were cracked along an evenly spaced set of vertical joints4 ,these joints trend northward between the two named features4 ,more rapid weathering along these joints helped form the separate rounded domes or spires between them4 ,similarly1 northwestward-trending vertical joints connect and helped shape ,kissing ,couple1 ,pipe ,organ1 and ,sentinal ,spire4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,coke ,,ovens1 looking north from overlook beneath ,artists ,point4 ,a set of north-south joints has allowed erosion of the ,wingate ,sandstone to proceed more rapidly along these zones of weakness and has helped create the four ovens shown4 ,weathering away of the protective caprock of the overlying ,kayenta ,formation has produced rounded tops on all but the left-hand shaft1 which is still protected by the ,kayenta4 ,note alcoves and arches in cliff of the ,wingate beyond1 the formation of the one on the right having been aided by removal of the underlying soft ,chinle ,formation4 ,bench covered by pion and juniper above ,wingate is resistant thin-bedded ,kayenta ,formation4 ,cliff above the bench is the ,slick ,rock ,member of the ,entrada ,sandstone4 ,the ,coke ,ovens were named from their resemblance to the beehive-shaped brick ovens formerly used to convert bituminous coal into coke for smelting iron4 7,fig4 #aa7 ,many of the cliff walls of the ,wingate are vertical1 some even overhang1 yet in some places the slopes are gentle enough to hold talus and to be climbed 7fig4 #ab74 ,why is this8 ,the answer to this question is given in a later section on 8,canyon ,cutting40 ,arches or shallow caves weathered out of some cliff faces of the ,wingate1 particularly where the underlying ,chinle ,formation has been partly scoured away4 ,although there are no large caves within the ,monument1 there are three in a row along the road #c miles west of the ,glade ,park ,post ,office4 ,one of these was inhabited until #aieh 7fig4 #e74 ,many of the cliff faces of the ,wingate are darkened or blackened by desert varnish--a natural pigment of iron and manganese oxides1 silica1 and clay4#ai ,dinosaurs left their footprints in the sands of the ,wingate in parts of the ,colorado ,plateau1 but no tracks or fossils have yet been found in this formation in or near the ,monument4 ,the ,rains ,came ,the arid climate of ,wingate time was followed by a wet period1 when streams from the northeast gradually covered the sand dunes with mud1 sand1 and some gravel4 ,the sand and gravel of the stream channels were cemented into hard sandstone and conglomerate1 and the mud of the flood plains hardened into red and purple siltstone and mudstone4 ,the resulting ,kayenta ,formation makes up the bench between the two cliffs upon which the ,visitor ,center1 campgrounds1 and most of scenic ,rim ,rock ,drive were built4 ,here1 nature was kind1 for this gently sloping bench was an ideal place to build the road from which to look down into the deep chasms4 ,the ,kayenta also caps the broad mesas between the canyons4 ,it is about #cej feet thick in eastern ,utah1 only #de to #hj feet thick in the ,monument1 and it is absent altogether not far east of the ,monument4 ,the reasons for the eastward thinning and ultimate disappearance of the ,kayenta and some younger rocks are given in the next section4 ,illustration3 ,,red ,,canyon1 looking northeast toward ,grand ,junction from ,red ,canyon ,overlook4 ,dark notch at the bottom of the northeast end of the canyon is known as the ,gunsight4 ,linear feature in the ,grand ,valley beyond is the ,denver and ,rio ,grande ,western ,railroad4 ,prominent point near middle of ,book ,cliffs is ,mount ,garfield 7,fig4 #be74 ,battlement and ,grand ,mesas form left and right skylines1 respectively4 ,dark green bush in right foreground is ,mormon ,tea4 7,fig4 #ab7 ,illustration3 ,,thin ,,bedded ,,kayenta ,,formation protecting underlying cliff of softer ,wingate ,sandstone4 ,rim ,rock ,drive is on bench of the ,kayenta close to thinner cliff of ,entrada ,sandstone in background4 ,looking northwest from a point northeast of ,monument ,canyon ,view4 7,fig4 #ac7 ,as noted earlier1 the sandstone beds and lenses of the ,kayenta generally are coarser grained 7some even contain small pebbles7 and much harder than the underlying ,wingate ,sandstone--particularly the lower beds of the ,kayenta1 which serve as a protective capping1 as shown in figure #ac and in many of the other photographs4 ,unlike the dominantly fine grained1 well sorted1 windblown sands of the ,wingate1 the coarser stream-laid sands of the ,kayenta are angular and poorly sorted1 so that small grains fill spaces between larger ones4 ,moreover1 in addition to the calcite cement 7which also holds together the sand grains in the ,wingate and ,entrada ,sandstones71 most of the sand grains and pebbles in the ,kayenta are covered by interconnected 8overgrowths0 of silica 7,si,o71 which make up about #aj percent of the rocks and serve as a nearly insoluble hard cement4#bj ,the combination of the coarse and fine grains and interlocking silica 8overgrowths0 makes the ,kayenta one of the most resistant rocks in the ,colorado ,plateau4 ,in distant views of weathered outcrops the ,kayenta appears to consist mainly of thin beds or lenses of sandstone1 which indeed it does1 but in some fresh exposures1 such as roadcuts1 the highly lenticular red flood-plain deposits form striking features which may wedge out from #c or #d feet thick to a featheredge within horizontal distances of only a few feet 7fig4 #ad74 ,the ,kayenta has yielded fossil bones of dinosaurs and other reptiles in northeastern ,arizona and freshwater shells in eastern ,utah4 ,as yet1 however1 no fossils have been reported from it in or near the ,monument4 ,another ,gap in the ,rock ,record ,following the wet interval when the ,kayenta ,formation was deposited over wide areas of the ,colorado ,plateau by streams1 the ,plateau once again became a vast desert1 and this time the dry climate persisted from the ,late ,triassic into the ,jurassic4 ,the howling winds piled up enormous sand dunes1 layer upon layer1 to a total thickness of more than #b1bjj feet at ,zion ,national ,park1 and as much as #ejj feet remains in eastern ,utah and parts of southwestern ,colorado4 ,this immense sandpile eventually was cemented by calcite into the ,navajo ,sandstone4 ,illustration3 ,,kayenta ,,formation1 showing lenses of hard channel sandstones and wedge of red siltstone and mudstone4 ,along road cut of ,rim ,rock ,drive near head of main stem of ,ute ,canyon4 ,vertical grooves remain from drill holes used in blasting roadcut4 7,fig4 #ad7 ,beautifully sculptured remains of the ,navajo are featured attractions at ,zion1 ,capitol ,reef1 and ,arches ,national ,parks1 ,rainbow ,bridge1 ,navajo1 and ,dinosaur ,national ,monuments2 border many miles of beautiful ,lake ,powell2 and form the eastern flank of the ,san ,rafael ,swell4 ,for reasons to be explained1 this sandstone thins to the northeast1 and is absent entirely at about the ,utah-,colorado ,state line1 some #ce miles southwest of the ,monument4 ,thus1 in the ,monument1 the ,navajo1 most of the ,kayenta1 and the lower part of the ,entrada ,sandstone are missing at another gap in the rock record1 as shown in figure #ae4 ,illustration3 ,,gap ,,in ,,the ,,rock ,,record1 between ,kayenta ,formation below #c- #f-;inch green notebook and ,slick ,rock ,member of ,entrada ,sandstone above4 ,the reasons for this gap are given in the text on page #ch4 ,that this is an erosional unconformity is clearly indicated by the uneven top of the ,kayenta1 particularly to the left of the notebook4 ,note solution pits and openings in the ,entrada near top of photograph4 7,fig4 #ae7 ,how is it possible that the ,navajo ,sandstone is more than #b1bjj feet thick in ,zion ,national ,park1 is several hundred feet thick in much of the ,plateau in ,utah and parts of southwestern ,colorado1 yet is absent entirely1 together with a considerable thickness of younger rocks in and near ,colorado ,national ,monument8 ,how much of the missing strata once were present in the ,monument is not known1 but it seems clear that at least part was present but was eroded away before the ,entrada ,sandstone was deposited4 ,there is evidence#ba that following the deposition and consolidation of the ,navajo ,sandstone the ,plateau and adjacent areas were uplifted1 tilted gently westward1 and eroded for a considerable period of time4 ,erosion naturally was most pronounced in the eastern areas1 including the ,monument1 where the uplift was greatest4 ,thus1 in the northeastern part of the ,plateau all the ,navajo and most of the ,kayenta were eroded away1 and erosion continued there while the lowest member of the ,entrada1 the ,dewey ,bridge ,member1 and the lower part of the overlying ,slick ,rock ,member were being laid down in the ,moab1 ,utah1 area4#bb ,this old erosion surface is clearly visible in many places along the cliff wall on the southwest side of ,rim ,rock ,drive between the ,visitor ,center and ,kissing ,couple4 ,the reduction in thickness of the ,navajo ,sandstone from southwest to northeast and absence of the ,navajo and some younger rocks in and near the ,monument are shown on an isometric 7three dimensional7 block diagram prepared by artist ,john ,r4 ,stacy and me1 which is displayed in the ,museum of the ,visitor ,center4 ,this block diagram portrays the surface and subsurface rocks from ,zion ,national ,park1 ,utah1 to ,black ,canyon of the ,gunnison ,national ,monument1 ,colo41 via ,capitol ,reef ,national ,park1 the ,henry ,mountains1 and ,colorado ,national ,monument4 ,throughout the ,plateau and parts of adjacent areas1 the erosion surface on top of the ,navajo ,sandstone is covered by scattered pebbles of chert--a hard variety of silica 7,si,o7 derived from cherty beds of freshwater limestone in the ,navajo4#bc ,where the ,navajo has been completely eroded away and the ancient erosion surface is on the ,kayenta ,formation1 as in ,colorado ,national ,monument1 scattered pebbles 7some of which are chert7 derived from the conglomerate lenses in the ,kayenta are found locally on the old surface4#bd ,because of this gap in the rock record we will continue part of our story farther west1 where the rock record is more nearly complete4 ,the ,sea to the ,west ,in ,middle ,jurassic time the land now called central ,utah1 which then was the eroded surface of the ,navajo ,sandstone1 sank beneath an arm of a shallow sea that came in from the north1 and most of the area remained beneath this sea until ,late ,jurassic time4 ,sediment carried into this sea and into bordering lagoons and estuaries later hardened into the sedimentary rocks of the ,carmel ,formation1 ,entrada ,sandstone1 and ,curtis and ,summerville ,formations4 ,the ,carmel and ,curtis contain abundant marine fossils of ,middle ,jurassic age1 and in central ,utah the intervening unfossiliferous ,entrada also is believed to have been deposited in or near the sea1 and the unfossiliferous ,summerville ,formation probably was deposited upon a tidal flat that was submerged part of the time4 ,deposits and ,events ,east of the ,sea ,in eastern ,utah1 east of the ancient ,jurassic sea1 the ,entrada ,sandstone is entirely unfossiliferous1 was partly water laid and partly wind blown1 and has been divided into three distinctive parts1 which in ascending order are the ,dewey ,bridge1 ,slick ,rock1 and ,moab ,members4#be ,in and near the ,colorado ,national ,monument1 the long period of erosion discussed in a preceding section probably continued well into the ,jurassic1 so only the upper part of the ,slick ,rock ,member and the overlying ,moab ,member were deposited on the eroded surface of what little remained of the ,kayenta ,formation 7fig4 #ad74 ,the ,slick ,rock ,member was named from its occurrence at and near the mining town of ,slick ,rock1 ,colo41 which originally was named after the appearance of the rock because it generally forms slick1 smooth cliffs4 ,it reminds one of the chicken and egg conundrum4 ,the ,slick ,rock is composed mainly of sand dunes that were piled up on the eastern shore of the ,jurassic sea by winds blowing from the northeast4 ,occasional rainy spells created lakes and ponds in which some of the sand was laid down in level beds4 ,this pile of sand later hardened into the cliff-forming ,slick ,rock ,member1 which looks something like the ,wingate but is generally only half as thick1 weathers into less abrupt cliffs1 is mostly salmon red1 and is almost free of joints4 ,the joints in the ,wingate 7fig4 #aa7 probably resulted from the uplift and tilting of the ,plateau before the long period of pre-,entrada erosion2 whereas the land seems to have been more stable during ,entrada time4 ,the ,slick ,rock is cemented with calcium carbonate 7,ca,c,o71 which is soluble even in weak acid1 such as rain or snow water containing dissolved carbon dioxide4 ,for this reason solution openings or pits occur in some of the cliff faces1 the most striking of which are those shown near the top of figure #ae4 ,the ,slick ,rock ,member of the ,entrada ,sandstone forms a line of cliffs and isolated monoliths that are second in height and grandeur only to those of the ,wingate4 ,the ,member is best displayed southwest of ,rim ,rock ,drive between the ,visitor ,center and the ,coke ,ovens and along the western arm of ,ute ,canyon 7fig4 #af74 ,it also forms the ,saddlehorn just south of the camp and picnic grounds near the ,visitor ,center 7fig4 #ej74 ,most of the smooth cliff faces show both the steeply dipping crossbeds of the old sand dunes and the flat-lying beds of the lake or pond deposits4 ,illustration3 ,,entrada ,,sandstone1 just above normally dry waterfall in west arm of ,ute ,canyon4 ,note smooth unjointed cliff of ,slick ,rock ,member protected at left by overhanging basal bed of ,moab ,member1 which forms about lower half of slope in distance4 ,upper part of distant slope is the ,summerville ,formation overlain by ,salt ,wash ,member of the ,morrison ,formation4 ,note ,slick ,rock at left resting upon eroded crossbedded sandstone in ,kayenta ,formation1 in which the canyon was cut4 7,fig4 #af7 ,the overlying ,moab ,member of the ,entrada is a white level-bedded sandstone that generally weathers into stairsteps or ledges4 ,one of the best exposures of the ,moab ,member is shown in figure #ag1 but good exposures also are seen along the west side of ,rim ,rock ,drive just northeast of the ,coke ,ovens ,overlook4 ,in some places the ,moab ,member forms cliffs continuous with those of the underlying ,slick ,rock ,member4 ,it appears to consist of hardened beach or lagoon sand that was deposited along the eastern shore of the sea1 which suggests that the sea extended farther east during ,moab and ,summerville times than it did during ,dewey ,bridge and ,slick ,rock times4 ,like the ,slick ,rock1 the ,moab also is cemented by calcium carbonate1 but the lower sandstone ledges of the ,moab ,member are more resistant to erosion than the ,slick ,rock ,member1 so the ,moab helps preserve the underlying cliffs4 ,the top of the ,moab ,member forms patches of bare pavement east of the ,monument1 known as the 8,slick ,rim10 which may be observed from the ,little ,park ,road4 ,illustration3 ,,moab ,,member ,,of ,,entrada ,,sandstone1 showing typical steplike weathering4 ,in west arm of ,ute ,canyon about a quarter mile above the view shown in figure #af4 ,moab ,member caps and protects overhang of ,slick ,rock ,member4 ,moab is overlain by unexposed slope of ,summerville ,formation and lower part of ,morrison ,formation4 7,fig4 #ag7 ,although the ,slick ,rock ,member normally is salmon colored or pink1 the upper half of an outcrop just north of the highest point on ,rim ,rock ,drive at the head of main ,ute ,canyon has a distinctly mottled appearance1 wherein much of the color has been leached to white1 but irregular splotches of color appear in the dominantly white upper part1 and white splotches appear in the colored part1 as shown in figure #ah4 ,by way of contrast1 in an outcrop of the two members of the ,entrada about #b miles north of the ,glade ,park ,store and ,post ,office 7fig4 #ai71 the entire ,slick ,rock ,member is as white as the ,moab ,member1 and the former is white for some distance to the east4 ,why is the salmon color entirely missing from the ,slick ,rock near ,glade ,park1 partly missing in figure #ah1 but present virtually everywhere else in and near the ,monument8 ,the answers to this seeming mystery involve events that occurred long ago1 so only the high points will be touched upon here4 ,illustration3 ,,mottled ,,salmon-,,and-,,white ,,slick ,,rock ,,member1 overlain by white level-bedded ,moab ,member1 on west side of ,rim ,rock ,drive about four-tenths of a mile north of head of main ,ute ,canyon4 7,fig4 #ah7 ,it seems reasonable to suppose that the ,slick ,rock ,member at both localities originally was salmon colored or pink1 as it is everywhere else1 but that later1 the coloring agent1 red ferric iron oxide 7,fe,o71 was chemically reduced1 or leached to ferrous iron oxide 7,fe,o71 by acidic ground water1 and was carried away to the northeast by the slowly moving ground water4 ,but as ,i have already pointed out1 the cliff exposures of the sandstones are now bone dry1 so what happened to the ground water and why was it acidic here and not elsewhere8 ,illustration3 ,,white ,,entrada ,,sandstone1 in outcrop just east of gravel road about #b miles north of ,glade ,park ,store and ,post ,office4 ,reasons for absence of salmon color in ,slick ,rock ,member are given in text4 7,fig4 #ai7 ,before the cutting of the deep canyons of the ,monument1 which followed the last major uplifts of the region accompanied by bending and breaking of the rocks1 the now dry sandstones were saturated with ground water that moved very slowly northeastward4 ,somewhere to the southwest the ,entrada ,sandstone seemingly took in water containing dissolved hydrogen sulfide gas 7,h,s71 changing the ground water to a weak acid4 ,the ,h,s could have been produced by a type of anaerobic bacteria that has the ability to reduce dissolved sulfates 7,,so7 in water to the dissolved hydrogen sulfide gas1 thereby obtaining needed oxygen4 ,the next questions you might logically ask are 7#a7 if the above deductions have any merit1 how do we know the acid water was caused by dissolved hydrogen sulfide1#bf 7#b7 what is the source of the sulfate ions 7,,so7 from which the ,h,s was obtained1 and 7#c7 why is the color of the ,slick ,rock ,member in figure #ai completely reduced to white whereas that in figure #ah is only partly reduced in the upper part8 ,although the ground waters from artesian wells in the ,grand ,junction area contain small amounts of sulfate as do most ground waters1 the amount needed for the results observed more likely came from solution of the common mineral gypsum 7calcium sulfate containing some water1 ,ca,s,o#b;,h,o74 ,the overlying ,summerville and ,morrison ,formations contain some gypsum in many places in ,utah1 so it is not improbable that these formations contain gypsum locally in ,colorado4 ,if so1 sulfate-bearing water could have percolated downward into the ,entrada at some point southwest of ,glade ,park4 ,but as this must have happened several million years ago1 the clues as to just where this occurred have grown quite cold4 ,seemingly1 the color in the ,slick ,rock ,member near and east of ,glade ,park was entirely removed by the process described1 but the very slow moving ground water had time to leach only the upper part of the ,slick ,rock 7the most permeable part7 in ,ute ,canyon before the process was halted forever by the draining of water from these beds by canyon cutting4 ,shortly before the ,jurassic sea to the west dried up1 silt1 mud1 and some sand were carried into either a shallow arm of the sea or a broad bay or lagoon near it1 and later the silt1 mud1 and sand hardened to become the ,summerville ,formation4 ,the ,summerville is only #dj to #fj feet thick in the ,monument but is much thicker in ,utah4 ,the ,summerville ,formation is so soft that it weathers very rapidly and hence is exposed at only a few places4 ,it is best displayed in the high roadcut at ,artists ,point and along the road to the south for the next mile 7fig4 #bj71 but it is also exposed in roadcuts along the west arm of ,ute ,canyon4 ,even the thinnest beds of the ,summerville can be traced for hundreds of yards1 and individual beds have a nearly constant thickness for such distances4 ,this greatly facilitated the detailed measurement of a section of the ,summerville#bg by my son ,bill and me from ,artists ,point to the base of the overlying ,morrison ,formation about a mile south4 ,using a #f-;foot folding steel rule we measured and described each thin bed from some key bed at about ground level to one at eye level1 followed the upper key bed southward to ground level1 then repeated the process until the entire #ed feet had been measured and described4 ,illustration3 ,,summerville ,,formation1 at ,artists ,point 7fig4 #c74 ,base of formation rests upon ,moab ,member of ,entrada just beneath the pavement4 ,note geologist's pick resting upon lower ledge of sandstone just to the left of middle4 ,top of the ,summerville here has been removed by erosion4 7,fig4 #bj7 ,the ,summerville at the type locality in the ,san ,rafael ,swell1 ,utah1 is much thicker than in the ,monument and contains many chocolate-brown