,transcrib$ f ! #ahhe8 ,elliot ,/ock edition by ,david ,price1 email ccx#jgdpglaf4org ,,evolution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,rev4 ,,edw>d ,,ho>e1 ,m4,a4 ,,vic> ,,( ,,tunbridge ,,wells1 ,,& ,,honor>y ,,canon ,,( ,,cant]bury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,repr9t$ f ,,! ,,*ur*man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,,elliot ,,/ock1 #fb1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,e4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,price ,twop5ce4 ,,evolution4 ,,x may appe> a v ra% ?+ = any p]son :o does n claim to be a man ( sci5ce to presume to give an op9ion on any ( ! !ories ( sci5tific m54 ,b !re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! facts ( sci5ce & ! !ories sugge/$ = _! explanation4 ,! facts are1 z x 71 ! prop]ty ( ! inve/igators4 ,! inve/igators h a p[] ( inve/igation :i* we outsid]s h n1 & x w\ld be folly = u :o h n t p[] to presume to call 9 "q _! in=mation4 ,b x is a v diff]5t matt] ) ! !ories ei!r f\nd$ on ^! facts or inv5t$ to expla9 !m4 ,:5 sci5ce has giv5 u ! facts common-s5se c discuss ! !ories f\nd$ on !m2 &1 )\t presum+ to call 9 "q ! asc]ta9$ results ( sci5tific inve/igation1 any p]son ( ord9>y intellig5ce may =m 8 own op9ion z to ! conclusions d]iv$ f ! kn[n facts4 ,! sci5tific m5 "k ! facts1 & we d n2 b1 :5 !y h told u ! facts1 we c ?9k z well z !y4 ,?is po9t 0 exce$+ly well put by ,canon ,g>bett at ! ,norwi* ,*ur* ,congress 9 #ahfe4 ,he said3 8,beyond a c]ta9 po9t ! conclusions & argum5ts ( ! man ( sci5ce cease to be exclusively 8 own1 & become ! common prop]ty ( all m54 ,all argum5t re/s on common pr9ciples1 & :5 once ! facts ( ! case are cle>ly asc]ta9$1 any man :o is tra9$ to reason correctly is compet5t to judge ( !m40 ,aga93 8,let ! man ( sci5ce10 said ,canon ,g>bett1 8reign supreme )9 8 own sph]e1 & let none b ^? tra9$ 9 ! same s*ool & le>n$ 9 ! same craft v5ture to dispute ) him z he ga!rs 8 facts & g5]alizes 8 rules4 ,b :5 all ?is is done1 & he proce$s to reason1 !n x is diff]5t4 ,he /eps out ( 8 special dep>tm5t into a sph]e op5 to all m5 alike4 ,tell me :at y\r facts are1 & if ,i suffici5tly ma/] !m ,i am z compet5t to judge ( ! validity ( ! conclusions drawn f !m z ! man ( sci5ce himself40 ,!re is sc>cely any subject to :i* ?is pr9ciple applies m completely ?an x does to ,evolution2 = :at is call$ 8! doctr9e ( ,evolution0 is only a !ory4 ,x is n a collection ( facts1 b a !ory :i* "s ( its w>me/ advocates--z1 e4g41 ,pr(essor ,drummond--decl>e to be 8/ill unprov$40 #c ,:ile1 !re=e1 we fully recognise t x w\ld be ! utmo/ folly 8to debate a po9t ( natural hi/ory ) ,d>w91 or a "q ( comp>ative anatomy ) ,ow510 we may1 by ! aid ( common-s5se1 =m an op9ion possibly z s\nd at !irs on ! unprov$ !ory :i* has be5 f\nd$ on ! asc]ta9$ facts :i* ^? great inve/igators h plac$ )9 our rea*4 ,?is is all t ,i w\ld attempt to d 9 ! pres5t pap]4 ,i d n propose to call 9 "q a s+le fact asc]ta9$ by m5 ( sci5ce4 ,all t ,i w\ld v5ture to d is to ex]cise ! ord9>y p[]s ( ?\ght 9 consid]+ "o ( ! !ories :i* "s sci5tific m5 h sugge/$ z an explanation ( ^? facts4 ,i say 8"s sci5tific m510 = !re is a v great diff]5ce ( op9ion among/ sci5tific m51 & no "o c read ! admirable pap]s produc$ by ! ,victoria ,in/itute )\t p]ceiv+ n[ mu* accurate obs]vation1 h[ wide a sci5tific k1 & h[ great a =ce ( ,baconian philosophy is array$ aga9/ ! !ory j n[ 9 ! fa%ion4 ,let u beg91 !n1 ) a few facts respect+ :i* we are all agre$1 & :i* z !y are sometimes call$ by ! "n ( ,evolution1 are suppos$ to supply evid5ce ( ! correctness ( ! !ory4 7#a7 ,we all believe 9 gr[?4 ,x is a matt] ( fact t ! _w is full ( gr[?4 ,& ?is gr[? is n limit$ to gradual1 or cont9u\s1 enl>gem5t or developm5t2 b consi/s sometimes 9 mo/ rem>kable sudd5 *anges1 z :5 ! egg becomes a *ick51 ! cat]pill> a *rysalis1 & ! *rysalis a butt]fly4 ,e liv+ creature1 :e!r plant or animal1 has its own mode ( gr[?2 & no liv+ creature is born into ! _w 9 ! fulness ( its /ature4 ,! man 0 once 9 8 cradle1 ! eagle 9 its egg1 ! oak 9 its acorn2 & no "o c po9t to any liv+ ?+1 ei!r 9 ! animal or vegetable k+dom1 t began life ) ! full developm5t ( all ! p[]s or prop]ties ( its species4 ,:atev] m5 may ?9k ( any !ory1 z a matt] ( fact !re is inv>iably gr[? z ! fir/1 & mo/ c]ta91 accompanim5t ( life4 7#b7 ,)9 c]ta9 limits we all believe 9 v>iations4 ,bo? plants & animals ( ! same species v>y accord+ to circum/ances1 & are all m or less affect$ by c\ntry1 by climate1 & by culture4 ,among/ dogs1 e4g41 !re are c\ntless v>ieties ( bre$1 to say no?