,,report ,,( ,,! ,,committee ,,( ,,fifte5 ,,by ,w4 ,t4 ,,h>ris1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,a4 ,s4 ,,drap]1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,,& ,h4 ,s4 ,,t>bell ,,read ,,at ,,! ,,clevel& ,,meet+ ,,( ,,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,sup]9t5d5ce1 ,,febru>y #ai-ba1 #ahie1 ,,) ,,! ,,debate ,illu/ration ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,new ,,engl& ,,publi%+ ,,company ,,bo/on ,,mdcccxcv ,,correlation ,,( ,,/udies ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ools4 ,,by ,w4 ,t4 ,,h>ris1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,! und]sign$ ,committee agrees ^u ! foll[+ report1 ea* memb] res]v+ = himself ! expression ( 8 individual div]g5ce f ! op9ion ( ! majority1 by a /atem5t app5d$ to 8 signature1 enum]at+ ! po9ts to :i* exception is tak5 & ! gr\nds = !m4 ,i4 ,,correlation ,,( ,,/udies4 ,y\r ,committee und]/&s by correlation ( /udies3-- #a4 ,logical ord] ( topics & bran*es4 ,fir/1 ! arrangem5t ( topics 9 prop] sequ5ce 9 ! c\rse ( /udy1 9 su* a mann] t ea* bran* develops 9 an ord] suit$ to ! natural & easy progress ( ! *ild1 & s t ea* /ep is tak5 at ! prop] "t to help 8 advance to ! next /ep 9 ! same bran*1 or to ! next /eps 9 o!r relat$ bran*es ( ! c\rse ( /udy4 #b4 ,symmetrical :ole ( /udies 9 ! _w ( human le>n+4 ,second1 ! adju/m5t ( ! bran*es ( /udy 9 su* a mann] t ! :ole c\rse at any giv5 "t repres5ts all ! great divisions ( human le>n+1 z f> z is possible at ! /age ( maturity at :i* ! pupil has arriv$1 & t ea* alli$ gr\p ( /udies is repres5t$ by "s "o ( its bran*es be/ adapt$ = ! epo* 9 "q2 x be+ impli$ t !re is an equival5ce ( /udies to a great] or less degree )9 ea* gr\p1 & t ea* bran* ( human le>n+ %\ld be repres5t$ by "s equival5t /udy2 s t1 :ile no great division is left unrepres5t$1 no gr\p %all h sup]flu\s repres5tatives1 & !reby deb> o!r gr\ps f a prop] repres5tation4 #c4 ,psy*ological symmetry--! :ole m9d4 ,?ird1 ! selection & arrangem5t ( ! bran*es & topics )9 ea* bran*1 consid]$ psy*ologically1 ) a view to af=d ! be/ ex]cise ( ! faculties ( ! m9d1 & to secure ! unfold+ ( ^? faculties 9 _! natural ord]1 s t no "o faculty is s ov]cultivat$ or s neglect$ z to produce abnormal or "o-sid$ m5tal developm5t4 #d4 ,correlation ( pupil's c\rse ( /udy ) ! _w 9 :i* he lives--8 spiritual & natural environm5t4 ,f\r? & *iefly1 y\r ,committee und]/&s by correlation ( /udies ! selection & arrangem5t 9 ord]ly sequ5ce ( su* objects ( /udy z %all give ! *ild an insight into ! _w t he lives 91 & a comm& ov] its res\rces su* z is obta9$ by a helpful co-op]ation ) "o's fell[s4 ,9 a ^w1 ! *ief consid]ation to :i* all o!rs are to be subord9at$1 9 ! op9ion ( y\r ,committee1 is ?is requirem5t ( ! civilization into :i* ! *ild is born1 z det]m9+ n only :at he %all /udy 9 s*ool1 b :at habits & cu/oms he %all be taught 9 ! family be=e ! s*ool age arrives2 z well z t he %all acquire a skill$ acqua9tance ) "s "o ( a def9ite s]ies ( trades1 pr(essions1 or vocations 9 ! ye>s t foll[ s*ool2 &1 fur!rmore1 t ?is "q ( ! relation ( ! pupil to 8 civilization det]m9es :at political duties he %all assume & :at religi\s fai? & spiritual aspirations %all be adopt$ = ! conduct ( 8 life4 ,to make m cle> _! reasons = ! pref]5ce "h express$ = ! objective & practical basis ( selection ( topics = ! c\rse ( /udy r ?an ! subjective basis s long favor$ by educational writ]s1 y\r ,committee w\ld describe ! psy*ological basis1 already m5tion$1 z be+ m]ely =mal 9 its "*1 relat+ only to ! ex]cise ( ! s-call$ m5tal faculties4 ,x w\ld furni% a tra9+ ( spiritual p[]s analog\s to ! gymna/ic tra9+ ( ! muscles ( ! body4 ,gymna/ics may develop /r5g? & agility )\t lead+ to any skill 9 trades or useful employm5t4 ,s an ab/ract psy*ological tra9+ may develop ! w1 ! intellect1 ! imag9ation1 or ! memory1 b )\t lead+ to an ex]cise ( acquir$ p[] 9 ! int]e/s ( civilization4 ,! game ( *ess w\ld furni% a good c\rse ( /udy = ! discipl9e ( ! p[]s ( att5tion & calculation ( ab/ract comb9ations1 b x w\ld give its possessor little or no k ( man or nature4 ,! psy*ological ideal :i* has prevail$ to a l>ge ext5t 9 education has1 9 ! old phr5ology1 & 9 ! rec5t /udies 9 physiological psy*ology1 sometimes giv5 place to a biological ideal4 ,in/ead ( ! view ( m9d z made up ( faculties l w1 intellect1 imag9ation1 & emotion1 conceiv$ to be all necess>y to ! s\l1 if develop$ 9 h>mony ) "o ano!r1 ! concept ( n]ves or bra9-tracts is us$ z ! ultimate regulative pr9ciple to det]m9e ! selection & arrangem5t ( /udies4 ,ea* "p ( ! bra9 is suppos$ to h its claim on ! att5tion ( ! educator1 & t /udy is ?\ght to be ! mo/ valuable :i* employs normally ! l>g] numb] ( bra9-tracts4 ,?is view rea*es an extreme 9 ! direction ( =mal1 z oppos$ to objective or practical gr\nds = select+ a c\rse ( /udy4 ,:ile ! old psy*ology ) its m5tal faculties conc5trat$ its att5tion on ! m5tal processes & neglect$ ! _w ( exi/+ objects & relations ^u :i* ^? processes 7 direct$1 physiological psy*ology t5ds to conf9e its att5tion to ! physical "p ( ! process1 ! organic *anges 9 ! bra9 cells & _! functions4 ,y\r ,committee is ( ! op9ion t psy*ology ( bo? k9ds1 physiological & introspective1 c hold only a subord9ate place 9 ! settlem5t ( que/ions relat+ to ! correlation ( /udies4 ,! bran*es to be /udi$1 & ! ext5t to :i* !y are /udi$1 w be det]m9$ ma9ly by ! dem&s ( "o's civilization4 ,^! w prescribe :at is mo/ useful to make ! individual acqua9t$ ) physical nature & ) human nature s z to fit him z an individual to p]=m 8 duties 9 ! sev]al in/itutions--family1 civil society1 ! /ate1 & ! ,*ur*4 ,b next aft] ?is1 psy*ology w furni% important consid]ations t w l>gely det]m9e ! me?ods ( in/ruction1 ! ord] ( tak+ up ! sev]al topics s z to adapt ! s*ool "w to ! gr[? ( ! pupil's capacity1 & ! am\nt ( "w s z n to ov]tax 8 p[]s by too mu*1 or arre/ ! developm5t ( /r5g? by too little4 ,a va/ numb] ( subord9ate details belong+ to ! pa?ology ( education1 su* z ! hygi5ic features ( s*ool ar*itecture & furniture1 programmes1 ! l5g? ( /udy h\rs & ( class ex]cises1 recreation1 & bodily reactions aga9/ m5tal ef=t1 w be f9ally settl$ by sci5tific exp]im5t 9 ! dep>tm5t ( physiological psy*ology4 ,inasmu* z y\r ,committee is limit$ to ! consid]ation ( ! correlation ( /udies 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 x has consid]$ ! "q ( ! c\rse ( /udy 9 g5]al only 9 s f> z ?is has be5 f\nd necess>y 9 discuss+ ! gr\nds = ! selection ( /udies = ! p]iod ( s*ool education occupy+ ! eight ye>s f six to f\rte5 ye>s1 or ! s*ool p]iod betwe5 ! k9d]g>t5 on ! "o h& & ! second>y s*ool on ! o!r4 ,x has n be5 possible to avoid "s inquiry into ! true di/9ction betwe5 second>y & elem5t>y /udies1 s9ce "o ( ! mo/ important que/ions =c$ ^u ! att5tion ( y\r ,committee is t ( ! abridgm5t ( ! elem5t>y c\rse ( /udy f eight or m ye>s to sev5 or ev5 six ye>s1 & ! correspond+ increase ( ! "t devot$ to /udies usually assign$ to ! high s*ool & suppos$ to belong to ! second>y c\rse ( /udy = "s intr9sic reason4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy--,,educational ,,values4 ,y\r ,committee w\ld report t x has discuss$ 9 detail ! sev]al bran*es ( /udy t h f\nd a place 9 ! curriculum ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 ) a view to discov] _! educational value = develop+ & tra9+ ! faculties ( ! m9d1 & m especially = correlat+ ! pupil ) 8 spiritual & natural environm5t 9 ! _w 9 :i* he lives4 ,a4 ,language /udies4 ,!re is fir/ to be not$ ! prom95t place ( language /udy t takes ! =m ( read+1 p5man%ip1 & gramm> 9 ! fir/ eight ye>s' "w ( ! s*ool4 ,x is claim$ = ! p>tiality %[n to ^! /udies t x is ju/ifi$ by ! fact t language is ! in/rum5t t makes possible human social organization4 ,x enables ea* p]son to communicate 8 individual exp]i5ce to 8 fell[s & ?us p]mits ea* to pr(it by ! exp]i5ce ( all4 ,! writt5 & pr9t$ =ms ( spee* pres]ve human k & make progress 9 civilization possible4 ,! conclusion is rea*$ t le>n+ to read & write %\ld be ! lead+ /udy ( ! pupil 9 8 fir/ f\r ye>s ( s*ool4 ,read+ & writ+ are n s mu* ends 9 !mselves z means = ! acquirem5t ( all o!r human le>n+4 ,?is consid]ation alone w\ld be suffici5t to ju/ify _! actual place 9 ! "w ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,b ^! bran*es require ( ! le>n] a difficult process ( analysis4 ,! pupil mu/ id5tify ! sep>ate words 9 ! s5t5ce he uses1 & 9 ! next place mu/ recognize ! sep>ate s\nds 9 ea* ^w4 ,x requires a consid]able ef=t = ! *ild or ! savage to analyze 8 s5t5ce into its con/itu5t words1 & a /ill great] ef=t to discrim9ate its elem5t>y s\nds4 ,read+1 writ+1 & spell+ 9 _! mo/ elem5t>y =m1 !re=e1 con/itute a sev]e tra9+ 9 m5tal analysis = ! *ild ( six to t5 ye>s ( age4 ,we are told t x is f> m discipl9>y to ! m9d ?an any species ( obs]vation ( diff]5ces among mat]ial ?+s1 because ( ! fact t ! ^w has a tw(old "*--address$ to ext]nal s5se z spok5 s\nd to ! e>1 or z writt5 & pr9t$ words to ! eye--b conta9+ a mean+ or s5se address$ to ! und]/&+ & only to be seiz$ by introspection4 ,! pupil mu/ call up ! correspond+ idea by ?\ght1 memory1 & imag9ation1 or else ! ^w w cease to be a ^w & rema9 only a s\nd or "*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 obs]vation ( ?+s & movem5ts does n necess>ily involve ?is tw(old act ( analysis1 introspective & objective1 b only ! latt]--! objective analysis4 ,x is grant$ t we all h frequ5t occasion to condemn poor me?ods ( in/ruction z tea*+ words r ?an ?+s4 ,b we admit t we mean empty s\nds or *>act]s r ?an true words4 ,our sugge/ions = ! correct me?od ( tea*+ am\nt 9 ?is case simply to lay+ /ress on ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 & to sett+ ! tea*+ process on ! road ( analysis ( cont5t r ?an =m4 ,9 ! case ( words us$ to /ore up ext]nal obs]vation ! tea*] is told to repeat & make alive aga9 ! act ( obs]vation by :i* ! ^w obta9$ its orig9al mean+4 ,9 ! case ( a ^w express+ a relation betwe5 facts or ev5ts1 ! pupil is to be tak5 /ep by /ep ?r\gh ! process ( reflection by :i* ! idea 0 built up4 ,s9ce ! ^w1 spok5 & writt51 is ! sole in/rum5t by :i* reason c fix1 pres]ve1 & communicate bo? ! data ( s5se & ! relations discov]$ betwe5 !m by reflection1 no new me?od 9 education has be5 able to supplant 9 ! s*ool ! bran*es1 read+ & p5man%ip4 ,b ! real improvem5ts 9 me?od h l$ tea*]s to lay great] & great] /ress on ! int]nal factor ( ! ^w1 on its mean+1 & h 9 manifold ways %[n h[ to repeat ! orig9al exp]i5ces t gave ! mean+ to concrete words1 & ! orig9al comp>isons & logical d$uctions by :i* ! ideas ( relations & causal processes arose 9 ! m9d & requir$ ab/ract words to pres]ve & communicate !m4 ,x has be5 claim$ t x w\ld be bett] to h fir/ a basis ( k ( ?+s1 & second>ily & subsequ5tly a k ( words4 ,b x has be5 repli$ to ?is1 t ! progress ( ! *ild 9 le>n+ to talk indicates 8 asc5t out ( m]e impressions into ! possession ( true k4 ,= he names objects only aft] he has made "s syn!sis ( 8 impressions & has =m$ g5]al ideas4 ,he recognizes ! same object "u diff]5t circum/ances ( "t & place1 & also recognizes o!r objects belong+ to ! same class by & ) names4 ,h5ce ! use ( ! ^w indicates a high] degree ( self-activity--! /age ( m]e impressions )\t words or signs be+ a comp>atively passive /ate ( m9d4 ,:at we mean by ?+s fir/ & words aft]w>d1 is1 !re=e1 n ! appreh5sion ( objects by passive impressions s mu* z ! active inve/igation & exp]im5t+ :i* come aft] words are us$1 & ! high] =ms ( analysis are call$ into be+ by t inv5tion ( reason kn[n z language1 :i*1 z be=e said1 is a syn!sis ( ?+ & ?\ght1 ( outw>d sign & inw>d signification4 ,rational inve/igation _c prec$e ! inv5tion ( language any m ?an blacksmi?+ c prec$e ! inv5tion ( hamm]s1 anvils1 & p9c]s4 ,= language is ! necess>y tool ( ?\ght us$ 9 ! conduct ( ! analysis & syn!sis ( inve/igation4 ,y\r ,committee w\ld sum up ^! consid]ations by say+ t language rightfully =ms ! c5tre ( in/ruction 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 b t progress 9 me?ods ( tea*+ is to be made1 z hi!rto1 *iefly by lay+ m /ress on ! int]nal side ( ! ^w1 its mean+2 us+ bett] grad$ /eps to build up ! *a9 ( exp]i5ce or ! tra9 ( ?\ght t ! ^w expresses4 ,! fir/ ?ree ye>s' "w ( ! *ild is occupi$ ma9ly ) ! ma/]y ( ! pr9t$ & writt5 =ms ( ! words ( 8 colloquial vocabul>y2 words t he is already famili> en\gh ) z s\nds address$ to ! e>4 ,he has to become famili> ) ! new =ms address$ to ! eye1 & x w\ld be an unwise me?od to require him to le>n _m new words at ! same "t t he is le>n+ to recognize 8 old words 9 _! new %ape4 ,b z soon z he has acquir$ "s facility 9 read+ :at is pr9t$ 9 ! colloquial /yle1 he may g on to selections f /&>d au?ors4 ,! lit]>y selections %\ld be grad$1 & are grad$ 9 almo/ all s]ies ( read]s us$ 9 our elem5t>y s*ools1 9 su* a way z to br+ ^? conta9+ ! fewe/ words outside ( ! colloquial vocabul>y into ! l[] books ( ! s]ies1 & increas+ ! difficulties1 /ep by /ep1 z ! pupil gr[s 9 maturity4 ,! selections are lit]>y works ( art possess+ ! requir$ organic unity & a prop] reflection ( ?is unity 9 ! details1 z good works ( art mu/ d4 ,b !y portray situations ( ! s\l1 or sc5es ( life1 or elaborat$ reflections1 ( :i* ! *ild c obta9 "s grasp ?r\gh 8 capacity to feel & ?9k1 al?\gh 9 scope & compass !y f> surpass 8 range4 ,!y are adapt$1 !re=e1 to lead him out ( & beyond himself1 z spiritual guides4 ,lit]>y /yle employs1 besides words common to ! colloquial vocabul>y1 words us$ 9 a semi-te*nical s5se expressive ( f9e %ades ( ?\ght & emotion4 ,! lit]>y "w ( art furni%es a happy expression = "s situation ( ! s\l1 or "s tra9 ( reflection hi!rto unutt]able 9 an adequate mann]4 ,if ! pupil le>ns ?is lit]>y production1 he f9ds himself p[]fully help$ to und]/& bo? himself & 8 fell[-m54 ,! mo/ practical k ( all1 x w be admitt$1 is a k ( human nature--a k t enables "o to comb9e ) 8 fell[-m51 & to %>e ) !m ! physical & spiritual weal? ( ! race4 ,( ?is high "* z humaniz+ or civiliz+1 are ! favorite works ( lit]ature f\nd 9 ! s*ool read]s1 ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty ,engli% & ,am]ican writ]s be+ drawn ^u = ! mat]ial4 ,su* are ,%akespe>e's spee*es ( ,brutus & ,m>k ,antony1 ,hamlet's & ,macbe?'s soliloquies1 ,milton's ,l',allegro & ,il ,p5s]oso1 ,gray's ,elegy1 ,t5nyson's ,*>ge ( ! ,light ,brigade & ,ode on ! ,dea? ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 ,byron's ,wat]loo1 ,irv+'s ,rip ,van ,w9kle1 ,web/]'s ,reply to ,hayne1 ,! ,trial ( ,knapp1 & ,bunk] ,hill oration1 ,scott's ,lo*9v>1 ,m>mion1 & ,rod]ick ,dhu1 ,bryant's ,?anatopsis1 ,longfell['s ,psalm ( ,life1 ,paul ,rev]e1 & ! ,bridge1 ,o',h>a's ,biv\ac ( ! ,dead1 ,campbell's ,hoh5l9d51 ,coll9s' ,h[ ,sleep ! ,brave1 ,wolfe's ,burial ( ,sir ,john ,moore1 & o!r f9e prose & poetry f ,addison1 ,em]son1 ,frankl91 ,! ,bible1 ,haw?orne1 ,walt] ,scott1 ,goldsmi?1 ,wordswor?1 ,swift1 ,milton1 ,coop]1 ,:itti]1 ,l[ell1 & ! re/4 ,! read+ & /udy ( f9e selections 9 prose & v]se furni% ! *ief /hetic tra9+ ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,b ?is %\ld be re-en=c$ by "s /udy ( photographic or o!r reproductions ( ! _w's great ma/]pieces ( ar*itecture1 sculpture1 & pa9t+4 ,! frequ5t sight ( ^! reproductions is good2 ! attempt to copy or sket* !m ) ! p5cil is bett]2 be/ ( all is an /hetic lesson on _! composition1 attempt+ to describe 9 words ! idea ( ! :ole t gives ! "w its organic unity1 & ! devices adopt$ by ! arti/ to reflect ?is idea 9 ! details & re-en=ce its /r5g?4 ,! /hetic ta/e ( tea*] & pupil c be cultivat$ by su* ex]cises1 & once set on ! road ( developm5t1 ?is ta/e may improve ?r\gh life4 ,a ?ird phase ( language /udy 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool is =mal gramm>4 ,! works ( lit]>y art 9 ! read]s1 re-en=c$ z !y ought to be by supplem5t>y read+ at home ( ! :ole works f :i* ! selections = ! s*ool read]s are made1 w educate ! *ild 9 ! use ( a high] & bett] ,engli% /yle4 ,te*nical gramm> nev] c d ?is4 ,only famili>ity ) f9e ,engli% works w insure "o a good & correct /yle4 ,b gramm> is ! sci5ce ( language1 & z ! fir/ ( ! sev5 lib]al arts x has long held sway 9 s*ool z ! discipl9>y /udy p> excell5ce4 ,a survey ( its educational value1 subjective & objective1 usually produces ! conviction t x is to reta9 ! fir/ place 9 ! future4 ,its *ief objective advantage is1 t x %[s ! /ructure ( language1 & ! logical =ms ( subject1 pr$icate1 & modifi]1 ?us reveal+ ! ess5tial nature ( ?\ght itself1 ! mo/ important ( all objects1 because x is self-object4 ,on ! subjective or psy*ological side1 gramm> demon/rates its title to ! fir/ place by its use z a discipl9e 9 subtle analysis1 9 logical division & classification1 9 ! art ( que/ion+1 & 9 ! m5tal accompli%m5t ( mak+ exact def9itions4 ,nor is ?is an empty1 =mal discipl9e1 = its subject-matt]1 language1 is a product ( ! reason ( a p1 n z individuals1 b z a social :ole1 & ! vocabul>y holds 9 its /ore ( words ! g5]aliz$ exp]i5ce ( t p1 includ+ s5su\s obs]vation & reflection1 feel+ & emotion1 in/9ct & volition4 ,no =mal labor on a great objective field is ev] lo/ :olly1 s9ce at ! v lea/ x has ! m]it ( famili>iz+ ! pupil ) ! cont5ts ( "s "o ext5sive prov9ce t bord]s on 8 life1 & ) :i* he mu/ come into correlation2 b x is easy = any special =mal discipl9e1 :5 cont9u$ too long1 to p>alyze or arre/ gr[? at t /age4 ,! ov]cultivation ( ! v]bal memory t5ds to arre/ ! gr[? ( critical att5tion & reflection4 ,memory ( accessory details too1 s mu* priz$ 9 ! s*ool1 is also cultivat$ (t5 at ! exp5se ( an insight into ! organiz+ pr9ciple ( ! :ole & ! casual nexus t b9ds ! p>ts4 ,s1 too1 ! /udy ( quantity1 if c>ri$ to excess1 may w>p ! m9d into a habit ( neglect+ quality 9 its obs]vation & reflection4 ,z !re is no subsumption 9 ! quantitative judgm5t1 b only dead equality or inequality 7,a is equal to or great] or less ?an ,b71 !re is a t5d5cy to atrophy 9 ! faculty ( concrete syllogi/ic reason+ on ! "p ( ! p]son devot$ exclusively to ma!matics4 ,= ! normal syllogism uses judgm5ts :]e9 ! subject is subsum$ "u ! pr$icate 7,?is is a rose--! individual rose is subsum$ "u ! class rose2 ,socrates is a man1 etc474 ,su* reason+ conc]ns individuals 9 two aspects1 fir/ z concrete :oles & secondly z memb]s ( high] totalities or classes--species & g5]a4 ,?us1 too1 gramm>1 ri* z x is 9 its cont5ts1 is only a =mal discipl9e z respects ! sci5tific1 hi/oric1 or lit]>y cont5ts ( language1 & is indiff]5t to !m4 ,a tra9+ = f\r or five ye>s 9 p>s+ & grammatical analysis practic$ on lit]>y works ( art 7,milton1 ,%akespe>e1 ,t5nyson1 ,scott7 is a tra9+ ( ! pupil into habits ( indiff]5ce t[>d & neglect ( ! g5ius display$ 9 ! lit]>y "w ( art1 & into habits ( imp]t95t & trifl+ att5tion to elem5ts employ$ z mat]ial or texture1 & a correspond+ neglect ( ! /ructural =m1 :i* alone is ! "w ( ! arti/4 ,a p>allel to ?is w\ld be ! mason's habit ( notic+ only ! brick & mort>1 or ! /one & cem5t1 9 8 inspection ( ! ar*itecture1 say ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr54 ,a *ild ov]tra9$ to analyze & classify %ades ( color--examples ( ?is "o f9ds occasionally 9 a prim>y s*ool ^: specialty is 8objective tea*+0--might 9 lat] life visit an art gall]y & make an inv5tory ( colors )\t gett+ ev5 a glimpse ( a pa9t+ z a "w ( art4 ,su* ov]/udy & misuse ( gramm> z "o f9ds 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 x is fe>$1 exi/s to "s ext5t 9 second>y s*ools & ev5 9 colleges1 9 ! "w ( ma/]+ ! classic au?ors4 ,y\r ,committee is unanim\s 9 ! conviction t =mal gramm> %\ld n be all[$ to usurp ! place ( a /udy ( ! lit]>y "w ( art 9 accordance ) lit]>y me?od4 ,! *ild c be gradually tra9$ to see ! te*nical 8motives0 ( a poem or prose "w ( art & to enjoy ! /hetic inv5tions ( ! arti/4 ,! analysis ( a "w ( art %\ld discov] ! idea t gives x organic unity2 ! collision & ! complication result+2 ! solution & dn\em5t4 ,( c\rse ^! ?+s mu/ be rea*$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool )\t ev5 a m5tion ( _! te*nical t]ms4 ,! subject ( ! piece is br\ght out2 its reflection 9 ! conditions ( ! "t & place to height5 int]e/ by %[+ its importance2 its second & /rong] reflection 9 ! sev]al details ( its conflict & /ruggle2 its reflection 9 ! dn\em5t :]e9 its /ruggle ends 9 victory or defeat & ! e?ical or rational int]e/s are v9dicat$1--& ! results move outw>d1 return+ to ! environm5t aga9 9 ev]-wid5+ circles1--some?+ resembl+ ?is is to be f\nd 9 e "w ( art1 & !re are sali5t features :i* c be briefly b pr(itably made subject ( comm5t 9 famili> language ) ev5 ! y\nge/ pupils4 ,!re is an e?ical & an /hetical cont5t to ea* "w ( art4 ,x is pr(itable to po9t out bo? ( ^! 9 ! int]e/ ( ! *ild's gr[+ insight into human nature4 ,! e?ical %\ld1 h[ev]1 be kept 9 subord9ation to ! /hetical1 b = ! sake ( ! supreme int]e/s ( ! e?ical itself4 ,o!rwise ! /udy ( a "w ( art deg5]ates into a goody goody p]=mance1 & its effects on ! *ild are to cause a reaction aga9/ ! moral4 ,! *ild protects 8 inn] individuality aga9/ effacem5t ?r\gh ext]nal au?ority by tak+ an attitude ( rebellion aga9/ /ories ) an app5d$ moral4 ,h]e9 ! sup]iority ( ! /hetical 9 lit]>y art is to be se54 ,= ! e?ical motive is conceal$ by ! poet1 & ! h]o is pa9t$ ) all 8 brittle individualism & self-seek+4 ,8 passions & 8 selfi%ness1 gild$ by f9e traits ( brav]y & noble mann]s1 int]e/ ! y\?1 int]e/ u all4 ,! e/abli%$ social & moral ord] seems to ! ambiti\s h]o to be an ob/acle to ! unfold+ ( ! *>ms ( individuality4 ,! de$ ( viol5ce gets done1 & ! ,nemesis is ar\s$4 ,n[ 8 de$ comes back on ! individual do]1 & our sympa?y turns aga9/ him & we rejoice 9 8 fall4 ,?us ! /hetical unity conta9s )9 x ! e?ical unity4 ,! lesson ( ! great poet or noveli/ is tak5 to he>t1 :]eas ! e?ical ann\ncem5t by itself might h fail$1 especially ) ! mo/ self-active & aspir+ ( ! pupils4 ,ari/otle po9t$ out 9 8 ,poetics ?is advantage ( ! /hetic unity1 :i* ,plato 9 8 ,republic seems to h miss$4 ,trag$y purges u ( our passions1 to use ,ari/otle's expression1 because we id5tify our own wrong incl9ations ) ^? ( ! h]o1 & by sympa?y we suff] ) him & see our int5d$ de$ return$ ^u u ) tragic effect1 & are !reby cur$4 ,y\r ,committee has dwelt ^u ! /hetic side ( lit]ature 9 ?is explicit mann] because !y believe t ! g5]al t5d5cy 9 elem5t>y s*ools is to neglect ! lit]>y art = ! lit]>y =malities :i* conc]n ! me*anical mat]ial r ?an ! spiritual =m4 ,^? =mal /udies %\ld n be discont9u$1 b subord9at$ to ! high] /udy ( lit]ature4 ,y\r ,committee res]ves ! subject ( language lessons1 composition writ+1 & :at relates to ! *ild's expression ( ideas 9 writ+1 = consid]ation "u ,"p #c ( ?is ,report1 treat+ ( programme4 ,b4 ,ari?metic4 ,side by side ) language /udy is ! /udy ( ma!matics 9 ! s*ools1 claim+ ! second place 9 importance ( all /udies4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ma!matics conc]ns ! laws ( "t & space--_! /ructural =m1 s to speak--& h5ce t x =mulates ! logical conditions ( all matt] bo? 9 re/ & 9 motion4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! high position ( ma!matics z ! sci5ce ( all quantity is univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,! elem5t>y bran* ( ma!matics is ari?metic1 & ?is is /udi$ 9 ! prim>y & gramm> s*ools f six to eight ye>s1 or ev5 long]4 ,! relation ( ari?metic to ! :ole field ( ma!matics has be5 /at$ 7by ,comte1 ,h[ison1 & o!rs7 to be t ( ! f9al /ep 9 a process ( calculation1 9 :i* results are /at$ num]ically4 ,!re are bran*es t develop or d]ive quantitative functions3 say geometry = spatial =ms1 & me*anics = movem5t & re/ & ! =ces produc+ !m4 ,o!r bran*es trans=m ^! quantitative functions into su* =ms z may be calculat$ 9 actual numb]s2 namely1 algebra 9 its common or l[] =m1 & 9 its high] =m z ! diff]5tial & integral calculus1 & ! calculus ( v>iations4 ,ari?metic evaluates or f9ds ! num]ical value = ! functions ?us d$uc$ & trans=m$4 ,! educational value ( ari?metic is ?us indicat$ bo? z conc]ns its psy*ological side & its objective practical uses 9 correlat+ man ) ! _w ( nature4 ,9 ?is latt] respect z furni%+ ! key to ! out] _w 9 s f> z ! objects ( ! latt] are a matt] ( direct enum]ation1--capable ( be+ c\nt$1--x is ! fir/ great /ep 9 ! conque/ ( nature4 ,x is ! fir/ tool ( ?\ght t man inv5ts 9 ! "w ( emancipat+ himself f ?raldom to ext]nal =ces4 ,= by ! comm& ( numb] he le>ns to divide & conqu]4 ,he c proportion "o =ce to ano!r1 & conc5trate aga9/ an ob/acle precisely :at is ne$$ to ov]come x4 ,numb] also makes possible all ! o!r sci5ces ( nature :i* dep5d on exact measurem5t & exact record ( ph5om5a z to ! foll[+ items3 ord] ( succession1 date1 duration1 locality1 environm5t1 ext5t ( sph]e ( influ5ce1 numb] ( manife/ations1 numb] ( cases ( int]mitt5ce4 ,all ^! c be def9$ accurately only by means ( numb]4 ,! educational value ( a bran* ( /udy t furni%es ! indisp5sable fir/ /ep t[>d all sci5ce ( nature is obvi\s4 ,b psy*ologically its importance fur!r appe>s 9 ?is1 t x beg9s ) an important /ep 9 analysis2 namely1 ! deta*m5t ( ! idea ( quantity f ! concrete :ole1 :i* includes quality z well z quantity4 ,to c\nt1 "o drops ! qualitative & consid]s only ! quantitative aspect4 ,s long z ! individual diff]5ces 7:i* are qualitative 9 s f> z !y di/+ui% "o object f ano!r7 are consid]$1 ! objects _c be c\nt$ toge!r4 ,:5 c\nt$1 ! di/9ctions are dropp$ out ( sight z indiff]5t4 ,z c\nt+ is ! fundam5tal op]ation ( ari?metic1 & all o!r ari?metical op]ations are simply devices = spe$ by us+ rememb]$ c\nt+s in/ead ( go+ ?r\gh ! detail$ "w aga9 ea* "t1 ! h9t is furni%$ ! tea*] = ! fir/ lessons 9 ari?metic4 ,?is h9t has be5 g5]ally foll[$ out & ! *ild set at "w at fir/ ^u ! c\nt+ ( objects s mu* alike t ! qualitative diff]5ce is n sugge/$ to him4 ,he con/ructs gradually 8 tables ( addition1 subtraction1 & multiplication1 & fixes !m 9 8 memory4 ,!n he takes 8 next high] /ep2 namely1 ! appreh5sion ( ! fraction4 ,?is is an express$ ratio ( two numb]s1 & !re=e a mu* m complex ?\ght ?an he has met ) 9 deal+ ) ! simple numb]s4 ,9 ?9k+ five-six?s1 he fir/ ?9ks five & !n six1 & hold+ ^! two 9 m9d ?9ks ! result ( ! fir/ modifi$ by ! second4 ,"h are ?ree /eps in/ead ( "o1 & ! result is n a simple numb]1 b an inf]5ce re/+ on an unp]=m$ op]ation4 ,?is psy*ological analysis %[s ! reason = ! emb>rassm5t ( ! *ild on 8 entrance ^u ! /udy ( fractions & ! o!r op]ations t imply ratio4 ,! tea*] f9ds all 8 res\rces 9 ! way ( me?od drawn ^u to inv5t /eps & half /eps1 to aid ! pupil to make cont9u\s progress "h4 ,all ^! devices ( me?od consi/ 9 /eps by :i* ! pupil desc5ds to ! simple numb] & returns to ! complex4 ,he turns "o ( ! t]ms into a qualitative unit1 & ?us is enabl$ to use ! o!r z a simple numb]4 ,! pupil takes ! d5om9ator1 = example1 & makes cle> 8 conception ( "o-six? z 8 qualitative unit1 !n five-six?s is z cle> to him z five ox54 ,b he has to repeat ?is return f ratio to simple numb]s 9 ea* ( ! elem5t>y op]ations--addition1 subtraction1 multiplication1 & division1 & 9 ! r$uction ( fractions--& f9ds ! road long & t$i\s at be/4 ,9 ! case ( decimal fractions ! psy*ological process is m complex /ill2 = ! pupil has giv5 him "o ( ! t]ms1 ! num]ator1 f :i* he mu/ m5tally d$uce ! d5om9ator f ! position ( ! decimal po9t4 ,?is d\bles ! "w ( read+ & recogniz+ ! fractional numb]4 ,b x makes addition & subtraction ( fractions ne>ly z easy z t ( simple numb]s & assi/s also 9 multiplication ( fractions4 ,b division ( decimals is a mu* m complex op]ation ?an t ( common fractions4 ,! want ( a psy*ological analysis ( ^! processes has l$ _m good tea*]s to attempt decimal fractions ) _! pupils be=e tak+ up common fractions4 ,9 ! end !y h be5 =c$ to make introductory /eps to aid ! pupil1 & 9 ^! /eps to introduce ! !ory ( ! common fraction4 ,!y h by ?is refut$ _! own !ory4 ,besides 7a7 simple numb]s & ! f\r op]ations ) !m1 7b7 fractions common & decimal1 !re is 7c7 a ?ird /ep 9 numb]2 namely1 ! !ory ( p[]s & roots4 ,x is a fur!r /ep 9 ratio2 namely1 ! relation ( a simple numb] to itself z p[] & root4 ,! mass ( mat]ial :i* fills ! ari?metic us$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool consi/s ( two k9ds ( examples3 fir/1 ^? :]e9 !re is a direct application ( simple numb]s1 fractions1 & p[]s2 & secondly1 ! class ( examples involv+ op]ations 9 rea*+ num]ical solutions ?r\gh indirect data & consequ5tly involv+ m or less trans=mation ( functions4 ,( ?is "* is mo/ ( ! s-call$ high] ari?metic & su* problems 9 ! text-book us$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools z h1 n inappropriately1 be5 call$ 7by ,g5]al ,francis ,a4 ,walk] 9 8 criticism on common-s*ool ari?metic7 num]ical 8conundrums40 ,_! difficulty is n f\nd 9 ! /rictly ari?metical "p ( ! process ( ! solution 7! ?ird phase above describ$71 b r 9 ! trans=mation ( ! quantitative function giv5 into ! function t c readily be calculat$ num]ically4 ,! trans=mation ( functions belongs /rictly to algebra4 ,tea*]s :o love ari?metic1 & :o h !mselves success 9 work+ out ! s-call$ num]ical conundrums1 def5d ) mu* e>ne/ness ! curr5t practice :i* uses s mu* "t = ari?metic4 ,!y see 9 x a valuable tra9+ = +5uity & logical analysis1 & believe t ! indu/ry :i* discov]s ari?metical ways ( trans=m+ ! functions giv5 9 su* problems into pla9 num]ical op]ations ( add+1 subtract+1 multiply+1 or divid+ is well be/[$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! critics ( ?is practice cont5d t !re %\ld be no m]ely =mal drill 9 s*ool = its own sake1 & t !re %\ld be1 always1 a sub/antial cont5t to be ga9$4 ,!y cont5d t ! "w ( ! pupil 9 trans=m+ quantitative functions by ari?metical me?ods is wa/$1 because ! pupil ne$s a m adequate expression ?an numb] = ?is purpose2 t ?is has be5 discov]$ 9 algebra1 :i* enables him to p]=m ) ease su* quantitative trans=mations z puzzle ! pupil 9 ari?metic4 ,!y hold1 !re=e1 t ari?metic pure & simple %\ld be abridg$ & elem5t>y algebra introduc$ aft] ! num]ical op]ations 9 p[]s1 fractions1 & simple numb]s h be5 ma/]$1 toge!r ) _! applications to ! tables ( weights & measures & to p]c5tage & int]e/4 ,9 ! sev5? ye> ( ! elem5t>y c\rse !re w\ld be taught equations ( ! fir/ degree & ! solution ( ari?metical problems t fall "u proportion1 or ! s-call$ 8rule ( ?ree10 toge!r ) o!r problems conta9+ complicat$ conditions--^? 