,transcrib]'s ,note3      ,und]scores   
be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate     
italics      9 ! orig9al text4    ,equal
 signs  be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase      
indicate bold      9 ! orig9al text4    
,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid
 capitals4    ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s
 !y d n break up p>agraphs4             
,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly     
correct$ b o!r v>iations      9 spell+ &
 punctuation rema9 unalt]$4             
,footnotes are all j\rnal ref]5ces1 s !y
 h be5 mov$ to !      end ( ! text4     
,9 ! orig9al text1 ! volume numb] = !   
j\rnals 0 d\ble      und]l9$ = emphasis4
 ,9 ?is book ?is has be5 replac$ )      
! use ( italics4                        
,on ! ,exi/5ce ( ,active ,oxyg54        
,!sis                      pres5t$ = !  
atta9m5t (                    ! degree (
 ,doctor ( ,philosophy                  
at ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4         
by                             ,edw>d   
,h4 ,keis]4                             
,baltimore1                             

#ahhd          ,on ! ,exi/5ce ( ,active 
,oxyg54      ,t a gase\s elem5t c exi/ 9
 an allotropic condition 0 fir/  cle>ly 
%[n by a c>eful /udy ( ! prop]ties (    
ozone4 ,al?\gh  discov]$ by ,s*nbe9 9   
#ahdj1 *emi/s 7 = a long "t unable  to  
det]m9e its true nature1 & x 0 n until  
sev5 ye>s lat]  t ,m>ignac#a succe$$ 9  
prov+ t x 0 oxyg5 9 an  allotropic      
condition4 ,m>ignac's "w 0 confirm$ by  
,de la ,rive1 &  subsequ5tly ! elaborate
 rese>*es ( ,&rews & ,tait1 & ,soret1  z
 well z ^? ( von ,bato & ,claus h       
e/abli%$ beyond all  "q t ozone is an   
allotropic modification ( oxyg51 & t    
its d5sity is "o & a half times t (     
ord9>y oxyg54    ,! possibility ( !     
exi/5ce ( allotropic modifications (    
oxyg5  hav+ be5 ?us e/abli%$ x is n     
surpris+ t attempts %\ld  h be5 made to 
f9d o!r =ms 9 :i* ?is elem5t might      
occur4  ,z e>ly z #ahee ,h\zeau#b /at$ t
 :5 b>ium sup]oxide 0  decompos$ )      
conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 at l[        
temp]atures1 a  colorless gas 0 evolv$  

:i* oxidiz$ metals & ammonia4 ,x _h a   
p5etrat+ odor & possess$ ! p[] ( blea*+ 
litmus pap]1  & lib]at$ iod9e f         
potassium iodide4 ,by heat+ ! gas to a  
temp]ature ( #ge;,c x 0 completely      
conv]t$ into ord9>y oxyg54  ,he calls ! 
gas nasc5t oxyg5 & fur!r /ates t x is   
probable t :5ev] oxyg5 is set free f any
 ( its comp\nds at  l[ temp]atures x is 
9 ! nasc5t or active /ate4              
,clausius#c at "o "t suppos$ t free     
atoms ( oxyg5 might exi/  9 an uncomb9$ 
/ate1 & 8 hypo!sis on ! nature ( ozone  
0 t ?is sub/ance consi/$ ( a mixture (  
molecules & free  atoms ( oxyg54 ,9 a   
lat] pap]#d1 h[ev]1 he ab&on$ ?is view  
& reg>d$ ozone z consi/+ ( "o or m atoms
 ( oxyg5 feebly  unit$1 7lose v]bund57 )
 molecules ( ord9>y oxyg54    ,! idea t 
a ?ird =m ( oxyg5 exi/$ also obta9$     
support f  ! fact t c]ta9 organic       
sub/ances :5 expos$ to ! light 9  !     
pres5ce ( oxyg5 or air1 acquire oxidiz+ 
prop]ties4 ,9 #ahej  ,s*nbe9#e /at$ t   
e!r turp5t9e1 & oil ( lemons if all[$   

to /& 9 diffus$ light 9 contact ) ! air 
acquires !  p[] ( decompos+ potassium   
iodide1 & decoloriz+ indigo4 ,9 a       
subsequ5t pap]#f he %[s t me?yl & e?yl  
alcohols1 t>t>ic  & citric acids & ev5  
sulphurett$ & ars5urett$ hydrog5  9 !   
pres5ce ( sun light c decolorize indigo4
 ,^! /udies  l$ ,s*nbe9 to publi% a !ory
 on ! diff]5t modifications (  oxyg54 ,9
 ?is pap]#g he /ates t besides ord9>y   
oxyg5 !re  are two o!r conditions 9 :i* 
x may exi/ "o ( ^! is ozone1  or        
positively electrifi$ oxyg51 ! o!r      
antozone or negatively  electrifi$      
oxyg54 ,! union ( ozone & antozone gives
 ord9>y  oxyg54 ,he also /at$ t antozone
 0 =m$ by ! action ( light  on turp5t9e 
& air1 & subsequ5tly 9 #ahfbh he claim$ 
t  antozone 0 id5tical ) ! gas obta9$ :5
 b>ium sup]oxide  is treat$ ) acids4    
,meissn]#i also support$ ! views (      
,s*nbe9 & claim$ t antozone 0 =m$ 9 two 
ways3--#a/1 ,by  treat+ b>ium dioxide ) 
conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 #bnd1 ,by !  
electrification ( oxyg52 be+ produc$    

simultane\sly ) ! ozone4    ,^! /atem5ts
 rema9$ unque/ion$ = a numb] ( ye>s &   
are  f\nd 9 ! text books ( ! p]iod1 7=  
example ,graham-,otto1 &                
,gorup-,besauez7 b 9 #ahgj ,engl] &     
,nasse#aj und]took a ?or\gh             
inve/igation to det]m9e :e!r antozone   
exi/$4 ,by treat+  b>ium dioxide ) /rong
 sulphuric acid !y f9d a gas to be giv5 
(f :i* is a mixture ( ozone & hydrog5   
dioxide1 & !y also  %[ t ! /rong] ! acid
 ! great] ! quantity ( ozone  produc$4  
,secondly1 ,meissn] _h /at$ t by !      
electrification (  oxyg5 ozone &        
antozone 7 =m$4 ,! evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce  
( antozone be+ ?is2 :5 ! ozoniz$ oxyg5 0
 pass$ ?r\gh a  solution ( potassium    
iodide to de/roy ! ozone1 ! residual gas
  gave :ite fumes :5 br\ght into contact
 ) wat]1 & aft] a "t  hydrog5 dioxide   
c\ld be detect$ 9 ! wat]4 ,s*nbe9 &     
,meissn]  held t ! ozone hav+ be5       
de/roy$ by ! potassium iodide  !        
antozone pass$ on & oxidiz$ ! wat] to   
hydrog5 dioxide4  ,n[ ,engl] & ,nasse %[

