,transcrib] ,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,,glaci,,res ,,or ,,freez+ ,,cav]ns ,illu/ration3 ,,ice ,,slope ,,& ,,bas91 ,,kol[rat%,,hle4 ,,glaci,,res ,,or ,,freez+ ,,cav]ns ,,by ,,edw9 ,,swift ,,bal* ,a4 ,b4 7,h>v>d72 ,f4 ,r4 ,g4 ,s4 ,memb] ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute ,( ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9 ,club ,( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society ,au?or ( ,m\nta9 ,exploration1 c4 ,philadelphia ,,all51 ,,lane ,,scott #aijj ,copyright1 #aijj1 by ,,edw9 ,,swift ,,bal*4 ,press ( ,,all51 ,,lane ,,scott1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,affectionately ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,my ,,"m1 ,,^: ,,deep ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,my ,,"w ,,has ,,help$ ,,me ,,greatly4 ,,prelim9>y ,,note4 ,_m k9d fri5ds h giv5 me in=mation ab\t glacires or assi/ance 9 my "w4 ,i am especially indebt$ to ,mr4 ,rob]t ,butl]1 ( ,san ,jos1 ,cal42 ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,cu%+1 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c42 ,pr(essor ,*>les ,e4 ,fay1 ( ,tufts ,college1 ,mass42 ,pr(essor ,eb]h>d ,fugg]1 ( ,salzburg1 ,au/ria2 ,mr4 ,alois ,f4 ,kov>ik1 ( ,decorah1 ,i[a2 ,monsieur ,e4 ,a4 ,m>tel1 ( ,p>is1 ,france2 ,mr4 ,john ,rit*ie1 ,jr41 ( ,bo/on1 ,mass42 ,pr(essor ,i4 ,c4 ,russell1 ( ,ann ,arbor1 ,mi*42 ,miss ,h4 ,v>5a1 ( ,wiesbad51 ,g]many2 & ,miss ,m>y ,coxe1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,f>num1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,f>num1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,g>rison1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,hall1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,i4 ,h4 ,h[ell1 ,mrs4 ,horace ,jayne1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,meehan1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,ni*olson1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,phillips1 ,mr4 ,bun=d ,samuel1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,wagn]1 & ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,wahl1 ( ,philadelphia4 ,i wi% to ackn[l$ge also ! help ,i h d]iv$ f ! ,biblio?que ,nationale & ! libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,e4 ,s4 ,b4 ,philadelphia1 ,febru>y ! #aj?1 #aijj4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,"p ,i4 ,exp]i5ces 9 ,glacires #a ,"p ,,ii4 ,! ,causes ( ,subt]ranean ,ice #aji ,"p ,,iii4 ,li/ ( ,glacires #afe ,"p ,,iv4 ,"s ,op9ions ab\t ,glacires #bfi ,"p ,v4 ,li/ ( ,au?ors #cac ,index #cbi ,,illu/rations4 ,ice ,slope & ,bas91 ,kol[rat%hle ,frontispiece ,glacire de ,*aux-les-,passavant #h ,ice ,/alagmites1 ,*aux-les-,passavant #aj ,v]tical ,section ( ,*aux-les-,passavant #aa ,ice ,/alagmites1 ,*aux-les-,passavant #ab ,v]tical ,section ( ,dbs9a #ae ,! ,l[] ,rositt5 ,alp & ! ,unt]sb]g #af ,! ,entrance ( ! ,kol[rat%hle #ah ,v]tical ,section ( ! ,kol[rat%hle #ai ,top ( ,ice ,slope1 ,kol[rat%hle #bj ,at ! ,entrance ( ! ,s*aflo* #bb ,holl[ ,cones & ,fissure ,columns1 ,s*aflo* #bd ,on ! ,ice ,slope1 ,s*aflo* #bf ,9 ! ,re> ( ! ,s*aflo* #bh ,v]tical ,section ( ,dmnyflva #bi ,! ,frau5mau] & ! ,gsoll ,alp #ch ,9 ! ,frau5mau]hhle #dj ,v]tical ,section ( ! ,frau5mau]hhle #db ,ice ,/alactite1 ,frau5mau]hhle #db ,v]tical ,section ( ! ,su*5reu!r ,eislo* #eg ,la ,glacire de ,sa9t-,georges #fb ,v]tical ,section ( ! ,glacire de ,sa9t-,georges #fd ,v]tical ,section ( ,gr& ,cave de ,mont>quis #gb ,! ,bluff at ,decorah #hf ,entrance ( ! ,cave ( ,decorah #hh ,locus ,glacialis1 ,cave ( ,decorah #ij ,gorge at ,ell5ville #ib ,v]tical ,section ( ,pit ne> ,summit #ig ,v]tical ,section ( ,freez+ ,cave ne> ,william/[n #ajc ,v]tical ,section ( a ,w9dhole #abe ,freez+ ,cav]n at ,bra9>d #ahj ,,"p ,i4 ,,exp]i5ces ,,9 ,,glaci,,res4 ,,exp]i5ces ,,9 ,,glaci,,res4 ,,subt]ranean ,,ice ,,9 ,,k+',s ,,rav9e4 ,subt]ranean ice 0 br\ght to my notice by a m]e accid5t1 late 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #ahgg1 :ile on a desc5t ( ,k+'s ,rav9e1 on ,m\nt ,adams1 9 ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s ( ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,we _h j desc5d$ ! rock wall ( ! m\nta9 & _h rea*$ ! head ( ! gorge1 :5 my companion1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,e4 ,l[e1 ! well-kn[n ,appala*ian guide ( ,r&olph1 sudd5ly said to me1 ,w\ld y l a piece ( ice8 ,i c get y "s pres5tly4 ,i answ]$1 ,c]ta9ly1 wond]+ :]e he w\ld f9d any4 ,:5 we got among ! big b\ld]s1 :i* =m s r\gh a pa? = ! travel] at ! bottom ( ! rav9e1 ,mr4 ,l[e climb$ d[n "u "o ( ! bigge/1 & pres5tly reappe>$ ) a good siz$ lump ( ice4 ,i 0 mu* impress$ at f9d+ ice at ! end ( ! summ] 9 ?is gorge1 :5 = mon?s pa/ no ice or sn[ _h be5 visible on ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s4 ,i notic$ also ! peculi>1 flaky =mation ( ! ice1 & saw at once t x 0 some?+ new to me1 & 9 fact x 0 a piece ( :at ,i h s9ce le>n$ to "k z prismatic ice4 ,,glaci,,re ,,ne> ,,brisons4 ,9 ! summ] ( ! ye> #ahhj1 ,i travel$ ?r\gh ! ,alps1 ) a fri5d f ,philadelphia4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,septemb]1 we drove f ,g5eva to ,bonneville4 ,!nce we />t$ on foot )\t a guide1 & z a result got lo/ 9 ! woods1 f :i* we only extricat$ ourselves at nightfall4 ,aft] retrac+ our /eps to ,bonneville1 we 7 glad to f9d a man to %[ u ! way we %\ld h tak51 & f9ally rea*$ ! little village ( ,brisons 9 ,france1 :]e we slept4 ,! next day we took a guide & made our way across ! m\nta9s to ,annecy1 at "o spot go+ out ( our direct r\te to see a place spok5 ( by ! natives z a glacire4 ,x 0 a little pit1 & at ! base ( "o side !re( 0 ! m\? ( a small cave into :i* we c\ld n see any di/ance4 ,at ! bottom ( ! pit lay a mass ( dirty sn[ & ice to :i* we did n desc5d1 z ! sides ( ! pit 7 %e] & smoo?1 & !re 0 no ladd]4 ,?is pit seem$ to be m ( ! nature ( a gully fill$ ) w9t] sn[1 ?an a true rock cave conta9+ ice4 ,,! ,,glaci,,re ,,de ,l',,haut-,d',,avi]noz4 ,?ree days aft] ?is1 on ,tuesday1 ! #ba/ ( ,septemb]1 #ahhj1 we visit$ ! two l>ge/ glacires on ! ,mont ,p>melan1 ne> ,annecy1 ,france4 ,at ,annecy we inquir$ at ! hotel = a man :o knew ! ,mont ,p>melan2 &1 aft] f9d+ "o1 we made our way to ,les ,villaz1 :]e we sp5t ! night 9 an aub]ge4 ,our companion 0 an odd p]sonage4 ,he 0 small1 ab\t fifty ye>s ( age1 & look$ meek1 cru%$ & hungry4 ,he wore a long black frock coat & black tr\s]s1 ?9 boots & a l95 %irt1 c]ta9ly n ! ideal outfit = a cave explor]4 ,"u 8 c>e we />t$ e>ly 9 ! morn+ & toil$ up a m\nta9 pa? "s eight hundr$ or a ?\s& met]s1#a ?r\gh woods & pa/ures1 to ! high] plateau ( ,mont ,p>melan1 9 :i* 0 situat$ ! fir/ glacire4 ,?is 0 9 a great pit1 at ! bottom ( :i*1 on "o side1 0 a big cave4 ,on ! side ( ! pit opposite to ! op5+1 !re 0 a /eep rock slope1 =ty or fifty met]s long1 ^: l[] portion 0 cov]$ ) sn[4 ,d[n ?is slope we desc5d$ ) b little difficulty1 rea*+ at ! bottom an almo/ level ice floor :i* spread ov] ! entire cave & 0 =m$ ?r\gh\t ( ?ick1 solid ice4 ,a second & mu* small] pit 9 ! ro( ( ! cave op5$ directly ov] ! ice floor2 & "u ?is pit rose a small cone ( ice1 "s two met]s high1 ! only "o 9 ?is glacire4 #a ,! metric sy/em is us$ ?r\gh\t ?is book1 except 9 a few quotations4 ,!rmometric obs]vations are giv5 9 degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,! glacire itself 0 approximately r\nd 9 %ape1 & "s tw5ty met]s 9 diamet]4 ,at "o place ! rock wall 0 brok5 & we c\ld look into a mu* small] inn] cave or *amb]4 ,into ?is we c\ld n p5etrate on acc\nt ( a long1 n>r[ crack or hole :i* yawn$ 9 ! ice floor = a di/ance ( "s five or six met]s & cont9u$ ?r\gh ! op5+ into ! second *amb]4 ,we tri$ to cut our way along ! side ( ! hole1 b _h to give x up1 f9d+ ! ice too h>d & our "t too %ort4 ,! crack or hole1 ^: sides 7 solid ice1 prov$ conclusively t ! ice 9 ?is glacire 0 _m met]s 9 ?ickness1 = we c\ld look a long way d[n into ! hole1 c]ta9ly = t5 or twelve met]s1 until ! ice sides disappe>$ 9 d>kness1 )\t any visible bottom4 ,! hole _c be spok5 ( z a crevasse1 =1 besides n look+ l a crevasse1 x 0 c]ta9ly =m$ by o!r causes ?an ^? :i* =m ! crevasses 9 glaci]s1 s9ce !re is1 z a rule1 no p]ceptible movem5t 9 subt]ranean ice4 ,d\btless1 ! hole 0 due to ! dra9age ( ! cave1 :i* und\bt$ly pass$ (f ?r\gh ! hole4 ,!re may be1 nev]!less1 "s little motion 9 ! ice ( ?is glacire1 = x is evid5t t x is f$ pr9cipally directly by ! w9t] sn[s2 :i*1 :e!r z froz5 or melt$ sn[1 desc5d gradually1 by ! =ce ( gravitation1 f ! slope ( ! pit into ! glacire4 ,z = any possibility ( ?is great mass ( ice melt+ away & =m+ aga9 9 any "o ye>1 x passes belief2 !re mu/ be at lea/ ! cubic cont5ts ( a doz5 ord9>y h\ses 9 ! cave1 & su* a mass c\ld h>dly be de/roy$ or =m$ aga9 9 any su* %ort space ( "t z a fall or spr+4 ,?is is1 !re=e1 probably a p]man5t or p]5nial glacire4 ,,! ,,glaci,,re ,,de ,,*apuis4 ,/>t+ out f ! ,glacire de l',haut-d',avi]noz we walk$ across ! plateau ( ! ,mont ,p>melan1 en r\te = ! second glacire4 ,?is plateau is a curi\s rock =mation1 consi/+ ( :at ! natives call lapiaz1 :i* might be translat$ /one-heaps4 ,! plateau is full ( great project+ rocks2 & myriads ( cracks & crevices ev]y:]e r5d ! surface1 & ov] ^! crevices "o sometimes has to jump4 ,/ill1 ,i d n rememb] any p>ticul> difficulty4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly n ne>ly z bad walk+ z ! taluses ( loose rocks "o meets at ! base ( _m m\nta9s4 ,our guide l$ u = ab\t an h\r across ! plateau 9 a s\!rly direction1 & !n1 look+ ov] ! side ( ! ,p>melan1 ) a sweep ( ! arm cov]+ s\?1 we/ & nor?1 he told u t ! glacire lay betwe5 ^? po9ts1 b he did n "k exactly :]e4 ,?is seem$ a r hopeless prospect1 s1 z we _h no clue to ! :]eab\ts ( our prospective hole1 we desc5d$ to a c\ple ( *lets we saw "s two hundr$ met]s bel[1 b :i* at lea/ 7 9 ! direction ( ,annecy4 ,we foll[$ a goat-h]d's pa? :i* l$ to ! *lets f ! plateau1 "o ( ^? dang]\s grass tracks1 :]e no?+ w\ld be easi] ?an to make a slip1 & :]e a bad slip might h unpleasant results4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 j ! k9d ( place :]e e "o is p>ticul>ly c>eful n to slip4 ,we 7 c>eful & s rea*$ ! *lets all "r1 & !re we f\nd a /rong1 intellig5t boy1 :o at once po9t$ out ! place :]e ! glacire 01 ab\t half way up ! slope we _h j come d[n4 ,s we took him ) u1 leav+ our guide at ! *lets to await our return4 ,! entrance to ! glacire 0 9 a wall ( rock1 set at an angle ( "s ?irty-five degrees2 at ! bottom ( ?is !re 0 "s grass4 ,an easy *imney "s fifte5 met]s high l$ up to ! glacire4 ,up ?is *imney we climb$4 ,at ! top we ent]$ a little cave ab\t two met]s deep1 by a sort ( portal ab\t two met]s wide4 ,! cave made an elb[ to ! "r1 & pass+ ?is we f\nd t x turn$ to ! left & po9t$ directly into ! m\nta94 ,! rock w5t d[n v]tically 9 front ( u1 b ! boy said we c\ld get d[n1 s hav+ fir/ l[]$ a c&le by a /r+ to see ! dep?1 :i* turn$ out to be a p]p5dicul> drop ( "s f\r or five met]s1 ) ! help ( ! rope we all climb$ d[n4 ,we 7 already almo/ entirely away f ! daylight & a few /eps took u into complete d>kness1 except = ! light we _h f ! c&le ea* ( u held 9 8 h&4 ,! fissure l$ /raight into ! m\nta94 ,x 0 a c\ple ( met]s wide at places1 & !re we mov$ along ! bottom4 ,9 "o place x n>r[$ bel[ to a w$ge1 & !re we progress$ ei!r by climb+ along "o side or by plac+ "o foot on "o side & ! o!r foot on ! o!r4 ,! fissure l$ d[nw>ds z well z inw>ds4 ,x w\ld h be5 no?+ 9 daylight to g ?r\gh x2 b 9 ! semi-d>kness x 0 n easy4 ,aft] a desc5t ( "s tw5ty-five met]s or !reab\ts1 we arriv$ at ! glacire1 & ,i h c]ta9ly nev] se5 a weird] place4 ,!re 0 a great ar*$ rock dome1 p]haps six met]s 9 height1 & "s twelve 9 diamet]2 ! floor 0 a %eet ( smoo?1 slipp]y ice1 at "o end curl+ ov]1 g5tly at fir/1 aft]w>ds m /eeply1 to a l[] dep?2 & on ! sides 7 sev5 or eight ice columns /ream+ f cracks 9 ! rocks to ! floor4 ,ea* ( ^! columns 0 "s ?ree or f\r met]s high1 &1 small at ! top & 9 ! middle1 spread out at ! base into ! %ape ( fans4 ,9 ! dim c&le light & ! cold damp atmosph]e1 ! columns loom$ up l s _m gho/s1 & ! l&scape impression 0 /range & solemn4 ,! air "h seem$ p]fectly /ill4 ,!re 0 ano!r curiosity4 ,! fissure we _h come d[n1 at ?is po9t "s ?ree met]s wide1 0 fill$1 j beyond ! glacire1 ) pure1 transp>5t wat]1 :i* =m$ a little lake3 ?is 0 p]haps "o met] deep1 & ext5d$ across ! fissure1 b>r+ fur!r progress4 ,x c]ta9ly seems /range t 9 ! same cav]n1 "u ne>ly ! same conditions ( temp]ature1 !re %\ld be "o place cov]$ ) a floor+ ( ice & ano!r fill$ ) wat]4 ,! explanation1 h[ev]1 is p]haps n f> to seek4 ,ov] ! lake !re 0 a di/9ct draught ( air4 ,! draught probably melts ! ice 9 summ]1 if inde$ x does n prev5t any f =m+ 9 w9t]4 ,!re are1 s f>1 no w9t] obs]vations report$ ( ?is cave1 yet x w\ld seem to be "o :i* w\ld well repay ! tr\ble4 ,,! ,,glaci,,re ,,de ,,*aux-,,les-,,passavant4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,augu/1 #ahid1 my bro!r & ,i arriv$ at ,besanon1 ! ,vesontio ( ! ,romans1 b5t on see+ ! ,glacire de ,*aux-les-,passavant or de la ,grce-,dieu1 :i* is n f> di/ant f ! t[n4 ,! hotel we /opp$ at 0 pretty bad2 ! b$s 7 surm\nt$ ) ^? old-fa%ion$ curta9s :i* 7 ( use be=e ! inv5tion ( glass w9d[s1 b :i* n[ only s]ve to exclude air & v5tilation4 ,h[ev]1 ,i le>nt some?+ ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! c\ntry1 = on gett+ d[n at six o'clock ! next morn+ = breakfa/1 ! fir/ "q ! wait] ask$ 03 ,quel v9 monsieur pr5dra-t-il8 ,at sev5 o'clock we salli$ =? 9 a little op5 "o-horse victoria1 ) a dull gray sky ov]head4 ,besanon is well d[n 9 a valley1 s ! fir/ five miles ( ! road 7 a sl[1 gradual rise to ! surr\nd+ levels4 ,! sc5]y z we drove along rem9d$ u ( ,turn]'s pictures3 di/ant vi/as ( hills & valleys ) factories bl[+ (f _! smoke & ) tumble-d[n old h\ses ensconc$ 9 picturesque nooks1 j ^? long-di/ance effects t ,turn] lov$ to pa9t & :i*1 = "s reason1 ! arti/s ( ! pres5t g5]ation h g5]ally neglect$ & usually speak ( z unpa9table or unpicturesque4 ,!re 0 a r[ ( trees1 ! :ole way1 on ea* side ( ! road1 a bit ( practical =e/ry1 ! wisdom ( :i* x w\ld be well = ,am]icans to recognize4 ,aft] our poor horse _h pull$ u up ! long hills1 we _h an almo/ level road runn+ 9 a /raight l9e z f> z ! eye c\ld see4 ,we saw at lea/ a hundr$ little hawks1 :o live on field mice & o!r rod5ts1 & ^: pres]vation is ano!r evid5ce ( ,fr5* wisdom4 ,! la/ f\r miles ( ! drive 0 up a rav9e 9 ! woods1 ne> ! beg9n+ ( :i* we pass$ ! ,trappi/ conv5t ( la ,grce-,dieu4 ,illu/ration3 ,,glaci,,re ,,de ,,*aux-,,les-,,passavant4 ,f a ,photograph by ,e4 ,mauvilli]4 ,opposite ! entrance ( ! glacire1 !re is a little re/aurant :]e ! peasants come to dance & picnic1 & :]e ! few travell]s :o get to ^! p>ts1 c obta9 a tol]able djeun]4 ,!y keep a fair v9 du pays !re1 & we _h "s tr\ble on ! way home 9 consequ5ce4 ,our driv]1 a talkative specim5 ( ! g5us & an old soldi] ( ,b\rbaki's1 told u1 on ! way out1 _m ?+s ab\t ,besanon dur+ ! ,franco-,g]man w> & ( ! retreat ( ! ,fr5* army into ,switz]l&2 b on ! way home1 he %[$ t he evid5tly 0 n a memb] ( ! blue ribbon army4 ,he fir/ seem$ desir\s ( n tak+ u back to ,besanon1 pref]r+ to g 9 ! o!r direction t[>ds ,bale2 & aft]w>ds he ev9c$ a viol5t incl9ation to g to sleep4 ,we ?\ght we %\ld h to reque/ him to *ange seats ) u1 & drive back ourselves1 b we obviat$ ! difficulty by ply+ him ) que/ions z soon z he began to nod on 8 box4 ,ev5tually1 we rea*$ ,besanon all "r1 only once bump+ a pass+ c>t1 & only once ne>ly capsiz+ into a dit*4 ,if ,am]icans c le>n "s po9ts f ,europeans ab\t =e/ry1 ,i ?9k ! latt] might get "s equally valuable in=mation f u conc]n+ ! use ( wat]1 ext]nally & int]nally4 ,! good lady at ! re/aurant acts ! "p ( ! old-fa%ion$ cave dragon1 & we _h to appease h] by h&+ ov] f\r s\s z a prelim9>y to exploration4 ,%e also _h a sign up1 say+ t no "o is all[$ to break (f or take away any ice1 :i* mu/ sadly int]f]e ) ! t\ri/s' privilege ( br++ away specim5s4 ,! entrance ( ! glacire 0 surr\nd$ by woods1 :i* =m$ a natural ramp>t to any?+ l w9d4 ,z we /ood fac+ ! glacire a great pit op5$ be=e u1 ) a slope ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty-five met]s long lead+ to ! bottom4 ,?is slope is at fir/ g5tle 9 its gradi5t1 b l[] d[n x /eep5s to an angle ( "s ?irty degrees s t we 7 glad to resort to ! trail :i* desc5ds 9 regul> ,alp9e zigzags4 ,9 "o place1 on ! "r h&1 !re 7 ! rema9s ( a /one wall ) a door1 & local tradition relates t 9 =m] times !re 0 a sort ( =tifi$ habitation !re1 :i* 0 us$ 9 w> times z a place ( retreat4 ,! l[] "p ( ! slope is cov]$ by a protect+ ro( ( rock :i*1 ?9 at ! rim :]e x is edg$ ) =e/1 gradually slopes d[nw>d ov]head s t at ! m\? ( ! glacire we look$ back & up :at might be describ$ z an imm5se tunnel4 ,! l[] "p ( ! slope 0 a mixture ( brok5 rocks1 mud & ice3 ! la/1 h[ev]1 seem$ to be all on ! surface1 al?\gh x 0 impossible to det]m9e :e!r x w5t to any dep?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ice ,,/alagmites1 ,,*aux-,,les-,,passavant4 ,f a ,photograph by ,e4 ,mauvilli]4 ,at ! base ( ! tunnel we f\nd ourselves on ! ?re%old ( an imm5se1 almo/ circul> cave1 ) a diamet] ( "s fifty met]s1 ris+ ov]head into a regul> vault or dome ab\t tw5ty-sev5 met]s 9 height4 ,! entrance to ! cave is s l>ge t pl5ty ( daylight is admitt$1 & ! :ole cave easily exam9$4 ,! rocks are ( a yell[i% br[n hue1 & ,i c\ld n help ?9k+ ( ,nibelheim 9 ,ri*>d ,wagn]'s ,rhe+old4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4b ,v]tical ,section ( ,*aux-les-,passavant4 #b ,! figures 9 ?is book are r\gh sket*es1 )\t pret5se at accuracy ( measurem5t1 & are only explanatory ( ! text4 ,! bottom ( ! cave 0 entirely cov]$ ) a floor+ ( ice4 ,h[ ?ick ?is floor+ 0 !re 0 no means ( judg+1 z !re 7 no holes1 b x mu/ h be5 at lea/ two or ?ree met]s ?ick 9 places4 ,at ! back ( ! cav]n1 directly fac+ ! entrance1 "o magnific5t froz5 wat] fall /ream$ f a fissure4 ,x 0 p]haps five met]s high1 & began to take ! fan %ape f its orig94 ,! base 0 ab\t f\r met]s wide1 & did n re/ on ! ice floor1 b on a slop+ rock ext5d+ out f ! side ( ! cave4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable feature ( all1 7 six or sev5 great ice /alagmites1 %ap$ l cones or r\gh pyramids1 :i* rose on ! floor ( ! cave4 ,"o ( ^! 0 at lea/ five met]s 9 diamet] & six 9 height1 & seem$ p]fectly solid4 ,9 ! case ( two ( ! o!rs1 h[ev]1 ! cones 7 brok5 on "o side1 reveal+ 9 ea* ! /em & bran*es ( a "y p9e tree4 ,^! evid5tly _h be5 plant$ 9 ! ice & r\nd !m ! columns _h gr[n4 ,:e!r all ! ice cones 7 ?us artificial 9 _! orig9 ,i c\ld n det]m9e1 b x seem$ probable t !y 7 ! result ( ye>s ( undi/urb$ accretion & gr[?4 ,9 bo? ! cones :]e ! break on ! side gave a view into ! int]ior1 ! d>k blue-gre5 color ( deep glaci] crevasses 0 pres5t4 ,a pool ( wat]1 p]haps ?irty c5timet]s 9 dep? & ?ree or f\r met]s 9 diamet]1 lay at "o place on ! ice floor4 ,! :ole cave 0 damp & ! ice 9 places decid$ly slu%y1 9 fact all ! signs %[$ t x 0 ?aw+4 ,9 ! case ( ?is glacire z well z 9 ^? ( ! ,mont ,p>melan1 x seem$ cle> t x mu/ be 9 ! w9t] mon?s t ! =mation ( ice takes place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ice ,,/alagmites1 ,,*aux-,,les-,,passavant4 ,f a ,photograph by ,e4 ,mauvilli]4 ,d,,bs9a ,,jegb>lang4 ,! cav]n ( ,dbs9a1 9 ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 is easily rea*$ ei!r f ,poprd to ! nor?1 or f ,dbs9a to ! s\?4 ,! hotel at ,poprd is bett]1 h[ev]1 ?an ! inn at ,dbs9a1 :]e my bro!r & ,i sp5t two nights4 ,x 0 decid$ly primitive4 ,! food 0 n s bad1 b ! pigs ran r\nd 9 ! c\rty>d1 & "o morn+ a gypsy b& woke u at half-pa/ ?ree o'clock by play+ 9 front ( our w9d[s1 9 dreadful wail+ tones1 :i* 7 mo/ irritat+ at t h\r4 ,at ! prop] "t1 h[ev]1 ,hung>ian gypsy music1--despite ! fact t none ( ! play]s ev] seem to look at ! lead]1 & t ea* man appe>s to play ! tune he likes ! be/1--is /rangely fasc9at+4 ,dbs9a itself lies 9 a holl[1 surr\nd$ ) well-wood$ hills1 ! g5]al appe>ance mu* resembl+ "s ( ! valleys ( ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s ( ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,my bro!r & ,i />t$ f ,dbs9a on ! morn+ ( ! #bg? ( ,july1 #ahie1 at half-pa/ sev5 o'clock1 9 a little op5 c>riage ) excell5t horses & a ,hung>ian driv] 9 national co/ume4 ,he 0 a nice fell[1 b he did n und]/& a ^w ( ,g]man4 ,! road rem9d$ u ( "s ( our own m\nta9 roads1 z x 0 r\gh1 full ( holes & p>tly wa%$ away by ! ra9s4 ,we fir/ asc5d$ to ! cre/ ( ! surr\nd+ hills & !n desc5d$ to ! ,/rac5a ,?al1 a wild lime/one valley cov]$ ) f9e =e/4 ,two h\rs & a half driv+ l&$ u at ! hotel-re/aurant ne> ! cave1 at :i* ,i %\ld c]ta9ly /op on ano!r visit4 ,x 0 half an h\r's /roll !nce1 ?r\gh beautiful woods1 to ! cav]n's entrance4 ,nor?w>ds 9 ! di/ance ! ,ttra ,range 0 visible1 a set ( %>p b>e rock peaks1 at ^: base1 ensconc$ 9 p9e =e/s1 is situat$ ! fam\s ,hung>ian summ] resort ( ,ttra ,fr$1 :i* mu* resembles ,b> ,h>bor4 ,! entrance to ! cav]n is enclos$ by a f5ce ) a gate1 & "h ! ,dbs9a p h a high t>iff & take toll f t\ri/s4 ,at ! gate1 we wait$ = half an h\r1 until a suffici5t numb] ( p]sons _h arriv$ to =m a p>ty4 ,?is mode ( visit+ ! cave r detracts f ! pleasure1 ev5 ?\gh x does away ) all difficulty & makes ! beauties ( ,dbs9a accessible to ev]yone4 ,x 0 also necess>y to wait long en\gh to cool (f ?or\ghly be=e ent]+1 on acc\nt ( ! icy air ( ! cav]n1 :]e heavy w9t] clo!s are indisp5sable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,v]tical ,section ( ,dbs9a4 ,! entrance to ,dbs9a faces ne>ly due nor?4 ,x is small1 p]haps two met]s wide & ?ree met]s high1 & is p]fectly %elt]$ f any w9d4 ,! sudd5 drop 9 temp]ature at ! entrance 0 />tl+2 9 fact x 0 ! mo/ extreme *ange ,i h notic$ 9 any cave4 ,)9 ! l5g? ( an ord9>y room1 say 9 a di/ance ( five met]s1 we pass$ f an extremely hot summ] morn+ to ! *ill ( a mid-w9t] aft]noon4 ,a slight air curr5t1 p]haps1 issu$ f ! entrance1 z we obs]v$ a fa9t mi/ !re4 ,at ! rock portal !re 0 ice on ! rocks ov]head1 & und]foot 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! huge mass ( ice :i* almo/ fills ! cav]n4 ,a desc5t d[n eighte5 wood5 /eps l&$ u at ! beg9n+ ( a great ice floor1 9 :at is call$ ! ,gross] ,saal4 ,x is a magnific5t cave4 ,! floor is a %eet or r a mass ( solid ice1 ! surface ( :i* is level en\gh 9 "o place to p]mit ( skat+2 9 o!r spots x is slop+ & cov]$ ) small ice hillocks4 ,! ice is solid ?r\gh\t1 )\t any holes or cracks4 ,sev]al fissure columns /ream to ! floor f cracks 9 ! sides4 ,jo9+ ! ro( to ! floor are num]\s big ice /alactites1 :i* =m froz5 pill>s & columns4 ,^! are f eight to elev5 met]s 9 height1 & "s two to ?ree met]s 9 av]age bread? & wid?4 ,ne>ly transluc5t1 !y are cov]$ ) all sorts ( icy ornam5ts hang+ ab\t !m 9 tufts & fr+es2 !y are beautiful 9 _! %apes1 z well z 9 _! :ite & blue colors4 ,"o ( ^! columns is call$ ! ,brunn51 because until ab\t t5 ye>s ago1 a small /ream dribbl$ cont9u\sly f ! ro( & cut a *annel across ! ice floor2 b n[ ! /ream has solidifi$ into ! pill>1 & ! *annel is fill$ up1 al?\gh x c /ill be trac$ 9 ! ice4 ,! cav]n is light$ by electricity1 :i* has ! m]it1 ev5 if x br+s 9 an elem5t ( artificiality1 ( cle>ly reveal+ "o ( ! *ief glories ( ,dbs9a4 ,?is is ! rime or ho> fro/1 :i* 9 ! %ape ( ice or sn[ cry/als1 cov]s ! entire lime/one ro(1 &1 reflect+ ! electric light1 %9es l fro/$ silv]4 ,"s ( ^! fro/ cry/als seem to be precipitat$ to ! floor1 & 9 "o place ,i f\nd a small %eet ( !m1 p]haps two met]s 9 wid? ea* way1 :i* look$ & felt l g5u9e sn[4 ,! g5]al color effect ( all ?is upp] cave is :ite1 al?\gh !re is "s blue 9 ! ice1 & gray & br[n 9 ! rocks & %ad[s4 ,x w\ld n be mu* ( a misnom] to call ,dbs9a ! great :ite cave4 ,! ice ext5d$ to ! sides ( ! cave except 9 two places4 ,"h !re 7 holes 9 ! ice1 bridg$ by l[ rock ar*es4 ,we pass$ ?r\gh "o ( ^! & desc5d$ by a wood5 /aircase "s eighty /eps1 aft]w>ds return+ up ?r\gh ! o!r ar* by ano!r /aircase4 ,at ! bottom we /ood 9 a magnific5t gall]y nam$ ! ,korridor1 =m$ by a solid wall ( ice on "o side & by a wall ( lime/one rock on ! o!r4 ,! ice wall is ! l[] portion ( ! ice floor2 ! rock wall is ! cont9uation ( ! ro(4 ,= ! entire di/ance ! ice wall rises almo/ p]p5dicul>ly "s fifte5 met]s 9 height1 :ile ! rock wall ar*es ov]head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,l[] ,,rositt5 ,,alp ,,& ,,! ,,unt]sb]g4 ,! bottom ( ! ,korridor 0 fill$ ) blocks ( fall5 lime/one1 ?r\gh :i* any wat] dra9s (f1 & on :i* !re 0 a wood5 walk1 s t we circl$ r\nd ! ice ) ! greate/ ease4 ,at "o place on ! lime/one wall hung a clu/] ( big icicles1 :i*1 f _! %ape really des]v$ ! "n !y be>1 ( ! ,orgel4 ,at ano!r place a hole1 "s six or sev5 met]s deep1 0 hewn1 9 ! =m ( a small *amb]1 directly into ! ice mass4 ,?is is ! ,kapelle1 :]e we p]=m$ our devotions by leav+ our visit+ c>ds on ! floor4 ,ne> ! middle ( ! ,korridor ! ice mass bulges out & ext5ds to ! lime/one wall1 break+ ! :ole ,korridor into two p>ts1 ! we/]n portion ab\t eighty met]s1 & ! ea/]n ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty met]s long4 ,?is necessitat$ cutt+ a tunnel ab\t eight met]s long 9 ! ice to get ?r\gh4 ,! color ( ! ,korridor is a d>ki% gray & is mu* m sombre ?an t ( ! ,gross] ,saal4 ,a rem>kable feature ( ! ice wall is ! fact t di/9ct b&s ( /ratification are visible 9 ! ice 9 _m places4 ,:y ! ,korridor is n fill$ up ) ice & :y ! ice is p]p5dicul> = su* a di/ance are que/ions ,i am unable to answ] satisfactorily2 b x is probable t ! temp]ature ( ! rock walls is suffici5tly high to prev5t ice f =m+ 9 w9t] or to melt x 9 summ] if x does =m 9 w9t]4 ,! air 9 ,dbs9a seem$ /ill1 & sc>cely felt damp4 ,9 "o or two places 9 ! ,gross] ,saal !re 0 a slight slopp9ess1 %[+ incipi5t signs ( ?aw4 ,9 ! ,korridor x 0 freez+ h>d4 ,,! ,,kol[rat%,,hle4 ,! ,kol[rat%hle is situat$ on ! nor? slope ( ! ,unt]sb]g1 ne> ,salzburg1 at an altitude ( #acia met]s4 ,my bro!r & ,i visit$ x on ! #b;d ( ,augu/1 #ahie4 ,we _h "o ( ! pat5t$ guides ( ! di/rict1 ,jacob ,grub] by "n1 9 regul> ,tyrolese dress1 ) gray jacke & black *amois knee bree*es4 ,we left ,salzburg 9 ! e>ly morn+ 9 an e9spnn] & drove to ! foot ( ! ,unt]sb]g 9 ab\t an h\r1 :5ce1 by a r\gh pa? pass+ by ! ,rositt5 ,alp1 we asc5d$ to ! cave 9 ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,! la/ hundr$ & sixte5 met]s ( ! pa? 7 cut across "s mod]ately /eep rock slabs & a p]fectly unnecess>y iron h&-rail+ affix$4 ,! entrance faces nor!a/4 ,"h !re mu/ h be5 a slight draught ( cold air mov+ outw>ds1 ! effect ( :i* 0 p]ceptible to ! eye1 z at ! po9t :]e ! cold inside air met ! quiet w>m outside air1 a fa9t mi/ 0 visible4 ,f ! entrance1 a %>p slope1 set at an angle ( ab\t =ty degrees1 l$ to ! l[e/ po9t ( ! cave4 ,! upp] half ( ?is slope 0 /ill cov]$ ) ! w9t] sn[ :i* _h bl[n or _h slid 94 ,we desc5d$ on ! "r h& edge ( ! sn[ by means ( "s /eps cut 9 ! rock by ! ,deuts*5-,oe/]rei*is*5 ,alp5 ,club4 ,^! /eps 7 cov]$ ) a /icky1 r$ mud1 :i* left almo/ in]adicable /a9s on our clo?+1 & z !re 0 also ice 9 places1 !y 7 decid$ly slipp]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,entrance ,,( ,,! ,,kol[rat%,,hle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,v]tical ,section ( ! ,kol[rat%hle4 ,at ! bottom ( ! slope we 7 at ! l[e/ po9t ( ! cave1 to :i* all ! wat] fl[$1 & :]e x dra9$ (f into a crack ) a l\d gurgl+ noise4 ,back ( u 0 ! daylight /ream+ ?r\gh ! entrance2 opposite to u 0 fir/ an ice floor1 !n a great ice slope1 :i* came d[n f ! fur!r end ( ! cave4 ,! ice 0 transp>5t & ( a pale o*re-gre5i% hue1 & fill$ ! entire wid? ( ! cave4 ,!re is a /reak ( iron1 probably1 ?r\gh ! lime/one1 :i* 9 places t9ts ! rocks a dull r$4 ,! color impression is a dull gre5-r$1 &1 on acc\nt ( ! size ( ! entrance1 ! light effect is only semi-subt]ranean4 ,! ice floor 0 cov]$ ) a lay] ( slabs ( ice1 eight or t5 c5timet]s ?ick1 :i*1 e>li] 9 ! ye>1 _h evid5tly _h wat] "u !m4 ,! ice wall or ice slope consi/$ ( two big waves1 "o above ! o!r1 ! l[] set at an angle ( ab\t t5 degrees1 ! upp] set at an angle ( ab\t tw5ty-five degrees4 ,to get up ! upp] wave requir$ ab\t twelve /eps cut ) ! axe4 ,beh9d ! upp] wave1 five or six fissure columns /ream$ out to ! beg9n+ ( ! ice4 ,"o ice /alactite1 at lea/ two or ?ree met]s long1 ov]hung ! ice floor1 & ,grub] said ab\t ?is3 ,well1 ,i wond] x has n fall5 yet3 !y seldom la/ z late 9 ! ye>1 a confirmation ( :at 0 cle>ly evid5t1 namely1 t ! :ole cave 0 9 a /ate ( ?aw4 ,9 two places !re 0 a /rong1 cont9u\s drip f ! ro( to ! ice floor1 :i* =m$1 9 ea* case1 :at ,i c only call an ice bas94 ,^! bas9s 7 ne>ly circul>2 "o 0 ab\t f\r met]s1 ! o!r ab\t two1 9 diamet]4 ,ar\nd ab\t two-?irds ( ! rim ( ! l>g] "o1 ice rose 9 a surr\nd+ r+ two or ?ree met]s high1 sugge/+ t e>li] 9 ! ye> ?is bas9 0 a cone1 & possibly a holl[ cone4 ,! dep? 9 ! ice floor1 9 bo? cases1 0 ab\t "o & a half met]s1 & ea* bas9 conta9$ "s ?irty c5timet]s 9 dep? ( wat]4 ,!y rem9d$ me ( ! rock bas9s "o sees 9 m\nta9 torr5ts1 :]e an eddy+ curr5t has worn smoo? all ! edges ( ! rocks4 ,f ! l>g] ( ^! bas9s1 a *annel z deep z ! bas9 ran to ! l[e/ po9t ( ! cave4 ,?is *annel 0 cut out by ! ov]fl[1 :i* ran ?r\gh x 9 a t9y /ream4#c #c ,! photographs ( ! ,rositt5 ,alp1 ( ! entrance ( ! ,kol[rat%hle1 & ( ! int]ior ( ! ,kol[rat%hle1 7 made = me on ! #af? ( ,july1 #ahif1 by ,h]r ,c>l ,h9tn]1 ,jr41 ( ,salzburg4 ,! two latt] photographs are1 ,i believe1 ! fir/ good ones ev] obta9$ ( ! inside ( ! cave4 ,!y 7 tak5 )\t artificial light on quick plates2 ! be/ ( ! two receiv$ an h\r & a half1 ! o!r two h\rs' exposure4 ,! photograph] said at fir/ t x 0 n possible to succe$1 & x 0 only by promis+ to pay him 9 any case1 t he c\ld be induc$ to try4 ,illu/ration3 ,,top ,,( ,,ice ,,slope1 ,,kol[rat%,,hle4 ,,! ,,s*aflo*4 ,! ,s*aflo*1 on ! ,ro?horn1 ne> ! ,lake ( ,?\ne1 is "o ( ! bigge/ glacires 9 ! ,alps4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,augu/1 #ahie1 aft] e>ly c(fee1 made by ! porti] ( ! ,hotel ,belv$re at ,int]lak51 ,i drove to ,m]lig51 on ! nor? %ore ( ! lake1 ) ,emil ,von ,allm51 an excell5t guide4 ,we left ,m]lig5 on foot at a qu>t] be=e sev51 &1 mak+ no /ops on ! way1 rea*$ ! ,s*aflo* at t5 m9utes pa/ t54 ,! pa? m\nts g5tly up ! ,w/e ,?al1 :i* high] up is call$ ! ,ju/iz ,?al4 ,! track ?r\gh ! latt] is almo/ on a level1 ov] grassy alps4 ,on ! "r h& rise ! /eep1 almo/ dolomitic1 lime/one cliffs ( ! ,beat5b]g4 ,on ! left is ! range ( ! ,ro?horn1 ) /eep grass & =e/ slopes bel[1 & lime/one cliffs above4 ,! la/ h\r ( ! walk 0 up ^! slopes1 by :at ,ba$ek] calls a giddy pa?4 ,by leav+ ! ^w giddy out1 8 description is accurate4 ,! cav]n is at ! base ( ! lime/one cliff1 & ! grass slope ext5ds up to x4 ,! entrance to ! ,s*aflo* is at an altitude ( #ageb met]s3 x is a f9e ar*way1 & a l[ wall is built p>tly across x4 ,9 front ( ?is1 we sat d[n & consum$ our *ick5 & *eese1 & t be/ ( a travell]'s dr9ks1 cold tea4 ,! day 0 w9dless1 & :5 ,i light$ a cig>1 to see :e!r !re 0 any draught at ! entrance1 ! smoke rose /raight up1 %[+ t ! air 0 p]fectly /ill4 ,:5 we 7 suffici5tly cool$ (f1 we ent]$ ! cave4 ,! entrance faces ea/-s\?-ea/1 b aft] ab\t t5 met]s ! cav]n takes a %>p turn to ! left1 =m+ a sort ( elb[1 & runs ab\t due s\?1 con/antly desc5d+ 9 an almo/ /raight l9e4 ,= ! fir/ eighty met]s or s1 ! floor 0 cov]$ ) blocks ( fall5 lime/one1 among :i* we _h to c>efully pick our way4 ,!n we began to f9d ice1 :i*1 a few met]s fur!r on1 spread out across ! entire wid? ( ! cave1 ) a g5tle slope t[>ds ! left4 ,! surface ( ! ice 0 r s(t1 & ! :ole cave 0 evid5tly 9 a /ate ( ?aw4 ,a few scrat*es ) ! axe--! mo/ invaluable fri5d 9 an ice cave--7 necess>y at "o place to improve our foot+4 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible to move "h )\t a light1 & ,i c>ri$ our tor*1 made ( rope dipp$ 9 pit*1 :i* occasionally dropp$ black rem9d]s on my clo!s4 ,we 7 9 ! middle ( a great ice %eet to :i* sev]al fissure columns /ream$4 ,on ! "r h& a beautiful ice /alactite fl[$ f ! ro( to ! floor2 x 0 "s five met]s high1 & p]haps sev5ty-five c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 & swell$ out slightly at ! base4 ,on ! left h& 7 ?ree or f\r ice /alagmites1 %ap$ l pyramids or cones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,at ,,! ,,entrance ,,( ,,! ,,s*aflo*4 ,"o ( ^! cones 0 especially rem>kable4 ,x 0 at lea/ five met]s high--,von ,allm5 said eight--& at ! bottom 0 ab\t f\r met]s 9 diamet]4 ,! base ( ?is cone 0 entirely holl[4 ,!re 0 a break on "o side by :i* we c\ld ent]1 & we !n /ood on a rock floor ) a small ice dome or vault ov]head4 ,i h se5 no o!r holl[ cone l ?is4 ,! guide light$ a r$ ,b5gal fire inside1 :5 ! :ole pyramid gl[$ ) a delicate p9k light1 resembl+ ,alp5glhn4 ,ne> ?is cone /ood ! half ( ano!r ice cone4 ,x 0 q p]fect1 & ! miss+ half 0 cut (f p]p5dicul>ly1 z if ) a huge cleav]4 ,a holl[ 9 ! base ( ! remnant %[$ t ?is cone mu/ h be5 orig9ally also a holl[ cone1 & its de/ruction 0 probably due to ! *ange 9 ! temp]ature ( ! drip f ! ro(1 at ! sett+ 9 ( ! summ] ?aw4 ,j beyond ! cones1 ! ice floor /eep5s & curls ov] into a big ice slope1 "o ( ! f9e/ ,i h se54 ,von ,allm5 spoke ( ?is z d] glets*]1 an expression ,i nev] he>d appli$ else:]e to subt]ranean ice4 ,on ! "r side1 ! slope w\ld be difficult to desc5d 9 ! d>kness4 ,on ! left1 ! slope is g5tle & a rock juts out a little way d[n4 ,von ,allm5 insi/$ on rop+--an unnecess>y safegu>d--b he said3 ,if y slip1 y w probably break an arm or a leg1 & !n we %all be 9 a nice mess4 ,he !n cut ab\t twelve /eps 9 ! ice1 d[n to ! rock1 :ile ,i %$ light on ! p]=mance ) our tor*4 ,we 7 s completely away f daylight t black 0 ! pr$om9at+ color2 & ev5 ! ice 0 a d>k gray1 & only appe>$ :ite 9 ! high lights4 ,bel[ ! rock1 we f\nd a n>r[ /rip on ! left side ( ! ice slope free f ice & block$ ) b\ld]s1 ov] :i* we c>efully pick$ our way d[n4 ,at ! bottom1 ! ice exp&$ into a level surface1 /ret*+ ne>ly to ! end ( ! cave4 ,!re 7 only a few fissure columns 9 ?is "p ( ! cav]n1 :]e ! mo/ rem>kable feature 0 ! cracks 9 ! rock walls1 :i* 7 s regul> 9 =mation t !y almo/ look$ l man's h&iwork4 ,! rocks are free f /alactites1 & 9 fact /alactites seem a good deal ( a r>ity 9 glacires4 ,on retrac+ our /eps1 we saw1 :5 ! fir/ glimm]s ( daylight became p]ceptible1 ! rocks assume a brilliant blue color1 z if !y 7 flood$ ) moonlight4 ,?is effect la/$ until ne> ! m\? ( ! cav]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,holl[ ,,cone ,,& ,,fissure ,,columns1 ,,s*aflo*4 ,d,m,,nyf,,lva ,,jegb>lang4 ,a little we/ ( ,poprd1 9 ,nor!rn ,hung>y1 on ! railroad betwe5 ,sille9 & ,kassa1 is ! village ( ,lipts ,szt ,mikls1 to :i* place ,i j\rney$ on ! #ab? ( ,june1 #ahif4 ,! conductor 0 ! only man on ! tra9 or at any ( ! /ations :o w\ld admit t !re 0 a glacire at ,dmnyflva1 & t x 0 feasible to get into x3 e "o else pr(ess$ entire ignorance on ! subject4 ,x is p]haps1 wor? not+ at ?is "t t x is always difficult to get any in=mation ab\t glacires2 9 fact1 ! advice ab\t cook+ a h>e might well be appli$ to glacire hunt+3 fir/ cat* y\r glacire4 ,! sc5]y betwe5 ,sille9 & ,mikls 0 picturesque4 ,! hills 7 cov]$ ) =e/4 ,9 "o place1 ! railroad ran ?r\gh a beautiful m\nta9 gorge alongside a riv]1 :]e a numb] ( rafts 7 float+ d[n4 ,!re 7 also "s primitive f]ries1 :]e a rope 0 /ret*$ across ! riv]1 & ! =ce ( ! curr5t c>ri$ ! f]ryboat across1 once x 0 />t$4 ,_m peasants 7 at "w 9 ! fields2 (t5 9 squads4 ,:ite1 blue1 br[n1 & a da% ( r$ 7 ! pr$om9at+ colors 9 _! dress4 ,! m5 wore :ite tr\s]s1 made ( a k9d ( blanket /uff1 & a lea!r1 heelless moccas9 ( ne>ly natural %ape4 ,almo/ all ! wom5 _h b>e feet2 ^? ( ! old] ones 7 g5]ally %ap$ accord+ to ,nature's own =m1 :ile ^? ( ! y\ng] ones 7 g5]ally di/ort$ f we>+ fa%ionable %oes4 ,we w5t pa/ sev]al villages ( huts ) ?at*$ ro(s1 some?+ l ! ,russian villages "o sees beyond ,mosc[1 only less primitive4 ,! inn at ,mikls 0 poor1 & z at ,dbs9a1 ! pigs liv$ 9 ! y>d & occasionally came = an int]view "u ! cov]$ doorway4 ,inquiries elicit$ ! in=mation t ,dmnyflva c\ld be rea*$ by c>riage1 s ,i engag$ "o at ! liv]y /able4 ,! own] told me t ab\t tw5ty ye>s be=e1 he leas$ ! glacire & c>ri$ on a regul> bus9ess 9 supply+ ,buda-,pe/ ) ice4 ,he _h ?irty lamps put 9 to give light to ! workm51 :o br\ght up ! ice 9 baskets on _! backs4 ,at half pa/ five o'clock next morn+ ! c>riage1 :i* 0 innoc5t ( pa9t1 l9$ ) a sort ( basket "w & )\t spr+s1 b c]ta9ly /rongly built1 /ood at ! door4 ,a boy ( ab\t eighte5 ye>s ( age1 :o c\ld speak ,g]man1 w5t along z int]pret]4 ,! morn+ 0 dismal1 &1 e qu>t] ( an h\r or s1 a %[] ( ?ick mi/ fell & gradually made u damp & uncom=table4 ,aft] ab\t tw5ty m9utes on a pretty bad road1 we came to a place :]e !re 0 a =k1 & ! driv] turn$ to ! left1 ov] a track :i* consi/$ ( two deep ruts ?r\gh ! fields4 ,soon aft]1 we he>d "s %\t+ beh9d u1 & a fi]ce-look+ man1 9 a lea!r jacket & c>ry+ a l>ge axe1 came up & abus$ ! driv]4 ,he 0 n an agreeable p]son2 h[ev]1 pres5tly he simm]$ d[n & began to smile4 ,x turn$ out t he 0 a w*t]1 t is1 a gu>dian ( ! fields1 & t we 7 trespass+4 ,! driv] meekly promis$ to return by ! o!r r\te1 & we w5t on our way 9 peace4 ,aft] a:ile1 we drove into "s woods & !n into a m\nta9 gorge1 ) =e/-cov]$ slopes at ! base & ) lime/one cliffs jutt+ out above4 ,"h we came to ! cottage ( ! w*t] or fr/] ( ! surr\nd+ woods1 :o also act$ z guide to ! cave1 = ! few t\ri/s :o came to see x2 & :5 he he>d ( our de/9ation1 he at once slipp$ on a second ragg$ coat1 took a woodman's axe & />t$ on foot1 go+ mu* fa/] ?an ! c>riage4 ,?is 0 n surpris+1 = ! road resembl$ no?+ b ! b$ ( a m\nta9 brook1 a mass ( b\ld]s ) ruts betwe5 !m4 ,?is highway 0 made by ! peasants driv+ _! c>ts ov] ! pla9 9 ! same place1 & z ! soil 0 cut away1 ! b\ld]s appe>$2 & ov] & among ^! we w5t bang+ along1 & we 7 jolt$ ab\t & bump$ into ea* o!r1 until e bone 9 my body a*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,on ,,! ,,ice ,,slope1 ,,s*aflo*4 ,at a qu>t] pa/ sev5 o'clock we came to ano!r h\se 9 a little glade1 :]e ! c>riage /opp$2 & on ask+ ! fr/] = 8 "n1 he wrote d[n 9 my note book1 9 a cle> well =m$ h&3--,misura1 ,franz4 ,f ! glade1 t5 m9utes' walk on a m\nta9 pa?1 up an easy slope1 took u to ! entrance ( ,dmnyflva4 ,x is ab\t two met]s wide by ?ree qu>t]s ( a met] high4 ,we pass$ ?r\gh & ent]$ a l>ge *amb]1 well light$ f ! "r by ano!r op5+1 :i* is high] up & bigg] ?an ! entrance4 ,! air 9 ?is *amb] 0 at ab\t ! same temp]ature z t ( ! outside air1 &1 on our return f ! ne!r _w1 x seem$ positively balmy4 ,9 ! floor at ! end ( ! *amb]1 a small pit yawns op54 ,x is p]p5dicul> on ?ree sides & set at a %>p angle on ! f\r?4 ,a wood5 /aircase ( "s two hundr$ /eps1 _m ( :i* are sadly out ( repair1 leads ne>ly /raight d[n ?is slope to ! glacire4 ,aft] desc5d+ ab\t eighty /eps ( ! /aircase1 bits ( ice appe>$ on ! walls & floor & aft] "s ?irty /eps m1 a lat]al gall]y op5$ to ! "r1 & into ?is we turn$4 ,?is may be call$ ! upp] cave or /ory1 = 9 ,dm5yflva--besides ! entrance *amb]--!re are practically two /ories1 ! upp] "o ( :i* is ma9ly ornam5t$ ) /alactites1 ! l[] "o ) ice4 ,!re 0 a little ice on ! floor f :i* rose "s small ice columns1 p]haps fifty c5timet]s 9 height4 ,! cave or gall]y _h a g5tle d[nw>d slope & turn$ t[>ds ! left4 ,aft] "s little di/ance1 we came to ano!r wood5 /aircase1 ( t5 or twelve /eps1 q coat$ ov] ) ?ick1 solid ice4 ,misura _h to cut away at x = sev]al m9utes1 be=e he c\ld cle> ! /eps en\gh to desc5d4 ,?is 0 9 fact ! beg9n+ ( an ice wall1 ! ,eisw& or ,eismau]1 :i*1 turn+ to ! "r1 fl[$ ?r\gh a rock ar* to ! l[e/ cave4 ,! rock ar* or portal 0 "s ?ree met]s wide & two met]s high1 & a fr+e ( beautiful organ-pipe l icicles hung on x on ! "r h&4 ,j beyond ! portal ! ice slop$ /eeply = a c\ple ( met]s2 !n x became level & on x rose a little pyramid1 a met] & a half 9 height p]haps1 & a column2 !n ! ice slop$ away aga9 to ! l[] cave4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,! ,,re> ,,( ,,! ,,s*aflo*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,v]tical ,section ( ,dm5yflva4 ,we !n cont9u$ our c\rse beyond ! rock portal along ! upp] cav]n = ab\t two hundr$ met]s4 ,x 0 a f9e l>ge gall]y or passage & dur+ ! fir/ fifty met]s or s1 we f\nd num]\s small ice cones1 p]haps a hundr$ ( !m1 f t9y little ones to "s ab\t =ty c5timet]s 9 height4 ,_m ( ^! 7 column> 9 =m1 ne>ly z l>ge at ! top z at ! base3 9 "s cases ! top 0 flat1 & ! columns !n look$ almo/ z if an upp] portion 7 sawn (f4 ,i h se5 ?is %ape ( column n[h]e else4 ,9 places !re 7 slabs & bits ( ice on ! floor4 ,! la/ hundr$ met]s ( ?is upp] cave 0 free f ice & 0 exceptionally dry4 ,x 0 =m$ ( a pale yell[ lime/one rock1 almo/ dolomitic 9 color1 & _m /alactites1 9 _! ?\s& v>i\s %apes1 hung f ! ro( & on ! sides4 ,9 "o spot1 "o big lime/one /alagmite t[]$ up directly 9 ! middle ( ! gall]y4 ,we did n g to ! end ( ! cave1 :]e ice has nev] be5 f\nd4 ,retrac+ our c\rse pa/ ! rock portal to ! entrance pit1 we desc5d$ on ! long /aircase = "s eighty /eps m1 ! am\nt ( ice on ! rocks /eadily increas+4 ,9 places1 fro/ cry/als _h =m$ 9 small quantities on ! ro( & walls4 ,at ! bottom ( ! pit1 ano!r lat]al gall]y1 directly "u ! upp] gall]y1 op5$ to ! "r4 ,ent]+ ?is1 we pass$ ov] brok5 lime/one dbris1 :i* seem$ to ov]lie a mass ( ice4 ,lime/one /alactites 7 noticeable all ?r\gh ?is l[] cav]n1 & fro/ & icicles _h sometimes =m$ ov] !m1 9 :i* case ! ice /alactite assum$ ! =m ( ! lime/one /alactite4 ,advanc+ a few met]s1 we w5t by1 on our "r h&1 an ice pyramid ( a c\ple ( met]s 9 height4 ,j beyond ?is1 ! cave turn$ to ! left l ! upp] cave1 & we desc5d$ to a level floor ( transp>5t ice1 into :i* we c\ld see "s di/ance4 ,at ?is spot1 num]\s icicles1 g5]ally ( inconsid]able size1 hung f ! ro( & on ! sides ( ! cav]n4 ,at ! fur!r end ( ?is ice floor or ice lake we rea*$ an ice slope1 ! ,eisw&1 :i* fl[$ to ! ice floor f ! upp] cave 9 sev]al waves4 ,x 0 "s six met]s wide & tw5ty-five met]s long2 & x 0 n /eep1 p]haps fifte5 degrees 9 ! /eepe/ portions4 ,on ! slope "s old1 ne>ly oblit]at$ /eps 7 visible1 & at ^! ,misura proce$$ to cut1 & ) tor* 9 "o h& & axe 9 ! o!r1 gradually work$ 8 way up1 until he once m rea*$ ! level spot :5ce we _h look$ d[n ! ice slope4 ,"h he /ood wav+ 8 tor*1 a proce$+ inde$ he did con/antly ?r\gh\t ! trip1 = he seem$ exce$+ly pr\d ( ! beauties ( 8 cav]n4 ,?is wav+ ( tor*es1 h[ev]1 is exce$+ly fooli%1 z _! smoke quickly black5s /alactite1 & 9 fact no?+ b c&les & magnesium wire %\ld be c>ri$ = light+ purposes und]gr\nd4 ,! ice ( ! ice slope 0 h>d1 gray & opaque1 q diff]5t f t ( ! ice lake4 ,! ice floor is =m$ ( new ice1 :i* is gradually refill+ ! place f :i* ,misura said ! ice = ,buda-,pe/ 0 tak5 out tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,to prove ?is ass]tion1 he call$ my att5tion to ! side ( ! lake directly opposite ! ice slope4 ,at t spot1 "u ! lime/one rubbi% ov] :i* we came1 !re 0 an outcrop ( p]p5dicul> opaque ice ab\t a met] high4 ,misura said t ! workm5 began to cut at ! ice slope & t !y dug out a c\ple ( met]s 9 dep? f ! ice lake1 until !y _h cut back to :]e ! v]tical outcrop 0 /&+4 ,! explanation seem$ to be 9 accord ) ! facts1 & if s1 x w\ld g to %[ t ! ice 9 ?is cave is ( sl[ =mation & great p]man5cy2 z seems also prov$ by ! /eps on ! ice wall1 :i*--we 7 ! fir/ p>ty 9 ! cave 9 #ahif--;_h rema9$ ov] f ! prec$+ summ]4 ,misura told me he _h nev] se5 s mu* ice nor se5 x s h>d z dur+ our visit1 & he add$ t !re 0 g5]ally wat] on ! ice lake1 & he ?\ght !re w\ld be "s 9 two or ?ree weeks m4 ,! greate/ quantity ( ice 9 ! upp] cave 0 at ! head ( ! ice-slope1 & x w\ld seem z ?\gh !re mu/ be cracks or fissures 9 ! ov]head rocks !re1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] is suppli$ to fe$ ! ice1 n only t ( ! upp] cave1 b also ! l>g] portion ( t ( ! l[] cave4 ,! heavy w9t] air w\ld naturally s9k d[n into ! entrance pit to ! l[] cav]n1 & "s ( x div]ge into ! beg9n+ ( ! upp] cav]n1 :i* at fir/ is di/9ctly a d[n slope4 ,a little beyond ! portal at ! head ( ! ice slope1 ! upp] cave is ei!r horizontal or 9 places slightly asc5d+4 ,probably ?is prev5ts ! cold air f ent]+ fur!r1 & probably also1 ! heat ( ! e>? neutralizes ! cold air ( w9t] beyond a def9ite spot4 ,! air 9 ! cave seem$ absolutely /ill ?r\gh\t2 x 0 also extremely dry1 und\bt$ly because melt+ _h n yet begun4 ,! icicles evid5tly 7 =m$ by ! sl[ drip freez+ z x desc5d$1 & !re 7 no p]ceptible cracks nor fissures 9 ! rocks und]nea? !m4 ,! facts seem to me to prove t nei!r evaporation nor regelation c be ! factors at "w 9 mak+ ! ice & we may d$uce an important rule !refrom4 ,:5 a cave is dry1 !n ! air is dry2 :5 a cave is wet1 !n ! atmosph]e is damp4 ,9 o!r words1 ! /ate ( dryness or dampness ( glacire atmosph]e dep5ds on h[ mu* ! ice is ?aw+ & p>t+ ) its moi/ure4 ,on our return to ! base ( ! long /aircase1 & :ile we asc5d$ x1 we _h an exquisite moonlight effect1 mu* resembl+ ! "o at ! ,s*aflo*4 ,,! ,,fra9] ,,eislei!n4 ,ab\t two h\rs by rail1 nor? ( ,vi5na1 is ! village ( ,s*o5wald1 to :i* ,i j\rney$ on ,june ! #ae?1 #ahif4 ,at ! railroad /ation !re 0 a ,k4 ,k4 ,po/ ,omnibus 9 wait+1 :i*1 :5 x 0 pack$ ) pass5g]s & luggage1 drove ov] to ,fra9 9 an h\r4 ,! admirable road lies across a roll+ pla91 until x rea*es ! br9k ( ! valley ( ! ,?aya1 to :i* x desc5ds 9 long ,alp9e zigzags4 ,on ! bluff ov]look+ ! opposite side ( ! riv]1 !re is a f9e s*loss4 ,i secur$ ! seat next to ! driv] & que/ion$ him ab\t ! ,eislei!n4 ,al?\gh he _h driv5 on ?is road = five ye>s1 )\t visit+ ! ,eislei!n1 yet he 0 positive t !y 7 w>m 9 w9t]1 b cold 9 summ]4 ,he said m ?an once3 ,de/o heiss] d] ,somm]1 de/o mehr das ,eis1 & 9 fact 0 an emphatic expon5t ( ! notions g5]ally held by peasants1 :i* "s savants h adopt$ & tri$ to exp\nd4 ,at ,fra91 ,i appli$ at ! little hotel = a guide1 & 0 entru/$ to ! c>e ( ! hotel boots4 ,he 0 an intellig5t1 talkative y\?1 b he insi/$ also t ! hott] ! summ]1 ! m ice !re is4 ,h[ev]1 he 0 polite1 & made up = any %ortcom+s by always address+ me z d] gndige ,h]r4 ,! day 0 hot1 s x took u ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r on foot1 along ! valley ( ! ,?aya1 to rea* ! base ( ! bluff :]e ! ,eislei!n are situat$1 at an altitude ( ab\t f\r hundr$ met]s4 ,! hillside is cov]$ ) pat*es ( scrubby =e/2 & t[>ds ! summit1 ! entire mass ( ! hill is honey-comb$ ) cracks & ! rocks are mu* brok5 up4 ,aft] ab\t t5 m9utes' asc5t up a little pa?1 we came to small holes1 f ea* ( :i* a curr5t ( cool air p\r$ out2 ^! holes seem$ fairly horizontal1 & ! temp]atures 7 high en\gh to prove t !re 0 no ice )94 ,a little fur!r on1 we came to a hole or t9y cave among a pile ( rocks1 :]e !re 0 a pa9t$ sign3 ,eisgrube4 ,x w5t d[n f ! m\?1 & ,i put my h& well 91 b1 beyond ! l5g? ( my arm1 ,i c\ld nei!r see nor measure its %ape or dep?4 ,! air felt cold1 b 0 n[h]e ne> freez+ po9t2 nor 0 x possible to det]m9e :e!r !re 0 a draught3 x may or may n be a w9d cave4 ,n f> f ?is1 !re 7 two gullies1 ea* t]m9at+ 9 a small cave4 ,! fir/ gully 0 plann$ some:at l c]ta9 traps = wild animals1 t is1 x n>r[$ gradually f ! entrance1 !n became cov]$ ov]2 & !n dw9dl$1 aft] "s f\r met]s m1 into a small desc5d+ hole1 ! end ( :i* we c\ld n rea*4 ,b we got 9 f> en\gh1 to come to l>ge *unks or slabs ( ice pla/]$ ab\t on ! floor & sides4 ,9 ?is cave1 :i* 0 %elt]$ aga9/ sun & w9d1 ! air1 z te/$ by ! smoke ( a cig>1 0 motionless1 & ! cave seem$ unconnect$ ) any air curr5t4 ,! second gully t]m9at$ 9 a some:at l>g] cave1 ^: floor 0 well bel[ ! entrance2 no ice 0 visible1 h[ev]1 al?\gh ! air 0 /ill & ! temp]ature l[4 ,?is cave may or may n be a glacire2 b surely x is n a cold curr5t cave4 ,^! ,fra9] ,eislei!n c]ta9ly (f] an int]e/+ field to anyone /udy+ subt]ranean ice1 f ! fact t !re are1 9 ! same rocks1 caves )\t app>5t draughts 9 summ] & conta9+ ice1 & caves ) di/9ct draughts & no ice4 ,! problem seems m intricate ?an is usually ! case1 b ! solution is simply t ! two classes ( caves happ5 to be f\nd toge!r4 ,,! ,,ei%,,hle ,,bei ,,ro?4 ,! ,eifel is "o ( ! bleake/ di/ricts ( ,c5tral ,europe1 & to "o ent]+ x f ! v9ey>ds & ! well-inhabit$ bas9 ( ! ,rh9e1 ! contra/ is impressive4 ,! railroad rises gradually to a l& ( comp>atively des]t appe>ance1 ) rocks & trees on ! heights & a sp>se cultivation 9 ! valleys4 ,b1 if ! c\ntry is unattractive to ! agriculturi/1 x is int]e/+ to ! geologi/1 on acc\nt ( ! great numb] ( ext9ct volcanoes4 ,almo/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,eifel is ! little t[n ( ,g]oll/e91 fam$ = ! ,g]oll/e9] ,sprudel1 :i* gives =? an eff]vesc5ce undream$ ( by anyone1 :o has n visit$ ! bir? place ( "s ( ^! ,g]man table wat]s4 ,ab\t an h\r's walk f ,g]oll/e91 on ! side ( a small hill1 is situat$ ! little ,ei%hle bei ,ro?1 nam$ aft] a neighbor+ village4 ,i w5t to ?is place1 on ! #be? ( ,june1 #ahif1 ) a "y boy z guide4 ,! cave is %elt]$ f ! w9d by a wood ar\nd x1 among :i* are _m l>ge trees4 ,x is at ! base ( a wall ( pil$ up lava1 or at lea/ volcanic1 rocks :i* =m a sort ( cauldron4 ,! entrance is a small tunnel "s five met]s long1 :i* goes /raight d[n at an angle ( ab\t tw5ty-five degrees & !n turns %>ply to ! left4 ,at ! turn1 ! cave may be p]haps "o met] 9 height4 ,we did n g beyond ?is spot1 :]e ! air 0 icy & ! temp]ature sub-normal1 z ! tunnel 0 block$ up by a l>ge b\ld]1 :i* _h evid5tly rec5tly fall5 f ! rocks 9 front4 ,!re 0 no ice1 z f> z we w5t1 & ! boy said x began ?ree or f\r met]s fur!r 94 ,he told me t !re 0 no ice 9 ! cav]n 9 w9t]1 b admitt$ t he _h n ent]$ x at t season1 s t 0 he>say4 ,he _h he>d also t ! ice 0 sometimes tak5 out = sick p1 b o!rwise x 0 n us$4 ,x seem$ to me t ! conditions at ,ro? %[ t ! ice is =m$ by ! cold ( w9t] alone3 ! cave is well bel[ ! entrance2 x is ! l[e/ po9t ( ! surr\nd+ cauldron ( rocks & all ! cold air naturally gravitates to x2 x is %elt]$ by rocks & trees f w9d or exposure to ! rays ( ! sun2 ! tunnel faces ne>ly due nor?2 & ! wat] necess>y to supply ! ice1 easily soaks betwe5 ! lava blocks4 ,,! ,,frau5mau]h,,hle4 ,eis5]z1 9 ,ea/]n ,tyrol1 is a picturesquely situat$ little t[n4 ,x is at ! bottom ( a great valley1 ) m\nta9s all ar\nd x4 ,two ( ^! are b>e1 gaunt lime/one peaks1 :i* are decid$ly dolomitic 9 =m & color4 ,! %>pe/ ( ^! is to ! nor?4 ,x is call$ ! ,pfaff5/e9 & is ! beg9n+ ( ! range culm9at+ 9 ! ,frau5mau]4 ,on a m\nta9 to ! ea/ ( ! t[n1 "o sees ! iron m9es & works1 :5ce ! t[n takes its "n ,ironore1 & :5ce quantities ( iron are tak5 out e ye>4 ,! m9es are said to h be5 9 op]ation = ov] a ?\s& ye>s1 s9ce ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #hjj4 ,aft] ! ore is tak5 f ! m9e & r\ghly prep>$1 x is run d[n 9 small c>s ?r\gh a cov]$ way to ! railroad /ation to be %ipp$2 & at c]ta9 times !re is a seem+ly endless procession ( ^! c>s1 ea* be>+1 besides its load ( ore1 a m9]1 ) clo!s & p]son entirely begrim$ to ! yell[-br[n color ( ! iron4 ,z ,i walk$ out ( ! ,eis5]z railroad /ation1 an old man 9 ,tyrolese co/ume ask$ me if ,i want$ a trg] & a guide1 s1 :ile he 0 c>ry+ my valise to ! hotel1 we came to t]ms4 ,he 0 "o ( ! pat5t$ guides ( ! di/rict & wore ! l>ge badge ( ! ,au/rian guides4 ,if ! size ( ! badge made ! guide1 "o %\ld be safe ) ,tyrolese1 b = difficult excursions1 x w n d to tru/ to a guide simply because he happ5s to be pat5t$2 t is1 n if "o values ! safety ( "o's neck4 ,next morn+1 ,july ! #i?1 #ahif1 ! old guide arriv$ betimes at ! hotel & r\s$ me by tapp+ on ! wall bel[ my w9d[ ) 8 /ick4 ,we left at half pa/ five o'clock4 ,my companion1 :o %\ld h kn[n bett]1 _h n breakfa/$1 s by ! "t we rea*$ ! ,gsoll ,alp at a qu>t]-pa/ sev51 he 0 almo/ tir$ out4 ,he wore ! regulation black *amois knee bree*es & a gamsb>t 9 8 hat4 ,he pick$ _m fl[]s en r\te1 o/5sibly because !y 7 pretty2 b 9 reality1 ,i ?9k1 because x gave him ! opportunity to recov] 8 w9d4 ,he told me he 0 sixty-?ree ye>s old1 & he c]ta9ly w5t up hill ) "s difficulty1 & = ! fir/ "t 9 my life1 ,i fairly succe$$ 9 %[+ a clean pair ( heels to a pat5tirt] fhr] on a m\nta9 side4 ,at "o place he f\nd a l>ge snail 9 ! road4 ,?is he wrapp$ up 9 leaves & plac$ on a rock1 & on our return he pick$ ! leaves & snail up1 & ramm$ ! :ole bundle into 8 pocket1 in=m+ me t x 0 excell5t ,arznei1 al?\gh he did n m5tion = :at compla9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,frau5mau] ,,& ,,! ,,gsoll ,,alp4 ,! road l$ up a wood$ valley1 9 a sort ( s]ies ( /eps1 bits ( ev5 gr\nd int]sp]s$ by /eep] ones1 ) ! ,pfaff5/e9-,frau5mau] lime/one peaks pok+ up _! jagg$ summits on ! left4 ,! sky 0 cle> at />t+1 except 9 ! we/1 :]e cl\ds 7 =m+1 & ^! gradually ov]spread ! :ole sky1 & f9ally turn$ to ra94 ,j be=e we rea*$ ! ,gsoll ,alp1 we w5t by a huge sn[ avalan*e1 :i* _h fall5 9 ,febru>y & torn a lane cle> ?r\gh ! p9es1 br++ d[n numb]s ( !m ) x4 ,! rema9s ( ! avalan*e 7 bank$ up on ! side ( ! road1 :i* 0 cut out1 & _m ( ! p9es 7 /ill pil$ on & 9 ! sn[4 ,/opp+ t5 m9utes at ! alp to all[ my guide to recup]ate on "s bread & milk1 we !n cross$ ! pa/ures & pu%$ up a r /eep slope by a small pa?1 at "o place cross+ ! rema9s ( ano!r avalan*e4 ,we also came ne> hav+ ! att5tions ( a little bull :i* 0 scream+ vici\sly4 ,my guide said x 0 an extremely disagreeable bea/1 b he did n ?9k x w\ld attack him1 z he always made a po9t ( giv+ x bread :5 at ! *let4 ,we rea*$ ! entrance ( ! cave at a qu>t]-pa/ eight4 ,a man & a boy f ,eis5]z1 :o _h he>d ,i 0 go+ to ! cav]n & :o wi%$ to pr(it by my guide1 caught up ) u "h4 ,!y 7 mu* disappo9t$ :5 ,i told !m ,i %\ld visit only ! ,eiskamm]4 ,!y w5t into ! cave at ! same "t t we did1 & ev5tually we left !m pu%+ up "o ( ! side *amb]s1 ) only "o tor* 9 _! possession4 ,my guide said he ?