,transcriber ,note ,italic text is denoted by underscores4 ,,glaci,,res ,,or ,,freezing ,,caverns ,illustration3 ,,ice ,,slope ,,and ,,basin1 ,,kolowratsh,,hle4 ,,glaci,,res ,,or ,,freezing ,,caverns ,,by ,,edwin ,,swift ,,balch ,a4 ,b4 7,harvard72 ,f4 ,r4 ,g4 ,s4 ,member of the ,franklin ,institute ,of the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club ,of the ,american ,philosophical ,society ,author of ,mountain ,exploration1 c4 ,philadelphia ,,allen1 ,,lane ,,scott #aijj ,copyright1 #aijj1 by ,,edwin ,,swift ,,balch4 ,press of ,,allen1 ,,lane ,,scott1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,this ,,book ,,is ,,affectionately ,,dedicated ,,to ,,my ,,mother1 ,,whose ,,deep ,,interest ,,in ,,my ,,work ,,has ,,helped ,,me ,,greatly4 ,,preliminary ,,note4 ,many kind friends have given me information about glacires or assistance in my work4 ,i am especially indebted to ,mr4 ,robert ,butler1 of ,san ,jos1 ,cal42 ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,cushing1 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c42 ,professor ,charles ,e4 ,fay1 of ,tufts ,college1 ,mass42 ,professor ,eberhard ,fugger1 of ,salzburg1 ,austria2 ,mr4 ,alois ,f4 ,kovarik1 of ,decorah1 ,iowa2 ,monsieur ,e4 ,a4 ,martel1 of ,paris1 ,france2 ,mr4 ,john ,ritchie1 ,jr41 of ,boston1 ,mass42 ,professor ,i4 ,c4 ,russell1 of ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich42 ,miss ,h4 ,varena1 of ,wiesbaden1 ,germany2 and ,miss ,mary ,coxe1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,farnum1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,farnum1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,garrison1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,hall1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,i4 ,h4 ,howell1 ,mrs4 ,horace ,jayne1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,meehan1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,nicholson1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,phillips1 ,mr4 ,bunford ,samuel1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,wagner1 and ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,wahl1 of ,philadelphia4 ,i wish to acknowledge also the help ,i have derived from the ,bibliothque ,nationale and the library of the ,british ,museum4 ,e4 ,s4 ,b4 ,philadelphia1 ,february the #ajth1 #aijj4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,part ,i4 ,experiences in ,glacires #a ,part ,,ii4 ,the ,causes of ,subterranean ,ice #aji ,part ,,iii4 ,list of ,glacires #afe ,part ,,iv4 ,some ,opinions about ,glacires #bfi ,part ,v4 ,list of ,authors #cac ,index #cbi ,,illustrations4 ,ice ,slope and ,basin1 ,kolowratshhle ,frontispiece ,glacire de ,chaux-les-,passavant #h ,ice ,stalagmites1 ,chaux-les-,passavant #aj ,vertical ,section of ,chaux-les-,passavant #aa ,ice ,stalagmites1 ,chaux-les-,passavant #ab ,vertical ,section of ,dbsina #ae ,the ,lower ,rositten ,alp and the ,untersberg #af ,the ,entrance of the ,kolowratshhle #ah ,vertical ,section of the ,kolowratshhle #ai ,top of ,ice ,slope1 ,kolowratshhle #bj ,at the ,entrance of the ,schafloch #bb ,hollow ,cones and ,fissure ,columns1 ,schafloch #bd ,on the ,ice ,slope1 ,schafloch #bf ,in the ,rear of the ,schafloch #bh ,vertical ,section of ,dmnyflva #bi ,the ,frauenmauer and the ,gsoll ,alp #ch ,in the ,frauenmauerhhle #dj ,vertical ,section of the ,frauenmauerhhle #db ,ice ,stalactite1 ,frauenmauerhhle #db ,vertical ,section of the ,suchenreuther ,eisloch #eg ,la ,glacire de ,saint-,georges #fb ,vertical ,section of the ,glacire de ,saint-,georges #fd ,vertical ,section of ,grand ,cave de ,montarquis #gb ,the ,bluff at ,decorah #hf ,entrance of the ,cave of ,decorah #hh ,locus ,glacialis1 ,cave of ,decorah #ij ,gorge at ,ellenville #ib ,vertical ,section of ,pit near ,summit #ig ,vertical ,section of ,freezing ,cave near ,williamstown #ajc ,vertical ,section of a ,windhole #abe ,freezing ,cavern at ,brainard #ahj ,,part ,i4 ,,experiences ,,in ,,glaci,,res4 ,,experiences ,,in ,,glaci,,res4 ,,subterranean ,,ice ,,in ,,king',s ,,ravine4 ,subterranean ice was brought to my notice by a mere accident1 late in the month of ,september1 #ahgg1 while on a descent of ,king's ,ravine1 on ,mount ,adams1 in the ,white ,mountains of ,new ,hampshire4 ,we had just descended the rock wall of the mountain and had reached the head of the gorge1 when my companion1 ,mr4 ,charles ,e4 ,lowe1 the well-known ,appalachian guide of ,randolph1 suddenly said to me1 ,would you like a piece of ice8 ,i can get you some presently4 ,i answered1 ,certainly1 wondering where he would find any4 ,when we got among the big boulders1 which form so rough a path for the traveler at the bottom of the ravine1 ,mr4 ,lowe climbed down under one of the biggest1 and presently reappeared with a good sized lump of ice4 ,i was much impressed at finding ice at the end of the summer in this gorge1 when for months past no ice or snow had been visible on the surrounding mountains4 ,i noticed also the peculiar1 flaky formation of the ice1 and saw at once that it was something new to me1 and in fact it was a piece of what ,i have since learned to know as prismatic ice4 ,,glaci,,re ,,near ,,brisons4 ,in the summer of the year #ahhj1 ,i traveled through the ,alps1 with a friend from ,philadelphia4 ,on the #agth of ,september1 we drove from ,geneva to ,bonneville4 ,thence we started on foot without a guide1 and as a result got lost in the woods1 from which we only extricated ourselves at nightfall4 ,after retracing our steps to ,bonneville1 we were glad to find a man to show us the way we should have taken1 and finally reached the little village of ,brisons in ,france1 where we slept4 ,the next day we took a guide and made our way across the mountains to ,annecy1 at one spot going out of our direct route to see a place spoken of by the natives as a glacire4 ,it was a little pit1 and at the base of one side thereof was the mouth of a small cave into which we could not see any distance4 ,at the bottom of the pit lay a mass of dirty snow and ice to which we did not descend1 as the sides of the pit were sheer and smooth1 and there was no ladder4 ,this pit seemed to be more of the nature of a gully filled with winter snow1 than a true rock cave containing ice4 ,,the ,,glaci,,re ,,de ,l',,haut-,d',,aviernoz4 ,three days after this1 on ,tuesday1 the #bast of ,september1 #ahhj1 we visited the two largest glacires on the ,mont ,parmelan1 near ,annecy1 ,france4 ,at ,annecy we inquired at the hotel for a man who knew the ,mont ,parmelan2 and1 after finding one1 we made our way to ,les ,villaz1 where we spent the night in an auberge4 ,our companion was an odd personage4 ,he was small1 about fifty years of age1 and looked meek1 crushed and hungry4 ,he wore a long black frock coat and black trousers1 thin boots and a linen shirt1 certainly not the ideal outfit for a cave explorer4 ,under his care we started early in the morning and toiled up a mountain path some eight hundred or a thousand meters1#a through woods and pastures1 to the higher plateau of ,mont ,parmelan1 in which was situated the first glacire4 ,this was in a great pit1 at the bottom of which1 on one side1 was a big cave4 ,on the side of the pit opposite to the opening1 there was a steep rock slope1 forty or fifty meters long1 whose lower portion was covered with snow4 ,down this slope we descended with but little difficulty1 reaching at the bottom an almost level ice floor which spread over the entire cave and was formed throughout of thick1 solid ice4 ,a second and much smaller pit in the roof of the cave opened directly over the ice floor2 and under this pit rose a small cone of ice1 some two meters high1 the only one in this glacire4 #a ,the metric system is used throughout this book1 except in a few quotations4 ,thermometric observations are given in degrees ,centigrade4 ,the glacire itself was approximately round in shape1 and some twenty meters in diameter4 ,at one place the rock wall was broken and we could look into a much smaller inner cave or chamber4 ,into this we could not penetrate on account of a long1 narrow crack or hole which yawned in the ice floor for a distance of some five or six meters and continued through the opening into the second chamber4 ,we tried to cut our way along the side of the hole1 but had to give it up1 finding the ice too hard and our time too short4 ,the crack or hole1 whose sides were solid ice1 proved conclusively that the ice in this glacire was many meters in thickness1 for we could look a long way down into the hole1 certainly for ten or twelve meters1 until the ice sides disappeared in darkness1 without any visible bottom4 ,the hole cannot be spoken of as a crevasse1 for1 besides not looking like a crevasse1 it was certainly formed by other causes than those which form the crevasses in glaciers1 since there is1 as a rule1 no perceptible movement in subterranean ice4 ,doubtless1 the hole was due to the drainage of the cave1 which undoubtedly passed off through the hole4 ,there may be1 nevertheless1 some little motion in the ice of this glacire1 for it is evident that it is fed principally directly by the winter snows2 which1 whether as frozen or melted snow1 descend gradually1 by the force of gravitation1 from the slope of the pit into the glacire4 ,as for any possibility of this great mass of ice melting away and forming again in any one year1 it passes belief2 there must be at least the cubic contents of a dozen ordinary houses in the cave1 and such a mass could hardly be destroyed or formed again in any such short space of time as a fall or spring4 ,this is1 therefore1 probably a permanent or perennial glacire4 ,,the ,,glaci,,re ,,de ,,chapuis4 ,starting out from the ,glacire de l',haut-d',aviernoz we walked across the plateau of the ,mont ,parmelan1 en route for the second glacire4 ,this plateau is a curious rock formation1 consisting of what the natives call lapiaz1 which might be translated stone-heaps4 ,the plateau is full of great projecting rocks2 and myriads of cracks and crevices everywhere rend the surface1 and over these crevices one sometimes has to jump4 ,still1 ,i do not remember any particular difficulty4 ,it was certainly not nearly as bad walking as the taluses of loose rocks one meets at the base of many mountains4 ,our guide led us for about an hour across the plateau in a southerly direction1 and then1 looking over the side of the ,parmelan1 with a sweep of the arm covering south1 west and north1 he told us that the glacire lay between those points1 but he did not know exactly where4 ,this seemed a rather hopeless prospect1 so1 as we had no clue to the whereabouts of our prospective hole1 we descended to a couple of chlets we saw some two hundred meters below1 but which at least were in the direction of ,annecy4 ,we followed a goat-herd's path which led to the chlets from the plateau1 one of those dangerous grass tracks1 where nothing would be easier than to make a slip1 and where a bad slip might have unpleasant results4 ,this is1 however1 just the kind of place where every one is particularly careful not to slip4 ,we were careful and so reached the chlets all right1 and there we found a strong1 intelligent boy1 who at once pointed out the place where the glacire was1 about half way up the slope we had just come down4 ,so we took him with us1 leaving our guide at the chlets to await our return4 ,the entrance to the glacire was in a wall of rock1 set at an angle of some thirty-five degrees2 at the bottom of this there was some grass4 ,an easy chimney some fifteen meters high led up to the glacire4 ,up this chimney we climbed4 ,at the top we entered a little cave about two meters deep1 by a sort of portal about two meters wide4 ,the cave made an elbow to the right1 and passing this we found that it turned to the left and pointed directly into the mountain4 ,the rock went down vertically in front of us1 but the boy said we could get down1 so having first lowered a candle by a string to see the depth1 which turned out to be a perpendicular drop of some four or five meters1 with the help of the rope we all climbed down4 ,we were already almost entirely away from the daylight and a few steps took us into complete darkness1 except for the light we had from the candle each of us held in his hand4 ,the fissure led straight into the mountain4 ,it was a couple of meters wide at places1 and there we moved along the bottom4 ,in one place it narrowed below to a wedge1 and there we progressed either by climbing along one side or by placing one foot on one side and the other foot on the other4 ,the fissure led downwards as well as inwards4 ,it would have been nothing in daylight to go through it2 but in the semi-darkness it was not easy4 ,after a descent of some twenty-five meters or thereabouts1 we arrived at the glacire1 and ,i have certainly never seen a weirder place4 ,there was a great arched rock dome1 perhaps six meters in height1 and some twelve in diameter2 the floor was a sheet of smooth1 slippery ice1 at one end curling over1 gently at first1 afterwards more steeply1 to a lower depth2 and on the sides were seven or eight ice columns streaming from cracks in the rocks to the floor4 ,each of these columns was some three or four meters high1 and1 small at the top and in the middle1 spread out at the base into the shape of fans4 ,in the dim candle light and the cold damp atmosphere1 the columns loomed up like so many ghosts1 and the landscape impression was strange and solemn4 ,the air here seemed perfectly still4 ,there was another curiosity4 ,the fissure we had come down1 at this point some three meters wide1 was filled1 just beyond the glacire1 with pure1 transparent water1 which formed a little lake3 this was perhaps one meter deep1 and extended across the fissure1 barring further progress4 ,it certainly seems strange that in the same cavern1 under nearly the same conditions of temperature1 there should be one place covered with a flooring of ice and another filled with water4 ,the explanation1 however1 is perhaps not far to seek4 ,over the lake there was a distinct draught of air4 ,the draught probably melts the ice in summer1 if indeed it does not prevent any from forming in winter4 ,there are1 so far1 no winter observations reported of this cave1 yet it would seem to be one which would well repay the trouble4 ,,the ,,glaci,,re ,,de ,,chaux-,,les-,,passavant4 ,on the #agth of ,august1 #ahid1 my brother and ,i arrived at ,besanon1 the ,vesontio of the ,romans1 bent on seeing the ,glacire de ,chaux-les-,passavant or de la ,grce-,dieu1 which is not far distant from the town4 ,the hotel we stopped at was pretty bad2 the beds were surmounted with those old-fashioned curtains which were of use before the invention of glass windows1 but which now only serve to exclude air and ventilation4 ,however1 ,i learnt something of the manners and customs of the country1 for on getting down at six o'clock the next morning for breakfast1 the first question the waiter asked was3 ,quel vin monsieur prendra-t-il8 ,at seven o'clock we sallied forth in a little open one-horse victoria1 with a dull gray sky overhead4 ,besanon is well down in a valley1 so the first five miles of the road were a slow1 gradual rise to the surrounding levels4 ,the scenery as we drove along reminded us of ,turner's pictures3 distant vistas of hills and valleys with factories blowing off their smoke and with tumble-down old houses ensconced in picturesque nooks1 just those long-distance effects that ,turner loved to paint and which1 for some reason1 the artists of the present generation have generally neglected and usually speak of as unpaintable or unpicturesque4 ,there was a row of trees1 the whole way1 on each side of the road1 a bit of practical forestry1 the wisdom of which it would be well for ,americans to recognize4 ,after our poor horse had pulled us up the long hills1 we had an almost level road running in a straight line as far as the eye could see4 ,we saw at least a hundred little hawks1 who live on field mice and other rodents1 and whose preservation is another evidence of ,french wisdom4 ,the last four miles of the drive was up a ravine in the woods1 near the beginning of which we passed the ,trappist convent of la ,grce-,dieu4 ,illustration3 ,,glaci,,re ,,de ,,chaux-,,les-,,passavant4 ,from a ,photograph by ,e4 ,mauvillier4 ,opposite the entrance of the glacire1 there is a little restaurant where the peasants come to dance and picnic1 and where the few travellers who get to these parts1 can obtain a tolerable djeuner4 ,they keep a fair vin du pays there1 and we had some trouble on the way home in consequence4 ,our driver1 a talkative specimen of the genus and an old soldier of ,bourbaki's1 told us1 on the way out1 many things about ,besanon during the ,franco-,german war and of the retreat of the ,french army into ,switzerland2 but on the way home1 he showed that he evidently was not a member of the blue ribbon army4 ,he first seemed desirous of not taking us back to ,besanon1 preferring to go in the other direction towards ,bale2 and afterwards he evinced a violent inclination to go to sleep4 ,we thought we should have to request him to change seats with us1 and drive back ourselves1 but we obviated the difficulty by plying him with questions as soon as he began to nod on his box4 ,eventually1 we reached ,besanon all right1 only once bumping a passing cart1 and only once nearly capsizing into a ditch4 ,if ,americans can learn some points from ,europeans about forestry1 ,i think the latter might get some equally valuable information from us concerning the use of water1 externally and internally4 ,the good lady at the restaurant acts the part of the old-fashioned cave dragon1 and we had to appease her by handing over four sous as a preliminary to exploration4 ,she also had a sign up1 saying that no one is allowed to break off or take away any ice1 which must sadly interfere with the tourists' privilege of bringing away specimens4 ,the entrance of the glacire was surrounded by woods1 which formed a natural rampart to anything like wind4 ,as we stood facing the glacire a great pit opened before us1 with a slope about one hundred and thirty-five meters long leading to the bottom4 ,this slope is at first gentle in its gradient1 but lower down it steepens to an angle of some thirty degrees so that we were glad to resort to the trail which descends in regular ,alpine zigzags4 ,in one place1 on the right hand1 there were the remains of a stone wall with a door1 and local tradition relates that in former times there was a sort of fortified habitation there1 which was used in war times as a place of retreat4 ,the lower part of the slope is covered by a protecting roof of rock which1 thin at the rim where it is edged with forest1 gradually slopes downward overhead so that at the mouth of the glacire we looked back and up what might be described as an immense tunnel4 ,the lower part of the slope was a mixture of broken rocks1 mud and ice3 the last1 however1 seemed to be all on the surface1 although it was impossible to determine whether it went to any depth4 ,illustration3 ,,ice ,,stalagmites1 ,,chaux-,,les-,,passavant4 ,from a ,photograph by ,e4 ,mauvillier4 ,at the base of the tunnel we found ourselves on the threshold of an immense1 almost circular cave1 with a diameter of some fifty meters1 rising overhead into a regular vault or dome about twenty-seven meters in height4 ,the entrance to the cave is so large that plenty of daylight is admitted1 and the whole cave easily examined4 ,the rocks are of a yellowish brown hue1 and ,i could not help thinking of ,nibelheim in ,richard ,wagner's ,rheingold4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4b ,vertical ,section of ,chaux-les-,passavant4 #b ,the figures in this book are rough sketches1 without pretense at accuracy of measurement1 and are only explanatory of the text4 ,the bottom of the cave was entirely covered with a flooring of ice4 ,how thick this flooring was there was no means of judging1 as there were no holes1 but it must have been at least two or three meters thick in places4 ,at the back of the cavern1 directly facing the entrance1 one magnificent frozen water fall streamed from a fissure4 ,it was perhaps five meters high1 and began to take the fan shape from its origin4 ,the base was about four meters wide1 and did not rest on the ice floor1 but on a sloping rock extending out from the side of the cave4 ,perhaps the most remarkable feature of all1 were six or seven great ice stalagmites1 shaped like cones or rough pyramids1 which rose on the floor of the cave4 ,one of these was at least five meters in diameter and six in height1 and seemed perfectly solid4 ,in the case of two of the others1 however1 the cones were broken on one side1 revealing in each the stem and branches of a young pine tree4 ,these evidently had been planted in the ice and round them the columns had grown4 ,whether all the ice cones were thus artificial in their origin ,i could not determine1 but it seemed probable that they were the result of years of undisturbed accretion and growth4 ,in both the cones where the break on the side gave a view into the interior1 the dark blue-green color of deep glacier crevasses was present4 ,a pool of water1 perhaps thirty centimeters in depth and three or four meters in diameter1 lay at one place on the ice floor4 ,the whole cave was damp and the ice in places decidedly slushy1 in fact all the signs showed that it was thawing4 ,in the case of this glacire as well as in those of the ,mont ,parmelan1 it seemed clear that it must be in the winter months that the formation of ice takes place4 ,illustration3 ,,ice ,,stalagmites1 ,,chaux-,,les-,,passavant4 ,from a ,photograph by ,e4 ,mauvillier4 ,d,,bsina ,,jegbarlang4 ,the cavern of ,dbsina1 in the ,carpathian ,mountains1 is easily reached either from ,poprd to the north1 or from ,dbsina to the south4 ,the hotel at ,poprd is better1 however1 than the inn at ,dbsina1 where my brother and ,i spent two nights4 ,it was decidedly primitive4 ,the food was not so bad1 but the pigs ran round in the courtyard1 and one morning a gypsy band woke us at half-past three o'clock by playing in front of our windows1 in dreadful wailing tones1 which were most irritating at that hour4 ,at the proper time1 however1 ,hungarian gypsy music1--despite the fact that none of the players ever seem to look at the leader1 and that each man appears to play the tune he likes the best1--is strangely fascinating4 ,dbsina itself lies in a hollow1 surrounded with well-wooded hills1 the general appearance much resembling some of the valleys of the ,white ,mountains of ,new ,hampshire4 ,my brother and ,i started from ,dbsina on the morning of the #bgth of ,july1 #ahie1 at half-past seven o'clock1 in a little open carriage with excellent horses and a ,hungarian driver in national costume4 ,he was a nice fellow1 but he did not understand a word of ,german4 ,the road reminded us of some of our own mountain roads1 as it was rough1 full of holes and partly washed away by the rains4 ,we first ascended to the crest of the surrounding hills and then descended to the ,stracena ,thal1 a wild limestone valley covered with fine forest4 ,two hours and a half driving landed us at the hotel-restaurant near the cave1 at which ,i should certainly stop on another visit4 ,it was half an hour's stroll thence1 through beautiful woods1 to the cavern's entrance4 ,northwards in the distance the ,ttra ,range was visible1 a set of sharp bare rock peaks1 at whose base1 ensconced in pine forests1 is situated the famous ,hungarian summer resort of ,ttra ,fred1 which much resembles ,bar ,harbor4 ,the entrance to the cavern is enclosed by a fence with a gate1 and here the ,dbsina people have a high tariff and take toll from tourists4 ,at the gate1 we waited for half an hour1 until a sufficient number of persons had arrived to form a party4 ,this mode of visiting the cave rather detracts from the pleasure1 even though it does away with all difficulty and makes the beauties of ,dbsina accessible to everyone4 ,it was also necessary to wait long enough to cool off thoroughly before entering1 on account of the icy air of the cavern1 where heavy winter clothes are indispensable4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,vertical ,section of ,dbsina4 ,the entrance to ,dbsina faces nearly due north4 ,it is small1 perhaps two meters wide and three meters high1 and is perfectly sheltered from any wind4 ,the sudden drop in temperature at the entrance was startling2 in fact it was the most extreme change ,i have noticed in any cave4 ,within the length of an ordinary room1 say in a distance of five meters1 we passed from an extremely hot summer morning to the chill of a mid-winter afternoon4 ,a slight air current1 perhaps1 issued from the entrance1 as we observed a faint mist there4 ,at the rock portal there was ice on the rocks overhead1 and underfoot was the beginning of the huge mass of ice which almost fills the cavern4 ,a descent down eighteen wooden steps landed us at the beginning of a great ice floor1 in what is called the ,grosser ,saal4 ,it is a magnificent cave4 ,the floor is a sheet or rather a mass of solid ice1 the surface of which is level enough in one place to permit of skating2 in other spots it is sloping and covered with small ice hillocks4 ,the ice is solid throughout1 without any holes or cracks4 ,several fissure columns stream to the floor from cracks in the sides4 ,joining the roof to the floor are numerous big ice stalactites1 which form frozen pillars and columns4 ,these are from eight to eleven meters in height1 and some two to three meters in average breadth and width4 ,nearly translucent1 they are covered with all sorts of icy ornaments hanging about them in tufts and fringes2 they are beautiful in their shapes1 as well as in their white and blue colors4 ,one of these columns is called the ,brunnen1 because until about ten years ago1 a small stream dribbled continuously from the roof and cut a channel across the ice floor2 but now the stream has solidified into the pillar1 and the channel is filled up1 although it can still be traced in the ice4 ,the cavern is lighted by electricity1 which has the merit1 even if it brings in an element of artificiality1 of clearly revealing one of the chief glories of ,dbsina4 ,this is the rime or hoar frost1 which in the shape of ice or snow crystals1 covers the entire limestone roof1 and1 reflecting the electric light1 shines like frosted silver4 ,some of these frost crystals seem to be precipitated to the floor1 and in one place ,i found a small sheet of them1 perhaps two meters in width each way1 which looked and felt like genuine snow4 ,the general color effect of all this upper cave is white1 although there is some blue in the ice1 and gray and brown in the rocks and shadows4 ,it would not be much of a misnomer to call ,dbsina the great white cave4 ,the ice extended to the sides of the cave except in two places4 ,here there were holes in the ice1 bridged by low rock arches4 ,we passed through one of these and descended by a wooden staircase some eighty steps1 afterwards returning up through the other arch by another staircase4 ,at the bottom we stood in a magnificent gallery named the ,korridor1 formed by a solid wall of ice on one side and by a wall of limestone rock on the other4 ,the ice wall is the lower portion of the ice floor2 the rock wall is the continuation of the roof4 ,for the entire distance the ice wall rises almost perpendicularly some fifteen meters in height1 while the rock wall arches overhead4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,lower ,,rositten ,,alp ,,and ,,the ,,untersberg4 ,the bottom of the ,korridor was filled with blocks of fallen limestone1 through which any water drains off1 and on which there was a wooden walk1 so that we circled round the ice with the greatest ease4 ,at one place on the limestone wall hung a cluster of big icicles1 which1 from their shape really deserved the name they bear1 of the ,orgel4 ,at another place a hole1 some six or seven meters deep1 was hewn1 in the form of a small chamber1 directly into the ice mass4 ,this is the ,kapelle1 where we performed our devotions by leaving our visiting cards on the floor4 ,near the middle of the ,korridor the ice mass bulges out and extends to the limestone wall1 breaking the whole ,korridor into two parts1 the western portion about eighty meters1 and the eastern about one hundred and twenty meters long4 ,this necessitated cutting a tunnel about eight meters long in the ice to get through4 ,the color of the ,korridor is a darkish gray and is much more sombre than that of the ,grosser ,saal4 ,a remarkable feature of the ice wall is the fact that distinct bands of stratification are visible in the ice in many places4 ,why the ,korridor is not filled up with ice and why the ice is perpendicular for such a distance are questions ,i am unable to answer satisfactorily2 but it is probable that the temperature of the rock walls is sufficiently high to prevent ice from forming in winter or to melt it in summer if it does form in winter4 ,the air in ,dbsina seemed still1 and scarcely felt damp4 ,in one or two places in the ,grosser ,saal there was a slight sloppiness1 showing incipient signs of thaw4 ,in the ,korridor it was freezing hard4 ,,the ,,kolowratsh,,hle4 ,the ,kolowratshhle is situated on the north slope of the ,untersberg1 near ,salzburg1 at an altitude of #acia meters4 ,my brother and ,i visited it on the #b;d of ,august1 #ahie4 ,we had one of the patented guides of the district1 ,jacob ,gruber by name1 in regular ,tyrolese dress1 with gray jacke and black chamois knee breeches4 ,we left ,salzburg in the early morning in an einspnner and drove to the foot of the ,untersberg in about an hour1 whence1 by a rough path passing by the ,rositten ,alp1 we ascended to the cave in about three hours4 ,the last hundred and sixteen meters of the path were cut across some moderately steep rock slabs and a perfectly unnecessary iron hand-railing affixed4 ,the entrance faces northeast4 ,here there must have been a slight draught of cold air moving outwards1 the effect of which was perceptible to the eye1 as at the point where the cold inside air met the quiet warm outside air1 a faint mist was visible4 ,from the entrance1 a sharp slope1 set at an angle of about forty degrees1 led to the lowest point of the cave4 ,the upper half of this slope was still covered with the winter snow which had blown or had slid in4 ,we descended on the right hand edge of the snow by means of some steps cut in the rock by the ,deutschen-,oesterreichischen ,alpen ,club4 ,these steps were covered with a sticky1 red mud1 which left almost ineradicable stains on our clothing1 and as there was also ice in places1 they were decidedly slippery4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,entrance ,,of ,,the ,,kolowratsh,,hle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,vertical ,section of the ,kolowratshhle4 ,at the bottom of the slope we were at the lowest point of the cave1 to which all the water flowed1 and where it drained off into a crack with a loud gurgling noise4 ,back of us was the daylight streaming through the entrance2 opposite to us was first an ice floor1 then a great ice slope1 which came down from the further end of the cave4 ,the ice was transparent and of a pale ochre-greenish hue1 and filled the entire width of the cave4 ,there is a streak of iron1 probably1 through the limestone1 which in places tints the rocks a dull red4 ,the color impression is a dull green-red1 and1 on account of the size of the entrance1 the light effect is only semi-subterranean4 ,the ice floor was covered with a layer of slabs of ice1 eight or ten centimeters thick1 which1 earlier in the year1 had evidently had water under them4 ,the ice wall or ice slope consisted of two big waves1 one above the other1 the lower set at an angle of about ten degrees1 the upper set at an angle of about twenty-five degrees4 ,to get up the upper wave required about twelve steps cut with the axe4 ,behind the upper wave1 five or six fissure columns streamed out to the beginning of the ice4 ,one ice stalactite1 at least two or three meters long1 overhung the ice floor1 and ,gruber said about this3 ,well1 ,i wonder it has not fallen yet3 they seldom last as late in the year1 a confirmation of what was clearly evident1 namely1 that the whole cave was in a state of thaw4 ,in two places there was a strong1 continuous drip from the roof to the ice floor1 which formed1 in each case1 what ,i can only call an ice basin4 ,these basins were nearly circular2 one was about four meters1 the other about two1 in diameter4 ,around about two-thirds of the rim of the larger one1 ice rose in a surrounding ring two or three meters high1 suggesting that earlier in the year this basin was a cone1 and possibly a hollow cone4 ,the depth in the ice floor1 in both cases1 was about one and a half meters1 and each basin contained some thirty centimeters in depth of water4 ,they reminded me of the rock basins one sees in mountain torrents1 where an eddying current has worn smooth all the edges of the rocks4 ,from the larger of these basins1 a channel as deep as the basin ran to the lowest point of the cave4 ,this channel was cut out by the overflow1 which ran through it in a tiny stream4#c #c ,the photographs of the ,rositten ,alp1 of the entrance of the ,kolowratshhle1 and of the interior of the ,kolowratshhle1 were made for me on the #afth of ,july1 #ahif1 by ,herr ,carl ,hintner1 ,jr41 of ,salzburg4 ,the two latter photographs are1 ,i believe1 the first good ones ever obtained of the inside of the cave4 ,they were taken without artificial light on quick plates2 the best of the two received an hour and a half1 the other two hours' exposure4 ,the photographer said at first that it was not possible to succeed1 and it was only by promising to pay him in any case1 that he could be induced to try4 ,illustration3 ,,top ,,of ,,ice ,,slope1 ,,kolowratsh,,hle4 ,,the ,,schafloch4 ,the ,schafloch1 on the ,rothhorn1 near the ,lake of ,thoune1 is one of the biggest glacires in the ,alps4 ,on the #aeth of ,august1 #ahie1 after early coffee1 made by the portier of the ,hotel ,belvedre at ,interlaken1 ,i drove to ,merligen1 on the north shore of the lake1 with ,emil ,von ,allmen1 an excellent guide4 ,we left ,merligen on foot at a quarter before seven1 and1 making no stops on the way1 reached the ,schafloch at ten minutes past ten4 ,the path mounts gently up the ,wste ,thal1 which higher up is called the ,justiz ,thal4 ,the track through the latter is almost on a level1 over grassy alps4 ,on the right hand rise the steep1 almost dolomitic1 limestone cliffs of the ,beatenberg4 ,on the left is the range of the ,rothhorn1 with steep grass and forest slopes below1 and limestone cliffs above4 ,the last hour of the walk was up these slopes1 by what ,baedeker calls a giddy path4 ,by leaving the word giddy out1 his description is accurate4 ,the cavern is at the base of the limestone cliff1 and the grass slope extends up to it4 ,the entrance to the ,schafloch is at an altitude of #ageb meters3 it is a fine archway1 and a low wall is built partly across it4 ,in front of this1 we sat down and consumed our chicken and cheese1 and that best of a traveller's drinks1 cold tea4 ,the day was windless1 and when ,i lighted a cigar1 to see whether there was any draught at the entrance1 the smoke rose straight up1 showing that the air was perfectly still4 ,when we were sufficiently cooled off1 we entered the cave4 ,the entrance faces east-south-east1 but after about ten meters the cavern takes a sharp turn to the left1 forming a sort of elbow1 and runs about due south1 constantly descending in an almost straight line4 ,for the first eighty meters or so1 the floor was covered with blocks of fallen limestone1 among which we had to carefully pick our way4 ,then we began to find ice1 which1 a few meters further on1 spread out across the entire width of the cave1 with a gentle slope towards the left4 ,the surface of the ice was rather soft1 and the whole cave was evidently in a state of thaw4 ,a few scratches with the axe--the most invaluable friend in an ice cave--were necessary at one place to improve our footing4 ,it would have been impossible to move here without a light1 and ,i carried our torch1 made of rope dipped in pitch1 which occasionally dropped black reminders on my clothes4 ,we were in the middle of a great ice sheet to which several fissure columns streamed4 ,on the right hand a beautiful ice stalactite flowed from the roof to the floor2 it was some five meters high1 and perhaps seventy-five centimeters in diameter1 and swelled out slightly at the base4 ,on the left hand were three or four ice stalagmites1 shaped like pyramids or cones4 ,illustration3 ,,at ,,the ,,entrance ,,of ,,the ,,schafloch4 ,one of these cones was especially remarkable4 ,it was at least five meters high--,von ,allmen said eight--and at the bottom was about four meters in diameter4 ,the base of this cone was entirely hollow4 ,there was a break on one side by which we could enter1 and we then stood on a rock floor with a small ice dome or vault overhead4 ,i have seen no other hollow cone like this4 ,the guide lighted a red ,bengal fire inside1 when the whole pyramid glowed with a delicate pink light1 resembling ,alpenglhn4 ,near this cone stood the half of another ice cone4 ,it was quite perfect1 and the missing half was cut off perpendicularly1 as if with a huge cleaver4 ,a hollow in the base of the remnant showed that this cone must have been originally also a hollow cone1 and its destruction was probably due to the change in the temperature of the drip from the roof1 at the setting in of the summer thaw4 ,just beyond the cones1 the ice floor steepens and curls over into a big ice slope1 one of the finest ,i have seen4 ,von ,allmen spoke of this as der gletscher1 an expression ,i never heard applied elsewhere to subterranean ice4 ,on the right side1 the slope would be difficult to descend in the darkness4 ,on the left1 the slope is gentle and a rock juts out a little way down4 ,von ,allmen insisted on roping--an unnecessary safeguard--but he said3 ,if you slip1 you will probably break an arm or a leg1 and then we shall be in a nice mess4 ,he then cut about twelve steps in the ice1 down to the rock1 while ,i shed light on the performance with our torch4 ,we were so completely away from daylight that black was the predominating color2 and even the ice was a dark gray1 and only appeared white in the high lights4 ,below the rock1 we found a narrow strip on the left side of the ice slope free from ice and blocked with boulders1 over which we carefully picked our way down4 ,at the bottom1 the ice expanded into a level surface1 stretching nearly to the end of the cave4 ,there were only a few fissure columns in this part of the cavern1 where the most remarkable feature was the cracks in the rock walls1 which were so regular in formation that they almost looked like man's handiwork4 ,the rocks are free from stalactites1 and in fact stalactites seem a good deal of a rarity in glacires4 ,on retracing our steps1 we saw1 when the first glimmers of daylight became perceptible1 the rocks assume a brilliant blue color1 as if they were flooded with moonlight4 ,this effect lasted until near the mouth of the cavern4 ,illustration3 ,,hollow ,,cone ,,and ,,fissure ,,columns1 ,,schafloch4 ,d,m,,nyf,,lva ,,jegbarlang4 ,a little west of ,poprd1 in ,northern ,hungary1 on the railroad between ,sillein and ,kassa1 is the village of ,lipts ,szt ,mikls1 to which place ,i journeyed on the #abth of ,june1 #ahif4 ,the conductor was the only man on the train or at any of the stations who would admit that there was a glacire at ,dmnyflva1 and that it was feasible to get into it3 every one else professed entire ignorance on the subject4 ,it is perhaps1 worth noting at this time that it is always difficult to get any information about glacires2 in fact1 the advice about cooking a hare might well be applied to glacire hunting3 first catch your glacire4 ,the scenery between ,sillein and ,mikls was picturesque4 ,the hills were covered with forest4 ,in one place1 the railroad ran through a beautiful mountain gorge alongside a river1 where a number of rafts were floating down4 ,there were also some primitive ferries1 where a rope was stretched across the river1 and the force of the current carried the ferryboat across1 once it was started4 ,many peasants were at work in the fields2 often in squads4 ,white1 blue1 brown1 and a dash of red were the predominating colors in their dress4 ,the men wore white trousers1 made of a kind of blanket stuff1 and a leather1 heelless moccasin of nearly natural shape4 ,almost all the women had bare feet2 those of the older ones were generally shaped according to ,nature's own form1 while those of the younger ones were generally distorted from wearing fashionable shoes4 ,we went past several villages of huts with thatched roofs1 something like the ,russian villages one sees beyond ,moscow1 only less primitive4 ,the inn at ,mikls was poor1 and as at ,dbsina1 the pigs lived in the yard and occasionally came for an interview under the covered doorway4 ,inquiries elicited the information that ,dmnyflva could be reached by carriage1 so ,i engaged one at the livery stable4 ,the owner told me that about twenty years before1 he leased the glacire and carried on a regular business in supplying ,buda-,pest with ice4 ,he had thirty lamps put in to give light to the workmen1 who brought up the ice in baskets on their backs4 ,at half past five o'clock next morning the carriage1 which was innocent of paint1 lined with a sort of basket work and without springs1 but certainly strongly built1 stood at the door4 ,a boy of about eighteen years of age1 who could speak ,german1 went along as interpreter4 ,the morning was dismal1 and1 every quarter of an hour or so1 a shower of thick mist fell and gradually made us damp and uncomfortable4 ,after about twenty minutes on a pretty bad road1 we came to a place where there was a fork1 and the driver turned to the left1 over a track which consisted of two deep ruts through the fields4 ,soon after1 we heard some shouting behind us1 and a fierce-looking man1 in a leather jacket and carrying a large axe1 came up and abused the driver4 ,he was not an agreeable person2 however1 presently he simmered down and began to smile4 ,it turned out that he was a wchter1 that is1 a guardian of the fields1 and that we were trespassing4 ,the driver meekly promised to return by the other route1 and we went on our way in peace4 ,after awhile1 we drove into some woods and then into a mountain gorge1 with forest-covered slopes at the base and with limestone cliffs jutting out above4 ,here we came to the cottage of the wchter or frster of the surrounding woods1 who also acted as guide to the cave1 for the few tourists who came to see it2 and when he heard of our destination1 he at once slipped on a second ragged coat1 took a woodman's axe and started on foot1 going much faster than the carriage4 ,this was not surprising1 for the road resembled nothing but the bed of a mountain brook1 a mass of boulders with ruts between them4 ,this highway was made by the peasants driving their carts over the plain in the same place1 and as the soil was cut away1 the boulders appeared2 and over and among these we went banging along1 and we were jolted about and bumped into each other1 until every bone in my body ached4 ,illustration3 ,,on ,,the ,,ice ,,slope1 ,,schafloch4 ,at a quarter past seven o'clock we came to another house in a little glade1 where the carriage stopped2 and on asking the frster for his name1 he wrote down in my note book1 in a clear well formed hand3--,misura1 ,franz4 ,from the glade1 ten minutes' walk on a mountain path1 up an easy slope1 took us to the entrance of ,dmnyflva4 ,it is about two meters wide by three quarters of a meter high4 ,we passed through and entered a large chamber1 well lighted from the right by another opening1 which is higher up and bigger than the entrance4 ,the air in this chamber was at about the same temperature as that of the outside air1 and1 on our return from the nether world1 it seemed positively balmy4 ,in the floor at the end of the chamber1 a small pit yawns open4 ,it is perpendicular on three sides and set at a sharp angle on the fourth4 ,a wooden staircase of some two hundred steps1 many of which are sadly out of repair1 leads nearly straight down this slope to the glacire4 ,after descending about eighty steps of the staircase1 bits of ice appeared on the walls and floor and after some thirty steps more1 a lateral gallery opened to the right1 and into this we turned4 ,this may be called the upper cave or story1 for in ,dmenyflva--besides the entrance chamber--there are practically two stories1 the upper one of which is mainly ornamented with stalactites1 the lower one with ice4 ,there was a little ice on the floor from which rose some small ice columns1 perhaps fifty centimeters in height4 ,the cave or gallery had a gentle downward slope and turned towards the left4 ,after some little distance1 we came to another wooden staircase1 of ten or twelve steps1 quite coated over with thick1 solid ice4 ,misura had to cut away at it for several minutes1 before he could clear the steps enough to descend4 ,this was in fact the beginning of an ice wall1 the ,eiswand or ,eismauer1 which1 turning to the right1 flowed through a rock arch to the lowest cave4 ,the rock arch or portal was some three meters wide and two meters high1 and a fringe of beautiful organ-pipe like icicles hung on it on the right hand4 ,just beyond the portal the ice sloped steeply for a couple of meters2 then it became level and on it rose a little pyramid1 a meter and a half in height perhaps1 and a column2 then the ice sloped away again to the lower cave4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,the ,,rear ,,of ,,the ,,schafloch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,vertical ,section of ,dmenyflva4 ,we then continued our course beyond the rock portal along the upper cavern for about two hundred meters4 ,it was a fine large gallery or passage and during the first fifty meters or so1 we found numerous small ice cones1 perhaps a hundred of them1 from tiny little ones to some about forty centimeters in height4 ,many of these were columnar in form1 nearly as large at the top as at the base3 in some cases the top was flat1 and the columns then looked almost as if an upper portion were sawn off4 ,i have seen this shape of column nowhere else4 ,in places there were slabs and bits of ice on the floor4 ,the last hundred meters of this upper cave was free from ice and was exceptionally dry4 ,it was formed of a pale yellow limestone rock1 almost dolomitic in color1 and many stalactites1 in their thousand various shapes1 hung from the roof and on the sides4 ,in one spot1 one big limestone stalagmite towered up directly in the middle of the gallery4 ,we did not go to the end of the cave1 where ice has never been found4 ,retracing our course past the rock portal to the entrance pit1 we descended on the long staircase for some eighty steps more1 the amount of ice on the rocks steadily increasing4 ,in places1 frost crystals had formed in small quantities on the roof and walls4 ,at the bottom of the pit1 another lateral gallery1 directly under the upper gallery1 opened to the right4 ,entering this1 we passed over broken limestone dbris1 which seemed to overlie a mass of ice4 ,limestone stalactites were noticeable all through this lower cavern1 and frost and icicles had sometimes formed over them1 in which case the ice stalactite assumed the form of the limestone stalactite4 ,advancing a few meters1 we went by1 on our right hand1 an ice pyramid of a couple of meters in height4 ,just beyond this1 the cave turned to the left like the upper cave1 and we descended to a level floor of transparent ice1 into which we could see some distance4 ,at this spot1 numerous icicles1 generally of inconsiderable size1 hung from the roof and on the sides of the cavern4 ,at the further end of this ice floor or ice lake we reached an ice slope1 the ,eiswand1 which flowed to the ice floor from the upper cave in several waves4 ,it was some six meters wide and twenty-five meters long2 and it was not steep1 perhaps fifteen degrees in the steepest portions4 ,on the slope some old1 nearly obliterated steps were visible1 and at these ,misura proceeded to cut1 and with torch in one hand and axe in the other1 gradually worked his way up1 until he once more reached the level spot whence we had looked down the ice slope4 ,here he stood waving his torch1 a proceeding indeed he did constantly throughout the trip1 for he seemed exceedingly proud of the beauties of his cavern4 ,this waving of torches1 however1 is exceedingly foolish1 as their smoke quickly blackens stalactite1 and in fact nothing but candles and magnesium wire should be carried for lighting purposes underground4 ,the ice of the ice slope was hard1 gray and opaque1 quite different from that of the ice lake4 ,the ice floor is formed of new ice1 which is gradually refilling the place from which ,misura said the ice for ,buda-,pest was taken out twenty-five years ago4 ,to prove this assertion1 he called my attention to the side of the lake directly opposite the ice slope4 ,at that spot1 under the limestone rubbish over which we came1 there was an outcrop of perpendicular opaque ice about a meter high4 ,misura said that the workmen began to cut at the ice slope and that they dug out a couple of meters in depth from the ice lake1 until they had cut back to where the vertical outcrop was standing4 ,the explanation seemed to be in accord with the facts1 and if so1 it would go to show that the ice in this cave is of slow formation and great permanency2 as seems also proved by the steps on the ice wall1 which--we were the first party in the cave in #ahif--;had remained over from the preceding summer4 ,misura told me he had never seen so much ice nor seen it so hard as during our visit1 and he added that there was generally water on the ice lake1 and he thought there would be some in two or three weeks more4 ,the greatest quantity of ice in the upper cave was at the head of the ice-slope1 and it would seem as though there must be cracks or fissures in the overhead rocks there1 through which the water is supplied to feed the ice1 not only that of the upper cave1 but also the larger portion of that of the lower cave4 ,the heavy winter air would naturally sink down into the entrance pit to the lower cavern1 and some of it diverge into the beginning of the upper cavern1 which at first is distinctly a down slope4 ,a little beyond the portal at the head of the ice slope1 the upper cave is either horizontal or in places slightly ascending4 ,probably this prevents the cold air from entering further1 and probably also1 the heat of the earth neutralizes the cold air of winter beyond a definite spot4 ,the air in the cave seemed absolutely still throughout2 it was also extremely dry1 undoubtedly because melting had not yet begun4 ,the icicles evidently were formed by the slow drip freezing as it descended1 and there were no perceptible cracks nor fissures in the rocks underneath them4 ,the facts seem to me to prove that neither evaporation nor regelation can be the factors at work in making the ice and we may deduce an important rule therefrom4 ,when a cave is dry1 then the air is dry2 when a cave is wet1 then the atmosphere is damp4 ,in other words1 the state of dryness or dampness of glacire atmosphere depends on how much the ice is thawing and parting with its moisture4 ,on our return to the base of the long staircase1 and while we ascended it1 we had an exquisite moonlight effect1 much resembling the one at the ,schafloch4 ,,the ,,frainer ,,eisleithen4 ,about two hours by rail1 north of ,vienna1 is the village of ,schoenwald1 to which ,i journeyed on ,june the #aeth1 #ahif4 ,at the railroad station there was a ,k4 ,k4 ,post ,omnibus in waiting1 which1 when it was packed with passengers and luggage1 drove over to ,frain in an hour4 ,the admirable road lies across a rolling plain1 until it reaches the brink of the valley of the ,thaya1 to which it descends in long ,alpine zigzags4 ,on the bluff overlooking the opposite side of the river1 there is a fine schloss4 ,i secured the seat next to the driver and questioned him about the ,eisleithen4 ,although he had driven on this road for five years1 without visiting the ,eisleithen1 yet he was positive that they were warm in winter1 but cold in summer4 ,he said more than once3 ,desto heisser der ,sommer1 desto mehr das ,eis1 and in fact was an emphatic exponent of the notions generally held by peasants1 which some savants have adopted and tried to expound4 ,at ,frain1 ,i applied at the little hotel for a guide1 and was entrusted to the care of the hotel boots4 ,he was an intelligent1 talkative youth1 but he insisted also that the hotter the summer1 the more ice there is4 ,however1 he was polite1 and made up for any shortcomings by always addressing me as der gndige ,herr4 ,the day was hot1 so it took us three-quarters of an hour on foot1 along the valley of the ,thaya1 to reach the base of the bluff where the ,eisleithen are situated1 at an altitude of about four hundred meters4 ,the hillside is covered with patches of scrubby forest2 and towards the summit1 the entire mass of the hill is honey-combed with cracks and the rocks are much broken up4 ,after about ten minutes' ascent up a little path1 we came to small holes1 from each of which a current of cool air poured out2 these holes seemed fairly horizontal1 and the temperatures were high enough to prove that there was no ice within4 ,a little further on1 we came to a hole or tiny cave among a pile of rocks1 where there was a painted sign3 ,eisgrube4 ,it went down from the mouth1 and ,i put my hand well in1 but1 beyond the length of my arm1 ,i could neither see nor measure its shape or depth4 ,the air felt cold1 but was nowhere near freezing point2 nor was it possible to determine whether there was a draught3 it may or may not be a wind cave4 ,not far from this1 there were two gullies1 each terminating in a small cave4 ,the first gully was planned somewhat like certain traps for wild animals1 that is1 it narrowed gradually from the entrance1 then became covered over2 and then dwindled1 after some four meters more1 into a small descending hole1 the end of which we could not reach4 ,but we got in far enough1 to come to large chunks or slabs of ice plastered about on the floor and sides4 ,in this cave1 which was sheltered against sun and wind1 the air1 as tested by the smoke of a cigar1 was motionless1 and the cave seemed unconnected with any air current4 ,the second gully terminated in a somewhat larger cave1 whose floor was well below the entrance2 no ice was visible1 however1 although the air was still and the temperature low4 ,this cave may or may not be a glacire2 but surely it is not a cold current cave4 ,these ,frainer ,eisleithen certainly offer an interesting field to anyone studying subterranean ice1 from the fact that there are1 in the same rocks1 caves without apparent draughts in summer and containing ice1 and caves with distinct draughts and no ice4 ,the problem seems more intricate than is usually the case1 but the solution is simply that the two classes of caves happen to be found together4 ,,the ,,eish,,hle ,,bei ,,roth4 ,the ,eifel is one of the bleakest districts of ,central ,europe1 and to one entering it from the vineyards and the well-inhabited basin of the ,rhine1 the contrast is impressive4 ,the railroad rises gradually to a land of comparatively desert appearance1 with rocks and trees on the heights and a sparse cultivation in the valleys4 ,but1 if the country is unattractive to the agriculturist1 it is interesting to the geologist1 on account of the great number of extinct volcanoes4 ,almost in the centre of the ,eifel is the little town of ,gerollstein1 famed for the ,gerollsteiner ,sprudel1 which gives forth an effervescence undreamed of by anyone1 who has not visited the birth place of some of these ,german table waters4 ,about an hour's walk from ,gerollstein1 on the side of a small hill1 is situated the little ,eishhle bei ,roth1 named after a neighboring village4 ,i went to this place1 on the #beth of ,june1 #ahif1 with a young boy as guide4 ,the cave is sheltered from the wind by a