beds2 but the ,summerville exhibits the same lateral continuity of even the thinnest beds4 ,thin sedimentary beds of such uniform thickness are thought to have accumulated in relatively quiet bodies of water4 ,if you look at the undersides of some of the blocks of hard light-gray sandstone that have broken off1 you may see corrugations like those on some metal barn roofs4 ,these are ripplemarks produced by wave or current action while the sand was still loose1 which indicates that the water was not always entirely quiet4 ,although much of the ,summerville is red1 you will see beds of many other colors including gray1 blue gray1 greenish gray1 chocolate brown1 and reddish brown4 ,dinosaurs ,roam the ,monument ,in ,late ,jurassic time the sea to the west eventually dried up1 either because it was filled with sediments or because the land rose above sea level1 or both4 ,this brought about a change from the parallel bedding in the marginal marine environment of the ,summerville to irregular stream-channel sandstones1 flood-plain silts and muds1 and freshwater lake deposits4 ,streams from higher lands to the south brought in mud1 silt1 and sand that piled up hundreds of feet thick over thousands of square miles1 including the ,monument4 ,these sediments were later compacted into the brightly colored siltstone1 mudstone1 sandstone1 and limestone now known as the ,morrison ,formation4 ,the colors are about the same as those of the ,summerville4 ,algae and other microscopic organisms extracted calcium carbonate from the lake waters1 and when they died this material settled on the lake bottoms to make limestone4 ,the soft siltstone and mudstone of the ,morrison ,formation weather rapidly into steep or fairly steep slopes1 but the harder beds of sandstone1 most of which are in the lower third of the formation1 known as the ,salt ,wash ,member1 are sculptured into bold ledges or low cliffs4 ,the generally softer upper two-thirds of the formation is called the ,brushy ,basin ,member4 ,the ,morrison is best exposed in and southeast of ,the ,redlands1 where the bare rocks are carved into badlands like the famous ones of ,south ,dakota4 ,both the ,fruita ,canyon and ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon approaches to the ,monument pass typical badlands in the ,morrison4 ,the entire #fjj feet of this formation is best seen in the high bluff on the east side of the mouth of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon 7fig4 #ba74 ,illustration3 ,,morrison ,,formation1 on east side of mouth of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon4 ,forty feet of ,summerville ,formation at base is concealed by slope wash1 but underlying white- and salmon-colored members of ,entrada ,sandstone are clearly exposed at lower left4 ,protective caprock at upper right is lowermost sandstone of ,cretaceous ,burro ,canyon ,formation4 ,upper two-thirds of ,morrison is typical of the ,brushy ,basin ,member2 lower one-third is not typical of the ,salt ,wash ,member1 which generally contains more and thicker lenses of sandstone1 some of which are just around the corner to the right4 ,mesa on left skyline is above ,serpents ,trail in the ,monument4 ,looking west from ,little ,park ,road4 ,see also figures #ee and #fj4 7,fig4 #ba7 ,in parts of the ,colorado ,plateau southwest of the ,uncompahgre ,plateau1 the sandstone lenses in the ,salt ,wash ,member of the ,morrison contain uranium and vanadium ore associated with carbonaceous matter1 including coalified wood4 ,no ores have been found in or near the ,monument presumably because such carbonaceous matter1 which helped precipitate the ores1 is lacking on the northeastern side of the ,uncompahgre ,plateau4 ,some of the beds of siltstone and mudstone in the ,brushy ,basin ,member of the ,morrison shown in figure #ba contain bentonite1 a clay derived from the decomposition of volcanic ash1 which indicates the presence of active volcanos in or near the ,plateau at the time these beds were deposited4 ,bentonite swells when wetted1 so it is widely used in well-drilling muds1 sealing canals1 etc4 ,some bentonitic material has been dug from the ,brushy ,basin along the ,little ,park ,road just south of the point from which the photograph in figure #ba was taken and was used for sealing irrigation canals in the ,grand ,valley4 ,the ,morrison is not well exposed in the ,monument1 as the formation is restricted to the higher parts where most of it is hidden by vegetation4 ,the lower part is seen in roadcuts and outcropping ledges along a high stretch of ,rim ,rock ,drive between ,artists ,point and the head of the west arm of ,ute ,canyon1 where sandstone lenses in the ,salt ,wash ,member are especially thick4 ,the climate during ,morrison time was wet enough to support abundant vegetation along the many lakes and streams--at least enough to feed the hungry dinosaurs and other reptiles that roamed the area4 ,many bones and parts of several skeletons of dinosaurs have been found in the ,morrison at several places in ,the ,redlands not far northeast and northwest of the ,monument4 ,the most famous dinosaur locality near the ,monument is ,riggs ,hill where1 in #aijj1 the late ,elmer ,s4 ,riggs of the ,field ,columbian ,museum 7now ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history7 dug out part of the first known skeleton of a huge ,brachiosaurus 7fig4 #bb74 ,this discovery made quite a splash in the scientific world1 for it was the first and only type of dinosaur found whose front legs were longer than its hind legs4 ,the fossilized thigh bone 7femur7 alone is #f feet #h inches long and weighs #edi pounds2 the arm bone 7humerus71 though incomplete1 is even longer4 ,the ribs are #i feet long4 ,a bronze plaque now marks the site of the excavation 7fig4 #ci74 ,in #aija1 ,riggs removed all but the forepart of a skeleton of ,apatosaurus from the southeast side of a large hill of the ,morrison ,formation just south of the old ,fruita bridge4 ,riggs also found remains of ,diplodocus1 ,camarasaurus1 and ,morosaurus1 and1 in #aicg1 ,al ,look1 prominent writer and amateur paleontologist of ,grand ,junction1 and ,edwin ,l4 ,holt1 an instructor in ,mesa ,college at ,grand ,junction1 found the closely associated remains of ,allosaurus1 ,stegosaurus1 and ,brachiosaurus at the western end of ,riggs ,hill4 ,dinosaurs generally are thought of as huge creatures--many were huge indeed 7fig4 #bc7--;but they came in various sizes and some were quite small4 ,an interesting ,late ,jurassic vertebrate fossil locality in the ,salt ,wash ,member of the ,morrison ,formation1 about #c miles northwest of the ,west ,entrance of the ,monument and about #c miles southwest of ,fruita1 was discovered in ,june #aige by ,george ,callison1 ,associate ,professor of ,biology and ,research ,associate in ,vertebrate ,paleontology at the ,california ,state ,university at ,long ,beach4 ,during the summers of #aige and #aigf ,dr4 ,callison and his assistants removed the closely associated skeletal remains of many small1 primitive mammals and both small and large dinosaurs and other reptiles4 ,part of the results were presented in an unpublished manuscript4#bh ,during the summer of #aigg and later1 additional mammalian fossils were removed by ,callison and assistants and additional reptilian fossils were removed by ,lance ,erickson1 paleontologist of the ,historical ,museum and ,institute of ,western ,colorado 7fig4 #b74 ,hopefully1 the work will be continued with the aid of grants from several sources4 ,illustration3 ,,excavating ,,type ,,specimen ,,of ,,brachiosaurus ,,altithorax ,,riggs from south side of ,riggs ,hill4 ,photograph taken in #aijj1 reproduced by permission of the ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history 7,chicago74 ,see also figure #ci4 7,fig4 #bb7 ,the locality1 which covers parts of about #ahj acres of public land administered by the ,bureau of ,land ,management1 has been fenced and posted to discourage vandalism1 and has been designated the ,fruita ,paleontological ,area4 ,in order to evaluate the importance of the locality and to make plans for its future development and protection1 the ,bureau of ,land ,management held the ,fruita ,paleontological ,workshop on ,march #bh-cj1 #aigg1 to which were invited several renowned vertebrate paleontologists and archaeologists together with interested local personnel of the ,bureau1 the ,national ,park ,service1 and the ,museum4 ,all remarks and prepared speeches were taken down by a shorthand reporter and were reproduced for the attendees in the #hc page unpublished 8,the ,fruita ,paleontological ,report40 ,illustration3 ,,skeletons ,,of ,,typical ,,dinosaurs ,,of ,,morrison ,,formation4#bi ,a1 ,camptosaurus1 a small dinosaur about #aa feet long2 ,b1 ,apatosaurus1 a gigantic dinosaur about #gf feet long2 ,c1 ,allosaurus1 a large carnivorous dinosaur about #cj feet long2 and ,d1 ,stegosaurus1 a large armored dinosaur about #bd feet long4 7,fig4 #bc7 ,the close association of ,late ,jurassic mammalian and reptilian fossils1 as found at the ,fruita site1 is of considerable interest and importance1 but is by no means unique1 for similar associations occur elsewhere in ,colorado1 and in ,wyoming1 ,europe1 and ,africa4 ,of those in the ,united ,states1 the quarry at ,como ,bluff1 near ,laramie1 ,wyo41 is considered by most of the experts to be the most outstanding4 ,of the material unearthed at ,fruita thus far1 which includes bones of some of the large dinosaurs found earlier by ,riggs1 remains of some of the smaller dinosaurs and a complete skull of the moderately large flesh eater ,ceratosaurus are considered the most important4 ,freshwater clam and snail shells abound in some beds of the ,morrison1 particularly in limestones1 and occur sparingly in other types of beds4 ,the shells occur mainly in ,the ,redlands1 particularly about #a miles west of the ,fruita bridge4 ,some of these shells that are filled with agate are sought by rockhounds4 ,dinosaurs on the ,move ,the wet climate of ,late ,jurassic time was followed by arid or semiarid climate in the ,early ,cretaceous4 ,streams continued to deposit gravel1 sand1 silt1 and mud1 but at a much slower rate4 ,these deposits eventually hardened into the conglomerate1 sandstone1 and green shale or siltstone of the ,burro ,canyon ,formation4 ,this formation1 together with part of the overlying ,dakota ,sandstone1 caps ,black ,ridge1 the highest part of the ,monument 7#g1jjj feet7 about a mile west of the ,coke ,ovens4 ,several airway beacons on this high ridge may be seen for many miles4 ,the ,burro ,canyon is best seen below the ,monument on the west side of ,monument ,road along the lower part of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon1 where it is about #fj feet thick 7fig4 #bd74 ,illustration3 ,,burro ,,canyon ,,formation ,,and ,,dakota ,,sandstone1 along west side of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon1 about #b miles northeast of the ,monument's ,east ,entrance4 ,basal sandstone above road and unexposed green shale 7brown in photograph7 comprise the ,burro ,canyon1 here #eh feet thick4 ,white band two-thirds the way up the slope is #dj-;foot basal conglomerate of the ,dakota ,sandstone1 above which is #eh feet of carbonaceous shale1 a #ad-;foot bed of sandstone1 and #ag feet of sandy shale to the top of the hill4 ,the top of the ,dakota has been eroded away4 7,fig4 #bd7 ,a few fossil plants and shells have come from the ,burro ,canyon ,formation1 but the seeming absence of dinosaur bones suggests that possibly these reptiles had to move to areas of greater precipitation1 where food was more abundant4 ,some dinosaurs may have lived in the area at this time1 but their bones either were not fossilized or they have not yet been found4 ,yet ,another ,gap in the ,rock ,record ,deposition of the ,burro ,canyon ,formation was brought to a close by another uplift of the ,plateau1 and of course the uplift was followed by another period of erosion1 which continued through the end of ,early ,cretaceous time4 ,as noted in the caption for figure #bd1 seemingly all but #eh feet of the ,burro ,canyon was eroded away1 but #abj feet remains along ,east ,creek1 only about #ab miles to the southeast1 which suggests that the old erosion surface was a bit uneven4 ,that this period of erosion was of considerable duration is suggested by the abundance of the white clay mineral1 kaolinite1 beneath and in the overlying white basal conglomerate of the ,dakota ,sandstone4 ,this type of clay commonly results from prolonged weathering of many types of rocks and indicates that the period of pre-,dakota erosion was of long duration4 ,peat ,bogs ,by the beginning of ,late ,cretaceous time the eroded surface of the ,monument was part of a low plain near sea level1 and the sea was gradually encroaching from the east or northeast4 ,gravel and sand carried in by streams combined with the white kaolinite on the surface to form the #dj-;foot basal conglomerate of the ,dakota ,sandstone 7fig4 #bd74 ,as the land gradually subsided nearer to sea level1 swamps which were formed along the coast supported considerable vegetation4 ,as the trees and plants died and were covered by silt and mud1 they gradually changed to peat which finally became compacted into coal and brown or black coaly shale containing plant remains4 ,you can dig out some of this coal and perhaps find some plant remains near the top of the west canyon wall just below the highest sandstone bed in figure #bd1 which is outside the ,monument4 ,for awhile the coast alternately sank slightly below and rose slightly above sea level4 ,beach sand covered the swamp deposits1 then more swamp deposits covered the sand4 ,some of the sand contains seashells1 such as oysters and clams4 ,except on ,black ,ridge1 the ,dakota has been entirely eroded from the ,monument1 but it crops out with the underlying ,burro ,canyon in a series of low hills south of the ,colorado ,river4 ,the ,dakota ,sandstone is about #bjj feet thick4 ,the ,sea ,covers the ,plateau ,still later in the ,cretaceous ,period the whole region sank beneath the sea and stayed there a long time4 ,silt and limy mud were piled layer upon layer on the sea floor and hardened into the gray and black ,mancos ,shale4 ,thin layers of sand were cemented into sandstone1 and layers of calcium-carbonate mud became chalk or limestone4 ,seashells and bones of sharks and seagoing reptiles have been found in the ,mancos in many places4 ,the ,mancos and all younger rocks have been stripped off the ,monument1 but they may be seen one after the other as you travel northeastward4 ,thin remnants of the ,mancos cap low hills just south of the ,colorado ,river1 and the entire #c1hjj feet of the ,mancos underlies the ,grand ,valley and ,book ,cliffs4 ,the upper part is clearly exposed in the towering1 barren ,book ,cliffs1 where the soft shale is protected by a caprock of hard sandstone--the lowermost unit of the overlying ,late ,cretaceous ,mesaverde ,group 7fig4 #be74 ,the ,sea's ,final ,retreat ,slow uplift of the ,plateau1 including the ,monument region1 caused the gradual retreat of the ,mancos sea4 ,deposition of mud on the sea bottom gave way to deposition of beach sand1 coal swamps1 and then more beach sand and coal swamps4 ,finally1 in ,late ,cretaceous time1 the sea withdrew entirely1 never again to return to the ,colorado ,plateau region4 ,streams deposited sand1 silt1 and mud on the newly uplifted coastal areas4 ,all these deposits1 including some high-grade bituminous coal that was formed in the swamps1 we now know as the ,mesaverde ,group4 ,the thick cliff-forming sandstones of this unit are beautifully displayed in ,de,beque ,canyon of the ,colorado ,river between ,palisade and ,de,beque1 just upstream from the ,grand ,valley4 ,there are several active coal mines in the ,mesaverde between ,palisade and ,cameo1 and outcrops of coal may be seen on the east side of the road just south of ,cameo4 ,the electric generating station of the ,public ,service ,company of ,colorado at ,cameo is conveniently situated over a coal mine and next to the ,colorado ,river1 which supplies cooling water4 ,illustration3 ,,mount ,,garfield1 a prominent point on the ,book ,cliffs bordering the northeastern side of the ,grand ,valley4 ,slopes are ,mancos ,shale2 ledge about halfway upslope is the toe of an ancient landslide deposit of ,mesaverde sandstone blocks marking the level of an ancestral ,grand ,valley2 capping beds of sandstone at crest are basal beds of ,mesaverde ,group4 7,fig4 #be7 ,illustration3 ,,photo ,,index ,,map1 showing localities where most of the photographs were taken4 ,arrows point to distant views4 ,numbers refer to figure numbers4 7,fig4 #bf7 ,photographs for four figures are not shown because figures #e1 #be and #cf were taken outside the map borders and figure #a was taken at an undisclosed locality in the monument ,the remains of dinosaurs have been discovered in rocks of this age elsewhere1 but near the ,monument only their tracks have been found4 ,some of these1 in coal mines along the ,book ,cliffs and near ,cedaredge1 are #ch inches across and their placement indicates an incredible stride of #af feet6 ,had there been highways in ,mesaverde time1 this bipedal giant could have crossed them in two strides4 ,both the ,mancos and ,mesaverde once covered the ,monument area but were removed long ago by erosion4 ,end of the ,dinosaurs ,the end of the ,cretaceous ,period was also the end of the dinosaurs4 ,exactly why the 8terrible lizards0 died out after dominating the world for more than #aej million years is not known for sure1 but many guesses have been made4 ,one likely idea is that widespread uplift and mountain building that began late in ,cretaceous time1 accompanied by changes in climate1 may have greatly reduced the supply of soft edible plants4 ,if so1 it is easy to imagine how huge dinosaurs accustomed to a ton or more of lush plant food each day would soon starve to death4 ,many dinosaurs were vegetarians4 ,as they died out1 the flesheaters1 such as ,tyrannosaurus1 soon ran short of food also1 and probably began to eat each other4 ,tyrannosaurus closely resembled the ,jurassic ,allosaurus shown in figure #bc1 except that ,tyrannosaurus was much larger and more formidable--in fact it probably was the most terrible predator that ever roamed the surface of the ,earth4 ,the dinosaurs had become too highly specialized to their environment to adapt themselves to changes of this kind4 ,another fascinating notion is that the growing population of small primitive mammals devoured dinosaur eggs 7which were left unattended like those of turtles and alligators7 nearly as fast as mamma dinosaur could lay them4 ,but whatever the reason1 it is clear that some worldwide condition caused the gradual extinction of the ponderous over-specialized dinosaurs and allowed the rise to power of the next types of animals destined to rule the ,earth--the brainier and more adaptable mammals4 ,at this time the rocks were gently bent into upfolds1 called anticlines or arches1 and downfolds1 called synclines or basins 7fig4 #bg74 ,one upfold that began to take form was the ,uncompahgre arch1 the crest of which shapes ,pion ,mesa just south of the ,monument4 ,but this gentle upfold was to grow larger and to have its flanks wrinkled and broken in the next geologic era--the ,cenozoic4 ,the ,age of ,mammals ,the beginning of the ,cenozoic ,era #fe million years ago--give or take a few million years--marked the beginning of a long span of geologic time during which mammals became the ruling land animals4 ,remains of some small primitive mammals have been found in ,mesozoic rocks 7p4 #ej71 but these tiny newcomers did not have a chance to flourish until the formidable dinosaurs died out4 ,the ,cenozoic ,era is divided into the long ,tertiary ,period--,the ,age of ,mammals--and the short 7about #b million years7 ,quaternary ,period--,the ,age of ,man4 ,the ,tertiary in turn is divided into five epochs--the ,paleocene1 ,eocene1 ,oligocene1 ,miocene1 and ,pliocene 7fig4 #fa74 ,events during parts of the ,tertiary ,period had an important bearing upon the ,monument even though no rocks of this period now occur in the area4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,types ,,of ,,rock ,,folds4 ,top1 anticline1 or upfold2 closed anticlines are called domes4 ,middle1 syncline or downfold2 closed synclines are called structural basins4 ,bottom1 monocline1 a common type on the ,plateau in which the dip of the beds changes in amount but not in direction2 axes may be mapped along trends of upper fold1 middle flexure1 or lower fold4 ,top and middle diagrams from ,hansen 7#aifi1 p4 #ca1 #ajh74 7,fig4 #bg7 ,early ,deposits and ,events ,the broad inland basins that were formed late in the ,cretaceous ,period received sand1 silt1 and mud brought in by streams from the uplifted or folded areas4 ,these materials became compacted into the ,wasatch ,formation--the red or pink rock from which ,bryce ,canyon ,national ,park was sculptured4 ,one such basin lay just northeast of the ,monument4 ,the ,monument probably was covered by some of these stream deposits after the main basin was partly filled4 ,the mammals that roamed the area during the ,paleocene ,epoch were primitive1 but more advanced forms appeared later1 in ,eocene time4 ,some of their fossil remains have been found in the ,wasatch ,formation in ,plateau ,creek ,valley north of ,grand ,mesa and near ,rifle1 