\ght !y 7 risk+ _! lives1 z !re 7 _m holes !y might fall into1 besides ! probability ( _! f9d+ !mselves 9 total d>kness4 ,he told me t once1 :ile 9 ! cav]n1 he he>d di/ant yells1 &1 go+ up ! gall]y :5ce !y proce$$1 f\nd a man half dead1 :o said he _h tri$ to come ?r\gh ! m\nta9 by himself1 _h brok5 8 lant]n & _h rema9$ 9 ! d>kness an indef9ite numb] ( h\rs2 a situation1 ! horror ( :i* c\ld n be realiz$ by anyone :o has n be5 und]gr\nd )\t a light & felt ! absolute blackness ( a cav]n4 ,! ,frau5mau] is a lime/one peak1 #ahbh met]s 9 height1 "o ( sev]al =m+ a horse%oe r\nd ! ,gsoll ,alp4 ,x pres5ts on t side a %e] wall ( rock1 9 :i* !re are two holes close toge!r1 at an altitude ( #acce met]s4 ,^! are ! l[] op5+s ( ! ,frau5mau]hhle1 ( :i* ! high] & bigge/ "o is us$ = an entrance4 ,!y are "s ?irty or =ty met]s f ! base ( ! rock wall1 & a flight ( wood5 /eps leads up to ! entrance op5+1 :i* is n>r[ & high4 ,at ! top ( ! /eps1 we /ood 9 ! m\? ( ! cave2 &1 go+ 9 f\r or five met]s1 saw ! o!r op5+ to ! left1 bel[ u4 ,ab\t five met]s fur!r1 !re 0 "o small lump ( ice1 z big z a pumpk91 ly+ on ! gr\nd1 b ?is may h be5 c>ri$ !re f )94 ,! cav]n w5t ne>ly /raight = "s tw5ty-five met]s f ! entrance1 ris+ all ! "t g5tly4 ,!n came a /eep little drop1 ( "s f\r or five met]s1 9 ! rock floor1 & "h a small wood5 /aircase 0 plac$4 ,a gall]y op5$ to ! "r & ?is 0 ! cav]n prop]1 :i* leads ?r\gh ! m\nta94 ,x rose consid]ably & conta9$ no ice z f> z we w5t1 :i* 0 = "s di/ance4 ,! walk+ 0 bad1 z ! floor 0 cov]$ ) g]ll1 t is brok5 detritus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,! ,,frau5mau]h,,hle4 ,f a ,photograph by ,a4 ,kurka4 ,return+ & cont9u+ t[>ds ! freez+ *amb]1 ! floor ( ! cav]n began to rise once m1 cont9u+ = "s =ty-five met]s to its highe/ po9t1 :i* is l[]1 h[ev]1 ?an ! top ( ! entrance1 an important fact to notice4 ,=1 al?\gh ! floor ( ! cave is consid]ably high]1 at a di/ance ( sev5ty met]s )91 ?an ! level ( ! bottom ( ! entrance2 /ill1 t highe/ spot is bel[ ! level ( ! top ( ! entrance4 ,?is fact1 & also ! size ( ! gall]y1 unque/ionably expla9s :y ! cold air c get 9 z f> z x does4 ,at ?is highe/ spot we f\nd a consid]able mass ( ice1 a c\ple ( c>tloads 9 bulk p]haps1 :i* ! guide said w\ld melt away lat] 9 ! summ]4 ,?is 01 p]haps1 ! rema9s ( a fall5 /alactite4 ,?is mass ( ice is an int]e/+ po9t 9 connection ) ! ,frau5mau]hhle1 = x %[s t ice 9 a cave sometimes =ms1 ev5 if 9 small quantities1 above ! level ( ! base ( ! entrance4 ,!re seems no reason :y x %\ld n d s1 provid$ !re is ! necess>y wat] supply4 ,su* ice w\ld1 h[ev]1 suff] m1 z soon z ! outside air 0 ov] freez+ po9t1 ?an w\ld ice :i* 0 bel[ ! level ( ! entrance4 ,x w\ld probably disappe> e>ly 9 ! ye>1 unless ! cave 7 9 a latitude or at an altitude :]e sn[ rema9$ 9 ! op5 dur+ mo/ ( ! ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,v]tical ,section ( ! ,frau5mau]hhle4 ,f ?is highe/ po9t1 ! cave turns some:at to ! left1 & ! floor beg9s to slope d[nw>d1 s9k+ gradually to "s six met]s bel[ ! level ( ! entrance4 ,t5 met]s or s f ! highe/ po9t1 we began to f9d icicles & fissure columns1 & ab\t tw5ty met]s fur!r1 we rea*$ an almo/ level ice floor1 /ret*+ across ! entire wid? ( ! cave--"s sev5 met]s--& ext5d+ ab\t fifty met]s m to ! end ( ! cave4 ,9 sev]al places !re 0 mu* froz5 rime on ! rock walls4 ,!re 7 also a numb] ( columns & icicles1 ?\gh none ( any special beauty4 ,i broke a piece (f "o ( !m1 & ! ice 0 transp>5t & free f prisms1 %[+ t ?is column 0 probably ( fairly rec5t orig94 ,lett+ a bit melt 9 my m\?1 ! wat] ta/$ pure & sweet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ice ,,/alactite1 ,,frau5mau]h,,hle4 ,f a ,photograph by ,a4 ,kurka4 ,9 two places1 !re 7 abgrunds1 t is1 holes 9 ! ice4 ,"o ( ^! 0 a wide1 deep hole on ! left side ( ! cave1 betwe5 ! rock & ! ice floor4 ,! o!r 0 a great hole 9 ! ice floor itself4 ,z ! edges ( bo? holes slop$ %>ply1 x 0 impossible to get ne> en\gh to look into ei!r1 b ,i ?rew 9 lumps ( ice1 & f ! s\nd %\ld judge t ! holes 7 ab\t ?ree met]s deep4 ,! hole 9 ! ice floor seem$ to be cut by drip1 & ,i ?9k !y bo? c>ri$ (f ! dra9age4 ,! ice floor 0 sloppy & ?aw+ rapidly4 ,at ! fur!/ po9t we rea*$1 )9 ab\t fifte5 met]s f ! end ( ! ice *amb]1 we 7 /opp$ by an accumulation ( wat] ly+ on ! ice4 ,i pok$ into x ) my ice axe & f\nd x ab\t tw5ty c5timet]s 9 dep?4 ,!re 0 a cru/ ( ice on top 9 places4 ,! lake 0 cold1 b ,i am sure ! wat] 0 n freez+1 z ,i held my h& 9 x at lea/ a m9ute )\t pa94 ,! guide assur$ me t 9 two weeks or s ! lake w\ld be completely froz51 provid$ !re 0 "s f9e1 w>m wea!r2 b1 if !re 0 ra91 he said t x w\ld n freeze4 ,by ?is /atem5t1 he un9t5tionally expla9$1 :at he ass]t$ 0 true1 namely1 t ! cave froze h>d] 9 ,augu/ ?an 9 ,july4 ,! explanation ( c\rse is1 t 9 f9e1 dry wea!r1 wat] does n run into ! cav]n1 & !n ! lake gradually dra9s (f1 leav+ ! ice floor free f wat]2 & ?is ! natives int]pret to mean t ! wat] has froz5 up4 ,at ! edge ( ! lake !re 0 a fissure 9 ! left h& rock wall1 9 :i* my companion assur$ me t a column w\ld %ortly =m4 ,i absolutely d\bt ?is /atem5t1 z1 if x 7 true1 x w\ld be contr>y to ev]y?+ ,i h se52 /ill1 ,i wi% ,i c\ld h return$ 9 ,augu/1 to v]ify ! matt]4 ,i pok$ my tor* up ! fissure1 also felt 9 ) my h&4 ,x 0 cold1 & on ! rocks inside !re 0 mu* ho> fro/1 b ,i c\ld nei!r see nor feel any ice mass1 nor am ,i sure h[ f> ! fissure ext5d$4 ,! air 0 /ill1 damp & ov] freez+ po9t ?r\gh\t ! ,eiskamm]1 & all ! signs %[$ t ! cave 0 9 a /ate ( ?aw4 ,al?\gh ! rocks are lime/one & sc>cely black5$ by smoke any:]e1 yet z our tor*es did n give mu* light1 ! color impression 0 black & gray1 l ! ,s*aflo*4 ,at ! hotel ! l&lord confirm$ 9 e p>ticul> ! /ory ( ! cave freez+ h>de/ 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]4 ,he _h nev] be5 !re himself1 b /at$ t ev]yone said ! same ?+1 & t _m p _h brok5 _! heads try+ to acc\nt = x4 ,at eight o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 my guide came to let me "k t ! man & boy1 :om we left try+ to p5etrate ! cave1 _h j turn$ up aft] mak+ all _! relatives extremely anxi\s4 ,!y 7 ne>ly lo/1 & _h 9 g5]al an extremely uncom=table "t4 ,x is sc>cely to be wond]$ at t accid5ts occur 9 caves & on m\nta9s :5 p1 ) nei!r k nor prop] prep>ation1 g w&]+ (f by !mselves into ! unkn[n4#d #d ,on ! ev5+ ( ,june #bi?1 #ahig1 ,i met at ,hieflau ?ree ,vi5nese t\ri/s :o _h come t day ?r\gh ! ,frau5mau]4 ,!y f\nd ! lake on ! ice floor ( ! ,eiskamm]1 j z ,i _h 9 #ahif4 ,!y said also1 moreov]1 t !y f\nd ice & icicles or ice columns 9 ! ma9 cave2 un=tunately1 !y did n expla9 cle>ly 9 :at "p4 ,,! ,,mil*h,,us] ,,( ,,seelisb]g4 ,! summ] ( #ahif1 w long be rememb]$ by ,alp9e climb]s = ! pitiless ra9 /orm1 :i* kept com+ /eadily d[n dur+ ! vacation mon?s4 ,x 0 9 ! mid/ ( ?is t ,i arriv$ at ,trieb1 on ! ,lake ( ,luc]ne1 on ! #f? ( ,augu/1 to see :e!r ,i c\ld f9d ! w9dholes :i* 7 report$ ne> ,seelisb]g4 ,at ! l&+ place ,i f\nd ,h]r ,j4 ,m4 ,ziegl]1 ! own] ( ! ,hotel ,bellevue at ,seelisb]g1 :o promptly secur$ a nice1 blond be>d$ "y fell[1 a relative ( 8 & 8 kne*t1 z a guide4 ,x 0 p\r+ :5 we />t$1 a proce$+ :i* kept on dur+ our entire excursion4 ,we tramp$ up a n>r[ road1 pav$ ) great /ones 9 ! old ,swiss fa%ion1 &1 z my guide truly said1 awfully /eep = horses4 ,half an h\r f ! boat l&+1 took u to ! fir/ milkh\se1 :i* belong$ to ,h]r ,ziegl]4 ,x 0 9 a small pat* ( woods1 & 0 plac$ aga9/ a cliff1 :]e rocks _h fall5 d[n & =m$ a talus ( brok5 detritus4 ,! side walls ( ! h\se 7 built out f ! cliff & ro($ ov]1 & ! front wall _h a doorway clos$ ) a wood5 door4 ,at ! back ! detritus or g]ll 0 built into a v]tical1 unpla/]$ wall betwe5 mo/ ( ! int]/ices ( :i*1 cool air came =?4 ,sev]al ( ^! int]/ices 7 fairly l>ge holes ( unc]ta9 dep?4 ,x 0 a cool day & ! air curr5ts 7 only a little cool] ?an ! temp]ature outside4 ,ano!r half an h\r ( uphill walk+1 p>tly on roads & p>tly ov] soak+ mead[s1 took u to ,seelisb]g1 :]e we /opp$ at ! h\se ( ! own] ( ! second milkh\se1 to get ! key4 ,! own] c\ld n g ) u because he _h damag$ 8 foot1 by we>+ great wood5 %oes or sabots arm$ ) enorm\s spikes1 :ile cutt+ grass on /eep slopes4 ,he 0 hospitable en\gh3 unlike 8 dog1 :o 0 exce$+ly anxi\s to attack u4 ,! own] said--9 ! int]vals ( ! dog's h[ls--t ice =m$ dur+ ! w9t] 9 ! re> wall ( 8 milkh\se & rema9$ until ab\t ,june4 ,! milkh\se 0 9 a little pat* ( woods aga9/ a small cliff1 at ! bottom ( :i* 7 brok5 rocks4 ,we _h "s difficulty 9 gett+ 91 work+ = at lea/ t5 m9utes at ! lock1 :ile drops ( ra9-wat] w\ld occasionally drip into our coat coll>s4 ,j z ,i _h giv5 up hope1 my companion succe$$ 9 gett+ ! key to turn4 ,!re 7 sev]al pans1 full ( milk1 plac$ to cool1 & sev]al b>rels ( potatoes2 &1 z at ! fir/ milkh\se1 we f\nd t ! re> wall consi/$ simply ( heap$ up detritus built into a v]tical position4 ,g5tle air curr5ts fl[$ f sev]al l>ge holes & f ! cracks betwe5 ! /ones4 ,f "h we w5t by a pa? ?r\gh woods & ov] mead[s d[n to ! lake1 com+ to ! %ore "s di/ance to ! we/ ( ! /eamboat l&+4 ,ev]y?+ 0 soak+ wet1 & z we proce$$1 ,i felt my clo!s gett+ wett] & my %oes absorb+ wat] l sponges until1 :5 we came to an ov]fl[+ brook1 wad+ ?r\gh seem$ r pleasant4 ,!re is "o advantage ( gett+ ?or\ghly wet feet 9 ! m\nta9s3 x makes cross+ /reams s mu* easi]1 z "o does n delay1 b simply /eps "r 94 ,! l[] milkh\se 0 on ! %ore ( ! lake1 ne> ! h\se ( a fi%]man1 ^: wife op5$ ! door = u4 ,!re 0 "s milk 9 pans & sev]al b>rels ( w9e2 & on a bo>d 7 a numb] ( f]ras f ! lake2 ! result ( two days' cat*+ 9 nets4 ,?is 0 ! l>ge/ ( ! ?ree milkh\ses2 al?\gh x did n h z _m big holes 9 ! rock wall z ! o!rs1 b only ! int]/ices betwe5 ! blocks ( rock1 :5ce we c\ld feel cool air fl[+ out4 ,! woman said t ! ice melt$ away by ,april or ,may1 b t 9 w9t] ! w9e b>rels 7 all cov]$ ) fro/4 ,%e also said t ! air com+ f ! clefts 9 summ] 0 cold] :5 ! wea!r 0 w>m1 ?an :5 x 0 ra9y4 ,d\btless ! temp]ature ( ! draughts rema9s ! same dur+ ! summ]1 b ! air feels cool] to ! h& :5 ! outside air is hot4 ,a walk ( ano!r half h\r1 ?r\gh m soak+ wet grass1 br\ght u back to ! /eamboat l&+ at ,trieb1 :]e ,i t\*$ my guide's he>t ) ! gift ( a five franc piece1 & _h a talk ) ,h]r ,ziegl]4 ,he said t !re 7 a numb] ( places 9 ! neighborhood :5ce cold air came =? dur+ ! summ] f cracks 9 ! rocks3 t !re 7 also o!r milkh\ses1 notably "o at ,tell's ,platte1 on ! lake3 & t ! milkh\ses 7 n g5]ally us$ 9 w9t]1 :5 ! doors 7 left op51 to all[ ! cold air to p5etrate z mu* z possible ?r\gh ! rocks beh9d4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ! draughts 7 rev]s$1 & p\r$ 9 in/ead ( out ( ! op5+s1 & ,h]r ,ziegl] ?\ght t at t "t ! int]ior ( ! rock cracks became *ill$1 & t possibly ice =m$ 9 !m :i* help$ to *ill ! summ] curr5ts1 :5 ! draughts p\r$ out f ! holes4 ,,! ,,glaci,,re ,,de ,,la ,,g5olli,,re4 ,on ,tuesday1 ! #aa? ( ,augu/1 #ahif1 a cool & ra9y day1 ,i left ,g5eva & w5t by tra9 to ,nyon1 :]e ,i f\nd at ! /ation a little victoria1 9 :i* ,i drove up to ,sa9t-,c]gues4 ,! road lay across ! pla9 to ! base ( ! slopes ( ! ,jura1 & !n up ^! 9 long zigzags2 x 0 admirably built & on ! hill slopes pass$ ! :ole way ?r\gh a beautiful ?ick =e/1 pr9cipally bee*es & bir*es4 ,at ,sa9t-,c]gues1 ,i w5t to ! ,p5sion ,capt1 :]e ! l&lady soon f\nd a guide 9 ! %ape ( ! g5d>me ( ! di/rict1 a "r good fell[1 ,amy ,aime ,turrian by "n4 ,he 0 9 uni=m1 ) an army revolv] 9 a hol/] at 8 belt4 ,we !n drove ab\t half an h\r beyond ,sa9t-,c]gues1 ! road ris+ b little1 & ! ?ick =e/ giv+ place to a m op5 wood ( ev]gre5s1 ) pat*es ( pa/urage4 ,z a =e/ sanit>ium1 ,sa9t-,c]gues seems unsurpass$ 9 ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,! c>riage turn$ up a little c\ntry road1 :i* soon became too r\gh = driv+1 s we proce$$ on foot = ab\t ano!r half h\r1 ?r\gh p9e woods & pa/ures1 to ! glacire4 ,turrian enliv5$ ! way ) an acc\nt ( 8 life z a g5d>me1 ( ! long solit>y six h\r patrols 9 ! woods 9 w9t]1 & ( h[ he lay 9 ambu% = poa*]s4 ,he said he w\ld n take long to fire on anyone resi/+ arre/1 z t 0 srieux4 ,! glacire is 9 ! middle ( a pa/ure1 ) sev]al p9e trees ov]hang+ x4 ,x is surr\nd$ by a wall1 built to prev5t ! c[s f fall+ 94 ,!re are two pits1 side by side & ab\t ?ree met]s ap>t3 !y are "s ?irte5 met]s 9 dep?1 ) a wid? ( five or six met]s4 ,!y op5 into "o ano!r at ! bottom2 ! rock sep>at+ !m1 =m+ a natural bridge ov]head4 ,"o ( ! pits is v]tical on all sides4 ,! o!r is v]tical all ar\nd1 except on ! side fur!/ away f ! natural bridge4 ,"h ! side ( ! pit is 9 ! %ape1 s usual 9 glacires1 ( a /eep slope4 ,d[n ?is slope we desc5d$4 ,x 0 slipp]y & muddy1 ow+ to ! rec5t heavy ra9s1 & my ice axe prov$ invaluable & probably sav$ me "s unpleasant falls4 ,"u ! bridge1 ! floor 0 cov]$ ) a mass ( %att]$ lime/one debris1 among :i* !re 0 nei!r ice nor sn[2 bo? ( :i* my guide said he _h f\nd 9 abundance ! prec$+ ,june4 ,a little lime/one cav]n op5$ on "o side bel[ ! bridge4 ,a great1 flat lime/one slab =m$ a natural l9tel1 &1 light+ our c&les1 we /oop$ d[n & pass$ "u x into ! cave1 :i* 0 ab\t ! size ( a room & 9 :i* we c\ld j /& up4 ,at ! entrance & ov] mo/ ( ! floor !re 0 ice1 9 "o place ?irty or =ty c5timet]s 9 dep?1 z ,i c\ld see :]e a drip f ! ro( _h cut a hole4 ,!re 7 no signs ( icicles or columns4 ,my guide said he _h nev] p5etrat$ into ?is *amb]1 :i* he ?\ght1 on 8 e>li] visit1 0 block$ ) ice & sn[4 ,i did n see any lime/one /alactites any:]e1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! l[ temp]atures ( glacires h a t5d5cy to prev5t _! =mation4 ,aft] our visit1 we w5t to ! ,*let de ,la ,g5ollire close by1 :]e !re 7 "s ?irty c[s & calves4 ,! intellig5t b]g] or manag] said t mo/ ( ! ice f ! glacire 0 us$ = butt] mak+ dur+ ! hot wea!r2 & t betwe5 ! inroads ?us made ^u x & f o!r causes1 ! ice disappe>$ e ye> be=e autumn1 b t x =m$ afre% e w9t]2 pretty good evid5ce to %[ t ! ice 9 ?is cave has no?+ to d ) a glacial p]iod4 ,he also /at$ t :5 he fir/ ent]$ ! inn] *amb] 9 ! spr+ !re 7 f\r ice columns !re4 ,! glacire de ,la ,g5ollire is a cle> exemplification ( ! !ory t ! cold ( w9t] is ! sole cause = ! ice4 ,! :ole glacire is r small & is fairly well protect$ aga9/ w9d4 ,al?\gh sn[ _c fall directly "u ! rock ar*1 yet ,i %\ld imag9e x drifts "u1 or aft] melt+1 runs 9 & refreezes4 ,to ! inn] cave sn[1 z sn[1 c\ld h>dly rea*2 & ! cav]n is probably fill$1 l mo/ cave glacires1 f froz5 drip4 ,! inn] cave is1 !re=e1 a true cave glacire1 :ile ! out] pits & ! bridge are some?+ betwe5 a gorge & a cave4 ,la ,g5ollire %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be visit$ ab\t ! end ( ,june1 :5 ! ice =mations are c]ta9ly l>g] & m int]e/+ ?an 9 ,augu/4 ,,! ,,fri$ri*/e9] ,,or ,,gotts*e] ,,ei%,,hle4 ,a little to ! ea/ (1 & 9 ab\t ! same latitude z ,trie/e1 is ! small t[n ( ,gotts*ee1 n[ rea*$ by a bran* railroad f ,laiba*4 ,gotts*ee is a ,g]man settlem5t almo/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! di/rict kn[n z ! ,du*y ( ,kra91 ,au/ria1 :i* is ma9ly inhabit$ 9 ! nor? by ,slavonians & 9 ! s\? by ,croatians4 ,gotts*ee lies directly at ! we/]n base ( ! ,fri$ri*/e9] ,gebirge1 "o ( ^: peaks is ! ,burg]nock4 ,on ! ea/]n slopes ( ?is m\nta9 is situat$ ! ,fri$ri*/e9] or ,gotts*e] ,ei%hle1 at an altitude ( ab\t n9e hundr$ met]s4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,june1 #ahig1 ,i left ,gotts*ee at half pa/ six o'clock 9 ! morn+ ) ,/efan ,kl5ka1 a nice little man4 ,i _h ask$ to h him come at six o'clock1 b he did n turn up & ,i _h to s5d = him4 ,8 excuse 01 t t\ri/s always ord]$ him = six o'clock1 b :5 ! "t came1 !y 7 /ill 9 b$4 ,he _h tak5 a ,g]man (fic] & 8 wife to ! cave ! ye> be=e1 & aft] keep+ him wait+ ?ree h\rs1 !y />t$ at n9e o'clock4 ,! result 0 t !y did n get to ! cave until two o'clock1 & return$ to ,gotts*ee j at nightfall4 ,we rea*$ ! cave at half pa/ eight o'clock4 ,! /eep & r\gh pa? w5t uphill ?r\gh a f9e =e/1 :i* my guide said 0 ,urwald1 i4 e41 primeval =e/2 & !re 7 c]ta9ly "s big trees & _m fall5 ones1 & mu* und]bru%4 ,he assur$ me t be>s 7 /ill pl5tiful 9 ! neighborhood1 & t ,pr9ce ,au]sp]g1 :o owns ! %oot+1 does n all[ !m to be kill$1 pref]r+ to pay = any damage !y may cause to ! peasants' fields or = any cattle !y may d9e on1 r ?an to h ^! int]e/+ animals ext]m9at$ f 8 woods4 ,he also said t !re 0 a two met] sn[fall 9 ,gotts*ee 9 w9t]3 a suffici5t quantity to acc\nt = ! glacires4 ,at "o place on ! road we /opp$ be=e a small crack 9 ! rocks1 & ,kl5ka dropp$ 9 "s small /ones1 :i* we c\ld he> /rike two or ?ree times a long di/ance bel[4 ,!re is surely an unexplor$ cav]n at ?is spot4 ,! ,fri$ri*/e9] ,ei%hle is a l>ge pit cave1 well light$ by daylight4 ,x is %elt]$ f any w9ds by ! great trees :i* gr[ all ar\nd x & ev5 ov] ! rock ro(4 ,a long1 /eep slope leads /raight into ! pit & f ! top ! ice floor is 9 full sight4 ,on bo? sides ( ! slope ! rocks are almo/ %e]4 ,ov] ! bottom ( ! slope ! rock ro( projects at a great height4 ,! sides ( ! cave rise p]p5dicul>ly at lea/ =ty met]s1 & 9 fact1 ! cave sugge/s an unf9i%$ tunnel set on end4 ,"s ye>s ago1 ! ,deuts*5 und ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,alp5 ,v]e9 built a wood5 /aircase1 9 a s]ies ( zigzags1 on ! slope4 ,?is /aircase %\ld h be5 cle>$ (f e>li] 9 ! ye>1 b1 ( c\rse1 ! matt] 0 neglect$4 ,d[n ^! /eps we desc5d$ until !y became cov]$ ) sn[1 & l[] d[n ) h>d ice4 ,all ?is 0 w9t]'s sn[ :i* fell directly on to ! slope & gradually melt$ & froze aga91 s ?is 0 really a m9iature glaci]4 ,x 0 n subt]ranean ice at all4 ,we cut d[n ! sn[1 b _h to /op :5 we came to ! ice1 z x w\ld h involv$ a c\ple ( h\rs at lea/ ( ! h>de/ k9d ( /ep cutt+2 & ?is my guide did n c>e to und]take1 especially z he 0 ne>ly kill$ on ?is slope ! week be=e4 ,he _h rea*$1 ) "s t\ri/s f ,trie/e1 a place above t :]e we /opp$1 :5 he slipp$ & fell d[n ! slope1 %oot+ cle> across ! cave1 :]e he rema9$ until ropes 7 procur$1 & he 0 dragg$ out4 ,he aft]w>ds %[$ me ! num]\s cuts & bruises he _h receiv$ on 8 p]il\s glissade4 ,we _h to /op also = ano!r reason4 ,i _h unwisely br\ght z wrap1 a ?ick ov]coat rea*+ to ! knees1 & ?is 0 su* an imp$im5t on ! icy /aircase1 t ,i took x (f1 & soon began to feel long %iv]s creep+ d[n my sp9e4 ,?is "q ( extra clo?+ = glacire exploration is h>d to arrange4 ,"o mu/ gu>d aga9/ mo/ try+ *anges ( temp]ature4 ,=1 on ent]+ a big glacire1 ! heat ( a ,july day )\t1 w1 at a di/ance ( only a few met]s1 give place to ! cold ( a ,janu>y day )91 & no?+ c\ld be bett] devis$ ?an a big glacire to lay ! se$s ( rheumatism4 ,x is difficult to plan a g>b suitable to meet all ! v>y+ conditions1 b ! dress mu/ be cool & w>m1 & light en\gh to p]mit free motion4 ,! clo!s ,i h f\nd mo/ practical are a ?9 wai/coat & ?ick tr\s]s1 & two %ort sack coats1 "o ( !m a heavy w9t] "o4 ,! coats %\ld button at ! ?roat1 & x is well to place /raps r\nd ! bottom ( ! tr\s]s4 ,?ick kid gloves %\ld always be worn 9 caves1 to save cutt+ ! h&s on rocks or ice 9 ! d>kness1 & hobnails may prev5t "s unpleasant slips4 ,f ! po9t :]e we /opp$1 "s t5 met]s away f ! ice floor1 ! l>ge/ portion ( ! cave 0 visible4 ,! f9e/ object 0 a big ice curta9 or vorhang1 z my guide call$ x1 :i*1 f a height ( five or six met]s1 fl[$ d[n f fissures to ! ice floor1 & :i* cov]$ ! rocks on ! ea/]n side4 ,"u "o po9t ( ?is curta91 ,kl5ka said t !re 0 a deep hole 9 ! ice4 ,small] fissure columns also /ream$ f ! re> wall to ! ice floor4 ,! ice floor itself 0 flat1 ( an o*re gre5i% t+e1 & 0 cov]$ ) brok5 ice fragm5ts4 ,we c\ld n see ! we/]n portion ( ! cav]n1 z ! rocks jutt$ out 9 a sort ( corn]4 ,kl5ka said t !re 7 sev]al small pyramids !re2 a l>ge "o :i* he spoke ( z ! ,alt>2 & a small ice slope1 pla/]$ on ! side rocks4 ,! sides ( ! cave 7 ( a d>k gray lime/one rock1 & f ! top ( ! slope !y assum$ a decid$ly blui% tone1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t !re 0 already--we 7 !re f eight-?irty ,a4 ,m4 until t5 ,a4 ,m4--a fa9t mi/ 9 ! cav]n4 ,?is is ! mo/ int]e/+ ph5om5on connect$ ) ! ,fri$ri*/e9] ,ei%hle4 ,! cav]n faces due s\?1 & ab\t midday1 9 cle> wea!r1 ! sun %9es directly into x1 caus+ a mi/ or cl\d to =m 9 ! cave on w>m days2 a mute witness t evaporation is connect$ ) ! melt+1 n ) ! =m+1 ( ! ice4 ,! air at e po9t seem$ /ill4 ,on my return to ,gotts*ee1 ,i call$ on "o ( ! pr(essors ( ! ,k4 ,k4 ,gymnasium1 & he told me _m int]e/+ facts ab\t ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,among o!r ?+s he said t no traces ( a glacial p]iod or inde$ ( glaci]s 7 f\nd 9 ! ,kra92 & z ?is di/rict is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 glacires1 ?is fact is a /rong pro( aga9/ ! glacial p]iod !ory4 ,he assur$ me also t _m be>s /ill exi/$ 9 ! neighborhood2 t "o family 0 kn[n to inhabit ! woods r\nd ! ,fri$ri*/e9] ,ei%hle1 & t he _h (t5 se5 be> tracks on 8 own %oot+1 "s t5 kilomet]s to ! s\?4 ,,! ,,su*5reu!r ,,eislo*4 ,on ! #be? ( ,june1 #ahig1 ,i left ,gotts*ee at six-?irty ,a4 ,m4 9 an e9spnn]1 & drove ?irte5 kilomet]s s\?w>d1 ov] a good road1 albeit hilly 9 places1 to ,mrau51 :i* we rea*$ 9 ab\t two h\rs4 ,! wea!r 0 exce$+ly hot4 ,i took ,kl5ka along1 z he spoke ,g]man1 & he ent]ta9$ me on ! drive by tell+ me t !re 7 _m poison\s snakes 9 ! c\ntry1 ( :i* ! kreuzott]s or vip]s 7 ! wor/1 & t ?ree or f\r p]sons 7 bitt5 e ye>4 ,mrau5 is 9 ,croatia1 & ,i c\ld see a slight diff]5ce 9 ! p & _! dress f ^? ( ,gotts*ee4 ,f ,mrau51 ! l&lord ( ! ,ga/haus ,po/1 ,josef ,sir>1 l$ u to ! ,grosses ,eislo*4 ,?is is sometimes spok5 ( z ! ,eislo* bei ,skrill1 b z x lies 9 a pat* ( woods bel[ ! village ( ,su*5reu?1 ! ,su*5reu!r ,eislo* seems ! correct "n4 ,at lea/ t 0 :at ,sir> call$ x4 ,x took u ab\t an h\r on foot f ,mrau5 to get into ! woods4 ,on ! way we met two gu>ds 9 uni=m1 c>ry+ ,mnnli*] c>b9es ) fix$ bayonets1 & x 0 agreeable to feel t ! /rong arm ( ! ,au/rian gov]nm5t ext5d$ ov] ?is semi-wild l&4 ,9 ! woods1 foll[+ ,sir>'s able guidance1 we took a %ort cut--always a mi/ake--& 7 lo/ tempor>ily 9 a maze ( bu%es & brambles1 9 :i* ,i ?\ght ( ! kreuzott]s4 ,aft] t1 ,sir> at fir/ c\ld n f9d ! cave & _h to hunt ar\nd = x1 :ile ,i sat on a /one & wait$ impati5tly4 ,at ! cave a r /eep slope ( wet mud1 cov]$ ) dead leaves1 l$ d[n ?r\gh a rock ar*4 ,sir> _h to cut sev]al /eps 9 ! mud ) 8 hat*et1 or we %\ld probably h sat d[n sudd5ly4 ,! ar*way op5$ into a mod]ately l>ge cav]n1 :i* 0 ab\t tw5ty met]s deep1 almo/ r\nd & "s fifte5 met]s 9 diamet]4 ,! slope cont9u$ "r across ! cave1 & on "s p>ts ( x 7 logs ( wood & mu* dbris4 ,on ! wall hung a few lime/one /alactites4 ,9 ! ro( ( ! cave 0 a great hole1 & "u ?is 0 a big cone ( old w9t] sn[1 :i* _h become icy 9 its consi/5cy1 & on :i* !re 0 mu* dirt & _m leaves4 ,! temp]ature 9 ! cave 0 sev]al degrees above freez+ po9t1 & !re 0 no ice hang+ any:]e4 ,sir> said t :5 ! wea!r got hott]1 ! ice w\ld come2 b z he said also1 t he _h be5 only once be=e 9 ! cave1 "s t5 ye>s ago1 8 op9ion 0 n wor? mu*4 ,bo? m5 said t ! prec$+ w9t] 0 unusually w>m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,v]tical ,section ( ! ,su*5reu!r ,eislo*4 ,,! ,,nixlo*4 ,ne> ,hall?urm 9 ,bav>ia1 a railroad /ation betwe5 ,rei*5hall & ,b]*tesgad51 is a well kn[n cong]ies ( w9dholes1 call$ ! ,nixlo*4 ,i visit$ x on ,friday1 ,july ! #b;d1 #ahig1 ) a railroad employee1 :om ,i f\nd at ! peasants' ga/haus4 ,! ,nixlo* is t5 m9utes di/ant 9 ! =e/1 on ! slopes ( ! ,unt]sb]g4 ,x is among a mass ( big lime/one blocks1 & close by are ! rema9s ( ! walls ( an old ca/le or =tification4 ,! ,nixlo* desc5ds f ! entrance = ab\t two met]s ne>ly %e]1 & !re is j room to get ?r\gh4 ,z ,i sat )9 ! outside edge ( ! m\? ( ! cave1 ! smoke ( my cig> 0 sl[ly c>ri$ d[nw>d into x4 ,dropp+ d[n ?r\gh ! hole1 we f\nd ourselves 9 a small cav]n =m$ ( r\gh lime/one blocks ov]head & und]foot4 ,x is possible to g /ill fur!r d[n & my companion said t =m]ly x 0 possible to g ?r\gh ! cave & come out at a l[] op5+2 ?is exit1 h[ev]1 0 de/roy$ :5 ! railroad 0 built4 ,! draught1 z te/$ by ! flame ( a c&le1 0 /ill draw+ 9 "s sev5 or eight met]s f ! entrance4 ,!re is a second cavity imm$iately next to ! entrance1 & at ! bottom ( ^! holes1 ! inw>d draught 0 s viol5t z to bl[ ! c&le out4 ,! !rmomet] outside 9 ! %ade 0 #bh;,c42 inside ! cave1 :]e ! draught 0 /ill p]ceptible1 x 0 ab\t #bj;,c4 ,)9 ! cave ,i notic$ two l>ge1 d>k br[n spid]s4 ,on return+ to ! ga/haus1 ,i _h a talk ) "s peasants :o 7 d9+ !re1 & !y told me t x 0 w>m 9 w9t] 9 ! ,nixlo*1 & t ice nev] =m$ !re4 ,,! ,,dornburg4 ,if "o draws a l9e nor!a/ f ,cobl5tz & ano!r nor?we/ f ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 !y w int]sect ne>ly at ! ,dornburg4 ,! railroad f ,frank=t goes1 via ,limburg & ,hadam>1 to ,frickh(5 & ,wils5ro?1 f ei!r ( :i* villages ! ice =mations ( ! ,dornburg are easily rea*$ on foot 9 half an h\r4 ,i arriv$ at ,wils5ro? on ! #bf? ( ,july1 #ahig1 & soon f\nd an old =e/]1 :o said he _h liv$ 9 ! neighborhood = ov] fifty ye>s1 to %[ me ! way4 ,! ,dornburg is a l[ hill1 p]haps a hundr$ met]s high & a kilomet] long4 ,x is basaltic & cov]$ ) sp>se woods4 ,! =e/] said t on top 7 ! rema9s ( ! f\ndations ( an old ca/le1 & t ?is 0 possibly ! orig9 ( ! "n ,dornburg4 ,we circl$ r\nd ! ea/]n base ( ! hill = "s t5 m9utes1 :5 we came to a little depression1 fill$ ) basalt debris1 among :i* 7 sev]al small holes1 out ( :i* came curr5ts ( cool air4 ,t5 m9utes fur!r 9 ! woods1 we arriv$ at ! ,dornburg ,re/auration & !n almo/ imm$iately at ! glacire4 ,x is at ! bottom ( a talus ( brok5 basaltic rocks & has be5 mu* affect$ by ! ag5cy ( man4 ,9 x are two eisl*] or /oll51 z ! =e/] call$ !m4 ,^! are little artificial pits or cell>s1 dug into ! talus4 ,!y are side by side1 op5+ ab\t s\!a/1 & ea* is ab\t "o & a half met]s wide1 ?ree met]s long1 & two met]s high4 ,! sides are built up ) wood5 po/s & ov]head is a ?ick ro( ( logs /rewn ) dirt4 ,! day 0 cool & at ! m\? ( ea* eislo*1 a fa9t outw>d curr5t ( air 0 disc]nible at n9e-?irty ,a4 ,m4 ,i c\ld n f9d any curr5ts com+ into ! eisl*]4 ,inside x 0 cold & damp1 & evid5tly ?aw+4 ,!re 0 a good heap ( ice 9 ea* eislo*2 x 0 cle>1 & ,i c\ld detect no trace ( prisms4 ,by mu* que/ion+1 ,i dug out some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( ^! /oll5 f ! =e/]4 ,=m]ly ! ice 0 f\nd at ?is spot1 among ! b\ld]s at ! base ( ! slope4 ,b ! p gradually took _m ( ^! basaltic blocks away1 to break up = road mak+1 & !n ! ice dim9i%$4 ,ab\t #ahgj1 a brew]y1 s9ce burnt1 0 built at ! ,dornburg & ! brew] _h ^! /oll5 built1 a sort ( semi-natural1 semi-artificial ice h\se4 ,e w9t]1 ! pres5t own] ( ! /oll5 ?r[s a quantity ( sn[ into !m1 & ?is helps mat]ially 9 =m+ ! mass ( ice4 ,j bel[ ! re/aurant !re is a spr+1 :i* 0 said to be extremely cold1 b !re 0 no?+ icy nor app>5tly unusual ab\t x4 ,"u ! re/aurant itself is an int]e/+ cell>4 ,x 0 clos$ by wood5 doors4 ,fir/ !re 0 a passage way :i* turn$ /eadily to ! "r1 & :i* we desc5d$ by "s t5 /eps4 ,?is 0 ab\t two met]s wide & 0 full ( be] bottles & vegetables4 ,on ! left ( ! passage 0 a l>ge d\ble *amb] :]e meat is kept4 ,at elev5-?irty ,a4 ,m4 a fa9t draught blew d[n ! passage & into ! hall1 ! outside door be+ !n op54 ,! d\ble hall 0 p]haps six met]s ea* way1 & ,i c\ld detect no air curr5ts com+ into x at any place1 except f ! passage way4 ,bo? passage & halls 71 z f> z ,i c\ld see1 entirely built ov] ) masonry4 ,!re 0 no ice & ! temp]ature 0 "s #g or #h above freez+ po9t4 ,! daught] ( ! proprietor ( ! re/aurant said t ice began to =m 9 ! cell> 9 ,febru>y & t x la/$ g5]ally until ,octob]2 b t ?is ye> x 0 de/roy$ e>ly because ! masonry 0 repair$1 al?\gh x 0 /ill possible to skate 9 ! cell> z late z ,m>*4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( w9t] ! cell> 0 w>m1 & z %e express$ x1 d] ,kell] s*witzt dann1 :i* ,i suppose means t ! walls are damp4 ,%e also said t x 0 a naturli*] ,kell]1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t x 0 a natural glacire1 conv]t$ into a cell>4 ,?is visit to ! ,dornburg gave me _m new ideas ab\t classify+ glacires1 especially 9 relation to ! movem5ts ( air4 ,i 0 long puzzl$ by ! ,g]man t]ms1 ,ei%hl5 & ,w9drhr52 & x sudd5ly /ruck me1 at ! ,dornburg1 t ?is t]m9ology is incorrect1 :5 us$ z a classification ( glacires4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( /rong1 app>5t draughts1 _c be consid]$ z a te/ z to :e!r a place is or is n a glacire2 ! pres5ce ( ice1 = at lea/ "p ( ! ye>1 alone makes a glacire1 & ?is x does :e!r !re are or are n draughts4 ,x seems to me m ?an ev] cle>1 h[ev]1 t x all dep5ds on ! movem5ts ( air1 z to :e!r ice =ms 9 a cave4 ,if ! movem5ts ( air take ! cold air ( w9t] into a cave1 !n & !n only--provid$ !re is also a wat] supply--d we h ice4 ,i am n[ incl9$ to ?9k t caves1 z f> z _! temp]atures are conc]n$1 %\ld be classifi$ into caves conta9+ ice1 cold caves1 ord9>y normal caves1 & hot caves1 )\t ref]5ce to ! movem5ts ( air4 ,,! ,,glaci,,re ,,de ,,sa9t-,,georges4 ,f ,rolle1 on ! nor? %ore ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva2 an excell5t c>riage road leads 9 two h\rs & a half to ,sa9t-,georges 9 ! ,jura4 ,at fir/ ! way goes /eeply uphill & passes ?r\gh _m v9ey>ds1 & aft]w>ds x crosses level fields to ,gimel1 !n rises ?r\gh woods to ,sa9t-,georges4 ,on arriv+ !re on ! aft]noon ( ,augu/ #c;d1 #ahig1 ,i f\nd ! /reet fill$ ) ev]gre5s1 & long b5*es & tables2 ! dbris ( a fte de tir1 :i* _h la/$ = two days1 ) danc+ & banquets &1 ,i suspect1 mu* v9 du pays4 ,:5 ,i got d[n /airs at six o'clock next morn+1 all ! p ( ! inn 7 s\nd asleep recov]+ f ! effects ( ! fte1 & in/ead ( _! call+ me1 ,i _h to call !m4 ,f9ally ,i succe$$ 9 gett+ breakfa/ & !n />t$ 9 company ) a fir/ rate fell[1 nam$ ,aymon m]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,la ,,glaci,,re ,,de ,,sa9t-,,georges4 ,f a ,photograph by ,e4 ,tru&4 ,we walk$ up ?r\gh woods1 9 ab\t an h\r & a half1 to ! ,glacire de ,sa9t-,georges1 :i* lies at an altitude ( #abhg met]s 9 ! mid/ ( ! =e/4 ,!re are two holes close toge!r4 ,"o ( ^! desc5ds v]tically & is p>tly ro($ ov] ) logs on :i* is rigg$ a pulley4 m]y1 :o 0 ! entrepr5eur ( ! glacire1 :i* means t he att5d$ to gett+ out ! ice1 told me t !y pull$ ! ice up ?r\gh ?is v]tical hole1 mak+ a noose ) a rope r\nd ea* block4 ,! o!r & %all[] op5+ end$ 9 a rock floor1 :i* 0 rea*$ by a %ort ladd]4 ,to ! "r 0 an ar*1 "u :i* ! rock t]m9at$ z a floor & desc5d$ v]tically1 =m+ ! wall ( ! cave4 ,on ?is wall two ladd]s1 splic$ at ! end into "o long ladd]1 7 plac$ 9 a ne>ly v]tical position4 ,i ti$ ! end ( my rope r\nd my wai/1 & got a workman1 :o _h come to cut ice1 to pay out ! rope to me1 :ile ,i w5t d[n4 ,! cave is r long & n>r[1 p]haps tw5ty-five met]s by twelve met]s1 & ! lime/one ro( =ms an ar*$ desc5d+ curve ov]head4 ,i c\ld n see any lime/one /alactites2 nei!r 7 !re any ice /alactites or /alagmites 9 ! cave1 b a good "p ( ! wall1 aga9/ :i* ! long ladd] 0 plac$1 0 cov]$ by an ice curta94 ,x 0 ?9 & _h evid5tly be5 damag$ by ! ice cutt]s or ,i ?9k x w\ld h cov]$ ! entire l[] portion ( ! wall4 ,! base ( ! long ladd] re/$ on an ice floor :i* fill$ ! bottom ( ! cave1 & :i* w\ld probably h be5 level if x _h n be5 cut out "h & !re 9 places1 leav+ _m holes4 ,a good _m brok5 ice fragm5ts lay on ! floor & 9 "s ( ! holes 7 pools ( wat]4 ,"s ( ! floor ice 0 exce$+ly prismatic 9 "*1 & ,i 0 able to flake x (f or break x easily ) my h&s into prisms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,v]tical ,section ( ! ,glacire de ,sa9t-,georges4 ,"u ! v]tical %aft1 :i* is at "o end ( ! cave1 0 a mass ( w9t]'s sn[ :i* _h fall5 ?r\gh ! op5+4 ,"u ?is sn[ 0 a deep hole1 :i* ,i believe 0 ! dra9 hole ( ! glacire be=e ! ice floor 0 cut away to a level bel[ its m\?4 ,into ?is hole ,i ?rew lumps ( ice & he>d !m g bump+ d[n = ?ree or f\r seconds4 ,! atmosph]e 0 n uncom=table1 al?\gh ! temp]ature 0 ab\t #g ,c4 ,! air did n feel damp1 & seem$ almo/ /ill1 b /&+ on ! ice floor ne>ly "u ! v]tical hole1 ,i f\nd t ! smoke f my cig> asc5d$ rapidly1 & x seem$ z if !re 7 a ris+ air curr5t1 :i* suck$ up ! smoke4 ,sa9t-,georges is a f9e cav]n & well wor? visit+4 m]y said t ! ice 0 n cut out = eight ye>s prec$+ ! summ] ( #ahig1 & t = sev]al ye>s x 0 n possible to g d[n at all1 z !re 7 no ladd]s1 until he put 9 ! two we utiliz$4#e ,all ! natives ( ,sa9t-,georges believ$ t ! ice 0 a summ] =mation & t x 0 w>m 9 ! cave 9 w9t]4 #e ,9 ! illu/ration ( ! ,glacire de ,sa9t-,georges1 ! op5+ to ! left is ! v]tical pit1 ?r\gh :i* ! ice is tak5 out3 und]nea? x1 is ! heap ( w9t] sn[4 ,! man 9 ! upp] "p ( ! picture is /&+ on ! rock %elf at ! base ( ! upp] ladd] & at ! top ( ! l[] ladd]4 ,to ! "r ( ! l[] ladd] ne> ! bottom1 a bit ( ! ice curta9 is visible4 ,,! ,,glaci,,re ,,du ,,pr ,,de ,,sa9t-,,livres4 ,f ! ,glacire de ,sa9t-,georges1 m]y & ,i pu%$ on ?r\gh ! woods to ! ,pr de ,sa9t-,livres4 ,9 sev]al places we came on ! tracks ( de]1 & my guide told me he _h kill$ elev5 roe dur+ ! la/ hunt+ season4 ,he said also t an attempt is be+ made to introduce ! r$ de] into ! ,jura1 & t ! exp]im5t seem$ to be meet+ ) success4 ,we kept to ! cre/ ( ! ridge along wood pa?s1 &1 z ! day 0 =tunately cool & cl\dy1 we 7 able to walk fa/ & rea*$ ! ,pr de ,sa9t-,livres 9 two h\rs4 ,at a spot call$ ,la ,foiraudaz we met ! workm5 com+ d[n ) a c>tload ( ice1 :i* !y 7 tak+ to ,bire4 ,"s ( ?is ice 0 extremely prismatic4 ,! ,pr de ,sa9t-,livres is a big m\nta9 pa/ure or mead[1 surr\nd$ ) hills cov]$ ) p9e trees4 ,9 ! middle ( x is ! ,*let de ,sa9t-,livres1 r\nd :i* num]\s c[s & calves 7 congregat$ & :]e a small %eph]d gave u "s milk4 ,! *let is n "o ( ! old picturesque ,swiss *lets ) great /ones on ! ro( to keep x f be+ bl[n away by ! w9d1 b a /rongly built s+le /ori$ /one /ructure1 :i* looks extremely mod]n among ! gre5 hills4 ,! glacire lies close to ! *let1 on ! s\!rn side ( ! mead[s1 j on ! edge ( ! woods1 & is surr\nd$ ) trees4 ,x is at an altitude ( #acfb met]s & faces ne>ly due nor?4 ,to prev5t ! cattle f fall+ 91 x is enclos$ ) a /one wall1 except 9 front1 :]e !re is a f5ce =m$ ( an abattis ( p9e trees4 ,! cave belongs to ! pit v>iety1 & ! pit is a big "o4 ,z y /& at ! top1 y c look d[n to ! end ( ! glacire4 ,! rocks are v]tical all r\nd ! pit1 & 9 front !re is a small rock %elf1 "o-?ird ( ! way d[n1 :i* divides ! rock wall into two long drops4 ,aga9/ ea* ( ^! 0 a rickety ladd]1 s we fix$ ! end ( my rope to ! p9e trees ( ! f5ce1 & hung on to x :ile we climb$ d[n4 ,! base ( ! l[] & long] ladd] re/$ on a mass ( sn[4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( a long sn[ slope :i* gradually turn$ to ice & fill$ ! cave4 ,! cave itself1 measur+ along ! sn[ slope1 is "s =ty met]s long & "s t5 to fifte5 met]s wide1 & is entirely light$ by daylight4 ,! sn[ & ice slope fell 9 a s]ies ( small waves1 & ! upp] portion 0 r dirty4 ,on ! "r h& ! workm5 _h fix$ a rope z a h&rail1 & all ! way d[n _h cut a /aircase 9 ! ice1 s t ! desc5t 0 n difficult4 ,"s ( ! ice 0 sloppy4 ,! ice mass did n abut entirely aga9/ ! end ( ! cave1 b left an op5 space betwe5 ! ice & ! rock1 "s ?ree or f\r met]s wide & "s f\r or five met]s deep4 ,"h ! workm5 _h be5 gett+ _! ice1 & _h cut into ! ice mass = sev]al met]s1 =m+ a little tunnel4 ,!re 7 no ice cones nor /alactites1 nei!r did ,i see any lime/one /alactites4 ,mu* ( ! ice 0 prismatic2 9 fact1 toge!r ) t at ,sa9t-,georges1 x 0 ! mo/ /rongly prismatic ,i h se54 ,i c p]haps be/ describe x1 by say+ t x 0 brittle 9 texture1 z ,i c\ld break up small lumps 9 my h&s4 ,!re 0 m prismatic ice at ,sa9t-,livres1 h[ev]1 ?an at ,sa9t-,georges4 ,! air 9 ! cave 0 /ill & decid$ly damp2 & ! temp]ature 0 sev]al degrees above freez+ po9t4 ,! day1 h[ev]1 0 almo/ w9dless1 & ,i w\ld n ass]t t movem5ts ( air1 due to ! w9d1 might n sometimes take place 9 ! pit4 ,! ,glacire du ,pr de ,sa9t-,livres is "o ( ^? caves :i* may be look$ on z a transitional =m betwe5 gorges conta9+ ice & caves conta9+ ice4 ,! w9t] sn[ falls into ! m\? ( ! pit1 & is ! *ief f\ndation ( ! ice mass4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to make a s]ies ( obs]vations 9 ?is cave to see :e!r !re 0 any?+ l glaci] motion4 m]y1 ( 8 own accord1 express$ ! op9ion t mu* ( ! ice "h 0 due to ! w9t] sn[s2 9 fact1 he ?\ght t x 0 all due to x1 & t x gradually desc5d$ into ! cave & turn$1 little by little1 into ice4 ,he told me t "s ye>s ago a c[ 0 f\nd by ! workm51 froz5 into ! ice1 at a dep? ( f\r met]s2 ! fle% 0 p]fectly pres]v$1 & 0 eat54 ,i ask$ him if he _h ev] se5 insects 9 ei!r cave1 & he said he _h n4 ,f ! glacire we walk$ back to ! village ( ,sa9t-,georges4 ,on ask+ my guide h[ mu* ,i ow$ him1 he said he receiv$ f\r francs = a j\rne1 s ,i gave him six francs1 & we p>t$ ! be/ ( fri5ds4 ,,glaci] ,,ice ,,cave ,,9 ,,! ,,fee ,,glaci]4 ,dur+ a r protract$ /ay at ,saas-,fee 9 ,switz]l&1 ,i visit$ ! glaci] ice cave ( ! ,fee ,glaci] on ! #ae? & #af? ( ,augu/1 #ahig1 bo? cool & ra9y days4 ,x is ab\t half an h\r's walk f ! hotel to ! ice cave1 :i* is 9 ! sn\t ( ! ,fee glaci]1 bel[ ! ,eggfluh4 ,a consid]able /ream issu$ f ! cave4 ,on ne>+ ! op5+1 a /rong cold air curr5t p\r$ out above ! /ream4 ,at ! front edge ( ! ice1 ! height ( ! ice ro( 9 ! c5tre 0 p]haps twelve met]s & ! wid? fifte5 met]s4 ,ar\nd ! edge1 ! ro( =m$ an almo/ p]fect curve4 ,! ice walls contract$ 9 a regul> mann] )91 & ! cave became n>r[] & l[]1 & sugge/$ an enorm\s funnel cut 9 half1 into :i* y look$ f ! l>g] end4 ,! cave also grew gradually d>k]1 & ! d>kness prev5t$ see+ fur!r ?an to a dep? ( "s fifte5 met]s4 ,9 ! ice walls1 j inside ! entrance1 7 sev]al crevasses1 ( ! ord9>y blue-gre5 color4 ,!y foll[$ ne>ly ! same curve z ! ro(1 b did n g ?r\gh to ! outside4 ,!re 7 no icicles4 ,! ice 0 fa9tly /ratifi$ 9 places1 & at ! out] edge 0 brittle4 ,x did n break into ! long n>r[ prisms ( ! ice at ,sa9t-,georges & ! ,pr de ,sa9t-,livres1 b r into small lumps ) facets1 ( all sorts ( %apes4 ,x 0 evid5tly unsafe to p5etrate "u ! ice ro(1 = :ile ,i /ood 9 front ( ! cave1 a l>ge lump broke (f f ! ro( & fell ) a clatt] among a lot ( o!r ice fragm5ts already on ! mora9e floor4 ,9 two places !re 0 a /eady ra9 ( drops f ! ro(1 %[+ t ! ice 0 melt+4 ,?is is p]haps ! glaci] cave 9 ,switz]l& :i* is easie/ to visit1 & my inspection int5sifi$ my belief 9 :at ,i consid] ! correct explanation ( "s ( ! ph5om5a 9 glacires4 ,! sugge/ion 0 t z soon z ! temp]ature gets above freez+ po9t 9 a glaci] ice cave1 ! only process is t ( de/ruction ( ! ice1 :i* seems to be also ! case ) glacires4 ,,la ,,gr& ,,cave ,,de ,,mont>quis4 ,my bro!r & ,i left ,cluses1 9 ,savoie1 a railroad /ation on ! l9e betwe5 ,g5eva & ,*amonix1 at two o'clock on ! aft]noon ( ! #bb;d ( ,augu/1 #ahig1 & drove up 9 two h\rs & a half to ,pralong du ,reposoir1 a di/ance ( elev5 kilomet]s4 ,! road is a r\te nationale1 f9e & broad1 ) p>apets 9 _m places4 ,aft] pass+ ,scionzi]1 x m\nts gradually1 pass+ ?r\gh a trem5d\s wild gorge1 cut by ! wat]s & heavily clad ) firs4 ,we rea*$ ,pralong at f\r-?irty1 & /opp$ at a primitive inn1 /ill 9 process ( con/ruction1 & t5ant$ only by blue-bl\s$ peasants1 :o1 z x 0 ,sunday night1 sat up late1 dr9k+ & mak+ a hea!ni% noise !y mi/ook = s++4 ,i talk$ to "s ( ^! m51 & !y all insi/$ t !re 0 no ice at ! ,gr& ,cave 9 w9t]1 b t x came 9 summ]4 ,plus il fait *aud1 plus a gle1 !y said4 ,"o man expla9$ ! =mation ( ! ice 9 an orig9al way1 & ) an intellig5ce f> above t ( ! av]age peasant4 ,he consid]$ t x 0 due to air curr5ts1 & ?\ght t 9 w9t] ! sn[ /opp$ up ! holes 9 ! rocks1 ?r\gh :i* ! curr5ts came2 b t :5 ! sn[ melt$1 ! draughts c\ld "w1 & t !n !y =m$ ! ice4 ,! wea!r 0 abom9able next morn+1 ! cl\ds ly+ along & dripp+ into ! valley2 b ! inn 0 s awful t we decid$ to try to rea* ! cave4 ,we _h a nice little blue-bl\s$ peasant = a guide1 ,sylva9 ,jean ,cott]laz by "n4 ,we w5t fir/ = ab\t an h\r on foot t[>ds ,le ,gr& ,bornant on a fair road1 to an alp call$ ,la ,salle4 ,?is 0 surr\nd$ by a h]d ( c[s1 "s ( :om seem$ int]e/$ 9 our p>ty4 ,x n[ began to ra9 fi]cely1 & except = my bro!r's p]sev]ance1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly h giv5 94 ,a fair pa? l$ up /eep grass slopes into ! cl\ds cov]+ ! ,mont ,b>gy4 ,ea* ( u _h 8 umbrella rais$1 & ! asc5t 0 slipp]y & un9spir+4 ,an h\r took u to two des]t$ huts1 ! ,alpe ,mont>quis1 & half an h\r beyond1 we came to ! caves2 by :i* "t we 7 ?or\ghly soak$4 ,! caves are on ,mont ,b>gy1 at ! base ( a lime/one precipice1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 faces ne>ly nor?4 ,!re are ?ree caves close toge!r4 ,! l[e/1 or ,petite ,cave de ,mont>quis1 ,cott]laz said is also call$ ,la ,cave des ,faux-,monayeurs2 z accord+ to a1 probably untrue1 tradition1 x 0 once us$ by c\nt]feit]s4 ,above ?is is a small rock pocket1 accessible d[n an easy slope4 ,we w5t 9 & f\nd t !re 0 no ice & inde$ sc>cely any wat] 9 x4 ,! ,gr&--n ,gr&e--,cave is a little high] up1 & z we came to x1 sev]al %eep1 :i* _h tak5 refuge 9 ! m\? f ! /orm1 ha/ily skipp$ away1 evid5tly di/ru/+ our int5tions4 ,! altitude ( ! cave is said to be #bjgh met]s4 ,! entrance mu/ face ab\t nor? ea/2 x is elliptical 9 %ape1 ab\t fifte5 met]s wide1 & six met]s high1 & is badly %elt]$ aga9/ ! w9d4 ,! cave is ( mod]ate size1 ab\t sixty met]s 9 l5g? & =ty-five met]s 9 wid?1 & ! av]age height ( ! ro( is n ov] f\r or five met]s4 ,a g5tle slope leads d[nw>ds4 ,_m blocks ( rock 9 ! front "p _h bits ( moss gr[+ on !m1 & "s ( ! mud !re 0 ( a dull purple color1 z if "s d>k madd] 0 mix$ ) x4 ,!re 0 a r$ /reak 9 ! "r h& wall1 probably caus$ by iron4 ,i obs]v$ no lime/one /alactites nor /alagmites 9 ! cave1 ! ma9 body ( :i* 0 well light$ ?r\gh\t by daylight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,v]tical ,section ( ,gr& ,cave de ,mont>quis4 ,! ice 0 9 ! %ape ( a ne>ly level floor1 ab\t twelve met]s long & eight met]s wide3 ! %ape 0 irregul>1 & ! ice s smoo? t x 0 h>d to /& up4 ,! rocks 9 ! re> ov]hung ! ice floor at "o spot2 & "h1 !re /ream$ f a fissure to ! ice floor an ice column1 "s ?ree met]s high1 ^: base 0 fully two met]s di/ant f ! rock wall4 ,ne> ?is column 0 a t9y ice cone1 :i* evid5tly _h be5 bigg]4 ,cott]laz seem$ impress$ ) ! fact t !re 0 only "o column 9 ! cave1 z he said t 9 ,june1 !re w\ld h be5 _m columns & a l>g] & deep] ice floor4 ,! ice 0 sloppy 9 places1 ) sev]al small holl[s cut by ! drip & conta9+ wat]4 ,9 "o place !re 0 a t9y runnel fill$ ) wat]1 b !re 0 no curr5t4 ,!re 0 a good deal ( drip all ?r\gh ! cave1 & 9 fact 9 "o or two places we might h kept on hold+ up our umbrellas ) advantage4 ,i hack$ at sev]al pieces ( ice1 b none ( x 0 prismatic4 ,at ! re> ( ! cave1 ! ice ran1 9 a tongue1 up ! entrance ( an asc5d+ fissure 9 ! rocks4 ,my bro!r cut "h six or sev5 /eps 9 ! ice2 & he f\nd !m difficult to make1 z ! ice 0 h>d & ?91 & n 9 a melt+ /ate4 ,above ! ice tongue we clamb]$ up ! rocks ( ! fissure "s f\r or five met]s fur!r1 f9d+ !re "s lumps ( ice :i* 7 n melt+4 ,at ?is spot we 7 almo/ 9 d>kness4 ,a light$ mat* burn$ /eadily1 s t !re 0 evid5tly n mu* draught1 b ! smoke gradually desc5d$1 %[+ a slight d[nw>d curr5t4 ,?is 0 ! colde/1 z well z ! fur!/ po9t ( ! cave we c\ld rea*1 & we !re he>d a t9y wat]fall trickl+ )9 ! fissure1 al?\gh we c\ld n see x4 ,by ?is "t we 7 all *ill$ to ! bone1 s1 ab&on+ ! idea ( ent]+ ! ,petite ,cave1 we retreat$ d[n ! sopp+ wet1 slipp]y grass slopes to ,pralong1 & !n imm$iately walk$ all ! way to ,cluses to avoid tak+ cold4 ,! ,gr& ,cave 0 ! mo/ fatigu+ trip ,i ev] made aft] glacires1 b ! circum/ances 7 r unusual4 ,,! ,,freez+ ,,well ,,( ,,owego4 ,on ,?ursday1 ,june #bc;d1 #ahih1 ,i w5t to ,owego1 9 ,tioga ,c\nty1 ,new ,york4 ,inquiries at ! ,lehigh ,valley railroad /ation & at ! *ief hotel fail$ to elicit any in=mation ab\t a freez+ well2 & 9 fact1 ,i soon f\nd t ! exi/5ce ( su* a ?+ 0 a blank to ! ris+ g5]ation4 ,s ,i call$ on an old resid5t ( ,owego1 :o told me t he knew ( ! well 9 "q & t x 0 fill$ up ) /ones _m ye>s ago2 b t he rememb]$ t1 :5 he 0 a boy1 x us$ to freeze1 & t x 0 spok5 ( z ! deep well or freez+ well4 ,i !n walk$ up to ! site ( ! well1 :i* is ab\t "o & a half kilomet]s to ! nor?we/ f ! c5tre ( ,owego & ab\t "o kilomet] f ! ,susquehanna ,riv]4 ,x is directly 9 ! middle ( ! highway1 & no?+ is n[ visible b a heap ( /ones4 ,ne> by 0 ! h\se ( a ,mr4 ,pre/on1 :o told me he 0 born 9 #ahaf1 & _h liv$ all 8 life at ?is spot4 ,he said t ! well 0 ab\t tw5ty-eight met]s deep1 & t x w5t fir/ ?r\gh a lay] ( s& & !n ?r\gh a lay] ( gravel4 ,he _h m ?an once be5 d[n ! well & _h se5 ! sides cov]$ ) ice4 ,a bucket s5t d[n = wat] w\ld sometimes come up ) ice on ! sides4 ,:e!r ! wat] at ! bottom ev] froze1 no "o knew1 = ! ice cak$ & fill$ up ! bore at ab\t two-?irds ( ! way d[n & became s ?ick1 t z ,mr4 ,pre/on put x1 x 0 j l hamm]+ on an anvil to try to break x4 ,he also /at$ t ano!r well 0 dug ab\t "o hundr$ met]s fur!r d[n ! road1 & t orig9ally ?is sometimes _h a little ice on ! sides4 ,( late ye>s h[ev]1 x 0 cov]$ ov] ) a wood5 top & s9ce !n no ice 0 kn[n to =m4 ,i c\ld obta9 no in=mation ab\t any o!r wells 9 ! neighborhood ev] %[+ simil> peculi>ities4 ,,! ,,icy ,,gl51 ,,ne> ,,/ockbridge4 ,! ,icy ,gl5 is situat$ on ,be> ,m\nta91 ab\t "o kilomet] f ,/ockbridge1 ,massa*usetts4 ,x is 9 ! mid/ ( f9e woods & !re are _m big trees 9 x4 ,! bottom ( ! gl5 is full ( rocks & b\ld]s1 among :i* !re is a r\gh pa?4 ,i 0 told t ice rema9$ ov] !re mu* long] ?an any:]e else 9 ! neighborhood1 sometimes z late z ,may4 ,on ! #c;d ( ,july1 #ahih1 ,i n only f\nd no traces ( ice or sn[1 b ! temp]atures "u ! b\ld]s %[$ no?+ abnormal4 ,to make up = ?is1 h[ev]1 !re 7 legions ( mosquitoes4 ,,freez+ ,,m>ble ,,cave1 ,,ne> ,,man*e/]4 ,ne> ,man*e/]1 ,v]mont1 !re is a little cave1#f :i* is notewor?y1 9 t x is 9 a m>ble =mation4 ,x is kn[n z ,sk9n]'s ,cave1 because x 0 own$ = _m ye>s by ,mr4 ,m>k ,sk9n]4 ,x lies 9 ,sk9n]'s ,holl[1 "s five or six kilomet]s f ! c5tre ( ,man*e/]1 at ! base ( ! ea/]n slope ( ,m\nt ,equ9ox1 ( ! ,taghconic ,range ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s4 #f ,my att5tion 0 call$ to ?is cave1 by ,messrs4 ,john ,rit*ie1 ,jr41 ( ,bo/on1 & ,by]ly ,h>t ( ,philadelphia1 :o visit$ x "s ye>s ago4 ,mr4 ,rit*ie's op9ion is t x is simply a refrig]ator4 ,! cave is on ! prop]ty ( ,mr4 ,n4 ,m4 ,canfield1 :o1 on le>n+ ! object ( my visit1 on ! #e? ( ,july1 #ahih1 ) true native ,am]ican c\rtesy1 walk$ up to x ) me4 ,! la/ two kilomet]s 7 ov] a r\gh logg+ road1 :i* t[>ds ! end 0 /eep & cov]$ ) _m brok5 logs4 ,i c\ld n h f\nd ! cave alone1 z x 0 s surr\nd$ ) bu%es1 t ! entrance 0 invisible until we actually rea*$ x4 ,x is 9 a gorge ( ,m\nt ,equ9ox1 9 ! mid/ ( a beautiful =e/1 :i* effectually cuts (f any w9d4 ,! cave faces ne>ly nor? & c sc>cely ev]1 if inde$ at any "t1 be rea*$ by ! rays ( ! sun4 ,! mom5t we got into ! entrance1 we f\nd ! *illy1 damp1 summ] atmosph]e ( true glacire caves4 ,! rocks 7 br[n & mossy on ! outside1 b ,mr4 ,canfield call$ my att5tion to ! fact t !y 7 m>ble1 & on 8 knock+ (f a small piece1 a section ( pure :ite m>ble 0 expos$4 ,9 no o!r in/ance h ,i he>d ( a m>ble cave 9 connection ) ice4 ,!re 7 sc>cely any cracks or crevices 9 ! rock4 ,! cave goes d[n ) a /eep slope f ! entrance1 mu* 9 ! %ape ( a tunnel1 = "s t5 met]s4 ,! slope 0 cov]$ ) slipp]y mud & decay$ leaves1 & at ! bottom exp&$ into a little *amb]1 9 :i* lay a mass ( wet1 compact sn[1 "s two by ?ree met]s4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! sn[ 0 simply drift$ 9 dur+ ! w9t]1 & 0 9 too l>ge a mass & too well protect$ to melt easily1 & !re c\ld be no "q b t ?is place 0 purely a refrig]ator4 ,! air 0 tranquil ?r\gh\t & !re 7 no draughts4 ,on ! same day1 a good breeze 0 bl[+ 9 ! ,man*e/] ,valley4 ,,! ,,freez+ ,,well ,,( ,,br&on4 ,! ,freez+ ,well ( ,br&on is situat$ on ! we/]n or s\?we/]n outskirts ( ! village ( ,br&on1 ,v]mont1 n f> f ! railroad /ation4 ,i visit$ x on ! #g? ( ,july1 #ahih4 ,! well 0 protect$ by a wood5 cov]4 ,on rais+ ?is1 a fa9t /ream ( cool air seem$ to issue =?2 b ?is 0 probably only imag9ation4 ,! sides1 z f> d[n z "o c\ld see1 7 built 9 ) r l>ge blocks ( /one )\t cem5t4 ,at ! bottom wat] 0 visible & !re 7 no signs ( ice4 ,we drew up "s wat] 9 a bucket1 & al?\gh x 0 cool !re 0 no?+ icy ab\t x4 ,i twice l[]$ a !rmomet] ne>ly to ! wat] & ea* "t aft] t5 m9utes x regi/]$ only #ac ,c4 ,!re 0 c]ta9ly no?+ abnormal 9 ?is temp]ature1 9 fact x 0 /rictly normal & my !rmomet] %[$ conclusively by its actions t x c\ld n h be5 ne> any ice mass4 ,! p at ! h\se1 h[ev]1 assur$ me t a mon? be=e !re 0 ice 9 ! well4 ,aft]w>ds ,i call$ on ,mr4 ,c4 ,o4 ,luce1 ! own] ( ! well4 ,he /at$ t x 0 elev5 & a half met]s deep to ! bottom1 t x 0 dug 9 #aheh1 & t ! gr\nd ?r\gh :i* x goes 0 f\nd froz5 at a dep? ( ab\t f\r & a half met]s4 ,"h !re is a /ratum ( gravel & ?is is :]e ! freez+ occurs4 ,mr4 ,luce ?\ght t ! wat] 0 "u ! ice1 t is1 t ! wat] came up f ! bottom4 ,he said also t ! well usually froze solid 9 w9t]2 b1 t z ?is w9t] 0 an op5 "o1 !re 0 less ice ?is ye> ?an usual4 ,he ?\ght t !re 0 less ice anyway n[ ?an 9 =m] ye>s1 p>tly because ( ! cov] :i* 0 put ov] ! well1 & :i* keeps out "s ( ! cold2 & p>tly because a neighbor+ gravel hillock1 call$ ! ,hogback1 0 a good deal cut away1 & ?is 9 "s way affects ! supply ( cold 9 ! gravel4 ,he add$ t ! s&y soil r\nd ,br&on does n z a rule freeze to a great] dep? ?an two met]s ea* w9t]4 ,! h\se built beside ! well 0 said to be com=table 9 w9t]4 ,!re seems no d\bt t ?is is ano!r refrig]ator4 ,! cold wat] ( ! w9t] sn[s p]colates into ! gravel mass & refreezes1 &1 ow+ to ! bad conductive quality ( ! mat]ial1 ! gravel rema9s froz5 lat] ?an ! soil else:]e 9 ! neighborhood4 ,! fact t ! well w5t ?r\gh a froz5 gravel /ratum :5 dug1 proves t x is n alone ! air t s9ks into ! well itself1 :i* makes ! ice4 ,! fact t ! well freezes on ! :ole less ?an =m]ly1 app>5tly p>tly ow+ to ! digg+ up ( "s ( ! gravel close by1 goes to prove ! same ?+4 ,! fact t ! well g5]ally freezes solid e w9t]1 %[s t al?\gh "s ( ! gravel mass possibly rema9s froz5 all ! "t1 mu* ( ! ice is r5ew$ ea* ye>4 ,?is is especially important z prov+ t ! ice f\nd 9 gravel deposits is due to ! cold ( w9t] & n to a glacial p]iod1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 no "o c\ld say = h[ long a "t ! ice 0 =m+ & melt+2 & ?is process might date back to ! "t ( ! =mation ( ! gravel mass4 ,i c\ld le>n no?+ ( any simil> place ne> ,br&on1 except t ,mr4 ,luce said t 9 an old ab&on$ silv] m9e 9 ! neighborhood1 he _h once se5 ice dur+ hot wea!r4 ,,freez+ ,,talus ,,on ,,l[] ,,ausable ,,pond4 ,on ! ea/]n side ( ,l[] ,ausable ,pond1 ,essex ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,sbille or ,colv91 !re is a talus ( great ,laur5tian b\ld]s1 :i* fell f ! m\nta9 & lie pil$ up on ! edge ( ! lake4 ,among ^! b\ld]s1 at a di/ance ( ab\t five hundr$ met]s f ! s\!rn end ( ! lake1 !re are spaces1 sev]al ( :i* might be call$ caves1 al?\gh !y are really holl[s betwe5 ! b\ld]s4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,july1 #ahih1 ,i visit$ ?is spot ) ,mr4 ,edw>d ,i4 ,h4 ,h[ell ( ,philadelphia4 ,f sev]al ( ! rock cracks we f\nd a draught ( air fl[+ /rongly out1 z te/$ by ! smoke ( a cig>4 ,! air 0 di/9ctly icy & !re c\ld be no "q t !re 0 a consid]able quantity ( ice among ! rocks to produce ! temp]ature4 ,9 ?ree places we f\nd masses ( ice4 ,"o ( ^! holl[s 0 small1 & ! o!r two 7 mu* l>g]4 ,"o ( ! latt] 0 almo/ r\nd 9 %ape1 & p]haps ?ree met]s 9 diamet]2 ) a little sn[ ne> ! m\? & ) pl5ty ( ice at ! bottom4 ,! o!r 0 a long desc5d+ crack betwe5 two b\ld]s :i* jo9$ ov]head1 & ) ! bottom fill$ by a long1 n>r[ slope ( ice1 p]haps sev5ty-five c5timet]s 9 wid? & six met]s 9 l5g?1 set at an angle ( ab\t ?irty-five degrees4 ,! ice 0 h>d & non-prismatic4 ,! cold air affects a l>ge area ( l& ar\nd ! b\ld]s4 ,mr4 ,h[ell call$ my att5tion to ! fl[]s ( ! bun*-b]ry1 :i* he said 7 at lea/ two weeks beh9d ^? on ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s4 ,! same 0 true ( oxalis1 a pretty :ite fl[]1 ( :i* we f\nd sev]al b$s 9 full bloom4 ,mr4 ,h[ell w5t to ?is talus1 on ! #d? ( ,july previ\s1 ) ,mr4 ,niles1 ,presid5t ( ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9 ,club1 on :i* occasion !y f\nd pl5ty ( sn[ ne> ! entrance ( ! l>g] holl[4 ,mr4 ,h[ell1 inde$1 has repeat$ly visit$ ?is place1 & always f\nd ice1 :i* mu/1 !re=e1 be look$ on z p]5nial4 ,at all times also he has felt cold draughts fl[+ out2 sometimes !y 7 s /rong z to l[] ! temp]ature ov] ! lake to a di/ance ( ?irty met]s or m3 on hot days he has se5 occasionally a mi/y cl\d =m on ! lake 9 front ( ! b\ld]s4 ,mr4 ,h[ell consid]s t ! draughts s affect ! surr\nd+ air1 t an artificial climate is produc$1 & x is ow+ to ?is t spr+ fl[]s bloom late 9 ,july & sometimes 9 ,augu/4 ,ano!r fact well kn[n to him1 is t 9 hot wea!r1 ! spot 9 front ( ! b\ld]s is ! be/ 9 ! :ole lake to cat* tr\t1 z !y always congregate 9 ! colde/ wat]4 ,! ,adirondack guides use ^! ice reta9+ holl[s1 :i* !y call ice-caves1 z refrig]ators = _! provisions & game 9 hot wea!r3 !y say t ! ice is =m$ 9 w9t] & rema9s ov] dur+ ! summ]1 z x is s well %elt]$4 ,,freez+ ,,talus ,,( ,,! ,,giant ,,( ,,! ,,valley4 ,on ! indications ( ,mr4 ,otis1 *ief guide ( ! ,adirondack ,res]ve1 ,i explor$ ) ,mr4 ,c4 ,lamb1 a guide f ,ke5e ,valley1 ! s\!rn base ( ! ,giant ( ! ,valley ,m\nta91 ,essex ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 on ! #ad? ( ,july1 #ahih4 ,a road runs f ,ke5e ,heights to ,port ,h5ry1 ?r\gh ! gap betwe5 ! s\? base ( ! ,giant ( ! ,valley & ! nor? base ( ,r\nd ,m\nta91 & passes close to a small lake call$ ,*apel ,pond4 ,"s ?ree hundr$ met]s we/ ( ?is lake1 we left ! road & /ruck nor?1 across ! brook1 into ! ?ick1 mossy woods4 ,aft] p]haps "o hundr$ met]s1 we came to a talus ( great b\ld]s ( ,laur5tian rock1 ) ! cliffs ( ! ,giant1 :5ce ! b\ld]s _h fall51 ris+ /eeply above4 ,we f\nd ice "u sev]al ( !m1 al?