 t :5 ozone is decompos$ by easily      
oxidisable sub/ances 9 ! pres5ce ( wat] 
hydrog5 dioxide also is  =m$1 & x 0 !   
vapor ( ?is comp\nd :i* _h be5 reg>d$  z
 antozone4 ,x is kn[n t ozone _c oxidize
 wat]1 b t x  is to a slight ext5t      
oxidiz$ :5 o!r oxidisable sub/ances are 
pres5t is n surpris+1 z o!r ph5om5a ( a 
simil> k9d are  kn[n4 ,?us :5 nitric    
acid acts on an alloy ( silv] ) gold or 
plat9um1 conta9+ a c]ta9 proportion (   
silv]1 "s ( ! gold  or plat9um are      
dissolv$ al?\gh by !mselves !y are      
insoluble4  ,:5 ammonia burns "s ( !    
nitrog5 z well z ! hydrog5 is  oxidiz$4 
,engl] & ,nasse !re=e conclude t !re is 
no basis  = ! assumption ( a ?ird =m (  
oxyg5 hav+ ! prop]ties  attribut$ to    
antozone4    ,b]!lot#aa & ,h\zeau#ab    
conclude f _! inve/igations t  ! oxidiz+
 prop]ties :i* turp5t9e & o!r organic   
comp\nds  acquire "u c]ta9 conditions is
 due to ! =mation ( un/able  oxyg5at$   
comp\nds :i* readily decompose giv+ up  
oxyg54    ,fudak[ski#ac has describ$    

exp]im5ts %[+ t b5z5e c become  active1 
i4e4 acquire oxidiz+ prop]ties1 b /ates 
t he is unable  to expla9 ! ph5om5on4   
,loew#ad1 h[ev]1 believes active        
turp5t9e  to conta9 atomic oxyg5 or     
antozone 9 solution4    ,aft] ,engl] &  
,nasse _h demon/rat$ ! nonexi/5ce (     
antozone  all discussion on ! subject   
ceas$ = a numb] ( ye>s1 & x  0 n until  
#ahgh t ,hoppe-,seyl]#ae aga9 op5$ ! "q4
 ,9  /udy+ ! processes ( putrefaction he
 obs]v$ t free hydrog5  is giv5 (f 9 ^? 
cases 9 :i* oxyg5 is n pres5t1 & t      
:5ev] oxyg5 has access to decay+        
liquids1 n only is all !  hydrog5       
oxidiz$ b en]getic oxidation processes  
are obs]v$ z  well4 ,! simple/          
explanation ( ?is seem$ to be t ! nasc5t
  hydrog5 has ! p[] ( splitt+ up ! oxyg5
 molecule1 unit+  ) "o atom & sett+ !   
o!r free1 & ^! free atoms he  imag9$    
br\ght ab\t ! /rong oxidations :i* take 
place 9  decay+ bodies4    ,to te/ ?is  
hypo!sis he made exp]im5ts ) palladium  
hydrog54  ,graham has describ$ !        

en]getic r$uc+ p[] ( ?is comp\nd b  t x 
c also cause oxidations ,hoppe-,seyl]   
%[$ by br++ "s  /rips ( palladium *>g$ )
 hydrog5 into a solution ( indigo  9 !  
pres5ce ( air4 ,! solution soon became  
yell[ & aft] a  "t ! indigo 0 completely
 de/roy$4 ,if palladium hydrog5 be      
br\ght into a neutral solution (        
potassium iodide & />*1 !  liquid       
becomes blue 9 a few m9utes1 aft] :i* ! 
/>* is sl[ly  de/roy$4 ,9 a simil> way  
b5z5e 0 oxidiz$ to ph5ol4 8,^!          
exp]im5ts & o!rs ( a simil> nature10 he 
ass]ts1 8admit ( no  explanation o!r ?an
 t ! active hydrog5 r5d]s ! oxyg5       
active1 & s9ce ! =m] unites ) oxyg5 we  
_c well conceive  ( ! process )\t       
suppos+ t ! hydrog5 9 unit+ ) "o  atom (
 ! molecule ,o#b sets ! rema9+ atom     
free1 ?us mak+ x  active40 8,j z !      
hydrog5 atom _c exi/ 9 a free /ate s !  
active oxyg51 if no oxidizable mat]ial  
is pres5t1 unites ) wat]  to =m hydrog5 
dioxide1 or ) inactive oxyg5 to =m      
ozone40    ,?is !ory has be5 tak5 up &  

develop$ by ,baumann1 :o 9 #ahha        
publi%$ a pap]#af entitl$ 8,contribution
 to ! k ( ,active  ,oxyg540 ,! pap]     
beg9s ) ! /atem5t t besides ord9>y      
inactive oxyg5 & ozone !re is a ?ird    
modification kn[n z  active or nasc5t   
oxyg54 ,he /ates t ?is active oxyg5 _c  
be isolat$1 & its =mation c only be     
recogniz$ by its action  on o!r bodies4 
8,active oxyg5 7,o7 is ! mo/ p[]ful     
oxidiz+  sub/ance kn[n & c unite )      
inactive oxyg5 7,o#b7 to =m  ozone      
7,o#c74 ,! production ( ozone is always 
prec$$ by !  =mation ( active oxyg510 b 
he /ates 8active oxyg5 c be =m$  "u     
conditions :5 no ozone c be =m$1 ?is is 
! case :5  easily oxidiz$ sub/ances are 
9 contact ) ! active oxyg5 9  su* a way 
t ! latt] is completely consum$ 9       
oxidiz+ ^?  sub/ances40 8,?us1 =        
in/ance1 ozone is =m$ :5 oxyg5 is  r5d]$
 active by ! sl[ combu/ion ( moi/       
phosphorus 9 air1  b no ozone is =m$ if 
! atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! phosphorus       
conta9s ! vapor ( alcohol1 e!r & simil> 

sub/ances40 ,!  fallacy ( ?is reason+   
becomes app>5t on ref]r+ to ! "w (      
,mll]#ag on ! lum9osity ( phosphorus :o 
%[s t sub/ances  :i* prev5t ! lum9osity 
also prev5t its oxidation & if !        
phosphorus is n oxidiz$ we h no reason =
 assum+ ! =mation  ( active oxyg54      
,he !n comp>es active oxyg5 ) ! antozone
 ( ,s*nbe9 & says  t sev]al ( !         
prop]ties ( antozone c be ascrib$ to    
active  oxyg5 above all t prop]ty (     
antozone ( oxidiz+ wat] to  hydrog5     
dioxide4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two  
be+ t active  oxyg5 has b a mom5t>y     
exi/5ce :ile antozone 0 suppos$ to be   
capable ( isolation4    ,baumann !n     
describes results obta9$ by himself :i* 
enable u to  cle>ly di/+ui% betwe5      
active oxyg5 & ozone4 ,/>t+ f  !        
obs]vation ( ,rems5#ah & ,s\?wor? t     
c>bon monoxide1 at  ord9>y temp]atures1 
is n oxidiz$ by ozone1 he suspect$ t    
active oxyg5 w\ld readily effect its    
oxidation4 ,palladium hydrog5  0 !re=e  
seal$ up 9 a capaci\s glass tube ) a few