about #fj miles northeast of ,grand ,junction4 ,the entire #e1jjj feet of the ,wasatch may be seen along ,u4,s4 ,highway ,i-#gj between the towns of ,de,beque and ,grand ,valley1 and much of it helps support towering ,grand and ,battlement ,mesas4 ,lake ,uinta ,in ,eocene time the northern part of the ,colorado ,plateau sagged downward and gradually filled with water until it became a huge lake1 now known as ,lake ,uinta4 ,the waters in it teemed with plants and animals1 particularly micro-organisms such as algae1 whose remains1 coated with calcium carbonate1 settled to the bottom along with the sand1 silt1 and mud washed into the lake by streams4 ,these sediments compacted into the remarkable ,green ,river ,formation which contains1 among many rock types1 large deposits of rich oil shale4 ,the light-colored ,green ,river ,formation1 which is about #c1hjj feet thick1 may be seen from ,u4,s4 ,highway ,i-#gj in the upper part of the towering ,roan ,cliffs on the northwest side of the ,colorado ,river between ,de,beque and ,rifle4 ,it also underlies the volcanic caprock of ,grand and ,battlement ,mesas4 ,john ,r4 ,donnell1 of the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 estimated that the oil shale in the ,piceance ,creek ,basin1 northwest of the ,colorado ,river alone1 contains more than one trillion barrels of oil4 ,the ,monument was at or near the south shore of this lake1 and may have been covered with a few hundred feet of the ,green ,river ,formation4 ,the ,mountains ,rise ,again ,lakes1 like mountains1 are temporary things4 ,even as lakes are forming1 sediment begins to fill them until ultimately they are obliterated4 ,so it was with ,lake ,uinta4 ,sometime after this lake dried up1 the ,earth's crust again became restless4 ,the gentle folds that were formed late in the ,cretaceous were lifted higher and bent more sharply1 and the flanks of some folds were wrinkled and broken 7figs4 #bg1 #bh74 ,the sharply bent or broken rocks along the northeastern border of the ,monument are thought to have been deformed mainly at this time1 but in part both earlier and later4 ,that pronounced folding of the rocks followed the deposition of the ,eocene ,green ,river ,formation is clearly shown along the ,grand ,hogback monocline between the towns of ,rifle and ,meeker1 ,colorado1 where the once flat lying beds of the ,green ,river and ,wasatch ,formations now stand vertical4 ,the folds and faults along the northeastern border of the ,monument1 which are shown on the geologic map 7fig4 #h71 are discussed briefly here--more details are given later in 8,trips through and around the ,monument40 ,the folded and faulted northeastern border of the ,monument1 which is shown in figure #bi and in several ensuing photographs1 is believed to have resulted from renewed uplift of the area southwest of the folds and faults1 including the ,monument4 ,the ,redlands fault 7figs4 #h1 #bi1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #da7 generally is a normal fault but locally is a reverse fault1 as discussed on page #ib and as shown in figure #dj and in the cross section of figure #h4 ,this fault has a maximum vertical displacement of #gjj or #hjj feet1 but dies out in scissors fashion at each end4 ,beyond the end of the ,redlands fault in the upper right of figure #bi may be seen another unbroken monocline4 ,a close-up view of the northwestern end of this fold in shown in figure #cj4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,types ,,of ,,faults4 ,top1 normal1 or gravity1 fault which generally results from tension in and lengthening of a segment of the ,earth's crust1 which allows the lower block to subside4 ,however1 some normal faults1 particularly some that are vertical or nearly so1 may result from uplift of the upper block4 ,low-angle reverse faults generally are called overthrust faults or simply overthrusts4 ,in both the normal and reverse faults note amount of displacement and repetition of strata4 ,displacement of such faults may range from a few inches to many thousands of feet1 and in overthrusts may reach many miles4 ,from ,hansen 7#aifi1 p4 #aaf74 7,fig4 #bh7 ,if we proceed about a quarter of a mile northeast of the point from which figure #cj was taken1 walk about #ej feet north1 and look to the northwest1 we see quite a different structure1 for here the gentle lower fold of the ,lizard ,canyon monocline has become the east end of the ,kodels ,canyon fault 7fig4 #ca74 ,illustration3 ,,ladder ,,creek ,,monocline ,,and ,,redlands ,,fault1 telephoto view looking northwest from point near ,little ,park ,road east of the ,monument4 ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon in foreground1 which is bordered on the left by northeastward-dipping beds of ,wingate ,sandstone at northwest end of ,ladder ,creek monocline4 ,the old ,serpents ,trail1 the lower part of which is barely visible1 ascends this dipping block of rock4 ,the dark ,proterozoic rocks form the flat-topped bluff to the right and are exposed by the ,redlands fault which lies just above the sharply upturned remnants of the ,wingate ,sandstone4 7,fig4 #bi7 ,illustration3 ,,lizard ,,canyon ,,monocline1 looking southeastward across mouth of ,lizard ,canyon from southeasternmost loop of ,rim ,rock ,drive just before it ascends ,fruita ,canyon4 ,note gentle lower bend at lower left and sharper upper one at upper right4 ,lower bend changes to ,kodels ,canyon fault in ,fruita ,canyon behind camera station4 ,grand ,mesa forms left skyline4 7,fig4 #cj7 ,illustration3 ,,kodels ,,canyon ,,fault1 looking northwest across mouth of ,fruita ,canyon from point on ,rim ,rock ,drive just described in text4 ,here1 along a normal fault dipping steeply northeastward1 the #cej-;foot cliff of ,wingate ,sandstone at upper left has been sheared and squeezed into only a few feet of broken rock overlain by a steep slope of the ,kayenta ,formation covered by pion and juniper4 ,the thinner cliff at right is the ,entrada ,sandstone which belongs high atop the cliffs at left4 ,book ,cliffs form distant skyline at right4 7,fig4 #ca7 ,if you doubt that figure #ca shows a fault1 a glance at figure #cb in the next major canyon eight-tenths of a mile to the northwest should convince you4 ,here1 on the northwest side of ,kodels ,canyon1 the ,wingate was not thinned but was rent completely asunder by the vertical ,kodels ,canyon fault 7fig4 #cb74 ,kodels ,canyon is not readily accessible to visitors4 ,the ,lizard ,canyon monocline1 ,kodels ,canyon fault1 and other structures are clearly shown in the stereoscopic pair of aerial photographs in figure #cc4 ,another structural feature within the ,monument is the ,glade ,park fault 7fig4 #h71 which lies mainly south of the ,monument but just cuts across the south end of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon in the latest addition to the ,monument4 ,it is well shown both from the air and the ground in figures #eh and #ei4 ,it is unique among all the major faults in the area in that the rocks south of the fault subsided with respect to those on the north side4 ,illustration3 ,,kodels ,,canyon ,,fault1 looking northwestward across canyon of same name4 ,base of ,wingate cliff on left is just about opposite the top of the ,wingate on right4 ,here1 nature was kind to the geologist1 for the vertical displacement 7rise of left side with respect to right side7 is virtually the thickness of the ,wingate ,sandstone--about #cej feet4 ,the ,wingate on the right is lighter colored than that on the left seemingly because rockfalls removed desert-varnish-coated rocks and exposed the true color of the sandstone4 7,fig4 #cb7 ,illustration3 ,,geologic ,,structures ,,at ,,fruita ,,entrance ,,to ,,colorado ,,national ,,monument4 ,the stereoscopic pair of aerial photographs may be viewed without optical aids by those accustomed to this procedure1 or by use of a simple double-lens stereoscope1 such as the folding ones used by the armed forces during and after ,world ,war ,,ii4 ,geologic details may be identified by comparing photographs with the geologic map1 figure #h4 ,if viewer is unable to see stereoscopic pairs in three dimensions1 looking at either photograph alone will convey a good idea of the geologic structure4 ,the monocline near top of the photographs may be seen on the right-hand side of the highway in figure #dc4 ,photographs taken in #aicg by ,u4,s4 ,soil ,conservation ,service1 hence1 alinement of then unpaved ,colorado ,highway #cdj differs from the paved present highway4 7,fig4 #cc7 ,at this point in our story it might be well to point out that the folding and faulting of the rocks just described occurred when thousands of feet of younger rocks covered the area4 ,additional folding and faulting1 drainage changes1 and gradual removal of the overlying rocks occurred during the remainder of the ,tertiary and ,quaternary ,periods1 as will be discussed further4 ,nearby ,lava ,flows#cj ,grand and ,battlement ,mesas1 respectively east and northeast of the ,monument1 are capped by several resistant thick flows of dark basaltic lava4 ,the molten rock welled up through fissures at the east end of ,grand ,mesa and flowed westward and northwestward over the eroded surface of ,eocene rocks4 ,radiometric dating of a sample of the basalt indicated an age of #i million years plus or minus half a million years1 placing the event in the ,miocene ,epoch of the ,tertiary ,period 7fig4 #fa74 ,a small remnant of the lava on the crest of the ,roan ,cliffs just southwest of the present town of ,grand ,valley indicates that the flows crossed this part of the ancestral ,colorado ,river ,valley and may have pushed the young stream westward4 ,the lava flows are about #hjj feet thick on the eastern part of ,grand ,mesa but are only about #bjj feet thick above the western rim of the mesa4 ,as the ancestral ,gunnison ,river is believed to be pre-,miocene in age1 it is not known whether or not the lava flows crossed the old river valley and reached as far west as the ,monument4 ,ancestral ,colorado ,river ,during most of the ,pliocene ,epoch the ancestral ,colorado ,river did not flow past what is now ,grand ,junction2 instead1 it joined with the ancestral ,gunnison ,river about #aj miles southeast of the present city1 and the combined streams flowed southwestward across the slowly rising ,uncompahgre arch through what was later to be called ,unaweep ,canyon 7fig4 #cf74 ,southwest of the canyon1 near the site of the present town of ,gateway1 the ancestral ,colorado ,river was joined by the combined flows of the ancestral ,san ,miguel ,river and the previously diverted ancestral ,dolores ,river1 then it flowed northwestward to what is now the mainstem of the ,colorado ,river4 ,i have attempted to show my ideas of this ancient drainage system as it may have existed in middle to late ,pliocene time in figure #cd4 ,but the stage was set for more spectacular drainage changes to follow4 ,piracy on the ,high ,plateaus ,rivers1 like people1 do not always choose their courses wisely4 ,after a few million years of downcutting through the soft sedimentary rocks1 mainly what is now called the ,mancos ,shale1 the ancestral ,colorado and ,gunnison ,rivers found themselves cutting through the hard ,proterozoic rocks in a deep gorge athwart the slowly rising ,uncompahgre arch1 which greatly slowed the downcutting power of the combined streams4 ,note in figure #cd;,a that while the mighty ancestral ,colorado and ,gunnison ,rivers were in this frustrating predicament1 a young upstart tributary began cutting northward from what is now the mouth of the ,dolores ,river 7fig4 #cd;,d74 ,although the combined main rivers could lower their channel only very slowly because of the hard rock in ,unaweep ,canyon1 the tributary was able to cut downward and headward quite rapidly through the soft ,mancos ,shale4 ,it eventually cut around the northwestward dipping ,uncompahgre arch and headed southeastward toward the ancestral ,colorado ,river near the present site of ,palisade4 ,then occurred an act of piracy that put to shame the mightiest exploits of ,blackbeard and ,captain ,kidd4 ,in latest ,pliocene or earliest ,pleistocene time additional uplift of the ,uncompahgre arch1 an unusually large flood1 or both1 caused the ancestral ,colorado ,river to overflow its banks and spill across a low shale divide into the headwaters of the tributary4 ,some ponding may have preceded the spillover4 ,with this enormously increased supply of water1 the tributary cut down rapidly through the soft shale and captured the entire flow of the ,colorado ,river1 but the ancestral ,gunnison ,river still flowed through ,unaweep ,canyon1 as shown in figure #cd;,b4 ,stream capture of this type is appropriately called 8piracy40 ,but the piracy had not ended4 ,note in figure #cd;,b that the 8new0 river sent out several tributaries1 one of which headed for and1 with the aid of yet additional and greater uplift1 soon captured the ancestral ,gunnison ,river1 as shown in figure #cd;,c4 ,this second act of piracy left ,unaweep ,canyon really 8high and dry0 except for small streams that carried off what little water the canyon received from local rain and snow4 ,while these piracies were taking place1 the ,book ,cliffs and the edge of ,grand ,mesa gradually retreated away from the valley because of erosion1 and more of the ,uncompahgre arch was uncovered4 ,the rising ,uncompahgre arch1 whose renewed uplifts in latest ,pliocene or earliest ,pleistocene times played such an important role in the ultimate abandonment of ancestral ,unaweep ,canyon1 was asymmetric in that the crest was not in the middle but was near the southwest side4 ,although sharp1 locally faulted monoclines are found on both sides of the arch1 including the part within the ,monument1 in general1 the northeastern flank has a rather gentle northeastward dip2 whereas1 the southwestern flank of the arch also is bordered by normal faults of considerable vertical displacement4#ca ,thus1 after abandonment1 the minor drainage in ,unaweep ,canyon continued to flow northeastward from a new divide near the southwestern border1 and ancestral ,west ,creek began cutting northeastward toward the new divide4 ,the drainage pattern depicted in figure #cd;,c differs slightly from my earlier interpretation and results from additional fieldwork4#cb ,illustration3 ,,probable ,,drainage ,,patterns ,,and ,,land ,,forms ,,near ,,the ,,monument ,,at ,,four ,,successive ,,stages ,,of ,,development4 ,solid drainage lines taken from the ,moab and ,grand ,junction1 ,utah-,colorado1 topographic maps of the ,army ,map ,service2 dashed drainage lines are my own ideas4 ,a1 just prior to piracy of ancestral ,colorado ,river2 ,b1 after piracy of ancestral ,colorado ,river and just prior to piracy of ancestral ,gunnison ,river2 ,c1 abandonment of ,unaweep ,canyon after renewed uplift of ,uncompahgre arch and piracy of ancestral ,gunnison ,river2 and ,d1 present drainage pattern after additional uplift and piracy of ,east ,creek4 ,modified from ,lohman 7#aifa1 #aife;a1 #aife;b74 7,fig4 #cd7 ,illustration3 ,a1 just prior to piracy of ancestral ,colorado ,river ,illustration3 ,b1 after piracy of ancestral ,colorado ,river and just prior to piracy of ancestral ,gunnison ,river ,illustration3 ,c1 abandonment of ,unaweep ,canyon after renewed uplift of ,uncompahgre arch and piracy of ancestral ,gunnison ,river ,illustration3 ,d1 present drainage pattern after additional uplift and piracy of ,east ,creek4 ,at the time of abandonment1 ancestral ,unaweep ,canyon was a ,v-shaped canyon resembling ,glenwood ,canyon just upstream from the city of ,glenwood ,springs1 ,colorado4 ,the reasons for its change in shape and appearance to the beautiful ,u-shaped canyon we find today and the profound effect the abandonment of ,unaweep ,canyon had on the deepening of the ,grand ,valley and the canyons of the ,monument will be brought out in the section 8,canyon ,cutting40 ,the ,age of ,man ,like the dinosaurs before them1 a few of the ,tertiary mammals were so long on brawn and short on brains that they evolved into grotesque monsters and overspecialized themselves into early extinction4 ,fortunately1 however1 most of the mammals evolved more slowly and moderately into the forms we find today4 ,one group--the anthropoid primates--began to think1 so they developed their brains rather than their brawn1 particularly the ,tertiary ancestors of man4 ,few remains of these ancestors have been found in ,tertiary rocks1 but many more have been discovered in rocks of the next geologic period--the ,quaternary4 ,thus1 this period may properly be regarded as the age of man1 for man then began to dominate the ,earth for better or for worse4 ,the ,quaternary--latest and shortest of the geologic periods--is divided into the ,pleistocene and ,holocene 7recent7 ,epochs 7fig4 #fa74 ,the ,ice ,age ,during the ,pleistocene ,epoch1 all continents of the ,northern ,hemisphere and some of the ,southern ,hemisphere were partly covered at least four times by huge glaciers4 ,each glacial advance in ,europe and ,north ,america was ended by a warmer interval during which the glaciers melted and retreated northward2 then1 vegetation and soil had time to become re-established4 ,thus1 the ,pleistocene has properly been called the ice age4 ,none of the continental glaciers reached the ,monument or the ,uncompahgre ,plateau1 or arch1 but small alpine glaciers grew in the high ,rocky ,mountains to the east1 sculpturing sharp-crested peaks and ridges and forming beautiful valleys and lakes4 ,many of the beautiful lakes on ,grand ,mesa were formed by glaciation1 but some near the edges were formed by landslides4 ,the increased streamflow from the greater precipitation and from melting alpine glaciers in the ,rockies1 particularly during times of glacial retreat1 helped the ,colorado ,river cut through the rocks faster1 thus assisting in the formation of ,colorado ,national ,monument as we see it today4 ,the river carried thousands of cubic miles of sediment to the ,gulf of ,california1 including a lot of rock that once covered the ,monument1 and the river is still actively at work on this immense earthmoving project4 ,if the ancestral ,colorado ,river carried sediment at about the same rate as the present river since the building of ,hoover ,dam1 it may have carried about #c cubic miles of sediment each century4 ,now most of the rock debris is being dumped into ,lake ,powell--the new reservoir behind ,glen ,canyon ,dam4 ,when this1 ,lake ,mead1 and other reservoirs ultimately become filled with sediment1 the ,gulf of ,california will again be the burial ground4 ,but other events during the ,pleistocene also played a role in shaping the area4 ,the ,uncompahgre arch was again uplifted and deformed in the ,pleistocene soon after the abandonment of ,unaweep ,canyon4 ,this caused added tilting of the strata and more bending and breaking along some of the folds and faults in the ,monument4 ,capture of ,east ,creek ,east ,creek1 which drains the northeastern half of ,unaweep ,canyon1 was forced to change its course during the ,pleistocene ,epoch by another act of piracy4 ,after capture of the ,gunnison ,river by the newly routed ,colorado ,river1 ,east ,creek joined the ,gunnison by way of ,cactus ,park4 ,then1 a tributary of ,north ,east ,creek headed southward and captured ,east ,creek1 as shown in figure #cd;,d4 ,canyon ,cutting ,when the ,colorado ,river was diverted into its new course through the ,grand ,valley past the ,monument1 the stream channel seems to have been only about #fjj to #hjj feet higher than it is today1 but the present divide in ,unaweep ,canyon is now about #b1ejj feet higher than the channel4 ,the difference of #a1gjj to #a1ijj feet was caused by the additional uplift of the ,uncompahgre arch during the ,pleistocene4 ,thus1 the ,grand ,valley and its tributary canyons1 such as those of ,colorado ,national ,monument1 were cut since the abandonment of ,unaweep ,canyon1 probably mainly during the ,quaternary ,period4 ,this suggests that the cutting of the ,monument's canyons began only about #b million years ago1 but that much of the canyon cutting occurred only a few hundred thousand years ago4 ,indeed1 the canyons are still slowly being deepened1 lengthened1 and widened4 ,as you stand on any of the lookout points and gaze down into the canyons of the ,monument1 you may well wonder how such immense chasms could have been cut by such puny streams that are dry most of the time4 ,the streams flow only for short periods after heavy thundershowers or after rapid melting of snow4 ,if you are lucky enough to see them flow1 you will notice that the water is red or brown because of the suspended mud1 silt1 and sand4 ,if the flow is large1 you may see or hear pebbles and cobbles rolling along the bed4 ,accordingly1 the streams and their cutting tools are slowly deepening the channels4 ,but1 you may ask1 how does this account for such wide1 broad-bottomed1 cliff-walled canyons8 ,such streams act mainly as storm sewers to carry off the rock debris formed by other types of erosion4 ,when cutting first began1 the ,monument's canyons were narrow1 steep1 and ,v-shaped4 ,when the top of the hard1 dark ,proterozoic rocks was reached1 however1 downcutting slowed just as it had earlier in ,unaweep ,canyon4 ,while the streams were thus hung up1 other erosional processes caused the cliff walls to recede away from the streams1 forming broad1 flat-bottomed1 ,u-shaped canyons4 ,recession of the cliffs away from the middle of the canyons probably was caused partly by undercutting of the soft ,chinle ,formation by wind and in places by streams4 ,this allowed slabs of the overlying ,wingate ,sandstone and younger rocks to break off and fall into the canyons--eventually to break up and to be carted off as sand and mud by streams4 ,but other processes are probably the ones chiefly responsible for the present shape and width of the canyons4 ,the summer sun heats the cliff faces until they are hot to the touch1 but in the present desert climate of the ,monument the rocks cool rapidly after sundown4 ,oftentimes the hot cliff faces are chilled rapidly by summer thundershowers4 ,repeated heating1 cooling1 wetting1 and drying causes expansion and contraction of the rocks so that thin layers break off and fall4 ,this process goes on slowly even in winter on sun-facing cliffs1 but it does not occur on the cliffs that face away from the winter sun4 ,even more important1 perhaps1 is the alternate freezing at night and thawing by day on sun-facing cliff faces during the winter4 ,water in cracks near the cliff faces alternately freezes and melts1 gradually prying off slabs of rock4 ,canyon walls that are shaded from the sun most of the winter1 however1 stay cold or frozen much of the winter2 hence1 they are not subject to repeated heating and cooling or freezing and thawing4 ,thus1 you will notice that because of talus accumulation many such canyon walls are sloping rather than vertical4 ,to illustrate the above conjectures concerning the cutting and shaping of the canyons1 let us consider several canyons that trend in different directions4 ,we have seen in figure #ab that the left side of northeastward trending ,red ,canyon is a nearly vertical cliff that faces the sun most of the winter2 whereas1 the right side1 which is shaded most of the winter1 slopes gently enough to be climbed at many places4 ,the sides of ,ute ,canyon1 which trends more nearly northward 7fig4 #eb71 slope about equally1 as would be expected4 ,however1 the west arm of the ,canyon1 which trends slightly southeastward1 has sides whose slopes differ markedly 7fig4 #ce74 ,this brings us to the remarkable transformation of the original ,v-shape of ,unaweep ,canyon to the beautiful ,u-shape of the present canyon1 which is shown in figure #cf4 ,the abandonment of ,unaweep ,canyon discussed earlier removed the gigantic storm sewer that for millions of years carried off the products of vigorous erosion of the canyon walls by the processes just described4 ,rock materials that now fall from the cliffs of the inner gorge in hard ,proterozoic rocks and that fall from the overlying softer sedimentary rocks simply pile up at the foot of the cliffs to form a canyon equally as ,u-shaped as those cut by glaciers in the high mountains4 ,indeed1 ,unaweep ,canyon has been mistaken for a glacial canyon by many1 including some geologists4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,illustration3 ,,fallen ,,rock1 in west arm of ,ute ,canyon below waterfall1 from ,fallen ,rock ,overlook4 ,note that the sun-facing left side of canyon1 containing the fallen block of ,wingate ,sandstone1 is a vertical cliff2 whereas1 the shaded right side can be readily climbed4 ,the right side contains a trail near the middle of the picture1 but it is hidden by vegetation4 7,fig4 #ce7 ,illustration3 ,,unaweep ,,canyon1 looking southwest from rim of inner gorge cut in hard ,proterozoic rocks1 just to the right side of first cattle guard on ,divide ,road1 near middle of sec4 #af1 ,t4 #ad,s41 ,r4 #ajj ,w41 about #e miles northeast of drainage divide shown in figure #cd;,d4 ,drainage divide is just around the corner to the right of the most distant part of the canyon visible4 ,slope above vertical cliff on right consists of ,chinle ,formation1 ,wingate ,sandstone1 and flat crest of ,entrada ,sandstone 7,kayenta ,formation is absent74 ,paved road in canyon is ,colorado ,highway #ada4 7,fig4 #cf7 ,a ,look into the ,future ,this ends the brief geologic story of ,colorado ,national ,monument1 except for a peek into the future1 a description of trips through and around the ,monument1 and a comparison with other ,parks and ,monuments on the ,plateau4 ,the temporary nature of lakes1 rivers1 and even mountains has been discussed--the ,monument of today and the new course of the ,colorado ,river are no exceptions4 ,the ,colorado ,river did not solve its problems by abandoning its hard-rock course in ,unaweep ,canyon in favor of a soft-rock course through ,ruby and ,westwater ,canyons--it just postponed them4 ,the river has again cut down into its old nemesis--the hard ,proterozoic rock--in ,ruby ,canyon just within the ,colorado border1 in ,westwater ,canyon in ,utah1 and the ,gunnison ,river has reached the hard rock at its confluence with ,dominguez ,creek1 not far above ,whitewater1 as shown in figure #cd;,d4 ,thus1 once again hard rock is slowing down old man river1 and will slow him down for a long time to come4 ,someday1 ,westwater and ,ruby ,canyons will be deep gorges like ,unaweep ,canyon4 ,then it is quite possible that another young tributary may sneak around the ,uncompahgre arch some miles northwest of these canyons and pirate the river into a new soft-rock course4 ,by this time1 the ,monument will have changed appearance considerably4 ,some of the canyons will have come together by eating away the ramparts that separated them--just as the two entrances of ,monument ,canyon have already done4 ,but as the lower canyons thus eliminate themselves1 the headwaters will bite deeper into ,pion ,mesa1 so perhaps the ,monument will simply creep slowly southwestward4 ,however1 renewed uplift1 more volcanos1 changes in climate1 or other events could alter the picture4 ,still1 if the geologic clock ran as fast as the ones we use1 the picture of the ,monument we see today would be on the screen only a small fraction of a split second4 ,but the geologic clock ticks on1 slowly but surely1 and1 someday1 the ,holocene ,epoch in which we live will become just another brief chapter in the long geologic history of the ,earth4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,how to ,see the ,monument ,how to see the monument depends in large part on how long you can stay1 but it depends also upon the direction you are travelling to or through ,grand ,junction and ,fruita1 and on the mode of transportation4 ,moreover1 the ,monument has four entrances--two main entrances from ,fruita 7,west ,entrance7 and ,grand ,junction 7,east ,entrance71 and two subordinate entrances from the ,glade ,park area to the southwest4 ,though by no means as well known as our large ,national ,parks1 ,colorado ,national ,monument is more readily accessible than many4 ,it is on two transcontinental highways 7,u4,s4 #f and #ej71 is the western terminus of ,u4,s4 #bd1 and is on nearly completed ,interstate #gj1 one of the most scenic transcontinental ,interstate ,highways4 ,highway ,i-#gj supersedes many stretches of ,u4,s4 #f1 #bd1 and #ej1 but the latter are still used in parts of the ,grand ,valley and elsewhere4 ,the ,monument also is on the main line of the ,denver and ,rio ,grande ,western ,railroad1 which still maintains limited passenger service between ,denver and ,salt ,lake ,city1 but this service may eventually be terminated4 ,grand ,junction's ,walker ,field is served by several airlines1 and both ,grand ,junction and ,fruita are served by busses4 ,many people driving through the ,grand ,valley for the first time are unaware of the ,monument's existence unless they happen to see it on a roadmap or see road signs pointing toward it1 but unfortunately the signs are unevenly and poorly distributed4 ,people entering ,grand ,junction from the east on ,u4,s4 #f and #bd or from the southeast on ,u4,s4 #ej are apt to see one or more of the signs--particularly when crossing ,grand ,avenue on ,first or ,fifth ,streets4 ,if they are heading westward and can devote at least half a day1 they may drive to the ,east ,entrance1 follow ,rim ,rock ,drive for #bb miles northwestward through the ,monument1 stop at some or most of the scenic overlooks and the ,visitor ,center1 leave via the ,west ,entrance1 and proceed northwestward on ,u4,s4 #f and #ej or better yet on ,i-#gj4 ,however1 as will be described below1 longer stops are much more rewarding4 ,those driving eastward on ,i-#gj may see the sign at the ,fruita interchange pointing southward toward the ,monument--and may take the above described quickie trip in reverse4 ,those heading northwestward on ,i-#gj1 however1 may not be aware of the ,monument until they see the sign at the ,fruita interchange2 then1 they may not have or take time to double back southeastward through the ,monument4 ,if they do drive southeastward through the ,monument1 however1 they can return to ,fruita following a very scenic northwesterly route through ,the ,redlands on ,broadway 7,colo4 ,highway #cdj7 and ,south ,broadway1 or they may take a paved shortcut from near the ,east ,entrance to ,south ,broadway via ,south ,camp ,road 7p4 #aah74 ,drinking water and sanitary restrooms are available in the headquarters area in the campgrounds and picnic grounds and ,visitor ,center1 and in the ,devils ,kitchen ,picnic ,area4 ,food is not available in the ,monument1 so those planning to remain all day should bring lunches4 ,i have conducted many groups through the ,monument1 always choosing to travel northwestward from ,grand ,junction through ,the ,redlands1 just northeast of the ,monument1 to the ,west ,entrance1 then returning southeastward through the ,monument4#cc ,on most days1 taking the trip in these directions affords good lighting for photographing most of the scenic features4 ,this and other routes are described in the next section and are plainly labeled so that the visitor may start with any trip he or she chooses4 ,regardless of how long you stay or which routes you follow1 it is advisable to be well supplied with color film4 ,some of the view points and overlooks have displays or signs to help interpret the scenic features1 and more of these aids are added from time to time4 ,there are three maps in this report 7figs4 #c1 #h1 #bf72 these maps will be helpful to anyone touring the ,monument4 ,figure #c shows streams1 highways and roads1 principal trails1 named features1 overlooks1 and trip-guide locations2 figure #h is a geologic map2 and figure #bf shows localities where most of the photographs were taken4 ,in addition1 topographic maps of the ,monument and adjacent areas by the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 scale #a3bd1jjj1 are available from several sources and are a considerable aid to visitors4 ,in addition to cultural and drainage features1 such maps show the exact shape of the land by means of contour lines1 which are level lines that go in and out of canyons1 around ridges1 and so forth4 ,a special map of the ,colorado ,national ,monument quadrangle is available also in a shaded relief edition1 which gives a three dimensional effect by proper shading of canyons and ridges4 ,both types of maps are for sale at the ,visitor ,center1 and these and adjacent quadrangles1 such as the ,grand ,junction1 ,fruita1 ,glade ,park1 and ,island ,mesa1 are sold at several engineering and stationery stores in ,grand ,junction and at the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey's ,map ,distribution ,office1 ,building #da1 ,federal ,center1 ,denver1 ,colorado1 #hjbbe4 ,the latter office and the ,visitor ,center also sell copies of my 8,geologic ,map of the ,grand ,junction area1 ,colorado10 published in #aifc as ,miscellaneous ,investigations ,map ,i-#djd4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,trips ,through and ,around the ,monument#cd ,from ,grand ,junction through the ,redlands to the ,west ,entrance of the ,monument ,,starting ,,point ,mile-marker #a ,we will begin our trip in the southwestern part of ,grand ,junction at the intersection of ,first ,street and ,grand ,avenue1 7this is also the intersection of ,u4,s4 ,highways #f and #ej and ,colorado ,highway #cdj71 by following a sign on ,highway #cdj pointing westward toward the ,monument4 ,after crossing a viaduct over the railroad yards and a bridge across the ,colorado ,river1 we come to a traffic light and a sign pointing left toward the ,monument4 ,the road to the left connects with ,monument ,road which leads up ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon to the ,east ,entrance4 ,however1 we will continue westward toward ,the ,redlands4 ,,redlands ,,canal ,mile-marker #b ,just beyond the stoplight we cross a bridge over the ,redlands ,power ,canal which carries #fge cubic feet per second 7cfs1 or fts7#ce from the ,redlands ,diversion ,dam on the ,gunnison ,river about #b miles south of ,grand ,junction4 ,a quarter of a mile northwest of the bridge1 most of the water falls to a lower powerplant that generates electricity for pumping the remaining #ej cfs to three lift canals1 which are used mainly for irrigating peach orchards in the eastern part of ,the ,redlands4 ,,south ,,broadway ,mile-marker #c ,after ,colorado ,highway #cdj curves right it is known as ,broadway--a paved road serving much of ,the ,redlands and connecting with the ,west ,entrance of the ,monument4 ,we will follow ,broadway about #c miles1 passing low outcrops and roadcuts of the ,dakota ,sandstone1 some of which contain coal beds and some of which are covered by a veneer of gravel laid down by the river when the channel was higher4 ,then1 at the first store and filling station we turn southwest on another paved road known as ,south ,broadway4 ,,south ,,camp ,,road ,,side ,,trip ,mile-marker #d ,just around the curve to the right is a ,t-intersection from which paved ,south ,camp ,road leads south to a growing suburban area2 and #b miles to the southeast it connects with ,monument ,road at a point only half a mile north of the ,east ,entrance of the ,monument4 ,excellent views of the cliffs of dark ,proterozoic rocks1 the overlying cliffs of the ,wingate ,sandstone1 and the ,redlands fault along the northeastern border of the ,monument are seen all along ,south ,broadway1 but views from ,south ,camp ,road and several connecting roads to the southwest are especially good4 7,see figs4 #cg and #ch47 ,as noted earlier1 the ,redlands fault has a maximum vertical displacement of #gjj or #hjj feet1 but dies out in scissors fashion at each end4 ,illustration3 ,,redlands ,,fault1 looking west from ,south ,camp ,road about one mile south of ,south ,broadway4 ,fault here is nearly vertical and normal1 and lies between updragged ,wingate ,sandstone and dark ,proterozoic schist1 gneiss1 and granite4 ,all or most of the soft ,chinle ,formation has been squeezed out along the fault4 ,note smooth erosion surface atop hard1 dark rocks surmounted by slope of red ,chinle ,formation and cliffs of ,wingate ,sandstone capped by lowermost resistant beds of ,kayenta ,formation4 7,fig4 #cg7 ,,brachiosaurus ,,monument ,mile-marker #e ,as we continue westward on ,south ,broadway1 note on the right the brightly colored mudstone and siltstone of the ,brushy ,basin ,member of the ,morrison ,formation strewn with large blocks of rusty-looking sandstone from the ,burro ,canyon ,formation1 which caps the high ridge on the right4 ,just above the deep cut on the right four-tenths of a mile west of the intersection with ,south ,camp ,road is a bronze plaque set in a masonry monument1 whose lettering is easily readable in figure #ci4 ,many years after the excavation in #aijj 7fig4 #bb71 ,elmer ,riggs contacted ,al ,look1 of ,grand ,junction1 in regard to the casting and erection of this plaque4 ,al1 ,elmer1 ,ed ,faber1 and a few other citizens put up the necessary funds and personally erected the plaque and monument4 ,somehow or other1 ,brachiosaurus was misspelled ,brachyosaurus1 as shown in figure #ci1 but the intentions were good4 ,later ,i will call attention to another similar monument commemorating the finding by ,riggs of another dinosaur skeleton4 ,illustration3 ,,closeup ,,of ,,updragged ,,wingate ,,sandstone ,,along ,,redlands ,,fault1 looking northwest from side road #a miles southwest of intersection of ,south ,camp ,road and ,south ,broadway4 ,white 8pimple0 atop cliff near left skyline is ,liberty ,cap1 an erosional remnant of the ,wingate ,sandstone1 reachable via the ,liberty ,cap ,trail 7fig4 #c2 and p4 #ajh74 ,chinle ,formation here was largely squeezed out along the fault4 7,fig4 #ch7 ,,watch ,,turns ,after a sharp turn to the north and another to the west1 ,south ,broadway reaches the top of a hill just above the ,elk's ,club and curves gently to the right past sandstone lenses in the ,salt ,wash ,member of the ,morrison ,formation4 ,a #faj-;foot-deep well at the house on the left formerly flowed about #a gallons a minute from the ,entrada and ,wingate ,sandstones4 ,illustration3 ,,bronze ,,plaque ,,and ,,monument ,,marking ,,the ,,discovery ,,of ,,brachiosaurus ,,altithorax ,,riggs1 above roadcut on ,south ,broadway four-tenths of a mile west of ,south ,camp ,road4 ,see also figure #bb4 ,for discrepancy in spelling text4 7,fig4 #ci7 ,,left ,,turn ,,watch ,,for ,,buffalo ,mile-marker #f ,half a mile to the north1 ,south ,broadway turns sharply to the left even though another paved road continues northward4 ,three-fourths of a mile to the west1 we turn northwestward parallel to the ,monument boundary fence for seven-tenths of a mile before turning north again4 ,the #g-;foot chain-link fence just to the left of the road is the northeastern boundary of the ,monument and encloses the herd of buffalo4 ,in the late forties or early fifties a young bull challenged the older leader for possession of the herd and gored and pounded the old bull so badly he had to be shot by a ranger4 ,during the furious battle #abe feet of this strong steel fence was utterly demolished4 ,it is reported that sometimes an old bull simply takes one look at the young challenger and retreats without a battle1 but other lone or rogue bulls may temporarily or permanently leave the herd for other reasons4 ,such outcasts are dangerous and unpredictable4 ,one bull kept a ranger 8treed0 for #d hours on a steep rock ledge in the broiling sun before moving on to a patch of grass4 ,four of these critters delayed by one week my walking out a stretch of the ,redlands fault on their side of the fence4 ,i decided that a live geologist had advantages over a dead hero4 ,,redlands ,,fault ,,wingate ,,drive ,,side ,,trip ,mile-marker #g ,throughout most of its #f-mile length the ,redlands fault is a vertical or nearly vertical normal fault1 but along and near this #j4g-mile stretch it is a reverse fault that dips from #de to #fj to the southwest1 as shown in figure #dj and in the cross section of figure #h4 ,good views of the fault are seen all along the fence1 but especially at points one-tenth and four-tenths of a mile northwest of the first turn1 the second of which is shown in figure #dj4 ,just after turning north on ,south ,broadway1 let us turn west a few hundred feet on paved ,wingate ,drive to see the northwest end of the ,redlands fault1 which passes through a col to the left of updragged remnants of the thinned red ,chinle ,formation and the ,wingate ,sandstone1 as shown in figure #da4 ,illustration3 ,,reverse ,,part ,,of ,,redlands ,,fault1 looking ,n4 #fe ,w4 from point on ,south ,broadway along boundary fence4 ,most of ,chinle ,formation has been squeezed out1 but lower part of ,wingate ,sandstone may be seen dipping about #de southwestward beneath dark ,proterozoic rocks4 ,next pink band to right is ,entrada ,sandstone4 ,jumbled mass of white sandstone slabs at right of photograph is part of ,salt ,wash ,member of ,morrison ,formation and is known locally as 8,white ,rock04 7,fig4 #dj7 ,illustration3 ,,northwest ,,end ,,of ,,redlands ,,fault1 passing through col to left of updragged remnants of ,chinle ,formation and ,wingate ,sandstone4 ,fault1 which here is normal1 ends against unbroken ,lizard ,canyon monocline in next canyon to northwest4 ,looking west from point just south of ,wingate ,drive a few hundred feet west of ,south ,broadway4 7,fig4 #da7 ,,monument ,,canyon ,,trail ,about half a mile north of the last turn1 ,south ,broadway rejoins ,broadway 7,colo4 ,highway #cdj7 at a stop sign4 ,after we turn left on ,broadway and reach the first curve1 we get a nice view westward into ,monument ,canyon1 as shown in figure #db4 ,the ,park ,service hopes to establish a new trailhead at the bridge one-tenth of a mile west of the curve1 from which a new section of trail will follow the normally dry wash southwestward to join the old ,monument ,canyon ,trail4 ,after we cross the creek leaving the canyon1 we pass a low hill of the ,salt ,wash ,member of the ,morrison ,formation on the left4 ,just beyond the hill1 the dirt road leading southwest to a farmhouse formerly was the beginning of the ,monument ,canyon ,trail 7fig4 #c74 ,there is a new temporary trailhead a quarter of a mile north1 but it is hoped that a permanent one can be built at the bridge about a quarter of a mile to the southeast1 as noted above4 ,hikers may see buffalo along this trail and should watch out for outcast bulls4 ,illustration3 ,,looking ,,west ,,into ,,monument ,,canyon1 from curve on ,broadway just northwest of end of ,south ,broadway1 showing ,independence ,monument4 ,this monument was seen in figure #f and will