wood around it1 among which are many large trees4 ,it is at the base of a wall of piled up lava1 or at least volcanic1 rocks which form a sort of cauldron4 ,the entrance is a small tunnel some five meters long1 which goes straight down at an angle of about twenty-five degrees and then turns sharply to the left4 ,at the turn1 the cave may be perhaps one meter in height4 ,we did not go beyond this spot1 where the air was icy and the temperature sub-normal1 as the tunnel was blocked up by a large boulder1 which had evidently recently fallen from the rocks in front4 ,there was no ice1 as far as we went1 and the boy said it began three or four meters further in4 ,he told me that there was no ice in the cavern in winter1 but admitted that he had not entered it at that season1 so that was hearsay4 ,he had heard also that the ice was sometimes taken out for sick people1 but otherwise it was not used4 ,it seemed to me that the conditions at ,roth show that the ice is formed by the cold of winter alone3 the cave is well below the entrance2 it is the lowest point of the surrounding cauldron of rocks and all the cold air naturally gravitates to it2 it is sheltered by rocks and trees from wind or exposure to the rays of the sun2 the tunnel faces nearly due north2 and the water necessary to supply the ice1 easily soaks between the lava blocks4 ,,the ,,frauenmauerh,,hle4 ,eisenerz1 in ,eastern ,tyrol1 is a picturesquely situated little town4 ,it is at the bottom of a great valley1 with mountains all around it4 ,two of these are bare1 gaunt limestone peaks1 which are decidedly dolomitic in form and color4 ,the sharpest of these is to the north4 ,it is called the ,pfaffenstein and is the beginning of the range culminating in the ,frauenmauer4 ,on a mountain to the east of the town1 one sees the iron mines and works1 whence the town takes its name ,ironore1 and whence quantities of iron are taken out every year4 ,the mines are said to have been in operation for over a thousand years1 since about ,a4 ,d4 #hjj4 ,after the ore is taken from the mine and roughly prepared1 it is run down in small cars through a covered way to the railroad station to be shipped2 and at certain times there is a seemingly endless procession of these cars1 each bearing1 besides its load of ore1 a miner1 with clothes and person entirely begrimed to the yellow-brown color of the iron4 ,as ,i walked out of the ,eisenerz railroad station1 an old man in ,tyrolese costume asked me if ,i wanted a trger and a guide1 so1 while he was carrying my valise to the hotel1 we came to terms4 ,he was one of the patented guides of the district and wore the large badge of the ,austrian guides4 ,if the size of the badge made the guide1 one should be safe with ,tyrolese1 but for difficult excursions1 it will not do to trust to a guide simply because he happens to be patented2 that is1 not if one values the safety of one's neck4 ,next morning1 ,july the #ith1 #ahif1 the old guide arrived betimes at the hotel and roused me by tapping on the wall below my window with his stick4 ,we left at half past five o'clock4 ,my companion1 who should have known better1 had not breakfasted1 so by the time we reached the ,gsoll ,alp at a quarter-past seven1 he was almost tired out4 ,he wore the regulation black chamois knee breeches and a gamsbart in his hat4 ,he picked many flowers en route1 ostensibly because they were pretty2 but in reality1 ,i think1 because it gave him the opportunity to recover his wind4 ,he told me he was sixty-three years old1 and he certainly went up hill with some difficulty1 and for the first time in my life1 ,i fairly succeeded in showing a clean pair of heels to a patentirter fhrer on a mountain side4 ,at one place he found a large snail in the road4 ,this he wrapped up in leaves and placed on a rock1 and on our return he picked the leaves and snail up1 and rammed the whole bundle into his pocket1 informing me that it was excellent ,arznei1 although he did not mention for what complaint4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,frauenmauer ,,and ,,the ,,gsoll ,,alp4 ,the road led up a wooded valley1 in a sort of series of steps1 bits of even ground interspersed by steeper ones1 with the ,pfaffenstein-,frauenmauer limestone peaks poking up their jagged summits on the left4 ,the sky was clear at starting1 except in the west1 where clouds were forming1 and these gradually overspread the whole sky1 and finally turned to rain4 ,just before we reached the ,gsoll ,alp1 we went by a huge snow avalanche1 which had fallen in ,february and torn a lane clear through the pines1 bringing down numbers of them with it4 ,the remains of the avalanche were banked up on the side of the road1 which was cut out1 and many of the pines were still piled on and in the snow4 ,stopping ten minutes at the alp to allow my guide to recuperate on some bread and milk1 we then crossed the pastures and pushed up a rather steep slope by a small path1 at one place crossing the remains of another avalanche4 ,we also came near having the attentions of a little bull which was screaming viciously4 ,my guide said it was an extremely disagreeable beast1 but he did not think it would attack him1 as he always made a point of giving it bread when at the chlet4 ,we reached the entrance of the cave at a quarter-past eight4 ,a man and a boy from ,eisenerz1 who had heard ,i was going to the cavern and who wished to profit by my guide1 caught up with us here4 ,they were much disappointed when ,i told them ,i should visit only the ,eiskammer4 ,they went into the cave at the same time that we did1 and eventually we left them pushing up one of the side chambers1 with only one torch in their possession4 ,my guide said he thought they were risking their lives1 as there were many holes they might fall into1 besides the probability of their finding themselves in total darkness4 ,he told me that once1 while in the cavern1 he heard distant yells1 and1 going up the gallery whence they proceeded1 found a man half dead1 who said he had tried to come through the mountain by himself1 had broken his lantern and had remained in the darkness an indefinite number of hours2 a situation1 the horror of which could not be realized by anyone who has not been underground without a light and felt the absolute blackness of a cavern4 ,the ,frauenmauer is a limestone peak1 #ahbh meters in height1 one of several forming a horseshoe round the ,gsoll ,alp4 ,it presents on that side a sheer wall of rock1 in which there are two holes close together1 at an altitude of #acce meters4 ,these are the lower openings of the ,frauenmauerhhle1 of which the higher and biggest one is used for an entrance4 ,they are some thirty or forty meters from the base of the rock wall1 and a flight of wooden steps leads up to the entrance opening1 which is narrow and high4 ,at the top of the steps1 we stood in the mouth of the cave2 and1 going in four or five meters1 saw the other opening to the left1 below us4 ,about five meters further1 there was one small lump of ice1 as big as a pumpkin1 lying on the ground1 but this may have been carried there from within4 ,the cavern went nearly straight for some twenty-five meters from the entrance1 rising all the time gently4 ,then came a steep little drop1 of some four or five meters1 in the rock floor1 and here a small wooden staircase was placed4 ,a gallery opened to the right and this was the cavern proper1 which leads through the mountain4 ,it rose considerably and contained no ice as far as we went1 which was for some distance4 ,the walking was bad1 as the floor was covered with gerll1 that is broken detritus4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,the ,,frauenmauerh,,hle4 ,from a ,photograph by ,a4 ,kurka4 ,returning and continuing towards the freezing chamber1 the floor of the cavern began to rise once more1 continuing for some forty-five meters to its highest point1 which is lower1 however1 than the top of the entrance1 an important fact to notice4 ,for1 although the floor of the cave is considerably higher1 at a distance of seventy meters within1 than the level of the bottom of the entrance2 still1 that highest spot is below the level of the top of the entrance4 ,this fact1 and also the size of the gallery1 unquestionably explains why the cold air can get in as far as it does4 ,at this highest spot we found a considerable mass of ice1 a couple of cartloads in bulk perhaps1 which the guide said would melt away later in the summer4 ,this was1 perhaps1 the remains of a fallen stalactite4 ,this mass of ice is an interesting point in connection with the ,frauenmauerhhle1 for it shows that ice in a cave sometimes forms1 even if in small quantities1 above the level of the base of the entrance4 ,there seems no reason why it should not do so1 provided there is the necessary water supply4 ,such ice would1 however1 suffer more1 as soon as the outside air was over freezing point1 than would ice which was below the level of the entrance4 ,it would probably disappear early in the year1 unless the cave were in a latitude or at an altitude where snow remained in the open during most of the year4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,vertical ,section of the ,frauenmauerhhle4 ,from this highest point1 the cave turns somewhat to the left1 and the floor begins to slope downward1 sinking gradually to some six meters below the level of the entrance4 ,ten meters or so from the highest point1 we began to find icicles and fissure columns1 and about twenty meters further1 we reached an almost level ice floor1 stretching across the entire width of the cave--some seven meters--and extending about fifty meters more to the end of the cave4 ,in several places there was much frozen rime on the rock walls4 ,there were also a number of columns and icicles1 though none of any special beauty4 ,i broke a piece off one of them1 and the ice was transparent and free from prisms1 showing that this column was probably of fairly recent origin4 ,letting a bit melt in my mouth1 the water tasted pure and sweet4 ,illustration3 ,,ice ,,stalactite1 ,,frauenmauerh,,hle4 ,from a ,photograph by ,a4 ,kurka4 ,in two places1 there were abgrunds1 that is1 holes in the ice4 ,one of these was a wide1 deep hole on the left side of the cave1 between the rock and the ice floor4 ,the other was a great hole in the ice floor itself4 ,as the edges of both holes sloped sharply1 it was impossible to get near enough to look into either1 but ,i threw in lumps of ice1 and from the sound should judge that the holes were about three meters deep4 ,the hole in the ice floor seemed to be cut by drip1 and ,i think they both carried off the drainage4 ,the ice floor was sloppy and thawing rapidly4 ,at the furthest point we reached1 within about fifteen meters from the end of the ice chamber1 we were stopped by an accumulation of water lying on the ice4 ,i poked into it with my ice axe and found it about twenty centimeters in depth4 ,there was a crust of ice on top in places4 ,the lake was cold1 but ,i am sure the water was not freezing1 as ,i held my hand in it at least a minute without pain4 ,the guide assured me that in two weeks or so the lake would be completely frozen1 provided there was some fine1 warm weather2 but1 if there was rain1 he said that it would not freeze4 ,by this statement1 he unintentionally explained1 what he asserted was true1 namely1 that the cave froze harder in ,august than in ,july4 ,the explanation of course is1 that in fine1 dry weather1 water does not run into the cavern1 and then the lake gradually drains off1 leaving the ice floor free from water2 and this the natives interpret to mean that the water has frozen up4 ,at the edge of the lake there was a fissure in the left hand rock wall1 in which my companion assured me that a column would shortly form4 ,i absolutely doubt this statement1 as1 if it were true1 it would be contrary to everything ,i have seen2 still1 ,i wish ,i could have returned in ,august1 to verify the matter4 ,i poked my torch up the fissure1 also felt in with my hand4 ,it was cold1 and on the rocks inside there was much hoar frost1 but ,i could neither see nor feel any ice mass1 nor am ,i sure how far the fissure extended4 ,the air was still1 damp and over freezing point throughout the ,eiskammer1 and all the signs showed that the cave was in a state of thaw4 ,although the rocks are limestone and scarcely blackened by smoke anywhere1 yet as our torches did not give much light1 the color impression was black and gray1 like the ,schafloch4 ,at the hotel the landlord confirmed in every particular the story of the cave freezing hardest in ,august or ,september4 ,he had never been there himself1 but stated that everyone said the same thing1 and that many people had broken their heads trying to account for it4 ,at eight o'clock in the evening1 my guide came to let me know that the man and boy1 whom we left trying to penetrate the cave1 had just turned up after making all their relatives extremely anxious4 ,they were nearly lost1 and had in general an extremely uncomfortable time4 ,it is scarcely to be wondered at that accidents occur in caves and on mountains when people1 with neither knowledge nor proper preparation1 go wandering off by themselves into the unknown4#d #d ,on the evening of ,june #bith1 #ahig1 ,i met at ,hieflau three ,viennese tourists who had come that day through the ,frauenmauer4 ,they found the lake on the ice floor of the ,eiskammer1 just as ,i had in #ahif4 ,they said also1 moreover1 that they found ice and icicles or ice columns in the main cave2 unfortunately1 they did not explain clearly in what part4 ,,the ,,milchh,,user ,,of ,,seelisberg4 ,the summer of #ahif1 will long be remembered by ,alpine climbers for the pitiless rain storm1 which kept coming steadily down during the vacation months4 ,it was in the midst of this that ,i arrived at ,trieb1 on the ,lake of ,lucerne1 on the #fth of ,august1 to see whether ,i could find the windholes which were reported near ,seelisberg4 ,at the landing place ,i found ,herr ,j4 ,m4 ,ziegler1 the owner of the ,hotel ,bellevue at ,seelisberg1 who promptly secured a nice1 blond bearded young fellow1 a relative of his and his knecht1 as a guide4 ,it was pouring when we started1 a proceeding which kept on during our entire excursion4 ,we tramped up a narrow road1 paved with great stones in the old ,swiss fashion1 and1 as my guide truly said1 awfully steep for horses4 ,half an hour from the boat landing1 took us to the first milkhouse1 which belonged to ,herr ,ziegler4 ,it was in a small patch of woods1 and was placed against a cliff1 where rocks had fallen down and formed a talus of broken detritus4 ,the side walls of the house were built out from the cliff and roofed over1 and the front wall had a doorway closed with a wooden door4 ,at the back the detritus or gerll was built into a vertical1 unplastered wall between most of the interstices of which1 cool air came forth4 ,several of these interstices were fairly large holes of uncertain depth4 ,it was a cool day and the air currents were only a little cooler than the temperature outside4 ,another half an hour of uphill walking1 partly on roads and partly over soaking meadows1 took us to ,seelisberg1 where we stopped at the house of the owner of the second milkhouse1 to get the key4 ,the owner could not go with us because he had damaged his foot1 by wearing great wooden shoes or sabots armed with enormous spikes1 while cutting grass on steep slopes4 ,he was hospitable enough3 unlike his dog1 who was exceedingly anxious to attack us4 ,the owner said--in the intervals of the dog's howls--that ice formed during the winter in the rear wall of his milkhouse and remained until about ,june4 ,the milkhouse was in a little patch of woods against a small cliff1 at the bottom of which were broken rocks4 ,we had some difficulty in getting in1 working for at least ten minutes at the lock1 while drops of rain-water would occasionally drip into our coat collars4 ,just as ,i had given up hope1 my companion succeeded in getting the key to turn4 ,there were several pans1 full of milk1 placed to cool1 and several barrels of potatoes2 and1 as at the first milkhouse1 we found that the rear wall consisted simply of heaped up detritus built into a vertical position4 ,gentle air currents flowed from several large holes and from the cracks between the stones4 ,from here we went by a path through woods and over meadows down to the lake1 coming to the shore some distance to the west of the steamboat landing4 ,everything was soaking wet1 and as we proceeded1 ,i felt my clothes getting wetter and my shoes absorbing water like sponges until1 when we came to an overflowing brook1 wading through seemed rather pleasant4 ,there is one advantage of getting thoroughly wet feet in the mountains3 it makes crossing streams so much easier1 as one does not delay1 but simply steps right in4 ,the lower milkhouse was on the shore of the lake1 near the house of a fisherman1 whose wife opened the door for us4 ,there was some milk in pans and several barrels of wine2 and on a board were a number of ferras from the lake2 the result of two days' catching in nets4 ,this was the largest of the three milkhouses2 although it did not have as many big holes in the rock wall as the others1 but only the interstices between the blocks of rock1 whence we could feel cool air flowing out4 ,the woman said that the ice melted away by ,april or ,may1 but that in winter the wine barrels were all covered with frost4 ,she also said that the air coming from the clefts in summer was colder when the weather was warm1 than when it was rainy4 ,doubtless the temperature of the draughts remains the same during the summer1 but the air feels cooler to the hand when the outside air is hot4 ,a walk of another half hour1 through more soaking wet grass1 brought us back to the steamboat landing at ,trieb1 where ,i touched my guide's heart with the gift of a five franc piece1 and had a talk with ,herr ,ziegler4 ,he said that there were a number of places in the neighborhood whence cold air came forth during the summer from cracks in the rocks3 that there were also other milkhouses1 notably one at ,tell's ,platte1 on the lake3 and that the milkhouses were not generally used in winter1 when the doors were left open1 to allow the cold air to penetrate as much as possible through the rocks behind4 ,during the winter the draughts were reversed1 and poured in instead of out of the openings1 and ,herr ,ziegler thought that at that time the interior of the rock cracks became chilled1 and that possibly ice formed in them which helped to chill the summer currents1 when the draughts poured out from the holes4 ,,the ,,glaci,,re ,,de ,,la ,,genolli,,re4 ,on ,tuesday1 the #aath of ,august1 #ahif1 a cool and rainy day1 ,i left ,geneva and went by train to ,nyon1 where ,i found at the station a little victoria1 in which ,i drove up to ,saint-,cergues4 ,the road lay across the plain to the base of the slopes of the ,jura1 and then up these in long zigzags2 it was admirably built and on the hill slopes passed the whole way through a beautiful thick forest1 principally beeches and birches4 ,at ,saint-,cergues1 ,i went to the ,pension ,capt1 where the landlady soon found a guide in the shape of the gendarme of the district1 a right good fellow1 ,amy ,aime ,turrian by name4 ,he was in uniform1 with an army revolver in a holster at his belt4 ,we then drove about half an hour beyond ,saint-,cergues1 the road rising but little1 and the thick forest giving place to a more open wood of evergreens1 with patches of pasturage4 ,as a forest sanitarium1 ,saint-,cergues seems unsurpassed in the whole of ,europe4 ,the carriage turned up a little country road1 which soon became too rough for driving1 so we proceeded on foot for about another half hour1 through pine woods and pastures1 to the glacire4 ,turrian enlivened the way with an account of his life as a gendarme1 of the long solitary six hour patrols in the woods in winter1 and of how he lay in ambush for poachers4 ,he said he would not take long to fire on anyone resisting arrest1 as that was srieux4 ,the glacire is in the middle of a pasture1 with several pine trees overhanging it4 ,it is surrounded by a wall1 built to prevent the cows from falling in4 ,there are two pits1 side by side and about three meters apart3 they are some thirteen meters in depth1 with a width of five or six meters4 ,they open into one another at the bottom2 the rock separating them1 forming a natural bridge overhead4 ,one of the pits is vertical on all sides4 ,the other is vertical all around1 except on the side furthest away from the natural bridge4 ,here the side of the pit is in the shape1 so usual in glacires1 of a steep slope4 ,down this slope we descended4 ,it was slippery and muddy1 owing to the recent heavy rains1 and my ice axe proved invaluable and probably saved me some unpleasant falls4 ,under the bridge1 the floor was covered with a mass of shattered limestone debris1 among which there was neither ice nor snow2 both of which my guide said he had found in abundance the preceding ,june4 ,a little limestone cavern opened on one side below the bridge4 ,a great1 flat limestone slab formed a natural lintel1 and1 lighting our candles1 we stooped down and passed under it into the cave1 which was about the size of a room and in which we could just stand up4 ,at the entrance and over most of the floor there was ice1 in one place thirty or forty centimeters in depth1 as ,i could see where a drip from the roof had cut a hole4 ,there were no signs of icicles or columns4 ,my guide said he had never penetrated into this chamber1 which he thought1 on his earlier visit1 was blocked with ice and snow4 ,i did not see any limestone stalactites anywhere1 and ,i am inclined to think that the low temperatures of glacires have a tendency to prevent their formation4 ,after our visit1 we went to the ,chlet de ,la ,genollire close by1 where there were some thirty cows and calves4 ,the intelligent berger or manager said that most of the ice from the glacire was used for butter making during the hot weather2 and that between the inroads thus made upon it and from other causes1 the ice disappeared every year before autumn1 but that it formed afresh every winter2 pretty good evidence to show that the ice in this cave has nothing to do with a glacial period4 ,he also stated that when he first entered the inner chamber in the spring there were four ice columns there4 ,the glacire de ,la ,genollire is a clear exemplification of the theory that the cold of winter is the sole cause for the ice4 ,the whole glacire is rather small and is fairly well protected against wind4 ,although snow cannot fall directly under the rock arch1 yet ,i should imagine it drifts under1 or after melting1 runs in and refreezes4 ,to the inner cave snow1 as snow1 could hardly reach2 and the cavern is probably filled1 like most cave glacires1 from frozen drip4 ,the inner cave is1 therefore1 a true cave glacire1 while the outer pits and the bridge are something between a gorge and a cave4 ,la ,genollire should1 ,i think1 be visited about the end of ,june1 when the ice formations are certainly larger and more interesting than in ,august4 ,,the ,,friedrichsteiner ,,or ,,gottscheer ,,eish,,hle4 ,a little to the east of1 and in about the same latitude as ,trieste1 is the small town of ,gottschee1 now reached by a branch railroad from ,laibach4 ,gottschee is a ,german settlement almost in the centre of the district known as the ,duchy of ,krain1 ,austria1 which is mainly inhabited in the north by ,slavonians and in the south by ,croatians4 ,gottschee lies directly at the western base of the ,friedrichsteiner ,gebirge1 one of whose peaks is the ,burgernock4 ,on the eastern slopes of this mountain is situated the ,friedrichsteiner or ,gottscheer ,eishhle1 at an altitude of about nine hundred meters4 ,on the #bdth of ,june1 #ahig1 ,i left ,gottschee at half past six o'clock in the morning with ,stefan ,klenka1 a nice little man4 ,i had asked to have him come at six o'clock1 but he did not turn up and ,i had to send for him4 ,his excuse was1 that tourists always ordered him for six o'clock1 but when the time came1 they were still in bed4 ,he had taken a ,german officer and his wife to the cave the year before1 and after keeping him waiting three hours1 they started at nine o'clock4 ,the result was that they did not get to the cave until two o'clock1 and returned to ,gottschee just at nightfall4 ,we reached the cave at half past eight o'clock4 ,the steep and rough path went uphill through a fine forest1 which my guide said was ,urwald1 i4 e41 primeval forest2 and there were certainly some big trees and many fallen ones1 and much underbrush4 ,he assured me that bears were still plentiful in the neighborhood1 and that ,prince ,auersperg1 who owns the shooting1 does not allow them to be killed1 preferring to pay for any damage they may cause to the peasants' fields or for any cattle they may dine on1 rather than to have these interesting animals exterminated from his woods4 ,he also said that there was a two meter snowfall in ,gottschee in winter3 a sufficient quantity to account for the glacires4 ,at one place on the road we stopped before a small crack in the rocks1 and ,klenka dropped in some small stones1 which we could hear strike two or three times a long distance below4 ,there is surely an unexplored cavern at this spot4 ,the ,friedrichsteiner ,eishhle is a large pit cave1 well lighted by daylight4 ,it is sheltered from any winds by the great trees which grow all around it and even over the rock roof4 ,a long1 steep slope leads straight into the pit and from the top the ice floor is in full sight4 ,on both sides of the slope the rocks are almost sheer4 ,over the bottom of the slope the rock roof projects at a great height4 ,the sides of the cave rise perpendicularly at least forty meters1 and in fact1 the cave suggests an unfinished tunnel set on end4 ,some years ago1 the ,deutschen und ,oesterreichischen ,alpen ,verein built a wooden staircase1 in a series of zigzags1 on the slope4 ,this staircase should have been cleared off earlier in the year1 but1 of course1 the matter was neglected4 ,down these steps we descended until they became covered with snow1 and lower down with hard ice4 ,all this was winter's snow which fell directly on to the slope and gradually melted and froze again1 so this was really a miniature glacier4 ,it was not subterranean ice at all4 ,we cut down the snow1 but had to stop when we came to the ice1 as it would have involved a couple of hours at least of the hardest kind of step cutting2 and this my guide did not care to undertake1 especially as he was nearly killed on this slope the week before4 ,he had reached1 with some tourists from ,trieste1 a place above that where we stopped1 when he slipped and fell down the slope1 shooting clear across the cave1 where he remained until ropes were procured1 and he was dragged out4 ,he afterwards showed me the numerous cuts and bruises he had received on his perilous glissade4 ,we had to stop also for another reason4 ,i had unwisely brought as wrap1 a thick overcoat reaching to the knees1 and this was such an impediment on the icy staircase1 that ,i took it off1 and soon began to feel long shivers creeping down my spine4 ,this question of extra clothing for glacire exploration is hard to arrange4 ,one must guard against most trying changes of temperature4 ,for1 on entering a big glacire1 the heat of a ,july day without1 will1 at a distance of only a few meters1 give place to the cold of a ,january day within1 and nothing could be better devised than a big glacire to lay the seeds of rheumatism4 ,it is difficult to plan a garb suitable to meet all the varying conditions1 but the dress must be cool and warm1 and light enough to permit free motion4 ,the clothes ,i have found most practical are a thin waistcoat and thick trousers1 and two short sack coats1 one of them a heavy winter one4 ,the coats should button at the throat1 and it is well to place straps round the bottom of the trousers4 ,thick kid gloves should always be worn in caves1 to save cutting the hands on rocks or ice in the darkness1 and hobnails may prevent some unpleasant slips4 ,from the point where we stopped1 some ten meters away from the ice floor1 the largest portion of the cave was visible4 ,the finest object was a big ice curtain or vorhang1 as my guide called it1 which1 from a height of five or six meters1 flowed down from fissures to the ice floor1 and which covered the rocks on the eastern side4 ,under one point of this curtain1 ,klenka said that there was a deep hole in the ice4 ,smaller fissure columns also streamed from the rear wall to the ice floor4 ,the ice floor itself was flat1 of an ochre greenish tinge1 and was covered with broken ice fragments4 ,we could not see the western portion of the cavern1 as the rocks jutted out in a sort of corner4 ,klenka said that there were several small pyramids there2 a large one which he spoke of as the ,altar2 and a small ice slope1 plastered on the side rocks4 ,the sides of the cave were of a dark gray limestone rock1 and from the top of the slope they assumed a decidedly bluish tone1 and ,i am inclined to think that there was already--we were there from eight-thirty ,a4 ,m4 until ten ,a4 ,m4--a faint mist in the cavern4 ,this is the most interesting phenomenon connected with the ,friedrichsteiner ,eishhle4 ,the cavern faces due south1 and about midday1 in clear weather1 the sun shines directly into it1 causing a mist or cloud to form in the cave on warm days2 a mute witness that evaporation is connected with the melting1 not with the forming1 of the ice4 ,the air at every point seemed still4 ,on my return to ,gottschee1 ,i called on one of the professors of the ,k4 ,k4 ,gymnasium1 and he told me many interesting facts about the surrounding country4 ,among other things he said that no traces of a glacial period or indeed of glaciers were found in the ,krain2 and as this district is particularly rich in glacires1 this fact is a strong proof against the glacial period theory4 ,he assured me also that many bears still existed in the neighborhood2 that one family was known to inhabit the woods round the ,friedrichsteiner ,eishhle1 and that he had often seen bear tracks on his own shooting1 some ten kilometers to the south4 ,,the ,,suchenreuther ,,eisloch4 ,on the #beth of ,june1 #ahig1 ,i left ,gottschee at six-thirty ,a4 ,m4 in an einspnner1 and drove thirteen kilometers southward1 over a good road1 albeit hilly in places1 to ,mrauen1 which we reached in about two hours4 ,the weather was exceedingly hot4 ,i took ,klenka along1 as he spoke ,german1 and he entertained me on the drive by telling me that there were many poisonous snakes in the country1 of which the kreuzotters or vipers were the worst1 and that three or four persons were bitten every year4 ,mrauen is in ,croatia1 and ,i could see a slight difference in the people and their dress from those of ,gottschee4 ,from ,mrauen1 the landlord of the ,gasthaus ,post1 ,josef ,sirar1 led us to the ,grosses ,eisloch4 ,this is sometimes spoken of as the ,eisloch bei ,skrill1 but as it lies in a patch of woods below the village of ,suchenreuth1 the ,suchenreuther ,eisloch seems the correct name4 ,at least that was what ,sirar called it4 ,it took us about an hour on foot from ,mrauen to get into the woods4 ,on the way we met two guards in uniform1 carrying ,mnnlicher carbines with fixed bayonets1 and it was agreeable to feel that the strong arm of the ,austrian government extended over this semi-wild land4 ,in the woods1 following ,sirar's able guidance1 we took a short cut--always a mistake--and were lost temporarily in a maze of bushes and brambles1 in which ,i thought of the kreuzotters4 ,after that1 ,sirar at first could not find the cave and had to hunt around for it1 while ,i sat on a stone and waited impatiently4 ,at the cave a rather steep slope of wet mud1 covered with dead leaves1 led down through a rock arch4 ,sirar had to cut several steps in the mud with his hatchet1 or we should probably have sat down suddenly4 ,the archway opened into a moderately large cavern1 which was about twenty meters deep1 almost round and some fifteen meters in diameter4 ,the slope continued right across the cave1 and on some parts of it were logs of wood and much dbris4 ,on the wall hung a few limestone stalactites4 ,in the roof of the cave was a great hole1 and under this was a big cone of old winter snow1 which had become icy in its consistency1 and on which there was much dirt and many leaves4 ,the temperature in the cave was several degrees above freezing point1 and there was no ice hanging anywhere4 ,sirar said that when the weather got hotter1 the ice would come2 but as he said also1 that he had been only once before in the cave1 some ten years ago1 his opinion was not worth much4 ,both men said that the preceding winter was unusually warm4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,vertical ,section of the ,suchenreuther ,eisloch4 ,,the ,,nixloch4 ,near ,hallthurm in ,bavaria1 a railroad station between ,reichenhall and ,berchtesgaden1 is a well known congeries of windholes1 called the ,nixloch4 ,i visited it on ,friday1 ,july the #b;d1 #ahig1 with a railroad employee1 whom ,i found at the peasants' gasthaus4 ,the ,nixloch is ten minutes distant in the forest1 on the slopes of the ,untersberg4 ,it is among a mass of big limestone blocks1 and close by are the remains of the walls of an old castle or fortification4 ,the ,nixloch descends from the entrance for about two meters nearly sheer1 and there is just room to get through4 ,as ,i sat within the outside edge of the mouth of the cave1 the smoke of my cigar was slowly carried downward into it4 ,dropping down through the hole1 we found ourselves in a small cavern formed of rough limestone blocks overhead and underfoot4 ,it is possible to go still further down and my companion said that formerly it was possible to go through the cave and come out at a lower opening2 this exit1 however1 was destroyed when the railroad was built4 ,the draught1 as tested by the flame of a candle1 was still drawing in some seven or eight meters from the entrance4 ,there is a second cavity immediately next to the entrance1 and at the bottom of these holes1 the inward draught was so violent as to blow the candle out4 ,the thermometer outside in the shade was #bh;,c42 inside the cave1 where the draught was still perceptible1 it was about #bj;,c4 ,within the cave ,i noticed two large1 dark brown spiders4 ,on returning to the gasthaus1 ,i had a talk with some peasants who were dining there1 and they told me that it was warm in winter in the ,nixloch1 and that ice never formed there4 ,,the ,,dornburg4 ,if one draws a line northeast from ,coblentz and another northwest from ,frankfort-on-the-,main1 they will intersect nearly at the ,dornburg4 ,the railroad from ,frankfort goes1 via ,limburg and ,hadamar1 to ,frickhofen and ,wilsenroth1 from either of which villages the ice formations of the ,dornburg are easily reached on foot in half an hour4 ,i arrived at ,wilsenroth on the #bfth of ,july1 #ahig1 and soon found an old forester1 who said he had lived in the neighborhood for over fifty years1 to show me the way4 ,the ,dornburg is a low hill1 perhaps a hundred meters high and a kilometer long4 ,it is basaltic and covered with sparse woods4 ,the forester said that on top were the remains of the foundations of an old castle1 and that this was possibly the origin of the name ,dornburg4 ,we circled round the eastern base of the hill for some ten minutes1 when we came to a little depression1 filled with basalt debris1 among which were several small holes1 out of which came currents of cool air4 ,ten minutes further in the woods1 we arrived at the ,dornburg ,restauration and then almost immediately at the glacire4 ,it is at the bottom of a talus of broken basaltic rocks and has been much affected by the agency of man4 ,in it are two eislcher or stollen1 as the forester called them4 ,these are little artificial pits or cellars1 dug into the talus4 ,they are side by side1 opening about southeast1 and each is about one and a half meters wide1 three meters long1 and two meters high4 ,the sides are built up with wooden posts and overhead is a thick roof of logs strewn with dirt4 ,the day was cool and at the mouth of each eisloch1 a faint outward current of air was discernible at nine-thirty ,a4 ,m4 ,i could not find any currents coming into the eislcher4 ,inside it was cold and damp1 and evidently thawing4 ,there was a good heap of ice in each eisloch2 it was clear1 and ,i could detect no trace of prisms4 ,by much questioning1 ,i dug out something of the history of these stollen from the forester4 ,formerly the ice was found at this spot1 among the boulders at the base of the slope4 ,but the people gradually took many of these basaltic blocks away1 to break up for road making1 and then the ice diminished4 ,about #ahgj1 a brewery1 since burnt1 was built at the ,dornburg and the brewer had these stollen built1 a sort of semi-natural1 semi-artificial ice house4 ,every winter1 the present owner of the stollen throws a quantity of snow into them1 and this helps materially in forming the mass of ice4 ,just below the restaurant there is a spring1 which was said to be extremely cold1 but there was nothing icy nor apparently unusual about it4 ,under the restaurant itself is an interesting cellar4 ,it was closed by wooden doors4 ,first there was a passage way which turned steadily to the right1 and which we descended by some ten steps4 ,this was about two meters wide and was full of beer bottles and vegetables4 ,on the left of the passage was a large double chamber where meat is kept4 ,at eleven-thirty ,a4 ,m4 a faint draught blew down the passage and into the hall1 the outside door being then open4 ,the double hall was perhaps six meters each way1 and ,i could detect no air currents coming into it at any place1 except from the passage way4 ,both passage and halls were1 as far as ,i could see1 entirely built over with masonry4 ,there was no ice and the temperature was some #g or #h above freezing point4 ,the daughter of the proprietor of the restaurant said that ice began to form in the cellar in ,february and that it lasted generally until ,october2 but that this year it was destroyed early because the masonry was repaired1 although it was still possible to skate in the cellar as late as ,march4 ,in the beginning of winter the cellar was warm1 and as she expressed it1 der ,keller schwitzt dann1 which ,i suppose means that the walls are damp4 ,she also said that it was a naturlicher ,keller1 and ,i am inclined to think that it was a natural glacire1 converted into a cellar4 ,this visit to the ,dornburg gave me many new ideas about classifying glacires1 especially in relation to the movements of air4 ,i was long puzzled by the ,german terms1 ,eishhlen and ,windrhren2 and it suddenly struck me1 at the ,dornburg1 that this terminology is incorrect1 when used as a classification of glacires4 ,the presence or absence of strong1 apparent draughts1 cannot be considered as a test as to whether a place is or is not a glacire2 the presence of ice1 for at least part of the year1 alone makes a glacire1 and this it does whether there are or are not draughts4 ,it seems to me more than ever clear1 however1 that it all depends on the movements of air1 as to whether ice forms in a cave4 ,if the movements of air take the cold air of winter into a cave1 then and then only--provided there is also a water supply--do we have ice4 ,i am now inclined to think that caves1 as far as their temperatures are concerned1 should be classified into caves containing ice1 cold caves1 ordinary normal caves1 and hot caves1 without reference to the movements of air4 ,,the ,,glaci,,re ,,de ,,saint-,,georges4 ,from ,rolle1 on the north shore of the ,lake of ,geneva2 an excellent carriage road leads in two hours and a half to ,saint-,georges in the ,jura4 ,at first the way goes steeply uphill and passes through many vineyards1 and afterwards it crosses level fields to ,gimel1 then rises through woods to ,saint-,georges4 ,on arriving there on the afternoon of ,august #c;d1 #ahig1 ,i found the street filled with evergreens1 and long benches and tables2 the dbris of a fte de tir1 which had lasted for two days1 with dancing and banquets and1 ,i suspect1 much vin du pays4 ,when ,i got down stairs at six o'clock next morning1 all the people of the inn were sound asleep recovering from the effects of the fte1 and instead of their calling me1 ,i had to call them4 ,finally ,i succeeded in getting breakfast and then started in company with a first rate fellow1 named ,aymon mery4 ,illustration3 ,,la ,,glaci,,re ,,de ,,saint-,,georges4 ,from a ,photograph by ,e4 ,truand4 ,we walked up through woods1 in about an hour and a half1 to the ,glacire de ,saint-,georges1 which lies at an altitude of #abhg meters in the midst of the forest4 ,there are two holes close together4 ,one of these descends vertically and is partly roofed over with logs on which is rigged a pulley4 mery1 who was the entrepreneur of the glacire1 which means that he attended to getting out the ice1 told me that they pulled the ice up through this vertical hole1 making a noose with a rope round each block4 ,the other and shallower opening ended in a rock floor1 which was reached by a short ladder4 ,to the right was an arch1 under which the rock terminated as a floor and descended vertically1 forming the wall of the cave4 ,on this wall two ladders1 spliced at the end into one long ladder1 were placed in a nearly vertical position4 ,i tied the end of my rope round my waist1 and got a workman1 who had come to cut ice1 to pay out the rope to me1 while ,i went down4 ,the cave is rather long and narrow1 perhaps twenty-five meters by twelve meters1 and the limestone roof forms an arched descending curve overhead4 ,i could not see any limestone stalactites2 neither were there any ice stalactites or stalagmites in the cave1 but a good part of the wall1 against which the long ladder was placed1 was covered by an ice curtain4 ,it was thin and had evidently been damaged by the ice cutters or ,i think it would have covered the entire lower portion of the wall4 ,the base of the long ladder rested on an ice floor which filled the bottom of the cave1 and which would probably have been level if it had not been cut out here and there in places1 leaving many holes4 ,a good many broken ice fragments lay on the floor and in some of the holes were pools of water4 ,some of the floor ice was exceedingly prismatic in character1 and ,i was able to flake it off or break it easily with my hands into prisms4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,vertical ,section of the ,glacire de ,saint-,georges4 ,under the vertical shaft1 which is at one end of the cave1 was a mass of winter's snow which had fallen through the opening4 ,under this snow was a deep hole1 which ,i believe was the drain hole of the glacire before the ice floor was cut away to a level below its mouth4 ,into this hole ,i threw lumps of ice and heard them go bumping down for three or four seconds4 ,the atmosphere was not uncomfortable1 although the temperature was about #g ,c4 ,the air did not feel damp1 and seemed almost still1 but standing on the ice floor nearly under the vertical hole1 ,i found that the smoke from my cigar ascended rapidly1 and it seemed as if there were a rising air current1 which sucked up the smoke4 ,saint-,georges is a fine cavern and well worth visiting4 mery said that the ice was not cut out for eight years preceding the summer of #ahig1 and that for several years it was not possible to go down at all1 as there were no ladders1 until he put in the two we utilized4#e ,all the natives of ,saint-,georges believed that the ice was a summer formation and that it was warm in the cave in winter4 #e ,in the illustration of the ,glacire de ,saint-,georges1 the opening to the left is the vertical pit1 through which the ice is taken out3 underneath it1 is the heap of winter snow4 ,the man in the upper part of the picture is standing on the rock shelf at the base of the upper ladder and at the top of the lower ladder4 ,to the right of the lower ladder near the bottom1 a bit of the ice curtain is visible4 ,,the ,,glaci,,re ,,du ,,pr ,,de ,,saint-,,livres4 ,from the ,glacire de ,saint-,georges1 mery and ,i pushed on through the woods to the ,pr de ,saint-,livres4 ,in several places we came on the tracks of deer1 and my guide told me he had killed eleven roe during the last hunting season4 ,he said also that an attempt is being made to introduce the red deer into the ,jura1 and that the experiment seemed to be meeting with success4 ,we kept to the crest of the ridge along wood paths1 and1 as the day was fortunately cool and cloudy1 we were able to walk fast and reached the ,pr de ,saint-,livres in two hours4 ,at a spot called ,la ,foiraudaz we met the workmen coming down with a cartload of ice1 which they were taking to ,bire4 ,some of this ice was extremely prismatic4 ,the ,pr de ,saint-,livres is a big mountain pasture or meadow1 surrounded with hills covered with pine trees4 ,in the middle of it is the ,chlet de ,saint-,livres1 round which numerous cows and calves were congregated and where a small shepherd gave us some milk4 ,the chlet is not one of the old picturesque ,swiss chlets with great stones on the roof to keep it from being blown away by the wind1 but a strongly built single storied stone structure1 which looks extremely modern among the green hills4 ,the glacire lies close to the chlet1 on the southern side of the meadows1 just on the edge of the woods1 and is surrounded with trees4 ,it is at an altitude of #acfb meters and faces nearly due north4 ,to prevent the cattle from falling in1 it is enclosed with a stone wall1 except in front1 where there is a fence formed of an abattis of pine trees4 ,the cave belongs to the pit variety1 and the pit is a big one4 ,as you stand at the top1 you can look down to the end of the glacire4 ,the rocks are vertical all round the pit1 and in front there is a small rock shelf1 one-third of the way down1 which divides the rock wall into two long drops4 ,against each of these was a rickety ladder1 so we fixed the end of my rope to the pine trees of the fence1 and hung on to it while we climbed down4 ,the base of the lower and longer ladder rested on a mass of snow4 ,this was the beginning of a long snow slope which gradually turned to ice and filled the cave4 ,the cave itself1 measuring along the snow slope1 is some forty meters long and some ten to fifteen meters wide1 and is entirely lighted by daylight4 ,the snow and ice slope fell in a series of small waves1 and the upper portion was rather dirty4 ,on the right hand the workmen had fixed a rope as a handrail1 and all the way down had cut a staircase in the ice1 so that the descent was not difficult4 ,some of the ice was sloppy4 ,the ice mass did not abut entirely against the end of the cave1 but left an open space between the ice and the rock1 some three or four meters wide and some four or five meters deep4 ,here the workmen had been getting their ice1 and had cut into the ice mass for several meters1 forming a little tunnel4 ,there were no ice cones nor stalactites1 neither did ,i see any limestone stalactites4 ,much of the ice was prismatic2 in fact1 together with that at ,saint-,georges1 it was the most strongly prismatic ,i have seen4 ,i can perhaps best describe it1 by saying that it was brittle in texture1 as ,i could break up small lumps in my hands4 ,there was more prismatic ice at ,saint-,livres1 however1 than at ,saint-,georges4 ,the air in the cave was still and decidedly damp2 and the temperature was several degrees above freezing point4 ,the day1 however1 was almost windless1 and ,i would not assert that movements of air1 due to the wind1 might not sometimes take place in the pit4 ,the ,glacire du ,pr de ,saint-,livres is one of those caves which may be looked on as a transitional form between gorges containing ice and caves containing ice4 ,the winter snow falls into the mouth of the pit1 and is the chief foundation of the ice mass4 ,it would be interesting to make a series of observations in this cave to see whether there was anything like glacier motion4 mery1 of his own accord1 expressed the opinion that much of the ice here was due to the winter snows2 in fact1 he thought that it was all due to it1 and that it gradually descended into the cave and turned1 little by little1 into ice4 ,he told me that some years ago a cow was found by the workmen1 frozen into the ice1 at a depth of four meters2 the flesh was perfectly preserved1 and was eaten4 ,i asked him if he had ever seen insects in either cave1 and he said he had not4 ,from the glacire we walked back to the village of ,saint-,georges4 ,on asking my guide how much ,i owed him1 he said he received four francs for a journe1 so ,i gave him six francs1 and we parted the best of friends4 ,,glacier ,,ice ,,cave ,,in ,,the ,,fee ,,glacier4 ,during a rather protracted stay at ,saas-,fee in ,switzerland1 ,i visited the glacier ice cave of the ,fee ,glacier on the #aeth and #afth of ,august1 #ahig1 both cool and rainy days4 ,it is about half an hour's walk from the hotel to the ice cave1 which is in the snout of the ,fee glacier1 below the ,eggfluh4 ,a considerable stream issued from the cave4 ,on nearing the opening1 a strong cold air current poured out above the stream4 ,at the front edge of the ice1 the height of the ice roof in the centre was perhaps twelve meters and the width fifteen meters4 ,around the edge1 the roof formed an almost perfect curve4 ,the ice walls contracted in a regular manner within1 and the cave became narrower and lower1 and suggested an enormous funnel cut in half1 into which you looked from the larger end4 ,the cave also grew gradually darker1 and the darkness prevented seeing further than to a depth of some fifteen meters4 ,in the ice walls1 just inside the entrance1 were several crevasses1 of the ordinary blue-green color4 ,they followed nearly the same curve as the roof1 but did not go through to the outside4 ,there were no icicles4 ,the ice was faintly stratified in places1 and at the outer edge was brittle4 ,it did not break into the long narrow prisms of the ice at ,saint-,georges and the ,pr de ,saint-,livres1 but rather into small lumps with facets1 of all sorts of shapes4 ,it was evidently unsafe to penetrate under the ice roof1 for while ,i stood in front of the cave1 a large lump broke off from the roof and fell with a clatter among a lot of other ice fragments already on the moraine floor4 ,in two places there was a steady rain of drops from the roof1 showing that the ice was melting4 ,this is perhaps the glacier cave in ,switzerland which is easiest to visit1 and my inspection intensified my belief in what ,i consider the correct explanation of some of the phenomena in glacires4 ,the suggestion was that as soon as the temperature gets above freezing point in a glacier ice cave1 the only process is that of destruction of the ice1 which seems to be also the case with glacires4 ,,la ,,grand ,,cave ,,de ,,montarquis4 ,my brother and ,i left ,cluses1 in ,savoie1 a railroad station on the line between ,geneva and ,chamonix1 at two o'clock on the afternoon of the #bb;d of ,august1 #ahig1 and drove up in two hours and a half to ,pralong du ,reposoir1 a distance of eleven kilometers4 ,the road is a route nationale1 fine and broad1 with parapets in many places4 ,after passing ,scionzier1 it mounts gradually1 passing through a tremendous wild gorge1 cut by the waters and heavily clad with firs4 ,we reached ,pralong at four-thirty1 and stopped at a primitive inn1 still in process of construction1 and tenanted only by blue-bloused peasants1 who1 as it was ,sunday night1 sat up late1 drinking and making a heathenish noise they mistook for singing4 ,i talked to some of these men1 and they all insisted that there was no ice at the ,grand ,cave in winter1 but that it came in summer4 ,plus il fait chaud1 plus a gle1 they said4 ,one man explained the formation of the ice in an original way1 and with an intelligence far above that of the average peasant4 ,he considered that it was due to air currents1 and thought that in winter the snow stopped up the holes in the rocks1 through which the currents came2 but that when the snow melted1 the draughts could work1 and that then they formed the ice4 ,the weather was abominable next morning1 the clouds lying along and dripping into the valley2 but the inn was so awful that we decided to try to reach the cave4 ,we had a nice little blue-bloused peasant for a guide1 ,sylvain ,jean ,cotterlaz by name4 ,we went first for about an hour on foot towards ,le ,grand ,bornant on a fair road1 to an alp called ,la ,salle4 ,this was surrounded by a herd of cows1 some of whom seemed interested in our party4 ,it now began to rain fiercely1 and except for my brother's perseverance1 ,i should certainly have given in4 ,a fair path led up steep grass slopes into the clouds covering the ,mont ,bargy4 ,each of us had his umbrella raised1 and the ascent was slippery and uninspiring4 ,an hour took us to two deserted huts1 the ,alpe ,montarquis1 and half an hour beyond1 we came to the caves2 by which time we were thoroughly soaked4 ,the caves are on ,mont ,bargy1 at the base of a limestone precipice1 which1 ,i think1 faces nearly north4 ,there are three caves close together4 ,the lowest1 or ,petite ,cave de ,montarquis1 ,cotterlaz said is also called ,la ,cave des ,faux-,monayeurs2 as according to a1 probably untrue1 tradition1 it was once used by counterfeiters4 ,above this is a small rock pocket1 accessible down an easy slope4 ,we went in and found that there was no ice and indeed scarcely any water in it4 ,the ,grand--not ,grande--,cave is a little higher up1 and as we came to it1 several sheep1 which had taken refuge in the mouth from the storm1 hastily skipped away1 evidently distrusting our intentions4 ,the altitude of the cave is said to be #bjgh meters4 ,the entrance must face about north east2 it is elliptical in shape1 about fifteen meters wide1 and six meters high1 and is badly sheltered against the wind4 ,the cave is of moderate size1 about sixty meters in length and forty-five meters in width1 and the average height of the roof is not over four or five meters4 ,a gentle slope leads downwards4 ,many blocks of rock in the front part had bits of moss growing on them1 and some of the mud there was of a dull purple color1 as if some dark madder was mixed with it4 ,there was a red streak in the right hand wall1 probably caused by iron4 ,i observed no limestone stalactites nor stalagmites in the cave1 the main body of which was well lighted throughout by daylight4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,vertical ,section of ,grand ,cave de ,montarquis4 ,the ice was in the shape of a nearly level floor1 about twelve meters long and eight meters wide3 the shape was irregular1 and the ice so smooth that it was hard to stand up4 ,the rocks in the rear overhung the ice floor at one spot2 and here1 there streamed from a fissure to the ice floor an ice column1 some three meters high1 whose base was fully two meters distant from the rock wall4 ,near this column was a tiny ice cone1 which evidently had been bigger4 ,cotterlaz seemed impressed with the fact that there was only one column in the cave1 as he said that in ,june1 there would have been many columns and a larger and deeper ice floor4 ,the ice was sloppy in places1 with several small hollows cut by the drip and containing water4 ,in one place there was a tiny runnel filled with water1 but there was no current4 ,there was a good deal of drip all through the cave1 and in fact in one or two places we might have kept on holding up our umbrellas with advantage4 ,i hacked at several pieces of ice1 but none of it was prismatic4 ,at the rear of the cave1 the ice ran1 in a tongue1 up the entrance of an ascending fissure in the rocks4 ,my brother cut here six or seven steps in the ice2 and he found them difficult to make1 as the ice was hard and thin1 and not in a melting state4 ,above the ice tongue we clambered up the rocks of the fissure some four or five meters further1 finding there some lumps of ice which were not melting4 ,at this spot we were almost in darkness4 ,a lighted match burned steadily1 so that there was evidently not much draught1 