+ ( all ! mongrels4 ,j s among/ fl[]s2 !re are c\ntless v>ieties ( ! rose1 & ^! v>ieties may be multipli$ to any ext5t by culture4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a p[] ( adaptation to climate & o!r circum/ances4 ,9 cold] climates animals ( ! same species h ?ick] coats ?an !y h "u ! tropics4 ,!re _c be a "q t bo? plants & animals w beg9 at once1 if plac$ 9 a new position1 to adapt !mselves to x2 &1 z a g5]al rule1 if !y fail 9 su* adaptation1 !y die4 ,beyond all d\bt1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re are v>iations result+ bo? f p>5tage & environm5t4 ,we are told by naturali/s t "s ( ^! v>iations are n ( a p]man5t "*1 z1 e4g41 9 ! case ( pigeons1 ( :i* x is /at$ by ,d>w9 t any numb] ( bre$s1 if left to !mselves1 w 9 "t rev]t to ! common ,rock4 ,b /ill ! fact rema9s1 t )9 c]ta9 limits !re are numb]less v>iations1 & t ^! v>iations may be transmitt$ to po/]ity4 ,"s ( ^! appe> to h be5 produc$ 9 "o way1 & "s 9 ano!r2 b1 h[ev] produc$1 !re !y are2 & no "o1 :e!r sci5tific or unsci5tific1 c = "o mom5t call 9 "q ! fact4 7#c47 ,we all believe 9 progression4 ,we see progression all ar\nd u4 ,x appe>s to be a univ]sal law t !re %\ld be p]petual movem5t4 ,sometimes !re is advance1 & sometimes retrogression--b always movem5t2 = :5 !re is no advance1 !re is inv>iably decl9e4 ,!n1 aga91 z f> z obs]vation is conc]n$1 we f9d ?is progression gradual & cont9u\s4 ,*>act]s are gradually =m$2 le>n+ is gradually acquir$2 p[] is gradually ga9$2 & ! :ole _w advances by ! gradual atta9m5t ( increas+ k4 ,su* progression is se5 bo? 9 creation & revelation4 ,9 ,creation1 = no "o supposes t ! _w 0 creat$ & peopl$ by "o in/antane\s act ( ! ,creator4 ,!re may be difficulties 9 "s ( ! commonly receiv$ int]pretations ( "s ( ! /atem5ts ( t mo/ wond]ful n>rative conta9$ 9 ,g54 i42 b !re c be no d\bt :atev] t x tea*es progression4 ,x beg9s ) *aos1 & leads u /ep by /ep to a p]fect$ cosmos4 ,at ! outset2 8! e>? 0 wa/e1 or )\t =m1 & void1 & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep40 ,& at ! end we see a f]tile _w cov]$ ) vegetation1 peopl$ by c\ntless liv+ creatures1 ) man1 9 ! image ( ,god1 at _! head1 all enjoy+ ! bright light ( ! sun 9 heav52 & all 9 s p]fect a condition t 8,god saw ev]y?+ t ,he _h made1 & behold x 0 v good40 ,b ?is *ange did n take place by "o solit>y act4 ,! _w did n leap by "o b\nd f "o condition to ! o!r4 ,!re 71 accord+ to ,scripture no less ?an six successive /eps 9 ! process4 ,let p expla9 ! six days z !y please1 & ,i fully ackn[l$ge t !re may be legitimate diff]5ces 9 _! explanations4 ,b no "o c d\bt t ! n>rative tea*es progression2 & t1 accord+ to t n>rative1 x pleas$ ,god by a s]ies ( successive acts to complete ! "w :i* ,he pron\nc$ to be v good4 ,no "o1 !re=e1 :o believes 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis c = "o mom5t d\bt progression 9 ! "w ( ! creation4 ,nor c !re be ! slighte/ d\bt z to progression 9 ,revelation4 ,"s p seem to speak ( ?is z if x 7 a new discov]y connect$ ) ! !ory ( ,evolution4 ,su* p]sons ought to read an admirable book call$ 8,! ,philosophy ( ! ,plan ( ,salvation10 writt5 _m ye>s ago1 & new publi%$ by ! ,religi\s ,tract ,society4 ,x is p]fectly impossible to read ?r\gh ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts z a complete book )\t see+ progression4 ,x is deeply to be deplor$ t su* a man z ,pr(essor ,drummond %\ld h said1 z he is report$ to h said 9 8 ,sunday lectures1 at ,grosv5or ,h\se1 #e;a 8,! ,book ( ,g5esis mu/ be reg>d$ z pres5t+ tru? to *ildr5's m9ds20 & %\ld h illu/rat$ ?is by ,george ,macdonald's poem1 8,! ,baby10 add+1 8n lit]ally true1 b true = ! *ild4 ,s ,moses gave tru? 9 ! =m ( a poem4 ,if y say x is a sci5tific book1 ,i give x up2 b if y reg>d x z a poem1 !n ,i c deal ) x40 ,?is appe>s to tea* t ! ,book ( ,g5esis is reg>d$ by him z some?+ l a nurs]y rhyme4 ,b ! report #e;b is evid5tly abridg$2 & ,i hope x is incorrect4 ,we "k t !re are sixty-six books 9 ! ,bible2 b we also believe t x is 8a ,book0 complete 9 itself1 & ) all its p>ts s beautifully proportion$ t x =ms "o p]fect :ole = ! gradual developm5t ( ! :ole c\nsel ( ,god4 ,?us we believe t ! "o v]se 7,g54 iii #ae71 8,i w put enmity betwe5 !e & ! woman1 & betwe5 ?y se$ & h] se$2 x %all bruise ?y head1 & ?