be seen again in figure #ea4 ,redlands fault ends in this canyon2 ,lizard ,canyon monocline can be seen on extreme right4 7,fig4 #db7 ,,drainage ,,divide ,mile-marker #h ,about half a mile north of the farm road we reach the highest point on ,broadway 7,colo4 #cdj7 at a drainage divide4 ,inasmuch as the three ,redlands ,lift ,canals end east of the divide1 there is quite a contrast between the lush irrigated lands east of the divide and the nearly barren desert to the west1 a view of which is shown in figure #dc4 ,to the southwest of the divide is an excellent view of the northeastward-dipping beds on the ,lizard ,canyon monocline4 ,on the left about a mile northwest of the divide we pass the other entrance of ,monument ,canyon1 then ,lizard ,canyon1 and a switchback on ,rim ,rock ,drive ascending the ridge between ,lizard and ,fruita ,canyons4 ,the water well beneath elevated tank on left is #fej feet deep and formerly flowed at about half a gallon a minute from the ,wingate ,sandstone4 ,household needs are obtained by pumping4 ,illustration3 ,,looking ,,west ,,from ,,divide ,,on ,,broadway #b ,,miles ,,east ,,of ,,west ,,entrance ,,to ,,monument4 ,monoclinal hill on right is ,brushy ,basin ,member of ,morrison ,formation capped by basal beds of ,burro ,canyon ,formation4 ,rocks at left middle are blocks of sandstone in the ,salt ,wash ,member of the ,morrison4 7,fig4 #dc7 ,,road ,,intersection ,at the next intersection1 ,colorado ,highway #cdj turns right and continues about #b miles to ,fruita2 the highway to the left reaches the ,west ,entrance of the ,monument in a quarter of a mile4 ,before turning left into the ,monument1 however1 we will interrupt our description of the trip by making a new start from ,fruita for the benefit of people travelling from this direction4 ,illustration3 ,bison ,from ,fruita to the ,west ,entrance of the ,monument ,,morrison ,,formation ,mile-marker #i ,from the ,fruita interchange on ,i-#gj1 the overpass leads north into the town of ,fruita1 and ,colorado ,highway #cdj leads south about #b miles to the ,west ,entrance of ,colorado ,national ,monument4 ,one mile south we cross the new bridge over the ,colorado ,river2 the old bridge formerly connecting ,fruita with the ,monument may be seen half a mile upstream4 ,just south of the new bridge we see sandstone on the left and green shale on the right1 both part of the ,burro ,canyon ,formation4 ,the high hill on the left is made up of brightly colored siltstones and mudstones of the ,brushy ,basin ,member of the ,morrison ,formation capped by the basal sandstone of the ,burro ,canyon ,formation4 ,on the southeast side of this hill is another bronze plaque set in a masonry monument1 similar to the one at ,riggs ,hill 7fig4 #ci71 commemorating the discovery and removal in #aijj by ,elmer ,s4 ,riggs of a skeleton of the immense dinosaur ,apatosaurus excelcus ,marsh4 7,see figure #bc;,b74 ,about #a miles northwest of the new bridge is the ,fruita ,paleontological area discussed on page #ej4 ,just south of the hill1 the highway curves gently to the left across a relatively flat surface of the ,morrison ,formation4 ,to the right may be seen good exposures of the ,entrada ,sandstone1 at the north end of which curbstones were quarried from thin beds of the white ,moab ,member for use in some of the parking areas along ,rim ,rock ,drive4 ,some of the beds are ripple marked#cf from wave action along ancient beaches or within ancient lagoons4 ,some ripple-marked curbstones from this quarry may be seen in the parking area at ,red ,canyon ,overlook1 and elsewhere in the ,monument4 ,as we approach the ,monument we see that to the left the rock strata are bent downward toward us along what geologists call a monocline 7see figs4 #bg and #cj71 but to the right may be seen cliffs of dark ,proterozoic rocks surmounted by slopes of the red ,chinle ,formation and cliffs of the buff ,wingate ,sandstone capped by the lowermost beds of the resistant ,kayenta ,formation4 ,the bent and broken rocks ahead are well shown in figure #cc4 ,about #a miles south of the ,colorado ,river we reach the ,t-intersection noted previously--at the end of the trip from ,grand ,junction through ,the ,redlands to the ,west ,entrance of the ,monument--and we are ready for our trip through the ,monument4 ,through the ,monument from ,west to ,east ,entrances ,,west ,,entrance ,mile-marker #aj ,after turning south on ,rim ,rock ,drive from the intersection with ,colorado ,highway #cdj 7,broadway71 we cross the ,monument's northern boundary and reach the checking station at the ,west ,entrance1 where a small entry fee is charged during the summer4 ,at the first left turn we are in red beds of the ,chinle ,formation1 then in sheared and broken beds of the ,wingate ,sandstone along the ,kodels ,canyon fault4 ,at the easternmost loop of the road we may look southeastward across ,lizard ,canyon to the ,lizard ,canyon monocline 7fig4 #cj71 and if we look down the slope to the east we will see one of ,john ,otto's well-built trails that formerly ascended the west side of ,lizard ,canyon to what is now the campground1 long before ,rim ,rock ,drive was built4 ,do not try to stop at the curve1 however2 play it safe1 drive on1 and park at ,redlands ,view a quarter of a mile west4 ,,redlands ,,view ,by walking about #ej feet north of the turnout1 we get an excellent view to the west of the ,kodels ,canyon fault1 as shown in figure #ca4 ,just to the north of the fault are the sheared and broken beds of the ,wingate ,sandstone along the east end of this fault4 ,,new ,,earthfill ,just beyond the turnout the road curves left through a cut in the ,wingate ,sandstone and ascends the east side of ,fruita ,canyon4 ,about a quarter of a mile from the parking area we get a good view 7fig4 #dd7 to the west of the new earthfill on ,rim ,rock ,drive between the two tunnels4 ,the original fill was washed out in a few minutes on ,august #h1 #aifh1 by a cloudburst that dumped an estimated #d inches of rain on the mesa west of ,fruita ,canyon4 ,a culvert beneath the road just north of the north tunnel was wholly unable to cope with the resulting flood1 part of which plunged over the cliff but most of which roared southward through the tunnel4 ,according to the only known eyewitnesses--a couple from ,ohio whose car was stalled in #ah inches of swift water in the lower tunnel--an estimated #d feet of water flowing through the north tunnel soon separated the two tunnels by a gaping chasm and flowed down where the fill had been but moments earlier4 ,they jockeyed their car back and forth in the south tunnel and retraced the route back toward ,fruita4 ,later ,i viewed the chasm from the portal of the north tunnel and found it awesome indeed4 ,illustration3 ,,new ,,fill ,,on ,,rim ,,rock ,,drive ,,between ,,two ,,tunnels ,,on ,,west ,,side ,,of ,,fruita ,,canyon1 looking west from east side of canyon4 ,previous fill was washed out by flash flood1 as described in text4 7,fig4 #dd7 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,the road remained closed for #a years until ,december #bj1 #aifi1 much to the annoyance and discomfort of both visitors and ,monument personnel--particularly the latter4 ,during the summer1 the usual #af-mile daily round trip to the post office in ,fruita via the ,west ,entrance was increased to about #hj miles by way of the ,east ,entrance4 ,during the school season1 wives of ,monument personnel took turns driving a station wagon full of children on two daily round trips to the schools and post office in ,fruita4 ,note in figure #dd1 taken only #f years after the road was reopened1 that small gullies already have been cut in the lower half of the new fill4 ,another local cloudburst could remove the new fill1 but let us hope this does not happen6 ,on the next curve to the east the road cuts entirely through the red ,chinle ,formation1 which here has a measured thickness of #ajc feet4#cg ,from the base of the ,chinle to about the creek crossing the road cuts expose the old ,proterozoic metamorphic rocks1 which here have a purple hue4 ,,balanced ,,rock ,mile-marker #aa ,at the southernmost loop of the road is a parking area for viewing ,balanced ,rock4 ,the photograph for the frontispiece was taken from the hillside near the foot of the monolith4 ,,historic ,,trails ,,view ,mile-marker #ab ,after the road turns north1 we again cross the entire ,chinle ,formation1 then penetrate the ,wingate ,sandstone through the two tunnels 7turn on your lights7 shown on all the maps and in figures #cc and #dd4 ,just beyond the highest tunnel 7turn off your lights7 we reach ,historic ,trails ,view1 with a sign noting the early expeditions that traversed the area4 ,west from the parking area1 but better yet by walking to the westernmost curve1 may be seen the northern part of the ,black ,ridge ,trail4 ,illustration3 ,,fruita ,,canyon1 looking northeast from point on ,rim ,rock ,drive above head of canyon4 ,dark ,proterozoic rocks floor the canyon1 above which are the slopes of the red ,chinle ,formation and the cliffs of ,wingate ,sandstone capped by the lower resistant beds of the ,kayenta ,formation4 ,beyond the ,grand ,valley are the dark ,book ,cliffs and the more distant1 light-colored ,roan ,cliffs1 which are shown more clearly in figure #dh4 7,fig4 #de7 ,,fruita ,,canyon ,,view ,mile-marker #ac ,this foot trail is part of the old stock trail over which sheep and cattle once were driven down to the ,grand ,valley from ,glade ,park and ,pion ,mesa4 ,the road then winds upward through a series of switchbacks cut into the ,kayenta ,formation to ,distant ,view and then to a parking spot at the relatively new ,fruita ,canyon ,view1 which affords a splendid view of ,fruita ,canyon4 ,figure #de was taken from a point about a tenth of a mile to the east4 ,on the right are housing facilities for ,monument personnel4 ,,campground ,,and ,,picnic ,,area ,mile-marker #ad ,at the top of the hill just beyond the head of ,fruita ,canyon1 two roads turn left2 the first makes several loops through the modern campground and picnic area then returns to ,rim ,rock ,drive2 the second enters a large parking lot at the ,visitor ,center4 ,let us take the first road1 then turn sharp to the left again just west of the ,saddlehorn and explore the camp and picnic areas1 which are on a gently sloping mesa of the ,kayenta ,formation dotted with pion and juniper trees and bushes of many kinds4 ,the ,saddlehorn is an erosional remnant of the ,entrada ,sandstone4 7,see fig4 #ej47 ,the deluxe campground has both drive-through and back-in campsites1 modern restrooms1 tables1 piped water1 and grills4 ,two of the drive-through sites on the northernmost loop are shown in figure #df4 ,illustration3 ,,campsites ,,at ,,north ,,end ,,of ,,campground1 ,grand ,valley and ,book ,cliffs beyond4 7,fig4 #df7 ,a view of the picnic area and parking lot is shown in figure #dg4 ,during the summer1 evening slide talks are given by rangers at a small amphitheater just north of the ,saddlehorn and to the left of the view shown in figure #dg4 ,,window ,,rock ,an interesting quarter-of-a-mile self-guiding ,window ,rock ,nature ,trail leads from the northeast corner of the campground to ,window ,rock and loops back past ,book ,cliffs ,view1 which contains a table beneath a ramada4 ,window ,rock ,trail connects with the scenic ,canyon ,rim ,trail1 which leads southwestward to the ,visitor ,center4 ,views of ,window ,rock and ,monument ,canyon from ,canyon ,rim ,trail are shown in figures #dh and #di4 ,illustration3 ,,picnic ,,area ,,and ,,parking ,,lot1 looking northeast from top of the ,saddlehorn4 ,large groups can be accommodated by making advance reservations4 ,cliff of ,wingate ,sandstone on right across ,monument ,canyon is part of ,lizard ,canyon monocline4 7,see fig4 #bi47 7,fig4 #dg7 ,,visitor ,,center--,,monument ,,headquarters ,after we return to ,rim ,rock ,drive1 a double left turn brings us to a large parking lot4 ,we are now at the ,visitor ,center and ,monument ,headquarters1 which is well worth a visit4 ,in the front of the building are modern restrooms and a drinking fountain4 ,inside the lobby may be purchased film1 slides1 post cards1 maps1 booklets1 and reports4 ,a narrated slide show and museum help materially in conveying just what the ,monument has to offer4 ,i was pleased at being asked to contribute several of the geologic exhibits1 partly with the aid of former ,survey artist ,john ,r4 ,stacy4 ,from the back door a path leads to a fenced overlook for viewing an arm of ,monument ,canyon4 ,the overlook also is the beginning of ,canyon ,rim ,trail which connects about half a mile to the northeast with ,window ,rock ,trail at ,book ,cliff ,view4 ,illustration3 ,,window ,,rock1 a window eroded along a vertical joint near the top of the ,wingate ,sandstone4 ,telephoto view looking northeast from ,canyon ,rim ,trail4 ,note fenced overlook on ,kayenta ,formation to left of window to keep people from crossing joint above window1 for someday the monolith to the right will fall1 as did ,fallen ,rock 7fig4 #ce74 ,note light-colored ,roan ,cliffs of ,green ,river ,formation beyond ,book ,cliffs4 7,fig4 #dh7 ,illustration3 ,,pipe ,,organ1 looking southeast across ,monument ,canyon from ,canyon ,rim ,trail1 and ,independence ,monument to left beyond4 ,photograph by ,darrell ,arnold1 ,grand ,junction4 7,fig4 #di7 ,,gap ,,in ,,rock ,,record ,mile-marker #ae ,half a mile southwest of the parking lot is one of the narrowest stretches of ,rim ,rock ,drive at the edge of a ,wingate cliff that actually overhangs4 ,but do not worry1 it is well protected by a rock wall4 ,at the head of the canyon is a large jumbled landslide of the ,morrison ,formation that has covered the cliff of ,entrada ,sandstone4 ,along the narrow stretch and just beyond the landslide are excellent views on the right of the erosional unconformity between the eroded surface of the ,kayenta ,formation and the overlying ,slick ,rock ,member of the ,entrada ,sandstone1 a view of which is shown in figure #ae and a discussion of which is given on pages #ce to #ci4 ,,pipe ,,organ ,mile-marker #af ,from the next parking area to the northeast at ,pipe ,organ ,overlook we may hike half a mile over ,otto's ,trail to an overlook of the ,pipe ,organ2 a view of the ,pipe ,organ from the northwest is shown in figure #di4 ,from about the middle of this trail we may look to the northwest across the canyon to the ,visitor ,center and the ,saddlehorn 7fig4 #ej74 ,,dependence ,,view ,mile-marker #ag ,at the next parking area at ,independence ,view we see ,independence ,monument 7fig4 #ea7 from quite a different angle than the photograph shown in figure #f4 ,this view clearly shows it to be a thin erosional remnant of a narrow wall that once connected mesas to the northeast and southwest and which separated the two entrances of ,monument ,canyon4 ,,grand ,,view ,mile-marker #ah ,grand ,view1 six-tenths of a mile farther southeast1 affords excellent views of several features in and near ,monument ,canyon4 ,a short improved trail to the northeast leads to a sandstone ledge from which the infrared photograph for the front cover was taken4 ,the trail then veers eastward to a fenced cliff-top viewpoint from which one may look nearly straight down to a stretch of ,monument ,canyon ,trail4 ,you may see hikers on the trail or buffalo in the canyon4 ,the photograph for figure #f was taken from a point just north of the north end of the parking area4 ,,monument ,,canyon ,,view ,mile-marker #ai ,another #a miles takes us to the next parking area at ,monument ,canyon ,view1 from which one may walk a short distance to the northeast4 ,the photograph shown in figure #ac was taken from a point northeast of the parking area4 ,from the head of ,fruita ,canyon to ,monument ,canyon ,view1 ,rim ,rock ,drive is on a bench of the ,kayenta ,formation that separates the two lines of cliffs4 ,we must now leave this bench1 however1 because from near ,coke ,ovens ,overlook to beyond ,artists ,point the bench ceases to exist1 and the ,entrada1 ,kayenta1 and ,wingate form virtually a single cliff4 ,moreover1 we must get up into the ,morrison ,formation in order to cross the divide between ,monument and ,ute ,canyons4 ,for these reasons1 in the next three-quarters of a mile south of ,monument ,canyon ,view the road cuts upward through the entire ,entrada ,sandstone4 ,just beyond the first curve are quarries on the right from which curb and building stones were cut by the ,civilian ,conservation ,corps in the #aicj's for protecting overlooks and narrow stretches of road4 ,at the southwest end of this stretch is another parking area at ,coke ,ovens ,overlook1 which provides good views of the north side of the ,coke ,ovens4 ,,coke ,,ovens ,,overlook ,mile-marker #bj ,the next parking area a quarter of a mile to the southwest is the ,monument ,canyon ,trailhead of the long trail to the mouth of ,monument ,canyon and of a short trail to the ,coke ,ovens4 ,,artists ,,point ,mile-marker #ba ,half a mile to the southeast takes us to a large parking area at ,artists ,point1 which offers a wide variety of scenic views4 ,the best exposure of the ,summerville ,formation in the entire area that ,i mapped#ch is on the west side of the road1 as shown in figure #bj4 ,a short trail leads down to a fenced overlook for viewing the ,coke ,ovens to the north 7fig4 #aa7 and ,monument ,canyon to the northeast4 ,illustration3 ,,visitor ,,center ,,and ,,the ,,saddlehorn1 looking northwest across canyon from ,otto's ,trail4 ,note thin-bedded bench of the ,kayenta ,formation separating cliffs of the ,entrada ,sandstone above the ,wingate ,sandstone below4 ,the ,saddlehorn is the remnant of the ,entrada at the extreme right4 7,fig4 #ej7 ,illustration3 ,,independence ,,monument1 looking northeast from ,independence ,view4 ,note updragged block of ,wingate ,sandstone at northwestern end of ,redlands fault1 just to the right of center4 ,the other side of this block is shown in figure #da4 ,grand ,mesa forms right skyline4 7,fig4 #ea7 ,,highland ,,view ,,divide ,mile-marker #bb ,the ,summerville ,formation is exposed on the right for about the next half a mile4 ,in the next three-quarters of a mile to ,highland ,view the roadcuts are in the sandstone ledges of the ,salt ,wash ,member of the ,morrison ,formation4 ,another half a mile through massive ,salt ,wash sandstones takes us to the second highest point on ,rim ,rock ,drive--the divide between ,monument and ,ute ,canyons1 altitude #f1eic feet4 ,from here we may look far to the south across ,glade ,park to high ,pion ,mesa--the highest part of the ,uncompahgre ,plateau northwest of ,unaweep ,canyon1 where the altitude is about #i1ejj feet4 ,,liberty ,,cap ,,trailhead ,mile-marker #bc ,halfway down the hill to the south is a parking area on the left at the head of ,liberty ,cap ,trail1 which goes eastward about #f miles to ,liberty ,cap--a prominent conical point atop the ,wingate cliff just west of the mouth of ,ute ,canyon1 which appears on the left skyline of figure #ch4 ,from there1 the trail descends about #b miles to a gate in the boundary fence at the mouth of ,ute ,canyon4 ,the roads connecting the gate with ,south ,camp ,road 7fig4 #c7 were reported 7#aigi7 to be closed to foot travel by private landowners1 so hikers reaching this point must either retrace their steps to the parking area at the head of the ,liberty ,cap trail1 or return by a primitive trail up main ,ute ,canyon1 turn right up the west arm of the canyon1 and regain ,rim ,rock ,drive by a short switchback trail noted on page #aji4 ,however1 the ,park ,service hopes that in the future some sort of corridor can be established to connect the trailhead with the nearby roads4 ,most of the 8trail0 up ,ute ,canyon is the normally dry channel of the creek1 so hikers should watch out for flash floods4 ,the round trip by ,liberty ,cap ,trail alone is about #af miles1 and if the return trip is made by ,ute ,canyon the total distance is about #ac miles4 ,accordingly1 hikers should allow a full day and carry food and water4 ,,glade ,,park ,,road ,a quarter of a mile west of the ,liberty ,cap parking area in the west arm of ,ute ,canyon is a junction with a gravel road that leads #e miles south to the ,glade ,park ,general ,store and ,post ,office1 where groceries1 beer1 gasoline1 and fishing and camping supplies are available4 ,glade ,park connects with scenic roads leading east1 west1 and south4 ,later1 we will cover in more detail a round trip from the intersection in ,ute ,canyon to one near ,cold ,shivers ,point1 and another round trip from ,glade ,park around the head of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon and back to ,grand ,junction via the ,little ,park ,road4 ,but to continue with the trip through the ,monument--from the intersection with the gravel road to ,glade ,park1 ,rim ,rock ,drive turns abruptly to the southeast and follows the west arm of ,ute ,canyon for some #c or #d miles1 past many interesting points4 ,for the next #a miles to the first culvert1 which crosses a large tributary1 the roadcuts are in the ,summerville ,formation and ,entrada ,sandstone4 ,the photographs in figures #af and #ag were taken looking north from the culvert and from just northwest of the culvert1 respectively4 ,,flood ,mile-marker #bd ,one day when my family and ,i were approaching the culvert from the west1 we heard a roar like an express train4 ,looking to the south we saw that