\gh nev] 9 any quantity4 ,! !rmomet]1 aft] an exposure ( fifte5 m9utes 9 "o ( ^! little holl[s1 regi/]$ #f ,c41 al?\gh n m ?an "o met] f :]e ! sun%9e fell on ! moss4 ,9 ! %ade ( a tree "o met] di/ant f ! same holl[ x regi/]$ #bf ,c42 a diff]5ce ( #bj ,c4 at a di/ance ( only two met]s4 ,p]haps "o kilomet] ea/ ( ,*apel ,pond1 !re is a place1 :]e ! bases ( ! m\nta9s come mu* ne>] toge!r1 :i* be>s ! "n ( ,! ,n>r[s4 ,"h we cross$ ! brook aga91 &1 aft] "s fifte5 or tw5ty met]s ( scrambl+ ?r\gh r\gh woods1 rea*$ once m ! talus ( ! ,giant1 compos$ ( trem5d\s b\ld]s4 ,among ^! we f\nd ice 9 _m places & ?is "t 9 l>ge quantities4 ,)9 "o b\ld] cave we f\nd an ice slab "s f\r met]s 9 l5g?1 by two met]s 9 wid?1 & "o met] 9 ?ickness4 ,?is 0 pure1 h>d & non-prismatic ice1 & 0 evid5tly n =m$ ( compress$ sn[3 9 fact sn[ c\ld n h drift$ 9 "u ! b\ld]4 ,we broke (f a l>ge piece ( ice & took x back to ,sa9t ,hub]t's ,inn1 & x melt$ r sl[ly4 ,f ! m\? ( ?is cave an icy draught issu$1 &1 z x /ruck ! w>m] air outside1 a slight mi/ 0 =m$4 ,mr4 ,lamb said t f ! road itself he _h sometimes se5 mi/ ris+ f ?is talus4 ,fur!r explorations ( ! talus ( ! ,giant w\ld probably reveal ice 9 _m o!r places ?an ^? we exam9$4#g #g ,mr4 ,e4 ,i4 ,h4 ,h[ell exam9$ sev]al times1 9 #ahii1 ! talus ( ! ,giant ( ! ,valley4 ,he f\nd ice 9 _m places2 also cold air curr5ts bl[+ out4 ,at "o spot1 !re is a spr+ :i* fl[s all ?r\gh ! summ]1 & ! wat] is s cold1 t its temp]ature is little above t ( melt+ ice4 ,mr4 ,h[ell f\nd1 z at ,ausable ,pond1 spr+ fl[]s gr[+ 9 mid-summ] among ! rocks ( ! talus4 ,mr4 ,lamb told me ( two o!r places 9 ! ,adirondacks1 :]e he f\nd ice 9 simil> b\ld] =mations4 ,"o 0 9 ! talus ( ,m\nt ,wallface 9 ,indian ,pass1 betwe5 ,m\nts ,wallface & ,mc,intyre4 ,! o!r 0 9 ! talus ( ,m\nt ,mc,intyre 9 ,avalan*e ,pass1 betwe5 ,m\nts ,mc,intyre & ,cold54 ,at ! latt] place1 he f\nd x ne> ! trail go+ r\nd ! lake 9 ! pass4 ,,! ,,ice ,,gul*1 ,,r&olph4 ,! ,r&olph ,ice ,gul* is situat$ 9 ,r&olph ,t[n%ip1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ab\t eight kilomet]s f ,r&olph ,/ation1 on ! ,bo/on & ,ma9e ,railroad4#h ,i visit$ x on ,augu/ #aa?1 #ahih4 ,at ! ,m\nt ,cresc5t ,h\se1 ,i f\nd a guide 9 ! p]son ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,e4 ,l[e1 ,jr4 ,! excursion took u ab\t six h\rs4 ,! trail 0 a r\gh bu% pa?1 cut by ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9 ,club1 & :i* _h n be5 clean$ out t ye>4 ,x 0 a cl\dy b hot day & ?is1 comb9$ ) ! badness ( ! road1 made ! walk fatigu+4 #h ,i fir/ he>d ( ! ,ice ,gul* f ,mr4 ,john ,rit*ie1 ,jr41 ( ,bo/on4 ,"s ye>s ago 9 ! middle ( ,july1 he f\nd ice pl5tiful 9 ! second *amb]4 ,he ?\ght ! ,gul* only a refrig]ator4 ,! ,gul* lies betwe5 ,cresc5t & ,black ,m\nta9s4 ,! altitude ( ! upp] end ( ! ,gul* is some?+ ov] eight hundr$ met]s1 t ( ! l[] end ab\t six hundr$ met]s4 ,x is "s fifte5 hundr$ met]s long1 & av]ages p]haps "o hundr$ met]s 9 wid? at ! top1 & only a few met]s at ! bottom4 ,! dep? may be ab\t sev5ty-five met]s & ! sides are /eep1 9 "s places %e]4 ,! bottom is a mass ( brok51 fall5 rocks1 ) a good _m trees gr[+ among !m4 ,!re are sev]al /eps1 s to speak1 9 ! ,gul*1 :i* are call$ *amb]s1 al?\gh ! t]m seems r mean+less4 ,prom5ad+ ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! ,gul* 0 fraught ) difficulty1 because ! rocks 7 plac$ 9 mo/ unsuitable positions = human progression1 & my h&s 7 c]ta9ly z useful to me z my feet 9 pres]v+ equilibrium4 ,we f\nd ice 9 "o or two places1 b n 9 any great quantity4 ,9 "o spot x 0 ov]laid by wat]4 ,my guide said t !re 0 less ice ?an ! ye> be=e4 ,a l>ge piece :i* we broke (f1 & :i* furni%$ u ) a cool+ morsel ( froz5 fluid1 0 full ( air bubbles4 ,x 0 n prismatic ice1 & 0 c]ta9ly unusual 9 =mation4 ,x crun*$ up "u ! tee? &1 al?\gh x did n look l solidifi$ sn[1 yet1 judg+ f its position among ! b\ld]s1 x 0 d\btless =m$ f ! melt+ & refreez+ ( sn[4#i ,my guide said he _h he>d t fre% ice began to =m sometimes 9 ,septemb]4 ,! ,gul* is well protect$ aga9/ w9d1 & ,i detect$ no draughts among ! rocks4 ,except 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! ice1 ! temp]ature 0 n abnormally l[4 #i ,on ! #ag? ( ,febru>y1 #ahii1 f\r days aft] ! greate/ sn[ /orm 9 ,philadelphia 9 _m ye>s1 ,i notic$ t ! sn[ on my ro( solidifi$ sl[ly into a mass ( ice :i* conta9$ a good _m air-bubbles4 ,x /rik+ly resembl$ ! ice ( ! ,ice ,gul*1 only t x 0 m solid & did n h m ?an half z _m air-bubbles4 ,on return+ to ! ,m\nt ,cresc5t ,h\se1 ,i _h a talk ) ,mr4 ,*>les ,e4 ,l[e1 ,sr41 :o told me t ,alp9e plants1 l ^? :i* gr[ on ,m\nt ,wa%+ton & ,m\nt ,adams1 are f\nd 9 ! ,gul*2 b t !y d n exi/ on ! neighbor+ ,black & ,cresc5t ,m\nta9s4 ,he said also t ice 0 pres5t 9 m ?an "o place 9 ,k+'s ,rav9e1 & t x 0 always !re4 ,,freez+ ,,b\ld] ,,talus ,,at ,,rumney4 ,ab\t ?ree kilomet]s s\? ( ,rumney1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 !re is a hill call$ ,bald ,m\nta91 :i*1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ met]s we/ ( ! c>riage road f ,rumney to ,plym\?1 desc5ds z a big cliff1 ) an exposure fac+ ne>ly s\!a/4 ,at ! base ( ?is cliff1 !re is a talus#aj :i* ,i visit$ on ! #bg? ( ,augu/1 #ahih1 ) ! ,%]iff ( ,rumney1 ,mr4 ,le>n$4 ,he said he _h f\nd pl5ty ( ice !re on ! #ah? ( ,augu/1 #ahig1 b he d\bt$ :e!r !re w\ld be any left ?is ye>1 on acc\nt ( ! hot wea!r4 ,effectively a c>eful hunt fail$ to reveal any ice1 al?\gh ! talus 0 j ! k9d ( place :]e x might h be5 expect$1 z ! b\ld]s 7 pil$ "o ov] ! o!r & 9 "o or two places !re 7 consid]able holl[s4 ,! temp]atures 7 normal1 & !re 7 no draughts4 ,! talus is expos$ to ! sun1 & only mod]ately %elt]$ aga9/ w9d by a scrub =e/4 ,b !re c be no d\bt1 t ice l+]s !re long aft] x has disappe>$ f e o!r spot 9 ! neighborhood1 & x seems z if our n f9d+ any1 is ano!r pro( t x is ! heat ( summ] :i* melts x away4 #aj ,mr4 ,john ,rit*ie1 ,jr41 wrote me ab\t ?is place1 :]e he _h f\nd ice pl5tiful "s ye>s ago 9 ,augu/1 )9 two or ?ree met]s f ! outside3 he consid]$ x only a refrig]ator4 ,,ice ,,=mations ,,& ,,w9dholes ,,at ,,wat]t[n4 ,at ,wat]t[n1 ,new ,york1 on ! s\? side ( ! ,black ,riv]1 9 ! t[n itself1 are "s natural cracks or crevices 9 ! lime/one rocks4 ,!y are only a %ort di/ance f ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad /ation4 ,! cracks ent] ! nor!rn side ( ! railroad embankm5t1 pass "u ! railroad tracks1 & ext5d "s di/ance back4 ,9 front ( !m are f\r cell>s1 us$ = /or+ be] kegs4 ,! lessor1 ,mr4 ,ehrli*]1 oblig+ly _h ! cell>s op5$ = me1 on ! #ab? ( ,septemb]1 #ahih4 ,!re 0 nei!r ice nor draughts 9 ! cell>s1 & ! temp]ature 0 normal4 ,mr4 ,ehrli*] said t 9 ! spr+ !re 0 ice 9 ! cracks1 b t x _h all melt$ away z ! result ( ! hot summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bluff ,,at ,,decorah4 ,f a ,photograph by ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,kov>ik4 ,ab\t f\r kilomet]s we/ ( ,wat]t[n1 on ! s\? bank ( ! ,black ,riv]1 is ! picnic gr\nd ( ,gl5 ,p>k1 :i* is rea*$ by trolley4 ,! manag] ( ! re/aurant walk$ ar\nd ! p>k ) me4 ,9 "o spot is a holl[ or gl5 at ! base ( a small1 mu* crack$ lime/one cliff1 :i* has a nor!rn exposure4 ,! manag] said t sn[ & ice usually lies 9 ?is place until ,june1 n only among ! brok5 rocks1 b ev5 9 ! op54 ,sometimes ice rema9s among ! b\ld]s all summ]1 b only ne> ! front ( ! b\ld]s1 & by pu%+ 91 "o soon gets beyond x3 we f\nd none1 a fact %[+ once m ! effect ( ! unusually w>m summ]4 ,on hot days1 draughts issue f betwe5 ! b\ld]s1 b z ! day 0 cool1 we did n notice any4 ,! spot is well %elt]$ aga9/ ! w9d by a numb] ( trees2 & ! %ape ( ! holl[ rem9d$ me ( ! gl5 9 front ( ! ,ei%hle bei ,ro?4 ,n "o hundr$ met]s f ?is holl[1 is a little lime/one cave1 clos$ by a wood5 door1 :i* excludes any cold air 9 w9t]4 ,! cave is light$ by electric lights1 & is a n>r[1 crook$1 desc5d+ fissure1 a ganghhle1 :]e ! m>ks ( wat] action are pla9ly visible4 ,at ! bottom a little /ream1 evid5tly ! active ag5t 9 =m+ ! cave1 ran ?r\gh ! fissur$ lime/one4 ,9 ! /ream a l>ge toad or frog 0 swimm+ ab\t4 ,!re 0 no?+ icy ab\t ! cave or ! wat]1 & ! temp]ature 0 normal4 ,ice 0 nev] kn[n to =m 9 ! cave4 ,^! two places1 s close toge!r1 are an int]e/+ confirmation t x is only :]e ! outside cold c get 91 t we f9d subt]ranean ice4 ,,! ,,freez+ ,,cave ,,& ,,freez+ ,,wells ,,( ,,decorah4 ,ne> ,decorah1 ,i[a1 is a freez+ cav]n1 :i* is m frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 cave lit]ature ?an is g5]ally ! case4 ,i visit$ x on ,friday1 ,septemb] ! #cj?1 #ahih1 ) an old ,engli% resid5t ( ,decorah1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,selby-,hill4 ,! cave is situat$ ab\t "o kilomet] to ! nor?w>d ( ,decorah1 on ! nor? bank ( ! ,upp] ,i[a ,riv]1 at ! base ( a bluff4 ,x is "s ?irty to =ty met]s above ! /ream1 & faces s\?w>d4 ,x looks l a fault or fissure 9 ! rocks1 ) ! sides meet+ a few met]s ov]head4 ,x is a true cave1 b probably 9 an e>ly /age ( =mation1 = !re are no app>5t traces ( wat] action1 nor any /alagmites nor /alactites4 ,! abs5ce ( ! latt] may1 h[ev]1 be due to ! fact t x is a p]iodic glacire4 ,! rock is a :ite lime/one1 ri* 9 fossils4 ,! cave is "s two to ?ree met]s 9 wid? & is r w9d+1 ) a %ort arm or pocket bran*+ out on ! we/ side4 ,! ma9 cave runs back "s ?irty met]s f ! entrance4 ,9 "o place x is necess>y to /oop1 to get pa/ "s ov]hang+ rock slabs4 ,by c&le light1 we w5t to ! re> ( ! cave1 & f\nd x w>m1 dry1 & free f ice4 ,!re 7 no draughts1 possibly because ! day 0 cool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,entrance ,,( ,,! ,,cave ,,( ,,decorah4 ,f a ,photograph by ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,kov>ik4 ,i look$ 9 va9 = tubul> fissures1 or inde$ any fissures1 ?r\gh :i* wat] might freeze by pressure 9 its desc5t1 z ! believ]s 9 ! capill>y !ory say x does4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d exi/$1 & ,i wrote 9 my note-book3 ,writ+ on ! v spot ab\t :i* ?is !ory 0 />t$1 ,i feel ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t ! !ory am\nts to absolutely no?+ & is entirely incorrect4 ,mr4 ,hill told me t !re 7 two wells 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ,decorah ,t[n%ip1 :]e ice 0 f\nd 9 summ]4 ,i visit$ !m bo?1 b f\nd no ice1 & ! temp]atures normal4 ,mr4 ,hill said t "o ( ! wells 0 dug ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 & t ! workman told him t ! gr\nd :i* he w5t ?r\gh 0 froz52 & t at "o place he /ruck an op5+1 f :i* came s /rong a curr5t ( icy air1 t x 0 h>d to keep at "w4 ,i talk$ to sev]al p]sons aft]w>ds4 ,int] alia1 !y told me t ! bluff 0 a great place = rattlesnakes1 sometimes big ones4 ,!y admitt$ also g5]ally t !y 7 puzzl$ ab\t ! =mation ( ice 9 ! cave4 ,"s claim$ t ! ice =m$ 9 summ]--! old /ory once m4 ,i met1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,alois ,f4 ,kov>ik ( ! ,decorah ,in/itute1 :o _h made a s]ies ( regul> obs]vations = ov] a ye> & f\nd t ! ice beg9s to =m ab\t ! end ( ,m>* & beg9n+ ( ,april1 & is at its maximum t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ,june4 ,mr4 ,kov>ik also told me1 t he _h f\nd ice 9 "o ( ! wells 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/4 ,?is 0 an especially satisfactory trip to me1 = x did away1 once = all1 ) any possible belief t !re 0 any basis ( fact = ! capill>y !ory4 ,x also seems to me important to f9d t ! ice ( ^! freez+ wells melts 9 summ]4 ,= x %[s t _! ice is due to ! same causes z ^? :i* =m ! ice 9 ! cave1 & is ano!r pro( aga9/ ! validity ( ! glacial p]iod !ory4 ,,freez+ ,,rock ,,talus ,,on ,,spruce ,,creek4 ,on ,spruce ,creek1 ,hunt+don ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 ab\t f\r kilomet]s nor? ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad depot1 is an ice be>+ talus1 kn[n locally z ! ,ice ,holes or ,ice ,caves4 ,i visit$ ?is spot1 on ,octob] ! #e?1 #ahih1 ) ,mr4 ,b5n]1 ( ,spruce ,creek4 ,we walk$ up ! pretty valley along ! old ,pittsburgh turnpike1 at "o place f9d+ "s papaw trees1 ^: fruit _h a horrible sick5+ ta/e2 !n we cross$ ,spruce ,creek by a footbridge & foll[$ ! o!r bank back = "s five hundr$ met]s1 until we 7 ne>ly opposite ! old ,col]a9 ,=ge1 :i* is locat$ 9 a piece ( l& call$ by ! curi\s "n ( ,africa4 ,ab\t half way f ! bridge we smelt a /range odor1 :i* my companion ?\ght came f a copp]head or rattlesnake3 we did n inve/igate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,locus ,,glacialis--,,cave ,,( ,,decorah4 ,f a ,photograph by ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,kov>ik4 ,! freez+ talus is situat$ at ! foot ( ,tussey ,m\nta93 x is big1 & is compos$ ( small s&/one 787 rock dbris4 ,! talus is at lea/ ?irty met]s high & "o hundr$ & tw5ty met]s long4 ,z ,i /ood at ! bottom1 ,i 0 rem9d$ /rongly ( ! talus at ! ,dornburg4 ,at ! base 7 a numb] ( small pits1 evid5tly dug by man4 ,f ! int]/ices betwe5 ! rocks1 icy cold draughts issu$ 9 "s places1 & !re 0 no d\bt t !re 0 pl5ty ( ice b5ea? ! /ones4 ,9 "o place we ?\ght we c\ld see ice1 & ,i pok$ at ! :ite sub/ance ) my /ick1 b ,i am n positive t x 0 ice4 ,all ov] ! talus1 ! temp]ature 0 /rik+ly cold] ?an a few met]s away1 & 9 ! pits we c\ld see our brea?s di/9ctly4 ,al?\gh ,i am n mu* ( a botani/1 yet x seem$ to me t ! flora imm$iately ne> ! talus 0 some:at diff]5t 9 "* f t ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,b5n] told me t he saw1 ?ree or f\r weeks be=e1 pl5ty ( ice 9 ! pits2 t !y 7 made by f>m]s :o =m]ly came to ?is spot to get ice2 & t p>ties occasionally picnic "h 9 ! summ] & make ice cream4 ,he /at$ also t he saw1 "s ye>s ago1 a small cave or hole conta9+ ice ne> ,mapleton1 ,p5nsylvania1 b t x 0 de/roy$ by qu>ry+ ! rock away4 ,,freez+ ,,gorge ,,ne> ,,ell5ville4 ,on ,sunday1 ,octob] ! #i?1 #ahih1 ) a "y man f ,ell5ville1 ,i visit$ ! well kn[n ,ell5ville ,gorge1 9 ! ,%awangunk ,range1 ,ul/] ,c\nty1 ,new ,york4 ,we left ! hotel at eight-=ty ,a4 ,m4 & rea*$ ! gorge1 kn[n locally z ! ,ice ,cave1 at t5-five ,a4 ,m4 ,x is ab\t f\r kilomet]s nor!a/ f ,ell5ville4 ,! pa? rises /eadily uphill & is ( ! r\ghe/ description2 x is cov]$ ) loose /ones1 & looks z if x might become ! b$ ( a m\nta9 brook 9 wet wea!r4 ,i call ?is place a gorge1 in/ead ( a cave1 because x is uncov]$ at ! top1 b probably orig9ally x 0 cov]$4 ,x is %ap$ l a pit cave m9us a ro(1 & x rem9d$ me ( ! ,fri$ri*/e9] ,ei%hle1 & ! ,glacires de ,sa9t-,georges & du ,pr de ,sa9t-,livres4 ,x is ent]$ by a long slope f ! we/]n end1 ! gorge turn+ nor?w>d fur!r back4 ,i e/imat$ its wid?1 at ! bottom at "s five to sev5 met]s1 at ! top at "s ?ree to f\r met]s2 its l5g? at "s ?irty met]s & ! deepe/ po9t we rea*$1 at "s tw5ty met]s bel[ ! surface4 ,^! are guesses1 h[ev]4 ,9 "o place1 a great rock slab ov]hangs ! gorge4 ,at ne>ly ! l[e/ po9t ( ! rock floor1 !re is a hole :i* ext5ds p]p5dicul>ly d[nw>ds "s five or t5 met]s m2 ?is op5+ is p>tly block$ up ) fall5 masses ( rock :i* w\ld make a fur!r desc5t p]il\s4 ,! nor? end ( ! gorge is also fill$ up ) a mass ( great brok5 rocks2 9 fact1 ! :ole place is out ( repair1 z ! rocks are crack$ & crevic$ on bo? sides to a great ext5t4 ,! rock is friable & seems to be all break+ up1 or r d[n1 & ,i ?9k !re is "s dang] f fall+ /ones1 al?\gh ,i did n see any fall4 ,!re is a good deal ( moss on ! sides ( ! gorge1 & on "s l$ges small ev]gre5s are gr[+4 ,! gorge is %elt]$ ?or\ghly f w9ds by its =mation & position1 & some:at by ! scrub =e/ surr\nd+ x4 ,!re are sev]al long1 deep crevices a few met]s fur!r up ! m\nta9 side1 & ,i ?9k "o ( !m is an ext5sion ( ! ma9 gorge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gorge ,,at ,,ell5ville4 ,f a ,photograph by ,mr4 ,davis4 ,we f\nd no ice4 ,x g5]ally la/s till ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]2 & ,pr(essor ,angelo ,heilpr91 & ,miss ,julia ,l4 ,lewis1 ( ,philadelphia1 h f\nd pl5ty ( x 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,b ! ice _h evid5tly n[ be5 gone = "s "t1 = ! temp]ature at ! bottom ( ! gorge 0 ab\t #aa ,c4 at t5-?irty ,a4 ,m4 ,?is 0 b little cold] ?an ! temp]ature v outside1 :i* at t5-fifte5 ,a4 ,m4 0 #ad ,c4 ,on return+ to ,ell5ville1 ,i le>nt t !re 0 ano!r some:at simil> small] gorge1 "s eight kilomet]s away1 at a place call$ ,sam's ,po9t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is said to reta9 only sn[1 :ile 9 ! ,ell5ville gorge mu* ice is sometimes =m$1 & icicles a c\ple ( met]s long are said to hang on ! sides ( ! cliffs4 ,! proprietor ( ! hotel told me he _h he>d ( a cave :i* conta9$ ice n f> f ,albany1 at a place call$ ,c>lisle1 on ! ,delaw>e & ,hudson ,railroad4 ,,freez+ ,,cave ,,& ,,w9dholes ,,ne> ,,f>r&sville4 ,i arriv$ at ,f>r&sville1 ,cl9ton ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 e>ly on ,tuesday morn+1 ,octob] ! #aa?1 #ahih1 & f\nd a boy1 :o work$ 9 a brick mill1 z guide to ! caves4#aa ,aft] empty+ a small1 flat bottom$ boat ( ! wat] ( :i* x 0 half full1 we r[$ across ! ,susquehanna ,riv]2 !n we walk$ up ! road1 along ! riv] bank1 = a c\ple ( hundr$ met]s1 & /ruck up ! s-call$ pa? to ! caves4 ,al?\gh ! :ole ( ! m\nta9 side 0 at ! disposal ( ! road mak]1 no bett] plan seems to h sugge/$ itself ?an to make ! track g /raight up4 ,?is sav$ mak+ zigzags1 yet ! result is t ! pa? is /eep1 & z x is rocky & slipp]y1 x is h>d travell+ )\t bootnails or alp5/ock4 #aa ,i le>n$ ( ?is cave f ,mr4 ,eug5e ,f4 ,mc,cabe1 ( ,r5ovo1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,mr4 ,mc,cabe took out l>ge pieces ( ice f x 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,on ,decemb] #bc;d1 #ahif1 he f\nd no ice inside ! cave1 b a ho> fro/ cov]$ ! rocks2 ! temp]ature outside 0 -#e4f2 inside -#d4e3 ! day 0 cle> & !re 0 no breeze2 sev]al mat*es light$ 9 ! cave 7 almo/ in/antly bl[n out by a curr5t ( air com+ f crevices 9 ! rocks4 ,mr4 ,ira ,c4 ,*a?am1 po/ma/] at ,f>r&sville1 wrote to me on ! #ai? ( ,octob]1 #ahih1 z foll[s3 ,y\r pap] on ,ice ,caves ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,m>*1 #ahig at pp4 #agg & #agh describes ! ,f>r&sville ,cave z ne> z is possible1 z ! ice =ms 9 ! spr+ f ! sn[ melt+ & dropp+ ?r\gh ! rocks into ! cave1 & ! rocks face directly nor? z /at$4 ,z we w5t up1 ,i notic$1 9 "o or two places1 cold draughts issu+ f crevices 9 ! rocks4 ,we soon came to a holl[ "u a rock1 :]e !re 7 a numb] ( cracks & crevices3 ! boy spoke ( x z ! l[] cave4 ,x is "s sixty met]s above ! ,susquehanna ,riv] & cold draughts fl[$ f ! cracks1 al?\gh we saw no ice4 ,! cave 0 ab\t tw5ty met]s high] up4 ,"o c\ld crawl into x = a c\ple ( met]s1 & all r\nd x ! rocks are some:at crevic$2 9 fact1 ,i ?9k !re are a good _m cracks 9 ! entire hill4 ,!re 0 no ice 9 sight 9 ?is hole1 b a /rong1 cold draught p\r$ f x4 ,aft] an exposure ( fifte5 m9utes ! !rmomet] regi/]$ #f ,c42 :ile outside1 9 ! %ade1 x /ood at #ae ,c4 ,?is decid$ly sub-normal temp]ature prov$ unmi/akably1 9 my op9ion1 ! pres5ce ( ice a little fur!r ?an we c\ld see 94 ,bo? holes face ab\t nor? & are %elt]$1 by _! position & by ! sp>se =e/ :i* cov]s ! ridge1 aga9/ all w9ds except ^? f ! nor?4 ,i talk$ to ! po/ma/] & ! railroad ag5t at ,f>r&sville on my return1 & !y /at$ t !re 0 no ice 9 ! hole 9 w9t]1 b t x =m$ ab\t ,april & rema9$ ov] until t[>ds ,septemb]1 %[+ t ! cave is a normal glacire on a small scale4 ,,glaci,,res ,,ne> ,,summit4 ,9 ! se>* = coal1 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,appala*ian ,*a9 betwe5 ! little t[n ( ,summit1 & ! neighbor+ village ( ,coaldale1 ,c>bon ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 7 m9$ & tunnel$ 9 e direction4 ,ow+ to ! cav+ 9 ( "s ( ^! m9es1 depressions =m$ 9 c]ta9 places along ! ridge 9 ! upp] surface ( ! gr\nd1 & 9 two ( ^! holl[s natural refrig]ators occur4 ,^! 7 br\ght to my notice by ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,ni*olson ( ,philadelphia1 & ,i visit$ !m on ,may ! #e?1 #ahii1 9 company ) two coal m9]s ( ,summit4 ,/>t+ f ,summit1 we pass$ across "s r\gh gr\nd "u :i* !re 0 a m9e on fire2 & ! m9]s %[$ me ! tops ( two pipes /ick+ out ( ! gr\nd1 f :i* issu$ a smoke or /eam1 too hot to hold ! h& 9 m ?an a few seconds4 ,go+ beyond ?r\gh bru%wood1 = a c\ple ( hundr$ met]s1 we came to ! fir/ glacire1 :i* 0 also ! ne>e/ to ,summit4 ,x fac$ almo/ due nor? & look$ z if x 0 =m]ly ! entrance to a m9e4 ,x 0 fairly big1 & my companions assur$ me t1 until )9 ab\t a ye>1 ice 0 always f\nd 9 x4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 "p1 ( ! rock ro( fell 91 block+ up ! entrance ) a mass ( dbris & mak+ x unsafe to v5ture 94 ,=m]ly p>ties ( t\ri/s con/antly visit$ ?is place1 aft] com+ ov] ! ,swit*back1 b ?is is no long] done & !re has be5 "s talk ( clean+ away ! brok5 rocks & mak+ ! glacire accessible4 ,! m5 also said t occasionally p liv+ 9 ! neighborhood _h dug out ! ice = _! own use4 ,! o!r glacire 0 a %ort di/ance fur!r1 9 ! direction ( ,coaldale4 ,x is 9 a pit1 :i* may h be5 ! m\? ( a disus$ %aft or only a depression result+ f a cave-94 ,a scrubby =e/1 :i* surr\nds ! holl[1 acts z a w9dbrake4 ,a r /eep slope leads d[n into ! pit1 & at ! end passes "u ! wall ( rock ( ! opposite side = a %ort di/ance1 =m+ a small cave1 :i* faces almo/ due s\? & ^: floor is *ok$ up ) brok5 rock fragm5ts4 ,at ! bottom ( ! slope we f\nd "s sn[1 & among ! b\ld]s a good deal ( sn[-ice z well z sev]al long icicles hang+ f ! rocks4 ,all ! ice & sn[ lay on ! nor? side ( ! rocks1 or und]nea? !m1 s t x 0 9 %ady places :]e ! sun c\ld n rea* x4 ,! temp]ature 0 n at all uncom=table1 al?\gh some:at cool & damp4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,v]tical ,section ( ,pit ne> ,summit4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ei!r glacire1 to %[ t ! ice 0 =m$ f any o!r cause ?an ! drift+ 91 & melt+ & refreez+ ( ! w9t]'s sn[2 & my impression is t ! ice 9 ! second glacire c\ld n la/ ?r\gh ! summ]4 ,,! ,,sn[ ,,hole ,,ne> ,,william/[n4 ,! ,sn[ ,hole ne> ,william/[n 7,massa*usetts7 is situat$ ne> ! nor!rn end ( ! ,pet]sburgh ,m\nta9 ( ! ,taghconic ,range2 x is slightly bel[ ! wat]%$ on ! ,william/[n side1 at an altitude ( ab\t sev5 hundr$ met]s4 ,! ,sn[ ,hole is 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ne> ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,new ,york & ,massa*usetts4 ,x is a long two h\rs' drive f ,william/[n1 ! la/ f\r kilomet]s or s1 ov] an exce$+ly /eep & r\gh road1 :i* is1 9 fact1 no?+ b an old logg+ road1 & ! wor/ ,i ev] drove ov] except ! road to ,dm5yflva4 ,i visit$ ! ,sn[ ,hole ) my bro!r on ,friday1 ,septemb] ! #bi?1 #ahii4 ,x is surr\nd$ by a d5se =e/1 ma9ly ( rec5t gr[?1 :i* ?or\ghly %elt]s x f all w9ds4 ,9 %ape & appe>ance x resembles ! ,gorge at ,ell5ville1 except t x is small]3 its location on ! ridge is n unlike t ( ! ,fri$ri*/e9] ,ei%hle4 ,x is a n>r[ crack--or cave m9us a ro(--ab\t fifte5 met]s long1 six to sev5 met]s deep & f two to five met]s wide4 ,x faces ne>ly nor?1 & ! bottom is 9 p]petual %ad[4 ,f ! nor!rn end1 a g5tle slope leads to ! re>4 ,! slope 0 a good deal block$ up by a big tree ) l>ge bran*es1 :i* _h fall5 directly into ! fissure4 ,!re 0 "s moss or gre5i% m\ld on ! rocks 9 places1 & at ! re> end ( ! slope !re 7 "s fissures 9 ! rocks1 into :i* "o might p]haps h crawl$ a little f>!r1 :i* =m$ a t9y cave4 ,!re 0 also a simil> incipi5t cave at ! nor!rn end4 ,i c\ld n detect any draughts issu+ f ^! rock fissures1 & ! air ?r\gh\t 0 /ill1 al?\gh ! w9d 0 bl[+ h>d on ! ridge4 ,! rocks 7 moi/ 9 places & ! air damp1 b !re 0 nei!r sn[ nor ice & ! temp]atures 7 normal4 ,! driv] told me t he _h f\nd pl5ty ( sn[ 9 ! base ( ! gorge "s ye>s ago 9 ,july2 & he said t he _h always he>d t sn[ 0 f\nd 9 ! ,sn[ ,hole all ! ye> r\nd4 ,all ! conditions ( ! place1 ! %ape ( ! fissure1 & its %elt]$ nor!rn exposition1 are favorable to ! ret5tion ( ice & sn[1 & x is n surpris+ t !y rema9 ov] e spr+4 ,,icy ,,gulf ,,ne> ,,great ,,b>r+ton4 ,! ,icy ,gulf or ,icy ,gl5 is "s eight kilomet]s f ,great ,b>r+ton1 ,massa*usetts4 ,i h n be5 9 x1 b 0 told 9 ,octob]1 #ahii1 by ! f>m]s liv+ ne> by1 t aft] sn[y w9t]s1 ice rema9s ov] ?r\gh ,july4 ,x mu/ be simil> to ! ,icy ,gl5 at ,/ockbridge4 ,,! ,,ice ,,b$ ,,( ,,wall+=d4 ,! ,ice ,b$ ( ,wall+=d is situat$ ab\t ?ree kilomet]s to ! ea/ ( ,wall+=d1 ,v]mont4 ,a drive ( half an h\r1 ov] ! ,m\nt ,holly & ,he>burr[ roads1 takes ! visitor to ! entrance ( a r\gh wood pa?1 :i*1 at a di/ance ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ met]s1 leads to ! ,ice ,b$4 ,?is is a huge talus1 at ! base ( ! ,:ite ,rock ,m\nta91 ^: cliffs rise /eeply ov]head = "s ?ree or f\r hundr$ met]s4 ,! talus1 :i* 0 d\btless =m$ by a great slide at "s di/ant date1 consi/s ( granite b\ld]s1 "s ( :i* are big ones4 ,! ice-be>+ portion may be "s ?irty or =ty met]s high v]tically4 ,x lies 9 a sort ( gully or rock bas91 & at ! top is ab\t ?irty met]s broad1 tap]+ to a po9t at ! bottom4 ,! talus faces s\?w>d1 & dur+ a good "p ( ! day ! sun %9es full ^u x4 ,a ?9 =e/ fr+es ! sides & gr[s r\nd ! bottom1 b ?is c af=d b little protection f ! w9ds1 especially to ^? f ! s\?4 ,i visit$ ?is place on ! #e? ( ,octob]1 #ahii4 ,!re 0 a di/9ct drop 9 temp]ature z we ne>$ ! base ( ! talus1 & a cool air drew g5tly d[n ov] ! rocks4 ,i ?9k slight draughts issu$ f "s ( ! crevices2 b ( ?is ,i am n sure4 ,! temp]ature 0 sub-normal1 ab\t #h1 b h>dly l[ en\gh to prove ! pres5ce ( ice1 al?\gh we c\ld see our brea?s di/9ctly4 ,we look$ c>efully "u a numb] ( ! b\ld]s1 b nei!r ice nor sn[ 0 visible4 ,i 0 assur$ t ice 0 abundant !re 9 ! pa/ ,july & ,augu/1 & ,i %\ld ?9k x _h melt$ away only %ortly be=e my visit4 ,my impression is1 t ?is is a p]iodic glacire4 ,,caves ,,ne> ,,william/[n4 ,on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,pet]sburgh ,m\nta9 ( ! ,taghconic ,range 9 ,massa*usetts1 at a good deal l[] altitude ?an ! ,william/[n ,sn[ ,hole & ab\t s\!a/ ( x are "s cav]ns1 :i* are b little kn[n4 ,a five or six kilomet] drive f ,william/[n takes ! visitor to ! base ( ! m\nta91 :5ce a r /eep asc5t ( ab\t a kilomet] & a half br+s him to ! caves1 :i* are 9 ! mid/ ( a d5se1 scrub =e/4 ,! caves 7 fir/ ent]$1 & possibly discov]$1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,williams1 ( ,william/[n1 :5 a boy4 ,s9ce !n1 he has visit$ !m _m times & explor$ !m a good deal4 ,!y d n appe> to h any "n z yet1 & x w\ld seem only fitt+ to *ri/5 !m aft] _! explor]3 ! ,williams ,caves4 ,!re are sev]al unimportant holes 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! two ma9 caves4 ,! latt] lie side by side4 ,! rock =mation is ! same z t ( ! ,sn[ ,hole1 a d>k gray slate ) a few ve9s ( qu>tz1 & !y are due also evid5tly to ! same geological causes4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh ! m\nta9 _h t5d$ to op5 or crack at ^! spots & fall5 ap>t4 ,?is seems probable1 because :]ev] !re is a projection on "o side ( ! cracks1 !re is a correspond+ holl[ 9 ! opposite side4 ,aft] ?is1 wat] action has come1 & erosion & corrosion h worn out & c>ri$ away e>?y matt]1 & sl[ly deep5$ & wid5$ ! fissures4 ,! rem>kable po9t 9 connection ) ! ma9 caves1 h[ev]1 is t "o is a normal cave & ! o!r a p]iodic glacire4 ,i w5t ) ,mr4 ,williams to ^! caves on ! #f? ( ,octob]1 #ahii1 & p>tially explor$ ! glacire4 ,on ! way up1 j z we left ! c>riage road1 a f9e1 ?ree-ye>-old buck1 9 8 w9t] coat1 came b\nd+ out ( ! =e/2 on see+ u he /opp$1 & aft] tak+ a good look1 quietly trott$ (f into ! bu%es4 ,! glacire is r peculi> 9 %ape & may be describ$ z two /ori$4 ,a long slope1 set at an angle ( "s =ty degrees1 & cov]$ ) mud & dead leaves1 leads d[n into ! crack1 :i* is f "o to ?ree met]s 9 wid?4 ,! fir/ half ( ! slope is op5 to ! sky2 ! la/ half is cov]$ by ! rock ro(1 & is a real cave4 ,9 ?is ! floor is horizontal1 ! place =m+ a little *amb] 9 :i* ! daylight has almo/ vani%$4 ,at ! exact summit ( ! slope a big tree grew mo/ conv5i5tly2 & we ti$ to ?is "o end ( a tw5ty-met] ,au/rian ,alp9e ,club rope1 & by hold+ fa/ to x1 & kneel+ or sitt+ d[n 9 ! mud 9 two or ?ree places1 ! desc5t 0 easy en\gh4 ,x 0 r difficult to scramble up ! slope aga91 h[ev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,v]tical ,section ( ,freez+ ,cave ne> ,william/[n4 ,9 ! floor ( ! little *amb] !re are two holes1 &1 /epp+ ov] ^!1 we /ood at ! re> end1 ab\t eighte5 met]s di/ant f ! beg9n+ ( ! slope4 ,my companion n[ set "s bir*b>k on fire & dropp$ x into ! inn]mo/ hole1 & we laid d[n 9 turn1 flat on ! rock floor1 & cran$ our necks ?r\gh ! hole4 ,mr4 ,williams ?\ght he c\ld see ice bel[ u4 ,i look$ d[n aft] him & f\nd t ,i 0 look+ into a l[] *amb] ^: sides 7 invisible4 ,! floor 0 "s ?ree met]s bel[ v]tically1 & on ?is ! bir*b>k 0 burn+ brightly4 ,i ?9k ,i saw "s ice1 b ,i c\ld n be sure1 z !re 0 too mu* smoke to see di/9ctly4 ,my companion (f]$ to g d[n ?r\gh ! hole & get "s ice2 a proposition ,i promptly veto$1 z _h any?+ gone wrong1 ,i c\ld n possibly h giv5 him any assi/ance1 z !re 0 no extra rope4 ,mr4 ,williams told me t he w5t d[n sev]al times be=e 9 ,july or ,augu/1 & always f\nd ice on ! slant+ floor4 ,he said he did n "k h[ f> ?is l[] *amb] ext5d$1 nor ! l5g? ( ! ice floor4 ,"o ?+ :i* makes me hesitate to ?9k t we saw ice 01 t ! temp]ature ( ! *amb] :]e we 7 0 n at all icy2 b probably--,i _h =gott5 my !rmomet]--ne>ly normal4 ,:5 we /ood once m by ! tree at ! top ( ! slope1 ! m\? ( ano!r cave 0 visible ab\t two met]s bel[ u4 ,mr4 ,williams said x _h nev] look$ m ?an a little crack be=e1 & t ! op5+ 0 mu* bigg] ?an at 8 la/ visit4 ,x 0 directly "u ! slope by :i* we desc5d$ & x vani%$ into d>kness4 ,its direction l$ /raight t[>ds ! l[] *amb]1 & x almo/ surely leads to x4 ,x seems ?us t !re are two holl[s1 "o directly above ! o!r2 & t ! l[] "o is a glacire1 :ile ! upp] "o is n4 ,! cold air ( w9t] w\ld naturally s9k into ! l[] *amb]1 & ! spr+ ?aws w\ld furni% pl5ty ( drip1 s t ?is place seems to answ] e requirem5t ( a cave glacire4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ fact ab\t ^! caves is t1 :ile ! %all[] "o is a glacire1 ! bigg] & deep] "o is n4 ,?is is situat$ ab\t t5 met]s nor? ( ! glacire & ! direction ( ! entrance is ab\t ! same4 ,mr4 ,williams has f\nd sn[ & ice 9 ,may 9 ! entrance pit z f> z ! daylight goes1 b none beyond4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! explanation ( ?is is ! fact t ! cave is a ganghhle or tunnel cave4 ,mr4 ,williams describ$ x z a n>r[ passage ) *amb]s1 & at lea/ a hundr$ met]s long1 & fifty met]s 9 dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,! cold air s9ks 9 a c]ta9 di/ance1 b z ! passage is n>r[ & long1 & too w9d+ = any /rong draughts1 ! cold air :i* ent]s is soon neutraliz$ by ! supply ( w>m] air )9 & by contact ) ! rocks4 ,i _c help ?9k+ t x is by "s su* explanation t we mu/ hope to solve ! problem ( :y c]ta9 caves are glacires & o!rs 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood normal caves2 & ! caves ne> ,william/[n are exceptional 9 pres5t+ ! problem s pat5tly4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,subt]ranean ,,ice4 ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,subt]ranean ,,ice4 ,i4 ,t]m9ology4--,ice endur+ ! entire ye> is f\nd1 9 temp]ate latitudes1 9 a v>iety ( =ms & 9 sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( places4 ,9 "s cases x is entirely above ! surface ( ! e>?2 9 o!rs x is entirely b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,^! are ! extremes1 & betwe5 !m !re are c]ta9 int]m$iate =ms4 ,! p]5nial ice above gr\nd ( temp]ate regions has gradually become kn[n 9 ,engli% by ! ,fr5* ^w glaci]1 b /range to say1 !re is no t]m 9 use 9 ,engli% :i* accurately describes ! p]5nial ice =mations :i* are p>tially or completely und]gr\nd4 ,?us ! t]m ice cave is appli$ to a rock cav]n conta9+ ice1 & ! t]m ice gorge to a rock gorge conta9+ ice4 ,bo? t]ms are mislead+1 because ! "* ( ! cont5ts is m5tion$ be=e ! nature ( ! geological =mation4 ,we say correctly en\gh lime/one cave or lava cave &1 9 my op9ion1 we %\ld apply ! t]m ice cave 9 a simil> mann] to ! holl[s 9 ! ice at ! l[] end ( glaci]s1 :5ce ! glaci] wat]s make _! exit4 ,^! are really ice caves1 t is caves ) sides & ro( made ( ice4 ,ano!r tr\ble ( ! t]m ice cave1 z appli$ to rock =mations conta9+ ice1 is t x is n g5]ic3 n only is x incorrect1 b also x is n compreh5sive4 ,x does n apply to m9es1 tunnels1 wells1 gullies1 b\ld] taluses1 or und]gr\nd ice %eets4 ,if ice cave is us$1 except 9 its true s5se ( glaci] ice cave1 x seems at lea/ z ?\gh x %\ld be s only = real caves :i* reta9 ice1 z oppos$ to taluses & wells4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! ,g]mans are j z inaccurate z ourselves1 = _! t]ms ei%hle & eislo* are absolute translations ( our ice cave & ice hole4 ,inde$1 !re is no d\bt t "s ( ! incorrect notions ab\t subt]ranean ice =mations1 are due to ! inaccuracy ( ! t]m9ology4 ,! only language1 s f> z ,i "k1 :i* has a correct & really g5]ic t]m = subt]ranean ice =mations1 is ! ,fr5* 9 its ^w glacire4 ,! ,fr5* & ,swiss say glacires naturelles ( ice deposits =m$ naturally und]gr\nd2 & glacires artificielles ( ice h\ses4 ,glacire naturelle is compreh5sive & accurate4 ,x cov]s all ! rock =mations & sugge/s also ! mode ( =mation ( ! ice4 ,x likewise implies ! /rong resemblance betwe5 natural ice deposits & artificial ice h\ses4 ,x might be well1 !re=e1 if ! ,fr5* t]m glacire 7 adopt$ z a g5]ic t]m = all und]gr\nd ice =mations4 ,z1 h[ev]1 !re is little likelihood ( ?is happ5+1 ! "q arises z to ! be/ ,engli% equival5t or equival5ts4 ,^! seem to be freez+ cav]n1 freez+ talus1 etc41 natural refrig]ator or subt]ranean ice =mation4 ,natural refrig]ator & subt]ranean ice =mation are m g5]ic ?an freez+ cav]n1 freez+ well1 etc42 b ! latt] h ! advantage ( sugge/+ imm$iately t ref]5ce is made to ! holl[s ( ! e>? :i* at times conta9 ice2 &1 !re=e1 !y are ! be/ t]ms1 p]haps1 :i* c be *os5 9 ,engli%4 ,ano!r po9t 9 ! t]m9ology ( ?is subject has ref]5ce to subt]ranean holl[s :]e draughts issue or ent]4 ,su* holl[s are f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! _w & are kn[n usually 9 ,engli% z bl[+ caves or cold curr5t caves4 ,! ,g]mans speak ( !m z w9drhr5 or w9dl*]4 ,9 my fir/ pap] ab\t caves1#ab ,i us$ ! ^w w9dhole :i* ,i translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,! t]m w9dhole seems to me pref]able to bl[+ cave or cold curr5t cave 9 t x is m g5]ic4 ,x applies to taluses or b\ld] heaps1 or 9 fact1 to any holl[s :]e draughts issue or ent]1 :e!r ^! holl[s are g5u9e cav]ns or n4 #ab ,ice ,caves & ! ,causes ( ,subt]ranean ,ice1 ,novemb] #ahif1 & ,m>* #ahig4 ,x is necess>y also to expla9 "h t glacire & w9dhole are n synonym\s t]ms4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t a glacire or natural refrig]ator is a place :]e ice =ms & endures 9 a subt]ranean or semi-subt]ranean situation2 & t ! pres5ce ( ice is ! crit]ion ( :e!r a place is or is n a glacire4 ,likewise x mu/ be und]/ood t a w9dhole or bl[+ cave is an und]gr\nd holl[ ) at lea/ two op5+s1 & 9 :i* di/9ct draughts occur2 & t ! pres5ce ( draughts is necess>y to con/itute a place a w9dhole or bl[+ cave4 ,a freez+ cav]n may or may n be a w9dhole1 & a w9dhole may or may n be a freez+ cav]n4 ,temp]atures4--,! ph5om5a ( glacires are s closely connect$ ) temp]atures t x seems necess>y at ?is po9t to m5tion "s g5]al facts 9 connection ) subt]ranean temp]atures1 ev5 if ^! /ill =m a subject ( "s unc]ta9ty1 & "o ab\t :i* fur!r obs]vation is desirable4 ,subt]ranean temp]atures may be gr\p$ "u ?ree heads3 #a1 ,ord9>y or normal temp]atures2 #b1 ,temp]atures above ! normal or sup]-normal temp]atures2 #c1 ,temp]atures bel[ ! normal or sub-normal temp]atures4 #a4 ,9 ! great majority ( caves1 cell>s & subt]ranean places ( all descriptions1 ! temp]ature ( ! air is ab\t ! same1 all ! ye> r\nd1 z t ( ! gr\nd4 ,! fro/ ( w9t] & ! heat ( summ] p5etrate ! e>? = "s trivial di/ance1 a few met]s p]haps1 & l[] or raise ! temp]ature ( ! gr\nd tempor>ily4 ,bel[ ?is !re is a /ratum :]e ! temp]ature is f\nd to v>y b little ! entire ye> & :i*1 9 a majority ( cases1 approximates ! mean annual temp]ature ( ! di/rict4 ,bel[ ?is inv>iable /ratum1 ! temp]ature g5]ally rises sl[ly1 n at exactly ! same rate ev]y:]e1 b 9 a regul> increase4 ,?is increase ( temp]ature av]ages #a ,c4 = e #cb met]s4 ,z mo/ caves & cell>s are ( small dep? & z !y take _! temp]atures f t ( ! gr\nd1 x foll[s t z a rule _! temp]atures are mod]ate & pleasant4 ,& z ! air ( ! majority ( caves & subt]ranean holl[s is ab\t ! same z ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ rock1 x is correct to call subt]ranean air temp]atures closely approximat+ ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! gr\nd1 ord9>y or normal temp]atures4 ,z already /at$1 ) an increase ( dep?1 !re is1 9 almo/ all cases1 a regul> increase ( temp]ature4 ,= ?is reason1 m9es1 :i* are mu* ! deepe/ holl[s rea*$ by man 9 ! surface ( ! e>?1 are1 z a rule1 w>m] 9 ! l[] levels3 if deep1 !y are also hot4 ,& ?is is s g5]ally ! case t w>m] temp]atures at ! bottom ( m9es may be consid]$ z normal4 #b4 ,9 a few holl[s close to ! surface1 !re are temp]atures mu* above ! normal temp]ature ( ! gr\nd4 ,su* places are r>e & abnormal4#ac ,! heat is g5]ally due to ! pres5ce ( hot spr+s or to "s volcanic action 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood4 ,9 ! case ( "o cave close to ! surface1 ! heat is due to "s limekilns :i* are situat$ imm$iately ov]head4#ad ,:]e ^! w>m holl[s are g5u9e caves x seems prop] to call !m hot caves4 #ac ,kraus4 ,hhl5kunde1 page #hf4 #ad ,grotte du ,jaur4 ,les ,abimes1 page #afj4 #c4 ,9 a numb] ( places1 !re are abnormally l[ temp]atures und]gr\nd ei!r = ! :ole or only = "p ( ! ye>4 ,al?\gh common] ?an hot caves1 yet ! und]gr\nd places ) l[ temp]atures are also r>e & abnormal4 ,!y may be divid$ into two gr\ps3 #a1 ,^? :]e ! temp]atures are l[] ?an ! normal1 )\t becom+ l[ en\gh = ice to =m2 & #b1 ,^? :]e ! temp]ature s9ks s l[1 t ice =ms4 ,x is difficult to make def9ite divisions among ! v>i\s =ms ( natural refrig]ators1 b x is correct1 probably1 to classify !m "u five heads1 9 accordance ) ! diff]5t k9ds ( =mations ( ! holl[s 9 ! rocks3 #a4 ,gullies1 gorges1 & tr\ghs :]e ice & sn[ rema94 #b4 ,soil or rocks ov]lay+ ice %eets4 #c4 ,taluses & b\ld] heaps reta9+ ice4 #d4 ,wells1 m9es & tunnels 9 :i* ice sometimes =ms4 #e4 ,caves ) abnormally l[ temp]atures1 & (t5 conta9+ ice4 #a4 ,gorges & ,tr\ghs4--,gullies1 gorges & bas9s :i* reta9 sn[ & ice are fairly num]\s 9 m\nta9 di/ricts4 ,!y are g5]ally rav9es1 or rock fissures1 or holl[s1 9 positions bel[ ! sn[ l9e :]e sn[ & ice are suffici5tly protect$1 f sun & w9d1 to rema9 long aft] sn[ 9 ! surr\nd+ op5 c\ntry1 at ! same altitude1 has melt$ away4 ,"s ( ^! gorges are small1 "s big4 ,z a rule1 !y are deep & n>r[4 ,9 nor?-ea/]n ,sib]ia1 a =m ( p]man5t surface ice is f\nd1 :i* ! ,tungusses speak ( z t>9n51 :i* means ice tr\ghs or ice valleys4#ae ,^! t>9n5 are broad valleys1 ) ei!r a horizontal floor or "o slop+ g5tly 9 ! =m ( a tr\gh1 ov] :i* ! ice is spread 9 ! =m ( a %eet4 ,! ,tungusses ass]t t ! ice 9 "s ( ^! tr\ghs nev] :olly melts away1 al?\gh x less5s 9 quantity f ! beg9n+ ( ,may till ! end ( ,augu/1 aft] :i* x once m increases4 #ae ,bullet9 de la classe physico-ma?matique de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sci5ces de ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg4 #ahec4 ,vol4 ,,xi1 pages #cje-caf4 ,subt]ranean ,ice ,%eets4--,9 sev]al places 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w !re are und]gr\nd ice %eets :i* ext5d ov] l>ge spaces2 !y are common "u ! tundras ( ,alaska2 & !re are f9e examples on ,kotzebue ,s\nd1#af on ! ,k[ak ,riv]1#ag & along ! ,yukon ,riv]4#ah ,! ,ice ,spr+ 9 ,oregon seems to be a =mation ( ! same k9d4 ,sev]al examples ( ^! subt]ranean ice %eets are report$ also f diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,russian ,empire4 #af ,see ,"p ,,iii3 page #afg4 #ag ,see ,"p ,,iii3 page #afg4 #ah ,see ,"p ,,iii3 page #aff4 ,a some:at diff]5t k9d ( ice %eet 0 obs]v$ on ,m\nt ,etna4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell#ai speaks ( x z a glaci] pres]v$ by a cov]+ ( lava4 ,he says ,signor ,m>io ,gemmell>o satisfi$ himself t no?+ b a fl[+ ( lava ov] sn[ c\ld acc\nt = ! position ( ! glaci]4 ,ice %eets some:at simil> to ^! are report$ f ,ti]ra del ,fuego1#bj & probably also su* %eets occur 9 ,icel&2 & enorm\s heaps ( ice cov]$ ) s& are f\nd on ,m\nt ,*imborazo4#ba ,on ! nor?we/]n coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 glaci]s1 ^: fl[ has /opp$1 7 obs]v$ buri$ "u an accumulation ( moss & grass4#bb #ai ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 #aa? ,edition1 ,*ap4 ,,xxvi4 #bj ,see ,"p ,,iii3 page #aij4 #ba ,see ,"p ,,iii3 page #ahi4 #bb ,see ,"p ,,iii3 page #afe4 ,taluses & ,b\ld] ,heaps4--,taluses & brok5 debris1 & 9 g5]al b\ld] heaps ( all sorts1 h int]/ices & op5+s betwe5 ! b\ld]s1 & 9 ^! x occasionally happ5s t ice is f\nd4 ,?is is mo/ common among ! taluses at ! base ( cliffs1 b 9 "s cases ice is f\nd among brok5 rocks on ! sides ( g5tly slop+ hills1 or ev5 on ! plateaus ( _! summits4 ,sometimes ! ice & sn[ on ! bottom ( rock gorges all melts away1 :ile fur!r d[n1 9 ! holl[s ( ! b\ld]s =m+ ! floor1 ice /ill rema9s4 ,! rocks ( :i* ^! ice be>+ taluses are =m$ are g5]ally gneiss1 granite1 lime/one1 s&/one1 basalt or porphyry4 ,among su* b\ld] taluses ! ph5om5on designat$ z ,w9drhr5 or ,v5t>ol51 t is1 w9dholes1 is frequ5tly f\nd4 ,sometimes ! air among su* b\ld] =mations is quiet1 b z a g5]al ?+ draughts p\r out at ! l[] op5+s dur+ ! hot mon?s1 & bl[ into !m dur+ ! cold ones4 ,freez+ ,wells1 ,m9es & ,tunnels4--,subt]ranean ice is also f\nd 9 c]ta9 places 9 connection ) man's h&iwork4 ,9 a few wells 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! temp]ature 9 w9t] becomes abnormally l[1 & = f\r or five mon?s ^! wells freeze up & become useless4 ,a case ( a freez+ well 0 rec5tly obs]v$ ne> la ,f]t ,milon 9 ,c5tral ,france4#bc ,ice is report$ also z =m+ 9 v>i\s m9es 9 ,europe1 ,asia & ,am]ica2 9 fact1 x is n an uncommon occurr5ce4 ,occasionally1 also1 ice =ms 9 tunnels4 #bc ,see ,"p ,i43 pages #gd1 #gi1 #hi4 ,"p ,,iii43 page #bjf4 ,cold ,caves4--,caves ) abnormally l[ temp]atures may be divid$ into two classes4 ,fir/1 caves :]e ! temp]atures are l[] ?an ! normal1 )\t becom+ l[ en\gh = ice to =m2 & second1 caves :]e ! temp]atures s9k s l[1 t ice =ms4 ,caves :]e ! temp]atures s9k bel[ ! normal1 b 9 :i* ice does n =m ei!r 9 w9t] or 9 summ]1 are f\nd 9 sev]al places 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!y are t]m$ 9 ,fr5* cav]nes froides & 9 ,g]man kalte hhl54 ,!re are b few data f reliable obs]v]s ab\t su* cold caves4 ,"s descriptions are giv5 )\t !rmometric measurem5ts1 & ! /atem5ts t ! caves are cold1 mean no?+ beyond ! fact t !y feel cold] ?an ! outside air4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 conclusively prov$ t cold caves exi/1 & t :ile !y are n freez+ cav]ns1 yet t !y h a temp]ature l[] ?an ! mean annual temp]ature ( _! di/rict4 ,9 fact1 ! assumption1 :i* _h pass$ into an axiom1 t caves always h ! same temp]atures z ! mean annual temp]ature ( ! di/rict1 mu/ c]ta9ly be giv5 up4 ,cold caves are g5]ally 9 "o ( two %apes3 #a1 9 ! %ape ( a s& glass1--two cones above ea* o!r meet+ at ! n>r[e/ po9t--:]e ! upp] cone lets ! heavy cold air desc5d easily1 :ile ! l[] bell %ap$ cone prev5ts its escape2 & #b1 :]e two s9k holes op5 into "o pit1 :i* is 9 ! %ape ( a bell4#bd #bd ,les ,abimes1 page #efc4 ,glacire ,caves or ,freez+ ,caves4--,caves :]e ! temp]atures s9k s l[ t ice is able to =m1 are f\nd 9 _m diff]5t rock =mations & 9 v>i\s positions1 %apes & sizes4 ,! rock =mation ( freez+ cav]ns is g5]ally lime/one1 b sometimes x is m>ble1 lava1 basalt1 gneiss or granite4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 ! rock is ei!r por\s or else x is brok5 & fissur$1 z o!rwise ! wat] supply necess>y to ! =mation ( ice c\ld n f9d its way 94 ,glacire cav]ns may1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 be classifi$ into sev]al classes1 accord+ to _! position or to _! =m4 ,! l9es ( transition betwe5 !m1 h[ev]1 are s indef9ite 9 nature1 t x is (t5 difficult to specify a cav]n z belong+ to any special type4 ,! mo/ important factor 9 classify+ glacire caves is _! position4 ,"u ?is head !re are two ma9 divisions3 fir/1 pit caves2 second1 cliff caves4 ,pit caves are ^? :]e a pit or pits op5 into ! gr\nd1 & ! ice is f\nd at ! bottom4 ,sometimes !re is no ro(1 :5 ! place may be call$ a gorge3 ?is occurs at ,ell5ville1 :]e ! ro( has fall54 ,aga91 ! pit itself is m or less ro($ ov] & ! ice is f\nd ma9ly or :olly "u ! ro(3 ?is is ! case at ,haut d',avi]noz1 at ! ,fri$ri*/e9]hhle1 at ,sa9t-,livres1 & at ,sa9t-,georges4 ,sometimes ! pit takes ! =m ( a desc5d+ tunnel1 lead+ into a hall or *amb]1 9 :i* ! ice lies "u a rock ro(3 ?is happ5s at ,*aux-les-,passavant4 ,9 all ^! pit caves ! body ( ! cave is bel[ ! entrance1 & mo/ ( !m are fairly well light$ by daylight ?r\gh\t4 ,g5]ally !re is only "o pit1 b occasionally !re are two connect$ und]gr\nd1 z is ! case at ,la ,g5ollire4 ,cliff caves are ^? :]e ! entrance is at ! base or 9 ! side ( a cliff4 ,frequ5tly ! cave is 9 ! %ape ( a hall or *amb]1 :i* beg9s directly at ! entrance1 & :i* may be l>ge or small4 ,?is k9d always has a d[n slope directly f ! m\?4 ,! ,kol[rat%hle1 ,dbs9a & ! ,gr& ,cave de ,mont>quis may be m5tion$ z examples4 ,9 "s cases !re is a pit at ! base ( a cliff & !re is a slope lead+ d[n to ! cave1 some:at 9 ! =m ( a tunnel3 ?is is ! case at ,man*e/] & practically also at ,ro?4 ,aga9 !re is a m or less long gall]y betwe5 ! entrance & ! glacire1 :i* is always bel[ ! level ( ! entrance4 ,! ,s*aflo*1 ,dm5yflva & ,decorah may be cit$ z examples4 ,z a rule ! gall]y slopes d[n f ! entrance1 b sometimes ! floor rises & !n s9ks to ! glacire4 ,! top ( ! entrance1 h[ev]1 is always high] ?an ! highe/ po9t ( ! floor1 z o!rwise ! cold air c\ld n get 94 ,?is is ! case at ! ,frau5mau]hhle1 &1 app>5tly1 also at ! ,possel?hle4 ,9 "o case1 at ,am>na? 9 ,ka%m]e1 ! floor is said to rise to ! ro( at ! back2 b z ! entrance is ne>ly z big z ! floor area1 ! ice =mations mu/ also be bel[ ! level ( ! top ( ! entrance4 ,! dim5sions ( glacire caves v>y greatly4 ,"s are l>ge1 o!rs are small4 ,sa9t ,georges1 a ro($ pit cave1 is "s tw5ty-five met]s by twelve met]s1 ) a dep? ( ab\t twelve met]s4 ,*aux-les-,passavant1 a cave at ! end ( a pit tunnel1 has a diamet] ( "s tw5ty-sev5 met]s4 ,! measures ( ,dbs9a1 a cave at ! bottom ( a cliff1 are giv5 z foll[s3 ,height ( ro( above ice floor1 #aj to #aa met]s2 l5g? #abj met]s2 bread?1 #ce to #fj met]s1 & surface ab\t #dfdd met]s4 ,! ,frau5mau]hhle is a gall]y ab\t "o hundr$ met]s long be=e ! ice floor is rea*$1 & ?is is "s fifty met]s m 9 l5g? by ab\t sev5 met]s 9 wid?4 ,! glacire cave ne> ,fra91 on ! contr>y1 is s small t "o c only crawl 9 "s two or ?ree met]s4 ,9 fact1 glacire caves v>y 9 size betwe5 great halls & little tunnels :]e "o _c /& up /raight4 ,! entrances ( glacire caves also v>y greatly 9 _! dim5sions4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,fri$ri*/e9]hhle is on "o side ( a huge pit & is z l>ge & deep z ! pit4 ,sa9t ,georges1 on ! contr>y1 has1 ne> "o end ( ! ro(1 a c\ple ( holes1 "s ?ree met]s 9 diamet]4 ,! entrance to ! ,s*aflo* is f\r met]s wide by f\r met]s sev5ty c5timet]s high1 :ile ! entrance to ,ro? is n ov] "o met] ea* way4 ,a classification ( subt]ranean ice =mations1 & "o :i* applies to all ! diff]5t =ms1 is into p]man5t & p]iodic glacires4 ,:5 9 any und]gr\nd spot1 ice rema9s ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 ! place may be call$ a p]man5t glacire2 :5 on ! contr>y ! ice melts away = "p ( ! ye>1 ! place may be call$ a p]iodic glacire4 ,?is classification1 :i* sev]al obs]v]s h us$ already1 is conv5i5t & valuable4 ,movem5ts ( ,air4--,ano!r classification ( glacires c be made 9 accordance ) ! movem5ts ( air und]gr\nd4 ,glacires may be divid$ into ^? :]e !re are no /rong draughts 9 summ] & ^? :]e !re are draughts3 or into app>5tly /atic caves2 & dynamic caves or w9dholes4 ,! fir/ class includes ^? caves :]e !re is "o or m op5+s close toge!r & ^? above ! body ( ! cave4 ,9 su* holl[s ! air 9 summ] is ne>ly /ill1 :ile 9 w9t] !re are di/9ct rot>y movem5ts ( ! air z soon z ! temp]ature outside is l[] ?an t )94 ,almo/ all glacire caves belong to ?is class ( caves )\t /rong draughts 9 summ]4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ice is f\nd 9 holl[s :]e !re are two or m op5+s1 at diff]5t altitudes & at diff]5t ends ( ! holl[1 & :]e !re are draughts4 ,occasionally1 also1 !re are fissures 9 ! sides or re> ( app>5tly /atic caves1 :i* all[ some?+ l draughts at times1 z is ! case at ! ,gr& ,cave de ,mont>quis4 ,pr(essor ,?ury ( ,g5eva co9$ ! t]ms /atic cave & dynamic cave :i* h come l>gely into use s9ce1 & :i* practically correspond to ! ,g]man t]ms ei%hle & w9drhre4 ,i d n ?9k ! t]m /atic cave accurate1 & pref] ! t]m app>5tly /atic cave or cave )\t di/9ct draughts4 ,= al?\gh !re are _m caves :]e ! air seems /agnant at times1 & !re are no di/9ct p]ceptible draughts1 /ill t ! air is really /agnant all summ] appe>s to me d\btful1 & x seems z if ! movem5ts ( air 7 di/9ctly app>5t only 9 c]ta9 caves & n 9 o!rs4 ,air :i* is app>5tly /agnant is f\nd 9 bo? pit & cliff caves ma9ly 9 ! summ] mon?s1 b ev5 9 ^! ,i h notic$ sev]al times 9 summ] slight movem5ts ( air1 especially ne> ! entrance4 ,i c\ld n exactly feel ! air mov+1 b by light+ a cig> ! smoke c\ld be se5 borne outw>ds exce$+ly sl[ly4 ,at ! entrance ( ! ,kol[rat%hle ,i ?9k !re 0 a fa9t outw>d curr5t :5 ,i 0 !re4 ,! day 0 hot & w9dless1 & z ! cold air met ! hot outside air x =m$ a fa9t cl\d or mi/ at ! m\? ( ! cav]n4 ,at ,sa9t-,georges1 al?