 cubic  c5timet]s ( cle> lime wat] & a  
mixture ( c>bon monoxide &  oxyg5 free f
 c>bon dioxide4 ,at fir/ ! lime wat]    
rema9$  cle>1 b aft] sev]al h\rs a      
cl\d9ess 9 ! lime wat] became  visible &
 aft] sev]al days a precipitate (       
calcium c>bonate  settl$ to ! bottom ( !
 tube4 ,he !n repeat$ ! exp]im5t 9 a    
modifi$ =m4 ,f a gasomet]1 conta9+ a    
mixture ( ?ree volumes  ( oxyg5 & "o (  
c>bon monoxide free f c>bon dioxide a   
sl[  curr5t ( gas 0 pass$1 fir/ into a  
wa% bottle conta9+ a cle>  solution (   
b>yta wat]1 !n into a tube conta9+      
palladium  hydrog54 ,!n ! gases 7 aga9  
pass$ ?r\gh a wa% bottle  conta9+ b>yta 
wat]4 ,aft] ! curr5t _h be5 pass+ = f\r 
h\rs1 ! fir/ b>yta wat] 0 /ill p]fectly 
cle>1 b !  second %[$ a di/9ct cl\d9ess 
( b>ium c>bonate1 :i* sl[ly  increas$ 9 
! c\rse ( twelve h\rs4 ,! b>yta wat] 9 !
 fir/  wa% bottle rema9$ cle> ev5 to !  
end ( ! exp]im5t4    ,! diff]5t behavior
 ( ozone & active oxyg5 0 !n %[n by !   
foll[+ exp]im5t3--8,a sl[ curr5t ( air  

free f c>bon dioxide  0 pass$ into a    
flask conta9+ moi/ phosphorus1 f !re    
into a  second flask :]e ! ozoniz$ air  
came 9 contact ) a some:at  sl[] curr5t1
 consi/+ ( a mixture ( ?ree volumes (   
oxyg5 to  "o ( c>bon monoxide1 c>efully 
purifi$ f c>bon dioxide4 ,f  ! second   
flask ! gases 7 pass$ ?r\gh a cle>      
solution (  b>yta wat]40 8,aft] all     
c>bon dioxide _h be5 remov$ f !         
app>atus ! b>yta wat] rema9$ p]fectly   
cle> 7vllig kl>7 aft]  ! gases _h pass$ 
?r\gh = six h\rs40 8,b1 on ! o!r h&1  if
 ! mixture ( c>bon monoxide & oxyg5 0   
pass$ into ! fir/  flask1 conta9+ ! moi/
 phosphorus & 9 :i* accord+ to our  !ory
 active oxyg5 mu/ occur1 !n ! result is 
q diff]5t1  ! b>yta wat] becomes cl\dy 9
 a %ort "t & 9 ! c\rse  ( an h\r !re is 
=m$ an abundant precipitate 7#8rei*li*] 
,ni$]s*lag'7 ( b>ium c>bonate40    ,f ^!
 results he concludes t active oxyg5 may
 be detect$  by its p[] ( oxidiz+ c>bon 
monoxide1 & /ates t ?is fact  enables u 
to decide :e!r 9 oxidations effect$ by  

ozone !re  occur free atoms ( oxyg54    
,closely relat$ to ^! exp]im5ts (       
,baumann are ^? ( ,pr(essor  ,rems5#ai  
on ! trans=mation ( ozone into oxyg5 by 
heat4 ,n[ if  atoms ( oxyg5 c exi/ 9 !  
free /ate1 x is difficult to see :y     
trans=mation "s ( ! oxyg5 atoms %\ld n  
be 9 ! free  condition1 & ! /atem5ts (  
,baumann be+ true1 if c>bon  monoxide is
 also pres5t ?is %\ld be oxidiz$4 ,to   
te/ ! "q  a gasomet] 0 fill$ ) c>bon    
monoxide made f potassium  f]rocyanide &
 sulphuric acid4 ,be=e ent]+ ! gasomet] 
!  gas 0 purifi$ by pass+ ?r\gh f\r wa% 
bottles conta9+  conc5trat$ sodium      
hydroxide4 ,ano!r gasomet] 0 fill$ )    
pure  oxyg54 ,! ozone 0 produc$ by !    
sil5t electric dis*>ge 9 a  ,wright's   
tube connect$ ) a ,/oltz electrical     
ma*9e4 ,9 detail !  exp]im5ts 7 conduct$
 z foll[s3--    ,a sl[ curr5t ( oxyg5 f 
! gasomet] 0 pass$ ?r\gh ?ree  w\lfe    
bottles conta9+ a conc5trat$ solution ( 
cau/ic soda &  !n into ! ozoniz]1 !     
ozoniz$ oxyg5 0 !n pass$ into a ,u      

tube1 rubb] jo9ts betwe5 ! ozoniz] & ,u 
tube 7 f\nd to be  rapidly p]=at$ & 7   
replac$ by a device ( ?is k9d3--        
,illu/ration    ,a1 ! tube f ! ozoniz] 0
 introduc$ sev]al in*es into ,b1  ! tube
 lead+ to ! ,u tube1 & ! jo9t ,c 0 clos$
 by a cem5t  compos$ ( beeswax & p>aff94
 ,! c>bon monoxide 0 pass$  ?r\gh wa%   
bottles conta9+ cau/ic soda & f9ally    
?r\gh b>yta  wat]4 ,! two gases 7 !n    
br\ght toge!r 9 a ,u tube plac$  9 an   
air ba?4 ,aft] leav+ ! ,u tube ! gases  
pass$ ?r\gh  p]fectly cle> lime wat]4   
,"u ^! conditions ! curr5t ( !  gases 0 
cont9u$ = an h\r1 & no precipitate 0 =m$
 9 !  lime wat]4    8,sep>ate exp]im5ts 
7 made = ! purpose ( det]m9+ h[  readily
 ! ozone 0 de/roy$1 & x 0 f\nd t1 ev5 :5
 !  !rmomet] 9 ! ,u tube indicat$ a     
temp]ature consid]ably bel[  t /at$ z ! 
decomposition temp]ature ( ozone1 & :5  
highly  ozoniz$ oxyg5 0 c]ta9ly ent]+ ! 
,u tube1 no ozone pass$ out1  :e!r c>bon
 monoxide 0 pres5t or n 9 ! tube at !   
same  "t40 ,! exp]im5t z ?us describ$ 0 

repeat$ sev]al times1  b always ) ! same
 result4 8,"o modification ( ! exp]im5t 
%\ld also be m5tion$ 9 ?is connection4  
,9 ord] to get z good  ozone z possible 
! ioniz] 0 fill$ ) oxyg5 & ! curr5t  (  
gas /opp]1 ! sil5t dis*>ge 0 all[$ to   
cont9ue = a  few m9utes1 !n ! gas 0     
sl[ly pass$ into ! heat$ ,u tube        
conta9+ c>bon monoxide4 ,?is int]rupt$  
curr5t ( oxyg5 0  cont9u$ = ab\t an h\r 
b no oxidation ( c>bon monoxide to      
dioxide c\ld be detect$40 ,! conclusion 
t mu/ necess>ily be  drawn f ! result is
 t if c>bon monoxide is a te/ = active  
oxyg51 !n :5 ozone is decompos$ by heat 
!re is no nasc5t or  active oxyg5 =m$4  
,! negative result obta9$ 9 ! prec$+    
inve/igation1 naturally  call$ 9 "q !   
accuracy ( ,baumann's /atem5ts 9 reg>d  
to  ! =mation ( active oxyg5 by ! sl[   
oxidation ( phosphorus1  & ( palladium  
hydrog5 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 & wat]4 ,!  
two  exp]im5ts ^u :i* he _h bas$ 8      
conclusion h be5 describ$  on pages #af 
& #ah4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 t palladium       