9 p>tn]%ip1 = example4 ,9 ! eigh? ye> quadratic equations c\ld be le>n$1 & o!r problems ( high] ari?metic solv$ 9 a m satisfactory mann] ?an by num]ical me?ods4 ,x is cont5d$ t ?is e>li] introduction ( algebra1 ) a sp>+ use ( lett]s = kn[n quantities1 w\ld secure f> m ma!matical progress ?an is obta9$ at pres5t on ! "p ( all pupils1 & t x w\ld enable _m pupils to g on into second>y & high] education :o are n[ kept back on ! plea ( lack ( prep>ation 9 ari?metic1 ! real difficulty 9 _m cases be+ a lack ( ability to solve algebraic problems by an inf]ior me?od4 ,y\r ,committee w\ld report t ! practice ( tea*+ two lessons daily 9 ari?metic1 "o /yl$ 8m5tal10 or 8intellectual10 & ! o!r 8writt50 ari?metic 7because its ex]cises are writt5 out ) p5cil or p571 is /ill cont9u$ 9 _m s*ools4 ,by ?is device ! pupil is made to give twice z mu* "t to ari?metic z to any o!r bran*4 ,x is cont5d$ by ! oppon5ts ( ?is practice1 ) "s %[ ( reason1 t two lessons a day 9 ! /udy ( quantity h a t5d5cy to give ! m9d a b5t or set 9 ! direction ( ?9k+ quantitatively1 ) a correspond+ neglect ( ! p[] to obs]ve1 & to reflect ^u1 qualitative & causal aspects4 ,= ma!matics does n take acc\nt ( causes1 b only ( equality & diff]5ce 9 magnitude4 ,x is fur!r object$ t ! attempt to secure :at is call$ ?or\ghness 9 ! bran*es taught 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools is (t5 c>ri$ too f>2 9 fact1 to su* an ext5t z to produce arre/$ developm5t 7a sort ( m5tal p>alysis7 9 ! me*anical & =mal /ages ( gr[?4 ,! m9d1 9 t case1 loses its appetite = high] me?ods & wid] g5]alizations4 ,! law ( app]ception1 we are told1 proves t tempor>y me?ods ( solv+ problems %\ld n be s ?or\ghly ma/]$ z to be us$ involunt>ily1 or z a matt] ( unconsci\s habit1 = ! reason t a high] & m adequate me?od ( solution w !n be f\nd m difficult to acquire4 ,! m ?or\ghly a me?od is le>n$1 ! m x becomes "p ( ! m9d1 & ! great] ! repugnance ( ! m9d t[>d a new me?od4 ,= ?is reason1 p>5ts & tea*]s disc\rage "y *ildr5 f ! practice ( c\nt+ on ! f+]s1 believ+ t x w cause mu* tr\ble lat] to root out ?is vici\s habit & replace x by purely m5tal processes4 ,tea*]s %\ld be c>eful1 especially ) precoci\s *ildr51 n to cont9ue too long 9 ! use ( a process t is becom+ me*anical2 = x is already gr[+ into a second nature1 & becom+ a "p ( ! unconsci\s app]ceptive process by :i* ! m9d reacts aga9/ ! environm5t1 recognizes its pres5ce1 & expla9s x to itself4 ,! *ild t has be5 ov]tra9$ 9 ari?metic reacts app]ceptively aga9/ 8 environm5t *iefly by notic+ its num]ical relations--he c\nts & adds2 8 o!r app]ceptive reactions be+ feeble1 he neglects qualities & causal relations4 ,ano!r *ild :o has be5 drill$ 9 recogniz+ colors app]ceives ! %ades ( color to ! neglect ( all else4 ,a ?ird *ild1 excessively tra9$ 9 =m /udies by ! con/ant use ( geometric solids1 & mu* practice 9 look+ = ! fundam5tal geometric =ms ly+ at ! basis ( ! multif>i\s objects t exi/ 9 ! _w1 w1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 app]ceive geometric =ms1 ignor+ ! o!r phases ( objects4 ,x is1 c]ta9ly1 an advance on imm$iate s5se-p]ception to be able to sep>ate or analyze ! concrete1 :ole impression1 & consid] ! quantity ap>t by itself4 ,b if arre/$ m5tal gr[? takes place "h1 ! result is deplorable4 ,t su* arre/ may be caus$ by too exclusive tra9+ 9 recogniz+ num]ical relations is beyond a d\bt4 ,y\r ,committee believes t1 ) ! "r me?ods1 & a wise use ( "t 9 prep>+ ! ari?metic lesson 9 & out ( s*ool1 five ye>s are suffici5t = ! /udy ( m]e ari?metic--! five ye>s beg9n+ ) ! second s*ool ye> & end+ ) ! close ( ! six? ye>2 & t ! sev5? & eigh? ye>s %\ld be giv5 to ! algebraic me?od ( deal+ ) ^? problems t involve difficulties 9 ! trans=mation ( quantitative indirect functions into num]ical or direct quantitative data4 ,y\r ,committee1 h[ev]1 does n wi% to be und]/ood z recomm5d+ ! transf] ( algebra1 z x is und]/ood & taught 9 mo/ second>y s*ools1 to ! sev5? ye>1 or ev5 to ! eigh? ye> ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,! algebra c\rse 9 ! second>y s*ool1 z taught to ! pupils 9 _! fifte5? ye> ( age1 v prop]ly beg9s ) sev]e ex]cises1 ) a view to discipl9e ! pupil 9 analyz+ complex lit]ate expressions at sight1 & to make him able to recognize at once ! factors t are conta9$ 9 su* comb9ations ( quantities4 ,! propos$ sev5?-grade algebra mu/ use lett]s = ! unkn[n quantities & reta9 ! num]ical =m ( ! kn[n quantities1 us+ lett]s = ^! v r>ely1 except to exhibit ! g5]al =m ( solution1 or :at1 if /at$ 9 words1 becomes a s-call$ 8rule0 9 ari?metic4 ,?is species ( algebra has ! "* ( an introduction or transitional /ep to algebra prop]4 ,! latt] %\ld be taught ?or\ghly 9 ! second>y s*ool4 ,=m]ly x 0 a common practice to tea* elem5t>y algebra ( ?is sort 9 ! prep>atory s*ools1 & res]ve = ! college a /udy ( algebra prop]4 ,b 9 ?is case !re 0 (t5 a neglect ( suffici5t practice 9 factor+ lit]ate quantities1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! pupil suff]$ emb>rassm5t 9 8 m advanc$ ma!matics2 = example1 9 analytical geometry1 ! diff]5tial calculus1 & me*anics4 ,! proposition ( y\r ,committee is int5d$ to rem$y ! two evils already nam$3 fir/1 to aid ! pupils 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool to solve1 by a high] me?od1 ! m difficult problems t n[ f9d place 9 advanc$ ari?metic2 & secondly1 to prep>e ! pupil = a ?or\gh c\rse 9 pure algebra 9 ! second>y s*ool4 ,y\r ,committee is ( ! op9ion t ! s-call$ m5tal ari?metic %\ld be made to alt]nate ) writt5 ari?metic = two ye>s1 & t !re %\ld n be two daily lessons 9 ?is subject4 ,c4 ,geography4 ,! lead+ bran* ( ! sev5 lib]al arts 0 gramm>1 be+ ! fir/ ( ! ,trivium 7gramm>1 rhetoric1 & logic74 ,ari?metic1 h[ev]1 l$ ! second division1 ! ,quadrivium 7ari?metic1 geometry1 music1 & a/ronomy74 ,we h glanc$ at ! reasons = ! place ( gramm> z lead+ ! humane /udies1 z well z = ! place ( ari?metic z lead+ ! nature /udies4 ,foll[+ ari?metic1 z ! second /udy 9 importance among ! bran*es t correlate man to nature1 is geography4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! old quadrivium ( ! ,middle ,ages includ$ geography1 "u ! title ( geometry1 z ! bran* foll[+ ari?metic 9 ! enum]ation2 ! subject-matt] ( _! s-call$ 8geometry0 be+ *iefly an abridgm5t ( ,pl9y's geography1 to :i* 7 add$ a few def9itions ( geometric =ms1 some?+ l ! prim>y c\rse 9 geometric solids 9 our elem5t>y s*ools4 ,s long z !re has be5 elem5t>y education !re has be5 some?+ ( geography includ$4 ,! ,greek education laid /ress on tea*+ ! second book ( ,hom]1 conta9+ ! ,catalogue ( ! ,%ips & a brief m5tion ( ! geography & hi/ory ( all ! ,greek tribes t took "p 9 ! ,trojan ,w>4 ,hi/ory rema9s unsep>at$ f geography & geometry 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,geography has pres]v$ ?is compreh5siv5ess ( mean+ z a bran* ( ! /udy 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,aft] ari?metic1 :i* treats ( ! ab/ract or g5]al conditions ( mat]ial exi/5ce1 comes geography ) a practical /udy ( man's mat]ial habitat1 & its relations to him4 ,x is n a simple sci5ce by itself1 l botany1 or geology1 or a/ronomy1 b a collection ( sci5ces levi$ ^u to describe ! e>? z ! dwell+-place ( man & to expla9 some?+ ( its m prom95t features4 ,ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! mat]ial relates /rictly to ! geography1 ab\t "o-half to ! inhabitants1 _! mann]s1 cu/oms1 in/itutions1 indu/ries1 productions1 & ! rema9+ "o-f\r? to items drawn f ! sci5ces ( m9]alogy1 meteorology1 botany1 zology1 & a/ronomy4 ,?is pr$om9ance ( ! human feature 9 a /udy o/5sibly relat+ to physical nature1 y\r ,committee consid]s necess>y & entirely ju/ifiable4 ,! *ild comm5ces ) :at is ne>e/ to 8 int]e/s1 & proce$s gradually t[>d :at is remote & to be /udi$ = its own sake4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a mi/ake to suppose t ! fir/ phase ( geography pres5t$ to ! *ild %\ld be ! process ( cont95t =mation4 ,he mu/ beg9 ) ! natural diff]5ce ( climate1 & l&s1 & wat]s1 & ob/acles t sep>ate peoples1 & /udy ! me?ods by :i* man /rives to equalize or ov]come ^! diff]5ces by indu/ry & comm]ce1 to unite all places & all p1 & make x possible = ea* to %>e 9 ! productions ( all4 ,! indu/rial & comm]cial idea is1 !re=e1 ! fir/ c5tral idea 9 ! /udy ( geography 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,x leads directly to ! natural elem5ts ( diff]5ce 9 climate1 soil1 & productions1 & also to ^? 9 race1 religion1 political /atus1 & occupations ( ! inhabitants1 ) a view to expla9 ! gr\nds & reasons = ?is c\nt]-process ( civilization :i* /ruggles to ov]come ! diff]5ces4 ,next comes ! deep] inquiry into ! process ( cont95t =mation1 ! physical /ruggle betwe5 ! process ( upheav+ or upbuild+ ( cont95ts & t ( _! oblit]ation by air & wat]2 ! explanation ( ! m\nta9s1 valleys1 & pla9s1 ! isl&s1 volcanic action1 ! w9ds1 ! ra9-di/ribution4 ,b ! /udy ( cities1 _! location1 ! purposes !y s]ve z collect+1 manufactur+1 & di/ribut+ c5tres1 leads mo/ directly to ! imm$iate purpose ( geography 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,f ?is beg9n+1 & hold+ to x z a p]man5t int]e/1 ! inquiry into causes & conditions proce$s conc5trically to ! s\rces ( ! raw mat]ials1 ! me?ods ( _! production1 & ! climatic1 geologic1 & o!r reasons t expla9 _! location & _! gr[?4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 especially ?r\gh ! sci5tific /udy ( physical geography1 ! processes t g to ! =mation ( climate1 soil1 & g5]al configuration ( l& masses h be5 accurately det]m9$1 & ! me?ods ( tea*+ s simplifi$ t x is possible to lead out f ! c5tral idea m5tion$ to ! physical explanations ( ! elem5ts ( geographical diff]5ce q e>ly 9 ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,sett+ out f ! idea ( ! use made ( ! e>? by civilization1 ! pupil 9 ! fif? & six? ye>s ( 8 s*ool+ 7at ! age ( elev5 or twelve7 may ext5d 8 inquiries q pr(itably z f> z ! physical explanations ( l&-%apes & climates4 ,9 ! sev5? & eigh? ye> ( s*ool mu* m may be done 9 ?is direction4 ,b x is believ$ t ! di/9ctively human int]e/ connect$ ) geography 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( its /udy %\ld n yield to ! purely sci5tific "o ( physical processes until ! pupil has tak5 up ! /udy ( hi/ory4 ,! educational value ( geography1 z x is & has be5 9 elem5t>y s*ools1 is obvi\sly v great4 ,x makes possible some?+ l accuracy 9 ! pictur+ ( di/ant places & ev5ts1 & removes a l>ge tract ( m]e sup]/ition f ! m9d4 ,9 ! days ( newspap] read+ "o's /ock ( geographical in=mation is 9 con/ant requisition4 ,a w> on ! opposite side ( ! globe is foll[$ ) m int]e/ 9 ?is ye> ?an a w> ne> our own bord]s be=e ! era ( ! telegraph4 ,! g5]al k ( ! locations & b\nd>ies ( nations1 ( _! /atus 9 civilization1 & _! natural advantages = contribut+ to ! _w m>ket1 is ( great use to ! citiz5 9 =m+ correct ideas f 8 daily read+4 ,! educational value ( geography is ev5 m app>5t if we admit ! claims ( ^? :o argue t ! pres5t epo* is ! beg9n+ ( an era 9 :i* public op9ion is organiz$ into a rul+ =ce by ! ag5cy ( p]iodicals & books4 ,c]ta9ly nei!r ! newspap] nor ! book c influ5ce an illit]ate p2 !y c d little to =m op9ions :]e ! read]s h no k ( geography4 ,z to ! psy*ological value ( geography little ne$ be said4 ,x ex]cises 9 manifold ways ! memory ( =ms & ! imag9ation2 x br+s into ex]cise ! ?9k+ p[]1 9 trac+ back t[>d unity ! v>i\s s]ies ( causes4 ,:at educative value !re is 9 geology1 meteorology1 zology1 e?nology1 economics1 hi/ory1 & politics is to be f\nd 9 ! m pr(\nd /udy ( geography1 &1 to a proportionate ext5t1 9 ! /udy ( its m]e/ elem5ts4 ,y\r ,committee is ( ! op9ion t !re has be5 a va/ improvem5t 9 ! me?ods ( in/ruction 9 ?is bran* 9 rec5t ye>s1 due1 9 l>ge measure1 to ! geographical societies ( ?is & o!r c\ntries4 ,at fir/ !re prevail$ :at might be nam$ sailor geography4 ,! pupil 0 compell$ to memorize all ! capes & headl&s1 bays & h>bors1 m\?s ( riv]s1 isl&s1 s\nds1 & /raits ar\nd ! _w4 ,he enliv5$ ?is1 to "s ext5t1 by brief m5tion ( ! curiosities & oddities 9 ! way ( cat>acts1 wat]-gaps1 caves1 /range animals1 public build+s1 picturesque co/umes1 national exagg]ations1 & su* matt]s z w\ld furni% good !mes = sailors' y>ns4 ,little or no?+ 0 taught to give unity to ! isolat$ details furni%$ 9 endless numb]4 ,x 0 an improvem5t on ?is :5 ! me?od ( memoriz+ capital cities & political b\nd>ies succe$$4 ,) ?is came ! era ( map draw+4 ,! /udy ( wat]%$s & comm]cial r\tes1 ( indu/rial productions & c5tres ( manufacture & comm]ce1 has be5 adopt$ 9 ! bett] class ( s*ools4 ,in/ruction 9 geography is gr[+ bett] by ! con/ant introduction ( new devices to make pla9 & intelligible ! det]m9+ influ5ce ( physical causes 9 produc+ ! elem5ts ( diff]5ce & ! c\nt]-process ( indu/ry & comm]ce by :i* ea* diff]5ce is r5d]$ ( use to ! :ole _w1 & ea* locality made a p>ticipator 9 ! productions ( all4 ,d4 ,hi/ory4 ,! next /udy1 rank$ 9 ord] ( value1 = ! elem5t>y s*ool is hi/ory4 ,b1 z w be se51 ! value ( hi/ory1 bo? practically & psy*ologically1 is less 9 ! beg9n+ & great] at ! end ?an geography4 ,= x relates to ! in/itutions ( m51 & especially to ! political /ate & its evolution4 ,:ile biography n>rates ! c>e] ( ! individual1 civil hi/ory records ! c>e]s ( nations4 ,! nation has be5 comp>$ to ! individual by p]sons int]e/$ 9 ! educational value ( hi/ory4 ,man has two selves1 !y say1 ! individual self1 & ! collective self ( ! organiz$ /ate or nation4 ,! /udy ( hi/ory is1 !n1 ! /udy ( ?is l>g]1 corporate1 social & civil self4 ,! importance ( ?is idea is ?us br\ght out m cle>ly 9 its educational significance4 ,= to le>n ?is civil self is to le>n ! sub/antial condition :i* makes possible ! exi/5ce ( civiliz$ man 9 all 8 o!r social comb9ations--! family1 ! ,*ur*1 & ! manifold associat$ activities ( civil society4 ,= ! /ate protects ^! comb9ations f de/ruction by viol5ce4 ,x def9es ! limits ( individual & associat$ ef=t1 )9 :i* ea* endeavor re-en=ces ! endeavors ( all1 & x uses ! /r5g? ( ! :ole nation to prev5t su* actions z pass beyond ^! safe limits & t5d to collision ) ! normal action ( ! o!r individuals & social units4 ,hobbes call$ ! /ate a ,levia?an1 to emphasize its /up5d\s individuality & organiz$ self-activity4 ,)\t ?is1 he said1 man lives 9 a /ate ( 8con/ant w>1 fe>1 pov]ty1 fil?1 ignorance1 & wret*$ness2 )9 ! /ate dwell peace1 security1 ri*es1 sci5ce1 & happ9ess40 ,! /ate is ! collective man :o 8makes possible ! rational developm5t ( ! individual man1 l a mortal ,god1 subdu+ 8 caprice & passion & compell+ ob$i5ce to law1 develop+ ! ideas ( ju/ice1 virtue1 & religion1 creat+ prop]ty & own]%ip1 nurture & education40 ,! education ( ! *ild into a k ( ?is high] self beg9s e>ly )9 ! nurture ( ! family4 ,! *ild sees a policeman or "s t[n (fic]1 "s public build+1 a c\rt h\se or a jail2 he sees or he>s ( an act ( viol5ce1 a case ( robb]y or murd] foll[$ by arre/ ( ! guilty4 ,! omnipres5t high] self1 :i* has be5 invisible hi!rto1 n[ becomes visible to him 9 its symbols & /ill m 9 its acts4 ,hi/ory 9 s*ool1 x is cont5d$1 %\ld be ! special bran* = education 9 ! duties ( citiz5%ip4 ,!re is gr\nd = ?is claim4 ,hi/ory gives a s5se ( belong+ to a high] social unity :i* possesses ! "r ( absolute control ov] p]son & prop]ty 9 ! int]e/ ( ! safety ( ! :ole4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is ! basis ( citiz5%ip2 ! individual mu/ feel ?is or see ?is solid>ity ( ! /ate & recognize its supreme au?ority4 ,b hi/ory %[s ! collisions ( nations1 & ! victory ( "o political ideal accompani$ by ! defeat ( ano!r4 ,hi/ory reveals an evolution ( =ms ( gov]nm5t t are bett] & bett] adapt$ to p]mit individual fre$om1 & ! p>ticipation ( all citiz5s 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t itself4 ,p :o make _! own gov]nm5t h a special int]e/ 9 ! spectacle ( political evolution z exhibit$ 9 hi/ory4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is evolution has n be5 well pres5t$ by popul> hi/orians4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! famili> example ( old-"t p$agogy1 :]e9 ! ,roman republic 0 conceiv$ z a fre] gov]nm5t ?an ! ,roman empire t foll[$ x1 by p]sons app>5tly misl$ by ! ideas ( repres5tative self-gov]nm5t associat$ ) ! ^w republic4 ,x 0 ! beg9n+ ( a new epo* :5 ?is illusion 0 dispell$1 & ! college /ud5t became aw>e ( ! true ,roman mean+ ( republic1 namely1 ! supremacy ( an olig>*y on ! ,tib] t rul$ di/ant prov9ces 9 ,spa91 ,gaul1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,g]many1 & ,africa1 = its selfi% ends & ) an ev]-increas+ arrogance4 ,! p at home 9 ,rome1 n hav+ a %>e 9 ! campaigns on ! bord]l&1 did n appreciate ! qualities ( ! great lead]s :o1 l ,cs>1 subdu$ ! nations by =be>ance1 magnanimity1 tru/1 & ! recognition ( a sph]e ( fre$om secur$ to ! conqu]$ by ! ,roman civil laws1 :i* 7 rigidly en=c$ by ! conqu]or1 z mu* z by ! viol5ce ( arms4 ,! *ange f republic to empire meant ! f9al subord9ation ( ?is tyrannical ,roman olig>*y1 & ! recognition ( ! rights ( ! prov9ces to ,roman fre$om4 ,?is illu/ration %[s h[ easily a poor tea*+ ( hi/ory may p]v]t its good influ5ce or purpose into a bad "o4 ,= ! ,roman mon>*y "u ! empire secur$ a degree ( fre$om nev] be=e atta9$ "u ! republic1 9 spite ( ! election ( su* tyrants z ,n]o & ,caligula to ! imp]ial purple4 ,! civil s]vice w5t on z usual adm9i/]+ ! affairs ( di/ant c\ntries1 educat+ !m 9 ,roman jurisprud5ce1 & cultivat+ a love = accumulat+ private prop]ty4 ,^? c\ntries _h be=e liv$ communi/ically aft] ! /yle ( ! tribe or at be/ ( ! village community4 ,roman private prop]ty 9 l& gave an impulse to ! developm5t ( free individuality su* z _h always be5 impossible "u ! social /age ( developm5t kn[n z ! village community4 ,to tea* hi/ory prop]ly is to dispel ?is %all[ illusion :i* flatt]s individualism1 & to op5 ! eyes ( ! pupil to ! true nature ( fre$om1 namely1 ! fre$om ?r\gh ob$i5ce to j laws en=c$ by a /rong gov]nm5t4 ,y\r ,committee has made ?is app>5t digression = ! sake ( a m explicit /atem5t ( its conviction ( ! importance ( tea*+ hi/ory 9 a diff]5t _s f t ( ab/ract fre$om1 :i* sometimes means an>*y1 al?\gh !y admit ! possibility ( an opposite extreme1 ! dang] ( too little /ress on ! progressive elem5t 9 ! gr[? ( nations1 & its manife/ation 9 new & bett] political devices = repres5t+ all citiz5s )\t weak5+ ! c5tral p[]4 ,t ! hi/ory ( "o's own nation is to be taught 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool seems fix$ by common cons5t4 ,unit$ ,/ates hi/ory includes fir/ a sket* ( ! epo* ( discov]ies & next ( ! epo* ( colonization4 ,?is1 =tunately1 suits ! p$agogic requirem5ts4 ,= ! *ild loves to approa* ! /]n realities ( a firmly e/abli%$ civilization ?r\gh its /ages ( gr[? by means ( individual ent]prise4 ,"h is ! use ( biography z introduction to hi/ory4 ,x treats ( exceptional individuals ^: lives br+ !m 9 "o way or ano!r into national or ev5 _w-hi/orical relations4 ,!y ?r[ light on ! nature & necessity ( gov]nm5ts1 & are 9 turn illum9at$ by ! light ?r[n back on !m by ! in/itutions :i* !y promote or h9d]4 ,! era ( semi-private adv5ture ) :i* ,am]ican hi/ory beg9s is admirably adapt$ = /udy by ! pupil 9 ! elem5t>y /age ( 8 education4 ,s1 too1 ! next epo*1 t ( colonization4 ,! pione] is a degree ne>] to civilization ?an is ! explor] & discov]]4 ,9 ! colonial hi/ory ! pupil int]e/s himself 9 ! ent]prise ( aspir+ individualities1 9 _! conque/ ov] ob/acles ( climate & soil2 _! conflicts ) ! aborig9al population2 _! *oice ( l& = settlem5t2 ! gr[? ( _! cities2 above all1 _! sev]al attempts & f9al success 9 =m+ a con/itution secur+ local self-gov]nm5t4 ,an epo* ( gr[+ int]relation ( ! colonies succe$s1 a t5d5cy to union on a l>ge scale due to ! effect ( ,european w>s :i* involv$ ,engl&1 ,france1 & o!r c\ntries1 & affect$ ! relations ( _! colonies 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is epo*1 too1 ab\nds 9 h]oic p]sonalities1 l ,wolfe1 ,montcalm1 & ,wa%+ton1 & p]il\s adv5tures1 especially 9 ! ,indian w>f>e4 ,! f\r? epo* is ! ,revolution1 by :i* ! colonies ?r\gh jo9t ef=t secur$ _! indep5d5ce & aft]w>d _! union z a nation4 ,! subject gr[s rapidly m complex1 & tasks sev]ely ! p[]s ( ! pupils 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,! =mation ( ! ,con/itution1 & a brief /udy ( ! sali5t features ( ! ,con/itution itself1 conclude ! /udy ( ! portion ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t is suffici5tly remote to be treat$ aft] ! mann] ( an educational classic4 ,ev]y?+ up to ?is po9t /&s out 9 /rong individual outl9es1 & is admirably fitt$ = t elem5t>y c\rse ( /udy4 ,beyond ?is po9t1 ! ,w> ( #ahab & ! ,w> ( ! ,rebellion1 toge!r ) ! political ev5ts t l$ to x1 are matt]s ( memory ) ! pres5t g5]ation ( p>5ts & gr&p>5ts1 & are1 consequ5tly1 n s well fitt$ = int5sive /udy 9 s*ool z ! already classic p]iod ( our hi/ory4 ,b ^! lat] & late/ epo*s may be1 & w be1 read at home n only 9 ! text-book on hi/ory us$ 9 ! s*ools1 b also 9 ! num]\s sket*es t appe> 9 newspap]s1 magaz9es1 & 9 m pret5ti\s %apes4 ,9 ! int5sive /udy :i* %\ld be und]tak5 ( ! classic p]iod ( our hi/ory1 ! pupil may be taught ! me?od appropriate to hi/orical inve/igation1 ! _m po9ts ( view f :i* ea* ev5t ought to be consid]$4 ,he %\ld le>n to discrim9ate betwe5 ! !atrical %[ ( ev5ts & ! solid influ5ces t move und]nea? z e?ical causes4 ,al?\gh he is too immature = v f>-rea*+ reflections1 he mu/ be help$ to see ! causal processes ( hi/ory4 ,arm$ ) ?is discipl9e 9 hi/oric me?ods1 ! pupil w d all ( 8 miscellane\s read+ & ?9k+ 9 ?is prov9ce ) m adequate intellectual reaction ?an 0 possible be=e ! int5sive /udy c>ri$ on 9 s*ool4 ,! /udy ( ! outl9es ( ! ,con/itution1 = t5 or fifte5 weeks 9 ! f9al ye> ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 has be5 f\nd ( great educational value4 ,prop]ly taught1 x fixes ! idea ( ! ess5tial ?ree-foldness ( ! con/itution ( a free gov]nm5t & ! necess>y indep5d5ce ( ea* con/itu5t p[]1 :e!r legislative1 judicial1 or executive4 ,?is & "s idea ( ! mann] & mode ( fill+ ! (ficial places 9 ^! ?ree dep>tm5ts1 & ( ! "* ( ! duties ) :i* ea* dep>tm5t is *>g$1 lay f\ndations = an intellig5t citiz5%ip4 ,besides ?is int5sive /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! sev5? & eigh? ye>s1 y\r ,committee w\ld recomm5d oral lessons on ! sali5t po9ts ( g5]al hi/ory1 tak+ a full h\r ( sixty m9utes weekly--& pref]ably all at "o "t--= ! sake ( ! m sy/ematic treatm5t ( ! subject ( ! lesson & ! deep] impression made on ! m9d ( ! pupil4 ,e4 ,o!r bran*es4 ,y\r ,committee has review$ ! /aple bran*es ( ! elem5t>y c\rse ( /udy 9 ! light ( _! educational scope & significance4 ,gramm>1 lit]ature1 ari?metic1 geography1 & hi/ory are ! five bran*es ^u :i* ! discipl9>y "w ( ! elem5t>y s*ool is conc5trat$4 ,inasmu* z read+ is ! fir/ ( ! s*ola/ic arts1 x is int]e/+ to note t ! :ole elem5t>y c\rse may be describ$ z an ext5sion ( ! process ( le>n+ ! art ( read+4 ,fir/ comes ! ma/]+ ( ! colloquial vocabul>y 9 pr9t$ & script =ms4 ,next come five incursions into ! special vocabul>ies requir$ 7a7 9 lit]ature to express ! f9e %ades ( emotion & ! m subtle di/9ctions ( ?\ght1 7b7 ! te*nique ( ari?metic1 7c7 ( geography1 7d7 ( gramm>1 7e7 ( hi/ory4 ,9 ! s]i\s "w ( ma/]+ ^! sev]al te*nical vocabul>ies ! pupil is assign$ daily tasks t he mu/ prep>e by indep5d5t /udy4 ,! class ex]cise or recitation is tak5 up ) exam9+ & criticis+ ! pupil's oral /atem5ts ( :at he has le>n$1 especial c>e be+ tak5 to secure ! pupil's explanation ( x 9 8 own words4 ,?is requires p>aphrases & def9itions ( ! new words & phrases us$ 9 te*nical & lit]>y s5ses1 ) a view to insure ! addition to ! m9d ( ! new ideas correspond+ to ! new words4 ,! misund]/&+s are correct$ & ! pupil set on ! way to use m critical al]tness 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 succe$+ lessons4 ,! pupil le>ns z mu* by ! recitations ( 8 fell[-pupils z he le>ns f ! tea*]1 b n ! same ?+s4 ,he sees 9 ! imp]fect /atem5ts ( 8 classmates t !y appreh5d$ ! lesson ) diff]5t presuppositions & consequ5tly h se5 "s phases ( ! subject t escap$ 8 obs]vation1 :ile !y 9 turn h miss$ po9ts :i* he _h notic$ q readily4 ,^! diff]5t po9ts ( view become m or less 8 own1 & he may be said to gr[ by add+ to 8 own m9d ! m9ds ( o!rs4 ,x is cle> t !re are o!r bran*es ( in/ruction t may lay claim to a place 9 ! c\rse ( /udy 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool2 = example1 ! v>i\s bran*es ( natural sci5ce1 vocal music1 manual tra9+1 physical culture1 draw+1 etc4 ,"h ! "q ( ano!r me?od ( in/ruction is sugge/$4 ,!re are lessons t require previ\s prep>ation by ! pupil himself--!re are also lessons t may be tak5 up )\t su* prep>ation & conduct$ by ! tea*]1 :o leads ! ex]cise & furni%es a l>ge "p ( ! in=mation to be le>n$1 enli/+ ! aid ( memb]s ( ! class = ! purpose ( br++ home ! new mat]ial to _! actual exp]i5ce4 ,besides ^!1 !re are me*anical ex]cises = purposes ( tra9+1 su* z draw+1 p5man%ip1 & cali/h5ics4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is indu/rial & /hetic draw+1 :i* %\ld h a place 9 all elem5t>y s*ool "w4 ,by x is secur$ ! tra9+ ( ! h& & eye4 ,!n1 too1 draw+ helps 9 all ! o!r bran*es t require illu/ration4 ,moreov]1 if us$ 9 ! /udy ( ! great works ( art 9 ! way h]e9be=e m5tion$1 x helps to cultivate ! ta/e & prep>es ! future workman = a m useful & lucrative c>e]1 inasmu* z sup]ior ta/e comm&s high] wages 9 ! f9i%+ ( all goods4 ,natural sci5ce claims a place 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool n s mu* z a discipl9>y /udy side by side ) gramm>1 ari?metic1 & hi/ory1 z a tra9+ 9 habits ( obs]vation & 9 ! use ( ! te*nique by :i* su* sci5ces are exp\nd$4 ,) a k ( ! te*nical t]ms & "s tra9+ 9 ! me?ods ( orig9al inve/igation employ$ 9 ! sci5ces1 ! pupil broad5s 8 views ( ! _w & greatly increases 8 capacity to acquire new k4 ,= ! pupil :o is unacqua9t$ ) ! te*nique ( sci5ce has to pass )\t m5tal pr(it ! num]\s sci5tific allusions & items ( in=mation :i* m & m ab\nd 9 all our lit]ature1 :e!r ( an ephem]al or a p]man5t "*4 ,9 an age ^: pr\de/ boa/ is ! progress ( sci5ce 9 all doma9s1 !re %\ld be 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 f ! fir/1 a c\rse 9 ! elem5ts ( ! sci5ces4 ,& ?is is q possible2 = ea* sci5ce possesses "s phases t lie v ne> to ! *ild's life4 ,^! famili> topics furni% ! doors ?r\gh :i* ! *ild ent]s ! v>i\s special dep>tm5ts4 ,sci5ce1 x is claim$1 is no?+ if n sy/ematic4 ,inde$1 sci5ce itself may be def9$ z ! int]pretation ( ea* fact ?r\gh all o!r facts ( a k9dr$ nature4 ,admitt+ t ?is is s1 x is no less true t p$agogic me?od beg9s ) ! fragm5t>y k possess$ by ! pupil & proce$s to organize x & build x out sy/ematically 9 all directions4 ,h5ce any sci5ce may be tak5 up be/ on ! side ne>e/ ! exp]i5ce ( ! pupil & ! inve/igation cont9u$ until ! o!r p>ts are rea*$4 ,?us ! p$agogical ord] is n always ! logical or sci5tific ord]4 ,9 ?is respect x agrees ) ! ord] ( discov]y1 :i* is usually some?+ q diff]5t f ! logical ord]2 = t is ! la/ ?+ discov]$4 ,! natural sci5ces h two g5]al divisions3 "o relat+ to inorganic matt]1 z physics & *emi/ry1 & "o relat+ to organic1 z botany & zology4 ,!re %\ld be a spiral c\rse 9 natural sci5ce1 comm5c+ ea* bran* ) ! mo/ int]e/+ phases to ! *ild4 ,a fir/ c\rse %\ld be giv5 9 botany1 zology1 & physics1 s z to treat ( ! /ructure & uses ( famili> plants & animals1 & ! explanation ( physical ph5om5a z se5 9 ! *ild's play?+s1 dome/ic ma*9es1 etc4 ,a second c\rse1 cov]+ ! same subjects1 b lay+ m /ress on classification & functions1 w build on to ! k already acquir$ f ! =m] lessons & f 8 rec5tly acquir$ exp]i5ce4 ,a ?ird c\rse ( weekly lessons1 conduct$ by ! tea*] z be=e 9 a conv]sational /yle1 ) exp]im5ts & ) a comp>ison ( ! facts ( obs]vation already 9 ! possession ( ! *ildr51 w g f> to help+ !m to an acquisition ( ! results ( natural sci5ce4 ,^? ( ! *ildr5 specially gift$ = obs]vation 9 "s "o or m dep>tm5ts ( nature w be /imulat$ & enc\rag$ to make ! mo/ ( _! gifts4 ,9 ! op9ion ( y\r committee1 !re %\ld be set ap>t a full h\r ea* week = draw+ & ! same am\nt = oral lessons 9 natural sci5ce4 ,! oral lessons 9 hi/ory h already be5 m5tion$4 ,! spiral c\rse1 f\nd useful 9 natural sci5ce because ( ! rapid *ange 9 capacity ( compreh5sion by ! pupil f 8 six? to 8 f\rte5? ye>1 w also be be/ = ! hi/ory c\rse1 :i* w beg9 ) biographical adv5tures ( int]e/ to ! *ild1 & possess+ an important hi/orical be>+4 ,^! w proce$ f ! native l& fir/ to ,engl&1 ! p>5t c\ntry1 & !n to ! classic civilizations 7,greece & ,rome be+1 s to speak1 ! gr&p>5t c\ntries ( ! ,am]ican colonies74 ,^! successive c\rses ( oral lessons adapt$ respectively to ! *ild's capacity w d mu* to make ! *ild well in=m$ on ?is topic4 ,oral lessons %\ld nev] be m]e lectures1 b m l ,socratic dialogues1 build+ up a sy/ematic k p>tly f :at is already kn[n1 p>tly by new inve/igations1 & p>tly by comp>ison ( au?orities4 ,! be/ argum5t 9 favor ( weekly oral lessons 9 natural sci5ce & g5]al hi/ory is ! actual exp]i5ces ( tea*]s :o h = "s "t us$ ! plan4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! lessons 9 botany1 zology1 & physics give ! pupil mu* aid 9 le>n+ 8 geography1 & o!r lessons relat+ to nature1 :ile ! hi/ory lessons assi/ v mu* 8 compreh5sion ( lit]ature1 & add int]e/ to geography4 ,x is und]/ood by y\r ,committee t ! lessons 9 physiology & hygi5e 7) special ref]5ce to ! effects ( /imulants & n>cotics7 requir$ by ,/ate laws %\ld be includ$ 9 ?is oral c\rse 9 natural sci5ce4 ,manual tra9+1 s f> z ! !ory & use ( ! tools = work+ 9 wood & iron are conc]n$1 has j claims on ! elem5t>y s*ool = a reason simil> to t :i* admits natural sci5ce4 ,f sci5ce h proce$$ useful inv5tions = ! aid ( all mann] ( manufactures & transportation4 ,! *ild ( to-day lives 9 a _w :]e ma*9]y is con/antly at 8 h&4 ,a c\rse ( tra9+ 9 wood- & iron-"w1 toge!r ) exp]im5tal k ( physics or natural philosophy1 makes x easy = him to le>n ! managem5t ( su* ma*9es4 ,sew+ & cook]y h n ! same1 b /rong] claims = a place 9 s*ool4 ,"o-half day 9 ea* week = "o-half a ye> ea* 9 ! sev5? & eigh? grades w suffice = manual tra9+1 ! sew+ & cook]y be+ /udi$ by ! girls1 & ! wood- & iron-"w by ! boys4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$1 h[ev]1 t ! advocates ( manual tra9+ 9 iron- & wood-"w recomm5d ^! bran*es = second>y s*ools1 because ( ! great] maturity ( body1 & ! less likelihood to acquire wrong habits ( manipulation1 9 ! ?ird p]iod ( f\r ye>s ( s*ool4 ,vocal music has long s9ce obta9$ a well-e/abli%$ place 9 all elem5t>y s*ools4 ,! labors ( two g5]ations ( special tea*]s h r$uc$ ! /eps ( in/ruction to su* simplicity t :ole classes may make z regul> progress 9 read+ music z 9 read+ lit]ature4 ,9 reg>d to physical culture y\r ,committee is agre$ t !re %\ld be "s =m ( special daily ex]cises am\nt+ 9 ! aggregate to "o h\r ea* week1 ! same to include ! ma9 features ( cali/h5ics1 & ,g]man1 ,sw$i%1 or ,am]ican sy/ems ( physical tra9+1 b n to be reg>d$ z a sub/itute = ! old-fa%ion$ recess1 e/abli%$ to p]mit ! free ex]cise ( ! pupils 9 ! op5 air4 ,sy/ematic physical tra9+ has = its object r ! w tra9+ ?an recreation1 & ?is mu/ n be =gott54 ,to g f a h>d lesson to a s]ies ( cali/h5ic ex]cises is to g f "o k9d ( w tra9+ to ano!r4 ,exhau/ion ( ! w %\ld be foll[$ by ! caprice & wild fre$om ( ! recess4 ,b sy/ematic physical ex]cise has its suffici5t reason 9 its aid to a graceful use ( ! limbs1 its developm5t ( muscles t are left unus$ or rudim5t>y unless call$ =? by special tra9+1 & = ! help x gives to ! tea*] 9 ! way ( s*ool discipl9e4 ,y\r ,committee w\ld m5tion 9 ?is connection in/ruction 9 morals & mann]s1 :i* ought to be giv5 9 a brief s]ies ( lessons ea* ye> ) a view to build up 9 ! m9d a !ory ( ! conv5tionalities ( polite & pure-m9d$ society4 ,if ^! lessons are made too long or too num]\s1 !y are apt to become (f5sive to ! *ild's m9d4 ,x is ( c\rse und]/ood by y\r ,committee t ! sub/antial moral tra9+ ( ! s*ool is p]=m$ by ! discipl9e r ?an by ! in/ruction 9 e?ical !ory4 ,! *ild is tra9$ to be regul> & punctual1 & to re/ra9 8 desire to talk & :isp]--9 ^! ?