\ %alt bruise 8 heel10 is ! se$1 or g]m1 ( ! :ole ,gospel2 & t j z ! oak is 9 ! acorn1 s 9 ^! few words is conta9$ ! :ole cov5ant ( ,god4 ,! fir/ twelve *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis trace ! p$igree ( t se$ ( ! woman till ! call ( ! *os5 family 9 ,abraham2 ! hi/orical books record ! v>i$ hi/ory ( t family1 & %[ h[ sorely ! heel ( ! woman's se$ fir/ bruis$ by ! s]p5t2 :ile ! prophecies enl>ge1 & exp& ! bless$ hope ( f9al victory 9 ! promis$ ,"o4 ,at l5g? ! ,gospels reveal ! long-expect$ ,*ri/2 & ! ,acts & ! ,epi/les unfold ! pr9ciples & progress ( ,8 k+dom1 till ! :ole is complete 9 ! ,apocalypse1 :]e we read ( 8! new heav5s & ! new e>?10 ) ! curse ( s9 gone = ev]1 ) ,satan ca/ into ! lake ( fire1 & ) ! se$ ( ! woman triumphant ov] dea? & hell4 ,z ! acorn to ! oak1 s is t fir/ promise to ! ,apocalypse4 ,x is no poem1 no my?1 no nurs]y rhyme1 b ! g]m ( ! :ole c\nsel ( ,god--a g]m conta9+ ! :ole ,gospel1 & requir+ no less ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s = its developm5t4 ,let no "o suppose1 !re=e1 = a mom5t t we d n believe 9 progression1 = we see x ?r\gh\t nature2 & we f9d x di/9ctly taught 9 ,scripture z a matt] ( hi/orical fact1 bo? 9 creation & revelation4 ,b ! fact ( progression is a totally diff]5t ?+ f ! !ory ( ,evolution2 & x is extremely important t ! di/9ction %\ld be c>efully borne 9 m9d2 = !re are _m1 & "s ( !m cle>-head$ m51 :o1 because !y see ! ?ree ?+s--gr[?1 v>iation1 & progression1 av[ !mselves believ]s 9 ,evolution1 ?\gh all ! :ile !y really reject :at %\ld be /rictly t]m$ 8! ,evolution !ory40 ,:at !n is ! !ory ( ,evolution8 ,:at is x :i* ,bi%op ,temple describes z 8j at pres5t ! lead+ sci5tific doctr9e10 #f;a & = :i* he says ! evid5ce 8is enorm\sly great1 & increas+ daily08 #f;b ,x is extremely difficult to answ] ! "q2 = evolutioni/s !mselves1 al?\gh !y are p]petually trumpet+ =? ! sup]iority ( _! sci5tific accuracy1 v seldom take ! tr\ble to tell u :at !y mean4 ,9 a def5ce ( ,mr4 ,drummond's book1 9 ! ,expositor1 ! def5d] /ates1 ) ref]5ce to an article ( my own 9 ! ,,*ur*man ( ,febru>y la/1 t !re are at lea/ f\r !ories ( ,evolution2 & he also in=ms u :i* ( ! f\r x is t ,mr4 ,drummond tea*es4 ,x is a pity t ,mr4 ,drummond did n tell u ?is 9 8 book1 in/ead ( leav+ u to conclude1 z "s ( u h conclud$ t x 0 ! doctr9e ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] t appe>$ to call =? 8 en?usia/ic admiration4 ,bi%op ,temple speaks ( 8! two !ories ( ,evolution20 & :at he does ) ! o!r two ,i d n "k4 ,he describes ! "o z t ( ,la ,place1 & ! o!r z t ( ,d>w92 ! =m] be+ a !ory = ! con/ruction ( ! univ]se1 & !re=e by "s call$ 8,cosmical ,evolution20 ! o!r = ! developm5t ( vegetable & animal life1 & !re=e t]m$ 8,biological ,evolution40 ,to beg9 ) ! ,biological4 ,?is is briefly /at$ by ,bi%op ,temple #g;a 9 ! words3 8,x _c be d5i$ t ,d>w9's inve/igations h made x extremely probable t ! va/ v>iety ( plants & animals h sprung f a mu* small] numb] ( orig9al =ms40 ,s ,d>w91 9 8 summ>y1 #g;b writes3 8,! sev]al classes ( facts :i* h be5 consid]$ 9 ?is *apt] seem to me to proclaim s pla9ly t ! innum]able species1 g5]a1 & families ) :i* ?is _w is peopl$1 are all desc5d$1 ea* )9 its own class or gr\p1 f common p>5ts1 & h all be5 modifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( desc5t1 t ,i %\ld )\t hesitation adopt ?is view1 ev5 if x 7 unsupport$ by o!r facts or argum5ts40 ,i presume t !re are v few among/ u :o w\ld diff] mat]ially f ei!r ( ^! /atem5ts2 = bo? ( !m fully admit ! orig9al exi/5ce ( a v>iety ( common p>5ts1 :i* is1 9 fact1 a complete surr5d] ( ! :ole position2 & ,d>w9 limits ! modifications 9 ! c\rse ( desc5t to *anges1 8ea* )9 its own class or gr\p40 ,n[ ?is is all = :i* ! anti-evolutioni/ cont5ds2 = all admit mo/ freely ! exi/5ce ( mo/ m>k$ v>iations )9 ! circles ( ! v>i\s gr\ps4 ,b1 al?\gh 9 ?is passage !re is ?is limitation1 z a matt] ( fact !re is a great deal m claim$ by bo? writ]s = ,evolution2 = ! title ( ,d>w9's book1 8,! ,orig9 ( ,species10 %[s v cle>ly t he applies 8 !ory n m]ely to v>iations )9 species1 b to ! =mation ( ! species )9 :i* ^! v>iations take place4 ,i d n ga!r f 8 book t 8 !ory goes s f> z to suppose t ei!r plants or animals h pass$ ov] f "o species to ano!r1 bo? species be+ already 9 exi/5ce2 b r t ?r\gh ! p[] ( 8! /ruggle = exi/5ce10 8natural selection10 & 8survival ( ! fitte/10 exi/+ races h be5 s *ang$ & modifi$ t new species h be5 evolv$ out ( !m1 & t 9 e su* evolution !re has be5 :at evolutioni/s consid] to be improvem5t4 ,! argum5ts :i* ,bi%op ,temple adduces = ?is !ory are-- 7#a7 8,! unity ( plan :i* c be f\nd p]vad+ any great class ( animals seems to po9t to unity ( ance/ry40 #g;c ,he illu/rates ?is by rem>k+ t v]tebrate animals are =m$ on a common plan4 7#b7 8,slight v>iations are p]petually be+ produc$40 #g;d 7#c7 8,! frequ5t occurr5ce bo? 9 plants or animals ( useless p>ts :i* /ill rema9 z indications ( organs t once 7 useful1 & h long become useless40 #g;e ,b is ?is sci5tific evid5ce8 ,z to ! #a/1 ! ,bi%op only claims = x t x 8seems to po9t40 ,z to ! #bnd1 x quietly assumes ! :ole po9t at issue1 = no "o d5ies t !re are v>iations 8)9 ea* class or gr\p10 & ! fact t su* v>iations exi/ )9 a c]ta9 class or gr\p is no pro( t !y c ext5d beyond x4 ,& z = ! #crd :o kn[s t ^? t are call$ 8useless p>ts0 are really useless1 ?