hydrog5  9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 & wat]     
effect$ ! oxidation ( c>bon  monoxide1 !
 second1 t :5 c>bon monoxide 0 br\ght 9 
contact  ) moi/ phosphorus & air        
oxidation 0 obs]v$4    ,9 reg>d to !    
fir/ ( ^! exp]im5ts ,traube#bj has      
c>efully  inve/igat$ :at takes place :5 
palladium hydrog5 is all[$ to  rema9 9  
contact ) wat] & oxyg54 ,hoppe-,seyl] _h
 notic$  t "u ^! conditions small       
quantities ( hydrog5 dioxide 7  =m$1 b  
he attribut$ ?is to ! union ( ! active  
oxyg5  ) ! wat]4 ,traube1 on ! o!r h&1  
f9ds t 9 ! =mation  ( hydrog5 dioxide "u
 ^! circum/ances !re is no?+ =m$  :i*   
has oxidiz+ prop]ties1 n ev5 indigo     
sulphuric acid is  oxidiz$4 ,he %[s by  
direct exp]im5ts t nasc5t hydrog5 c n   
by its action on oxyg5 produce active   
oxyg5 or ozone4 ,he f9ds !  action (    
palladium hydrog5 to be analog\s to t ( 
z9c & o!r  metals1 :i* :5 all[$ to      
oxidize sl[ly 9 contact ) air &  wat]   
give rise to ! =mation ( hydrog5        
dioxide4 ,! process is to  be reg>d$ r z

 a r$uction ( molecules ( oxyg5 ?an z an
  oxidation ( wat]4 ,traube repres5ts ! 
action by ! foll[+  equations3--        
----------------------------      ,,oh  
,,oh,h      ,o     _/       ,zn         
,zn     ,h#b,o#b       ,zn              
,,oh,h     ,o                           
----------------------------      ,,oh  
------------------------------          
,pd#b;,h         ,,oh,h                 
,o#b   #d ,pd  #b ,h#b,o  ,h#b,o#b      
,pd#b;,h         ,,oh,h                 
------------------------------    ,he   
proves by direct exp]im5ts t no active  
oxyg5 is =m$  dur+ ?is process1 & po9ts 
out t ! oxidations obs]v$ by            
,hoppe-,seyl] & ,baumann mu/ h be5      
br\ght ab\t by ! hydrog5  dioxide4 ,b   
?is w\ld n acc\nt = ! oxidation ( c>bon 
monoxide1 = x has be5 previ\sly %[n by  
,rems5#ba t hydrog5  dioxide _c oxidize 
c>bon monoxide1 n ev5 :5 x is heat$  to 
its po9t ( decomposition4 ,traube#bb    
!re=e repeats ,baumann's  exp]im5t1 he  
f9ds t palladium hydrog5 9 ! pres5ce (  

wat]  & oxyg5 does oxidize c>bon        
monoxide2 b z he _h %[n t  no active    
oxyg5 0 =m$ dur+ ! process1 & z !       
hydrog5  dioxide c\ld n cause !         
oxidation1 he conclud$ t ! palladium    
itself mu/ play an important role 9 !   
reaction4 ,by fur!r  exp]im5ts he soon  
became conv9c$ t !re are two /ages 9 !  
process4 #a/ ! palladium hydrog5 act+ on
 wat] & oxyg5 =ms  hydrog5 dioxide1 #bnd
 ! hydrog5 dioxide 9 ! pres5ce (        
palladium  oxidizes ! c>bon monoxide4   
,traube#bc introduc$ into a glass flask 
conta9+ c>bon monoxide a dilute solution
 ( hydrog5 dioxide &  a small piece (   
palladium foil1 previ\sly ignit$1 !     
action 0  all[$ to cont9ue = #bb h\rs   
aft] :i* ! ,,co 0 replac$ by  air free f
 c>bon dioxide4 ,aft] leav+ ! flask !   
gas pass$  ?r\gh a solution ( b>ium     
hydroxide2 an abundant precipitate 0    
=m$1 %[+ t 9 ?is case ! quantity ( c>bon
 dioxide =m$  0 great] ?an 9 ! fir/     
exp]im5t1 9 :i* he us$ palladium        
hydrog51 wat]1 oxyg5 & c>bon monoxide4  

,traube's conclusion is z foll[s3--     
8,! c>bon dioxide obta9$ 9 ,baumann's   
exp]im5ts is n =m$  dur+ ! oxidation ( !
 hydrog5 ( ! palladium hydrog51 7!re    
be+ =m$ by ?is action m]ely hydrog5     
dioxide & palladium free  f hydrog57 b  
by ! comb9$ action ( ^! la/ two         
sub/ances  on c>bon monoxide40 8,!re=e1 
! pro( is giv5 t ! act (  sl[ combu/ion 
7,autoxidation7 has n 9 itself ! p[] (  
mak+  oxyg5 active40    ,! conclusion   
rea*$ by ,traube 0 te/$ by ,pr(essor    
,rems5 &  myself 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,a     
curr5t ( c>bon monoxide 0 pass$  ?r\gh  
sev]al wa% bottles conta9+ solutions (  
cau/ic soda1  !n ?r\gh a wa% bottle     
conta9+ cle> b>yta wat]1 !n into a      
flask conta9+ a solution ( hydrog5      
dioxide1 conta9+ a slight  excess (     
hydro*loric acid4 ,! flask also conta9$ 
a small piece  ( palladium foil free f  
hydrog54 ,aft] leav+ ! flask ! gas      
pass$ ?r\gh a solution ( b>yta wat]1 :i*
 0 protect$ f !  air by a ,u tube       
conta9+ solid ,,koh4 ,x 0 only necess>y 

to pass !  c>bon monoxide ?r\gh = a v   
%ort "t to obta9 an abundant            
precipitate ( b>ium c>bonate4 ,we also  
notic$ t "u ^!  conditions ! palladium  
foil 0 dissolv$4    ,f ^! exp]im5ts x is
 cle> t ! oxidation ph5om5a :i*         
,hoppe-,seyl] & ,baumann attribut$ to   
active oxyg5 are really due to  ! comb9$
 action ( palladium & hydrog5 dioxide1 &
 to suppose  t atomic oxyg5 exi/s 9 !   
free /ate at any "t dur+ !  process is  
entirely gratuit\s4    ,x rema9$ to te/ 
! second ( ,baumann's /atem5ts2 namely t
  c>bon monoxide 9 ! pres5ce ( moi/     
phosphorus & air is oxidiz$  to c>bon   
dioxide by ! active oxyg5 =m$ by ! sl[  
combu/ion  ( ! phosphorus4 ,le$s#bd also
 has on record an exp]im5t on ?is       
subject1 9 :i* he claims t "u ^!        
conditions oxidation takes  place4 ,9   
tak+ up ! subject1 !re=e1 ,pr(4         
,rems5#be & myself  h tak5 ! greate/ c>e
 to avoid all s\rces ( error4 ,we tri$  
! effects ( pass+ air alone fre$ f c>bon
 dioxide ov] moi/  phosphorus & !n into 