a severe thundershower was occurring on the headwaters in ,glade ,park1 so we raced ahead and parked east of the culvert just in time to see and hear a #d-;foot wall of red water come roaring down the tributary1 rolling boulders along as if they were basketballs4 ,unfortunately1 we had no time to ready or use a camera1 so we simply raced down the road embankment and through the trees and brush to the north in time to see the flood plunge eastward over a #cej-;foot cliff of the ,wingate ,sandstone to the canyon below4 ,this illustrates the need for caution when following or crossing 8dry0 washes in the desert in stormy weather or when there are storms in the distance4 ,,upper ,,ute ,,canyon ,,view ,mile-marker #be ,about two-tenths of a mile northeast of the culvert is ,upper ,ute ,canyon ,view1 which affords good views of the northeast cliff face of the west arm of ,ute ,canyon4 ,,fallen ,,rock ,,overlook ,,ute ,,canyon ,,trailhead ,mile-marker #bf ,for the next #g miles ,rim ,rock ,drive is once again on a bench of the ,kayenta ,formation between cliffs of the ,entrada and ,wingate ,sandstones4 ,from ,upper ,ute ,canyon ,view the road goes southeastward along the canyon rim about three-tenths of a mile to a parking area4 ,a short trail leads down from the parking area to fenced ,fallen ,rock ,overlook2 the view shown in figure #ce is from this point4 ,as noted in the caption of figure #ce1 and on page #ajh1 the ,ute ,canyon ,trail zigzags down the slope from the road a quarter of a mile southeast of the parking area1 but there is no parking area at the trailhead1 so it is safer to park at ,fallen ,rock ,overlook and walk to the trailhead4 ,the connection with this trail and the ,liberty ,cap ,trail also is discussed on page #ajh4 ,on one hike down this trail we saw two elk1 which is a rare sight at such a low altitude1 for they generally stay on or near ,pion ,mesa4 ,,ute ,,canyon ,mile-marker #bg ,about a mile to the southeast1 just beyond the steep dropoff on the left1 there is room to park1 walk a short distance through the trees to the east1 and observe a fine view of main ,ute ,canyon1 as shown in figure #eb4 ,just beyond on our right are the cliffs of the mottled salmon-and-white ,slick ,rock ,member overlain by the all white ,moab ,member1 as shown in figure #ah and described in the accompanying text4 ,half a mile southeast1 where the road makes a gentle ,u-turn and continues northeastward1 we reach the highest point on ,rim ,rock ,drive at an altitude of about #f1fdj feet4 ,note that the pion and juniper are larger1 and the bushes are larger and greener at this altitude1 for the average precipitation increases as we go higher4 ,,lower ,,ute ,,canyon ,,view ,mile-marker #bh ,about a mile northeast of the highest point on the road is a large parking area on the left1 from which a short1 shaded trail leads to a fenced overlook called ,lower ,ute ,canyon ,view1 which faces the northwest arm of ,ute ,canyon across the main canyon4 ,illustration3 ,,ute ,,canyon1 looking northeast from point described in text4 ,note grass-covered alluvium in distant part of canyon floor4 7,fig4 #eb7 ,,red ,,canyon ,,overlook ,mile-marker #bi ,about half a mile beyond this parking area1 we reach a small parking area at ,red ,canyon ,overlook1 from which the photograph shown in figure #ab was taken4 ,the dark green bush of ,mormon ,tea in the right foreground of figure #ab is one of the largest ,i have seen in the ,monument4 ,the reasons for the differences between the left and right walls of the canyon are discussed on pages #gi and #hj4 ,the ripple-marked curbstones of white sandstone in the parking area were quarried from the ,moab ,member of the ,entrada ,sandstone northwest of ,fruita ,canyon1 as noted on page #if4 ,,ds ,,road ,,cold ,,shivers ,,point ,mile-marker #cj ,another #b miles around the south rim of ,red ,canyon and the head of ,columbus ,canyon takes us to the junction with the paved county road known as the ,,ds ,road1 which leads south and southwest to ,glade ,park and to the head of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon4 ,this important intersection will be included in trips through ,glade ,park and around the head of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon1 so it will be discussed later4 ,meanwhile1 we will continue our trip eastward from this intersection4 ,about a third of a mile to the northeast is a large parking area1 with a path leading to a fenced overlook at the rim of ,columbus ,canyon for viewing ,cold ,shivers ,point--perhaps the most aptly titled feature in the ,monument 7fig4 #ec74 ,a primitive path leads from the overlook to the toadstool-shaped platform at upper right1 on which some visitors dare to stand1 but not me4 ,when the old1 steep ,serpents ,trail was the only route for autos to ascend from the ,east ,entrance1 barrels of water were kept at this parking area to quench the thirst of boiling radiators4 ,,head ,,of ,,serpents ,,trail ,mile-marker #ca ,after leaving the parking area1 the downgrade on the ,kayenta ,formation begins to steepen to the northeast until it becomes advisable to shift into second gear4 ,in about half a mile we descend a series of steep switchbacks cut into the ,wingate ,sandstone on the steepening ,ladder ,creek monocline 7figs4 #h1 #bi71 and we reach the present upper end of the old ,serpents ,trail 7fig4 #ed71 which is now an interesting foot trail4 ,as noted earlier1 it is convenient to hike down this steep #b-mile trail and to have one member of the party drive ahead and await the hikers at the parking area in the ,devils ,kitchen ,picnic ,area1 near the foot of the trail4 ,one of many rewarding views seen during the hike is shown in figure #ee1 another was seen in figure #aj4 ,illustration3 ,,cold ,,shivers ,,point1 looking north from fenced overlook on east edge of ,columbus ,canyon4 ,named feature is toadstool-shaped rock at upper right4 ,note dark ,proterozoic rocks in canyon bottom4 7,fig4 #ec7 ,illustration3 ,,top ,,of ,,old ,,serpents ,,trail1 looking northeast from switchbacks above tunnel4 ,top of trail is seen at sign on lower right4 ,grand ,mesa forms right skyline4 7,fig4 #ed7 ,illustration3 ,,looking ,,northeast ,,from ,,old ,,serpents ,,trail1 before #aiej when the trail was still used by autos and trucks4 ,one of ,john ,otto's old foot trails joins the old road at lower middle4 ,although no thick lenses of sandstone appear in the ,salt ,wash ,member of the ,morrison ,formation in figure #ba1 in this view a lens about #ej feet thick begins just around the corner near the base of the high bluff across ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon and is seen extending as far to the left as the normally dry wash that drains the canyon4 ,when water flows down the wash after thundershowers 7see p4 #aah7 or from melting snow1 the sandstone lens takes in water 7recharge7 which moves slowly down the dip of the lens to the northeast and supplies several artesian wells4 ,in turn1 the light band of the ,entrada ,sandstone beneath the cottonwood trees at the right middle and the dark patch of ,wingate ,sandstone at the extreme lower right are recharged in like manner1 and they supply water to artesian wells to the northeast4 ,as the older and deeper sandstones on the right take in water at higher altitudes1 the water in them is under greater artesian head when tapped by wells4 ,if you think you see covered wagons near the middle of the photograph arranged in a circle for defense against attack by ,indians1 you are correct--a ,western movie was about to be filmed4 7,fig4 #ee7 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,illustration3 ,,south ,,portal ,,of ,,tunnel ,,through ,,wingate ,,sandstone1 on west side of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon above ,east ,entrance4 7,fig4 #ef7 ,,foot ,,of ,,serpents ,,trail ,just beyond the lowest switchback shown in figure #ed1 we penetrate the ,wingate ,sandstone through a tunnel1 the south portal of which is shown in figure #ef4 ,after we drive through a deep cut in the ,wingate ,sandstone just south of the tunnel1 we cross the entire red ,chinle ,formation1 then descend a series of switchbacks in old ,proterozoic rocks4 ,the ,chinle ,formation is crossed again near the foot of the hill1 where it is about #hj feet thick1#ci then we recross the ,wingate ,sandstone and ,kayenta ,formation to the parking area in the ,devils ,kitchen ,picnic ,area1 near the foot of the old ,serpents ,trail4 ,,devils ,,kitchen ,mile-marker #cb ,an improved marked trail leads southward from parking area at the foot of the ,serpents ,trail1 crosses ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon1 and continues as an unimproved trail to the ,devils ,kitchen1 a view of which is shown in figure #eg4 ,the petroglyphs shown in figure #d are northeast of this parking area4 ,those interested in seeing them should inquire at the ranger station or checking station at the ,east ,entrance4 ,,east ,,entrance ,just beyond the parking area1 near the foot of the old ,serpents ,trail1 a road turns left to a larger parking area for the ,devils ,kitchen ,picnic ,area1 where covered tables1 grills1 and water are available4 ,just beyond we pass the checking station and housing facilities for ,monument personnel at the ,east ,entrance of the ,monument4 ,during the summer1 fees are collected at this checking station from persons entering the ,monument4 ,a well just east of the housing area obtains water from the ,entrada ,sandstone to supply the houses and picnic area4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,illustration3 ,,devils ,,kitchen1 looking north from ridge in middle of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon4 ,an erosional remnant of the ,wingate ,sandstone capped by the lowermost sandstone of the ,kayenta ,formation4 ,photograph by ,t4 ,f4 ,giles1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 7,fig4 #eg7 ,from the ,east ,entrance to ,grand ,junction ,,south ,,camp ,,road ,,shortcut ,three fourths of a mile beyond the checking station1 ,south ,camp ,road turns left and joins ,south ,broadway #b miles to the northwest4 ,this provides a fine shortcut for persons desirous of travelling back northwestward through ,the ,redlands to regain the ,west ,entrance of the ,monument4 ,the intersection of ,south ,camp ,road and ,south ,broadway1 a key point on the trip 8,from ,grand ,junction through ,the ,redlands to the ,west ,entrance of the ,monument10 is noted on page #hi4 ,but let us continue our #c-mile return trip to ,grand ,junction1 in order to point out several things of interest along ,monument ,road in the lower part of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon4 ,as the canyon narrows just beyond the road intersection1 we see on both sides colorful badlands of the ,morrison ,formation capped by the rusty looking basal sandstones of the ,burro ,canyon ,formation4 ,behind the building on the right just before the road curves to the left is an artesian well #ege feet deep that taps both the ,entrada ,sandstone and a sandstone lens in the ,morrison ,formation#dj4 ,,gap ,,in ,,rock ,,record ,mile-marker #cc ,about #b miles below the checking station1 we pass on the left the basal sandstone of the ,burro ,canyon ,formation resting on the ,morrison ,formation1 as shown in the lower left of figure #bd4 ,just beyond we may look up the hill to the left and see the #dj-;foot basal conglomerate of the ,dakota ,sandstone resting unconformably on an old erosion surface atop the ,burro ,canyon ,formation4 ,,flood ,,damage ,just before we reach the ,t-intersection with the eastern segment of ,south ,broadway we may still see on the right some of the destruction caused by a devastating flood that roared down ,no ,thoroughfare and other canyons on ,september #g1 #aigh1 as a result of what was termed the worst cloudburst to hit ,glade ,park1 the ,monument1 and the ,grand ,valley since #aieh4 ,a house on the flood plain just above the bridge was badly damaged and was filled with #d feet of mud1 and the ,monument ,road bridge across ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon nearest the intersection was washed out1 necessitating the rerouting of traffic to and from the ,east ,entrance of the ,monument4 ,moral--never build a house or even pitch a tent in a dry wash or arroyo in desert regions6 ,incidentally1 indirect measurements by engineers of the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey indicated a discharge of #i1bij cfs just above the washed out bridge in ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon1 and #b1ihj cfs in ,red ,canyon beneath the ,broadway bridge4 ,,south ,,broadway ,inasmuch as the bridge on ,monument ,road has long since been rebuilt1 we will cross it1 turn right on ,south ,broadway at the ,t-intersection1 cross the ,redlands ,power ,canal 7p4 #hh71 and join ,colorado ,highway #cdj at the traffic light2 thus1 we complete a round trip 8,from ,grand ,junction through ,the ,redlands to the ,west ,entrance of the ,monument10 8,through the ,monument from ,west to ,east ,entrances10 and 8,from the ,east ,entrance to ,grand ,junction40 ,through ,glade ,park from the ,northwest ,arm of ,ute ,canyon to ,columbus ,canyon ,,glade ,,park ,,road ,mile-marker #cd ,a very pleasant #aa-mile drive through ,glade ,park may be made from the intersection where ,rim ,rock ,drive crosses the northwest arm of ,ute ,canyon 7p4 #ajh7 to the intersection with the same drive on the rim of ,columbus ,canyon a quarter of a mile southwest of ,cold ,shivers ,point 7p4 #abj74 ,the name ,glade ,park refers not only to the ,store and ,post ,office mentioned earlier1 but also to a nearly flat farming and ranching area south of the ,monument--an area entirely different from the ,monument or ,the ,redlands4 ,most of the cultivated part of ,glade ,park is underlain by nearly flat lying ,entrada ,sandstone which was weathered to a sandy soil1 but a few areas are underlain by the ,morrison ,formation4 ,this drive should appeal particularly to people spending from a few days to a week or more in the campground4 ,for the more adventuresome1 other interesting roads join ,glade ,park from several directions1 as noted below4 ,after leaving ,rim ,rock ,drive at ,ute ,canyon1 on a good gravelled road1 we traverse attractive1 hilly1 wooded country generally southward for about a mile and climb some #cjj feet to a flat area covered mainly by sagebrush and grass4 ,about #c miles south of the intersection1 we see on the left the leached white outcrops of the ,entrada ,sandstone shown in figure #ai4 ,,glade ,,park ,mile-marker #ce ,another #b miles takes us to the ,glade ,park ,store and ,post ,office at a four-way intersection4 ,an improved1 gravelled road leads westward through pleasant country some #bj miles to the ,utah ,state line1 beyond which an unimproved road leads either to the ,colorado or the ,dolores ,rivers4 ,future planning calls for improving the ,utah stretch of this road and for building a bridge across either the ,colorado or ,dolores ,rivers to connect with scenic ,utah ,highway #abh4 ,if and when completed1 this would afford a very scenic shortcut from ,moab1 ,utah1 to ,grand ,junction via the ,little ,park ,road 7to be described74 ,south from the four-way intersection an improved gravelled road takes us through wooded country1 past lakes and campgrounds1 to the summit of ,pion ,mesa1 as noted earlier4 ,,glade ,,park ,,fault ,mile-marker #cf ,also1 from the intersection a paved county road known as ,,ds 7south7 ,road leads eastward then northeastward through farming and ranching country #f miles to the intersection with ,rim ,rock ,drive near ,cold ,shivers ,point4 ,three-fourths of a mile east of the ,glade ,park ,store and ,post ,office the road crosses the ,glade ,park fault 7fig4 #h7 along which the ,morrison and ,summerville ,formations on the right have dropped down with respect to the ,entrada ,sandstone on the left4 ,here1 the ,entrada also has been leached to white4 ,,little ,,park ,,road ,mile-marker #cg ,at #a miles east of the ,glade ,park ,store and ,post ,office is the intersection with the improved gravelled ,little ,park ,road1 which will be described later4 ,at #b miles beyond this intersection1 the ,,ds ,road leaves the ,entrada ,sandstone and is on a wooded stretch of the ,kayenta ,formation the remaining #b miles to ,rim ,rock ,drive4 ,the last one-tenth of a mile is crooked and steep1 so please slow down before reaching the stop sign at the intersection4 ,some years ago the brakes on a pickup truck failed as the driver approached the stop sign1 but he was lucky enough to jump out at the top of the cliff just before the truck plunged to the bottom of ,columbus ,canyon4 ,from ,glade ,park to ,grand ,junction ,via the ,little ,park ,road ,,glade ,,park ,,fault ,mile-marker #ch ,from the intersection #a miles east of the ,glade ,park ,store and ,post ,office1 let us turn southeast on the recently improved and gravelled ,little ,park ,road around the head of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon1 which was added to the ,monument in #aigh 7fig4 #c74 ,from the intersection it is about #ad miles to ,grand ,junction by this route4 ,in half a mile we reach the new boundary of the ,monument at a minor drainage divide1 and as we start down a steep hill beyond we may park on the right and look southeastward across ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon along the ,glade ,park fault 7fig4 #eh7 which has produced the fishtail shape of the head of the canyon1 as shown in figures #h and #ei4 ,a different view of the fault and canyon head is shown by the stereoscopic pair of aerial photographs in figure #ei4 ,the ,little ,park ,road closely follows the new ,monument boundary around the south end of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon1 either on the ,kayenta ,formation or ,entrada ,sandstone1 and affords good views into the canyon from several places4 ,east of the southeast arm of the canyon1 the road leaves the boundary and goes northeastward about #d miles to the end of the improved part of the road1 but the unimproved part is good1 and the lower #e miles is paved4 ,on my geologic maps#da of the area1 ,i called this road by its older name--the ,jacobs ,ladder ,road4 ,,ladder ,,and ,,rough ,,canyons ,mile-marker #ci ,about a quarter of a mile from the end of the improved stretch1 one may turn right on two tire tracks1 travel about a quarter of a mile farther1 and park near the junction of ,rough and ,ladder ,canyons1 where interesting geology is reachable by short walks up ,ladder ,canyon or down ,rough ,canyon4 ,about a mile up ,ladder ,canyon is an interesting abandoned mica mine4#db ,illustration3 ,,glade ,,park ,,fault ,,viewed ,,from ,,the ,,ground1 crossing head of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon4 ,looking southeast from ,little ,park ,road just southeast of new ,monument boundary4 ,fault passes just to right of white cliff of ,wingate ,sandstone near bottom of photograph through notch in east wall of canyon4 ,note that surface to right 7south7 of fault has dropped about #ej feet below left side4 ,grand ,mesa forms skyline4 7,fig4 #eh7 ,from the left side of the road1 about #i miles northeast of our starting point1 we see the view shown in figure #fj4 ,about #b miles farther north1 ,little ,park ,road is paved through a suburban housing development all the way to ,the ,redlands2 there1 we may turn right1 cross the ,gunnison ,river1 and reach ,u4,s4 ,highway #ej2 or we may turn left through ,rosevale and reach ,colorado ,highway #cdj4 ,illustration3 ,,glade ,,park ,,fault ,,viewed ,,from ,,the ,,air1 crossing head of ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon from left to right4 ,land south of the fault was dropped some #ej feet below that on the north side4 ,primitive road around head of canyon has been improved and realined since photographs were taken4 ,the stereoscopic pair of aerial photographs may be viewed without optical aids by those accustomed to this procedure or by use of a simple double lens stereoscope1 such as the folding ones used by the armed forces during and after ,world ,war ,,ii4 ,compare with the geologic map1 figure #h4 ,photographs taken in #aicg by ,u4,s4 ,soil ,conservation ,service4 7,fig4 #ei7 ,illustration3 ,,ladder ,,creek ,,monocline ,,and ,,redlands ,,fault1 looking northwest from lookout point near ,little ,park ,road4 ,telephoto view of left half of this scene is shown in figure #bi2 photograph of ,morrison ,formation shown in figure #ba was taken from point about a mile farther north4 7,fig4 #fj7 ,rsum of ,geologic ,history and ,relation to ,other ,national ,parks and ,monuments in the ,colorado ,plateau ,in the geologic story of the ,monument discussed on pages #ag to #id1 the geologic processes and events leading to the ,monument of today were told in the order in which they occurred2 therefore1 the details of the geologic history have already been covered4 ,having finished this story and the trips through and around the ,monument1 let us see how the colorful canyons1 cliffs1 and other erosion forms fit into the bigger scheme of things--the geologic age and events of the ,earth as a whole1 as depicted in figure #fa4 ,as shown in figure #g1 the rock strata still preserved in the ,monument range in age from ,proterozoic to ,cretaceous1 or from about #a1ejj million to #ajj million years old--a span of about #a1djj million years4 ,this