\gh _! use may n be kn[n8 ,& if !y are useless n[1 :at evid5ce is !re t !y 7 once useful1 or 7 ev] us$8 ,!re is n ! slighte/ sci5tific evid5ce 9 any "o ( ^! ?ree po9ts = ! !ory :i* !y are adduc$ to support4 ,!re is n a s+le fact to prove ! !ory1 & all t c be said by ! mo/ ard5t advocate is t ! conjecture seems to be probable4 ,b h[ diff]5t is ! evid5ce on ! o!r side ( ! controv]sy6 ,!re we f9d c]ta9 cle>ly-def9$ & indisputable facts :i* _c be d\bt$1 & :i* _c be reconcil$ ) ?is new !ory4 7#a7 ,biological ,evolution4 ,!re _c be a d\bt t !re are c]ta9 great classes ( plants & animals f\nd 9 ! _w1 :i* h c]ta9 di/9ct *>act]i/ics1 & :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 d n m]ge into ea* o!r4 ,!re seems to be consid]able v>iation 9 ! names giv5 to !m1 & !y appe> to be di/+ui%$ by ! "n sometimes ( 8species10 sometimes ( 8g5us10 sometimes ( 8class or gr\p10 & sometimes ( 8k9d40 ,9 ! s5t5ce quot$ f ,d>w9 on p4 #f1 he speaks ( species1 g5]a1 & families2 & describes !m z be+ all desc5d$ ea* )9 its own class or gr\p4 ,?is confusion ( t]ms is difficult to reconcile ) ! boa/$ claim to sci5tific accuracy4 ,t ,i may n be entangl$ by any que/ionable "n ,i w di/+ui% ^! gr\ps z ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 etc41 & our "q is :e!r !y h be5 evolv$ f ea* o!r or ?r\gh ea* o!r1 f a common /ock2 or :e!r !y are sep>ate creations4 ,= ! answ] to ?is "q let ?ree facts be c>efully consid]$4 7i47 ,!re is ! rem>kable & cle>ly-e/abli%$ law ( ! /]ility ( all hybrids betwe5 any two ( ^! great divisions4 ,bo? ,a & ,b may conta9 a great numb] ( v>ieties1 & all ! v>ieties ( ,a c bre$ freely ) ea* o!r4 ,9 su* case !re is no failure ( f]tility 9 ! prog5y4 ,! same is true ( ,b & all ! v>ieties t spr+ f x4 ,if ^! v>ieties be express$ by ! figures #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 ,a#a may bre$ ) ,a#b1 ,a#c1 or any o!r numb]1 & s may introduce a fre% v>iety 9 ! race ,a4 ,b if ,a1 or any v>iation ( ,a1 %\ld bre$ ) ,b1 or any v>iation ( ,b1 !re may be 9 ! fir/ in/ance a prog5y2 b !re is a fix$ & inv>iable law ( nature t !re %\ld be no p]petuation ( t prog5y1 = e individual s born is b>r54 ,mules e4g41 c nev] give bir? to mules1 & ! mule race has no p[] ( self-propagation4 ,n[ see h[ ?is be>s on ! subject ( ,evolution4 ,if ,b 7 evolv$ out ( ,a1 !re w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be c\ntless int]m$iate v>iations1 & ^! v>iations w\ld all h ! p[] ( p]petuat+ _! k9d4 ,a w\ld produce ,a#a1 ,a#a w\ld produce ,a#b1 & s on1 till ,a#ih w\ld produce ,a#ii1 &1 f9ally1 to complete ! s]ies1 ,a#ii w\ld produce ,a#ajj1 or ,b4 ,b at ?is po9t1 if ! ,evolution !ory is to be reconcil$ ) facts1 a new & mo/ /range law mu/ be sudd5ly evolv$2 & ! cont9uity ( law mu/ be brok54 ,a#ih may bre$ ) ,a#ii1 & _! (fspr+ may p]petuate _! race2 b if ,a#ii %\ld bre$ ) ,a#ajj1 :i* is ,b1 x is true !re may be (fspr+1 b t (fspr+ w b>e no p[] ( self-p]petuation4 ,h[ c evolutionism expla9 su* a fracture 9 ! cont9uity ( law8 ,& is n ! sci5tific fact dead aga9/ ! ,evolution !ory8 7ii47 ,z a matt] ( fact we d n f9d t cont9u\s *a9 ( int]m$iate l9ks :i* ! !ory requires4 ,! !ory is1 t z !re are to be no sudd5 jumps 9 nature1 ! v>i\s numb]s are evolv$ f ea* o!r 9 a va/ s]ies ( almo/ imp]ceptible improvem5t2 & x foll[s ( necessity t1 if ! !ory 7 true1 in/ead ( f9d+ di/9ct classes1 we %\ld f9d v>i\s l9es ( progress /eal+ into ea* o!r 9 /eps s m9ute t x w\ld be v difficult to detect _! diff]5ces4 ,if1 e4g41 man has be5 evolv$ f monkey !re ought n to be a yawn+ *asm1 z !re n[ is1 betwe5 ! two1 b !re ought to be a va/ s]ies ( connect+ l9ks bridg+ ! *asm betwe5 monkeyism & manhood2 & !re ought to be a race ( monkeys /ill exi/+ s ne> to man 9 physical /ructure & m5tal p[] t ! bir? ( man f su* a p>5tage %\ld be )9 ! range ( natural probability4 ,let ,a be monkey1 & ,b man1 !n !re ought to be a cont9u\s l9e ( int]m$iate numb]s1 & ,a#ii ought to approximate s closely to ,b t x w\ld be p]fectly natural = ,b to be its *ild4 ,b :]e are ^! l9ks to be f\nd8 & :at naturali/ c discov] !m8 ,if ! !ory