but the smoke gradually descended1 showing a slight downward current4 ,this was the coldest1 as well as the furthest point of the cave we could reach1 and we there heard a tiny waterfall trickling within the fissure1 although we could not see it4 ,by this time we were all chilled to the bone1 so1 abandoning the idea of entering the ,petite ,cave1 we retreated down the sopping wet1 slippery grass slopes to ,pralong1 and then immediately walked all the way to ,cluses to avoid taking cold4 ,the ,grand ,cave was the most fatiguing trip ,i ever made after glacires1 but the circumstances were rather unusual4 ,,the ,,freezing ,,well ,,of ,,owego4 ,on ,thursday1 ,june #bc;d1 #ahih1 ,i went to ,owego1 in ,tioga ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,inquiries at the ,lehigh ,valley railroad station and at the chief hotel failed to elicit any information about a freezing well2 and in fact1 ,i soon found that the existence of such a thing was a blank to the rising generation4 ,so ,i called on an old resident of ,owego1 who told me that he knew of the well in question and that it was filled up with stones many years ago2 but that he remembered that1 when he was a boy1 it used to freeze1 and that it was spoken of as the deep well or freezing well4 ,i then walked up to the site of the well1 which is about one and a half kilometers to the northwest from the centre of ,owego and about one kilometer from the ,susquehanna ,river4 ,it is directly in the middle of the highway1 and nothing is now visible but a heap of stones4 ,near by was the house of a ,mr4 ,preston1 who told me he was born in #ahaf1 and had lived all his life at this spot4 ,he said that the well was about twenty-eight meters deep1 and that it went first through a layer of sand and then through a layer of gravel4 ,he had more than once been down the well and had seen the sides covered with ice4 ,a bucket sent down for water would sometimes come up with ice on the sides4 ,whether the water at the bottom ever froze1 no one knew1 for the ice caked and filled up the bore at about two-thirds of the way down and became so thick1 that as ,mr4 ,preston put it1 it was just like hammering on an anvil to try to break it4 ,he also stated that another well was dug about one hundred meters further down the road1 and that originally this sometimes had a little ice on the sides4 ,of late years however1 it was covered over with a wooden top and since then no ice was known to form4 ,i could obtain no information about any other wells in the neighborhood ever showing similar peculiarities4 ,,the ,,icy ,,glen1 ,,near ,,stockbridge4 ,the ,icy ,glen is situated on ,bear ,mountain1 about one kilometer from ,stockbridge1 ,massachusetts4 ,it is in the midst of fine woods and there are many big trees in it4 ,the bottom of the glen is full of rocks and boulders1 among which there is a rough path4 ,i was told that ice remained over there much longer than anywhere else in the neighborhood1 sometimes as late as ,may4 ,on the #c;d of ,july1 #ahih1 ,i not only found no traces of ice or snow1 but the temperatures under the boulders showed nothing abnormal4 ,to make up for this1 however1 there were legions of mosquitoes4 ,,freezing ,,marble ,,cave1 ,,near ,,manchester4 ,near ,manchester1 ,vermont1 there is a little cave1#f which is noteworthy1 in that it is in a marble formation4 ,it is known as ,skinner's ,cave1 because it was owned for many years by ,mr4 ,mark ,skinner4 ,it lies in ,skinner's ,hollow1 some five or six kilometers from the centre of ,manchester1 at the base of the eastern slope of ,mount ,equinox1 of the ,taghconic ,range of the ,green ,mountains4 #f ,my attention was called to this cave1 by ,messrs4 ,john ,ritchie1 ,jr41 of ,boston1 and ,byerly ,hart of ,philadelphia1 who visited it some years ago4 ,mr4 ,ritchie's opinion is that it is simply a refrigerator4 ,the cave is on the property of ,mr4 ,n4 ,m4 ,canfield1 who1 on learning the object of my visit1 on the #eth of ,july1 #ahih1 with true native ,american courtesy1 walked up to it with me4 ,the last two kilometers were over a rough logging road1 which towards the end was steep and covered with many broken logs4 ,i could not have found the cave alone1 as it was so surrounded with bushes1 that the entrance was invisible until we actually reached it4 ,it is in a gorge of ,mount ,equinox1 in the midst of a beautiful forest1 which effectually cuts off any wind4 ,the cave faces nearly north and can scarcely ever1 if indeed at any time1 be reached by the rays of the sun4 ,the moment we got into the entrance1 we found the chilly1 damp1 summer atmosphere of true glacire caves4 ,the rocks were brown and mossy on the outside1 but ,mr4 ,canfield called my attention to the fact that they were marble1 and on his knocking off a small piece1 a section of pure white marble was exposed4 ,in no other instance have ,i heard of a marble cave in connection with ice4 ,there were scarcely any cracks or crevices in the rock4 ,the cave goes down with a steep slope from the entrance1 much in the shape of a tunnel1 for some ten meters4 ,the slope was covered with slippery mud and decayed leaves1 and at the bottom expanded into a little chamber1 in which lay a mass of wet1 compact snow1 some two by three meters4 ,it was evident that the snow was simply drifted in during the winter1 and was in too large a mass and too well protected to melt easily1 and there could be no question but that this place was purely a refrigerator4 ,the air was tranquil throughout and there were no draughts4 ,on the same day1 a good breeze was blowing in the ,manchester ,valley4 ,,the ,,freezing ,,well ,,of ,,brandon4 ,the ,freezing ,well of ,brandon is situated on the western or southwestern outskirts of the village of ,brandon1 ,vermont1 not far from the railroad station4 ,i visited it on the #gth of ,july1 #ahih4 ,the well was protected by a wooden cover4 ,on raising this1 a faint stream of cool air seemed to issue forth2 but this was probably only imagination4 ,the sides1 as far down as one could see1 were built in with rather large blocks of stone without cement4 ,at the bottom water was visible and there were no signs of ice4 ,we drew up some water in a bucket1 and although it was cool there was nothing icy about it4 ,i twice lowered a thermometer nearly to the water and each time after ten minutes it registered only #ac ,c4 ,there was certainly nothing abnormal in this temperature1 in fact it was strictly normal and my thermometer showed conclusively by its actions that it could not have been near any ice mass4 ,the people at the house1 however1 assured me that a month before there was ice in the well4 ,afterwards ,i called on ,mr4 ,c4 ,o4 ,luce1 the owner of the well4 ,he stated that it was eleven and a half meters deep to the bottom1 that it was dug in #aheh1 and that the ground through which it goes was found frozen at a depth of about four and a half meters4 ,here there is a stratum of gravel and this is where the freezing occurs4 ,mr4 ,luce thought that the water was under the ice1 that is1 that the water came up from the bottom4 ,he said also that the well usually froze solid in winter2 but1 that as this winter was an open one1 there was less ice this year than usual4 ,he thought that there was less ice anyway now than in former years1 partly because of the cover which was put over the well1 and which keeps out some of the cold2 and partly because a neighboring gravel hillock1 called the ,hogback1 was a good deal cut away1 and this in some way affects the supply of cold in the gravel4 ,he added that the sandy soil round ,brandon does not as a rule freeze to a greater depth than two meters each winter4 ,the house built beside the well was said to be comfortable in winter4 ,there seems no doubt that this is another refrigerator4 ,the cold water of the winter snows percolates into the gravel mass and refreezes1 and1 owing to the bad conductive quality of the material1 the gravel remains frozen later than the soil elsewhere in the neighborhood4 ,the fact that the well went through a frozen gravel stratum when dug1 proves that it is not alone the air that sinks into the well itself1 which makes the ice4 ,the fact that the well freezes on the whole less than formerly1 apparently partly owing to the digging up of some of the gravel close by1 goes to prove the same thing4 ,the fact that the well generally freezes solid every winter1 shows that although some of the gravel mass possibly remains frozen all the time1 much of the ice is renewed each year4 ,this is especially important as proving that the ice found in gravel deposits is due to the cold of winter and not to a glacial period1 although1 of course1 no one could say for how long a time the ice was forming and melting2 and this process might date back to the time of the formation of the gravel mass4 ,i could learn nothing of any similar place near ,brandon1 except that ,mr4 ,luce said that in an old abandoned silver mine in the neighborhood1 he had once seen ice during hot weather4 ,,freezing ,,talus ,,on ,,lower ,,ausable ,,pond4 ,on the eastern side of ,lower ,ausable ,pond1 ,essex ,county1 ,new ,york1 at the foot of ,mount ,sbille or ,colvin1 there is a talus of great ,laurentian boulders1 which fell from the mountain and lie piled up on the edge of the lake4 ,among these boulders1 at a distance of about five hundred meters from the southern end of the lake1 there are spaces1 several of which might be called caves1 although they are really hollows between the boulders4 ,on the #abth of ,july1 #ahih1 ,i visited this spot with ,mr4 ,edward ,i4 ,h4 ,howell of ,philadelphia4 ,from several of the rock cracks we found a draught of air flowing strongly out1 as tested by the smoke of a cigar4 ,the air was distinctly icy and there could be no question that there was a considerable quantity of ice among the rocks to produce the temperature4 ,in three places we found masses of ice4 ,one of these hollows was small1 and the other two were much larger4 ,one of the latter was almost round in shape1 and perhaps three meters in diameter2 with a little snow near the mouth and with plenty of ice at the bottom4 ,the other was a long descending crack between two boulders which joined overhead1 and with the bottom filled by a long1 narrow slope of ice1 perhaps seventy-five centimeters in width and six meters in length1 set at an angle of about thirty-five degrees4 ,the ice was hard and non-prismatic4 ,the cold air affects a large area of land around the boulders4 ,mr4 ,howell called my attention to the flowers of the bunch-berry1 which he said were at least two weeks behind those on the surrounding mountains4 ,the same was true of oxalis1 a pretty white flower1 of which we found several beds in full bloom4 ,mr4 ,howell went to this talus1 on the #dth of ,july previous1 with ,mr4 ,niles1 ,president of the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club1 on which occasion they found plenty of snow near the entrance of the larger hollow4 ,mr4 ,howell1 indeed1 has repeatedly visited this place1 and always found ice1 which must1 therefore1 be looked on as perennial4 ,at all times also he has felt cold draughts flowing out2 sometimes they were so strong as to lower the temperature over the lake to a distance of thirty meters or more3 on hot days he has seen occasionally a misty cloud form on the lake in front of the boulders4 ,mr4 ,howell considers that the draughts so affect the surrounding air1 that an artificial climate is produced1 and it is owing to this that spring flowers bloom late in ,july and sometimes in ,august4 ,another fact well known to him1 is that in hot weather1 the spot in front of the boulders is the best in the whole lake to catch trout1 as they always congregate in the coldest water4 ,the ,adirondack guides use these ice retaining hollows1 which they call ice-caves1 as refrigerators for their provisions and game in hot weather3 they say that the ice is formed in winter and remains over during the summer1 as it is so well sheltered4 ,,freezing ,,talus ,,of ,,the ,,giant ,,of ,,the ,,valley4 ,on the indications of ,mr4 ,otis1 chief guide of the ,adirondack ,reserve1 ,i explored with ,mr4 ,c4 ,lamb1 a guide from ,keene ,valley1 the southern base of the ,giant of the ,valley ,mountain1 ,essex ,county1 ,new ,york1 on the #adth of ,july1 #ahih4 ,a road runs from ,keene ,heights to ,port ,henry1 through the gap between the south base of the ,giant of the ,valley and the north base of ,round ,mountain1 and passes close to a small lake called ,chapel ,pond4 ,some three hundred meters west of this lake1 we left the road and struck north1 across the brook1 into the thick1 mossy woods4 ,after perhaps one hundred meters1 we came to a talus of great boulders of ,laurentian rock1 with the cliffs of the ,giant1 whence the boulders had fallen1 rising steeply above4 ,we found ice under several of them1 although never in any quantity4 ,the thermometer1 after an exposure of fifteen minutes in one of these little hollows1 registered #f ,c41 although not more than one meter from where the sunshine fell on the moss4 ,in the shade of a tree one meter distant from the same hollow it registered #bf ,c42 a difference of #bj ,c4 at a distance of only two meters4 ,perhaps one kilometer east of ,chapel ,pond1 there is a place1 where the bases of the mountains come much nearer together1 which bears the name of ,the ,narrows4 ,here we crossed the brook again1 and1 after some fifteen or twenty meters of scrambling through rough woods1 reached once more the talus of the ,giant1 composed of tremendous boulders4 ,among these we found ice in many places and this time in large quantities4 ,within one boulder cave we found an ice slab some four meters in length1 by two meters in width1 and one meter in thickness4 ,this was pure1 hard and non-prismatic ice1 and was evidently not formed of compressed snow3 in fact snow could not have drifted in under the boulder4 ,we broke off a large piece of ice and took it back to ,saint ,hubert's ,inn1 and it melted rather slowly4 ,from the mouth of this cave an icy draught issued1 and1 as it struck the warmer air outside1 a slight mist was formed4 ,mr4 ,lamb said that from the road itself he had sometimes seen mist rising from this talus4 ,further explorations of the talus of the ,giant would probably reveal ice in many other places than those we examined4#g #g ,mr4 ,e4 ,i4 ,h4 ,howell examined several times1 in #ahii1 the talus of the ,giant of the ,valley4 ,he found ice in many places2 also cold air currents blowing out4 ,at one spot1 there is a spring which flows all through the summer1 and the water is so cold1 that its temperature is little above that of melting ice4 ,mr4 ,howell found1 as at ,ausable ,pond1 spring flowers growing in mid-summer among the rocks of the talus4 ,mr4 ,lamb told me of two other places in the ,adirondacks1 where he found ice in similar boulder formations4 ,one was in the talus of ,mount ,wallface in ,indian ,pass1 between ,mounts ,wallface and ,mc,intyre4 ,the other was in the talus of ,mount ,mc,intyre in ,avalanche ,pass1 between ,mounts ,mc,intyre and ,colden4 ,at the latter place1 he found it near the trail going round the lake in the pass4 ,,the ,,ice ,,gulch1 ,,randolph4 ,the ,randolph ,ice ,gulch is situated in ,randolph ,township1 ,new ,hampshire1 about eight kilometers from ,randolph ,station1 on the ,boston and ,maine ,railroad4#h ,i visited it on ,august #aath1 #ahih4 ,at the ,mount ,crescent ,house1 ,i found a guide in the person of ,mr4 ,charles ,e4 ,lowe1 ,jr4 ,the excursion took us about six hours4 ,the trail was a rough bush path1 cut by the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club1 and which had not been cleaned out that year4 ,it was a cloudy but hot day and this1 combined with the badness of the road1 made the walk fatiguing4 #h ,i first heard of the ,ice ,gulch from ,mr4 ,john ,ritchie1 ,jr41 of ,boston4 ,some years ago in the middle of ,july1 he found ice plentiful in the second chamber4 ,he thought the ,gulch only a refrigerator4 ,the ,gulch lies between ,crescent and ,black ,mountains4 ,the altitude of the upper end of the ,gulch is something over eight hundred meters1 that of the lower end about six hundred meters4 ,it is some fifteen hundred meters long1 and averages perhaps one hundred meters in width at the top1 and only a few meters at the bottom4 ,the depth may be about seventy-five meters and the sides are steep1 in some places sheer4 ,the bottom is a mass of broken1 fallen rocks1 with a good many trees growing among them4 ,there are several steps1 so to speak1 in the ,gulch1 which are called chambers1 although the term seems rather meaningless4 ,promenading through the bottom of the ,gulch was fraught with difficulty1 because the rocks were placed in most unsuitable positions for human progression1 and my hands were certainly as useful to me as my feet in preserving equilibrium4 ,we found ice in one or two places1 but not in any great quantity4 ,in one spot it was overlaid by water4 ,my guide said that there was less ice than the year before4 ,a large piece which we broke off1 and which furnished us with a cooling morsel of frozen fluid1 was full of air bubbles4 ,it was not prismatic ice1 and was certainly unusual in formation4 ,it crunched up under the teeth and1 although it did not look like solidified snow1 yet1 judging from its position among the boulders1 it was doubtless formed from the melting and refreezing of snow4#i ,my guide said he had heard that fresh ice began to form sometimes in ,september4 ,the ,gulch is well protected against wind1 and ,i detected no draughts among the rocks4 ,except in the immediate vicinity of the ice1 the temperature was not abnormally low4 #i ,on the #agth of ,february1 #ahii1 four days after the greatest snow storm in ,philadelphia in many years1 ,i noticed that the snow on my roof solidified slowly into a mass of ice which contained a good many air-bubbles4 ,it strikingly resembled the ice of the ,ice ,gulch1 only that it was more solid and did not have more than half as many air-bubbles4 ,on returning to the ,mount ,crescent ,house1 ,i had a talk with ,mr4 ,charles ,e4 ,lowe1 ,sr41 who told me that ,alpine plants1 like those which grow on ,mount ,washington and ,mount ,adams1 are found in the ,gulch2 but that they do not exist on the neighboring ,black and ,crescent ,mountains4 ,he said also that ice was present in more than one place in ,king's ,ravine1 and that it was always there4 ,,freezing ,,boulder ,,talus ,,at ,,rumney4 ,about three kilometers south of ,rumney1 ,new ,hampshire1 there is a hill called ,bald ,mountain1 which1 about three hundred meters west of the carriage road from ,rumney to ,plymouth1 descends as a big cliff1 with an exposure facing nearly southeast4 ,at the base of this cliff1 there is a talus#aj which ,i visited on the #bgth of ,august1 #ahih1 with the ,sheriff of ,rumney1 ,mr4 ,learned4 ,he said he had found plenty of ice there on the #ahth of ,august1 #ahig1 but he doubted whether there would be any left this year1 on account of the hot weather4 ,effectively a careful hunt failed to reveal any ice1 although the talus was just the kind of place where it might have been expected1 as the boulders were piled one over the other and in one or two places there were considerable hollows4 ,the temperatures were normal1 and there were no draughts4 ,the talus is exposed to the sun1 and only moderately sheltered against wind by a scrub forest4 ,but there can be no doubt1 that ice lingers there long after it has disappeared from every other spot in the neighborhood1 and it seems as if our not finding any1 is another proof that it is the heat of summer which melts it away4 #aj ,mr4 ,john ,ritchie1 ,jr41 wrote me about this place1 where he had found ice plentiful some years ago in ,august1 within two or three meters from the outside3 he considered it only a refrigerator4 ,,ice ,,formations ,,and ,,windholes ,,at ,,watertown4 ,at ,watertown1 ,new ,york1 on the south side of the ,black ,river1 in the town itself1 are some natural cracks or crevices in the limestone rocks4 ,they are only a short distance from the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad station4 ,the cracks enter the northern side of the railroad embankment1 pass under the railroad tracks1 and extend some distance back4 ,in front of them are four cellars1 used for storing beer kegs4 ,the lessor1 ,mr4 ,ehrlicher1 obligingly had the cellars opened for me1 on the #abth of ,september1 #ahih4 ,there was neither ice nor draughts in the cellars1 and the temperature was normal4 ,mr4 ,ehrlicher said that in the spring there was ice in the cracks1 but that it had all melted away as the result of the hot summer4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bluff ,,at ,,decorah4 ,from a ,photograph by ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,kovarik4 ,about four kilometers west of ,watertown1 on the south bank of the ,black ,river1 is the picnic ground of ,glen ,park1 which is reached by trolley4 ,the manager of the restaurant walked around the park with me4 ,in one spot is a hollow or glen at the base of a small1 much cracked limestone cliff1 which has a northern exposure4 ,the manager said that snow and ice usually lies in this place until ,june1 not only among the broken rocks1 but even in the open4 ,sometimes ice remains among the boulders all summer1 but only near the front of the boulders1 and by pushing in1 one soon gets beyond it3 we found none1 a fact showing once more the effect of the unusually warm summer4 ,on hot days1 draughts issue from between the boulders1 but as the day was cool1 we did not notice any4 ,the spot is well sheltered against the wind by a number of trees2 and the shape of the hollow reminded me of the glen in front of the ,eishhle bei ,roth4 ,not one hundred meters from this hollow1 is a little limestone cave1 closed by a wooden door1 which excludes any cold air in winter4 ,the cave is lighted by electric lights1 and is a narrow1 crooked1 descending fissure1 a ganghhle1 where the marks of water action are plainly visible4 ,at the bottom a little stream1 evidently the active agent in forming the cave1 ran through the fissured limestone4 ,in the stream a large toad or frog was swimming about4 ,there was nothing icy about the cave or the water1 and the temperature was normal4 ,ice was never known to form in the cave4 ,these two places1 so close together1 are an interesting confirmation that it is only where the outside cold can get in1 that we find subterranean ice4 ,,the ,,freezing ,,cave ,,and ,,freezing ,,wells ,,of ,,decorah4 ,near ,decorah1 ,iowa1 is a freezing cavern1 which is more frequently referred to in cave literature than is generally the case4 ,i visited it on ,friday1 ,september the #cjth1 #ahih1 with an old ,english resident of ,decorah1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,selby-,hill4 ,the cave is situated about one kilometer to the northward of ,decorah1 on the north bank of the ,upper ,iowa ,river1 at the base of a bluff4 ,it is some thirty to forty meters above the stream1 and faces southward4 ,it looks like a fault or fissure in the rocks1 with the sides meeting a few meters overhead4 ,it is a true cave1 but probably in an early stage of formation1 for there are no apparent traces of water action1 nor any stalagmites nor stalactites4 ,the absence of the latter may1 however1 be due to the fact that it is a periodic glacire4 ,the rock is a white limestone1 rich in fossils4 ,the cave is some two to three meters in width and is rather winding1 with a short arm or pocket branching out on the west side4 ,the main cave runs back some thirty meters from the entrance4 ,in one place it is necessary to stoop1 to get past some overhanging rock slabs4 ,by candle light1 we went to the rear of the cave1 and found it warm1 dry1 and free from ice4 ,there were no draughts1 possibly because the day was cool4 ,illustration3 ,,entrance ,,of ,,the ,,cave ,,of ,,decorah4 ,from a ,photograph by ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,kovarik4 ,i looked in vain for tubular fissures1 or indeed any fissures1 through which water might freeze by pressure in its descent1 as the believers in the capillary theory say it does4 ,nothing of the kind existed1 and ,i wrote in my note-book3 ,writing on the very spot about which this theory was started1 ,i feel justified in asserting that the theory amounts to absolutely nothing and is entirely incorrect4 ,mr4 ,hill told me that there were two wells in the southern portion of ,decorah ,township1 where ice was found in summer4 ,i visited them both1 but found no ice1 and the temperatures normal4 ,mr4 ,hill said that one of the wells was dug about thirty years ago1 and that the workman told him that the ground which he went through was frozen2 and that at one place he struck an opening1 from which came so strong a current of icy air1 that it was hard to keep at work4 ,i talked to several persons afterwards4 ,inter alia1 they told me that the bluff was a great place for rattlesnakes1 sometimes big ones4 ,they admitted also generally that they were puzzled about the formation of ice in the cave4 ,some claimed that the ice formed in summer--the old story once more4 ,i met1 however1 ,mr4 ,alois ,f4 ,kovarik of the ,decorah ,institute1 who had made a series of regular observations for over a year and found that the ice begins to form about the end of ,march and beginning of ,april1 and is at its maximum towards the beginning of ,june4 ,mr4 ,kovarik also told me1 that he had found ice in one of the wells in the beginning of ,august4 ,this was an especially satisfactory trip to me1 for it did away1 once for all1 with any possible belief that there was any basis of fact for the capillary theory4 ,it also seems to me important to find that the ice of these freezing wells melts in summer4 ,for it shows that their ice is due to the same causes as those which form the ice in the cave1 and is another proof against the validity of the glacial period theory4 ,,freezing ,,rock ,,talus ,,on ,,spruce ,,creek4 ,on ,spruce ,creek1 ,huntingdon ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 about four kilometers north of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad depot1 is an ice bearing talus1 known locally as the ,ice ,holes or ,ice ,caves4 ,i visited this spot1 on ,october the #eth1 #ahih1 with ,mr4 ,benner1 of ,spruce ,creek4 ,we walked up the pretty valley along the old ,pittsburgh turnpike1 at one place finding some papaw trees1 whose fruit had a horrible sickening taste2 then we crossed ,spruce ,creek by a footbridge and followed the other bank back for some five hundred meters1 until we were nearly opposite the old ,colerain ,forge1 which is located in a piece of land called by the curious name of ,africa4 ,about half way from the bridge we smelt a strange odor1 which my companion thought came from a copperhead or rattlesnake3 we did not investigate4 ,illustration3 ,,locus ,,glacialis--,,cave ,,of ,,decorah4 ,from a ,photograph by ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,kovarik4 ,the freezing talus is situated at the foot of ,tussey ,mountain3 it is big1 and is composed of small sandstone 787 rock dbris4 ,the talus is at least thirty meters high and one hundred and twenty meters long4 ,as ,i stood at the bottom1 ,i was reminded strongly of the talus at the ,dornburg4 ,at the base were a number of small pits1 evidently dug by man4 ,from the interstices between the rocks1 icy cold draughts issued in some places1 and there was no doubt that there was plenty of ice beneath the stones4 ,in one place we thought we could see ice1 and ,i poked at the white substance with my stick1 but ,i am not positive that it was ice4 ,all over the talus1 the temperature was strikingly colder than a few meters away1 and in the pits we could see our breaths distinctly4 ,although ,i am not much of a botanist1 yet it seemed to me that the flora immediately near the talus was somewhat different in character from that of the surrounding country4 ,mr4 ,benner told me that he saw1 three or four weeks before1 plenty of ice in the pits2 that they were made by farmers who formerly came to this spot to get ice2 and that parties occasionally picnic here in the summer and make ice cream4 ,he stated also that he saw1 some years ago1 a small cave or hole containing ice near ,mapleton1 ,pennsylvania1 but that it was destroyed by quarrying the rock away4 ,,freezing ,,gorge ,,near ,,ellenville4 ,on ,sunday1 ,october the #ith1 #ahih1 with a young man from ,ellenville1 ,i visited the well known ,ellenville ,gorge1 in the ,shawangunk ,range1 ,ulster ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,we left the hotel at eight-forty ,a4 ,m4 and reached the gorge1 known locally as the ,ice ,cave1 at ten-five ,a4 ,m4 ,it is about four kilometers northeast from ,ellenville4 ,the path rises steadily uphill and is of the roughest description2 it is covered with loose stones1 and looks as if it might become the bed of a mountain brook in wet weather4 ,i call this place a gorge1 instead of a cave1 because it is uncovered at the top1 but probably originally it was covered4 ,it is shaped like a pit cave minus a roof1 and it reminded me of the ,friedrichsteiner ,eishhle1 and the ,glacires de ,saint-,georges and du ,pr de ,saint-,livres4 ,it is entered by a long slope from the western end1 the gorge turning northward further back4 ,i estimated its width1 at the bottom at some five to seven meters1 at the top at some three to four meters2 its length at some thirty meters and the deepest point we reached1 at some twenty meters below the surface4 ,these are guesses1 however4 ,in one place1 a great rock slab overhangs the gorge4 ,at nearly the lowest point of the rock floor1 there is a hole which extends perpendicularly downwards some five or ten meters more2 this opening is partly blocked up with fallen masses of rock which would make a further descent perilous4 ,the north end of the gorge is also filled up with a mass of great broken rocks2 in fact1 the whole place is out of repair1 as the rocks are cracked and creviced on both sides to a great extent4 ,the rock is friable and seems to be all breaking up1 or rather down1 and ,i think there is some danger from falling stones1 although ,i did not see any fall4 ,there is a good deal of moss on the sides of the gorge1 and on some ledges small evergreens are growing4 ,the gorge is sheltered thoroughly from winds by its formation and position1 and somewhat by the scrub forest surrounding it4 ,there are several long1 deep crevices a few meters further up the mountain side1 and ,i think one of them is an extension of the main gorge4 ,illustration3 ,,gorge ,,at ,,ellenville4 ,from a ,photograph by ,mr4 ,davis4 ,we found no ice4 ,it generally lasts till about the beginning of ,september2 and ,professor ,angelo ,heilprin1 and ,miss ,julia ,l4 ,lewis1 of ,philadelphia1 have found plenty of it in ,july and ,august4 ,but the ice had evidently now been gone for some time1 for the temperature at the bottom of the gorge was about #aa ,c4 at ten-thirty ,a4 ,m4 ,this was but little colder than the temperature v outside1 which at ten-fifteen ,a4 ,m4 was #ad ,c4 ,on returning to ,ellenville1 ,i learnt that there was another somewhat similar smaller gorge1 some eight kilometers away1 at a place called ,sam's ,point4 ,this1 however1 is said to retain only snow1 while in the ,ellenville gorge much ice is sometimes formed1 and icicles a couple of meters long are said to hang on the sides of the cliffs4 ,the proprietor of the hotel told me he had heard of a cave which contained ice not far from ,albany1 at a place called ,carlisle1 on the ,delaware and ,hudson ,railroad4 ,,freezing ,,cave ,,and ,,windholes ,,near ,,farrandsville4 ,i arrived at ,farrandsville1 ,clinton ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 early on ,tuesday morning1 ,october the #aath1 #ahih1 and found a boy1 who worked in a brick mill1 as guide to the caves4#aa ,after emptying a small1 flat bottomed boat of the water of which it was half full1 we rowed across the ,susquehanna ,river2 then we walked up the road1 along the river bank1 for a couple of hundred meters1 and struck up the so-called path to the caves4 ,although the whole of the mountain side was at the disposal of the road maker1 no better plan seems to have suggested itself than to make the track go straight up4 ,this saved making zigzags1 yet the result is that the path is steep1 and as it is rocky and slippery1 it is hard travelling without bootnails or alpenstock4 #aa ,i learned of this cave from ,mr4 ,eugene ,f4 ,mc,cabe1 of ,renovo1 ,pennsylvania4 ,mr4 ,mc,cabe took out large pieces of ice from it in the month of ,august4 ,on ,december #bc;d1 #ahif1 he found no ice inside the cave1 but a hoar frost covered the rocks2 the temperature outside was -#e4f2 inside -#d4e3 the day was clear and there was no breeze2 several matches lighted in the cave were almost instantly blown out by a current of air coming from crevices in the rocks4 ,mr4 ,ira ,c4 ,chatham1 postmaster at ,farrandsville1 wrote to me on the #aith of ,october1 #ahih1 as follows3 ,your paper on ,ice ,caves ,journal of the ,franklin ,institute1 ,march1 #ahig at pp4 #agg and #agh describes the ,farrandsville ,cave as near as is possible1 as the ice forms in the spring from the snow melting and dropping through the rocks into the cave1 and the rocks face directly north as stated4 ,as we went up1 ,i noticed1 in one or two places1 cold draughts issuing from crevices in the rocks4 ,we soon came to a hollow under a rock1 where there were a number of cracks and crevices3 the boy spoke of it as the lower cave4 ,it is some sixty meters above the ,susquehanna ,river and cold draughts flowed from the cracks1 although we saw no ice4 ,the cave was about twenty meters higher up4 ,one could crawl into it for a couple of meters1 and all round it the rocks are somewhat creviced2 in fact1 ,i think there are a good many cracks in the entire hill4 ,there was no ice in sight in this hole1 but a strong1 cold draught poured from it4 ,after an exposure of fifteen minutes the thermometer registered #f ,c42 while outside1 in the shade1 it stood at #ae ,c4 ,this decidedly sub-normal temperature proved unmistakably1 in my opinion1 the presence of ice a little further than we could see in4 ,both holes face about north and are sheltered1 by their position and by the sparse forest which covers the ridge1 against all winds except those from the north4 ,i talked to the postmaster and the railroad agent at ,farrandsville on my return1 and they stated that there was no ice in the hole in winter1 but that it formed about ,april and remained over until towards ,september1 showing that the cave is a normal glacire on a small scale4 ,,glaci,,res ,,near ,,summit4 ,in the search for coal1 the mountains of the ,appalachian ,chain between the little town of ,summit1 and the neighboring village of ,coaldale1 ,carbon ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 were mined and tunneled in every direction4 ,owing to the caving in of some of these mines1 depressions formed in certain places along the ridge in the upper surface of the ground1 and in two of these hollows natural refrigerators occur4 ,these were brought to my notice by ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,nicholson of ,philadelphia1 and ,i visited them on ,may the #eth1 #ahii1 in company with two coal miners of ,summit4 ,starting from ,summit1 we passed across some rough ground under which there was a mine on fire2 and the miners showed me the tops of two pipes sticking out of the ground1 from which issued a smoke or steam1 too hot to hold the hand in more than a few seconds4 ,going beyond through brushwood1 for a couple of hundred meters1 we came to the first glacire1 which was also the nearest to ,summit4 ,it faced almost due north and looked as if it was formerly the entrance to a mine4 ,it was fairly big1 and my companions assured me that1 until within about a year1 ice was always found in it4 ,recently1 however1 part1 of the rock roof fell in1 blocking up the entrance with a mass of dbris and making it unsafe to venture in4 ,formerly parties of tourists constantly visited this place1 after coming over the ,switchback1 but this is no longer done and there has been some talk of cleaning away the broken rocks and making the glacire accessible4 ,the men also said that occasionally people living in the neighborhood had dug out the ice for their own use4 ,the other glacire was a short distance further1 in the direction of ,coaldale4 ,it is in a pit1 which may have been the mouth of a disused shaft or only a depression resulting from a cave-in4 ,a scrubby forest1 which surrounds the hollow1 acts as a windbrake4 ,a rather steep slope leads down into the pit1 and at the end passes under the wall of rock of the opposite side for a short distance1 forming a small cave1 which faces almost due south and whose floor is choked up with broken rock fragments4 ,at the bottom of the slope we found some snow1 and among the boulders a good deal of snow-ice as well as several long icicles hanging from the rocks4 ,all the ice and snow lay on the north side of the rocks1 or underneath them1 so that it was in shady places where the sun could not reach it4 ,the temperature was not at all uncomfortable1 although somewhat cool and damp4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,vertical ,section of ,pit near ,summit4 ,there was nothing in either glacire1 to show that the ice was formed from any other cause than the drifting in1 and melting and refreezing of the winter's snow2 and my impression is that the ice in the second glacire could not last through the summer4 ,,the ,,snow ,,hole ,,near ,,williamstown4 ,the ,snow ,hole near ,williamstown 7,massachusetts7 is situated near the northern end of the ,petersburgh ,mountain of the ,taghconic ,range2 it is slightly below the watershed on the ,williamstown side1 at an altitude of about seven hundred meters4 ,the ,snow ,hole is in the ,state of ,new ,york1 near the boundary between ,new ,york and ,massachusetts4 ,it is a long two hours' drive from ,williamstown1 the last four kilometers or so1 over an exceedingly steep and rough road1 which is1 in fact1 nothing but an old logging road1 and the worst ,i ever drove over except the road to ,dmenyflva4 ,i visited the ,snow ,hole with my brother on ,friday1 ,september the #bith1 #ahii4 ,it is surrounded by a dense forest1 mainly of recent growth1 which thoroughly shelters it from all winds4 ,in shape and appearance it resembles the ,gorge at ,ellenville1 except that it is smaller3 its location on the ridge is not unlike that of the ,friedrichsteiner ,eishhle4 ,it is a narrow crack--or cave minus a roof--about fifteen meters long1 six to seven meters deep and from two to five meters wide4 ,it faces nearly north1 and the bottom is in perpetual shadow4 ,from the northern end1 a gentle slope leads to the rear4 ,the slope was a good deal blocked up by a big tree with large branches1 which had fallen directly into the fissure4 ,there was some moss or greenish mould on the rocks in places1 and at the rear end of the slope there were some fissures in the rocks1 into which one might perhaps have crawled a little farther1 which formed a tiny cave4 ,there was also a similar incipient cave at the northern end4 ,i could not detect any draughts issuing from these rock fissures1 and the air throughout was still1 although the wind was blowing hard on the ridge4 ,the rocks were moist in places and the air damp1 but there was neither snow nor ice and the temperatures were normal4 ,the driver told me that he had found plenty of snow in the base of the gorge some years ago in ,july2 and he said that he had always heard that snow was found in the ,snow ,hole all the year round4 ,all the conditions of the place1 the shape of the fissure1 and its sheltered northern exposition1 are favorable to the retention of ice and snow1 and it is not surprising that they remain over every spring4 ,,icy ,,gulf ,,near ,,great ,,barrington4 ,the ,icy ,gulf or ,icy ,glen is some eight kilometers from ,great ,barrington1 ,massachusetts4 ,i have not been in it1 but was told in ,october1 #ahii1 by the farmers living near by1 that after snowy winters1 ice remains over through ,july4 ,it must be similar to the ,icy ,glen at ,stockbridge4 ,,the ,,ice ,,bed ,,of ,,wallingford4 ,the ,ice ,bed of ,wallingford is situated about three kilometers to the east of ,wallingford1 ,vermont4 ,a drive of half an hour1 over the ,mount ,holly and ,hearburrow roads1 takes the visitor to the entrance of a rough wood path1 which1 at a distance of three or four hundred meters1 leads to the ,ice ,bed4 ,this is a huge talus1 at the base of the ,white ,rock ,mountain1 whose cliffs rise steeply overhead for some three or four hundred meters4 ,the talus1 which was doubtless formed by a great slide at some distant date1 consists of granite boulders1 some of which are big ones4 ,the ice-bearing portion may be some thirty or forty meters high vertically4 ,it lies in a sort of gully or rock basin1 and at the top is about thirty meters broad1 tapering to a point at the bottom4 ,the talus faces southward1 and during a good part of the day the sun shines full upon it4 ,a thin forest fringes the sides and grows round the bottom1 but this can afford but little protection from the winds1 especially to those from the south4 ,i visited this place on the #eth of ,october1 #ahii4 ,there was a distinct drop in temperature as we neared the base of the talus1 and a cool air drew gently down over the rocks4 ,i think slight draughts issued from some of the crevices2 but of this ,i am not sure4 ,the temperature was sub-normal1 about #h1 but hardly low enough to prove the presence of ice1 although we could see our breaths distinctly4 ,we looked carefully under a number of the boulders1 but neither ice nor snow was visible4 ,i was assured that ice was abundant there in the past ,july and ,august1 and ,i should think it had melted away only shortly before my visit4 ,my impression is1 that this is a periodic glacire4 ,,caves ,,near ,,williamstown4 ,on the eastern slope of the ,petersburgh ,mountain of the ,taghconic ,range in ,massachusetts1 at a good deal lower altitude than the ,williamstown ,snow ,hole and about southeast of it are some caverns1 which are but little known4 ,a five or six kilometer drive from ,williamstown takes the visitor to the base of the mountain1 whence a rather steep ascent of about a kilometer and a half brings him to the caves1 which are in the midst of a dense1 scrub forest4 ,the caves were first entered1 and possibly discovered1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,williams1 of ,williamstown1 when a boy4 ,since then1 he has visited them many times and explored them a good deal4 ,they do not appear to have any name as yet1 and it would seem only fitting to christen them after their explorer3 the ,williams ,caves4 ,there are several unimportant holes in the immediate neighborhood of the two main caves4 ,the latter lie side by side4 ,the rock formation is the same as that of the ,snow ,hole1 a dark gray slate with a few veins of quartz1 and they are due also evidently to the same geological causes4 ,it would seem as though the mountain had tended to open or crack at these spots and fallen apart4 ,this seems probable1 because wherever there is a projection on one side of the cracks1 there is a corresponding hollow in the opposite side4 ,after this1 water action has come1 and erosion and corrosion have worn out and carried away earthy matter1 and slowly deepened and widened the fissures4 ,the remarkable point in connection with the main caves1 however1 is that one is a normal cave and the other a periodic glacire4 ,i went with ,mr4 ,williams to these caves on the #fth of ,october1 #ahii1 and partially explored the glacire4 ,on the way up1 just as we left the carriage road1 a fine1 three-year-old buck1 in his winter coat1 came bounding out of the forest2 on seeing us he stopped1 and after taking a good look1 quietly trotted off into the bushes4 ,the glacire is rather peculiar in shape and may be described as two storied4 ,a long slope1 set at an angle of some forty degrees1 and covered with mud and dead leaves1 leads down into the crack1 which is from one to three meters in width4 ,the first half of the slope is open to the sky2 the last half is covered by the rock roof1 and is a real cave4 ,in this the floor is horizontal1 the place forming a little chamber in which the daylight has almost vanished4 ,at the exact summit of the slope a big tree grew most conveniently2 and we tied to this one end of a twenty-meter ,austrian ,alpine ,club rope1 and by holding fast to it1 and kneeling or sitting down in the mud in two or three places1 the descent was easy enough4 ,it was rather difficult to scramble up the slope again1 however4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,vertical ,section of ,freezing ,cave near ,williamstown4 ,in the floor of the little chamber there are two holes1 and1 stepping over these1 we stood at the rear end1 about eighteen meters distant from the beginning of the slope4 ,my companion now set some birchbark on fire and dropped it into the innermost hole1 and we laid down in turn1 flat on the rock floor1 and craned our necks through the hole4 ,mr4 ,williams thought he could see ice below us4 ,i looked down after him and found that ,i was looking into a lower chamber whose sides were invisible4 ,the floor was some three meters below vertically1 and on this the birchbark was burning brightly4 ,i think ,i saw some ice1 but ,i could not be sure1 as there was too much smoke to see distinctly4 ,my companion offered to go down through the hole and get some ice2 a proposition ,i promptly vetoed1 as had anything gone wrong1 ,i could not possibly have given him any assistance1 as there was no extra rope4 ,mr4 ,williams told me that he went down several times before in ,july or ,august1 and always found ice on the slanting floor4 ,he said he did not know how far this lower chamber extended1 nor the length of the ice floor4 ,one thing which makes me hesitate to think that we saw ice was1 that the temperature of the chamber where we were was not at all icy2 but probably--,i had forgotten my thermometer--nearly normal4 ,when we stood once more by the tree at the top of the slope1 the mouth of another cave was visible about two meters below us4 ,mr4 ,williams said it had never looked more than a little crack before1 and that the opening was much bigger than at his last visit4 ,it was directly under the slope by which we descended and it vanished into darkness4 ,its direction led straight towards the lower chamber1 and it almost surely leads to it4 ,it seems thus that there are two hollows1 one directly above the other2 and that the lower one is a glacire1 while the upper one is not4 ,the cold air of winter would naturally sink into the lower chamber1 and the spring thaws would furnish plenty of drip1 so that this place seems to answer every requirement of a cave glacire4 ,but the most interesting fact about these caves is that1 while the shallower one is a glacire1 the bigger and deeper one is not4 ,this is situated about ten meters north of the glacire and the direction of the entrance is about the same4 ,mr4 ,williams has found snow and ice in ,may in the entrance pit as far as the daylight goes1 but none beyond4 ,i am inclined to think that the explanation of this is the fact that the cave is a ganghhle or tunnel cave4 ,mr4 ,williams described it as a narrow passage with chambers1 and at least a hundred meters long1 and fifty meters in depth below the surface4 ,the cold air sinks in a certain distance1 but as the passage is narrow and long1 and too winding for any strong draughts1 the cold air which enters is soon neutralized by the supply of warmer air within and by contact with the rocks4 ,i cannot help thinking that it is by some such explanation that we must hope to solve the problem of why certain caves are glacires and others in the immediate neighborhood normal caves2 and the caves near ,williamstown are exceptional in presenting the problem so patently4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,the ,,causes ,,of ,,subterranean ,,ice4 ,,the ,,causes ,,of ,,subterranean ,,ice4 ,i4 ,terminology4--,ice enduring the entire year is found1 in temperate latitudes1 in a variety of forms and in several different kinds of places4 ,in some cases it is entirely above the surface of the earth2 in others it is entirely beneath the surface of the earth4 ,these are the extremes1 and between them there are certain intermediate forms4 ,the perennial ice above ground of temperate regions has gradually become known in ,english by the ,french word glacier1 but strange to say1 there is no term in use in ,english which accurately describes the perennial ice formations which are partially or completely underground4 ,thus the term ice cave is applied to a rock cavern containing ice1 and the term ice gorge to a rock gorge containing ice4 ,both terms are misleading1 because the character of the contents is mentioned before the nature of the geological formation4 ,we say correctly enough limestone cave or lava cave and1 in my opinion1 we should apply the term ice cave in a similar manner to the hollows in the ice at the lower end of glaciers1 whence the glacier waters make their exit4 ,these are really ice caves1 that is caves with sides and roof made of ice4 ,another trouble of the term ice cave1 as applied to rock formations containing ice1 is that it is not generic3 not only is it incorrect1 but also it is not comprehensive4 ,it does not apply to mines1 tunnels1 wells1 gullies1 boulder taluses1 or underground ice sheets4 ,if ice cave is used1 except in its true sense of glacier ice cave1 it seems at least as though it should be so only for real caves which retain ice1 as opposed to taluses and wells4 ,curiously enough1 the ,germans are just as inaccurate as ourselves1 for their terms eishhle and eisloch are absolute translations of our ice cave and ice hole4 ,indeed1 there is no doubt that some of the incorrect notions about subterranean ice formations1 are due to the inaccuracy of the terminology4 ,the only language1 so far as ,i know1 which has a correct and really generic term for subterranean ice formations1 is the ,french in its word glacire4 ,the ,french and ,swiss say glacires naturelles of ice deposits formed naturally underground2 and glacires artificielles of ice houses4 ,glacire naturelle is comprehensive and accurate4 ,it covers all the rock formations and suggests also the mode of formation of the ice4 ,it likewise implies the strong resemblance between natural ice deposits and artificial ice houses4 ,it might be well1 therefore1 if the ,french term glacire were adopted as a generic term for all underground ice formations4 ,as1 however1 there is little likelihood of this happening1 the question arises as to the best ,english equivalent or equivalents4 ,these seem to be freezing cavern1 freezing talus1 etc41 natural refrigerator or subterranean ice formation4 ,natural refrigerator and subterranean ice formation are more generic than freezing cavern1 freezing well1 etc42 but the latter have the advantage of suggesting immediately that reference is made to the hollows of the earth which at times contain ice2 and1 therefore1 they are the best terms1 perhaps1 which can be chosen in ,english4 ,another point in the terminology of this subject has reference to subterranean hollows where draughts issue or enter4 ,such hollows are found in all parts of the world and are known usually in ,english as blowing caves or cold current caves4 ,the ,germans speak of them as windrhren or windlcher4 ,in my first paper about caves1#ab ,i used the word windhole which ,i translated from the ,german4 ,the term windhole seems to me preferable to blowing cave or cold current cave in that it is more generic4 ,it applies to taluses or boulder heaps1 or in fact1 to any hollows where draughts issue or enter1 whether these hollows are genuine caverns or not4 #ab ,ice ,caves and the ,causes of ,subterranean ,ice1 ,november #ahif1 and ,march #ahig4 ,it is necessary also to explain here that glacire and windhole are not synonymous terms4 ,it must be understood that a glacire or natural refrigerator is a place where ice forms and endures in a subterranean or semi-subterranean situation2 and that the presence of ice is the criterion of whether a place is or is not a glacire4 ,likewise it must be understood that a windhole or blowing cave is an underground hollow with at least two openings1 and in which distinct draughts occur2 and that the presence of draughts is necessary to constitute a place a windhole or blowing cave4 ,a freezing cavern may or may not be a windhole1 and a windhole may or may not be a freezing cavern4 ,temperatures4--,the phenomena of glacires are so closely connected with temperatures that it seems necessary at this point to mention some general facts in connection with subterranean temperatures1 even if these still form a subject of some uncertainty1 and one about which further observation is desirable4 ,subterranean temperatures may be grouped under three heads3 #a1 ,ordinary or normal temperatures2 #b1 ,temperatures above the normal or super-normal temperatures2 #c1 ,temperatures below the normal or sub-normal temperatures4 #a4 ,in the great majority of caves1 cellars and subterranean places of all descriptions1 the temperature of the air is about the same1 all the year round1 as that of the ground4 ,the frost of winter and the heat of summer penetrate the earth for some trivial distance1 a few meters perhaps1 and lower or raise the temperature of the ground temporarily4 ,below this there is a stratum where the temperature is found to vary but little the entire year and which1 in a majority of cases1 approximates the mean annual temperature of the district4 ,below this invariable stratum1 the temperature generally rises slowly1 not at exactly the same rate everywhere1 but in a regular increase4 ,this increase of temperature averages #a ,c4 for every #cb meters4 ,as most caves and cellars are of small depth and as they take their temperatures from that of the ground1 it follows that as a rule their temperatures are moderate and pleasant4 ,and as the air of the majority of caves and subterranean hollows is about the same as the temperature of the surrounding rock1 it is correct to call subterranean air temperatures closely approximating the ordinary temperature of the ground1 ordinary or normal temperatures4 ,as already stated1 with an increase of depth1 there is1 in almost all cases1 a regular increase of temperature4 ,for this reason1 mines1 which are much the deepest hollows reached by man in the surface of the earth1 are1 as a rule1 warmer in the lower levels3 if deep1 they are also hot4 ,and this is so generally the case that warmer temperatures at the bottom of mines may be considered as normal4 #b4 ,in a few hollows close to the surface1 there are temperatures much above the normal temperature of the ground4 ,such places are rare and abnormal4#ac ,the heat is generally due to the presence of hot springs or to some volcanic action in the immediate neighborhood4 ,in the case of one cave close to the surface1 the heat is due to some limekilns which are situated immediately overhead4#ad ,where these warm hollows are genuine caves it seems proper to call them hot caves4 #ac ,kraus4 ,hhlenkunde1 page #hf4 #ad ,grotte du ,jaur4 ,les ,abimes1 page #afj4 #c4 ,in a number of places1 there are abnormally low temperatures underground either for the whole or only for part of the year4 ,although commoner than hot caves1 yet the underground places with low temperatures are also rare and abnormal4 ,they may be divided into two groups3 #a1 ,those where the temperatures are lower than the normal1 without becoming low enough for ice to form2 and #b1 ,those where the temperature sinks so low1 that ice forms4 ,it is difficult to make definite divisions among the various forms of natural refrigerators1 but it is correct1 probably1 to classify them under five heads1 in accordance with the different kinds of formations of the hollows in the rocks3 #a4 ,gullies1 gorges1 and troughs where ice and snow remain4 #b4 ,soil or rocks overlaying ice sheets4 #c4 ,taluses and boulder heaps retaining ice4 #d4 ,wells1 mines and tunnels in which ice sometimes forms4 #e4 ,caves with abnormally low temperatures1 and often containing