\gh ! air seem$ tranquil1 ,i f\nd t ! smoke ( my cig> asc5d$ rapidly j bel[ ! hole 9 ! ro(1 %[+ an asc5d+ air curr5t4 ,9 ! d\ble cave ( ,*apuis1 ,i f\nd "o cav]n fill$ by a little lake ov] :i* !re 0 a draught4#be #be ,see ,"p ,,iv43 ,butl]1 page #cjh4 ,f ! few w9t] obs]vations we h1 !re c be no d\bt t 9 w9t] ! movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e are lively1 ! break 9 ! air column occurr+ z soon z ! outside temp]ature is l[] ?an t )91 :5 ! out] air imm$iately beg9s to s9k into ! cave4#bf #bf ,see ,"p ,,iii43 ,*aux-les-,passavant1 page #bjc2 ,sa9t-,georges1 page #bbj4 ,if ,i h d\bts z to ! exi/5ce ( absolutely /atic caves1 x is diff]5t ab\t dynamic caves4 ,:5 a subt]ranean holl[ goes ?r\gh rocks1 ) "o op5+ high] ?an ! o!r1 !re w surely be di/9ct draughts4 ,^! dynamic caves exi/ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w "u su* names z cold curr5t caves or bl[+ caves or w9dholes4 ,sometimes !y are fissures 9 brok5 lime/one4 ,(t5 !y are ! cracks betwe5 piles ( b\ld]s4 ,a cool air g5]ally p\rs f ! l[] op5+ 9 summ] :ile ! cold air p\rs into x 9 w9t]1 ! draught be+ !n rev]s$4 ,at ! upp] op5+ ! op]ation takes place 9 ! opposite way1 ! hot air be+ suck$ 9 9 summ]1 & giv5 out 9 w9t]4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 *anges take place1 accord+ to ! diff]5ces 9 ! outside temp]ature1 9 ! direction ( ! air curr5t 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le day4 ,! causes ( ! movem5ts ( air 9 ^! w9dholes are exce$+ly simple4 ,! movem5ts ( air dep5d on ! fact t 9 summ] ! air 9 ! tube becomes cold] f contact ) ! rocks &1 !re=e1 heavi] ?an ! air outside1 & by gravity ! heavy inside air displaces ! light] outside air & comes ru%+ out at ! l[] op5+4 ,?is leaves a vacuum1 :i* is fill$ by ! w>m] air dropp+ into ! tube f above4 ,9 w9t] on ! contr>y1 ! air )9 ! tube is w>m$ by contact ) ! rocks & becomes light] ?an ! air outside4 ,x1 !re=e1 rises & /reams out f ! upp] op5+1 & ! vacuum is fill$ by ! heavy cold air pu%+ 9 at ! l[] op5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,v]tical ,section ( a ,w9dhole4 ,g4 ,f4 ,p>rot's#bg explanation is s satisfactory t ,i give x ) "o or two *anges4 ,he consid]s ! air movem5ts an ord9>y /atical ph5om5on ( ! air1 9 caves :i* h two op5+s at diff]5t altitudes4 ,let ,e ,g ,d repres5t ! section ( su* a cave ) ! op5+s ,a & ,b4 ,let u ?9k t !re are ov] ,c & ,b two v]tical air columns & f ,b to ,c a horizontal air column ,b ,c2 !n ! two air columns ov] ,b & ,c are at all times ( ! ye> equal 9 weight4 ,n s ! air columns ,a ,c & ,a ,e ,g ,d ,b1 because _! temp]atures are diff]5t4 ,assume ! temp]ature 9 ! cave ,g is #ab ! :ole ye> r\nd4 ,if 9 summ] ! air column ,a ,c is at a temp]ature ( #be1 !n ! heavy air 9 ! cave ,g p\rs out ?r\gh ,a & is replac$ by air fl[+ 9 ?r\gh ,b4 ,if 9 w9t] ! air column ,a ,c is at a temp]ature ( -#a1 !n ! air p\rs ) equal inv]se velocity at ,a into ! cave1 & out at ,b4 ,! velocity ( ! curr5t 9 bo? cases dep5ds on ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature )9 & )\t4 #bg ,grundriss d] ,physik d] ,erde und ,geologie1 #ahae1 pages #ib-ii4 ,! =ego+ explanation makes x evid5t t ! movem5ts ( air 9 ^! w9dholes d n dep5d on ! pres5ce ( ice4 ,9 _m ( ^? ,i h exam9$ myself !re 0 no ice visible1 & f ! temp]ature ( ! air curr5t1 !re c\ld n h be5 any ice )9 ! m\nta94 ,/ill1 !re are num]\s cases :]e ice is f\nd 9 w9dholes among b\ld]s1 & a few cases :]e w9dholes exi/ 9 connection ) app>5tly /atic glacire caves4 ,und\bt$ly ! great majority ( w9dholes d n conta9 ice 9 summ]1 or1 inde$1 at any "t ( ! ye>1 &1 z f> z ,i c see1 w9dholes1 accord+ to _! temp]atures1 belong r to ! class ( normal caves ?an to t ( glacires4 ,=ms ( ,ice4--,almo/ all ! =ms assum$ by und]gr\nd ice are diff]5t f ^? assum$ by ov]gr\nd ice4 ,?is is n surpris+1 z ! conditions1 "u :i* ! ice is =m$1 are s diff]5t4 ,almo/ all ! l9es ( und]gr\nd ice are r\nd$4 ,! %>p angles & fractures visible on glaci] or iceb]g are abs5t4 ,in/ead ( s]acs & crevasses1 brok5 ice falls1 or pil$ up ice floes1 we h hang+ /alactites & ris+ /alagmites1 smoo? ice floors & curv$ ice slopes4 ,?is diff]5ce is ( c\rse due to ! fact t mo/ subt]ranean ice is =m$ f ! drip f ! ro( or ! sides ( caves1 & because ! factor ( motion--:i* plays s l>ge a "p 9 ! %ap+ by fracture ( ov]gr\nd ice--is practically want+4 ,! mo/ /rik+ =ms ( subt]ranean ice are ! ice /alactites & /alagmites4 ,!y desc5d f ! ro( z icicles or rise f x z r\gh cones or pyramids4 ,! icicles are ( all sorts ( %apes & sizes3 sometimes !y are t9y2 sometimes !y gr[ d[nw>d till !y rea* ! floor & =m regul> columns1 9 "s cases no less ?an elev5 met]s 9 height4 ,! ice /alagmites likewise are ( all sorts ( %apes & sizes1 "s ( !m gr[+ to a height ( sev5 or eight met]s4 ,occasionally !y h holl[ bases1 b ?is is r>e4 ,h[ ^! holl[ cones are =m$ is a /ill unc]ta9 matt]2 b x is 9 "s way by ! action ( ! drip4 ,at ! ,kol[rat%hle ,i saw ! drip f ! ro( cutt+ out 9 ,july ! bas91 ^: tall rema9+ sides sugge/$ t e>ly 9 ! spr+ x 0 probably a holl[ cone4 ,! cone at ! ,s*aflo* ( :i* ,i saw "o half rema9+1 c\ld only be acc\nt$ = by "s action f ! drip4#bh ,! w>m? ( ! rock floor may help p]haps also1 9 melt+ away "s ( ! base ( ! holl[ columns4 #bh ,see ,"p ,,iv43 ,?ury1 page #bhg2 ,br[ne1 page #bij4 ,! froz5 wat]falls :i* issue f fissures 9 ! rock walls ( caves are ano!r =m ( ice se5 only bel[ gr\nd4 ,= lack ( a bett] "n1 ,i call !m fissure columns4 ,a peculi>ity ( ^! is t1 :ile ! rock fissure is m or less rectangul> or at lea/ %>p angl$1 ! ice column issues 9 a r\nd$ /ream4 ,sometimes ^! fissure columns /ream ov] ! rock2 sometimes !y spr+ out f> en\gh f ! rock to be q away f x4 ,!y v>y f ab\t "o to five met]s 9 height1 & at ! base !y almo/ always spread out 9 a %ape resembl+ t ( a fan4 ,! ice on ! bottom ( cav]ns ( c\rse takes its %ape f ! =m & angles ( ! floor ( ! caves4 ,if ! bottom is level or ne>ly s1 ! ice lies on x z a %eet or floor4 ,if ! bottom ( ! cave is slop+1 ! ice foll[s ! angles ( ! slope1 =m+ an ice slope or ice wall1 & sometimes becom+ ne>ly or q v]tical4 ,^! ice slopes di/antly resemble ! portions ( glaci]s call$ an ice fall1 ) ! great diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t !re are no crevasses1 n ev5 t9y ones4 ,occasionally1 slabs ( ice are f\nd repos+ 9 a fractur$ %eet ov] a solid ice floor4 ,?is means t a lake has =m$ on ?is spot 9 ! spr+1 froz5 ov]1 & !n run (f1 leav+ its froz5 surface 9 brok5 pieces on top ( ! "u ice4 ,ano!r k9d ( froz5 wat] is ! ho> fro/ :i* =ms on ! rock ro(s & walls4 ,?is is n at all r>e4 ,x is an op5 "q :e!r ?is is n ! same ?+ z t :i* has be5 describ$ z subt]ranean sn[4#bi ,i f\nd myself 9 ,dbs9a a small %eet ( :at to look & t\* 0 sn[4 ,i wrote ( ?is z sn[ 9 my fir/ pap] ab\t glacires#cj1 b ,i am ( ! op9ion n[ t x 0 ! ho> fro/ deta*$ f ! ro( & n g5u9e sn[4 #bi ,see ,"p ,,iii43 ,zieg5lo*1 page #bdg2 ,creux de ,s\ci1 page #bjg4 #cj ,ice ,caves & ! ,causes ( ,subt]ranean ,ice1 ,novemb]1 #ahif1 & ,m>*1 #ahig4 ,at ,dbs9a1 also1 ,i notic$ t ! ice ( ! ice wall ( ! ,korridor assum$ a /ratifi$ or lam9at$ =m4 ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,lewis ( ,philadelphia sugge/$ to me t ?is 0 probably due to a precipitation ( ! ho> fro/ f ! ro(1 & ,i ?9k 8 explanation is correct4 ,! ho> fro/ =m+ at a c]ta9 degree ( cold1 w\ld d\btless be precipitat$ at a rise ( temp]ature1 & w\ld !n act mu* z d ! diff]5t lay]s ( sn[ 9 ! upp] portion ( glaci]s4#ca ,x w\ld consolidate gradually1 lay] ov] lay]1 & =m /rata1 produc+ ! b&$ or lam9at$ /ructure visible 9 ! v]tical ice ( ! ,dbs9a ,korridor4 #ca ,:ymp]3 ,scrambles among/ ! ,alps1 #ahga1 page #dbf4 ,! ice 9 cav]ns is sometimes f\nd ) a /ructure :i* is1 ,i believe1 ( r>e occurr5ce above gr\nd4 ,?is is :5 x takes ! %ape kn[n z prismatic ice1 :i* means t if a lump is brok5 f a column or icicle1 ! fracture w %[ regul> prisms4 ,?is ph5om5on is n z yet satisfactorily acc\nt$ =2 ! only ?+ c]ta9 ab\t x is1 t x does n occur 9 ice ( rec5t =mation4 ,f my own obs]vations1 ,i %\ld say t ice became prismatic at ! end ( summ]2 at lea/ ,i h always f\nd x 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb] r ?an 9 ,june or ,july4#cb #cb ,see ,"p ,,iv43 ,br[ne1 page #bhi2 ,lohmann1 page #cjc4 ,besides build+ up ice heaps1 ! drip1 also1 has ! function ( de/roy+ its own creations4 ,if !re are no crevasses1 !re are holes & runnels4 ,^! are g5]ally f\nd at or lead+ to ! l[e/ po9t ( ! ice floor4 ,occasionally ! holes are deep1 sometimes _m met]s 9 dep?4 ,!y are c]ta9ly cut out by ! melt+ wat]1 to :i* !y (f] an exit2 9 fact !y are a "p ( ! dra9age sy/em pres5t 9 all glacire caves1 :]e !re mu/ be "s outlet = surplus wat] at or ne> ! l[e/ po9t3 & z ! caves are always 9 por\s or brok5 rock1 ! dra9age takes place ?r\gh ! cracks & fissures4 ,! drip produces also ! exact opposite ( pyramids 9 ! %ape ( ice bas9s4 ,^! are cut 9 ! floor by an extra /rong drip f ! ro( at ^? spots4 ,bas9s exactly l ^! are n se5 on glaci]s4 ,n infrequ5tly !y are full ( wat] ( consid]able dep?4 ,lakes & pools are f\nd 9 glacire caves4 ,sometimes !y are on ! ice floor1 & 9 ?is case !y are due ei!r to ra9-wat] collect+ fa/] ?an x c fl[ (f1 or else because ! cave is 9 a /ate ( ?aw4 ,sometimes ^! pools are among ! rocks 9 "o "p ( a cave1 :ile ! ice is 9 ano!r "p4 ,i h said above t motion 9 subt]ranean ice is practically want+4 ,?is is prov$ by ! lack ( crevasses on ! ice slopes or ice walls1 & also by ! fact t bas9s & cones appe> ye> aft] ye> 9 ! same spots1 :]e !y rema9 :e!r !y are increas+ or dim9i%+4 ,b ?is /atem5t _c be held to cov] ! entrance sn[ & ice slopes ( "s ( ! op5 pit caves su* z ! ,gotts*e] cave1 or ,sa9t-,livres or ,haut d',avi]noz4 ,"h ! sn[1 :i* falls on ! entrance slope1 mu/ gradually gravitate to ! bottom4 ,! "q is :e!r x only desc5ds 9 ! %ape ( wat] aft] melt+ or z sn[ be=e solidify+2 or :e!r x ev] slides d[n at all aft] becom+ some:at solidifi$4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ! ice ( ^! slopes1 judg+ f ! fact t crevasses are entirely lack+1 rema9s /ation>y4 ,color ,effects4--,! color effect ( e glacire cav]n has a c]ta9 individuality1 accord+ to ! color ( ! rocks1 ! quantity ( ice1 & ! am\nt ( daylight admitt$ ?r\gh ! entrance4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! :ite note giv5 by ! ice1 makes a f9e glacire cave ! mo/ beautiful ( all subt]ranean holl[s4 ,9 ?is respect x seems to me t !y are simil> to high ,alps1 :i* are c]ta9ly mo/ impressive ) cov]+s ( sn[ & glaci]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two di/9ct notes 9 ! color effects ( glacire caves & ^! may be describ$ z ! p>tly subt]ranean1 or z ! :olly subt]ranean4 ,9 ! =m] case ! local t9ts /& out m cle>ly4 ,= in/ance1 at ! ,kol[rat%hle ! ice is beautifully transp>5t & ( a pale o*re-gre5i% hue3 ! lime/one rocks are /reak$ ) iron1 & ?us h a r$di% hue1 :ile1 ow+ to ! entrance admitt+ pl5ty ( daylight1 ! effect is only semi-subt]ranean4 ,aga91 at ,*aux-les-,passavant pl5ty ( daylight is admitt$3 ! rocks are a yell[i% br[n1 & ! ice is :ite & blue4 ,at ! ,s*aflo* or ! ,frau5mau]1 on ! contr>y1 ! effect is :olly subt]ranean3 daylight is s completely abs5t t black is ! pr$om9at+ note1 ! ice itself look+ gray4 ,dbs9a is an exception1 z1 ?anks to ! electric light1 :ite is ! conspicu\s tone1 ev5 ?\gh rocks & %ad[s dull _m places & corn]s into a sombre gray4 ,m ?an once1 on return+ to daylight f ! int5se blackness ( a cave1 ,i h se5 ! rocks ne> ! entrance appe> a d>k blue color1 exactly simulat+ moonlight4 ,?is effect is common to bo? glacire caves & ord9>y cav]ns4 ,x is a /rik+ b r>e ph5om5on1 & dep5ds app>5tly on ! %ape ( ! cave4 ,?is moonlight effect only seems to occur :5 a cave makes an elb[ directly aft] ! m\? & !n goes /raight = "s di/ance4 ,:5 ! daylight is actually 9 sight1 ! moonlight impression vani%es4 ,c>bonic ,acid ,gas4--,c>bonic acid gas1 judg+ f ! mo/ rec5t explorations1 is m ( a r>ity 9 rock caves ) normal temp]atures ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,!re appe>s to be only "o case on record :]e ?is gas 0 obs]v$ 9 a cold cave4 ,?is 0 9 ! ,creux-de-,s\ci1#cc :i* is r a cold ?an a freez+ cav]n1 b :i* on "o occasion 0 f\nd to conta9 sn[1 & ^: temp]ature is always extremely l[4 ,f ! pres5t /ate ( k1 !re=e1 x may be assum$ t if c>bonic acid gas does =m 9 glacire caves1 x does s only seldom4 #cc ,see ,"p ,,iii43 page #bjg4 ,fauna4--,no att5tion :atev] has be5 paid1 practically z yet1 z to :e!r any di/9ctive animal life exi/s 9 glacires4 ,s f>1 ,i h se5 none myself4 ,! ,rev4 ,g4 ,f4 ,br[ne1 9 f\r in/ances1 f\nd a l>ge r$-br[n fly ne>ly an in* long1 :i* is suppos$ to be ,/5ophylax ,hi]oglyphicus ( ,/eph5s2 & at ,*apuis1 he obta9$ an i*neumon ( ! g5us ,paniscus4 ,at ,font d',urle1 ,monsieur ,vill>d captur$ a bl9d specim5 ( a coleopt]a1 ,cytodromus dapsodes4 ,a v>iety ( rotif]1 ,no?olca longisp9a1 is n[ liv+ 9 ! ,creux-de-,s\ci4 ,9 ,sk]isora1 rema9s ( bats h be5 f\nd1 n v diff]5t f ^? n[ liv+ 9 ! neighborhood4#cd ,x is1 9 any case1 c]ta9ly rem>kable t ! same k9d ( fly %\ld h be5 discov]$ 9 sev]al glacires 9 diff]5t localities2 & x may "s day be %[n t !re is a special insect fauna4 ,c]ta9ly ! subject is wor? inve/igat+4#ce #cd ,see ,"p ,i43 ,ausable ,pond1 page #ha1 & ,"p ,,iii43 ,creux-de-,s\ci1 page #bjg2 ,font d',urle1 page #bac2 ,*apuis1 page #baf2 ,la ,g5ollire1 page #bai2 ,sk]isora1 page #bde4 #ce ,9 ,june1 #ahii1 ,i m5tion$ ^! facts to ,monsieur ,arm& ,vir1 director ( ! ,biologic ,laboratory 9 ! catacombs ( ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes 9 ,p>is4 ,he 0 mu* int]e/$1 & promis$ to make a c>eful inve/igation ( ! matt]4 ,flora4--,! flora ( glacires has be5 z little obs]v$ z ! fauna4 ,!re are sc>cely any ref]5ces to su* a ?+ z glacire plant life 9 lit]ature4 ,:e!r !re is a special flora 9 any glacire cave is /ill an op5 "q4 ,9 ! cases ( sev]al b\ld] taluses1 !re is no d\bt t1 ev5 if !re is n a special flora1 at lea/ t ! plants ne> ! ice b$s are greatly ret>d$ e ye> 9 _! developm5t4 ,probably ! flora among ! b\ld]s blooms a mon? or six weeks lat] ?an ! flora 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,9 ! cases ( ! ,cave ( ,p>adana & ( ! ,kunts*n] ,ei%hle x is report$ t ! plant life becomes m & m arctic 9 "* t[>ds ! bottom ( ! pit4#cf #cf ,see ,"p ,i43 ,ausable ,pond1 page #hj2 ,giant ( ! ,valley1 page #hc1 note #g2 ,ice ,gul*1 page #he2 ,spruce ,creek1 page #ia4 ,see ,"p ,,iii3 ,spruce ,creek1 page #ahh2 ,p>adana1 page #bcg2 ,kunts*n] ,ei%hle1 page #bda4 ,paleontology4--,no paleontological rema9s h z yet be5 report$ f glacire caves4 ,no bones ( animals h be5 f\nd1 except ^? ( bats 9 ,sk]isora#cg & a few ( ! common g5us bos4#ch ,no relics ( ! h&iwork ( man h be5 discov]$2 nor1 inde$1 ) ! exception ( ! skeletons f\nd 9 ! cave ( ,ye]mallik 9 ,kondooz1#ci any?+ :i* reveals ! pres5ce ( man 9 glacires or t !y 7 ev] us$ = habitation4 ,! reason t !re are s few rema9s 9 glacire caves is und\bt$ly because _! temp]atures are too l[ = _! occupation by animal or man2 b1 f ! evid5ce af=d$ by _! non-occupation1 may be drawn ! valuable inf]5ce t ! glacire caves ( to-day 7 glacire caves long ago4 #cg ,see ,"p ,,iii43 ,sk]isora1 page #bde4 #ch ,see ,"p ,i43 ,sa9t-,livres1 page #fh4 #ci ,see ,"p ,,iii43 ,ye]mallik1 page #bfa4 ,leg5ds & ,religion4--,!re are sc>cely any leg5ds connect$ ) glacires4 ,i "k only ( "o ab\t "o ( ! caves ( ! ,mont ,p>melan4#dj ,nor does !re seem to be any ref]5ce to glacire caves 9 works ( fiction4 ,dante makes 8 la/ hell full ( an ice lake1 b an att5tive p]usal fails to reveal a s+le l9e :i* 9 any way describes or sugge/s a glacire4 ,9 at lea/ two cases1#da h[ev]1 ! ice 9 caves is connect$ ) religion1 z 9 ,ka%m]e1 ! ,h9doos1 & 9 ,arizona1 ! ,zuni ,indians1 ei!r wor%ip or pray at glacire caves1 ov]aw$1 f "s my/ical feel+1 by ! p]man5ce ( ! ice =mations :i* !y connect ) _! deities4 #dj ,see ,"p ,,iii43 ,glacire de l',enf]1 page #baf4 #da ,see ,"p ,,iii43 ,am>na?1 page #bfb2 ,cave1 ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 ,arizona1 page #agf4 ,,ii4 ,! cause ( ! =mation ( subt]ranean ice is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ intricate problems 9 connection ) cav]ns4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 advanc$ :y ice is f\nd 9 c]ta9 caves & n 9 o!rs4 ,"s writ]s h held t x is a remnant ( a glacial p]iod2 o!rs t x is ow+ to ! pres5ce ( salts 9 ! rocks2 "s h said t x is due to ! rocks ret>d+ waves ( heat & cold2 & /ill o!rs ?9k t x is =m$ by pressure on ! p]colat+ wat]s4 ,_m ( ^! !ories 7 =mulat$ 9 explanation ( ! belief ( peasants liv+ ne> ! caves1 :o almo/ always say t ! ice is =m$ 9 summ] & melts 9 w9t]4 ,mo/ sci5tific obs]v]s on ! o!r h& claim t ! ice is due to ! cold ( w9t]1 & a few ?9k t x is =m$ or help$ by draughts & by evaporation & expansion ( ! air4 ,! v>iety ( op9ions put =?1 %[ at any rate ! intricacy ( ! problem4 ,all my own obs]vations h t5d$ m & m to make me believe t ! cold ( w9t] is ! cause ( ! ice4 ,be=e elaborat+ my own views1 h[ev]1 ,i wi% to take up s]iatim ! !ories :i* h be5 =mulat$1 pr9cipally 9 explanation ( ! belief t ! ice 0 a summ] product1 & to give my reasons = my disbelief 9 !m4 ,glacial ,p]iod4--,! fir/ !ory1 p]haps1 to t\* on1 is ! "o t ! ice is a remnant ( a glacial p]iod4 ,?is seems to occur to _m p]sons z a solution ( ! "q :5 !y fir/ he> ( glacires1 & x has be5 sev]al times prop\nd$ to me1 & naturally en\gh1 always by sci5tific m54#db ,/ill ,i d n ?9k x has ev] be5 held by anyone :o _h made a /udy ( glacires4 #db ,see ,"p ,,iv43 ,hit*cock1 page #bhd2 ,bonney1 page #bia2 ,dawk9s1 page #bib4 ,! !ory is1 inde$1 unt5able 9 reg>d to freez+ caves1 z x does n accord ) ! obs]v$ facts ( ! ye>ly disappe>ance ( ! ice 9 _m caves & taluses4 ,at ,szilize e ye> ! ice has disappe>$ pretty completely by ,novemb]1 & ! cave is free2 b 9 ,april or ,may ! floor is aga9 cov]$ ) ice1 & columns & icicles h =m$ on ! ro( & sides4 ,at ,la ,g5ollire ! cave is us$ by ! p ( ! neighbor+ *lets1 ?r\gh ! spr+ & e>ly summ]1 to help 9 ! op]ation ( butt] mak+2 by ! middle or ! end ( ,augu/ x has entirely disappe>$1 b is f\nd =m$ afre% ! foll[+ spr+4 ,at ! ,rumney ,talus1 at ! ,cave ( ,decorah1 at ! ,gorge ( ,ell5ville1 & at ! ,william/[n ,sn[ ,hole1 ,i f\nd no sn[ or ice4#dc ,yet x is abundant 9 all ^! localities 9 ! spr+4 ,too _m examples ( ! complete melt+ away ( ! ice e ye> c be cit$1 to p]mit any d\bt3 glacire caves are n connect$ ) a glacial p]iod4 #dc ,see ,"p ,i43 ,rumney1 page #he2 ,decorah1 page #hh2 ,ell5ville1 page #ia2 ,william/[n1 page #ih4 ,?\gh x may be /at$ positively t ! ice 9 caves is n a remnant ( a glacial p]iod1 yet ?is _c be done s au?oritatively ab\t subsoil ice %eets & freez+ wells4 ,at ,br&on1 ,owego & ,decorah ! gravel 0 f\nd froz5 at ! "t ! wells 7 dug1 & x is ( c\rse impossible to det]m9e = h[ long a "t ?is 0 ! case previ\s to ! digg+4 ,! pro(s1 h[ev]1 are s /rong t ! ice re-=ms e w9t] at su* freez+ wells1 t !y may be consid]$ z 9 e respect foll[+ ! same g5]al laws z glacire caves4 ,t ! ice 9 ^! wells is n ! rema9s ( a glacial p]iod1 seems prov$ moreov] by ! "w ( ! ,bo/on ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 :i* sank two wells at ,br&on ne> to ! ,freez+ well4 ,"o ( ^! 0 only tw5ty-"o met]s di/ant & w5t ?r\gh ! same gravel drift4 ,yet x did n /rike ice4#dd ,a some:at simil> /ate ( ?+s appe>s to be ! case ) ! ,c5t5nial ,lode & o!r lodes on ,m\nt ,mc,clellan1#de :]e ! causes also seem to be local1 z !re is no ice 9 m9es on neighbor+ m\nta9s4 #dd ,see ,"p ,,iv43 ,hag]1 page #bhb2 ,hit*cock1 page #bhd4 #de ,see ,"p ,,iii43 ,rifts ( ,ice1 etc41 page #agd4 ,! ,summ]'s ,heat ,!ory4--,! natives & peasants 9 ! neighborhood ( glacire caves g5]ally believe t ! ice ( caves is =m$ 9 summ] & melts 9 w9t]4 ,i h met ) ?is belief ev]y:]e 9 ,europe2 9 ! ,eifel1 ,jura1 ,swiss ,alps1 ,tyrolese ,alps1 & ,c>pa?ians3 & also occasionally 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,peasants & guides tell y ) absolute confid5ce3 ,! hott] ! summ] ! m ice !re is4 ,! /range ?+ is t any numb] ( writ]s#df--sometimes sci5tific m5--h accept$ ! ideas & /atem5ts ( ! peasants ab\t ! =mation ( ice 9 summ]1 & h tri$ to acc\nt = x4 #df ,among !m may be m5tion$3 ,boisot1 #afhf2 ,valvasor1 #afhi2 ,behr5s1 #agjc2 ,bill]ez1 #agab2 ,bel1 #agci2 ,ros5mll] & ,tillesius1 #agii2 ,s>tori1 #ahji2 ,pictet1 #ahbb2 ,scrope1 #ahbf2 ,mur*ison1 #ahde4 ,! belief ( ! peasants is f\nd$ on ! fact t !y sc>cely ev] g to any cave except :5 "s t\ri/ takes !m ) him1 &1 !re=e1 !y r>ely see "o 9 w9t]1 & _! fai? is n bas$ on obs]vation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f\nd$ on an appe>ance ( tru?3 & t is on ! fact t ! temp]atures ( glacire caves1 l t ( o!r caves or t ( cell>s1 are cold] 9 summ] ?an ! outside air1 & w>m] 9 w9t] ?an ! outside air4 ,possess+ nei!r reason+ p[]s nor !rmomet]s1 ! peasants simply g a /ep fur!r & say t glacire caves are cold 9 summ] & hot 9 w9t]4 ,pr(essor ,?ury tells a /ory to ! po9t4 ,he visit$ ! ,gr& ,cave de ,mont>quis 9 mid-w9t]4 ,all ! peasants told him !re w\ld be no use go+1 z !re w\ld be no ice 9 ! cave4 ,he tri$ to f9d ev5 "o peasant :o _h be5 to ! cave 9 w9t]1 b c\ld n4 ,he !n visit$ x himself & f\nd x full ( h>d ice4 ,on 8 return he told ! peasants ( 8 discov]y4 ,!y 7 /agg]$ at fir/1 f9ally "o exclaim$3 ,x makes no diff]5ce2 9 g5u9e glacires !re is no ice 9 w9t]4 ,x w be difficult1 probably1 to eradicate ?is belief & ! consequ5t !ories among ! un$ucat$ p 9 ! vic9ity ( glacire caves1 = _! imp]fect obs]vations w keep x alive4 ,9 refutation1 x may be said t ! w9t]'s cold !ory is ! direct opposite ( ! summ]'s heat !ory1 & t all ! obs]vations & all ! facts :i* prove ! "o1 disprove ! o!r4 ,)9 two or ?ree ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! =mation ( small quantities ( ice has be5 obs]v$ dur+ ! summ] mon?s 9 "o or two caves4 ,?is has tak5 place 9 m\nta9 caves situat$ at a high altitude at times :5 ! air outside has dropp$ bel[ freez+ po9t dur+ ! night4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no?+ inconsi/5t 9 ?is fact ) ! w9t]'s cold !ory3 inde$ x is only a wid5+ ( x 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w w9t]4#dg #dg ,see ,"p ,,iii43 ,beil/e9hhle1 page #bce4 ,"p ,,iv43 ,pr(essor ,cranm]1 page #caj4 ,*emical ,causes4--,non-sci5tific p]sons1 on fir/ he>+ ( glacire caves1 almo/ always sugge/ t to =m ! ice !re mu/ be salts 9 ! rocks4 ,probably !y connect unconsci\sly 9 _! m9ds ice caves & ice cream4 ,*emical causes1 h[ev]1 h nev] appeal$ to sci5tific m54#dh ,!re are only two places ,i "k ( :]e salt is report$4 ,"o is ! ,ice ,spr+ 9 ,oregon1 :i* is said to be slightly sal9e 9 ta/e2 ! o!r is ! ,cave ( ,illetzkaya-,zats*ita1 :]e ! gypsum hillock1 9 :i* ! ice is f\nd1 ov]lies a b$ ( rock salt4 ,repeat$ exp]im5ts 9 lett+ lumps ( glacire ice melt 9 my m\? h conv9c$ me p]sonally t 9 all cases ! wat] is exce$+ly pure & sweet1 a fact m5tion$ 9 ! v fir/ notice extant ab\t glacires1 ! lett] ( ,b5igne ,poiss5ot 9 #aehf1 :o speaks ( ! delici\sness ( ! wat] 9 ,*aux-les-,passavant4 ,to sum ?is matt] up briefly1 x c be safely ass]t$ t all causes1 :i* w\ld fall "u ! head ( ,*emical causes1 mu/ be entirely elim9at$ z possible cold produc]s4 #dh ,see ,"p ,,iv43 ,bill]ez1 page #bgj2 ,hacquet1 page #bga4 ,waves ( ,heat & ,cold4--,:ile ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison 0 /udy+ ! geology ( ,russia1#di he visit$ ,illetzkaya-,zats*ita & 0 puzzl$ to acc\nt = ! ice =mations4 ,he ?\ght1 at fir/1 t !y 7 due to ! pres5ce ( salt1 b recogniz+ t ?is 0 n correct he submitt$ ! case to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 :o1 reject+ ! evaporation or cond5sation ( vapor z ! cause1 argu$ t ! ice 0 due to waves ( heat & cold1 & t at c]ta9 dep?s 9 ! int]ior1 ! cold wave arriv$ 9 mid-summ] & ! heat 9 mid-w9t]4 ,mur*ison decl9$ to ass5t to ?is doctr9e1 ask+ :y "o cave %\ld pres5t ?is exceptional occurr5ce1 :5 ! num]\s o!r r5ts & op5+s 9 ! same hillock 7 free f ice4 ,! impossibility ( ! heat & cold wave !ory 0 s completely %[n by ,mur*ison's objection1 t x has nev] aga9 be5 br\ght =w>d4 #di ,! ,geology ( ,russia & ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 vol4 ,i41 pages #ahd-aih4 ,capill>y or ,compress$ ,air ,!ory4--,! possibility ( compress$ air caus+ subt]ranean ice to =m seems to h be5 fir/ au?oritatively =mulat$ by ,mr4 ,n4 ,m4 ,l[e1 ( ,bo/on4#ej ,8 !ory 9 brief is ?is3--,bubbles ( air drawn into wat] fl[+ d[n ?r\gh fissures 9 rocks are liable to a cont9ually increas+ pressure4 ,:5 ! air has rea*$ ! bottom & is lib]at$ 9 ! cave1 x w be f a pressure equal to ! height ( ! column ( wat]1 & x w h lo/ by connection 9 ! mass ?r\gh :i* ! conduit passes1 ! heat due to its compression2 & on be+ lib]at$1 x w imm$iately absorb f ! air & ! wat] 9 ! cave1 ! heat :i* x has lo/ 9 its d[nw>d passage4 #ej ,sci5ce ,obs]v]4 ,bo/on1 #ahgi1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #eg4 ,see ,"p ,,iv43 ,silliman1 page #bgi2 ,olm/ead1 page #bhb4 ,sev]al sci5tific obs]v]s h ralli$ to ?is idea4#ea ,"o ( ! ,hung>ian resid5ts at ,dbs9a1 a doctor1 ^: opportunities = obs]vations are unrivall$1 told me--if ,i und]/ood him correctly--t he believ$ 9 ! capill>y !ory4 #ea ,see ,b4 ,s*walbe1 ,ueb] ,ei%hl5 und ,eisl*]1 page #ef4 ,!re are _m facts1 h[ev]1 :i* militate aga9/ ! compress$ air !ory z appli$ to caves4 ,almo/ all caves receive "s drip ?r\gh fissures1 & yet !re are _m ?\s&s ( caves :i* nev] conta9 ice1 & ^: temp]ature sc>cely v>ies ! ye> r\nd4 ,especially aga9/ ! !ory is ! fact t glacire caves are nev] kn[n 9 hot c\ntries4 ,if ! !ory 7 correct we %\ld1 = in/ance1 sometimes f9d ice 9 su* caves z ^? ( ,yucatan describ$ by ,mr4 ,m]c]4#eb #eb ,! ,hill ,caves ( ,yucatan4 ,!re are also "s me*anical difficulties 9 ! way4 ,mr4 ,john ,rit*ie#ec t\*es !m :5 he says3 ,if ! passage ?r\gh :i* ! wat] fl[s d[n is at all tubul> ! column w be subject$ to ! usual hydro/atic pressure4 ,! ^w tubul> is ! h>d "o to answ]4 ,lime/one rock fissures are c]ta9ly n tubul>4 ,!y h all sorts ( %apes & angles & corn]s1 e "o ( :i* w\ld int]f]e ) any?+ l a regul> pressure4 #ec ,bo/on ,transcript1 ,janu>y #b;d1 #ahig4 ,?is latt] objection w\ld n apply to bor+s 9 m9es4 ,i h be5 assur$ t 9 "s bor+s 9 ,we/]n m9es ice has be5 =m$ by pressure1 & !re may be tru? 9 ?is1 al?\gh ,i d\bt x1 z ,i h yet to he> ( ice 9 any m9es 9 w>m latitudes4 ,mr4 ,john ,rit*ie#ed has sugge/$1 also1 t if compress$ air does n p]haps act /rongly en\gh to =m ice1 yet x may help 9 keep+ ! temp]ature l[ & aid 9 ! =mation ( draughts 9 caves & b\ld] heaps4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ,i c see no reason to ?9k t ! ice 9 caves is due to compress$ air4#ee #ed ,! ,happy ,?\ght4 ,bo/on1 ,janu>y #bc;d1 #ahig4 #ee ,see ,"p ,i43 page #hi4 ,,iii4 ,i h already said t ,i believe t ! cold ( w9t] is ! cause ( ! ice 9 caves4 ,to make ?is cle>]1 ,i may say t ,i look on glacires z ! la/ outcrop1 ! outside edge1 s to speak1 ( ! area ( l[ temp]atures1 :i* has its culm9at+ po9t 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e 9 ! ,arctic ,ocean1 ,gre5l& & ,sib]ia1 & 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e 9 ! ,ant>ctic2 & :i* is manife/$ to u 9 ! sn[s ( m\nta9 peaks1 & imm$iately r\nd u 9 froz5 ponds & riv]s & sn[y blizz>ds2 & :i*1 z x disappe>s ea* summ]1 leaves its la/ traces 9 our latitudes 9 seque/]$ gorges & conv5i5t cav]ns4 ,9 e case1 x seems to me1 glacires are simply refrig]ators1 :i* pres]ve ! ice & sn[ accumulat$ 9 !m dur+ ! w9t]4 ,!y all foll[ ! same g5]al laws z to ! orig9 ( _! cont5ts1 modifi$ only 9 slight degree accord+ to ! v>y+ natural local conditions1 su* z ! wat] supply1 or ! protection f sun & w9d1 or ! ?ickness ( ! ov]head rock1 or ! altitude or latitude4 ,i _c see t !re is any?+ rem>kable ab\t ! fact t ! cold ( w9t] is able to p5etrate & make itself felt sometimes = a slight dep? 9 ! e>?'s cru/2 a dep?1 s f> z yet kn[n1 nev] exce$+ "o hundr$ & fifty met]s4 ,x seems to me t glacires only emphasize a law ( nature1 :i* has d\btless be5 =mulat$ _m times 9 connection ) spr+s & phreatic wat]s1 & t is1 t :]e we f9d cold wat]s und]gr\nd1 we may be sure t !y h p5etrat$ f ! outside4 ,if we look fir/ at ! mode ( =mation ( ov]gr\nd p]5nial ice1 t is1 ( ! ice ( glaci]s & ( rock gorges2 & !n at ! evid5ces ( ! mode ( =mation ( und]gr\nd p]5nial ice1 9 b\ld] heaps1 wells & caves2 we w soon see t ! transitions betwe5 !m are g5tle 9 "* & t !re is no?+ unnatural ab\t ! =mation ( ! ice 9 glacires4 ,glaci]s4--,ev]yone n[ kn[s ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( glaci]s4 ,!y are =m$ 9 p>ts ( ! e>? :]e ! l& or ! m\nta9s rea* to ! region ( p]petual sn[4 ,! sn[s fall f ! sky1 & accumulate into a sn[ cap1 :i* by its own weight & by melt+ & regelation1 gradually *anges to ice4 ,?is1 by ! laws ( gravitation1 desc5ds to l[] levels1 & 9 m\nta9 valleys ext5ds sometimes f> bel[ ! sn[ l9e into ! region ( cultivat$ fields4 ,^! valley prolongations ( ! p]petual sn[ caps are ! glaci]s4 ,! important po9t to notice "h1 is t ! =mation ( glaci]s is orig9ally entirely due to ! precipitation ( moi/ure by cold 9 ! upp] portions2 :ile ! de/ruction ( glaci]s is due to ! action ( heat melt+ ! ice 9 ! l[] portions1 :]e !y disappe> 9 ! %ape ( /reams ( runn+ wat]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n surpris+ t ! greate/ glaci]s are f\nd 9 ! ,arctic & ,ant>ctic regions & 9 ! highe/ m\nta9 ranges2 & t 9 ! tropics glaci]s are ei!r want+ or exce$+ly small4 ,gorges & ,tr\ghs4--,gorges & gullies1 :]e ice rema9s ov]1 are a transitional =m betwe5 glaci]s & glacires4 ,9 _m m\nta9 rav9es or canyons1 ! endur+ sn[ consi/s pr9cipally ( ! avalan*es :i* h fall5 f ! heights above dur+ ! w9t] & solidifi$ 9 ! bottom ( ! rav9es4 ,freez+ gorges prop]1 h[ev]1 are n dep5d5t on avalan*es = _! supply1 b !y receive ! accretions to _! ice directly f ! w9t] sn[s4 ,^! fall into ! gorge itself & by melt+ & regelation gradually solidify into a mass ( ice :i*1 :5 well %elt]$ aga9/ sun & w9d1 rema9s ov] sometimes till ! foll[+ w9t]4 ,by _! mode ( =mation1 !re=e1 x is evid5t t ! ice 9 ^! gorges has "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( glaci]s2 t x is due to ! same prime causes z ! ice ( glaci]s or ! ice on ponds & riv]s1 namely ! cold ( w9t]2 & 9 fact1 x is n f> wrong to consid] ^! gorges z m9iature glaci]s4 ,freez+ gorges1 h[ev]1 %[1 also1 c]ta9 degrees ( k9%ip to freez+ cav]ns & taluses1 pr9cipally 9 ! protection af=d$ to ! ice aga9/ ext]nal de/ructive influ5ces4 ,! ice is almo/ always f\nd 9 positions :]e x receives little1 if any1 ( ! direct rays ( ! sun &1 also1 :]e x is sc>cely1 if at all1 expos$ to any w9ds4 ,! sides ( ! fissures & surr\nd+ trees g5]ally af=d ! necess>y protection4 ,"s ( ! =ms :i* ! ice assumes 9 gorges1 su* z long p5d5t icicles1 are also m *>act]i/ic ( und]gr\nd ?an ( ov]gr\nd ice4 ,! freez+ tr\ghs or bas9s f\nd 9 ,sib]ia are evid5tly closely relat$ to gorges1 & ! fact t ! ice is f\nd 9 less %elt]$ places may be expla9$ by ! high nor!rly latitudes ( ^! tr\ghs1 9 g5]al betwe5 fifty-sev5 & sixty degrees4 ,! ,w9t]'s ,cold ,!ory4--,! places :]e ice is f\nd und]gr\nd diff] 9 "o important respect f gullies & tr\ghs1 & t is1 9 ! fact t above ! ice !re is rock or soil1 :i*1 9 true caves1 takes ! =m ( a ro(4 ,?is causes "s important di/9ctions betwe5 ov]gr\nd & und]gr\nd p]5nial ice4 ,x means t ! ice is =m$ directly 9 ! caves1 & t x is g5u9e subt]ranean ice1 & n1 except p]haps ne> ! entrance1 solidifi$ sn[4 ,! ro(1 :ile n admitt+ ! w9t] sn[s1 is1 h[ev]1 a protection aga9/ w>m summ] ra9s1 &1 ( c\rse1 entirely cuts (f radiation f ! sky4 ,if1 !re=e1 x keeps out "s cold1 x also acts z a protector aga9/ heat4 ,t ! cold ( w9t] is ! s\rce ( ! cold :i* produces ! ice :i* =ms und]gr\nd1 & t x is ?r\gh its influ5ce1 ) ! assi/ance ( c]ta9 second>y causes1 t "s caves are conv]t$ into :at are practically natural ice h\ses1 seems to me ! true explanation ( ! ph5om5on ( subt]ranean ice1 n only s9ce x is ! simple & obvi\s explanation1 b also because all ! facts1 s f> z ,i h myself obs]v$1 are 9 accord ) ?is !ory4#ef #ef ,among ^? :o h writt5 or said t ! cold ( w9t] plays a m or less important "p 9 ! =mation ( subt]ranean ice may be m5tion$3 ,poiss5ot1 #aehf2 ,gollut1 #aeib2 ,de,boz1 #agbf2 ,nagel1 #agdg2 ,cossigny1 #agej2 ,j>s1 #aggd2 ,hacquet1 #aggh2 ,girod-,*antrans1 #aghc2 ,hablizl1 #aghh2 ,prvo/1 #aghi2 ,t[nson1 #agig2 ,humboldt1 #ahad2 ,de>born1 #ahbb2 ,deluc1 #ahbb2 ,dewey1 #ahbb2 ,lee1 #ahbd2 ,rei*1 #ahcd2 ,hayd51 #ahdc2 ,guyot1 #ahef2 ,rog]s1 #ahef2 ,petruzzi1 #aheg2 ,smy?1 #aheh2 ,hag]1 #ahfa2 ,?ury1 #ahfa2 ,br[ne1 #ahfe2 ,raymond1 #ahfi2 ,kr5n]1 #ahgd2 ,rit*ie1 #ahgi2 ,b5$ict1 #ahha2 ,s*walbe1 #ahha2 ,fugg]1 #ahhc2 ,tr\illet1 #ahhe2 ,gir>dot1 #ahhf2 ,russell1 #ahij2 ,m>tel1 #ahib2 ,krauss1 #ahid2 ,lohmann1 #ahie2 ,bal*1 #ahif2 ,cvijic1 #ahif2 ,butl]1 #ahih2 ,kov>ik1 #ahih2 ,cranm]1 #ahii4 ,to =m subt]ranean ice1 j z to =m any o!r ice1 two ?+s are necess>y3 ! fir/ is cold1 ! second is wat]4 ,cold is suppli$ by ! cold air ( w9t]1 & wat] mu/ 9 "s mann] f9d its way into ! cave :ile ! cold air is !re4 ,! process is z foll[s3 ,! cold air ( w9t] s9ks into & p]meates ! cave1 & 9 c\rse ( "t freezes up all ! wat] :i*1 9 ! %ape ( melt+ sn[ or cold w9t] ra9 or spr+ wat]1 f9ds its way 92 & once ice is =m$ x rema9s long aft] ice 9 ! surr\nd+ op5 c\ntry has melt$ away1 because heat p5etrates ) difficulty into ! cave4 ,! only effect ( ! heat ( summ] is to melt ! ice4 ,! pro(s1 to my m9d1 ( ! tru? ( ?is view are3 #a--;,glacires are always f\nd 9 p>ts ( ! _w :]e1 dur+ "p ( ! ye> at lea/1 ! temp]atures ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry fall bel[ freez+ po9t4 #b--;,all obs]vations by reliable obs]v]s %[ t ! temp]atures ( glacire caves v>y1 b 9 a mu* n>r[] !rmometric scale1 ) ^? ( ! outside air3 t ! temp]atures are l[e/1 & z a rule bel[ freez+ po9t1 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s2 & t ! temp]atures are highe/1 & z a rule above freez+ po9t1 dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 #c--;,ice is nev] f\nd f> f ! m\? ( caves1 b always ne> en\gh = ! cold air to get 94 #d--;,evaporation1 accord+ to my obs]vations1 is1 z 9 all o!r =ms ( ice 9 nature1 connect$ ma9ly ) ! melt+1 n ! freez+ ( ! ice4 ,geographical ,di/ribution & ,altitudes4--,glacire caves prop] are f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 mo/ly 9 ! small] m\nta9 ranges or 9 ! outli]s ( ! sn[y m\nta9 *a9s2 g5]ally 9 lime/one & occasionally 9 basaltic =mations4 ,!re are a good _m 9 ! ,jura2 a few 9 ! ,swiss & ! ,italian ,alps2 a numb] 9 ! ,ea/]n ,alps ( ,tyrol & ,c>9?ia4 ,!re are "s 9 ,hung>y1 sev]al 9 ,russia1 "o 9 ,icel&1 "o on ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 a numb] 9 ,sib]ia1 "o 9 ,kondooz 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 "o 9 ! ,himlaya1 "o 9 ,japan1 & "o 9 ,korea4 ,i h he>d s f> ( ov] fifty glacires 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 sev]al ( :i* are 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,f all ov] ! _w !re are "s ?ree hundr$ places report$ :]e subt]ranean ice is said to occur4 ,?is includes gorges1 b\ld] heaps & freez+ m9es & wells1 all ( :i* exi/ 9 mu* ! same localities z glacire caves4 ,all ! glacires :i* ,i "k (1 are situat$ 9 a latitude or at an altitude :]e ice & sn[ =ms = "p ( ! ye> 9 ! surr\nd+ op5 c\ntry4 ,none are report$ f ,india or ,africa1 or 9 fact f any l[-ly+ places 9 tropical latitudes4 ,mo/ ( !m are f\nd 9 middle latitudes1 & only :]e dur+ "p ( ! ye>1 at lea/1 !re is a cold season1 t is1 :]e = "s "t ! !rmomet] /&s bel[ freez+ po9t4 ,glacires are1 9 g5]al1 at fairly high altitudes4 ,! ,s*aflo* is at #aghj met]s2 ,sk]isora 9 ,transylvania at #aabg met]s2 ,dbs9a at #aajj met]s2 ! ,glacire de ,sa9t-,georges at #abjh met]s4 ,x is true t !re is "o freez+ cav]n 9 ! sub-tropical latitude ( ,t5]iffe1 ,la ,cueva de la ,nieve2 b x is at an altitude ( #ccjj met]s1 & :]e sn[ falls e ye> 9 ! op5 on ! ,peak4 ,unless "s freez+ cave is h]eaft] discov]$ 9 a region :]e !re is no ice 9 ! op5 9 w9t]1 ,i d n see h[ ! imp]ative necessity ( ! cold air ( w9t] = =m+ ! supply ( ice c be controv]t$4 ,!rmometric ,obs]vations4--,t ! cold air ( w9t] is ! important factor 9 ! production ( cold is prov$1 also1 by ! !rmometric obs]vations record$ 9 v>i\s caves by diff]5t obs]v]s4 ,!y all tell ! same tale3 t ! temp]atures v>y ) ^? ( ! outside air1 t !y are l[e/ 9 w9t] & highe/ 9 summ]4 ,i quote 9 ! ,li/ ( ,glacires#eg a few ( ^? publi%$2 b !re are _m m1 & !y all %[ ! same g5]al *>act]i/ics4 #eg ,see ,"p ,,iii43 ,decorah1 page #agh2 ,*aux-les-,passavant1 pages #bjc-e2 ,la ,p\jade1 page #bjh2 ,mont>quis1 page #bah2 ,sa9t-,georges1 page #bai2 ,s*aflo*1 page #bbc2 ,kol[rat%hle1 page #bbg2 ,s*ell5b]g] ,eisgrotte1 page #bbh2 ,fra91 page #beb2 ,dbs9a1 page #bec2 etc4 ,a comp>ison ( all ! figures record$ proves t1 z a rule--inside ( glacire caves--f ab\t ! fir/ ( ,novemb] to ! fir/ ( ,july1 !re are w9t] temp]atures1 t is temp]atures bel[ freez+ po9t2 & f ab\t ! fir/ ( ,july to ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 !re are summ] temp]atures1 t is temp]atures above freez+ po9t4 ,! obs]vations prove also t ! inn] temp]atures v>y less ?an ! out]1 t is t !y range )9 n>r[] limits4 ,!y also %[ t ! inn] air is b sl[ly affect$ by ! out] air :5 ! latt] is above freez+ po9t1 ! inn] temp]ature ris+ !n only gradually4 ,p] contra1 :5 ! outside temp]ature drops quickly mu* bel[ freez+ po9t1 ! inside temp]ature g5]ally drops correspond+ly at once1 prov+ t ! cold air has sunk by its weight into ! cave4 ,! obs]vations also prove t ! old idea t ! temp]ature ( caves is ! same ?r\gh\t1 c no long] be consid]$ correct4 ,! obs]vations also appe> to %[1 t ! temp]ature ( a cave does n necess>ily repres5t ! mean annual temp]ature ( a surr\nd+ di/rict4 ,obs]vation is /ill entirely lack+ on ! mean annual temp]ature ( glacires1 s t "o _c speak def9itely ab\t ! matt]2 b x seems likely t ! mean annual temp]ature ( a glacire cave is l[] ?an ! iso!rm ( its locality2 & x seems m ?an probable t on ! same iso!rm diff]5t glacire caves may h diff]5t mean annual temp]atures1 v>y+ ) ! elem5ts ( size1 quantity ( ice1 position ( body ( cave & ( entrance1 wat] supply & o!r factors4 ,ice ne> ! ,entrance ( ,caves & ! ,surface ( ! ,soil4--,an important pro( t x is ! cold air ( w9t] :i* =ms ! ice is ! fact t ! latt] is always f\nd ne> ! entrance ( caves or ne> ! surface ( ! soil4 ,x nev] ext5ds f> )94 ,to ! be/ ( my k1 ice has nev] be5 f\nd two hundr$ met]s f ! entrance nor at any dep? beyond "o hundr$ & fifty met]s4 ,9 all caves ( great ext5t1 ! temp]ature f> 9 is ab\t ! same z t ( ! surr\nd+ rock1 & 9 all deep bor+s ! temp]ature increases ) ! dep? & at great dep?s ! temp]ature becomes high4 ,?is ne>ness ( subt]ranean ice to ! outside air is "o ( ! be/ pro(s1 t1 p>adoxical z ! :ole ph5om5on appe>s at fir/1 yet 9 reality x is an extremely simple matt]4 ,! position ( ! entrance ( a cave 9 relation to ! body ( ! cave is an important factor 9 p]mitt+ ! cold air to p]meate & rema9 9 ! cave4 ,9 all ! caves or gullies ,i h exam9$ myself1 ! ma9 mass ( ice is well bel[ ! level ( ! entrance1 & ev5 if ! latt] is %elt]$ aga9/ ! w9d1 x is n %elt]$ aga9/ ! cold air ( w9t]4 ,?is is heavy1 & by its own weight s9ks well d[n to ! bottom1 freez+ up 9 c\rse ( "t all ! moi/ure t may drip f ! ro(1 or t may come into ! cave 9 ! %ape ( melt$ sn[ or cold w9t] ra94 ,! summ] air1 :i* is w>m &1 !re=e1 light1 c only ent] ! cave ) great difficulty2 &1 z a rule1 be=e x dislodges ! w9t] air & de/roys ! ice1 ano!r w9t]'s freeze rev]ses once m ! conditions4 ,^! pr9ciples seem to hold ( e kn[n glacire4 ,x is true1 t at ! ,frau5mau]1 ! floor ( ! cav]n rises some:at f ! entrance2 b ! highe/ po9t ( ! floor is /ill bel[ ! level ( ! top ( ! entrance1 s t ! cold air c fl[ ov] ! highe/ po9t )\t difficulty4 ,! same appe>s to be ! case at ! ,possel?hle2 :ile at ,am>na? 9 ,ka%m]e1 :]e ! floor is said to rise to ! back wall1 ! entrance is ab\t z l>ge z ! area ( ! floor1 s t ! ice mu/ also be bel[ ! level ( ! top ( ! entrance4 ,! position or situation ( ! entrance is important4 ,9 almo/ all cases x has a nor!rly exposure1 & is %elt]$ aga9/ ent]+ w9ds4 ,if ^! two conditions d n exi/ ! ice supply surely suff]s4 ,sometimes ! entrance is m or less tortu\s4 ,9 "s cases x is protect$ by a fr+e ( trees4 ,/ill1 !re is no absolute rule ab\t entrances4 ,! ,fri$ri*/e9]hhle faces ab\t due s\?1 & at midday 9 summ]1 ! sun %9es all ! way d[n to ! ice floor1 caus+ mi/s to =m4 ,9 ! ,kol[rat%hle1 ! entrance is badly %elt]$ aga9/ ! w9d & ?is und\bt$ly affects ! supply 9 summ] & causes m rapid melt+ !re ?an 9 "s o!r cases4#eh #eh ,see ,"p ,,iii43 ,decorah1 page #agh4 ,freez+ b\ld] taluses inv>iably h ! ice ne> ! surface1 & probably x is nev] a doz5 met]s di/ant f ! op5 air4 ,^! taluses are "o ( ! /ronge/ l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce prov+ ! w9t]'s cold !ory4 ,! sn[ & ice on ! surface ( ! taluses & on ! surface ( ! b\ld]s 9 gullies melts away1 :ile x /ill l+]s und]nea? ! b\ld]s4 ,x seems self-evid5t t ! melt+ sn[ wat] has run to ! l[e/ level & !re congeal$1 & !n rema9$ because x 0 bett] %elt]$ ?an ! ice outside4 ,! subsoil ice ( ! tundras ( ,sib]ia & ,alaska is almo/ id5tical ) ! ice ( b\ld] =mations1 except t x ext5ds "u l>g] areas4 ,x is ! product ( a climate :]e !re is a long1 rigor\s w9t] & x is n surpris+ t ! ice is f\nd at great] dep?s ?an 9 m s\!rly latitudes4#ei ,! dep? to :i* ! ice ext5ds is1 ( c\rse1 det]m9$ by ! dep? to :i* ! w9t]'s cold c p5etrate ! soil4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! causes ( ?is ice are local1 t is1 t x is due to ! long prevail+ l[ temp]atures4 #ei ,see ,"p ,,iii43 ,alaska1 page #aff2 ,klondike1 page #afg2 ,k[ak ,riv]1 page #aff2 ,kotzebue ,s\nd1 page #aff4 ,! freez+ wells ( :i* ! mo/ conspicu\s examples are at ,br&on1 ,owego1 ,decorah1 & 9 ,montana1 seem also due to local causes & ! ice is nev] f> f ! surface1 t is1 n ov] tw5ty met]s2 & app>5tly also x =ms above ! wat] horizons :i* supply ! wells4 ,! ice %eet on ,m\nt ,etna#fj does n seem to be at any great dep?4 ,x app>5tly _h a diff]5t orig9 f mo/ subt]ranean ice masses1 9 t ! sn[ probably fell fir/ & 0 !n cov]$ by a fl[ ( lava4 ,x is1 !re=e1 almo/ sui g5]is 9 its mode ( =mation1 unless !re are simil> %eets on o!r volcanoes1 :i* is probable 9 a c\ntry l ,icel&1 & :i* is said to be ! case 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1#fa ,b ! orig9al cause ( ! ice %eet on ,etna 0 ! same z all o!r subt]ranean ice masses1 namely ! cold ( w9t]4 #fj ,see ,"p ,,iii41 page #baj4 #fa ,see ,"p ,,iii41 page #aij4 ,evaporation & ,movem5ts ( ,air4--,! =mation ( subt]ranean ice is sometimes assign$ p>tly to evaporation or to expansion ( ! air4 ,! !ory is an old "o1 & bo? sci5tific & non-sci5tific m5 h advanc$ x4#fb #fb ,among ^? :o h writt5 t evaporation is a factor 9 ! =mation ( subt]ranean ice1 may be m5tion$3 ,pictet1 #ahbb2 ,scrope1 #ahbg2 ,rei*1 #ahcd2 ,pleis*l1 #ahda2 ,mur*ison1 #ahde2 ,olm/ead1 #ahef2 ,hit*cock1 #ahfa2 ,:ite1 #ahgj2 ,kir*h(f1 #ahgf2 ,krauss1 #ahie4 ,i h already said t ,i believe x is ! movem5ts ( ! air :i* cause a cave to be a glacire cave or a normal cave4 ,:5 !y act 9 su* a way z to p]mit ! cold air ( w9t] to p]meate a cave1 we f9d l[ temp]atures & ice2 :5 !y d n1 we f9d ! temp]ature ab\t ! same z t ( ! gr\nd & no ice4 ,t ! ice is n =m$ 9 app>5tly /atic caves1 by movem5ts ( air produc+ evaporation1 seems to me prov$ by :at ,i h notic$ 9 reg>d to ! atmosph]e4 ,! dryness or moi/ness ( ! air )9 a glacire cave is co9cid5t ) ! /ate ( freez+ or ?aw+ ( ! cave4 ,:5 ,i h visit$ a l>ge cave 9 ,june1 ev]y?+ 0 froz5 tight1 !re 7 no drips nor mu%y ice1 ! air 0 relatively dry & ! s5sation ( cold n unpleasant4 ,:5 ,i h visit$ a cave 9 ,augu/1 ! ice 0 s(t & mu%y1 wat] 0 dripp+ f ! ro(1 ! atmosph]e 0 moi/1 & ! cold p5etrat+4 ,x seems to me t ! facts g to %[ t x is n evaporation :i* =ms ! ice1 b ! melt+ ( ! ice :i* fills ! cave ) moi/ure4 ,if !re are any draughts or movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e :5 above freez+ po9t1 !n _! t5d5cy is to vaporize ! ice4 ,! process ( ! =mation ( ice 9 relation to ! atmosph]e is z foll[s3 ! cold air p]meates ! cave & freezes up all ! drip3 ! atmosph]e becomes dry3 gradually w>m] air gets 9 & ! ice beg9s to melt3 !n ! atmosph]e gets *>g$ sl[ly ) ! vapor ( ! melt+ ice4 ,?is process is ! exact opposite ( ! =mation ( ice by evaporation2 x is ! atmosph]e :i* is made humid by ! vaporiz+ ( ! ice1 & by ! drip4 ,:5 ! air is ?or\ghly saturat$ ) ! vapor1 be+ sc>cely r5ew$ f outside & b a few degrees above freez+ po9t1 x und\bt$ly ret>ds evaporation1 acts l a blanket & less5s ! rate ( melt+ ( ! ice4#fc #fc ,see ,"p ,,iv43 ,?ury1 page #bhe2 ,fugg]1 page #bif2 ,tr\illet1 page #bih4 ,ev]y?+ ,i h p]sonally obs]v$ 9 freez+ w9dholes %[s t 9 !m also ! cold ( w9t] & n evaporation is ! cause ( ! ice4 ,!y answ] to ! same te/s z o!r glacires1 ( geographical di/ribution & altitude1 ne>ness ( ice to ! outside1 !rmometric obs]vations1 & dampness ( ! air :5 ! ice melts4 ,equally ) o!r glacires1 ! movem5ts ( air 9 w9dholes d n dep5d on ! pres5ce ( ice1 b ! ice does dep5d on ! movem5ts ( air & a wat] supply at ! prop] "t4 ,a pro( t x is ! cold ( w9t] :i* makes ! ice 9 w9dholes1 is t ! ice is always f\nd at ! l[] extremity1 = ! reason t x is at t end t ! cold air ent]s & to t end t ! wat] gravitates4 ,! reason t ice is m r>ely f\nd 9 w9dholes ?an 9 app>5tly /atic caves1 is due to ! movem5ts ( air4 ,unlike ! caves :]e ! heavy cold air pres]ves ! ice by rema9+ p5t up1 z soon z ! outside temp]ature rises ! heavy cold air 9 w9dholes tumbles out at ! l[] op5+ & is replac$ gradually by air at a high] temp]ature4 ,?is also fl[s out & :5 x is above freez+ po9t1 x naturally melts ! ice & becomes humid3 9 fact1 x vaporizes ! ice z x passes1 & dissipates ! moi/ure into ! out] air4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta91 t 9 caves ) a temp]ature "s degrees above freez+ po9t1 :5 !re is ei!r runn+ wat] or /rong drips1 evaporation may be1 & sometimes und\bt$ly is1 a factor 9 l[]+ ! temp]ature some:at4#fd ,z 9 "s w9dholes !re is occasionally moi/ure on ! rock surfaces :]e ! air curr5t passes1 ! evaporation f ^! surfaces d\btless l[]s ! temp]ature ( ! draughts1 & x may be1 also ^? ( ! rock surfaces1 a little4 #fd ,see ,"p ,,iv43 ,de ,saussure1 page #bgd4 ,see also ,les ,abimes1 #ahid1 page #efd4 ,fur!r obs]vations1 h[ev]1 w be necess>y 9 reg>d to evaporation und]gr\nd1 z ! data are /ill insuffici5t to make absolutely positive /atem5ts4#fe ,i fail to see any evid5ce to %[ t evaporation ev] l[]s ! temp]ature ( draughts und]gr\nd bel[ freez+ po9t1 only t x may help to l[] !m to some?+ less ?an !y w\ld o!rwise be4 ,tak+ all ! facts :i* ,i h myself obs]v$1 & all ,i h read ( 9 ! reports ( o!rs1 my own conclusion is t we h no pro( t evaporation und]gr\nd is ev] /rong en\gh to produce ice4 #fe ,sev]al obs]v]s consid] evaporation z m or less ( a factor 9 ! production ( cold und]gr\nd4 ,x is sugge/$ also1 t 9 c]ta9 cases1 at high altitudes1 evaporation t5ds to prev5t ! melt+ ( ! ice 9 w9dholes1 b ?is is n prov$1 z yet4 ,see ,"p ,,iv43 ,de ,saussure1 page #bgd2 ,fugg]1 page #bif2 ,tr\illet1 page #bih2 ,m>tel1 page #cjj2 ,lohmann1 page #cjb4 ,"t ( ,=mation ( ,ice4--,ev]y?+ ,i h se5 po9ts to ! fact t ice beg9s to =m 9 a cave z soon z ! temp]ature ( ! cave has sunk bel[ freez+ po9t1 :5ev]1 f any cause1 wat] gets into ! cave4 ,! cold may beg9 to p5etrate caves z soon z outside fro/s h occurr$1 t is 9 ! fall mon?s1 ab\t ,novemb]2 & z soon z ! temp]ature inside s9ks bel[ freez+ po9t1 ice w beg9 to =m1 provid$ also t wat] gets into ! cave1 f ra9s or spr+s or any o!r s\rce4 ,9 ! mid-w9t] mon?s1 al?\gh !re is !n pl5ty ( cold1 ! wat] supply is g5]ally lack+1 z ! outside moi/ure is mo/ly froz5 up & ! result is t ! w9t] mon?s are n ^? :5 ! ice is ma9ly =m$4 ,"s is und\bt$ly =m$ 9 c]ta9 caves :5ev] dur+ ! c\rse ( ! w9t] a surface ?aw outside furni%es wat] to ! cave1#ff b 9 o!r cases ?is is n s & ! ice does n appe> be=e ! spr+4 ,9 all cases x is 9 ! spr+1 be=e ! cave has p>t$ ) its /ore ( cold1 & :5 bo? ! air & ! rock walls are *ill$ bel[ freez+ po9t#fg t ! ice =ms fa/e/4 ,!n pl5ty ( wat] is furni%$ by ! melt+ ( ! sn[s & ! unlock+ ( ! brooks1 & also by e>ly spr+ ra9s4 ,all ?is surface wat] runs ?r\gh ! fissures into ! /ill freez+ cave & !re becomes ice4 ,n only ! air1 b also ! rock walls are *ill$ bel[ freez+ po9t1 & z ! rocks "p sl[ly ) ! cold /or$ 9 !m1 ?is cold helps to freeze ! wat] p\r+ 94 #ff ,see ,"p ,,iii43 ,*aux-les-,passavant1 page #bjc2 ,sa9t-,georges1 page #bbj4 #fg ,see ,"p ,,iv43 ,t[nson1 page #bge2 ,?ury1 page #bhe2 ,tr\illet1 page #big2 ,s*walbe1 page #bih2 ,t]l&ay1 page #cja2 ,kov>ik1 page #cjg4 ,! natural law 9 relation to "t seems to be ?is3 ,ice may be =m$ 9 caves z soon z ! outside temp]ature s9ks bel[ freez+ po9t4 ,9 "s caves x =ms int]mitt5tly all ?r\gh ! cold mon?s because !re is a wat] supply4 ,9 o!r caves x only =ms 9 ! spr+1 because !re is no wat] supply 9 ! w9t] mon?s4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 ! end ( w9t] is ! "t :5 mo/ ( ! ice is =m$4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,glaci,,res4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,glaci,,res4#fh #fh ,?is li/ is necess>ily incomplete1 & only approximately accurate 9 _m cases4 ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,buri$ or ,fossil ,glaci]s1 ,nor? ,gre5l&4 7,w4 ,e4 ,meehan1 ,philadelphia ,l$g]1 #ahif47--,on ,rob]tson's ,bay is ! plateau ( ! ,v]hoef ,glaci]1 :i* is ab\t #aejj met]s long & #djj met]s wide1 & /&s back only a few met]s f ! edge ( ! sea4 ,?is plateau1 bo? top & sides1 is a mass ( fl\ri%+ vegetation1 *iefly grass1 :i* rea*es above a man's knee4 ,f among ?is v]dure butt]cups1 poppies1 c9quefoils & d&elions ?ru/ _! gold5 heads 9 wild pr(usion4 ,simil> buri$ glaci]s are f\nd 9 _m places along ! fiords ( ,nor? ,gre5l&4 ,mr4 ,meehan gives a simple explanation 9 connection ) ! ,v]hoef ,glaci]4 ,he says t ?is glaci] =m]ly ext5d$ out into ! sea1 & t :ile x mov$ =w>d1 ! clump moss1 :i* /ruggles = exi/5ce 9 ,gre5l& gorges1 c\ld d little m ?an hold its own4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 f "s unkn[n cause1 ! glaci] rec$$ to ! po9t :]e x n[ dis*>ges1 ! "p 9 ! wat] float+ away 9 ! %ape ( iceb]gs1 & ! "p on ! %ore rema9+ /ation>y4 ,?is 0 ! opportunity = ! clump mosses4 ,c>+ no?+ = ! cold !y crept sl[ly ov] ! quiet mass ( ice & made _! way fir/ 9 ?9 net-l lay]s1 lat] 9 ?ick masses1 till !y rea*$ ! rocky %ore4 ,ye> aft] ye> ! mosses grew1 ! "y plants trampl+ und]foot ! old]2 until ! latt]1 rott+1 turn$ into a ri* m\ld4 ,! se$s ( grasses & fl[]s f\nd _! way to ?is1 bl[n by ! w9d or c>ri$ on ! feet ( birds4 ,! plateau n[ is a g>d5 ( gre51 gold & :ite4 ,h[ long ?is w la/ x is impossible to say1 z any "t nature may unloose its hold1 & ! froz5 riv] once m p\r d[n into ! bay4 ,subsoil ,ice 9 ,alaska4 7,i4 ,c4 ,russell1 ,a ,j\rney up ! ,yukon ,riv]1 page #adi1 & ,second ,exp$ition to ,m\nt ,sa9t ,elias1 page #ai47--,pr(essor ,russell f\nd ice cov]$ by rocks & vegetation 9 sev]al places 9 ,alaska1 especially along ! s\!rn edge ( ! ,malasp9a ,glaci] & on ! ,yukon ,riv]4 ,he gives ! foll[+ int]e/+ acc\nt 9 #ahij ( ^! ice %eets3 ,?