be true1 ! process mu/ /ill be go+ on1 & ! _w mu/ be teem+ ) ^! int]m$iate races4 ,b :]e are !y8 ,bi%op ,temple z attempt$ to answ] ?is "q ?us3 ,if x be ask$ :y ?is v>iety does n range by imp]ceptible degrees f extreme =ms 9 "o direction to extreme =ms 9 ! o!r1 ! answ] is to be f\nd 9 ! enorm\s prodigality1 & ! equally enorm\s wa/e ( life & liv+ creatures 4 4 4 ,eggs1 & se$s1 & g]ms are de/roy$ by millions1 & s 9 a less b /ill enorm\s proportion are ! "y t come f ^? t h n be5 de/roy$4 ,!re is no wa/e l ! wa/e ( life t is to be se5 9 nature 4 4 4 ,! inevitable op]ation ( ?is wa/e1 z ,d>w9's inve/igation %[$1 has be5 to de/roy all ^? v>ieties :i* 7 n well fitt$ to _! surr\nd+s1 & to keep ^? t 74 7,p4 #afe47 ,b if ?is be ! solution ( ! difficulty1 h[ is x t ^? at ! bottom ( ! scale rema98 ,"o ( ! great pr9ciple employ$ to expla9 ! !ory is 8! survival ( ! fitte/40 ,! result !re=e mu/ be cont9u\s progress1 & ! raison d'tre ( ea* successive =mation is its sup]ior fitness above ! =m f :i* x sprang4 ,a#a survives because x is sup]ior 9 fitness to ,a1 & ,a#b because x is sup]ior to ,a#a1 & s =?4 ,! effect !re=e ( ! ,bi%op's pr9ciple w\ld be t ! inf]ior =ms at ! bottom ( ! scale w\ld p]i%1 :ile ! sup]ior t h ris5 out ( !m1 by reason ( _! great] adaptation to _! environm5t1 w\ld survive4 ,b ?is is n ! fact4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,a1 at ! bottom ( ! scale1 survives1 ?\gh ,a#ii1 at ! top1 is gone4 ,! c\ntless multitude ( int]m$iate =mations has disappe>$1 b ! p>5t /ock rema9s4 ,if ev] !re 0 a race ( animals s ne> man z to r5d] x no?+ m ?an natural t x %\ld give bir? to man1 t race has :olly disappe>$1 :ile animals va/ly inf]ior /ill exi/ 9 all _! /r5g?4 ,su* a fact appe>s to me to be fatal to ! !ory4 7iii47 ,b ! geological evid5ce is /rong] /ill4 ,if all ^! creatures h aris5 9 succession1 & p]i%$1 we may well ask1 8,:]e are _! bones80 ,ea* successive race1 accord+ to ! !ory1 has be5 suffici5tly p[]ful to ov]p[] its pr$ecessors1 & to reproduce its own k9d4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t we %\ld naturally look = ! geological rema9s ( ^? once-p[]ful animals4 ,b "h we are met by ! h>d1 /ubborn1 rocky fact1 t !re is no trace ( !m 9 ! geological record4 ,we f9d ! rema9s ( ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 etc41 b betwe5 !m !re is a complete hiatus2 & if !re 7 #ajjj l9ks betwe5 ,a & ,b1 ! geologi/ _c %[ y "o ( !m4 ,he c %[ y ,a1 & he c %[ y ,b2 b z = ,a #bj1 #cj1 & #dj1 he c only tell y t !y are n yet discov]$4 ,i "k t "s good ,*ri/ian p are afraid ( geology1 & 9 t ,i believe !y make a great mi/ake2 = ?\gh ,i grant !re may be dang] 9 %all[1 sup]ficial1 !oretical geology1 ,i nev] c d\bt t ! real record ( ! rocks is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! real record ( ,scripture4 ,s1 9 ?is in/ance1 x has furni%$ u ) an unansw]able pro( t ! evolutioni/ !ory is n f\nd$ 9 fact1 & t no?+ has yet be5 discov]$ 9 ! geological record to %ake our confid5ce 9 ! gr&1 old1 ,scriptural /atem5t1 8,god made ! bea/ ( ! e>? aft] its k9d1 & ! cattle aft] _! k9d1 & ev]y?+ t creepe? ^u ! gr\nd aft] its k9d3 & ,god saw t x 0 good40 ,we all "k t x is n ! object ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis to tea* sci5ce2 & "s1 ,i grieve to ?9k1 are n afraid ( call+ x a my?1 or ev5 a poem = ! *ildhood ( ! _w2 b ,i v5ture to affirm t ! /atem5t ( ! ,inspir$ ,book :i* describes ea* k9d z a sep>ate creation is m 9 accordance ) well-kn[n geological facts1 & is !re=e m sci5tifically accurate ?an ! !ories ( ^? :o adopt ! conjecture t ! v>i\s k9ds1 species1 or gr\ps evolv$ !mselves ei!r f ea* o!r or f a common /ock4 7#b7 ,cosmical ,evolution4 ,b if ?is be ! case ) ,biological ,evolution1 h[ is x ) ,cosmical ,evolution1 or ! evolution ( inanimate matt]8 ,bi%op ,temple describes x z 8t :i* beg9s ) ,laplace1 & expla9s ! way 9 :i* ! e>? 0 fitt$ to be ! habitation ( liv+ creatures20 #aa;a & aga9 he says3 #aa;b ,x _c1 !n1 be well d5i$ t ! a/ronom]s & geologi/s "h made x exce$+ly probable t ?is e>? on :i* we live has be5 br\ght to its pres5t condition by pass+ ?r\gh a succession ( *anges f an orig9al /ate ( great heat & fluidity1 p]haps ev5 f a mixture ma9ly consi/+ ( gases2 t su* a body z ! planet ,jupit] repres5ts "o ( ! /ages ?r\gh :i* x has pass$2 t su* a body z ! moon repres5ts a /age t[>d :i* x is t5d+2 t x has %rank z x cool$1 & z x %rank =m$ ! elevations :i* we call m\nta9s1 & ! depressions :i* conta9 ! seas & oceans2 t x has be5 worn by ! action ( heat f )9 & wat] f )\t1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is action pres5ts ! appe>ance :5 exam9$ bel[ ! surface ( successive /rata or lay]s2 t diff]5t k9ds ( animal & vegetable life h foll[$ "o ano!r on ! surface1 & t "s ( _! rema9s are f\nd 9 ^! /rata n[3 & t all ?is has tak5 enorm\s p]iods ( "t4 ,all ?is is exce$+ly probable1 because x is ! way 9 :i*1 z ,laplace fir/ po9t$ out1 "u well e/abli%$ sci5tific laws ( matt]1 p>ticul>ly ! law ( gravitation & ! law ( ! radiation ( heat1 a great fluid mass w\ld naturally *ange4 ,!re is no?