ice4 #a4 ,gorges and ,troughs4--,gullies1 gorges and basins which retain snow and ice are fairly numerous in mountain districts4 ,they are generally ravines1 or rock fissures1 or hollows1 in positions below the snow line where snow and ice are sufficiently protected1 from sun and wind1 to remain long after snow in the surrounding open country1 at the same altitude1 has melted away4 ,some of these gorges are small1 some big4 ,as a rule1 they are deep and narrow4 ,in north-eastern ,siberia1 a form of permanent surface ice is found1 which the ,tungusses speak of as tarinnen1 which means ice troughs or ice valleys4#ae ,these tarinnen are broad valleys1 with either a horizontal floor or one sloping gently in the form of a trough1 over which the ice is spread in the form of a sheet4 ,the ,tungusses assert that the ice in some of these troughs never wholly melts away1 although it lessens in quantity from the beginning of ,may till the end of ,august1 after which it once more increases4 #ae ,bulletin de la classe physico-mathmatique de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sciences de ,st4 ,ptersbourg4 #ahec4 ,vol4 ,,xi1 pages #cje-caf4 ,subterranean ,ice ,sheets4--,in several places in different parts of the world there are underground ice sheets which extend over large spaces2 they are common under the tundras of ,alaska2 and there are fine examples on ,kotzebue ,sound1#af on the ,kowak ,river1#ag and along the ,yukon ,river4#ah ,the ,ice ,spring in ,oregon seems to be a formation of the same kind4 ,several examples of these subterranean ice sheets are reported also from different parts of the ,russian ,empire4 #af ,see ,part ,,iii3 page #afg4 #ag ,see ,part ,,iii3 page #afg4 #ah ,see ,part ,,iii3 page #aff4 ,a somewhat different kind of ice sheet was observed on ,mount ,etna4 ,sir ,charles ,lyell#ai speaks of it as a glacier preserved by a covering of lava4 ,he says ,signor ,mario ,gemmellaro satisfied himself that nothing but a flowing of lava over snow could account for the position of the glacier4 ,ice sheets somewhat similar to these are reported from ,tierra del ,fuego1#bj and probably also such sheets occur in ,iceland2 and enormous heaps of ice covered with sand are found on ,mount ,chimborazo4#ba ,on the northwestern coast of ,greenland1 glaciers1 whose flow has stopped1 were observed buried under an accumulation of moss and grass4#bb #ai ,principles of ,geology1 #aath ,edition1 ,chap4 ,,xxvi4 #bj ,see ,part ,,iii3 page #aij4 #ba ,see ,part ,,iii3 page #ahi4 #bb ,see ,part ,,iii3 page #afe4 ,taluses and ,boulder ,heaps4--,taluses and broken debris1 and in general boulder heaps of all sorts1 have interstices and openings between the boulders1 and in these it occasionally happens that ice is found4 ,this is most common among the taluses at the base of cliffs1 but in some cases ice is found among broken rocks on the sides of gently sloping hills1 or even on the plateaus of their summits4 ,sometimes the ice and snow on the bottom of rock gorges all melts away1 while further down1 in the hollows of the boulders forming the floor1 ice still remains4 ,the rocks of which these ice bearing taluses are formed are generally gneiss1 granite1 limestone1 sandstone1 basalt or porphyry4 ,among such boulder taluses the phenomenon designated as ,windrhren or ,ventarolen1 that is1 windholes1 is frequently found4 ,sometimes the air among such boulder formations is quiet1 but as a general thing draughts pour out at the lower openings during the hot months1 and blow into them during the cold ones4 ,freezing ,wells1 ,mines and ,tunnels4--,subterranean ice is also found in certain places in connection with man's handiwork4 ,in a few wells in the ,united ,states1 the temperature in winter becomes abnormally low1 and for four or five months these wells freeze up and become useless4 ,a case of a freezing well was recently observed near la ,fert ,milon in ,central ,france4#bc ,ice is reported also as forming in various mines in ,europe1 ,asia and ,america2 in fact1 it is not an uncommon occurrence4 ,occasionally1 also1 ice forms in tunnels4 #bc ,see ,part ,i43 pages #gd1 #gi1 #hi4 ,part ,,iii43 page #bjf4 ,cold ,caves4--,caves with abnormally low temperatures may be divided into two classes4 ,first1 caves where the temperatures are lower than the normal1 without becoming low enough for ice to form2 and second1 caves where the temperatures sink so low1 that ice forms4 ,caves where the temperatures sink below the normal1 but in which ice does not form either in winter or in summer1 are found in several places in different parts of the world4 ,they are termed in ,french cavernes froides and in ,german kalte hhlen4 ,there are but few data from reliable observers about such cold caves4 ,some descriptions are given without thermometric measurements1 and the statements that the caves are cold1 mean nothing beyond the fact that they feel colder than the outside air4 ,it is1 however1 conclusively proved that cold caves exist1 and that while they are not freezing caverns1 yet that they have a temperature lower than the mean annual temperature of their district4 ,in fact1 the assumption1 which had passed into an axiom1 that caves always have the same temperatures as the mean annual temperature of the district1 must certainly be given up4 ,cold caves are generally in one of two shapes3 #a1 in the shape of a sand glass1--two cones above each other meeting at the narrowest point--where the upper cone lets the heavy cold air descend easily1 while the lower bell shaped cone prevents its escape2 and #b1 where two sink holes open into one pit1 which is in the shape of a bell4#bd #bd ,les ,abimes1 page #efc4 ,glacire ,caves or ,freezing ,caves4--,caves where the temperatures sink so low that ice is able to form1 are found in many different rock formations and in various positions1 shapes and sizes4 ,the rock formation of freezing caverns is generally limestone1 but sometimes it is marble1 lava1 basalt1 gneiss or granite4 ,in all cases1 however1 the rock is either porous or else it is broken and fissured1 as otherwise the water supply necessary to the formation of ice could not find its way in4 ,glacire caverns may1 for the sake of convenience1 be classified into several classes1 according to their position or to their form4 ,the lines of transition between them1 however1 are so indefinite in nature1 that it is often difficult to specify a cavern as belonging to any special type4 ,the most important factor in classifying glacire caves is their position4 ,under this head there are two main divisions3 first1 pit caves2 second1 cliff caves4 ,pit caves are those where a pit or pits open into the ground1 and the ice is found at the bottom4 ,sometimes there is no roof1 when the place may be called a gorge3 this occurs at ,ellenville1 where the roof has fallen4 ,again1 the pit itself is more or less roofed over and the ice is found mainly or wholly under the roof3 this is the case at ,haut d',aviernoz1 at the ,friedrichsteinerhhle1 at ,saint-,livres1 and at ,saint-,georges4 ,sometimes the pit takes the form of a descending tunnel1 leading into a hall or chamber1 in which the ice lies under a rock roof3 this happens at ,chaux-les-,passavant4 ,in all these pit caves the body of the cave is below the entrance1 and most of them are fairly well lighted by daylight throughout4 ,generally there is only one pit1 but occasionally there are two connected underground1 as is the case at ,la ,genollire4 ,cliff caves are those where the entrance is at the base or in the side of a cliff4 ,frequently the cave is in the shape of a hall or chamber1 which begins directly at the entrance1 and which may be large or small4 ,this kind always has a down slope directly from the mouth4 ,the ,kolowratshhle1 ,dbsina and the ,grand ,cave de ,montarquis may be mentioned as examples4 ,in some cases there is a pit at the base of a cliff and there is a slope leading down to the cave1 somewhat in the form of a tunnel3 this is the case at ,manchester and practically also at ,roth4 ,again there is a more or less long gallery between the entrance and the glacire1 which is always below the level of the entrance4 ,the ,schafloch1 ,dmenyflva and ,decorah may be cited as examples4 ,as a rule the gallery slopes down from the entrance1 but sometimes the floor rises and then sinks to the glacire4 ,the top of the entrance1 however1 is always higher than the highest point of the floor1 as otherwise the cold air could not get in4 ,this is the case at the ,frauenmauerhhle1 and1 apparently1 also at the ,posselthhle4 ,in one case1 at ,amarnath in ,kashmere1 the floor is said to rise to the roof at the back2 but as the entrance is nearly as big as the floor area1 the ice formations must also be below the level of the top of the entrance4 ,the dimensions of glacire caves vary greatly4 ,some are large1 others are small4 ,saint ,georges1 a roofed pit cave1 is some twenty-five meters by twelve meters1 with a depth of about twelve meters4 ,chaux-les-,passavant1 a cave at the end of a pit tunnel1 has a diameter of some twenty-seven meters4 ,the measures of ,dbsina1 a cave at the bottom of a cliff1 are given as follows3 ,height of roof above ice floor1 #aj to #aa meters2 length #abj meters2 breadth1 #ce to #fj meters1 and surface about #dfdd meters4 ,the ,frauenmauerhhle is a gallery about one hundred meters long before the ice floor is reached1 and this is some fifty meters more in length by about seven meters in width4 ,the glacire cave near ,frain1 on the contrary1 is so small that one can only crawl in some two or three meters4 ,in fact1 glacire caves vary in size between great halls and little tunnels where one cannot stand up straight4 ,the entrances of glacire caves also vary greatly in their dimensions4 ,for instance1 the ,friedrichsteinerhhle is on one side of a huge pit and is as large and deep as the pit4 ,saint ,georges1 on the contrary1 has1 near one end of the roof1 a couple of holes1 some three meters in diameter4 ,the entrance to the ,schafloch is four meters wide by four meters seventy centimeters high1 while the entrance to ,roth is not over one meter each way4 ,a classification of subterranean ice formations1 and one which applies to all the different forms1 is into permanent and periodic glacires4 ,when in any underground spot1 ice remains throughout the year1 the place may be called a permanent glacire2 when on the contrary the ice melts away for part of the year1 the place may be called a periodic glacire4 ,this classification1 which several observers have used already1 is convenient and valuable4 ,movements of ,air4--,another classification of glacires can be made in accordance with the movements of air underground4 ,glacires may be divided into those where there are no strong draughts in summer and those where there are draughts3 or into apparently static caves2 and dynamic caves or windholes4 ,the first class includes those caves where there is one or more openings close together and those above the body of the cave4 ,in such hollows the air in summer is nearly still1 while in winter there are distinct rotary movements of the air as soon as the temperature outside is lower than that within4 ,almost all glacire caves belong to this class of caves without strong draughts in summer4 ,sometimes1 however1 ice is found in hollows where there are two or more openings1 at different altitudes and at different ends of the hollow1 and where there are draughts4 ,occasionally1 also1 there are fissures in the sides or rear of apparently static caves1 which allow something like draughts at times1 as is the case at the ,grand ,cave de ,montarquis4 ,professor ,thury of ,geneva coined the terms static cave and dynamic cave which have come largely into use since1 and which practically correspond to the ,german terms eishhle and windrhre4 ,i do not think the term static cave accurate1 and prefer the term apparently static cave or cave without distinct draughts4 ,for although there are many caves where the air seems stagnant at times1 and there are no distinct perceptible draughts1 still that the air is really stagnant all summer appears to me doubtful1 and it seems as if the movements of air were distinctly apparent only in certain caves and not in others4 ,air which is apparently stagnant is found in both pit and cliff caves mainly in the summer months1 but even in these ,i have noticed several times in summer slight movements of air1 especially near the entrance4 ,i could not exactly feel the air moving1 but by lighting a cigar the smoke could be seen borne outwards exceedingly slowly4 ,at the entrance of the ,kolowratshhle ,i think there was a faint outward current when ,i was there4 ,the day was hot and windless1 and as the cold air met the hot outside air it formed a faint cloud or mist at the mouth of the cavern4 ,at ,saint-,georges1 although the air seemed tranquil1 ,i found that the smoke of my cigar ascended rapidly just below the hole in the roof1 showing an ascending air current4 ,in the double cave of ,chapuis1 ,i found one cavern filled by a little lake over which there was a draught4#be #be ,see ,part ,,iv43 ,butler1 page #cjh4 ,from the few winter observations we have1 there can be no doubt that in winter the movements of the atmosphere are lively1 the break in the air column occurring as soon as the outside temperature is lower than that within1 when the outer air immediately begins to sink into the cave4#bf #bf ,see ,part ,,iii43 ,chaux-les-,passavant1 page #bjc2 ,saint-,georges1 page #bbj4 ,if ,i have doubts as to the existence of absolutely static caves1 it is different about dynamic caves4 ,when a subterranean hollow goes through rocks1 with one opening higher than the other1 there will surely be distinct draughts4 ,these dynamic caves exist in many parts of the world under such names as cold current caves or blowing caves or windholes4 ,sometimes they are fissures in broken limestone4 ,often they are the cracks between piles of boulders4 ,a cool air generally pours from the lower opening in summer while the cold air pours into it in winter1 the draught being then reversed4 ,at the upper opening the operation takes place in the opposite way1 the hot air being sucked in in summer1 and given out in winter4 ,sometimes1 however1 changes take place1 according to the differences in the outside temperature1 in the direction of the air current in the course of a single day4 ,the causes of the movements of air in these windholes are exceedingly simple4 ,the movements of air depend on the fact that in summer the air in the tube becomes colder from contact with the rocks and1 therefore1 heavier than the air outside1 and by gravity the heavy inside air displaces the lighter outside air and comes rushing out at the lower opening4 ,this leaves a vacuum1 which is filled by the warmer air dropping into the tube from above4 ,in winter on the contrary1 the air within the tube is warmed by contact with the rocks and becomes lighter than the air outside4 ,it1 therefore1 rises and streams out from the upper opening1 and the vacuum is filled by the heavy cold air pushing in at the lower opening4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,vertical ,section of a ,windhole4 ,g4 ,f4 ,parrot's#bg explanation is so satisfactory that ,i give it with one or two changes4 ,he considers the air movements an ordinary statical phenomenon of the air1 in caves which have two openings at different altitudes4 ,let ,e ,g ,d represent the section of such a cave with the openings ,a and ,b4 ,let us think that there are over ,c and ,b two vertical air columns and from ,b to ,c a horizontal air column ,b ,c2 then the two air columns over ,b and ,c are at all times of the year equal in weight4 ,not so the air columns ,a ,c and ,a ,e ,g ,d ,b1 because their temperatures are different4 ,assume the temperature in the cave ,g is #ab the whole year round4 ,if in summer the air column ,a ,c is at a temperature of #be1 then the heavy air in the cave ,g pours out through ,a and is replaced by air flowing in through ,b4 ,if in winter the air column ,a ,c is at a temperature of -#a1 then the air pours with equal inverse velocity at ,a into the cave1 and out at ,b4 ,the velocity of the current in both cases depends on the difference of temperature within and without4 #bg ,grundriss der ,physik der ,erde und ,geologie1 #ahae1 pages #ib-ii4 ,the foregoing explanation makes it evident that the movements of air in these windholes do not depend on the presence of ice4 ,in many of those ,i have examined myself there was no ice visible1 and from the temperature of the air current1 there could not have been any ice within the mountain4 ,still1 there are numerous cases where ice is found in windholes among boulders1 and a few cases where windholes exist in connection with apparently static glacire caves4 ,undoubtedly the great majority of windholes do not contain ice in summer1 or1 indeed1 at any time of the year1 and1 as far as ,i can see1 windholes1 according to their temperatures1 belong rather to the class of normal caves than to that of glacires4 ,forms of ,ice4--,almost all the forms assumed by underground ice are different from those assumed by overground ice4 ,this is not surprising1 as the conditions1 under which the ice is formed1 are so different4 ,almost all the lines of underground ice are rounded4 ,the sharp angles and fractures visible on glacier or iceberg are absent4 ,instead of seracs and crevasses1 broken ice falls1 or piled up ice floes1 we have hanging stalactites and rising stalagmites1 smooth ice floors and curved ice slopes4 ,this difference is of course due to the fact that most subterranean ice is formed from the drip from the roof or the sides of caves1 and because the factor of motion--which plays so large a part in the shaping by fracture of overground ice--is practically wanting4 ,the most striking forms of subterranean ice are the ice stalactites and stalagmites4 ,they descend from the roof as icicles or rise from it as rough cones or pyramids4 ,the icicles are of all sorts of shapes and sizes3 sometimes they are tiny2 sometimes they grow downward till they reach the floor and form regular columns1 in some cases no less than eleven meters in height4 ,the ice stalagmites likewise are of all sorts of shapes and sizes1 some of them growing to a height of seven or eight meters4 ,occasionally they have hollow bases1 but this is rare4 ,how these hollow cones are formed is a still uncertain matter2 but it is in some way by the action of the drip4 ,at the ,kolowratshhle ,i saw the drip from the roof cutting out in ,july the basin1 whose tall remaining sides suggested that early in the spring it was probably a hollow cone4 ,the cone at the ,schafloch of which ,i saw one half remaining1 could only be accounted for by some action from the drip4#bh ,the warmth of the rock floor may help perhaps also1 in melting away some of the base of the hollow columns4 #bh ,see ,part ,,iv43 ,thury1 page #bhg2 ,browne1 page #bij4 ,the frozen waterfalls which issue from fissures in the rock walls of caves are another form of ice seen only below ground4 ,for lack of a better name1 ,i call them fissure columns4 ,a peculiarity of these is that1 while the rock fissure is more or less rectangular or at least sharp angled1 the ice column issues in a rounded stream4 ,sometimes these fissure columns stream over the rock2 sometimes they spring out far enough from the rock to be quite away from it4 ,they vary from about one to five meters in height1 and at the base they almost always spread out in a shape resembling that of a fan4 ,the ice on the bottom of caverns of course takes its shape from the form and angles of the floor of the caves4 ,if the bottom is level or nearly so1 the ice lies on it as a sheet or floor4 ,if the bottom of the cave is sloping1 the ice follows the angles of the slope1 forming an ice slope or ice wall1 and sometimes becoming nearly or quite vertical4 ,these ice slopes distantly resemble the portions of glaciers called an ice fall1 with the great difference1 however1 that there are no crevasses1 not even tiny ones4 ,occasionally1 slabs of ice are found reposing in a fractured sheet over a solid ice floor4 ,this means that a lake has formed on this spot in the spring1 frozen over1 and then run off1 leaving its frozen surface in broken pieces on top of the under ice4 ,another kind of frozen water is the hoar frost which forms on the rock roofs and walls4 ,this is not at all rare4 ,it is an open question whether this is not the same thing as that which has been described as subterranean snow4#bi ,i found myself in ,dbsina a small sheet of what to look and touch was snow4 ,i wrote of this as snow in my first paper about glacires#cj1 but ,i am of the opinion now that it was the hoar frost detached from the roof and not genuine snow4 #bi ,see ,part ,,iii43 ,ziegenloch1 page #bdg2 ,creux de ,souci1 page #bjg4 #cj ,ice ,caves and the ,causes of ,subterranean ,ice1 ,november1 #ahif1 and ,march1 #ahig4 ,at ,dbsina1 also1 ,i noticed that the ice of the ice wall of the ,korridor assumed a stratified or laminated form4 ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,lewis of ,philadelphia suggested to me that this was probably due to a precipitation of the hoar frost from the roof1 and ,i think his explanation is correct4 ,the hoar frost forming at a certain degree of cold1 would doubtless be precipitated at a rise of temperature1 and would then act much as do the different layers of snow in the upper portion of glaciers4#ca ,it would consolidate gradually1 layer over layer1 and form strata1 producing the banded or laminated structure visible in the vertical ice of the ,dbsina ,korridor4 #ca ,whymper3 ,scrambles amongst the ,alps1 #ahga1 page #dbf4 ,the ice in caverns is sometimes found with a structure which is1 ,i believe1 of rare occurrence above ground4 ,this is when it takes the shape known as prismatic ice1 which means that if a lump is broken from a column or icicle1 the fracture will show regular prisms4 ,this phenomenon is not as yet satisfactorily accounted for2 the only thing certain about it is1 that it does not occur in ice of recent formation4 ,from my own observations1 ,i should say that ice became prismatic at the end of summer2 at least ,i have always found it in ,august or ,september rather than in ,june or ,july4#cb #cb ,see ,part ,,iv43 ,browne1 page #bhi2 ,lohmann1 page #cjc4 ,besides building up ice heaps1 the drip1 also1 has the function of destroying its own creations4 ,if there are no crevasses1 there are holes and runnels4 ,these are generally found at or leading to the lowest point of the ice floor4 ,occasionally the holes are deep1 sometimes many meters in depth4 ,they are certainly cut out by the melting water1 to which they offer an exit2 in fact they are a part of the drainage system present in all glacire caves1 where there must be some outlet for surplus water at or near the lowest point3 and as the caves are always in porous or broken rock1 the drainage takes place through the cracks and fissures4 ,the drip produces also the exact opposite of pyramids in the shape of ice basins4 ,these are cut in the floor by an extra strong drip from the roof at those spots4 ,basins exactly like these are not seen on glaciers4 ,not infrequently they are full of water of considerable depth4 ,lakes and pools are found in glacire caves4 ,sometimes they are on the ice floor1 and in this case they are due either to rain-water collecting faster than it can flow off1 or else because the cave is in a state of thaw4 ,sometimes these pools are among the rocks in one part of a cave1 while the ice is in another part4 ,i have said above that motion in subterranean ice is practically wanting4 ,this is proved by the lack of crevasses on the ice slopes or ice walls1 and also by the fact that basins and cones appear year after year in the same spots1 where they remain whether they are increasing or diminishing4 ,but this statement cannot be held to cover the entrance snow and ice slopes of some of the open pit caves such as the ,gottscheer cave1 or ,saint-,livres or ,haut d',aviernoz4 ,here the snow1 which falls on the entrance slope1 must gradually gravitate to the bottom4 ,the question is whether it only descends in the shape of water after melting or as snow before solidifying2 or whether it ever slides down at all after becoming somewhat solidified4 ,probably1 however1 the ice of these slopes1 judging from the fact that crevasses are entirely lacking1 remains stationary4 ,color ,effects4--,the color effect of every glacire cavern has a certain individuality1 according to the color of the rocks1 the quantity of ice1 and the amount of daylight admitted through the entrance4 ,in my opinion1 the white note given by the ice1 makes a fine glacire cave the most beautiful of all subterranean hollows4 ,in this respect it seems to me that they are similar to high ,alps1 which are certainly most impressive with coverings of snow and glacier4 ,there are1 however1 two distinct notes in the color effects of glacire caves and these may be described as the partly subterranean1 or as the wholly subterranean4 ,in the former case the local tints stand out more clearly4 ,for instance1 at the ,kolowratshhle the ice is beautifully transparent and of a pale ochre-greenish hue3 the limestone rocks are streaked with iron1 and thus have a reddish hue1 while1 owing to the entrance admitting plenty of daylight1 the effect is only semi-subterranean4 ,again1 at ,chaux-les-,passavant plenty of daylight is admitted3 the rocks are a yellowish brown1 and the ice is white and blue4 ,at the ,schafloch or the ,frauenmauer1 on the contrary1 the effect is wholly subterranean3 daylight is so completely absent that black is the predominating note1 the ice itself looking gray4 ,dbsina is an exception1 as1 thanks to the electric light1 white is the conspicuous tone1 even though rocks and shadows dull many places and corners into a sombre gray4 ,more than once1 on returning to daylight from the intense blackness of a cave1 ,i have seen the rocks near the entrance appear a dark blue color1 exactly simulating moonlight4 ,this effect is common to both glacire caves and ordinary caverns4 ,it is a striking but rare phenomenon1 and depends apparently on the shape of the cave4 ,this moonlight effect only seems to occur when a cave makes an elbow directly after the mouth and then goes straight for some distance4 ,when the daylight is actually in sight1 the moonlight impression vanishes4 ,carbonic ,acid ,gas4--,carbonic acid gas1 judging from the most recent explorations1 is more of a rarity in rock caves with normal temperatures than is generally supposed4 ,there appears to be only one case on record where this gas was observed in a cold cave4 ,this was in the ,creux-de-,souci1#cc which is rather a cold than a freezing cavern1 but which on one occasion was found to contain snow1 and whose temperature is always extremely low4 ,from the present state of knowledge1 therefore1 it may be assumed that if carbonic acid gas does form in glacire caves1 it does so only seldom4 #cc ,see ,part ,,iii43 page #bjg4 ,fauna4--,no attention whatever has been paid1 practically as yet1 as to whether any distinctive animal life exists in glacires4 ,so far1 ,i have seen none myself4 ,the ,rev4 ,g4 ,f4 ,browne1 in four instances1 found a large red-brown fly nearly an inch long1 which is supposed to be ,stenophylax ,hieroglyphicus of ,stephens2 and at ,chapuis1 he obtained an ichneumon of the genus ,paniscus4 ,at ,font d',urle1 ,monsieur ,villard captured a blind specimen of a coleoptera1 ,cytodromus dapsodes4 ,a variety of rotifer1 ,notholca longispina1 is now living in the ,creux-de-,souci4 ,in ,skerisora1 remains of bats have been found1 not very different from those now living in the neighborhood4#cd ,it is1 in any case1 certainly remarkable that the same kind of fly should have been discovered in several glacires in different localities2 and it may some day be shown that there is a special insect fauna4 ,certainly the subject is worth investigating4#ce #cd ,see ,part ,i43 ,ausable ,pond1 page #ha1 and ,part ,,iii43 ,creux-de-,souci1 page #bjg2 ,font d',urle1 page #bac2 ,chapuis1 page #baf2 ,la ,genollire1 page #bai2 ,skerisora1 page #bde4 #ce ,in ,june1 #ahii1 ,i mentioned these facts to ,monsieur ,armand ,vir1 director of the ,biologic ,laboratory in the catacombs of the ,jardin des ,plantes in ,paris4 ,he was much interested1 and promised to make a careful investigation of the matter4 ,flora4--,the flora of glacires has been as little observed as the fauna4 ,there are scarcely any references to such a thing as glacire plant life in literature4 ,whether there is a special flora in any glacire cave is still an open question4 ,in the cases of several boulder taluses1 there is no doubt that1 even if there is not a special flora1 at least that the plants near the ice beds are greatly retarded every year in their development4 ,probably the flora among the boulders blooms a month or six weeks later than the flora in the immediate vicinity4 ,in the cases of the ,cave of ,paradana and of the ,kuntschner ,eishhle it is reported that the plant life becomes more and more arctic in character towards the bottom of the pit4#cf #cf ,see ,part ,i43 ,ausable ,pond1 page #hj2 ,giant of the ,valley1 page #hc1 note #g2 ,ice ,gulch1 page #he2 ,spruce ,creek1 page #ia4 ,see ,part ,,iii3 ,spruce ,creek1 page #ahh2 ,paradana1 page #bcg2 ,kuntschner ,eishhle1 page #bda4 ,paleontology4--,no paleontological remains have as yet been reported from glacire caves4 ,no bones of animals have been found1 except those of bats in ,skerisora#cg and a few of the common genus bos4#ch ,no relics of the handiwork of man have been discovered2 nor1 indeed1 with the exception of the skeletons found in the cave of ,yeermallik in ,kondooz1#ci anything which reveals the presence of man in glacires or that they were ever used for habitation4 ,the reason that there are so few remains in glacire caves is undoubtedly because their temperatures are too low for their occupation by animal or man2 but1 from the evidence afforded by their non-occupation1 may be drawn the valuable inference that the glacire caves of to-day were glacire caves long ago4 #cg ,see ,part ,,iii43 ,skerisora1 page #bde4 #ch ,see ,part ,i43 ,saint-,livres1 page #fh4 #ci ,see ,part ,,iii43 ,yeermallik1 page #bfa4 ,legends and ,religion4--,there are scarcely any legends connected with glacires4 ,i know only of one about one of the caves of the ,mont ,parmelan4#dj ,nor does there seem to be any reference to glacire caves in works of fiction4 ,dante makes his last hell full of an ice lake1 but an attentive perusal fails to reveal a single line which in any way describes or suggests a glacire4 ,in at least two cases1#da however1 the ice in caves is connected with religion1 as in ,kashmere1 the ,hindoos1 and in ,arizona1 the ,zuni ,indians1 either worship or pray at glacire caves1 overawed1 from some mystical feeling1 by the permanence of the ice formations which they connect with their deities4 #dj ,see ,part ,,iii43 ,glacire de l',enfer1 page #baf4 #da ,see ,part ,,iii43 ,amarnath1 page #bfb2 ,cave1 ,white ,mountains1 ,arizona1 page #agf4 ,,ii4 ,the cause of the formation of subterranean ice is undoubtedly one of the most intricate problems in connection with caverns4 ,various theories have been advanced why ice is found in certain caves and not in others4 ,some writers have held that it is a remnant of a glacial period2 others that it is owing to the presence of salts in the rocks2 some have said that it is due to the rocks retarding waves of heat and cold2 and still others think that it is formed by pressure on the percolating waters4 ,many of these theories were formulated in explanation of the belief of peasants living near the caves1 who almost always say that the ice is formed in summer and melts in winter4 ,most scientific observers on the other hand claim that the ice is due to the cold of winter1 and a few think that it is formed or helped by draughts and by evaporation and expansion of the air4 ,the variety of opinions put forth1 show at any rate the intricacy of the problem4 ,all my own observations have tended more and more to make me believe that the cold of winter is the cause of the ice4 ,before elaborating my own views1 however1 ,i wish to take up seriatim the theories which have been formulated1 principally in explanation of the belief that the ice was a summer product1 and to give my reasons for my disbelief in them4 ,glacial ,period4--,the first theory1 perhaps1 to touch on1 is the one that the ice is a remnant of a glacial period4 ,this seems to occur to many persons as a solution of the question when they first hear of glacires1 and it has been several times propounded to me1 and naturally enough1 always by scientific men4#db ,still ,i do not think it has ever been held by anyone who had made a study of glacires4 #db ,see ,part ,,iv43 ,hitchcock1 page #bhd2 ,bonney1 page #bia2 ,dawkins1 page #bib4 ,the theory is1 indeed1 untenable in regard to freezing caves1 as it does not accord with the observed facts of the yearly disappearance of the ice in many caves and taluses4 ,at ,szilize every year the ice has disappeared pretty completely by ,november1 and the cave is free2 but in ,april or ,may the floor is again covered with ice1 and columns and icicles have formed on the roof and sides4 ,at ,la ,genollire the cave is used by the people of the neighboring chlets1 through the spring and early summer1 to help in the operation of butter making2 by the middle or the end of ,august it has entirely disappeared1 but is found formed afresh the following spring4 ,at the ,rumney ,talus1 at the ,cave of ,decorah1 at the ,gorge of ,ellenville1 and at the ,williamstown ,snow ,hole1 ,i found no snow or ice4#dc ,yet it is abundant in all these localities in the spring4 ,too many examples of the complete melting away of the ice every year can be cited1 to permit any doubt3 glacire caves are not connected with a glacial period4 #dc ,see ,part ,i43 ,rumney1 page #he2 ,decorah1 page #hh2 ,ellenville1 page #ia2 ,williamstown1 page #ih4 ,though it may be stated positively that the ice in caves is not a remnant of a glacial period1 yet this cannot be done so authoritatively about subsoil ice sheets and freezing wells4 ,at ,brandon1 ,owego and ,decorah the gravel was found frozen at the time the wells were dug1 and it is of course impossible to determine for how long a time this was the case previous to the digging4 ,the proofs1 however1 are so strong that the ice re-forms every winter at such freezing wells1 that they may be considered as in every respect following the same general laws as glacire caves4 ,that the ice in these wells is not the remains of a glacial period1 seems proved moreover by the work of the ,boston ,natural ,history ,society1 which sank two wells at ,brandon near to the ,freezing well4 ,one of these was only twenty-one meters distant and went through the same gravel drift4 ,yet it did not strike ice4#dd ,a somewhat similar state of things appears to be the case with the ,centennial ,lode and other lodes on ,mount ,mc,clellan1#de where the causes also seem to be local1 as there is no ice in mines on neighboring mountains4 #dd ,see ,part ,,iv43 ,hager1 page #bhb2 ,hitchcock1 page #bhd4 #de ,see ,part ,,iii43 ,rifts of ,ice1 etc41 page #agd4 ,the ,summer's ,heat ,theory4--,the natives and peasants in the neighborhood of glacire caves generally believe that the ice of caves is formed in summer and melts in winter4 ,i have met with this belief everywhere in ,europe2 in the ,eifel1 ,jura1 ,swiss ,alps1 ,tyrolese ,alps1 and ,carpathians3 and also occasionally in the ,united ,states4 ,peasants and guides tell you with absolute confidence3 ,the hotter the summer the more ice there is4 ,the strange thing is that any number of writers#df--sometimes scientific men--have accepted the ideas and statements of the peasants about the formation of ice in summer1 and have tried to account for it4 #df ,among them may be mentioned3 ,boisot1 #afhf2 ,valvasor1 #afhi2 ,behrens1 #agjc2 ,billerez1 #agab2 ,bel1 #agci2 ,rosenmller and ,tillesius1 #agii2 ,sartori1 #ahji2 ,pictet1 #ahbb2 ,scrope1 #ahbf2 ,murchison1 #ahde4 ,the belief of the peasants is founded on the fact that they scarcely ever go to any cave except when some tourist takes them with him1 and1 therefore1 they rarely see one in winter1 and their faith is not based on observation4 ,it is1 however1 founded on an appearance of truth3 and that is on the fact that the temperatures of glacire caves1 like that of other caves or that of cellars1 are colder in summer than the outside air1 and warmer in winter than the outside air4 ,possessing neither reasoning powers nor thermometers1 the peasants simply go a step further and say that glacire caves are cold in summer and hot in winter4 ,professor ,thury tells a story to the point4 ,he visited the ,grand ,cave de ,montarquis in mid-winter4 ,all the peasants told him there would be no use going1 as there would be no ice in the cave4 ,he tried to find even one peasant who had been to the cave in winter1 but could not4 ,he then visited it himself and found it full of hard ice4 ,on his return he told the peasants of his discovery4 ,they were staggered at first1 finally one exclaimed3 ,it makes no difference2 in genuine glacires there is no ice in winter4 ,it will be difficult1 probably1 to eradicate this belief and the consequent theories among the uneducated people in the vicinity of glacire caves1 for their imperfect observations will keep it alive4 ,in refutation1 it may be said that the winter's cold theory is the direct opposite of the summer's heat theory1 and that all the observations and all the facts which prove the one1 disprove the other4 ,within two or three years1 however1 the formation of small quantities of ice has been observed during the summer months in one or two caves4 ,this has taken place in mountain caves situated at a high altitude at times when the air outside has dropped below freezing point during the night4 ,there is1 therefore1 nothing inconsistent in this fact with the winter's cold theory3 indeed it is only a widening of it in the meaning of the word winter4#dg #dg ,see ,part ,,iii43 ,beilsteinhhle1 page #bce4 ,part ,,iv43 ,professor ,cranmer1 page #caj4 ,chemical ,causes4--,non-scientific persons1 on first hearing of glacire caves1 almost always suggest that to form the ice there must be salts in the rocks4 ,probably they connect unconsciously in their minds ice caves and ice cream4 ,chemical causes1 however1 have never appealed to scientific men4#dh ,there are only two places ,i know of where salt is reported4 ,one is the ,ice ,spring in ,oregon1 which is said to be slightly saline in taste2 the other is the ,cave of ,illetzkaya-,zatschita1 where the gypsum hillock1 in which the ice is found1 overlies a bed of rock salt4 ,repeated experiments in letting lumps of glacire ice melt in my mouth have convinced me personally that in all cases the water is exceedingly pure and sweet1 a fact mentioned in the very first notice extant about glacires1 the letter of ,benigne ,poissenot in #aehf1 who speaks of the deliciousness of the water in ,chaux-les-,passavant4 ,to sum this matter up briefly1 it can be safely asserted that all causes1 which would fall under the head of ,chemical causes1 must be entirely eliminated as possible cold producers4 #dh ,see ,part ,,iv43 ,billerez1 page #bgj2 ,hacquet1 page #bga4 ,waves of ,heat and ,cold4--,while ,sir ,roderick ,murchison was studying the geology of ,russia1#di he visited ,illetzkaya-,zatschita and was puzzled to account for the ice formations4 ,he thought1 at first1 that they were due to the presence of salt1 but recognizing that this was not correct he submitted the case to ,sir ,john ,herschel1 who1 rejecting the evaporation or condensation of vapor as the cause1 argued that the ice was due to waves of heat and cold1 and that at certain depths in the interior1 the cold wave arrived in mid-summer and the heat in mid-winter4 ,murchison declined to assent to this doctrine1 asking why one cave should present this exceptional occurrence1 when the numerous other rents and openings in the same hillock were free from ice4 ,the impossibility of the heat and cold wave theory was so completely shown by ,murchison's objection1 that it has never again been brought forward4 #di ,the ,geology of ,russia and the ,ural ,mountains1 vol4 ,i41 pages #ahd-aih4 ,capillary or ,compressed ,air ,theory4--,the possibility of compressed air causing subterranean ice to form seems to have been first authoritatively formulated by ,mr4 ,n4 ,m4 ,lowe1 of ,boston4#ej ,his theory in brief is this3--,bubbles of air drawn into water flowing down through fissures in rocks are liable to a continually increasing pressure4 ,when the air has reached the bottom and is liberated in the cave1 it will be from a pressure equal to the height of the column of water1 and it will have lost by connection in the mass through which the conduit passes1 the heat due to its compression2 and on being liberated1 it will immediately absorb from the air and the water in the cave1 the heat which it has lost in its downward passage4 #ej ,science ,observer4 ,boston1 #ahgi1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #eg4 ,see ,part ,,iv43 ,silliman1 page #bgi2 ,olmstead1 page #bhb4 ,several scientific observers have rallied to this idea4#ea ,one of the ,hungarian residents at ,dbsina1 a doctor1 whose opportunities for observations are unrivalled1 told me--if ,i understood him correctly--that he believed in the capillary theory4 #ea ,see ,b4 ,schwalbe1 ,ueber ,eishhlen und ,eislcher1 page #ef4 ,there are many facts1 however1 which militate against the compressed air theory as applied to caves4 ,almost all caves receive some drip through fissures1 and yet there are many thousands of caves which never contain ice1 and whose temperature scarcely varies the year round4 ,especially against the theory is the fact that glacire caves are never known in hot countries4 ,if the theory were correct we should1 for instance1 sometimes find ice in such caves as those of ,yucatan described by ,mr4 ,mercer4#eb #eb ,the ,hill ,caves of ,yucatan4 ,there are also some mechanical difficulties in the way4 ,mr4 ,john ,ritchie#ec touches them when he says3 ,if the passage through which the water flows down is at all tubular the column will be subjected to the usual hydrostatic pressure4 ,the word tubular is the hard one to answer4 ,limestone rock fissures are certainly not tubular4 ,they have all sorts of shapes and angles and corners1 every one of which would interfere with anything like a regular pressure4 #ec ,boston ,transcript1 ,january #b;d1 #ahig4 ,this latter objection would not apply to borings in mines4 ,i have been assured that in some borings in ,western mines ice has been formed by pressure1 and there may be truth in this1 although ,i doubt it1 as ,i have yet to hear of ice in any mines in warm latitudes4 ,mr4 ,john ,ritchie#ed has suggested1 also1 that if compressed air does not perhaps act strongly enough to form ice1 yet it may help in keeping the temperature low and aid in the formation of draughts in caves and boulder heaps4 ,at present1 however1 ,i can see no reason to think that the ice in caves is due to compressed air4#ee #ed ,the ,happy ,thought4 ,boston1 ,january #bc;d1 #ahig4 #ee ,see ,part ,i43 page #hi4 ,,iii4 ,i have already said that ,i believe that the cold of winter is the cause of the ice in caves4 ,to make this clearer1 ,i may say that ,i look on glacires as the last outcrop1 the outside edge1 so to speak1 of the area of low temperatures1 which has its culminating point in the ,northern ,hemisphere in the ,arctic ,ocean1 ,greenland and ,siberia1 and in the ,southern ,hemisphere in the ,antarctic2 and which is manifested to us in the snows of mountain peaks1 and immediately round us in frozen ponds and rivers and snowy blizzards2 and which1 as it disappears each summer1 leaves its last traces in our latitudes in sequestered gorges and convenient caverns4 ,in every case1 it seems to me1 glacires are simply refrigerators1 which preserve the ice and snow accumulated in them during the winter4 ,they all follow the same general laws as to the origin of their contents1 modified only in slight degree according to the varying natural local conditions1 such as the water supply1 or the protection from sun and wind1 or the thickness of the overhead rock1 or the altitude or latitude4 ,i cannot see that there is anything remarkable about the fact that the cold of winter is able to penetrate and make itself felt sometimes for a slight depth in the earth's crust2 a depth1 so far as yet known1 never exceeding one hundred and fifty meters4 ,it seems to me that glacires only emphasize a law of nature1 which has doubtless been formulated many times in connection with springs and phreatic waters1 and that is1 that where we find cold waters underground1 we may be sure that they have penetrated from the outside4 ,if we look first at the mode of formation of overground perennial ice1 that is1 of the ice of glaciers and of rock gorges2 and then at the evidences of the mode of formation of underground perennial ice1 in boulder heaps1 wells and caves2 we will soon see that the transitions between them are gentle in character and that there is nothing unnatural about the formation of the ice in glacires4 ,glaciers4--,everyone now knows the main characteristics of glaciers4 ,they are formed in parts of the earth where the land or the mountains reach to the region of perpetual snow4 ,the snows fall from the sky1 and accumulate into a snow cap1 which by its own weight and by melting and regelation1 gradually changes to ice4 ,this1 by the laws of gravitation1 descends to lower levels1 and in mountain valleys extends sometimes far below the snow line into the region of cultivated fields4 ,these valley prolongations of the perpetual snow caps are the glaciers4 ,the important point to notice here1 is that the formation of glaciers is originally entirely due to the precipitation of moisture by cold in the upper portions2 while the destruction of glaciers is due to the action of heat melting the ice in the lower portions1 where they disappear in the shape of streams of running water4 ,it is1 therefore1 not surprising that the greatest glaciers are found in the ,arctic and ,antarctic regions and in the highest mountain ranges2 and that in the tropics glaciers are either wanting or exceedingly small4 ,gorges and ,troughs4--,gorges and gullies1 where ice remains over1 are a transitional form between glaciers and glacires4 ,in many mountain ravines or canyons1 the enduring snow consists principally of the avalanches which have fallen from the heights above during the winter and solidified in the bottom of the ravines4 ,freezing gorges proper1 however1 are not dependent on avalanches for their supply1 but they receive the accretions to their ice directly from the winter snows4 ,these fall into the gorge itself and by melting and regelation gradually solidify into a mass of ice which1 when well sheltered against sun and wind1 remains over sometimes till the following winter4 ,by their mode of formation1 therefore1 it is evident that the ice in these gorges has some of the characteristics of glaciers2 that it is due to the same prime causes as the ice of glaciers or the ice on ponds and rivers1 namely the cold of winter2 and in fact1 it is not far wrong to consider these gorges as miniature glaciers4 ,freezing gorges1 however1 show1 also1 certain degrees of kinship to freezing caverns and taluses1 principally in the protection afforded to the ice against external destructive influences4 ,the ice is almost always found in positions where it receives little1 if any1 of the direct rays of the sun and1 also1 where it is scarcely1 if at all1 exposed to any winds4 ,the sides of the fissures and surrounding trees generally afford the necessary protection4 ,some of the forms which the ice assumes in gorges1 such as long pendent icicles1 are also more characteristic of underground than of overground ice4 ,the freezing troughs or basins found in ,siberia are evidently closely related to gorges1 and the fact that the ice is found in less sheltered places may be explained by the high northerly latitudes of these troughs1 in general between fifty-seven and sixty degrees4 ,the ,winter's ,cold ,theory4--,the places where ice is found underground differ in one important respect from gullies and troughs1 and that is1 in the fact that above the ice there is rock or soil1 which1 in true caves1 takes the form of a roof4 ,this causes some important distinctions between overground and underground perennial ice4 ,it means that the ice is formed directly in the caves1 and that it is genuine subterranean ice1 and not1 except perhaps near the entrance1 solidified snow4 ,the roof1 while not admitting the winter snows1 is1 however1 a protection against warm summer rains1 and1 of course1 entirely cuts off radiation from the sky4 ,if1 therefore1 it keeps out some cold1 it also acts as a protector against heat4 ,that the cold of winter is the source of the cold which produces the ice which forms underground1 and that it is through its influence1 with the assistance of certain secondary causes1 that some caves are converted into what are practically natural ice houses1 seems to me the true explanation of the phenomenon of subterranean ice1 not only since it is the simple and obvious explanation1 but also because all the facts1 so far as ,i have myself observed1 are in accord with this theory4#ef #ef ,among those who have written or said that the cold of winter plays a more or less important part in the formation of subterranean ice may be mentioned3 ,poissenot1 #aehf2 ,gollut1 #aeib2 ,de,boz1 #agbf2 ,nagel1 #agdg2 ,cossigny1 #agej2 ,jars1 #aggd2 ,hacquet1 #aggh2 ,girod-,chantrans1 #aghc2 ,hablizl1 #aghh2 ,prvost1 #aghi2 ,townson1 #agig2 ,humboldt1 #ahad2 ,dearborn1 #ahbb2 ,deluc1 #ahbb2 ,dewey1 #ahbb2 ,lee1 #ahbd2 ,reich1 #ahcd2 ,hayden1 #ahdc2 ,guyot1 #ahef2 ,rogers1 #ahef2 ,petruzzi1 #aheg2 ,smyth1 #aheh2 ,hager1 #ahfa2 ,thury1 #ahfa2 ,browne1 #ahfe2 ,raymond1 #ahfi2 ,krenner1 #ahgd2 ,ritchie1 #ahgi2 ,benedict1 #ahha2 ,schwalbe1 #ahha2 ,fugger1 #ahhc2 ,trouillet1 #ahhe2 ,girardot1 #ahhf2 ,russell1 #ahij2 ,martel1 #ahib2 ,krauss1 #ahid2 ,lohmann1 #ahie2 ,balch1 #ahif2 ,cvijic1 #ahif2 ,butler1 #ahih2 ,kovarik1 #ahih2 ,cranmer1 #ahii4 ,to form subterranean ice1 just as to form any other ice1 two things are necessary3 the first is cold1 the second is water4 ,cold is supplied by the cold air of winter1 and water must in some manner find its way into the cave while the cold air is there4 ,the process is as follows3 ,the cold air of winter sinks into and permeates the cave1 and in course of time freezes up all the water which1 in the shape of melting snow or cold winter rain or spring water1 finds its way in2 and once ice is formed it remains long after ice in the surrounding open country has melted away1 because heat penetrates with difficulty into the cave4 ,the only effect of the heat of summer is to melt the ice4 ,the proofs1 to my mind1 of the truth of this view are3 #a--;,glacires are always found in parts of the world where1 during part of the year at least1 the temperatures of the surrounding country fall below freezing point4 #b--;,all observations by reliable observers show that the temperatures of glacire caves vary1 but in a much narrower thermometric scale1 with those of the outside air3 that the temperatures are lowest1 and as a rule below freezing point1 during the winter months2 and that the temperatures are highest1 and as a rule above freezing point1 during the summer months4 #c--;,ice is never found far from the mouth of caves1 but always near enough for the cold air to get in4 #d--;,evaporation1 according to my observations1 is1 as in all other forms of ice in nature1 connected mainly with the melting1 not the freezing of the ice4 ,geographical ,distribution and ,altitudes4--,glacire caves proper are found in various parts of ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,america1 mostly in the smaller mountain ranges or in the outliers of the snowy mountain chains2 generally in limestone and occasionally in basaltic formations4 ,there are a good many in the ,jura2 a few in the ,swiss and the ,italian ,alps2 a number in the ,eastern ,alps of ,tyrol and ,carinthia4 ,there are some in ,hungary1 several in ,russia1 one in ,iceland1 one on the ,peak of ,teneriffe1 a number in ,siberia1 one in ,kondooz in ,central ,asia1 one in the ,himlaya1 one in ,japan1 and one in ,korea4 ,i have heard so far of over fifty glacires in ,north ,america1 several of which are in ,pennsylvania4 ,from all over the world there are some three hundred places reported where subterranean ice is said to occur4 ,this includes gorges1 boulder heaps and freezing mines and wells1 all of which exist in much the same localities as glacire caves4 ,all the glacires which ,i know of1 are situated in a latitude or at an altitude where ice and snow forms for part of the year in the surrounding open country4 ,none are reported from ,india or ,africa1 or in fact from any low-lying places in tropical latitudes4 ,most of them are found in middle latitudes1 and only where during part of the year1 at least1 there is a cold season1 that is1 where for some time the thermometer stands below freezing point4 ,glacires are1 in general1 at fairly high altitudes4 ,the ,schafloch is at #aghj meters2 ,skerisora in ,transylvania at #aabg meters2 ,dbsina at #aajj meters2 the ,glacire de ,saint-,georges at #abjh meters4 ,it is true that there is one freezing cavern in the sub-tropical latitude of ,teneriffe1 ,la ,cueva de la ,nieve2 but it is at an altitude of #ccjj meters1 and where snow falls every year in the open on the ,peak4 ,unless some freezing cave is hereafter discovered in a region where there is no ice in the open in winter1 ,i do not see how the imperative necessity of the cold air of winter for forming the supply of ice can be controverted4 ,thermometric ,observations4--,that the cold air of winter is the important factor in the production of cold is proved1 also1 by the thermometric observations recorded in various caves by different observers4 ,they all tell the same tale3 that the temperatures vary with those of the outside air1 that they are lowest in winter and highest in summer4 ,i quote in the ,list of ,glacires#eg a few of those published2 but there are many more1 and they all show the same general characteristics4 #eg ,see ,part ,,iii43 ,decorah1 page #agh2 ,chaux-les-,passavant1 pages #bjc-e2 ,la ,poujade1 page #bjh2 ,montarquis1 page #bah2 ,saint-,georges1 page #bai2 ,schafloch1 page #bbc2 ,kolowratshhle1 page #bbg2 ,schellenberger ,eisgrotte1 page #bbh2 ,frain1 page #beb2 ,dbsina1 page #bec2 etc4 ,a comparison of all the figures recorded proves that1 as a rule--inside of glacire caves--from about the first of ,november to the first of ,july1 there are winter temperatures1 that is temperatures below freezing point2 and from about the first of ,july to the first of ,november1 there are summer temperatures1 that is temperatures above freezing point4 ,the observations prove also that the inner temperatures vary less than the outer1 that is that they range within narrower limits4 ,they also show that the inner air is but slowly affected by the outer air when the latter is above freezing point1 the inner temperature rising then only gradually4 ,per contra1 when the outside temperature drops quickly much below freezing point1 the inside temperature generally drops correspondingly at once1 proving that the cold air has sunk by its weight into the cave4 ,the observations also prove that the old idea that the temperature of caves is the same throughout1 can no longer be considered correct4 ,the observations also appear to show1 that the temperature of a cave does not necessarily represent the mean annual temperature of a surrounding district4 ,observation is still entirely lacking on the mean annual temperature of glacires1 so that one cannot speak definitely about the matter2 but it seems likely that the mean annual temperature of a glacire cave is lower than the isotherm of its locality2 and it seems more than probable that on the same isotherm different glacire caves may have different mean annual temperatures1 varying with the elements of size1 quantity of ice1 position of body of cave and of entrance1 water supply and