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! ,yukon1 "o is frequ5tly rem9d$ ( ! high latitude dra9$ by ! great riv]1 by see+ /rata ( ice 9 ! rec5tly cut banks1 b5ea? ! d5se lay] ( moss & roots =m+ ! surface on :i* ! =e/s gr[4 ,"o may frequ5tly f9d ice ev5 on a hot summ]'s day1 by scrap+ away ! moss at 8 feet4 ,9 "s in/ances ! froz5 lay] has be5 p5etrat$ to ! dep? ( tw5ty-five feet1 b its full dep? has nev] be5 asc]ta9$4 ,9 ! banks ( "s ( ! /reams to ! nor? ( ! l[] ,yukon1 /rata ( ice ov] a hundr$ feet ?ick h be5 obs]v$1 & ! indications are t its total dep? is consid]ably great] ?an ! portion expos$4 ,?is subsoil ice is /agnant & )\t ! *>act]i/ics ( glaci]s4 ,subsoil ,ice 9 ! ,klondike ,region4 7,philadelphia ,l$g]1 ,decemb] #cj?1 #ahig47--,! ,klondike m9+ c\ntry is cov]$ ) sn[ mo/ ( ! ye>4 ,! gr\nd is froz5 = t5 or twelve met]s 9 dep?1 d[n to b$ rock4 ,9 "s places ! gr\nd1 :i* is protect$ by a ?ick moss1 is n ?aw$ out by ! sun 9 summ]4 ,! m9] cuts (f ! moss ) a %ovel1 & !n builds a fire1 :i* ?aws out ! gr\nd = five or t5 c5timet]s4 ,he digs ?is out1 rebuilds a fire1 & !n cont9ues ?is process4 ,ice ,cliffs on ! ,k[ak ,riv]1 ,alaska4 7,lieut5ant ,j4 ,c4 ,cantwell1 ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 ,octob]1 #ahif47--,on ! %ores ( ! ,k[ak ,riv] are a s]ies ( ice cliffs ( f ab\t #be met]s to #de met]s 9 height4 ,on top ( ^! ice cliffs is a lay] ( black silt-l soil "s #b met]s 9 ?ickness1 & f ?is spr+s a luxuriant gr[? ( mosses1 grass & ,arctic %rubb]y4 ,! melt$ ice %[s a residuum ( f9e du/1 :i* :ile fre% emits a pung5t odor4 ,subt]ranean ,ice ,%eet on ,kotzebue ,s\nd4 7,otto von ,kotzebue1 ,entdeckungsreise 9 die ,sdsee1 etc4 ,weim>1 #ahba4 ,vol4 ,,iv41 page #adj47--;,dr4 ,es*holz discov]$ ne> ,kotzebue ,s\nd1 9 #ahaf1 a mass ( ice m ?an #cj met]s ?ick1 & entirely cov]$ ) a lay] at lea/ #ae c5timet]s ?ick ( clay1 s&1 & e>?1 on :i* heavy1 long grass 0 gr[+4 ,9 ! ice & 9 ! soil ov]lay+ x1 7 _m rema9s ( ext9ct animals4 ,on ! side t[>ds ! ocean ! ice 0 entirely b>e1 expos$ to sun & air1 & mu* ( x 0 melt+ away 9 /reamlets4 ,freez+ ,lava ,caves1 ,wa%+ton4 7,r4 ,w4 ,raymond1 ,ov]l& ,mon?ly1 #c;d ,novemb]1 #ahfi1 page #dba4 ,?4 ,kir*h(f1 ,reisebild] und ,skizz5 aus ,am]ica1 #ahgf1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #baa4 ,philadelphia ,l$g]1 ,septemb] #be?1 #ahii47--,^! caves are di/ant ab\t f\r h\rs f ! foot ( ,m\nt ,adams1 & ab\t #ef kilomet]s f ! m\? ( ! ,:ite ,salmon ,riv]1 :]e x falls into ! ,columbia ,riv]4 ,! caves are 9 basalt1 & !y are connect$ at bo? ends ) ! op5 air4 ,only a few ( !m conta9 any ice1 :i* 9 ! l>ge/ cave is ab\t #f met]s bel[ ! entrance1 f :i* "o desc5ds by a ladd]4 ,! cave op5s on "o side & is "s #ae met]s 9 dep?1 #f met]s or #h met]s 9 wid? & #c met]s or #d met]s 9 height4 ,?is "p conta9s ! mo/ ice4 ,! o!r side gradually n>r[s f ! entrance1 is long]1 & rea*es out ?r\gh fall5 rocks & rubbi% to daylight4 ,9 ! l[] portion1 !re are a few ice /alactites & /alagmites3 "o a sup]b1 transp>5t hillock1 :i* rises ne>ly to ! ro(1 is call$ ! ,iceb]g4 ,a /rong draught fl[s into ! cave 9 summ] ?r\gh ! op5 arm4 ,! foll[+ p>agraphs f ! ,philadelphia ,l$g] probably ref] to ! same locality3-- ,ice = ! cutt+1 & t 9 ,augu/ & e>ly 9 ,septemb]1 is a novelty n (t5 f\nd 9 regions z f> s\? z ! ,columbia ,riv] bas92 b ! novelty is enjoy$ e ye> by p :o visit ! ice caves "u ! %ad[ ( ,m\nt ,adams1 ab\t #ajj miles nor!a/ ( ,portl&4 ,x is a v ext5sive region4 ,frank ,mc,farland1 :o has j return$ f a six weeks' vacation camp+ trip !re1 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( its g5]al make up4 ,at ! ice caves1 :i* are six miles f ,tr\t ,lake1 ! /alactites are m beautiful & wond]ful ?is ye> ?an ev] be=e1 & ?is 0 ,mr4 ,mc,farland's fifte5? trip !re4 ,he broke (f & took to camp *unks ( ice weigh+ #ajj p\nds4 ,pleasure p>ties :o come to ! lake use consid]able ( ! ice = pack+ _! tr\t to take home4 ,all y h to d is to take a tor* ( pit* p9e or a lant]n1 & g into ! big caves & pack (f all ! ice y want4 ,x is a sure crop1 & nev] fails4 ,ice ,spr+ 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ,oregon4 7,g4 ,gibbs1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahec1 ,second ,s]ies1 vol4 ,,xv41 page #adf47--,! ,ice ,spr+ is ab\t #fj kilomet]s f ! ,s\? ,pass to ! "r ( ! ,sweetwat] ,riv]4 ,x is situat$ 9 a l[ m>%y swale1 :]e ! gr\nd is fill$ ) spr+s2 & ab\t #fj c5timet]s bel[ ! turf is a %eet ( horizontal ice1 "s #aj c5timet]s to #cj c5timet]s ?ick1 la/+ ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! ice is cle> & is dispos$ 9 hexagonal prisms2 x has a slightly sal9e ta/e1 ! gr\nd above x be+ impregnat$ ) salt & ! wat] ne> by ta/+ ( sulphur4 ,freez+ ,lava ,caves 9 ,modoc ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 7,dispat*1 ,frank=d1 ,p5nsylvania1 #bb;d ,janu>y1 #ahig1 repr9t$ f ano!r pap]47--,! lava b$s1 :]e ! ,modoc ,indians made _! la/ /& aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates troops1 are describ$ z an imm5se field ( lava cov]$ ) a beautiful =e/ ( conif]s4 ,num]\s caves ( v>y+ %apes & dim5sions are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ^! lava b$s4 ,"s are m]e cov]t ways1 ) an ar* ( /one ?r[n ov] !m2 o!rs are imm5se *amb]s "s met]s f ! surface2 ano!r k9d s9ks deeply & may be 9 a s]ies ( *amb]s unit$ by a corridor t op5s at ! surface2 :ile ano!r k9d seems to g directly to ! c5tre ( ! e>? )\t /opp+4 ,"s ( ^! caves conta9 ice & f !m ! ,modocs drew _! wat] supply :ile besieg$ by ! troops4 ,judg+ f :at is report$ ( ! caves ! quantity ( ice 9 !m mu/ be l>ge4 ,! !rmomet] 9 w9t] 9 ! region is said to g z l[ z -#cj ,c4 ,freez+ ,lava ,b$s ne> ,m$ic9e ,lake1 ,siskiy\ ,c\nty1 ,nor!rn ,cali=nia4 7,m4 ,s4 ,bak]1 ,si]ra ,club ,bullet91 #ahii4 ,vol4 ,,ii41 page #cah47--,"o o!r feature ( ! lava region mu/ be m5tion$--! ice caves4 ,!re are sev]al ( ^! kn[n1 & v likely _m m rema9 undiscov]$4 ,^? locat$ along ! edge ( ! lava1 ne> ! c9d] cone1 ,i h kn[n to conta9 ice & wat] z late z ,augu/4 ,! l>ge/ ,i h se5 is on ! ,mayfield ,road1 ab\t tw5ty miles ea/ ( ,b>tles4 ,x is situat$ 9 ! b>r5 lava1 & 9 "o ( ! w>me/ localities ( ! region1--& !re are few cool spots 9 ! lava any:]e4 ,"o ent]s ! cave by crawl+ d[n a hole none too l>ge4 ,! in/ant ! int]ior is rea*$ ! temp]ature falls 9 a surpris+ way4 ,n m ?an t5 feet bel[ ! surface ( ! hot rocks is a b$ ( ice1 cov]$ by a foot or s ( ice wat]4 ,! body ( ice 0 p]haps twelve or fifte5 feet long1 by five feet across 9 ! wide/ places4 ,?is cave is =m$ by a fissure t ext5ds a di/ance ( tw5ty miles f ! ice cave to ,pittville1 & ne>ly co9cides ) ! #djjj foot level1 z %[n 9 ! map4 ,along ! s\!a/]n half ( ?is e>? fissure ! s\?we/ wall has fault$1 leav+ a cliff1 :i*1 9 places1 mu/ be ne>ly #bjj feet high4 ,freez+ ,%afts1 ,montana4--,mr4 ,rob]t ,butl]1 ( ,san ,jos1 ,cal41 has giv5 me mu* in=mation ab\t glacires 9 ,montana4 ,he visit$ "o m9]s' %aft :i* is situat$ ab\t #hj kilomet]s up ! ,rosebud ,riv] f ,rosebud ,/ation on ! ,nor!rn ,pacific ,r4 ,r41 & ab\t #aj kilomet]s nor!a/ ( ! ,*ey5ne ,indian ,ag5cy4 ,x is on ! nor? slope ( ! ,little ,wolf ,m\nta9s1 ne> ! summit1 at ! head ( ,gre5leaf ,creek4 ,! canyon & surr\nd+ slopes are cov]$ ) a d5se gr[? ( p9e4 ,! rock has ! appe>ance ( scori caus$ by ! burn+ ( imm5se b$s ( coal 9 rec5t geological times4 ,! rock is brok5 into comp>atively small pieces4 ,! altitude is "s #abjj met]s4 ,! =e/1 ! volcanic a% & ! altitude1 besides ! loose rock =mation1 makes ?is place a natural ice h\se4 ,t5 or twelve ye>s ago ?ree prospectors1 look+ = silv]1 sunk a %aft "h4 ,at a dep? ( ab\t #d met]s x began to gr[ cold1 & at #f met]s !y f\nd ice & imag9$ !y c\ld feel an upw>d draught4 ,be+ ignorant & sup]/iti\s1 !y became fright5$ & ab&on$ ! %aft4 ,dur+ ! w9t]1 ! sn[ fills ! %aft half full ( ice1 :i* !n rema9s ov] ?r\gh ! summ]4 ,!re is a g5]al report & belief among ^? :o h visit$ ! well1 t x freezes 9 summ] & ?aws 9 w9t]4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( m9+ %afts 9 ,montana1 & if !y are on ! nor? slope ( a m\nta9 ( consid]able altitude & "u a d5se =e/ & n too deep1 !y g5]ally h ice at ! bottom dur+ ! summ]4 ,x is also said to be no?+ new = a m9] 9 foll[+ crevices to f9d !m fill$ ) ice1 especially if ne> ! surface on ! nor? slope ( a m\nta94 ,freez+ ,cave1 ,f]gus ,c\nty1 ,montana4--,mr4 ,rob]t ,butl]1 ( ,san ,jos1 ,cal41 visit$ ?is place1 :i* is ab\t #ce kilomet]s s\!a/ ( ,lewi/[n4 ,x is on ! nor? side ( a butte4 ,masses ( ice & great icicles =m 9 "s p>ts ( ! cave 9 su* quantities dur+ ! latt] "p ( w9t] t ! cave furni%es ice = cool+ ! dr9k+ wat] = sev]al doz5 families4 ,dur+ ,july & ,augu/ ! p come f "s di/ance ar\nd to get ! ice4 ,! p 9 ! neighborhood believe t ! ice =ms 9 summ] & ?aws away 9 w9t]4 ,!y also speak ( ! ev] upw>d draught ( cold air com+ possibly f "s great hidd5 cav]n 9 ! l[] recesses ( ! m\nta94 ,freez+ ,well at ,horse ,pla9s1 ,montana4 7,levi ,all51 ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,new ,s]ies1 #bg? ,octob]1 #ahhc47--,! well is describ$ z #ac4fj met]s deep4 ,x is dug ?r\gh solid gravel1 & 9 s9k+ x !re 0 enc\nt]$1 at a dep? ( #aj4fj met]s1 a curr5t ( air /rong en\gh to bl[ out a c&le4 ,x began to freeze 9 ,septemb]1 #ahhb1 & 9 ,novemb] x 0 froz5 solid4 ,freez+ ,silv] ,m9e1 ,bighorn ,c\nty1 ,wyom+4--,?is place is 9 ! ,sunlight ,bas9 ( ! ,%o%one ,m\nta9s4 ,mr4 ,william ,worrell ,wagn]1 ( ,philadelphia1 in=ms me t he visit$ x 9 ,augu/1 #ahig4 ,x is a silv] m9e or tunnel1 runn+ /raight into ! m\nta9 = ab\t #fj met]s1 at an altitude ( ab\t #ccjj met]s4 ,! peaks ( ! ,teton range 7 9 sight f ! m\? ( ! tunnel4 ,= ! fir/ half ( ! way 91 a good _m icicles 7 hang+ f ! rocks4 ,! la/ half ( ! tunnel 0 ?ickly coat$ ) ice & look$ l a cold /orage plant4 ,sn[ disappe>s on ! rocks outside ab\t ,june1 & beg9s to fall aga9 9 ,septemb]1 s t ,mr4 ,wagn]'s visit 0 at ab\t ! hotte/ "t ( ! ye>4 ,mr4 ,wagn] pres5t$ ! meat ( a bull wapiti he _h %ot to ! m9]s1 & !y /or$ x 9 ! m9e z if x _h be5 an artificial refrig]ator4 ,rifts ( ,ice1 ,m\nt ,mc,clellan1 ,colorado4 7,edw>d ,l4 ,b]?\d1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts4 ,?ird ,s]ies1 #ahgf1 vol4 ,,xi41 page #ajh47--,ne> ! summit ( ,m\nt ,mc,clellan1 is ! ,c5t5nial ,lode1 :i* runs into ! m\nta91 at an altitude ( ab\t #cijj met]s4 ,int]calat$ 9 ! m9]al ve9 are ?ree or f\r well def9$ ve9s ( solid ice p>allel ) ! b$d+ ( ! rock & fill+ all its inn] side-cracks & fissures4 ,! same froz5 sub/ratum is f\nd 9 two o!r lodes ne> by on ! same m\nta94 ,no?+ ( ! k9d is kn[n on o!r ,colorado m\nta9s4 ,! soil is loose & l>gely made up ( rocky dbris1 :i* %[s t ! ice is probably due to local causes4 ,freez+ ,tunnel on ! ,hag]man ,pass1 ,colorado4 7,philadelphia ,press1 ,octob] #af?1 #ahig47--,! ,hag]man ,pass ,railroad l9e is said to h be5 ab&on$ aft] ! completion ( ! ,busk-,ivanhoe tunnel1 b to h be5 rebuilt4 ,! ,hag]man tunnel = a di/ance ( ov] #gjj met]s 0 fill$ ) solid ice1 & x requir$ bla/+ ) dynamite1 & a mon?'s cont9u\s labor1 day & night1 to dig ! ice out4 ,freez+ ,cav]n 9 ,c[ ,m\nta91 ,colorado4 7,po/ ,dispat*1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 ,july #ac?1 #ahig1 & ,septemb] #e?1 #ahig4 ,mail ,ord] ,mon?ly1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n41 ,octob]1 #ahii47--,! cave 0 discov]$ by p>ties do+ assessm5t "w on a gr\p ( claims4 ,a man 0 pick+ 9 a ?ree met] hole :5 he /ruck 8 pick into an op5+1 :i* 0 gradually enl>g$ & %[$ a deep pit und]nea?4 ,! m5 got a rope & desc5d$ into an imm5se cav]n full ( ice4 ,lat] exploration l$ to a small hall1 "s #e met]s 9 diamet]1 full ( icicles4 ,f "h a fissure l$ into a second rock *amb] l>g] ?an ! fir/4 ,a small hole 9 ! floor at an angle ( "s #de gave access to a ?ird & l>g] hall1 ab\t #be met]s by #dj met]s4 ,great masses ( ice 7 f\nd 9 ?is1 also a small lake1 ab\t #ab met]s by #bj met]s4 ,"s :o h visit$ ! wond]ful discov]y are ( ! op9ion t x is a great cave or fissure 9 a glaci] :i* = c5turies has be5 sl[ly mak+ its way d[n f ,pike's ,peak & ^: wat]s are n[ fe$+ ! ,arkansas ,riv]4 ,w9dhole1 ,arizona4 7,*ri/ian ,h]ald1 ,m>* #bd?1 #ahig47--,mr4 ,c(man1 :ile drill+ a well on 8 place1 is said to h op5$ a w9dhole f :i* ! escap+ air curr5t 0 /rong en\gh to bl[ (f ! hats ( ! m5 :o 7 recov]+ ! lo/ drill4 ,"s days ! air escapes ) su* =ce t pebbles ! size ( peas are ?r[n up1 accompani$ by a s\nd mu* l ! di/ant bell[+ ( a fog horn4 ,aga9 = days !re w be a suction curr5t1 unaccompani$ by s\nd1 9 :i* ! curr5t ( air passes into ! e>? ) some:at less =ce ?an :5 escap+1 & any light object1 z a fea!r or a piece ( pap]1 w be imm$iately suck$ 94 ,! acc\nt is probably exagg]at$4 ,freez+ ,lava ,cave ne> ,flag/aff1 ,arizona4--,pr(essor ,w4 ,b4 ,scott ( ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity told me ( ?is cave1 :i* he _h n visit$ himself4 ,x lies #ad4e kilomet]s s\? ( ,flag/aff1 on ! ,mesa table l&1 at an altitude ( ab\t #bjjj met]s4 ,x 0 describ$ to ,pr(essor ,scott z a d\ble cave1 ) two floors1 "o ov] ! o!r1 ! l[] conta9+ ! mo/ ice4 ,x is 9 lava1 & c only be ent]$ by crawl+ 9 on h&s & knees4 ,freez+ ,cave or ,gorge1 ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 ,arizona4--,mr4 ,frank ,hamilton ,cu%+ has told me ( ?is place4 ,x is a cleft among lava rock1 :i* be+ ro($ at ! fur!r end1 might be describ$ z a cave4 ,9 ?is ! ice rema9s until ,june or ,july1 mu* lat] ?an any:]e else 9 ! neighborhood4 ,! ,zuni ,indians wor%ip be=e ?is1 call+ ! ice ! brea? ( ! ,gods1 ! sn[ !y consid] z a sort ( d[n4 ,! region is arid1 :i* makes any wat] preci\s1 & ?is fact has develop$ ! elem5t ( my/icism ab\t sn[ & ice among ! ,indians4 ,freez+ ,cave ne> ,gal5a1 ,black ,hills1 ,s\? ,dakota4 7,miss ,l4 ,a4 ,ow51 ,cave ,regions ( ! ,oz>ks & ,black ,hills4 ,c9c9nati1 #ahih1 page #bji73 ,at ,gal5a1 a new m9+ t[n ( gold5 promise1 !re is report$ to be an ,ice ,cave1 :]e ice =ms at all seasons1 & dur+ ! w>m wea!r is a s\rce ( com=t & pleasure to ! m9]s4 ,w9dholes 9 ! ,oz>k ,m\nta9s1 ,miss\ri4--,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,br9ck]h(f1 ( ,aurora1 ,mo41 in=ms me t !re are a numb] ( cold air curr5t caves 9 ! ,oz>k ,m\nta9 region4 ,"o ( !m is "s #ai kilomet]s s\? ( ,aurora1 ,lawr5ce ,c\nty1 & is us$ = cold /orage 9 summ]4 ,!re is a cave 9 a lime/one bluff ab\t #ae met]s above a riv]1 & 9 ! re> is ?is w9dhole1 :i* is an op5+ ab\t #cj c5timet]s high & #c met]s wide4 ,a /rong curr5t ( air comes out f x 9 summ]1 & ! hott] ! air outside1 ! /rong] is ! outw>d com+ curr5t4 ,9 w9t] ! curr5t is rev]s$4 ,! outw>d curr5t is s /rong 9 v hot wea!r t a h&k]*ief held 9 x is /raight5$ out to an angle ( ab\t #de4 ,freez+ ,cave & ,well at ,decorah1 ,i[a4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i4 7,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,:ite1 ,report ( ,geological ,survey ( ,/ate ( ,i[a1 #ahgj1 vol4 ,i41 page #hj4 ,a4 ,f4 ,kov>ik1 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 ,no4 #aaie1 ,novemb] #bf?1 #ahih1 pages #ai1aeh1 #ai1aei74 ,on ,june #a/1 #ahfi1 ,dr4 ,:ite f\nd ! ice dry & well froz51 & he ?\ght x 0 !n accumulat+4 ,! cave 0 cool & app>5tly dry1 & no /rong air curr5t 0 pass+ ?r\gh4 ,mr4 ,alois ,f4 ,kov>ik1 ( ! ,decorah ,in/itute1 has made a valuable s]ies ( obs]vations ab\t ! ,decorah ,cave4 ,! temp]atures he obs]v$ 7 ! foll[+3 ,,9 ,,! ,,valley1 ,,locus ,,%ade4 ,,division4 ,,glacialis4 ,,end4 ,july #a1 #ahig #cc4c #b4b #j4j #j4j #bg1 #ba4a #e4j #j4j #j4j ,aug4 #ad1 #cb4b #e4h #c4a #j4j ,sept4 #c1 #cb4b #g4b #c4a #h4c #ah1 #cc4i #h4f #f4a #h4c ,oct4 #af1 #bd4j #aj4j #h4c #h4c #cj1 #aj4j #g4b #d4g #e4j ,dec4 #aa1 -#b4b -#b4g -#a4a -#b4j ,jan4 #h1 #ahih -#j4j -#b4g -#c4i #j4j #bb1 -#e4j -#f4a -#c4i -#c4i ,feb4 #bf1 -#j4j -#f4f -#f4f -#e4j ,m>* #ab1 #b4h -#a4f -#b4g -#b4g #bf1 #h4h -#a4g -#a4f -#a4a ,april #af1 #be4f -#a4d #a4a -#a4a #cj1 #ac4i #a4a -#a4a -#a4a ,may #bh1 #ag4b #a4g -#j4c #j4j ,june #i1 #be4j #a4g -#j4c #j4j #ah1 #bb4c #a4g -#j4b #j4j ,july #af1 #ce4j #g4b #j4j #b4b ,on ! #a/ ( ,july1 #ahig1 a cold breeze 0 notic$ com+ f ! cave to a di/ance ( at lea/ #cj met]s4 ,at ! entrance ! breeze 0 /rong en\gh to bl[ out a c&le4 ,?is breeze 0 n notic$ at o!r times4 ,f ,decemb] to ,febru>y inclusive1 on ! contr>y1 ! breeze 0 rev]s$4 ,f ,july to ,octob]1 #ahig1 ! walls ( ! cave 7 moi/4 ,f ,octob] to ,febru>y !y 7 dry4 ,9 ,febru>y fro/ began to appe> on ! walls4 ,on ,m>* #ab?1 #ahih1 ! walls 7 cov]$ ) fro/4 ,! ice appe>$ at a spot ne>ly at ! end ( ! cave on ! #bf? ( ,m>*1 #ahih4 ,at a place ab\t #f4ej met]s ne>] ! entrance1 h[ev]1 is :]e mo/ ice =ms4 ,?is place ,mr4 ,kov>ik calls ,locus ,glacialis4 ,! ice appe>$ "h ab\t ! #bi? ( ,may1 #ahih4 ,x increas$ rapidly up to ,june #ab?1 :5 x 0 at its maximum1 & 0 ab\t two met]s 9 wid?4 ,x g5]ally cov]s ! nor? wall f top to base4 ,! greate/ ?ickness 9 #ahih 0 #bi c5timet]s4 ,! temp]ature :i* ,mr4 ,kov>ik record$ on ! #af? ( ,april at ,locus ,glacialis ( #a4a seems an anomal\s "o4 ,on writ+ to him he s5t me ! foll[+ explanation3 ,april #af?1 aft] ,i left ! !rmomet] at ,locus ,glacialis ! usual "t1 ,i notic$ t x regi/]$ #a4a ,c4 ,x seem$ s+ul>1 = at bo? ! ,division & ! ,end1 ! !rmomet] regi/]$ consid]ably l[]4 ,i left ! !rmomet] at its place = ab\t an h\r long]1 & notic$ !n t x did n regi/] diff]5tly4 ,i w\ld sugge/ ?is explanation3 ,?is is true ab\t wat] t ^u freez+ x gives (f its lat5t heat4 ,n[ on ,april #af? "s wat] dripp$ into ! cave on ! wall ne> :]e ! !rmomet] 01 ab\t #a4ej met]s f ! floor4 ,! am\nt ( wat] 0 v small1 b z x came 9 contact ) ! cold wall x began to give out its lat5t heat :i* affect$ ! close by !rmomet]4 ,! temp]ature ( ! rock 0 )\t d\bt betwe5 -#a4 & -#c4 ,freez+ ,cav]n at ,bra9>d1 ,i[a4 7,alois ,f4 ,kov>ik1 ,decorah ,public ,op9ion1 ,septemb] #bj?1 #ahii47--,?is little cave is situat$ on ! nor? side ( a hill ab\t #a4e kilomet]s nor?we/ ( ,bra9>d4 ,x is ab\t #d4ej met]s deep4 ,on ,june #aj?1 #ahii1 ,mr4 ,kov>ik f\nd ! floor & walls cov]$ ) ice4 ,! temp]ature 0 #j ,c4 ,! own] claims to h tak5 en\gh ice out ( x on ,july #d?1 #ahig1 to freeze cream4 ,freez+ ,cave ne> ,elk9sville1 ,br[n ,c\nty1 ,indiana4 7,clipp+ f a we/]n newspap]1 #ahif47--,! entrance is said to be ov]lapp$ by trees & to resemble a m9e %aft4 ,! w9d+ way leads to a holl[ "s #ae met]s bel[ ! surface1 resembl+ a broad vault$ corridor1 :i* is kn[n to ! natives z ! devil's *amb] & :]e ! temp]ature is l[4 ,f ?is po9t sev]al gall]ies lead fur!r 91 & f "o ( !m comes a bla/ ( icy cold air4 ,?is passage is simil> to ! "o at ! entrance to ! cave1 b aft] a few met]s fro/ is visible1 & fur!r on x is ?ick on all sides1 l ! cru/ t is =m$ on ! pipes ( an ice plant4 ,! n>r[ way leads to a big *amb]1 kn[n z ! ice vault4 ,9 ?is dome1 :i* is fully #cj met]s 9 wid?1 ! ice =ms a l>ge /alagmite & is ( unkn[n dep?4 ,freez+ ,gully on ,m\nt ,abraham1 ,ma9e4 7,jackson1 ,report ( ! ,geology ( ,ma9e1 #ahci1 ,,iii47--,ice 0 f\nd 9 ,june at an altitude ( #ajcb met]s among ! b\ld]s 9 "o ( ! gullies ( ,m\nt ,abraham4 ,illu/ration3 ,,freez+ ,,cav]n ,,at ,,bra9>d4 ,f a ,photograph by ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,kov>ik4 ,subt]ranean ,ice 9 ,k+'s ,rav9e1 ,m\nt ,adams1 ,new ,hamp%ire4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #a4 ,ice ,gul* on ,cresc5t ,m\nta91 ,r&olph1 ,new ,hamp%ire4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #hc4 ,ice 9 a ,hole at ,dixville ,not*1 ,new ,hamp%ire4--,mr4 ,john ,rit*ie1 ,jr41 ( ,bo/on1 has exam9$ ?is place1 :i* he is sure is a refrig]ator4 ,x is 9 a hole nor? ( ! cliff & ne> its top4 ,ice on ,m\nt ,g>field1 ,new ,hamp%ire4--,mr4 ,john ,rit*ie1 ,jr41 in=ms me t ice 0 discov]$ among ! b\ld]s on ! summit ( ,m\nt ,g>field dur+ ! summ] ( #ahig4 ,freez+ ,talus ne> ,rumney1 ,new ,hamp%ire4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #he4 ,freez+ ,talus ne> ,nor? ,wood/ock1 ,new ,hamp%ire4--,mr4 ,john ,rit*ie1 ,jr41 has exam9$ ?is locality4 ,he ?9ks ! ice 0 gone 9 ,july1 b judges x to be on ! level ( an old talus & a c\ple ( met]s d[n4 ,freez+ ,well at ,lyman1 ,grafton ,c\nty1 ,new ,hamp%ire4 7,geology ( ,v]mont1 #ahfa1 ,i41 page #aig47--;,a well 9 t t[n is report$ z hav+ be5 froz5 solid 9 ,june1 #ahaf1 at a dep? ( ab\t #b4fj met]s f ! surface4 ,icy ,wells at ! ,foot ( ,m\nt ,mansfield1 ,v]mont4 7,n4 ,m4 ,l[e1 ,sci5ce ,obs]v]1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #eh47--,^! are describ$ z be+ really incipi5t caves4 ,freez+ ,cave ne> ,man*e/]1 ,v]mont4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #gf4 ,ice ,b$ ( ,wall+=d1 ,rutl& ,c\nty1 ,v]mont4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ii4 7,s4 ,pe>l ,la?rop1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahdd1 ,,xlvi41 page #cca47--;,dr4 ,la?rop says t ice has be5 f\nd at ! ,ice ,b$ z late z ,septemb]4 ,freez+ ,wells at ,br&on1 ,v]mont4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #gg4 7,geology ( ,v]mont1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,i41 page #aib47--,mr4 ,hag] says t ! well 0 dug into a mass ( s& & gravel1 ( ! k9d kn[n z modifi$ drift4 ,! gravel 0 froz5 at ! "t ( digg+4 ,! ,bo/on ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 9 #ahei1 sank two wells1 "o #ba met]s s\!a/ ( ! orig9al "o1 ! o!r #ba met]s nor?we/4 ,! fir/ 0 #aj met]s 9 dep? & did n rea* ice2 ! second 0 #aa met]s 9 dep?1 & came to ! lay] ( froz5 gravel4 ,cave ne> ,br&on1 ,v]mont4 7,geology ( ,v]mont1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,i41 page #aig47--,mr4 ,hag] he>d t ab\t #c kilomet]s nor? ( ,br&on village 0 a cav]n1 9 a hill1 9 :i* ice is f\nd mo/ ( ! summ]4 ,icy ,gulf ne> ,great ,b>r+ton1 ,massa*usetts4--,m5tion$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ii4 ,icy ,gl5 ne> ,/ockbridge1 ,massa*usetts4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ge4 ,! ,sn[ ,hole1 ,new ,york3 ne> ,william/[n1 ,massa*usetts4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ih4 7,dewey1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahai1 vol4 ,i41 page #cdj2 & #ahbb1 vol4 ,v41 page #cih47--,mr4 ,dewey f\nd1 9 ,june1 sn[ #b met]s deep on ice ( unkn[n dep?4 ,on 8 second visit he f\nd less ice & sn[ ?an on 8 fir/ visit1 z ! trees 9 ! neighborhood _h be5 cut d[n4 ,glacire ne> ,william/[n1 ,massa*usetts4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #aja4 ,freez+ ,well ne> ,w>e1 ,massa*usetts4--7,geology ( ,v]mont1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,i41 page #aig47--;,dep? #aa4e met]s4 ,?is is 9 a s& & gravel =mation mu* l t at ,br&on1 except t !re is less clay1 & t none ( ! pebbles are lime/one4 ,wolf%oll[ ne> ,salisbury1 ,connecticut4 7,c4 ,a4 ,lee1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahbd1 vol4 ,,viii41 page #bed47--;,9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! t[n%ip1 at an altitude ( ab\t #hjj met]s1 is a *asm ab\t #ajj met]s long1 #ah met]s deep & #ab met]s wide4 ,x is 9 mica-slate1 & is %elt]$ by l>ge trees4 ,at ! bottom at "o end is a spr+ ( cold wat] & a cave ( consid]able ext5t1 9 :i* ice & sn[ is f\nd ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,natural ,ice ,h\se1 ne> ,m]id51 ,connecticut4 7,b5jam9 ,silliman1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahbb1 vol4 ,,iv41 page #agd47--;,x lies betwe5 ,new ,hav5 & ,h>t=d1 ab\t #cb kilomet]s f ! sea1 at an altitude ( ab\t #fj met]s4 ,! ice is f\nd 9 a n>r[ defile ( p]p5dicul> trap rock1 at ! bottom fill$ ) brok5 /ones4 ,! defile is s plac$ t 9 summ] ! sun only %9es into x = ab\t an h\r ea* day2 x is also well protect$ by surr\nd+ trees1 ! leaves f :i* =m b$s at ! bottom among ! rocks & help to protect ! ice4 ,natural ,ice ,h\se ( ,nor?=d1 ,connecticut4 7,b5jam9 ,silliman1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahbb1 vol4 ,,iv41 page #agg47--;,ab\t #aa kilomet]s f ,new ,hav5 on ! ,middlet[n road betwe5 ,bran=d & ,nor?=d1 is a gorge :]e ice rema9s ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,9 ?is case ! ice is mix$ ) a consid]able quantity ( leaves & dirt2 x has sometimes be5 br\ght to ,new ,hav54 ,ice 9 an ,old ,iron ,m9e1 ne> ,port ,h5ry1 ,lake ,*ampla94 7,geology ( ,v]mont1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,i41 page #aii47--;,ice 0 f\nd dur+ ! summ] at a dep? ( f #ae met]s to #cj met]s1 & a curr5t ( cold air 0 issu+ f ! op5+4 ,!re seems to be m ?an "o op5+ to ! m9e4 ,freez+ ,talus on ,l[] ,ausable ,pond1 ,essex ,c\nty1 ,new ,york4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #gi4 ,freez+ ,talus at ! ,s\? ,base ( ! ,giant ( ! ,valley1 ,essex ,c\nty1 ,new ,york4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ha4 ,freez+ ,b\ld] ,talus1 ,indian ,pass1 ,new ,york4 ,see ,"p ,i41 page #hc4 ,freez+ ,b\ld] ,talus1 ,avalan*e ,pass1 ,new ,york4--,see ,"p ,i41 page #hc4 ,freez+ ,cave ne> ,c>lisle1 ,new ,york4--,see ,"p ,i41 page #ic4 ,ice among ! ,catskill ,m\nta9s1 ,new ,york4--,mr4 ,george ,br9ton ,phillips in=ms me t he has se5 subt]ranean ice 9 ,augu/ among b\ld]s 9 a gorge 9 ! ,catskills ne> ! ,/ony ,cloves road1 />t+ out f ,ha9es' ,falls4 ,! p 9 ! neighborhood speak ( ! place z an ice cave4 ,gorge 9 ! ,%awangunk ,m\nta9s1 ne> ,ell5ville1 ,ul/] ,c\nty1 ,new ,york4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ia4 7,heilpr91 ,ar\nd ! ,_w1 #ahid1 page #aid47--,pr(essor ,heilpr9 f\nd 9 ,july a mass ( ice measur+ ab\t ?irty met]s 9 l5g? & #a met] 9 dep?4 ,! !rmomet] ne> ! ice read ab\t #a ,c4 above freez+ po9t1 ! day be+ hot4 ,icicles hung f ! l$ges on ! side ( ! gorge4 ,freez+ ,gorge at ,sam's ,po9t1 ,new ,york4--,see ,"p ,i41 page #ic4 ,ice ,deposits & ,w9dholes at ,wat]t[n1 ,new ,york4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #hf4 ,freez+ ,well ne> ,tioga1 ,new ,york4--,dep?1 #bc met]s4 ,no in=mation4 ,freez+ ,well ne> ,prattsburg1 ,new ,york4--,dep?1 #f4e met]s4 ,no in=mation4 ,freez+ ,well ne> ,owego1 ,new ,york4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #gd4 7,d4 ,o4 ,macomb]1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 #ahci1 vol4 ,,xxxvi41 page #ahd4 ,well's ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 #ahef1 page #aij47--,! !rmomet] is said to h /ood at--#a4b at ! bottom ( ! bigge/ well :5 x regi/]$--#bj outside4 ,:5 a c&le 0 let d[n1 ! flame became agitat$ & 0 ?r[n 9 "o direction at ! dep? ( #i met]s2 at ! bottom ! flame 0 /ill1 b soon di$ out4 ,l>ge masses ( ice 7 f\nd 9 ! bigge/ well z late z ,july1 & ! m5 :o made ! well 7 =c$ to put on ?ick clo?+ 9 ,june1 & ev5 s c\ld n "w = m ?an two h\rs at a "t4 ,cave 9 ! ,panama ,rocks1 ,*autauqua1 ,new ,york4 ,! ,rev4 ,horace ,c4 ,hovey in=ms me t he has be5 9 a small cave 9 ?is locality1 & t he f\nd ice 9 x4 ,cave 9 ,sussex ,c\nty1 ,new ,j]sey4--,a clipp+ f a newspap]1 ) nei!r "n nor date1 says t new ice is f\nd daily on ! l& ( ,pet] ,fea!r1 9 ! m\? ( an unexplor$ cav]n4 ,a small /ream ( wat] runs out ( ! cav]n & =ms a pool at ! op5+1 & "h x is t ! ice =ms4 ,en\gh has be5 tak5 9 "o day to freeze two cans ( ice cream4 ,a cold draught ( air issues cont9u\sly f ! cav]n4 ,hole ,conta9+ ,ice on ,blue ,m\nta91 ,new ,j]sey4 ,report$2 no in=mation4 ,gorge ,conta9+ ,ice on ,bald ,eagle ,m\nta91 ,cl9ton ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4--,mr4 ,h5ry ,*apman ,m]c]1 ( ,doyle/[n1 le>n$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is gorge dur+ ! summ] ( #ahig4 ,x is ne> ! village ( ,mc,elhatten1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,lock ,hav51 & is "s #c kilomet]s di/ant f ! ,susquehanna ,riv]4 ,ice is said to rema9 ov] dur+ ! entire summ]4 ,freez+ ,cave & ,w9dholes ne> ,f>r&sville1 ,cl9ton ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ic4 ,und]gr\nd ,ice ,=mations1 ,sullivan ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 on ! s\?we/]n bord]s ( ,lycom+ ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,w4 ,coleman ,hall ( ,philadelphia1 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 f\nd ice 9 two or ?ree places1 on ,be> ,creek1 nor? ( ,muncy ,creek1 ab\t #be kilomet]s nor? ( ! ,susquehanna ,riv]1 & s\?we/ ( ,eagles ,m]e4 ,! ice 0 "u rocks1 9 :at may be describ$ z lime/one s9ks4 ,s9ce ! de/ruction ( ! =e/1 ! ice has become less abundant1 if inde$ any /ill =ms4 ,glacires 9 ,ab&on$ ,coal ,m9es ne> ,summit1 ,c>bon ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ie4 ,ice ,cave ,railroad ,/ation1 ,luz]ne ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,on ! ,b[man ,creek bran* ( ! ,lehigh ,valley ,r4 ,r4--,mr4 ,f4 ,hols*uh1 ag5t at ,luz]ne1 in=ms me t ab\t #b kilomet]s f ,ice ,cave ,/ation is a little wat]fall on ! side ( a m\nta9 :i* 0 =m]ly cov]$ ) d5se =e/4 ,a %ort di/ance bel[ ! fall1 a l>ge holl[ place has be5 worn out ( ! rocks by ! action ( ! wat]4 ,! ov]hang+ rocks give ?is almo/ ! appe>ance ( a cave4 ,:ile ! =e/ 0 /ill ?ick & :5 ! w9t] 0 cold1 ice w\ld =m "u ^! rocks & w\ld n disappe> until summ] 0 well advanc$4 ,! /ation 0 call$ ,ice ,cave on acc\nt ( ?is place4 ,hole ,conta9+ ,ice at ,mill]/[n1 ,p5nsylvania4--,report$2 no in=mation4 ,freez+ ,talus at ,spruce ,creek1 ,hunt+don ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ij4 ,! ,philadelphia ,l$g] ( ,july #f?1 #ahif1 /ates t ar\nd ! b\ld]s :]e ! ice lies1 !re are f\nd v>ieties ( plants /rongly arctic 9 "*4 ,ice ,m\nta91 ,hamp%ire ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4 7,c4 ,b4 ,hayd51 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahdc1 vol4 ,,xlv41 page #gh47--;,x lies on ! ,nor? ,riv]1 ne> ! road lead+ f ,w9*e/] to ,romney1 at an altitude ( f ab\t #bbj met]s to #bdj met]s4 ,"o side ( ! hill is entirely compos$ ( loose /ones1 among :i* an abundance ( ice is f\nd at all times1 al?\gh ! sun %9es on ! upp] surface ( ! /ones f t5 9 ! morn+ until sunset4 ,! ice is regul>ly us$ 9 summ] by ! p ne> by4 ,con/ant & /rong air curr5ts issue f ! crevices 9 ! rocks4 ,simil>1 b small] accumulations1 are said to occur 9 ! same c\nty4 ,mrs4 ,george ,b4 ,bal* visit$ ! ,ice ,m\nta9 9 ,augu/1 #ahgh4 ,%e saw no ice1 b ! air "u ! /ones 0 v cold4 ,bl[+ ,cave1 ,ba? ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4--,mrs4 ,horace ,jayne in=ms me t !re is a bl[+ cave ne> ! ,c[pa/ure ,riv]1 ab\t half way on ! old /age road betwe5 ,millboro & ,w>m ,spr+s4 ,a draught fl[s out f x1 /rong en\gh to bl[ ! grass ab\t1 ?ree or f\r met]s away4 ,! draught is cold1 p]haps abnormally s4 ,! cave has n yet be5 explor$4 ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,ice ,%eets on ,m\nt ,*imborazo4 7,a4 von ,humboldt1 ,travels to ! ,equ9octial ,regions1 ,london1 #ahad1 vol4 ,i41 page #aef47--,on ,*imborazo1 enorm\s heaps ( ice are f\nd cov]$ ) s&1 & 9 ! same mann] z at ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe f> bel[ ! inf]ior limit ( ! p]petual sn[s4 ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 7,a4 ,w9*el1 ,walks & ,talks1 #ahih1 page #abb47--,on ,ti]ra del ,fuego ice & lava are f\nd int]/ratifi$ = a great dep?1 ea* w9t]'s sn[ be+ cov]$ by a new lava %eet4 ,,t5]iffe4 ,la ,cueva de la ,nieve or del ,hielo4 7,humboldt1 ,travels to ! ,equ9octial ,regions1 #ahad1 vol4 ,i41 pages #aed1 #aef4 ,c4 ,piazzi ,smy?1 ,t5]iffe1 an ,a/ronom]'s ,exp]im5t1 #aheh1 page #cdh47--,la ,cueva de la ,nieve lies at an altitude ( #cbfg met]s 9 ! ,malpays on ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 j bel[ ! sn[ l9e4 ,x is 9 obsidian4 ,! entrance is #c4f met]s high & #b4g met]s broad4 ,! grotto is #cf met]s long1 #f met]s wide1 & #d met]s high4 ,! desc5t into ! cave is s /eep t x is necess>y to be l[]$ by ropes4 ,pr(essor ,smy? f\nd 9 ,july an ice floor ab\t #fj c5timet]s ?ick :i* 0 cov]$ ) wat]4 ,a good deal ( sn[ 0 ly+ ne> ! m\? ( ! cave4 ,! walls 7 cov]$ ) ice & icicles & a few small ice cones rose on ! ice floor4 ,,icel&4 ,! ,surt%ellir or ,cave ( ,surtur4 7,olafs5 & ,povels51 ,voyage en ,isl&e1 ,p>is1 #ahjb4 ,h5d]son1 ,icel&1 #ahai1 #b;d ed41 page #dbj4 ,guim>d1 ,voyage en ,isl&e1 page #dha47--,! ,surt%ellir lies 9 ! volcanic wa/e ( ,we/isl&1 & is 9 lava :i* has fl[$ f ! ,bald ,jokul4 ,! approa* is ?r\gh an op5 *asm4 ,! l5g? ( ! cave is #aecd met]s1 ) an av]age wid? ( f #ae met]s to #ag met]s1 & a ne>ly uni=m height ( f #i met]s to #aa met]s4 ,9 f\r places ! ro( is brok5 & all[s daylight to ent]4 ,a great deal ( ice is sometimes f\nd 9 ! cave1 9 ! %ape ( an ice floor1 transp>5t icy pill>s1 hang+ icy p5dants1 & columns & ar*es ( ice along ! walls4 ,"s ( ! pill>s h be5 f\nd #b4ej met]s high4 ,kutlagaya4 7,a4 ,w9*el1 ,walks & ,talks1 #ahih1 page #abb47--;,9 #ahfj ! crat] ( ! m\nta9 ,kutlagaya1 9 ,icel&1 hurl$ out simultane\sly into ! air lumps ( lava & ice1 all int]m+l$ toge!r4 ,,sc&9avia4 ,ice 9 ! ,m9es ( ,nordm>k4 7,j>s1 ,voyages ,mtallurgiques1 #aggd1 page #aje47--ac kilomet]s nor? ( ,philip/adt1 ,w]mel&1 ,sw$51 a numb] ( holes 7 dug1 "s to a dep? ( #abj met]s4 ,ice ( "s ?ickness =m$ 9 "s ( ^! t[>ds ! end ( w9t]1 & la/$ until ab\t ,septemb]1 despite ! fires ( ! workm54 ,p]sb]g ,iron ,m9es1 ,sw$54 7,j4 ,pre/wi*1 ,collect$ pap]s1 etc41 on page #bjf1 quotes ,dr4 ,cl>k's ,travels 9 ,sc&9avia47--,ice is said to h be5 f\nd on ! sides & bottom ( ! m9e to a dep? ( ab\t #ace met]s4 ,ice ,caves ,report$ 9 ,norway4--,i 0 told 9 ,norway t "s ( ! caves 9 ! m\nta9s ne> ! ,sw>tis5 ice field conta9$ ice1 b ,i d n "k :e!r ?is is true4 ,i suspect t !re are glaci] ice caves :i* h giv5 rise to ?is report4 ,,engl&4 ,helvellyn1 ,cumb]l&4 7,wordswor?1 ,fidelity47--,! foll[+ v]ses 7 po9t$ out to me by ,mr4 ,bun=d ,samuel4 ,z f> z ,i "k !y are ! only poetry ab\t glacires3-- ,x 0 a cove1 a huge recess ,t keeps1 till ,june1 ,decemb]'s sn[2 ,a l(ty precipice 9 front1 ,a sil5t t>n bel[6 ,f> 9 ! bosom ( ,helvellyn1 ,remote f public road or dwell+ ,pa?way or cultivat$ l& ,f trace ( human foot or h&4 ,ice 9 an ,old ,copp] ,m9e1 ,cumb]l&4 7,j4 ,clif=d ,w>d1 ,nature1 vol4 ,,xi41 page #caj47--;,ice report$ z a r>e occurr5ce4 ,lud*ur* ,*asm1 ,/af=d%ire4 7,r4 ,k4 ,d5t & ,joseph ,hill's ,hi/oric ,/af=d%ire1 quote ,dr4 ,plot1 #afhf47--,mr4 ,bun=d ,samuel call$ my att5tion to ?is book1 9 :i* ,dr4 ,plot is quot$ z say+ t z late z ! #ag? ( ,july1 sn[ has be5 f\nd 9 ,lud*ur* ,*asm4 ,messrs4 ,d5t & ,hill d n m5tion any?+ ( ! k9d z occurr+ n[4 ,bl[+ ,cave 9 ,d5bigh%ire1 ,wales4--,a newspap] cutt+ says t !re are su* /rong eruptions ( w9ds f a cave 9 ?is neighborhood z to toss back to a great height 9 ! air any article ( app>el ?r[n 94 ,t9 ,cr(t ,m9e1 ,cornwall4 7,j4 ,pre/wi*1 ,collect$ pap]s1 etc41 page #bjf1 quotes ,mr4 ,moyle47--,ice has be5 f\nd 9 abundance 9 ?is m9e at a dep? ( ne>ly #ajj met]s4 ,,c5tral ,,europe4 ,glacire de ,*aux-les-,passavant4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #h4 7,poiss5ot1 ,n\velles ,hi/oires ,tragiques de ,b5igne ,poiss5ot1 lic5ci aux lois4 ,a ,p>is1 *ez ,guillaume ,bi*on1 rue ,s4 ,jacques1 a l'enseigne du ,bi*ot1 #aehf1 avec privilege du ,roy1 pages #dcf-dec4 ,gollut1 ,les ,mmoires hi/oriques de la ,repub4 ,sequanoise1 et des pr9ces de la ,fran*e ,comt de ,b\rgogne1 p> ,m4 ,lois ,gollut1 ,advocat au ,p>lem5t de ,dle2 ,a ,dle1 #aeib4 ,tr\illet1 ,mmoires de la ,socit d'mulation du ,d\bs1 #ahhe4 ,gir>dot1 ,mmoires de la ,socit d'mulation du ,d\bs1 #ahhf47 ,! e>lie/ notice ( a glacire :i* ,i h be5 able to f9d is 9 ! %ape ( a lett] giv+ an acc\nt ( a visit to ! ,glacire de ,*aux-les-,passavant 9 #aehd1 by ,b5igne ,poiss5ot1 a ,fr5* lawy]4 ,! acc\nt1 :i* ,i h translat$ z lit]ally z possible1 is 9 a special *apt]1 z foll[s3-- ,sir3--,s9ce our sep>ation1 ,i h _h ?is pleasure 7heut7 to he> news ( y only once1 hav+ f\nd y\r bro!r 9 ,p>is2 :o1 hav+ assur$ me ( y\r good heal? 7disposition71 in=m$ me ( h[ s9ce we _h se5 ea* o!r y _h travell$ to ,italy1 ev5 z f> z ,greece1 ( :i* y _h se5 a l>ge portion3 & t s\nd & safe1 aft] s long a j\rney1 y _h reappe>$ & l&$ at ,havre de ,grace :]e y wi%$ to g1 t is to say at home4 ,all ! pleasure :i* a fri5d c receive1 kn[+ ! affairs ( ano!r self1 jo9$ to su* a happy result1 seiz$ my he>t1 at ! recital ( su* agreeable news3 & ,i did n fail %ortly aft]1 to write y amply all :i* _h happ5$ to me s9ce ,i left y until my return to ,france3 congratulat+ y at hav+ escap$ f m>9e abysses & p]il\s passages on l&1 on :i* travell]s are (t5 con/ra9$ to risk _! life4 ,f ?is "t1 ,i h always /ay$ 9 ,p>is or 9 ! neighborhood1 accord+ to ! good pleasure ( dame =tune1 :o rul$ me 9 h] wise & f$ me ) h] di%es ! mo/ common & ord9>y until ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y ( ! ye> #aehd1 :5 ,i receiv$ my fir/ gift 9 ! %ape ( a /rong & viol5t disease1 :i* torm5t$ me m ?an a mon?3 f :i*1 hav+ become cur$ ) ! help ( ,god1 & hav+ ) "t recov]$ my heal? & my /r5g? at ! arrival ( spr+1 ,i 0 seiz$ ) ! desire to smell ! air ( ! c\ntry4 ,& 9 fact hav+ ?r[n away my p5 & travell$ ab\t 7battu l'e/rade7 ?r\gh high & l[ ,burgundy1 ,i /opp$ at ,bez5son1 ,imp]ial ,city1 to sp5d ! summ]4 ,?is city is /ill to day j ! same z ,julius ,cs> describes x1 9 ! notable m5tion he makes ( x1 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 comm5t>ies ( ! w> 9 ,gaul1 !re rema9+ !re all ! ve/iges ( ! mo/ rem>kable ?+s1 :i* he tells ( 9 8 description4 ,!re are also v f9e f\nta9s1 f all ( :i* wat] /reams f ! repres5tation ( "s god ( antiquity1 z a ,neptune1 a ,bac*us1 a ,pan1 a ,n]eide or o!rs3 except be=e ! /ate h\se1 :]e ! /atue ( ,*>les ! ,fif?1 repres5t+ him 9 a mo/ natural mann]1 is plac$ on an eagle1 :i* f its beak1 p\rs out su* a great quantity ( wat] t ?is is ! mo/ beautiful1 among all ! o!r f\nta9s4 ,& z ,i d n d\bt t :ile trav]s+ ,italy1 y bo? saw & exam9$ ) curiosity ! mo/ h&some s+ul>ities1 :i* pres5t$ !mselves to y\r eyes & t on y\r return1 pass+ ?r\gh ,avignon & ,dauph91 z y\r bro!r in=m$ me1 y _h ! advantage ov] me ( see+ ! wond]s ( ! c\ntry1 ( :i* y _h he>d me speak sometimes1 regrett+ t ! w>1 dur+ ! "t ,i 0 9 t qu>t]1 _h prev5t$ my go+ to ! spot1 to see ! burn+ f\nta9 z 9 ,dodone1 & ! f\nta9 call$ ,jupit]1 :i* tor*es ( fire light up & :i* gr[s less till midday & !n gr[s till midnight1 & !n dim9i%es & fails at midday3 & ano!r 9 ,epirus :i* we call to day ,albania1 ! t[] )\t v5om & ! inaccessible m\nta93 !n z ,i said1 s9ce y h contemplat$ ^! ?+s & sev]al o!rs n less admirable1 ,i wi% to ent]ta9 y ab\t a m>vel :i* ,i saw1 dur+ my soj\rn 9 ,bez5son1 to "k f y1 :e!r 9 all y\r j\rney1 y saw a simil> ?+4 ,"k !n t ! day ( ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/1 a "y man1 provid$ ) an hone/ k1 ) :om ,i _h made "s little acqua9tance1 pres5t$ me ) an icicle1 to cool my w9e at d9n]1 & :i* ,i admir$ greatly1 on acc\nt ( ! "t ( ! ye> 9 :i* we !n 71 begg+ him :o gave x to me to tell me :]e he _h discov]$ ?is r>e pres5t = t "t4 ,he answ]$ me t e ye>1 ! day ( ! solemnity ( ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/1 ! inhabitants ( a village1 :i* he nam$1 7 b\nd to come to (f] ! great *ur* ( ,/4 ,john ( ,bez5son1 a goodly quantity ( ice1 :i* !y got 9 a wood1 & br\ght to t[n at night on horses1 = fe> t by day x %\ld melt1 & t "o ( 8 cronies _h giv5 to him :at he _h giv5 to me4 ,sudd5ly !re flam$ up 9 me a desire to see ?is place1 :]e 9 ! height ( ! summ]1 ice 0 to be f\nd4 ,:5 he :o _h pres5t$ me ) ! icicle saw ?is1 he promis$ to accompany me1 n hav+ z yet1 any m ?an myself1 se5 ?is m>vel4 ,i did n hat* v long ?is decision1 all ! m z all ^?1 to :om ,i m5tion$ x1 enc\rag$ me to c>ry x out z soon z ,i c\ld1 assur+ me t ,i %\ld see a /range ?+1 & t ev5 ! ,duke ( ,alva on 8 return f ,fl&]s1 pass+ ?r\gh ,fran*e ,comt1 _h wi%$ to see ?is novelty4 ,!re=e call+ on ! promise ( ! "o :o 0 ! cause ( und]tak+ ?is j\rney1 we w5t toge!r to ,v]sey1 a f9e t[n1 di/ant five leagues f ,bez5son1 turn+ a little (f our direct r\te1 to g to see a lit]>y man1 at ?is said ,v]sey1 :o hav+ call$ on me at ,bez5son1 _h extract$ f me ! promise ( go+ to see him4 ,!re happ5$ to me 9 ?is spot1 :at ! poet du ,bellay says happ5$ to him1 on 8 return f ,italy1 pass+ ?r\gh ! ,grisons1 to g into ,france3 :o1 aft] hav+ *ant$ ! tr\bles !re are 9 ! passage1 says t ! ,swiss made him dr9k s mu*1 t he does n rememb] any?+ he saw 9 t c\ntry4 ,likewise1 ,i c assure y t my ho/1 foll[+ ! cu/om ( ^? ( ! c\ntry 7:o d n ?9k !y are treat+ a man prop]ly if !y d n make him dr9k a lot1 tak+ t f ! ,g]mans1 _! neighbors7 made u c>\se s well1 t :5 we w5t to b$1 we 7 v gay boys4 ,= al?\gh we _h bo? made an agreem5t on ! road1 yet our ho/ knew s well h[ to w9 u ov]1 say+ t ^? :o w\ld n dr9k1 gave reason to ?9k badly ( !m1 & t !y _h committ$1 or wi%$ to commit "s great crime1 :i* !y fe>$ to give away 9 dr9k+1 t 9 ! end we let ourselves g1 pass+ ! "t 9 ,pantagruelic fa%ion4 ,! next morn+ hav+ tak5 "s hair f ! bea/ & a guide :i* our ho/ gave to u to conduct u to ! ,froidi]e--we cont9u$ our w&]+s1 & arriv$ at a little village call$ ,*aud1 jo9+ a l>ge wood1 :]e our guide told u1 t al?\gh he _h be5 m ?an six times to ! ,froidi]e1 yet ! road 0 s tortu\s & s cut up by small pa?s1 t if we did n take a man f ?is village1 to be m sure1 we might sp5d m ?an half a day 9 ! wood1 be=e f9d+ :at we 7 seek+4 ,gett+ (f our horses n[1 we add$ to our company a native ( ! place1 :o hav+ l$ u by crook$ roads1 ab\t a qu>t] ( a league1 ?r\gh ! =e/1 made u ent] into a close ?icket & by a little pa? l$ u to a pleasant mead[2 :]e1 look+ d[n1 we saw a hole1 ( difficult desc5t1 at ! bottom ( :i* 0 ! op5+ ( a grotto1 pretty big1 & s awful & t]rify+ to see1 t "o w\ld h said1 x 0 ! m\? ( ,hell4 ,& 9 tru?1 ,i rememb]$ !n1 ! hole ( ,/4 ,patrick1 :i* is said to be 9 ,hib]nia4 ,we 7 n brave en\gh knights1 to try ! adv5ture1 my companion & ,i1 if our guides _h n tak5 ! lead4 ,aft] :om we desc5d$ z magnanim\sly z ! ,trojan ,duke foll[$ ! ,sybil to ! ,plutonic realms1 ! sword half drawn f ! scabb>d1 & well det]m9$ to make te/ ( ! ,platonic doctr9e1 :i* tea*es t demons c be dissect$1 9 case any %ade or spook %\ld h come to meet u4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! way1 we began to feel 9 desc5d+ a v agreeable fre%ness2 = x 0 ! second day ( ,july & ! sun %one v w>mly1 :i* made u sweat drop by drop4 ,b we _h good opportunity to refre% ourselves & put ourselves to cool1 hav+ rea*$ ! grotto :i* we f\nd ( ! l5g? & bread? ( a l>ge hall1 all pav$ ) ice 9 ! bottom1 & :]e a cry/all9e wat]1 cold] ?an t ( ! m\nta9s ( ,arcadia ,nonacris1 /ream$ f _m small brooklets1 :i* =m$ v cle> f\nta9s1 ) ! wat] ( :i* ,i wa%$ myself & drank s eag]ly1 t ,i _h wi%$ ! ?ir/ ( ,tantalus1 or else t ,i _h be5 bitt5 by a ,dipsas1 9 ord] to be always ?ir/y1 amid su* a pleasant bev]age4 ,a great "l1 :o 9 "s pleasure resort1 %\ld h su* a refrig]ator 9 summ]1 c\ld boa/ accord+ to my judgm5t1 to be bett] provid$ ) dr9k1 ?an ! k+s ( ,p]sia 7 ) _! riv] ,coaspis1 :i* engulphs itself into ! ,tigris1 ! wat] :]e( 0 s sweet1 t ! use ( x 0 all[$ only to ! great ,k+1 = ! ret9ue & cronies ( 8 h\sehold4 ,d n ?9k1 t among ^! delights1 ,i 0 at all free f fe>1 = nev] did ,i raise my eyes above t f t]ror my :ole body %iv]$ & ! hair /ood up on my head1 see+ ! :ole ro( ( ! grotto1 cov]$ ) big massive icicles1 ! lea/ ( :i*1 fall+ on me1 _h be5 suffici5t to scramble up my bra9s & knock me to pieces2 s mu* s t ,i 0 l to t crim9al1 :om !y say is puni%$ 9 ,hell1 by ! cont9ual fe> ( a big /one1 :i* seems z ?\gh x mu/ sudd5ly fall on 8 e>s4 ,!re are besides ! l>ge hall ( ! grotto1 "s r roomy corn]s1 :]e ! g5tlem5 ( ! neighborhood1 put _! v5ison to cool 9 summ]1 & we saw ! hooks1 :]e !y hang ! wild f[l4 ,x is true1 t :5 we 7 !re1 we saw nei!r game nor wild f[l1 & ,i ?9k1 t if we _h f\nd any ( x1 we 7 m5 to c>ry (f "s ( x4 ,we walk$ ar\nd = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r1 9 ?is ,froidi]e & we %\ld h /aid !re long] if ! cold _h n driv5 u out2 :i* /ruck 9 to our backs1 ev5 to make our tee? crack2 we reasc5d$ ! slope1 n =gett+1 all ( u z _m z we 71 to provide & load ourselves ) ice1 :i* s]v$ u at lun* 9 ! little village m5tion$ above to dr9k mo/ delightfully1 assur+ y t x is impossible to dr9k m fre%ly ?an we drank !n4 ,i ?\ght ( ^? old voluptu>ies1 :o cool$ _! w9e ) sn[1 & x seem$ to me1 z ?\gh !y might h _h x mu* *eap] if 9 _! "t !re _h be5 _m su* ,froidi]es1 to refre% x ) ice1 in/ead ( ) sn[1 z "s ( ! g5tlem5 ( ! neighborhood ( ! ,froidi]e & "s ( ! mo/ notable p]sons ( ! neighborhood ( ,bez5son d2 :o by night1 h a good supply br\ght on horses1 :i* !y keep 9 _! caves1 & use at _! meals & banquets4 ,turn+ back t[>ds ! ,imp]ial city ( ,bez5son1 ,i c>ri$ = ab\t two great leagues1 a r l>ge icicle 9 my h&s1 :i* little by little melt$ & 0 a pleasant & agreeable cool]1 on acc\nt ( ! great heat ( ! wea!r4 ,aft] hav+ ?\ght ov] 9 my m9d1 ! cause ( ?is antip]i/ase1 ,i c\ld f9d none o!r b ?is3 to wit1 t z heat dom9e]s 9 summ]1 ! cold retires to places l[ & subt]ranean1 su* z is ?is "o1 to :i* ! rays ( ! sun _c approa*1 & t 9 su* an aquatic & humid place1 x op]ates ! results1 :i* we h %[n above4 ,:i* seem$ to me s mu* m likely1 t on ask+ ! peasants ( ! neighbor+ village1 if 9 w9t] !re 0 ice 9 ?is ,froidi]e1 !y answ]$ me t !re 0 none1 & t on ! contr>y1 x 0 v w>m !re4 ,:atev] may be ! cause1 :e!r ?is or ano!r1 ,i c assure y1 t ,i admir$ ?is s+ul>ity z mu* z any ,i h se51 s9ce a l>ge *ur*1 cut into a rock :i* ,i _h se5 a few ye>s previ\sly1 9 a little t[n ( ,gascony call$ ,/4 ,milion1 di/ant sev5 leagues f ,bordeaux2 on ! /eeple ( :i* is ! cemet]y1 :]e !y bury ! dead2 a ?+ to be m>vell$ at by him :o has n se5 x4 ,i h made trial1 to enri* ?is missive1 ) all ! artifice :i* has come into my head1 us+ ! leisure1 :i* ! pres5t "t br+s me3 z ! temple ( ,janus is op51 ! air beyond brea?+ no?+ b w>3 :i* =ces me1 aga9/ my wi%1 to soj\rn 9 ?is place long] ?an ,i _h int5d$4 ,if ^! tr\bles settle d[n1 & if aft] ! ra91 ,god s5ds u f9e wea!r z requires ! calamit\s /ate 9 :i* is n[ ! flat c\ntry1 ,i %all return to my ,p>nassus2 f :i* if ,i g out h]eaft]1 believe t x w be v mu* 9 spite ( myself1 or t my w w h v mu* *ang$4 ,y w be able to let me he> f y !re1 & take y\r rev5ge = ! prolixity ( ?is lett]1 by s5d+ me "o /ill long]1 :i* y w write to me ) m pleasure1 z ,i %all take mu* 9 read+ x4 ,h[ev] z x is becom+ "t to s\nd taps1 ,i w pray ! sov]eign creator = my affectionate recomm5dations to y\r graces4 ,sir1 & be/ fri5d1 may y keep 9 heal? & h a long & happy life4 ,f ,s5s ?is #bj? ( ,june #aehe4 ,y\r ob$i5t fri5d1 ,,b5igne ,,poiss5ot4 ,end ( ! description ( ! m>vel1 call$ ! ,froidi]e4 ,! next notice ab\t ! ,glacire de ,*aux-les-,passavant is by ,gollut 9 #aeib1 z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,ices 9 summ]4 ,i d n wi% h[ev] to omit 7s9ce ,i am 9 ^! wat]s7 to br+ to m9d ! commodity1 :i* nature has giv5 to "s da9ty m51 s9ce at ! bottom ( a m\nta9 ( ,leugn ice is f\nd 9 summ]1 = ! pleasure ( ^? :o wi% to dr9k cool4 ,nev]!less at ?is "t1 ?is is disappe>+1 = no o!r reason 7z ,i ?9k7 except1 t !y h despoil$ ! top ( ! m\nta91 ( a ?ick & high mass ( woods1 :i* did n p]mit t ! rays ( ! sun came to w>m ! e>?1 & dry up ! di/illations1 :i* slipp$ d[n to ! l[e/ & colde/ "p ( ! m\nta9 :]e 7by antip]i/ase7 ! cold got ?ick]1 & contract$ itself aga9/ ! heats surr\nd+ & 9 ! neighborhood dur+ ! :ole summ]1 all ! ext]nal circumf]5ce ( ! m\nta94 ,! ice at ,*aux-les-,passavant is said to h be5 entirely cle>$ out1 by ! ,duc de ,lvi1 9 #agbg1 = ! use ( ! ,army ( ! ,saone4 ,9 #agdc1 :5 de ,cossigny visit$ ! cave1 ! ice 0 =m$ aga94 ,!re are no reports ab\t ! int]v5+ "t betwe5 #agbg & #agdc4 ,! ice probably all re-=m$ ! w9t] aft] x 0 tak5 away4 ,capta9 ,tr\illet 9 #ahhe writes ( ,*aux-les-,passavant3 ,! foll[+ w9t] _h %[n itself unfavorable to ! production ( ice1 ! p]iods ( humidity prec$+ too long ahead ! p]iods ( fro/4 ,f9ally la/ summ]1 com+ aft] a wet spr+1 0 exceptionally w>m4 ,su* 7 ! circum/ances :i* br\ght ab\t 9 ! glacire ! ru9 :i* c\ld be se5 at ! end ( la/ ,octob]4 99 99 99 ,on ! #aa? ( ,novemb]1 ! fir/ effects ( fro/ are felt & ! temp]ature falls 9 ! glacire to -#b3 outside ! !rmomet] drops to -#c4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #ab?1 same result1 & ice makes its appe>ance 9 ! grotto1 z ! report ( ! obs]v] %[s3 b ! quantity produc$ is s small t ! int]nal !rmomet] soon goes above #j4 ,x is only on ! #i? ( ,decemb] t ! fro/ w9s def9itely2 on ! #aa?1 #ab? & #ac? ! *ill is int5se & rea*es -#ai outside1 /opp+ at -#ae 9 ! glacire4 ,! wat] com+ f ! ra9s betwe5 ! #e? & ! #i? drip at ?is "t ?r\gh ! ro( & ! big side crevasse3 circum/ances gr[ favorable & ! ice accumulates4 ,f ! #ag?1 ! entrance slope becomes almo/ impracticable2 ! icicles gr[ on ! ro(1 z big z ! body ( a man4 99 99 99 ,f ?is "t to ! end ( ,decemb]1 ! ice %eet does n increase1 = wat] only arrives by ! r>e drip ( ! ro(1 & only ! /alactites increase sl[ly4 ,outside1 h[ev]1 ! cold cont9ues vigor\sly1 ! !rmomet] on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb] dropp+ to -#ae & to -#ac 9 ! glacire4 ,if ! production ( ! ice /ops1 x is n ! cold :i* is want+1 b ! o!r elem5t1 ! "o :i* z our =m] /udy %[$1 is ! mo/ r>ely exact at ! meet+4 ,! w9t] is only favorable on condition t x (f]s alt]nat+ p]iods ( freez+ & ?aw+2 s ! obs]v] writes 9 8 report3 'x is ! wat] :i* is want+1 o!rwise ! glacire w\ld be magnific5t4' ,tr\illet speaks ( ! difficulty ( w9t] obs]vations 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,mons4 ,briot1 ! pres5t lessor ( ! glacire1 has ! unpaid mission ( go+ e week to ! bottom ( ! grotto to get & put 9 place ! int]ior !rmomet]4 ,x is a really h>d piece ( "w at ?is "t ( ! ye>3 ea* j\rney takes ab\t "o h\r4 ,besides ! *ance t a visitor has ( receiv+ on 8 head "o ( ^? magnific5t /alactites #a met] or #b met]s long :i* fall cont9ually f ! ro(1 x is p]fectly disagreeable to him to arrive at ! base ( ! slope o!rwise ?an on ! sole ( 8 boots1 & to face ?us ! frequ5t & pa9ful meet+ ) rocks ^: angul> edges dot ! surface ( ! desc5t1 smoo? z a mirror set at an angle ( #cj4 ,tr\illet & ,gir>dot obta9$ a s]ies ( obs]vations ) maxima & m9ima !rmomet]s at ,*aux-les-,passavant dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahhe-ahhf4 ,at ! end ( ,novemb] ! temp]ature inside 0 #b4 ,on ! #b;d ( ,decemb] x rose to #b4e4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,decemb]1 x sank to -#a1 & aft] ?is date1 x rema9$ bel[ freez+ po9t all w9t]4 ,! obs]vations 7 n cont9u\s1 b !y %[$ t e "t ! temp]ature outside dropp$ consid]ably1 ! temp]ature inside imm$iately did likewise4 ,= in/ance1 on ! #ab? ( ,janu>y1 ! outside air dropp$ to -#ah1 & ! inside air respond$ by fall+ to -#ae4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! temp]ature outside rose above freez+ po9t1 ! temp]ature inside rema9$ /ation>y or fluctuat$ only g5tly4 ,= in/ance1 f ! #bd? ( ,m>* to ! #h? ( ,april1 ! outside air w5t up & d[n p]petually1 ! extremes be+ -#b & #af2 :ile 9 ! same "t ! inside air rose cont9u\sly f -#b to -#j4e4 ,w9dholes & ,ice ,=mations ne> ,gr>dm]1 ,vosges4 7,rozet1 9 ,encyclopdie ,mod]ne1 ,didot ,frres1 ,p>is1 #ahec1 vol4 ,,xvi41 page #ejc47 ,l',abime du ,creux-,p]c or ,glacire de ,pasques4 7,m>tel1 ,les ,abimes1 #ahid1 page #cid2 ,annuaire du ,club ,alp9 ,franais1 vol4 ,,xix41 page #ch47--,on ! plateau ( ,langres1 ,cte d',or4 ,x lies #ae kilomet]s f ,dijon1 & is really a lime/one rock gorge1 ( #ee met]s 9 dep?1 :i* at ! top is #dj met]s long & #bj met]s wide1 & at ! bottom is #ae met]s long & #ab met]s wide4 ,9 ,m>* #ahib1 ,mons4 ,m>tel f\nd ! nor? side cov]$ ) l>ge icicles #ae met]s long4 ,! ice seems to rema9 ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! bottom ( ! ,abime has be5 rea*$ only by means ( two long rope ladd]s4 ,creux de ,*evro*e or ,ro*e ,*vre1 ,cte d',or4 7,clm5t ,drioton1 ,mmoires de la ,socit de ,splologie1 #ahig1 vol4 ,i41 page #bji47--;,9 ! woods ( ,mavilly1 ne> ,bligny-sur-,ou*es1 is a little cave1 call$ ,creux de ,*evro*e or ,ro*e-,*vre1 :]e "o c f9d ice until ! mon? ( ,july4 ,freez+ ,well ( ,m>olles1 at ,la ,f]t-,milon1 ,aisne4 7,m>tel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #efc1 note #b47--,?is well is #h4ae met]s deep2 ! altitude is #gj met]s4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahib-ic ! wat] 9 x froze = a ?ickness ( #ae c5timet]s4 ,! m9imum outside temp]ature t ye> 0 -#ag4 ,w9dholes ne> ,pontgibaud1 ,puy de ,dome4 7,g4 ,p\lett-,scrope1 ,! ,geology & ,ext9ct ,volcanoes ( ,c5tral ,france1 #aheh1 page #fj47--,^! w9dholes are 9 basalt4 ,!re are _m cracks1 :5ce cold air curr5ts issue1 & :]e ice has be5 f\nd1 sometimes 9 summ]4 ,!re are cold /orage huts ov] "s ( ! cracks4 ,le ,creux-de-,s\ci1 ,puy de ,dome4 7,m>tel1 ,les ,abimes1 #ahid1 ,page #chg47--,?is is situat$ #e kilomet]s s\!a/ ( ,besse-en-,*&esse4 ,x is a l>ge lava cav]n ) ! entrance directly 9 ! middle ( ! ro(4 ,! bottom is p>tly fill$ by a lake4 ,! dep? f ! surface ( ! gr\nd to ! lake is #cc met]s2 f ! smalle/ "p ( ! op5+ to ! lake ! dep? is #ba4ej met]s4 ,d[n ?is la/ portion "o c desc5d only by means ( a rope ladd]4 ,! temp]ature is extremely l[2 9 g5]al ne> freez+ po9t4 ,9 ,june1 ,july1 ,augu/ & ,novemb] #ahib1 ,monsieur ,b]?\le1 maire ( ,besse1 did n f9d any sn[4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,augu/1 #ahic1 on ! contr>y1 he f\nd at ! bottom a heap ( sn[1 :i* he ?9ks 0 =m$ 9 ! cave itself1 by ! freez+ dur+ _! desc5t ( ! drops ( wat] :i* are con/antly dripp+ f ! ro(4 ,he reports l&+ on une montagne de neige1 de neige blan*e4 ,on sev]al visits1 ,mons4 ,b]?\le notic$ c>bonic acid gas 9 dang]\s quantities4 ,!re 0 none at ! "t he obs]v$ ! sn[ heap1 b t5 days lat] he f\nd x impossible to desc5d into ! cave z ! c>bonic acid gas came up 9 puffs to ! entrance4 ,9 ! lake1 ,mons4 ,b]?\le discov]$ a v>iety ( ,rotif]1 ,no?olca longisp9a1 & also sev]al alg & diatoms4 ,! ,a/]ionella =mosa is ! mo/ rem>kable f its abundance3 x exi/s 9 "s ( ! lakes ( ! ,alps1 b n 9 ^? ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,av5 de ,l\ ,c]vi1 ,vaucluse4 7,m>tel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #efc47--,?is is a cold cave4 ,x belongs to ! class :i* ,mons4 ,m>tel calls av5s rtrcissem5t1 or abimes d\ble orifice4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahib1 ,mons4 ,m>tel not$ a temp]ature ( #f4e at #ec met]s2 ( #f4h at #fd met]s4 ,mean temp]ature ( locality1 #h4ge4 ,igue de ,biau1 ,lot4 7,m>tel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #cjd47--;,cold cave4 ,temp]ature on #ac? ,july1 #ahia3 #e4 ,fosse ,mobile1 ,*>5te4 7,m>tel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #chj47--;,cold cave4 ,temp]ature on #aa? ,april1 #ahic3 #g4 ,av5 de ,deid\1 ,causse ,mjean4 7,m>tel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #bbc47--;,cold cave4 ,temp]atures on #ad? ,octob]1 #ahib3 outside air1 #d2 at bottom1 #f4e4 ,av5 des ,oules1 ,causse ,mjean4 7,m>tel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #bbg47--;,cold cave4 ,temp]atures on #ba/ ,octob]1 #ahib3 outside air1 #b4e2 at bottom1 #d4 ,w9dhole ,cold ,caves ne> ,roque=t1 ,aveyron4--,!y lie #ac kilomet]s f ,millau1 at an altitude ( ab\t #fjj met]s1 & are utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,roque=t *eese4 ,av5 de ,c>let1 ne> la ,ro*e ,giron1 ,basses ,alpes4 7,m>tel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #ec47--,lumps ( ice are report$ to h be5 tak5 f x4 ,la ,p\jade1 ,cv5nes4 7,m>tel1 ,les ,abimes1 pages #bab-bae47--;,an int]mitt5t spr+ 9 lime/one rock4 ,at ! bottom ( ! fir/ gall]y1 on ! #ah? ( ,septemb]1 #ahib1 ! temp]ature ( ! air 0 #ab4c1 & t ( a pool ( wat] suppli$ by drip #aa4e4 ,mons4 ,m>tel ?\ght t ! drip br\ght to ! pool ! mean annual temp]ature ( ! gr\nd ?r\gh :i* x _h come4 ,a little fur!r )9 & #e met]s l[]1 ! temp]ature ( ! air 0 #g4c & t ( ano!r pool ( wat] #f4h4 ,?is pool 0 n suppli$ by drip & mu/ h be5 left ov] by ! la/ fl[ ( ! spr+4 ,mons4 ,m>tel ?