+ 9 t explanation to militate aga9/ ! ,scriptural acc\nts ( ! =mation ( ! pres5t _w2 & x may h pleas$ ,god to make use ( ! laws ( gravitation & radiation ( heat 9 ord] to br+ our _w into its pres5t =m4 ,b ! /ructure ( ! e>? is n all1 or ne>ly all4 ,!re is f\nd on ! e>?1 & )9 x1 an inf9ite v>iety ( sub/ances4 ,!re are metals2 su* z gold1 silv]1 lead1 iron1 etc4 ,!re are preci\s /ones ( gorge\s beauty1 diamonds1 rubies1 etc41 etc4 ,!re is vegetable matt] ( e description1 f ! t5d]e/ blade ( grass to ! h>d wood ( ! =e/ oak4 ,& !re are animals ( all classes & all *>act]s1 f ! l[e/ mollusk to ! mo/ p]fect & elaborate v]tebrate4 ,& ! "q is1 ,:at made !m8 ,7 !y produc$ by ! cool+ ( ! e>?8 ,0 x gravitation or radiation t made ! gold1 ! ruby1 ! f]n1 ! oak1 ! animal1 & ! wat]8 ,b 9 addition to ^! v>i\s sub/ances1 ! _w ab\nds ) :at we call 8,laws40 ,!re are ! laws ( electricity1 ( heat1 ( *emi/ry1 ( =ce1 ( motion1 etc42 besides ^? to :i* all ^! great *anges are ascrib$1 ! laws ( heat & gravitation--&1 ,:at made !m8 ,are !y all ! result ( ! cool+ ( ! e>?8 ,0 "o mass ( fluid matt] cool$ into iron1 "o into gold1 "o into wood1 & "o into fle%8 & did !y all evolve f !mselves by "s my/]i\s p[]1 ^? wond]ful laws ( nature to :i* !y are all subject & :i* !y all obey8 ,9 _! case !re 0 no 8/ruggle = exi/5ce10 no 8survival ( ! fitte/10 & no 8natural selection0--no ?\ght1 no m9d1 no design1 & no plan 9 !mselves2 & x is inde$ h>d to suppose t !y n only evolv$ !mselves1 b also evolv$ laws ( su* m>vell\s subtlety & p[]1 t _! discov]y & use =m ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,x may p]haps int]e/ "s to "k h[ x is all suppos$ to h be5 done1 & z ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] appe>s to be ! great apo/le ( ! !ory1 ,i w give1 9 8 own words1 ! conclusion ( 8 elaborate argum5t4 ,9 8,fir/ ,pr9ciples0 7p4 #cif7 he gives 8 great conclusion1 & pr9ts x 9 italics t !re may be no mi/ake z to its va/ importance3 8,evolution10 he says1 8is an integration ( matt] & concomitant dissipation ( motion1 dur+ :i* ! matt] passes f an indef9ite1 incoh]5t homog5eity to a def9ite1 coh]5t het]og5eity1 & dur+ :i* ! reta9$ motion und]goes a p>allel trans=mation40 ,is x = su* z t t we are to give up our fai? 9 ! creation ( ,god8 ,b ?is is n all1 = n m]ely is ! e>? fill$ ) v>i\s sub/ances1 & gov]n$ by v>i\s laws2 b !re is a ?ird elem5t = :i* ev5 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s def9ition fails to acc\nt1 & t is life4 ,!re is life ab\nd+ ev]y:]e2 b :at sci5ce c tell u ei!r :at x is or :5ce x came8 ,0 x produc$ ei!r by gravitation or radiation8 ,did ! cool+ ( ! e>? produce life on its surface8 ,i "k no great] evid5ce ( ! utt] failure ( ! evolutioni/ !ory ?an ! sugge/ion made on "o occasion 7,i ?9k 9 an inaugural address to ! ,briti% ,association71 t life came 9 a meteoric /one f "s already =m$ habitable _w4 ,) ref]5ce to su* an idea x is en\gh to ask f\r que/ions4 ,h[ did x get into t o!r _w8 ,h[ did x atta* itself to ! meteoric /one8 ,h[ did x survive ! awful bl[ :i* x mu/ h exp]i5c$ :5 x /ruck ! e>?8 & h[ did x spread itself :5 x f\nd itself alone 9 ! utt] lonel9ess ( an un9habit$ _w8 ,su* is ! !ory ( ^? :o w\ld /ruggle to create a _w )\t a ,god2 & ,i v5ture to affirm t !re is inf9itely m true sci5ce 9 ! words1 8,all ?+s 7 made by ,him1 & )\t ,him 0 n any?+ made t 0 made4 ,9 ,him 0 life1 & ! life 0 ! light ( m540 ,b1 ?