other factors4 ,ice near the ,entrance of ,caves and the ,surface of the ,soil4--,an important proof that it is the cold air of winter which forms the ice is the fact that the latter is always found near the entrance of caves or near the surface of the soil4 ,it never extends far within4 ,to the best of my knowledge1 ice has never been found two hundred meters from the entrance nor at any depth beyond one hundred and fifty meters4 ,in all caves of great extent1 the temperature far in is about the same as that of the surrounding rock1 and in all deep borings the temperature increases with the depth and at great depths the temperature becomes high4 ,this nearness of subterranean ice to the outside air is one of the best proofs1 that1 paradoxical as the whole phenomenon appears at first1 yet in reality it is an extremely simple matter4 ,the position of the entrance of a cave in relation to the body of the cave is an important factor in permitting the cold air to permeate and remain in the cave4 ,in all the caves or gullies ,i have examined myself1 the main mass of ice is well below the level of the entrance1 and even if the latter is sheltered against the wind1 it is not sheltered against the cold air of winter4 ,this is heavy1 and by its own weight sinks well down to the bottom1 freezing up in course of time all the moisture that may drip from the roof1 or that may come into the cave in the shape of melted snow or cold winter rain4 ,the summer air1 which is warm and1 therefore1 light1 can only enter the cave with great difficulty2 and1 as a rule1 before it dislodges the winter air and destroys the ice1 another winter's freeze reverses once more the conditions4 ,these principles seem to hold of every known glacire4 ,it is true1 that at the ,frauenmauer1 the floor of the cavern rises somewhat from the entrance2 but the highest point of the floor is still below the level of the top of the entrance1 so that the cold air can flow over the highest point without difficulty4 ,the same appears to be the case at the ,posselthhle2 while at ,amarnath in ,kashmere1 where the floor is said to rise to the back wall1 the entrance is about as large as the area of the floor1 so that the ice must also be below the level of the top of the entrance4 ,the position or situation of the entrance is important4 ,in almost all cases it has a northerly exposure1 and is sheltered against entering winds4 ,if these two conditions do not exist the ice supply surely suffers4 ,sometimes the entrance is more or less tortuous4 ,in some cases it is protected by a fringe of trees4 ,still1 there is no absolute rule about entrances4 ,the ,friedrichsteinerhhle faces about due south1 and at midday in summer1 the sun shines all the way down to the ice floor1 causing mists to form4 ,in the ,kolowratshhle1 the entrance is badly sheltered against the wind and this undoubtedly affects the supply in summer and causes more rapid melting there than in some other cases4#eh #eh ,see ,part ,,iii43 ,decorah1 page #agh4 ,freezing boulder taluses invariably have the ice near the surface1 and probably it is never a dozen meters distant from the open air4 ,these taluses are one of the strongest links in the chain of evidence proving the winter's cold theory4 ,the snow and ice on the surface of the taluses and on the surface of the boulders in gullies melts away1 while it still lingers underneath the boulders4 ,it seems self-evident that the melting snow water has run to the lowest level and there congealed1 and then remained because it was better sheltered than the ice outside4 ,the subsoil ice of the tundras of ,siberia and ,alaska is almost identical with the ice of boulder formations1 except that it extends under larger areas4 ,it is the product of a climate where there is a long1 rigorous winter and it is not surprising that the ice is found at greater depths than in more southerly latitudes4#ei ,the depth to which the ice extends is1 of course1 determined by the depth to which the winter's cold can penetrate the soil4 ,there is no doubt that the causes of this ice are local1 that is1 that it is due to the long prevailing low temperatures4 #ei ,see ,part ,,iii43 ,alaska1 page #aff2 ,klondike1 page #afg2 ,kowak ,river1 page #aff2 ,kotzebue ,sound1 page #aff4 ,the freezing wells of which the most conspicuous examples are at ,brandon1 ,owego1 ,decorah1 and in ,montana1 seem also due to local causes and the ice is never far from the surface1 that is1 not over twenty meters2 and apparently also it forms above the water horizons which supply the wells4 ,the ice sheet on ,mount ,etna#fj does not seem to be at any great depth4 ,it apparently had a different origin from most subterranean ice masses1 in that the snow probably fell first and was then covered by a flow of lava4 ,it is1 therefore1 almost sui generis in its mode of formation1 unless there are similar sheets on other volcanoes1 which is probable in a country like ,iceland1 and which is said to be the case in ,tierra del ,fuego1#fa ,but the original cause of the ice sheet on ,etna was the same as all other subterranean ice masses1 namely the cold of winter4 #fj ,see ,part ,,iii41 page #baj4 #fa ,see ,part ,,iii41 page #aij4 ,evaporation and ,movements of ,air4--,the formation of subterranean ice is sometimes assigned partly to evaporation or to expansion of the air4 ,the theory is an old one1 and both scientific and non-scientific men have advanced it4#fb #fb ,among those who have written that evaporation is a factor in the formation of subterranean ice1 may be mentioned3 ,pictet1 #ahbb2 ,scrope1 #ahbg2 ,reich1 #ahcd2 ,pleischl1 #ahda2 ,murchison1 #ahde2 ,olmstead1 #ahef2 ,hitchcock1 #ahfa2 ,white1 #ahgj2 ,kirchhoff1 #ahgf2 ,krauss1 #ahie4 ,i have already said that ,i believe it is the movements of the air which cause a cave to be a glacire cave or a normal cave4 ,when they act in such a way as to permit the cold air of winter to permeate a cave1 we find low temperatures and ice2 when they do not1 we find the temperature about the same as that of the ground and no ice4 ,that the ice is not formed in apparently static caves1 by movements of air producing evaporation1 seems to me proved by what ,i have noticed in regard to the atmosphere4 ,the dryness or moistness of the air within a glacire cave is coincident with the state of freezing or thawing of the cave4 ,when ,i have visited a large cave in ,june1 everything was frozen tight1 there were no drips nor mushy ice1 the air was relatively dry and the sensation of cold not unpleasant4 ,when ,i have visited a cave in ,august1 the ice was soft and mushy1 water was dripping from the roof1 the atmosphere was moist1 and the cold penetrating4 ,it seems to me that the facts go to show that it is not evaporation which forms the ice1 but the melting of the ice which fills the cave with moisture4 ,if there are any draughts or movements of the atmosphere when above freezing point1 then their tendency is to vaporize the ice4 ,the process of the formation of ice in relation to the atmosphere is as follows3 the cold air permeates the cave and freezes up all the drip3 the atmosphere becomes dry3 gradually warmer air gets in and the ice begins to melt3 then the atmosphere gets charged slowly with the vapor of the melting ice4 ,this process is the exact opposite of the formation of ice by evaporation2 it is the atmosphere which is made humid by the vaporizing of the ice1 and by the drip4 ,when the air is thoroughly saturated with the vapor1 being scarcely renewed from outside and but a few degrees above freezing point1 it undoubtedly retards evaporation1 acts like a blanket and lessens the rate of melting of the ice4#fc #fc ,see ,part ,,iv43 ,thury1 page #bhe2 ,fugger1 page #bif2 ,trouillet1 page #bih4 ,everything ,i have personally observed in freezing windholes shows that in them also the cold of winter and not evaporation is the cause of the ice4 ,they answer to the same tests as other glacires1 of geographical distribution and altitude1 nearness of ice to the outside1 thermometric observations1 and dampness of the air when the ice melts4 ,equally with other glacires1 the movements of air in windholes do not depend on the presence of ice1 but the ice does depend on the movements of air and a water supply at the proper time4 ,a proof that it is the cold of winter which makes the ice in windholes1 is that the ice is always found at the lower extremity1 for the reason that it is at that end that the cold air enters and to that end that the water gravitates4 ,the reason that ice is more rarely found in windholes than in apparently static caves1 is due to the movements of air4 ,unlike the caves where the heavy cold air preserves the ice by remaining pent up1 as soon as the outside temperature rises the heavy cold air in windholes tumbles out at the lower opening and is replaced gradually by air at a higher temperature4 ,this also flows out and when it is above freezing point1 it naturally melts the ice and becomes humid3 in fact1 it vaporizes the ice as it passes1 and dissipates the moisture into the outer air4 ,it is1 however1 certain1 that in caves with a temperature some degrees above freezing point1 when there is either running water or strong drips1 evaporation may be1 and sometimes undoubtedly is1 a factor in lowering the temperature somewhat4#fd ,as in some windholes there is occasionally moisture on the rock surfaces where the air current passes1 the evaporation from these surfaces doubtless lowers the temperature of the draughts1 and it may be1 also those of the rock surfaces1 a little4 #fd ,see ,part ,,iv43 ,de ,saussure1 page #bgd4 ,see also ,les ,abimes1 #ahid1 page #efd4 ,further observations1 however1 will be necessary in regard to evaporation underground1 as the data are still insufficient to make absolutely positive statements4#fe ,i fail to see any evidence to show that evaporation ever lowers the temperature of draughts underground below freezing point1 only that it may help to lower them to something less than they would otherwise be4 ,taking all the facts which ,i have myself observed1 and all ,i have read of in the reports of others1 my own conclusion is that we have no proof that evaporation underground is ever strong enough to produce ice4 #fe ,several observers consider evaporation as more or less of a factor in the production of cold underground4 ,it is suggested also1 that in certain cases1 at high altitudes1 evaporation tends to prevent the melting of the ice in windholes1 but this is not proved1 as yet4 ,see ,part ,,iv43 ,de ,saussure1 page #bgd2 ,fugger1 page #bif2 ,trouillet1 page #bih2 ,martel1 page #cjj2 ,lohmann1 page #cjb4 ,time of ,formation of ,ice4--,everything ,i have seen points to the fact that ice begins to form in a cave as soon as the temperature of the cave has sunk below freezing point1 whenever1 from any cause1 water gets into the cave4 ,the cold may begin to penetrate caves as soon as outside frosts have occurred1 that is in the fall months1 about ,november2 and as soon as the temperature inside sinks below freezing point1 ice will begin to form1 provided also that water gets into the cave1 from rains or springs or any other source4 ,in the mid-winter months1 although there is then plenty of cold1 the water supply is generally lacking1 as the outside moisture is mostly frozen up and the result is that the winter months are not those when the ice is mainly formed4 ,some is undoubtedly formed in certain caves whenever during the course of the winter a surface thaw outside furnishes water to the cave1#ff but in other cases this is not so and the ice does not appear before the spring4 ,in all cases it is in the spring1 before the cave has parted with its store of cold1 and when both the air and the rock walls are chilled below freezing point#fg that the ice forms fastest4 ,then plenty of water is furnished by the melting of the snows and the unlocking of the brooks1 and also by early spring rains4 ,all this surface water runs through the fissures into the still freezing cave and there becomes ice4 ,not only the air1 but also the rock walls are chilled below freezing point1 and as the rocks part slowly with the cold stored in them1 this cold helps to freeze the water pouring in4 #ff ,see ,part ,,iii43 ,chaux-les-,passavant1 page #bjc2 ,saint-,georges1 page #bbj4 #fg ,see ,part ,,iv43 ,townson1 page #bge2 ,thury1 page #bhe2 ,trouillet1 page #big2 ,schwalbe1 page #bih2 ,terlanday1 page #cja2 ,kovarik1 page #cjg4 ,the natural law in relation to time seems to be this3 ,ice may be formed in caves as soon as the outside temperature sinks below freezing point4 ,in some caves it forms intermittently all through the cold months because there is a water supply4 ,in other caves it only forms in the spring1 because there is no water supply in the winter months4 ,in all cases1 however1 the end of winter is the time when most of the ice is formed4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,list ,,of ,,glaci,,res4 ,,list ,,of ,,glaci,,res4#fh #fh ,this list is necessarily incomplete1 and only approximately accurate in many cases4 ,,north ,,america4 ,buried or ,fossil ,glaciers1 ,north ,greenland4 7,w4 ,e4 ,meehan1 ,philadelphia ,ledger1 #ahif47--,on ,robertson's ,bay is the plateau of the ,verhoef ,glacier1 which is about #aejj meters long and #djj meters wide1 and stands back only a few meters from the edge of the sea4 ,this plateau1 both top and sides1 is a mass of flourishing vegetation1 chiefly grass1 which reaches above a man's knee4 ,from among this verdure buttercups1 poppies1 cinquefoils and dandelions thrust their golden heads in wild profusion4 ,similar buried glaciers are found in many places along the fiords of ,north ,greenland4 ,mr4 ,meehan gives a simple explanation in connection with the ,verhoef ,glacier4 ,he says that this glacier formerly extended out into the sea1 and that while it moved forward1 the clump moss1 which struggles for existence in ,greenland gorges1 could do little more than hold its own4 ,in course of time1 from some unknown cause1 the glacier receded to the point where it now discharges1 the part in the water floating away in the shape of icebergs1 and the part on the shore remaining stationary4 ,this was the opportunity for the clump mosses4 ,caring nothing for the cold they crept slowly over the quiet mass of ice and made their way first in thin net-like layers1 later in thick masses1 till they reached the rocky shore4 ,year after year the mosses grew1 the young plants trampling underfoot the older2 until the latter1 rotting1 turned into a rich mould4 ,the seeds of grasses and flowers found their way to this1 blown by the wind or carried on the feet of birds4 ,the plateau now is a garden of green1 gold and white4 ,how long this will last it is impossible to say1 as any time nature may unloose its hold1 and the frozen river once more pour down into the bay4 ,subsoil ,ice in ,alaska4 7,i4 ,c4 ,russell1 ,a ,journey up the ,yukon ,river1 page #adi1 and ,second ,expedition to ,mount ,saint ,elias1 page #ai47--,professor ,russell found ice covered by rocks and vegetation in several places in ,alaska1 especially along the southern edge of the ,malaspina ,glacier and on the ,yukon ,river4 ,he gives the following interesting account in #ahij of these ice sheets3 ,throughout the length of the ,yukon1 one is frequently reminded of the high latitude drained by the great river1 by seeing strata of ice in the recently cut banks1 beneath the dense layer of moss and roots forming the surface on which the forests grow4 ,one may frequently find ice even on a hot summer's day1 by scraping away the moss at his feet4 ,in some instances the frozen layer has been penetrated to the depth of twenty-five feet1 but its full depth has never been ascertained4 ,in the banks of some of the streams to the north of the lower ,yukon1 strata of ice over a hundred feet thick have been observed1 and the indications are that its total depth is considerably greater than the portion exposed4 ,this subsoil ice is stagnant and without the characteristics of glaciers4 ,subsoil ,ice in the ,klondike ,region4 7,philadelphia ,ledger1 ,december #cjth1 #ahig47--,the ,klondike mining country is covered with snow most of the year4 ,the ground is frozen for ten or twelve meters in depth1 down to bed rock4 ,in some places the ground1 which is protected by a thick moss1 is not thawed out by the sun in summer4 ,the miner cuts off the moss with a shovel1 and then builds a fire1 which thaws out the ground for five or ten centimeters4 ,he digs this out1 rebuilds a fire1 and then continues this process4 ,ice ,cliffs on the ,kowak ,river1 ,alaska4 7,lieutenant ,j4 ,c4 ,cantwell1 ,national ,geographic ,magazine1 ,october1 #ahif47--,on the shores of the ,kowak ,river are a series of ice cliffs of from about #be meters to #de meters in height4 ,on top of these ice cliffs is a layer of black silt-like soil some #b meters in thickness1 and from this springs a luxuriant growth of mosses1 grass and ,arctic shrubbery4 ,the melted ice shows a residuum of fine dust1 which while fresh emits a pungent odor4 ,subterranean ,ice ,sheet on ,kotzebue ,sound4 7,otto von ,kotzebue1 ,entdeckungsreise in die ,sdsee1 etc4 ,weimar1 #ahba4 ,vol4 ,,iv41 page #adj47--;,dr4 ,eschholz discovered near ,kotzebue ,sound1 in #ahaf1 a mass of ice more than #cj meters thick1 and entirely covered with a layer at least #ae centimeters thick of clay1 sand1 and earth1 on which heavy1 long grass was growing4 ,in the ice and in the soil overlaying it1 were many remains of extinct animals4 ,on the side towards the ocean the ice was entirely bare1 exposed to sun and air1 and much of it was melting away in streamlets4 ,freezing ,lava ,caves1 ,washington4 7,r4 ,w4 ,raymond1 ,overland ,monthly1 #c;d ,november1 #ahfi1 page #dba4 ,th4 ,kirchhoff1 ,reisebilder und ,skizzen aus ,america1 #ahgf1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #baa4 ,philadelphia ,ledger1 ,september #beth1 #ahii47--,these caves are distant about four hours from the foot of ,mount ,adams1 and about #ef kilometers from the mouth of the ,white ,salmon ,river1 where it falls into the ,columbia ,river4 ,the caves are in basalt1 and they are connected at both ends with the open air4 ,only a few of them contain any ice1 which in the largest cave is about #f meters below the entrance1 from which one descends by a ladder4 ,the cave opens on one side and is some #ae meters in depth1 #f meters or #h meters in width and #c meters or #d meters in height4 ,this part contains the most ice4 ,the other side gradually narrows from the entrance1 is longer1 and reaches out through fallen rocks and rubbish to daylight4 ,in the lower portion1 there are a few ice stalactites and stalagmites3 one a superb1 transparent hillock1 which rises nearly to the roof1 is called the ,iceberg4 ,a strong draught flows into the cave in summer through the open arm4 ,the following paragraphs from the ,philadelphia ,ledger probably refer to the same locality3-- ,ice for the cutting1 and that in ,august and early in ,september1 is a novelty not often found in regions as far south as the ,columbia ,river basin2 but the novelty is enjoyed every year by people who visit the ice caves under the shadow of ,mount ,adams1 about #ajj miles northeast of ,portland4 ,it is a very extensive region4 ,frank ,mc,farland1 who has just returned from a six weeks' vacation camping trip there1 gives an interesting account of its general make up4 ,at the ice caves1 which are six miles from ,trout ,lake1 the stalactites are more beautiful and wonderful this year than ever before1 and this was ,mr4 ,mc,farland's fifteenth trip there4 ,he broke off and took to camp chunks of ice weighing #ajj pounds4 ,pleasure parties who come to the lake use considerable of the ice for packing their trout to take home4 ,all you have to do is to take a torch of pitch pine or a lantern1 and go into the big caves and pack off all the ice you want4 ,it is a sure crop1 and never fails4 ,ice ,spring in the ,rocky ,mountains1 ,oregon4 7,g4 ,gibbs1 ,american ,journal of ,science and ,arts1 #ahec1 ,second ,series1 vol4 ,,xv41 page #adf47--,the ,ice ,spring is about #fj kilometers from the ,south ,pass to the right of the ,sweetwater ,river4 ,it is situated in a low marshy swale1 where the ground is filled with springs2 and about #fj centimeters below the turf is a sheet of horizontal ice1 some #aj centimeters to #cj centimeters thick1 lasting throughout the year4 ,the ice is clear and is disposed in hexagonal prisms2 it has a slightly saline taste1 the ground above it being impregnated with salt and the water near by tasting of sulphur4 ,freezing ,lava ,caves in ,modoc ,county1 ,california4 7,dispatch1 ,frankford1 ,pennsylvania1 #bb;d ,january1 #ahig1 reprinted from another paper47--,the lava beds1 where the ,modoc ,indians made their last stand against the ,united ,states troops1 are described as an immense field of lava covered with a beautiful forest of conifers4 ,numerous caves of varying shapes and dimensions are scattered throughout these lava beds4 ,some are mere covert ways1 with an arch of stone thrown over them2 others are immense chambers some meters from the surface2 another kind sinks deeply and may be in a series of chambers united by a corridor that opens at the surface2 while another kind seems to go directly to the centre of the earth without stopping4 ,some of these caves contain ice and from them the ,modocs drew their water supply while besieged by the troops4 ,judging from what is reported of the caves the quantity of ice in them must be large4 ,the thermometer in winter in the region is said to go as low as -#cj ,c4 ,freezing ,lava ,beds near ,medicine ,lake1 ,siskiyou ,county1 ,northern ,california4 7,m4 ,s4 ,baker1 ,sierra ,club ,bulletin1 #ahii4 ,vol4 ,,ii41 page #cah47--,one other feature of the lava region must be mentioned--the ice caves4 ,there are several of these known1 and very likely many more remain undiscovered4 ,those located along the edge of the lava1 near the cinder cone1 ,i have known to contain ice and water as late as ,august4 ,the largest ,i have seen is on the ,mayfield ,road1 about twenty miles east of ,bartles4 ,it is situated in the barren lava1 and in one of the warmest localities of the region1--and there are few cool spots in the lava anywhere4 ,one enters the cave by crawling down a hole none too large4 ,the instant the interior is reached the temperature falls in a surprising way4 ,not more than ten feet below the surface of the hot rocks is a bed of ice1 covered by a foot or so of ice water4 ,the body of ice was perhaps twelve or fifteen feet long1 by five feet across in the widest places4 ,this cave is formed by a fissure that extends a distance of twenty miles from the ice cave to ,pittville1 and nearly coincides with the #djjj foot level1 as shown in the map4 ,along the southeastern half of this earth fissure the southwest wall has faulted1 leaving a cliff1 which1 in places1 must be nearly #bjj feet high4 ,freezing ,shafts1 ,montana4--,mr4 ,robert ,butler1 of ,san ,jos1 ,cal41 has given me much information about glacires in ,montana4 ,he visited one miners' shaft which is situated about #hj kilometers up the ,rosebud ,river from ,rosebud ,station on the ,northern ,pacific ,r4 ,r41 and about #aj kilometers northeast of the ,cheyenne ,indian ,agency4 ,it is on the north slope of the ,little ,wolf ,mountains1 near the summit1 at the head of ,greenleaf ,creek4 ,the canyon and surrounding slopes are covered with a dense growth of pine4 ,the rock has the appearance of scori caused by the burning of immense beds of coal in recent geological times4 ,the rock is broken into comparatively small pieces4 ,the altitude is some #abjj meters4 ,the forest1 the volcanic ash and the altitude1 besides the loose rock formation1 makes this place a natural ice house4 ,ten or twelve years ago three prospectors1 looking for silver1 sunk a shaft here4 ,at a depth of about #d meters it began to grow cold1 and at #f meters they found ice and imagined they could feel an upward draught4 ,being ignorant and superstitious1 they became frightened and abandoned the shaft4 ,during the winter1 the snow fills the shaft half full of ice1 which then remains over through the summer4 ,there is a general report and belief among those who have visited the well1 that it freezes in summer and thaws in winter4 ,there are thousands of mining shafts in ,montana1 and if they are on the north slope of a mountain of considerable altitude and under a dense forest and not too deep1 they generally have ice at the bottom during the summer4 ,it is also said to be nothing new for a miner in following crevices to find them filled with ice1 especially if near the surface on the north slope of a mountain4 ,freezing ,cave1 ,fergus ,county1 ,montana4--,mr4 ,robert ,butler1 of ,san ,jos1 ,cal41 visited this place1 which is about #ce kilometers southeast of ,lewistown4 ,it is on the north side of a butte4 ,masses of ice and great icicles form in some parts of the cave in such quantities during the latter part of winter that the cave furnishes ice for cooling the drinking water for several dozen families4 ,during ,july and ,august the people come from some distance around to get the ice4 ,the people in the neighborhood believe that the ice forms in summer and thaws away in winter4 ,they also speak of the ever upward draught of cold air coming possibly from some great hidden cavern in the lower recesses of the mountain4 ,freezing ,well at ,horse ,plains1 ,montana4 7,levi ,allen1 ,scientific ,american4 ,new ,series1 #bgth ,october1 #ahhc47--,the well is described as #ac4fj meters deep4 ,it is dug through solid gravel1 and in sinking it there was encountered1 at a depth of #aj4fj meters1 a current of air strong enough to blow out a candle4 ,it began to freeze in ,september1 #ahhb1 and in ,november it was frozen solid4 ,freezing ,silver ,mine1 ,bighorn ,county1 ,wyoming4--,this place is in the ,sunlight ,basin of the ,shoshone ,mountains4 ,mr4 ,william ,worrell ,wagner1 of ,philadelphia1 informs me that he visited it in ,august1 #ahig4 ,it is a silver mine or tunnel1 running straight into the mountain for about #fj meters1 at an altitude of about #ccjj meters4 ,the peaks of the ,teton range were in sight from the mouth of the tunnel4 ,for the first half of the way in1 a good many icicles were hanging from the rocks4 ,the last half of the tunnel was thickly coated with ice and looked like a cold storage plant4 ,snow disappears on the rocks outside about ,june1 and begins to fall again in ,september1 so that ,mr4 ,wagner's visit was at about the hottest time of the year4 ,mr4 ,wagner presented the meat of a bull wapiti he had shot to the miners1 and they stored it in the mine as if it had been an artificial refrigerator4 ,rifts of ,ice1 ,mount ,mc,clellan1 ,colorado4 7,edward ,l4 ,berthoud1 ,american ,journal of ,science and ,arts4 ,third ,series1 #ahgf1 vol4 ,,xi41 page #ajh47--,near the summit of ,mount ,mc,clellan1 is the ,centennial ,lode1 which runs into the mountain1 at an altitude of about #cijj meters4 ,intercalated in the mineral vein are three or four well defined veins of solid ice parallel with the bedding of the rock and filling all its inner side-cracks and fissures4 ,the same frozen substratum is found in two other lodes near by on the same mountain4 ,nothing of the kind is known on other ,colorado mountains4 ,the soil is loose and largely made up of rocky dbris1 which shows that the ice is probably due to local causes4 ,freezing ,tunnel on the ,hagerman ,pass1 ,colorado4 7,philadelphia ,press1 ,october #afth1 #ahig47--,the ,hagerman ,pass ,railroad line is said to have been abandoned after the completion of the ,busk-,ivanhoe tunnel1 but to have been rebuilt4 ,the ,hagerman tunnel for a distance of over #gjj meters was filled with solid ice1 and it required blasting with dynamite1 and a month's continuous labor1 day and night1 to dig the ice out4 ,freezing ,cavern in ,cow ,mountain1 ,colorado4 7,post ,dispatch1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo41 ,july #acth1 #ahig1 and ,september #eth1 #ahig4 ,mail ,order ,monthly1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn41 ,october1 #ahii47--,the cave was discovered by parties doing assessment work on a group of claims4 ,a man was picking in a three meter hole when he struck his pick into an opening1 which was gradually enlarged and showed a deep pit underneath4 ,the men got a rope and descended into an immense cavern full of ice4 ,later exploration led to a small hall1 some #e meters in diameter1 full of icicles4 ,from here a fissure led into a second rock chamber larger than the first4 ,a small hole in the floor at an angle of some #de gave access to a third and larger hall1 about #be meters by #dj meters4 ,great masses of ice were found in this1 also a small lake1 about #ab meters by #bj meters4 ,some who have visited the wonderful discovery are of the opinion that it is a great cave or fissure in a glacier which for centuries has been slowly making its way down from ,pike's ,peak and whose waters are now feeding the ,arkansas ,river4 ,windhole1 ,arizona4 7,christian ,herald1 ,march #bdth1 #ahig47--,mr4 ,cofman1 while drilling a well on his place1 is said to have opened a windhole from which the escaping air current was strong enough to blow off the hats of the men who were recovering the lost drill4 ,some days the air escapes with such force that pebbles the size of peas are thrown up1 accompanied by a sound much like the distant bellowing of a fog horn4 ,again for days there will be a suction current1 unaccompanied by sound1 in which the current of air passes into the earth with somewhat less force than when escaping1 and any light object1 as a feather or a piece of paper1 will be immediately sucked in4 ,the account is probably exaggerated4 ,freezing ,lava ,cave near ,flagstaff1 ,arizona4--,professor ,w4 ,b4 ,scott of ,princeton ,university told me of this cave1 which he had not visited himself4 ,it lies #ad4e kilometers south of ,flagstaff1 on the ,mesa table land1 at an altitude of about #bjjj meters4 ,it was described to ,professor ,scott as a double cave1 with two floors1 one over the other1 the lower containing the most ice4 ,it is in lava1 and can only be entered by crawling in on hands and knees4 ,freezing ,cave or ,gorge1 ,white ,mountains1 ,arizona4--,mr4 ,frank ,hamilton ,cushing has told me of this place4 ,it is a cleft among lava rock1 which being roofed at the further end1 might be described as a cave4 ,in this the ice remains until ,june or ,july1 much later than anywhere else in the neighborhood4 ,the ,zuni ,indians worship before this1 calling the ice the breath of the ,gods1 the snow they consider as a sort of down4 ,the region is arid1 which makes any water precious1 and this fact has developed the element of mysticism about snow and ice among the ,indians4 ,freezing ,cave near ,galena1 ,black ,hills1 ,south ,dakota4 7,miss ,l4 ,a4 ,owen1 ,cave ,regions of the ,ozarks and ,black ,hills4 ,cincinnati1 #ahih1 page #bji73 ,at ,galena1 a new mining town of golden promise1 there is reported to be an ,ice ,cave1 where ice forms at all seasons1 and during the warm weather is a source of comfort and pleasure to the miners4 ,windholes in the ,ozark ,mountains1 ,missouri4--,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,brinckerhoff1 of ,aurora1 ,mo41 informs me that there are a number of cold air current caves in the ,ozark ,mountain region4 ,one of them is some #ai kilometers south of ,aurora1 ,lawrence ,county1 and is used for cold storage in summer4 ,there is a cave in a limestone bluff about #ae meters above a river1 and in the rear is this windhole1 which is an opening about #cj centimeters high and #c meters wide4 ,a strong current of air comes out from it in summer1 and the hotter the air outside1 the stronger is the outward coming current4 ,in winter the current is reversed4 ,the outward current is so strong in very hot weather that a handkerchief held in it is straightened out to an angle of about #de4 ,freezing ,cave and ,well at ,decorah1 ,iowa4 ,described in ,part ,i4 7,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,white1 ,report of ,geological ,survey of ,state of ,iowa1 #ahgj1 vol4 ,i41 page #hj4 ,a4 ,f4 ,kovarik1 ,scientific ,american ,supplement1 ,no4 #aaie1 ,november #bfth1 #ahih1 pages #ai1aeh1 #ai1aei74 ,on ,june #ast1 #ahfi1 ,dr4 ,white found the ice dry and well frozen1 and he thought it was then accumulating4 ,the cave was cool and apparently dry1 and no strong air current was passing through4 ,mr4 ,alois ,f4 ,kovarik1 of the ,decorah ,institute1 has made a valuable series of observations about the ,decorah ,cave4 ,the temperatures he observed were the following3 ,,in ,,the ,,valley1 ,,locus ,,shade4 ,,division4 ,,glacialis4 ,,end4 ,july #a1 #ahig #cc4c #b4b #j4j #j4j #bg1 #ba4a #e4j #j4j #j4j ,aug4 #ad1 #cb4b #e4h #c4a #j4j ,sept4 #c1 #cb4b #g4b #c4a #h4c #ah1 #cc4i #h4f #f4a #h4c ,oct4 #af1 #bd4j #aj4j #h4c #h4c #cj1 #aj4j #g4b #d4g #e4j ,dec4 #aa1 -#b4b -#b4g -#a4a -#b4j ,jan4 #h1 #ahih -#j4j -#b4g -#c4i #j4j #bb1 -#e4j -#f4a -#c4i -#c4i ,feb4 #bf1 -#j4j -#f4f -#f4f -#e4j ,march #ab1 #b4h -#a4f -#b4g -#b4g #bf1 #h4h -#a4g -#a4f -#a4a ,april #af1 #be4f -#a4d #a4a -#a4a #cj1 #ac4i #a4a -#a4a -#a4a ,may #bh1 #ag4b #a4g -#j4c #j4j ,june #i1 #be4j #a4g -#j4c #j4j #ah1 #bb4c #a4g -#j4b #j4j ,july #af1 #ce4j #g4b #j4j #b4b ,on the #ast of ,july1 #ahig1 a cold breeze was noticed coming from the cave to a distance of at least #cj meters4 ,at the entrance the breeze was strong enough to blow out a candle4 ,this breeze was not noticed at other times4 ,from ,december to ,february inclusive1 on the contrary1 the breeze was reversed4 ,from ,july to ,october1 #ahig1 the walls of the cave were moist4 ,from ,october to ,february they were dry4 ,in ,february frost began to appear on the walls4 ,on ,march #abth1 #ahih1 the walls were covered with frost4 ,the ice appeared at a spot nearly at the end of the cave on the #bfth of ,march1 #ahih4 ,at a place about #f4ej meters nearer the entrance1 however1 is where most ice forms4 ,this place ,mr4 ,kovarik calls ,locus ,glacialis4 ,the ice appeared here about the #bith of ,may1 #ahih4 ,it increased rapidly up to ,june #abth1 when it was at its maximum1 and was about two meters in width4 ,it generally covers the north wall from top to base4 ,the greatest thickness in #ahih was #bi centimeters4 ,the temperature which ,mr4 ,kovarik recorded on the #afth of ,april at ,locus ,glacialis of #a4a seems an anomalous one4 ,on writing to him he sent me the following explanation3 ,april #afth1 after ,i left the thermometer at ,locus ,glacialis the usual time1 ,i noticed that it registered #a4a ,c4 ,it seemed singular1 for at both the ,division and the ,end1 the thermometer registered considerably lower4 ,i left the thermometer at its place for about an hour longer1 and noticed then that it did not register differently4 ,i would suggest this explanation3 ,this is true about water that upon freezing it gives off its latent heat4 ,now on ,april #afth some water dripped into the cave on the wall near where the thermometer was1 about #a4ej meters from the floor4 ,the amount of water was very small1 but as it came in contact with the cold wall it began to give out its latent heat which affected the close by thermometer4 ,the temperature of the rock was without doubt between -#a4 and -#c4 ,freezing ,cavern at ,brainard1 ,iowa4 7,alois ,f4 ,kovarik1 ,decorah ,public ,opinion1 ,september #bjth1 #ahii47--,this little cave is situated on the north side of a hill about #a4e kilometers northwest of ,brainard4 ,it is about #d4ej meters deep4 ,on ,june #ajth1 #ahii1 ,mr4 ,kovarik found the floor and walls covered with ice4 ,the temperature was #j ,c4 ,the owner claims to have taken enough ice out of it on ,july #dth1 #ahig1 to freeze cream4 ,freezing ,cave near ,elkinsville1 ,brown ,county1 ,indiana4 7,clipping from a western newspaper1 #ahif47--,the entrance is said to be overlapped by trees and to resemble a mine shaft4 ,the winding way leads to a hollow some #ae meters below the surface1 resembling a broad vaulted corridor1 which is known to the natives as the devil's chamber and where the temperature is low4 ,from this point several galleries lead further in1 and from one of them comes a blast of icy cold air4 ,this passage is similar to the one at the entrance to the cave1 but after a few meters frost is visible1 and further on it is thick on all sides1 like the crust that is formed on the pipes of an ice plant4 ,the narrow way leads to a big chamber1 known as the ice vault4 ,in this dome1 which is fully #cj meters in width1 the ice forms a large stalagmite and is of unknown depth4 ,freezing ,gully on ,mount ,abraham1 ,maine4 7,jackson1 ,report of the ,geology of ,maine1 #ahci1 ,,iii47--,ice was found in ,june at an altitude of #ajcb meters among the boulders in one of the gullies of ,mount ,abraham4 ,illustration3 ,,freezing ,,cavern ,,at ,,brainard4 ,from a ,photograph by ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,kovarik4 ,subterranean ,ice in ,king's ,ravine1 ,mount ,adams1 ,new ,hampshire4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #a4 ,ice ,gulch on ,crescent ,mountain1 ,randolph1 ,new ,hampshire4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #hc4 ,ice in a ,hole at ,dixville ,notch1 ,new ,hampshire4--,mr4 ,john ,ritchie1 ,jr41 of ,boston1 has examined this place1 which he is sure is a refrigerator4 ,it is in a hole north of the cliff and near its top4 ,ice on ,mount ,garfield1 ,new ,hampshire4--,mr4 ,john ,ritchie1 ,jr41 informs me that ice was discovered among the boulders on the summit of ,mount ,garfield during the summer of #ahig4 ,freezing ,talus near ,rumney1 ,new ,hampshire4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #he4 ,freezing ,talus near ,north ,woodstock1 ,new ,hampshire4--,mr4 ,john ,ritchie1 ,jr41 has examined this locality4 ,he thinks the ice was gone in ,july1 but judges it to be on the level of an old talus and a couple of meters down4 ,freezing ,well at ,lyman1 ,grafton ,county1 ,new ,hampshire4 7,geology of ,vermont1 #ahfa1 ,i41 page #aig47--;,a well in that town is reported as having been frozen solid in ,june1 #ahaf1 at a depth of about #b4fj meters from the surface4 ,icy ,wells at the ,foot of ,mount ,mansfield1 ,vermont4 7,n4 ,m4 ,lowe1 ,science ,observer1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #eh47--,these are described as being really incipient caves4 ,freezing ,cave near ,manchester1 ,vermont4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #gf4 ,ice ,bed of ,wallingford1 ,rutland ,county1 ,vermont4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #ii4 7,s4 ,pearl ,lathrop1 ,american ,journal of ,science and ,arts1 #ahdd1 ,,xlvi41 page #cca47--;,dr4 ,lathrop says that ice has been found at the ,ice ,bed as late as ,september4 ,freezing ,wells at ,brandon1 ,vermont4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #gg4 7,geology of ,vermont1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,i41 page #aib47--,mr4 ,hager says that the well was dug into a mass of sand and gravel1 of the kind known as modified drift4 ,the gravel was frozen at the time of digging4 ,the ,boston ,natural ,history ,society1 in #ahei1 sank two wells1 one #ba meters southeast of the original one1 the other #ba meters northwest4 ,the first was #aj meters in depth and did not reach ice2 the second was #aa meters in depth1 and came to the layer of frozen gravel4 ,cave near ,brandon1 ,vermont4 7,geology of ,vermont1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,i41 page #aig47--,mr4 ,hager heard that about #c kilometers north of ,brandon village was a cavern1 in a hill1 in which ice is found most of the summer4 ,icy ,gulf near ,great ,barrington1 ,massachusetts4--,mentioned in ,part ,i41 page #ii4 ,icy ,glen near ,stockbridge1 ,massachusetts4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #ge4 ,the ,snow ,hole1 ,new ,york3 near ,williamstown1 ,massachusetts4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #ih4 7,dewey1 ,american ,journal of ,science and ,arts1 #ahai1 vol4 ,i41 page #cdj2 and #ahbb1 vol4 ,v41 page #cih47--,mr4 ,dewey found1 in ,june1 snow #b meters deep on ice of unknown depth4 ,on his second visit he found less ice and snow than on his first visit1 as the trees in the neighborhood had been cut down4 ,glacire near ,williamstown1 ,massachusetts4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #aja4 ,freezing ,well near ,ware1 ,massachusetts4--7,geology of ,vermont1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,i41 page #aig47--;,depth #aa4e meters4 ,this is in a sand and gravel formation much like that at ,brandon1 except that there is less clay1 and that none of the pebbles are limestone4 ,wolfshollow near ,salisbury1 ,connecticut4 7,c4 ,a4 ,lee1 ,american ,journal of ,science and ,arts1 #ahbd1 vol4 ,,viii41 page #bed47--;,in the eastern portion of the township1 at an altitude of about #hjj meters1 is a chasm about #ajj meters long1 #ah meters deep and #ab meters wide4 ,it is in mica-slate1 and is sheltered by large trees4 ,at the bottom at one end is a spring of cold water and a cave of considerable extent1 in which ice and snow is found the greater part of the year4 ,natural ,ice ,house1 near ,meriden1 ,connecticut4 7,benjamin ,silliman1 ,american ,journal of ,science and ,arts1 #ahbb1 vol4 ,,iv41 page #agd47--;,it lies between ,new ,haven and ,hartford1 about #cb kilometers from the sea1 at an altitude of about #fj meters4 ,the ice is found in a narrow defile of perpendicular trap rock1 at the bottom filled with broken stones4 ,the defile is so placed that in summer the sun only shines into it for about an hour each day2 it is also well protected by surrounding trees1 the leaves from which form beds at the bottom among the rocks and help to protect the ice4 ,natural ,ice ,house of ,northford1 ,connecticut4 7,benjamin ,silliman1 ,american ,journal of ,science and ,arts1 #ahbb1 vol4 ,,iv41 page #agg47--;,about #aa kilometers from ,new ,haven on the ,middletown road between ,branford and ,northford1 is a gorge where ice remains throughout the year4 ,in this case the ice is mixed with a considerable quantity of leaves and dirt2 it has sometimes been brought to ,new ,haven4 ,ice in an ,old ,iron ,mine1 near ,port ,henry1 ,lake ,champlain4 7,geology of ,vermont1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,i41 page #aii47--;,ice was found during the summer at a depth of from #ae meters to #cj meters1 and a current of cold air was issuing from the opening4 ,there seems to be more than one opening to the mine4 ,freezing ,talus on ,lower ,ausable ,pond1 ,essex ,county1 ,new ,york4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #gi4 ,freezing ,talus at the ,south ,base of the ,giant of the ,valley1 ,essex ,county1 ,new ,york4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #ha4 ,freezing ,boulder ,talus1 ,indian ,pass1 ,new ,york4 ,see ,part ,i41 page #hc4 ,freezing ,boulder ,talus1 ,avalanche ,pass1 ,new ,york4--,see ,part ,i41 page #hc4 ,freezing ,cave near ,carlisle1 ,new ,york4--,see ,part ,i41 page #ic4 ,ice among the ,catskill ,mountains1 ,new ,york4--,mr4 ,george ,brinton ,phillips informs me that he has seen subterranean ice in ,august among boulders in a gorge in the ,catskills near the ,stony ,cloves road1 starting out from ,haines' ,falls4 ,the people in the neighborhood speak of the place as an ice cave4 ,gorge in the ,shawangunk ,mountains1 near ,ellenville1 ,ulster ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #ia4 7,heilprin1 ,around the ,world1 #ahid1 page #aid47--,professor ,heilprin found in ,july a mass of ice measuring about thirty meters in length and #a meter in depth4 ,the thermometer near the ice read about #a ,c4 above freezing point1 the day being hot4 ,icicles hung from the ledges on the side of the gorge4 ,freezing ,gorge at ,sam's ,point1 ,new ,york4--,see ,part ,i41 page #ic4 ,ice ,deposits and ,windholes at ,watertown1 ,new ,york4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #hf4 ,freezing ,well near ,tioga1 ,new ,york4--,depth1 #bc meters4 ,no information4 ,freezing ,well near ,prattsburg1 ,new ,york4--,depth1 #f4e meters4 ,no information4 ,freezing ,well near ,owego1 ,new ,york4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #gd4 7,d4 ,o4 ,macomber1 ,american ,journal of ,arts and ,sciences1 #ahci1 vol4 ,,xxxvi41 page #ahd4 ,well's ,annual of ,scientific ,discovery1 #ahef1 page #aij47--,the thermometer is said to have stood at--#a4b at the bottom of the biggest well when it registered--#bj outside4 ,when a candle was let down1 the flame became agitated and was thrown in one direction at the depth of #i meters2 at the bottom the flame was still1 but soon died out4 ,large masses of ice were found in the biggest well as late as ,july1 and the men who made the well were forced to put on thick clothing in ,june1 and even so could not work for more than two hours at a time4 ,cave in the ,panama ,rocks1 ,chautauqua1 ,new ,york4 ,the ,rev4 ,horace ,c4 ,hovey informs me that he has been in a small cave in this locality1 and that he found ice in it4 ,cave in ,sussex ,county1 ,new ,jersey4--,a clipping from a newspaper1 with neither name nor date1 says that new ice is found daily on the land of ,peter ,feather1 in the mouth of an unexplored cavern4 ,a small stream of water runs out of the cavern and forms a pool at the opening1 and here it is that the ice forms4 ,enough has been taken in one day to freeze two cans of ice cream4 ,a cold draught of air issues continuously from the cavern4 ,hole ,containing ,ice on ,blue ,mountain1 ,new ,jersey4 ,reported2 no information4 ,gorge ,containing ,ice on ,bald ,eagle ,mountain1 ,clinton ,county1 ,pennsylvania4--,mr4 ,henry ,chapman ,mercer1 of ,doylestown1 learned of the existence of this gorge during the summer of #ahig4 ,it is near the village of ,mc,elhatten1 in the neighborhood of ,lock ,haven1 and is some #c kilometers distant from the ,susquehanna ,river4 ,ice is said to remain over during the entire summer4 ,freezing ,cave and ,windholes near ,farrandsville1 ,clinton ,county1 ,pennsylvania4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #ic4 ,underground ,ice ,formations1 ,sullivan ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 on the southwestern borders of ,lycoming ,county4--,mr4 ,w4 ,coleman ,hall of ,philadelphia1 about twenty years ago1 found ice in two or three places1 on ,bear ,creek1 north of ,muncy ,creek1 about #be kilometers north of the ,susquehanna ,river1 and southwest of ,eagles ,mere4 ,the ice was under rocks1 in what may be described as limestone sinks4 ,since the destruction of the forest1 the ice has become less abundant1 if indeed any still forms4 ,glacires in ,abandoned ,coal ,mines near ,summit1 ,carbon ,county1 ,pennsylvania4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #ie4 ,ice ,cave ,railroad ,station1 ,luzerne ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,on the ,bowman ,creek branch of the ,lehigh ,valley ,r4 ,r4--,mr4 ,f4 ,holschuh1 agent at ,luzerne1 informs me that about #b kilometers from ,ice ,cave ,station is a little waterfall on the side of a mountain which was formerly covered with dense forest4 ,a short distance below the fall1 a large hollow place has been worn out of the rocks by the action of the water4 ,the overhanging rocks give this almost the appearance of a cave4 ,while the forest was still thick and when the winter was cold1 ice would form under these rocks and would not disappear until summer was well advanced4 ,the station was called ,ice ,cave on account of this place4 ,hole ,containing ,ice at ,millerstown1 ,pennsylvania4--,reported2 no information4 ,freezing ,talus at ,spruce ,creek1 ,huntingdon ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #ij4 ,the ,philadelphia ,ledger of ,july #fth1 #ahif1 states that around the boulders where the ice lies1 there are found varieties of plants strongly arctic in character4 ,ice ,mountain1 ,hampshire ,county1 ,virginia4 7,c4 ,b4 ,hayden1 ,american ,journal of ,science and ,arts1 #ahdc1 vol4 ,,xlv41 page #gh47--;,it lies on the ,north ,river1 near the road leading from ,winchester to ,romney1 at an altitude of from about #bbj meters to #bdj meters4 ,one side of the hill is entirely composed of loose stones1 among which an abundance of ice is found at all times1 although the sun shines on the upper surface of the stones from ten in the morning until sunset4 ,the ice is regularly used in summer by the people near by4 ,constant and strong air currents issue from the crevices in the rocks4 ,similar1 but smaller accumulations1 are said to occur in the same county4 ,mrs4 ,george ,b4 ,balch visited the ,ice ,mountain in ,august1 #ahgh4 ,she saw no ice1 but the air under the stones was very cold4 ,blowing ,cave1 ,bath ,county1 ,virginia4--,mrs4 ,horace ,jayne informs me that there is a blowing cave near the ,cowpasture ,river1 about half way on the old stage road between ,millboro and ,warm ,springs4 ,a draught flows out from it1 strong enough to blow the grass about1 three or four meters away4 ,the draught is cold1 perhaps abnormally so4 ,the cave has not yet been explored4 ,,south ,,america4 ,ice ,sheets on ,mount ,chimborazo4 7,a4 von ,humboldt1 ,travels to the ,equinoctial ,regions1 ,london1 #ahad1 vol4 ,i41 page #aef47--,on ,chimborazo1 enormous heaps of ice are found covered with sand1 and in the same manner as at the ,peak of ,teneriffe far below the inferior limit of the perpetual snows4 ,tierra del ,fuego4 7,a4 ,winchel1 ,walks and ,talks1 #ahih1 page #abb47--,on ,tierra del ,fuego ice and lava are found interstratified for a great depth1 each winter's snow being covered by a new lava sheet4 ,,teneriffe4 ,la ,cueva de la ,nieve or del ,hielo4 7,humboldt1 ,travels to the ,equinoctial ,regions1 #ahad1 vol4 ,i41 pages #aed1 #aef4 ,c4 ,piazzi ,smyth1 ,teneriffe1 an ,astronomer's ,experiment1 #aheh1 page #cdh47--,la ,cueva de la ,nieve lies at an altitude of #cbfg meters in the ,malpays on the ,peak of ,teneriffe1 just below the snow line4 ,it is in obsidian4 ,the entrance is #c4f meters high and #b4g meters broad4 ,the grotto is #cf meters long1 #f meters wide1 and #d meters high4 ,the descent into the cave is so steep that it is necessary to be lowered by ropes4 ,professor ,smyth found in ,july an ice floor about #fj centimeters thick which was covered with water4 ,a good deal of snow was lying near the mouth of the cave4 ,the walls were covered with ice and icicles and a few small ice cones rose on the ice floor4 ,,iceland4 ,the ,surtshellir or ,cave of ,surtur4 7,olafsen and ,povelsen1 ,voyage en ,islande1 ,paris1 #ahjb4 ,henderson1 ,iceland1 #ahai1 #b;d ed41 page #dbj4 ,guimard1 ,voyage en ,islande1 page #dha47--,the ,surtshellir lies in the volcanic waste of ,westisland1 and is in lava which has flowed from the ,bald ,jokul4 ,the approach is through an open chasm4 ,the length of the cave is #aecd meters1 with an average width of from #ae meters to #ag meters1 and a nearly uniform height of from #i meters to #aa meters4 ,in four places the roof is broken and allows daylight to enter4 ,a great deal of ice is sometimes found in the cave1 in the shape of an ice floor1 transparent icy pillars1 hanging icy pendants1 and columns and arches of ice along the walls4 ,some of the pillars have been found #b4ej meters high4 ,kutlagaya4 7,a4 ,winchel1 ,walks and ,talks1 #ahih1 page #abb47--;,in #ahfj the crater of the mountain ,kutlagaya1 in ,iceland1 hurled out simultaneously into the air lumps of lava and ice1 all intermingled together4 ,,scandinavia4 ,ice in the ,mines of ,nordmark4 7,jars1 ,voyages ,mtallurgiques1 #aggd1 page #aje47--ac kilometers north of ,philipstadt1 ,wermeland1 ,sweden1 a number of holes were dug1 some to a depth of #abj meters4 ,ice of some thickness formed in some of these towards the end of winter1 and lasted until about ,september1 despite the fires of the workmen4 ,persberg ,iron ,mines1 ,sweden4 7,j4 ,prestwich1 ,collected papers1 etc41 on page #bjf1 quotes ,dr4 ,clark's ,travels in ,scandinavia47--,ice is said to have been found on the sides and bottom of the mine to a depth of about #ace meters4 ,ice ,caves ,reported in ,norway4--,i was told in ,norway that some of the caves in the mountains near the ,swartisen ice field contained ice1 but ,i do not know whether this is true4 ,i suspect that there are glacier ice caves which have given rise to this report4 ,,england4 ,helvellyn1 ,cumberland4 7,wordsworth1 ,fidelity47--,the following verses were pointed out to me by ,mr4 ,bunford ,samuel4 ,as far as ,i know they are the only poetry about glacires3-- ,it was a cove1 a huge recess ,that keeps1 till ,june1 ,december's snow2 ,a lofty precipice in front1 ,a silent tarn below6 ,far in the bosom of ,helvellyn1 ,remote from public road or dwelling ,pathway or cultivated land ,from trace of human foot or hand4 ,ice in an ,old ,copper ,mine1 ,cumberland4 7,j4 ,clifford ,ward1 ,nature1 vol4 ,,xi41 page #caj47--;,ice reported as a rare occurrence4 ,ludchurch ,chasm1 ,staffordshire4 7,r4 ,k4 ,dent and ,joseph ,hill's ,historic ,staffordshire1 quote ,dr4 ,plot1 #afhf47--,mr4 ,bunford ,samuel called my attention to this book1 in which ,dr4 ,plot is quoted as saying that as late as the #agth of ,july1 snow has been found in ,ludchurch ,chasm4 ,messrs4 ,dent and ,hill do not mention anything of the kind as occurring now4 ,blowing ,cave in ,denbighshire1 ,wales4--,a newspaper cutting says that there are such strong eruptions of winds from a cave in this neighborhood as to toss back to a great height in the air any article of apparel thrown in4 ,tin ,croft ,mine1 ,cornwall4 7,j4 ,prestwich1 ,collected papers1 etc41 page #bjf1 quotes ,mr4 ,moyle47--,ice has been found in abundance in this mine at a depth of nearly #ajj meters4 ,,central ,,europe4 ,glacire de ,chaux-les-,passavant4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #h4 7,poissenot1 ,nouvelles ,histoires ,tragiques de ,benigne ,poissenot1 licenci aux lois4 ,a ,paris1 chez ,guillaume ,bichon1 rue ,s4 ,jacques1 a l'enseigne du ,bichot1 #aehf1 avec privilege du ,roy1 pages #dcf-dec4 ,gollut1 ,les ,mmoires historiques de la ,repub4 ,sequanoise1 et des princes de la ,franche ,comt de ,bourgogne1 par ,m4 ,lois ,gollut1 ,advocat au ,parlement de ,dle2 ,a ,dle1 #aeib4 ,trouillet1 ,mmoires de la ,socit d'mulation du ,doubs1 #ahhe4 ,girardot1 ,mmoires de la ,socit d'mulation du ,doubs1 #ahhf47 ,the earliest notice of a glacire which ,i have been able to find is in the shape of a letter giving an account of a visit to the ,glacire de ,chaux-les-,passavant in #aehd1 by ,benigne ,poissenot1 a ,french lawyer4 ,the account1 which ,i have translated as literally as possible1 is in a special chapter1 as follows3-- ,sir3--,since our separation1 ,i have had this pleasure 7heut7 to hear news of you only once1 having found your brother in ,paris2 who1 having assured me of your good health 7disposition71 informed me of how since we had seen each other you had travelled to ,italy1 even as far as ,greece1 of which you had seen a large portion3 and that sound and safe1 after so long a journey1 you had reappeared and landed at ,havre de ,grace where you wished to go1 that is to say at home4 ,all the pleasure which a friend can receive1 knowing the affairs of another self1 joined to such a happy result1 seized my heart1 at the recital of such agreeable news3 and ,i did not fail shortly after1 to write you amply all which had happened to me since ,i left you until my return to ,france3 congratulating you at having escaped from marine abysses and perilous passages on land1 on which travellers are often constrained to risk their life4 ,from this time1 ,i have always stayed in ,paris or in the neighborhood1 according to the good pleasure of dame fortune1 who ruled me in her wise and fed me with her dishes the most common and ordinary until the first day of ,january of the year #aehd1 when ,i received my first gift in the shape of a strong and violent disease1 which tormented me more than a month3 from which1 having become cured with the help of ,god1 and having with time recovered my health and my strength at the arrival of spring1 ,i was seized with the desire to smell the air of the country4 ,and in fact having thrown away my pen and travelled about 7battu l'estrade7 through high and low ,burgundy1 ,i stopped at ,bezenson1 ,imperial ,city1 to spend the summer4 ,this city is still to day just the same as ,julius ,csar describes it1 in the notable mention he makes of it1 in the first book of his commentaries of