\ght t ! l[] temp]atures at ?is spot 7 due to ! cold air ( w9t] dropp+ to ! bottom ( ! cave & on acc\nt ( its d5sity n be+ able to get out4 ,sn[ ,pres]v$ 9 ,*asms 9 ! ,italian ,m\nta9s4 7,! ,p5ny ,magaz9e1 ,london1 ,augu/1 #ahcd1 page #cce47--,mr4 ,bun=d ,samuel call$ my att5tion to an article 9 :i* ! ,s\!rn ,italians are said to dig wells or cell>s on ! m\nta9 sides1 & to ?r[ sn[ into !m 9 w9t]4 ,! sn[ is well press$ toge!r & /raw1 dri$ leaves1 etc41 is ?r[n on top4 ,by hav+ a nor!rn exposure = ^! pits1 & see+ t !y are 9 ?ick =e/1 or 9 rifts :]e ! sun does n p5etrate1 ^! depots may be safely plac$ z l[ d[n ! m\nta9 z ! sn[ falls & lies4 ,naples is l>gely suppli$ #ahcd ) sn[ 9 summ] f su* sn[ wells situat$ on ,monte ,angelo1 ! l(tie/ po9t ( ! promontory sep>at+ ! ,bay ( ,naples f ! ,bay ( ,sal]no4 ,cold ,caves ( ,san ,m>9o1 ,ap5n9es4 7,de ,saussure1 ,voyages dans les ,alpes1 #agif1 ,,iii41 page #baa47--,^! are probably w9dholes4 ,la ,boc*e dei ,v5ti di ,cesi4 7,de ,saussure1 ,voyages dans les ,alpes1 #agif1 ,,iii41 page #baa47--,^! w9dholes 7 9 ! cell> ( ! h\se ( ,don ,giuseppe ,cesi1 9 ! t[n ( ,cesi4 ,! cell> act$ z a natural refrig]ator4 ,! air /ream 0 s /rong1 t x ne>ly blew out ! tor*es4 ,9 w9t] ! w9d ru%$ into ! holes4 ,de ,saussure 0 %[n ! foll[+ ,lat9 v]ses by ! own]3-- ,abditus hic ludit v>io discrim9e v5tus ,et faciles miros exhibet aura jocos4 ,nam si bruma riget1 quaecumque objec]is haurit4 ,evomit ae/ivo cum calet igne dies1 ,w9dholes or ,v5t>ole on ,monte ,te/aceo1 ne> ,rome4 7,de ,saussure1 ,voyages dans les ,alpes1 #agif1 ,,iii41 page #bji47--,!re are a numb] "h among heaps ( brok5 pott]y4 ,! temp]atures seem abnormally l[4 ,krypta ,sorana4 7,kir*]1 ,mundus ,subt]raneus1 #affd1 page #aah & page #bci47--,?is has be5 spok5 ( z a glacire cave1 b z !re is mu* d\bt 9 ! matt]1 ,i quote ! passages1 on :i* ! reports are bas$1 9 ! orig9al ,lat93 ,cryptae sunt naturales1 qu>um innum]ae sunt species1 juxta vires naturales iis inditas4 ,sunt nonnullae m$ic9ali virtute pra$itae1 qua$am metallicis vaporibus1 exhalationibus1 aquis scat5t1 sunt et glaciales1 pl5ae nivibus et cry/allo1 uti 9 ,monte ,sorano me vidisse mem9i4 ,& fur!r3 ,vidi ego 9 ,monte ,sorano cryptam veluti glacie incru/atam1 +5tibus 9 =nice h9c inde /iriis dep5d5tibus1 e quibus vic9i montis accolae pocula ae/ivo tempore conficiunt1 aquae v9oque1 quae iis infunduntur1 refrig]&is aptissima1 extremo rigore 9 summas bib5tium delicias commutato4 ,subt]ranean ,ice ,%eet1 ,m\nt ,etna1 ,sicily4 7,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 #aa? ,edition1 *apt] ,,xxvi47--,?is ice %eet is ne> ! ,casa ,+lese4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell asc]ta9$ ! fact ( its exi/5ce 9 #ahbh1 & 9 #aheh he f\nd ! same mass ( ice1 ( unkn[n ext5t & ?ickness1 /ill unmelt$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! w9t] ( #ahbh1 ,lyell f\nd ! crevices 9 ! int]ior ( ! summit ( ! highe/ cone ( ,etna encru/$ ) ?ick ice1 & 9 "s cases hot vapors actually /ream+ out betwe5 masses ( ice & ! rugg$ & /eep walls ( ! crat]4 ,lyell acc\nts = ?is ice %eet by ! explanation t !re mu/ h be5 a great sn[ bank 9 exi/5ce at ! "t ( an eruption ( ! volcano4 ,?is deep mass ( sn[ mu/ h be5 cov]$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! eruption by volcanic s& %[]$ on x1 foll[$ by a /ream ( lava4 ,! s& is a bad conductor ( heat & toge!r ) ! solidifi$ lava1 pres]v$ ! sn[ f liquefaction4 ,glacire on ! ,moncod9e4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ac47--,! ,moncod9e is describ$ z a ,dolomite ne> ! ,lago di ,como4 ,! cave lies up ! ,val ,sas9a1 two h\rs f ,cort5uova1 at an altitude ( #afge met]s4 ,! entrance faces nor?1 & is #b4e met]s high & #a4e met]s wide4 ,! av]age diamet] ( ! cave is #af met]s4 ,! floor is solid ice1 :i* has be5 sometimes cut = use 9 ! hotels on ! ,lago di ,como & ev5 be5 s5t to ,milan4 ,la ,ghiacciaia del ,mondole4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #h47--,! ,mondole is a m\nta9 #bcge met]s high1 ne> ,mondovi1 s\? ( ,tur94 ,! cave lies on ! ea/]n slope1 at an altitude ( ab\t #bjjj met]s4 ,x is h>d to get at4 ,! entrance is to ! ea/1 & is #b met]s wide & #a4e met]s high4 ,a passageway "s #be met]s long leads to a l>ge *amb] :]e !re is pl5ty ( ice4 ,9 hot summ]s ice is br\ght f ! cave to ,mondovi4 ,ghiacciaia means freez+ cav]n 9 ,italian4 ,la ,ghiacciaia del ,val ,sguret4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #h47--;,x lies ne> ,susa at ! base ( *alk cliffs1 at an altitude ( ab\t #aejj met]s4 ,! cave is said to be ab\t #dj met]s deep1 #ej met]s wide & #ej met]s high4 ,bonetti 9 ,may1 #ahgd1 f\nd _m icicles & ice cones4 ,la ,borna de la ,glace4 7,*ano9e ,c>rel1 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle de ,g5ve1 #ahda1 vol4 ,,xxxiv41 page #aif47--;,x lies 9 ! ,du*y ( ,ao/a1 commune ( ,la ,salle1 on ! nor!rn slope ( ! hills ne> ,*abauday1 9 a spot call$ ,plan ,agex4 ,! altitude is #afjb met]s4 ,! entrance op5s to ! ea/ & is #fj c5timet]s wide & #hj c5timet]s high4 ,"o c desc5d = #d met]s4 ,!re are two bran*es 9 ! re> ( ! entrance4 ,*ano9e ,c>rel f\nd an ice pill> #a met] high 9 ! we/]n bran*4 ,he record$ ^! temp]atures on ! #ae? ( ,july1 #ahda3 ,outside #ae4 ,entrance #b4i4 ,ea/ bran* #j4i4 ,we/ bran* #j4e4 ,w9dholes 9 ! ,italian ,alps4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 pages #id-ig47--;,a numb] ( ^! seem to h abnormally l[ temp]atures4 ,"s are 9 ! m\nta9s ar\nd ,*iav5na1 & are sometimes1 by build+ small huts ov] !m1 utiliz$ z refrig]ators4 ,"s are report$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,lago di ,como ne> ,dongo1 ne> ,m5aggio1 & 9 ! villa ,pl9iana ne> ,cur9o2 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,lake ( ,lugano at ! base ( ,monte ,capr9o1 ne> ,melide1 ne> ,m5drisio & ne> ,s]tell9o2 & 9 ! ,val ,maggia ne> ,cevio4 ,! ,glacire de ,font d',urle1 or ,fondurle1 ,dauph94 7,hric>t de ,?ury1 ,annales des ,m9es1 vol4 ,,xxxiii41 page #aeg2 ,g4 ,f4 ,br[ne1 ,ice ,caves1 etc41 page #bab2 ,e4 ,a4 ,m>tel1 ,mmoires de la ,socit de ,splologie1 vol4 ,i41 page #cg2 ,l4 ,vill>d1 ,splunca1 #ahif1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #ci47--;,x lies on ! ,foire de ,font d',urle1 #af kilomet]s nor? ( ,di1 #dh kilomet]s ea/ ( ,val5ce1 & #hj kilomet]s s\? ( ,gr5oble4 ,! glacire consi/s ( two l>ge pits1 ly+ ea/ & we/1 & ) und]gr\nd communication4 ,f ?is tunnel a long l[ ar*way leads to a broad slope ( *aotic blocks ( /one1 :i* is #fj met]s long & #db met]s 9 greate/ wid?4 ,! ice beg9s half way d[n ?is slope1 fitfully at fir/ & aft]w>ds 9 a tol]ably cont9u\s %eet4 ,?ury f\nd _m icicles hang+ f ! ro(4 ,br[ne f\nd f\r columns ( ice1 ( :i* ! l>ge/ 0 #e4hj met]s across ! base4 ,on 8 visit1 9 ! middle ( ,augu/1 ! ice 0 /rongly ?aw+4 ,bo? explor]s not$ ! extremely prismatic "* ( ! ice4 ,br[ne f\nd a temp]ature ( #j4e4 ,m>tel gives a section & plan ( ,font d',urle4 ,mons4 ,vill>d says ab\t ?is cav]n3 ,a curi\s ?+3 ,i f\nd 9 ?is cave1 motionless on a piece ( rock1 entirely surr\nd$ by ice = a di/ance ( sev]al met]s1 a bl9d specim5 ( a coleopt]a1 ,cytodromus dapsodes4 ,! ,*\run ,clot4 7,e4 ,a4 ,m>tel1 ,s\s ,t]re4 ,annuaire du ,club ,alp9 ,franais1 vol4 ,,xxiii41 #ahif1 pages #db1 #dc2 ,mmoires de la ,socit de ,splologie1 vol4 ,i41 page #ca47--;,9 ,dauph91 half way betwe5 ,agnires & ! ,pic ,co/ebelle1 at an altitude ( #a1gdj met]s4 ,!re is fir/ a pit #ah met]s long1 #d4ej met]s wide & #be met]s deep4 ,9 ! bottom ( ?is is a v]tical hole #ae met]s deep & f #a met] to #b met]s 9 diamet]1 9 :i* !re 0 mu* ice on ! #ca/ ( ,july1 #ahif4 ,!n ! pit *anges to a slop+ gall]y :i* t]m9ates 9 a little hall1 full ( ice1 at a dep? ( #gj met]s4 ,m>tel gives a cut & section ( ?is glacire4 ,! ,glacire du ,tr\ de ,glas4 7,e4 ,a4 ,m>tel1 ,la ,gographie1 #aijj1 vol4 ,i41 page #eb47--;,9 ! range ( ! ,gr&e ,*>treuse4 ,! ,*\run ,m>t94 7,e4 ,a4 ,m>tel1 ,la ,gographie1 #aijj1 vol4 ,i41 page #ec47--;,9 ! range ( ! ,dvoluy1 ,hautes-,alpes2 altitude #a1ehj met]s4 ,an extremely deep pit1 :i* on ,july #ca/1 #ahii1 0 mu* block$ up ) sn[4 ,! ,*\run de la ,p>za4 7,e4 ,a4 ,m>tel1 ,la ,gographie1 #aijj1 vol4 ,i41 page #ed47--;,9 ! range ( ! ,dvoluy1 ,hautes-,alpes2 altitude #a1gbe met]s4 ,a f9e pit1 #be met]s 9 diamet]1 & #gd met]s 9 dep?4 ,fill$ ) sn[ or r nv1 9 :i* are deep holes4 ,! ,glacire de l',haut-d',avi]noz4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #b4 7,c4 ,dunant1 ,le ,p>melan et ses ,lapiaz1 page #bf2 ,br[ne1 ,ice ,caves1 etc41 page #aeg47--,mons4 ,dunant calls ?is glacire l',haut d',avi]noz2 ,mr4 ,br[ne calls x ! ,glacire du ,gr& ,anu4 ,by a plumb l9e held f ! edge ( ! l>g] pit1 ,br[ne f\nd t ! ice floor 0 ab\t #ce met]s f ! surface1 :i* w\ld give a level = ! ice floor closely id5tical to ! "o ,i f\nd4 ,9 ,july1 #ahfd1 he record$ a temp]ature ( #a4a4 ,! ,glacire de l',enf]4 7,g4 ,f4 ,br[ne1 ,good ,words1 ,novemb]1 #ahff2 ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney1 ,! ,alp9e ,regions1 #ahfh1 pages #ie1 #if2 ,c4 ,dunant1 ,le ,p>melan et ses ,lapiaz1 page #be47--,on ,mont ,p>melan4 ,a pit cave ) a /eep slope ( brok5 rock lead+ to a rock portal 9 ! face ( a l[ cliff4 ,?is op5s into a r\ghly circul> hall ab\t #bb met]s 9 diamet] & #c met]s to #d met]s 9 height4 ,a *9k betwe5 ! rock & ! ice p]mitt$ ,mr4 ,br[ne to scramble d[n ?ree or f\r met]s to :]e a tunnel ent]$ ! ice mass4 ,?r[+ a log ( wood d[n ?is tunnel1 a cra% 0 he>d & !n a spla% ( wat]1 & !n a /range gulp+ s\nd4 ,! tunnel obvi\sly l$ to a subglacial res]voir & ?is 0 probably cov]$ by a ?9 cru/ ( ice2 ! log 9 fall+ _h brok5 ?is & !n di/urb$ ! wat] bel[1 :i* !n comm5c$ bubbl+ up & d[n ?r\gh ! hole1 & mak+ a gulp+ noise1 j z x does sometimes :5 oscillat+ up & d[n 9 a pipe4 ,mons4 ,c4 ,dunant ( ! ,club ,alp9 ,franais describes a visit to ! ,glacire de l',enf]4 ,he m5tions also a leg5d ( a wit* f a neighbor+ village :o w\ld get ! ice f ^! caves & br+ x d[n 9 ! %ape ( hail on ! crops ( ! peasants :o 7 inhospitable to h]4 ,! ,glacire de ,*apuis4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #e4 7,br[ne1 ,ice ,caves1 etc41 page #ahb1 & ,good ,words1 ,novemb]1 #ahff47--,mr4 ,br[ne calls x ! ,glacire de ,*appet-,sur-,villaz4 ,mr4 ,br[ne & ,pr(essor ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney f\nd sev]al flies 9 ! ,glacire de ,*apuis4 ,?ree ( !m 7 specim5s ( ,/5ophylax1 ! l>ge/ be+ probably1 b n c]ta9ly1 ,s4 hi]oglyphicus ( ,/eph5s4 ,two small] caddis flies 7 ei!r ,s4 te/aceus ( ,pictet or "s closely alli$ species4 ,"o o!r insect 0 an i*neumon ( ! g5us ,paniscus1 ( an unid5tifi$ species4 ,x diff]$ f all its cong5]s 9 ! m>k+ ( ! ?roat1 resembl+ 9 ?is respect "s species ( ,ophion4 ,mr4 ,br[ne ?9ks t ! case flies may h be5 wa%$ into ! cave someh[ or o!r 9 ! l>va =m1 & come to maturity on ! ice :]e !y _h lodg$4 ,b ?is explanation w n hold 9 ! case ( ! i*neumon1 :i* is a p>asitic g5us on l>v ( t]re/rial insects4 ,! ,glacire de ,le ,brezon4 7,pictet1 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle de ,g5ve1 #ahbb1 vol4 ,,xx41 page #bgj1 & ,?ury1 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle de ,g5ve1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,x41 pages #aci & #aeb47--;,x lies s\!a/ ( ,bonneville ne> ! foot ( ,m\nt ,le*aud1 at an altitude ( #abgf met]s4 ,! cave is #i4g met]s long1 ab\t #h met]s wide & ! greate/ height is ab\t #d met]s4 ,! entrance is small & is at ! base ( a cliff1 9 "s places ( :i* cold air curr5ts issue4 ,! ice lies on ! floor4 ,"s ( x is probably w9t] sn[4 ,! ,glacire de ,brisons4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #a4 ,! ,gr& ,cave de ,mont>quis4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #gj4 7,?ury1 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle de ,g5ve1 vol4 ,x41 pages #ace-aec47--,pr(essor ,?ury describes two visits to ?is cave4 ,on ! #af? ( ,augu/1 #ahei1 he f\nd no ice /alactites or /alagmites4 ,on ! #ai? ( ,janu>y1 #ahfa1 he did n f9d a s+le drop ( wat] 9 ! cave1 b _m /alactites & /alagmites ( beautiful cle> ice1 "o ( :i* resembl$ porcela9 m ?an any o!r sub/ance4 ,9 ,augu/1 ,?ury f\nd an air curr5t /ream+ into ! cave at ! re>1 b ?is did n1 h[ev]1 di/urb ! air ( ! int]ior1 = 9 "o "p x 0 9 p]fect equilibrium3 along ! l9e ( ! draughts ! ice 0 m melt$ ?an else:]e 9 ! cave4 ,9 ,janu>y1 ! curr5t 0 rev]s$ & p\r$ into ! fissure1 ) ! temp]ature v>y+ betwe5 -#a4e & -#b4e4 ,he obs]v$ ! foll[+ temp]atures at ! ,gr& ,cave3-- ,,"t4 ,,outside4 ,,inside4 #af? ,augu/1 #ahei #h4f #b4e #ai? ,janu>y1 #ahfa #a4be ,p4 ,m4 #b4f -#d4 #b4ab #b4a -#d4 #c4ej -#a4a -#d4 ,! ,petite ,cave de ,mont>quis4 ,m5tion$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ga4 7,?ury1 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle de ,g5ve1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,x41 page #aej4 ,also quotes ,mor947--,at ! end ( a crook$ fissure #aj met]s deep1 a passage #f met]s long1 leads into a cave #h met]s high & #e met]s 9 diamet]4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahbh1 ,mor9 f\nd an ice /alagmite ( #e met]s 9 height 9 ! middle ( ! cave4 ,cave ,conta9+ ,ice on ! ,s\!rn ,%ore ( ,lake ,g5eva4--,report$2 no in=mation4 ,! ,glacire & ,neigire d',arc-,s\s-,cicon4 7,br[ne1 ,ice ,caves1 etc41 page #aah47--,^! lie close toge!r 9 ! ,jura ab\t tw5ty kilomet]s f ,pont>li]4 ,! little glacire is =m$ by a numb] ( fissures 9 ! rock1 disconnect$ slits 9 ! surface op5+ into l>g] *amb]s :]e ! ice lies4 ,! neigire is a deep pit1 ) a collection ( sn[ at ! bottom1 mu* %elt]$ by ov]hang+ rocks & trees4 ,a huge fall5 rock cov]s a l>ge "p ( ! slop+ bottom ( ! pit1 :i* =ms a small cave 9 ! %ape ( a r\nd soldi]'s t5t1 ) walls ( rock & floor ( ice4 ,! ,glacire de la ,g5ollire4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #dh4 7,br[ne1 ,ice ,caves1 etc41 page #a47--,mr4 ,br[ne obs]v$ 9 #ahfd a temp]ature ( #a4a1 & two days lat] ( #j4h4 ,he also f\nd a numb] ( flies runn+ rapidly ov] ! ice & /ones4 ,he 0 told 9 ,engl&1 f ! specim5 he br\ght away1 t x 0 ! ,/5ophylax hi]oglyphicus ( ,/eph5s or some?+ v l t fly4 ,! ,glacire de ,sa9t-,georges4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #fb4 7,?ury1 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle de ,g5ve1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,x47--,pr(essor ,?ury obta9$ ! foll[+ temp]atures at ! ,glacire de ,sa9t-,georges3-- ,,outside4 ,,inside4 #i? ,janu>y1 #aheh #g4cf ,p4 ,m41 -#d4e #g4af ,p4 ,m41 -#j4f #g4bj -#a4b #g4bg -#b4e #g4ej -#b4i ,m9imum ( night -#e4h -#d4i #aj? ,janu>y1 #aheh #aj4ec ,a4 ,m41 -#c4d #aj4ab ,a4 ,m41 -#d4f #aa4ad -#c4a #aj4cj -#d4e #aa4de -#b4b #aa4bj -#d4d #ab4cb ,p4 ,m41 -#b4d #ab4ad ,p4 ,m41 -#d4d #a4ab -#j4i #a4cj -#d4b #c4jc -#b4i #b4cj -#d4a #c4ef -#c4e #c4ad -#d4j #d4bf -#c4g #d4jj -#c4h ,m9imum ( night -#g4f -#f4h #aa? ,janu>y1 #aheh #i4cd ,a4 ,m41 -#e4f #b;d ,april1 #aheh #f4bj ,p4 ,m41 #j4g -#j4b ,m9imum ( night #a4a #c;d ,april1 #aheh #aj4jj ,a4 ,m41 #d4j #i4jj ,a4 ,m41 -#a4j ,pr(essor ,?ury's w9t] excursions caus$ him to accept z prov$ t "p ( ! m\nta9e]s' belief1 :i* holds t !re is no ice =m$ 9 caves 9 w9t]4 ,"o ( ! ma9 gr\nds = 8 op9ion 0 ! s]ies ( obs]vations he made 9 ! ,glacire de ,sa9t-,georges4 ,he f\nd no ice =m+ !re 9 w9t] & ! natives said x did n because ! cav]n 0 n cold en\gh4 ,s he plac$ l>ge di%es fill$ ) wat] 9 ! cave & f\nd t !y froze solid dur+ ! night1 :i* he _h be5 assur$ 0 impossible4 ,?ury also f\nd viol5t movem5ts ( ! air at ,sa9t-,georges 9 ,janu>y1 #aheh4 ,a c&le burn$ /eadily = "s "t1 b at #g4af ,p4 ,m4 x began to flick] & soon incl9$ d[nw>ds ?r\gh an angle ( ab\t #de2 & 9 ! entrance1 ! flame assum$ an almo/ horizontal position4 ,at #h ,p4 ,m41 ! curr5t ( air ne>ly disappe>$4 ,?ury ?\ght t ?is viol5t & tempor>y di/urbance ( equilibrium 0 due to ! fact t z ! heavi] air outside t5d$ to pass into ! cave1 ! less cold air )9 t5d$ to pass out2 & ! n>r[ entrance conf9+ ! /ruggle to a small area1 ! weak] curr5t 0 able = a :ile to hold its own4 ,! ,glacire du ,pr de ,sa9t-,livres4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #fe4 7,br[ne1 ,ice ,caves1 page #dj47--,mr4 ,br[ne f\nd1 9 #ahfd1 a temp]ature ( #j4 ,! ,petite ,glacire du ,pr de ,sa9t-,livres4 7,br[ne1 ,ice ,caves1 page #df47--,?is is ne> ! la/ cave at a slightly high] altitude4 ,!re is fir/ a small pit1 !n a little cave1 9 :i* !re is an ice slope4 ,?is passes "u a l[ ar* 9 ! rock wall1 & leads d[n into ano!r small cave4 ,mr4 ,br[ne desc5d$ ?is ice /ream1 :i* 0 itself practically a fissure column & spread into ! fan %ape at ! base4 ,! l[] cave 0 #bb met]s long & #aa met]s wide1 & conta9$ an ice floor & sev]al fissure columns4 ,! ,glacire de ,naye1 above ,montreux1 ,switz]l&4 7,e4 ,a4 ,m>tel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #cig2 ,splunca1 #ahie1 vol4 ,i41 pages #ajg1 #ajh2 ,mmoires de la ,socit de ,splologie1 vol4 ,,iii41 pages #bdf-bed47--,?is is call$ a glaci] s\t]ra94 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 #ahic by ,pr(essor ,dutoit4 ,!re are fifty-f\r caves kn[n among ! ,ro*]s de ,naye1 & only ?is "o conta9s ice4 ,x is a long n>r[ cave ) two entrances & wide/ t[>ds ! base1 :i* op5s ov] a precipice4 ,! altitude is high1 ! upp] entrance be+ at an altitude ( #ahbj met]s1 & ! l[] ( #agej met]s4 ,! place is bo? a passage cave & a w9dhole4 ,! sn[ falls into ! upp] entrance1 & slides d[n1 becom+ ice 9 ! l[] portion4 ,!re are o!r connect+ passages & holl[s :]e ! cold air _c get 91 & !re ice does n =m4 ,mons4 ,m>tel ?9ks t ! ice =m$ dur+ ! w9t] is pres]v$ by ! draughts--due to ! diff]5ce 9 level ( ! two op5+s--caus+ an evaporation & *ill suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,! ,creux ,b\rqu94 7,e4 ,a4 ,m>tel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #cig47--;,at ,maub]get1 ne> ,gr&son4 ,?is is a rock gorge #be met]s deep4 ,at ! bottom1 on ! #i? ( ,july1 #ahic1 0 a mass ( ice #ch met]s long & #h met]s wide4 ,! ,glacire de ,mon?zy4 7,br[ne1 ,ice ,caves1 page #ig47--,?is lies to ! we/ ( ,neuf*tel1 betwe5 ! ,val de ,trav]s & ! ,val de ,brv9e1 on ! pa? betwe5 ! villages ( ,c\vet & ,le ,brv9e1 at an altitude ( #aajj met]s4 ,! cave is ne>ly oval 9 %ape1 ) a l5g? ( #cd met]s & a wid? ( #bi met]s4 ,! ro( is f #a met] to #c met]s high4 ,!re are ?ree pits1 ab\t #bj met]s deep1 on diff]5t sides ( ! cave4 ,! desc5t is made ?r\gh ! l>ge/ pit4 ,on ! #f? ( ,july1 #ahfd1 ,mr4 ,br[ne f\nd ! floor ( ! cave cov]$ ) ice1 & icicles & columns 9 "s places2 he also saw a clump ( c[slips 7primula elatior7 ov]hang+ ! sn[ at ! bottom ( ! pit ?r\gh :i* he desc5d$4 ,p]tius ,freiss4 7,t4 ,g4 ,bonney1 ,nature1 vol4 ,,xi41 page #cbg47--;,x lies on ! way to ! ,pic d',arz9ol1 ne> ,evolne1 9 ! ,val d',hr5s4 ,a slip or subsid5ce ( "p ( a cliff has op5$ two jo9ts 9 ! rock1 9 bo? ( :i* fissures ,pr(essor ,bonney f\nd ice on ,july #bc;d4 ,! ,s*aflo*4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ba4 7,krb]1 ,jahrbu* des ,s*weiz] ,alp5 ,club1 #ahhe1 vol4 ,,xx41 pages #caf1 #cdc47--;,h]r ,krb] gives "s ( ! dim5sions z foll[s3 ,entrance #ad met]s wide & #d4gj met]s high4 ,l5g? ( cave #bjf4h met]s3 av]age wid? #bj met]s & greate/ wid? #bc4e met]s4 ,height f #e met]s to #g met]s4 ,l5g? ( ice slope #bi met]s & bread? #ab4e met]s2 = #af met]s ! slope has an incl9ation ( #cb4 ,krb] made ! foll[+ obs]vations 9 ! ,s*aflo*3-- #ad ,,met]s #ajj ,,met]s #afj ,,met]s ,,date4 ,,outside4 ,,f ,,f ,,f ,,entrance4 ,,entrance4 ,,entrance4 #ba ,septemb]1 #ahhd1 #aj4e #e4f #j4b #j4b #ah ,janu>y1 #ahhe1 #b4g -#a4j -#a4c -- ,! ,rev4 ,g4 ,f4 ,br[ne1 9 #ahfd1 f\nd a temp]ature ( #j4e4 ,! ,eislo* ( ,unt]fluh4 7,baltz]1 ,jahrbu* des ,s*weiz] ,alp5 ,club1 #ahib-ic1 pages #ceh-cfb47--,tw5ty m9utes f ,unt]fluh ne> ,meir+54 ,a long n>r[ rock crack1 "s #cj met]s deep & runn+ "s di/ance und]gr\nd4 ,w9dholes & ,milkh\ses ( ,seelisb]g4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #de4 ,w9dholes on ! ,spitzfluh4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ib47--,^! are situat$ betwe5 ,olt+5 & ,zeyl+51 ,canton ,ble3 !y g5]ally conta9 ice till ! end ( ,july4 ,w9dholes on ! ,blummatt4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ic47--,on ! nor?we/]n slope ( ! ,/anz]b]g4 ,ice sometimes lies ov] 9 ^! w9dholes4 ,w9dholes ne> ,boz54 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ig47--,on ! ,m5del ranges 9 ,eppan1 s\?we/ ( ,boz51 among porphyry rocks4 ,!re are /rong w9d-/reams4 ,ice is said to rema9 till late 9 ! summ]4 ,grotto on ,monte ,t(ana1 ,dolomites4 7,t4 ,g4 ,bonney1 ,nature1 vol4 ,,xi41 page #cbh47--,?is is probably a rudim5t>y glacire4 ,holes ) ,ice ne> ,li5z4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ig47--,"o h\r & a half di/ant ne> ,a9e?1 is a small cave conta9+ ice1 & fur!r up ! valley t[>ds ,hub51 are sev]al w9dholes4 ,ei%hle am ,birnhorn4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #aca47--,ne> ,leogang 9 ! ,p9zgau4 ,altitude #baej met]s4 ,!re are two entrances1 f :i* a slope #aj met]s long1 set at an angle ( #be1 leads to an ice floor #ab met]s long & #c met]s high4 ,!n comes a small ice slope1 & a little horizontal floor at ! back4 ,explor$ by ,fugg]4 ,glacires on ! ,eiskogel4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ai47--,! ,eiskogel is 9 ! ,t5n5gebirge1 a m\nta9 mass ly+ ea/ ( ,pass ,lueg4 ,at an altitude ( ab\t #aijj met]s1 are two small caves1 ab\t #cj met]s to #dj met]s ap>t4 ,!y are "s #be met]s 9 l5g? & get small] t[>ds ! bottom4 ,holes ) ,ice 9 ! ,t5n5gebirge1 betwe5 ! ,s*allw& & ! ,tau]nkogel4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #bj47--;,9 ?is gorge are "s small holes at an altitude ( ab\t #bjjj met]s1 :i* are said to conta9 ice 9 summ]4 ,! ,see(54 7,a4 ,posselt-,csori*1 ,zeits*rift des ,deuts*5 und ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,alp5 ,v]e91 #ahhj1 page #bgj47 ,on ! ,hean ,krail 9 ! ,t5n5gebirge1 at an altitude ( ab\t #aijj met]s4 ,! entrance faces s\?we/1 & is #f met]s high & #d4e met]s wide4 ,! cave is #be met]s long1 & #h met]s wide4 ,! floor ( ! cave is #ac met]s bel[ ! entrance4 ,! ,possel?hle4 7,a4 ,posselt-,csori*1 ,zeits*rift des ,deuts*5 und ,o/]rei*is*5 ,alp5 ,v]e91 #ahhj1 page #bgc47--,nam$ aft] its discov]]4 ,x lies on ! ,ho*kogel 9 ! ,t5n5gebirge1 at an altitude ( ab\t #aijj met]s4 ,! entrance faces s\?we/1 & is ab\t #h met]s high & #h met]s wide4 ,f ! entrance ! cave fir/ rises1 !n s9ks aga9 bel[ ! level ( ! entrance1 :]e ! ice beg9s4 ,! cave is ab\t #bj met]s wide4 ,ab\t #ahj met]s 7 explor$1 to a po9t :]e a p]p5dicul> ice wall1 #f met]s high1 b>r$ ! way4 ,ab\t #abe met]s f ! entrance1 !re 0 an ice cone ab\t #g met]s high4 ,! ,gamslo* or ,dieb%hle4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ad47--;,x lies on ! ,brei?orn ( ! ,/e9]nes ,me]1 ne> ! ,riemannhauss1 at an altitude ( ab\t #bahj met]s4 ,! entrance faces s\?4 ,!re is fir/ a small1 !n a l>g] *amb]4 ,! latt] is "s #dj met]s long1 by #e met]s or #f met]s wide4 ,! ice is 9 ! l>ge *amb]4 ,ei%hle am ,seil]]4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ae47--,on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,seil]] arte on ! ,ewig5 ,s*neeb]g1 we/ ( ,bis*(%(51 at an altitude ( ab\t #bdjj met]s1 is a small glacire cave4 ,cave 9 ! ,hag5gebirge1 ,we/ ( ,pass ,lueg4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ae47--;,x lies ab\t #b kilomet]s ea/ ( ,kalb]sb]g1 at an altitude ( ab\t #bjjj met]s4 ,a sn[ slope1 ) an ice floor at ! bottom1 leads into a long cave1 ab\t :i* little is kn[n4 ,! ,nixlo*4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #eg4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ih47--,pr(essor ,fugg] ga!r$ "s valuable data 9 connection ) ! ,nixlo*4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahgi1 he f\nd ! air curr5t ent]+ d[nw>ds2 on ,septemb] #ad?1 #ahgi1 !re 0 no curr5t ei!r way4 ,on ,*ri/mas day1 #ahgh1 on ! contr>y1 ! draughts 7 rev]s$1 p\r+ out ( ! hole ) a temp]ature ( #g4d3 ! outside air !n be+ -#g4d4 ,at ?is "t ! kn[n l[] op5+ 0 9 exi/5ce4 ,! ,kol[rat%hle4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ah4 7,fugg]1 ,beoba*tung51 etc41 page #g47--,?is cav]n has be5 m c>efully /udi$ ?an any o!r glacire cave4 ,"s ( its dim5sions are giv5 by ,pr(essor ,fugg] z foll[s3 ,f ! entrance to ! ice floor1 #bf4f met]s2 surface cov]$ by ice z measur$ on a plane1 #bidj squ>e met]s2 approximate cubical measure ( entire cave1 #ib1jjj cubic met]s4 ,! height ( ! entrance is #g met]s1 ) a wid? at ! base ( #b4g met]s1 & at ! top ( #f4f met]s4 ,on ! entrance slope occurr$ ! only fatal accid5t ,i "k ( 9 glacires4 ,9 #ahff1 ! ,bav>ian m9i/] ,freih]r von ,l]*5feld tri$ to desc5d2 a wood5 h&rail :i* _h be5 erect$ ov] ! sn[ broke "u 8 weight2 von ,l]*5feld fell to ! bottom ( ! cave & di$ a few days aft] f ! injuries he receiv$4 ,( ! ,kol[rat%hle1 we h num]\s !rmometric obs]vations by ,pr(essor ,fugg]1 ( :i* ,i select a few4 ,,date4 ,,outside4 ,,entrance4 ,,inside4 ,,re>4 #ba ,may #ahgf #f4e #j4g #j4jc #j #j4jh #ah ,june #ahgf #e4a #a4f #j4bc #j4d #bd ,june #ahgf #aj4 #a4f #j4d -- #e ,july #ahgf -- -- #j4d -- #bb ,july #ahgf #aa4c #a4e #j4d #j4b #bi ,july #ahgf #ae4b #b4d #j4c #j4b #bb ,aug4 #ahgf #ai4h #d4j #j4d #j4be #bj ,sept4 #ahgf #g4b #c4j #j4de #j4f #bb ,sept4 #ahgf -- -- #j4cj -- #af ,oct4 #ahgf #ad4h #b4je #j4b #j4b #bb ,oct4 #ahgf #e4f #b4e #j4be #j4d #bf ,nov4 #ahgf #d4d #j4d -#a4j -- #f ,jan4 #ahgg #b4a #a4b -#a4fe -#j4f ,! ,s*ell5b]g] ,eisgrotte4 7,fugg]1 ,beoba*tung5 9 d5 ,ei%hl5 des ,unt]sb]ges1 page #hj47--,on ! s\!a/ slope ( ! ,unt]sb]g ne> ,salzburg1 at an altitude ( #aehj met]s4 ,! pa? leads pa/ ! ,ki5b]galp ov] ! ,mitt]kas] & ! ,s&kas]4 ,9 front ( ! entrance is a sort ( rock dam1 #cj met]s long & #e met]s or #f met]s high] ?an ! entrance4 ,masses ( sn[ fill ! space betwe5 ! two4 ,! entrance is ab\t #bj met]s wide & f #b met]s to #c met]s high4 ,a sn[ slope ( #be met]s 9 l5g?1 set at an angle ( #be1 leads to ! ice floor4 ,! cave is #ed met]s long1 f #ac met]s to #bb met]s broad & f #d met]s to #aj met]s high4 ,! cave has be5 repeat$ly exam9$ by ,fugg]1 :o has always f\nd mo/ sn[ & ice 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! hot wea!r1 aft] :i* x gradually dw9dles away4 ,( ! ,s*ell5b]g] ,eisgrotte1 we h ! foll[+ !rmometric obs]vations by ,pr(essor ,fugg]3-- ,,date4 ,,outside4 ,,entrance4 ,,inside4 #bi ,june1 #ahgg #ah -- #j4ch #bd #ahha #ba #b4c #j4bd #bh ,aug41 #ahgh #ad4f -- #j4b #ab #ahgi #ag4h -- #j4c #d ,oct41 #ahgf #af4g #a4d #j4c #i #ahhj #c4f #c4e #j4c #b #ahhg #e4d -- #j4d #i #ahhg #h4b -- #j4d #aa ,nov41 #ahgg #g4d -- #j4b ,! ,gross] ,eiskell] or ,kais] ,k>ls ,hhle4 7,fugg]1 ,beoba*tung51 etc41 page #eh47--,on ! ,unt]sb]g1 betwe5 ! ,salzburg] ,ho*?ron & ! ,s*weigmll] ,alp4 ,altitude #afhg met]s4 ,a /ony slope ( #bf met]s 9 l5g? leads to an ice floor :i* is #bf met]s long & #f met]s to #h met]s wide4 ,! ,kle9] ,eiskell]4 7,fugg]1 ,beoba*tung51 etc41 page #gc47--,ne> ! la/4 ,a small cave #h met]s long1 #f met]s wide1 #h met]s high4 ,! ,w9dl*] on ! ,unt]sb]g4 7,fugg]1 ,beoba*tung51 etc41 page #gc47--,on ! ,kl+]/eig1 at an altitude ( #acjj met]s4 ,f\r small caves ( ab\t #ab met]s ea* 9 l5g? & #h met]s 9 dep?1 & communicat+ at ! bottom4 ,!re are /rong draughts among !m4 ,9 "o ( ! caves is a small pit ( great dep?4 ,! ,eisw9kel on ! ,unt]sb]g4 7,fugg]1 ,beoba*tung51 etc41 page #gg47--;,betwe5 ! ,kl+]alp & ! ,vi]kas]1 at an altitude ( #afjj met]s4 ,a small cave or r rock %elt]4 ,w9dholes on ! ,unt]sb]g4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 pages #ajc1 #ajd47--,w9dholes h be5 f\nd by ,fugg] on ! l[] slopes ( ! ,unt]sb]g3 ,ne> ! ,ho*bru* at ,fr/5brunn4 ,9 ! dbris ( ! ,neubru*4 ,9 ! dbris ( ! ,veitlbru*4 ,hotel ,cell> at ,weiss5ba* on ! ,att]see4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #bj47--,!re is a small cave "h1 at an altitude ( #deb met]s1 :i* is utiliz$ z a cell>1 & :i* is said to conta9 ice 9 summ]4 ,cave ne> ,/e9ba*4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #bj47--;,a small cave conta9+ ice on ! nor?we/ slopes ( ! ,hll5gebirge4 ,altitude ab\t #gjj met]s4 ,! ,klieb5/e9hhle or ,klimm/e9hhle4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #bj47--,on ! nor? slope ( ! ,hll5gebirge1 ne> ! ,aura*k> ,alp1 betwe5 ,/e9ba* & ! ,langba? ,lakes4 ,altitude ab\t #acjj met]s4 ,l5g? ab\t #dj met]s1 wid? #bj met]s1 height #ae met]s4 ,! ,wass]lo*4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ba47--,on ! s\? slope ( ! ,hll5gebirge1 ne> ! ,spitzalpe4 ,altitude ab\t #acej met]s4 ,at ! bottom ( a gorge is a sn[ heap & a small cave4 ,! sn[ becomes ice 9 ! cave4 ,cave on ! ,z9k5kogl ne> ,aussee4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ba47--;,altitude ab\t #ahjj met]s4 ,a sn[ slope leads to an ice floor #ah met]s long & #d met]s wide4 ,cave on ! ,kasb]g4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #bb47--,s\? ( ,grnau ne> ,gmund54 ,altitude ab\t #aejj met]s4 ,small cave #ab met]s long1 #d met]s wide4 ,! ,wass]aufs*lag on ! ,ro!n ,kogel4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #bb47--;,a tunnel ne> ,aussee4 ,! ice 9 x 0 =m]ly us$4 ,! ,gs*lsslkir*e4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #bb47--,on ! ,da*/e9 range1 fac+ ! ,lake ( ,gosau4 ,a small cave1 mo/ly fill$ ) sn[4 ,cave ) ,ice on ! ,mitt]/e94 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #bc47--,on ! ,da*/e91 "o h\r & a qu>t] f ! ,au/ria hut4 ,altitude ab\t #ahjj met]s4 ,cave #e met]s to #f met]s wide1 #cj met]s long4 ,9 ! re> a passage leads app>5tly to a w9dhole :]e !re is a /rong draught4 ,w9dholes 9 ! ,ob]sulzba* ,valley 9 ! ,p9zgau4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #aje47--;,fugg] f\nd ice among ^! on ! #a/ ( ,augu/1 #ahhf4 ,ice 9 an ,ab&on$ ,nickel ,m9e on ! ,z9kw&1 9 ! ,s*ladm+ ,valley4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #aje47 ,w9dholes on ! ,ro!n ,kogel ne> ,aussee4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ajf47--,^! 7 f\nd to conta9 ice on ! #b;d ( ,septemb]1 #ahdh4 ,cave on ! ,lang?alkogel4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #bc47--,on ! ,da*/e9 plateau betwe5 ,hall/att & ,gosau4 ,a small cave :i* conta9s ice4 ,eislunghhle4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #bd47--;,a small cave betwe5 ! ,ho*ka/5 & ,o/r[iz 9 ! ,priel range4 ,! ,geldlo* or ,seelck5 on ! ,oets*]4 7,s*midl1 ,die ,hhl5 des ts*] & ,die ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,hhl52 ,cranm] & ,sieg]1 ,globus1 #ahii1 pages #cac-cah1 & #ccc-cce47--,! second kn[n notice ( a glacire cave is ! acc\nt ( a visit to ! ,oets*] ,caves 9 #aeia4 ,aft] ly+ 9 manuscript = two & a half c5turies1 x 0 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,a4 ,s*midl 9 #aheg1 9 ,die ,hhl5 des ts*]1 pages #ba-cf4 ,accord+ to ! acc\nt1 :i* is naive1 b evid5tly tru?ful1 ,kais] ,rudolf ,,ii4 ord]$ ,rei*>d ,/re91 own] ( ! ,h]rs*aff ,fri$eck1 to inve/igate ! ts*] & especially its caves4 ,he did s1 ) ! title ( ,kais]li*] ,commiss>ius1 & accompani$ by ! ,bann]h]r ,*ri/oph ,s*all5b]g]1 ,hans ,gass]1 & elev5 port]s4 ,on ,septemb] ! #af?1 #aeia1 !y visit$ ! ,seelck51 :]e !y f\nd a lake 9 ! front ( ! cave1 & :]e ! p>ty _h great difficulties 9 climb+ r\nd on to ! ice4 ,! ,seelck5 on ! ,oets*] is situat$ at an altitude ( #adgj met]s4 ,x op5s ne>ly due s\?4 ,! ice floor is ab\t #bj met]s bel[ ! entrance & is ab\t #ch met]s long & #bd met]s wide2 at ! re>1 x rises = "s #ae met]s z an ice wall at an angle ( ab\t #fj1 & !n =ms a second ice floor ab\t #de met]s long by #ai met]s wide4 ,! front "p ( ! ice is sometimes1 ab\t ,july1 cov]$ ) wat]4 ,! cave cont9ues fur!r back1 9 two bran*es1 & ,pr(essors ,cranm] & ,sieg] consid] t x is a l>ge w9dhole1 9 :i* draughts are infrequ5t1 on acc\nt ( its l5g? & because ! op5+s are ne> ! same level4 ,!re are also sev]al up & d[n curves & 9 ^! cold air rema9s & acts some?+ l a cork 9 /opp+ draughts4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,septemb] !re 7 no draughts1 & ! temp]atures betwe5 #aa ,a4 ,m4 & #ab ,m4 73-- ,outside air #g4a ,inside ne> entrance #a4e ,a little fur!r 9 #a4a ,at ! l[e/ po9t ne> ice #j4h ,on ! #ca/ ( ,octob]1 #ahig1 !re 0 a draught1 :i* foll[$ ! curves ( ! cav]n1 & :i* fl[$ out at ! s\!rn end4 ,! temp]atures 73-- ,outside air #c4g ,inside ne> entrance #a4c ,at ! l[e/ po9t ne> ice #j4h ,on ! second1 high] ice floor #a4j ,9 ! ma9 passage beh9d ice #a4d ,cave on ! ,khfotz5 ne> ,w>s*5eck4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #be47--;,a small cave conta9+ ice4 ,eiskell] on ! ,rax4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #be2 ,cranm]1 ,ei%hl51 etc41 page #fa47--;,altitude ab\t #affj met]s4 ,a dol9e ) a small cave at ! bottom1 9 :i* melt+ sn[ 0 f\nd on ! #ai? ( ,septemb]1 #ahif4 ,! ,tabl]lo*4 7,cranm]1 ,ei%hl51 etc41 pages #ai-fj47--,on ! ,drr5-,w& 9 ! m\nta9s s\? ( ,vi5na1 #b h\rs di/ant f ,mies5ba* ,r4 ,r4 /ation4 ,altitude ab\t #ajjj met]s4 ,entrance #g met]s wide1 #c4e met]s high4 ,slope #cj f entrance4 ,l[e/ po9t #bb met]s bel[ entrance4 ,extreme l5g? ( cave #ej met]s1 wid? #bc met]s1 height #ae met]s4 ,pr(essor ,cranm] f\nd fre% ice beg9n+ to =m on ! #ab? ( ,novemb]1 #ahic2 on ! #a/ ( ,decemb]1 #ahid2 & on ! #bj? ( ,octob]1 #ahie4 ,he f\nd x melt+ away on ! #c;d ( ,june1 #ahid2 on ! #a/ ( ,june1 #ahie2 & on ! #ca/ ( ,may1 #ahif4 ,! rates at :i* ! ice =m$ or melt$1 h[ev]1 7 n always ! same 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! cave4 ,! greate/ am\nt ( ice obs]v$ seems to h be5 9 ,m>* & ,april4 ,9 ! summ] mon?s no p]ceptible movem5ts ( air seem to h be5 notic$4 ,?is 0 also sometimes ! case 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 dur+ :i*1 h[ev]1 movem5ts ( air 7 at o!r times pla9ly p]ceptible4 ,! ,gipslo*4 7,cranm]1 ,ei%hl51 etc41 page #fj47--;,a small cave on ! ,hoh5-,w& ne> ,wi5]-,neu/adt4 ,x is r a cold cave ?an a glacire4 ,! ,w9dlo*4 7,cranm]1 ,ei%hl51 etc41 page #fa47--,on ! ,hoh5-,w& ne> ,wi5] ,neu/adt4 ,small cave4 ,sn[ f\nd 9 x on ,june ! #b;d1 #ahie4 ,eislo* 9 ! ,br&/e9 on ! ,ho*s*wab4 7,cranm]1 ,ei%hl51 etc41 page #fd47--;,altitude ab\t #afjj met]s4 ,a mod]ately l>ge cave4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,augu/1 #ahie1 !re 0 an ice floor #aj met]s long & #e met]s broad4 ,temp]ature 9 re> ( cave1 -#j4b4 ,caves on ! ,beil/e94 7,krauss1 ,hhl5kunde1 #ahid1 pages #bjg-bai2 ,cranm]1 ,ei%hl51 etc41 page #fc47--,^! lie ab\t #d h\rs on foot f ,gams 9 ,/ei]m>k1 at an altitude ( #abfj met]s1 9 a place :]e ! m\nta9 is mu* brok5 up by fissures & sn[ bas9s4 ,! l>ge cave has two op5+s1 f :i* /eep sn[ slopes desc5d4 ,! cave is #fj met]s long1 #ae met]s to #ah met]s broad1 & ab\t #g met]s high4 ,clefts 9 ! rock 9 two places lead to two l[]1 small ice *amb]s4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ! l>ge cave are two small ones4 ,pr(4 ,cranm] f\nd fre% ice 9 ! ,beil/e9hhle on ! #bj? ( ,augu/1 #ahie4 ,two days be=e1 fre% sn[ _h fall5 on ! neighbor+ m\nta9 peaks4 ,ei%hle on ! ,br&/e94 7,cranm]1 ,ei%hl51 etc41 page #fb47--;,a small cleft cave ne> ! ,langri$l]alm ne> ,gams 9 ,/ei]m>k4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,augu/1 #ahie1 x conta9$ "s ice4 ,! ,frau5mau]hhle4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #cg4 ,! ,br5lo* ne> ,eis5]z4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #bh47--;,9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,frau5mau]hhle4 ,altitude #afjj met]s4 ,a /eep sn[ slope leads to an ice floor #ac met]s long4 ,! ,kat]lo*4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #bi47--,on ! ,gs]w& ne> ,drn?al1 ,gleme9de ,gs*aid 9 ,/ei]m>k4 ,a l>ge cave1 "s #aij met]s long & #hj met]s wide4 ,a ?9 ice cru/ has be5 f\nd on p>ts ( ! walls 9 ! re>4 ,caves 9 ! ,/e9 ,alps4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #bi47--,! plateau ( ,velica ,plan9a lies1 at an altitude ( #afjj met]s1 #i kilomet]s nor? ( ,/e9 9 ! ,du*y ( ,kra94 ,!re are ?ree caves conta9+ ice on ! plateau4 ,! fir/ is a big "o & is call$ ,v4 ,k(cih4 ,! second is call$ ,mala ,vet]nica4 ,! ?ird & bigge/ is call$ ,velika ,vet]nica2 its l5g? is ab\t #ajj met]s & its bread? #cj met]s4 ,glacire ,caves on ! ,nanos ,m\nta94 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #cd47--;,9 ! s\?we/]n ,kra91 #e kilomet]s f ,prwald4 ,!re are f\r caves conta9+ ice report$ on ! ,nanos m\nta94 ,two ( !m are big4 ,! altitude ( "o ( ^! is #acjj met]s1 ( ! o!r #acej met]s4 ,brl[a ,jama4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #cf47--,sev5 kilomet]s f ,adelsb]g4 ,small glacire cave4 ,kosova ,jama4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ch47--,ne> ,divacca4 ,=ty met]s long1 #bj met]s broad4 ,glacire ne> ,adelsb]g4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #cf47--,small cave4 ,"o h\r f ,adelsb]g4 ,kacna ,jama4 7,j4 ,m>9its*1 ,la ,kacna ,jama1 ,mmoires de la ,socit de ,splologie1 vol4 ,i41 page #hc47--;,a great pit ne> ! railroad /ation ( ,divacca4 ,h]r ,m>9its* obs]v$ ! foll[+ temp]atures on ,janu>y #b;d1 #ahif3-- ,at ,divacca -#b ,c4 ,9 ! ,kacna ,jama at #dj met]s -#a4a ,c4 #ajj met]s #a4b ,c4 #baj met]s #b4a ,c4 ,sanct ,canzian1 ,k>/4 7,e4 ,a4 ,m>tel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #efd1 note47--,dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahhi-ahij1 ,h]r ,m>9its* f\nd /alactites ( ice z f> z ! sev5te5? cascade ( ! ,recca2 #ajjj met]s f ! ?ird entrance ( ! riv]4 ,! temp]ature ( ! ,recca 0 !n at #j2 dur+ ! summ]1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] rises to #bg 7874 ,! ,grosses ,eislo* ( ,p>adana4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #cf47--,on ! high plateau ( ! =e/ ( ,t>n[a1 ea/ ( ,grz4 ,a l>ge pit cave1 #cj met]s to #dj met]s deep4 ,pr(essor ,fugg] says ( x3 ,! flora 9 ! bas9-l depression has ! "* ( high m\nta9 vegetation1 ) e /ep x resembles m ?is flora z x exi/s 9 ! neighborhood ( glaci]s1 until f9ally 9 ! deepe/ po9t ( ! bas9 all vegetation /ops4 ,! ,kle9es ,eislo* ( ,p>adana4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #cg47--;,a small pit glacire1 #ejj met]s di/ant f ! ,grosses ,eislo* ( ,p>adana4 ,su*y ,brez54 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #cg47--;,a small pit glacire1 situat$ ab\t midway betwe5 ! ,grosses & ,kle9es ,eislo* ( ,p>adana4 ,prevalo ,cave4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #cg47--;,9 ! ,bu*5ho*wald1 s\? ( ,k>nica4 ,small glacire4 ,cave ( ,dol4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ch47--,on a m\nta9 ne> ,haid5s*aft4 ,small glacire4 ,glacire ne> ,mat5a 9 ,bezirke ,radmansdorf4 7,petruzzi 9 ,haid+]'s ,b]i*te1 etc41 vol4 ,,vii41 page #fh47--,on a wood$ height4 ,! ice comm5ces to melt 9 ! e>ly summ]4 ,glacire on ! ,s*utz5gelb]ge ne> ! ,golac4 7,petruzzi 9 ,haid+]'s ,b]i*te1 etc41 vol4 ,,vii41 page #fd47--;,a small glacire4 ,glacire ,cave ne> ,lazhna-gora or ,latz5b]g4 7,valvasor1 ,die ,ehre des ,h]zog?umes ,cra91 vol4 ,i41 pages #bdb1 #bdc2 ,hacquet1 ,oryctographia ,c>niolica1 #aggh1 ,,iii41 page #aei47--;,9 ! neighborhood ( ,vi%nagora 9 ! ,kra94 ,! entrance is "u a *ur*4 ,x is a l>ge cave1 #dj met]s long & #bj met]s high1 :]e ! ice all melts by ! end ( ! summ]4 ,valvasor gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is cave 9 #afhi1 :i* seems ! fir/ pr9t$ notice ( a glacire 9 ,g]man3-- ,ne> to ,laz*5b]g up by ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 :]e a ,?abor /&s1 "o f9ds a big hole1 :i* s9ks into ! /ony rocks4 ,?r\gh ?is "o desc5ds deep ) tor*es3 !re op5s !n und]nea? z big a cavity z ! bigge/ *ur* c\ld be1 & ! same is extremely high1 9 ! =m ( a cupola4 ,"o sees !re diff]5t tee?1 =m$ & h>d5$ f ! wat] turn$ to /one4 ,fur!r d[n "o arrives to a deep gully3 into :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i h n be54 ,on ! o!r side "o mu/ aga9 asc5d1 & !n "o comes aga9 to a cupola3 9 :i* cupola ice /&s up l an organ f ! e>?4 ,!re also "o sees icicles ( pure ice ( diff]5t sizes & heights1 ( :i* _m are "o or two klaft]s high & z ?ick z a man2 b _m only two or ?ree spans high or high]1 & z ?ick z an arm1 & "s also ?9n]4 ,?is ice is =m$ f ! drops ( fall+ wat]2 & inde$ 9 summ]2 = 9 w9t] !re is no ice !re94 ,ov] su* ice "o mu/ !n asc5d1 z !re are !n said to be sep>ate holes & grottoes4 ,b no "o has be5 any fur!r4 ,glacire on ! ,d9i ,v]h4 7,petruzzi 9 ,haid+]'s ,b]i*te1 etc41 vol4 ,,vii41 page #fg47--,ne> ,tomis*le 9 ! ,kra94 ,small glacire4 ,eiskell] ne> ,rosseck4 7,petruzzi 9 ,haid+]'s ,b]i*te1 etc41 vol4 ,,vii41 page #fd47--,on ! ,pograca ,m\nta9 9 ! ,kra91 nor!a/ ( ! ,hornwald1 ne> ! ,mei]h( ,rosseck4 ,small glacire cave4 ,gorge ne> ,rosseck4 7,valvasor1 ,die ,ehre des ,h]zog?umes ,cra91 vol4 ,i41 page #bdc & page #eag 2 ,petruzzi 9 ,haid+]'s ,b]i*te1 etc41 vol4 ,,vii41 page #fd47--;,beh9d ! ru9$ ca/le ( ,rosseck1 on ! ,pograca ,m\nta9 9 ! ,kra91 is a gorge1 at ^: bottom are f\r little holes conta9+ ice mo/ ( ! ye>4 ,valvasor wrote ( ?is cave 9 #afhi3 ,ne> ,rosseck imm$iately back ( ! ca/le !re op5s a mighty cav]n entirely 9 /ony rock1 & yawns 9 ! %ape ( a cauldron d[n into ! e>?4 ,above z wide z a good rifle %ot1 b bel[ q n>r[4 ,& !re und]nea? !re are _m holes :]e ! ice rema9s ?r\gh ! :ole summ]4 ,f su* ice h ,duke ,fr$]ick ,graf & ,duke von ,gall5b]g daily made use 9 summ] to cool _! w9e4 ,six ye>s ago ,i desc5d$ !re 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 & f\nd ice en\gh 9 all ! holes4 ,9 ! same volume ,freih]r ,valvasor elaborates 8 rem>ks ab\t ?is cave & t at ,latz5b]g1 repeat+ 9 ! ma9 ! obs]vations 9 ! p>agraph j giv54 ,he says3 ,!re hang also long icicles :i* are q pleasant to look at4 99 99 99 ,?is ice breaks all too easily & quickly4 99 99 99 ,contr>ywise1 h[ev]1 ?is ice la/s mu* long] 9 ! sun & ! heat ?an o!r ice4 99 99 99 ,"s might ?9k x w\ld ev5tually turn into /one3 ?is1 h[ev]1 does n happ53 = x rema9s only 9 summ] & disappe>s 9 w9t]3 z ,i c say = c]ta91 z ,i h be5 9 myself 9 ! w9t] z well z 9 ! summ] "t4 99 99 99 ,= z 9 ! summ] ! floor is q cov]$ ) ice3 x makes walk+ s dang]\s & bad t "o _c take a /ep )\t climb+ irons2 b 9 ! w9t] "t "o goes safely & well4 99 99 99 ,freih]r ,valvasor 0 evid5tly an accurate obs]v]1 &1 if = 8 ^w w9t] we sub/itute autumn1 8 acc\nt w be mu* m ne>ly correct ?an might h be5 expect$ two c5turies ago4 ,! ,kunts*n] ,ei%hle4 7,petruzzi 9 ,haid+]'s ,b]i*te1 etc41 vol4 ,,vii41 pages #fe1 #ff47--,?is is kn[n also z ! ,tplitz]1 ,unt]w>mb]g] or ,a9dt] ,grotto4 ,x lies #b kilomet]s f ,kunts*51 & #ab kilomet]s f ,tplitz ne> ,neu/dtel1 9 ! ,kra94 ,altitude ab\t #fcj met]s4 ,petruzzi says3 ,( all s f> notic$ ice grottoes x is ! mo/ wond]ful & spl5did4 ,9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 #ahdi1 ! temp]atures ne> ! ice 7 ab\t two degrees above freez+4 ,on ! #af? ( ,augu/1 !re 7 _m long ice /alagmites & /alactites2 on ! #bi? ( ,septemb] !y _h dim9i%$ mat]ially4 ,petruzzi says also3 ,"o leaves ! abundant vegetation ( ! ,alp9e summ] flora1 & ?r\gh bu%es & dw>f und]bru%1 ?r\gh b>e & half moss cov]$ rocks & dbris1 ?r\gh rott5 & twi/$ tree /ems1 "o comes to ! hall ( et]nal w9t]1 :]e ! microscopic mosses ( ! nor? surr\nd ! ?\s& ye> old /alactites1 hang+ f ! dripp+ vault1 ) an always pass+1 always fre%ly =m+1 t5d] sulphur color$ d[n4 ,dr4 ,s*walbe has also exam9$ ?is cave4 ,! ,fri$ri*/e9] or ,gotts*e] ,ei%hle4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ea4 ,! ,h&l] ,eislo*4--#g kilomet]s s\? ( ,gotts*ee & ab\t tw5ty m9utes f ! village ( ,h&l]n1 ne> ,rieg4 ,altitude #eif met]s4 ,small cave4 ,pr(essor ,hans ,satt] ( ,gotts*ee told me he d\bt$ :e!r ice ev] =m$ !re n[4 ,! ,su*5reu!r ,eislo*4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ee4 ,l$5ica na ,veliki ,gori4 7,petruzzi 9 ,haid+]'s ,b]i*te1 etc41 vol4 ,,vii41 page #fg47--;,9 ! ,kra91 #aa kilomet]s f ,reifnitz1 on ! ,bala/5a ,m\nta94 ,altitude #abec met]s4 ,mu* ice 0 f\nd !re on ! #aj? ( ,july1 #ahcd4 ,mrzla ,jama4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #cd47--,on ! ,inn]kra9] ,s*neeb]g1 #ac kilomet]s f ,laas4 ,glacire ,caves on ! ,kapella4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ci47--,on a pass 9 ! neighborhood ( ,piac5za4 ,altitude #hjj met]s4 ,glacire ,cave 9 ,we/ ,bosnia4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl54 page #ci47--,we/ ( ,kljuc1 c\nty ,petrovac1 di/rict ,smoljama1 ne> village ,trvanj4 ,call$ ,trvanj1 also ,l$5ica4 ,altitude ab\t #ajjj met]s1 l5g? #agj met]s1 bread? f #d met]s to #cj met]s4 ,rtanj1 ,s]via4 7,a4 ,b\1 ,la ,turquie d',europe1 #ahdj1 vol4 ,i41 page #acb2 ,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 pages #gb-gd47--,?is glacire is on ! s\? side ( ,siljak1 ne> ! village ,muz9ac4 ,a passage #fj met]s long leads to a hall ab\t #aj met]s 9 height4 ,dr4 ,b\ f\nd sn[ "h 9 ,augu/1 ! !rmomet] /&+ bel[ freez+ po9t4 ,! p 9 ! neighborhood told ,dr4 ,b\ t ! sn[ is =m$ 9 ,june & disappe>s 9 ,septemb] & t x is sometimes c>ri$ to ,nis*4 ,he also he>d ( simil> cavities on ! ,bannat ,m\nta94 ,dr4 ,cvijic obs]v$ 9 ! hall a temp]ature ( #j4d ,c4 ,l$5a ,pec1 ,s]via4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 pages #fh1 #fi47--,on ! ,l$9i ,v]h or ,glacial ,peak1 at an altitude ( #hjj met]s2 di/ant "o h\r & a half f ! village ( ,s\vold4 ,l5g? ( passage #ajh met]s2 at entrance ab\t #f met]s1 at end ab\t #ae met]s 9 height4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,may1 #ahic1 !re 0 pl5ty ( ice & sn[4 ,temp]ature ( outside air #ai ,c42 inside air at re> #j4e ,c4 ,probably p]man5t glacire4 ,dobra ,l$5ica1 ,s]via4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 page #gj47--,we/ ( ,l$5o ,brdo4 ,probably p]iodic glacire4 ,on ,july #be?1 #ahij1 ! temp]ature ( ! outside air 0 #bf ,c42 ( ! inside air #c4e;,c4 ,l$5ica is ! "n = a glacire 9 ,s]via4 ,l$5ica 9 ! ,mala ,brezovica1 ,s]via4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 page #gj47--,l5g? #dc met]s4 ,a l>ge1 p]man5t glacire4 ,on ,july #bh?1 #ahij1 ! outside air 0 #bc3 inside air #b4 ,l$5ica ,treme 9 ! ,s\va ,plan9a1 ,s]via4 7,cvijic1 ,dr4 ,a41 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 page #ga47--;,altitude #afjj met]s to #agjj met]s4 ,a r l>ge1 probably p]man5t glacire4 ,pl5ty ( ice 9 x on ,april #ba/1 #ahid4 ,zla ,l$5ica1 ,s]via4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 page #gb47--,on ! ,kucaj4 ,a p]man5t glacire1 #g met]s or #h met]s deep4 ,on ,july #be?1 #ahij1 outside air #be2 inside air at sn[ #f4 ,glacire on ! ,devica1 ,s]via4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 page #gd47--,"u ! peak ,lazurevica4 ,altitude #ajjj met]s4 ,a n>r[ passage leads to a hall #ag met]s long by #ab met]s wide & #bj met]s high4 ,on ,june #cj?1 #ahic1 !re 0 pl5ty ( sn[ 9 ! passage & ice 9 ! hall4 ,glacire ,vlaska ,pecura1 ,s]via4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 page #gd47--,on ! ,devica1 "u ! ,golemi ,ve*4 ,a small p]iodic glacire4 ,glacire 9 ! ,zdrebica1 ,s]via4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 page #gd47--,on ! s\!a/ side ( ! ,s\va ,plan9a1 ne> ! village ,veliki ,krt*imir4 ,a small p]iodic glacire4 ,on ,april #bj?1 #ahgd1 pl5ty ( sn[ & ice4 ,glacire ,/oykova1 ,s]via4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 pages #ge1 #gf47--,on ! ,kucaj4 ,a l>ge pit cave ) a total dep? ( #bc met]s4 ,probably a p]man5t glacire4 ,on ,july #ba/1 #ahij1 pl5ty ( ice & sn[4 ,outside air #ba2 inside air 9 hall #j4e4 ,glacire on ! ,topiznica ,m\nta91 ,s]via4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 page #gf47--;,altitude #aajj met]s4 ,a l>ge pit cave ) an extreme dep? ( #bg met]s4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahic1 !re 0 pl5ty ( sn[ & ice1 & ! inside temp]ature 0 #a4 ,glacire ,cave ne> ,borszk4 7,bielz1 ,sieb5brg51 #ahhe1 page #ccd47--;,ab\t an h\r di/ant f ! ba?s1 9 brok5 lime/one4 ,x seems to be a rock fissure1 at ! end ( :i* ice is f\nd till t[>ds ! middle ( ,july4 ,glacire ,cave ne> ,sonkolyos 9 ! ,kors ,valley4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ea47--,small cave4 ,glacire ne> ,zapodia4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ej47--,ne> ,petrosc 9 ! ,bih> ,m\nta9s4 ,altitude #aadj met]s2 l5g? #bj met]s1 wid? #g met]s4 ,pesc]ca la ,jes]e4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ej47--;,betwe5 ,v]vul la ,belegiana & ! ,batr9a 9 ! ,bih> ,m\nta9s4 ,small freez+ cave4 ,glacire ,cave ne> ,v]espatak1 9 ,transylvania4 7,bielz1 ,sieb5brg51 page #eb47--,small cave4 ,giet>iu ne> ,funacza4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ej47--;,9 ! ,bih> ,m\nta9s4 ,small glacire cave4 ,cave ( ,sk]izora4 7,k>l ,f4 ,pet]s1 ,sitzungsb]i*t d] ,k4 ,k4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5*aft51 ,wi51 vol4 ,,xliii41 #ahfa1 page #dcg2 ,bielz1 ,sieb5brg51 #ahhe1 page #cg47--,?is is "o ( ! greate/ glacire caves kn[n4 ,x lies 9 ! ,bih> ,m\nta9s1 ?ree h\rs f ! village ( ,ob]-,girda1 :i* c be rea*$ f ,gyula ,fehrv>1 via ,topnfalva4 ,x is a pit cave1 9 lime/one1 at an altitude ( #aabg met]s4 ,! pit is ab\t #eg met]s broad1 & #de met]s deep1 ) exce$+ly /eep walls4 ,! entrance is 9 ! nor!a/ wall & is ab\t #aj met]s high4 ,?is leads into a ne>ly circul> hall #dg met]s 9 diamet] & ab\t #bj met]s high4 ,! floor is ice4 ,9 ! s\!a/ corn] is a hole ov] #ge met]s deep4 ,9 ! nor?we/ wall is an op5+ #ad met]s wide1 :i* =ms ! beg9n+ ( a sort ( gall]y #ed met]s long & :i* at its fur!r end is #bd met]s wide & #h met]s high4 ,?is is also cov]$ ) a floor+ ( ice1 :i* 9 "s places c only be desc5d$ by /ep cutt+4 ,?is passage is also ri*ly adorn$ ) ice /alactites & /alagmites4 ,at its end is ano!r also ne>ly circul> hall1 #ba met]s 9 diamet] & ab\t #bb met]s high4 ,?is is call$ ! ',besz]ika' or *ur*4 ,9 "o place !re is a magnific5t collection ( ice /alagmites call$ ! ,alt>4 ,pet]s f\nd 9 dirt on ! sides ( ! cave rema9s ( bats n v diff]5t f ^? n[ liv+ 9 ! vic9ity4 ,he ?9ks ! bats may h come !re be=e ! cave became a glacire2 or else t !y may ev5 n[ sometimes get into ! fir/ hall & !re p]i% f cold4 ,?is makes x unc]ta91 !re=e1 :e!r ! rema9s c be consid]$ z ( ! pa/ or ! pres5t4 ,ei%hle bei ,ro?4--,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ce4 ,m9es on ! ,eis5b]g4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ei47--,^! lie ne> ,blank5burg 9 ! ,?r+] ,wald & h be5 kn[n to conta9 ice4 ,! ,zieg5lo* or ,grosses ,kalte ,lo*1 & ! ,kle9es ,kalte ,lo*4 7,behr5s1 ,h]cynia ,curiosa1 pages #fh1 #gj47--,^! lie ne> ,que/5b]g 9 ! ,s\!rn ,h>z ,m\nta9s1 at an altitude ( ab\t #cjj met]s4 ,! ,grosses ,lo* is describ$ z a sort ( small pit "s #h met]s deep1 9 "o side ( :i* op5s a small fissure "s #aj met]s long4 ,ice has be5 f\nd 9 ?is 9 ,april2 ,s*walbe f\nd none !re 9 ,july4 ,! ,kle9es ,lo* 0 ano!r small cold cave ne> ! ,zieg5lo*1 b x has be5 fill$ up4 ,behr5s says t ! dampness at ! cave at ,que/5b]g is precipitat$ z sn[4 ,holes ) ,ice ne> ,sanct ,blasi54 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #aji47--;,9 ! ,black ,=e/1 among b\ld]s at an altitude ( #hbj met]s4 ,holes ) ,ice ne> ,ho*5s*w&4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #aji47--;,9 ! ,black ,=e/1 among b\ld]s at an altitude ( #hbj met]s4 ,eis/oll5 & ,eiskell] at ! ,dornburg4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ei4 7,pogg5dorff's ,annal5 d] ,physik und ,*emie1 ,ergnzungsb&1 #ahdb1 pages #eag-eai47--;,ice appe>s to h be5 discov]$ at ! ,dornburg 9 ,june1 #ahci4 ,x 0 f\nd f a dep? ( #fj c5timet]s d[n to #h met]s4 ,! wid? ( ! ice-be>+ talus 0 f #ab met]s to #ae met]s2 & x is said t x becomes wid] 9 w9t] & n>r[] 9 summ]4 ,bes*]tgluck ,m9e1 ,freib]g ,di/rict4 7,pre/wi*1 ,collect$ pap]s1 etc41 page #bjf47--,mr4 ,pre/wi* quotes ,daubuisson z hav+ se5 ! %aft ( ! m9e l9$ ) ice to a dep? ( #hj toises 7#add met]s874 ,ice 9 ! ,z9c ,m9es on ! ,saub]g4 7,rei*1 ,beoba*tung5 b] die ,temp]atur des ,ge/e9es1 #ahcd1 pages #age & #bje47--,^! are ne> ,ehr5fri$]sdorf 9 ,saxony & =m]ly conta9$ ice 9 w9t]4 ,!y are report$ n[ to be de/roy$4 ,! ,g>is*e ,/oll54 7,lohman1 ,das ,hhl5eis1 etc41 page #c47--,ne> ,ehr5fri$]sdorf 9 ! ,freiwald4 ,lohman f\nd mu* ice 9 ?is 9 ,janu>y1 less 9 ,m>*1 & sc>cely any 9 ,may4 ,! ,ritt]hhle4 7,lohman1 ,das ,hhl5eis1 page #e47--,ne> ,ehr5fri$]sdorf 9 ! ,freiwald4 ,small ice deposit4 ,! rock is granite4 ,! ,/ulpn]hhle4 7,lohman1 ,das ,hhl5eis1 page #f47--,ne> ! ,ritt]hhle4 ,small ice deposit 9 granite rock4 ,eislo* & ,ei%hle ne> ,gey] 9 ,saxony4 7,lohman1 ,das ,hhl5eis1 page #g47--,^! are 9 a place call$ die ,b+e4 ,bo? are small4 ,! ,alte ,?iele4 7,lohman1 ,das ,hhl5eis1 page #h47--,ne> ,bu*holz 9 ,saxony4 ,small ice deposit4 ,m9e ,pits 9 ! ,saxon ,erzgebirge4 7,rei*1 ,beoba*tung5 b] die ,temp]atur des ,ge/e9es1 #ahcd47--;,extremely l[ temp]atures h be5 f\nd 9 sev]al ( ^! pits3-- ,9 ! ,*urpr9z ,fri$ri* ,augu/ ,erb/oll5 ne> ,freib]g4 ,9 ! ,he9ri*s-,sohle 9 ! ,/ockw]k ne> ,alt5b]g4 ,9 ! ,h5neb]g ,/oll51 on ! ,+elba*1 ne> ,johanngeorg5/adt4 ,9 ! ,weiss-,adl]-,/oll51 on ! left declivity ( ! valley ( ! ,s*w>zwass]1 above ! ,anton%tte4 ,holes ,hold+ ,ice on ! ,saalb]g4 7,annal5 d] ,physik und ,*emie1 #ahej1 ,,lxxxi41 page #egi47--,^! lie betwe5 ,saalb]g & ! ,burgk4 ,ice is f\nd "h on ! surface f ,june to ! middle ( ,augu/4 ,f ! obs]vations ( ,pr(essor ,h>t5/e91 ,fugg] d$uces t ?is place mu/ be ! l[] end ( "o or m w9dholes4 ,mill/one ,qu>ry ( ,ni$]m5dig4 7,m4 ,a4 ,pictet1 ,mmoires de la ,socit d',hi/oire ,naturelle de ,g5ve1 #ahba1 vol4 ,i41 page #aea47--,on ! ,ni$]rhe94 ,!re are _m connect+ pits & gall]ies "h1 9 :i* ice has be5 f\nd 9 ! hotte/ days ( summ] z well z 9 ,m>*4 ,! ab&on$ %afts are utiliz$ z be] cell>s4 ,eisgrube on ! ,umpf54 7,voigt1 ,m9]alogis*e ,reis5 dur* das ,h]zog?um ,weim>1 #aghe1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #abc47--;,9 ! ,rhngebirge1 tw5ty m9utes f ,kalt5nordheim1 are "s irregul> masses ( column> basalt1 at an altitude ( ab\t #ejj met]s1 among :i* abundant ice has be5 f\nd up to late 9 ! summ]4 ,cave ne> ,mugg5dorf1 ,franconia4--,! l&lord ( ! ,kurhaus ,hotel at ,mugg5dorf1 told me t !re 0 a small cave 9 ! vic9ity :]e !re 0 ice 9 ! w9t] & spr+1 b t x all melt$ away be=e ,augu/4 ,cave on ! ,drrb]g4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ei47--,ne> ,zwickau 9 ,bohemia4 ,small cave :i* sometimes conta9s ice4 ,! ,s*neeb+e4 7,lohman1 ,das ,hhl5eis1 page #aa47--,ne> ,platt5 9 ,bohemia4 ,a small ice deposit 9 an old m9e4 ,ice among ,basaltic ,rocks on ! ,ples*iwitz4 7,pleis*l1 9 ,pogg5dorff's ,annal5 d] ,physik und ,*emie1 vol4 ,,liv41 #ahda1 pages #bib-bii47--;,above ,kameik ne> ,leitm]itz 9 ,bohemia4 ,pr(essor ,pleis*l1 9 ,may1 #ahcd1 f\nd ice "u ! rocks a little di/ance f ! surface4 ,! surface ( ! rocks 0 !n w>m4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahch1 ,pr(essor ,pleis*l f\nd sn[ on ! outside ( ! rocks1 b no ice und]nea?4 ,he 0 assur$ by ! p ( ! di/rict t ! hott] ! summ]1 ! m ice is f\nd4 ,glacire on ! ,z9k5/e94 7,pleis*l1 9 ,pogg5dorff's ,annal5 d] ,physik und ,*emie1 vol4 ,,liv41 #ahda1 page #bii74--,! ,z9k5/e9 is "o ( ! highe/ po9ts ( ! ,vi]zehnb]ge1 9 ! ,leitm]itz ,kreis4 ,!re is a deep cleft 9 basalt1 :]e ice has be5 f\nd 9 summ]4 ,eisl*] on ! ,/e9b]g4 7,pleis*l1 9 ,pogg5dorffs ,annal5 d] ,physik und ,*emie1 vol4 ,,liv41 #ahda1 page #bii47--;,9 ! ,h]rs*aft ,konog$4 ,small basalt talus :]e ice is f\nd 9 ! hotte/ wea!r4 ,w9dholes 9 ,bohemia4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #aji47--;,9 ! neighborhood ( ,leitm]itz4 ,^! are 9 basaltic rock4 ,ice sometimes =ms at ! l[] extremity4 ,! mo/ notable are-- ,on ! ,/e9b]g ne> ,m]t5dorf on ! ,triebs*ba*2 ,on ! ,kel*b]g ne> ,triebs*2 ,on ! ,kreuzb]g ne> ,leitm]itz2 ,on ! ,rod]sb]g ne> ,s*lack5w]?2 ,9 ! ,gross5 ,lo* ne> ,ts*]s9k4 ,ice 9 a ,pit ne> ,neusohl4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #aji47 ,! ,fra9] ,eislei!n4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #cc4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #afc47 ,pr(essor ,fugg] quotes ! foll[+ obs]vations by ,=e/] ,wa*tl at ,fra93-- #ahfa4 #ahfb4 ,janu>y -#g to -#b -#e ,febru>y -#b to #j -#e to -#b ,m>* #j to #a -#a to #j ,april #a to #b #j ,may #b #b to #e ,june #b to #c #c to #f ,july #c #c to #e ,augu/ #c to #g #e ,septemb] #g to #f #c to #f ,octob] #f #e ,novemb] -- #e ,decemb] -#a to -#c #j to -#b ,dm5yflva ,jegb>lang4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #bd4 ,dbs9a ,jegb>lang4 ,describ$ 9 ,"p ,i41 page #ac4 7,pele*2 ,! ,valley ( ,/rac5a & ! ,dobs*au ,ice ,cav]n2 ,s*walbe1 b] ,ei%hl5 und ,eisl*]1 page #ca47--,pele* gives ! foll[+ measurem5ts3 ,! ,gross] ,saal is #abj met]s long1 #ce met]s to #fj met]s wide1 & #aj met]s to #aa met]s high1 ) a surface area ( #dfdd squ>e met]s4 ,! ice mass is e/imat$ z #abe1jjj cubic met]s 9 volume4 ,! l5g? ( ! ,korridor is #bjj met]s2 ! left w+ be+ #hj met]s1 & ! "r w+ #abj met]s long4 ,! cave 0 fir/ ent]$ on ,july #ae?1 #ahgj1 by ,h]r ,eug5e ,ruff9y1 ( ,dbs9a1 & "s fri5ds4 ,he _h happ5$ to fire a gun 9 front ( x1 & he>+ a cont9u\s muffl$ roll+ e*o )91 det]m9$ to explore x4 ,dr4 ,s*walbe quotes ! foll[+ s]ies ( obs]vations 9 ,dbs9a dur+ ! ye> #ahha3 ,,deepe/ ,,po9t ,,f ,,korridor ,,entrance4 ,,gross] ,,saal4 ,,( ,,korridor4 ,,to ,,kle95 ,,saal4 ,janu>y -#b4b -#d4b -#b4b -#j4f ,febru>y -#a4b -#c4d -#a4i -#j4c ,m>* -#a4d -#b4a -#j4i -#j4b ,april -#j4be -#a4be -#j4g #j4c ,may #j4g #j4i -#j4e #j4e ,june #a4j #a4e -#j4e #j4e ,july #a4h #b4a #j4b #a4a ,augu/ #c4d #c4h #j4bd #j4hj ,septemb] #b4jj #b4c -#j4c -#j4ae ,octob] -#j4b #j4b -#j4e -#j4b ,novemb] -#a4c -#a4i -#j4f -#j4c ,decemb] -#b4b -#c4b -#j4fe -#a4ge ------ ------ ------ ------ ,ye> #j4jd -#j4dd -#j4fi -#j4jb ,! ,philadelphia ,ev5+ ,bullet91 ,m>*1 #a/1 #ahii1 pr9t$ ! foll[+ note ab\t ,dbs9a3 ,9 ?is cave1 "s sixte5 ye>s ago1 a c\ple nam$ ,kolcsey elect$ to pass ! week imm$iately foll[+ _! m>riage4 ,!y took ) !m a pl5tiful supply ( rugs1 blankets & w>m clo?