+s ga9+ self-control day by day4 ,! ess5ce ( moral behavior is self-control4 ,! s*ool tea*es good behavior4 ,! int]c\rse ( a pupil ) 8 fell[s )\t evil words or viol5t actions is insi/$ on & secur$4 ,! high] moral qualities ( tru?-tell+ & s9c]ity are taught 9 e class ex]cise t lays /ress on accuracy ( /atem5t4 ,y\r ,committee has already discuss$ ! importance ( tea*+ some?+ ( algebraic processes 9 ! sev5? & eigh? grades ) ! view to obta9+ bett] me?ods ( solv+ problems 9 advanc$ ari?metic2 a majority ( y\r ,committee are ( ! op9ion t =mal ,engli% gramm> %\ld be discont9u$ 9 ! eigh? ye>1 & ! /udy ( "s =eign language1 pref]ably t ( ,lat91 sub/itut$4 ,! educational effect on an ,engli%-speak+ pupil ( tak+ up a language :i*1 l ,lat91 uses inflections in/ead ( prepositions1 & :i* fur!r diff]s f ,engli% by ! ord] 9 :i* its words are arrang$ 9 ! s5t5ce1 is q m>k$1 & a ye> ( ,lat9 places a pupil by a wide int]val out ( ! range ( ! pupil :o has cont9u$ ,engli% gramm> )\t tak+ up ,lat94 ,b ! effect ( ! ye>'s /udy ( ,lat9 increases ! y\?'s p[] ( app]ception 9 v _m directions by reason ( ! fact t s mu* ( ! ,engli% vocabul>y us$ 9 te*nical vocabul>ies1 l ^? ( geography1 gramm>1 hi/ory1 & lit]ature1 is f a ,lat9 s\rce1 & besides !re are s _m traces 9 ! =m & sub/ance ( human le>n+ ( ! hundr$s ( ye>s :5 ,lat9 0 ! only tongue 9 :i* obs]vation & reflection c\ld be express$4 ,y\r ,committee ref]s to ! programme giv5 lat] 9 ?is report = ! details ( co-ord9at+ ^! sev]al bran*es already recomm5d$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 elem5t>y & second>y /udies4 ,9 recomm5d+ ! introduction ( algebraic processes 9 ! sev5? & eigh? ye>s--z well z 9 ! recomm5dation j n[ made to introduce ,lat9 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ! elem5t>y c\rse--y\r ,committee has come face to face ) ! "q ( ! intr9sic diff]5ce betwe5 elem5t>y & second>y /udies4 ,cu/om has plac$ algebra1 geometry1 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% lit]ature1 & ,lat9 9 ! rank ( second>y /udies2 also g5]al hi/ory1 physical geography1 & ! elem5ts ( physics & *emi/ry4 ,9 a second>y c\rse ( f\r ye>s trigonometry may be add$ to ! ma!matics2 "s ( ! sci5ces ^: elem5ts are us$ 9 physical geography may be tak5 up sep>ately 9 special treatises1 z geology1 botany1 & physiology4 ,!re may be also a /udy ( :ole works ( ,engli% au?ors1 z ,%akespe>e1 ,milton1 & ,scott4 ,greek is also begun 9 ! second or ?ird ye> ( ! second>y c\rse4 ,?is is ! cu/om 9 mo/ public high s*ools4 ,b 9 private second>y s*ools ,lat9 is begun e>li]1 & s1 too1 ,greek1 algebra1 & geometry4 ,sometimes geometry is tak5 up be=e algebra1 z is ! cu/om 9 ,g]man s*ools4 ,^! arrangem5ts are bas$ p>tly on tradition1 p>tly on ! requirem5ts ( high] in/itutions = admission1 & p>tly on ! gr\nd t ! intr9sic difficulties 9 ^! /udies h fix$ _! places 9 ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,( ^? :o claim t !re is an intr9sic reason = ! selection & ord] ( ^! /udies1 "s base _! conclusions on exp]i5ce 9 conduct+ pupils ?r\gh !m1 o!rs on psy*ological gr\nds4 ,! latt] cont5d1 = example1 t algebra deals ) g5]al =ms ( calculation1 :ile ari?metic deals ) ! p>ticul> in/ances ( calculation4 ,:atev] deals ) ! p>ticul> in/ance is relatively elem5t>y1 :atev] deals ) ! g5]al =m is relatively second>y4 ,9 ! expression a b c algebra indicates ! =m ( all addition4 ,?is ari?metic _c d1 except 9 ! =m ( a v]bal rule describ+ ! /eps ( ! op]ation3 its examples are all special in/ances fall+ "u ! g5]al =m giv5 9 algebra4 ,if1 !re=e1 ari?metic is an elem5t>y bran*1 algebra is relatively to x a second>y bran*4 ,s1 too1 geometry1 ?\gh n directly bas$ on ari?metic1 has to presuppose an acqua9tance ) x :5 x r$uces spatial functions into num]ical =ms1 z1 = example1 9 ! measurem5t ( surfaces & solids1 & 9 asc]ta9+ ! ratio ( ! circumf]5ce to ! radius1 & ( ! hypo!nuse to ! two o!r sides ( ! "r-angl$ triangle4 ,geometry1 moreov]1 deals ) necess>y relations2 its demon/rations rea* univ]sal & necess>y conclusions1 hold+ good n m]ely 9 su* mat]ial %apes z we h met ) 9 actual exp]i5ce1 b ) all examples possible1 pa/1 pres5t1 or future4 ,su* k transc5d+ exp]i5ce is intr9sically second>y z comp>$ ) ! fir/ acqua9tance ) geometric %apes 9 concrete examples4 ,9 ! case ( geometry x is claim$ by "s t :at is call$ 8inv5tional geometry0 may be prop]ly introduc$ into ! elem5t>y grades4 ,by ?is "s mean ! practice ) blocks 9 ! %ape ( geometric solids1 & ! con/ruction ( diff]5t figures f ! same2 o!rs mean ! r$iscov]y by ! pupil = himself ( ! necess>y relations demon/rat$ by ,euclid4 ,! =m]--ex]cises ( con/ruction ) blocks--are well en\gh 9 ! k9d]g>t51 :]e !y assi/ 9 le>n+ numb]1 z well z 9 ! analysis ( mat]ial =ms4 ,b its educational value is small = pupils advanc$ into ! use ( books4 ,! orig9al discov]y ( ,euclid's demon/rations1 on ! o!r h&1 belongs m prop]ly to high] education ?an to elem5t>y4 ,9 ! geometrical text-books1 rec5tly introduc$ into second>y s*ools1 !re is s mu* ( orig9al demon/ration requir$ t ! tea*] is greatly emb>rass$ on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ces 9 native capacity = ma!matics t develop among ! pupils ( ! same class 9 solv+ ! problems ( inv5tion4 ,a few gift$ pupils delight 9 ! inv5tions1 & develop rapidly 9 p[]1 :ile ! majority ( ! class use too mu* "t ov] !m1 & ?us rob ! o!r bran*es ( ! c\rse ( /udy1 or else fall into ! bad practice ( gett+ help f o!rs 9 ! prep>ation ( _! lessons4 ,a few 9 e class fall hopelessly beh9d & are disc\rag$4 ,! result is an attempt on ! "p ( ! tea*] to correct ! evil by requir+ a m ?or\gh tra9+ 9 ! ma!matical /udies prec$+1 & ! consequ5t delay ( second>y pupils 9 ! l[] grades ( ! c\rse 9 ord] to br+ up _! 8inv5tional geometry40 ,_m1 disc\rag$1 fail to g on2 _m m fail to rea* high] /udies because unable to get ov] ! b>ri] unnecess>ily plac$ be=e !m by tea*]s :o desire t no pupils except natural geometricians %all ent] into high] /udies4 ,physical geography 9 its sci5tific =m is v prop]ly made a "p ( ! second>y c\rse ( /udy4 ,! pupil 9 8 n9? ye> ( "w c pr(itably acquire ! sci5tific te*nique ( geology1 botany1 zology1 meteorology1 & e?nology1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye>s take up ^? sci5ces sep>ately & pu% !m fur!r1 us+ ! me?od ( actual inve/igation4 ,! subject-matt] ( physical geography is ( v high int]e/ to ! pupil :o has /udi$ geography 9 ! elem5t>y grades aft] an approv$ me?od4 ,x takes up ! proximate gr\nds & causes = ! elem5ts ( diff]5ce on ! e>?'s surface1 already become famili> to him ?r\gh 8 elem5t>y /udies1 & pu%es !m back into deep]1 simpl]1 & m satisfactory pr9ciples4 ,?is /udy p]=ms ! "w also ( correlat+ ! sci5ces t relate to organic nature by %[+ _! respective uses to man4 ,f ! glimpses :i* ! pupil gets ( m9]alogy1 geology1 botany1 zology1 e?nology1 & meteorology 9 _! necess>y connection z geographic conditions he sees ! scope & gr& significance ( ^? sep>ate inquiries4 ,a ?ir/ is ar\s$ 9 him to pursue 8 rese>*es into _! doma9s4 ,he sees1 too1 ! bord]l&s 9 :i* new discov]ies may be made by ! ent]pris+ explor]4 ,physics1 includ+ :at 0 call$ until rec5tly 8natural philosophy10 aft] ,newton's ,pr9cipia 7,philosophi naturalis pr9cipia ma!matica71 implies m k ( ma!matics = its ?or\gh discussion ?an ! second>y pupil is likely to possess4 ,9 fact1 ! /udy ( ?is bran* 9 college ?irty ye>s ago 0 crippl$ by ! same cause4 ,x %\ld foll[ ! completion ( analytical geometry4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 a v pr(itable /udy ( ?is subject may be made 9 ! second ye> ( ! high s*ool or prep>atory s*ool1 al?\gh ! =mulas c !n be und]/ood 9 s f> z !y imply elem5t>y algebra only4 ,! pupil does n get ! mo/ exact notions ( ! quantitative laws t rule matt] 9 its /ates ( motion & equilibrium1 b he does see ! action ( =ces z qualitative elem5ts ( ph5om5a1 & und]/& q well ! me*anical inv5tions by :i* m5 subdue !m = 8 use & safety4 ,ev5 9 ! elem5t>y grades ! pupil c seize v _m ( ^! qualitative aspects & le>n ! explanation ( ! me*anical ph5om5a ( nature1 & o!r applications ( ! same pr9ciples 9 inv5tion1 z1 = example1 gravitation 9 fall+ bodies3 its measurem5t by ! scales2 ! "p x plays 9 ! pump1 ! b>omet]1 ! p5dulum2 cohesion 9 mud1 clay1 glue1 pa/e1 mort>1 cem5t1 etc42 capill>y attraction 9 lamp-wicks1 sponges1 sug>1 ! sap 9 plants2 ! applications ( lift+ by ! lev]1 pulley1 incl9$ plane1 w$ge1 & screw2 heat 9 ! sun1 combu/ion1 friction1 /eam1 !rmomet]1 conduction1 clo?+1 cook+1 etc42 ! ph5om5a ( light1 electricity1 magnetism1 & ! explanation ( su* me*anical devices z spectacles1 telescopes1 microscopes1 prisms1 photographic cam]as1 electric t5sion 9 bodies1 lightn+1 m>9]'s compass1 horse%oe magnet1 ! telegraph1 ! dynamo4 ,?is p>tially qualitative /udy ( =ces & me*anical inv5tions has ! educational effect ( enlight5+ ! pupil1 & emancipat+ him f ! network ( sup]/ition t surr\nds him 9 ! *ild _w1 p>tly ( necessity & p>tly by reason ( ! illit]ate adults t he sometimes meets ) 9 ! p]sons ( nurses1 s]vants1 & tradespeople1 ^: occupations h m attraction = him ?an ^? ( cultur$ p4 ,! fairy _w is a _w ( magic1 ( imm$iate int]v5tions ( sup]natural spiritual be+s1 & :ile ?is is prop] en\gh = ! *ild up to ! "t ( ! s*ool1 & 9 a less5+ degree = "s "t aft]1 x is only negative & h>mful 9 adult manhood & womanhood4 ,x produces arre/$ developm5t ( p[]s ( obs]vation & reflection 9 ref]5ce to ph5om5a1 & /ops ! gr[? ( ! s\l at ! infant9e /age ( developm5t4 ,nei!r is ?is infant9e /age ( wond] & magic m religi\s ?an ! /age ( disillusion ?r\gh ! /udy ( ma!matics & physics4 ,x is ! arre/ ( religi\s developm5t1 also1 at ! /age ( feti*ism4 ,! highe/ religion1 t ( pure ,*ri/ianity1 sees 9 ! _w inf9ite m$iations1 all = ! purpose ( develop+ indep5d5t individuality2 ! p]fection ( human s\ls n only 9 "o k9d ( piety1 namely1 t ( ! he>t1 b 9 ! piety ( ! intellect t beholds tru?1 ! piety ( ! w t does good de$s wisely1 ! piety ( ! s5ses t sees ! beautiful & realizes x 9 works ( art4 ,?is is ! ,*ri/ian idea ( div9e ,provid5ce z contra/$ ) ! hea!n idea ( t ,provid5ce1 & ! /udy ( natural philosophy is an ess5tial educational requisite 9 its atta9m5t1 al?\gh a negative means4 ,( c\rse !re is dang] ( replac+ ! spiritual idea ( ! div9e by ! dynamical or me*anical idea1 & ?us arre/+ ! m9d at ! /age ( pan!ism in/ead ( feti*ism4 ,b ?is dang] c be avoid$ by fur!r education ?r\gh second>y into high] education1 ^: entire _s & me?od are comp>ative & philosophical 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,= high] education seems to h z its prov9ce ! correlation ( ! sev]al bran*es ( human le>n+ 9 ! unity ( ! spiritual view furni%$ by religion to our civilization4 ,by x "o le>ns to see ea* bran*1 ea* sci5ce or art or discipl9e1 9 ! light ( all ! o!rs4 ,?is high] or comp>ative view is ess5tial to any complet5ess ( education1 = x alone prev5ts ! "o-sid$ness ( hobbies1 or 8fads10 z !y are call$ 9 ! slang ( ! day4 ,x prev5ts also ! bad effects t fl[ f ! influ5ce ( :at are t]m$ 8self-educat$ m510 :o = ! mo/ "p c>ry up ) !m elem5t>y me?ods ( /udy1 or at be/1 second>y me?ods1 :i* acc5tuate ! facts & relations ( natural & spiritual ph5om5a1 b d n deal ) _! high] correlations4 ,! comp>ative me?od _c1 9 fact1 be well introduc$ until ! /ud5t is some:at advanc$1 & has already complet$ 8 elem5t>y c\rse ( /udy deal+ ) ! imm$iate aspects ( ! _w1 & 8 second>y c\rse deal+ ) ! sep>ate =mal & dynamical aspects t lie next 9 ord] beh9d ! facts ( fir/ obs]vation4 ,high] education 9 a measure unifies ^! sep>ate =mal & dynamic aspects1 corrects _! "o-sid$ness1 & prev5ts ! dang] ( :at is s (t5 not$ 9 ! self-educat$ m5 :o unduly exagg]ate "s "o ( ! subord9ate aspects ( ! _w & make x a sort ( fir/ pr9ciple4 ,"h y\r ,committee f9ds 9 its way ! "q ( ! use ( ! full sci5tific me?od 9 ! tea*+ ( sci5ce 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,! true me?od has be5 call$ ! me?od ( inve/igation1 b t me?od z us$ by ! *ild is only a sad c>icature ( ! me?od us$ by ! mature sci5tific man1 :o has long s9ce pass$ ?r\gh ! fragm5t>y obs]vation & reflection t prevail 9 ! p]iod ( *ildhood1 z well z ! t5d5cies to exagg]ation ( ! importance ( "o or ano!r bran* ( k at ! exp5se ( ! high] unity t correlates all2 an exagg]ation t manife/s itself 9 ! possession & use ( a hobby4 ,! ideal sci5tific man has fre$ himself f ob/acles ( ?is k9d1 :e!r psy*ological or objective4 ,:at a/ronomical obs]v]s call ! subjective coeffici5t mu/ be asc]ta9$ & elim9at$ f ! record t %[s beg9n+s1 end+s1 & rates4 ,!re is a possibility ( p]fect specialization 9 a sci5tific obs]v] only aft] ! elem5t>y & second>y attitudes ( m9d h be5 outgr[n4 ,an attempt to =ce ! *ild into ! full sci5tific me?od by specialization w\ld cause an arre/ ( 8 developm5t 9 ! o!r bran*es ( human le>n+ outside ( 8 specialty4 ,he c\ld n prop]ly inv5tory ! data ( 8 own special sph]e unless he knew h[ to recognize ! def9+ limits or b\nd>ies t sep>ate 8 prov9ce f its neighbors4 ,! e>ly days ( sci5ce ab\nd$ 9 examples ( confusion ( prov9ces 9 ! inv5tories ( _! data4 ,x is difficult1 ev5 n[1 to decide :]e physics & *emi/ry leave (f1 & biology beg9s4 ,y\r ,committee does n attempt to /ate ! exact proportion 9 :i* ! *ild1 at 8 v>i\s degrees ( advancem5t1 may be able to disp5se ) ! guid+ influ5ce ( tea*] & text-book 9 8 inve/igations1 b !y prote/ /rongly aga9/ ! illusion "u :i* c]ta9 zeal\s advocates ( ! e>ly introduction ( sci5tific me?od seem to labor4 ,!y ignore 9 _! zeal ! d$uction t is to be made = ! guid+ h& ( ! tea*]1 :o sil5tly furni%es to ! *ild ! exp]i5ce t he lacks1 & quietly directs 8 special att5tion to ?is or to t phase1 & prev5ts him f ha/y or false g5]alization z well z f undue exagg]ation ( s+le facts or pr9ciples4 ,"h ! tea*] adds ! ne$$ sci5tific outlook :i* ! *ild lacks1 b :i* ! mature sci5ti/ possesses = himself4 ,x is cont5d$ by "s t ! sci5tific frame ( m9d is adapt$ only to sci5ce1 b n to art1 lit]ature1 & religion1 :i* h some?+ ess5tial t sci5ce does n rea*2 n because ( ! incomplet5ess ( ! sci5ces !mselves1 b because ( ! attitude ( ! m9d assum$ 9 ! obs]vation ( nature4 ,9 analytic inve/igation !re is isolation ( p>ts "o f ano!r1 ) a view to f9d ! s\rces ( ! influ5ces :i* produce ! ph5om5a %[n 9 ! object4 ,! m9d br+s ev]y?+ to ! te/ ( ?is idea4 ,e ph5om5on t exi/s comes f beyond itself1 & analysis w be able to trace ! s\rce4 ,n[1 ?is frame ( m9d1 :i* insi/s on a =eign orig9 ( all t goes to con/itute an object1 deb>s itself 9 advance f ! prov9ce ( religion1 art1 & lit]ature z well z ( philosophy4 ,= self-det]m9ation1 p]sonal activity1 is ! fir/ pr9ciple assum$ by religion1 & x is tacitly assum$ by art & lit]ature1 ,classic & ,*ri/ian4 ,! v def9ition ( philosophy implies ?is1 = x is ! attempt to expla9 ! _w by ! assumption ( a fir/ pr9ciple1 & to %[ t all classes ( objects imply t pr9ciple z ultimate presupposition4 ,accord+ to ?is view x is important n to attempt to ha/5 ! use ( a /rictly sci5tific me?od on ! "p ( ! *ild4 ,9 8 fir/ ye>s he is acquir+ ! results ( civilization r z an outfit ( habits1 usages1 & traditions ?an z a sci5tific discov]y4 ,he _c be expect$ to /& ov] aga9/ ! culture ( 8 "t1 & *all5ge "o & all ( its conv5tionalities to ju/ify !mselves be=e 8 reason4 ,8 reason is too weak4 ,he is r 9 ! imitation /age ( m9d ?an 9 t ( criticism4 ,he w n rea* ! comp>ative or critical me?od until ! era ( high] education4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is cle> t ! educational value ( sci5ce & its me?od is a v important "q1 & t on x dep5ds ! settlem5t ( ! "q :]e specialization may beg94 ,to comm5ce ! use ( ! real sci5tific me?od w\ld imply a radical *ange also 9 me?ods f ! beg9n+4 ,?is may be realiz$ by consid]+ ! hold :i* ev5 ! k9d]g>t5 reta9s ^u symbolism & ^u art & lit]ature4 ,b 9 ! op9ion ( a majority ( y\r ,committee natural sci5ce itself %\ld be approa*$1 9 ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 r 9 ! =m ( results ) glimpses into ! me?ods by :i* ^! results 7 rea*$4 ,9 ! la/ two ye>s 7! sev5? & eigh?7 !re may be "s /rictness ( sci5tific =m & an exhibition ( ! me?od ( discov]y4 ,! pupil1 too1 may to "s ext5t put ?is me?od 9 practice himself4 ,9 ! second>y s*ool !re %\ld be "s laboratory "w4 ,b ! pupil _c be expect$ to acquire = himself fully ! sci5tific me?od ( deal+ ) nature until ! second "p ( high] education--its po/-graduate "w4 ,nev]!less ?is good %\ld be kept 9 view f ! fir/ ye> ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 & !re %\ld be a gradual & cont9ual approa* to x4 ,9 ! /udy ( g5]al hi/ory appe>s ano!r bran* ( ! second>y c\rse4 ,hi/ory ( ! native l& is assum$ to be an elem5t>y /udy4 ,hi/ory ( ! _w is c]ta9ly a /ep fur!r away f ! exp]i5ce ( ! *ild4 ,x is held by "s tea*]s to be 9 accordance ) prop] me?od to beg9 ) ! =eign relations ( "o's native l& & to "w outw>d to ! _w-hi/ory4 ,! ,european relations involv$ 9 ! discov]y & colonization ( ,am]ica furni% ! only explanation to a multitude ( que/ions t ! pupil has />t$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,he %\ld move outw>d f :at he has already le>n$1 by ! /udy ( a new conc5tric circle ( gr\nds & reasons1 accord+ to ?is view4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! usual c\rse tak54 ,on beg9n+ second>y hi/ory ! pupil is set back face to face ) ! p]iod ( tradition1 j :5 hi/oric traces fir/ make _! appe>ance4 ,he is1 by ?is arrangem5t1 brok5 (f f ! "p ( hi/ory t he has become acqua9t$ )1 & made to grapple ) t p]iod :i* has no relation to 8 previ\s inve/igations4 ,x is to be said1 h[ev]1 t g5]al hi/ory lays /ress on ! religi\s ?read ( connection1 ?\gh less n[ ?an =m]ly4 ,! _w hi/ory is a conception ( ! great ,*ri/ian ?9k]1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o held t ! _w & its hi/ory is a sort ( antiphonic hymn1 9 :i* ,god reads 8 c\nsels1 & ! e>? & man read ! responses4 ,he induc$ ,orosius1 8 pupil1 to sket* a g5]al hi/ory 9 ! _s ( 8 view4 ,x 0 natural t ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ories1 & especially ! *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 %\ld furni% ! mo/ /rik+ "p ( its cont5ts4 ,?is g5]al hi/ory 0 connect$ ) religion1 & br\ght clos] to ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual ?an ! hi/ory ( 8 own p4 ,to comm5ce hi/ory ) ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 ! ,fall ( ,man1 & ! ,noa*ian ,deluge 0 to beg9 ) :at 0 mo/ famili> to all m9ds1 & mo/ in/ructive1 because x conc]n$ mo/ ne>ly ! conduct ( life4 ,?us religion furni%$ ! app]ceptive mat]ial by :i* ! e>ly portions ( hi/ory 7 recogniz$1 classifi$1 & made a "p ( exp]i5ce4 ,n[ t /udies 9 ar*ology1 especially ^? 9 ! ,nile & ,euphrates valleys1 are *ang+ ! *ronologies & ! records ( e>ly times & add+ new records ( ! pa/1 br++ to light national movem5ts & collisions ( peoples1 toge!r ) data by :i* to det]m9e ! /atus ( _! indu/rial civilization1 _! religi\s ideas1 & ! =m ( _! lit]ature & art1 ! conc5tric arrangem5t ( all ?is mat]ial ar\nd ! hi/ory ( ! *os5 p z a nucleus is no long] possible4 ,! "q has aris51 !re=e1 :e!r g5]al hi/ory %\ld n be re>rang$ = ! second>y s*ool1 & made to connect ) ,am]ican hi/ory = app]ceptive mat]ial r ?an ) ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory4 ,to ?is x has be5 repli$ ) =ce t ! idea ( a _w hi/ory1 z ,/4 ,augu/9e conceiv$ x1 is ! noble/ educative ideal ev] connect$ ) ! subject ( hi/ory4 ,future v]sions ( g5]al hi/ory w n des]t ?is /&po9t1 we are told1 ev5 if !y take z _! basis t ( e?nology & an?ropology1 = ^!1 too1 w exhibit a plan 9 human hi/ory--an educative pr9ciple t leads nations t[>d fre$om & sci5ce1 because ! ,creator ( nature has made x1 9 its fundam5tal con/itution1 an evolution or progressive developm5t ( individuality4 ,?us ! idea ( div9e ,provid5ce is reta9$1 ?\gh made m compreh5sive by br++ ! :ole cont5t ( natural laws )9 8 w z 8 me?od ( "w4 ,^! consid]ations1 we are rem9d$ by ! p>tisans ( humanity /udies1 po9t back to ! educative value ( hi/ory z corrective ( ! "o-sid$ness ( ! me?od ( sci5ce4 ,sci5ce seeks explanation 9 ! me*anical conditions (1 & impulses receiv$ f1 ! environm5t1 :ile hi/ory keeps its gaze fix$ on human purposes1 & /udies ! g5esis ( national actions ?r\gh ! previ\s /ages ( feel+s1 convictions1 & consci\s ideas4 ,9 hi/ory ! pupil has = 8 object self-activity1 reaction aga9/ environm5t1 in/ead ( me*anism1 or activity ?r\gh ano!r4 ,! hi/ory ( ,engli% lit]ature is ano!r /udy ( ! second>y s*ool4 ,x is v prop]ly plac$ beyond ! elem5t>y s*ool1 = z taught x consi/s l>gely ( ! biographies ( m5 ( lett]s4 ,! pupils :o h n yet le>n$ any great "w ( lit]ature %\ld n be pe/]$ ) lit]>y biography1 = at t /age ! greatness ( ! m5 ( lett]s _c be se54 ,plut>* makes great biographies because he %[s h]oic /ruggles & great de$s4 ,! h]oism ( arti/s & poets consi/s 9 sacrific+ all = ! sake ( _! creations4 ,! majority ( !m come (f sadly at ! h&s ( ! biograph]1 = ! reason t ! v sides ( _! lives are describ$ :i* !y _h slight$ & neglect$ = ! sake ( ! ,muses4 ,! prophets ( ,israel did n live 9 city palaces1 b 9 caves2 !y did n we> f9e raim5t1 nor fe$ sumptu\sly1 nor con=m to ! codes ( polite society4 ,!y 7 no c\rti]s :5 !y approa*$ ! k+4 ,!y neglect$ all ! o!r in/itutions--family1 productive indu/ry1 & /ate--= ! sake ( "o1 ! ,*ur*1 & ev5 t n ! e/abli%$ c]emonial ( ! p1 b a high] & m direct commun+ ) ,jehovah4 ,s ) arti/s & m5 ( lett]s1 x is m or less ! case1 t ! in/itutional side ( _! lives is neglect$1 or unsymmetrical1 or if ?is is n ! case1 x w be f\nd prosaic & unev5tful1 ?r[+ no light on _! mat*less productions4 ,= ^! reasons1 %\ld n ! pres5t use ( lit]>y biography z x exi/s 9 second>y s*ools1 & is gradually mak+ its way into elem5t>y s*ools1 be disc\rag$1 & ! "t n[ giv5 to x devot$ to ! /udy ( lit]>y works ( art8 ,x w be admitt$ t ! exposure ( ! foibles ( arti/s has an immoral t5d5cy on y\?3 = example1 "o affects to be a poet1 & ju/ifies laxity & self-indulg5ce ?r\gh ! example ( ,byron4 ,^? :o support ?is view hold t we %\ld n dignify ! immoral & defective side ( life by mak+ x a bran* ( /udy 9 s*ool4 ,correlation by syn!sis ( /udies4 ,y\r ,committee w\ld m5tion ano!r s5se 9 :i* ! expression correlation ( /udies is sometimes us$4 ,x is held by advocates ( an artificial c5tre ( ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,!y use1 = example1 ,de ,foe's ,rob9son ,crusoe = a read+ ex]cise1 & connect ) x ! lessons 9 geography & ari?metic4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out by critics ( ?is me?od t !re is always dang] ( cov]+ up ! lit]>y features ( ! read+ matt] "u accessories ( ma!matics & natural sci5ce4 ,if ! mat]ial = o!r bran*es is to be s\ght = 9 connection ) ! lit]>y ex]cise1 x w di/ract ! att5tion f ! poetic unity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ari?metic & geography _c be unfold$ freely & compreh5sively if !y are to wait on ! opportunities af=d$ 9 a poem or novel = _! developm5t4 ,a correlation ( ?is k9d1 in/ead ( be+ a deep] correlation1 su* z is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( human le>n+ by ! /udies ( ! college & univ]sity1 is r a %all[ & un9t]e/+ k9d ( correlation1 t rem9ds "o ( ! sy/em ( mnemonics1 or artificial memory1 :i* neglects ! association ( facts & ev5ts ) _! causes & ! hi/ory ( _! evolution1 & looks = uness5tial quips1 puns1 or accid5tal sugge/ions ) a view to /r5g!n+ ! memory4 ,! effect ( ?is is to weak5 ! p[] ( sy/ematic ?9k+ :i* deals ) ess5tial relations1 & sub/itute = x a *aotic memory t ties toge!r ?+s ?r\gh false & seem+ relations1 n ( ! ?+s & ev5ts1 b ( ! words t d5ote !m4 ,! correlation ( geography & ari?metic & hi/ory 9 & ?r\gh ! unity ( a "w ( fiction is at be/ an artificial correlation1 :i* w /& 9 ! way ( ! true objective correlation4 ,x is a tempor>y scaffold+ made = s*ool purposes4 ,in/ruction %\ld avoid su* tempor>y /ructures z mu* z possible1 & :5 us$ !y %\ld be only us$ = ! day1 & n = ! ye>1 because ( ! dang] ( build+ up an app]ceptive c5tre 9 ! *ild's m9d t w n h>monize ) ! true app]ceptive c5tre requir$ by ! civilization4 ,! /ory ( ,rob9son ,crusoe has int5se int]e/ to ! *ild z a lesson 9 sociology1 %[+ him ! helplessness ( isolat$ man & ! re-en=cem5t t comes to him ?r\gh society4 ,x %[s ! importance ( ! division ( labor4 ,all *ildr5 %\ld read ?is book 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! elem5t>y c\rse1 & a few pr(itable discussions may be _h 9 s*ool reg>d+ its significance4 ,b ,de ,foe pa9t$ 9 x only ! side ( adv5ture t he f\nd 9 8 c\ntrym5 9 8 epo*1 ,engl& aft] ! defeat ( ! ,armada hav+ tak5 up a c>e] ( conque/ on ! seas1 end+ by colonization & a _w comm]ce4 ,! lik+ = adv5ture cont9ues to ?is day among all ,anglo-,saxon peoples1 & beyond o!r nationalities !re is 9 ,engli%-speak+ populations a delight 9 build+ up civilization f ! v f\ndation4 ,?is is only1 h[ev]1 "o phase ( ! ,anglo-,saxon m9d4 ,consequ5tly ! hi/ory ( ,crusoe is n a prop] c5tre = a ye>'s /udy 9 s*ool4 ,x omits cities1 gov]nm5ts1 ! _w comm]ce1 ! int]national process1 ! ,*ur*1 ! newspap] & book f view1 & !y are n ev5 reflect$ 9 x4 ,y\r ,committee w\ld call att5tion 9 ?is connection to ! importance ( ! p$agogical pr9ciple ( analysis & isolation z prec$+ syn!sis & correlation4 ,!re %\ld be rigid isolation ( ! elem5ts ( ea* bran* = ! purpose ( gett+ a cle> conception ( :at is individual & peculi> 9 a special prov9ce ( le>n+4 ,o!rwise "o w n ga9 f ea* its special contribution to ! :ole4 ,t !re is "s dang] f ! k9d ( correlation t essays to tea* all bran*es 9 ea* w be app>5t f ?is po9t ( view4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,programme4 ,9 ord] to f9d a place 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool = ! sev]al bran*es recomm5d$ 9 ?is report1 x w be necess>y to use economically ! "t allott$ = ! s*ool t]m1 :i* is ab\t two hundr$ days1 exclusive ( vacations & holidays4 ,five days p] week & five h\rs ( actual s*ool "w or a little less p] day1 aft] exclud+ recesses = recreation1 give ab\t tw5ty-five h\rs p] week4 ,!re %\ld be1 z f> z possible1 alt]nation ( /udy-h\rs & recitations 7! ^w recitation be+ us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = class ex]cise or lesson conduct$ by ! tea*] & requir+ ! critical att5tion ( ! entire class74 ,^? /udies requir+ ! cle>e/ ?\ght %\ld be tak5 up1 z a usual ?+1 9 ! morn+ session1 say ari?metic ! second half h\r ( ! morn+ & gramm> ! half-h\r next succe$+ ! morn+ recess = recreation 9 ! op5 air4 ,by "s :o are anxi\s to prev5t /udy at home1 or at lea/ to control its am\nt x is ?\ght advisable to place ! ari?metic lesson aft] ! gramm> lesson1 s t ! /udy le>n$ at home w be gramm> in/ead ( ari?metic4 ,x is f\nd by exp]i5ce t if ma!matical problems are tak5 home = solution two bad habits arise2 namely1 9 "o case1 ! pupil gets assi/ance f 8 p>5ts or o!rs1 & !reby loses to "s ext5t 8 own p[] ( ov]com+ difficulties by brave & p]si/5t attacks unaid$ by o!rs2 ! o!r evil is a habit ( consum+ long h\rs 9 ! prep>ation ( a lesson t %\ld be prep>$ 9 ?irty m9utes1 if all ! p[]s ( m9d are fre% & at comm&4 ,an av]age *ild may sp5d ?ree h\rs 9 ! prep>ation ( an ari?metic lesson4 ,inde$1 9 repeat$ ef=ts to solve "o ( ! s-call$ 8conundrums10 a :ole family may sp5d ! entire ev5+4 ,"o ( ! unpleasant results ( ! next day is t ! tea*] :o conducts ! lesson nev] kn[s ! exact capacity & rate ( progress ( 8 pupils2 9 ! recitation he probes ! k & prep>ation ( ! pupil1 plus an unkn[n am\nt ( prep>atory "w borr[$ f p>5ts & o!rs4 ,he ev5 increases ! l5g? ( ! lessons1 & requires m "w at home1 :5 ! am\nt already exce$s ! unaid$ capacity ( ! pupil4 ,! lessons %\ld be arrang$ s z to br+ 9 su* ex]cises z furni% relief f intellectual t5sion betwe5 o!rs t make l>ge dem&s on ! ?9k+ p[]s4 ,su* ex]cises z s++ & cali/h5ics1 writ+ & draw+1 also read+1 are ( ! nature ( a relief f ^? recitations t tax ! memory1 critical al]tness1 & introspection1 l ari?metic1 gramm>1 & hi/ory4 ,y\r ,committee has n be5 able to agree on ! "q :e!r pupils :o leave s*ool e>ly %\ld h a c\rse ( /udy diff]5t f ! c\rse ( ^? :o are to cont9ue on into second>y & high] "w4 ,x is cont5d$1 on ! "o h&1 t ^? :o leave e>ly %\ld h a m practical c\rse1 & t !y %\ld disp5se ) ^? /udies t seem to be 9 ! nature ( prep>atory "w = second>y & high] education4 ,su* /udies z algebra & ,lat91 = example1 %\ld n be tak5 up unless ! pupil expects to pursue ! same = a suffici5t "t to complete ! second>y c\rse4 ,x is repli$1 on ! o!r h&1 t x is be/ to h "o c\rse = all1 because any s*ool education is at be/ b an initiation = ! pupil into ! art ( le>n+1 & t :]ev] he leaves (f 9 8 s*ool c\rse he %\ld cont9ue1 by ! aid ( ! public libr>y & home /udy1 9 ! "w ( ma/]+ sci5ce & lit]ature4 ,x is fur!r cont5d$ t a brief c\rse 9 high] /udies1 l ,lat9 & algebra1 in/ead ( be+ useless1 is ( m value ?an any elem5t>y /udies t might replace !m4 ,! fir/ t5 lessons 9 algebra give ! pupil ! fundam5tal idea ( ! g5]al expression ( ari?metical solutions by means ( lett]s & o!r symbols4 ,six mon?s' /udy ( x gives him ! p[] to use ! me?od 9 /at+ ! manifold conditions ( a problem 9 p>tn]%ip1 or 9 asc]ta9+ a value t dep5ds on sev]al trans=mations ( ! data giv54 ,x is claim$1 inde$1 t ! fir/ few lessons 9 any bran* are relatively ( m educational value ?an an equal numb] ( subsequ5t lessons1 because ! fundam5tal ideas & pr9ciples ( ! new /udy are plac$ at ! beg9n+4 ,9 ,lat91 = in/ance1 ! pupil le>ns 9 8 fir/ week's /udy !1 to him1 /range ph5om5on ( a language t p]=ms by inflections :at 8 own language p]=ms by ! use ( prepositions & auxili>ies4 ,he is /ill m surpris$ to f9d t ! ord] ( words 9 a s5t5ce is altoge!r diff]5t 9 ,roman usage f t to :i* he is accu/om$4 ,he fur!r beg9s to recognize 9 ! ,lat9 words _m roots or /ems :i* are employ$ to d5ote imm$iate s5su\s objects1 :ile !y h be5 adopt$ into 8 ,engli% tongue to signify f9e %ades ( di/9ction 9 ?