the war in ,gaul1 there remaining there all the vestiges of the most remarkable things1 which he tells of in his description4 ,there are also very fine fountains1 from all of which water streams from the representation of some god of antiquity1 as a ,neptune1 a ,bacchus1 a ,pan1 a ,nereide or others3 except before the state house1 where the statue of ,charles the ,fifth1 representing him in a most natural manner1 is placed on an eagle1 which from its beak1 pours out such a great quantity of water that this is the most beautiful1 among all the other fountains4 ,and as ,i do not doubt that while traversing ,italy1 you both saw and examined with curiosity the most handsome singularities1 which presented themselves to your eyes and that on your return1 passing through ,avignon and ,dauphin1 as your brother informed me1 you had the advantage over me of seeing the wonders of the country1 of which you had heard me speak sometimes1 regretting that the war1 during the time ,i was in that quarter1 had prevented my going to the spot1 to see the burning fountain as in ,dodone1 and the fountain called ,jupiter1 which torches of fire light up and which grows less till midday and then grows till midnight1 and then diminishes and fails at midday3 and another in ,epirus which we call to day ,albania1 the tower without venom and the inaccessible mountain3 then as ,i said1 since you have contemplated these things and several others not less admirable1 ,i wish to entertain you about a marvel which ,i saw1 during my sojourn in ,bezenson1 to know from you1 whether in all your journey1 you saw a similar thing4 ,know then that the day of the festival of ,st4 ,john ,baptist1 a young man1 provided with an honest knowledge1 with whom ,i had made some little acquaintance1 presented me with an icicle1 to cool my wine at dinner1 and which ,i admired greatly1 on account of the time of the year in which we then were1 begging him who gave it to me to tell me where he had discovered this rare present for that time4 ,he answered me that every year1 the day of the solemnity of the festival of ,st4 ,john ,baptist1 the inhabitants of a village1 which he named1 were bound to come to offer the great church of ,st4 ,john of ,bezenson1 a goodly quantity of ice1 which they got in a wood1 and brought to town at night on horses1 for fear that by day it should melt1 and that one of his cronies had given to him what he had given to me4 ,suddenly there flamed up in me a desire to see this place1 where in the height of the summer1 ice was to be found4 ,when he who had presented me with the icicle saw this1 he promised to accompany me1 not having as yet1 any more than myself1 seen this marvel4 ,i did not hatch very long this decision1 all the more as all those1 to whom ,i mentioned it1 encouraged me to carry it out as soon as ,i could1 assuring me that ,i should see a strange thing1 and that even the ,duke of ,alva on his return from ,flanders1 passing through ,franche ,comt1 had wished to see this novelty4 ,therefore calling on the promise of the one who was the cause of undertaking this journey1 we went together to ,versey1 a fine town1 distant five leagues from ,bezenson1 turning a little off our direct route1 to go to see a literary man1 at this said ,versey1 who having called on me at ,bezenson1 had extracted from me the promise of going to see him4 ,there happened to me in this spot1 what the poet du ,bellay says happened to him1 on his return from ,italy1 passing through the ,grisons1 to go into ,france3 who1 after having chanted the troubles there are in the passage1 says that the ,swiss made him drink so much1 that he does not remember anything he saw in that country4 ,likewise1 ,i can assure you that my host1 following the custom of those of the country 7who do not think they are treating a man properly if they do not make him drink a lot1 taking that from the ,germans1 their neighbors7 made us carouse so well1 that when we went to bed1 we were very gay boys4 ,for although we had both made an agreement on the road1 yet our host knew so well how to win us over1 saying that those who would not drink1 gave reason to think badly of them1 and that they had committed1 or wished to commit some great crime1 which they feared to give away in drinking1 that in the end we let ourselves go1 passing the time in ,pantagruelic fashion4 ,the next morning having taken some hair from the beast and a guide which our host gave to us to conduct us to the ,froidiere--we continued our wanderings1 and arrived at a little village called ,chaud1 joining a large wood1 where our guide told us1 that although he had been more than six times to the ,froidiere1 yet the road was so tortuous and so cut up by small paths1 that if we did not take a man from this village1 to be more sure1 we might spend more than half a day in the wood1 before finding what we were seeking4 ,getting off our horses now1 we added to our company a native of the place1 who having led us by crooked roads1 about a quarter of a league1 through the forest1 made us enter into a close thicket and by a little path led us to a pleasant meadow2 where1 looking down1 we saw a hole1 of difficult descent1 at the bottom of which was the opening of a grotto1 pretty big1 and so awful and terrifying to see1 that one would have said1 it was the mouth of ,hell4 ,and in truth1 ,i remembered then1 the hole of ,st4 ,patrick1 which is said to be in ,hibernia4 ,we were not brave enough knights1 to try the adventure1 my companion and ,i1 if our guides had not taken the lead4 ,after whom we descended as magnanimously as the ,trojan ,duke followed the ,sybil to the ,plutonic realms1 the sword half drawn from the scabbard1 and well determined to make test of the ,platonic doctrine1 which teaches that demons can be dissected1 in case any shade or spook should have come to meet us4 ,about the middle of the way1 we began to feel in descending a very agreeable freshness2 for it was the second day of ,july and the sun shone very warmly1 which made us sweat drop by drop4 ,but we had good opportunity to refresh ourselves and put ourselves to cool1 having reached the grotto which we found of the length and breadth of a large hall1 all paved with ice in the bottom1 and where a crystalline water1 colder than that of the mountains of ,arcadia ,nonacris1 streamed from many small brooklets1 which formed very clear fountains1 with the water of which ,i washed myself and drank so eagerly1 that ,i had wished the thirst of ,tantalus1 or else that ,i had been bitten by a ,dipsas1 in order to be always thirsty1 amid such a pleasant beverage4 ,a great lord1 who in some pleasure resort1 should have such a refrigerator in summer1 could boast according to my judgment1 to be better provided with drink1 than the kings of ,persia were with their river ,coaspis1 which engulphs itself into the ,tigris1 the water whereof was so sweet1 that the use of it was allowed only to the great ,king1 for the retinue and cronies of his household4 ,do not think1 that among these delights1 ,i was at all free from fear1 for never did ,i raise my eyes above that from terror my whole body shivered and the hair stood up on my head1 seeing the whole roof of the grotto1 covered with big massive icicles1 the least of which1 falling on me1 had been sufficient to scramble up my brains and knock me to pieces2 so much so that ,i was like to that criminal1 whom they say is punished in ,hell1 by the continual fear of a big stone1 which seems as though it must suddenly fall on his ears4 ,there are besides the large hall of the grotto1 some rather roomy corners1 where the gentlemen of the neighborhood1 put their venison to cool in summer1 and we saw the hooks1 where they hang the wild fowl4 ,it is true1 that when we were there1 we saw neither game nor wild fowl1 and ,i think1 that if we had found any of it1 we were men to carry off some of it4 ,we walked around for about a quarter of an hour1 in this ,froidiere and we should have staid there longer if the cold had not driven us out2 which struck in to our backs1 even to make our teeth crack2 we reascended the slope1 not forgetting1 all of us as many as we were1 to provide and load ourselves with ice1 which served us at lunch in the little village mentioned above to drink most delightfully1 assuring you that it is impossible to drink more freshly than we drank then4 ,i thought of those old voluptuaries1 who cooled their wine with snow1 and it seemed to me1 as though they might have had it much cheaper if in their time there had been many such ,froidieres1 to refresh it with ice1 instead of with snow1 as some of the gentlemen of the neighborhood of the ,froidiere and some of the most notable persons of the neighborhood of ,bezenson do2 who by night1 have a good supply brought on horses1 which they keep in their caves1 and use at their meals and banquets4 ,turning back towards the ,imperial city of ,bezenson1 ,i carried for about two great leagues1 a rather large icicle in my hands1 which little by little melted and was a pleasant and agreeable cooler1 on account of the great heat of the weather4 ,after having thought over in my mind1 the cause of this antiperistase1 ,i could find none other but this3 to wit1 that as heat domineers in summer1 the cold retires to places low and subterranean1 such as is this one1 to which the rays of the sun cannot approach1 and that in such an aquatic and humid place1 it operates the results1 which we have shown above4 ,which seemed to me so much more likely1 that on asking the peasants of the neighboring village1 if in winter there was ice in this ,froidiere1 they answered me that there was none1 and that on the contrary1 it was very warm there4 ,whatever may be the cause1 whether this or another1 ,i can assure you1 that ,i admired this singularity as much as any ,i have seen1 since a large church1 cut into a rock which ,i had seen a few years previously1 in a little town of ,gascony called ,st4 ,milion1 distant seven leagues from ,bordeaux2 on the steeple of which is the cemetery1 where they bury the dead2 a thing to be marvelled at by him who has not seen it4 ,i have made trial1 to enrich this missive1 with all the artifice which has come into my head1 using the leisure1 which the present time brings me3 as the temple of ,janus is open1 the air beyond breathing nothing but war3 which forces me1 against my wish1 to sojourn in this place longer than ,i had intended4 ,if these troubles settle down1 and if after the rain1 ,god sends us fine weather as requires the calamitous state in which is now the flat country1 ,i shall return to my ,parnassus2 from which if ,i go out hereafter1 believe that it will be very much in spite of myself1 or that my will will have very much changed4 ,you will be able to let me hear from you there1 and take your revenge for the prolixity of this letter1 by sending me one still longer1 which you will write to me with more pleasure1 as ,i shall take much in reading it4 ,however as it is becoming time to sound taps1 ,i will pray the sovereign creator for my affectionate recommendations to your graces4 ,sir1 and best friend1 may you keep in health and have a long and happy life4 ,from ,sens this #bjth of ,june #aehe4 ,your obedient friend1 ,,benigne ,,poissenot4 ,end of the description of the marvel1 called the ,froidiere4 ,the next notice about the ,glacire de ,chaux-les-,passavant is by ,gollut in #aeib1 as follows3-- ,sidenote3 ,ices in summer4 ,i do not wish however to omit 7since ,i am in these waters7 to bring to mind the commodity1 which nature has given to some dainty men1 since at the bottom of a mountain of ,leugn ice is found in summer1 for the pleasure of those who wish to drink cool4 ,nevertheless at this time1 this is disappearing1 for no other reason 7as ,i think7 except1 that they have despoiled the top of the mountain1 of a thick and high mass of woods1 which did not permit that the rays of the sun came to warm the earth1 and dry up the distillations1 which slipped down to the lowest and coldest part of the mountain where 7by antiperistase7 the cold got thicker1 and contracted itself against the heats surrounding and in the neighborhood during the whole summer1 all the external circumference of the mountain4 ,the ice at ,chaux-les-,passavant is said to have been entirely cleared out1 by the ,duc de ,lvi1 in #agbg1 for the use of the ,army of the ,saone4 ,in #agdc1 when de ,cossigny visited the cave1 the ice was formed again4 ,there are no reports about the intervening time between #agbg and #agdc4 ,the ice probably all re-formed the winter after it was taken away4 ,captain ,trouillet in #ahhe writes of ,chaux-les-,passavant3 ,the following winter had shown itself unfavorable to the production of ice1 the periods of humidity preceding too long ahead the periods of frost4 ,finally last summer1 coming after a wet spring1 was exceptionally warm4 ,such were the circumstances which brought about in the glacire the ruin which could be seen at the end of last ,october4 99 99 99 ,on the #aath of ,november1 the first effects of frost are felt and the temperature falls in the glacire to -#b3 outside the thermometer drops to -#c4 ,on the morning of the #abth1 same result1 and ice makes its appearance in the grotto1 as the report of the observer shows3 but the quantity produced is so small that the internal thermometer soon goes above #j4 ,it is only on the #ith of ,december that the frost wins definitely2 on the #aath1 #abth and #acth the chill is intense and reaches -#ai outside1 stopping at -#ae in the glacire4 ,the water coming from the rains between the #eth and the #ith drip at this time through the roof and the big side crevasse3 circumstances grow favorable and the ice accumulates4 ,from the #agth1 the entrance slope becomes almost impracticable2 the icicles grow on the roof1 as big as the body of a man4 99 99 99 ,from this time to the end of ,december1 the ice sheet does not increase1 for water only arrives by the rare drip of the roof1 and only the stalactites increase slowly4 ,outside1 however1 the cold continues vigorously1 the thermometer on the #cast of ,december dropping to -#ae and to -#ac in the glacire4 ,if the production of the ice stops1 it is not the cold which is wanting1 but the other element1 the one which as our former study showed1 is the most rarely exact at the meeting4 ,the winter is only favorable on condition that it offers alternating periods of freezing and thawing2 so the observer writes in his report3 'it is the water which is wanting1 otherwise the glacire would be magnificent4' ,trouillet speaks of the difficulty of winter observations in the following words3 ,mons4 ,briot1 the present lessor of the glacire1 has the unpaid mission of going every week to the bottom of the grotto to get and put in place the interior thermometer4 ,it is a really hard piece of work at this time of the year3 each journey takes about one hour4 ,besides the chance that a visitor has of receiving on his head one of those magnificent stalactites #a meter or #b meters long which fall continually from the roof1 it is perfectly disagreeable to him to arrive at the base of the slope otherwise than on the sole of his boots1 and to face thus the frequent and painful meeting with rocks whose angular edges dot the surface of the descent1 smooth as a mirror set at an angle of #cj4 ,trouillet and ,girardot obtained a series of observations with maxima and minima thermometers at ,chaux-les-,passavant during the winter of #ahhe-ahhf4 ,at the end of ,november the temperature inside was #b4 ,on the #b;d of ,december it rose to #b4e4 ,on the #ajth of ,december1 it sank to -#a1 and after this date1 it remained below freezing point all winter4 ,the observations were not continuous1 but they showed that every time the temperature outside dropped considerably1 the temperature inside immediately did likewise4 ,for instance1 on the #abth of ,january1 the outside air dropped to -#ah1 and the inside air responded by falling to -#ae4 ,on the other hand1 when the temperature outside rose above freezing point1 the temperature inside remained stationary or fluctuated only gently4 ,for instance1 from the #bdth of ,march to the #hth of ,april1 the outside air went up and down perpetually1 the extremes being -#b and #af2 while in the same time the inside air rose continuously from -#b to -#j4e4 ,windholes and ,ice ,formations near ,grardmer1 ,vosges4 7,rozet1 in ,encyclopdie ,moderne1 ,didot ,frres1 ,paris1 #ahec1 vol4 ,,xvi41 page #ejc47 ,l',abime du ,creux-,perc or ,glacire de ,pasques4 7,martel1 ,les ,abimes1 #ahid1 page #cid2 ,annuaire du ,club ,alpin ,franais1 vol4 ,,xix41 page #ch47--,on the plateau of ,langres1 ,cte d',or4 ,it lies #ae kilometers from ,dijon1 and is really a limestone rock gorge1 of #ee meters in depth1 which at the top is #dj meters long and #bj meters wide1 and at the bottom is #ae meters long and #ab meters wide4 ,in ,march #ahib1 ,mons4 ,martel found the north side covered with large icicles #ae meters long4 ,the ice seems to remain throughout the year4 ,the bottom of the ,abime has been reached only by means of two long rope ladders4 ,creux de ,chevroche or ,roche ,chvre1 ,cte d',or4 7,clment ,drioton1 ,mmoires de la ,socit de ,splologie1 #ahig1 vol4 ,i41 page #bji47--;,in the woods of ,mavilly1 near ,bligny-sur-,ouches1 is a little cave1 called ,creux de ,chevroche or ,roche-,chvre1 where one can find ice until the month of ,july4 ,freezing ,well of ,marolles1 at ,la ,fert-,milon1 ,aisne4 7,martel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #efc1 note #b47--,this well is #h4ae meters deep2 the altitude is #gj meters4 ,during the winter of #ahib-ic the water in it froze for a thickness of #ae centimeters4 ,the minimum outside temperature that year was -#ag4 ,windholes near ,pontgibaud1 ,puy de ,dome4 7,g4 ,poulett-,scrope1 ,the ,geology and ,extinct ,volcanoes of ,central ,france1 #aheh1 page #fj47--,these windholes are in basalt4 ,there are many cracks1 whence cold air currents issue1 and where ice has been found1 sometimes in summer4 ,there are cold storage huts over some of the cracks4 ,le ,creux-de-,souci1 ,puy de ,dome4 7,martel1 ,les ,abimes1 #ahid1 ,page #chg47--,this is situated #e kilometers southeast of ,besse-en-,chandesse4 ,it is a large lava cavern with the entrance directly in the middle of the roof4 ,the bottom is partly filled by a lake4 ,the depth from the surface of the ground to the lake is #cc meters2 from the smallest part of the opening to the lake the depth is #ba4ej meters4 ,down this last portion one can descend only by means of a rope ladder4 ,the temperature is extremely low2 in general near freezing point4 ,in ,june1 ,july1 ,august and ,november #ahib1 ,monsieur ,berthoule1 maire of ,besse1 did not find any snow4 ,on the #ajth of ,august1 #ahic1 on the contrary1 he found at the bottom a heap of snow1 which he thinks was formed in the cave itself1 by the freezing during their descent of the drops of water which are constantly dripping from the roof4 ,he reports landing on une montagne de neige1 de neige blanche4 ,on several visits1 ,mons4 ,berthoule noticed carbonic acid gas in dangerous quantities4 ,there was none at the time he observed the snow heap1 but ten days later he found it impossible to descend into the cave as the carbonic acid gas came up in puffs to the entrance4 ,in the lake1 ,mons4 ,berthoule discovered a variety of ,rotifer1 ,notholca longispina1 and also several alg and diatoms4 ,the ,asterionella formosa is the most remarkable from its abundance3 it exists in some of the lakes of the ,alps1 but not in those of the ,pyrenees4 ,aven de ,lou ,cervi1 ,vaucluse4 7,martel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #efc47--,this is a cold cave4 ,it belongs to the class which ,mons4 ,martel calls avens rtrcissement1 or abimes double orifice4 ,in ,september1 #ahib1 ,mons4 ,martel noted a temperature of #f4e at #ec meters2 of #f4h at #fd meters4 ,mean temperature of locality1 #h4ge4 ,igue de ,biau1 ,lot4 7,martel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #cjd47--;,cold cave4 ,temperature on #acth ,july1 #ahia3 #e4 ,fosse ,mobile1 ,charente4 7,martel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #chj47--;,cold cave4 ,temperature on #aath ,april1 #ahic3 #g4 ,aven de ,deidou1 ,causse ,mjean4 7,martel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #bbc47--;,cold cave4 ,temperatures on #adth ,october1 #ahib3 outside air1 #d2 at bottom1 #f4e4 ,aven des ,oules1 ,causse ,mjean4 7,martel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #bbg47--;,cold cave4 ,temperatures on #bast ,october1 #ahib3 outside air1 #b4e2 at bottom1 #d4 ,windhole ,cold ,caves near ,roquefort1 ,aveyron4--,they lie #ac kilometers from ,millau1 at an altitude of about #fjj meters1 and are utilized in the manufacture of ,roquefort cheese4 ,aven de ,carlet1 near la ,roche ,giron1 ,basses ,alpes4 7,martel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #ec47--,lumps of ice are reported to have been taken from it4 ,la ,poujade1 ,cvennes4 7,martel1 ,les ,abimes1 pages #bab-bae47--;,an intermittent spring in limestone rock4 ,at the bottom of the first gallery1 on the #ahth of ,september1 #ahib1 the temperature of the air was #ab4c1 and that of a pool of water supplied by drip #aa4e4 ,mons4 ,martel thought that the drip brought to the pool the mean annual temperature of the ground through which it had come4 ,a little further within and #e meters lower1 the temperature of the air was #g4c and that of another pool of water #f4h4 ,this pool was not supplied by drip and must have been left over by the last flow of the spring4 ,mons4 ,martel thought that the lower temperatures at this spot were due to the cold air of winter dropping to the bottom of the cave and on account of its density not being able to get out4 ,snow ,preserved in ,chasms in the ,italian ,mountains4 7,the ,penny ,magazine1 ,london1 ,august1 #ahcd1 page #cce47--,mr4 ,bunford ,samuel called my attention to an article in which the ,southern ,italians are said to dig wells or cellars on the mountain sides1 and to throw snow into them in winter4 ,the snow is well pressed together and straw1 dried leaves1 etc41 is thrown on top4 ,by having a northern exposure for these pits1 and seeing that they are in thick forest1 or in rifts where the sun does not penetrate1 these depots may be safely placed as low down the mountain as the snow falls and lies4 ,naples is largely supplied #ahcd with snow in summer from such snow wells situated on ,monte ,angelo1 the loftiest point of the promontory separating the ,bay of ,naples from the ,bay of ,salerno4 ,cold ,caves of ,san ,marino1 ,apennines4 7,de ,saussure1 ,voyages dans les ,alpes1 #agif1 ,,iii41 page #baa47--,these are probably windholes4 ,la ,bocche dei ,venti di ,cesi4 7,de ,saussure1 ,voyages dans les ,alpes1 #agif1 ,,iii41 page #baa47--,these windholes were in the cellar of the house of ,don ,giuseppe ,cesi1 in the town of ,cesi4 ,the cellar acted as a natural refrigerator4 ,the air stream was so strong1 that it nearly blew out the torches4 ,in winter the wind rushed into the holes4 ,de ,saussure was shown the following ,latin verses by the owner3-- ,abditus hic ludit vario discrimine ventus ,et faciles miros exhibet aura jocos4 ,nam si bruma riget1 quaecumque objeceris haurit4 ,evomit aestivo cum calet igne dies1 ,windholes or ,ventarole on ,monte ,testaceo1 near ,rome4 7,de ,saussure1 ,voyages dans les ,alpes1 #agif1 ,,iii41 page #bji47--,there are a number here among heaps of broken pottery4 ,the temperatures seem abnormally low4 ,krypta ,sorana4 7,kircher1 ,mundus ,subterraneus1 #affd1 page #aah and page #bci47--,this has been spoken of as a glacire cave1 but as there is much doubt in the matter1 ,i quote the passages1 on which the reports are based1 in the original ,latin3 ,cryptae sunt naturales1 quarum innumerae sunt species1 juxta vires naturales iis inditas4 ,sunt nonnullae medicinali virtute praeditae1 quaedam metallicis vaporibus1 exhalationibus1 aquis scatent1 sunt et glaciales1 plenae nivibus et crystallo1 uti in ,monte ,sorano me vidisse memini4 ,and further3 ,vidi ego in ,monte ,sorano cryptam veluti glacie incrustatam1 ingentibus in fornice hinc inde stiriis dependentibus1 e quibus vicini montis accolae pocula aestivo tempore conficiunt1 aquae vinoque1 quae iis infunduntur1 refrigerandis aptissima1 extremo rigore in summas bibentium delicias commutato4 ,subterranean ,ice ,sheet1 ,mount ,etna1 ,sicily4 7,lyell1 ,principles of ,geology1 #aath ,edition1 chapter ,,xxvi47--,this ice sheet is near the ,casa ,inglese4 ,sir ,charles ,lyell ascertained the fact of its existence in #ahbh1 and in #aheh he found the same mass of ice1 of unknown extent and thickness1 still unmelted4 ,in the beginning of the winter of #ahbh1 ,lyell found the crevices in the interior of the summit of the highest cone of ,etna encrusted with thick ice1 and in some cases hot vapors actually streaming out between masses of ice and the rugged and steep walls of the crater4 ,lyell accounts for this ice sheet by the explanation that there must have been a great snow bank in existence at the time of an eruption of the volcano4 ,this deep mass of snow must have been covered at the beginning of the eruption by volcanic sand showered on it1 followed by a stream of lava4 ,the sand is a bad conductor of heat and together with the solidified lava1 preserved the snow from liquefaction4 ,glacire on the ,moncodine4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ac47--,the ,moncodine is described as a ,dolomite near the ,lago di ,como4 ,the cave lies up the ,val ,sasina1 two hours from ,cortenuova1 at an altitude of #afge meters4 ,the entrance faces north1 and is #b4e meters high and #a4e meters wide4 ,the average diameter of the cave is #af meters4 ,the floor is solid ice1 which has been sometimes cut for use in the hotels on the ,lago di ,como and even been sent to ,milan4 ,la ,ghiacciaia del ,mondole4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #h47--,the ,mondole is a mountain #bcge meters high1 near ,mondovi1 south of ,turin4 ,the cave lies on the eastern slope1 at an altitude of about #bjjj meters4 ,it is hard to get at4 ,the entrance is to the east1 and is #b meters wide and #a4e meters high4 ,a passageway some #be meters long leads to a large chamber where there is plenty of ice4 ,in hot summers ice is brought from the cave to ,mondovi4 ,ghiacciaia means freezing cavern in ,italian4 ,la ,ghiacciaia del ,val ,sguret4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #h47--;,it lies near ,susa at the base of chalk cliffs1 at an altitude of about #aejj meters4 ,the cave is said to be about #dj meters deep1 #ej meters wide and #ej meters high4 ,bonetti in ,may1 #ahgd1 found many icicles and ice cones4 ,la ,borna de la ,glace4 7,chanoine ,carrel1 ,bibliothque ,universelle de ,genve1 #ahda1 vol4 ,,xxxiv41 page #aif47--;,it lies in the ,duchy of ,aosta1 commune of ,la ,salle1 on the northern slope of the hills near ,chabauday1 in a spot called ,plan ,agex4 ,the altitude is #afjb meters4 ,the entrance opens to the east and is #fj centimeters wide and #hj centimeters high4 ,one can descend for #d meters4 ,there are two branches in the rear of the entrance4 ,chanoine ,carrel found an ice pillar #a meter high in the western branch4 ,he recorded these temperatures on the #aeth of ,july1 #ahda3 ,outside #ae4 ,entrance #b4i4 ,east branch #j4i4 ,west branch #j4e4 ,windholes in the ,italian ,alps4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 pages #id-ig47--;,a number of these seem to have abnormally low temperatures4 ,some are in the mountains around ,chiavenna1 and are sometimes1 by building small huts over them1 utilized as refrigerators4 ,some are reported in the neighborhood of the ,lago di ,como near ,dongo1 near ,menaggio1 and in the villa ,pliniana near ,curino2 in the neighborhood of the ,lake of ,lugano at the base of ,monte ,caprino1 near ,melide1 near ,mendrisio and near ,sertellino2 and in the ,val ,maggia near ,cevio4 ,the ,glacire de ,font d',urle1 or ,fondurle1 ,dauphin4 7,hricart de ,thury1 ,annales des ,mines1 vol4 ,,xxxiii41 page #aeg2 ,g4 ,f4 ,browne1 ,ice ,caves1 etc41 page #bab2 ,e4 ,a4 ,martel1 ,mmoires de la ,socit de ,splologie1 vol4 ,i41 page #cg2 ,l4 ,villard1 ,splunca1 #ahif1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #ci47--;,it lies on the ,foire de ,font d',urle1 #af kilometers north of ,di1 #dh kilometers east of ,valence1 and #hj kilometers south of ,grenoble4 ,the glacire consists of two large pits1 lying east and west1 and with underground communication4 ,from this tunnel a long low archway leads to a broad slope of chaotic blocks of stone1 which is #fj meters long and #db meters in greatest width4 ,the ice begins half way down this slope1 fitfully at first and afterwards in a tolerably continuous sheet4 ,thury found many icicles hanging from the roof4 ,browne found four columns of ice1 of which the largest was #e4hj meters across the base4 ,on his visit1 in the middle of ,august1 the ice was strongly thawing4 ,both explorers noted the extremely prismatic character of the ice4 ,browne found a temperature of #j4e4 ,martel gives a section and plan of ,font d',urle4 ,mons4 ,villard says about this cavern3 ,a curious thing3 ,i found in this cave1 motionless on a piece of rock1 entirely surrounded by ice for a distance of several meters1 a blind specimen of a coleoptera1 ,cytodromus dapsodes4 ,the ,chourun ,clot4 7,e4 ,a4 ,martel1 ,sous ,terre4 ,annuaire du ,club ,alpin ,franais1 vol4 ,,xxiii41 #ahif1 pages #db1 #dc2 ,mmoires de la ,socit de ,splologie1 vol4 ,i41 page #ca47--;,in ,dauphin1 half way between ,agnires and the ,pic ,costebelle1 at an altitude of #a1gdj meters4 ,there is first a pit #ah meters long1 #d4ej meters wide and #be meters deep4 ,in the bottom of this is a vertical hole #ae meters deep and from #a meter to #b meters in diameter1 in which there was much ice on the #cast of ,july1 #ahif4 ,then the pit changes to a sloping gallery which terminates in a little hall1 full of ice1 at a depth of #gj meters4 ,martel gives a cut and section of this glacire4 ,the ,glacire du ,trou de ,glas4 7,e4 ,a4 ,martel1 ,la ,gographie1 #aijj1 vol4 ,i41 page #eb47--;,in the range of the ,grande ,chartreuse4 ,the ,chourun ,martin4 7,e4 ,a4 ,martel1 ,la ,gographie1 #aijj1 vol4 ,i41 page #ec47--;,in the range of the ,dvoluy1 ,hautes-,alpes2 altitude #a1ehj meters4 ,an extremely deep pit1 which on ,july #cast1 #ahii1 was much blocked up with snow4 ,the ,chourun de la ,parza4 7,e4 ,a4 ,martel1 ,la ,gographie1 #aijj1 vol4 ,i41 page #ed47--;,in the range of the ,dvoluy1 ,hautes-,alpes2 altitude #a1gbe meters4 ,a fine pit1 #be meters in diameter1 and #gd meters in depth4 ,filled with snow or rather nv1 in which are deep holes4 ,the ,glacire de l',haut-d',aviernoz4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #b4 7,c4 ,dunant1 ,le ,parmelan et ses ,lapiaz1 page #bf2 ,browne1 ,ice ,caves1 etc41 page #aeg47--,mons4 ,dunant calls this glacire l',haut d',aviernoz2 ,mr4 ,browne calls it the ,glacire du ,grand ,anu4 ,by a plumb line held from the edge of the larger pit1 ,browne found that the ice floor was about #ce meters from the surface1 which would give a level for the ice floor closely identical to the one ,i found4 ,in ,july1 #ahfd1 he recorded a temperature of #a4a4 ,the ,glacire de l',enfer4 7,g4 ,f4 ,browne1 ,good ,words1 ,november1 #ahff2 ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney1 ,the ,alpine ,regions1 #ahfh1 pages #ie1 #if2 ,c4 ,dunant1 ,le ,parmelan et ses ,lapiaz1 page #be47--,on ,mont ,parmelan4 ,a pit cave with a steep slope of broken rock leading to a rock portal in the face of a low cliff4 ,this opens into a roughly circular hall about #bb meters in diameter and #c meters to #d meters in height4 ,a chink between the rock and the ice permitted ,mr4 ,browne to scramble down three or four meters to where a tunnel entered the ice mass4 ,throwing a log of wood down this tunnel1 a crash was heard and then a splash of water1 and then a strange gulping sound4 ,the tunnel obviously led to a subglacial reservoir and this was probably covered by a thin crust of ice2 the log in falling had broken this and then disturbed the water below1 which then commenced bubbling up and down through the hole1 and making a gulping noise1 just as it does sometimes when oscillating up and down in a pipe4 ,mons4 ,c4 ,dunant of the ,club ,alpin ,franais describes a visit to the ,glacire de l',enfer4 ,he mentions also a legend of a witch from a neighboring village who would get the ice from these caves and bring it down in the shape of hail on the crops of the peasants who were inhospitable to her4 ,the ,glacire de ,chapuis4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #e4 7,browne1 ,ice ,caves1 etc41 page #ahb1 and ,good ,words1 ,november1 #ahff47--,mr4 ,browne calls it the ,glacire de ,chappet-,sur-,villaz4 ,mr4 ,browne and ,professor ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney found several flies in the ,glacire de ,chapuis4 ,three of them were specimens of ,stenophylax1 the largest being probably1 but not certainly1 ,s4 hieroglyphicus of ,stephens4 ,two smaller caddis flies were either ,s4 testaceus of ,pictet or some closely allied species4 ,one other insect was an ichneumon of the genus ,paniscus1 of an unidentified species4 ,it differed from all its congeners in the marking of the throat1 resembling in this respect some species of ,ophion4 ,mr4 ,browne thinks that the case flies may have been washed into the cave somehow or other in the larva form1 and come to maturity on the ice where they had lodged4 ,but this explanation will not hold in the case of the ichneumon1 which is a parasitic genus on larv of terrestrial insects4 ,the ,glacire de ,le ,brezon4 7,pictet1 ,bibliothque ,universelle de ,genve1 #ahbb1 vol4 ,,xx41 page #bgj1 and ,thury1 ,bibliothque ,universelle de ,genve1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,x41 pages #aci and #aeb47--;,it lies southeast of ,bonneville near the foot of ,mount ,lechaud1 at an altitude of #abgf meters4 ,the cave is #i4g meters long1 about #h meters wide and the greatest height is about #d meters4 ,the entrance is small and is at the base of a cliff1 in some places of which cold air currents issue4 ,the ice lies on the floor4 ,some of it is probably winter snow4 ,the ,glacire de ,brisons4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #a4 ,the ,grand ,cave de ,montarquis4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #gj4 7,thury1 ,bibliothque ,universelle de ,genve1 vol4 ,x41 pages #ace-aec47--,professor ,thury describes two visits to this cave4 ,on the #afth of ,august1 #ahei1 he found no ice stalactites or stalagmites4 ,on the #aith of ,january1 #ahfa1 he did not find a single drop of water in the cave1 but many stalactites and stalagmites of beautiful clear ice1 one of which resembled porcelain more than any other substance4 ,in ,august1 ,thury found an air current streaming into the cave at the rear1 but this did not1 however1 disturb the air of the interior1 for in one part it was in perfect equilibrium3 along the line of the draughts the ice was more melted than elsewhere in the cave4 ,in ,january1 the current was reversed and poured into the fissure1 with the temperature varying between -#a4e and -#b4e4 ,he observed the following temperatures at the ,grand ,cave3-- ,,time4 ,,outside4 ,,inside4 #afth ,august1 #ahei #h4f #b4e #aith ,january1 #ahfa #a4be ,p4 ,m4 #b4f -#d4 #b4ab #b4a -#d4 #c4ej -#a4a -#d4 ,the ,petite ,cave de ,montarquis4 ,mentioned in ,part ,i41 page #ga4 7,thury1 ,bibliothque ,universelle de ,genve1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,x41 page #aej4 ,also quotes ,morin47--,at the end of a crooked fissure #aj meters deep1 a passage #f meters long1 leads into a cave #h meters high and #e meters in diameter4 ,in ,august1 #ahbh1 ,morin found an ice stalagmite of #e meters in height in the middle of the cave4 ,cave ,containing ,ice on the ,southern ,shore of ,lake ,geneva4--,reported2 no information4 ,the ,glacire and ,neigire d',arc-,sous-,cicon4 7,browne1 ,ice ,caves1 etc41 page #aah47--,these lie close together in the ,jura about twenty kilometers from ,pontarlier4 ,the little glacire is formed by a number of fissures in the rock1 disconnected slits in the surface opening into larger chambers where the ice lies4 ,the neigire is a deep pit1 with a collection of snow at the bottom1 much sheltered by overhanging rocks and trees4 ,a huge fallen rock covers a large part of the sloping bottom of the pit1 which forms a small cave in the shape of a round soldier's tent1 with walls of rock and floor of ice4 ,the ,glacire de la ,genollire4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #dh4 7,browne1 ,ice ,caves1 etc41 page #a47--,mr4 ,browne observed in #ahfd a temperature of #a4a1 and two days later of #j4h4 ,he also found a number of flies running rapidly over the ice and stones4 ,he was told in ,england1 from the specimen he brought away1 that it was the ,stenophylax hieroglyphicus of ,stephens or something very like that fly4 ,the ,glacire de ,saint-,georges4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #fb4 7,thury1 ,bibliothque ,universelle de ,genve1 #ahfa1 vol4 ,x47--,professor ,thury obtained the following temperatures at the ,glacire de ,saint-,georges3-- ,,outside4 ,,inside4 #ith ,january1 #aheh #g4cf ,p4 ,m41 -#d4e #g4af ,p4 ,m41 -#j4f #g4bj -#a4b #g4bg -#b4e #g4ej -#b4i ,minimum of night -#e4h -#d4i #ajth ,january1 #aheh #aj4ec ,a4 ,m41 -#c4d #aj4ab ,a4 ,m41 -#d4f #aa4ad -#c4a #aj4cj -#d4e #aa4de -#b4b #aa4bj -#d4d #ab4cb ,p4 ,m41 -#b4d #ab4ad ,p4 ,m41 -#d4d #a4ab -#j4i #a4cj -#d4b #c4jc -#b4i #b4cj -#d4a #c4ef -#c4e #c4ad -#d4j #d4bf -#c4g #d4jj -#c4h ,minimum of night -#g4f -#f4h #aath ,january1 #aheh #i4cd ,a4 ,m41 -#e4f #b;d ,april1 #aheh #f4bj ,p4 ,m41 #j4g -#j4b ,minimum of night #a4a #c;d ,april1 #aheh #aj4jj ,a4 ,m41 #d4j #i4jj ,a4 ,m41 -#a4j ,professor ,thury's winter excursions caused him to accept as proved that part of the mountaineers' belief1 which holds that there is no ice formed in caves in winter4 ,one of the main grounds for his opinion was the series of observations he made in the ,glacire de ,saint-,georges4 ,he found no ice forming there in winter and the natives said it did not because the cavern was not cold enough4 ,so he placed large dishes filled with water in the cave and found that they froze solid during the night1 which he had been assured was impossible4 ,thury also found violent movements of the air at ,saint-,georges in ,january1 #aheh4 ,a candle burned steadily for some time1 but at #g4af ,p4 ,m4 it began to flicker and soon inclined downwards through an angle of about #de2 and in the entrance1 the flame assumed an almost horizontal position4 ,at #h ,p4 ,m41 the current of air nearly disappeared4 ,thury thought that this violent and temporary disturbance of equilibrium was due to the fact that as the heavier air outside tended to pass into the cave1 the less cold air within tended to pass out2 and the narrow entrance confining the struggle to a small area1 the weaker current was able for a while to hold its own4 ,the ,glacire du ,pr de ,saint-,livres4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #fe4 7,browne1 ,ice ,caves1 page #dj47--,mr4 ,browne found1 in #ahfd1 a temperature of #j4 ,the ,petite ,glacire du ,pr de ,saint-,livres4 7,browne1 ,ice ,caves1 page #df47--,this is near the last cave at a slightly higher altitude4 ,there is first a small pit1 then a little cave1 in which there is an ice slope4 ,this passes under a low arch in the rock wall1 and leads down into another small cave4 ,mr4 ,browne descended this ice stream1 which was itself practically a fissure column and spread into the fan shape at the base4 ,the lower cave was #bb meters long and #aa meters wide1 and contained an ice floor and several fissure columns4 ,the ,glacire de ,naye1 above ,montreux1 ,switzerland4 7,e4 ,a4 ,martel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #cig2 ,splunca1 #ahie1 vol4 ,i41 pages #ajg1 #ajh2 ,mmoires de la ,socit de ,splologie1 vol4 ,,iii41 pages #bdf-bed47--,this is called a glacier souterrain4 ,it was discovered in #ahic by ,professor ,dutoit4 ,there are fifty-four caves known among the ,rochers de ,naye1 and only this one contains ice4 ,it is a long narrow cave with two entrances and widest towards the base1 which opens over a precipice4 ,the altitude is high1 the upper entrance being at an altitude of #ahbj meters1 and the lower of #agej meters4 ,the place is both a passage cave and a windhole4 ,the snow falls into the upper entrance1 and slides down1 becoming ice in the lower portion4 ,there are other connecting passages and hollows where the cold air cannot get in1 and there ice does not form4 ,mons4 ,martel thinks that the ice formed during the winter is preserved by the draughts--due to the difference in level of the two openings--causing an evaporation and chill sufficient for the purpose4 ,the ,creux ,bourquin4 7,e4 ,a4 ,martel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #cig47--;,at ,mauberget1 near ,grandson4 ,this is a rock gorge #be meters deep4 ,at the bottom1 on the #ith of ,july1 #ahic1 was a mass of ice #ch meters long and #h meters wide4 ,the ,glacire de ,monthzy4 7,browne1 ,ice ,caves1 page #ig47--,this lies to the west of ,neufchtel1 between the ,val de ,travers and the ,val de ,brvine1 on the path between the villages of ,couvet and ,le ,brvine1 at an altitude of #aajj meters4 ,the cave is nearly oval in shape1 with a length of #cd meters and a width of #bi meters4 ,the roof is from #a meter to #c meters high4 ,there are three pits1 about #bj meters deep1 on different sides of the cave4 ,the descent is made through the largest pit4 ,on the #fth of ,july1 #ahfd1 ,mr4 ,browne found the floor of the cave covered with ice1 and icicles and columns in some places2 he also saw a clump of cowslips 7primula elatior7 overhanging the snow at the bottom of the pit through which he descended4 ,pertius ,freiss4 7,t4 ,g4 ,bonney1 ,nature1 vol4 ,,xi41 page #cbg47--;,it lies on the way to the ,pic d',arzinol1 near ,evolne1 in the ,val d',hrens4 ,a slip or subsidence of part of a cliff has opened two joints in the rock1 in both of which fissures ,professor ,bonney found ice on ,july #bc;d4 ,the ,schafloch4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #ba4 7,krber1 ,jahrbuch des ,schweizer ,alpen ,club1 #ahhe1 vol4 ,,xx41 pages #caf1 #cdc47--;,herr ,krber gives some of the dimensions as follows3 ,entrance #ad meters wide and #d4gj meters high4 ,length of cave #bjf4h meters3 average width #bj meters and greatest width #bc4e meters4 ,height from #e meters to #g meters4 ,length of ice slope #bi meters and breadth #ab4e meters2 for #af meters the slope has an inclination of #cb4 ,krber made the following observations in the ,schafloch3-- #ad ,,meters #ajj ,,meters #afj ,,meters ,,date4 ,,outside4 ,,from ,,from ,,from ,,entrance4 ,,entrance4 ,,entrance4 #ba ,september1 #ahhd1 #aj4e #e4f #j4b #j4b #ah ,january1 #ahhe1 #b4g -#a4j -#a4c -- ,the ,rev4 ,g4 ,f4 ,browne1 in #ahfd1 found a temperature of #j4e4 ,the ,eisloch of ,unterfluh4 7,baltzer1 ,jahrbuch des ,schweizer ,alpen ,club1 #ahib-ic1 pages #ceh-cfb47--,twenty minutes from ,unterfluh near ,meiringen4 ,a long narrow rock crack1 some #cj meters deep and running some distance underground4 ,windholes and ,milkhouses of ,seelisberg4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #de4 ,windholes on the ,spitzfluh4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ib47--,these are situated between ,oltingen and ,zeylingen1 ,canton ,ble3 they generally contain ice till the end of ,july4 ,windholes on the ,blummatt4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ic47--,on the northwestern slope of the ,stanzerberg4 ,ice sometimes lies over in these windholes4 ,windholes near ,bozen4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ig47--,on the ,mendel ranges in ,eppan1 southwest of ,bozen1 among porphyry rocks4 ,there are strong wind-streams4 ,ice is said to remain till late in the summer4 ,grotto on ,monte ,tofana1 ,dolomites4 7,t4 ,g4 ,bonney1 ,nature1 vol4 ,,xi41 page #cbh47--,this is probably a rudimentary glacire4 ,holes with ,ice near ,lienz4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ig47--,one hour and a half distant near ,aineth1 is a small cave containing ice1 and further up the valley towards ,huben1 are several windholes4 ,eishhle am ,birnhorn4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #aca47--,near ,leogang in the ,pinzgau4 ,altitude #baej meters4 ,there are two entrances1 from which a slope #aj meters long1 set at an angle of #be1 leads to an ice floor #ab meters long and #c meters high4 ,then comes a small ice slope1 and a little horizontal floor at the back4 ,explored by ,fugger4 ,glacires on the ,eiskogel4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ai47--,the ,eiskogel is in the ,tennengebirge1 a mountain mass lying east of ,pass ,lueg4 ,at an altitude of about #aijj meters1 are two small caves1 about #cj meters to #dj meters apart4 ,they are some #be meters in length and get smaller towards the bottom4 ,holes with ,ice in the ,tennengebirge1 between the ,schallwand and the ,tauernkogel4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #bj47--;,in this gorge are some small holes at an altitude of about #bjjj meters1 which are said to contain ice in summer4 ,the ,seeofen4 7,a4 ,posselt-,csorich1 ,zeitschrift des ,deutschen und ,oesterreichischen ,alpen ,verein1 #ahhj1 page #bgj47 ,on the ,hean ,krail in the ,tennengebirge1 at an altitude of about #aijj meters4 ,the entrance faces southwest1 and is #f meters high and #d4e meters wide4 ,the cave is #be meters long1 and #h meters wide4 ,the floor of the cave is #ac meters below the entrance4 ,the ,posselthhle4 7,a4 ,posselt-,csorich1 ,zeitschrift des ,deutschen und ,osterreichischen ,alpen ,verein1 #ahhj1 page #bgc47--,named after its discoverer4 ,it lies on the ,hochkogel in the ,tennengebirge1 at an altitude of about #aijj meters4 ,the entrance faces southwest1 and is about #h meters high and #h meters wide4 ,from the entrance the cave first rises1 then sinks again below the level of the entrance1 where the ice begins4 ,the cave is about #bj meters wide4 ,about #ahj meters were explored1 to a point where a perpendicular ice wall1 #f meters high1 barred the way4 ,about #abe meters from the entrance1 there was an ice cone about #g meters high4 ,the ,gamsloch or ,diebshhle4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ad47--;,it lies on the ,breithorn of the ,steinernes ,meer1 near the ,riemannhauss1 at an altitude of about #bahj meters4 ,the entrance faces south4 ,there is first a small1 then a larger chamber4 ,the latter is some #dj meters long1 by #e meters or #f meters wide4 ,the ice is in the large chamber4 ,eishhle am ,seilerer4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ae47--,on the eastern side of the ,seilerer arte on the ,ewigen ,schneeberg1 west of ,bischofshofen1 at an altitude of about #bdjj meters1 is a small glacire cave4 ,cave in the ,hagengebirge1 ,west of ,pass ,lueg4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ae47--;,it lies about #b kilometers east of ,kalbersberg1 at an altitude of about #bjjj meters4 ,a snow slope1 with an ice floor at the bottom1 leads into a long cave1 about which little is known4 ,the ,nixloch4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #eg4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ih47--,professor ,fugger gathered some valuable data in connection with the ,nixloch4 ,in ,august1 #ahgi1 he found the air current entering downwards2 on ,september #adth1 #ahgi1 there was no current either way4 ,on ,christmas day1 #ahgh1 on the contrary1 the draughts were reversed1 pouring out of the hole with a temperature of #g4d3 the outside air then being -#g4d4 ,at this time the known lower opening was in existence4 ,the ,kolowratshhle4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #ah4 7,fugger1 ,beobachtungen1 etc41 page #g47--,this cavern has been more carefully studied than any other glacire cave4 ,some of its dimensions are given by ,professor ,fugger as follows3 ,from the entrance to the ice floor1 #bf4f meters2 surface covered by ice as measured on a plane1 #bidj square meters2 approximate cubical measure of entire cave1 #ib1jjj cubic meters4 ,the height of the entrance is #g meters1 with a width at the base of #b4g meters1 and at the top of #f4f meters4 ,on the entrance slope occurred the only fatal accident ,i know of in glacires4 ,in #ahff1 the ,bavarian minister ,freiherr von ,lerchenfeld tried to descend2 a wooden handrail which had been erected over the snow broke under his weight2 von ,lerchenfeld fell to the bottom of the cave and died a few days after from the injuries he received4 ,of the ,kolowratshhle1 we have numerous thermometric observations by ,professor ,fugger1 of which ,i select a few4 ,,date4 ,,outside4 ,,entrance4 ,,inside4 ,,rear4 #ba ,may #ahgf #f4e #j4g #j4jc #j #j4jh #ah ,june #ahgf #e4a #a4f #j4bc #j4d #bd ,june #ahgf #aj4 #a4f #j4d -- #e ,july #ahgf -- -- #j4d -- #bb ,july #ahgf #aa4c #a4e #j4d #j4b #bi ,july #ahgf #ae4b #b4d #j4c #j4b #bb ,aug4 #ahgf #ai4h #d4j #j4d #j4be #bj ,sept4 #ahgf #g4b #c4j #j4de #j4f #bb ,sept4 #ahgf -- -- #j4cj -- #af ,oct4 #ahgf #ad4h #b4je #j4b #j4b #bb ,oct4 #ahgf #e4f #b4e #j4be #j4d #bf ,nov4 #ahgf #d4d #j4d -#a4j -- #f ,jan4 #ahgg #b4a #a4b -#a4fe -#j4f ,the ,schellenberger ,eisgrotte4 7,fugger1 ,beobachtungen in den ,eishhlen des ,untersberges1 page #hj47--,on the southeast slope of the ,untersberg near ,salzburg1 at an altitude of #aehj meters4 ,the path leads past the ,kienbergalp over the ,mitterkaser and the ,sandkaser4 ,in front of the entrance is a sort of rock dam1 #cj meters long and #e meters or #f meters higher than the entrance4 ,masses of snow fill the space between the two4 ,the entrance is about #bj meters wide and from #b meters to #c meters high4 ,a snow slope of #be meters in length1 set at an angle of #be1 leads to the ice floor4 ,the cave is #ed meters long1 from #ac meters to #bb meters broad and from #d meters to #aj meters high4 ,the cave has been repeatedly examined by ,fugger1 who has always found most snow and ice in the beginning of the hot weather1 after which it gradually dwindles away4 ,of the ,schellenberger ,eisgrotte1 we have the following thermometric observations by ,professor ,fugger3-- ,,date4 ,,outside4 ,,entrance4 ,,inside4 #bi ,june1 #ahgg #ah -- #j4ch #bd #ahha #ba #b4c #j4bd #bh ,aug41 #ahgh #ad4f -- #j4b #ab #ahgi #ag4h -- #j4c #d ,oct41 #ahgf #af4g #a4d #j4c #i #ahhj #c4f #c4e #j4c #b #ahhg #e4d -- #j4d #i #ahhg #h4b -- #j4d #aa ,nov41 #ahgg #g4d -- #j4b ,the ,grosser ,eiskeller or ,kaiser ,karls ,hhle4 7,fugger1 ,beobachtungen1 etc41 page #eh47--,on the ,untersberg1 between the ,salzburger ,hochthron and the ,schweigmller ,alp4 ,altitude #afhg meters4 ,a stony slope of #bf meters in length leads to an ice floor which is #bf meters long and #f meters to #h meters wide4 ,the ,kleiner ,eiskeller4 7,fugger1 ,beobachtungen1 etc41 page #gc47--,near the last4 ,a small cave #h meters long1 #f meters wide1 #h meters high4 ,the ,windlcher on the ,untersberg4 7,fugger1 ,beobachtungen1 etc41 page #gc47--,on the ,klingersteig1 at an altitude of #acjj meters4 ,four small caves of about #ab meters each in length and #h meters in depth1 and communicating at the bottom4 ,there are strong draughts among them4 ,in one of the caves is a small pit of great depth4 ,the ,eiswinkel on the ,untersberg4 7,fugger1 ,beobachtungen1 etc41 page #gg47--;,between the ,klingeralp and the ,vierkaser1 at an altitude of #afjj meters4 ,a small cave or rather rock shelter4 ,windholes on the ,untersberg4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 pages #ajc1 #ajd47--,windholes have been found by ,fugger on the lower slopes of the ,untersberg3 ,near the ,hochbruch at ,frstenbrunn4 ,in the dbris of the ,neubruch4 ,in the dbris of the ,veitlbruch4 ,hotel ,cellar at ,weissenbach on the ,attersee4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #bj47--,there is a small cave here1 at an altitude of #deb meters1 which is utilized as a cellar1 and which is said to contain ice in summer4 ,cave near ,steinbach4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #bj47--;,a small cave containing ice on the northwest slopes of the ,hllengebirge4 ,altitude about #gjj meters4 ,the ,kliebensteinhhle or ,klimmsteinhhle4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #bj47--,on the north slope of the ,hllengebirge1 near the ,aurachkar ,alp1 between ,steinbach and the ,langbath ,lakes4 ,altitude about #acjj meters4 ,length about #dj meters1 width #bj meters1 height #ae meters4 ,the ,wasserloch4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ba47--,on the south slope of the ,hllengebirge1 near the ,spitzalpe4 ,altitude about #acej meters4 ,at the bottom of a gorge is a snow heap and a small cave4 ,the snow becomes ice in the cave4 ,cave on the ,zinkenkogl near ,aussee4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ba47--;,altitude about #ahjj meters4 ,a snow slope leads to an ice floor #ah meters long and #d meters wide4 ,cave on the ,kasberg4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #bb47--,south of ,grnau near ,gmunden4 ,altitude about #aejj meters4 ,small cave #ab meters long1 #d meters wide4 ,the ,wasseraufschlag on the ,rothen ,kogel4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #bb47--;,a tunnel near ,aussee4 ,the ice in it was formerly used4 ,the ,gschlsslkirche4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #bb47--,on the ,dachstein range1 facing the ,lake of ,gosau4 ,a small cave1 mostly filled with snow4 ,cave with ,ice on the ,mitterstein4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #bc47--,on the ,dachstein1 one hour and a quarter from the ,austria hut4 ,altitude about #ahjj meters4 ,cave #e meters to #f meters wide1 #cj meters long4 ,in the rear a passage leads apparently to a windhole where there is a strong draught4 ,windholes in the ,obersulzbach ,valley in the ,pinzgau4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #aje47--;,fugger found ice among these on the #ast of ,august1 #ahhf4 ,ice in an ,abandoned ,nickel ,mine on the ,zinkwand1 in the ,schladming ,valley4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #aje47 ,windholes on the ,rothen ,kogel near ,aussee4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ajf47--,these were found to contain ice on the #b;d of ,september1 #ahdh4 ,cave on the ,langthalkogel4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #bc47--,on the ,dachstein plateau between ,hallstatt and ,gosau4 ,a small cave which contains ice4 ,eislunghhle4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #bd47--;,a small cave between the ,hochkasten and ,ostrowiz in the ,priel range4 ,the ,geldloch or ,seelcken on the ,oetscher4 7,schmidl1 ,die ,hhlen des tscher and ,die ,oesterreichischen ,hhlen2 ,cranmer and ,sieger1 ,globus1 #ahii1 pages #cac-cah1 and #ccc-cce47--,the second known notice of a glacire cave is the account of a visit to the ,oetscher ,caves in #aeia4 ,after lying in manuscript for two and a half centuries1 it was published by ,dr4 ,a4 ,schmidl in #aheg1 in ,die ,hhlen des tscher1 pages #ba-cf4 ,according to the account1 which is naive1 but evidently truthful1 ,kaiser ,rudolf ,,ii4 ordered ,reichard ,strein1 owner of the ,herrschaff ,friedeck1 to investigate the tscher and especially its caves4 ,he did so1 with the title of ,kaiserlicher ,commissarius1 and accompanied by the ,bannerherr ,christoph ,schallenberger1 ,hans ,gasser1 and eleven porters4 ,on ,september the #afth1 #aeia1 they visited the ,seelcken1 where they found a lake in the front of the cave1 and where the party had great difficulties in climbing round on to the ice4 ,the ,seelcken on the ,oetscher is situated at an altitude of #adgj meters4 ,it opens nearly due south4 ,the ice floor is about #bj meters below the entrance and is about #ch meters long and #bd meters wide2 at the rear1 it rises for some #ae meters as an ice wall at an angle of about #fj1 and then forms a second ice floor about #de meters long by #ai meters wide4 ,the front part of the ice is sometimes1 about ,july1 covered with water4 ,the cave continues further back1 in two branches1 and ,professors ,cranmer and ,sieger consider that it is a large windhole1 in which draughts are infrequent1 on account of its length and because the openings are near the same level4 ,there are also several up and down curves and in these cold air remains and acts something