cle> b>yta wat]1 ,baumann#bf /ates t    
?is c be done1 & ! b>yta wat] rema9s    
p]fectly cle>1 ev5 if  ! curr5t ( air is
 pass$ = six h\rs4 ,we obta9$ a         
precipitate  imm$iately4 ,?9k+ ?is might
 be caus$ by ! :ite vapors :i*  are =m$ 
dur+ ! process1 we pass$ ! gas aft] its 
exit f  ! vessel conta9+ ! phosphorus   
?r\gh a lay] ( previ\sly  ignit$        
asbe/os4 ,! lay] ( asbe/os 0 betwe5 two 
& ?ree feet  9 l5g? & ! air aft] hav+   
trav]s$ x no long] conta9$  any :ite    
fumes4 ,f ! asbe/os tube ! air pass$    
into a solution  ( cle> b>yta wat]4 ,a  
precipitate 0 =m$ at once & increas$  9 
quantity ! long] ! curr5t cont9u$4 8,x 0
 te/$ =  phosphoric acid & phosphorus 9 
g5]al b n a trace c\ld  be detect$4 ,!  
curr5t ( air ov] ! phosphorus 0 cont9u$ 
= sev]al days 9 ord] to obta9 en\gh ( ! 
precipitate =  exam9ation & analysis4 ,x
 prov$ to be no?+ b b>ium c>bonate40    
8,! c>bon dioxide mu/ h come f "o ( two 
s\rces1 ei!r  f "s c>bonace\s sub/ance  
conta9$ 9 our phosphorus1 or z  ! result

 ( ! action ( ozone on ! cork /opp]s us$
 to make  connections4 ,! use ( rubb] 0 
avoid$ z f> z possible1 &  e precaution 
0 tak5 z 9 ! e>li] exp]im5ts on ! c>bon 
monoxide & ozone4 ,x did n appe>        
improbable !re=e t !  difficulty arose f
 ! use ( impure phosphorus4 ,phosphorus 
01  !re=e1 obta9$ f z _m diff]5t s\rces 
z possible1 &  ) ea* ( ^! ! above       
describ$ exp]im5t 0 repeat$1 us+  ! same
 app>atus4 ,9 e case ! precipitate (    
b>ium c>bonate  0 obta9$ & z f> z c\ld  
be e/imat$ 9 ab\t ! same  quantity4     
,attempts 7 !n made to purify !         
phosphorus4 ,"o  specim5 0 plac$ 9 hot  
wat] "u ! receiv] ( an air pump &  ! air
 exhau/$1 = ! purpose ( recov]+ any     
gases :i* might  be conta9$ 9 !         
phosphorus4 ,o!r specim5s 7 di/ill$ 9 an
  atmosph]e ( pure hydrog5 & ! vapor    
cond5s$ 9 cold wat]4 ,no  matt] :at     
process ( purification _h be5 adopt$ !  
phosphorus  act$ 9 ! same way aft]w>ds z
 be=e40    8,we !n con/ruct$ an app>atus
 9 :i* ! gases c\ld at no po9t  come 9  

contact ) cork /opp]s or rubb] jo9ts4   
,?is consi/$ (  a flask ( f ?ree to f\r 
litres capacity1 provid$ ) a d\bly      
p]=at$ cork /opp]4 ,?r\gh ?is !re pass$ 
"o glass tube  rea*+ to ! bottom ( !    
flask1 & ano!r rea*+ only half  way4    
,outside ! flask ! %ort] tube 0 connect$
 ) ! wa%  bottles us$ to purify ! air f 
c>bon dioxide1 :ile ! long]  tube 0 b5t 
twice at "r angles1 & pass$ ?r\gh !     
/opp] (  a ,u tube ab\t #h 94 high4 ,9 !
 flask !re 7 plac$ two or ?ree  /icks ( 
phosphorus1 ea* ?ree or f\r in*es long1 
& en\gh  di/ill$ wat] to some:at m ?an  
fill ! neck :5 ! flask 0  inv]t$4 ,! ,u 
tubes 7 fill$ ) moi/5$ asbe/os :i* _h   
be5 previ\sly ignit$4 ,!re 0 !n add$ "s 
m]cury1 s t  :5 ! tubes 7 inv]t$ 9 :i*  
position ! entire app>atus  0 plac$ :5 9
 use ! m]cury cov]$ ! corks ) a lay] f  
?ree qu>t]s to an in* 9 ?ickness4    ,! 
la/ ,u tube 0 connect$ ) ! vessel       
conta9+ ! b>yta  wat] by means ( a      
m]cury jo9t4 ,! b>yta wat] 0 protect$ f 
! action ( ! air by plac+ be=e x a small

 ,u tube conta9+  solid potassium       
hydroxide1 ?is 0 9 connection ) an      
aspirator4  ,be=e connect+ ! bulbs      
conta9+ ! b>yta wat]1 air free f  c>bon 
dioxide 0 drawn ?r\gh ! app>atus4 ,on n[
 connect+ !  b>yta wat] bulbs no        
precipitate 0 =m$4 ,ab\t "o ?ird ( !    
air 9 ! flask 0 replac$ by pure c>bon   
monoxide1 ! mixture 0  all[$ to rema9   
sev]al h\rs 9 contact ) ! moi/          
phosphorus  & !n drawn ?r\gh ! b>yta    
wat] bulbs4 ,no precipitate 0  =m$4 ,?is
 exp]im5t 0 frequ5tly repeat$ ) ! same  
result40    8,9 "s cases ! air  c>bon   
monoxide 7 drawn toge!r sl[ly =  sev]al 
h\rs ov] ! phosphorus1 b ?is made no    
diff]5ce 9 !  result40    ,hav+ f\nd1   
!re=e1 no evid5ce ( ! oxidation ( c>bon 
monoxide1 we h no "r to assume t :5     
phosphorus oxidizes  sl[ly 9 ! pres5ce (
 wat] & air t !re is =m$ an active      
condition ( oxyg5 di/9ct f ozone4    ,to
 ?is pap] bo? ,baumann#bg & ,le$s#bh    
repli$4 ,! =m]  recogniz+ ! necessity ( 
avoid+ all connections ( rubb] or       

organic matt]1 describes a new =m (     
app>atus1 9 :i* ! jo9ts  are all made ( 
gr\nd glass4 ,) ?is new app>atus he f9ds
 t  he c pass air ov] phosphorus at !   
rate ( f two to ?ree  bubbles p] second1
 !n ?r\gh #aj cubic c5timetres ( wat]1 &
  f9ally into b>yta wat]1 & claims t    
only a slight turbidity (  phosphate &  
phosphite ( b>ium is =m$ 9 ! c\rse (    
sev]al  days6 ,?is /atem5t to u is      
incompreh5sible & z w be evid5t  f :at  
foll[1 unless ,baumann _h phosphorus    
absolutely free f  c>bon 7( :i* he makes
 no m5tion & :i* z f> z we "k x is      
impossible to obta97 he has describ$ an 
impossibility4 ,on introduc+  #ajj cubic
 c5timetres ( c>bon monoxide into ! air 
e two h\rs  he soon obta9$ a di/9ct     
cl\d9ess :i* con/antly increas$1  until 
9 #aj h\rs ! inlet tube 9 ! b>yta wat]  
became /opp$ up  & ! exp]im5t 0         
discont9u$4 ,he !n det]m9$ ! p]c5tage  (
 oxidation2 8 results are z foll[s--    
#gjj cubic c5timetres ( c>bon monoxide  
mix$ ) en\gh air to  require #ae h\rs to