\gh ,i h ?us foll[$ ,bi%op ,temple 9 8 tw(old division ( ! !ory ( ,evolution1 !re is ano!r tw(old division :i* ,i reg>d z ( incomp>ably great] importance4 ,i ref] to ! ,!i/ic & ,a!i/ic !ory4 ,i4 ,!re is a ,!i/ic !ory1 = !re c be no d\bt :atev] t _m ( ^? :o accept ! ,evolution !ory hold x 9 ! firm belief 9 ! creative p[] ( a self-exi/+ ,creator4 ,bi%op ,temple1 e4g41 /ates ! "q ?us3 ,9 ! "o case ! ,creator made ! animals at once su* z !y n[ are2 9 ! o!r case ,he impress$ on c]ta9 p>ticles ( matt]1 :i* ei!r at ! beg9n+ or at "s po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,8 creation ,he end[$ ) life1 su* inh]5t p[]s t 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( "t liv+ creatures su* z ! pres5t 7 develop$4 ,! creative p[] rema9s ! same 9 ei!r case4 #ac ,= my own "p1 ,i %\ld be almo/ dispos$ to consid] t ! creative p[] 0 ! great] on ! !ory ( ,evolution2 = to make a g]m :i* %\ld evolve itself into all ! c\ntless v>ieties1 bo? ( animate & inanimate exi/5ce1 is1 if possible1 a great] miracle ?an ! creation ( ea* sep>ate species4 ,!re is great skill %[n 9 ! manufacture bo? ( a railway tra9 & a /eamboat1 b ! skill w\ld be ( a mu* high] ord] if a p]son 7 to con/ruct a tra9 ) its eng9e & all its c>riages1 & imp>t to x ! rem>kable prop]ty t :5 x arriv$ at ! sea-coa/ x %\ld ( itself )\t ! action ( man1 turn itself into a /eamboat4 ,?us a p]son may hold ! ,evolution !ory to its fulle/ ext5t )\t ent]ta9+ ! slighte/ d\bt z to ! creative p[] ( our ,god4 ,inde$1 ,bi%op ,temple says3 ,! doctr9e ( ,evolution leaves ! argum5t = an intellig5t ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! _w /rong] ?an x 0 be=e4 ,!re is /ill z mu* z ev] ! pro( ( an intellig5t purpose p]vad+ all creation4 ,! diff]5ce is t ! execution ( t purpose belongs m to ! orig9al act ( creation1 less to acts ( gov]nm5t s9ce4 ,!re is m ,div9e =esight1 !re is less ,div9e int]position2 & :atev] has be5 tak5 f ! latt] has be5 add$ to ! =m]4 7,p4 #abb47 ,!re is su* a joy 9 ! bless$ assurance ( ,div9e int]position1 & x seems s cle>ly taught 9 ,scripture1 t x is impossible to reg>d )\t ! utmo/ jeal\sy ! sugge/ion ( ev5 su* a transf] z t describ$ 9 ^! words4 ,b /ill1 h[ev] greatly we may regret ! !ory1 we are b\nd 9 ju/ice to recognise ! fact t ^? :o hold x may believe 9 a ,creator ,god ) a fai? z firm & un%ak5 z t :i* br+s peace to our own s\ls4 ,i _c refra9 f add+ t ?is 0 ! view ( ,d>w9 himself4 ,he has be5 claim$ z an ally by ^? :o d5y ! creation ( ,god2 s t x is mo/ satisfactory to read su* a passage z t ) :i* 8 book concludes3 ,!re is gr&eur 9 ?is view ( life1 ) its sev]al p[]s1 hav+ be5 orig9ally brea!d ,,by ,,! ,,creator into a few =ms or into "o2 & t :il/ ?is planet has gone cycl+ on accord+ to ! fix$ law ( gravity1 f s simple a beg9n+ endless =ms1 mo/ beautiful & mo/ wond]ful1 h be5 & are be+ evolv$4 7,p4 #dbi47 ,we may :olly diff] f him 9 8 !ory ( ,evolution1 b we rejoice to agree ) him 9 ! conviction t life1 0 orig9ally brea!d =? by ! ,creator4 #b4 ,b !re is also an ,a!i/ic !ory ( ,evolution1 :i* does1 9 fact1 sub/itute ,evolution = ,god4 ,! doctr9e ( ,evolution is us$1 accord+ to ,bi%op ,temple1 8to prove t no intellig5ce plann$ ! _w40 ,! !ory seems to be t ?r\gh ! p[] ( c]ta9 laws ! orig9al atoms h gradually evolv$ !mselves into all ! beauties & endless v>ieties ( ?is ?ickly-peopl$ _w4 ,x is pitiable to see ! hopeless %ifts to :i* intellig5t m5 are driv5 9 ord] to ma9ta9 su* a !ory4 ,!y are compell$ to face ! que/ions1 8,:5ce came ! atoms8 & n[ did ! laws orig9ate80 ,& ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] = an answ] to su* que/ions is compell$ to resort to :at he t]ms 8,! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce40 ,we might pu% ! inquiry "o /ep f>!r1 & inquire :at 0 ! orig9 ( ?is ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce8 & we _c b wond] t a man :o is consid]$ "o ( ! great ?9k]s ( ! age %\ld n be compell$1 :5 ?us driv5 into a corn]1 to ackn[l$ge ) c&\r t 8 p]si/5t =ce is no?+ less ?an ! omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,b no1 he _c admit ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 & 9 a note on p4 #aib ( 8 8,fir/ ,pr9ciples10 he actually tells u t he & ,pr(essor ,huxley inv5t$ ! t]m 8,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce10 in/ead ( :at us$ to be ! t]m employ$1 8,cons]vation ( ,=ce10 because 8,cons]vation implies a ,cons]v]10 & t he d5ies4 ,?us 8 !ory ( ,evolution is employ$ to %[ h[ ! _w evolv$ itself )\t ! int]f]5ce ( a ,creator1 or ev5 a ,cons]v] ( ,=ce4 ,! :ole ?+ is suppos$ to h be5 done )\t design1 )\t plan1 )\t intellig5ce1 )\t skill1 & 9 fact )\t any action ( m9d or intellig5t p[]4 ,! :ole is suppos$ to be ! result ( c]ta9 un9tellig5t laws1 n orda9$ by any ,lawgiv]1 or c>ri$ out by any ,cons]v]4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,evolution !ory is ! ,a!i/'s sub/itute = ,god4 ,n[ surely1 if ?is be ! case1 ^? :o write & speak 9 fav\r ( ! ,evolution !ory ought to be mu* m c>eful ?an "s ( !m h be5 9 def9+ :at !y are speak+ (4 ,"s ( !m speak ( 8! doctr9e ( ,evolution10 z if !re 0 only "o doctr9e1 & "s speak 9 mo/ raptur\s t]ms ( its mo/ extraord9>y value--z1 e4g41 :5 ,mr4 ,drummond said 9 ,grosv5or ,h\se t 8,x 0 ! ,great ?