like a cork in stopping draughts4 ,on the #acth of ,september there were no draughts1 and the temperatures between #aa ,a4 ,m4 and #ab ,m4 were3-- ,outside air #g4a ,inside near entrance #a4e ,a little further in #a4a ,at the lowest point near ice #j4h ,on the #cast of ,october1 #ahig1 there was a draught1 which followed the curves of the cavern1 and which flowed out at the southern end4 ,the temperatures were3-- ,outside air #c4g ,inside near entrance #a4c ,at the lowest point near ice #j4h ,on the second1 higher ice floor #a4j ,in the main passage behind ice #a4d ,cave on the ,khfotzen near ,warscheneck4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #be47--;,a small cave containing ice4 ,eiskeller on the ,rax4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #be2 ,cranmer1 ,eishhlen1 etc41 page #fa47--;,altitude about #affj meters4 ,a doline with a small cave at the bottom1 in which melting snow was found on the #aith of ,september1 #ahif4 ,the ,tablerloch4 7,cranmer1 ,eishhlen1 etc41 pages #ai-fj47--,on the ,drren-,wand in the mountains south of ,vienna1 #b hours distant from ,miesenbach ,r4 ,r4 station4 ,altitude about #ajjj meters4 ,entrance #g meters wide1 #c4e meters high4 ,slope #cj from entrance4 ,lowest point #bb meters below entrance4 ,extreme length of cave #ej meters1 width #bc meters1 height #ae meters4 ,professor ,cranmer found fresh ice beginning to form on the #abth of ,november1 #ahic2 on the #ast of ,december1 #ahid2 and on the #bjth of ,october1 #ahie4 ,he found it melting away on the #c;d of ,june1 #ahid2 on the #ast of ,june1 #ahie2 and on the #cast of ,may1 #ahif4 ,the rates at which the ice formed or melted1 however1 were not always the same in different parts of the cave4 ,the greatest amount of ice observed seems to have been in ,march and ,april4 ,in the summer months no perceptible movements of air seem to have been noticed4 ,this was also sometimes the case in the winter months1 during which1 however1 movements of air were at other times plainly perceptible4 ,the ,gipsloch4 7,cranmer1 ,eishhlen1 etc41 page #fj47--;,a small cave on the ,hohen-,wand near ,wiener-,neustadt4 ,it is rather a cold cave than a glacire4 ,the ,windloch4 7,cranmer1 ,eishhlen1 etc41 page #fa47--,on the ,hohen-,wand near ,wiener ,neustadt4 ,small cave4 ,snow found in it on ,june the #b;d1 #ahie4 ,eisloch in the ,brandstein on the ,hochschwab4 7,cranmer1 ,eishhlen1 etc41 page #fd47--;,altitude about #afjj meters4 ,a moderately large cave4 ,on the #bast of ,august1 #ahie1 there was an ice floor #aj meters long and #e meters broad4 ,temperature in rear of cave1 -#j4b4 ,caves on the ,beilstein4 7,krauss1 ,hhlenkunde1 #ahid1 pages #bjg-bai2 ,cranmer1 ,eishhlen1 etc41 page #fc47--,these lie about #d hours on foot from ,gams in ,steiermark1 at an altitude of #abfj meters1 in a place where the mountain is much broken up by fissures and snow basins4 ,the large cave has two openings1 from which steep snow slopes descend4 ,the cave is #fj meters long1 #ae meters to #ah meters broad1 and about #g meters high4 ,clefts in the rock in two places lead to two lower1 small ice chambers4 ,in the neighborhood of the large cave are two small ones4 ,prof4 ,cranmer found fresh ice in the ,beilsteinhhle on the #bjth of ,august1 #ahie4 ,two days before1 fresh snow had fallen on the neighboring mountain peaks4 ,eishhle on the ,brandstein4 7,cranmer1 ,eishhlen1 etc41 page #fb47--;,a small cleft cave near the ,langriedleralm near ,gams in ,steiermark4 ,on the #bjth of ,august1 #ahie1 it contained some ice4 ,the ,frauenmauerhhle4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #cg4 ,the ,brenloch near ,eisenerz4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #bh47--;,in the neighborhood of the ,frauenmauerhhle4 ,altitude #afjj meters4 ,a steep snow slope leads to an ice floor #ac meters long4 ,the ,katerloch4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #bi47--,on the ,gserwand near ,drnthal1 ,glemeinde ,gschaid in ,steiermark4 ,a large cave1 some #aij meters long and #hj meters wide4 ,a thin ice crust has been found on parts of the walls in the rear4 ,caves in the ,stein ,alps4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #bi47--,the plateau of ,velica ,planina lies1 at an altitude of #afjj meters1 #i kilometers north of ,stein in the ,duchy of ,krain4 ,there are three caves containing ice on the plateau4 ,the first is a big one and is called ,v4 ,kofcih4 ,the second is called ,mala ,veternica4 ,the third and biggest is called ,velika ,veternica2 its length is about #ajj meters and its breadth #cj meters4 ,glacire ,caves on the ,nanos ,mountain4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #cd47--;,in the southwestern ,krain1 #e kilometers from ,prwald4 ,there are four caves containing ice reported on the ,nanos mountain4 ,two of them are big4 ,the altitude of one of these is #acjj meters1 of the other #acej meters4 ,brlowa ,jama4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #cf47--,seven kilometers from ,adelsberg4 ,small glacire cave4 ,kosova ,jama4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ch47--,near ,divacca4 ,forty meters long1 #bj meters broad4 ,glacire near ,adelsberg4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #cf47--,small cave4 ,one hour from ,adelsberg4 ,kacna ,jama4 7,j4 ,marinitsch1 ,la ,kacna ,jama1 ,mmoires de la ,socit de ,splologie1 vol4 ,i41 page #hc47--;,a great pit near the railroad station of ,divacca4 ,herr ,marinitsch observed the following temperatures on ,january #b;d1 #ahif3-- ,at ,divacca -#b ,c4 ,in the ,kacna ,jama at #dj meters -#a4a ,c4 #ajj meters #a4b ,c4 #baj meters #b4a ,c4 ,sanct ,canzian1 ,karst4 7,e4 ,a4 ,martel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #efd1 note47--,during the winter of #ahhi-ahij1 ,herr ,marinitsch found stalactites of ice as far as the seventeenth cascade of the ,recca2 #ajjj meters from the third entrance of the river4 ,the temperature of the ,recca was then at #j2 during the summer1 the temperature of the water rises to #bg 7874 ,the ,grosses ,eisloch of ,paradana4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #cf47--,on the high plateau of the forest of ,tarnowa1 east of ,grz4 ,a large pit cave1 #cj meters to #dj meters deep4 ,professor ,fugger says of it3 ,the flora in the basin-like depression has the character of high mountain vegetation1 with every step it resembles more this flora as it exists in the neighborhood of glaciers1 until finally in the deepest point of the basin all vegetation stops4 ,the ,kleines ,eisloch of ,paradana4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #cg47--;,a small pit glacire1 #ejj meters distant from the ,grosses ,eisloch of ,paradana4 ,suchy ,brezen4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #cg47--;,a small pit glacire1 situated about midway between the ,grosses and ,kleines ,eisloch of ,paradana4 ,prevalo ,cave4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #cg47--;,in the ,buchenhochwald1 south of ,karnica4 ,small glacire4 ,cave of ,dol4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ch47--,on a mountain near ,haidenschaft4 ,small glacire4 ,glacire near ,matena in ,bezirke ,radmansdorf4 7,petruzzi in ,haidinger's ,berichte1 etc41 vol4 ,,vii41 page #fh47--,on a wooded height4 ,the ice commences to melt in the early summer4 ,glacire on the ,schutzengelberge near the ,golac4 7,petruzzi in ,haidinger's ,berichte1 etc41 vol4 ,,vii41 page #fd47--;,a small glacire4 ,glacire ,cave near ,lazhna-gora or ,latzenberg4 7,valvasor1 ,die ,ehre des ,herzogthumes ,crain1 vol4 ,i41 pages #bdb1 #bdc2 ,hacquet1 ,oryctographia ,carniolica1 #aggh1 ,,iii41 page #aei47--;,in the neighborhood of ,vishnagora in the ,krain4 ,the entrance is under a church4 ,it is a large cave1 #dj meters long and #bj meters high1 where the ice all melts by the end of the summer4 ,valvasor gives the following account of this cave in #afhi1 which seems the first printed notice of a glacire in ,german3-- ,near to ,lazchenberg up by the church of ,st4 ,nicholas1 where a ,thabor stands1 one finds a big hole1 which sinks into the stony rocks4 ,through this one descends deep with torches3 there opens then underneath as big a cavity as the biggest church could be1 and the same is extremely high1 in the form of a cupola4 ,one sees there different teeth1 formed and hardened from the water turned to stone4 ,further down one arrives to a deep gully3 into which1 however1 ,i have not been4 ,on the other side one must again ascend1 and then one comes again to a cupola3 in which cupola ice stands up like an organ from the earth4 ,there also one sees icicles of pure ice of different sizes and heights1 of which many are one or two klafters high and as thick as a man2 but many only two or three spans high or higher1 and as thick as an arm1 and some also thinner4 ,this ice is formed from the drops of falling water2 and indeed in summer2 for in winter there is no ice therein4 ,over such ice one must then ascend1 as there are then said to be separate holes and grottoes4 ,but no one has been any further4 ,glacire on the ,dini ,verh4 7,petruzzi in ,haidinger's ,berichte1 etc41 vol4 ,,vii41 page #fg47--,near ,tomischle in the ,krain4 ,small glacire4 ,eiskeller near ,rosseck4 7,petruzzi in ,haidinger's ,berichte1 etc41 vol4 ,,vii41 page #fd47--,on the ,pograca ,mountain in the ,krain1 northeast of the ,hornwald1 near the ,meierhof ,rosseck4 ,small glacire cave4 ,gorge near ,rosseck4 7,valvasor1 ,die ,ehre des ,herzogthumes ,crain1 vol4 ,i41 page #bdc and page #eag 2 ,petruzzi in ,haidinger's ,berichte1 etc41 vol4 ,,vii41 page #fd47--;,behind the ruined castle of ,rosseck1 on the ,pograca ,mountain in the ,krain1 is a gorge1 at whose bottom are four little holes containing ice most of the year4 ,valvasor wrote of this cave in #afhi3 ,near ,rosseck immediately back of the castle there opens a mighty cavern entirely in stony rock1 and yawns in the shape of a cauldron down into the earth4 ,above as wide as a good rifle shot1 but below quite narrow4 ,and there underneath there are many holes where the ice remains through the whole summer4 ,from such ice have ,duke ,frederick ,graf and ,duke von ,gallenberg daily made use in summer to cool their wine4 ,six years ago ,i descended there in the month of ,august1 and found ice enough in all the holes4 ,in the same volume ,freiherr ,valvasor elaborates his remarks about this cave and that at ,latzenberg1 repeating in the main the observations in the paragraph just given4 ,he says3 ,there hang also long icicles which are quite pleasant to look at4 99 99 99 ,this ice breaks all too easily and quickly4 99 99 99 ,contrarywise1 however1 this ice lasts much longer in the sun and the heat than other ice4 99 99 99 ,some might think it would eventually turn into stone3 this1 however1 does not happen3 for it remains only in summer and disappears in winter3 as ,i can say for certain1 as ,i have been in myself in the winter as well as in the summer time4 99 99 99 ,for as in the summer the floor is quite covered with ice3 it makes walking so dangerous and bad that one cannot take a step without climbing irons2 but in the winter time one goes safely and well4 99 99 99 ,freiherr ,valvasor was evidently an accurate observer1 and1 if for his word winter we substitute autumn1 his account will be much more nearly correct than might have been expected two centuries ago4 ,the ,kuntschner ,eishhle4 7,petruzzi in ,haidinger's ,berichte1 etc41 vol4 ,,vii41 pages #fe1 #ff47--,this is known also as the ,tplitzer1 ,unterwarmberger or ,aindter ,grotto4 ,it lies #b kilometers from ,kuntschen1 and #ab kilometers from ,tplitz near ,neustdtel1 in the ,krain4 ,altitude about #fcj meters4 ,petruzzi says3 ,of all so far noticed ice grottoes it is the most wonderful and splendid4 ,in ,august and ,september1 #ahdi1 the temperatures near the ice were about two degrees above freezing4 ,on the #afth of ,august1 there were many long ice stalagmites and stalactites2 on the #bith of ,september they had diminished materially4 ,petruzzi says also3 ,one leaves the abundant vegetation of the ,alpine summer flora1 and through bushes and dwarf underbrush1 through bare and half moss covered rocks and dbris1 through rotten and twisted tree stems1 one comes to the hall of eternal winter1 where the microscopic mosses of the north surround the thousand year old stalactites1 hanging from the dripping vault1 with an always passing1 always freshly forming1 tender sulphur colored down4 ,dr4 ,schwalbe has also examined this cave4 ,the ,friedrichsteiner or ,gottscheer ,eishhle4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #ea4 ,the ,handler ,eisloch4--#g kilometers south of ,gottschee and about twenty minutes from the village of ,handlern1 near ,rieg4 ,altitude #eif meters4 ,small cave4 ,professor ,hans ,satter of ,gottschee told me he doubted whether ice ever formed there now4 ,the ,suchenreuther ,eisloch4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #ee4 ,ledenica na ,veliki ,gori4 7,petruzzi in ,haidinger's ,berichte1 etc41 vol4 ,,vii41 page #fg47--;,in the ,krain1 #aa kilometers from ,reifnitz1 on the ,balastena ,mountain4 ,altitude #abec meters4 ,much ice was found there on the #ajth of ,july1 #ahcd4 ,mrzla ,jama4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #cd47--,on the ,innerkrainer ,schneeberg1 #ac kilometers from ,laas4 ,glacire ,caves on the ,kapella4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ci47--,on a pass in the neighborhood of ,piacenza4 ,altitude #hjj meters4 ,glacire ,cave in ,west ,bosnia4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen4 page #ci47--,west of ,kljuc1 county ,petrovac1 district ,smoljama1 near village ,trvanj4 ,called ,trvanj1 also ,ledenica4 ,altitude about #ajjj meters1 length #agj meters1 breadth from #d meters to #cj meters4 ,rtanj1 ,servia4 7,a4 ,bou1 ,la ,turquie d',europe1 #ahdj1 vol4 ,i41 page #acb2 ,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 pages #gb-gd47--,this glacire is on the south side of ,siljak1 near the village ,muzinac4 ,a passage #fj meters long leads to a hall about #aj meters in height4 ,dr4 ,bou found snow here in ,august1 the thermometer standing below freezing point4 ,the people in the neighborhood told ,dr4 ,bou that the snow is formed in ,june and disappears in ,september and that it is sometimes carried to ,nisch4 ,he also heard of similar cavities on the ,bannat ,mountain4 ,dr4 ,cvijic observed in the hall a temperature of #j4d ,c4 ,ledena ,pec1 ,servia4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 pages #fh1 #fi47--,on the ,ledini ,verh or ,glacial ,peak1 at an altitude of #hjj meters2 distant one hour and a half from the village of ,souvold4 ,length of passage #ajh meters2 at entrance about #f meters1 at end about #ae meters in height4 ,on the #ajth of ,may1 #ahic1 there was plenty of ice and snow4 ,temperature of outside air #ai ,c42 inside air at rear #j4e ,c4 ,probably permanent glacire4 ,dobra ,ledenica1 ,servia4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 page #gj47--,west of ,ledeno ,brdo4 ,probably periodic glacire4 ,on ,july #beth1 #ahij1 the temperature of the outside air was #bf ,c42 of the inside air #c4e;,c4 ,ledenica is the name for a glacire in ,servia4 ,ledenica in the ,mala ,brezovica1 ,servia4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 page #gj47--,length #dc meters4 ,a large1 permanent glacire4 ,on ,july #bhth1 #ahij1 the outside air was #bc3 inside air #b4 ,ledenica ,treme in the ,souva ,planina1 ,servia4 7,cvijic1 ,dr4 ,a41 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 page #ga47--;,altitude #afjj meters to #agjj meters4 ,a rather large1 probably permanent glacire4 ,plenty of ice in it on ,april #bast1 #ahid4 ,zla ,ledenica1 ,servia4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 page #gb47--,on the ,kucaj4 ,a permanent glacire1 #g meters or #h meters deep4 ,on ,july #beth1 #ahij1 outside air #be2 inside air at snow #f4 ,glacire on the ,devica1 ,servia4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 page #gd47--,under the peak ,lazurevica4 ,altitude #ajjj meters4 ,a narrow passage leads to a hall #ag meters long by #ab meters wide and #bj meters high4 ,on ,june #cjth1 #ahic1 there was plenty of snow in the passage and ice in the hall4 ,glacire ,vlaska ,pecura1 ,servia4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 page #gd47--,on the ,devica1 under the ,golemi ,vech4 ,a small periodic glacire4 ,glacire in the ,zdrebica1 ,servia4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 page #gd47--,on the southeast side of the ,souva ,planina1 near the village ,veliki ,krtchimir4 ,a small periodic glacire4 ,on ,april #bjth1 #ahgd1 plenty of snow and ice4 ,glacire ,stoykova1 ,servia4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 pages #ge1 #gf47--,on the ,kucaj4 ,a large pit cave with a total depth of #bc meters4 ,probably a permanent glacire4 ,on ,july #bast1 #ahij1 plenty of ice and snow4 ,outside air #ba2 inside air in hall #j4e4 ,glacire on the ,topiznica ,mountain1 ,servia4 7,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic1 ,splunca1 vol4 ,,ii41 #ahif1 page #gf47--;,altitude #aajj meters4 ,a large pit cave with an extreme depth of #bg meters4 ,in ,august1 #ahic1 there was plenty of snow and ice1 and the inside temperature was #a4 ,glacire ,cave near ,borszk4 7,bielz1 ,siebenbrgen1 #ahhe1 page #ccd47--;,about an hour distant from the baths1 in broken limestone4 ,it seems to be a rock fissure1 at the end of which ice is found till towards the middle of ,july4 ,glacire ,cave near ,sonkolyos in the ,kors ,valley4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ea47--,small cave4 ,glacire near ,zapodia4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ej47--,near ,petrosc in the ,bihar ,mountains4 ,altitude #aadj meters2 length #bj meters1 width #g meters4 ,pescerca la ,jesere4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ej47--;,between ,vervul la ,belegiana and the ,batrina in the ,bihar ,mountains4 ,small freezing cave4 ,glacire ,cave near ,verespatak1 in ,transylvania4 7,bielz1 ,siebenbrgen1 page #eb47--,small cave4 ,gietariu near ,funacza4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ej47--;,in the ,bihar ,mountains4 ,small glacire cave4 ,cave of ,skerizora4 7,karl ,f4 ,peters1 ,sitzungsbericht der ,k4 ,k4 ,akademie der ,wissenchaften1 ,wien1 vol4 ,,xliii41 #ahfa1 page #dcg2 ,bielz1 ,siebenbrgen1 #ahhe1 page #cg47--,this is one of the greatest glacire caves known4 ,it lies in the ,bihar ,mountains1 three hours from the village of ,ober-,girda1 which can be reached from ,gyula ,fehrvar1 via ,topnfalva4 ,it is a pit cave1 in limestone1 at an altitude of #aabg meters4 ,the pit is about #eg meters broad1 and #de meters deep1 with exceedingly steep walls4 ,the entrance is in the northeast wall and is about #aj meters high4 ,this leads into a nearly circular hall #dg meters in diameter and about #bj meters high4 ,the floor is ice4 ,in the southeast corner is a hole over #ge meters deep4 ,in the northwest wall is an opening #ad meters wide1 which forms the beginning of a sort of gallery #ed meters long and which at its further end is #bd meters wide and #h meters high4 ,this is also covered with a flooring of ice1 which in some places can only be descended by step cutting4 ,this passage is also richly adorned with ice stalactites and stalagmites4 ,at its end is another also nearly circular hall1 #ba meters in diameter and about #bb meters high4 ,this is called the ',beszerika' or church4 ,in one place there is a magnificent collection of ice stalagmites called the ,altar4 ,peters found in dirt on the sides of the cave remains of bats not very different from those now living in the vicinity4 ,he thinks the bats may have come there before the cave became a glacire2 or else that they may even now sometimes get into the first hall and there perish from cold4 ,this makes it uncertain1 therefore1 whether the remains can be considered as of the past or the present4 ,eishhle bei ,roth4--,described in ,part ,i41 page #ce4 ,mines on the ,eisenberg4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ei47--,these lie near ,blankenburg in the ,thringer ,wald and have been known to contain ice4 ,the ,ziegenloch or ,grosses ,kalte ,loch1 and the ,kleines ,kalte ,loch4 7,behrens1 ,hercynia ,curiosa1 pages #fh1 #gj47--,these lie near ,questenberg in the ,southern ,harz ,mountains1 at an altitude of about #cjj meters4 ,the ,grosses ,loch is described as a sort of small pit some #h meters deep1 in one side of which opens a small fissure some #aj meters long4 ,ice has been found in this in ,april2 ,schwalbe found none there in ,july4 ,the ,kleines ,loch was another small cold cave near the ,ziegenloch1 but it has been filled up4 ,behrens says that the dampness at the cave at ,questenberg is precipitated as snow4 ,holes with ,ice near ,sanct ,blasien4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #aji47--;,in the ,black ,forest1 among boulders at an altitude of #hbj meters4 ,holes with ,ice near ,hochenschwand4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #aji47--;,in the ,black ,forest1 among boulders at an altitude of #hbj meters4 ,eisstollen and ,eiskeller at the ,dornburg4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #ei4 7,poggendorff's ,annalen der ,physik und ,chemie1 ,ergnzungsband1 #ahdb1 pages #eag-eai47--;,ice appears to have been discovered at the ,dornburg in ,june1 #ahci4 ,it was found from a depth of #fj centimeters down to #h meters4 ,the width of the ice-bearing talus was from #ab meters to #ae meters2 and it is said that it becomes wider in winter and narrower in summer4 ,beschertgluck ,mine1 ,freiberg ,district4 7,prestwich1 ,collected papers1 etc41 page #bjf47--,mr4 ,prestwich quotes ,daubuisson as having seen the shaft of the mine lined with ice to a depth of #hj toises 7#add meters874 ,ice in the ,zinc ,mines on the ,sauberg4 7,reich1 ,beobachtungen ber die ,temperatur des ,gesteines1 #ahcd1 pages #age and #bje47--,these are near ,ehrenfriedersdorf in ,saxony and formerly contained ice in winter4 ,they are reported now to be destroyed4 ,the ,garische ,stollen4 7,lohman1 ,das ,hhleneis1 etc41 page #c47--,near ,ehrenfriedersdorf in the ,freiwald4 ,lohman found much ice in this in ,january1 less in ,march1 and scarcely any in ,may4 ,the ,ritterhhle4 7,lohman1 ,das ,hhleneis1 page #e47--,near ,ehrenfriedersdorf in the ,freiwald4 ,small ice deposit4 ,the rock is granite4 ,the ,stulpnerhhle4 7,lohman1 ,das ,hhleneis1 page #f47--,near the ,ritterhhle4 ,small ice deposit in granite rock4 ,eisloch and ,eishhle near ,geyer in ,saxony4 7,lohman1 ,das ,hhleneis1 page #g47--,these are in a place called die ,binge4 ,both are small4 ,the ,alte ,thiele4 7,lohman1 ,das ,hhleneis1 page #h47--,near ,buchholz in ,saxony4 ,small ice deposit4 ,mine ,pits in the ,saxon ,erzgebirge4 7,reich1 ,beobachtungen ber die ,temperatur des ,gesteines1 #ahcd47--;,extremely low temperatures have been found in several of these pits3-- ,in the ,churprinz ,friedrich ,august ,erbstollen near ,freiberg4 ,in the ,heinrichs-,sohle in the ,stockwerk near ,altenberg4 ,in the ,henneberg ,stollen1 on the ,ingelbach1 near ,johanngeorgenstadt4 ,in the ,weiss-,adler-,stollen1 on the left declivity of the valley of the ,schwarzwasser1 above the ,antonshtte4 ,holes ,holding ,ice on the ,saalberg4 7,annalen der ,physik und ,chemie1 #ahej1 ,,lxxxi41 page #egi47--,these lie between ,saalberg and the ,burgk4 ,ice is found here on the surface from ,june to the middle of ,august4 ,from the observations of ,professor ,hartenstein1 ,fugger deduces that this place must be the lower end of one or more windholes4 ,millstone ,quarry of ,niedermendig4 7,m4 ,a4 ,pictet1 ,mmoires de la ,socit d',histoire ,naturelle de ,genve1 #ahba1 vol4 ,i41 page #aea47--,on the ,niederrhein4 ,there are many connecting pits and galleries here1 in which ice has been found in the hottest days of summer as well as in ,march4 ,the abandoned shafts are utilized as beer cellars4 ,eisgrube on the ,umpfen4 7,voigt1 ,mineralogische ,reisen durch das ,herzogthum ,weimar1 #aghe1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #abc47--;,in the ,rhngebirge1 twenty minutes from ,kaltennordheim1 are some irregular masses of columnar basalt1 at an altitude of about #ejj meters1 among which abundant ice has been found up to late in the summer4 ,cave near ,muggendorf1 ,franconia4--,the landlord of the ,kurhaus ,hotel at ,muggendorf1 told me that there was a small cave in the vicinity where there was ice in the winter and spring1 but that it all melted away before ,august4 ,cave on the ,drrberg4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ei47--,near ,zwickau in ,bohemia4 ,small cave which sometimes contains ice4 ,the ,schneebinge4 7,lohman1 ,das ,hhleneis1 page #aa47--,near ,platten in ,bohemia4 ,a small ice deposit in an old mine4 ,ice among ,basaltic ,rocks on the ,pleschiwitz4 7,pleischl1 in ,poggendorff's ,annalen der ,physik und ,chemie1 vol4 ,,liv41 #ahda1 pages #bib-bii47--;,above ,kameik near ,leitmeritz in ,bohemia4 ,professor ,pleischl1 in ,may1 #ahcd1 found ice under the rocks a little distance from the surface4 ,the surface of the rocks was then warm4 ,on the #bast of ,january1 #ahch1 ,professor ,pleischl found snow on the outside of the rocks1 but no ice underneath4 ,he was assured by the people of the district that the hotter the summer1 the more ice is found4 ,glacire on the ,zinkenstein4 7,pleischl1 in ,poggendorff's ,annalen der ,physik und ,chemie1 vol4 ,,liv41 #ahda1 page #bii74--,the ,zinkenstein is one of the highest points of the ,vierzehnberge1 in the ,leitmeritz ,kreis4 ,there is a deep cleft in basalt1 where ice has been found in summer4 ,eislcher on the ,steinberg4 7,pleischl1 in ,poggendorffs ,annalen der ,physik und ,chemie1 vol4 ,,liv41 #ahda1 page #bii47--;,in the ,herrschaft ,konoged4 ,small basalt talus where ice is found in the hottest weather4 ,windholes in ,bohemia4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #aji47--;,in the neighborhood of ,leitmeritz4 ,these are in basaltic rock4 ,ice sometimes forms at the lower extremity4 ,the most notable are-- ,on the ,steinberg near ,mertendorf on the ,triebschbach2 ,on the ,kelchberg near ,triebsch2 ,on the ,kreuzberg near ,leitmeritz2 ,on the ,rodersberg near ,schlackenwerth2 ,in the ,grossen ,loch near ,tschersink4 ,ice in a ,pit near ,neusohl4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #aji47 ,the ,frainer ,eisleithen4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #cc4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #afc47 ,professor ,fugger quotes the following observations by ,forester ,wachtl at ,frain3-- #ahfa4 #ahfb4 ,january -#g to -#b -#e ,february -#b to #j -#e to -#b ,march #j to #a -#a to #j ,april #a to #b #j ,may #b #b to #e ,june #b to #c #c to #f ,july #c #c to #e ,august #c to #g #e ,september #g to #f #c to #f ,october #f #e ,november -- #e ,december -#a to -#c #j to -#b ,dmenyflva ,jegbarlang4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #bd4 ,dbsina ,jegbarlang4 ,described in ,part ,i41 page #ac4 7,pelech2 ,the ,valley of ,stracena and the ,dobschau ,ice ,cavern2 ,schwalbe1 ber ,eishhlen und ,eislcher1 page #ca47--,pelech gives the following measurements3 ,the ,grosser ,saal is #abj meters long1 #ce meters to #fj meters wide1 and #aj meters to #aa meters high1 with a surface area of #dfdd square meters4 ,the ice mass is estimated as #abe1jjj cubic meters in volume4 ,the length of the ,korridor is #bjj meters2 the left wing being #hj meters1 and the right wing #abj meters long4 ,the cave was first entered on ,july #aeth1 #ahgj1 by ,herr ,eugene ,ruffiny1 of ,dbsina1 and some friends4 ,he had happened to fire a gun in front of it1 and hearing a continuous muffled rolling echo within1 determined to explore it4 ,dr4 ,schwalbe quotes the following series of observations in ,dbsina during the year #ahha3 ,,deepest ,,point ,,from ,,korridor ,,entrance4 ,,grosser ,,saal4 ,,of ,,korridor4 ,,to ,,kleinen ,,saal4 ,january -#b4b -#d4b -#b4b -#j4f ,february -#a4b -#c4d -#a4i -#j4c ,march -#a4d -#b4a -#j4i -#j4b ,april -#j4be -#a4be -#j4g #j4c ,may #j4g #j4i -#j4e #j4e ,june #a4j #a4e -#j4e #j4e ,july #a4h #b4a #j4b #a4a ,august #c4d #c4h #j4bd #j4hj ,september #b4jj #b4c -#j4c -#j4ae ,october -#j4b #j4b -#j4e -#j4b ,november -#a4c -#a4i -#j4f -#j4c ,december -#b4b -#c4b -#j4fe -#a4ge ------ ------ ------ ------ ,year #j4jd -#j4dd -#j4fi -#j4jb ,the ,philadelphia ,evening ,bulletin1 ,march1 #ast1 #ahii1 printed the following note about ,dbsina3 ,in this cave1 some sixteen years ago1 a couple named ,kolcsey elected to pass the week immediately following their marriage4 ,they took with them a plentiful supply of rugs1 blankets and warm clothing1 but notwithstanding all precautions1 their experience was not of a sufficiently pleasant nature to tempt imitators4 ,lednica of ,szilize4 7,m4 ,bel1 ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,london1 #agci1 vol4 ,,xli41 page #da et seq42 ,townson1 ,travels in ,hungary1 #agig2 ,terlanday1 ,petermann's ,mittheilungen1 #ahic1 page #bhc47--;,it lies #a4e kilometers from the village of ,szilize1 near ,rosenau1 in ,gomr ,county1 in the ,carpathians1 at an altitude of #dfj meters4 ,a pit about #ce meters deep1 #ge meters long1 and #dh meters wide opens in the ground1 and at the southern end1 in the perpendicular wall1 is the cave4 ,the entrance is #bb meters wide1 #ae meters high1 and faces north4 ,a slope #d meters long sinks with an angle of #ce to the floor of the cave1 which is nearly circular in form1 with a diameter of about #aj meters4 ,on the east side of the cave there seems to be a hole in the ice some #aj meters deep4 ,in #agci1 there was published in ,london a curious letter in ,latin from ,matthias ,bel1 a ,hungarian savant1 about the cavern of ,szilize4 ,he says3 ,the nature of the cave has this of remarkable1 that1 when outside the winter freezes strongest1 inside the air is balmy3 but it is cold1 even icy1 when the sun shines warmest4 ,as soon as the snow melts and spring begins1 the inner roof of the cave1 where the midday sun strikes the outside1 begins to sweat clear water1 which drops down here and there2 through the power of the inner cold it turns to transparent ice and forms icicles1 which in thickness equal large barrels and take wonderful shapes4 ,what as water drops from the icicles to the sandy floor1 freezes up1 even quicker1 than one would think4 ,the icy nature of the cave lasts through the whole summer1 and what is most remarkable1 it increases with the increasing heat of the sun4 ,in the beginning of the spring the soft winter's warmth begins to give way soon thereafter1 and when spring is more advanced1 the cold sets in1 and in such a manner1 that the warmer does the 7outside7 air grow1 the more does the cave cool off4 ,and when the summer has begun and the dog days glow1 everything within goes into icy winter4 ,then do the drops of water pouring from the roof of the cave change into ice1 and with such rapidity that where to-day delicate icicles are visible1 to-morrow masses and lumps1 which fall to the ground1 appear4 ,here and there1 where the water drips down the walls of the cave1 one sees wonderful incrustations1 like an artificial carpeting4 ,the rest of the water remains hanging on the ice1 according to the warmth of the day4 ,for when for a longer time it is warmer1 the ice of the stalactites1 of the walls and of the floor increases2 but when the ruling heat1 as sometimes happens1 is diminished through north winds or rainstorm1 the waters freeze more slowly1 the ice drips more fully and begins to form little brooklets4 ,when however the temperature gets warmer1 the icy nature of the cave begins once more4 ,some have observed1 that the nature of the grotto receives the changes of temperature ahead1 like a barometer4 ,for1 when a warmer temperature sets in outside1 the waters change into ice1 several hours before the heat sets in1 while the opposite takes place1 when by day the temperature is colder2 for then even by the warmest sky the ice begins to melt noticeably4 ,when the dog days have passed and the summer has already changed into fall1 the cave with its own nature follows the conditions of the external air4 ,in the early months and while the nights are growing colder1 the ice diminishes visibly2 then when the air cools off more and more and when the brooks and side are rigid with frost1 it begins to melt as though there was a fire built underneath1 until1 when winter reigns1 it is entirely dry in the cave1 without a sign of ice being left behind4 ,then gentle warmth spreads into the entire cave1 and this icy grave becomes a safety resort for insects and other small animals1 which bear the winter with difficulty4 ,but besides swarms of flies and gnats1 troops of bats and scores of owls1 hares and foxes take up their abode here1 until with the beginning of spring1 the cave once more assumes its icy appearance4 ,these assertions of ,bel are the most inaccurate ones made about glacires4 ,yet1 strange to say1 they have colored the literature of the subject down to our own times2 and have been repeated many times1 sometimes with1 sometimes without1 the hares and foxes2 the latest repetition seeming to occur in #ahhc4 ,cave near the ,village of ,borzova1 ,torna ,county1 ,carpathians4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #eb47--,reported to contain ice1 but nothing certainly known4 ,,crimea4 ,ledianaia ,yama4 7,montpeyreux1 ,voyage autour du ,caucase ,v41 page #ddj2 ,hablizl1 ,description physique de la ,tauride1 #aghc1 pages #dc-de47--,on the ,karabi-,yala1 #cb kilometers southwest of ,karasubazar4 ,altitude about #ahjj meters4 ,a fairly large pit glacire cave4 ,the name means an abyss of ice4 ,glacire ,cave on the ,yala of ,oulouzne at ,kazaut4 7,montpeyreux1 ,voyage autour du ,caucase1 ,,ii41 page #chj47--;,a small pit cave4 ,,caucasus4 ,glacire ,cave in the ,khotevi ,valley4 7,montpeyreux1 ,voyage autour du ,caucase1 ,,ii41 page #cgi47--;,in the province of ,radscha1 near the ,monastery ,nikortsminda4 ,a large pit cave which must be of the same order as that of ,chaux-les-,passavant and from which the inhabitants of ,koutas get ice4 ,glacires near ,koutas4 7,e4 ,a4 ,martel1 ,les ,abimes1 page #cig47--;,dr4 ,a4 ,sakharov1 it appears1 has recently discovered in the government of ,koutas caves containing ice4 ,cave of ,sabazwinda4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #abf47--,near the town of ,zorchinwall1 on the river ,liachwa1 province of ,gori1 in ,georgia1 near the ,ossete ,mountains4 ,ice has been found in the cave in summer4 ,in ,december there was none4 ,,ural4 ,glacire ,cave near ,sukepwa4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #fc47--,on the ,volga1 province of ,zlatoust4 ,small cave on the river bank4 ,glacire ,cave on the ,tirmen ,tau4 7,lepechin1 ,tagebuch der ,reise1 etc41 vol4 ,,ii41 page #bh47--,near the village of ,chaszina1 #afj kilometers from ,orenburg4 ,small cave4 ,glacire ,cave of ,kurmanajeva4 7,lepechin1 ,tagebuch der ,reise1 etc41 vol4 ,,ii41 page #e47--,near ,kurmanajeva1 a village #di kilometers from ,tabinsk1 in the ,government of ,orenburg4 ,a large cave4 ,lepechin found ice in one part of the cave and deep water in another4 ,there were draughts in some places4 ,cave on the ,baislan ,tasch4 7,lepechin1 ,tagebuch der ,reise1 etc41 ,,ii41 page #dj47--,the ,baislan ,tasch is a mountain on the right bank of the ,bielaja ,river1 which flows into the ,kama4 ,there is a large cave in the mountain in which ice has been found4 ,cave on the ,muinak ,tasch4 7,lepechin1 ,tagebuch der ,reise1 etc41 ,,ii41 page #ch47--,the ,muinak ,tasch is a mountain on the ,bielaja ,river4 ,there is a large cave in it1 in which a little ice has been found4 ,cave of ,kungur4 7,lepechin1 ,tagebuch der ,reise1 etc41 ,,ii41 page #acg2 ,rosenmller and ,tilesius1 ,i41 page #gi47--,the ,cavern of ,kungur is near the town of ,kungur in the ,government of ,perm4 ,there are in it many passages and grottoes connecting with one another1 some of which contain ice4 ,it is a fine1 large cave1 whose greatest length is #djj meters4 ,mines of ,kirobinskoy4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #fe47--,these mines are #ec kilometers southeast of ,miask in the ,ural2 they have been abandoned4 ,one of them contains ice all the year round4 ,caves of ,illetzkaya-,zatschita4 7,murchison1 ,vernieul and ,keyserling1 ,the ,geology of ,russia in ,europe and the ,ural ,mountains1 #ahde1 vol4 ,i41 page #ahf47--gb kilometers southeast from ,orenburg4 ,the caves are in the ,kraoulnagora1 a gypsum hillock #cf meters high1 rising in the midst of an undulating steppe1 which lies on a vast bed of rock salt4 ,only one of the caves contains ice4 ,there are strong draughts in places4 ,,siberia4 ,cave near the ,fortress ,kitschigina4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ff47--;,a small cave1 #ag kilometers east of ,kajilskoi1 #aib kilometers from ,petropaulowsk1 #fje kilometers from ,tobolsk4 ,the cave is in an open plain1 and sometimes contains ice4 ,wrechneja ,petschera4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ff47--,near the village ,birjusinska1 in the neighborhood of ,krasnojarsk1 on the right bank of the ,yenisei4 ,large glacire cave4 ,glacire ,cave of ,balagansk4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ff47--;,a narrow cleft1 #hj meters long2 #aib kilometers downstream from ,irkutsk on the left bank of the ,angora ,river2 at a distance of #b kilometers from the river4 ,glacire ,cave on the ,onon ,river4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #ff47--;,a small cave2 #dh kilometers from the ,borsja ,mountain4 ,mines of ,siranowsk4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #abf47--;,in the ,altai ,mountains1 on the ,buchtorma ,river1 an affluent of the ,irtysch4 ,magnificent ice formations have been found in these mines4 ,mines of ,seventui4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #abf47--,near ,nertschinsk1 on the ,amoor ,river4 ,two of the levels contain perennial ice and hence are called ,ledenoi4 ,these are at a depth of about #fj meters in porous lava4 ,the rest of the mine is in more solid rock4 ,glacire ,cave near ,lurgikan4 7,fugger1 ,eishhlen1 page #fg47--,near the confluence of the ,lurgikan and ,schilka ,rivers1 in the province ,nertschinsk4 ,from #b meters to #g meters wide4 ,length #bhj meters4 ,basins or ,troughs ,retaining ,ice4 7,dittmar1 ,ueber die ,eismlden im stlichen ,siberien2 ,middendorff1 ,zusatz2 ,bulletin de la classe physico-mathmatique de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sciences de ,st4 ,ptersbourg1 #ahec1 vol4 ,,xi41 pages #cje-caf47--,these troughs are nearly akin to gorges and gullies1 but their water supply seems to come from a cause which is not usually present in gorges4 ,their principal observer1 ,m4 de ,dittmar1 thought that a cold and snowy winter would add materially to the supply of ice1 but he also thought that a necessity to the existence of the ice in these troughs was an abundant water supply from a spring1 whose temperature should be so high as not to freeze in winter4 ,the cold is supplied by the winter temperatures4 ,some of the most important are reported-- ,in the ,turachtach ,valley4 ,near ,kapitanskji ,sasiek4 ,in the valley of the ,river ,belvi4 ,in the valley of the ,river ,antscha4 ,in the ,kintschen ,valley4 ,in the neighborhood of ,kolymsk4 ,in the ,werchojanski ,mountains4 ,in the ,stanowj ,mountains4 ,,kondooz4 ,cave of ,yeermallik4 7,burslem1 ,a peep into ,toorkisthan1 #ahdf1 chaps4 ,x41 ,,xi47--,in the valley of the ,doaub1 northwest of ,kabul4 ,the entrance is half way up a hill1 and is about #ae meters wide and #ae meters high4 ,this is a large cave1 with many ramifications and galleries4 ,in the centre of a hall far within1 ,captain ,burslem found a mass of clear ice1 smooth and polished as a mirror1 and in the form of a beehive1 with its dome-shaped top just touching the long icicles which depended from the jagged surface of the rock4 ,a small aperture led into the interior of this cone1 whose walls were about #fj centimeters thick and which was divided into several compartments4 ,some distance from the entrance of this cave there is a perpendicular drop of #e meters4 ,a short distance beyond this1 in one of the halls1 were hundreds of skeletons of men1 women and children1 in a perfectly undisturbed state1 also the prints of a naked human foot and the distinct marks of the pointed heel of an ,afghan boot4 ,the moollah1 who was acting as guide1 said the skeletons were the remains of seven hundred men of the ,huzareh tribe who took refuge in the cave with their wives and children during the invasion of ,genghis ,khan1 and who defended themselves so stoutly1 that after trying in vain to smoke them out1 the invader built them in with huge natural blocks of stone1 and left them to die of hunger4 ,some of the ,afghans said that the cave was inhabited by ,sheitan1 a possibility denied by the moollah who guided ,captain ,burslem1 on the philosophical plea that the cave was too cold for such an inhabitant4 ,,him,,laya4 ,glacire ,cave of ,amarnath4 7,miss ,mary ,coxe of ,philadelphia showed me a copy of a letter of ,dr4 ,wilhelmine ,eger describing a visit to this cave47--,it lies three days' journey from ,pailgam in ,kashmere1 on the borders of ,little ,tibet4 ,the altitude is evidently high as one crosses snow fields to get to it4 ,a small path zigzagging up a grassy slope leads to the cave and is a stiff climb from the valley4 ,the cave opens on the side of a mountain and has a large1 almost square mouth at least as big as the floor area within4 ,the floor of the cave is the continuation of the grass slope and slants upwards and backwards to the back wall1 the only case of the kind so far reported4 ,this cave is most curiously connected with religion4 ,dr4 ,eger says that there are two small blocks of ice in it which never melt4 ,from time immemorial these blocks of ice have been sacred to the ,hindoos who worship them--as re-incarnations--under the names of ,shiva and ,ganesh4 ,dr4 ,eger saw offerings of rice and flowers on them4 ,thousands of pilgrims come every year at the end of ,july or beginning of ,august from all parts of ,india4 ,thousands of miles have been traversed and hundreds of lives laid down through this journey4 ,every year people die either before reaching the cave or after4 ,the trip from ,pailgam in ,kashmere takes three days up and two days down1 if one returns by a shorter route where the way is unsafe because of avalanches4 ,so many have perished there that the pass is called ,the ,way of ,death4 ,this must be taken by one class of pilgrims1 ,sardhas or ,holy ,men1 to complete the sacred circuit1 but the ,hindoos say any one dying on the pass will go straight to heaven4 ,icicles ,formed by ,radiation4 7,general ,sir ,richard ,strachey1 ,geographical ,journal1 #aijj1 vol4 ,,xv41 page #afh47--,on the ,balch pass of the ,balch range in ,tibet1 ,general ,strachey1 in #ahdh1 saw icicles of which he says3 ,on the rocks exposed to the south were very curious incrustations of ice1 icicles indeed1 but standing out horizontally like fingers towards the wind4 ,i was not able to understand how they were caused1 nor can ,i tell why they were confined to particular spots4 ,the thermometer stood at #da;,f41 and though the dew point at the time would probably have been below #cb;,f41 and the cold produced by evaporation sufficient therefore to freeze water1 yet it is evident that no condensation could ever take place simultaneously with the evaporation4 99 99 99 ,it has since occurred to me that these icicles were formed by radiation4 ,i found1 subsequently1 in a somewhat similar position1 that a thermometer suspended vertically1 and simply exposed to the sky in front of it1 was depressed as much as #bj ,f4 below the true temperature of the surrounding air4 ,this result was1 of course1 due to the radiation through the extremely dry and rarefied atmosphere at the great elevation at which the thermometer was exposed4 ,as radiation takes place freely from a surface of ice1 the growth of such icicles as those described might be due to the condensation of vapour brought up by the southerly day winds that so constantly blow over these passes1 and its accumulation in the form of ice on the exposed extremity of the icicle1 the temperature of which might thus have been greatly reduced4 ,,india4 ,ice ,formed by ,radiation4 7,t4 ,a4 ,wise1 ,nature1 vol4 ,v41 page #ahi2 ,r4 ,h4 ,scott1 ,elementary ,meteorology1 ,third ,ed41 pages #fa1 #fb47--,mr4 ,bunford ,samuel called my attention to the mode of manufacturing ice by radiation in ,india4 ,it is as follows3-- ,a very practical use of nocturnal radiation has been made from time immemorial in ,india in the preparation of ice1 and on such a scale that about #aj tons of ice can be procured in a single night from twenty beds of the dimensions about to be given1 when the temperature of the air is #ae or #bj ,f4 above the freezing point4 99 99 99 ,the locality referred to is the immediate neighborhood of ,calcutta4 ,a rectangular piece of ground is marked out1 lying east and west1 and measuring #abj by #bj feet4 ,this is excavated to the depth of two feet and filled with rice straw rather loosely laid1 to within six inches of the surface of the ground4 ,the ice is formed in shallow dishes of porous earthenware1 and the amount of water placed in each is regulated by the amount of ice expected4 ,in the cold weather1 when the temperature of the air at the ice fields is under #ej1 ice is formed in the dishes4 ,the freezing is most active with ,n4 ,n4 ,w4 airs1 as these are driest2 it ceases entirely with southerly or easterly airs1 even though their temperature may be lower than that of the ,n4 ,n4 ,w4 wind4 ,no ice is formed if the wind is sufficiently strong to be called a breeze1 for the air is not left long enough at rest1 above the bed1 for its temperature to fall sufficiently1 by the action of radiation4 ,the rice straw1 being kept loose and perfectly dry1 cuts off the access of heat from the surface of the ground below it1 and1 when the sun goes down1 the straw being a powerful radiator1 the temperature of the air in contact with the dishes is reduced some #bj below that prevailing some two or three feet above them4 ,the rapid evaporation of the water into the dry air above creates also an active demand for heat to be rendered latent in the formation of steam1 and the result of all these agencies is the formation of ice1 under favorable circumstances1 on the extensive scale above mentioned4 ,,korea4 ,glacire ,cave on the ,han ,gang4--,messrs4 ,j4 ,edward ,farnum and ,george ,l4 ,farnum1 of ,philadelphia1 inform me that they saw a small cave containing ice on the banks of one of the ,korean rivers4 ,it is about #ge kilometers from ,seoul1 nearly northeast1 near the ferry where the old road leading from ,seoul towards northern ,korea crosses the ,han ,gang1 the river which passes by ,seoul4 ,the entrance is small2 perhaps #b meters wide4 ,the cave is not thoroughly explored4 ,ice lies near the entrance1 and as far back as the ,messrs4 ,farnum could see4 ,,japan4 ,glacire ,lava ,cave near ,shoji4 7,evening ,telegraph1 ,philadelphia1 ,january #b;d1 #ahif47--,the cave is about #ab kilometers from ,shoji1 and is in lava4 ,first there is a pit in the forest1 some #e meters wide by #ae meters deep4 ,the cave opens into this4 ,it seems to be some #djj meters long and from #b meters to #ab meters high4 ,there is an ice floor in places1 also many ice stalagmites4 ,at the furthest point reached there is a strong air current1 which extinguishes torches and so far has prevented further exploration4 ,ice from the cave has been cut by the country people for sale at ,kofu1 which is not far distant4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,,some ,,opinions ,,about ,,glaci,,res4 ,,some ,,opinions ,,about ,,glaci,,res4 ,benigne ,poissenot1 in #aehf1 hinted that the cold of winter produced the ice at ,chaux-les-,passavant4#fi #fi ,see ,part ,,iii43 page #aic4 ,reichard ,strein and ,christoph ,schallenberger visited the caves on the tscher in #aeia4gj #gj ,see ,part ,,iii43 page #bca4 ,gollut1 in #aeib1 suggested the cold of winter as the cause of the ice at ,chaux-les-,passavant4#ga #ga ,see ,part ,,iii43 page #bjb4 ,in the ,histoire de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sciences1 #afhf1 ,tome ,,ii41 pages #b1 #c1 there is an account1 with no author's name1 of ,chaux-les-,passavant4 ,the memoir states that in winter the cave is filled with thick vapors and that after some trees were cut down near the entrance1 the ice was less abundant than formerly3 that people come for ice with carts and mules1 but that the ice does not become exhausted1 for one day of great heat forms more ice than could be carried away in eight days in carts and wagons3 and that when a fog forms in the cave1 there is assuredly rain the following day1 and that the peasants in the neighborhood consult this curious almanac to know the weather which is coming4 ,freiherr ,valvasor1 in #afhi1 wrote about some of the glacires of the ,krain4#gb #gb ,see ,part ,,iii43 pages #bch1 #bci4 ,behrens1 in #agjc1 thought it was colder in summer than in winter in the caves near ,questenberg in the ,harz4 ,m4 de ,billerez1 in #agab1 writes that at ,chaux-les-,passavant it is really colder in summer than in winter2 and that the ice is harder than river ice1 and this he thinks is due to the presence of a nitrous or ammoniacal salt1 which he says he found in the rocks4 ,m4 de ,boz made four trips to ,chaux-les-,passavant on the #aeth of ,may and #hth of ,november1 #agbe2 and the #hth of ,march and #bjth of ,august1 #agbf4 ,his memoir says that his observations tend to disprove those of ,m4 de ,billerez1 and that the cause for the great cold1 which is less great in summer1 although always remaining1 is quite natural4 ,he cites as causes for the ice the exposure to the north-north-east2 the rock portal sheltering the entrance1 and all the forest covering the surrounding lands2 and adds that some veracious persons told him that since some of the big trees above the grotto had been cut down there was less ice than before4 ,he found no traces of salt1 nor any springs1 and that the water supply came from the rains and melted snows filtering through the ground4 ,in #agci1 ,matthias ,bel published his curious account of ,szilize4#gc #gc ,see ,part ,,iii43 page #bed4 ,j4 ,n4 ,nagel1 a ,vienna mathematician1 visited the tscher in #agdg4 ,he concluded that the ice was made in winter and preserved in summer as in an ice house4 ,m4 de ,cossigny wrote1 in #agej1 about ,chaux-les-,passavant4 ,he made a plan of the cave and took many observations in ,april1 ,august and ,october1 and concluded that the interior condition of the cave does not change noticeably from winter to summer1 no matter what the external conditions of temperature may be2 that what people say of greater cold in summer1 vanishes before actual experience and that1 as a state of freezing reigns more or less continuously in the cave1 it is not surprising if the ice accumulates4 ,apparently he was the first to notice and insist on the necessity of drainage to the cave through cracks in the rocks4 ,he also made a series of observations disproving those of ,m4 de ,billerez1 as to the presence of any kinds of salts in the rocks or ice4 ,hacquet1 in #aggh1 thought that the ice in the cave at ,lazhna-gora formed in winter1 but he also thought that there must undoubtedly be some salt in the water4 ,he says he found ice in the cave in the spring1 and that his companion1 a priest1 had never found any in winter4 ,he therefore concluded that by that time it had all melted4 ,romain ,joly1 in #aggi1 claims to have visited ,chaux-les-,passavant on the #aith of ,september 7year not given74 ,his account seems largely borrowed from the one in the ,histoire de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sciences1 in #afhf4 ,he says3 ,this ice is formed by the drops of water which fall from the roof1 and which freeze because of the chill of the cave4 ,in the winter there is no ice1 but running water4 ,he says nothing1 however1 about the ice forming in summer4 ,the ,citoyen ,girod-,chantrans visited ,chaux-les-,passavant in ,august1 #aghc1 and reached the conclusion1 from all he saw and heard1 that the cave did not freeze in summer nor thaw in winter1 and that it was really a natural ice house4 ,he was aided by the notes of a neighboring physician1 ,dr4 ,oudot1 who had made observations in the cave1 and among others1 had placed stakes of wood1 on the #hth of ,january1 #aggi1 in the heads of the columns he had found in the cave2 and on the #bb;d of ,february1 #aghj1 had found these stakes completely covered with ice1 forming columns #cj centimeters in diameter4 ,hablizl1 in #aghh1 wrote that the ice in the cave near ,karassoubazar formed in the spring by the snows which melt1 run into the cave1 and refreeze4 ,he also thought that there was less ice there in the fall than in the spring1 that it diminishes in ,july and ,august1 and that the idea1 current in the neighborhood1 of the formation of ice in summer1 is a mistake4 ,professor ,pierre ,prvost1 in #aghi1 gave an accurate explanation of the formation of the ice in ,chaux-les-,passavant4 ,he says3 ,weighing carefully the local circumstances1 one discovers in truth a few causes of permanent cold4 ,but these causes seem rather suited to keep up a great freshness or to diminish the heat of summer1 than to produce a cold such as that which reigns in the cavern4 ,first of all1 big trees throw shade over the entrance2 it is1 ,i was told1 forbidden under severe penalties to cut down any of them1 for fear of depriving the grotto of a necessary shelter4 ,in the second place1 this entrance is situated almost due north1 leaning a little to the east1 which is the coolest exposure one can choose1 and the one most suited to help the effect of the icy winds which blow from that quarter4 ,finally the slope is steep and the grotto deep and covered with a thick vault4 ,these three conditions united constitute1 as it seems to me1 a very good ice house2 by which ,i mean a reservoir fit to preserve during the summer1 the ice which may bank up in winter4 ,but how does this ice bank up8 ,one knows that the outside waters above form on the roof1 during the winter1 long drops and stalactites of ice4 ,these icicles1 which hang down and increase constantly by the drip from the same source which formed them1 fall at last1 carried away by their own weight1 and form so many centres1 around which freeze the waters with which the floor of the grotto is always inundated4 ,at the same time1 the blowing of the north wind accumulates snow at the base of the slope1 which is uncovered in part and exposed above to all the vicissitudes of the weather4 ,thus during the winter is formed an irregular heap of ice and snow1 which the first heats of spring begin to make run1 but which the heats of summer cannot finish dissolving4 ,the winter following has therefore even more facility to augment the mass of these ice pyramids1 which have resisted until the fall4 ,and if men did not work at diminishing it1 it might happen that it would fill the entire cavern at last to a great height4 ,i am therefore strongly inclined to think that the process of nature is here precisely similar to that of art2 that without any especial cause of cold1 the natural glacire of ,besanon conserves in the moderate temperature of deep caverns1 the heaps of snow and ice which the winds and the outside waters accumulate there during the winter2 and that the melting of these snows and of these accumulated ices forms little by little the ice floor1 scattered over with blocks and pyramids1 which one observes there during the summer4 ,horace ,bndict de ,saussure1 the great ,swiss scientist and mountaineer1 in #agif1 published a number of observations about cold current caves in various parts of the ,alps4 ,he found that in summer the air blows outward at the lower end1 and that in winter it draws inward4 ,his explanation is that in summer the colder air in the tube is heavier than the outside air and displaces it by gravity2 while in winter the rupture takes place in the other direction1 since the column within the tube is warmer than the outside air and therefore is pushed upwards by the heavy air flowing in4 ,he concludes that evaporation due to the air passing internally over moist rocks suffices to explain the phenomenon of low temperatures and that such caves