\ght or feel+4 ,by ^! ?ree ?+s 8 p[]s ( obs]vation 9 matt]s ( language are arm$1 z x 71 ) new faculties4 ,no?+ t he has hi!rto le>n$ 9 gramm> is s radical & f>-rea*+ z :at he le>ns 9 8 fir/ week's /udy ( ,lat94 ,! ,lat9 arrangem5t ( words 9 a s5t5ce indicates a diff]5t ord] ( m5tal arrangem5t 9 ! process ( appreh5sion & expression ( ?\ght4 ,?is arrangem5t is r5d]$ possible by decl5sions4 ,?is am\nts to atta*+ prepositions to ! ends ( ! words1 :i* !y ?us conv]t into adjectival or adv]bial modifi]s2 :]eas ! sep>ate prepositions ( ! ,engli% mu/ indicate by _! position 9 ! s5t5ce _! grammatical relation4 ,^! obs]vations1 & ! new insight into ! etymology ( ,engli% words hav+ a ,lat9 d]ivation1 are ( ! nature ( m5tal se$s :i* w gr[ & be> fruit ?r\gh\t life 9 ! bett] comm& ( "o's native tongue4 ,all ?is w come f a v brief "t devot$ to ,lat9 9 s*ool4 ,am\nt ( "t = ea* bran*4 ,y\r ,committee recomm5ds t an h\r ( sixty m9utes ea* week be assign$ 9 ! programme = ea* ( ! foll[+ subjects ?r\gh\t ! eight ye>s3 physical culture1 vocal music1 oral lessons 9 natural sci5ce 7hygi5e to be includ$ among ! topics "u ?is head71 oral lessons 9 biography & g5]al hi/ory1 & t ! same am\nt ( "t ea* week %all be devot$ to draw+ f ! second ye> to ! eigh? inclusive2 to manual tra9+ dur+ ! sev5? & eigh? ye>s s z to include sew+ & cook]y = ! girls1 & "w 9 wood & iron = ! boys4 ,y\r ,committee recomm5ds t read+ be giv5 at lea/ "o lesson ea* day = ! entire eight ye>s1 x be+ und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t !re %all be two or m lessons ea* day 9 read+ 9 ! fir/ & second ye>s1 9 :i* ! recitation is necess>ily v %ort1 because ( ! inability ( ! pupil to give cont9u$ close att5tion1 & because he has little p[] ( apply+ himself to ! "w ( prep>+ lessons by himself4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree ye>s ! read+ %\ld be limit$ to pieces 9 ! colloquial /yle1 b selections f ! classics ( ! language 9 prose & 9 poetry %all be read to ! pupil f "t to "t1 & discussions made ( su* features ( ! selections read z may int]e/ ! pupils4 ,aft] ! ?ird ye> y\r ,committee believes t ! read+ lesson %\ld be giv5 to selections f classic au?ors ( ,engli%1 & t ! "w ( ! recitation %\ld be divid$ betwe5 7a7 ! elocution1 7b7 ! grammatical peculi>ities ( ! language1 includ+ spell+1 def9itions1 syntactical con/ruction1 punctuation1 & figures ( prosody1 & 7c7 ! lit]>y cont5ts1 includ+ ! ma9 & accessory ideas1 ! emotions pa9t$1 ! de$s describ$1 ! devices ( /yle to produce a /rong impression on ! read]4 ,y\r ,committee wi%es to lay emphasis on ! importance ( ! la/ item1--t ( lit]>y /udy1--:i* %\ld consume m & m ( ! "t ( ! recitation f grade to grade 9 ! p]iod f ! f\r? to ! eigh? ye>4 ,9 ! f\r? ye> & previ\sly ! fir/ item--t ( elocution1 to secure di/9ct enunciation & correct pronunciation--%\ld be mo/ prom95t4 ,9 ! fif? & six? ye>s ! second item--t ( spell+1 def9+1 & punctuation--%\ld pr$om9ate slightly ov] ! o!r two items4 ,9 ! ye>s f ! fif? to ! eigh? !re %\ld be "s read+ ( entire /ories1 su* z ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 ,rip ,van ,w9kle1 ,! ,lady ( ! ,lake1 ,hiawa?a1 & simil> /ories adapt$ 9 /yle & subject-matt] to ! capacity ( ! pupils4 ,an h\r %\ld be devot$ ea* week to conv]sations on ! sali5t po9ts ( ! /ory1 its lit]>y & e?ical be>+s4 ,y\r ,committee agrees 9 ! op9ion t 9 tea*+ language c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! pupil practices mu* 9 writ+ ex]cises & orig9al compositions4 ,at fir/ ! pupil w use only 8 colloquial vocabul>y1 b z he ga9s comm& ( ! te*nical vocabul>ies ( geography1 ari?metic1 & hi/ory1 & le>ns ! high] lit]>y vocabul>y ( 8 language1 he w ext5d 8 use ( words accord+ly4 ,daily f ! fir/ ye> ! *ild w prep>e "s lesson or portion ( a lesson 9 writ+4 ,y\r ,committee has includ$ "u ! head ( oral gramm> 7f ! fir/ to ! middle ( ! fif? ye>7 "o phase ( ?is writt5 "w devot$ to ! /udy ( ! lit]>y =m & ! te*nicalities ( composition 9 su* ex]cises z lett] writ+1 writt5 reviews ( ! sev]al bran*es /udi$1 reports ( ! oral lessons 9 natural sci5ce & hi/ory1 p>aphrases ( ! poems & prose lit]ature ( ! read]s1 & f9ally compositions or writt5 essays on suitable !mes assign$ by ! tea*]1 b select$ f ! fields ( k /udi$ 9 s*ool4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to criticise all p>aphrases ( poetry 9 respect to ! good or bad ta/e %[n 9 ! *oice ( words2 p>odies %\ld nev] be p]mitt$4 ,x is ?\ght by y\r ,committee t ! old /yle ( composition writ+ 0 too =mal4 ,x 0 kept too f> away f ! o!r "w ( ! pupil4 ,in/ead ( giv+ a writt5 acc\nt ( :at he _h le>n$ 9 ari?metic1 geography1 gramm>1 hi/ory1 & natural sci5ce1 ! pupil attempt$ artificial descriptions & reflections on su* subjects z 8,spr+10 8,happ9ess10 8,p]sev]ance10 8,fri5d%ip10 or some?+ else outside ( ! l9e ( 8 s*ool /udies4 ,y\r ,committee has already express$ its op9ion t a good ,engli% /yle is n to be acquir$ by ! /udy ( gramm> s mu* z by famili>ity ) great ma/]pieces ( lit]ature4 ,we especially recomm5d t pupils :o h tak5 up ! f\r? & fif? read]s1 conta9+ ! selections f great au?ors1 %\ld (t5 be requir$ to make writt5 p>aphrases ( prose or poetic models ( /yle1 us+ _! own vocabul>y to express ! ?\ghts s f> z possible1 & borr[+ ! re*]* words & phrases ( ! au?or1 :]e _! own res\rces fail !m4 ,9 ?is way ! pupil le>ns to see :at ! great au?or has done to enri* ! language & to furni% adequate means ( expression = :at c\ld n be pres5t$ 9 words be=e1 or at lea/ n 9 s happy a mann]4 ,y\r ,committee believes t e recitation is1 9 "o aspect ( x1 an attempt to express ! ?\ghts & in=mation ( ! lesson 9 ! pupil's own words1 & ?us an initial ex]cise 9 composition4 ,! regul> weekly writt5 review ( ! important topics 9 ! sev]al bran*es /udi$ is a m elaborate ex]cise 9 composition1 ! pupil endeavor+ to collect :at he kn[s & to /ate x sy/ematically & 9 prop] language4 ,! punctuation1 spell+1 syntax1 p5man%ip1 *oice ( words1 & /yle %\ld n1 x is true1 be made a matt] ( criticism 9 connection ) ! o!r lessons1 b only 9 ! language lesson prop]4 ,b ! pupil w le>n language1 all ! same1 by ! writt5 & oral recitations4 ,! oral gramm> lessons1 f ! fir/ ye> to ! middle ( ! fif? ye>1 %\ld deal *iefly ) ! use ( language1 gradually introduc+ ! grammatical te*nique z x is ne$$ to describe accurately ! correct =ms & ! usages violat$4 ,y\r ,committee believes t !re is "s dang] ( wa/+ ! "t ( ! pupil 9 ^! oral & writt5 language lessons 9 ! fir/ f\r ye>s by conf9+ ! "w ( ! pupil to ! expression ( ord9>y commonplace ideas n relat$ to ! subjects ( 8 o!r lessons1 especially :5 ! expression is conf9$ to ! colloquial vocabul>y4 ,su* tra9+ has be5 sev]ely & ju/ly condemn$ z tea*+ :at is call$ prat+ or gabbl+1 r ?an a noble use ( ,engli% spee*4 ,x is cle> t ! pupil %\ld h a dignifi$ & wor?y subject ( composition1 & :at is s good = 8 purpose z ! !mes he has tri$ to ma/] 9 8 regul> lessons8 ,! read+ lessons w give matt] = lit]>y /yle1 ! geography = sci5tific /yle1 & ! ari?metic = a bus9ess /yle2 = all /yles %\ld be le>n$4 ,y\r ,committee recomm5ds t select$ li/s ( words difficult to spell be made f ! read+ lessons & ma/]$ by frequ5t writ+ & oral spell+ dur+ ! f\r?1 fif?1 & six? ye>s4 ,y\r ,committee recomm5ds t ! use ( a text-book 9 gramm> beg9 ) ! second half ( ! fif? ye>1 & cont9ue until ! beg9n+ ( ! /udy ( ,lat9 9 ! eigh? grade1 & t "o daily lesson ( tw5ty-five or ?irty m9utes be devot$ to x4 ,= ,lat9 we recomm5d "o daily lesson ( ?irty m9utes = ! eigh? ye>4 ,= ari?metic we recomm5d numb] "w f ! fir/ ye> to ! eigh?1 "o lesson ea* day1 b ! use ( ! text-book 9 numb] %\ld n1 9 our op9ion1 beg9 until ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! ?ird ye>4 ,we recomm5d t ! applications ( elem5t>y algebra to ari?metic1 z h]e9be=e expla9$1 be sub/itut$ = pure ari?metic 9 ! sev5? & eigh? ye>s1 a daily lesson be+ giv54 ,y\r ,committee recomm5ds t p5man%ip z a sep>ate bran* be taught 9 ! fir/ six ye>s at lea/ ?ree lessons p] week4 ,geography1 9 ! op9ion ( y\r ,committee1 %\ld beg9 ) oral lessons 9 ! second ye>1 & ) a text-book 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! ?ird ye>1 & be cont9u$ to ! close ( ! six? ye> ) "o lesson ea* day1 & 9 ! sev5? & eigh? ye>s ) ?ree lessons p] week4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ! use ( a text-book1 y\r ,committee recomm5ds = ! sev5? & ! fir/ half ( ! eigh? ye>1 "o lesson ea* day2 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! eigh? ye>4 ,! foll[+ s*$ule w %[ ! numb] ( lessons p] week = ea* qu>t] ( ea* ye>3-- ,read+4 ,eight ye>s1 ) daily lessons4 ,p5man%ip4 ,six ye>s1 t5 lessons p] week = fir/ two ye>s1 five = ?ird & f\r?1 & ?ree = fif? & six?4 ,spell+ ,li/s4 ,f\r?1 fif?1 & six? ye>s1 f\r lessons p] week4 ,gramm>4 ,oral1 ) composition or dictation1 fir/ ye> to middle ( fif? ye>1 text-book f middle ( fif? ye> to close ( sev5? ye>1 five lessons p] week4 7,composition writ+ %\ld be includ$ "u ?is head4 ,b ! writt5 exam9ations on ! sev]al bran*es %\ld be c\nt$ "u ! head ( composition "w47 ,lat9 or ,fr5* or ,g]man4 ,eigh? ye>1 five lessons p] week4 ,ari?metic4 ,oral fir/ & second ye>1 text-book ?ird to six? ye>1 five lessons p] week4 ,algebra4 ,sev5? & eigh? ye>s1 five lessons p] week4 ,geography4 ,oral lessons second ye> to middle ( ?ird ye>1 text-book f middle ( ?ird ye>1 five lessons weekly to sev5? ye>1 & ?ree lessons to close ( eigh?4 ,natural ,sci5ce & ,hygi5e4 ,sixty m9utes p] week1 eight ye>s4 ,hi/ory ( ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,five h\rs p] week sev5? ye> & fir/ half ( eigh? ye>4 ,con/itution ( ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?ird qu>t] 9 ! eigh? ye>4 ,g5]al ,hi/ory & ,biography4 ,oral lessons1 sixty m9utes a week1 eight ye>s4 ,physical ,culture4 ,sixty m9utes a week1 eight ye>s4 ,vocal ,music4 ,sixty m9utes a week1 eight ye>s4 ,draw+4 ,sixty m9utes a week1 eight ye>s4 ,manual ,tra9+1 ,sew+1 & ,cook+4 ,"o-half day ea* week 9 sev5? & eigh? ye>s4 ,y\r ,committee recomm5ds recitations ( fifte5 m9utes 9 l5g? 9 ! fir/ & second ye>s1 ( tw5ty m9utes 9 l5g? 9 ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s1 ( tw5ty-five m9utes 9 ! fif? & six? ye>s1 & ( ?irty m9utes 9 ! sev5? & eigh?4 ,! results ( ?is programme %[ = ! fir/ & second ye>s tw5ty lessons a week ( fifte5 m9utes ea*1 besides sev5 o!r ex]cises occupy+ an av]age ( twelve m9utes apiece ea* day2 ! total am\nt ( "t occupi$ 9 ! cont9u\s att5tion ( ! recitation or class ex]cises be+ twelve h\rs1 or an av]age ( two h\rs & tw5ty-f\r m9utes p] day4 ,= ! ?ird ye> tw5ty lessons a week ( tw5ty m9utes ea*1 & five g5]al ex]cises tak+ up five h\rs a week1 or an av]age ( "o h\r p] day1 giv+ an av]age "t p] day ( two h\rs & tw5ty m9utes = class recitations or ex]cises4 ,9 ! f\r? ! recitations increase to tw5ty-f\r 7by reason ( f\r extra lessons 9 spell+7 & ! "t occupi$ 9 recitations & ex]cises to ?irte5 h\rs & an av]age p] day ( two h\rs ?irty-six m9utes4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,,bran*es4 #a/ #b;d #c;d #d? #e? #f? #g? #h? ye> ye> ye> ye> ye> ye> ye> ye> ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,read+ #aj lessons a #e lessons a week week - ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,writ+ #aj lessons a #e lessons a #c lessons a week week week ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,spell+ #d lessons a week li/s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,engli% ,oral1 ) composition lessons #e lessons a week ,gramm> ) text-book ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,lat9 #e lessons ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,ari?metic ,oral1 #fj m9utes #e lessons a week ) text-book a week ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,algebra #e lessons a week ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,geography ,oral1 #fj m9utes a #ae lessons a week ) #c lessons a week text-book week ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,natural ,sci5ce ,sixty m9utes a week ,hygi5e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,u4 ,s4 #e lessons a ,hi/ory week ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,u4 ,s4 #ae ,con/itution ls ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,g5]al ,oral1 sixty m9utes a week ,hi/ory ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,physical ,sixty m9utes a week ,culture ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,vocal ,music ,sixty m9utes a week divid$ into #d lessons ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,draw+ ,sixty m9utes a week ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,man'l ,tra94 ,"o-half day or ,sew+ ea* week ,cook]y ,numb] ( #bj #g #bj #g #bj #e #bd #e #bg #e #bg #e #bc #f #bc #f ,lessons daily daily daily daily daily daily daily daily ex]4 ex]4 ex]4 ex]4 ex]4 ex]4 ex]4 ex]4 ,total ,h\rs #ab #ab #aa #ac #af #af #ag #ag ( ,recitat'ns ,l5g? ( #ae m9 #ae m9 #bj m9 #bj m9 #be m9 #be m9 #cj m9 #cj m9 ,recitations ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- #a ,beg9s 9 second half ye>4 ,9 ! fif? & six? ye>s ! numb] ( recitations increases to tw5ty-sev5 p] week1 ow+ to ! addition ( =mal gramm>1 & ! total numb] ( h\rs requir$ = all is #af p] week1 or an av]age ( #c p] day4 ,9 ! sev5? & eigh? ye>s ! numb] ( lessons decreases to tw5ty-?ree1 hi/ory be+ add$1 p5man%ip & special lessons 9 spell+ discont9u$1 ! "t devot$ to geography r$uc$ to ?ree lessons a week4 ,b ! recitation is increas$ to ?irty m9utes 9 l5g?4 ,manual tra9+ occupies a half-day1 or #b h\rs1 ea* week4 ,! total is #ai h\rs p] week1 or #c p] day4 ,! =ego+ tabul> exhibit %[s all ( ^! p>ticul>s4 ,,iv4 ,,me?ods ,,& ,,organization4 ,y\r ,committee is agre$ t ! "t devot$ to ! elem5t>y s*ool "w %\ld n be r$uc$ f eight ye>s1 b !y h recomm5d$1 z h]e9be=e /at$1 t 9 ! sev5? & eigh? ye>s a modifi$ =m ( algebra be introduc$ 9 place ( advanc$ ari?metic1 & t 9 ! eigh? ye> ,engli% gramm> yield place to ,lat94 ,?is makes1 9 _! op9ion1 a prop] transition to ! /udies ( ! second>y s*ool & is calculat$ to assi/ ! pupil mat]ially 9 8 prep>ation = t "w4 ,hi!rto1 ! *ange f ! "w ( ! elem5t>y s*ool has be5 too abrupt1 ! pupil beg9n+ ?ree =mal /udies at once1 namely1 algebra1 physical geography1 & ,lat94 ,y\r ,committee has f\nd x necess>y to discuss ! "q ( me?ods ( tea*+ 9 num]\s in/ances1 :ile consid]+ ! "q ( educational values & programmes1 because ! value & "t ( beg9n+ ( ! sev]al bran*es dep5d s l>gely on ! me?od ( tea*+4 ,! foll[+ recomm5dations1 h[ev]1 rema9 = ?is "p ( _! report3-- ,!y w\ld recomm5d t ! specialization ( tea*]s' "w %\ld n be attempt$ be=e ! sev5? or eigh? ye> ( ! elem5t>y s*ool & 9 n m ?an "o or two /udies !n4 ,9 ! second>y s*ool x is expect$ t a tea*] w tea* "o1 or at mo/1 two bran*es4 ,9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 = at lea/ six ye>s1 x is bett]1 on ! :ole1 to h ea* tea*] in/ruct 8 pupils 9 all ! bran*es t !y /udy1 = ! reason t only 9 ?is way c he hold an ev5 pressure on ! requirem5ts ( "w1 correlat+ x 9 su* a mann] t no "o /udy absorbs undue att5tion4 ,9 ?is way ! pupils prep>e all _! lessons "u ! direct sup]vision ( ! same tea*] & by _! recitations %[ :at defects ( me?ods ( /udy !re h be5 9 ! prep>ation4 ,! e?ical tra9+ is mu* m successful "u ?is plan1 because ! p]sonal influ5ce ( a tea*] is mu* great] :5 he or %e kn[s m9utely ! entire scope ( ! s*ool "w4 ,9 ! case ( ! special tea*] ! responsibility is divid$ & ! opportunities ( special acqua9tance ) "* & habits dim9i%$4 ,) "o tea*]1 :o sup]vises ! /udy & he>s all ! recitations1 t !re is a mu* bett] opportunity to cultivate ! two k9ds ( att5tion4 ,! tea*] divides 8 pupils into two classes & he>s "o recite :ile ! o!r class prep>es = ! next lesson4 ,! pupils recit+ are requir$ to pay /rict att5tion to ! "o ( _! numb] :o is expla9+ ! po9t assign$ him by ! tea*]--!y are to be on ! al]t to notice any mi/akes ( /atem5t or omissions ( important data1 !y are at ! same "t to pay close att5tion to ! rem>ks ( ! tea*]4 ,?is is "o k9d ( att5tion1 :i* may be call$ associat$ critical att5tion4 ,! pupils engag$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! next lesson are busy1 ea* "o by himself1 /udy+ ! book & ma/]+ its facts & ideas1 & comp>+ !m "o ) ano!r1 & mak+ ! ef=t to become oblivi\s ( _! fell[-pupils1 ! recitation go+ on1 & ! tea*]4 ,?is is ano!r k9d ( att5tion1 :i* is n associat$1 b an individual ef=t to ma/] = "o's self )\t aid a prescrib$ task & to resi/ all di/ract+ influ5ces4 ,^! two discipl9es 9 att5tion are ! be/ =mal tra9+ t ! s*ool af=ds4 ,y\r ,committee has already m5tion$ a species ( faulty correlation :]e9 ! attempt is made to /udy all bran*es 9 ea*1 misapply+ ,jacotot's maxim1 8all is 9 all0 7t\t e/ dans t\t74 ,a frequ5t error ( ?is k9d is ! practice ( mak+ e recitation a language lesson1 & int]rupt+ ! ari?metic1 geography1 hi/ory1 lit]ature1 or :atev] x may be1 by call+ ! pupil's att5tion abruptly to some?+ 9 8 =ms ( expression1 8 pronunciation1 or to "s faulty use ( ,engli%2 ?us turn+ ! entire sy/em ( s*ool "w into a s]ies ( gramm> ex]cises & weak5+ ! p[] ( cont9u\s ?\ght on ! objective cont5ts ( ! sev]al bran*es1 by creat+ a p]nici\s habit ( self-consci\sness 9 ! matt] ( v]bal expression4 ,:ile y\r ,committee w\ld n v5ture to say t !re %\ld n be "s degree ( att5tion to ! v]bal expression 9 all lessons1 x is ( ! op9ion t x %\ld be limit$ to criticism ( ! recitation = its want ( te*nical accuracy4 ,! te*nical words 9 ea* bran* %\ld be discuss$ until ! pupil is famili> ) _! full =ce4 ,! faulty ,engli% %\ld be criticis$ z %[+ confusion ( ?\ght or memory1 & %\ld be correct$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,b solecisms ( spee* %\ld be sil5tly not$ by ! tea*] = discussion 9 ! regul> language lesson4 ,! "q ( promotion ( pupils has occupi$ f "t to "t v mu* att5tion4 ,y\r ,committee believes t 9 _m sy/ems ( elem5t>y s*ools !re is injury done by too mu* =mality 9 asc]ta9+ :e!r ! pupils ( a giv5 class h complet$ ! "w up to a giv5 arbitr>ily fix$ po9t1 & are ready to take up ! next apportionm5t ( ! "w4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( city s*ool sy/ems1 :5 ! (fice ( sup]9t5d5t 0 fir/ creat$1 x 0 ?\ght necess>y to divide up ! grad$ c\rse ( /udy into ye>s ( "w1 & to hold /at$ annual exam9ations to asc]ta9 h[ _m pupils c\ld be promot$ to ! next grade or ye>'s "w4 ,all t fail$ at ?is exam9ation 7 set back at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>'s "w to sp5d ano!r ye> 9 review+ x4 ,?is 0 to meet ! conv5i5ce ( ! sup]9t5d5t1 :o1 x 0 said1 c\ld n hold exam9ations to suit ! wants ( individuals or p>ticul> classes4 ,f ?is arrangem5t !re naturally result$ a great deal ( :at is call$ 8m>k+ "t40 ,pupils :o _h ne>ly complet$ ! "w ( ! ye> 7 plac$ ) pupils :o _h be5 till n[ a ye>'s int]val bel[ !m4 ,disc\ragem5t & demoralization at ! ?\ght ( tak+ up aga9 a c\rse ( lessons le>n$ once be=e caus$ _m pupils to leave s*ool prematurely4 ,?is evil has be5 rem$i$ 9 ne>ly "o-half ( ! cities by promot+ pupils :5ev] !y h complet$ ! "w ( a grade4 ,! con/ant t5d5cy ( classification to become imp]fect by reason ( ! diff]5ce 9 rates ( advancem5t ( ! sev]al pupils ow+ to disp>ity 9 ages1 degree ( maturity1 temp]am5t1 & heal?1 makes frequ5t] classification necess>y4 ,?is is easily accompli%$ by promot+ ! few pupils :o di/ance ! majority ( _! classmates into ! next class above1 sep>at$ z x is1 or ought to be1 by an int]val ( less ?an half a ye>4 ,! bright pupils ?us promot$ h to /ruggle to make up ! gr\nd cov]$ 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! two classes1 b !y are ne>ly always able to accompli% ?is1 & g5]ally w 9 two ye>s' "t ne$ ano!r promotion f class to class4 ,! procru/ean "* ( ! old city sy/ems has be5 remov$ by ?is device4 ,!re rema9 = m5tion "s o!r evils besides bad sy/ems ( promotion due to defects ( organization4 ,! s*ool build+s are (t5 ) sup]/iti\s c>e kept ap>t exclusively = p>ticul> grades ( pupils4 ,! c5tral build+ erect$ = high s*ool purposes1 ?\gh only half fill$1 is n made to relieve ! neighbor+ gramm> s*ool1 cr[d$ to su* a degree t x _c receive ! classes :i* ought to be promot$ f ! prim>y s*ools4 ,x has happ5$ 9 su* cases t ?is sup]/ition prevail$ s f> t ! pupils 9 ! prim>y s*ool build+ 7 kept at "w on /udies already f9i%$1 because !y c\ld n be transf]r$ to ! gramm> s*ool4 ,9 all good s*ool sy/ems ! pupils take up new "w :5 !y h complet$ ! old1 & ! bright pupils are transf]r$ to high] classes :5 !y h s f> di/anc$ _! fell[s t ! am\nt ( "w fix$ = ! av]age ability ( ! class does n give !m en\gh to d4 ,9 conclusion1 y\r ,committee w\ld /ate1 by way ( explanation1 t x has be5 l$ into _m digressions1 9 illu/rat+ ! details ( its recomm5dations 9 ?is report1 ?r\gh its desire to make cle> ! gr\nds on :i* x has bas$ its conclusions & ?r\gh ! hope t su* details w call out a /ill m ?or\gh-go+ discussion ( ! educational values ( bran*es propos$ = elem5t>y s*ools1 & ( ! me?ods by :i* ^? bran*es may be successfully taught4 ,) a view to increase ! int]e/ 9 ?is subject1 y\r ,committee recomm5ds ! publication ( select$ passages f ! pap]s s5t 9 by invit$ auxili>y committees & by volunte]s1 _m ( ^! conta9+ valuable sugge/ions n m5tion$ 9 ?is report4 ,organization = ,city ,s*ool ,sy/ems4 ,,by ,,presid5t ,,&rew ,s4 ,,drap]4 ,?is is ! report ( a sub-committee ( ! ,fifte51 ( :i* ,presid5t ,drap] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois is *airman4 ,x is und]/ood t ! committee is to treat ( city s*ool sy/ems1 :i* are s l>ge t p]sons *os5 by ! p to manage !m1 & s]v+ )\t pay1 _c be expect$ to transact all ! bus9ess ( ! sy/em 9 p]son1 nor to h p]sonal k ( all bus9ess transactions1 & :i* are s l>ge t "o p]son employ$ to sup]vise ! in/ruction _c be assum$ to p]sonally manage or direct all ( ! details !re(1 b mu/1 9 ea* case1 act "u plans ( organization & adm9i/ration e/abli%$ by law & ?r\gh assi/ants or repres5tatives4 ,! end = :i* a s*ool sy/em exi/s is ! in/ruction ( ! *ildr51 atta*+ to ! ^w in/ruction ! mean+ x atta9s 9 ! m9d ( a well-educat$ p]son1 if n 9 ! m9d ( an educational exp]t4 ,to secure ?is end1 no plan ( organization alone w suffice4 ,no?+ c take ! place ( a s9c]e desire = good s*ools1 ( a fair k ( :at good s*ools are1 & :at w make !m1 ( a public _s & a moral s5se on ! "p ( ! p1 :i* are spontane\s1 or :i* c be appeal$ to ) confid5ce4 ,=tunately1 ! int]e/ :i* ! p h 9 _! own *ildr5 is s l>ge1 & ! anxiety ( ! community = public ord] & security is s great1 t public s5tim5t may ord9>ily be reli$ ^u1 or may be ar\s$ to action1 to *oose prop] repres5tatives & take prop] measures = ! adm9i/ration ( ! s*ools4 ,if1 9 any case1 ?is is n s1 !re is little hope ( effici5t s*ools4 ,:]ev] x is s1 x alone w n suffice1 b prop] organization may become ! in/rum5t ( public s5tim5t1 & develop s*ools :i* w be equal to ! ne$s ( all1 & become ! safegu>ds ( citiz5%ip4 ,effici5t s*ools c be secur$ only by provid+ suitable build+s & appliances1 & by keep+ !m 9 prop] ord] on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 by employ+1 organiz+1 aid+1 & direct+ tea*]s1 s t ! in/ruction %all h life & p[] to accompli% ! great end = :i* s*ools are ma9ta9$4 ,! circum/ances ( ! case naturally & quickly sep>ate ! duties ( adm9i/ration into two great dep>tm5ts1 "o :i* manages ! bus9ess affairs1 & ! o!r :i* sup]vises ! in/ruction4 ,! bus9ess affairs ( ! s*ool sy/em may be transact$ by any citiz5s ( common hone/y1 correct purposes1 & ( good bus9ess exp]i5ce & sagacity4 ,! in/ruction w be ineffective & abnormally exp5sive unless put ^u a sci5tific educational basis & sup]vis$ by compet5t educational exp]ts4 ,!re w be a wa/e ( money & ef=t & a lack ( results1 unless ! au?orities ( ^! two dep>tm5ts are sympa!tic ) ea* o!r2 t is1 unless1 on ! "o h&1 ! bus9ess managem5t is s\nd1 is appreciative ( good tea*+1 looks ^u x z a sci5tific & pr(essional employm5t1 & is al]t to su/a9 x2 & unless1 on ! o!r h&1 ! in/ructors are compet5t & self-respect+1 "k :at good bus9ess managem5t is1 are glad to uphold x1 & are able to respect ^? :o are *>g$ ) responsibility = x4 ,to secure effici5cy 9 ^! dep>tm5ts1 !re mu/ be adequate au?ority & quick public acc\ntability4 ,! problem is n m]ely to secure "s good s*oolh\ses1 b good s*oolh\ses :]ev] ne$$1 & to avoid ! use ( all h\ses :i* are n suitable = use2 x is n to get "s good tea*+1 b to prev5t all bad tea*+1 & to advance all ! tea*+ to ! highe/ possible po9t ( special tra9+1 pr(essional _s1 & ( life-giv+ p[]4 ,all ( ! bus9ess matt]s mu/ be entru/$ to compet5t bus9ess h&s & manag$ ^u s\nd bus9ess pr9ciples2 & all ( ! in/ruction mu/ be put ^u a pr(essional basis4 ,to insure ?is1 !re mu/ be delib]ation & wisdom 9 det]m9+ policy1 & !n ! p[] to d :at is det]m9$ ^u mu/ be pres5t & capable ( ex]cise1 & ! responsibility = ! prop] ex]cise ( ! p[] mu/1 9 ea* case1 be individual & imm$iate4 ,x is imp]ative t we discrim9ate betwe5 ! legislative & executive action 9 organiz+ & adm9i/]+ ! s*ools4 ,! influ5ces :i* ent] into legislative action1 look+ to ! g5]al organization & "w ( ! s*ools1 mu/ necess>ily & fundam5tally fl[ directly f ! p & be widely spread4 ,! great] ! numb] ( p1 9 proportion to ! entire population1 :o c be l$ to take a positive int]e/ & an active "p 9 secur+ good s*ools1 ! bett] w ! s*ools be1 provid$ ! p c secure ! complete execution ( _! purposes & plans4 ,b exp]i5ce has cle>ly %[n t _m causes int]v5e to prev5t ! complete execution ( su* plans1 t all ! natural enemies ( s\nd adm9i/ration sc5t pl5ty ( plund] & are especially active "h1 t good s*ool adm9i/ration requires mu* /r5g? ( "*1 mu* bus9ess exp]i5ce1 mu* te*nical k1 & c be only measurably satisfactory :5 ! responsibility is adequate1 & ! p5alties = maladm9i/ration are sev]e4 ,dec5tralization 9 mak+ ! plan & det]m9+ :at %all be done1 & c5tralization 9 execut+ ! plan & 9 do+ :at is to be done1 are1 p]haps1 equally important4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! "* ( ! s*ool "w ( a city is n m]ely a matt] ( local int]e/1 & t ! ma9t5ance ( ! s*ools does n re/ m]ely or ma9ly ^u local au?ority4 ,! p ( ! municipality1 act+1 & ord9>ily glad to act1 b1 9 any ev5t1 be+ oblig$ to act1 "u & pursuant to ! law :i* has be5 orda9$ by ! sov]eign au?ority ( ! /ate1 e/abli% & ma9ta9 s*ools4 ,!y mu/ h ! tax+ p[] :i* ! /ate alone possesses 9 ord] to enable !m to proce$ at all4 ,!y mu/ reg>d ! directions :i* ! /ate sees fit to give z to ! ess5tial "* ( ! s*ools1 :5 x ex]cises 9 _! behalf1 or :5 x delegates to !m ! p[] ( taxation4 ,! plan %\ld be flexible = good1 :ile inflexible = evil4 ,meet+ ess5tial requirem5ts1 ! p ( ! municipality may well be emp[]$ to proce$ z mu* f>!r z !y w 9 elaborat+ a sy/em ( s*ools4 ,! high] ! plane ( av]age intellig5ce1 & ! m g5]ally & ! m directly ! p act 9 decid+ :at %all be done1 & ! great] ! facility & complet5ess ) :i* ! intellig5ce ( ! city is able to secure ! prop] execution ( its plans by (fic]s appo9t$ = t purpose1 ! m elaborate & ! m effici5t w be ! s*ools1 & ?is %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be provid$ =4 ,x is idle to sugge/ t c5t]+ executive functions is unwisely tak+ p[] away f ! p4 ,! p _c execute plans !mselves4 ,! au?ority to d x mu/ necess>ily be delegat$4 ,! "q simply is1 8,%all x be giv5 to a numb] ( p]sons1 & if s1 to h[ _m8 ,or to only "o80 ,?is "q is to be decid$ by exp]i5ce1 & x is1 ( c\rse1 true t exp]i5ce has n be5 uni=m4 ,b x is d\btless true t ! g5]al exp]i5ce ( ! communities ( ! c\ntry has %[n t :]e purely executive functions are conf]r$ ^u a numb] ( p]sons jo9tly1 !y yield to antagoni/ic influ5ces & %ift ! responsibility f "o to ano!r2 & t c5t]+ ! responsibility = ! prop] dis*>ge ( executive duties ^u a s+le p]son1 :o gets ! cr$it ( good "w & mu/ be> ! disgrace or p5alty ( bad "w1 & :o c quickly be held acc\ntable = misde$s & ineffici5cy1 has secur$ ! fulle/ execution ( public plans & ! l>ge/ results4 ,to call ?is 8c5tralization10 ) ! mean+ :i* commonly atta*es to ! ^w1 is inaccurate4 ,in/ead ( remov+ ! p[] f ! p1 x is keep+ ! p[] clos] to ! p1 & mak+ x possible = ! citiz5 9 8 individual capacity & = organiz$ bodies ( citiz5s to secure ! execution ( plans accord+ to ! purpose & int5t ) :i* ^? plans 7 made4 ,inde$1 x is safe to say t exp]i5ce has %[n t ?is is ! only way 9 :i* to prev5t ! frequ5t ?w>t+ ( ! popul> w & ! defiance ( individuals ^: int]e/s are ignor$ or ^: rights are invad$4 ,b all ! p ( a city ^: population is numb]$ by hundr$s ( ?\s&s or millions _c meet 9 a legislative assemblage to =mulate plans4 ,!y _c ga!r 9 mass meet+s1 &1 if !y c\ld1 mass meet+s _c delib]ate4 ,ev5 _! legislative action mu/ fl[1 n f a prim>y1 b f a repres5tative assembly4 ,:at %all su* a repres5tative legislative body be call$8 ,h[ %all x be *os58 ,( h[ _m memb]s %all x be compos$8 ,& :at %all be its p[]s8 ,^! & o!r simil> que/ions are all important & mu/ be det]m9$ by ! law-mak+ p[] ( ! /ate4 ,! s5tim5ts ( ! city1 z express$ ?r\gh ! local organizations1 & p>ticul>ly ! newspap]s1 mu/1 ( c\rse1 h mu* weight ) ! legislature if !re is any?