+1 b not)/&+ all precautions1 _! exp]i5ce 0 n ( a suffici5tly pleasant nature to tempt imitators4 ,l$nica ( ,szilize4 7,m4 ,bel1 ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,london1 #agci1 vol4 ,,xli41 page #da et seq42 ,t[nson1 ,travels 9 ,hung>y1 #agig2 ,t]l&ay1 ,pet]mann's ,mit!ilung51 #ahic1 page #bhc47--;,x lies #a4e kilomet]s f ! village ( ,szilize1 ne> ,ros5au1 9 ,gomr ,c\nty1 9 ! ,c>pa?ians1 at an altitude ( #dfj met]s4 ,a pit ab\t #ce met]s deep1 #ge met]s long1 & #dh met]s wide op5s 9 ! gr\nd1 & at ! s\!rn end1 9 ! p]p5dicul> wall1 is ! cave4 ,! entrance is #bb met]s wide1 #ae met]s high1 & faces nor?4 ,a slope #d met]s long s9ks ) an angle ( #ce to ! floor ( ! cave1 :i* is ne>ly circul> 9 =m1 ) a diamet] ( ab\t #aj met]s4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ! cave !re seems to be a hole 9 ! ice "s #aj met]s deep4 ,9 #agci1 !re 0 publi%$ 9 ,london a curi\s lett] 9 ,lat9 f ,mat?ias ,bel1 a ,hung>ian savant1 ab\t ! cav]n ( ,szilize4 ,he says3 ,! nature ( ! cave has ?is ( rem>kable1 t1 :5 outside ! w9t] freezes /ronge/1 inside ! air is balmy3 b x is cold1 ev5 icy1 :5 ! sun %9es w>me/4 ,z soon z ! sn[ melts & spr+ beg9s1 ! inn] ro( ( ! cave1 :]e ! midday sun /rikes ! outside1 beg9s to sweat cle> wat]1 :i* drops d[n "h & !re2 ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! inn] cold x turns to transp>5t ice & =ms icicles1 :i* 9 ?ickness equal l>ge b>rels & take wond]ful %apes4 ,:at z wat] drops f ! icicles to ! s&y floor1 freezes up1 ev5 quick]1 ?an "o w\ld ?9k4 ,! icy nature ( ! cave la/s ?r\gh ! :ole summ]1 & :at is mo/ rem>kable1 x increases ) ! increas+ heat ( ! sun4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! spr+ ! s(t w9t]'s w>m? beg9s to give way soon !reaft]1 & :5 spr+ is m advanc$1 ! cold sets 91 & 9 su* a mann]1 t ! w>m] does ! 7outside7 air gr[1 ! m does ! cave cool (f4 ,& :5 ! summ] has begun & ! dog days gl[1 ev]y?+ )9 goes into icy w9t]4 ,!n d ! drops ( wat] p\r+ f ! ro( ( ! cave *ange into ice1 & ) su* rapidity t :]e to-day delicate icicles are visible1 to-morr[ masses & lumps1 :i* fall to ! gr\nd1 appe>4 ,"h & !re1 :]e ! wat] drips d[n ! walls ( ! cave1 "o sees wond]ful incru/ations1 l an artificial c>pet+4 ,! re/ ( ! wat] rema9s hang+ on ! ice1 accord+ to ! w>m? ( ! day4 ,= :5 = a long] "t x is w>m]1 ! ice ( ! /alactites1 ( ! walls & ( ! floor increases2 b :5 ! rul+ heat1 z sometimes happ5s1 is dim9i%$ ?r\gh nor? w9ds or ra9/orm1 ! wat]s freeze m sl[ly1 ! ice drips m fully & beg9s to =m little brooklets4 ,:5 h[ev] ! temp]ature gets w>m]1 ! icy nature ( ! cave beg9s once m4 ,"s h obs]v$1 t ! nature ( ! grotto receives ! *anges ( temp]ature ahead1 l a b>omet]4 ,=1 :5 a w>m] temp]ature sets 9 outside1 ! wat]s *ange into ice1 sev]al h\rs be=e ! heat sets 91 :ile ! opposite takes place1 :5 by day ! temp]ature is cold]2 = !n ev5 by ! w>me/ sky ! ice beg9s to melt noticeably4 ,:5 ! dog days h pass$ & ! summ] has already *ang$ into fall1 ! cave ) its own nature foll[s ! conditions ( ! ext]nal air4 ,9 ! e>ly mon?s & :ile ! nights are gr[+ cold]1 ! ice dim9i%es visibly2 !n :5 ! air cools (f m & m & :5 ! brooks & side are rigid ) fro/1 x beg9s to melt z ?\gh !re 0 a fire built und]nea?1 until1 :5 w9t] reigns1 x is entirely dry 9 ! cave1 )\t a sign ( ice be+ left beh9d4 ,!n g5tle w>m? spreads into ! entire cave1 & ?is icy grave becomes a safety resort = insects & o!r small animals1 :i* be> ! w9t] ) difficulty4 ,b besides sw>ms ( flies & gnats1 troops ( bats & scores ( owls1 h>es & foxes take up _! abode "h1 until ) ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 ! cave once m assumes its icy appe>ance4 ,^! ass]tions ( ,bel are ! mo/ inaccurate ones made ab\t glacires4 ,yet1 /range to say1 !y h color$ ! lit]ature ( ! subject d[n to our own times2 & h be5 repeat$ _m times1 sometimes )1 sometimes )\t1 ! h>es & foxes2 ! late/ repetition seem+ to occur 9 #ahhc4 ,cave ne> ! ,village ( ,borzova1 ,torna ,c\nty1 ,c>pa?ians4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #eb47--,report$ to conta9 ice1 b no?+ c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,,crimea4 ,l$ianaia ,yama4 7,montpeyreux1 ,voyage aut\r du ,caucase ,v41 page #ddj2 ,hablizl1 ,description physique de la ,tauride1 #aghc1 pages #dc-de47--,on ! ,k>abi-,yala1 #cb kilomet]s s\?we/ ( ,k>asubaz>4 ,altitude ab\t #ahjj met]s4 ,a fairly l>ge pit glacire cave4 ,! "n means an abyss ( ice4 ,glacire ,cave on ! ,yala ( ,oul\zne at ,kazaut4 7,montpeyreux1 ,voyage aut\r du ,caucase1 ,,ii41 page #chj47--;,a small pit cave4 ,,caucasus4 ,glacire ,cave 9 ! ,khotevi ,valley4 7,montpeyreux1 ,voyage aut\r du ,caucase1 ,,ii41 page #cgi47--;,9 ! prov9ce ( ,rads*a1 ne> ! ,mona/]y ,nikortsm9da4 ,a l>ge pit cave :i* mu/ be ( ! same ord] z t ( ,*aux-les-,passavant & f :i* ! inhabitants ( ,k\tas get ice4 ,glacires ne> ,k\tas4 7,e4 ,a4 ,m>tel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #cig47--;,dr4 ,a4 ,sakh>ov1 x appe>s1 has rec5tly discov]$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,k\tas caves conta9+ ice4 ,cave ( ,sabazw9da4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #abf47--,ne> ! t[n ( ,zor*9wall1 on ! riv] ,lia*wa1 prov9ce ( ,gori1 9 ,georgia1 ne> ! ,ossete ,m\nta9s4 ,ice has be5 f\nd 9 ! cave 9 summ]4 ,9 ,decemb] !re 0 none4 ,,ural4 ,glacire ,cave ne> ,sukepwa4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #fc47--,on ! ,volga1 prov9ce ( ,zlat\/4 ,small cave on ! riv] bank4 ,glacire ,cave on ! ,tirm5 ,tau4 7,lepe*91 ,tagebu* d] ,reise1 etc41 vol4 ,,ii41 page #bh47--,ne> ! village ( ,*asz9a1 #afj kilomet]s f ,or5burg4 ,small cave4 ,glacire ,cave ( ,kurmanajeva4 7,lepe*91 ,tagebu* d] ,reise1 etc41 vol4 ,,ii41 page #e47--,ne> ,kurmanajeva1 a village #di kilomet]s f ,tab9sk1 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,or5burg4 ,a l>ge cave4 ,lepe*9 f\nd ice 9 "o "p ( ! cave & deep wat] 9 ano!r4 ,!re 7 draughts 9 "s places4 ,cave on ! ,baislan ,tas*4 7,lepe*91 ,tagebu* d] ,reise1 etc41 ,,ii41 page #dj47--,! ,baislan ,tas* is a m\nta9 on ! "r bank ( ! ,bielaja ,riv]1 :i* fl[s into ! ,kama4 ,!re is a l>ge cave 9 ! m\nta9 9 :i* ice has be5 f\nd4 ,cave on ! ,mu9ak ,tas*4 7,lepe*91 ,tagebu* d] ,reise1 etc41 ,,ii41 page #ch47--,! ,mu9ak ,tas* is a m\nta9 on ! ,bielaja ,riv]4 ,!re is a l>ge cave 9 x1 9 :i* a little ice has be5 f\nd4 ,cave ( ,kungur4 7,lepe*91 ,tagebu* d] ,reise1 etc41 ,,ii41 page #acg2 ,ros5mll] & ,tilesius1 ,i41 page #gi47--,! ,cav]n ( ,kungur is ne> ! t[n ( ,kungur 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,p]m4 ,!re are 9 x _m passages & grottoes connect+ ) "o ano!r1 "s ( :i* conta9 ice4 ,x is a f9e1 l>ge cave1 ^: greate/ l5g? is #djj met]s4 ,m9es ( ,kirob9skoy4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #fe47--,^! m9es are #ec kilomet]s s\!a/ ( ,miask 9 ! ,ural2 !y h be5 ab&on$4 ,"o ( !m conta9s ice all ! ye> r\nd4 ,caves ( ,illetzkaya-,zats*ita4 7,mur*ison1 ,v]nieul & ,keys]l+1 ,! ,geology ( ,russia 9 ,europe & ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 #ahde1 vol4 ,i41 page #ahf47--gb kilomet]s s\!a/ f ,or5burg4 ,! caves are 9 ! ,kra\lnagora1 a gypsum hillock #cf met]s high1 ris+ 9 ! mid/ ( an undulat+ /eppe1 :i* lies on a va/ b$ ( rock salt4 ,only "o ( ! caves conta9s ice4 ,!re are /rong draughts 9 places4 ,,sib]ia4 ,cave ne> ! ,=tress ,kits*ig9a4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ff47--;,a small cave1 #ag kilomet]s ea/ ( ,kajilskoi1 #aib kilomet]s f ,petropaul[sk1 #fje kilomet]s f ,tobolsk4 ,! cave is 9 an op5 pla91 & sometimes conta9s ice4 ,wre*neja ,pets*]a4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ff47--,ne> ! village ,birjus9ska1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,krasnoj>sk1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,y5isei4 ,l>ge glacire cave4 ,glacire ,cave ( ,balagansk4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ff47--;,a n>r[ cleft1 #hj met]s long2 #aib kilomet]s d[n/ream f ,irkutsk on ! left bank ( ! ,angora ,riv]2 at a di/ance ( #b kilomet]s f ! riv]4 ,glacire ,cave on ! ,onon ,riv]4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #ff47--;,a small cave2 #dh kilomet]s f ! ,borsja ,m\nta94 ,m9es ( ,siran[sk4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #abf47--;,9 ! ,altai ,m\nta9s1 on ! ,bu*torma ,riv]1 an afflu5t ( ! ,irtys*4 ,magnific5t ice =mations h be5 f\nd 9 ^! m9es4 ,m9es ( ,sev5tui4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #abf47--,ne> ,n]ts*9sk1 on ! ,amoor ,riv]4 ,two ( ! levels conta9 p]5nial ice & h5ce are call$ ,l$5oi4 ,^! are at a dep? ( ab\t #fj met]s 9 por\s lava4 ,! re/ ( ! m9e is 9 m solid rock4 ,glacire ,cave ne> ,lurgikan4 7,fugg]1 ,ei%hl51 page #fg47--,ne> ! conflu5ce ( ! ,lurgikan & ,s*ilka ,riv]s1 9 ! prov9ce ,n]ts*9sk4 ,f #b met]s to #g met]s wide4 ,l5g? #bhj met]s4 ,bas9s or ,tr\ghs ,reta9+ ,ice4 7,dittm>1 ,ueb] die ,eismld5 im /li*5 ,sib]i52 ,midd5dorff1 ,zusatz2 ,bullet9 de la classe physico-ma?matique de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sci5ces de ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1 #ahec1 vol4 ,,xi41 pages #cje-caf47--,^! tr\ghs are ne>ly ak9 to gorges & gullies1 b _! wat] supply seems to come f a cause :i* is n usually pres5t 9 gorges4 ,_! pr9cipal obs]v]1 ,m4 de ,dittm>1 ?\ght t a cold & sn[y w9t] w\ld add mat]ially to ! supply ( ice1 b he also ?\ght t a necessity to ! exi/5ce ( ! ice 9 ^! tr\ghs 0 an abundant wat] supply f a spr+1 ^: temp]ature %\ld be s high z n to freeze 9 w9t]4 ,! cold is suppli$ by ! w9t] temp]atures4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important are report$-- ,9 ! ,tura*ta* ,valley4 ,ne> ,kapitanskji ,sasiek4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,riv] ,belvi4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,riv] ,ants*a4 ,9 ! ,k9ts*5 ,valley4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ,kolymsk4 ,9 ! ,w]*ojanski ,m\nta9s4 ,9 ! ,/an[j ,m\nta9s4 ,,kondooz4 ,cave ( ,ye]mallik4 7,burslem1 ,a peep into ,toorki/han1 #ahdf1 *aps4 ,x41 ,,xi47--,9 ! valley ( ! ,doaub1 nor?we/ ( ,kabul4 ,! entrance is half way up a hill1 & is ab\t #ae met]s wide & #ae met]s high4 ,?is is a l>ge cave1 ) _m ramifications & gall]ies4 ,9 ! c5tre ( a hall f> )91 ,capta9 ,burslem f\nd a mass ( cle> ice1 smoo? & poli%$ z a mirror1 & 9 ! =m ( a beehive1 ) its dome-%ap$ top j t\*+ ! long icicles :i* dep5d$ f ! jagg$ surface ( ! rock4 ,a small ap]ture l$ into ! int]ior ( ?is cone1 ^: walls 7 ab\t #fj c5timet]s ?ick & :i* 0 divid$ into sev]al comp>tm5ts4 ,"s di/ance f ! entrance ( ?is cave !re is a p]p5dicul> drop ( #e met]s4 ,a %ort di/ance beyond ?is1 9 "o ( ! halls1 7 hundr$s ( skeletons ( m51 wom5 & *ildr51 9 a p]fectly undi/urb$ /ate1 also ! pr9ts ( a nak$ human foot & ! di/9ct m>ks ( ! po9t$ heel ( an ,afghan boot4 ,! moollah1 :o 0 act+ z guide1 said ! skeletons 7 ! rema9s ( sev5 hundr$ m5 ( ! ,huz>eh tribe :o took refuge 9 ! cave ) _! wives & *ildr5 dur+ ! invasion ( ,g5ghis ,khan1 & :o def5d$ !mselves s /\tly1 t aft] try+ 9 va9 to smoke !m out1 ! invad] built !m 9 ) huge natural blocks ( /one1 & left !m to die ( hung]4 ,"s ( ! ,afghans said t ! cave 0 inhabit$ by ,%eitan1 a possibility d5i$ by ! moollah :o guid$ ,capta9 ,burslem1 on ! philosophical plea t ! cave 0 too cold = su* an inhabitant4 ,,him,,laya4 ,glacire ,cave ( ,am>na?4 7,miss ,m>y ,coxe ( ,philadelphia %[$ me a copy ( a lett] ( ,dr4 ,wilhelm9e ,eg] describ+ a visit to ?is cave47--,x lies ?ree days' j\rney f ,pailgam 9 ,ka%m]e1 on ! bord]s ( ,little ,tibet4 ,! altitude is evid5tly high z "o crosses sn[ fields to get to x4 ,a small pa? zigzagg+ up a grassy slope leads to ! cave & is a /iff climb f ! valley4 ,! cave op5s on ! side ( a m\nta9 & has a l>ge1 almo/ squ>e m\? at lea/ z big z ! floor area )94 ,! floor ( ! cave is ! cont9uation ( ! grass slope & slants upw>ds & backw>ds to ! back wall1 ! only case ( ! k9d s f> report$4 ,?is cave is mo/ curi\sly connect$ ) religion4 ,dr4 ,eg] says t !re are two small blocks ( ice 9 x :i* nev] melt4 ,f "t immemorial ^! blocks ( ice h be5 sacr$ to ! ,h9doos :o wor%ip !m--z re-inc>nations--"u ! names ( ,%iva & ,gane%4 ,dr4 ,eg] saw (f]+s ( rice & fl[]s on !m4 ,?\s&s ( pilgrims come e ye> at ! end ( ,july or beg9n+ ( ,augu/ f all p>ts ( ,india4 ,?\s&s ( miles h be5 trav]s$ & hundr$s ( lives laid d[n ?r\gh ?is j\rney4 ,e ye> p die ei!r be=e rea*+ ! cave or aft]4 ,! trip f ,pailgam 9 ,ka%m]e takes ?ree days up & two days d[n1 if "o returns by a %ort] r\te :]e ! way is unsafe because ( avalan*es4 ,s _m h p]i%$ !re t ! pass is call$ ,! ,way ( ,dea?4 ,?is mu/ be tak5 by "o class ( pilgrims1 ,s>dhas or ,holy ,m51 to complete ! sacr$ circuit1 b ! ,h9doos say any "o dy+ on ! pass w g /raight to heav54 ,icicles ,=m$ by ,radiation4 7,g5]al ,sir ,ri*>d ,/ra*ey1 ,geographical ,j\rnal1 #aijj1 vol4 ,,xv41 page #afh47--,on ! ,bal* pass ( ! ,bal* range 9 ,tibet1 ,g5]al ,/ra*ey1 9 #ahdh1 saw icicles ( :i* he says3 ,on ! rocks expos$ to ! s\? 7 v curi\s incru/ations ( ice1 icicles inde$1 b /&+ out horizontally l f+]s t[>ds ! w9d4 ,i 0 n able to und]/& h[ !y 7 caus$1 nor c ,i tell :y !y 7 conf9$ to p>ticul> spots4 ,! !rmomet] /ood at #da;,f41 & ?\gh ! dew po9t at ! "t w\ld probably h be5 bel[ #cb;,f41 & ! cold produc$ by evaporation suffici5t !re=e to freeze wat]1 yet x is evid5t t no cond5sation c\ld ev] take place simultane\sly ) ! evaporation4 99 99 99 ,x has s9ce occurr$ to me t ^! icicles 7 =m$ by radiation4 ,i f\nd1 subsequ5tly1 9 a some:at simil> position1 t a !rmomet] susp5d$ v]tically1 & simply expos$ to ! sky 9 front ( x1 0 depress$ z mu* z #bj ,f4 bel[ ! true temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ air4 ,?is result 01 ( c\rse1 due to ! radiation ?r\gh ! extremely dry & r>efi$ atmosph]e at ! great elevation at :i* ! !rmomet] 0 expos$4 ,z radiation takes place freely f a surface ( ice1 ! gr[? ( su* icicles z ^? describ$ might be due to ! cond5sation ( vap\r br\ght up by ! s\!rly day w9ds t s con/antly bl[ ov] ^! passes1 & its accumulation 9 ! =m ( ice on ! expos$ extremity ( ! icicle1 ! temp]ature ( :i* might ?us h be5 greatly r$uc$4 ,,india4 ,ice ,=m$ by ,radiation4 7,t4 ,a4 ,wise1 ,nature1 vol4 ,v41 page #ahi2 ,r4 ,h4 ,scott1 ,elem5t>y ,meteorology1 ,?ird ,ed41 pages #fa1 #fb47--,mr4 ,bun=d ,samuel call$ my att5tion to ! mode ( manufactur+ ice by radiation 9 ,india4 ,x is z foll[s3-- ,a v practical use ( nocturnal radiation has be5 made f "t immemorial 9 ,india 9 ! prep>ation ( ice1 & on su* a scale t ab\t #aj tons ( ice c be procur$ 9 a s+le night f tw5ty b$s ( ! dim5sions ab\t to be giv51 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! air is #ae or #bj ,f4 above ! freez+ po9t4 99 99 99 ,! locality ref]r$ to is ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ,calcutta4 ,a rectangul> piece ( gr\nd is m>k$ out1 ly+ ea/ & we/1 & measur+ #abj by #bj feet4 ,?is is excavat$ to ! dep? ( two feet & fill$ ) rice /raw r loosely laid1 to )9 six in*es ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! ice is =m$ 9 %all[ di%es ( por\s e>!nw>e1 & ! am\nt ( wat] plac$ 9 ea* is regulat$ by ! am\nt ( ice expect$4 ,9 ! cold wea!r1 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! air at ! ice fields is "u #ej1 ice is =m$ 9 ! di%es4 ,! freez+ is mo/ active ) ,n4 ,n4 ,w4 airs1 z ^! are drie/2 x ceases entirely ) s\!rly or ea/]ly airs1 ev5 ?\gh _! temp]ature may be l[] ?an t ( ! ,n4 ,n4 ,w4 w9d4 ,no ice is =m$ if ! w9d is suffici5tly /rong to be call$ a breeze1 = ! air is n left long en\gh at re/1 above ! b$1 = its temp]ature to fall suffici5tly1 by ! action ( radiation4 ,! rice /raw1 be+ kept loose & p]fectly dry1 cuts (f ! access ( heat f ! surface ( ! gr\nd bel[ x1 &1 :5 ! sun goes d[n1 ! /raw be+ a p[]ful radiator1 ! temp]ature ( ! air 9 contact ) ! di%es is r$uc$ "s #bj bel[ t prevail+ "s two or ?ree feet above !m4 ,! rapid evaporation ( ! wat] into ! dry air above creates also an active dem& = heat to be r5d]$ lat5t 9 ! =mation ( /eam1 & ! result ( all ^! ag5cies is ! =mation ( ice1 "u favorable circum/ances1 on ! ext5sive scale above m5tion$4 ,,korea4 ,glacire ,cave on ! ,han ,gang4--,messrs4 ,j4 ,edw>d ,f>num & ,george ,l4 ,f>num1 ( ,philadelphia1 in=m me t !y saw a small cave conta9+ ice on ! banks ( "o ( ! ,korean riv]s4 ,x is ab\t #ge kilomet]s f ,se\l1 ne>ly nor!a/1 ne> ! f]ry :]e ! old road lead+ f ,se\l t[>ds nor!rn ,korea crosses ! ,han ,gang1 ! riv] :i* passes by ,se\l4 ,! entrance is small2 p]haps #b met]s wide4 ,! cave is n ?or\ghly explor$4 ,ice lies ne> ! entrance1 & z f> back z ! ,messrs4 ,f>num c\ld see4 ,,japan4 ,glacire ,lava ,cave ne> ,%oji4 7,ev5+ ,telegraph1 ,philadelphia1 ,janu>y #b;d1 #ahif47--,! cave is ab\t #ab kilomet]s f ,%oji1 & is 9 lava4 ,fir/ !re is a pit 9 ! =e/1 "s #e met]s wide by #ae met]s deep4 ,! cave op5s into ?is4 ,x seems to be "s #djj met]s long & f #b met]s to #ab met]s high4 ,!re is an ice floor 9 places1 also _m ice /alagmites4 ,at ! fur!/ po9t rea*$ !re is a /rong air curr5t1 :i* ext+ui%es tor*es & s f> has prev5t$ fur!r exploration4 ,ice f ! cave has be5 cut by ! c\ntry p = sale at ,k(u1 :i* is n f> di/ant4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,"s ,,op9ions ,,ab\t ,,glaci,,res4 ,,"s ,,op9ions ,,ab\t ,,glaci,,res4 ,b5igne ,poiss5ot1 9 #aehf1 h9t$ t ! cold ( w9t] produc$ ! ice at ,*aux-les-,passavant4#fi #fi ,see ,"p ,,iii43 page #aic4 ,rei*>d ,/re9 & ,*ri/oph ,s*all5b]g] visit$ ! caves on ! ts*] 9 #aeia4gj #gj ,see ,"p ,,iii43 page #bca4 ,gollut1 9 #aeib1 sugge/$ ! cold ( w9t] z ! cause ( ! ice at ,*aux-les-,passavant4#ga #ga ,see ,"p ,,iii43 page #bjb4 ,9 ! ,hi/oire de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces1 #afhf1 ,tome ,,ii41 pages #b1 #c1 !re is an acc\nt1 ) no au?or's "n1 ( ,*aux-les-,passavant4 ,! memoir /ates t 9 w9t] ! cave is fill$ ) ?ick vapors & t aft] "s trees 7 cut d[n ne> ! entrance1 ! ice 0 less abundant ?an =m]ly3 t p come = ice ) c>ts & mules1 b t ! ice does n become exhau/$1 = "o day ( great heat =ms m ice ?an c\ld be c>ri$ away 9 eight days 9 c>ts & wagons3 & t :5 a fog =ms 9 ! cave1 !re is assur$ly ra9 ! foll[+ day1 & t ! peasants 9 ! neighborhood consult ?is curi\s almanac to "k ! wea!r :i* is com+4 ,freih]r ,valvasor1 9 #afhi1 wrote ab\t "s ( ! glacires ( ! ,kra94#gb #gb ,see ,"p ,,iii43 pages #bch1 #bci4 ,behr5s1 9 #agjc1 ?\ght x 0 cold] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t] 9 ! caves ne> ,que/5b]g 9 ! ,h>z4 ,m4 de ,bill]ez1 9 #agab1 writes t at ,*aux-les-,passavant x is really cold] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]2 & t ! ice is h>d] ?an riv] ice1 & ?is he ?9ks is due to ! pres5ce ( a nitr\s or ammoniacal salt1 :i* he says he f\nd 9 ! rocks4 ,m4 de ,boz made f\r trips to ,*aux-les-,passavant on ! #ae? ( ,may & #h? ( ,novemb]1 #agbe2 & ! #h? ( ,m>* & #bj? ( ,augu/1 #agbf4 ,8 memoir says t 8 obs]vations t5d to disprove ^? ( ,m4 de ,bill]ez1 & t ! cause = ! great cold1 :i* is less great 9 summ]1 al?\gh always rema9+1 is q natural4 ,he cites z causes = ! ice ! exposure to ! nor?-nor?-ea/2 ! rock portal %elt]+ ! entrance1 & all ! =e/ cov]+ ! surr\nd+ l&s2 & adds t "s v]aci\s p]sons told him t s9ce "s ( ! big trees above ! grotto _h be5 cut d[n !re 0 less ice ?an be=e4 ,he f\nd no traces ( salt1 nor any spr+s1 & t ! wat] supply came f ! ra9s & melt$ sn[s filt]+ ?r\gh ! gr\nd4 ,9 #agci1 ,mat?ias ,bel publi%$ 8 curi\s acc\nt ( ,szilize4#gc #gc ,see ,"p ,,iii43 page #bed4 ,j4 ,n4 ,nagel1 a ,vi5na ma!matician1 visit$ ! ts*] 9 #agdg4 ,he conclud$ t ! ice 0 made 9 w9t] & pres]v$ 9 summ] z 9 an ice h\se4 ,m4 de ,cossigny wrote1 9 #agej1 ab\t ,*aux-les-,passavant4 ,he made a plan ( ! cave & took _m obs]vations 9 ,april1 ,augu/ & ,octob]1 & conclud$ t ! int]ior condition ( ! cave does n *ange noticeably f w9t] to summ]1 no matt] :at ! ext]nal conditions ( temp]ature may be2 t :at p say ( great] cold 9 summ]1 vani%es be=e actual exp]i5ce & t1 z a /ate ( freez+ reigns m or less cont9u\sly 9 ! cave1 x is n surpris+ if ! ice accumulates4 ,app>5tly he 0 ! fir/ to notice & insi/ on ! necessity ( dra9age to ! cave ?r\gh cracks 9 ! rocks4 ,he also made a s]ies ( obs]vations disprov+ ^? ( ,m4 de ,bill]ez1 z to ! pres5ce ( any k9ds ( salts 9 ! rocks or ice4 ,hacquet1 9 #aggh1 ?\ght t ! ice 9 ! cave at ,lazhna-gora =m$ 9 w9t]1 b he also ?\ght t !re mu/ und\bt$ly be "s salt 9 ! wat]4 ,he says he f\nd ice 9 ! cave 9 ! spr+1 & t 8 companion1 a prie/1 _h nev] f\nd any 9 w9t]4 ,he !re=e conclud$ t by t "t x _h all melt$4 ,roma9 ,joly1 9 #aggi1 claims to h visit$ ,*aux-les-,passavant on ! #ai? ( ,septemb] 7ye> n giv574 ,8 acc\nt seems l>gely borr[$ f ! "o 9 ! ,hi/oire de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces1 9 #afhf4 ,he says3 ,?is ice is =m$ by ! drops ( wat] :i* fall f ! ro(1 & :i* freeze because ( ! *ill ( ! cave4 ,9 ! w9t] !re is no ice1 b runn+ wat]4 ,he says no?+1 h[ev]1 ab\t ! ice =m+ 9 summ]4 ,! ,citoy5 ,girod-,*antrans visit$ ,*aux-les-,passavant 9 ,augu/1 #aghc1 & rea*$ ! conclusion1 f all he saw & he>d1 t ! cave did n freeze 9 summ] nor ?aw 9 w9t]1 & t x 0 really a natural ice h\se4 ,he 0 aid$ by ! notes ( a neighbor+ physician1 ,dr4 ,oudot1 :o _h made obs]vations 9 ! cave1 & among o!rs1 _h plac$ /akes ( wood1 on ! #h? ( ,janu>y1 #aggi1 9 ! heads ( ! columns he _h f\nd 9 ! cave2 & on ! #bb;d ( ,febru>y1 #aghj1 _h f\nd ^! /akes completely cov]$ ) ice1 =m+ columns #cj c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,hablizl1 9 #aghh1 wrote t ! ice 9 ! cave ne> ,k>ass\baz> =m$ 9 ! spr+ by ! sn[s :i* melt1 run into ! cave1 & refreeze4 ,he also ?\ght t !re 0 less ice !re 9 ! fall ?an 9 ! spr+1 t x dim9i%es 9 ,july & ,augu/1 & t ! idea1 curr5t 9 ! neighborhood1 ( ! =mation ( ice 9 summ]1 is a mi/ake4 ,pr(essor ,pi]re ,prvo/1 9 #aghi1 gave an accurate explanation ( ! =mation ( ! ice 9 ,*aux-les-,passavant4 ,he says3 ,weigh+ c>efully ! local circum/ances1 "o discov]s 9 tru? a few causes ( p]man5t cold4 ,b ^! causes seem r suit$ to keep up a great fre%ness or to dim9i% ! heat ( summ]1 ?an to produce a cold su* z t :i* reigns 9 ! cav]n4 ,fir/ ( all1 big trees ?r[ %ade ov] ! entrance2 x is1 ,i 0 told1 =bidd5 "u sev]e p5alties to cut d[n any ( !m1 = fe> ( depriv+ ! grotto ( a necess>y %elt]4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is entrance is situat$ almo/ due nor?1 lean+ a little to ! ea/1 :i* is ! coole/ exposure "o c *oose1 & ! "o mo/ suit$ to help ! effect ( ! icy w9ds :i* bl[ f t qu>t]4 ,f9ally ! slope is /eep & ! grotto deep & cov]$ ) a ?ick vault4 ,^! ?ree conditions unit$ con/itute1 z x seems to me1 a v good ice h\se2 by :i* ,i mean a res]voir fit to pres]ve dur+ ! summ]1 ! ice :i* may bank up 9 w9t]4 ,b h[ does ?is ice bank up8 ,"o kn[s t ! outside wat]s above =m on ! ro(1 dur+ ! w9t]1 long drops & /alactites ( ice4 ,^! icicles1 :i* hang d[n & increase con/antly by ! drip f ! same s\rce :i* =m$ !m1 fall at la/1 c>ri$ away by _! own weight1 & =m s _m c5tres1 ar\nd :i* freeze ! wat]s ) :i* ! floor ( ! grotto is always inundat$4 ,at ! same "t1 ! bl[+ ( ! nor? w9d accumulates sn[ at ! base ( ! slope1 :i* is uncov]$ 9 "p & expos$ above to all ! vicissitudes ( ! wea!r4 ,?us dur+ ! w9t] is =m$ an irregul> heap ( ice & sn[1 :i* ! fir/ heats ( spr+ beg9 to make run1 b :i* ! heats ( summ] _c f9i% dissolv+4 ,! w9t] foll[+ has !re=e ev5 m facility to augm5t ! mass ( ^! ice pyramids1 :i* h resi/$ until ! fall4 ,& if m5 did n "w at dim9i%+ x1 x might happ5 t x w\ld fill ! entire cav]n at la/ to a great height4 ,i am !re=e /rongly incl9$ to ?9k t ! process ( nature is "h precisely simil> to t ( art2 t )\t any especial cause ( cold1 ! natural glacire ( ,besanon cons]ves 9 ! mod]ate temp]ature ( deep cav]ns1 ! heaps ( sn[ & ice :i* ! w9ds & ! outside wat]s accumulate !re dur+ ! w9t]2 & t ! melt+ ( ^! sn[s & ( ^! accumulat$ ices =ms little by little ! ice floor1 scatt]$ ov] ) blocks & pyramids1 :i* "o obs]ves !re dur+ ! summ]4 ,horace ,bndict de ,saussure1 ! great ,swiss sci5ti/ & m\nta9e]1 9 #agif1 publi%$ a numb] ( obs]vations ab\t cold curr5t caves 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,alps4 ,he f\nd t 9 summ] ! air bl[s outw>d at ! l[] end1 & t 9 w9t] x draws inw>d4 ,8 explanation is t 9 summ] ! cold] air 9 ! tube is heavi] ?an ! outside air & displaces x by gravity2 :ile 9 w9t] ! rupture takes place 9 ! o!r direction1 s9ce ! column )9 ! tube is w>m] ?an ! outside air & !re=e is pu%$ upw>ds by ! heavy air fl[+ 94 ,he concludes t evaporation due to ! air pass+ int]nally ov] moi/ rocks suffices to expla9 ! ph5om5on ( l[ temp]atures & t su* caves h a r l[] temp]ature 9 ! ,alps ?an 9 ,italy ow+ to ! great] natural cold ( ! ,swiss lake region4 ,an exp]im5t ( 8 is wor? m5tion+4 ,he pass$ a curr5t ( air ?r\gh a glass tube1 #b4e c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 fill$ ) moi/5$ /ones1 & f\nd t ! air curr5t :i* ent]$ ) a temp]ature ( #bb4e came out ) a temp]ature ( #ah4ge1 t is ) a loss ( #c4ge ( heat4 ,rob]t ,t[nson1 ,,ll4,d41 9 #agig1 publi%$ an acc\nt1 p]haps ! fir/ 9 ,engli%1 ( a glacire cave4 ,he says ( ,szilize3 ,ice ,i truly f\nd "h 9 abundance1 & x 0 mid-summ]1 b 9 a /ate ( ?aw2 ! b$ ( ice1 :i* cov]$ ! floor ( ! cav]n 0 ?9ly cov]$ ) wat] & ev]y?+ ann\nc$ a ?aw4 ,i _h no ne$ to use my !rmomet]3 h[ev] ,i plac$ x 9 ! ice & x fell to #j ( ,raumur3 ,i !n wip$ x & plac$ x 9 a ni*e 9 ! rock1 at ! fur!/ "p ( ! cav]n1 a y>d above ! ice & "h x rema9$ ne> an h\r3 :5 ,i return$ ,i f\nd x at #j4 99 99 99 ,ev]y?+ !re=e1 ice1 wat] & atmosph]e 9 ! neighborhood _h ! same temp]ature1 & t 0 ! temp]ature ( melt+ ice3 #j ,raumur4 ,:5 !n is ! ice :i* is f\nd "h1 & 9 su* quantities t ?is cav]n s]ves ! few opul5t nobility 9 ! neighborhood z an ice h\se1 =m$8 ,surely 9 w9t]1 ?\gh n by ! fir/ fro/1 n s soon z ice is =m$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,no d\bt1 f ! little communication ?is cav]n has ) ! atmosph]e1 x w be b little & sl[ly affect$ by ! *ange4 ,%\ld !re=e1 ,mr4 ,bel1 or any ( 8 fri5ds1 h come "h to v]ify ! common report at ! comm5cem5t ( a sev]e fro/1 :5 ! :ole c\ntry 0 cov]$ ) ice & sn[1 !y might /ill h f\nd no?+ "h b wat]1 or ! ice ( ! prec$+ w9t] 9 a /ate ( ?aw1 & ! cav]n relatively w>m2 & likewise1 %\ld !y h visit$ x 9 a w>m spr+1 :i* _h succe$$ to a sev]e w9t]1 !y might h f\nd no?+ "h b fro/ & ice2 & ev5 ! fre% melt$ sn[1 p]colat+ ?r\gh ! ro( ( ?is cav]n1 might aga9 h be5 congeal$ to ice4 ,i obs]v$ frequ5tly 9 ,g]many 9 ! sev]e w9t] ( #agid-e1 on a sudd5 ?aw1 t ! walls ( *ur*es & o!r public build+s1 on ! outside 7 :ite & cov]$ ) a ho> fro/1 & ! w9d[s on ! same side cov]$ ) a rime4 ,dr4 ,franz ,s>tori1 9 #ahji1 0 a /rong believ] 9 ! summ] ice !ory1 & wrote ( ! flies & ! gnats1 ! bats & ! owls1 & ! foxes & ! h>es com+ to ,szilize to w9t]4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 9 #ahad1 says ab\t ! ,cueva del ,hielo on ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe t s mu* sn[ & ice are /or$ up 9 w9t] t ! summ] heat _c melt x all1 & also adds t p]man5t sn[ 9 caves mu/ dep5d m on ! am\nt ( w9t] sn[1 & ! fre$om f hot w9ds1 ?an on ! absolute altitude ( ! cave4 ,dewey1 9 #ahai1 ?\ght t ! ice 9 ! ,sn[ ,gl5 at ,william/[n 0 a w9t] =mation4 ,pr(essor ,m4 ,a4 ,pictet visit$ ,sa9t-,georges1 ,le ,brezon & ,mont>quis & 9 #ahbb endeavor$ to prove t !y are cold curr5t caves & t ! ice 9 !m is due entirely to draughts caus+ evaporation4 ,he believ$ 9 ! !ory ( ! ice =m+ 9 summ] m ?an 9 w9t] & t x c\ld n be ! residue ( a w9t] deposit4 ,he !re=e argu$ t x mu/ be due to desc5d+ curr5ts ( air :i* he ?\ght w\ld be mo/ en]getic 9 summ]2 t !y w\ld become at lea/ z l[ z ! mean annual temp]ature ( ! place & be /ill fur!r cool$ by evaporation4 ,! /range ?+ ab\t 8 !ories is t he does n seem to h p]sonally obs]v$ any draughts ei!r at ,sa9t-,georges or ,le ,brezon1 b ! fact t ! ice 0 evid5tly n an accumulation ( w9t] sn[ l$ him to try to reconcile :at he _h himself se5 ) de ,saussure's !ories ab\t w9dholes4 ,jean ,&r ,deluc 9 #ahbb publi%$ a pap] discuss+ ! !ories ( ,,mm4 de ,cossigny1 ,prvo/ & ,pictet4 ,deluc _h nev] visit$ a glacire himself1 b he expla9s cle>ly ! impossibility ( ,pr(essor ,pictet's cold curr5t !ory1 on ! simple gr\nd t ,pr(essor ,pictet himself did n f9d any cold curr5ts4 ,he takes up ,pr(essor ,prvo/'s !ories w>mly2 us+ also ! manuscript notes ( ,mons4 ,colladon :o _h visit$ ! ,gr& ,cave de ,mont>quis4 ,deluc says3 t ! w9t]'s cold p5etrates into ^! caves1 freezes ! wat] :i* collects !re & t ! ice ?us =m$ has n ! "t to melt dur+ ! foll[+ summ]4 ,he says fur!r3 ,x seems t 9 ! ?ree glacires ) :i* we h be5 occupi$ !re is a flat or r holl[ bottom1 :]e ! wat]s c =m a m or less deep pond1 & :5ce !y !re=e _c fl[ away2 x is !re !y fl[ 9 w9t]2 & z ^! are %ut 9 places :]e ! air _c circulate1 ! heats ( summ] c only p5etrate v feebly4 ,! ice once =m$ 9 su* cavities1 only melts sl[ly2 = "o kn[s t ice 9 melt+1 absorbs #fj ( heat2 & :]e f9d ?is heat 9 an air always v cold & ne>ly /ill8 ,dur+ a great cold1 ! ice =ms ) great promptness1 :ile x melts ) mu* sl[ness1 ev5 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! air is sev]al degrees above z]o2 :at mu/ !n n be ?is sl[ness :5 ! temp]ature ( ! int]ior air only rises 9 summ] "o degree above freez+ po9t4 ,x w\ld ne$ sev]al summ]s to melt ?is ice if x did n re=m ea* w9t]4 ,c4 ,a4 ,lee1 9 #ahbe1 wrote t ! ice 9 ! ,wolf%oll[ ne> ,salisbury 0 a w9t] =mation4 ,g4 ,p\lett ,scrope1 9 #ahbf1 accept$ z ! tru? ! /atem5t t ! cave ( ,ro? 0 fill$ ) ice 9 summ]1 b t x 0 w>m dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 #ahbg1 he expla9$ ! pres5ce ( ice at ,pontgibaud z foll[s3 ,! wat] is app>5tly froz5 by means ( ! p[]ful evaporation produc$ by a curr5t ( v dry air issu+ f "s long fissures or ar*$ gall]ies :i* communicate ) ! cave1 & ow+ its dryness to ! absorb5t qualities ( ! lava ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,f4 ,rei*1 9 #ahcd1 ?\ght t !re 7 two possible causes :i* might produce subt]ranean ice3 #a1 ! diff]5ce 9 specific gravity betwe5 w>m & cold air2 #b1 evaporation4 ,he ?\ght ! cold air a suffici5t cause 9 mo/ caves1 b he consid]$ t evaporation also play$ a "p n infrequ5tly4 ,pr(essor ,silliman1 9 #ahci1 gave ! fir/ h9t1 9 ! negative1 ab\t compress$ air z a cause = subt]ranean ice4 ,he said ab\t ,owego t if "o c\ld suppose t compress$ gases or a compress$ atmosph]e 7 escap+ f ! wat] or ne> x1 ?is w\ld indicate a s\rce ( cold1 b t z !re is no indication ( ?is 9 ! wat]1 ! explanation is unavailable4 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,pleis*l wrote 9 #ahda t he 0 told t ice =m$ on ! ,ples*iwetz & on ! ,/e9b]ge 9 summ]4 ,cont9u+1 he says3 ,! au?or is !re=e1 z well z = o!r reasons1 ( ! op9ion1 t ! ice is n rema9+ w9t] ice1 b a summ] =mation1 & "o =m$ by ! cold ( evaporation4 99 99 99 ,! basalt is1 z a ?ick /one1 a good conductor = ! heat1 & takes up !re=e easily ! sun's w>m?1 b p>ts ) x easily to o!r neighbor+ bodies4 ,9 ! holl[s1 betwe5 ! basalt blocks1 is f\nd1 z ,i already m5tion$1 rott+ moss1 :i* =ms a spongy mass1 :i* is wet ?r\gh ) wat]4 ,! basalt heat$ by ! sun's rays n[ causes a "p ( ! wat] 9 ! spongy mass to vaporize2 = ?is evaporation ! wat] ne$s heat1 :i* x )draws f ! neighbor+ bodies & 9 "p f wat]1 & makes ! wat] s cold1 t x freezes into ice1 z1 "u ! bell ( an air pump--,nature !re=e makes "h a physical exp]im5t on ! l>ge/ scale4 ,mu* /ress appe>s to h be5 laid on ! pap] ( ,pr(essor ,pleis*l by ,pr(essor ,krauss & "o or two o!rs4 ,! weak po9t 9 x is t ,pleis*l did n see ! ice =m 9 summ]1 b 0 only1 z usual1 told t x did s4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! facts giv5 to %[ t ! places m5tion$ are diff]5t f any o!r taluses1 :]e ice does n =m z ! result ( heat4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,hayd51 9 #ahdc1 wrote ab\t ! ,ice ,m\nta9 9 ,virg9ia1 & held t ! por\s nature ( ! rocks makes !m poor conductors ( heat1 & t ! m\nta9 is a huge s&/one refrig]ator4 ,dr4 ,s4 ,pe>l ,la?rop1 9 #ahdd1 wrote ( ! ,ice ,b$ at ,wall+=d1 ,v]mont1 z a great natural refrig]ator4 ,sir ,rod]ick ,impey ,mur*ison wrote 9 #ahde ab\t ! salt m9e & freez+ cave ( ,illetzkaya-,zats*ita4 ,he visit$ !m dur+ a hot ,augu/1 & 0 assur$ t ! cold )9 is greate/ :5 ! ext]nal air is hotte/ & drie/2 t ! fall ( ra9 & a moi/ atmosph]e produce "s dim9ution 9 ! cold ( ! cave & t on ! sett+ 9 ( w9t] ! ice disappe>s entirely4 ,he accept$ ^! /atem5ts evid5tly only 9 a half he>t$ way1 submitt+ !m to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 :o tri$ to expla9 !m1 9 case !y 7 true1 ( :i* ,h]s*el 0 likewise d\btful4 ,mur*ison at fir/ ?\ght t ! ice 0 due to ! und]ly+ b$ ( salt1 b soon recogniz$ t ?is explanation c\ld n be correct4 ,he also reject$ ,h]s*el's heat & cold wave !ory4 ,%ortly aft] ?is he came across ,pictet's memoir1 & on ! /r5g? ( x conclud$ t ! ice 9 ,illetzkaya-,zats*ita c\ld n be ! residue ( a w9t] deposit1 b mu/ be due to desc5d+ curr5ts ( air2 to ! previ\sly wet & damp ro( af=d+ a passage to wat]2 & to ! excessive dryness ( ! ext]nal air ( ^! s\!rn /eppes contribut+ p[]fully to ! refrig]at+ effects ( evaporation4 ,pr(essor ,arnold ,guyot1 9 #ahef1 said t ! well at ,owego admitt$ l>ge quantities ( sn[ :i* melts1 b n readily1 because x is n accessible to ! sun4 ,x !re=e goes ?r\gh ! same process z glaci]s1 ( p>tly melt+ & refreez+2 & we h ! =mation ( a glaci] )\t movem5t4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,b4 ,rog]s1 9 #ahef1 held t ! well at ,owego became ! recipi5t ( ! colde/ air ( ! neighborhood1 & ! temp]ature rema9$ abnormal because ! bad conduct+ p[] ( ! mat]ials ( ! well reta9$ ! cold4 ,pr(essor ,d4 ,olm/ead1 9 #ahef1 held ab\t ,owego t cold air exi/s 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>? :i* may h f\nd a v5tilat+ %aft 9 ! well4 ,pr(essor ,petruzzi1 9 #aheg1 consid]$ ! foll[+ requirem5ts necess>y = a glacire3 ,a high altitude above ! sea2 a decid$ drop into ! int]ior ( ! m\nta92 abs5ce ( all draught2 protection aga9/ all w>m & moi/ w9ds1 !re=e ! op5+ to nor? & ea/4 ,he also says ab\t ! glacire on ! ,pograca3 t x is 9 %ad[2 t ! ?ick =e/ r\nd ! m\? keeps ! temp]ature d[n2 t x beg9s to freeze bel[ :5 x does above2 t ! cold rema9s !re into ! spr+2 & t ! wat] f ra9 or o!r s\rces1 :i* fl[s into ! cave1 mu/ freeze !re1 & ! ice =m 9 great] quantities ?an ! heat ( summ] c melt away4 ,mr4 ,alb]t ,d4 ,hag] wrote 9 #ahei3 ,! "q n[ arises1 :y x 0 t su* a congeal$ mass ( e>? 0 f\nd 9 ,br&on at ! "t ! froz5 well 0 dug4 ,my op9ion is1 t ! bad conduct+ prop]ty ( ! solids surr\nd+ x1 ! abs5ce ( asc5d+ curr5ts ( heat$ air1 & ( subt]ranean /reams ( wat] 9 ?is p>ticul> locality favor$ su* a result2 & t ! bad conduct+ prop]ty ( clay1 z well z t ( ! por\s gravel associat$ ) x1 tak5 9 connection ) ! highly incl9$ por\s /rata1 & ! disposition ( heat$ air to rise1 & ! cold air to rema9 bel[1 contribute to produce 9 ! e>?1 at ?is place1 a mammo? refrig]ator1 embrac+ ess5tially ! same pr9ciple z t involv$ 9 ! ju/ly celebrat$ refrig]ator kn[n z ',w9%ip's ,pat5t4' ,clay is n only ne>ly imp]vi\s to air & wat]1 b x is "o ( ! wor/ conductors ( heat 9 nature4 7,note4--,to te/ ! "q :e!r clay 0 a poor conductor ( heat or n1 ,i took two bas9s ( equal size1 & 9 "o put a coat+ ( clay "o-half in* ?ick1 into :i* ,i put wat] ( a temp]ature ( #eb ,fahr5heit4 ,into ! o!r di%1 :i* 0 clean1 ,i put wat] ( ! same temp]ature1 & subject$ ! two bas9s to equal am\nts ( heat2 & 9 five m9utes ! wat] 9 ! clean di% indicat$ a temp]ature ( #gj :ile t ( ! "o coat$ ) clay 0 rais$ only to #ef47 ,if we c rely ^u ! /atem5ts ( ^? :o dug out ! froz5 e>?1 x re/$ ^u a /ratum ( clay t lay ^u ! b$ ( pebbles 9 :i* ! wat] 0 f\nd1 = x 0 describ$ z be+ a v /icky k9d ( h>d pan4 ,?is be+ ! case1 if ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! pebbly mass _h a temp]ature above ! freez+ po9t1 ! heat w\ld be b imp]fectly transmitt$ to ! fro/1 ?r\gh ! clay1 provid$ !re 0 no o!r way = its escape4 ,b we h se5 t ! /ratum ( clay t ov]lays ! b$ ( pebbles 9 ! side ( ! gravel pit 0 n horizontal1 b incl9$ t[>ds ! well at an angle ( #be4 ,n[ if ?is drip 0 cont9u$ to ! well1 & exi/$ !re 7:i* is highly probable71 x w be se5 t ! asc5d+ curr5t ( heat$ air1 9 ! pebbly b$1 w\ld be *eck$ ^u meet+ ! ov]ly+ b>ri] ( clay & be deflect$ out ( its upw>d c\rse4 ,! t5d5cy ( heat$ air is to rise1 h5ce x w\ld cont9ue its c\rse along ! "u side ( ! clay1 ?r\gh ! int]/ices 9 ! b$ ( pebbles1 till x f\nd a place ( escape at ! surface1 :i* 9 ?is case may h be5 at ! gravel pit be=e nam$4 ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,hit*cock wrote 9 #ahfa3 ,! pres5ce ( a mass ( froz5 gravel deep b5ea? ! surface 9 ,br&on1 0 fir/ made kn[n by digg+ a well 9 x 9 ! autumn ( #aheh4 99 99 99 ,! gravel1 also1 rises into occasional knolls & ridges4 ,9 %ort1 x is j su* a region ( s& & gravel z may be se5 9 _m places along ! we/]n side ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s2 & inde$1 all ov] ,new ,engl&4 ,x is :at we call modifi$ drift1 & lies above g5u9e drift1 hav+ be5 ! result ( aque\s ag5cy subsequ5t to ! drift p]iod4 99 99 99 ,! well 0 /on$ up late 9 ! autumn ( #aheh1 & dur+ ! w9t]1 ice =m$ ^u ! wat] 9 "o night1 two in*es ?ick4 ,x cont9u$ to freeze till ,april2 aft] :i* no ice 0 =m$ on ! surface1 b we c te/ify t z late z ,june #be?1 ! /ones ( ! well = f\r or five feet above ! surface ( ! wat] 7 mo/ly coat$ ) ice2 nay1 x _h n :olly disappe>$ ,july #ad?4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] 0 only "o degree ( ,fahr5heit above freez+ po9t4 ,! ice did h[ev] disappe> 9 ! autumn b 0 =m$ aga9 7h[ e>ly we did n le>n7 9 ! w9t]1 & s ?ick too t x 0 necess>y to s5d "s "o into ! well to break x4 ,we visit$ ! well ,augu/ #ah?1 #ahfj1 & f\nd ! temp]ature #db4 ,yet only ! week previ\s ice 0 se5 ^u ! /ones1 & we 7 ev5 told by "o ( ! family1 t a piece ( ice _h be5 drawn up ! day be=e 9 ! bucket4 99 99 99 ,^! froz5 deposits may h be5 produc$ dur+ ! glacial p]iod t accompani$ ! =mation ( drift1 & cont9u$ f> d[n into ! subsequ5t epo*s ( modifi$ drift4 99 99 99 ,b 9 all ! excavations bo? gravel & clay occur3 & h[ almo/ imp]vi\s to heat mu/ su* a coat+ #bj feet ?ick1 be6 ,x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 completely protect ! subjac5t mass f sol> heat4 ,b !re is ano!r ag5cy /ill m p[]ful = ?is end1 namely1 evaporation1 :i* we ?9k has op]at$ "h1 z we %all m fully describe fur!r on2 & we ?9k t ^! two ag5cies1 namely1 non-conduction & evaporation1 may h pres]v$ ?is froz5 deposit = a v long p]iod1 f ext]ior influ5ces4 ,pr(essor ,?ury 9 #ahfa says ab\t ,sa9t-,georges3 ,su* is ! rsum1 concise b exact1 ( ! results ( our w9t] excursion4 ,!y furni% pro( to ! fact g5]ally borne witness to by ! m\nta9e]s1 t ice does n =m 9 w9t] 9 ! int]ior ( cav]ns4 ,b if ?is is s1 x is = a v simple reason3 two ?+s are necess>y = ! =mation ( ice3 cold & wat]4 ,9 w9t]1 ! cold is n want+3 b if !re is no spr+ op5+ 9 ! cave1 ! wat] is abs5t1 & !n no ice =ms4 ,x is 9 ! spr+1 at ! "t ( ! fir/ melt+ ( ! sn[s1 t ! ice mu/ =m4 ,!n wat] at #j p\rs ov] ! surface1 & p5etrates by ! fissures ( ! rock & by ! l>ge op5+s into ! *ill$ cav]n1 :i* is also receiv+ ! freez+ air ( ! nights4 ,! grotto !n makes its annual provision ( ice1 :i* aft] ?is c\ld only dim9i% little by little dur+ ! :ole duration ( ! w>m season4 ,pr(essor ,?ury writes ab\t ! ,gr& ,cave de ,mont>quis3 ,"h x mu/ be :5 wat] & cold meet1 t is autumn & especially spr+1 ! "t ( ! fir/ melt+ ( ! sn[s4 ,dur+ ! w9t] 99 99 99 ! cold]1 heavi] air comes to freeze ! wat] ( ! grotto1 & *ill ! ice & ! wall ( rock4 ,dur+ ! summ]1 ! radiation ( ! vaults & ! prop] heat ( ! gr\nd only melt a small quantity ( ice because ?is absorbs mu* heat to pass into a liquid /ate4 ,! heat ( ! air is entirely us$ to melt ! ice2 x does n !re=e manife/ itself z s5sible heat4 ,! contact ( ! ice ready to melt1 plays 9 a c]ta9 way1 t[>ds ! air a little w>m] ?an itself1 ! rle ( an extremely absorb+ body1 or "o :i* has an excessive caloric conductibility4 ,"h ! =mation ( ! ice c\ld n possibly be attribut$ to ! cold caus$ by evaporation4 ,! psy*romet] indicat$ n9ety-two p] c5t1 ( relative humidity3 ! atmosph]e ( ! grotto 0 !re=e almo/ saturat$ ) evaporation ( wat]1 & ! maximum ( cold caus$ by evaporation 0 n ov] half a degree c5tigrade4 ,ab\t prismatic ice & a holl[ pyramid1 he says3 ,! prismatic 7arolaire7 /ructure is produc$ lat] on 9 ! ice1 by a new & p>ticul> arrangem5t ( ! molecules ( ! already solidifi$ wat]4 ,!re=e ! rec5t /alactites are nev] cry/alliz$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! hot season1 ! atmosph]ic temp]ature ( ! grotto rises sl[ly4 ,inf]ior to z]o by "s t5?s ( a degree1 x produces fir/ on ! surface1 9 ! /alactites1 ! prismatic /ructure4 ,! temp]ature cont9ues to rise1 ! c5tral portions ( ! /alactites1 /ill compos$ ( ord9>y ice1 liquefy1 & if ! melt+ wat] f9ds "s issue1 ei!r by accid5tal op5+s left betwe5 "s prisms1 or by ! extremity ( ! /alactite or by "s po9t ( its surface :i* _h escap$ ! action ( ! regul> cry/allization2 by ?is op5+ ! wat] escapes1 & ! tubul> /alactite has be5 =m$4 ,! column 0 compos$ ( a v special ice1 p]fectly dry1 p]fectly homog5e\s1 translucid & ^: appe>ance c\ld only be comp>$ to t ( ! mo/ beautiful porcela94 ,i am incl9$ to believe t we _h "u our eyes a special molecul> /ate ( congeal$ wat]4 ,?is /ate w\ld be produc$ "u ! influ5ce ( a con/ant temp]ature ( a c]ta9 degree 7,note--p]haps n f> f #d--! actual temp]ature ( ! grotto7 long prolong$4 ,^! causes c be realiz$ m completely 9 glacires ?an any:]es else4 ,! ,rev]5d ,george ,=re/ ,br[ne1 publi%$ 9 #ahfe1 ,ice ,caves 9 ,france & ,switz]l&1 "o ( ! mo/ delightful books ( travel ev] writt51 on acc\nt ( ! sci5tific accuracy & ! humor ( ! au?or4 ,he visit$ ,la ,g5ollire1 ,sa9t-,georges1 ,sa9t-,livres1 ,*aux-les-,passavant1 ,mon?zy1 ,arc-s\s-icon1 ! ,s*aflo*1 ,haut-d',avi]noz1 :i* he calls ,gr& ,anu1 ,*apuis1 & ,font-d',urle4 ,he says3 ,! view :i* ,deluc adopt$ 0 "o :i* ,i h myself indep5d5tly =m$4 99 99 99 ,! heavy cold air ( w9t] s9ks d[n into ! glacires1 & ! light] w>m air ( summ] _c on ord9>y pr9ciples ( gravitation dislodge x1 s t heat is v sl[ly spread 9 ! caves2 & ev5 :5 "s am\nt ( heat does rea* ! ice1 ! latt] melts b sl[ly1 = ice absorbs #fj ,c4 ( heat 9 melt+2 & ?us1 :5 ice is once =m$1 x becomes a mat]ial gu>antee = ! p]man5ce ( cold 9 ! cave4 ,= ?is explanation to hold good x is necess>y t ! level at :i* ! ice is =m$ %\ld be bel[ ! level ( ! entrance to ! cave2 o!rwise ! m]e weight ( ! cold air w\ld cause x to leave its prison z soon z ! spr+ w>m? arriv$4 ,9 e s+le case t has come "u my obs]vation1 ?is condition has be5 emphatically fulfill$4 ,x is necess>y1 also1 t ! cave %\ld be protect$ f direct radiation1 z ! gravitation ( cold air has no?+ to d ) resi/ance to t p[]ful means ( introduc+ heat4 ,?is condition1 also1 is fulfill$ by nature 9 all ! glacires ,i h visit$1 except+ t ( ,s4 ,georges2 & !re art has replac$ ! protection =m]ly af=d$ by ! ?ick trees :i* grew ov] ! hole ( entrance4 ,! effect ( ! second hole 9 ! ro( ( ?is glacire is to de/roy all ! ice :i* is )9 range ( ! sun4 ,a ?ird & v necess>y condition is1 t ! w9d %\ld n be all[$ access to ! cave2 = if x 71 x w\ld infallibly br+ 9 heat$ air1 9 spite ( ! specific weight ( ! cold air /or$ )94 ,x w be und]/ood f my description ( su* glacires z t ( ! ,gr& ,anu1 ( ,mon?zy1 & ! l[] glacire ( ! ,pr de ,s4 ,livres1 h[ completely %elt]$ f all w9ds ! entrances to ^? caves are4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 too1 t ! l>ge surfaces :i* are available = evaporation h mu* to d ) ma9ta9+ a some:at l[] temp]ature ?an ! mean temp]ature ( ! place :]e ! cave occurs4 ,br[ne notic$ prismatic ice sev]al times4 ,he says ( x3 ,m4 ,?ury sugge/s also1 z a possibility1 :at ,i h f\nd to be ! case by frequ5t obs]vations1 t ! prismatic ice has great] p[] ( resi/+ heat ?an ord9>y ice4 99 99 99 ,a ,fr5*man :o 0 pres5t 9 ! room 9 :i* ! ,*emical ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association met at ,ba?1 & he>d a pap] :i* ,i read !re on ?is prismatic /ructure1 sugge/$ t x 0 probably some?+ ak9 to ! rhomboidal =m assum$ by dri$ mud2 & ,i h s9ce be5 /ruck by ! great resemblance to x1 z f> z ! surface goes1 :i* ! pits ( mud left by ! coprolite work]s ne> ,cambridge (f]1 ( c\rse on a v l>ge scale4 ,?is l$ me to suppose t ! int5se dryness :i* w\ld naturally be ! result ( ! action ( "s weeks or mon?s ( great cold ^u subt]ranean ice might be "o ( ! causes ( its assum+ ?is =m1 & ! obs]vations at ,j5a w\ld r confirm ?an contradict ?is view3 compet5t au?orities1 h[ev]1 seem incl9$ to believe t w>m?1 & n cold1 is ! produc+ cause4 ,mr4 ,br[ne f\nd a holl[ cone at ,la ,g5ollire1 = :i* he acc\nt$ z foll[s3 ,9 ! l(ti] "p ( ! cave 99 99 99 n9ety six drops ( wat] 9 a m9ute spla%$ on to a small /one imm$iately "u ! ma9 fissure4 ,?is /one 0 9 ! c5tre ( a consid]able area ( ! floor :i* 0 cle> ( ice4 99 99 99 ,i f\nd t ! edge ( ! ice r\nd ?is cle> area 0 mu* ?ick] ?an ! re/ ( ! ice on ! floor1 & 0 evid5tly ! rema9s ( ! swell+ p$e/al ( ! column4 99 99 99 ,:5 ! melt$ sn[s ( spr+ s5d d[n to ! cave1 ?r\gh ! fissures ( ! rock1 an abundance ( wat] at a v l[ temp]ature & ! cave itself is /or$ ) ! w9t]'s cold1 ^! ?ick] r+s ( ice cat* fir/ ! desc5d+ wat]1 & s a circul> wall1 naturally conical1 is =m$ ar\nd ! area ( /ones2 ! rema9+ wat] ei!r runn+ (f ?r\gh ! int]/ices1 or =m+ a floor ( ice ( less ?ickness1 :i* yields to ! next summ]'s drops4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ?is conical wall rises1 n>r[+ always1 till a dome-l ro( is at l5g? =m$ & !nce=? ! column is solid4 ,f :at ,i h obs]v$ myself1 ?is explanation seems to fairly meet ! facts4 ,pr(essor ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney1 9 #ahfh1 0 incl9$ to believe t !re 0 "s connection betwe5 glacires & a glacial p]iod4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,raymond1 9 #ahfi1 conclud$ f 8 own obs]vations ab\t ! lava cave 9 ,wa%+ton3 t ! cold air ( w9t] freezes up ! p]colat+ wat]s f ! surface1 lay] ^u lay]1 solid f ! bottom1 & ! accumulat$ ice ?aws sl[ly 9 summ]1 be+ ret>d$ by ! cov]+ :i* keeps out ! direct rays ( ! sun1 & by ! fact t ! melt+ ice at "o end ( ! cave1 ?r\gh :i* ! summ] draught ent]s1 itself refrig]ates ! air & ma9ta9s a freez+ temp]ature at ! o!r end4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,:ite1 9 #ahgj1 says ( ! cav]n at ,decorah3 ,! =mation ( ! ice is probably due to ! rapid evaporation ( ! moi/ure ( ! e>? & rocks1 caus$ by ! heat ( ! summ] sun ^u ! out] wall ( ! fissure & valley side4 ,?is out] wall is f t5 to tw5ty feet 9 ?ickness :]e ! ice 0 se5 to be mo/ abundant4 ,! wat] = its production seems to be suppli$ by sl[ exudation f ! inn] wall ( ! cave4 ,dr4 ,kr5n]1 9 #ahgd1 wrote ( ,dbs9a z a natural ice cell> ( giant dim5sions1 ^: ice masses =m$ 9 w9t]1 ! summ] does n succe$ 9 melt+4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,boyd ,dawk9s wrote 9 #ahgd3 ,! app>5t anomaly t "o only out ( a gr\p ( caves expos$ to ! same temp]ature %\ld be a glacire1 may be expla9$ by ! fact t ^! conditions ^? =mulat$ by ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,f4 ,br[ne are f\nd 9 comb9ation b r>ely1 & if "o 7 abs5t !re w\ld be no accumulation ( p]petual ice4 ,x is v probable t ! /ore ( cold laid up 9 ^! caves1 z 9 an ice h\se1 has be5 ultimately d]iv$ f ! great refrig]ation ( climate 9 ,europe 9 ! ,glacial ,p]iod4 ,mr4 ,!odore ,kir*h(f exam9$ ! lava caves 9 ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton & 9 #ahgf wrote t he consid]$ t ! ice 9 ! small] ones 7 simply rema9s ( ! w9t]'s cold4 ,he ?\ght t ! ice 9 ! l>ge cave :]e !re is a draught c\ld n be acc\nt$ = 9 ! same way1 s he conclud$ t ! ice mu/ be due to ! draught4 ,mr4 ,n4 ,m4 ,l[e1 9 #ahgi1 propos$ ! ,compress$ ,air or ,capill>y !ory#gd ab\t ! ,cave at ,decorah4 #gd ,see ,"p ,,ii41 page #adb4 ,mr4 ,john ,rit*ie1 ,jr41 9 #ahgi1 gave an exce$+ly cle> exposition ( ! !ory 9 ! same j\rnal4 ,mr4 ,ad5 ,s4 ,b5$ict1 9 #ahha1 publi%$ 8 obs]vations ab\t ,decorah4 ,he f\nd t !re 0 no wat] fall+ 9 ! cave to compress ! air1 t !re 0 no wat] fall+ ne> en\gh to be he>d1 nor any ap]ture giv+ v5t to cold air 9 ! cave4 ,he ?\ght t ! cold ( w9t] cools ! sides ( ! cave sev]al degrees bel[ freez+ po9t & t ^! rocks are s f> und]gr\nd t x w\ld take a long season ( hot wea!r to raise ?is temp]ature to ! melt+ po9t ( ice4 ,9 ! spr+ ! wat] p]colates ?r\gh ! soil & drips on to ! yet freez+ rocks2 on :i* x freezes & rema9s until ! heat ( summ] p5etrates to a suffici5t dep? to melt x away4 ,! rocks once rais$ above #j rema9 s until ! foll[+ w9t] & consequ5tly if !re are heavy autumn ra9s !re is wat] on ! rocks b no ice4 ,mr4 ,b5$ict conclud$ t !re 0 no?