\ght ( ! c5tury1 p]haps ! greate/ ! _w has ev] f\nd out20 b surely :5 !y d s !y are b\nd to tell u :at !y mean4 ,d !y mean simply gr[?8 or progression8 or v>iation )9 species8 ,or d !y mean evolution f species to species8 or ! evolution ( ! inanimate _w8 ,on su* po9ts !re ought to be a cle> & unmi/akable def9ition4 ,above all1 d !y mean an evolution by ,god1 or )\t ,him8 ,an evolution by ! design ( a div9e ,p]son1 or by 8,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce10 :atev] t may be8 8,evolution10 9 ! vocabul>y ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] & 8 foll[]s1 means no?+ less ?an a !ory = ! =mation ( ! _w & all ?+s !re91 )\t ! action or design ( a p]sonal ,creator2 & surely x is to be deeply deplor$ t ,*ri/ian advocates %\ld employ exactly ! same t]m )\t ! slighte/ caution or prote/4 ,i d n say t 9 _! writ+s !re are no passages :i*1 if c>efully collect$ & splic$ toge!r1 may indicate :at !y mean4 ,b :at ,i ma9ta9 is1 t z ! ^w 8,evolution0 is employ$ by !m to express ! mode accord+ to :i* our ,heav5ly ,fa!r has =m$ ! :ole creation1 bo? animate & inanimate1 & by ,a!i/s to express ! mode by :i* ! _w is suppos$ to h =m$ itself1 !y ought n to use ! ^w )\t mak+ x z cle> z ! sun 9 heav5 9 :at s5se !y employ x4 ,!y may speak ( 8,evolution0 z ! great sci5tific !ory ( ! day1 or z ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( ! age1 & unless !y are mu* m c>eful ?an "s h be51 _! au?ority may be quot$ z endors+ ! !ory inv5t$ by ,a!i/s & ma9ta9$ by !m 9 support ( _! ,a!ism4 ,m5's m9ds are gov]n$ by words1 & surely we h a "r to ask ( ^? :o glory 9 sci5tific accuracy t !y %\ld cle>ly def9e :at !y mean1 & n leave _! unsci5tific read]s to discov]1 z be/ !y may1 :e!r !y wi% u to believe 9 self-evolution or ,div9e =mation2 9 a self-evolution by ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce1 or 9 a m>vell\s creation by ! design1 ! skill1 & ! omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,if !y write ab\t ,evolution 9 ! loose way 9 :i* "s h done lately :ile !y appe> to speak ) admiration ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s philosophy1 !y _c be surpris$ if !y are reg>d$ z tea*+ 8 ,evolution !ory1 & if ! effect ( _! writ+ is to weak5 fai? & /r5g!n ,a!ism4 ,b let no "o suppose = "o mom5t t1 because we deplore ! loose1 inaccurate1 & unsci5tific mann] 9 :i* "s ( ^? :o glory 9 _! sci5tific accuracy appe> to conf\nd fact & !ory1 on t acc\nt we und]value sci5tific inve/igations1 or ?9k lightly ( sci5tific facts4 ,9 pro( ( ?is ,i w\ld conclude ?is pap] by an extract f ! writ+s ( a truly sci5tific inve/igator1 ! late ,mr4 ,f4 ,buckl&1 :o writes3 ,( late ye>s1 ! doctr9es ( s-call$ ,evolution & ,developm5t h seem+ly ga9$ gr\nd among ^? int]e/$ 9 natural hi/ory2 b to put matt]s v /raight1 ,i /eadfa/ly believe t ! ,great ,creator1 z inde$ we are directly told1 made all ?+s p]fect & 8v good0 f ! beg9n+2 p]fect & v good e creat$ ?+ is n[ f\nd to be1 & w s cont9ue to ! end4 ,i am v will+ to prove my case1 by hold+ a c\rt at any "t or place1 be=e any numb] ( p ( any class4 ,i w\ld impanel a jury ( ! mo/ em95t & skilful railway & me*anical eng9e]s1 :ile ! only witnesses ,i %\ld call w\ld be ! fi% fre% f ! deep-sea trawl]1 ! city fi% m>ket1 or ! fi%mong]'s slab3 ,i w\ld adduce f !m evid5ce ( 8design1 beauty1 & ord]10 z ev9c$ 9 su* z ! electric organs ( ! torp$o1 ! gun-lock sp9e ( ! file-fi%1 ! wat]-res]voir & spectacles ( ! eel1 ! tee? ( ! gilt-head bream1 ! an*or ( ! lump-suck] & remora1 ! col\r+ ( ! p]* & bleak1 ! i*?yophag\s tee? ( ! pike1 %>k1 & silv]y hair-tail2 ! tail ( ! fox %>k1 ! preh5sile lips ( ! dory & sprat1 ! nose ( ! b>bel & dogfi%1 ! respl5d5ce ( ! arctic gymnetrus & scabb>d-fi%1 ! dagg] 9 ! tail ( ! /+-ray1 ! ne/ ( ! /ickleback1 ! arm\r-plates ( ! /urgeon1 ! no/ril-brea?+ p[]s & /ore ( fat 9 ! salmon2 migrations ( ! salmon1 h]r+1 pil*>d1 sprat1 & mack]el2 &1 above all1 ! enorm\s f]tility ( fi%es useful z food to ! human race4 ,i am satisfi$ t ,i %\ld obta9 a v]dict 9 fav\r ( my view ( ! case1 namely1 t 9 all ^! wond]ful contrivances !re exi/s evid5ce ( design & =e?\ght1 & a wondr\s adaptation ( means to an end4 7,life1 p4 #dbd47 ,,footnotes4 #c ,address 9 ,grosv5or ,h\se1 ,may #c1 #ahhe4 #e;a ,may #c1 #ahhe4 #e;b ,9 ! ,*ri/ian ,commonweal?4 #f;a 8,bampton ,lectures10 p4 #afb4 #f;b ,ibid4 p4 #afg4 #g;a 8,bampton ,lectures10 p4 #afd4 #g;b 8,orig9 ( ,species10 p4 #djc4 #g;c 8,bampton ,lectures10 p4 #afd4 #g;d ,ibid4 p4 #afd4 #g;e ,ibid41 p4 #aff4 #aa;a ,p4 #afg4 #aa;b ,p4 #afb4 #ac 8,lectures10 p4 #aad4