+ l unanimity or any v /rong prepond]ance ( op9ion 9 ! city1 = ! plan = :i* a community expresses a pref]5ce w surely be likely to op]ate mo/ effectually 9 t community4 ,b ! local s5tim5t is n conclusive4 ,:5 divid$1 x is no guide at all4 ,! legislature is to take all ! circum/ances into consid]ation1 take ! _w's exp]i5ce = its guide1 &1 act+ "u its responsibilities1 x mu/ ex]cise its high p[]s 9 ways :i* w build up a sy/em ( s*ools 9 ! city likely to articulate ) ! /ate educational sy/em & become ! effective in/rum5t ( develop+ ! intellig5ce & tra9+ ! "* ( ! *ildr5 ( ! city up to ! ideals ( ! /ate4 ,! "n ( ! legislative bran* ( ! s*ool gov]nm5t is n mat]ial1 & ! "o to :i* ! p are accu/om$ may well cont9ue to be employ$4 ,!re is no "n m appropriate ?an ! 8,bo>d ( ,education40 ,! mann] ( select+ or appo9t+ ! memb]s ( ?is legislative body may turn some:at ^u ! circum/ances ( ! city4 ,we are /rongly ( ! op9ion t 9 view ( ! well-kn[n difficulty ab\t secur+ ! att5dance ( ! mo/ int]e/$ & intellig5t electors at s*ool elections1 z well z because ( ! app>5t impossibility ( free+ s*ool elections f political or municipal issues1 ! bett] mann] ( elections is by appo9tm5t4 ,if ! memb]s ( ! bo>d are appo9t$1 ! mayor ( ! city is likely to be ! (ficial to :om ! p[] ( appo9tm5t may mo/ safely be entru/$4 ,! mayor is n sugge/$ because 8 (fice %\ld su/a9 any relation to ! s*ool sy/em1 b 9 spite ( ! fact t x does n & %\ld n4 ,! s*ool sy/em %\ld be absolutely emancipat$ f p>tisan politics1 & completely dissociat$ f municipal bus9ess4 ,b we ?9k ! appo9tm5ts %\ld be made by "s "o p]son1 r ?an by a bo>d4 ,! mayor is repres5tative ( ! :ole city & all its int]e/s4 ,:ile n *os5 ) any ref]5ce to ! int]e/s ( ! s*ools1 he may be assum$ to h in=mation z to ! fitness ( citiz5s = p>ticul> responsibilities1 & to be desir\s ( promot+ ! educational int]e/s ( ! p4 ,if he is giv5 ! p[] ( appo9tm5t1 he %\ld be p>ticul>ly enjo9$ by law to consid] ! fitness ( individuals alone & pay no reg>d to p>ty affiliations1 unless x be to p>ticul>ly see to x t no "o political p>ty has an ov]:elm+ prepond]ance 9 ! bo>d4 ,! mayor v commonly feels con/ra9$1 "u ! pressure ( p>ty exp$i5cy1 to make s _m que/ionable appo9tm5ts1 t he is only too glad1 & p>ticul>ly s :5 enjo9$ by ! law1 to make v acceptable appo9tm5ts ( memb]s ( s*ool bo>ds1 9 ord] t he may gratify ! bett] s5tim5t ( ! city4 ,we are confid5t t ! problem ( gett+ a repres5tative bo>d ( education is n s difficult z _m ?9k1 if ! bo>d is n p]mitt$ to make patronage ( "w & sal>i$ positions at ! disposal ( ! public-s*ool sy/em4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 & m & m s z we h approa*$ su* circum/ances1 appo9tm5t 9 ! way we sugge/ has produc$ ! be/ s*ool bo>ds 9 ! l>g] cities ( ! c\ntry4 ,! memb]s ( s*ool bo>ds %\ld be repres5tative ( ! :ole population & ( all _! common educational int]e/s1 & %\ld n be *os5 to repres5t any w>d or subdivision ( ! t]ritory1 or any p>ty or elem5t 9 ! political1 religi\s1 or social life !re(4 ,:]e ?is pr9ciple is n en=c$1 ! memb]s w feel b\nd to ga9 :at advantage !y c = ! di/rict or int]e/s !y repres5t2 bitt] conte/s w ensue1 & ! common int]e/s w suff]4 ,attempts to elim9ate p>tisan%ip f s*ool adm9i/ration1 by array+ an equal numb] ( p>tisans aga9/ ea* o!r 9 s*ool bo>ds1 d n1 at be/1 lead to an ideal organization4 ,9 "s in/ances !y h prov$ fairly successful2 9 o!rs1 v mis*iev\s4 ,! true c\rse is to insi/ t all :o h any %>e 9 ! managem5t ( ! s*ools %all dive/ !mselves ( p>tisan%ip1 :e!r political or religi\s1 9 su* managem5t1 & give !mselves :olly to ! high int]e/s entru/$ to !m4 ,if x be said t ?is _c be realiz$1 x may be answ]$1 )\t admitt+ x1 t ev5 if t 7 s1 x w\ld be no reason :y ! fri5ds ( ! s*ools %\ld n ass]t ! s\nd pr9ciple & secure its en=cem5t z f> z possible4 ,we mu/ c]ta9ly give no c\nt5ance to make-%ifts1 :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be mislead+ & exp5sive4 ,! "r mu/ prevail 9 ! end1 & ! e>li] & m /rongly x is cont5d$ =1 ! soon] x w prevail4 ,relatively small bo>ds are pref]able to l>ge ones4 ,9 a city ( less ?an a half-million ( inhabitants1 ! numb] %\ld n exce$ n9e1 & might well n exce$ five4 ,9 ! v l>ge/ cities x might be enl>g$ to fifte54 ,! t]m = :i* memb]s are appo9t$ %\ld be a reasonably long "o1 say1 five ye>s4 ,we ?9k x an excell5t plan to provide = two bran*es & sets ( p[]s 9 ! bo>d ( education2 ! "o to h ! veto p[]1 or1 at lea/1 to act z a *eck ^u ! acts ( ! o!r4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by creat+ ! (fice ( s*ool director & *>g+ ! incumb5t ) executive duties on ! bus9ess side ( ! adm9i/ration1 & by giv+ him ! veto p[] ov] ! acts ( ! o!r bran* ( ! bo>d1 :i* may be call$ ! 8,s*ool ,c\ncil40 ,beyond ! c>e & cons]vation :i* is ensur$ by two sets ( p[]s act+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 x has ! advantage ( giv+ ! *ief executive (fic] ( ! sy/em j z high & good a title z t ( memb]s ( ! bo>d1 x is likely to secure a m repres5tative man1 & gives him l>g] pr]ogatives 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 executive duties & bett] /&+ among ! p1 p>ticul>ly among ! employees & tea*]s associat$ ) ! public-s*ool sy/em4 ,if ?is plan is adopt$1 ! s*ool director %\ld be requir$ to give 8 entire "t to ! duties ( 8 position1 & be prop]ly comp5sat$ !re=4 ,he %\ld be ! cu/odian ( all prop]ty & %\ld appo9t all assi/ants1 janitors1 & workm51 au?oriz$ by ! bo>d1 = ! c>e ( ! same4 ,he %\ld give bond1 ) suffici5t sureties & p5alties1 = ! fai?ful & prop] dis*>ge ( all 8 duties4 ,he %\ld be au?oriz$ by law to exp5d funds1 )9 a fix$ limit1 = repairs1 appliances1 & help1 )\t ! action ( ! bo>d4 ,all contracts %\ld be made by him1 & %\ld run 9 8 "n1 & he %\ld be *>g$ ) ! responsibility ( see+ t !y are fai?fully & completely execut$4 ,all contracts involv+ m ?an a limit$ & fix$ sum ( money %\ld be let ^u bids to be adv]tis$ = & op5$ 9 public4 ,he %\ld h a seat 9 ! bo>d ( education2 %\ld n vote1 b %\ld h ! p[] to veto1 ei!r absolutely or conditionally1 any ( ! acts ( ! bo>d1 ?r\gh a writt5 communication4 ,?is (fic] & ! s*ool c\ncil %\ld toge!r con/itute ! bo>d ( education4 ,! bo>d ( education %\ld be ve/$ ) legislative functions only1 & be requir$ to act :olly ?r\gh =mal & record$ resolutions4 ,x %\ld det]m9e & direct ! g5]al policy ( ! s*ool sy/em4 ,)9 reasonable limits1 z to am\nt1 x %\ld be giv5 p[]1 9 its discretion1 to levy :atev] moneys may be ne$$ = s*ool purposes4 ,x %\ld control ! exp5diture ( all moneys beyond a fix$ & limit$ am\nt1 :i* may safely & advantage\sly be left to ! discretion ( ! *ief executive bus9ess (fic]4 ,x %\ld au?orize1 by g5]al resolutions1 ! appo9tm5t ( necess>y (fic]s & employees 9 ! bus9ess dep>tm5t1 & ! sup]9t5d5t1 assi/ants1 & tea*]s 9 ! dep>tm5t ( in/ruction1 b x %\ld be all[$ to make no appo9tm5ts o!r ?an its own cl]k4 ,) ?is necess>y exception1 s+le (fic]s %\ld be *>g$ ) responsibility = all appo9tm5ts4 ,?is plan1 n 9 all1 b 9 ess5tial p>ticul>s1 has be5 on trial 9 ! city ( ,clevel& = ne>ly ?ree ye>s1 & has work$ ) v g5]al acceptability4 ,if ?is plan is adopt$1 ! *ief executive (fic] ( ! sy/em is already provid$ = & 8 duties h already be5 indicat$4 ,o!rwise x w be necess>y = ! bo>d to appo9t su* an (fic]4 ,9 t ev5t1 ! law %\ld decl>e him indep5d5t1 conf] ^u him adequate au?ority = ! p]=mance ( executive duties1 & *>ge him ) responsibility4 ,b we "k ( no /atutory language capable ( mak+ an (fic] appo9t$ by a bo>d1 & dep5d5t ^u ! same bo>d = supplies1 indep5d5t 9 fact ( ! p]sonal wi%es ( ! memb]s ( t bo>d4 ,& "r "h is :]e ! tr\bles ru% 9 to discr$it & damage ! s*ool sy/em4 ,we n[ come to ! subject ( p>am\nt importance 9 mak+ a plan = ! s*ool gov]nm5t 9 a great city1 namely1 ! "* ( ! tea*+ =ce & ! quality ( ! in/ruction4 ,a city s*ool sy/em may be able to )/& "s abuses on ! bus9ess side ( its adm9i/ration & cont9ue to p]=m its functions ) measurable success1 b wrongs aga9/ ! in/ruction mu/1 9 a little "t1 prove fatal4 ,! /ronge/ language is none too /rong "h4 ,! safety ( ! republic1 ! security ( ,am]ican citiz5%ip1 are at /ake4 ,gov]nm5t by ! p has no m dang]\s pitfall 9 its road ?an ?is1 t 9 ! mighty cities ( ! l& ! com=table & intellig5t masses1 :o are discrim9at+ m & m closely ab\t ! education ( _! *ildr51 %all become dissatisfi$ ) ! social /atus ( ! tea*]s & ! quality ( ! tea*+ 9 ! common s*ools4 ,9 t ev5t !y w educate _! *ildr5 at _! own exp5se1 & ! public s*ools w become only good en\gh = ^? :o c af=d no bett]4 ,! only way to av]t ?is is by ma9ta9+ ! in/ruction ^u a purely sci5tific & pr(essional foot+4 ,?is is entirely practicable1 b x involves mu* c>e & exp5se 9 tra9+ tea*]s1 ! absolute elim9ation ( favoritism f appo9tm5ts1 ! security ( ! "r to advancem5t aft] appo9tm5t1 on ! basis ( m]it1 & a g5]al lead]%ip :i* is k9dly1 helpful1 & /imulat+ to individuals1 :i* c secure h>moni\s cop]ation f all ! memb]s1 & l5ds en]gy & inspiration to ! :ole body4 ,?is _c be secur$ if !re is any lack ( au?ority1 & exp]i5ce amply proves t x w n be secur$ if !re is any division ( responsibility4 ,! :ole matt] ( in/ruction mu/ be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a sup]9t5d5t ( in/ruction1 ) indep5d5t p[]s & adequate au?ority1 :o is *>g$ ) full responsibility4 ,! dang] ( inconsid]ate or improp] action by "o ve/$ ) su* p[]s is1 ( c\rse1 possible1 b x is remote4 ,reg>dless ( ! legal p[]s ) :i* he may be individually ve/$1 he is 9 fact & 9 law a "p ( a l>ge sy/em4 ,he mu/ act ?r\gh o!rs1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( multitudes4 ,!re is great publicity ab\t all he does4 ,:5 a s+le (fic] c>ries su* responsibility1 he is at ! focus ( all eyes4 ,!re are ! /ronge/ inc5tives to "r action4 ,he _c act wrongfully )\t x is kn[n1 at lea/ to _m p]sons4 ,if he is requir$ to act "u & pursuant to a plan1 ! details ( :i* h be5 ann\nc$1 & ( :i* we %all speak 9 a mom5t1 a wrongful act w be kn[n to ! _w1 & he mu/ be> ! responsibility ( x1 & ! dang] ( maladm9i/ration is almo/ elim9at$4 ,moreov]1 we mu/ consid] ! alt]native4 ,x is n 9 d\bt4 ,all :o h _h any contact ) ! subject are famili> ) x4 ,x is adm9i/ration by bo>ds or committees1 ! memb]s ( :i* are n compet5t to manage pr(essional matt]s & develop an exp]t tea*+ =ce4 ,?\gh necess>ily inexp]i5c$1 !y frequ5tly assume ! k ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$4 ,!y ov]-ride & degrade a sup]9t5d5t1 :5 !y h ! p[] to d s1 until he becomes _! m]e factotum4 ,= ! sake ( h>mony & ! cont9uance ( 8 position1 he conc$es1 surr5d]s1 & acquiesces 9 _! acts1 :ile ! cont9ually increas+ tea*+ =ce becomes weak] & weak]1 & ! "w poor] & poor]4 ,if he refuses to d ?is1 !y precipitate an op5 rupture1 & turn him out ( 8 position4 ,!n !y cl\d ! issues & %ift ! responsibility f "o to ano!r4 ,!re are exceptions1 ( c\rse1 b !y d n *ange ! rule4 ,x w be unpr(itable to m9ce words ab\t ?is all-important matt]4 ,if ! c\rse ( /udy = ! public s*ools ( a great city is to be det]m9$ by laym51 x w n be suit$ to ! ne$s ( a community4 ,if tea*]s are to be appo9t$ by bo>ds or committees1 ! memb]s ( :i* are p>ticul>ly s5sitive to ! desires ( p :o h votes or influ5ce1 loos5ess ( action is inevitable1 & unwor?y consid]ations w frequ5tly prevail4 ,if ! action ( a bo>d or committee be condition$ ^u ! recomm5dation ( a sup]9t5d5t1 ! plan w n suffice4 ,no "o p]son is /rong] ?an ! sy/em ( :i* he is a "p4 ,su* a plan results 9 conte/s betwe5 ! bo>d & ! sup]9t5d5ts1 & su* a conte/ is obvi\sly an unequal "o4 ,!re is little d\bt ( ! outcome4 ,9 recomm5d+ = ! appo9tm5t ( tea*]s1 ! p]sonal wi%es ( memb]s ( ! bo>d1 9 p>ticul> cases1 w h to be acquiesc$ 94 ,if a tea*]1 no matt] h[ unfit1 _c be dropp$ f ! li/ )\t ! approval ( a bo>d or committee aft] !y h he>d f h] fri5ds & sympa?iz]s1 %e w rema9 indef9itely 9 ! s]vice4 ,?is means a l[ tone 9 ! tea*+ =ce & desolation 9 ! "w ( ! s*ools4 ,if ! sup]9t5d5t accepts ! situation1 he becomes less & less capable ( develop+ a pr(essional tea*+ s]vice4 ,if he refuses to accept x1 he is v likely to meet humiliation2 dismissal is practically inevitable4 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( in/ruction %\ld be *>g$ ) no duty save ! sup]vision ( ! in/ruction1 b %\ld be *>g$ ) ! responsibility ( mak+ t pr(essional & sci5tific1 & %\ld be giv5 ! position & au?ority to accompli% t end4 ,if ! bo>d ( education is con/itut$ ^u ! old plan1 he mu/ be *os5 by ! bo>d4 ,if x is con/itut$ ^u ! ,clevel& plan1 he may be appo9t$ by ! s*ool director1 ) ! approval ( two-?irds or ?ree-f\r?s ( ! c\ncil4 ,! latt] plan seems pref]able1 = x c5tralizes ! ma9 responsibility ( ?is important appo9tm5t 9 a s+le individual4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! law & ! s5tim5t ( ! city %\ld direct t ! appo9tee %all be a p]son lib]ally educat$1 pr(essionally tra9$2 "o :o kn[s :at good tea*+ is1 b is also exp]i5c$ 9 adm9i/ration1 9 t\* ) public affairs1 & 9 sympa?y ) popul> feel+4 ,! t]m ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( in/ruction %\ld be f five to t5 ye>s1 & until a successor is appo9t$4 ,9 our judgm5t1 x %\ld be det]m9ate1 s t !re may be a "t ( public exam9ation1 b x %\ld be suffici5tly long to enable "o to lay f\ndations & %[ results1 )\t be+ c>ri$ "u by ! prejudices :i* always foll[ ! fir/ op]ation ( effici5t or dra/ic plans4 ,! sal>y %\ld be fix$ by law1 & n subject to *ange 9 ! middle ( a t]m or except by law4 ,= reasons already sugge/$1 ! sup]9t5d5t1 once appo9t$1 %\ld h p[] to appo9t1 f an eligible li/1 all assi/ants & tea*]s au?oriz$ by ! bo>d1 & unlimit$ au?ority to assign !m to _! respective positions1 & reassign !m or remove !m f ! =ce at 8 discretion4 ,to secure a position ^u ! eligible li/ f :i* appo9tm5ts may be made1 a c&idate1 if )\t exp]i5ce1 %\ld be requir$ to complete ! full f\r ye>s' c\rse ( ! city high s*ools1 or its equival5t1 & 9 addition !reto pass ! exam9ation ( ! bo>d ( exam9]s1 & complete at lea/ a ye>'s c\rse ( pr(essional tra9+ 9 a city normal tra9+ s*ool "u ! direction ( ! sup]9t5d5t4 ,if ! c&idate has _h1 say1 ?ree ye>s ( successful exp]i5ce z a tea*]1 he %\ld be eligible to appo9tm5t by pass+ an exam9ation held by a g5]al exam9+ bo>d4 ,?is bo>d may be appo9t$ by ! bo>d ( education1 b %\ld exam9e none b graduates ( ! high s*ool & tra9+ s*ool1 unless specially reque/$ s to d by ! sup]9t5d5t ( in/ruction4 ,! numb] admitt$ to ! tra9+ s*ools %\ld be limit$1 & ! exam9ations %\ld be gaug$ to ! prospective ne$s ( ! elem5t>y s*ools = new tea*]s4 ,! supply ( new tea*]s may well be l>gely1 b %\ld n be :olly1 drawn f ?is local s\rce4 ,! =ce w ga9 fre% vitality by "s appo9tm5ts ( good & exp]i5c$ tea*]s f outside4 ,! "w ( putt+ a l>ge tea*+ =ce ^u a pr(essional basis1 ( mak+ ! tea*+ sci5tific & capable ( ar\s+ m9d to action1 is s difficult t a layman c sc>cely appreciate x4 ,x has h>dly be5 comm5c$1 x has only be5 made possible1 :5 ! av5ues ( approa* to ! s]vice h be5 clos$ aga9/ ! unqualifi$ & unwor?y4 ,aft] t ! sup]vision mu/ be close & g5]al1 z well z sympa!tic & decisive4 ,! sup]9t5d5t mu/ h exp]t assi/ants en\gh to le>n ! *>act]i/ics & measure ! "w ( e memb] ( ! =ce4 ,!y mu/ help & enc\rage1 advise & direct1 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ea* case4 ,! "w mu/ be r$uc$ to a sy/em & ! work]s br\ght into h>moni\s relations4 ,ea* room mu/ %[ neatness & life1 & ! :ole =ce mu/ %[ ardor & en?usiasm4 ,by direct+ ! read+1 by enc\rag+ an int]*ange ( visits1 by organiz+ clubs = self-improvem5t1 by frequ5t class & grade & g5]al meet+s1 ! pr(essional _s may be ar\s$ & ! "w en]giz$4 ,^? :o %[ tea*+ p[]1 v]satility1 amiability1 reliability1 /ead9ess1 & gr[? mu/ be rew>d$ ) ! highe/ positions3 ^? :o lack fibre1 :o h no en]gy1 :o are incapable ( en?usiasm1 :o w n "w agreeably ) _! associates1 mu/ g ^u ! retir$ li/4 ,directness & op5ness mu/ be enc\rag$4 ,attempts to invoke social1 political1 religi\s1 or o!r outside influ5ces to secure pref]m5t mu/ op]ate to close ! door to advancem5t4 ,9 g5]al & 9 p>ticul>1 bad tea*+ mu/ be prev5t$4 ,9 e room a firm & k9dly managem5t mu/ prevail & good tea*+ mu/ be app>5t4 ,all mu/ "w along common l9es :i* w ensure g5]al & ess5tial ends4 ,until a tea*] c d ?is & c be reli$ ^u to d x1 %e mu/ be help$ & direct$3 :5 x is manife/ t %e _c or w n d x1 %e mu/ be dismiss$2 :5 %e does %[ t %e c d x & wants to d x1 %e mu/ be left to ex]cise h] own judgm5t & orig9ality & d x 9 h] own way4 ,9 ! s*oolroom ! tea*] mu/ be secure aga9/ int]f]5ce4 ,9 all ! affairs ( ! s*ool h] judgm5t mu/ be tru/$ to ! utmo/ limit ( safety4 ,!n judgm5t w /r5g!n1 & self-respect & public respect w gr[4 ,! qualities :i* develop 9 ! tea*] w develop 9 ! s*ool4 ,to develop ^! qualities ) any degree ( uni=mity1 9 a l>ge tea*+ =ce1 requires /eady & uni=m treatm5t ?r\gh a long c\rse ( ye>s "u sup]9t5d5ce :i* is pr(essional1 /rong1 j1 & c\rage\s1 :i* has ample assi/ance & au?ority1 :i* is wor?y ( public confid5ce1 & kn[s h[ to m>%al facts1 pres5t argum5ts1 & appeal to ! intellig5ce & integrity ( ! community ) success4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! plan ( organization to secure su* sup]9t5d5ce4 ,x _c be secur$ ?r\gh an ord9>y bo>d ( education op]at+ on ! old plan4 ,x is well kn[n :at ! influ5ces are :i* are ev]y:]e preval5t & mu/ inevitably prev5t x4 ,x may be secur$ 9 ! law1 & x mu/ be secur$ !re1 or x w n be secur$ at all4 ,9 conclud+ ?is portion ( ! report1 ! committee indicates briefly ! pr9ciples :i* mu/ necess>ily be obs]v$ 9 fram+ a plan ( organization & gov]nm5t 9 a l>ge city s*ool sy/em4 ,fir/4--,! affairs ( ! s*ools %\ld n be mix$ up ) p>tisan cont5ts or municipal bus9ess4 ,second4--,!re %\ld be a %>p di/9ction betwe5 legislative functions & executive duties4 ,?ird4--,legislative functions %\ld be cle>ly fix$ by /atute & be ex]cis$ by a relatively small bo>d1 ea* memb] ( :i* bo>d is repres5tative ( ! :ole city4 ,?is bo>d1 )9 /atutory limitations1 %\ld det]m9e ! policy ( ! sy/em1 levy taxes1 & control ! exp5ditures4 ,x %\ld make no appo9tm5ts4 ,e act %\ld be by a record$ resolution4 ,x is pref]able t ?is bo>d be creat$ by appo9tm5t r ?an election1 & t x be con/itut$ ( two bran*es act+ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,f\r?4--,adm9i/ration %\ld be sep>at$ into two great indep5d5t dep>tm5ts1 "o ( :i* manages ! bus9ess int]e/s & ! o!r ( :i* sup]vises ! in/ruction4 ,ea* ( ^! %\ld be :olly direct$ by a s+le (ficial1 :o is ve/$ ) ample au?ority & *>g$ ) full responsibility = s\nd adm9i/ration4 ,fif?4--,! *ief executive (fic] on ! bus9ess side %\ld be *>g$ ) ! c>e ( all prop]ty1 & ) ! duty ( keep+ x 9 suitable condition2 he %\ld provide all necess>y furni%+s & appliances2 he %\ld make all agreem5ts & see t !y are prop]ly p]=m$2 he %\ld appo9t all assi/ants1 janitors1 & workm54 ,9 a ^w1 he %\ld d all t ! law contemplates1 & all t ! bo>d au?orizes1 conc]n+ ! bus9ess affairs ( ! s*ool sy/em1 & :5 any?+ goes wrong1 he %\ld answ] = x4 ,he may be appo9t$ by ! bo>d1 b we ?9k x pref]able t he be *os5 9 ! same way ! memb]s ( ! bo>d are *os51 & be giv5 a veto ^u ! acts ( ! bo>d4 ,six?4--,! *ief executive (fic] ( ! dep>tm5t ( in/ruction %\ld be giv5 a long t]m1 & may be appo9t$ by ! bo>d4 ,if ! bo>d is con/itut$ ( two bran*es1 he %\ld be nom9at$ by ! bus9ess executive & confirm$ by ! legislative bran*4 ,once appo9t$1 he %\ld be indep5d5t4 ,he %\ld appo9t all au?oriz$ assi/ants & tea*]s f an eligible li/1 to be con/itut$ z provid$ by law4 ,he %\ld assign to duties & discont9ue s]vices = cause at 8 discretion4 ,he %\ld det]m9e all matt]s relat+ to in/ruction4 ,he %\ld be *>g$ ) ! responsibility ( develop+ a pr(essional & en?usia/ic tea*+ =ce & ( mak+ all ! tea*+ sci5tific & =ceful4 ,he mu/ p]fect ! organization ( 8 dep>tm5t1 & make & c>ry out plans to accompli% ?is4 ,if he _c d ?is 9 a reasonable "t1 he %\ld be sup]s$$ by "o :o c4 ,! gov]nm5t ( a va/ city s*ool sy/em comes to h an autonomy :i* is l>gely its own1 & almo/ indep5d5t ( direction or re/ra9t4 ,! volume ( bus9ess :i* ?is gov]nm5t transacts is repres5t$ only by millions ( doll>s2 x calls n only = ! highe/ sagacity & ! ripe/ exp]i5ce1 b also = mu* special in=mation relat+ to s*ool prop]ty & s*ool affairs4 ,ev5 m important ?an ?is is ! fact t ?is gov]nm5t controls & det]m9es ! educational policy ( ! city & c>ries on ! in/ruction ( t5s or hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( *ildr51 & ?is in/ruction is ( little value1 & p]haps vici\s1 unless x is pr(essional & sci5tific4 ,?is gov]nm5t is repres5tative4 ,all citiz5s are compell$ to support x1 & all h l>ge int]e/s :i* x is b\nd to promote4 ,e p>5t has rights :i* x is ! duty ( ?is s*ool gov]nm5t to protect & en=ce4 ,:5 gov]nm5t exacts our support ( public education1 :5 x comes into our homes & takes our *ildr5 into its cu/ody & in/ructs !m accord+ to its w1 we acquire a "r :i* is z exalt$ z any "r ( prop]ty1 or ( p]son1 or ( consci5ce c be1 & t is ! "r to "k t ! environm5t is heal?ful1 t ! managem5t is k9dly & ennobl+1 & t ! in/ruction is rational & sci5tific4 ,x is ne$less to say to :at ext5t ^! int]e/s are imp$$ or block$1 or h[ commonly ^! rights ( citiz5%ip & ( p>5tage are d5i$ or defi$1 or h[ helpless ! individual is :o seeks _! en=cem5t1 "u ! sy/em ( s*ool gov]nm5t :i* has h]et(ore obta9$ 9 "s ( ! great cities ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is is n surpris+4 ,x is only ! logical result ( ! rapid gr[? ( cities1 ( a m>vel\s advance 9 k ( :at is ne$$ 9 ! s*ools1 ( ! antagonism ( selfi% int]e/s1 by :i* all public adm9i/ration1 & p>ticul>ly s*ool adm9i/ration1 is encompass$1 & ( ! lack ( plan & sy/em1 ! confusion ( p[]s1 ! abs5ce ( individual responsibility1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( a sy/em ( s*ools4 ,by ! c5sus ( #ahij !re are sev5 cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea* ) a population great] ?an any "o ( sixte5 /ates4 ,! aggregate population ( twelve cities exce$s ! aggregate population ( tw5ty /ates4 ,gov]nm5t = education c]ta9ly requires z /rong & responsible an organization z gov]nm5t = any o!r purpose4 ,^! great c5tres ( population1 ) _! va/ & complex educational problems1 h pass$ ! /age :5 gov]nm5t by ! "t-honor$ commission w suffice4 ,no popul> gov]nm5t ev] det]m9$ ! policy & adm9i/]$ ! affairs ( su* l>ge bodies ( p successfully1 ev] transact$ su* a va/ volume ( bus9ess satisfactorily1 ev] promot$ high & b5efic5t ends1 ev] af=d$ protection to ! rights ( ea* individual ( ! great multitude1 unless 9 its plan ( organization !re 0 an organic sep>ation ( executive1 legislative1 & judicial functions & p[]s4 ,all ! circum/ances ( ! case & ! uni=m exp]i5ce ( ! _w =bid our expect+ any sub/antial solution ( ! problem we are consid]+ until x is well settl$ 9 ! s5tim5ts ( ! p t ! s*ool sy/ems ( ! greate/ cities are only a "p ( ! s*ool sy/ems ( ! /ates ( :i* ^! cities =m a "p1 & are subject to ! legislative au?ority !re(2 until !re is a plan ( s*ool gov]nm5t 9 ea* city :i* diff]5tiates executive acts f legislative functions2 :i* emancipates ! legislative bran* ( t gov]nm5t f ! influ5ce ( pelf-seek]s2 :i* fixes ^u individuals ! responsibility = executive acts1 ei!r p]=m$ or omitt$2 :i* gives to ! intellig5ce ( ! community ! p[] to influ5ce legislation & exact p]fect & complete execution2 :i* gives e citiz5 ^: int]e/s are ignor$1 or ^: rights are invad$1 a place = compla9t & r$ress2 & :i* puts ! bus9ess int]e/s ^u a bus9ess foot+1 ! tea*+ ^u an exp]t basis1 & gives to ! in/ruction t protection & enc\ragem5t :i* is vital to ! developm5t ( all pr(essional & sci5tific "w4 ,on ! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s4 ,,by ,,sup]9t5d5t ,h4 ,s4 ,,t>bell1 ,,provid5ce4 ,report ( ! ,fifte54 ,read at ! ,clevel& meet+ ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sup]9t5d5ce1 ,febru>y #ai1 #ahie4 ,?is report treats ( ! tra9+ ( elem5t>y & second>y tea*]s1 consid]+ fir/ t tra9+ :i* %\ld prec$e tea*+ 9 elem5t>y s*ools4 ,by elem5t>y s*ools are meant ! prim>y & gramm> dep>tm5ts ( grad$ s*ools1 & ungrad$ or rural s*ools4 ,t tea*]s are 8born1 n made10 has be5 s fully ! _w's ?\ght until ! pres5t c5tury t a /udy ( subjects1 )\t any /udy ( pr9ciples or me?ods ( tea*+1 has be5 deem$ q suffici5t4 ,mod]n educational ?\ght & mod]n practice1 9 all sections :]e excell5t s*ools are f\nd1 confirm ! belief t !re is a pr(\nd philosophy on :i* educational me?ods are bas$1 & t c>eful /udy ( ?is philosophy & its application "u exp]t guidance are ess5tial to mak+ fit ! man born to tea*4 ,conditions = pr(essional tra9+--age & atta9m5ts4 ,x is a widely preval5t doctr9e1 to :i* ! cu/oms ( our be/ s*ools con=m1 t tea*]s ( elem5t>y s*ools %\ld h a second>y or high s*ool education1 & t tea*]s ( high s*ools %\ld h a collegiate education4 ,y\r committee believe t ^! are ! m9imum acquirem5ts t c g5]ally be accept$1 t ! s*ol>%ip1 culture1 & p[] ga9$ by f\r ye>s ( /udy 9 advance ( ! pupils are n too mu* to be rightfully dem&$1 & t z a rule no "o ought to become a tea*] :o has n ! age & atta9m5ts presuppos$ 9 ! possessor ( a high-s*ool diploma4 ,!re are diff]5ces 9 high s*ools1 x is true1 & a high-s*ool diploma is n a fix$ /&>d ( atta9m5t2 b 9 ^! ,unit$ ,/ates x is "o ( ! mo/ def9ite & uni=m /&>ds t we possess1 & v>ies less ?an college degrees v>y or ?an elem5t>y s*ools & local /&>ds ( culture v>y4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impli$ 9 ! =ego+ rem>ks t ! high s*ool f :i* ! c&idate comes is kn[n to be a reputable s*ool1 & t its diploma is pro( ( ! completion ( a good f\r-ye>s' c\rse 9 a cr$itable mann]4 ,if ^! conditions d n exi/1 c>eful exam9ation is ! only rec\rse4 ,if ?is condition1 high-s*ool graduation or pro( by exam9ation ( equival5t s*ol>%ip1 be accept$1 ! que/ions ( ! age & atta9m5t to be rea*$ be=e ent]+ ^u pr(essional /udy & tra9+ are already settl$4 ,b if a m def9ite /atem5t be desir$1 !n x may be said t ! c&idate = admission to a normal or tra9+ s*ool %\ld be eighte5 ye>s ( age & %\ld h /udi$ ,engli%1 ma!matics1 & sci5ce to ! ext5t usually pursu$ 9 high s*ools1 %\ld be able to write readily1 correctly1 & me?odically ^u topics )9 ! tea*]'s necess>y range ( ?\ght & conv]sation1 & %\ld h /udi$1 = two or m ye>s1 at lea/ "o language besides ,engli%4 ,skill 9 music & draw+ is desirable1 p>ticul>ly ability to sket* readily & effectively4 ,tra9+ s*ools4 ,! tra9+ ( tea*]s may be done 9 normal s*ools1 normal classes 9 academies & high s*ools1 & 9 city tra9+ s*ools4 ,to all ^! ! g5]al t]m 8tra9+ s*ools0 w be appli$4 ,^? in/ruct$ 9 ^! s*ools w be call$ pupils :ile engag$ 9 pr(essional /udy1 & pupil-tea*]s or tea*]s-9-tra9+ :ile 9 practice-tea*+ prep>atory to graduation4 ,tea*]s ^: "w is to be obs]v$ by pupil-tea*]s w be call$ model-tea*]s2 tea*]s 9 *>ge ( pupil-tea*]s dur+ _! practice "w w be call$ critic-tea*]s4 ,9 "s in/itutions model-tea*]s & critic-tea*]s are ! same p]sons4 ,! /udies usually pursu$ 9 academies & high s*ools w be t]m$ academic1 & ^? po/-academic /udies to be pursu$ be=e or dur+ practice-tea*+ z a prep>ation !re= w be t]m$ pr(essional4 ,academic /udies4 ,:e!r academic /udies h any legitimate place 9 a normal or tra9+ s*ool is a "q mu* debat$4 ,x _c be suppos$ t y\r committee c settle 9 a p>agraph a "q ^u :i* _m essays h be5 writt51 _m spee*es deliv]$1 & ov] :i* mu* controv]sy has be5 wag$4 ,if tra9+ s*ools are to be di/+ui%$ f o!r second>y s*ools1 !y mu/ d a "w n done 9 o!r s*ools4 ,s f> z !y tea* common bran*es ( /udy1 !y are do+ :at o!r s*ools are do+1 & h small excuse = exi/5ce2 b x may be grant$ t me?ods c practically be taught only z to subjects1 t ! /udy done 9 pr(essional s*ools may s treat ( ! subjects ( /udy1 n z objects to be requir$1 b z objects to be pres5t$1 t _! treatm5t %all be :olly pr(essional4 ,"o :o is to tea* a subject ne$s to "k x z a :ole1 made up ( relat$ & subord9ate p>ts1 & h5ce mu/ /udy x by a me?od t w give ?is k4 ,x is n necess>y to press ! argum5t t _m pupils ent] normal & tra9+ s*ools ) su* slight prep>ation z to require in/ruction 9 academic subjects4 ,! college ) a prep>atory dep>tm5t is1 z a rule1 an in/itution ( di/9ctly l[] grade ?an "o )\t su* a dep>tm5t4 ,academic "w 9 normal s*ools t is ( ! nature ( prep>ation = pr(essional "w l[]s ! /&>d & p]haps ! usefulness ( su* a s*ool2 b academic "w done z a means ( illu/rat+ or en=c+ pr(essional tru? has its place 9 a pr(essional s*ool z 9 effect a "p ( ! pr(essional "w4 ,pr(essional /udy diff]s widely f academic /udy4 ,9 ! "o1 a sci5ce is /udi$ 9 its relation to ! /udy+ m9d2 9 ! o!r1 9 ref]5ce to its pr9ciples & applications4 ,! aim ( "o k9d ( /udy is p[] to apply2 ( ! o!r1 p[] to pres5t4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! "o is to br+ ! le>n] into sympa?y ) ! natural _w1 ( ! o!r ) ! *ild _w4 ,h[ mu* broad] becomes ! tea*] :o takes bo? ! academic & ! pr(essional view6 ,he :o le>ns t he may "k & he :o le>ns t he may tea* are /&+ 9 q diff]5t m5tal attitudes4 ,"o works = k ( subject-matt]1 ! o!r t 8 k may h due organization1 t he may br+ to consci\sness ! app]ceiv+ ideas by means ( :i* matt] & me?od may be suitably conjo9$4 ,h[ to /udy is k indisp5sable to kn[+ h[ to tea*4 ,! me?od ( tea*+ c be/ be illu/rat$ by tea*+4 ,! attitude ( a pupil 9 a tra9+ s*ool mu/ be t ( a le>n] ^: m5tal /ores are exp&+1 :o faces ! great _w ( k ) ! purpose to survey a portion ( x4 ,if we insi/ ^u a suffici5t prep>ation = admission1 ! "q ( :at /udies to pursue1 & especially ! controv]sy betwe5 pr(essional & academic "w1 w be ma9ly settl$4 ,pr(essional "w4 ,pr(essional tra9+ comprises two p>ts3 7a7 ,! sci5ce ( tea*+1 & 7b7 ! art ( tea*+4 ,9 ! sci5ce ( tea*+ are includ$3 7#a7 ,psy*ology z a basis = pr9ciples & me?ods2 7#b7 ,me?odology z a guide to in/ruction2 7#c7 ,s*ool economy1 :i* adju/s ! conditions ( "w2 & 7#d7 ,hi/ory ( education1 :i* gives bread? ( view4 ,! art ( tea*+ is be/ ga9$3 7#a7 by obs]vation ( good tea*+2 7#b7 by practice-tea*+ "u criticism4 ,relative "t4 ,! exi/5ce & importance ( ea* ( ^! elem5ts 9 ! tra9+ ( tea*]s are g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,_! ord] & proportionate treatm5t give rise to diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,"s w\ld omit ! practice "w entirely1 laun*+ ! "y tea*] ^u indep5d5t "w directly f h] pupilage 9 !ory4 ,o!rs1 & mu* ! great] numb]1 advise "s prep>ation 9 ! =m ( guid$ exp]i5ce be=e ! tra9+ be consid]$ complete4 ,^! v>y greatly 9 _! e/imate ( ! proportionate "t to be giv5 to practice dur+ tra9+4 ,! answ]s to ! "q 8,:at proportion80 :i* y\r committee has receiv$ range f "o-sixte5? to two-?irds z ! proportion ( "t to be giv5 to practice4 ,! great] numb]1 h[ev]1 advocate a division ( "t ab\t equal betwe5 !ory & practice4 ,! normal s*ools incl9e to ! smalle/ proportion = practice-tea*+1 ! city tra9+-s*ools to ! l>ge/4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t city tra9+-s*ools are a close cont9uation1 usually1 ( high s*ools1 & t ! high-s*ool c\rses give a m uni=m & probably a m adequate prep>ation ?an ! /ud5ts ent]+ normal s*ools h usually _h4 ,_! facilities = practice-tea*+ are mu* great] ?an normal s*ools c secure1 & = ?is reason also practice is made relatively m important4 ,z to ! relative m]its ( city tra9+-s*ools & normal s*ools1 y\r committee does n desire to express an op9ion2 ! conditions ( education dem& ! exi/5ce ( bo?1 & bo? are necessities ( educational advancem5t4 ,x is important to add1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! judgm5t ( y\r committee n less ?an half ( ! "t sp5t "u tra9+ by ! appr5tice-tea*] %\ld be giv5 to obs]vation & practice1 & t ?is practice 9 its conditions %\ld be z simil> z possible to ! "w %e w lat] be requir$ to d indep5d5tly4 ,sci5ce ( tea*+--psy*ology4 ,! laws ( app]ception tea* t "o is ready to appreh5d new tru? mo/ readily :5 he has already e/abli%$ a consid]able & well-arrang$ body ( ideas !reon4 ,sugge/ion1 obs]vation1 & reflection are ea* mo/ fruitful :5 a f\ndation ( antec$5t k has be5 provid$4 ,h5ce y\r committee recomm5ds t e>ly 9 _! c\rse ( /udy tea*]s 9 tra9+ assume z true ! well-kn[n facts ( psy*ology & ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( education1 & make _! lat] /udy & practice 9 ! light ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,^! pr9ciples ?us become ! norm ( educational ?