+ m my/]i\s ab\t ,decorah ?an ! fact t if y drop wat] on a cold /one x w freeze4 ,pr(essor ,fri$]i* ,umlauft 9 #ahhc wrote ab\t glacires t z moreov] !y 7 g5]ally protect$ aga9/ w>m w9ds & /rong draughts & z _! entrances look t[>ds ! nor? or ea/1 !re is consequ5tly m ice =m$ "u ^! conditions 9 w9t] ?an c melt away 9 summ]4 ,o!r ice grottoes h[ev] %[ ! rem>kable *>act]i/ic1 t x is w>m 9 !m 9 w9t]1 9 ! summ] on ! contr>y x becomes s cold t all ! dripp+ wat] freezes4 ,!y are f\nd ne> sn[ clefts & gorges2 :5 9 ! hot summ] mon?s ! sn[ melts1 !n ! cold :i* has become free presses d[n ! temp]ature 9 ! cave s mu* t ! wat] freezes into ice4 ,su* grottoes are 9 ,au/ria at 99 99 99 ,frau5mau]1 99 99 99 ,br&/e91 99 99 99 ,teplitz1 99 99 99 ,scilize1 99 99 99 ,dobs*au]4 ,h]r ,krb] 9 #ahhe wrote ab\t ! ,s*aflo*1 t ! /or$-up w9t]'s cold /&s out z p]man5t adv]s>y ( ! high] temp]ature ( ! e>?4 ,! !rmomet] prov$ ?is by its action at ! end ( ! cave 9 a rock cleft1 :i* is w>m] ?an ! re/ ( ! cave4 ,9 ,septemb] ,h]r ,krb] f\nd ! masses ( ice less & ! /alagmites small] ?an 9 ,janu>y1 especially a column :i* 9 ,janu>y _h become a /ately m\nta9 ( transp>5t ice4 ,pr(essor ,eb]h>d ,fugg] ( ,salzburg1 has /udi$ ! caves ( ! ,unt]sb]g c>efully1 hav+ paid ov] eighty visits to !m4 ,he classifies freez+ cav]ns into ! foll[+ types1 accord+ to _! position & _! %ape3 ,accord+ to position3 #a1 op5 caves1 t is ^? ^: entrance is free on a rock wall2 #b1 pit caves1 :]e ! entrance is at ! bottom ( a pit2 #c1 pit caves1 :]e ! pit is cov]$ & ! op5+ is 9 ! ro(4 ,accord+ to %ape3 #a1 sackhhl5 or *amb] cav]ns1 into :i* "o ent]s imm$iately at ! entrance2 #b1 ganghhl51 or passage caves t]m9at+ 9 a *amb]2 #c1 rhr5hhl51 or passage caves :]e ! passages cont9ue fur!r ?an ! *amb]4 ,he is a /rong advocate ( ! w9t]'s cold !ory4 ,he says3 ,! ice ( caves is =m$ by ! cold ( w9t]1 & rema9s despite ! heat ( summ]1 z ?r\gh local circum/ances ! quantity ( heat br\ght to ! ice is n great en\gh to melt x by ! "t :5 ice & sn[ 9 ! op5 at ! same altitude h already disappe>$4 ,9 ord] t ice may =m 9 a cave 9 w9t]1 two factors are necess>y4 ,!re mu/ be wat] pres5t 9 "s =m or o!r1 & 9 "s way ! outside cold air mu/ be able to s9k into ! cave4 ,:5 ! bottom ( a cave is bel[ ! entrance1 ! outside cold w9t] air s9ks into ! cave f its weight1 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! cave air is high] ?an t ( ! outside air2 & x w rema9 !re dur+ ! w>m] wea!r1 z ! w>m outside air on acc\nt ( its light] weight _c drive out ! cold heavy cave air4 ,! mo/ important factor = ! =mation ( ice is ! drip wat]4 ,! m drip fl[s into a cave dur+ ! cold season1 ! m ice is =m$2 ! m drip1 on ! contr>y1 fl[s into ! cave dur+ ! w>m season1 ! m ice is de/roy$4 ,! w>m?1 :i* ! ro( ( ! cave gives out1 is also a cause :i* helps to melt ! ice1 & a cause 9 fact :i* works ! h>d]1 ! high] ! temp]ature ( ! ro( & ! dirti] ! ice floor4 ,if direct rays ( ! sun p5etrate a cave1 !y sc>cely w>m up ! air :i* !y trav]se1 b !y raise ! temp]ature ( ! floor or ( ! walls1 :i* !y t\*4 ,!y are !re=e a v important factor1 :i* may br+ ab\t ! melt+ ( ! ice4 ,! sn[ slope at ! m\? ( a cave (f]s "s protection aga9/ ! rays ( ! sun1 especially if x is no long] :ite1 b cov]$ ) all sorts ( dirt4 ,! l>g] ! mass ( ice1 ! long] is its duration4 ,a c]ta9 ?ickness to ! ro( is ( importance 9 pres]v+ ! ice4 ,if x is less ?an #h met]s1 !n x is well if x is cov]$ ) outside vegetation4 ,i entirely agree ) ^! dicta ( ,pr(essor ,fugg]4 ,9 #ahic1 ,fugg] writes3 ,! peculi> read+s ( temp]ature1 :i* ,i made 9 ,augu/ #ahgg1 9 ! ,kol[rat%hle1 namely on ! #ac? at #ab ,m41 #j4e1 on ! #ae? at #d ,p4 ,m41 #j4ce1 on ! #bc;d at #aj ,a4 ,m41 #j4ab1 on ! #bf? at #aj ,a4 ,m41 #j4ag1 & on ! #cj? at #b4ae ,p4 ,m41 -#j4aj1 ,i ?9k ,i c attribute to ! work+s ( ! w9ds4 ,9 ! obs]vations !mselves !re c\ld sc>ce be an error4 ,all five obs]vations 7 made at ! same place1 ) ! same !rmomet]1 aft] at lea/ half an h\r's exposure4 ,9 ! "t f ! #ac? to ! #cj? ( ,augu/1 ! temp]ature m9imum 9 ! t[n ( ,salzburg1 0 #ab2 be=e ! #cj? 7 sev]al cl\dless nights4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ,augu/ sc>cely any b s\!a/ & nor?we/ w9ds 7 bl[+4 ,! ,kol[rat%hle op5s 9 a rock wall to ! ea/2 ! above nam$ w9ds !re=e affect$ dur+ ! entire mon? ! entrance to ! cave & may h produc$ a lively evaporation 9 ! cave1 ?r\gh a sort ( suck+ up ( ! cave air1 & ?us h creat$ ! r decid$ cool+ (f ( #j4f )9 sev5te5 days4 ,?is /atem5t1 com+ f ,pr(essor ,fugg]1 des]ves p>ticul> att5tion1 because x w\ld g to %[3 fir/1 t ! air 9 ! ,kol[rat%hle1 a sackhhle ) only "o entrance1 is only app>5tly /agnant 9 summ] & n really s2 & second1 t evaporation may act to a limit$ ext5t 9 a cav]n :]e !re is almo/ no runn+ wat]4 ,capta9 ,tr\illet1 9 #ahhe1 publi%$ a pap] ab\t ,*aux-les-,passavant4 ,he f\nd t :5 x 0 cold] inside ?an outside1 ! int]nal air 0 ne>ly cut (f f ! outside2 :5 x 0 colde/ outside !re 0 a lively di/urbance4 ,he call$ ^! two classes priodes f]mes & priodes ouv]tes4 ,he says3 ,! duration ( a clos$ p]iod is measur$ !n on ! curves ( a maximum & m9imum !rmomet] ( ! int]ior temp]atures1 betwe5 a m9imum & ! foll[+ maximum2 t ( an op5 p]iod is betwe5 a m9imum & ! prec$+ maximum4 ,"o c ?us c\nt f ! #be? ,novemb] to ! #ca/ ,decemb] #be op5 p]iods ( a total duration ( #bjj h\rs or #h times #bd h\rs3 :i* gives = ea* a duration ( #g h\rs4 ,! %orte/ la/$ #b h\rs & ! longe/ #af h\rs4 ,dur+ ! same int]val1 ! clos$ p]iods numb]$ #bf1 mak+ a total duration ( ab\t #bh days2 ! longe/1 :i* la/$ f ! #c;d to ! #h? ,decemb]1 0 #abf h\rs long4 ,tr\illet also says3 ,f ! #bc;d to ! #cj? ,decemb]1 ! grotto 0 completely isolat$ f ! ext]nal air1 & yet dur+ ?ree consecutive nights1 ! int]ior _h ?ree m>k$ *ills4 ,su* is ! ph5om5on ^: cause c only lay1 9 our op9ion1 9 ! introduction ( ! dry air driv5 to ! cave by ! w9ds betwe5 nor? & ea/4 ,?is air on ent]+ comes 9 contact ) ! ice & ! humid ro( ( ! cave2 x saturates itself 9 produc+ a =mation ( vapors1 & !refrom a consumption ( heat :i* may be consid]able4 ,!re are "s discrepancies 9 ?is la/ p>agraph :i* mu/ be not$1 = ! reason t ,tr\illet's obs]vations are s valuable4 ,he does n m5tion hav+ se5 ! vapors himself1 9 fact ! production ( ^! vapors seems only an inf]5ce4 ,nor is x easy to und]/& h[ ! grotto c\ld be completely isolat$ f ! ext]nal air if ! ph5om5on lay 9 ! introduction ( ! dry air driv5 to ! cave by ! w9ds nor? & ea/4 ,dr4 ,b4 ,s*walbe1 9 #ahhf1 wrote t all my obs]vations po9t to ! fact t ! rock is ! cool+ factor 9 summ]1 & t ! cold goes out f x4 ,he says also t :5 ,i saw = ! fir/ "t ! little cave ( ,ro?1 :i* 0 fill$ ) fairly num]\s ice =mations1 x 0 precisely ! smallness ( ! volume ( air & ! /range appe>ance ( ! ice :i* made ! simple cold air !ory se5 insuffici5t1 nor c\ld ,i lat]1 by wid5+ ! !ory & obs]v+ ! localities f ! basis ( ,de,luc's !ory1 accept x4 ,x always seem$ by all my obs]vations t 9 ! rock !re mu/ be a la/+ s\rce ( cold4 ,!re mu/ be a cause pres5t1 :i* prev5ts ! rapid w>m+ ( ! cave wall ?r\gh ! temp]ature ( ! gr\nd1 :i* also keeps ! /one cool 9 summ] & induces ! ma9 ice =mation 9 ! spr+4 ,he also h9ts t ,mr4 ,l[e's compress$ air !ory may be ! correct "o4 ,dr4 ,s*walbe's "w1 b] ,ei%hl5 und ,eisl*]1 is "o ( ! f\r or five mo/ important contributions to glacire lit]ature1 & 8 op9ion is entitl$ to great respect on acc\nt ( 8 _m obs]vations4 ,pr(essor ,israel ,c4 ,russell wrote 9 #ahij1 ab\t ! ice b$s on ! ,yukon3 ,x is ?\ght by "s obs]v]s1 to be an inh]itance f a =m] p]iod ( extreme cold2 b "u exi/+ climatic conditions1 :5 ice =ms b5ea? a lay] ( moss1 x is pres]v$ dur+ ! %ort summ]1 & may increase z x does on ! tundras1 to an a/oni%+ ?ickness4 ,9 #ahig1 ,pr(essor ,russell says3 ,x is n probable t all ! subsoil ice ( nor!rn regions has be5 =m$ 9 "o way4 ,along ! flood pla9s & on ! deltas ( riv]s :]e lay]s ( cle> ice are int]b$d$ ) %eets ( froz5 gravel & vegetable matt]1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 x seems evid5t t ! gr[? ( ! deposit is due1 9 "s in/ances1 to ! flood+ ( previ\sly froz5 lay]s1 & ! freez+ & subsequ5t burial ( ! s$im5t ?us add$ to _! surfaces4 ,:5 spr+ fre%ets spread out %eets ( dbris ov] ! flood pla9 ( a riv]1 z frequ5tly happ5s :5 /reams 9 high latitudes fl[ nor?w>d1 ! previ\sly froz5 soil & ! ice ( ponds & swamps may be buri$ & indef9itely pres]v$4 ,!re is /ill ano!r process by :i* froz5 subsoil may be =m$ 9 high latitudes3 ?is is1 ! effects ( ! cold dur+ ! long w9t]s are n c\nt]act$ by ! heat dur+ ! %ort summ]s4 ,"u ! conditions n[ prevail+ 9 nor!rn ,alaska1 :]e ! mean annual temp]ature is bel[ #cb ,fahr5heit1 ! froz5 lay] t5ds to increase ! ?ickness f ye> to ye> j z ! dep? ( froz5 soil 9 m temp]ate latitudes may increase f mon? to mon? dur+ ! w9t] season4 ,dur+ ! %ort nor!rn summ]s1 especially :]e ! gr\nd is moss cov]$1 melt+ only ext5ds a few in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,mons4 ,e4 ,a4 ,m>tel1 9 #ahib1 wrote ( ! ,creux-,p]c3 ,i incl9e only1 z 9 all ! pits :i* n>r[ at ! bottom 7av5s rtrcissem5t7 to attribute ! *ill+ to ! fall ( ! cold air ( w9t] & to its non-r5ewal 9 summ]4 ,& at page #efd ( ,les ,abimes he says3 ,"o kn[s t evaporation is an active cause ( cool+2 !re=e x is always cool] 9 caves ne> ! drips ( wat]4 99 99 99 ,i h positively not$ ?is influ5ce ( evaporation ne> ! drips ( ,tab\rel 7#h in/ead ( #i4e71 ( ,d>gilan1 ( ! ,c]na ,jama1 & 9 abysses ) d\ble m\?s :]e !re 7 /rong draughts 7,rabanel1 ,biau1 ,fosse-,mobile1 etc474 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahig1 ,mons4 ,m>tel writes3 ,9 %ort1 ! action ( ! w9t]'s cold is ! real cause accept$ by 99 99 99 & rec5tly confirm$ by ,fugg]1 ,tr\illet & ,m>tel4 ,& also3 ,x is probable t ?is influ5ce evaporation is only real at r high altitudes2 ?is is at lea/ :at seems ! result ( ! /udies ( ! caves ( ,naye 7#agjj to #aijj met]s7 begun by ,pr(essor ,dutoit4 ,9 #ahii1 ,mons4 ,m>tel gave an acc\nt ( ! ,glacire de ,naye4 ,9 ?is pap]1 he ab&ons def9itely fossil ice1 salts & ! capill>y !ory z possible causes ( und]gr\nd ice4 ,he consid]s t !re are f\r causes3 #a1 %ape ( ! cavity2 #b1 free access ( sn[ 9 w9t]2 #c1 high altitude2 #d1 evaporation due to w9d curr5ts4 ,! la/ two causes he ?9ks are n necess>ily always pres5t4 ,= in/ance he consid]s t1 at ! ,creux-,p]c1 & at ,*aux-les-,passavant1 ! ice is due especially to ! sack or h\r-glass %ape ( ^! holl[s :]e ! summ] air _c get 9 on acc\nt ( its lightness4 ,at ! ,glacire de ,naye1 :i* is a big w9dhole1 situat$ at an altitude ( #agej to #ahbj met]s1 ,mons4 ,m>tel ?9ks t ! ice is =m$ by ! sn[ & cold ( w9t]1 b t its pres]vation is assur$ by ! evaporation caus$ by ! action ( ! w9dhole4 ,dr4 ,t]l&ay1 9 #ahic1 ass]t$ t ice does n =m 9 ,szilize 9 w9t]1 & t ! ice fir/ =ms 9 ! w9t] 9 ! upp] "p ( rock fissures & t 9 ! spr+1 at ! "t ( an increase ( temp]ature1 ?is fissure ice is br\ght to ! melt+ po9t by ! successive ent]+ ( heat into ! e>? & t x !n arrives at ! cave1 :]e x aids ! =mation ( icicles4 ,?is !ory ab\t fissure ice is probably 9 s f> correct1 t ! ice 9 ! upp] p>ts ( fissures1 ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 melts be=e ! ice 9 ! l[] p>ts ( fissures4 ,! drip w\ld !n naturally run into ! cave &1 z long z ! temp]ature ( ! cave 0 l[1 help to =m cave ice4 ,dr4 ,hans ,lohmann1 9 #ahie1 publi%$ "s valuable notes ab\t sev]al glacires4 ,:ile consid]+ ! cold ( w9t] z ! ma9 cause ( ! ice1 he ?\ght evaporation a second>y cause ( cold4 ,he says3 ,t ! cold f evaporation be>s its %>e 9 cool+ a cave1 w n be d5i$4 99 99 99 ,! air saturat$ ) aque\s vapor makes "o ?9k ( con/ant evaporation4 ,! aque\s vapor spreads itself by diffusion ?r\gh\t ! entire cave1 & if ! outside air is drie/1 goes to t4 ,?r\gh ?is1 m ice & wat] c always be vaporiz$1 & to ! w>m+ elem5ts !re is furni%$ a cool+ "o4 ,if dry w9ds get into ! cave1 !n mu/ evaporation be v lively & ! *ill+ especially /rong4 ,?r\gh ?is cause alone c be expla9$ ! rem>kably l[ temp]ature ( #f4c 9 ! new "p ( ! ,g>is*5 ,/oll51 9 contra/ to ! temp]ature ( #g4i 9 ! old "p4 ,! /rong draught 9 ! la/ drew out ?r\gh its suction ! damp air ( ! new adit1 s t !re _h to be a /rong evaporation4 ,dr4 ,lohmann gives "s exhau/ive notes ab\t prismatic ice4 ,he f\nd x a product ( ! fall mon?s4 ,he ?9ks all ! obs]vations %[ t ! beg9n+ ( all prismatic =mation 9 ! ice may be look$ = 9 ! *anges ( temp]ature 9 ! cave at ! "t ( ! =mation ( ! ice4 ,^! cause ! ev]y:]e recogniz$ splitt+1 v]tically to ! out] surface4 ,! fur!r developm5t hangs1 z %[n by ,hag5ba* & ,emd51 on ! attempt ( ! neighbor+ cells1 to jo9 into l>g] unities4 ,! increase ( ! l>g] cry/als is f9ally prev5t$ by ! melt+ out ( ! op5+s betwe5 ! sep>ate cry/als4 ,?r\gh ?is may be expla9$ ! diff]5ce 9 ! prismatic ice 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same cave4 ,regi]ungsra? ,franz ,kraus1 9 #ahie1 wrote a %ort essay on glacires 9 ,hhl5kunde4 ,he seems to h se5 b few glacires himself1 & consid]s ! sci5tific side ( ! "q by no means solv$ z yet4 ,he says3 ,! la/ ^w w n be spok5 by ! geograph]s & ! ,alp9e climb]s 99 99 99 b by ! physici/s1 9 ^: field bo? que/ions really belong4 ,only !n1 :5 ! physical circum/ances ( ! =mation ( ! ice 9 glacires h be5 s ?or\ghly und]/ood1 t "u ! same circum/ances x may be possible to build artificial glacires1 only !n c\ld "o say3 ! glacire "q is def9itely settl$4 ,! be/ pro( is always exp]im5t4 ,he lays d[n sev]al dicta :i* he says are univ]sally recogniz$1 among :i* is ?is3 #b4 ,! ice =mations 9 ! dbris heaps ( basaltic m\nta9s are summ] ice =mations4 ,! evaporation ( ! infiltration wat] is recogniz$ on all sides z ! cause ( ?is ice4 ,i diff] 9 op9ion f ,h]r ,kraus ab\t ?is matt]1 & ?9k t1 on ! contr>y1 e pro( %[s t ! ice ( basaltic taluses is n a summ] =mation & is n due to evaporation4 ,h]r ,kraus also says3 ,! ,ei%hl5 resemble s little ! ,w9drhr51 t = ^! a prop] "n is q correct4 ,j z "o _c draw a %>p l9e betwe5 ,e9/rzs*lnd5 & ,e9/rzdol951 s "o _c draw a %>p l9e betwe5 ei%hl5 & w9drhr54 ,a /agnation ( cave air does n exi/1 & no cave /ud5t w\ld pret5d to say x exi/$4 ,! circulation ( air may 9 c]ta9 caves take place almo/ entirely ?r\gh ! m\? & x !n dep5ds l>gely on ! %ape ( ! latt]2 9 o!r caves are crevices & erosion holes1 :i* all[ a circulation ( air4 ,aga9 9 o!r caves air may come ?r\gh ! floor into ! cave1 z is prov$ by c]ta9 places always rema9+ free f ice4 ,he also says3 ,! =mation ( drip/one is also dim9i%$ ab\t ?ick ro(s1 :5 ! cracks are too broad to p]mit a sl[ dripp+ process4 ,9 caves ) suffici5t air movem5ts1 t is v5tilation1 ! drip/one =mation takes place fa/] ?an 9 ^? 9 :i* ! air is only sl[ly r5ew$4 ,also 9 su* caves1 9 :i* ! air is /rongly fill$ ) moi/ure1 ! drip/one =mation process is mat]ially h9d]$4 ,!re=e 9 wat] caves & 9 ei%hl5 "o f9ds only r>ely drip/one =mations1 & ^! ma9ly ( poor appe>ance4 ,b 9 all cases ! c>bonic acid ( ! infiltration wat] plays an important "p4 ,9 #ahif1 a ,we/]n newspap] publi%$ ! foll[+ explanation ab\t ! pres5ce ( ice 9 ! cave at ,elk9sville1 ,indiana2 & x %[s h[ ! idea--long s9ce explod$--( ! ice be+ due to *emical causes1 s]5ely bobs up on ! discov]y ( a new cave3 ,"s h advanc$ ! !ory t ! air is =c$ ?r\gh "u passages ( ! e>? ) su* pressure z to make ! /range =mation2 "s h attribut$ ! cause to an und]ly+ b$ ( alkali1 ^: *emical *ange to a gase\s =m has produc$ ! ph5om5on4 ,o!rs h ?\ght t ! int]ior heat ( ! e>?1 act+ ^u ! iron pyrites1 or fool's gold1 :i* l>gely ab\nds 9 ?is c\ntry1 is ! true s\rce ( ?is unp>allel$ discov]y4 ,/ill o!rs ?9k t ! sudd5 expansion ( ! c>bonic acid gas giv5 (f by ! heat$ lime/one1 :i* is also common 9 ?is c\ntry1 c\ld h easily produc$ ! ice4 ,b ?us f> ! !ories are no?+ m ?an speculation1 & fur!r ?an ! fact t ! ice cave exi/s1 & is1 inde$1 a rem>kable ph5om5on1 none has be5 able to fur!r det]m9e4 ,9 #ahif1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic wrote t ! cold air ( w9t] is ! s\rce ( cold 9 ! glacires ( ,s]via4 ,! m\nta9s h s little wat] t ! %eph]ds con/antly take ! ice out 9 summ] = _! own use4 ,9 #ahig1 num]\s newspap]s1 among o!rs1 ! ,philadelphia ,press ( ,augu/ #a/1 romanc$ z foll[s ab\t ! cave at ,decorah3 ,9 ! summ] its temp]ature is f> bel[ freez+4 99 99 99 ,f "s unkn[n s\rce 9 ! imp5etrable re> ( ! cave comes a bla/ ( cold air z *ill z f ! ,arctic region4 ,9 ! w9t] ! temp]ature ( ! cave is l summ]4 99 99 99 ,we foll[$ ! w9d+ passage 9 & out = m ?an #ajjj feet4 99 99 99 ,i took out ! !rmomet] & laid x ^u ! floor ( ! cav]n = ?ree m9utes4 ,:5 ,i took x up aga9 ,i f\nd t ! m]cury _h fall5 to #e degrees bel[ z]o4 ,:at is x t causes ?is ph5om5on8 ,sci5tific m5 are said to h visit$ ! cave )9 ! la/ day or two :o h decl>$ t x _h 9 "s mann] a subt]ranean connection ) ! pol> regions1 & t ! cold air f ! ,nor? com+ 9 contact ) ! w>m moi/ atmosph]e f outside conv]t$ ! vapor into wat] on ! walls ( ! cav]n :]e x /raightway congeal$4 99 99 99 ,x seems to me possible aft] ?9k+ ! matt] ov] c>efully1 t 9 "s my/]i\s mann] ! same influ5ces t "w ! *anges 9 climate 9 ! ,arctic & ,ant>ctic regions are op]at+ 9 ?is cave4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t 9 ! regions ref]r$ to ! seasons are ! rev]se ( :at !y are "h4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,au*9closs writes 9 #ahig3 ,we also notice ! work+ ( ! same pr9ciple dur+ summ] days4 ,! hotte/ "p does n occur at ! noon h\r--:5 ! sun is on ! m]idian--b sev]al h\rs lat] 9 ! aft]noon4 ,9 ?is case ! accessions ( heat arrive m rapidly ?an radiation is able to c>ry (f4 ,radiation1 h[ev]1 keeps on apace1 &1 at la/ atta9+ ! ma/]y1 temp]ature falls4 ,ice caves furni% ano!r example ( ! gradual procession 9 ! seasons4 ,mr4 ,alois ,f4 ,kov>ik writes ab\t ,decorah 9 #ahih t ! l5g? ( duration ( ! ice 9 ! cave dur+ ! spr+ & summ] dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( cold /or$ up 9 ! walls & ?is aga9 ^u ! coldness & ! l5g? ( coldness ( ! previ\s w9t]4 ,if ! w9t] be sev]e & long1 ! walls w /ore up a great supply ( cold = ! gradual dissipation 9 ! spr+ & summ] & consequ5tly ! ph5om5on ( ! ice 9 ! ice *amb]s w la/ long]4 ,la/ w9t]1 ) an exception ( ! =e "p ( ,decemb]1 0 q mild4 ,z a result1 ! ice began to disappe> ) ! latt] "p ( ,june1 & totally disappe>$ by ! end ( ,july4 99 99 99 ,! "t ( ! l[e/ temp]ature 9 ! cave dep5ds ^u h[ soon ! cold spells ( ! w9t] beg92 = ! soon] ! walls beg9 to freeze to a great] dep?1 ! soon] h !y /or$ up ! greate/ am\nt ( cold4 99 99 99 ,febru>y #bh?1 #ahih1 :5 ! walls conta9$ ! greate/ am\nt ( cold1 !re 0 no ice 9 ! cave1 = ! reason t no wat] made appe>ance4 ,c\ld wat] h appe>$1 no d\bt a great am\nt ( ice w\ld h =m$2 b z ! conditions are1 ! wat] has to come f ! gr\nd outside1 & ?is be+ froz5 at ! "t1 wat] c\ld n 9 any natural way appe>4 ,if 9 e>ly spr+1 suffici5tly w>m days %\ld come to melt ! sn[ & op5 ! gr\nd1 ! wat] n tak5 up by ! gr\nd w\ld fl[ & seep ?r\gh crevices into ! cave & ice consequ5tly w\ld appe> e>ly4 ,some:at su* conditions prevail$ ?is ye>1 = w>m days appe>$ q e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,if p] contra ! gr\nd does n op5 until 9 ,april1 z 0 ! case 9 #ahie & #ahif1 ! appe>ance ( ! ice is consequ5tly delay$4 99 99 99 ,naturally ?is op5+ ! entrance 0 small1 b to give easi] entrance1 x 0 enl>g$ to its pres5t size4 99 99 99 ,if ! entrance _h be5 left a small op5+1 z x naturally 01 x is my belief t ! temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! cave w\ld be l[] 9 summ] ?an x is1 & ! ice w\ld n disappe> z soon z x does4 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,butl]1 ( ,san ,jos1 ,cal41 inve/igat$ ! "q ( cold air draughts com+ f ! glacire cave & f ! freez+ %aft he exam9$ 9 ,montana4 ,he wrote to me1 9 #ahih1 t he f\nd t "o notices or imag9es to notice a draught ( air1 especially on hot days4 ,rapidly walk+ into ! cave f ! hot air )\t to ! rapidly cool+ air )9 produces ! same n]v\s s5sations z ?\gh "o 7 to rema9 /ation>y & ! air 7 to pass by f ! w>m to ! cold] portions4 ,a di/ance ( twelve met]s f9ds a diff]5ce 9 temp]ature ( fifte5 degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,twelve met]s c be walk$ quickly1 s quickly t ! n]ves _c become accu/om$ gradually to ! *ange ( temp]ature4 ,! rapidly cool+ air does actually produce ! s5sation ( cool air pass+ by "o's face4 ,x produces some:at ! same s5sation z ! evaporation ( e!r on ! surface ( ! body4 ,mr4 ,butl] satisfi$ himself t z f> z he _h obs]v$ all ! seem+ly peculi> conditions & places :]e ! ice has be5 f\nd d n indicate any o!r causes :5 c>efully inve/igat$ ?an ^? ( ! seasons ( ! ye>1 & t ! ice 0 =m$ by no o!r cause ?an ! natural cold ( w9t]4 ,pr(essor ,cranm]1 9 #ahii1 add$ "s important contributions to our k ( freez+ cav]ns4 ,all 8 "w goes to prove ! w9t]'s cold !ory1 b he has br\ght out "s new details4 ,he f\nd w>m & cold p]iods 9 ! ,tabl]lo* dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,! colde/ air sank to ! bottom & ! air 9 ! cave /ratifi$ itself accord+ to its specific gravity & its temp]ature4 ,dur+ a cold p]iod1 ! outside air sank into ! cave only to ! air /ratum1 ^: temp]ature1 f ! prec$+ w>m p]iod1 0 z mu* high] z t ( ! out] air1 z ?is _h become w>m] 9 s9k+ to t /ratum4 ,! air :i* ent]s falls d[n ! slope & displaces an equal volume ( air :i* /reams out "u ! ro(4 ,wat] w sometimes drip ?r\gh a crack 9 w9t] until t crack freezes up1 :5 ! wat] may !n f9d "s o!r crack to drip ?r\gh2 at ?is second place a /alagmite may !n gr[1 :ile at ! fir/ place ! /alagmite may /op gr[+ & ev5 beg9 to dim9i% f evaporation4 ,ice beg9s to =m1 :5ev] wat] gets into a cave1 if ! cave temp]ature is bel[ #j2 ice beg9s to melt z soon z ! temp]ature is ov] #j4 ,pr(essor ,cranm] f\nd t occasionally small quantities ( ice =m 9 caves 9 ! summ] mon?s3 ?is 0 9 m\nta9 caves1 :]e !re 0 sn[ on ! m\nta9s & ! temp]ature ( ! nights at lea/1 _h sunk bel[ freez+ po9t3 9 fact :5 ! conditions 7 ^? ( ! w9t] mon?s4 ,,"p ,v4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,au?ors4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,au?ors4#ge #ge ,?is li/ ( au?ors includes all ! au?orities :i* ,i h p]sonally consult$4 ,sev]al pap]s1 su* z ,dr4 ,s*walbe's ,ueb]si*tli*e ,zusamm5/ellung ,lit]>is*] ,notiz5 ueb] ,ei%hl5 & ! works ( ,dr4 ,li/(f1 ,i h be5 unable to f9d 9 any libr>y4 ,all51 ,levi4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,octob] #bg?1 #ahhc1 page #bei4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahci1 vol4 ,,xxxvi41 page #ahd4 ,au*9closs1 ,w4 ,s41 ,c4 ,e4 ,wat]s )9 ! ,e>? & ! ,laws ( ,ra9fl[1 ,philadelphia1 #ahig4 ,bad91 ,adolphe4 ,grottes et ,cav]nes1 ,p>is1 ,ha*ette1 #ahfg4 ,ba$ek]1 ,k>l4 ,h&book ( ,au/ria4 ,h&book ( ! ,ea/]n ,alps4 ,h&book ( ,s\? ,ea/]n ,france4 ,h&book ( ,switz]l&4 ,h&book ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,bak]1 ,m4 ,s4 ,! ,lava ,region ( ,nor!rn ,cali=nia3 ,si]ra ,club ,bullet91 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 #ahii1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #cah4 ,bal*1 ,edw9 ,swift4 ,ice ,caves & ! ,causes ( ,subt]ranean ,ice3 ,all51 ,lane ,scott1 ,philadelphia1 ,novemb]1 #ahif1 & ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia1 ,m>*1 #ahig1 vol4 ,,cxliii41 pages #afa-agh4 ,ice ,cave ,hunt+ 9 ,c5tral ,europe3 ,appala*ia1 ,bo/on1 #ahig1 vol4 ,,viii41 pages #bjc-bji4 ,subt]ranean ,ice ,deposits 9 ,am]ica3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia1 ,april1 #ahii1 vol4 ,,cxlvii41 pages #bhf-big4 ,baltz]1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,e9e ,neue ,ei%hle im ,b]n] ,ob]l&3 ,jahrbu* des ,s*weiz] ,alp5 ,club1 ,b]n1 #ahib-ahic1 pages #ceh-cfb4 ,behr5s1 ,dr4 ,georg ,h5n+4 ,h]cynia ,curiosa1 ,nordhaus51 #agjc4 ,bel1 ,mat?ias4 ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,london1 #agci1 vol4 ,,xli41 page #da et seq4 ,b5$ict1 ,aid5 ,s4 ,decorah ,republican1 ,june #ai?1 #ahha4 ,b]?\d1 ,edw>d ,l4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 ,?ird ,s]ies1 #ahgf1 vol4 ,,xi41 page #ajh4 ,bielz1 ,e4 ,alb]t4 ,sieb5brg51 ,h&bu*1 ,c>l ,graes]1 ,wi51 #ahhe4 ,bill]ez1 ,mons4 de4 ,hi/oire de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces1 #agab1 page #bb et seq4 ,bonney1 ,t4 ,g4 ,! ,alp9e ,regions1 #ahfh4 ,nature1 vol4 ,,xi41 pages #caj1 #cbg1 #cbh4 ,b\1 ,dr4 ,ami4 ,la ,turquie d',europe1 ,p>is1 #ahdj1 vol4 ,i41 page #acb4 ,sitzungsb]i*t d] ,k4 ,k4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 9 ,wi51 #ahfd1 ,i4 ,!il1 page #cba et seq4 ,boz1 ,mons4 de1 ,+nieur du ,roy4 ,hi/oire de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces1 #agbf1 pages #af1 #ag4 ,br[ne1 ,! ,rev]5d ,g4 ,f4 ,ice ,caves 9 ,france & ,switz]l&1 ,london1 ,longmans1 #ahfe4 ,ice ,caves ( ,annecy3 ,good ,words1 ,ed9burgh1 ,novemb]1 #ahff4 ,bullet91 ,! ,ev5+1 ,philadelphia1 ,m>* #a/1 #ahii4 ,burslem1 ,capta9 ,rollo4 ,a ,peep into ,toorki/han1 #ahdf4 ,c4 ,b4 ,a4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,may #c;d1 #ahgi4 ,cantwell1 ,lieut5ant ,j4 ,c4 ,ice ,cliffs on ! ,k[ak ,riv]3 ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 ,octob]1 #ahif4 ,c>rel1 ,*ano9e ,g4 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle de ,g5ve1 #ahda1 vol4 ,,xxxiv41 page #aif4 ,*ri/ian ,h]ald1 ,m>* #bd?1 #ahig4 ,colladon4 ,8 manuscript notes 7 us$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,deluc 9 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 ,p>is1 #ahbb1 vol4 ,,xxi41 page #aac et seq4 ,cossigny1 ,mons4 de1 ,+nieur en *ef de ,besanon4 ,mmoires de ,ma?matique et de physique prs5ts l',acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces1 #agej1 vol4 ,i41 page #aie et seq4 ,cranm]1 ,pr(essor ,hans4 ,ei%hl5 und ,w9drhr5 ,/udi53 ,abh&lung5 d] ,k4 ,k4 ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi51 vol4 ,i41 #ahii4 ,cranm]1 ,pr(essor ,hans1 & ,sieg]1 ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,rob4 ,unt]su*ung5 9 d5 ,oets*]hhl53 ,globus1 #ahii1 vol4 ,,lxxv41 pages #cac-cah1 & #ccc-cce4 ,cvijic1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,les ,glacires ,naturelles de ,s]bie3 ,splunca1 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,splologie1 #bme ,anne1 ,p>is1 #ahif1 pages #fd-gg4 ,dawk9s1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,boyd4 ,cave ,hunt+1 ,london1 ,macmillan1 #ahgd4 ,de,luc1 ,jean ,&r1 ,neveu4 ,des ,glacires ,naturelles et de la cause qui =me la glace dans ces cavits1 ,g5ve #ab ,octob]1 #ahbb3 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 ,p>is1 #ahbb1 vol4 ,,xxi41 page #aac et seq4 ,d5t1 ,r4 ,k41 & ,hill1 ,joseph4 ,hi/oric ,/af=d%ire1 ,birm+ham1 #ahif4 ,dewey4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahai1 vol4 ,i41 page #cdj1 & #ahbb1 vol4 ,v41 page #cih4 ,dispat*3 ,frank=d1 ,p5nsylvania1 #bb;d ,janu>y1 #ahig4 ,dittm>1 ,c4 v4 ,ueb] die ,eismld5 im /li*5 ,sibiri53 ,bullet9 de la classe ,physico-ma?matique de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sci5ces de ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1 #ahec1 ,tome ,,xi41 pages #cje-cab4 ,drioton1 ,clm5t4 ,les ,cav]nes de la ,cte d',or3 ,mmoires de la ,socit de ,splologie1 ,p>is1 #ahig1 vol4 ,i41 page #bji4 ,duf\r1 ,lieut5ant-,colonel4 ,notice sur la cav]ne et glacire naturelle du ,ro?horn3 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle de ,g5ve1 #ahbb1 vol4 ,,xxi41 page #aac et seq4 ,duf\r1 ,l4 ,ueb] das ,gefri]5 des ,wass]s und b] die ,bildung des ,hagels3 ,pogg5dorff's ,annal5 d] ,physik und ,*emie1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,,cxiv41 pages #ecj-eed4 ,dunant1 ,c4 ,le ,p>melan et ses ,lapiaz3 ,annuaire du ,club ,alp9 ,franais1 #bme vol41 ,p>is1 #ahge4 ,fugg]1 ,pr(essor ,eb]h>d4 b] ,ei%hl53 ,pet]mann's ,mit!ilung51 vol4 ,,xxix41 #ahhc1 pages #ab-ai4 ,beoba*tung5 9 d5 ,ei%hl5 des ,unt]sb]ges1 ,salzburg1 #ahhh4 ,ei%hl5 und ,w9drh51 ,salzburg1 #ahia1 #ahib1 #ahic4 ,ei%hl5 und ,w9drhr53 ,mit!ilung5 d] ,k4 ,k4 ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,vi5na1 #ahid1 pages #ig-acd4 ,gographie1 ,la3 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie1 ,p>is1 #aijj1 vol4 ,i41 pages #eb-ed4 ,georgi1 ,john ,gottl4 ,bem]kung5 e9] ,reise im ,russis*5 ,rei*1 ,sa9t ,pet]sburg1 #agge1 vol4 ,i41 page #cfi4 ,gibbs1 ,g4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahec1 ,second ,s]ies1 vol4 ,,xv41 page #adf4 ,gir>dot1 ,alb]t4 ,les d]nires obs]vations du ,capita9e ,l4 ,tr\illet la glacire de ,*aux-les-,passavant3 ,mmoires de la ,socit d'mulation du ,d\bs1 #ahhf4 ,girod-,*antrans1 ,le ,citoy54 ,j\rnal des ,m9es1 ,prairial1 ,an4 ,,iv41 pages #fe-gb4 ,gollut1 ,lois4 ,les ,mmoires ,hi/oriques de la ,repub4 ,sequanoise1 ,dle1 #aeib4 ,guim>d1 ,paul4 ,voyage en ,isl&e et au ,grenl& excut p5dant les annes #ahce et #ahcf1 ,p>is1 #ahch4 ,guyot1 ,pr(essor ,arnold4 ,well's ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 #ahef1 page #aij4 ,hablizl4 ,description physique de la contre de la ,tauride1 ,la ,haye1 #aghh1 pages #ce-dc4 ,hacquet4 ,oryctographia ,c>niolica1 ,leipzig1 #aggh4 ,hag]1 ,alb]t ,d4 ,hit*cock's ,geology ( ,v]mont1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,i41 page #aih et seq4 ,hann1 ,ho*/ett] & ,pokorny4 ,allgeme9e ,erdkunde1 #ahhg1 pages #dce1 #dcf4 ,hayd51 ,c4 ,b4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahdc1 vol4 ,,xlv41 page #gh4 ,heilpr91 ,pr(essor ,angelo4 ,ice ,caves & ,ice ,gorges3 ,ar\nd ! ,_w1 ,philadelphia1 #ahid1 pages #aid1 #aie4 ,h5d]son1 ,eb5ez]4 ,icel&1 or a ,j\rnal ( a ,resid5ce 9 t ,isl&1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahai1 #b;d ,edition1 page #dbj4 ,hit*cock1 ,pr(essor ,edw>d4 ,geology ( ,v]mont1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,i4 ,hi/oire de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces1 #afhf1 ,tome ,,ii41 pages #b1 #c1 #bb3 publi%$ 9 ,p>is 9 #agcc4 ,hovey1 ,! ,rev]5d ,horace ,c>t]4 ,celebrat$ ,am]ican ,cav]ns1 ,c9c9nati1 ,rob]t ,cl>ke1 #ahhb4 ,humboldt1 ,alex&] von4 ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,travels to ! ,equ9octial ,regions1 ,london1 #ahad1 vol4 ,i41 pages #aed-aef4 ,ice ,trade ,j\rnal1 ,philadelphia1 ,july1 #ahig4 ,into ! ,s*aflo*3 ,temple ,b>1 ,london1 ,novemb]1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,,iii41 pages #cic-dja4 ,jackson4 ,report ( ! ,geology ( ,ma9e1 #ahci1 vol4 ,,iii4 ,j>s4 ,voyages ,mtallurgiques1 #aggd1 vol4 ,i41 page #ajh4 ,j>z1 ,konrad4 ,die ,ei%hl5 bei ,fra9 9 ,mhr53 ,pet]mann's ,mit!ilung51 #ahhb1 pages #agj-agf4 ,jungk1 ,c4 ,g4 ,ueb] ,temp]atur]ni$rigung bei d] ,absorption des ,wass]s dur* fe/e ,krp]3 ,pogg5dorff's ,annal5 d] ,physik und ,*emie1 #ahfe1 vol4 ,,cxxiv41 pages #bib-cjh4 ,kir*]1 ,a?anasius4 ,mundus ,subt]raneus1 #affd4 ,kir*h(f1 ,!odore4 ,reisebild] und ,skizz5 aus ,am]ica1 #ahgf1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #baa4 ,krb]1 ,h4 ,das ,s*aflo*3 ,jahrbu* des ,s*weiz] ,alp5 ,club1 ,b]n1 #ahhe1 vol4 ,,xx41 pages #caf-cdc4 ,kotzebue1 ,otto von4 ,a ,voyage ( ,discov]y into ! ,s\? ,sea & ,b]+'s ,/rait 9 ! ye>s #ahae-ahah1 ,london1 #ahba1 vol4 ,i41 page #bbj4 ,kov>ik1 ,alois ,f4 ,! ,decorah ,ice ,cave & its ,explanation3 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 ,no4 #aaie1 ,novemb] #bf1 #ahih1 pages #aiaeh1 #aiaei4 ,ice ,cave ,obs]vations3 ,decorah ,public ,op9ion1 ,septemb] #bj?1 #ahii4 ,kraus1 ,franz4 ,hhl5kunde1 ,wi51 #ahid4 ,kr5n]1 ,dr4 ,jos4 ,alex4 ,die ,ei%hle von ,dobs*au1 ,budape/1 #ahgd4 ,la?rop1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,pe>l4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahdd1 vol4 ,,xlvi41 page #cca4 ,lee1 ,c4 ,a4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahbd1 vol4 ,,viii41 page #bed4 ,lepe*91 ,dr4 ,iwan4 ,tagebu* d] ,reise dur* v]s*i$55 ,prov9z5 des ,russis*5 ,rei*es 9 d5 ,jahr5 #agfh1 #agfi1 ,alt5burg1 #aggd4 ,lohmann1 ,hans4 ,das ,hhl5eis unt] besond]] ,b]cksi*tigung e9ig] ,ei%hl5 des ,erzgebirges1 ,j5a1 #ahie4 ,loomis1 ,pr(essor ,elias4 ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 ,new ,s]ies1 #ahfj1 vol4 ,,xii41 page #bhc4 ,l[e1 ,n4 ,m4 ,p>adoxical ,ph5om5a 9 ,ice ,caves3 ,sci5ce ,obs]v]1 vol4 ,,ii41 pages #eg1 #eh1 ,bo/on1 #ahgi4 ,l[e1 ,w4 ,besant4 ,la ,glacire ,naturelle de ,dobs*au3 ,la ,nature1 #b;d ,augu/1 #ahgi4 ,lyell1 ,sir ,*>les4 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 #aa? ,edition1 ,new ,york1 ,appleton ,co41 #ahgg4 ,m4 ,l4 ,e4 ,decorah ,republican1 ,june #aj?1 #ahgi4 ,macomb]1 ,d4 ,o4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahci1 vol4 ,,xxxvi41 page #ahd4 ,m>ba*1 ,dr4 ,oswald4 ,hhl53 ,physikalis*es ,lexicon1 vol4 ,,iii41 pages #hcf-hdb4 ,m>9its*1 ,j4 ,la ,kacna ,jama3 ,mmoires de la ,socit de ,splologie1 ,april1 #ahif1 vol4 ,i41 page #hc et seq4 ,m>tel1 ,ed\>d ,alfr$4 ,les ,abimes1 ,p>is1 ,*>les ,delagrave1 #ahid4 ,s\s ,t]re3 ,annuaire du ,club ,alp9 ,franais1 vol4 ,,xxiii41 #ahif1 pages #db1 #dc4 ,reviews 9 ,fr5* ( ,ice ,caves & ! ,causes1 etc41 & ,ice ,cave ,hunt+1 etc41 by ,e4 ,s4 ,bal*3 ,mmoires de la ,socit de ,splologie1 ,p>is1 vol4 ,i41 ,decemb]1 #ahig1 pages #cdi-ceb4 #ajme ,campagne ,s\t]ra9e3 ,mmoires de la ,socit de ,splologie1 vol4 ,,iii41 #ahii1 pages #bdf-bed4 ,meehan1 ,w4 ,e4 ,philadelphia ,l$g]1 #ahif4 ,meissn]1 ,franz4 ,ueb] die beim ,b5etz5 pulv]frmig] ,krp] auftret5de ,wrmetonung3 ,wi$emann's ,annal5 d] ,physik und ,*emie1 #ahhf1 vol4 ,,xxix41 pages #aad-aca4 ,mngaux4 ,la ,glacire ,naturelle de la ,grce-,dieu ou de ,*aux-les-,passavant3 ,illu/ration1 ,p>is1 #cj? ,janu>y1 #ahig4 ,m]c]1 ,h5ry ,*apman4 ,! ,hill ,caves ( ,yucatan1 ,philadelphia1 ,j4 ,b4 ,lipp9cott1 #ahif4 ,midd5dorff1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,?4 von4 ,zusatz3 ,bullet9 de la classe physico-ma?matique de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sci5ces de ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1 #ahec1 ,tome ,,xi41 pages #cab-caf4 ,montpeyreux1 ,dubois de4 ,voyage aut\r du ,caucase1 #ahdc4 ,mor91 ,augu/e4 ,quot$ by ,?ury 9 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle de ,g5ve1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,x41 page #aej4 ,m\sson1 ,a4 ,e9ige ,?atsa*5 betreff5d das ,s*melz5 und ,gefri]5 des ,wass]s3 ,pogg5dorff's ,annal5 d] ,physik und ,*emie1 #aheh1 vol4 ,,cv41 pages #afa-agd4 ,munro1 ,j41 ,c4 ,e4 ,jack ,fro/ z an ,arti/3 ,cassell's ,family ,magaz9e1 ,febru>y1 #ahie1 pages #bbh-bca4 ,mur*ison1 ,v]nieul & ,keys]l+4 ,! ,geology ( ,russia & ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 #ahde1 vol4 ,i41 pages #ahf-aih4 ,nagel1 ,j4 ,n4 ,8 manuscript 0 publi%$ 9 #aheg by ,s*midl 9 ,die ,hhl5 des ts*]1 pages #cf-ci4 ,nature's ,ice ,caves3 ,*amb]s' ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal1 ,new ,s]ies1 #ahej1 vol4 ,,xii41 page #afi4 ,ni*olson4 ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,philosophy1 #agig1 vol4 ,i41 page #bbi et seq4 ,niessl1 ,g4 ,v]h&lung5 des ,natur=s*5d5 ,v]e9 9 ,brnn1 #ahfg1 vol4 ,,vi41 page #fb4 ,olafs51 ,egg]t & ,povels51 ,bi>ne4 ,voyage en ,isl&e2 traduit du ,danois p> ,gauti] de ,lapeyronie1 ,p>is1 #ahjb4 ,olm/a$1 ,pr(essor ,d4 ,well's ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 #ahef1 page #aij4 ,ow51 ,luella ,agnes4 ,cave ,regions ( ! ,oz>ks & ,black ,hills1 ,c9c9nati1 ,! ,editor ,publi%+ ,company1 #ahih4 ,p>rot1 ,georg ,fri$]i*4 ,grundriss d] ,physik d] ,erde und ,geologie1 ,riga & ,leipzig1 #ahae1 pages #ib-ii4 ,pele*1 ,dr4 ,johann ,e4 ,! ,valley ( ,/rac5a & ! ,dobs*au ,ice ,cav]n2 translat$ by ,w4 ,bezant ,l[e2 ,london1 ,trbn] ,co41 #ahgi4 ,pet]s1 ,k>l ,f4 ,geologis*e und ,m9]alogis*e ,/udi5 aus dem ,sd/li*5 ,ung>n3 ,sitzungsb]i*t d] ,k4 ,k4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5*aft51 ,vi5na1 vol4 ,,xliii41 #ahfa1 pages #dce-dcg4 ,petruzzi1 ,pr(essor4 ,9 ,b]i*te b] die ,mit!ilung5 von ,freund5 d] ,naturwiss5s*aft5 9 ,wi52 collect$ & publi%$ by ,wilhelm ,haid+]1 vol4 ,,vii41 ,vi5na1 ,decemb]1 #aheg4 ,pictet1 ,pr(essor ,m4 ,a4 ,mmoires de la ,socit d',hi/oire ,naturelle de ,g5ve1 #ahba1 vol4 ,i41 page #aea4 ,mmoire sur les glacires naturelles du ,jura et des ,alpes3 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle de ,g5ve1 #ahbb1 vol4 ,,xx41 page #bfa et seq4 ,pleis*l1 ,pr(essor ,a4 b] das ,eis im ,somm] ,zwis*5 d5 ,basalttrmm]n bei ,kameik 9 ,bhm53 ,pogg5dorff's ,annal5 d] ,physik und ,*emie1 #ahda1 vol4 ,,liv41 pages #bib-bii4 ,pogg5dorff1 ,j4 ,c4 ,annal5 d] ,physik und ,*emie1 ,ergnzungsb&1 #ahdb1 pages #eag-eai2 & #ahej1 vol4 ,,lxxxi41 page #egi et seq4 ,poiss5ot1 ,b5igne4 ,n\velles ,hi/oires ,tragiques1 ,p>is1 #aehf4 ,posselt-,csori*1 ,a4 ,zeits*rift des ,deuts*5 und ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,alp5 ,v]e91 #ahhj4 ,po/-,dispat*1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,july #ac? & ,septemb] #e?1 #ahig4 ,press1 ,!1 ,philadelphia1 ,augu/ #a/1 #ahig4 ,pre/wi*1 ,joseph4 ,on ,und]gr\nd ,temp]atures3 ,proce$+s ,royal ,society1 #ahhe4 ,repr9t$ 9 ,collect$ pap]s on "s controv]t$ que/ions ( ,geology1 ,london1 ,macmillan1 #ahhe4 ,prvo/1 ,pr(essor ,pi]re4 ,j\rnal de ,g5ve1 ,no4 #aa1 #ba/ ,m>*1 #aghi4 ,re*]*es physico-mcaniques sur la *leur ,solaire1 ,g5ve1 #agib1 page #bjf4 ,public ,l$g]1 ,!1 ,philadelphia1 ,july #f?1 #ahif2 & ,septemb] #be?1 #ahii4 ,raymond1 ,r4 ,w4 ,! ,ice ,caves ( ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory3 ,ov]l& ,mon?ly1 #ahfi1 vol4 ,,iii41 page #dba4 ,rei*1 ,f4 ,beoba*tung5 b] die ,temp]atur des ,ge/e9es1 ,freib]g1 #ahcd1 pages #age-bje4 ,rit*ie1 ,john1 ,jr4 ,editorial3 ,sci5ce ,obs]v]1 ,bo/on1 #ahgi1 vol4 ,,ii41 pages #fj-fd4 ,ice ,caves3 ,bo/on ,transcript1 ,janu>y #b;d1 #ahig4 ,talks 9 ,sci5ce ,fields3 ,! ,happy ,?\ght1 ,bo/on1 ,janu>y #bc;d1 #ahig1 page #aj4 ,rog]s1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,b4 ,well's ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 #ahef1 page #aij4 ,roma9-,joly1 ,fr4 ,joseph1 ,capuc94 ,la ,fran*e-,comt1 ,lettres ,mlle4 d',udressi]1 ,p>is1 #aggi1 pages #cb1 #cc4 ,ros5mll]1 ,dr41 & ,tilesius1 ,dr4 ,bes*reibung ,m]kwrdig] ,hhl51 ,leipzig1 #agii4 ,rozet4 ,encyclopdie ,mod]ne1 ,didot frres1 ,p>is1 #aheh1 ,tome ,,xvi41 page #ejb4 ,russell1 ,pr(essor ,israel ,cook4 ,a ,j\rney up ! ,yukon ,riv]3 ,bullet9 ,am]ican ,geographical ,society1 vol4 ,,xxvii41 ,no4 #b1 page #adi4 ,second exp$ition to ,m\nt ,sa9t ,elias3 ,?irte5? ,annual ,report ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 #ahia-ib1 page #ai4 ,glaci]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,bo/on1 ,g9n ,co41 #ahig4 ,s>tori1 ,dr4 ,franz4 ,naturwund] des ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,kais]?ums1 ,vi5na1 #ahji4 ,neue/e ,reise dur* ,oe/]rei*1 ,leipzig1 #ahab4 ,saussure1 ,horace ,bndict de4 ,voyages dans les ,alpes1 #agif1 ,tome ,,iii41 sections #adjd-adaf4 ,s*midl1 ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,adolf4 ,die ,grott5 und ,hhl5 von ,adelsb]g1 ,lueg1 ,plan9a und ,laas1 ,vi5na1 #ahed4 ,die ,hhl5 des ts*]1 ,vi5na1 #aheg4 ,die ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,hhl51 ,pe/1 #aheh4 ,s*walbe1 ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,b4 b] ,ei%hl5 und abnorme ,eisbildung53 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91 #ahha1 pages #adf-afc4 b] ,ei%hl5 und ,eisl*]1 ,b]l91 ,ga]tn]'s ,bu*h&lung1 #ahhf4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 ,,iii41 ,july1 #ahfj1 page #ea2 vol4 ,,xviii41 ,janu>y1 #ahfh1 page #c2 vol4 ,,xxvii41 ,octob]1 #ahgb1 page #bdh4 ,scott1 ,rob]t ,h41 ,m4 ,a41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,elem5t>y ,meteorology1 ,?ird ,edition1 ,london1 ,kegan ,paul1 ,fr5* ,co41 #ahhe4 ,scrope1 ,g4 ,p\lett4 ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahbf1 vol4 ,v41 page #aed4 ,memoir ( ! ,geology ( ,c5tral ,france1 ,london1 #ahbg4 ,! ,geology & ,ext9ct ,volcanoes ( ,c5tral ,france1 ,london1 #aheh4 ,sieg]1 ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,rob4 ,see ,cranm]4 ,silliman1 ,b5jam94 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahbb1 vol4 ,,iv41 pages #agd & #agg2 & #ahci1 vol4 ,,xxxvi41 page #ahe4 ,smy?1 ,c4 ,piazzi4 ,t5]iffe1 ,an ,a/ronom]'s ,exp]im5t1 #aheh4 ,splologie1 ,mmoires de la ,socit de1 ,p>is1 vols4 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii4 ,beg9n+ 9 #ahig4 ,splunca1 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,splologie1 ,p>is4 ,beg9n+ ) ,janu>y1 #ahie4 ,/ra*ey1 ,g5]al ,sir ,ri*>d4 ,n>rative ( a ,j\rney to ! ,lakes ,rakas-tal & ,manasor[>1 9 ,we/]n ,tibet1 und]tak5 9 ,septemb]1 #ahdh3 ,geographical ,j\rnal1 ,london1 #aijj1 vol4 ,,xv41 page #afh4 ,telegraph1 ,! ,ev5+1 ,philadelphia1 ,janu>y #b;d1 #ahif1 & ,janu>y #bj?1 #ahig4 ,t]l&ay1 ,pr(essor ,emil4 ,me9e ,erfahrung5 9 d] ,ei%hle von ,szilize3 ,pet]mann's ,mit!ilung51 #ahic1 page #bhc4 ,somm]eisbildung 9 d] ,ei%hle von ,szilize3 ,pet]mann's ,mit!ilung51 #ahif1 page #bag4 ,?om1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,das ,unt]irdis*e ,eisfeld bei d] ,dornburg1 ,wiesbad51 #ahda4 ,?ury1 ,hric>t de4 ,j\rnal des ,m9es1 vol4 ,,xxxiii41 page #aeg4 ,! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #hj4 ,?ury1 ,pr(essor4 tudes sur les ,glacires ,naturelles3 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 ,ar*ives des ,sci5ces physiques de ,g5ve1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,x41 pages #ig-aec4 ,times1 ,!1 ,philadelphia1 ,novemb] #ah?1 #ahif4 ,t[nson1 ,rob]t1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,travels 9 ,hung>y1 #agig1 pages #cag-cba4 ,tr\illet1 ,capita9e4 ,la ,glacire de ,*aux-les-,passavant3 ,mmoires de la ,socit d'mulation du ,d\bs1 ,besanon1 #ahhe4 ,umlauft1 ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,fri$ri*4 ,die ,oe/]rei*is*-,ung>is*e ,mon>*ie1 ,wi51 ,pe/1 ,leipzig1 #ahhc4 ,valvasor1 ,johann ,wei*>d1 ,freih]rn4 ,die ,ehre des ,h]zog?umes ,cra91 ,layba*1 #afhi4 ,vill>d1 ,l4 ,grottes du ,v]cors3 ,splunca1 #ahif1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #ci4 ,voigt1 ,joh4 ,c>l ,wilhelm4 ,m9]alogis*e ,reis5 dur* das ,h]zog?um ,weim>1 ,weim>1 #aghe1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #abc4 ,w>d1 ,j4 ,clif=d4 ,nature1 vol4 ,,xi41 page #caj4 ,:ite1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,geological ,reports ( ! ,/ate ( ,i[a1 ,des ,mo9es1 #ahgj1 vol4 ,i41 page #hj4 ,:ymp]1 ,edw>d4 ,scrambles ,among/ ! ,alps1 ,london1 ,john ,murray1 #ahga4 ,w9*el1 ,alex&]4 ,walks & ,talks 9 ! ,geological ,field1 ,! ,*autauqua ,c5tury ,press1 #ahih4 ,wise1 ,t4 ,a4 ,ice ,mak+ 9 ! ,tropics3 ,nature1 ,macmillan1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #ahgb1 vol4 ,v41 pages #ahi-aij4 ,,index4 ,,index4 ,,page ,adirondack guides1 ,op9ions (1 #ha ,alaska1 ,subsoil ice 91 #aff1 #afg ,allm51 ,emil von1 guide1 #ba ,altitude ( glacires1 #aej ,am>na?1 ,cave (1 #bfb ,app>5tly /atic caves1 #abb ,arizona1 ,glacires 91 #age1 #agf ,au*9closs1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,s41 #cjg ,au]sp]g1 ,pr9ce1 #eb ,ausable ,pond1 ,freez+ talus at1 #gi ,bal*1 ,mrs4 ,geo4 ,b41 #ahi ,bal* ,pass1 ,!1 #bfc ,b>gy1 ,mont1 #ga ,bas9s1 ,ice1 #bj1 #acj ,behr5s1 #bgj ,beil/e91 ,caves on !1 #bcd ,bel1 ,mat?ias1 #bed1 #bga ,b5$ict1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,s41 #bic ,b5n]1 ,mr41 #ij ,b]?\le1 ,mons41 #bjf ,besanon1 #h ,bill]ez1 ,mons4 de1 #bgj ,bonney1 ,pr(essor ,t4 ,g41 #baf1 #bbb1 #bia ,bo/on ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 #ach1 #ahb ,b\1 ,dr4 ,a41 #bdb ,b\ld] heaps1 #aaf ,boz1 ,mons4 de1 #bgj ,br&on1 ,freez+ well (1 #gg1 #ahb1 #bhc1 #bhd ,br9ck]h(f1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,h41 #agg ,briot1 ,mons41 #bjd ,brisons1 ,glacire de1 #b ,br[ne1 ,! ,rev4 ,g4 ,f41 #acc1 #bac1 #bae1 #baf1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bhh ,bullet91 ,! ,ev5+1 #bec ,buri$ glaci]s1 #afe ,burslem1 ,capta91 #bfa ,butl]1 ,mr4 ,r41 #aga1 #agb1 #cjh ,cali=nia1 ,glacires 91 #agj1 #aga ,canfield1 ,mr4 ,n4 ,m41 #gf ,capill>y or ,compress$ ,air ,!ory1 #adb ,c>bonic acid gas1 #acc ,c>rel1 ,*ano9e1 #bab ,caucasus1 ,glacires 9 !1 #beg ,cesi1 ,don ,giuseppe1 #bji ,*apuis1 ,glacire de1 #e1 #baf ,*a?am1 ,mr4 ,i4 ,c41 #id ,*aux-les-,passavant1 ,glacire de1 #h1 #aic ,*emical causes !ory1 #adj ,cliff caves1 #f1 #ah1 #bb1 #bg1 #dj1 #gj1 #gf1 #abj ,clo!s = glacire exploration1 #ec ,cold caves1 #aag ,colladon1 ,mons1 #bgh ,color effects1 #aca ,colorado1 ,glacires 91 #agd1 #age ,cossigny1 ,mons4 de1 #bjb1 #bga ,cott]laz1 ,s4 ,j41 guide1 #ga ,coxe1 ,miss ,m>y1 #bfb ,cranm]1 ,pr(essor ,h41 #bcb1 #bcd1 #bce1 #cji ,creux-de-,s\ci1 ,le1 #bjf ,crevasses1 #d ,crimea1 ,glacires 9 !1 #bef ,cu%+1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,h41 #agf ,cvijic1 ,dr4 ,a41 #bdc1 #cje ,dante1 #ace ,daubuisson1 #bdh ,dawk9s1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,boyd1 #bib ,decorah1 ,freez+ cave (1 #hh1 #agg ,decorah1 ,freez+ well (1 #hi ,deluc1 ,mons4 ,j4 ,a41 #bgg ,dm5yflva ,jegb>lang1 #bd ,dewey1 ,mr41 #ahc1 #bgg ,dim5sions ( glacires1 #abj ,dittm>1 ,mons4 de1 #bfj ,dbs9a ,jegb>lang1 #ac1 #beb ,dbs9a1 ,village (1 #ac ,dornburg1 ,freez+ talus at !1 #ei1 #bdg ,dornburg1 ,freez+ cell> at !1 #fj ,draughts1 #h1 #de1 #dg1 #eh1 #hj ,drip/one =mations 9 glacires1 #bd1 #cj1 #eg1 #fc1 #fg1 #cjd ,duc de ,lvy1 #bjb ,dunant1 ,mons4 ,c41 #bae1 #baf ,dutoit1 ,pr(essor1 #bba ,ea/]n ,alps1 ,glacires 9 !1 #bbd-bcf ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,glacires 9 !1 #ahj-ahi ,eg]1 ,dr4 ,w41 #bfb ,ehrli*]1 ,mr41 #hf ,eis5]z1 #cg ,elk9sville1 ,glacire at1 #ahj1 #cje ,ell5ville1 ,freez+ gorge at1 #ia1 #ahe m]y1 ,aymon1 guide1 #fb1 #fe ,enf]1 ,glacire de l'1 #bae ,engl&1 ,glacires 91 #aib1 #aic ,entrances ( glacires1 #aba ,es*holz1 ,dr41 #afg ,evaporation1 #aef1 #bge1 #bhg1 #bif1 #bih1 #cjj1 #cjb1 #cjd ,f>r&sville1 ,cave at1 #ic ,f>num1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,l41 #bff ,f>num1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,e41 #bff ,fauna ( glacires1 #acc1 #bjg1 #bad1 #baf1 #bai1 #bdf ,fee ,glaci]1 ,ice ,cave 91 #fh ,flora ( glacires1 #hj1 #hc1 #he1 #ia1 #acd1 #ahh1 #bbb1 #bcg1 #bdj ,fondurle1 ,glacire de1 #bac ,=ms ( ,ice1 #abf ,fra9] ,eislei!n1 ,!1 #cc1 #bea ,france1 ,glacires 91 #aic-bjh1 #bac-bah ,frau5mau]hhle1 ,!1 #cg ,freez+ m9es & tunnels1 #aag ,freez+ wells1 #gd1 #gg1 #hi1 #aag1 #bjf ,fri$ri*/e9]hhle1 #ea ,fugg]1 ,pr(essor ,e41 #bbd1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bcg1 #bdi1 #bea1 #bid ,g5ollire1 ,glacire de la1 #dh1 #bai ,geographical di/ribution ( glacires1 #adi ,g]many1 ,glacires 91 #bdf-bej ,giant ( ! ,valley1 ,talus ( !1 #ha ,gir>dot1 ,mons4 ,a41 #bjd ,girod-,*antrans1 ,le citoy51 #bgb ,glacial p]iod !ory1 ,!1 #acf ,glacire1 ,advantage ( t]m1 #aaj ,glacire caves1 #aah ,glaci]s1 #ade ,gollut1 ,lois1 #bjb1 #bfi ,gorges & tr\ghs1 #adf1 #bfj ,great ,b>r+ton1 ,icy gulf ne>1 #ii ,grub]1 ,j41 guide1 #ah ,gsoll-,alp1 #ch ,guyot1 ,pr(essor ,a41 #bha ,hablizl1 #bgb ,hacquet1 #bga ,hag]1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,d41 #ahb1 #bhb ,hall1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,coleman1 #ahg ,h>t1 ,mr4 ,b41 #gf ,h>t5/e91 ,pr(essor1 #bdi ,haut-d',avi]noz1 ,glacire de l'1 #b1 #bae ,hayd51 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,b41 #bhj ,heilpr91 ,pr(essor ,a41 #ic1 #ahe ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,john1 #ada ,hit*cock1 ,pr(essor ,e41 #bhd ,ho> fro/1 #af1 #cj1 #abi ,holes 9 ice1 #d1 #db1 #fd1 #acj ,holl[ ice /alagmites1 #bc1 #abg1 #bhg1 #bij ,hols*uh1 ,mr4 ,f41 #ahh ,hovey1 ,! ,rev4 ,h4 ,c41 #ahf ,h[ell1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,i4 ,h41 #hj1 #hc ,humboldt1 ,alex&] von1 #bgf ,ice floors1 #d1 #g1 #aa1 #ae1 #ai1 #bb1 #cj1 #db1 #ed1 #fd1 #gb ,ice =m$ by radiation1 #bfc-bff ,icel&1 ,glacires 91 #aij1 #aia ,ice ne> entrance ( caves1 #aeb ,ice %eets1 ,subt]ranean1 #aae ,ice slabs on floor1 #bj ,ice slopes1 #d1 #ag1 #ai1 #bc1 #eb1 #fg ,ice ,spr+1 ,oregon1 ,!1 #afi ,ice /alactites & /alagmites1 #c1 #g1 #ab1 #bc1 #cj1 #db1 #gc1 #abg ,italy1 ,glacires 91 #bjh-bac ,japan1 ,glacire 91 #bff ,jayne1 ,mrs4 ,horace1 #ahi ,joly1 ,capuc9 ,roma91 #bgb ,k>/1 ,glacires 9 !1 #bcf-bdb ,k+'s ,rav9e1 ,subt]ranean ice 91 #a ,kir*h(f1 ,mr4 ,t41 #bib ,kl5ka1 ,s41 guide1 #ea ,kol[rat%hle1 ,!1 #ah1 #bbf ,krb]1 ,h]r ,b41 #bbb1 #bid ,korea1 ,glacire 91 #bff ,kov>ik1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,f41 #hi1 #agh1 #ahj1 #cjg ,kra91 ,glacires 9 !1 #bcf-bdb ,krauss1 ,regi]ungsra? ,f41 #cjc ,kr5n]1 ,dr41 #bib ,lakes1 ,subt]ranean1 #g1 #dc ,lamb1 ,mr4 ,c41 guide1 #ha ,la?rop1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,p41 #bhj ,lava caves1 ,wa%+ton1 #afh ,le>n$1 ,mr41 #hf ,lee1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a41 #bgh ,leg5ds ab\t glacires1 #ace1 #baf ,lepe*91 #beh ,l]*5feld1 ,freih]r von1 #bbg ,lewis1 ,miss ,j4 ,f41 #ic ,lewis1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f41 #abi ,lipts ,szt ,mikls1 #bd ,lohmann1 ,dr4 ,h41 #cjb ,l[e1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e41 ,jr41 #hc ,l[e1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e41 ,sr41 #a1 #he ,l[e1 ,mr4 ,n4 ,m41 #adb1 #bib ,luce1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,o41 #gh ,lyell1 ,sir ,*>les1 #aaf1 #baj ,man*e/]1 ,m>ble freez+ cave at1 #gf ,m>9its*1 ,h]r ,j41 #bcf ,m>tel1 ,mons4 ,e4 ,a41 #bje1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bad1 #bba1 #cjj ,mc,cabe1 ,mr4 ,e41 #id ,meehan1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,e41 #afe ,m]c]1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,c41 #adc1 #ahg ,metric sy/em1 #c ,mi/ 9 caves1 #ah1 #ee ,misura1 ,f41 =e/]1 #bg ,montana1 ,glacires 91 #aga-agc ,mont>quis1 ,gr& ,cave de1 #gj1 #bag1 #bhf ,mont>quis1 ,petite ,cave de1 #ga ,moonlight effects1 #bd1 #cc1 #acb ,mor91 ,mons41 #bah ,motion 9 subt]ranean ice1 #aca ,movem5ts ( air1 #abb1 #aef ,mur*ison1 ,sir ,r4 ,i41 #ada ,nagel1 ,j4 ,n41 #bga ,naye1 ,glacire de1 #bba ,ni*olson1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,j41 #ie ,niles1 ,mr41 #ha ,nixlo*1 ,!1 #eg1 #bbf ,oets*]1 ,! ,seelck5 on !1 #bca ,olm/a$1 ,pr(essor ,d41 #bhb ,otis1 ,mr41 #ha ,oudot1 ,dr41 #bgb ,owego1 ,freez+ well (1 #gd1 #ahf ,paleontological rema9s1 #acd ,p>melan1 ,mont1 #c1 #e ,p>rot1 ,g4 ,f41 #abe ,peasants1 ,op9ions (1 #cc1 #gj1 #aci ,pele*1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,e41 #beb ,p]iods 9 glacires1 ,op5 & clos$1 #big ,pet]s1 ,k4 ,f41 #bdf ,petruzzi1 ,pr(essor1 #bda1 #bhb ,phillips1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,b41 #ahe ,pictet1 ,pr(essor ,m4 ,a41 #bgg ,pit caves1 #b1 #c1 #aj1 #dh1 #eb1 #fc1 #ff1 #aai ,pleis*l1 ,pr(essor ,a41 #bej1 #bgi ,poiss5ot1 ,b5igne1 #aic1 #bfi ,poprd1 #ac ,pralong du ,reposoir1 #gj ,press1 ,! ,philadelphia1 #cjf ,pre/on1 ,mr41 #gd ,pre/wi*1 ,mr41 #bdh ,prvo/1 ,pr(essor ,p41 #bgc ,prismatic ice1 #fd1 #fg1 #abi1 #bhg1 #bhi1 #cjc ,public ,l$g]1 ,!1 #afi ,r&olph1 ,! ,ice ,gul*11 #hc ,raymond1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r41 #bia ,rei*1 ,f41 #bgi ,religi\s feel+ ab\t ice1 #ace1 #agf1 #bfb ,rit*ie1 ,mr4 ,john1 ,jr41 #gf1 #hc1 #he1 #adc1 #aha1 #bib ,rog]s1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,b41 #bha ,ro?1 ,ei%hle bei1 #ce ,rudolf ,,ii41 ,kais]1 #bcb ,ruff9y1 ,h]r ,e41 #beb ,rumney1 ,freez+ talus at1 #he ,russell1 ,pr(essor ,i4 ,c41 #aff1 #bii ,sa9t-,georges1 ,glacire de1 #fb1 #bai1 #bhe ,sa9t-,georges1 ,village (1 #fb ,sa9t-,livres1 ,glacire de1 #fe ,sa9t-,livres1 ,pr de1 #ff ,sakh>ov1 ,dr4 ,a41 #beg ,samuel1 ,mr4 ,b41 #aib1 #bji1 #bfd ,s>tori1 ,dr4 ,f41 #bgf ,satt]1 ,pr(essor ,h41 #bda ,saussure1 ,h4 ,b4 de1 #bji1 #bgd ,sc&9avia1 ,glacires 91 #aia ,s*aflo*1 ,!1 #ba1 #bbb ,s*all5b]g]1 ,c41 #bcb1 #bfi ,s*ell5b]g] ,eisgrotte1 ,!1 #bbg ,s*walbe1 ,dr4 ,b41 #bda1 #bec1 #bih ,scott1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,b41 #agf ,scrope1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,p41 #bgh ,seelisb]g1 ,! ,mil*has] (1 #de ,selby-,hill1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,d41 #hh ,s]via1 ,glacires 91 #bdb-bde ,sk]izora1 ,cave (1 #bde ,sk9n]'s ,cave1 #gf ,sib]ia1 ,glacires 91 #bei-bfa ,sieg]1 ,pr(essor1 #bcb ,silliman1 ,pr(essor1 #bgi ,sir>1 ,j41 guide1 #ef ,sn[1 ,subt]ranean1 #af1 #abi1 #bjf1 #bdg ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,subsoil ice 91 #ahi1 #aij ,spruce ,creek1 ,freez+ talus at1 #ij1 #ahh ,/ockbridge1 ,icy gl5 ne>1 #ge ,/ra*ey1 ,g54 ,sir ,r41 #bfc ,/re91 ,r41 #bcb1 #bfi ,su*5reu!r ,eislo*1 ,!1 #ee ,summ]'s heat !ory1 ,!1 #ach ,summit1 ,glacires ne>1 #ie ,switz]l&1 ,glacires 91 #bai-bbc ,szilize1 ,cave (1 #bec ,tabl]lo*1 ,!1 #bcc ,taluses1 #gi1 #ha1 #he1 #ij1 #ajj1 #aaf ,temp]atures1 ,subt]ranean1 #aab ,t5]iffe1 ,glacire on ! ,peak (1 #aij ,t]l&ay1 ,dr41 #cja ,t]m9ology1 #aji ,!rmometric obs]vations1 #aea1 #agh1 #bai1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bcc1 #bcg1 #beb1 #bec ,?ury1 ,pr(essor1 #abb1 #aci1 #bac1 #bag1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bhe ,"t ( =mation ( ice1 #aei ,t[nson1 ,r41 #bge ,tr\illet1 ,capta91 #bjb1 #big ,turrian1 ,a4 ,a41 g5d>me1 #dh ,umlauft1 ,pr(essor ,f41 #bic ,ural1 ,glacires 9 !1 #beg-bei ,valvasor1 ,freih]r1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bgj ,vill>d1 ,mons4 ,l41 #acc1 #bad ,vir1 ,mons4 ,a41 #acd ,wa*tl1 ,=e/]1 #beb ,wagn]1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w41 #agc ,wall+=d1 ,! ice b$s (1 #ii ,wat]t[n1 ,cave at1 #hg ,wat]t[n1 ,w9dholes at1 #hf ,waves ( heat & cold1 ,!ory (1 #ada ,:ite1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,a41 #bia ,williams1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f41 #aja ,william/[n1 ,caves ne>1 #aja ,william/[n1 ,! sn[ hole ne>1 #ih1 #ahc ,w9t]'s cold !ory1 ,!1 #adg ,w9dholes1 #fa1 #aaa1 #aag ,w9dholes1 ,! !ory (1 #abd ,wordswor?1 ,v]ses by1 #aib ,ye]mallik1 ,cave (1 #bfa ,ziegl]1 ,h]r ,j4 ,m41 #de 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,images 7 mov$ s z to n split p>agraphs4 ,acc5ts 7 /&>diz$4 ,obvi\s punctuation errors & typos repair$4