 pass ?r\gh ! app>atus gave #cff        
milligrams  ,,co#b or #b4f ( oxidation4 
,9 ano!r exp]im5t a mixture consi/+  (  
?irty litre ( air & #b4de litres ( c>bon
 monoxide1 requir+ #ab  h\rs 9 pass+ !  
phosphorus1 gave #dff milligrams (      
,,co#b1 or #a4c  ( ! orig9al quantity ( 
monoxide 0 oxidiz$4    ,baumann1 9 !    
arrangem5t ( 8 app>atus1 has tak5 no    
precautions  to prev5t ! air f com+ 9   
contact ) organic connections  be=e x is
 introduc$ into ! flask conta9+ !       
phosphorus4 ,n[  ,k>/5#bi has %[n t air 
alone :5 x comes 9 contact ) !  organic 
matt] ( corks & connectors =ms c>bon    
dioxide2 x is1  !re=e1 highly probable t
 9 ! c\rse ( f #ab to #ae h\rs a        
portion ( 8 precipitate 0 due to ?is    
cause4 ,! rem9d] came1 z  w appe>       
pres5tly1 f c>bon conta9$ 9 !           
phosphorus4    ,le$s conduct$ 8 exp]im5t
 z foll[s3--,a t5 litre flask provid$  )
 a glass /opp]1 0 fill$ ) a mixture (   
equal p>ts (  c>bon monoxide & air1 &   
all[$ to /& 9 contact ) moi/  phosphorus

 = six days4 ,! glass /opp] 0 !n remov$ 
&  replac$ by a cork2 & ! m\? ( ! vessel
 be+ plac$ "u  m]cury1 ! gases 7        
displac$ & pass$ ?r\gh b>yta wat]4 ,a   
precipitate conta9+ #ae4e mg ( c>bon    
dioxide 0 obta9$4 ,x is  evid5t t 9 !   
c\rse ( six days1 9 a tightly clos$     
vessel1 !  oxyg5 ( ! air mu/ h be5      
completely us$ up s t ! mix$  gases 7   
necess>ily "u dim9i%$ pressure4 ,!n 9   
tak+  out ! glass /opp] = ! purpose (   
introduc+ ! cork1 no  precautions 7 tak5
 to prev5t ! access ( ord9>y air1 & a   
consid]able volume ( ! air ( !          
laboratory mu/ h ent]$2  en\gh1 c]ta9ly1
 to acc\nt = "s ( ! precipitate he      
obta9$4  ,! re/ ( ! c>bon dioxide mu/ h 
come z 9 ,baumann's  exp]im5t f !       
oxidation ( c>bon conta9$ 9 !           
phosphorus4    ,t ord9>y comm]cial /icks
 ( phosphorus conta9 c>bon 0 %[n  by u 9
 ! foll[+ way#cj3--;,air 0 pass$ f a    
gasomet] into a  h>d glass tube conta9+ 
copp] oxide heat$ to r$ness1 repres5t$  
by ,k 9 ! draw+4 ,!n ?r\gh a s]ies ( wa%

 bottles ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 s  con/ruct$ t !   
connect+ tubes 7 fitt$ into ea* o!r by  
means ( gr\nd glass jo9ts4 ,a & ,b      
conta9$ a conc5trat$ solution  ( cau/ic 
soda1 ,c a solution ( b>yta wat]4 ,! air
 !n pass$ into  an ord9>y bell j>1 hav+ 
a capacity ( ab\t a litre & a qu>t]4    
,?is 0 held 9 position on m]cury conta9$
 9 a cry/alliz+ di%4  ,! inlet tube 0   
b5t d[nw>d into a small di% conta9+ !   
phosphorus1 repres5t$ by ,h 9 ! figure4 
,! gas aft] leav+ !  bell j> pass$ ?r\gh
 two wa% bottles ,d & ,e1 simil> to ,a1 
,b1 ,c4 ,d  conta9$ #cj-dj c4c4 ( ord9>y
 di/ill$ wat]4 ,e conta9$ a cle>        
solution ( b>yta wat]1 & 0 connect$ ) a 
tube conta9+  solid cau/ic pota% to     
protect x f ! air4 ,! outlet tube f  !  
wa% bottle ,c is b5t s z to pass b5ea? !
 edge ( ! bell  j>1 !n up into ! clos$  
space above ! m]cury1 & !n d[n  t[>ds ! 
phosphorus4 ,a long funnel tube ,j s]v$ 
to introduce or  remove wat] f ! di%    
conta9+ ! phosphorus4 ,! air !re=e  aft]
 hav+ ent]$ ! tube ,k came at no po9t 9 

contact )  organic matt]1 & yet we f\nd 
t aft] all ord9>y air _h be5  displac$  
by purifi$ air1 & cle> b>yta wat]       
introduc$ into  ! wa% bottle ,e1 a      
precipitate 0 f\nd4 ,t5 litres ( air 7  
suffici5t to cause a di/9ct turbidity1  
:ile #bj to #cj gave a  precipitate4 ,z 
!re is no possible s\rce ( error x      
foll[s  t ! c>bon dioxide mu/ h come f !
 oxidation ( c>bon  conta9$ 9 !         
phosphorus4    ,illu/ration    ,t c>bon 
%\ld be pres5t 9 phosphorus is n        
surpris+  consid]+ its me?od (          
manufacture4 ,:e!r ! c>bon exi/+ 9  !   
phosphorus is 9 *emical comb9ation or n 
we are unable to say4  ,! specim5s (    
phosphorus us$ by u 7 p]fectly homog5\s4
 ,!re  0 no evid5ce ( ! pres5ce (       
p>ticles 9 !m1 & ! solution  9 c>bon    
bisulphide 0 p]fectly cle>1 & on /&+    
no?+  :atev] 0 deposit$4 ,ev5 di/ill$   
phosphorus act$ 9 ! same  way1 %[+ t ?is
 also conta9$ c>bon4    ,a simple way to
 %[ ! pres5ce ( c>bon 9 any sample (    
phosphorus  is to burn a small piece ( !