\ght1 & _! tru? is cont9ually demon/rat$ by subsequ5t exp]i5ce4 ,f ?is "t !ory & practice %\ld proce$ toge!r 9 mutual aid & support4 ,mo/ fundam5tal & important ( ! pr(essional /udies :i* ought to be pursu$ by "o int5d+ to tea* is psy*ology4 ,?is /udy %\ld be pursu$ at two p]iods ( ! tra9+-s*ool c\rse1 ! beg9n+ & ! end1 & its pr9ciples %\ld be appeal$ to daily :5 n =mally /udi$4 ,! me?od ( /udy %\ld be bo? d$uctive & inductive4 ,! t]m9ology %\ld be e>ly le>n$ f a suitable text-book1 & significance giv5 to ! t]ms by introspection1 obs]vation1 & analysis4 ,p[] ( introspection %\ld be ga9$1 guidance 9 obs]vation %\ld be giv51 & confirmation ( psy*ological pr9ciples %\ld be s\ght on e h&4 ,! habit ( ?9k+ analytically & psy*ologically %\ld be =m$ by e tea*]4 ,at ! close ( ! c\rse a m pr(\nd & m completely inductive /udy ( physiological psy*ology %\ld be made4 ,9 ?is way1 a t5d5cy to inve/igate %\ld be enc\rag$ or creat$4 ,/udy ( *ildr54 ,mod]n educational ?\ght emphasizes ! op9ion t ! *ild1 n ! subject ( /udy1 is ! guide to ! tea*]'s ef=ts4 ,to "k ! *ild is ( p>am\nt importance4 ,h[ to "k ! *ild mu/ be an important item ( in/ruction to ! tea*] 9 tra9+4 ,! *ild mu/ be /udi$ z to 8 physical1 m5tal1 & moral condition4 ,is he 9 good heal?8 ,are 8 s5ses ( sight & he>+ normal1 or 9 :at degree abnormal8 ,:at is 8 temp]am5t8 ,:i* ( 8 faculties seem weak or dormant8 ,is he eye-m9d$ or e>-m9d$8 ,:at are 8 p[]s ( att5tion8 ,:at are 8 likes & dislikes8 ,h[ f> is 8 moral nature develop$1 & :at are its t5d5cies8 ,by :at te/s c ! degree ( diff]5ce betwe5 bright & dull *ildr5 be e/imat$8 ,to /udy effectively & obs]v+ly ^! & simil> que/ions respect+ *ildr5 is a high art4 ,no common-s5se p[] ( disc]n+ human nature is suffici5t2 ?\gh common s5se & sympa?y g a long way 9 su* /udy4 ,weigh+1 measur+1 elaborate inve/igation requir+ app>atus & laboratory me?ods1 are = exp]ts1 n tea*]s 9 tra9+4 ,above all1 x mu/ ev] be rememb]$ t ! *ild is to be /udi$ z a p]sonality & n z an object to be weigh$ or analyz$4 ,me?odology4 ,a "p ( ! "w "u ?is head mu/ be a /udy ( ! m5tal & moral effects ( diff]5t me?ods ( tea*+ & exam9ation1 ! relative value ( individual & class in/ruction at diff]5t p]iods ( s*ool life & 9 ! /udy ( diff]5t bran*es4 ,! art ( que/ion+ is to be /udi$ 9 its f\ndation pr9ciples & by ! illu/ration ( ! be/ examples4 ,"s review ( ! bran*es :i* are to be taught may be made1 mak+ ! tea*]'s k ( !m ready & di/9ct z to ! relations ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! subject to "o ano!r & ( ! :ole to k9dr$ subjects4 ,^! & _m su* subjects %\ld be discuss$ 9 ! class 9 p$agogy1 inve/igation %\ld be begun1 & ! l9es on :i* x c be foll[$ %\ld be di/9ctly laid d[n4 ,! laws ( psy*ology1 or ! capabilities & me?ods ( m9d-activity1 are !mselves ! fundam5tal laws ( tea*+1 :i* is ! act ( excit+ normal & pr(itable m9d-action4 ,beyond ^! fundam5tal laws1 ! pr9ciples ( education are to be d]iv$ inductively4 ,^! inductions :5 br\ght to te/ w be f\nd to be rational inf]5ces f psy*ological laws & ?us f\nd$ ^u & expla9$ by !m4 ,s*ool economy4 ,s*ool economy1 ?\gh a factor ( great importance 9 ! tea*]'s tra9+1 c be be/ /udi$ by ! tea*] ( "s maturity & exp]i5ce1 & is ( m value 9 ! equipm5t ( second>y ?an ( elem5t>y tea*]s4 ,only its outl9es & fundam5tal pr9ciples %\ld be /udi$ 9 ! ord9>y tra9+-s*ool4 ,hi/ory ( education4 ,bread? ( m9d consi/s 9 ! p[] to view facts & op9ions f ! /&po9ts ( o!rs4 ,x is ?is tru? :i* makes ! /udy ( hi/ory 9 a full1 appreciative way s influ5tial 9 giv+ m5tal bread?4 ,?is g5]al advantage ! hi/ory ( education has 9 /ill l>g] degree1 because our int]e/ 9 ! views & exp]i5ces ( ^? engag$ l u 9 tra9+ ! "y enables u to ent] m fully into _! ?\ghts & purposes ?an we c\ld into ^? ( ! w>rior or rul]4 ,f ! ef=ts ( ! man we imag9e 8 surr\nd+s1 :i*1 we contra/ ) our own4 ,to ! ab/ract elem5t ( !oretical tru? is add$ ! w>m human int]e/ we feel 9 ! h]o1 ! g5]\s p>tisan ( tru?4 ,! hi/ory ( education is p>ticul>ly full ( examples ( noble purpose1 advanc$ ?\ght1 & moral h]oism4 ,x is inspir+ to fill our m9ds ) ^! human ideals4 ,we read 9 ! success ( ! unpractical ,pe/alozzi ! aw>d made to self-sacrifice1 sympa?y1 & en?usiasm exp5d$ 9 giv+ application to a vital tru?4 ,b ) en?usiasm = ideals hi/ory gives u caution1 w>ns u aga9/ ! mov+ ( ! p5dulum1 & gives u po9ts ( dep>ture f :i* to measure progress4 ,x gives u c\rage to attack difficult problems4 ,x %[s :i* ! abid+ problems are--^? t c be solv$ only by wait+1 & n toss$ aside by a supreme ef=t4 ,x %[s u ! progress ( ! race1 ! *ang+ ideals ( ! p]fect man1 & ! means by :i* m5 h s\ght to realize ^! ideals4 ,we c f its /udy bett] answ] ! "q1 ,:at is education1 :at may x accompli%1 & h[ may its ideals be realiz$8 ,x gives ! evolution ( ! pres5t & expla9s anomalies 9 our "w4 ,& yet ! hi/ory ( education is n a subject to be treat$ ext5sively 9 a tra9+ s*ool4 ,all b ! outl9es may bett] be res]v$ = lat] pr(essional read+4 ,tra9+ 9 tea*+4 ,tra9+ to tea* requires 7#a7 s*ools = obs]vation1 & 7#b7 s*ools = practice4 ,( necessity1 ^! s*ools mu/ be sep>ate 9 purpose & 9 organization4 ,a practice-s*ool _c be a model s*ool4 ,! pupil-tea*]s %\ld h ! opportunity to obs]ve ! be/ models ( ! tea*+ art2 & ! mann]1 me?ods1 & devices ( ! model-tea*] %\ld be not$1 discuss$1 & ref]r$ to ! f\ndation pr9ciples on :i* !y re/4 ,all[able modifications ( ?is obs]v$ "w may be sugge/$ by ! pupil-tea*] & approv$ by ! tea*] 9 *>ge4 ,!re %\ld be select$ c]ta9 ( ! be/ tea*]s 9 regul> s*ool "w1 :om ! pupil-tea*]s may be s5t to obs]ve4 ,! pupil-tea*]s %\ld take no "p 9 ! s*ool "w nor cause any *ange !re94 ,!y %\ld1 h[ev]1 be told 9 advance by ! tea*] :at purpose %e seeks to accompli%4 ,?is excites expectation & br+s into consci\sness ! app]ceiv+ ideas by :i* ! sugge/ions ( ! ex]cise1 z !y develop1 may be seiz$ & assimilat$4 ,at fir/ ^! visits %\ld be made 9 company ) _! tea*] ( me?ods1 & ! "w ( a s+le class 9 "o subject %\ld be fir/ obs]v$4 ,aft] su* visits ! tea*] ( me?ods 9 ! giv5 subject %\ld discuss ) ! pupil-tea*]s ! "w obs]v$4 ,! pupil-tea*]s %\ld fir/ describe ! "w !y h se5 & specify ! excell5ces not$1 & tell :y ^! ?+ are comm5dable & ^u :at laws ( tea*+ !y are bas$4 ,next1 ! pupil-tea*]s %\ld "q ! tea*] ( me?ods z to ! cause1 purpose1 or influ5ce ( ?+s not$1 & matt]s ( d\btful propriety--if !re be su*--%\ld be consid]$4 ,!n ! tea*] 9 turn %\ld "q h] pupil-tea*]s z to matt]s t seem to h escap$ _! notice1 z to ! motive ( ! model-tea*]1 z to ! reason = ! ord] ( treatm5t1 or =m ( "q1 :]e9 lay ! m]it ( h] me?od1 ! secret ( h] p[]4 ,:5 pupil-tea*]s h made su* obs]vations sev]al times1 ) sev]al tea*]s1 & 9 sev]al subjects1 ! broad] inve/igation may be made z to ! organization ( "o ( ! model rooms1 its daily programme ( recitations & ( /udy1 ! me?ods ( discipl9e1 ! relations betwe5 pupils & tea*]1 ! 8s*ool _s10 ! s*ool movem5ts1 & class progress4 ,?is "w %\ld be done be=e tea*+ gr\ps or classes ( pupils is attempt$1 & %\ld =m an occasional ex]cise dur+ ! p]iod ( practice-tea*+ z a matt] ( relief & inspiration4 ,if an arti/ requires ! sugge/ive help ( a good example t /irs 8 own orig9ality1 :y %\ld n a tea*]8 ,! practice-s*ool4 ,dur+ ! c\rse 9 me?odology c]ta9 /eps prep>atory to practice-tea*+ may be tak54 #a4 ,! pupil-tea*] may analyze ! topic to be taught1 not+ ess5tials & incid5tals1 seek+ ! connections ( ! subject ) ! m5tal possessions ( ! pupils to be consid]$ & ! sequ5ces f ^! po9ts ( contact to ! k to be ga9$ "u in/ruction4 #b4 ,next1 plans ( lessons may be prep>$ & s]ies ( que/ions = tea*+ ! giv5 subjects4 #c4 ,giv+ lessons to fell[ pupil-tea*]s leads to famili>ity ) ! me*anism ( class "w1 su* z call+1 direct+1 & dismiss+ classes1 gives ! beg9n] ease & self-confid5ce1 leads to c>eful prep>ation ( lessons1 gives skill 9 ask+ que/ions1 & 9 ! use ( app>atus4 ,! practice-tea*+ %\ld be 9 ano!r s*ool1 pref]ably 9 a diff]5t build+1 & %\ld comm5ce ) gr\p-tea*+ 9 a recitation-room ap>t f ! s*oolroom4 ,actual tea*+ ( small gr\ps ( *ildr5 gives opportunity = ! /udy ( ! *ild-m9d 9 its ef=ts at reception & assimilation ( new ideas1 & %[s ! modifications 9 lesson plans t mu/ be made to adapt ! subject-matt] to ! *ild's ta/es & activities4 ,b ! indep5d5t *>ge = a consid]able "t ( a s*oolroom ) a full quota ( pupils1 ! pupil-tea*] & ! *ildr5 be+ mu* ( ! "t ! sole occupants ( ! room1--9 %ort1 ! realization ( ord9>y s*ool conditions1 ) ! opportunity to g = advice to a fri5dly critic1 is ! mo/ valuable practice2 & no practice %ort ( ?is c be consid]$ ( great value except z prep>ation = ?is *ief =m ( prep>atory practice4 ,all ?is "w %\ld h its due proportion only1 or evil may result4 ,= example1 lesson plans t5d to =malism1 to self-conceit1 to "w 9 few & n>r[ l9es1 to /udy ( subjects r ?an ( pupils2 lessons to fell[-pupils make "o self-consci\s1 h9d] ! gr[? ( en?usiasm 9 "w1 & are entirely b>r5 if c>ri$ beyond a v few ex]cises2 tea*+ gr\ps ( *ildr5 = consid]able "t unfits ! tea*] = ! d\ble burd5 ( discipl9e & in/ruction1 to be> bo? ( :i* simultane\sly & easily is ! tea*]'s greate/ difficulty & mo/ ess5tial p[]4 ,a critic-tea*] %\ld be appo9t$ to ! ov]sight ( two su* pupil-tea*]s1 ea* 9 *>ge ( a s*oolroom4 ,! critic may also sup]vise "o or m tea*]s practic+ = brief p]iods daily ) gr\ps ( *ildr54 ,! pupil-tea*]s are n[ to emphasize practice r ?an !ory1 to "w "u ! direction ( "o :o reg>ds ! int]e/s ( ! *ildr5 q z mu* z ^? ( ! tea*]-9-tra9+4 ,! critic mu/ admit ! pr9ciples ( education & g5]al me?ods taught by ! tea*] ( me?odology1 b %e may h h] own devices & ev5 special me?ods t ne$ n be ^? ( ! tea*] ( me?odology4 ,no h>m w come to ! tea*]s-9-tra9+ if !y le>n t pr9ciples mu/ be ass5t$ to by all1 b t me?ods may be> ! /amp ( ! p]sonality ( ! tea*]2 t all ?+s mu/ be consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( _! effect ^u ! pupils2 ! critic ma9ta9+ ! claims ( ! *ildr51 ! tea*] ( me?ods con=m+ to ! laws ( m9d & ! sci5ce ( ! subjects taught4 ,! critics mu/ tea* = _! pupil-tea*]s & %[ 9 action ! ju/ness ( _! sugge/ions4 ,9 ?is s5se !y are model-tea*]s z well z critics4 ,! critic %\ld1 at ! close ( s*ool1 meet h] pupil-tea*]s = a report ( _! exp]i5ces ?r\gh ! day3 ,:at !y h attempt$1 h[ !y h tri$ to d x1 :y !y did s1 & :at success !y ga9$4 ,advice z to ov]com+ difficulties1 enc\ragem5t "u trial1 caution if ne$ be1 help = ! "w ( to-morr[1 occupy ! h\r4 ,above all1 ! critic %\ld be a true fri5d1 a womanly & cultivat$ woman1 & an inspir+ companion1 ^: pres5ce is helpful to "w & improv+ to p]sonality4 ,l5g? ( tra9+-s*ool c\rse4 ,!re are ?ree elem5ts :i* det]m9e ! "t to be sp5t 9 a tra9+ s*ool--! "t giv5 to academic /udies1 ! "t giv5 to pr(essional /udies1 & ! "t giv5 to practice4 ,! sum ( ^! p]iods w be ! "t requir$ = ! tra9+ c\rse4 ,tak+ ^! 9 ! inv]se ord]1 let u consid] h[ mu* "t is requir$ = practice "w ) pupils4 ,! "t giv5 to lesson outl9es & practice ) fell[ pupil-tea*]s may be consid]$ a "p ( ! pr(essional /udy r ?an ( practice-tea*+4 ,! p]iod ( practice ) pupils mu/ n be too %ort1 :e!r we consid] ! int]e/s ( ! pupils or ( ! tea*]s-9-tra9+4 ,an ef=t is usually made to c\nt]act ! effect ^u ! *ildr5 ( a succession ( crude ef=ts ( tea*]s beg9n+ practice by /r5g!n+ ! tea*+ & sup]vision ?r\gh ! employm5t ( a consid]able numb] ( model & sup]visory tea*]s1 & by divid+ ! pupils into small gr\ps1 s t mu* individual "w c be done4 ,^! arrangem5ts1 :ile useful = _! purpose1 de/roy to a consid]able degree ! usual conditions "u :i* s*ool "w is to be done1 & t5d to r5d] ! tea*]s-9-tra9+ =mal & imitative4 ,! practice room %\ld be1 z f> z may be1 ! ord9>y s*ool1 ) ! difficulties & responsibilities t w be met lat]4 ,! responsibility = ord]1 discipl9e1 progress1 records1 reports1 communication ) p>5ts & s*ool au?orities1 mu/ fall fully ^u ! "y tea*]1 :o has a fri5dly assi/ant to :om %e c g = advice 9 ! p]son ( a wise & exp]i5c$ critic1 n con/antly at h&1 b con/antly )9 rea*4 ,betwe5 ! critic & ! tea*]-9-tra9+ !re %\ld exi/ ! mo/ cordial & famili> relations4 ,^! relations are bas$ on ! "o h& ^u an appreciation ( wisdom & k9dness1 on ! o!r1 ^u an appreciation ( s9c]ity & ef=t4 ,! gr[? ( su* relations1 & ! fruitage :i* foll[s _! gr[?1 require "t4 ,a half-ye> is n too long to be allott$ = !m4 ,dur+ ?is half-ye> exp]i5ce1 self-confid5ce & gr[? 9 p[] h be5 ga9$2 b ! pupil-tea*] is /ill n ready to be set aside to "w out h] own de/9y4 ,at ?is po9t %e is j ready = m>k$ advance1 :i* %\ld be help$ & guid$4 ,to rema9 long] ) h] critic fri5d may cause imitation r ?an indep5d5ce1 may lead to cont5tm5t & cessation ( gr[?4 ,%e %\ld n[ be transf]r$ to ! c>e ( a second critic ( a diff]5t p]sonality1 b ( equal m]it4 ,! new critic is b\nd by h] duty & h] ambition to see t ! fir/ half ye>'s advancem5t is ma9ta9$ 9 ! second4 ,! pupil-tea*] f9ds t excell5ce is n all ^u "o model4 ,! value ( individuality impresses h]4 ,%e ga9s a view ( solid pr9ciples wrapp$ 9 div]se *>act]i/ics4 ,h] own individuality rises to new importance1 & ! elem5ts ( a gr[? n at once to be *eck$ />t up )9 h]4 ,= ! c>e ( ! second critic a second half ye> mu/ be all[$1 :i* ext5ds ! practice "w ) pupils ?r\gh an entire s*ool ye>4 ,= ! !oretical "w a ye> is by g5]al exp]i5ce prov5 suffici5t4 ,! ideal tra9+ c\rse is1 !n1 "o ( two ye>s' l5g?4 ,provision = ! ext5d$ practice :i* is "h recomm5d$ c be made only by city tra9+-s*ools & by normal s*ools hav+ connection ) ! s*ools ( a city4 ,to set ap>t a build+ ( sev]al rooms z a s*ool ( practice w answ] ! purpose only :5 !re are v few tea*]s 9 tra9+4 ,9 ord] to give ea* pupil-tea*] a ye> ( practice ! numb] ( practice rooms mu/ equal ! numb] ( tea*]s to be graduat$ annually f ! tra9+-s*ool1 be ! numb] t51 fifty1 or five hundr$4 ,9 any consid]able city a s*ool = practice w n suffice2 _m s*ools = practice mu/ be secur$4 ,?is c be done by select+ "o excell5t tea*] 9 ea* ( a suffici5t numb] ( s*ool build+s1 & mak+ h] a critic-tea*]1 giv+ h] *>ge ( two s*oolrooms1 9 ea* ( :i* is plac$ a pupil-tea*] = tra9+4 ,?is insures t ! tra9+ %all be done z ne>ly z may be "u ord9>y conditions1 br+s ! pupil-tea*]s at once into ! g5]al body ( tea*]s1 makes ! corps ( critics a leav5 ( zeal1 & good tea*+ scatt]$ among ! s*ools4 ,?is body ( critics w uplift ! s*ools4 ,m capable 9 ! beg9n+ ?an ! av]age tea*]1 l$ to pr(essional /udy1 ambiti\s = ! be/ ?+s1 !y make great] progress ?an !y o!rwise w\ld d1 & are suffici5t 9 !mselves to inspire ! g5]al body ( tea*]s4 ,= ! sake ( ! pupil-tea*]s1 & ! *ildr51 too1 ?is plan is be/4 ,its economy also w readily be app>5t4 ,?is plan has be5 tri$ = sev]al ye>s 9 ! s*ools ( ,provid5ce1 ) results fully equal to ^? h]e9 claim$4 ,te/s ( success4 ,! te/s ( success 9 practice-tea*+ are 9 ! ma9 ^? to be appli$ to all tea*+4 ,d h] pupils gr[ m hone/1 indu/ri\s1 polite8 ,d !y admire _! tea*]8 ,does %e secure ob$i5ce & indu/ry only :ile dem&+ x1 or has %e influ5ce t rea*es beyond h] pres5ce8 ,d h] pupils ?9k well & talk well8 ,z to ! tea*] h]self3 ,has %e sympa?y & tact1 self-reliance & orig9ality1 bread? & int5sity8 ,is %e sy/ematic1 direct1 & bus9ess-l8 ,is %e c\rte\s1 neat 9 p]son & 9 "w8 ,has %e disc]nm5t ( "* & a j /&>d ( requirem5t & atta9m5t8 ,^! are "s ( ! que/ions "o mu/ answ] be=e he pron\nces any tea*] a success or a failure4 ,admission to a tra9+ s*ool assumes t ! pupil has good heal?1 good s*ol>%ip1 good s5se1 good ability1 & devotion to ! "w ( tea*+4 ,if all ^! cont9ue to be exhibit$ 9 satisfactory degree & ! pupil goes ?r\gh ! prescrib$ c\rse ( /udy & practice1 ! diploma ( ! s*ool %\ld naturally m>k ! completion ( ?is "w4 ,if x appe>s on acqua9tance t a s]i\s mi/ake has be5 made 9 e/imat+ any ( ^! elem5ts1 !n1 s soon z ! mi/ake is fairly app>5t & is probably a p]man5t condition1 ! pupil %\ld be reque/$ to )draw f ! "w4 ,?is is n a case :]e ! :eat & ! t>es %\ld gr[ toge!r until ! h>ve/ at graduation day or ! exam9ation prec$+ x4 ,) su* a f\ndation cont9ually ma9ta9$1 x is ! duty ( ! s*ool to conqu] success = ea* pupil4 ,tea*+ does n require g5ius4 ,inde$1 g5ius1 9 ! s5se ( erratic ability1 is out ( place 9 ! tea*]'s *air4 ,mo/ good tea*]s at ?is close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury are made1 n born2 made f good mat]ial well fa%ion$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a possibility t "s idiosyncrasy ( "*1 n readily discov]$ until ! te/ is made1 may rise betwe5 ! prospective tea*] & h] pupils1 mak+ h] influ5ce ov] !m small or h>mful4 ,su* a defect1 if x exi/1 w appe> dur+ ! practice-tea*+1 & ! critic w discov] x4 ,?is defect1 on its fir/ discov]y1 %\ld be pla9ly po9t$ out to ! tea*]-9-tra9+ & h] ef=ts %\ld be jo9$ ) ^? ( ! critic 9 its removal4 ,if ?is ef=t be a failure & ! defect be "o likely to h>m ! pupils h]eaft] to be taught1 !n ! tea*]-9-tra9+ %\ld be in=m$ & reque/$ to )draw f ! s*ool4 ,!re %\ld be no te/ at ! close ( ! s*ool c\rse to det]m9e fitness = graduation4 ,graduation %\ld f9d ! tea*] s]i\s 9 view ( h] responsibilities1 hopeful because %e has le>n$ h[ success is to be atta9$1 inspir$ ) ! belief t gr[? 9 h]self & 9 h] pupils is ! great dem& & ! great rew>d4 ,tra9+ ( tea*]s = second>y s*ools4 ,p]haps "o-six? ( ! great body ( public s*ool tea*]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are engag$ 9 second>y "w & 9 sup]vision4 ,^! are ! lead+ tea*]s4 ,!y give educational tone to communities1 z well z inspiration to ! body ( tea*]s4 ,x is ( great importance t !y be imbu$ ) ! pr(essional _s spr++ f s\nd pr(essional culture4 ,! v difficult & responsible positions t !y fill dem& ripe s*ol>%ip1 m ?an ord9>y ability1 & an intimate k ( ! p]iod ( adolesc5ce1 :i* ,r\sseau s aptly /yles ! second bir?4 ,! elem5t>y s*ools provide = ! education ( ! masses4 ,our second>y s*ools educate our social & bus9ess lead]s4 ,! c>e]s ( our college graduates1 :o ma9ly fill ! important places 9 pr(essional & political life1 are det]m9$ l>gely by ! ye>s ( second>y tra9+4 ,! college or univ]sity gives expansion & f9i%1 ! second>y s*ool gives "* & direction4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! sup]9t5d5ts ( public s*ools are l>gely tak5 f ! ranks ( second>y tea*]s1 & t ! s*ol>%ip1 qualities1 & tra9+ requir$ = ! "o class are ne>ly equival5t to t dem&$ = ! o!r4 ,our high s*ools1 too1 are ! s\rce ( supply = tea*]s 9 elem5t>y s*ools4 ,h5ce ! p$agogic influ5ces ex]t$ 9 ! high s*ool %\ld lead to excell5ce 9 elem5t>y tea*+4 ,! sup]9t5d5t :o ) long =esight looks to ! improvem5t ( 8 s*ools w labor e>ne/ly to improve & especially to pr(essionalize ! tea*+ 9 8 high s*ool4 ,! managem5t :i* makes ! high s*ool an indep5d5t portion ( ! s*ool sy/em1 m]ely atta*$ & l(tily sup]ior1 :i* limits ! sup]vision & influ5ce ( ! sup]9t5d5t to ! prim>y & gramm> grades1 is %ort-sight$ & de/ructive4 ,!re ought also to be a place & a plan = ! tra9+ ( tea*]s = normal s*ools4 ,! great body ( normal & tra9+ s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are second>y s*ools4 ,^? :o are to tea* 9 ^! s*ools ne$ broad s*ol>%ip1 ?or\gh und]/&+ ( educational problems1 & tra9$ exp]i5ce4 ,to put into ^! s*ools tea*]s ^: s*ol>%ip is t ( ! second>y s*ool & ^: tra9+ is t ( ! elem5t>y is to n>r[ & depress1 r ?an broad5 & elevate4 ,if college graduates are put directly into tea*+ )\t special /udy & tra9+1 !y w tea* z !y h be5 taught4 ,! me?ods ( college pr(essors are n 9 all cases ! be/1 &1 if !y 71 high s*ool pupils are n to be taught nor discipl9$ z college /ud5ts are4 ,high s*ool tea*+ & discipl9e c be t nei!r ( ! gramm> s*ool nor ( ! college1 b is sui g5]is4 ,to recognize ?is tru? & ! special diff]5ces is vital to success4 ,?is recognition comes only f mu* exp]i5ce at great loss & p>tial failure1 or by happy intuition n usually to be expect$1 or by def9ite in/ruction & direct$ practice4 ,success 9 tea*+ dep5ds ^u con=mity to pr9ciples1 & ^! pr9ciples are n a "p ( ! m5tal equipm5t ( e educat$ p]son4 ,^! consid]ations & o!rs are ! occasion ( a gr[+ conviction1 widespread 9 ?is l&1 t second>y tea*]s %\ld be tra9$ = _! "w ev5 m c>efully ?an elem5t>y tea*]s are tra9$4 ,?is conviction is manife/$ 9 ! ef=ts to secure normal s*ools adapt$ to tra9+ tea*]s = second>y s*ools1 notably 9 ,massa*usetts & ,new ,york1 & 9 ! num]\s pr(essor%ips ( p$agogy e/abli%$ 9 rapidly increas+ numb]s 9 our colleges & univ]sities4 ,! tra9+ ( tea*]s = second>y s*ools is 9 sev]al ess5tial respects ! same z t = tea*]s ( elem5t>y s*ools4 ,bo? dem& s*ol>%ip1 !ory1 & practice4 ,! degree ( s*ol>%ip requir$ = second>y tea*]s is by common cons5t fix$ at a collegiate education4 ,no "o--) r>e exceptions--%\ld be employ$ to tea* 9 a high s*ool :o has n ?is fundam5tal prep>ation4 ,x is n necess>y to ent] 9 detail into ! "w ( !oretical in/ruction = second>y tea*]s4 ,! able m5 at ! head ( in/itutions & dep>tm5ts design$ = su* "w nei!r ne$ nor desire advice ^u ?is matt]4 ,& yet = ! purposes ( ?is report x may be all[able to po9t out a plan = ! organization ( asecond>y tra9+ s*ool4 ,let x be suppos$ t two ess5tials h be5 f\nd 9 "o locality1 7#a7 a college or univ]sity hav+ a dep>tm5t ( p$agogy & a dep>tm5t ( po/-graduate "w2 7#b7 a high s*ool1 academy1 or prep>atory s*ool ^: manag]s are will+ to employ & pay a numb] ( graduate /ud5ts to tea* "u direction = a portion ( ea* day4 ,^! two conditions be+ met1 we w suppose t p$agogy is (f]$ z an elective to ! college s5iors4 ,two ye>s ( in/ruction 9 ! sci5ce & art ( tea*+ are to be provid$2 "o1 mo/ly !ory ) "s practice1 elective dur+ ! s5ior ye>2 ! o!r1 mo/ly practice ) "s !ory1 elective = "o ye> z po/-graduate "w4 ,dur+ ! s5ior ye> is to be /udi$3-- ,! sci5ce ( tea*+4 ,! elem5ts ( ?is sci5ce are3-- ,i4 ,psy*ology 9 its physiological1 app]ceptive1 & exp]im5tal features4 ,! p]iod ( adolesc5ce "h assumes ! prom95ce t *ildhood has 9 ! psy*ological /udy prep>atory to tea*+ 9 l[] s*ools4 ,?is is ! p]iod ( beg9n+s1 ! beg9n+ ( a m ambiti\s & g5]\s life1 a life hav+ ! future wrapp$ up 9 x2 a transition p]iod1 ( m5tal /orm & /ress1 9 :i* egoism gives way to altruism1 romance has *>m1 & ! social1 moral1 & religi\s feel+s bud & bloom4 ,to guide y\? at ?is =mative /age1 9 :i* an active f]m5tation occurs t may give w9e or v9eg> accord+ to conditions1 requires a deep & sympa!tic nature1 & t k ( ! *ang+ life :i* supplies guidance wise & adequate4 ,,ii4 ,me?odology3 ,a discussion ( ! pr9ciples ( education & ( ! me?ods ( tea*+ ! /udies ( ! second>y s*ools4 ,,iii4 ,s*ool economy %\ld be /udi$ 9 a mu* wid] & m ?or\gh way ?an is requir$ = elem5t>y tea*]s4 ,! s*ool sy/ems ( ,g]many1 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ! lead+ sy/ems ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld also be /udi$4 ,,iv4 ,hi/ory ( education1 ! trac+ ( mod]n doctr9e back to its s\rces2 ^? /reams ( influ5ce n[ fl[+ & ^? t h disappe>$ 9 ! s&s ( ! c5turies4 ,v4 ,! philosophy ( education z a division ( an all-involv+ philosophy ( life & ?\ght 9 :i* unity is f\nd4 ,! art ( tea*+4 ,?is includes obs]vation & practice4 ,! obs]vation %\ld include ! "w ( diff]5t grades & ( diff]5t localities1 ) m9ute & se>*+ comp>ison & reports ^u special topics4 ,h[ does excell5t prim>y "w diff] f excell5t gramm> grade "w8 ,h[ d ! /&>ds ( excell5ce diff] betwe5 gramm> grades & high s*ool grades8 ,betwe5 high s*ool & college "w8 ,:at are ! argum5ts = & aga9/ co-education 9 second>y s*ools1 z det]m9$ by exp]i5ce8 ,:at are ! upp] & l[] limits ( second>y education z det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! pupil's ef=ts8 ,9 ! college class 9 p$agogy mu* m ?an 9 ! elem5t>y normal s*ool c ! class itself be made to af=d a means ( practice to its memb]s4 ,quizzes may be conduct$ by /ud5ts ^u ! *apt]s ( ! books read or ! lectures ( ! pr(essors4 ,^! ex]cises may h = _! object review1 or improv$ /atem5t1 or enl>g$ inf]5ce & application1 & !y af=d an ample opportunity to cultivate ! art ( que/ion+1 skill 9 :i* is ! tea*]'s mo/ ess5tial accompli%m5t4 ,! head ( ! dep>tm5t ( p$agogy w1 ( c\rse1 pres5t ! ess5tial me?ods ( tea*+1 & ! heads ( o!r dep>tm5ts may lecture on me?ods p]ta9+ to _! subject ( /udy2 or second>y tea*]s ( kn[n success may /ill bett] pres5t ! me?ods n[ approv$ 9 ! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( second>y "w4 ,po/-graduate ye>4 ,to ^? graduates :o h elect$ p$agogy 9 _! s5ior ye> may be (f]$ ! opportunity ( fur!r /udy 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 ) su* o!r po/-graduate "w z ta/e & opportunity p]mit4 ,f ^? select+ advanc$ "w 9 p$agogy ! bo>d 9 *>ge ( ! affiliat$ second>y s*ool %\ld elect z _m tea*]s = its s*ool z are ne$$1 employ+ !m = two-?irds "t at "o-half ! usual pay = tea*]s )\t exp]i5ce4 ,"u ! pr(essor ( p$agogy ( ! college1 ! pr9cipal1 & ! heads ( dep>tm5ts ( ! s*ool ^! /ud5t-tea*]s %\ld d _! "w1 receiv+ advice1 criticism1 & illu/ration z occasion requires4 ,! "t = :i* !y are employ$ w\ld provide = two h\rs ( class "w & ab\t "o h\r ( cl]ical "w or /udy :ile 9 *>ge ( a s*oolroom4 ,^! /ud5t-tea*]s %\ld be giv5 abundant opportunity = ! *>ge ( pupils :ile recit+ or /udy+1 at recess & dismissals1 & %\ld h all ! responsibilities ( memb]s ( ! faculty ( ?is s*ool4 ,_! "w %\ld be inspect$ z frequ5tly z may be by ! heads ( ! dep>tm5ts 9 :i* !y tea*1 by ! pr9cipal ( ! s*ool1 & by ! pr(essor ( p$agogy4 ,^! appo9tm5ts w\ld be virtually fell[%ips ) an opportunity = mo/ pr(itable exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! aft]noon ( ea* day ^! /ud5ts %\ld att5d to college "w & especially to in/ruction f ! pr(essor 9 p$agogy1 :o c\ld meet !m occasionally ) ! heads ( ! dep>tm5ts "u ^: direction !y are work+4 ,on ,saturdays a sem9>y ( two h\rs' duration might be held1 conduct$ by ! pr(essor ( p$agogy & att5d$ by ! /ud5t-tea*]s & ! m ambiti\s tea*]s ( exp]i5ce 9 ! vic9ity4 ,^! sem9>ies w\ld1 d\btless1 be ( great pr(it to bo? classes ( p>ticipants1 & ! great] to ea* because ( ! o!r4 7,su* a tra9+ s*ool = second>y tea*]s 9 connection ) ,br[n ,univ]sity & ! ,provid5ce high s*ool is contemplat$ = ! com+ ye>47 ,x w n be ne$ful to specify fur!r ! advantages to ! /ud5t-tea*]s4 ,! arrangem5t likewise af=ds advantage to ! affiliat$ s*ool1 especially 9 ! bread? ( view ?is "w w\ld af=d to ! heads ( dep>tm5ts1 ! int5se desire x w\ld beget 9 !m = pr(essional skill1 ! numb] ( p]plex+ problems :i* x w\ld =ce !m to attempt ! solution (4 ,! visits ( ! pr(essor ( p$agogy1 & ! con/ant comp>ison he w\ld make betwe5 actual & ideal conditions1 w\ld lead him to seek ! improvem5t1 n only ( ! /ud5ts 9 practice1 b ( ! s*ool z a :ole4 ,:5 sev]al e>ne/ & capable p unite 9 a mutual ef=t to improve !mselves & _! "w1 all ! ess5tial conditions ( progress are pres5t4 ,,horace ,s4 ,,t>bell1 ,*airman1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,edw>d ,,brooks1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,?omas ,m4 ,,balliet1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,,newton ,c4 ,,d\gh]ty1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ,peoria1 ,ill4 ,,osc> ,h4 ,,coop]1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ,galve/on1 ,tex4 ,diss5t f ,dr4 ,h>ris' ,report4 ,,by ,,james ,m4 ,,gre5wood1 ,,( ,,kansas ,,city4 ,i diss5t f ! majority report ( ! ,committee 9 reg>d to ! foll[+ po9ts3-- ,ari?metic #a4 ,,z ,,to ,,fractions3 ,9 tea*+ ari?metic !re does n exi/ any great] difficulty 9 gett+ small *ildr5 to grasp ! nature ( ! fraction z su* ?an 9 gett+ !m to grasp ! idea ( ! simpl] :ole numb]s4 ,x is true t ! fractions 1 1 1 etc41 z symbols1 are a little m complex ?an are ! s+le digits2 b z to ! real mean+1 :5 once ! fractional idea has be5 prop]ly develop$ by ! tea*] & ! significance ( ! idea appreh5d$ by ! pupil1 x is z easily und]/ood z any o!r simple tru?4 ,*ildr5 get ! idea ( half1 ?ird1 or qu>t] ( _m ?