seems an incredibly long time1 until one compares figures #g and #fa1 and notes that the ,earth is some #d1ejj million years old1 and that the rock pile in the ,monument is only about a third the age of the ,earth as a whole4 ,illustration3 ,,geologic ,,time ,,spiral1 showing the sequence1 names1 and ages of the geologic periods and epochs1 and the evolution of plant and animal life on land and in the sea4 ,the primitive animals that evolved in the sea during the vast ,archean and ,proterozoic ,eons left few traces in the rocks because they had not developed hard parts1 such as shells1 but hard-shell or skeletal parts became abundant during and after the ,cambrian ,period4 ,this drawing was made when the ,geological ,survey and most others used the term ,precambrian to embrace what is now included in the ,archean and ,proterozoic ,eons4 ,the end of the ,archean ,eon and beginning of the ,proterozoic ,eon has been placed at about #b1ejj million years ago4 ,also1 because of more recent radiometric dating1 the ages of the boundaries between some of the geologic periods and epochs have been changed slightly4 ,of most concern to this report1 the boundary between the ,pliocene and ,pleistocene ,epochs has been changed from #c million to #b million years4 ,drawn by ,john ,r4 ,stacy originally for inclusion in a report by ,newman 7#aigf74 7,fig4 #fa7 ,the ,age of the ,earth ,the ,earth is very old--#d4e billion years or more according to recent estimates4 ,most of the evidence for an ancient ,earth is contained in the rocks that form the ,earth's crust4 ,the rock layers themselves--like pages in a long and complicated history--record the surface-shaping events of the past1 and buried within them are traces of life--the plants and animals that evolved from organic structures that existed perhaps #c billion years ago4 ,also contained in rocks once molten are radioactive elements whose isotopes provide ,earth scientists with an atomic clock4 ,within these rocks1 8parent0 isotopes decay at a predictable rate to form 8daughter0 isotopes4 ,by determining the relative amounts of parent and daughter isotopes1 the age of these rocks can be calculated4 ,thus1 the results of studies of rock layers 7stratigraphy71 and of fossils 7paleontology71 coupled with the ages of certain rocks as measured by atomic clocks 7geochronology71 attest to a very old ,earth6 ,but this is not the whole story4 ,as indicated earlier1 younger ,mesozoic and ,tertiary rocks more than #a mile thick that once covered the area have been carried away by erosion1 and1 if we include these1 the span is increased by another #ej million years or so4 ,if we consider the geologic formations that make up the national parks 7,n4,p471 national monuments 7,n4,m47 7excluding small historical or archaeological ones71 ,monument ,valley1 ,san ,rafael ,swell1 and ,glen ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area1 all in the ,colorado ,plateau1 it becomes apparent that certain formations or groups of formations play starring roles in some parks or monuments1 some play supporting roles1 and in a few places the entire cast of rocks gets about equal billing4 ,let us compare them and see how and where they fit into the 8,geologic ,time ,spiral0 7fig4 #fa74 ,dinosaur ,n4,m4 and ,colorado ,n4,m41 with exposed rocks ranging in age from ,proterozoic to ,cretaceous1 cover the greatest time spans 7nearly #b billion years71 but most of the rocks are missing at ,colorado ,n4,m41 as noted below4 ,dinosaur ,n4,m4 has one unit--the ,jurassic ,morrison ,formation--in the starring role1 for this unit contains the many dinosaur fossils that give the monument its name and fame1 although there are several older units in supporting roles4 ,grand ,canyon ,n4,p4 is next1 with rocks ranging in age from ,proterozoic through ,permian 7excluding the ,quaternary lava flows71 but here is truly a team effort1 for the entire cast gets about equal billing4 ,canyonlands ,n4,p4 stands third in this category1 with rocks ranging from ,pennsylvanian to ,jurassic1 but we would have to give top billing to the ,permian ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone ,member of the ,cutler ,formation1 from which ,the ,needles1 ,the ,grabens1 and most of the arches were sculptured4 ,the ,triassic ,wingate ,sandstone and the ,triassic787 ,kayenta ,formation get second billing for their roles in forming and preserving ,island in the ,sky and other high mesas4 ,now let us consider other areas with only one or few players in the cast1 beginning at the bottom of the time spiral4 ,black ,canyon of the ,gunnison ,n4,m41 cut entirely in rocks of early ,proterozoic age with only a veneer of much younger rocks1 obviously has but one star in its cast4 ,colorado ,n4,m4 contains rocks ranging from ,proterozoic to ,cretaceous 7equal to ,dinosaur in this respect71 but ,colorado is unique in that all rocks of the long ,paleozoic ,era and some others are missing from the cast4 ,of those that remain1 the ,triassic ,wingate and the ,triassic787 ,kayenta are the stars1 with strong support from the ,jurassic ,entrada ,sandstone and from the ,proterozoic rocks1 which floor the ,u-shaped canyons4 ,all the bridges in ,natural ,bridges ,n4,m4 were carved from the ,permian ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone ,member of the ,cutler ,formation1 also one of the stars in ,canyonlands ,n4,p4 ,in ,canyon de ,chelly 7pronounced dee shay7 ,n4,m4 and ,monument ,valley 7neither a national park nor a national monument1 as it is owned and administered by the ,navajo ,tribe71 the ,de ,chelly ,sandstone ,member of the ,cutler ,formation--a ,permian member younger than the ,cedar ,mesa--plays the starring role4 ,wupatki ,n4,m4 near ,flagstaff1 ,ariz41 stars the ,triassic ,moenkopi ,formation4 ,petrified ,forest ,n4,p4 7which now includes part of the ,painted ,desert7 has but one star--the ,triassic ,chinle ,formation1 in which are found many petrified logs and stumps of ancient trees4 ,the ,triassic-,jurassic ,glen ,canyon ,group1 which includes the ,triassic ,wingate ,sandstone1 the ,triassic787 ,kayenta ,formation1 and the ,triassic787-,jurassic ,navajo ,sandstone1 receives top billing in recently enlarged ,capitol ,reef ,n4,p41 but the ,triassic ,moenkopi and ,chinle ,formations enjoy supporting roles4 ,the ,triassic787-,jurassic ,navajo ,sandstone1 which has a supporting role in ,arches ,n4,p41 is the undisputed star of ,zion ,n4,p41 ,rainbow ,bridge ,n4,m41 and ,glen ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area4 ,the ,navajo also forms the impressive reef at the east edge of the beautiful ,san ,rafael ,swell1 a dome1 or closed anticline1 now crossed by ,highway ,i-#gj between ,green ,river and ,fremont ,junction1 ,utah4 ,as we journey upward in the time spiral 7fig4 #fa71 we come to the ,jurassic ,entrada ,sandstone1 which stars in ,arches ,n4,p41 with help from the underlying ,navajo ,sandstone1 and a supporting cast of both older and younger rocks4 ,the ,entrada also forms the grotesque erosion forms called 8hoodoos and goblins0 in ,goblin ,valley ,state ,park1 north of ,hanksville1 ,utah4 ,moving ever upward in the spiral1 we come to the ,cretaceous--the age of the starring ,mesaverde ,group1 in which the caves of ,mesaverde ,n4,p4 were formed1 and which now house beautifully preserved ruins once occupied by the ,anasazi 7the ancient people who once dwelt in many parts of the ,plateau74 ,this brings us up to the ,tertiary ,period1 during the early part of which the pink limestones and shales of the ,paleocene and ,eocene ,wasatch ,formation were laid down in inland basins4 ,beautifully sculptured cliffs1 pinnacles1 and caves of the ,wasatch star in ,bryce ,canyon ,n4,p4 and in nearby ,cedar ,breaks ,n4,m4 ,this concludes our climb up the time spiral1 except for ,quaternary volcanos and some older volcanic features at ,sunset ,crater ,n4,m41 near ,flagstaff1 ,ariz4 ,thus1 one way or another1 many rock units formed during the last couple of billion years have performed on the stage of the ,colorado ,plateau and1 hamlike1 still lurk in the wings eagerly awaiting your applause to recall them to the footlights4 ,do not let them down--visit and enjoy the national parks and monuments of the ,plateau1 for they probably are the greatest collection of scenic wonderlands in the world4 ,acknowledgments ,i am grateful to many friends and colleagues not only for help on the present report1 but also for help on the two preceding reports which made this one possible4 ,i refer to my ,professional ,paper #dea1dc which supplied the detailed geologic data and to the first popular-style booklet4#dd ,first of all1 ,i must acknowledge the great help rendered by members of my family--my eldest son ,bill for serving as my unpaid field assistant for most of the detailed mapping of the ,grand ,junction area1 and my two younger sons ,terry and ,bob for similar services during the last phases of the fieldwork4 ,i am especially indebted to my wife ,ruth for material assistance in all the fieldwork1 including the road logging and the color photography for the present report4 ,i am grateful to several colleagues of the ,geological ,survey and ,national ,park ,service for help1 data1 or reviews of all three reports noted1 and to members of my family for reviewing both popular-style reports4 ,for reviewing the present report ,i am especially indebted to ,david ,v4 ,harris1 ,emeritus ,professor of ,geology1 ,colorado ,state ,university2 ,harry ,a4 ,tourtelot1 ,geologist1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 for reviewing both popular-style reports and contributing petrographic studies to the detailed report2 and to my wife1 ,ruth4 ,the comments and criticisms of all reviewers were carefully considered and most were adopted1 but in some places ,i have preferred to state things in my own way1 and have included topics that seemingly were of more interest to me than to some of the reviewers4 ,the responsibility for the form and content of this report thus remains mine4 ,references ,listed below in alphabetical order are the reports referred to in this report4 ,in the next section are listed reports for additional reading1 which ,i hope will be of general interest to most readers of this report4 ,beckwith1 ,e4 ,g41 #ahed1 ,report of explorations for a route for the ,pacific ,railroad3 ,u4,s4 ,pacific ,r4,r4 ,explor41 v4 #b1 #abh p4 ,cashion1 ,w4 ,b41 #aigc1 ,geologic and structure map of the ,grand ,junction ,quadrangle1 ,colorado3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,inv4 ,ser4 ,map ,i-#gcf reprinted #aigi4 ,cater1 ,f4 ,w41 #aigj1 ,geology of the salt anticline region in southwestern ,colorado3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #fcg1 #hj p4 ,colorado ,state ,planning ,commission1 #aiei1 ,colorado ,year ,book1 #aief-aieh3 ,denver1 #hga p4 ,dellenbaugh1 ,f4 ,s41 #aijb1 ,the romance of the ,colorado ,river3 ,new ,york1 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 #cii p4 reprinted #aifb by ,rio ,grande ,press1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,hamilton1 ,d4 ,l41 #aief1 ,colorado ,national ,monument1 past and present3 ,intermountain ,assoc4 ,petroleum ,geologists1 #gth ,ann4 ,field ,conf4 ,guidebook1 p4 #dh-di4 ,hansen1 ,w4 ,r41 #aifi1 ,the geologic story of the ,uinta ,mountains with graphics by ,john ,r4 ,stacy3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #abia1 #add p4 ,hayden1 ,f4 ,v41 #ahgg1 ,report of progress for the year #ahge3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 and ,geog4 ,survey ,terr41 embracing ,colorado and parts of adjacent territories1 #hbg p41 #gj pls41 #fg figs4 ,hunt1 ,c4 ,b41 #aifi1 ,geologic history of the ,colorado ,river1 in ,the ,colorado ,river region and ,john ,wesley ,powell3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #ffi1 p4 ,i-,,iv1 #ei-acj4 ,jennings1 ,j4 ,d41 #aigj1 ,canyonlands--aborigines3 ,naturalist1 v4 #ba1 ,summer1 ,spec4 ,issue #b1 p4 #aj-ae4 ,lohman1 ,s4 ,w41 #aifj1 ,geology of west-central ,colorado1 in ,guide to the geology of ,colorado3 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,american1 ,rocky ,mtn4 ,assoc4 ,geologists1 and ,colorado ,sci4 ,soc41 p4 #ff1 #hb-hd with ,j4 ,r4 ,donnell1 #hf-ia4 ---- #aifa1 ,abandonment of ,unaweep ,canyon1 ,mesa ,county1 ,colorado1 by capture of the ,colorado and ,gunnison ,rivers3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #dbd-;,b1 art4 #fj1 p4 ,b#add-;,b#adf1 fig4 #fj-a4 ---- #aifc1 ,geologic map of the ,grand ,junction area1 ,colorado3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,inv4 ,ser4 ,map ,i-#djd4 ---- #aife;a1 ,geology and artesian water supply of the ,grand ,junction area1 ,colorado3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #dea1 #adi p4 ---- #aife;b1 ,the geologic story of ,colorado ,national ,monument with graphics by ,john ,r4 ,stacy3 ,fruita1 ,colo41 ,colorado and ,black ,canyon ,natural ,history ,assoc41 #ef p4 ---- #aigd1 ,the geologic story of ,canyonlands ,national ,park1 with graphics by ,john ,r4 ,stacy3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #acbg1 #abf p4 ---- #aige1 ,the geologic story of ,arches ,national ,park1 with graphics by ,john ,r4 ,stacy3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #acic1 #aac p4 ,look1 ,al1 #aifa1 ,john ,otto and the ,colorado ,national ,monument3 ,denver1 ,colo41 ,denver ,westerners1 ,inc41 #hj p41 second edition #aifb by ,sandstone ,publishing ,co41 ,grand ,junction1 ,colo44 ,newman1 ,w4 ,l41 #aigf1 ,geologic time--the age of the ,earth3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 #bj p4 ,pipiringos1 ,g4 ,n41 and ,o',sullivan1 ,r4 ,b41 #aige1 ,chert pebble unconformity at the top of the ,navajo ,sandstone in southeastern ,utah1 in ,canyonlands ,country1 ,eighth annual field conference1 ,sept4 #bb-be1 #aige1 ,guidebook3 ,durango1 ,colo41 ,four ,corners ,geol4 ,soc41 p4 #adi-aef4 ,potter1 ,r4 ,m41 and ,rossman1 ,g4 ,r41 #aigg1 ,desert varnish3 ,the importance of clay minerals3 ,science1 v4 #aif1 no4 #dbig1 p4 #addf-addh1 ,june #bd4 ,williams1 ,p4 ,l41 #aifd1 ,geology1 structure1 and uranium deposits of the ,moab ,quadrangle1 ,colorado and ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,inv4 ,ser41 ,map ,i-#cfj reprinted #aigf4 ,wormington1 ,h4 ,m41 and ,lister1 ,robert ,h41 #aief1 ,archaeological investigation on the ,uncompahgre ,plateau in west-central ,colorado3 ,denver ,mus4 ,nat4 ,history ,proc41 no4 #b1 #abi p41 #fi figs4 ,wright1 ,j4 ,c41 ,shawe1 ,d4 ,r41 and ,lohman1 ,s4 ,w41 #aifb1 ,definition of members of the ,jurassic ,entrada ,sandstone in east-central ,utah and west-central ,colorado3 ,bull4 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,petroleum ,geologists1 v4 #df1 no4 #aa1 p4 #bjeg-bjgj4 ,additional ,reading ,cater1 ,f4 ,w41 #aiff1 ,age of the ,uncompahgre uplift and ,unaweep ,canyon1 west-central ,colorado3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #eej-;,c1 p4 ,c#hf-;,c#ib4 ,everhart1 ,w4 ,c41 #aigb1 ,the ,national ,park ,service1 ,praeger ,library of ,u4,s4 ,government ,departments and ,agencies ,no4 #ac3 ,new ,york1 ,praeger ,publishers1 p4 i-xii1 #a-bgf4 ,follansbee1 ,robert1 #aibi1 ,upper ,colorado ,river and its utilization3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,water-,supply ,paper #fag1 #cid p4 ,gilluly1 ,james1 ,waters1 ,a4 ,c41 and ,woodford1 ,a4 ,o41 #aige1 ,principles of ,geology #dth ed43 ,san ,francisco1 ,w4 ,h4 ,freeman ,co41 #ebg p4 ,hansen1 ,w4 ,r41 #aife1 ,the ,black ,canyon of the ,gunnison1 today and yesterday3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #aaia1 #gf p4 ,harris1 ,d4 ,v41 #aigh1 ,the geologic story of the national parks and monuments #bnd ed43 ,ft4 ,collins1 ,colo41 ,colo4 ,state ,univ4 ,foundation ,press1 #cbe p4 ,hunt1 ,c4 ,b41 #aief1 ,cenozoic geology of the ,colorado ,plateau3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #bgi1 #ii p4 ,keefer1 ,w4 ,r41 #aiga1 ,the geologic story of ,yellowstone ,national ,park1 illustrated by ,john ,r4 ,stacy3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #acdg1 #ib p4 ,look1 ,al1 #aiea1 ,in my back yard3 ,the ,univ4 of ,denver ,press1 #cah p4 ---- #aiee1 #a1jjj million years on the ,colorado ,plateau1 land of uranium3 ,denver1 ,colo41 ,bell ,publications1 #cdd p4 ,miller1 ,p4 ,h41 and ,coale1 ,b4 ,v41 #aifi1 ,colorado ,national ,monument1 a fantastic landscape sculptured by erosion3 ,fruita1 ,colo41 ,the ,colorado-,black ,canyon of the ,gunnison ,nature ,assoc41 ,inc41 #gc p4 ,peale1 ,a4 ,c41 #ahgg1 ,geological report on the ,grand ,river district ,colorado1 in ,f4 ,v4 ,hayden1 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey of the ,terr41 ,ann4 ,rept4 #i1 #ahge3 p4 #ca-aja4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyphs ,footnotes #a,reports referred to in this and some of the subsequent footnotes are listed under 8,references0 by authors in alphabetical order1 followed by year of publication1 and other pertinent data4 ,the report just referred to is listed as ,lohman1 #aife;a4 ,other reports of interest are similarly listed under 8,additional reading40 #b,lohman1 #aife;b4 #c,lohman1 #aigd4 #d,lohman1 #aige4 #e;,for a very interesting account of this colorful character1 see ,look1 #aifa-fb4 ,my statements regarding ,otto were taken mainly from this account4 #f,so-called buffalo are actually bison4 #gaifa-fb1 p4 #ai-ba4 #h;,just west of the ,t-intersection of ,monument ,road and the eastern segment of ,south ,broadway4 #i,wormington and ,lister1 #aief1 p4 #ha1 #aai-abb4 #aj;,archaeological survey of ,colorado ,national ,monument1 #aifc1 by ,george ,stroh1 ,jr41 and ,george ,h4 ,ewing1 with laboratory assistance by ,william ,d4 ,wade4 ,unpublished duplicated manuscript1 #fb p41 map1 ,march #aifd4 ,for copies of this and other reports or discussions of the subject1 or both1 ,i am greatly indebted to3 ,adrienne ,anderson1 ,regional ,archaeologist1 ,rocky ,mountain ,region1 ,national ,park ,service1 ,denver2 ,bruce ,rippeteau1 ,state ,archaeologist1 ,denver2 ,john ,crouch1 ,district ,archaeologist1 ,bureau of ,land ,management1 ,grand ,junction2 ,h4 ,marie ,wormington1 ,anthropologist ,emeritus1 ,denver ,museum of ,natural ,history2 and ,al ,look1 ,grand ,junction4 ,copies of this and other unpublished reports referred to are on file at the headquarters of the ,monument4 #aa,many of the cliff faces of the ,wingate ,sandstone1 and in parts of the ,plateau other sandstones also1 are darkened or blackened by desert varnish1 a natural pigment of iron and manganese oxides1 silica1 and clay4 7,see fig4 #cb47 ,the varnish is darker on cliff faces that have been standing longer4 ,the prehistoric inhabitants of the canyon country learned that effective and enduring designs could be created simply by chiseling through the thin dark layer to reveal the buff1 tan1 or pink sandstone beneath4 ,these petroglyphs were chiseled when the rock face was vertical2 afterwards the slab fell to a horizontal position4 #ab,the ,fremont people were mainly hunters who roamed the ,plateau around ,a4,d4 #hej or #ijj4 7,see ,jennings1 #aigj47 #ac,taken mainly from ,colorado ,state ,planning ,commission1 #aiei1 ,hamilton1 #aief1 ,beckwith1 #ahed1 and ,hayden1 #ahgg4 #ad,taken largely from ,dellenbaugh1 #aijb4 #ae;,information regarding ,kodel and his mine was obtained mainly from ,al ,look and ,c4 ,frank ,moore of ,grand ,junction and ,mrs4 ,irving ,c4 ,beard of ,fruita4 #af;,for details see ,lohman1 #aife;a4 #ag,see ,lohman1 #aigd4 #ah,the ,geological ,survey has divided the ,precambrian into1 from oldest to youngest1 the ,archean and ,proterozoic ,eons1 with the boundary at #b1ejj million years4 ,the two eons now constitute ,precambrian time4 #ai,potter and ,rossman1 #aigg4 #bj;,according to ,robert ,a4 ,cadigan1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 #ba,see ,pipiringos and ,o',sullivan1 #aige4 #bb,see ,wright1 ,shawe1 and ,lohman1 #aifb4 #bc,pipiringos and ,o',sullivan1 #aige4 #bd;,according to ,fred ,peterson1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 #be,wright1 ,shawe1 and ,lohman1 #aifb2 ,lohman1 #aige4 #bf,paul ,l4 ,williams1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 told me in ,november #aigh that he observed ,h,s-bearing spring water leaching the color from both the ,entrada and ,wingate ,sandstones above ,tabeguache ,creek some #h or #aj miles north of ,nucla1 ,colo41 and from the ,wingate alone along ,onion ,creek in eastern ,utah4 #bg,lohman1 #aife;a1 p4 #dg1 #dh4 #bh,study of a fauna of small vertebrates from the late ,jurassic ,morrison ,formation of western ,colorado1 by ,george ,c4 ,callison1 #ba pages1 ,june #aigh4 #bi;,a1 modified from ,gilmore1 courtesy ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum2 ,b1 modified from ,gilmore1 courtesy ,carnegie ,museum2 ,c1 modified from ,mathew1 courtesy ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history2 and ,d1 modified from ,romer1 after ,marsh and ,gilmore1 courtesy ,university of ,chicago ,press4 #cj;,from information obtained in several discussions with ,john ,r4 ,donnell4 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 #ca,see ,cater1 #aigj1 p4 #fg4 #cb,lohman #aifa1 #aife;a1 #aife;b2 ,hunt #aifi1 p4 #hg4 #cc,lohman1 #aifj1 p4 #ff-ajj1 #hh-ia4 #cd;,in the following sections the small numbered triangles in the right margin refer to key points along the trip routes4 ,figure #c shows the locations of these key points4 ,these numbers should be especially helpful if the reader happens to follow the road guides in reverse4 #ce,one