 latt] 9 a small porcela9 di%1  float+ 9
 wat] "u a bell j> fitt$ ) a glass /op  
cock4 ,aft]  ! combu/ion is ov] ! vessel
 is all[$ to /& "s "t until  ! :ite     
fumes h entirely disappe>$4 ,! gas is !n
 pass$  ?r\gh wat] & f9ally into b>yta  
wat] :]e a precipitate is  inv>iably    
=m$4 ,! air 9 ! bell j> mu/ ( c\rse be  
free f  c>bon dioxide4 ,z ! bell j> is  
only lift$ f> en\gh to p]mit !          
introduction ( ! di% ) ! phosphorus1 &  
?is op]ation is  p]=m$ in/antane\sly1 ! 
am\nt ( c>bon dioxide ?us introduc$  c  
only be inf9itesimal4    ,we n[ made "s 
exp]im5ts ) ! object ( det]m9+ :e!r     
*anges 9 ! am\nt ( phosphorus expos$ 9 !
 bell j> ,f ( our  ozoniz+ app>atus _h  
any effect ^u ! am\nt ( b>ium c>bonate  
=m$ 9 ! wa% bottle ,e4 ,we f\nd t !     
am\nt ( precipitate is  pla9ly influ5c$ 
by ! rate ( passage ( ! gases1 !        
temp]ature  & ! am\nt ( phosphorus      
expos$1 b t if ! temp]ature is  betwe5  
#bj & #be;,c1 ! rate ( passage ( ! air  
ab\t two or ?ree  bubbles p] second1 & !

 am\nt ( phosphorus expos$ f #bj to #cj 
grams a slight precipitate is always =m$
 by #aj litres ( air1 &  t #be to #cj   
litres give a decid$ precipitate4       
,hav+ !re=e demon/rat$ ! pres5ce ( c>bon
 9 all !  specim5s ( phosphorus at our  
disposal1 & kn[+ t purifi$ air  alone :5
 pass$ ov] phosphorus w\ld give a       
precipitate :5  pass$ into b>yta wat]1  
we next det]m9$ :e!r if c>bon  monoxide 
be+ pres5t 9 ! air pass+ ov] !          
phosphorus1  & all o!r conditions !     
same1 ! am\nt ( precipitate is          
increas$4 ,= ?is purpose p>allel        
exp]im5ts "u z ne>ly  ! same conditions 
z possible 7 made "o ) air alone1 !  o!r
 ) air & c>bon monoxide4 ,9 ! fir/      
exp]im5t ab\t  #be litres ( air 7 pass$ 
?r\gh ! app>atus1 ! conditions  be+     
c>efully not$4 ,! wa% bottle conta9+ !  
precipitate  0 remov$ at ! end ( !      
op]ation1 in/antly /opp]$ & set  aside =
 comp>ison4    ,! wat] 0 !n remov$ f !  
wa% bottle ,d & replac$ by fre%  di/ill$
 wat]1 a new bottle atta*$ 9 ! place (  

,e & aft]  pass+ ab\t a litre ( pure air
 ?r\gh ! app>atus1 ! necess>y  quantity 
( b>yta wat] filt]$ rapidly ?r\gh a     
plait$ filt] into  ! wa% bottle4    ,n[ 
! exp]im5t 0 repeat$1 ) ! diff]5ce t    
dur+ !  passage ( tw5ty-five litres (   
air1 a v sl[ curr5t ( c>efully  purifi$ 
c>bon monoxide 7made f pure sulphuric & 
=mic acids7  0 pass$ ?r\gh ?ree wa%     
bottles1 l ^? us$ = ! air1 &  conta9+ ! 
same sub/ances1 & !n into ! bell j>     
conta9+  phosphorus & air4 ,! rate ( !  
curr5t 0 s regulat$ t  dur+ ! "t ( !    
exp]im5t1 :i* v>i$ 9 diff]5t cases  f   
?ree to eight h\rs1 ?ree litres ( c>bon 
monoxide 7 us$4  ,! same sl[ =mation ( a
 precipitate 0 notic$ :5 ! c>bon        
monoxide 0 us$ z 9 ! case ( air alone4  
,at ! end ( !  op]ation we 7 unable to  
di/+ui% any diff]5ce betwe5 !  am\nts ( 
! small precipitates =m$4 ,!y did n     
appe> to be  z great z t f\nd by        
,baumann1 !y 7 too small to p]mit (     
accurate filt]+ & weigh+1 if we consid] 
! nature ( !  liquid 9 :i* !y 7 pres5t4 

,! only conclusion :i* we c draw is1 z  
is /at$ 9 ! fir/  pap] on ?is subject1 t
 c>bon monoxide is n oxidiz$ by air 9  !
 pres5ce ( moi/ phosphorus4    ,t 9 our 
fir/ exp]im5ts we did n obta9 evid5ce ( 
!  pres5ce ( c>bonic ( phosphorus is due
 to ! fact t we work$  ) small volumes (
 ! gases4 ,9 ^? cases 9 :i* relatively  
l>ge volumes 7 us$ ! slight cl\d9ess    
produc$ 0 disreg>d$  z ! same result 0  
obta9$ ) air alone4    ,hav+1 !re=e1 be5
 unable to obta9 any evid5ce ( !        
oxidation ( c>bon monoxide :5 phosphorus
 und]goes sl[  combu/ion 9 ! pres5ce (  
air & wat]1 ! second & la/  ( ,baumann's
 argum5ts = ! exi/5ce ( active oxyg5    
becomes  unt5able4 ,:e!r oxyg5 ev] does 
occur 9 ! s call$ active  condition /ill
 rema9s to be %[n4    ,t ! nasc5t /ate (
 an elem5t %\ld be due to ! mom5t>y     
exi/5ce ( free atoms is entirely        
hypo!tical4 ,tommasi#ca has  %[n t !    
prop]ties ( nasc5t hydrog5 v>y accord+  
to !  me?od by :i* x is =m$4 ,he reg>ds 
nasc5t hydrog5 z ord9>y  molecul>       

hydrog5 plus v>y+ quantities ( heat1 &  
he %[s t  z ! heat ( ! reaction v>ies s 
! activity ( ! hydrog5  v>ies4 ,! same  
is und\bt$ly true ( oxyg51 = x is kn[n t
  oxyg5 evolv$ by "s reactions is m     
p[]ful ?an by o!rs4  ,t we %all ev] be  
able to %[ t ?is heat 9 "s cases is     
suffici5t to dissociate ! molecules (   
oxyg5 seems improbable4    ,baumann#cb  
has rec5tly publi%$ ano!r pap]1 b has   
fail$ to  contribute ei!r new facts or  
ideas on ! subject4      ,e/imation (   
,c>bon 9 ,phosphorus4    ,hav+ f\nd     
c>bon pres5t 9 all v>ieties t we exam9$1
  we naturally attempt$ its quantitative
 det]m9ation4 ,our fir/  exp]im5ts did n
 prove successful4 ,*romic acid 0 tri$1 
b ?is gave unsatisfactory results = !   
reason t x 0  impossible to control !   
action & at ! same "t secure complete   
oxidation ( ! phosphorus4 ,) conc5trat$ 
solutions ! action  is liable to become 
viol5t unless ! temp]ature is kept l[4  
,we also arrang$ an app>atus simil> to t
 us$ 9 mak+  phosphorus p5toxide on !   