+s long be=e !y ent] s*ool1 & !y w z readily le>n to add1 subtract1 multiply1 & divide fractions z !y w :ole numb]s4 ,9 us+ fractions !y w draw diagrams & pictures repres5t+ ! processes ( "w z quickly & easily z !y illu/rate simil> "w ) integ]s4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 assum$ t ! tea*] kn[s h[ to tea* ari?metic to *ildr51 or r1 h[ to tea* ! *ildr5 h[ to tea* !mselves4 ,!re is really no valid argum5t :y *ildr5 9 ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? ye>s 9 s*ool %\ld n ma/] ! fundam5tal op]ations 9 fractions4 ,n only ?is1 !y w put ! m common fractions into ! te*nique ( p]c5tage1 & d ?is z well 9 ! second & ?ird grades z at any o!r "t 9 _! future progress4 ,!re is only "o new idea involv$ 9 ?is op]ation1 & t consi/s 9 giv+ an additional t]m--p] c5t4--to ! fractional symbol4 ,:5 "o numb] is a "p ( ano!r1 x may be reg>d$ z a fractional "p or z su* a p] c5t4 ( x4 ,a great deal ( p]c5tage is ?us le>n$ by ! pupils e>ly 9 ! c\rse4 ,*ildr5 are n hurt by le>n+4 ,/&+ /ill & lo/ motion kill4 ,e recitation %\ld rea* ! full sw+ ( ! le>n]'s m9d1 includ+ all 8 acquisitions on any giv5 topic4 ,b if ! tea*+ ( fractions be def]r$1 z x usually is 9 mo/ s*ools1 ! "t may be mat]ially %ort5$ by tea*+ addition & subtraction ( fractions toge!r4 ,?is is simple en\gh if diff]5t fractions hav+ common d5om9ators are us$ at fir/1 su* z #f_/b #e_/b 81 & #f_/b - #e_/b 8 ,!n ! next /ep1 aft] suffici5t drill on ?is case1 is to take two fractions 7simple7 ( diff]5t units ( value1 z 81 & - 8 ,multiplication & division may be treat$ simil>ly4 ,9 decimals1 ! pupil is really confront$ by a simpl] =m ( fractions ?an ! v>i$ =ms ( common fractions4 ,devices & illu/rations ( a mat]ial k9d are necess>y to build up 9 ! pupil's m9d at ! beg9n+ a cle> concept ( a t5?1 etc41 etc41 & !n to %[ t "o-t5? writt5 z a decimal is only a %or?& way ( writ+ #a_/aj z a common fraction1 & s on4 ,he sees v soon t ! decimal is only a %or?& common fraction1 & ?is notion he mu/ hold to4 ,?is is ! vital po9t 9 decimals4 ,! idea t !y c be *ang$ into common fractions & ! rev]se at w e/abli%es ! fact 9 ! pupil's m9d t !y are common fractions & n uncommon ones4 ,fix+ ! decimal po9t w1 9 a %ort "t1 take c>e ( itself4 ,9 tea*+ ari?metic ! /eps are3 7#a7 develop+ ! subject till ea* pupil gets a cle> conception ( x2 7#b7 necess>y drill to fix ! process2 7#c7 connect+ ! subject ) all t has prec$$ x2 7#d7 its applications2 7#e7 ! pupil's ability to sum up cle>ly & concisely :at he has le>n$4 #b4 ,,z ,,to ,,abridgm5t3 ,"u ?is head1 ,i hold t a c\rse 9 ari?metic1 includ+ simple numb]s1 fractions1 tables ( weights & measures1 p]c5tage1 & int]e/1 & num]ical op]ations 9 p[]s1 does n fit a pupil to beg9 ! /udy ( algebra4 ,t :ile he may c>ry ! book "u 8 arm to ! s*oolroom1 he is too poorly equipp$ to make headway on ?is subject1 & in/ead ( f9i%+ up algebra 9 a reasonable l5g? ( "t1 he is kept too long at x1 ) a /rong probability ( 8 becom+ disgu/$ ) x4 ,!re are subjects1 h[ev]1 9 ! common s*ool ari?metic t may be dropp$ out ) great advantage1 to wit1 all b ! simple/ ex]cises 9 comp\nd int]e/1 =eign ex*ange1 all =eign moneys 7except ref]5ce tables ( values71 annuities1 alligation1 progression2 & ! entire subjects ( p]c5tage & int]e/ %\ld be cond5s$ into ab\t tw5ty pages4 ,cancellation1 factor+1 proportion1 evolution1 & involution %\ld be reta9$4 ,cancellation & factor+ %\ld be /rongly emphasiz$1 ow+ to _! imm5se value 9 %ort5+ "w 9 ari?metic1 algebra1 & 9 m advanc$ subjects4 ,"s drill 9 ! ,metric ,sy/em %\ld n be omitt$4 #c4 ,,z ,,to ,,m5tal ,,ari?metic3 ,till ! end ( ! f\r? ye> ! pupil does n ne$ a text-book ( m5tal ari?metic4 ,s f> 8 "w 9 ari?metic %\ld be ab\t equally divid$ betwe5 writt5 & m5tal4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? ye>1 9 addition to 8 writt5 ari?metic1 he %\ld beg9 a m5tal ari?metic & cont9ue x ?ree ye>s1 recit+ at lea/ f\r m5tal ari?metic lessons ea* week4 ,! l5g? ( ! recitation %\ld be tw5ty m9utes4 ,a pupil well drill$ 9 m5tal ari?metic at ! end ( ! sev5? ye>1 if ! s*ool age beg9s at six1 is f> bett] prep>$ to /udy algebra ?an ! "o :o has n _h su* a drill4 ,!re are a few problems 9 ari?metic t c be solv$ m easily by algebra ?an by ! ord9>y processes ( ari?metic1 b !re are _m num]ical problems 9 equations ( ! fir/ degree t c be m easily h&l$ by m5tal ari?metic ?an by algebra4 ,to attack ari?metical problems by algebra is v mu* l us+ a trem5d\s lev] to lift a fea!r4 ,^? :o h f\nd a great /umbl+-block 9 ari?metical 8conundrums0 h1 if ! inside facts 7 kn[n1 be5 look+ 9 ! wrong direction4 ,a defici5cy ( 8numb]-bra9-cells0 w af=d an adequate explanation4 #d4 ,,re>rangem5t ,,( ,,subjects3 ,!re %\ld be a re>rangem5t ( ! topics 9 ari?metic s t "o subject naturally leads up to ! next4 ,z an illu/ration1 x is easily se5 t :ole numb]s & fractions c be treat$ toge!r1 & t ) ,u4 ,s4 money1 :5 ! dime is rea*$1 is ! prop] "t to beg9 decimals1 & t :5 a 8squ>e0 9 surface measure fir/ comes up1 ! next /ep is ! squ>e ( a numb] z well z its squ>e root1 & t solid measure logically l&s ! le>n] among cubes & cube-roots4 ,:5 he le>ns t #agbh cubic in*es make "o cubic foot he is prep>$ to f9d ! edge ( ! cube4 ,:at is meant "h is po9t+ ! way to ! next above4 ,all dep5ds ^u ! tea*]'s ability to lead ! pupil to see conditions & relations4 ,my cont5tion is t tru?1 s f> z "o is capable ( tak+ hold ( x :5 x is prop]ly pres5t$1 is always a simple affair4 #e4 ,,z ,,to ,,algebra3 ,if algebra be comm5c$ at ! middle ( ! sev5? ye>1 let ! pupil g at x 9 e>ne/1 & keep at x till he has ma/]$ x4 ,"h ! be/ opportunities w be af=d$ him to connect 8 algebraic k to 8 ari?metical k4 ,he builds ! "o on top ( ! o!r4 ,! skillful tea*] always insi/s t ! le>n] %all e/abli% & ma9ta9 ?is relation%ip betwe5 ! two subjects4 ,to swit* ar\nd ! o!r way appe>s to me to be ! same z to omit c]ta9 ex]cises 9 ! common algebra1 because !y are m briefly & elegantly treat$ 9 ! calculus4 ,x is admitt$ t a high] bran* ( ma!matics (t5 ?r[s mu* light on ! l[] bran*es1 b ^! side-lights %\ld be employ$ = ! purpose ( lead+ ! le>n] onw>d to broad] g5]alizations4 ,unless "o sees ! l[] cle>ly1 ! high] is obscure4 ,build solidly ! f\ndation on ari?metic--writt5 & m5tal--& ! high] bran*es w be m easily ma/]$ & "t sav$4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 tea*+ ?is bran* 9 ! public s*ools1 !re does n appe>1 s f> z ,i c see1 any sub/antial reason :y ! pupils %\ld n /udy & recite ! hi/ory ( ! ,rebellion 9 ! same mann] t !y d ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,! pupils discuss ! late w> & ! causes t l$ to x ) an imp>tiality ( feel+ t speaks m = _! good s5se & cle> judgm5t ?an any o!r way by :i* _! k c be te/$4 ,!y may n get hold ( all ! causes involv$ 9 t conflict1 b !y get en\gh to und]/& ! motives :i* caus$ ! armies to fight s h]oically1 & :y ! p1 bo? ,nor? & ,s\?1 /ak$ ev]y?+ on ! issue4 ,j z ! m5 :o fac$ ea* o!r = f\r ye>s & met s (t5 9 a dea? grapple w sit d[n n[ & quietly talk ov] _! trials1 suff]+s1 & conflicts1 s d _! *ildr5 talk ov] ^! same /irr+ sc5es4 ,!y1 too1 s f> z my exp]i5ce ext5ds1 are s+ul>ly free f bitt]ness & prejudice4 ,x is c]ta9ly a p]iod ( hi/ory t !y %\ld /udy4 ,! spell+-book4 ,9 addition to ! 8spell+-li/s10 ,i w\ld supplem5t ) a good spell+-book4 ,s f>1 no 8^w-li/10 h[ev] well select$1 has suppli$ ! place ( a spell+-book4 ,all ^? s*ools t ?rew out ! spell+-book & und]took to tea* spell+ incid5tally or by ^w-li/s fail$1 & = ! same reason t gramm>1 ari?metic1 geography1 & o!r bran*es _c be taught incid5tally z ! pupil or ! class reads ,rob9son ,crusoe1 or any simil> "w4 ,x is an indep5d5t /udy & z su* %\ld be pursu$4 ,,by ,,*>les ,b4 ,,gilb]t1 ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul4 ,:ile affix+ my signature to ! report ( ?is ,committee1 z express+ sub/antial agreem5t ) mo/ ( its lead+ propositions1 ,i beg leave also to indicate my diss5t f c]ta9 ( its recomm5dations & to sugge/ c]ta9 additions :i*1 9 my judgm5t1 ! report requires4 #a4 ,!re are o!r =ms ( true correlation :i* %\ld be includ$ ) ! f\r m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! report & :i* %\ld be z cle>ly & fully treat$ z are ^! f\r4 ,! fir/ is t =m ( correlation :i* is popul>ly und]/ood by ! "n1 & :i* is also call$ by "s writ]s conc5tration1 co-ord9ation1 unification1 & alludes 9 g5]al to a division ( /udies into cont5t & =m2 by cont5t mean+ t ^u :i* x is fitt+ t ! m9d ( ! *ild %\ld dwell1 & by =m ! means or modes ( expression by :i* ?\ghts are communicat$4 ,or1 x may be ?us express$3 ,! true cont5t ( education is 7#a71 philosophy or ! k ( man z to 8 motives & hidd5 spr+s ( action indicat$ 9 hi/ory & lit]ature1 & 7#b7 sci5ce1 ! k ( nature1 & its manife/ations & laws4 ,its =m is art1 :i* is ! delib]ate1 purposeful1 & effective expression to o!rs ( t :i* has be5 produc$ )9 man by contact ) o!r m5 & ) nature1 & is commonly ref]r$ to z divid$ into v>i\s arts1 su* z read+1 writ+1 draw+1 mak+1 & model+4 ,! relation ( cont5t & =m is t ( pr9ciple & subord9ate1 ! latt] receiv+ its *ief value f ! =m]4 ,9 a true education !y are s pres5t$ to ! m9d ( ! *ild t he in/9ctively & unconsci\sly grasps ?is relation & is !reby lift$ into a high] plane ( ?9k+ & liv+ ?an if ! v>i\s arts are taught1 z !y too commonly are1 )\t ref]5ce to a noble cont5t4 ,?is relation ( =m to cont5t is vaguely ref]r$ to 9 ! report1 b n[h]e def9itely treat$4 ,x seems to me t x is a true =m ( correlation1 &1 z su*1 des]ves special & def9ite treatm5t4 ,moreov]1 x is at pres5t mu* 9 ! m9ds ( ! tea*]s ( ?is c\ntry1 (t5 9 =ms t are mislead+ & h>mful4 ,! fact t x adds ! important elem5t ( int]e/ to ! dry details ( common s*ool life makes x especially attractive to progressive & e>ne/ tea*]s1 & ?is ,committee %\ld recognize its importance & make su* an utt]ance ^u x z w guide ! av]age tea*] to a cle> compreh5sion ( its mean+ & to a wise use ( x 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,second1 !re is a /ill high] =m ( correlation :i* is def9itely ref]r$ to lat] 9 ! report z t 8( ! sev]al bran*es ( human le>n+ 9 ! unity ( ! spiritual view furni%$ by religion to our civilization40 ,?is 9 ! report is assign$ absolutely to ! prov9ce ( high] education4 ,:ile ,i d n wi% to diss5t :olly f ?is view1 s9ce x is d\btless true t ?is high] unity _c be compreh5sively /at$ = ! use ( a *ild1 yet a wise tea*] c s pres5t subjects to ev5 a "y *ild t a s5se ( ! unity ( all k w1 to a c]ta9 degree1 be unconsci\sly develop$ 9 8 m9d4 ,9 reg>d to c]ta9 ( ! great divisions ( human k1 ?is relation is s evid5t t !y _c be prop]ly pres5t$ at all unless ! relation be made cle>4 ,su* /udies are hi/ory & geography4 #b4 ,! recomm5dations ^u ! subject ( language %\ld be broad5$ to cov] ! production ( good ,engli% by ! *ild himself1 ) ! sugge/ion ( suitable topics & prop] me?ods4 ,?is report conf9es itself to ! absorptive side ( education & ignores t developm5t ( p[] ov] nature1 man1 & self1 :i* comes f free ex]cise ( faculties & free expression ( ?\ght4 ,! /udy ( language z some?+ = ! *ild to use himself1 ! great means by :i* he is to ass]t 8 place 9 civilization1 & ex]t 8 influ5ce = good1 is n[h]e ref]r$ to except 9 ! vague/ way4 ,?is /atem5t 9 reg>d to language applies almo/ equally well to draw+1 & "h is made evid5t ! importance ( ! =m ( correlation to :i* ,i h j ref]r$4 ,! prop] mat]ial = ! tra9+ ( ! *ild 9 expression is t :i* is furni%$ by ! /udy ( man & nature4 ,8 m9d be+ fill$ ) high !mes1 he ass]ts 8 individuality1 expresses himself 9 reg>d to !m1 & !reby ga9s at once bo? a clos] & cle>] compreh5sion ( :at he has /udi$1 & also ! p[] by :i* he may become a factor 9 8 g5]ation4 #c4 ,i w\ld wi% to omit ! ^w 8weekly0 :]e x occurs 9 ! discussion ( ! subjects ( g5]al hi/ory & sci5ce1 unless x be und]/ood to mean t an am\nt ( "t 9 ! s*ool ye> equival5t to sixty m9utes weekly be giv5 to ea* ( ^! subjects4 ,x is (t5 bett] to cond5se ^! /udies into c]ta9 portions ( ! ye>1 giv+ m "t to !m ea* week1 & us+ !m z ! basis1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ( language "w4 ,i believe t1 especially ) "y *ildr51 cle>] concepts are produc$ by su* connect$ /udy1 pursu$ = few] weeks1 ?an by lessons sev5 days ap>t4 #d4 ,9 my judgm5t manual tra9+ %\ld n be limit$ to ! sev5? & eigh? grades1 b %\ld beg9 9 ! k9d]g>t5 ) ! simple /udy ( =m f objects & ! reproduction 9 pap] ( ! objects pres5t$1 & %\ld ext5d1 9 a s]ies ( c>efully grad$ lessons1 ?r\gh all ! grades1 leav+1 h[ev]1 ! heavi] tools1 su* z ! plane1 = ! sev5? & eigh? grades4 ,by ^! means an int]e/ is kept up 9 ! v>i\s human indu/ries1 sympa?y = all labor is creat$1 & a c]ta9 degree ( skill is develop$2 moreov]1 ! int]e/ ( ! pupils 9 _! s*ool is greatly enhanc$4 ,manual tra9+ has (t5 prov$ ! magnet by :i* boys at ! re/less age h be5 kept 9 s*ool in/ead ( leav+ = "s ga9ful occupation4 #e4 ,i desire to sugge/ t geometry may be s taught z to be a bett] ma!matical /udy ?an algebra to succe$ or accompany ari?metic 9 ! sev5? & eigh? grades4 ,i d n ref] p>ticul>ly to inv5tional geometry1 to :i* ! ,committee accords a slight+ att5tion1 b to con/ructive geometry & ! simple/ propositions 9 demon/rative geometry1 ?us involv+ ! compreh5sion ( ! elem5t>y geometric =ms & _! m obvi\s relations4 ,?is /udy may be made ( special int]e/ 9 connection ) manual tra9+ & draw+1 :ile x pres5ts few] difficulties to ! immature m9d ?an ! ab/ractions ( algebra1 s9ce x connects m directly ) ! concrete1 by :i* its pres5tation may (t5 be aid$4 #f4 ,:ile agree+ fully ) ! majority ( ! ,committee t ! full sci5tific me?od %\ld n be appli$ to ! /udy ( elem5t>y sci5ce by "y *ildr51 yet ,i am compell$ to favor m ( exp]im5tation & obs]vation by ! *ild1 & less ( tell+ by ! tea*] ?an ! report w\ld seem to favor4 #g4 ,i w\ld g f>!r ?an ! majority ( ! ,committee1 & insi/ t1 except 9 r>e cases1 !re %\ld be no specialization ( ! tea*+ =ce bel[ ! high s*ool1 & t ev5 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! high s*ool1 s f> z possible1 specialization %\ld be subord9at$ to a g5]al c>e ( ! *ild's welf>e & ov]sight ( 8 me?ods ( /udy1 :i* are impossible :5 a corps ( tea*]s give in/ruction1 ea* 9 "o subject1 & see ! /ud5t only dur+ ! h\r ( recitation4 #h4 ,:ile 9 ! ma9 ,i agree ) ! bald /atem5ts "u ! head 8,correlation by syn!sis ( /udies10 s9ce ref]5ce is made to only a v artificial mode ( syn!sis n at all 9 vogue 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,i mu/ diss5t emphatically f ?is portion ( ! report z by inf]5ce condemn+ a mo/ important dep>tm5t ( correlation1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$ e>li]4 ,! doctr9e ( conc5tration is n necess>ily artificial2 r x ref]s to ! high] unity1 ( :i* ?is ,committee has spok5 9 gl[+ t]ms z belong+ to ! prov9ce ( high] education4 ,x also includes ! division ( ! s*ool curriculum into cont5t & =m1 :i* ?is ,committee inf]5tially adopts 9 its treatm5t ( language4 ,i d n believe1 any m ?an d ! majority ( ! ,committee1 t ! entire c\rse ( /udy c be lit]ally & exactly c5tr$ ab\t a s+le subject1 nor d ,i believe 9 any artificial correlation2 b !re is a natural relation ( all kn[l$ges1 :i* ?is ,committee admits 9 v>i\s places1 & :i* is ! basis ( a prop] syn!sis ( /udies1 accord+ to ! psy*ological pr9ciple ( app]ception4 #i4 ,if by ! t]m 8oral10 z appli$ to lessons 9 biography & 9 natural sci5ce1 ! ,committee means1 z ! ^w w\ld imply1 t ! in/ruction is to be giv5 9 ! =m ( lectures by ! tea*]1 ,i _c 9 full agree ) ! ,committee's conclusions4 ,z ,i h already /at$1 9 natural sci5ce ! "w %\ld be l>gely t ( obs]vation1 & 9 hi/ory & biography1 :ile 9 ! v l[e/ grades ! tea*]s %\ld tell ! *ildr5 /ories1 z soon z x is possible ! desir$ in=mation %\ld be obta9$ by ! /ud5t ?r\gh read+4 ,to ?is end ! read+ lesson 9 s*ool %\ld be prop]ly correlat$ ) 8 o!r /udies1 & he %\ld be advis$ z to 8 home read+4 ,! in=mation ?us obta9$ %\ld be ! subject ( conv]sation 9 ! class1 & %\ld furni% ! mat]ial = mu* ( ! writt5 language "w ( ! *ildr54 #aj4 ,i mu/ diss5t emphatically & entirely f t portion ( ! report :i* recomm5ds t a text-book 9 gramm> be introduc$ into ! fif? ye> ( ! *ild's s*ool life4 ,x is a "q 9 my m9d :e!r x w\ld n be bett] if ! text-book 7 n introduc$ into ! grades bel[ ! high s*ool at all4 ,c]ta9ly x %\ld n appe> be=e ! sev5? ye>4 ,su* k ( gramm> z w famili>ize ! *ild ) ! /ructure ( ! s5t5ce1 ! basis ( all language & z w enable him to use correctly =ms ( spee* :i* ! necessities ( expression require1 %\ld be giv5 orally by ! tea*] 9 connection ) ! *ild's writt5 "w1 :5 ne$$2 b aga9/ ! introduction ( a text-book ^u gramm>1 ! mo/ ab/ruse ( all ! subjects ( ! s*ool curriculum1 :5 ! pupil is n m ?an t5 ye>s old1 ,i mu/ prote/4 ,in/ead ( t1 ! *ild %\ld devote mu* "t1 "s e day1 to writ+ ^u prop] !mes 9 ! be/ ,engli% he c comm&1 furni%+ occasion to ! tea*] to correct su* errors z he may make1 & acquir+ by use acqua9tance ) ! correct =ms ( gramm>4 ,if1 z w d\btless be ! case 9 mo/ cities1 local conditions r5d] ! introduction ( ,lat9 into ! eigh? grade inadvisable1 ?is /udy ( gramm> may be made 9 t grade some:at m int5sive4 #aa4 ,if by a text-book 9 geography is meant t :i* is commonly und]/ood by ! t]m1 & n simply geographical read+ matt]1 9 my judgm5t1 x %\ld n be introduc$ e>li] ?an ! fif? ye>4 ,^! sugge/ions & expressions ( diss5t1 if approv$ by ! ,committee1 w\ld necessitate "s *ange 9 ! programme submitt$1 ! mo/ important ( :i* w\ld be ! mak+ room = ! production ( ,engli% 9 ! grades4 ,?is c\ld be provid$ 9 ! fir/ & second grades by tak+ "s ( ! "t devot$ to p5man%ip & do+ ! "w p>tly 9 connection ) ! read+ classes4 ,9 ! ?ird & f\r? grades x %\ld take "s ( ! "t devot$ to p5man%ip & %\ld be /udi$ also 9 connection ) geography & read+1 & 9 ! fif? & six? grades x %\ld take all ( ! "t giv5 to gramm>4 ,i regret to be compell$ to express diss5t ^u s _m po9ts1 b z mo/ ( !m appe> to me vital & z ! diff]5ces appe> to be n m]ely sup]ficial b fundam5tal1 affect+ & affect$ by "o's entire educational cre$1 ,i _c d o!rwise4 ,to mo/ ( ! report ,i mo/ gladly give my ass5t & approval4 ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,jones1 ,,( ,,clevel&4 ,i agree mo/ he>tily ) ! ma9 features ( ! =ego+ report ( ! sub-committee on correlation ( /udies4 ,x is s admirable 9 its analysis ( subjects & 9 its /atem5t ( comp>ative education values1 & s sugge/ive 9 its practical applications to tea*+1 t ,i regret to f9d myself appe>+ 9 any way to diss5t f its conclusions4 ,inde$1 my pr9cipal objection is n aga9/ any?+ conta9$ 9 ! report 7unless x be aga9/ a possible inf]5ce :i* might be drawn at "o po9t71 b x ref]s r to :at seems to me to be an omission4 ,9 addition to all ! =ms ( correlation recomm5d$ 9 ! report1 x seems to me possible to make a correlation ( subjects 9 a programme 9 su* way t ! selection ( subject-matt] may be to "s ext5t f all fields ( k4 ,^! selections %\ld be su* z are relat$ to "o ano!r s z to be mutually helpful 9 acquisition4 ,!y %\ld be ! ma9 features ( k 9 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts4 ,^! diff]5t dep>tm5ts f :i* ! *os5 subjects %\ld be tak5 mu/ be fundam5tal ones & mu/ be suffici5tly num]\s to repres5t univ]sal culture4 ,! report itself indicates conclusively :at ^! are4 ,ref]5ce is made 9 ! report to v>i\s attempts t h be5 made to correlate subjects ( /udy4 ,a v j criticism is made ^u t attempt at correlation by ! use ( ! /ory ( ,rob9son ,crusoe z a c5tre ( correlation4 ,x is di/9ctly po9t$ out 9 ! report t ! exp]i5ces ( ,rob9son ,crusoe are lack+ 9 _m ( ! elem5ts ( univ]sal culture1 & 9 _m elem5ts ( education ne$$ to adju/ ! individual prop]ly to ! civilization ( our "t & c\ntry4 ,x is equally evid5t t ! attempt to make ?is /ory ! c5tre ( correlation leads directly to trivial ex]cises 9 o!r subjects 9 ord] to make !m 8correlate0 ) ,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,x is also %[n 9 ! report t x naturally leads to fragm5t>y k ( _m subjects v mu* inf]ior to t cle>1 logically connect$ k ( a subject :i* may be _h by pursu+ x )\t ref]5ce to correlat+ x ) all o!rs4 ,x is at ?is po9t t 9 my judgm5t a wrong inf]5ce is p]mitt$ by ! report4 ,x does n1 z x seems to me1 foll[ t because correlation bas$ on ,rob9son ,crusoe is a failure1 all correlations hav+ ! same g5]al purpose w necess>ily prove failures4 ,= my own "p1 ,i d n believe t correlation ne$s any 8c5tre10 outside ! *ild & its natural activities4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x seems wis] to give special prom95ce to any giv5 field ( acquisition1 x %\ld1 9 my judgm5t1 be accord$ to language & its closely relat$ subjects--read+1 spell+1 writ+1 compos+1 /udy ( lit]ature1 etc41 etc4 ,inde$1 language z a mode ( expression is organically relat$ to ?9k+1 9 all fields ( k1 z =m is relat$ to cont5t4 ,a 8sy/em0 or 8programme0 ( correlation on ?is basis w\ld seek = fundam5tal ideas 9 all ! lead+ bran*es & make !m !mes ( ?\ght & occasions ( language ex]cises4 ,! selections w\ld omit all trivialities 9 all subjects1 & w\ld n attempt to correlate = ! m]e sake ( correlation2 b w\ld seek to correlate :]ev] by su* correlation k9dr$ !mes may be made to illum9ate "o ano!r4 ,to illu/rate1 concrete problems 9 ari?metic w\ld be s\ght t w\ld cle>ly develop & illu/rate ma!matical ideas & _! application2 b 9 a second>y way ^! problems w\ld be s\ght = 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( concrete k--geography1 hi/ory1 physics1 *emi/ry1 a/ronomy1 meteorology1 political1 indu/rial1 or dome/ic economy4 ,b none ( ^! !mes w\ld be s reli$ ^u = problems z to compel "o to *oose unreasonable or trivial relations on :i* to base !m4 ,! problems !mselves %\ld repres5t true & important facts & relations ( ! o!r subjects z surely & rigidly z !y %\ld involve correct ma!matical pr9ciples2 & all su* ex]cises %\ld be rightly relat$ to ! *ild's education 9 language4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 a *ild is engag$ 9 nature /udy ( any k9d1 "s valuable problems 9 ma!matics may be f\nd rightly relat$ bo? to ! subject directly 9 h& & ! *ild's natural progress 9 ari?metic4 ,also _m ( ! lessons 9 nature /udy are directly relat$ to "s ( ! f9e/ lit]ature ev] produc$1 9 :i* analogies ( nature are made ! means ( expression = ! f9e/ & mo/ delicate ( ! human exp]i5ces4 ,:5 ! *ild has ma/]$ ! physical facts on :i* ! lit]>y inspiration is bas$ is ! true "t to give him ! advantage ( ! /udy ( su* lit]ature4 ,^! ideas are n only rightly relat$ to "o ano!r1 b to ! m9d itself4 ,x is1 s to speak1 ! nasc5t mom5t :5 ! m9d c easily & fully ma/] :at might else rema9 an imp5etrable my/]y2 & all because subjects & occasion h come into happy conjunction4 ,?is is n ! place 9 :i* to attempt any elaboration ( su* a sy/em ( correlation4 ,b ,i feel t its abs5ce f ! report may make _m p]sons feel t ! latt] is s f> incomplete4 ,,by ,,william ,h4 ,,maxwell1 ,,( ,,brooklyn4 ,) ! ma9 l9es ( ?\ght 9 ?is report ,i f9d myself 9 agreem5t4 ,) _m ( its details1 h[ev]1 ,i am n 9 accord4 ,i regret to h to express my diss5t f its conclusions 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3-- #a4 ,! report makes too little ( ! uses ( gramm> z supply+ canons ( criticism :i* enable ! pupil to correct 8 own ,engli%1 & z furni%+ a key 7grammatical analysis7 t gives him ! p[] to see ! mean+ ( obscure or involv$ s5t5ces4 #b4 ,= ! /udy ( lit]ature1 complete works are to be pref]r$ to ! selections f\nd 9 s*ool read]s4 #c4 ,t species ( language ex]cise kn[n z p>aphras+ ,i reg>d z h>mful4 #d4 ,! /udy ( numb] %\ld n be omitt$ f ! fir/ ye> 9 s*ool4 ,practice 9 ! prim>y op]ations ( ari?metic %\ld n be omitt$ f ! sev5? & eigh? ye>s4 ,! quadratic equation %\ld be res]v$ = ! high s*ool4 #e4 ,! =eign language introduc$ into ! elem5t>y s*ool c\rse %\ld be a mod]n language--,fr5* or ,g]man4 ,lat9 %\ld be res]v$ = ^? :o h "t & opportunity to ma/] its lit]ature4 #f4 ,9 ! g5]al programme ( /udies1 ! s*ool day is cut up into too _m %ort p]iods4 ,! t5d5cy ( su* a programme z t 9 ! text w\ld be to de/roy repose ( m9d & r5d] reflection almo/ an impossibility4 #g4 ,i desire to express my agreem5t ) ! op9ions /at$ 9 ,sections #b1 #c1 #f1 & #i ( ,mr4 ,gilb]t's diss5t+ op9ion2 &1 9 ! ma91 ) :at ,mr4 ,jones says on ! correlation ( /udies4 ,diss5t f ,dr4 ,drap]'s ,report4 ,,by ,,edw9 ,p4 ,,seav]1 ,,bo/on4 ,i f9d myself 9 g5]al accord ) ! doctr9es ( ! report4 ,!re is only "o feature ( x f :i* ,i feel oblig$ to diss5t1 & t is an important ?\gh n necess>ily a vital "o4 ,i ref] to ! (fice ( s*ool director4 ,i see no ne$ ( su* an (fic] elect$ by ! p1 & ,i d see ! dang] ( 8 becom+ a "p ( ! political organization = ! disp5sation ( patronage4 ,all p[] & au?ority 9 s*ool affairs %\ld reside ultimately 9 ! bo>d ( education1 consi/+ ( n m ?an eight p]sons appo9t$ by ! mayor ( ! city1 to hold (fice f\r ye>s1 two memb]s retir+ annually & eligible = reappo9tm5t once & no m4 ,?is bo>d %\ld appo9t z its *ief (fic] a sup]9t5d5t ( in/ruction1 ^: t5ure %\ld be dur+ good behavior & effici5cy1 & ^: p[]s & duties %\ld be to a l>ge ext5t def9$ by /atute law1 & n :olly or *iefly by ! regulations ( ! bo>d ( education4 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( in/ruction %\ld h a seat & voice b n a vote 9 ! bo>d ( education4 ,! bo>d ( education %\ld also appo9t a bus9ess ag5t1 & def9e 8 p[]s & duties 9 relation to all matt]s ( build+s1 repairs1 & supplies1 sub/antially z set =? 9 ! report 9 relation to ! s*ool director4 ,all tea*]s %\ld be appo9t$ & annually reappo9t$ or recomm5d$ by ! sup]9t5d5t ( in/ruction1 until aft] a suffici5t probation !y are appo9t$ on a t5ure dur+ good behavior & effici5cy4 ,all matt]s relat+ to c\rses ( /udy1 text-books1 & exam9ations %\ld be left to ! sup]9t5d5t & 8 assi/ants1 con/itut+ a body ( pr(essional exp]ts :o %\ld be reg>d$ z alone compet5t to deal ) su* matt]s1 & %\ld be held acc\ntable !re= to ! bo>d ( education only 9 a g5]al way1 & n 9 p>ticul> details4 ,,by ,,alb]t ,g4 ,,lane1 ,,*icago4 ,i concur 9 ! recomm5dations ( ! sub-committee on ! ,organization ( ,city ,s*ool ,sy/ems z summ>iz$ 9 ! conclud+ portion ( ! report1 omitt+ 9 item ,,?ird ! words1 8,& t x be con/itut$ ( two bran*es act+ aga9/ ea* o!r40 ,omit ,,fif?1 8,b we ?9k x pref]able t he be *os5 9 ! same way t memb]s ( ! bo>d are *os5 & be giv5 veto p[] ^u ! acts ( ! bo>d40 ,i recomm5d t ! veto p[] be giv5 to ! presid5t ( ! bo>d4 ,discussion on ,report ( ,dr4 ,h>ris4 ,,frank ,m4 ,,mcmurry1 ,frankl9 ,s*ool1 ,buffalo3 ,my rem>ks h no ref]5ce to ! diss5t+ op9ions1 b w be conf9$ to ! correlation 9 ! ma9 body ( ! report4 ,s f>1 we h li/5$ to ! def9ition ( correlation2 my rem>ks ref] to t1 & to its influ5ce on ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,! address by ,miss ,arnold la/ night ref]r$ to correlation4 ,t lecture is n 9 accord ) ! report ( five 9 reg>d to ?is subject4 ,we h be5 us+ two synonyms = correlation--cord9ation & conc5tration4 ,_m p]sons h gott5 _! def9ition ?r\gh _! ideas ( conc5tration4 ,p h 9 m9d1 z ,i und]/& x1 ma9ly ! relation ( /udies to "o ano!r4 ,let me give "o or two samples 9 addition to la/ night's sugge/ions4 ,let me ref] to ,egypt4 ,! geography w naturally take ! ,nile1 ! draw+ w take up c>dbo>d "w1 etc41 ! pupil w deal ) ! pyramid & ! triangle 9 ma!matics1 & ) language "w 9 ! :ole subject4 ,i give t z a simple illu/ration ( conc5tration4 ,i turn to ! "p ( ! report :]e !y take up correlation by syn!sis ( /udies2 t1 z ,i und]/& x1 0 ! ?\ght 9 ! m9d ( ,miss ,arnold1 & x is :at is 9 my own m9d4 ,!y take up ! subject ( ,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,i ?9k !y %\ld look into x fur!r1 b x is n my purpose to def5d ,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,!y h tak5 ! /ory ( ,rob9son ,crusoe z a type & !y h condemn$ t z a type4 ,we may ?9k !y aim ma9ly at ! /ory ( ,rob9son ,crusoe alone1 b !y say1 8,y\r committee w\ld call att5tion 9 ?is connection to ! importance ( ! p$agogical pr9ciple ( analysis & isolation z prec$+ syn!sis & correlation4 ,!re %\ld be rigid isolation ( ! elem5ts ( ea* bran* = ! purpose ( gett+ a cle> p]ception ( :at is individual & peculi> 9 a special prov9ce ( le>n+40 ,!y w>n u aga9/ hav+ /udies closely ti$ toge!r4 ,!y d n realize1 z x seems to me1 t ! *ief fault ( our pres5t /udies is t !y d n support ea* o!r4 ,! report is oppos$ f pr9ciple to ?is k9d ( correlation4 ,!y ref] lat] to ?is matt] 9 ^! words3 8,y\r committee has already m5tion$ a species ( faulty correlation :]e9 ! attempt is made to /udy all ! bran*es 9 ea*1 misapply+ ,jacotot's maxim1 #8all is 9 all4'0 ,f>!r ?an t1 !y %[ a l>ge lack ( sympa?y ) ?is po9t4 ,!y h no allusion to ! fact t ! diff]5t sci5ces h a relation%ip ) "o ano!r4 ,by _! omissions1 z well z _! positive /atem5ts1 !y %[ _! oppos+ attitude t[>d correlation4 ,!y talk ab\t hav+ a prop] sequ5ce 9 ! /udies1--!y d n insi/ ^u x f pr9ciple4 ,!y say1 8,! mo/ practical k ( all1 x w be admitt$1 is a k ( human nature1--a k t enables "o to comb9e ) 8 fell[-m5 & to %>e ) !m ! physical & spiritual weal? ( ! race4 ,( ?is high "* z humaniz+ or civiliz+ are ! favorite works ( lit]ature f\nd 9 ! s*ool read]s1 ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty ,engli% & ,am]ican writ]s be+ drawn ^u = ! mat]ial40 ,9 o!r words1 !y are 9 sympa?y ) ! text-book read]s4 ,9 en=c+ t po9t fur!r1 8,9 ! fir/ ?ree ye>s ! read+ %\ld be limit$ to pieces 9 ! colloquial /yle1 b selections f ! classics ( ! language 9 prose & poetry %all be read to ! pupil f "t to "t40 8,9 ! ye>s f ! fif? to ! eigh? !re %\ld be "s read+ ( entire /ories1 su* z ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 ,rob9son ,crusoe10 & s =?4 ,z ,i und]/& x1 we %\ld h :oles 9 lit]ature f ! beg9n+4 ,!re are sixty pages 9 ?is report1 only two ( !m ref] to ! subject ( conc5tration1 & !y condemn t subject f pr9ciple4 ,!y %[ t !y d n1 f pr9ciple1 favor ! idea ( connect$ ?