cfs1 or one fts1 #ddh4h gallons a minute or #bddf4f cubic meters a day4 #cf,lohman1 #aife;a1 p4 #dd4 #cg,lohman1 #aife;a1 p4 #bb4 #ch,lohman1 #aifc1 #aife;a4 #ci,lohman1 #aife;a1 p4 #bb1 #bc4 #dj,lohman1 #aife;a1 p4 #ajf1 well #cc4 #da,lohman1 #aifc2 #aife;a1 pl4 #a4 #db,lohman1 #aife;a1 p4 #ae4 #dc,lohman1 #aife;a4 #dd,lohman1 #aife;b4 ,index ,italic page numbers indicate major references or pre-eminent views ,page ,a ,acknowledgments1 #acj ,agate1 #ec ,airport1 ,walker ,field1 #he ,albuquerque1 ,n4 ,mex41 #af ,algae1 #bg1 #dg ,allosaurus1 #d1 #ej1 #eb1 #fj ,anasazi people1 #abi ,animals1 buffalo1 #c1 #ia1 #id1 #aje cattle1 #aja deer1 #b elk1 #b1 #aji sheep1 #ii ,anthropoid primates1 #gf ,anticlines1 #fa1 #fb ,apatosaurus1 #ej1 #eb excelcus1 #if ,archaeological survey1 #aifc1 #h ,archean ,eon1 #bd1 #abe ,arches1 #fa ,arches ,national ,park1 ,,xi1 #cf1 #abi ,area1 ,colorado ,national ,monument1 #e ,artesian wells1 #ad ,artifacts1 ,indian1 #e1 #h ,artificial fill1 view1 #ih ,artists ,point1 #de1 #aje view1 #df ,b ,balanced ,rock1 #ii ,basalt1 #ga ,basins1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc ,battlement ,mesa1 lava flows1 #ba1 #fc1 #fd1 #ga views1 #cj1 #cc ,beard1 ,irving1 #ab ,bentonite1 #di ,black ,canyon of the ,gunnison ,national ,monument1 #ch1 #abh ,black ,ridge1 #ec1 #ee ,black ,ridge ,trail1 #ii ,book ,cliffs1 #ah1 #ef1 #gc coal1 #fj views1 #cj1 #cc1 #eg1 #ajj ,book ,cliffs ,view1 #ajb1 #ajd ,brachiosaurus1 #ej altithorax1 #ia monument1 ,riggs ,hill1 #ij ,broadway1 #hf1 #hi1 #ib-ie ,brown-,stanton river expedition1 #aa ,brushy ,basin ,member1 ,morrison ,formation1 #dg1 #ij1 #if bentonite1 #di views1 #dh1 #ie ,bryce ,canyon ,national ,park1 #fc1 #acj ,buffalo1 #c1 #ia1 #id1 #aje ,burro ,canyon ,formation1 #ec1 #ee1 #ij1 #if1 #aah unconformity1 #aah views1 #dh1 #ed water1 #ae ,c ,cactus ,park1 #gh ,calcite1 #ba1 #ce ,callison1 ,george1 #ej ,camarasaurus1 #ej ,campground1 ,saddlehorn1 #e1 #cb1 #hf1 #aja view1 #aja ,camptosaurus1 view1 #eb ,canyon country1 #a ,canyon cutting1 #gh ,canyon de ,chelly ,national ,monument1 #abi ,canyon ,lands1 #af ,canyon ,rim ,trail1 #ajb1 #ajd views1 #ajc1 #ajd ,canyonlands ,national ,park1 ,,xi1 #abh ,capitol ,reef ,national ,park1 #cf1 #ch1 #abi ,carmel ,formation1 #ci ,cattle1 #aja ,caves1 ,wingate ,sandstone1 #ac1 #cb ,cedar ,breaks ,national ,monument1 #acj ,cedar ,city1 ,utah1 #af ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone ,member1 #abh1 #abi ,cedaredge1 coal1 #fj ,cenozoic ,era1 #fa ,ceratosaurus1 #ec ,chert1 #ch ,chinle ,formation1 #bf1 #bh1 #gi1 #if1 #abi faulting1 #ig views1 #ib1 #ic road cut1 #ii1 #aaf views1 #ai1 #hb1 #hi1 #ajj ,clams1 #ec1 #ee ,clark's ,wash1 cave1 #ac ,cliff faces1 erosion1 #gi ,coal1 #di1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg1 #fj1 #hi dinosaur tracks1 #fj ,coke ,ovens1 #bi1 #cj1 #dj1 #ec1 #aje view1 #ca ,coke ,ovens ,overlook1 #db1 #aje ,cold ,shivers ,point1 #bi1 #aaa view1 #aab ,colorado ,highway #ada1 #hc ,colorado ,highway #cdj1 #hf1 #hh1 #hi1 #id1 #ig1 #abb ,colorado mineral belt1 #ac ,colorado ,plateau1 #cb1 #fc1 #abh ,colorado ,plateau ,province1 #af ,colorado ,river1 #aa1 #ee1 #gh1 #abj ancestral1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #gg future course1 #hc name change1 #af ,columbus ,canyon1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aai ,como ,bluff1 ,laramie1 ,wyo41 #ec ,cottonwood trees1 view1 #aad ,crawford1 ,george ,a41 #aj ,cretaceous ,period1 #ec1 #ee1 #fj1 #fc ,curbstones1 ripple-marked1 #if ,curtis ,formation1 #ci ,cutler ,formation1 #abh1 #abi ,d ,dakota ,sandstone1 #ae1 #ah1 #ec1 #ee1 #hi unconformity1 #aah view1 #ed ,de ,chelly ,sandstone ,member1 #abi ,de,beque1 #eg1 #fc1 #fd ,de,beque ,canyon1 #eg ,deer1 mule1 #b ,denver and ,rio ,grande ,western ,railroad1 #he ,desert1 #bi ,desert varnish1 #h1 #cb view1 #fi ,devils ,canyon1 #ac ,devils ,kitchen1 #aaf1 #aag ,devils ,kitchen ,picnic ,area1 #hf1 #aaa1 #aaf ,dewey ,bridge ,member1 #ch1 #ci ,dikes1 #bd ,dinosaur tracks1 coal1 #fj ,dinosaur ,national ,monument1 #cf1 #abh ,diplodocus1 #ej ,dirty ,devil ,river1 #ab ,distant ,view1 #aja ,divide ,road1 view1 #hb ,dolores ,river1 #gc1 #abj ancestral1 #gb ,domes1 drawing1 #fb ,dominguez1 ,father1 #aj ,dominguez ,creek1 #hc ,donnell1 ,john ,r41 oil shale1 #fd ,,ds ,road1 #aaa1 #abj ,e ,earthfill1 #ig1 #ih ,east ,creek1 capture1 #ge1 #gh ,burro ,canyon ,formation1 #ee ,east ,entrance1 #he1 #aaf ,elk1 #b1 #aji ,elks ,lodge1 #b ,entrada ,sandstone1 #ci1 #dc1 #de1 #aja1 #aai ,dewey ,bridge ,member1 #ch1 #ci ,moab ,member1 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 #if1 #aaa views1 #da1 #db ripplemarks1 #if road cuts1 #aje1 #ajh ,slick ,rock ,member1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 #de views1 #ca1 #cg1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd unconformity1 view1 #cg views1 #ca1 #cd1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #dh1 #hb1 #ib1 #ajf1 #aad water1 #ae1 #dd1 #ia1 #aaf1 #aah1 #abj ,eocene ,epoch1 #fa1 #fc1 #ga ,erickson1 ,lance1 #ej ,erosion1 #bf1 #gi ,escalante1 ,father1 #aj ,expedition1 ,powell1 #aa ,explorers1 #aj ,f ,fallen ,rock1 view1 #ha ,fallen ,rock ,overlook1 #ha1 #aji ,faults1 #ah1 #fd1 #fe ,glade ,park1 #fi1 #abj1 #aba views1 #abb1 #abc ,kodels ,canyon1 #fe1 #fi1 #ig views1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi ,redlands1 #fd1 #fe1 #hi1 #ib1 #id views1 #ff1 #ij1 #ic1 #ajg1 #abd ,field ,columbian ,museum1 #ej ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 #ej ,fieldwork1 ,,xi ,flagstaff1 ,ariz41 #af ,flash floods1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajh1 #aah ,folds1 #fd drawings1 #fb ,grand ,hogback monocline1 #fd ,ladder ,creek monocline1 #aaa view1 #ff ,lizard ,canyon monocline1 #fe1 #fi1 #ic1 #ie1 #ig views1 #fg1 #gj1 #id ,san ,rafael ,swell1 #cf1 #de1 #abh1 #abi ,uncompahgre arch1 #gb1 #gc1 #gg1 #gh drawing1 #ge ,formations1 rock4 ,see ,rock formations4 ,fossils1 algae1 #bg1 #dg ,allosaurus1 #d1 #ej1 #eb1 #fj ,apatosaurus1 #ej1 #eb excelcus1 #if ,brachiosaurus1 #ej1 #ij altithorax1 #ia ,burro ,canyon ,formation1 #ed ,callison1 ,george1 #ej ,camarasaurus1 #ej ,camptosaurus1 #eb ,carmel ,formation1 #ci ,ceratosaurus1 #ec ,chinle ,formation1 #bh clams1 #ec1 #ee ,como ,bluff1 #ec ,curtis ,formation1 #ci dinosaurs1 #cb1 #fj ,diplodocus1 #ej ,erickson1 ,lance1 #ej ,kayenta ,formation1 #ce ,morosaurus1 #ej ,morrison ,formation1 #dg1 #ec oysters1 #ee ,redlands1 ,the1 #ej1 #ec reptiles1 sea-going1 #ef ,riggs ,hill1 #ej ,salt ,wash ,member1 #ej sharks1 #ef snails1 #ec ,stegosaurus1 #ej1 #eb ,tertiary mammals1 #gf tracks1 #fj ,tyrannosaurus1 #fj ,wingate ,sandstone1 #cb wood1 #bh worms1 #bg ,fremont culture1 #i ,fremont ,junction1 ,utah1 #abi ,fruita1 #aa1 #he ,interstate #gj1 #hf ,fruita ,canyon1 #e1 #di1 #ie1 #ig ,chinle ,formation1 #bh dikes1 #bd ,kodels ,canyon fault1 view1 #fh views1 #fg1 #ajj ,fruita ,canyon ,view1 #aja ,fruita ,paleontological area1 #ea1 #if ,fruita ,paleontological ,workshop1 #ea ,future1 #hc ,g ,gap in the ,rock ,record4 ,see ,unconformities4 ,garfield1 ,james ,a41 #a ,gateway1 #bg1 #gb ,geologic history1 #abe ,geologic time spiral1 #abf ,glaciers1 #gg1 #hj ,glade ,park1 ranchers1 #a1 #ajg ,entrada ,sandstone1 #dc1 #de ,slick ,rock ,member1 #de ,glade ,park fault1 #fi1 #abj1 #aba view1 #abb1 #abc ,glade ,park ,general ,store and ,post ,office1 #ac1 #ajh ,glen ,canyon ,dam1 #gg ,glen ,canyon ,group1 #abi ,glen ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area1 #abh1 #abi ,glenwood ,canyon1 #gf ,glenwood ,springs1 #bg ,gneiss1 #bd ,goblin ,valley ,state ,park1 #abi ,grabens1 ,the1 #abh ,grand ,canyon ,national ,park1 #abh ,grand ,county1 ,utah1 #ag ,grand ,hogback monocline1 #fd ,grand ,junction1 founded1 #aj ,otto's monument1 #d ,grand ,junction ,chamber of ,commerce1 #a ,grand ,mesa1 #ag1 #ba1 #cc1 #fc1 #fd1 #ga1 #gc lakes1 #gg views1 #cc1 #fg1 #ajg1 #aac1 #abb water1 #ae ,grand ,river1 #aj1 #aa1 #af ,grand ,valley1 #ag1 #ef1 #fc1 #gf1 #gh1 #he views1 #cj1 #eg1 #ajj1 #aja ,grand ,view1 #aje view1 #ai ,granite1 #bd ,great ,sand ,dunes ,national ,monument1 #bi ,green ,river1 ,utah1 #aa1 #ab1 #af1 #abi ,green ,river ,formation1 #fc1 #fd view1 #ajc ,gunnison1 ,john ,w41 #aj ,gunnison ,river1 #aj1 #ag1 #gh1 #hc1 #hh1 #abb ancestral1 #gb1 #gc drawing1 #ge ,gunsight1 view1 #cc ,gypsum1 #de ,h ,hanksville1 ,utah1 #abi ,hayden ,survey1 #aj ,hematite1 #ba ,henry ,mountains1 #ch ,highland ,view1 #ajg ,highways4 ,see ,roads4 ,historic ,trails ,view1 #ii ,history1 #a ,holocene ,epoch1 #gf1 #hd ,holt1 ,edwin ,l41 #ej ,hoover ,dam1 #gg ,i ,ice age1 #gg ,independence ,monument1 ,,xii1 #a1 #bi1 #aje base1 #bh views1 #ai1 #id1 #ajd1 #ajg ,independence ,view1 #bi1 #aje ,inland basins1 #fc ,island in the ,sky1 #abh ,j ,jacobs ,ladder ,road1 #aba ,joints1 #bf ,juniper1 #aja1 #aji views1 #cj1 #fh ,jurassic ,period1 #ce1 #ci ,k ,kaolinite1 #ee ,kayenta ,formation1 #bi1 #cb1 #ce1 #ig1 #abj1 #abh1 #abi road cuts1 #aje unconformity1 view1 #cg views1 #ai1 #cd1 #cf1 #da1 #fh1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aag ,kissing ,couple1 #cj1 #ch ,kodels ,canyon1 #ab1 #fi ,kodels ,canyon fault1 #fe1 #fi1 #ig views1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi ,l ,ladder ,canyon1 #aba1 #abb ,ladder ,creek monocline1 #aaa views1 #ff1 #abd ,lake ,mead1 #gg ,lake ,powell1 #cf1 #gg ,lake ,uinta1 #fc ,landslides1 #gg1 #ajd ,mesaverde ,group1 view1 #eg ,lava flows1 #ah1 #ba1 #ga ,leaching1 #db1 #dd ,liberty ,cap1 #ajh view1 #ij ,liberty ,cap ,trail1 #ij1 #ajh ,little ,park ,road1 #db1 #abj1 #aba bentonite1 #di faulting1 view1 #ff ,lizard ,canyon1 #ie1 #ig view1 #fg ,lizard ,canyon monocline1 #fe1 #fi1 #ie1 #ig1 #ajb views1 #fg1 #ic1 #id ,look1 ,al1 fossils1 #ej prehistoric people1 #e quoted1 #c ,lower ,ute ,canyon ,view1 #aji ,m ,mack1 ,colo41 #ae1 #ag ,mancos ,shale1 #ah1 #ef1 #gb view1 #eg ,maps1 #hg geologic1 #bb photo index1 #eh road guide1 #e1 #f ,marble ,canyon1 #ab ,meeker1 ,colo41 #fd ,meeker ,massacre1 #aj ,mesas1 #a ,mesaverde ,group1 #ef1 #eg1 #abi landslide1 view1 #eg ,mesaverde ,national ,park1 #abi ,mesozoic ,era1 #bg ,metamorphic rocks1 #ah ,see also ,proterozoic rocks4 ,mica mine1 #abb ,miller1 ,laura ,hazel1 cave dweller1 #ac ,minerals1 agate1 #ec bentonite1 #di calcite1 #ba1 #ce chert1 #ch clays1 #h1 #di1 #ee1 #fi coal1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg1 #hi desert varnish1 #h1 #cb1 #fi gypsum1 #de hematite1 #ba kaolinite1 #ee mica1 #abb silica1 #ce uranium ore1 #bh1 #di vanadium ore1 #di ,mining1 building stones1 #aje ,cameo1 #eg coal1 #eg ,devils ,canyon1 #ac ,kodels ,canyon1 #ab ,ladder ,canyon1 #abb mica1 #abb oil shale1 #fc1 #fd ,palisade1 #eg ,miocene ,epoch1 #fa1 #ga1 #gb ,moab1 ,utah1 #bh1 #abj ,moab ,member1 ,entrada ,sandstone1 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 #if1 #aaa views1 #da1 #db ,moenkopi ,formation1 #abi ,monoclines4 ,see ,folds4 ,monument1 ,apatosaurus excelcus1 #if ,brachiosaurus1 #ij ,otto's1 #c ,monument ,canyon1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #bi1 #id1 #aje views1 #id1 #ajb1 #ajd ,monument ,canyon ,trail1 #id1 #aje ,monument ,canyon ,view1 #aje ,monument ,headquarters1 #ajb ,monument ,road1 #ec1 #hh1 #aah ,monument ,valley1 #abh ,mormon ,tea1 #aaa view1 #cc ,morosaurus1 #ej ,morrison ,formation1 #dg1 #ij1 #id1 #if1 #abh badlands1 #di1 #aah bentonite1 #di ,brushy ,basin ,member1 #dg1 #di1 #ij1 #if views1 #dh1 #ie ,glade ,park1 #aai gypsum1 #de landslide1 #ajd road cuts1 #ajg ,salt ,wash ,member1 #ae1 #dg1 #di1 #ij1 #id1 #ajg views1 #da1 #dh1 #ib1 #ie views1 #dh1 #ib1 #ie water1 #ae1 #aah ,mount ,garfield1 ,book ,cliffs1 views1 #cc1 #eg ,mule deer1 #b ,museum1 ,historical ,museum and ,institute of ,western ,colorado1 #d ,visitor ,center1 #e1 #ajb ,n ,natural ,bridges ,national ,monument1 #abi ,navajo ,sandstone1 #cf1 #ch1 #abi ,needles1 ,the1 #abh ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon1 #a1 #e1 #di1 #ec1 #aah1 #aba dikes1 #bd flood1 #aah ,glade ,park fault1 #fi petroglyphs1 #i tunnel1 view1 #aae views1 #i1 #dh1 #ed1 #ff1 #aag1 #abb1 #abc ,north ,east ,creek1 #gh ,o ,odd ,fellows1 #c ,oil shale1 #fc ,oligocene ,epoch1 #fa ,orchard ,mesa1 water1 #ad ,otto1 ,john1 #a1 #b monument1 view1 ,,xii1 #d ,otto's ,trail1 #ig1 #ajd1 #aad view1 #ajg ,oysters1 #ee ,p ,pabor1 ,william ,e41 #aa ,paleocene ,epoch1 #fa1 #fc ,paleozoic ,era1 #bf ,palisade1 #ag1 #eg1 #gc water1 #ae ,peach orchards1 #hh ,pegmatite1 #bd ,pennsylvanian ,period1 #bf ,permian ,period1 #bf ,petrified ,forest ,national ,park1 #abi ,petroglyphs1 #h view1 #i ,photographs1 ,,xii ,photography directions1 #hf ,piceance ,creek ,basin1 #fd ,picnic areas1 ,devils ,kitchen1 #e1 #hf1 #aaa1 #aaf ,headquarters area1 #hf view1 #ajb ,pion ,mesa1 #fa1 #hd1 #aja1 #ajg1 #abj elk1 #b1 #aji ,pion pine1 #aja1 #aji view1 #cj1 #fh ,plants1 coalified wood1 #di cottonwood trees1 view1 #aad juniper1 #aja1 #aji views1 #cj1 #fh ,mormon ,tea1 #aaa view1 #cc pion pine1 #aja1 #aji views1 #cj1 #fh ,pipe ,organ1 #cj1 #ajd view1 #ajd ,pipe ,organ ,overlook1 #ajd ,piracy1 #gc drawing1 #gd ,plateau ,creek1 #ae1 #fc ,pleistocene ,epoch1 #gc1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh ,pliocene ,epoch1 #fa1 #gb1 #gc ,powell1 ,john ,w41 expedition1 #aa ,powerplant1 #hh ,precambrian rocks4 ,see ,proterozoic rocks4 ,preface1 ,,xi ,prehistoric people1 #e ,proterozoic ,eon1 #bd1 #bf1 #abe ,proterozoic rocks1 #bd1 #gb1 #hi1 #if1 #ii faulting1 views1 #hi1 #ib views1 #ai1 #ff1 #hc1 #ajj1 #aab ,q ,quaternary ,period1 #fa1 #gh ,r ,railroads1 #aj1 #aa1 #he ,rainbow ,bridge ,national ,monument1 #cf1 #abi ,red ,canyon1 #c1 #hj1 #aaa view1 #cc ,red ,canyon ,overlook1 #if1 #aaa ,redlands1 ,the1 #hi1 #ig1 #aah1 #aai1 #abb canals1 #hh ,chinle ,formation1 #bh fossils1 #ej1 #ec ,morrison ,formation1 #di peach orchards1 #hh view1 #cj water1 #ad1 #hh1 #id ,redlands canals1 #hh1 #id ,redlands fault1 #fd1 #fe1 #hi1 #ib views1 #ff1 #hi1 #ij1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #ajg1 #abd ,redlands ,road1 #c ,redlands ,view1 #ig ,references1 #aca ,rifle1 ,colo41 #af1 #ag1 #fc1 #fd ,riggs ,hill1 #ej1 #ij ,rim ,rock ,drive1 #d1 #cb1 #hf1 #ig-aaf1 #aai ,artists ,point1 #aje campground1 #aja ,chinle ,formation1 #bh earthfill1 view1 #ih ,entrada ,sandstone1 #dj1 #db1 #aje1 #ajh faulting1 view1 #fg ,fruita ,canyon1 view1 #ajj gap in rock record1 #ch ,kayenta ,formation1 #cb1 #aje1 #aji ,kodels ,canyon fault1 view1 #fh ,liberty ,cap ,trail1 #ajh ,moab ,member1 #db ,morrison ,formation1 #di ,slick ,rock ,member1 #dj1 #db ,summerville ,formation1 #aje1 #ajh ,ute ,canyon1 #ajh views1 #cd1 #cf1 #dc1 #fg1 #fh1 #ih1 #ajj ,visitor ,center1 #ajb ,wingate ,sandstone1 #ajd1 #aaa ,ripplemarks1 #dg1 #if ,rivers1 #aa1 #af1 #gb ,road cuts1 ,artists ,point1 #de ,brushy ,basin ,member1 #if ,burro ,canyon ,formation1 #ec ,chinle ,formation1 #bh1 #ii1 #aaf ,entrada ,sandstone1 #db1 #aje1 #ajh ,fruita ,canyon1 #bh ,kayenta ,formation1 #cf1 #aja1 #aje1 #aji ,moab ,member1 #db ,morrison ,formation1 #di1 #if1 #ajg ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon1 #bh ,proterozoic rocks1 #ii1 #aaf ,salt ,wash ,member1 #ajg ,south ,broadway1 monument1 view1 #ia ,summerville ,formation1 #de1 #aje1 #ajg1 #ajh ,ute ,canyon1 #cf1 #de ,wingate ,sandstone1 #ig1 #ii1 #aaa1 #aaf ,road guides4 ,see ,trip guides4 ,road stops1 ,artists ,point1 #aje ,coke ,ovens ,overlook1 #aje ,devils ,kitchen1 #aaf ,distant ,view1 #aja ,fallen ,rock ,overlook1 #aji view1 #ha ,fruita ,canyon ,view1 #aja ,grand ,view1 #aje ,highland ,view1 #ajg ,historic ,trails ,view1 #ii ,independence ,view1 #aje ,lower ,ute ,canyon ,view1 #aji ,monument ,canyon ,view1 #aje ,pipe ,organ ,overlook1 #ajd ,red ,canyon ,overlook1 #if1 #aaa ,redlands fault1 #ib ,redlands ,view1 #ig ,upper ,ute ,canyon ,view1 #aji ,roads1 ,broadway1 #hf1 #hi1 #ib-ie ,colorado ,highway #ada1 view1 #hb ,colorado ,highway #cdj1 #hf1 #hh1 #hi1 #id1 #ig1 #abb ,divide ,road1 view1 #hb ,,ds ,road1 #aaa1 #abj ,fruita1 #d ,jacobs ,ladder ,road1 #aba ,little ,park ,road1 #db1 #di1 #ff1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb ,monument ,road1 #ec1 #hh1 #aah ,rim ,rock ,drive1 #d1 #bh1 #cb1 #cd1 #ch1 #dj1 #db1 #dc1 #dg1 #di1 #fg1 #fh1 #hf1 #ig-aaf1 #aai ,south ,broadway1 #hf1 #hi-ib1 #aah ,south ,camp ,road1 #hf1 #hi1 #ij1 #ajh1 #aah ,u4,s4 ,highway #f1 #he1 #hh ,u4,s4 ,highway #bd1 #he ,u4,s4 ,highway #ej1 #he1 #hh1 #abb ,u4,s4 ,interstate #gj1 #fc1 #he1 #if ,utah ,highway #abh1 #abj ,wingate ,drive1 #ib ,roan ,cliffs1 #fd1 #ga views1 #ai1 #ajj1 #ajc ,rock column1 #bj ,rock formations1 ,balanced ,rock1 #ii ,coke ,ovens1 #bi1 #cj1 #dj1 #aje view1 #ca ,cold ,shivers ,point1 #bi1 #aaa view1 #aab ,devils ,kitchen1 #aaf view1 #aag ,fallen ,rock1 view1 #ha ,grabens1 ,the1 #abh ,gunsight1 ,the1 #cc ,independence ,monument1 #a1 #bi1 #aje views1 #ai1 #id1 #ajg ,kissing ,couple1 #cj1 #ch ,liberty ,cap1 #ajh view1 #ij ,needles1 ,the1 #abh petroglyphs1 #aaf ,pipe ,organ1 #cj view1 #ajd ,saddlehorn1 #dj1 #aja views1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajf ,sentinal ,spire1 #cj ,squaw ,fingers1 #cj ,white ,rock1 view1 #ib ,window ,rock1 #ajb view1 #ajc ,rock leaching1 #db1 #dd ,rocks1 breakup1 #bf types1 #ah ,rosevale1 #abb ,roubidoux1 ,joseph1 settler1 #aj ,rough ,canyon1 #aba ,ruby ,canyon1 #hc ,s ,saddlehorn1 #dj1 #aja campground1 #hf1 #aja picnic area1 #hf1 #aja views1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajf ,sagebrush1 #abj ,sahara1 #bi ,salt ,wash ,member1 ,morrison ,formation1 #dg1 #ij1 #id1 #ajg uranium1 #di views1 #da1 #dh1 #ib1 #ie water1 #ae ,san ,miguel ,river1 ancestral1 #gb ,san ,rafael ,swell1 #cf1 #de1 #abh1 #abi ,sand dunes1 #bi1 #cf ,schist1 #bd ,seagoing reptiles1 #ef ,sentinal ,spire1 #cj ,serpents ,trail1 #a1 #b1 #aaa views1 #cj1 #di1 #ff1 #aac1 #aad ,sharks1 #ef ,sheep1 #ii ,silica1 #ce ,size1 ,colorado ,national ,monument1 #e ,slick ,rim1 #db ,slick ,rock1 ,colo41 #dj ,slick ,rock ,member1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 #de views1 #ca1 #cg1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd ,snail shell1 #ec ,south ,broadway1 #hf1 #hi-ib1 #aah ,south ,camp ,road1 #hf1 #hi1 #ij1 #ajh1 #aah ,squaw ,fingers1 #cj ,stegosaurus1 #ej view1 #eb ,stream cutting1 #gi ,summerville ,formation1 #ci1 #de1 #dg road cuts1 #aje1 #ajh views1 #da1 #db1 #df ,sunset ,crater ,national ,monument1 #acj ,synclines1 #fa ,t ,taft1 ,william ,howard1 #a ,tertiary ,period1 #fa1 #ga1 #gf ,thunderstorms1 damage1 #ig1 #ajh1 #aah ,tools1 prehistoric people1 #h ,trails1 #a ,black ,ridge1 #ii builder1 #a ,canyon ,rim1 #ajb1 #ajd views1 #ajc1 #ajd ,coke ,ovens1 #aje ,grand ,view1 #aje ,liberty ,cap1 #ij1 #ajh ,lizard ,canyon1 #ig ,lower ,ute ,canyon ,view1 #aji ,monument ,canyon1 #id1 #aje ,no ,thoroughfare ,canyon1 #a ,otto's1 #ig1 #ajd1 #aad ,serpents1 #a1 #b1 #aaa views1 #cj1 #di1 #ff1 #aac1 #aad ,ute ,canyon1 #ajh1 #aji ,window ,rock ,nature ,trail1 #ajb1 #ajd ,triassic ,period1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #ce ,trip guides1 ,east ,entrance to ,grand ,junction1 #aah ,fruita to ,west ,entrance1 #if ,glade ,park1 #aai ,grand ,junction to ,west ,entrance1 #hh ,little ,park ,road1 #aba ,west to ,east ,entrances1 #ig ,tyrannosaurus1 #fj ,u ,uinta ,lake1 #fc ,unaweep ,canyon1 #gb1 #gc1 #gh1 #hj ancestral1 #gf piracy1 drawing1 #ge view1 #hb ,uncompahgre arch1 #fa1 #gb1 #gc1 #gg1 #gh drawing1 #ge ,uncompahgre ,complex1 #h ,uncompahgre ,highland1 #bf ,uncompahgre ,plateau1 #bf1 #bh1 #di1 #gg1 #ajg ,unconformities1 #bf1 #ce1 #ed1 #ajd views1 #cg1 #da1 #ed ,u4,s4 ,highway #f1 #he1 #hh ,u4,s4 ,highway #bd1 #he ,u4,s4 ,highway #ej1 #he1 #hh1 #abb ,u4,s4 ,interstate #gj1 #fc1 #he1 #if ,utah ,highway #abh1 #abj ,ute ,canyon1 #b1 #c1 #dj1 #de1 #hj1 #aai ,fallen ,rock1 view1 #ha ,liberty ,cap1 #ajh ,summerville ,formation1 #de view1 #aaj ,ute ,canyon ,trail1 #ajh1 #aji ,ute ,canyon ,view1 ,lower1 #aji ,ute ,canyon ,view1 ,upper1 #aji ,ute ,indians1 #e1 #aj ,v ,visitor ,center1 #e1 #cb1 #dj1 #hf1 #ajb view1 #ajf ,volcanics1 #ah1 #ga ,w ,walker ,field1 #he ,wasatch ,formation1 #fc1 #fd1 #abi ,water1 #ad1 #ae1 #gi1 #ia ,entrada ,sandstone1 #ae1 #ia1 #aaf1 #aah leaching action1 #db1 #dd ,morrison ,formation1 #ae1 #aah ,redlands1 ,the1 #ad1 #hh1 #id ,wingate ,sandstone1 #ae1 #ia1 #ie ,west ,creek1 ancestral1 #gf ,west ,entrance1 #he1 #hi1 #ie ,white ,rock1 view1 #ib ,whitewater1 #hc ,window ,rock1 #ajb view1 #ajc ,window ,rock ,nature ,trail1 #ajb1 #ajd ,wingate ,drive1 #ib view1 #ic ,wingate ,sandstone1 #bi1 #gi1 #hi1 #if1 #abh1 #abi cave1 #ad desert varnish1 #cb faulting1 #ig views1 #ff1 #fh1 #fi1 #hi1 #ij1 #ib1 #ic1 #ajg folds1 view1 #ff1 #ajb petroglyphs1 view1 #i ,rim ,rock ,drive1 #ii1 #ajd1 #aaf road cuts1 #ii1 #aaf sand dunes1 view1 #cj views1 #ad1 #ai1 #cj1 #ca1 #cd1 #ff1 #fi1 #hb1 #ajj1 #ajf1 #aad1 #aae1 #aag1 #abb water1 #ae1 #ia1 #ie ,worms1 #bg ,wupatki ,national ,monument1 #abi ,z ,zion ,national ,park1 #cf1 #ch1 #abi ,u4,s4 ,,government ,,printing ,,office3 #aiha--ggh-hcf ,illustration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of the ,interior1 ,march #c1 #ahdi ,transcriber's ,notes --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,corrected a few palpable typos4 --,included a transcription of the text within some images4 --,renumbered footnotes1 and modified references to them accordingly4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4 --,the ,,html version contains relative hyperlinks to these companion volumes1 so that offline copies can be interlinked3 --,canyonlands ,national ,park1 ,gutenberg e,book #eajdh1 --,arches ,national ,park1 ,gutenberg e,book #eaaaf4