have a rather lower temperature in the ,alps than in ,italy owing to the greater natural cold of the ,swiss lake region4 ,an experiment of his is worth mentioning4 ,he passed a current of air through a glass tube1 #b4e centimeters in diameter1 filled with moistened stones1 and found that the air current which entered with a temperature of #bb4e came out with a temperature of #ah4ge1 that is with a loss of #c4ge of heat4 ,robert ,townson1 ,,ll4,d41 in #agig1 published an account1 perhaps the first in ,english1 of a glacire cave4 ,he says of ,szilize3 ,ice ,i truly found here in abundance1 and it was mid-summer1 but in a state of thaw2 the bed of ice1 which covered the floor of the cavern was thinly covered with water and everything announced a thaw4 ,i had no need to use my thermometer3 however ,i placed it in the ice and it fell to #j of ,raumur3 ,i then wiped it and placed it in a niche in the rock1 at the furthest part of the cavern1 a yard above the ice and here it remained near an hour3 when ,i returned ,i found it at #j4 99 99 99 ,everything therefore1 ice1 water and atmosphere in the neighborhood had the same temperature1 and that was the temperature of melting ice3 #j ,raumur4 ,when then is the ice which is found here1 and in such quantities that this cavern serves the few opulent nobility in the neighborhood as an ice house1 formed8 ,surely in winter1 though not by the first frost1 not so soon as ice is formed in the open air4 ,no doubt1 from the little communication this cavern has with the atmosphere1 it will be but little and slowly affected by the change4 ,should therefore1 ,mr4 ,bel1 or any of his friends1 have come here to verify the common report at the commencement of a severe frost1 when the whole country was covered with ice and snow1 they might still have found nothing here but water1 or the ice of the preceding winter in a state of thaw1 and the cavern relatively warm2 and likewise1 should they have visited it in a warm spring1 which had succeeded to a severe winter1 they might have found nothing here but frost and ice2 and even the fresh melted snow1 percolating through the roof of this cavern1 might again have been congealed to ice4 ,i observed frequently in ,germany in the severe winter of #agid-e1 on a sudden thaw1 that the walls of churches and other public buildings1 on the outside were white and covered with a hoar frost1 and the windows on the same side covered with a rime4 ,dr4 ,franz ,sartori1 in #ahji1 was a strong believer in the summer ice theory1 and wrote of the flies and the gnats1 the bats and the owls1 and the foxes and the hares coming to ,szilize to winter4 ,alexander von ,humboldt1 in #ahad1 says about the ,cueva del ,hielo on the ,peak of ,teneriffe that so much snow and ice are stored up in winter that the summer heat cannot melt it all1 and also adds that permanent snow in caves must depend more on the amount of winter snow1 and the freedom from hot winds1 than on the absolute altitude of the cave4 ,dewey1 in #ahai1 thought that the ice in the ,snow ,glen at ,williamstown was a winter formation4 ,professor ,m4 ,a4 ,pictet visited ,saint-,georges1 ,le ,brezon and ,montarquis and in #ahbb endeavored to prove that they are cold current caves and that the ice in them is due entirely to draughts causing evaporation4 ,he believed in the theory of the ice forming in summer more than in winter and that it could not be the residue of a winter deposit4 ,he therefore argued that it must be due to descending currents of air which he thought would be most energetic in summer2 that they would become at least as low as the mean annual temperature of the place and be still further cooled by evaporation4 ,the strange thing about his theories is that he does not seem to have personally observed any draughts either at ,saint-,georges or ,le ,brezon1 but the fact that the ice was evidently not an accumulation of winter snow led him to try to reconcile what he had himself seen with de ,saussure's theories about windholes4 ,jean ,andr ,deluc in #ahbb published a paper discussing the theories of ,,mm4 de ,cossigny1 ,prvost and ,pictet4 ,deluc had never visited a glacire himself1 but he explains clearly the impossibility of ,professor ,pictet's cold current theory1 on the simple ground that ,professor ,pictet himself did not find any cold currents4 ,he takes up ,professor ,prvost's theories warmly2 using also the manuscript notes of ,mons4 ,colladon who had visited the ,grand ,cave de ,montarquis4 ,deluc says3 that the winter's cold penetrates into these caves1 freezes the water which collects there and that the ice thus formed has not the time to melt during the following summer4 ,he says further3 ,it seems that in the three glacires with which we have been occupied there is a flat or rather hollow bottom1 where the waters can form a more or less deep pond1 and whence they therefore cannot flow away2 it is there they flow in winter2 and as these are shut in places where the air cannot circulate1 the heats of summer can only penetrate very feebly4 ,the ice once formed in such cavities1 only melts slowly2 for one knows that ice in melting1 absorbs #fj of heat2 and where find this heat in an air always very cold and nearly still8 ,during a great cold1 the ice forms with great promptness1 while it melts with much slowness1 even when the temperature of the air is several degrees above zero2 what must then not be this slowness when the temperature of the interior air only rises in summer one degree above freezing point4 ,it would need several summers to melt this ice if it did not reform each winter4 ,c4 ,a4 ,lee1 in #ahbe1 wrote that the ice in the ,wolfshollow near ,salisbury was a winter formation4 ,g4 ,poulett ,scrope1 in #ahbf1 accepted as the truth the statement that the cave of ,roth was filled with ice in summer1 but that it was warm during the winter4 ,in #ahbg1 he explained the presence of ice at ,pontgibaud as follows3 ,the water is apparently frozen by means of the powerful evaporation produced by a current of very dry air issuing from some long fissures or arched galleries which communicate with the cave1 and owing its dryness to the absorbent qualities of the lava through which it passes4 ,f4 ,reich1 in #ahcd1 thought that there were two possible causes which might produce subterranean ice3 #a1 the difference in specific gravity between warm and cold air2 #b1 evaporation4 ,he thought the cold air a sufficient cause in most caves1 but he considered that evaporation also played a part not infrequently4 ,professor ,silliman1 in #ahci1 gave the first hint1 in the negative1 about compressed air as a cause for subterranean ice4 ,he said about ,owego that if one could suppose that compressed gases or a compressed atmosphere were escaping from the water or near it1 this would indicate a source of cold1 but that as there is no indication of this in the water1 the explanation is unavailable4 ,professor ,a4 ,pleischl wrote in #ahda that he was told that ice formed on the ,pleschiwetz and on the ,steinberge in summer4 ,continuing1 he says3 ,the author is therefore1 as well as for other reasons1 of the opinion1 that the ice is not remaining winter ice1 but a summer formation1 and one formed by the cold of evaporation4 99 99 99 ,the basalt is1 as a thick stone1 a good conductor for the heat1 and takes up therefore easily the sun's warmth1 but parts with it easily to other neighboring bodies4 ,in the hollows1 between the basalt blocks1 is found1 as ,i already mentioned1 rotting moss1 which forms a spongy mass1 which is wet through with water4 ,the basalt heated by the sun's rays now causes a part of the water in the spongy mass to vaporize2 for this evaporation the water needs heat1 which it withdraws from the neighboring bodies and in part from water1 and makes the water so cold1 that it freezes into ice1 as1 under the bell of an air pump--,nature therefore makes here a physical experiment on the largest scale4 ,much stress appears to have been laid on the paper of ,professor ,pleischl by ,professor ,krauss and one or two others4 ,the weak point in it is that ,pleischl did not see the ice form in summer1 but was only1 as usual1 told that it did so4 ,there is nothing in the facts given to show that the places mentioned are different from any other taluses1 where ice does not form as the result of heat4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,hayden1 in #ahdc1 wrote about the ,ice ,mountain in ,virginia1 and held that the porous nature of the rocks makes them poor conductors of heat1 and that the mountain is a huge sandstone refrigerator4 ,dr4 ,s4 ,pearl ,lathrop1 in #ahdd1 wrote of the ,ice ,bed at ,wallingford1 ,vermont1 as a great natural refrigerator4 ,sir ,roderick ,impey ,murchison wrote in #ahde about the salt mine and freezing cave of ,illetzkaya-,zatschita4 ,he visited them during a hot ,august1 and was assured that the cold within is greatest when the external air is hottest and driest2 that the fall of rain and a moist atmosphere produce some diminution in the cold of the cave and that on the setting in of winter the ice disappears entirely4 ,he accepted these statements evidently only in a half hearted way1 submitting them to ,sir ,john ,herschel1 who tried to explain them1 in case they were true1 of which ,herschel was likewise doubtful4 ,murchison at first thought that the ice was due to the underlying bed of salt1 but soon recognized that this explanation could not be correct4 ,he also rejected ,herschel's heat and cold wave theory4 ,shortly after this he came across ,pictet's memoir1 and on the strength of it concluded that the ice in ,illetzkaya-,zatschita could not be the residue of a winter deposit1 but must be due to descending currents of air2 to the previously wet and damp roof affording a passage to water2 and to the excessive dryness of the external air of these southern steppes contributing powerfully to the refrigerating effects of evaporation4 ,professor ,arnold ,guyot1 in #ahef1 said that the well at ,owego admitted large quantities of snow which melts1 but not readily1 because it is not accessible to the sun4 ,it therefore goes through the same process as glaciers1 of partly melting and refreezing2 and we have the formation of a glacier without movement4 ,professor ,w4 ,b4 ,rogers1 in #ahef1 held that the well at ,owego became the recipient of the coldest air of the neighborhood1 and the temperature remained abnormal because the bad conducting power of the materials of the well retained the cold4 ,professor ,d4 ,olmstead1 in #ahef1 held about ,owego that cold air exists in the interior of the earth which may have found a ventilating shaft in the well4 ,professor ,petruzzi1 in #aheg1 considered the following requirements necessary for a glacire3 ,a high altitude above the sea2 a decided drop into the interior of the mountain2 absence of all draught2 protection against all warm and moist winds1 therefore the opening to north and east4 ,he also says about the glacire on the ,pograca3 that it is in shadow2 that the thick forest round the mouth keeps the temperature down2 that it begins to freeze below when it does above2 that the cold remains there into the spring2 and that the water from rain or other sources1 which flows into the cave1 must freeze there1 and the ice form in greater quantities than the heat of summer can melt away4 ,mr4 ,albert ,d4 ,hager wrote in #ahei3 ,the question now arises1 why it was that such a congealed mass of earth was found in ,brandon at the time the frozen well was dug4 ,my opinion is1 that the bad conducting property of the solids surrounding it1 the absence of ascending currents of heated air1 and of subterranean streams of water in this particular locality favored such a result2 and that the bad conducting property of clay1 as well as that of the porous gravel associated with it1 taken in connection with the highly inclined porous strata1 and the disposition of heated air to rise1 and the cold air to remain below1 contribute to produce in the earth1 at this place1 a mammoth refrigerator1 embracing essentially the same principle as that involved in the justly celebrated refrigerator known as ',winship's ,patent4' ,clay is not only nearly impervious to air and water1 but it is one of the worst conductors of heat in nature4 7,note4--,to test the question whether clay was a poor conductor of heat or not1 ,i took two basins of equal size1 and in one put a coating of clay one-half inch thick1 into which ,i put water of a temperature of #eb ,fahrenheit4 ,into the other dish1 which was clean1 ,i put water of the same temperature1 and subjected the two basins to equal amounts of heat2 and in five minutes the water in the clean dish indicated a temperature of #gj while that of the one coated with clay was raised only to #ef47 ,if we can rely upon the statements of those who dug out the frozen earth1 it rested upon a stratum of clay that lay upon the bed of pebbles in which the water was found1 for it was described as being a very sticky kind of hard pan4 ,this being the case1 if the water contained in the pebbly mass had a temperature above the freezing point1 the heat would be but imperfectly transmitted to the frost1 through the clay1 provided there was no other way for its escape4 ,but we have seen that the stratum of clay that overlays the bed of pebbles in the side of the gravel pit was not horizontal1 but inclined towards the well at an angle of #be4 ,now if this drip was continued to the well1 and existed there 7which is highly probable71 it will be seen that the ascending current of heated air1 in the pebbly bed1 would be checked upon meeting the overlying barrier of clay and be deflected out of its upward course4 ,the tendency of heated air is to rise1 hence it would continue its course along the under side of the clay1 through the interstices in the bed of pebbles1 till it found a place of escape at the surface1 which in this case may have been at the gravel pit before named4 ,professor ,edward ,hitchcock wrote in #ahfa3 ,the presence of a mass of frozen gravel deep beneath the surface in ,brandon1 was first made known by digging a well in it in the autumn of #aheh4 99 99 99 ,the gravel1 also1 rises into occasional knolls and ridges4 ,in short1 it is just such a region of sand and gravel as may be seen in many places along the western side of the ,green ,mountains2 and indeed1 all over ,new ,england4 ,it is what we call modified drift1 and lies above genuine drift1 having been the result of aqueous agency subsequent to the drift period4 99 99 99 ,the well was stoned up late in the autumn of #aheh1 and during the winter1 ice formed upon the water in one night1 two inches thick4 ,it continued to freeze till ,april2 after which no ice was formed on the surface1 but we can testify that as late as ,june #beth1 the stones of the well for four or five feet above the surface of the water were mostly coated with ice2 nay1 it had not wholly disappeared ,july #adth4 ,the temperature of the water was only one degree of ,fahrenheit above freezing point4 ,the ice did however disappear in the autumn but was formed again 7how early we did not learn7 in the winter1 and so thick too that it was necessary to send some one into the well to break it4 ,we visited the well ,august #ahth1 #ahfj1 and found the temperature #db4 ,yet only the week previous ice was seen upon the stones1 and we were even told by one of the family1 that a piece of ice had been drawn up the day before in the bucket4 99 99 99 ,these frozen deposits may have been produced during the glacial period that accompanied the formation of drift1 and continued far down into the subsequent epochs of modified drift4 99 99 99 ,but in all the excavations both gravel and clay occur3 and how almost impervious to heat must such a coating #bj feet thick1 be6 ,it would not1 however1 completely protect the subjacent mass from solar heat4 ,but there is another agency still more powerful for this end1 namely1 evaporation1 which we think has operated here1 as we shall more fully describe further on2 and we think that these two agencies1 namely1 non-conduction and evaporation1 may have preserved this frozen deposit for a very long period1 from exterior influences4 ,professor ,thury in #ahfa says about ,saint-,georges3 ,such is the rsum1 concise but exact1 of the results of our winter excursion4 ,they furnish proof to the fact generally borne witness to by the mountaineers1 that ice does not form in winter in the interior of caverns4 ,but if this is so1 it is for a very simple reason3 two things are necessary for the formation of ice3 cold and water4 ,in winter1 the cold is not wanting3 but if there is no spring opening in the cave1 the water is absent1 and then no ice forms4 ,it is in the spring1 at the time of the first melting of the snows1 that the ice must form4 ,then water at #j pours over the surface1 and penetrates by the fissures of the rock and by the large openings into the chilled cavern1 which is also receiving the freezing air of the nights4 ,the grotto then makes its annual provision of ice1 which after this could only diminish little by little during the whole duration of the warm season4 ,professor ,thury writes about the ,grand ,cave de ,montarquis3 ,here it must be when water and cold meet1 that is autumn and especially spring1 the time of the first melting of the snows4 ,during the winter 99 99 99 the colder1 heavier air comes to freeze the water of the grotto1 and chill the ice and the wall of rock4 ,during the summer1 the radiation of the vaults and the proper heat of the ground only melt a small quantity of ice because this absorbs much heat to pass into a liquid state4 ,the heat of the air is entirely used to melt the ice2 it does not therefore manifest itself as sensible heat4 ,the contact of the ice ready to melt1 plays in a certain way1 towards the air a little warmer than itself1 the rle of an extremely absorbing body1 or one which has an excessive caloric conductibility4 ,here the formation of the ice could not possibly be attributed to the cold caused by evaporation4 ,the psychrometer indicated ninety-two per cent1 of relative humidity3 the atmosphere of the grotto was therefore almost saturated with evaporation of water1 and the maximum of cold caused by evaporation was not over half a degree centigrade4 ,about prismatic ice and a hollow pyramid1 he says3 ,the prismatic 7arolaire7 structure is produced later on in the ice1 by a new and particular arrangement of the molecules of the already solidified water4 ,therefore the recent stalactites are never crystallized4 ,in the beginning of the hot season1 the atmospheric temperature of the grotto rises slowly4 ,inferior to zero by some tenths of a degree1 it produces first on the surface1 in the stalactites1 the prismatic structure4 ,the temperature continues to rise1 the central portions of the stalactites1 still composed of ordinary ice1 liquefy1 and if the melting water finds some issue1 either by accidental openings left between some prisms1 or by the extremity of the stalactite or by some point of its surface which had escaped the action of the regular crystallization2 by this opening the water escapes1 and the tubular stalactite has been formed4 ,the column was composed of a very special ice1 perfectly dry1 perfectly homogeneous1 translucid and whose appearance could only be compared to that of the most beautiful porcelain4 ,i am inclined to believe that we had under our eyes a special molecular state of congealed water4 ,this state would be produced under the influence of a constant temperature of a certain degree 7,note--perhaps not far from #d--the actual temperature of the grotto7 long prolonged4 ,these causes can be realized more completely in glacires than anywheres else4 ,the ,reverend ,george ,forrest ,browne1 published in #ahfe1 ,ice ,caves in ,france and ,switzerland1 one of the most delightful books of travel ever written1 on account of the scientific accuracy and the humor of the author4 ,he visited ,la ,genollire1 ,saint-,georges1 ,saint-,livres1 ,chaux-les-,passavant1 ,monthzy1 ,arc-sous-icon1 the ,schafloch1 ,haut-d',aviernoz1 which he calls ,grand ,anu1 ,chapuis1 and ,font-d',urle4 ,he says3 ,the view which ,deluc adopted was one which ,i have myself independently formed4 99 99 99 ,the heavy cold air of winter sinks down into the glacires1 and the lighter warm air of summer cannot on ordinary principles of gravitation dislodge it1 so that heat is very slowly spread in the caves2 and even when some amount of heat does reach the ice1 the latter melts but slowly1 for ice absorbs #fj ,c4 of heat in melting2 and thus1 when ice is once formed1 it becomes a material guarantee for the permanence of cold in the cave4 ,for this explanation to hold good it is necessary that the level at which the ice is formed should be below the level of the entrance to the cave2 otherwise the mere weight of the cold air would cause it to leave its prison as soon as the spring warmth arrived4 ,in every single case that has come under my observation1 this condition has been emphatically fulfilled4 ,it is necessary1 also1 that the cave should be protected from direct radiation1 as the gravitation of cold air has nothing to do with resistance to that powerful means of introducing heat4 ,this condition1 also1 is fulfilled by nature in all the glacires ,i have visited1 excepting that of ,s4 ,georges2 and there art has replaced the protection formerly afforded by the thick trees which grew over the hole of entrance4 ,the effect of the second hole in the roof of this glacire is to destroy all the ice which is within range of the sun4 ,a third and very necessary condition is1 that the wind should not be allowed access to the cave2 for if it were1 it would infallibly bring in heated air1 in spite of the specific weight of the cold air stored within4 ,it will be understood from my description of such glacires as that of the ,grand ,anu1 of ,monthzy1 and the lower glacire of the ,pr de ,s4 ,livres1 how completely sheltered from all winds the entrances to those caves are4 ,there can be no doubt1 too1 that the large surfaces which are available for evaporation have much to do with maintaining a somewhat lower temperature than the mean temperature of the place where the cave occurs4 ,browne noticed prismatic ice several times4 ,he says of it3 ,m4 ,thury suggests also1 as a possibility1 what ,i have found to be the case by frequent observations1 that the prismatic ice has greater power of resisting heat than ordinary ice4 99 99 99 ,a ,frenchman who was present in the room in which the ,chemical ,section of the ,british ,association met at ,bath1 and heard a paper which ,i read there on this prismatic structure1 suggested that it was probably something akin to the rhomboidal form assumed by dried mud2 and ,i have since been struck by the great resemblance to it1 as far as the surface goes1 which the pits of mud left by the coprolite workers near ,cambridge offer1 of course on a very large scale4 ,this led me to suppose that the intense dryness which would naturally be the result of the action of some weeks or months of great cold upon subterranean ice might be one of the causes of its assuming this form1 and the observations at ,jena would rather confirm than contradict this view3 competent authorities1 however1 seem inclined to believe that warmth1 and not cold1 is the producing cause4 ,mr4 ,browne found a hollow cone at ,la ,genollire1 for which he accounted as follows3 ,in the loftier part of the cave 99 99 99 ninety six drops of water in a minute splashed on to a small stone immediately under the main fissure4 ,this stone was in the centre of a considerable area of the floor which was clear of ice4 99 99 99 ,i found that the edge of the ice round this clear area was much thicker than the rest of the ice on the floor1 and was evidently the remains of the swelling pedestal of the column4 99 99 99 ,when the melted snows of spring send down to the cave1 through the fissures of the rock1 an abundance of water at a very low temperature and the cave itself is stored with the winter's cold1 these thicker rings of ice catch first the descending water1 and so a circular wall1 naturally conical1 is formed around the area of stones2 the remaining water either running off through the interstices1 or forming a floor of ice of less thickness1 which yields to the next summer's drops4 ,in the course of time1 this conical wall rises1 narrowing always1 till a dome-like roof is at length formed and thenceforth the column is solid4 ,from what ,i have observed myself1 this explanation seems to fairly meet the facts4 ,professor ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney1 in #ahfh1 was inclined to believe that there was some connection between glacires and a glacial period4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,raymond1 in #ahfi1 concluded from his own observations about the lava cave in ,washington3 that the cold air of winter freezes up the percolating waters from the surface1 layer upon layer1 solid from the bottom1 and the accumulated ice thaws slowly in summer1 being retarded by the covering which keeps out the direct rays of the sun1 and by the fact that the melting ice at one end of the cave1 through which the summer draught enters1 itself refrigerates the air and maintains a freezing temperature at the other end4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,white1 in #ahgj1 says of the cavern at ,decorah3 ,the formation of the ice is probably due to the rapid evaporation of the moisture of the earth and rocks1 caused by the heat of the summer sun upon the outer wall of the fissure and valley side4 ,this outer wall is from ten to twenty feet in thickness where the ice was seen to be most abundant4 ,the water for its production seems to be supplied by slow exudation from the inner wall of the cave4 ,dr4 ,krenner1 in #ahgd1 wrote of ,dbsina as a natural ice cellar of giant dimensions1 whose ice masses formed in winter1 the summer does not succeed in melting4 ,professor ,w4 ,boyd ,dawkins wrote in #ahgd3 ,the apparent anomaly that one only out of a group of caves exposed to the same temperature should be a glacire1 may be explained by the fact that these conditions those formulated by the ,rev4 ,g4 ,f4 ,browne are found in combination but rarely1 and if one were absent there would be no accumulation of perpetual ice4 ,it is very probable that the store of cold laid up in these caves1 as in an ice house1 has been ultimately derived from the great refrigeration of climate in ,europe in the ,glacial ,period4 ,mr4 ,theodore ,kirchhoff examined the lava caves in the ,state of ,washington and in #ahgf wrote that he considered that the ice in the smaller ones were simply remains of the winter's cold4 ,he thought that the ice in the large cave where there is a draught could not be accounted for in the same way1 so he concluded that the ice must be due to the draught4 ,mr4 ,n4 ,m4 ,lowe1 in #ahgi1 proposed the ,compressed ,air or ,capillary theory#gd about the ,cave at ,decorah4 #gd ,see ,part ,,ii41 page #adb4 ,mr4 ,john ,ritchie1 ,jr41 in #ahgi1 gave an exceedingly clear exposition of the theory in the same journal4 ,mr4 ,aden ,s4 ,benedict1 in #ahha1 published his observations about ,decorah4 ,he found that there was no water falling in the cave to compress the air1 that there was no water falling near enough to be heard1 nor any aperture giving vent to cold air in the cave4 ,he thought that the cold of winter cools the sides of the cave several degrees below freezing point and that these rocks are so far underground that it would take a long season of hot weather to raise this temperature to the melting point of ice4 ,in the spring the water percolates through the soil and drips on to the yet freezing rocks2 on which it freezes and remains until the heat of summer penetrates to a sufficient depth to melt it away4 ,the rocks once raised above #j remain so until the following winter and consequently if there are heavy autumn rains there is water on the rocks but no ice4 ,mr4 ,benedict concluded that there was nothing more mysterious about ,decorah than the fact that if you drop water on a cold stone it will freeze4 ,professor ,friederich ,umlauft in #ahhc wrote about glacires that as moreover they were generally protected against warm winds and strong draughts and as their entrances look towards the north or east1 there is consequently more ice formed under these conditions in winter than can melt away in summer4 ,other ice grottoes however show the remarkable characteristic1 that it is warm in them in winter1 in the summer on the contrary it becomes so cold that all the dripping water freezes4 ,they are found near snow clefts and gorges2 when in the hot summer months the snow melts1 then the cold which has become free presses down the temperature in the cave so much that the water freezes into ice4 ,such grottoes are in ,austria at 99 99 99 ,frauenmauer1 99 99 99 ,brandstein1 99 99 99 ,teplitz1 99 99 99 ,scilize1 99 99 99 ,dobschauer4 ,herr ,krber in #ahhe wrote about the ,schafloch1 that the stored-up winter's cold stands out as permanent adversary of the higher temperature of the earth4 ,the thermometer proved this by its action at the end of the cave in a rock cleft1 which is warmer than the rest of the cave4 ,in ,september ,herr ,krber found the masses of ice less and the stalagmites smaller than in ,january1 especially a column which in ,january had become a stately mountain of transparent ice4 ,professor ,eberhard ,fugger of ,salzburg1 has studied the caves of the ,untersberg carefully1 having paid over eighty visits to them4 ,he classifies freezing caverns into the following types1 according to their position and their shape3 ,according to position3 #a1 open caves1 that is those whose entrance is free on a rock wall2 #b1 pit caves1 where the entrance is at the bottom of a pit2 #c1 pit caves1 where the pit is covered and the opening is in the roof4 ,according to shape3 #a1 sackhhlen or chamber caverns1 into which one enters immediately at the entrance2 #b1 ganghhlen1 or passage caves terminating in a chamber2 #c1 rhrenhhlen1 or passage caves where the passages continue further than the chamber4 ,he is a strong advocate of the winter's cold theory4 ,he says3 ,the ice of caves is formed by the cold of winter1 and remains despite the heat of summer1 as through local circumstances the quantity of heat brought to the ice is not great enough to melt it by the time when ice and snow in the open at the same altitude have already disappeared4 ,in order that ice may form in a cave in winter1 two factors are necessary4 ,there must be water present in some form or other1 and in some way the outside cold air must be able to sink into the cave4 ,when the bottom of a cave is below the entrance1 the outside cold winter air sinks into the cave from its weight1 when the temperature of the cave air is higher than that of the outside air2 and it will remain there during the warmer weather1 as the warm outside air on account of its lighter weight cannot drive out the cold heavy cave air4 ,the most important factor for the formation of ice is the drip water4 ,the more drip flows into a cave during the cold season1 the more ice is formed2 the more drip1 on the contrary1 flows into the cave during the warm season1 the more ice is destroyed4 ,the warmth1 which the roof of the cave gives out1 is also a cause which helps to melt the ice1 and a cause in fact which works the harder1 the higher the temperature of the roof and the dirtier the ice floor4 ,if direct rays of the sun penetrate a cave1 they scarcely warm up the air which they traverse1 but they raise the temperature of the floor or of the walls1 which they touch4 ,they are therefore a very important factor1 which may bring about the melting of the ice4 ,the snow slope at the mouth of a cave offers some protection against the rays of the sun1 especially if it is no longer white1 but covered with all sorts of dirt4 ,the larger the mass of ice1 the longer is its duration4 ,a certain thickness to the roof is of importance in preserving the ice4 ,if it is less than #h meters1 then it is well if it is covered with outside vegetation4 ,i entirely agree with these dicta of ,professor ,fugger4 ,in #ahic1 ,fugger writes3 ,the peculiar readings of temperature1 which ,i made in ,august #ahgg1 in the ,kolowratshhle1 namely on the #acth at #ab ,m41 #j4e1 on the #aeth at #d ,p4 ,m41 #j4ce1 on the #bc;d at #aj ,a4 ,m41 #j4ab1 on the #bfth at #aj ,a4 ,m41 #j4ag1 and on the #cjth at #b4ae ,p4 ,m41 -#j4aj1 ,i think ,i can attribute to the workings of the winds4 ,in the observations themselves there could scarce be an error4 ,all five observations were made at the same place1 with the same thermometer1 after at least half an hour's exposure4 ,in the time from the #acth to the #cjth of ,august1 the temperature minimum in the town of ,salzburg1 was #ab2 before the #cjth were several cloudless nights4 ,during the whole of ,august scarcely any but southeast and northwest winds were blowing4 ,the ,kolowratshhle opens in a rock wall to the east2 the above named winds therefore affected during the entire month the entrance to the cave and may have produced a lively evaporation in the cave1 through a sort of sucking up of the cave air1 and thus have created the rather decided cooling off of #j4f within seventeen days4 ,this statement1 coming from ,professor ,fugger1 deserves particular attention1 because it would go to show3 first1 that the air in the ,kolowratshhle1 a sackhhle with only one entrance1 is only apparently stagnant in summer and not really so2 and second1 that evaporation may act to a limited extent in a cavern where there is almost no running water4 ,captain ,trouillet1 in #ahhe1 published a paper about ,chaux-les-,passavant4 ,he found that when it was colder inside than outside1 the internal air was nearly cut off from the outside2 when it was coldest outside there was a lively disturbance4 ,he called these two classes priodes fermes and priodes ouvertes4 ,he says3 ,the duration of a closed period is measured then on the curves of a maximum and minimum thermometer of the interior temperatures1 between a minimum and the following maximum2 that of an open period is between a minimum and the preceding maximum4 ,one can thus count from the #beth ,november to the #cast ,december #be open periods of a total duration of #bjj hours or #h times #bd hours3 which gives for each a duration of #g hours4 ,the shortest lasted #b hours and the longest #af hours4 ,during the same interval1 the closed periods numbered #bf1 making a total duration of about #bh days2 the longest1 which lasted from the #c;d to the #hth ,december1 was #abf hours long4 ,trouillet also says3 ,from the #bc;d to the #cjth ,december1 the grotto was completely isolated from the external air1 and yet during three consecutive nights1 the interior had three marked chills4 ,such is the phenomenon whose cause can only lay1 in our opinion1 in the introduction of the dry air driven to the cave by the winds between north and east4 ,this air on entering comes in contact with the ice and the humid roof of the cave2 it saturates itself in producing a formation of vapors1 and therefrom a consumption of heat which may be considerable4 ,there are some discrepancies in this last paragraph which must be noted1 for the reason that ,trouillet's observations are so valuable4 ,he does not mention having seen the vapors himself1 in fact the production of these vapors seems only an inference4 ,nor is it easy to understand how the grotto could be completely isolated from the external air if the phenomenon lay in the introduction of the dry air driven to the cave by the winds north and east4 ,dr4 ,b4 ,schwalbe1 in #ahhf1 wrote that all my observations point to the fact that the rock is the cooling factor in summer1 and that the cold goes out from it4 ,he says also that when ,i saw for the first time the little cave of ,roth1 which was filled with fairly numerous ice formations1 it was precisely the smallness of the volume of air and the strange appearance of the ice which made the simple cold air theory seen insufficient1 nor could ,i later1 by widening the theory and observing the localities from the basis of ,de,luc's theory1 accept it4 ,it always seemed by all my observations that in the rock there must be a lasting source of cold4 ,there must be a cause present1 which prevents the rapid warming of the cave wall through the temperature of the ground1 which also keeps the stone cool in summer and induces the main ice formation in the spring4 ,he also hints that ,mr4 ,lowe's compressed air theory may be the correct one4 ,dr4 ,schwalbe's work1 ber ,eishhlen und ,eislcher1 is one of the four or five most important contributions to glacire literature1 and his opinion is entitled to great respect on account of his many observations4 ,professor ,israel ,c4 ,russell wrote in #ahij1 about the ice beds on the ,yukon3 ,it is thought by some observers1 to be an inheritance from a former period of extreme cold2 but under existing climatic conditions1 when ice forms beneath a layer of moss1 it is preserved during the short summer1 and may increase as it does on the tundras1 to an astonishing thickness4 ,in #ahig1 ,professor ,russell says3 ,it is not probable that all the subsoil ice of northern regions has been formed in one way4 ,along the flood plains and on the deltas of rivers where layers of clear ice are interbedded with sheets of frozen gravel and vegetable matter1 as is frequently the case1 it seems evident that the growth of the deposit is due1 in some instances1 to the flooding of previously frozen layers1 and the freezing and subsequent burial of the sediment thus added to their surfaces4 ,when spring freshets spread out sheets of dbris over the flood plain of a river1 as frequently happens when streams in high latitudes flow northward1 the previously frozen soil and the ice of ponds and swamps may be buried and indefinitely preserved4 ,there is still another process by which frozen subsoil may be formed in high latitudes3 this is1 the effects of the cold during the long winters are not counteracted by the heat during the short summers4 ,under the conditions now prevailing in northern ,alaska1 where the mean annual temperature is below #cb ,fahrenheit1 the frozen layer tends to increase the thickness from year to year just as the depth of frozen soil in more temperate latitudes may increase from month to month during the winter season4 ,during the short northern summers1 especially where the ground is moss covered1 melting only extends a few inches below the surface4 ,mons4 ,e4 ,a4 ,martel1 in #ahib1 wrote of the ,creux-,perc3 ,i incline only1 as in all the pits which narrow at the bottom 7avens rtrcissement7 to attribute the chilling to the fall of the cold air of winter and to its non-renewal in summer4 ,and at page #efd of ,les ,abimes he says3 ,one knows that evaporation is an active cause of cooling2 therefore it is always cooler in caves near the drips of water4 99 99 99 ,i have positively noted this influence of evaporation near the drips of ,tabourel 7#h instead of #i4e71 of ,dargilan1 of the ,cerna ,jama1 and in abysses with double mouths where there were strong draughts 7,rabanel1 ,biau1 ,fosse-,mobile1 etc474 ,in ,december1 #ahig1 ,mons4 ,martel writes3 ,in short1 the action of the winter's cold is the real cause accepted by 99 99 99 and recently confirmed by ,fugger1 ,trouillet and ,martel4 ,and also3 ,it is probable that this influence evaporation is only real at rather high altitudes2 this is at least what seems the result of the studies of the caves of ,naye 7#agjj to #aijj meters7 begun by ,professor ,dutoit4 ,in #ahii1 ,mons4 ,martel gave an account of the ,glacire de ,naye4 ,in this paper1 he abandons definitely fossil ice1 salts and the capillary theory as possible causes of underground ice4 ,he considers that there are four causes3 #a1 shape of the cavity2 #b1 free access of snow in winter2 #c1 high altitude2 #d1 evaporation due to wind currents4 ,the last two causes he thinks are not necessarily always present4 ,for instance he considers that1 at the ,creux-,perc1 and at ,chaux-les-,passavant1 the ice is due especially to the sack or hour-glass shape of these hollows where the summer air cannot get in on account of its lightness4 ,at the ,glacire de ,naye1 which is a big windhole1 situated at an altitude of #agej to #ahbj meters1 ,mons4 ,martel thinks that the ice is formed by the snow and cold of winter1 but that its preservation is assured by the evaporation caused by the action of the windhole4 ,dr4 ,terlanday1 in #ahic1 asserted that ice does not form in ,szilize in winter1 and that the ice first forms in the winter in the upper part of rock fissures and that in the spring1 at the time of an increase of temperature1 this fissure ice is brought to the melting point by the successive entering of heat into the earth and that it then arrives at the cave1 where it aids the formation of icicles4 ,this theory about fissure ice is probably in so far correct1 that the ice in the upper parts of fissures1 near the surface of the ground1 melts before the ice in the lower parts of fissures4 ,the drip would then naturally run into the cave and1 as long as the temperature of the cave was low1 help to form cave ice4 ,dr4 ,hans ,lohmann1 in #ahie1 published some valuable notes about several glacires4 ,while considering the cold of winter as the main cause of the ice1 he thought evaporation a secondary cause of cold4 ,he says3 ,that the cold from evaporation bears its share in cooling a cave1 will not be denied4 99 99 99 ,the air saturated with aqueous vapor makes one think of constant evaporation4 ,the aqueous vapor spreads itself by diffusion throughout the entire cave1 and if the outside air is driest1 goes to that4 ,through this1 more ice and water can always be vaporized1 and to the warming elements there is furnished a cooling one4 ,if dry winds get into the cave1 then must evaporation be very lively and the chilling especially strong4 ,through this cause alone can be explained the remarkably low temperature of #f4c in the new part of the ,garischen ,stollen1 in contrast to the temperature of #g4i in the old part4 ,the strong draught in the last drew out through its suction the damp air of the new adit1 so that there had to be a strong evaporation4 ,dr4 ,lohmann gives some exhaustive notes about prismatic ice4 ,he found it a product of the fall months4 ,he thinks all the observations show that the beginning of all prismatic formation in the ice may be looked for in the changes of temperature in the cave at the time of the formation of the ice4 ,these cause the everywhere recognized splitting1 vertically to the outer surface4 ,the further development hangs1 as shown by ,hagenbach and ,emden1 on the attempt of the neighboring cells1 to join into larger unities4 ,the increase of the larger crystals is finally prevented by the melting out of the openings between the separate crystals4 ,through this may be explained the difference in the prismatic ice in different parts of the same cave4 ,regierungsrath ,franz ,kraus1 in #ahie1 wrote a short essay on glacires in ,hhlenkunde4 ,he seems to have seen but few glacires himself1 and considers the scientific side of the question by no means solved as yet4 ,he says3 ,the last word will not be spoken by the geographers and the ,alpine climbers 99 99 99 but by the physicists1 in whose field both questions really belong4 ,only then1 when the physical circumstances of the formation of the ice in glacires have been so thoroughly understood1 that under the same circumstances it may be possible to build artificial glacires1 only then could one say3 the glacire question is definitely settled4 ,the best proof is always experiment4 ,he lays down several dicta which he says are universally recognized1 among which is this3 #b4 ,the ice formations in the dbris heaps of basaltic mountains are summer ice formations4 ,the evaporation of the infiltration water is recognized on all sides as the cause of this ice4 ,i differ in opinion from ,herr ,kraus about this matter1 and think that1 on the contrary1 every proof shows that the ice of basaltic taluses is not a summer formation and is not due to evaporation4 ,herr ,kraus also says3 ,the ,eishhlen resemble so little the ,windrhren1 that for these a proper name is quite correct4 ,just as one cannot draw a sharp line between ,einstrzschlnden and ,einstrzdolinen1 so one cannot draw a sharp line between eishhlen and windrhren4 ,a stagnation of cave air does not exist1 and no cave student would pretend to say it existed4 ,the circulation of air may in certain caves take place almost entirely through the mouth and it then depends largely on the shape of the latter2 in other caves are crevices and erosion holes1 which allow a circulation of air4 ,again in other caves air may come through the floor into the cave1 as is proved by certain places always remaining free from ice4 ,he also says3 ,the formation of dripstone is also diminished about thick roofs1 when the cracks are too broad to permit a slow dripping process4 ,in caves with sufficient air movements1 that is ventilation1 the dripstone formation takes place faster than in those in which the air is only slowly renewed4 ,also in such caves1 in which the air is strongly filled with moisture1 the dripstone formation process is materially hindered4 ,therefore in water caves and in eishhlen one finds only rarely dripstone formations1 and these mainly of poor appearance4 ,but in all cases the carbonic acid of the infiltration water plays an important part4 ,in #ahif1 a ,western newspaper published the following explanation about the presence of ice in the cave at ,elkinsville1 ,indiana2 and it shows how the idea--long since exploded--of the ice being due to chemical causes1 serenely bobs up on the discovery of a new cave3 ,some have advanced the theory that the air is forced through under passages of the earth with such pressure as to make the strange formation2 some have attributed the cause to an underlying bed of alkali1 whose chemical change to a gaseous form has produced the phenomenon4 ,others have thought that the interior heat of the earth1 acting upon the iron pyrites1 or fool's gold1 which largely abounds in this country1 is the true source of this unparalleled discovery4 ,still others think that the sudden expansion of the carbonic acid gas given off by the heated limestone1 which is also common in this country1 could have easily produced the ice4 ,but thus far the theories are nothing more than speculation1 and further than the fact that the ice cave exists1 and is1 indeed1 a remarkable phenomenon1 none has been able to further determine4 ,in #ahif1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,cvijic wrote that the cold air of winter is the source of cold in the glacires of ,servia4 ,the mountains have so little water that the shepherds constantly take the ice out in summer for their own use4 ,in #ahig1 numerous newspapers1 among others1 the ,philadelphia ,press of ,august #ast1 romanced as follows about the cave at ,decorah3 ,in the summer its temperature is far below freezing4 99 99 99 ,from some unknown source in the impenetrable rear of the cave comes a blast of cold air as chill as from the ,arctic region4 ,in the winter the temperature of the cave is like summer4 99 99 99 ,we followed the winding passage in and out for more than #ajjj feet4 99 99 99 ,i took out the thermometer and laid it upon the floor of the cavern for three minutes4 ,when ,i took it up again ,i found that the mercury had fallen to #e degrees below zero4 ,what is it that causes this phenomenon8 ,scientific men are said to have visited the cave within the last day or two who have declared that it had in some manner a subterranean connection with the polar regions1 and that the cold air from the ,north coming in contact with the warm moist atmosphere from outside converted the vapor into water on the walls of the cavern where it straightway congealed4 99 99 99 ,it seems to me possible after thinking the matter over carefully1 that in some mysterious manner the same influences that work the changes in climate in the ,arctic and ,antarctic regions are operating in this cave4 ,it is a well-known fact that in the regions referred to the seasons are the reverse of what they are here4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,auchincloss writes in #ahig3 ,we also notice the working of the same principle during summer days4 ,the hottest part does not occur at the noon hour--when the sun is on the meridian--but several hours later in the afternoon4 ,in this case the accessions of heat arrive more rapidly than radiation is able to carry off4 ,radiation1 however1 keeps on apace1 and1 at last attaining the mastery1 temperature falls4 ,ice caves furnish another example of the gradual procession in the seasons4 ,mr4 ,alois ,f4 ,kovarik writes about ,decorah in #ahih that the length of duration of the ice in the cave during the spring and summer depends upon the quantity of cold stored up in the walls and this again upon the coldness and the length of coldness of the previous winter4 ,if the winter be severe and long1 the walls will store up a great supply of cold for the gradual dissipation in the spring and summer and consequently the phenomenon of the ice in the ice chambers will last longer4 ,last winter1 with an exception of the fore part of ,december1 was quite mild4 ,as a result1 the ice began to disappear with the latter part of ,june1 and totally disappeared by the end of ,july4 99 99 99 ,the time of the lowest temperature in the cave depends upon how soon the cold spells of the winter begin2 for the sooner the walls begin to freeze to a greater depth1 the sooner have they stored up the greatest amount of cold4 99 99 99 ,february #bhth1 #ahih1 when the walls contained the greatest amount of cold1 there was no ice in the cave1 for the reason that no water made appearance4 ,could water have appeared1 no doubt a great amount of ice would have formed2 but as the conditions are1 the water has to come from the ground outside1 and this being frozen at the time1 water could not in any natural way appear4 ,if in early spring1 sufficiently warm days should come to melt the snow and open the ground1 the water not taken up by the ground would flow and seep through crevices into the cave and ice consequently would appear early4 ,somewhat such conditions prevailed this year1 for warm days appeared quite early in the spring4 ,if per contra the ground does not open until in ,april1 as was the case in #ahie and #ahif1 the appearance of the ice is consequently delayed4 99 99 99 ,naturally this opening the entrance was small1 but to give easier entrance1 it was enlarged to its present size4 99 99 99 ,if the entrance had been left a small opening1 as it naturally was1 it is my belief that the temperature of the interior of the cave would be lower in summer than it is1 and the ice would not disappear as soon as it does4 ,mr4 ,robert ,butler1 of ,san ,jos1 ,cal41 investigated the question of cold air draughts coming from the glacire cave and from the freezing shaft he examined in ,montana4 ,he wrote to me1 in #ahih1 that he found that one notices or imagines to notice a draught of air1 especially on hot days4 ,rapidly walking into the cave from the hot air without to the rapidly cooling air within produces the same nervous sensations as though one were to remain stationary and the air were to pass by from the warm to the colder portions4 ,a distance of twelve meters finds a difference in temperature of fifteen degrees ,centigrade4 ,twelve meters can be walked quickly1 so quickly that the nerves cannot become accustomed gradually to the change of temperature4 ,the rapidly cooling air does actually produce the sensation of cool air passing by one's face4 ,it produces somewhat the same sensation as the evaporation of ether on the surface of the body4 ,mr4 ,butler satisfied himself that as far as he had observed all the seemingly peculiar conditions and places where the ice has been found do not indicate any other causes when carefully investigated than those of the seasons of the year1 and that the ice was formed by no other cause than the natural cold of winter4 ,professor ,cranmer1 in #ahii1 added some important contributions to our knowledge of freezing caverns4 ,all his work goes to prove the winter's cold theory1 but he has brought out some new details4 ,he found warm and cold periods in the ,tablerloch during the winter months4 ,the coldest air sank to the bottom and the air in the cave stratified itself according to its specific gravity and its temperature4 ,during a cold period1 the outside air sank into the cave only to the air stratum1 whose temperature1 from the preceding warm period1 was as much higher as that of the outer air1 as this had become warmer in sinking to that stratum4 ,the air which enters falls down the slope and displaces an equal volume of air which streams out under the roof4 ,water will sometimes drip through a crack in winter until that crack freezes up1 when the water may then find some other crack to drip through2 at this second place a stalagmite may then grow1 while at the first place the stalagmite may stop growing and even begin to diminish from evaporation4 ,ice begins to form1 whenever water gets into a cave1 if the cave temperature is below #j2 ice begins to melt as soon as the temperature is over #j4 ,professor ,cranmer found that occasionally small quantities of ice form in caves in the summer months3 this was in mountain caves1 where there was snow on the mountains and the temperature of the nights at least1 had sunk below freezing point3 in fact when the conditions were those of the winter months4 ,,part ,v4 ,,list ,,of ,,authors4 ,,list ,,of ,,authors4#ge #ge ,this list of authors includes all the authorities which ,i have personally consulted4 ,several papers1 such as ,dr4 ,schwalbe's ,uebersichtliche ,zusammenstellung ,literarischer ,notizen ueber ,eishhlen and the works of ,dr4 ,listoff1 ,i have been unable to find in any library4 ,allen1 ,levi4 ,scientific ,american1 ,new ,series1 ,october #bgth1 #ahhc1 page #bei4 ,american ,journal of ,science and ,arts1 #ahci1 vol4 ,,xxxvi41 page #ahd4 ,auchincloss1 ,w4 ,s41 ,c4 ,e4 ,waters within the ,earth and the ,laws of ,rainflow1 ,philadelphia1 #ahig4 ,badin1 ,adolphe4 ,grottes et ,cavernes1 ,paris1 ,hachette1 #ahfg4 ,baedeker1 ,karl4 ,handbook of ,austria4 ,handbook of the ,eastern ,alps4 ,handbook of ,south ,eastern ,france4 ,handbook of ,switzerland4 ,handbook of the ,united ,states4 ,baker1 ,m4 ,s4 ,the ,lava ,region of ,northern ,california3 ,sierra ,club ,bulletin1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 #ahii1 vol4 ,,ii41 page #cah4 ,balch1 ,edwin ,swift4 ,ice ,caves and the ,causes of ,subterranean ,ice3 ,allen1 ,lane ,scott1 ,philadelphia1 ,november1 #ahif1 and ,the ,journal of the ,franklin ,institute1 ,philadelphia1 ,march1 #ahig1 vol4 ,,cxliii41 pages #afa-agh4 ,ice ,cave ,hunting in ,central ,europe3 ,appalachia1 ,boston1 #ahig1 vol4 ,,viii41 pages #bjc-bji4 ,subterranean ,ice ,deposits in ,america3 ,journal of the ,franklin ,institute1 ,philadelphia1 ,april1 #ahii1 vol4 ,,cxlvii41 pages #bhf-big4 ,baltzer1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,eine ,neue ,eishhle im ,berner ,oberland3 ,jahrbuch des ,schweizer ,alpen ,club1 ,bern1 #ahib-ahic1 pages #ceh-cfb4 ,behrens1 ,dr4 ,georg ,henning4 ,hercynia ,curiosa1 ,nordhausen1 #agjc4 ,bel1 ,matthias4 ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,london1 #agci1 vol4 ,,xli41 page #da et seq4 ,benedict1 ,aiden ,s4 ,decorah ,republican1 ,june #aith1 #ahha4 ,berthoud1 ,edward ,l4 ,american ,journal of ,science and ,arts1 ,third ,series1 #ahgf1 vol4 ,,xi41 page #ajh4 ,bielz1 ,e4 ,albert4 ,siebenbrgen1 ,handbuch1 ,carl ,graeser1 ,wien1 #ahhe4 ,billerez1 ,mons4 de4 ,histoire de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sciences1 #agab1 page #bb et seq4 ,bonney1 ,t4 ,g4 ,the ,alpine ,regions1 #ahfh4 ,nature1 vol4 ,,xi41 pages #caj1 #cbg1 #cbh4 ,bou1 ,dr4 ,ami4 ,la ,turquie d',europe1 ,paris1 #ahdj1 vol4 ,i41 page #acb4 ,sitzungsbericht der ,k4 ,k4 ,akademie der ,wissenschaften in ,wien1 #ahfd1 ,i4 ,theil1 page #cba et seq4 ,boz1 ,mons4 de1 ,ingnieur du ,roy4 ,histoire de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sciences1 #agbf1 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,accents were standardized4 ,obvious punctuation errors and typos repaired4