small scale4 ,! combu/ion took place  9 
a bell j> fill$ ) pure air1 & aft] be+  
?or\ghly  wa%$ ! gases 7 pass$ ?r\gh    
b>yta wat]4 ,! op]ation 0  imp]fect ow+ 
to ! =mation ( r$ phosphorus1 & to      
incomplete  oxidation4    ,f9ally we    
succe$$ 9 obta9+ satisfactory results by
 us+  nitric acid ( #a4b sp gr4 ,!      
phosphorus 0 oxidiz$ 9 a retort  ( #ejj 
c4c4 capacity4 ,! retort 0 incl9$ s t   
any liquid  cond5s+ 9 ! neck w\ld run   
back4 ,a glass tube fitt$ to !  neck ( !
 retort by means ( gypsum s]v$ to convey
 ! evolv$  gases into a wa% bottle      
conta9+ pure wat]4 ,! latt] 0  connect$ 
) a combu/ion tube conta9+ 9 "o end a   
lay] (  metallic copp] ab\t six in*es 9 
l5g?1 ?is s]v$ to decompose  ! oxides ( 
nitrog54 ,! rema9d] ( ! tube 0 fill$ )  
copp] oxide1 :i* s]v$ to oxidize any    
c>bon comp\nd1 :i*  might be =m$ by !   
oxidation ( ! phosphorus1 to c>bon      
dioxide4 ,aft] leav+ ! combu/ion tube ! 
gases pass$1 fir/  ?r\gh a wa% bottle   
conta9+ wat]1 !n into "o conta9+  cle>  

b>ium hydroxide1 :i* 0 protect$ f !     
action ( !  air4 ,all jo9ts :i* 7 n (   
gr\nd glass 7 made by means  ( gypsum4  
,! op]ation 0 conduct$ z foll[s3--,aft] 
#bjj to  #cjj cubic c5timetres ( nitric 
acid 7sp gr #a4b7 & ! weight$  quantity 
( phosphorus _h be5 introduc$ into !    
retort1 a sl[  curr5t ( air free f c>bon
 dioxide 0 drawn ?r\gh !  app>atus4 ,!  
tubulus ( ! retort 0 !n clos$ by means (
 a  glass /opp]1 ! combu/ion tube       
conta9+ ! metallic copp] &  copp] oxide 
heat$ to a r$ heat1 & a solution ( b>yta
 wat]  rapidly filt]$ into ! la/ wa%    
bottle4 ,! retort 0 !n  heat$ g5tly1    
aft] a "t a regul> evolution ( gas takes
 place1  & a precipitate gradually =ms 9
 ! b>yta wat]4 ,at ! end  ( ! op]ation1 
air free f c>bon dioxide is aga9 drawn  
?r\gh ! app>atus to remove all ( !      
oxidation products4  ,! precipitate is  
all[$ to settle1 ! cle> liquid is       
rapidly  decant$ ?r\gh a filt]4 ,!      
precipitate is !n wa%$1 &  quickly      
br\ght ^u ! filt] pap]4 ,! filt]+ is    

done by means  ( a pump & is v rapid4 ,!
 precipitate is !n dissolv$ 9  dilute   
hydro*loric acid & ! solution heat$ to  
boil+ & !  b>ium precipitat$ by         
sulphuric acid 9 ! usual way4 ,f !      
weight ( b>ium sulphate obta9$1 !       
quantity ( c>bon 9 !  phosphorus is     
readily calculat$4    ,9 "s in/ances !  
exp]im5t 0 v>i$ by us+ a l>ge quantity  
( phosphorus & all[+ ! action to cont9ue
 = two or ?ree  h\rs1 !n weigh+ !       
phosphorus :i* rema9$ unact$ ^u4 ,9  two
 in/ances ! c>bon dioxide 0 weigh$      
directly by replac+  ! wa% bottle       
conta9+ ! b>yta wat] by weigh$ pota%    
bulbs4    ,! foll[+ are ! results obta9$
          ,i4  #f4bbgb grams ,phosphorus
 gave 4#jcjj gr            ,ba,s,o#d    
4#jjeg grm ,,co#b  4#jjaf gr ,c         
4#jbf;,c4         ,,ii4 #g4iede grm     
,phosphorus gave 4#jcbd gr ,,co#b       
4#jjhh gr ,c>bon  4#aaa ,c>bon          
,,iii4 #h4hjda grm ,phosphorus gave     
4#jacd gr ,,co#b            4#jjcfe gr  
,c>bon  4#jdb ,c>bon         ,,iv4      

#i4jfej grm ,phosphorus gave 4#jedj     
,ba,s,o#d            4#jaja grm ,,co#b  
4#jjbgh gr ,c  4#jca ,c4          ,v4   
#af4dfcc grm ,phosphorus gave 4#acjc gr 
,ba,s,o#d  4#jbdf gr ,,co#b  4#jjfg ,c  
4#jda ,c4         ,,vi4 #aa grams       
,phosphorus gave 4#jibi grams           
,ba,s,o#d  4#jage gr ,,co#b  4#jjdgh ,c 
4#jdc ,c4          ,footnotes3    #a    
,annales de ,*im4 et de ,phys4 #ad-beb  
#b ,pogg5dorf4 ,ann4 #ie-dhd ,j\rn4 f4  
prakt4 ,*emie4 #fe-dii    #c ,pogg4     
,ann4 #ajc-fdd    #d ,pogg4 ,ann4       
#abj-bej    #e ,j\rn4 f4 prakt ,*em4    
#eb-ace    #f ,j\rn f4 prakt4 ,*em4     
#ec-fe    #g ,j\rn f4 prakt4 ,*em4      
#gg-abi    #h ,j\rn f4 prakt4 ,*emie    
#hf-fe    #i ,unt]su*ung5 b] ,sau]/(f4  
,hanov] #ahfc    #aj ,liebig's ,annal5  
#aed-bae4    #aa ,annales de ,*im4 et de
 ,physiologie #c-eh    #ab ,compt4      
,r5dus #ej-hbi    #ac ,b]i*te d]        
,deuts*5 ,*em4 ,gesells*ft4 #f-ajh      
#ad ,zeits*rift f4 ,*emie 7#ahgj7 #f-faa
    #ae ,zeits*rift f4 ,physiol4 ,*emie 

#b-bb    #af ,zeits*rft4 ,physiol ,*em4 
#e--bdd    #ag ,b]i*te d] ,deuts*4 ,*em4
 ,gesell4 #c-hd    #ah ,b]i*te d]       
,deuts*4 ,*em4 ,gesell4 #h-adae    #ai  
,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal #d-ej    #bj  
,b]i*te d4 ,deuts*4 ,*em4 ,gesell4      
#ae-bdba    #ba ,b]i*te d] ,deuts*4     
,*em4 ,gesell4 #ae-bbb       ,am]ican   
,*em4 ,j\rn4 #d-ec    #bb ,b]i*te d]    
,deuts*4 ,*em4 ,gesell4 #af-abc    #bc  
,b]i*te d] ,deuts*4 ,*em4 ,gesell4      
#af-abf    #bd ,j\rnal ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc4 
#a-bcb    #be ,am]ican ,*em4 ,j\rnal    
#d-ded    #bf ,zeits*4 f4 phys4 ,*em4   
#e-bej    #bg ,b]i*te d] ,deuts*4 ,*em4 
,gesell4 #af-badf    #bh ,*emical ,news 
#dh-be    #bi ,pogg5dorff's ,annal5     
#aae-cdh4    #cj ,am]ican ,*emical      
,j\rnal #e-dbf4    #ca ,bullet9 ,soc4   
,*im4 #ch-adh    #cb ,b]i*te d4 ,deuts*4
 ,*em4 ,gesell4 #g-bhc