\ght4 ,t is my fir/ po9t--opposition to ! :ole matt]4 ,applause4 ,! next po9t is1 ,:at d !y discuss8 ,laught]4 ,!y h f\r po9ts 9 _! def9ition ( correlation4 ,! f\r? po9t is ! *ief subject4 8,y\r committee und]/&s by correlation ( /udies ! selection & arrangem5t 9 ord] ( sequ5ce ( su* objects ( /udy z %all give ! *ild an insight into ! _w t he lives 91 & a comm& ov] 8 res\rces su* z is obta9$ by heal?ful cop]ation ) "o's fell[s4 ,9 a ^w1 ! *ief consid]ation to :i* all o!rs are to be subord9at$1 9 ! op9ion ( y\r committee1 is ?is requirem5t ( ! civilization into :i* ! *ild is born z det]m9+ :at he %all /udy 9 s*ool40 ,!re is ! old idea ( /udy1 9 :i*1 f ! adult /&po9t1 we decide t :at ! *ild w use z a man %all con/itute 8 c\rse4 ,we h _h ! ?ree ,r's & we h t5d$ to kill ! *ildr54 ,! new education is bas$ on *ild /udy1 app]ception1 & int]e/4 ,we h rea*$ ! conclusion t k is n prim>ily = ! sake ( k1 b = use1 & ! only condition "u :i* ! ideas w be active is t !y %all appeal to ! *ild & %all fit 8 nature4 ,*ild /udy1 int]e/1 & app]ception dem& t ! *ief factor %all be ! nature ( ! *ild--t is n ! attitude ( ?is committee ( five4 8,y\r committee is ( ! op9ion t psy*ology ( bo? k9ds1 physiological & introspective1 c hold only a subord9ate place 9 ! settlem5t ( que/ions relat+ to ! correlation ( /udies4 ,! bran*es to be /udi$ & ! ext5t to :i* !y are /udi$ w be det]m9$ ma9ly by ! dem&s ( "o's civilization40 ,psy*ology1 9 a pla9 /atem5t1 8w l>gely det]m9e ! me?ods ( in/ruction1 ! ord] ( tak+ up ! sev]al topics s z to adapt ! s*ool "w to ! gr[? ( ! pupil's capacity40 ,9 o!r words1 ! committee h fail$ to be influ5c$ z to a c\rse ( /udy by o!r consid]ations ?an ! dem&s ( civilization4 ,!y /ate pla9ly t psy*ology %all be a subord9ate matt] 9 det]m9+ curriculum4 ,! fact is to be se5 9 _! c\rse ( /udy4 ,read+1 nature /udy1 & hi/ory are ! pr9cipal subjects1 b 9 ! m9ds ( ! committee ! pr9cipal subjects are read+1 writ+1 etc41 = ! fir/ ?ree ye>s4 ,i d n believe x4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree ye>s1 read+ pieces2 9 o!r words1 ! fir/ ?ree ye>s d n deal prim>ily 9 ri* ideas4 ,"o objection to ,rob9son ,crusoe--8,x omits cities1 gov]nm5ts1 ! _w comm]ce1 ! int]national process1 ! *ur*1 ! newspap]1 & book f view40 ,!y are n 9 sympa?y ) ! *ild4 ,i w\ld *oose ,rob9son ,crusoe because x does n deal ) subjects :i* are outside ! *ild's int]e/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f4 ,w4 ,,p>k]1 ,cook ,c\nty ,normal1 ,*icago3 ,:5 ,i mov$1 two ye>s ago1 ! appo9tm5t ( ?is committee1 ,i _h 9 m9d ! c>eful /udy ( ! :ole matt] ( correlation t tea*]s 9 ?is c\ntry %\ld get f ! highe/ s\rces ! doctr9e & ! highe/ criticism1--t a report %\ld be pres5t$ :i* %\ld foll[ ! greate/ report ^u education 9 ?is c5tury1--! report ( ! ,committee ( ,t54 ,i h n _h "t to /udy ?is report & c1 !re=e1 say v little ^u x4 ,^! subjects %\ld be /udi$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,x seems to me t !re are "s g5]al criticisms :i* may be made 9 ! brief "t at my comm&4 ,we _c d\bt t ^! g5tlem5 h made ! mo/ c>eful /udy ( ! doctr9e ( ,h]b]t & ( 8 disciples1--,zill]1 ,/oy1 & ,re92 !y h also _h _! eye ^u ! di/+ui%$ /ud5ts ( ?is doctr9e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! failure ( ?is report is t !y hav5't ev5 giv5 u ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,h]b]t4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,h]b>tian doctr9e & all o!r doctr9es ( conc5tration are ignor$ 9 _! fundam5tal ess5tials4 ,t is :at ?is committee has left out--x is ! old /ory1 ! play ( ,hamlet ) ,hamlet left out1 or to put x a little m mildly1 ,hamlet kick$ out4 ,x seems t ?is doctr9e is ! only doctr9e :i* furni%es a gr& work+ hypo!sis to ! tea*]s ( ! _w4 ,x %\ld be exam9$ mo/ c>efully1 & :at _c be> ! close/ criticism %\ld be reject$4 ,! five1 ) ! diss5t ( ! ,we/]n m51 h n deem$ x wor?y ( ?is att5tion & h reject$ x 9 toto4 ,poor old ,rob9son ,crusoe be>s ! brunt1 not)/&+ our e/eem$ fri5ds ( ! ,normal ,univ]sity1 :o wi% to int]e/ ! *ildr5 9 some?+4 ,sometimes we g into s*ools :]e !re is n mu* int]e/1 especially 9 spell+ & gramm>4 ,i leave ! def5se ( ,rob9son ,crusoe to ,mr4 ,mc,murry4 ,! o!r ref]5ce is to language4 8,x is n wise to /op a *ild to correct 8 mi/akes 9 gramm>06 8,! developm5t ( language _c be organically relat$ to ! developm5t ( ?\ght06 ,x is "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples1 if ,i und]/& x1 t ! developm5t ( ?\ght %\ld h z a necessity ! evolution ( language4 ,?is1 says ! report1 _c be done2 gramm> mu/ be develop$ by itself & language by itself4 ,if ,i am incorrect1 ,i beg to be excus$4 ,i c only ref] to a few features ( ?is report 9 ! tabulat$ programme4 ,a c\rse ( /udy is absolutely necess>y1 b x %\ld be m>k$ 8= ?is day only40 ,we take ! subject ( read+ twice e day = ! fir/ two ye>s1 once a day = ! next six ye>s4 ,read+ is ?9k+1 x %\ld be educat$ ?9k+4 ,we _c d ?9k+ )\t ! subjects to be le>n$--z geography & sci5ce4 ,sci5ce1 accord+ to ! programme1 is to be taught by oral lessons4 ,! _w is r\nd1 b *ildr5 _c reason4 ,w\ld x n be well to g into ! laboratory to see :e!r ! *ildr5 _c reason8 ,! *ild1 by =ce ( 8 nature1 mu/ reason--mu/ f9d out ^! ?+s4 ,i am quot+ f ,john ,dewey4 ,b we are told 9 ?is report t ! subject ( sci5ce1 at lea/ a few ?+s 9 ^! subjects1 mu/ be told him fir/4 ,i nev] knew a case ( ! k9d1 b x may be4 ,n[1 ,i w\ld say to ?is committee ( five1 h y\r read+ ! be/ lit]ature1--!re %\ld be no?+ b lit]ature4 ,%\ld we n h lit]ature f ! beg9n+8 is ! "q we are ask+4 ,x seems to be ! case t ?is report leaves v little to ask4 ,! *ild sp5ds all 8 "t 9 read+--read+ :at8 ,c ! *ild le>n to get ?\ght 9 read+8 ,"s ( u ?9k he c4 ,is x n well to foll[ "h ! sci5tific me?od & f9d out :e!r ! *ild c le>n to read beautifully & well8 ,! same ( writ+4 ,i see ! millions b[$ d[n = ye>s to ! copy books4 ,is !re no way out8 ,is !re no relief8 ,is x possible = ! *ild to le>n to write z he le>ns to talk1 or mu/ he be b\nd to ! desk8 ,"t ,i w\ld simply say t ?is report %\ld be entitl$ to ! greate/ respect4 ,i %all g home & /udy x c>efully & pray]fully4 ,i move t a committee ( fifte5 be appo9t$ to revise ?is report4 ,great applause 99 99 99 99 99 ,,presid5t ,,*>les ,,de ,,g>mo1 ,sw>?more ,college1 ,p5nsylvania3 ,fell[-tea*]s3 ,^? :o are to discuss ?is "q ?is morn+ are plac$ "u a great emb>rassm5t4 ,! report %\ld h be5 di/ribut$ be=e ?is meet+4 ,t x has n be51 ,i le>n is n ! fault ( ! (fic]s ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,applause ,we might inf] f :at we h he>d t ! report is valueless4 ,?is is by no means ! case4 ,x is an e/imate ( educational values4 ,"u ! subject ( language1 ,i quote1 8,a survey ( its educational value1 subjective & objective1 usually produces ! conviction t x is to reta9 ! fir/ place40 ,"u ari?metic1 8,side by side ) language /udy is ! /udy ( ma!matics 9 ! s*ool1 claim+ ! second place 9 importance40 ,"u geography1 8,! educational value ( geography1 z x is & has be5 9 elem5t>y s*ools1 is obvi\sly v great4 ,! educational value ( geography is ev5 m app>5t if we admit ! claims ( ^? :o argue t ! pres5t epo* is ! beg9n+ ( an era40 ,z a critique ( educational values ! report is a v important "o4 ,i w\ld l to call y\r att5tion to ! correlation ( ! pupil to 8 environm5t4 ,t1 ,i ?9k1 is an important matt]4 ,!y h dep>t$1 at lea/ 9 pr9ciple1 f t old =mal discipl9e alone2 ?is individual to be fitt$ = life mu/ ma/] 8 environm5t4 ,! committee h exam9$ ! v>i\s /udies z to _! value1 & t1 ,i ?9k1 is a gr& ?+4 ,i _c see at all t x is a correlation ( /udies4 ,x has be5 said 9 y\r he>+ t ! ?r[+ ( light by /udies on ea* o!r 0 disreg>d$4 ,! report pres5ts a v diff]5t idea ( ! correlation ( /udies4 ,! second address ( la/ ev5+--by ,miss ,arnold--has be5 ref]r$ to z an illu/ration ( br++ ! /udies toge!r s t "o ?r[s light ^u ano!r4 ,i ?9k ! idea t !re is no ne$ ( re=m w be re9=c$ by ?is report2 t ! report w h a reaction>y effect ^u ^? :o ?9k t way4 ,! committee h d5i$ t we ne$ any re=m1 or h impli$ t we h ! re=m already4 ,x seems t ! "n giv5 to ?is report %\ld be tak5 (f & ! head+ 8,an essay on educational values0 sub/itut$ in/ead4 ,x is true t ?is committee h1 at ! beg9n+1 laid d[n a pr9ciple t w\ld make a correlation4 ,! text is "h1 b ! discussion is lack+4 ,s f> z ,i h read1 ,i h f\nd b little 9 ! report :i* %[s :at ! sequ5ce ( /udies %\ld be4 ,!re is a h9t 9 ari?metic :]e x says1 8,common fractions %\ld come be=e decimals40 ,is ?is attempt at ! correlation ( /udies any?+ m ?an a s]ies ( tunnels ?r\gh ! educational fields ) swit* connections1 s t if we />t 9 at "o end we are swit*$ to ?is or t )\t any view ( ! :ole j\rney8 ,we may light ^! tunnels ) electricity1 p]haps1 b1 aft] all1 we are sp5d+ eight ye>s und]gr\nd1 swit*+ f "o tunnel to ano!r4 ,n[ ! o!r alt]native is to g out into ! _w1 out into ! sun%9e1 & foll[ highways s cle> t a *ild c exam9e all t is ab\t !m4 ,x is possible to relate "o subject to ! o!r s t :5 x is d>k ! *ild1 ev5 if he has n ! sun to light5 8 eyes1 c at lea/ h "s />s ( hope above him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,dep>tm5t3 ,f ! c\rse ! discussion has tak51 x has seem$ to me t ,dr4 ,h>ris %\ld say a ^w at ?is po9t & read "s additional p>ts ( ! report4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,h>ris1 ,commission] ( ,education3 ,i mu/ set myself "r on ,h]b>t4 ,! report does n allude to ,h]b>t any:]e except 9 respectful t]ms4 ,! criticism ( ! use ( ,rob9son ,crusoe does n attribute its mi/akes to ! ,h]b>tians4 ,p]haps !y w\ld n recognize x z a true /atem5t ( _! me?od4 ,to make ,h]b>t ( use 9 p$agogy we mu/ to "s ext5t ignore 8 philosophy4 ,8 usefulness 9 education is proportion$ to 8 uselessness z a philosoph]4 ,:at c we d ) a philosoph] :o omits ! w f ! ?ree dep>tm5ts ( ! m9d & reta9s only intellect & feel+8 ,h]b>t 0 oblig$ to expla9 h[ man comes to act )\t ! w4 ,he expla9s t desire c be ar\s$ by int]e/ 9 su* a way t action w foll[4 ,) ?is great defect1 h[ev]1 ,h]b>t is valuable 9 education4 ,8 doctr9e ( app]ception does n ne$ any correction4 ,8 doctr9e ( int]e/1 h[ev]1 ne$s "s limitation1 because ! idea ( ! w & ! idea ( duty are omitt$ f 8 sy/em4 ,he mu/ make up by ! idea ( desire & ! idea ( int]e/4 ,i am surpris$ t ! claim is made "h t ! report does n treat ! subject assign$ to x4 ,correlation ( /udies is assum$ to mean conc5tration ( /udies4 ,!re is no su* def9ition to ! ^w 8correlation0 9 any diction>y2 only f\r or five obscure books 9 ! ,engli% language give ! ^w correlation ! mean+ ( conc5tration4 ,i 0 told ( ?is s5se ( ! ^w correlation1 b did n believe = a mom5t t x _h be5 ! int5tion ( ! dep>tm5t ( sup]9t5d5ts1 9 appo9t+ a committee on ?is subject1 to h a report on ! ,h]b>tian idea ( conc5tration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*>les ,,mcmurry1 ,/ate ,normal ,univ]sity1 ,normal1 ,ill43 ,9 "o ( y\r /atem5ts read3 8,y\r committee w\ld call att5tion 9 ?is connection to ! importance ( ! p$agogical pr9ciple ( analysis & isolation z prec$+ syn!sis & correlation40 ,n[1 z ,i und]/& x1 ?is is :at ?is committee has attempt$ to report4 ,n[1 he says t ?is prec$es syn!sis or correlation4 ,i w\ld l to "k if !re is any diction>y or numb] ( diction>ies to make correlation mean :at ?is says--! analysis & isolation ( subjects ( /udy4 ,i h be5 v mu* afraid t ,dr4 ,h>ris w\ld take refuge 9 ! discussion ( ! subject ( ! w 9 :i* he di/+ui%es ,h]b>t f o!rs4 ,! exclusion ( ! w is held z f> z ,h]b>t is conc]n$ ( moral education4 ,n[ ,i wi% to say t ,h]b>t has laid d[n m & bett] educational pr9ciples ?an any o!r philosoph]4 ,! m difficult ?+ is n exactly ! be/ ?+ = ! *ild 9 ! fir/ & second grades4 ,!re 0 an old !ory among ! ,lat9s t if ! *ild c\ld be made to g ?r\gh ! difficulties ( a ,lat9 spee*1 x w\ld prep>e him = ! difficult ?+s to foll[4 ,n[1 we wi% to h life & n dead =malism4 ,i believe t a ?\ghtful /udy ( ?is report w conv9ce any "o :o is int]e/$ 9 *ildr5 t x is =mal1 & is a production ( ?is old idea1 bas$ ^u language z ! f\ndation ( all education4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,presid5t ,w4 ,h4 ,,h]vey1 ,tea*]s' ,college1 ,new ,york3 ,i f9d myself drawn 9 two directions on ?is "q4 ,i fa9 w\ld cleave to ev]y?+ t has be5 said ?is morn+ z conta9+ ! tru?4 ,i believe t1 s f> z ?is report & ^! rem>ks conf9e !mselves to educational pr9ciples1 any "o ( u may agree mo/ he>tily4 ,only :]e !y desc5d to p>ticul> applications are we at v>iance4 ,we always are at v>iance :5 we desc5d f ! cl\ds1 b t is no objection to ! cl\ds4 ,n[1 ,i take x !re are array$ be=e u ! two oppos+ camps1--! ,hegelian & ! ,h]b>tian4 ,:at does ! ,hegelian say8 ,9 ord] t y may "k ! _w y mu/ turn y\r back ^u y\rself & lose y\rself2 y lose y\r life t y may save x4 ,yon leave y\r home plate1 g to ! second base1 !n to ! ?ird base1 & y make a home run4 ,t is a true type ( all developm5t4 ,:at1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! /&po9t ( ! ,h]b>tian8 ,:at we "k dep5ds ^u :at we h kn[n4 ,& t is true4 ,& :at we c d1 accord+ to ?is philosophy1 dep5ds ^u ! int]e/1 ! k9etic en]gy4 ,ab\t ?is matt] ( w1 we h ! ,calv9i/ic !ology set ov] aga9/ ! ,unit>ian4 ,hegel's ,"l 0 a man ( w>4 ,h]b>t br+s u to view ! ,new ,j]usalem4 ,he %[s u ! *ur*1 n militant1 b triumphant4 ,h]b>t di/+ui%es ! good f ! evil & makes x impossible = a man to d a wrong de$ or to ?9k a wrong ?\ght1 & t1 ,i take x1 is ev5 a high] atta9m5t ?an ! ,hegelian philosophy has ?\ght (4 ,any "o :o develops ! w by ! man-(-w> idea w h a sorry w ^u 8 h&s4 ,!re is1 ) ! "y *ild1 c]ta9ly1 a syn!sis1 a correlation1 a developm5t ( ta/e :]e ! analysis is suppress$ & unconsci\s2 & yet1 my fri5ds1 if y attempt to educate a boy 9 ! upp] gramm> grades or ! high s*ool accord+ to ! same pr9ciples z ! prim>y grades1 y make a sorry muss ( x4 ,if we w\ld pass f ! /ate ( ! *ild to ! /ate ( ! man1 x is necess>y = u to g ?r\gh ! dry bones ( analysis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,b4 ,a4 ,,h9sdale1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 ,ann ,arbor3 ,!re are two ?+s :i* ,i wi% v briefly to t\*4 ,fir/1 ,i d n und]/& ,dr4 ,h>ris1 9 speak+ ( ,h]b>t & ! w1 to leave ! subject 9 ! =m 9 :i* ,dr4 ,mc,murry und]/ood t matt]4 ,i und]/& t ,h]b>t does n base morals op5 ! w1 b r ^u ! feel+ & ! desires4 ,n[1 :e!r ! w or ! desires furni% a prop] basis is a "q ,i d n wi% to discuss4 ,c]ta9ly1 :5 any "o says t ! ,doctor decl>$ t ,h]b>t does n take ! "q ( morals into acc\nt he makes a mi/ake4 ,i und]/& him to say t ,h]b>t does n place morals ^u ! prop] f\ndation4 ,9 reg>d to c\rses ( /udy1 !re is no su* ?+ z consid]+ ?is "q ap>t f crit]ia4 ,n[1 :at are our crit]ia to be8 ,t ,i d n propose to discuss1 b :]e are we to seek = our crit]ia8 ,= myself1 ,i h be5 9 ! habit ( discuss+ t subject 9 ?is way4 ,^! are to be f\nd1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 ! con/itution ( ! human s\l1 & second1 9 ! facts t con/itute ! environm5t ( m54 ,i d n say :i* is bel[ ! o!r4 ,i d say t a s]i\s mi/ake w be made by t p$agogi/ :o leaves out ei!r ( ^! or gives ei!r a v inf]ior position4 ,z to h[ ei!r presupposes ! o!r1 t is a v important "q1 b ,i _c discuss x at m l5g?4 ,n[ z to ! process ( isolation--! fir/ process ( k is to isolate ?+s4 ,we h c]ta9ly be5 taught t ! fir/ process ( ! m9d is n a syn!tic1 b an analytic process4 ,e p]son com+ into ?is hall took a view ( x z a :ole1 & !n began to isolate ?is ?+ f t1 & !n ?is process1 aft] a "t1 ceas$4 ,b t !re is to be no syn!sis is a proposition :i* ,i d n und]/& to be 9 ?is report4 ,:5 a *ild comes to s*ool y may divide ! subjects :i* occupy 8 att5tion into two gr\ps4 ,! fir/ are ! elem5t>y s*ool arts1--z ! improv+ ( spee*1 ! /udies ( read+1 writ+1 draw+1 & num]ical calculations1 if he has nev] ent]$ ^u ^!4 ,!y are n /udies1 !y are ! arts ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,we tea* !m1 n = _! own sake1 b t !y may be us$ z in/rum5ts4 ,"t call$ by ! *airman1 & ext5d$ by vote ( ! h\se4 ,i wi%1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to express my s5se ( gratification4 ,i felt t ,i 0 leav+ ! matt] 9 a v imp]fect =m4 ,n[1 ,i _h said all t ,i c>e to say ab\t ! arts 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,!re are ! /udies1 ,i mean ! real /udies1 ^? we /udy = ! purpose ( gett+ out ( !m all t !re is 9 !m4 ,n[1 !re is a discussion z to ! relation 9 :i* ! two classes ( /udies %all /& at ! beg9n+4 ,n[1 ! old idea 01 t "s ( ! fir/ "t 9 s*ool %\ld be devot$ to ^! arts1 & ! /udies 7 p]mitt$ to fall into ! backgr\nd1 or p]haps fall cle> out4 ,n[1 if ,i und]/& "s ( ! p$agogi/s1 _! idea is to put ! beg9n] at ! real ?+1 or p]haps ,i %\ld say to keep him at ! real ?+1 t ! arts %\ld be acquir$ dur+ ! /udies4 ,n[1 ! "q occurs to me1 :e!r1 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 ^! arts c ev] be successfully taught :5 we are pret5d+ to tea* some?+ else8 ,i mu/ say t if ! object 7 to h a pupil advance ! greate/ di/ance = ! fir/ ?ree mon?s or six mon?s1 y _h bett] say no?+ ab\t ! arts at all4 ,b we put him at ! arts1 kn[+ t :5 we put ^! gifts into 8 h&s we are giv+ him an in/rum5t ( p[] t he w be able to use ?r\gh\t 8 :ole life4 ,applause4 ,n[1 ! "q ( conc5tration1 s-call$1 is involv$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,i want to ask ! "q1 & ,i w\ld discuss x if ,i _h a qu>t] ( an h\r1--,i want to ask ! "q1 h[ f> x is possible to d two ?+s 9 an int5se mann] at ! same "t4 ,:5 ,i 0 sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools1 a g5tleman pick$ (f ! table a s-call$ physiological read]1 &1 look+ at ! title page1 said1 8,= "o1 ,i c\ld nev] tea* physiology z a subject & read+ z an art at ! same "t4 ,! physiology is n & x _c be made a prop] mat]ial = a s*ool read+ book2 a prop] s*ool read+ book _c be made a good physiology40 ,yet ,i believe 9 conc5tration1 if x means lett+ "o subject assi/ & en=ce ano!r4 ,i hope none ( ! bre?r5 w become s en?usia/ic z to assume t ! :ole r\nd ( in=mation c be br\ght "u ! tea*+ ( "o subject4 ,applause4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,,:ite1 ,columbus1 ,o43 ,i h a little hesitation 9 speak+ on ?is "q1 :]e ,i am only a le>n]4 ,i am anxi\s to "k :at my "y fri5ds mean4 ,i hope ,i %all get ! correlation ( _! ideas 9 "t4 ,laught]4 ,z x seems to me1 correlation1 z a di/9ctive me?od1 assumes to d m ?an x is possible = a me?od to accompli%4 ,9 my judgm5t1 !re is no "o me?od ( education1 :e!r x be ,h]b>tian or o!rwise4 ,to assume t a human s\l is to be exclusively educat$ by ! ,h]b>tian me?od is a great assumption4 ,i d n believe t we are to supplem5t & supplant n[ all t has be5 kn[n 9 ! education ( ! "y bas$ on ! psy*ology :i* ! def5d]s ( ?is me?od are will+ to disc>d4 ,!re are _m ( its me?ods we are will+ to accept1 b ! ,h]b>tian p$agogy is bas$ on ! ,h]b>tian psy*ology1 & if y disc>d t1 y h no sy/em ( p$agogy1 b y h _m elem5ts :i* y c utilize4 ,n[1 we make a mi/ake :5 we assume t !re is only "o me?od by :i* ! "y man 9 college & ! *ildr5 c be educat$4 ,! lady :o spoke la/ night1 ,miss ,arnold1 _h n su* an idea4 ,n[ !re is a bl5d+ 9 ! prim>y grades :i* is n possible 9 ! upp] grades4 ,t is emphasiz$ completely 9 :at we call ! special c\rses 9 colleges4 ,t bl5d+ may be on m]e surface relations :i* w be disc>d$ z soon z we pass above ! prim>y grades4 ,:ile we may conc$e t ?is is possible 9 "o ex]cise1 x is n possible 9 high] in/ruction4 ,our me?ods *ange1 s let z n be too sweep+1 too confid5t 9 our t]ms4 ,fur!r1 ,i ?9k t ,dr4 ,h>ris is entirely "r 9 ! position he has tak5 z to ! mean+ ( cord9ation or correlation4 ,he uses ! t]m correlation1 n only 9 its sci5tific1 b 9 its recogniz$ p$agogic s5se4 ,conc5tration is a diff]5t process1 & %\ld receive sep>ate consid]ation4 ,may ,i add t ! views ,i rec5tly pres5t$ "u :at is call$ conc5tration seem to make class in/ruction impossible4 ,!y lead cle>ly to ! "o conclusion1 t e *ild %\ld be taught z an individual1 by himself1 & ?is means t all class in/ruction is to be giv5 up4 ,individual in/ruction c alone meet ! conditions assum$ to be ess5tial by conc5tration1 z expla9$4 ,:at does ?is involve8 ,!re h be5 _m s*ol>s s9ce ! ,flood1--s*ol>s :o h honor$ le>n+ & wid5$ its doma94 ,h[ 7 !y produc$8 ,n by any "o me?od1 & c]ta9ly n by 8conc5tration40 ,^! ho/s ( s*ol>s _c be acc\nt$ = on any su* assumption1 = !y 7 produc$ "u v unlike sy/ems ( elem5t>y tra9+4 ,! hi/ory ( s*ool education %[s t we are n %ut up to a diet ( p$agogic ha% on ! "o h&1 or "o ( bak$ beans on ! o!r4 ,!re is cle>ly no "o univ]sal me?od or process 9 education by :i* alone a human s\l is to be br\ght to p[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,,ni*olas ,,murry ,,butl]1 ,columbia ,college1 ,new ,york3 ,?is is an int]e/+ & excit+ field ( battle2 x has n be5 a ,bull ,run1 & x is manife/ly n an ,appomattox4 ,b let u be fair1 & let u discuss ! "q t is pres5t$ by ?is report4 ,i %all sp5d no "t 9 eulogiz+ ?is report4 ,i d say t su* a report1 pres5t$ at ?is "t1 deal+ ) ?is specific topic 9 ^! words1 is little less ?an a misrepres5tation4 ,su* a docum5t z ?is1 pres5t$ at ?is p>ticul> "t 9 ! hi/ory ( our educational developm5t1 & suppos$ to deal ) ! practical problem ( ! correlation ( /udies1 is extremely un=tunate4 ,?is discussion has made x pla9 t !re is among u a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :at ! t]m 8correlation ( /udies0 means4 ,?is report int]prets x to mean ! correlation betwe5 ! /udies ( ! s*ool curriculum & ! intellectual environm5t ( ! pupil4 ,c]ta9ly t is n :at ! t]m is tak5 to mean 9 our curr5t educational lit]ature & 9 our curr5t educational discussions4 ,x has be5 claim$ on ?is plat=m t ^? :o use ! phrase 8correlation ( /udies10 9 ref]5ce to ! int]dep5d5ce ( s*ool subjects "o ) ano!r1 are mak+ a /ra9$ & improp] use ( ! ^w4 ,?is criticism is n correct4 ,! highe/ au?ority t we h1 ! 8,c5tury ,diction>y10 gives z a def9ition ( correlation1 8! act ( br++ into ord]ly connection or reciprocal relation40 ,x recites a passage f ! great "w ( ,grove1 :o fir/ made ?is t]m famili> 9 ,engli% sci5tific lit]ature1 9 illu/ration ( ! mean+ ( correlation4 ,?is is precisely ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is us$ by ,dr4 ,mc,murry & o!rs1 & x is precisely ! s5se 9 :i* we expect to f9d x us$ 9 ?is report4 ,!re=e1 ,i say ,i am disappo9t$1 & griev\sly disappo9t$1 t we h 9 ^! pages only a pass+ ref]5ce to ! real problem ( correlation or conc5tration z x is be=e ,am]ican tea*]s at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,i c f9d no fault ) ! use ( ! ^w select$ by ! ,committee1 b ,i d compla9 t !y h n treat$ ! problem1 :atev] "n !y *oose to give to x1 t we ask$ !m to solve4 ,in/ead ( t1 !y h giv5 u a spl5did & le>n$ discussion ( educational values1 an analysis ( ! hi/ory ( ! s*ool curriculum1 & an elaborate def5ce ( ! /atus quo4 ,x is app>5t to me1 !re=e1 t ?is report faces backw>d & =w>d4 ,i ,bay ?is despite ! fact t x sugge/s & argues = m ?an "o important innovation 9 ! curriculum4 ,= "o hundr$ ye>s1 ev] s9ce ! "t ( ,pe/alozzi1 we h be5 try+ to extract ! curriculum f a philosophical discussion ( ?is sort1 b we h n succe$$ 9 satisfy+ ourselves :olly4 ,we h made great advance1 & = t advance we 9 ,am]ica are indebt$ m l>gely to ,dr4 ,h>ris ?an to any o!r s+le p]son1 liv+ or dead4 ,he has taught u to und]/& :y c]ta9 specific bran*es ( k are select$ = a place 9 ! curriculum1 & n[ we ask him to tell u h[ !y are to be correlat$1 or cord9at$1 or conc5trat$1 9 practice1 to meet ! new dem&s t are made ^u ! s*ool1 & we get no answ] 9 ?is report4 ,! curriculum t ?is report recomm5ds to u1 & ! me?ods t x outl9es1 are arriv$ by an analysis made f ! adult po9t ( view4 ,are we1 !n1 to und]/& t *ild /udy is to be giv5 no he>+8 ,are we %ut up to =mal analysis z ! sole me?od 9 evolv+ a practical s*ool plan8 ,! new] education answ]s ?is "q directly 9 ! negative4 ,x is putt+ ! *ild 9 ! place ( honor & ask+ him to tell u :at 8 nature dem&s & 9 :at ord] x dem&s x4 ,dr4 ,:ite has said t ! legitimate result ( ?is new] movem5t is individualism 9 tea*+4 ,i agree ) him absolutely4 ,we hope t ! "t w come :5 ! individuality ( e *ild w be respect$4 ,we want to rescue ea* *ild f ! ?raldom to :i* ! =malism ( ! s*oolroom has subject$ him4 ,= ! sake ( sy/em we are r$uc+ fifty1 sixty1 or sev5ty individual *ildr5 9 a s*oolroom to a common d5om9ator4 ,x is true t !re is no univ]sal educational me?od1 & t ! ,h]b>tians are z little likely z ! ,hegelians to provide u ) a rule t %all "k s exception4 ,b 9 ! po9t ( view t !y take1 bas$ ^u ! doctr9e ( app]ception & ^u ! doctr9e oi int]e/1 !y are absolutely "r1 & x is n :at we expect$ f a committee ( ?is k9d to f9d ?is entire movem5t turn$ out ( c\rt )\t a he>+4 ,p]sonally ,i am a slavi% adh]5t ( no s*ool ( ?\ght & we> ! badge ( none1 b ,i d say t we %\ld n be prev5t$ f giv+ to ?is great ,h]b>tian movem5t prolong$ & sympa!tic exam9ation4 ,:y is x t we f9d ! "q ( ! correlation or ! conc5tration ( /udies =c$ ^u u at all8 ,c]ta9ly ! normal *ild-m9d sees ! _w ab\t x z a correlat$ & conc5trat$ :ole4 ,x is ! adults & philosoph]s :o h made ! analysis t has result$ 9 sep>at+ :at to ! *ild is connect$2 s t1 aft] all1 ! advocates ( correlation are simply endeavor+ to put ! subjects ( /udy back :]e !y f\nd !m & to treat ! curriculum f ! *ild's po9t ( view4 ,! adult is able to di/+ui% a physical fact f a *emical fact1 a geographical fact f an hi/orical fact1 an ari?metical fact f an algebraical fact1 b ! *ild is n4 ,he views !m all simply z facts1 & orig9ally !y are all on ! same plane ) reg>d to 8 intellig5ce4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 seek ! real unity t und]lies ! curriculum1 & n proce$ by mak+ fir/ an artificial sep>ation ( /udies1 & !n a d\bly artificial syn!sis ( !m4 ,a prec$+ speak] has %>ply criticis$ ! psy*ology ( ,h]b>t4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t we _c accept ,h]b>t's psy*ology z a satisfactory explanation ( m5tal life4 ,b x is n necess>y t we %\ld d s 9 ord] to secure ! b5efit ( ! educational !ory & ! educational practice t be>s ,h]b>t's "n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sup]9t5d5t ,s4 ,t4 ,,dutton1 ,brookl9e1 ,mass43 ,ab\t all has be5 said t ne$s to be said n[4 ,x seems to me t ! "q takes ?is =m--! same ,god t made ! *ild made ! _w ab\t him4 ,! purpose ( ^? :o mean to "w out some?+ bett] is to f9d h[ ! *ild %\ld be taught4 ,my fri5ds1 we d n recognize ! value ( ?is report4 ,dr4 ,h>ris said v di/9ctly t ! c\rse ( /udy 9 po9t %\ld include ! :ole r\nd ( human k4 ,n[1 !re are two ?+s t h help$ me 9 ?is matt]4 ,my view is s+ul>ly diff]5t f ,dr4 ,:ite's4 ,if correlation makes ! k9d]g>t5 :at x is1 x seems to me t x %\ld g on4 ,x seems to me t1 9 a c]ta9 way1 ?is is true 9 ! fir/ ye>1 9 ! second1 etc4 ,?is cross section br+s 9 s _m ?+s we f9d impos$ ^u ! s*ools t c]ta9 confusion & c]ta9 difficulties h be5 f\nd 9 work+ out ! ,h]b>tian plan4 ,! only way is ! work+ out ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,if t is n done1 we %all h reaction4 ,i am n afraid t ?is "w %all be ret>d$ because ( ?is report4 ,e tea*] ought to und]/& ?is discussion ( educational values4 ,x ought to help u2 x w help u4 ,if ?is report is n complete1 x w be complet$ 9 ! good works ( tea*]s 9 all ?is c\ntry4 ,! *air "h ann\nc$ t ,colonel ,p>k] & ,dr4 ,h>ris w\ld be ask$ to close ! debate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,colonel ,,p>k]3 ,%all we /udy ?is "q ) op5 & unprejudic$ m9ds8 ,i am n a ,h]b>tian4 ,i simply ask ! mo/ c>eful /udy ( all ^! que/ions & sy/ems4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 me?od seem$ to be inc>nat$4 ,n[1 9 reg>d to ?is report & ! em95t philosoph] :o wrote x1 ,i w\ld n say "o ^w except ( ! mo/ pr(\nd respect4 ,i am nev] go+ ev5 to make a pun be=e a tea*]s' meet+ h]eaft]4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,h>ris says ,i d n believe 9 gramm>1 he %\ld say t ,i d n believe 9 c]ta9 me?ods4 ,i respect butt]flies & grubs1 b ,i respect language4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,:ite says t c]ta9 ?+s are pla9 by conc5tration1 he says :at ,i "k no?+ ab\t4 ,h]b>t said ( ,pe/alozzi t 8 great m]it did n consi/ 9 8 me?od & 8 means1 b 9 8 sublime zeal4 ,he :o faces ?is "q ( education faces inf9ity4 ,i prote/ aga9/ unfair /atem5t z to disciple%ip1 foll[+ lead]1 & s =?1 ,i ackn[l$ge t ,i make su* /atem5ts myself1 b ,i hope to d bett]4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,:ite speaks ( ! great giants1 we h b to look at him & "k x is true4 ,b d we ev] "q :at has be5 lo/8 ,we are fac+ ! great problems ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 & ! pres5t me?ods ( tea*+ are n equal to _! solution4 ,"u ,god1 let u f9d ! tru? & foll[ x4 ,let u h ! means ( kn[+ :at ea* tea*] & ea* sup]9t5d5t is do+ = ! *ild4 ,let u n lay d[n a great educational doctr9e & say t x is suffici5t4 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt is suffici5t = n9ete5 c5turies2 b :at we want is an application ( ,hegel1 ( ,h]b>t1 & ( ! wisdom ( all o!r philosoph]s to ! problems ( ! future4 ,all hail ! future6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,h>ris3 ,i wi% to add "o rem>k z to ! mean+ ( correlation4 ,i w\ld call att5tion to its etymology1 :i* makes x a br++ into relation ( :at is cord9ate4 ,i knew ( ! ,h]b>tian idea ( conc5tration ( /udies1 b ,i 0 n famili> ) ! use ( ! ^w 8correlation0 9 ! same s5se z conc5tration4 ,i h giv5 an example 9 discuss+ ! me?ods ( tea*+ geography ( ! application ( ! deep] doctr9e ( conc5tration4 ,i h %[n t we %\ld />t ) ! *ild & proce$ 9 two directions1 "o t[>ds ! elem5ts ( diff]5ce 9 ord] to expla9 ! ob/acles :i* man has to ov]come4 ,on ! o!r side1 we %\ld g t[>ds ! subjects ( human indu/ry1 inv5tion1 & comm]ce1 & le>n ! me?od by :i* man ov]comes ! 8elem5ts ( diff]5ce40 ,geography = ! *ild %\ld beg9 9 ! c5tre & move outw>d t[>ds ^! extremes1 includ+ at e /ep a human side & a natural side4 ,?is is n a philosophical /udy ( correlation1 ,hegelian or o!rwise1 al?\gh x has be5 call$ s 9 ?is debate1 b a sci5tific /udy ( ! educational value ( ! bran*es ( ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,i began x 9 #ahgj4 ,n[1 9 a sci5tific /udy "o does n all[ 8 feel+s ( attraction or repulsion to cl\d 8 reason4 ,he assumes an unprejudic$ attitude t[>ds ! object t he /udies4 ,*ild /udy1 z x is pursu$ by ,dr4 ,/anley ,hall1 is pursu$ ) ?is true sci5tific _s4 ,b *ild /udy is n ! only ?+ 9 education1 nor c education be f\nd$ on *ild /udy alone4 ,! *ild is "h to be correlat$ ) ! _w4 ,! educator mu/ /udy ! _w & /udy ! *ild1 & correlate ! "o to ! o!r4 ,t is to say1 he mu/ br+ ! *ild into a k ( ! _w & a ma/]y ( its appliances4 ,! report1 ( c\rse1 assumes ! value ( *ild /udy1 & 9 all ! num]\s places :]e att5tion is call$ to ! dang] ( produc+ arre/$ developm5t ! results ( *ild /udy are drawn ^u2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 if y h a k ( ! *ild1 & d n h a k ( ! significance ( ! bran*es ( /udy & ! way 9 :i* !y unlock ! _w ( reality1 y _c correlate ! *ild ) ! _w4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation are z 9 ! orig9al4